cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Use of Carbon Nano-Fibers in Cementitious Mortar

Cementitious materials, especially those with higher compressive strengths, provide relatively low toughness, tensile strength and strain capacity, and are susceptible to cracking under load and restrained shrinkage effects. These drawbacks were overcome through development of multi-scale reinforcement systems comprising carbon nanofibers and microfibers for high-strength cementitious mortars. Multi-scale reinforcement of the high-performance mortar produced significant gains in the flexural strength and toughness, and abrasion and impact resistance. Microstructural investigations were also conducted in order to provide insight into the structure and failure mechanisms of high-performance cementitious mortars with multi-scale reinforcement.
Disclosure on Campus: Students’ Decisions to Tell Others About Unwanted Sexual Experiences, Intimate Partner Violence, and Stalking

The scope of student victimization occurring on college campuses is problematic, drawing the attention of researchers and campus officials. While most researchers of the disclosure of these unwante...
Saving lives by regulating guns: Evidence for policy

Gun violence is a leading cause of death in the United States, where over 36,000 people were killed by gunshot in 2015 [including homicide, suicide, and accident ( 1 )]. The gun-murder rate is 25 times as high in the United States as in other high-income nations, and the gun-suicide rate is eight times as high ( 2 ). Interpersonal gun violence has deleterious effects on economic development and standard of living in heavily impacted neighborhoods ( 3 ). Given this heavy burden, it is greatly concerning that many aspects of the body of research on gun violence have been deemed inadequate and inconclusive by expert panels of the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine ( 4 – 6 ). Fortunately, the flow of high-quality research has increased in recent years. Although the CDC largely withdrew from funding research on gun violence more than 20 years ago (under intense congressional pressure), there are active research programs in medicine, public health, law, and the social sciences under way in universities and think tanks. This good news, often lost in the well-justified complaints about the lack of federal funding, deserves greater recognition. New findings are providing a sound evidence base for policy-making and, among other contributions, have helped demonstrate efficacy in three important domains of gun policy: add-on sentences for gun use in violent crime, bans on gun possession by those convicted of domestic violence, and restrictions on carrying concealed firearms in public.
Single-site robotic cholecystectomy and robotics training: should we start in the junior years?

Abstract Background It has become increasingly important to expose surgical residents to robotic surgery as its applications continue to expand. Single-site robotic cholecystectomy (SSRC) is an excellent introductory case to robotics. Resident involvement in SSRC is known to be feasible. Here, we sought to determine whether it is safe to introduce SSRC to junior residents. Materials and methods A total of 98 SSRC cases were performed by general surgery residents between August 2015 and August 2016. Cases were divided into groups based on resident level: second- and third-years (juniors) versus fourth- and fifth-years (seniors). Patient age, gender, race, body mass index, and comorbidities were recorded. The number of prior laparoscopic cholecystectomies completed by participating residents was noted. Outcomes including operative time, console time, rate of conversion to open cholecystectomy, and complication rate were compared between groups. Results Juniors performed 54 SSRC cases, whereas seniors performed 44. There were no significant differences in patient age, gender, race, body mass index, or comorbidities between the two groups. Juniors had less experience with laparoscopic cholecystectomy. There was no significant difference in mean operative time (92.7 min versus 98.0 min, P = 0.254), console time (48.7 min versus 50.8 min, P = 0.639), or complication rate (3.7% versus 2.3%, P = 0.68) between juniors and seniors. Conclusions SSRC is an excellent way to introduce general surgery residents to robotics. This study shows that with attending supervision, SSRC is feasible and safe for both junior and senior residents with very low complication rates and no adverse effect on operative time.
MEMS THz sensors using metasurface structures

We report on THz MEMS sensors suitable for large focal plane arrays and readout schemes compatible with real-time imaging. Terahertz absorption near 100 %, optimized to particular monochromatic quantum cascade laser (QCL) illumination sources, was achieved using metal-dielectric metasurfaces. MEMS devices were designed using metasurface absorbers as structural components, allowing for streamlined fabrication of very efficient detectors in two different configurations. In the first scheme, bi-material sensors were used, where the heat from the absorbers is converted into mechanical deformation. The angular displacement, proportional to the absorbed THz radiation, was then optically probed. In the second configuration, THz to IR conversion was achieved whereas the front side of the metasurface absorbs THz and the backside served as an efficient infrared emitter, allowing its temperature to be probed directly by a commercial, thermal (infrared) camera. The devices are comprised of ultrathin films of silicon-rich silicon oxide and aluminum, deposited on silicon substrates and were fabricated standard MEMS processes including Bosh deep reactive ion etching to remove the substrate. The sensors were fabricated in a matrix configuration and individually characterized. The main figures of merit, such as spectral response, thermal time constant and sensitivity are controlled by the geometry and can be modified by design according to the application demands.
Performance analysis of online anticipatory algorithms for large multistage stochastic integer programs

