cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Genetic variability of a forage bermudagrass core collection.

Bermudagrass (Cynodon sp.) is an important warm-season forage grass for the South and may have value as a bioenergy feedstock. The objective of this study was to measure the genetic relatedness among entries of the Cynodon clonal forage bermudagrass core collection and seven commercial forage cultivars using plant phenotype and molecular marker data from amplified fragment length polymorphisms. The collection was assessed for 22 phenotypic traits, including forage quality, plant architecture, growth habit, and ploidy level. Phenotypic variability was preserved in the forage bermudagrass core collection constructed based on 21 phenotypic traits and ploidy levels. The majority of molecular marker polymorphism observed was within phenotypic clusters (89.6%) and within the five ploidy levels (94%), and STRUCTURE analysis indicated significant admixture. Overall, the combined genetic and phenotypic variability found within the bermudagrass core collection will aid in selection of parental crosses for mapping and potential quantitative trait loci discovery and to identify parental lines that may yield greater genetic gain in breeding for important traits.
Introduction to EDRF research.

In response to acetylcholine, endothelial cells were shown to release a nonprostanoid factor, called endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF), which caused relaxation of vascular smooth muscle. Since this discovery in 1980, many additional agents have been shown to stimulate release of EDRF from endothelium. Biological and chemical evidence has supported the proposal that EDRF is nitric oxide (NO), a potent vasodilator. Research on the synthesis, inhibition, and physiological roles of EDRF/NO has led to studies of this factor in vascular regulation and in various disease states, including hypertension, atherosclerosis, and diabetes.
In defense of qualitative changes in development.

The balance between the preservation of early cognitive functions and serious transformations on these functions shifts across time. Piaget’s writings, which favored transformations, are being replaced by writings that emphasize continuities between select cognitive functions of infants and older children. The claim that young infants possess elements present in the older child’s concepts of number, physical impossibility, and object permanence is vulnerable to criticism because the inferences are based primarily on the single measure of change in looking time. It is suggested that investigators use unique constructs to describe phenomena observed in young infants that appear, on the surface, to resemble the psychological competences observed during later developmental stages.
Nonlinear Dynamic Analysis of EEG Using a Stochastic Duffing-van der Pol Oscillator Model

In this work, we model electroencephalography (EEG) signals as the stochastic output of a double Duffing - van der Pol oscillator networks. We develop a novel optimization scheme to match data generated from the model with clinically obtained EEG data from subjects under resting eyes-open (EO) and eyes-closed (EC) conditions and derive models with outputs that show very good agreement with EEG signals in terms of both frequency and information contents. The results, reinforced by statistical analysis, shows that the EEG recordings under EC and EO resting conditions are distinct realizations of the same underlying model occurring due to parameter variations. Furthermore, the EC and EO EEG signals each exhibit distinct nonlinear dynamic characteristics. In summary, it is established that the stochastic coupled nonlinear oscillator network can provide a useful framework for modeling and analysis of EEG signals that are recorded under variety of conditions.© 2014 ASME
Effects of feeding on medicinal leech swimming performance

The locomotor system of sanguivorous leeches is presented with a unique challenge: how to maintain mobility while coping with a >500% increase in body mass during feeding. A meal of this size is likely to disrupt the function of the muscular hydrostat during swimming, reducing speed and increasing predation risks. We quantified the effects of feeding to satiety on swimming kinematics, and the time course of recovery of swimming performance post-feeding in the medicinal leech Hirudo verbana. There was a 5.07 ± 0.04-fold increase in mass during feeding (mean ±sem, n=7). Despite this, leeches were able to swim immediately after feeding, reaching 27% of their pre-feeding speed. Reduced speed was a consequence of a reduction in both swimming cycle frequency and stride length to 69 and 42% of the pre-feeding values, respectively. Recovery of swimming ability was rapid, despite a prolonged increase in body mass. Fifty per cent restoration of swimming speed was achieved in c. 1 h while body mass was still 4.2-fold greater than before feeding. Rapid mass and volume reduction immediately post-feeding, and the properties of the obliquely striated swimming muscles appear to aid recovery of swimming performance. Such features that aid post-feeding recovery of mobility may have been important in the evolution of leech sanguivory.
The Victorians and the Stuart Heritage: Interpretations of a Discordant Past

Preface Acknowledgments Introduction: politics, religion and history: David Hume and the Victorian debate 1. Henry Hallam and early nineteenth-century Whiggism 2. Thomas Babington Macaulay and Victorian religious controversy 3. Puritanism and the ideology of dissent 4. Samuel Rawson Gardiner and the search for national consensus 5. Cromwell and the late Victorians Epilogue: beyond the Victorians Index.
Genetics of somatic mammalian cells. XV. Evidence for linkage between human genes for lactic dehydrogenase B and serine hydroxymethylase.

