cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Epitope selection from an uncensored peptide library displayed on avian leukosis virus.

Abstract Phage display libraries have provided an extraordinarily versatile technology to facilitate the isolation of peptides, growth factors, single chain antibodies, and enzymes with desired binding specificities or enzymatic activities. The overall diversity of peptides in phage display libraries can be significantly limited by Escherichia coli protein folding and processing machinery, which result in sequence censorship. To achieve an optimal diversity of displayed eukaryotic peptides, the library should be produced in the endoplasmic reticulum of eukaryotic cells using a eukaryotic display platform. In the accompanying article, we presented experiments that demonstrate that polypeptides of various sizes could be efficiently displayed on the envelope glycoproteins of a eukaryotic virus, avian leukosis virus (ALV), and the displayed polypeptides could efficiently attach to cognate receptors without interfering with viral attachment and entry into susceptible cells. In this study, methods were developed to construct a model library of randomized eight amino acid peptides using the ALV eukaryotic display platform and screen the library for specific epitopes using immobilized antibodies. A virus library with approximately 2 × 10 6 different members was generated from a plasmid library of approximately 5 × 10 6 diversity. The sequences of the randomized 24 nucleotide/eight amino acid regions of representatives of the plasmid and virus libraries were analyzed. No significant sequence censorship was observed in producing the virus display library from the plasmid library. Different populations of peptide epitopes were selected from the virus library when different monoclonal antibodies were used as the target. The results of these two studies clearly demonstrate the potential of ALV as a eukaryotic platform for the display and selection of eukaryotic polypeptides libraries.
Genetic Algorithm to Optimize Layer Parameters in Light Weight Deflectometer Backcalculation

AbstractThe light weight deflectometer (LWD) is a portable, nondestructive testing device that can estimate pavement layer parameters, namely moduli. Conventional backcalculation of layer parameters from LWD deflections is formulated as an inverse problem where predicted vertical deflections are matched to observed vertical deflections using a gradient search algorithm. In this paper, we present an LWD backcalculation scheme to recover layer parameters, including top-layer thickness, of a two-layer earthwork system. Our approach resolves the problem using a dynamic finite-element (FE) model for the forward calculation of LWD deflection data and implements a genetic algorithm (GA) as the inverse solver. The objective function we minimize is formulated as a measure of the data misfit between predicted and observed data, normalized by the peak deflections, and it includes 180 data points from the dynamic deflection time history. The objective function contains multiple local minima that can potentially trap ...
The reversal effect for neutron and proton multipole matrix elements in higher 2+ transitions

Abstract Recent experimental evidence is cited showing that there commonly exists a higher prominent 2 + state which has a reversal of the inequality of multiple matrix elements M n and M p from that of the first 2 + state of even nuclei. An explanation in terms of the spin-orbit intruder is presented for nuclei beyond the s-d shell, and examples are given.
Nitrogen containing graphene-like structures from pyrolysis of pyrimidine polymers for polymer/graphene hybrid field effect transistors

Nitrogen containing graphene like structures were obtained by the pyrolysis of two pyrimidine polymers at 600 °C. Pyrimidine polymers were prepared by the base catalyzed aldol condensation reactions between 2-decyloxy-4,6-dimethylpyrimidine and two aromatic dialdehydes. Pyrolyzed products were shown to have a graphitic structure by Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and powder X-ray diffraction studies. The presence of nitrogen in the graphitic structures was proved by elemental analysis and energy dispersive X-ray analysis experiments. Fluorescence quenching experiments with poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) showed that the resultant graphitic material can act as an acceptor. These materials were tested in P3HT/graphene hybrid field effect transistors which exhibited higher mobilities and comparable on/off ratios compared to P3HT only devices.
Covalent reaction intermediate revealed in crystal structure of the Geobacillus stearothermophilus carboxylesterase Est30.

Est30 is a thermophilic carboxylesterase cloned from Geobacillus stearothermophilus that showed optimal hydrolysis of esters with short acyl chains at 70 °C. Est30 is a member of a new family of carboxylesterases with representatives in other Gram-positive bacteria. The crystal structure has been determined at 1.63 A resolution using multiple anomalous dispersion data. The two-domain crystal structure showed a large domain with a modified alpha/beta hydrolase core including a seven, rather than an eight-stranded beta sheet, and a smaller cap domain comprising three alpha helices. The catalytic triad consists of residues Ser94, Asp193, and His223. A 100 Da tetrahedral ligand was observed to be covalently bound to the side-chain of Ser94. The propyl acetate ligand represents the first tetrahedral intermediate in the reaction mechanism. Therefore, this Est30 crystal structure will help understand the mode of action of all enzymes in the serine hydrolase superfamily.
An Experimental Investigation of Pure-Substance, Adiabatic Two-Phase Flow in a Vertical Pipe

