cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of recording window and stimulation variables on the statistical technique of motor unit number estimation.

A variety of methods are used for the selection of recording window sizes and stimulation current levels for statistical motor unit number estimation (MUNE). This study compares different recording window sizes and stimulation current levels within those windows in the same subjects to determine the effect on MUNE value and reproducibility. Four recording windows of 10% size were compared with four of 5%, with the stimulation current set in the lower quarter, middle half, and upper quarter of the recording window. MUNE for stimulation current set in the lower quarter of the window was 81 (62-103) for 10% recording windows and 120 (108-135) for 5% recording windows, and 91 (61-123) and 133 (120-154) for stimulation current set in the middle half. Increasing the recording window size from 5 to 10% lowers the MUNE value in controls, but tends to improve reproducibility; and setting the stimulation current in the lower quarter of the window, changes the MUNE value minimally, while tending to improve further reproducibility. Excellent reproducibility of MUNE was obtained when applied to a pilot group of 10 amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients. Based on this study, we conclude that the ideal method for statistical motor unit estimation involves using 10% recording windows and setting the stimulation current in the lower quarter of the recording window.
A polymer/semiconductor write-once read-many-times memory

Organic devices promise to revolutionize the extent of, and access to, electronics by providing extremely inexpensive, lightweight and capable ubiquitous components that are printed onto plastic, glass or metal foils1,2,3. One key component of an electronic circuit that has thus far received surprisingly little attention is an organic electronic memory. Here we report an architecture for a write-once read-many-times (WORM) memory, based on the hybrid integration of an electrochromic polymer with a thin-film silicon diode deposited onto a flexible metal foil substrate. WORM memories are desirable for ultralow-cost permanent storage of digital images, eliminating the need for slow, bulky and expensive mechanical drives used in conventional magnetic and optical memories. Our results indicate that the hybrid organic/inorganic memory device is a reliable means for achieving rapid, large-scale archival data storage. The WORM memory pixel exploits a mechanism of current-controlled, thermally activated un-doping of a two-component electrochromic conducting polymer.
Effect of Alkyl Length of Peptide–Polymer Amphiphile on Cargo Encapsulation Stability and Pharmacokinetics of 3-Helix Micelles

3-Helix micelles have demonstrated excellent in vitro and in vivo stability. Previous studies showed that the unique design of the peptide–polymer conjugate based on protein tertiary structure as the headgroup is the main design factor to achieve high kinetic stability. In this contribution, using amphiphiles with different alkyl tails, namely, C16 and C18, we quantified the effect of alkyl length on the stability of 3-helix micelles to delineate the contribution of the micellar core and shell on the micelle stability. Both amphiphiles form well-defined micelles, <20 nm in size, and show good stability, which can be attributed to the headgroup design. C18-micelles exhibit slightly higher kinetic stability in the presence of serum proteins at 37 °C, where the rate constant of subunit exchange is 0.20 h–1 for C18-micelles vs 0.22 h–1 for C16-micelles. The diffusion constant for drug release from C18-micelles is approximately half of that for C16-micelles. The differences between the two micelles are signifi...
Prostate cancer: utility of the risk indicator model in screening.

Use of a multivariable 'Riskindicator' model might increase the accuracy of screening for clinically significant prostate cancer. Such models, in conjunction with novel biomarkers, hold promise for improving the specificity of screening, and could help to reduce the number of unnecessary biopsies performed in this setting.
Influence of Joint Relaxation on Deterministic and Stochastic Panel Flutter

The influence of boundary condition relaxation on two-dimensional panel flutter is studied in the absence and presence of random pressure differential and in-plane loading. The boundary-value problem of the panel involves time-dependent boundary conditions that are converted into autonomous form using a special coordinate transformation, The resulting boundary conditions are combined with the governing nonhomogeneous, partial differential equation that includes the influence of the boundary condition relaxation. The relaxation and system nonlinearity are found to have opposite effects on the time evolution of the panel frequency. Furthermore, the damping of the panel exhibits a critical value governed by the relaxation parameter, below which the damping has a destabilizing effect and above the critical value it has stabilizing effect. The influence of random in-plane loading and random pressure differential is estimated using Monte Carlo simulation. Stochastic stability boundaries under random in-plane loading are estimated below and above the critical aerodynamic pressure. Depending on the system damping and dynamic pressure, the time evolution of the panel frequency content can increase or decrease with time as the boundary conditions approach the near simple support case.
Cationic phospholiposomes: efficient delivery vehicles of anticancer derivatives of ATP to multiple myeloma cells.