Chinese hamster ovary cells with a deficiency in Serine Hydroxymethylase which produces a specific glycine auxotrophy (gly− A) were fused with human cells from a variety of sources and the resulting hybrids analyzed for human gene linkage. Of 102 hybrid clones examined 65 possessed both glyA and lactic dehydrogenase B markers, 35 possessed neither marker. Two clones were found with altered glycine responses which were not linked to LDH-B. The data indicate linkage between genes responsible for serine hydroxymethylase activity and lactic dehydrogenase B. Evidence for absence of linkage between these and a variety of other genes is also presented.
Signature Pattern Covering via Local Greedy Algorithm and Pattern Shrink

Pattern mining is a fundamental problem that has a wide range of applications. In this paper, we study the problem of finding a minimum set of signature patterns that explain all data. In the problem, we are given objects where each object has an item set and a label. A pattern is called a signature pattern if all objects with the pattern have the same label. This problem has many interesting applications such as assertion mining in hardware design and identifying failure causes from various log data. We show that the previous pattern mining methods are not suitable for mining signature patterns and identify the problems. Then we propose a novel pattern enumeration method which we call Pattern Shrink. Our method is strongly coupled with another novel method that is very similar to finding a local optimum with a negligible loss in performance. Our proposed methods show a speedup of more than ten times over the previous methods. Our methods are flexible enough to be extended to mining high confidence patterns, instead of signature patterns.
A versatile cation-exchange procedure for measuring the seven major forms of vitamin B6 in biological samples

A cation-exchange procedure for detecting nanogram quantities of all seven common vitamin B6 metabolites in a variety of biological samples is presented. The procedure uses gradient elution with a single column to effect separation of the seven compounds within 40 to 60 min, depending on the complexity of the sample. Postcolumn addition of buffer and bisulfite ion permits sensitive fluorometric detection of all B6 compounds at the same wavelengths (330 nm activation, 400 nm emission).
Adjuvant radioimmunotherapy for micrometastases: A strategy for cancer cure

Cancer kills when present methods fail to destroy malignant cells participating in metastatic spread throughout the body. Rarely are current methods successful in controlling these micrometastases once hematologic spread of primary tumor occurs. We have determined by analysis of existing biological and physical data that it is possible to destroy tumor cells including, most importantly, isolated cells distributed within the hematologic system without excessive normal tissue damage using systemically administered radiolabeled antibody. Since the red bone marrow has apertures and a poorly developed basement membrane any plasma-borne antibody rapidly equilibrates with its extracellular space. Direct access of plasma-borne labeled antibody to the tumor cell membrane in the hematologic system is therefore provided. This is not the case for other normal tissues because the capillary basement membrane in these tissues effectively restricts the entry of radiolabeled antibody into tissue extra-cellular space (half-times = 10–50 h), thus effectively minimizing the potential hazard of normal cell surface localization of labeled antibody due to cross-reactivity with normal tissue. Cross-reactivity with any non-hemato1ogic normal tissue for antibodies labeled with short-lived radioisotopes can, therefore, be neglected.
Optical propagation in non-Kolmogorov atmospheric turbulence

Several observations of atmospheric turbulence statistics have been reported which do not obey Kolmogorov's power spectral density model. These observations have prompted the study of optical propagation through turbulence described by non-classical power spectra. This paper presents an analysis of optical propagation through turbulence which causes fluctuations in the index of refraction. The index fluctuations are assumed to have spatial power spectra that obey arbitrary power laws. The spherical and plane wave structure functions are derived using Mellin transform techniques. The wave structure function is used to compute the Strehl ratio of a focused plane wave propagating in turbulence as the power law for the spectrum of the index of refraction fluctuations is varied from -3 to -4. The relative contributions of the log amplitude and phase structure functions to the wave structure function are computed. At power laws close to -3, the magnitude of the log amplitude and phase perturbations are determined by the system Fresnel ratio. At power laws approaching -4, phase effects dominate in the form of random tilts.
Stress-induced birefringence of mismatching III-V heterojunctions

Stress-induced birefringence observations are made of InxGa1−xP and GaAsxP1−x on GaP in visible light and InxGa1−xAs on GaAs in infrared. Cross grid interfacial arrays are reported and these are interpreted in terms of grouping of misfit dislocations into bands. This is supported by calculations, and by Berg-Barrett X-ray topography and TEM. Stress-induced birefringence also reveals threading dislocations in the epilayer which are nearly perpendicular to the epilayer surface. Es werden Messungen der spannungsinduzierten Doppelbrechung von InxGa1−xP und GaAsxP1−x auf GaP im sichtbaren Spektralbereich und von InxGa1−xAs auf GaAs im Infrarotbereich durchgefuhrt. Kreuzgitter-Grenzflachenanordungen werden beobachtet und mit der Gruppierung von Misfit-Versetzungen in Bandern interpretiert. Dies wird durch Rechnungen bestatigt, sowie durch Berg-Barrett-Rontgentopographie und TEM. Die spannungsinduzierte Doppelbrechung zeigt auch das Auftreten von sich durch die Epitaxieschicht hindurchziehenden Versetzungen, nahezu senkrecht zur Oberflache der Epitaxieschicht.
Research contributions of counseling psychologists to neuropsychology.

