cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
2188. Effectiveness of a Risk-Stratified Measles Post-Exposure Prophylaxis Strategy to Prevent Nosocomial Transmission

Background Measles is a highly contagious disease and nosocomial outbreaks have been documented. Pediatric hospitals are particularly at risk due to the concentration of susceptible patients such as infants <12 months old or with immunocompromised status. Effective strategies to control nosocomial measles transmission will be critical for successful measles elimination. We reviewed the impact of our hospital’s approach for post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) against measles.
Iron accentuated reactive oxygen species release by NADPH oxidase in activated microglia contributes to oxidative stress in vitro

Excessive iron contributes to oxidative stress after central nervous system injury. NADPH oxidase (NOX) enzymes are upregulated in microglia after pro-inflammatory activation and contribute to oxidative stress. The relationship between iron, microglia, NOX, and oxidative stress is currently unclear. We evaluated the effects of iron on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated microglia and its secondary effect within neuronal co-cultures. Further, NOX2 and four specific inhibitors were tested to evaluate the relationship with the reactive oxygen species (ROS)-producing enzymes. An iron dose-dependent increase in ROS production among microglia treated with LPS was identified. Interestingly, despite this increase in ROS, inflammatory polarization alterations were not detected among the microglia after exposure to iron and LPS. Co-culture experimentation between primary neurons and exposed microglia (iron and LPS) significantly reduced neuronal cell number at 24 h, suggesting a profound neurotoxic effect despite the lack of a change in polarization phenotype. NOX2 and NOX4 inhibition significantly reduced ROS production among microglia exposed to iron and LPS and reduced neuronal damage and death in response to microglial co-culture. In conclusion, iron significantly increased ROS production and neurotoxicity without exacerbating LP-activated microglia phenotype in vitro, suggesting that iron contributes to microglia-related oxidative stress, and this may be a viable therapeutic target for injury or neurodegeneration. Further, this study highlights both NOX2 and NOX4 as potential therapeutic targets in the treatment of iron-induced microglia-related inflammation and neurotoxicity.
NDR Kinase Sid2 Drives Anillin-like Mid1 from the Membrane to Promote Cytokinesis and Medial Division Site Placement

Summary In animals and fungi, cytokinesis is facilitated by the constriction of an actomyosin contractile ring (CR) [ 1 ]. In Schizosaccharomyces pombe, the CR forms mid-cell during mitosis from clusters of proteins at the medial cell cortex called nodes [ 2 ]. The anillin-like protein Mid1 localizes to nodes and is required for CR assembly at mid-cell [ 3 ]. When CR constriction begins, Mid1 leaves the division site. How Mid1 disassociates and whether this step is important for cytokinetic progression has been unknown. The septation initiation network (SIN), analogous to the Hippo pathway of multicellular organisms, is a signaling cascade that triggers node dispersal, CR assembly and constriction, and septum formation [ 4 , 5 ]. We report that the terminal SIN kinase, Sid2 [ 6 ], phosphorylates Mid1 to drive its removal from the cortex at CR constriction onset. A Mid1 mutant that cannot be phosphorylated by Sid2 remains cortical during cytokinesis, over-accumulates in interphase nodes following cell division in a manner dependent on the SAD kinase Cdr2, advances the G2/M transition, precociously recruits other CR components to nodes, pulls Cdr2 aberrantly into the CR, and reduces rates of CR maturation and constriction. When combined with cdr2 mutants that affect node assembly or disassembly, gross defects in division site positioning result. Our findings identify Mid1 as a key Sid2 substrate for SIN-mediated remodeling of the division site for efficient cytokinesis and provide evidence that nodes serve to integrate signals coordinating cell cycle progression and cytokinesis.
Fugitive Teacher Education: Nurturing Pedagogical Possibilities in Early Childhood Education.

This article argues for the necessity of fugitivity in teacher education to interrupt and subvert the current regime of standardization in public education. Centering the voices of teachers and tea...
City Branding and the Link to Urban Planning: Theories, Practices, and Challenges:

Through a critical reading of city branding theories and practices, this article identifies a nexus between city branding and urban planning related to master planning and placemaking. It brings at...
Instantaneous-Power-Theory-Based Approach for Electromagnetic Transient Modeling of Loads at Bulk Supply Points

This paper develops an approach based on Instantaneous Power Theory (IPT) for electromagnetic transient (EMT) modeling of loads at bulk supply points. The approach is developed because an EMT model can indicate the instantaneous load characteristics with a time step much smaller than the period of the system, which is not applicable to traditional load modeling where only RMS values are concerned. The EMT modeling of loads is to model the instantaneous currents of loads. In the approach, the real and reactive powers of loads are considered as instantaneous powers, and IPT is used to derive the instantaneous currents. The EMT modeling approach is simulated in an equivalent network of a real grid with voltage disturbances and validated with different load models. The load characteristics of all load models in this approach highly match those in traditional load modeling but with a smaller time step than that of traditional load modeling.
The effect of microbiome exposure at birth on pediatric outcomes using a twin cohort discordant for microbiome exposure at birth.

