cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Four Key Themes in Perkins III Reauthorization: A Political Analysis

Contemporary standards-based educational reform has been touted by a number of U.S. presidents in the past thirty years, particularly at a time when the nation first was awakened to the charge that schools were doing a mediocre job in preparing students for the global workforce. The federal role in educational policymaking over that time has been guided by a conservative sensibility among a centrist accord of Republican and Democratic legislators that focuses upon accountability through higher standards and testing, privatization efforts including vouchers and choice plans, and the reduction of funding governmental social services including education.Apple (1996)has described this trend in education as theconservative restorationformed by a right-leaning hegemonic alliance among two groups: neoliberals and neoconservatives. The former group, neoliberals, embraces market values maximizing individuals’ choices and desire a weakened federal role in the funding and direction of educational affairs. The latter group, neoconservatives, view the moral authority of an idealized past and wish to maintain a strong federal presence in the control and management of public schooling. Although legislators in Washington DC exhibit an uneasy alliance of competing views on the role of the state in educational affairs, they are unified in the call for business-like managerialism: “a perspective that considers restructuring, accountability, performance or ‘performativity,’ and measurement of educational activities as solutions to both social and educational problems” (Stromquist, 2002, p. 40).
Global field power helps separate respiratory-related evoked potentials from EMG contamination.

Respiratory-related evoked potentials (RREPs) were stimulated by brief (200-ms) oral pressure pulses (−10 cmH2O) applied at the onset of inspiration in 12 subjects. Scalp potentials were measured at 30 sites on a rectangular grid that encompassed the right side of the scalp overlying the somatosensory cortex (SSC). Concurrent and significant masseter EMG (mEMG) activity was evoked by the pressure pulse, and we found correlational evidence for contamination of the RREP by the mEMG. The global field power (GFP) was used to provide a robust, reference-independent measure of SSC activation that provided partial insulation from mEMG contamination. The mean GFP from all subjects, reflective of afferent information from respiratory mechanoreceptors, showed a latency to onset of significant afferent SSC activity of ∼25 ms. Scalp GFP activity during control experiments (absence of applied pressure) was significant and may reflect ongoing afferent activity from inspiration.
( He 3 , α ) Reactions from Nickel and Zirconium Isotopes

The stable isotopes of nickel and zirconium, with the exception of ${\mathrm{Zr}}^{96}$, have been irradiated with a 25-MeV ${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$ beam. Absolute cross sections for (${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$, $\ensuremath{\alpha}$) reactions have been measured. The (${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$, $\ensuremath{\alpha}$) angular distributions for $l$ transfers of 1 and 3 were found to contain some $J$-dependent effects, especially in the lighter isotopes of nickel. Distorted-wave Born-approximation (DWBA) predictions for all of the measured angular distributions are presented. Corrections for finite-range nonlocal potential were included in the DWBA calculations by use of the local-energy approximation. Spectroscopic factors were extracted. Some discussion on the merits of the (${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$, $\ensuremath{\alpha}$) reaction as a general nuclear spectroscopic tool is presented.
Prevalence and trends in the childhood dual burden of malnutrition in low- and middle-income countries, 1990–2012

Objective To describe trends in country- and individual-level dual burden of malnutrition in children <5 years, and age-stratified (<2 years, ≥2 years) country-level trends, in thirty-six low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). Design Using repeated cross-sectional nationally representative data, we calculated the prevalence of malnutrition (stunting, wasting, overweight) at each survey wave, annualized rates of prevalence change for each country over time, and trends before and after 2000, for all children <5 years and separately for those </≥2 years. We examined country- (ratio of stunting to overweight) and individual-level (coexistence of stunting and overweight) dual burden in children <5 years. Setting Demographic and Health Surveys from thirty-six LMIC between 1990 and 2012. Subjects Children <5 years. Results Overall malnutrition prevalence decreased in children <5 years, driven by stunting decreases. Stunting rates decreased in 78 % of countries, wasting rates decreased in 58 % of countries and overweight rates increased in 36 % of countries. Rates of change differed for children </≥2 years, with children <2 years experiencing decreases in stunting in fewer countries yet increases in overweight in more countries. Countries with nearly equal prevalences of stunting and overweight in children <5 years increased from 2000 to the final year. Within a country, 0·3–10·9 % of children <5 years were stunted and overweight, and 0·6–37·8 % of stunted children <5 years were overweight. Conclusions The dual burden exists in children <5 years on both country and individual levels, indicating a shift is needed in policies and programmes to address both sides of malnutrition. Children <2 years should be identified as a high-risk demographic.
Guess Who Won't Be Coming to the Studio: An Unknown Congress

Before every broadcast, the producers of Sunday morning talk shows must answer two basic questions: (1) what views will be represented on our show? and (2) who will present those views? When the topic involves policy and politics and the guest is a Member of Congress – as it often is – the answer to the first question has important implications for what millions of interested viewers learn about what matters in American policy and politics, and the answer to the second question is equally important for what those viewers learn about who matters in American politics.This article examines how the talk shows answer the second question – the one about who matters. In short, the answer is that in 2009 the talk shows told us (by their selection of congressional guests) that the people who matter are disproportionately white, male, senior, and Republican – disproportionate not just when compared to the American population overall, but also when compared to the population of Congress itself.
In Situ Tem Study of Amorphous to Crystalline Transformation in R-Fe-B Ribbons

