cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Excitatory and inhibitory transmission from dorsal root afferents to neonate rat motoneurons in vitro.

Abstract Intracellular recordings were made from antidromically identified motoneurons in neonate (12–22 days) rat transverse spinal cord slices and the transmitters and receptors probably involved in initiating the excitatory (EPSP) and inhibitory (IPSP) postsynaptic potentials were investigated. Stimulation of dorsal roots elicited in motoneurons an EPSP, an IPSP, or an EPSP followed by an IPSP. EPSPs in 70% of motoneurons had a short latency (≤1ms) and in the remaining cells a latency longer than 1 ms. The IPSPs had a long latency (≥1ms). Short- and long-latency EPSPs were enhanced by the acidic amino acid uptake inhibitor l -aspartic acid-s-hydroxamate (AAH) and depressed by the non-selective glutamate receptor antagonists γ- d -glutamylglycine (DGG) and kynurenic acid. Short-latency EPSPs were suppressed by the quisqualate/kainate (QA/KA) receptor antagonist 6,7-dinitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (DNQX) but not by the N -mthyl- d -aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists d -(−)-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (APV) and ketamine. Long-latency EPSPs were reduced by DNQX as well as by APV and ketamine. Superfusion of the slices with a Mg-free solution increased the EPSPs and unmasked a late, APV-sensitive component. The IPSP was reduced by the glycine antagonist strychnine as well as by APV and ketamine but resistant to DNQX. The results indicate that stimulation of dorsal roots elicited in motoneurons a monosynaptic EPSP mediated by glutamate/aspartate acting predominantly on the QA/KA subtype of glutamate receptors; an NMDA component can be unveiled in Mg-free solution. The IPSP appears to be mediated by glycine released from inhibitory interneurons subsequent to their activation by glutamate/aspartate. Furthermore, NMDA receptors are probably present on excitatory and inhibitory interneurons and involved in interneuronal transmission.
Cancer family "G" revisited: 1895-1970.

A medical genetic reinvestigation of Family “G,” originally undertaken by Warthin in 1895, revealed that there are now more than 650 blood relatives, 95 of whom developed malignant neoplasms, 13 with multiple primary malignant neoplasms (14%). Considering age 40 and older as a cancer risk age correction, it was found that 35% of the members of the cancer susceptible branches of the family developed cancer. The incidence of cancer varied greatly among the several branches of the family (from 0 to 62%). Adenocarcinomas of colon, endometrium, and stomach predominated. However, in contrast to the cancer family syndrome, increased incidences of leukemia and sarcoma were found. Forty-one sibships in 8 branches of the family showed cancer in 2 or more generations (5 generations in 3 sibships). The sex ratio of males to females affected approached 1 to 1. Findings in this kindred were consistent with autosomal dominant inheritance, though this cancer-susceptible genome may be interacting with exogenous factors (oncogenic virus?).
Thermodynamics, optical properties, and coordination modes of Np(V) with dipicolinic acid.

Complexation of NpO2+ with dipicolinic acid (DPA) has been investigated in 1 M NaClO4 at 25 °C. Two complexes, NpO2(DPA)− and NpO2(DPA)23−, were identified, and the stability constants (log β1 and log β2) were determined to be 8.68 and 12.31, respectively, by spectrophotometry. The enthalpies of the complexation (ΔH1 and ΔH2) were measured to be −25.2 and −45.9 kJ/mol by microcalorimetry. The entropies (ΔS1 and ΔS2) were calculated to be 81.6 and 81.8 J/(K mol) accordingly. The strong complexation of NpO2+ with DPA is driven by both positive entropies and highly exothermic enthalpies. The crystal structure of Na3NpO2(DPA)2(H2O)6(s) shows that, in the NpO2(DPA)23− complex, the Np atom sits at a center of inversion and the two DPA ligands symmetrically coordinate to Np in a tridentate mode. Due to the centrosymmetric structure of the NpO2(DPA)23− complex, the f → f transitions of Np(V) are forbidden, and the sharp bands originating from the f → f transitions either disappear or become very weak in the optic...
Heterogeneous Catalysis: The Horiuti--Polanyi Mechanism and Alkene Hydrogenation

The hydrogenation of alkenes by heterogeneous catalysts has been studied for 80 years. The foundational mechanism was proposed by Horiuti and Polanyi in 1934 and consists of three steps: (i) alkene adsorption on the surface of the hydrogenated metal catalyst, (ii) hydrogen migration to the β-carbon of the alkene with formation of a σ-bond between the metal and α-C, and finally (iii) reductive elimination of the free alkane. Hundreds of papers have appeared on the topic, along with a number of variations on the Horiuti–Polanyi mechanism. The second step is highly reversible, leading to extensive deuterium–hydrogen exchange when D2(g) is used. This paper describes the investigation of gas-phase reactions between deuterium and 1-butene using a supported palladium catalyst under ambient laboratory conditions and how the results are consistent with the Horiuti–Polanyi mechanism. An Excel spreadsheet for modeling the extent and distribution of deuteration within butane-dx is described. Interested readers could ...
A comparison of regularization methods applied to the linear discriminant function with high-dimensional microarray data

