cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
White Tea: The Plants, Processing, Manufacturing, and Potential Health Benefits

White tea is a rare tea that is derived from the same plant ( Camellia sinensis ) as green, oolong and black tea. Originating from and predominantly produced in southern China, it was virtually unknown to the western world until the late 1800s. Primarily consisting of the silvery buds and young leaves of the plant, it is hand-picked, steamed and dried without further, elaborate processing, which accounts for the whitish appearance. It is the least processed of all tea. The minimal processing is believed to result in the preservation of high amounts of phytochemicals that confer health benefits and its advantage over other types of tea. This chapter provides a general overview of the origin, the major varieties, processing, manufacturing and production of white tea. A summary of published studies that support the potential health promoting benefits of white tea, including its anticancer, antiobesity, antioxidant and antiaging properties is also provided.
Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Basics: Bone-Patellar Tendon-Bone Autograft Harvest

Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with bone-patellar tendon-bone autograft has long been considered the graft preference for young, active patients with anterior cruciate ligament injuries. The central-third of the native patellar tendon is a reliable graft and is the preferred option for competitive athletes given its excellent track record with high return-to-play rates and low failure rates. Disadvantages to using this graft include donor site morbidity and associated postoperative anterior knee pain, the risk of patellar fracture or patellar tendon tear, and the potential for graft-construct mismatch. In this Technical Note, we describe our preferred technique for bone-patellar tendon-bone autograft harvest and preparation for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.
I sense overeating: Motif-based machine learning framework to detect overeating using wrist-worn sensing

Abstract Obesity, caused primarily by overeating, is a preventable chronic disease yielding staggering healthcare costs. To detect overeating passively, a machine learning framework was designed to detect and accurately count the number of feeding gestures during an eating episode to characterize each eating episode with a feeding gesture count using a 6-axis inertial wrist-worn sensor. Moreover, detecting feeding gestures is useful to aid in end-of-day dietary recalls. It has been shown that feeding gesture count correlates with caloric intake; the more one eats, the more calories one is likely consuming. Recent research has shown promise in passively detecting feeding gestures, but this effort focuses on bridging detection of feeding gesture count and identifying overeating episodes. This paper presents results on three experiments: highly structured (participants pretending to eat), in-lab structured with confounding activities (participants eating while performing other scripted activities), and unstructured overeating (participants induced to overeat while watching television and eating their favorite foods). Our experiment successfully induced overeating in 50% of the participants, showing a correlation between feeding gesture count and caloric intake in unstructured eating (r=.79, p-value=.007). Results provide an approximate upper bound on feeding gesture classification using exact segmentation techniques, and show improvement when compared to prior sliding window techniques. Results also suggest the importance of stressing the challenge of accurate segmentation over identifying the accurate classification technique in detection of feeding gestures. Since participant-dependent models provide optimal results, a motif-based time-point fusion classification (MTFC) framework is proposed using spectral energy density, K-Spectral Centroid Clustering, symbolic aggregate approximation (SAX), a Random Forest classifier (trained on segmented motifs) and a time-point classifier fusion technique to show reliable classification of feeding gestures (75% F-measure), and a 94% accuracy of feeding gesture count in the unstructured eating experiment, resulting in a root mean square error of 2.9 feeding gestures. Mapping feeding gesture count to caloric intake, we obtain a rough estimate of whether participants overate while watching television.
Attached algal-substrata interactions: fact or myth, and when and how?

Much controversy has evolved in recent times over the relationships between attached algal and other microfloral populations and communities and the substrata upon which they grow. A critical review of the multitude of types of substrata and what is known about the interdependency of the microflora on the substrata permits several generalizations. (1) Nearly all substrata are highly dynamic in their physical characteristics and chemical contributions to attached microflora. (2) Functional interactions between substrata and attached microflora are greatly influenced by water turbulence both in lakes as well as streams. (3) Adaptations of epipelic algae and advantages of steep nutrient gradients towards the algae and overlying water compensate for the disadvantages of living on unstable organic-rich sediments in close proximity to toxic endproducts of anaerobic metabolism. (4) The many physical disadvantages of epiphytic algae associated with a growing, metabolically-demanding macrophytic substratum are greatly outweighed by the advantages gained in access to required physical (particularly light) and chemical factors. Each of these advantages and disadvantages is discussed in relation to existing knowledge and dogma. It is concluded that some contemporary generalizations are premature and misleading in relation to variable and complex reciprocal metabolic interactions existing between attached algae and substrata. Much of the incongruous information emanates from the lack of application of essential metabolic experimentation at the micro-level of investigation of attached communities and from the poor understanding of metabolism in associated substrata.
Mapping the Growth of Heterogeneous Forms of Externalizing Problem Behavior Between Early Childhood and Adolescence:A Comparison of Parent and Teacher Ratings.

