cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Russian Constitutional Court in Comparative Perspective

Judicial review1 is one of the benchmarks of a liberal democracy, and yet its existence outside the United States is a relatively new phenomenon. The majority of courts endowed with judicial review powers were established only in the last 70 years. In the aftermath of World War II, many nations in Western Europe created constitutional courts.2 Similar courts can also be found in a growing number of countries in Latin America, Africa, and Asia under post-colonial rule.3 After 1989, in the wake of the revolutions in Eastern Europe and the dissolution of the Soviet Union, more and more states have opted in favor of judicial review mechanisms.4 These courts are being created and sustained not only in countries with traditions that support independent judicial bodies but also in countries with systems of governance and political traditions previously hostile to independent judicial review. The sheer number of such courts now functioning around the world raises some fundamental questions. Why are judicial review mechanisms being incorporated into so many democratizing states? Does judicial review actually promote democracy? Why do these courts thrive, becoming independent, powerful political institutions in some cases but not in others?
Feature selection strategy in text classification

Traditionally, the best number of features is determined by the socalled "rule of thumb", or by using a separate validation dataset. We can neither find any explanation why these lead to the best number nor do we have any formal feature selection model to obtain this number. In this paper, we conduct an in-depth empirical analysis and argue that simply selecting the features with the highest scores may not be the best strategy. A highest scores approach will turn many documents into zero length, so that they cannot contribute to the training process. Accordingly, we formulate the feature selection process as a dual objective optimization problem, and identify the best number of features for each document automatically. Extensive experiments are conducted to verify our claims. The encouraging results indicate our proposed framework is effective.
Plant science: A war over water when bacteria invade leaves.

Plants and bacteria battle for control of water during leaf infection, as is demonstrated by a bacterial species that manipulates plant cells to create a water-rich environment that promotes bacterial growth. See Article p.524 High humidity has a profound influence on the development of numerous plant diseases in crop fields and natural ecosystems, but the molecular basis of this humidity effect is not understood. Sheng Yang He and colleagues show that plant pathogens such as Pseudomonas syringae actively establish an aqueous leaf apoplast—that is, a space between the cells and the cell walls—in a humidity-dependent manner through the secretion of conserved bacterial effectors. The effectors also cause alterations in the leaf-associated microbiota. This is a crucial step in plant infection by bacteria and the effectors involved are sufficient to transform non-pathogenic strains into virulent pathogens only under high humidity. Through elegant genetics work, the authors define immune suppression and aqueous apoplast formation as the minimal set of host processes required for bacterial pathogenesis in plant leaves.
Assessment and Basic Management Principles of Paraphilic Disorders

The word paraphilia comes from the Greek word para, which means deviation, and philia, which means beyond usual love or attraction. The DSM-IV TR classifies paraphilias within the Sexual and Gender Identity disorders and defines them by recurrent intense, sexually arousing fantasies, sexual urges, or behaviors involving nonhuman objects, the suffering or humiliation of oneself or one’s partner or children or nonconsenting persons that occur over a period of 6 months which cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. Paraphilias listed on the DSM-IV TR includes exhibitionism, frotteurism, fetishism, pedophilia, sexual masochism sexual sadism, transvestic fetishism, and voyeurism (Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, Washington, DC, 2000).
Increased Incidence of Fatigue in Patients with Primary Immunodeficiency Disorders: Prevalence and Associations Within the US Immunodeficiency Network Registry

Patients with primary immunodeficiency (PID) often report fatigue, yet this symptom has not been studied in PID. Fatigue affects 6–7.5% of healthy adults. The goal of this study is to estimate the prevalence of fatigue in patients with PID and investigate its associated factors. We analyzed 2537 PID patients registered in USIDNET to determine responses to the field “fatigue” in the core registry form. Demographics, immune phenotypes, and comorbid conditions were compared between fatigued and non-fatigued patients to identify relevant associations and potential drivers. A focused analysis was performed for patients with predominantly antibody deficiency disorders (PADs). Fatigue was reported in 25.9% (95% CI 23.7–28.3) of PAD patients, compared to 6.4% (95% CI 4.9–8.2) of non-PAD. Patients with common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) had the highest prevalence of fatigue (p < 0.001) among all PID diagnoses. Other factors that were associated with a higher rate of fatigue among PAD patients included female sex, higher BMI, depression, bronchiectasis, and autoimmunity. Additionally, fatigued PAD patients had lower absolute lymphocyte, CD3, CD4, and CD8 counts compared to non-fatigued patients. Our findings suggest that fatigue is overrepresented in PAD patients. Prospective studies to estimate prevalence, risk factors, and fatigue etiology in PID are warranted, so therapeutic interventions can be considered.
Environmental and Housing Effects on Feedlot Cattle Performance

