cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Chiaroscuro Woodcut in the Early Modern Period

This essay investigates the way in which technical, historical, and aesthetic information about the chiaroscuro woodcut circulated in the early modern period. It argues that specific directives concerning the design, carving, and printing of these colored, multi-block woodcuts were relatively limited in scope and detail, and that when they were transmitted, such information was presented alongside a double origin story favoring an Italian version over an early, unsung German prototype. The real circulation of knowledge concerning the chiaroscuro woodcut was therefore transmitted with the artifact itself, and it is thus significant that prints frequently gesture to the unseen and often idealized types of wood from which the image was carved. The absence of a single, canonical aesthetic regulating such prints, the simultaneous presence of several unpredictable elements—inks, paper quality, and especially alignment of the blocks—and the constant reuse of older designs all militated against the uniform and linear development of the genre, and contributed to its ongoing association with artistic experimentation. This variety aside, however, the chiaroscuro woodcut does increasingly depend upon a set of strategies designed to conceal the genre’s relative inadequacy as portraiture: such, for example, are the numerous profiles, downcast heads, shielding gestures, hooded visages, and rear-facing protagonists. These compensatory techniques, and the extraordinary challenge posed by the frontal portait of the living subject, also explain the genre’s frequent inclusion of severed heads, scenes of beheading, and skulls. Put differently, the thematic content of the chiaroscuro woodcut is generally legible as an explicit comment upon both the possibilities and the limits of this medium.
Using Contour Trees in the Analysis and Visualization of Radio Astronomy Data Cubes.

The current generation of radio and millimeter telescopes, particularly the Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA), offers enormous advances in observing capabilities. While these advances represent an unprecedented opportunity to facilitate scientific understanding, the increased complexity in the spatial and spectral structure of these ALMA data cubes lead to challenges in their interpretation. In this paper, we perform a feasibility study for applying topological data analysis and visualization techniques never before tested by the ALMA community. Using techniques based on contour trees, we seek to improve upon existing analysis and visualization workflows of ALMA data cubes, in terms of accuracy and speed in feature extraction. We review our development process in building effective analysis and visualization capabilities for the astrophysicists. We also summarize effective design practices by identifying domain-specific needs of simplicity, integrability, and reproducibility, in order to best target and service the large astrophysics community.
Inclusions, Inhomogeneities and Cavities

Overall mechanical properties and local strain and stress field averages, caused in individual phases of heterogeneous solids by remotely applied uniform strain or stress, are often derived from estimates of local fields in ellipsoidal homogeneous inclusions and inhomogeneities, bonded to a large volume of a surrounding matrix or ‘comparison medium’. The attraction of this approach lies in the relative simplicity of evaluation of the local fields, and in the adaptability of ellipsoidal shapes, such as prolate or oblate ellipsoids, spheroids, cylinders, spheres, penny-shaped discs or slits, to represent either short or long fibers, particles, voids and cracks of different shapes. Transition from local fields in a single inhomogeneity to those in interacting inhomogeneities comprising composite aggregates and polycrystals is accomplished, in part, by assigning certain properties to the comparison medium, as shown in Chaps. 6 and 7.
Telling Patients Results

A well-remembered article which appeared in Radiology, October 2006 entitled, “The State of Radiology in 2006, Very High Spatial Resolution but no Visibility” by Ruiz and Glazer, raises once more an important issue in Radiology—one that has appeared often in old clothes but now has shown itself in a new guise. I am speaking specifically about our role in the delivery of information. The subject is the radiologists’ involvement or lack thereof in relating to patients the results of recently completed imaging tests.
MATING SYSTEMS IN OMPHALOTUS (PAXILLACEAE, AGARICALES)

Pairings of monokaryon cultures representingOmphalotus illudens (eastern North America),O. nidiformis (southeastern Australia),O. olearius (southern Europe),O. olivascens (North American Pacific coast), andO. subilludens (southern North America) showed widely variable compatibility patterns.Omphalotus olearius ×O. subilludens ×O. olivascens showed high compatibility, whileO. illudens was significantly less compatible with all other taxa. Isolates ofOmphalotus nidiformis represented an almost genetically isolated biological species. The role of partial compatibility in nomenclatural ranking is discussed.
Physicochemical characteristics of a southern Lake Michigan river plume

Abstract Riverine inputs are a major source of nutrients to the Laurentian Great Lakes and have important effects on nearshore biological processes, where mixing between river and lake water leads to formation of heterogeneous river plumes. We examined the physical and chemical characteristics of the St. Joseph River plume in southern Lake Michigan between May and October 2011, and in October 2012, June 2013 and April 2014. Specific electric conductivity and stable isotopes of water were used to quantify the fraction of river water (FRW) at sampling sites in Lake Michigan. Both tracers predicted similar patterns of FRW among sites; however, there was a systematic offset between the two methods, and specific electric conductivity method under-predicted the FRW by ~5%. We observed a distinct, seasonally varying river plume, with plume size correlated with flow rate of St. Joseph River. Within the plume, sediments and nutrients were non-conservative and exhibited significant and seasonally varying losses that we attribute to settling of particle-bound nutrients and/or nutrients in particulate phase below the plume. The characteristics and the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of the river plume documented here may have important implications for the nearshore biogeochemistry of the Great Lakes and for understanding the roles of these features in ecological processes in nearshore areas.
Weed control and tolerance of sulfonylurea herbicides in caladium.