Despite significant algorithmic advances in recent years, finding optimal policies for large-scale, multistage stochastic combinatorial optimization problems remains far beyond the reach of existing methods. This paper studies a complementary approach, online anticipatory algorithms, that make decisions at each step by solving the anticipatory relaxation for a polynomial number of scenarios. Online anticipatory algorithms have exhibited surprisingly good results on a variety of applications and this paper aims at understanding their success. In particular, the paper derives sufficient conditions under which online anticipatory algorithms achieve good expected utility and studies the various types of errors arising in the algorithms including the anticipativity and sampling errors. The sampling error is shown to be negligible with a logarithmic number of scenarios. The anticipativity error is harder to bound and is shown to be low, both theoretically and experimentally, for the existing applications.
The Fund Agreement in the Courts: IX

Un tribunal de Venezuela, al resolver que el pago de una obligacion expresada en dolares estadounidenses debia efectuarse en moneda venezolana, declaro que no estaba obligado a aplicar la paridad o el tipo oficial de cambio del mercado controlado, debido a existir legalmente tipos de cambio multiples. En relacion con este caso, el articulo que antecede analiza la diferencia entre lo que son las paridades y los tipos de cambio, y entre estos y los factores de conversion utilizados en la practica por el Fondo, asi como ciertas otras cuestiones juridicas que estuvieron implicadas. Una cuestion--el efecto juridico de la validez de los tipos de cambio multiples segun el Convenio del Fondo--habiase suscitado ante un tribunal de Estados Unidos en un caso en que se trataba de la imposicion de derechos compensadores a tenor de la Ley de Arancel de Aduanas de dicho pais, pero el tribunal no creyo necesario pronunciarse sobre esa cuestion. La Corte de Apelaciones de Inglaterra, al considerar por primera vez el Articulo VIII, Seccion 2(b), se ha sumado a varias de las interpretaciones liberales dadas a ese precepto; pero el caso plantea cuestiones problematicas relacionadas con la fragmentacion de pactos concebidos en su totalidad al objeto de evadir disposiciones de control de cambios y con la concesion de remedios en virtud de alguna parte de esos pactos. Un caso surgido en Alemania, en el cual se considera el citado precepto, resulta notable por haber sido el primero en que un tribunal se dirige directamente al Fondo para formularle una consulta acerca de la compatibilidad entre las disposiciones de control de cambios y el Convenio. El caso es tambien interesante como ejemplo de la diferencia que existe entre la legislacion sobre control de cambios y la legislacion sobre curso forzoso. Un tribunal de los Paises Bajos rehuso reconocer las disposiciones decretadas por Indonesia al amparo del Articulo VIII, Seccion(b), por el fundamento de que ese precepto solo rige en tratandose de relaciones financieras entre Estados. El tribunal declaro que no era necesario resolver acerca de la aplicacion de la doctrina del acto de estado y su relacion con el derecho internacional, la cual habia sido materia del fallo dictado en el caso Sabbatino, en razon de que las antedichas disposiciones no resultarian aplicables de ningun modo por ser contrarias a los principios de orden publico de los Paises Bajos. Los tribunales de Filipinas han resuelto la cuestion de la validez de ciertas obligaciones de entregar divisas conforme a la legislacion del banco central del pais, y de otras disposiciones legales, pero el Convenio del Fondo tuvo menor influencia en la resolucion definitiva que en un caso anterior.
Stereotactic Radiotherapy for Treatment of Subfoveal Choroidal Neovascularization in Age-Related Macular Degeneration

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of visual loss among adults 65 years and older in western countries. Of patients with AMD who experience severe loss of vision, approximately 90% do so because of choroidal neovascularization (CNV). Visual loss is most severe when the CNV occurs directly under the fovea. Radiation-treated patients show some stabilization of visual acuity and reduction in extent of CNV compared to similar patients managed by observation alone. Various external beam radiation field arrangements were used to deliver the radiation treatments. The stereotactic radiation delivery technique employed in this study allows precise delivery of radiation to the target with much less radiation delivered to nearby sensitive structures (i.e., lens, optic nerves, optic chiasm, and contralateral eye). This aim of this paper is to describe our stereotactic technique for treatment of CNV, and the method we used for target definition and eye immobilization. We also compare the stereotactic technique with other techniques reported in the literature with regard to dose distributions, dose-volume histograms, and normal tissue complication probabilities (NTCP). We found that the position of the eye can be reproduced from one treatment fraction to the next, that the target can be localized accurately, and that stereotactic radiotherapy minimizes the dose to adjacent and surrounding normal structures while providing a homogeneous dose to the target area.
Vascular perforations resulting from neurointerventional procedures

