cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Tri-Partite Classification Scheme to Clarify Conceptual Separability in the Context of Clothing Design

This Note considers the conceptual separability doctrine of American copyright law in the context of clothing design. Conceptual separability, a prerequisite for copyright protection of the designs of useful articles (a subset of pictorial, graphic, or sculptural works), occurs when the aesthetic expression of the useful article can be conceptualized as separate from the functional aspects of the object. In clothing design, however, where fashion often meets function, the distinction between "aesthetic" features and "functional" blurs.Federal courts have been struggling with conceptual separability since the Copyright Act of 1976 took effect. To this day the United States Courts of Appeals have failed to agreed on a uniform approach for determining conceptual separability. The courts are further divided as to the best approach to analyzing clothing design. The most recent case comes from the Sixth Circuit, involving the conceptual separability of cheerleader uniform designs, and underscores the need for a uniform conceptual separability standard in the context of fashion. This Note discusses the existing case law on conceptual separability, its nuance in the context of clothing, and discusses the issues with the current dichotomous classification between "pattern design" and "garment design." It then proposes a tri-partite classification scheme, identifying a clothing design as falling into one of three categories: "fabric pattern design," "fabric graphic design," and "garment design." In most cases, conceptual separability would only apply to the "fabric graphic design" category, which contains designs that generally are intended to interact with the wearer to influence the perception of the wearer’s body. Such a design categorization scheme clarifies the muddled standards for copyrightability of clothing design, increases predictability within the fashion and garment industries, and promotes judicial economy by limiting the cases that invoke the confusing separability doctrine as applied to clothing design.
Influence of processing on the comparative feeding value of barley for feedlot cattle.

Ninety-six crossbred steers were used in a 172-d feedlot growth performance trial to determine the effects of type processing on the comparative feeding value of barley in a 90% concentrate finishing diet. Treatments were: 1) steam-flaked corn (SFC; density = .31 kg/L); 2) dry-rolled barley (DRB; density = .39 kg/L); 3) steam-rolled barley, coarse roll (SRB-C, density = .39 kg/L); and 4) SRB, thin roll (SRB-T, density = .19 kg/L). The ADG was similar (P > .10) across barley treatments, averaging 1.29 kg/d. Feed intake (P .10) for SRB-C and SRB-T. However, passage of nonammonia N was markedly increased (26.9%, P .10). The comparative feeding value of DRB, SRB-C, and SRB-T in this study was 90, 92, and 96% the value of SFC, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Surgical management of a hemorrhagic pediatric brainstem cavernous malformation – A case report

Abstract Vascular malformations of the central nervous system such as cavernous malformations and arteriovenous malformations are rare lesions with controversial management recommendations in the pediatric population. We report a case of a 3-year-old male who presented with multiple discrete episodes of focal neurological deficits including ataxia and an abducens nerve palsy. Imaging revealed a 1.5 cm hemorrhagic mass located in the pons that was concerning for a cavernous malformation. This lesion was completely excised via a combined transpetrosal approach, and the patient had complete resolution of neurologic symptoms at three-month follow-up.
Tutorial: Data-driven diagnostics and prognostics

Fault diagnosis and prognosis (FDP) plays an important role in the modern complex industrial systems. Diagnosis aims to monitor the fault state in real-time while prognosis predicts the evolution of fault state and remaining useful life (RUL). Traditional Riemann sampling-based FDP (RS-FDP) takes samples and executes algorithms periodically and, in most cases, requires significant computational resources, which makes it difficult to be implemented on hardware with very limited computational capabilities. To overcome this bottleneck, a Lebesgue sampling-based FDP (LS-FDP), in which FDP algorithms are implemented “as-needed”. In LS-FDP, a set of Lebesgue states are defined on the state axis. The computation of LS-based diagnosis is triggered only when the value of measurements changes from one Lebesgue state to another, or “event-triggered#x201D;. This method significantly reduces the computation demands by eliminating unnecessary computation. This LS-FDP design is generic and able to accommodate different FDP algorithms. In this presentation, the design of LS-FDP and its application to engineering systems will be discussed in details. The efficiency of LS-FDP is verified by comparison with those of its RS-FDP counterparts.
Contrasting effects of two storage temperatures on the microbial, physicochemical, and sensory properties of two fresh red seaweeds, Palmaria palmata and Gracilaria tikvahiae

The effects of two storage temperatures, 2 and 7 °C, were investigated on the quality changes of fresh red seaweeds, Palmaria palmata and Gracilaria tikvahiae. Microbial, sensory, and physiochemical properties of the seaweeds were evaluated during 2 weeks of refrigerated storage. The results indicated that the causes and rates of quality loss were species specific, with P. palmata deteriorating faster at 7 °C compared to at 2 °C. In contrast, G. tikvahiae quality was better maintained at the higher storage temperature. As cellular damage increased in the seaweeds during storage, increased drip loss and the subsequent deterioration in texture and color contributed to quality loss in both seaweed species. Microbial counts in P. palmata ranged from 3 to 5 log CFU g−1 throughout storage, whereas G. tikvahiae microbial counts reached over 7 log CFU g−1 by the end of storage. Drip loss, sensory evaluation, and instrumental color results proved to be reliable whereas instrumental texture and soluble protein did not yield consistent, valuable data. Growing interest in minimally processed foods provides an opportunity to promote seaweeds as fresh vegetables. The results of this study provide groundwork to monitor seaweed quality during refrigerated storage and to facilitate marketing and distribution of freshly harvested P. palmata and G. tikvahiae.
Reflections on Watson v. Holder: The Dog that Didn't Bark

