cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electron donor and acceptor properties of alkyl substituents

Abstract The polar effects of alkyl substituents in electrophilic and nucleophilic chemical and electronic transitions is discussed. The question of the importance of hyperconjugation in the electron donor properties of alkyl substituents is raised. In view of the cogent arguments of Dewar, it is doubtful whether quantum mechanical calculations embodying hyperconjugation constitute proof of this effect. That the art of quantum mechanics may not yet be sufficiently developed to be used as proof for or against secondary resonance effects also is evidenced by the calculations of Simpson, who found that an internal dispersion force model (in which conjugation was neglected) reproduced the properties of butadiene just as satisfactorily as the models embodying conjugation. The experimental facts do not unequivocally support the hyperconjugation hypothesis and indeed are, at least in part, contradictory to it. In particular, the demonstration that the Baker-Nathan Effect 2 may be due to the influence of alkyl substituents on the differential solvation of ground and transition states casts doubt on the interpretation that this experimental effect is due to a dominant role of C-H hyperconjugation. In nucleophilic chemical reactions, rate or equilibrium constants for para (or meta ) alkyl derivatives are somewhat smaller than those of the corresponding hydrogen compounds. A number of authors have interpreted this in terms of a permanent electron donor role of alkyl substituents (e.g. by hyperconjugation) relative to the hydrogen substituent. However, this static viewpoint of substituent effects fails to account for the finding that p -alkyl substituents function as apparent electron acceptors (relative to the p -hydrogen substituent) in appreciably lowering the energy of the nucleophilic principal electronic transition of phenol, anisole, aniline and N,N-dimethylaniline. These results are qualitatively rationalized in terms of ‘substituent-polarizability” and electronegativity. The p -neopentyl substituent lowers the energy of both electrophilic and nucleophilic electronic transitions to an appreciably greater extent than either the p -methyl or p-t -butyl substituent. This extra stabilizing effect of the neopentyl substituent on both electron deficient and electron rich centers may be due to an internal dispersion force interaction, since the geometry of the neopentyl compounds is particularly favorable for such an interaction.
Predictive value of serum CA125 following optimal cytoreductive surgery during weekly cisplatin induction therapy for advanced ovarian cancer.

One hundred seventy-one patients with epithelial ovarian cancer were treated on a prospective protocol of weekly cisplatin induction (1 mg/kg weekly for four courses) followed by monthly cisplatin (50 mg/m2), Adriamycin (50 mg/m2), and cyclophosphamide (750 mg/m2). Seventy-five patients with FIGO stage III or IV disease who underwent optimal cytoreductive surgery ( or = 50% fall in elevated serum CA125 levels during weekly cisplatin induction therapy would be predictive of findings at second look operation, normalization of serum CA125 levels ( 0.05). Positive predictive values for this parameter with respect to normalization of serum CA125 levels immediately prior to the third course of multiagent chemotherapy ranged between 64.2% and 89.6% (P > 0.05). Logistic regression analysis demonstrated that a > or = 50% fall observed in CA125 levels during four weekly courses of chemotherapy served as an independent predictor of normalization of serum CA125 levels (<35 u/ml) following two courses of multiagent chemotherapy (P = 0.009) and improved median progression-free interval (P = 0.04). Eighteen patients demonstrated a rise in serum CA125 levels during weekly induction cisplatin chemotherapy. Only one of these patients (5.5%) demonstrated a surgical complete response at the end of standard therapy.
A general method for the detection and quantitation of antigens in solubilized cells using radiolabeled Fab fragment

which, if suitable for centrifugation, are not suitable for other biochemical manipulations. This necessitates switching to centrifuge tubes for the centrifugation steps and back again, involving unnecessary delay. Many commercial makes of tubes may be adapted for centrifugation if a suitable adapter can be found. This paper describes a quick and economical method for making custom-made adapters which are suitable for the numerous low-speed centrifugation tasks required for biochemical techniques. Materials and methods. The adapters were made for a colleague who required sucrose step gradients to be set up in numerous plastic centrifuge tubes. These tubes were of an unknown make but were required to fit into a Hettich universal benchtop centrifuge (Hettich Zentrifugen, D-7200 Tuttlingen, Germany) fitt.ed with four swing-out buckets. The material used was silicone rubber 3120RTV red (Dow Corning Corp., Midland, MI). This comes supplied in a l-lb tin together with a catalyst (S standard curve). The insides of the swing-out buckets were covered with a rolled layer of transparent acetate film to allow some clearance. To add air channels, V-shaped struts may be lightly tacked into place onto the transparent film. Uhu adhesive or Cow gum is suitable for these temporary joints. The silicone rubber was thoroughly mixed with the catalyst at a ratio of lO:l, using a wooden spatula, and poured into the buckets to a predetermined height, allowing for displacement of some of the silicone rubber by the cent,rifuge tubes. Because numerous centrifuge tubes were required, it was decided to fit three tubes into one bucket. These tubes were taped together and inserted into the silicone rubber. The buckets were placed close to each other. A glass plate with a weight was placed on top of the centrifuge tubes to align and keep
Arc mRNA dynamics: Return to sender - the NMDA receptor provides the targeting address for Arc mRNA

