cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pain: What Psychiatrists Need to Know

90 Psychosomatics 43:1, January-February 2002 developmental behavioral genetics by Thomas O’Connor and Robert Plomin, temperament and goodness-of-fit by Ronald Seifer, and chronic medical conditions by Gregory Fritz and Elizabeth McQuaid. Stephen Suomi’s chapter on aggression prods us into noticing that we have “scatched our eyes out” and that simple nature vs. nurture discussions will not now suffice. The short allele of the 5-HTT gene leads to lower CSF 5-HIAA and psychopathology among rhesus monkeys with poor early rearing but the same gene is adaptive for monkeys reared with secure early attachment to their mothers! So much for simple explanations. The section Disorders of Early Childhood includes reviews of attachment disorders, sleep disorders, excessive crying, failure to thrive, and a discussion of nonparental care and cumulative life experiences. Included in the section Disruptive Behavior Disorders are discussions of ADHD and aggression. Lahey, McBurnett and Loeber’s review of ADHD and ODD and their relationship to later conduct disorder and Kenneth Dodge’s discussion of conduct disorder are excellent summaries of the state of knowledge in these areas. The section Emotional Disorders includes chapters on depression, anxiety, and obsessions and compulsions. Control Disorders contains reviews of alcoholism, adolescent drug use development, disorders of elimination, and a discussion of the development of disordered eating by Audrey Tyrka, Julia Graber, and Jeanne BrooksGunn. The pervasive developmental disorders are addressed by Travis and Signman on autism, Sachs and Barrett discussing psychopathology in those with mental retardation, and Zucker on gender identity disorder. The handbook concludes with Trauma Disorders. Cicchetti, Toth, and Maughan discuss An Ecological-Transactional Model of Child Maltreatment. Traumatic stress and PTSD in children and adolescents is covered by Davidson, Inslicht, and Baum and Frank Putnam reviews dissociative disorders. This volume is a valuable resource for social scientists, clinicians, students, and policymakers. In this brief review, it is possible only to highlight a few topics and encourage the reader to obtain the book and personally peruse the contents in more depth. It is worth the journey and certainly avoids “The Bramble Bush.”
System factors to explain 2009 pandemic H1N1 state vaccination rates for children and high-risk adults in US emergency response to pandemic.

Abstract Introduction During the 2009–2010 H1N1 pandemic, children and high-risk adults had priority for vaccination. Vaccine in short supply was allocated to states pro-rata by population, but vaccination rates as of January 2010 varied among states from 21.3% to 84.7% for children and 10.4% to 47.2% for high-risk adults. States had different campaign processes and decisions. Objective To determine program and system factors associated with higher state pandemic vaccination coverage for children and high-risk adults during an emergency response with short supply of vaccine. Methods Regression analysis of factors predicting state-specific H1N1 vaccination coverage in children and high-risk adults, including state campaign information, demographics, preventive or health-seeking behavior, preparedness funding, providers, state characteristics, and surveillance data. Results Our modeling explained variation in state-specific vaccination coverage with an adjusted R-squared of 0.82 for children and 0.78 for high-risk adults. We found that coverage of children was positively associated with programs focusing on school clinics and with a larger proportion of doses administered in public sites; negatively with the proportion of children in the population, and the proportion not visiting a doctor because of cost. The coverage for high-risk adults was positively associated with shipments of vaccine to “general access” locations, including pharmacy and retail, with the percentage of women with a Pap smear within the past 3 years and with past seasonal influenza vaccination. It was negatively associated with the expansion of vaccination to the general public by December 4, 2009. For children and high-risk adults, coverage was positively associated with the maximum number of ship-to-sites and negatively associated with the proportion of medically underserved population. Conclusion Findings suggest that distribution and system decisions such as vaccination venues and providers targeted can positively impact vaccination rates for children and high-risk adults. Additionally, existing health infrastructure, health-seeking behaviors, and access affected coverage.
Abdominal Obesity: Role in the Pathophysiology of Metabolic Disease and Cardiovascular Risk

Visceral adiposity has been identified as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease and the so-called metabolic syndrome. The canine obesity model closely recapitulates the correlation between human visceral adiposity and insulin resistance. A recent canine study indicates that insulin expands the volume of distribution associated with skeletal muscle, and that its ability to enhance macromolecular distribution within this space is blunted in the fat-fed obese canine model. Our canine study supports the portal theory of insulin resistance, in which free fatty acids (FFAs) from visceral fat directly enter the liver and have a detrimental effect on insulin action. The role of adipokines in this condition remains less clear. Sympathetic nervous system hyperactivity in obesity may also contribute to excessive FFA release, hypertension, and insulin resistance. Pathologies interrelated with insulin resistance include beta-cell hypersecretion, reduced insulin clearance, and resultant hyperinsulinemia. An observed nocturnal increase in plasma FFA levels may account for both insulin resistance and compensatory hyperinsulinemia and warrants further investigation. The elucidation of these interrelated pathologies may help reveal points where medical intervention can reduce metabolic disease.
Semistable measures on a Hilbert space

