cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hip simulator wear comparison of metal-on-metal, ceramic-on-ceramic and crosslinked UHMWPE bearings

Abstract Alumina ceramic-on-crosslinked polyethylene (C-CLPE), metal-on-metal (M/M) and alumina-on-alumina ceramic (C/C) articulations are high performance, low wear options for hip replacement bearings. Our objective was to compare the hip joint simulator wear performance of these alternative bearing couples to each other and to a control bearing of standard ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE). Contemporary hip joint simulators were used for wear testing. All components were tested at 1 Hz under a joint reaction profile (2450 N maximum) and 50% diluted alpha-calf serum lubrication. Standard lubricant replacement, specimen cleaning and wear loss measurement methods were followed. Crosslinked polyethylene (PE) showed a 10-fold reduction in wear over control UHMWPE liners, regardless of head size. M/M components showed a nine-fold reduction in wear over the control PE. Wear performance of the M/M bearings was non-linear and highly variable; one M/M sample had a wear rate similar to that of the PE controls. Wear rates for C-CLPE and C/C were far less variable than for M/M. C-CLPE bearing wear was more consistent than M/M, although both had similar average wear. C/C showed a consistent 500-fold wear reduction over control PE and a 50-fold reduction over M/M or C-CLPE.
Outcomes of intensive AIDS education for male adolescent drug users in jail

Abstract Objectives: The purpose of the study was to conduct and evaluate an intensive AIDS education program for incarcerated male adolescent drug users. Methods: The study was conducted in New York City's main jail facility for detained and sentenced male youths aged 16–19 years. A four-session, group-oriented AIDS education program based on Problem-Solving Therapy was conducted. The program was voluntary and all youths on designated dormitories were invited to participate. The evaluation compared youths participating in the AIDS education with waiting list controls who were discharged or transferred before they could be offered the education. Behavioral outcomes for AIDS education participants and controls were determined at a five month follow-up after release from jail. Behaviors were measured through personal interviews at baseline and follow-up. Results: High rates of HIV risk behaviors were documented, including alcohol, marijuana and cocaine/crack use that may predispose youths to sexual risk-taking: practice of heterosexual anal sex; multiple and high-risk sexual partnerships; and no, or inconsistent, use of condoms. Education participants as compared with controls were significantly more likely to increase their condom use, to increase positive attitudes towards condoms, and possibly to decrease high-risk sexual partnerships. However, other sexual risk variables and substance use were unchanged. Conclusion: Intensive AIDS education provided in jail can be useful in reducing certain HIV risk behaviors of criminally-involved male adolescents.
Some Applications of Natural Motion Control

This paper presents two setpoint regulation problems that may be distinguished from the traditional preview of feedback design by the a priori impossibility of building a smooth bounded controller whose closed loop yields asymptotic stability while preserving configuration constraints. An appeal to the theoretical ideas introduced in [13] yields a solution to each of these problems in the form of a navigation function thatserves as an instance of the natural control philosophy. That is to say, the intrinsic dynamics of the mechanical system, when properly "programmed" are capable of "solving" what have often been cast as planning problems. The resulting closed loop behavior demonstrates a kind of autonomy in that the goal is achieved with probability one and with no further intervention on the part of a "higher level planner." This journal article is available at ScholarlyCommons: http://repository.upenn.edu/ese_papers/467
Reciprocal threats in multimarket rivalry: staking out ‘spheres of influence’ in the U.S. airline industry

The paper investigates the outcomes of multimarket competition among U.S. scheduled airlines when the interests and positions of the airlines differ in the mutually contested markets. Asymmetry in territorial interests provides multimarket competitors with footholds in important markets of their rivals, which can be used to deter the behavior of the rivals in other markets. Evidence suggests that airlines use footholds in their rivals’ important markets (particularly in their hubs) to reduce the competitive intensity of those rivals in the airlines’ own important markets (their hubs), and sustain their dominant positions (or spheres of influence) in those markets. Copyright© 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Yet another formulation of the Dirac equation

The 2-by-2 Pauli matrix algebra is used to write the 1-by-4 Dirac field ψ in anequivalent 2-by-2 matrix η. The current 4-vectors $$\bar \psi \gamma _\mu \psi $$ and η*σµη are then compared and the latter is shown to not be easily interpretable as a probability density, and also tocontain $$\bar \psi \gamma _\mu \psi $$ .
Room-Temperature Electrical Conductivity Property of TiN/O′-Sialon Multiphase Ceramics

Electroconductive TiN/O′-Sialon multiphase ceramics were prepared by pressureless sintering from TiN/O′-Sialon powders as the chief raw material which were synthesized by the carbothermal reduction nitridation method using high titania slag, silicon fume and bauxite chalmette. Phase compositions and were analyzed. The effect of microstructure and TiO2 content in initial raw materials on electrical conductivity were studied by SEM and TEM. The electro-discharge machining (EDM) of the materials was carried out. The results show that the sintered samples consist of O′-Sialon and TiN. O′-Sialon grains exhibit equiaxied morphology and the particle sizes are about 1-3μm. TiN grains exhibit fine granular morphology and most of grains have lower size than 0.5μm. The minimum amount of TiO2 in initial raw materials is 25wt% for the formation of electroconductive network in the multiphase ceramics, of which the electrical resistivity is 1.8×10-2 Ω·cm and meets the requirement of electrical discharge machining.
Influence of lanthanum on transmitter release at the neuromuscular junction.

