cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Role of Self-Efficacy in Communication and Emergency Response in Chinese Limited English Proficiency (LEP) Populations:

Background. Failure to engage in emergency preparedness, response, and recovery contributes to the differential outcome experienced by limited English proficiency (LEP) populations. Little is known about how psychosocial factors influence LEP individuals’ perception of emergency and their process of understanding, collecting, and synthesizing information. The purpose of this exploratory study is to understand how LEP conceptualize an emergency situation to determine when help is needed. Methods. The authors conducted 4 focus groups with 36 adult Chinese LEP speakers living in Seattle. All discussions were audio-taped, translated, and transcribed. Coded text passages were entered into Atlas.ti for data management and model generation. Results. Perception of an emergency situation affects LEP individual’s ability to manage the crisis. Self-efficacy may be an important psychological variable that positively shapes an individual’s response to an emergency situation by improving their confidence to handle the ...
Evaluation of image analysis techniques without requiring ground truth or gold standard

Observers often evaluate image analysis techniques by comparing their results with the corresponding ground truth or gold standard. Difficulties in making such assessments often occur when the ground truth or gold standard is either unknown or inaccurate. Motivated by commonly used image restoration approaches, we developed an image analysis technique, which, instead of assessing the obtained results, directly assesses the technique itself by testing its validity it with the fundamental imaging principles which are well defined. We conducted a statistical investigation into MR imaging, starting from the data domain and proceeding to the image domain, and derived several intrinsic statistical properties of MR images. Based on them, we further proved a Finite Normal Mixture (FNM) model (in terms of pixel intensities and their independence) and a Markov random field (MRF) model (in terms of pixel intensities and their correlation) for MR images, and developed Expectation-Maximization (EM) and Iterated Conditional Modes (ICM) algorithms for FNM and MRF model-based image analysis. The results obtained by applying these algorithms to real MR images demonstrated that this image analysis technique can generate results which accurately fit the true objects.
Particulate matter within the inferior vena cava.

Edmund Kenneth Kerut, M.D.,∗† Marie Dearstine, R.D.C.S.,‡ Patricia Dottery,‡ and Navin C. Nanda, M.D.§ ∗Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana; †Heart Clinic of Louisiana, Marrero, Louisiana; ‡Cardiology Department, Ochsner Medical Center Westbank, Gretna, Louisiana; and §Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
Losing to nobody? Nevada's “none of these candidates” ballot reform

Abstract Since 1975, Nevada voters have had the option of voting for “none of these candidates” in all statewide elections—a reform that one-third of the American states have since considered copying. It remains unclear, however, what effects this reform has had. By testing several arguments made by proponents and opponents of this reform, I find, first, that voters who actually choose “none of these” are motivated by a mixture of ignorance and protest; second, that most voters who choose “none” would probably have left parts of their ballot blank in the absence of the “none” option; and third, that “none” does not drain votes from third-party candidates, as some have feared.
Development of cardiopulmonary–cerebral resuscitation in the twentieth century

Abstract Before the renaissance, death was to be accepted as an act of God. From then on, there was a will to attempt resuscitation. The ability to reverse coma-induced airway obstruction, apnea, and pulselessness began in response to accidents caused by general anesthesia in the late 1800s. Around 1900, knowledge existed about the majority of CPR steps. This knowledge, however, was then not assembled into an effective system because of lack of communication between laboratory researchers, clinicians, and rescuers. Open-chest CPR was effectively practiced in operating rooms during the first half of the 20th century. Anglo-American anesthesiologists co-pioneered trauma resuscitation during World War II. Modern cardiopulmonary–cerebral resuscitation (CPCR), which is now giving every person the ability to challenge death anywhere, has been developed since the 1950s. Through research in Baltimore, the chest-pressure and back-pressure arm-lift methods of artificial ventilation, taught for 100 years, were replaced by backward tilt of the head and direct mouth-to-mouth ventilation, and emergency artificial circulation by sternal compressions was rediscovered. Steps A–B–C of basic life-support were extended—to advanced and prolonged life-support. Anesthesiologists pioneered hospital ICUs almost simultaneously on three continents. In the 1960s and 1970s, several groups initiated CPR education research, the development of training aids, effective resuscitation delivery through emergency medical services (EMS) systems, and the multidisciplinary specialty of critical care medicine (CCM). Since the 1970s and 1980s, cerebral resuscitation potentials after prolonged cardiac arrest have been evaluated with ICU outcome models in large animals and in randomized clinical outcome studies. Pharmacologic strategies have given relatively disappointing results. Mechanism-oriented research escalated. Postarrest CBF promotion improved outcome in animals and patients. A breakthrough came in the 1980s and 1990s with the revival of research into therapeutic hypothermia. Mild resuscitative postarrest hypothermia (which is simple and safe) showed a breakthrough effect, extending the normothermic arrest reversibility limit from 5 to 10 min no-flow. Clinical trials of mild hypothermia are being reported now, with positive results. Animal research has begun into “suspended animation for delayed resuscitation” for temporarily unresuscitable cardiac arrest. Education research, delivery programs, and case registries for ongoing outcome evaluation should get higher priority.
EEG effects of hallucinogens and cannabinoids using sleep-waking behavior as baseline.

