cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Anesthesia for minimally invasive surgery

Minimally invasive surgery has become the surgical approach of choice for a number of operative procedures in adults, but remains a challenge in children, especially the youngest, due to the physiologic changes that occur during the procedure as well as limitations posed by equipment. These surgical techniques can present unique problems to the pediatric anesthesiologist in designing and implementing the anesthetic management plan. In this article, we will outline the physiologic impact, anesthetic management, and potential challenges and complications associated with minimally invasive surgery in children.
Factors affecting boundary-layer wind shear over the Indian Ocean during FGGE

Statistics on the vertical wind shear in the boundary layer over the Indian Ocean were examined for the causes of regional and seasonal changes. Low-level cloud motions and surface ship wind reports were used to define the vertical shear. Temperature data from the ship reports were analyzed for boundary-layer stability related to the observed shears. Smaller wind shears were found in areas of large negative air-sea temperature difference (unstable boundary layers). The ‘thermal wind’ effects were very small over most of the tropical Indian Ocean. The largest factor affecting the speed shear was the strength of the wind itself. Larger speed shear was found under high wind conditions. A small reduction in the direction difference between cloud and ship observations also was found under higher speeds. The scatter of cloud-ship comparisons around the mean (dispersion) also decreased for higher wind speeds. Daily gridded cloud motion and ship wind speed data had a correlation coefficient of 0.8 with a scatter of 1.9 m s-1 (r.m.s.) around the mean difference.
Beyond convivencia: critical reflections on the historiography of interfaith relations in Christian Spain

While Americo Castro’s convivencia remains an influential concept in medieval Iberian studies, its sway over the field has been lessening in recent years. Despite scholars’ best efforts to rethink and redefine the concept, it has resisted all attempts to transform it into a workable analytical tool. The article explores the malaise affecting convivencia, and suggests that the idea has become more of an impediment than a help to medieval Iberian studies. It argues that convivencia retains some of its former influence because scholars insist on understanding it as a distinctly Ibero‐Islamic phenomenon. However, this article suggests that the evidence for Islamic influence on interfaith coexistence in Christian Spain is scarce. Instead of continuing to embrace the nationalist myth of Spain’s unique status in medieval Europe, scholars need to acknowledge the basic similarities in the Christian treatment of religious minorities north and south of the Pyrenees. The article also explores other aspects of convive...
Expert system: A design methodology☆

Abstract This paper discusses the development of a design methodology that combines concepts from the fields of expert systems, urban design, and decision theory from the social sciences. More specifically, an evaluation technique, taken from decision theory, is merged with expert system techniques to create an innovative method of manipulating design knowledge and values. This research has demonstrated that the domain of urban design, though highly subjective, is an appropriate subject for expert system development.
Molecular mechanisms regulating myeloid-derived suppressor cell differentiation and function

Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are one of the main cell populations responsible for regulating immune responses. MDSCs accumulate during tumor progression, autoimmunity, chronic infection and other pathological conditions, and can potently suppress T cell function. Recent studies have demonstrated the ability of MDSCs to modulate the activity of NK and myeloid cells and have implicated MDSCs in the induction of regulatory T cells. Here, we discuss recent findings that describe the molecular mechanisms that regulate the expansion and function of MDSCs, as well as recent attempts to use MDSCs in cell therapy for different pathologic conditions.
Psychiatric Disorders: Diagnosis to Therapy

Recent findings in a range of scientific disciplines are challenging the conventional wisdom regarding the etiology, classification, and treatment of psychiatric disorders. This Review focuses on the current state of the psychiatric diagnostic nosology and recent progress in three areas: genomics, neuroimaging, and therapeutics development. The accelerating pace of novel and unexpected findings is transforming the understanding of mental illness and represents a hopeful sign that the approaches and models that have sustained the field for the past 40 years are yielding to a flood of new data and presaging the emergence of a new and more powerful scientific paradigm.
Some fifth degree integration formulas for symmetric regions II

Here Sn is a region in n-dimensional Euclidean space (n _ 2), the Ai are constants and the (vil, ***, vin) are points in the space. We discuss a general class of 5th degree formulas for a class of regions Sn which includes the n-dimensional cube and sphere; a precise description of the regions to which our discussion applies will be given in the next section. Each formula in the class contains no more than N = 2n(n + 1) points and has all positive coefficients Ai. For the n-sphere we give constants in four useful formulas which contain 2 n(n + 1), 2"n + 1, 2n+1 - 1 and 2n + 2n points. The 2n(n + 1) point formula has all coefficients equal. The 2n + 2n point formula has fewer points than any other known 5th degree formula in which all coefficients are positive (for the n-sphere, n > 4). The corresponding formulas for the n-cube are not as useful since, for most values of n, they have some points which lie outside the cube. Previously, Hammer and Stroud [3] have given formulas of 5th degree for the n-cube and n-sphere which use only 2n2 + 1 points. Those formulas, however, have the undesirable feature that, for the n-sphere (n > 5), some of the coefficients Ai are negative. The only other known general class of 5th degree formulas for the n-sphere, for arbitrary n, are the spherical product formulas; these contain 3n - 3n-1 + 1 points and have all positive coefficients. (Spherical product formulas were first described, for n = 2, 3, by Peirce [6, 7], and for arbitrary n independently by Hetherington [4] and lMlysovskih [5]; an alternative description is given by
The effect of N-acetyl-l-cysteine and ascorbic acid on visible-light-irradiated camphorquinone/N,N-dimethyl-p-toluidine-induced oxidative stress in two immortalized cell lines