Objective: Microbiome exposure at birth has been associated with long-term pediatric outcomes. However, it is difficult to determine if differences in outcomes are truly due to microbiome exposure ...
Update on molecular companion diagnostics - a future in personalized medicine beyond Sanger sequencing.

The merging of molecular diagnostics with personalized medicine has led to a surge in development of molecular-based companion diagnostics. Companion diagnostics, defined as ‘a medical device, ofte...
Using Coauthor Networks to Extract Topics in Information Systems

Detecting and labeling various research groups in the Information Systems (IS) field is crucial to understand the community. Building author collaboration networks and analyzing highly ranked historical publication records are straightforward to approach this goal. In this paper, we collect top IS journal papers to build multiple implicit coauthor networks. We study structural properties of networks, especially eigenvector centrality because it indicates the influence of a node. We propose a hierarchical community detection algorithm to identify different research groups. Topic modeling is applied to extract topics for each community. Our results show that the coauthor network of Decision Science Systems (DSS) journal has the highest level of collaboration compared to coauthor networks of other journals. We also found that topics on the individual community level tend to be more specific compared to those on the overall level. In the future, we plan to study dynamics of networks and their implications.
Direct detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA using high-contrast pH-sensitive dyes

Abstract The worldwide COVID-19 pandemic has had devastating effects on health, healthcare infrastructure, social structure, and economics. One of the limiting factors in containing the spread of this virus has been the lack of widespread availability of fast, inexpensive, and reliable methods for testing of individuals. Frequent screening for infected and often asymptomatic people is a cornerstone of pandemic management plans. Here, we introduce two pH sensitive ‘LAMPshade’ dyes as novel readouts in an isothermal RT- LAMP amplification assay for SARS-CoV-2 RNA. The resulting JaneliaLAMP (jLAMP) assay is robust, simple, inexpensive, has low technical requirements and we describe its use and performance in direct testing of contrived and clinical samples without RNA extraction.
Post-scandal Organizational (Dis)order: A Grounded-Theory Approach Shifting from Murphy’s Law to Safer Regulatory Environments

The literature shows that, in the wake of negative media exposition, organizations’ self-regulation tends to be strengthened. We investigate such motivation from the perspective of the psychosocial consequences in executives’ and organizational self-confidence. A grounded-theory approach supports findings from 27 different events described by top-level executives from major publicly traded organizations. Their testimonies document that scandalous episodes, when they occur, leave a trauma footprint within the organizational and individual consciousness because of the perceived post-event humiliation, remorse, guilt, and fear. The paradigm of reliance and trust in the designed structures is severely altered. In turn, a climate of excessive self-regulation explains the recovery from the traumatic experience. New boundaries for regulatory balance, also called “the confidence zone,” exists until design changes coalesce with organizational blame to create the perception that reputational safety has been achieved. Fears of subsequent media scrutiny are mitigated by the perception of moral safety based on governance. Consequently, the over-regulatory response comprises the organizations’ healing process as they recover from the psychosocial trauma caused by media exposition.
Improved Hardness of BDD and SVP Under Gap-(S)ETH.

$\newcommand{\Z}{\mathbb{Z}}$ We show improved fine-grained hardness of two key lattice problems in the $\ell_p$ norm: Bounded Distance Decoding to within an $\alpha$ factor of the minimum distance ($\mathrm{BDD}_{p, \alpha}$) and the (decisional) $\gamma$-approximate Shortest Vector Problem ($\mathrm{SVP}_{p,\gamma}$), assuming variants of the Gap (Strong) Exponential Time Hypothesis (Gap-(S)ETH). Specifically, we show: 1. For all $p \in [1, \infty)$, there is no $2^{o(n)}$-time algorithm for $\mathrm{BDD}_{p, \alpha}$ for any constant $\alpha > \alpha_\mathsf{kn}$, where $\alpha_\mathsf{kn} = 2^{-c_\mathsf{kn}} < 0.98491$ and $c_\mathsf{kn}$ is the $\ell_2$ kissing-number constant, unless non-uniform Gap-ETH is false. 2. For all $p \in [1, \infty)$, there is no $2^{o(n)}$-time algorithm for $\mathrm{BDD}_{p, \alpha}$ for any constant $\alpha > \alpha^\ddagger_p$, where $\alpha^\ddagger_p$ is explicit and satisfies $\alpha^\ddagger_p = 1$ for $1 \leq p \leq 2$, $\alpha^\ddagger_p 2$, and $\alpha^\ddagger_p \to 1/2$ as $p \to \infty$, unless randomized Gap-ETH is false. 3. For all $p \in [1, \infty) \setminus 2 \Z$, all $C > 1$, and all $\varepsilon > 0$, there is no $2^{(1-\varepsilon)n/C}$-time algorithm for $\mathrm{BDD}_{p, \alpha}$ for any constant $\alpha > \alpha^\dagger_{p, C}$, where $\alpha^\dagger_{p, C}$ is explicit and satisfies $\alpha^\dagger_{p, C} \to 1$ as $C \to \infty$ for any fixed $p \in [1, \infty)$, unless non-uniform Gap-SETH is false. 4. For all $p > p_0 \approx 2.1397$, $p \notin 2\Z$, and all $\varepsilon > 0$, there is no $2^{(1-\varepsilon)n/C_p}$-time algorithm for $\mathrm{SVP}_{p, \gamma}$ for some constant $\gamma = \gamma(p, \varepsilon) > 1$ and explicit constant $C_p > 0$ where $C_p \to 1$ as $p \to \infty$, unless randomized Gap-SETH is false.
Law In, law Out: Legalistic Filter Bubbles and the Algorithmic Prevention of Nonconsensual Pornography