Analogs of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) with substitutions at the 8-position have been shown to be cytotoxic to multiple myeloma, one of the most prevalent and serious blood cancers. However, these drugs do not readily cross biological membranes and are very sensitive to phosphatases present in body fluids. To circumvent these disadvantages, 8-substituted ATPs were encapsulated into cationic phospholiposomes generated from cationic phosphatidylcholines (EDOPC; 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-ethylphosphocholine, and EDPPC, the corresponding dipalmitoyl homolog), compounds with low toxicity that readily form liposomes. Vortexing was an efficient encapsulation procedure, more so than freeze-thawing. At the lipid:drug ratio of 5:1 (mol/mol), 20% of 8-Br-ATP was encapsulated within EDOPC liposomes. Efficient encapsulation and retention of 8-NH2-ATP required the inclusion of cholesterol. Liposomes of EDOPC:cholesterol (55:45 mole/mole), at a lipid:drug mole ratio of 10:1, captured ~40% of the drug presented. Cytotox...
Immunology: exhausted T cells perk up.

During persistent infections, the immune cells responsible for killing infected cells and maintaining inflammation gradually stop functioning, allowing the pathogen to thrive. But can this process be reversed? It's common in chronic viral disease for the immune system to grow accustomed to the infection. Normally CD8 T cells retain a ‘memory’ of the viruses they encounter, so they can respond rapidly to a new infection. In a chronic infection the memory cells lose this capacity, but the nature of this ‘exhausted’ state is not well understood. Barber et al. have now found a possible cause in a study of a mouse infection model. The inhibitory immune receptor gene PD-1 is much more active in exhausted than in normal CD8 T cells, and administration of antibodies that block PD-1 action restores function in virus-specific T cells and also reduces virus levels. The discovery of a T-cell exhaustion mechanism suggests a route to immunological strategies for treating chronic viral infections.
Posttraumatic Spinal Charcot's Arthropathy

Spinal Charcot's arthropathy is a rare condition that in the past has been associated with numerous conditions. Recently, the reported incidence secondary to traumatic spinal cord injury has been on the rise. The diagnosis and management of spinal Charcot's arthropathy is a difficult process. A systematic approach and case examples will be described. The pathogenesis, presentation, management options, surgical approaches, and postoperative considerations are detailed.
Gene linkage analysis in the mouse by somatic cell hybridization: assignment of adenine phosphoribosyltransferase to chromosome 8 and alpha-galactosidase to the X chromosome.

Somatic cell hybridization techniques were applied to gene linkage analysis in the laboratory mouse. Cells of an established line of Chinese hamster lung fibroblasts were fused with mouse embryo fibroblasts and with mouse peritoneal macrophages obtained from different inbred strains: From 3 hybridization experiments, 123 primary and secondary clones were isolated in HAT selective medium and 24 were back-selected in 8-azaguanine. Hybrid clones were characterized for the expression of 16 murine isozymes by starch, acrylamide, and Cellogel electrophoresis, and on the basis of segregation data, 3 syntenic associations could be made. Malate oxidoreductase decarboxylating (MOD) and mannose phosphate isomerase (MPI) segregated concordantly, confirming an established linkage relationship;adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (APRT) segregated concordantly with glutathione reductase (GR) which is known to be on chromosome 8;α-galactosidase was observed to be syntenic with hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT), and X-linked enzyme. All other isozymes examined segregated independently of one another.
Optically actuated micromanipulation of silicon nanomembranes

We present progress in manipulating silicon nanomembranes using holographic optical tweezers. The holographic optical tweezers technique provides a non-contact means of directly controlling the nanomembranes. Silicon nanomembranes are macroscopic free-standing sheets of single-crystal silicon which can be as thin as 10 nm or less. The thinness of the membranes imparts unique electronic, optical and mechanical properties. This characteristic, combined with the ability to precisely engineer their dimensions, makes silicon nanomembranes ideal candidates for use in new electronic and photonic devices. The nanomembranes utilized for this work have controlled thicknesses of 220 nm and areas reaching up to 200x200 microns. Novel all optically actuated methods for directing membranes in microfluidic flow environments, controllable membrane flexing and as well as vertical reorientation and positioning are outlined.
Ingested (oral) neuropeptide Y inhibits EAE.

Abstract Background Ingested immunoactive proteins, type I IFN, SIRS peptide 1–21, α-MSH, ACTH, and SST inhibit clinical attacks and inflammation in acute EAE by decreasing Th1-like cytokines, increasing Th2-like cytokines or increasing T reg cell frequencies. Objective We examined whether another protein, neuropeptide Y, would have similar anti-inflammatory effects in EAE after oral administration. Design/methods B6 mice were immunized with MOG peptide 35–55 and gavaged with control saline or NPY during ongoing disease. Splenocytes from mock fed or NPY fed mice were adoptively transferred into active MOG peptide 35–55 immunized recipient mice during ongoing disease. Results Ingested (oral) NPY inhibited ongoing disease, and decreased inflammation. Adoptively transferred cells from NPY fed donors protected against actively induced disease and decreased inflammation. In actively fed mice, oral NPY decreased Th1-like cytokines and increased Th2-like IL-13 cytokines in both the spleen and the CNS. In recipients of donor cells from NPY fed mice there was a reduction of Th1 and Th17 and induction of Th2-like IL-13 cytokines in both the spleen and CNS. Oral NPY decreased clinical score and decreased inflammatory foci in both actively fed and recipients of actively fed mice. There was no significant increase in T reg cell frequencies in actively fed or recipients of NPY fed donor cells. Conclusions Ingested (orally administered) NPY can inhibit clinical disease, inhibit CNS inflammation by decreasing Th17 and Th1-like cytokines and increasing Th2-like cytokines in the CNS.
Scaling of the mandible in squirrels.