The recently defined role for local protein synthesis during long-lasting synaptic plasticity has focused attention on the mechanisms underlying dendritic mRNA localization. The mRNA encoded by the immediate-early gene Arc is not only transported into dendrites, but localizes specifically to activated postsynaptic sites. This specific localization has now been shown to depend on local signaling through the NMDA receptor.
Nonlinear dynamic analysis capabilities and limitations

Nonlinear dynamic analysis is feasible for tall buildings, and can be done for reasonable cost. This paper looks briefly at the following questions. How does nonlinear dynamic analysis differ from linear? What are the steps? How are the analysis results used to assess structural performance? What skills are needed? Does nonlinear analysis lead to better design? Is it necessary to use capacity design? Is it necessary to consider geometric nonlinearity (large displacement) effects? How much computer time does it take? What are some other limitations? Can static pushover analysis be used instead of dynamic analysis? Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Distinctive properties of DNA polymerases induced by herpes simplex virus type-1 and Epstein-Barr virus

Abstract The properties of DNA polymerases induced by two human herpesviruses, herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), have been compared. The HSV-1 and EBV polymerases can be distinguished from one another by differences in the elution profiles in phosphocellulose and single-stranded DNA cellulose columns. Although both enzymes require monovalent cations for optimum activity, the HSV-1 enzyme requires ammonium sulfate whereas the EBV enzyme activity is inhibited by it; on the other hand, the EBV polymerase requires KCl. Other reaction requirements are also different for the two viral enzymes. Thus, when the EBV DNA polymerase was assayed under conditions optimum for the HSV-1 DNA polymerase, only 15% of its activity was expressed. Differences were also noted in sensitivities of the two viral enzymes to the 5′-triphosphates of nucleoside analogs with antiherpesvirus activity such as BVdU, IVdU, ACV, FIAC and IdUrd. The HSV-1 polymerase was more sensitive than the EBV DNA polymerase to inhibition by phosphonoacetate, phosphonoformate, aphidicolin and N-ethylmaleimide. However, the EBV DNA polymerase was more sensitive than HSV-1 DNA polymerase to heat treatment at 42°C. Thus, the marked differences between the two viral enzymes can be useful in identifying enzyme activities in cells producing the virus and also in studying the biochemical mechanism of action of some of the antiviral agents.
Species-specific effects of tending ants on the development of lycaenid butterfly larvae

The transfer of nutrients between organisms is a common feature of mutualism. The production of these food rewards is often assumed to be costly. Estimation of the costs of producing food rewards is important for understanding the overall effects of the interaction on fitness. When food rewards are harvested by several species differing in foraging behavior, costs to the producer may differ. The larvae of many species in the butterfly family Lycaenidae produce secretions consumed by tending ants. Here I report that three North American ant species, Formica perpilosa, Dorymyrmex sp. (smithi complex), and Forelius foetida, had no negative effect on the duration of development and adult size of the lycaenid Hemiargus isola. Moreover, tending by the ant Formica perpilosa significantly enhanced larval growth, resulting in butterflies that were 20% heavier than their untended counterparts. Tending by the ants Dorymyrmex sp. (smithi complex) and Forelius foetida had no effect on butterfly weight. Tended, nonfeeding larvae lost 69% more weight than untended, nonfeeding larvae. Taken together, the results suggest that, although ant tending imposes a physiological cost, H. isola larvae use behavioral or physiological mechanisms to compensate or overcompensate for nutrients lost to ants.
THE UTILITY OF THE CIRCLE AS AN EFFECTIVE CARTOGRAPHIC SYMBOL

The circle has many of the qualities of a first-rate map symbol and is an excellent means of representing quantitative data. Nevertheless, the circle does have some deficiencies because small variations in circle sizes are not visually perceived by the map reader. Results of experimentation suggest that the traditionally popular method of comparing and presenting quantitative data by using the graduated circle should be modified. Graduating circles by means of an experimentally derived key constitutes a definite improvement in the accuracy with which quantitative data are portrayed and hence the effectiveness and utility of the circle as an effective map symbol. Le cercle possede un grand nombre des qualites d'un symbole cartographique de choix, et il est un excellent moyen de representer des donnees quantitatives. II presente cependant certains desavantages du fait que les faibles variations de la dimension des cercles ne sont pas evidentes aux yeux du lecteur. Les experiences effectuees suggerent qu'il ...
Some Physical‐kinetic Considerations in Penetration of Naphthaleneacetic Acid through Isolated Pear Leaf Cuticle

The penetration of naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) through enzymatically isolated pear leaf cuticle (Pyrus communis L. cv. Bartlett) is reported herein. Penetration of NAA increased with increasing lime and attained a steady state in approximately 20 minutes. The quantity of NAA penetrating was directly related to the concentration of the donor solution. NAA that penetrated the cuticle was shown to he unaltered. The Penetration of NAA from inside to outside is similar to that from outside to inside. Isolated stomatous lower cuticle permitted approximately 10-foId greater penetration of NAA than the astomatous upper cuticle. The penetration of NAA through isolated pear leaf cuticle is highly temperature dependent, exhibiting a temperature coefficient (Q10) of about 5.6 between 15° and 25 C. The low quantities of chemicals penetrating through the isolated cuticle reported herein and elsewhere are considered to he a characteristic of the technique and not an absolute limitation of the cuticle. Cuticular penetration could account for physiological quantities of NAA entering the plant.
COMPOSITION AND SUCCESSION OF CYANOPHYCEAN WATER BLOOMS1

