cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dual-Mode Binary Thermal Sensing for Indoor Human Scenario Recognition with Pyroelectric Infrared Sensors

PIR sensors by default can only detect the movement of thermal sources. Conventional PIR sensor systems for human scenario recognition were limited to moving subjects detection. In this paper, we propose a dual-mode sensing system based on PIR sensors to effectively recognize indoor human scenarios that consists of both static and moving subjects. This sensing system is developed with a IRIS sensor mote, a programmable system on chip (PSoC) based sensing board and a motor control unit. The PSoc is equipped into the sensing board to adjust the signal-noise ratio (SNR) for both sensing modes. The motor control unit can generate relative movement for PIR sensor node and enable it to actively detect static human subjects. An orthogonal sample structure is employed to achieve the best angle of view (AoV) with the least number of sensor nodes. By defining three binary statistical features, the sensory signals are represented in a feature space, thus, different human scenarios are recognized within the feature space. Preliminary results have demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed dual-mode sensing system.
Stories About Science in Law: Literary and Historical Images of Acquired Expertise

Presenting examples of how literary accounts can provide a supplement to our understanding of science in law, this book challenges the view that law and science are completely different. It focuses on stories which explore the relationship between law and science, especially cultural images of science that prevail in legal contexts. Contrasting with other studies of the transfer and construction of expertise in legal settings, this book considers the intersection of three interdisciplinary projects: law and science, law and literature, and literature and science. Looking at the appropriation of scientific expertise into law from these perspectives, this book presents an original introduction into how we can gain insight into the use of science in the courtroom and in policy and regulatory settings through literary sources. Contents Preface; Introduction; Law and literature, literature-and-science, and a hybrid law-literature-science field of study; Ramon y Cajal: hard SF for lawyers; Ibsen's An Enemy of the People: the public understanding of science in law; Idealized images of science in film: the expert witness in trial movies; 'Faction': Truman Capote, legal ethics and In Cold Blood; Historical narratives: mad alchemists, experts attacking experts, and the crisis in forensic science; Conclusion: a new picture of science in law; Bibliography; Index. About the Author
Conditional generative adversarial networks for H&E to IF domain transfer: experiments with breast and prostate cancer

In this work, we explore image-to-image translation using Conditional Generative Adversarial Networks (cGAN) to convert digital tissue images from the brightfield to the immunofluorescence (IF) domain. A dataset of 149 tissue microarray (TMA) cores were stained using a multiplexed IF system for DAPI, Ribosomal S6, and NaKATPase. These TMA cores were subsequently stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and digitally scanned. Using registered pairs of H&E and IF, a cGAN was trained to translate from the H&E to the IF domain for DAPI, Ribosomal S6, and NaKATPase markers. This classifier was then evaluated by translating a set of holdout H&E samples, both from the original TMA dataset as well as an independent prostate cancer H&E dataset (for which we do not have IF probes). The cGAN was evaluated quantitatively for our multiplexed TMA samples and qualitatively for the independent H&E dataset. We found that for the DAPI channel, the cGAN is able to produce accurate samples but is unable to replicate the subtle pixel intensity differences that characterize boundaries between nuclei. For the NaKATPase and Ribosomal S6 channels, the cGAN over segmented extracellular matrix regions. On the holdout open-source H&E stained prostate tissue dataset, the cGAN produced qualitatively acceptable results.
Cutaneous adverse drug reactions

Abstract Drug eruptions occur in up to 2% of hospitalized patients; most are minor irritations, but rarely they are life-threatening. This article outlines a logical approach to identifying drug eruptions, their triggers and management. Classification of the morphological type and the timing of their onset relative to initiation of the culprit drug are the most important factors in their recognition. The features that mark potentially life-threatening eruptions (Stevens–Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis, drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms) are highlighted. Emerging problems resulting from the advent of targeted and immune therapies in oncology are covered, including pustular eruptions associated with epidermal growth factor receptor antagonists, immune-related cutaneous adverse events associated with checkpoint inhibitors, and skin tumours associated with BRAF inhibitors.
Functional Relevance of Dual Olfactory Bulbs in Olfactory Coding.

Bilateral convergence of external stimuli is a common feature of vertebrate sensory systems. This convergence of inputs from the bilateral receptive fields allows higher order sensory perception, such as depth perception in the vertebrate visual system and stimulus localization in the auditory system. The functional role of such bilateral convergence in the olfactory system is unknown. To test if each olfactory bulb contributes a separate piece of olfactory information, and if information from the bilateral olfactory bulb is integrated, we synchronized the activation of olfactory bulbs with blue light in mice expressing ChIEF in the olfactory sensory neurons and behaviorally assessed the relevance of dual olfactory bulbs in olfactory perception. Our findings suggest that each olfactory bulb contributes separate components of olfactory information, and the mice integrate the bilaterally synchronized olfactory information for olfactory identity. Significance statement Identifying an odor is the first step in olfactory coding, as it is critical for the survival of most animals. Bilateral olfactory bulbs help rodents to localize the odor source and navigate accordingly. However, it is unclear whether the bilateral olfactory bulbs play a role in determining the identity of an olfactory information. In this study, by the controlled activation of unilateral and bilateral olfactory bulbs (OB) with blue light in tetO-ChIEF-Citrine mouse line, we studied the behavioral responses to the light pulse stimulation in unilateral and bilateral OB. we found that each olfactory bulb provides distinct olfactory information and rodents integrate information from the two bulbs to identify an olfactory stimulus.
The errors of our ways: understanding error representations in cerebellar-dependent motor learning

