cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
X-ray Standing-Wave Investigation of (1X2)Rb/Cu(110)

We have carried out a back-reflection x-ray standing-wave (BRXSW) investigation to study the adsorbate ordering in the system (1x2)Rb/Cu(110), which corresponds to an alkali-induced missing row reconstruction of the Cu(110) surface. By carrying out measurements in three different scattering geometries, we find that for the missing row structure at room temperature, the Rb adatoms are extremely well ordered in the direction perpendicular to the surface, show a high degree of ordering across the missing rows (e.g., the atoms are locked into the missing row troughs), but are highly disordered along the rows, similar to a one-dimensional lattice gas. We compare our results to the Rb/Cu(110)-saturated surface at room temperature and to our previous BRXSW investigation of Rb/Cu(111). (c) 2000 The American Physical Society.
Integrated Report Writing

A psychological report is a clinical document that has as its primary purpose to describe and interpret information gathered or discovered in the process of a psychological evaluation. The literary challenge facing the report writer is to organize, integrate, and synthesize the information gathered in the examination process and to subsequently generate a carefully planned and meaningful report which is relevant to the referral questions. Such a skill is not learned quickly. Many years of training in psychopathology, interviewing, psychometric test interpretation, case conceptualization, and report writing are necessary to learn to interpret and communicate results of a psychological evaluation in a clear, concise, and precise manner.
Receptor for Advanced Glycation Endproducts Mediates Neutrophil Migration across Intestinal Epithelium

Receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE) is an Ig superfamily cell surface receptor that interacts with a diverse array of ligands associated with inflammatory responses. In this study, we provide evidence demonstrating that RAGE is involved in inflammatory responses in the intestines. We showed that RAGE is expressed in intestinal epithelial cells, primarily concentrated at the lateral membranes close to the apical cell junction complexes. Although RAGE expression was low in epithelium under normal conditions, this protein was up-regulated after treatment with the inflammatory cytokines IFN-gamma and/or TNF-alpha. RAGE expression was also elevated in colon tissue samples from patients with inflammatory bowel diseases. Using in vitro transmigration assays, we found that RAGE mediates neutrophil (polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN)) adhesion to, and subsequent migration across, intestinal epithelial monolayers. This activity appears to be mediated by the binding of RAGE to the PMN-specific beta(2) integrin CD11b/CD18. Thus, these results provide a novel mechanism for the regulation of PMN transepithelial migration and may suggest a new therapeutic target for intestinal inflammation.
Large-scaleword representation features for improved spoken language understanding

Recently there has been great interest in the application of word representation techniques to various natural language processing (NLP) scenarios. Word representation features from techniques such as Brown clustering or spectral clustering are generally computed from large corpora of unlabeled data in a completely unsupervised manner. These features can then be directly included as supplementary features to standard representations used for NLP processing tasks. In this paper, we apply these techniques to the tasks of domain classification and intent detection in a spoken language understanding (SLU) system. In experiments in a personal assistant domain, features derived from both Brown clustering and spectral clustering techniques improved the performance of all models in our experiments and the combination of both techniques yielded additional improvements.
Enhancing Show-and-Tell with a polymorphic type system and higher-order functions

Enhancements to a visual dataflow language called Show-and-Tell (STL) are described. These enhancements enrich STL by a polymorphic-type system similar to the one used in ML, and they introduce user-definable higher-order functions. A short overview of STL is given, and the concept of higher-order functions is discussed. >
Assessment of factors associated with pre‐diabetes in HCV infection including direct and dynamic measurements of insulin action

Although hepatitis C (HCV) is associated with diabetes, few studies have examined pre-diabetes in this population. We aimed to evaluate factors associated with pre-diabetes in HCV-infected patients, including direct measurement of insulin action. Ninety-seven non-cirrhotic, non-diabetic and HCV-infected patients underwent clinical evaluation and oral glucose tolerance testing (OGTT). Insulin sensitivity was measured directly by steady-state plasma glucose (SSPG) concentration during insulin suppression test. Early phase and total insulin secretion were determined using OGTT. Rates of pre-diabetes were as follows: 21% impaired fasting glucose (IFG), 7% impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and 9% combined IFG/IGT. Twelve percent of Caucasians, 50% of African Americans and 70% of Latinos had pre-diabetes (P = 0.002). Patient characteristics among the glucose metabolism categories were similar except those with combined IFG/IGT had a higher body mass index (BMI) vs normal glucose tolerance (NGT) (30 vs 26 kg/m(2), P = 0.007) and lower LDL vs NGT and IGT (74, 104 and 112 mg/dL, respectively, P ≤ 0.01). On multivariable analysis, non-Caucasian race (OR 23.1, P = 0.003), BMI (OR 3.4, P = 0.02) and greater liver inflammation (OR 7.9, P = 0.03) predicted IFG, whereas non-Caucasian race (OR 14.8, P = 0.01) and SSPG (OR 1.1 per 10 units, P = 0.01) predicted IGT. Early and total insulin secretion adjusted for the degree of insulin resistance was decreased in pre-diabetes compared with NGT (P = 0.01 and P = 0.02, respectively). Pre-diabetes is highly prevalent among HCV-infected patients, and in some instances, coincides with host responses to the virus. In most cases, however, factors that are associated with pre-diabetes in HCV-infected patients are similar to those observed in the non-HCV population.
Persistent Sexual Dysfunction Impairs Quality of Life after Cardiac Transplantation