The amorphous-crystalline transformation in R-Fe-B ribbons was studied in situ in a transmission electron microscope (TEM) and with X-ray diffraction. Metastable phases of α-Fe(R) and Fe3B were found to form during crystallization before the final R2Fe14B phase is formed. The Fe3B phase is believed to be important for the formation of the 2:14:1 phase because its “local unit structure” is one of the basic building blocks in the 2:14:1 unit cell.
INTERSEXUAL COMPARISON OF MIMETIC PROTECTION IN THE BLACK SWALLOWTAIL BUTTERFLY, PAPILIO POLYXENES: EXPERIMENTS WITH CAPTIVE BLUE JAY PREDATORS.

The black swallowtail butterfly (Papilio polyxenes asterius Stoll), is commonly assumed to exhibit female-limited Batesian mimicry of the aposematic pipevine swallowtail (Battus philenor [L.]), since the dorsal wing surfaces of P. polyxenes females, but not males, resemble those of the model. However, the ventral wing surface is monomorphic and closely resembles that of the model in both sexes. Thus both sexes of P. polyxenes should benefit from mimicry during periods of ventral surface exposure, such as during overnight roosting and other times of high predatory risk. Eight blue jays (Cyanocitta cristata L.) were offered ventrally and dorsally exposed butterfly prey items in an outdoor aviary. Model-conditioned birds refused male and female P. polyxenes equally when the butterflies were presented ventrally. However, significantly more males than females were attacked when the dimorphic dorsum was visible. Both sexes are thus similarly protected when the ventral wing surface is displayed during roosting. The high degree of bird-to-bird variability in response to P. polyxenes mimics suggests that there is a spectrum in ability or willingness of predators to discriminate among mimics of varying similarity to the model. Sexual dimorphism of the dorsal surface of P. polyxenes wings may reflect sexual selection favoring males that are recognizable as satisfactory mates or intrasexual competitors.
Chronic respiratory disease among nonsmokers in Hagerstown, Maryland. 3. Social class and chronic respiratory disease.

Abstract The relationships of respiratory symptoms and pulmonary function to social class in a population of white male nonsmokers are presented. Among the symptoms only dyspnea (grade 2+) was found to vary in prevalence with social class, being less common among respondents in white collar occupations whose fathers were white collar workers. This is consistent with the hypothesis that dyspnea grade 2 is primarily a cardiovascular symptom. The FEV 1.0 and the PEFR were positively correlated with social class. This effect was of the order of ±0.21 liter for the FEV 1.0 and ±22 liter/min for the PEFR. Upward social mobility had no effect on the pulmonary function values.
Structure–Activity Relationships for Rates of Aromatic Amine Oxidation by Manganese Dioxide

New energetic compounds are designed to minimize their potential environmental impacts, which includes their transformation and the fate and effects of their transformation products. The nitro groups of energetic compounds are readily reduced to amines, and the resulting aromatic amines are subject to oxidation and coupling reactions. Manganese dioxide (MnO2) is a common environmental oxidant and model system for kinetic studies of aromatic amine oxidation. In this study, a training set of new and previously reported kinetic data for the oxidation of model and energetic-derived aromatic amines was assembled and subjected to correlation analysis against descriptor variables that ranged from general purpose [Hammett σ constants (σ–), pKas of the amines, and energies of the highest occupied molecular orbital (EHOMO)] to specific for the likely rate-limiting step [one-electron oxidation potentials (Eox)]. The selection of calculated descriptors (pKa, EHOMO, and Eox) was based on validation with experimental d...
Modulation of Cholera Toxin Structure/Function by Hsp90

Cholera toxin (CT) is released into the extracellular environment, but the catalytic CTA1 subunit attacks its G protein target within the cytosol of an intoxicated cell. To access the cytosol, CT moves by vesicle carriers from the cell surface to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). CTA1 then dissociates from the rest of the toxin and shifts to a disordered conformation that facilitates its passage into the cytosol through a pore in the ER membrane. We have found that CTA1 export to the cytosol requires the host cytosolic chaperone Hsp90. Loss of Hsp90 function trapped CTA1 in the ER, and Hsp90 was sufficient for in vitro export of CTA1 from the ER. Structural studies demonstrated Hsp90 will refold disordered CTA1. ATP hydrolysis by Hsp90 was required for both CTA1 refolding and CTA1 extraction from the ER, which suggests a ratchet mechanism for the chaperone-driven movement of CTA1 to the cytosol: the refolding of CTA1 as it emerges at the cytosolic face of the ER membrane would prevent the toxin from sliding back into the translocon pore and would thereby ensure the unidirectional movement of CTA1 from the ER to the cytosol. Hsp90 bound to the N-terminus of CTA1 and did not release CTA1 after refolding the toxin. The continued association of Hsp90 with CTA1 allowed the toxin to maintain an active conformation at 37 °C. Hsp90 thus plays two key roles CT intoxication: it couples toxin refolding with toxin extraction from the ER, and it maintains the cytosolic toxin in a functional conformation.
Design and implementation of secure chip for terminal based on SPI

