cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analysis and Synthesis of Respiratory Rate for Male Patients

In this paper an algorithm to estimate the respiratory rate (RR) using the oxygen saturation signal is presented. This is achieved by using the median and moving average filters with an adaptive window sizes technique according to the characteristics of the input data. This proposed algorithm is tested for eight (8) male patients, and the information is provided by "Physionet.org". This algorithm receives an oxygen saturation signal or pulse signal (PPG signal) as input. Therefore, this algorithm first removes motion artifacts (MA) from the PPG signal. In the first step, the MA frequencies from 0 to 0.5 Hz are vanished. Then, the second step extracts the RR part from the PPG signal. This is achieved by decreasing its frequency power above 0.8 Hz. The simulation results show an efficiency of 95% having a maximum error of 3 breaths on each calculation and an average error of 0.57 breaths per minute. However, the algorithm shows robustness by obtaining accurate results in different PPG signals.
Big Data Processing for Power Grid Event Detection

In this paper we present the application of big data processing for the development of machine learning (ML) models to detect relevant events in power grid operations. This is based on almost 20TB of phasor measurement unit data corresponding to up to two years of operation of three grid interconnections which provide power to most of the United States. A significant aspect of the work consists in having all data processing performed on a single standard GPU server, from pre-processing to ML model training and testing. We describe the data and computational infrastructure, challenges faced and methods used in data processing, main findings and results. The ML approach employed for best utilization of the big data is also discussed, including sample results.
The Myth of the Chilling Effect

The chilling effect—historically associated with protecting First Amendment rights—has more recently become a tool used to argue against social media platform (e.g., Facebook, Twitter) policies of restricting content. The 70-year-old principle invalidates regulations if censoring the unwanted speech will also deter or “chill” related but valuable speech. Despite its longstanding use and recent significance, little to no empirical work has been done on whether this phenomenon exists. This Article finally fills this gap. It employs an empirical study using social media speech restrictions analyzed with text analysis to conclude that the chilling effect has little to no impact on the content of the message; at most, it subtly alters the specific style or tone used. This study therefore confirms the existence of the phenomenon but simultaneously raises serious concerns about its usefulness as a guiding constitutional legal principle when assessing speech regulations.
SU-F-BRB-16: A Spreadsheet Based Automatic Trajectory GEnerator (SAGE): An Open Source Tool for Automatic Creation of TrueBeam Developer Mode Robotic Trajectories

Purpose: To automate creation and delivery of robotic linac trajectories with TrueBeam Developer Mode, an open source spreadsheet-based trajectory generation tool has been developed, tested and made freely available. The computing power inherent in a spreadsheet environment plus additional functions programmed into the tool insulate users from the underlying schema tedium and allow easy calculation, parameterization, graphical visualization, validation and finally automatic generation of Developer Mode XML scripts which are directly loadable on a TrueBeam linac. Methods: The robotic control system platform that allows total coordination of potentially all linac moving axes with beam (continuous, step-and-shoot, or combination thereof) becomes available in TrueBeam Developer Mode. Many complex trajectories are either geometric or can be described in analytical form, making the computational power, graphing and programmability available in a spreadsheet environment an easy and ideal vehicle for automatic trajectory generation. The spreadsheet environment allows also for parameterization of trajectories thus enabling the creation of entire families of trajectories using only a few variables. Standard spreadsheet functionality has been extended for powerful movie-like dynamic graphic visualization of the gantry, table, MLC, room, lasers, 3D observer placement and beam centerline all as a function of MU or time, for analysis of the motions before requiring actual linac time. Results: We used the tool to generate and deliver extended SAD “virtual isocenter” trajectories of various shapes such as parameterized circles and ellipses. We also demonstrated use of the tool in generating linac couch motions that simulate respiratory motion using analytical parameterized functions. Conclusion: The SAGE tool is a valuable resource to experiment with families of complex geometric trajectories for a TrueBeam Linac. It makes Developer Mode more accessible as a vehicle to quickly translate research ideas into machine readable scripts without programming knowledge. As an open source initiative, it also enables researcher collaboration on future developments. I am a full time employee at Varian Medical Systems, Palo Alto, California
The Meaning of Meat and the Structure of the Odyssey

This comprehensive study of the Odyssey sees in meat and meat consumption a centre of gravitation for the interpretation of the poem. It aims to place the cultural practices represented in the poem against the background of the (agricultural) lived reality of the poem's audiences in the archaic age, and to align the themes of the adventures in Odysseus' wanderings with the events that transpire at Ithaca in the hero's absence. The criminal meat consumption of the suitors of Penelope in the civilised space of Ithaca is shown to resonate with the adventures of Odysseus and his companions in the pre-cultural worlds they are forced to visit. The book draws on folklore studies, the anthropology of hunting cultures, the comparative study of oral traditions, and the agricultural history of archaic and classical Greece. It will also be of interest to narratologists and students of folklore and Homeric poetics.
Destructive Leaders and Dysfunctional Organizations: Hubris and narcissism: the dark underbelly of leadership