Two-phase flows of pure substances are of particular importance for a wide range of applications in the thermo-hydraulic components of nuclear power generations systems, heat exchangers, geothermal wells, refrigeration systems, etc. Measurements of pressure drop, temperature, and average void fraction are presented for adiabatic, vertical-upwards, two-phase flow of Refrigerant 114 in a pipe. An experimental method has been developed according to which the evolution of flow states occurring in long pipes can be realized in a test section of limited length. The experiments cover the range of the flow from flashing to near choking. The measurements indicate existence of macroscopic thermodynamic equilibrium, except in the immediate neighborhood of flashing. Compressibility due to phase change is shown to play a very important role in the development of the flow. Three regions are recognized based on the measured energetics of the flow. Each region is dominated by potential energy changes, dissipation, and kinetic energy changes, respectively. The evolution of the flow is governed by hydrostatic effects in the initial region after flashing and by high, phase-change-induced kinetic energy increases far downstream as the flow approaches choking. In the intermediate region, viscous, inertial and gravitational effects play a role of comparable importance. Themore » interfacial and wall shear forces have also been calculated from the measurements. The former dominate the initial regions of the flow, while the latter are strongest at high vapor contents.« less
Combustion and microexplosion of freely falling multicomponent droplets

Abstract The combustion characteristics of isolated, low-Reynolds number, multicomponent droplets freely falling in a hot, oxidizing gas flow are studied. Experimental results on two-component fuels substantiate a three-staged combustion behavior, with diffusion being the dominant liquid-phase transport mechanism: that is, there exists an initial period during which the volatile component in the surface layer is preferentially gasified while the droplet temperature is relatively cold; a short, transition, period during which the droplet temperature increases rapidly, the burning rate is extremely low, the flame size shrinks, and the flame temperature diminishes; and a final, quasi-steady period during which the droplet interior concentration distribution remains constant, the surface region is more concentrated with the less volatile component, and the droplet temperature is relatively high. Experimental results on microexplosion show that its occurrence depends sensitively on the mixture concentration as well as the stability of the droplet generation mode, and that frequently nucleation appears to initiate in the vicinity of the droplet center.
A “universal” word puzzle solver

There are thousands of fans of word puzzles. Sunday newspapers and a variety of different publications present these brain teasers to their readers regularly. A fairly large subset of the word puzzles have a common logical structure. The program described in this paper can solve both single- and multi-segmented puzzles in which a one-to-one correspondence is to be found between items of different sets and the correspondence has to satisfy certain restrictions and side conditions. Ten examples with results and a detailed flowchart are included in the paper.
Suppression of sputter-induced erosion rate from alkali covered metal surfaces☆

Abstract Under the expected conditions of low energy light particle bombardment, atoms sputtered from the first wall of a magnetic fusion device orginate almost entirely in the first monolayer of material facing the plasma. It is therefore important to optimize the properties of (at least) the first monolayer so that the sputtered surface introduces the least possible amount of high Z impurity into the plasma. Because of the sheath potential and magnetic fields encountered in a tokamak, sputtered ions are not expected to contribute to plasma contamination. However, the low secondary ion yield of most materials has prevented the use of this effect to reduce the impurity influx. We have produced very thin (monolayer) films of potassium on a molybdenum substrate which sputter with a high ion fraction but do not possess the undesirable properties of high sputtering yield and high vapor pressure associated with bulk alkali metals. The application of an electrostatic field such as would be produced by the sheath potential of a tokamak produces a four-fold reduction in the erosion rate compared with the bulk alkali metal. This result is used to obtain desorption cross sections and surface binding energies which are compared with ion-induced desorption measurements on other adsorbate/substrate systems.
Interaction of κ-Casein with Immobilized β-Lactoglobulin,

Abstract Soluble κ-casein and β-lactoglobulin covalently fixed on Sepharose CL-4B provided a feasible experimental model for studying their molecular interaction. Aggregation of β-lactoglobulin is not a prerequisite for the interaction, and results were consistent with the hypothesis that the β-lactoglobulin/κ-casein complex is stabilized by intermolecular disulfide bonds.
The Case of the Missing Autobiography

ogy and religion a far too convenient example by which to study "the Hindu religious personality." Whenever the question of the coincidence of religion, politics, and personality in India arises, the Mahatma's life dominates the subject. Gandhi's life has, in fact, become the basis for understanding the unity of personal development, religious leadership, and political power (Erikson, 1969; Rudolph). However, Gandhi fortunately provided his investigators with an autobiography which, in spite of its denials, reveals much of what the modern world considers crucial to a study of personality: subjective feelings, personal habits, and a very intimate look into his family
University Industry Partnership in Designing and Developing a Modern Automotive Electronics Factory

Abstract This paper reports in case study form our experience and lessons learned from partnering with a major automobile manufacturer. The partnership is an example of a new role for universities in helping the transition of technology between industry and the academic community. The case study format is used because the relationship covers not only the role and use of technology, but the organizational, and cultural issues which govern a successful transfer. The paper covers the background of the plant involved, the formation of a university partnership, as well as technical issues faced and resolved. It also provides an insight into both the technological and sociological experience we had in teaming with this company.
Isoform-dependent effects of apoE on doublecortin-positive cells and microtubule-associated protein 2 immunoreactivity following 137Cs irradiation

