cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Final report for ER65039, The Role of Small RNA in Biomass Deposition

Our objective in this project was to discover the role of sRNA in regulating both biomass biosynthesis and perenniality in the Andropogoneae feedstock grasses. Our central hypothesis was that there is a time-and space specific sRNA network playing a crucial role in regulating processes associated with cell wall biosynthesis, flowering time control, overwintering/juvenility, and nutrient sequestration in the feedstock grasses. To address this, we performed a large scale biological project consisting of the growth of material, generation of Illumina libraries, sequencing and analysis for small RNA, mRNA and Degradome / cmRNA. Our subsidiary objectives included analysis of the biology of small RNAs and the cell wall composition of Miscanthus. These objectives have all been completed, one publication is in print, one is submitted and several more are in progress.
Study of wear-resisting property of PM iron-based materials with high alloying elements content

Particulate reinforced iron-based materials with high alloying elements content were prepared by powder metallurgy processing technique.The wear-resisting property of the materials under dry friction condition was studied by optical microscopy,scanning electron microscopy,energy dispersive spectroscopy and wear test.The results show that the wear mechanism includes abrasive wear-off,adhesive wear-off and fatigue wear-off.The materials enter steady working condition within 50 seconds.After 120 minutes dry friction,wear coefficient of the materials changes between 0.05~0.06 and wear ratio is very low(2.096×10-15 kg/(m·N)).The M6C carbides are useful to good wear-resisting property of the materials,while the M2C carbides decrease the wear-resisting property of the materials.
Physical Exercises Awareness and Behavior Investigation and Analysis of Obese and Overweight Middle School Students in Shanxi Province

By investigating present situation of PE among obese and overweight middle school students in Shanxi province,the author probes into the awareness and behaviors of physical exercises.The findings show that the awareness of physical exercises is generally low and the motive of it is negative.Therefore,conclusions are that the awareness,training and health education should be enhanced;scientific exercise methods should be taught to students according to their physical and psychological characteristics so as to develop their interest and build up health.
Performance Analysis of a MR Hydraulic Actuator System Based on Biviscous Model

Based on the controllable characteristic of magnetorheological(MR)fluid,a set of MR valves were used in place of conventional mechanical servo valves to construct a Wheatstone bridge hydraulic actuator system.The Biviscous models of MR valve and MR hydraulic actuator system were discussed,and the application of MR valve to the hydraulic control system was studied theoretically.From the analysis,it is shown that MR valve has nicer flow characteristics and as the control electric current increases,the applied magnetic field to MR fluid is increased,the efficiency of the MR hydraulic system is improved.
Potential for a Simple GPS-Based Binary Logit Model to Predict Fishing Effort in a Vertical Hook-and-Line Reef Fish Fishery

AbstractAccurate fishing effort information is fundamental to the successful management of fisheries resources. Automated, independent, and reliable methods for quantifying fishing effort are needed. The use of vessel speed from Global Positioning System (GPS) data to identify fishing activity has worked well for trawl fisheries but has been less successful in stationary fisheries. Therefore, five trips on four vessels from a vertical hook-and-line reef fish fishery were used to examine the efficacy of GPS (speed and time) and electronic video monitoring (EVM) sensor (drum and video) data to corroborate an observer’s account of effort using binary logistic regression classification (logit) models as well as a simple speed and time filter (filter). One minute was the minimum data collection interval examined that documented 100% of fishing events. As no fishing occurred at night, opportunistically defined as the 7 h between 2200 and 0500 hours, these records were excluded from analyses. During the day, ves...
Acute suppurative thyroiditis.

A 16-year-old boy presented with fever, painful swelling, and right-side tenderness of the anterior aspect of his lower neck. CT of the neck demonstrated a low-attenuation area of approximately 7.0 cm × 4.1 cm × 6.4 cm containing air and peripheral contrast enhancement on the right side, consistent with abscess formation (Fig. 1). A barium swallow study showed extravasation of contrast material from the right piriform fossa to the thyroid gland (Fig. 2). The patient eventually underwent surgical excision of the piriform sinus fistula.
Affective disturbance in rheumatoid arthritis: psychological and disease-related pathways

In addition to recurrent pain, fatigue, and increased rates of physical disability, individuals with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) have an increased prevalence of some mental health disorders, particularly those involving affective or mood disturbances. This narrative Review provides an overview of mental health comorbidities in RA, and discusses how these comorbidities interact with disease processes, including dysregulation of inflammatory responses, prolonged difficulties with pain and fatigue, and the development of cognitive and behavioural responses that could exacerbate the physical and psychological difficulties associated with RA. This article describes how the social context of individuals with RA affects both their coping strategies and their psychological responses to the disease, and can also impair responses to treatment through disruption of patient-physician relationships and treatment adherence. Evidence from the literature on chronic pain suggests that the resulting alterations in neural pathways of reward processing could yield new insights into the connections between disease processes in RA and psychological distress. Finally, the role of psychological interventions in the effective and comprehensive treatment of RA is discussed.
Optimized AIR and investigational MOLLI cardiac T1 mapping pulse sequences produce similar intra-scan repeatability in patients at 3T