Case law rules governing derivation of citizenship may not be changed retroactively. Because derivation of citizenship is automatic, the courts are powerless to “erase” derivation that occurred prior to reinterpretation of citizenship statutes.
A Policy of Surveys

The Pew Report most significant weakness is its conceptualization of the variety of ways in which people understand and define Jewishness. With an overabundance of terms for religion and a paucity of terms for other registers for understanding Jewish life, the Report limits its own ability to adequately account for the lives of American Jews.
Air-Gap Elements for Electrical Machines

Modeling in the air gap of electric machines is often challenging. The air gap length may be several orders of magnitude smaller than the circumference. Thus, air gaps in general have poor aspect ratios. Since several layers of elements may be required to obtain a good field solution, we may have to compromise between poorly shaped elements or a very large number of unknowns. Moreover, for the moving grid methods described in Chapter 9, the finite elements in the air gap become distorted during the calculation. Re-meshing the air gap to eliminate the distortion introduces additional complication and inconvenience.
Web-based Teacher Preparation in Visual Impairment: Course Development, Teaching, Learning, and Quality Assurance:

The development and teaching of web-based courses places new demands on university faculty and students. Development structures, online pedagogical practices, and issues of evaluation are presented...
Don't Be Alarmed: Sonifying Autonomous Vehicle Perception to Increase Situation Awareness

Lack of trust can arise when people do not know what autonomous vehicles perceive in the environment. To convey this information without causing alarm or compelling people to act, we designed and evaluated a way to sonify an autonomous vehicle's perception of salient driving events using abstract auditory icons, or "earcons." These are localized in space using an in-car quadraphonic speaker array to correspond with the direction of events. We describe the interaction design for these awareness cues and a validation experiment (N=28) examining the effects of sonified events on drivers' sense of situation awareness, comfort, and trust. Overall, this work suggests that our designed earcons do improve people's awareness of in-simulation events. The effect of the increased situational awareness on trust and comfort is inconclusive. However, post-study design feedback suggests that sounds should have low levels of intensity and dissonance, and a sense of belonging to a common family.
Clinical Outcomes Associated with Expansion of Fcr-Gamma-Deficient Natural Killer Cells in Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplant Patients

Background Natural killer (NK) cells are a part of the innate immune system and play a major role in immunity against viral infections and malignancies. Recently a new subset of NK cells has been discovered that lacks FcRg transmembrane signaling adaptor. These FcRg-deficient NK cells have been termed FcR gamma-negative NK or g-NK cells. The g-NK cells display a robust reaction against CMV and other viral infections in the presence of virus-specific antibodies. Study Objectives A longitudinal, prospective study is being conducted to observe the generation of g-NK cells in allogeneic hematopoietic transplant (AHSCT) patients after reactivation of CMV. The potential effect of g-NK cells on immunity against CMV and other viral infections, graft versus host disease (GVHD) and disease-free survival is being studied. Methods Blood samples from healthy donors and AHSCT patients were obtained pre- and post-transplantation. Flow cytometry was used to identify g-NK cells. Clinical data regarding CMV viremia, viral infections, GVHD and tumor free survival was collected and analyzed for 55 AHSCT patients. Results Of the 55 AHSCT patients, 49 were exposed to CMV and 13/49 (26%) generated g-NK cells. Subjects who were never exposed to CMV did not generate g-NK cells. Among patients with g-NK cell expansion, a higher incidence of Epstein-Barr virus (30.77% vs 19.05%) and adenovirus infections (7.69% vs 0%) was noted. Conversely, a trend towards decreased incidence of BK-virus infection (0% vs 11.9%) and GVHD (61.54% vs 71.43%) was observed. It is premature to comment on survival rate at 180 and 360 days. Conclusions G-NK cells appear in AHSCT recipients in response to CMV exposure. The response to some other common viral infections is variable in subjects with g-NK cell expansion. A slight decrease in incidence of GVHD has been observed in this population.
High-frequency initialisms: Evidence for Singaporean English stress

In light of recent findings that Singlish (Colloquial Singaporean English) makes use of three densely distributed tones in its intonation, it has been suggested that this variety of English may lack stress. Here I show that initialisms such as NTUC (National Trade Unions Congress) display tonal variation which cannot be explained straightforwardly in terms of lexical access routes, but indicate recursive prosodic word structures linked to lexical frequency. This analysis is supported by frequency counts and acoustic measurements, and represents not only evidence of stress in Singlish, but multiple levels of stress.
Transplantation Immunogenetics and MLC Reactivities of Partially Inbred Strains of Salamanders ( A. Mexicanum ): Preliminary Studies