During the past 5 years, 1,420 neurointerventional endovascular procedures have been performed, resulting in 15 vascular perforations. In 7 patients the suspected mechanism of perforation included a mechanical perforation of a normal vessel, mechanical disruption of a dysplastic vessel in 5 patients, and fluid overinjection in the remaining 4 patients. Treatments for the perforations included reversal of anticoagulants (10 patients), direct closure of the perforation site with coils (5 patients), and particles (2 patients). Closure of the adjacent intravascular compartment was performed in 6 patients with coils and in 4 patients with liquid adhesives, and balloons (2 patients). Immediate consequences of the perforation included headaches (9 patients), seizures (2 patients), hydrocephalus (1 patient), right upper extremity dysmetria (1 patient), diabetes insipidus (2 patients) and 2 deaths. Long-term sequelae in the remaining 13 patients included diabetes insipidus in 1 patient and hydrocephalus treated effectively with shunting. No documented episodes of re-hemorrhage have occurred in patients followed for an average of 26 months.
Centralizers of Involutions in Simple Groups

The solution of the needed low 2-rank problems brought simple group theory to a new plateau. We were at last in a position to strike out towards higher ground and study centralizers of involutions in groups of arbitrary 2-rank.
HETEROGENEOUS SELECTIVE CATALYSIS OF THE HYDROGENATION OF ENEYNES BY POLYMERIC PALLADIUM (II) COMPLEXES

Palladium complexes of polymeric diphenylbenzylphosphine ligands are employed as catalysts for the heterogeneous selective hydrogenation of 1-en-3-ynes to monoenes. The complete product distribution was obtained for the 1-hepten-3-yne reaction. Certain modes of hydrogen addition are found to be consistent with this distribution.
Root growth and development

Much detailed basic research on root growth and development was undertaken during the early portion of this century. Recent research has explored some of the underlying anatomical, physiological and genetic mechanisms driving root growth. There have been three major constraints to plant rhizosphere research: 1) inconsistent use of an inexact terminology, 2) inadequate information about different root types (morpho-types) and their functional relationships, and 3) extreme variability. Information is accumulating which suggests that although roots all have apparently very similar anatomies, their detailed anatomy may differ dramatically, and their functions may be very different. The concept of continual growth and die-back of small roots impacts on the understanding of the bases for soil floral and faunal biodynamics. That some roots may have no active role in nutrient or water uptake forces a re-evaluation of even the most tightly held concepts. This paper suggests that genotype by environment interaction (a necessary evolutionary and adaptive condition for plant rooting) is responsible for the observed extreme variability. This variability has forced the conclusion that rooting patterns are under multior polygenic control. However, single gene root mutants discovered in tomato and statistical analyses designed to handle genotype by environment interaction suggest that this perceived genetic complexity is conditioned by a simple genetic system with extensive genotype by environment interaction.
45 – Gender Difference in Gastrointestinal Endoscopy

Gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy is a diagnostic and therapeutic procedure that allows imaging, assessing, and treating GI illnesses. Careful review of the available literature allows identification of important gender differences associated with the indications, performance, outcome, and risks for GI endoscopy. This chapter presents an overview of endoscopic techniques, examines current data regarding gender differences related to each major endoscopic procedure, and highlights specific issues pertaining to the performance of endoscopy in a pregnant patient. Women may be less tolerant to both sedated and unsedated colonoscopy and are more likely to describe colonoscopy as painful or uncomfortable. Women may be less satisfied with conscious sedation than men, although firm conclusions cannot be reached due to the limited amount of data available. Patient tolerance of both sedated and unsedated upper endoscopy (EGD) has been assessed. There are no major gender differences in tolerability, technique, or equipment use during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). Only highly trained personnel should perform ERCP during pregnancy, and its use should be limited to the treatment of threatening medical conditions including cholelithiasis complicated by jaundice, impacted choledocholithiasis, pancreatitis, or cholangitis. The reason that endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) does not expose the fetus to ionizing radiation, it may have an important role in the management of biliary, gallbladder disease, and cancer staging during pregnancy.
Plant Parasitic Nematodes of North Dakota and South Dakota

Nematode studies began in the States of North Dakota and South Dakota only in the mid-twentieth century when nematologists were first employed by different state research institutions. Since then, a number of surveys and experiments have been conducted to annotate occurrence, abundance, economic importance and develop management strategies for different plant parasitic nematodes in the Dakotas. This chapter devotes to plant parasitic nematodes which limit or potentially threaten crop production in these states and their management strategies in sustainable agriculture.
Quality of Care for the Screening, Diagnosis, and Management of Lupus Nephritis Across Multiple Health Care Settings.

