cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of intracerebrally injected Corynebacterium parvum on implanted brain tumor in mice.

Experiments were performed to determine the effectiveness of Corynebacterium parvum on resistance to growth and development of tumor in the central nervous system. A syngeneic sarcoma was injected intracerebrally into C3H/HeN/MTV negative female mice that had received intraperitoneal injections of C. parvum or saline prior to tumor inoculation or that received intraperitoneal C. parvum or saline after tumor inoculation. Groups then received an intracerebral injection of C. parvum or saline. Our results reveal that intracerebral C. parvum elicited an intracerebral inflammatory reaction which was enhanced by prior systemic priming with C. parvum. Any inflammatory reaction produced by C. parvum retarded the growth of intracerebrally-implanted sarcoma and significantly increased the survival of mice bearing such tumors. These results suggest that C. parvum may be an effective therapeutic agent in the treatment of neoplasia of the central nervous system.
Racial Segregation in Baseball: The Economic Hypothesis versus the Sociology Hypothesis

Two recent studies by sociologists have sought to answer the question: why does racial segregation by position exist in professional baseball? John W. Loy and J. F. McElvogue (1970) believe that this racial segregation by position results from the prejudices of management, who perceive Black players as lacking sound judgment and decision-making ability. According to Loy and McElvogue, Blacks will tend to be underrepresented in "central" positions (infield, catcher, pitcher) which necessitate social interaction, group acceptability, coordinative tasks, and decision-making. Harry Edwards (1973: 175-237) contends that players at these "central" positions have a greater opportunity of influencing
Molecular Sieve Freeze-Drying of Poultry Meat

Abstract Among the dehydration methods applicable to foods, freeze-drying is an ideal method for the maintenance of the desirable functional and palatability characteristics associated with good quality. But the freeze-drying process usually requires a considerable amount of specialized equipment which can be rather costly. A less expensive dehydration procedure which was included in this experiment involved the use of molecular sieves for the adsorption of water vapor during the sublimation process. Light and dark broiler meat was freeze-dried by two methods. A Virtis automatic unit, equipped with mechanical refrigeration for condensation of water vapor, was compared with a system consisting of a drying chamber, vacuum pump, and molecular sieves for water vapor adsorption. A taste panel and several objective measurements evaluated rehydrated pieces of chicken meat for tenderness, juiciness, and flavor. No significant sensory differences were noted due to the method of moisture removal. A rehydration ratio difference in favor of the mechanically refrigerated condenser and a light meat rehydration advantage were the only significant observations. Products obtained from the two freeze-drying systems were very comparable in their acceptability and overall quality.
A coordinated active and reactive power control strategy for grid-connected cascaded photovoltaic (PV) system in high voltage high power applications

This paper presents a grid-connected high voltage high power PV system with cascaded multilevel inverters. A coordinated active and reactive power control strategy is proposed to achieve an effective active and reactive power distribution for each PV inverter module, as well as improve the system power quality and reliability. Vector diagrams are derived to illustrate the power distribution principle. Accordingly, a control system, including the active and reactive control extraction, voltage distribution and synthesization, and 3rd harmonic voltage injection is developed. Finally, a 3MW/12kV PV system with the proposed control strategy is modeled and simulated in MATLAB+PSIM platform. A downscaled PV system including two cascaded 5kW inverters with proposed control strategy is also implemented in the laboratory. The simulation results are presented to verify the validity of the proposed technology.
Gastroschisis and Omphalocele

The newborn who has an abdominal wall defect is one of the most dramatic presentations in medicine and offers many challenging problems to the pediatric surgeon. This article presents the basics of the two most common abdominal wall defectsdgastroschisis and omphaloceledincluding principles and options of prenatal, postnatal, and surgical management. Although textbooks group the two entities together, they are separate and distinct and have many important differences in pathology and associated conditions that explain the differences in treatment plans and outcomes. Understanding the similarities and differences between gastroschisis and omphalocele is essential for patient management; therefore, the following sections first acknowledge the similarities and then emphasize the differences. Definitions Gastroschisis is a full-thickness defect in the abdominal wall usually just to the right of a normal insertion of the umbilical cord into the body wall. Rarely it is located in a mirror-image position to the left of the umbilical cord. A variable amount of intestine and occasionally parts of other abdominal organs are herniated outside the abdominal wall with no covering membrane or sac. An omphalocele (also known as exomphalos) is a midline abdominal wall defect of variable size, with the herniated viscera covered by a membrane consisting of peritoneum on the inner surface, amnion on the outer surface, and Wharton’s jelly between the layers. The umbilical vessels insert into the membrane and not the body wall. The hernia contents include a variable
Nuclear-Cytoplasmic Interaction with Ionizing Radiation