Abstract A description of the class of semistable measures on a real separable Hilbert space is given.
A 3-D Microfluidic Combinatorial Cell Culture Array

We present the development of a three-dimensional (3-D), on-glass combinatorial cell culture array chip featured with integrated three-input, eight-output combinatorial mixers and cell culture chambers. The device is designed to simultaneously screen for the effects of multiple compounds and concentrations on cultured cells. Experimentally, we first developed a precise way to characterize the combined compound concentration profile at each chamber with a fluorescence method. We then successfully demonstrated the functionality of the cell assay by culturing neuron cells on this device and screening the ability of three chemicals to attenuate cell death caused by cytotoxic hydrogen peroxide. Based on the same technology, the number of inputs and outputs of the combinatorial mixer can be scaled-up to construct labon-chip devices for performing high-throughput cell-based assay and highly parallel and combinatorial chemical or biochemical reactions with reduced labors, reagents, and time.
Modeling forced pool-riffle hydraulics in a boulder-bed stream, southern California

The mechanisms which control the formation and maintenance of pool–riffles are fundamental aspects of channel form and process. Most of the previous investigations on pool–riffle sequences have focused on alluvial rivers, and relatively few exist on the maintenance of these bedforms in boulder-bed channels. Here, we use a high-resolution two-dimensional flow model to investigate the interactions among large roughness elements, channel hydraulics, and the maintenance of a forced pool–riffle sequence in a boulder-bed stream. Model output indicates that at low discharge, a peak zone of shear stress and velocity occurs over the riffle. At or near bankfull discharge, the peak in velocity and shear stress is found at the pool head because of strong flow convergence created by large roughness elements. The strength of flow convergence is enhanced during model simulations of bankfull flow, resulting in a narrow, high velocity core that is translated through the pool head and pool center. The jet is strengthened by a backwater effect upstream of the constriction and the development of an eddy zone on the lee side of the boulder. The extent of flow convergence and divergence is quantified by identifying the effective width, defined here as the width which conveys 90% of the highest modeled velocities. At low flow, the ratio of effective width between the pool and riffle is roughly 1:1, indicating little flow convergence or divergence. At bankfull discharge, the ratio of effective width is approximately 1:3 between the pool and downstream riffle, illustrating the strong flow convergence at the pool head. The effective width tends to equalize again with a ratio of 1:1 between the pool and riffle during a modeled discharge of a five-year flood, as the large roughness elements above the pool become drowned out. Results suggest that forced pool–riffle sequences in boulder-bed streams are maintained by flows at or near bankfull discharge because of stage-dependent variability in depth-averaged velocity and tractive force.
Representation type of the blocks of category Os

Abstract In this paper the authors investigate the representation type of the blocks of the relative (parabolic) category O S for complex semisimple Lie algebras. A complete classification of the blocks corresponding to regular weights is given. The main results of the paper provide a classification of the blocks in the “mixed” case when the simple roots corresponding to the singular set and S do not meet.
Categories of literature on questioning in various enterprises: An introduction and bibliography

Abstract Although questioning is a topic of concern in several fields, the burgeoning literatures remain on the whole unrelated across disciplines. Yet developments in one field can address issues in another field, as the various traditions are seen to complement or contradict one another. These possibilities are set forth in an introductory essay to a bibliography designed to introduce scholars to literature on questioning in a dozen fields of thought and practice. The listing is organized by disciplines, grouped under three main headings with 60 and more entries each: linguistic analysis, education, and other fields of practice. Various types of literature and various topics on questioning are included. Acquaintance with unfamiliar literatures can reveal the promising extent to which a multidisciplinary approach might advance present understanding and practice of questioning.
Short-term stability of three-month-old infants' vocal response to mother vs stranger.

Summary.-20 3-month-old infants' differential vocal responses (DVR) to their mother vs a female stranger were assessed during two sessions about 4 days apart. Significant test-retest reliabilities were found for the infants' combined DVR responses and for theit responses to both mother and stranger. Despite a proliferation of studies on early infant development during the last two decades, few have examined the stability of infant behaviors across time. The few studies done have focused on infants' visual attention processes which have been investigated primarily by the use of the traditional habituation and the paired-comparison tests. Most of these studies have shown small but significantly stable individual differences in visual attention processes (Pecheux & Lecuyer, 1983; Bornstein & Benasich, 1986; Rose, Feldman, & Wallace, 1988) of infants, beginning as young as four months of age. Authors have been interested in studying stability of infants' visual responses to novelty and other indices of infants' visual attention partly because these behaviors are related to their later cognitive development (Fagen & McGrath, 1981; Fagan, 1984; Rose & Wallace, 1985; Slater, Cooper, Rose, & Morrison, 1989). As such, these behaviors are believed to index individual differences in recognition memory and general cognitive processing. On the other hand, there is a paucity of research on the stability of other infant behaviors. The purpose of the present study was to examine the stability of young infants' differential vocal response (DVR) to stimulation by their mothers vs a female stranger. Roe (1978), using a small group of middle-class American male infants in a face-to-face situation, studied 3-month-olds' differential vocal responses to mother vs a stranger, a behavior that incorporates both the young infants' ability to engage in vocal interchanges as well as their capacity to discriminate their mothers from a stranger. When these infants were followed longitudinally up to the age of 12 years (Roe, 1978; Roe, McClure, & Roe, 1982), those babies who had vocalized more in response to the mother than the female stranger at 3 months performed significantly better on various verbal and academic tests than those babies who had not
Understanding 'How Computing Has Changed the World'

