cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
MRI in Spine Trauma

Spine trauma and spinal cord injury (SCI) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Multidetector computed tomography (CT) is the ideal imaging modality for the initial evaluation of spine trauma, although does not allow for direct visualization of the neural elements. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) remains the gold standard for diagnosing soft tissue injury, providing the exceptional contrast resolution needed to display the internal architecture of the spinal cord, the relationship of the cord to the surrounding structures, and the integrity of other spinal elements, such as nerve roots, intervertebral discs, ligaments, and muscles. Indeed, MRI informs outcome prediction and surgical intervention by enabling characterization of spinal cord hemorrhage, edema, compression, and transection. MRI is often indicated in patients who present with neurologic signs and symptoms or in obtunded patients with unreliable clinical examinations. Whereas conventional MRI excels in the macroscopic delineation of the spinal cord parenchyma, advanced MRI techniques, such as diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), are able to assess alterations in microstructural features of the spinal cord, namely, axonal integrity. In this chapter, we review the role of MRI in the diagnosis of spine trauma and highlight key findings of injury to the bony vertebral and neural elements of the spine.
Effect of in-process laser interface heating on strength isotropy of extrusion-based additively manufactured PEEK

Abstract Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) 3D printing provides an effective solution for fabrication of custom components at affordable cost and in short time. Nevertheless, relative to the conventional methods, the anisotropic properties exhibited by FFF 3D printed parts cause the mechanical strength to be less satisfactory. In order to resolve the problem, we propose an in-process laser local pre-deposition heating (LLPH) method, which is capable of enhancing thermal relaxation at inter-layer interface and reinforcing inter-layer adhesion, that ultimately resulted in an increase in tensile strength along the build direction. This improvement in tensile strength of the build parts with in-process laser power has been demonstrated in this manuscript. Besides, the subsequent relevance with polymer relaxation, reptation and entanglement has been discussed. As verified by mechanical testing, tensile strength was improved by 350% compared to control sample and 99.5% isotropy was achieved (build-direction strength divided by in-plane strength) with the application of laser. Scanning Electron Microscope was used to make observation of isotropic behavior at inter-layer interface.
Fire controls annual bromes in northern great plains grasslands—Up to a point

Abstract Concern about the impacts of two invasive annual brome grasses (cheatgrass and Japanese brome, Bromus tectorum L. and B. japonicus Thunb. ex Murray) on the mixed-grass prairie of North America's northern Great Plains (NGP) is growing. Cheatgrass is well known west of the NGP, where replacement of fire-intolerant, native sagebrush steppe by fire-prone, exotic annual grasslands is widespread. Consequently, fire is often not considered as a tool for controlling annual bromes. This should not be the case in the NGP, where mixed-grass prairie is adapted to frequent fires. Fire's efficacy may vary with the degree of invasion, though; suppressing postfire annual brome populations or enhancing the native plant community may improve postfire annual brome control in highly invaded areas. To test this, we performed an experiment at two sites to evaluate the relative effectiveness of prescribed fire alone, fire followed by imazapic application and fire followed by native seeding across a pretreatment invasion gradient of annual brome-to-native species cover ranging from 0.05 to 2.35. Fall-prescribed fire alone greatly reduced annual bromes, but by the second yr after treatment the effect was significant only at invasion ratios 1.2 in yr 2 at the other site. Native species cover and total species richness responded positively to all treatments, but the degree of their response varied along the invasion gradient, between sites, with time since treatment and among treatments. Also, at one site, fire yielded a lagged stimulation of short-lived, exotic forbs. Seeding had little effect. Fire is an effective tool for reducing annual bromes in the NGP at lower invasion levels, but more tools are needed for long-term, effective control at highly invaded sites.
Information Literacy, Mental Health, and Lifelong Learning: Librarians and Health Care Professionals in Academic, Clinical, and Hospital Settings

Ongoing education in mental health literacy offered by academic, clinical, and hospital librarians paired with health science professionals presents ideal opportunities for continued improvement of...
(Unfair) Advantage: Damocles’ Sword and the Coercive Use of Immigration Status in a Civil Society

This article argues that the coercive use of immigration status or “status coercion” in civil proceedings and negotiations is fundamentally unethical and potentially illegal. For attorneys attempting to take advantage of unauthorized immigration status, such conduct very likely violates an attorney's ethical obligations under the Rules of Professional Responsibility and wrongfully takes advantage of an overly vulnerable population. For the judiciary, the article argues for a more proactive approach in maintaining the perception of fairness and justice in civil proceedings for all parties, regardless of immigration status. Additionally, for both legal and lay persons, status coercion may constitute the crime of extortion, and this article establishes how status coercion in most cases fills the required elements of extortion. Part I of the article discusses in reported and unreported decisions the various fora where the described harms most often occur, including specifically commercial disputes, custody litigation and employment law issues where case outcomes have hinged on immigration status, and analyzes the impetus for the harms and the consequences, where appropriate, of the same. Part II of the article looks at ethical obligations, primarily those imposed by the Rules of Professional Responsibility on attorneys and the Model Code of Judicial Conduct for judges. Part II also looks in a more narrow perspective at potential criminal prohibitions and sanctions regulating this type of behavior affecting all parties. Part III suggests potential remedies available to the unauthorized immigrant in both civil and immigration proceedings when faced with status coercion. Part IV concludes that current ethical and legal obligations imposed on community members should be sufficient to prevent status coercion in commercial and civil contexts in the vast majority of cases. In addition, states should adopt specific rules or issue ethical opinions on point to provide guidance to all attorneys and judges faced with these situations. The article concludes that as unauthorized immigrants are one of the most vulnerable and susceptible populations to harm done to them, the ethical rules governing lawyers and judges should clearly state, and be understood, as prohibiting this type of coercion.
Validating the Matching of Patients in the Linkage of a Large Hospital System's EHR with State and National Death Databases.