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the nuclear-cytoplasmic interaction with ionizing radiation. Ionizing radiation is characterized biologically by its universality of action and the large variations in radiosensitivity found at different levels of biological organization. “Different levels” refers not only to phylogenetic differences, but also to differences among cells of the same organism, organ, or tissue. Although stopped more readily by higher atomic weight elements such as occur in bone, X-rays go through soft tissue with ease. Only a very small portion of the impinging radiation actually reacts with living cells. The ions produced are not randomly distributed throughout the cell, but are concentrated along the track of the ejected electrons. There is relatively little energy transferred to the cells because most of the X-rays readily pass through the relatively fluid protoplasm and do not interact with the cells. The chapter also discusses the irradiation of DNA, radiation effects on cytoplasmic structures, and theoretical radiobiology.
Public opinion is our supreme court: D W Cathell MD, The Physician Himself

Daniel Webster Cathell MD (1839–1925) began writing his book “ The Physician Himself ” in 1882 to help new physicians in America prosper. His book was so popular that it was in its tenth edition in 1892, last revised in 1922 and republished in 1931.1 In those days, before the reforms in American medical education driven by the Flexner report of 1910, it was easy to become a physician—many men did so, but only a few prospered in this competitive world of private practice. These struggling practitioners were Cathell’s readers. Cathell wrote so well it is best to quote him directly. In 1890 he wrote: “ The standard has fallen lower and lower, until we have at last reached a point at which the ... brainless bumpkin ... who is following the plow ... thinks he can find a place where he can be metamorphosed into an MD tomorrow and that a sign or doorplate with his name (and the prefix Doctor) on it and a buggy at his door is about all that is necessary .” (1890, page 9) At the court of public opinion Cathell said the doctor had to behave with dignity, look the part, and show himself properly to his hoped for patients. In 1890, when home visits were at the center of practice, the doctor either walked or went by horse to see his patients. “ If you unfortunately have a bony horse and a seedy looking ... buggy, do not let them stand in front of your office for hours at a time, as if to advertise your poverty, lack of taste or paucity of practice .” (1890, page 22) By 1922 Cathell was recommending a car which, unlike the buggy horses, did not get tired going up hill. “ Clean hands, well-shaved …
Giant Gold−Glutathione Cluster Compounds: Intense Optical Activity in Metal-Based Transitions

A series of giant metal-cluster compounds, each composed of a gold core and a glutathione (GSH) adsorbate layer, have been prepared from Au(I)SG polymers and separated by gel electrophoresis, using methods reported in a recent Letter [J. Phys. Chem. B 1998, 102, 10643−6]. Identification of the separated compounds by core mass is accomplished through laser desorption mass spectrometry of matrix-diluted films. Three principal compounds have core masses of ca. 4.3, 5.6, and 8.2 kDa (in the range of ∼20−40 Au atoms), and show structured optical absorption spectra with clear optical absorption onsets near 1.7, 1.3, and 1.0 eV, respectively. Each of these shows unusually strong chiroptical activity in the metal-based electronic transitions across the near-infrared, visible, and near-ultraviolet regions, whereas neither the crude (unseparated) mixture nor its higher molecular weight components possess such strong optical activity. The location and strength of the optical activity suggest a metal electronic struc...
Trends in adult emergency department visits in California by insurance status, 2005-2010.

To the Editor: Emergency department (ED) use has been affected by insurance patterns over time and will likely be further affected by health reform’s expansions of coverage. Because of their disproportionate use of the ED, uninsured patients are often impugned as high, and frequently inappropriate, ED users.1,2 However, recent studies have shown that insured patients can be more frequent utilizers than the uninsured, particularly those with insurance like Medicaid that still leaves them with difficulties in accessing primary care.2-4 We therefore sought to describe recent trends in the association between insurance coverage and ED use in California for non-elderly adult patients, who have experienced the greatest changes in insurance coverage in recent years and are likely to see the biggest shifts as the result of health reform. Previous studies have considered trends in ED use, but predate the recent economic downturn and related insurance changes.2,5
Electrolytically Activated Contractile Polymer

FOR several years it has been known that certain types of polymers, ‘chemical muscles’, change dimensions depending on their chemical environment1. A typical one is that prepared as a co-polymer of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and polyacrylic acid (PAA)2. This polymer swells or shrinks osmotically depending on the total ionic concentration inside the polymer. This is determined primarily by the degree of ionization of the weak carboxylic acid groups. When the external solution is acidic the degree of dissociation is low and the polymer shrinks. In alkaline solution it expands. This has been referred to as the ‘pH muscle’2.
Editorial introduction: Hauerwas among the Baptists

When the story of theology in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries is told, Stanley Hauerwas will be hailed as one of the era’s great lights. Substantiating this claim is easy enough. One needs only to point to his long and influential career at Notre Dame and Duke, his body of written work (so voluminous and wide ranging that assembling The Hauerwas Reader posed an enormous logistical challenge1), his invitation to deliver the prestigious Gifford Lectures, or even his coronation as “America’s Best Theologian” by Time Magazine in 2001. Of course, the last item in that list is the least important by far. Given his critique of idolatrous nationalism, it is also a beautifully ironic distinction for Hauerwas to earn. Yet, its relative unimportance is quite useful at the outset of this issue of Review & Expositor, because it illustrates an important point. Given his stature, one might publish a collection of articles related to Stanley Hauerwas for many reasons—but none of the standard justifications apply to this volume. Beyond his impressive curriculum vitae, Hauerwas has accomplished something of far greater importance that explains the articles that follow. Owing to his commitment to shaping young scholars, he has achieved a broad and sustained influence among Baptist theologians—an impressive accomplishment for an Episcopalian who has taught primarily in Catholic and Methodist universities and has called himself a “high-church Mennonite.” As this volume illustrates, despite his eclectic ecclesial identity, his work has served as a catalyst for a rich conversation among Baptists.
A historical review of trauma-related diagnoses to reconsider the heterogeneity of PTSD