Objective We examined quality measures for screening, diagnosis, and treatment of lupus nephritis (LN) among participants of the California Lupus Epidemiology Study across 25 different clinical sites to identify gaps in quality of care. Methods Data from 250 participants with lupus were analyzed across 3 sources (medical records, physician examination, and patient interviews). Overall performance on 8 quality measures was calculated separately for participants with and without LN. We used generalized estimating equations in which the outcome was performance on measures, adjusting for participant demographics, lupus disease severity, and practice characteristics. Results Of 148 patients without LN, 42% underwent screening laboratory tests for nephritis, 38% underwent lupus activity serum studies, and 81% had their blood pressure checked every 6 months. Of 102 LN patients, 67% had a timely kidney biopsy, at least 81% had appropriate treatment, and 78% achieved target blood pressure within 1 year of diagnosis. Overall performance in participants across quality measures was 54% (no LN) and 80% (LN). Significantly higher overall performance for screening measures for LN was seen at academic (63.4-73%) versus community clinics (37.9-38.4%). Similarly, among those with LN, higher performance in academic (84.1-85.2%) versus community clinics (54.8-60.2%) was observed for treatment measures. Conclusion In this quality-of-care analysis across 25 diverse clinical settings, we found relatively high performance on measures for management of LN. However, future work should focus on bridging the gaps in lupus quality of care for patients without nephritis, particularly in community settings.
Quantifying the consequences of measles-induced immune modulation for whooping cough epidemiology

Measles, an acute viral disease, continues to be an important cause of childhood mortality worldwide. Infection with the measles virus is thought to be associated with a transient but profound period of immune suppression. Recently, it has been claimed that measles-induced immune manipulation lasts for about 30 months and results in increased susceptibility to other co-circulating infectious diseases and more severe disease outcomes upon infection. We tested this hypothesis using model-based inference applied to parallel historical records of measles and whooping cough mortality and morbidity. Specifically, we used maximum likelihood to fit a mechanistic transmission model to incidence data from three different eras, spanning mortality records from 1904 to 1912 and 1922 to 1932 and morbidity records from 1946 to 1956. Our aim was to quantify the timing, severity and pathogenesis impacts of measles-induced immune modulation and their consequences for whooping cough epidemiology across a temporal gradient of measles transmission. We identified an increase in susceptibility to whooping cough following recent measles infection by approximately 85-, 10- and 36-fold for the three eras, respectively, although the duration of this effect was variable. Overall, while the immune impacts of measles may be strong and clearly evident at the individual level, their epidemiological signature in these data appears both modest and inconsistent. This article is part of the theme issue 'Modelling infectious disease outbreaks in humans, animals and plants: approaches and important themes'. This issue is linked with the subsequent theme issue 'Modelling infectious disease outbreaks in humans, animals and plants: epidemic forecasting and control'.
Two-stage Enteric Exclusion to Salvage a Pancreas Transplant After an Early Post-transplant Leak

Early technical complications after pancreas transplantation are almost always unsalvageable. The two most common complications are vascular thrombosis and duodenal anastomotic leaks. We present a case of a duodenal stump leak that led to a large abscess and severe sepsis. The pancreas was salvaged by repairing the leak and creating a proximal diverting ileostomy. Several months later, the ileostomy was reversed. This was done by creating a defunctionalized Roux limb to exclude the pancreas. The patient healed well and continued to enjoy excellent glucose control.
Restraint in International Politics

The first comprehensive examination of restraint in international politics, considered across a range of psychological, social, political, and institutional contexts as a political process, device, and strategy. Surveying how restraint has been understood in international relations and political theory, with focus given to Aristotle and Machiavelli, Steele utilises Carl Jung's theories of complexes and the libido to broaden the conceptual definition of restraint as a phenomenon that is not only individual and inward-looking, but also relational and societal. Exploring its development, uses, expressions and challenges through history and in contemporary times, this book analyses the politics of restraint in processes of security, political economy, foreign policy and global public health. Situating restraint alongside similar concepts such as moderation, containment, and constraint, Steele asks against what, and from what, are we restraining ourselves, who authorizes restraint, and what are the risks and rewards (both ethical and practical). Steele concludes with a balanced political and normative argument for restraint going forward.
Review of advances in the thin layer chromatography of pesticides: 2010–2012

Techniques and applications of thin layer chromatography (planar chromatography) for the separation, detection, qualitative and quantitative determination, and preparative isolation of pesticides and their metabolites and some related pollutants are reviewed for the period from November 1, 2010 to November 1, 2012. Analyses are described for a variety of samples types and pesticide classes. In addition to references on residue analysis, studies such as pesticide structure - retention relationships, identification and characterization of natural and synthesized pesticides, metabolism, degradation, mobility, lipophilicity, and mechanism of action are covered.
Potential Emerging Risks Among Children Following Parental Opioid-Related Overdose Death.