Previously we found apoE isoform-dependent effects of 137Cs irradiation on cognitive function of female mice 3 months following irradiation. Alterations in the number of immature neurons and in the levels of the dendritic marker microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP-2) might contribute to the cognitive changes following irradiation. Therefore, in the present study we determined if, following 137Cs irradiation, there are apoE isoform-dependent effects on loss of doublecortin-positive neuroprogenitor cells or MAP-2 immumonoreactivity. In the dentate gyrus, CA1 and CA3 regions of the hippocampus, enthorhinal and sensorimotor cortex, and central and basolateral nuclei of the amygdala of apoE3 female mice, MAP-2 immunoreactivity increased 3 months following 137Cs irradiation. In addition, at 8 h following irradiation, the number of doublecortin-positive cells was higher in apoE3 than apoE2 or apoE4 mice. Together, these data indicate that brains of apoE3 mice respond differently to 137Cs irradiation than those of apoE2 or apoE4 mice.
A decision-theory model of motivation and its usefulness in the diagnosis of management control systems☆

Abstract In this paper rational decision theory is used to formulate a model of motivation in a managerial context. The model is shown to behave reasonably well in empirical tests, but no better than a directly-assessed measure of motivation, which is easier to use in field research. Despite this, use of the model may be justified by the diagnostic insight to the management control system which can be obtained from the data used for its estimation. This is illustrated by an analysis of the variations in strength of factors contributing to motivation across managers in different functions. Patterns in these variations suggest systematic differences in the design of management control systems across functions.
Optimal scheduling and operation of biodiesel plants with multiple feedstocks

Various feedstocks may be utilised to produce biodiesel. These include soybean, palm, sunflower, jatropha, rapeseed and safflower oils, as well as waste oil from the food industry. With changing prices, supply and demand of feedstocks, a need exists to consider various feedstocks options for biodiesel production. The objective of this work is to develop a systematic procedure for scheduling and operation of flexible biodiesel plants accommodating a variety of feedstocks. This work employs a holistic approach and a combination of process simulation, synthesis and integration techniques to provide: 1) process simulation of a biodiesel plant for various feedstocks, 2) integration of energy and mass resources, 3) optimisation of process design and scheduling, 4) techno-economic and environmental assessment and sensitivity analysis of proposed schemes. An optimisation formulation is developed to determine scheduling and operation for various feedstocks. A case study is solved to illustrate the merits of the devised procedure.
Limiting amplitude for MOSFET small-signal models

By making use of an arcsine model to represent the transfer characteristic of a MOSFET stage, a relation is derived that provides the peak amplitude level permissible for gross deviation from linearity to be limited to a preassigned value. The large-signal model is specified by two easily determined parameters.
Clinical Impact of Upper Endoscopy in the Management of Patients with Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

Clinical Impact of Upper Endoscopy in the Management of Patients with Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
Urachal carcinoma: The role of magnetic resonance imaging

Urachal carcinoma is a very rare tumor that occurs primarily in middle-aged and elderly men. Most are mucinous adenocarcinomas. The lesion’s poor prognosis primarily reflects its clinically silent behavior in its early stages. Therefore, aids to preoperative diagnosis and tumor staging may be of benefit. Conventional radiographic techniques have not proved very effective at diagnosing urachal lesions. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may be particularly useful in this regard, mainly due to its multiplanar imaging capability. We review the clinical, pathological, and radiological features of urachal carcinoma, and include a description of the MRI appearance of two cases.
Treatment refusal/attrition among adults randomly assigned to programs at a drug treatment campus The New Jersey Substance Abuse Treatment Campus, Seacaucus, NJ

The New Jersey Substance Abuse Treatment Campus was funded to assess the feasibility of establishing a new model for delivering substance abuse treatment services and to serve as a research laboratory for conducting comparative evaluations of those services. The 350-bed campus was designed to improve treatment effectiveness by providing special services needed by underserved populations, and reduce treatment costs by serving large numbers of clients, centralizing services, and sharing facilities. First-time clients who met preliminary eligibility requirements during phone screening were randomly assigned to therapeutic community and chemical dependency programs. We used data collected on 1,573 adults who were ultimately accepted for admission to analyze treatment refusals and attrition during the 25 days after admission. Only 6.4% of the clients refused admission when informed of their treatment assignment. Planned duration of the residential phase of treatment, gender, and language spoken (English/Spanish) interacted with one another and differentially predicted treatment refusal/attrition. These findings may be useful for understanding treatment refusal and attrition in substance abuse treatment programs.
The bovine CYP17 promoter contains a transcriptional regulatory element cooperatively bound by tale homeodomain proteins