The presynaptic influence of lanthanum on neuromuscular transmission was studied in the isolated sciatic nerve-sartorius muscle preparation of the frog, Rana pipiens. Twitch tension output from indirectly stimulated muscles progressively decreased with increasing concentrations of La3+ from 0.01 to 1.0 mM and was abolished in the presence of 0.5 mM and 1 mM La3+ after approximately 50 min and 15 min, respectively. Studies on directly stimulated muscle indicated that the inhibition by La3+ of tension development during indirect stimulation was not primarily of myogenic origin. The decrease in indirectly stimulated twitch tension by 0.5 mM La3+ was reduced by pretreatment in 10 mM Ca2+, but was not overcome by 1 mM TEA or 5 mM guanidine. In contrast, blockade produced by 8.2 mM Mg2+ was alleviated by TEA or guanidine. In Mg2+ poisoned preparations, microperfusion of 0.001 mM La3+ decreased m by 70% (5 fibers). In curarized preparations, the presence of 0.001 mM La3+ caused the EPP to decrease by 57% (3 fibers), and 0.5 mM Mg2+ decreased the EPP by 61% (4 fibers). Although the EPP amplitude was reduced by La3+, the MEPP frequency was markedly potentiated in the presence of 0.001 to 0.5 mM La3+. The potentiation of MEPP frequency by La3+ appeared to be enhanced in the absence of calcium and reduced by pretreatment in a 10 mM Ca2+ Ringer solution. It is suggested that La3+ blocks transmission presynaptically by decreasing the quantal content of the EPP, and that it is a more efficient blocker of evoked release than Mg2+.
Metabolic cost of incubation in the Laysan albatross and Bonin petrel

Abstract 1. 1. Oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production were measured in resting and incubating Laysan albatrosses and Bonin petrels on Midway Atoll in the north central Pacific Ocean. 2. 2. Incubation metabolism within the thermal neutral zone is less than or equal to resting metabolism in the albatross and petrel. 3. 3. The respiratory quotients (0.64–0.72) during the long fasts indicate fat metabolism. 4. 4. The estimated fractional water content of the albatross and petrel do not change during incubation fasts because water loss is balanced by metabolic water production.
Comparing Three Lenses of Policy Choice

This paper compares three lenses that explain policy choice. They include rational choice, advocacy coalitions, and multiple streams. The argument is that the three lenses generate complementary rather than competing explanations of the same event. Complementary lenses are those that are not applicable under the same conditions. Applicability of each lens is established by examining actor goals and environmental structure and by exploring predictive capability and descriptive accuracy. Finally, the paper charts a research agenda designed to make the lenses more directly competing.
Bacterial chemoreceptor dynamics correlate with activity state and are coupled over long distances

Dynamics are hypothesized to play an important role in the transmission of signals across membranes by receptors. Bacterial chemoreceptors are long helical proteins that consist of a periplasmic ligand-binding domain; a transmembrane region; a cytoplasmic HAMP (histidine kinase, adenylyl cyclases, methyl-accepting chemotaxis proteins, and phosphatases) domain; and a kinase-control module (KCM). The KCM is further composed of adaptation, hinge, and protein interaction regions (PIRs), the latter of which binds the histidine kinase CheA and adaptor CheW. Fusions of the Escherichia coli aspartate receptor KCM to HAMP domains of defined structure (H1-Tar vs. H1-2-Tar) give opposite responses in phosphotransfer and cellular assays, despite similar binding to CheA and CheW. Pulsed dipolar ESR spectroscopy (PDS) of these isolated on and off dimeric effectors reveals that, in the kinase-on state, the HAMP is more conformationally destabilized compared with the PIR, whereas in the kinase-off state, the HAMP is more compact, and the PIR samples a greater breadth of conformations. On and off HAMP states produce different conformational effects at the KCM junction, but these differences decrease through the adaptation region and into the hinge only to return with the inverted relationship in the PIR. Continuous wave–ESR of the spin-labeled proteins confirms that broader PDS distance distributions correlate with increased rates of dynamics. Conformational breadth in the adaptation region changes with charge alterations caused by modification enzymes. Activating modifications broaden the HAMP conformational ensemble but correspondingly, compact the PIR. Thus, chemoreceptors behave as coupled units, in which dynamics in regions proximal and distal to the membrane change coherently but with opposite sign.
X-Chromosone-Linked Juvenile Retinoschisis with Hemorrhagic Retinal Cyst

A 6-year-old boy with X-chromosome-linked juvenile retinoschisis had a large blood-filled retinal cyst surrounded by a rim of exudate which had infiltrated the macula. Spontaneous clearing of the blood and exudate was associated with improvement in vision.
Measurement of Olefin Bond Rotation Barriers in a Series of Vinylaniline Complexes of the Cyclopentadienyliron(II) Dicarbonyl Cation and Their Correlation to Metal−Olefin Bond Asymmetry