Research productivity of counseling psychologists with credentials in clinical neuropsychology were examined. Eighteen were ABPP/ABCN Diplomates, Division 40 Fellows, or both. They published an average of 3.06 (SD = 4.82; range = 0 to 20) neuropsychologically relevant, first-authored articles over the past 5 years. When counseling psychologists were compared to a random sample of ABPP/ABCN diplomates with doctoral degrees in other areas of psychology, no reliable differences emerged between the groups in age, research productivity, or number of years between graduation and receipt of the ABPP/ABCN diploma. Research contributions of neuropsychologists with degrees in counseling psychology are comparable to those of ABPP/ABCN diplomates who were trained in other areas of psychology (e.g., clinical, developmental, and physiological). © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Clin Psychol 54: 781–783, 1998.
Measuring interdependence: a rejoinder

Ms. Tetreault makes some interesting and valid points in "Measuring Interdependence" (JO, Summer 1980) but almost all of them have nothing to do with the original article ("Whither Interdependence?", 10, Summer 1977). Indeed, we would expect her to reach precisely the results she obtained. The original rationale for the measurement of the association between factor prices derived from the logic of economic integration.' It was specifically projected in the work of Willett and Tollison2 and was designed to supplement, not to substitute for, "horizontal" measures of interconnectedness and interdependence. Despite the state of theory in the field, it is not yet possible rigorously to delimit the concepts "interdependence" and "integration." In the economic sense "interdependence" is merely a way-station on the route to "integration" (a destination that may never be attained). Technically speaking, two economies are united (integrated) when there is an equalization of factor prices between them. This "equalization" does not even occur, however, among the regional markets of the United States. In terms of "real" as opposed to "ideal" economies, the most that can be achieved is the movement of prices in the same direction, though short of equalization. Equally and most importantly it should be noted that high correlation in the movement of factor
Robust testing of level changes in interrupted time-series analysis

Ramsey and Ramsey [Ramsey, P.P. and Ramsey, P.H., 2003, Comparing lease-squares lines for testing level changes in interrupted time-series analysis. Journal of Statistical Computation and Simulation, 73, 31–44.] have shown that a composite procedure (CP) can provide accurate tests of level changes in interrupted time-series analysis. A CP combines the Mann–Wald procedure [Gottman, J.M., 1981, Time-Series Analysis (New York: Cambridge University Press): Mann, H.B. and Wald, A., 1943, On the statistical treatment of linear stochastic difference equations. Econometrica, 11, 173–220.] with the Kromrey and Foster-Johnson [Kromrey, J.D. and Foster-Johnson, L., 1996, Determining the efficacy of intervention: the use of effect sizes for data analysis in single-subject research. The Journal of Experimental Education, 65, 73–93.] regression procedure allowing for testing changes in level, as well as changes in both trend and level in the presence of trend effects in time-series data. Monte Carlo simulation was used...
Evolving the VV&A process for the ALSP Joint Training Confederation

The Aggregate Level Simulation Protocol (ALSP) Joint Training Confederation (JTC) provides the environment for several large-scale computer-assisted command post exercises (CPXs) each year. The JTC consists of a collection of Service simulations and evolves according to an annual development cycle. The JTC environment poses several challenges to simulation model verification, validation and accreditation (VV&A). Some of these challenges are of a technical or fundamental nature, others are more programmatic. We briefly describe several of these challenges and the efforts currently underway to address them.
Construction of a modular large-area neutron detector for the NSCL

A collaboration of ten institutions, including a large number of undergraduate schools, proposed and constructed a highly efficient large-area neutron detector. The modular neutron array (MoNA) is designed to detect high-energy neutrons in experiments with fast rare isotopes at the National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory. It consists of 144 individual detector modules of plastic scintillator, is position sensitive, and features multi-hit capability. The MoNA project involves undergraduate students from the collaborating colleges and universities and gives them the possibility to take part in research at the forefront of nuclear physics.
Consumers' reports on the health effects of direct-to-consumer drug advertising.

