cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Growth of a new fiber projection in the brain of adult rats: Re-innervation of the dentate gyrus by the contralateral entorhinal cortex following ipsilateral entorhinal lesions.

Ablation of the entorhinal cortex of the rat removes the major synaptic input to the granule cells of the ipsilateral dentate gyrus. Following unilateral entorhinal lesions in adult rats, we have examined the efferent projections of the remaining contralateral entorhinal cortex to determine if these might sprout to re-innervate the deafferented dentate gyrus. Autoradiographical tracing of the fiber projections of the remaining contralateral entorhinal cortex 60 days following lesions indicates that new fibers sprout and grow for several hundred microns into the denervated regions, to terminate on portions of the granule cell dendrites which would normally receive ipsilateral entorhinal afferents. These re-innervating fibers form electrophysiologically functional synaptic connections with the denervated dentate granule cells. In the normal animal, unilateral stimulation of the entorhinal cortex does not result in short latency activation of the contralateral dentate gyrus whereas following ipsilateral entorhinal lesions, re-innervation by contralateral entorhinal afferents is reflected electrophysiologically by the appearance of a new short latency evoked potential to contralateral entorhinal stimulation. By field potential analysis, we demonstrate that this new short latency evoked potential is a reflection of mono-synaptic activation of the denervated dentate granule cells by the re-innervating contralateral entorhinal fibers. In addition, the time course of contralateral entorhinal re-innervation is determined electrophysiologically. The new short latency response to contralateral entorhinal stimulation appears as early as 9 days post-lesion, matures functionally between 9 and 15 days, and after 15 days, remains apparently undiminished for as long as 200 days. This implies that the new synapses formed in response to a deafferenting lesion are formed rapidly and remain permanently capable of activating the dentate granule cells which had been deprived of ipsilateral entorhinal input.
Bromine derivatives of amino acids as intermediates in the peroxidase-catalyzed formation of singlet oxygen

Recently, J. R. Kanofsky et al. (1988, J. Biol. Chem. 263, 9692-9696) reported that human eosinophils generated modest amounts of singlet oxygen. In the mechanism proposed, hypobromous acid (made from the peroxidase-catalyzed oxidation of bromide ion) reacted with hydrogen peroxide to form singlet oxygen. In contrast, human neutrophils, which generate both hypochlorous acid and hydrogen peroxide, do not make singlet oxygen. The failure of human neutrophils to generate singlet oxygen is due in part to the trapping of hypochlorous acid by endogenous amines. In this paper, I show that amino acids are much more effective traps for hypochlorous acid than for hypobromous acid. Glycine totally inhibits singlet oxygen generation from a model enzyme system composed of chloroperoxidase, hydrogen peroxide, and chloride ion, but causes only a 35% reduction in singlet oxygen generation from an analogous enzyme system containing bromide ion instead of chloride ion. The products of the reaction of hypobromous and glycine (presumably an equilibrium mixture of N-bromoglycine, N,N-dibromoglycine, and hypobromous acid) retain the ability to react with hydrogen peroxide to form singlet oxygen. In contrast, the products of the reaction of hypochlorous acid and glycine do not react with hydrogen peroxide to produce singlet oxygen. Similar results were obtained for L-alanine, L-arginine, L-asparagine, L-aspartic acid, L-cystine, L-glutamic acid, L-glutamine, L-histidine, L-lysine, L-phenylalanine, L-proline, L-serine, and L-tyrosine. Thus, bromine derivatives of amino acids may act as intermediates in the peroxidase-catalyzed generation of singlet oxygen.
Program reduction using symbolic execution

By "program reduction" we mean making a program simpler according to some measure. For the narrow purposes here, that measure is the number of statements in the program. We are interested in the case when an existing program, assumed to be correct, is too general, too big, for a given situations. A simpler program, consistent with the original, but operating over a smaller domain is desired. We found that a program verifier, based on the symbolic execution methodology, with some minor enhancements could handle this program reduction task. The technique is interesting because it is such a simple, but powerful, application of such a program prover.
Genre as Web search descriptor

With the advent of large, digital collections of heterogenous documents (namely the World Wide Web, and large sub-collections thereof), attention to the prospect of using document genre to constrain document search has increased. A major issue to be resolved in this endeavor is the identification of what document categories should be used as the genres. As genre is a “folk typology”, document categories must enjoy widespread recognition by their intended user groups, in order to qualify as genres. This poster briefly describes a series of user studies aimed at developing a set of web page categories that are widely recognized as genre. Results showed that, on average, over 70% of one study's 257 participants agreed on the genre of the 55 webpages shown to them, having chosen from a typology of 18 genres. In addition, to determine this genre typology's usefulness in the context of search, users were asked to judge the usefulness of genre-annotated (vs. non-annotated) webpage summaries in a series of simulated search tasks. Although results were inconclusive regarding the effect on the speed or accuracy of users' relevance judgements, many users reported a preference for the genre-annotated webpage summaries when evaluating search results.
Analytical and Experimental Investigations of High Porosity Metallic Foams