Based on the 5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, there are 636,120 ways for an individual to qualify for a diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (Galatzer-Levy & Bryant, 2013). To unravel this heterogeneity, we examine the historical trajectory of trauma-related diagnoses. Our review addresses four traumas (i.e., combat, natural disaster, life-threatening accident and sexual assault) that have contributed the most to conceptual models of PTSD. Although these trauma types are all subsumed under the same diagnostic label, our literature review indicates that the psychological consequences of different traumatic experiences are traditionally studied in isolation. Indeed, most research addresses hypotheses regarding specific trauma types using samples of individuals selected for their experience with that specific event. We consider the possibility that PTSD is not a single, unified construct and what this means for future research and clinical applications.
Detection of NADPH diaphorase activity associated with human neutrophil NADPH-O2 oxidoreductase activity

At approximately equimolar concentrations (approximately 70 microM), and in the presence of excess catalase and superoxide dismutase, DCIP, ferricytochrome c and ferricyanide abstracted 21, 6 and 61%, respectively, of the electron equivalents given up by NADPH to the NADPH-O2 oxidoreductase complex derived from phorbol myristate acetate-stimulated human neutrophils. With a 10-fold increase in ferricyanide, all of the electron equivalents given up by NADPH to the oxidoreductase complex were shunted to ferricyanide concomitant with complete inhibition of NADPH-dependent O2 consumption. These results substantiate the existence of intrinsic diaphorase activity associated with the superoxide generating NADPH-O2 oxidoreductase of human neutrophils.
Enhanced striatal 3H-spiroperidol binding induced by chronic haloperidol treatment inhibited by peptides administered during the withdrawal phase

Chronic intragastric administration of haloperidol (1.5 mg/kg/day) for 21 days followed by a 3-day withdrawal period resulted in the development of enhanced locomotor activity response to apomorphine, and an increase in the number of binding sites for 3H-spiroperidol in the striatal membranes of the rat brain. Subcutaneous administration of Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2 or cyclo(Leu-Gly) in doses of 2 mg/kg/day given for 3-days after termination of haloperidol treatment inhibited the enhanced response to apomorphine, as well as the increases in the number of 3H-spiroperidol binding sites in the striatum. If indeed, the supersensitivity of striatal dopamine receptors is one of the mechanisms in the development of tardive dyskinesia symptoms, the present results suggest that the above peptides may be helpful in ameliorating some of the symptoms of tardive dyskinesia induced by neuroleptic drugs.
Evaluation of early postoperative coronary artery bypass graft patency by contrast-enhanced computed tomography.

Fifty patients with 117 coronary bypass grafts were studied by contrast-enhanced computed tomography at an average of 5 ± 4 days after surgery to determine if this technique was a feasible method for detecting early postoperative graft occlusion. The study was limited in only three patients because of incisional chest pain (one patient) or multiple metal clips attached to the graft (two patients). The distal patency of sequential grafts cannot be determined by current techniques. There was a lower graft patency rate (70%) in the 10 patients with perioperative myocardial infarction than in the 40 (95%) without (p
Distribution and analysis of plasmids in Streptococcus thermophilus

In a survey of 35 strains ofStreptococcus thermophilus, 13 strains were found to harbor plasmid DNA. Most of these strains contained plasmid species varying in size from 2.2 to 7.15 kilobases. Only three strains had more than one plasmid species. Each of the nine distinct types of plasmid DNAs identified had two or more unique recognition sites for restriction endonucleases. The characteristics of the indigenous cryptic plasmids ofS. thermophilus may allow their development as cloning vectors useful in the genetic engineering of this species and other streptococci that are important in food production
Using values to measure attitudes toward discontinuous innovation

Discontinuous innovations pose special challenges to attitude measurement. The authors propose a solution which uses Rokeach's (1968) value terms to update Rosenberg's (1956) formulation. This values-based approach solves problems associated with more conventional procedures based on beliefs or adjective checklists. A measure constructed according to this model was included in a mail questionnaire completed by 950 owners of personal computers. Analyses supportive of the validity of the values-based attitude measure are reported, and an example is given of the practical utility of the technique. The values-based approach is recommended when a general measure of attitude toward a highly involving product category is desired.
Hyperthyroidism in a patient with a pituitary chromophobe adenoma and a fragment of normal pituitary.

