cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Influence of Test Duration on the Sensitivity of the Two-bottle Choice Test

The long-term two-bottle choice test is commonly used as a simple screen to examine the acceptance of taste solutions by rodents. As part of an investigation of factors influencing the sensitivity of the two-bottle choice test, we determined the extent to which test duration influenced test sensitivity. C57BL6/J and 129X1/SvJ mice received four series of eight two-bottle tests, with each test lasting 1, 2, 4 or 6 days. Each series involved sequential tests with water, 2 mM saccharin, 5 and 50 mM citric acid, 30 and 300 micro M quinine hydrochloride, 75 mM NaCl and 10% ethanol. There were significant differences between the strains in intake of saccharin, 5 and 50 mM citric acid, NaCl and ethanol in 4 and 6 day tests, but only saccharin and ethanol in 2 day tests, and 5 mM citric acid and ethanol in 1 day tests. To compare the sensitivity of the tests, we developed an analytical approach based on the comparison of deviations of individual 129X1/SvJ mice from the C57BL6/J strain mean. Our results suggest that to discriminate between strains or treatments when using 'standard' laboratory conditions and methods, 1 day tests are generally inadequate and 2 day tests are useful only if large effects are anticipated. Tests lasting 4 or 6 days are more sensitive, but conducting 6 day tests provides little additional benefit and sometimes is detrimental relative to conducting 4 day tests.
Structure analysis of Mamdani fuzzy PID controllers with nonlinear input fuzzy sets

PID control is of particular importance because it presently controls the vast majority of industrial processes worldwide. In our previous papers and those by other researchers, explicit connections between PID control and various Mamdani fuzzy controllers, all of which use piecewise linear input fuzzy sets, have been established. In the present paper, we extend the study to cover fuzzy controllers that employ nonlinear fuzzy sets. The fuzzy controllers in this study consist of two fuzzy sets for each input variable, product or Zadeh AND operators, and the centroid defuzzifier. We have developed a new approach that establishes necessary and sufficient conditions on the input fuzzy sets in order for the fuzzy controllers to be nonlinear PI, PD, or PID controllers with variable gains. The treatment is general and covers two different and general types of nonlinear fuzzy sets.
Classification and use of powder diffraction data

Powder diffraction creates new demands for versatility in CIF. Unlike single-crystal experiments, where raw data can be automatically reduced to an instrument-independent form (structure factors), powder-diffraction data will always be instrument dependent, and there is a wide array of instrumentation: (i) X-ray: conventional, synchrotron, energy-dispersive; (ii) neutron: CW, TOF; (iii) and detection: single, multiple, linear position-sensitive, area, film. pdCIF has other special needs: (i) multiple crystallographic phases may be present (requires inter-block links); (ii) multiple sets of data may be used for a single model (inter-block links); (iii) and calibration data may appear in other CIFs (inter-file links). Since powder diffraction may be used for noncrystallographic purposes, such as phase identification, the data themselves may be the result. For classification purposes, the pdCIF dictionary is divided in sections. Few pdCIFs will have entries defined for all sections. The use of each section and the component data items is presented on a section-by-section basis, describing: the experimental configuration; sample preparation, characterization and mounting details; references to calibration information; the experimental (raw) diffraction data set; the processed diffraction data set; calculated diffractogram; peak table; reflection assignments and intensities; and derived structural results. The use of the different data items is shown through examples.
Evaluation of PD 404,182 as an Anti-HIV and Anti-Herpes Simplex Virus Microbicide

ABSTRACT PD 404,182 (PD) is a synthetic compound that was found to compromise HIV integrity via interaction with a nonenvelope protein viral structural component (A. M. Chamoun et al., Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 56:672–681, 2012). The present study evaluates the potential of PD as an anti-HIV microbicide and establishes PD9s virucidal activity toward another pathogen, herpes simplex virus (HSV). We show that the anti-HIV-1 50% inhibitory concentration (IC 50 ) of PD, when diluted in seminal plasma, is ∼1 μM, similar to the IC 50 determined in cell culture growth medium, and that PD retains full anti-HIV-1 activity after incubation in cervical fluid at 37°C for at least 24 h. In addition, PD is nontoxic toward vaginal commensal Lactobacillus species (50% cytotoxic concentration [CC 50 ], >300 μM), freshly activated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (CC 50 , ∼200 μM), and primary CD4 + T cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells (CC 50 , >300 μM). PD also exhibited high stability in pH-adjusted Dulbecco9s phosphate-buffered saline with little to no activity loss after 8 weeks at pH 4 and 42°C, indicating suitability for formulation for transportation and storage in developing countries. Finally, for the first time, we show that PD inactivates herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) and HSV-2 at submicromolar concentrations. Due to the prevalence of HSV infection, the ability of PD to inactivate HSV may provide an additional incentive for use as a microbicide. The ability of PD to inactivate both HIV-1 and HSV, combined with its low toxicity and high stability, warrants additional studies for the evaluation of PD9s microbicidal candidacy in animals and humans.
Incorporating Drug‐Resistance Measurements into the Clinical Management of HIV‐1 Infection