We compared long-term growth patterns in teachers’ and mothers’ ratings of Overt Aggression, Covert Aggression, Oppositional Defiance, Impulsivity/inattention, and Emotion Dysregulation across developmental periods spanning kindergarten through grade 8 (ages 5 to 13 years). We also determined whether salient background characteristics and measures of child temperament and parenting risk differentially predicted growth in discrete categories of child externalizing symptoms across development. Participants were 549 kindergarten-age children (51% male; 83% European American; 17% African American) whose problem behaviors were rated by teachers and parents each successive year of development through 8th grade. Latent growth curve analyses were performed for each component scale, contrasting with an overall index of externalizing, in a piecewise fashion encompassing two periods of development: K-1and grades 1–8. Our findings showed that there were meaningful differences and similarities between informants in their levels of concern about specific forms of externalizing problems, patterns of change in problem behavior reports across development, and in the extent to which their ratings of specific problems were associated with distal and proximal covariates. Thus, these data provided novel information about issues that have received scant empirical attention and have important implications for understanding the development and prevention of children’s long-term externalizing problems.
Revisiting Lively Streets: Social Interactions in Public Space:

Given the investment in streets, it is imperative for planners and urban designers to determine what makes streets social places. Defining street liveliness as stationary social behavior and durati...
The Influence of Smile Authenticity on Trust Perceptions vs. Behaviors in Lending Decisions

Although prior work shows individuals use facial information like expression authenticity in snap judgments of trust, how authenticity influences non-snap judgments remains unclear. Few studies hav...
DNA Replication to Aid Somatic Hypermutation

Immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy and light chain loci undergo V, (D) and J gene recombination in bone marrow, giving rise to the diverse pre-immune repertoire of V(D)J segments of B cell receptors (BCR). After encountering antigen, naive B cells divide and differentiate in germinal centers of secondary lymphoid organs. Here, Ig V(D)J gene segments are the targets of point-mutations at a rate of 10−3 change per base per cell division. This rate is a million-fold higher than that of mutations occurring spontaneously in the genome at large; hence, the term somatic hypermutation (SHM). Mutated Ig V(D)J regions provide the structural substrate for positive selection by antigen of high affinity mutants, which are characteristic of a mature antibody response. The Ig locus of germinal center B cells also undergoes class switch DNA recombination (CSR), which replaces the constant μ (Cμ) region of the heavy chain with a downstream Cγ, Cα, Ce region, thereby endowing antibodies with new biological effector functions. Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) initiates SHM and CSR (Muramatsu et al., 2000; Revy et al., 2000) by directly deaminating cytidine in DNA (dC), thereby yielding premutagenic uracil DNA lesions (dU) (Petersen-Mahrt et al., 2002; Rada et al., 2004; Neuberger et al., 2005). SHM preferential targets the RGYW/WRCY (R = A or G, Y = C or T, W = A or T) mutational hotspot, which contains the preferred AID deamination motif WRC (Petersen-Mahrt and Neuberger, 2003; Pham et al., 2003; Yu et al., 2004). dU is a non-bulky DNA lesion that, if not repaired, can pair with dA without blocking the DNA replication fork, thereby giving rise to dG → dA and dC → dT transitions. Consistent with this prediction, mice with a double deficiency of Ung, a uracil-DNA glycosylase (UDG), and MutantS homolog 2 (Msh2), a mismatch sensor and initiator of the mismatch repair (MMR) cascade, display only dG → dA and dC → dT transitions, likely due to ablation of both the Ung-mediated base excision repair (BER) and the Msh2-mediated MMR pathways (Rada et al., 2004). Accordingly, in contrast to other DNA lesions, such as abasic sites or pyrimidine dimers, dU in the DNA template does not block transcriptional elongation by human RNA polymerase II, leading to incorporation of either G or A in nascent transcripts (Kuraoka et al., 2003). In B cells, this would lead to the introduction of same mutations in antibodies as those that would be generated from mutated DNA templates carrying dG → dA and dC → dT transitions. Thus, dU repair in Ig V(D)J DNA is not under the feedback pressure from faulty transcription; instead, it is dealt with by Ung and Msh2 in an actively mutagenic fashion during DNA synthesis, as effected by error-prone lesion-bypass or translesion DNA synthesis (TLS) polymerases. Here, we will discuss DNA repair factors and their assembly into a putative “mutasome”, which is centered on the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), and their role in the SHM process.
The Linear, Projective and Symplectic Groups