Control of broadleaf weeds in caladium is difficult due in part to a lack of selective POST herbicides. Cultivation is not an option due to the dense canopy and potential for tuber injury. As a result, growers currently rely on preemergence (PRE) herbicide and hand-weeding. The objective of this research was to evaluate the control of four common broadleaf weeds of field grown caladium with POST applications of halosulfuron, thifensulfuron-methyl, and trifloxysulfuron, and determine the tolerance of caladium cultivars ‘Florida Fantasy’ and ‘Florida cardinal’ to POST applications of halosulfuron. At 4 weeks after treatment (WAT), thifensufluron-methyl at 28 g ai ha-1 and trifloxysulfuron at 84 g ai ha-1 provided approximately 90 and 70% common purslane control, respectively, while halosulfuron at 210 g ai ha-1 provided 55% suppression. Trifloxysulfuron controlled ≥90% spotted spurge at 42 g ha-1, whereas the highest rate of halosulfuron and thifensulfuron-methyl only achieved 60% suppression. In field experiments, the evaluated sulfonylurea (SU) herbicides were less efficacious on hairy indigo and sharppod morningglory as control never exceeded 65 and 50%, respectively. In greenhouse experiments, the evaluated halosulfuron rates ranging from 26 to 420 g ha-1 did not significantly reduce caladium tuber weight from the nontreated control. Averaged over halosulfuron rates, ‘Florida Fantasy’ damage was 5 and 6% at 2 and 4 WAT, respectively, while ‘Florida Cardinal’ damage was 11%. We conclude that none of the herbicide treatments effectively controlled all species evaluated. Sequential treatments, higher rates, or tank-mixtures may be necessary to adequately control these species. We also conclude that caladium cultivars ‘Florida Fantasy’ and ‘Florida Cardinal’ have acceptable tolerance to POST applications of halosulfuron. Further research is needed to evaluate caladium tolerance to other SU herbicides.Nomenclature: Halosulfuron; thifensulfuron-methyl; trifloxysulfuron; common purslane, Portulaca oleracea L.; hairy indigo, Indigofera hirsuta L.; sharppod morningglory, Ipomoea cordatotriloba Dennst.; spotted spurge, Chamaesyce maculata (L.) Small; caladium, Caladium bicolor (Aiton) Vent
Racial Animosity, Adversary Effect, and Hate Crime: Parsing Out Injuries in Intraracial, Interracial, and Race-Based Offenses:

Although most crime in intraracial, studies suggest that interracial victimization is more injurious. This may be especially true for racially motivated offenses; however, studies of hate crime hav...
QoS optimization‐based dynamic secondary spectrum access model

Abstract Cognitive radio (CR) is believed to be the future communication technology that provides the solution to the radio spectrum scarcity problem. Quality of service (QoS) and secondary radio s...
Marshall's Plan: The Early Supreme Court and Statutory Interpretation

In Wisconsin Public Intervenor v. Mortier,1 an innocuous case of the 1990 Term involving bugs, molds, and mice (or rather, how to kill them), two Supreme Court Justices engaged in a sharp debate over the Marshall Court's approach to statutory interpretation. Mortier raised the question of whether the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act,2 which sets labeling and registration standards for pesticides, preempted states and localities from regulating the use of pesticides in their jurisdictions. The Wisconsin Supreme Court held that the Act did preempt local regulation.3 Although the Justices unanimously agreed to overrule the Wisconsin Supreme Court, sparks flew when Justices White and Scalia disagreed over whether Congress intended to preempt state law.4 Writing for the Court, White delved into the legislative history and found it inconclusive, thus leading him to decide that Congress had not intended to preempt state law.5 In his concurrence, Scalia argued that the legislative history did show an intent to preempt state authority, but joined in the majority's decision because he maintained that the Court should cease relying on committee reports. Committee reports were "unreliable," wrote Scalia, "not only as a genuine indicator of congressional intent but as a safe predictor of judicial construction."6 That's when they dragged in Chief Justice John Marshall. Defending the majority's reliance upon legislative history, White cited two Marshall opinions to show that "[o]ur precedents demonstrate that the Court's practice of utilizing
Efficient Intrusion Detection for Mobile Devices Using Spatio-temporal Mobility Patterns

Mobile phones are ubiquitous and are used for email, text messages, navigation, education, and as a pyment tool (e.g., Mobile Money - extensively used in China and Japan [1]). Consequently, mobile devices carry a lot of personal data and, if stolen, that data can be more important than the loss of the device.
Establishing Paradigms for Modifying and Developing the Workforce Development Section of the Science Gateways Community Institute Site