Testing for resistance to antiretrovirals is considered to be standard of care and is widely used in the management of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected persons. Despite the widespread use of resistance testing, the clinician still faces a number of challenges when applying these technologies in the optimal management of antiretroviral therapy. Both genotype and phenotype tests require interpretation, and available interpretative algorithms for genotypes and resistance cutoffs for phenotypes are incomplete and evolving. Even experts in HIV resistance do not completely agree in their interpretation of genotypes. Moreover, discordant results between genotypes and phenotypes are a common source of confusion when both tests are used to evaluate resistance in a patient. Finally, newer indicators, such as replication capacity, are clinically available and appear to have prognostic value, but how this in vitro measure should be used in the management of antiretroviral therapy remains to be fully defined.
Hydraulics and Erosion Study for Stampede Reservoir

Stampede Dam and Reservoir is located on the Little Truckee River, approximately 34 miles west of Reno, Nevada. Severe waves were observed downstream of the spillway and outlet works channel causing significant erosion and undermining of the powerplant foundation. During the 1997 flood, discharges totaled 2750 ft 3 /s, including 2250 ft 3 /s from the outlet works and up to 500 ft 3 /s from the spillway. Three to four foot high transverse waves were observed downstream of the spillway and outlet works channel causing significant erosion and undermining of the powerplant foundation. Combined releases of 170 m 3 /s (6,000 ft 3 /s) from the spillway and outlet works are planned with new modifications to the dam. The purpose of this study was to evaluate erosion potential based on existing conditions and show possible erosion protection alternatives. This was accomplished with one and two dimensional hydraulic models as well as estimates for riprap sizing. Research was conducted to determine if any new methods could be found to evaluate erosion with strong wave conditions.
Scanner based drive test LTE capacity measurements with MIMO antennas placed inside the vehicle

LTE drive tests were conducted in urban and suburban environments with 2×2 MIMO antennas located on the roof and also inside the vehicle. Measurements were conducted at bands 4, 13, and 17. The measured average channel capacities (bits/second) for the antennas placed inside the vehicle were found to be comparable to the measured capacities when the antennas were placed on the roof.
Staging FDG-PET versus bone marrow aspirate/biopsy for assessment of metastatic bone involvement by rhabdomyosarcoma

652 Objectives To compare the performance of FDG-PET and bone marrow aspirate/biopsy (BMAsp/Bx) for detection of metastatic bone involvement (MBI) at initial staging of rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS). Methods Included RMS patients underwent a staging FDG-PET/CT within 3 wks of BMAsp/Bx, and 10). SUVmax values were recorded. Bilateral iliac crest BMAsp/Bx were performed per protocol. The standard of reference for MBI was clinical and imaging follow-up. Results 88 patients (45F/43M) were eligible for the analysis. Histologic subtypes were: embryonal = 45, alveolar = 39, pleomorphic/spindle = 4. Median age at diagnosis was 13.3 yrs. PET scans were performed a median 0.1 weeks prior to BMAsp/Bx and 0.7 weeks prior to chemotherapy. PET was True Positive (TP) in 10/11 patients with positive BMAsp/Bx. BMAsp/Bx was positive in 10/17 patients with TP MBI on PET (4/10 limited MBI; 6/7 diffuse MBI). MBI was diagnosed by positive BMAsp (confirmed by RT-PCR demonstration of the presence of a PAX3-FKHR rearrangement), with negative BMBx, in 1 patient with discordant-negative PET scan. BMAsp/Bx was negative in 1 patient with equivocal PET, in whom MBI was proven by MRI. Average SUVmax for the hottest lesion per PET scan was 6.5 g/ml (range 2.4-11.7). Conclusions FDG-PET performs better than bilateral BMAsp/Bx for detection of MBI at initial diagnosis of RMS. As it is non-invasive and does not require sedation or anesthesia, FDG-PET should be considered as a replacement for BMAsp/Bx in the initial staging and follow-up of patients with RMS.
Acid Deposition of Photochemical Oxidation Products — A Study Using a Lagrangian Trajectory Model

Photochemical air pollution has long been recognized as one of the major causes of such adverse environmental impacts as: visibility degradation, plant deterioration, eye irritation and lung function impairment. In addition, oxidation of both nitrogenous and sulfurous emissions can lead to acidic deposition products, notably nitric acid (HNO3) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4), that can have major long term impacts on ecosystems. Indeed, the consequences of acid deposition from photochemical reactions may be felt for extended periods after the removal of the source and, in some cases, may be irreversible. This situation, coupled with the need for a methodology for relating changes in precursor emissions to ambient air quality, was one of the major motivations for the research reported in this paper.
Robust heart rate estimation using wrist-based PPG signals in the presence of intense physical activities

