cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Educational Software Design in Practice: Understanding the Power of Intersecting Disciplines on Design Process

This chapter shares the coauthors’ evolving understanding of design process, shaped by their unique individual backgrounds and collective engagement in an interdisciplinary educational software design course. Following a collaborative approach rooted in autoethnography, students and instructors examined autobiographical narratives and dialogic conversations to make meanings out of personal stories and developed a collective vision of how the course design impacted their understanding of design process. This reflective process inspired the redesign of the interdisciplinary course.
Commonalities between Copper Neurotoxicity and Alzheimer’s Disease

Alzheimer’s disease, a highly prevalent form of dementia, targets neuron function beginning from the hippocampal region and expanding outwards. Alzheimer’s disease is caused by elevated levels of heavy metals, such as lead, zinc, and copper. Copper is found in many areas of daily life, raising a concern as to how this metal and Alzheimer’s disease are related. Previous studies have not identified the common pathways between excess copper and Alzheimer’s disease etiology. Our review corroborates that both copper and Alzheimer’s disease target the hippocampus, cerebral cortex, cerebellum, and brainstem, affecting motor skills and critical thinking. Additionally, Aβ plaque formation was analyzed beginning from synthesis at the APP parent protein site until Aβ plaque formation was completed. Structural changes were also noted. Further analysis revealed a relationship between amyloid-beta plaques and copper ion concentration. As copper ion levels increased, it bound to the Aβ monomer, expediting the plaque formation process, and furthering neurodegeneration. These conclusions can be utilized in the medical community to further research on the etiology of Alzheimer’s disease and its relationships to copper and other metal-induced neurotoxicity.
Pregnancy Outcomes in Patients with Interstitial Lung Disease.

Objective Women with interstitial lung disease (ILD) are recommended to avoid pregnancy based on limited data. The study seeks to determine maternal and pregnancy outcomes in the largest-to-date cohort of patients with ILD. Methods Medical records in the Duke University Health System were reviewed for pregnancies in patients with a diagnosis of ILD with underlying autoimmune disease. Pregnancies were classified as having very severe, severe, mild-moderate, or normal lung function based on pulmonary function tests (PFTs). Adverse pregnancy outcomes were defined using PROMISSE-APO and Severe PROMISSE-APO criteria. Results Among 86 pregnancies in 60 women, 85% women were Black, 71% had sarcoidosis, and 29% had connective tissue disease associated ILD (CTD-ILD). Of the pregnancies with available PFTs (n=59), 12% had very severe ILD, 25% had severe ILD, 51% had mild-moderate ILD, and 12% had normal lung function. PROMISSE-APO occurred in 32% of pregnancies, including all pregnancies with very severe ILD (p=0.02 across severity groups), 56% of pregnancies with CTD-ILD, and 23% with sarcoidosis (p=0.02). Severe PROMISSE-APO occurred in 15% of pregnancies, including 60% with very severe ILD and 28% with CTD-ILD. There were no maternal deaths. One woman required ICU stay during pregnancy. Three women had volume overload after delivery that resolved with medical management. Seven women received oxygen during delivery though none were intubated. Conclusions While adverse pregnancy outcomes were common in women with very severe ILD and underlying CTD, overall maternal morbidity and mortality was low. This data suggests women with ILD may be able to safely attempt pregnancy.
In vivo genetic exchange of a functional domain from a type II A methylase between lactococcal plasmid pTR2030 and a virulent bacteriophage

The conjugative plasmid pTR2030 confers bacteriophage resistance to lactococci by two independent mechanisms, an abortive infection mechanism (Hsp+) and a restriction and modification system (R+/M+). pTR2030 transconjugants of lactococcal strains are used in the dairy industry to prolong the usefulness of mesophilic starter cultures. One bacteriophage which has emerged against a pTR2030 transconjugant is not susceptible to either of the two defense systems encoded by the plasmid. Phage nck202.50 (phi 50) is completely resistant to restriction by pTR2030. A region of homology between pTR2030 and phi 50 was subcloned, physically mapped, and sequenced. A region of 1,273 bp was identical in both plasmid and phage, suggesting that the fragment had recently been transferred between the two genomes. Sequence analysis confirmed that the transferred region encoded greater than 55% of the amino domain of the structural gene for a type II methylase designated LlaI. The LlaI gene is 1,869 bp in length and shows organizational similarities to the type II A methylase FokI. In addition to the amino domain, upstream sequences, possibly containing the expression signals, were present on the phage genome. The phage phi 50 fragment containing the methylase amino domain, designated LlaPI, when cloned onto the shuttle vector pSA3 was capable of modifying another phage genome in trans. This is the first report of the genetic exchange between a bacterium and a phage which confers a selective advantage on the phage. Definition of the LlaI system on pTR2030 provides the first evidence that type II systems contribute to restriction and modification phenotypes during host-dependent replication of phages in lactococci.
Radionuclides, 5. Synthesis of Radiolabeled Compounds

The article contains sections titled: 1. Introduction 2. Principles of Radiolabeling 2.1. Introduction 2.2. Methods of Radiolabeling 2.3. Stability of Radiolabeled Compounds 3. Radiolabeling with 14C, 3H, 32P, and 35S
SPEClite: using representative samples to reduce SPEC CPU2000 workload

