cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Permittivity Characteristics of Kevlar, Carbon Composites, E-Glass, and Rubber (33% Carbon) at X-Band (8–12 GHZ)

In many industries such as aerospace, construction, and transportation various types of composite materials have found permanent use. In conjunction with the development and utilization of these materials, nondestructive techniques by which these materials are characterized, and their defective properties detected and evaluated must also expand and improve. Microwaves possess great potential for nondestructive evaluation of the properties of these materials. Some of the advantages of using microwaves for this purpose are 1 ability to penetrate dielectric media 2 use of small sized probes 3 ability to obtain fine resolutions 4 ability to identify various boundaries 5 non-contact, and nondestructive nature of measurements 6 polarization capabilities can determine preferred directions of inhomogeneities and defects 7 evaluation of materials properties.
Extensive Livestock Production: Afghanistan’s Kuchi Herders, Risks to and Strategies for Their Survival

The focus in this chapter is on those Kuchi (Afghan nomads and transhumant herders) who are still engaged in extensive livestock production, and it explores the challenges that they face today in maintaining their livelihood with emphasis on their greatest livelihood risks: insecurity and conflict, land access and land appropriations, and diminishing water and winter fodder sources. A plan is presented for dealing with these risks that can be executed without delay.
New Product Pricing Strategy

This chapter presents the development and application of a model for effective decision making in establishing strategies for the pricing of new products. The model developed evaluates all important criteria that need to be considered for the successful implementation of new products in the market. The formulation of the model was tailored for a specific new software product with unique marketing considerations in a well-defined, segmented market. The process used can easily be extended to include other products, provided that model changes and other appropriate parameters realistically describe the problem being analyzed. Such information needs to be established on a case by case basis by the user, for proper validation of the model.
Feature and contour based data analysis and assimilation in physical oceanography

The goal of this contribution is to summarize current research in physical oceanography on identifying, analyzing, modeling, or assimilating (into numerical ocean models) coherent structures seen in data. The structures considered here are dynamical features such as vortices and fronts, sets of contour positions, and the location of property extrema. The key analysis assumption allows the structure present in the data to determine the coordinate system for analyzing the data. Recent developments in the last decade are emphasized here rather than attempting a thorough historical review. Also because of space limitations, only the aspects central to our theme from the quoted studies will be noted. Because of the authors’ research interests, examples will focus on meso- and large-scale phenomena in the Northwest Atlantic Ocean.
Measuring and Doing the Right Things: A Livability, Sustainability and Equity Framework for Autonomous Vehicles

Since the beginning of modern planning, images and frameworks have been used to conceptualize ideas and guide approaches. This paper presents the development of a conceptual performance measurement framework for integrating transportation and land use planning in order to evaluating various future driverless and autonomous vehicles scenarios and policy alternatives. Our findings suggest placing measures of effectiveness and overall street livability, before measures of efficiency when determining scenario performance. As the performance dimension of effectiveness allows for measurements of both transportation as well as land-use, it provides a more holistic approach than transport-only efficiency measures. A short come of efficiency is it does not broadly measure how people are served and transported — instead narrowly focusing on transport inputs and outputs. To achieve broader goals of sustainability, livability and equity, this paper recommends placing effectiveness, “Doing the Right Things”, before efficiency, and “Doing Things Right” — this paper suggests pursuing both, but effectiveness should clearly lead. This paper presents a performance measure framework that can move us toward an automated vehicle future using fewer cars (through greater sharing), traveling shorter distances (through better land use planning), and at slower speeds (through policies) — giving us a greater chance to achieve street livability objectives that are also likely to be more sustainable and equitable. This paper also outlines how this model would apply to certain street transects and how these relate to specific urban policies achieving sustainability, livability, and equity in future cities.
A Commentary on Supporting Teachers in Addressing the Needs of Marginalized Students

This chapter presents a commentary on the pieces in the book related to supporting teachers in addressing the needs of marginalized students.
ACM-BCB 2018 Computational Structural Bioinformatics Workshop (CSBW) Chairs' Welcome

The rapid accumulation of protein structures presents a unique set of challenges and opportunities in the analysis, comparison, modeling, and prediction of macromolecular structures and their interactions. This workshop brought together researchers with expertise in bioinformatics, structural computational biology, machine learning, optimization, and high performance computing, to disseminate new results, and discuss techniques and research problems.
Peptide design by optimization on a data-parameterized protein interaction landscape.