In 2019, Facebook announced that it has begun using machine learning algorithms to preemptively screen uploads for nonconsensual pornography. Although the use of screening algorithms has become commonplace, this seemingly minor move from reactive to preemptive, legal analysis–based prevention—this Article argues—is part of a groundbreaking shift in the meaning and effect of algorithmic screening, with potentially far-reaching implications for legal discourse and development. To flush out the meaning of this shift, the Article draws on the filter bubble theory. Thus far, the phenomenon of filter bubbles has been synonymous with personalized filtering and the social polarization and radicalization it is prone to producing. Generalizing on this idea, the Article suggests that the control filtering algorithms have over the information brought before users can shape users’ worldviews in accordance with the algorithm’s measure of relevance. Algorithmic filtering produces this effect by enhancing users’ trust in the applicability of the measure of relevance and “invisibly hiding” any information that conflicts with it. The Article argues that in the case of filtering algorithms that use a legal classification as their measure of relevance, the result is a legalistic filter bubble that can essentialize dominant legal paradigms and suppress information that challenges their usefulness and decency. These effects, the Article suggests, can significantly impede legal evolution as they drive a wedge between adjudication and the greater normative universe it inhabits. In the case of filtering algorithms that use the legal category of nonconsent as their measure of relevance, the emergence of a filter bubble will effectively cement nonconsent as the gravamen of violative distribution and insulate decision-makers from exposure to consensual harms. Although the Article does not suggest that we ban consensual but harmful distribution of sexual materials, it argues that the emergence of a filter bubble can hinder the development of a vibrant normative debate on the meaning of sexual autonomy.
Basic Bone Metabolism

The skeleton is a complex organ that has multiple functions. It provides structure and protection to the body. Bones also have many other functions. Prior to describing these functions, it is important to review important definitions. In the next section, these definitions will be reviewed. This chapter will then outline the basics of bone metabolism and function to lay the foundation for understanding medical bone disorders.
Comprehensive Molecular Analysis of NSCLC; Clinicopathological Associations.

Background Selection of NSCLC patients for targeted therapy is currently based upon the presence of sensitizing mutations in EGFR and EML4/ALK translocations. The heterogeneity of molecular alterations in lung cancer has led to the ongoing discovery of potential biomarkers and targets in order to improve survival.
Measurement of Local Cerebral Glucose Metabolism: Effect of Pathology and Functional Stimulation

The scientific rationale for associating specific neurologic functions with discrete regions of the brain arose from clinocopathologic correlations which began in the nineteenth century (Broca 1861). By the early twentieth century neurohistologic mapping had demonstrated the inhomogeneity of brain tissue (Brodmann 1907). Ablative experiments and early electrophysiologic studies also served to refine the view of regional neural specialization in lower mammals. These efforts reached a culmination of sorts when Penfield and Jasper (1954) demonstrated the inhomogeneous and specialized results of focal electrocortical stimulation. Despite these advances the technical ability to perform in vivo measurements of neurophysiologic parameters in man lagged far behind.
Designing client-server applications for enterprise database connectivity

Client-server computing is moving into the mainstream of corporate information systems. With this move comes the need for client-server applications that can access enterprise-wide data. Much of this data is currently stored in mainframe-and mini-computer databases, and one of the challenges facing implementors of client-server technology today is how to bring this mission-critical data to the desktop and integrate it with the functional, easy-to-use graphical user interfaces (GUIs) that are associated with PC-based tools.
Reactions between half- and full-FLP recombination target sites. A model system for analyzing early steps in FLP protein-mediated site-specific recombination.