An execution-driven microarchitecture-accurate microprocessor simulator requires a complex software program. The simulator must be highly detailed and accurate if it is used for microarchitecture design evaluation. The detail and accuracy comes at the high cost of enormous simulation time. A simulator that models a modern super-scalar processor is 10/sup 5/ to 10/sup 6/ times slower than the actual hardware being modeled. Running a benchmark in full microarchitecture mode (UA) can be execution time prohibitive. Hence, simulators are less effective than they could be due to slowness in the simulated result. This paper presents a methodology of selecting and executing representative samples that reduce the simulation time and maintains the accuracy of the simulated result. We illustrate our methodology using the Vortex benchmark from the SPEC CPU2000 suite (SPEC2K).
On the equivalence of generalized joint signal representations

Joint time-frequency representations have proven very useful for analyzing signals in terms of time-frequency content. In an attempt to tailor joint representations to a richer class of signals, two approaches (Cohen's (1991) and Baraniuk's (see Proc. ICASSP 1993, p.III-320, 1993)) to obtaining joint representations of arbitrary variables have been proposed. Baraniuk's generalization appears broader than Cohen's, since the latter can be recovered from the former as a special case. One of the main results of this paper is that, despite being apparently quite different, the two approaches to generalized joint representations are exactly equivalent. We explicitly characterize the mapping which relates the representations of the two methods, and also determine the corresponding relationship between the operators of the two methods. A practical implication of the results is that one can avoid the group transforms in Baraniuk's approach, which may not be computationally efficient, by replacing them with Fourier transforms in Cohen's method.
Symbolic Algebra Software for Planetary Theories

A symbolic algebra software package under development in MACSYMA is described briefly. Its capabilities are illustrated with a simple application.
CHARACTERIZATION OF STARCH GRAINS IN THE NONARTICULATED LATICIFER OF EUPHORBIA PULCHERRIMA (POINSETTIA).

Starch grain morphology in laticifer amyloplasts of Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. (poinsettia) was examined for evidence of starch metabolism in vegetative and flowering plants. Laticifer starch grains in vegetative plants were rod shaped with lengths ranging from 3 to 60 μm. Average grain size was significantly larger in stems than leaves, and in older than younger tissues. Starch grain length frequency was unimodal and approximated a normal probability distribution in stems, but was skewed positively toward smaller grains in leaves. Frequency distributions were shifted toward larger grains in older tissues. Under short-day photoperiod (flowering) conditions, round starch grains formed in latex of stems, and the average length of rod-shaped grains decreased in latex of stems and leaves. Round grains did not occur in laticifers of leaves or bracts. Round starch grains often occurred in aggregates of two or more subunits. Changes in size and shape of latex starch grains indicate that amyloplasts in fully differentiated laticifers metabolize starch. Identification of metabolically active amyloplasts in differentiated laticifers suggests that the function of these organelles may involve starch mobilization under certain physiological conditions.
Digital Simulation of Multiterminal HVDC Systems for Transient Stability Studies Using a Simplified DC System Representation

As the control mode of operation of the dc system is variable dependent and the operating margin between neighboring modes is narrow, changes in the control mode of operation of the dc system often occur during transient conditions. For transient stability programs that use a static dc network representation, the approach is to cycle through the probable control modes until the computed values of the current operating state are consistent with the assumed mode of operation. With such an approach, the program logic for multiterminal dc system soon becomes complex and time- consuming, because the number of possible combinations of control modes in a multiterminal dc system increases rapidly with the number of converter terminals. A more systematic method that is based on a Linear Programming formulation is presented in this paper. The constraints incorporated in the LP formulation automatically ensure that the solution obtained is feasible. The method is applicable to a general parallel-connected multiterminal dc system and is capable of handling all sorts of converter operating characteristics. Numerical examples illustrating the successful application of the method in handling the operating characteristics of constant current, voltage, power and angle controls, voltage dependent current order limiter, and in simulating the dynamics of power modulation and restart are presented.
Bayou Corne, Louisiana, sinkhole: Precursory deformation measured by radar interferometry

Catastrophic sinkholes are formed through the collapse of natural or human-made subterranean caverns, and are common in areas with evaporite and carbonate rock. Despite their danger, advance warning of these events is rare. We report a measurement of precursory surface deformation of as much as 260 mm, derived with interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) and evident over a month before surface collapse, at the site of the Bayou Corne, Louisiana (USA) sinkhole that formed in August 2012. Data collected by the airborne Uninhabited Aerial Vehicle SAR (UAVSAR) instrument were used for the study. Analysis of data acquired from two flight tracks with near-opposing imaging geometries reveal a deformation pattern consistent with compressive loading at the surface due to loss of support from a subterranean cavity collapse related to Texas Brine Oxy Geismar Well #3. The precursor deformation was nearly entirely horizontal, i.e., oriented along the surface, and manifested as movement of surface material toward the location where the sinkhole later formed. The sinkhole formed in the area with the largest gradient in surface strain, but did not cover the full extent of the precursory deformation detected with radar. This work suggests that InSAR data collected operationally for hazard monitoring could, in some cases, identify sinkhole development before surface collapse, and decrease subsequent danger to people and property.
Contribution of calcium‐activated potassium channels to the vasodilator effect of bradykinin in the isolated, perfused kidney of the rat

