cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Earth-Abundant Heterogeneous Water Oxidation Catalysts

Water oxidation is a key chemical transformation for the conversion of solar energy into chemical fuels. Our review focuses on recent work on robust earth-abundant heterogeneous catalysts for the oxygen-evolving reaction (OER). We point out that improvements in the performance of OER catalysts will depend critically on the success of work aimed at understanding reaction barriers based on atomic-level mechanisms. We highlight the challenge of obtaining acid-stable OER catalysts, with proposals for elements that could be employed to reach this goal. We suggest that future advances in solar fuels science will be accelerated by the development of new methods for materials synthesis and characterization, along with in-depth investigations of redox mechanisms at catalytic surfaces.
How to Write a Traditional Case Report

The traditional case report consists of a title, abstract, introduction, case description, discussion, and conclusion with a teaching point. This chapter describes how to write a traditional case report, from title to conclusion, in a logical, concise, and publishable style. Key requirements for a successful case report include a straightforward and descriptive title; a focused case description with all essential elements; appropriate use of clinimetrics, including clinical biomarkers, laboratory tests, and reproducible indices; a graphical timeline; a discussion of the context of the case, with a comparison table if appropriate; an explanation of the events of the case, including cause and effect or relatedness of events, differential diagnosis, and a well-supported and logical hypothesis; speculation on the broader implications of the case; and a conclusion with a simple, clear, and memorable teaching point.
A translational cellular model to study the impact of high-frequency oscillatory ventilation on human epithelial cell function.

Traditionally, large-animal models are used to analyze the impact of clinical ventilators on lung cellular function. In our dual-chamber model, we interface high-frequency oscillatory ventilation (...
Process intensification of reactive separator networks through the IDEAS conceptual framework

Abstract A method to rigorously identify the performance limits of a reactive separator network is presented in this paper. The quantification of the enhancement potential for a given technology can greatly benefit process intensification studies in the pursuit of radical improvements. The Infinite DimEnsionAl State-Space (IDEAS) conceptual framework is first reviewed and then shown to be capable of assessing the potential for process intensification of reactive separation processes. The IDEAS framework is employed to formulate an infinite linear program (ILP) that can synthesize optimal reactive separation networks, and establish rigorous tradeoffs between total network reactive holdup, and total network capacity. The proposed reactive separation process intensification method is demonstrated on a case study involving the metathesis of 2-pentene through reactive distillation. Significant intensification over prior designs is demonstrated.
The true tempo of evolutionary radiation and decline revealed on the Hawaiian archipelago

How does one chart the rise and fall of clades through time? The fossil record is often too patchy, and molecular phylogenies infer that clades are most diverse at the time of sampling. Here, Jun Lim and Charles Marshall sample the diversity of endemic clades on the geologically connected islands of Hawaii, the ages of which are known along with how their areas have changed. Each island in the chain can be thought of as a time capsule representing a particular phase in the archipelago's history, whether young and fresh (Hawaii) or old and worn (Kauai), giving a snapshot of diversity over millions of years. The authors found that many clades on Hawaii are in a state of long-term decline that may have begun before humans arrived. Landscape dynamism could be driving species losses that are not readily detected by other methods, the authors say.
Parkinson's disease patient preference and experience with various methods of DBS lead placement.

Abstract Introduction Physiology-guided deep brain stimulation (DBS) surgery requires patients to be awake during a portion of the procedure, which may be poorly tolerated. Interventional MRI-guided (iMRI) DBS surgery was developed to use real-time image guidance, obviating the need for patients to be awake during lead placement. Methods All English-speaking adults with PD who underwent iMRI DBS between 2010 and 2014 at our Center were invited to participate. Subjects completed a structured interview that explored perioperative preferences and experiences. We compared these responses to patients who underwent the physiology-guided method, matched for age and gender. Results Eighty-nine people with PD completed the study. Of those, 40 underwent iMRI, 44 underwent physiology-guided implantation, and five underwent both methods. There were no significant differences in baseline characteristics between groups. The primary reason for choosing iMRI DBS was a preference to be asleep during implantation due to: 1) a history of claustrophobia; 2) concerns about the potential for discomfort during the awake physiology-guided procedure in those with an underlying pain syndrome or severe off-medication symptoms; or 3) non-specific fear about being awake during neurosurgery. Conclusion Participants were satisfied with both DBS surgery methods. However, identification of the factors associated with a preference for iMRI DBS may allow for optimization of patient experience and satisfaction when choices of surgical methods for DBS implantation are available.
Information Optimal Static Measurement Design for Compressive Imaging

We present an information-theoretic framework for measurement basis design in compressive imaging. Simulation results show that the reconstruction error obtained with information-optimal projections is nearly an order of magnitude lower than that for random projections.
A comprehensive model of organizational leadership: the leadership action cycle