The Center of Excellence in Remote Sensing Education and Research (CERSER) program on the campus of Elizabeth City State University is currently partnering with the Science Gateways Community Institute (SGCI) which is led by the San Diego Supercomputing Center (SDSC). SGCI is divided into five sections to support members of the gateway community: Incubator, Extended Developer Support, Scientific Software Collaborative, Community Engagement & Exchange, and Workforce Development. Dr. Linda Hayden, the CERSER Principal Investigator, leads the Workforce Development Section. The Workforce Development goals are to increase the development pipeline of science gateway young professionals and educators with an emphasis on increasing involvement of students from underrepresented groups.As science today grows increasingly computer based, it poses challenges and opportunities for researchers. Scientists and engineers are turning to gateways to allow them to analyze, share, and understand large volumes of data more effectively. The existence of science and engineering gateways and the sophisticated cyberinfrastructure tools together can significantly improve the productivity of researchers. Most importantly, science gateways can give uniform access to the cyberinfrastructure that enables cutting-edge science.The goal of the science gateways team was to increase the interactivity of the SGCI Workforce Development section of the SGCI web site to attract potential members and publicize needed information. The proposed modifications for this project were completed utilizing HTML, CSS, and graphical modeling.
Diversity Patterns in the United States

Some 45,000+ caves are known from all 50 states and virtually each is populated with some form(s) of life, ranging from various microbes to a variety of small, rare, eyeless invertebrates, to considerably larger vertebrates. This article focuses primarily on troglobionts and stygobionts that are found mainly within nine geologically defined cave regions yet nonobligate species are not ignored. Currently at least 1138 species and subspecies are described and are assigned to approximately 239 genera and 112 families, with the exceedingly mobile troglobionts more than doubling the species richness values of stygobionts. Karst regions with the greatest total biodiversity are the Interior Lowlands, Appalachians, and the Edwards Plateau and Balcones Escarpment, although the aquatic and terrestrial animals do demonstrate somewhat different patterns. Of concern, the obligate cavernicoles make up slightly more than 50% of the imperiled fauna in the U.S. They, as well as the long-term impacts of White Nose Syndrome on bats as well as entire cave ecosystems, need immediate and concentrated investigation in order to protect and conserve karst habitats and their tenuous biodiversity.
“I am Getting a Student Teacher—Now What?”

Each year universities send requests to local school districts for student teaching placements. District personnel send these requests to principals. Principals review the requests and select cooperating/mentor teachers to supervise the student teachers. What happens next can be a defining moment for the student teaching experience.
Another Pairwise Independent, Stationary Chain

We construct a pairwise independent, stationary chain {X n:n=1,2,...} such that \(P\left\{ {{X_n} = 1} \right\} = P\left\{ {{X_n} = - 1} \right\} = \frac{1}{2}{\text{ }}E\left[ {{X_1}{X_2}{X_3}} \right] = - E\left[ {{X_1}{X_3}{X_5}} \right] = \frac{1}{2}.\) and E[X 1 X 2 X 3]_= -E[X1X3X5]_= 1/2. The properties of this chain are also studied. In particular it is shown that the chain is ergodic but not weakly mixing.
Starbursts: Nature and Implications

The dynamics of gas flow and star formation in barred, interacting, merging and otherwise distorted galaxian systems is considered. It is shown how central gas masses greater than or of order 10% of the dynamical mass can initiate a bar instability and lead to the triggering of a burst in very luminous starbursts. At a later stage when the accumulated central gas mass is totally self-gravitating, an ultra-luminous starburst can be generated and an associated active galactic nuclei and black hole could be formed.
Syringomyelia Associated with Tethered Cord Syndrome

The pathogenesis and dynamic pathophysiology of syringomyelia are not fully understood. Pathogenetically, syringomyelia is categorized as either a communicating syrinx (hydromyelia) or a noncommunicating syrinx. The latter category includes those caused by (1) contusion, (2) compression, (3) traction, (4) arachnoiditis, (5) tumors, and (6) ischemia. Syringomyelia located in the lumbosacral cord is likely derived from the same types of pathogenesis. The signs and symptoms of lumbosacral syringomyelia are similar to those of tethered cord syndrome (TCS), caused by the lesion being in the central portion of the spinal cord. Neurological deficits in these disorders are motor and sensory deficits in the lower limbs, incontinence, and musculoskeletal deformities. Syringomyelia associated with TCS is a unique combination and difficult to correlate because TCS is a metabolic functional disorder and syringomyelia is an anatomic functional criterion. The authors divided a series of syrinx patients into three groups: (1) those with lumbosacral syringomyelia associated with tethered spinal cord, in which the spinal cord is anchored by an inelastic filum; (2) those with low thoracic and lumbar syringomyelia associated with TCS, in which a lipoma, lipomyelomeningocele, or meningocele manque is the mechanical cause of tethering; and (3) those with a syrinx in the lower thoracic and lumbosacral cord without evidence of a tethered cord. The syrinxes in the patients in all three groups were considered to be isolated from the fourth ventricle cord. The authors’ observations include: (1) The incidence of lumbosacral syrinx in tethered spinal cord patients is much lower than that in TCS patients; (2) The group 1 patients have milder neurological symptomatology than do the group 2 patients. The degree of improvement in the neurological conditions and physical activities are much greater in group 1 than in group 2 patients; (3) Group 3 patients tend to have more serious neurological deficits associated with hydrocephalus and severe musculoskeletal deformities. Based on these facts, the authors postulate that syrinxes should be drained in cases in which the signs and symptoms suggest that the neurological deficits are more significant than those for TCS alone.
Para ser lido no volume máximo: a década de Bowie e o glam rock em Velvet Goldmine