As formerly, whenever V is a variety, defined over a field k, we denote by Vk the set of points of V, rational over k; a vectorspace of dimension d over k can always be denoted by Rk, where R is an affine space of dimension d in the sense of algebraic geometry. In particular, any algebra over k can be so written; the obvious extension to R of the multiplication-law on the algebra Rk makes R into an algebra-variety, defined over k (which means that the multiplication-law on R is defined over k). The given algebra Rk over k is absolutely semisimple if and only if R is so, i.e. if and only if R is isomorphic (over the universal domain) to a direct sum of matrix algebras.
Effect of pyrite and pyrrhotite on the corrosive wear of grinding media

A previous investigation showed that corrosion currents estimated from polarization curves for the pyrrhotite - grinding media system under abrasion correlated well with corrosion currents estimated from marked ball wear test data by applying Faraday’s law. Freshly abraded metal debris were magnetically attracted to pyrrhotite and lowered the rest potentials of the mineral particles, thereby affecting the corrosive wear. The investigation was extended to explore the interactions between a non-magnetic sulfide mineral, pyrite, and abraded metal debris and their effects on the corrosive wear mechanism. The electrochemical behavior of a three-electrode system involving pyrrhotite, pyrite, and grinding media was also investigated as a first step toward elucidating the nature of interactions that occur in grinding complex sulfide ores.
Catholicism Embracing Its Religious Others

The Ecclesiological Investigations International Research Network organized a major international conference at Georgetown University, Washington National Cathedral and Marymount University, in 2015, to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the conclusion of the Second Vatican Council. The council, one of the most important events in the history of the Roman Catholic Church, initiated a process of renewal, transition, and openness that affected not only Catholics, but all Christians, adherents of other religions, and the secular world. The Washington conference received worldwide media attention, with highlights including keynote addresses by several cardinals, archbishops, and bishops as well as eminent scholars from a wide and diverse range of backgrounds in terms of geography and expertise alike. This second of three volumes emerging from this event assesses how Vatican II opened up the Catholic Church to encounter, dialogue, and engagement with other world religions. It begins with a contribution from the late President of the Pontifical Council for Interreligious Dialogue, Cardinal Jean-Louis Tauran, followed by a section devoted to exploring the impact, relevance, and promise of the Council's Declaration on Non-Christian Religions, Nostra Aetate. The volume turns next to explore how Vatican II in general has influenced and helped develop method in both interfaith dialogue and in the intellectual and comparative study of world religions in the post-conciliar decades. The final thematic section of this volume is devoted to a range of perspectives on the fruits and future of Vatican II’s opening to other faiths. The volume draws toward its conclusion with a moving and evocative reflection from one of the leading pioneers in contemporary comparative theology, Jesuit Francis X. Clooney.
PECT: A tool for computing the temporal and spatial variation of externalities related to power generation in the United States

Abstract This work introduces the Power Externality Correlation Tool (PECT); an interactive computer model that captures temporal and spatial variations in indirect emissions and water usage associated with electricity generation in the United States. The model was developed in Python and utilizes the WattTime API to obtain temporal and spatial fuel mix data. From the fuel mix data, overall emissions and water usage are calculated using emissions and water factors published by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the U.S. Department of Energy. Since databases spanning the United States are used, this tool is functional within regions in the United States only. PECT is a novel contribution to the portfolio of available tools for understanding the impacts of the built environment on the water, energy and climate nexus that can inform environmental decision-making.
23 – Mammary Gland

This chapter reviews the normal anatomy, development, and histology of the rodent and human mammary gland. Mature resting, lactating, and atrophic mammary gland changes are discussed. Differences between rodent and human biologic structure and histologic findings are emphasized.
Bacterial Growth in Milpa Polyculture and Monoculture Soils [Emory University]

Polycultures, or multicrops, are groupings of plants that grow more prolifically when planted together as compared to when planted alone as monocultures. One of the best known and widely utilized polycultures is the milpa cropping system - the cultivation of maize, beans, and squash together as “the three sisters.” Milpa has been utilized by the indigenous population of Central America for millennia due to its consistent abundant harvests; today it remains a cornerstone of the region’s tradition, diet, and economic growth. Likely contributing to this legacy is the known association of polycultures and heightened resistance to disease, yet the mechanism underlying this relationship in milpa has largely been unexplored. To assess the health of farm soil exposed to milpa monocrops, bicrops, and multicrops, we measured the growth of two bacterial strains: a Burkholderia strain symbiotic of Anasa tristis (the squash bug, an agricultural pest) and a plant pathogenic Serratia strain that is the primary causal agent of cucurbit yellow vine disease (CYVD). We found that after one week in both the polyculture (corn, bean, and squash) soil and the corn monoculture soil, the growth of Burkholderia was significantly inhibited. However, in both corn & bean and bean & squash biculture soils, the growth of the strain was significantly enhanced. The growth of the Serratia strain did not yield any significant increase or decrease after one week in any milpa soil. We conclude that the cultivation of milpa in its polyculture configuration demonstrates antibiotic activity towards the Burkholderia strain SQ4A. Our investigation supports findings that certain multicrop systems are less susceptible to disease than monocultures possibly due to their greater microbial biomass; thus we can infer a higher amount of root exudates present in the soil, of which a substantial amount may be anti-microbials.
The Four-Factor Imagination Scale (FFIS): a measure for assessing frequency, complexity, emotional valence, and directedness of imagination