Classification of gene expression microarray data is important in the diagnosis of diseases such as cancer, but often the analysis of microarray data presents difficult challenges because the gene expression dimension is typically much larger than the sample size. Consequently, classification methods for microarray data often rely on regularization techniques to stabilize the classifier for improved classification performance. In particular, numerous regularization techniques, such as covariance-matrix regularization, are available, which, in practice, lead to a difficult choice of regularization methods. In this paper, we compare the classification performance of five covariance-matrix regularization methods applied to the linear discriminant function using two simulated high-dimensional data sets and five well-known, high-dimensional microarray data sets. In our simulation study, we found the minimum distance empirical Bayes method reported in Srivastava and Kubokawa [Comparison of discrimination method...
Purification of immunoglobulins G by protein A/G affinity membrane chromatography.

Abstract An affinity membrane grafted with protein A/G or protein A was characterized for human and mouse immunoglobulins G purification. Breakthrough curves up to ligand saturation were measured and used to study the effects of flow velocities, feed solution concentrations and protein A/G versus protein A membranes. Increased flow-rate did not decrease the amount of IgG bound to the membranes. Increased feed solution concentration allowed more IgG to bind prior to breakthrough. Kinetic parameters for immunoglobulins G sorption to immobilized protein A were measured in batch experiments. The static binding capacity was determined to be 6.6 mg ml−1 membrane volume. Finally, this affinity membrane was used to purify IgG from cell culture supernatant. The electrophoresis of the purified IgG fractions did not show any contaminant.
Changes in interfacial potentials induced by carbonylcyanide phenylhydrazone uncouplers: possible role in inhibition of mitochondrial oxygen consumption and other transport processes.

The charged and uncharged forms of carbonyl-cyanide phenylhydrazone uncouplers bind to phosphatidylcholine monolayers in a dose-dependent fashion, inducing changes in the interfacial potential of these model membranes. The interfacial potential change produced by the charged un-coupler is composed of a double-layer potential and an internal electrostatic potential (boundary and/or dipole). Changes in double-layer potential induced by the uncouplers in mitochondrial membranes can explain both the inhibition of oxygen consumption (QO2) caused by the uncouplers and the competition shown by succinate when mitochondria are respiring in the presence of rotenone. From these results and from dose-response curves of QO2 versus uncoupler concentrations, we conclude that 1 μM is an upper limit for free uncoupler concentration in the medium to avoid unwanted side effects during cell physiology studies that require total mitochondrial uncoupling.
Precancerous Mastopathie : Structural and Biological Considerations

The clinical and biological correlates of specifically classified non invasive breast lesions were compared with those of invasive breast cancer. Lesions classified as precancerous mastopathy and in situ carcinoma were shown to be related to invasive cancer, structurally, temporally, antigenically and in terms of some, but not all risk factors. Mammary carcinogenesis seems to be a discontinous step wise process in which the development of precursor lesions and the precursor to invasive progression are separable phenomena. It appears that different constellations of risk factors may selectively influence one or the other of these steps. Of particular interest are data which suggest that oral contraceptives (OC) favor the precursor to invasive transition in women whose grandmothers and/or aunts had breast cancer but impede this step in women without a family history of breast cancer. There is need for registries of breast diseases which routinely collect data on the clinical and analytical characteristics of specifically classified non invasive as well as invasive breast lesions, derived from the same population over the same time period. Our ability to specifically reduce morbidity and mortality from breast cancer may be more dependant on a better understanding of the development and progression of precursor lesions than on a continued preoccupation with already invasive breast cancers.
Using life/work planning techniques for internship placements

This paper discusses the use of life/work planning techniques in internship placements. Specifically, it offers a way to help students mesh their individual interests, values, and skills with the proposed internship, work/study, or volunteer experience through the application process itself. The application, which is brief and eliminates the need for submitting a resume, has been found to be a valuable asset in clarifying needs and goals for the experiential project. Student feedback has been overwhelmingly positive for the application, which centers on a broader, more holistic internship placement procedure than the traditional “career and academic goals” approach.
Phonon-Quasiparticle Interactions in Dilute Solutions of He 3 in Superfluid He 4 : I. Phonon Thermal Conductivity and Ultrasonic Attenuation

Expressing the interaction between long-wavelength phonons and ${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$ quasiparticles in dilute solutions of ${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$ in ${\mathrm{He}}^{4}$ entirely in terms of macroscopic observables, we calculate the attenuation of first sound due to the ${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$ viscosity, and the rate of scattering of phonons from the ${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$. The results for the attenuation are in excellent agreement with recent experiments. In addition, we calculate the thermal conduction due to phonons for $T\ensuremath{\lesssim}0.6$ \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K; the conductivity is limited at very low temperatures by ultrasonic attenuation, while at higher temperatures it is predominantly limited by elastic phonon-quasiparticle scattering.
Multi-Perspective Question Answering Using the OpQA Corpus