We compared the shape of the mandible among New World tree squirrels and selected outgroup taxa using linear measurements and areas defined by the median axis and conventional anatomical landmarks. We modified the median axis technique to define novel measurements, which proved complementary to those obtained from conventional landmarks. Allometric analyses showed that the scaling of the mandible among the New World tree squirrels is generally isometric (as has been observed in other groups of mamimals), but diverges from isometry in a tendency in smaller animals for the masseteric ridge to be displaced anteriorly, the condylar process and posterior portion of the ascending ramus to be relatively elongated, and the coronoid process to be shortened. Allometric analyses also revealed the ways and extent that outgroup taxa deviated from the scaling pattern observed for the New World tree squirrels. A flying squirrel (subfamily Pteromyinae), a moderate-sized callosciurine squirrel, and three species of pygmy tree squirrels from Asia and Africa show mandibular proportions very similar to those predicted for New World tree squirrels of corresponding size. Ground squirrels (tribe Marmotini) and successively more distant relatives such as Aplodontia, two myomorph rodents, and a rabbit show greater differences from the New World tree squirrels in their mandibular proportions. Combining the use of median-axis and conventional measurements makes it possible to examine changing relationships between locations of anatomically homologous landmarks and the geometry of the form. J Morphol 232:107–132, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Pharmacologic treatment options for obesity: what is old is new again.

After a long period of failure in development, two new medications (phentermine/topiramate ER – Qsymia™ and lorcaserin – Belviq®) have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for long-term weight management in persons with obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) or in overweight persons (BMI ≥ 27 kg/m2) with comorbidities. Another medication, bupropion/naltrexone, is undertaking a cardiovascular outcomes trial and an analysis in 2014 will determine its approval and release. The most widely prescribed drug for obesity, phentermine, used since 1959 for short-term weight management, has been released in a new formulation. This paper reviews these new medications, and other important events in the landscape for management of obesity, with an eye to the interests of physicians who manage hypertension. All the new drugs under discussion are re-fittings of old agents or fresh approaches to old targets; thus, what is old is new again in the pharmacotherapy of obesity.
The evolutionary roots of human hyper-cognition

While Professor Pagano’s general argument is attractive and may be valid, the Machiavellian intelligence hypothesis that he employs is extremely implausible from a sociobiological perspective. It posits the evolution of massive social inefficiencies in hominin societies over a long period during which there was doubtless severe competition among hominin groups for the same large animal scavenging/hunting niche. I propose an alternative to this part of Pagano’s argument that renders his overall theory more plausible. In this alternative, human hyper-cognition is a social good because it supplies powerful and flexible group leadership, which was likely a key element in the evolution of hominin hyper-cognition.
The Web of Internet Dependency: Search Results for the Mental Health Professional

Some researchers speculate that as many as 10% of users worldwide suffer from “problematic” use of the internet, possibly stemming from an internet dependency. Research is in its early stages, making it an uncertain issue for mental health professionals. This paper provides: (1) a critical review of research on problematic internet use for the mental health and addictions professional; and (2) practical implications, including suggestions on treatment and prevention, given its uncertain clinical classification.
An Acellular Biologic Scaffold Promotes Skeletal Muscle Formation in Mice and Humans with Volumetric Muscle Loss

Biologic scaffolds composed of naturally occurring extracellular matrix (ECM) can provide a microenvironmental niche that alters the default healing response toward a constructive and functional outcome. The present study showed similarities in the remodeling characteristics of xenogeneic ECM scaffolds when used as a surgical treatment for volumetric muscle loss in both a preclinical rodent model and five male patients. Porcine urinary bladder ECM scaffold implantation was associated with perivascular stem cell mobilization and accumulation within the site of injury, and de novo formation of skeletal muscle cells. The ECM-mediated constructive remodeling was associated with stimulus-responsive skeletal muscle in rodents and functional improvement in three of the five human patients.
Synthesis of static multiple input multiple output MITE networks

Multiple input translinear elements (MITE) networks can be used to implement a wide variety of static and dynamic functions. The basic product-of-power law MITE circuit is characterized by an input connectivity matrix and an output connectivity matrix. Given a desired product-of-power law function, we describe a synthesis procedure that generates the connectivity matrices. This multiple-input-multiple-output synthesis has distinct advantages over the existing multiple-input-single-output synthesis by requiring lesser (or at most the same) number of MITEs and by being suitable for automated synthesis. MITE networks in which all the MITEs do not have the same number of gates are transformed into MITE networks in which the number of gates are transformed into MITE networks in which the number of gates is the same by a procedure called completion. We describe a novel completion procedure for these product-of-power law circuits.
The Impact of Using a Secondary Swash-Plate Angle Within an Axial Piston Pump