Background Though electronic health record (EHR) data have been linked to national and state death registries, such linkages have rarely been validated for an entire hospital system's EHR. Objectives The aim of the study is to validate West Virginia University Medicine's (WVU Medicine) linkage of its EHR to three external death registries: the Social Security Death Masterfile (SSDMF), the national death index (NDI), the West Virginia Department of Health and Human Resources (DHHR). Methods Probabilistic matching was used to link patients to NDI and deterministic matching for the SSDMF and DHHR vital statistics records (WVDMF). In subanalysis, we used deaths recorded in Epic (n = 30,217) to further validate a subset of deaths captured by the SSDMF, NDI, and WVDMF. Results Of the deaths captured by the SSDMF, 59.8 and 68.5% were captured by NDI and WVDMF, respectively; for deaths captured by NDI this co-capture rate was 80 and 78%, respectively, for the SSDMF and WVDMF. Kappa statistics were strongest for NDI and WVDMF (61.2%) and NDI and SSDMF (60.6%) and weakest for SSDMF and WVDMF (27.9%). Of deaths recorded in Epic, 84.3, 85.5, and 84.4% were captured by SSDMF, NDI, and WVDMF, respectively. Less than 2% of patients' deaths recorded in Epic were not found in any of the death registries. Finally, approximately 0.2% of “decedents” in any death registry re-emerged in Epic at least 6 months after their death date, a very small percentage and thus further validating the linkages. Conclusion NDI had greatest validity in capturing deaths in our EHR. As a similar, though slightly less capture and agreement rate in identifying deaths is observed for SSDMF and state vital statistics records, these registries may be reasonable alternatives to NDI for research and quality assurance studies utilizing entire EHRs from large hospital systems. Investigators should also be aware that there will be a very tiny fraction of “dead” patients re-emerging in the EHR.
Selective neural stimulation methods improve cycling exercise performance after spinal cord injury: a case series.

Exercise after paralysis can help prevent secondary health complications, but achieving adequate exercise volumes and intensities is difficult with loss of motor control. Existing electrical stimulation-driven cycling systems involve the paralyzed musculature but result in rapid force decline and muscle fatigue, limiting their effectiveness. This study explores the effects of selective stimulation patterns delivered through multi-contact nerve cuff electrodes on functional exercise output, with the goal of increasing work performed and power maintained within each bout of exercise. Three people with spinal cord injury and implanted stimulation systems performed cycling trials using conventional (S-Max), low overlap (S-Low), low duty cycle (C-Max), and/or combined low overlap and low duty cycle (C-Low) stimulation patterns. Outcome measures include total work (W), end power (Pend), power fluctuation indices (PFI), charge accumulation (Q), and efficiency (η). Mann–Whitney tests were used for statistical comparisons of W and Pend between a selective pattern and S-Max. Welch’s ANOVAs were used to evaluate differences in PFIs among all patterns tested within a participant (n ≥ 90 per stimulation condition). At least one selective pattern significantly (p < 0.05) increased W and Pend over S-Max in each participant. All selective patterns also reduced Q and increased η compared with S-Max for all participants. C-Max significantly (p < 0.01) increased PFI, indicating a decrease in ride smoothness with low duty cycle patterns. Selective stimulation patterns can increase work performed and power sustained by paralyzed muscles prior to fatigue with increased stimulation efficiency. While still effective, low duty cycle patterns can cause inconsistent power outputs each pedal stroke, but this can be managed by utilizing optimized stimulation levels. Increasing work and sustained power each exercise session has the potential to ultimately improve the physiological benefits of stimulation-driven exercise.
Laminin regulates oligodendrocyte development and myelination

