cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Applying Systems Biology Methodology To Identify Genetic Factors Possibly Associated with Recovery after Traumatic Brain Injury.

Abstract Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. It is linked with a number of medical, neurological, cognitive, and behavioral sequelae. The influence of genetic factors on the biology and related recovery after TBI is poorly understood. Studies that seek to elucidate the impact of genetic influences on neurorecovery after TBI will lead to better individualization of prognosis and inform development of novel treatments, which are considerably lacking. Current genetic studies related to TBI have focused on specific candidate genes. The objectives of this study were to use a system biology–based approach to identify biologic processes over-represented with genetic variants previously implicated in clinical outcomes after TBI and identify unique genes potentially related to recovery after TBI. After performing a systematic review to identify genes in the literature associated with clinical outcomes, we used the genes identified to perform a systems bio...
The Insanity Exemption to Other than Honorable Discharge for the Purpose of Claiming Benefits: The Role of the Mental Health Examiner

Former service-members are barred from veteran benefits if their character of discharge is other-than-honorable due to willful and persistent misconduct. One exception is if it is determined that the service-member was legally insane at the time of the behaviors resulting in discharge. Offering an expert opinion on a mental state years or decades in the past is complicated. Yet, cases involving such opinions are assigned to veterans affairs-based mental health professionals without additional training or resources. This article fills this gap by discussing the unique legal statutes that define insanity for the purpose of benefit eligibility. In addition, it shares available resources and highlights themes resulting from having opined in such cases and having reviewed 30 Board of Veterans Appeals decisions involving claimed insanity.
Laparoscopic Totally Extraperitoneal (TEP) Inguinal Hernia Repair

Laparoscopic totally extraperitoneal (TEP) repair of inguinal hernia is commonly performed in cases of bilateral inguinal hernias or in patients with recurrent inguinal hernia after open herniorrhaphy. It should be performed by surgeons experienced in laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair and is often times offered to patients who prefer to undergo laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair. This chapter describes indications, essential steps, variations, and complications of this procedure. It provides a detailed template operative note for the procedure.
Composite analysis of immunological and metabolic markers defines novel subtypes of triple negative breast cancer

Cancer biology is influenced by the tumor microenvironment, which impacts disease prognosis and therapeutic interventions. The inter-relationship of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, immune response regulators, and a glycolytic tumor environment was evaluated in a cohort of 183 largely consecutive patients with triple negative breast cancer diagnosis. High levels of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes were associated with improved survival of triple negative breast cancer cases. However, elevated levels of PD-L1, CD163, and FOXP3 were individually associated with significantly decreased overall survival. These three determinants were significantly correlated, and could serve to differentiate the prognostic significance of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. Interestingly, a glycolytic tumor environment, as determined by the expression of MCT4 in the tumor stroma, was associated with the immune evasive environment and poor prognosis. Clustering of all markers defined four distinct triple negative breast cancer subtypes that harbored prognostic significance in multivariate analysis. Immune and metabolic markers stratified triple negative breast cancer into subtypes that have prognostic significance and implications for therapies targeting immune checkpoints and tumor metabolism.
Results of the Clinician Apps Survey, How Clinicians Working With Patients With Diabetes and Obesity Use Mobile Health Apps.

Abstract Objective To develop and administer a questionnaire to determine what factors may be associated with app use (including frequency of use, reasons to recommend to clients/patients, perceived effectiveness on health, health aspects used, features, and types of apps) by clinicians working in diabetes and weight management patient care settings. Methods The Clinician Apps Survey was developed and contained 3 question domains (smartphone apps use, behavior theory in counseling sessions, and demographics) to explore frequency, types, preferred features, benefits/barriers of using apps, counseling techniques used, and clinician demographics. Clinicians (n = 719) were recruited to complete the online survey through 4 dietetics and diabetes professional groups. Clinician use and preferences for health-related apps for personal reasons and in patient care settings were determined, and comparisons were made between high and non-app users. Descriptive statistics were used with current practices and attitudes about apps. Chi-square test of independence compared those using apps both personally and professionally (app enthusiasts) vs those with no app use. Results There were more app enthusiasts (53%; n = 380) than non-app users (20%; n = 145). Whereas 68% recommended pen/paper methods for diet and physical activity monitoring, 62% recommended apps. Most agreed that apps were superior to traditional methods for patients to track dietary intake (62%) and physical activity (58%), make better food choices (34%), lose weight (45%), and track blood glucose (43%). App enthusiasts used the American Association of Diabetes Educators self-care guidelines (P = .001) and advanced counseling techniques (eg, motivational interviewing) more often than did non-app users (P Conclusions and Implications Health-related smartphone apps are being widely used and recommended to patients with diabetes and obesity by clinicians for self-monitoring of dietary and physical activity behaviors. Furthermore, many clinicians believe that these types of tracking apps may improve patient outcomes compared with traditional methods of monitoring dietary and physical activity behaviors.
Selenium metabolism: VI. Effect of arsenic on the excretion of selenium in the bile