Publisher Summary The purpose of this chapter is to summarize research data designed to sort out the pros and cons of various types of equipment which contribute to altering the environment of finishing beef cattle. Most of the data presented are based on research conducted in the North Central region of the United States, but undoubtedly these effects may be adjusted and applied to many other sections of the world where cattle may be fed. In summer comparisons, eight studies are summarized. Performance favoring shelter for summer-fed cattle was much less dramatic with an average of 5% increase in gain and 4% decrease in feed cost. Summer temperature and summer humidity can be a stressful combination for feedlot cattle. It has been suggested that when temperatures rise above 800 F (270 C) some sort of shade should be provided; this condition may exert more feedlot stress than temperatures below freezing. The presence of night lighting might prevent cattle “spooking” and similar strange things. Three trials at Michigan State University have compared a broad range of area allotments of floor space for finishing both steers and heifers in bedded lots, completely under roof, but open to the south. Cattle feeding housing ranges all the way from no housing, no windbreak, and no paving underfoot to the most sophisticated enclosed environment complete with heat and humidity-sensitive fans. Naturally, each additional dollar spent on equipment must be deducted from gross profit unless its use contributes a reduction in expenses.
Extrinsic ion migration in perovskite solar cells

The migration of intrinsic ions (e.g., MA+, Pb2+, I−) in organic–inorganic hybrid perovskites has received significant attention with respect to the critical roles of these ions in the hysteresis and degradation in perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Here, we demonstrate that extrinsic ions (e.g., Li+, H+, Na+), when used in the contact layers in PSCs, can migrate across the perovskite layer and strongly impact PSC operation. In a TiO2/perovskite/spiro-OMeTAD-based PSC, Li+-ion migration from spiro-OMeTAD to the perovskite and TiO2 layer is illustrated by time-of-flight secondary-ion mass spectrometry. The movement of Li+ ions in PSCs plays an important role in modulating the solar cell performance, tuning TiO2 carrier-extraction properties, and affecting hysteresis in PSCs. The influence of Li+-ion migration was investigated using time-resolved photoluminescence, Kelvin probe force microscopy, and external quantum efficiency spectra. Other extrinsic ions such as H+ and Na+ also show a clear impact on the performance and hysteresis in PSCs. Understanding the impacts of extrinsic ions in perovskite-based devices could lead to new material and device designs to further advance perovskite technology for various applications.
Using the DATAMINE Program

This chapter serves as a user’s manual for the DATAMINE program, which demonstrates the algorithms presented in this book. Each menu selection is discussed in its own section.
Commercialization and Entrepreneurship

As academic researchers, some of us may be interested in forming start-up companies to develop and market the drugs that are based on our research. Others may be happy to license our technology and findings to an existing company. Knowing how to evaluate potential drug markets and effectively pitch to investors will help both groups of academicians. With so much intellectual property generated in academia, a well-researched commercial assessment and an organized and effective pitch can make potential licensees or investors take notice. The goal is not to recapitulate the sophisticated marketing plans drawn up in industry, but to highlight the project’s potential and show some industry savvy. This chapter provides guidance on evaluating the commercial potential of the project, pitching to potential licensees, approaching venture capitalists, and funding the development of not-for-profit programs. The chapter also discusses legal and practical considerations, should the academic decide to form a start-up company.
Virus-Induced Gene Silencing (VIGS)

Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) is an RNA silencing-based technique that employs recombinant viral vectors to transiently suppress plant gene expression in a sequence-specific manner. It exploits the innate antiviral mechanism in plants that can recognize unique features of viral nucleic acids and induce viral RNA degradation. Recombinant viruses, modified to express fragments of host genes, can activate the same pathway, leading to homology-based degradation of host gene transcript. As a tool, VIGS has many advantages over conventional techniques. The gene silencing is rapid, specific, easy to induce, and circumvents the need for stable transformants. VIGS can be used to study genes that may be lethal in stable knockouts and has the potential to silence single or multiple genes within a family. Several viruses have been modified for use as VIGS vectors in both dicot and monocot hosts with the tobacco rattle virus-based system proving to be the most popular choice for dicotyledonous plants. VIGS has been successfully employed in characterizing genes involved in many plant development and disease resistance pathways. The potential to use VIGS in a high-throughput fashion will make it a powerful tool for gene function assessment in the postgenomics era.
'The Juice Simply Isn't Worth the Squeeze in Those Cases Anymore:' Damage Caps, 'Hidden Victims,' and the Declining Interest in Medical Malpractice Cases