1. NO- and prostaglandin-independent, endothelium-dependent vasodilator responses to bradykinin are attributed to release of a hyperpolarizing factor. Therefore, the contribution of K+ channels to the renal vasodilator effect of bradykinin was examined in rat perfused kidneys that were preconstricted with phenylephrine and treated with NG-nitro-L-arginine (L-NOARG) and indomethacin to inhibit NO and prostaglandin synthesis. 2. The non-specific K+ channel inhibitors, TEA and TBA reduced vasodilator responses to bradykinin and cromakalim but not those to nitroprusside. 3. Glibenclamide, an inhibitor of ATP-sensitive K+ channels, blocked the vasodilator response to cromakalim without affecting responses to bradykinin. 4. Charybdotoxin, a selective inhibitor of Ca(2+)-activated K+ channels, greatly attenuated vasodilator responses to bradykinin without affecting those to cromakalim or nitroprusside. 5. Iberiotoxin and leiurotoxin, inhibitors of large and small conductance Ca(2+)-activated K+ channels, respectively, were without effect on vasodilator responses to bradykinin, cromakalim or nitroprusside. 6. These results implicate K+ channels, specifically Ca(2+)-activated K+ channels of intermediate conductance, in the renal vasodilator effect of bradykinin and, thereby, support a role for a hyperpolarizing factor.
Modeling China’s military expenditures as an action-reaction process: A preliminary study

This article attempts to study the patterns of China’s military capacity during the cold war era. We believe that this work will not only benefit us in better understanding what factors have contributed to China’s military expenditures over the past 30 years, but also be beneficial in the prediction of China’s future military establishment. The theory directing our work is Lewis F. Richardson’s action-reaction theory which describes military capacity build-up as a process in which changes in a nation’s defense expenditures are a function of its opponent’s defense expenditures and the hostility and the economic burden of producing and maintaining arms. Guided by this action-reaction model, we test whether or not China’s military expenditures are a function of its neighboring rival countries/regions for the period of 1963 to 1990. Sixteen different formulations of Richardson’s model are employed. We use the OLS (Ordinary Least Squares) linear regression technique to test our model. Our findings suggest that possibly in the case of Taiwan and Japan does an action-reaction process occur. In addition, models that employ time lags better illustrate whether an action-reaction process is going on.
Action Interrupted: Movement and Breakpoints in the Processing of Motion Violations in Toddlers and Adults.

From early in development, segmenting events unfolding in the world in meaningful ways renders input more manageable and facilitates interpretation and prediction. Yet, little is known about how children process action structure in events composed of multiple coarse-grained actions. More importantly, little is known about the time course of action processing in young children or about the specific features that recruit attention. This is particularly true when we consider action that pauses unexpectedly—as actions sometimes do—thereby violating the expectation of a continuous unfolding of motion. We assessed visual preference to intact and disrupted actions embedded within a multiaction event in toddlers and adults. In 1 condition, pauses were inserted at intact action boundaries, whereas in the other condition, they disrupted action. Attention in both groups was recruited to the disrupted relative to intact events. Time-course analyses, however, revealed developmental differences in sensitivity to the mo...
Highly Conserved Cysteines within the Ly6 Domain of GPIHBP1 Are Crucial for the Binding of Lipoprotein Lipase

GPIHBP1, a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored endothelial cell protein of the lymphocyte antigen 6 (Ly6) family, binds lipoprotein lipase (LPL) avidly and is required for the lipolytic processing of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. GPIHBP1 contains two key structural motifs, an acidic domain and an Ly6 motif (a three-fingered domain specified by 10 cysteines). The acidic domain is required for LPL binding, but the importance of the Ly6 domain is less clear. To explore that issue, we transfected cells with a wild-type GPIHBP1 expression vector or mutant GPIHBP1 vectors in which specific cysteines in the Ly6 domain were changed to alanine. The mutant GPIHBP1 proteins reached the cell surface, as judged by antibody binding studies and by the ability of a phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C to release these proteins from the cell surface. However, cells expressing the cysteine mutants could not bind LPL. The acidic domain of the cysteine mutants appeared to remain accessible, as judged by binding studies with an antibody against the acidic domain. We also developed a cell-free assay of LPL binding. We created a rat monoclonal antibody against the carboxyl terminus of mouse GPIHBP1 and used that antibody to coat agarose beads. We then tested the ability of soluble forms of GPIHBP1 that had been immobilized on monoclonal antibody-coated beads to bind LPL. In this assay, wild-type soluble GPIHBP1 bound LPL avidly, but the cysteine mutants did not. Thus, our studies suggest that a structurally intact Ly6 domain (in addition to the acidic domain) is essential for LPL binding.
The Kennedy Assassination, Unidentified Flying Objects, and Other Conspiracies: Psychological and Organizational Factors in the Perception of ""Cover‐up''