Abstract The FLP recombination target (FRT) can be cut in half so that only one FLP protein binding site is present (a "half site"). FLP protein binds the half sites and joins them into dimeric, asymmetric head-to-head complexes held together chiefly by strong noncovalent interactions. These complexes react with full (normal) FRT sites to generate a variety of products. Analysis of these DNA species reveals that the reaction follows a well-defined reaction pathway that generally parallels the normal reaction pathway. The system is useful in analyzing early steps in recombination, since the identity of the products in a given recombination event unambiguously pinpoints the order in which the cleavage and strand exchange reactions occur. Two conclusions are derived from the present study: (i) Formation of the dimeric head-to-head complex of half sites is a prerequisite to further steps in recombination. (ii) The identity of the base pairs at positions 6 and -6 within the FRT site has a subtle effect in directing the first strand exchange event in the reaction to predominantly one of two possible cleavage sites. In addition, results are presented that suggest that a DNA-DNA pairing intermediate involving only two base pairs of the core sequence is formed prior to the first cleavage and strand exchange. DNA-DNA interactions may therefore not be limited to the isomerization step that follows the first strand exchange.
The Development of a Curriculum Template for Applied Problem-Solving in Distance Education Learning Communities

The purpose of this project is to create and evaluate a low cost multimedia curriculum tool (hybrid CD-ROM with Internet capabilities) that will assist students, particularly distance education students, to (a) apply and reflect upon what they have learned with instructor support and feedback, and (b) participate in a community of learners who engage in constructive problem-solving. The project will support nine field-tests across five disciplines found in postsecondary education. Given formative data at the conclusion of each field-test, the curriculum will be refined and readied for the next field test. Dissemination of the findings and use of the curricular tool and process is an important aspect of the project. Staff working on this innovative project hope to provide postsecondary educators with a lowcost, practical, and replicable solution to the problem of getting students to apply what they have learned in their coursework and to participate with communities of learners. Acknowledgements: This Project is Supported by the U.S. Department of Education (Grant Number P116B981264) to Utah State University. No Official endorsement should be inferred.
Fast Fixes for FOIA

The Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) has been hindered throughout its history by delays in processing requests, questionable denials of information, and a dominance of commercial requests. Using an economic approach, this Article argues that cost asymmetries drive these difficulties: agencies incur high costs compared to requesters at the processing stage, whereas the opposite occurs at the judicial review stage. To mitigate these asymmetries, this Article proposes three relatively simple changes that would markedly improve the Act’s implementation: allowing agencies to retain processing fees, increasing these fees, especially for commercial and expedited requests, and strengthening FOIA’s attorney fee-shifting provisions. This Article contends that these “fast fixes” for FOIA would more effectively strengthen government transparency than the significantly more complex legislation that Congress has recently considered.
Stress and glucocorticoids impair retrieval of long-term spatial memory

Extensive evidence from animal and human studies indicates that stress and glucocorticoids influence cognitive function. Previous studies have focused exclusively on glucocorticoid effects on acquisition and long-term storage of newly acquired information. Here we report that stress and glucocorticoids also affect memory retrieval. We show that rats have impaired performance in a water-maze spatial task after being given footshock 30 min before retention testing but are not impaired when footshock is given 2 min or 4 h before testing. These time-dependent effects on retention performance correspond to the circulating corticosterone levels at the time of testing, which suggests that the retention impairment is directly related to increased adrenocortical function. In support of this idea, we find that suppression of corticosterone synthesis with metyrapone blocks the stress-induced retention impairment. In addition, systemic corticosterone administered to non-stressed rats 30 min before retention testing induces dose-dependent retention impairment. The impairing effects of stress and glucocorticoids on retention are not due to disruption of spatial navigation per se. Our results indicate that besides the well described effects of stress and glucocorticoids on acquisition and consolidation processes, glucocorticoids also affect memory retrieval mechanisms.
In search of an anti‐terrorism policy: Lessons from the reagan era

Abstract During the 1980s, terrorist activities became a real threat to Americans at home and abroad. The Reagan administration's policy response to this threat was encumbered by several factors, both of commission and omission. Dominant anti‐communist ideological perceptions in the administration at times blurred the disparate causes of international terrorism and the varied motives of terrorist groups. The administration was unable to back up its words with consistent, resolute policy action. And U.S. intelligence operations were not able to detect or prevent several terrorist strikes against U.S. facilities, especially in the Middle East. The U.S. air raid on Libya served notice that the United States would strike militarily at state sponsors of terrorism. It also called into the question the Reagan administration's willingness to adhere strictly to international law in its efforts to prosecute certain governments who aid and abet terrorist groups. There is no policy panacea for terrorism; terrorism ca...
Illuminating Subseafloor Ecosystems Using Microbial Tracers

The use of microorganisms as tracers of the physical, chemical, and biological nature of otherwise inaccessible environments is explained and this concept applied to the subseafloor at mid-ocean ridges. Hyperthermophilic microorganisms found in low-temperature fluids can be used as tracers of the characteristics of subseafloor environments. These organisms show that the subseafloor at mid-ocean ridges tapped by these low-temperature fluids contains a microbial ecosystem and has physical and chemical characteristics consistent with a mixture of end-member hydrothermal fluid and seawater. Other subseafloor environments examined using microorganisms include crust that has experienced eruptions and sedimented ridges. Novel hyperthermophilic organisms cultured from subseafloor environments indicate that there are physicochemical habitats that are unique to the subseafloor.
A comprehensive assessment of mitochondrial protein synthesis and cellular proliferation with age and caloric restriction