Many applications in protein engineering require optimizing multiple protein properties simultaneously, such as binding one target but not others or binding a target while maintaining stability. Such multistate design problems require navigating a high-dimensional space to find proteins with desired characteristics. A model that relates protein sequence to functional attributes can guide design to solutions that would be hard to discover via screening. In this work, we measured thousands of protein–peptide binding affinities with the high-throughput interaction assay amped SORTCERY and used the data to parameterize a model of the alpha-helical peptide-binding landscape for three members of the Bcl-2 family of proteins: Bcl-xL, Mcl-1, and Bfl-1. We applied optimization protocols to explore extremes in this landscape to discover peptides with desired interaction profiles. Computational design generated 36 peptides, all of which bound with high affinity and specificity to just one of Bcl-xL, Mcl-1, or Bfl-1, as intended. We designed additional peptides that bound selectively to two out of three of these proteins. The designed peptides were dissimilar to known Bcl-2–binding peptides, and high-resolution crystal structures confirmed that they engaged their targets as expected. Excellent results on this challenging problem demonstrate the power of a landscape modeling approach, and the designed peptides have potential uses as diagnostic tools or cancer therapeutics.
Higher Gestational Choline Levels in Maternal Infection Are Protective for Infant Brain Development.

Objective To assess whether maternal choline decreases effects of mothers' infections on fetal brain circuit development and on expression of infant behavior at 1 year of age. Study design A cross-sectional study was conducted in a public hospital obstetrics and midwifery service, with prenatal assessments of maternal infection, C-reactive protein, and choline level and postnatal assessments of cerebral neuronal inhibition in 162 newborns. At 1 year, 136 parents completed reports of their child's behavior. Results Maternal infection at 16 weeks of gestation, experienced by 41% of mothers, raised mean maternal C-reactive protein (d’ = 0.47, P = .002) and decreased the development of cerebral inhibition of auditory response at 1 month of age (d’ = 0.39, P Conclusions Greater maternal choline, recommended by the American Medical Association as a prenatal supplement, is associated with greater self-regulation among infants who experienced common maternal infections during gestation. Behavioral problems with diminished self-regulation often lead to referrals to pediatricians and might lead to later mental illness.
Corrosion-resistant high entropy alloy with high strength and ductility

Abstract High-strength materials lack a synergistic combination of mechanical properties and corrosion resistance desired for most structural applications. Phase and grain boundary architecturing is done in the material to attain balance in these properties. A friction stir processed Fe38.5Mn20Co20Cr15Si5Cu1.5 (Cu-HEA) exhibited excellent mechanical properties and high corrosion resistance in synergy. The excellent mechanical properties were attributed to the controlled transformation of ultrafine γ matrix and e twinning; whereas good corrosion resistance was due to homogenized fine grained γ microstructure. In short, Cu-HEA design opens a new pathway towards realizing strong and ductile alloys with tunable corrosion resistance by engineering matrix metastability.
The expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) and their association with melanoma clinical outcomes.

9061 Background: Prognosis of cutaneous melanoma (CM) is modulated by tumor immunogenicity, which varies on the individual level. While this suggests a contributing role of germline genetic factors...
Supporting Spanish-Speaking Families with Children with Disabilities: Evaluating a Training and Coaching Program

Researchers report that caregiver-implemented communication interventions are effective and feasible. However, limited information is available on training and coaching programs for families who speak languages other than English in their homes. The purpose of this study was to evaluate a parent training and coaching program originally designed to support English-speaking families, then translated and modified to support Spanish-speaking families with young children with disabilities or speech delays. Specifically, this preliminary evaluation explored the extent to which the program had an impact on the following outcomes for the seven Spanish-speaking caregiver participants: (a) enhanced knowledge of the target communication strategies, (b) enhanced application and correct use of the target communication strategies, and (c) understanding of the feasibility, satisfaction, and perceived impact of the program.
The role of culture in military innovation studies: Lessons learned from the US Air Force’s adoption of the Predator Drone, 1993-1997

The purpose of this article is twofold. First, it contributes to our understanding of the role of culture in shaping innovation success and failure in the US Air Force, concluding that competing cu...
A Historical Analysis of the "Marriage Tax Penalty"

The marriage tax penalty resurfaces as a topic of interest when tax policy makers consider the economic consequences of increasing marginal tax rates on declining “family values”. Aim and Whittington [1993] found that marriage taxes influence the incidence of marriage. A historical perspective of the marriage tax penalty and its counterpart, the marriage tax bonus or “subsidy”, merit consideration and re-evaluation in light of current tax policy trends toward higher marginal tax rates. This paper develops a historical framework for the study of the federal income tax and conducts a detailed analysis of the marriage tax for first quartile, weighted average, and third quartile taxpayers over the entire history of the United States personal income tax. It demonstrates that potential bonuses have historically been consistently more significant than penalties. In fact, penalties do not gain prominence until 1964. The current trend toward increasing marginal rates will increase both the penalty and the bonus. T...
Trump and Us: What He Says and Why People Listen

This book is a brilliant dissection, by a renowned communications scholar, of the political messaging that Donald Trump used to win the presidency in 2016. Roderick Hart acknowledges that this book...
Contraceptive Challenges in Women With Common Medical Conditions