SUMMARY To elucidate cause and effect relationships operating within cyanophycean water blooms, preliminary laboratory and field studies were made to discern physiologically active metabolites affecting the growth of various algal species in 3 ponds of different nutritional types. Blue-green algal blooms in Missouri ponds were composed of relatively few species. Microcystis aeruginosa, the most prevalent species, was a major constituent of most of the blooms in which it occurred. Dense cyanophycean blooms occurred only in ponds having a high organic content. Growth inhibitors apparently were produced by blue-green algae in nature as well as in the laboratory. The results suggest that these active metabolites may be important in controlling species succession and species dominance within a given phytoplankton population.
Autism and Reading: Teaching a Sudanese Refugee Boy.

Refugee families in the United States face numerous challenges in becoming acculturated. School-age children of refugees face the additional challenges of acquiring academic language and meeting school expectations for behavior and social interactions while attempting to navigate the school curriculum. This case study examines the school and home experiences of a Sudanese 1st-grade student, Elijah, in an attempt to help teachers use culturally responsive teaching practices that promote the literacy development of Sudanese children with autism and to understand the challenges, needs, and expectations of Sudanese refugee parents who have children with autism.
How does physician BMI impact patient trust and perceived stigma

Abstract Objective The objective is to evaluate whether physician body mass index (BMI) impacts their patients' trust or perceptions of weight-related stigma. Methods We used a national cross-sectional survey of 600 non-pregnant overweight and obese patients conducted between April 5 and April 13, 2012. The outcome variables were patient trust (overall and by type of advice) and patient perceptions of weight-related stigma. The independent variable of interest was primary care physician (PCP) BMI. We conducted multivariate regression analyses to determine whether trust or perceived stigma differed by physician BMI, adjusting for covariates. Results Patients reported high levels of trust in their PCPs, regardless of the PCPs body weight (normal BMI = 8.6; overweight = 8.3; obese = 8.2; where 10 is the highest). Trust in diet advice was significantly higher among patients seeing overweight PCPs as compared to normal BMI PCPs (87% vs. 77%, p = 0.04). Reports of feeling judged by their PCP were significantly higher among patients seeing obese PCPs (32%; 95% confidence interval (CI): 23–41) as compared to patients seeing normal BMI PCPs (14%; 95% CI: 7–20). Conclusion Overweight and obese patients generally trust their PCP, but they more strongly trust diet advice from overweight PCPs as compared to normal BMI PCPs.
A Highly Reconfigurable Low-Power CMOS Directional Coupler

This paper presents a highly reconfigurable, low-power, and compact directional coupler. The coupler uses varactors and novel active inductors to achieve wide tuning ranges of operating frequencies and coupling coefficients. The use of a low-pass circuit architecture with only two inductors minimizes chip area, power consumption, and noise. The coupler is implemented in a 0.13-μm CMOS process. It occupies an area of 350 μm× 340 μm and consumes 40 mW or less power. The obtained 1-dB compression point is -3.2 dBm, and the measured noise figure is ~ 23 dB. These parameters compare favorably with previously published reconfigurable couplers. The measured coupling coefficient can be tuned from 1.3 to 9.0 dB at 4 GHz with 32 dB or better isolation and 15 dB or better return loss. The operating center frequency can be tuned from 2.0 to 6.0 GHz for a nominal 3-dB operation. These results agree with theoretical predictions and simulations reasonably well.
OH radical formation from the gas-phase reactions of O3 with a series of terpenes

Abstract The yields of OH radicals from the gas-phase reactions of O3 with a series of C10 terpenes have been measured at 296±2 K and atmospheric pressure of air, using 2-butanol to scavenge the OH radicals formed and measuring the amount of 2-butanone produced. The measured molar OH radical yields are: 2-carene, 0.81±0.11; 3-carene, 0.86±0.11; limonene, 0.67±0.10; myrcene, 0.63±0.09; ocimene (cis-/trans- mixture), 0.55±0.09; α-terpinene, 0.38±0.05; γ-terpinene, 0.81±0.11; terpinolene, 0.74±0.10; and linalool, 0.66±0.10. These OH radical yields are independent of water vapor concentration over the range (0.34–2.7)×1017 molecule cm−3 (5–40% relative humidity). Together with previous measurements in this laboratory of the OH radical yields from the reactions of O3 with α-pinene and sabinene, a consistent data set of OH radical formation yields from the reactions of O3 with monoterpenes are available for atmospheric conditions.
Experimental Evaluation of Triangular Microgrooved on a Condensing Surface