Based on the study of SPI communication technology,a solution for terminal chip applied in interface communication is proposed,thus to solve the problem of inefficient interface communication between secure chip and MCU. This paper firstly discusses the functional requirements of terminal secure chip and the hardware platform for those functional requirements. Then it gives the specific design of software and hardware and the implementation of encryption algorithm via SPI communication. Test result and pilot project show that this design is of practical value and good effects.
Protein Synthesis in Isolated Enterocytes from Septic or Endotoxaemic Rats: Regulation by Glutamine

1. We studied the effect of sepsis and the regulation by glutamine of protein synthesis in enterocytes isolated from the small intestine of rats. 2. Sepsis was induced by caecal ligation and puncture; control rats were sham operated. Enterocytes were isolated from the jejunum and incubated in a medium containing [3H]phenylalanine. 3. Sixteen hours after caecal ligation and puncture, protein synthesis, measured as incorporation of radioactivity into protein, was increased by 65%, 89% and 137% respectively in enterocytes from the tips and mid-portions of the villi and from the crypts. 4. Addition of glutamine to incubated enterocytes stimulated protein synthesis in a dose-dependent manner, and this effect was most pronounced in crypt cells from septic rats. The effect of glutamine on protein synthesis was duplicated by equimolar concentrations of acetoacetate or 3-hydroxybutyrate, both of which may serve as fuel for enterocytes, and was blocked by the glutaminase inhibitor 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine. 5. The results suggest that sepsis stimulates protein synthesis in enterocytes and that glutamine regulates protein synthesis in the same cells, probably by energy provision.
Endurance neuromuscular electrical stimulation training improves skeletal muscle oxidative capacity in individuals with motor-complete spinal cord injury

Introduction: Spinal cord injury (SCI) results in skeletal muscle atrophy, increases in intramuscular fat, and reductions in skeletal muscle oxidative capacity. Endurance training elicited with neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) may reverse these changes and lead to improvement in muscle metabolic health. Methods: Fourteen participants with complete SCI performed 16 weeks of home-based endurance NMES training of knee extensor muscles. Skeletal muscle oxidative capacity, muscle composition, and blood metabolic and lipid profiles were assessed pre- and post-training. Results: There was an increase in number of contractions performed throughout the duration of training. The average improvement in skeletal muscle oxidative capacity was 119%, ranging from –14% to 387% (P = 0.019). There were no changes in muscle composition or blood metabolic and lipid profiles. Conclusion: Endurance training improved skeletal muscle oxidative capacity, but endurance NMES of knee extensor muscles did not change blood metabolic and lipid profiles. Muscle Nerve 55: 669–675, 2017
Statistical analytics of wearable passive RFID-based biomedical textile monitors for real-time state classification

Wearable smart devices have become ubiquitous, with powered devices capable of collecting real-time biometric information from its users. Typically, these devices require a powered component to be worn and maintained, such as a battery-powered sensor, Bluetooth communications device, or glasses. Pregnancy and infant monitoring devices may be uncomfortable to the mother or baby and are subject to signal loss if the patient changes position or becomes mobile because the device must remain tethered to the patient by a belt and plugged into a wall for power. Our wearable, wireless, smart garment devices are knitted into the fabric using conductive thread to which a Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) chip within the fabric is inductively coupled. Our work utilizes the Received Signal Strength Indication (RSSI), which changes as the knitted antenna is deformed due to stretching of the garment, to determine different types of motion in the inductively-coupled chip and knit antenna structure as it is moved by the wearer.
Broccoli-Derived Nanoparticle Inhibits Mouse Colitis by Activating Dendritic Cell AMP-Activated Protein Kinase

The intestinal immune system is continuously exposed to massive amounts of nanoparticles derived from food. Whether nanoparticles from plants we eat daily have a role in maintaining intestinal immune homeostasis is poorly defined. Here, we present evidence supporting our hypothesis that edible nanoparticles regulate intestinal immune homeostasis by targeting dendritic cells (DCs). Using three mouse colitis models, our data show that orally given nanoparticles isolated from broccoli extracts protect mice against colitis. Broccoli-derived nanoparticle (BDN)-mediated activation of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in DCs plays a role in not only prevention of DC activation but also induction of tolerant DCs. Adoptively transferring DCs pre-pulsed with total BDN lipids, but not sulforaphane (SFN)-depleted BDN lipids, prevented DSS-induced colitis in C57BL/6 (B6) mice, supporting the role of BDN SFN in the induction of DC tolerance. Adoptively transferring AMPK +/+ , but not AMPK −/− , DCs pre-pulsed with SFN prevented DSS-induced colitis in B6 mice, further supporting the DC AMPK role in SFN-mediated prevention of DSS-induced colitis. This finding could open new preventive or therapeutic avenues to address intestinal-related inflammatory diseases via activating AMPK.
H2−H∞ control of continuous-time nonlinear systems using the state-dependent Riccati equation approach