We conducted a national telephone survey about health care experiences as- sociated with direct-to-consumer advertising (DTCA) of prescription drugs. Among the 35 percent of our sample who had a physician visit during which DTCA was discussed, 25 per- cent received a new diagnosis, of which 43 percent were considered high priority according to authoritative sources. More than half also reported actions taken by their physician other than prescribing the advertised drug. Despite concerns about DTCA's negative conse- quences, we found no differences in health effects between patients who took advertised drugs and those who took other prescription drugs.
On a linear combination of some expressions in the theory of the univalent functions

LetH(α) denote the class of regular functionsf(z) normalized so thatf(0)=0 andf′(0)=1 and satisfying in the unit discE the condition $$\operatorname{Re} \left\{ {(1 - \alpha )f'(z) + \alpha (1 + zf''(z)/f'(z))} \right\} > 0$$ for fixed α. It is known thatH(0) is a particular class NW of close-to-convex univalent functions. The authors show the following results:Theorem 1. Letf(z)∈H(α). Thenf(z)∈NW if α≤0 andz∈E.Theorem 2. Letf(z)∈NW. Thenf(z)∈H(α) in |z|=r<rα where i)\(r_\alpha = (1 + \sqrt {2\alpha } )^{ - {1 \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {1 2}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} 2}}\), α≥0 and ii)\(r_\alpha = \sqrt {\frac{{1 - \alpha - \sqrt {\alpha (\alpha - 1)} }}{{1 - \alpha }}}\), α<0. All results are sharp.Theorem 3. Iff(z)=z+a2z2+a3z3+... is inH(α) and if μ is an arbitrary complex number, then $$\left| {1 + \alpha } \right|\left| {a_3 - \mu a_2^2 } \right| \leqslant ({2 \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {2 3}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} 3})\max \left[ {1,\left| {1 + 2\alpha - {3 \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {3 {2\mu }}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {2\mu }}(1 + \alpha )} \right|} \right].$$ .
CD8 dendritic cell-mediated tolerance of autoreactive CD4 T cells is deficient in NOD mice and can be corrected by blocking CD40L

DCs are important mediators of peripheral tolerance for the prevention of autoimmunity. Chimeric αDEC-205 antibodies with attached antigens allow in vivo antigen-specific stimulation of T cells by CD8(+) DCs, resulting in tolerance in nonautoimmune mice. However, it is not clear whether DC-mediated tolerance induction occurs in the context of ongoing autoimmunity. We assessed the role of CD8(+) DCs in stimulation of autoreactive CD4(+) T cells in the NOD mouse model of type 1 diabetes. Targeting of antigen to CD8(+) DCs via αDEC-205 led to proliferation and expansion of β-cell specific BDC2.5 T cells. These T cells also produced IL-2 and IFN-γ and did not up-regulate FoxP3, consistent with an activated rather than tolerant phenotype. Similarly, endogenous BDC peptide-reactive T cells, identified with I-A(g7) tetramers, did not become tolerant after antigen delivery via αDEC-205: no deletion or Treg induction was observed. We observed that CD8(+) DCs from NOD mice expressed higher surface levels of CD40 than CD8(+) DCs from C57BL/6 mice. Blockade of CD40-CD40L interactions reduced the number of BDC2.5 T cells remaining in mice, 10 days after antigen targeting to CD8 DCs, and blocked IFN-γ production by BDC2.5 T cells. These data indicate that the ability of autoreactive CD4(+) T cells to undergo tolerance mediated by CD8(+) DCs is defective in NOD mice and that blocking CD40-CD40L interactions can restore tolerance induction.
Mean remaining life span: a new clinically relevant parameter to assess the quality of transfused red blood cells

Background The quality of transfused red blood cells (RBCs) to treat anemia depends on its potential for oxygen delivery, governed by two properties: 1) initial posttransfusion recovery and 2) life span of initially surviving RBCs. The latter property is poorly evaluated by the traditional mean potential life span (MPL) or mean cell age (MA), because these parameters do not evaluate how long transfused RBCs remain in circulation. Furthermore, evaluation of MPL is based on two problematic assumptions regarding transfused RBCs: 1) they were produced at a constant steady-state rate and 2) they have similar storage life spans. Study Design and Methods This work introduces a new parameter, the mean remaining life span (MRL) to quantify transfused RBC survival (TRCS) and presents a simple algorithm for its evaluation. The MRL was calculated for four adult subjects with sickle cell disease and four adult diabetic and nondiabetic subjects using RBC survival data sets with existing TRCS parameters. Results The RBC survival curves in the sickle cell subjects were nonlinear with rapid decline in survival within the first 5 days. The MRL was approximately 4.6 days. Thus, the MRL was indicative of the survival of all transfused RBCs. For the diabetic and nondiabetic subjects, the RBC disappearance curves did not deviate substantially from a linear decline. Thus, the estimates for MRL ranging from 39 to 51 days are similar to the MA previously computed. Conclusion MRL overcomes limitations of previously proposed TRCS parameters, is simpler to calculate, and is physiologically and clinically more appropriate.
Identification of cancer fusion drivers using network fusion centrality

Summary: Gene fusions are being discovered at an increasing rate using massively parallel sequencing technologies. Prioritization of cancer fusion drivers for validation cannot be performed using traditional single-gene based methods because fusions involve portions of two partner genes. To address this problem, we propose a novel network analysis method called fusion centrality that is specifically tailored for prioritizing gene fusions. We first propose a domain-based fusion model built on the theory of exon/domain shuffling. The model leads to a hypothesis that a fusion is more likely to be an oncogenic driver if its partner genes act like hubs in a network because the fusion mutation can deregulate normal functions of many other genes and their pathways. The hypothesis is supported by the observation that for most known cancer fusion genes, at least one of the fusion partners appears to be a hub in a network, and even for many fusions both partners appear to be hubs. Based on this model, we construct fusion centrality, a multi-gene-based network metric, and use it to score fusion drivers. We show that the fusion centrality outperforms other single gene-based methods. Specifically, the method successfully predicts most of 38 newly discovered fusions that had validated oncogenic importance. To our best knowledge, this is the first network-based approach for identifying fusion drivers. Availability: Matlab code implementing the fusion centrality method is available upon request from the corresponding authors. Contact: perwu777@gmail.com Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Plasma membrane of cultured oligodendrocytes: III. Relatedness to myelin.