A novel analytical model is developed to examine the temperature distribution of high porosity metallic foams. The foam is modeled as small fins, which results in a set of equations similar to those obtained in finite difference representation of the energy equation, from which foam temperature can be evaluated. These equations are solved simultaneously along with the energy equation for the fluid. The parameters needed to determine the performance of the foam are average strut length (dp ) and strut diameter (df ) which can be obtained from the knowledge of foam Porosity (e) and Pore Density (PPI). To validate the analytical model, the temperature distribution of an Aluminum 6101-T6 alloy foam with porosity 92% and pore density (10 PPI) is measured in a wind tunnel for different air velocities. There is close agreement between analytical and experimental results.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Implicit Outgroup Favoritism and Intergroup Judgment: The Moderating Role of Stereotypic Context

Implicit outgroup favoritism has been documented in a variety of socially disadvantaged groups, yet little is known about the implications of having such bias. The present research examined whether implicit outgroup favoritism predicts judgments of ingroup versus outgroup members, and whether that relationship depends on stereotypic context. One hundred and ten African-American participants were assigned a Black versus a White work partner for a task that required skills that are stereotypically White (e.g., intellect) versus Black (e.g., athleticism). Participants rated Black partners as less competent than White partners on the stereotypically White task. Furthermore, participants who implicitly favored Whites liked Black partners less than White partners, but only on the stereotypically White task. Implications for system justification theory are discussed.
Expression of human HPRT in the central nervous system of transgenic mice.

Severe deficiency of hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) in man results in the Lesch–Nyhan syndrome, an X-linked neurological disorder characterized by mental retardation, choreoathetosis and a compulsive tendency towards self-mutilation1. Although the HPRT gene is normally constitutively expressed in all tissues at low levels, expression is elevated approximately fourfold in several regions of the central nervous system, particularly in the basal ganglia2,3. The relationships between HPRT deficiency, tissue-specific alterations of nucleotide metabolism and the neuropathology of the Lesch–Nyhan syndrome remain unclear. Here we have microinjected recombinant molecules containing human HPRT (hHPRT) complementary DNA, the mouse metallothionein-I (MT-I) promoter and the 3′-untranslated portion of the human growth hormone (hGH) gene into mouse embryos to produce transgenic animals that express hHPRT on induction by cadmium. The hHPRT cDNA in these experiments contained 88 base pairs (bp) of 5′-untranslated and 190 bp of 3′-untranslated sequences, and the full-length coding sequence. We studied the in vivo expression of this MT–hHPRT fusion gene and observed preferential hHPRT expression in tissues of the central nervous system (CNS). This study suggests that sequences within the hHPRT transcript (cDNA) influence CNS expression via increased synthesis or stability of messenger RNA.
Divine determinism, human freedom, and the consequence argument

In this paper I consider the view, held by some Thomistic thinkers, that divine determinism is compatible with human freedom, even though natural determinism is not. After examining the purported differences between divine and natural determinism, I discuss the Consequence Argument, which has been put forward to establish the incompatibility of natural determinism and human freedom. The Consequence Argument, I note, hinges on the premise that an action ultimately determined by factors outside of the actor’s control is not free. Since, I argue, divine determinism also entails that human actions are ultimately determined by factors outside of the actors’ control, I suggest that a parallel argument to the Consequence Argument can be constructed for the incompatibility of divine determinism and human freedom. I conclude that those who reject natural compatibilism on the basis of the Consequence Argument should also reject divine compatibilism.
Influences of alcohol upon performance and performance awareness.

The effects of alcohol and performance feedback on reaction time, judgments of response speed, and awareness of performance were examined with 15 male subjects. It was suggested that the dose of alcohol which impaired performance would also reduce the awareness of the impairment. In response to extrafoveal visual signals, a series of RTs and response-speed judgments were recorded over three experimental sessions which differed in target blood alcohol concentration, i.e., placebo, .05, .10. The spurious performance feedback presented to five subjects in each of three groups represented either fast, average, or slow RTs. Data support the hypothesis that alcohol impairs both performance and performance awareness. In all groups alcohol significantly increased RTs and significantly impaired the accuracy of response speed judgments. The measures of awareness, i.e., correlations between RTs and response speed judgments, showed that alcohol and spurious feedback significantly impaired performance awareness.
A sorption theory for gas mixtures

