cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nucleotide Sequence of Pseudomonas fluorescens 5 S Ribonucleic Acid

Abstract The nucleotide sequence of Pseudomonas fluorescens 5 S RNA is pUpGpUpUpCpUpUpUpGpApCpGpApGpUpApGpUpApGpCpApUpUpGpGpApApCpApCpCpUpGpApUpCpCpCpApUpCpCpCpGpApApCpUpCpApGpApGpGpUpGpApApApCpGpApUpGpCpApUpCpGpCpCpGpApUpGpGpUpApGpUpGpUpGpGpGpGpUpUpUpCpCpCpCpApUpGpUpCpApApGpApUpCpUpCpGpApCpCpApUpApGpApGpCpApUoh. This sequence shows similarities to that of Escherichia coli 5 S RNA, but does not fit exactly any of the proposed models for the secondary structure of other 5 S RNAs.
Single Step Purification of Ovine Luteinizing Hormone by Affinity Chromatography

Abstract Affinity chromatography has been applied to the problem of specifically removing luteinizing hormone from sera used to supplement tissue culture media. Horse or fetal calf sera, passed through a column of an anti-luteinizing hormone immunoglobulin fraction linked covalently to agarose, were specifically depleted in their content of luteinizing hormone as seen by radioimmunoassay and by their effect on cultures of ovarian cells dependant on luteinizing hormone for their growth. Affinity chromatography has also been applied to the one step isolation of luteinizing hormone from a partially purified or crude extract of ovine pituitary glands. Partially purified extracts or crude extracts of pituitary glands, passed through a column of an anti-luteinizing hormone immunoglobulin fraction linked covalently to agarose, were depleted in their luteinizing hormone content. Elution of the column by 6 m guanidine HCl pH 1.5 resulted in the recovery of the hormone which was further characterized by chemical and biological analysis as well as its electrophoretic pattern. It was demonstrated that affinity chromatography can be used to isolate preparations of highly homogeneous ovine luteinizing hormone in one step.
Microfluidic technology as an emerging clinical tool to evaluate thrombosis and hemostasis

Assessment of platelet function and coagulation under flow conditions can augment traditional static assays used to evaluate patients with suspected hemostatic or thrombotic disorders. Among the available flow-based assays, microfluidic devices require the smallest blood volume and provide multiple output options. These assays are based on the presence of wall shear stress that mimics in vivo interactions between blood components and vessel walls. Microfluidic devices can generate essential information regarding homeostatic regulation of platelet activation and subsequent engagement of the coagulation cascade leading to fibrin deposition and clot formation. Emerging data suggest that microfluidic assays may also reveal consistent patterns of hemostatic or thrombotic pathology, and could aid in assessing and monitoring patient-specific effects of coagulation-modifying therapies.
Depression Makes the Golden Years Not So Golden

Depression is a major mental health problem that robs affected individuals of their quality of life and increases their morbidity and mortality including suicides in older White males. The current thinking is that vulnerable individuals are at risk of major depressive disorders, which are the result of genetic, age, gender, ethnicity, and environmental factors. According to Healthy People 2020 mental health objective for intervention for depression,health care providers should be provide early screening so multiple treatment modalities can be initiated. This column discusses the recent thinking of depressive disorder and secondary and tertiary treatment options.
Assessment of change-agent expectations in reversal-to-baseline designs

Questionnaires similar to those used in previous research to assess behavioral expectations produced by differing reversal-to-baseline rationales were presented to 160 male and female parents in rural South Dakota. Given two case histories, respondents were asked to predict, as simulated change agents, the frequency of problem behavior during reversal in an ABAB design intervention. The five rationales for reversal were: (a) withdrawal, (b) withdrawal and counter-expectancy, (c) problem switch and counter-expectancy, (d) fade and counter-expectancy and (e) inert treatment and counter-expectancy. While obtained means were close to those of a previous study, there were no significant sex or treatment effects. This fails to confirm the earlier results obtained from university undergraduates. Implications for internal validity of ABAB designs are discussed.
Differential expression of cellular oncogenes during pre- and postnatal development of the mouse

The acutely oncogenic retroviruses induce a wide spectrum of malignancies including sarcomas, carcinomas, lymphomas and leukaemias1. They all contain sequences which are required for neoplastic transformation as an integral part of their genomes1–3. These sequences, termed viral oncogenes (v-onc), apparently originated from the normal vertebrate genome.To date, cellular homologues of over a dozen different oncogenes of acutely oncogenic viruses have been identified1–4. Although transcription of some c-onc genes has been detected in normal vertebrate cells1,5–7, relatively little is known about their role in normal cell metabolism. We describe here stage- and tissue-specific expression of cellular genes homologous to the oncogenes of FBJ murine osteosarcoma virus, Abelson imirine leukaemia virus and Harvey sarcoma virus during mouse prenatal and early postnatal development. Our results suggest participation of cellular oncogenes in normal developmental processes.
An Efficient Fourier Interpolation Operator