This article seeks to provide a comprehensive model of leadership applicable to managers in the public sector. Although it is based on the leadership literature, the format is intended for practitioners and teachers; that is, although it uses a highly detailed specification of leadership elements, it purposely oversimplifies causal relationships. Leaders first assess their organization and the environment (8 elements are identified) as well as look at the constraints that they may face (4 elements). From this information they set goals including deciding on the level of focus and the degree of change emphasis. Leaders bring to the concrete leadership situation a number of traits (10 elements) and overarching skills such as communication capability (4 elements). The totality of leaders' actions are perceived as styles based on key factors such as decisional input, which are more or less appropriate based on the situation. Leaders may or may not have a broad range of styles at which they excel. Finally, the model identifies concrete management behaviors that leaders typically engage in-with more or less success based on their styles, traits, and skills. These behaviors are categorized as largely being task-oriented, people-oriented, or organization oriented (21 elements). Ultimately, leaders evaluate their organizations' and their own performance, and the cycle begins again. The model's strength is the detailed articulation of leadership elements (50 including goal setting and leader evaluation).
Tocqueville’s Great Party Politics and the Election of Donald Trump

Although Tocqueville would be personally appalled at Trump’s vulgarity, he would support much of Trump’s political program, based on Democracy in America’s distinction between “great parties” (which defend high principles) and “small parties” (which engage in interest group politics). First, Tocqueville believed that a nation should cultivate its own particular identity, and thus so should the United States, while still welcoming those who can and will become part of the American project. Second, Tocqueville admired American townships’ capacity for self-government, which contrasts with the unaccountability of the federal bureaucracy. Trump is attempting to undercut the pernicious growth of the administrative state. The Progressives and the New Deal embraced ideas from Hegel, and thus transformed American government so that it now resembles the European welfare state. This development has undercut American freedom. Finally, Tocqueville would also support Trump’s call for restoring American power and prestige, for greatness is a national project.
Importance of manually entering blood glucose readings when wireless-compatible meters are not being used with an insulin pump.

Background: The objective was to determine if there were differences in blood glucose monitoring (BGM) data downloaded from insulin pumps of patients who use meters that wirelessly transmit data to their insulin pumps (i.e., wireless group) and those who do not (i.e., nonwireless group). Methods: Blood glucose monitoring data were downloaded from the meters and insulin pumps of 47 children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Independent and paired t tests compared BGM data downloaded from meters and BGM data downloaded from insulin pumps. Results: There were significant differences in BGM data downloaded from the insulin pumps of patients using wireless meters compared to those using nonwireless meters. Wireless patients appeared to engage in more BGM, had more low and in-range BG readings and fewer very high BG readingss than nonwireless patients. However, a comparison of BGM data downloaded from meters and insulin pumps of nonwireless patients indicated that their insulin pump data significantly underestimated the number of BGM readings conducted, as well as the number of low and in-range readings, while overestimating the number of very high BGM readings. Conclusions: Because patients who use nonwireless-compatible meters do not manually enter their low and in-range BGM readings into the insulin pump, BGM data downloaded only from pumps may provide an incomplete representation of BGM frequency or results. It is recommended that patients use meters that directly communicate with pumps or perform bolus calculations. Patients should be educated about the importance of manually entering all BGM readings if they do not use a wireless-compatible meter with their insulin pump.
Between Tradition and Modernity: Bioethics, Human Vulnerability and Social Change

The Hindu civilization has been a continuous tradition for at least the last 3,500 years, and it has also always been in transition. The Indians think of their tradition as a stream, pranalika, flowing at various speeds and changing with gradients, adapting to local conditions. Tradition changes slowly and sometimes looks outside , perhaps to other traditions to make a major shift. When a tradition changes substantially substantially it invariably generates conflicts. Human vulnerabilities emerge along the fault lines, the soft belly, of a culture, especially psychological vulnerabilities. Bioethics has to keep pace with a tradition that is in transition and assist in addressing the conflicts that are generated.
X-Ray-Sensitive Television Camera Tubes

This presentation is concerned with television camera tubes that respond directly to incident penetrating radiation. In its simplest form, the camera tube consists of a layer which converts the incident penetrating radiation field into a charge pattern which is scanned by an electron beam to form an image that is displayed using conventional closed-circuit television (CCTV) techniques. Such a tube has a number of advantages, the principal one of which is its simplicity. With this simplicity, however, in terms of the number of elements involved, come a number of problems which to date have essentially kept such an approach to X-ray imaging from commercial application. It is the purpose of this presentation to detail the advantages, disadvantages, and difficulties in the implementation of the X-ray-sensitive television camera tube.
Virginia's New Ban on Public Employee Bargaining: A Case Study of Unions, Business, and Political Competition

This article explores the reasons why the Virginia General Assembly passed a law prohibiting public employee bargaining some 16 years after the Virginia Supreme Court had clearly ruled that such bargaining was impermissible absent express statutory authority. The impetus for this legislation apparently was a series of actions by Governor L. Douglas Wilder's administration involving payroll deductions for state employees. The Virginia case is compared and contrasted to the findings of recent aggregate quantitative studies of the determinants of public sector labor relations legislation, illustrating the relative influence of organized business interests over those of labor.
The effect of moist extrusion of soy products on growth performance and nutrient utilization in the early-weaned pig.

