cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thrombopoietin and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Development

: Thrombopoietin, the long sought primary regulator of thrombopoiesis, was cloned four years ago. In addition to its fulfilling most, if not all, of the expected biological activities relating to megakaryocyte and platelet development, the availability of the recombinant hormone and reagents to characterize its receptor have allowed detailed investigation of additional biological activities. In cultures of purified populations of candidate stem cells, thrombopoietin supports the survival, and aubments the proliferation of hematopoietic stem cells when present together with interleukin-3 or steel factor. The progeny of such cultures are not skewed in their developmental potential; colony-forming cells of all lineages arise from thrombopoietion-stimulated stem cells. Evidence for an important effect of thrombopoietin on stem cell physiology in vivo are equally compelling. Genetic elimination of thrombopoietin or its receptor leads to a profound reduction not only of megakaryocytes and platelets, but also of committed myeloid progenitors of all types, primitive progenitors and hematopoietic stem cells. When administered to animals, thrombopoietin profoundly stimulates thrombopoiesis and enhances the number of hematopoietic progenitor cells of all lineages, and when used in most animal models of myelosuppressive therapy, accelerates the recovery of platelet, erythrocyte and leukocyte production. Thus, thrombopoietin appears to be more than a lineage-restricted growth factor.
Social networking technology, social network composition, and reductions in substance use among homeless adolescents.

Peer-based prevention programs for homeless youth are complicated by the potential for reinforcing high-risk behaviors among participants. The goal of this study is to understand how homeless youth could be linked to positive peers in prevention programming by understanding where in social and physical space positive peers for homeless youth are located, how these ties are associated with substance use, and the role of social networking technologies (e.g., internet and cell phones) in this process. Personal social network data were collected from 136 homeless adolescents in Los Angeles, CA. Respondents reported on composition of their social networks with respect to: home-based peers and parents (accessed via social networking technology; e.g., the internet, cell phone, texting), homeless peers and agency staff (accessed face-to-face) and whether or not network members were substance-using or non-substance-using. Associations between respondent’s lifetime cocaine, heroin, and methamphetamine use and recent (previous 30 days) alcohol and marijuana use were assessed by the number of non-substance-using versus substance-using ties in multivariate linear regression models. 43% of adolescents reported a non-substance-using home-based tie. More of these ties were associated with less recent alcohol use. 62% of adolescents reported a substance-using homeless tie. More of these ties were associated with more recent marijuana use as well as more lifetime heroin and methamphetamine use. For homeless youth, who are physically disconnected from positive peers, social networking technologies can be used to facilitate the sorts of positive social ties that effective peer-based prevention programs require.
SLC6A4 polymorphism, population genetics, and psychiatric traits

5HTTLPR, which is the trivial name for a variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) polymorphism mapped to the 5' region of the SLC6A4 (serotonin transporter protein) gene, is one of the most studied variants with respect to psychiatric traits. It is also widely studied in the context of intermediate phenotypes such as neuroimaging measures, and gene-by-environment interaction, the latter generally in the context of affective and anxiety phenotypes. In this article, the author discusses the importance of the variant in the context of a population genetics article published in Human Genetics sixteen years ago.
An interactive framework for visualizing foreign currency exchange options (case study)

Analyzing options is a complex, multi-variate process. Option behavior depends on a variety of market conditions which vary over the time course of the option. The goal of this project is to provide an interactive visual environment which allows the analyst to explore these complex interactions, and to select and construct specific views for communicating information to non-analysts (e.g., marketing managers and customers).In this paper we describe an environment for exploring 2- and 3-dimensional representations of options data, dynamically varying parameters, examining how multi-variate relationships develop over time, and exploring the likelihood of the development of different outcomes over the life of the option. We also demonstrate how this tool has been used by analysts to communicate to non-analysts how particular options no longer deliver the behavior they were originally intended to provide.
Identification of adsorbed protein films by exposure to antisera and water vapor

Drops of various antisera against human proteins were placed onto hydrophilic or hydrophobic surfaces that had adsorbed human proteins. The rinsed and dried plates were exposed to water vapor. Wherever an antiserum droplet had resided on a matching protein film, vapor scattered least light, indicating greatest wetting. The protein deposited within 5 seconds by plasma onto glass proved to be fibrinogen.
Letter to the Editor-Comments on a Paper By Romesh Saigal: A Constrained Shortest Route Problem

Romesh Saigal presents a zero-one linear program and a dynamic programming algorithm for finding the shortest route containing exactly q arcs from node 1 to node n in a network N, A with distances ci,j. This note shows that the linear programming formulation and his extension based on it are defective, and that the dynamic programming algorithm can lead to suboptimal solutions, but a minor change in the dynamic programming formulation relieves the difficulty.
Anomie, powerlessness, and exchange: Parallel sources of deviance

