cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
In situ calibration of miniature sensors implanted into the anterior cruciate ligament part II: force probe measurements

The arthroscopically implantable force probe transducer, which measures the effects of local ligament fiber tension, was inserted into the anteromedial band of the anterior cruciate ligament after measurements with the differential variable reluctance transducer were completed in Part I of this study. The overall goals in Part II remained the same, with additional experiments included to determine the sensitivity of output voltage from the transducer to medial-lateral placement of the device within the anteromedial band and to depth of placement within a given insertion hole. Calibration curves of output voltage from the arthroscopically implantable force probe transducer versus resultant force in the ligament were generated during a separate series of knee-loading experiments identical to those performed in Part I. The output voltage for a given probe placement was highly sensitive to the depth of implantation into the anteromedial band. When the probe was completely buried within the ligament, voltage outputs were often sporadic or absent even though surface fibers had clearly developed tension. When the probe was only partially inserted into the hole, such that the end of the probe was slightly proud to the surface, voltage output was significantly higher as the device measured tension in the superficial fibers. Voltage outputs for proud placement were always significantly higher than corresponding voltages for deep placements for all test conditions. With proud placements, voltage outputs were not sensitive to small deviations in medial-lateral position within the anteromedial band. Mean coefficients of variation for output voltage (four repeated placements of the probe into the same central hole) ranged from 0.156 to 0.359 (deep and proud insertions). Output voltage from the probe generally followed the pattern of resultant force in the ligament during passive knee extension. For anterior tibial loading, the contribution of deep fibers to resultant force did not depend on the knee flexion angle at which the test was conducted; the contribution of superficial fibers was greatest beyond 45 degrees of flexion and least at full extension. The contributions of the anteromedial band to resultant force in the ligament were not significantly different between the three modes of loading (anterior tibial force, internal tibia torque, and varus moment) at either 0 or 10 degrees of flexion; this was true for both superficial and deep fibers. We found it necessary to secure the probe within the insertion site using a suture (for both deep and proud placements) to obtain repeatable readings. Puncturing the anteromedial band clearly produced tissue damage; the insertion hole often produced a permanent plane of cleavage in the anteromedial band. However, this tissue damage did not alter the overall ability of the ligament to generate resultant force.
Thermal and chemical treatments to improve adhesive property of rice bran

Abstract The development of effective biobased adhesives would benefit the particleboard manufacturing industry through reduced product costs, environmental concerns, and petroleum dependency. While most synthetic adhesives currently used are petroleum-based derivatives, desirable biobased adhesives could be developed from renewable agricultural resources. Commercial rice bran has starch and protein for making adhesive used in the production of particleboards. The objective of this study was to improve the adhesive properties of defatted rice bran by thermal and chemical treatments. Three temperature levels (80, 100, and 120 °C) and pHs (8, 10, and 12) were tested. Furthermore, the influence of sodium sulfite and sodium bisulfite on adhesive properties was also investigated. Adhesive performance was evaluated based on the maximum force required for shearing the adhesive bond between soft maple wood pieces. Modifying rice bran with heat and alkali improved adhesive strength over the unmodified bran counterpart. Adhesive strength increased from 44 N for the untreated control to 181 N for the sample treated at 100 °C and pH 12. The improved biobased adhesive can be eventually used for the production of composite panels, such as plywood, particleboards, and fiberboards.
Routing in a cyclic mobispace

A key challenge of routing in delay tolerant networks (DTNs) is finding routes that have high delivery rates and low end-to-end delays. When oracles are not available for future connectivity, opportunistic routing is preferred in DTNs, in which messages are forwarded to nodes with higher delivery probabilities. We observe that real objects have repetitive motions, but no prior research work has investigated the cyclic delivery probability of messages between nodes. In this paper, we propose to use the expected minimum delay (EMD) as a new delivery probability metric in DTNs with repetitive but non-deterministic mobility. Specifically, we model the network as a probabilistic time-space graph with historical contact information or prior knowledge about the network. We then translate it into a probabilistic state-space graph in which the time dimension is removed. Finally, we apply the Markov decision process to derive the EMDs of the messages at particular times. Our proposed EMD-based routing protocol, called routing in cyclic MobiSpace (RCM), outperforms several existing opportunistic routing protocols when simulated using both real and synthetic traces.
Physical conditioning: Effect on the myoglobin concentration in skeletal and cardiac muscle of bar-headed geese

Abstract 1. 1. A 12 week program of treadmill exercise (0.7 m/sec, 30 min per day, five days per week), significantly increased the myoglobin concentration of the femorotibialis medius muscle in bar-headed geese as compared to nonexercised controls. 2. 2. The myoglobin concentration differed among various muscles within a bird. The highest myoglobin concentrations were found in the primary flight muscle, the pectoralis major, and in cardiac muscle. 3. 3. By physically conditioning their muscles, bar-headed geese may improve the oxygen flow to mitochondria and, thereby, enhance their ability to exercise under conditions of low oxygen partial pressures.
Effects of Processing on Amino Acid and Mineral Contents of Peas