One hundred seventy pigs averaging 21 +/- 1 d of age (initially 5.4 and 5.8 kg, respectively) were used in each of two experiments to determine the effect that further heat processing by moist extrusion has on the nutritional value of soybean products fed to the early-weaned pig (d 0 to 14 postweaning). The experiments were designed as randomized complete blocks with treatments arranged as a 2 x 3 factorial and a positive control. Main effects of moist extrusion and soy products and the interaction effects were analyzed. Raw soy flakes, commercial soy protein concentrate, and an experimental soy protein concentrate were used in Exp. 1 and a toasted soy flour replaced experimental soy protein concentrate in Exp. 2. A diet (1.4% lysine) containing primarily milk protein served as a positive control in both experiments. An interaction (P < .06) between moist extrusion processing and protein source existed from d 0 to 14 and from d 0 to 35 for ADG and gain:feed ratio (Exp. 1 and 2). Pigs fed moist-extruded soy products had improved (P < .01) ADG and gain:feed compared with pigs fed nonextruded soy products; the largest improvement was observed in pigs fed extruded, raw soy flakes and toasted soy flour (d 0 to 14). Apparent DM and N digestibilities (d 14) were increased (P < .05) when moist extrusion was used. Blood urea nitrogen and serum immunoglobulin G titers decreased (P < .05) in pigs fed moist-extruded soy products compared with titers in pigs fed nonextruded products. In Experiment 3, 100 pigs were used (initially 5.9 kg and 21 d of age) to compare moist and dry extrusion processing of soybean meal. Average daily gain, ADFI, gain:feed ratio, and apparent DM and N digestibilities were maximized (P < .05) in pigs fed a milk diet from d 0 to 14 postweaning. Pigs fed extruded soybean meal (moist or dry) had intermediate (P < .05) ADG, ADFI, gain:feed ratio, and apparent DM and N digestibilities from d 0 to 14. Pigs fed moist-extruded soybean meal from d 0 to 28 had increased (P < .10) ADG compared with pigs fed dry-extruded soybean meal. These data suggest that moist extrusion of less-refined soy products (raw soy flakes, toasted soy flour, and soybean meal) can result in growth performance comparable to that achieved by feeding highly refined soy products (soy protein concentrate) to the early-weaned pig.
How can learning-by-doing improve decisions in stormwater management? A Bayesian-based optimization model for planning urban green infrastructure investments

Abstract Urban stormwater management is shifting its attention from traditional centralized engineering solutions to a distributed and greener approach, namely Green Infrastructure (GI). However, uncertainties concerning GI's efficacy for reducing runoff and pollutants are a barrier to the adoption of GI. One strategy to deal with the uncertainty is to implement GI adaptively, in which stormwater managers can learn and adjust their plans over time to avoid undesired outcomes. We propose a new class of GI planning methods based on two-stage stochastic programming and Bayesian learning, which accounts for projected information gains and decision makers' objectives and willingness to accept risk. In the hypothetical example, the model identifies four categories of investment strategies and quantifies their benefits and costs: all-in, greedy investment plus deferral, mixed investments plus deferral, and learn-and-adjust. Which strategy is optimal depends on the user's risk attitudes, and the alternatives' costs and risks.
A Rewinding of the Facts of Movie Reels

The motion picture industry is obviously highly visible in the literal sense. Further, it is such in the figurative sense in that data relative to the industry abound. However, as in most cases, one must take considerable care in the interpretation of the available data due to the manner in which they are often reported. That is, the data, especially the relevant financial data, tend to be reported in nominal or unadjusted terms, rather than in real terms, i.e. on an unadjusted basis relative to changes in prices. This article examines some of the data commonly reported relative to the motion picture industry over the 2000 – 2016 period (the span of the 21st century in which data are available, and assesses same trends therein, after making appropriate real adjustments to these data. This work is an update of a similar endeavor undertaken by the author for data covering the 1991 – 2001 period.
Thick hydride vapor phase epitaxial growth of ZnSe on GaAs (1 0 0) vicinal and orientation patterned substrates