This paper empirically investigates two overlapping propositions: that plaintiffs' lawyers will stop handling certain clients in medical malpractice cases in the face of caps on non-economic damages; and/or that plaintiffs' lawyers, particularly those who specialize in medical malpractice, will handle fewer malpractice cases generally. Relying primarily on material from in-depth interviews conducted with Texas plaintiffs' lawyers after Texas enacted a $250,000 cap on non-economic damages in 2003 and from a mail survey of Texas plaintiffs' lawyers conducted in 2006, the article shows there is strong evidence for both propositions. In doing so, the findings provide an excellent illustration of the theoretical idea of plaintiffs' lawyers as relatively rational actors who are constantly trying to adjust their practices - their businesses - to changes in their working environment and that those adjustments can have wide-ranging consequences. Understanding this is crucial for assessing the effects of tort reform. The findings show how tort reform - here a specific change in the formal law - affects the practices of plaintiffs' lawyers by limiting damages to a degree that significantly alters the incentive structure that lies at the heart of the contingency fee system. If the damage recovery potential is limited too severely in light of the costs and risks for a particular type of case, plaintiffs' lawyers may well avoid those cases, thereby diminishing meaningful access to the rights the law provides.
SIMILARITY RULE IN THE HYDRODYNAMICALLY TRANSCRITICAL RÉGIME IN AN IONIZED MULTI-FLUID GAS†

ABSTRACT The purpose of the present work is to derive a similarity rule in the hydrodynamically transcritical regime (˜M = 1) in an ionized multi-fluid gas. Reduction of the results to conditions existing in classical gas dynamics furnishes the von Karman transonic similarity rule. The derived similarity rule refers to an entire family of flow patterns around thin (small-perturbation) bodies satisfying certain similarity requirements. A brief illustrative example closes the work.
Trend Analyses in Multifactor Designs

Frequently, a multifactor design has one or more numerically valued factors. When this occurs, trend analyses can be performed on main effects and interactions involving these factors. Just as in the one-way design, the theory of trend analysis differs for fixed and random numerical factors. For multifactor designs with random factors, however, the problem can be complicated; random factors with numerical values exert important influences on tests involving only fixed effects. In this chapter we will discuss designs in which all of the numerical factors are fixed; in Chapter 15 we will discuss designs that can be regarded as having numerically valued random factors.
Randomized Trial of Personalized Breast Density and Breast Cancer Risk Notification.

Despite widespread implementation of mammographic breast density (MBD) notification laws, the impact of these laws on knowledge of MBD and knowledge of breast cancer risk is limited by the lack of tools to promote informed decision-making in practice. To develop and evaluate whether brief, personalized informational videos following a normal mammogram in addition to a legislatively required letter about MBD result can improve knowledge of MBD and breast cancer risk compared to standard care (i.e., legislatively required letter about MBD included with the mammogram result). Prospective randomized controlled trial of English-speaking women, age 40–74 years, without prior history of breast cancer, receiving a screening mammogram with a normal or benign finding (intervention group n = 235, control group n = 224). Intervention: brief (3–5 min) video, personalized to a woman’s MBD result and breast cancer risk. Primary outcomes were a woman’s knowledge of her MBD and risk of breast cancer. Secondary outcomes included whether a woman reported that she discussed the results of her mammogram with her primary care provider (PCP). Relative to women in the control arm, women in the intervention arm had greater improvement in their knowledge of both their personal MBD (intervention pre/post 39.2%/ 77.5%; control pre/post 36.2%/ 37.5%; odds ratio (OR) 5.34 for change for intervention vs. control, 95% confidence interval (CI) 3.87–7.36; p < 0.001) and risk of breast cancer (intervention pre/post: 66.8%/74.0%; control pre/post 67.9%/ 65.2%; OR 1.42, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.09–1.84; p = 0.01). Women in the intervention group were more likely than those in the control group to report discussing the results of their mammogram with their PCP (p = 0.05). Brief, personalized videos following mammography can improve knowledge of MBD and personal risk of breast cancer compared to a legislatively mandated informational letter. Trial Registration Clinicaltrials.gov (NCT02986360)
Oxidative Additions to Ti(IV) in [(dadi)4–]TiIV(THF) Involve Carbon–Carbon Bond Formation and Redox-Noninnocent Behavior

