cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Proactive techniques for correct and predictable internet routing

The Internet is composed of thousands of autonomous, competing networks that exchange reachability information using an interdomain routing protocol. Network operators must continually reconfigure the routing protocols to realize various economic and performance goals. Unfortunately, there is no systematic way to predict how the configuration will affect the behavior of the routing protocol or to determine whether the routing protocol will operate correctly at all. This dissertation develops techniques to reason about the dynamic behavior of Internet routing, based on static analysis of the router configurations, before the protocol ever runs on a live network. Interdomain routing offers each independent network tremendous flexibility in configuring the routing protocols to accomplish various economic and performance tasks. Routing configurations are complex, and writing them is similar to writing a distributed program; the (unavoidable) consequence of configuration complexity is the potential for incorrect and unpredictable behavior. These mistakes and unintended interactions lead to routing faults, which disrupt end-to-end connectivity. Network operators writing configurations make mistakes; they may also specify policies that interact in unexpected ways with policies in other networks. To avoid disrupting network connectivity and degrading performance, operators would benefit from being able to determine the effects of configuration changes before deploying them on a live network; unfortunately, the status quo provides them no opportunity to do so. This dissertation develops the techniques to achieve this goal of proactively ensuring correct and predictable Internet routing. The first challenge in guaranteeing correct and predictable behavior from a routing protocol is defining a specification for correct behavior. We identify three important aspects of correctness---path visibility, route validity, and safety---and develop proactive techniques for guaranteeing that these properties hold. Path visibility states that the protocol disseminates information about paths in the topology; route validity says that this information actually corresponds to those paths; safety says that the protocol ultimately converges to a stable outcome, implying that routing updates actually correspond to topological changes. Armed with this correctness specification, we tackle the second challenge: analyzing routing protocol configurations that may be distributed across hundreds of routers. We develop techniques to check whether a routing protocol satisfies the correctness specification within a single independently operated network. (Copies available exclusively from MIT Libraries, Rm. 14-0551, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307. Ph. 617-253-5668; Fax 617-253-1690.) (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
Effects of the recipient strain and ultraviolet irradiation on transduction kinetics of the penicillinase plasmid of Staphylococcus aureus.

When the penicillinase plasmid of Staphylococcus aureus PS 81(P81)(T81) was transferred to its cured derivative of PS 81(NP)(T81), there was a fivefold increase in the transduction frequency of penicillinase plasmid markers after ultraviolet (UV) irradiation of the phage instead of the expected decrease typical for plasmid-borne markers. These results were independent of the transducing phage, the donor, and the method of curing the recipient and were also obtained with a cured derivative of PS 80(PI80). With PS 52, a naturally occurring penicillin-sensitive strain, and a cured transductant of PS 52 as the recipients, typical plasmid kinetics were observed. The plasmid location of penicillinase plasmid markers in transductants was confirmed by their instability in ethidium bromide (EB). In a cross between isogenic plasmids (PI258penZ cad × PI258penI asa ero), transductants were doubly selected for cadmium and erythromycin resistances. There was a twofold increase in transduction frequency after UV irradiation of the transducing phage and an increase in the proportion of recombinant type transductants. CsCl-EB density centrifugation revealed that plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was present in PS 81(P81)(NT) and its cured derivative [PS 81(NP)(NT)], but not in PS 52. Sucrose gradient analysis of plasmid DNA showed that the penicillinase plasmid of PS 81(P81)(NT) was larger than the plasmid in its cured derivative. Thus, the cured derivative contains plasmid DNA which appears to recombine with the incoming plasmid, causing the rise in transduction frequency noted after UV irradiation of transducing phage.
Free Cash Flow and R&D

This study analyzes the free cash flow problem (Jensen 1986) for internal investments specifically research and development. Hypothetically accounting data will provide monitoring information about the free cash flow agency problem and the extent of the alignment of investor and management interests. In order to do the analysis this study develops a research framework based on work of Modigliani and Miller (1955) and Lang and Litzenberger (1989). In this model market value is derived from cash flows which originate from assets-in-place (earnings information) and growth options (R&D information). Empirical evidence supports this model of firm value. To analyze the management-investor agency issue a research design defines an interaction of a firm's free cash flow with R&D expense in the context of the firm valuation model and examines the interaction effect on stock market returns. There is a significant (.05 level) negative investor reaction to the interaction of R&D expenditure and free cash flow.
Grain boundary percolation modeling of fission gas release in oxide fuels

Abstract We present a new approach to fission gas release modeling in oxide fuels based on grain boundary network percolation. The method accounts for variability in the bubble growth and coalescence rates on individual grain boundaries, and the resulting effect on macroscopic fission gas release. Two-dimensional representations of fuel pellet microstructures are considered, and the resulting gas release rates are compared with traditional 2-stage Booth models, which do not account for long-range percolation on grain boundary networks. The results show that accounting for the percolation of saturated grain boundaries can considerably reduce the predicted gas release rates, particularly when gas resolution is considered.
Sequential Monotherapy of Hypertension