How can we satisfactorily address the history of computing, recognizing that computing artifacts and practices are often shaped by local circumstances and cultures, and yet also capture the longer-term processes by which computing has shaped the world? This article reviews three traditions of scholarly work, proposes a new line of scholarship, and concludes with thoughts on collaborative, international, and interdisciplinary research.
Chemo-autotrophic biogas purification for methane enrichment: mechanism and kinetics

Off-gas from anaerobic digestion and landfills has significant potential as an alternative energy source. Current technologies to purify off-gas and increase its caloric value have been primarily limited to physicochemical methods. An alternative biological method has been proposed that increases the methane content. Through the use of a chemo-autotrophic methanogen (Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum), uncoupled methanogenesis techniques and hollow fiber membranes, carbon dioxide is converted to methane and hydrogen sulfide is effectively removed from biological off-gases. This gas stream treatment process improves the quality and caloric value of the biogas. A continuous culture bench-scale system that utilizes hollow fiber membranes was employed to study the process. The gas-phase methane concentrations were found to increase from 60% to 96%.
Odontogenic orbital cellulitis.

Purpose To describe a small series of patients with odontogenic orbital cellulitis and review the visual outcomes of such patients reported in the scientific literature. Methods Review of medical records and the scientific literature. Measured parameters included gender, age, days to presentation and surgery, the need for surgical intervention(s), sinus and orbital involvement on CT imaging, and pathogens involved. Results Current cases and review of the scientific literature resulted in 24 patients with odontogenic orbital cellulitis and adequate examinations for statistical analysis. Twelve of 24 patients had preserved vision (final vision better than 20/70), whereas 11 of 24 patients had vision loss (final vision of light perception or no light perception). Analysis of data showed no statistical correlation between visual loss and age (p = 0.81), days to clinical presentation (p = 0.45), days to surgical exploration (p = 0.96), sinus radiographic involvement (p = 0.50), orbital radiographic findings (p = 0.19), or type of bacterial infection (Gram-positive aerobic vs. anaerobic organisms), (p = 0.31 and p = 0.50 respectively). Male gender, the need for surgical drainage, and multiple surgical procedures performed correlated statistically with loss of vision (p = 0.05, p = 0.03, and p = 0.02, respectively). Conclusions Multiple case reports have demonstrated that orbital cellulitis from an odontogenic source can result in devastating visual loss. Male gender, the need for surgical drainage, and multiple surgical procedures correlated statistically with severity of visual loss.
Crystallographic Structure of the Nitrogenase Iron Protein from Azotobacter vinelandii

The nitrogenase enzyme system catalyzes the ATP (adenosine triphosphate)-dependent reduction of dinitrogen to ammonia during the process of nitrogen fixation. Nitrogenase consists of two proteins: the iron (Fe)-protein, which couples hydrolysis of ATP to electron transfer, and the molybdenum-iron (MoFe)-protein, which contains the dinitrogen binding site. In order to address the role of ATP in nitrogen fixation, the crystal structure of the nitrogenase Fe-protein from Azotobacter vinelandii has been determined at 2.9 angstrom (A) resolution. Fe-protein is a dimer of two identical subunits that coordinate a single 4Fe:4S cluster. Each subunit folds as a single alpha/beta type domain, which together symmetrically ligate the surface exposed 4Fe:4S cluster through two cysteines from each subunit. A single bound ADP (adenosine diphosphate) molecule is located in the interface region between the two subunits. Because the phosphate groups of this nucleotide are approximately 20 A from the 4Fe:4S cluster, it is unlikely that ATP hydrolysis and electron transfer are directly coupled. Instead, it appears that interactions between the nucleotide and cluster sites must be indirectly coupled by allosteric changes occurring at the subunit interface. The coupling between protein conformation and nucleotide hydrolysis in Fe-protein exhibits general similarities to the H-Ras p21 and recA proteins that have been recently characterized structurally. The Fe-protein structure may be relevant to the functioning of other biochemical energy-transducing systems containing two nucleotide-binding sites, including membrane transport proteins.
Anion exchange chromatography of transition metals in tartrate medium

Abstract The tartrate complexes of chromium, molybdenum, nickel, silver cadmium and mercury were studied by the batch equilibration method on Dowex 2X-8 anion exchange resin. From the distribution coefficients obtained for the above metals and for manganese, cobalt, zinc and iron, several column separations were developed. Radioisotopes were used in the batch equilibration studies and in the chromatographic separations.
Sleep duration and cardiometabolic risk: a review of the epidemiologic evidence