Structural functionalists have long explained deviance as a function of anomie. Many researchers have found a connection between anomie and a sense of powerlessness. Conflict theorists often attribute deviance to the oppression of the powerless. In this paper we will use exchange theory to show the process by which powerlessness is related to anomie and results in deviance. Powerless people, lacking the authority to define their ascribed characteristics, investments and costs as valuable, experience distributive injustice when they lack means to goals or find that their costs and investments do not yield rewards or profits. This diminishes their commitment to the legitimacy of the unjust systems' norms (i.e., anomie) and leads to refusal to submit to the normative system. Their attempts to regain control of their lives' outcomes by use of Peter Blau's four alternatives to submission will be labeled deviance by authorities.
Modeling growth and reproduction of chilipepper rockfish under variable environmental conditions

Abstract Chilipepper rockfish ( Sebastes goodei ), a long-lived, highly fecund commercial species in the California Current ecosystem, contend with a variable environment on several time scales. Using a bioenergetics model, we simulated alternate strategies of energy allocation by female chilipeppers under variable conditions, and examined resulting patterns in age-dependent size and fecundity. Variable conditions consisted of single climate events (one anomalous year, one 4-year regime shift, or one 10-year regime shift) that occurred at different points over the lifespan of the fish and were either “poor” or “good” relative to baseline conditions. Poor years or regimes reduced growth and fecundity, while good years or regimes increased growth and fecundity. Fecundity losses during poor conditions could be mitigated by partially or fully reallocating energy from gonadal production into somatic growth, thereby increasing potential fecundity in future years. However, when mortality was incorporated, those energetic re-routing strategies only increased lifetime reproductive output if we assumed that old (≥age 8) females produce more viable larvae than young females, and if the event occurred prior to age 8. Young females also increased output of larvae beyond age 8 if they skipped spawning or reallocated reproductive energy during good conditions, instead investing the surplus energy into additional somatic growth and enhancing future fecundity. Our results are consistent with recent estimates of growth rate variability in the chilipepper population, and with observations of young females of other rockfish species skipping spawning during poor conditions. Models like this may help improve stock assessment parameters and biological reference points for species with environmentally driven variability in size at age.
Estimating building simulation parameters via Bayesian structure learning

Many key building design policies are made using sophisticated computer simulations such as EnergyPlus (E+), the DOE flagship whole-building energy simulation engine. E+ and other sophisticated computer simulations have several major problems. The two main issues are 1) gaps between the simulation model and the actual structure, and 2) limitations of the modeling engine's capabilities. Currently, these problems are addressed by having an engineer manually calibrate simulation parameters to real world data or using algorithmic optimization methods to adjust the building parameters. However, some simulations engines, like E+, are computationally expensive, which makes repeatedly evaluating the simulation engine costly. This work explores addressing this issue by automatically discovering the simulation's internal input and output dependencies from ~20 Gigabytes of E+ simulation data, future extensions will use ~200 Terabytes of E+ simulation data. The model is validated by inferring building parameters for E+ simulations with ground truth building parameters. Our results indicate that the model accurately represents parameter means with some deviation from the means, but does not support inferring parameter values that exist on the distribution's tail.
Epiflow Quadruplet Matching: Enforcing Epipolar Geometry for Spatio-Temporal Stereo Correspondences

Given a pair of left-right views of a calibrated stereo rig at two different poses, we have previously proposed two robust and efficient feature matching methods. These so-called quadruplet feature matching schemes use RANSAC for outlier rejection in establishing spatio-temporal matches in four views, and computing the motion of the stereo rig from one pose to the next. However, a significant number of valid quadruplet matches may be missed in part due to the inherent difficulties of temporal feature matching/tracking, and in part because of the conservative nature of the applied epipolar mutual-enforcing quadruplet matching technique in exchange for increased robustness. Having determined some initial quadruplet matches, an optimum motion is then determined by applying all the constraints embedded in the geometry of the two stereo pairs. In this paper, we exploit the estimated motion to identify a larger number of valid quadruplet features under the so-called epiflow quadruplet matching framework. Here, local matching dissimilarities of the left and right views individually and in the left-right views at the second stereo pose are expressed in terms of an energy function of discrepancies between optimal and estimated feature locations. The deviations of the feature locations in the second stereo views are defined as 4-D vectors that are constrained by quadratic constraints arising from the stereo epipolar geometry. Experiments with two sets of real data are presented to show the performance from the proposed energy minimization framework. Subsequent improvement in motion estimation, accommodated by utilizing more correct quadruplets matches, leads to a natural framework for iterative motion estimation and feature matching
The Inner Heliosphere at Fifty

Recent observations show that the Sun's magnetic field is flipping, marking one of the weakest sunspot cycle maxima in recent history. Many consequences have been observed and are under study, from a significant diminishing of the upper atmosphere's density [Solomon et al., 2010] to record low levels of geomagnetic activity [Richardson, 2013] to the large increase of local galactic cosmic ray fluxes starting in the preceding solar minimum [Mewaldt et al., 2010].
International Medical Graduates in General Surgery: Increasing Needs, Decreasing Numbers