Women have the opportunity to meet personal contraceptive goals with convenient, highly reliable, and easily reversible methods. Long-acting reversible contraception represents an increasingly popular option for most women throughout the reproductive lifespan. Nonetheless, many women and their health care providers are challenged by coexisting medical issues. We aim to help clinicians individualize contraception and use shared decision-making to enhance patient satisfaction and continuation with their method.
Validation of a bioassay for predicting response to tumor necrosis factor inhibitors in rheumatoid arthritis

While the five current FDA-approved classes of targeted disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) have comparable efficacy in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), the response of an individual patient to each targeted DMARD can vary widely even among drugs within the same class. Thus far, there is no biomarker or assay in routine clinical practice for predicting a patient's response in a drug-specific or even class-specific manner (1).
Burke and Clausewitz on the limitation of war

Restraining the violence of war is difficult under the best of circumstances. In their observations on the French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars, Edmund Burke and Carl von Clausewitz consider the peculiar violence of wars fought for abstract and world-transformative goals. While the beliefs that animated those wars have faded, in this essay we argue that Burke and Clausewitz offer insight into the ways that modern political violence becomes unmoored from limitation and restraint and that their arguments show a surprising unity between the concerns of realists and just war theorists about the limitation of war.
Through Their Eyes: A History of Eagle, Circle, and Central: By Michael Koskey, Laurel Tyrrell, and Varpu Lotvonen. Fairbanks: University of Alaska Press, 2018. 195 pp. ISBN: 9781602233577 (Softbound) $19.95.

Readers familiar with debates about the Trump administration’s decision to roll back protections for the Alaska National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) during ongoing legal battles may be looking for a way...
The Role of Mitochondria in Acute Kidney Injury and Chronic Kidney Disease and Its Therapeutic Potential

Mitochondria are heterogeneous and highly dynamic organelles, playing critical roles in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis, metabolic modulation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and cell differentiation and death. Mitochondrial dysfunction has been recognized as a contributor in many diseases. The kidney is an organ enriched in mitochondria and with high energy demand in the human body. Recent studies have been focusing on how mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to the pathogenesis of different forms of kidney diseases, including acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD). AKI has been linked to an increased risk of developing CKD. AKI and CKD have a broad clinical syndrome and a substantial impact on morbidity and mortality, encompassing various etiologies and representing important challenges for global public health. Renal mitochondrial disorders are a common feature of diverse forms of AKI and CKD, which result from defects in mitochondrial structure, dynamics, and biogenesis as well as crosstalk of mitochondria with other organelles. Persistent dysregulation of mitochondrial homeostasis in AKI and CKD affects diverse cellular pathways, leading to an increase in renal microvascular loss, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and eventually renal failure. It is important to understand the cellular and molecular events that govern mitochondria functions and pathophysiology in AKI and CKD, which should facilitate the development of novel therapeutic strategies. This review provides an overview of the molecular insights of the mitochondria and the specific pathogenic mechanisms of mitochondrial dysfunction in the progression of AKI, CKD, and AKI to CKD transition. We also discuss the possible beneficial effects of mitochondrial-targeted therapeutic agents for the treatment of mitochondrial dysfunction-mediated AKI and CKD, which may translate into therapeutic options to ameliorate renal injury and delay the progression of these kidney diseases.
Does the deferred tax asset valuation allowance signal firm creditworthiness

Recent years have seen a dramatic decline in the creditworthiness of firms and increasing concern regarding the reliability of credit estimates provided by rating agencies. In this paper, I find evidence that a particular account, the valuation allowance for deferred tax assets, helps predict the future creditworthiness of a firm. Under the provisions of SFAS No. 109, a firm records a deferred tax asset provided they expect to generate sufficient taxable income to realize the asset in the form of tax savings in the future. If a firm does not expect to generate sufficient taxable income to realize the asset, a valuation allowance is created to reduce the balance. As a result, the deferred tax asset valuation allowance indicates management’s expectation of future taxable income, which could be informative in predicting the ability of the firm to make future interest and principal payments on debt. Alternatively, the valuation allowance may not be informative regarding creditworthiness if it is a result of overly conservative accounting practices or if it is used as an earnings management tool. I document a positive (negative) association between increases in the valuation allowance and the cost of debt (contemporaneous and future credit ratings), evidence that is consistent with increases in the valuation allowance signaling a decline in firms’ creditworthiness.
A new proof of the Howe Conjecture