Allograft rejection in field collected representatives from at least 11 different genera of urodele amphibians is typically chronic in that median survival times (MSTs) range from approximately 30–50 days (1). Although such chronicity may be experimentally varied by temperature or by the criterion selected as a survival end point (2), it is more important that it reflects donor — host antigenic disparities at what appear to be the urodelean equivalents of murine “minor” histocompatibility or H-loci (3). In the absence of appropriate breeding studies we have only been able to speculate as to the number of H-loci in a given population or species, the number of alleles at each locus, and the frequency of alleles within any population under analysis. Similarly, in the absence of testable criteria other than graft survival times we have only been able to speculate as to whether urodeles really lack a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) comparable in its complexity, polymorphism, and immunologic relevance to the H-2 system of mice (4) or the HL-A complex of man (5). Currently we are aware of two potential sources of urodeles typed for histocompatibility factors. These are the Pleurodeles waltlii developed by Gallien and now being used in immunologic studies by Charlemagne and Tournefier (6) and the DeLanney colony of Ambystoma mexicanum (axolotls; 7). The purpose of this paper is to provide preliminary data derived from these partially inbred strains of axolotls that concern the number of H-loci in this species and the immunogenicity of their products.
Prediction of Pushback Times and Ramp Taxi Times for Departures at Charlotte Airport

When optimizing the takeoff sequence and schedule for departures at busy airports, it is important to accurately predict the taxi times from gate to runway because those are used to calculate the earliest possible takeoff times. Several airports like Charlotte Douglas International Airport show relatively long taxi times inside the ramp area with large variations, with respect to the travel times in the airport movement area. Also, the pushback process times have not been accurately modeled so far mainly due to the lack of accurate data. The recent deployment of the integrated arrival, departure, and surface traffic management system at Charlotte airport by NASA enables more accurate flight data in the airport surface operations to be obtained. Taking advantage of this system, actual pushback times and ramp taxi times from historical flight data at this airport are analyzed. Based on the analysis, a simple, data-driven prediction model is introduced for estimating pushback times and ramp transit times of individual departure flights. To evaluate the performance of this prediction model, several machine learning techniques are also applied to the same dataset. The prediction results show that the data-driven prediction model is as good as the machine learning algorithms when comparing various prediction performance metrics.
In situ catalytic fast pyrolysis using red mud catalyst: impact of catalytic fast pyrolysis temperature and biomass feedstocks.

Catalytic fast pyrolysis (CFP) has been considered as a very promising approach for converting lignocellulosic biomass into higher-quality bio-oils followed by hydrotreating to produce fuel-range p...
The Inclusion of Economic Endpoints as Outcomes in Clinical Trials Reported to ClinicalTrials.gov

BACKGROUND: As medication expenditures rise, payers are increasingly demanding evidence of economic value for new medications. The 2015 Professional Society for Health Economics and Outcomes Resear...
Reasons Behind Preferences for Community-Based Continence Promotion.

Objectives This study aimed to understand the potential reach of continence promotion intervention formats among incontinent women. Methods The Survey of the Health of Wisconsin conducts household interviews on a population-based sample. In 2016, 399 adult women were asked about incontinence and likelihood of participation in continence promotion via 3 formats: single lecture, interactive 3-session workshop, or online. Descriptive analyses compared women likely versus unlikely to participate in continence promotion. To understand format preferences, modified grounded theory was used to conduct and analyze telephone interviews. Results One hundred eighty-seven (76%) of 246 incontinent women reported being likely to attend continence promotion: 111 (45%) for a single lecture, 43 (17%) for an interactive 3-session workshop, and 156 (64%) for an online program. Obesity, older age, nonwhite race, prior health program participation, and Internet use for health information were associated with reported continence promotion participation. Cited advantages of a single lecture included convenience and ability to ask questions. A workshop offered accountability, hands-on learning, and opportunity to learn from others; online format offered privacy, convenience, and self-directed learning. Conclusions Most incontinent women are willing to participate in continence promotion, especially online.
Cryoprecipitate Utilization Patterns Observed With a Required Prospective Approval Process vs Electronic Dosing Guidance.