From kinetic theory, an equation has been developed for the multilayer sorption of each of two competing gases or vapors onto sites on or within a sorbing material. The thermodynamic characteristics of sorption in the first layer are assumed to differ from those of the second and higher layers, which are all assumed to be identical, as in the Brunauer, Emmett and Teller (B.E.T.) Model. However, in contrast to the B.E.T. Model, these outer layers are not taken to be identical to bulk liquid. The model gives a closed form solution involving seven constants of which five can be obtained from the corresponding pure component sorption. The version of this equation for single gas sorption has three constants and differs from the classical B.E.T. equation, by having the extra constant. The Langmuir and B.E.T. equations are in fact limiting forms of this single gas equation. Examples are given which show excellent fits to experimental, sigmoidal isotherms from the literature up to about 95 percent of the saturation pressure, whereas the B.E.T. generally deviates above 40–50 percent of saturation. The equation can also be partitioned to give important information regarding the distribution of the sorbed molecules, and gives values for the ‘bound’ first layer content and for the ‘mobile’ higher layer sorbed fraction at equilibrium for any relative pressure.
Near-infrared absorbing and luminescent gold speckled silica nanoparticles for photothermal therapy

Herein, we report the development and functional evaluation of sub-50 nm near-infrared absorbing and luminescent gold speckled silica (GSS) nanoparticles for fluorescence traceable and selective, in vitro and in vivo photothermal ablation applications. The nanoparticles prepared using microemulsion-mediated approach, are comprised of GRAS (generally regarded as safe) materials, and are promising multifunctional agents for image guided photo-mediated therapies.
Glucosylceramide in the androgen-responsive kidney of the lizard Anolis carolinensis

During the spring breeding season of the American chameleon, Anolis carolinensis, elevated levels of glucosylceramides which contain hydroxy fatty acids are produced in the kidneys of males but not females. Hyperproduction of this glycolipid is also induced by testosterone. The testosterone-induced hypertrophy of epithelial cells in the proximal tubules of the mouse kidney seems an analogous phenomenon and an elevated concentration of specific glycolipids in the male mouse kidney has been previously demonstrated. Thus the formation of renal glycolipids in response to testosterone may be a widespread feature in vertebrates.
The Very Slow Wind from the Pulsating Semiregular Red Giant, L2 Puppis

We have obtained 1 1.7 and 17.9 micron images at the Keck I telescope of the circumstellar dust emission from L(sub 2) Pup, which is one of the nearest ( D = 61 pc) mass-losing, pulsating red giants that has a substantial infra-red excess. We propose that the star is losing mass at a rate of approx.3 x 10(exp -7) Solar Mass/yr. Given its relatively low luminosity (approx. 1500 Solar Luminosity), relatively high effective temperature (near 3400 K), relatively short period (approx. 140 days), and inferred gas outflow speed of 3.5 km/s, standard models for dust-driven mass loss do not apply. Instead, the wind may be driven by the stellar pulsations, with radiation pressure on dust being relatively unimportant. as described in some recent calculations. L(sub 2) Pup may serve as the prototype of this phase of stellar evolution, in which a star could lose approx. 15% of its initial main-sequence mass. Subject headings: circumstellar matter - stars: individual (L2 Puppis) - stars: mass loss
Using visible speech to train perception and production of speech for individuals with hearing loss.

The main goal of this study was to implement a computer-animated talking head, Baldi, as a language tutor for speech perception and production for individuals with hearing loss. Baldi can speak slo...
Using Volume Criteria: Do California Hospitals Measure Up?

Abstract Background Many studies have demonstrated a significant relationship between high procedural volume and better outcomes. As the public becomes increasingly aware of this medical literature, consumer groups have collaborated with medical researchers to operationalize this body of evidence. One such organization, the Leapfrog Group, has proposed annual volume criteria for four operations: coronary bypass grafting (CABG), abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA), carotid endarterectomy (CEA), and esophageal cancer resection (ECR). This study analyzes California hospitals within the context of these volume criteria. Materials and methods Using the California inpatient database from 2000, we identified all CABG, AAA, CEA, and ECR operations performed at metropolitan hospitals. The volume of each of the four operations was tabulated by hospital and evaluated. Comparisons were made between academic and nonacademic hospitals. Results Most hospitals in California did not meet Leapfrog's volume criteria. Only 2 hospitals of 287 (0.7%) met the volume criteria for the operations that it performed. Of the 71 (25%) hospitals that performed all four procedures, none met the volume criteria of all four procedures. In fact, only 10% of California hospitals performing these operations were high-volume hospitals based on Leapfrog's volume criteria. When comparing academic to nonacademic hospitals, academic hospitals performed more AAA operations than nonacademic hospitals (36 vs 12, P = 0.02). Although academic hospitals tended to have higher caseloads for CABG, CEA, and ECR, these did not reach statistical significance. Also, academic hospitals were more likely to be high volume for AAA (43.8% vs 7.0%, P P Conclusions California's hospital system is far from being regionalized. Although academic hospitals appear better positioned than nonacademic hospitals, the vast majority of all hospitals do not meet Leapfrog's volume criteria. As efforts to use volume as a proxy measure of quality gain momentum, hospitals and physicians will be forced to measure and report quality. As such, surgeons need to decide between accepting volume as an adequate measure of quality and developing other possibly more direct and reliable methods.
The GRIMs: a new interface between cell death regulation and interferon/retinoid induced growth suppression