A certain degree of narcissism is perfectly natural and even healthy. A moderate measure of self-esteem contributes to positive behaviors such as assertiveness, confidence, and creativity, all desirable qualities for an individual in any walk of life, but particularly so for business leaders. At the other end of the spectrum, however, extreme narcissism is characterized by egotism, self-centeredness, grandiosity, lack of empathy, exploitation, exaggerated self-love, and failure to acknowledge boundaries. In this severe form, narcissism can do serious damage. This is especially true within an organization, where the combination of a leader's overly narcissistic disposition and his or her position of power can have devastating consequences. (Kets de Vries, 2006) EXTREME HUBRIS OF TOXIC LEADERS Hubris and narcissism speaks volumes when unraveling the complex behavior of leaders. Curiously, there is even more than initially meets the eye when attempting to decode the dark and troubled side of leadership. Stories abound as the media has feasted on the upper-echelon conflicts and debacles at Vivendi Universal, Global Crossing, Enron, Tyco, WorldCom, and a “Who's Who” list of Fortune 500 corporations and executives. An infamous circle of corporate leaders have shamelessly exhibited the farther reaches of hubris in the form of greed, excesses, arrogance and unbridled bluster. The toxic leadership of Jean-Marie Messier, Gary Winnick, Kenneth Lay, Jeffrey Skilling, Dennis Kozlowski, and Bernard Ebbers has permanently engraved the darker and destructive side of organizational behavior into the collective conscience of Wall Street, corporate life and business schools around the world.
Repetitive sequence element cloned from Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo type hardjo-bovis provides a sensitive diagnostic probe for bovine leptospirosis.

A repetitive sequence element was cloned from the primary etiological agent causing bovine leptospirosis in North America, Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo type hardjo-bovis. This element was used to design a sensitive diagnostic probe which distinguishes hardjo-bovis from other pathogenic leptospires which commonly infect domestic animals in North America and discriminates between hardjo-bovis and the reference strain for serovar hardjo, hardjoprajitno. By using this probe, it was possible to identify infected cattle shedding hardjo-bovis in their urine. This is the first practical demonstration of a cloned DNA probe for leptospirosis, and it provides a sensitive method for studying the transmission and pathogenesis of L. interrogans infections. Control measures for L. interrogans infections may now be improved by rapidly and efficiently identifying infected animals. Images
Effect of freezing red blood cells and hemolyzates at different temperatures. Electrophoretic and methemoglobin studies.

Abstract The effect of freezing washed, intact, human red blood cells at −13 °, −20 °, and −79 °C on the electrophoretic patterns of their hemolyzates was investigated. New fast-moving components (M, m, F) appear after storage at −13 ° or −20 °, and concurrently the concentrations of other components are changed. The greatest increases in these components were noted at −20 °, with smaller changes at −13 °, and practically no change at −79 °. The concentration of Components m + F increased with the length of the storage period. Freezing the cells of blood stored at 4 °C for varying periods yielded patterns different from those obtained with fresh blood frozen under the same conditions. Neither Component B nor organic phosphate values were affected during freezing. Methemoglobin concentrations paralleled increases in Components m + F during storage at −13 ° and −20 °. In most cases, changes in Components m + F and in methemoglobin concentrations were more pronounced after freezing intact cells than after freezing stroma-containing hemolyzates, and were least marked in the stroma-free hemolyzates. The electrophoretic pattern was not changed and methemoglobin was not present after freezing cells containing carboxyhemoglobin. The methemoglobin values were much greater in frozen cells containing reduced hemoglobin than in cells containing increased oxyhemoglobin concentration, and the electrophoretic pattern was altered. When cells frozen at −13 ° or −20 ° were transferred to −79 °, no appreciable decrease in methemoglobin was observed, while a marked increase in methemoglobin was noted after transferring cells from −79 ° to either −13 ° or −20 °. The protective effects of glucose, glycerol, dimethylsulfoxide, and sucrose against methemoglobin formation by freezing suggest that these materials affect the structure of the ice crystals surrounding the hemoglobin molecule.
The Great Depression: New Deal economic policy and the problem of recovery

Industry generally brings together a multitude of men in the same place and creates new and complex relations among them. These men are exposed to sudden great alterations of plenty and want, which threaten public peace. Work of this sort may endanger the health, even the life, of those who make money out of it or who are employed therein. Therefore the industrial classes, more than other classes, need rules, supervision, and restraint, and it naturally follows that the functions of government multiply as they multiply. – Alexis de Tocqueville The entire composite of New Deal policies must be considered if one is to assess the political economy of the 1930s. Following common practice, these policies can be divided into the following categories: (1) the measures of relief: the emergency banking bill, the Federal Emergency Relief Administration, the Civilian Conservation Corps, the Farm Credit Act to forestall farm foreclosures, Harry Hopkins's Civil Works Administration, and the first agricultural program for crop and livestock herd curtailment; (2) the measures of recovery: the National Recovery Administration (N.R.A.), Harold Ickes's Public Works Administration, the dollar devaluation and gold and silver purchase programs, the various housing acts, and the lending agencies, including and following the Reconstruction Finance Corporation taken over from the Hoover administration; and (3) the measures of reform: the Tennessee Valley Authority, the Social Security Act, the Securities and Exchange Commission, the Federal Communications Commission, the Rural Electrification Administration, the Banking Act of 1935 reforming the Federal Reserve System, and the Wagner bill setting up the National Labor Relations Board.
Kames’s Philosophy of Law; or, His General View of Jurisprudence