The case is presented of a 59-year-old woman who apparently died of hyperthyroidism. At autopsy a chromophobe pituitary adenoma was found which had destroyed all but about 5 per cent of the normal tissue of the anterior lobe. Two possibilities are suggested to account for this association of events. The first is that hyperthyroidism may arise and be sustained in the presence of a sharply decreased mass of, and presumably functional activity of, the anterior pituitary. The second is that some chromophobe adenomas in man may be functional and may release enough thyrotropin to produce hyperthyroidism.
Vapor deposition of platinum alloyed nickel aluminide coatings

Platinum-doped NiAl coatings are widely used to increase the oxidation resistance of superalloys. These coatings are usually synthesized by a solid state reaction-diffusion process conducted at high temperature. It requires the chemical vapor deposition of aluminum on a nickel rich superalloy substrate that has been pre-coated with several microns of electrodeposited platinum. Here, we show that an electron beam directed vapor deposition (EB-DVD) technique can be used to deposit well bonded, structurally and chemically homogeneous NiAlPt bond coats of any composition onto superalloy substrates. The approach utilized a high voltage, rapid scan frequency electron beam to independently heat elemental nickel, aluminum and platinum melt pools to create three closely spaced vapor plumes. These vapor plumes were then entrained in an inert gas jet flow, which mixed and directed them to a substrate. By adjusting the electron beam current applied to each elemental source, homogeneous, dense, Pt alloyed β-phase NiAl coatings could be synthesized at substrate temperatures of 1050 °C. The width of the substrate–coating interdiffusion zone was controlled by the deposition temperature and time.
The Media's Influence on College Students' Views of Death

This study examined the media's influence on 147 college students' views of death. Utilizing the revised Collett-Lester Fear of Death Scale, the Incomplete Sentence Blank task, the NEO Five-Factor Inventory measure of Anxiety, the Byrne Repression-Sensitization Scale, and the Media Consumption Scale, a series of MANCOVAs indicated that greater death anxiety was related to the portrayal of group deaths in the media. Results indicated that in some cases, general references to death by the media may bring death fears into consciousness and have no effect on the unconscious, yet specific, real-life examples may increase both unconscious and conscious death fears. In general, conscious and unconscious death fears increased with greater death related media exposure.
Towards Combining Probabilistic and Interval Uncertainty in Engineering Calculations: Algorithms for Computing Statistics under Interval Uncertainty, and Their Computational Complexity

In many engineering applications, we have to combine probabilistic and interval uncertainty. For example, in environmental analysis, we observe a pollution level x(t) in a lake at different moments of time t, and we would like to estimate standard statistical characteristics such as mean, variance, autocorrelation, correlation with other measurements. In environmental measurements, we often only measure the values with interval uncertainty. We must therefore modify the existing statistical algorithms to process such interval data. In this paper, we provide a survey of algorithms for computing various statistics under interval uncertainty and their computational complexity. The survey includes both known and new algorithms.
Creep-fatigue interaction in eutectic lead-tin solder alloy

A test protocol pivoting about stress cycling where the load waves were trapazoidal and the cycling frequency controlled by balanced time on load and off load was used to determine frequency, mean tensile stress, and compressive stress effects on the creep-fatigue behaviour of the Pb−Sn eutectic solder alloy at ambient temperature. It is consistently found that the minimum creep (or cyclic creep) rate decreases as frequency increases, that is, as hold time decreases. Both the number of cycles to failure as well as the time to failure increases as frequency increases. The cyclic creep rate increases drastically and the number of cycles to failure decreases drastically as the mean applied stress is increased. These results are consistent with anelastic strain recovery mechanism for creep-fatigue interaction. Similar results are also found in butt-joint solder junction configured specimens.
The dorsomedial shell of the nucleus accumbens facilitates cocaine-induced locomotor activity during the induction of behavioral sensitization

The mesolimbic dopamine system has been intensely studied as the neural circuit mediating the locomotor response to psychostimulants and behavioral sensitization. In particular, the dopaminergic innervation of the nucleus accumbens has been implicated as a site responsible for the manifestations of behavioral sensitization. Previous studies have demonstrated an augmented release of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens upon a systemic injection of a psychostimulant. In addition, alterations in the dopaminergic innervation patterns in this brain region have been demonstrated in animals that received repeated injections of cocaine. Furthermore, lesions of projection sites that have terminations in the nucleus accumbens have demonstrated alterations in psychostimulant induced locomotion, both acutely, as well as in sensitization paradigms. Since dopamine in the nucleus accumbens is believed to regulate several excitatory amino acid inputs, the present study examined the effects of a localized electrolytic lesion in the dorsomedial shell of the nucleus accumbens in order to better understand the functional role this brain region has in behavioral sensitization. All animals received bi-daily injections of 15 mg/kg i.p. cocaine. Only those demonstrating behavioral sensitization after a subsequent challenge dose were included in the analysis. Following acute exposure to cocaine, lesioned animals did not show any difference in their locomotor response when compared with sham controls. However, after repeated exposure to cocaine, sensitized animals demonstrated a significant attenuation in locomotor behavior when compared with sensitized sham controls. This decrease in horizontal locomotion persisted 2 days into withdrawal, yet dissipated in the sensitized animals that were challenged 2 weeks following their last injection. The data presented here demonstrate that the dorsomedial shell of the nucleus accumbens plays an important role in the initial stages of behavioral sensitization to cocaine.
Predicted effects of proposed tightened acceptance criterion for Pb proficiency testing (PT) on PT sample pass rates for Pb point-of-care testing.