In most cases, the antihypertensive therapy for an individual patient is selected through a process of trial and error. This study determined if, by treating each hypertensive patient sequentially, with six antihypertensive drugs, one from each of the major classes, one could decide on the best possible drug for control of hypertension. In a randomized open-label crossover study, 19 patients (16 male and 3 female), 28–70 years of age with a sitting diastolic blood pressure of 95–110 mm Hg were given atenolol, captopril, clonidine, indapamide, prazosin, and verapamil in a sequential manner. Each drug was started at the minimum recommended or lower dose and titrated upwards every 2 weeks, if well tolerated, until blood pressure was controlled (diastolic BP <90 mm Hg). If blood pressure was controlled, the drug was continued for another 2 weeks. A washout period of at least 2 weeks was allowed between drugs. Both systolic and diastolic blood pressures were reduced significantly with all of the six drugs. In 18 of the 19 patients, blood pressure was controlled with at least one of six drugs, frequently with the lowest dose. The authors conclude that if hypertension is not controlled with the lowest recommended dose of a drug, other antihypertensive drugs should be tried sequentially rather than increasing the dose or adding a second drug.
Silicon-29 NMR. Solvent effects on chemical shifts of silanols and silylamines

The 29Si NMR spectra of six silanols and four silylamines were examined in several solvents of varying electron pair donor ability. A linear correlation was found between the silanol silicon-29 chemical shift and solvent donor ability. The silylamines were considerably less sensitive to solvent. The effect is attributed to hydrogen bonding between the hydroxyl proton of the silanol and an electron pair of the solvent.
Abnormal glucose tolerance in favism.

Oral and intravenous glucose tolerance tests were carried out in 14 G6PD-deficient adult Greek patients, presenting with favism, and in 14 control subjects. Abnormal responses to either or both tests were obtained in 9 patients or 64.3 per cent, compared with none in the controls. Most of the abnormal results were seen among the older patients; age, however, did not seem to account for them. The possible significance of decreased carbohydrate tolerance in G6PD-deficiency is discussed.
A generalized database directory for nondense attributes

Abstract Inverted file directories are known to support query optimization by providing efficient data access paths for nondense attributes. This article describes a generalized index system for nondense attributes which is based on the inverted file structure while providing additional improvements and options. This generalized inverted index is more efficient and flexible than the standard inverted file. A comprehensive set of file directory construction algorithms to implement the generalized inverted index system is presented. Taken as a whole, these algorithms provide the database designer with a great deal of flexibility in optimizing overall space and time efficiency and in best handling the trade-offs involved.
Coumarins III. Identification of the Lactone of Leptotaenia multifida

A lactone, m.p. 161.5°, originally isolated from Leptotaenia multifida Nuttall by Lloyd and Jenkins in 1942 and assigned the formula C 14 H 14 O 4 has been identified as the coumarinic aglycone, columbianetin.
Monochromatic brightness variations of comets. II - Core-mantle model

A class of comets, of which Comet Kohoutek (1973f) is typical, show total as well as monochromatic brightness asymmetries about perihelion. They are fainter after perihelion than before at the same heliocentric distance. A model of the cometary nucleus consisting of a growing non-volatile dust mantle surrounding a volatile icy core is used to discuss this phenomenon.
Anisotropic Reflectance of Snow Observed from Space over the Arctic and Its Effect on Solar Energy Balance

Abstract Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) images of arctic snow reflectance, observed from different satellite passes with the closest pass times on the same day, show different patterns that are related to the sun-satellite geometry. The variation of snow reflectance with view angle can be large or small, depending on the view geometry. Thus, the snow reflectances of a common target, observed from different viewing angles, can be very different and hard to compare. Unfortunately, none represent the actual physical snow albedo, and the error in the converted broadband top of atmosphere (TOA) albedo could easily be larger than 10%, which implies a great effect on the solar radiation balance at TOA. For an accurate estimate of the solar energy budget from satellite observations, an anisotropic correction is required not only for those reflectance images with obvious angular variation, but also for seemingly “isotropic” scenes because this latter case might incorrectly estimate the albedo under general conditions. Two methods, one based on a radiative transfer model and the other on National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) Earth Radiation Budget (ERB) experimental data, have been applied to AVHRR data to implement an anisotropic correction. The results show that both methods can remove the systematic variation of snow reflectance with view angle and can significantly reduce the large observed differences in reflectances from different satellite observations of a common snow target. The radiative transfer model-based method, however, unlike the NOAA experimental method, corrects the reflectances in the two AVHRR channels separately, has higher angular resolution than the NOAA experimental method, and can account for variations in snow condition (e.g., grain size). Moreover, the model-based anisotropic correction shows superior self-consistency compared to that produced by NOAA's experimental-based method. Finally, the model-based method provides a sound theoretical basis for anisotropic correction of satellite images of arctic snow reflectance.
Sexual Profiteering and Rhetorical Assuagement: Examining Ethos and Identity at Playboy.com