Recent findings in psychological research have begun to illuminate cognitive and neural mechanisms of imagination and mental imagery, and have highlighted its essential role for a number of important outcomes, including outcomes relevant for the study of psychopathology and psychotherapy. Scientific study of imagination, however, has been constrained by the virtue of being framed mainly as an ability for mental imagery. Here we propose that imagination is a widespread phenomenon that we all engage in, and which affects a wide range of important outcomes beyond more commonly studied constructs like creativity. Thus, the Four-Factor Imagination Scale (FFIS) focuses on features of the imaginative process, and measures imagination in terms of individual differences in those features, including frequency, complexity, emotional valence, and directedness of imagination. Study 1 consisted of construct elicitation and generation of a large pool of candidate survey items. Study 2 (N = 378) conducted exploratory quantitative analysis on the preliminary pool of candidate items in a larger sample, revealing four distinct factors of the designed items. Study 3 (N = 10,410) confirmed the structure of the preliminary items, and reported internal consistency and unidimensionality, as well as convergent and discriminant validity of the resultant scales. The FFIS confirms that imagination is multi-faceted in nature, and is better approached as a constellation of more narrowly measurable constructs.
O3 Breakfast After the Bell: Does the Program Exceed Student Need?

Background Breakfast After the Bell (BATB) has become the unofficial standard in school breakfast, particularly in larger, urban districts. However, there is sometimes concern that students eat at home or buy food before school, therefore eating breakfast twice. Additionally, student perceptions of BATB, its benefits and challenges, remain largely unstudied. Objective To understand if students are eating multiple breakfasts when BATB is served, and to measure students’ opinions of BATB. Study Design, Setting, Participants Middle school (MS) students from a low-income urban school district that operates under the Community Eligibility Provision took a paper-and-pencil survey during homeroom. This MS had switched from BATB back to breakfast before the bell midway through the schoolyear (n = 1149). District breakfast participation data were also collected and analyzed. Measurable Outcome/Analysis Participants answered questions regarding their perceptions of school breakfast. Participants were also asked their opinions of the traditional model of serving breakfast before the bell compared to BATB. District breakfast participation data and descriptive statistics are presented. Results The majority of students reported a positive impression of BATB, specifically that they feel better when they eat breakfast (69%); eating school breakfast saves time at home in the morning (56%); and school breakfast saves their family money (53%). In addition, they stated they were more likely to eat breakfast when it was served in the classroom (55%). Importantly, the vast majority of students said that they never, or only sometimes, buy breakfast on the way to school (92%), and only 18% reported that they always eat at home. District breakfast participation data show a significant decrease in breakfast participation after the switch to breakfast before the bell. Conclusion Overall, students reported many benefits of the BATB model. For most students, BATB was the only breakfast they report eating, which should remove the double-breakfast concern for school administrators. Returning to BATB would likely increase breakfast participation in the MS. Funding Rutgers University Community-University Research Partnership Grant.
Mechanics of Random Fiber Networks: Structure–Properties Relation

This chapter presents an overview of the mechanics of random fiber networks with emphasis on the structure–properties relationship. The discussion begins with a classification of the types of fibers, including thermal and athermal fibers, and the types of crosslinks commonly encountered in engineered and biological networks. Further, a classification of networks is presented. The parameters used to describe the network structure are introduced along with geometric relations between quantities such as the density, mean fiber segment length, and crosslink density. The large strains behavior of networks measured in tension and compression, as revealed by models and experiments performed with various types of network materials, is presented. This is characterized by strong non-linearity, large sensitivity of the overall response to network structural parameters, and a large Poisson effect. The strength of networks is discussed in the context of structures with and without pre-existing cracks. It is shown that the strength is independent of the fiber properties and depends on the density and strength of the crosslinks, as well as on the mean fiber segment length. Finally, the structure and mechanical behavior of networks with inter-fiber adhesive interactions are evaluated. These are controlled by the strength of adhesion. In networks with strong adhesion and relatively thin fibers, the fibers self-organize leading to the formation of a cellular network of fiber bundles. Such cellular networks are stable and have a mechanical behavior qualitatively similar to that of crosslinked networks of individual fibers. This discussion demonstrates the broad range of mechanical behaviors that can be obtained with various network structures, hinting to the usefulness of fiber networks in many applications.
The advanced care coordination program: a protocol for improving transitions of care for dual-use veterans from community emergency departments back to the Veterans Health Administration (VA) primary care.