An attempt at transferring the imide of (dadi)Ti═NAd (2═NAd, dadi2–, dadin = [{−CH═N(1,2-C6H4)N(2,6-iPr2-C6H3)}2]n)to C2H4 led instead to low yields of trans-C6H4-{1,2-(N,2-N(2,6-iPr2-C6H3)-C6H4)2Ti-NHAd}2 (3), a product that features four new C–C bonds to two new carbons. Mechanistic evaluation of its formation led to oxidative addition studies of SnX4 (X = Cl, Br, I) and RX to (dadi)Ti(THF) (1-THF, dadi4–), in which the oxidation occurs at the dadi ligand. Products include (dadi)TiX2 (2-X2, X = Cl, Br, I) and the imine-triamide (R-ita)TiX (5-RX, R = Me, Bn; X = Cl, Br; R-ita = [{−CH2N(1,2-C6H4)N(2,6-iPr2-C6H3)}{CR═N(1,2-C6H4)N(2,6-iPr2-C6H3)}]). Studies of the RX additions, including implementation of radical clocks, pointed toward concerted process(es). Rearrangements of 2-X2 and 2═NAd revealed a new tridentate benzimidazole diamide chelate (bida) structurally characterized in (bida)TiCl2 (4-Cl2) and (bida)Ti═NAd (OPMe2Ph) (6). The nature of various products suggests that the (dadin)Ti core can act as ...
Instrument Development: Measuring Undergraduate Students’ Perceived Support in STEM

This work-in-progress paper presents emerging results from a research study aiming to develop and gather validity evidence for an instrument that can be used by college administrators and student-support practitioners to assess the magnitude of undergraduate students’ perceived institutional support received in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). Our goal is to provide stakeholders with a validated tool to diagnose areas of strength and opportunities to better support students, particularly those from underserved populations. Over the past year, we have engaged in a systematic process of instrument development. We began by developing a prototype based on the newly developed Model of Co-Curricular Support (MCCS). We refined it by reviewing existing literature and instruments germane to student support, and soliciting stakeholder feedback. During the spring of 2018, we distributed the instrument to STEM undergraduate students at three U.S. institutions. In this paper, we report our process of instrument development and preliminary results.These results will inform the next revision of our instrument, ultimately providing the STEM education community with novel and theory-based ways to measure students’ perceptions of support in STEM.
Editorial 7: From Prize-Winning Seminar Papers to a General Conclusion

This part of the Source Book focuses on trends to develop semiotic awareness in legal education and law’s practices. Its texts could be understood as presenting the ultimate goal of positioning the semiotics of law in legal education. Their broadening knowledge might bring a deeper understanding of legal practice, and a heightening semiotic awareness. Before concluding this volume with an essay on law’s position in signifying processes, we therefore offer three prize-winning papers written in the course of 2011/2012 Roberta Kevelson Seminars on Law & Semiotics at the Dickinson School of Law, Penn State University, USA. They show the result of such awareness as applied in specific fields of student interests.
Imaging Follow-up Versus Surgical Excision for Radial Scars Identified on Tomosynthesis-Guided Core Needle Biopsy.

Rationale and Objectives We investigated if imaging or pathology features could determine when imaging follow-up is appropriate after diagnosis of radial scar on digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT)-guided core needle biopsy (CNB). Materials and Methods We conducted a retrospective review of all patients diagnosed with radial scars on DBT-guided CNB at our institution between November 2014 and December 2016. Cases were excluded if DCIS or invasive malignancy was present in the same core specimens. Patient age; needle size; number of cores; visibility on full-field digital mammography versus DBT; lesion size; presence of architectural distortion, mass, or calcifications; imaging stability; presence or absence of atypia; length of imaging follow-up, and excisional pathology were collected. Results Of 45 eligible biopsies, 6 cases had radial scars with associated atypia and 39 cases had no associated atypia. Twenty-four patients underwent surgical excision, including all patients with atypia on CNB. One case (4%) was upstaged to DCIS on surgical excision after CNB revealed a radial scar with associated ADH. There was also a case without atypia on CNB, but excisional pathology revealed associated ADH. In cases with radial scars and associated atypia on CNB, the upstage rate was 17%. In cases without atypia on CNB that underwent surgical excision, the upstage rate was 0%. Imaging follow-up was available in 13 patients who did not undergo surgical excision, with stability in all 13 with a median follow-up of 18 months. Conclusion Annual imaging follow-up appears reasonable in selected patients with radial scars but no atypia on DBT-guided CNB.
Polarization, Participation, and Premiums: How Political Behavior Helps Explain Where the ACA Works, and Where It Doesn't.

Context Political partisanship can influence whether individuals enroll in government programs. In particular, Republicans, ceteris paribus, are less likely to enroll in Affordable Care Act (ACA) individual marketplace insurance than Democrats. The logic of adverse selection suggests low uptake among Republicans would generally put upward pressure on marketplace premiums, especially in geographic areas with more Republican partisans. Methods Using data from Healthcare.gov at the rating area level, this article examines the association between Republican vote share and growth in ACA marketplace premiums, being careful to account for potential confounding variables. Findings Insurers have increased marketplace premiums at higher rates in areas with more Republican voters. In the preferred model specification, a 10-percentage-point difference in Republican vote share is associated with a 3.2-percentage-point increase in average premium growth for a standard plan. A variety of robustness and placebo checks suggest the relationship is driven by partisanship. Conclusions Partisan polarization can threaten the successful implementation of policies that rely on high levels of citizen participation.
A total Lagrangian elasticity formulation for the nonlinear free vibration of anisotropic beams