The addition of microgrooves to a condensing surface has been proposed to reduce the film thickness to increase the condensation heat transfer coefficient. Microgrooves promote the removal of condensate via the capillary pressure induced by the difference in curvature of the meniscus formed in the groove. Triangular microgrooves of different apex angles (45 and 60 deg) and width (300 and 500 μm) were machined on several copper plates (140 x 25.4 mm), and the resulting film condensation was observed at a macroscopic scale. Experimental results demonstrated the beneficial presence of the grooves by achieving enhancement factors up to 2.22 in the Nusselt number. This enhancement was separated to allow determination of the individual contributions of the gravitational body force and the effect of the steam stream velocity. Visual observation of the phenomenon demonstrated that the microgrooves evaluated had an active length, but that the effect of this active length was easily obscured by the macroscopic phenomenon that produced a thick condensate film over a majority of the length of the plate. Conclusions from the current research indicated that the microgrooves were able to improve the heat transfer process, even at a macroscopic length scale, because they added an additional path through which the condensate could be removed. When conditions similar to microscale condensation were obtained, the effect of the grooves was isolated and found to be very satisfactory.
High order accurate vortex methods with explicit velocity kernels

Vortex methods of high order accuracy are developed for inviscid, incompressible fluid flow in two or three space dimensions. The velocity kernels are smooth functions given by simple, explicit formulas. Numerical results are given for test problems with exact solutions in two dimensions. It is found that the higher order methods yield a considerably more accurate representation of the velocity field than those of lower order for moderate integration times. On the other hand, the velocity field computed by the point vortex method has very poor accuracy at locations other than the particle trajectories.
Prenatal dexamethasone augments the neurobehavioral teratology of chlorpyrifos: Significance for maternal stress and preterm labor

Abstract Glucocorticoids are the consensus treatment given in preterm labor and are also elevated by maternal stress; organophosphate exposures are virtually ubiquitous, so human developmental coexposures to these two agents are common. This study explores how prenatal dexamethasone exposure modifies the neurobehavioral teratology of chlorpyrifos, one of the most widely used organophosphates. We administered dexamethasone to pregnant rats on gestational days 17–19 at a standard therapeutic dose (0.2 mg/kg); offspring were then given chlorpyrifos on postnatal days 1–4, at a dose (1 mg/kg) that produces barely-detectable (
Validation of the Semi-Implicit Algorithm Time Stepping for MH4D

We present the validation of the semi-implicit time stepping method for MH4D, a resistive magnetohydrodynamic finite volume code on a tetrahedral unstructured mesh. The time steps for standard explicit methods, which are constrained by the Courant–Friedrichs–Lewy (CFL) condition, are typically small for simulations of EC experiments due to the large sound and Alfven speeds. The CFL constraint on time stepping is more severe with a tetrahedral mesh. The implemented semi-implicit algorithm removes these fast waves constraint, thus allowing for larger time steps. For our validation problems, we see a significant increase in time step size due to the semi-implicit time stepping without effecting the physics.
Design and minimum-reflux calculations for double-feed multicomponent reactive distillation columns

Abstract A new set of transformed composition variables is introduced to simplify the design equations for single-feed, multicomponent reactive distillation columns. Based onthese equations, a general method of calculating minimum reflux ratios for reactive distillation columns is presented. The new composition variables are also used to derive simple relationships between the dependent design variables which are not evident when the design equations are written in terms of mole fractions.
Oscillation, nonoscillation, and growth of solutions of nonlinear functional differential equations of arbitrary order

Abstract This paper discusses the growth and oscillatory behavior of solutions of n -th-order nonlinear functional differential equations. Sufficient conditions for all solutions or all bounded solutions to be nonoscillatory are given. An extensive bibliography is also included.
Fluorescence Imaging of Habanero and Bell Pepper Fruits

Imaging of visible fluorescence from plants has evolved into an important research discipline with a broad spectrum of practical applications. Capsicum peppers are important commercial spice crops with many culinary and medicinal applications that are related to unique alkaloids, known as capsaicinoids, for the most pungent component, capsaicin [1]. Pepper fruits contain chlorophyll and many autofluorescent secondary metabolites, including carotenoids and other phytochemical, natural products that are differentially located in constituent cells and tissues, including the placental mesocarp, which accumulates capsaicin in swollen vesicles between the epidermis and cuticle [2, 3]. Habanero peppers have numerous intensely fluorescent vesicles and the most capsaicin. Sweet Bell peppers, known for their flavor and aroma, have vestigial vesicles with dim fluorescence and little or no capsaicin [4]. We used a TCS spectral confocal microscope and MZ FL3 stereofluorescence microscope to explore the distribution of fluorescence in placentas of both types of peppers, in an effort to further understand the mechanism of synthesis and secretion of capsaicinoids. Fluorescence of vesicles in habanero peppers was concentrated in an elevated cuticle and in large, cellular vacuoles adjacent to vesicles and not in the subtending droplet of oleoresin which stained with Nile Red, along with intercellular channels extending throughout the epidermis. The dim yellow fluorescence on placentas in Bell peppers was limited to small groups of enlarged cells. Correlative, topographical imaging of habanero placentas using scanning electron microscopy and the Haggis method of freeze-fracture [5] revealed (a) for the first time an intricate fine structure in the oleoresin of the vesicle, (b) patterned features of the cuticle covering the vesicle, and (c) vacuolated epidermal cells under the vesicle. Although only harvested pepper fruits from retail markets were examined, the distribution of Nile Red fluorescence in epidermal channels and vacuolated apical surfaces localized on the vesicular epidermis visualized by freeze-fracture suggest a complicated mechanism with multiple tissue factors involved in secretion and accumulation of oleoresin and capsaicin.
Review of Literature Related to the Social, Emotional, and Behavioral Adjustment of Siblings of Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder

Many individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have unique characteristics such as impairments in social interactions and communication that are expected to have an impact on members of the family. Much of the research investigating impact on family members when a child has ASD has focused on the parents and not the siblings. The purpose of this paper is to review the literature related to the social, emotional, and behavioral adjustment of siblings of individuals with ASD. A comprehensive review of the literature identified 12 articles published between 1997 and 2008 that were related to the social, emotional, and behavioral adjustment of sibling of individuals with ASD. Six themes related to the challenges of studying siblings of individuals with disabilities (Hodapp et al. Mental Retardation 45:334-338, 2005) are described in relation to the reviewed studies. The literature review revealed mixed results on outcomes for and adjustment of the typically developing siblings. Implications for both research and practice are discussed.
Determination of the Quark Decay Function without Phenomenological Input

On the basis of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) and the recombination model the quark decay function is calculated. The inclusive distribution for a quark and an antiquark in a quark jet can be determined by the perturbative method in QCD. The hadronization of quarks and antiquarks is described by a recombination function that is completely fixed in a recent study of the structure function. No free parameters are involved and the agreement with the data is excellent.
Towards sustainable development: A case in the Eastern Himalayas

Abstract This article is concerned with three areas of park conservation management in the eastern Himalayas in the context of the social and cultural effects on local peoples. Conservation areas can be protected only when local people benefit from the scheme or are no longer dependent on the protected resources. Buddhist cultural principles should be embraced in the system of park management in the eastern Himalayas to provide the basis for a people-oriented development process. Material welfare and spirituality are not mutually exclusive but can serve as principles for development based on Buddhist values in this region.
Effects of amorphous silicon dioxides on drug dissolution

The dissolution profiles of prednisone, digoxin, and griseofulvin in simulated GI fluids were determined after solvent deposition or ball milling with three commercially available grades of amorphous silicon dioxide. The former procedure resulted in adsorbates showing evidence of drug entrapment by the two grades with larger average pore diameters. Ball milling the drugs with the grade possessing the largest average particle diameter produced triturations with the slowest dissolution rates. A relationship between drug dissolution and extent of dilution with the amorphous silicon dioxides was shown. Particle-size measurements revealed that the ball milling procedure was more apt to broaden the size distribution as compared with the solvent-deposition method of drug incorporation.
The spectrum of histologic changes in thyroid hyperplasia: a clinicopathologic study of 300 cases

Thyroid hyperplasia is a physiologic response of follicular epithelium to hormonal changes that result in disturbances in the feedback mechanism of thyrotropin-releasing hormone and thyroid-stimulating hormone. The most common manifestation of this process is the so-called sporadic goiter (diffuse or nodular hyperplasia), a condition that may be associated with a variety of stimuli. Some of the histologic changes that can be observed in hyperplasia of the thyroid can sometimes lead to an incorrect diagnosis of malignancy. We studied 300 consecutive cases of hyperplasia of the thyroid to evaluate morphologic features that could potentially be mistaken for neoplastic conditions. Florid papillary hyperplasia of follicular epithelium was observed in 13% of cases, in several instances closely resembling the papillary structures of papillary thyroid carcinoma. Foci displaying nuclear clearing closely resembling "Orphan-Annie" nuclei were present in 15% of cases. Nuclear grooves and pseudonuclear inclusions were also identified focally in 8% of cases. Cytologic atypia was observed in 7% of cases, including nuclear enlargement, multinucleation, and nuclear pleomorphism with prominent nucleoli. Mitoses were observed in 6% of cases and averaged 1 to 2 per 20 high-power fields. This finding was usually seen in the more cellular areas in cases characterized by a solid, microfollicular pattern of growth. Psammoma bodies were observed focally in 4 cases (1.3%). Infiltration of adjacent skeletal muscle by benign hyperplastic follicles was seen in 3 cases (1%). Another unexpected finding in 2 cases was the identification of small clusters of normal thyroid follicles within the sinuses of lymph nodes located adjacent to the gland (>1%). The present study confirms that thyroid hyperplasia can sometimes display features that may be confused for a malignant neoplastic process. Awareness of such features and their recognition are of importance to avoid a misdiagnosis of malignancy.
The politics of language : conflict, identity, and cultural pluralism in comparative perspective

This volume surveys and analyzes the historical background of recent controversies over language in the US, and compares the country to two official multilingual societies: Canada and Switzerland. This book should be suitable for courses in linguistics, political science, and sociology. It is intended for undergraduate students and graduate students interested in the relationship between language and race, ethnic relations, and political sociology.
Habituation of aggression in mice: Pharmacological evidence of catecholaminergic and serotonergic mediation