In this paper, the control and containment forces acting on the swash plate of an axial-piston pump are examined. The most novel aspect of this research is that it includes the analysis of a secondary swash-plate angle that is occasionally used in aerospace pump applications. From a practical standpoint, swash-plate control and containment devices take on many different designs; however, they must all resist the same essential moments and forces that attempt to dislocate the swash plate from its proper position. By considering the basic machine design without its control and containment mechanisms, this work generally derives the needed forces and moments for insuring proper swash plate motion and thereby gives the designer of these machines a useful tool for designing control and containment devices of any type. In this research, the dynamic characteristics of the control and containment forces are studied by deriving instantaneous and average equations of motion for the swash plate. Results from this analysis are generated by holding the pump speed and discharge pressure constant, and by prescribing a typical second-order response for the primary swash plate angle. In conclusion, it is shown that the primary advantage of implementing a secondary swash-plate angle is that it can be used to reduce the overall control effort of the pump. Disadvantages of using the secondary swash-plate angle are associated with additional containment requirements for the swash plate.
PT19c, Another Nonhypercalcemic Vitamin D2 Derivative, Demonstrates Antitumor Efficacy in Epithelial Ovarian and Endometrial Cancer Models

Hypercalcemia remains a major impediment to the clinical use of vitamin D in cancer treatment. Approaches to remove hypercalcemia and development of nonhypercalcemic agents can lead to the development of vitamin D–based therapies for treatment of various cancers. In this report, in vitro and in vivo anticancer efficacy, safety, and details of vitamin D receptor (VDR) interactions of PT19c, a novel nonhypercalcemic vitamin D derived anticancer agent, are described. PT19c was synthesized by bromoacetylation of PTAD-ergocalciferol adduct. Broader growth inhibitory potential of PT19c was evaluated in a panel of chemoresistant breast, renal, ovarian, lung, colon, leukemia, prostate, melanoma, and central nervous system cancers cell line types of NCI60 cell line panel. Interactions of PT19c with VDR were determined by a VDR transactivation assay in a VDR overexpressing VDR-UAS-bla-HEK293 cells, in vitro VDR-coregulator binding, and molecular docking with VDR-ligand binding domain (VDR-LBD) in comparison with calcitriol. Acute toxicity of PT19c was determined in nontumored mice. In vivo antitumor efficacy of PT19c was determined via ovarian and endometrial cancer xenograft experiments. Effect of PT19c on actin filament organization and focal adhesion formation was examined by microscopy. PT19c treatment inhibited growth of chemoresistant NCI60 cell lines (log10GI50 ~ −4.05 to −6.73). PT19c (10 mg/kg, 35 days) reduced growth of ovarian and endometrial xenograft tumor without hypercalcemia. PT19c exerted no acute toxicity up to 400 mg/kg (QDx1) in animals. PT19c showed weak VDR antagonism, lack of VDR binding, and inverted spatial accommodation in VDR-LBD. PT19c caused actin filament dysfunction and inhibited focal adhesion in SKOV-3 cells. PT19c is a VDR independent nonhypercalcemic vitamin D–derived agent that showed noteworthy safety and efficacy in ovarian and endometrial cancer animal models and inhibited actin organization and focal adhesion in ovarian cancer cells.
Improving Peers' Helping Behavior to Students with Learning Disabilities during Mathematics Peer Tutoring

This study investigated the effects of providing training and practice in helping behaviors to students during peer tutoring in mathematics. Participants were 20 general educators from grades two through four, whose entire classes par- ticipated in peer tutoring for 29 weeks. From each class, teachers identified one average-achieving student and one student with a learning disability to participate as a dyad in this videotape study. The 20 classrooms were assigned randomly to two treatments: peer-tutoring experience with additional training in how to help and peer-tutoring experience without training in how to help. Following training in how to help in 10 of the 20 classrooms, each dyad, one from each classroom, was videotaped completing a mathematics peer-tutoring task. Microlevel quantifications and more global descriptions of transcripts of representative pairs in each condi- tion indicated that students who received the helping training engaged in an in- creased number of directly trained helping behaviors than the untrained students. The nature of students' explanations is also described.
Mining top-k frequent closed patterns without minimum support

In this paper, we propose a new mining task: mining top-k frequent closed patterns of length no less than min_/spl lscr/, where k is the desired number of frequent closed patterns to be mined, and min_/spl lscr/ is the minimal length of each pattern. An efficient algorithm, called TFP, is developed for mining such patterns without minimum support. Two methods, closed-node-count and descendant-sum are proposed to effectively raise support threshold and prune FP-tree both during and after the construction of FP-tree. During the mining process, a novel top-down and bottom-up combined FP-tree mining strategy is developed to speed-up support-raising and closed frequent pattern discovering. In addition, a fast hash-based closed pattern verification scheme has been employed to check efficiently if a potential closed pattern is really closed. Our performance study shows that in most cases, TFP outperforms CLOSET and CHARM, two efficient frequent closed pattern mining algorithms, even when both are running with the best tuned min-support. Furthermore, the method can be extended to generate association rules and to incorporate user-specified constraints.
Interaction of vitamins C and E as better cosmeceuticals