Veterans who access both the Veterans Health Administration (VA) and non-VA health care systems require effective care coordination to avoid adverse health care outcomes. These dual-use Veterans have diverse and complex needs. Gaps in transitions of care between VA and non-VA systems are common. The Advanced Care Coordination (ACC) quality improvement program aims to address these gaps by implementing a comprehensive longitudinal care coordination intervention with a focus on Veterans’ social determinants of health (SDOH) to facilitate Veterans’ transitions of care back to the Eastern Colorado Health Care System (ECHCS) for follow-up care. The ACC program is an ongoing quality improvement study that will enroll dual-use Veterans after discharge from non-VA emergency department (EDs), and will provide Veterans with social worker-led longitudinal care coordination addressing SDOH and providing linkage to resources. The ACC social worker will complete biopsychosocial assessments to identify Veteran needs, conduct regular in-person and phone visits, and connect Veterans back to their VA care teams. We will identify non-VA EDs in the Denver, Colorado metro area that will provide the most effective partnership based on location and Veteran need. Veterans will be enrolled into the ACC program when they visit one of our selected non-VA EDs without being hospitalized. We will develop a program database to allow for continuous evaluation. Continuing education and outreach including the development of a resource guide, Veteran Care Cards, and program newsletters will generate program buy-in and bridge communication. We will evaluate our program using the Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, and Maintenance framework, supported by the Practical, Robust Implementation and Sustainability Model, Theoretical Domains Framework, and process mapping. The ACC program will improve care coordination for dual-use Veterans by implementing social-work led longitudinal care coordination addressing Veterans’ SDOH. This intervention will provide an essential service for effective care coordination.
Understanding literacy adoption policies across contexts: a multi-state examination of literacy curriculum decision-making

Since the passing of No Child Left Behind Act of 2002 (NCLB), teacher autonomy over curricular decisions has been restricted. As a result, state and local school districts faced increased pressures...
The Relationship between Health Disparities, Psychosocial Functioning and Health Outcomes in Pediatric Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplant Populations: Recommendations for Clinical Care

Not only do racial and ethnic minority children and adolescents with chronic illness experience disparities in health status and health outcomes, they also experience significant healthcare disparities, including differences in healthcare coverage, access to care, and quality of care. It is well known that the interaction between psychosocial functioning, health behaviors and ethnic and racial disparities, ultimately leads to worse health and psychosocial outcomes in pediatric and AYA chronic illness patient populations, including increased rates of morbidity and mortality. Investigating the impact of racial and ethnic factors on health outcomes, and strategies for reducing these disparities, is of the utmost importance, specifically in life-threatening conditions like cancer and sickle cell disease. This commentary underscores the relative importance of identifying factors that could reduce disparities between minority and non-minority populations. This present paper will focus on the dynamic relationships between health disparities, psychosocial factors and health outcomes within pediatric cancer, sickle cell disease and bone marrow transplant populations, and will offer recommendations for healthcare professionals working with these vulnerable patient populations. The primary goal of this commentary is to provide recommendations for enhancing cultural competency and humility for those working with highly vulnerable patient populations.
Chapter 97 – All Malignancies

Publisher Summary The pattern of all malignancies combined is the sum of patterns of all the individual malignancies in all the individual age groups. As the malignancies in the older age groups are more numerous, they tend to dominate this pattern, and as among the members of that group, the different cancers predominating in different localities tend to cancel each other out. When all forms of malignancies at all ages are combined, the rate in Los Angeles is almost identical to rates in other regions of the developed world. Although rates begin to increase earlier in women than they do in men, overall they are about a third higher in men than women. Rates have been relatively stable over time, both in the county as a whole and among residents of the few high-risk census tracts. No systematic pattern of geographical occurrence of malignancies overall is apparent.
End-to-End Learning for Retrospective Change-Point Estimation

We propose an approach to retrospective change-point estimation that includes learning feature representations from data. The feature representations are specified within a differentiable programming framework, that is, as parameterized mappings amenable to automatic differentiation. The proposed method uses these feature representations in a penalized least-squares objective into which known change-point labels can be incorporated. We propose to minimize the objective using an alternating optimization procedure. We present numerical illustrations on synthetic and real data showing that learning feature representations can result in more accurate estimation of change-point locations.
Gender Differences in Addiction

This review is aimed at reviewing gender differences in addictive disorders. A brief overview of the topic is given and then the review is broken down into substances. As a full overview of each substance would not be possible, this review is aimed at looking at the most commonly seen substances as well as behavioral addictions that have robust literature. Gender differences in substance use disorders and behavioral addictions appear to be multifactorial, with intrinsic hormonal factors of the reward system and external factors such as the expectations and gender roles or norms of a given society. When diagnosing or treating addictive disorders, both natal and identified gender must be considered, as they can have implications on diagnosis, course of disease, and treatment. Though not all encompassing on what a clinician needs to be familiar with, this review should serve as a guide to make providers aware of and to begin to familiarize oneself with these gender differences.
Role of lymphadenectomy for apparent early stage uterine sarcoma; a comprehensive analysis of the National Cancer Database