BACKGROUND: ThecurrentresidencytrainingsystemintheUnitedStates(US)hasinherentdependenceonthe international medical graduate (IMG).This article discusses the physician workforce shortage, especially related to general surgery, and examines the distribution of IMGs in general surgery ranks. STUDY DESIGN: We performed a cross-sectional study using the American Medical Association Masterfile database of physicians licensed to practice in at least 1 state and determined the number and location of general surgeons in practice. We then stratified the distribution of these practicing surgeons, both IMGs and non-IMGs, according to rural urban commuting areas into small rural, large rural, or urban areas. RESULTS: There were 17,727 general surgeons. IMGs were older (52 8 years versus 47 8 years; p 0.001), more likely to be male (93% versus 82%; p 0.001), and more likely to be further out oftraining(46%versus28%20yearsoutoftraining;p0.001).Therewere2,216IMGsin urban cores, constituting 15% of general surgeons in these areas. Large rural areas contained 223 IMGs (12% of general surgeons in these cores) and small rural areas contained 163 IMG general surgeons (16% of total general surgeons in these cores). CONCLUSIONS: General surgeons are in high demand, and until now have remained inherently dependent on IMGs to reinforce their ranks. Current numbers of IMGs in practice are declining.This decline, coupled with inadequate numbers of trainees in domestic general surgery programs, creates a crisis of urgency. (J Am Coll Surg 2010;210:990–996. © 2010 by the American College of Surgeons) Many physicians and seasoned medical educators are surprised when they hear that the current United States (US) paradigm for residency positions is designed with an inherent dependence on international medical graduates (IMGs) to fill the ranks. In the National Resident Matching Program’s 2009 Main Residency Match, there were 22,427 total positions in all specialties offered at a PGY1 level; yet, only 15,638 students enrolled in US allopathic medical schools submitted rank lists for those positions. 1
Sedimentation and subsidence history of the East Mariana Basin, western Pacific

Drilling results and seismic reflection data from the East Mariana Basin are used to establish the presence of very thick sediments (≥1200 m) in the probable Jurassic basin, the dominance of redeposited material derived from the surrounding seamounts, and an anomalously great depth of crust (≥6900 m). Pelagic sediments dominate the interval 0–590 m, and volcanogenic and shallow-water carbonate turbidites occur in the middle interval (590–893 m). The lower ≥300 m of sediments are unsampled. The great depth to crust suggests that this region has had an unusual subsidence history or that present models are not adequate to explain the behavior of crust of this age.
A Five DOF haptic rendering algorithm using multiple contact points

With the proliferation of haptic devices, there has been significant research toward realistic haptic rendering of virtual environments. Currently, the majority of haptic devices provide only three degrees-of freedom (3 DOF), but 5 and 6 DOF devices are becoming more common. This paper presents a method of using existing 3 DOF rendering techniques to produce forces for a 5 or 6 DOF device when true 6 DOF rendering is unavailable. Point-force 3 DOF rendering that is most commonly used in commercial haptic applications is simple and fast for basic haptic rendering; however, this creates unrealistic haptic effects when an avatar other than a point is considered. As a solution, a 6 DOF force and torque algorithm is presented based on multiple contact points. Using the multi-point torque rendering approach, forces are rendered in three linear dimensions using existing 3 DOF algorithms, and up to three additional torque degrees-of freedom are calculated based on the forces on multiple points. This capability enhances haptic realism without modifying the legacy rendering. Finally, this algorithm is demonstrated using a 5 DOF haptic interface. The results from test observations suggest that the 5 DOF rendering algorithm functions as expected.
The Personality Psychopathology-Five (PSY-5): Recent Constructive Replication and Assessment Literature Review.

The Personality Psychopathology-Five (PSY-5; Harkness & McNulty, 1994) is a model of individual differences relevant to adaptive functioning in both clinical and non-clinical populations. In this article, we review the development of the PSY-5 model (Harkness, 1992; Harkness & McNulty, 1994) and discuss the ways in which the PSY-5 model is related to and distinct from other 5-factor models. Using different methods and measures, the dimensions of the PSY-5 model have been constructively replicated (Lykken, 1968) by Tackett, Silberschmidt, Krueger, and Sponheim (2008) and by Watson, Clark, and Chmielewski (2008), and dimensions congruent with the PSY-5 have even been suggested for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.; Krueger et al., 2011). PSY-5 Scales can be scored from the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2; Butcher et al., 2001), the MMPI-Adolescent version (MMPI-A; Butcher et al., 1992), and the Restructured Form of the MMPI-2 (MMPI-2-RF; Ben-Porath & Tellegen, 2008). Because the largest body of research exists for the MMPI-2-based scales, we focus our review of the literature on the MMPI-2-based PSY-5 scales (Harkness, McNulty, & Ben-Porath, 1995), but we briefly cover the small, but growing, body of MMPI-A and MMPI-2-RF PSY-5 scales research. We show that the PSY-5 research literature includes a wide variety of psychometric methodologies as well as diverse samples and clinical problems. An integrative summary reprises the theory behind each PSY-5 construct and links it to the reviewed literature. Advantages and limitations of MMPI-2-based PSY-5 scales are discussed.
Neurofuzzy modeling of chemical vapor deposition processes