O presente ensaio propoe uma analise de Velvet Goldmine (VELVET, 1998a), filme impregnado de referencias a obra de David Bowie e que retoma a era do glam rock . A fim de lancar luz sobre as influencias intertextuais observaremos o carater subversivo de Bowie, bem como suas apropriacoes do imaginario da ficcao cientifica em fins dos anos 60 e inicio dos anos 70, que resultaram n o arco Ziggy Stardust de sua carreira . Em seguida, considerando o duradouro legado da nova politica de identidade que David Bowie ajudou a promover, abordaremos a virada cultural dos anos 90, momento em que o cinema passa a operar a revisao e o redimensionamento do passado historico, criando historias alternativas que misturam fato e ficcao. Por fim, observaremos como Velvet Goldmine (VELVET, 1998a) revela as contradicoes existentes na promessa de liberacao individual do glam , trazendo a tona questoes ainda prementes nos anos 90 ligadas a identidade sexual.
MECHANISM OF L-ALPHA -METHYLDOPA TRANSPORT THROUGH A MONOLAYER OF POLARIZED HUMAN INTESTINAL EPITHELIAL CELLS (CACO-2)

The Caco-2 model system (Hidalgo et al., Gastroenterology, 96:736-749, 1989), which is a monolayer of polarized intestinal epithelial cells grown onto a porous polycarbonate membrane, was used to study the mechanism of transcellular transport of an antihypertensive agent, L-alpha-methyldopa (L-alpha-MD). The results showed that the transport of L-alpha-MD was pH, glucose, concentration, and temperature dependent, and it could be inhibited by metabolic inhibitors (e.g., 2,4-dinitrophenol) and by amino acids (e.g., L-phenylalanine) which have an affinity for the large neutral amino acid (LNAA) carrier. In addition, the apparent kinetic constants describing the transcellular transport of L-alpha-MD were altered depending on the time interval between feeding the cells and the transport experiments (postfeeding time, PFT). The apparent maximum carrier flux (Jmax) of L-alpha-MD was significantly increased (from 155 to 547 pmol/mg protein/min) when PFT was prolonged from 8.5 to 56 hr. These results indicated that the transcellular transport of L-alpha-MD through the polarized Caco-2 cell monolayer was carrier mediated via the LNAA carrier. The similarities in the characteristics of L-alpha-MD transport exhibited by the Caco-2 model system and other intestinal models in vitro further substantiate the usefulness of this cell culture model for studying the intestinal transport of nutrients and drugs.
Studies of Surgical Resection and Intraoperative Radiotherapy in Carcinoma of the Pancreas

Carcinoma of the pancreas occurs with a relatively low incidence of 9 per 100000 in the United States; however, it is the fourth leading cause overall of cancer mortality [1]. Gudjonsson [2] found that of 22319 patients collected from 85 published series from 1949 to 1986, only 0.4% were resected and lived at least 5 years following diagnosis. The current relative 5-year survival rate for the disease is less than 5% [2].
Developing Computational Models for Personalized ACL Injury Classification

With the advancement of wearable sensor technology, the use of inertial body sensors in the field of Medicine and Healthcare has increased drastically. Researchers have found that gait data is useful for identifying various motion impairments. Current research in gait analysis is incorporating the features extracted from video data, which is hard to analyze and requires expensive video capture equipment to collect data in slow motion. In this study, we utilized the ability of inertial body sensors to capture gait features of individuals with Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) injury. This study also leverages the causality-based approach to find the coordination between different features of gait data. Gait data during walking, jogging, and running was collected from 131 subjects in which 109 have ACL injury. We then utilized this data to incorporate the gait assessment technique, which uses causality analysis to predict various classes of subjects based on health condition, impacted limb, and impacted limb based on gender. Performance metrics of various machine learning (ML) algorithms were compared to observe the best performing algorithm and used it to evaluate the confidence of individual subjects prediction that aids personalized classification.
Perimeter-defense Game on Arbitrary Convex Shapes.