Oligodendrocytes are the cells that myelinate axons and provide trophic support to neurons in the CNS. Their dysfunction has been associated with a group of disorders known as demyelinating diseases, such as multiple sclerosis. Oligodendrocytes are derived from oligodendrocyte precursor cells, which differentiate into premyelinating oligodendrocytes and eventually mature oligodendrocytes. The development and function of oligodendrocytes are tightly regulated by a variety of molecules, including laminin, a major protein of the extracellular matrix. Accumulating evidence suggests that laminin actively regulates every aspect of oligodendrocyte biology, including survival, migration, proliferation, differentiation, and myelination. How can laminin exert such diverse functions in oligodendrocytes? It is speculated that the distinct laminin isoforms, laminin receptors, and/or key signaling molecules expressed in oligodendrocytes at different developmental stages are the reasons. Understanding molecular targets and signaling pathways unique to each aspect of oligodendrocyte biology will enable more accurate manipulation of oligodendrocyte development and function, which may have implications in the therapies of demyelinating diseases. Here in this review, we first introduce oligodendrocyte biology, followed by the expression of laminin and laminin receptors in oligodendrocytes and other CNS cells. Next, the functions of laminin in oligodendrocyte biology, including survival, migration, proliferation, differentiation, and myelination, are discussed in detail. Last, key questions and challenges in the field are discussed. By providing a comprehensive review on laminin's roles in OL lineage cells, we hope to stimulate novel hypotheses and encourage new research in the field.
Mechanisms of active suppression of the immune response to spermatozoa

The production of autoantibodies to spermatozoa in males and isoantibodies in females is inhibited both by the physical isolation of spermatozoa from the systemic immune system and by active immunosuppression mechanisms. Lymphoid cells present in the epithelial lining of the rete testis, epididymis, and vas deferens, as well as the human ejaculate, are predominantly T suppressor/cytotoxic cells. Mononuclear cells derived from semen inhibit the in vitro activation of peripheral blood lymphocytes. Soluble specific T suppressor/cytotoxic cell activators in semen or on the sperm surface may be responsible for the predominance of this T cell subset in the male reproductive tract. The activation of T suppressor/cytotoxic cells following coitus may also limit the immune response to spermatozoa in females. Spermatozoa can also initiate immunosuppression, either by selectively inducing T suppressor cells or through the generation of activated complement components that block antibody production. Antisperm antibodies in sera from females may be associated with either a deficiency in the ability of their T suppressor/cytotoxic cells to be induced by factors in semen or by the occurrence in their husbands' ejaculates of microorganisms, antibodies, or other factors that induce T helper lymphocytes. Activated T cells produce interferon gamma, which induces Ia antigen expression on macrophages and allows the female's T helper cells to recognize processed sperm antigens. Recognition of the role of cell-mediated immune functions in the male and female genital tract identifies possible new target sites for the development of contraceptive agents.
Magnetic anisotropy of ferromagnetic Ga1−xMnxAs formed by Mn ion implantation and pulsed-laser melting

We measured the magnetic anisotropy of nearly fully relaxed ferromagnetic Ga1−xMnxAs formed by Mn ion implantation followed by pulsed-laser melting (II-PLM) using magnetometry and ferromagnetic resonance. In qualitative terms the material formed by II-PLM exhibits all magnetic anisotropy features commonly found in Ga1−xMnxAs films fabricated by low-temperature molecular beam epitaxy (LT-MBE). Quantitatively, however, the magnetic anisotropy of II-PLM Ga1−xMnxAs is dominated by cubic anisotropy terms, which we attribute to the smaller strain in the II-PLM material due to the absence of Mn interstitials. One should note, however, that II-PLM Ga1−xMnxAs also exhibits a weak but finite uniaxial in-plane magnetic anisotropy similar to that observed in LT-MBE Ga1−xMnxAs, which can be ascribed to the small built-in compressive strain. The similarity between II-PLM and LT-MBE Ga1−xMnxAs clearly points to an intrinsic origin of this property, independent of the method of fabrication. At low temperatures the remnan...
In vivo dynamics of retinal microglial activation during neurodegeneration: confocal ophthalmoscopic imaging and cell morphometry in mouse glaucoma.

Microglia, which are CNS-resident neuroimmune cells, transform their morphology and size in response to CNS damage, switching to an activated state with distinct functions and gene expression profiles. The roles of microglial activation in health, injury and disease remain incompletely understood due to their dynamic and complex regulation in response to changes in their microenvironment. Thus, it is critical to non-invasively monitor and analyze changes in microglial activation over time in the intact organism. In vivo studies of microglial activation have been delayed by technical limitations to tracking microglial behavior without altering the CNS environment. This has been particularly challenging during chronic neurodegeneration, where long-term changes must be tracked. The retina, a CNS organ amenable to non-invasive live imaging, offers a powerful system to visualize and characterize the dynamics of microglia activation during chronic disorders. This protocol outlines methods for long-term, in vivo imaging of retinal microglia, using confocal ophthalmoscopy (cSLO) and CX3CR1GFP/+ reporter mice, to visualize microglia with cellular resolution. Also, we describe methods to quantify monthly changes in cell activation and density in large cell subsets (200-300 cells per retina). We confirm the use of somal area as a useful metric for live tracking of microglial activation in the retina by applying automated threshold-based morphometric analysis of in vivo images. We use these live image acquisition and analyses strategies to monitor the dynamic changes in microglial activation and microgliosis during early stages of retinal neurodegeneration in a mouse model of chronic glaucoma. This approach should be useful to investigate the contributions of microglia to neuronal and axonal decline in chronic CNS disorders that affect the retina and optic nerve.
Semi-automatic measured statistics for demodulation RFI in inverting operational amplifier circuits with and without suppression capacitors