ABSTRACT Introduction The impact of sexual dysfunction (SD) on mental and physical health after heart transplantation (HTx) has not been established. Aim We investigated the relationship of SD on quality of life (QoL), physical and mental health, and depressive symptoms after HTx. Main Outcome Measures We evaluated SD according to the International Index of Erectile Dysfunction and the Female Sexual Function Index. QoL, physical and mental health were assessed using: 1) Short Form 12 Health Survey Questionnaire, 2) Quality of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnaire—Short Form, and two depressive symptoms questionnaires: 1) Beck Depression Inventory-II and 2) Quick Inventory Depressive Symptomatology-Self Report. Methods We enrolled patients who were greater than 6 months post HTx. Patients unable to read English, had pelvic surgery or trauma, urogenital abnormalities, or sexually inactive were excluded. Results Out of 79 subjects that were screened, 33 men and 6 women participated (mean age 61.4 + 11.4). Response rates were at least 82% for all questionnaires. Overall prevalence of SD was 61%, with 78% of men being affected and 50% of women. There was no significant difference in measures between genders. HTx recipients with SD reported significantly worse QoL on measures of physical health when compared to those without SD. After HTx, patients suffering from SD had significantly worse general health ( P = 0.02) and physical health ( P = 0.02), including physical functioning ( P = 0.01) and physical role limitation ( P = 0.01). In contrast, mental health and depressive symptoms after HTx were not significantly different between those with and without SD. Conclusions After HTx a high prevalence of SD remains among both men and women. Patients with SD had worse general and physical health but not depressive symptoms when compared to those without SD. The contributing factors may be more related to physical rather than psychological causes. Phan A, IsHak WW, Shen B-J, Fuess J, Philip K, Bresee C, Czer L, and Schwarz ER. Persistent sexual dysfunction impairs quality of life after cardiac transplantation.
Federal water power and electrochemical industries

The electrochemical industry is said to be the only one that can absorb the large quantities of electric energy soon to become available from the many Federal irrigation and hydroelectric projects. As suitable raw materials for various processes are available at or near ail of the new power sites, the construction of one or more electrochemical plants at each of the new centers has been advocated, which will result in an increasing demand for engineers conversant in both electrical and chemical engineering. Young engineers now obtaining their training are urged to fit themselves to take advantage of these opportunities.
Regional 500 mb heights and U.S. 1 000-500 mb thickness prior to the radiosonde era

We developed a statistical model relating cyclone track eigenvectors over the U.S., southern Canada, and nearby oceans to a record of mean annual 500 mb heights. The length of the cyclone track record allowed us to calculate mean heights back to 1885. Use of mean annual surface pressure data allowed us to estimate the mean 1 000-500 mb thickness, which was related to mean annual temperature. This temperature calculation is unique in that it cannot suffer from urban or site bias. We find a warming of 1.5°C from the late 19th century to 1955, followed by a drop of 0.7° to 1980. By 1987, the calculated temperatures were 0.3° above the mean for 103 years of record. As an example of regional application, we examine results over the southwestern U.S.
Environment estimation for enhanced impedance control

Impedance control is a popular method of controlling the dynamic response a robot has to external forces. The advantage of such a control paradigm is the ability to manipulate in both unconstrained and constrained environments. Unlike hybrid control methods that attempt to control forces and motions in orthogonal directions, impedance control consists of a single control law that accommodates external forces. One problem associated with such a controller is the selection of the robot's target impedance. This paper illustrates, through analysis and experimentation, the shortcoming of improper target impedance selection. The integration of a real time estimate of the robot's environment with the impedance controller resolves this problem. Experimental results illustrate improved performance during the transition from unconstrained to constrained manipulation.
Racial disparities in outcomes of twin pregnancies: elective cesarean or trial of labor?

Objective The objective of the study was to determine the relationships between maternal race and obstetric outcomes in twin gestations by planned mode of delivery. Study Design We performed a secondary analysis of the Consortium on Safe Labor data. Patients with twin gestations in vertex-vertex presentation greater than 32 weeks' gestational age were grouped according to race. Demographic information and neonatal and maternal outcomes were analyzed according to planned mode of delivery: elective cesarean or trial of labor (with subsequent vaginal delivery, unplanned cesarean, or combined delivery). The primary outcome was unplanned cesarean. Secondary outcomes included maternal and neonatal outcomes. Results One thousand nine vertex-vertex twin pregnancies were identified. There were no significant differences across ethnicities in the rate of unplanned cesarean delivery, which occurred in 233 of patients undergoing trial of labor (27%). Elective cesarean occurred in 151 patients (15%). African American women were less likely to have an elective cesarean compared with whites (odds ratio, 0.5; 95% confidence interval, 0.3–0.8), and Asian women were more likely to have an elective cesarean compared with whites (odds ratio, 2.0; 95% confidence interval, 1.2–3.4. Combined delivery occurred in 67 patients (8%) and did not differ among the groups. Subgroup analysis did not reveal any significant differences in neonatal outcomes. Adverse maternal outcomes were rare across ethnicities. Conclusion Unplanned cesarean delivery rates are similar in twin pregnancies, regardless of race. Maternal and neonatal outcomes in twin gestations are similar across ethnicities, regardless of mode of delivery.
Unstable growth of tension cracks in brittle solids: Stable and unstable bifurcations, snap-through, and imperfection sensitivity