This paper is a rhetorical exploration of Playboy.com and its attempt to manage ethos and identity. Online groups have embraced the Web for its potential to connect them to users directly, but they must now face rising security problems, the lack of traditional gatekeeping controls, and a rapidly changing environment. Playboy has to confront not only these medium-oriented difficulties, but also its own unique exigencies if it wishes to develop and maintain its credibility with target audiences. Drawing upon classical conceptions of ethos and also contemporary theories of identity, this investigation reveals that a large range of linguistic and non-linguistic techniques is possible to negotiate these demands. Specifically, Playboy attempts to create an identity that can assuage the doubts of visitors, which is the first step toward gaining their loyalty and money as members. What they pay for, however, is not only the Playboy lifestyle and beautiful women, but also a sexual identity of control, confidence, and status.
The relation between treatment and prognosis of childhood membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis.

AbstractBackground: The prognostic factors, the outcome and the most favorable treatment regimen are not entirely known for children with membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN). MPGN is a rarely observed disease more prevalent in adolescents, so we aimed to review the clinical and histological properties, treatments and the outcome of our patients who were diagnosed as MPGN. Methods: Fifty-one children – diagnosed with MPGN – were selected from biopsy records in Dr. Sami Ulus Maternity and Children's Hospital Pediatric Nephrology Department from January 1999 to January 2011. A retrospective analysis was made of 33 regularly followed children. Results: Thirty-three patients were identified, 13 female and 20 male. Their age groups at presentation ranged from 4 to 15 years. The following duration was 26–144 months (mean 74). Following the initial treatment, 20 (60%) patients achieved complete remission. Six patients with nephrotic syndrome and one with non-nephrotic proteinuria showed partial remiss...
Collision coupling, crosstalk, and compartmentalization in G-protein coupled receptor systems: can a single model explain disparate results?

The collision coupling model describes interactions between receptors and G-proteins as first requiring the molecules to find each other by diffusion. A variety of experimental data on G-protein activation have been interpreted as suggesting (or not) the compartmentalization of receptors and/or G-proteins in addition to a collision coupling mechanism. In this work, we use a mathematical model of G-protein activation via collision coupling but without compartmentalization to demonstrate that these disparate observations do not imply the existence of such compartments. In experiments with GTP analogs (commonly GTPγS), the extent of G-protein activation is predicted to be a function of both receptor number and the rate of GTP analog hydrolysis. The sensitivity of G-protein activation to receptor number is shown to be dependent upon the assay used, with the sensitivity of phosphate production assays (GTPase) >GTPγS-binding assays >cAMP inhibition assays. Finally, the amount of competition or crosstalk between receptor species activating the same type of G-proteins is predicted to depend on receptor and G-protein number, but in some (common) experimental regimes this dependence is expected to be minimal. Taken together, these observations suggest that the collision coupling model, without compartments of receptors and/or G-proteins, is sufficient to explain a variety of observations in literature data.
Analysis of the use of limit numbers in ANSI ZI-4 using a simulation model

ANSI Zl-4 is a set of sampling plans and procedures for sampling inspection by attributes which includes provisions for switching between normal, tightened, and reduced inspections as a function of the quality history. In the latest version of ANSI Zl-4 (American National Standard 1981), the switching rules were revised to simplify its use. Specifically, the use of the limit numbers in switching between normal and reduced inspections was made optional. Moreover, a statement in the standard suggests that the use of limit numbers will have little impact on the performance of the scheme. This paper describes the use of a simulation model to explore the effect of using the limit number criterion on the scheme's performance. The use of the limit numbers significantly impacted all seven of the performance measures across the 36 levels of sample size, acceptance number, And quality level examined in this study. The use of the optional limit numbers reduced the lots inspected prior to termination by 21%, the tran...
Music and Soviet Power: 1917–1932

In recent years, historians and musicologists have challenged preconceptions concerning the relationship between music and political power in the Soviet Union. Among others, Amy Nelson and Kiril To...
Insulin-stimulated Interaction between Insulin Receptor Substrate 1 and p85α and Activation of Protein Kinase B/Akt Require Rab5

Binding of insulin to the insulin receptor initiates a cascade of protein phosphorylation and effector recruitment events leading to the activation of multiple distinct signaling pathways. Previous studies suggested that the diversity and specificity of insulin signal transduction are accomplished by both subcellular localization of receptor and the selective activation of downstream signaling molecules. The small GTPase Rab5 is a key regulator of endocytosis. Three Rab5 isoforms (Rab5a, -5b, and -5c) have been identified. Here we exploited the RNA interference technique to specifically knock down individual Rab5 isoforms to determine the cellular function of Rab5 in distinct insulin signaling pathways. Small interference RNA against a single Rab5 isoform had no effect on protein kinase B (PKB)/Akt or MAPK activation by insulin in NIH3T3 cells overexpressing human insulin receptor. However, simultaneous knockdown of all three Rab5 isoforms dramatically attenuated PKB/Akt activation by insulin without affecting MAPK activation. This inhibition of PKB/Akt activation was because of the impaired interaction between insulin receptor substrate 1 and the p85α subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. These results indicate a requirement of Rab5 in presenting p85 to insulin receptor substrate 1. Additional evidence supporting a role for Rab5 was suggested by studies with GAPex-5, a vps9 domain containing exchange factor. Down-regulation of GAPex-5 impaired insulin-stimulated PKB/Akt activation. Collectively, this study indicates the involvement of Rab5 in insulin signaling.
Microvascular permeability of normal and neoplastic tissues.