Cover-up theories are popular beliefs that powerful governmental agencies prevent the public from receiving full, accurate, and detailed explanations of real or imagined events. Drawing on Kruglanski's theory of lay epistemics and J. G. Miller's analysis of information overload, we propose that information processing at the individual level gives rise to cover-up hypotheses which are then "supported' by delays, errors, omissions and other symptoms of information overload at the organizational level. This interplay of psychological and organizational variables is illustrated in beliefs that the US government is suppressing the truth about the John F. Kennedy assassination and is withholding evidence that unidentified flying objects (UFOs) are "real' and under the control of intelligent extraterrestrial beings. We identify individual differences that might be linked to the acceptance or rejection of cover-up notions and outline steps that organizations may take to minimize their own contributions to the misattribution processes. A huge and expanding glut of ambiguous evidence coupled with selective perception and biased assimilation make the Kennedy assassination and UFO controversies impossible to resolve. © 1996 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Direct sums of ideals

We survey various existence and uniqueness theorems for decompositions of finitely generated modules over commutative rings, as direct sums of ideals of the ring. These theorems generalize a theorem of Steinitz published in 1912. Much of the paper is expository. The main new result is the following uniqueness theorem (well known to be true for integral domains): Let Ai, Bi be ideals of the commutative ring R, and suppose that the R-modules A1 ⊕⋯⊕ Am and B1 ⊕⋯⊕ Bm are isomorphic. Then the ideal products A1⋯Am and B1⋯Bm are isomorphic as R-modules.
PLASMA MEMBRANE ULTRASTRUCTURE OF HUMAN LEUCOCYTES

The surface of human blood neutrophils (PMN), monocytes, B and T lymphocytes, lymphoblasts from acute lymphoblastlc leukemia (ALL) and macrophages transformed in-vitro from blood monocytes was compared using critical point drying and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Elongated, veillike extensions of the plasma membrane cover the entire surface of the monocyte and macrophage and are characteristic of the mononuclear phagocyte cell line. In contrast, numerous short microvilli and serpentine ridges cover the surface of the PMN. Following PMN attachment to glass the central portion of the cell becomes smooth and microundulations of plasma membrane activity are noted only at the cell periphery. Numerous microvillous projections on the normal human B lymphocyte surface in contrast to the smooth surface and receptors for sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) on the normal blood T lymphocyte surface, as previously reported, were confirmed. SEM offers an additional tool for characterization of each of the normal blood leucocyte cell types. SEM observations of blood lymphoblasts in 3 children with ALL prior to treatment revealed greater than 90% of cells with a smooth surface identical to normal T lymphocytes. However, SRBC rosette formation was present in 6%, 7% and 91% respectively. Correlation of membrane ultrastructure and SRBC receptor sites appears less consistent following malignant lymphoid transformation.
Selective oxidation of Zn2+—insulin catalyzed by Cu2+

The purpose of this study is to quantitate the sensitivity of Zn2+ -insulin to oxidation catalyzed by various redox active transition metals, Cu2+, Fe2+, Mn2+, Ni2+, Co2+, Cr3+. Human recombinant insulin (INS) was subjected to oxidation under various conditions in the presence and absence of Zn2+ and ascorbate. The extent of oxidation was monitored by RP-HPLC. Only Cu2+, but none of the other metals or combination thereof, for example, Ni2+/Co2+, Co2+/Cr3+, and Ni2+/Cr3+, catalyzed INS oxidation, for example, to an extent of 45% when 20 microM INS/8.8 microM Zn2+ were exposed to 8 microM Cu2+ and 50 microM ascorbate for 90 min. The Cu2+ -catalyzed oxidation mainly targeted the B chain of INS, where the two histidine residues are located.
Oscillation Analysis in a System of Coupled Oscillators with Delays

In this paper, a system of coupled oscillators with delays is investigated. Some sufficient conditions to guarantee the existence of oscillations for the model are obtained. Examples are provided to demonstrate the proposed results.
The Enigma of Candiduria: Evolution of Bladder Irrigation with Amphotericin B for Management—From Anecdote to Dogma and a Lesson from Machiavelli

Candiduria has emerged as a common, vexing diagnostic and therapeutic problem over the past 40 years. Treatment by means of bladder irrigation with a solution of amphotericin B has become widely used in clinical practice. However, the specifics of the procedure--concentration of amphotericin B, use of continuous washing vs. instillation with cross-clamping to allow "dwell-times," and duration of treatment--are based entirely on anecdotal experiences. The published reports and evolution of recommendations are reviewed. A prospective randomized double-blind study is needed to provide answers. In the meantime, administration of 200-300 mL of amphotericin B solution by triple-lumen urethral catheter with cross-clamping for 60-90 minutes seems most appropriate. Irrigation for no longer than 2 days should suffice if the procedure is to be effective. The optimal concentration of amphotericin B has not been defined; however, 5-10 mg/L appears adequate.
Chlorpromazine Metabolism IV: Quaternization as a Key to Determination of Picomoles of Chlorpromazine and Other Tertiary Amine Drugs

Reaction of chlorpromazine with 9-bromomethylacridine under appropriate conditions yields a nonfluorescent quaternary ammonium derivative which, on subsequent photolysis, liberates fluorescence. The major component of this fluorescence is 9-methylacridine (86%), while two minor components are 9-acridinecarboxaldehyde (6%) and 9-acridinemethanol (8%). The mechanism of photolysis leading to formation of these products appears to involve homolytic as well as heterolytic cleavages of the quaternary salt. Both the quaternization and the photolysis are stoichiometric. Appropriate isolation of the fluorescence and its quantitative determination constitutes the basis of a new and highly sensitive assay applicable to chlorpromazine and other tertiary amine drugs.
Effect of transducer standoff on the detection, spatial extent, and quantification of myocardial contrast defects caused by coronary stenoses.