The cerebellum is essential for error-driven motor learning and is strongly implicated in detecting and correcting for motor errors. Therefore, elucidating how motor errors are represented in the cerebellum is essential in understanding cerebellar function, in general, and its role in motor learning, in particular. This review examines how motor errors are encoded in the cerebellar cortex in the context of a forward internal model that generates predictions about the upcoming movement and drives learning and adaptation. In this framework, sensory prediction errors, defined as the discrepancy between the predicted consequences of motor commands and the sensory feedback, are crucial for both on-line movement control and motor learning. While many studies support the dominant view that motor errors are encoded in the complex spike discharge of Purkinje cells, others have failed to relate complex spike activity with errors. Given these limitations, we review recent findings in the monkey showing that complex spike modulation is not necessarily required for motor learning or for simple spike adaptation. Also, new results demonstrate that the simple spike discharge provides continuous error signals that both lead and lag the actual movements in time, suggesting errors are encoded as both an internal prediction of motor commands and the actual sensory feedback. These dual error representations have opposing effects on simple spike discharge, consistent with the signals needed to generate sensory prediction errors used to update a forward internal model.
The 2750-Å band system of phenol: Part II. Extended vibrational assignments and band contour analysis

Abstract Vibrational analysis of the electronic bands of phenol vapor at 2500–2900 A has been extended to the a1 modes of phenol-d5 and the a2, b1, and b2 modes of phenol-h6, -d1, and -d5. The results give an essentially complete set of frequencies for the fundamentals lying below 2000 cm−1 in the excited state. Ground-state fundamentals to about 1000 cm−1 can be identified from “hot” bands in the electronic spectrum and are generally in good agreement with the infrared vapor absorption. The envelopes of A-, B-, and C-type bands have been calculated in the rigid rotor approximation for a range of values of the excited-state inertial constants. Features in the origin band contour are matched in the computed envelope when, and only when, the band is taken as B-type (y-polarized); therefore the electronic transition is B2 ← A1, analogous to the B2u ← A1g transition of benzene. The changes in rotational constants accompanying the transition are ΔA = −0.01135 and ΔB = 0.00116 cm−1. Combined with micro-wave data for the ground state, these constants lead to approximate values for Ia and Ib in the electronically excited state. While the results are not sufficient for a structure determination, they show that the phenyl ring is almost certainly not a regular hexagon in the B2 state, though the question whether the distortion is associated with unequal CC bond distances (“quininoid” structure) or unequal angles within the ring, or from a blend of both, cannot be decided. The picture that emerges is consistent qualitatively with the fact that torsional motion in the B2 state is much more rigid than in the ground state, the torsional barrier being about 3.5 times greater. It therefore appears probable that the phenyl ring has appreciable quininoid character in the B2 state.
Fiber optic pressure sensors

The authors focus on measuring static pressure with both a fiber-optic Mach-Zehnder interferometer and a single-mode fiber. They investigate the effect of such a pressure on a single-mode optical fiber. It is shown that, as predicted, anisotropic stress causes a birefringence in the fiber which in turn causes a change in the state of polarization (SOP) of the transmitted light. Since this phenomenon has a directional asymmetry, it was sensitive to the input SOP of the light. The interferometer was used to show that the isotropic and lateral components of the anisotropic static pressure were separable. A conventional single-mode fiber will suffice to detect the asymmetry in the sensed pressure. >
Zealous self-help groups as adjuncts to psychiatric treatment: a study of Recovery, Inc.

In a controlled study of Recovery, Inc., a self-help program for people with psychiatric problems, the author found a decline in both symptoms and concomitant psychiatric treatment after subjects had joined the group. Scores for neurotic distress reported after joining were considerably lower than those reported for the period before joining. Scores for psychological well-being oflongstanding Recovery members were no different from those of community control subjects, and fewer long-term members than recent members were being treated with psychotropic medication and psychotherapy. The author concludes that peer-led self-help groups have value as an adjunct to psychiatric treatment. (Am J Psychiatry 1988; 145:1248-1253)
Fuzzy multiobjective decision making for navigation of mobile robots in dynamic, unstructured environments