Recent studies have revealed that visible-light (VL)-irradiated camphorquinone (CQ), in the presence of a tertiary amine (e.g., N,N-dimethyl-p-toluidine, DMT), generates initiating radicals that may indiscriminately react with molecular oxygen forming reactive oxygen species (ROS). In this study, the ability of the antioxidants N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) and ascorbic acid (AA) to reduce intracellular oxidative stress induced by VL-irradiated CQ/DMT or VL-irradiated hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) was assessed in an immortalized Murine cementoblast cell line (OCCM.30) and an immortalized Murine fibroblast cell line, 3T3-Swiss albino (3T3). Intracellular oxidative stress was measured with the membrane permeable dye, 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (H(2)DCF-DA). VL-irradiated CQ/DMT and VL-irradiated H(2)O(2) each produced significantly (p<0.001) elevated intracellular oxidative levels in both cell types compared to intracellular ROS levels in VL-irradiated untreated cells. OCCM.30 cementoblasts were found to be almost twice as sensitive to VL-irradiated CQ/DMT and VL-irradiated H(2)O(2) treatment compared to 3T3 fibroblasts. Furthermore, 10mm NAC and 10mm AA each eliminated oxidative stress induced by VL-irradiated CQ/DMT and VL-irradiated H(2)O(2) in both cell types. Our results suggest that NAC and AA may effectively reduce or eliminate oxidative stress in cells exposed to VL-irradiated CQ/DMT following polymerization.
Fault tolerant target tracking in sensor networks

In this paper, we present a Gaussian mixture model based approach to capture the spatial characteristics of any target signal in a sensor network, and further propose a temporally-adaptive variant of the approach for dynamic multiple target tracking under changing environments, with the presence of both significant background event noises and a large portion of outlying sensor readings. The target position is estimated by adopting the mean-shift optimization to discriminate the target signals from the background noises. Our mixture model based algorithm is capable of fusing multivariate real-valued sensor measurements and its probability nature shows fault tolerance and robustness in noisy sensing environments. This consideration is practical as in real world applications, sensor readings are multi-modal and may contain errors. The simulation study validates our design and the results indicate that our mixture model based algorithm is an effective and capable approach for the two most typical target signal models under consideration. Desirable quantitative target tracking results are also achieved through extensive evaluations under challenging background conditions.
Anesthesia LXXIV: Biotransformation of fluroxene—I. Metabolism in mice and dogs in vivo

Abstract Fluroxene has been found to undergo biotransformation in the mouse and dog after i.p. administration of subanesthetic doses. Trifluoroethanol glucuronide, trifluoroacetic acid, and 14CO2 (from vinyl carbons only) have been identified as metabolites. The extent of metabolism was increased in mice by pretreatment with phenobarbital sodium, 3-methylcholanthrene, and 3,4-benzpyrene, and these effects could be blocked by preadministration of actinomycin D. Phenobarbital pretreatment also enhanced the metabolism of fluroxene in the dog. Carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity greatly reduced the metabolism of fluroxene in the mouse. SKF 525-A and Lilly 18947 had no inhibitory effect in mice but rather caused a slight enhancement of the metabolic activity. Repeated pretreatments with ethyl ether and nitrous oxide had a slight stimulatory action on the biotransformation of fluroxene in mice, whereas fluroxene and methoxyflurane pretreatments had no significant effect.
Second quantization in the Kerr metric

The second quantization of scalar and neutrino fields in the Kerr metric is discussed, and an instability to spontaneous emission is found in the scalar and neutrino cases. The dependence of these results on assumptions about the vacuum state is discussed, as is the semiclassical origin of this creation.
Chronic intermittent hypoxia affects integration of sensory input by neurons in the nucleus tractus solitarii

The autonomic nervous and respiratory systems, as well as their coupling, adapt over a wide range of conditions. Chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) is a model for recurrent apneas and induces alterations in breathing and increases in sympathetic nerve activity which may ultimately result in hypertension if left untreated. These alterations are believed to be due to increases in the carotid body chemoreflex pathway. Here we present evidence that the nucleus tractus solitarii (nTS), the central brainstem termination site of chemoreceptor afferents, expresses a form of synaptic plasticity that increases overall nTS activity following intermittent hypoxia. Following CIH, an increase in presynaptic spontaneous neurotransmitter release occurs under baseline conditions. Furthermore, during and following afferent stimulation there is an augmentation of spontaneous transmitter release that occurs out of synchrony with sensory stimulation. On the other hand, afferent evoked synchronous transmitter release is attenuated. Overall, this shift from synchronous to asynchronous transmitter release enhances nTS cellular discharge. The role of the neurotransmitter dopamine in CIH-induced plasticity is also discussed. Dopamine attenuates synaptic transmission in nTS cells by blockade of N-type calcium channels, and this mechanism occurs tonically following normoxia and CIH. This dopaminergic pathway, however, is not altered in CIH. Taken together, alterations in nTS synaptic activity may play a role in the changes of chemoreflex function and cardiorespiratory activity in the CIH apnea model.
Value of the New TNM Staging System for Lung Cancer