Heart rate tracking from a wrist-type photoplethysmogram (PPG) signal during intensive physical activities is a challenge that is attracting more attention thanks to the introduction of wrist-worn wearable computers. Commonly-used motion artifact rejection methods coupled with simple periodicity-based heart rate estimation techniques are incapable of achieving satisfactory heart rate tracking performance during intense activities. In this paper, we propose a two-stage solution. Firstly, we introduce an improved spectral subtraction method to reject the spectral components of motion artifacts. Secondly, instead of using heuristic mechanisms, we formalize the spectral peaks selection process as the shortest path search problem and validate its effectiveness. Analysis on the experimental results based on a published database shows that: (1) Our proposed method outperforms three other comparable methods with regards to heart rate estimation error. (2) The proposed method is a promising candidate for both offline cardiac health analysis and online heart rate tracking in daily life, even during intensive physical motions.
Packaging of Cereals, Snacks, and Confectionery

Abstract This article discusses the importance of packaging and the significance of the transition of packaging materials from petroleum-based products to biodegradable products. A review of the causes for the susceptibility of cereals, snacks, and confectionery to spoilage; currently used packaging materials; and innovative packaging being developed and used for these products is also provided in this article.
Epidemiological analysis of primary students unintentional injury in Guangzhou area

Objective To investigate the epidemiological characteristics and influencing factors of unintentional injury among primary school students in Guangzhou area,provide scientific evidence for prevention and intervention children unintentional injury. Methods Stratified random cluster sampling among 2,430 students who were selected from the 1stto 6thgrades in 4 primary schools of Guangzhou area,retrospective investigation was conducted on the situation of unintentional injuries in 1 year. Results The incidence rate of unintentional injury on primary school students was 34. 24%,male( 36. 85%) was higher than female( 31. 51%)( χ2=7. 685,P = 0. 006),suburbs( 38. 97%) was higher than the city( 29. 48%)( χ2= 24. 281,P = 0. 000);the 4thgrade was the highest( 56. 52%),there was significant statistic difference between grades( χ2=185. 582,P = 0. 000). The leading three rates of injuries were falls( 18. 81%),impact injuries( 3. 37%)and burn /scalds( 2. 22%). Most injuries were mild( 92. 8%),the main site of injuries were lower limbs( 34. 4%),and fingers( 20.7%),which usually occurred at home or accommodation( 28.3%),schools( 24.6%) and the way to school( 22.4%). With the increase of parental education level,the incidence rate of injury decreased( χ2= 205. 566,P = 0. 0000). Conclusions The rate of unintentional injury among pupils is generally high,safe management education should be strengthened in order to prevent injuries.
Emergency psychiatry for the elderly.

The complex presentation of the older patient in crisis places unusual demands on psychiatrists, and emergencies may present in unexpected contexts. This article examines the complexity of geropsychiatric emergencies and presents a collection of case studies that illustrate and provide an approach for understanding the special problems confronting the patient and the psychiatrist.
The Ins and Outs of HCI for Development

We present an empirical analysis of HCI for development (HCI4D), a growing research area aimed at understanding and designing technologies for under-served, under-resourced, and under-represented populations around the world. We first present findings from our survey of 259 HCI4D publications from the past six years and summarize how this research has evolved, with an overview of the geographies it covers, technologies it targets, and its varied epistemological and methodological underpinnings. We then discuss qualitative findings from interviews we conducted with 11 experienced HCI4D researchers, reflecting on the ground covered so far Including computing and research trends, community-building efforts, and thoughts about 'development' - as well as challenges that lie ahead and suggestions for future growth and diversification. We conclude by summarizing the contributions our paper makes to HCI researchers inside the HCI4D community as well as those outside of it, with the goal of enriching discussions on how HCI can further benefit populations around the world.
Screening for iron deficiency anemia among children and adolescents.

Case study: Reflecting on your last office session, you recall several pediatric visits. Among these was a visit from a six-month-old infant who was brought in for a checkup and completion of papers for the Women, Infants and Children (WIC) program. You ordered blood work for this infant, because it was required by the program.
"I Just Need to Get Myself Supervised:" Exploring Transformative Learning in the Development of Professionalism among Physicians in the First Year of Graduate Medical Education.

“I JUST NEED TO GET MYSELF SUPERVISED:” EXPLORING TRANSFORMATIVE LEARNING IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF PROFESSIONALISM AMONG PHYSICIANS IN THE FIRST YEAR OF GRADUATE MEDICAL EDUCATION By Elizabeth Paige Marlowe, M.Ed. A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Virginia Commonwealth University. Virginia Commonwealth University, 2016 Director: Teresa J. Carter, Ed.D. Associate Dean for Professional Instruction and Faculty Development Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine Graduate Affiliate Faculty Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Education The study explored the learning experiences of first-year resident physicians during the first year of graduate medical education. The experiences of four intern physicians in the first year of residency training at an urban academic health system provided the site for the research. An exploratory case study research design was employed to examine the learning experiences of these new physicians. A qualitative approach was used to analyze data from interviews and ethnographic observations. The findings of this research study provide evidence surrounding how and what these physician trainees learned regarding professionalism during the first year of residency training. The findings indicate these first-year resident physicians experienced significant learning related to professionalism through incidental learning in the clinical environment, particularly from role models and the hidden curriculum. The interns learned both positive and negative professional behaviors from attending physicians. The findings illustrate the increases and decreases of confidence due to the development of clinical skills, increase in responsibilities, and
A first study on the timing performance of PMT-Quadrant-Sharing LYSO detector array for time-of-flight PET