ABSTRACT: Although many cosmeceutical formulations contain vitamin C and/or vitamin E, very few are actually effective in topical application. First because there is only a low concentration, second because the stability is compromised as soon as the product is opened and exposed to air and light, and third because the form of the molecule (an ester or a mixture of isomers) is not absorbed or metabolized effectively by the skin. However, when a stable formulation delivers a high concentration of the nonesterified, optimal isomer of the antioxidant, vitamins C and E do indeed inhibit the acute ultraviolet (UV) damage of erythema, sunburn, and tanning as well as chronic UV photoaging and skin cancer. Both are highly effective depigmenting agents. Topical vitamin C also increases collagen synthesis in both young and old fibroblasts. Because vitamin C regenerates oxidized vitamin E, the combination in a cosmeceutical formulation is synergistic – particularly in UV protection.
High Tc Superconductor Optoelectronic Switch For High Density Sensing & Neurocomputing

A ceramic material cooled with liquid nitrogen can conduct electricity without resistance, i.e., a supercurrent. This supercurrent is two dimensional consisting of pairs of electron holes streaming in synch along the plane parallel to the orthorhombic crystalline minor axes composed of copper and oxygen atoms. Ceramic superconductors do not completely expel electromagnetic fields from their interiors which therefore permits radiation interactions. A super-triode designed for optical sensing has a radiation grid along the major c-axis, orthogonal to the superconducting plane where cathode and anode supercurrents crossflow each other in a highway overpass architecture. By design, the overpass anode current occludes the radiation from the underpass cathode current, with their resistance ratio producing a sensitive, single photon sensing capability. A neurocomputer designed to operate at a high speed has a double layer architecture for feedback control, similar to the adaptive resonance theory for self-clustering pattern classification. Super-triode focal plane array also have many advantages over traditional CCD arrays in the field of imaging. The point-by-point direct and dense read-out supports a wave front sampling instantaneously, which exhibits the direction finding capability, as well as the possibility of wave-front correction for sharper image formation when coupled in-situ with a neurocomputer.
Interpolation processes in the visual perception of objects

Visual perception of objects depends on segmentation and grouping processes that act on fragmentary input. This paper gives a brief overview of these processes. A simple geometry accounting for contour interpolation is described, and its applications to 2D, 3D, and spatiotemporal object interpolation processes are considered. A method is described for distinguishing interpolation based on this geometry from more global or top-down influences. Results suggest a separation between interpolation based on relatively local stimulus relations, which give rise to precise boundary representations, and processes involving recognition from partial information, which do not. Aspects of the model--especially the unified treatment of illusory and occluded objects--raise questions about the nature of seeing. Although it is often believed that illusory objects are perceived, while occluded objects are inferred, I suggest that both research and theory converge in supporting a more unified account. Illusory and occluded contours and surfaces do not divide into the real, the perceived, and the inferred, but are all represented, and in key respects, derive from identical perceptual processes.
The Viscosity of Evaporated Milks of Different Solids Concentration

Summary 1. The viscosities of evaporated milks of 26 to 36 per cent solids concentrations followed a well-defined pattern during processing and storage. Thickening occurred during the sterilization process; this was followed by a loss of body and a thinning early in the storage period. The low storage viscosity was maintained for various and unpredictable lengths of time, during which fat-separation occurred. Late in the storage period a final thickening, which often proceeded to gelation, sometimes set in. 2. The rate of thickening of evaporated milk during sterilization at 115° C. (239° F.), although variable, becomes greatest in the 10-minute period immediately preceding coagulation. A heavy, creamy body could be developed during this pre-coagulation stage. In general, the lower the heat stability of a milk, the higher the viscosity it would develop during the 10-minute period preceding coagulation. Concentrated milks of high heat stability which reached the end of the sterilization period before entering the thickening phase did not develop, during processing, the high viscosity shown by milks of lower heat stability. 3. The body formed during the sterilization of milks of different concentrations became greater as the solids content of the milk was increased. The heaviest viscosities were produced in milks of high concentration and low heat stability. 4. Variations in milk quality and in forewarming procedures affected the viscosity of evaporated milk indirectly through their effect upon the heat stability of the milk. 5. The magnitude of the decrease in the viscosity of evaporated milk during early storage was dependent upon the storage temperature. At temperatures below 16° C. (60.8°f.) the loss of body was small. At temperatures above 30° C. (86° f.) evaporated milk sometimes lost 40 per cent of its original viscosity during the first 10 days of storage. 6. After the initial thinning in the viscosity of evaporated milk held in storage at constant temperature, a basic storage viscosity level was reached beyond which the rate of viscosity loss during prolonged storage was small. 7. Some evaporated milks, especially those receiving light heat treatments and those with a high concentration of solids, began to show increases in viscosity even to the point of gelation, late in the storage period. 8. The results indicate that the procedure for developing and maintaining a satisfactory body in evaporated milk which is used by many manufacturers conforms to the best practice that can be devised from our present state of knowledge. Assuming efficient homogenization and uniform handling of the canned product, important steps in body control are: (a) adjust the heat stability to a value of a few minutes greater but not more than twice the cooking time, bearing in mind that viscosity increases rapidly during the 10 minutes preceding coagulation; (b) store the finished milk at a temperature below 21° C. (70° f.); (c) turn the cases approximately every six weeks; (d) the viscosity may be increased by raising the milk solids content of the product.
Modeling and mitigation of jitter in multiGbps source-synchronous I/O links