Abstract Objective Investigate the role of lymphadenectomy for patients with apparent stage I uterine sarcoma. Methods The National Cancer Database was accessed and patients without a history of another tumor diagnosed between 2004 and 2015 with an apparent early stage leiomyosarcoma, adenosarcoma, low-grade endometrial stromal and high-grade endometrial stromal/undifferentiated sarcoma who underwent hysterectomy with or without lymphadenectomy were identified. Overall survival was assessed after stratification by histology with the log-rank test while Cox models were constructed to control for confounders. Results A total of 6412 patients with apparent early stage uterine sarcoma who underwent hysterectomy were identified; 2820 (44%) underwent lymphadenectomy. Rate of lymph node metastasis was 3.4% (42/1250) for patients with leiomyosarcoma, 2.3% (19/826) for those with adenosarcoma, 4.5% (21/463) for patients with low-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma and 7.9% (22/280) for those with high-grade endometrial stromal/undifferentiated sarcoma, p Conclusions Incidence of lymph node metastasis in apparent early stage uterine sarcoma is rare while the performance of lymphadenectomy was not associated with a clear survival benefit for all histologic subtypes except high-grade endometrial stromal/undifferentiated sarcoma.
Effect of 2-year caloric restriction on organ and tissue size in nonobese 21- to 50-year-old adults in a randomized clinical trial: the CALERIE study

BACKGROUND Sustained calorie restriction (CR) promises to extend the lifespan. The effect of CR on changes in body mass across tissues and organs is unclear. OBJECTIVES We used whole-body MRI to evaluate the effect of 2 y of CR on changes in body composition. METHODS In an ancillary study of the Comprehensive Assessment of Long-term Effects of Reducing Intake of Energy (CALERIE) trial, 43 healthy adults [25-50 y; BMI (kg/m2): 22-28] randomly assigned to 25% CR (n = 28) or ad libitum (AL) eating (n = 15) underwent whole-body MRI at baseline and month 24 to measure adipose tissue in subcutaneous, visceral, and intermuscular depots (SAT, VAT, and IMAT, respectively); skeletal muscle; and organs including brain, liver, spleen, and kidneys but not heart. RESULTS The CR group lost more adipose tissue and lean tissue than controls (P < 0.05). In the CR group, at baseline, total tissue volume comprised 32.1%, 1.9%, and 1.0% of SAT, VAT, and IMAT, respectively. The loss of total tissue volume over 24 mo comprised 68.4%, 7.4%, and 2.2% of SAT, VAT, and IMAT, respectively, demonstrating preferential loss of fat vs. lean tissue. Although there is more muscle loss in CR than AL (P < 0.05), the loss of muscle over 24 mo in the CR group comprised only 17.2% of the loss of total tissue volume. Changes in organ volumes were not different between CR and AL. The degree of CR (% decrease in energy intake vs. baseline) significantly (P < 0.05) affected changes in VAT, IMAT, muscle, and liver volume (standardized regression coefficient ± standard error of estimates: 0.43 ± 0.15 L, 0.40 ± 0.19 L, 0.55 ± 0.17 L, and 0.45 ± 0.18 L, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Twenty-four months of CR (intended, 25%; actual, 13.7%) in young individuals without obesity had effects on body composition, including a preferential loss of adipose tissue, especially VAT, over the loss of muscle and organ tissue. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02695511.
Therapeutic Horticulture as a Therapeutic Intervention in Patients Receiving Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder.

This study explored the effect of a structured therapeutic horticulture (TH) program on depression symptoms and quality of life indicators for individuals receiving inpatient electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) for major depressive disorders (MDD). Self-reported measures of depressive symptomatology (PHQ9, BDI-II) and quality of life (SF-36) were employed to compare intervention (n = 25) and control groups (n = 27), with the intervention group attending TH sessions for one-hour periods, twice per week, in addition to standard inpatient care associated with ECT received by both groups. All patients were assessed at admission, and after two weeks' time or prior to discharge, during which the intervention group participated in a minimum of four TH sessions. Sessions were led by a horticultural therapist in an accessible on-campus greenhouse. Both groups improved significantly between assessment times one and two on both measures of depression, with a statistically significant difference in change scores for the BDI-II only, favoring the control over the intervention group (16.5, s.d. 12.78 versus 9.6, s.d. 10.15; p = 0.36). Both groups improved significantly on four of eight SF-36 subscales during the same period. A statistically significant difference in change scores was found for the Role Limitations-Physical Health (RLPH) subscale, where the intervention group improved between assessment periods, whereas the control group worsened (16.0, s.d.48.8 versus -9.3, s.d. 33.4; p = .033). Although quantifying group changes or improvement for individuals receiving intensive treatment for major depressive disorders (ECT) by the addition of an adjunct therapy is difficult, this study provides a basic premise for the consideration of various therapeutic horticulture settings to achieve therapeutic benefits through TH.
Reimagining the physical/social infrastructure of the American street: policy and design for mobility justice and conviviality