A novel, noninvasive method was developed for microvascular permeability measurements in non-malignant (mature granulation) and neoplastic (VX2 carcinoma) tissues grown in the rabbit ear chamber. Dextran of 150,000 molecular weight, tagged with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), was used as a representative tracer molecule. In vivo plasma concentration of dextran was measured by photometric analysis of the plasma layer of microvessels in the ear chamber. The plasma concentration in both normal and tumor preparations rose rapidly to a steady state with a time constant of 4.06 ± 0.2 sec, and remained relatively constant at that level for the next 2 hr (elimination time constant = 1.77 ± 0.9 × 105 sec). Extravasation of macromolecules from individual microvessels into the extravascular space was measured with the same photometric technique. Interstitial diffusion coefficients and microvascular permeability coefficients were determined by fitting a one-dimensional permeability-diffusion model to the extravasation data. The diffusivity of dextran in tumor interstitium was 2.2 ± 1.4 × 10−8 cm2/sec (n = 6) and in granulation tissue interstitium was 6.7 ± 4.4 × 10−10 cm2/sec (n = 6). Microvascular permeability in tumors was 7.26 ± 3.29 × 10−8 cm/sec (n = 11) and in granulation tissue was 57.24 ± 39.24 × 10−8 cm/sec (n = 10). These results on increased permeability (8-fold; P < 0.002) and increased diffusivity (33-fold; P < 0.001) in tumors provide a rational basis for the use of largemolecular-weight agents in the detection and treatment of solid tumors.
Chronic low-dose lesion equilibrium along genes : measurement, molecular epidemiology, and theory of the minimal relevant dose

Spontaneous mutations seem to be caused almost entirely by endogenous lesions. The pattern of these lesions along a gene represents an equilibrium between damage and repair. A pattern can be measured using ligation-mediated PCR (polymerase chain reaction) and a large chronic dose of a suspected endogenous mutagen. A study using dimethylsulfate-induced 7meGuanine lesions indicates that the exogenously induced pattern depends on how methyl purine glycosylase recognizes sequence context and, for this lesion, the pattern may be independent of the mutagen's dose.
Industrial Organization: Some Applications for Managerial Decisions

performance of the market (P), or S -C-P, is a useful framework for understanding how markets and industries work. It has long been the basis of policy prescriptions for noncompetitive industries. However, dissatisfaction has arisen over the applicability of IO research findings to private, firm-level problems (Padberg and Westgren 1983). Also, a number of papers (Handy and Padberg, Padberg, Padberg and Westgren 1979, Shaffer) have appeared in this Journal during the past two decades which question the use of the IO paradigm for evaluating food system performance and its applicability to more complex seller-consumer interactions. Over the same period, several papers have been published in the Journal which rely on "pure" industrial organization (Parker and Connor, Connor 1981, Marion 1979), though their emphasis is largely on public policy implications. In this paper I argue that the IO paradigm is a useful framework for private as well as public decision makers. I address some criticisms of the IO paradigm, identify some examples of recent research which have direct private sector applicability, and suggest some areas for further research.
Chemoselective acylation for the synthesis of model compounds of polynucleotide analogs

Synthese de N-pentyl-3(adenineyl-9)-2 propionamide et N-diethyl) adeninoyl-9)-2 propionamide. Preparation de poly(vinylamine-alcool vinylique) contenant des derives de la thymine optiquement actifs comme groupes lateraux greffes
Area Deformation of Membranes from the Perspective of 2H NMR and X-ray Scattering

We address the hypothesis that functions of cellular membranes are affected by non-specific lipid-protein interactions due to bilayer material properties that depend on both pressure and temperature [1]. Changes of either pressure or temperature cause lipid bilayer deformations that are quantified by 2H NMR and X-ray scattering for membranes under osmotic stress. We present measurements of membrane structural parameters such as bilayer thickness and the area per lipid by employing a mean-torque analysis [2-3] of 2H solid-state NMR results together with X-ray scattering data. The 2H NMR experiments for both hydration pressure (low water content) and osmotic pressure (with poly(ethyleneglycol)) show that the segmental order parameters (SCD) of DMPC approach very large values of ≈ 0.35 in the liquid-crystalline state. These two pressures are thermodynamically equivalent, because the change in chemical potential when transferring water from the interlamellar space to the bulk water phase corresponds to the induced pressure, as experimentally verified by NMR measurements [4]. By considering the equations of state at thermal equilibrium, we extend this approach to address the correspondence between osmotic pressure and hydrostatic pressure. Area per lipid measured using both NMR and X-ray measurements provides a thermodynamic parameter that quantifies membrane deformations [2]. Combined analysis of NMR and X-ray allows us to further test our understanding of dehydration and osmotic stress-induced membrane deformation. We conclude that solid-state 2H NMR spectroscopy and X-ray scattering together with bilayer membrane stress techniques are important tools for understanding of the mechanism of pressure sensitivity of membrane proteins. [1] A.V. Botelho et al. (2006) Biophys. J.91, 4464-4477. [2] H.I. Petrache et al. (2000) Biophys. J.79, 3172-3192. [3] H.I. Petrache et al. (2001) JACS 123, 12611-12622. [4] K.J. Mallikarjunaiah et al. Biophys. J.(in press).
Optimal marker placement in photogrammetry patient positioning system.