Bovine CYP17 is regulated at the transcriptional level by ACTH acting through the second messenger cAMP in adrenal fasciculata and reticularis cells. Promoter analysis has previously identified two regions, proximal and distal, within the CYP17 promoter important in the cAMP dependent transcriptional regulation of this gene. The proximal (-80 to-40) cAMP responsive sequence (CRS2) has been identified as a binding site for Steroidogenic Factor-1 (SF-1)/Ad4BP. The distal region (-243 to -100) is also important for the cAMP transcriptional response as revealed by deletion analysis. Within this distal region from -243 to -225, an independent cAMP responsive sequence referred to as CRS1 has been described. The transcription factors binding CRS1 have been identified as homeodomain transcription factors belonging to an atypical class of homeodomain proteins referred to as TALE. Two families of homeodomain proteins which bind CRS1 are the Pbx and Meis1 families. Proteins from neither of these families can bind CR...
Crisis Pregnancy Centers, Poverty, and the Expanding Frontiers of American Abortion Politics

Pro-life “crisis pregnancy centers” are an increasingly important venue for the American abortion conflict, yet scholars know little about them. The increasing concentration of abortion among the poor also potentially heightens their relevance since they aim to reduce abortion through offers of practical support. This article describes this branch of the pro-life movement, focusing on its approach to poverty and the political factors that may shape it. My national, mixed-method study of pro-life pregnancy centers finds that they devote substantial attention to poverty, frequently collaborate with social welfare agencies, and claim that a compassionate, “woman-centered” approach differentiates them from other pro-life groups. Despite this, there is little evidence that the development of such centers is related to conflict in the pro-life movement over poverty. Related Articles Carmines, Edward G., Jessica C. Gerrity, and Michael W. Wagner. 2010. “How Abortion Became a Partisan Issue: Media Coverage of the Interest Group-Political Party Connection.” Politics & Policy 38 (6): 1135-1158. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747-1346.2010.00272.x/abstract Gainous, Jason, Stephen C. Craig, and Michael D. Martinez. 2008. “Social Welfare Attitudes and Ambivalence about the Role of Government.” Politics & Policy 36 (6): 972-1004. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747-1346.2008.00147.x/abstract Medoff, Marshall H. 2010. “State Abortion Policy and the Long-Term Impact of Parental Involvement Laws.” Politics & Policy 38 (2): 193-221. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747-1346.2010.00235.x/abstract Related Media Gibbs, Nancy. 2007. “The Grass-Roots Abortion War.” TIME. February 15. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1590444,00.html Film Clip Hvcljournal. 2012. “Pregnancy Care Center Representatives, Speaking at the 2012 March for Life.” February 18. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lG412TvBTMo
A Saccharogenic Method for Estimating Electrophoretic and Chromatographic Distribution of Human Serum Amylase

The dinitrosalicylic acid reaction for measuring reducing sugar has been evaluated and found suitable for determining the saccharogenic activity of human serum. The sensitivity and reproducibility of the modified dinitrosalicylic acid method permits quantitation of the electrophoretic and chromatographic distribution of human serum amylase. Such fractionations suggest that a majority, if not all, saccharogenic activity in normal and certain abnormal specimens is chromatographically separable from other serum protein and exhibits an electrophoretic mobility similar to γ-globulin.
Weekly Irinotecan and Cisplatin in Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: A Multicenter Phase II Study

The combination of weekly irinotecan (CPT-11) and monthly cisplatin has shown promising activity in advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in previous Phase I and II studies. However, same-day administration of these agents may better exploit their therapeutic synergy and minimize toxicities. This multicenter Phase II study was undertaken to evaluate the efficacy and safety of a combination of weekly CPT-11 and weekly cisplatin in patients with advanced NSCLC. Patients with chemotherapy-naive stage IIIB or IV NSCLC were treated with repeated cycles of therapy comprising weekly treatment with both cisplatin and CPT-11 for 4 weeks, followed by a 2-week rest. The starting doses of CPT-11 and cisplatin were 65 and 30 mg/m2, respectively. Treatment was continued until the occurrence of disease progression, unacceptable toxicity, or a maximum of six cycles. Fifty patients were enrolled. The median age was 59 years (range, 44-79 years). Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status was 0 in 22 patients, 1 in 19 patients, and 2 in 9 patients. Seven and 43 patients had stages IIIB and IV disease, respectively. Five patients had brain metastasis. Patients received a median of three 6-week cycles (range, 1-6). The objective response rate was 36% (18 of 50; 95% confidence interval, 24-54%) and included 18 partial responses. Median time to tumor progression was 6.9 months (range, 0.6-15.2). The median survival was 11.6 months (range, 0.16-21.9 months), and the 1-year survival rate was 46%. Grade 3/4 nonhematological toxicities included vomiting (12%) and diarrhea (26%). Grade 3/4 hematological toxicities included anemia (14%), neutropenia (26%), and thrombocytopenia (14%). Relative dose intensities for CPT-11 and cisplatin were 89 and 62%, respectively. Weekly combined administration of CPT-11 and cisplatin achieved a promising overall response rate, median time to tumor progression, and median survival in patients with stage IIIB/IV NSCLC. The regimen was well tolerated, and the planned dose intensity was well maintained. Further evaluation of this combination in NSCLC is warranted.
Finite element formulation for shear modulus reconstruction in transient elastography