This study was conducted to improve the precision of arrhythmia-insensitive rapid (AIR) cardiac T1 mapping through pulse sequence optimization and then evaluate the intra-scan repeatability in patients at 3T against investigational modified Look-Locker inversion recovery (MOLLI) T1 mapping. In the first development phase (five human subjects), we implemented and tested centric-pair k-space ordering to suppress image artifacts associated with eddy currents. In the second development phase (15 human subjects), we determined optimal flip angles to reduce the measurement variation in T1 maps. In the validation phase (35 patients), we compared the intra-scan repeatability between investigational MOLLI and optimized AIR. In 23 cardiac planes, conventional centric k-space ordering (3.7%) produced significantly (p 0.89, intra-class correlation coefficient ≥ 0.95 for all four measurement types). Compared with investigational MOLLI (coefficient of repeatability, CR = 40.0, 77.2, 26.5, and 25.9 ms for native myocardial, native blood, post-contrast myocardial, and post-contrast blood T1 , and 2.0% for extracellular volume (ECV) measurements, respectively), optimized AIR (CR = 54.3, 89.7, 30.5, and 14.7 ms for native myocardial, native blood, post-contrast myocardial, and post-contrast blood T1 , and 1.6% for ECV measurements, respectively) produced similar absolute intra-scan repeatability in all 35 patients in the validation phase. High repeatability is critically important for longitudinal studies, where the goal is to monitor physiologic/pathologic changes, not measurement variation. Optimized AIR cardiac T1 mapping is likely to yield high scan-retest repeatability for pre-clinical and clinical applications.
Vehicle Power Management: Basic Concepts

This chapter focuses on fundamentals and basic concepts of vehicle power management. Several aspects are involved in this chapter as different sections, containing energy consuming effects and vehicle performance, introduction to drive cycles and discussion of vehicle power demand, current power management research in various types of vehicles, and description of major software tools (i.e., MATLAB/Simulink, ADVISOR and PSAT) for structural optimization and verification of control strategies in vehicles.
Mobility data verification for vehicle localization in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks

Many Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) applications require the vehicle's location information to be available at anytime and anywhere within the network. Vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication allows the exchange of mobility data, which includes position, speed and heading information, that can be used for location estimation. However, if the exchanged mobility data contains invalid or wrong information, the performance of the localization method and the network in general will be affected. Therefore, it is very important to validate the mobility data. In this paper, we address this issue and propose a solution to mitigate the impact of incorrect mobility data in vehicle localization. We develop simulations to evaluate and validate our proposed verification system. We apply the proposed system to our previously developed localization method, optimized weighted localization (OWL). The results show that our solution has successfully detected untrusted vehicles and hence improved the performance of the localization method.
When Patients Cannot Tolerate Narrowband-UVB

Rarely, there are patients who are unable to tolerate NB-UVB due to skin irritation. Such patients are often able to tolerate BB-UVB. Although some studies point that NB-UVB may be more effective than BB-UVB, when a patient cannot tolerate NB-UVB, BB-UVB is a good alternative treatment option. Likewise, patients who cannot tolerate BB-UVB may be able to tolerate NB-UVB.
Abstract 36: Adult Hypertension Risk is More than Quadrupled in Obese Children

There is a known association between adiposity and hypertension (HTN). However, whether and to what extent body mass index (BMI) predicts adult HTN has not been well examined longitudinally. In this study, we attempt to quantify the effects of childhood overweight and obesity on adult HTN in a prospective cohort. The original cohort was established in 1986, and consisted of 1117 healthy children (47% male), recruited from schools in Indianapolis, Indiana (mean age 12.1; SD 5.7 years). During the course of follow-up, blood pressure, height, and weight were measured semiannually with a mean of 8.4 visits per child (SD 7.2). BMI was calculated from recorded height and weight; weight status was determined by age and sex-adjusted BMI percentile values (BMI%). Subjects were classified as normal weight, overweight (BMI% ≥ 85% and In conclusion, the degree of adiposity in childhood significantly impacts the risk for HTN in adulthood. Childhood obesity is associated with a quadrupled risk of adult HTN. This has significant implications for early prevention of childhood obesity and public health.
BAIAP3, a C2 domain-containing Munc13 protein, controls the fate of dense-core vesicles in neuroendocrine cells.