A description is given of an investigation to determine statistical variations for radio frequency interference (RFI) demodulation responses in operational amplifier (op amp) circuits. 50% amplitude-modulated (AM) RF signals were injected into the op amp signal input terminal to produce undesired demodulated responses at a 1 kHz AM frequency. The RF frequency was varied over the range 0.1 to 400 MHz. The demodulation RFI was characterized by a nonlinear transfer function H/sub 2/. The two op amp types tested were the 741 and the OP27. The results show that the OP27 has better RFI immunity than the 741 with and without RFI suppression capacitors. >
Pyruvate Kinase of the Spore-forming Bacterium, Bacillus licheniformis I. PURIFICATION, STABILITY, REGULATION OF SYNTHESIS, AND EVIDENCE FOR MULTIPLE MOLECULAR STATES

Abstract The pyruvate kinase (ATP: pyruvate phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.40) from the spore-forming bacterium Bacillus licheniformis was investigated. Pyruvate kinase was found to be rapidly inactivated by dilution at 30° or incubation at 0°. Divalent cations, P-enolpyruvate, and either AMP or Pi acted in concert to protect the enzyme against both the inactivation accompanying dilution and that caused by low temperatures. Pyruvate kinase was stabilized by Mg(II), P-enolpyruvate, and Pi during the 370-fold purification of the enzyme. Stability studies revealed that NAD+, NADH, ATP, and P-enolpyruvate partially stabilized pyruvate kinase in the presence of Mg(II). AMP and Pi decreased the apparent stability of the enzyme in the absence of Penolpyruvate. These studies also showed that the inactivation could be reversed under certain conditions. Three kinetically differentiable states of pyruvate kinase were shown, i.e. one active and two inactive. The first state, obtained when the enzyme was inactivated by dilution in the absence of metabolite ligands, was converted to the second inactive state by a time-dependent process mediated by AMP or Pi. The second inactive state, stabilized by AMP or Pi, was converted to the active, third state in a time-dependent process mediated by Mg(II) and P-enolpyruvate. This last conversion appeared to involve an aggregation process, since the rate of reactivation manifested a second order dependence on the concentration of inactive enzyme. The specific activity of pyruvate kinase in crude extracts was found not to depend on the stage of the life cycle or on the nature of the carbon-energy source supporting growth. In addition, the antiserum that was prepared against enzyme, purified 50 times, of cells grown on glucose precipitated all of the activity present in crude extracts of sporulating cells and that present in extracts of cells grown on glucose, pyruvate, or malate. Therefore, it was proposed that a single, constitutively synthesized pyruvate kinase is present in B. licheniformis.
254 DIFFERENTIAL TRANSCRIPTION AND CYSTOPLASMIC POLYADENYLATION ELEMENTS IN PORCINE GERMINAL VESICLE AND METAPHASE II OOCYTES

Identification of transcripts produced during porcine oocyte maturation is one of the first steps in defining pathways important to development. Practically, this information will aid in the refinement of in vitro culture processes, allowing for more efficient in vitro embryo production. To this end, mRNA was isolated from 50 in vitro-matured sow metaphase II stage oocytes (Bomed, Inc., Madison, WI, USA) (MIIs), 50 in vitro-matured gilt metaphase II-stage oocytes (MIIg), and 50 gilt germinal vesicle stage oocytes (GVO) by using the Dynabead® system (Dynal, Inc., Lake Success, NY, USA) and amplified by using the SMART system (Clontech, Palo Alto, CA, USA). The PCR products were ligated into a pSport vector and transformed into electro-competent E. coli. Colonies were randomly picked and sequenced at the University of Missouri DNA Core. Sequences were clustered with similar sequences derived from a larger expressed sequence tag (EST) project (http://genome.rnet.missouri.edu/Swine/) by using the tlcluster program developed at the University of Iowa. Following clustering, individual clusters in the cDNA libraries were compared by using Fisher's exact test (P < 0.01) to determine if they were differentially represented. Two sets of comparisons were performed, one between the MIIs and MIIg libraries, and another between the GVO library and the combination of both metaphase II libraries (MII). The number of clusters per number of clones in the library was 966/1668 (GVO), 458/820 (MIIg), and 158/819 (MIIs). There were 15/419 clusters that were different between the MIIs and MIIg libraries, and 26/1269 that were different between the MII and GVO libraries. Potential cytoplasmic polyadenylation elements (CPEs) identified from the literature were found in the GVO and MII libraries by using a custom pattern-matching program. Of the clusters with differential expression, 4/15 (MIIs vs. MIIg) and 7/26 (MII vs. GVO) contained CPEs. Table 1 contains a partial list of differentially expressed genes and the sequence of their cytoplasmic polyadenylation elements. Many genes were found to be differentially expressed in both (MII vs. GVO and MIIs vs. MIIg) comparisons. Collectively, these findings will facilitate the elucidation of important developmental pathways in swine and other animals. Table 1. Comparison of mRNA expression and cytoplasmic polyadenylation elements This work was partially funded by a University of Missouri Life Sciences Mission Enhancement grant and Food for the 21st Century.
Drug injection and sexual mixing patterns of drug-using male sex workers.