We investigate techniques to support the answering of opinion-based questions. We first present the OpQA corpus of opinion questions and answers. Using the corpus, we compare and contrast the properties of fact and opinion questions and answers. Based on the disparate characteristics of opinion vs. fact answers, we argue that traditional fact-based QA approaches may have difficulty in an MPQA setting without modification. As an initial step towards the development of MPQA systems, we investigate the use of machine learning and rule-based subjectivity and opinion source filters and show that they can be used to guide MPQA systems.
Wetting of nanostructured germanium electrodes by polyethylene oxide

One of the crucial factors that affects the performance of solid electrolyte – lithium-ion batteries is the electrode/electrolyte contact characteristics. Better contact implies greater ion transfer efficiency, leading to improved charge/discharge characteristics, and higher-power densities. In this study, the authors investigate the contact characteristics, viz. wettability, of germanium nanorod thin films initially by water, followed by polyethylene oxide (PEO)/water solution and PEO melt. The authors demonstrate that the electrode surface is hydrophilic, and considerably wettable, as evidenced by the contact angle for PEO/water solution and PEO melt, which are both below 25°. Electron microscopy was used to investigate the electrode/electrolyte contact area, and our results showed that PEO melt efficiently penetrates the inter-rod space, which is a further indication of considerable increase in the contact area.
Bilateral Keratoconjunctivitis Associated with Lichen Planus

Purpose: To describe a case of bilateral keratoconjunctivitis in a patient with lichen planus. Methods: Case report and review of the English literature. Results: To our knowledge, this is the fourth reported case of keratoconjunctivitis associated with lichen planus. A 33-year-old Navajo man with lichen planus had recurrent and progressive keratoconjunctivitis that failed to improve on multiple topical medications. Tapered oral prednisone, 2% topical cyclosporin, and amniotic membrane transplantation pacified the acute exacerbation. Conclusions: Our patient with lichen planus developed an ocular surface disease with cicatricial conjunctivitis, keratouveitis, keratoconjunctivitis sicca, punctate epithelial erosions, and persistent epithelial defects leading to noninfectious or infectious corneal ulceration. Amniotic membrane transplantation may play an adjunctive role in refractory cases of lichen planus-related keratoconjunctivitis. Topical cyclosporin may stabilize the ocular surface when combined with systemic immunosuppression in severe cases.
BUT IT WOULD BE WRONG

Is the fact that an action would be wrong itself a reason not to perform it? Warranted attitude accounts of value suggest “buck-passing” about value, that being valuable is not itself a reason but “passes the buck” to the reasons for valuing something in which its value consists. Would a warranted attitude account of moral obligation and wrongness, not entail, therefore, that being morally obligatory or wrong gives no reason for action itself? I argue that this is not true. Although warranted attitude theories of normative concepts entail buck-passing with respect to reasons for the specific attitudes that are inherently involved in the concept, the concepts of moral obligation and wrong are normative not in the first instance for action, but for a distinctive set of attitudes (Strawsonian “reactive attitudes”) through which we hold ourselves and one another answerable for our actions. On this analysis, moral obligations are demands we legitimately make as representative persons, and the fact that an act would violate such a demand, and so disrespect the authority these demands presuppose, is indeed a reason not to perform the wrongful act that is additional to whatever features make the act wrong.
In‐vivo and In‐vitro Targeting of a Murine Sarcoma by Gelatin Microparticles Loaded with a Glycan (PS1)

PS1, a complex polysaccharide derived from Mycobacterium bovis (Bacillus Calmette-Guerin, BCG) with considerable antitumor activity in-vivo, was loaded onto gelatin microparticles (mean diam. 1.45 micron) at a level shown to not produce the burst effect often seen with drug-loaded microparticulate systems. In-vitro dissolution experiments had demonstrated a sustained-release behaviour, with a half-life of approximately 8 h for what is an extremely water-soluble material. These PS1/gelatin systems had no measurable cytotoxicity against an S180 murine sarcoma cell in-vitro although fibronectin-mediated targeting of the microparticles for the tumour cells could be demonstrated. Injection into mice, with the S180 cells, of PS1 solutions or suspensions of PS1-loaded gelatin microparticles resulted in almost identical dose-related suppression for the tumour cell growth. When injected at intervals following injection of the tumour cells, however, for a period of 24-48 h there was a relatively enhanced activity of the formulated PS1, compared with the aqueous solution, after which both formulated and unformulated material became progressively less effective.
An experimental study of adaptive Kalman filtering in emulsion copolymerization

Abstract Monitoring and control of emulsion polymerization reactors presents several difficulties because of profound modeling limitations and on-line measurement problems. The use of Kalman filtering to obtain optimal estimates of the process states in the presence of modeling inaccuracies, process disturbances and limited measurements is investigated. Different filter designs were developed and experimentally tested. Adaptive filtering was found to be extremely useful in tracking time-varying model parameters of large uncertainty and more robust in the case of unknown process noise statistics. The model used in all Kalman filter designs describes accurately the polymerization kinetics but grossly oversimplifies the thermodynamic relationships for the monomer distribution between the aqueous and polymer phases as well as the time dependency of the average number of radicals per particle. Despite this apparent process/model mismatch acceptable estimates of the process states were obtained.
Presentation of antigen by mixed isotype class II molecules in normal H-2d mice.