Abstract The growth pattern of a system of tension cracks in a linearly elastic brittle solid, may undergo abrupt changes, e.g. some cracks may stop or actually close, as others snap to finitely longer lengths. For the growth regime of a system of straight edge cracks in plane strain, the concepts of fundamental equilibrium path, stable and unstable bifurcation points and snap-through critical point are introduced and the corresponding behaviors are studied. In particular, it is shown that instabilities of this kind are highly imperfection-sensitive in the sense that, for example, a small material inhomogeneity can decrease by a large amount the critical value of the load parameter at which a growth regime abruptly changes to a new one. For thermally induced tension edge cracks in an infinite strip of finite width, numerical results are presented and various aspects of the theory are illustrated. For the calculation the new combined analytic and finite-element solution method recently given by the authors is employed.
NLR is predictive of upstaging at the time of radical cystectomy for patients with urothelial carcinoma of the bladder

Abstract Objective To evaluate the ability of preoperative neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) to predict pathologic upstaging and nonorgan-confined (NOC) (≥pT3) disease. Methods and materials After institutional review board approval, the records of consecutive patients undergoing radical cystectomy (RC) for urothelial carcinoma from 2002 to 2012 at the University of Wisconsin Hospital were reviewed. A total of 102 patients with NLR within 100 days of surgery were eligible for analysis. The primary outcome was difference in stage from preoperative assessment to time of RC. Differences in preoperative NLR between groups were evaluated with an unequal variance t test. A univariate analysis assessed whether NLR, preoperative stage, grade, associated lymphovascular invasion, preoperative hydronephrosis, gender, previous pelvic radiotherapy, previous intravesical bladder cancer treatments, or nodal stage were related to upstaging. Multivariate analyses were performed to evaluate the relationship of NLR to upstaging and relative organ-confined (≤pT2) and NOC disease. Results Of 390 consecutive patients undergoing RC, 102 patients met study criteria. Overall, 55 (53.9%) patients were upstaged, 25 (25.5%) were unchanged, and 21 (20.6%) were downstaged. Fifty-one patients (50%) were upstaged to more advanced disease (≥pT3). NLR and preoperative hydronephrosis were significantly related to pathologic tumor staging. NLR, preoperative hydronephrosis, and preoperative tumor stage were significantly related to upstaging to NOC disease. Patients who were upstaged to≥pT3 demonstrated statistically significant greater NLRs (4.33±0.87) compared with patients who remained at≤pT2 stage (2.66±0.29) (P Conclusions Preoperative NLR is a simple measurement that can be used to identify high-risk patients who may be upstaged at the time of RC and may benefit from neoadjuvant chemotherapy.
Insertional Mutation of the Collagen Genes Col4a3 and Col4a4 in a Mouse Model of Alport Syndrome

Mice homozygous for the transgenic insertion in line OVE250 exhibit severe progressive glomerulonephritis. Ultrastructural changes in the glomerular basement membrane (GBM) at 2 weeks of age resemble those in Alport syndrome. The transgenic insertion site was mapped by FISH to mouse chromosome 1 close to Pax3. Genetic and molecular analyses identified a deletion of genomic DNA at the transgene insertion site. Exons 1 through 12 of the collagen IV gene Col4a4, exons 1 and 2 of the adjacent Col4a3 gene, and the intergenic promoter region are deleted. Transcripts of Col4a3 and Col4a4 are undetectable in mutant kidney, and both proteins are missing from the GBM. Persistent cellular proliferation in mutant kidneys suggests that interaction with the extracellular matrix may be important for cell maturation. Evolutionarily conserved sequence elements in the promoter regions of human and mouse Col4a3 and Col4a4 include a 19-bp element that was tandemly duplicated in the human lineage and a CTC box element common to several genes encoding extracellular matrix proteins. This new animal model of Alport syndrome, Col4Δ3-4, lacks both α3 and α4 chains of collagen IV and exhibits an earlier disease onset than mice lacking α3 only.
Thoreau and civil disobedience: A rhetorical paradox

A discourse solicits from its auditor certain commitments, both in its argument and in its form. The substantive commitments solcited by the discourse must limit its form. Moreover, in some instances a discourse, if it will honor the demands it makes of its auditor, may take no form whatever. One such discourse is Thoreau's essay on “Civil Disobedience.” It is suggested here that the auditor's effort to resolve the paradox inherent in Thoreau's essay constitutes an essential phase in the process of liberation.
gridlock, an HLH Gene Required for Assembly of the Aorta in Zebrafish