Abstract Intermittent harmonic imaging during a continuous infusion of microbubbles may be able to quantify myocardial perfusion abnormalities. Measurements of the spatial extent of these perfusion abnormalities depends on homogenous destruction of the microbubbles in the elevation plane of the transducer. We hypothesized that uneven microbubble destruction caused by attenuation of beam intensity could alter quantitative measurements of perfusion abnormalities during stress. To test this hypothesis, we measured the spatial extent of perfusion defects at peak dobutamine stress with a continuous intravenous infusion of perfluorocarbon-exposed sonicated dextrose albumin and intermittent harmonic imaging in dogs with nonflow-limiting coronary stenoses in the left anterior descending artery. The spatial extent of perfusion defects was also measured during total occlusion of the artery. Measurements were made at standoffs of 2- to 3-cm and 4- to 5-cm distance from transducer surface to myocardium. These spatial extents were correlated with risk area determined after death. The risk area during left anterior descending occlusion at a standoff of 2 to 3 cm was significantly larger at a 1500-ms pulsing interval (6.5 ± 2.6 cm 2 for 2- to 3-cm standoff versus 3.7 ± 1.4 cm 2 for 4- to 5-cm standoff; P = .01). The spatial extent at the 2- to 3-cm standoff more closely approximated risk area measured with Monastral Blue (7.8 ± 2.7 cm 2 ). Myocardial perfusion abnormalities during peak dobutamine stress were significantly smaller with the 4- to 5-cm standoff and undetectable in 4 of the 5 dogs. We conclude that ultrasound beam attenuation can reduce the size of a myocardial perfusion abnormality observed with intermittent harmonic imaging during a continuous infusion of microbubbles. This may reduce the sensitivity of this technique when transthoracic imaging is used. (J Am Soc Echocardiogr 1999;12:951-60.)
Electron localization in polyaniline derivatives

Electron localization in the methyl-ring-substituted derivative of polyaniline (PAN), poly(o-toluidine) (POT), has been investigated by transport and magnetic measurements. The HCl salt of POT shows greater electron localization than that of PAN due to decreased interchain diffusion rate caused by increased interchain separation and decreased interchain coherence. Each of these is attributed to the addition of one ${\mathrm{CH}}_{3}$ to each ${\mathrm{C}}_{5}$ ring. The general implications for control of dimensionality and conductivity are discussed.
Using multivariate techniques to determine if yellow-bellied marmots feed selectively

Understanding how animals select resources provides important information regarding their requirements for survival. One method for studying diet selection is multiple-choice feeding preference experiments, in which animals are offered multiple food items simultaneously. However, because food items are offered simultaneously, the consumer's choices are not independent. They therefore violate assumptions of univariate statistical tests, such as ANOVAs and t-tests, which are most often used in such studies. I used multivariate statistics to examine diet selection of yellowbellied marmots (Marmota flaviventris) for the 7 plants most commonly found in their foraging areas. Using Hotelling's T2, I rejected the null hypothesis that the proportions of plant species consumed were equal to the expected value of 1/7 (T2 = 180.63, P = 0.025). Cafeteria-style feeding trials indicated that dandelions (Taraxacum officianale) were selected significantly more often than expected by a random distribution (P = 0.001), wher...
Acute Traumatic Thoracic Aortic Injuries : Experience with 64-MDCT

OBJECTIVE. At some institutions, catheter angiography is used for confirmation of aortic injuries and equivocal MDCT findings. Because of the speed and efficiency of 64-MDCT, we believe that diagnostic catheter angiography may be obsolete. The purpose of this study was to review our experience with 64-MDCT in the evaluation of acute traumatic aortic injury (ATAI).MATERIALS AND METHODS. The trauma registry at a level 1 trauma center was reviewed to find cases of ATAI occurring between March 1, 2005, and July 31, 2007. MDCT images were correlated with transcatheter angiograms when obtained. Surgical and clinical reports were reviewed to confirm abnormal and normal findings and the stability of the conditions of patients undergoing conservative treatment.RESULTS. After level 1 or level 2 trauma, 1,344 patients underwent contrast-enhanced 64-MDCT. Twenty-four patients (1.79%) were found to have 25 aortic injuries. All patients had direct MDCT signs of ATAI. Ten catheter angiograms were obtained after MDCT. Th...
Chloride movements during perfusion fixation with glutaraldehyde.