Scotland experienced no pronounced national development in law before the late seventeenth century. This is true of law both as a science — as an attempt to reduce the rules of law to their underlying principles — and as practice in the Scottish courts and counsel-chambers. Descriptive accounts there had been, and more or less systematic arrangements of prevailing rules of statutory and common law, with occasional attention to their historical origins. And of course there were records both of statutory enactments and of decisions of the high courts in particular “causes.” There were also lawyers’ handbooks called “practicks.” But there was little further systematization and even less attention paid to juridical theory.
A strategy using NMR peptide structures of thromboxane A2 receptor as templates to construct ligand-recognition pocket of prostacyclin receptor

Prostacyclin receptor (IP) and thromboxane A2 receptor (TP) belong to rhodopsin-type G protein-coupling receptors and respectively bind to prostacyclin and thromboxane A2 derived from arachidonic acid. Recently, we have determined the extracellular loop (eLP) structures of the human TP receptor by 2-D 1H NMR spectroscopy using constrained peptides mimicking the individual eLP segments. The studies have identified the segment along with several residues in the eLP domains important to ligand recognition, as well as proposed a ligand recognition pocket for the TP receptor. The IP receptor shares a similar primary structure in the eLPs with those of the TP receptor. Forty percent residues in the second eLPs of the receptors are identical, which is the major region involved in forming the ligand recognition pocket in the TP receptor. Based on the high homology score, the eLP domains of the IP receptor were constructed by the homology modeling approach using the NMR structures of the TP eLPs as templates, and then configured to the seven transmembrane (TM) domains model constructed using the crystal structure of the bovine rhodopsin as a template. A NMR structure of iloprost was docked into the modeled IP ligand recognition pocket. After dynamic studies, the segments and residues involved in the IP ligand recognition were proposed. A key residue, Arg173 involved in the ligand recognition for the IP receptor, as predicted from the modeling, was confirmed by site-directed mutagenesis. A 3-D model of the human IP receptor was constructed by homology modeling using the crystal structure of bovine rhodopsin TM domains and the NMR structures of the synthetic constrained peptides of the eLP domains of the TP receptor as templates. This strategy can be applied to molecular modeling and the prediction of ligand recognition pockets for other prostanoid receptors.
Reliability Testing of Seven Nondestructive Pavement Testing Devices

Nondestructive pavement testing devices produce and collect deflection data using methods unique to each device. Loadings are produced on various-sized loaded areas by vibratory motions of various loads and frequencies and also by dropping masses from various heights. Deflections are measured using various types of deflection sensors. Data from three vibratory loading and four falling weight loading nondestructive pavement testing devices are evaluated and compared for accuracy, reliability, and repeatability. The loading output of each device is compared to the output of a load cell placed under the loaded area. The output of the deflection gauges at varied load levels is compared to the output from both a linear variable differential transformer placed under the gauge and a transducer placed next to the gauge. The repeatability of each device to produce consistent and accurate data at one location on various pavement types is determined by loading that location many times in a short period of time. The long-term repeatability of each device is determined by loading a specific location many times over a long period of time. Conclusions are drawn for each device concerning its reliability for producing accurate loading and deflection output and its repeatability for producing accurate results over time.
The Novel Plant Homeodomain Protein Rhinoceros Antagonizes Ras Signaling in the Drosophila Eye

The sequential specification of cell fates in the Drosophila eye requires repeated activation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)/Ras/MAP kinase (MAPK) pathway. Equally important are the multiple layers of inhibitory regulation that prevent excessive or inappropriate signaling. Here we describe the molecular and genetic analysis of a previously uncharacterized gene, rhinoceros (rno), that we propose functions to restrict EGFR signaling in the eye. Loss of rno results in the overproduction of photoreceptors, cone cells, and pigment cells and a corresponding reduction in programmed cell death, all phenotypes characteristic of hyperactivated EGFR signaling. Genetic interactions between rno and multiple EGFR pathway components support this hypothesis. rno encodes a novel but evolutionarily conserved nuclear protein with a PHD zinc-finger domain, a motif commonly found in chromatin-remodeling factors. Future analyses of rno will help to elucidate the regulatory strategies that modulate EGFR signaling in the fly eye.
Mechanisms for the Termination of Atrial Fibrillation by Localized Ablation: Computational and Clinical Studies