ABSTRACTA novel H2−H∞ State-dependent Riccati equation control approach is presented for providing a generalized control framework to discrete-time nonlinear system. By solving a generalized Riccati equation at each time step, the nonlinear state feedback control solution is found to satisfy mixed performance criteria guaranteeing quadratic optimality with inherent stability property in combination with H∞ type of disturbance attenuation. Two numerical techniques to compute the solution of the resulting Riccati equation are presented: The first one is based on finding the steady-state solution of the difference equation at every step and the second one is based on finding the minimum solution of a linear matrix inequality. The effectiveness of the proposed techniques is demonstrated by simulations involving the control of an inverted pendulum on a cart, a benchmark mechanical system.
History of Natural Areas Programs in Wisconsin

For many readers the words conservation and Wisconsin bring to mind Aldo Leopold’s Sand County Almanac (Leopold 1949), John Curtis’s Vegetation of Wisconsin (Curtis 1959), or John Muir’s stories of his childhood (Muir 1965), as well as places such as the Baraboo Hills, the Chiwaukee Prairie, or the prairie restorations at the Madison Arboretum. While these names and features may represent some of the best known ventures in natural area conservation in Wisconsin, the state has a long-standing effort in conservation that extends throughout the 20th century (Loucks 1968, Stearns and Germain 1991). Although scientific concerns and financial support have often changed during this period, the commitment has remained strong. The evolution of Wisconsin’s habitat preservation and restoration programs provides a guide for conservation in regions where natural habitats are scarce. In this chapter we (1) describe the biological and environmental context of the state and the forces that gave rise to its biota, (2) describe the progress of natural area protection and stewardship in Wisconsin, and (3) look to the future and examine how strategic planning, state/private cooperation, and government policies may influence natural area conservation into the 21st century.
On the Flame-generated Vorticity Dynamics of Bluff-body-stabilized Premixed Flames

This investigation considers the dynamics of flame-generated vorticity for a premixed, submerged bluff-body stabilized flame. Experimentation characterizes the far-field region in particular with a level of detail not previously afforded to this type of flow. Simultaneous particle imaging velocimetry (PIV), Mie scattering and CH ∗ chemiluminescence are used to obtain velocity fields and flame location. Mean static pressure measurements at the combustion chamber wall capture the pressure field. Analysis of the flame fronts in relation to the mean velocity and vorticity fields provides useful insight into the interaction of the flame and the flow. The unique nature of the velocity and vorticity fields and their effect on downstream flame structures are explained by the baroclinic torque generation of vorticity. The coupling that exists among pressure, heat release, and baroclinic generation is acknowledged and will influence strategies for control of the baroclinic mechanism.
Sonographic evaluation of acute appendicitis and its complications

Objectives: The objectives of the study were to evaluate various sonographic findings in patients with clinically suspected acute appendicitis and its complications; to follow up and confirm sonographic findings by histopathological examination following surgery; and to determine the role of color Doppler sonography in acute appendicitis. Materials and Methods: One hundred patients clinically suspected to have acute appendicitis underwent ultrasound examination using high-resolution transducers; linear array transducers of 7.5–10 MHz and curvilinear transducer of 3.5–5 MHz. The presence of aperistaltic, noncompressible, blind-ended tubular structure with a diameter ≥6 mm in the right iliac fossa was the primary criterion for the diagnosis of acute appendicitis. Other findings such as the presence of appendicoliths, gas within the lumen of appendix, loculated collections, and appendicular phlegmon were also considered. Results: Out of 100 cases recruited for the study, 95 cases underwent surgical intervention in the form of immediate appendicectomy (89 patients), interval appendicectomy (four patients), or drainage of abscess (two patients). On histopathological/surgical correlation, true positive was 85, false positive – 1, true negative – 6, and false negative – 3. The observed sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of ultrasonography (US) in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis were 96.5%, 85.7%, 98.8%, and 66.7%, respectively, with an overall accuracy of 95.7%. In our study, 75% patients of appendicitis showed hyperemic color Doppler flow. Furthermore, the use of color and power Doppler sonography was more helpful in those patients where it was difficult technically to visualize the entire appendix. Conclusion: Grayscale US should be the first primary evaluation for patient suspicious of acute appendicitis, and color Doppler is an additional modality to increase sensitivity and more accuracy.
Longitudinal predictors of cigarette use among students from 24 Texas colleges.