Public roadways are ubiquitous and extensive urban infrastructures, typically regulated and engineered for vehicular flow. But streets are also public places. Social infrastructure debates beg the ...
State-dependent network interactions differentially gate sensory input at the motor and command neuron level in Caenorhabditis elegans

Neural responses are influenced by both external stimuli and internal network states. While network states have been linked to behavioral and stimulus states, little is known about how sensory inputs are filtered by whole-brain activity to affect motor and command neurons. Here, we recorded whole-brain activity of Caenorhabditis elegans experiencing bacterial food stimuli, and modeled how sensory inputs affect motor and command neurons in a network state-dependent manner. First, we classified active neurons into six functional clusters: two sensory neuron clusters (ON, OFF), and four motor/command neuron clusters (AVA, RME, SMDD, SMDV). Using encoding models, we found that ON and OFF sensory neurons that respond to onset and removal of bacteria, respectively, employ different adaptation strategies. Next, we used decoding models to show that bacterial onset and removal differentially drive AVA and RME cluster activity. To explore state-dependent effects on AVA and RME clusters, we developed a model that identified network states and fitted submodels for each state to predict how each of the six functional clusters drive AVA and RME cluster activity. We also identified network states in which AVA and RME clusters were either largely unperturbed by or receptive to bacterial sensory input. Furthermore, this model allowed us to disentangle the state-dependent contributions of stimulus timescales and bacterial content to neural activity. Collectively, we present an interpretable approach for modeling network dynamics that goes beyond implication of neurons in particular states, and moves toward explicitly dissecting how neural populations work together to produce state dependence.
The Search for Data: Observation

Scientific method begins with the observation of nature. And not with the whole of nature but only with some part. And what that part is, it is important to examine, and how observation becomes channelled accordingly, we must make efforts to disclose. Considerable care must be taken to ask just the right questions; since from the examination of what it is that scientists do we know that we shall obtain only a selection of the answers that fall within the limits established by what was chosen as our area of inquiry. We seem the least committed if we start by looking into our working conditions. What, then, is the scientific method?
The Price Mothers Pay, Even When They Are Not Buying It: Mental Health Consequences of Idealized Motherhood

Drawing on previous work on the relationship between intensive mothering ideologies and mental health outcomes, the present study analyzed the relationship between the pressure to be the perfect mother and psychological well-being for modern mothers. Specifically, this study suggests that even women who do not subscribe to these ideologies are at-risk for experiencing increased stress and anxiety, and decreased self-efficacy in the face of the pressure to be perfect and guilt for not living up to high mothering expectations. The sample for this study was recruited using a snowball sampling technique via e-mail and an online survey instrument. The final sample included 283 mothers aged 18–50 mostly from the West (45 %) and Midwest (29 %) regions of the U.S., but also including the South (18 %) and Northeast (8 %). Hierarchical linear regression results indicate that mothers who experience the pressure to be perfect experience lower self-efficacy and higher levels of stress. Mothers who experience guilt for not meeting parenting expectations also experience lower self-efficacy, higher levels of stress and higher levels of anxiety. Contrary to prior research, intensive mothering beliefs were not a significant predictor of poorer mental health. The results from this study indicate that internalizing guilt and the pressure to be the perfect mother are detrimental for mothers regardless of whether or not they subscribe to intensive motherhood ideologies. This study also emphasizes the importance of framing motherhood with a feminist sociological lens to critique the dominant ideologies of motherhood and the detrimental effects on women.
Scientific Method and the Objectivity of Epistemic Value Judgments

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the scientific method and the objectivity of epistemic value judgments. Hierarchical naturalism recognizes that the universalists are correct in believing that there are at least general conceptual criteria for scientific rationality and objectivity, and that reason ought to alter scientific practice. It also recognizes that the naturalists are correct in believing that, for most useful methodological rules/ epistemic value judgments, scientific rationality is largely a function of specific situations and that scientific practice ought to alter reason. Great differences in scientific behavior are compatible with “objective” methodological rules and epistemic value judgments. Disagreements over rules do not mean either that there are no rules or that any rule is as good as another.
A Mouse Herpesvirus Induces Relapse of Experimental Autoimmune Arthritis by Infection of the Inflammatory Target Tissue