1H NMR techniques (selective inversion, total line shape analysis, and T1ρ measurement) have been used to measure the olefin bond rotation rates in a series of compounds of the general formula CpFe(CO)2[η2-CH2C(H)NH(p−C6H4X)], where X = OMe (4), H (6), CN (9), NO2 (10), Cl (11), COOMe (12). Complexes 4, 6, 11, and 12 enabled the use of all three methods to yield data sets that spanned a wide temperature range and allowed for reliable determination of the thermodynamic activation parameters for olefin bond rotation. When these three methods were combined with a bootstrap statistical analysis of the Eyring plots, it was possible to resolve the small differences in the ΔH⧧ values between three of the four complexes. A clear trend is established between increasing electron donation from the aniline ligand and the facilitation of olefin bond rotation. These results are placed in the context of previous work, providing additional experimental evidence that electronic control from the para position of the anilin...
The interiors of the giant planets — 1983

The last few years brought progress in our understanding of the interiors of the giant planets especially of the two larger ones which have been visited by Pioneer and Voyager spacecraft. An analysis of the formation of the giant planets also heped to clarify certain important common features. The presently available model of Jupiter is still based on certain somewhat bothersome approximations but it appears to satisfy the main observational constraints. Saturn's interior is much better understood than it was previously although the quantitative aspects of the role of the miscibility gap in the hydrogen-helium system have not yet been entirely resolved. Much attention has been directed at the interiors of Uranus and Neptune and the outstanding question appears to be the location and the amount of ices and methane present in their outer layers. Both the two-and the three-layer models are moderately successful. Serious difficulties arise from the considerable uncertainties concerning the rotational periods of both planets. Also the estimates of the internal heat fluxes and of the magnetic fields of both planets are not sufficiently certain. It is hoped that the forthcoming flyby of these two planets by a Voyager spacecraft will provide important new data for a future study of their interiors.
308nm Laser Ablation Via Fiberoptics: The Influence Of Pressure And Repetition Rate.

ABSTRACT Excimer laser ablation (308nm) of canine aortic samples was performed via an UV grade fused silica fiber. The influence of the repetition rate (2-20 Hz) and of the applied pressure (1-6 Atm) on the ablation rate was studied. Operative fluences between 30mJ/mm to 40mJ/mm were used. Results show a linear dependence of the ablation rate on the repetition rate for all fluences. The linearity was also preserved at various applied pressures and at low repetition rates for the same range of fluences. A saturation effect was observed at increased values of repetition rate. No dependence of the ablation rate on the repetition rate was observed when the experiment was performed using direct irradiation with a mask instead of a fiberoptic. 1. INTRODUCTION In recent years, the interaction of the Excimer laser light with tissue has triggered numerous studies due to the emerging cardiovascular and ophthalmic applications. The dependence of the ablation rate on the wavelength, fluence, and pulse width has been presented in a number of publications. Yet, little attention has been paid to the influence3of the laser repetition rate on the ablation rate of tissue. Clinical applications such as excimer laser angioplasty necessitate the use of fiber optic delivery systems. Thus, the additional mechanical effects of the applied pressure on the tissue, via the fiber optic, need to be considered.This work investigates the effect of the laser repetition rate and the applied pressure on the ablation rate.
A strategy for combating melanoma with oncogenic c-Myc inhibitors and targeted nanotherapy.

Aims: The activity of the transcription factor c-Myc is dependent upon heterodimerization with Max to control target gene transcription. Small-molecule inhibitors of c-Myc–Max have exhibited low potency and poor water solubility and are therefore unsuitable for in vivo application. We hypothesized that a nanomedicine approach incorporating a cryptic c-Myc inhibitor prodrug could be delivered and enzymatically released in order to effectively inhibit melanoma. Materials & methods: An Sn-2 lipase-labile Myc inhibitor prodrug was synthesized and included in two αvβ3-targeted nanoparticle platforms (20 and 200 nm). The inherent antiproliferate potency was compared with the lipid-free compound using human and mouse melanoma cell lines. Results & conclusion: These data demonstrate for the first time a successful nanodelivery of c-Myc inhibitors and their potential use to prevent melanoma.
Initiating and monitoring cholinesterase inhibitor treatment for Alzheimer's disease.

The availability of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease raises a number of clinical and ethical questions. Many of the guidelines published in an attempt to tackle these questions lack either clinical or scientific validity. Against this background a model is proposed whereby specialist monitoring using formal tests is neither appropriate nor necessary to determine whether an individual patient should continue or stop treatment. Instead the primary care physician should refer potentially suitable patients for specialist assessment to confirm the diagnosis/ He/she should then initiate, monitor, and discontinue treatment based on the establishment of realistic treatment goals agreed with the patient/carer at the outset. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
What do we (not) know theoretically about solar neutrino fluxes

Solar model predictions of 8B and p-p neutrinos agree with the experimentally determined fluxes (including oscillations): phi(pp)(measured)=(1.02+/-00.02+/-0.01)phi(pp)(theory) and phi(8B)(measured)=(0.88+/-0.04+/-0.23)phi(8B)(theory), 1sigma experimental and theoretical uncertainties, respectively. We use improved input data for nuclear fusion reactions, the equation of state, and the chemical composition of the Sun. The solar composition is the dominant uncertainty in calculating the 8B and CNO neutrino fluxes; the cross section for the 3He(4He,gamma)7Be reaction is the most important uncertainty for the calculated 7Be neutrino flux.
Happiness and time perspective as potential mediators of quality of life and depression in adolescent cancer.