Let J(Q) denote the space of g-invariant distributions supported on Ad(g9)(Q). If g E g, set Ad(g)f: z F-> f(g`zg). If q is a locally constant compactly supported function on g (resp. g), define TQ(q) to be the linear functional on J(Q) defined by TQ(O)(T) := T(0). The set Q will be fixed throughout the paper, so we will abbreviate TQ to T. The g-invariance of the distributions in J(Q) means T(Ad(g)f) = T(f). If L is a compact open subgroup of g, denote as C,(g/L) the space of compactly supported functions on g which are right L-invariant. Similary, if L is an open compact lattice in g, let C,(g/L) be the space of compactly supported functions on g which are L-invariant. In [Hol], Howe conjectured that if Q is a compact subset of g (resp. 9), then the restriction of the distributions in J(Q) to C,(B/L) (resp. C,(g/L)) is finite dimensional. A more common formulation of the group version of the Howe conjecture replaces the space C,(g/L) with the Hecke algebra 7-(g//L) of compactly supported L-biinvariant functions on g. Since 7-(g//L) c C,(g/L), apriori, our formulation with C,(g/L) implies the Hecke algebra formulation. It is a simple matter to show that in fact the two formulations are equivalent. If f E C,(9/L), then the function F(g) := Lf (kgk-1)dk belongs to the Hecke algebra, and the map f 1-* F is a surjection. The linear functional on J(Q) induced by f is a positive multiple of the linear functional induced by F. Thus, the two spaces of linear functionals are equal and so the two formulations are equivalent.
Fuzzy sets and their application to pattern classification and clustering analysis

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overview of a conceptual framework for pattern classification and cluster analysis based on the theory of fuzzy sets. There is a connection between the theory of fuzzy sets and pattern classification. The development of the theory of Fuzzy drew much of its initial inspiration from problems relating to pattern classification, especially the analysis of proximity relations and the separation of subsets of Rn by hyperplanes. However, in a more fundamental way, the intimate connection between the theory of fuzzy sets and pattern classification rests on the fact that most real-world classes are fuzzy in nature, in the sense that the transition from membership to nonmembership in such classes is gradual rather than abrupt. Most of the practical problems in pattern classification do not lend themselves to a precise mathematical formulation, with the consequence that the less precise methods based on the linguistic approach prove to be better matched to the imprecision that is intrinsic in such problems.
Changes in neuromuscular transmission in the W/Wv mouse internal anal sphincter

Background Intramuscular interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC-IM) have been shown to participate in nitrergic neuromuscular transmission (NMT) in various regions of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract but their role in the internal anal sphincter (IAS) is still uncertain. Contractile studies of the IAS in the W/Wv mouse (a model in which ICC-IM numbers are markedly reduced) have reported that nitrergic NMT persists and that ICC-IM are not required. However, neither the changes in electrical events underlying NMT nor the contributions of other non-nitrergic neural pathways have been examined in this model.
Local Activity: The Origin of Complexity

Many scientists have struggled to uncover the elusive origin of “complexity”, and its many equivalent jargons, such as emergence, self-organization, synergetics, collective behaviors, nonequilibrium phenomena, etc. They have provided some qualitative, but not quantitative, characterizations of numerous fascinating examples from many disciplines. For example, Schrodinger had identified “the exchange of energy” from open systems as a necessary condition for complexity. Prigogine has argued for the need to introduce a new principle of nature which he dubbed “the instability of the homogeneous”. Turing had proposed “symmetry breaking” as an origin of morphogenesis. Smale had asked what “axiomatic” properties must a reaction–diffusion system possess to make the Turing interacting system oscillate. The purpose of this paper is to show that all the jargons and issues cited above are mere manifestations of a new fundamental principle called local activity, which is mathematically precise and testable. The local activity theorem provides the quantitative characterization of Prigogine’s “instability of the homogeneous” and Smale’s quest for an axiomatic principle on Turing instability. Among other things, a mathematical proof is given which shows none of the complexityrelated jargons cited above is possible without local activity. Explicit mathematical criteria are given to identify a relatively small subset of the locally-active parameter region, called the edge of chaos, where most complex phenomena emerge.
Continuum strings from discrete field theories

Abstract We demonstrate that one of the phases of a light-cone lattice gauge theory with an infinite number of colors exactly describes free fundamental strings. The lattice spacing does not have to be taken to zero. Thus, exact rotation and translation invariance can coexist with discrete space.
An Asymmetric B‐Factory Based on PEP

In this paper we review the motivation for building asymmetric B-factories based on storage rings and describe the current LBL/SLAC study to develop such a factory by modifying the PEP storage ring and adding a new low energy (2.5–3 GeV) storage ring. Collisions between the beam of the modified high energy PEP ring and the low energy ring lead to a luminosity of 2 × 1033 cm−2 sec−1 at Ecm= Y(4s) with currents of 0.8A in each beam. Further increases in current can lead to luminosities close to 1034 cm−2 sec−1.
VTE risk and family history: provocative findings.

In this issue of Blood , Couturaud and colleagues take us one step closer to identifying a root cause for unprovoked venous thromboembolism (VTE) by comparing the VTE risk in first-degree relatives of patients who had experienced unprovoked venous thrombosis to the corresponding risk in first-degree relatives of patients whose thrombotic event was provoked by an environmental factor such as surgery. 1
Is dissection of level IV necessary in patients with T1-T3 N0 tongue cancer?