Abstract Cytokines and vitamins play a central role in controlling neoplastic cell growth. The interferon (IFN) family of cytokines regulates antiviral, anti-tumor, antimicrobial, differentiation, and immune responses in mammals. Significant advances have been made with respect to IFN-induced signal transduction pathways and antiviral responses. However, the IFN-induced anti-tumor actions are poorly defined. Although IFNs themselves inhibit tumor growth, combination of IFNs with retinoids (a class of Vitamin A related compounds) strongly potentiates the IFN-regulated anti-tumor action in a number of cell types. To define the molecular mechanisms involved in IFN/retinoid (RA)-induced apoptosis we have employed a genetic approach and identified several critical genes. In this review, I provide the current picture of IFN- RA- and IFN/RA-regulated growth suppressive pathways. In particular, I focus on a novel set of genes, the genes-associated with retinoid–inteferon induced mortality (GRIM). GRIMs may be novel types of tumor suppressors, useful as biological response markers and potentially novel targets for drug development.
Output feedback nonlinear control for a linear motor in suspension mode

This work extends an existing model of a permanent magnet linear synchronous motor and proposes a nonlinear controller for it. The motor is assumed to operate without mechanical bearings, so that the airgap length varies and requires regulation; accordingly, the extended model captures both longitudinal and normal dynamics. The output feedback control law mainly relies on the recently proposed power integrator method but also uses the standard techniques of exact feedback linearization and Lyapunov redesign. Uniformly bounded stability of the closed-loop system is achieved in spite of cogging forces and end-effects.
Bioluminescence DNA hybridization assay for Plasmodium falciparum based on the photoprotein aequorin.

A bioluminescence DNA hybridization assay for the detection of Plasmodium falciparum, the most deadly species of malaria, using the photoprotein aequorin as a bioluminescent label has been developed. The current gold standard for the detection of malaria is light microscopy, which can detect down to ∼50 parasites/μL of blood, but has low-throughput, high costs, and requires high skill, which limit the applicability of the method, especially in the developing regions where malaria detection is mostly needed. The utilization of aequorin as a bioluminescence label offers the advantages of high signal-to-noise ratio and reliable detection down to attomole levels, allowing for the development of highly sensitive and miniaturized high-throughput bioluminescence assays. Herein, we developed a DNA hybridization assay for the detection of P. falciparum based on the competition between the target DNA and the signal generating DNA streptavidin−aequorin for hybridization with the probe DNA. This bioluminescence hybri...
Identifying the difficulties of object-oriented development

Identifying the perceptions of developers that use object-oriented (OO) system development techniques is necessary to understand why they are described as difficult to learn and use. Professional developers with a broad range of experience were asked to share their perceptions of the issues that contribute to the difficulties of using OO techniques. The 67 developers primarily were from the tele-communications and systems consulting industries in a large metropolitan area. Seventeen small groups of developers with similar levels of experience completed a 2.5-h group cognitive mapping process using a group support system (GSS). Each GSS session consisted of activities to identify difficult issues, define categories that classify the issues by similarity, rate the importance of the categories for causing difficulties, and identify causal relationships among the categories to form a cognitive map that represents the group's shared perceptions of the difficulties of using OO techniques. The 1279 issues identified were organized into 141 categories by the 17 groups. These 141 group-generated categories were merged to identify a set of 9 overall categories to allow comparisons of perceptions across groups and levels of experience. The results reveal a common "core" of difficult issues associated with using OO techniques that was shared by novices, intermediates, and experts. Overall category group cognitive maps reveal substantial differences in the causal relationships perceived by novices and experts.
Undistorting Foreground Objects in Wide Angle Images

The use of wide angle lens on commodity cameras are becoming increasingly popular. However, this leads to image distortions due to the large difference in relative orientation of the different foreground objects with respect to the camera's image plane. More importantly, these distortions are different in different parts of the image since it depends entirely on the position and orientation of the foreground object with respect to the image plane. Such distortions often manifest themselves as objects in the foreground appearing fatter than they are supposed to be or parts thereof (e.g. hands or head of people) looking disproportionately larger than the rest of them. Though there are earlier works addressing other common distortions in cameras like radial distortions, little attention has been given to this problem. In this paper, we present an effective method to remove such distortions in foreground objects minimally distorting the background. This is achieved efficiently using a mesh-based pixel displacement technique assisted by a simple and intuitive user interface design.
Very high pressure gradient LC/MS/MS.