A pharmacological study was undertaken to evaluate the role of catecholamines and serotonin in the mediation of aggression. The dose-effect relationship of d-amphetamine, apomorphine, methysergide, lisuride, and the time-dependent effects of 10 mg/kg p-chloroamphetamine (PCA) were determined on aggressive behavior in a habituation paradigm. The frequency of attacks and sideways threats exponentially declined in ten consecutive confrontations between resident and intruder mice, and recovered when a new intruder was introduced. d-Amphetamine (0.1 – 5.0 mg/kg) and apomorphine (0.03 – 1.0 mg/kg), administered IP 5 min before the first confrontation, attenuated the usual decline of attack and threat in subsequent trials. PCA enhanced attack, sideways threat, and locomotion at day 1 after injection. Methysergide (1, 3, 10 mg/kg) and lisuride (0.03, 0.3, 1.0 mg/kg) suppressed all activity, including locomotion and aggression. The data support the hypothesis that catecholamines mediate the activation of aggression, but do not indicate an inhibitory role for serotonin. Aggression in the resident-intruder paradigm appears to require intact serotonin activity.
Semi-allogeneic vaccines and tumor-induced immune tolerance

Experimental results from studies with inbred mice and their syngeneic tumors indicated that the inoculation of semi-allogeneic cell hybrids (derived from the fusion between syngeneic tumor cells and an allogeneic cell line) protects the animal host from a subsequent lethal challenge with unmodified syngeneic tumor cells. Semi-allogeneic somatic cell hybrids were generated by the fusion of EL-4 T lymphoma cells (H-2b) and BALB/c-derived renal adenocarcinoma RAG cells (H-2d). Cell hybrids were injected intra-peritoneally (i.p.) in C57BL/6 mice (H-2b) before challenging the mice with a tumorigenic dose of EL-4 cells. Semi-allogeneic tumor cell hybrids could not form a tumor in the animal host because they expressed allogeneic determinants (H-2d) and were rejected as a transplant. However, they conferred protection against a tumorigenic challenge of EL-4 cells compared to control mice that were mock-vaccinated with i.p.-injected phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and in which EL-4 lymphomas grew rapidly to a large size in the peritoneal cavity. Screening of spleen-derived RNA by means of focused microarray technology showed up-regulation of genes involved in the Th-1-type immune response and in the activation of dendritic antigen-presenting cells (APC). The results of our studies confirm the role of APC in mediating the immune protection induced by semi-allogeneic vaccines by activating a Th-1 response; these studies also reveal that semi-allogeneic vaccines are able to interfere with or even block the tumor-mediated induction of immune tolerance, a key mechanism underlying the suppression of anti-tumor immunity in the immune competent host.
Exciton Coherence and Energy Transport in the Light-Harvesting Dimers of Allophycocyanin

Femtosecond transient grating and photon echo spectroscopies with a sub-20 fs time resolution are applied to allophycocyanin (APC), a protein located at the base of the phycobilisome antenna of cyanobacteria. Coupling between pairs of phycocyanobilin pigments with nondegenerate energy levels gives rise to the four-level exciton electronic structure of APC. Spectroscopic signals obtained in multiple experiments (e.g., linear absorption, fluorescence, transient grating, 2D Fourier transform photon echo) are used to constrain the parameters of a Frenkel exciton Hamiltonian. Comparison between experiment and theory yields a robust microscopic understanding of the electronic and nuclear relaxation dynamics. In agreement with previous work, transient absorption anisotropy establishes that internal conversion between the exciton states of the dimer occurs with time constants of 35, 220, and 280 fs. The sub-100 fs dynamics are decomposed into three distinct relaxation processes: electronic population transfer, intramolecular vibrational energy redistribution, and the dephasing of electronic and nuclear coherences. Model calculations show that the sub-100 fs red-shift in the transient absorption signal spectrum reflects interference between stimulated emission (ESE) and excited state absorption (ESA) signal components. It is also established that the pigment fluctuations in the dimer are not well-correlated, although further experiments will be required to precisely quantify the amount of correlation. The findings of this paper suggest that the light harvesting function of APC is enhanced by nondegeneracy of the pigments comprising the dimer and strong vibronic coupling of intramolecular modes on the phycocyanobilins. We find that the exciton states are 96% localized to the individual molecular sites within a particular dimer. Localization of the transition densities, in turn, is suggested to promote significant vibronic coupling which serves to both broaden the absorption line shape and open channels for fast internal conversion. The dominant internal conversion channel is assigned to a promoting mode near 800 cm(-1) involving hydrogen out-of-plane (HOOP) wagging motion similar to that observed in phytochrome and retinal. This rate enhancement ensures that all photoexcitations quickly and efficiently relax to the electronic origin of the lower energy exciton state from which energy transfer to the reaction center occurs.
An Incomplete Cooperation Structure for a Voting Game Can Be Strategically Stable

Abstract Aumann and Myerson (1988) defined a noncooperative linking game leading to the formation of cooperation structures. They asked whether it is possible for a simple game to have a stable structure in which no coalition forms, i.e., in which the cooperation graph is not internally complete but is connected and stable. We answer this question affirmatively; specifically, we present a simple proper weighted majority game with a connected incomplete structure, and we prove it to be stable under any protocol for the strategic formation of new links. This result implies that strategically refused communication can be a robust stable phenomena. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: C71, C72.
The Unusual Active Site of Gal6/Bleomycin Hydrolase Can Act as a Carboxypeptidase, Aminopeptidase, and Peptide Ligase