Abstract Background There is current advocacy for change in Pb proficiency testing (PT) acceptance criterion from ± 4 μg/dl ([Pb] a ) to ± 2 μg/dl ([Pb] b ). We examined the effect of this proposed change on PT sample pass rates for point-of-care testing (POCT) as predicted by imprecision of POCT PT sample results. Methods Inter-site standard deviations ( s ) of POCT PT results were tabulated as a function of [Pb] and characterized as a linear function of [Pb] (r 2 > 0.8). Given s , predicted minimum, random-error-only PT failure rates ( Fp ) as a function of [Pb] were computed as the fraction of a normal distribution of results ([Pb] ± s ) that would fall outside of boundaries of acceptance criterion a or b . Results For [Pb] = 2–20 μg/dl, current observed PT sample failure rates using criterion a range from 3 to 6%, which are greater than the predicted minimum failure rates based on s alone ( Fp ( a ) = 0–6%). In contrast, predicted minimum failure rates based on s using criterion b are greatly increased ( Fp ( b ) = 5–35%). Conclusions Given the degree of inter-site imprecision among POCT Pb PT results, adoption of criterion b for PT acceptance will dramatically increase Pb PT sample failure rates for POCT due to random-error alone.
The Effects of Edema and Self-adherent Wrap on the Work of Flexion in a Cadaveric Hand

Purpose Early motion protocols after flexor tendon repair often require hand therapy in edematous digits. Self-adherent wraps are used in the postoperative period to reduce edema. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the presence of a self-adherent wrap affected the work of flexion during early motion protocols. Methods In an unpreserved cadaveric hand, the flexor digitorum profundus and flexor pollicis longus tendons were identified and attached to a tensile testing machine to measure work of flexion (WoF). We simulated subcutaneous edema by injecting normal saline into the digits. Moderate and severe edema was simulated by 10% and 20% increases in circumference of the digits, respectively. We evaluated 2 commonly used products: 2.5-cm Coban self-adherent wrap (3M, St. Paul, MN) and 2.5-cm Co-Wrap cohesive bandage (Hartmann, Rock Hill, SC). Statistical analyses include analysis of variance, 95% confidence intervals for average responses, and graphical display of both data and model predictions. Results In digits without edema or wraps, WoF ranged from 0.0114 J (small finger) to 0.0710 J (thumb). Without wraps, simulated moderate and severe edema was predicted to increase WoF by an average of 23% and 71%, respectively. Application of self-adherent wrap increased WoF values significantly in all digits. In the majority of conditions tested, application of self-adherent wrap increased WoF more significantly than moderate edema did. The effects of edema and self-adherent wrap were additive, producing WoF values 4 times the baseline values. Conclusions Edema and self-adherent wrap increased WoF in this model. Therapists and surgeons should be aware of increased stress placed on tendons when early motion protocols are initiated in the presence of edema and self-adherent wrap. Clinical relevance We recommend removal of self-adherent wrap before starting a therapy session.
Comparison of (d,p) and (p,π+) reactions on 28Si at similar momentum transfer☆

Abstract The relative populations of two 3 2 + states and of two 5 2 + states in 29 Si are compared, as a function of momentum transfer, for the 28 Si(d, p) and 28 Si ( p , π + ) reactions. Considerable differences between the two reactions are observed, suggesting a greater sensitivity of the (p, π + ) mechanism to other than single-neutron components in the residual-state wave functions.
NG-methylarginine, and inhibitor of endothelium-derived nitric oxide synthesis, is a potent pressor agent in the guinea pig: Does nitric oxide regulate blood pressure in vivo?

Nitric oxide is a major endothelium-derived vascular smooth muscle relaxing factor; its synthesis from L-arginine is selectively inhibited by L-NG-methylarginine. To assess whether basal nitric oxide release contributes to blood pressure regulationin vivo, we have investigated the cardiovascular effects of L-NG-methylarginine in the anesthetized guinea pig. L-NG-methylarginine (0.1–10 mg/kg, i.v. bolus) elicited a sustained, dose-dependent, increase in arterial pressure and a moderate bradycardia. L-arginine (30 mg/kg i.v.) prevented or reversed the pressor effect of L-NG-methylarginine, while atropine (2 mg/kg) abolished the associated bradycardia. In contrast, L-arginine did not attenuate the pressor effect of norepinephrine or angiotensin. Our findings suggest that basal nitric oxide production is sufficient to modulate peripheral vascular resistance; hence nitric oxide may play a role in arterial pressure homeostasis.
Toward Monodisperse Poly(γ-benzyl α,L-glutamate): Uniform, Polar, Molecular Rods