Abstract Zinc selenide is attractive for numerous optical applications in the mid and longwave infrared from solid state lasers to non-linear optical frequency conversion. Its use has been limited by the availability of single crystal and epitaxial materials. To meet these challenges we have developed a low-pressure hydride vapor phase epitaxy (HVPE) process for growth of high quality thick ZnSe layers on GaAs (1 0 0) vicinal and orientation-patterned GaAs (OP-GaAs) substrates. We show growth of >300 µm thick layers at growth rates >50 µm/hr. With only 0.26% lattice mismatch between ZnSe and GaAs, epitaxial layers with crystal quality comparable to bulk ZnSe substrates are achieved. X-ray reciprocal space maps show the ZnSe to be fully relaxed. Cross-sectional TEM imaging analysis shows stacking faults at the interface that propagate in to the growing film consistent with a full relaxed film. Surface morphology shows the presence of pits that have their long axis perpendicular to [1–10] direction. Low temperature photoluminescence reveals band to band emission that consisted of the 2.797 eV direct band gap along with the strong exciton emission at 2.802 eV. Growth on OP templates revealed low fidelity domains of thickness >50 µm. This work presents a process to produce high quality thick layers potentially suitable for laser and frequency conversion for defense and civilian applications.
Worsening of kidney function is the major mechanism of heart failure in hypertension: the ALLHAT study

Abstract Background We aimed to quantify the extent to which the effect of antihypertensive drugs on incident heart failure (HF) is mediated by their effect on kidney function. We hypothesized that the dynamic change in kidney function is the mechanism behind differences in the rate of incident HF in ALLHAT participants randomized to lisinopril, amlodipine, and doxazosin, in comparison to those randomized to chlorthalidone. Methods Causal mediation analysis of ALLHAT data (1994-2002) included participants with available baseline and 24-48 month estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) (n=27,918; mean age 66±7.4; 32.4% black, 56.3% men). Change in eGFR was the mediator. Incident symptomatic HF was the primary outcome. Hospitalized/fatal HF was the secondary outcome. Linear regression (for mediator) and logistic regression (for outcome) analyses were adjusted for demographics, cardiovascular disease, and risk factors. Results There were 1,769 incident HF events, including 1,359 hospitalized/fatal HF events. In fully adjusted causal mediation analysis, the relative change in eGFR mediated 38% of the effect of amlodipine, 25.5% of doxazosin, and 6.3% of lisinopril on incident symptomatic HF, and 42% of the effect of amlodipine, 55.3% of doxazosin, and 12.7% of lisinopril on hospitalized/fatal HF. In lisinopril arm, eGFR changes had an opposite effect on symptomatic versus hospitalized/fatal HF outcomes. Reduction in eGFR by at least 40% explained > 50% of increased risk in hospitalized/fatal HF but 18-25% reduction of symptomatic HF risk. Conclusion On the risk difference scale, change in eGFR accounts for more than 50% of the mechanism by which antihypertensive medications affect HF. Clinical Trial Registration URL:www.clinicaltrials.gov Unique identifier: NCT00000542.
Chapter 10 – Meningitis-associated Escherichia coli

E. coli is the most common Gram-negative organism causing neonatal meningitis and neonatal meningitis continues to be an important cause of mortality and morbidity throughout the world. Our incomplete knowledge of its pathogenesis and pathophysiology contributes to such mortality and morbidity. Recent reports of neonatal meningitis caused by E. coli strains producing CTX-M-type or TEM-type extended-spectrum β-lactamases create a challenge. E. coli invasion of the blood–brain barrier is a prerequisite for penetration into the brain, and requires specific microbial–host factors as well as microbe- and host-specific signaling molecules. Blockade of such microbial–host factors and host cell signaling molecules is shown to be efficient in preventing E. coli penetration into the brain, the essential step in the development of E. coli meningitis. Continued investigation of the microbial and host factors contributing to E. coli invasion of the blood–brain barrier is likely to identify new targets for prevention and therapy of E. coli meningitis, thereby limiting the exposure to emerging antimicrobial-resistant E. coli.
Models of Electronic-Will Legislation

This Article examines alternative ways lawmakers could structure legislation validating electronic wills. The Article identifies four essential models, each of which is currently reflected in acts or drafts of acts found either in the United States or abroad. These are: (1) acts validating electronic wills that meet formal requirements, (2) acts giving effect only to specialized variants of electronic wills (or none at all), (3) acts allowing electronic wills only when made under emergency conditions, and (4) acts allowing electronic records intended as wills on a case-by-case basis, without establishing formalities for their validation. In the course of the analysis, the Article performs the first-ever empirical survey of popular assumptions concerning the revocation of electronic wills. The Article ultimately concludes that, given the novelty of electronic wills, we are best off if states experiment with alternative legislative models until lawmakers have enough evidence to assess their relative merits. For this reason, the Uniform Electronic Wills Act of 2019 is premature.
Layer-By-Layer Fabrication of Large and Thick Human Cardiac Muscle Patch Constructs With Superior Electrophysiological Properties.