The new staging system is of value for classifying patients according to clinical criteria into 5 specific disease extent groups that have a definite relationship to prognosis and the structure of treatment regimens. Survival curves for each stage according to clinical evaluations for all patients treated are shown in Table 6 . These end results reflect the relationship between the effectiveness of available therapy and the extent of the disease. Twenty-six % of the patients (549 with nonsmall cell tumors) underwent definitive resection. The end results for patients with stages I, II, and IIIa according to pathologic evaluation of resected specimens are shown in Table 7 . We are all familiar with the need for, and value of, consistent, accurate, surgical pathologic staging in the effort to evaluate benefits of postoperative adjuvant therapy. For each level of disease extent, staging provides a critical element for estimating the failure rate of conventional management. These estimates of failure represent the proportion of patients with occult micrometastatic disease present at the time of operation. Thus, the design of new therapeutic strategies can be based on realistic expectations for improvement in survival.
Suppression of Urethan‐Induced Growth Inhibition of Poteriochromonas stipitata*

SYNOPSIS. In cultures of Poteriochromonas stipitata the growth of which was inhibited by urethan the deoxyribosenucleic acid-nitrogen fraction was affected most. Thymine and some of its postulated precursors prevented this growth inhibition.
WirelessHART Field Device with Integrated Network Analyzer

Many wireless communication protocols based on the IEEE 802.15.4 standard have been developed for industrial process monitoring and control. Among the various standards available, the Wireless HART protocol is the most promising and has been largely used. It becomes necessary to utilize a protocol analyzer during development, debugging, and testing steps of anew Wireless HART field device. Among the few network analyzers already developed, none have local storage capability for the collected data. Also, the equipments require a connection to a PC-based system, which makes them unsuitable for the use in the field. This paper proposes an alternative approach to existing Wireless HART network analyzers, presenting features such as local storage capacity, remote access to the collected data and mobility. These features are possible because the developed device is able to integrate the Wireless HART network, acting as a field device collecting its own network data.
The mass of 65Co

Abstract The five-nucleon pickup reaction 70 Zn( 3 He, 8 B) 65 Co has been employed to observe the T z = 11 2 65 Co nucleus. The 65 Co mass excess is found to be −59168±20 keV. Comparison is made to recent predictions.
Research Update: Magnetic phase diagram of EuTi1−xBxO3 (B = Zr, Nb)

We report the magnetic phase diagram of EuTi1−xBxO3 (B = Zr, Nb), determined from magnetization and heat capacity measurements. Upon Zr-doping, the antiferromagnetic ordering temperature TN of EuTi1−xZrxO3 gradually decreases from 5.6 K (x = 0) to 4.1 K (x = 1). Whereas a similar decrease in TN is observed for small amounts of Nb doping (x ≤ 0.05), ferromagnetism is induced in EuTi1−xNbxO3 with x > 0.05. The ferromagnetic interaction between localized Eu 4f spins mediated by itinerant electrons introduced by Nb doping results in the ferromagnetism in EuTi1−xNbxO3.
Designed materials: what and how

Summary & Conclusion This paper presents how Closed Loop DMD can be utilized to fabricate parts with improved performance. It alsopresented a methodology to use the digital information alongwith HDM and heterogeneous CAD to produce designedmaterial with desired performance. The later is the revolutionary departure from the traditional material selectionmethod. / / Fig. 18 Synergy of integrated design and manufacturing for de-signed materials. Acknowledgements This paper presents multiple years group effort and funding from DARPA, NSF, POM Group Inc. and severalindustrial partners. Present and past CLAIM group membersinclude: Justin Koch, Andrew Schifferer, Joohyun Choi, and Jollin DeSouza, Fig. 16 Cavity monotonically increases from the fixed to free end Engineering strain vs. timeplot for Inconel 738 speci-men fabricated by DMD. References[1] Koch, J. & Mazumder, J., "Rapid prototyping by lasercladding" in Proceedings of ICALEO' 93 (edited by P.Denney, I. Miyamoto, and B. L. Mordike) Vol. 77, p.
Catastrophic Rainfall and Flooding in Texas

Abstract Heavy rainfall and flooding occurred on the Gulf Coastal Plain physiographic province of southeastern Texas in October 1994 and caused 22 deaths and more than $1 billion in damages. Record flooding occurred in the 1085 km2 Spring Creek catchment, which received peak rainfall accumulations of more than 500 mm during a 12-h period. Rainfall and flooding of greater magnitude occurred 100 km northeast of Spring Creek over Kickapoo Creek. The peak discharge of 2400 m3 s−1 in Kickapoo Creek at a drainage area of 148 km2 places the event just below the Texas and United States envelope curve of peak discharge. Peak rainfall accumulations in Kickapoo Creek at time intervals from 15 min to 24 h approached Texas and United States record values. The storms that resulted in flooding in Spring Creek and Kickapoo Creek were two components of one mesoscale convective system. The Spring Creek and Kickapoo Creek storms exhibited contrasts in storm structure, evolution, and motion that are of fundamental importance...
Promoting informed decision making: evaluating a community-based prostate health awareness program.