The first artery and vein of the vertebrate embryo assemble in the trunk by migration and coalescence of angioblasts to form endothelial tubes. The gridlock (grl) mutation in zebrafish selectively perturbs assembly of the artery (the aorta). Here it is shown that grl encodes a basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) protein belonging to the Hairy/Enhancer of the split family of bHLH proteins. The grl gene is expressed in lateral plate mesoderm before vessel formation, and thereafter in the aorta and not in the vein. These results suggest that the arterial endothelial identity is established even before the onset of blood flow and implicate the grl gene in assignment of vessel-specific cell fate.
Multibranch and Period Tripling Flutter

This paper discusses two nonlinear phenomena of relevance in transonic flutter analysis and testing: (1) The possible appearance of more than one flutter mode (branch) in the aeroelastic response, for certain transonic Mach numbers at high mass ratios; and, (2) the possibility of bifurcations to subharmonic flutter at low mass ratios. In the first instance, the superposition principle breaks down and flutter may not necessarily occur when the first aeroelastic eigenvalue crosses into the right half-plane. In the second instance, the nonlinearities open up a new route to flutter, whereby the reduced frequency of the critical aeroelastic mode is lowered into the unstable range through a period-tripling bifurcation. Neither behavior can be understood within the framework of classical linear aeroelasticity.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Interleukin-12 up-regulates perforin- and Fas-mediated lymphokine-activated killer activity by intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes

Human intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) comprise a unique compartment of memory T cell receptor (TCR)-alphabeta( +)CD8(+) T lymphocytes interspersed between intestinal epithelial cells. They develop potent lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) activity with interleukin (IL)-15, a cytokine that is found in excess in certain mucosal inflammatory states. IL-12, released by activated antigen-presenting cells, is known to potentiate perforin-induced cytotoxicity. This study evaluates the mechanism by which IL-12 up-regulates LAK activity. When IELs were stimulated with IL-15, the CD94(+) IEL subset expanded and carried out cytotoxic activity in redirected lysis against P815 cells as well as Fas ligand (FL)- and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha-mediated lysis of Jurkat and WEHI cells, respectively. IL-12 enhanced the perforin- and FL-, but not TNF-alpha-mediated events. In addition, the up-regulated killing of HT-29 cells by IL-12 was reduced by concanamycin (which targets perforin) and antibody neutralizing FL but not by anti-TNF-alpha antibody. Furthermore, IL-12 augmented IL-15-stimulated release of serine esterases as well as expression of perforin and FL by IELs, but not TNF-alpha. This study shows that LAK activity, carried out by the CD94(+) IELs, involves perforin, FL and TNF-alpha. IL-12 up-regulates the first two mechanisms of action, showing for the first time its effect on FL production and lytic activity.
Resonant degenerate four-wave mixing spectroscopy of transitions with degenerate energy levels: Saturation and polarization effects

The physics of the degenerate four-wave mixing process for resonant transitions between two degenerate energy levels is investigated by direct numerical integration of the time-dependent density matrix equations. The Zeeman structure of the upper and lower energy levels is included in a multistate formulation of the density matrix equations. The inclusion of the Zeeman structure enables the investigation of the degenerate four-wave mixing process for different polarization configurations of the forward pump, backward pump, and probe beams. Saturation curves and lineshapes are calculated for different polarization configurations and for numerous low-J transitions. At low laser intensity, the results of our calculations are in excellent agreement with perturbation theory in terms of the relative intensities of the degenerate four-wave mixing signal for linear polarization configurations. As the laser intensity increases and the resonance starts to saturate, we find in general that the relative degenerate four-wave mixing reflectivity increases for the crossed polarization configurations compared to the parallel polarization configuration because the saturation intensity is higher. However, for some resonance transitions, some of the crossed polarization configurations saturate at lower laser intensities than the parallel polarization configuration, even though the reflectivity for these crossed polarization configurations is much lower than for the parallel polarization configuration in the perturbative intensity limit. This result is explained in terms of the coupling of the various Zeeman states during the degenerate four-wave mixing interaction for specific polarization configurations. The effect of saturation on the resonance line shapes for the different polarization configurations is also investigated. Finally, a limited number of calculations are performed for resonances that are Doppler broadened as well as collision broadened. The effect of saturation on the reflectivity of the crossed polarization configurations compared to the parallel polarization configuration is even more significant for resonances with comparable Doppler and collisional broadening.
Melt condensation and solution polymerization of highly fluorinated aliphatic polyesters

Abstract Highly fluorinated aliphatic polyesters were synthesized from a fluorodiol [HOCH2CH2(CF2)8CH2CH2OH] and both sebacoyl chloride and adipoyl chloride. Melt condensation polymerization followed by fractionation resulted in polymer samples with number average molecular weights in excess of 10 000. The use of solution polymerization yielded inferior results - with sebacoyl chloride the resultant polymers were of lower molecular weight, and with adipoyl chloride no polymer was formed. The fluoropolyesters have been characterized by 1H NMR and FT-IR spectroscopies, solubility, water contact angle, DSC and TGA. Crosslinking via peroxide of the polyester derived from sebacoyl chloride was successful; however, the resultant elastomeric-type material possessed residual crystallinity (from the parent polymer) and a low melting point.
Collective Remittances and Transnational Coproduction: the 3×1 Program for Migrants and Household Access to Public Goods in Mexico