This paper studies a variant of multi-player reach-avoid game played between intruders and defenders. The intruder team tries to score by sending as many intruders as possible to the target area, while the defender team tries to minimize this score by intercepting them. Specifically, we consider the case where the defenders are constrained to move on the perimeter of the target area. Since it is challenging to directly solve the multi-player game due to the high dimensionality of the joint state space, we leverage the solutions to smaller scale problems. First, we solve the one vs. one game, for which existing works either rely on numerical approaches or make simplifying assumptions (e.g., circular perimeter, or equal speed). This paper accommodates target areas with any arbitrary convex shapes and provides analytical solution which lends itself to a useful geometric interpretation. We also provide a detailed discussion on the optimality of the derived strategies. Secondly, we solve the two vs. one game to introduce a cooperative pincer maneuver, where a pair of defenders team up to capture an intruder that cannot be captured by either one of the defender individually. Finally, we introduce how the aforementioned building blocks are used in three different assignment-based defense strategies.
A Decline in Propensity Toward Risk Behaviors Among U.S. Adolescents

Abstract Purpose Over the past two decades, substance use, delinquent behaviors, and promiscuous sexual activity have declined substantially among U.S. adolescents. We aimed to determine the extent to which these trends represent declines in a general propensity to engage in risk behaviors (i.e., declines in a latent factor). Methods We used Youth Risk Behavior Survey data (1999–2017) (n = 147,800) and examined trends in substance use (e.g., alcohol), delinquency (e.g., fighting), and sexual activity (e.g., number of partners). We conducted two types of analyses stratified by grade (9th/10th vs. 11th/12th) and sex: (1) estimation of year-specific prevalence of each behavior and modeled prevalence changes over time and (2) factor analysis and application of alignment methods to determine changes in the mean of the latent factor over time while correcting for measurement noninvariance. Results A single factor explained 53% (girls 11th/12th grade) to 62% (boys 9th/10th grade) of the variance in risk behaviors. Average relative annual declines in the prevalence of each behavior—except for weapon carrying—ranged from 1% to 6%. The structure of the latent factor was mostly unchanged over time, with notable exceptions related to differential changes in prevalence for cigarette and cannabis use. Between 1999 and 2017, the mean of the latent factor declined by between .54 and .73 standard deviations. Conclusions Results suggest that much of the decline in the prevalence of substance use, delinquent, and sexual behaviors among American youth from 1999 to 2017 reflect an approximately two-thirds standard deviation decline in the mean of a latent risk behavior factor.
Design of Optimal Power Point Tracking Controller Using Forecasted Photovoltaic Power and Demand

With the advent of grid-connected photovoltaic systems for energy generation, new technologies must be created that maintain a continuous and stable balance between supply and demand of generated electricity. Consequently, accurate prediction of solar energy generation and consumption is required. Solar energy generation and electric power demand are both stochastic and nonstationary in nature and often incongruous. The imbalance between demand and supply can be costly and leads to long-term ineffectiveness of power generation and distribution. The aim of this work is to propose methods for maintaining demand–supply balance in PV power generation and distribution systems. To achieve this, we build and combine three different tools: 1) a predictive model for forecasting solar energy generation, 2) a predictive model for demand prediction, and 3) a real-time control algorithm that uses the outputs of prediction models and adjusts the output voltage of PV system to maintain demand–supply balance. Our prediction models are based on time-series forecasting tools and artificial neural networks. The control algorithm is called optimal power point tracking (OPPT) and is based on the perturb and observe algorithm. We evaluate the performance of the combined prediction-controller system using real-world data.
Temperature and hand, foot and mouth disease in California: An exploratory analysis of emergency department visits by season, 2005-2013.

Abstract Background For the past decade, hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD), caused by entero and coxsackie viruses, has been spreading in Asia, particularly among children, overloading healthcare settings and creating economic hardships for parents. Recent studies have found meteorological factors, such as temperature, are associated with HFMD in Asia. However, few studies have explored the relationship in the United States, although HFMD cases have steadily increased recently. As concerns of climate change grow, we explored the association between temperature and HFMD admissions to the Emergency Department (ED) in California. Methods Weekly counts of HFMD for 16 California climate zones were collected from 2005 to 2013. We calculated weekly temperature for each climate zone using an inverse distance-weighting method. For each climate zone stratified by season, we conducted a time-series using Poisson regression models. We adjusted models for weekly averaged relative humidity, average number of HFMD cases in previous weeks and long-term temporal trends. Climate zone estimates were combined to obtain an overall seasonal estimate. We attempted stratified analyses by region, race/ethnicity, and sex to identify sensitive subpopulations. Results Risk of ED visits for HFMD per 1 °F increase in mean temperature during the same week increased 2.00% (95% confidence intervals 1.15, 2.86%) and 2.35% (1.38, 3.33%) during the warm and cold seasons, respectively. The coastal region showed a higher, though not statistically different, association during the cold season [3.18% (1.99, 4.39)] than the warm season [1.64% (0.47, 2.82)]. Conclusions Our findings indicated an association between temperature and ED visits for HFMD, with variation by season and region. Thus, the causative pathogen's ability to persist in the atmosphere may vary by season. Furthermore, the mild and wet winter in the coastal region of California may contribute to different results than studies in Asia. With the onset of climate change, HFMD cases will likely grow in California, warranting further investigation on this relationship, including new populations at-risk.
The Response of Ex-Core Neutron Detectors to Large- and Small-Break Loss-of-Coolant Accidents in Pressurized Water Reactors