Abstract Three hallucinogens (d-lysergicacid diethylamide (LSD), mescaline, psilocybin) and two cannabinoid derivatives (tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), synhexyl) were tested for their long-term effects on the EEG of the cat. The drug-induced alterations in the EEG frequency spectrum were “drug-specific” in the sense that they would be statistically unlikely to occur during sleep-waking behavior. The two classes of compounds produced distinctly different EEG effects which were remarkably similar within each class. The duration of activity and relative potencies were consistent with those obtained by other measures, both in cats and in other species including man.
Natural occurrence of delayed-type iso-hypersensitiveness.

EVIDENCE has been obtained for the existence, in certain normal guinea pigs, of a state of delayed iso-hypersensitiveness to a heritable factor present in the serum of other normal guinea pigs. This condition, which arises at about 2 months of age, appears analogous to the long known1 natural existence of circulating iso-antibodies to heritable blood group antigens in other species. Delayed-type hypersensitivity to isophile antigens may, of course, be experimentally induced (cf. ref. 2), but its spontaneous occurrence seems not to have been suspected.
When Silence Becomes Law: Moral Constructions of the Violent Individual

Abstract Western law constructs the individual as an agent who can assume responsibility for action independently of context, thus creating an accessible place for hiding systemic political violence. This article considers how individual surrogates of political violence who silence the messages of a Oaxacan assassination emerge from reflexivity as a self-discipline that creates individual agency, law's notion of individual responsibility, and the personalizing processes of bodily violence. Thirty-two years after the assassination, its ethnographer confronts unwelcome knowledge revealed when the silence is broken. Reexamination of his own experiences the night of the murder uncovers ideological levers through which those who become the ‘individuals’ of events are led to detach their behaviors from experience to accept legal constructions of societal relationships.
Stable isotope dilution assay for prostaglandin E metabolite: 24-hour urinary output in healthy male subjects.

A stable isotope dilution assay for the major urinary metabolite of prostaglandins E1 and E2 (PGE-M) was developed. After extraction and purification, the compound was converted to the dimethyl ester bis(O-methyloxime)-trimethylsilyl ether derivative and quantified with the 13C-labeled dimethyl ester analog as internal standard. The interassay coefficient of variation was 0.8%, and the intraassay coefficient of variation ranged from 0.9 to 1.7%. The recovery of authentic, underivatized PGE-M added to urine was 99.5 ± 3.2% (mean ± SE, N = 9). The equation of the regression curve correlating the amounts added and recovered was Y = 1.05X − 5.84, with R = 0.998. The level of excreted metabolite in healthy male subjects was 13.86 ± 1.46 μg24 h (N = 24), in good agreement with data from other sources.
Dynamics of formation and dripping of drops of deformation-rate-thinning and -thickening liquids from capillary tubes

Dynamics of formation of drops of non-Newtonian liquids from capillary tubes is studied computationally. The rheology of the drop liquids is described by a constitutive relation that accounts for both deformation-rate-thinning and -thickening. The analysis is expedited by reducing the original system of three-dimensional but axisymmetric equations to a system of one-dimensional slender-jet equations. The slender-jet equations are solved by a method of lines using a finite element method for spatial discretization and an adaptive finite difference method for time integration. The simulations follow the formation in time of thousands of drops in sequence, including any satellites that may be produced upon the breakup of a thin thread connecting an about-to-form primary drop to the rest of the liquid attached to the tube. Rate-thickening is shown to produce bead-on-string patterns, which are typically attributed to viscoelastic effects, along the thin threads as they near pinch-off. Rate-thinning, on the other hand, is demonstrated to reduce the length of such thin threads. Simulations are used to identify conditions that may lead to minimization and/or elimination of unwanted satellites. Analysis of dripping or leaky faucets of non-Newtonian liquids reveals rich nonlinear dynamical behavior. As with Newtonian liquids, simple periodic or P-1, where P stands for period, dripping at low flow rates gives way to more complex responses as flow rate is increased. In addition to P-1, P-2, and P-4 responses seen in recent computational analyses of dripping faucets of Newtonian liquids, the new non-Newtonian simulations have also uncovered difficult-to-find P-3 responses as well as chaotic states. Rate-thinning and low viscosities are shown to enhance the complexity of observed responses. Rate-thickening, on the other hand, lowers the critical value of the flow rate for the onset of complexity but narrows the range of flow rates over which the dynamics is complex. The possibility of hysteresis is demonstrated and the effect of fluid rheology on the value of the flow rate for transition from dripping to jetting is determined.
On the genetics of transplantation in the lizardCnemidophorus tigris

A total of 195 allografts were analyzed among 14 wild individuals of the whiptail lizardCnemidophorus tigris. The cumulative time for rejection of all allografts by each individual varied in a uniformly graded sequence ranging from 502 to 2263 days. One individual did not reject 9 of 13 allografts. A comparison of rejection rates revealed that the relative degree of antigenicity of a donor was more or less proportional to its immune response, i. e., the strongest rejectors tending to elicit the strongest immune response and the weakest rejectors the weakest response. Such a relationship as well as the graded sequence of rejection suggest that neither the “many weak transplantation antigen” hypothesis, nor the “strong locus” hypothesis adequately explain the present results. Probable genetic models are discussed and a summary of transplantation studies in lower vertebrates is presented.
TNF signals are dispensable for the generation of CD23+ CD21/35-high CD1d-high B cells in inflamed lymph nodes.