Objective: The purpose of this study is to examine differences between current and non-current cigarette users, focusing on sociodemographic factors, non-cigarette tobacco product use, parental and friend use, and alcohol and marijuana use; and to identify predictors of cigarette use sixmonths later. Participants: Participants included young adults (n = 4,296) from 24 Texas colleges, participating in a young adult cohort study, beginning in fall 2014. Methods: Mixed effects logistic regressions were conducted accounting for school-level variability. Results: Cigarette users were older, more likely to report use of non-cigarette tobacco products and peer use of cigarettes than non-current users. Wave 1 cigarette and non-cigarette tobacco product use, marijuana use and binge drinking, and peer use all uniquely predicted cigarette use at wave 2. Conclusions: Colleges need prevention programs targeting multiple tobacco products, because non-cigarette tobacco use and other risky behaviors appear to be ...
Governing online platforms: Competition policy in times of platformization

Abstract This paper argues that a paradigmatic change in competition policy is needed and empirically under way to cope with the challenges posed by economically strong online platforms and their big-data-based business models. Competition policy needs to move further away from its traditional price-oriented emphasis and increasingly focus on non-price competition, on attention markets and zero prices, and on big user data, which has become a new asset class in digital economies.
Preliminary evidence for feasibility, efficacy, and mechanisms of Alexander technique group classes for chronic neck pain.

Abstract Objectives To determine feasibility and potential of Alexander technique (AT) group classes for chronic neck pain and to assess changes in self-efficacy, posture, and neck muscle activity as potential mechanisms for pain reduction. Design A single-group, multiple-baseline design, with two pre-tests to control for regression toward the mean, a post-test immediately after the intervention, and another post-test five weeks later to examine retention of benefits. Participants were predominately middle-aged; all had experienced neck pain for at least six months. Intervention Participants attended ten one-hour group classes in AT, an embodied mindful approach that may reduce habitual overactivation of muscles, including superficial neck muscles, over five weeks. Outcome measures (1) self-reports: Northwick Park Questionnaire (to assess neck pain and associated disability) and Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire; (2) superficial neck flexor activation and fatigue (assessed by electromyography and power spectral analysis) during the cranio-cervical flexion test; (3) posture during a video game task. Results There were no significant changes in outcomes between pre-tests. All participants completed the intervention. After the intervention: (1) participants reported significantly reduced neck pain; (2) fatigue of the superficial neck flexors during the cranio-cervical flexion test was substantially lower; (3) posture was marginally more upright, as compared to the second pre-intervention values. Changes in pain, self-efficacy, and neck muscle fatigue were retained at the second post-test and tended to be correlated with one another. Conclusions Group AT classes may provide a cost-effective approach to reducing neck pain by teaching participants to decrease excessive habitual muscle contraction during everyday activity.
Zaner’s Generative Spirit

Richard Zaner’s creative work evokes generative thinking and ways of being in others. What is generated does not only occur as part of the original encounter but continues to generate well beyond it. Dick became our mentor at a crucial time in the development of our work together. Anne, an experienced and recognized nursing educator, was very interested in pursuing the meaning of nursing but did not know how to go about it. Jack, a philosopher, was interested in ferreting out the meaning of caring practices but with little or no experience in or knowledge of health care practices. Dick helped us to see how our experiences and concerns could be brought together in a quest to make sense out of nursing. He contributed directly to our work through his interpretation of health care and its ethics. Dick’s generative way of thinking and of being has fostered our thought concerning the meaning of being a good nurse and beyond that to the meaning of being and becoming a good person.
Elevation of intratesticular and scrotal skin surface temperature in men with varicocele.

AbstractA possible mechanism of varicocele-induced infertility is believed to be elevation of testicular temperature. Sensitive needle thermistors were used to measure directly intratesticular and bilateral scrotal surface temperatures simultaneously in anesthetized infertile men with varicocele and control subjects. We found that intratesticular temperature is elevated significantly in humans with varicocele. In addition, we have shown that scrotal skin surface temperature is elevated in men with varicocele. Furthermore, we demonstrate that unilateral varicocele is associated with bilateral elevation of scrotal surface temperature. These findings confirm the results of animal studies revealing elevation of intratesticular temperature associated with varicocele and suggest bilateral elevation in unilateral varicocele.
Reaction of Mass-Selected, Thermalized VnOm+ Clusters with CCl4

The kinetics of V nO m+ + CCl4 ( n, m = 2, 5; 3, 6-8; 4, 9-11; 5, 12-13) have been measured under thermal conditions using a selected-ion flow tube equipped with a laser vaporization ion source. All reactions proceed at approximately the capture rate limit, yielding three dominant categories of products: CCl3+ + V nO mCl (i.e., chloride transfer), COCl2 (phosgene) formation, and CO2 formation. Both CO2 and COCl2 are products of CCl4 reaction on a bulk vanadium oxide surface, while chloride (or chlorine) transfer is not observed. The product branching fraction of CCl3+ approaches 100% for small (V2) reactants and generally decreases with increasing cluster size down to <5% for V5O13. The fraction of chloride transfer is correlated to the fraction of terminal oxygen atoms in the V nO m+ reactant. As cluster size increases, phosgene replaces chloride transfer as the dominant product channel. The channel producing CO2 is observed only for highly oxygenated clusters, V3O8+, V4O11+, and V5O13+, and appears to require a superoxide O2 in the reactant structure; the mechanism is likely distinct from that producing CO2 on bulk V2O5. Increasing the temperature of the system from 300 to 500 K increases the observed fraction of CCl3+ at the expense of all other product channels. Likely mechanisms, informed by density functional calculations, are discussed.
Robust Voltage based Technique for Automatic Off-Line Detection of Static Eccentricity of PMSM