Dense-core vesicle (DCV) exocytosis is a SNARE (soluble N-ethylmaleimide–sensitive fusion attachment protein receptor)-dependent anterograde trafficking pathway that requires multiple proteins for regulation. Several C2 domain–containing proteins are known to regulate Ca2+-dependent DCV exocytosis in neuroendocrine cells. In this study, we identified others by screening all (∼139) human C2 domain–containing proteins by RNA interference in neuroendocrine cells. 40 genes were identified, including several encoding proteins with known roles (CAPS [calcium-dependent activator protein for secretion 1], Munc13-2, RIM1, and SYT10) and many with unknown roles. One of the latter, BAIAP3, is a secretory cell–specific Munc13-4 paralog of unknown function. BAIAP3 knockdown caused accumulation of fusion-incompetent DCVs in BON neuroendocrine cells and lysosomal degradation (crinophagy) of insulin-containing DCVs in INS-1 β cells. BAIAP3 localized to endosomes was required for Golgi trans-Golgi network 46 (TGN46) recycling, exhibited Ca2+-stimulated interactions with TGN SNAREs, and underwent Ca2+-stimulated TGN recruitment. Thus, unlike other Munc13 proteins, BAIAP3 functions indirectly in DCV exocytosis by affecting DCV maturation through its role in DCV protein recycling. Ca2+ rises that stimulate DCV exocytosis may stimulate BAIAP3-dependent retrograde trafficking to maintain DCV protein homeostasis and DCV function.
DECAF: detecting and characterizing ad fraud in mobile apps

Ad networks for mobile apps require inspection of the visual layout of their ads to detect certain types of placement frauds. Doing this manually is error prone, and does not scale to the sizes of today's app stores. In this paper, we design a system called DECAF to automatically discover various placement frauds scalably and effectively. DECAF uses automated app navigation, together with optimizations to scan through a large number of visual elements within a limited time. It also includes a framework for efficiently detecting whether ads within an app violate an extensible set of rules that govern ad placement and display. We have implemented DECAF for Windows-based mobile platforms, and applied it to 1,150 tablet apps and 50,000 phone apps in order to characterize the prevalence of ad frauds. DECAF has been used by the ad fraud team in Microsoft and has helped find many instances of ad frauds.
The Ghost in the Global War on Terror: Critical Perspectives and Dangerous Implications for National Security and the Law

In this article, I set out to discuss the dangerous implications the Global War on Terror (GWOT) and, more generally, the attempts of the United States government to address notions of terrorism, and its affect on the safety of U.S. and world citizens. I am primarily concerned with engaging a poststructuralist critique of the GWOT to strengthen legal discussions of terrorism and national security policy the current system is lacking. While many in the legal academy have focused on particular issues relating to terrorism, I will engage on a macro-level analysis of the way the legal academy conceptualizes terrorism, not how it discusses acts of terrorism. While I am concerned with the legal basis for the GWOT, I am more concerned with how our idea of terrorism affects our ability to address it in our legal and political lives and how these decisions affect our national and personal security. I will utilize the concept of the ghost in the machine, discussed below, to help further the poststructuralist criticism utilized herein. Next, I will demonstrate the utility of poststructural and postcolonial criticisms to terrorism and the Global War on Terrorism. Lastly, I will argue that the GWOT has far-reaching implications that threaten to debase our legal system, casting our civil rights regime into the refuse bin of legal history. The goal is to provide a poststructural and postcolonial legal framework, available in the legal literature, for scholars, students, and practitioners to use in their further work on terrorism.
Controlled Gene Gun Delivery and Expression of DNA Within the Cornea

Selective delivery of genes to ocular tissues in vivo has been a long sought after goal for potential gene therapy of ocular disease. The gene gun was considered for this purpose because of its ability to focally transfer DNA to cells through gold microparticles coated with DNA. Through experimentation, we optimized a technique that allows focal delivery and expression of a plasmid encoding green fluorescent protein in the corneal epithelium 100% of the time. Though the corneal epithelium has a delicate structure, this introduction was not associated with any corneal or ocular damage and did not produce any apparent ocular irritation. These findings demonstrate the utility of gene gun delivery of DNA to selected ocular tissues for potential experimental and therapeutic purposes.
An awareness-raising framework for global health networks: lessons learned from a qualitative case study in respectful maternity care

The increase in global health networks as mechanisms for improving health and affecting social change has been recognized as a key component of the global health landscape today. To successfully raise awareness of shared causes, global health networks need tools to help them plan successful campaigns and evaluate the impact of their work, as well as to coordinate and reinforce each other’s efforts. One global health network, the Respectful Maternity Care (RMC) Global Council, can be credited with raising the profile of the issues of disrespect and abuse (D&A) in childbirth and the need for RMC within global maternal health. We set out to learn from the work of the RMC Global Council and the RMC movement at large to develop a tool—a framework for planning and evaluating awareness-raising efforts—useful for networks focused on global health and human rights. We reviewed the literature for theoretical models on awareness raising and, finding a lack of appropriate tools, developed a new, draft framework using components of the Framework for Effective Campaigns, the SpitFire SmartChart 3.0, and Network Theory. We conducted semi-structured interviews with members of the RMC Global Council to validate the draft framework and identify any additional strategies or tactics that were used during their efforts to raise awareness of D&A and RMC. We also interviewed “influenced” individuals to validate inputs from the influencers and determine the key documents, events, individuals, and organizations that made the greatest contribution to the increased awareness of D&A/RMC. Data were analyzed using deductive and inductive qualitative research methods. The validated awareness-raising framework includes five strategies that characterize a successful awareness-raising effort. Each strategy has a set of tactics that can operationalize those strategies. Each tactic is classified as essential, helpful, or variable based on the number of key informants who utilized it. This case study offers an example of how global health networks can create a movement that effects change at global and local levels by providing an empirically-grounded framework to help plan, coordinate, and evaluate future campaigns designed to raise awareness and create momentum in global health, human rights, and quality of care.
Mechanical Circulatory Support in Management of Cardiogenic Shock and Myxedema Coma