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a key cytokine in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) pathogenesis, as underscored by the clinical effectiveness of TNF antagonists. While several of TNF’s key targets in RA are well understood, its many pleiotropic effects remain to be elucidated. TNF-transgenic mice develop inflammatory-erosive arthritis associated with disruption of draining lymph node histology and function, and accumulation of B cells with unique phenotypic and functional features consistent with contribution to pathogenesis (B cells in inflamed nodes, Bin). Bin cell induction depends on the inflamed microenvironment, but the specific signals are unknown. Using anti-TNF treatment and TNF-receptor-deficient mice, here we show that Bin cells are induced and maintained independently of B cell-intrinsic TNF signals.
Mid-infrared microphotonics using air-clad silicon pedestal structures

Towards Mid-Infrared silicon microphotonic circuits, we demonstrate broadband on-chip silicon structures including straight, bent waveguides, and beam splitters, utilizing a novel air-clad pedestal configuration. Transmission loss of 2.7 dB/cm is obtained at λ=3.7 um.
Dependence of coal liquefaction behaviour on coal characteristics. 7. Structural differences between coals of different rank and the asphaltenes derived from them

Abstract Aslphaltenes are difficult to characterize by any procedure that involves chromatography. In an attempt to obtain useful information on unfractionated asphaltenes and their structural relations to their parent coals, asphaltenes from a set of eight coals of hvA rank and different coalification history have been studied by 1 H n.m.r. In addition, structural features in the coals and their asphaltenes were compared by g.c.-m.s. analysis of the products of oxidation by pertrif luoroacetic acid. Protons α to a benzene ring are the most abundant in the asphaltenes, and their relative concentration changes little with the rank of the parent coal. Protons in the β-position are abundant, however, and may be associated with aliphatic junctions linking two or more aromatic ring systems. Whereas malonic and ethane-trioic acids are the major aliphatic di-and tri-acids from oxidation of the coals, succinic and propane-or butane-tricarboxylic acids are the corresponding products that dominate the distributions from the asphaltenes. These and other differences help to define the structural changes caused by liquefaction. In addition, the results indicate the nature of structural changes with increasing rank, which are manifest in the oxidation products from the asphaltenes as well as from the coals.
Analysis of turbulence in shear flows using the stabilization principle

The analysis presented herein is based upon the concept that the velocity fluctuations, and therefore, the Reynolds stresses, driven by the instability of the original flow grow until a new stable state is approached. The Reynolds stresses incorporated into the Orr-Sommerfeld equation are coupled with the main flow such that all the imaginary parts of the complex eigenvalues vanish, i.e. the original instability is eliminated. Using this stabilization principle, it is possible to find the Reynolds stresses as well as the mean velocity for plane Poiseuille flow with the Reynolds number slightly higher than the critical.
Spin chains and string theory.

Recently, an important test of the anti de Sitter/conformal field theory correspondence has been done using rotating strings with two angular momenta. We show that such a test can be described more generally as the agreement between two actions: one a low energy description of a spin chain appearing in the field theory side, and the other a limit of the string action in $\mathrm{A}\mathrm{d}{\mathrm{S}}_{\mathrm{5}}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{S}^{5}$. This gives a map between the mean value of the spin in the boundary theory and the position of the string in the bulk, and shows how a string action can emerge from a gauge theory in the large-N limit.
Effectiveness Assessment of Tactical Laser Engagement Scenarios in the Lower Atmosphere

This study quantifies the effectiveness of proposed high-energy tactical laser missions, such as the Advanced Tactical Laser Advanced Concept Technical Demonstration and the Electric Laser on a Large Aircraft program, with consideration of simulated engagement scenarios in the lower atmosphere or troposphere, and establishes the need for a high-energy laser tactical decision aid. The simulations can be varied by geographic location and recent/ current atmospheric weather conditions. The atmospheric effects are defined through the Air Force Institute of Technology Center for Directed Energy high-energy laser end-to-end operational simulation model. This model enables the creation of vertical profiles of temperature, pressure, water vapor content, optical turbulence, and atmospheric particulates and hydrometeors as they relate to line-by-line layer extinction coefficient magnitude at wavelengths from the ultraviolet to the radio frequency. The expected propagation performance is assessed at the wavelength of 1:315 m in tactical laser engagement scenarios at a representative midlatitude site. Seasonal and boundary-layer variations (summer and winter) and time-of-day variations for a range of relative humidity percentile conditions are considered to determine optimum efficiency in a specific environment. Each atmospheric particulate/hydrometeor is evaluated based on its wavelength-dependent forward and off-axis scattering characteristics and absorption effects on the propagating environment. In addition to realistic vertical profiles of molecular and aerosol absorption and scattering, correlated optical turbulence profiles in probabilistic (percentile) format are used. The physically correct atmospheric characterizations used in a high-energy laser end-to-end operational simulation demonstrate the usefulness of implementing an engineering performancemodel with current meteorological conditions to a mission plan and optimize potential tactical high-energy laser combat engagements.
Advantage of double labeled in situ hybridization for detecting the effects of glucocorticoids on the mRNAs of protooncogenes and neural peptides (TRH) in cultured hypothalamic neurons.