Abstract Arsenic has been demonstrated to increase greatly the amount of selenium excreted in rat bile. This effect was seen with several forms of selenium and arsenic over a wide dose range. The large amounts of selenium in the bile of rats treated with arsenic were approximately equivalent to the decreases in the retention of selenium in the liver. Arsenic did not affect the amount of selenium in the gastrointestinal contents of cannulated animals. Administration of sodium dehydrocholate caused no changes in the distribution or biliary excretion of selenium in animals receiving only selenite even though bile flow was markedly enhanced. But in animals receiving both arsenite and selenite, dehydrocholate or certain other choleretics inhibited the usual increase in the biliary output of selenium brought about by arsenic. Much of the selenium in the bile of arsenized rats appeared to be in different stages of association with macromolecular material. The administration of unlabeled selenite significantly increased the amount of radioarsenic in rat bile.
Adaptation, Suppression and Tuning in Amphibian Acoustical Fibers

I report observations made on saccular and amphibian-papillar afferent axons of the American bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana. The bullfrog amphibian papilla is an auditory endorgan whose afferents exhibit characteristic frequencies (cf’s) ranging from 1 kHz down to slightly more than 100 Hz, with substantial sensitivity extending below 50 Hz (Capranica, 1976). In many afferents with cf’s below 500 Hz, one observes two well-known phenomena: (1) adaptation to continuous tones at cf and other frequencies, and (2) suppression of responses to continuous tones at cf or other frequencies by addition of a high-intensity tone at a frequency approximately 300–400 Hz above cf (Capranica and Moffat, 1980). The bullfrog saccule is a seismic endorgan whose afferents exhibit cf’s ranging approximately from 10 Hz to 150 Hz, with substantial sensitivity extending to 200 Hz (Koyama et al., 1980). Afferents from this endorgan exhibit neither adaptation nor two-tone suppression.
Experimental Investigation of Dynamic Mechanical Properties of Polyurea-Fly Ash Composites

Polyurea has been the material of choice in many applications due to its thermomechanical properties. These applications span a wide spectrum from abrasion-resistant coating to reinforcement against blast damage in structures, ships, and vehicles. The improved observed performance is linked to its microstructure, a lightly crosslinked (elastomeric) block copolymer. The constitutive modeling of such materials is generally based on a wide variety of experimental measurements, including dynamic mechanical analysis. Furthermore, the response under stress-wave propagation may be measured through ultrasonic tests. In this work we present our research towards improvement and modification of the dynamic mechanical properties of polyurea through inclusion of various size and distributions of fly ash hollow spherical particles. The extensive experimental results are reported and a micromechanical homogenization model is presented. The extent of application of such model will be established and alternative modeling techniques which include the possible inertia effects at high rates of deformation will be surveyed.
SUBTRACTIVE HYBRIDIZATION WITH COVALENTLY MODIFIED OLIGONUCLEOTIDES

The ability to compare two different nucleic acid libraries has permitted inquiries into the role of differentially expressed genes or deleted/inserted genomic sequences involved in the mechanisms of neoplastic transformation, developmental regulation, physiological processing, pathological disorder, and therapeutic efficacy. Subtractive hybridization between two complementary DNA (cDNA) libraries is a powerful tool for identifying differentially expressed genes. In principle, an excess amount of modified subtracter cDNAs derived from cells of a control group are used to bind with tester messenger RNAs (mRNAs) or cDNAs isolated from the cells of interest. Because the subtracter cDNAs are modified to interfere with the amplification processes of reverse transcription (RT) and/or polymerase chain reaction (PCR), all subtracter-bound tester sequences are degraded and only the differentially expressed genes in the tester can be preserved for RT–PCR amplification. To improve the efficiency of subtractive hybridization, we have developed a chemical modification procedure to generate covalently binding cDNAs as the subtracter to capture the homologous tester sequences. We have also proved that the covalently bound duplex hybrids cannot be separated in PCR and thus are removed from the amplified differential gene sequences. Using the novel principle of covalently hybridized subtraction (CHS), we provide an easy, fast, and effective subtractive hybridization method for understanding the alterations of gene expression and/or chromosomal rearrangement in disordered cells in comparison with normal ones, which may reveal targets for gene therapy, eugenic improvement, pharmaceutical drug design, and investigation of etiological mechanisms.
Due Diligence and the Profit Motive: Perfect or Imperfect Duty?