Background. Given the increase in 5- and 10-year survival rates of children and adolescents diagnosed with cancer, current psychooncology literature is focusing on finding correlates and predictors to their positive psychosocial adjustment. The purpose of this study was to evaluate two potential mediators to adolescent cancer survivors’ quality of life (QOL) and depressive symptomology. Procedure: Adolescent cancer survivors (N ¼50; 50% males; mean diagnosis age, 13.7; mean age at study, 20.2) were surveyed, testing the mediation effects of their happiness (Subjective Happiness Scale) and past-negative time perspective (Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory) on QOL (PedsQL 4.0) and depressive symptomology (CES-D). Independent variables included gender and treatment intensity. Results. Happiness significantly mediated the relationship between treatment intensity in both depressive symptomology (b ¼� 0.65, P <0.05, CI ¼� 2.46, � 6.41) and QOL (b ¼0.54, P <0.05, CI ¼3.66, 9.01). A past-negative time perspective significantly mediated the relationship between gender and depressive symptomology (b ¼0.60, P <0.05, CI ¼3.34, 9.78). Survivors’ gender was not associated with happiness and treatment intensity was not associated with time perspective. Conclusions. Happiness may be a more direct predictor of QOL and depression than the intensity of treatment for cancer. Also, thinking negatively about one’s past may be a more direct predictor of depressive symptomology than being female. Therefore, interventions that cultivate happiness and reframe time perspective may be effective ways to improve survivors’ QOL and decrease depressive symptoms— regardless of gender and intensity of treatment protocol. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Clinical uses of plasma and plasma fractions: plasma-derived products for hemophilias A and B, and for von Willebrand disease

The use of plasma-derived factor products to treat hemophilia A, hemophilia B, and von Willebrand disease (vWD) has changed since the start of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic. The use of plasma-derived factor concentrates for hemophilias A and B has decreased in developed countries because of the availability of recombinant products. However, in developing countries, which encompass most of the world's hemophilia community, plasma-product-based therapy remains the backbone of treatment because of economic constraints. Viral attenuation strategies have resulted in a much safer product profile. vWD product selection is less complicated than for hemophilas A and B because plasma-derived products are the only choice for patients who are unresponsive or who cannot receive pharmacologic therapy. As the majority of patients in the world with hemophilias A, B and vWD are treated with plasma-derived clotting factors, the need for these safe and efficacious therapies will continue in the future. This chapter discusses safety strategies for plasma-derived clotting factor, its availability, economics, efficacy, and inhibitor formation.
Very low density lipoprotein overproduction in genetic forms of hypertriglyceridaemia.

Abstract. Very low density lipoprotein kinetic parameters were compared in familial hypertriglyceridaemia and familial combined hyperlipidaemia, two distinct genetic forms of hypertriglyceridaemia. Very low density lipoprotein apoprotein B turnover rate was greater in hypertriglyceridaemic subjects with familial combined hyperlipidaemia (0.99 ± 0.27 mg/kg)/h; n = 5; P < 0.005) and also in familial hypertriglyceridaemia (0.74 ± 0.10; n = 6; P < 0.005) than in age and weight matched non-hyperlipidaemic controls (0.54 ± 0.21; n = 6), suggesting that the hypertriglyceridaemia seen in both genetic disorders was due to very low density lipoprotein overproduction. Very low density lipoprotein apoprotein B turnover rate was greater in familial combined hyperlipidaemia than in familial hypertriglyceridaemia while plasma triglyceride turnover was higher in familial hypertriglyceridaemia. This disparity in the turnover rates of apoprotein B and triglyceride between these disorders was accompanied by a higher very low density lipoprotein triglyceride/apoprotein B ratio in familial hypertriglyceridaemia than in familial combined hyperlipidaemia (P < 0.001) and in normals (P < 0.005). The findings suggest that the hypertriglyceridaemia of familial combined hyperlipidaemia is due to overproduction of very low density lipoprotein of normal composition, while that of familial hypertriglyceridaemia is due to oversecretion of triglyceride-enriched very low density lipoprotein.
Roles and regulation of secretory and lysosomal acid sphingomyelinase