A panel of DBA/2 T cell hybridomas specific for the sperm whale myoglobin epitope 110-121 was found to recognize antigen presented by the mixed isotype class II molecule E alpha dA beta d. The response was blocked by monoclonal antibodies specific for E alpha and A beta d chains; in addition, the hybridomas responded to antigen presented by L cells expressing E alpha A beta d molecules, and made no response with L cells expressing I-Ad or I-Ed molecules. Two more groups of hybridomas isolated from DBA/2 and B10.D2 mice immunized with myoglobin also recognized peptide 110-121 presented by E alpha d A beta d. Thus, although it is expressed at biochemically undetectable levels on spleen cells, the E alpha d A beta d molecule is an important presenting element in normal H-2d mice making a conventional immune response to a protein antigen. These results suggest that high levels of class II expression are not a prerequisite for T cell activation.
A consideration of density dependence of maximum expiratory flow

Abstract Density dependence of maximum expiratory flow was considered in terms of equal pressure point and wave speed theories of flow limitation. It appears likely that the sites of flow-limitation, patterns of flow, and airway geometry differ with the density of the gas benig expired. Because the conditions which determine maximum expiratory flow for helium-oxygen and for air differ, measurement of density dependence is of questionable value as a test for peripheral airways dysfunction.
Slow Crack Growth of a Pyroceram Glass Ceramic Under Static Fatigue Loading—Commonality of Slow Crack Growth in Advanced Ceramics

An extensive experimental work for Pyroceram™ 9606 glass-ceramic was conducted to determine static fatigue at ambient temperature in distilled water. This work was an extension and companion of the previous work conducted in dynamic fatigue. Four different applied stresses ranging from 120 to 170 MPa was incorporated with a total of 20–23 test specimens used at each of four applied stresses. The slow crack growth parameters n and D were found to be n = 19 and D = 45 with a coefficient of correlation of rcoef = 0.9653. The Weibull modulus of time to failure was in a range of msf = 1.6 to 1.9 with an average of msf = 1.7±0.2. A life prediction using the previously-determined dynamic fatigue data was in excellent agreement with the static fatigue data. The life prediction approach was also applied to advanced monolithic ceramics and ceramic matrix composites based on their dynamic and static fatigue data determined at elevated temperatures. All of these results indicated that a SCG mechanism governed by a power-law crack-growth formulation was operative, a commonality of slow crack growth in these materials systems.
Estimate of the activation energies for boundary diffusion from rate-controlled sintering of pure alumina, and alumina doped with zirconia or titania

Sintering experiments at constant heating rates were employed to estimate the activation energy for sintering in alumina and in alumina containing 5 vol% zirconia or 5 vol% titania. Grain growth, which can complicate the analysis of sintering kinetics data, was suppressed by using uniformly and densely packed grain compacts prepared by colloidal processing. Grain-boundary diffusion is believed to have been the dominant sintering mechanism. The activation energies were 440 {+-} 40 kJ/mol for pure alumina, 585 {+-} 40 kJ/mol for alumina (titania), and 730 {+-} 60 kJ/mol for alumina (zirconia). The alumina and alumina (titania) results are in agreement with the values reported in the literature. The possibility that the higher activation energies for doped alumina reflect a stronger bonding at alumina interfaces in the presence of zirconium and titanium is discussed.
Reflux of oxygenated blood into the pulmonary artery in severe mitral regurgitation.

Abstract A patient with severe mitral regurgitation secondary to ruptured chordae tendineae is described in whom there was a positive pulmonary arterial Kr 85 index and a step-up in oxygen saturation from right ventricle to pulmonary artery, in the absence of an abnormal communication between the systemic and pulmonary circulations. It was demonstrated that left atrial pressure exceeded pulmonary arterial pressure in late systole and early diastole, and the oxygen saturation in the pulmonary arterial bed increased with progressively more distal sampling sites. Following operative correction of the mitral regurgitation, cardiac catheterization showed a marked reduction in the left atrial pressure, and the step-up in oxygen saturation in the pulmonary artery, as well as the positive pulmonary arterial Kr 85 inhalation test, were abolished. It was concluded that the preoperative evidence of left-to-right shunting represented reflux of oxygenated blood into the pulmonary artery resulting from the severe mitral regurgitation.
Can lightning strike twice

A 73-year-old woman presented with a 2-day history of decreased vision in here right eye. The patient had a history of giant cell arteritis successfully treated 5 years previous to this presentation. She had been off corticosteroids for 3 years. A repeat temporal artery biopsy was positive.
Prognostic Factors for Locally Advanced Pancreatic Cancer Treated With Chemoradiation