The pursuit of shareholder wealth is not a contractual obligation of management, and therefore not a perfect duty. It is an imperfect duty that has practical limits that result from its trade-offs with other imperfect duties of due diligence. These imperfect duties of managerial due diligence are illustrated here through explanations of basic financial decisions: capital budgeting (the selection of long-term projects of the firm), capital structure (the selection of finance sources), and liquidity management. The ethical foundations of these imperfect duties of due diligence are drawn from Rawls’ criteria for “competent moral judges” and “considered moral judgements.” These are shown to depend on the imperfect duties to gather and utilize relevant knowledge as explained in Chapters 2 and 3.
Bare conditionals in the red

Bare conditionals, I argue, exhibit Conditional Duality in that when they appear in downward entailing environments they differ from bare conditionals elsewhere in having existential rather than universal force. Two recalcitrant phenomena are shown to find a new explanation under this thesis: bare conditionals under only, and bare conditionals in the scope of negative nominal quantifiers, or what has come to be known as Higginbotham’s puzzle. I also consider how bare conditionals behave when embedded under negation, arguing that such conditionals often involve denial negation. One important conclusion that emerges from the discussion is that an account of bare conditionals that validates Conditional Excluded Middle is not warranted. By limiting the scope of the (variably) strict analysis Conditional Duality is also a way of maintaining such an account.
Developing a Genetic Understanding of Agronomic Traits with Complex Inheritance

The development of RFLPs2 (Botstein et al., 1980) and PCR-based marker systems, such as RAPDs (Williams et al., 1990), have given geneticists powerful new tools to use in the analysis of genes and their effects upon phenotypes. These genomic technologies are being applied to problems in plant genetics and maps based upon molecular markers have now been produced for a variety of crop plants, including corn (Helentjaris et al., 1986), tomato (Helentjaris et al., ibid.;Bernatsky and Tanksley, 1986), lettuce (Landry et al., 1987), soybean (Keim et al., 1989) and rice (McCouch et al., 1988). Several groups have subsequently examined their application to basic questions in plant breeding, including germplasm relationships (Walton and Helentjaris, 1987; Smith et al., 1990), the mapping of single genes (McMullen and Louie, 1989), and the genetic basis of quantitative traits (Nienhuis et al., 1987; Paterson et al., 1988).
Clinical heterogeneity of elderly melanoma patients in the real-world setting: Potential implications for treatment outcomes following immune based therapy.

e21026Background: Recent studies have indicated that immune checkpoint inhibitor treatment of metastatic melanoma is effective irrespective of older age. However, in the real world setting, not all...
Abstract 441: The stochastic nature of errors in next-generation sequencing of circulating cell-free DNA

Purpose: Challenges with distinguishing circulating tumor DNA from next-generation sequencing (NGS) artifacts limits variant searches to established solid tumor mutations. Identifying the source(s) of errors associated with the NGS analytics of circulating cell-free DNA (ccfDNA) would enable the determination of an optimal strategy for eliminating noise and broaden ccfDNA clinical applications. Methods: Buffy coat DNA and ccfDNA were isolated from seven healthy adults. For each participant, a single buffy coat DNA library was generated using duplex adapters (dual unique molecular identifiers [UMIs], dual index), while two ccfDNA libraries were separately produced - one library with singleton adapters (single UMI, single index) and one library with duplex adapters. The assignment of a UMI to each template DNA molecule prior to library formation reduces false positives. A family is a set of DNA amplicons (PCR duplicates) with the same UMI. Representing a family with a single consensus sequence reduces PCR errors and sequencing artifacts. Duplex adapters have been developed to abrogate the early PCR errors that beset singleton adapters. Results: The error rate using duplex adapters was significantly lower by 26.4±5.9% (P Conclusion: Early stochastic PCR errors are a principal source of NGS noise that persist despite duplex molecular barcoding and after removal of patterned errors. Replicates are necessary to eliminate noise and their use in NGS analytics may broaden ccfDNA applications particularly in pre-metastatic and recurrent solid-tumor malignancies by enabling untargeted variant investigations. Citation Format: Hunter R. Underhill, Preetida J. Bhetariya, Sabine Hellwig, David A. Nix, Carrie L. Fuertes, Gabor T. Marth, Mary P. Bronner. The stochastic nature of errors in next-generation sequencing of circulating cell-free DNA [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 441.
A notion of the weighted σk-curvature for manifolds with density

Abstract We propose a natural definition of the weighted σ k -curvature for a manifold with density; i.e. a triple ( M n , g , e − ϕ dvol ) . This definition is intended to capture the key properties of the σ k -curvatures in conformal geometry with the role of pointwise conformal changes of the metric replaced by pointwise changes of the measure. We justify our definition through three main results. First, we show that shrinking gradient Ricci solitons are local extrema of the total weighted σ k -curvature functionals when the weighted σ k -curvature is variational. Second, we characterize the shrinking Gaussians as measures on Euclidean space in terms of the total weighted σ k -curvature functionals. Third, we characterize when the weighted σ k -curvature is variational. These results are all analogues of their conformal counterparts, and in the case k = 1 recover some of the well-known properties of Perelman's W -functional.
He and His Woman: Passing Performances and Coetzee’s Dialogic Drag

This chapter is my attempt to read back to 2003 (and beyond) to explore Coetzee’s often combative and provocative Elizabeth Costello as a dialogic instigator who emerged during the interstitial space between his South African fictions and his citizenship in Australia, where he moved after publishing 1999s Disgrace. Over the last four decades, Coetzee’s engagement with white female subjectivity has taken three different yet sequential forms: first, via his female narrators Magda (1977), Susan Barton (1986), and Mrs Curren (1990) he has explored the ways in which white women’s voices enter into and are negated from male-dominated institutions like literary and social production. Second, in Disgrace (1999), he creates a narrative about the impossibility of the arrogant male belief that one can ‘be the woman’ (160), embody her narrative, and write her as anything other than his idea of her. Finally, in his creation of Elizabeth Costello (2003, 2005), Coetzee undertakes an act of dialogic drag that engages humour, satire, and parody to reveal the performative nature of gender, literary production, and authorship itself.
Mike's Labels.