The modeling of semiconductor manufacturing processes has been the subject of intensive research efforts for years. Physical-based (first-principle) models have been shown to be difficult to develop for processes such as plasma etching and plasma deposition, which exhibit highly nonlinear and complex multidimensional relationships between input and output process variables. As a result, many researchers have turned to empirical techniques to model many semiconductor processes. This paper presents a neurofuzzy approach as a general tool for modeling chemical vapor deposition (CVD) processes. A five-layer feedforward neural network is proposed to model the input-output relationships of a plasma-enhanced CVD deposition of a SiN film. The proposed five-layer network is constructed from a set of input-output training data using unsupervised and supervised neural learning techniques. Product space data clustering is used to perform the partitioning of the input and output spaces. Fuzzy logic rules that describe the input-output relationships are then determined using competitive learning algorithms. Finally, the fuzzy membership functions of the input and output variables are optimally adjusted using the backpropagation learning algorithm. A salient feature of the proposed neurofuzzy network is that after the training process, the internal units are transparent to the user, and the input-output relationship of the CVD process can be described linguistically in terms of IF-THEN fuzzy rules. Computer simulations are conducted to verify the validity and the performance of the proposed neurofuzzy network for modeling CVD processes.
Group Polarization in a Non-Risk-Taking Culture:

Issues concerning the significance of the risky-shift phenomenon have recently been raised. One argument treats the phenomenon as an instance of a more general finding of group polarization. Experimentation in an African culture was conducted to shed light on these questions as well as on an earlier posed explanation of the risky-shift as being attributed to cultural values. Liberian high school students participated in the experiment which used original and culturally apt choice-dilemmas. Results supported the idea of group polarization and not the risky-shift. Differences were not found among groups of different sexual composition nor in taking risks for oneself compared to others.
Who's to blame: Attributions regarding causality in spouse abuse

Spouse abuse is examined from the perspective of attribution theory. Aggressors are seen as attributing their violent behavior to external causes, whether by projecting their negative traits onto their spouses or by finding excuses which blame temporary environmental factors. In contrast, victims often attribute the abuse to defects within themselves or situational factors affecting their spouses. The attribution process seems affected by the frequency, intensity and duration of the abuse, with temporal factors playing an important role in the woman's internalizing style. Furthermore, inadequate early coping efforts play a powerful role in establishing cognitive-perceptual patterns that serve to perpetuate the abuse.
The Yersinia enterocolitica Phage Shock Proteins B and C Can Form Homodimers and Heterodimers In Vivo with the Possibility of Close Association between Multiple Domains

The Yersinia enterocolitica phage shock protein (Psp) stress response is essential for virulence and for survival during the mislocalization of outer membrane secretin proteins. The cytoplasmic membrane proteins PspB and PspC are critical components involved in regulating psp gene expression and in facilitating tolerance to secretin-induced stress. Interactions between PspB and PspC monomers might be important for their functions and for PspC stability. However, little is known about these interactions and there are conflicting reports about the ability of PspC to dimerize. To address this, we have used a combination of independent approaches to systematically analyze the ability of PspB and PspC to form dimers in vivo. Formaldehyde cross-linking of the endogenous chromosomally encoded proteins in Y. enterocolitica revealed discrete complexes corresponding in size to PspB-PspB, PspC-PspC, and PspB-PspC. Bacterial two-hybrid analysis corroborated these protein associations, but an important limitation of the two-hybrid approach was uncovered for PspB. A series of PspB and PspC proteins with unique cysteine substitutions at various positions was constructed. In vivo disulfide cross-linking experiments with these proteins further supported close association between PspB and PspC monomers. Detailed cysteine substitution analysis of predicted leucine zipper-like amphipathic helices in both PspB and PspC suggested that their hydrophobic faces could form homodimerization interfaces.
Adult romantic relationships as contexts of human development: a multimethod comparison of same-sex couples with opposite-sex dating, engaged, and married dyads.