It is proposed that caloric restriction (CR) increases mitochondrial biogenesis. However, it is not clear why CR increases an energetically costly biosynthetic process. We hypothesized that 40% CR would decrease mitochondrial protein synthesis and would be regulated by translational rather than transcriptional mechanisms. We assessed cumulative mitochondrial protein synthesis over 6 weeks and its transcriptional and translational regulation in the liver, heart, and skeletal muscle of young (6 month), middle (12 month), and old (24 month) male B6D2F1 mice that were lifelong CR or ad lib (AL) controls. Mitochondrial protein synthesis was not different between AL and CR (fractional synthesis over 6 weeks (range): liver, 91-100%; heart, 74-85%; skeletal muscle, 53-72%) despite a decreased cellular proliferation in liver and heart with CR. With CR, there was an increase in AMP-activated protein kinase phosphorylation/total (P:T) in heart and liver, and an increase in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-α mRNA in all tissues, but not protein. Ribosomal protein S6 was decreased with CR. In conclusion, CR maintained mitochondrial protein synthesis while decreasing cellular proliferation during a time of energetic stress, which is consistent with the concept that CR increases somatic maintenance. Alternative mechanisms to global translation initiation may be responsible for selective translation of mitochondrial proteins.
Studies on the relations between pressure and flow in the circulation

Simple theoretical models are proposed for the study of the interdependence between cardiac contraction, arterial pressure, and capillary drainage. The relation between pressure and flow is derived for a model of branching distensible tubes taking into account the finite pulse wave velocity. Equations are derived both for the case where the pulse wave is non-distorted and for the case where the wave is damped and distorted to a limited extent. Following the model of J. W. Remington and W. F. Hamilton (1947), the former case is applied to the larger arteries. Expressions are developed for the stroke volume, cardiac ejection, and systolic arterial storage in both the steady and non-steady states. Expressions for the percentage discrepancy involved in the computation of these quantities from a single tube model as contrasted with a multi-branched model are derived. For typical cases these discrepancies are small and thus credence is lent to the further use of the simpler single tube model which requires fewer independent parameters. It is also shown that the formulae for stroke volume and arterial storage are only slightly sensitive to changes in pulse wave velocities, and that for some purposes it would seem permissible to assume an infinite velocity.
Importance of the histidine ligand to coenzyme B12 in the reaction catalyzed by methylmalonyl-CoA mutase.

Methylmalonyl-CoA mutase is an adenosylcobalamin (AdoCbl)-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the rearrangement of methylmalonyl-CoA to succinyl-CoA. The crystal structure of this protein revealed that binding of the cofactor is accompanied by a significant conformational change in which dimethylbenzimidazole, the lower axial ligand to the cobalt in solution, is replaced by His-610 donated by the active site. The contribution of the lower axial base to the ∼1012-fold rate acceleration of the homolytic cleavage of the upper axial cobalt-carbon bond has been the subject of intense scrutiny in the model inorganic literature. In contrast,trans ligand effects in methylmalonyl-CoA mutase and indeed the significance of the ligand replacement are poorly understood. In this study, we have used site-directed mutagenesis to create the H610A and H610N variants of methylmalonyl-CoA mutase and report that both mutations exhibit both diminished activity (5,000- and 40,000-fold, respectively) and profoundly weakened affinity for the native cofactor, AdoCbl. In contrast, binding of the truncated cofactor analog, adenosylcobinamide, lacking the nucleotide tail, is less impaired. The catalytic failure of the His-610 mutants is in marked contrast to the phenotype of the adenosylcobinamide-GDP reconstituted wild type enzyme that exhibits only a 4-fold decrease in activity, although His-610 fails to coordinate when this cofactor analog is bound. Together, these studies suggest that His-610 may: (i) play a structural role in organizing a high affinity cofactor binding site possibly via electrostatic interactions with Asp-608 and Lys-604, as suggested by the crystal structure and (ii) play a role in catalyzing the displacement of dimethylbenzimidazole thereby facilitating the conformational change that must precede cofactor docking to the mutase active site.
Contrasting demographies and persistence of rare annual plants in highly variable environments

Spatial and temporal variation in critical life history traits differ markedly between two co-occurring, rare and endangered annual plants, Gilia tenuiflora arenaria and Chorizanthe pungens pungens, that have restricted, but overlapping geographic distributions in coastal habitats of central California, USA. Environmental variation was extreme during the 6-year study (1997–2002), with the greatest differences between an intense wet, warm El Nino year (1998), followed by a very dry, cool La Nina (1999). Both species have similar increases in adult survival and seed set with wetter, warmer weather in spring, but they differed in other traits: more Gilia germinated in years with high rainfall and temperature, while more Chorizanthe germinated in dry, cooler years; Gilia abundance increased with the number of years since the previous large El Nino event, while Chorizanthe abundance declined; and Gilia abundance was independent of the previous year’s seed set, while Chorizanthe density was directly related to the previous year’s seed set. The strong negative associations of Chorizanthe abundance with warm, wet weather and with time since the previous El Nino probably reflect the particular sequence of annual weather patterns from 1997 through 2002, especially the extremes in 1998 and 1999. Since it germinates readily in most years under a wide range of winter conditions and does not develop a long-lived seed bank, Chorizanthe seedling abundance reflects recent additions and depletions of its seed bank, rather than prevailing weather, per se. In contrast, Gilia seeds may remain in the seed bank for many years, until relatively rare winter conditions trigger significant germination. These species-specific demographies enhance persistence and coexistence of these species, but the mechanisms differ from each other and from those described for annuals in other highly variable environments.
Crafting sexual authenticity: Women’s accounts of relationships with women and men