Background— Human atrial fibrillation (AF) can terminate after ablating localized regions, which supports the existence of localized rotors (spiral waves) or focal drivers. However, it is unclear why ablation near a spiral wave tip would terminate AF and not anchor reentry. We addressed this question by analyzing competing mechanisms for AF termination in numeric simulations, referenced to clinical observations. Methods and Results— Spiral wave reentry was simulated in monodomain 2-dimensional myocyte sheets using clinically realistic rate-dependent values for repolarization and conduction. Heterogeneous models were created by introduction of parameterized variations in tissue excitability. Ablation lesions were applied as nonconducting circular regions. Models confirmed that localized ablation may anchor spiral wave reentry, producing organized tachycardias. Several mechanisms referenced to clinical observations explained termination of AF to sinus rhythm. First, lesions may create an excitable gap vulnerable to invasion by fibrillatory waves. Second, ablation of rotors in regions of low-excitability (from remodeling) produced re-entry in more excitable tissue allowing collision of wavefront and back. Conversely, ablation of rotors in high-excitability regions migrated spiral waves to less excitable tissue, where they detached to collide with nonconducting boundaries. Third, ablation may connect rotors to nonconducting anatomic orifices. Fourth, reentry through slow-conducting channels may terminate if ablation closes these channels. Conclusions— Limited ablation can terminate AF by several mechanisms. These data shed light on how clinical AF may be sustained in patients’ atria, emphasizing heterogeneities in tissue excitability, slow-conducting channels, and obstacles that are increasingly detectable in patients and should be the focus of future translational studies.
A data-driven approach to quantifying natural human motion

In this paper, we investigate whether it is possible to develop a measure that quantifies the naturalness of human motion (as defined by a large database). Such a measure might prove useful in verifying that a motion editing operation had not destroyed the naturalness of a motion capture clip or that a synthetic motion transition was within the space of those seen in natural human motion. We explore the performance of mixture of Gaussians (MoG), hidden Markov models (HMM), and switching linear dynamic systems (SLDS) on this problem. We use each of these statistical models alone and as part of an ensemble of smaller statistical models. We also implement a Naive Bayes (NB) model for a baseline comparison. We test these techniques on motion capture data held out from a database, keyframed motions, edited motions, motions with noise added, and synthetic motion transitions. We present the results as receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and compare the results to the judgments made by subjects in a user study.
Aging induced shape instability in an elastically bent uranium + 7.5 wt pct niobium + 2.5 wt pct zirconium alloy

The uranium +7.5 wt pct niobium +2.5 wt pct zirconium alloy when quenched from 1073 K was found to exist at room temperature as a metastable phase which was a slight tetragonal distortion of the elevated temperature body-centered-cubic (bcc) phase. Flat, asquenched specimens have been elastically deformed in four-point bending to maximum outer fiber stresses below the stress required for plastic deformation to occur but into a range of stress where pseudoelastic behavior has been observed. Aging of these elastically bent specimens in an oil bath at 423 K, while constrained by the bending jig, resulted in a permanent deflection and shape change. Further isothermal aging, after removal from the bending apparatus, caused increasing deflection and continued shape instability in spite of the absence of the applied load. X-ray examination of samples cut from a bent and aged specimen revealed important preferred orientation and lattice parameter differences between the tension and compression regions and the high and low stress parts of the specimen. These observations are described and compared to previous findings on quenched samples of this alloy that had been either deformed separately or aged separately. A rationalization of the shape instability is presented. Elastic twin nucleation and growth, preferred orientations, solute segregation and the interplay of all these seem to be involved.
Intermolecular Repulsions in Adsorbed Layers

Abstract Adsorbate–adsorbate interactions are analyzed in the framework of the Ono–Kondo model. The results show that, at large amounts of adsorption, intermolecular interactions in the adsorbed phase are repulsive. In the range of small adsorption, microporous systems also can show repulsions due to limitations of the adsorption space. This effect also is possible in macroporous adsorbents with active site spacing that is less than that of the adsorbate bulk liquid.
Matrix extensions of Liouville-Dirichlet-type integrals

Abstract The Dirichlet integral provides a formula for the volume over the k-dimensional simplex ω={x1,…,xk: xi⩾0, i=1,…,k, s⩽∑k1xi⩽T}. This integral was extended by Liouville. The present paper provides a matrix analog where now the region becomes Ω={V 1 ,…,V k : V i >0, i=1,…,k, 0⩽∑V i ⩽t} , where now each Vi is a p×p symmetric matrix and A⩾B means that A−B is positive semidefinite.
Mutual disambiguation of recognition errors in a multimodel architecture