Abstract The large amplitude free vibration response of isotropic and anisotropic beams is considered using a total Lagrangian description of the motion along with Ritz-based approximations to the dynamic statement of virtual work. Results are presented for both axial and bending modes and are compared with existing results in the literature using various formulations along with a finite element solution of the Euler–Bernoulli beam with Foppl–von Karman nonlinearity. Results from the present formulation include all nonlinear strain terms and give frequency ratios that are in excellent agreement with both Euler–Bernoulli and higher order beam theories for slender beams under small amplitudes but grow noticeably higher than those of other beam models as the beam becomes thick and the amplitude of vibration increases.
A phase field model for cohesive fracture in micropolar continua

Abstract While crack nucleation and propagation in the brittle or quasi-brittle regime can be predicted via variational or material-force-based phase field fracture models, these models often assume that the underlying elastic response of the material is not size-dependent. Yet, a length scale parameter must be introduced to these models to enable sharp cracks properly represented by a regularized implicit function. However, many materials with internal microstructures that contain surface tension, micro-cracks, micro-fracture, inclusion, cavity or those of particulate nature often exhibit size-dependent behaviors in both the path-independent and path-dependent regimes. This paper is intended to introduce a unified treatment that captures the size effect of the materials in both elastic and damaged states. By introducing a cohesive micropolar phase field fracture theory, along with the computational model and validation exercises, we explore the interacting size-dependent elastic deformation and fracture mechanisms exhibits in materials of complex microstructures. To achieve this goal, we introduce the distinctive degradation functions of the force-stress–strain and couple-stress-micro-rotation energy-conjugated pairs for a given regularization profile such that the macroscopic size-dependent responses of the micropolar continua are insensitive to the length scale parameter of the regularized interface. Then, we apply the variational principle to derive governing equations from the micropolar stored energy and dissipative functionals. Numerical examples are introduced to demonstrate the proper way to identify material parameters and the capacity of the new formulation to simulate complex crack patterns in the quasi-static regime.
Proximate Drivers of Migration and Dispersal in Wing-Monomorphic Insects

Gains in our knowledge of dispersal and migration in insects have been largely limited to either wing-dimorphic species or current genetic model systems. Species belonging to these categories, however, represent only a tiny fraction of insect biodiversity, potentially making generalization problematic. In this perspective, I present three topics in which current and future research may lead to greater knowledge of these processes in wing-monomorphic insects with limited existing molecular tools. First, threshold genetic models are reviewed as testable hypotheses for the heritability of migratory traits, using the sweet potato whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) as a case study of a behaviorally-polymorphic migratory species lacking morphological or physiological differentiation. In addition, both adaptive and non-adaptive explanations for the empirically variable relationship between egg production and flight in wing-monomorphic insects are discussed. Finally, with respect to the largest order of insects (Hymenoptera), the role of sex determination mechanisms for haplodiploidy as a driver for natal dispersal (for inbreeding avoidance) versus philopatry (such as in local mate competition) is discussed.
Breaking the Ice to Build Relationships: Using Icebreakers to Create New Relationships, Promote Emotional Safety, and Incorporate Social and Emotional Learning

The physical education classroom is a unique opportunity for students to participate in a variety of experiences that a normal classroom would not be able to provide. These experiences build attrib...
Differential mode EMI filter design for 100 kW SiC filter-less PV inverter

Differential mode EMI filter typically accounts for a large part of the overall volume and weight of high-power converter. In SiC filter-less PV application, the DM filter design is more challenging. This paper proposes a differential mode EMI filter design for SiC filter-less PV inverter. Notch branch is adopted to reduce the highest DM noise while a two stage LC filter is designed to reduce other noise. Experimental results with 100 kW SiC PV inverter are presented to validate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Age-Related Differences in Takeover Request Modality Preferences and Attention Allocation During Semi-autonomous Driving

Adults aged 65 years and older are the fastest growing age group worldwide. Future autonomous vehicles may help to support the mobility of older individuals; however, these cars will not be widely available for several decades and current semi-autonomous vehicles often require manual takeover in unusual driving conditions. In these situations, the vehicle issues a takeover request in any uni-, bi- or trimodal combination of visual, auditory, or tactile alerts to signify the need for manual intervention. However, to date, it is not clear whether age-related differences exist in the perceived ease of detecting these alerts. Also, the extent to which engagement in non-driving-related tasks affects this perception in younger and older drivers is not known. Therefore, the goal of this study was to examine the effects of age on the ease of perceiving takeover requests in different sensory channels and on attention allocation during conditional driving automation. Twenty-four younger and 24 older adults drove a simulated SAE Level 3 vehicle under three conditions: baseline, while performing a non-driving-related task, and while engaged in a driving-related task, and were asked to rate the ease of detecting uni-, bi- or trimodal combinations of visual, auditory, or tactile signals. Both age groups found the trimodal alert to be the easiest to detect. Also, older adults focused more on the road than the secondary task compared to younger drivers. Findings may inform the development of next-generation of autonomous vehicle systems to be safe for a wide range of age groups.
The socially distant servicescape: An investigation of consumer preference’s during the re-opening phase