In response to the renewed importance of authenticity in contemporary culture, academic studies of authenticity are flourishing. This work contributes to the scholarship of authenticity, by exploring how authenticity is constructed in narratives of sexual identity. This work examines the narratives of 32 women who were once partnered with women and identified as queer, lesbian or bisexual and subsequently became involved with men. Although the women in this study find themselves in a position with few available scripts to make sense of the change to a partner of a different gender, they work to construct their narratives around the central theme of consistency, while grappling with notions of agency. To create authentic sexual identities, they rely on several scripts, taking into account not only what they consider authentic but also what their audience will recognize as such. The women in this study maintain that both their attraction to women and their attraction to men are authentic. Both experiences are presented as connected to some sense of internal consistency.
The Preparation of Substituted 1(2H)-Isoquinolinones from Polylithiated 2-(2-Methylphenyl)Hydrazinecarboxylic Acid Esters

Abstract 2-(2-Methylphenyl)hydrazinecarboxylic acid esters were metalated with excess lithium diisopropylamide, and the resulting polyanion-type intermediates were condensed with aromatic esters followed by acid cyclization to the 3-substituted- 1 (2H)-isoquinolinones (isocarbostyrils).
Governing lethal behavior: Embedding ethics in a hybrid deliberative/reactive robot architecture part I: Motivation and philosophy

This paper provides the motivation and philosophy underlying the design of an ethical control and reasoning system potentially suitable for constraining lethal actions in an autonomous robotic system, so that its behavior will fall within the bounds prescribed by the Laws of War and Rules of Engagement. This research, funded by the U.S. Army Research Office, is intended to ensure that robots do not behave illegally or unethically in the battlefield. Reasons are provided for the necessity of developing such a system at this time, as well as arguments for and against its creation.
Alzheimer's disease amyloid precursor protein is present in senile plaques and cerebrospinal fluid: immunohistochemical and biochemical characterization.

The amyloid fibrils deposited in cerebral vessel walls and senile plaques in Alzheimer's disease are polymeric forms of a 4 kDa fragment produced by proteolysis of a putative precursor protein (APP). Using antibodies to several fragments of the deduced precursor, we were able to demonstrate the presence of APP in senile plaques, brain extracts and cerebrospinal fluid. Membrane-associated APP is detected as a group of 105–135 kDa proteins while soluble APP is predominantly 105 kDa, does not react with an anti C-terminal antibody, and is 10 kDa shorter than the membrane-bound APP. Amino terminal sequence of the tissue 105 kDa protein indicates that APP begins at residue 18 of the cDNA sequence. These findings imply that i) two forms of APP are detected: membrane-bound and secreted, and ii) APP can be processed insitu.
DIRECT MOMENTUM DETERMINATION OF A MEDIUM-ENERGY PARTICLE BEAM USING TIME- OF-FLIGHT AND RANGE TECHNIQUES.

Abstract A direct measurement of the momentum of a particle beam with nominal momentum 1025 MeV/ c is described. Time-of-flight and range techniques were employed to achieve a momentum determination of better than 0.2%.
Learning relations and networks in web-based communities

Learning entails exchange of information, resources, methods and practices; it entails conversation, and the co-creation of joint practice; it requires getting to know colleagues, their talents and their work practices, and joining a community of scholars, co workers and co-learners. In short, learning is predicated on interaction between individuals, interactions that build into communities that share common knowledge and practice. But what kinds of interactions are important for learning, and how do these help build and form a learning community? And how is this different or the same when accomplished in a web-based environment? Drawing on literature on learning, community and computer-mediated communication, and on results of a number of studies of learning networks conducted by the author, this paper addresses learning communities from a social network perspective, including what relations are evident in learning and learning communities, how media affect online tie formation, and what benefits can result from successfully maintained learning networks.
Azetidinyl ketones. Synthesis of 1‐Alkyl‐2,4‐diphenyl‐3‐benzoylazetidines

α-(α'-Bromobenzyl)chalcone (3) reacts with primary amines (t-butyl, isopropyl,cyclohexyl) to give α-(α'-alkylaminobenzyl)chalcones (4, 5 and 6). When these allylic amines are treated with hydrogen bromide followed by reaction with base, they produce l-alkyl-2,4-diphenyl-3-benzoyl-azetidines (7,8 and 9). These azetidines were readily converted to their 3-deuterio derivatives (10, 11 and 12) by treatment with sodium methoxide in deuteriomethanol. The configurations were assigned primarily by pmr spectra and mass spectra in reference to analogous compounds.
Minocycline-Preconditioned Neural Stem Cells Enhance Neuroprotection after Ischemic Stroke in Rats