Changes in amino acid and mineral contents of peas (P. sutivum L.) at various stages of commercial processing were studied. Samplings were made during the 1975–1979 seasons, on four cultivars, on different grade sizes of peas, at various stages of the canning process, and at three processing plants. Amino acids were analyzed by ionexchange column chromatography, and minerals were determined by an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Significant differences were found in certain amino acids in different cultivars and grade sizes, and during canning but not in different canning plants. Differences in minerals in different cultivars, growing seasons, grade sizes, and processing plants were minor, but the canning process significantly affected the Na, K, P, and Mg content of canned peas.
Flare build-up study: Homologous flares group - Interim report

When homologous flares are broadly defined as having footpoint structures in common, it is found that a majority of flares fall into homologous sets. Filament eruptions and mass ejection in members of an homologous flare set show that maintainance of the magnetic structure is not a necessary condition for homology.
Cannabinoid CB1 receptor-mediated impairment of visuospatial attention in the rat.

Rationale CB1 receptors (CB1Rs) mediate many of the psychoactive effects of cannabinoids, and marijuana intoxication can produce neurocognitive deficits with a similarity to those seen in schizophrenia, including impairments of attention.
Development of chemical sensors based on redox-dependent receptors: N,N'-dimethyldiazapyrenium-modified electrodes.

Electrodes modified with Nafion films containing 2,7-dimethyldiazapyrenium (DAP2+) were prepared and characterized with voltammetry by themselves and in the presence of organic substrates. The large, planar, electron-poor aromatic surface in DAP2+ facilitates π-stacking interactions with other planar aromatic molecules, particularly those that are negatively charged or electron-rich. Previous studies showed that the reduction of DAP2+ decreases the strength of these interactions, making the binding redox-dependent, and resulting in negative shifts in the E1/2 of DAP2+/+. This study shows that the redox-dependent binding ability of DAP2+ is retained in Nafion, but the selectivity is considerably different. Most significantly, the electron-rich, neutral aromatic compounds that produced small shifts in the E1/2 of DAP2+/+ in solution cause much larger shifts, up to −110 mV, with the modified electrodes. With indole as a substrate, Nernstian behavior is observed (−60 mV shift per log[indole]) between 10 and 0...
Arthroplasty at themetacarpophalangeal joints

Abstract Rheumatoid arthritis frequently affects the metacarpophalangeal joints in the hand. When joint disruption isassociated with extensor lag and ulnar drift, implant arthroplasty has been shown to improve metacarpophalangeal joint function in a reliable manner. The soft tissue procedures attendant to the replacement are as important as the implant placement itself. Attention to the details of the procedure and closely monitored postoperative therapy are essential to the success of the procedure.
Progress on the afibrinogenemia-hypofibrinogenemia link

The origins of hypofibrinogenemia in families with afibrinogenemia-causing mutations are poorly understood. Such mutations result in a number of effects known to date. Among these are splicing failure, no synthesis or no incorporation of abnormal peptide chains into the hexamer (Neerman-Arbez et al
Comparative Quantitative Mass Spectrometry Analysis of MHC Class II-Associated Peptides Reveals a Role of GILT in Formation of Self-Peptide Repertoire

Gamma interferon Inducible Lysosomal Thiol reductase (GILT) is a unique lysosomal reductase that reduces disulfide bonds of endocytosed proteins. Lack of GILT clearly decreases CD4 T cell-antigen specific responses against some epitopes of antigens containing disulfide bonds, but not to proteins with few or no disulfide bridges. Hence, global impact of GILT on antigen presentation is currently not well understood. We used Nano-LC-ESI-MS/MS to investigate how GILT affects diversity of self-peptides presented by MHC class II molecules. Surprisingly, the repertoire of self-peptides in the absence of GILT does not appear to be significantly different, as only few peptide species (∼2%) were found to be the unique indicators of GILT's presence or absence. In the absence of GILT about thirty peptide species (∼5%) were found either uniquely or fourteen to hundred fold more abundantly expressed than in the presence of GILT. Our data indicate that GILT has limited yet unexpected effect on self-peptide species presented by MHC class II antigens.
Interactive effects of diazepam and ethanol on baboon match-to-sample performance

Four juvenile male baboons were trained to perform a match-to-sample (MTS) discrimination task. Diazepam (DZ) at doses of 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, or 6.0 mg/kg resulted in a significant (p less than 0.05) increase in the mean response times (MRT) during the 2 hr test session in terms of percent change from baseline performance under nondrug conditions measured the day prior to drug treatment. Effects were maximal at 2.0 mg/kg diazepam and no further effects were observed at 4.0 or 6.0 mg/kg. Administration of 0.25 mg/kg of diazepam had no effect on MTS performance. Exposure to 0.5 g/kg of ethanol (EtOH) had no effect on response time, while 1.0 g/kg EtOH significantly (p less than 0.05) increased response time. Baboons receiving combined treatment with 0.5 or 1.0 g/kg EtOH plus 1.0 mg/kg diazepam displayed a significant (p less than 0.05) percent increase in mean response time compared to that observed under baseline conditions on the day prior to drug treatment. The 0.5 g/kg EtOH and 1.0 mg/kg diazepam combination increased MRT to an extent comparable to the effect observed at the same dose of diazepam alone. Effects observed with 1.0 mg/kg diazepam and 1.0 g/kg EtOH were similar to those produced by the DZ alone. Combinations of 0.5 g/kg EtOH and 0.5 mg/kg diazepam, 1.0 g/kg EtOH and 0.25 mg/kg diazepam, and 1.0 g/kg EtOH and 0.5 mg/kg diazepam had no significant effect on response times.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Teichmüller Shape Descriptor and Its Application to Alzheimer's Disease Study