Research letter. The opioid epidemic is also affecting families and, most importantly, children. People who died of an overdose were most frequently between age 25 to 54 years and in their child-rearing years. The goal of this study was to determine the number of children who experienced unexpected parental loss because of opioid-related overdoses in Allegheny County. It also sought to understand their human service encounters and mental health services use subsequent to parental loss.
Decadent Style with a Symbolist Worldview: Palimpsest, Mise en abyme, and the Perils of Profound Superficiality

As an aesthetic that is built on metonymical connections, a Decadent style of writing would seem to eschew the deeper levels of meaning necessary to sustain a coherent epistemological system. Yet this is posited as a legitimate aim for the movement. The belief in a profound superficiality supplies the key to accommodating the mixture of aestheticism and philosophy for which Decadence strives. Dmitrii Merezhkovskii’s novel The Outcast (1895) sets up the key aesthetic underpinnings of Russian modernism. Merezhkovskii introduces the tenets for a central dichotomy in early modernism – the artistic tension between Symbolism and Decadence. Andrei Bely also relies on a distinctly Decadent style, marked by the metonymic bonds of superficially interchangeable fragments, to unite his complexly structured first book The Dramatic Symphony (1902). However, this work evidences an aesthetic concern that goes beyond surfaces and is more closely aligned with symbolism’s capacity to generate meaning through correspondences.
CARAT: a case for virtual memory through compiler- and runtime-based address translation

Virtual memory is a critical abstraction in modern computer systems. Its common model, paging, is currently seeing considerable innovation, yet its implementations continue to be co-designs between power-hungry/latency-adding hardware (e.g., TLBs, pagewalk caches, pagewalkers, etc) and software (the OS kernel). We make a case for a new model for virtual memory, compiler- and runtime-based address translation (CARAT), which instead is a co-design between the compiler and the OS kernel. CARAT can operate without any hardware support, although it could also be retrofitted into a traditional paging model, and could leverage simpler hardware support. CARAT uses compile-time transformations and optimizations combined with tightly-coupled runtime/kernel interaction to generate programs that run efficiently in a physical address space, but nonetheless allow the kernel to maintain protection and dynamically manage physical memory similar to what is possible using traditional virtual memory. We argue for the feasibility of CARAT through an empirical study of application characteristics and kernel behavior, as well as through the design, implementation, and performance evaluation of a CARAT prototype. Because our prototype works at the IR level (in particular, via LLVM bitcode), it can be applied to most C and C++ programs with minimal or no restrictions.
Factors Affecting the Infection Intensity of the Azygiid Trematodes Proterometra macrostoma and Leuceruthrus micropteri Infecting Centrarchid Fish from North Elkhorn Creek, Kentucky, U.S.A.

Although there are several similarities in the life cycles of the azygiid trematodes Leuceruthrus micropteri and Proterometra macrostoma, their prevalence in their snail intermediate host and infection intensity in their centrarchid fish definitive hosts at North Elkhorn Creek, Kentucky, U.S.A., are markedly different. Here, we provide evidence for factors affecting their infection intensity in centrarchids based on (1) duration of cercarial swimming, (2) conditions and time required for release of the distome body from the cercarial tail chamber in the fish stomach, and (3) possible differences in the developmental rate of worms in a common definitive host. Cercariae of P. macrostoma swam considerably longer than those of L. micropteri; no cercariae of L. micropteri were observed swimming off of the bottom of beakers after 8 hr, whereas 67% of the P. macrostoma cercariae were still swimming after 13 hr at 20°C. Almost all of the P. macrostoma distomes were released from their cercarial tail chambers in vitro after 60 min at pHs 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5 with and without 0.5% pepsin. Similarly, nearly all L. micropteri cercariae were released from their cercarial tail chamber at pH 1.5 with and without pepsin; however, they did not emerge at pHs 2.0 or 2.5 without pepsin. Although the emergence of the L. micropteri distome was stimulated by the addition of pepsin in the higher pH values, it was markedly slower than that of P. macrostoma. By contrast, in experimental infections of largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides at 24.6°C, all distomes of L. micropteri and P. macrostoma completely emerged from their tail chambers and were attached to the stomach mucosa of their bass hosts after 20 min postinfection (PI). Additional experimental infections of largemouth bass showed no increase in body length or width for P. macrostoma distomes on day 12, 21, or 31 PI, but an increase was apparent in the body length and width for L. micropteri distomes on days 21 and 31 PI at 24.6°C. No egg and only anlagen of testes and ovary were observed in L. micropteri by day 31 PI, whereas P. macrostoma adults contained fully mature eggs with miracidia by this time.
The Trials of Bruno and Galileo

This essay undertakes a critical comparison and contrast between the Inquisition trials of Giordano Bruno and of Galileo. It focuses not only the facts of the two cases, but also on the procedures followed during the proceedings; on the causes and issues for their respective condemnations; and on their aftermath in modern Western culture. A main conclusion is that whereas Bruno’s trial reflected a tension between religion and philosophy, Galileo’s trial reflected a tension between religion and science. Although this thesis is an approximation, it is correct as a first approximation, and the qualifications can be usefully elaborated; for example, in Bruno’s case, philosophy means primarily metaphysical speculation, and in Galileo’s case science means natural philosophy and critical argumentation. A surprising conclusion is that, although the documentation of the two trials is similar only with respect to a single document, this document is the so-called “summary,” which did indeed summarize the proceedings and was used by the judges to arrive at their verdict.
Simultaneous use of marijuana and alcohol: Potential prevention targets among young adults who use alcohol.