Objective Dissection of the lower jugular level of lymph nodes (level IV), as part of an elective neck dissection, has been advocated recently for all patients with oral tongue cancer because of the possibility of “skip metastases” to levels III and IV. The current study was undertaken to evaluate the need to perform a dissection of level IV in patients with oral tongue cancer with no clinical evidence of nodal metastases. Methods Fifty-one patients with T1-3, N0 squamous cell carcinoma of the oral tongue were treated with a partial glossectomy and a selective neck dissection of levels I, II, and III. When enlarged nodes were encountered during surgery in level II or III, the dissection was extended to include the nodes in level IV. Involvement of level IV was determined either by the presence of carcinoma on pathological examination or by the development of recurrence in the untreated level IV during a follow-up period of at least 2 years. Results Level IV was resected as part of the specimen in 17 of the 51 patients and metastatic tumor was found in this level in only one patient. At an average follow-up of 4.1 years, only one patient recurred at level IV, which had been addressed at the initial neck dissection. Consequently, the rate of metastases to undissected level IV was 2%. Conclusions Metastases to level IV lymph nodes is rare in patients with T1-T3, N0 oral tongue cancer. Dissection of these nodes only when there is intraoperative suspicion of metastases in levels II or III does not increase the risk or recurrence of tumor in the neck.
Epidermal growth factor stimulates the phosphorylation of a specific nuclear protein in chick embryo epidermis.

Summary Epidermal growth factor treatment of chick embryo epidermis in culture media or of chick embryos in vivo results in increased phosphorylation of a specific nuclear protein electrophoretically identical to the f 1 histone. This effect is produced by concentrations as low as 0.01 μg/ml though it is maximal at 4 μg/ml; it is apparent as early as 1/2 hour after treatment in vitro and it is maximal at 2–4 hours. The effect of epidermal growth factor is mimicked by dibutyryl cyclic AMP and 3-isobutyl-l-methylxanthine, but not by nerve growth factor.
Structural investigation of polyaniline/Nylon 6 blends by small-angle neutron scattering and small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering

The structure of blends of Nylon 6 with deuterated polyaniline emeraldine base (D-PANI-EB) and fully doped D-PANI salts (D-PANI-ES) formed from camphorsulfonic acid (CSA), methanesulfonic acid (MSA), or dodecyl benzenesulfonic acid (DBSA) were investigated by small-angle neutron (SANS) and X-ray scattering. The blends were formed from hexafluoro-2-propanol solutions and had volume fractions of 0.038, 0.20, and 0.40 for D-PANI/CSA, 0.20 and 0.40 for D-PANI/MSA, 0.24 and 0.44 for D-PANI/DBSA, and 0.07, 0.14, and 0.31 for D-PANI-EB. The SANS results are compared with a number of standard models for two-phase systems. No evidence was found for significant molecular mixing. In some cases the inverse power law model is in reasonable agreement with observations, and in the case of the lowest concentration of D-PANI/CSA there is an indication of mass fractal structure. This was not found at the higher concentrations. The results establish that the blends with the smaller more polar dopants CSA and MSA behave similarly and are unlike either the D-PANI/DBSA blends or those with D-PANI-EB. There is evidence that the simple picture of two pure phases is inadequate for these materials. With the exception of the D-PANI/DBSA blend which has a relatively low scattering contrast, the results indicate that the lower limit of volume fraction for application of SANS is a few percent D-PANI-ES in Nylon 6. X-ray scattering was used to demonstrate the presence of Nylon 6 lamellae and residual peaks attributable to the pure components.
Exophthalmos and corneal edema in a young ferret

A technician discovered a 6-week-old male ferret with an eye abnormality during a morning health check. The ferret had been born in the research facility as part of a breeding colony maintained for influenza research and, prior to this observation, had had no ocular problems or developmental delays. Upon physical examination, a corneal opacity was noted in the left eye, as well as a diminished menace response. Other objective physical examination findings included a body temperature of 102.4 °F, body weight of 255 g, a heart rate of 160 beats/min, and a respiratory rate of 36 breaths/min. The animal was adequately hydrated, its mucous membranes were pink, and its capillary refill time was less than 3 s. Activity and appetite were unaffected and all other physical parameters were within normal limits. The ferret shared a modified rabbit cage (Allentown, Allentown, NJ) with two littermates, both of which appeared healthy with no ophthalmic abnormalities. Neither parent of the 6-week-old male ferret had a history of ocular disease. The initial clinical assessment was idiopathic corneal edema, possibly from an immature cataract. No treatment was initiated at that time and the animal was monitored closely for any changes. Two weeks later, the attending husbandry technician reported acute changes to the left eye. Upon reexamination, the left eye was markedly larger and the ferret lacked a menace response. The acute progression of clinical signs necessitated that the animal be euthanized and submitted for necropsy. On gross examination, unilateral exophthalmos and corneal opacity in the left eye were the only abnormalities found in the ferret (Fig. 1). Both eyes were collected and fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin, processed routinely, embedded in paraffin, and sectioned at 4 μm. Histologic findings included thin sclera, corneal edema, anterior synechia (Fig. 2), and inner retinal atrophy (Fig. 3). The anterior synechia were broad and precluded a detailed examination of the filtration angle. Retinal atrophy consisted of the loss of the ganglion cells, the inner plexiform layer, and a thin inner nuclear layer. Figure 1 shows an obvious size difference between the right and left eye. What condition is consistent with these histological results? Is this ocular condition commonly seen in ferrets? What are other possible ocular maladies? Are any of these conditions related?
Phase encoded versus intensity encoded inputs to optical correlators