In light of the COVID-19 pandemic restaurant operators had to close their dining rooms for dine-in service for a number of weeks; however, once they were allowed to re-open concern still existed over safety and socially distancing many operators had to get creative in ensuring guest and worker safety. The current study sought to assess consumer perceptions and preferences regarding different types of dining room setups that were implemented by restaurants around the U.S. during the re-opening phase to ensure proper social distancing amongst guests. A quasi-experimental design was implemented where respondents were shown images of two different dining-room setups and provided responses to questions based on their perceptions and preferences for these socially distant servicescapes. Overall, respondents indicated that partitions between tables were preferred to mannequins being placed at tables. Academic and practical implications are discussed.
Improving Attendance and Patient Experiences During the Expansion of a Telehealth-Based Pediatric Otolaryngology Practice.

ObjectiveTo determine the rates and primary causes of missed appointments (MAs) for telehealth visits and present remedies for improvement.MethodsThis cross-sectional survey was conducted at a tert...
Fast Tracking in a Liver Transplant Programme

Once thought impossible, liver transplant anesthesiologists are now performing early extubation followed by a brief stay in the postoperative care unit and transfer to the surgical ward. This process has been coined “fast tracking” and has been shown to decrease ventilator associated complications with no effect on long term graft function. We will review the history of early extubation and its evolution toward fast track anesthesia, describe its application in the care of liver transplant recipients, discuss the anesthetic management, and finally provide a blueprint for the implementation of a fast track process.
Effect of Chilled Irrigation on Caliceal Fluid Temperature and Time to Thermal Injury Threshold During Laser Lithotripsy: In Vitro Model

Introduction: High-power lasers (100–120 W) have widely expanded the available settings for laser lithotripsy and facilitated tailoring of treatment for individual cases. Previous in vitro and in v...
Motility in multicellular Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (Chlamydomonadales, Chlorophyceae)

Abstract The advent of multicellularity was a watershed event in the history of life, yet the transition from unicellularity to multicellularity is not well understood. Multicellularity opens up opportunities for innovations in intercellular communication, cooperation, and specialization, which can provide selective advantages under certain ecological conditions. The unicellular alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii has never had a multicellular ancestor yet it is closely related to the volvocine algae, a clade containing taxa that range from simple unicells to large, specialized multicellular colonies. Simple multicellular structures have been observed to evolve in C. reinhardtii in response to predation or to settling rate-based selection. Structures formed in response to predation consist of individual cells grouped within a shared transparent extracellular matrix. Evolved isolates form such structures obligately under culture conditions in which their wild type ancestors do not, indicating that newly-evolved multicellularity is heritable. C. reinhardtii is capable of photosynthesis, and possesses an eyespot and two flagella with which it moves towards or away from light in order to optimize input of radiant energy. Motility contributes to C. reinhardtii fitness because it allows cells or colonies to achieve this optimum. Utilizing phototaxis to assay motility, we determined that newly evolved multicellular strains do not exhibit significant directional movement, even though the flagellae of their constituent unicells are present and active. In C. reinhardtii the first steps towards multicellularity in response to predation appear to result in a trade-off between motility and differential survivorship, a trade-off that must overcome by further genetic change to ensure the long-term success of the new multicellular organism.
Reducing the Size of Spiking Convolutional Neural Networks by Trading Time for Space

Spiking neural networks are attractive alternatives to conventional neural networks because of their ability to implement complex algorithms with low power and network complexity. On the flip side, they are difficult to train to solve specific problems. One approach to training is to train conventional neural networks with binary threshold activation functions, which may then be implemented with spikes. This is a powerful approach. However, when applied to neural networks with convolutional kernels, the spiking networks explode in size. In this work, we design multiple spiking computational modules, which reduce the size of the networks back to size of the conventional networks. They do so by taking advantage of the temporal nature of spiking neural networks. We evaluate the size reduction analytically and on classification examples. Finally, we compare and confirm the classification accuracy of their implementation on a discrete threshold neuroprocessor.
Screening for Comorbidities and Complications of T1D