Engineered cardiac tissues fabricated from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) show promise for ameliorating damage from myocardial infarction, while also restoring function to the damaged left ventricular (LV) myocardium. For these constructs to reach their clinical potential, they need to be of a clinically relevant volume and thickness, and capable of generating synchronous and forceful contraction to assist the pumping action of the recipient heart. Design prerequisites include a structure thickness sufficient to produce a beneficial contractile force, prevascularization to overcome diffusion limitations and sufficient structural development to allow for maximal cell communication. Previous attempts to meet these prerequisites have been hindered by lack of oxygen and nutrient transport due to diffusion limits (100-200 μm) resulting in necrosis. This study employs a layer-by-layer (LbL) fabrication method to produce cardiac tissue constructs that meet these design prerequisites and mimic normal myocardium in form and function. Thick (>2 mm) cardiac tissues created from hiPSC-derived cardiomyocytes, -endothelial cells (ECs) and -fibroblasts (FBs) were assessed, in vitro, over a 4-week period for viability ( 30 cm/s). These results demonstrate that LbL fabrication can be utilized successfully to create prevascularized, functional cardiac tissue constructs from hiPSCs for potential therapeutic applications.
Mechanistic Performance Analysis of Fiber-Reinforced Asphalt Pavement Overlays

Among the various distresses in flexible pavement structures, fatigue cracking can be accounted for as one of the major distresses that need to be addressed by pavement engineers. Numerous construction practices are introduced to reduce the effect of fatigue in pavement structures. One of such methods is applying fibers to the asphalt mixture to prolong the serviceability and the performance of the pavement structures. The use of fibers is applicable to freshly constructed pavements as well as in pavement rehabilitation and maintenance work, such as overlay. This paper primarily analyzes the application of fibers in pavement overlay structures. The two major pavement cases with original asphalt overlay and the one with fibers mixed asphalt overlay are considered utilizing a developed testing program where mechanistic analysis is evaluated. It was found that the fiber mixture pavement overlay had a higher pavement life than the ordinary asphalt overlay.
A psychologically rich life: Beyond happiness and meaning.

Psychological science has typically conceptualized a good life in terms of either hedonic or eudaimonic well-being. We propose that psychological richness is another, neglected aspect of what people consider a good life. Unlike happy or meaningful lives, psychologically rich lives are best characterized by a variety of interesting and perspective-changing experiences. We present empirical evidence that happiness, meaning, and psychological richness are related but distinct and desirable aspects of a good life, with unique causes and correlates. In doing so, we show that a nontrivial number of people around the world report they would choose a psychologically rich life at the expense of a happy or meaningful life, and that approximately a third say that undoing their life's biggest regret would have made their lives psychologically richer. Furthermore, we propose that the predictors of a psychologically rich life are different from those of a happy life or a meaningful life, and report evidence suggesting that people leading psychologically rich lives tend to be more curious, think more holistically, and lean more politically liberal. Together, this work moves us beyond the dichotomy of hedonic versus eudaimonic well-being, and lays the foundation for the study of psychological richness as another dimension of a good life. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
Clinical review: The management of hypertensive crises

Hypertension is an extremely common clinical problem, affecting approximately 50 million people in the USA and approximately 1 billion individuals worldwide. Approximately 1% of these patients will develop acute elevations in blood pressure at some point in their lifetime. A number of terms have been applied to severe hypertension, including hypertensive crises, emergencies, and urgencies. By definition, acute elevations in blood pressure that are associated with end-organ damage are called hypertensive crises. Immediate reduction in blood pressure is required only in patients with acute end-organ damage. This article reviews current concepts, and common misconceptions and pitfalls in the diagnosis and management of patients with acutely elevated blood pressure.
Educating fellows in CanMEDS physician roles via a quality improvement-based curriculum

Background: Of the many CanMEDS physician roles that have been adopted by European medical educators, evidence suggests that several may be particularly challenging to teach and assess, namely: Health Advocate, Collaborator, Scholar and Manager. Objective: Since Quality Improvement (QI) activities have been shown to provide medical residents a means by which to learn skills relevant to the above CanMEDS roles, we sought to determine whether a QI-based curriculum would afford our fellows a robust, level-appropriate and assessable learning experience. Methods: Our fellows participated in our division-level program of continuous quality improvement. In doing so, they learned and applied QI principles as they developed an evidence-based respiratory treatment protocol (RTP) intended to reduce the incidence of chronic lung disease (CLD) among neonates born at Results: Our fellows successfully implemented their RTP, then collected, analyzed and reported outcomes data to division leadership. Our fellows9 RTP reduced the incidence of CLD nearly 50% within one year, results they have presented at regional and national academic meetings. Last, this QI effort enabled one of our fellows to earn credit toward her maintenance of certification by the American Board of Pediatrics. Conclusion: A QI-based curriculum may be an effective means by which to teach and assess critical care fellows in the more challenging CanMEDS physician roles while also improving respiratory outcomes.
Simultaneous determination of entry timing and involvement level