Mike’s Labels Mike is a homeless chronic alcoholic. I know this because I wrote his labels right here on his medical record. These labels help us help Mike, but when we layer these labels and other...
When “College and Career Ready” Means Only (or Mostly) College Ready: Perspectives From Stakeholders in Six Rural and Small Communities

This study of rural stakeholders’ perspectives related to college and career readiness exposes a nuanced dynamic that extends beyond pragmatic concerns for preparing rural students for the future. ...
Student Perceptions of Team-Based Learning in the Criminal Justice Classroom

As instructors seek ways to increase student engagement and retention, several innovative pedagogical approaches have been developed that fosters critical thinking and quality group work. One of th...
Does endovascular therapy change outcomes in nonagenarians with acute ischemic stroke

Abstract Background: Ischemic strokes can be devastating for elderly patients, and randomized control trials of mechanical thrombectomy have shown encouraging results. We present the first analysis of clinical outcomes in nonagenarians with acute ischemic stroke treated with best medical therapy compared to endovascular revascularization therapy. Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed on 42 patients 90 years or older who were treated for acute ischemic stroke. Modified Rankin scores were calculated immediately post-injury, at discharge, and at 30 days and 90 days following discharge. Student’s t-test and Wald tests were performed to evaluate whether endovascular treatment was associated with modified Rankin Score improvement at discharge, 30 days, or 90 days after discharge. Results: Follow-up data were available for 32/42 (76%) and 20/42 (48%) patients at 30 and 90 days after discharge, respectively. 8/9 (89%) patients who underwent endovascular treatment reached Thrombolysis in Cerebral Infarction scale 2b or better with no procedural complications. 12/42 (29%) patients, including four who underwent endovascular treatment, were discharged to hospice or deceased. No significant differences in modified Rankin Score improvement were observed between the endovascular and medical management groups at discharge (p = 0.96), at 30 days (p = 0.63), or at 90 days (p = 0.96). Conclusions: Our analysis shows that revascularization therapy is a safe treatment, but it was not associated with improved functional status in nonagenarians with acute ischemic stroke. Endovascular therapy shows promise, and larger prospective studies are necessary to assess the benefits of revascularization therapy in the elderly population.
Bile acid transporter-mediated oral drug delivery.

Abstract Bile acids are synthesized in the liver, stored in the gallbladder, and secreted into the duodenum at meals. Apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter (ASBT), an ileal Na+-dependent transporter, plays the leading role of bile acid absorption into enterocytes, where bile acids are delivered to basolateral side by ileal bile acid binding protein (IBABP) and then released by organic solute transporter OSTα/β. The absorbed bile acids are delivered to the liver via portal vein. In this process called “enterohepatic recycling”, only 5% of the bile acid pool (~3 g in human) is excreted in feces, indicating the large recycling capacity and high transport efficacy of ASBT-mediated absorption. Therefore, bile acid transporter-mediated oral drug delivery has been regarded as a feasible and potential strategy to improve the oral bioavailability. This review introduces the key factors in enterohepatic recycling, especially the mechanism of bile acid uptake by ASBT, and the development of bile acid-based oral drug delivery for ASBT-targeting, including bile acid-based prodrugs, bile acid/drug electrostatic complexation and bile acid-containing nanocarriers. Furthermore, the specific transport pathways of bile acid in enterocytes are described and the recent finding of lymphatic delivery of bile acid-containing nanocarriers is discussed.
Private Equity and Portfolio Companies: Lessons from the Global Financial Crisis

Critics of private equity have warned that the high leverage often used in PE‐backed companies could contribute to the fragility of the financial system during economic crises. The proliferation of poorly structured transactions during booms could increase the vulnerability of the economy to downturns. The alternative hypothesis is that PE, with its operating capabilities, expertise in financial restructuring, and massive capital raised but not invested (“dry powder”), could increase the resilience of PE‐backed companies. In their study of PE‐backed buyouts in the U.K.—which requires and thereby makes accessible more information about private companies than, say, in the U.S.—the authors report finding that, during the 2008 global financial crisis, PE‐backed companies decreased their overall investments significantly less than comparable, non‐PE firms. Moreover, such PE‐backed firms also experienced greater equity and debt inflows, higher asset growth, and increased market share. These effects were especially notable among smaller, riskier PE‐backed firms with less access to capital, and also for those firms backed by PE firms with more dry powder at the crisis onset. In a survey of the partners and staff of some 750 PE firms, the authors also present compelling evidence that PEs firms play active financial and operating roles in preserving or restoring the profitability and value of their portfolio companies.
Acute and Acute on Chronic Liver Failure: Mechanisms of Disease and Multi-systemic Involvement