In this work we apply the notion of fuzzy multi-objective decision making to the problem of navigation of mobile robots in unstructured environments such as lunar and planetary surfaces and military zones. In particular the proposed approach is concerned with multi-objective decision making in a dynamic setting where limited a priori information, say only a coarse image of the robot surroundings may be available. To this end, the proposed approach first constructs a coarse motion plan and subsequently employs a sensor-based navigation scheme based on fuzzy multi-objective decision making to detect any intervening obstacles, dynamically define its objectives and preferences based on the relative locations of the obstacles, and move towards is goal. This process is comparable to human decision-making where an initial assessment of the surroundings and one's own sensing capability provide the basis for navigating and moving around in unstructured environments. In particular it is shown that the proposed approach offers a viable alternative to existing approaches to mobile robotics by providing a flexible architecture for addressing the complexity of motion planning and navigation in dynamic environments.
Effect of Specimen Anticoagulant and Storage on Measurement of Serum and Plasma Fatty Acid Ethyl Ester Concentrations.

Fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEEs) are cytotoxic nonoxidative metabolites of ethanol that are produced by esterification of alcohol and fatty acids (1)(2)(3). After ethanol intake, FAEEs are found mainly in the liver, pancreas, heart, and brain, which are the major organs adversely affected by ethanol intake (4)(5). FAEEs are detectable in the blood for up to 24 h after consumption of ethanol to at least 600 mg/L (6)(7)(8), making the presence of FAEEs in blood a useful marker for ethanol intake. This investigation presents the results of studies on the effects of collection tube, storage time, and storage temperature on FAEE concentrations in blood, with the goal of creating a reliable clinical assay for serum and plasma FAEE quantification. Four volunteers participated in this study. Each subject was given a weight-adjusted amount of 100-proof vodka mixed with fruit juice in a 1:3 ratio (8). The vodka-juice beverage was divided into nine equal aliquots, which were administered every 10 min over a 90-min time period. After the last aliquot was drunk, blood samples were collected in four different 5-mL Vacutainer Tubes from each subject to assess the influence of the collection tube …
Eleanor and Franklin : the story of their relationship, based on Eleanor Roosevelt's private papers

The author combines research and excerpts from Hyde Park papers to illuminate the forty-five-year marriage of Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt.
Emotional over-involvement can be deleterious for caregivers’ health: Mexican Americans caring for a relative with schizophrenia.

The study of emotional over-involvement (EOI) has focused primarily on its relationship with patients’ course of illness. We know little about the predictors and possible consequences of EOI for caregivers. Based on past research, we tested the hypotheses that EOI is associated with worse physical and psychological health among caregivers and examined whether caregiver burden and social support may mediate this relationship. Method In a sample of 37 Mexican American caregivers and their ill relatives recruited from two outpatient clinics, we examined the relationships between EOI, caregiver burden, caregivers’ level of social support, and caregivers’ health. Additionally, we examined whether caregiver burden and social support may mediate the relationship between EOI and caregivers’ health. Cross-sectional analysis indicates that at baseline EOI was not associated with caregiver burden or social support, but was related to worse current health. Longitudinal analysis, however, indicates that EOI at baseline was associated with greater burden, less instrumental support, and worse health among caregivers at follow-up. Moreover, objective burden and instrumental support mediated the relationship between EOI and several health outcomes. Consequently, EOI may be a marker of poor current health status and predicts worse future health among Mexican–American caregiving relatives of individuals with schizophrenia. Moreover, changes in burden and social support associated with EOI appear to mediate the relationship between EOI and several health outcomes among caregivers. These findings suggest that it might be important for family interventions to not only address the functioning of individuals with schizophrenia but also their caregiving relatives.
Using reverse circuit execution for efficient parallel simulation of logic circuits

ABSTRACT A novel technique called reverse circuit execution is presented as an efficient approach towards integrated parallel execution of multiple sequential circuit simulators. The unique aspect of this approach is that it does not require source code modifications to either simulation engines or circuit models, and hence holds appeal in situations where parallelism is desirable but without access to simulator and/or model source code (as in the case of commercial simulators with proprietary code concerns). First, algorithms and methodology are presented for transforming an input circuit into another equivalent circuit that is capable of both forward and reverse execution. Following that, it is shown how the transformed circuit can be used towards optimistic synchronization of multiple circuit simulators. As an end result of using our approach, it will be possible to efficiently co-simulate logic circuits partitioned across multiple commercial simulators, by synchronizing their execution using optimistic concurrency protocols. Keywords: Circuit simulation, parallel execution, reverse execution
Consumer insights into luxury goods: Why they shop where they do in a jewelry shopping setting

Abstract The question that guides this research concerns why consumers prefer to shop where they do for luxury goods. This study applies Tauber's (1972) motives, as representative of Sheth's (1983) nonfunctional shopping motives for luxury goods purchases. The study examines how well Tauber's motives describe consumers’ shopping motivations at each retail outlet in a jewelry shopping setting. These retail outlets consist of store- and non-store formats. The study identifies motives that are considered most important by consumers and that contribute to their shopping preferences. This study also identifies demographic profiles of jewelry shoppers at each retail outlet. Jewelry shoppers are more influenced by functional motives than nonfunctional motives.
Coupling of Biocomputing Systems with Electronic Chips: Electronic Interface for Transduction of Biochemical Information