Abstract Acid sphingomyelinase occupies a prominent position in sphingolipid catabolism, catalyzing the hydrolysis of sphingomyelin to ceramide and phosphorylcholine. Enzymatic dysfunction of acid sphingomyelinase results in Niemann–Pick disease, a lysosomal storage disorder characterized at the cellular level by accumulation of sphingomyelin within the endo-lysosomal compartment. Over the past decade interest in the role of acid sphingomyelinase has moved beyond its ‘housekeeping’ function in constitutive turnover of sphingomyelin in the lysosome to include study of regulated ceramide generation. Ceramide functions as a bioactive sphingolipid with pleiotropic signaling properties, and has been implicated in diverse cellular processes of physiologic and pathophysiologic importance. Though many cellular enzymes have the capacity to generate ceramide, there is growing appreciation that ‘all ceramides are not created equal.’ Ceramides likely exert distinct effects in different cellular/subcellular compartments by virtue of access to other sphingolipid enzymes (e.g. ceramidases), effector molecules (e.g. ceramide-activated protein phosphatases), and neighboring lipids and proteins (e.g. cholesterol, ion channels). One of the unique features of acid sphingomyelinase is that it has been implicated in the hydrolysis of sphingomyelin in three different settings — the endo-lysosomal compartment, the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane, and lipoproteins. How a single gene product has the capacity to function in these diverse settings, and the subsequent impact on downstream ceramide-mediated biology is the subject of this review.
Properties of muscle glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from the cold-adapted antarctic fish Dissostichus mawsoni

1. 1. Muscle glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (d-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate:NAD oxidoreductase (phosphorylating), EC 1.2.1.12) from the Antarctic cold-adapted fish Dissostichus mawsoni has been examined for evidence of cold adaptation at the molecular level. It has been found to be very similar to the rabbit muscle enzyme with regard to molecular size, amino acid composition, electrophoretic properties and pH-activity profile. Similarity in the respective binding environments for the substrate glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is suggested by similarity of the Km values, susceptibility to substrate inhibition, reactivity with the specific acylating agent β-(2-furyl) acryloyl phosphate, and the effects of temperature on these characteristics. 2. 2. There were large differences in the utilization of NAD+ and its analogues. Km values observed for the D. mawsoni enzyme with NAD+, thio-NAD+, 3-acetylpyridine adenine dinucleotide, and 3-acetylpyridine hypoxanthine nucleotide average about 5-fold greater than the corresponding values for the rabbit enzyme. 3. 3. The activation energy of the glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate oxidation-NAD+ reduction reaction as catalyzed by the D. mawsoni enzyme is 14 500 ± 1700 cal/mole, which is lower than the 18 100 ± 1200 cal/mole characteristic of the reaction catalyzed by the rabbit enzyme. The D. mawsoni has a higher specific activity near 0° than the rabbit enzyme. The D. mawsoni enzyme also was neither inactivated nor dissociated by ATP or AMP at low temperature, while the rabbit enzyme was inactivated and dissociated under the same conditions.
The history of SIGSIM

This brief article describes the history of SIGSIM during its formative years (1967--1969) and explains the motivation and forces surrounding the creation of the SIG.
The lowest energy structures of C+7, C7 and C−7. An ab initio study

Abstract Ab initio calculations have been carried out, indicating the ground state of C + 7 is cyclic (≈ 0.9 eV more stable than linear C + 7 ) but C 7 and C − 7 have linear ground states. Calculations also indicate that the ring opening transition state in C + 7 lies ≈ 2.3 eV above the ground state and is of near C 2v symmetry.
Continuous monitoring of cervical dilatation during labour by ultrasonic transit-time measurement.

Instrumentation for continuously measuring cervical dilatation during labour based upon measuring the transit time of a short pulse of ultrasound across the intracervical space is described. 1 mm × 1 mm × 5 mm ultrasonic transducers are attached to diametrically opposite sides of the cervical rim by spring-loaded clips, and their separation increases as the cervix dilates. The velocity of ultrasound in the intracervical space has been determined to be 1·48 mm/μs, making it possible to convert the transit-time measurements between the transducers to displacement. Samples are taken once a second, allowing a continuous recording to be made throughout labour. Examples of cervical dilatation recordings from primigravid and multiparous patients are presented.
SCATTERING OF 12-Mev PROTONS, 24-Mev DEUTERONS, AND 48-Mev ALPHA PARTICLES BY BERYLLIUM

A beryllium target has been bombarded with 12-Mev protons, 24-Mev deuterons, and 48-Mev alpha particles. With the three projectiles, the differential cross sections for inelastic scattering leading to the formation of the 2.43-Mev state have been measured. Application of inelastic-scattering theory leads to the assignment for this level, spin $\frac{5}{2}$ and odd parity.A very weak inelastic proton group has been found which could correspond to a level in ${\mathrm{Be}}^{9}$ at \ensuremath{\sim}1.8 Mev. The observation of inelastic alpha-particle groups corresponding to levels at 6.8 and 11.3 Mev makes definite the assignment of isotopic spin \textonehalf{} to these states. The data obtained are not inconsistent with the existence of levels at 3.1 and 4.8 Mev.The pickup reaction ${\mathrm{Be}}^{9}(p, d){\mathrm{Be}}^{8}$ (ground state) was observed. Although the distribution is peaked forward as predicted by Butler, the shape is the same as that found at other energies. Such behavior is not consistent with the quantitative aspects of the theory.The reactions ${\mathrm{Be}}^{9}(p, n{p}^{\ensuremath{'}}){\mathrm{Be}}^{8}$ and ${\mathrm{Be}}^{9}(\ensuremath{\alpha}, n{\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{\ensuremath{'}}){\mathrm{Be}}^{8}$ have been studied. Analysis of the angular distributions suggests that those processes in which the charged particle retains most of the energy occur predominantly by direct interaction.Finally, the elastic scattering of protons, deuterons, and alpha particles has been observed. Analysis of these distributions assuming a black nucleus gives reasonable agreement with the positions of the diffraction effects. The radii of interaction that are necessary are large but consistent within themselves and with those that fit the inelastic data.
Distribution of dimers in ultraviolet-irradiated DNA.