This article presents a multimethod, multi-informant comparison of community samples of committed gay male (n 30) and lesbian (n 30) couples with both committed (n 50 young engaged and n 40 older married) and noncommitted (n 109 exclusively dating) heterosexual pairs. Specifically, in this study the quality of same- and opposite-sex relationships was examined at multiple levels of analysis via self-reports and partner reports, laboratory observations, and measures of physiological reactivity during dyadic interactions. Additionally, individuals in same-sex, engaged, and marital relationships were compared with one another on adult attachment security as assessed through the coherence of participants’ narratives about their childhood experiences. Results indicated that individuals in committed same-sex relationships were generally not distinguishable from their committed heterosexual counterparts, with one exception—lesbians were especially effective at working together harmoniously in laboratory observations.
Comments on “A Simple Nonlinear Observer for a Class of Uncertain Mechanical Systems”

For original paper see Y. Su. ibid., vol.52, no.7, p.1340-5, (2007). This article presents a comment on the paper ldquoa simple nonlinear observer for a class of uncertain mechanical systemsrdquo.
Analysis of a Low-Vapor-Pressure Cryogenic Propellant Tankage System

One potential technology for a fully reusable and permanently space-based cryogenic upper stage rocket is the use of liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen propellants in less than atmospheric condition—a "low-vaporpressure " system. This enables the use of lighter weight tank shells and higher density fluids, two features that can reduce the quantity of costly propellants consumed by the vehicle in performing a payload delivery mission. The fluids must have their saturation conditions lowered from the levels produced today. Five conditioning techniques and important issues relevant to the structural design of very thin-gage tanks are discussed; e.g., fracture mechanics, thin-gage formability, inspection, and weights. An important conclusion is that significant structural inert weight can be saved with further manufacturing technology development of large-scale, thin-gage shells.
Improving the bond strength between steel rebar and concrete by increasing the watercement ratio

Abstract The bond strength between steel rebar and concrete was found to increase monotonically with an increasing water cement ratio from 0.45 to 0.60, while the contact electrical resistivity between rebar and concrete decreased slightly. Both effects are due to the decrease of the interfacial void content, which results from the increase in the fluidity of the concrete mix. An increase in bond strength was also observed when a water-wetted rebar was in place of a dry rebar, although the increase was less than that obtained by increasing the water cement ratio.
Recursion theory on orderings. II

In [6], G. Metakides and the author introduced a general model theoretic setting in which to study the lattice of r.e. substructures of a large class of recursively presented models . Examples included , the natural numbers with equality, 〈 Q , ≤ 〉, the rationals under the usual ordering, and a large class of n -dimensional partial orderings. In this setting, we were able to generalize many of the constructions of classical recursion theory so that the constructions yield the classical results when we specialize to the case of and new results when we specialize to other models. Constructions to generalize Myhill's Theorem on creative sets [8], Friedberg's Theorem on the existence of maximal sets [3], Dekker's Theorem on the degrees of hypersimple sets [2], and Martin's Theorem on the degrees of maximal sets [5] were produced in [6]. In this paper, we give constructions to generalize the Morley-Soare Splitting Theorem [7] and Lachlan's characterization of hyperhypersimple sets [4] in §2, constructions to generalize Lachlan's theorems on the existence of major subsets and r-maximal sets contained in maximal sets [4] in §3, and constructions to generalize Robinson's construction of r -maximal sets that are not contained in any maximal sets [11] and second-order maximal sets [12] in §4. In §1 of this paper, we give the precise definitions of our model theoretic setting and deal with other preliminaries. Also in §1, we define the notions of “uniformly nonrecursive”, “uniformly maximal”, etc. which are the key notions involved in the generalizations of the various theorems that occur in §§2, 3 and 4.
Shared-memory concurrency control with a data-structures focus

Abstract This chapter is a companion to Chapter 7. It introduces the need for concurrency control (synchronization) when threads are accessing shared resources, particularly shared memory. It presents the need for mutual-exclusion locks and how to use them correctly. The presentation focuses on the concept of locking first and then the details of locks (via synchronized statements and methods) in Java. It then draws a distinction between bad interleavings—when observable intermediate states cause a software component in a concurrent setting not to meet its specification—and data races, in which modern platforms’ relaxed memory-consistency models mean even seemingly correct programs are in fact wrong. Given this basic definition of what concurrency control is and when it is needed, the chapter then presents a series of guidelines for how to use locks correctly and effectively. The chapter finishes with several topics not previously introduced, including deadlock, reader/writer locks, and condition variables.
The endocannabinoid system: a new approach to control cardiovascular disease.