A photogrammetry-based patient positioning system has been used instead of the conventional laser alignment technique for patient set-up in external beam radiotherapy. It tracks skin affixed reflective markers with multiple infrared cameras. The three-dimensional (3D) positions of the markers provide reference information to determine the treatment plan isocenter location and hence provide the ability to position the lesion at the isocenter of the treatment linear accelerator. However, in current clinical practice for lung or liver lesion treatments, fiducial markers are usually randomly affixed onto the patients’ chest and abdomen, so that the actual target registration error (TRE) of the internal lesions inside the body may be large, depending on the fiducial registration error (FRE). There exists an optimal marker configuration that can minimize the TRE. In this paper, we developed methods to design the patient-specific optimal configurations of the surface makers to minimize the TRE, given the patient’s surface contour, the lesion position and the FRE. Floating genetic algorithm (GA) optimization was used to optimize the positions of the skin markers. The surface curve of the patient body was determined by an automatic segmentation algorithm from the planning CT. The method was evaluated using a body phantom implanted with a metal ball (a simulated target). By registering two CT scans using the surface markers and measuring the displacement of the target, the TRE was measured. The TRE was also measured by taking two orthogonal portal films after positioning the phantom using the photogrammetry based patient positioning system. A 50% reduction in TRE has been achieved by using the optimal configuration compared to the random configuration. This result demonstrates that the optimization of a fiducial configuration can result in improved tumor targeting ability.
Grasp force control in telemanipulation

This paper presents two experiments which focus upon the issue of grasp force control in telemanipulation. The first experiment examines the ability to control and stabilize master-controller grasp force during a 30-s compensatory tracking task under different levels of master controller digit mass, friction, and backlash. The second experiment explores the potential for substituting tactile feedback in lieu of direct force-feedback to gage and control remote grasp force. Results show that subjects were better able to control force when mass and friction levels were increased. Even when perceptual gains between tactile and direct force feedback displays were matched, force reflection produced better grasp control. The lack of backlash effects and improvements in performance with direct force reflection in comparison to tactile feedback are attributable to reflexive short-loop adjustment of grasp tension afforded by the muscle's length-tension control system. The criterion of acceptable operator performance, dependent upon both the quality of the transmission of control commands and feedback, and the response of the remote device, is discussed.
Advanced Mid-IR laser spectrometers for identifying the origin of earth’s cirrus clouds and life on Mars

Tunable laser spectrometers are described, one on an aircraft for measurement of water isotopes to identify cirrus origin, and another on the 2009 Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) Mission for measuring methane and 13C/12C on Mars.
Group dream work: a holistic resource for oncology nurses.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES To explore dream work as a possible means for nurses to increase self-understanding and problem solving in personal and professional life. DESIGN Hermeneutic phenomenologic, descriptive, and interpretive. SETTING A comprehensive cancer center in the southern United States. SAMPLE Six nurses with a mean age of 40 and 1-10 years of oncology nursing experience. METHODS Interviews, guided by descriptive and interpretive phenomenology, were conducted with nurses before and one and six months after they participated in eight weekly sessions of a group focused on dream work. Phenomenologic analysis was done on verbatim transcriptions of all interviews. FINDINGS Nurses found value in participating in dream groups, including having more open discussions about feelings and death, managing difficult situations, and attending to patients in the present. CONCLUSIONS The value of learning to attend to dreams may be subtle but has value to nurses. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING Incorporating dream work is one holistic intervention that may be useful to improve job satisfaction, communication, and relationships in this time of nursing shortage.
Droplet Interface Bilayer as Cell Membrane Mimics: Water Permeability Studies

The process of water permeation across lipid membranes has significant implications for cellular physiology and homeostasis, and its study may lead to a greater understanding of the relationship between the structure of lipid bilayer and the role that lipid structure plays in water permeation. We have created a biomimetic artificial membrane, through contact of water droplets in an oil solution containing lipids. Using optical microscopy, we have measured water transport between droplets, as water moves from one droplet to another due to concentration difference. This was assessed as a function of lipid content, structure, and additives, such as cholesterol, which is an essential component of cell membrane. Our results show that cholesterol can increase the activation energy of water permeability several-fold, depending upon the structure of the lipid that makes up the bilayer, thus shedding light on how this singular sterol is vital to control of water movement. We demonstrate that the droplet interface bilayer can be employed as a convenient model membrane to rapidly explore subtle structural effects on bilayer water permeability.
Biomechanical Measurement of Spastic Plantarflexors

A study was conducted to determine the feasibility of quantifying spasticity in plantarflexors by measuring the resistance to passive dorsiflexion of the ankle joint at several constant angular speeds. Repeated testing was conducted on normal subjects and spastic patients. Good repeatability was found for both groups and both groups were found to differ significantly from each other with respect to the measurement variable. The method will provide a useful tool for quantifying alterations in plantarflexor spasticity which result from various surgical and non-surgical treatments.
Monitoring for nosocomial noninfectious complications: a classification system that parallels the NNIS definitions for infectious complications.