Migrant hometown associations (HTAs) are mobilizing collective remittances to improve social welfare in their countries of origin. This paper assesses the effect of transnational coproduction of public goods in migrants’ places of origin by studying the 3 × 1 Program for Migrants. The 3 × 1 Program is a national social spending program in which the Mexican local, state, and federal government matches HTAs’ collective remittances to improve public services through cross-border public–private partnerships. The statistical analysis across municipalities that do and do not participate in the 3 × 1 Program shows that coproduction improves citizens’ access to public sanitation, drainage, and water, although not electricity. Moreover, a negative and statistically significant interaction term between 3 × 1 Program expenditures and family remittances reveals a substitution effect: in the presence of transnational coproduction, migrant households are less likely to improve public goods using family remittance resources, but in the absence of 3 × 1 Program participation they continue to improve their hometowns with family remittances. This research offers a theoretical mechanism and supporting empirical evidence of an important kind of intermediary institution improving social welfare in migrant places of origin.
Facilitating recognition of crowded faces with presaccadic attention

In daily life, we make several saccades per second to objects we cannot normally recognize in the periphery due to visual crowding. While we are aware of the presence of these objects, we cannot identify them and may, at best, only know that an object is present at a particular location. The process of planning a saccade involves a presaccadic attentional component known to be critical for saccadic accuracy, but whether this or other presaccadic processes facilitate object identification as opposed to object detection—especially with high level natural objects like faces—is less clear. In the following experiments, we show that presaccadic information about a crowded face reduces the deleterious effect of crowding, facilitating discrimination of two emotional faces, even when the target face is never foveated. While accurate identification of crowded objects is possible in the absence of a saccade, accurate identification of a crowded object is considerably facilitated by presaccadic attention. Our results provide converging evidence for a selective increase in available information about high level objects, such as faces, at a presaccadic stage.
On the approximate behavior of the posterior distribution for an extreme multivariate observation

The behavior of the posterior for a large observation is considered. Two basic situations are discussed; location vectors and natural parameters. Let X = (X1, X2, …, Xn) be an observation from a multivariate exponential distribution with that natural parameter Θ = (Θ1, Θ2, …, Θn). Let θx∗ be the posterior mode. Sufficient conditions are presented for the distribution of Θ − θx∗ given X = x to converge to a multivariate normal with mean vector 0 as |x| tends to infinity. These same conditions imply that E(Θ | X = x) − θx∗ converges to the zero vector as |x| tends to infinity. The posterior for an observation X = (X1, X2, …, Xn is considered for a location vector Θ = (Θ1, Θ2, …, Θn) as x gets large along a path, γ, in Rn. Sufficient conditions are given for the distribution of γ(t) − Θ given X = γ(t) to converge in law as t → ∞. Slightly stronger conditions ensure that γ(t) − E(Θ | X = γ(t)) converges to the mean of the limiting distribution. These basic results about the posterior mean are extended to cover other estimators. Loss functions which are convex functions of absolute error are considered. Let δ be a Bayes estimator for a loss function of this type. Generally, if the distribution of Θ − E(Θ | X = γ(t)) given X = γ(t) converges in law to a symmetric distribution as t → ∞, it is shown that δ(γ(t)) − E(Θ | X = γ(t)) → 0 as t → ∞.
Characterization of polymorphonuclear leukocyte aggregation in vitro induced by heat-inactivated group B streptococcus.

We studied the aggregatory characteristics of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) in response to heat-inactivated group B streptococcus. PMNs suspended in physiologic salt solution do not aggregate to heat-inactivated group B streptococcus (GBS) unless the GBS is previously opsonized in autologous plasma. The aggregating activity of both opsonized GBS and activated plasma are reduced if the plasma is decomplemented before incubation with GBS. Pretreatment of PMNs with pronase inhibited opsonized GBS-induced aggregation, suggesting aggregation via cell membrane receptors foropsonic fragments of C3. Pronase pretreatment had no significant effect on aggregation induced by activated plasma or arachidonic acid. Unlike PMNs in physiologic salt solution, PMNs suspended in plasma aggregate when stimulated by unopsonized GBS. GBS aggregates PMNs via complement cascade activation, opsonization, and interaction with cell membrane receptors to stimulate cellular mechanisms resulting in PMN aggregation.
Size truncation effect, threshold behavior, and a new type of autoconversion parameterization