ULTRAVIOLET irradiation causes the formation of dimers between adjacent pyrimidines within a DNA strand. These dimers (predominantly thymine dimers) are highly deleterious to the cell; as evidence of their potential danger, most cells have several mechanisms for removing dimers1–3. In all cases, the implicit or explicit assumption is that dimers are formed randomly along the DNA chain. The distribution of repair regions in DNA after excision repair suggests that dimers are nonrandomly distributed4. In vitro studies also suggest that pyrimidine tracts are sites of increased dimer formation5. The preferential formation of dimers in pyrimidine tracts, particularly at low doses of ultraviolet, may have profound biological effects if the pyrimidine tracts are control regions of the DNA such as promoter sites or sites for the initiation of DNA synthesis6,7.
LXXIV. Projective geometry of galileian space-time

(1925). LXXIV. Projective geometry of galileian space-time. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science: Vol. 50, No. 298, pp. 681-696.
Studies on iron-manganese oxide carbon monoxide catalysts. I. Structure of reduced catalyst

Abstract Iron-manganese catalysts have been found to show enhanced selectivity for low-molecular-weight olefins from synthesis gas. These catalysts have been investigated using a number of characterization techniques including: BET surface area, selective chemisorption, X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, temperature-programmed desorption/reduction, electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA), and infrared spectroscopy. The principle phases of the reduced catalysts were found to be α-iron and manganese(II) oxide, with the manganese oxide phase containing some iron(II) oxide in solid solution. A significant fraction of the iron was covered by the MnO phase, even at low Mn contents. Evidence was found for both associative and dissociative CO adsorption. A structural model of the reduced catalyst is proposed, which at low Mn contents consists of basic iron particles containing small platelets of Mn at the surface, while at high Mn levels it consists of a mixture of these and bulk MnO particles containing small amounts of Fe at their Surface.
Stakeholder pressures and the global diffusion of the ISO 14001 initiative: A resource dependence perspective

This study examines how the dependence of organisations on external stakeholders leads to the global diffusion of Corporate Environmental Responsibility initiatives. Drawing on resource dependence theory, we propose that the global diffusion of the ISO 14001 initiative is associated with three types of stakeholder pressure: environmental protection, media freedom and trade dependence. Empirical results based on panel analyses of 112 countries during the 1996-2005 period suggest that the resource dependence approach provides useful insights for better understanding organisation-stakeholder relations to predict the diffusion process.
Localization of recurrent thyroid cancer: a technical challenge.

Fletcher et al have described a single case in their article of needle localization for recurrent thyroid cancer in the paratracheal region (“Ultrasound-Guided Needle Localization of Recurrent Paratracheal Thyroid Cancer”). This is an intriguing report of a truly challenging problem recently seen in the management of paratracheal and central compartment recurrence in thyroid cancer.
Ten-year follow-up study of cortisol levels in aging holocaust survivors with and without PTSD

To investigate the longitudinal course of mean 24-hour urinary cortisol excretion in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), the authors evaluated 24-hour cortisol excretion in 28 Holocaust survivors 10 years after obtaining an initial estimate. Cortisol levels increased in participants whose PTSD had remitted (n = 3) but declined in participants who developed PTSD (n = 3) or whose PTSD status did not change over time (PTSD+: n = 14, PTSD-: n = 8). Cortisol levels at Time 1 predicted diagnostic status change better than psychological variables, including exposure to traumatic events between assessments. The authors conclude that cortisol levels are affected by change in PTSD status and age.
MANAGEMENT AND CAUSES OF ACUTE LARGE-BOWEL OBSTRUCTION

Acute LBO has many possible causes. In the United States, the most common cause is colorectal carcinoma. Mechanical obstruction should be differentiated from pseudo-obstruction by contrast enema or colonoscopy because the treatments differ. The high postoperative mortality and morbidity of LBO compared with elective resection are explained by the multiple associated pathophysiologic changes of obstruction. Management of this condition requires careful assessment, awareness, and expertise in the current modalities of treatment. Gangrene and perforation should be avoided because they limit treatment options and are associated with an increase in mortality. We prefer, in most instances, to perform a single-stage procedure, which has the advantages of reduced hospital stay (and cost) and avoidance of a stoma. However, the appropriate treatment needs to be tailored to the individual situation. Recent developments in nonoperative decompressing procedures may demonstrate advantages in the future.
An improved method of protein localization in artworks through SERS nanotag-complexed antibodies