Abstract Simultaneous alcohol and marijuana use (SAM) such that their effects overlap has emerged as a behavior that is riskier than using either substance separately. It has been associated with high-risk binge drinking and driving while intoxicated during young adulthood, and it has been demonstrated to cause greater physical and mental impairment than use of alcohol or marijuana separately. To identify intervention and prevention targets specific to SAM, we examined the relationships between alcohol- and marijuana-specific beliefs and attitudes (risk factors) and self-reported SAM compared to non-simultaneous co-use (CAM) and alcohol use only in the past 30 days in a sample of young adults (n = 1,023, mean age = 23.17; SD = 0.43). Of those who reported drinking alcohol in the past 30 days, 20.7% reported SAM, 12.6% reported CAM, and 66.6% reported using only alcohol. Results from multinomial logistic regression analyses indicated that some marijuana-specific risk factors (e.g., belief that it is not at all wrong for someone their age to use marijuana) differentiated SAM or CAM from alcohol use only, but alcohol-specific risk factors generally did not. However, the perceptions that parents approved of their using marijuana or frequently drinking heavily were associated with a greater likelihood of SAM compared to CAM (OR ranged from 2.25 to 3.53). Findings point to the salience of individuals’ attitudes and beliefs around marijuana use and their perception of parental approval of heavy drinking and marijuana use as potential targets for prevention programs targeting risk reduction among young adults.
The transparent cathode: rejuvenator of magnetrons and inspiration for new RF sources

The relativistic magnetron has been studied as a high power microwave source since the 1970's. It is a simple, passive device requiring only a uniform magnetic field. It is possible to design a relativistic magnetron with center frequency from L-band to X-band, and it is possible to provide some modest frequency agility about the center frequency as well. Recently, researchers at the University of New Mexico proposed that a transparent cathode can significantly improve the output characteristics of magnetrons. Since then, a comprehensive study using particle-in-cell simulations has identified the many benefits of using this cathode. This paper will review the salient features of operating relativistic and non-relativistic magnetrons using a transparent cathode. In addition, progress from ongoing experiments at the University of New Mexico on an A6 magnetron driven by a short-pulse Sinus-6 accelerator will be presented. The presentation will conclude with a discussion of novel variants of the rippled-field magnetron (what we call the "Simplest Ubitron") that can produce coherent radiation as well as noise. Other devices benefiting from the transparent cathode will be discussed as well. (5 pages)
Time, the life course and work in women's lives

Abstract Bringing together the preliminary results of two pilot studies carried out in two fishing towns in Newfoundland, this paper examines some of the questions raised by the studies. In particular, it demonstrates that women interpret their experience of work in different ways than men do, and differently from that expected by the conventional economic interpretations. This, in part, explains women's perennially poor position in the labor market. However, and more important, the paper shows how women's interpretations of the value of their paid and unpaid work in the context of the overall “family project” allows them to see their contributions as positive, essential, and certainly equal to those of men.
Signatures of thermal dilepton radiation at ultrarelativistic energies

The properties of thermal dilepton production from heavy-ion collisions in the RHIC energy regime are evaluated for invariant masses ranging from 0.5 to 3 GeV. Using an expanding thermal fireball to model the evolution through both quark-gluon and hadronic phases various features of the spectra are addressed. In the low-mass region, due to an expected large background, the focus is on possible medium modifications of the narrow resonance structures from $\ensuremath{\omega}$ and $\ensuremath{\varphi}$ mesons, whereas in the intermediate-mass region the old idea of identifying QGP radiation is reiterated including effects of chemical undersaturation in the early stages of central Au+Au collisions.
Metabolism of aflatoxin B1 by rat hepatic microsomes induced by polyhalogenated biphenyl congeners

The metabolism of aflatoxin B1 to aflatoxins M1 and Q1 by rat liver microsomes from animals pretreated with polychlorinated or polybrominated biphenyl congeners depended on the structure of the halogenated biphenyl inducers. Microsomes from rats treated with phenobarbital (PB) or halogenated biphenyls that exhibit PB-type activity preferentially enhanced the conversion of aflatoxin B1 to aflatoxin Q1. In contrast, microsomes from rats treated with 3-methylcholanthrene (MC) or halogenated biphenyls that exhibit MC-type induction activity increased the metabolism of aflatoxin B1 to aflatoxin M1. The coadministration of PB and MC produced microsomes that exhibited both types of induction activity (mixed type) in catalyzing the oxidative metabolism of diverse xenobiotic agents. However, PB-plus-MC-induced hepatic microsomes from immature male Wistar rats preferentially increased the metabolism of aflatoxin B1 to aflatoxin M1 but did not enhance the conversion of aflatoxin B1 to aflatoxin Q1. Comparable results were observed with microsomes from rats pretreated with halogenated biphenyls classified as mixed-type inducers; moreover, in some cases there was a significant decrease in the conversion of aflatoxin B1 to aflatoxin Q1 (compared with that of controls treated with corn oil).
Steepest-Descent Quenches and the Melting of Microclusters