Youth with type 1 diabetes are at risk of other autoimmune disorders, including autoimmune thyroid disease, celiac disease, and rarely adrenal insufficiency. Monitoring of blood pressure and lipid screening are recommended given the risk for cardiovascular disease in individuals with diabetes. Retinopathy is relatively uncommon in youth, and recommendations regarding screening have recently been updated. Psychosocial disorders including disordered eating, depression, and anxiety are common and should be considered in youth with T1D.
Enacting Gender and Kinship around a Large Outdoor Fire Pit at the Seneca Iroquois Townley-Read Site, 1715–1754

This article examines a single large outdoor fire pit (Feature 5) from the ca. 1715–1754 Seneca Iroquois Townley-Read site, exploring the untidy intersection of contemporary gender theory, archaeological remains (encompassing artifacts, subsistence remains, features, spatial relations, and contemporaneous mortuary data from the region), and normative conceptions of Iroquois gender roles. While many social categories of people presumably circulated through the feature area, women were consistently present and likely controlled most of the work that took place. The Feature 5 assemblage suggests that Seneca women smoked pipes and worked brass, were involved in complex sets of tasks and “changes of hands” that contributed to subsistence and trade, and labored and demonstrated control over resources and personnel in a way that was not in any sense “private.” The spatial separation of gendered areas of control was one way in which both Seneca kinship and gender identities were performed and reproduced.
Abstract 258: Characterizing cancer gene mutations in non-small cell lung cancer from African American patients

Background and Hypothesis: Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the United States. The reasons for higher incidence and inferior survival rates among African American lung cancer patients have not been adequately defined. We hypothesized that molecular differences, specifically differential incidence of somatic cancer gene mutations, may be a contributing factor to these population-based disparities. Large-scale, high-throughput genomic studies of the major subtype of lung cancer, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), have so far neglected to adequately represent African American patients. Such information holds potential to transform treatment decisions to improve care for subsets of patients and address disparities. Methods: We tested our hypothesis using a MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry approach to analyze tumor DNA for 214 coding mutations in 26 cancer genes previously linked to NSCLC, including oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. The sample sets investigated included NSCLC specimens from 335 patients of European ancestry and 137 African Americans. For 299 of these 472, DNA from normal matched specimens was available and included in the study, thus totaling 771 samples. Results: There was no significant difference in frequencies for somatic cancer gene coding mutations across populations and gene mutation frequencies were within reported ranges, e.g., KRAS (11%), EGFR (10%) and PIK3CA (2%). However, this study also uncovered a previously unrecognized germ line variant in the DDR2 oncogene. In addition, we found that the frequencies of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in STK11, cMet, and NOTCH differ between African American and European ancestry patients. Conclusion: This body of work is among the largest reported on to date comparing somatic cancer gene mutations in African American and European-ancestry patients. The outcomes show that across a broad spectrum of coding mutations, genomic tumor testing could equally benefit both populations. Citation Format: Aliccia Bollig-Fischer, Shirish Gadgeel, Wei Chen, Michele Cote, Ann G. Schwartz, Gerold Bepler. Characterizing cancer gene mutations in non-small cell lung cancer from African American patients. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 258. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-258
Personality Testing in the Church of Scientology: Implications for Outcome Research

Many fields of modern society require scientific proof of effectiveness before new methods can be widely accepted, as in clinical trials for new drugs, educational evaluation for teaching approaches, and outcome studies for psychological interventions. Previous outcome studies on the results from Scientology services are reviewed and found to be inconclusive. The paper is devoted to the question of whether the existing data base of several thousand case histories could be used for outcome studies. The existing data contain personality test scores on the Oxford Capacity Analysis (OCA) administered before and after scientology services. A detailed analysis of the OCA demonstrates that it was derived from the Johnson Temperament Analysis (JTA), a psychological test of poorly documented validity, by paraphrasing its items, copying its scoring weights and transforming its test norms, with some alterations. It was concluded that the OCA is presently unsuitable for outcome studies, but that this situation could change if additional research could demonstrate that the OCA had validities comparable to other personality tests. For future use, it is recommended that an entirely new version of the OCA be constructed with completely original items, simplified scoring weights, and empirically derived norms, and that its validity and reliability be demonstrated prior to implementation.Scientology, outcomes, OCA, Oxford Capacity Analysis, validation
The right in "new left" Latin America

Over the past decade, there has been a surge of “new Left” governments in Latin America, yet polling data shows no comparable shift to the left among the general Latin American population. If electorates have not followed their political leaders to the left, then it is likely that new right-wing political actors will emerge to compensate for the leftward shift in Latin American politics. I propose a research agenda for studying right-wing politics in light of the current wave of left-leaning governments in the region. I argue that we should focus on four main areas of right-wing politics: the political agenda of right-wing groups; their political organization; their power capability; and the institutional environment in which they operate. This agenda requires that we move beyond the traditional focus on right-wing political parties and focus on right-wing organizations at all levels of formal politics, as well as groups that operate outside the formal political arena.
MEMS 2D matrix switch

Microelectromechanical systems, or MEMS, are among several promising technical approaches to implementing all-optical switching in telecom and data networks. At the core of MEMS switches is an array of micromirrors capable of redirecting light either in free space or within a waveguide framework. The 2D switch architecture as shown in figure I employs one mirror for every possible switched node in a matrix switch, and thus requires N/sup 2/ mirrors for an NXN array. 2D mirror arrays are characterized by two-state mirror positioning. One state is inactive and requires only that the mirror can be parked out of the optical path.
Science at home: the space between Henrietta Heathorn and Thomas Huxley.