It is not known what is required for successive relapses in autoimmune diseases or evolution to a progressive chronic disease. Autoimmune arthritis caused by passive transfer of autoantibodies against glucose 6-phosphate isomerase is transient and therefore lends itself well to test for what might extend the disease. Herpesviruses have long been suspected of contributing to human autoimmune disease. We infected mice with a murine gamma-herpesvirus (MHV-68). In immunodeficient mice, transient arthritis was followed by a relapse. This was due to lytic viral infection of synovial tissues demonstrated by PCR, immunohistochemistry, and electron microscopy. Latent infection could be reactivated in the synovium of normal mice when treated with Cytoxan and this was associated with increased clinical arthritis. We conclude that herpesviruses may play an ancillary pathogenic role in autoimmune arthritis by infection of the inflammatory target tissue.
COMMONALITIES IN TIME AND AMBIGUITY AVERSION FOR LONG-TERM RISKS ∗

Optimal protective responses to long-term risks depend on rational perceptions of ambiguous risks and uncertain time horizons. Our study examined the joint influence of uncertain delay and risk in an original sample of business owners and managers. We found that many subjects disliked uncertainty in the timing of an outcome, a reaction we term "lottery timing risk aversion." Such aversionto uncertain timing was positivelyrelated to aversion to ambiguousprob- abilities for lotteries involving storm damage risks. This association suggests that uncertainty may be processed similarly in both the risk and time dimensions. Timeand uncertainty complicate many choices we make. Numerous studies have suggested that there are forms of irrationality that arise in both the time and risk dimension and that people perceive future outcomes and uncertain outcomes in a cognitively similar manner. 1 That is, an agent's information processing in situations involving risk is closely related to the agent's processing of information re- garding future outcomes. The existence of such parallels suggests that the same anomalies influencing how subjects process uncertain risks may determine the processing of uncertainty in the timing of an outcome. This paper examines the preferences that many people have for certainty in the timing of an outcome, a preference which we call "lottery timing risk aversion." Uncertainty regarding the timing of a payoff leads to behavior which would not likely be predicted by expected utility theory. 2 In addition to documenting this phenomenon, we specifically link aversion to uncertainty in the time dimension to the ambiguity aversion reflected in the Ells- berg Paradox for probabilities at a point in time. 3 More specifically, ∗ The U.S. Government's right to retain a non-exclusive, royalty-free licence
Environmental and topographic variables shape genetic structure and effective population sizes in the endangered Yosemite toad

Aim Describing the landscape variables that accurately reflect how environmental and topographic variations affect population connectivity and demography is a major goal of landscape genetics and conservation biology. However, few landscape genetics studies have quantified the relationships between landscape variables and effective population size (Ne), although Ne is a key conservation and population genetics parameter. In this study, I estimated genetic structure and effective population sizes in the Yosemite toad (Bufo canorus) and tested for associations with environmental and geographic variables. Location Yosemite National Park, California, USA. Methods I estimated FST, Dps and Ne using 10 microsatellite loci amplified from 781 individuals from 24 populations. I used three landscape variables (environmental variation, topography and slope) to generate geographic distance models and a series of regression analyses to identify the variables that contributed to genetic structure in this species. I also tested for correlations between Ne and a suite of variables, including geographic and genetic isolation, habitat suitability, elevation, temperature and precipitation. Results I found substantial variation in genetic distances between populations (FST = 0.004–0.396, Dps = 0.045–0.839) and in effective population sizes (Ne = 9–52). Environmental variation and slope played important roles in explaining variation in genetic distances, and precipitation variables were significantly correlated with Ne. Main conclusions These results show that environmental and topographic variables are both important for understanding population connectivity in B. canorus and provide some of the first evidence, in any species, for a link between environmental variables and effective population size.
Immobilization and characterization of D–amino acid oxidase

Optimal conditions with respect to pH, concentration of glutaraldehyde and enzyme, and order of addition of enzyme and crosslinking reagent were established for the immobilization of hog kidney D-amino acid oxidase to an attapulgite support. Yields of 40 to 70% were generally attained although when low concentrations of enzyme were used yields were consistently greater than 100%. It is suggested that this is due to a dimer leads to monomer shift at low protein concentrations. The stability of soluble D-amino acid oxidase was dependent on the buffer in which it was stored (pyrophosphate-phosphate greater than borate greater than Tris). Stability of immobilized enzyme was less than soluble in pyrophosphate-phosphate buffer, but storage in the presence of FAD improved stability. In addition, treatment of stored, immobilized enzyme with FAD before assay restored some of its activity. The immobilized D-amino acid oxidase was less stable to heat (50 degrees C) than the soluble enzyme from pH 6 to 8 but was more stable above and below these values. Apparent Km values for D-alanine, D-valine, and D-tryptophan decreased for the immobilized enzyme compared to the soluble.