Jitter significantly limits the maximum achievable data rates (MADR) over high-speed source-synchronous I/O links. In this paper, we present a simple model that comprehends transmitter and receiver jitter in a source-synchronous I/O link. We show that the channel can have a significant impact on transmit jitter at high data rates, resulting in 1.1X-3.8X jitter amplification for typical cases. We quantify the performance degradation of transmit/receive equalization and multilevel modulation schemes, due to jitter in highspeed I/O links. We present two design techniques to mitigate the effect of jitter on performance - transmission of a slower source-synchronous clock, and jitter equalization. Both techniques can improve MADR by 13% when signaling over a 20" FR4 channel.
Preliminary Findings Exploring the Social Determinants of Black Males’ Lay Health Perspectives

The unequal discussion of Black males' health is a pressing social problem. This study addressed Black males' lay perspectives regarding their health, illness, and mortality, with attention to the determinants of men's health, prevention, lifestyle, and opportunities for health promotion using an exploratory/qualitative research methodology. Participants were 68 Black males aged 15 to 68 years, with an average age of 44 years (SD = 14.5). The narratives represented a complex interplay of biopsychosocial factors, ranging from intrapersonal attitudes, interpersonal experiences to discussions about community and public policy injustices. Five prominent themes emerged: (a) lack of chronic disease awareness, (b) fatalism, (c) fear and anxiety of academic-medical settings, (d) hyperactive masculinity fatigue, and (e) the gay-straight divide. The term Tired Black Male Health syndrome was coined in the forum. Implications of these findings are discussed in the context of culturally relevant strategies for improving Black male community health engagement.
Asymptomatic congenital cytomegalovirus infection. Audiologic, neuroradiologic, and neurodevelopmental abnormalities during the first year.

• Twenty-eight infants with asymptomatic congenital cytomegalovirus infection and 13 control infants were followed up prospectively. Congenital sensorineural hearing loss was documented by auditory brain-stem responses in four infected infants (two had mild bilateral loss, one had mild unilateral loss, and one had extreme unilateral loss) but in no controls. Four infected infants had diffuse periventricular radiolucencies on computed tomographic scan; none had calcifications or ventriculomegaly. No differences between groups were noted on neurologic examination results or on the Bayley Mental Developmental Index; however, one infected infant had a severely delayed Bayley Psychomotor Developmental Index score. In addition, the mean Mental Developmental Index score of the four infected infants with diffuse periventricular radiolucencies was significantly below that of the remaining infected infants (93±8 vs 109±13). These data suggest that asymptomatic congenital cytomegalovirus infection may be associated with a broad range of audiologic, subtle neuroradiologic, and neurodevelopmental differences in early infancy. (AJDC.1990;144:1365-1368)
Temporal dissociation in the ability of ouabain and furosemide to inhibit K+-transport in rat submandibular salivary gland slices at various postnatal ages

Abstract Slices of glands from 1, 7, 14 and 21-day-old rats were perfused with a physiological salt solution in a lucite chamber; acetylcholine-induced release and uptake of K were compared to that of adult glands, in the absence and presence of the ion-transport inhibitors, ouabain and furosemide. Without inhibitors, peak K efflux from the glands of 1-day-old rats was 50 per cent of that in 7, 14 and 21-day-old rats, and 33 per cent of that in adults. Maximum K+ uptake was 72 per cent of that in 7, 14 and 21-day-old rats and 61 per cent of that in adults. However, K+ uptake was a larger part (78 per cent) of the preceding efflux in glands of 1-day-old rats than in adult glands (43 per cent) or in glands of 7, 14 and 21-day-old rats (55 per cent). Ouabain (10−3M) immediately after a 3-min pulse stimulation with 10−5M acetylcholine abolished K uptake at all ages. Furosemide (10−3M) inhibited K uptake throughout but its effect increased with age. Thus K+ uptake was 21 per cent less than in the absence of inhibitor in slices from 1-day-old rats but 73 per cent less in adult glands. Similar, but smaller, effects were observed when exposure to furosemide followed acetylcholine. Both K efflux and uptake can thus be elicited in rat submandibular glands from the first day of life and the increased response with age correlates with morphological development and with the progressive, postnatal appearance of acinar cell. The large uptake: efflux ratio suggests that a Na, K pump, responsible for a large portion of K+ uptake, is already present and active in the glands of 1-day-old rats. Decrease in this ratio with age suggests that the activity of this pump changes as the gland matures. Part of the K lost upon stimulation may be recycled back into the cells by a furosemide-sensitive transport system which is less active in the early phases of postnatal development and only becomes fully functional in the mature gland. Delayed appearance of this ion-transport system explains in part the differences in saliva secretion found in the postnatal period.
DEFLATED SOLVERS FOR LINEAR ELASTICITY AND HELMHOLTZ EQUATION