The endocannabinoid (EC) system consists of 2 types of G-protein-coupled cannabinoid receptors—cannabinoid type 1 (CB1) and cannabinoid type 2 (CB2)—and their natural ligands. The EC system plays a key role in the regulation of food intake and fat accumulation, as well as glucose and lipid metabolism. When overactivated, the EC system triggers dyslipidemia, thrombotic and inflammatory states, and insulin resistance. Blocking CB1 receptors centrally and peripherally in adipose tissue can help normalize an overactivated EC system. CB1 blockade helps regulate food intake and adipose tissue metabolism, contributing to improved insulin sensitivity and other features of the metabolic syndrome. Visceral adipose tissue is most closely associated with the metabolic syndrome, which is a constellation of conditions that place people at high risk for coronary artery disease. Targeting the EC system represents a new approach to treating visceral obesity and reducing cardiovascular risk factors.
Scalable multi-label annotation

We study strategies for scalable multi-label annotation, or for efficiently acquiring multiple labels from humans for a collection of items. We propose an algorithm that exploits correlation, hierarchy, and sparsity of the label distribution. A case study of labeling 200 objects using 20,000 images demonstrates the effectiveness of our approach. The algorithm results in up to 6x reduction in human computation time compared to the naive method of querying a human annotator for the presence of every object in every image.
Practical modeling and acquisition of layered facial reflectance

We present a practical method for modeling layered facial reflectance consisting of specular reflectance, single scattering, and shallow and deep subsurface scattering. We estimate parameters of appropriate reflectance models for each of these layers from just 20 photographs recorded in a few seconds from a single viewpoint. We extract spatially-varying specular reflectance and single-scattering parameters from polarization-difference images under spherical and point source illumination. Next, we employ direct-indirect separation to decompose the remaining multiple scattering observed under cross-polarization into shallow and deep scattering components to model the light transport through multiple layers of skin. Finally, we match appropriate diffusion models to the extracted shallow and deep scattering components for different regions on the face. We validate our technique by comparing renderings of subjects to reference photographs recorded from novel viewpoints and under novel illumination conditions.
Human factors with nonhumans: factors that affect computer-task performance.

There are two general strategies that may be employed for 'doing human factors research with nonhuman animals'. First, one may use the methods of traditional human factors investigations to examine the nonhuman animal-to-machine interface. Alternatively, one might use performance by nonhuman animals as a surrogate for or model of performance by a human operator. Each of these approaches is illustrated with data in the present review. Chronic ambient noise was found to have a significant but inconsequential effect on computer-task performance by rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Additional data supported the generality of findings such as these to humans, showing that rhesus monkeys are appropriate models of human psychomotor performance. It is argued that ultimately the interface between comparative psychology and technology will depend on the coordinated use of both strategies of investigation.
A multi-layer, hierarchical information management system for the smart grid

This paper presents the modeling approach, methodologies, and initial results of setting up a multi-layer, hierarchical information management system (IMS) for the smart grid. The IMS allows its users to analyze the data collected by multiple control and communication networks to characterize the states of the smart grid. Abnormal, corrupted, or erroneous measurement data and outliers are detected and analyzed to identify whether they are caused by random equipment failures, human error, or tampering. Data collected from different information networks are crosschecked for data integrity based on redundancy, dependency, correlation, or cross-correlations, which reveal the interdependency between data sets. A hierarchically structured reasoning mechanism is used to rank possible causes of an event to enable system operators to proactively respond or provide mitigation recommendations to remove or neutralize the threats. The model satisfactorily identifies the cause of an event and significantly reduces the need to process myriads of data.
A method for partial-fraction expansion of transfer matrices

A general method for partial-fraction expansion of transfer matrices is presented and a general formula is given. The main ideas of the procedure include: (1) no required derivatives for the case of repeated eigenvalues: (2) all the matrix residues are found at the same time; and (3) there is no need for knowledge of the minimal polynomial. The procedure can be easily applied to digital computer application and fills a void in the computer method for finding the partial-fraction expansion in the case of repeated eigenvalues. The results are presented in structured form using Kronecker products in a way that facilitates easy implementation using a variety of standard software packages. >
Mycorrhizae and Global Change

Mycorrhizal symbioses are essential components of terrestrial ecosystems. These symbioses are intimate associations between plants and fungi where the plant fixes C, exchanging it for nutrients and water from fungal hyphae that permeate and explore surrounding soil. Perturbations, whether acute (such as disturbance or cutting) or chronic (global change, N deposition) alter mycorrhizal functioning and thereby forest dynamics. Among these dynamics are C sequestration and alleviating nutrient stresses to optimize C:nutrient ratios. We explore three areas whereby global change might alter mycorrhizae, which in turn, will affect forest dynamics. First, increasing temperatures associated with elevated atmospheric CO2 will increase soil temperature, thereby potentially increasing respiration. However, that may depend upon lags and the variation inherent in diel and seasonal variation. Second, the increased temperature will increase soil drying, and subsequently reduce the length of the growing season for mycorrhizal fungal hyphae. However, elevated CO2 will simultaneously increase water-use efficiency, thereby increasing the length of the growing season. Third, mycorrhizae increase activity and nutrient uptake with elevated CO2, negating some of the C:nutrient stress. This activity is dictated by both changing amounts of mycorrhizal hyphal growth and by shifting mycorrhizal fungal taxa, altering the strategies whereby nutrients are acquired and C allocated. This includes spatial (breadth and depth) as well as enzymatic shifts. Finally, we examine the longer-term implications of how global change can alter plant communities and plant dynamics on both ecological and evolutionary time scales.
Adrenergic regulation of coronary microcirculation after extracorporeal circulation and crystalloid cardioplegia.