As a new generation of multimodal/media systems begins to define itself, researchers are attempting to learn how to combine different modes into strategically integrated whole systems. In theory, well designed multimodal systems should be able to integrate complementary modalities in a manner that supports mutual disambiguation (MD) of errors and leads to more robust performance. In this study, over 2,000 multimodal utterances by both native and accented speakers of English were processed by a multimodal system, and then logged and analyzed. The results confirmed that multimodal systems can indeed support significant levels of MD, and also higher levels of MD for the more challenging accented users. As a result, although speech recognition as a stand-alone performed far more poorly for accented speakers, their multimodal recognition rates did not differ from those of native speakers. Implications are discussed for the development of future multimodal architectures that can perform in a more robust and stable manner than individual recognition technologies. Also discussed is the design of interfaces that support diversity in tangible ways, and that function well under challenging real-world usage conditions,
Acoustic material signature of a layered plate

Abstract A technique is presented for the theoretical calculation of the acoustic material signature (AMS) of a multilayered plate with its bottom surface free of traction. The layers are composed of homogeneous isotropic linearly elastic materials and are assumed to be firmly bonded at the interfaces. The plate model can serve to represent either a self supporting membrane, or a multilayered composite with extensive debonding on a plane parallel to the layers. Calculated AMS curves are presented for a uniform plate, a two layered plate and a two layered half-space at 60 MHz exciting frequency. The striking differences in these curves indicate the possibility of using them as quantitative diagnostics for extensive debonding in a layered specimen.
Intrathecal neuropeptide Y inhibits behavioral and cardiovascular responses to noxious inflammatory stimuli in awake rats.

Abstract To test the hypothesis that administration of neuropeptide Y (NPY) to the spinal cord reduces inflammatory pain, we evaluated the effects of intrathecal NPY on behavioral and cardiovascular markers of the nociception associated with intraplantar formalin injection in rats. Before the administration of formalin, NPY dose dependently increased blood pressure, an effect that could be prevented with the coadministration of the Y2 antagonist, BIIE0246. This effect lasted only 20 min, and thus was over before initiation of the formalin test. NPY dose dependently inhibited the flinching, licking, pressor, and tachycardia responses associated with formalin injection. The Y1 receptor antagonist BIBO 3304 partially reversed the antinociceptive effect of NPY at a dose that did not by itself have an effect (3 μg). We conclude that intrathecal NPY acts in part via Y1 receptors to inhibit ongoing inflammatory nociception.
Spin-bag mechanism of high-temperature superconductivity.

In oxide superconductors the local suppression of antiferromagnetic correlations in the vicinity of a hole lowers the energy of the system. This quasi two-dimensional bag of weakened spin order follows the hole in its motion. In addition, holes prefer to share a bag, leading to a strong pairing attraction and a high T c superconductivity. There are many experimental consequences of this mechanism for both the superconducting and normal phases.
2H double quantum filtered (DQF) NMR spectroscopy of the nucleus pulposus tissues of the intervertebral disc.

Deuterium (2H) double-quantum filtered (DQF) NMR spectroscopy of nucleus pulposus (NP) tissues from human intervertebral discs is reported. The DQF spectral intensities, DQ build-up rates, and DQF-detected rotating-frame spin-lattice relaxation times are sensitive to the degree of hydration of the NP tissue, and display a monotonous correlation with age between 15 and 80 years. The implications of this work are that the changes in water dynamics as detected via DQF NMR spectroscopy may be used as a probe of tissue degeneration in NP, particularly in the early stages of degeneration to which most standard NMR methods are not sensitive. Magn Reson Med 57:990 –999, 2007.
A simple method for the measurement of organic iodine in wastewater and surface water.

Abstract Total adsorbable organic iodine (TAOI) has been used as a surrogate parameter for X-ray contrast media in municipal wastewater. Available methods require specialized equipment for pyrolyzing these compounds to convert the covalently bound iodine into iodide, which is then measured by ion chromatography. In this study we describe a simple method for liberating iodide from these compounds with Cu(II) and hydrogen peroxide. Concentrations of TAOI were measured in wastewater effluent, surface waters that were expected to be impacted by wastewater, and unimpacted surface waters. TAOI concentrations ranged between 1.9 and 16.3 μg/L I in wastewater with a median of 6.5 μg/L I. The lowest TAOI concentrations consistently were detected in a wastewater treatment plant that apparently had few hospitals within its collection area. In comparison, TAOI concentrations in surface water that was unimpacted by sewage were between 0.3 and 3.5 μg/L I. TAOI concentrations in surface waters that were impacted by sewage were consistent with the expected conservative behavior of TAOI.
Insights into the hydrodynamics of free falling wavy films

On selectionne trois ondes isolees de differentes amplitudes et formes a partir de mesures sur un film liquide tombant. On calcule les champs de vitesse et de pression ainsi que la vitesse de l'onde
Impact melts and glasses on Mars