Abstract In order to study the effect of glucocorticoids on thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) and protooncogenes, we describe a double labeled in situ hybridization method to explore this issue. The development of non-isotopic in situ hybridization histochemistry has proven to be an important tool for cellular and molecular studies in neurobiology [C.L.E. Moine, E. Normand, B. Bloch, Use of non-radioactive probes for mRNA detection by in situ hybridization: interests and applications in the central nervous system, Cell. Mol. Biol. 41 (1995) 917–923]. These methods involve the anatomic localization of labeled RNA or DNA molecules which hybridize with complementary target RNA or DNA sequences in the cell. With regard to gene expression, in situ hybridization allows the study of specific mRNA levels and the distribution between various cell types. It also allows the comparison of mRNA levels at various stages of development. Double labeled in situ hybridization is able to detect the colocalization of two different mRNAs simultaneously. Accordingly, this approach is utilized for specific studies involving the expression and distribution of TRH mRNA and the protooncogenes, c- fos /c- jun , in cultured rat hypothalamic neurons [L.G. Luo, I.M.D. Jackson, Glucocorticoids stimulate TRH and c- fos /c- jun gene co-expression in cultured hypothalamic neurons, Brain Research 791 (1998) 56–62]. Our protocol for double labeled in situ hybridization reflects a modification of a number of original protocols developed by others [H. Breitschopf, G. Suchanek, R.M. Gould, D.R. Colman, H. Lassmann, In situ hybridization with digoxigenin-labeled probes: sensitive and reliable detection method applied to myelinating rat brain, Acta Neurropathol. 84 (1992) 581–587; S. McQuaid, J. McMahon, G.M. Allan, A comparison of digoxigenin and biotin labeled DNA and RNA probes for in situ hybridization, Biotech. Histochem. 70 (1995) 147–154; E. Hrabovszky, M.E. Vrontakis, S.L. Petersen, Triple-labeling method combining immunocytochemistry and in situ hybridization histochemistry: demonstration of overlap between Fos-immunoreactive and galanin mRNA-expressing subpopulations of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone neurons in female rats, J. Histochem. Cytochem. 43 (1995) 363–370]. This technique can be readily applied to various studies of cellular gene expression in the mammalian nervous system involving other neural peptides and transcription factors. Theme E : Endocrine and autonomic regulation Topic : Neuroendocrine regulation: other
Cytogenetic comparison and phylogeny of three species of hylobatidae

Representatives of three subgenera of Hylobatidae, Hylobates (Symphalangus) syndactylus, H. (Nomascus) concolor and H. (Hylobates) agilis were compared karyotypically by G-banding, and silver staining. A greater degree of similarity (30-55%) was found among these groups than previous reports suggest; however, these figures are still considerably lower than chromosome similarities characteristic of all other catarrhine groups. Inversion, translocation, fission, and fusion have all played a role in restructuring hylobatid chromosomes since a common hominoid ancestor. H. syndactylus and H. concolor show the greatest G-band correspondence, and in addition share an unusual C-band distribution and an extremely rare nucleolar organizing region placement (on the Y chromosome). The latter two are probably shared derived traits, suggesting that these two species shared a common ancestor not shared by other hylobatids. These data suggest a branching order for these three hylobatid groups different from those derived by other morphological and biochemical methods.
EFFECT OF FLORAL AGING ON THE GROWTH OF COMPATIBLE AND INCOMPATIBLE POLLEN TUBES IN LILIUM LONGIFLORUM

A B S T R A C T Compatible and incompatible pollen tube growth in detached styles of three Lilium longiflorum cultivars varies with the physiological age of the style. Before anthesis both compatible and incompatible pollen tubes grow, in 48 hr, only a fraction of the distance compatible tubes grow after anthesis. Incompatible pollen tubes are restricted to about half the distance of compatible t ubes n the foui days postanthesis, but thereafter increase up to or three-fourths or more the length of compatible tubes at the t,ime of floral senescence. About 10 days after anthesis, growth of bnth types of pollen tubes decreases. The detached style method of pollen-tube cultivation is validated in the cultivar 'Ace' by seed set obtained following self-pollination in the 6- to 9-day interval and failure of seed set after either self- or cross-pollination after 9 days following anthesis. Also, in agreement with detached style data, self-pollination fails to produce seeds when attempted in bud stages or the five days following anthesis. Cross-pollinations are successful in this period. This material and technique appear well suited for study of the nature of the self-incompatibility reaction. SELF-INCOMPATIBILITY among angiosperms is the situation where occurrence of the same S allele
Expression of the pituitary stem/progenitor marker GFRα2 in human pituitary adenomas and normal pituitary.