Poly(γ-benzyl α,L-glutamate) (PBLG) has been widely used in studies of the physics of rod-like polymer chains. The helical structure of PBLG gives rise to considerable chain stiffness, such that the persistence length of the chain is on the order of 70 nm in helicogenic solvents. This feature, coupled with the ease of synthesis and good solubility of the polymer has made PBLG the system of choice for the study of both isotropic and liquid crystalline solutions of rod-like macromolecules.
The histogenesis of the endocrine organs of the viviparous lizard, Xantusia vigilis

Abstract The embryology and histogenesis of the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, thymus and ultimobranchial glands, the pancreatic islets, adrenal glands, and the gonads were studied in the viviparous lizard, Xantusia vigilis . The epithelial portion of the pituitary gland arises as a single diverticulum (Rathke's pouch) which subdivides into oral and aboral lobes. The aboral lobe develops into the pars intermedia and a very small portion of the pars distalis, and the oral lobe forms the greater part of the anterior pituitary. Basophil cells differentiate in the pars distalis at the 10-mm stage (about halfway through development), and acidophil cells at the 21 mm (about 2 weeks before birth). The follicles of the thyroid contain thin colloid at the 7–8-mm stage (about 1 week prior to the differentiation of pituitary basophil cells). The follicular cells appear most active during the last third of gestation. The parathyroid arises from the entoderm of the third visceral pouch and develops in the concavity of the bifurcating carotid artery. Fine acidophilic granules appear in the cytoplasm at the 8-mm stage. The thymus develops from the second and third pouches, and the constituent cells appear thymocytelike by the 7-mm stage. The ultimobranchial body arises unilaterally from a left diverticulum posterior to the fourth arch and develops into a large mass of epithelioid cells containing abundant acidophilic granules. The pancreas arises from a single dorsal and two ventral diverticula of the foregut, the dorsal forming the splenic portion and the left ventral most of the head. Cells with amphophilic granules (“muddy” cells) appear by the 3–4-mm stage among the cells of the cords derived from the dorsal rudiment. Alpha and beta cells appear by the 7–8-mm stage. Both coelomic epithelium and underlying mesenchymal cells proliferate to form the gonadal ridge in the 2–3 mm embryo. Primitive germ cells at first are scattered throughout the prospective gonadal ridge and adjacent tissues; later they become incorporated within the stroma of the enlarging gonad. A single medullary tubule is formed in the developing gonad of each sex at about the 5–6-mm stage. Sexual differentiation occurs during the 6.5–7.0-mm stage. The ovary only briefly retains rudimentary medullary tubule material, but the testis retains a small patch of cortical gonocytes until birth. Typical interstitial cells are not observed in either gonad. The Sertoli cell cytoplasm in the testis appears secretory and may be the source of fetal androgen. Interrenal tissue is derived from the region of the intermediate mesoderm, and forms a large mass of cells containing osmiophilic droplets by the 3-mm stage. Medullary elements form a dorsal cap over the interrenal cells and contain fine osmiophilic granules by the 8-mm stage.
HYDROLOGICAL CYCLES ON THE NORTH AND SOUTH PERIPHERIES OF MOUNTAIN–GLACIAL BASINS OF CENTRAL ASIA

Four high mountain glacial basins of the northern and southern periphery of central Asia were studied to determine their interaction with the external hydrological cycle over the Eurasian continent. Two of them located in the northern periphery are closed drainage basins with continental climate and the other two are open basins located in the southern periphery. Calculations of mass energy exchange, glacial runoff and components of the hydrological cycles were conducted. For glaciers with a continental climate, the calculations of snow-ice melt and runoff were based on solar parameters. For glaciers with a marine climate regime, glacier melt and runoff were based on air temperature. The relative errors of simulated annual flows were, on average, 8-14%. The components of the regional hydrological cycles (precipitation, condensation, runoff and evaporation) were quantified for each glacial system and their share in total atmospheric moisture was determined. The closed basins of the northern periphery in central Asia stored annually about 0.1-2.4% of the total external atmospheric moisture in the Aralo-Caspian and Tarim hydrographic systems. About 0.22-0.24% of the external water cycle is transferred annually in open glacial basins of the southern periphery. The glaciers of these regions return 0.25-0.30% of the external water cycle per year to the Pacific and Indian oceans, 0.03% and 0.06% of this external moisture is taken from the glacial resources of the Gongga and Xixibangma glaciers.
Reversible integrated optic evanescent field biosensor using chemical amplification for added sensitivity

Planar waveguide interferometers provide an attractive sensing platform for biosensor applications. Advantages include small size, real-time sensing, multiple analyte detection on a chip, performance independent of wavelength and optical power, and nulling of thermal and mechanical noise. Limitations include slow diffusion time of the analyte to the functionalized surface, interference from non-specific binding and bulk index of refraction changes and a lack of reversibility. Combining certain techniques used in affinity chromatography and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and with an amplifying chemoselective film on the waveguide produces a sensor that is versatile, reusable and overcomes most of the above limitations. Work will be presented using an optical pH and ammonia sensor for detection.
Disrupting the Coloniality of Being: Toward De-Colonial Ontologies in Philosophy of Education.