OBJECTIVES We evaluated the impact of electronic medical record (EMR)-guided pooled cryoprecipitate dosing vs our previous practice of requiring transfusion medicine (TM) resident approval for every cryoprecipitate transfusion. METHODS At our hospital, cryoprecipitate pooled from five donors is dosed for adult patients, while single-donor cryoprecipitate is dosed for pediatric patients (defined as patients <50 kg in weight). EMR-based dosing guidance replaced a previously required TM consultation when cryoprecipitate pools were ordered, but a consultation remained required for single-unit orders. Usage was defined as thawed cryoprecipitate; wastage was defined as cryoprecipitate that expired prior to transfusion. RESULTS In the 6 months prior to intervention, 178 ± 13 doses of pooled cryoprecipitate were used per month vs 187 ± 15 doses after the intervention (P = .68). Wastage of pooled cryoprecipitate increased from 7.7% ± 1.5% to 12.7% ± 1.4% (P = .038). There was no change in wastage of pediatric cryoprecipitate doses during the study period. These trends remained unchanged for a full year postimplementation. CONCLUSIONS Electronic dosing guidance resulted in similar cryoprecipitate usage as TM auditing. Increased wastage may result from reduced TM oversight. Product wastage should be balanced against the possibility that real-time audits could delay a lifesaving therapy.
Dynamic awareness of age-related losses predict concurrent and subsequent changes in daily inductive reasoning performance.

To address gaps in previous research, we examined daily within-person associations between awareness of age-related change (AARC) and cognitive performance in older adults. One hundred twelve adults aged 60-90 participated in an online daily diary study for nine consecutive days. On Day 1, they reported demographic information. On Days 2-9, they reported daily AARC, subjective age, and stressors and completed three tasks that gauged memory (word recall), perceptual speed (number comparison), and reasoning (letter series), respectively, once per day. Unconditional multilevel models revealed significant within-person fluctuations in daily cognitive performance and daily AARC. Controlling for age, education, health, and daily stressors, daily awareness of age-related losses was negatively associated with letter series scores of the same day and changes from one day to the next. The effects held over and above AARC gains and subjective age. Dynamic, naturally occurring perceptions of ageing may influence within-person concurrent and subsequent changes in reasoning performance on a daily basis and point to a promising avenue of intervention.
Combination of thermal and electric properties' measurement techniques in a single setup suitable for radioactive materials in controlled environments and based on the 3ω approach.

We have designed and developed a new experimental setup, based on the 3ω method, to measure thermal conductivity, heat capacity, and electrical resistivity of a variety of samples in a broad temperature range (2–550 K) and under magnetic fields up to 9 T. The validity of this method is tested by measuring various types of metallic (copper, platinum, and constantan) and insulating (SiO2) materials, which have a wide range of thermal conductivity values (1–400 W m−1 K−1). We have successfully employed this technique for measuring the thermal conductivity of two actinide single crystals: uranium dioxide and uranium nitride. This new experimental approach for studying nuclear materials will help us to advance reactor fuel development and understanding. We have also shown that this experimental setup can be adapted to the Physical Property Measurement System (Quantum Design) environment and/or other cryocooler systems.
Models of Vertical Disturbances in the Interstellar Medium

This paper describes some interesting properties of waves in, and oscillations of, the interstellar medium (ISM) in the direction normal to the plane of the Galaxy. Our purpose is to examine possible reasons for four observed phenomena: the falling sky in the northern hemisphere; the apparent presence of clouds in absorption spectra when a sight line is occupied primarily only by warm intercloud gas; the peculiar structuring of spiral arms involving clumps, spurs, and feathering; and the existence of an abundance of high-stage ions far off the plane of the Galaxy. We explored the reaction of the interstellar medium—in the vertical direction only—to large imposed disturbances (initial displacements, expansive velocities, and compressions) and to the introduction of small-amplitude waves via oscillation of the midplane. Our findings included (1) the anticipated growth in amplitude of high-frequency waves with height; (2) the four lowest normal modes for the oscillation of the atmosphere as a whole, as functions of the height of the outer boundary; (3) the time for material to "bounce" from one unusually dense state to the next as a function of height; and (4) the tendency for the disk to develop a hot outer halo, either after the passage of a single shock from a large event or in response to a continuous stream of small-amplitude waves. We discovered that three of the four observed phenomena targeted are likely to be closely connected. Following a large expansion, material near the plane falls back first, with material at higher z then falling in upon it. This provides precisely the sort of velocity segregation observed in the northern sky, at about 50 Myr after the event. In addition, this bounce time (and/or the period of the subsequent smaller oscillations, which is about twice the bounce time) may be linked to structure in the spiral arms, with vertical oscillations having been provoked by initial compressions in the arms. Oscillations of the fundamental symmetric (breathing) mode of the ISM also produce substantial disturbances in the outer atmosphere. This can result in the production of an extensive layer of hot gas overlying the cooler disk material, i.e., a hot Galactic halo with a significant population of high-stage ions. Hence, three of the four phenomena may be natural results of the simple existence of strong local compressions at the spiral arms and the associated vertical motions in a thick Galactic disk. Finally, the somewhat mysterious appearance of clouds in some absorption spectra can be produced by small-amplitude waves in the ISM. Under the right conditions, clouds will seem to appear through "velocity crowding," when in fact there are no density concentrations in space.
Black-box Model Inversion Attribute Inference Attacks on Classification Models.