This paper reports on a variety of water level measurement systems that are proposed to resolve the problem of reactor vessel level measurement. Two such systems, the heated thermocouple and the multiple differential pressure cell system, are used commercially. A third system based on ex-core neutron detectors was tested at the Pennsylvania State University Breazeale nuclear reactor facility and at the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory Loss-of-Fluid Test Facility. Results of these tests show that such a system is sensitive to both large- and small-break loss-of-coolant accidents and to voiding in the upper plenum of the vessel.
Silicon isotope variations in hydrothermal systems at Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, U.S.A.

Abstract Silicon (Si) isotopic compositions of authigenic Si-bearing materials can be powerful tracers of geological Si cycling and reconstruction of Earth’s climate. Interpretations of Si isotope data, however, are complicated by an inadequate understanding of natural Si isotopic fractionation pathways. This study investigated Si isotope fractionation between hydrothermal fluids and amorphous silica sinters of Cistern Spring and Deerbone Spring at Yellowstone National Park, USA, with a particular focus on spatial variations along spring flowpaths. Modeling of geochemical data indicate that the fluids at Cistern Spring were supersaturated with respect to amorphous silica whereas the fluids at Deerbone Spring were undersaturated due to lower SiO2 content and a more alkaline pH. The δ30Si values of the spring waters for both sites exhibit small variations, whereas the associated amorphous silica sinters displayed a considerable range and generally decreased downflow (from − 2.25 to −5.04‰ for Cistern and from −0.11 to −0.81‰ for Deerbone). The magnitude of apparent isotopic fractionation between solid and aqueous silica (Δ30Sisolid-fluid) was significantly larger for the samples from Cistern Spring than for Deerbone Spring or similar hot spring systems at Geysir geothermal field in Iceland. The Δ30Sisolid-fluid values for Cistern Spring ranged from −2.40 to −5.49‰ along the flowpath and correlated inversely with the rate of silica precipitation, indicating a process dominated by kinetic isotope fractionation. In contrast, the magnitude of Si isotopic fractionation was significantly smaller at Deerbone Spring (+0.21 to −0.64‰). A portion of the opaline sinters at Deerbone may have formed cryogenically under freezing winter conditions that altered silica saturation and formation pathway. Rapid isotope exchange with silica undersaturated hydrothermal fluids may have erased initial kinetic isotope effects. Re-equilibration between opal-A and fluids was strongly affected by isotopic fractionation between aqueous silica species and fluid ionic strengths. These results document both kinetic and equilibrium Si isotope fractionation from field observations and highlight the pivotal role of fluid-rock interaction on the preservation of Si isotope signatures in the rock record.
Mitochondrial dynamics during spermatogenesis.

Mitochondrial fusion and fission (mitochondrial dynamics) are homeostatic processes that safeguard normal cellular function. This relationship is especially strong in tissues with constitutively high energy demands, such as brain, heart and skeletal muscle. Less is known about the role of mitochondrial dynamics in developmental systems that involve changes in metabolic function. One such system is spermatogenesis. The first mitochondrial dynamics gene, Fuzzy onions (Fzo), was discovered in 1997 to mediate mitochondrial fusion during Drosophila spermatogenesis. In mammals, however, the role of mitochondrial fusion during spermatogenesis remained unknown for nearly two decades after discovery of Fzo. Mammalian spermatogenesis is one of the most complex and lengthy differentiation processes in biology, transforming spermatogonial stem cells into highly specialized sperm cells over a 5-week period. This elaborate differentiation process requires several developmentally regulated mitochondrial and metabolic transitions, making it an attractive model system for studying mitochondrial dynamics in vivo. We review the emerging role of mitochondrial biology, and especially its dynamics, during the development of the male germ line.
Survey of ground and aerial herbicide application practices in Arkansas agronomic crops