Background Drug-using male sex workers (DUMSWs) are known to have large numbers of drug injection and sex partners. Goals The purpose of this study was to describe the assortative and disassortative drug injection and sexual mixing patterns of DUMSWs. Implications of the high rates of disassortative mixing patterns of DUMSWs for HIV infection are discussed. Implications of disassortative mixing of DUMSWS with regard to DUMSWs bridging disparate HIV risk groups are evaluated. Study design Data were collected from 89 DUMSWS. Data on up to six drug injection and six sex partners were collected from respondents. One hundred drug injection and 169 sex respondent/partner pairs were analyzed for the proportions of pairs that were concordant (like) or discordant (unlike) in gender, trading sex for money, race/ethnicity, and age cohort. For race/ethnicity and age, within-group differences were assessed with chi-square statistics. Results Data showed high proportions of discordant respondent/partner pairs for both drug injection and sex by gender, trading sex for money, race/ethnicity, and age. Significant within-group differences in rates of discordant pairs were found for both behaviors in relation to race/ethnicity and age. Minority persons and respondents 19 years of age or younger were more likely to be in discordant pairs. Conclusions Direct assessment of HIV risk posed by the mixing patterns was not possible. Elaborating the mechanisms by which DUMSWs might act as an epidemiologic bridge is complex and involves more variables than were explored in this study. Nevertheless, such a study would be worthwhile.
In vivo regulation of steroidogenesis by ovine gonadotropins in male and female mudpuppies, Necturus maculosus Rafinesque.

Abstract Using steroid radioimmunoassay the in vivo steroidogenic responses of male and female mudpuppies ( Necturus maculosus ) to single injections of ovine FSH and LH were investigated. In males, the major effect of LH was to stimulate testosterone and 5α-dihydrotestosterone secretion within 2 hr of injection, with a lesser effect on estrogen (estrone and estradiol-17β) secretion. In contrast, FSH primarily stimulated secretion of estrogens. The effects of both FSH and LH on steroid secretion in males were dose related. Castration of males reduced plasma androgen, and estrogen to very low or nondetectable levels and abolished the steroidogenic response to LH. Interrenalectomy prevented a postcastration rise in the progesterone level. In females, FSH did not stimulate steroid secretion but LH increased plasma androgens. Homologous pituitary extracts also stimulated plasma levels of all gonadal steroids measured.
TU‐B‐202‐01: Revision of NRC's Safety Culture Policy Statement and Proposed 10 CFR Part 37, “Physical Security of Byproduct Material.”

NRC is in the process of updating and expanding its 1989 policy statement on safety culture to include the full range of NRC regulated activities and to better address security issues. NRC published its draft safety culture policy statement in the Federal Register (74 FR 57525) November 6, 2009, and held a public work shop February 2010. One NRC objective is to develop a common definition of safety culture, and safety‐culture‐related language that can be used by the NRC, the Agreement States, licensees, and others involved with nuclear materials in the United States. NRC believes safety culture is important in ensuring safety, security, and the protection of the environment in the use of regulated materials and is a leading indicator of a licensee's performance. NRC has a responsibility to consider safety culture as part of its oversight responsibilities. Under the MedicalPolicy Statement, it is clear that for medical use licensees NRC has regulatory responsibility over not only the radiation safety of the public and radiation workers but also patients, when appropriate. NRC expects its licensees to have and maintain a safety‐conscious work environment in which employees and contractors are encouraged to raise safety concerns (including patient radiation safety concerns) and feel free to raise these concerns both to their own management and to the NRC without fear of retaliation. These concerns should be promptly reviewed, properly prioritized, appropriately resolved, and timely feedback provided to those raising the concerns. In NRC's inspection report for the Department of Veteran's Affairs multiple medical events involving prostate brachytherapy, one of the underling root causes and concerns was the lack of a positive safety culture environment to encourage medical physicists and others to raise concerns to the licensee. NRC is developing a proposed rule, to among other things, add a new Title 10 Code of Federal Regulations Part 37, “Physical Security of Byproduct Material.” The proposed rule would include in the regulations the security requirements NRC implemented by Orders to certain licensees for the use of category 1 and category 2 quantities of radioactive material. These include provisions for the background investigation and access authorization program, provisions for physical protection during use of category 1 and category 2 quantities of radioactive material, and security provisions for the transport of category 1 and category 2 quantities of radioactive material. Medical physicists are affected by the Orders and proposed rule only if they use category 1 and category 2 quantities of radioactive material. Learning Objectives: 1. Understand NRC's proposed expansion of its Safety Culture Policy. 2. Understand basic physical security provisions of NRC's proposed 10 CFR Part 37.
Maternal Watchfulness in Black Howler Monkeys (Alouatta pigra)