Time-of-flight (TOF) information can improve the imaging quality of positron emission tomography (PET) camera by calculating the original positron-electron annihilation position. In this work, we measured the preliminary TOF resolution of non-TOF-optimized LYSO arrays for TOF PET using our PMT-Quadrant-Sharing (PQS) technology which has higher light collection efficiency (no external light guide). We investigated digital signal processing methods that may achieve better time resolution. Digital oscilloscope Tektronix DPO7054 was used to capture the waveforms. Three timing methods, Linear Fitting (LF) to the pulse rising time, Constant Fraction Discriminator (CFD) and Leading edge Discriminator (LD), were studied. A new Time-Energy (T-E) correction using Multivariate Least Mean Square Fit was applied to minimize time walk caused by the variation of signal shape. The time resolution as a function of the depth of interaction was also studied. The average block-to-block coincident timing resolution of 13×13 (4×4×20 mm3 detector pixel) array with fast PMT R9779 (51-mm diameter) was measured to be 432 ps (FWHM). Another 13×13 crystal array with ultrahigh spatial resolution 1.4×1.4×10 mm3 detector pixels coupling to small 19-mm diameter poor-timing XP1912 PMTs was also tested and achieved 551 ps. This study shows that our regular PQS detector blocks (without optimization for TOF) have good TOF time resolution suitable for TOF PET systems, in addition to higher spatial resolution and reducing PMT cost.
Effect of Grinding Method on Textural Properties of Cooked Ground Beef1,2

Effects of eight grinding methods on textural properties of cooked beef patties were tested on beef from two sources. The methods tested were representative of those used by processors throughout the country and the sources were U.S. Choice chucks and U.S. Utility grade triangles. Patties from the .32 × .32 cm and silent cutter methods scored highest for tenderness and were lowest in amounts of subjectively determined connective tissue for both Choice and Utility grade beef. Sensory panel and Instron means indicated that the size of plate for initial grind was related (P < .10) to tenderness and the amount of connective tissue in the final product. Patties prepared by the 2.54 × .32 cm grinding method were generally inferior to patties prepared by the .32 × .32 cm grinding method.
Permeable pavement in northern North American urban areas: research review and knowledge gaps

AbstractA majority of existing permeable pavement installations are related to parking lots and commercial areas with low speeds and light traffic loads. During the past two decades, a tremendous amount of progress has been made with regard to the application of permeable pavements regarding mix design, hydrologic design, water quality assessment and maintenance requirements. Review of the literature revealed, however, that there are still many important questions that must be answered before permeable pavements can be fully integrated in urban roads, especially in highways with high speeds and loads. This paper summarises the major research progress in the above listed areas and identifies research needs. Research needs are summarised under four topics: (1) structural and materials property, (2) hydrologic performance, (3) water quality and (4) maintenance. Research needs are further organised based on their immediate, short-term and long-term impact.
Structured Abstract: Social Irritants—Small Things with Large Consequences

Consumer misbehaviors are externally directed acts that violate social norms in consumption situations and cover a wide range of misbehaviors. Misbehaviors are, importantly, viewed by consumers and marketers as varyingly disreputable with some misbehaviors causing serious financial, physical, or emotional impact while others are perceived as having negligible impact. While the breadth of misbehaviors is wide, most studies have focused on “individual, extreme, or unusual forms” of misbehavior that have substantial impact, leaving a research gap in the investigation of customer misbehaviors that are perceived as trivial. This chapter studies the apparently innocuous end of the misbehavior continuum.
Myocardial Strain Using Cardiac MR Feature Tracking and Speckle Tracking Echocardiography in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Patients.

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is an inherited X-linked disorder with an incidence of 1 in 3500 male births, and cardiomyopathy is becoming the leading cause of death. While Cardiac MRI (CMR) and late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) are important tools in recognizing myocardial involvement, myocardial strain imaging may demonstrate early changes and allow patients to avoid gadolinium contrast. We performed CMR feature tracking (FT) and echo-based speckle tracking (STE) strain measures on DMD patients and age/sex matched controls who had received a CMR with contrast and transthoracic echocardiogram. Data were collected for longitudinal strain in the apical four-chamber view and circumferential strain in the mid-papillary parasternal short axis. Segmental wall analysis was performed and compared with the presence of LGE. Data were analyzed using student’s t tests or one-way ANOVA adjusting for multiple comparisons. We measured 24 subjects with DMD and 8 controls. Thirteen of 24 DMD subjects were LGE positive only in the lateral segments in short-axis views. Average circumferential strain (CS) measured by FT was significantly decreased in DMD compared to controls (− 18.8 ± 6.1 vs. − 25.5 ± 3.2; p < 0.001) and showed significant differences in the anterolateral, inferolateral, and inferior segments. Average CS by STE trended towards significance (p = 0.06) but showed significance in only the inferior segment. FT showed significant differences in the inferolateral segment between LGE positive (− 15.5 ± 9.0) and LGE negative (− 18.2 ± 8.3) in DMD subjects compared to controls (− 28.6 ± 7.3; p ≤ 0.04). FT also showed significant differences between anteroseptal and inferolateral segments within LGE-positive (p < 0.003) and LGE-negative (p < 0.03) DMD subjects while STE did not. There were no significant differences in longitudinal strain measures. CMR-FT-derived myocardial strain was able to demonstrate differences between subjects with DMD and controls not detected by STE. FT was also able to demonstrate differences in LGE-positive and LGE-negative segments within patients with DMD. FT may be able to predict LGE-positive segments in DMD without the use of gadolinium contrast.
Flipped Phenyl Ring Orientations of Dopamine Binding with Human and Drosophila Dopamine Transporters: Remarkable Role of Three Nonconserved Residues.