Laboratory studies have found that short-term sleep restriction is associated with impairments in glucose metabolism, appetite regulation and blood pressure regulation. This chapter reviews the epidemiologic evidence for an association between habitual sleep duration and quality and risk of cardiometabolic diseases including obesity, diabetes and hypertension. Multiple studies observed a cross-sectional association between short sleep duration (generally 8 h per night) and cardiometabolic disease. There have been a few prospective studies and several, but not all, have found an association between short sleep and incident diabetes, hypertension and markers of cardiovascular disease. Future prospective epidemiologic studies need to include objective measures of sleep, and intervention studies are needed in order to establish a causal link between impaired or insufficient sleep and cardiometabolic disease risk.
Brainstorming CS principles big idea III: data and information (abstract only)

Data and information facilitate the creation of knowledge" is Big Idea III in the Computer Science Principles effort. The June issue of ACM Inroads spotlighted some of the pilot offerings of CS Principles, which included spreadsheets, database structure, and XML as coverage of this big idea. The implementation of the CS Principles framework is quite flexible, as illustrated by these pilots. An article in the subsequent September ACM Inroads specifically mentioned the importance of big data and "Data Science." What concepts do you think should be included as part of data and information? The goal of this Birds-of-a-Feather session is to bring database educators together with those interested in teaching CS Principles to brainstorm this big idea.
IGFBP-2 is a negative predictor of cold-induced brown fat and bone mineral density in young non-obese women

Recent studies have shown a positive correlation between brown adipose tissue (BAT) and bone mineral density (BMD). However, mechanisms underlying this relationship are unknown. Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) is an important regulator of stem cell differentiation promoting bone formation. IGF binding protein 2 (IGFBP-2) binds IGF-1 in the circulation and has been reported to inhibit bone formation in humans. IGF-1 is also a crucial regulator of brown adipocyte differentiation. We hypothesized that IGFBP-2 is a negative and IGF-1 a positive regulator of BAT-mediated osteoblastogenesis. We therefore investigated a cohort of 15 women (mean age 27.7±5.7years): 5 with anorexia nervosa (AN) in whom IGF-1 levels were low due to starvation, 5 recovered AN (AN-R), and 5 women of normal weight. All subjects underwent assessment of cold-activated BAT by PET/CT, BMD of the spine, hip, femoral neck, and total body by DXA, thigh muscle area by MRI, IGF-1 and IGFBP-2. There was a positive correlation between BAT and BMD and an inverse association between IGFBP-2 and both BAT and BMD. There was no association between IGF-1 and BAT. We show for the first time that IGFBP-2 is a negative predictor of cold-induced BAT and BMD in young non-obese women, suggesting that IGFBP-2 may serve as a regulator of BAT-mediated osteoblastogenesis.
Preliminary Studies of Churn Sanitation.

Summary 1. Various methods for treating a churn to rid it from microorganisms were investigated. 2. When the churn was partially filled with water at 96°C. and revolved for one-half hour, the surface molds were destroyed. 3. The hot water treatment was most effective when carried out daily. 4. Failure to treat the churn daily resulted in the reappearance of mold on the inner surface of the churn. 5. The use of steam for sufficient periods of time was effective against the molds but caused the paint on the churn to blister badly. 6. Solutions of sodium hypochlorite, alkaline crystalline hypochlorite, and chloramine-T were ineffective. 7. None of the treatments was especially effective against bacteria.
Intraneuronal β-amyloid immunoreactivity in the CNS

The high degree of overlap in the neuropathology outcome of Alzheimer's disease (AD), Down's Syndrome (DS), and coronary heart disease suggest a possible interrelationship. The pattern of hippocampal and cortical intraneuronal βA4 immunoreactivity is strikingly similar in AD, DS, coronary heart disease, and two separate animal models of coronary heart disease. Cells in fascia dentata and large cortical neurons were βA4 immunedecorated in half the AD and DS subjects studied. Similar neuronal staining occurred in half the age-matched coronary heart disease subjects, but was absent in each nonheart disease control investigated. Analogous accumulations of neuronal βA4 immunoreactivity were induced in rabbit brain by dietary administration of high cholesterol, and this effect could be reversed by regression of the experimental diet. Decreased density (p < 0.05) and cellular staining intensity occurred after 2 weeks of control diet following 8 weeks of high cholesterol. Microgliosis accompanied the accumulation of βA4 immunoreactivity in the cholesterol-fed rabbits and persisted after regression of the diet and decreases in neuronal βA4 immunoreactivity. An identical pattern of neuronal βA4 immunoreactivity was induced in the brains of adolescent pigs after acute ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) compared to surgical and anesthetic controls. The mean number of βA4 immunoreactive neurons was significantly increased (p < 0.05) in the cortex and hippocampus of pigs with a ligated LAD compared to both control groups. Increased density and intensity of neuronal βA4 immunoreactivity induced by ligation of the LAD was commensurate with the severity of the decreased cardiac output in the LAD group, but not in the anesthetic control groups with decreased cardiac output. The incidence of ALZ-50 (A68) immunoreactive neurons also increased in the ligated pigs compared to both control groups. The data suggest a neuronal origin of βA4 immunoreactive peptide(s), which can be cleared from the brain by microglia after severe accumulation is induced. This could indicate that reduced clearance of β-APP metabolic by-products could contribute to a metabolic backlog and redirection of peptide processing by microglia to extracellular deposition. Neuronal accumulation of βA4 immunoreactivity could be due to the effect of circulating factors on brain function in both animals models. It is likely that animal models of coronary heart disease may be useful in disclosing the mechanism of SP formation and induction of ALZ-50 immunoreactivity irrespective of their pathoclinical significance.
On the time and indentation depth dependence of hardness, dissipation and stiffness in polydimethylsiloxane