Electronic transduction of biochemical signals processed by the enzyme-based OR-Reset/AND-Reset logic systems was achieved using field-effect Si chips. The developed enzyme logic systems produced p...
HIV-1 auxiliary regulatory protein Vpr promotes ubiquitination and turnover of Vpr mutants containing the L64P mutation

The auxiliary regulatory protein Vpr of HIV-1 possesses several biological activities which are believed to facilitate HIV-1 replication and pathogenesis. In this report, experimental evidence suggests a novel biological activity of Vpr: facilitation of the turnover of Vpr mutants bearing the L64P mutation. This novel activity of Vpr was shared by Vpr molecules from different subtypes of HIV-1. Co-expression of the wild type Vpr with the VprW54A/L64P mutant resulted in normal synthesis of the mutant mRNA but enhanced ubiquitination and turnover of the mutant protein. These results suggest that Vpr may interact with the ubiquitin/proteasome pathway to regulate the stability of viral or cellular proteins.
Rotational Coronary Angiography

The numerous well-documented limitations of standard fixed-acquisition coronary angiography led to the development of rotational angiography. This acquisition method uses automated gantry movements while numerous angiographic projections are obtained, and thus overcomes many of the limitations of standard angiography. This article highlights the techniques, advantages, and disadvantages of each type of rotational angiography currently commercially available. Also included is a discussion of the evolution of rotational angiography, from its initial conception and pilot studies to its latest step forward on the developmental road towards enhanced coronary imaging.
Determining Larval Host Plant Use by a Polyphagous Lepidopteran Through Analysis of Adult Moths for Plant Secondary Metabolites

Many polyphagous insect species are important economic pests on one or more of their crop hosts. For most important insect pests, the common crop hosts are well-known, but knowledge of weedy and unmanaged hosts is limited. Furthermore, the relative contribution of different hosts to local and regional populations has rarely been ascertained because this requires having some way to determine which plant hosts are the source of the adult moths observed ovipositing in a crop field at a given place and time. One way of determining the larval host of polyphagous pest species is to analyze for several plant-derived chemicals that are each specific to a different small set of related plant species and are preserved in detectable amounts in adult moths. In this paper, we describe novel methods for analyzing adults of the polyphagous lepidopteran, the tobacco budworm (TBW) Heliothis virescens (F.), for plant secondary metabolites, specifically cotinine and gossypol, which are diagnostic for larval feeding on tobacco and cotton, respectively. Cotinine was extracted from individual TBW moths with acetic acid and methanol, then concentrated and analyzed directly by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The same moths then were analyzed for bound gossypol by creating a Schiff’s base that used aniline, and the resulting dianilino–gossypol complex was quantified using high pressure chromatography coupled with a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (MS) as the detector. Based on analysis of standards, the detection limit for the cotinine was less than 1.5 ppb by dry weight. Comparable standards were not available for the gossypol derivative so a quantitative limit of detection could not be calculated. When TBW moths reared on known hosts were analyzed for gossypol and/or cotinine, all of the moths reared on tobacco or cotton were correctly identified, although some false positives were recorded with the gossypol method. Analysis of TBW moths of various ages and at various lengths of time after death determined that a significant gossypol signal was detectable in all moths reared on cotton. TBW moths collected from the vicinity of cotton fields in July and August in North Carolina also were analyzed. A much larger portion of the moths were derived from tobacco (6.7–46.4%) than from cotton (0–3.6%) in both months. Thus, these methods can be reliably used to estimate the proportion of TBW derived from noncotton host plants in populations trapped around Bt cotton fields, thereby providing insight into the risk of TBW evolving resistance to Bt cotton.
Characterization of a commercial superplastic stainless steel, SuperDux64

Abstract The superplastic properties of SuperDux64 have been characterized at temperatures ranging from 1173 to 1323 K and strain rate ranging from 10 −4 to 10 −1 s −1 . The strain rate sensitivity value for SuperDux64 is about 0.5, suggesting that grain boundary sliding is the dominant deformation mechanism. The apparent activation energy in the superplastic region is approximately 450 kJ mol −1 . Strain accommodation at grain triple junctions is accomplished by the preferential dynamic recrystallization in the soft phase (i.e., ferrite). The cavitation behavior of SuperDux64 was also studied. Cavitation was found to occur in distinct bands that corresponded to regions containing high concentrations of γ phase in the δ matrix. The roles of heterophase and homophase boundaries, and their effects on boundary sliding are discussed. Strain incompatibility at grain triple junctions (resulting from the differential strain rates between a hetero-boundary and homo-boundary) is also addressed.
Managerial risks and rewards in public enterprises