Theory concerning the use of liquid crystal televisions as phase modulators in 4f correlators is presented. A computer simulation of a 4f correlator is presented. The simulation depicts the response of a 4f system to matched and phase-only filters calculated for amplitude- and phase-only inputs,
Post‐transplant lymphoproliferative disorder subtypes correlate with different recurring chromosomal abnormalities

Although cytogenetic analysis advanced the understanding of the pathogenesis of primary non-Hodgkin lymphoma and led to improved clinical management, there have been no large cytogenetic studies of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD). We examined the karyotypes of 36 PTLD cases and correlated them with clinical, laboratory, and pathologic findings. The cases included 2 early lesions, 13 polymorphic PTLDs, and 21 monomorphic PTLDs (18 B-cell and 3 T-cell proliferations). Cytogenetic abnormalities were identified in 72% of monomorphic B-cell PTLDs and in all T-cell PTLDs, but in only 15% of polymorphic PTLDs and in no early lesions. The most frequent clonal abnormalities in monomorphic PTLD were trisomies 9 and/or 11 (5 cases), followed by rearrangements of 8q24.1 (4 cases), 3q27 (2 cases), and 14q32 (2 cases). MYC rearrangement (8q24.1) and T-cell-associated chromosomal abnormalities correlated with poor outcome and short survival. PTLD with trisomy 9 and/or 11 developed early after transplant, presenting as Epstein-Barr virus-positive large B-cell lymphoma with prolonged survival.
Geometrical effects in adhesive joints

Abstract This paper is concerned with determining the effects of the geometry of the adherends, near the end of the bond line, upon the strength of a shear lap adhesive joint. The particular two dimensional elasto-static boundary value problem of a wedge bonded to a half plane along a finite length is considered in detail. The connection transmits a resultant normal and shear force as well as a moment. A dual integral equation formulation is used and the mathematical problem is reduced to the numerical solution of simultaneous Fredholm integral equations of the second kind. Numerical results are presented for all of the stress intensity factors and the character of the stress field is discussed in detail. It is shown that if the moment, shear and normal resultants transmitted across the bond line satisfy certain relations, then the singular stress field at the ends of the bond line can be eliminated.
Estimating Willingness to Pay and Resource Tradeoffs with Different Payment Mechanisms: An Evaluation of a Funding Guarantee for Watershed Management

Abstract This study reports on a contingent choice survey in which respondents expressed their preferences for packages of watershed management outcomes, where these packages were assessed against alternative institutional characteristics of the funding mechanism. Specifically, this study addresses the issue of respondents' faith in the payment mechanism as an efficient and guaranteed funding source. Analyses of marginal willingness to pay for single variable changes, marginal rates of substitution among variable pairs, and willingness to pay for watershed management packages indicate the potential for significant impacts of payment mechanism attributes. Implications address ranking of policy packages and validity in estimating money-scaled welfare impacts.
Biosynthesis of galactolipids in photoautotrophic Euglena gracilis chloroplasts

Abstract The chloroplasts isolated from photoautotrophic Euglena gracilis cells catalyzed actively the transfer of galactose from uridinediphosphate galactose to galactolipids. The molar ratio of galactose incorporated in one hour reaction into MG (monogalactosyl diglyceride) and DG (digalactosyl diglyceride) was 1:2 and the relative amount (molar ratio) of the galactolipids in Euglena chloroplasts was MG:DG ∼ 1:1. About 70 per cent of the galactose incorporated in 1 hr with Euglena chloroplasts was actually transferred within 2 min. Galactose acceptors were separated from galactosyl transferases by cold acetone extraction. Galactosyl transferase, responsible for the synthesis of MG, was found to be more localized in a soluble fraction whereas the enzymes for DG synthesis seem to be localized in a particulate fraction. Exogenous MG was not converted to DG by the Euglena enzyme. Temperature optima were 30° and pH optima were 7·5 for the synthesis of MG and DG. The sulfhydryl nature of Euglena chloroplast galactosyl transferase was established.
High-level nuclear waste transportation: political implications of the weakest link in the nuclear fuel cycle

By focusing primarily on the USA but also drawing upon examples from Europe and Australia, the author examines the technical, political, and constitutional issues which surround the question of high-level nuclear waste transportation. It is revealed that there are major questions of safety and public perception which are not being addressed by state institutions, and there is a discussion of the ways in which state and professional actors have attempted to limit the political discourse on these and related policy-relevant issues.
Contrast extravasation predicts the need for operative intervention in children with blunt splenic trauma.