Increasing use of ML technologies in privacy-sensitive domains such as medical diagnoses, lifestyle predictions, and business decisions highlights the need to better understand if these ML technologies are introducing leakages of sensitive and proprietary training data. In this paper, we focus on one kind of model inversion attacks, where the adversary knows non-sensitive attributes about instances in the training data and aims to infer the value of a sensitive attribute unknown to the adversary, using oracle access to the target classification model. We devise two novel model inversion attribute inference attacks -- confidence modeling-based attack and confidence score-based attack, and also extend our attack to the case where some of the other (non-sensitive) attributes are unknown to the adversary. Furthermore, while previous work uses accuracy as the metric to evaluate the effectiveness of attribute inference attacks, we find that accuracy is not informative when the sensitive attribute distribution is unbalanced. We identify two metrics that are better for evaluating attribute inference attacks, namely G-mean and Matthews correlation coefficient (MCC). We evaluate our attacks on two types of machine learning models, decision tree and deep neural network, trained with two real datasets. Experimental results show that our newly proposed attacks significantly outperform the state-of-the-art attacks. Moreover, we empirically show that specific groups in the training dataset (grouped by attributes, e.g., gender, race) could be more vulnerable to model inversion attacks. We also demonstrate that our attacks' performances are not impacted significantly when some of the other (non-sensitive) attributes are also unknown to the adversary.
La pandemia por COVID-19 como detonante de una crisis alimentaria, con una breve referencia a los mecanismos internacionales de análisis, orientación y solución de crisis alimentarias

espanolUna crisis sanitaria global como la generada por la COVID-19 puede ser el detonante de altera-ciones en los mercados alimentarios mundiales que provoquen, nuevamente, alzas en los pre-cios de los alimentos basicos. Estas subidas afectan especialmente a las poblaciones mas vulne-rables del planeta cuya capacidad economica es insuficiente para afrontar tal subida de precios. Teniendo en cuenta que la seguridad alimentaria constituye un verdadero derecho humano, es necesario analizar de que instrumentos, especialmente globales, disponemos para analizar y alertar sobre las crisis de precios, los mecanismos de orientacion y politicas para prever y afron-tar esas crisis y los instrumentos que estan disponibles para gestionar las crisis ya provocadas. EnglishA global health crisis such as the current one caused by COVID-19 may be the trigger for changes in world food markets that, once again, cause increases in the prices of basic foodstuffs. These rises espe-cially affect the most vulnerable populations on the planet, whose economic capacity lacks the means to deal with such a rise in prices. Taking into account that food security constitutes a true human right, it is necessary to analyze what instruments, especially global, we have to analyze and warn about price crises, about the orientation and policy mechanisms to anticipate and deal with these crises and what instruments are available to manage already caused crises
Variations in oxygenation flow patterns from breath hold paradigm as a potential biomarker in differentiating normal to diseased tissues (TR)

Oxygen is a vital component in wound healing; however, microvascular dysfunction can impact the wound healing process by restricting the flow of oxygen to the site. Patients afflicted with cardiometabolic diseases, such as diabetes, are predisposed towards microvascular insufficiencies and may experience stagnated healing of injured tissues. In past literature Vascular Occlusion Tests (VOTs), coupled with NIRS-based imaging approaches, have been applies with the goal of assessing oxygenated flow to a site; either as dynamic, point-based, measurements or wide-area measurements at discrete timepoints. Breath-holding (BH), as a stimulus, holds potential to induce oxygenated flow changes without the need for additional equipment and the potential discomfort associated with vascular occlusion. In this study, end-exhalation breath-holding was applied on normal subjects. Each subject was imaged via an in-house build Near InfraRed Optical Scanner (NIROS) to acquire continuous spatio-temporal maps of effective hemoglobinbased parameters. Average trendlines of the effective parameters (via oxy- (ΔHbO), deoxy- (ΔHbR), total hemoglobin (ΔHbT), and oxygen saturation (ΔStO2)) were extracted. In addition, a Pearson’s correlation-based approach was applied to obtain correlation maps in terms of the oxygenated flow. Results indicated that statistically significant changes in the oxygenated flow was observed between the BH phase and post-BH phase, with correlation maps indicating regions of positively correlated flow in control subjects. Breath-holding holds potential as a technique to assess oxygenated flow changes and the extent of change between a given site to its surroundings in disease models, as currently assessed in diabetic foot ulcers and radiation dermatitis applications.
A comparison between higher-order nonclassicalities of superposition engineered coherent and thermal states

We consider an experimentally obtainable superposition (SUP) operator, defined by using a generalized superposition of products of field annihilation (a) and creation (a†) operators of the type A =...
Solvothermal synthesis of MOF-derived supported Ru nanocatalysts for low-temperature ammonia synthesis

Abstract We report the synthesis and scale-up of Ru catalysts that use high porosity MOF templates grown on graphitic carbon supports via solvothermal synthesis. Thermal treatment of the MOF resulted in well-dispersed Ru nanoparticles that are fully stabilized by in-situ graphitization of the surrounding carbon. The resulting catalyst has demonstrated significant improvement in activity for low-temperature NH3 synthesis, and catalyst production has been scaled up from 1 g per batch to 200 g per batch scales.
The Cambridge Companion to Maimonides