S. Rudra, M. J. Swartz, F. Asrari, D. A. Laheru, T. J. Pawlik, K. Cavallio, J. M. Herman, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, The Departments of Radiation Oncology & Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, Department of Medical Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, The Departments of Radiation Oncology & Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD
Replacing the mediator orientation grids, again: Proposing a ‘new new grid system’

The mediation profession's standard for assessment is revised, updated and—maybe—finalized. Leonard L. Riskin, of Columbia, Mo., who debuted his “Mediator Orientation Grid” in these pages a decade ago, revisits his process tool, which has now grown into a “New New Grid System.”.
Magnetized fuel inertial confinement fusion

A more complete radiation treatment is introduced into the zero-dimensional magnetized fuel inertial confinement fusion (ICF) model of Lindemuth and Kirkpatrick. In particular, the effects of synchrotron radiation and the inverse Compton effect are considered. Only slight changes in the high gain regions of initial shell velocity/initial fuel density parameter space were observed. This more complete radiation treatment removes some objections to the Lindemuth-Kirkpatrick model and lends further support to the idea that magnetic thermal insulation can significantly reduce driver requirements for ICF targets.
Optimal graft diameter: Effect of wall shear stress on vascular healing ☆ ☆☆ ★

Abstract Arterial walls tend to adapt to maintain a specific wall shear stress. The formation of neointimal hyperplasia and endothelial cell healing of polytetrafluoroethylene grafts may also be governed by wall shear stress, which suggests that an optimal graft diameter may exist. To test this, 40 polytetrafluoroethylene grafts with internal diameters of 3, 6, and 8 mm were inserted end to end in the femoral and carotid arteries of 10 mongrel dogs. Total flow and diameter were measured, and grafts were stained with Evans blue dye, fixed by pressure perfusion, and analyzed by computer for anastomotic neointimal thickening, graft pseudointimal thickening, and degree of endothelial coverage. Mean calculated shear stress was 41 dyne/cm 2 for the 3 mm grafts, 7 dyne/cm 2 for the 6 mm grafts, and 3 dyne/cm 2 for the 8 mm grafts. Fifteen weeks later the patency rate was 0 of 10 for the 3 mm grafts, 16 of 20 for the 6 mm grafts, and 7 of 10 for the 8 mm grafts. The mean graft shear stress was calculated to be 10 dyne/cm 2 for the 6 mm grafts and 4 dyne/cm 2 for the 8 mm grafts. Pseudointima lining the graft was composed of disorganized protein and cell remnants. The rough surface contained no overlying endothelium. Anastomotic neointima contained a layer of well-organized smooth muscle cells covered by a single layer of polygonal-shaped endothelial cells. A transition zone of thrombus, which is sandwiched by a wedge of smooth muscle cells near the graft surface and covered by endothelial cells, is described. Mean thickness of pseudointima of the patent 8 mm grafts was 150 μm thicker than that of the 6 mm grafts. Anastomotic neointimal thickness was 110 μm thicker in the 8 mm grafts compared with the 6 mm grafts. Among the 6 mm grafts, the carotid grafts had an average initial shear stress of 10 dyne/cm 2 , whereas the femoral grafts averaged a lower 5 dyne/cm 2 and yielded pseudointima and neointima that were 40 μm thicker. The percent graft surface area covered with neointima did not differ among the grafts of differing diameter either proximally or distally. Lower shear stresses produced greater amounts of pseudointimal thickening within polytetrafluoroethylene grafts and neointimal thickening at their anastomoses. Conversely, the high shear stress from small-diameter grafts was associated with poor graft patency. These results suggest that an optimal graft diameter may help to prevent neointimal hyperplasia and graft thrombosis. (J Vasc Surg 1989;10:326–37.)
Point of zero charge determination in soils and minerals via traditional methods and detection of electroacoustic mobility

Points of zero charge were determined on two highly weathered surface soils from Puerto Rico, an Oxisol and Ultisol, as well as mineral-standard kaolinite and synthetic goethite using three methods: (1) potentiometric titration measuring the adsorption of H+ and OH− on amphoteric surfaces in solutions of varying ionic strength (I) (point of zero salt effect), (2) direct assessment of surface charges via non-specific ion adsorption as a function of pH and I (point of zero net charge), and (3) electroacoustic mobility of reversible particles as it varies with pH and I (isoelectric point). The first two methods yielded points of zero charge for kaolinite (2.7–3.2) and synthetic goethite (7.4–8.2) comparable to those reported previously, indicating the reliability of these analyses. The soil values ranged from 3.9 to 4.4 for the Oxisol and 2.3 to 3.7 for the Ultisol. Electroacoustic mobility, as measured by the AcoustoSizer™, is a parameter that has yet to be thoroughly tested for mineral or soil systems as a viable alternative to PZC assessment. The points of zero charge from electroacoustic mobility of kaolinite (3.8–4.1) and synthetic goethite (8.1–8.2) were similar to values obtained by electrophoretic mobility. Furthermore, the values found for the Oxisol (3.4–3.5) and Ultisol (2.6–2.7) were in the range expected for these soils.
An experimental study of relative throughput in a multiprocessor computer system