Molecular modeling and molecular dynamics simulations were performed in the present study to examine the modes of dopamine binding with human and Drosophila dopamine transporters (hDAT and dDAT). The computational data revealed flipped binding orientations of dopamine in hDAT and dDAT due to the major differences in three key residues (S149, G153, and A423 of hDAT vs A117, D121, and S422 of dDAT) in the binding pocket. These three residues dictate the binding orientation of dopamine in the binding pocket, as the aromatic ring of dopamine tends to take an orientation with both the para- and meta-hydroxyl groups being close to polar residues and away from nonpolar residues of the protein. The flipped binding orientations of dopamine in hDAT and dDAT clearly demonstrate a generally valuable insight concerning how the species difference could drastically affect the protein–ligand binding modes, demonstrating that the species difference, which is a factor rarely considered in early drug design stage, must be a...
Surface Convergent-Beam Diffraction for Characterization and Symmetry Determination

This paper is concerned with the diffraction of electrons of high energy at near grazing incidence onto the surface of a crystalline specimen. This is the situation normally known as RHEED (reflection high energy electron diffration). However, it particularly addresses the case when the illumination is focused to a small spot on the specimen, with a convergence angle that is comparable with the Bragg angle. It is not normally possible to achieve this in a traditional RHEED apparatus fitted, say, to a UHV epitaxy system and the experiments referred to here will normally be performed in a transmission electron microscope.
A Response by Thomas O. McGarity

Professor Farber has written a painstakingly fair review of my book, Freedom to Harm. I am gratified that he found the book to be an important addition to the administrative law literature, and I find little in his review with which to take issue. One aspect of the review, however, inspired me to think more carefully about the book’s primary thesis and the implications that it has for the future of health, safety, and environmental protection in the United States.
Color stability of semitendinosus, semimembranosus, and biceps femoris steaks packaged in a high-oxygen modified atmosphere.

The objectives of this study were to evaluate visual and chemical attributes of beefsteaks from various USDA quality grades and muscles packaged in high-oxygen (80% O 2 /20% CO 2 ) modified-atmosphere packaging (MAP). A total of nine carcasses were selected to represent Select (n = 3), low Choice (n = 3), and high Choice (n = 3) USDA quality grades. The semimembranosus (SM), semitendinosus (ST), and biceps femoris (BF) muscles were removed from each carcass and allotted to two packaging types (MAP or polyvinyl chloride over-wrap) and were displayed for up to 10 d, with evaluation on d 1, 3, 5, 7, and 10. Fifty-four steaks were evaluated on each day by a five-member trained panel for visual color (lean color and discoloration) and were also analyzed with a Minolta Chroma Meter CR-310 for L*and a* values (lightness and redness, respectively). Chemical properties measured included percentage of metmyoglobin formation and fat content. Visual color scores did not differ (P > 0.05) at d 1 and 3 with respect to all quality grades, but decreased after d 3, with a greater reduction (P 0.05) on metmyoglobin content. Muscle type did affect metmyoglobin content; however, the metmyoglobin content of the SM was greatest (P < 0.05), followed by the BF, with the ST having the lowest (P < 0.05) metmyoglobin formation. Results indicate that low Choice steaks react the best in MAP, and the ST maintained greater storage characteristics regardless of quality grade or packaging.
Aversion to Risk

Aversion to risk is a central feature of decisions. This chapter introduces the mathematical interpretation of aversion to financial risk and insurance.
Factor structure of the Q-LES-Q short form in an enrolled mental health clinic population.

The Quality of Life, Enjoyment, and Satisfaction Questionnaire-Short Form (Q-LES-Q-SF) is a recovery-oriented, self-report measure with an uncertain underlying factor structure, variously reported in the literature to consist of either one or two domains. We examined the possible factor structures of the English version in an enrolled mental health population who were not necessarily actively engaged in care. As part of an implementation trial in the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs mental health clinics, we administered the Q-LES-Q-SF and Veterans RAND 12-Item Health Survey (VR-12) over the phone to 576 patients across nine medical centers. We used a split-sample approach and conducted an exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and multi-trait analysis (MTA). Comparison with VR-12 assessed construct validity. Based on 568 surveys after excluding the work satisfaction item due to high unemployment rate, the EFA indicated a unidimensional structure. The MTA showed a single factor: ten items loaded on one strong psychosocial factor (α = 0.87). Only three items loaded on a physical factor (α = 0.63). Item discriminant validity was strong at 92.3%. Correlations with the VR-12 were consistent with the existence of two factors. The English version of the Q-LES-Q-SF is a valid, reliable self-report instrument for assessing quality of life. Its factor structure can be best described as one strong psychosocial factor. Differences in underlying factor structure across studies may be due to limitations in using EFA on Likert scales, language, culture, locus of participant recruitment, disease burden, and mode of administration.
Cellular network modeling and single cell gene expression analysis reveals novel hepatic stellate cell phenotypes controlling liver regeneration dynamics.