Background: Although the presence of a contrast blush (CB) on computed tomographic (CT) scan is associated with an increased failure rate of nonoperative management in adults with blunt splenic injury, little information is available for the pediatric population, where nonoperative management is the standard of care. Our aim was to determine whether the finding of CB on CT scan could predict failure of nonoperative therapy in children with blunt splenic injury. Methods: A retrospective analysis of 343 patients admitted with blunt splenic injury to our Level I pediatric trauma center over a 7-year period was performed. All CT scans were reviewed by a radiologist who was blinded to the patient outcome. We excluded 127 patients who either underwent immediate laparotomy without a CT scan or whose CT scans were unavailable at the time of this review. We divided the patients into two groups on the basis of the presence or absence of CB on the updated reading of the CT scan. Demographic variables analyzed included age, sex, mechanism of injury, Injury Severity Score, Glasgow Coma Scale score, initial hemoglobin and hematocrit, and emergency department pulse rate and systolic blood pressure. Outcome measures compared include length of stay, length of intensive care unit stay, the need for splenic intervention, and mortality. Continuous variables were compared using Student's t test for normally distributed data and the Mann-Whitney test for skewed data. Categorical data were compared using X 2 analysis or Fisher's exact test. Statistical significance was assigned to values of p < 0.05. Results: Among the study population (N = 216), 27 patients (12.5%) had CB on CT scan. Patients with CB had significantly lower hematocrit (p = 0.0004) and required operative intervention more frequently than those without CB (22% vs. 4%; p = 0.0008). Among patients with CB, mean pulse rate at presentation was higher in those that required splenic intervention (SI) (129 ± 20.1) compared with those who underwent successful nonoperative therapy (100.4 ± 23.1; p = 0.01). Only grade V injuries correlated with the need for laparotomy. Conclusion: Children with blunt splenic injury who have CB on CT scan are more likely to require SI than those without CB. However, because the majority of patients with CB did not require SI, in the absence of hemodynamic instability, this finding may be insufficient to determine the need for SI. CB is a specific marker of active bleeding that may predict the need for early splenic intervention in a specific subset of patients at presentation.
14.6 A scalable THz 2D phased array with +17dBm of EIRP at 338GHz in 65nm bulk CMOS

In traditional phased arrays as the number of rows and columns increases, the complexity of array connections and phase shifters becomes a major obstacle. This challenge is even more detrimental at mm-Wave and THz frequencies where conductive loss, undesired couplings, phase/gain mismatch, and high power consumption are among many adverse effects of such lengthy connections. To address this issue, this work presents a novel scalable system for THz signal generation and radiation. Figure 14.6.1 shows the architecture consisting of a 2-D array of coupled oscillating elements. Each oscillator with its antenna forms a small THz radiator. While independently radiating, each element is also unidirectionally connected to its neighboring elements in both horizontal and vertical directions through variable phase shifters, ψrow and ψcol, respectively. This network is inherently scalable because it only relies on couplings with the nearest neighbors and there is no high-frequency global routing to any oscillator. The purpose of this topology is twofold: first to synchronize all the oscillators to a single frequency and next, to set a desired phase shift between the adjacent elements (Δφrow and Δφcol). We can show that by employing this particular coupling structure only a small subset of all the theoretical coupling modes are physically stable. By proper control of the couplings one can ensure the system settles into the desired coupling mode [1].
Beyond Theory: Preparing Dublin Core Metadata for OAI-PMH Harvesting

This article will focus on how two different metadata harvesters—OAIster and the Online Computer Library Center's (OCLC) WorldCat—transform and present Dublin Core metadata extracted from CONTENTdm. It offers an examination, in plain language, of what two service providers do to metadata once they are harvested, and, in a case study, shows examples of how specific records display in both the local and aggregated interfaces. By helping metadata creators understand what happens to their metadata as it is harvested and transformed, this article aims to assist them in designing their metadata to be intelligible and useful to end-users across platforms.
The annulled Tax state: Schumpeterian Prolegomena to the study of postcommunist fiscal sociology

Abstract How was a new infrastructure of revenue-collection instituted after the collapse of Soviet-type regimes in Eastern Europe? This article suggests that currently available answers to this question are unsatisfactory. Building upon insights derived from the literature on fiscal sociology and from Joseph Schumpeter’s analysis of modern “tax states,” it outlines a new approach to the study of various phenomena related to revenue-collection in postcommunism. More specifically, I examine a set of empirical and theoretical issues related to the reemergence of a taxpayer as having a cultural role, the reconfiguration of the bureaucratic apparatuses bequeathed by the old regime, and the recreation of trustworthy national currencies. Having identified important gaps in our understanding of the transformative processes that engulfed the region after 1989, the paper introduces a more comprehensive research program focused on the context-specific challenges inherent in the attempt to re-establish tax states in the formerly communist countries.
Quantum 1/f noise theory and experiment in QWIPs