We propose a novel method to apply Teichmuller space theory to study the signature of a family of nonintersecting closed 3D curves on a general genus zero closed surface. Our algorithm provides an efficient method to encode both global surface and local contour shape information. The signature--Teichmuller shape descriptor--is computed by surface Ricci flow method, which is equivalent to solving an elliptic partial differential equation on surfaces and is numerically stable. We propose to apply the new signature to analyze abnormalities in brain cortical morphometry. Experimental results with 3D MRI data from Alzheimer's disease neuroimaging initiative (ADNI) dataset [152 healthy control subjects versus 169 Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients] demonstrate the effectiveness of our method and illustrate its potential as a novel surface-based cortical morphometry measurement in AD research.
Stability and instability in crystal growth. III. Reduction of the thermodiffusion equation for a paraboloidal needle crystal.

An exact treatment is given of the thermodiffusion model for the growth of a paraboloidal needle crystal from a supercooled melt. By means of successive transformations, the stability analysis of this system is reduced to the solution of a set of eigenvalue equations. This analysis is valid for all values of the supercooling and paves the way for a calculation of the evolution of the dendrite-tip shape with time.
Characterization of the particulate nitrite oxidase and its component activities from the chemoautotroph Nitrobacter agilis

1. Difference spectra, at room and liquid N2 temperatures, of S2O42−-, and NO2−-reduced intact cells and cell-free preparations of Nitrobacter agilis demonstrated the presence of cytochromes of the c- and a-types. Reduction of cytochromes by succinate, and to a limited extent, by NADPH also occurred, provided KCN (0.1 mM) was also present. 2. A particulate, heat-labile nitrite oxidase having an absolute requirement for O2 was prepared from N. agilis cells using sonic oscillation and differential centrifugation. The particles also possessed NADH oxidase, succinoxidase, formate oxidase and traces of NADPH oxidase activity. The stoichiometry of the nitrite oxidase reaction approached the theoretical value of 2 moles of NO2− consumed per mole of O2 consumed. The pH optimum of the nitrite oxidase system shifted to progressively more alkaline values as the NO2− concentration was increased, changing from a pH value of 6.8 at 0.6 mM KNO2 to pH 8.0 at 0.01 M KNO2 with apparent Km's of 0.2 and 1.2 mM NO2−, respectively. Computations of the HNO2 concentrations present under the above conditions showed an approx. 500-fold greater affinity for HNO2 which was independent of pH, suggesting the involvement of HNO2 as both a substrate and an inhibitor (at higher concentrations) of the nitrite oxidase system. The marked inhibition by NaN3, NaCN and Na2S, as well the light-reversible inhibition by CO, indicated the presence of cytochrome oxidase which was subsequently characterized. NO2− proved to be a competitive inhibitor of the nitrite oxidase system. 3. The particulate preparation also possessed a heat-labile nitrite-cytochrome c reductase activity which was energy independent and routinely measured under anaerobic conditions. As in the case of nitrite oxidase, the affinity of the enzyme for NO3− increased as the pH was lowered, but the pH optimum remained unaffected. In terms of calculated HNO2 concentration an approximately constant Km of about 0.2 μM was estimated at the several pH's examined. The inhibition by NO3− was shown to be competitive. The marked sensitivity of the reductase to several metal-binding agents implicated a metal component in the electron transport chain at the site prior to cytochrome c. 4. The membrane-like composition of the nitrite oxidase system is indicated.
Word spotting with the gamma neural model

Abstract This paper discusses the application of the gamma neural model [1] to word spotting. The gammamodel is a dynamic neural model where the conventional tap delay line of the TDNN is replaced by a local recursive memory structure. This model is able to find the best memory depth for a given processing task when the number of taps in the memory is specified. It can also compensate for time warping. In our approach, word spotting is the detection of a signature (the keywordunder analysis) in a noisy background (other words of continuous speech). Unlike other approaches, we do not segment the input, and the neural net learns over time how to recognize thepatterns associated with a given word. We test two gamma model topologies for its sensitivity totime warping and amplitude variations.Keywords: wordspotting, neural networks, gamma model, time warping Infroduction Processing temporal information is vital in engineering applications. However, most of the workto date involving neurocomputing addresses the processing of static patterns with multilayer per-ceptrons. One way of applying static neural models to time varying signals is to divide these sig-nals in equal segments and present them independently to the net. The time structure of the signalcan be destroyed by this operation [2]. An alternative is to equip the neural structures with pro-cessing elements that can handle time. To process information over time, the processing elementsneed to be extended with short term memory structures that bring to the present information from
Precipitation patterns and moisture fluxes in a sandy, tropical environment with a shallow water table