A very high pressure liquid chromatography (VHPLC) system was constructed by modifying a commercially available pump in order to achieve pressures in excess of 1200 bar (17 500 psi). A computer-controlled low-pressure mixer was used to generate solvent gradients. Protein digests were rapidly analyzed by reversed-phase VHPLC with linear solvent gradients coupled to either a tandem mass spectrometer using electrospray ionization or a UV/visible detector. The separations were performed at pressures ranging from 790 (11 500 psi) to 930 bar (13 500 psi) in 22-cm-long capillary columns packed with C18-modified 1.5-μm nonporous silica particles. A digest of bovine serum albumin (BSA) was analyzed by the VHPLC system connected to a mass spectrometer in MS mode. An analysis of 12.5 fmol of sample gave signal-to-noise ratios of tryptic peaks greater than 10:1 in the base peak plot mass chromatogram. This system was also used to analyze a proteolytic digest of a rat liver protein excised from a 2-D gel separation of...
Shear flow over a translationally symmetric cylindrical bubble pinned on a slot in a plane wall

Steady states of a translationally-symmetric cylindrical bubble protruding from a slot in a solid wall into a liquid undergoing a simple shear flow are investigated. Deformations of and the flow past the bubble are determined by solving the nonlinear free-boundary problem comprised of the two-dimensional Navier–Stokes system by the Galerkin/finite element method. Under conditions of creeping flow, the results of finite element computations are shown to agree well with asymptotic results. When the Reynolds number Re is finite, flow separates from the free surface and a recirculating eddy forms behind the bubble. The length of the separated eddy measured in the flow direction increases with Re, whereas its width is confined to within the region that lies between the supporting solid surface and the separation point at the free surface. By tracking solution branches in parameter space with an arc-length continuation method, curves of bubble deformation versus Reynolds number are found to exhibit turning points when Re reaches a critical value Rec. Therefore, along a family of bubble shapes, solutions do not exist when Re > Rec. The locations of turning points and the structure of flow fields are found to be governed virtually by a single parameter, We = Ca Re, where We and Ca are Weber and capillary numbers. Two markedly different modes of bubble deformation are identified at finite Re. One is dominant when Re is small and is tantamount to a plain skewing or tilting of the bubble in the downstream direction; the other becomes more pronounced when Re is large and corresponds to a pure upward stretching of the bubble tip.
The initiation of the limb bud: Growth factors, Hox genes, and retinoids

Department of Genetics Harvard Medical School Boston, Massachusetts 02115 The undifferentiated vertebrate limb bud is a self- organizing system. If transplanted to a favorable ectopic location, the limb bud is capable of developing into a mor- phologically normal limb (Harrison, 1918), and the ante- rior-posterior polarity of the transplanted limb is deter- mined by the graft rather than the host environment. Great progress has recently been made in understanding the molecular steps by which pattern emerges within an undif- ferentiated limb bud (for recent reviews see Johnson et al., 1994; Tickle and Eichele, 1994). But what first initiates the formation of the limb bud? And what molecular steps provide the information necessary for polarized self- organization? Two recent papers (Charit~ et al., 1994; Cohn et al., 1995 [this issue of
Tibial pilon fractures:The Ilizarov method

Abstract The goals of treatment of pilon fractures are to restore anatomic alignment to the joint surface and obtain enoughstability of the distal ankle tibia to allow for early motion of the ankle joint. Although difficult to manage, external, fixation using the Ilizarov method provides excellent technically reproducible results in these complex fractures. KEY WORDS. pilon fracture, Ilizarov, external fixation
EFFICIENCY THROUGH REDUCED COMMUNICATION IN MESSAGE PASSING SIMULATION OF NEURAL NETWORKS

Neural algorithms require massive computation and very high communication bandwidth and are naturally expressed at a level of granularity finer than parallel systems can exploit efficiently. Mapping Neural Networks onto parallel computers has traditionally implied a form of clustering neurons and weights to increase the granularity. SIMD simulations may exceed a million connections per second using thousands of processors, but are often tailored to particular networks and learning algorithms. MIMD simulations required an even larger granularity to run efficiently and often trade flexibility for speed. An alternative technique based on pipelining fewer but larger messages through parallel. “broadcast/accumulate trees” is explored. “Lazy” allocation of messages reduces communication and memory requirements, curbing excess parallelism at run time. The mapping is flexible to changes in network architecture and learning algorithm and is suited for a variety of computer configurations. The method pushes the limits of parallelizing backpropagation and feed-forward type algorithms. Results exceed a million connections per second already on 30 processors and are up to ten times superior to previous results on similar hardware. The implementation techniques can also be applied in conjunction with others, including systolic and VLSI.
A Quantitative Examination of Ethical Dilemmas in Public Relations

This research examined ethical responses of public relations preprofessionals to dilemmas they may face later in their careers. Subjects were required to respond to a request for information ordered suppressed by their employer. Results support earlier findings that students expect personal moral‐ethical values to override organizational concerns. Implications of the findings are discussed.
Gender Wage Disparity in the Pittsburgh Region