Purpose Recent studies suggest that adult pituitary stem cells may play a role in pituitary tumorigenesis. We sought to explore whether the Glial cell-line derived neurotrophic factor receptor alpha 2 (GFRα2), a recently described pituitary stem/progenitor marker, might be differentially expressed in pituitary adenomas versus normal pituitary.
Superadditivity of Fisher's information and logarithmic Sobolev inequalities

Abstract We prove a theorem characterizing Gaussian functions and we prove a strict superaddivity property of the Fisher information. We use these results to determine the cases of equality in the logarithmic Sobolev inequality on R n equipped with Lebesgue measure and with Gauss measure. We also prove a strengthened form of Gross's logarithmic Sobolev inequality with a “remainder term” added to the left side. Finally we show that the strict form of Gross's inequality is a direct consequence of an inequality due to Blachman and Stam, and that this in turn is a direct consequence of strict superadditivity of the Fisher information.
Human cytochrome P450 4F11: heterologous expression in bacteria, purification, and characterization of catalytic function.

Abstract Human cytochrome P450 (P450) 4F11 is still considered an “orphan” because its function is not well characterized. A bacterial expression system was developed for human P450 4F11, producing ∼230 nmol P450 from a 3-l culture of Escherichia coli . P450 4F11 was purified and utilized for untargeted substrate searches in human liver extract using a liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry-based metabolomic and isotopic labeling approach (Tang et al., 2009 [19] ). Four fatty acids—palmitic, oleic, arachidonic, and docosahexaenoic—were identified in human liver and verified as substrates of P450 4F11. The products were characterized as ω-hydroxylated fatty acids by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis of their trimethylsilyl derivatives. Kinetic analysis of the oxidation products confirmed that the fatty acids are substrates oxidized by P450 4F11. P450 4F11 also exhibited low activity for some drug N -demethylation reactions but none for activation of several pro-carcinogens.
Morphine Enhances Selection of Both Sucrose and Ethanol in a Two-Bottle Test

The influence of a low dose of morphine on the self-selection of alcohol and sucrose solutions is investigated. When given a choice between sucrose sweetened ethanol and plain water, rats show a significant preference for the sweetened ethanol. However, when given a choice between sweetened ethanol and sweetened water, rats increase consumption of sweetened water. These results suggest that the low-dose morphine enhancement of sweetened alcohol solutions is mediated by the reinforcing properties of sucrose not ethanol. However, when rats receive small doses of morphine and a choice between unsweetened ethanol and water, the rats increase consumption of ethanol. Therefore, a low dose of morphine enhances the self-selection of both sucrose and ethanol solutions. This provides additional confirmation that opioids may enhance the rewarding properties of a variety of appetite reinforcers.
Abstract 2553: Inhibition of γ-secretase in combination with Lapatinib induces tumor regressionin vivo

Amplification, over-expression, and/or hyperactivity of ErbB-2 occur in 15-30% of breast tumors which include both luminal B and the HER2 + subtypes. Metastatic breast tumors that overexpress ErbB-2 are difficult to treat and generally resistant to trastuzumab. Lapatinib, a dual EGFR/ErbB-2 tyrosine kinase inhibitor, is approved for the treatment of ErbB-2-positive breast cancer that has advanced during or after trastuzumab treatment. However, resistance to lapatinib occurs in cell culture models in vitro. We have recently published that overexpression of ErbB-2 suppresses Notch-1 activity and this is reversed by inhibitors of ErbB-2, trastuzumab or a tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Furthermore, we demonstrated that trastuzumab resistance is reversed when Notch-1 is downregulated by siRNA or when cells are treated with a gamma-secretase inhibitor (MRK-003, GSI). Additionally, in an independent study we showed that GSI also prevented resistance to lapatinib. Since lapatinib is a very potent inhibitor of ErbB-2 tyrosine kinase activity in vitro, we asked whether a combination therapy based on lapatinib and GSI can prevent the resistant phenotype by using a pre-clinical in vivo model. BT474 breast tumor xenografts were generated in athymic mice and randomized to vehicle, GSI, lapatinib, or lapatinib plus a GSI. Tumor size was measured up to 13 weeks with treatments. The xenograft studies using BT474 lapatinib sensitive cells demonstrated that lapatinib treatment alone inhibited tumor growth by 40%. GSI alone had no effect on growth of tumors compared to vehicle control. However, GSI plus lapatinib significantly reduced tumor growth where regression was observed. Tumor histology of lapatinib plus GSI-treated tumors displayed a significant decrease in Ki67, a proliferation marker, and an increase in apoptotic cells as measured by TUNEL. Furthermore, both ERK1/2 and AKT1 phosphorylated proteins were undetectable by western blot in tumors treated with lapatinib plus GSI. These results suggest that both ErbB-2 and Notch activities must be inhibited to induce tumor regression of ErbB-2 positive breast cancer. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2553. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-2553
State‐of‐the‐art assessment. Diagnostic oncologic imaging