[1] A function defined as the size truncation function is introduced to quantify the effect of truncating the cloud droplet size distribution on the autoconversion rate. It is shown that the size truncation function can be used as a threshold function to represent the threshold behavior associated with the autoconversion process, providing a physical basis for the threshold function. Comparisons of the new threshold function with those ad hoc threshold functions associated with existing Kessler-type and Sundqvist-type parameterizations reveals the degree of approximations of the two empirical parameterizations. Application of the new threshold function leads to a new type of autoconversion parameterization that is fully analytical, physics-based, and removes the ad hoc nature of threshold representation in existing autoconversion parameterizations.
Sugarbeet Response to Broadcast and Starter Phosphorus Applications in the Red River Valley of Minnesota

Field trials were conducted over eight site-years in the Red River Valley of Minnesota to test sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L.) response to broadcast and starter P fertilizer. Experimental sites were selected based on low soil test P (≤7 mg P kg ―1 Olsen P) and soil textures ranging from sandy loam to silty clay. Incremental P fertilizer rates from 0 up to 102 kg P 2 O 5 ha ―1 were broadcast and incorporated before planting sugarbeet with or without 14 kg P 2 O 5 ha ―1 liquid starter (14-L) applied directly to the seed. Eighteen and 22 kg P 2 O 5 ha ―1 as liquid starter (18-L and 22-L) and two rates of dry starter (14-D and 18-D) with 0 broadcast P were also applied directly to the sugarbeet seed at planting. High rates of starter tended to reduce sugarbeet seedling emergence up to 22%, but the effects of 14-L were minimal. There were no significant effects of the treatments on sugarbeet root quality, which ranged from 132 to 180 kg recoverable sucrose Mg ―1 over the eight site-years. Root yield and recoverable sucrose ha ―1 obtained with 14-L starter alone matched or exceeded that obtained with any other treatment. Over eight site-years, 14-L starter alone produced 45 to 65 Mg ha ―1 root yield and 6 to 11 Mg ha ―1 recoverable sucrose, which was not increased with additional P as either broadcast or starter fertilizer. The enhanced productivity with 14-L starter was evident soon after seedling emergence and was measurable 40 d after planting.
Effects of Acculturation on Knowledge of AIDS and HIV among Hispanics

Knowledge about AIDS and HIV transmission was assessed in a representative sample of 460 San Francisco Hispanics to identify the relationship of acculturation to AIDS knowledge. A random-digit-dialing survey using a modified Mitofsky-Waksberg sampling technique was conducted ofHispanics residing in areas of San Francisco with 10% or more Hispanic population. Results indicated generally good knowledge of the true modes of transmission of HIV, but also many erroneous beliefs in "casual" modes of transmission (e.g., public toilets, mosquitoes, sneezes). Acculturation was strongly associated with knowledge, with the less acculturated generally having many more erroneous beliefs about "casual " transmission and being less aware that someone can be infected without looking ill. Acculturation differences persisted even after controlling for education. The data suggest the need for targeted campaigns about AIDS and HIV transmission for less acculturated Spanish-speaking Hispanics.
Multidisciplinary Analysis of a Lifting Body Launch Vehicle

As part of phase 2 of the X-33 Program, NASA selected an integrated lifting body/aerospike engine configuration as the study vehicle for the conceptual analysis of a single-stage-to-orbit reusable launch vehicle. A team at NASA Langley Research Center participated in the screening and evaluation of a number of proposed vehicle configurations in the early phases of the conceptual design process. The performance analyses that supported these studies were conducted to assess the effect of the vehicle's lifting capability, linear aerospike engine, and metallic thermal protection system on the weight and performance of the vehicle. These performance studies were conducted in a multidisciplinary fashion that indirectly linked the trajectory optimization with weight estimation and aerothermal analysis tools. This approach was necessary to develop optimized ascent and entry trajectories that met all vehicle design constraints. Significant improvements in ascent performance were achieved when the vehicle flew a lifting trajectory and varied the engine mixture ratio during flight. Also, a considerable reduction in empty weight was possible by adjusting the total oxidizer-to-fuel and liftoff thrust-to-weight ratios. However, the optimal ascent flight profile had to be altered to ensure that the vehicle could be trimmed in pitch using only the flow diverting capability of the aerospike engine. Likewise, the optimal entry trajectory had to be tailored to meet thermal protection system heating rate and transition constraints while satisfying a crossrange requirement.
Multi-cell Agent-based Simulation of the Microvasculature to Study the Dynamics of Circulating Inflammatory Cell Trafficking

Leukocyte trafficking through the microcirculation and into tissues is central in angiogenesis, inflammation, and the immune response. Although the literature is rich with mechanistic detail describing molecular mediators of these processes, integration of signaling events and cell behaviors within a unified spatial and temporal framework at the multi-cell tissue-level is needed to achieve a fuller understanding. We have developed a novel computational framework that combines agent-based modeling (ABM) with a network flow analysis to study monocyte homing. A microvascular network architecture derived from mouse muscle was incorporated into the ABM. Each individual cell was represented by an individual agent in the simulation. The network flow model calculates hemodynamic parameters (blood flow rates, fluid shear stress, and hydrostatic pressures) throughout the simulated microvascular network. These are incorporated into the ABM to affect monocyte transit through the network and chemokine/cytokine concentrations. In turn, simulated monocytes respond to their local mechanical and biochemical environments and make behavioral decisions based on a rule set derived from independent literature. Simulated cell behaviors give rise to emergent leukocyte rolling, adhesion, and extravasation. Molecular knockout simulations were performed to validate the model, and predictions of monocyte adhesion, rolling, and extravasation show good agreement with the independently published corresponding mouse studies.
Intraosseous orbital cavernous hemangioma