The cardiovascular system is a major target of thyroid hormone action and the two systems are closely interlinked. It can be greatly impacted even with subtle alterations in thyroid function. Caution is needed when implementing thyroid hormone replacement in patients with severe hypothyroidism, especially in the setting of ischemic coronary artery disease. If not properly treated, myxedema may ensue. Given the high mortality of myxedema coma, supportive care may not always suffice and patients may require more invasive interventions. We present a challenging case of a patient with overt hypothyroidism with concurrent acute coronary syndrome which subsequently lead to myxedema coma and cardiogenic shock. A transcaval approach for the delivery of an Impella 5.0 (Abiomed Inc., Danvers, MA) was utilized in supporting this patient. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case that describes the use of a mechanical circulatory support in treating myxedema-induced cardiovascular collapse.
Comparative transcriptome analysis of sinonasal inverted papilloma and associated squamous cell carcinoma: Out‐HOXing developmental genes

Background Sinonasal papilloma has a tendency toward local destruction, recurrence, and malignant transformation. This study aimed to unravel mechanisms in the malignant transformation of sinonasal papillomas using RNA-seq. Methods The cohort consisted of 37 consecutive patients; tumor histology included a continuum spectrum (sinonasal papillomas/dysplastic/carcinomas-in-situ/invasive squamous cell carcinomas). These were microdissected and RNA was subjected to whole-transcriptome shotgun sequencing. Results RNA-seq and pathway analysis showed that the highest expressed genes/potential drivers were development- and differentiation-related genes. The protein expression of six highly upregulated genes (HOXA9, EN1, DUX4, CA9, CD1a, and CK5/6) validated the RNA-seq results. HOXA9 and CA9 were found to be expressed in most of the carcinoma samples but were largely negative in papillomas; all of the CA9-negative carcinomas were recurrent. Conclusions We conclude that sinonasal carcinomas arising from papillomas are mainly defined by overexpressed developmental/homeobox genes, which provide the potential for transformation/plasticity, along with differentiation and proliferation behavior of neoplastic cells. Our results support HOXA9 and CA9 as biomarkers for carcinomas, with CA9 emerging as a predictive marker of recurrence.
Prediction of Hour of Coincident Daily Peak Load

To manage the power system well, it is important to keep the balance between the electricity supply and its demand. For many utilities, consumers need to pay additional money for the electricity during the peak time on days with the highest demands – coincident peak pricing. Therefore, if the consumers are informed the daily load peak a day or hours in advance, such surcharges may be avoided. The accurate forecasting of load peak time not only helps to provide a reliable electricity supply, but also be useful to reduce the cost of electricity for consumers. In this paper, we study the historical data and then build the classification models for winter and summer to predict the time of daily peaks 24 hours ahead. Several classification algorithms, including Naive Bayes, SVM, Random Forest, AdaBoost, CNN, LSTM, Stacked Autoencoder, are applied to solve this problem. Finally, the performance of these methods have been examined and compared with LSTM having the best overall accuracy, precision, and recall.
Chapter 166 – Metamorphosis

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the metamorphosis in insects. Most organisms undergo a change in form as they grow from an embryo to an adult. The term larva has very broad usage in invertebrate zoology, being applied to an assortment of forms (often the dispersive state) in virtually all invertebrate phyla. In the insects, larva has been used in different ways, including such diverse forms as the immatures of the most primitive order Protura and of the most advanced order Hymenoptera (sawflies, ants, wasps, and bees). The termites present an interesting problem: some authors use nymph for all juvenile termites, whereas others use larva for those lacking wingpads, and nymph for those having wingpads. This is further complicated because the supplementary reproductives may be wingless or bear wingpads, even though the two forms are functionally equivalent. The kind of metamorphosis insects undergo is closely related to which of the subclasses a taxon belongs to. In the Apterygota, metamorphosis is either anamorphic in the Protura, in which three abdominal segments are added as the individual develops to an adult, or it is ametabolous, in which the number of molts is indefinite and molting may continue throughout life after sexual maturity. In the Pterygota, there are two fundamental kinds of metamorphosis: the hemimetabola develop through the egg, larva, and adult stages, and the holometabola develop through the egg, larva, pupa, and adult stages. There are also other terms that have been used to describe variations in metamorphosis.
Robotic and open partial nephrectomy for intermediate and high complexity tumors: a matched-pairs comparison of surgical outcomes at a single institution.