One aim of this series is to dispel the intimidation readers feel when faced with the work of difficult and challenging thinkers. Moses ben Maimon, also known as Maimonides (1138–1204), represents the high point of Jewish rationalism in the middle ages. He played a pivotal role in the transition of philosophy from the Islamic East to the Christian West. His greatest philosophical work, The Guide of the Perplexed, had a decisive impact on all subsequent Jewish thought and is still the subject of intense scholarly debate. An enigmatic figure, Maimonides continues to defy simple attempts at classification. The twelve essays in this volume offer a lucid and comprehensive treatment of his life and thought. They cover the sources on which Maimonides drew, his contributions to philosophy, theology, jurisprudence, and Bible commentary, as well as his esoteric writing style and influence on later thinkers.
WE-B-207-00: CT Lung Cancer Screening Part 1

The US National Lung Screening Trial (NLST) was a multi-center randomized, controlled trial comparing a low-dose CT (LDCT) to posterior-anterior (PA) chest x-ray (CXR) in screening older, current and former heavy smokers for early detection of lung cancer. Recruitment was launched in September 2002 and ended in April 2004 when 53,454 participants had been randomized at 33 screening sites in equal proportions. Funded by the National Cancer Institute this trial demonstrated that LDCT screening reduced lung cancer mortality. The US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) cited NLST findings and conclusions in its deliberations and analysis of lung cancer screening. Under the 2010 Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, the USPSTF favorable recommendation regarding lung cancer CT screening assisted in obtaining third-party payers coverage for screening. The objective of this session is to provide an introduction to the NLST and the trial findings, in addition to a comprehensive review of the dosimetry investigations and assessments completed using individual NLST participant CT and CXR examinations. Session presentations will review and discuss the findings of two independent assessments, a CXR assessment and the findings of a CT investigation calculating individual organ dosimetry values. The CXR assessment reviewed a total of 73,733 chest x-ray exams that were performed on 92 chest imaging systems of which 66,157 participant examinations were used. The CT organ dosimetry investigation collected scan parameters from 23,773 CT examinations; a subset of the 75,133 CT examinations performed using 97 multi-detector CT scanners. Organ dose conversion coefficients were calculated using a Monte Carlo code. An experimentally-validated CT scanner simulation was coupled with 193 adult hybrid computational phantoms representing the height and weight of the current U.S. population. The dose to selected organs was calculated using the organ dose library and the abstracted scan parameters. This session will review the results and summarize the individualized doses to major organs and the mean effective dose and CTDIvol estimate for 66,157 PA chest and 23,773 CT examinations respectively, using size-dependent computational phantoms coupled with Monte Carlo calculations. Learning Objectives: 1. Review and summarize relevant NLST findings and conclusions. 2. Understand the scope and scale of the NLST specific to participant dosimetry. 3. Provide a comprehensive review of NLST participant dosimetry assessments. 4. Summarize the results of an investigation providing individualized organ dose estimates for NLST participant cohorts.
Multistability and Metastability in Perceptual and Brain Dynamics

In this paper we demonstrate that vision, speech and language may exhibit self-organizing dynamic properties including transitions between perceptual states, multistability, instability, and hysteresis. Theses features illustrate a crucial characteristic of perpecptual organization, namely, the ability to function coherently yet retain some degree of flexibility. We propose the generic dynamical mechanism of intermittency as a way to flexibly enter and exit perceptual states, and suggest that this mechanism is exploited in coordinated perceptual and neural behavior.
Memory: Implicit versus Explicit

Human memory is expressed via conscious recollection (explicit memory) as well as through unconscious changes in behavior (implicit memory). Numerous dissociations indicate that these are distinct forms of memory mediated by different parts of the brain. Keywords: implicit memory; explicit memory; multiple memory systems; amnesia; perceptual processing; conceptual processing
The Anopheles gambiae Genome

Anopheles gambiae is the most important vector of malaria in sub-Saharan Africa, where most of the world’s human malaria cases and deaths occur each year. Genetically, A. gambiae sensu stricto is a very polymorphic taxon. A. gambiae is clearly a species with a high degree of genetic population structure, particularly in west and central Africa. A. gambiae has three pairs of chromosomes, an X and Y sex-determining pair and two autosomes, chromosomes 2 and 3. The shotgun sequences from Celera and Genoscope were assembled with the Celera assembler into 8,987 scaffolds (ordered and oriented sets of contigs with gaps) that constitute the assembled genome. The A. gambiae genome is currently undergoing a major update of the assembly, which will then be followed by an entirely new annotation. A major milestone for the VectorBase developers will be the completion of the first draft of the Aedes aegypti genome and close comparison between the Anopheles and Aedes genomes. Postgenome studies using large-scale data sets involving expressed sequence tags (ESTs), microarray expression analysis, single nucleotide polymorphisms, and proteomics data, in addition to third-party annotations, are essential to provide information on the annotation of the genome and to pinpoint unique and fundamental aspects of mosquito biology that could be exploited for control. Insecticides are an essential component to most malaria control programs. Our future challenge will be to determine the function of gene products and to establish precisely how they interact in time and space to affect vector biology and disease transmission.
Primeval Clusters of Galaxies and the X-Ray Background