The purpose of the present study was to examine whether adrenoceptor-mediated responses of porcine coronary resistance arteries are affected by cardioplegic arrest under conditions of extracorporeal circulation (cardiopulmonary bypass; CPB). Pigs were placed on CPB. The hearts were arrested with a cold hyperkalemic crystalloid cardioplegic solution for 1 h, then were reperfused for 1 h. In vivo and in vitro beta-adrenoceptor-mediated responses were compared before CPB and 2 min and 1 h after initiation of reperfusion. In vitro responses were studied in a pressurized no-flow state with video microscopy. Isoproterenol (0.02 micrograms.kg-1.min-1, intracoronary) increased coronary blood flow by 100 +/- 32% (P < 0.001) before CPB and cardioplegic arrest, 17 +/- 7% 2 min postcardioplegia (P < 0.01), and 71 +/- 9 (P < 0.001) after 1 h of reperfusion. Relaxation of precontracted microvessels (90-180 micron) to isoproterenol, NaF, forskolin, and adenosine was reduced after cardioplegic arrest (all P < 0.001). After 1 h of postcardiolegia-reperfusion, relaxation responses to forskolin and adenosine were completely restored, whereas the responses to isoproterenol (P < 0.05) and NaF (P < 0.10) were only partially recovered. Cardioplegic arrest and postcardioplegia-reperfusion blunted the alpha 2-adrenoceptor-mediated endothelium-dependent relaxation to clonidine (P < 0.001) but did not affect the minimal (< 4%) contractile response to the alpha 1-adrenoceptor agonist phenylephrine or the relaxation to nitroprusside. These results show that hyperkalemic cardioplegia results in the generalized defect in the beta-adrenoceptor-GS protein-adenylate cyclase pathway, which is significantly restored after reperfusion.
Socially Responsible and Sustainable Supply Chains (Chapter 9)

Social and environmental responsibility is increasingly important to psychological research and practice. Society increasingly expects companies to assume greater public responsibility. Moreover, investing in sustainability and green initiatives is proposed to offer such benefits as increases in public opinion, customer relations, and the ability to attract and retain talent. Further, it is employees who are key agents of change and innovation in the timely identification and response to environmental issues As such, new insight into social responsibility and sustainable organizations is important to the research, teaching and practice of Industrial-Organizational (I-O) psychology. However, I-O psychology has been focused on the profit-side of business (see Lefkowitz, 2008). An economic focus on short-term profit positions employees and the environment as expendable commodities, weakening organizations in at least three fundamental ways. First, as noted in the quote above, a sole focus on cost sets up a false dichotomy between profit and the environment. Second, a sole focus on cost positions employees and the environment simply as inventory without regard for the consequences. Finally, a sole focus on cost does not acknowledge the deep legacy of I-O research relating employee knowledge and skills to the development of healthy and effective organizations, relevant to and imperative for a shift from traditional business practices to sustainable operations. The legitimacy of relevant I-O psychology research and practice should not be ignored or marginalized.
A new formulation for delayed detached eddy simulation based on the Smagorinsky LES model

This dissertation describes an alternate formulation for Delayed Detached Eddy Simulation or DDES. Detached Eddy Simulation (DES) falls under the category of hybrid RANS/LES models where a single turbulence model functions as either a RANS (Reynolds-Averaged NavierStokes) or an LES (Large Eddy Simulation) model. Certain fundamental issues were identified in the original DES formulation, which led to revised formulations such as the Delayed DES (DDES) and Improved DDES (IDDES) with increasing complexity, which negatively impacted the readability of the model. This is the motivation to explore an alternate formulation for DES which aims to correct the issues found in the original DES, while at the same time being simple and easy to understand. Towards this end, the eddy viscosity formulation in a given RANS model is modified such that it mimics the Smagorinsky LES subgrid viscosity expression when the model is in eddy simulation mode. The resemblance of the resulting DES formulation to the Smagorinsky model allows the implementation of a dynamic procedure to compute the model constant, similar to the dynamic Smagorinsky model. This was found to improve the model performance in several cases. The description of this alternate DES formulation and the implementation of a dynamic procedure in this model will be the major focus of this dissertation.
About Multivariate Lyapunov Inequalities

We transfer here basic univariate Lyapunov inequalities to the multivariate setting of a shell by using the polar method.
Axisymmetric numerical analysis for ignition transient interior flow field of SRMs