This paper describes the results of controlled experiments with a Honeywell H6000 series multiprocessor computer system, 212 experiments were performed using 14 test workloads on 8 H6000 configurations. The number of processors varied from 1 to 4, system controller units (SCUs) from 1 to 4, and main memory from 256K to 1024K words. The ratio (P) of I/O time and CPU time for the test workloads varied from 0.01 to 5.07. The improvement in throughput is expressed in terms of relative throughput (φ), defined as the ratio of elapsed time for a given test workload on a single-processor configuration to that on a multiprocessor configuration. The relative throughput increased monotonically with an increase in the number of processors for test workloads in the range 0<P<0.4 (CPU-bound) and φ exhibited an asymptotic behaviour for test workloads in the range 0.4<P<5.07 (I/O-bound).
Unidentified Interstellar Microwave Line

DURING a search for H12C14N (hydrogen cyanide) and its molecular isotope H13C14N, we have detected a new molecular line. The discovery was made in June 1970 using the 36-foot telescope of the National Radio Astronomy Observatory in Tucson, Arizona. The receiver was a 3-mm mixer radiometer developed by NRAO in conjunction with Jefferts, Wilson and Penzias of the Bell Telephone Laboratories. The single sideband noise temperature of the radiometer was 3000 K and it covered frequencies from 85 to 90 GHz. At these frequencies the telescope has a beamwidth of 1′ of arc and a beam efficiency of 50 per cent under optimum conditions. The filter bank receiver used consisted of forty filters spaced 1 MHz apart covering a velocity range of 130 km s−1.
Drug delivery methods for posterior segment disease.

Purpose of review New pharmacotherapies for posterior segment diseases of the eye have been recently introduced which use novel drug delivery methods. The various current and potential future methods will be discussed. Recent findings Drug delivery systems have been developed which can provide controlled release of drug for potentially long periods of time. Ideal candidates for these devices are chronic conditions that require repeated local administration of drug, such as noninfectious intermediate or posterior uveitis, neovascular age-related macular degeneration, and persistent macular edema due to diabetic retinopathy or venous occlusive disease. Recently, Retisert (Bausch & Lomb, Rochester, New York, USA), a nonbiodegradable fluocinolone acetonide implant, was approved for use in noninfectious uveitis affecting the posterior segment and is currently in clinical trials for the treatment of macular edema. A biodegradable dexamethasone implant is currently in clinical trials for the treatment of uveitis and diabetic macular edema. Summary With the development of therapeutic agents that require repeated administration comes a need for new strategies to improve safety and maximize efficacy. Novel drug delivery systems involving nonbiodegradable or biodegradable implants, microparticulates or nanoparticulates, liposomes, or transscleral iontophoresis may provide the solution.
Electrophysiological Method for Quantification of the Number of phi29 DNA Packaging Nanopore in Planar Bilayer Membrane

Bacterial virus phi29 uses one of the strongest DNA packaging nanomotors to package its micron-length genomes into a pro-capsid. After re-engineering, whether the DNA nano-motor can be used to pump drugs, DNA, RNA or other therapeutic molecules into specifically targeted cells represent a great challenge in nanomedicine. We have recently successfully embedded the connector, a core component of phi29 DNA package motor, into a planar bilayer membrane (BLM). Under an electric field, double-stranded DNA translocated through the connector channel.The application of phi29 connector array as a stochastic sensor requires knowledge of the number of channels on each membrane. We herein report a method for precise counting of the number of channels on each membrane by electrophysiological approach. Generally, the number of channels is determined by the conductance of total channels and conductance per single channel. Using a derived empirical equation, we can calculate the conductance per single channel at any salt concentration using conductivity of respective conducting buffer. The total conductance of total channels can be measured by ionic current through all the channels under an applied ramp voltage. Comparison of calculated and true values established this as a feasible, reliable and reproducible approach.
Human health effects and air pollution control philosophies

Human health protection is one of the major goals of air pollution control, but not the only one. There can be conflict between the goals; an example of this type is discussed. There are various philosophies of how to design air pollution control regulations. The most common — air quality standards — is based on a specific assumption about the shape of the air pollutant dose-response curve. The next most common — emission standards — is indifferent to the data on human health effects. The emission tax and cost-benefit philosophies are not as well known. As most widely discussed, the emission tax philosophy would be indifferent to the health data, and the cost-benefit philosophy would make the greatest demands for detailed, reliable health effects data. The available health effects data are mostly based on epidemiology, and are very sparse and unsatisfying.
Discrete dipole moment method for calculation of the T matrix for nonspherical particles.