The X-ray telescope for HEAO-B, due for launch next year, will extend our observing power in X-ray astronomy by a very large factor. For example, its sensitivity to point sources will be 103 greater than the limit of existing X-ray sky surveys. Even more intriguing will be its capability to image the all-sky X-ray background radiation on an arc minute or sub arc minute scale. The origin of this background is still a mystery. The simplest hypothesis, that it is the integral of radiation from the more distant members of the classes of discrete X-ray sources such as clusters of galaxies, Seyferts, QSO’s and other active galaxies, can only explain part of the background.
Refugees and State Responsibility

A Right to Flee: Refugees, States, and the Construction of International Cooperation. By Phil Orchard. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014. 297 pp., $99.00 hardcover (ISBN-13: 978-1-107-07625-9). A casual glance around the world today reveals a staggering and heartbreaking level of human displacement. Each week there are headlines about the thousands of migrants drowning in the Mediterranean Sea, tens of thousands of Central American children at the US–Mexico border, hundreds of thousands of people displaced in the Central African Republic, and millions of refugees fleeing civil war in Syria. Just as there seems to be no end to the cycles of people seeking refuge from conflict, violence, and economic despair, there is no consensus about who should take responsibility for their protection. Phil Orchard's recent book, A Right to Flee , is therefore a timely and much-needed attempt to trace the development of the concept of international refugee protection from its very early origins in the seventeenth century to the present. The book is ambitious in scope, and its efforts to document and explain shifts in world affairs across long time horizons represent a major contribution. A Right to Flee will be of great interest to refugee and forced migration scholars, scholars of international organizations, and more generally to anyone interested in the birth and endurance of the modern state. Orchard uses both primary historical sources and secondary accounts to argue that the behavior of states towards refugees cannot be explained as simply a …
Book Review: Summitt, Contested Waters: An Environmental History of the Colorado River; Coates, A Story of Six Rivers: History, Culture and Ecology; and Wohl, Wide Rivers Crossed: The South Platte and Illinois of the American Prarie, by James E. Sherrow

Citation: Sherow, J. E. (2015). Contested Waters: An Environmental History of the Colorado River. Pacific Historical Review, 84(2), 227-231. Retrieved from ://WOS:000354006900004
A multi-class relevance feedback approach to image retrieval

Relevance feedback methods for content-based image retrieval have shown promise in a variety of image database applications. These techniques assume two-class relevance feedback, relevant and irrelevant. While simple computationally, two-class relevance feedback often becomes inadequate in providing sufficient information to help rapidly improve retrieval performance. We propose a locally adaptive technique for content-based image retrieval that enables relevance feedback to take on multi-class form. For each given query, we estimate local feature relevance based on Chi-squared analysis using information provided by multiclass relevance feedback. Local feature relevance is then used to compute a flexible metric that is highly adaptive to query locations. As a result, local data distributions can be sufficiently exploited, whereby rapid performance improvement can be achieved. Experimental results using real image data validate the efficacy of our method.
Endocrine modulation of a pheromone-responsive gene in the honey bee brain.

Pheromones cause dramatic changes in behavior and physiology, and are critical for honey bee colony organization. Queen mandibular pheromone (QMP) regulates multiple behaviors in worker bees (Slessor et al. in J Chem Ecol 31(11):2731–2745, 2005). We also identified genes whose brain expression levels were altered by exposure to QMP (Grozinger et al. in Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100(Suppl 2):14519–14525, 2003). Kruppel-homolog 1 (Kr-h1) RNA levels were significantly downregulated by QMP, and were higher in foragers than in nurses (Whitfield et al. in Science 302(5643):296–299, 2003). Here we report on results of behavioral and pharmacological experiments that characterize factors regulating expression of Kr-h1. Foragers have higher brain levels of Kr-h1 than in-hive bees, regardless of age and pheromone exposure. Furthermore, forager Kr-h1 levels were not affected by QMP. Since the onset of foraging is caused, in part, by increasing juvenile hormone blood titers and brain octopamine levels, we investigated the effects of octopamine and methoprene (a juvenile hormone analog) on Kr-h1 expression. Methoprene produced a marginal (not significant) increase in Kr-h1 expression, but Kr-h1 brain levels in methoprene-treated bees were no longer downregulated by QMP. Octopamine did not modulate Kr-h1 expression. Our results demonstrate that the gene expression response to QMP is not hard-wired in the brain but is instead dependent on worker behavioral state.
X-ray exposures of electrodeposited photoresist for conformal lithography on corrugated surfaces

Proximity printing using synchrotron X-ray lithography provides high resolution pattern transfer with large depth of field, low diffraction effects and no reflection from the substrate. Electro-plating of photo-resist allows deposition of thin, uniform films over geometrically complex and topographically diverse, electrically conductive surfaces.
Measurement of QED effects in Z=24 to 34 lithiumlike ions.