Abstract Nanoindentation tests were performed on polydimethylsiloxane to characterize its mechanical behavior at different indentation depths and loading times. Astonishing indentation size effects have been observed in these experiments where the universal hardness increases by about 15 times from indentation depths of 5000 down to 100 nm. The hardness was found to depend on the loading time at small indentations, while at larger indentation depths the hardness hardly changed with loading time. In an attempt to unveil the underlying deformation mechanisms, an in-depth experimental study is pursued in this article with detailed analysis of the experimental data. Applying different loading times, the indentation experiments were evaluated at indentation depths from 100 to 5000 nm with respect to (a) universal hardness, (b) ratio of remaining indentation depth after unloading to maximum indentation depth, (c) ratio between elastic and total indentation works, and (d) indentation stiffness at maximum applied force. All these characteristics are found to be significantly different compared to a reference material that does not exhibit indentation size effects. The corresponding experimental data has been analyzed with an existing indentation depth dependent hardness model for polymers that has been motivated by a Frank elasticity related theory incorporating rotation gradients.
Multiple-wavelength integrated photonic networks based on microring resonator devices

Feature Issue on Nanoscale Integrated Photonics for Optical Networks Microring resonator devices implemented on silicon and silicon-on-insulator substrates have a unique potential to be used in high-bandwidth multiple-wavelength integrated photonic networks. A scheme for the wavelength allocation is proposed, and its feasibility is verified experimentally. The important system-level trade-offs that result from the proposed scheme, including those among bandwidth, device footprint, and electrical power consumption, are discussed as well.
Power and Social Work: A Change in Direction

This article examines the elite model of conceptualizing poverty. The authors contend that elites frame the discussions about employment and poverty; consequently, they prevent any meaningful examination of the root causes of poverty and circumvent any proposals that shift the balance of power. The challenge for social work is that the elite model considers the profession as an agent responsible for executing social policy that supports the status quo. Thus, social workers have unwittingly become part of the problem. The authors argue that the way to address this problem is to transform the profession of social work from within. Among the ways to create this transformation are to focus social work education on the function of politics; strengthen field education; promote action-based research; and integrate a global perspective into practice and policy initiatives.
Ets-dependent regulation of target gene expression during megakaryopoiesis.

Megakaryopoiesis is the process by which hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow differentiate into mature megakaryocytes. The expression of megakaryocytic genes during megakaryopoiesis is controlled by specific transcription factors. Fli-1 and GATA-1 transcription factors are required for development of megakaryocytes and promoter analysis has defined in vitro functional binding sites for these factors in several megakaryocytic genes, including GPIIb, GPIX, and C-MPL. Herein, we utilize chromatin immunoprecipitation to examine the presence of Ets-1, Fli-1, and GATA-1 on these promoters in vivo. Fli-1 and Ets-1 occupy the promoters of GPIIb, GPIX, and C-MPL genes in both Meg-01 and CMK11-5 cells. Whereas GPIIb is expressed in both Meg-01 and CMK11-5 cells, GPIX and C-MPL are only expressed in the more differentiated CMK11–5 cells. Thus, in vivo occupancy by an Ets factor is not sufficient to promote transcription of some megakaryocytic genes. GATA-1 and Fli-1 are both expressed in CMK11-5 cells and co-occupy the GPIX and C-MPL promoters. Transcription of all three megakaryocytic genes is correlated with the presence of acetylated histone H3 and phosphorylated RNA polymerase II on their promoters. We also show that exogenous expression of GATA-1 in Meg-01 cells leads to the expression of endogenous c-mpl and gpIX mRNA. Whereas GPIIb, GPIX, and C-MPL are direct target genes for Fli-1, both Fli-1 and GATA-1 are required for formation of an active transcriptional complex on the C-MPL and GPIX promoters in vivo. In contrast, GPIIb expression appears to be independent of GATA-1 in Meg-01 cells.
A Network Based Approach to Malware Detection in Large IT Infrastructures

Malware is code that has malicious intent and is designed for malicious purpose such as stealing confidential data, or obtaining root privileges on a system. The current approach to deal with malware threats such as virus and spyware is to use host based anti-malware software. However, this approach leads to many vulnerable machines since many users don't update their software, their virus signatures, and some even disable their software to avoid the system performance degradation caused by these software. Host based security software require a good deal of administration, with consistent needs for reconfiguration, management, and report analysis. With security administrators supporting an ever growing number of users, such an approach has become impractical. In this paper, we present a novel network based malware detection architecture that uses host security vectors to protect host machines without any intervention from hosts. This architecture provides another layer of security and can complement existing host based solutions. Only central detection server needs to be actively managed instead of individual hosts - hence providing more manageable solution for large IT infrastructures.
Re-envisioning the Arts PhD: Intellectual Entrepreneurship and the Intellectual Arts Leader

(2006). Re-envisioning the Arts PhD: Intellectual Entrepreneurship and the Intellectual Arts Leader. Arts Education Policy Review: Vol. 107, No. 4, pp. 13-20.
Reproductive function in aged female chimpanzees.