This article analyzes the gender wage gap in the Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, region and possible explanations for the disparity in earnings between women and men. Today, women’s labor force participation rates in Pittsburgh mirror national averages, but the gender wage gap in the region remains larger than the U.S. average. The article places women’s role in the workforce in Pittsburgh in the context of the regional economy and its changes. The major changes in the role of women in the Pittsburgh regional economy occurred during a period of major economic restructuring of the regional economy beginning in the 1980s, lagging women nationally. Economic restructuring in an older industrial region, such as Pittsburgh, changed both where people worked and who worked. The research then compares possible explanations for the gender wage gap in Pittsburgh to the United States using the Oaxaca decomposition. The results find that in Pittsburgh, women are not as concentrated in low-paying occupations compared to the ...
Research Commentary: Introducing a Third Dimension in Information Systems Design--The Case for Incentive Alignment

Prior research has generated considerable knowledge on information systems design from software engineering and user-acceptance perspectives. As organizational processes are increasingly embedded within information systems, one of the key considerations of many business processes--organizational incentives--should become an important dimension of any information systems design and evaluation, which we categorize as the third dimension: incentive alignment. Incentive issues have become important in many IS areas, including distributed decision support systems (DSS), knowledge management, and e-business supply chain coordination. In this paper we outline why incentives are important in each of these areas and specify requirements for designing incentive-aligned information systems. We identify and define important unresolved problems along the incentive-alignment dimension of information systems and present a research agenda to address them.
The subjective experience of Alzheimer's disease: The anatomy of an illness as perceived by patients and families

The onset of Alzheimer's disease is insidious and its course progressive. It robs the person-turned-patient of sense and sensibilities and disrupts the lives of victims and family members for years...
THE ABSOLUTE ABSORPTION COEFFICIENT OF GERMANIUM AND THE FINE STRUCTURE IN THE K EDGE OF SOME OF ITS COMPOUNDS

The fine structure of the $K$ absorption limit of Ge in Ge${\mathrm{H}}_{4}$, ${\mathrm{Ge}}_{2}$${\mathrm{H}}_{6}$, Ge${\mathrm{Cl}}_{4}$, and Ge${\mathrm{Br}}_{4}$ has been obtained with absolute values under conditions of high resolution with a double crystal x-ray spectrometer. Results are compared with existent theory and previous measurements and discrepancies are pointed out. The question of the location of an absorption edge is considered along with the Kossel structure appearing in the germanium hydrides.
CHEMISTRY OF THE SAGITTARIUS DWARF GALAXY: A TOP-LIGHT INITIAL MASS FUNCTION, OUTFLOWS, AND THE R-PROCESS

From chemical abundance analysis of stars in the Sagittarius dwarf spheroidal galaxy (Sgr), we conclude that the α-element deficiencies cannot be due to the Type Ia supernova (SN Ia) time-delay scenario of Tinsley. Instead, the evidence points to low [α/Fe] ratios resulting from an initial mass function (IMF) deficient in the highest mass stars. The critical evidence is the 0.4 dex deficiency of [O/Fe], [Mg/Fe], and other hydrostatic elements, contrasting with the normal trend of r-process [Eu/Fe] r with [Fe/H]. Supporting evidence comes from the hydrostatic element (O, Mg, Na, Al, Cu) [X/Fe] ratios, which are inconsistent with iron added to the Milky Way (MW) disk trends. Also, the ratio of hydrostatic to explosive (Si, Ca, Ti) element abundances suggests a relatively top-light IMF. Abundance similarities with the LMC, Fornax, and IC 1613 suggest that their α-element deficiencies also resulted from IMFs lacking the most massive SNe II. The top-light IMF, as well as the normal trend of r-process [Eu/Fe] r with [Fe/H] in Sgr, indicates that massive SNe II (30 M ☉) are not major sources of r-process elements. High [La/Y] ratios, consistent with leaky-box chemical evolution, are confirmed but ~0.3 dex larger than theoretical asymptotic giant branch (AGB) predictions. This suggests that a substantial increase in the theoretical 13C pocket in low-mass AGB stars is required. Sgr has the lowest [Rb/Zr] ratios known, consistent with pollution by low-mass (2 M ☉) AGB stars near [Fe/H] = –0.6, likely resulting from leaky-box chemical evolution. The [Cu/O] trends in Sgr and the MW suggest that Cu yields increase with both metallicity and stellar mass, as expected from Cu production by the weak s-process in massive stars. Finally, we present an updated hyperfine splitting line list, an abundance analysis of Arcturus, and further develop our error analysis formalism.
Photosynthetic carbon metabolism in the submerged aquatic angiosperm Scirpus subterminalis