The cerebral and cerebellar cortices of mice were subjected to a histochemical method for the demonstration of chloride after perfusion fixation with glutaraldehyde. Unfixed, nonasphyxiated cortices subjected to the same chloride method were used as controls. Sections of control material showed a rather uniform chloride distribution in which only the pia and the blood vessels stood out as dark structures containing an appreciable amount of chloride. Sections of glutaraldehyde fixed cerebral cortex showed an accumulation of chloride in apical dendrites. In glutaraldehyde fixed cerebellar cortex the chloride accumulated in the fibers of Bergmann and sometimes in the large dendrites of Purkinje cells. The chloride movement during glutaraldehyde perfusion is in all respects comparable with the movement of chloride caused by asphyxiation of the cerebral and cerebellar cortex.
The myth of the categorical counterfactual

I aim to show that standard theories of counterfactuals are mistaken, not in detail, but in principle, and I aim to say what form a tenable theory must take. Standard theories entail a categorical interpretation of counterfactuals, on which to state that, if it were that A, it would be that C is to state something, not relative to any supposition or hypothesis, but categorically. On the rival suppositional interpretation, to state that, if it were that A, it would be that C is to state that it would be that C relative to the supposition that it were that A. The two interpretations make incompatible predictions concerning the correct evaluation of counterfactuals. I argue that the suppositional interpretation makes the correct prediction.
Technology and Intimacy in the Philosophy of Georges Bataille

The goal of this article is to examine the nature of technology in view of Georges Bataille’s notion of intimacy. After providing a summary of Bataille’s critique of technology, I offer my response and show that a technological device can reach such a degree of familiarity that it becomes indistinguishable from our psychophysical personality. In this sense, we experience technology not as instrumentation, but in intimacy. The old theory of technology as organ-projection is, therefore, reinterpreted to produce a theory of technology that includes the technological process in its entirety, from the moment of invention and innovation, involving a movement of transcendence and objectification, to the moment of intimacy.
Use of a serum-based glomerular filtration rate prediction equation to assess renal function by age, sex, fasting, and health status in bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus)

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is a direct measurement of renal function. Although clearance tests using 24-h urine collection or blood sample series are gold standards for measuring GFR, serum-based prediction of GFR based upon the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) Study equation is acceptable for routine use in human adults. The purpose of our study was to assess the ability for a modified MDRD Study equation to predict expected changes in GFR in bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) using a healthy dolphin population represented by 1,103 routine serum samples collected from 50 dolphins of all age groups, years 1998-2005. Predicted GFR was also calculated from serum collected from a 32-yr-old male dolphin with end-stage renal disease. The dolphin-adjusted MDRD equation predicted GFR changes in our population that paralleled what has previously been reported in other mammals, including decreasing predicted GFR with age (P < 0.01), higher predicted GFR in dolphins that had recently eaten (P < 0.01), and rapidly decreasing predicted GFR in the animal with end-stage renal disease. We conclude that a serum-based GFR prediction equation may be a feasible means of detecting and tracking renal function in bottlenose dolphins.
Protein-protein interaction assays: eliminating false positive interactions.

Many methods commonly used to identify and characterize interactions between two or more proteins are variations of the immobilized protein-protein interaction assay (for example, glutathione S-transferase (GST) pulldown and coimmunoprecipitation). A potential, and often overlooked, problem with these assays is the possibility that an observed interaction is mediated not by direct contact between proteins, but instead by nucleic acid contaminating the protein preparations. As a negatively charged polymer, nucleic acid (often cellular RNA) can adhere to basic surfaces on proteins, and thereby mediate interactions between an immobilized bait protein and a target protein. The contaminating nucleic acid may cause a false positive result in protein-protein interaction assays or may contribute to general background. Alternatively, in relatively rare cases, the presence of nonspecific nucleic acid can inhibit protein-protein interaction1. In general, contaminating nucleic acid can be especially problematic with proteins under study that naturally bind RNA or DNA (for example, transcription factors), although nucleic acid can mediate apparent protein-protein interactions in other systems as well. A simple and convenient method for decreasing false positives and background owing to contaminating nucleic acid is to treat the protein preparations with micrococcal nuclease1–3. Micrococcal nuclease (also known as S7 nuclease) cleaves single- and double-stranded DNA and RNA with no sequence specificity4. This protocol describes a GST pulldown assay that incorporates micrococcal nuclease treatment of both the immobilized GST-bait protein and the target protein preparations. The strategy can be adapted easily to proteins with other tags and immobilized using other methods. The target protein can be derived from many different sources—for example, a cell extract containing a native protein of interest; a recombinant protein expressed in Escherichia coli, insect cells or mammalian cells; a protein produced in an in vitro translation system; or a highly purified protein. The steps required to treat protein preparations with micrococcal nuclease are straightforward and can be incorporated into any immobilized protein-protein interaction assay.
Biological responses to arsenic compounds.