A computational method, based on a moment solution to the discrete dipole approximation (DDA) interaction equations, is proposed for calculation of the T matrix of arbitrary-shaped particles. It is shown that the method will automatically provide the conservation-of-energy and origin-invariance properties required of the T matrix. Furthermore, the method is significantly faster than a T-matrix calculation by direct inversion of the DDA equations. Because the method retains the dipole lattice representation of the particle, it can be applied with relative ease to particles with irregular shapes—although in the same respect it will not automatically simplify for axisymmetric particles. Calculations of scattering matrix distributions, in fixed and random orientations, are made for tetrahedron, cylindrical, and prolate spheroid particle shapes and compared with DDA and extended boundary condition method results.
Reliability of sensors based on nanowire networks

Nanowires have a great potential in many industrial applications, including electronics and sensors. Palladium nanowire network-based hydrogen sensors have been found to outperform their counterparts that consist of an individual nanowire or palladium thin or thick films. However, reliability issues that affect these sensors still need to be addressed. This article considers hydrogen gas sensors based on a nanowire network with a square lattice structure. A general model for describing the reliability behavior of this network is proposed. It is shown that the reliability function can be imposed by considering a network of nanowires rather than a single nanowire. Among many other applications, the presented results can also be used to assess the reliability of any nanosystem/ nanodevice where the proposed model is a reasonable choice. What distinguishes the work presented in this article from related work are the unique difficulties that the nanocomponents introduce to the evaluation of reliability and the...
Pterostilbene on metabolic parameters: a randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled trial.

Introduction. The purpose of this trial was to evaluate the effect of pterostilbene on metabolic parameters. Methods. A prospective, randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled study that enrolled 80 patients with a total cholesterol ≥200 mg/dL and/or mg/dL. Subjects were divided into four groups: (1) pterostilbene 125 mg twice daily; (2) pterostilbene 50 mg twice daily; (3) pterostilbene 50 mg
Primary progressive apraxia of speech: clinical features and acoustic and neurologic correlates.

Purpose This study summarizes 2 illustrative cases of a neurodegenerative speech disorder, primary progressive apraxia of speech (AOS), as a vehicle for providing an overview of the disorder and an...
The politics of sexuality: Toward a radical-critical approach

From a radical-critical perspective, the gap between the everyday world as experienced and the sociological world as theorized is nowhere so apparent as in the area of human sexuality. Conventional research on human sexuality appears atheoretical, ahistorical, and reductionistic. The viability of a radical-critical alternative is demonstrated with examples of research and theory in three sub-areas: (1) sexuality as identity (socialization approach); (2) sexuality as ideology (comparative and historical approach); and (3) sexuality as power (political-economic approach). The paper discusses three distinguishing characteristics of the radical-critical perspective. The approach: (1) is holistic and historical; (2) urges theoretical explanation for each topic of sexuality under investigation; and (3) offers a critical evaluation of thestatus quo and calls for radical change.
Minimal role of metallothionein in decreased chelator efficacy for cadmium

Chelator efficacy in Cd poisoning drops precipitously if therapy is not commenced almost immediately after exposure. Metallothionein (MT), a low-molecular-weight metal-binding protein with high affinity for Cd, may be important for this phenomenon. To more fully assess this role of MT in the acute drop in chelator efficacy following Cd poisoning, rats were injected iv with radioisotopic Cd (1mg/kg as CdCl2; 50 muCi/kg) followed by diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA; 90 mg/kg ip) at various times (0, 15, 30, 60, and 120 min) after Cd. Ther percentage of the Cd dose remaining in major organs 24 hr following Cd was determined. Although DTPA reduced Cd content in the various organs when given immediately after Cd, the chelator was ineffective at all later times. Increases in hepatic and renal MT did not occur until 2 hr after Cd, and did not coincide with the earlier drop in chelator efficacy. Blockade of MT synthesis by actinomycin D treatment (1.25 mg/kg, 1 hr before Cd) failed to prolong the chelators effectiveness. Furthermore, newborn rats have high levels of hepatic MT which had no effect on the time course of chelator effectiveness since DTPA still decreased Cd organ contents if given immediately following Cd but had no effect if given 2 hr after Cd. Therefore, if appears that MT does not have an important role in the acute decrease in efficacy of chelation therapy for Cd poisoning. The quick onset of chelator ineffectiveness may be due to the rapid uptake of Cd into tissues which makes it relatively unavailable of chelation.
Issues in Lessor Accounting: The Forgotten Half of Lease Accounting

SYNOPSIS In July 2006, the International Accounting Standards Board and the Financial Accounting Standards Board (the “Boards”) added a leasing project to their agenda. In August 2010, the Boards jointly released an exposure draft proposing a “right-of-use” model for the recognition of lease-related assets and liabilities. In their deliberations, the Boards noted numerous studies focusing on lessee accounting, but very little research examining lessor-related topics. To address this gap in the literature, this paper identifies key reporting and disclosure issues associated with lessors, and suggests improvements that could be incorporated into lease accounting guidance. This study is based on an analysis of the financial statement disclosures of 57 of the 100 largest equipment lessors in the U.S. market. Disclosure quality, residual values, and the balance sheet impact of the proposal are examined, and numerous suggestions are offered to enhance the usefulness of lessor financial statement disclosures for...
A unified submicrometer MOS transistor charge/capacitance model for mixed-signal IC's