Abstract This essay explores a twofold problem: from the standpoint of the community, what is the appropriate attitude for managers of a public enterprise to have toward decisions with uncertain outcomes; and what is implied for the managerial rewards or penalties that are required to induce managers to adopt that attitude. Taking a theorem of Arrow's as a point of departure, the essay argues that managers should be induced to maximize expected benefit. With the aid of “career” and “bonus” functions, implications for managerial rewards and penalties are explored under
Stimulation of the Clonal Growth and Differentiation of Feeder Layer Dependent Mouse Embryonal Carcinoma Cells by β-Mercaptoethanol

Embryonal carcinoma cells are the undetermined stem cells of teratocarcinomas. Supplementation of culture medium with β-mercaptoethanol permits the feeder layer independent clonal growth and differentiation of normally feeder layer dependent embryonal carcinoma cell lines. Differentiated cells within the clones appeared less than 6 days after plating and were distinguished from embryonal carcinoma cells by their morphology, lack of histochemically detectable alkaline phosphatase activity, and secretion of plasminogen activator. Over 70% of the colonies secreted plasminogen activator after 6 days. In comparison, a different embryonal carcinoma cell line which has lost the potential for substantial differentiation, either in vitro or in vivo forms very few clones (
Current research using the ANL high voltage electron microscope-Tandem accelerator facility

Abstract Recent work at the Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) HVEM — Tandem Accelerator user facility is summarized: direct observation of cluster defects formed by in-situ ion irradiation at low temperature using the ion-beam interface has led to important fundamental results on defect production processes. Results on solute segregation at elevated temperatures induced by electron and ion irradiation are reported. Other published work is briefly summarized and/or referenced.
Determining Gel Content of Polyethylene Using a Differential Scanning Calorimeter

A technique to determine the cross-linked fraction or gel content of polyethylene materials using a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) is presented. The difference between the onset time of the melt peak of a neat sample and a cross-linked sample of the same material can be related to the gel content of the samples. To obtain a calibration curve, the gel content of samples determined using ASTM D 2765−01 (ref 1) was related to the difference in onset time of the melting curve. The resulting calibration curve was used to predict the gel content of a different batch of polyethylene, and these results were compared to those obtained using D 2765−01. The two measured are found to be in excellent agreement. This technique is substantially faster, is less expensive, uses very little material, produces no hazardous waste, and is as accurate as the current ASTM standard.
Analysis of the turn-off failure mechanism of silicon power diode

Abstract A series of simulations were carried out to investigate the failure mechanism of large area silicon power diodes. Static breakdown behavior of high voltage diodes is first investigated at elevated temperatures. Sustain-mode dynamic avalanche is then discussed. It was found that under isothermal and homogeneity condition, the reverse bias safe operation area (RBSOA) of power diodes is the same as the sustain-mode dynamic avalanche. After introducing current inhomogeneity, the failure will occur at reverse power density that is much less than the RBSOA predicted by the sustain-mode dynamic avalanche. The failure mechanism of power diodes is then proposed based on these findings.
Role of central angiotensin II receptors in cold-induced hypertension.

Abstract Background Earlier studies from this laboratory showed that central angiotensin II (AngII) receptors are upregulated by chronic cold exposure. The purpose of this study was to determine whether central AngII receptors may play a role in the development of cold-induced hypertension. Methods Four groups of rats (six rats each) were used. Two groups were exposed to cold (5°C) and the other two groups were kept at 25°C. One cold-exposed and one warm-adapted group were treated chronically, via osmotic minipumps, with AngII type 1 (AT1) receptor blocker (losartan, 6.0 μg/2.5 μL/h, intracerebroventricularly) at the beginning of cold exposure. Results Systolic blood pressure (BP) of the cold-exposed untreated group increased during week 1 of cold exposure and rose to 160 ± 4 mm Hg by week 4, whereas BP of the losartan-treated group in cold did not increase and remained at 121 ± 3 mm Hg. Cold-induced increases in drinking response to AngII, plasma renin activity, and urine norepinephrine output disappeared in the treated rats, indicating blockade of central AngII receptors. Withdrawal of losartan at 4 weeks resulted in an increase in BP of this group to the cold-exposed untreated level, which was accompanied by an increase in the above parameters. Significant increases in AngII-induced drinking response and hypothalamic AT1 receptor mRNA content of the cold-exposed rats indicate upregulation of AngII receptors during chronic cold exposure. Hypothalamic AngII level was not affected by cold exposure. Conclusion Upregulation of brain AT1 receptors plays a role in the development of cold-induced hypertension.
The effects of handwriting experience on functional brain development in pre-literate children