Extensive molecular dynamics simulations have been performed on clusters of argon atoms to investigate the microscopic mechanism for the melting transition. The steepest-descent quench technique has been employed along the trajectories at energies in the transition region and in the liquid portion of the caloric curves. The potential minima most frequently accessed at the various energies are thus obtained. The coexistence and magic number phenomena are explained in terms of the geometrical structures accessed and the mechanisms for the motions between structures. Pentagonal structures dominate in the melting of these small clusters.
Adaptability of International River Basin Regimes: Linkage Problems in the Rhine

The literature addressing international river basin regimes has largely focused on either local institutional arrangements or international institutional arrangements. The focus has been primarily on the linkages between the national layer and the international layer but not between local and international layer. This is consistent with the dominant international relations theories that focus on inter-state relations. Consequently, there is almost no systematic study of how actors at the local layer link to international layer and vice versa. In the Rhine River Basins, both practitioners and scholars have assessed the crucial role of local actors and industries in governance of international river basin regime. However, these assessments fall short of addressing how local actors are crucial and how they are linked to the international layer. This paper investigates how institutional drivers at the local layers link to the international layer and how the linkages characterize vulnerability and adaptability of international river basin regimes.
Profile-driven code execution for low power dissipation

This paper proposes a novel technique for power-performance trade-off based on profile-driven code execution. Specifically, we show that there is an optimal level of parallelism for energy consumption and propose a compiler-assisted technique for code annotation that can be used at run-time to adaptively trade-off power and performance. As shown by experimental results, our approach is up to 23% better than clock throttling and is as efficient as voltage scaling (up to 10% better in some cases). The technique proposed in this paper can be used by an ACPI-compliant power manager for prolonging battery life or as a passive cooling feature for thermal management.
CSR: Constrained Selfish Routing in Ad-Hoc Networks

Routing protocols for ad-hoc networks assume that the nodes forming the network are either under a single authority, or else that they would be altruistically forwarding data for other nodes with no expectation of a return. These assumptions are unrealistic since in ad-hoc networks, nodes are likely to be autonomous and rational (selfish), and thus unwilling to help unless they have an incentive to do so. Providing such incentives is an important aspect that should be considered when designing ad-hoc routing protocols. In this paper, we propose a dynamic, decentralized routing protocol for ad-hoc networks that provides incentives in the form of payments to intermediate nodes used to forward data for others. In our Constrained Selfish Routing (CSR) protocol, game-theoretic approaches are used to calculate payments (incentives) that ensure both the truthfulness of participating nodes and the fairness of the CSR protocol. We show through simulations that CSR is an energy efficient protocol and that it provides lower communication overhead in the best and average cases compared to existing approaches.
Surface processing in advanced microelectronic technology

Summary form only given. Provides an overview of key issues related to surface processing in silicon microelectronics technology. The objective is to underscore the fact that in future generation microelectronics manufacturing technologies ever increasing attention will be paid to the methods and tools used to process, control and characterize properties of the silicon surface. Specific approaches to silicon surface processing and characterization will be considered. To a significant degree the requirements concerning surface processing in silicon device technology apply to the manufacturing of devices using wide bandgap semiconductors (e.g. 2.5 eV). Among them two materials of greatest practical importance at this time are SiC and GaN. Some aspects of surface processing in SiC and GaN device fabrication will also be discussed.
The parable of the physicist and the postmodernists

This reproduces, for fun, a conversation between three professors at the University of Illinois, that originated at a dinner party over a couple of bottles of good red wine.
Management of a Hyperactive Teen and Cardiac Safety

Since the earliest descriptions of the condition, controversy has prevailed as to the existence of as well as appropriate management of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Often diagnosed in childhood, symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder can continue into adolescence and adulthood, requiring lifelong therapy. Effective therapeutic interventions include stimulant medications with all their respective potential side effects, including the cardiovascular system. However, although initial studies raised concerns for an increase in serious adverse cardiovascular effects among children receiving these drugs, more recent and extensive reports have failed to substantiate those findings among young patients.
Aeroelastic Response Induced by Free Play, Part 2: Theoretical/Experimental Correlation Analysis