This work proposes an offline detection method for the presence of static eccentricity in Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines, which is noninvasive and robust to small perturbations of parameters and the conditions. This detection method relies on classifier for fault detection. The classifier was trained using data, which incorporates variation due to rotor position misalignment, small load and speed changes. This makes the detection scheme robust under offline conditions with an assumption that temperature can be controlled in an acceptable range. The machine was controlled using Field Oriented Control (FOC) using Real Time LABVIEW. Two dimensional (2-D) Finite Element Analysis (FEA) was used to model and simulate the machine under healthy and faulty conditions to validate the results obtained from experiments.
Lactoferrin CpG Island Hypermethylation and Decoupling of mRNA and Protein Expression in the Early Stages of Prostate Carcinogenesis

Lactoferrin (LTF) is an iron-binding protein canonically known for its innate and adaptive immune functions. LTF may also act as a tumor suppressor with antiproliferative action. LTF is inactivated genetically or epigenetically in various cancers, and a CpG island spanning the transcriptional start site of LTF is hypermethylated in prostate cancer cell lines. We, therefore, hypothesized that LTF expression is silenced via CpG island hypermethylation in the early stages of prostate tumorigenesis carcinogenesis. Targeted methylation analysis was performed using a combination of methylated-DNA precipitation and methylation-sensitive restriction enzymes, and laser-capture microdissection followed by bisulfite sequencing on DNA isolated from prostate tissue samples, including both primary and metastatic disease. LTF mRNA in situ hybridization and LTF protein immunohistochemistry were also performed. We report that the LTF CpG island is frequently and densely methylated in high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia, primary prostate carcinoma, and metastases. We further report a decoupling of lactoferrin mRNA and protein expression, including in lesions where LTF mRNA has presumably been silenced via CpG island methylation. We conclude that LTF mRNA expression is silenced in prostate tumorigenesis via hypermethylation, supporting a role for LTF as a prostate cancer tumor suppressor gene. Likewise, the frequency at which the LTF CpG island is methylated across samples suggests it is an important and conserved step in prostate cancer initiation.
Celia Deane-Drummond, Sigurd Bergmann, and Marcus Vogt (eds.), Religion in the Anthropocene

Celia Deane-Drummond, Sigurd Bergmann, and Marcus Vogt (eds.), Religion in the Anthropocene (Eugene, OR: Cascade Books, 2017), xxiii + 338 pp., $42 (pbk), ISBN: 9781498291910.
Co-Sleeping as a Developmental Context and Its Role in the Transition to Parenthood

Throughout human history and around the world, co-sleeping was the context for human evolutionary development. Currently, most of the world’s peoples continue to practice co-sleeping with infants, but there is increasing pressure on families in the West not to co-sleep. Research from anthropology, family studies, medicine, pediatrics, psychology, and public health is reviewed through the lens of a developmental theory to place co-sleeping within a developmental, theoretical context for understanding it. Viewing co-sleeping as a family choice and a normative, human developmental context changes how experts may provide advice and support to families choosing co-sleeping, especially in families making the transition to parenthood. During this transition, many decisions are made by parents “intuitively” (Ball, Hooker, & Kelly, 1999), making understanding the developmental consequences of some of those choices even more important. In Western culture, families are making “intuitive” decisions that research has shown to be beneficial, but families are not receiving complete messages about benefits and risks of co-sleeping. Co-sleeping can be an important choice for families as they make the life-changing transition to parenthood, if individualized messages about safe infant sleep practices (directed toward their individual family circumstances) are shared with them.
Perceived Discrimination and Trajectories of C-Reactive Protein: The Jackson Heart Study

Introduction Perceiving discriminatory treatment may contribute to systemic inflammation, a risk factor of cardiovascular pathophysiology. This study evaluated the association of self-reported discrimination with changes in high–sensitivity C-reactive protein and the mediating role of adiposity. Methods The sample included 5,145 African-Americans, aged 21–92 years, in the Jackson Heart Study. Everyday, lifetime, and burden from perceived discrimination comprised primary predictors in 3 sets of multivariable linear regression models of baseline (2000–2004) discrimination and natural logarithm of high–sensitivity C-reactive protein. Multivariable linear mixed models assessed mean changes in natural logarithm of high–sensitivity C-reactive protein over the study period (2000–2013). Mediation was quantified by percentage changes in estimates adjusted for BMI, waist circumference, and waist-to-height ratio. Multiple imputation addressed missingness in baseline covariates and in high–sensitivity C-reactive protein taken at all 3 study examinations. Analyses were conducted in 2018. Results In cross-sectional analyses, male participants in the middle and highest tertiles of lifetime discrimination had natural logarithm of high–sensitivity C-reactive protein levels that were 0.13 (95% CI= −0.24, −0.01) and 0.15 (95% CI= −0.27, −0.02) natural logarithm(mg/dL) lower than those in the lowest tertile. In longitudinal analyses, all participants reporting more frequent everyday discrimination had a 0.07 natural logarithm(mg/dL) greater increase in natural logarithm of high–sensitivity C-reactive protein per examination than those reporting none (95% CI=0.01, 0.12). A similar trend emerged for lifetime discrimination and changes in natural logarithm of high–sensitivity C-reactive protein (adjusted mean increase per visit: 0.04 natural logarithm[mg/dL], 95% CI=0.01, 0.08). Adiposity did not mediate the longitudinal associations. Conclusions Everyday and lifetime discrimination were associated with significant high–sensitivity C-reactive protein increases over 13 years. The physiologic response to discrimination may lead to systemic inflammation.
Multiaxial fracture of DP600: Experiments and finite element modeling