Recent results from single cell gene and protein regulation studies are starting to uncover the previously underappreciated fact that individual cells within a population exhibit high variability in the expression of mRNA and proteins (i.e., molecular variability). By combining cellular network modeling, and high-throughput gene expression measurements in single cells, we seek to reconcile the high molecular variability in single cells with the relatively low variability in tissue-scale gene and protein expression and the highly coordinated functional responses of tissues to physiological challenges. In this study, we focus on relating the dynamic changes in distributions of hepatic stellate cell (HSC) functional phenotypes to the tightly regulated physiological response of liver regeneration. We develop a mathematical model describing contributions of HSC functional phenotype populations to liver regeneration and test model predictions through isolation and transcriptional characterization of single HSCs. We identify and characterize four HSC transcriptional states contributing to liver regeneration, two of which are described for the first time in this work. We show that HSC state populations change in vivo in response to acute challenges (in this case, 70% partial hepatectomy) and chronic challenges (chronic ethanol consumption). Our results indicate that HSCs influence the dynamics of liver regeneration through steady-state tissue preconditioning prior to an acute insult and through dynamic control of cell state balances. Furthermore, our modeling approach provides a framework to understand how balances among cell states influence tissue dynamics. Taken together, our combined modeling and experimental studies reveal novel HSC transcriptional states and indicate that baseline differences in HSC phenotypes as well as a dynamic balance of transitions between these phenotypes control liver regeneration responses.
Food Insecurity, Inadequate Childcare, & Transportation Disadvantage: Student Retention and Persistence of Community College Students.

As higher education enrollment patterns have changed, so too has the focus for institutional administrators. College students have been shown to be retained at higher rates when they are engaged in...
Methodological Thinking Drills: A Novel Technique for Boosting Real-World Methodological Thinking Ability:

Multiple studies have demonstrated the efficacy of various psychological critical thinking interventions. The current study tests a novel technique for improving introductory psychology students’ a...
The Semantics of Spanish Compounding: An Analysis of NN Compounds in the Parallel Architecture

Noun-Noun compounds (NN) are a concatenation of two nouns that function as a single unit both morphosyntactically and semantically. Two main challenges that a study of NN compounding faces are (i) identifying the implied semantic relations that hold between the nouns and (ii) explaining why NN compounds are or not productive (i.e. not very frequent) and creative (i.e. impromptu creation) in certain languages. Jackendoff (2009, 2016) proposed a model which considers the semantic relation between the head and modifier as established by an external function F(X, Y). Since Spanish NN compounds are not creative, the aim is to demonstrate whether the model can be applied to Spanish, and if so, identify the most productive basic functions. This can help us determine whether the lack of creativity of NN compounds in Spanish is due to a restricted set of productive functions. Our hypothesis is that only those relations that are productive are creative and are able to satisfy the Principle of Generalized Modification (Snyder 2012, 2016) operating at the syntax-semantics interface. The study also provides a comparison with the semantic relations attested in Spanish N-de-N constructions (i.e. buque de guerra ‘ship of war’ = war ship). Since the latter are very productive and creative, I wonder how well our hypothesis would accommodate to the data. The results indicate that few semantic relations are productive which indicates that only those should be used to interpret novel NN compounds satisfying Generalized Modification. N-de-Ns show a larger amount of functions and although the data falls short to accommodate the hypothesis, impressionistic observations tell us otherwise. Given this asymmetry, our results provide important evidence for blocking effects at the interface: the availability of the NN form blocks the surfacing of the prepositional alternative and viceversa.
Evolution of magnetic interactions in Sb-substituted MnBi 2 Te 4

The $\mathrm{Mn}{({\mathrm{Bi}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Sb}}_{x})}_{2}{\mathrm{Te}}_{4}$ series is purported to span from an antiferromagnetic (AF) topological insulator at $x=0$ to a trivial AF insulator at $x=1$. Here we report on neutron diffraction and inelastic neutron scattering studies of the magnetic interactions across this series. All compounds measured possess ferromagnetic (FM) triangular layers and we find a crossover from AF to FM interlayer coupling near $x=1$ for our samples. The large spin gap at $x=0$ closes rapidly and the average FM exchange interactions within the triangular layer increase with Sb substitution. Similar to a previous study of ${\mathrm{MnBi}}_{2}{\mathrm{Te}}_{4}$, we find severe spectral broadening which increases dramatically across the compositional series. In addition to broadening, we observe an additional sharp magnetic excitation in ${\mathrm{MnSb}}_{2}{\mathrm{Te}}_{4}$ that may indicate the development of local magnetic modes originating from antisite disorder between Mn and Sb sublattices. The results suggest that both substitutional and antisite disorder contribute substantially to the magnetism in $\mathrm{Mn}{({\mathrm{Bi}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Sb}}_{x})}_{2}{\mathrm{Te}}_{4}$.
Single cell transcriptomic analysis of external genitalia reveals complex and sexually dimorphic cell populations in the early genital tubercle