Background For health educators, the controversy surrounding routine prostate cancer screening provides curriculum development and delivery challenges. The purpose of this study was to evaluate a community-based prostate health awareness program. Methods Using a pretest-posttest design, participants were recruited from community-based organizations to assess the effectiveness of the program in the areas of knowledge gain, short-term intentions, and changing prostate health behaviors. Results Many of the participants reported having been tested for prostate cancer, yet there was a lower than expected pretest knowledge base. There were significant increases in knowledge on the posttest and some impact on short-term intentions and behavior. Discussion A community-based prostate health awareness program prior to the patient-physician encounter can assist health-care professionals in the education process and give men the tools to make an informed decision.
The use of laser Raman diagnostics in flow fields and combustion

A amplitude of incident electric field a absorbing (pressure Pa) A.m Einstein's transition probability in emission b background, or broadening (pressure Ph) B rotational constant d dark B.,. Einstein's transition probability in absorption e equilibrium c velocity of light J rotational level J D rotational constant k k energy level or state d degeneracy m m energy level or state e electron charge n n energy level or state E energy or electric vector of incident radiation (see text) o ground level, incident or optical (see iext) F(J) rotationalterm value q quantum G(v) vibrational term value r rotational G gain s s energy level or signal (see text) h Planck's constant v vibrational i current x x component I scattered intensity or moment of inertia (see text) y y component l~g' s energy absorbed per second I ~ energy emitted by a source per second J rotational quantum number Superscripts k Boltzmann constant upper level / absorbing or emitting path length lower level K constant m mass M transition moment
Incidence and clinical predictors of psoriatic arthritis in patients with psoriasis: A population‐based study

Objective To determine the incidence and disease-specific predictors of clinically recognized psoriatic arthritis (PsA) in patients with psoriasis.
Downscaling climate models and environmental policy: From global to regional politics

Abstract High resolution climate models of regions, or downscaling, promises to be at the forefront of future climate policy research. However, most research in this area is in the natural sciences, and the policy community has not taken full notice of this trend at their doorstep. Downscaling provides more concrete information about local impacts of climate change. This raises several important political issues surrounding extreme events, adaptation, risk and equity and legacy concerns, all of which are briefly addressed. The paper concludes with a call for more social science research on downscaling to accompany the rich geophysical science literature in the topic.
PROPERTIES OF PHYCOBILINS FROM PORPHYRA NAIADUM

The phycobilin pigments were freshly extracted from Porphyra naiadum in the cold. At least two types of phycoerythrin (I and II) can be distinguished by electrophoresis, chromatography, and spectral characteristics. At pH 5.0 phycoerythrin II has a relatively large negative charge, while phycoerythrin I is nearly iso-electric. At pH 7.0, however, phycoerythrin I has the larger negative charge. Mobilities have been calculated by visual measurement of electrophoresis. Phycoerythrin II can be converted to phycoerythrin I by storing at pH 7.0. Chromatography indicates at least two types of phycocyanin as well.
Diffusion and relaxation of chain polymer liquids

Abstract A mode-coupling theory of entangled polymer liquids has been developed and extensively applied to dense melts of long chains. The theory predicts the emergence of a plateau shear stress modulus, and strong molecular-weight dependence of the transport coefficients, due to dynamical correlations induced by chain connectivity and excluded volume interactions. Anomalous intermediate time diffusion and relaxation occurs due to time-dependent fluctuating force memory effects.
Generalized Wideband Harmonic Imaging of Nonlinearly Loaded Scatterers

Wideband electromagnetic sensing and imaging of nonlinearly loaded scatterers is considered. Harmonic scattering theory is first presented, and then a generalized near-field, direct imaging functional is proposed for free-space and near-ground target localization within the context of forward-looking radar standoff detection exploiting sequential single-tone excitation. The developed scattering and imaging analysis framework is illustrated for point-like and extended targets through numerical experiments performed with a hybrid method-of-moments solver, in conjunction with a harmonic balance approach and an asymptotic field propagation technique. The steady-state harmonic scattering responses are examined in the time, frequency, and image domains for scatterers in free-space and half-space environments, and accurate target localization is demonstrated in all cases for each harmonic order considered.
Determination of 2′-β-fluoro-2′,3′-dideoxyadenosine, an experimental anti-AIDS drug, in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography

2'-Beta-fluoro-2',3'-dideoxyadenosine (F-ddA, lodenosine) is an experimental anti-AIDS drug currently being evaluated in a Phase I clinical trial. A simple and specific HPLC method with UV detection, suitable for use in clinical studies, has been developed to determine both F-ddA and its deaminated catabolite, 2'-beta-fluoro-2',3'-dideoxyinosine (F-ddI) in human plasma. After inactivation of plasma HIV by 0.5% Triton X-100, the compounds of interest are isolated and concentrated using solid-phase extraction. Processed samples are separated by use of a pH 4.8 buffered methanol gradient on a reversed-phase phenyl column. The method has a linear range of 0.05-5 microg/ml (0.2-20 microM) and intra-assay precision is better than 8%. Analyte recovery is quantitative and plasma protein binding is minimal. In addition, drug and metabolite levels measured in Triton-treated human plasma remain stable for at least 5 months when samples are stored frozen without further treatment. Compound concentrations determined after samples are processed and then frozen for up to 1 month before analysis are also unchanged.
Clutter depth discrimination using the wavenumber spectrum

Clutter depth is a key parameter in mid-frequency active sonar systems to discriminate between sources of clutter and targets of interest. A method is needed to remotely discriminate clutter depth by information contained in the backscattered signal—without a priori knowledge of that depth. Presented here is an efficient approach for clutter depth estimation using the structure in the wavenumber spectrum. Based on numerical simulations for a simple test case in a shallow water waveguide, this technique demonstrates the potential capability to discriminate between a clutter source in the water column vs one on the seabed.
Memory effects in gas chromatographic detection with a microwave‐induced plasma

Capillary gas chromatography coupled to microwave-inducedplasma detection furnishes sensitivity adequate for trace analysis when the signal is monitored at a carbon emission line. Work performed with one of these systems at high electronic gain for the carbon signal has revealed solvent band widths in excess of four minutes; these impeded quantification of peaks eluting after the solvent. This report discusses two phenomena which could be related to the unexpected intensity of this solvent response: photomultiplier tube saturation and carbon deposits in the quartz plasma discharge tube.
Family Empowerment: A Nursing Intervention With Suggested Outcomes for Families of Children With a Chronic Health Condition

Families of children with a chronic health condition often feel powerless in satisfying the health care needs of their child and in sustaining their family life. A small body of scholarly literature suggests that family empowerment is an intervention that nurses could use to help these families. This interactive intervention is designed to aid families through the empowerment process, which consists of phases that correspond to the amount of trust and decision making a family shares with health professionals. Intervention activities are based on the assumption that all people have existing strengths and capabilities and the capacity to grow and become more competent. Suggested family outcomes of the intervention include negotiation with health professionals, minimization of the effect of the chronic condition on the child and siblings, rearrangement of family roles and responsibilities, satisfaction of the health care needs of the child, and lowered health care use and costs.
Characterization of a rearrangement in viral DNA: Mapping of the circular simian virus 40-like DNA containing a triplication of a specific one-third of the viral genome

Abstract Serial passage of the non-defective form of a simian virus 40-like virus (DAR) isolated from human brain results in the appearance of three distinct classes of supercoiled DNAs: R I resistant, R I sensitive (one cleavage site) and R I “supersensitive” (three cleavage sites). The R I cleavage product of the “super sensitive” form is one-third the physical size of simian virus 40 DNA (10.4 S) and reassociates about three times more rapidly than “standard” viral DNA. To identify the portions of the DAR genome present in the 10.4 S segment, the plus strand of each of the 11 fragments of 32 P-labeled simian virus 40 DNA, produced by cleavage with the Hemophilus influenzae restriction endonuclease, was hybridized in solution with the sheared R I cleavage product of the “supersensitive” class of viral DNA. Reaction was observed with fragments located in two distinct regions of the simian virus 40 genome: (1) Hin -A and C; (2) Hin -G, J, F and K. Further studies indicated that simian virus 40 complementary RNA transcribed in vitro with Escherichia coli RNA polymerase from one strand of simian virus 40 DNA reacts with both strands of the denatured 10.4 S cleavage product when hybridization is monitored with hydroxyapatite. Treatment of the 10.4 S DNA-simian virus 40 cRNA hybrid with the single-strand spcific nuclease, S 1 , converted approximately 50% of the radioactive counts to an acid-soluble product. These results indicate that the 10.4 S product contains a transposition of sequences originally present on one of the DAR DNA strands to the other strand. Examination of heteroduplexes formed between the 10.4 S segment and unique linear forms of DAR DNA produced with the R · Eco RI restriction endonuclease have confirmed these observations. Thus it appears that a molecular rearrangement(s) has resulted in the recombination and inversion of viral DNA sequences from two separate loci on the parental DAR genome. This 1.1 × 10 6 dalton segment is reiterated three times in a supercoiled molecule equivalent in physical size to parental DAR DNA.
Type-II M structure photodiodes: an alternative material design for mid-wave to long wavelength infrared regimes