We have compared highly purified fractions of oligodendrocyte plasma membrane to myelin by one- and two dimensional gel electrophoresis and found them to be distinct. The major myelin proteins--proteolipid protein (PLP), DM-20, and myelin basic protein (MBP), which dominate the sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis pattern of myelin--were minor components of the plasmalemma. However, 2',3', cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (CNPase) and myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) were represented equally in both membranes. Labeling the cells with various precursors followed by isolation of plasmalemma revealed that newly synthesized PLP, DM-20, CNPase, and MAG were incorporated into the plasma membrane of "floating" oligodendrocytes (i.e., nonattached to substratum). This was not so with MBP. Nevertheless, scattered patches of MBP were localized on the plasma membrane of intact cells using the immunogold method at the electron microscopic level. The data are consistent with the notion that MBP is not a constituent of the plasma membrane of mature oligodendrocytes (the MBP patches on intact cells are likely remnants from past association with myelin) but is rapidly associated with the plasmalemma of myelinating oligodendrocytes (i.e., attached cells). It is suggested that phosphorylation of MBP provides the triggering signal for plasma membrane association. In order to analyze the minor proteins in myelin and compare them to the plasma membrane by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, myelin was extracted with chloroform:methanol to remove PLP, DM-20, and MBP. Even in the absence of PLP, DM-20, and MBP the pattern of extracted myelin still differed from that of plasmalemma indicating that their minor protein compositions were not the same. Myelin was characterized by a group of proteins that clustered at pI 5.5-6.5 and Mr 40,000-60,000 of which alpha-tubulins, beta-tubulins, and actin are part: the plasmalemma had tubulins and actin but in different proportions. Our findings indicate that in addition to PLP, DM-20, and MPB, myelin is also enriched relative to the plasmalemma in another group of proteins.
Steady-state preserving reduction for genetic regulatory network models

Fine-scale models based on stochastic differential equations can provide the most detailed description of the dynamics of gene expression and imbed, in principle, all the information about the biochemical reactions involved in gene interactions. However, the computational complexity involved in the design of optimal intervention strategies to favorably effect system dynamics for such detailed models is enormous. Hence, there is a need to design mappings from fine-scale models to coarse-scale models while maintaining sufficient structure for the problem at hand. In this paper, we propose a mapping from a fine-scale model represented by a Chemical Master Equation to a coarse-scale model represented by a Probabilistic Boolean Network that maintains the collapsed steady state distribution of the detailed model. We also evaluate the performance of the intervention strategy designed using the coarse scale model when applied to the fine-scale model.
Lack of a Correlation Between Variations in the Amount of Calcium and Serum Albumin in the Blood Sera of Chicks

Abstract THE presence of more non-diffusible calcium in the sera of laying hens than in the sera of non-laying hens has been confirmed many times since it was reported by Correll and Hughes (1933), and in more recent years others have shown that the same relationship holds for young hens and cockerels under the influence of the female sex hormone or diethylstilbestrol. In addition, Moore (1948), Brandt et al. (1951) and Clegg et al. (1952) have demonstrated that the serum proteins of laying hens or hormone treated birds contain electrophoretic components not present in the serums of the normal non-laying birds. Some investigators, including Greenberg (1944), are of the opinion that the serum albumin is the protein component responsible for most of the ion binding capacity of the blood serum. In the subsequent discussion, information concerning calcium binding ability of the serum components of chicken is discussed. EXPERIMENTAL The lack of …
Limits of on-line strategies of reanalysis

In this paper, the author evaluates the operative validity of several on-line parsing strategies. This evaluation will consist in testing each of these strategies' ability to solve a particular type of GP sentence, whose onset of ambiguity presents several levels of linguistic complexity. The goal is twofold: (i) to demonstrate that serial parsers with on-line strategies are unable to escape the garden path effect during the processing of complex GP sentences of the type presented in this paper; and (ii) to show that, the more levels of ambiguity that a GP sentence has, the more indispensable off-line strategies become to the parser in processing ambiguous strings. The fallibility of the serial parsers examined here leads the author to conclude that it is improper to build models that exclude off-line strategies as tools for recovering from a misanalysis. Despite the high cost in terms of working memory and of processing time, off-fine strategies remain very effective and can be used to parse almost all types of ambiguous sentences.
A Rapid-Scan Infrared Spectrometer; Flash Photolytic Detection of Chloroformic Acid and of CF 2