In many vertebrates, parents protect their young by detecting predators and aggressive conspecifics before they attack. But parental investment in protection is a limited resource, whose allocation to offspring should reflect optimization strategies. Thus, we tested if maternal investment in vigilance varied with the risk faced by young black howler monkeys (Alouatta pigra). Twelve females in six groups were compared, including those with and without young and those with immatures of differing ages. The greatest increase in vigilance was seen when immatures were conspicuous, and to a lesser extent, among mothers of dependent young (neonates and infants). These findings support the idea that parents adjust their behavior to both chronic and episodic risk faced by young. We explore the possible role of predation and infanticide in shaping the vigilance of mothers.
A cryostat for investigating spin polarized hydrogen

Abstract A low temperature spin polarized hydrogen apparatus is discussed. Fluxes into the hydrogen cell of 10 14 atoms/sec have been achieved. Hydrogen atom concentrations of 1 × 10 16 atoms/cm 3 have been observed in fields of 9 Tesla and at 0.6 K, as determined by strain gauge measurements and calorimetric methods.
A bipolar VLSI custom macro physical design verification strategy

The level of complexity and the turn-around time associated with the development of custom bipolar VLSI chips have defined the need for a highly structured physical and electrical design validation approach which can guarantee fully functional first-pass chips, yet be flexible enough to allow logical and physical designers the latitude necessary to achieve specified cost and performance objectives. This paper describes such a design verification strategy and its implied constraints on chip design. The rationale for comparing the logic equivalence of the high-level logical models to the low-level-device physical models is presented, a description of the hierarchical logical-to-physical and electrical checking is given, and its impact on cost and complexity is examined.
Oral clefting, cartilaginous auricular malformations and other anomalies: A provisionally unique autosomal dominant syndrome

We describe a provisionally unique autosomal dominant syndrome characterized by cleft lip and palate (CL/P) and unusual cartilaginous ear malformations. This is a four-generation family without male to male transmission. The proband is a five year old boy who has bilateral complete CL/P and auricular abnormalities consisting of protruding cartilaginous abnormalities located within the concha of the ear and an abnormal crus of the helix which bridges across to the anti helix. Other distinctive features include bilateral sixth nerve palsy, synophrys, broad nasal tip and mild developmental delay. There are no lip pits or branchial defects. The proband's younger brother has a bilateral CL/P and auricular abnormalities with cartilaginous protrusions in the concha, a prominent crus and pits within the concha. The mother of these children does not have a cleft, but has minor facial dysmorphism. We have examined three other affected family members, including the maternal half-aunt, who has only anosmia. Her two sons have CL/P and auricular abnormalities. One son also has bilateral sixth nerve palsy and mildly short distal phalanges of the fingers. The affected individuals have similar minor dysmorphic features. The grandfather has bilateral CL/P, ear abnormalities and anosmia. Another maternal aunt has a unilateral CL/P and anosmia. Additional studies are under way to rule out abnormalities in other organ systems. Linkage is currently being evaluated for a series of candidate genes thought to be involved in craniofacial development. In summary, we present a probable new autosomal dominant oral clefting syndrome that has distinctive cartilaginous ear abnormalities. This condition exhibits marked variability in expression and reduced penetrance. There is variable cranial nerve involvement, mild cognitive delay, as well as some minor skeletal abnormalities in some family members. This condition appears to be distinct from other autosomal dominant oral clefting syndromes.
Sebaceous carcinoma of the eyelid

Meibomian carcinoma is rare but carries a grave prognosis. The lesion may be easily mistaken for an inflammatory condition. Therefore, any nodular or recurrent lesion on the eyelid of an elderly person should be examined histologically. A case is presented in which the tumor was successfully treated by the Mohs microscopically controlled excision.
POVERTY, INCOME INEQUALITY, AND COMMUNITY CRIME RATES

This paper examines the relationship between crime rates and aggregate economic conditions for 57 small social areas. The principal analyses address a continuing controversy—are community crime rates associated with absolute poverty, relative poverty (i.e., income inequality), or both. Using victimization data from 57 small residential neighborhoods, the analyses examine the association between absolute and relative poverty and rates of violent crime and burglary. The findings indicate that absolute poverty is more strongly associated with neighborhood crime rates, although the relationship is conditional on the type of crime considered. The implications of the findings are discussed within a perspective of community social control.
Ferret mothers provide more anogenital licking to male offspring: possible contribution to psychosexual differentiation

European ferret (Mustela putorius furo) mothers displayed significantly higher levels of anogenital licking (AGL) towards male as opposed to female kits in tests given on postpartum (P) days 6, 12, and 15. In these tests the entire litter was removed from the nestbox for 10 min, whereupon individual male and female kits were reintroduced to the mother in a counterbalanced order. In a second study an analysis of videotapes, sampled over the 24 h of several days, showed that mothers provided significantly more AGL to males than to females on P15, with a similar trend being observed on P1 and P8. This difference was no longer present on P22. In neither experiment was any sex difference observed in the amount of maternal licking of other (nonanogenital) body parts or in maternal carrying behavior received by kits. These results are comparable to those previously published for rat and gerbil, and further emphasize the possible contribution of sex differences in maternal stimulation, especially AGL, to the development of sexually dimorphic features of brain and behavioral development in different mammalian orders.
What Happened to the High School Discipline Crisis