There are several analytical techniques currently in use in conservation science to identify proteins in artworks. However, as is often the case, the determination of the exact location of a protein in a complex layer structure is challenging due to difficulty in separating layers. Localization of the protein in a cross-section has been demonstrated through attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared mapping and imaging as well as chemiluminescent and fluorescent-labeled antibodies; however, these techniques either require expensive instrumental setups or produce results that can be challenging to interpret. This paper will present research using surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) nanotags complexed to secondary antibodies in conjunction with primary antibodies for the localization of ovalbumin, collagen, and casein in cross-sections from replicas and artworks containing avian egg, animal glue, or casein binders. The advantages of this technique over the others are (1) the detection method is a Raman microscope, equipment found in several museum laboratories; (2) the distinctive SERS signal from the nanotag increases the detection limit of the protein and decreases the interference from other colorants present in the cross-section layers; and finally, (3) the large (120 nm) SERS-labeled antibodies do not appear to penetrate into the cross-section, eliminating the risk of spurious signal and misidentification. Any agglomerations due to surface texture are clearly visible under normal illumination and can be avoided easily during analysis or removed with a light polish. This technique not only allows protein localization in multilayered samples while preserving the stratigraphic information but also retains the protein specificity of the antibody approach.
Semianalytic theory of Rydberg electron diamagnetism. II.

The calculation of diamagnetic Rydberg eigenfunctions described in paper I [Phys. Rev. A 45, 4776 (1992)] has been extended to radial distances of 1600 a.u. for a 5-T field, thus affording a far more detailed view of the nonperturbative evolution of each channel. Particularly notable is the emergence of an approximate block diagonalisation of the reaction matrix K ll' (r), which illustrates the sequential isolation of eigenvectors localised along and across the magnetic field (Landau and quasi-Landau states). This evolution is viewed as a prototype for many-body processes
Confocal microscopy of fluids under static pressure

There are few reliable methods for obtaining equations of state for fluids under static pressure. We are developing confocal microscopy to investigate fluids in a diamond-anvil cell. Unlike conventional optical microscopy, confocal microscopes collect data point-by-point, enabling three-dimensional image reconstruction. By combining these images with Fabry-Perot interference measurements, we determine the volume and refractive index, as a function of pressure, in the same experiment.
Citizen Bacchae: Women's Ritual Practice in Ancient Greece – By Barbara Goff

The first word in this book's title alludes to what most scholars see as a great lack in the lives of the women of ancient Greece. “Deprived” of the political rights that reign supreme in modern va...
Novel inorganic nano-scale phosphorescencent probe for one or two-photon oxygen imaging

A metal-halide optical indicator for tissue oxygen imaging that circumvents the limitations of organometallic dyes is described. Photobleaching is not observed, advantageous for high speed confocal microscopy. Two photon oxygen imaging is under investigation.
Rejection perceptions: feeling disrespected leads to greater aggression than feeling disliked

Abstract Social rejection can lead to feeling disliked and disrespected. From research on the culture of honor and perception of procedural justice, we predicted that feeling disrespected should be a more potent predictor of retaliatory aggression than feeling disliked. In four experiments, using correlational measures and experimental manipulations of dislike and disrespect, people who felt disrespected responded with greater aggression than people who felt disliked. The results suggest that merely being rejected may not be enough to trigger aggression; the person needs to feel disrespected. This has implications for understanding why people are more likely to respond to rejection with aggression, as well as future research explaining how people’s perception of rejection affects their behavior.
Skills Shifts and Black Male Joblessness in Major Urban Labor Markets over the 1980's

Abstract This study employs Census and related government data bases to analyze the effects of skills shifts on black male joblessness over the 1980's. Adapting skills mismatch and racial typing models, the author formulates conceptual arguments in support of the expectation that skills shifts contributed to a decline in relative demand for black males in major metropolitan labor markets in the 1980's. Innovative direct measures of within-occupation and compositional sources of skills change were developed and then applied to a series of OLS regression and decomposition analyses. Results indicated that skills shifts did have a uniquely negative impact on employment-to-population ratios for less educated black males. Further, deskilling in manual skills dimensions and upskilling in authority requirements within local labor markets decreased employment levels across all black male educational strata. In contrast to expectations, however, upskilling in substantive complexity had positive effects on black male employment-to-population ratios.
Solutions of Semilinear Differential Equations Related to Harmonic Functions

This is an attempt to establish a link between positive solutions of semilinear equations Lu=−ψ(u) and Lv=ψ(v) where L is a second order elliptic differential operator and ψ is a positive function. The equations were investigated separately by a number of authors. We try to link them via positive solutions of a linear equation Lu=0 (we call them L-harmonic functions). Let D be an arbitrary open subset of Rd and let U(D), V(D) and H(D) stand for the sets of all positive solutions in D for three equations mentioned above. We establish a 1–1 correspondence between certain subclasses of these classes. Similar results are obtained also for the corresponding parabolic equations. A probabilistic interpretation in terms of a superdiffusion is given in [1].
Investigation of California Talc for Use in Wall Tile