Abstract External genital organs are among the most recognizable sexually dimorphic characters. The penis and clitoris develop from the embryonic genital tubercle, an outgrowth at the anterior margin of the cloaca that undergoes an extensive period of development in male and female embryos prior to the onset of sexual differentiation. In mice, differentiation into the penis and clitoris begins around embryonic day (E)15.5. Current knowledge of cell types that comprise the genital tubercle is limited to a few studies that have fate mapped derivatives of endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. Here we use single cell transcriptomics to characterize the cell populations in the genital tubercles of male and female mouse embryos at E14.5, approximately 24 ​h before the onset of sexual differentiation, and we present the first comprehensive atlas of single-cell gene expression during external genital development. Clustering analyses and annotation using marker genes shows 19 distinct cell populations in E14.5 genital tubercles. Mapping of cell clusters to anatomical locations using in situ gene expression patterns revealed granularity of cellular specializations and positional identities. Although E14.5 precedes sexually dimorphic morphogenesis of the genital tubercle, comparative analysis of males and females identified sexual dimorphisms at the single cell level, including male-specific cell clusters with transcriptional signatures of smooth muscle and bone progenitors, both of which are known to be sexually dimorphic in adult genitalia, as well as immune cells. These results provide a new resource for classification of external genital cell types based on gene expression profiles and reveal sex-specific cellular specializations in the early genital tubercle.
Carbon nanotube alignment using meniscus action

Effective, large-scale alignment of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) is necessary for making them a useful nanoelectronic technology. While techniques have been developed to align SWNTs during growth or through dielectrophoresis, no technique to date can align SWNTs on a large-scale while controlling SWNT density and taking advantage of chirally pure SWNTs. We present a novel alignment technique using mechanical action only through lateral meniscus movement between a hydrophobic and hydrophilic surface. The SWNTs have an average alignment of 94.6±31.9° relative to the meniscus motion direction, with a SWNT density of ~7 SWNTs/μm. We also show that that our technique can easily be extended to a larger, manufacturing-type process.
Small Telescopes and Research from Space

The number of artificial satellites dedicated to astrophysical research is increasing rapidly. Nearly 30 satellites currently under development or in the early planning stages will be in orbit within 10–12 years and will have more sensitive detectors and better data-processing technology as a result of current research. Many of the galactic and extragalactic objects discovered by the new technology are variable on surprisingly short time scales ranging from sub-seconds to many months. The new variable objects include but are not confined to: neutron and binary stars; quasars (and associated active centers of galaxies); newborn infrared stars and associated clouds; the coronal activity of main sequence stars; cataclysmic variables (white dwarfs in binaries); and novae, supernovae and remnants. We now realize that the short time-scale variations of many unusual stars and active galactic nuclei demand that ground and space data be taken as close in time as possible and that they be carefully planned and coordinated.
Eosinophils in biopsy specimens of lichen sclerosus: a not uncommon finding

Background Evolving lesions of lichen sclerosus (LS) pose a diagnostic challenge owing to an absence of classic findings of epidermal atrophy, dermal sclerosis, a band-like lymphocytic infiltrate and the presence of eosinophils. Methods Retrospective specimens of LS were reviewed. Demographic information, biopsy vs. excision and the following histopathological characteristics were noted: presence and number of eosinophils, epidermal hyperplasia, spongiosis, early/transitional LS, well-developed LS and coexisting squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Linear regression analysis was performed. Results The data consisted of 66 biopsies (36 male [M], 30 female [F]), from 53 individuals (33M, 20F), including 57 genital and 9 extragenital biopsies. Seven biopsies showed SCC, 28 showed epidermal hyperplasia and 14 exhibited spongiosis. Thirty-five specimens were early/transitional LS and commonly exhibited epidermal hyperplasia (57%), epidermotropism of lymphocytes (97%) and basement membrane thickening (97%). Thirty-five biopsies (53%) contained eosinophils (23 early/transitional lesions). Male gender (p = 0.074) was associated with increased eosinophils. The presence of SCC (p = 0.014) was a significant predictors of eosinophil number. Conclusions Epidermal hyperplasia, epidermotropism of lymphocytes and basement membrane thickening are helpful features in identifying early LS. Eosinophils are not an uncommon finding in LS and are most common in male genital lesions and in LS associated with SCC.
Chromosomes of metastatic ovarian carcinoma treated with a progestogen and alkylating agents.