The wavelengths of the 2{ital S}{sub 1/2}-2{ital P}{sub 1/2,3/2} transitions for five {ital Z}=24 to 34 lithiumlike ions have been measured with an accuracy of about 50 ppm. These results can be combined with a recent multibody perturbation calculation to determine the remaining QED effects in these three electron ions with an uncertainty of about 0.2--0.6%. The observed QED effects are in agreement with a one-electron calculation that uses a screened nuclear charge.
Independent and high-level dual-gene expression in adult stem-progenitor cells from a single lentiviral vector

Expression of multiple genes from the same target cell is required in several technological and therapeutic applications such as quantitative measurements of promoter activity or in vivo tracking of stem cells. In spite of such need, reaching independent and high-level dual-gene expression cannot be reliably accomplished by current gene transfer vehicles. To address this issue, we designed a lentiviral vector carrying two transcriptional units separated by polyadenylation, terminator and insulator sequences. With this design, the expression level of both genes was as high as that yielded from lentiviral vectors containing only a single transcriptional unit. Similar results were observed with several promoters and cell types including epidermal keratinocytes, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and hair follicle stem cells. Notably, we demonstrated quantitative dynamic monitoring of gene expression in primary cells with no need for selection protocols suggesting that this optimized lentivirus may be useful in high-throughput gene expression profiling studies.
A method for recovery of high-molecular-weight DNA suitable for field-inversion gel electrophoresis from frozen tumor cells

Abstract We describe a simple method for isolation of high-molecular-weight (high-mol-wt, >800 kilobases) DNA from tumor cell lines frozen without dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) or other protective agents. This method should be applicable to most frozen tissues and useful for molecular genetic studies such as field-inversion gel electrophoresis (FIGE), or cloning procedures that require access to intact, high-mol-wt DNA.
Cyclic peptide-capped gold nanoparticles for enhanced siRNA delivery.

Previously, we have reported the synthesis of a homochiral L-cyclic peptide (WR)5 and its use for delivery of anti-HIV drugs and biomolecules. A physical mixture of HAuCl4 and the peptide generated peptide-capped gold nanoparticles. Here, (WR)5 and (WR)5-AuNPs were tested for their efficiency to deliver a small interfering RNA molecule (siRNA) in human cervix adenocarcinoma (HeLa) cells. Flow cytometry investigation revealed that the intracellular uptake of a fluorescence-labeled non-targeting siRNA (200 nM) was enhanced in the presence of (WR)5 and (WR)5-AuNPs by 2- and 3.8-fold when compared with that of siRNA alone after 24 h incubation. Comparative toxicity results showed that (WR)5 and (WR)5-AuNPs were less toxic in cells compared to other available carrier systems, such as Lipofectamine.
Purification and characterization of a folate binding protein from rat liver cytosol

Abstract One of the three folate binding proteins previously identified in rat liver cytosol ( M. M. Zamierowski, and C. Wagner, 1977 , J. Biol. Chem. 252 , 933–938) has been purified to apparent homogeneity. Purification was achieved using a combination of gel filtration, carboxymethyl-cellulose, and hydroxylapatite chromatography. The folate binding protein was identified throughout purification by an in vivo labeling procedure involving intraperitoneal injection of [ 3 H]folic acid prior to sacrifice. A molecular weight of 150,000 was estimated by gel chromatography and sucrose density centrifugation. Electrophoresis under denaturing conditions revealed a single protein band of 32,000 daltons while amino acid analysis indicated a minimal molecular weight of approximately 35,000 suggesting the native protein is composed of four subunits. The purified protein binds 5-methyltetrahydropteroylpentaglutamate (5-CH 3 -H 4 PteGlu 5 ) in vitro , but not 5-methyltetrahydropteroylmonoglutamate. When isolated, the purified protein contains bound 5-CH 3 -H 4 PteGlu 5 .
Applicability of Business Intelligence in Electronic Health Record

Abstract Clinical datasets provide an excellent environment in which combined analyses of both structured and unstructured datasets can prove fruitful and useful. With an increasing need to deploy Electronic Health Record (EHR) and Electronic Medical Record (EMR), there is also a corresponding need to apply data mining technologies to extract quality data and inference rules from the information stored in those electronic records so as to provide real-time decision supports and evidence-based practice to clinicians and healthcare providers. Business Intelligence (BI) has emerged as a technology that has the potential to operationalize the repository content of EHR in supporting evidence-based practice and improving the quality of healthcare delivery. In this paper, a literature review was used to explore the key benefits, challenges, and obstacles of incorporating the BI technology into EHR so as to improve the quality and safety of healthcare delivery.
The temperature dependence of the resistive response of superconducting Pb films upon picosecond optical excitation

We report a study of the temperature dependence of the transient resistivity of superconducting Pb thin films excited by short duration (∼70 ps) laser pulses of varying irradiances. The results are analyzed in terms of a model proposed by Elesin which features the existence of a nonstationary, inhomogeneous, intermediate state.