In 1985 our review article entitled “Monitoring: Surveillance for Nosocomial Infections and Uses for Assessing Quality of Care”’ began with a 1978 quotation from Avedis Donabedian: . . . We have granted the health professions access to the most secret and sensitive places in ourselves, and entrusted to them matters that touch on our well-being, happiness, and survival. In return, we have expected the professions to govern themselves so strictly that we need have no fear of exploitation or incompetence. The object of quality assessment is to determine how successful they have been in doing so; and the purpose of quality monitoring is to exercise constant surveillance so that departure from standards can be detected early and corrected.2
The Free and Forced Vibrations of a Closed Elastic Spherical Shell Fixed to an Equatorial Beam-Part II: Perturbation Approximations

The two small parameters that appear in the final equations developed in Part I (Simmonds and Hosseinbor, 2010, "The Free and Forced Vibrations of a Closed Elastic Spherical Shell Fixed to an Equatorial Beam—Part I: The Governing Equations and Special Solutions," ASME J. Appl. Mech., 77, p. 021017), namely, h/R, the ratio of the constant shell thickness to the radius of curvature of the shell's reference surface and H/R, where H is the depth (or width) of the equatorial beam, are exploited using perturbation techniques (including the WKB method). The natural frequencies depend not only on these parameters, but also on the ratio of the mass densities of the shell and beam, the ratio of the Young moduli of the shell and beam, Poisson's ratio, and the circumferential wave number m. Short tables for typical parameter values are given for those cases where the frequency equation is not explicit.
Hyperon Weak Radiative Decays

Abstract The present status of weak radiative hyperon decays is reviewed. Recent experimental results on the decays Λ → nγ, Σ+ → pγ, Ξ− → Σ−γ, and Ω − → Ξ − γ are summarized and compared with theoretical developments.
Terbium as an alternative for luminescence sensing of temperature of thermal barrier coating materials

Abstract Previous work has demonstrated the utility of europium doping into 7YSZ for luminescence sensing of temperature in TBC systems by the luminescence decay time of the europium chromophore after pulsed laser excitation, with sensitivity up to 1100 °C. Based on relative energy gaps and a multi-phonon relaxation model, terbium is predicted to yield longer decay times than europium and allow extension of the temperature sensitivity to higher temperatures. Therefore, terbium doping as a chromophore for luminescence sensing of current thermal barrier coatings is investigated. Terbium doping is found to be ineffective in both yttria-stabilized zirconia and gadolinium zirconate (GZO) because of the formation of Tb 4+ . However, terbium doping in gadolinium aluminum perovskite (Tb:GaAlO 3 ) gives rise to strong luminescence bands. Luminescence decay measurements indicate that Tb:GaAlO 3 has potential as a thermographic sensor to at least 1250 °C. Further, the brightness of Tb:GdAlO 3 at moderate and high temperatures is found to exceed that of Eu:7YSZ. The phase compatibility of Tb:GaAlO 3 with alumina and gadolinium zirconate is suitable for luminescence temperature sensing both at a TGO interface and on the surface of a GZO coating.
Complex single step skull reconstruction in Gorham's disease - a technical report and review of the literature.

Background: Gorham’s disease is a rare osteolytic disorder characterized by progressive resorption of bone and replacement of osseous matrix by a proliferative non-neoplastic vascular or lymphatic tissue. A standardized treatment protocol has not yet been defined due to the unpredictable natural history of the disease and variable clinical presentations. No single treatment has proven to be superior in arresting the course of the disease. Trials have included surgery, radiation and medical therapies using drugs such as calcium salts, vitamin D supplements and hormones. We report on our advantageous experience in the management of this osteolyic disorder in a case when it affected only the skull vault. A brief review of pertinent literature about Gorham’ sd isease with skull involvement is provided. Case presentation: A 25-year-old Caucasian male presented with a skull depression over the left fronto-temporal region. He noticed progressive enlargement of the skull defect associated with local pain and mild headache. Physical examination revealed a tender palpable depression of the fronto-temporal convexity. Conventional X-ray of the skull showed widespread loss of bone substance. Subsequent CT scans showed features of patchy erosions indicative of an underlying osteolysis. MRI also revealed marginal enhancement at the site of the defect. The patient was in need of a pathological diagnosis as well as complex reconstruction of the afflicted area. A density graded CT scan was done to determine the variable degrees of osteolysis and a custom made allograft was designed for cranioplasty preoperatively to allow for a single step excisional craniectomy with synchronous skull repair. Gorham’s disease was diagnosed based on histopathological examination. No neurological deficit or wound complications were reported postoperatively. Over a two-year follow up period, the patient had no evidence of local recurrence or other systemic involvement. Conclusions: A single step excisional craniectomy and cranioplasty can be an effective treatment for patients with Gorham’s disease affecting the skull vault only. Preoperative planning by a density graded CT aids to design a synthetic bone flap and is beneficial in skull reconstruction. Systemic involvement is variable in this patient’s population.
From dispensing to disposal: the role of student pharmacists in medication disposal and the implementation of a take-back program.