Acute Liver Failure (ALF) is a condition that not only results in severe liver injury, but also in widespread multi-organ dysfunction. While the term ALF is restricted to those without evidence of chronic liver disease, a new entity, Acute on Chronic Liver Failure (ACLF), has recently been described which shares many similarities with ALF and includes those with more prolonged liver injury. Both syndromes involve acute hepatic dysfunction with consequent systemic inflammation that leads to multi-systemic involvement. Better understanding of the mechanisms involved in the development of ALF and ACLF can lead to improved treatment algorithms with the chance for better clinical outcomes.
Spinal Cord Ischemia Monitoring and Protection

Spinal cord ischemia, spinal cord infarction, and paraplegia remain an important complication of patients undergoing open surgical or endovascular repair of the thoracic and thoracoabdominal aorta. Improvements in surgical techniques such as endovascular repair, partial left heart bypass, reimplantation of segmental arteries, and staged repairs combined with anesthetic techniques that include arterial pressure augmentation, deliberate hypothermia, lumbar cerebrospinal fluid drainage, and intraoperative neurophysiologic monitoring has decreased the risk of intraoperative spinal cord ischemia. Despite improvements, patients remain at risk for delayed onset spinal cord ischemia. Serial neurologic assessment and precise circulatory management are necessary to prevent and detect delayed onset spinal cord ischemia. Immediate treatment of delayed onset spinal cord ischemia with arterial pressure augmentation and lumbar cerebrospinal fluid drainage is often effective for preventing paraplegia or decreasing the severity of the permanent neurologic injury in patients with reversible ischemic spinal cord syndrome.
Management of Nutritional Complications

Weight loss procedures change the manner in which the body intakes, digests, and/or absorbs food and its nutrients. The surgically altered gastrointestinal tract may cause potential nutritional complications. This can be the result of restriction of stomach capacity, hormonally altered appetite, or induced malabsorption via intestinal bypass or a combination of all these mechanisms. Surgeries that induce malabsorption, such as biliopancreatic diversion, with or without duodenal switch, or the distal (long limb) gastric bypass, are associated with more numerous and more serious nutritional complications. The more common postsurgical concerns include vomiting, loss of appetite, anemia, bowel habit changes, dumping syndrome, and maladaptive eating. Protein malnutrition and diseases of the ocular, musculoskeletal, and neurological systems are less frequently encountered. Healthcare professionals should be aware that the morbidly obese patient is by definition not a well-nourished patient. Many patients present with asymptomatic, unrecognized, and/or untreated nutrient deficiencies prior to undergoing surgery. Studies have demonstrated reduced levels of almost all of the vitamins and minerals in this population, including vitamins A, B6, B12 C, E, thiamin, and folate and the minerals iron, zinc, and selenium, as well as vitamin D deficiency with or without secondary hyperparathyroidism.
Rho and Rho-Kinase (ROCK) Signaling in Adherens and Gap Junction Assembly in Corneal Epithelium

PURPOSE. To examine whether Rho and its downstream target, a Rho-associated kinase (ROCK), are involved in the regulation of the assembly of cadherin-mediated cell adhesion and connexin 43 (Cx43) gap junctions in corneal epithelium. METHODS. Rho and ROCK activities in rabbit corneal epithelial cells in culture were inhibited by microinjection of a Clostridium botulinum ADP-ribosyltransferase (C3) and treatment with a ROCK specific inhibitor (Y-27632), respectively. Immunocytochemical and Western blot techniques were used to study the distribution and relative concentrations of E-cadherin and Cx43. Intercellular communication via gap junctions was measured by a dye transfer assay. RESULTS. Inhibition of Rho activity in the primary cultures of rabbit corneal epithelial cells by microinjecting them with C3 resulted in an inhibition of the assembly of E-cadherin-based cell-cell adhesion and Cx43 gap junctions. However, inhibition of the ROCK activity by treatment with Y-27632 inhibited the assembly of E-cadherin-based cell-cell adhesions but not Cx43 gap junctions. In fact, inhibition of ROCK resulted in an increase in the number of Cx43 gap junctions and in cell-cell communication. Culturing corneal epithelial cells in a low calcium medium prevented the formation of E-cadherin adherens junctions but not the Cx43 gap junctions. CONCLUSIONS. E-cadherin adherens junctions are not a prerequisite for the assembly of Cx43 gap junctions in corneal epithelial cells. Different Rho signaling pathways are involved in the regulation of the assembly of E-cadherin mediated cell-cell adhesion and Cx43 gap junctions. Although a Rho/ROCK signaling pathway influences the assembly of E-cadherin adherens junctions, its downregulation influences Cx43 gap junction assembly.
Bail in California