In an age of increasing technology, the possibility that typing on a keyboard will replace handwriting raises questions about the future usefulness of handwriting skills. Here we present evidence that brain activation during letter perception is influenced in different, important ways by previous handwriting of letters versus previous typing or tracing of those same letters. Preliterate, five-year old children printed, typed, or traced letters and shapes, then were shown images of these stimuli while undergoing functional MRI scanning. A previously documented “reading circuit” was recruited during letter perception only after handwriting—not after typing or tracing experience. These findings demonstrate that handwriting is important for the early recruitment in letter processing of brain regions known to underlie successful reading. Handwriting therefore may facilitate reading acquisition in young children.
Making sense of the Molly Maguires

Twenty Irish immigrants, suspected of comprising a secret terrorist organization called the Molly Maguires, were executed in Pennsylvania in the 1870s for the murder of sixteen men. Ever since, there has been enormous disagreement over who the Molly Maguires were, what they did, and why they did it, as virtually everything we now know about the Molly Maguires is based on hostile descriptions of their contemporaries. Arguing that such sources are inadequate to serve as the basis for a factual narrative, Making Sense of the Molly Maguires examines the ideology behind contemporary evidence to explain how and why a particular meaning came to be associated with the Molly Maguires in Ireland and Pennsylvania. At the same time, this work examines new archival evidence from Ireland that establishes that the American Molly Maguires were a rare transatlantic strand of the violent protest endemic in the Irish countryside. Combining social and cultural history, Making Sense of the Molly Maguires offers a new explanation of who the Molly Maguires were, as well as why people wrote and believed such curious things about them. In the process, it vividly retells one of the classic stories of American labour and immigration.
CO 2 CAUSES EXOCYTOSIS OF VESICLES CONTAINING H * PUMPS IN ISOLATED SEGMENTS OF COLLECTING DUCT (CD) AND PROXIMAL STRAIGHT TUBULE (PST)

CO2 directly stimulates H+ secretion, possibly by causing an increase in the number of H+ pumps in the luminal membrane. In order to test this hypothesis we perfused CD and PST on the stage of an inverted epifluorescence microscope with fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran (mw 70,000) in CO2-free medium. Uptake of this substance can only occur by endocytosis. After wash out we noted punctate fluorescence in endocytic vesicles in some CD and in all PST cells. More cells took up fluorescent dextran in medullary than in cortical CD, consistent with the greater rate of H+ secretion in medullary CD. Using the pH dependence of the excitation spectrum of the fluorescence we found the pH of the vesicles to be acid (c. pH 6). Addition of NH3 or nigericin increased vesicular pH by 0.6 ± 0.2 units, suggesting that the acidity of the vesicles was due to H+ pumps. CO2 added isohydrically to the medium reduced fluorescence intensity by 25±7% in CD and 29 ± 5% in PST. Since this effect was prevented by colchicine added to the bath, we believe that CO2 causes a decrease in cytoplasmic fluorescence by stimulating exocytic fusion of the vesicles. We conclude that some cells in CD and all cells in PST incorporate fluorescent dextran into the apical cytoplasmic vesicles and acidify them with H+ pumps. CO2 causes fusion of these vesicles with the luminal membrane and thus stimulates H+ secretion, at least in part, by increasing the number of functioning H+ pumps.
Substrictly Cyclic Operators

We initiate the study of substrictly cyclic operators and algebras. As an application of this theory, we are able to give a description of the strongly closed ideals in the commutant of the Volterra operator, and quite a bit more.
On Sustaining Critical Discourse with Mainstream Personality Investigators Problems and Prospects

In an American Psychologist article published in 1981, the author of the present contribution began a critique of the epistemic tenets of the traditional individual differences framework for personality research, which has long dominated the field. Though at first that article and others published soon thereafter generated some needed critical discourse within the discipline, mainstream investigative practices remain now just as they have long been, and, in the meantime, the critical discourse itself has largely ceased. In the present contribution, the author relates his attempts to understand these developments through historical research into the roots of mainstream thinking. Given the nature and depth of these roots, the continuing resistance to change within the mainstream is more readily understood. Nevertheless, it is argued, the need for such change remains, and it is observed that in the prevailing intellectual climate of the discipline, such change still does not appear imminent.
Fraction of the theoretical specific energy achieved on pack level for hypothetical battery chemistries

Abstract In valuing new active materials chemistries for advanced batteries, the theoretical specific energy is commonly used to motivate research and development. A packaging factor is then used to relate the theoretical specific energy to the pack-level specific energy. As this factor is typically assumed constant, higher theoretical specific energies are judged to result in higher pack-level specific energies. To test this implicit assumption, we calculated the fraction of the theoretical specific energy achieved on the pack level for hypothetical cell chemistries with various open-circuit voltages and theoretical specific energies using a peer-review bottom-up battery design model. The pack-level specific energy shows significant dependence on the open-circuit voltage and electrochemical impedance due to changes in the quantity of inactive materials required. At low-valued average open-circuit voltages, systems with dramatically different theoretical specific energies may result in battery packs similar in mass and volume. The fraction of the theoretical specific energy achieved on the pack level is higher for the lower theoretical specific energy systems mainly because the active materials mass dominates the pack mass. Finally, low-valued area-specific impedance is shown to be critical for chemistries of high theoretical specific energy and low open-circuit voltage to achieve higher pack-level specific energies.
A test for independence of two sets of variables when the number of variables is large relative to the sample size