Abstract The stress state dependent fracture behavior of DP600 steel at the continuum level was investigated through a combined experimental and computational approach. A range of specimen geometries were used to probe the fracture behavior of the material under different stress states. Using an isotropic J2 plasticity framework, finite element simulations of all experiments captured the experimental force displacement curves, and provided information on the evolution of equivalent plastic strain, stress triaxiality, and Lode angle parameter with applied deformation at the location of eventual fracture initiation. The calculated local failure strain as a function of stress state was used to calibrate the modified Mohr-Coulomb (MMC) fracture model. A comparison of the calibrated MMC model with previously reported results in literature highlights the importance of calibrating the fracture model over a wide stress state range to fully and accurately describe the fracture behavior of the material.
Recent advances on the enteric infectious diseases related to natural disasters

Natural disasters have increased in recent years, and have seriously impacted human health, social and economic development. Many enteric infectious diseases often occurs after natural disasters. Therefore, it is important to strengthen the control of enteric infectious diseases related to natural disasters. The current situation of epidemics, their risk factors, control and prevention measures for enteric infectious diseases related to natural disasters are reviewed in this article. Key words: Natural disasters; Enteric infectious diseases; Risk factors; Intervention measures
How mental health relates to everyday stress, rumination, trauma and interoception in women living with HIV: A factor analytic study

Abstract Mental health symptoms tend to correlate with one another within individuals. An exploratory factor analysis was performed on responses to five questionnaires related to depression, anxiety, trauma and perceived stress to determine which items related most highly to a common underlying construct in women with HIV (n = 35). Individual responses were further analyzed with respect to ruminations, which are repetitive thoughts about the self and with respect to interoception, which involves cognitive awareness of bodily states. Scores for ruminative thoughts were highly correlated with those for trauma-related thoughts (r = 0.77), perceived stress (r = 0.64), and symptoms of depression (r = 0.75). Items of mental health loaded highly and consistently onto one factor that accounted for 66% of the variance in the data. The principal factor accounted for 94% of the variance in measures of rumination, 87% for depression, 75% for trauma and stress, and 73% for anxiety. Women who endorsed greater numbers of maladaptive symptoms related to mental health (indicated by elevated factor scores) reported a decreased ability to sense and trust their bodily sensations and regulate thoughts and feelings related to these sensations. The general mental health factor did not relate to actual interoceptive awareness, as measured with a heartbeat tracking task. These results reveal a common and measurable mental health factor related to repetitive and body-related thoughts in people who are experiencing the everyday stress of living with a chronic disease.
A Study on Assessing Government Size, the Composition of Public Spending on Education and Economic Growth in the USA

The paper aimed to assess the effect of government size and the composition of public spending on education on economic growth in the USA. This study is quantitative in which the data has been gathered from the World Data Bank for the past 60 years from 1960 to 2019. The variables which were considered in the study include government size, GDP growth, Inflation, FDI, GDP (Current US$), Education expenditure and GEE as % of GDP concerning the USA. In terms of the analysis, the Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) has been used to determine the unity root. Moreover, the effect has been tested through Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) and Bounds test. It has been determined from the analysis that GDP growth is dependent on the first lag while there is a significant effect of government size and public expenditure on education on GDP. It was also found that the controlling effect of inflation was also significant. The results of this study are restricted to the USA. With respect to the implications, there is a huge significance of these results as the government of the USA can ensure economic growth while increasing the educational expenses.
Session Key Distribution Made Practical for CAN and CAN-FD Message Authentication

Automotive communication networks, represented by the CAN bus, are acclaimed for enabling real-time communication between vehicular ECUs but also criticized for their lack of effective security mechanisms. Various attacks have demonstrated that this security deficit renders a vehicle vulnerable to adversarial control that jeopardizes passenger safety. A recent standardization effort led by AUTOSAR has provided general guidelines for developing next-generation automotive communication technologies with built-in security mechanisms. A key security mechanism is message authentication between ECUs for countering message spoofing and replay attack. While many message authentication schemes have been proposed by previous work, the important issue of session key establishment with AUTOSAR compliance was not well addressed. In this paper, we fill this gap by proposing an AUTOSAR-compliant key management architecture that takes into account practical requirements imposed by the automotive environment. Based on this architecture, we describe a baseline session key distribution protocol called SKDC that realizes all designed security functionalities, and propose a novel secret-sharing-based protocol called SSKT that yields improved communication efficiency. Both SKDC and SSKT are customized for CAN/CAN-FD bus deployment. We implemented the two protocols on commercial microcontroller boards and evaluated their performance with hardware experiment and extrapolation analysis. The result shows while both protocols are performant, SSKT achieves superior computation and communication efficiency at scale.
The Identity Economics of Female Genital Mutilation