Arsenic is a metalloid that generates various biological effects on cells and tissues. Depending on the specific tissue exposed and the time and degree of exposure, diverse responses can be observed. In humans, prolonged and/or high dose exposure to arsenic can have a variety of outcomes, including the development of malignancies, severe gastrointestinal toxicities, diabetes, cardiac arrhythmias, and death. On the other hand, one arsenic derivative, arsenic trioxide (As2O3), has important antitumor properties. This agent is a potent inducer of antileukemic responses, and it is now approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia in humans. The promise and therapeutic potential of arsenic and its various derivatives have been exploited for hundreds of years. Remarkably, research focused on the potential use of arsenic compounds in the treatment of human diseases remains highly promising, and it is an area of active investigation. An emerging approach of interest and therapeutic potential involves efforts to target and block cellular pathways activated in a negative feedback manner during treatment of cells with As2O3. Such an approach may ultimately provide the means to selectively enhance the suppressive effects of this agent on malignant cells and render normally resistant tumors sensitive to its antineoplastic properties.
Synchronous Starting of Generator and Motor

A SYNCHRONOUS motor, generator, or condenser can be started from rest, by means of shaft torque, induction-motor (amortisseur winding) torque, or synchronizing torque. This paper presents data on the last method of starting. The system studied consists of a prime mover driving a synchronous generator, and a synchronous machine driven electrically by the generator. The whole system is started from rest by means of torque applied to the generator shaft, the motor being accelerated to normal speed by the synchronous torque developed. The performance of such a system was determined both by tests on several machines and by calculations with the aid of the differential analyzer at the University of Pennsylvania, and limiting conditions and criteria for successful starting were found in terms of the various pertinent system parameters. In a few cases a system consisting of a generator and two motors was studied.
In vivo 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy of lactate in patients with stage IV head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.

Purpose To investigate in vivo 1 H magnetic resonance spectroscopy imaging of lactate for assessing tumor hypoxia in head and neck cancers and to determine its utility in predicting the response and outcomes. Methods and Materials Volume-localized lactate-edited 1 H magnetic resonance spectroscopy at 1.5 T was performed in vivo on involved neck nodes and control subcutaneous tissues in 36 patients with Stage IV head and neck cancer. The signal intensities (SIs) of lactate, choline, and creatine and the choline/creatine ratio were measured. The tumor partial pressure of oxygen (pO 2 ) was obtained in the same lymph node before MRS. Patients were treated with either two cycles of induction chemotherapy (tirapazamine, cisplatin, 5-fluorouracil) followed by simultaneous chemoradiotherapy or the same regimen without tirapazamine. The lactate SI and the choline/creatine ratio correlated with the tumor pO 2 , nodal response, and locoregional control. Results The lactate SI was greater for the involved nodes (median, 0.25) than for the subcutaneous tissue (median, 0.04; p = 0.07). No significant correlation was found between the lactate SI and tumor pO 2 (mean, 0.46 ± 0.10 for hypoxic nodes [pO 2 ≤10 mm Hg, n = 15] vs. 0.36 ± 0.07 for nonhypoxic nodes [pO 2 >10 mm Hg, n = 21], p = 0.44). A significant correlation was found between the choline/creatine ratios and tumor pO 2 (mean, 2.74 ± 0.34 for hypoxic nodes vs. 1.78 ± 0.31 for nonhypoxic nodes, p = 0.02). No correlation was found between the lactate SI and the complete nodal response ( p = 0.52) or locoregional control rates. Conclusions The lactate SI did not correlate with tumor pO 2 , treatment response, or locoregional control. Additional research is needed to refine this technique.
Abstract 5526: Development of dithiocarbamate/metal complexes in Pluronic® micelles for the treatment of malignancies

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC Dithiocarbamate/metal complexes are potently cytotoxic towards malignant cells of different tissues of origin. We synthesized DETC/Cu, a chelate of diethylthiocarbamate (DETC) and copper (Cu2+). We formulated DETC/Cu in P123 Pluronic® micelles and studied its in vitro anti-cancer activity against the following human cancer cell lines: HL-60 (acute myeloid leukemia), PPC-1 (prostate cancer), HEP-3B (hepatocellular carcinoma) and DLD-1 (colon cancer). Controls were treated with empty P123 Pluronic® micelles. Cells were cultured with varying concentrations of the drug for 24 hrs, 48 hrs and 72 hrs upon which cell growth was measured using an MTS cell proliferation assay. DETC/Cu inhibited growth in vitro at submicromolar concentrations. The 50% growth inhibitory concentration (IC50) was 0.015 μM, 0.023 μM, 0.10 μM and 0.19 μM for HL-60, PPC-1, HEP-3B and DLD-1 cells, respectively. We also performed caspase activity assays at various time points and concentrations using the DETC/Cu. At concentrations of 0.25 μM, 0.5 μM and 1 μM DETC/Cu increased caspase 3 activity after three hours by 162, 265 and 318 percent over baseline, respectively. At the same concentrations and time point, DETC/Cu increased caspase 8 activation by 97, 97 and 82 percent over baseline, respectively. At the same concentrations and time point, DETC/Cu increased caspase 9 activity by 128,164, and 178 percent over baseline, respectively. These results demonstrate that DETC/Cu activates both the intrinsic and the extrinsic apoptosis pathways. In another experiment, the effect of DETC/Cu chelates on leukemia cell growth in vivo was studied. NOD/SCID IL2Rγnull mice were implanted bilaterally in the flanks with HL-60 cells. When tumors became palpable, treatment was started with DETC/Cu formulated in P123 Pluronic® micelles and administered intravenously every other day at a dose of 2 μmol/kg. There were 4 mice in each treatment group (Pluronic® P123 micelle control and DETC/Cu in P123 micelles). The experiment was terminated at day 15. At that point 3 out of 4 control animals had died and the one remaining alive had tumor volumes that had exceeded 10% of initial body weight. Tumor volumes were decreased by 22 and 33% in DETC/Cu-treated animals as opposed to vehicle controls on days 12 and 15, respectively. At the time of termination of the experiment, none of the animals treated with DETC/Cu had died. These results demonstrate that dithiocarbamate/metal complexes hold great promise for medicinal development as anti-cancer agents. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5526.
Explaining the association of maternal age with Cesarean delivery for nulliparous and parous women.