Reproductive function was evaluated in ten female chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) aged 35–48 years. Forty-eight years is the longevity record for the chimpanzee. Data on cycle frequency and duration was available for seven animals. Most were cycling regularly until death, and all had experienced at least one menstrual cycle within one year of death. After exclusion of periods when the animals were pregnant or in postpartum amenorrhea, the mean cycle frequency (± standard error)/year was 9.54 ± 0.20 in seven animals aged 15–25 (432 cycles analyzed) compared to 8.6 ± 0.76 in the same animals at age 35+ years (405 cycles analyzed); this effect approached significance (p = 0.072, Mann-Whitney U-test). Cycle length of 16 cycles in each of seven animals aged 15–25 was 32.23 ± 0.38 days. The same animals when aged over 35 had mean cycle lengths of 35.59 ± 0.73. This difference was not significant, although cycle lengths clearly increased with age in some individual animals. In five aged animals for which mating data was available, appropriate exposure to a male occurred in 52 cycles, but only two pregnancies occurred; one pregnancy resulted in a live birth at age 38, the other in a stillbirth at age 40. This conception rate was 3.85% compared with 20% in the same animals aged 15–25. These data suggest greatly reduced fertility after age 35, although menstrual cycle frequency remained high. The persistence of menstrual cyclicity until death, which occurred due to natural causes at latest in the fifth decade, is in striking contrast to the human female in which menopause occurs in the fifth decade and death is often postponed for several more decades.
Parámetros de historia de vida de la anchoveta Engraulis ringens Jenyns, 1842, en la zona centro norte de Chile

In the central north of Chile (25°00?S-32°10?S) an anchoveta fishery (Engraulis ringens) operates on a small scale. In spite of being controlled by total all...
Rapid label-free DNA analysis in picoliter microfluidic droplets using FRET probes

We report a novel microfluidic system that is capable of rapidly detecting DNA and its mutants in microfluidic droplets, in addition to elucidating the dynamic hybridization process. This microfluidic picoliter droplet analysis system is able to overcome the limitations of conventional analytical techniques that utilize immobilized sensing probes on a substrate. Molecular beacon (MB), a fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) molecule, was used as the DNA sensing probe in picoliter droplets. The MB-DNA duplex formation process was analyzed by the change in FRET signal, which was acquired by the time-resolved method: converting distance traveled to hybridization time. This technique demonstrates the ability to detect presence of target nucleic acids within few seconds, multiplex DNA samples in microdroplet, and distinguish single nucleotide polymorphisms. It is promising for analyzing biomolecules or reactions, such as mRNA, cells, enzymatic activity, and protein folding whose analysis requires rapid mixing and small volume.
Accepted mutations in a gene family: evolutionary diversification of duplicated DNA.

We report and compare the DNA sequences of 14 silkmoth (Antheraea polyphemus) chorion genes, derived from either cDNA or chromosomal DNA clones. Seven of these genes are members of the A multigene family, and seven are members of the B family. Where available, the previously reported (Jones and Kafatos 1980) intronic and extragenic flanking DNA sequences are also considered. Closely related sequences are compared, revealing the types of spontaneous mutations that were fixed during paralogous evolution. Segmental mutations (i.e. mutations other than substitutions) are nearly always interpretable as small duplications or deletions. related to small direct repeats. Segmental mutations are strongly constrained in the coding regions, although they do occur. Nucleotide substitutions also appear to be under selective constraints: relatively few substitutions leading to amino acid replacements are accepted, silent substitutions leading to some codons (especially purine-terminated ones) are disfavored, and different compositional biases are maintained in different parts of the sequences. Other sequence differences can be interpreted as indicative of neutral drift, including most differences in non-coding regions and most T/C transitions in third-base positions. In the non-coding regions, which are thought to be only loosely constrained by selection, transitions are observed more frequently than might be expected: they account for 52% of all substitutions, and they appear to be favored two to threefold over transversions when allowance is made for the skewed base composition of these regions.
The Structure of Ethical Choice In Planning Practice

The structure of normative influences on planner responsible to?, what is it that such responsibility obliges him or her to do?, and under what circumstances should obligation or responsibility. who is the planner responsible to? what is it that such responsibility obliges him or her to do? and under what circumstances should such obligations be activated? Answers to these questions create a three-dimensional matrix of obligation where all three dimen sions comprise a holistic gestalt—some— times consistent and sometimes in con flict. Within this framework is the notion of multiple moral communities, the pulls between good ends and right actions, and the ambiguities and complexities of the situational contexts of ethical choice.
A Climatological Study of the Atmospheric Circulation in the Southern Hemisphere during the IGY, Part II.