Scirpus subterminalis Torr., a submerged angiosperm abundant in many hardwater lakes of the Great Lakes region, was investigated for various photosynthetic carbon fixation properties in relation to available inorganic carbon and levels of carbon fixing enzymes. Photosynthetic experiments where CO2 and HCO3− were supplied at various concentrations showed that Scirpus was able to utilize HCO3− at those concentrations close to natural conditions. However, when CO2 concentrations were increased above ambient, photosynthetic rates increased markedly. It was concluded that the photosynthetic potential of this plant in many natural situations may be limited by inorganic carbon uptake in the light. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPcase)/ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (RuBPcase) ratios of the leaves varied between 0.5 and 0.9 depending on substrate concentration during assay. The significance of PEP-mediated carbon fixation of Scirpus (basically a C3 plant) in the dark was investigated. Malate accumulated in the leaves during the dark period of a 24-h cycle and malate levels decreased significantly during the following light period. The accumulation was not due to transport of malate from the roots. Carbon uptake rates in the dark by the leaves of Scirpus were lower than malate accumulation rates. Therefore, part of the malate was likely derived from respired CO2. Carbon uptake rates in the light were much higher than malate turnover rates. It was estimated that carbon fixation via malate could contribute up to 12% to net photosynthetic rates. The ecological significance of this type of metabolism in submerged aquatics is discussed.
Solid-phase synthesis of 2-substituted-3-(substituted sulfanyl)-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide library

Abstract The first solid-phase synthesis of 2-substituted-3-(substituted sulfanyl)-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxides has been developed. Synthesis of the title compounds was achieved as follows: (1) sulfonylation of solid-supported primary amines with 2-nitrobenzenesulfonylchlorides, (2) reduction of the nitro group, (3) cyclization with thiocarbonyldiimidazole (formation of thiourea), (4) S-alkylation or S-arylation of the thiourea. In addition to the excellent purity of the product, a large-size library can be synthesized with the method as this synthesis includes three diversity points.
Beryllium distribution in hydroponically-grown tobacco plants

Abstract Quantities of beryllium (Be) in root, stem, and leaf tissues of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. Md-609) plants grown in McMurtrey's nutrient solution with addition of 0.3, 1.0 and 3.0 mg 1−1 Be were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometric analysis of beryllium trifluoroacetylacetonate (Be(tfa)2) chelates. Quantification of Be was accomplished by comparing the areas of peak m/e = 246 to a linear calibration curve for Be(tfa)2 standard solutions. The method was sensitive to about 4 pg of Be. In the absence of the root-soil interface, the majority of Be was associated with tobacco roots. Toots from plants grown in media to which 0.3, 1.0 and 3.0 mg 1−1 of Be had been added were associated with 374, 427 and 4280 μg Be/g dry wt. of tissue, respectively; leaves were associated with 2.14, 2.36 and 81.4 μg Be/g dry wt. tissue, respectively.
Propiconazole induces alterations in the hepatic metabolome of mice: relevance to propiconazole-induced hepatocarcinogenesis.

Propiconazole is a mouse hepatotumorigenic fungicide and has been the subject of recent investigations into its carcinogenic mechanism of action. The goals of this study were (1) to identify metabolomic changes induced in the liver by increasing doses of propiconazole in mice, (2) to interpret these results with key previously reported biochemical, transcriptomic, and proteomic findings obtained from mouse liver under the same treatment conditions, and (3) to relate these alterations to those associated with the carcinogenesis process. Propiconazole was administered to male CD-1 mice in the feed for 4 days with six mice per feed level (500, 1250, and 2500 ppm). The 2500 ppm dose level had previously been shown to induce both adenocarcinomas and adenomas in mouse liver after a 2-year continuous feed regimen. Endogenous biochemicals were profiled using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry methods and 261 were detected. The most populous biochemical class detected was lipids, followed by amino acids and then carbohydrates. Nucleotides, cofactors and vitamins, energy, peptides, and xenobiotics were also represented. Of the biochemicals detected, 159 were significantly altered by at least one dose of propiconazole and many showed strong dose responses. Many alterations in the levels of biochemicals were found in the glycogen metabolism, glycolysis, lipolysis, carnitine, and the tricarboxylic acid cycle pathways Several groups of metabolomic responses were ascribed to the metabolism and clearance of propiconazole: glucuronate, glutathione, and cysteine pathways. Groups of metabolic responses supported previous hypotheses on key events that can lead to propiconazole-induced tumorigenesis: oxidative stress and increases in the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway. Groups of metabolomic responses identified biomarkers associated with neoplasia: increases in glycolysis and increases in the levels of spermidine, sarcosine, and pseudouridine. These results extended the companion transcriptomic and proteomic studies and provided a more complete understanding of propiconazole’s effects in mouse liver.
Performance of visual tracking systems: implications for visual controlled motion

In visual control of motion the performance of the system is typically tied to the speed at which the visual information can be processed. Visual processing is unusual in that the data is not the information and in some sense the quality of the information can often be improved through extended processing (e.g. the resolution). A visual sensor tracking an object will only provide sporadic observations due to the processing delay, and, computational delay can pose difficulty within the control structure. We explore the trade off between the computational delay, the effective system observability, the accuracy of the visual processing, and implications for visual-guided motions. The task of visually tracking a target in order to localize it with sufficient accuracy to "touch" it provides a demonstration of the trade-off between computational delay and the motion (visual localization) accuracy.
Value function approximation in reinforcement learning using the fourier basis