In this work, an AlSb-containing Type II InAs/GaSb superlattice, the so-called M-structure, is presented as a candidate for mid and long wavelength infrared detection devices. The effect of inserting an AlSb barrier in the GaSb layer is discussed and predicts many promising properties relevant to practical use. A good agreement between the theoretical calculation based on Empirical Tight Binding Method framework and experimental results is observed, showing the feasibility of the structure and its properties. A band gap engineering method without material stress constraint is proposed.
Increasing Environmental Performance in a Context of Low Governmental Enforcement: Evidence from China

How can activists and policy makers encourage better environmental behavior in a context of poor governmental enforcement? This article examines the case of the Institute of Public & Environmental ...
DCP-EW: Distributed Congestion-Control Protocol for Encrypted Wireless Networks

Recently, Variable-structure Congestion-control Protocol (VCP) has emerged as a great practical alternative of deployment for congestion control by requiring the use of only two ECN bits in the IP header. However, VCP suffers from a relatively low speed of convergence and exhibits biased fairness in moderate bandwidth high delay networks due to utilizing an insufficient amount of congestion feedback. Our previous work Double-Packet Congestion-control Protocol (DPCP) addressed this problem by increasing the amount of the feedback distributed over two ECN bits in the IP header of a pair of packets. However, DPCP faces deployment obstacles in encrypted wireless networks due to the fact that it relies on partial information in the TCP header and the TCP header information is lost when crossing encryption boundaries. Furthermore, wireless networks are characterized by both error- and congestion-caused loss. Our previous work has revealed that the efficiency of DPCP, and for that matter any congestion control protocol, over wireless networks may be reduced as the result of not being able to differentiate between two types of loss. In this paper, we propose an alternative congestion control protocol to which we refer as Distributed Congestion-control Protocol for Encrypted Wireless (DCP-EW) networks. DCP-EW is capable of efficiently operating in encrypted wireless networks while preserving all of the benefits of DPCP for wired networks. It does so by passively utilizing the IP Identification field of a packet header instead of the TCP header in conjunction with a heuristic algorithm to differentiate between different sources of loss. We implement DCP-EW in NS-2 and the Linux Kernel. We demonstrate the performance improvements of DCP-EW compared to DPCP and VCP through simulation and experimental studies.
Relations among three aspects of first-year college students' epistemologies of science

At the start of their first semester, 35 college freshmen were given an interview probing (a) their differentiation of scientists' ideas from evidence, and hypotheses from theories; (b) their understanding of the inherent uncertainty of scientific knowledge; and (c) their reasoning about scientific controversies. The most common responses were in terms of an epistemology in which scientists' ideas and evidence are differentiated, and theories are understood as tested hypotheses (Level 2 in our system based on Carey, Evans, Honda, Jay, & Unger, 1989), although students varied in how consistently they differentiated theories and evidence across all questions. Responses in which theories are understood as broader explanatory frameworks guiding hypothesis testing (Level 3) were virtually nonexistent, but some students gave responses that showed awareness of processes of interpreting and reinterpreting patterns of results (Level 2.5). Responses across the three parts of the interview were significantly related. Consistently differentiating scientists' ideas from evidence was strongly related to appreciating the inherent uncertainty of scientific knowledge and with having a deeper understanding of the reasons for scientific controversies and how to resolve them. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 43: 747–785, 2006
Tunicamycin inhibits the expression of membrane IgM in the human lymphoblastoid cell line Daudi.

Abstract Tunicamycin inhibited the synthesis of glycosylated μ-chains and κ-chains in the human lymphoblastoid cell line, Daudi. Nonglycosylated IgM could not be detected on the surface of tunicamycin-treated cells by cell surface iodination techniques even under conditions where membrane IgM was recxpressed in control cultures following the enzymatic stripping of the existing membrane IgM. Biosynthetic labeling and subsequent immunochemical analysis indicated that the nonglycosylated μ and κ-chains failed to efficiently assemble into monomeric IgM units. In a previous study (Dulis et al. J. biol. Chem., 1982), we have shown that the nonglycosylated μ- and κ-chains are rapidly catabolized. The lack of expression of nonglycosylated IgM could be due to the rapid catabolism of the nonglycosylated polypeptide chains and/or to the inability to form functional monomeric IgM molecules. Thus glycosylation may be required to protect the newly synthesized polypeptide chains from intracellular catabolic events and to maintain proper conformational foldings of the polypeptide chains to allow for the assembly of subunits into functional units and their ultimate expression.
Printed a‐Si:H transistors for large area electronics

A novel jet-printing process to fabricate amorphous silicon thin-film transistor arrays is described, in which device features are defined by printed etch masks in place of conventional photo-lithography. The wax-based etch masks with a minimum feature size of ∼40 μm were printed using a multi-ejector piezoelectric print-head. Bottom-gate TFTs in a 64 × 64 pixel array of 338 μm pixel dimension, were created using a four-mask process. TFTs have current-voltage characteristics comparable to conventional devices, with mobility 0.7 cm2/Vs and on/off ratio exceeding 108. The arrays were configured for X-ray imaging by adding an a-Si:H p-i-n photodiode layer. Similar arrays can be configured for active matrix displays. (© 2004 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
QUALITATIVE THINKING IN THE AGE OF MODERN COMPUTATIONAL CHEMISTRY : OR WHAT LIONEL SALEM KNOWS

Abstract A personal assessment is given of the present state of computational chemistry, and in particular of the persistent need for qualitative orbital thinking at a time when exceedingly accurate calculations are possible. The need for the qualitative view arises, it is claimed, from the inherent difference between predictability and understanding, from certain potential impediments to chemical understanding intrinsic to human-computer interactions, from the peculiar yet productive way that experiment and theory interact in chemistry, and lastly from some special features of theory in science in general.
Cytochemical study of mitochondrial structure.