Extensions of deflation techniques previously developed for the Poisson equation to static elasticity and acoustics are presented. Compared to the (scalar) Poisson equation, 4,52,58 the elasticity equations represent a system of equations, giving rise to more complex low frequency modes. 73 In particular, the straightforward extension from the scalar case does not provide generally satisfactory convergence. However, a simple modification allows to recover the remarkable acceleration in convergence and CPU time reached in the scalar case. For the Helmholtz equation, numerous difficulties arise compared to the previous case. After discretization, the matrix is now indefinite without Sommerfeld boundary conditions, or complex with them. It is generally symmetric complex but not Hermitian, discarding optimal short recurrences from an iterative solver viewpoint. 66 Furthermore, the kernel of the operator in an infinite space typically does not belong to the discrete space, and its size grows with the frequency. Numerous examples and timings are provided and show the dramatic improvements of up to two orders of magnitude in CPU time compared to the non deflated version for the elasticity. For the Helmholtz equation, the gains are noticeable only for low wave number.
“Come Here Jesus … Wonder What God Had in Mind:” Toni Morrison and F. Scott Fitzgerald as Narrators of (Anti-) Theodicy

Abstract This article argues that realist and tragic fiction can and should play a central role in Religious Education in communities of faith and in theological education in schools of theology—thereby contributing to theological construction—because good fiction produces truth. Fiction is a vital source for producing the questions that theology needs to address first (especially questions pertaining to suffering and evil) rather than last.
A reduced-rank Eigenbasis MIMO channel model

In designing optimal signaling strategies, the need for accurate yet simple channel models is ever-present. In this paper, we develop and investigate a reduced form of an analytical channel model using measured MIMO channel matrices. We investigate the use of this reduced form on predicting MIMO system performance for a square M-QAM closed loop MIMO system with a BER constraint. We compare the performance of the reduced model against both the full analytical channel model developed by Weichselberger and another popular analytical model known as the Kronecker model. Several different environments are explored to generate a range of coupling matrix performances. It is found that at low to moderate SNRs, the channel may be represented accurately by the new reduced model.
A pentanuclear complex exhibiting two short Ni–Cu distances

Racemic crystals of the title species, (1S/R,2S′/R)-bis­[(1S,2S)-trans-3,3′-(1,2-cyclo­hexane­diyldi­nitrilo)­bis(2-methyl­propane-2-thiolato)]-1κ4N1,N1′,S1,S1′;2κ4N2,N2′,S2,S2′;3κ2S1,S2′;4κ2S1′,S2;5κ2S1′,S2′-tri­chloro-3κCl,4κCl,5κCl-tricopper(I)­dinickel(II) bis­(di­methyl­form­amide) solvate, contain C-centered columns of chiral pentanuclear [Ni2(C14H28N2S2)2{CuICl}3] complexes (R,R and S,S) hydrogen bonded to di­methyl­form­amide (C3H7NO) solvent mol­ecules. Intercluster C—H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds link the complexes to form layers parallel to the ab plane. In each complex, three CuICl groups bridge four S(thiol­ate) atoms of two Ni(C14H28N2S2) units, forming an Ni2Cu3S4 core with the connectivity of the C atoms in bi­cyclo­[3.3.1]­nonane. Two of the CuI ions exhibit short contacts with Ni, suggesting weak Ni—Cu bonding. The complex molecule exhibits twofold site symmetry (site 4e in space group C2/c).
Welfare Policies and Domestic Abuse among Single Mothers Experimental Evidence from Minnesota

This article examines the effects on domestic abuse of a pilot welfare program that took place in urban and rural counties of Minnesota from 1994 to 1998. Like many other random assignment evaluations of welfare programs, this pilot program was not designed to explicitly test the effects of special provisions on victims of domestic abuse. Yet in urban counties, the Minnesota program increased employment and reduced domestic abuse among single-mother welfare recipients. Similar effects were not found in rural counties. Urban-rural differences were not a result of racial/ethnic composition but were likely related to differences in prior marital experiences.
A 20Gb/s 0.77pJ/b VCSEL transmitter with nonlinear equalization in 32nm SOI CMOS

This paper describes an ultra-low-power VCSEL transmitter in 32nm SOI CMOS. To increase its power efficiency, the VCSEL is driven at a low bias current. The resulting nonlinearity and loss in bandwidth is modelled and compensated by a nonlinear equalization technique. The time domain optical responses for “one” and “zero” bits are used to find the optimum equalization technique. The rising and falling edges were equalized separately and the equalization delay is selected based on the bias current of the VCSEL. The transmitter achieves energy efficiency of 0.77pJ/b at 20Gb/s.
Posttraumatic stress disorder and somatic complaints: Contrasting Vietnam and OIF/OEF Veterans' experiences.