A rapid-scan infrared spectrometer has been constructed and successfully applied to the study of short-lived intermediates produced by flash photolysis. A zinc-doped germanium semiconductor detector and a high-speed rotating Littrow mirror permit scan rates of 1000 cm−1/100 μsee through the region 5000–650 cm−1. Two transient species, chloroformic acid and CF2, have been identified, and lough estimates of their lifetimes have been obtained, 50–70 μsec and about 2.5 msec, respectively. This is the first spectroscopic detection of chloroformic acid.
Rayleigh-Taylor instability of fluid layers

It is shown that the Rayleigh-Taylor instability of an accelerating incompressible, inviscid fluid layer is the result of pressure gradients, not gravitational acceleration. As in the classical Rayleigh-Taylor instability of a semi-infinite layer, finite fluid layers form long thin spikes whose structure is essentially independent of the initial thickness of the layer. A pressure maximum develops above the spike that effectively uncouples the flow in the spike from the rest of the fluid. Interspersed between the spikes are rising bubbles. The bubble motion is seriously affected by the thickness of the layer. For thin layers, the bubbles accelerate upwards exponentially in time and the layer thins so rapidly that it may disrupt at finite times.
An Internet-based Method of Selecting Control Populations for Epidemiologic Studies

Identifying control subjects for epidemiologic studies continues to increase in difficulty because of changes in telephone technology such as answering services and machines, caller identification, and cell phones. An Internet-based method for obtaining study subjects that may increase response rates has been developed and is described. This method uses information from two websites that, when combined, provide accurate and complete lists of names, addresses, and listed phone numbers. This method was developed by use of randomly selected streets in a suburb of Salt Lake City, Utah, in June 2005.
Developing the “Write” Skills for Publishing

Someone once told me that you (as a writer) are only as good as your worst publication. I think the point of that statement is that you should not submit a paper unless you have put your best effort into writing it. The quality of a paper is often a reflection of the amount of time you spent planning and writing it. As detailed in this Commentary, writing for publication is a not a single step but a process that includes planning, writing, submitting, revising, resubmitting, and proofing. Developing good writing skills involves seeking mentors and opportunities to write. However, if you have the passion or desire to publish, it is possible to develop the "write" skills.
EVOLUTION OF NEST-BUILDING BEHAVIOR IN AGAPORNIS PARROTS

Five species in the African lovebird genus Agapornis are the only parrots, oth- er than Monk Parakeets (Myiopsitta monachus), that construct nests. Four species (A. personata, A. fischeri, A. lilianae, and A. nigrigenis) build domed nests within cavities, and a fifth (A. roseicollis) builds a cup-shaped nest within a cavity. The other members of the genus have nesting behavior that is more typical of other parrots: A, cana and A, taranta nest in cavities that are lined with nesting material, and A. pullaria excavates burrows in arboreal ant or termite nests. To reconstruct the evolution of nest-building behavior in Agapornis, I se- quenced a 622-bp portion of the cytochrome-b gene (mtDNA) and used the sequence data to build a phylogenetic tree. The phylogeny shows that the divergence between the nest- building species and cana, taranta, and pullaria occurred early in the evolution of the genus. The nest builders form a monophyletic clade, and the small amount of sequence divergence between personata, fischeri, lilianae, and nigrigenis indicates that they probably should be con- sidered subspecies of a single species. A reconstruction of the evolution of nest-building behavior on the phylogeny indicates that the construction of a domed nest is derived from the habit of lining the nest, because the nesting material is used to build progressively more complex nest structures. Within Agapornis, nest building is associated with colonial breed- ing. The construction of a nest within a cavity may allow breeding pairs to modify and use cavities that otherwise might be unsuitable. This would, in turn, give pairs added flexibility in nest-site choice, thereby facilitating colonial breeding. Received 5 May 1997, accepted 11 November 1997.
Risk-stratification parameters in patient selection for coronary artery bypass grafting

Abstract This article reviews mortality data from several large databases reporting coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) results, with particular emphasis on the New York State experience. It reports effects of major risk factors, including recent myocardial infarction, comorbidities, age, and gender. Data relating individual surgeons’ practice volume to outcome are reviewed, as are studies on adverse cerebral outcomes after CABG. Also discussed are risk stratification by standard and nuclear stress testing and the implications of risk assessment for the choice of either surgical intervention or medical therapy.
The 19th Century Origins of Facial Cosmetic Surgery and John H. Woodbury