A CHARACTERISTIC morphological pattern of organization of mitochondrial structure has been repeatedly described by Palade1, Sjostrand2, Rhodin3 and various other workers using electron microscope studies, according to which each mitochondria consists of a limiting membrane, cristae and the mitochondrial matrix with granules or particles in it. During the cytochemical study of the oocytes of the various freshwater fishes, I4,5 have defined a cytochemical pattern of mitochondrial structure. The mitochondria of the fish oocytes are granular filaments with uniform thread-like contour. Such a structure is revealed both vitally under phase-contrast microscope6 and cytochemically in the tissue prepared according to Baker's7 lipid preserving formaldehyde-calcium fixative. A similar structure is seen in the tissue fixed in osmium solution or osmium-containing fixatives, that is, Champy's and Lewitsky's (Flemming-without-acetic) fluids. However, their filamentous structure is completely destroyed in fat solvents or fixatives consisting fat solvents and strong acids, for example, Bouin and Carnoy's fluid, after which treatment their fine granules are observed to be randomly scattered in the cytoplasm. The mitochondrial filaments are coloured deep blue in sudan black B but this deep coloration is confined more rigidly at the periphery and at the interspaces between the fine granules of mitochondrial filaments. The granules in the mitochondria remain distinct by their feeble coloration in sudan black B. The peripheral sudanophil material is positive to Baker's7 acid-haematin technique revealing phospholipids, but is completely negative to all other lipid tests. Its exclusive lipid nature is further revealed by its negative reactions to Mazia's8 mercuric-bromophenol blue test for proteins, and by periodic acid-Schiff technique for carbohydrates. The granular component of mitochondria consist of abundant proteins, and in addition show some lipo-proteins revealed by Pearse's9 extractive technique. Thus the mitochondria structure consists of a basal phospholipid sheath, in which numerous protein granules are embedded.
Separated Flow Transition Under Simulated Low-Pressure Turbine Airfoil Conditions: Part 1 — Mean Flow and Turbulence Statistics

Boundary layer separation, transition and reattachment have been studied experimentally under low-pressure turbine airfoil conditions. Cases with Reynolds numbers (Re) ranging from 25,000 to 300,000 (based on suction surface length and exit velocity) have been considered at low (0.5%) and high (9% inlet) free-stream turbulence levels. Mean and fluctuating velocity and intermittency profiles are presented for streamwise locations all along the airfoil, and turbulent shear stress profiles are provided for the downstream region where separation and transition occur. Higher Re or free-stream turbulence level moves transition upstream. Transition is initiated in the shear layer over the separation bubble and leads to rapid boundary layer reattachment. At the lowest Re, transition did not occur before the trailing edge, and the boundary layer did not reattach. Turbulent shear stress levels can remain low in spite of high free-stream turbulence and high fluctuating streamwise velocity in the shear layer. The beginning of a significant rise in the turbulent shear stress signals the beginning of transition. A slight rise in the turbulent shear stress near the trailing edge was noted even in those cases which did not undergo transition or reattachment. The present results provide detailed documentation of the boundary layer and extend the existing database to lower Re. The present results also serve as a baseline for an investigation of turbulence spectra in Part 2 of the present paper, and for ongoing work involving transition and separation control.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Whose Sustainable Development? An Analysis of Japanese Foreign Aid Policy and Funding for Energy Sector Projects

This article evaluates Japanese foreign aid policy in light of the World Commission on Environment and Development's concept of sustainable development by focusing on Japanese official development assistance (ODA) to energy sectors in the global South. The anal - ysis reported here finds two fundamental weaknesses in Japanese ODA policy on the energy sector: first, its premise of the compatibility of economic growth with environmental sustainability and, second, its heavy re- liance on modern science. As an alternative, this arti- cle suggests a policy of promoting small and decen- tralized renewable energy technology. Over the past century, modernity has brought high levels of economic growth and material affluence to the global North. At the same time, however, it has contributed little to progress in the global South. Indeed, the inequity between rich and poor nations has been aggravated (Elliott, 2001, p. 11), and negative impacts, includingpopulation growth problems, envi - ronmental degradation, food shortage, and energy resource scarcity, have brought additional suffering to the global South (Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MOFA), 1999a). With the world's second largest economy, Japan has attempted to help alleviate these distortions by adopt - ingthe idea of sustainable development as a core strat - egy of Japanese foreign aid policy since the 1980s. Japan's budget provided by the government for devel- opment of the global South in the form of official development assistance (ODA) was the world's largest from 1991 to 2001 (Komori, 2002, pp. 90-91). How- ever, its contribution has not always been successful in terms of bringing social and environmental prosperity to the global South. This is especially true of its aid in support of energy sector development. An evaluation of Japanese foreign aid policy to energy sectors in the global South shows little evidence of its contributions to sustainable development.
Design for burn-in test: a technique for burn-in thermal stability under die-to-die parameter variations