In order to image the shear modulus in soft tissue, for medical diagnosis, given one component of measured displacements as a function of time on an imaging plane, two related direct finite element-based inversion algorithms are presented. One algorithm is based on the governing equations expressed in the frequency domain, and the other is in the time domain. The algorithms consider the complete equations of isotropic, small deformation, elasto-dynamics, where the hydrostatic stress is also treated as an unknown. The algorithms reconstruct both the shear modulus and hydrostatic stress fields, and regularization is used to stabilize the hydrostatic stress recovery. An algorithm is also developed for reconstructing the second displacement component, while simultaneous finding a smooth approximation to the measured displacement component to reduce noise. Shear modulus reconstruction results from both algorithms, using experimental ultrasound measurements on a tissue-mimicking phantom, are presented, and the ...
Fatalities From Undetected Appendicitis in Early Childhood

A survey of unexpected death in children 1 to 5 years of age in a defined community over a 9-year period revealed three deaths, representing 4.5 deaths per million at risk per year. These cases were preceded by recognized prodromal symptoms, yet proper diagnosis did not occur and prompt therapy was not instituted. A higher index of suspicion, improved attention to early symptoms, and decreased therapeutic delay are suggested to prevent these deaths.
Gender Differences in Promotion and Scholarly Impact: An Analysis of 1460 Academic Ophthalmologists

Objectives In recent years, gender differences in academic promotion have been documented within surgical fields. To the best of our knowledge, gender discrepancies in association with scholarly productivity have not been well assessed among academic ophthalmologists. Because research productivity is strongly associated with academic career advancement, we sought to determine whether gender differences in scholarly impact, measured by the h-index , exist among academic ophthalmologists. Design Academic rank and gender were determined using faculty listings from academic ophthalmology departments. h-index and publication experience (in years) of faculty members were determined using the Scopus database. Setting Academic medical center. Results From assistant professor through professor, the h-index increased with subsequent academic rank (p 0.05). Overall, men had higher h-indices ( h = 10.4 ± 0.34 standard error of mean) than women ( h = 6.0 ± 0.38 standard error of mean), a finding that was only statistically significant among assistant professors in a subgroup analysis. Women were generally underrepresented among senior positions. When controlling for publication range (i.e., length of time publishing), men had higher h-indices among those with 1 to 10 years of publication experience (p Conclusion Women in academic ophthalmology continue to be underrepresented among senior faculty. Although women surpass men in scholarly productivity during the later stages of their careers, low scholarly impact during the earlier stages may impede academic advancement and partly explain the gender disparity in senior academic positions.
A CMOS inverter model for propagation delay evaluation

A model for the propagation delay and rise (fall) times of an inverter is discussed. The model is based on the approximate analysis of the differential equations that govern the behavior of the inverter. The slopes of the input waveform along with the currents of the pMOS (nMOS) transistor in the falling (rising) outputs are included in the model. Simulations are made using the model for different values of transconductances of transistors, loads, and rise (fall) times. These simulations are compared to the results of SPICE simulations. >
B Cell Depletion Enhances T Regulatory Cell Activity Essential in the Suppression of Arthritis

The efficacy of B cell-depletion therapy in rheumatoid arthritis has driven interest in understanding the mechanism. Because the decrease in autoantibodies in rheumatoid arthritis does not necessarily correlate with clinical outcome, other mechanisms may be operative. We previously reported that in proteoglycan-induced arthritis (PGIA), B cell-depletion inhibits autoreactive T cell responses. Recent studies in B cell-depletion therapy also indicate a role for B cells in suppressing regulatory mechanisms. In this study, we demonstrate that B cells inhibited both the expansion and function of T regulatory (Treg) cells in PGIA. Using an anti-CD20 mAb, we depleted B cells from mice with PGIA and assessed the Treg cell population. Compared to control Ab-treated mice, Treg cell percentages were elevated in B cell-depleted mice, with a higher proportion of CD4(+) T cells expressing Foxp3 and CD25. On a per-cell basis, CD4(+)CD25(+) cells from B cell-depleted mice expressed increased amounts of Foxp3 and were significantly more suppressive than those from control Ab-treated mice. The depletion of Treg cells with an anti-CD25 mAb concurrent with B cell-depletion therapy restored the severity of PGIA to levels equal to untreated mice. Although titers of autoantibodies did not recover to untreated levels, CD4(+) T cell recall responses to the immunizing Ag returned as measured by T cell proliferation and cytokine production. Thus, B cells have the capacity to regulate inflammatory responses by enhancing effector T cells along with suppressing Treg cells.
Amperometric detection after HPLC separation of selected polypeptides and proteins at an electrode modified by mixed valent ruthenium oxide crosslinked with cyanide