Female genital mutilation (FGM) involves the partial or complete excision of external female genitalia and other damage to the female genital organs. This paper develops the identity economics of FGM as a complement to the agency-cost explanation provided by previous rational choice theorists. We analyze how identity influences the costs and benefits associated with participation in FGM, offering insight into the persistence of the practice, as well as what changing the practice entails. Our analysis also explains some of the counterintuitive phenomena associated with FGM, such as older circumcised females being the main gatekeepers who perpetuate the practice.
Vestibular and auditory hair cell regeneration following targeted ablation of hair cells with diphtheria toxin in zebrafish

Millions of Americans experience hearing or balance disorders due to loss of hair cells in the inner ear. The hair cells are mechanosensory receptors used in the auditory and vestibular organs of all vertebrates as well as the lateral line systems of aquatic vertebrates. In zebrafish and other non-mammalian vertebrates, hair cells turn over during homeostasis and regenerate completely after being destroyed or damaged by acoustic or chemical exposure. However in mammals, destroying or damaging hair cells results in permanent impairments to hearing or balance. We sought an improved method for studying hair cell damage and regeneration in adult aquatic vertebrates by generating a transgenic zebrafish with the capacity for targeted and inducible hair cell ablation in vivo. This model expresses the human diphtheria toxin receptor (hDTR) gene under the control of the myo6b promoter, resulting in hDTR expressed only in hair cells. Cell ablation is achieved by an intraperitoneal injection of diphtheria toxin (DT) in adult zebrafish or DT dissolved in the water for larvae. In the lateral line of 5 dpf zebrafish, ablation of hair cells by DT treatment occurred within 2 days in a dose-dependent manner. Similarly, in adult utricles and saccules, a single intraperitoneal injection of 0.05 ng DT caused complete loss of hair cells in the utricle and saccule by 5 days post-injection. Full hair cell regeneration was observed for the lateral line and the inner ear tissues. This study introduces a new method for efficient conditional hair cell ablation in adult zebrafish inner ear sensory epithelia (utricles and saccules) and demonstrates that zebrafish hair cells will regenerate in vivo after this treatment.
Numerical Brazilian disk testing of multiscale porous Ultra-High Temperature Ceramics

Abstract Recent developments in Ultra-High Temperature Ceramics (UHTC) processing have allowed for the introduction of significant amounts of porosity into these materials. These developments have widened the scope for how UHTCs can be integrated into hypersonic vehicles. Functional grading of porosity allows density and thermal conductivity to be spatially tailored to minimize weight penalty while maintaining thermal shielding and resilience to thermal shock. However, added porosity also results in decreased stiffness and strength. These relationships must be quantified in order to enable porous UHTC component design. In this work, a multiscale computational model using a quasi-static Material Point Method (MPM) implementation is used to quantify the mechanical response of porous UHTCs subject to Brazilian disk testing. The as-implemented MPM algorithm can readily handle large deformations, self-contact and damage. Microscale simulations corresponding to a range of strain states are simulated to calibrate an effective macroscale damage model for use in the macroscale Brazilian disk test simulations. A variety of mesoscale property distributions are considered and used in an initial effort to validate the multiscale modeling approach developed herein, with results closely matching experimental findings after model calibration at the mesoscale.
Making Use of Derived Personality: The Case of Social Media Ad Targeting

People’s social media text has been shown to have limited prediction power of their personality. In this work, we conducted a survey study and a field study to explore the feasibility of using predicted personality traits derived from socialmedia text for the purpose of ad targeting. In the survey study, we measured people's personalities and their responses to an advertisement tweet. We found that people withhigh openness and low neuroticism responded more favorably to a targeted advertisement, thus demonstrating the effectsof the personality traits themselves. In the field study,we sent the advertisement tweets to real-world Twitter users,and found the same effects on users' responses using personality traits derived from users' tweet text. These results suggest that the derived personality traits had the same effects as the personality traits measured by traditional personality questionnaires, and can indeed improve ad targeting in real-world settings.
On Some Results of a New Fractional Calculus in the Unit Disk and its Applications

In this paper, we study a new definition of fractional calculus (fractional derivative -( ,fractional integral -( ),by depending of Srivastava-Owa fractional operators,and study some properties and provided of operators -( and Applecations by using fractional complex transform for fractionaldifferential equations , Distortion inequalities and establishing the sufficient conditions for the existence and uniqueness of Cauchy problem in the unit disk.