Are recent press reports of violence in the high schools outdated or exaggerated." A survey does not confirm them.
Herpes Gestationis: New Immunologic Findings

During the second trimester of pregnancy, a patient developed herpes gestationis characterized by a widespread eruption of iris lesions with peripheral subepidermal vesicles and severe blood eosinophilia. Direct immunofluorescent studies of lesions showed deposition of IgG, C1q, C3, and properdin at the basement membrane, implicating both classic and alternate complement pathway activation. A circulating antibody to basement membrane, previously undescribed, to our knowledge, in this disease, was found, which suggests that herpes gestationis may be related to bullous pemphigoid.
Magnetosphere structure and radiation mechanisms of pulsars

A presentation is made of the two main models of the radiation mechanism of pulsars: the light cylinder model and the polar cap model. They have to account for gamma radiation, radio and X-ray emission, and in the case of the Crab pulsar, optical radiation. It is hypothesized that pair creation is essential for radio emission. None of the models yields a theoretical pulse-width-period distribution or braking index that correlates well with observations. A revision of the polar cap model suggests that a glitch may be present in the magnetosphere, necessitating the presence of a large centrifugal force strong enough to tear open the magnetic field lines into a Y-type configuration. This model yields a braking index in line with observations.
PICOSECOND FLUORESCENCE KINETICS IN SPINACH CHLOROPLASTS AT LOW TEMPERATURE

— At 77 K the fluorescence from spinach chloroplasts excited using picosecond mode-locked laser pulses at 620 nm is made up of 5 separate kinetic components. Three of these are predominant at short wavelengths. between 650 and 690 nm, and they appear to correspond to the 3 decay phases seen at room temperature. The 2 new components. a 100 ps rise and a 3000 ps decay, characterize the longer (730–770 nm) wavelength fluorescence. The temperature dependence of the kinetic components of the long wavelength fluorescence shows that the 3000 ps decay accounts for essentially all of the large increase in fluorescence yield observed at low temperature. Furthermore, it appears that this increase does not result entirely from an increase in the fluorescence lifetime, as has been proposed. The dependences of these 2 new components (the 100 ps rise and 3000 ps decay) on emission wavelength and temperature are similar enough to suggest they have a common origin, presumably the chlorophyll pigment component C705. The amplitudes (yield/lifetime) of these 2 phases are approximately equal, and they are opposite in sign. Thus. we see evidence of time-resolved excitation transfer from those pigment molecules that absorb the 620 nm radiation to those that give rise to the long wavelength fluorescence at low temperature.
User's guide to IR detectors

This paper will guide the first-time user toward proper selection and use of IR detectors for applications in industrial inspection, process control, and laser measurements.
Idiopathic membranous nephropathy in children

To determine the prognosis in children with membranous nephropathy, we reviewed the clinicopathologic features and outcome of 22 patients, 11 male and 11 female, age 11 months to 19.9 years (mean 12.0 years). Patients had biopsies within six months of onset of symptoms and were divided into two groups according to the biopsy findings: group 1 (Stages 1 and II) and group 2 (Stages III and IV). Follow-up time was identical in both groups (mean 4.8 years). The nephrotic syndrome was present in 13 of 16 patients in group 1 and in all six patients in group 2. In group 1, eight of the 16 patients had repeat biopsies one to 11 years (mean three years) after onset. Of these, two progressed to Stages III and IV, whereas progression to renal insufficiency occurred in only one. In group 2, two of the six patients had repeat biopsies two years after onset and remained in the same group: progression to renal insufficiency occurred in five of the six patients. The difference in progression to renal insufficiency between the two groups is significant ( P =0.001). The stage of glomerular lesion at the time of onset seems to be a factor in predicting the prognosis of membranous nephropathy in pediatric patients.
Mixed convection from horizontal tube banks between two vertical parallel plates

The weighted residuals method is applied to analyze mixed convection heal transfer in 3 × 3 in-line horizontal tube bundles placed between two vertical parallel plates. The flow regime of Reynolds numbers up to 500 and Grashof number up to 53,000 is investigated. The local data of different geometries (nondimensional streamwise and transverse cylinder-to-cylinder spacing Sp / d = 2,3 and Sh / d = 2, 3) are reported. Data for both pure forced and mixed convection are presented for purposes of comparison. It is shown that the thermal performance of the front sector of downstream cylinders is strongly affected by the presence of the upstream cylinders, while the backward sector of downstream cylinders remains basically uninfluenced by the upstream cylinders. The average Nusselt number for the array increases 20–30% when the nondimensional streamwise spacing is increased 50%; however, fewer tubes would be contained in a fixed channel length.
A second-order implicit particle mover with adjustable damping

A new algorithm for the calculation of particle trajectories is introduced. The algorithm combines second-order accuracy in the real frequency with third-order user-adjustable attenuation. It requires little storage of data from previous time levels. The method was designed for use in implicit particle-in-cell plasma simulation codes, and this application is treated in detail. It may also prove useful in other applications where one seeks to preserve the accuracy of low-frequency oscillations while rapidly damping under-resolved high frequency motions, e.g., solution of the field equations in electromagnetic particle codes. An explicit variation, wherein future quantities are obtained by extrapolation, can provide attenuation but not large-timestep stability.
Perceptions of Productivity and Digital Ethics in Smart Phone Use in a Chinese Context