[1] Dark mobile materials on Mars are widely considered to be volcanically derived windblown particulates. Such a conclusion is consistent with the large volcanic edifices on Mars and the assumption that a volatile-rich crust would not favor significant impact melt generation. Several post-Viking discoveries, however, provide new perspectives for reconsidering alternative origins not only for some of the mobile dark veneers but also certain materials at the Pathfinder and Viking landing sites. First, certain dark materials on Mars do not exhibit the expected mafic absorption features in their reflectance spectra. Second, the Pathfinder mission revealed unexpected feldspathic compositions of vesicular blocks that lead to a preliminary conclusion that they represent andesites or basaltic andesites, rather than basalts. Third, recent discoveries of Holocene to Miocene impacts in Argentine loessoid deposits provide new insights for the nature of melts generated from eolian sediments. Fourth, global dispersal of impact melt products are now recognized in the terrestrial record throughout the Cenozoic. Consequently, the generation and preservation of impact glass on Mars should be reconsidered. Possible occurrences include possible tektite-like strewnfields downrange from recent oblique impacts, dark avalanches emerging from backwasting cliffs of easily eroded unconformable deposits, global dispersal of glassy ejecta from Hesperian and Amazonian craters of Chicxulub scale, and dark mobile veneers emerging from Noachian craters. We propose that the mobile dark materials comprising many of the named features of Mars as well as some blocks at the Pathfinder/Viking landing sites may represent impact-melt products.
The effect of poverty and caregiver education on perceived need and access to health services among children with special health care needs.

Objectives. We examined the association between several variables and the use of specialist physician services, developmental therapies, and prescription medications among children with special health care needs (N=38866).Methods. We used a bivariate probit model to estimate whether a given child needed specialized services and whether that child accessed those services; we controlled for activity limitations and severity of special needs. Variables included family income, mother’s (or other caregiver’s) educational level, health insurance coverage, and perceived need for specialized services. We used data from the 2001 National Survey of Children with Special Health Care Needs.Results. Lower-income and less-educated parents were less likely than higher-income and more-educated parents to say their special needs children needed specialized health services. The probability of accessing specialized health services—when needed—increased with both higher family income and insurance coverage.Conclusions. Child...
Hydroformylation of styrene in supercritical carbon dioxide with fluoroacrylate polymer supported rhodium catalysts

Abstract Rhodium catalysts, bound to a fluoroacrylate copolymer backbone through phosphine ligands, are synthesized and shown to be soluble and active in supercritical carbon dioxide. Hydroformylation of styrene is studied using this catalyst at two different temperatures (323 and 348 K) and three different pressures (172, 207, and 241 bar). The initial mole fraction of styrene was 4.13×10 −4 , styrene to Rh molar ratio was 200, and hydrogen and carbon monoxide to styrene molar ratio was 160. Conversions up to almost 100% and branched aldehyde selectivities of 95–100% were obtained at most reaction conditions. A kinetic model is proposed based on a dissociative mechanism, which starts by dissociation of a CO ligand to produce RRh(CO) 2 L 2 . Then coordination of an olefin, insertion of hydrogen, and coordination of CO generates the alkylrhodium complex followed by CO insertion to generate the acyl complex. Finally, reductive elimination forms the aldehyde. Oxidative addition of hydrogen is proposed as the rate-controlling step.
Electrocardiographic evidence of myocardial injury in psychiatrically hospitalized cocaine abusers.

Abstract The electrocardiograms (ECG) of 99 cocaineabusing patients were compared with the ECGs of 50 schizophrenic controls. Eleven of the cocaine abusers and none of the controls had ECG evidence of significant myocardial injury defined as myocardial infarction, ischemia, and bundle branch block.
Reproduction on Purified Rations Containing Sulfaguanidine.

SummaryIncorporation of sulfaguanidine at a 0.5% level in purified rations containing p-aminobenzoic acid had no deleterious effects on reproduction in the female albino rat; similarly animals raised on inositol-free rations with or without sulfaguanidine were not inferior in growth, reproductive performance, or gross appearance to litter mates on identical rations with inositol added. Addition of inositol, however, to a purified ration containing sulfaguanidine resulted in marked reduction of fertility, which did not occur if either inositol or sulfaguanidine were omitted from the ration.
Autologous stem-cell transplantation for poor-risk and relapsed intermediate- and high-grade non-Hodgkin's lymphoma