The purpose of this Article is to set forth in fairly general fashion the policies and procedures applicable to the release of a prisoner on bail. No attempt has been made to analyze every problem which might arise or which has arisen. To do so would require almost a book and would leave the reader in hopeless confusion-as is, indeed, the state of the law on this subject. Nevertheless, until the Legislature remedies this condition it is at least possible for an attorney to learn the broad outlines of the subject and to be aware of some of the major defects in the existing law. Discussion of the subject of bail is clouded at the outset by the lack of any commonly accepted meaning of the word. The origin of the word "bail" has been variously ascribed to the Saxons, the French, and the Greeks.1 It is often used to describe the bond or the cash deposit paid into court to obtain the release of a defendant.2 Some courts consider "bail" a verb
Cloning, nucleotide sequence, mutagenesis, and mapping of the Bacillus subtilis pbpD gene, which codes for penicillin-binding protein 4.

Abstract The gene encoding penicillin-binding protein 4 (PBP 4) of Bacillus subtilis, pbpD, was cloned by two independent methods. PBP 4 was purified, and the amino acid sequence of a cyanogen bromide digestion product was used to design an oligonucleotide probe for identification of the gene. An oligonucleotide probe designed to hybridize to genes encoding class A high-molecular-weight PBPs also identified this gene. DNA sequence analysis of the cloned DNA revealed that (i) the amino acid sequence of PBP 4 was similar to those of other class A high-molecular-weight PBPs and (ii) pbpD appeared to be cotranscribed with a downstream gene (termed orf2) of unknown function. The orf2 gene is followed by an apparent non-protein-coding region which exhibits nucleotide sequence similarity with at least two other regions of the chromosome and which has a high potential for secondary structure formation. Mutations in pbpD resulted in the disappearance of PBP 4 but had no obvious effect on growth, cell division, sporulation, spore heat resistance, or spore germination. Expression of a transcriptional fusion of pbpD to lacZ increased throughout growth, decreased during sporulation, and was induced approximately 45 min into spore germination. A single transcription start site was detected just upstream of pbpD. The pbpD locus was mapped to the 275 to 280 degrees region of the chromosomal genetic map.
A survey of volcanic deformation on Java using ALOS PALSAR interferometric time series

Of the hundreds of volcanic centers throughout the Indonesian archipelago, few are adequately monitored for pre-eruptive activity due to socioeconomic and logistical barriers, with the result that volcanic hazards in the region are not well quantified. The advent of satellite-borne L-band synthetic aperture radar provides an opportunity for detection and measurement of volcanic deformation over broad regions in heavily vegetated tropical island arcs. We use data from the PALSAR instrument on the Japanese ALOS satellite to conduct a comprehensive survey of volcanic deformation on the Indonesian island of Java, over a time period of two years (2007–2008). To obtain the most complete, temporally continuous record of ground deformation, we use a temporally overlapping set of short-time-interval radar image pairs to produce a deformation time series. Consistent with previous results from other regions, our survey suggests that volcanoes experiencing small eruptions are typically fed by magma bodies too small and/or too shallow or deep to produce a recognizable InSAR signal. However, we identified a deformation event at Lamongan volcano which is likely linked to a magmatic intrusion at several kilometers' depth, and a second one at Slamet volcano at a shallower depth that may have been related to a subsequent eruption. This initial test of a broad application of L-band data allowed us to better define the satellite imaging criteria required for successful observation, as well as developing a useful methodology for monitoring deformation over a wide region.
Airborne Radionuclides of Concern and Their Measurement in Monitoring a Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty

The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) is conducting radioanalytical developmental programs with the goal of providing near real-time analysis technology for airborne signature radionuclides which are indicative of a nuclear weapons test in any of the earth’s environments. If a test were conducted in the atmosphere or above the atmosphere, then the full spectrum of fission and activation products, together with residues from the device would be dispersed in the atmosphere. However, if a nuclear test were conducted underground or underwater, the emission could range from a major to a very minor vent, and the material released would likely consist mainly of noble gas radionuclides and the radioiodines. Since many of the noble gases decay to form particulate radionuclides, these may serve as the more sensitive signatures. For example, Ba-140 is a daughter of Xe-140 (13.6 s), and Cs-137 is a daughter of Xe-137 (3.82 min). Both of these have been observed in large amounts relative to other fission products in dynamic venting of U.S. underground nuclear detonations.(1)
Dynamics of the Yellowstone hydrothermal system