Objective: To compare peri-operative factors and renal function following open partial nephrectomy (OPN) and robotic partial nephrectomy (RPN) for intermediate and high complexity tumors when contr...
Evaluating the Quality of Smartphone Apps for Overeating, Stress, and Craving-Related Eating Using the Mobile Application Rating Scale

Food overconsumption is a major public health issue worldwide where obesity-related conditions are a leading cause of preventable death. The purpose of this study is to rate the quality of mobile apps aimed at improving eating behavior by targeting food and stress-related eating using the Mobile Application Rating Scale. There are few published studies evaluating the effectiveness of smartphone apps targeting the addiction model to improve eating behavior. Although pilot studies have indicated that this approach is promising, no randomized controlled trials have been published. This study included 19 apps, and app quality scores ranged from 2.58 to 4.87, with a mean score of 3.52 out of 5. The large discrepancy in quality is a concern given that these apps are aimed at addressing eating-related behaviors and influence health outcomes. As a result, a high burden is put on consumers to vigilantly screen apps to determine if information provided is based on scientific evidence.
Processor allocation for a class of hypercube-like supercomputers

Modified hypercubes (MHs) have been proposed as the building blocks of hypercube-based parallel systems that support incremental growth techniques. In contrast, systems comprising the standard hypercube cannot be expanded in practice. Processor allocation for MHs is a more difficult task due to a slight deviation in their topology from that of the hypercube. The authors address the processor allocation problem for MHs and propose two strategies which are based, partially or entirely, on a table lookup approach. The proposed strategies are characterized by a perfect subcube recognition ability and a superior performance. Furthermore, two existing processor allocation strategies for pure hypercubes, namely the buddy and free list strategies, are shown to be ineffective for MHs, in the light of their inability to recognize many available subcubes.
Needs and Concerns of Lewy Body Disease Family Caregivers: A Qualitative Study:

Lewy body disease (LBD) is a devastating condition with cognitive and physical deficits that pose a challenge to family caregivers. The purpose of this study was to identify the needs and concerns ...
Enlisting Healthcare Professionals in the Campaign against Incendiary Weapons

Abstract The exceptionally severe burns caused by incendiary weapons make strengthening international law a humanitarian imperative. Given healthcare professionals’ deep understanding of the human cost of burn injuries, they are in a unique position to urge governments to initiate a process to assess the law’s shortcomings at a major UN disarmament meeting in December. One way to advocate for such policy change is by signing an open letter from healthcare professionals and burn survivor organizations.
Chapter 4 – Optical Nanosensors for Biological Applications—Spectroscopic Techniques at the Cellular Level1

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the basic principles of optical-based biosensors as well as discusses the evolution of the relatively new class of biosensors with nanometer dimensions and their application to the monitoring of biological species on the cellular level. A biosensor can be generally defined as a device that consists of a biological recognition element, often called a bioreceptor, and a transducer. Despite the wide variety of bioreceptors and transducers employed, they are all based on the same principle. First, the sensor is placed in the environment of interest, where the target molecules bind to the bioreceptors in the biosensitive layer of the sensor. Bioreceptors can be biological molecules such as antibodies, enzymes, non-enzymatic proteins, nucleic acids or living biological systems such as cells, tissues, or whole organisms. The resulting interaction between the analyte and the bioreceptor then produces an effect that can be measured by the transducer, which converts this effect into some type of measurable signal (e.g., such as an electrical voltage).
Thyrotoxicosis: Postmortem Diagnosis in an Unexpected Death

Thyrotoxicosis, the clinical manifestation of extreme thyroid gland hyperfunction, is readily diagnosed and amenable to therapy. Although physicians recognize the lethal potential of thyrotoxicosis, it does not appear as a diagnosis in several series of unexpected deaths [1,2]. Coe [3], in 1973, discussed the difficulties in making this diagnosis postmortem. This report presents a case of clinically unrecognized thyrotoxicosis presenting as an unexpected death.
The Brokered Exuberance of the Middle Class: An Ethnographic Analysis of Iran's 2009 Green Movement

Based on ethnographic fieldwork and participant observation, this article moves from a microscopic to a wide-angle view to explain the dynamics of the 2009 post-election Green movement in the Islamic Republic of Iran: how it manifested, why it weakened, and who participated. After mapping out the protest wave, I make three main arguments. First, pre-electoral campaigns created spaces for interaction rituals of "brokered exuberance" among participants in public rallies that lowered perceptions of risk and spilled over into contentious protest after the election. Second, ordinary, non-networked Iranians utilized face-to-face interaction to broaden and recharge the protest wave, while Internet activism confused as much as coordinated the organization of street protests. Third, the social power and political orientation of Green protestors were connected to the increased relative size of the middle class in Iran, which had been empowered and enlarged through the state's developmental efforts over the past two...
The Electronic States of Atoms. II. Higher-Order Approximations for Multielectron Atoms