Abstract The seasonal variations during the IGY of sea-level pressures, 500-mb heights, and 1000-500 mb thickness in the Southern Hemisphere are examined to see if they conform to patterns which are deemed intrinsic to the hemisphere. These are: 1) the arrangement of the annual temperature range in four concentric zones of alternating low and high range; 2) the coldness of the lower and middle troposphere over Australasia in winter compared with South America and Africa; 3) the positive temperature isanomals in middle and high latitudes over the South Pacific Ocean in both summer and winter; and 4) the sea-level pressure and 500-mb height variations of opposite sign in middle and high latitudes which give rise to a second harmonic of large amplitude in temperature and height gradients, and in winds and sea-level pressure. The speed of movement of lows between 30 and 70S was, on the average, only slightly lower in the IGY summer than in the winter. A comparison between the standard deviations of daily sea-...
Stereotype Threat and the Exercise/ Dietary Health Intentions of Overweight Women

Overweight individuals face significant prejudice and discrimination in daily life yet it is not well understood how factors associated with prejudice and discrimination (i.e. negative social stereotypes) impact overweight individuals' exercise/dietary health intentions. It is proposed that the Model of Stereotype Threat may serve as a useful theoretical tool for interpreting the situational impact of negative stereotypes on the health intentions of overweight individuals. Analyses with a community sample of 100 clinically overweight women showed that priming overweight women to think about weight-related stereotypes led to significantly diminished exercise and dietary health intentions.
Patients Treated with Catheter Ablation for Atrial Fibrillation Have Long-Term Rates of Death, Stroke, and Dementia Similar to Patients Without Atrial Fibrillation

Introduction Atrial fibrillation (AF) adversely impacts mortality, stroke, heart failure, and dementia. AF ablation eliminates AF in most patients. We evaluated the long-term impact of AF ablation on mortality, heart failure (HF), stroke, and dementia in a large system-wide patient population. Methods A total of 4,212 consecutive patients who underwent AF ablation were compared (1:4) to 16,848 age/gender matched controls with AF (no ablation) and 16,848 age/gender matched controls without AF. Patients were enrolled from the large ongoing prospective Intermountain AF study and were followed for at least 3 years. Results Of the 37,908 patients, mean age 65.0 ± 13 years, 5,667 (14.9%) died, 1,296 (3.4%) had a stroke, and 1,096 (2.9%) were hospitalized for HF over >3 years of follow-up. AF ablation patients were less likely to have diabetes, but were more likely to have hypertension, HF, and significant valvular heart disease. AF ablation patients had a lower risk of death and stroke in comparison to AF patients without ablation. Alzheimer's dementia occurred in 0.2% of the AF ablation patients compared to 0.9% of the AF no ablation patients and 0.5% of the no AF patients (P Conclusions AF ablation patients have a significantly lower risk of death, stroke, and dementia in comparison to AF patients without ablation. AF ablation may eliminate the increased risk of death and stroke associated with AF.
Development and validation of a multiplex PCR-based assay for the upper respiratory tract bacterial pathogens haemophilus influenzae, streptococcus pneumoniae, and moraxella catarrhalis

Background: Conventional simplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based assays are limited in that they only provide for the detection of a single infectious agent. Many clinical diseases, however, present in a nonspecific, or syndromic, fashion, thereby necessitating the simultaneous assessment of multiple pathogens. Panel-based molecular diagnostic testing can be accomplished by the development of multiplex PCR-based assays, which can detect, individually or severally, different pathogens that are associated with syndromic illness. As part of a larger program of panel development, an assay that can simultaneously detect Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Moraxella catarrhalis was developed. These organisms were chosen as they are the most common bacterial pathogens associated with both the acute and chronic forms of otitis media; they are also responsible for a high percentage of sinus infections in both children and adults. In addition, H. influenzae and S. pneumoniae are commonly associated with septic meningitits. Methods and Results: Multiple individual PCR-based assays were developed for each of the three target organisms which were then evaluated for sensitivity and specificity. Utilizing the simplex assays that met our designated performance criteria, a matrix style approach was used to develop a duplex H. influenzae-S. pneumoniae assay. The duplex assay was then used as a single component in the development of a triplex assay, wherein the various M. catarrhalis primer-probe sets were tested for compatibility with the existing assay. A single-step PCR protocol, with species-specific primers for each of the three target organisms and a liquid hybridization-gel retardation amplimer detection system, was developed, which amplifies and then discriminates among each of the amplification products according to size. This assay is able to detect all three organisms in a specific manner, either individually or severally. Dilutional experiments indicate a detection limit of 10 femtograms (fg)(6-7 genomic equivalents) or less of genomic DNA for each of the three microorganisms regardless of the presence of irrelevant DNA. Conclusions: The reliance on individual, robust, species-specific primers and the avoidance of a nested PCR approach make this bacterial multiplex assay suitable for use in the clinical laboratory. This assay has proved useful in both research and patient care applications.
From $10,000 magee to $7 magee and $10 transmitter and receiver (T/R) on single chip