A thorough understanding of commonly used herbicide application practices and technologies is needed to provide recommendations and determine necessary application education efforts. An online survey to assess ground and aerial herbicide application practices in Arkansas was made available online in spring 2019. The survey was direct-emailed to 272 agricultural aviators and 831 certified commercial pesticide applicators, as well as made publicly available online through multiple media sources. A total of 124 responses were received, of which 75 responses were specific to herbicide applications in Arkansas agronomic crops, accounting for approximately 49% of Arkansas' planted agronomic crop hectares in 2019. Ground and aerial application equipment were used for 49% and 51% of the herbicide applications on reported hectares, respectively. Rate controllers were commonly used application technologies for both ground and aerial application equipment. In contrast, global positioning system-driven automatic nozzle and boom shut-offs were much more common on ground spray equipment than aerial equipment. Applicator knowledge of nozzles and usage was limited, regardless of ground or aerial applicators, as only 28% of respondents provided a specific nozzle type used, indicating a need for educational efforts on nozzles and their importance in herbicide applications. Of the reported nozzle types, venturi nozzles and straight-stream nozzles were the most commonly used for ground and aerial spray equipment, respectively. Spray carrier volumes of 96.3 and 118.8 L ha–1 for ground spray equipment and 49.6 and 59.9 L ha–1 for aerial application equipment were the means of reported spray volumes for systemic and contact herbicides, respectively. Respondents indicated application optimization was a major benefit of utilizing newer application technologies, herbicide drift was a primary challenge, and research needs expressed by respondents included adjuvants, spray volume efficacy, and herbicide drift. Findings from this survey provided insight into current practices, technologies, and needs of Arkansas herbicide applicators. Research and education efforts can be implemented as a result to address aforementioned needs while providing applied research-based information to applicators based on current practices.
Advances in MINLP to Identify Energy-efficient Distillation Configurations

In this paper, we describe the first mixed-integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) based solution approach that successfully identifies the most energy-efficient distillation configuration sequence for a given separation. Current sequence design strategies are largely heuristic. The rigorous approach presented here can help reduce the significant energy consumption and consequent greenhouse gas emissions by separation processes, where crude distillation alone is estimated to consume 6.9 quads of energy per year globally. The challenge in solving this problem arises from the large number of feasible configuration sequences and because the governing equations contain non-convex fractional terms. We make several advances to enable solution of these problems. First, we model discrete choices using a formulation that is provably tighter than previous formulations. Second, we highlight the use of partial fraction decomposition alongside Reformulation-Linearization Technique (RLT). Third, we obtain convex hull results for various special structures. Fourth, we develop new ways to discretize the MINLP. Finally, we provide computational evidence to demonstrate that our approach significantly outperforms the state-of-the-art techniques.
Racial and Sex Disparities in Trauma Outcomes Based on Geographical Region.

ObjectivesDisparities in outcomes among trauma patients have been shown to be associated with race and sex. The purpose of this study was to analyze racial and sex mortality disparities in differen...
The Expansion of Temporary Help Employment in the U.S., 1982-1992: A Test of Alternative Economic Explanations

Employment in the temporary help supply (THS) industry more than tripled in the U.S. between 1982 and 1992. During that period, the variability and cyclical sensitivity of THS jobs, their average weekly hours and real hourly earnings were extraordinarily high. In addition, changes in temporary employment levels disproportionately affect aggregate employment flows over this period. One possible explanation is that the dramatic rise in THS jobs stems from demographic changes in the composition of the labor force toward groups believed to prefer impermanent job commitment or temporal flexibility in supplying labor services. A contrasting view considers the growth in temporary jobs as a human resource strategy increasingly adopted by firms seeking lower labor cost or increased numerical flexibility in labor input utilization. Such a strategy may be the employer's response to greater volatility in aggregate output demand, intensifying price competition pressures in globalizing product markets and rising fixed labor costs incurred for permanent employees. A model is developed that presents permanent and temporary (secondary) sectors as two distinct labor market segments. Three-stage least squares estimation of non-nested models of aggregate monthly employment in the THS industry is conducted. The empirical test results more strongly support the hypothesized effect of the "strategy/ opportunity" set of variables in the model. Specifically, the fluctuation in aggregate industrial output, relative international value of the U.S. dollar, and the relative magnitude of non-wage labor costs are all positively associated with the log of the level of temporary employment over the period 1982 to 1992. In addition, the changing relative bargaining power of labor is a contributing factor to growth of temporary employment, facilitating the hiring of more temporary employees. None of the variables in a "labor force composition" non-nested model, with the exception of married women as proportion of the labor force, is positively associated with levels of temporary employment. Given that the rapid growth in temporary employment is more a demand-side phenomenon, public policies are discussed which might serve to curb the growth of THS jobs to the rate at which such jobs are preferred by workers.
Deductive closure

This is a brief review of issues over which Henry Kyburg and I differed concerning the requirement that full beliefs should be closed under deductive consequence.
The meaning of change in urban faunal deposits

Much of what appears as variation between faunal deposits may be the result of a number of different factors, each with their own effects. This article attempts to delineate some of these factors and their effects, so that distinctions among them may ultimately be made. The data used come from three sites in lower Manhattan. A method of assessing food costs in certain deposits is also proposed, and a method suggested by Binford, Grayson, Lyman, and Thomas to identify taphonomic processes is evaluated.
Comparative analysis of two realizations for hybrid-ARQ error control

This paper addresses the implementation and performance of hybrid-ARQ error control on a coherent slowly fading Ricean channel. Using a convolutional code with soft-decision Viterbi decoding for error correction, there are two methods for realizing the simultaneous error detection capability which characterizes hybrid-ARQ error control: (1) a two code approach which pre-encodes the information based on a high rate CRC code and performs error detection on the output of the Viterbi decoder, (2) a single code approach which modifies the Viterbi decoder to reject packets with low reliability during the Viterbi decoding process. The resulting analysis shows that the two code method is more robust than single code method with the most significant performance advantages realized for Rayleigh fading. The two code approach provides acceptable error rate performance and offers a throughput characteristic which is not as sensitive to changes in the average SNR as the single code approach. Since the implementational complexity of the two methods is comparable, the two code method is the preferred implementation for hybrid-ARQ on flat fading channels.
Modulation by exogenous histones of phosphorylation of non-histone nuclear proteins in isolated rat liver nuclei.