Interpolation of Fourier series coefficients is of fundamental importance to many geophyeical data processing applications. A highly-accurate interpolation formula for the complex-valued coefficients Is given in this paper which requires only six terms. This is possible because the magnitude of the successive weights for the exact formula diminish like ;;b. The consequence of the number of terms utilized by this method or any other such method can be easily evaluated with the aid of a Fourier series coefficient “travel-path” diagram.
Neurogenic amplification of immune complex inflammation

The formation of intrapulmonary immune complexes in mice generates a vigorous inflammatory response characterized by microvascular permeability and polymorphonuclear neutrophil influx. Gene-targeted disruption of the substance P receptor (NK-1R) protected the lung from immune complex injury, as did disruption of the C5a anaphylatoxin receptor. Immunoreactive substance P was measurable in fluids lining the lung at time points before neutrophil influx and may thus be involved in an early step in the inflammatory response to immune complexes in the lung.
Estimates of vertical heat flux and stratification from Southern Georges Bank, interannual variability, 1985 1995

Abstract Interannual variability (IAV) of net vertical heat flux (Q), potential energy anomaly or “stratification index” (V) and date of onset for water column stratification were studied using five-day averaged model output over an 11 yr (1985–1995) period for three depth zones which span water depths from less than 60 to 100 m on southern Georges Bank. Comparison between five-day averaged model Q estimates from this study and Q measurements from US-GLOBEC mooring ST1 during winter–summer 1995 shows that nearly all of the difference between uncalibrated model estimates and calibrated ST1 measurements is attributable to the difference between the sum of the latent, sensible and long-wave components (Qe+Qs+Qlw) from each data set. Furthermore, there is virtually no IAV in residual five-day averaged Qe+Qs+Qlw values relative to the long-term (1985–1995) mean seasonal cycle, suggesting strongly that the calibration of model Q estimates using measurements from mooring ST1 during 1995 may be applied to other years (1985–1994). Calibrated long-term (1985–1995) monthly mean Q values from this study show a similar seasonal cycle to climatological values determined from ship-of-opportunity data. However, values from this study are higher relative to the ship-of-opportunity long-term monthly mean climatology, with largest differences occurring during winter. IAV of monthly mean Q for zones 1–3 on southern Georges Bank is significant with the magnitude of residuals increasing from zones 1 to 3. Long-term (1985–1995) monthly mean model-derived V computed for zones 1–3 shows zone 1 (
Child loss and psychosis onset: Evidence for traumatic experience as an etiological factor in psychosis

Previous research suggests that trauma may contribute to psychosis onset. In this study, we examine the effect of parental loss of a child on the onset of psychotic experience using data from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication, hypothesizing that child loss will precede the onset of psychosis and will be associated with a later age of onset. We likewise tested this association for six other psychiatric conditions to demonstrate specificity for psychosis. Individuals with a psychotic disorder who had lost a child had a significantly later age of onset, particularly in males, even when controlling for demographic variables and co-occurring substance abuse and psychiatric disorders. Psychosis onset frequently occurred within a year of child loss. No associations were found between child loss and onset of other psychiatric conditions, supporting specificity of the effect on psychosis. The presented findings implicate child loss as an etiological factor in the onset of psychosis, providing converging evidence with previous studies demonstrating associations between more widely studied trauma exposures (abuse, neglect, and assault) and psychosis.
Behavioral analysis of Ste20 kinase SPAK knockout mice.

SPAK/STK39 is a mammalian protein kinase involved in the regulation of inorganic ion transport mechanisms known to modulate GABAergic neurotransmission in the both central and the peripheral nervous systems. We have previously shown that disruption of the gene encoding SPAK by homologous recombination in mouse embryonic stem cells results in viable mice that lack expression of the kinase [16]. With the exception of reduced fertility, these mice do not exhibit an overt adverse phenotype. In the present study, we examine the neurological phenotype of these mice by subjecting them to an array of behavioral tests. We show that SPAK knockout mice displayed a higher nociceptive threshold than their wild-type counterparts on the hot plate and tail flick assays. SPAK knockout mice also exhibited a strong locomotor phenotype evidenced by significant deficits on the rotarod and decreased activity in open-field tests. In contrast, balance and proprioception was not affected. Finally, they demonstrated an increased anxiety-like phenotype, spending significantly longer periods of time in the dark area of the light/dark box and increased thigmotaxis in the open-field chamber. These results suggest that the kinase plays an important role in CNS function, consistent with SPAK regulating ion transport mechanisms directly involved in inhibitory neurotransmission.
Technology Demonstrations of Naval Battle Management Applications within the Darpa Strategic Computing Program