John H. Woodbury was an incredibly entrepreneurial, self-trained dermatologist who, between 1870 and 1909, built an empire of cosmetic surgery institutes in 6 states, with 25 physician/surgeon employees and an advertising budget of $150,000/year (1892 data). Under his management, his surgeons, and perhaps Woodbury himself, performed multiple facial cosmetic surgeries, including early versions of browlifts, frown excisions, lower facelifts, mid-face lifts, rhinoplasties, double-chin reductions, and dimple creation. In addition, Woodbury developed a proprietary soap and cosmetic line, which he sold to Jergens for $212,500 in 1901 (retaining a 10% royalty). Woodbury's story has been unknown until now because this nonacademic concentrated his publishing in articles and advertisements in lay magazines. Woodbury's life ended in bankruptcy, litigation, and suicide when the corporate practice of medicine and advertising were made illegal. In his legal proceedings, Woodbury conceded that he was not a doctor, although he went by the title. Regardless, his surgical innovations are of major historical significance, as these cosmetic procedures are the first of their kind to be noted in the lay or academic press and predate, by years and even decades, the previously earliest known cosmetic surgeries in the United States.
Let’s talk about it: Peer victimization experiences as reported by adolescents with autism spectrum disorder

Individuals with autism spectrum disorder experience high rates of peer victimization; yet, their personal experiences and perceptions of such victimization are not well understood. In this qualitative investigation, responses to questions about bullying and teasing were examined to gain insight into the perception of peer victimization as reported by adolescents with autism spectrum disorder. While the majority of participants provided examples of peer victimization, their situations differed from items typically assessed on bullying questionnaires. Participants were also able to provide explanations for why they believe they are targets and descriptions of their reactions to bullying. Findings from the interviews are used to provide suggestions for the development of more informative bullying assessments and prevention programs for students with autism spectrum disorder.
The coexistence of primary lung cancer and other primary malignant neoplasms.

SUMMARY A total of 1588 cases of pathologically confirmed primary lung cancer were seen at the Mayo Clinic from January 1, 1944, to December 31, 1953. Of this group, 65 patients, or 4.1 per cent, were found to have an independent primary malignant neoplasm at some other site.
In vitro perfusion of chinchilla thin limb segments: segmentation and osmotic water permeability

The thin limb segments of the long loop of Henle are thought to play important roles in the urinary concentrating mechanism. In this study, we present new approaches to the identification, dissection, and in vitro perfusion of individual thin limb segments from all levels of the chinchilla renal medulla, including the deepest portions of the papilla. We have applied these techniques to the investigation of the osmotic water permeability along the chinchilla long loop of Henle. The results demonstrate that the osmotic water permeability of the thin descending limb is not uniformly high along its length, as previously thought, but that the distal 20% of the long-loop descending limb has a very low water permeability (approximately 50 microns/s). The transition to the low water permeability region of the thin descending limb is accompanied by a relatively abrupt change in morphology (increased cellularity and decreased diameter) that is readily perceptible in the perfused segments and even in the dissection dish. In contrast, the upper part of the chinchilla long-loop thin descending limb had an extremely high osmotic water permeability (greater than 2,000 microns/s) as observed in other species. Thin ascending limbs from deep in the inner medulla had water permeabilities that were indistinguishable from zero, as previously found in thin ascending limbs from near the inner-outer medullary junction. The presence of a low-water-permeability portion of the long-loop thin descending limb in chinchilla may have important implications with regard to the inner medullary concentrating process. A relatively low osmotic water permeability (397 microns/s) was also found in the deep inner medullary portion of the thin descending limb from the rat.
Investigation of piezo-resistivity in CNT nano-composites under damage

The piezoresistivity of carbon nanotube (CNT) reinforced nanocomposites is modeled using a multiscale damage modeling technique. Two phenomena of piezoresistivity are studied, the inherent piezoresistivity of the CNTs and the electrical tunneling effect. The damage model is developed under the framework of continuum damage mechanics (CDM) with a physical damage evolution equation inspired by Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations. This damage model is applied to a nanocomposite unit cells with randomly dispersed CNTs. Orders of magnitude change in piezoresistivity is observed as the nanocomposite changes from non-damaged state to damaged state. This study provides insights into the prevailing mechanisms associated with piezoresistivity in the damaged and undamaged state of the CNT reinforced nanocomposites at the sub micro scale.
Estimating Response Coefficients: Pooled Versus Firm-Specific Models

While accounting research has shown that earnings response coefficients vary across firms many short-window accounting studies estimate earnings response coefficients using a pooled cross-sectional regression model which implicitly assumes that coefficients are identical across firms. We study the implications of this implicit assumption by comparing the cross-sectional regression approach to a firm-specific coefficient approach. In the samples we study the means of the firm-specific earnings response coefficients are on average more than 10 times as large as the corresponding coefficients estimated from the pooled cross-sectional regression model. We conclude that future research on the relation between accounting variables and returns should seriously consider the use of a firm-specific coefficient methodology in place of a cross-sectional regression methodology.
Analysis and Evaluation of DXA in Children and Adolescents