This essay works to bridge conversations in philosophy of education with decolonial theory. The author considers Margonis’ (1999, 2011a, b) use of Rousseau (1979) and Heidegger (1962) in developing an ontological attitude that counters social hierarchies and promotes anti-colonial relations. While affirming this effort, the essay outlines a coloniality of being at work in Rousseau and Heidegger through thier reliance on the colonial conceptualization of African Americans and Native Americans as savage and primitive. The essay turns to decolonial theory and the work of Maldenado-Torres (Cult Stud 21(2–3):240–270, 2007, 2009) to highlight how a decolonial attitude complicates, yet enriches Margonis’ philosophical framework.
Evidence for neuroendocrine regulation of preadipocyte proliferation and differentiation.

Cells in fetal adipose tissue and cells in vitro are characterized by rapid proliferation. Serum factors have been shown to be important for the rapid proliferation of cells in vitro. The present experiment was performed to determine if neuroendocrine regulatory mechanisms of the fetus can influence the actions of serum factors on preadipocyte proliferation and differentiation in vitro.
Mechanistic analysis of protein delivery from porous poly(vinyl alcohol) systems

We report on the preparation of both porous and non-porous poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) hydrogels that can be used as carriers to release proteins. Non-porous gels were prepared by freezing and thawing of aqueous PVA solutions, while porous gels were formed by adding porosigens such as NaCl or ammonium carbamate into aqueous PVA solutions. Bovine serum albumin, a model protein, was loaded into non-porous prior to freezing and thawing, and release under various conditions was performed. The number of freezing/thawing cycles affected the initial rate of release, the amount of protein released, and the transport mechanism of BSA.
History of Latin American archaeology

Part I Archaeology and the State: nationalism and archaeology - a theoretical perspective, Augusto Oyuela-Caycedo Brazil - tendencies and growth, Pedro Ignacio Schmitz Chile - institutional development and ideological context, Mario A. Rivera and Mario Orellana R. Colombia - a quantitative analysis, Luis Gonzola Jaramillo and Augusto Oyuela-Caycedo Mexico - the institutionalization of archaeology, 1885-1942, Luis Vazquez Leon Panama - archaeology, archaeologists and recent developments, Carlos M. Fitzgerald Peru - some comments, Ramiro Matos Mendieta Venezuela - doctors, dictators and dependency (1932-1948), Rafael Gasson and Erika Wagner. Part II Other histories of Latin American archaeology: the changing approaches to maize research, Christine A. Hastorf some problems of theory and method in lithic studies - Ecuador, Colombia and Venezuela, Jack A. Wolford the intellectual legacy of Donald W. Lathrap J. Scott Raymond ethnology and archaeology - symbolic and systemic disjunction or continuity?, Peter G. Roe.
Concise Review: Human Cell Engineering: Cellular Reprogramming and Genome Editing

Cell engineering is defined here as the collective ability to both reset and edit the genome of a mammalian cell. Until recently, this had been extremely challenging to achieve as nontransformed human cells are significantly refractory to both these processes. The recent success in reprogramming somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem cells that are self-renewable in culture, coupled with our increasing ability to effect precise and predesigned genomic editing, now readily permits cellular changes at both the genetic and epigenetic levels. These dual capabilities also make possible the generation of genetically matched, disease-free stem cells from patients for regenerative medicine. The objective of this review is to summarize the key enabling developments on these two rapidly evolving research fronts in human cell engineering, highlight unresolved issues, and outline potential future research directions.
The value of research in creativity and the arts

Scientists and technologists conducting research in creativity and engaging with artists face political pressure to justify their work via economic arguments. These arguments often stress how the work can lead to innovation and economic growth. This has the negative side-effect of dismissing the intrinsic value of the arts for society. The implication is that arts and creativity work that does not have economic merit is not valuable and not worthy of public funding. A case study of the NSF-funded Dance.Draw project is used to illustrate these points. I argue that a shift in dialogue is needed to focus more on the qualitative value of this work to society and less on the economic value.
Environmental enrichment attenuates hippocampal neuroinflammation and improves cognitive function during influenza infection

Recent findings from our lab have shown that peripheral infection of adult mice with influenza A/PR/8/34 (H1N1) virus induces a neuroinflammatory response that is paralleled by loss of neurotrophic and glial regulatory factors in the hippocampus, and deficits in cognitive function. Environmental enrichment has been shown to exert beneficial effects on the brain and behavior in many central nervous system (CNS) disorders, but its therapeutic potential during peripheral viral infection remains unknown. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to determine if long-term continuous exposure to environmental enrichment could prevent and/or attenuate the negative effects of influenza infection on the hippocampus and spatial cognition. Mice were housed in enriched or standard conditions for 4 months, and continued to live in their respective environments throughout influenza infection. Cognitive function was assessed in a reversal learning version of the Morris water maze, and changes in hippocampal expression of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, IFN-α), neurotrophic (BDNF, NGF), and immunomodulatory (CD200, CX3CL1) factors were determined. We found that environmental enrichment reduced neuroinflammation and helped prevent the influenza-induced reduction in hippocampal CD200. These changes were paralleled by improved cognitive performance of enriched mice infected with influenza when compared to infected mice in standard housing conditions. Collectively, these data are the first to demonstrate the positive impact of environmental enrichment on the brain and cognition during peripheral viral infection, and suggest that enhanced modulation of the neuroimmune response may underlie these beneficial effects.
First-principles step- and kink-formation energies on Cu(111)