An indicator electrode, in which a film containing Ru oxides with cyano-crosslinks comprised the active surface, was used in an amperometric detector for ion-exchange and reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The latter used a C-18 column and an eluent of 0.04 M citric acid, 0.1 M KH2PO4, 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid, and 20–80% acetonitrile. Oxytocin, isotocin, vasopressin, tocinoic acid, myoglobin, and ribonuclease A were separated and determined with detection limits at the 1–3 pmol level. The response to ribonuclease A, as a typical example, was linear over the range of 0.050-2.5 μM, with a slope of 15 nA/μM at 0.94 V (vs. Ag/AgCl). A single preparation of the electrode was generally stable for 3 weeks, as long as the analyte concentrations were below 10 μM.
Biofuels Bonanza?: Exploring community perceptions of the promises and perils of biofuels production

While the expansion of the biofuels industry has received scholarly attention with respect to environmental and food security concerns, little research has explored the impacts of biofuels industry on local communities where ethanol plants are located. Drawing on sociology of networks and flows theory to situate expansion of the industry globally, this paper uses a community case study approach to examine local community perceptions of benefits and burdens of the ethanol industry. Data from community level surveys, individual and focus group interviews in three case study communities in Iowa and Kansas in the Midwestern region of the United States are utilized to explore community perceptions. Results show that community members believe that ethanol plants have brought modest economic benefits to their community. Increased traffic and water competition were two areas of concern identified by residents with respect to local ethanol plants, but other environmental impacts were not prominently identified by community members. Widespread concerns were expressed about future viability of the ethanol industry and the devastating impacts that future declines in the industry would have on communities. This research highlights the social vulnerabilities that place-bound communities in biofuels regions are experiencing.
Building a clinical program in a single institution

A successful clinical program within either a single institution or a multi-institution complex requires the recruitment and retention of excellent faculty, a strong residency program, a successful, recognized research program, and leaders with administrative, organizational, and leadership skills.
A hepatitis A virus deletion mutant which lacks the first pyrimidine-rich tract of the 5' nontranslated RNA remains virulent in primates after direct intrahepatic nucleic acid transfection.

Cell culture-adapted variants of hepatitis A virus (HAV) in which the first pyrimidine-rich tract (pY1; nucleotides 99 to 138) of the 5' nontranslated region has been deleted (delta 96-137 or delta 96-139) replicate as well as parental virus in cultured cells (D.R. Shaffer, E.A. Brown, and S.M. Lemon, J. Virol. 68:5568-5578, 1994). To determine whether viruses with such large deletion mutations are able to replicate and to produce acute hepatitis in primates, we reconstructed the delta 96-137 deletion in the genetic background of a virulent virus which differs from the wild type by only one mutation in the 2B-coding region (HM175/8Y). Full-length synthetic delta 96-137/8Y RNA was injected into the livers of two HAV-seronegative marmosets (Saguinus mystax). Both animals developed serum liver enzyme elevations and inflammatory changes in serial liver biopsies within 3 to 4 weeks of inoculation which were comparable in magnitude to those observed previously following intrahepatic inoculation of marmosets with HM175/8Y RNA. Sequencing of RNA from virus shed in feces demonstrated the presence of the delta 96-137 deletion. These results indicate that the pY1 sequence of HAV is not required for efficient viral replication in hepatocytes in situ or for production of acute hepatic injury following intrahepatic RNA transfection in primates.
Problems in causal loop diagrams revisited

The increasingly popular S and O notation in causal-loop diagrams has a serious flaw, which suggests it should be purged from educational, consulting, and publication practice. The flaw traces to the inability of the notation to capture correctly the influences of flows into and out of stocks, which often appear implicitly in word-and-arrow diagrams. In contrast, the older notation of plus and minus signs handles the problem well. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of intratumoral administration of a hyaluronan-cisplatin nanoconjugate to five dogs with soft tissue sarcomas

Objective—To determine the effects of intratumoral injection of a hyaluronan-cisplatin nanoconjugate on local and systemic platinum concentrations and systemic toxicosis. Animals—5 dogs with spontaneous soft tissue sarcomas (STSs). Procedures—For each dog, approximately 1.5 mL of hyaluronan nanocarrier conjugated with 20 mg of cisplatin was injected into an external STS. Blood samples were collected immediately before (0 hours) and at 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 24, and 96 hours after hyaluronan-cisplatin injection for pharmacokinetic analyses. Urine samples were obtained at 0 and at 96 hours after hyaluronan-cisplatin injection for urinalysis. Each treated STS and its sentinel lymph nodes were surgically removed 96 hours after the hyaluronan-cisplatin injection. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry was used to measure platinum concentrations in blood samples, tumors, and lymph nodes. Results—No tissue reactions were detected 96 hours after hyaluronan-cisplatin injection. Mean ± SD area under the curve, peak...
Real-Time Kinematic, Temporospatial, and Kinetic Biofeedback During Gait Retraining in Patients: A Systematic Review