An experimental model for an all-movable horizontal tail with a free-play gap in the actuating mechanism at the root of the tail wingwas designed and constructed. The flutter response andnonlinear limit-cycle oscillations induced by a free-play gap have beenmeasured in theDukeUniversitywind tunnel, including gust responsemeasurements. A computational code has been developed for aeroelastic analysis using a linear three-dimensional time-domain vortex lattice aerodynamic model. The computational code is used to study the flutter limit-cycle-oscillation response induced by a free-play gap and the gust response with these free-play gaps. The effects of the nominal angle of attack on limit-cycle oscillation andgust excitation are also studied. The theoretical and experimental correlation shows that the angle of attack significantly affects the limit-cycle oscillation behavior and, if sufficiently large, may suppress the limit-cycle oscillation entirely. The computed results are compared with the experimental data with reasonably good quantitative agreement between theory and experiment for flutter and limit-cycle oscillation.
Theoretical and practical aspects of crowding in the human dentition

Various processes leading to crowding are identified, and the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of three types of crowding are discussed. The morphogenesis of teeth, the development of the dentition, and the growth of the craniofacial complex are discussed in relation to the origin of crowding. The diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of three different types of crowding are discussed.
Changes in myocardial high energy phosphate levels and left ventricular function after coronary artery occlusion in anaesthetized dogs

Changes in metabolite and high-energy phosphate levels in the non-infarcted portion of the left ventricle were studied in dogs from one to 10 days after coronary artery ligation. There was a marked fall in the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels in the non-infarcted region of the left ventricle 24 hr after infarction; a progressive rise occurred thereafter till the 10th day. Parallel changes were noted in the creatine-phosphate (CP) levels. The decrease in ATP and CP levels was not accompanied by significant changes in lactate or pyruvate content of the non-infarcted myocardium during the period of observation. When changes in high energy phosphates in non-infarcted myocardium were correlated with left ventricular function, a complex relationship was observed between the ATP content and the rate of left ventricular pressure rise (dp/dt) as well as stroke work. These results indicate that, after coronary artery ligation, significant changes occur in the high energy phosphate metabolism in the non-infarcted portion of the left ventricle and that a relationship may exist between these biochemical changes and left ventricular function.
Calculating relative transition rates with driven nonequilibrium simulations

Abstract A formalism is presented for investigating transition pathways and transition probabilities for rare events in complex systems. Specifically, we show how driven simulations may be used to calculate relative reaction rates between stable states by means of nonequilibrium work measurements. Our relation between equilibrium and nonequilibrium rates may further be optimized by means of bidirectional estimators. A simple proline system is used to numerically illustrate the results.
Prevalent Error Sources in Transistor Delay-Time Measurements

Measurements of bipolar transistor delay times are extensively employed to predict neutron vulnerability. Of the various possible delay times, phase delay is most commonly measured. Although this is the simplest delay measurement to implement, the measurement circuit may be quite susceptible to extraneous signal coupling at the measurement frequency and this can cause the accuracy to be severely degraded. A technique for minimizing this delay-time error has been developed. It employs simple, preferably non-reactive, but at least known, networks in place of the transistor. From the differences between the "delay times" measured on these known networks, the location and magnitude of the error sources in the circuit are found. This allows one to reduce greatly the effects of the error sources on all subsequent measurements. To confirm the theory of the error-correcting technique, RC networks with known delay times were assembled on transistor headers. For a particular bridge configuration, the uncorrected delay times measured were quite frequency dependent, but this dependence was removed by adding a correction term to the delay times. The correction term is obtained from measurements on the non-reactive networks and does not at all depend on the measured RC network delay times. The effects of error-sources are particularly severe when transistors with low or moderate hfe values are measured, as when measurements are made on transistors that have been degraded by subjecting them to neutron radiation.
Observation of a new gettering mechanism in (Hg, Cd)Te

Abstract A new gettering mechanism is proposed for substitutional impurities which diffuse by an interstitial process. In this mechanism, an externally imposed gradient of self interstitials generates a gradient in impurity interstitials leading to the segregation of fast diffusing impurities to low interstitials, high vacancy regions. Data are presented to support this model in (Hg, Cd)Te alloys, as well as explicitly rule out gettering by dislocations, by segregation to precipitates, or by enhanced solubility arising from the interaction of the impurity with a varying Fermi level.
Regulation of free calmodulin levels by neuromodulin: neuron growth and regeneration

Abstract Neuromodulin is a neurospecific calmodulin binding protein that is implicated in neurite extension, axonal elongation and long-term potentiation. Yuechueng Liu and Daniel Storm propose that neuromodulin binds and concentrates calmodulin on growth cone membranes and that stimulation of protein kinase C releases high local concentrations of calmodulin in the growth cone. Interactions between released calmodulin and cytoskeleton proteins may affect the polymerization, crosslinking and membrane attachment of cytoskeleton polymers. This local ‘softening' of the membrane may be an initial event in filopodia formation and extension .