Transplantation of neural stem cells (NSCs) offers a novel therapeutic strategy for stroke; however, massive grafted cell death following transplantation, possibly due to a hostile host brain environment, lessens the effectiveness of this approach. Here, we have investigated whether reprogramming NSCs with minocycline, a broadly used antibiotic also known to possess cytoprotective properties, enhances survival of grafted cells and promotes neuroprotection in ischemic stroke. NSCs harvested from the subventricular zone of fetal rats were preconditioned with minocycline in vitro and transplanted into rat brains 6 h after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. Histological and behavioral tests were examined from days 0-28 after stroke. For in vitro experiments, NSCs were subjected to oxygen-glucose deprivation and reoxygenation. Cell viability and antioxidant gene expression were analyzed. Minocycline preconditioning protected the grafted NSCs from ischemic reperfusion injury via upregulation of Nrf2 and Nrf2-regulated antioxidant genes. Additionally, preconditioning with minocycline induced the NSCs to release paracrine factors, including brain-derived neurotrophic factor, nerve growth factor, glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor, and vascular endothelial growth factor. Moreover, transplantation of the minocycline-preconditioned NSCs significantly attenuated infarct size and improved neurological performance, compared with non-preconditioned NSCs. Minocycline-induced neuroprotection was abolished by transfecting the NSCs with Nrf2-small interfering RNA before transplantation. Thus, preconditioning with minocycline, which reprograms NSCs to tolerate oxidative stress after ischemic reperfusion injury and express higher levels of paracrine factors through Nrf2 up-regulation, is a simple and safe approach to enhance the effectiveness of transplantation therapy in ischemic stroke.
Stability of Cracked Rotors in the Coupled Vibration Mode

A transverse surface crack is known to add to a shaft a local flexibility due to the stress-strain singularity in the vicinity of the crack tip. This flexibility can be represented, in the general case by way of a 6 × 6 compliance matrix describing the local flexibility in a short shaft element which includes the crack. This matrix has off-diagonal terms which cause coupling along the directions which are indicated by the off-diagonal terms. In addition, when the shaft rotates the crack opens and closes. Then the differential equations of motion have periodically varying stiffness coefficients and the solution can be expressed as a sum of harmonic functions of time. A method for the determination of the intervals of instability of the first and of second kind is developed. The results have been presented in stability charts in the frequency vs. depth of the crack domain. The coupling effect due to the crack leads to very interesting results such as new frequencies and vibration modes.
The BLAZE language: A parallel language for scientific programming☆

A Pascal-like scientific programming language, Blaze, is described. Blaze contains array arithmetic, forall loops, and APL-style accumulation operators, which allow natural expression of fine grained parallelism. It also employs an applicative or functional procedure invocation mechanism, which makes it easy for compilers to extract coarse grained parallelism using machine specific program restructuring. Thus Blaze should allow one to achieve highly parallel execution on multiprocessor architectures, while still providing the user with onceptually sequential control flow. A central goal in the design of Blaze is portability across a broad range of parallel architectures. The multiple levels of parallelism present in Blaze code, in principle, allow a compiler to extract the types of parallelism appropriate for the given architecture while neglecting the remainder. The features of Blaze are described and shows how this language would be used in typical scientific programming.
Durability characteristics of concrete columns confined with advanced composite materials

Abstract The durability performance of concrete columns confined with fiber-reinforced polymer composite (FRPC) sheets was studied. Columns were wrapped around with four different types of FRP composite wraps: two carbon (C1 and C5) and two glass (GE1 and GE2). Two types of epoxy matrix systems, Type A and B, were used. The confined and unconfined specimens were subjected to two environmental conditions: room temperature, wet and dry cycling. For the wet and dry exposure, the specimens were placed in an environmental chamber in which they were subjected to 300 cycles of wetting and drying. Sea water was used for the wet cycles and hot air at 35 °C average for the dry cycles. After every 30 cycles, pulse velocity and weight changes were measured. At the end of 300 cycles the stress-strain behavior of the samples was obtained in order to evaluate their strength, stiffness, and ductility, which were compared to the performance of the unconditioned samples (room temperature exposure). Results show that both epoxy systems produce similar results in the unconditioned specimens, with respect to strength, ductility, and failure behavior. However, specimens wrapped with glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) using Type A epoxy experienced no reduction in strength or ductility due to wet/dry exposure, whereas samples using Type B epoxy experienced reduction in both strength and ductility. Specimens wrapped with carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) using either epoxy Type A or Type B exhibited no reduction in strength nor in ductility due to exposure.
No-sticking effect and quantum reflection in ultracold collisions