There are three principal approximation schemes that go beyond the zero-order orbital approximation. This chapter introduced three approximation schemes and discussed their application to atoms with two or more electrons. The first scheme is the variational method, which is based on the variation theorem. The variation theorem allows calculation of upper bounds to ground-state energies. The second approximation method, the perturbation method allows approximate calculations of energies and wave functions for any states. The third approximation scheme, the self-consistent field method allows generation of the best possible orbital wave function, leaving only the error due to neglect of electron correlation. In the orbital approximation, the energies of the orbitals in multielectron atoms depend on the angular momentum quantum number as well as on the principal quantum number, increasing as l increases. The ground state is identified by the Aufbau principle, choosing orbitals that give the lowest sum of the orbital energies consistent with the Pauli exclusion principle. For those elements with partially filled subshells, the detailed configuration and the values of the quantum numbers L and S of the ground level can be predicted, using rules due to Hund.
Hydrodynamic instability and coherent structures in turbulence

The role of hydrodynamic instability in the creation of coherent structures in wall-bounded turbulence is reviewed. Because the mean velocity profile for a flat-plate boundary layer or channel flow is highly stable to small wave-like disturbances, the classical Tollmien-Schlichting instability mechanism is not operative for the excitation of the fluctuation field. Instead, this must involve other instability mechanisms and/or nonlinearity. For such stable flows it is found that the transfer of energy from the mean to the fluctuations takes place primarily through algebraic instability [1]. This gives rise to structures of long-lived alternating low and high-speed regions in the near-wall region, i.e., streaks, which give contributions to the Reynolds shear stress proportional to their lifetime. By restraining the spanwise fluctuating velocity component so as both to reduce the spanwise vortex stretching, thereby inhibiting the formation of internal shear layers, and the spanwise asymmetry of the structures, their contribution to the Reynolds stress, and hence the total turbulent stress and the skin frictionx, may be reduced.
Lateral mixing across ice meltwater fronts of the Chukchi Sea shelf

Summer and fall hydrographic sections in the northeastern Chukchi Sea frequently capture 5–20 m thick intrapycnocline lenses or horizontal plumes of warm, moderately salty summer Bering Sea Water flowing northward from Bering Strait. These features occur within the shallow (~20 m depth) pycnocline separating cold, dilute, surface meltwater from near-freezing, salty, winter-formed waters beneath the pycnocline. An idealized numerical model suggests that the features arise from eddies and meanders generated by instability of the surface front separating meltwater from Bering Sea Water. Warm Bering Sea Water is transported across the front and into the pycnocline by the cross-frontal velocities associated with the instabilities. The accompanying lateral eddy heat fluxes may be important both in summer for promoting ice melt and in fall by delaying the onset of ice formation over portions of this shelf. Lateral heat flux magnitudes depend upon the stratification of the Bering Sea Water.
Afrotopia: Afrocentrism, Cosmopolitanism, and Cultural Literacy in the American Negro Academy

On August 23, 1941, William H. Ferris died, penniless and obscure, in his room at 10 West 123 Street, Harlem. His obituary in The Journal of Negro History described him as “a man whose career it is difficult to estimate. … His body was saved from the Potter's Field through the action of the treasurer of Yale, a member of Ferris's class of 1895.” Ferris was one of those figures in African American history who may easily be reduced by the heartless to an Amos-and-Andy caricature of the “miseducated Negro.” He has, in fact, usually been handled by historians in just that fashion. Stephen Fox, writing with precocious arrogance, described him as “an interesting, erratic individual [who] spent much of his time freeloading, an embarrassing illustration of the classically educated, unemployed Negro.” In 1913 Ferris published his major work, in two volumes, The African Abroad or His Evolution in Western Civilization, Tracing His Development Under Caucasian Milieu, which Fox describes as “a chaotically organized mass of material, with some significant details and insights.” In all fairness to their author, these remarks only paraphrase opinions handed down by Ferris's black contemporaries. More recently, Rayford Logan in The Dictionary of American Negro Biography acknowledged Ferris as an innovative researcher and a serious bibliophile, whose contributions to the history of the African diaspora informed much subsequent research in the field.
Hadron-hadron interaction in a string-flip model of quark confinement. I. Meson-meson interaction.