Abstract Objective To replicate and expand upon the relationship of somatic symptoms and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) by comparing symptoms among service eras in US Veterans. Method Data were collected from 226 Vietnam and 132 Operation Iraqi Freedom/Operation Enduring Freedom (OIF/OEF) Veterans who were referred to a Veterans Affairs (VA) hospital PTSD outpatient clinic between 2005 and 2013. Veterans were administered self-report inventories and a clinical interview to measure somatic symptoms and PTSD severity. A subset of Veterans (n = 185) screening positive for PTSD were administered the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS) to measure PTSD severity. Multiple moderated linear regressions were used to examine the influence of service era on the relationship between somatic and PTSD symptoms. Results There were no significant differences between service eras in pain severity, pain interference, and total somatic symptoms reported. Vietnam Veterans were more likely to report limb/join pain ( p p p p p p Conclusion Findings are consistent with previous research demonstrating the relationship of somatic symptoms and PTSD across service eras but provide additional data concerning similarities and differences of somatic symptoms between eras. Potential explanations for observed service era differences in somatic symptoms are discussed.
Bronchogenic Cyst Resection

Thoracoscopic resection of bronchogenic cysts is performed when such lesions are identified in the pediatric patient. The main intention of surgical resection is to avoid complications that may result from the existence of such cysts. The chapter outlines the operation room setup, positioning of the patient, special instruments required for the procedure and the port placement sites. The indications, contraindications, preoperative considerations and technical considerations during thoracoscopic bronchogenic cyst resections have also been listed. Possible procedural variations have been outlined. The surgical procedure has been explained step-by-step using high quality images.
The Incredible Shrinking Antitrust Law and the Antitrust Gap

Substantive antitrust law has dramatically shrunk. The shrinkage, which began in the 1970s with the transition from the Warren Court to the Burger and then Rehnquist Courts, has accelerated in the last decade. Much of the shrinkage has to do with the expansion of the rule of reason and its displacement of per se rules. The Supreme Court has gone so far as to state that it "presumptively" applies the rule of reason while per se illegality is limited to a "narrow category of activity." This article considers the impact of modem antitrust law on the gap that is the divide between Sections 1 and 2 of the Sherman Act first recognized in the 1919 United States v. Colgate & Co. decision and reaffirmed and more elaborately described by the Supreme Court in its 1984 Copperweld Corp. v. Independence Tube Corp. decision. Is the gap shrinking, shifting, or is there now perhaps an inverse gap whereby conduct now insufficient to prove a Section 1 violation might establish a Section 2 offense? The Copperweld Court itself recognized that "the size of any such gap is open to serious question." I thus hope in this Article to shed some light on the impact of antitrust law's continuing shrinkage on the antitrust gap and to suggest what that impact signifies for the future of antitrust.
Optimality of the distance dispersion fixation identification algorithm

Researchers use fixation identification algorithms to parse eye movement trajectories into a series of fixations and saccades, simplifying analyses and providing measures which may relate to cognition. The Distance Dispersion (I-DD) a widely-used elementary fixation identification algorithm. Yet the "optimality" properties of its most popular greedy implementation have not been described. This paper: (1) asks how "optimal" should be defined, and advances maximizing total fixation time and minimizing number of clusters as a definition; (2) asks whether the greedy implementation of I-DD is optimal, and shows that it is when no fixations are rejected for being too short; and (3) we show that when fixation time rejection criterion are enabled, the greedy algorithm is not optimal. We propose an O(n2) algorithm which is.
An Exploratory Assessment of Situational Effects in Buyer Behavior

Circumstances, contexts, or situations are often cited but rarely examined as explanations for unpredicted behaviors. This article reports an exploration of the amounts and patterns of variance in ...
Cell line dependence of Bcl-2-induced alteration of glutathione handling

Bcl-2 has been associated with both oxidative and antioxidative effects in vivo. Moreover, despite evidence that Bcl-2 is antiapoptotic by virtue of its effect on reactive oxygen species and their scavengers, Bcl-2 exerts its antiapoptotic effects even under anaerobic conditions. The reasons for the variable relationship between Bcl-2 and reactive oxygen species are not clear. The present studies demonstrate that the impact of Bcl-2 on glutathione (GSH) metabolism is cell line-dependent. Bcl-2 overproduction in PC12 cells is associated with increased functional thiol reserves, increased reductive activation of chemotherapeutic prodrugs, and GSH accumulation after treatment with N-acetylcysteine. In contrast, Bcl-2-overproducing MCF-7 breast cancer cells demonstrate neither altered GSH handling nor potentiation of chemotherapeutic prodrug reduction. These findings indicate that the effects of Bcl-2 on GSH handling are millieu-dependent. This could account for the variable effects of Bcl-2 in in vivo systems. Furthermore, since our previous studies have demonstrated that reduction-dependent prodrugs may be useful chemotherapeutic agents against tumors that demonstrate altered GSH handling, screening in vitro for alteration of GSH handling may predict responsiveness of such tumors to these reduction-dependent agents.