The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the outcome of patients treated with high-dose chemo-/radiotherapy or high-dose chemotherapy and autologous stem-cell transplant (ASCT) for relapsed, refractory, or poor-risk intermediate-grade (IG) and high-grade (HG) non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). The secondary objectives were to determine prognostic factors for relapse and survival. Between February 1987 and August 1998, 264 patients, 169 (64%) IG and 95 (36%) HG, underwent high-dose therapy and ASCT at City of Hope National Medical Center (COHNMC). There were 157 (59%) males and 107 (41%) females with a median age of 44 years (range, 5-69 years). The median number of prior chemotherapy regimens was 2 (range, 1-4), and 71 (27%) had received prior radiation as part of induction or as salvage therapy. The median time from diagnosis to ASCT was 10.8 months (range, 3-158 months). Ninety-four patients (36%) underwent transplantation in first complete/partial remission (CR/PR), 40 (15%) in induction failure, and 130 (49%) in relapse or subsequent remission. Two preparative regimens were used: total body irradiation/high-dose etoposide/cyclophosphamide (TBI/VP/CY) in 208 patients (79%) and carmustine/etoposide/cyclophosphamide (BCNU/VP/CY) in 56 patients (21%). One hundred sixty-three patients (62%) received peripheral blood stem cells (PBSC) and 101 (38%) received bone marrow (BM) alone or BM plus PBSC. At a median follow-up of 4.43 years for surviving patients (range, 1-12.8 years), the 5-year Kaplan-Meier estimates of probability of overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), and relapse for all patients are 55% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 49%-61%), 47% (95% CI: 40%-53%), and 47% (95% CI: 40%-54%), respectively. There were 27 deaths (10%) from nonrelapse mortality, including seven (3%) patients who developed second malignancies (five with myelodysplasia/acute myelogenous leukemia and two with solid tumors). By stepwise Cox regression analysis, disease status at ASCT was the only prognostic factor that predicted for both relapse and survival. The 5-year probability of PFS for patients transplanted in first CR/PR was 73% (95% CI: 62%-81%) as compared to 30% (95% CI: 16%-45%) for induction failure and 34% (95% CI: 26%-42%) for relapsed patients. Our results further support the role of high-dose therapy and ASCT during first CR/PR for patients with poor-risk intermediate- and high-grade NHL. Early transplant is recommended for patients failing initial induction therapy or relapsing after chemotherapy-induced remission. Relapse continues to be the most common cause of treatment failure. An alternative approach to prevent relapse, the incorporation of radioimmunotherapy into the high-dose regimen, is being investigated. The development of a second malignancy is a serious complication of high-dose therapy, which requires close surveillance.
Cultures of Cerebellar Granule Neurons

INTRODUCTIONPrimary cultures of granule neurons from the post-natal rat cerebellum provide an excellent model system for molecular and cell biological studies of neuronal development and function. The cerebellar cortex, with its highly organized structure and few neuronal subtypes, offers a well-characterized neural circuitry. Many fundamental insights into the processes of neuronal apoptosis, migration, and differentiation in the mammalian central nervous system have come from investigating granule neurons in vitro. Granule neurons are the most abundant type of neurons in the brain. In addition to the sheer volume of granule neurons, the homogeneity of the population and the fact that they can be transfected with ease render them ideal for elucidating the molecular basis of neuronal development. This protocol for isolating granule neurons from post-natal rats is relatively straightforward and quick, making use of standard enzymatic and mechanical dissociation methods. In a serum-based medium containing an inhibitor of mitosis, cerebellar granule neurons can be maintained with high purity. Axons and dendrites can be clearly distinguished on the basis of morphology and markers. For even greater versatility, this protocol for culturing granule neurons can be combined with knockout or transgenic technologies, or used in cerebellar slice overlay assays.
Cosmological implications of light element abundances: theory.

Abstract Primordial nucleosynthesis provides (with the microwave background radiation) one of the two quantitative experimental tests of the hot Big Bang cosmological model (versus alternative explanations for the observed Hubble expansion). The standard homogeneous-isotropic calculation fits the light element abundances ranging from 1H at 76% and 4He at 24% by mass through 2H and 3He at parts in 105 down to 7Li at parts in 1010. It is also noted how the recent Large Electron Positron Collider (and Stanford Linear Collider) results on the number of neutrinos (Nnu) are a positive laboratory test of this standard Big Bang scenario. The possible alternate scenario of quark-hadron-induced inhomogeneities is also discussed. It is shown that when this alternative scenario is made to fit the observed abundances accurately, the resulting conclusions on the baryonic density relative to the critical density (Omegab) remain approximately the same as in the standard homogeneous case, thus adding to the robustness of the standard model and the conclusion that Omegab approximately 0.06. This latter point is the driving force behind the need for nonbaryonic dark matter (assuming total density Omegatotal = 1) and the need for dark baryonic matter, since the density of visible matter Omegavisible < Omegab. The recent Population II B and Be observations are also discussed and shown to be a consequence of cosmic ray spallation processes rather than primordial nucleosynthesis. The light elements and Nnu successfully probe the cosmological model at times as early as 1 sec and a temperature (T) of approximately 10(10) K (approximately 1 MeV). Thus, they provided the first quantitative arguments that led to the connections of cosmology to nuclear and particle physics.
On the genus of groups with operators

Abstract Charles Cassidy has given a definition of genus for nilpotent groups with operators, generalizing the Mislin genus. Here we modify Cassidy's definition to bring it into line with homotopy theory. Thus, with our definition, if X and Y are nilpotent spaces in the same genus, then the π 1 X -group π n X is in the genus of the π 1 Y -group π n Y . Relations are found between the genus of the Q -group N and the (Mislin) genus of the semidirect product N Q .
Dynamical analysis of the upwelling circulation off central Chile