Abstract Objectives To decrease the amount of pharmaceuticals present in our community's water supply, reduce the accidental and intentional ingestion of pharmaceuticals, and increase awareness of proper medication disposal. Setting Knoxville, TN, from November 2008 to November 2009. Practice description Medication and thermometer collection events were held at various community retail establishments. Community officials and students collaborated to plan advertising, implementation, and appropriate medication and thermometer disposal. Event volunteers set up easily accessible tents and tables in high-traffic areas to collect unused medications, mercury thermometers, and recyclable medication bottles. Practice innovation Student pharmacists worked cooperatively with community partners to collect unused medications and exchange thermometers. Main outcome measures Pounds of recyclables collected, pounds of medications collected, and number of thermometers exchanged. Results The events increased community awareness of appropriate medication disposal and pharmacists' roles in safe use of medications. From November 2008 to November 2009, more than 1,100 pounds of unwanted medications were collected through events and the drop box. Additionally, more than 470 pounds of recyclable packaging material was collected and 535 mercury thermometers exchanged. Conclusion Student pharmacists can partner with community officials and businesses to provide safe and appropriate medication and mercury thermometer disposal.
Five Types of Child Maltreatment and Subsequent Delinquency: Physical Neglect as the Most Significant Predictor

Past researchers have often reported that childhood and adolescent maltreatment increases the likelihood of, or is related to, juvenile criminality. However, research examining how specific types of maltreatment (physical abuse, emotional abuse, sexual abuse, physical neglect, emotional neglect) relate to later delinquent offense (violent crime, nonviolent crime, status offending, property offending) is minimal. The aim of this study was to augment and expand upon this scant literature. One hundred and sixty one male juvenile delinquents held in six residential treatment facilities in a Midwestern state, were the subjects of this study. Each participant filled out the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) and the Self-Reported Delinquency measure (SRD) in addition to demographic information. We found that physical neglect is the most significant predictor of violent crime, nonviolent crime, property offending, and status offending. Implications are discussed.
Validation of 1,3-dichloropropene plus chloropicrin broadcast application in tomato grower fields

ABSTRACT There is a need to test the efficacy of weed control technologies on a commercial scale. Therefore, large-plot field studies were conducted on tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) farms during 1999 and 2000 to compare the effect of 1,3-dichloropropene + chloropicrin (1,3-D + Pic) application methods on rootknot nematode (Meloidogyne spp.), nutsedge (Cyperus spp.) populations, and tomato growth and fruit yield. Treatments were 1,3-D + Pic (65:35 v/v) applied broadcast at 250 L.ha−1; 1,3-D + Pic (65:35 v/v) applied in-bed at 330 L.ha−1; and methyl bromide (MBr) + Pic (67:33 v/v) applied in-bed at 350 kg.ha−1. Both 1,3-D + Pic treatments received a broadcast application of the herbicide pebulate at a rate of 4 kg.ha−1 before fumigant injection. The results indicated that MBr + Pic and 1,3-D + Pic applied in-bed + pebulate resulted in the lowest rootknot counts, with nearly three times less nematodes than treatment with 1,3-D + Pic applied broadcast + pebulate. However, there were no differences am...
Numerical analysis of injection molding of glass fiber reinforced thermoplastics. Part 1: Injection pressures and flow

Numerical calculations of flow and injection pressures during injection molding of fiber-filled thermoplastics are compared to experimental measurements. The flow is modeled as a 2-D. nonisothermal, free-surface flow with a new viscosity model dependent upon temperature. pressure, and fiber concentration. The steady-state viscosity model is developed to account for the fiber-concentration and shear-thinning viscosities of the polymer based upon combining the Dinh-Armstrong fiber model with the Carreau viscosity model. The new model has four parameters, three from the Carreau model and one from Dinh-Armstrong for fiber concentrations. The new model calculates reasonably well the steady-state viscosity of fiber-filled polypropylene over the shear rate range of 0.01 s -1 to 20 s 1 . The numerical work successfully describes the flow of fiber-filled polymers during injection molding using finite-difference solutions for the transport equations and marker particles to track the flow front. The comparisons between the calculated and measured pressure drops for an injection molded part were reasonable for the unfilled and fiber-filled polypropylene materials. The pressure drop comparison is very good for slow fill of a base case resin, Himont polypropylene, but not as good for fast fill of the resin. The pressure drop comparison is very good for fast fill of glass-filled resin, DSM polypropylene with 10% and 20°K short fibers, but not as good for slow fill of the resin and resin plus fibers.
The effects of different vibrational modes and collision energy on the reaction of acetylene cations with carbonyl sulfide