In rough agreement with experimental values derived from Cu island shapes vs. temperature, ab-initio calculations yield formation energies of 0.27 and 0.26 eV/ step-edge-atom for (100)- and (111)-micro facet steps on Cu(lll), and 0.09 and 0.12 eV per kink in those steps. Comparison to ab-initio results for Al and Pt shows that as a rule, the average formation energy of straight steps on a close-packed metal surface equals -7% of the metal's cohesive energy.
Electron spin resonance study of neutral radicals derived from cyclic and acyclic carbonate esters

Abstract An electron-spin resonance study of radicals formed from cyclic and acyclic carbonate esters by loss of a hydrogen atom is reported. The radicals were generated photolytically near room temperature in solutions containing 1 % H 2 O 2 . Spectra were analyzed and couplings are discussed for two radicals formed from diethyl carbonate, two from propylene carbonate (4-methyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-one), and one each from dimethyl carbonate and ethylene carbonate (1,3-dioxolan-2-one).
Variations on the binary buddy system for dynamic memory management

Two new variations of the binary buddy system for dynamic storage bookkeeping are introduced. These variations, the revised buddy system and the tailored-lists buddy system, recombine smaller memory blocks only upon necessity in an attempt to save on processor execution time. Simulation results comparing the three systems reveal that the two new variations are superior to the original buddy system, since they are faster and the difference in memory utilization is insignificant. A comparison of the revised system and the tailored-lists system indicates that they are equal in performance.
De novo asymmetric syntheses of (+)-goniothalamin, (+)-goniothalamin oxide, and 7,8-bis-epi-goniothalamin using asymmetric allylations

A highly enantio- and diastereoselective approach to either enantiomer of (+)-goniothalamin, (+)-goniothalamin oxide, and 7,8-bis-epi-goniothalamin oxide has been developed from achiral cinnamyl alcohol or cinnamaldehyde. The asymmetry of the synthesis was installed by means of a Krische or Leighton allylation. The remaining stereochemistry was installed by a diastereoselective epoxidation.
Wt1 Flip-Flops Chromatin in a CTCF Domain

CTCF plays diverse roles in nuclear organization and transcriptional regulation. In this issue of Developmental Cell, Essafi et al. (2011) report a mechanism by which the repressive or active state of chromatin in a domain defined by CTCF can be switched by the Wt1 transcription factor to regulate gene expression.
Semiclassical matrix-elements of high-charge ions

Abstract We apply a new semiclassical method to study radiative transitions of high-charge ions. One-electron matrix-elements calculated with WKB wave-functions are compared with self-consistent field calculations for molybdenum at various stages of ionization. The WKB method is able to follow the (large) changes in the 1 s → n p matrix-elements produced by ionization.
Model-based restoration in the wavelet domain

In this paper we show that if wavelet domain processing is used with digital restoration, then pixel-scale features can be restored exactly in the absence of noise. In the presence of noise results are similar, except for some noise- amplification and ringing artifacts. Wavelet domain modeling eliminates the need to discretize the image acquisition kernel and helps formulate image restoration as a discrete least squares problem. The performance of this technique is analyzed by model-based simulation using a comprehensive model to account for system blur at the image formation level, for the potentially important effects of aliasing, and for additive noise.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Aspiration, Localized Pulmonary Inflammation, and Predictors of Early-Onset Bronchiolitis Obliterans Syndrome after Lung Transplantation

Background We hypothesized that immune mediator concentrations in the bronchoalveolar fluid (BALF) are predictive of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS) and demonstrate specific patterns of dysregulation, depending on the presence of acute cellular rejection, BOS, aspiration, and timing of lung transplantation. Study design We prospectively collected 257 BALF samples from 105 lung transplant recipients. The BALF samples were assessed for absolute and differential white blood cell counts and 34 proteins implicated in pulmonary immunity, inflammation, fibrosis, and aspiration. Results There were elevated BALF concentrations of interleukin (IL)-15, IL-17, basic fibroblast growth factor, tumor necrosis factor-α, and myeloperoxidase, and reduced concentrations of α1-antitrypsin, which were predictive of early-onset BOS. Patients with BOS had an increased percentage of BALF lymphocytes and neutrophils, with a reduced percentage of macrophages (p Conclusions The BALF levels of IL-15, IL-17, basic fibroblast growth factor, tumor necrosis factor-α, myeloperoxidase, and α1-antitrypsin at 6 to 12 months after lung transplantation are predictive of early-onset BOS, and those with BOS and aspiration have an augmented chemotactic and inflammatory balance of pulmonary leukocytes and immune mediators. These data justify the surgical prevention of aspiration and argue for the refinement of antirejection regimens.