Abstract The phosphorylation of specific non-histone proteins in isolated rat liver nuclei is modified by the addition of exogenous histone fractions. The added histones are quantitatively adsorbed and their presence in the chromatin has been verified by electron microscope autoradiography. Histone fractions F1 and F2A1 stimulate phosphorylation of different nuclear phosphoproteins. F1 stimulates the phosphorylation of a protein fraction with a molecular weight of about 40,000, while F2A1 enhances phosphorylation of a protein fraction with a molecular weight of about 22,000. F1 and F2A1 each inhibit the phosphorylation of a specific low molecular weight nuclear protein fraction. Histones F2A2, F2B and F3 have little effect on the phosphorylation of non-histone proteins under these conditions. The results suggest that individual histones may be involved in the control of phosphorylation of specific non-histone nuclear proteins, particularly at times when the concentrations of nuclear proteins are changing relative to one another.
Ion transport by heart mitochondria. XXV. Activation of energy-linked K + uptake by non-ionic detergents.

Abstract The energy-dependent uptake of K + salts by isolated heart mitochondria is markedly activated by Triton X-100 and several other nonionic detergents. The detergent-mediated reaction closely resembles that seen in the presence of low concentrations of the ionophore valinomycin. Triton increases the efficiency of energylinked K + uptake, induces passive permeability to K + , and affects respiration, phosphorylation, O 2 pulses, and ATPase activity in a manner similar to valinomycin. Studies of equilibrium extraction of cations into organic solvents indicate that detergents with the poly(ethyleneoxy) ethanol structure can function as ionophores with properties roughly analogous to the cyclic polyethers. The effects of detergents with the ability to act as ionophores are compared with those of other classes of surface-active reagents.
Entropic and enthalpic contributions to the solvent dependence of the thermodynamics of transition-metal redox couples: Part II. Couples containing ammine and ethylenediamine ligands

Abstract The formal potentials E f for Ru(NH 3 ) 6 3+/2+ , Ru(en) 3 3+/2+ , Co(en) 3 3+/2+ and Co(sep) 3+/2+ (where en=ethylenediamine, sep=sepulchrate) were evaluated using cyclic voltammetry as a function of temperature in eight solvents (water, dimethylsulfoxide, N,N -dimethylformamide, N -methylformamide, formamide, propylene carbonate, acetonitrile and nitromethane). Estimates of the transfer free energy of each redox couple from water to the non-aqueous solvents Δ(Δ G rc 0 ) s−w were made from the solvent dependence of E f at 25°C, and values of the reaction entropy Δ S rc 0 of the redox couples in each solvent were obtained from the temperature dependence of E f using a non-isothermal cell arrangement. The values of Δ(Δ G rc 0 ) s−w vary over a wide range, from about −4 to 8 kcal mol −1 . These variations arise predominantly from the enthalpic component Δ(Δ H rc 0 ) s−w and correlate broadly with the electron-donating ability of the solvent as given by the donor number, suggesting that solvent-solute donor-acceptor interactions involving amine hydrogens in the oxidized form of the couple provide a major influence upon the redox thermodynamics. However, substantial positive values of Δ(Δ S rc 0 ) s−w were also observed ( ca. 5–30 cal K −1 mol −1 ) which failed to correlate with the solvent donor number, instead increasing as the “internal order” of the bulk solvent decreases. These behavioral differences between the enthalpic and entropic contributions to Δ(Δ G rc 0 ) s−w appear to result from the tendency of the entropic term to reflect the extent of additional solvent orientation induced by the oxidized form of the redox couple, rather than the strength of the solvent-solute interactions involved.
RISE-SIMR: a robust image search engine for satellite image matching and retrieval

The current generation of satellite-based sensors produces a wealth of observations. The observations are recorded in different regions of electromagnetic spectrum, such as visual, infra-red, and microwave bands. The observations by themselves provide a snapshot of an area but a more interesting problem, from mining the observations for ecological or agricultural research, is to be able to correlate observations from different time instances. However, the sheer volume of data makes such correlation a daunting task. The task may be simplified in part by correlating geographical coordinates to observation but that may lead to omission of similar conditions in different regions. This paper reports on our work on an image search engine that can efficiently extract matching image segments from a database of satellite images. This engine is based on an adaptation of rise (Robust Image Search Engine) that has been used successfully in querying large databases of images. Our goal in the current work, in addition to matching different image segments, is to develop an interface that supports hybrid query mechanisms including the ones based on text, geographic, and content.