Identifying the dominant mechanisms controlling recharge in shallow sandy soils in tropical climates has received relatively little attention. Given the expansion of coastal fill using marine sands and the growth of coastal populations throughout the tropics, there is a need to better understand the nature of water balances in these settings. We use time series of field observations at a coastal landfill in Singapore coupled with numerical modeling using the Richards' equation to examine the impact of precipitation patterns on soil moisture dynamics, including percolation past the root zone and recharge, in such an environment. A threshold in total precipitation event depth, much more so than peak precipitation intensity, is the strongest event control on recharge. However, shallow antecedent moisture, and therefore the timing between events along with the seasonal depth to water table, also play significant roles in determining recharge amounts. For example, at our field site, precipitation events of less than 3 mm per event yield little to no direct recharge, but for larger events, moisture content changes below the root zone are linearly correlated to the product of the average antecedent moisture content and the total event precipitation. Therefore, water resources planners need to consider identifying threshold precipitation volumes, along with the multiple time scales that capture variability in event antecedent conditions and storm frequency in assessing the role of recharge in coastal water balances in tropical settings.
I think I can, I think I can … Processing time and strategy effects of goal acceptance/rejection decisions

Abstract Although acceptance of specific and challenging goals is central to goal setting theory, little research that examines the process of acceptance has been conducted. The present studies utilized a social-cognitive theory of processing to explore the nature of individual goal acceptance/rejection decisions. The results of two laboratory studies suggest that: (1) goal acceptance/rejection decision processing time is a curvilinear function of goal difficulty, and (2) acceptance/rejection decision processing time influences task strategy development and, thereby, task performance. Implications of a two-stage processing model of goal acceptance are discussed.
Paired Nanoinjection and Electrophysiology Assay to Screen for Bioactivity of Compounds using the Drosophila melanogaster Giant Fiber System

Screening compounds for in vivo activity can be used as a first step to identify candidates that may be developed into pharmacological agents1,2. We developed a novel nanoinjection/electrophysiology assay that allows the detection of bioactive modulatory effects of compounds on the function of a neuronal circuit that mediates the escape response in Drosophila melanogaster3,4. Our in vivo assay, which uses the Drosophila Giant Fiber System (GFS, Figure 1) allows screening of different types of compounds, such as small molecules or peptides, and requires only minimal quantities to elicit an effect. In addition, the Drosophila GFS offers a large variety of potential molecular targets on neurons or muscles. The Giant Fibers (GFs) synapse electrically (Gap Junctions) as well as chemically (cholinergic) onto a Peripheral Synapsing Interneuron (PSI) and the Tergo Trochanteral Muscle neuron (TTMn)5. The PSI to DLMn (Dorsal Longitudinal Muscle neuron) connection is dependent on Dα7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs)6. Finally, the neuromuscular junctions (NMJ) of the TTMn and the DLMn with the jump (TTM) and flight muscles (DLM) are glutamatergic7-12. Here, we demonstrate how to inject nanoliter quantities of a compound, while obtaining electrophysiological intracellular recordings from the Giant Fiber System13 and how to monitor the effects of the compound on the function of this circuit. We show specificity of the assay with methyllycaconitine citrate (MLA), a nAChR antagonist, which disrupts the PSI to DLMn connection but not the GF to TTMn connection or the function of the NMJ at the jump or flight muscles. Before beginning this video it is critical that you carefully watch and become familiar with the JoVE video titled "Electrophysiological Recordings from the Giant Fiber Pathway of D. melanogaster " from Augustin et al7, as the video presented here is intended as an expansion to this existing technique. Here we use the electrophysiological recordings method and focus in detail only on the addition of the paired nanoinjections and monitoring technique.
Three osteochondritis dissecans lesions in one knee: a case report.

Background Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) has been defined as a localized process in which a focus of subchondral bone and adjacent articular cartilage separates from the surrounding bone. With the knee being the most common location for OCD development and the propensity for this lesion to be found in those who participate in sports, a repetitive microtrauma hypothesis for its cause has gained favor. However, the cause of OCD remains controversial, as does the most appropriate treatment for the varying degrees of OCD lesions.
Using Arm Configuration to Learn the Effects of Gyroscopes and Other Devices

Previous studies have perturbed the association between motor commands and arm movements by applying forces to the arm during two-dimensional movements. These studies have revealed that, when the normal hand path is perturbed, subjects gradually adapt their motor commands to return to this path. The present study used the spin of a gyroscope to create a complex perturbation, as subjects reached to targets presented in three dimensions. Hand path did not change, but the whole-arm geometry ("arm configuration" in four dimensions) was altered. Over a series of several hundred reaches to various targets, subjects gradually returned the arm movement to its normal configuration. Furthermore, during the course of this learning, subjects used a strategy that involved manipulating arm posture. A similar strategy was observed when subjects made reaching movements with a rod attached to the upper arm to change its inertial characteristics. In both cases, the gradual return to the normal arm movement was accomplished without an increase in kinetic energy, suggesting that arm postures and movements (kinematics) and muscular forces (kinetics) may be mutually optimized. In contrast to previous studies, the present results highlight the role of arm configuration (rather than hand path) in learning and control.
Two-dimensional capillary electrophoresis-thin layer chromatography separations of amino acid enantiomers using electro-filament transfer

Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is coupled to thin-layer chromatography (TLC) to demonstrate a convenient technique for performing two-dimensional microseparations. CE is interfaced with electrospray, which is operated in the electro-filament mode to produce a narrow (ca. 20 μm) liquid filament. The liquid filament deposits spatially focused bands (ca. 200 μm wide) onto a TLC plate. The TLC plate stores the separation from the CE capillary in the first dimension and then serves as the stationary phase for the chiral separation in the second dimension. Mixtures of dansylated (DNS) derivatives of selected amino acids are separated in the first dimension by the micellar electrokinetic chromatography variation of CE. Reversed-phase TLC separates the enantiomers in the second dimension with a mobile phase containing highly concentrated solutions of β-cyclodextrin. The TLC plates are imaged by using laser-induced fluorescence and a charge-coupled device camera. Prior to TLC development, off-column efficiencies of 130,000 to 190,000 plates per meter were obtained. The enantiomers of four DNS amino acids were baseline resolved using two-dimensional separation and a significant enhancement of the peak capacity over one-dimensional separations is demonstrated. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Micro Sep 12: 419–428, 2000
THE EFFECT OF BACTERIAL ENDOTOXIN ON THE NEWBORN GUINEA PIG

Newborn guinea pigs (less than 24 hours old) are highly susceptible to the lethal effect of endotoxin and susceptibility decreases with age. The vulnerability to endotoxin has not been attributed to hypofunction of either the adrenal gland or the reticuloendothelial system of the newborn, since prior injection of corticosteroids provides only partial protection to endotoxin and newborn guinea pigs can efficiently remove colloidal substances from the circulation. In contrast to adults, newborns do not develop a delayed inflammatory reaction following intradermal injection of endotoxin, and after intravenous challenge frequently fail to display neutropenia and sustained fever.
Physical mapping of the pea chloroplast DNA and localization of the ribosomal RNA genes.

Abstract The closed circular DNA of pea chloroplast has been digested with restriction endonucleases Sal I, Sma I, Bam HI, Xba I, Xho I, Hind III, and Eco RI. A physical restriction map of pea ctDNA has been constructed by mapping the Sal I and Sma I sites. The pea ctDNA has been found to contain one set of ribosomal RNA genes by Southern hybridization of restriction endonuclease digest, R-loop studies, and DNA-DNA heteroduplex mapping. The 23 S and 16 S RNA genes are confined to a DNA region of 3.0 and 1.5 kbp, respectively. The two rRNA chains are separated by a spacer region of 2.2 kbp.
(Z)-10-nonadecenal: A pheromonally active air oxidation product of (Z,Z)-9,19 dienes in yellowheaded spruce sawfly.

Each of 10 (Z,Z)-9,19 hydrocarbon dienes (28–37 carbons) found in female yellowheaded spruce sawflies,Pikonema alaskensis (Rohwer), was synthesized and found to be attractive to males by field bioassay. These dienes oxidize slowly in air, major products being aldehydes. One product common to all the dienes, (Z)-10-nonadecenal (Z10–19∶Al), and one from the 29-carbon diene only, (Z)-10-eicosenal, initiated flight and caused upwind anemotaxis in males in a greenhouse bioassay.Z10–19∶Al was incorporated into Hercon® controlled release formulations and was active in the field. The aldehyde could be useful for monitoring sawfly populations.
Correlations among evoked potential thresholds, distortion product otoacoustic emissions and hair cell loss following various noise exposures in the chinchilla

Changes in cubic distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DeltaDPOAEs), evoked potential threshold shifts (TSs) and outer hair cell (OHC) losses were measured in a population of 95 noise-exposed chinchillas. Each animal was exposed to one of 23 different noises in an asymptotic threshold shift (ATS) producing paradigm or an interrupted noise paradigm which typically produced a toughening effect. Noises were narrow band (400 Hz) impacts with center frequencies of 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0 or 8.0 kHz presented 1 impact/s at peak SPLs of 109, 115, 121 or 127 dB. The duration of the exposures was 24 h/day for 5 days (ATS paradigm) or 6 h/day for 20 days (toughening paradigm). Based on a linear regression analysis of individual subject and group mean data, correlations among the following dependent variables were made: DeltaDPOAEs, ATS, toughening or TS recovery (TS(r)), permanent threshold shift (PTS) and OHC loss. Correlations among these metrics were generally highest for DPOAE primary frequency levels, L(1)=L(2)=70 dB. Correlation between DeltaDPOAE and TS(r) was typically low, while a considerably higher correlation was found between DeltaDPOAE and ATS. Correlations among the permanent measures of noise-induced effects, i.e. for DeltaDPOAE/PTS and DeltaDPOAE/OHC loss were typically poor when there was only a small or a moderate noise-induced effect (PTS<25 dB and DeltaDPOAE<20 dB). However, for PTS<25 dB the correlation between PTS and OHC loss was considerably better than the correlation between DeltaDPOAE and OHC loss. For more severe noise-induced changes there was generally a good correspondence between OHC loss, PTS and DeltaDPOAE metrics.
AN INITIAL-VALUE METHOD FOR FREDHOLM INTEGRAL EQUATIONS WITH DISPLACEMENT KERNELS: REFLECTION FUNCTIONS,