The globalization of markets and businesses has meant that many companies now consider the world as a potential marketplace. In this changing environment, two crucial decisions taken by companies are time of entry (e.g. whether to enter early or late) and level of involvement (e.g. whether to adopt low involvement modes such as exports or high involvement modes such as sole venture). Although existing research has examined these issues and underscored the importance of these two decisions in isolated descriptive research, none has developed an integrated mathematical modeling framework for handling these two decisions simultaneously. To alleviate this important gap in the literature, develops a mathematical model for considering these decisions in a simultaneous framework. The results of the model are illustrated by means of numerical simulations. Managerial implications of the model and future research directions are delineated.
Optimizing Total Energy–Mass Flux (TEMF) Planetary Boundary Layer Scheme for Intel’s Many Integrated Core (MIC) Architecture

In order to make use of the ever-improving microprocessor performance, the applications must be modified to take advantage of the parallelism of today’s microprocessors. One such application that needs to be modernized is the weather research and forecasting (WRF) model, which is designed for numerical weather prediction and atmospheric research. The WRF software infrastructure consists of several components such as dynamic solvers and physics schemes. Numerical models are used to resolve the large-scale flow. However, subgrid-scale parameterizations are for an estimation of small-scale properties (e.g., boundary layer turbulence and convection, clouds, radiation). Those have a significant influence on the resolved scale due to the complex nonlinear nature of the atmosphere. For the cloudy planetary boundary layer (PBL), it is fundamental to parameterize vertical turbulent fluxes and subgrid-scale condensation in a realistic manner. A parameterization based on the total energy–mass flux (TEMF) that unifies turbulence and moist convection components produces a better result than other PBL schemes. Thus, we present our optimization results for the TEMF PBL scheme. Those optimizations included vectorization of the code to utilize multiple vector units inside each processor code. The optimizations improved the performance of the original TEMF code on Xeon Phi 7120P by a factor of ${\bf 25}.{\bf 9} \times $ . Furthermore, the same optimizations improved the performance of the TEMF on a dual socket configuration of eight-core Intel Xeon E5-2670 CPUs by a factor of ${\bf 8}.{\bf 3} \times $ compared to the original TEMF code.
Bifurcation and linearization stability in the traction problem

In this lecture I will provide some insight into the recent work of Chillingworth, Marsden and Wan [1982] on the traction problem in elasto-statics. This work extends earlier results of Signorini and Stoppelli on the same problem. After briefly describing the principal features of the approach, I shall explain how they are related to linearization stability and to other bifurcation problems in mechanics by means of a series of remarks.
The Structure of Flows with Unsteady Boundary Conditions

In order to control unsteady flows, it is necessary to understand the details of their production and the effect that the unsteady component has on the mean flow. It is the purpose of this paper to describe several forced unsteady flows in terms of the source of the time dependency and the dynamics of the vortical motions produced in the flowfield. Three techniques are described briefly to locate the coherent structures and some possible applications for driven unsteady flows are discussed.
IL-13 Is Sufficient for Respiratory Syncytial Virus G Glycoprotein-Induced Eosinophilia After Respiratory Syncytial Virus Challenge

Although well studied in settings of helminth infection and allergen sensitization, the combined contributions of IL-4 and IL-13 and their signaling pathways in models of viral pathogenesis have not been reported. Using a murine model of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection, we evaluated the contribution of IL-13, alone and in conjunction with IL-4, during immunization with recombinant vaccinia virus expressing RSV G glycoprotein (vvGs) or with formalin-inactivated RSV (FI-RSV). We showed that both IL-4 and IL-13 activity must be inhibited to modulate G-specific responses resulting in severe RSV-induced disease. Inhibition of IL-4 or IL-13 activity alone had minimal impact on disease in vvGs-immunized mice. However, treatment of IL-4-deficient mice with IL-13Ra during vvGs immunization reduced IL-5, IL-13, and eotaxin production and pulmonary eosinophilia after RSV challenge. In contrast, FI-RSV-induced immune responses were diminished when either IL-4 or IL-13 activity was blocked. After RSV challenge, these type 2 T cell responses were also diminished in vvGs-primed IL-4Rα-deficient mice. Our data suggest that secreted vvGs uses mechanisms requiring signaling through the IL-4Rα-chain by either IL-4 or IL-13 for induction of eosinophilia and is the first description of the relative contributions of IL-4, IL-13, and their receptors in viral pathogenesis.
An ortho­rhom­bic polymorph of 3,4-di­amino­benzo­nitrile