The string-flip model of quark confinement is extended and applied to ${q}^{2}$q\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{} $^{2}$ systems with color, spin, and flavor degrees of freedom. A realistic model for systems of two light mesons is constructed and the meson-meson interaction is investigated with the resonating-group method. Choosing the confinement strength for the confined (``hidden-color'') state is discussed in detail. We find that the interaction in the confined state often produces two-meson bound states or low-lying sharp resonances. The ${2}^{+}$ two-vector-meson systems and the K-K\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{} interaction are studied in detail. The results are compared with those for other models and the possibility of observing ``hidden-color'' dominant resonances is discussed.
Multi-physics modeling of the dynamic response of a circuit breaker recloser system

This paper introduces the development of an analytical mathematical model to describe the fast dynamic response of the opening and closing mechanism of a power line recloser switch. The model is then used to simulate and evaluate the transient mechanical and electromagnetic performance during the opening and closing movements of the recloser. The simulated results are validated by measurements on an actual recloser while it operates. This model can be used to optimize the recloser design and reduce the manufacturing cost, instead of using a time-consuming Finite Element Analysis (FEA).
Environmental impacts on the diversity of methane-cycling microbes and their resultant function

Methane is an important anthropogenic greenhouse gas that is produced and consumed in soils by microorganisms responding to micro-environmental conditions. Current estimates show that soil consumption accounts for 5-15% of methane removed from the atmosphere on an annual basis. Recent variability in atmospheric methane concentrations has called into question the reliability of estimates of methane consumption and call for novel approaches in order to predict future atmospheric methane trends. This review synthesizes the environmental and climatic factors influencing the consumption of methane from the atmosphere by non-wetland, terrestrial soil microorganisms. In particular, we focus on published efforts to connect community composition and diversity of methane-cycling microbial communities to observed rates of methane flux. We find abundant evidence for direct connections between shifts in the methane-cycling microbial community, due to climate and environmental changes, and observed methane flux levels. These responses vary by ecosystem and associated vegetation type. This information will be useful in process-based models of ecosystem methane flux responses to shifts in environmental and climatic parameters.
Comparative study of corn stover pretreated by dilute acid and cellulose solvent‐based lignocellulose fractionation: Enzymatic hydrolysis, supramolecular structure, and substrate accessibility

Liberation of fermentable sugars from recalcitrant biomass is among the most costly steps for emerging cellulosic ethanol production. Here we compared two pretreatment methods (dilute acid, DA, and cellulose solvent and organic solvent lignocellulose fractionation, COSLIF) for corn stover. At a high cellulase loading [15 filter paper units (FPUs) or 12.3 mg cellulase per gram of glucan], glucan digestibilities of the corn stover pretreated by DA and COSLIF were 84% at hour 72 and 97% at hour 24, respectively. At a low cellulase loading (5 FPUs per gram of glucan), digestibility remained as high as 93% at hour 24 for the COSLIF-pretreated corn stover but reached only approximately 60% for the DA-pretreated biomass. Quantitative determinations of total substrate accessibility to cellulase (TSAC), cellulose accessibility to cellulase (CAC), and non-cellulose accessibility to cellulase (NCAC) based on adsorption of a non-hydrolytic recombinant protein TGC were measured for the first time. The COSLIF-pretreated corn stover had a CAC of 11.57 m(2)/g, nearly twice that of the DA-pretreated biomass (5.89 m(2)/g). These results, along with scanning electron microscopy images showing dramatic structural differences between the DA- and COSLIF-pretreated samples, suggest that COSLIF treatment disrupts microfibrillar structures within biomass while DA treatment mainly removes hemicellulose. Under the tested conditions COSLIF treatment breaks down lignocellulose structure more extensively than DA treatment, producing a more enzymatically reactive material with a higher CAC accompanied by faster hydrolysis rates and higher enzymatic digestibility.
Time-sensitive web image ranking and retrieval via dynamic multi-task regression

In this paper, we investigate a time-sensitive image retrieval problem, in which given a query keyword, a query time point, and optionally user information, we retrieve the most relevant and temporally suitable images from the database. Inspired by recently emerging interests on query dynamics in information retrieval research, our time-sensitive image retrieval algorithm can infer users' implicit search intent better and provide more engaging and diverse search results according to temporal trends of Web user photos. We model observed image streams as instances of multivariate point processes represented by several different descriptors, and develop a regularized multi-task regression framework that automatically selects and learns stochastic parametric models to solve the relations between image occurrence probabilities and various temporal factors that influence them. Using Flickr datasets of more than seven million images of 30 topics, our experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is more successful in time-sensitive image retrieval than other candidate methods, including ranking SVM, a PageRank-based image ranking, and a generative temporal topic model.
The Ambiguity of Paradise Lost and Contemporary Critical Theory

When we hear someone say that Satan is the true hero of Paradise Lost or that God's ways are manifestly unjust, most of us are disturbed. We are disturbed not because such an interpretation violates our traditional feelings about God and Satan, but because it violates our sense of literary propriety. We might easily accept Satan as the hero of a novel or poem, regardless of our own feelings. What we cannot accept, or at least what most of us have been educated not to accept, is that a great writer, who is obviously in full command of his powers, could have set out to justify God's ways to men and succeed in doing the opposite. If Paradise Lost is really a great literary work, how can it fail so completely in carrying out the intention of its author? Or, if it is indeed a work which fails in doing what it has set out to do, if the narrator tells us that we should see and feel God's justice and mercy and the average reader admires Satan and feels that Adam and Eve are justified in their disobedience, how can we say that it is a great poem?
The Evolution of the Pricing Mechanism in the Polish Vegetable Markets: An Empirical Test