Abstract : A method is given for reducing Fredholm integral equations of the second kind with displacement kernels to initial-value problems, using an approach that involves introducing certain auxiliary functions, one of which is analogous to the reflection function of transport theory. An extension of the method of invariant imbedding is used to develop a complete system of differential equations suitable for numerical solution. The theory is then applied to radiative transfer. Good results are obtained with a Gaussian quadrature formula of order 7 and an integration step length of 0.01, using a fourth-order predictor-corrector formula for the integration of ordinary differential equations. Such results agree to about five significant figures with results obtained using a higher-order formula and a shorter step length. The equations are numerically stable, which means that solutions may be obtained to any degree of accuracy by the proper choices of the quadrature formula order and the step length, and for media of arbitrarily great thicknesses.
Modulation by propranolol of the lysyl cross-links in aortic elastin and collagen of the aneurysm-prone turkey

dl-Propranolol (propranolol) fed to immature and mature aneurysm-prone turkeys (Broad-Breasted White, BBW) for 6 weeks significantly raised the tensile strength of tissue rings from the abdominal aorta. The drug-mediated increase in tensile strength values was dose-related and independent of its heart rate- and arterial pressure-lowering effects. Propranolol acts, in part, by (a) stimulating lysyl oxidase to produce greater amounts of reactive aldehydes for intermolecular cross-links, (b) enhancing the progression of chemically unstable to stable forms of intermolecular elastin cross-links (lysinonorleucine and the desmosines), and (c) reducing the density of the age-related intermolecular cross-linking of collagen (pyridinoline). These propranolol effects on the lysyl cross-links were demonstrated in both the immature and mature animals and suggest a heretofore unrecognized potential for this widely used cardiovascular drug.
Plot of Modal Field Distribution in Rectangular and Circular Waveguides

The earliest plots of modal field distribution in rectangular/circular waveguides were given by Southworth (1936), Barrow (1936), Schelkunoff (1937), and Chu and Barrow (1937).
Ecological Consequences of Island Colonization by Southwest Pacific Birds, I. Types of Niche Shifts

Abstract The land and fresh-water birds of the southwest Pacific islands derive mainly from New Guinea and offer a favorable situation for studying ecological consequences of island invasions. The reduction of competition on species-poor islands permits some colonizing species to expand their niches spatially, by occupying altitudinal bands, types of habitats, and/or vertical strata of the forest from which they are excluded by other species on species-rich islands. Expansions to higher altitudes, or from second-growth into forest, are especially frequent. Other colonists become more abundant in the same type of habitat preferred on New Guinea. Instances of a change in diet are rare. Changes in foraging technique are noted mainly for those colonists that have been isolated long enough to have undergone morphological divergence. Approximately half of the colonizing populations experience no niche shift.
Heterogeneous condom use in contemporary Russia.

Using data from a panel survey of a representative probability sample of Russian households, we examine how individual traits, locality, and “sex-event context” are associated with condom use in contemporary Russia. At the individual level, age has negative effects and measures of risk orientation have positive effects on the probability of condom use; for women, education has positive effects and Muslim belief has negative effects. Condom use is higher among residents in Moscow and St. Petersburg and lower (for women) among rural residents. Most importantly, the same individuals make different choices about condom use from one sex event to the next, and their choices are systematically related to the nature and duration of their relationship to their partner, as well as to their partner's age. Condom use is prevalent in casual encounters and in those involving new partners or commercial sex workers. Coupled with the strong effects of age for both partners, this pattern represents good news regarding the potential for the spread of HIV in Russia. Other findings are more worrisome: HIV awareness and knowledge of condoms’ effectiveness in blocking transmission of the virus do not influence condom use at all, and married people are relatively unlikely to use condoms even in extramarital encounters and especially in long-term affairs. Accordingly, interventions should target older Russians who are married and have sex with long-term nonspousal partners.
VASCULAR CELLS RESPOND TO ENDOTHELIAL CELL FLOW- AND PRESSURE-RELEASED SOLUBLE PROTEINS

Arterial homeostasis is dictated by hemodynamics and intercellular communications. Therefore, the present study exposed vascular cells to mechanical forces and conditioned medium to determine the impact of intracellular communication on cell responses. Endothelial cells exposed to flow and flow-conditioned medium demonstrated the most significant up regulation of COX-2 (p < 0.01), ecNOS (p < 0.01), and PDGF-B (p < 0.05) mRNA. When exposed to pressure and control medium, endothelial cells expressed COX-2 (p < 0.01), ecNOS (p < 0.01), and PDGF-B (p < 0.01) mRNA to a lesser extent than cells exposed to flow and control medium. In addition, cell growth studies in the presence of flow- and pressure-conditioned medium revealed decreased (p < 0.05) endothelial cell growth and increased (p < 0.05) smooth muscle cell growth. Ultimately, understanding the effects of chemical mediators released by vascular cells under physiological and pathological conditions will aid in elucidating the development and progression o...
Communicative Functions and Strategies in Children's Conversations.