The Yellowstone Plateau Volcanic Field is characterized by extensive seismicity, episodes of uplift and subsidence, and a hydrothermal system that comprises more than 10,000 thermal features, including geysers, fumaroles, mud pots, thermal springs, and hydrothermal explosion craters. The diverse chemical and isotopic compositions of waters and gases derive from mantle, crustal, and meteoric sources and extensive water-gas-rock interaction at variable pressures and temperatures. The thermal features are host to all domains of life that utilize diverse inorganic sources of energy for metabolism. The unique and exceptional features of the hydrothermal system have attracted numerous researchers to Yellowstone beginning with the Washburn and Hayden expeditions in the 1870s. Since a seminal review published a quarter of a century ago, research in many fields has greatly advanced our understanding of the many coupled processes operating in and on the hydrothermal system. Specific advances include more refined geophysical images of the magmatic system, better constraints on the time scale of magmatic processes, characterization of fluid sources and water-rock interactions, quantitative estimates of heat and magmatic volatile fluxes, discovering and quantifying the role of thermophile microorganisms in the geochemical cycle, defining the chronology of hydrothermal explosions and their relation to glacial cycles, defining possible links between hydrothermal activity, deformation, and seismicity; quantifying geyser dynamics; and the discovery of extensive hydrothermal activity in Yellowstone Lake. Discussion of these many advances forms the basis of this review.
Mental Health-Related Healthcare Use Following Bilateral Deep Brain Stimulation For Parkinson's Disease.

Background: The subthalamic nucleus (STN) and the globus pallidus internus (GPi) are both effective targets for deep brain stimulation (DBS) to relieve motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease. However, studies have reported varied effects on mental health-related adverse events and depressed mood following DBS. Objective: The current observational study sought to compare mental health healthcare utilization and costs for three years following STN or GPi DBS. Methods: For a cohort of Veterans (n = 161) with Parkinson’s disease who participated in a larger multi-site randomized trial, we compared mental health outpatient visits, medication use, inpatient admissions, and associated costs by DBS target site (STN vs. GPi). Results: Neither group nor time differences were significant for mental health outpatient or inpatient utilization following DBS. Overall costs associated with mental health visits and medications did not differ by time or by group. However, the percentage of patients with mental health medication use increased in the 6-month and 6 to 12 month periods post-surgery. The STN group had significantly greater increase in medication use at 6 to 12 months post-surgery compared to the GPi group (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Despite a brief increase in medication use following surgery, this study suggests that mental health healthcare use and costs are stable over time and similar between DBS targets. Prior research findings of mental health-related adverse events and mood following DBS did not translate to greater mental health service utilization in our cohort. The changes seen in the year following surgery may reflect temporary adjustments with stabilization over time.
Development of Obesity and Related Diseases in African Refugees After Resettlement to United States

Despite increases in obesity and related diseases in developing nations, initial refugee clinical visits do not address these issues. We explored the development of obesity and related diseases in a longitudinal prospective cohort of African refugees resettling in northeastern US. Using state Department of Health data, refugees were linked to a health system. Body mass index, diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia status were extracted from charts. US regional controls from NAMCS/NHAMCS data were matched by age, sex, race, and visit year. African refugee BMI increased after resettlement at 1 (1.7 ± 2.9, p < 0.0001) and 5 years (3.1 ± 3.7, p < 0.0001), a different trend than matched regional controls (p = 0.01). Refugees had increased rates of diabetes (1.0 vs. 10.8 %, p < 0.0001), hypertension (16.7 vs. 21.6 %, p < 0.0001) and hyperlipidemia (3.9 vs. 10.8 %, p < 0.0001) at 5 years not observed in regional controls. Our findings emphasize the need for interventions during resettlement to prevent development of obesity and related disease in this vulnerable population.
Nesting of C60 around Au clusters on a C60 crystallite

Abstract Room temperature deposition of Au on a thin C 60 film formed on a Si(111) substrate has been studied with scanning tunneling microscopy. Au atoms adopt 3D clustering on the surface of a C 60 crystallite. As the cluster grows bigger, its facets become binding sites that attract C 60 molecules detached from step edges and diffusing on the surface, resulting in a nested cluster structure with a lateral size of 30–70A. At an early stage common nested cluster configurations are found to be pentagonal and hexagonal, reflecting the size and shape of the core metal clusters. This nesting process plays the role of passivating the Au cluster during its growth and results in a self-limiting growth mode. The continuation of this process to higher Au coverage leads to a roughening of the C 60 substrate. The self-limiting growth process of the Au clusters by a capping C 60 layer could potentially be used to fabricate C 60 -passivated monodisperse metal clusters.
Retention in reversed-phase chromatography : partition or adsorption?

Abstract A unified framework within the hermeneutics of the solvophobic theory is employed for the treatment of experimental data with nonpolar and weakly polar substances in reversed-phase chromatography (RPC), oil–water partitioning and adsorption on activated charcoal from dilute aqueous solution. This approach sheds light on the energetic similarities between such processes driven by the hydrophobic effect. Among several stationary phase models that have been proposed in the literature for the physical representation of alkyl-silica bonded phases, the isolated solvated hydrocarbon chains model is adopted for the retention in RPC since it represents most closely the stationary phase configuration and is not based a priori on a partition or adsorption mechanism as some other models are for the retention in RPC. Using the fundamental framework of the solvophobic theory, the free energy change per unit nonpolar surface area for octanol–water and hexadecane–water partitioning, retention in RPC as well as adsorption on activated charcoal from dilute aqueous solution at 25°C are evaluated and they are found to be in good agreement with the corresponding experimental data. Furthermore, such quantities are very similar for all the above mentioned processes involving aqueous solution, in contradistinction to the predictions by the lattice theory. From the results it follows that these apparently disparate processes are subject to the same physicochemical principle. The present study demonstrates the capability of the solvophobic theory in describing the energetics of processes involving hydrophobic interactions, and exposes the difficulties in distinguishing between partition and adsorption mechanisms in RPC by using partition models based on the lattice approach. It is concluded that a clear distinction between partition and adsorption in RPC of nonpolar eluites is not apparent from thermodynamic analysis.
SUICIDE AND OVERCONTROL