Strong temperature dependence of leakage has been a major problem during burn-in test where increased voltages and temperatures are applied to weed out defective parts. Moreover, process variations may result in different temperature profiles in different dies during burn-in. This paper proposes an adaptive design-for-burn-in technique that stabilizes the junction temperature by controlling the leakage power using sleep (supply-gating) transistors for a wide range of ambient temperatures, process variations, thermal resistances and supply voltages.
Crimson: a data management system to support evaluating phylogenetic tree reconstruction algorithms

Evolutionary and systems biology increasingly rely on the construction of large phylogenetic trees which represent the relationships between species of interest. As the number and size of such trees increases, so does the need for efficient data storage and query capabilities. Although much attention has been focused on XML as a tree data model, phylogenetic trees differ from document-oriented applications in their size and depth, and their need for structure-based queries rather than path-based queries.This paper focuses on Crimson, a tree storage system for phylogenetic trees used to evaluate phylogenetic tree reconstruction algorithms within the context of the NSF CIPRes project. A goal of the modeling component of the CIPRes project is to construct a huge simulation tree representing a "gold standard" of evolutionary history against which phylogenetic tree reconstruction algorithms can be tested.In this demonstration, we highlight our storage and indexing strategies and show how Crimson is used for benchmarking phylogenetic tree reconstruction algorithms. We also show how our design can be used to support more general queries over phylogenetic trees.
Fully automatic segmentation of the brain from T1-weighted MRI using Bridge Burner algorithm.

Purpose: To validate Bridge Burner, a new brain segmentation algorithm based on thresholding, connectivity, surface detection, and a new operator of constrained growing. Materials and Methods: T1-weighted MR images were selected at random from three previous neuroimaging studies to represent a spectrum of system manufacturers, pulse sequences, subject ages, genders, and neurological conditions. The ground truth consisted of brain masks generated manually by a consensus of expert observers. All cases were segmented using a common set of parameters. Results: Bridge Burner segmentation errors were 3.4% 1.3% (volume mismatch) and 0.34 0.17 mm (surface mismatch). The disagreement among experts was 3.8% 2.0% (volume mismatch) and 0.48 0.49 mm (surface mismatch). The error obtained using the brain extraction tool (BET), a widely used brain segmentation program, was 8.3% 9.1%. Bridge Burner brain masks are visually similar to the masks generated by human experts. Areas affected by signal intensity nonuniformity artifacts were occasionally undersegmented, and meninges and large sinuses were often falsely classified as the brain tissue. Segmentation of one MRI dataset takes seven seconds.
MicroRNA-target pairs in human renal epithelial cells treated with transforming growth factor β1: a novel role of miR-382

We reported previously an approach for identifying microRNA (miRNA)-target pairs by combining miRNA and proteomic analyses. The approach was applied in the present study to examine human renal epithelial cells treated with transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1), a model of epithelial-mesenchymal transition important for the development of renal interstitial fibrosis. Treatment of human renal epithelial cells with TGFβ1 resulted in upregulation of 16 miRNAs and 18 proteins and downregulation of 17 miRNAs and 16 proteins. Of the miRNAs and proteins that exhibited reciprocal changes in expression, 77 pairs met the sequence criteria for miRNA-target interactions. Knockdown of miR-382, which was up-regulated by TGFβ1, attenuated TGFβ1-induced loss of the epithelial marker E-cadherin. miR-382 was confirmed by 3'-untranslated region reporter assay to target five genes that were downregulated at the protein level by TGFβ1, including superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2). Knockdown of miR-382 attenuated TGFβ1-induced downregulation of SOD2. Overexpression of SOD2 ameliorated TGFβ1-induced loss of the epithelial marker. The study provided experimental evidence in the form of reciprocal expression at the protein level for a large number of predicted miRNA-target pairs and discovered a novel role of miR-382 and SOD2 in the loss of epithelial characteristics induced by TGFβ1.
American Indian Population Recovery following Smallpox Epidemics

Scholars generally agree that American Indian populations were reduced substantially following European contact by a variety of Old World diseases. However, scholarly attention has been devoted almost exclusively to ascertaining mortality during smallpox and other disease episodes and its impact on population size, as typified in “working backwards” to ascertain earlier population size. American Indian populations were dynamic entities, and were constantly changing as members were born, died, or migrated, even if population size from one year to the next was relatively constant. The interaction of disease, mortality, and fertility as well as the age structure of mortality and resulting rates of population growth influenced changes in American Indian population size following experiences with any particular disease. These factors operated to produce either greater or lesser declines than simple mortality rates would suggest. This article presents simulations developed to understand changes in American Indian population size following hypothetical episodes of smallpox.