Analysis and evaluation of DXA scans are contingent upon acquisition of high-quality scans, devoid of movement and other artifacts that may affect BMC or aBMD results. Innovations in DXA scan analysis software enable standardized analysis of scans on pediatric patients. Placement of the regions of interest (ROI) according to manufacturer’s guidelines and examination of the “bone map” are important to ensure that the scan is analyzed appropriately. The lateral distal femur scan is less standardized but may be useful for assessing bone density in non-ambulatory patients who are at increased risk of femur fractures. It is recommended that follow-up scans be analyzed using the “compare mode” to optimize the comparability of aBMD results.
Sleep duration and resting fMRI functional connectivity: examination of short sleepers with and without perceived daytime dysfunction

Background Approximately 30% of the U.S. population reports recurrent short sleep; however, perceived sleep need varies widely among individuals. Some “habitual short sleepers” routinely sleep 4–6 hr/night without self-reported adverse consequences. Identifying neural mechanisms underlying individual differences in perceived sleep-related dysfunction has important implications for understanding associations between sleep duration and health. Method This study utilized data from 839 subjects of the Human Connectome Project to examine resting functional connectivity associations with self-reported short sleep duration, as well as differences between short sleepers with versus without reported dysfunction. Functional connectivity was analyzed using a parcellation covering the cortical, subcortical, and cerebellar gray matter at 5 mm resolution. Results Self-reported sleep duration predicts one of the primary patterns of intersubject variance in resting functional connectivity. Compared to conventional sleepers, both short sleeper subtypes exhibited resting fMRI (R-fMRI) signatures consistent with diminished wakefulness, potentially indicating inaccurate perception of functionality among those denying dysfunction. Short sleepers denying dysfunction exhibited increased connectivity between sensory cortices and bilateral amygdala and hippocampus, suggesting that efficient sleep-related memory consolidation may partly explain individual differences in perceived daytime dysfunction. Conclusions Overall, current findings indicate that R-fMRI investigations should include assessment of average sleep duration during the prior month. Furthermore, short sleeper subtype findings provide a candidate neural mechanism underlying differences in perceived daytime impairment associated with short sleep duration.
Colorectal endoscopic submucosal dissection: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Background and study aims: Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is an advanced endoscopic technique that allows en-bloc resection of gastrointestinal tumor. We systematically review the medical literature in order to evaluate the safety and efficacy of colorectal ESD. Patients and methods: We performed a comprehensive literature search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, Ovid, CINAHL, and Cochrane for studies reporting on the clinical efficacy and safety profile of colorectal ESD. Results: Included in this study were 13833 tumors in 13603 patients (42 % female) who underwent colorectal ESD between 1998 and 2014. The R0 resection rate was 83 % (95 % CI, 80 – 86 %) with significant between-study heterogeneity (P Conclusions: Our meta-analysis, the largest and most comprehensive assessment of colorectal ESD to date, showed that colorectal ESD is safe and effective for colorectal tumors and warrants consideration as first-line therapy when an expert operator is available.
Subsurface, thermoelastic line source excitation of a transversely isotropic half space

Abstract In this work, mathematical descriptions of material displacements in the wavefield surrounding a subsurface, thermoelastic line source in a transversely isotropic half space are given. These are derived from continuum representations that yield wave equations describing material motion that are solved using transform techniques. These solutions provide insight into the overall character of these sources in anisotropic materials and can also be used to model more generalized source distributions that might occur in a range of physical systems. Analytical, closed form solutions for epicentral displacements are derived and are graphically represented for particular source locations below the surface of a titanium half space. These results illustrate general aspects of the wavefield including the nature of various component modes of the displacement waveform. Wavefront characteristics associated with these modes are considered along with the nature of direct shear wave emission by this type of source. Mathematical results for displacements are used to illustrate how the surface-borne thermoelastic line source can be represented as a surface, shear stress dipole and are also used to represent more complicated subsurface source distributions that might occur in physical systems.
In Situ Chemical Oxidation: Permanganate Oxidant Volume Design Considerations

Contaminant rebound and low contaminant removal are reported more frequently with in situ chemical oxidation than other in situ technologies. Although there are multiple causes for these results, a critical analysis indicates that low oxidant volume delivery is a key issue. The volume of oxidant injected is critical and porosity of the aquifer matrix can be used to estimate the pore volume. The total porosity (qT) is the volume of voids relative to the total volume of aquifer material. The mobile porosity (qM) is the fraction of voids that readily contributes to fluid displacement, and is less than qT leading to smaller estimates of oxidant volume. Injecting low-oxidant volume may result in inadequate oxidant distribution and postinjection dispersal within the radius of influence, insufficient oxidant contact and oxidant loading, and incomplete treatment; whereas, greater oxidant volume achieves a greater oxidant footprint and may involve risk that the injected oxidant may migrate into nontarget areas and displacement of contaminated groundwater. Design guidelines and recommendations are provided that could help achieve more effective technology deployment, reduce the role of heterogeneities in the subsurface, and result in greater probability the oxidant is delivered to the targeted treatment zone.