The dark current of Quantum Well Inter-subband Photodetectors is known to be affected by quantum 1/f noise. This limits the detectivity. This paper compares various experimental 1/f noise measurements in QWIPs with the prediction of the conventional quantum 1/f noise expression for GaN/AlGaN QWIPs. Both the collisionless and collision-dominated cases are considered. The elementary process causing the dark current is the transfer of an electron from one well to the neighboring well. This happens under the influence of the applied electric field, and has in general both thermally activated and tunneling components. The larger the applied electric field, the larger is the squared velocity change of the carriers, and the larger is the obtained conventional quantum 1/f effect. The detectivity of the devices is calculated on this basis. The results are compared with measurements of 1/f noise in QWIPs by J. Jiang 6 , C. Jelen 7 , and M. C. Hsu 8 , and the agreement is good.
Brain mechanisms of amphetamine-induced anorexia, locomotion, and stereotypy: A review

Abstract Evidence on the central mechanisms mediating amphetamine-induced anorexia, locomotion, and stereotypy is reviewed, with the findings suggesting the following conclusions. The central mediation of amphetamine's anorexic effect involves both dopaminergic (nigrostriatal system) and noradrenergic (lateral hypothalamus and ascending noradrenergic pathways) processes, with amygdala-hypothalamic connections and cortical sites serving a possible addition role in such an effect of the drug. The central mediation of amphetamine's locomotor-stimulating effect involves both dopaminergic (nigrostriatal and mesolimbic systems) and noradrenergic (ascending noradrenergic pathways as well as their hypothalamic and cortical projections) processes. While the role of amygdala sites in amphetamine-induced locomotion is unclear, additional central processes exert inhibitory influences on the mediation of such an effect of the drug. The central mediation of amphetamine's stereotypical effect involves a rather exclusive role of the dopaminergic nigrostriatal system, although such mediational principles are influenced by additional inhibitory processes. Finally, evidence on the overlap and dissociation of central processes associated with these behavioral effects of the drug is discussed and the importance of such principles to amphetamine studies briefly indicated.
Using Polyphosphate Buffering to Treat Phosphorus-Deficient Wastewater

The suitability of the anaerobic/aerobic process was investigated for treating phosphorus-deficient wastewaters with highly variable influent chemical oxygen demand (COD) loading patterns to produce consistently low effluent P levels. During laboratory-scale experiments, two sequencing batch reactors (SBRs), one anaerobic/aerobic (AnA) and the other completely aerobic (CA), received transient influent COD loading patterns that simulated (No. 1) daily COD loading fluctuations and (No. 2) low weekend COD loading, each for a period of approximately 6 months . The AnA SBR produced lower effluent soluble P concentrations than the CA SBR during loading pattern No. 1 (0.5 versus 1.2 mgP∕L ). During loading pattern No. 2, both SBRs allowed effluent acetate breakthrough, following the low weekend COD loading period, and the P removal in the AnA SBR gradually deteriorated. The AnA process has the potential to produce lower effluent P levels than the CA process during transient loading periods due to the P release a...
Price, Programming and Potential Competition in US Cable Television Markets

Potential competition in the US cable television industry is empirically examined for 385 markets. Predicted entry probabilities are included in a supply-demand model to permit empirical investigation of the effect of potential competition on incumbent cable operator’s price and channel programming decisions. Estimation results show incumbents offer more channels to consumers in markets facing greater potential competition from broadband service provider (BSP) wireline overbuilders and/or incumbent local exchange carriers. In particular, when the probability of entry rises to about 42 the average cable system provides six more channels, and price per channel declines from US$ 0.77 to US$ 0.66.
A comparison of auditory monitoring performance in blind subjects with that of sighted subjects in light and dark

Two experiments were performed in which blind Ss, sighted Ss working in the dark, and sighted Ss working in the light were compared as to their efficiency on an auditory watchkeeping task. Absolute and differential auditory thresholds were measured in both experiments, and in the second experiment the groups also underwent a signal detection session under alerted conditions. There was some inconsistency as to relative performance of the sighted groups, but in both experiments the blind Ss were superior on the auditory watchkeeping task as to signals detected and effective sensitivity (d’). 1 This difference was not attributable to a difference in auditory sensitivity or to a criterion adopted for
Interfacial Instability of an Oscillating Shear Layer

L'interface oscillante entre une couche de fluide tres visqueux et une couche relativement peu visqueuse devient instable dans certaines conditions
Constellation visualization: Augmenting program dependence with dynamic information

This paper presents a scalable, statement-level visualization that shows related code in a way that supports human interpretation of clustering and context. The visualization is applicable to many software-engineering tasks through the utilization and visualization of problem-specific meta-data. The visualization models statement-level code relations from a system-dependence-graph model of the program being visualized. Dynamic, run-time information is used to augment the static program model to further enable visual cluster identification and interpretation. In addition, we performed a user study of our visualization on an example program domain. The results of the study show that our new visualization successfully revealed relevant context to the programmer participants.