The suitability of various California talcs for use in a wall-tile body was investigated. The nature of the talcs and their associated minerals was studied using the petrographic microscope, chemical and differential thermal analysis, and heavy liquid separation techniques. The characteristics of the various talc ores were related to some of the properties of the fired wall tile.
Learning about corruption: Reviews, roots, and Russia

R. Rose-Ackerman. 1999. Corruption and Government: Causes, Consequences and Reform. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 266 pages. ISBN 0-521-63293-5. R. Neild. 2002. Public Corruption: The Dark Side of Social Evolution. London: Anthem Press. 250 pages. ISBN 1-84331-065-1. D. E. Hoffman. 2002. The Oligarchs: Wealth and Power in the New Russia. New York: Public Affairs. 567 pages. ISBN 1-58648-001-4.
Antenna selection for space-time communication with covariance feedback

We consider space-time communication for a cellular downlink in which the base station (BS) transmitter has multiple antennas, while the mobile receiver has one or two. Only a subset of the available antennas at the BS are used for transmission, thus reducing the number of RF chains and the complexity of the baseband signal processing. It is assumed that the BS does not know the instantaneous downlink channel realization, but has estimates of the covariance of the space-time channel: covariance information can be easily obtained in wideband systems by averaging uplink channel measurements over frequency. Based on the optimization of a lower bound for capacity, we are able to provide rules of thumb for antenna selection as a function of the physical channel characteristics and the number of receive antennas. This procedure is shown to be optimal or near-optimal (relative to exhaustive computation of the best antenna subset) at moderate SNR.
Hereditary angioedema: a current state-of-the-art review, II: historical perspective ofnon-histamine-induced angioedema

Objective To review the evolution of our understanding of hereditary angioedema (HAE) from the first historical reference to the present day. Data Sources MEDLINE and PubMed were searched using the following keywords: history of HAE, C1 inhibitor, complements system, genetics of HAE, mechanisms of HAE , and treatment of HAE . Study Selection Information was selected that outlines the advances made in complementology, the first report of HAE, and subsequent studies that elucidated the underlying mechanisms of this disease, leading to current therapy of this orphan disease. Results Generational research efforts in HAE have focused on the following: (1) several new clinical presentations, (2) acquired forms of non-histamine-induced angioedema, (3) the genetic basis for the inherited forms, (4) the effects of C1 inhibitor on contact phases of coagulation-fibrinolytic pathways, and (5) various therapies for short- and long-term control of the disease. Conclusion The progress made in understanding the pathogenesis and treatment of HAE is an excellent example of the "bench to the bedside" paradigm involving the collaboration between clinicians and researchers.
Automated synthesis of resilient and tamper-evident analog circuits without a single point of failure

This study focuses on the use of genetic programming to automate the design of robust analog circuits. We define two complementary types of failure modes: partial short-circuit and partial disconnect, and demonstrated novel circuits that are resilient across a spectrum of fault levels. In particular, we focus on designs that are uniformly robust, and unlike designs based on redundancy, do not have any single point of failure. We also explore the complementary problem of designing tamper-proof circuits that are highly sensitive to any change or variation in their operating conditions. We find that the number of components remains similar both for robust and standard circuits, suggesting that the robustness does not necessarily come at significant increased circuit complexity. A number of fitness criteria, including surrogate models and co-evolution were used to accelerate the evolutionary process. A variety of circuit types were tested, and the practicality of the generated solutions was verified by physically constructing the circuits and testing their physical robustness.
Characteristics of Frozen Desserts Sweetened with Xylitol and Fructose

Combinations of xylitol, fructose and 24 DE corn syrup solids (CSS) were the sweetening agents in ice cream-type frozen desserts. A 23 factorial experimental design evaluated the most acceptable combinations of xylitol (4% or 6%), fructose (4% and 6%) and CSS (10% and 12%). Based on chemical, physical and sensory analyses of the eight experimental combinations it was demonstrated that a formulation involving 6% xylitol, 6% fructose and 10% CSS gave product acceptability similar to that of an ice cream with conventional ingredient array and composition.
Evolutionary fabrication: a system of autonomous invention

Evolutionary algorithms have had success in designing complex objects, ranging from antennae to telescope lenses. However, evolutionary design is limited by the ability of a simulation to accurately represent the physical world. Additionally, evolved designs carry no set of specific instructions describing how to physically create such a design. Our approach, called Evolutionary Fabrication, evolves a \emph{process} rather than a product. This system of evolution can, in principle, automatically invent and build anything, from soft robots to new toys. We have implemented Evolutionary Fabrication in designing "EvoFab", a machine that consists of four components: A) a genotype for printing objects, consisting of a linear set of instructions sent to a Fab@Home, an open-source 3D printer; B) a way to evaluate printed objects using custom machine vision algorithms; C) a way to automate printing by implementing a custom conveyor belt; D) a way of elaborating upon designs by implementing a genetic algorithm. In the near term, we aim to produce an evolved arch. Current results indicate increased fitness over time. Future improvements are possible through restrictions in extrusion along the Y-axis as well as refining fitness evaluation to be less exploitable.