We describe the Fourier basis, a linear value function approximation scheme based on the Fourier series. We empirically demonstrate that it performs well compared to radial basis functions and the polynomial basis, the two most popular fixed bases for linear value function approximation, and is competitive with learned proto-value functions.
Child Maltreatment: An Analysis of Familial and Institutional Predictors

THE purpose of this paper is to identify familial and institutional predictors of child maltreatment. Interrelationships between timing of first childbearing, presence of social disorganization within the family, the availability of family and institutional supports, and the incidence of child maltreatment are examined for fifty maltreating and fifty nonmaltreating families drawn from social service case histories in rural North Carolina. While child maltreatment was not associated with early parenting or lack of potential family social support, a strong relationship was found between the likelihood of child maltreatment and the family's degree of social disorganization and their amount of social service utilization. The study unvariables explained 59% of the variance in child maltreatment. A log linear analysis was performed to determine the interactive influence of the two most important predictors of child maltreatment: level of social disorganization and social service utilization. Recommendations for...
Effect of Asynchronous Earthquake Motion on Complex Bridges. II: Results and Implications on Assessment

Nonuniform seismic excitation has been shown through previous analytical studies to adversely affect the response of long-span bridge structures. To further understand this phenomenon, this study investigates the response of complex straight and curved long-span bridges under the effect of parametrically varying asynchronous motion. The generation process and modeling procedures are presented in a companion paper. A wide-ranging parametric study is performed aimed at isolating the effect of both bridge curvature and the two main sources of asynchronous strong motion: geometric incoherence and the wave-passage effect. Results from this study indicate that response for the 344 m study structure is amplified significantly by nonsynchronous excitation, with displacement amplification factors between 1.6 and 3.4 for all levels of incoherence. This amplification was not constant or easily predicable, demonstrating the importance of inelastic dynamic analysis using asynchronous motion for assessment and design of this class of structure. Additionally, deck stiffness is shown to significantly affect response amplification, through response comparison between the curved and an equivalent straight bridge. Study results are used to suggest an appropriate domain for consideration of asynchronous excitation, as well as an efficient methodology for analysis.
Acute Hemodynamic Effects of Tocainide in Patients Undergoing Cardiac Catheterization

To characterize the acute hemodynamic effects of tocainide hydrochloride, a new antiarrhythmic agent, 11 patients undergoing diagnostic cardiac catheterization were given intravenous infusions of the drug for 15 minutes at rates of 0.50 (six patients) or 0.75 (five patients) mg/kg/min. The hemodynamic status of these subjects was determined before, during, and for 15 minutes after treatment, and blood levels of tocainide were followed during and after treatment. Tocainide blood levels at the end of the infusions were 14.9 +/- 1.6 microgram/ml (S.E.) and 15 minutes later were 6.0 +/- 0.7 microgram/ml. In these subjects treatment was not associated with significant changes in Ao or PCW, but it was associated with a statistically significant but small decrease in LV dp/dt. At the same time, LVED was not significantly elevated. Treatment was also accompanied by small increases in PA diastolic and mean pressures, but RA and RV were unchanged. Significant changes were not seen in HR, CO, CI, SV, SVR, or PVR. Thus, the intravenous infusion of 0.50 and 0.75 mg/kg/min of tocainide for 15 minutes produced small but statistically significant depression of left ventricular function without producing changes in CO or clinical evidence of congestive heart failure.
Proton and electron damage coefficients for GaAs/Ge solar cells

A series of electron and proton irradiations of GaAs/Ge solar cells has been carried out for the purpose of deriving radiation damage coefficients. The electron irradiations were performed at energies of 0.6, 1.0, 2.4, and 12 MeV. The proton irradiation energies used were 0.05, 0.2, 0.3, 0.5, 1.0, 3.0, and 9.5 MeV. I-V characteristics were measured before and after each irradiation. Omnidirectional damage coefficients were calculated for both electrons and protons incident on GaAs/Ge solar cells. The calculations were carried out for infinite backshielding on the cells and for eight different thicknesses of coverglass. >
Coverage and Representations of Sexuality in Introductory Sociology Textbooks.

Mirroring increased cultural and disciplinary attention to sexuality, many introductory sociology textbooks have begun to include coverage of the topic. Our study first assesses the extent of textu...
Stability of an AFM-based sliding system

The AFM system have been widely used in probing and imaging the surface property at atomic-resolution as well as measuring friction at the nanoscale. We present an analytic model of the AFM system that imitates the AFM tip as a 1D array of particles moving on a rigid substrate, and study its stability under a constant driving velocity. We reveal that both the center of the mass of the particle array and the single particles are ultimately bounded under certain conditions of the system parameters. We also provide sufficient conditions on the system parameters using Lyapunov stability theory based methods. Our theoretical claim is in consistent with the simulation results and provides guidance on choosing appropriate parameters to affect the system stability.