Abstract A 53-year-old woman presented with an 18-month history of a slightly painful, hard, bony mass in the right orbit. X-rays suggested a diagnosis of fibrous dysplasia. The histopathologic examination revealed a cavernous hemangioma of the lateral and inferior orbital bones. This is the first reported case of an orbital osseous hemangioma of the zygoma for which x-ray and computerized axial tomography (CAT) correlation is described.
Total Cross Sections for 14-Mev Neutrons

With deuterons from the electrostatic generator of the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism incident on a tritium-zirconium target, and with the neutrons detected by a terphenylxylene scintillator and photomultiplier, total cross sections of C, H, D, O, and N for 14.10\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05 Mev neutrons were measured. The effective neutron energy was evaluated from the kinematics of the $\mathrm{T}(d,n){\mathrm{He}}^{4}$ reaction, the dependence of the reaction's cross section on energy and angle, and the multiple scattering of the deuterons and their rate of energy loss in the target. A least squares analysis of the transmissions of six thicknesses each of carbon and polyethylene (40 to 85 percent transmissions) yielded, for total cross sections $\ensuremath{\sigma}$ in barns: ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\mathrm{C}}=1.279\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.004$ and ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\mathrm{H}}=0.689\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.005$. Transmissions of light and heavy water gave ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\mathrm{D}}=0.803\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.014$ and ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\mathrm{O}}=1.64\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.04$. Transmission of melamine gave ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\mathrm{N}}=1.7\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1$.
Enzymes from Bovine Placenta and Seminal Vesicles That Oxidize D(—)-l,2-Propanediol and Other Polyols: Their Possible Relation to Fructose Formation1

Using chromatographic methods, soluble proteins displaying D(—)-l,2- propanediol: NADP oxidoreductase activity have been purified 50- to 60-fold from bovine placental tissue and from bovine seminal vesicle. The enzymes, which have similar chromatographic behavior, show stereospecificity for the D-forms of the substrates tested. They catalyze the following reversible reactions : D-l, 2-propanediol→ D-lactaldehy de, glyceroL →D-glyceraldehyde, D-sorbitol→D-glucose. Both enzymes are active over a wide pH range and are strongly inhibited by p-mercuribenzoate and by some heavy metals. The reaction kinetics do not follow the Michaelis-Menten equation when the aldehydes are used as substrates. It is proposed that the main physiological function of these enzymes is to catalyze the transformation of D-glucose to D-sorbitol, an intermediate in D-fructose formation. (Endocrinology 74: 429, 1964)
Cross-Border Activity of Japanese Banks

This paper explores the determinants of Japanese banks’ overseas expansion and assesses whether the growing cross-border activity will continue under the new macroeconomic policies referred as “Abenomics”. The analysis finds that Japanese banks are well positioned to scale up foreign exposures, thanks to their relative resilient balance sheets and continued growth in the region. Stronger domestic growth in Japan could mitigate the pace, but is unlikely to reverse the expansion as global and regional pull-factors play a more prominent role in the growth of cross-border claims. Increasing cross-border activity could pose funding risks and supervisory challenges and require continued close monitoring.
ON A BOUNDARY LAYER THEORY FOR NON-NEWTONIAN FLUIDS

Abstract Theoretical support for the existence of a boundary layer theory, similar + o the classical boundary layer theory for linearly viscous fluids, is offered in the case of the non-Newtonian fluid of second grade. It is also pointed out that unless certain assumptions are made regarding the flow, assumptions which are not alluded to in earlier work in this area, in addition to the assumptions usually made in the case of the linearly viscous fluid, the theory so developed might have inherent flaws.
NSAID-Associated Deaths: The Rise and Fall of NSAID-Associated GI Mortality

Although gastrointestinal (GI) morbidity and mortality from NSAIDs continues to be a significant problem, this study by Lanas et al. indicates that the magnitude of the concern is declining. Explanations for this reduction are more likely related to the increased use of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) than to the introduction of COX-2 inhibitors. This study further reveals that one-third of NSAIDs' GI mortality comes from low-dose, daily aspirin. Another important contribution derived from this report is a more reliable estimate of NSAIDs' lower GI clinical consequences than previously available.
Pulmonary hypertension in sickle cell hemoglobinopathy: A clinicopathologic study of 20 cases