Using Tough's hierarchical analysis of language functions, uses, and strategies, this study found developmental differences in the communicative functions and strategies used by preschoolers in their conversations with one another. At three, the most important communicative functions were to verbally master information about the environment (interpretative function) and to express one's needs and ideas (relational function). Interpretative strategies included labelling and elaboration of detail, which enabled children to explore their environment through verbal means. Relational strategies reflected the child's egocentrism since 75% of those strategies were self-emphasizing strategies. At four, a major developmental shift occurred, with the projective function becoming most important, followed by the relational function. Within the projective function, imaginating strategies enabled children to create new roles and contexts for their play. Both imaginating and relational strategies incorporated increasingly adaptive communication directed toward others. Generally it was found that females appeared to develop language strategies (utilized by both sexes) earlier than males, and achieved a more advanced level of cognitive complexity and communicative adaptability in their relational and projective strategies.
Advancing Contact Angles of Newtonian Fluids During “High” Velocity, Transient, Capillary-Driven Flow in a Parallel Plate Geometry

Advancing contact angles in the order of 70° to 80° were measured for Newtonian fluids at relatively high capillary numbers using a system of parallel glass plates. The transient height attained by the fluids between the plates was fitted to an averaged-flow Navier−Stokes model in order to indirectly estimate the value of the dynamic advancing angle. Subsequently, using a highly nonlinear approximation for the contact angle, it was possible to describe the entire relaxation phenomena during the capillary rise at low meniscus rates (e.g., high viscosity fluids), as well as at front velocities on the order of a hundred millimeters per second (e.g., low viscosity fluids). Contact angles obtained by the parallel plates method agree well with experimental observations and phenomenological correlations put forward in recent literature, but cannot be explained in terms of the proportionalities between dynamic angle and velocity predicted by the classical hydrodynamic and molecular theories in the nonwetting case.
Experimental and computational studies of bulk polymerization of styrene in the presence of N-(O-(1-phenylmethyl)oxy) phthalimide or cyclohexanone-O-(1-phenylmethyl)oxime

Syntheses of potential initiators N-(O-(1-phenylethyl)oxy)phthalimide, N-(O-(1-phenylmethyl)oxy)phthalimide (POP), cyclohexanone-O-(1-phenylethyl)oxime, and cyclohexanone-O-(1-phenylmethyl)oxime (CHPO) are described. Bulk polymerization of styrene in the presence of POP or CHPO and molecular weight measurement by GPC indicate that the polymerization is not a living process. Ab initio calculations show that the C-O or O-N bond cleavage energies of POP and CHPO are close to each other (3: C-O: 46.4, O-N: 47.3 kcal/mol; 1: C-O: 46.9, O-N: 63.0 kcal/mol) and much higher than the similar analogs of 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyloxy (TEMPO) (C-O: 20.9, O-N: 34.4 kcal/mol). The similar C-O and O-N bond cleavage energies of the synthesized initiators (POP/CHPO) indicate two possible cleavage pathways and may explain the non-living nature of the polymerization. These results may be helpful in finding future reversible terminator compounds for living polymerization.
Tachycardia Related Cardiomyopathy: Response to Control of the Arrhythmia

To evaluate the clinical response of five children with automatic atrial tachycardia (AA T) and associated cardiomyopathy to arrhythmia control, we compared pretreatment and posttreatment 24hour ECG heart rates, cardiothoracic ratio by chest radiograph, and echocardiographic measures of ventricular ,function. Two children were treated with amiodarone, two with surgical excision and cryoablation of the ectopic focus, and one with digoxin alone. Signijicantly slower mean heart rates were achieved, along with a dominant sinus rhythm and improvement in symptoms. Control of the AAT resulted in improved mean cardiothoracic ratio (0.53 pre vs 0.49 post; P = 0.021, as well as improvement in a number of echocardiographic measurements: mean shorteningfraction (20% pre vs 34% post; P = 0.006), mean ejection fraction (36% pre vs 50% post; P < 0.01), mean velocity of’ circumferential fiber shortening (0.62 pre vs 1.20 post; P = 0.003). Mean E-point septa1 separation corrected for enddiastolic dimension also showed a trend toward improvement (0.25 pre vs 0.16 post; P = 0.11). Right ventricular endocardial biopsies in four were nonspecific; an atrial biopsy from surgery showed a Purkinje fiber-like tissue in one patient, but was nonspecijic in another. We conclude that cardiomyopathy can be causally linked to automatic atrial tachycardia and that aggressive medical and/or surgical management is warranted in those patients with signs and symptoms of impaired ventricular function. (J Interven Cardiol 1989:2:4)
Quantitative determination of podophyllotoxin and related compounds in podophyllum species by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography

A rapid sensitive and reliable reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography method was developed using a Taxsilr column and gradient elution for the routine determination of podophyllotoxin and six related compounds, epipodophyllotoxin, α-peltatin, β-peltatin, 4′-demethylpodophyllotoxin, podophyllotoxin-4-O-glycoside, and 1,2,3,4-dehydrodesoxypodophyllotoxin in Podophyllum extracts. The elaborated method gave well resolved peaks for these compounds with good detection response and linearity in the range 25–450 ng.
A software framework for multiscale and multilevel physiological model integration and simulation

Emergence of systems biology motivated more comprehensive and integrative approaches for modeling physiological processes. In this paper, the design of a software framework for facilitating the integration of multilevel and multiscale physiological processes is presented. To build such an integrative environment, a layered design is proposed, where the structural and functional information is separated from the information flow and integration mechanism. Interfacing mechanisms are proposed to handle the integration of multilevel and multiscale processes. Integration of the processes and the information flow among the processes is modularized to use the anatomical and physiological information. The aim of the proposed design is to enhance the model development processes; but more importantly to accelerate the development, analysis and testing of integration approaches for multiscale and multilevel physiological models.
Primary prevention implantable cardioverter-defibrillators in older racial and ethnic minority patients.

Background— Racial and ethnic minorities are under-represented in clinical trials of primary prevention implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs). This analysis investigates the association between primary prevention ICDs and mortality among Medicare, racial/ethnic minority patients. Methods and Results— Data from Get With The Guidelines-Heart Failure Registry and National Cardiovascular Data Registry’s ICD Registry were used to perform an adjusted comparative effectiveness analysis of primary prevention ICDs in Medicare, racial/ethnic minority patients (nonwhite race or Hispanic ethnicity). Mortality data were obtained from the Medicare denominator file. The relationship of ICD with survival was compared between minority and white non-Hispanic patients. Our analysis included 852 minority patients, 426 ICD and 426 matched non-ICD patients, and 2070 white non-Hispanic patients (1035 ICD and 1035 matched non-ICD patients). Median follow-up was 3.1 years. Median age was 73 years, and median ejection fraction was 23%. Adjusted 3-year mortality rates for minority ICD and non-ICD patients were 44.9% (95% confidence interval [CI], 44.2%–45.7%) and 54.3% (95% CI, 53.4%–55.1%), respectively (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.79; 95% CI, 0.63–0.98; P =0.034). White non-Hispanic patients receiving an ICD had lower adjusted 3-year mortality rates of 47.8% (95% CI, 47.3%–48.3%) compared with 57.3% (95% CI, 56.8%–57.9%) for those with no ICD (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.67%–0.83%; P <0.0001). There was no significant interaction between race/ethnicity and lower mortality risk with ICD ( P =0.70). Conclusions— Primary prevention ICDs are associated with lower mortality in nonwhite and Hispanic patients, similar to that seen in white, non-Hispanic patients. These data support a similar approach to ICD patient selection, regardless of race or ethnicity.
An Approach for Enhancing the Symbolic, Communicative, and Interpersonal Functioning of Young Children with Autism or Severe Emotional Handicaps:

An intervention approach emphasizing development of symbolic thought, communication, and interpersonal relationships was Implemented with 26 children (ages 2 through 6) who had infantile autism, pe...
AGAP1/AP‐3‐dependent endocytic recycling of M5 muscarinic receptors promotes dopamine release

Of the five mammalian muscarinic acetylcholine (ACh) receptors, M5 is the only subtype expressed in midbrain dopaminergic neurons, where it functions to potentiate dopamine release. We have identified a direct physical interaction between M5 and the AP-3 adaptor complex regulator AGAP1. This interaction was specific with regard to muscarinic receptor (MR) and AGAP subtypes, and mediated the binding of AP-3 to M5. Interaction with AGAP1 and activity of AP-3 were required for the endocytic recycling of M5 in neurons, the lack of which resulted in the downregulation of cell surface receptor density after sustained receptor stimulation. The elimination of AP-3 or abrogation of AGAP1–M5 interaction in vivo decreased the magnitude of presynaptic M5-mediated dopamine release potentiation in the striatum. Our study argues for the presence of a previously unknown receptor-recycling pathway that may underlie mechanisms of G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) homeostasis. These results also suggest a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of dopaminergic dysfunction.
OBSERVATIONS ON INTERNAL WAVES IN SHALLOW WATER

Observations made off the San Diego coast in 1959 are presented and discussed. Two different systems for recording temperatures were employed and thermistors were used in both of them. The transducer component of one consists of several thermistors by which temperature is measured at fixed depths. The other system includes a sea element which is automatically and continuously positioned on a selected isotherm. Ocean temperature was simultaneously recorded at three locations. Series of internal waves of relatively high frequency usually follow high or low tide and persist for approximately one hour. Single waves that are separated from other significant thermal disturbances and not related to any particular phase of tide progress in the same area. Profiles of both types of waves show that they are strongly influenced by boundary conditions. Wave displacement is upward when the thermocline is near the bottom and downward when the thermocline is higher. Internal tides are present throughout a 7-day record of isotherm depth. The phase relation between the surface tide and internal tide is variable over time but the period and asymmetry of the two waves are similar.