The networked society is impacting all aspects of people's lives and changing the way that information is obtained and used. For students this impact is changing how information is shared and tasks are performed. A digital enabled culture is resulting in changed norms on collaboration and providing more opportunities for teams to collaborate on a moment's notice. The digital ethics code of the 1980s is addressed in the current digital culture. This research will develop a measurement scale for digital ethics and assess this scale in the context using students from China.
Observations on the in vitro formation, development and differentiation of trilaminar vesicles formed from enzymatically dispersed porcine blastocysts.

The formation of trophoblastic vesicles and their use as a model for cell-to-cell interactions in the embryonic development of the mouse have been extensively studied both in vitro and in vivo . In this report, we describe the formation of trilaminar vesicles in vitro from enzymatically dispersed porcine blastocysts. Trilaminar vesicles were generated from single cell suspensions of enzymatically dispersed porcine blastocysts recovered 12 through 15 days post-breeding. Blastocysts at 10 and 11 days of development failed to form TV. No preference for self-aggregation was apparent as evident by the formation of vesicles containing cells from two different blastocysts origins. Two distinct morphological types of vesicles were formed: vesicles that displayed complete homogeneity in cell density and vesicles that had a small area of greater cell density resembling the embryonic disc. Some TV displayed localized areas of nucleated eosinophilic cells within the mesenchymal layer of the trilaminar membrane. In rare instances (2%) TV displayed contractility associated with a raised area of cells on the outer surface of the membrane. The cells comprising this contractile region were positive for Ca(++)-activated myofibriliary ATPase acitivity. Transfer of TV to the uterine horn of a gilt failed to delay a return to estrus. Transfer of TV to the uterine horn of pseudopregnant rabbits induced a localized inflammation and infiltration of leukocytes three days after transfer but no inflammation was evident at 9 or 16 days post-transfer.
The uranyl tetrachloride anion as a tecton in the assembly of U(VI) hybrid materials

Seven compounds containing the uranyl tetrachloride anion ([UO2Cl4 ]2−) have been synthesized through room temperature reactions of uranium (VI) oxyacetate with several pyridinium cations in highly acidic Cl− solutions. The resulting compounds have been characterized viasingle-crystal X-ray diffraction and fluorescence spectroscopy. These compounds represent an importat step in the synthesis of novel uranium-bearing materials in that their assembly explicitly employs the use of non-covalent bonds, specifically through a systematic pairing of [UO2Cl4]2− with protonated pyridyl species. Four of these compounds exhibit a bifurcated hydrogen bond (NH⋯Cl2U) that leads to the formation of a linear “ribbon motif” which has been previously explored in similar perhalometallate systems. The remaining three compounds exhibit different bonding motifs, that likely result from the non-linear geometry of their organic cations.
The induction of DNA strand breakage by nickel compounds in cultured Chinese hamster ovary cells

Both NiCl2 and crystalline alphaNiS induced DNA strand breaks in cultured Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Alkaline sucrose gradient analysis of [3H]thymidine radiolabelled DNA isolated from cells exposed to NiCl2 at 1 microgram/ml for only 2 h indicated a high degree of DNA strand breakage. Similarly crystalline alphaNiS caused substantial strand breakage at 1 microgram/ml following a 24-h treatment interval. These nickel compounds caused DNA strand breaks at concentrations which did not significantly impair normal cellular division. A concentration-dependent effect upon the number and average size of DNA fragments was obtained with both NiCl2 and crystalline alphaNiS. Since DNA strand breakage occurred at such low concentrations, these results suggest that nickel compounds which cause cellular transformation have highly selective and specific effects upon DNA structure.
Age-related differences in agenda-driven monitoring of format and task information

Abstract Age-related source memory deficits may arise, in part, from changes in the agenda-driven processes that control what features of events are relevant during remembering. Using fMRI, we compared young and older adults on tests assessing source memory for format (picture, word) or encoding task (self-, other-referential), as well as on old–new recognition. Behaviorally, relative to old–new recognition, older adults showed disproportionate and equivalent deficits on both source tests compared to young adults. At encoding, both age groups showed expected activation associated with format in posterior visual processing areas, and with task in medial prefrontal cortex. At test, the groups showed similar selective, agenda-related activity in these representational areas. There were, however, marked age differences in the activity of control regions in lateral and medial prefrontal cortex and lateral parietal cortex. Results of correlation analyses were consistent with the idea that young adults had greater trial-by-trial agenda-driven modulation of activity (i.e., greater selectivity) than did older adults in representational regions. Thus, under selective remembering conditions where older adults showed clear differential regional activity in representational areas depending on type of test, they also showed evidence of disrupted frontal and parietal function and reduced item-by-item modulation of test-appropriate features. This pattern of results is consistent with an age-related deficit in the engagement of selective reflective attention.