The title compound, C7H7N3, is an ortho­rhom­bic polymorph that crystallizes in the space group Pca21. The previously reported monoclinic form [Geiger & Parsons (2013) Acta Cryst. E69, o452] crystallizes in the space group P21/c (Z = 4). In the crystal, two independent HN—H⋯N≡C hydrogen bonds link the mol­ecules into chains along the a-glide plane. Two further independent HN—H⋯NH2 hydrogen bonds join the chains, forming a three-dimensional network.
SIMCOMP: a hybrid soft clustering of metagenome reads

A major challenge facing metagenomics is the development of tools for the characterization of functional and taxonomic content of vast amounts of short metagenome reads. In this paper, we present a two pass semi-supervised algorithm, SimComp, for soft clustering of short metagenome reads, that is a hybrid of comparative and composition based methods. In the first pass, a comparative analysis of the metagenome reads against BLASTx extracts the reference sequences from within the metagenome to form an initial set of seeded clusters. Those reads that have a significant match to the database are clustered by their phylogenetic provenance. In the second pass, the remaining fraction of reads are characterized by their species-specific composition based characteristics. SimComp groups the reads into overlapping clusters, each with its read leader. We make no assumptions about the taxonomic distribution of the dataset. The overlap between the clusters elegantly handles the challenges posed by the nature of the metagenomic data. The resulting cluster leaders can be used as an accurate estimate of the phylogenetic composition of the metagenomic dataset. Our method enriches the dataset into a small number of clusters, while accurately assigning fragments as small as 100 base pairs.
Chapter 1 Principles of sustainable engineering

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the principles of sustainable engineering. Sustainable engineering transforms existing engineering disciplines and practices to those that promote sustainability. Sustainable engineering incorporates development and implementation of technologically and economically viable products, processes, and systems that promote human welfare, while protecting human health and elevating the protection of the biosphere as a criterion in engineering solutions. The Principles of Sustainable engineering provide a paradigm in which engineers can design products and services to meet societal needs with minimal impact on the global ecosystem. The principles cannot be taken as independent elements, but rather, should be considered as a philosophy for the development of a sustainable society. The principles are not prescriptive. They do not provide engineers with a definitive methodology for deriving a sustainable design. Rather, they provide engineers with overarching concepts that can be used along with traditional design principles to develop new products and services to be applied for the growth and development of human society, while simultaneously minimizing the impact of these designs on the global ecosystem.
Processing, Quality and Safety of Irradiated and High Pressure-Processed Meat and Seafood Products

Animal meat and seafood have been staple foods for humans for thousands of years. They provide proteins, fats, and nutrients that are essential for good health. Nowadays, meat and seafood remain a major food group in human diet. Worldwide, the production of meat and seafood increases steadily due to the improved economic condition in many countries. The per capita meat consumption increases in almost every country. For example, the consumption of meat was more than doubled in China from 25.8 kg in 1990 to 52.4 kg in 2002 (FAO 2008). The consumption of fish has also increased steadily in the past four decades. The world per capita fish consumption increased from an average of 9.9 kg in the 1960s to 11.5 kg in the 1970s, 12.5 kg in the 1980s, 14.4 kg in the 1990s, and 16.4 kg in 2005 (FAO 2009). With the continuing economic development in many countries, the consumption of meat and seafood products is expected to increase dramatically in the future. In addition to raw meat and seafood, the producers have significantly increased the production of processed meat and seafood products. Traditional processing methods such as chilling, freezing, canning, drying, salting, curing, smoking, fermentation, and cooking have long been used for processing meat and seafood for their preservation. New processing techniques have been developed to process meat and seafood products to meet the demand for variety and high quality products. One of the most adopted approaches is to use less processing intensity to give the products a high organoleptic and microbiological qualities, i.e., minimal processing techniques not only maintains the shelf life and safety of the products but also give higher sensory quality and nutritional value. These new processing techniques mainly include irradiation, high pressure processing, pulsed electric field, and ultra violet and pulsed light radiations. The processing methods of the traditional techniques and their effects on microbiological and sensory qualities have been detailed in publications, such as ICMSF (2005) and Feiner (2006). This chapter summarizes the processing and effects of irradiation and high pressure processing, the two most researched and widely used minimally processing techniques, on the physical, chemical, sensory, and microbiological qualities of meat and seafood products.
FACTORS INFLUENCING DIVESTMENT DECISION-MAKING: EVIDENCE FROM A FIELD STUDY