A unified modeling approach for the submicrometer MOS transistor charge/capacitance characteristics in all operation regions is presented. Development of this MOS charge model is based on the charge-density approximation to reduce the complexity of the analytical expression. To model the charge density more accurately, the conductance-degradation coefficient is determined by the derivative of drain-to-source saturation voltage with respect to gate-to-channel potential. The unified charge densities in gate, channel, and bulk regions are obtained with the assistance of the sigmoid, hyperbola, and exponential interpolation techniques. Good agreement between the measurement data and simulation results is obtained.
Correlation of lactose maldigestion, lactose intolerance, and milk intolerance

Lactose digestion and tolerance were evaluated in 164 African Americans ranging in age from 12 to 40 y who claimed intolerance to one cup (240 mL) or less of milk. With use of a breath-hydrogen test with 25 g lactose as test dose and the presence or absence of symptoms, 50% of the subjects were classified as lactose maldigesters and intolerant, 8% were maldigesters but tolerant, 15% were digesters but intolerant, and 27% were digesters and tolerant. Forty-five subjects from the lactose maldigesting and intolerant group were further tested for milk intolerance in a double-blind study. Sixty-seven percent of the subjects reacted appropriately to the presence or absence of lactose in ingested milk whereas 33% reported symptoms to both low-lactose milk and milk containing lactose. The results suggest that the cause of milk intolerance in as many as one-third of African Americans claiming symptoms after ingestion of a moderate amount of milk cannot be its lactose content.
A class of adaptive hybrid ARQ schemes for wireless links

Wireless links are known to suffer location-dependent, time-varying, and bursty errors. This paper considers a class of adaptive error-control schemes in the data link layer for reliable communication over wireless links in which the error-control code and the frame length are chosen adaptively, based on the estimated channel state/condition. Three error-control schemes are considered according to: (1) the number of Reed Solomon code segments a packet is divided into and (2) the way a lost packet is retransmitted. Through throughput performance and computation complexity analyses, these three schemes are compared, and then one of them is claimed to be the most attractive in terms of computation complexity and practicality even though its throughput performance is not the best. The simulation results also verify that this scheme works well over a time-varying fading channel. Error control for the medium access control (MAC) header and its effect on the performance of each error-control scheme are also considered since, without proper error protection for the header, it would be futile to exercise error control on the user data.
Impact cratering at geologic stage boundaries

The largest known Cenozoic impact craters with the most accurately measured ages are found to correlate very closely with geologic stage boundaries. The level of confidence in this result is 98-99 percent even under the most pessimistic assumptions concerning dating errors. One or more large impacts may have led, in at least some cases, to the extinctions and first appearances of biotic species that mark many of the geologic stage boundaries.
Strategies for integrating creativity principles into the system development process

Only recently has the MIS literature focused on the creative problem-solving literature for diminishing the seriousness and frequency of changes that occur during the system development process. Dozens of creative problem-solving techniques are applicable during the various phases of development. The paper presents examples of how different techniques might be used at each stage of development, in light of five general functions performed at each stage. These examples provide a brief illustration of the wide variety of techniques that are available. Guidelines are suggested for further research in this area. >
Effects of Phase Nonlinearities on Phase-Shift-Keyed Pseudonoise/Spread-Spectrum Communication Systems

The effective signal-to-noise ratio of a phase-shift-keyed pseudonoise/spread-spectrum signal passed through a communication link with phase nonlinearities \varphi(f) is shown to be a fraction \langlecos \varphi(f)\rangle^{2} of the actual ratio, where \langle \dot \rangle denotes an average formed by weighting cos \varphi(f) by signal spectral power density across the passband.
Targeted discovery of novel human exons by comparative genomics

A complete and accurate set of human protein-coding gene annotations is perhaps the single most important resource for genomic research after the human-genome sequence itself, yet the major gene catalogs remain incomplete and imperfect. Here we describe a genome-wide effort, carried out as part of the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC) project, to identify human genes not yet in the gene catalogs. Our approach was to produce gene predictions by algorithms that rely on comparative sequence data but do not require direct cDNA evidence, then to test predicted novel genes by RT-PCR. We have identified 734 novel gene fragments (NGFs) containing 2188 exons with, at most, weak prior cDNA support. These NGFs correspond to an estimated 563 distinct genes, of which >160 are completely absent from the major gene catalogs, while hundreds of others represent significant extensions of known genes. The NGFs appear to be predominantly protein-coding genes rather than noncoding RNAs, unlike novel transcribed sequences identified by technologies such as tiling arrays and CAGE. They tend to be expressed at low levels and in a tissue-specific manner, and they are enriched for roles in motor activity, cell adhesion, connective tissue, and central nervous system development. Our results demonstrate that many important genes and gene fragments have been missed by traditional approaches to gene discovery but can be identified by their evolutionary signatures using comparative sequence data. However, they suggest that hundreds-not thousands-of protein-coding genes are completely missing from the current gene catalogs.
A Study in the Dynamics of Small Town Social Attitudes

(1952). A Study in the Dynamics of Small Town Social Attitudes. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 35, No. 2, pp. 161-173.