Abstract Method We used data on 6,805 live births from the National Maternal and Infant Health Survey to examine the positive association between maternal age and Cesarean delivery. Results For parous women, the unadjusted risk ratio [RR] for Cesarean, comparing 35 year olds with 20 year olds, was estimated to be 1.40 [95% confidence limits (CL) = 1.18, 1.65]; this association disappeared upon adjustment for obstetrical predictors and other factors (adjusted RR = 1.04; 95% CL = 0.80, 1.35). In contrast, for nulliparous women, the unadjusted risk ratio was 2.16 (95% CL = 1.78, 2.63) and remained substantial upon adjustment (RR = 1.74; 95% CL = 1.25, 2.43). Conclusion These results, along with baseline risk information, suggest that older nulliparous women and their obstetricians should be the target of future efforts to control Cesarean rates.
A fundamental particle model (II)

Abstract This paper pursues the discussion of a fundamental particle model proposed in a previous paper. The model for baryons and mesons starts from a fundamental non-linear equation of motion for the field operator in the Heisenberg representation, with a formally symmetric self-interaction. Equations of motion are generated for particles and particle interactions from the equation of motion of the field by using the τ-function formalism. The equation of motion of a single baryon is discussed and it is argued that, if one confines the analysis to the mass shells and the asymptotic domain, a solution is found which should be rather accurate. This equation of motion is then completely integrated in momentum space for pseudoscalar, vector and pseudovector self-interaction terms. A new method is discussed for finding the low energy peripheral interaction of two baryons from the fundamental equation, for all three types of self-interaction. The vector and pseudovector types have explicity velocity dependent terms even in the lowest approximation. Possible conflicts between the demands of the low energy interaction of two baryons, and the baryon self-energy problem are discussed. It appears possible that the origin of self-energy lies in a very short range self-interaction. Numerical computations of the baryon self-energy problem are then exhibited for an extensive range of meson mass parameters. Possible cases of self-interaction are discussed which would give the nucleon and Λ-baryon masses, with the basic mass m 0 = 0. In one of these cases it is shown from the numerical results that the ghost mass appearing in the baryon propagator does not satisfy the asymptotic wave equation which the real masses do satisfy. It is further suggested that the leptons and the photon are associated with the notion of saturated compounds in the strong coupling theory. A strong coupling theory would then have the more massive strongly interacting particles, and have the saturated compounds as lighter, weakly interacting particles. A tentative sketch is given of a fundamental theory based on three basic baryons, n, p, Λ in strong self-interaction, in which strongly interacting hyperons and mesons appear as well as weakly interacting leptons and photons.
160 Gbit/s all-optical time-division demultiplexing utilising modified multiple-output OTDM demultiplexer (MOXIC)

The first successful demonstration of error-free simultaneous four-channel-output demultiplexing of 160 Gbit/s OTDM signals is reported. The key is a modification to the authors original multiple-output demultiplexer, MOXIC, that significantly increases the stability of its operation owing to improving on/off extinction ratios of demultiplexed signals.
Speckle imaging in astronomy

This article discusses current research in speckle interferometry and speckle imaging in astronomy. These techniques continue to have a significant impact on problems such as stellar formation, stellar masses, and planetary astronomy. In a regime of increasingly sophisticated and impressive instrumentation designed for high-resolution imaging, there is still an important role for the single-aperture passive technique of speckle imaging.
Contributions of neutrons to elastic electron scattering from nuclei

Abstract Previously ignored contributions from the neutron charge from factor and the spin-orbit interaction in spin unsaturated shells are investigated. It is shown that at q = 3 fm−1 approximately 30% of the total cross section in heavy nuclei arises from neutrons and that the seemingly anomalous decrease of the rms charge radius from 40Ca to 48Ca is caused by the f 7 2 neutrons. The uncertainty in the neutron charge form factor presents a serious difficulty in making accurate comparisons to theoretical models.
Implementing student portfolios in an early childhood program

The purpose of this pilot study was to investigate the effects of student portfolios as an assessment and communication tool and describe the portfolio procedure utilized in a childcare program. Using portfolios as a technique of children performance assessment can incorporate desirable characteristics of evaluation. Questions of how to effectively implement this new technique are identified and discussed.
Potential hazards of propargyl halides and allene

The combustion characteristics and detonability of propargyl bromide, propargyl chloride, and allene were investigated as a means to evaluate their hazard in storage, use, and transportation. All three will undergo monopropellant burning, but their ignitibility and tendency toward monopropellant burning were reduced by dilution with toluene.