Background Biofeedback has been used in rehabilitation settings for gait retraining. Purpose The purpose of this review was to summarize and synthesize the findings of studies involving real-time kinematic, temporospatial, and kinetic biofeedback. The goal was to provide a general overview of the effectiveness of these forms of biofeedback in treating gait abnormalities. Data Sources Articles were identified through searches of the following databases: MEDLINE, CINAHL (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature), and Cochrane Central Register for Controlled Trials. All searches were limited to the English language and encompassed the period from 1965 to November 2007. Study Selection Titles and abstracts were screened to identify studies that met the following requirements: the study included the use of kinematic, temporospatial, or kinetic biofeedback during gait training, and the population of interest showed abnormal movement patterns as a result of a pathology or injury. Data Extraction All articles that met the inclusion criteria were assessed by use of the Methodological Index for Nonrandomized Studies. Data Synthesis Seven articles met the inclusion criteria and were included in the review. Effect sizes were calculated for the primary outcome variables for all studies that provided enough data. Effect sizes generally suggested moderate to large treatment effects for all methods of biofeedback during practice. Limitations Several of the studies lacked adequate randomization; therefore, readers should exercise caution when interpreting authors’ conclusions. Conclusions Each biofeedback method appeared to result in moderate to large treatment effects immediately after treatment. However, it is unknown whether the effects were maintained. Future studies should ensure adequate randomization of participants and implementation of motor learning concepts and should include retention testing to assess the long-term success of biofeedback and outcome measures capable of demonstrating coordinative changes in gait and improvement in function.
Grant Proposal Writing for Junior Faculty in Special Education

In this article, I first question the widely held assumption that junior faculty should be involved in writing grant proposals and administering grants. I note some of the pitfalls related to engaging in grantsmanship as a new faculty member. Second, I offer several suggestions for those junior faculty who do decide to engage in grant writing. Related to preparing to write a proposal, I discuss having a positive attitude and being sure one has enough time to prepare a good proposal. Related to writing a proposal, I discuss the importance of quality and offer suggestions for improving the quality of one's writing.
Isotropic three-dimensional left-handed metamaterials

We investigate three-dimensional left-handed and related metamaterials based on a fully symmetric multigap single-ring split-ring resonator sSRRd design and crossing continuous wires. We demonstrate isotropic transmission properties of a SRR-only metamaterial and the corresponding left-handed material that possesses a negative effective index of refraction due to simultaneously negative effective permeability and permittivity. Minor deviations from complete isotropy are due to the finite thickness of the metamaterial. The realization of a perfect lens 1 and other applications of negative refraction require the fabrication of threedimensional, homogeneous, isotropic left-handed materials 2 sLHMd with simultaneously negative permittivity « and magnetic permeability m. So far, no such materials exist, either in nature or in the laboratory. Today’s available LHM structures, based on the periodic arrangement of split-ring resonators 3 sSRRd and continuous metallic wires, 4 are only one dimensional 5‐7 s1Dd, supporting left-handed properties only for propagation with fixed polarization in one direction, or two dimensional 8‐10 s2Dd, where propagation in two directions with fixed polarization or one direction with arbitrary polarization is possible. Earlier attempts to design at least an isotropic SRR sRef. 11d were lacking the symmetry of SRR and unit cell and required individual tuning of the parameters in the different spatial directions. In this paper, we propose a three-dimensional s3Dd isotropic LHM design that allows left-handed behavior for any direction of propagation and any polarization of the electromagnetic wave. Using numerical transfer matrix simulations, we verify the isotropic transmission properties of the proposed structures. Our data show excellent agreement with results expected for a homogeneous slab with the corresponding negative « and m. Our metamaterials are defined as a 3D periodic continuation of a single rectangular unit cell, consisting of SRRs and continuous wires. The sample is a slab of metamaterial with a finite thickness of an integral number of unit cells and infinite extent in the perpendicular direction. The two surfaces of the slab are parallel to any face of the unit cell. An incident electromagnetic plane wave with wave vector k can be characterized by two angles: the incidence angle q P f 0, p /2 d between k and the surface normal n of the sample, and the angle f P s˛p , pg between the projection of k into and some chosen edge of the unit cell inside the surface plane of the sample. The frequency of the incident wave is chosen such that the vacuum wavelength is approximately 10 times larger than the linear size of the unit cell and we expect effective medium behavior.
Fei Xiaotong [Hsiao-tung Fei] (1910–2005)