This review has summarized the status of organ site cancer imaging as applied to tumor detection, staging, and posttreatment follow-up. More general questions which have not been addressed include those related to the following: (1) the problem of providing more adequate training of radiologists in the specific challenge of cancer imaging; (2) how to increase the awareness of oncologists as to the specific indications and applications of tumor imaging procedures and enhance joint communication between radiologists and clinicians in the planning of the imaging procedures; and (3) how to stimulate the radiology and oncology communities to establish imaging standards and recommended procedures for specific tumor imaging challenges. Hopefully, an appreciation of the complex challenge of cancer imaging will result from these and subsequent discussions.
Activation of the sodium pump blocks the growth hormone-induced increase in cytosolic free calcium in rat adipocytes.

GH promptly increases cytosolic free calcium ([Ca2+]i) in freshly isolated rat adipocytes. Adipocytes deprived of GH for 3 h or longer are incapable of increasing [Ca2+]i in response to GH, but instead respond in an insulin-like manner. Insulin blocks the GH-induced increase in [Ca2+]i in GH-replete cells and stimulates the sodium pump (i.e. Na+/K+-ATPase), thereby hyperpolarizing the cell membrane. Blockade of the Na+/K+-ATPase with 100 microM ouabain reversed these effects of insulin and enabled GH to increase [Ca2+]i in GH-deprived adipocytes. Both insulin and GH activated the sodium pump in GH-deprived adipocytes, as indicated by increased uptake of 86Rb+. Decreasing availability of intracellular Na+ by blockade of Na+/K+/ 2Cl- symporters or Na+/H+ antiporters abolished the effects of both hormones on 86Rb+ uptake and enabled both GH and insulin to increase [Ca2+]i in GH-deprived adipocytes. The data suggest that hormonal stimulation of Na+/K+-ATPase activity interferes with activation of voltage-sensitive calcium channels by either membrane hyperpolarization or some unknown interaction between the sodium pump and calcium channels.
Acute promyelocytic leukemia with JAK2 V617F and severe differentiation syndrome

Myeloproliferative neoplasms transformed into AML usually have a poor prognosis. We report a case of essential thrombocythemia with myelofibrosis that transformed into acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) with both the t(15;17) translocation as well as the JAK2 V617F mutation. Clinically, this case was notable for severe differentiation syndrome despite treatment with high-dose dexamethasone. Cytokine production by differentiating APL cells was not directly abrogated by JAK2 inhibitors in vitro, suggesting that JAK2 V617F enhances the hyperinflammatory response downstream of cytokines. JAK1/2 inhibitors may therefore dampen the inflammatory cascade downstream of cytokine production, similar to glucocorticoids, and have a role in treating severe differentiation syndrome.
Determination of organic- and carbonate-carbon in freshwater lake sediments by a microcombustion procedure

A microcombustion procedure specific for the determination of total-, organic- and carbonate-C in freshwater lake sediments is described. The procedure involves combustion of the sample at 650° to obtain organic-C. Total-C is obtained by combustion at 950° and carbonate-C calculated by difference. The procedure was evaluated by differential thermal analyses of representative sediments and known carbonate minerals. A procedure for the identification of dolomite in lake sediments by differential thermal analysis under CO2 is also described.
Computational Medicine: Translating Models to Clinical Care

Because of the inherent complexity of coupled nonlinear biological systems, the development of computational models is necessary for achieving a quantitative understanding of their structure and function in health and disease. Statistical learning is applied to high-dimensional biomolecular data to create models that describe relationships between molecules and networks. Multiscale modeling links networks to cells, organs, and organ systems. Computational approaches are used to characterize anatomic shape and its variations in health and disease. In each case, the purposes of modeling are to capture all that we know about disease and to develop improved therapies tailored to the needs of individuals. We discuss advances in computational medicine, with specific examples in the fields of cancer, diabetes, cardiology, and neurology. Advances in translating these computational methods to the clinic are described, as well as challenges in applying models for improving patient health.
Transcytosis in cultured proximal tubular cells.