Resonance‐enhanced multiphoton ionization has been used to produce beams of vibrationally state‐selected acetylene cations. The ions are formed with excitation in either the symmetric C–C stretch (ν2) or in a bending mode (ν5). Reactions with OCS have been studied in a guided ion‐beam mass spectrometer. Absolute cross sections for the production of OCS+ and C2HnS+ (n=1,2) are reported for collision energies ranging from 80 meV to 5 eV. Charge transfer is observed to be enhanced by bending excitation, suppressed by C–C stretching vibration, and only weakly affected by collision energy. In contrast, the C2HnS+ channels are strongly collision energy dependent, with vibrational effects that vary with collision energy. The effects of bending and stretching excitation are qualitatively similar; however, the size of the effects are different and are not what would be expected on energetic grounds. These results are contrasted to the situation for reaction of mode selectively excited C2H+2 with methane.
Cost-effectiveness of negative pressure wound therapy for postsurgical patients in long-term acute care.

OBJECTIVES:To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) using reticulated open-cell foam (NPWT/ROCF) as delivered by a Vacuum-Assisted Closure* (KCI Licensing, Inc, San Antonio, Texas) in patients with complex wounds in a long-term acute care (LTAC) setting. These pat
Genotoxicity assessment of oxirane‐based dental monomers in mammalian cells

The potential use of oxirane (epoxy) monomers in dental composite development raises the concern to test their genetic safety. Oxiranes can interact with DNA resulting in DNA damage, mutations, and possibly carcinogenesis. Our objective was to evaluate DNA damage and cell-cycle disruption in mammalian cells after exposure to epoxy monomers. The experimental oxiranes were Araldite trade mark GY 281, Cyracure trade mark UVR 6105 and 1,3-dioxane-2,2'-1,3-dioxane-5',4'-bicyclo[4.1.0] heptane (DECHE-TOSU). L929 fibroblast cells were incubated with the monomer for 7 and 24 h at 37 degrees C/5% CO(2). After incubation, cells were subjected to DNA damage alkaline unwinding assay and flow cytometry cell-cycle analysis. Lack of DNA damage and cell-cycle effects were observed with DECHE-TOSU. Exposure to subtoxic doses of Araldite trade mark GY 281 or Cyracure trade mark UVR 6105 caused DNA damage and cell cycle disruption. A significant (p < 0.01) effect for Araldite trade mark GY 281 was observed with cell populations in G1 and G2/M when compared to DMSO solvent control. Similar comparisons revealed significant differences in G2/M cell cycle population after 24-h exposure to 100 microM Cyracure trade mark UVR 6105. For comparison, BISGMA was evaluated to produce DNA damage but without cell-cycle effects suggesting DNA repair mechanisms were effective. Our findings with DECHE-TOSU, Araldite trade mark GY 281 and Cyracure trade mark UVR 6105 indicated cell-cycle disruption followed DNA damage.
Membrane technology and biotechnology

Abstract The rapidly growing field of biotechnology, which now encompasses sophisticated fermentation processes utilizing normal and genetically altered microorganisms, biochemical conversions employing immobilized enzymes and cells, and the production of biological products from mammalian cell cultures, is demanding increasingly more efficient and economic means of culturing microorganisms, of recovering and isolating costly labile products, and of disposing of objectionable toxic wastes. Membrane and membrane-separation technology is finding increasing attention today as a means for solving these problems. Continuous crossflow filtration with microporous or ultrafiltration membranes is now being used to separate cells from supernatant in whole fermentation broths with high product recovery, and elimination of a major waste-disposal problem. Reverse osmosis and ultrafiltration are receiving increased attention as a means for concentrating fermentation liquors to facilitate final product recovery, or for demineralizing or removing colloidal impurities from product-containing solutions to improve product yield and purity. Hollow-fiber membrane devices have been found to serve as excellent “artificial capillary beds” for the maintenance of mammalian cell cultures; such devices are now being used as artificial organs, and for the production of hormones, viruses, vaccines, and antibodies for diagnostic and therapeutic uses. Recently, hollow-membrane fibers have been shown to be attractive media for the growth and support of microbial (bacteria, yeast, etc.) populations at very high cell densities (1012/cm3), and may provide the basis for a new family of high-capacity, continuous-production bioreactors. Immobilized enzyme reactors, which employ membranes as matrices for enzyme containment, are now gaining increasing popularity for the conduct of continuous biochemical transformations. In addition, enzyme-containing membranes are showing considerable promise in the development of novel electrochemical and thermo-chemical sensors for detection and measurement of complex biochemical substances; such sensors are expected to play an important role in the design of control instrumentation for biochemical manufacturing processes.