Fei Xiaotong, who died on April 24, 2005, at the age of 94, was China's most important anthropologist and sociologist. An early "Native ethnologist" and a pioneer of advo? cacy for the interests of studied peoples, he is best known in the West for his field studies of Chinese villages. A cheerful, talkative, energetic?as well as competitive and ambitious? person, Fei in his thirties became a major intellectual figure in China with an outpouring of books and articles on social and political topics. He welcomed the new Chinese Com? munist Party (CCP) regime, which then in the mid-1950s silenced him for over 20 years. Finally, in the reform era of the 1980s and 1990s, in his old age, Fei unexpectedly leapt into an active new life?traveling, writing, talking, advising the government, and playing a key role in the revival of Chinese sociology and anthropology. Fei Xiaotong was born November 2, 1910, near Suzhou in the lower Yangzi region to a cultivated family. His fa? ther had studied in Japan, and his mother, the educated Christian daughter of a government official, founded one of China's first kindergarten schools. Fei had an excellent education. He attended secondary and university institu? tions founded by U.S. missionaries in which English was emphasized. At the elite Yenching University in Beijing, which had China's best sociology program, he was nurtured by Wu Wenzao (a Columbia Ph.D.) and stimulated by the semester visit of Robert E. Park, who was at the time advocat? ing firsthand anthropological studies of small communities. For an M.A. in anthropology, Fei went to nearby Tsinghua (Qinghua) University and studied with one of the few an? thropologists in China, S. M. Shirokogoroff, a White Russian of rigorous European training and encyclopedic knowledge, who after important studies on the culture of Tungus peo? ples in Siberia and Manchuria had turned to physical an? thropology. He taught Fei, in English, practical fieldwork methods and scientific empiricism, as well as techniques for collecting human body measurements. From 1936 to 1938, Fei attended the London School of Economies, studying with Bronislaw Malinowski and Raymond Firth. For years afterward, Fei called himself a functionalist, wrote about Malinowski's ideas, and used illustrations from Trobriand Islanders. His 1938 Ph.D. the-
Effects of Crossovers Between Homeologs on Inheritance and Population Genomics in Polyploid-Derived Salmonid Fishes

A whole genome duplication occurred in the ancestor of all salmonid fishes some 50-100 million years ago. Early inheritance studies with allozymes indicated that loci in the salmonid genome are inherited disomically in females. However, some pairs of duplicated loci showed patterns of inheritance in males indicating pairing and recombination between homeologous chromosomes. Nearly 20% of loci in the salmonid genome are duplicated and share the same alleles (isoloci), apparently due to homeologous recombination. Half-tetrad analysis revealed that isoloci tend to be telomeric. These results suggested that residual tetrasomic inheritance of isoloci results from homeologous recombination near chromosome ends and that continued disomic inheritance resulted from homologous pairing of centromeric regions. Many current genetic maps of salmonids are based on single nucleotide polymorphisms and microsatellites that are no longer duplicated. Therefore, long sections of chromosomes on these maps are poorly represented, especially telomeric regions. In addition, preferential multivalent pairing of homeologs from the same species in F1 hybrids results in an excess of nonparental gametes (so-called pseudolinkage). We consider how not including duplicated loci has affected our understanding of population and evolutionary genetics of salmonids, and we discuss how incorporating these loci will benefit our understanding of population genomics.
A meta‐analysis of plasma corticosterone and heterophil : lymphocyte ratios – is there conservation of physiological stress responses over time?

Summary 1. There is growing need for reliable biomarkers of the physiological stress response in basic ecological investigations and conservation-specific applications. One effect of stress hormone secretion is the alteration of circulating leucocytes, specifically an increase in the heterophil : lymphocyte ratio (HLR). There have been numerous studies and reviews of the relationship between the stress response and HLR, yet the data have not been systematically analysed across studies. 2. Here, we performed meta-analyses of studies in which paired values of plasma corticosterone (CORT) and HLR were available to investigate the relationship between these parameters. Specifically, we analysed CORT and HLR as baseline measures between treatment (or ‘stressed’ populations) and control (or ‘reference’ populations). Additionally, we investigated the relationship within CORT and HLR to identify temporal patterns of the response as a result of the duration of the stressor. 3. Across studies, we identified that CORT and HLR are significantly elevated in populations subjected to environmentally stressful conditions. While not significantly different, CORT tended to be more elevated than HLR in the stressed populations. 4. We found that there is a significant, negative relationship between CORT and the temporal duration of environmental stress. Additionally, we found a significant break point in this response at 85 days of stress duration, above which there is not a clear relationship between CORT and duration. This indicates that the CORT response to environmental stress attenuates. 5. We found a small but positive significant relationship between HLR and temporal duration of environmental stress. This suggests that the elevation of HLR in response to environmental stress does not decrease over time. 6. Our data identified that data gaps of wild populations of species exist and that more studies pairing physiological stress responses will further our understanding of how populations respond to environmental challenges. We found that CORT and HLR responded differently to stress, depending on captivity status, whether the study population was the domestic chicken, and the sex of the study population.