Studies were designed to examine fluid-phase pinocytosis in proximal tubular cells. Canine proximal tubules were obtained from the band IV of Percoll® gradient centrifugation of the dispersed renal cortex, and were seeded on collagen-coated polycarbonate membranes. Integrity of monolayers was confirmed by electrophysiologic measurements, and by scanning electron microscopy. At confluence cell monolayers were studied in Ussing chambers. The rate of transfer of a marker of fluidphase pinocytosis, Lucifer Yellow CH, from the luminal to the basolateral bath was three times higher than that occurring in the opposite direction. Fluorescence microscopy demonstrated that Lucifer Yellow was trapped exclusively in the vesicular compartment. Electron microscopy of the monolayers incubated with cationized ferritin added to the luminal or to the basolateral bath revealed that endocytic vesicles were formed only at the luminal surface. Luminal-to-basolateral transfer of Lucifer Yellow was almost completely blocked at 0°C, and was significantly diminished by K+ depletion. Transcytosis of Lucifer Yellow was stimulated twofold by 1-oleoyl-2-acetyl-glycerol. Transfer of quin-2 acetoxymethylester across the monolayer was used as a marker of the paracellular pathway, demonstrating the lack of directional selectivity of this transport route. In summary, vectorial fluid-phase pinocytosis in proximal tubular cells represents an additional mechanism contributing to fluid transport in this segment of the nephron.
Photopolymer elements for an optical correlator system

An optical correlator system that employs photopolymer materials fabricated to form holographic optical elements and multiple matched filter memories is described. The photopolymer media offer some distinct advantages over other materials; in particular, these are in situ operations, high-efficiency one-step dry chemistry, and ease of operation. By comparison, silver-halide media in general require off-line multistep wet chemistry processing which is slow and inconvenient; the resultant holographic element exhibits low efficiency. To be sure, the use of photopolymers for holographic elements has its shortcomings, being several orders of magnitude less sensitive, with spatial frequency limits at the low end and somewhat limited wavelength operation. In this paper a comparison is made of two Van der Lugt architectures, one being an all-photopolymer element system and the second a benchmark correlator system employing silver-halide materials. Representative correlation objects were prepared and processed for each medium. This was followed by a series of test measurements for peak levels, signal-to-clutter, and tracking response. For a wider range of applications, filter impulse responses are examined and compared for the classic Van der Lugt filter and binary-phase-only-filter-type elements. It is shown that when care is taken in processing, the photopolymers can offer an extremely convenient and effective medium for in situ recording of both amplitude and phase filter elements, while providing significantly more versatility than the silver halides and, generally, with higher efficiency and system throughput.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Some Reasons Why Childhood Creativity Often Fails to Make It Past Puberty into the Real World.

We generally overestimate the ease and naturalness of the development of creativity in childhood and. even more so, past it.
Alzheimer's disease: Visual system review

Abstract Background Ten million baby boomers in the United States will get Alzheimer's disease. Optometrists can benefit from understanding the impact the Alzheimer's disease process has on the visual system. This can result in more effective management of the condition and in more effective communication with members of the Alzheimer's disease multidisciplinary team. Methods This is a review of the literature but by no means a completely exhaustive review. Alzheimer's disease is a complex disease. A rapidly expanding body of knowledge covers multiple disciplines. Results The visual system shows deficits early in the degenerative process of Alzheimer's disease. Biomarkers through the visual system such as nerve fiber deficits, lens opacities, and functional losses in the magnocellular pathway, such as contrast sensitivity and temporal processing, may prove to not only help detect Alzheimer's disease early but also detect it before there are the classic cognitive and memory losses. Conclusions The effects of Alzheimer's disease are devastating. Optometrists, as primary care clinicians, can make critical contributions in the diagnosis, treatment, and management of this neurodegenerative disease.
Behavioral and Physiological Responses to Child-Directed Speech of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders or Typical Development

Young boys with autism were compared to typically developing boys on responses to nonsocial and child-directed speech (CDS) stimuli. Behavioral (looking) and physiological (heart rate and respiratory sinus arrhythmia) measures were collected. Boys with autism looked equally as much as chronological age-matched peers at nonsocial stimuli, but less at CDS stimuli. Boys with autism and language age-matched peers differed in patterns of looking at live versus videotaped CDS stimuli. Boys with autism demonstrated faster heart rates than chronological age-matched peers, but did not differ significantly on respiratory sinus arrhythmia. Reduced attention during CDS may restrict language-learning opportunities for children with autism. The heart rate findings suggest that young children with autism have a nonspecific elevated arousal level.
Rate and Predictors of Successful Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in End-Stage Liver Disease

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) after cardiac arrest in terminally ill patients is controversial. End-stage liver disease (ESLD) patients are unique from other terminally ill as they are generally younger and may be candidates for curative liver transplantation, but multiple studies have suggested poor outcomes when these patients require CPR. Predictors of success of CPR in ESLD have not been fully investigated, limiting end-of-life discussions. The aim of this study was to quantify the rate and predictors of successful CPR in ESLD. We performed a retrospective chart review of patients with ESLD who received CPR from 2/2002 to 12/2013 at a single institution. Pre-cardiac arrest variables were collected for analysis as predictors of survival. Our primary outcome was survival to hospital discharge. Of the 38 patients who underwent CPR, six survived to hospital discharge. When comparing those who survived to discharge with those who did not, we found no significant difference in age (p = 0.34), gender (p = 0.85), presence of ascites (p = 0.67), location at time of arrest (p = 0.39), concurrent GI bleeding (p = 0.48), and multiple individual lab values. Significant predictors of not surviving to hospital discharge were a model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) ≥20 (OR 6.0, p = 0.044) and presentation with a non-shockable rhythm (PEA/asystole) (OR 29, p < 0.001). ESLD patients requiring CPR have worse outcomes as their MELD score increases. CPR in ESLD when MELD is <20 or with a shockable rhythm has a greater likelihood of success.
Chlorpropamide inhibition of excision repair and postreplication repair of ultraviolet damage in Chinese hamster ovary cells.