Abstract Chromosomes of a patient with metastatic carcinoma, presumably ovarian in origin, were studied using a direct flame-dry method. Two cell lines were observed in the peritoneal fluid, one with a diploid karyotype, representing reactive cells and the other with an aneuploid karyotype, representing neoplastic cells. Although clinical improvement was noted after the administration of hydroxyprogesterone caproate, this progestogen appeared to have failed in arresting proliferation of neoplastic cells. Alkylating agents depressed both cell lines, but the reactive diploid cell line was more profoundly affected than aneuploid cell line. Chromosomal studies from the peritoneal fluid, umbilical lesion, and inguinal nodes demonstrated the identical karyotypic abnormalities, providing definitive evidence for metastases.
Sparse Volterra model based coherent optical-OFDM channel modeling and compensation

A sparse Volterra model based coherent optical OFDM channel modeling/compensation technique is presented. The proposed channel model requests much less coefficients than conventional Volterra model and can be used to design an electrical equalizer.
The Circular Dichroism Spectrum and Structure of Unordered Polypeptides and Proteins

The evidence bearing on our revision of the early assignment of the circular dichroism spectrum of the maximally unordered polypeptide chain is reviewed. Our initial, as well as subsequent, studies are believed to support the proposed revision in assignment. This conclusion need not be modified in the light of recent work on water-soluble, non-ionizable polymers.
Mechanism of glial differentiation of neural progenitor cells by amyloid precursor protein.

Background: We found that human neural progenitor cells (HNPCs) exposed to high concentrations of amyloid precursor protein (APP) or transplanted into APP transgenic mice (APP23) primarily differentiated into astrocytes, suggesting that pathological alterations of APP processing in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) may prevent neuronal differentiation of HNPCs. Objectives: To investigate the mechanism of APP-induced glial differentiation of HNPCs. Methods: We treat HNPCs with APP and analyze the expression and phosphorylation of signaling molecules using PCR and Western blots. To confirm the involvement of the factors, RNA interference of the signaling molecule is conducted. Results: APP treatment caused inductions of CNTF, gp130 and JAK1 gene expressions, and STAT3 phosphorylation, while silencing of these genes by RNA interference suppressed the glial differentiation of the cells, indicating involvement of the IL-6/gp130 pathway. APP also increased the generation of notch intracellular domain and gene expression of Hes1, indicating that glial differentiation of HNPCs may be mediated by the notch signaling. Conclusion: These results indicate that APP may regulate HNPC differentiation through activation of both the IL-6/gp130 and notch signaling pathway. Although the importance of adult neurogenesis is not clear, glial differentiation of HNPCs may cause problems in maintaining normal brain function and may contribute to the AD pathology.
Predicting Likelihood of Having Four or More Positive Nodes in Patient With Sentinel Lymph Node-Positive Breast Cancer: A Nomogram Validation Study

Purpose Katz suggested a nomogram for predicting having four or more positive nodes in sentinel lymph node (SLN)-positive breast cancer patients. The findings from this formula might influence adjuvant radiotherapy decisions. Our goal was to validate the accuracy of the Katz nomogram. Methods and Materials We reviewed the records of 309 patients with breast cancer who had undergone completion axillary lymph node dissection. The factors associated with the likelihood of having four or more positive axillary nodes were evaluated in patients with one to three positive SLNs. The nomogram developed by Katz was applied to our data set. The area under the curve of the corresponding receiver operating characteristics curve was calculated for the nomogram. Results Of the 309 patients, 80 (25.9%) had four or more positive axillary lymph nodes. On multivariate analysis, the number of positive SLNs ( p p = .019), primary tumor size ( p = .0001), and extracapsular extension ( p = .01) were significant factors predicting for four or more positive nodes. For patients with Conclusion The probability of four or more involved nodes is significantly greater in patients who have an increased number of positive SLNs, increased overall metastasis size, increased tumor size, and extracapsular extension. The Katz nomogram was validated in our patients. This nomogram will be helpful to clinicians making adjuvant treatment recommendations to their patients.
Fast atom bombardment, electron impact and chemical ionization mass spectrometry of the neutral 18-electron species M(CO)2(CNR)2(PR′3)2 (MMo or W)

Abstract The molybdenum(0) and tungsten(O) complexes of the type M(CO) 2 (CNR) 2 (PR′ 3 ) 2 have been studied using a variety of mass spectral techniques, viz. fast atom bombardment (FAB), electron impact (EI), and both positive- and negative-ion chemical ionization (PICI and NICI) mass spectrometry. The FABMS technique gave the most structurally informative spectra with the observation of the molecular ions M + (100% relative abundance in the case of MW) and in some instances the pseudomolecular ion (M + H) + . Fragmentation ions arising from competitive ligand loss (CO versus RNC versus PR′ 3 ) were observed, as well as those formed by loss of H from fragment ions and dealkylation of RNC ligands. The EI and PICI spectra were not especially useful due to the relatively low thermal stability of these complexes, while the NICI spectra gave an abundance of ions that resulted from ligand redistribution reactions. Of special note were anions that contained M(CO) 4 and M(CO) 3 fragments. Dealkylation of the RNC ligands to give cyanometallate anions was also prevalent.