The development of the high power magee by H. Boot and J. A. Randall in England in 1939 led to the development of the radar systems during WW II. The MIT Radiation Laboratory alone was responsible for the >100 different radars valued at $30 billion (in 2010 $). Arguably some claim radar was more responsible for the Allies winning WWII than anything else including the atomic bomb. After WW II magnetrons and cross field amplifiers (CFAs) continued to play a major in military and commercial radars. Most radars built up until the early 60's used magnetrons. Key systems using cross field devices (CFD, magnetrons, CFAs, stabilotrons and backward wave devices) are the Hawk [>380 produced], Patriot [>173], Sparrow, TARTAR, AEGIS SPY-1 [>234], Nike systems. They are used in: air traffic control (ATC) radars like the Air Route Surveillance Radar ARSR-1, -2 [>40] which monitor and control traffic across the USA; Air Route Surveillance ASR-7 used to monitor air traffic approaching and arriving at airports; precision approach radars (PAR) like the TPN-25 [18] and GPN-22 [>60]; airport surface and close approach traffic monitoring radars (ASDE radars); ship borne AN/SPS-48; DEW line TPS-1D [1000's]; AN/APN-22 altimeter; MK-92, SPS-48, SG, SO, AASR, B-58 Hustler,HSB R/ACR, SPS-55. SPS-5, FPS-19, BPS-2, CPS-9, MPS-34, WSR-57, TPS-31, SPN-6, RAMPART, TPN-19 ASR, FPS-36, ABAR; and until recently (2007) in all commercial S- and X-band maritime navigation radars for tankers, tugs, cruise ships, and pleasure craft. The cost of some pleasure craft navigation radars are as low as $600. The annual sales for military and commercial radars for 2009 is >$6 billion. When electronic warfare is included this becomes >$21 billion.
Colliding Regge poles and cuts

A class of models describing the collision of Regge poles and their associated Mandelstam branch cuts is described, from which one concludes that Regge trajectories generally develop left-hand branch cuts as a result of such collisions, and in terms of which the singularities in the l plane of the partial-wave amplitude and the asymptotic behavior of the scattering amplitude can be discussed.
Relationship of Affective Characteristics of Students to Their Evaluations of Instructors

This research was designed to assess the relationships between each of four measures of student affective characteristics and students' evaluations of college instructors. Sixty-six students completed measures of locus of control, achievement motivation, anxiety, and social desirability as well as provided end-of-term evaluations of their instructors. A significant relationship (p < .01) occurred between the locus of control measure and instructor evaluations. No significant differences were observed between students' sex and instructor evaluations. Although only one of four affective variables was found to relate to students' evaluations of instructors, this study supports the need for further research in this area.
C/EBP- and Tat-mediated activation of the HIV-1 LTR in CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells.

Abstract Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection of cells of the monocyte/macrophage lineage within the bone marrow and peripheral blood plays an important role in the pathologic events leading to the development of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) as well as HIV-1 dementia (HIVD). The TF-1 erythro-myeloid cell line is being utilized as a model cellular phenotype to examine HIV-1 infection of a hematopoietic progenitor cell population. Expression of TF-1 cell surface marker RNAs and proteins was characterized by RT–PCR and FACS, respectively, and compared to those of the well characterized U-937 monocytic cell line. Transcription factors in TF-1 and U-937 cells that have been shown to be important for sustaining the expression of HIV-1 LTR activity were also examined. TF-1 cells were shown to contain the transcription factors C/EBP, Sp1, and NF-κB. C/EBP- and Tat-mediated induction of the YU-2 LTR was examined. Relative C/EBP induction of the HIV-1 strain YU-2 LTR was greater in TF-1 cells than in U-937 cells. When the C/EBP sites I and II were mutated to sequences with a low relative affinity for C/EBP factors, there was a reduction of Tat-mediated trans -activation in TF-1 cells, but not in U-937 cells. These studies form the foundation for investigations into the relationship between HIV-1 infection of bone marrow and peripheral blood precursor cells of the monocyte/macrophage lineage and pathogenesis associated with HIV-1 infection of the immune and central nervous system (CNS).
Inhibition of steroid-mediated transhydrogenation and dehydrogenation by Δ4-3-oxosteroids

Abstract Transhydrogenation from TPNH to DPN by an enzyme preparation from rat liver was mediated by 4.10 −6 M androsterone. The Δ 4 -3-oxosteroids inhibited this transhydrogenation at concentrations of 10 −7 to 10 −6 M . The majority of the transhydrogenase inhibitors also inhibited DPN- and TPN-dependent dehydrogenation of androsterone. The inhibitory influence on hydrogen transfer was potentiated by the introduction of an additional double bond in ring A but depressed by substitution on position 17. Certain steroids, such as 19-nor-4-androstene-3α, 17β-diol, were active substrates for the dehydrogenases and did not inhibit dehydrogenation of androsterone but significantly inhibited transhydrogenation, which suggests that the dehydrogenases and transhydrogenase may be separate systems.