This research investigates factors which influenced the corporate-level divestment decisions of large, diversified firms. Field research, including interviews with corporate executives of 40 large diversified firms, provided the data to test propositions developed from various literature sources. In general, thefindings from this research indicate that a business unit's strength, its relationship to other units in its firm and its parent firm's financial position compared to its competitors are important divestment influences, whereas other factors such as general economic conditions are not. Some of the findings are consistent with conventional management wisdom, but others are counterintuitive.
Characterization of multiple bistratified retinal ganglion cells in a purkinje cell protein 2‐Cre transgenic mouse line

Retinal ganglion cells are categorized into multiple classes, including multiple types of bistratified ganglion cells (BGCs). The recent use of transgenic mouse lines with specific type(s) of ganglion cells that are labeled by fluorescent markers has facilitated the morphological and physiological studies of BGCs, particularly the directional-selective BGCs. The most important benefit from using transgenic animals is the capability to perform in vivo gene manipulation. In particular, the Cre/LoxP recombination system has become a powerful tool, allowing gene deletion, overexpression, and ectopic expression in a cell type-specific and temporally controlled fashion. The key to this tool is the availability of Cre mouse lines with cell or tissue type-specific expression of Cre recombinase. In this study we characterized the Cre-positive retinal ganglion cells in a PCP2 (Purkinje cell protein 2)-cre mouse line. We found that all of the Cre-positive retinal ganglion cells were BGCs. Based on morphological criteria, we determined that they can be grouped into five types. The On- and Off-dendrites of three of these types stratified outside of the cholinergic bands and differed from directional selective ganglion cells (DSGCs) morphologically. These cells were negative for Brn-3b and positive for both calretinin and CART retina markers. The remaining two types were identified as putative On-Off and On-DSGCs. This Cre mouse line could be useful for further studies of the molecular and functional properties of BGCs in mice. J. Comp. Neurol. 521:2165–2180, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
RNA bandages for photoregulating in vitro protein synthesis

'RNA bandages' are composed of two 6-12-mer 2'-OMe RNA strands complementary to a mRNA target that are joined by a photocleavable linker. These tandem oligonucleotides typically exhibit much higher affinity for the mRNA than the individual strands. An RNA bandage with binding arms of different lengths and a 4-base gap blocked translation in vitro of GFP mRNA; subsequent near-UV irradiation restored translation. This provides a general method of photomodulating hybridization for a variety of oligonucleotide-based technologies.
Damping Enhancement of Hybrid Nanocomposites Embedded With Engineered Carbon Nanopaper

This paper presents a novel process to manufacture multifunctional and cost-effective hybrid nanocomposites through integrating engineered carbon nanofiber paper into traditional fiber reinforced composites to improve structural damping properties. In this study, carbon nanofibers are vapor grown carbon fibers, which are grown catalytically from gaseous hydrocarbons using metallic catalyst particles. Vapor grown carbon nanofibers are much less costly than single-walled and multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Carbon nanofibers were preformed as a nanopaper which had a porous structure with highly entangled carbon nanofibers and short glass fibers. The vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM) process was used to fabricate the nanocomposites by using engineered carbon nanofiber paper as inter-layer or surface layer of traditional composite laminates. To characterize the structural damping properties, the influence of frequency dependence was analyzed through the experiments conducted using the nanocomposite beams. It was found that there is up to 200-700% increase of the damping ratios at higher frequencies. In addition, experiments were also performed to study the interface characteristics between the carbon nanofiber paper and the laminate ply. The study showed a complete penetration of the resin through the carbon nanofiber paper. It was found that the connectivities between carbon nanofibers and short glass fibers within the carbon nanofiber paper were responsible for the significant energy dissipation in the hybrid nanocomposites during the structural vibration applications. The research results confirm the possible advantage of using engineered carbon nanofiber for damping augmentation.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Using the theory of planned behavior to predict intention to use condoms among female sex workers margaret

Abstract This study tested the utility of the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) for Understanding and predicting condom use intentions among female commercial sex workers. Interviews were conducted with 634 sex workers recruited on the street in southern California. The interview assessed sex workers' intentions to have their main (e.g., husbands, steady boyfriends) and paying male partners use condoms, as well as attitudes, perceived subjective and partner norms, and perceived behavioral control relative to condom use with each of these two partner types. Reported frequency of condom use and strength of intention to use condoms were considerably lower for main than for paying partner. Similarly, condom-use attitudes, perceived behavioral control, subjective norms, partner norms. and beliefs were less positive for condom use with main versus paying partners. Compared to sex workers without a main partner, those with a male main partner had significantly stronger intentions to use condom with paying partner...