L'identite des hommes dans la science provenait de modeles de vie de famille et de valeurs feminines. Les hommes recherchaient plutot une place a caractere culturel, en revendiquant une certaine morale a laquelle les femmes contribuaient
Molecular simulation of homogeneous nucleation of crystals of an ionic liquid from the melt

The homogeneous nucleation of crystals of the ionic liquid [dmim+][Cl−] from its supercooled liquid phase in the bulk (P = 1 bar, T = 340 K, representing a supercooling of 58 K) was studied using molecular simulations. The string method in collective variables [Maragliano et al., J. Chem. Phys. 125, 024106 (2006)] was used in combination with Markovian milestoning with Voronoi tessellations [Maragliano et al., J. Chem. Theory Comput. 5, 2589–2594 (2009)] and order parameters for molecular crystals [E. E. Santiso and B. L. Trout, J. Chem. Phys. 134, 064109 (2011)] to sketch a minimum free energy path connecting the supercooled liquid and the monoclinic crystal phases, and to determine the free energy and the rates involved in the homogeneous nucleation process. The physical significance of the configurations found along this minimum free energy path is discussed with the help of calculations based on classical nucleation theory and with additional simulation results obtained for a larger system. Our results indicate that, at a supercooling of 58 K, the liquid has to overcome a free energy barrier of the order of 60 kcal/mol and to form a critical nucleus with an average size of about 3.6 nm, before it reaches the thermodynamically stable crystal phase. A simulated homogeneous nucleation rate of 5.0 × 1010 cm−3 s−1 was obtained for our system, which is in reasonable agreement with experimental and simulation rates for homogeneous nucleation of ice at similar degrees of supercooling. This study represents our first step in a series of studies aimed at understanding the nucleation and growth of crystals of organic salts near surfaces and inside nanopores.
The impact of managed care on rehabilitation in home health care

This article defines and describes home health rehabilitation currently in practice and how it has evolved with reimbursement for those services. It discusses managed care and the impact it is having on home health rehabilitation, including what services are being authorized, coordination of multidisciplinary teams, and the effect "stepping down" care will have on scope of practice.
Depressive Thought Content Among Female College Students With Bulimia

The author used a rationalistic cognitive approach to identify typical thought content among female college students with bulimia. The study compared overall depression scores on the Beck Depression Inventoy between women with bulimia and women in a control group and examined differences in specific depression items. Results indicated that women with bulimia are more depressed than are controls and have distorted thoughts regarding body image, self-blame, somatic preoccupation, guilt, and suicidal ideation. By emphasizing competition, perfection, motivation, and attractiveness, the college environment may exacerbate distorted thinking, thus indirectly contributing to the development and maintenance of bulimia. A treatment approach focusing on cognition is proposed.
Interactions between AMI and distribution management system for efficiency/reliability improvement at a typical utility

Basic guidelines for the preparation of a technical work for the IEEE Power Engineering Society are presented. This document is itself an example of the desired layout (inclusive of this abstract) and can be used as a template. The document contains information regarding desktop publishing format, type sizes, and typefaces. Style rules are provided that explain how to handle equations, units, figures, tables, abbreviations, and acronyms. Sections are also devoted to the preparation of acknowledgments, references, and authorspsila biographies. The abstract is limited to 150 words and cannot contain equations, figures, tables, or references. It should concisely state what was done, how it was done, principal results, and their significance.
“The Easier-To-Use Version”: Public Librarian Awareness of Consumer Health Resources from the National Library of Medicine

The public library needs to be understood as a source of consumer health information. Although medical librarians have extended outreach to their public counterparts for years, few detailed evaluations of the effectiveness of this outreach have been published, and the skill sets and knowledge gaps in the public library community are undocumented. This paper reports the results of a large interview study in which 102 library workers, professional and paraprofessional, were asked about their awareness of consumer health information resources.
A comment on “Coordination of inventory and transportation managements in a two-level supply chain”

Abstract In this comment, a possibly useful and very related reference, which is not included in Kang and Kim (2010) , is highlighted. The reference may be of interest to the researchers studying similar problems.