[1] In this article we analyze the momentum and vorticity balances of a numerical simulation of the upwelling circulation off central Chile (34� –40� S) and its response to interannual local wind changes. Our analysis indicates that the path of the upwelling jet is strongly controlled by the bottom topography. This topographic steering causes the jet to separate from the coast at the Punta Lavapie cape (� 37� S). Although the zeroth-order momentum balance is dominated by the geostrophic terms, the circulation is also affected by nonlinear processes, which lead to the formation of large meanders and the shedding of cyclonic eddies north of Punta Lavapie during periods of wind relaxation. The relative contributions of the zeroth-order vorticity balance and the advective terms are also strongly controlled by changes in the coastline geometry and the bottom topography. Vorticity is created along the current axes and transported toward the coast and the Peru-Chile Trench, where it dissipates. South of Punta Lavapie the across-shelf transports are weaker with equatorward flows that are more stable than in the north. Additional numerical simulations
On unipolar diffusion charging of aerosols in the continuum regime

Abstract Some recently completed unipolar diffusion charging experiments in the continuum regime are described. Monodisperse acrosols generated by the vibrating orifice generator and the mobility classification method were exposed to unipolar positive ions produced by a corona discharge under conditions approximating pure ionic diffusion, and the resulting particle charge was measured as a function of the charging parameter, N 0 t , where N 0 is the unipolar ion concentration and t is the charging time. The particle diameter was varied between 0.1 and 5.04 μm and the N 0 t product, between 2.56 × 10 6 and 5.1 × 10 7 (ions/cm 3 ) (sec). A comparison of the data with the available theories shows that the best agreement is obtained with the theory of Fuchs and Bricard, whereas the agreement with the theory of White is less satisfactory. It is concluded that for unipolar charging in the continuum regime, the theory of Fuchs and Bricard should be used.
Public Health Advocacy to Change Corporate Practices: Implications for Health Education Practice and Research

Corporate practices, such as advertising, public relations, lobbying, litigation, and sponsoring scientific research, have a significant impact on the health of the people in the United States. Recently, health professionals and advocates have created a new scope of practice that aims to modify corporate practices that harm health. This article describes how corporate policies influence health and reviews recent health campaigns aimed at changing corporate behavior in six industries selected for their central role in the U.S. economy and their influence on major causes of mortality and morbidity. These are the alcohol, automobile, food, gun, pharmaceutical, and tobacco industries. The article defines corporate disease promotion and illustrates the range of public health activities that have emerged to counter such corporate behaviors. It analyzes the role of health professionals, government, and advocacy groups in these campaigns and assesses the implications of this domain for health education practice and research.
Interstitials in platinum

Abstract The defect production rate in platinum irradiated with energetic charged particles is measured as a function of irradiation temperature from below stage I to above the ‘so-called’ stage III. On the basis of these measurements, supplemented by recovery studies, and by other types of irradiations a consistent model of defect production and recovery is platinum on the basis that two distinct interstitial species are present is put forward.
A theoretical and experimental study of the effects of non-uniform membrane resistance on the shape of single-cell charging curves.

Abstract The isolated Muller glial cell of the neotenous tiger salamander retina is used as an experimental model for studying the effects of non-uniform membrane conductance on the shape of charging curves in response to step current inputs. A simple cable model of the Muller cell is formulated and used to interpret the experimental data. The Muller cell model is completely described by three parameters: (a) electrotonic length L ; (b) the membrane time constant τ m ; and (c) the percentage of the total membrane conductance accounted for by the endfoot S . Model analysis indicates that increasing S produces monotonic decreases in the rise time of charging curves. This effect is greatest when L is small. In such cases charging curve rise time can be substantially faster than that of a semi-infinite cable. When S > 0 , the first time constant obtained by fitting the late exponential tail of the charging curve is not the membrane time constant (as is the case when S = 0 ), but is instead an equalizing rime constant equal to the membrane time constant times a scale factor in the range of 0 to 1. This scaling factor becomes quite small as S approaches 100%. We describe a convergent numerical procedure for generating unique estimates of all three model parameters from charging curves. Application of the algorithm to experimentally measured Muller cell charging curves confirms Newman's finding that a large fraction of membrane conductance in these cells is accounted for by the endfoot (>90%). The model prediction that charging curve rise time may be substantially faster than that of the semi-infinite cable when S > 0 is also confirmed. The error that results from misinterpreting the first equalizing time constant τ 1 , as the membrane time constant τ m can have a significant effect on estimates of specific membrane resistance and capacitance. The algorithm described in this paper provides a means for obtaining direct estimates of the membrane time constant and will make possible more accurate estimates of specific membrane resistance and capacitance in Muller glial cells. The fact that the estimation procedure is based on a simple electrophysiological measurement suggests that it may be useful for studying asymmetry of membrane conductance in glial and neural elements of the intact nervous system.