A simple statistic is proposed for testing the independence of two subvectors of a random vector having a multivariate normal distribution. The asymptotic null distribution of this statistic, as both the sample size and the number of variables in the random vector go to infinity, is shown to be normal. Some simulation results are obtained so as to assess the adequacy of the normal approximation and to compare the performance of this new test to that of the likelihood ratio test.
Platelet binding of IgG from patients with heparininduced thrombocytopenia

Abstract Although heparin induces immune-mediated thrombocytopenia, it has been difficult to demonstrate heparin specificity of the putative immunoglobin. Recently, however, a body of data has indicated that platelet factor 4 (PF4) is required for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) antibody to bind to heparin. Using viable platelets in a physiologic buffer, we have now documented specific and reversible platelet binding of iodine 125-labeled IgG from 5 patients with HIT and binding of 125 I-labeled F(ab′) 2 from 2 of them. The binding requires the presence of both heparin and PF4 in a molar ratio of ∼ 1:1. We have also shown that platelet activation increases HIT antibody binding. Our data suggest that the F(ab′) 2 domain of HIT antibody binds to heparin-PF4 complexes that accumulate on the platelet surface when equimolar concentrations of heparin and PF4 are present.
Animal models of alcoholic liver disease.

The risk of alcohol-induced liver disease (ALD) increases dose- and time-dependently with consumption of alcohol. The progression of the disease is well characterized; however, although the progressio
Epstein-Barr Virus Essential Antigen EBNA3C Attenuates H2AX Expression

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) latent antigen EBNA3C is implicated in B-cell immortalization and linked to several B-cell malignancies. Deregulation of H2AX can induce genomic instability with increased chromosomal aberrations, which ultimately leads to tumorigenesis. Here we demonstrated that EBNA3C can attenuate H2AX expression at the transcript and protein levels. A reduction of total H2AX levels was clearly observed upon infection of primary B cells with wild-type EBV but not with EBNA3C knockout recombinant EBV. H2AX also interacted with EBNA3C through its N-terminal domain (residues 1 to 100). Furthermore, H2AX mutated at Ser139 failed to interact with EBNA3C. Luciferase-based reporter assays also revealed that the binding domain of EBNA3C is sufficient for transcriptional inhibition of the H2AX promoter. EBNA3C also facilitated H2AX degradation through recruitment of components of the ubiquitin proteasome pathway. We further demonstrated that knockdown of H2AX in lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) led to the upregulation of the Bub1 oncoprotein and downregulated expression of p53. Overall, our study provides additional insights into EBV-associated B-cell lymphomas, which are linked to the regulation of the DNA damage response system in infected cells. The importance of these insights are as follows: (i) EBNA3C downregulates H2AX expression at the protein and transcript levels in epithelial cells, B cells, and EBV-transformed LCLs, (ii) EBNA3C binds with wild-type H2AX but not with the Ser139 mutant of H2AX, (iii) the N terminus (residues 1 to 100) of EBNA3C is critical for binding to H2AX, (iv) localization of H2AX is predominantly nuclear in the presence of EBNA3C, and (v) H2AX knocked down in LCLs led to enhanced expression of Bub1 and downregulation of the tumor suppressor p53, which are both important for driving the oncogenic process.
Circulating adipocyte fatty acid binding protein levels in healthy preterm infants: Positive correlation with weight gain and total-cholesterol levels

Abstract Background Adipocyte fatty acid binding protein (a-FABP) has been suggested to play an important role in the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome. Preterm infants are at risk for the later development of insulin resistance, and, possibly, other components of metabolic syndrome. Aim To determine circulating levels of a-FABP in preterm infants and examine possible associations of a-FABP with metabolic indices (serum lipids, glucose, and insulin levels, and homeostasis model assessment index of insulin resistance [HOMA-IR]), levels of leptin and adiponectin, anthropometric parameters and weight gain. Study design Prospective cohort study. Subjects 55 healthy preterm (mean [SD] gestational age 32.8 [1.8] weeks) and 23 fullterm infants (reference group). Outcome measures Serum a-FABP, lipids, glucose, insulin, leptin and adiponectin levels at 31.9 [10.4] days of life. Results Serum a-FABP levels did not differ significantly between preterm and fullterm infants. A-FABP levels correlated positively with total-cholesterol [ total-C ] in both preterm and fullterm infants ( β = 0.33; p = 0.01 and β = 0.33; p = 0.04, respectively). In addition to total-C, weight gain correlated independently with a-FABP levels in preterm infants ( β = 0.36, p = 0.01). Conclusions An association between a-FABP levels and indices of insulin resistance was not present in infants studied. As the development of insulin resistance in children born prematurely is possibly associated with weight gain in early postnatal life, follow-up of our study population is necessary to demonstrate whether a-FABP levels, shown to correlate with weight gain in preterm infants, are a predictive marker for the later development of insulin resistance in these infants.
A framework to analyze, compare, and optimize high-performance, on-board processing systems