We provide a general and nonperturbative theoretical basis for quantum reflection of an ultracold atom incident on a cold or warm surface. Sticking is identified with the formation of a long-lived resonance, from which it emerges that the physical reason for not sticking is that the many internal degrees of freedom of the target serve to decohere the incident one body wave function, thereby upsetting the delicate interference process necessary to form a resonance. We then explore the transition to the post-threshold behavior, when sticking prevails at higher incident energies. Studying the WKB wave functions of the atom provides a quick understanding of our results even in the ultracold regime where WKB is not applicable. Explicit examples are examined in detail and we predict the temperatures required to reach the various regimes.
Continuous estimation of baseflow in snowmelt-dominated streams and rivers in the Upper Colorado River Basin: A chemical hydrograph separation approach

Effective science-based management of water resources in large basins requires a qualitative understanding of hydrologic conditions and quantitative measures of the various components of the water budget, including difficult to measure components such as baseflow discharge to streams. Using widely available discharge and continuously collected specific conductance (SC) data, we adapted and applied a long established chemical hydrograph separation approach to quantify daily and representative annual baseflow discharge at 14 streams and rivers at large spatial (> 1000 km2 watersheds) and temporal (up to 37 years) scales in the Upper Colorado River Basin. On average, annual baseflow was 21–58% of annual stream discharge, 13–45% of discharge during snowmelt, and 40–86% of discharge during low-flow conditions. Results suggest that reservoirs may act to store baseflow discharged to the stream during snowmelt and release that baseflow during low-flow conditions, and that irrigation return flows may contribute to increases in fall baseflow in heavily irrigated watersheds. The chemical hydrograph separation approach, and associated conceptual model defined here provide a basis for the identification of land use, management, and climate effects on baseflow.
Chromosome pairing at different ploidy levels in the tuber-bearing Solanums

The nature of chromosome pairing at meiosis in some tuberiferous Solanums (2n, 3n and 4n) is described. A number of abnormalities have been noted at meiosis in the diploids including the formation of multivalents and univalents. Although the occurrence of univalents as early as diakinesis suggested that chromosomal differences do exist, the evidence from the diploids as to the nature of the basic genome in Solanum is not clear cut. An examination of meiosis in triploid hybrids (4n × 2n) revealed a considerably higher value for the mean number of bivalents plus trivalents per cell at metaphase I (14.2; 13.5; and 13.3) than has heretofore been reported. The maximum number of such associations recorded was 16. It appears that in the hybrid between the induced tetraploidS. chacoense (n=24) andS. neohawkesii (n=12), at least 8 out of the 12 chromosomes from the diploid parent are capable of exhibiting partial homology. The analysis of pairing in the triple hybrids ((6n × 2n) × 4n) is more complicated. However, there are some indications that autosyndetic pairing within the complement of chromosomes derived from the 4n parent may exist. The occurrence of pairing within the haploid set of chromosomes derived from one diploid species appears to be suggestive of the possible existence of two subgenomes within the haploid genome but further studies of the whole genus are required for a verification of this possibility.
Optimal discrete-time feedback control of mixed distributed and lumped parameter systems

Abstract The problem of designing an optimal discrete-time feedback controller is discussed for a linear system governed by coupled partial and ordinary differential equations. For the case of spatially concentrated controls and a quadratic performance index, the minimum cost and the optimal discrete-time controls are determined. Evaluation of computational requirements demonstrate the applicability to on-line computer control.
Electronic Structure of the Aqueous Vanadyl Ion Probed by 9 and 94 GHz EPR and Pulsed ENDOR Spectroscopies and Density Functional Theory Calculations.

The aqueous vanadyl ion ([VO(H2O)5]2+) has been investigated by X-band EPR, 94 GHz W-band EPR, and ESE-ENDOR. These experiments reveal information about the hyperfine (|Axx| = 208.5 MHz, |Ayy| = 20...
Orbital measurement in black and white populations.

Objective: Obtain measurements of globe projection, intercanthal distance (ICD), interpupillary distance (IPD), palpebral fissure width (PFW), and palpebral fissure height (PFH) in a population of presumably normal white and black adults to determine if any significant differences exist between these groups. Study Design: Prospective direct measurement of cohorts regarding orbital and globe measurements in a tertiary medical center. Methods: Measurements of globe projection, ICD, IPD, PFW, and PFH were taken in 61 black adults and directly compared with measures taken from 65 white adults in an outpatient setting. Mean values and ranges were calculated and compared between races and sexes using an unpaired t test. Results: A significant difference was found between races for globe projection, with black males demonstrating a mean projection of 18.23 ± 2.26 mm as compared with 17 ± 2.65 mm for white males (P > .025). Black females demonstrated a mean projection of 17.27 ± 1.44 mm as compared with 15.98 ± 2.22 mm for white females (P > .01). Similar differences were seen for measures of IPD and PFW, with greater mean values for black as compared with white adults. No racial differences existed for ICD or PFH. Conclusions: These findings suggest that racial differences exist for certain measures of globe and orbital position, i.e., projection, IPD, and PFW. Racial background should be considered when evaluating orbital anatomy.