The Gal6 protease is in a class of cysteine peptidases identified by their ability to inactivate the anti-cancer drug bleomycin. The protein forms a barrel structure with the active sites embedded in a channel as in the proteasome. In Gal6 the C termini lie in the active site clefts. We show that Gal6 acts as a carboxypeptidase on its C terminus to convert itself to an aminopeptidase and peptide ligase. The substrate specificity of the peptidase activity is determined by the position of the C terminus of Gal6 rather than the sequence of the substrate. We propose a model to explain these diverse activities and Gal6's singular ability to inactivate bleomycin.
Parallel heterogeneous architectures for efficient OMP compressive sensing reconstruction

Compressive Sensing (CS) is a novel scheme, in which a signal that is sparse in a known transform domain can be reconstructed using fewer samples. The signal reconstruction techniques are computationally intensive and have sluggish performance, which make them impractical for real-time processing applications . The paper presents novel architectures for Orthogonal Matching Pursuit algorithm, one of the popular CS reconstruction algorithms. We show the implementation results of proposed architectures on FPGA, ASIC and on a custom many-core platform. For FPGA and ASIC implementation, a novel thresholding method is used to reduce the processing time for the optimization problem by at least 25%. Whereas, for the custom many-core platform, efficient parallelization techniques are applied, to reconstruct signals with variant signal lengths of N and sparsity of m. The algorithm is divided into three kernels. Each kernel is parallelized to reduce execution time, whereas efficient reuse of the matrix operators allows us to reduce area. Matrix operations are efficiently paralellized by taking advantage of blocked algorithms. For demonstration purpose, all architectures reconstruct a 256-length signal with maximum sparsity of 8 using 64 measurements. Implementation on Xilinx Virtex-5 FPGA, requires 27.14 μs to reconstruct the signal using basic OMP. Whereas, with thresholding method it requires 18 μs. ASIC implementation reconstructs the signal in 13 μs. However, our custom many-core, operating at 1.18 GHz, takes 18.28 μs to complete. Our results show that compared to the previous published work of the same algorithm and matrix size, proposed architectures for FPGA and ASIC implementations perform 1.3x and 1.8x respectively faster. Also, the proposed many-core implementation performs 3000x faster than the CPU and 2000x faster than the GPU.
An escape from «the prisoner's dilemma»

Conventional escapes from the paradox that noncooperation between two organisms may be rational, even when cooperation would yield a higher reward to each, are based on the mechanism of reciprocity; but an analytical model of foraging among oviposition sites reveals a more immediate rationale, namely, equivalence of selfishness and altruism. The resulting game is unconditionally ‘the prisoner's dilemma’ if the players have perfect recognition; however, in the absence thereof and for three different parameter regimes, it yields either the prisoner's dilemma, or two evolutionarily stable strategies, or a unique cooperative ESS. Thus unrecognition can favor cooperation; and environments can exist in which cooperation persists, or even invades, without reciprocity. The results suggest that different mechanisms for cooperation may operate at different levels of neural complexity.
Antibiotics as inhibitors of enkephalin degradation by human brain.

Summary The effects of several antibiotics on a soluble, human brain enzyme that degrades Met-enkephalin by cleavage of the N-terminal Tyr-Gly bond were studied. Bacitracin (IC 50 = 10 μM) and Puromycin (IC 50 = 1 μM) inhibited cleavage of Tyr from Met-enkephalin; chloramphenicol and penicillin G failed to inhibit enzyme activity at concentrations up to 100 μM.
Computational screening of dopants for photocatalytic two-electron reduction of CO2 on anatase (101) surfaces

We have carried out first-principles calculations to explore reaction mechanisms of the 2e reduction of CO2 to HCOOH or CO in photochemical reactions catalyzed by anatase (101) surface. Two energetically competitive reaction pathways to HCOOH were identified, which involve initial 1e (via bidentate) and 2e (via monodentate) reduction steps, respectively. The pathways of producing CO were also explored. From the electronic structure analysis, we have shown the role of the anatase surface in facilitating electron and proton transfer in CO2 reduction. Based on the determined rate-limiting step, we have carried out screening of substitutional surface cation doping and found metallic elements that could substantially lower the reaction barriers. A simple model describing the relationship between the activation barriers and the binding energies of CO2− to the dopant surface site is proposed.
Positive Coping Among Experienced Parenting Coordinators: A Recipe for Success

Functioning as a Parenting Coordinator is an increasingly encountered professional role for attorneys and mental health professionals. The role can be both rewarding and challenging. This study explores the stresses and challenges to Parenting Coordinator practitioners and reviews self-reported positive coping strategies across a sample of experienced North American Parenting Coordinator professionals. Results consistently revealed that high levels of effective practice and low levels of associated stress were consistently associated with firm Parenting Coordinator role definitions and boundaries, thorough education of participants, standardized office protocols, use of Parenting Coordinator agreements, and a highly organized filing system.
Temperature dependence of hydrogen site occupancy in Yttrium dihydride