Through calculation fluid software (FLUENT) and user definition function (UDF) programming, an axisymmetric numerical analysis method which takes into account the influence of heat radiation was used for analysis of the ignition transient interior flow field of SRM. The results show that curve of pressure vs time, flow field at different time, heat radiation on the burning surface of propellant can be obtained. The influence of heat radiation on ignition transient can be analyzed through the concrete figures, and the method can be used to predict the flow field and pressure variation at ignition transient.
Infrared Gas Phase Spectrometry for Oxygen and Hydrogen Sulfide by UV Photolysis

Oxygen, hydrogen sulfide and other weakly IR-absorbing compounds have been analyzed indirectly by photochemical conversion into other IR-active substances. Oxygen, when irradiated with intense UV light, is converted into ozone, which gives an absorption band centered at 1043 cm-1. Hydrogen sulfide, a weak IR absorber, is converted into sulfur dioxide, with a band centered at 1361 cm-1 Both ozone and sulfur dioxide have intense infrared spectral absorptions free from water or carbon dioxide interference. However, if this indirect method is to be employed for chemical determinations other factors must be considered. Methyl ethyl ketone and benzene have been investigated for their effect on conversion rates and percent conversion of oxygen into ozone. H2S is converted into sulfur dioxide, but the SO2 is subsequently dissociated. Results for oxygen and hydrogen sulfide determinations by use of various parameters will be discussed.
Device Comparability of Tablets and Computers for Assessment Purposes

ABSTRACTThe definition of what it means to take a test online continues to evolve with the inclusion of a broader range of item types and a wide array of devices used by students to access test content. To assure the validity and reliability of test scores for all students, device comparability research should be conducted to evaluate the impact of testing device on student test performance. The current study looked at the comparability of test scores across tablets and computers for high school students in three commonly assessed content areas and for a variety of different item types. Results indicate no statistically significant differences across device type for any content area or item type. Student survey results suggest that students may have a preference for taking tests on devices with which they have more experience, but that even limited exposure to tablets in this study increased positive responses for testing on tablets.
Unified Semantics and Proof System for Classical, Intuitionistic and Affine Logics

This paper modifies our previous work in combining classical logic with intuitionistic logic [16], [17] to also include affine linear logic, resulting in a system we call Affine Control Logic. A propositional system with six binary connectives is defined and given a phase space interpretation. Choosing classical, intuitionistic or affine reasoning is entirely dependent on the subformula property. Moreover, the connectives of these logics can mix without restriction. We give a sound and complete sequent calculus that requires novel proof transformations for cut elimination. Compared to linear logic, classical fragments of proofs are better isolated from non-classical fragments. One of our goals is to allow non-classical restrictions to coexist with computational interpretations of classical logic such as found in the λμ calculus. In fact, we show that the transition between different modes of proof, classical, intuitionistic and affine, can be interpreted by delimited control operators. We also discuss how to extend the definition of focused proofs to this logic.
Evaluation of sensitization in stainless steel 304 and 304L using nonlinear Rayleigh waves

Abstract Austenitic stainless steels have a wide range of applications in the energy industry, but the corrosion resistance of these stainless steels can be reduced by sensitization, particularly in the heat affected zones in welds. Sensitization is the formation of chromium carbide precipitates along the grain boundaries, causing the formation of a zone of chromium depletion around the grain boundary. Since chromium is the primary alloying element that makes stainless steel corrosion resistant, this chromium depleted zone is susceptible to intergranular stress corrosion cracking (IGSCC). Sensitization occurs when a stainless steel is exposed to a high temperature for an extended time period, such as during welding. The objective of this research is to determine the sensitivity of nonlinear ultrasound to the presence of sensitization by using nonlinear Rayleigh waves to quantitatively track the sensitization of 304 and 304L stainless steels as a function of holding time at 675 °C. The effect of the carbon content of the alloys (304 versus 304L) to the sensitization process and the measured nonlinearity parameter, β are investigated. Annealing of these specimens isolates the effect of just sensitization, removing the presence of cold work which can also affect the material nonlinearity. Complementary electrochemical potentiodynamic reactivation (EPR) measurements and microscopy are used to confirm the absence or presence of sensitization. The results show that the acoustic nonlinearity parameter is sensitive to the presence of chromium carbide precipitates in sensitized austenitic stainless steels.
Cardiac sarcoidosis mimicking arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia in a patient presenting with monomorphic ventricular tachycardia.

Key Teaching Points • After coronary ischemia is ruled out, in the setting of new-onset ventricular arrhythmias, it is essential to consider all etiologies of ventricular arrhythmias. • Cardiac fluorodeoxyglucose–positron emission tomography computed tomography can be utilized to assist in diagnosis and monitor disease activity in cardiac sarcoidosis when magnetic resonance imaging cannot be performed. • Cardiac sarcoidosis can be an elusive diagnosis and can masquerade as arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia when right ventricular involvement predominates.