Changes in price interaction between farmers' markets and retail stores were traced for Poland's vegetable markets. The vegetable market has been functioning within a competitive framework since the late 1950's. Using monthly price observations for cabbage, onions, potatoes, and carrots, the Granger causality test was applied to test the lead/lag relationship between the two types of outlets. Unidirectional causality test results indicate that a gradual price interaction occurred among the vegetable prices starting in the period of 1974 to 1979 and increased noticeably during the 1980's. This slowly unfolding process was a contributing factor in the forcing of economic liberalization.
Pair programming improves student retention, confidence, and program quality

Pair programming produces more proficient, confident programmers---and may help increase female representation in the field.
Errors in threshold-voltage measurements of MOS transistors for dopant-profile determinations

Abstract The dopant and trap density profiles in MOSFETs can be deduced from the static and transient variations of VT caused by changes in VBS. This letter reports a study of errors in VT measurements by three different methods. Relatively small errors in VT could cause serious inaccuracies in dopant profiles. It is found that the major source of errors is the non-constancy of the surface mobility and that errors in VT measured by a “constant VGS−VDS method” cannot be eliminated easily. However, with properly chosen VGS−VT or ID, a “constant ID−VDS method” can provide almost error-free measurements of VT. The theoretical predictions agree with experiments.
Electronic excitation of atoms and molecules using the linear-algebraic method

The linear-algebraic method for electron-molecule scattering is generalized to treat inelastic collisions involving a set of primary coupled channels. The coupling between these channels is expanded in separable form using a set of Cartesian Gaussian functions. As a consequence of the separable expansion, we need only to solve a set of uncoupled, homogeneous and inhomogeneous equations in each channel to obtain the basis in which the final solution is expanded. The separable form of the coupling allows the physical solution to be obtained with use of the matrix elements of the interaction and the overlap integrals between the solutions and the basis used for the separable expansion. The method is applied to inelastic scattering from H, He, ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$${\mathrm{}}^{+}$, and ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$. Comparison with exact solutions of the close-coupling equations indicates that the method is quite accurate, provided that the basis set used in the separable expansion is flexible enough to span the interaction region.
Measurements of cloud condensation nuclei spectra within maritime cumulus cloud droplets : implications for mixing processes

In a cloud formed during adiabatic expansion, the droplet size distribution will be systematically related to the critical supersaturation of the cloud condensation nuclei (CNN), but this relationship can be complicated in entraining clouds. Useful information about cloud processes, such as mixing, can be obtained from direct measurements of the CNN involved in droplet nucleation. This was accomplished by interfacing two instruments for a series of flights in maritime cumulus clouds. One instrument, the counterflow virtual impactor, collected cloud droplets, and the nonvolatile residual nuclei of the droplets was then passed to a CCN spectrometer, which measured the critical supersaturation (S(sub c)) spectrum of the droplet nuclei. The measured S(sub c) spectra of the droplet nuclei were compared with the S(sub c) spectra of ambient aerosol particles in order to identify which CCN were actually incorporated into droplets and to determine when mixing processes were active at different cloud levels. The droplet nuclei nearly always exhibited lower median S(sub c)'s than the ambient aerosol, as expected since droplets nucleate perferentially on particles with lower critical supersaturations. Critical supersaturation spectra from nuclei of droplets near cloud base were similar to those predicted for cloud regions formed adiabatically, but spectra of droplet nuclei from middle cloud levels showed some evidence that mixing had occurred. Near cloud top, the greatest variation in the spectra of the droplet nuclei was observed, and nuclei with high S(sub c)'s were sometimes present even within relatively large droplets. This suggests that the extent of mixing increases with height in cumulus clouds and that inhomogeneous mixing may be important near cloud top. These promising initial results suggest improvements to the experimental technique that will permit more quantitative results in future experiments.
An agenda of future tasks for international and indigenous NGOs: Views from the North

Abstract Differences of viewpoints exist within the NGO network regarding critical issues affecting the future division of roles between international and indigenous NGOs. One view (common in the South) is that greater responsibility should be delegated to indigenous NGOs in resource allocation, project approval and ongoing oversight. Another view (prevalent in the North) is that more professionalization is needed in institutional management and evaluation and reporting procedures, and that more financial support for projects be forthcoming from the South. There are growing pressures on international NGOs in their home societies to make improvements on these fronts. They, in turn, are pressing indigenous NGOs to cooperate in meeting these challenges and they believe decentralizing authority in the NGO network alone will not resolve them.