Lester and Wright (1973) suggested that people who colnplete suicide might do so because they keep their aggressive impuIses too tightly controlled as compared to attempted suicides. Leonard (1977), however, found no significant differences between completed and attempted suicides on Megargee, et nl.'s ( 1967) scale for assessing control of aggressive impulses. The suicidal subjects were significantly less overcontrolled than nonsuicidal psychiatric patients. Data from 20 completed suicides were compared here with data from 20 nonsuicidal psychiatric patiencs. All patients were male and were described by Clopton and Jones (1975). The two groups did not differ in their scores on Megargee's scale of overcontrolled hostility derived from the MMPI (Megargee, et nl., 1967). For the total scgle, the completed suicides who completed the MMPI ( 9 2 = 19) had a mean score of 13.1 (SD = 3.5) versus a mean score of 14.3 (SD = 4.0) for nonsuicidal patients who completed the MMPI
The association of obesity and glucose and insulin concentrations with bone density in premenopausal and postmenopausal women

Obese subjects have increased bone density relative to non-obese subjects, yet this relationship is not fully understood. We examined whether alterations in glucose or insulin concentrations might explain the effect of obesity on bone density in 317 women from the San Antonio Heart Study, a population-based study of diabetes. We measured fasting and 2-hour plasma glucose and fasting and 2-hour serum insulin levels. Bone density was assessed by a Hologic dual-photon absorptiometer. Lumbar spine and femoral neck density were positively correlated with body mass index (BMI). Femoral neck density also was positively correlated with fasting insulin level in younger women after adjustment for age (r = .214, P < .01). After further adjustment for BMI, femoral neck density was not signficantly correlated with fasting insulin level (P = .08). The magnitude of the estimated femoral neck density difference for a 32.2-μU/mL decrease in fasting insulin level (the difference in insulin concentrations between nondiabetics and diabetics) was 0.13 g/cm2. Adjustment for glucose and insulin concentrations does not explain the association between bone density and obesity.
Where's (Dwight) Waldo?

In a time of increasingly complex problems, a network of public, private, and nonprofit partners are together tasked with providing public service and thus defining the common good. Scholars and pr...
The Stationary Navier-Stokes System in Nonsmooth Manifolds: The Poisson Problem in Lipschitz and C 1 Domains

We consider the linearized version of the stationary Navier-Stokes equations on a subdomain Ω of a smooth, compact Riemannian manifold M. The emphasis is on regularity: the boundary of Ω is assumed to be only C1 and even Lipschitz, and the data are selected from appropriate Sobolev-Besov scales. Our approach relies on the method of boundary integral equations, suitably adapted to the variable-coefficient setting we are considering here. Applications to the stationary, nonlinear Navier-Stokes equations in this context are also discussed.
Satellite-Derived Integrated Water Vapor and Rain Intensity Patterns: Indicators for Rapid Cyclogenesis

We examine integrated water vapor fields and rain intensity patterns derived from the Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR) and Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I) for several rapidly deepening and non-rapidly deepening midlatitude cyclones in the North Atlantic. Our goal is to identify features in the satellite data unique to the rapidly deepening cases, and to explore how these data can potentially be used in the analysis and forecasting of these events.
PACS reading time comparision: the workstation versus alternator for ultrasound

During a nine-month period, ultrasound reading was switched between a PACS workstation (CommViewR, AT&T/Philips) and a film alternator (PanoramascopeR RADX). The two radiologists who participated in this study were well acquainted with the operation of both systems. A total of 430 cases were read, and whether on film (n equals 292) or from the workstation (n equals 138), a routine mix of cases was interpreted. A timing study was performed which involved recording the time it took to read and dictate the cases. A previous study had concentrated on other facets of the total time, so these were not repeated. Over all cases read, the workstation readings took longer by an average of approximately 33 seconds per case. A review of the reports generated showed no differences in the average length, so that the time difference was thought to be due to other factors. The majority of the difference is the result of the longer time it takes to display all images at full resolution on the workstation. On the alternator, the average number of films per case can fit on one alternator panel, so to see all images, there is no need to page to the next panel. The workstation, on the other hand, can only display about half of the total images per study at once, so that paging must be done for almost all cases. This paper presents the detailed findings of this study and discusses the implications for the daily use of a workstation for reading.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.