Abstract Chlorpropamide, an oral hypoglycemic agent, was tested for effects on excision repair and postreplication repair of ultraviolet (UV) damage of DNA in CHO-K1 cells. The technique used to measure excision repair involved isopycnic centrifugation of density- and isotopically-labeled DNA. Alkaline sucrose gradient sedimentation was used to monitor postreplication repair. Administration of chlorpropamide at 250 and 1000 μg/ml after exposure of cultures to 254nm UV reduced excision repair to 79 and 67%, resp., of control. Post-irradiation treatment with the drug at 1000 μg/ml inhibited the postreplication gap-filling mechanism almost as effectively as did 2 mM caffeine. The hypoglycemic agent was also found to reduce UV cell survival but did not appear to alter the rate of semiconservative replication. These results suggest that chlorpropamide inhibition of repair processes may potentiate the effects of known mutagenic hazards and may also be responsible for the increased incidence of chromosome aberrations in patients treated with the drug.
Lesion of central cholinergic systems by systemically administered acetylcholinesterase antibodies in newborn rats.

To determine if systemically administered antibodies could reach antigenic targets and cause immunologic lesions in brains of newborn rats, murine monoclonal antibodies against rat acetylcholinesterase were injected i.p. on the first postnatal day. As early as 24 h after injection, antibodies were detected immunocytochemically in brain parenchyma, along with punctate debris that showed intense cholinesterase activity. Total acetylcholinesterase activity in the brain dropped by 30%, and 10S activity was almost undetectable at day 3, implying true enzyme loss since the antibodies did not directly impair catalytic function. At day 7, 10S acetylcholinesterase began to recover but the activity remained only half that of controls. At day 12, total acetylcholinesterase activity was still reduced (30% in whole brain, 40% in cerebral cortex), consistent with lasting damage to cholinesterase-expressing cortical neurons. This conclusion was confirmed by histochemical experiments showing a nearly complete disappearance of acetylcholinesterase fiber-staining in cerebral cortex and basal ganglia at days 4 and 8, with residual deficits at day 12. Choline acetyltransferase activity decreased in the cerebral cortex, implying a loss of cholinergic terminals, but specifically immunoreactive perikarya remained abundant in the basal forebrain. Immunocytochemistry showed no obvious changes in three non-cholinergic markers: tyrosine hydroxylase, tryptophan hydroxylase, and glutamic acid decarboxylase. Overall, it appeared that acetylcholinesterase antibodies induced widespread but reversible damage of cholinergic fibers and terminals, while sparing cholinergic cell bodies and many other neural systems.
Three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography for depiction of regional left-ventricular performance: initial results and future directions

To assess the potential of a prototype transesophageal echocardiography probe for evaluating left-ventricular wall motion in three dimensions, we acquired images under anesthesia in 15 patients who had akinesia or dyskinesia and 8 patients who had normal function demonstrated on preoperative ventriculography. Shortaxis, oblique transgastric scans were obtained in 16 of the patients and four-chamber, long-axis oblique scans were obtained in 12 patients, with five patients (22%) yielding good-quality scans of both types. Off-line, we outlined the endocardial borders manually and used the outlines to make computer-generated three-dimensional models of the endocardial surfaces, color-tiled according to regional ejection fraction. Compared with contrast ventriculograms, the regional ejection fraction histograms derived from these models showed 86% concordance for detecting dyssynergy. However, the concordance between the ventriculograms and the color-tiled models in localizing the dyssynergy was only 67% overall. Uncertainty in rotational alignment between the reconstructions and the ventriculograms appeared to contribute to misreading the location of dyssynergy. In addition, the apical region appeared to have been missed in 8 (50%) of the shortaxis scans, whereas it was visualized in all long-axis scans. We conclude that three-dimensional analysis of the location, extent, and degree of left-ventricular dyssynergy is feasible from transesophageal echocardiograms and could have wide application in the study of regional ventricular function. However, improvements are necessary to enable the transducer to scan the cardiac apex more reliably from the short-axis viewpoint and to have a means for spatially orienting the images with respect to an external frame of reference.
Study of Migratory Flight in the Western Corn Rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Research on flight activity of the western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte, is presented. Field-captured, mated females, aged 2–15 days posteclosion, were flown on flight mills linked to a microcomputer data-recording system. Flight duration ranged from 1 to 17 min for trivial flights; sustained flights lasted up to 4 h. Sustained flights were not made after females were 9 days old. Maximum distances of 24 km for one flight and 39.6 km for all flights during a 24-h period were recorded. Average speed of flight was 16 m/min for trivial fliers and 49 m/min for sustained fliers. Periodicity was observed for both types of flight; greatest flight activity occurred from 1800 to 2400 hours.