Abstract Neutron inelastic scattering and diffraction techniques were used to determine the temperature dependence of the octahedral site occupancy of hydrogen in YH 2.0 between 15 and 420 K. The results show an approximately constant fraction of the hydrogen atoms on octahedral sites up to 200 K followed by a monotonic decrease contrary to intuition and simple theory. This decrease in site disorder with increasing temperature is explained qualitatively by including the different effects of hydrogen at tetrahedral and octahedral sites on the metal lattice entropy and quantitatively by including hydrogen-hydrogen interactions.
Log terms for leading radiative corrections in atoms in the Dirac-Fock approximation☆

Abstract Analytical expressions are obtained for the log terms arising from the low photon frequency part of the radiative corrections in the Dirac-Fock (DF) approximation of many-electron atoms. The atoms considered are iso-electronic sequences of non-degenerate electronic cores, plus or minus one electron. The nuclear charge is taken to be small enough that the Lamb shift is still a small correction to the DF energies. If the unshielded nuclear charge is a point charge, the principal effect of the shielding by the electrons in the DF approximation is to replace the absolute square of the hydrogenic wave function at the origin of coordinates by the corresponding expression for the DF wave function. A preliminary numerical test of this result leads to better agreement between theory and experiment for the Li iso-eletronic sequence than has hitherto been the case.
Can You Repeat That? Patterns of Media Ownership and the “Repurposing” Trend

The article examines shifting patterns of ownership for cable programming services from 1994 to 2003. In these years, vertical integration in the cable industry declined, as cable's multi-system operators divested equity in programming services. Meanwhile, broadcast network-owning media conglomerates invested heavily in cable, tripling their holdings among the top 20 most fully distributed cable channels, as well as launching and acquiring dozens of additional, less widely distributed channels. In light of the Federal Communications Commissions' recent attempts to revise rules regarding television ownership, the author argues that while vertical integration has declined, the market power of the broadcast networks has grown by means of a new kind of horizontal integration that reaches across broadcast and cable channels. This shift is reshaping cable as a market which, despite growing product differentiation, is trending toward less competitive conditions that are akin to the broadcast oligopoly. This arti...
Resynchronized Ovulation in Lactating Dairy Cattle of Unknown Pregnancy: Occurrence and Timing of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone1

The objectives were to determine if the first gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) injection of a resynchronization protocol is essential to achieve acceptable fertility and if the timing of the standard second GnRH injection would improve pregnancy rates per AI (P/AI) when administered at 56 versus 72 h after prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α). Lactating dairy cows of unknown pregnancy status (n = 763) were treated with either GnRH or saline to initiate ovulation resynchronization, which was completed 7 d later when cows were diagnosed as nonpregnant. Within treatments, nonpregnant cows were administered PGF2α and then were either injected with GnRH 56 h later and inseminated 16 h later or injected and inseminated concurrently at 72 h. Injection of GnRH at 56 h produced more (P < 0.001) P/AI than injection at 72 h when AI was administered at 72 h (29.9 vs. 14%, respectively). Further, beginning the resynchronization with GnRH improved the resulting P/AI but was time dependent. When the nonpregnant status was determined between d 29 and 35 after previous AI, the GnRH injection (7 d before a nonpregnant diagnosis) did not increase the resulting P/AI compared with saline (27.4 vs. 24.8%, respectively). In contrast, when a nonpregnant diagnosis occurred after d 35 and GnRH was given 7 d earlier, P/AI were greater (P = 0.036) with GnRH than with saline (32.4 vs. 15.6%, respectively). Injection of GnRH 7 d before a pregnancy diagnosis in pregnant cows had no effect on subsequent pregnancy loss. Administering the second GnRH injection at 56 h rather than 72 h after PGF2α, with AI at 72 h, improved the pregnancy outcome. The first GnRH injection of the ovulation resynchronization program did not improve the pregnancy outcome when the nonpregnant diagnosis was determined before d 35, but after d 35, the first GnRH injection improved the resulting fixed-timed P/AI compared with saline.
THE EFFLUX OF SUBSTANCES FROM FROG VENTRICLES TO SUCROSE AND TO RINGER'S SOLUTIONS.

The frog ventricle in sucrose solution contracts for several hours at 25°C, and for as long as 24 hours at 5°G. The possibility that a fraction of the extracellular fluid remains outside of the excitable membrane was examined by measuring the efflux of tracers. The half-time for the efflux to sucrose solution at 25°C of C14 sucrose is about 1 minute, for Na24 is 6.5 minutes, and for Cl86 is 4 minutes. There is no evidence for the retention of an extracellular Na fraction. The Q10 for Na and Cl efflux is about 1.3. The half-time for K42 efflux is about 180 minutes; the Q10 is 1.7. The efflux rates of Na24, Cl36 and K42 to sucrose and to Ringer's solutions are quite similar. Ca45 efflux is only one-fifth as fast to sucrose solution as to Ringer's; the retention of Ca++ may be important for maintaining excitability in sucrose solution. P32 efflux is five times faster to sucrose solution than to Ringer's solution, and there is a similar increase in the rate of inosine loss to sucrose solution. The Q10 for efflux to sucrose solution is 2.2 for P32O4 and 2.4 for inosine. We suggest that energy metabolism is abnormal in ventricles in sucrose solution and that low temperature prolongs excitability by slowing the metabolic change.