On-board processing systems are often deployed in hostile environments and must therefore adhere to stringent constraints such as low power, small size, and high dependability in the presence of faults. Since it is challenging for designers to simultaneously consider the many design tradeoffs and meet the numerous and unique demands and constraints of various on-board systems, designers typically rely on a limited set of familiar devices and design strategies that may not be optimal for a particular system's operating situation. In this paper, we present a framework to ease these system design challenges and aid designers in considering a broad range of devices and strategies for on-board processing, highlighting the most promising options early in the design process. Our framework considers the interactions between four key system properties — device, mission, fault-tolerant strategy, and application — which allows the framework to evaluate how well a design will meet mission constraints based on design evaluation metrics to identify tradeoffs between varying devices and fault-tolerant strategies. This paper focuses on the power and dependability evaluation metrics, which our framework calculates and leverages to evaluate the effectiveness of varying system designs. Finally, we use our framework to evaluate system designs for two case studies on hyperspectral-imaging (HSI) missions.
Genetically determined abnormalities of microsomal enzymes in liver of mutant newborn mice

Summary Newborn mice with a lethal mutation at the albino locus have been previously shown to have morphological abnormalities of liver endoplasmic reticulum. These structural defects appear to be accompanied by abnormalities in hepatic microsomal functions. Cyt P-450, and bilirubin glucuronyltransferase activity could not be detected in affected homozygous newborns. Heterozygous and normal homozygous newborns had similar activities, which increased during development to comparable values in adult mice. In contrast, p -nitrophenol glucuronyltransferase activity in affected homozygous mice was fully developed at birth, whereas in heterozygous and normal newborns, p -nitrophenol glucuronyltransferase gradually developed to adult activity. These inherited abnormal functional patterns in homozygous mice with disordered liver SER, and absence of genetic dosage effects in heterozygotes, provide evidence for the possibility that structure-function relationships in endoplasmic membranes are genetically controlled.
Errata [corrections to "Modeling the Spread of Internet Worms Via Persistently Unpatched Hosts" (Mar/Apr 08 26-32)]

In the above titled paper (ibid., vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 26-32, Mar/Apr 08), there are a few errors, including an incorrect Equation 1. Revised information is provided here.
Intermolecular communication and a vibrationally adiabatic basis treatment of small-molecule dynamics in low temperature solids

We investigate intermolecular communication between a Ca atom and an I2 molecule in a cryogenic Ar matrix. An adiabatic-basis approach to simulating ultrafast spectroscopic signals from small, matrix-isolated molecules is also presented.
Intracellular lactate dehydrogenase concentration as an index of cytotoxicity in rat hepatocyte primary culture.

In searching for a reliable index for cytotoxicity testing in rat hepatocyte primary culture, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) concentrations in lysates of attached hepatocytes and LDH released into the culture medium were compared under conditions of exposure to various dosages of sodium chloride, sodium salicylate, R-warfarin, acetaminophen, phenylbutazone, and furosemide (frusemide). The amount of intracellular LDH was assessed by inducing the cells to release the enzyme with 0.1% Tritron X-100. The induced LDH leakage was completed in 1 hr and the LDH activity was stable in storage at 10° for 2 weeks. We found that intracellular LDH is a direct indicator of the number of viable hepatocytes in contrast to the LDH released, because released LDH does not account for the significant number of cells detached from monolayer but which are not leaky, during the 6-hr test period. Based on IC50 values (50% inhibitory concentration), the relative cytotoxicities are R-warfarin > phenylbutazone > furosemide > acetaminophen > sodium salicylate > sodium chloride.
Interpolation problems in nest algebras

Abstract The main result of this paper is a theorem which allows one to determine when a finitely generated left ideal in certain reflexive operator algebras is trivial (i.e., contains the identity). This is based on a formula which expresses the distance from such an algebra to an arbitrary operator on the underlying Hilbert space. As an application, we are able to deduce an operator-theoretic variant of the Corona theorem. Some applications of the distance formula to quasitriangular operators are given, and we present some new “inner-outer” factorization theorems along the way to the main result.
Surface conductivity changes in SnO2(110): Effects of oxygen

Sheet conductivity measurements have been used to monitor the effects of temperature and exposure to oxygen on the (110) surface of tin dioxide. In these experiments three surface structures, characterized by LEED and other techniques, were studied using a retractable four-point conductivity probe under UHV conditions and at oxygen pressures up to 10 Torr. The data presented show that this electronic property is a sensitive measure of changes in composition and structure at and just below the surface of SnO2. The observed conductivity changes are discussed in the context of the distribution and concentration of oxygen in the space-charge layer, and are correlated with other surface measurements.