Pulmonary hypertension is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality of patients with sickle cell hemoglobinopathy (SCH). Although a clinically recognized complication of sickle cell disease (SCD), there are few published pathologic studies of pulmonary findings in these patients. The aim of this study was to define the pulmonary pathologic changes and to investigate correlation between the pathologic changes, the antemortem diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension, and the severity of SCH. Cases of SCH were identified from the autopsy database using Snomed codes. Clinical and echocardiograph data were collected for correlation with the pathologic data. A total of 20 adult patients (12 males and 8 females) were identified. Hemoglobin electrophoresis results were available for 16 patients, with hemoglobin S fraction percentages ranging from 23% to 97.8%. Eleven patients had SCD, 5 patients had sickle cell trait (SCT), and the remaining 4 patients without hemoglobin electrophoresis were included in the SCT group. The mean age of the SCT group was higher than that of the SCD group (P = 0.03). Histologically, all 20 patients demonstrated changes in pulmonary vasculature considered diagnostic of pulmonary hypertension grade I to grade IV, associated with plexiform lesions in 60% of patients. Medial hypertrophy and intimal hyperplasia/fibrosis, considered potentially reversible lesions, were seen in all patients. A weak association was found between SCD and plexiform lesions. Fibroelastic degeneration of small arteries, arterioles, and venules was identified in almost all (95%) cases. Clinically, tricuspid regurgitation was detected by echocardiogram in 10 of 20 (50%) patients; 6 of these 10 had significant regurgitation to allow estimation of systolic pressure. Sudden death occurred in 8 patients, with males having a significantly higher incidence. Cardiomegaly was present in 95% of patients, however, autosplenectomy and hepatic cirrhosis/hemochromatosis were observed almost exclusively in patients with SCD. Cirrhosis was found to have a strong positive association with SCD. This study demonstrates pulmonary hypertensive changes in all 20 autopsied patients who had SCH but died from various causes. We conclude that a high prevalence of pulmonary hypertension is associated with SCH with consequent high mortality. Therefore, patients with SCH would benefit from a regular periodic assessment for pulmonary hypertension regardless of age, sex, and severity of hemoglobinopathy.
Structural identification of Commodore Barry Bridge

The Commodore Barry Bridge is a major long-span bridge across the Delaware River connecting the cities of Bridgeport, New Jersey and Chester, Pennsylvania. A Structural Identification (St-Id) study of Commodore Barry Bridge is presented. The objective of this structural identification approach is to characterize the as-is structural condition and the loading environment of the bridge through experimental information and analytical modeling. The attributes that make long-span bridges different for utilization of experimental and analytical applications as compared to short-span bridges are presented. Some of the experimental, analytical and information tools which are utilized for this research are discussed. The details of constructing a preliminary analytical model after conceptualization of the structural characteristics are presented. Development of the 3D analytical model, and the model characteristics such as elements used, boundary and continuity representations are summarized. The experimental techniques that are necessary for the structural identification of a long span bridge are defined and application examples are provided from the Commodore Barry Bridge. Experiences gained during the applications of different forms of dynamic tests, instrumented monitoring and controlled static and crawl speed load tests are presented with example experimental data. Correlation of experimental results and analytical simulations are presented. Immediate and possible future uses of information generated are summarized.
Variations in the Refractive Index of the Near-Surface Region of Low Energy Hydrogen Ion Bombarded Silicon

Using ellipsometric analysis, the complex index of refraction of low-energy, hydrogen ion bombarded, (100) single-crystal silicon was measured as a function of distance from the bombarded surface. The bombardment conditions were a 1600 eV hydrogen beam produced by a Kaufman ion source, 1.4 mA/cm/sup 2/ flux, 2 x 10/sup 18/ ions/cm/sup 2/ fluence and 275/sup 0/C bulk silicon temperature. These conditions are comparable to the conditions generally reported to result in a substantial increase in the electrical conductivity of polycrystalline silicon solar cell material. Results indicate that the real and imaginary parts of the refractive index of the ion bombarded surface region approach that of the unbombarded substrate at a depth of 50 nm. The refractive index of about the first 10 nm of ion bombarded material is strongly dependent on the bombardment conditions. Variations in the imaginary part of the refractive index indicate that approximately 10% of incident radiation is absorbed by the first 50 nm of modified material.
The Case of Carla: Dilemmas of Helping All Students to Understand Science

This paper tells the story of four sixth-grade students, of mixed race and social class, who worked together in a small group. All four students were intrigued as they experimented with colored solutions of different densities. They all wanted to share ideas about the techniques they had used, the observations they had made, and the patterns they had seen. They all wanted to understand why the colored solutions acted as they did. In spite of these common interests, they often failed to achieve intersubjective communication about the colored solutions or about the process of planning and making a poster to report their findings. We explain these failures using the sociolinguistic concepts of polysemy, privileging, and holding the floor. In particular, Carla (an African American girl) was unable to hold the floor within the group, so her opportunities for science learning were diminished. The four students were not overtly prejudiced in their speech or actions. Yet the expectations they brought with them about how and when people should talk, how work should be done, and what standards of quality they should aspire to led them to reconstruct among themselves some of the most troubling inequities of our society as a whole. This story is about important connections. In particular it is about how the actions of children are connected to the histories of their families, and how the privileging of ideas is connected to that of people, and how the practice of science is connected to that of discrimination. Science education reformers may underestimate the difficulty of separating conceptual conflict about ideas from interpersonal conflict about privilege and status. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed86:287–313, 2002; Published online in Wiley Interscience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/sce.10009