The DARPA Strategic Computing program is focusing advanced hardware and software technology for three primary military areas: The Autonomous Land Vehicle for the Army, the Pilot's Associate for the Air Force, and Battle Management for the Navy. There are two parts of the Navy Battle Management Program; an afloat effort onboard the nuclear aircraft carrier, USS Carl Vinson, and an ashore effort at the headquarters of the Commander-in-Chief of the Pacific Fleet in Hawaii.
FEA modeling of CMUT with membrane stand-off structures to enable selectable frequency-mode operation

A selectable, dual-frequency, capacitive micro- machined ultrasonic transducer (CMUT) designed for both high-frequency imaging and low-frequency therapeutic effect is presented. A validated finite element analysis (FEA) CMUT model was used to examine the performance of the proposed dual-frequency transducer. CMUT device simulations were used to design a hybrid device incorporating stand-off structures that divide a large, low-frequency membrane into smaller, high-frequency sub-membranes when the membrane is partially collapsed so that the stand-offs contact the substrate. In low-frequency operation, simulations indicated that the peak negative pressure achieved by the hybrid device, when biased by 30.0 VDC and excited by a 2-MHz signal with 30.0 V amplitude, exceeded 190 kPa, which is sufficient for microbubble rupture. Low-frequency mode bandwidth was 93% at a center frequency of 2.1 MHz. In the high-frequency mode of operation, the device was excited by 175 Vdc and 87.5 Vac, which generated a peak negative pressure of 247 kPa. Device center frequency was 44.1 MHz with a - 6-dB fractional bandwidth of 42%.
Reactions of site-differentiated [Fe4S4]2+, 1+ clusters with sulfonium cations: reactivity analogues of biotin synthase and other members of the S-adenosylmethionine enzyme family.

The first examples of reduced 3:1 site-differentiated Fe4S4 clusters have been synthesized as [Fe4S4(LS3)(SR′)]3− (R=Et, Ph) by chemical reduction of previously reported [Fe4S4(LS3)(SR′)]2− clusters, and isolated as NBu4+ salts. The reduced clusters were characterized by electrochemistry and EPR, 1H NMR, and Mossbauer spectroscopies. The reaction of oxidized clusters with the sulfonium ions [PhMeSCH2R]+ (R=COPh, p-C6H4CN) in acetonitrile results in electrophilic attack on coordinated thiolate and production of PhSMe and R′SCH2R when the reaction occurs at the unique cluster site. The reactions of reduced clusters with these substrates were examined in relation to the reductive cleavage of the cofactor S-adenosylmethionine, the first step in the catalytic cycle of biotin synthase. Product analysis indicated a ∼4:1 ratio of reductive cleavage to electrophilic attack. The cleavage products are PhSMe, R′SCH2R, and RCH3 for both clusters, and also PhMeSCHR and RCH2CH2R from secondary reactions when the sulfonium cation is [PhMeSCH2COPh]+ and [PhMeSCH2–p-C6H4CN]+, respectively. Reaction schemes for reductive cleavage based on product distributions are presented. These results parallel those previously reported for homoleptic [Fe4S4(SR′)4]2−,3− clusters and demonstrate that site-differentiated clusters sustain a high percentage of reductive cleavage, a necessary result in the context of biotin synthase activity preceding an investigation of the mode of binding of sulfonium substrates and inhibitors at the unique iron site. {LS3=1,3,5-tris[(4,6-dimethyl-3-mercaptophenyl)thio]-2,4,6-tris(p-tolylthio)benzene(3−)}.
Predictors of substance abuse treatment need and receipt among homeless women

Many homeless women do not receive needed treatment for substance abuse. This study identified social network and other predisposing factors associated with perceived need for and receipt of substance abuse treatment among 273 homeless women who screened positive for past-year substance abuse. Perceived treatment need was more likely among women with drug-using sex partners, a denser network, and an arrest history but less likely for those with a minor child and a longer history of homelessness. Receiving treatment was more likely among women who received informational support from their sex partners and who had an arrest history but less likely among those who had a more street-based social network, had a minor child, considered themselves homeless, and recently needed mental health treatment. Treatment services researchers should attend more closely to social contextual factors, as well as the more traditional individual factors, to understand access and barriers to treatment.
May I Offer You a Drink? Sex and Sexual Subtexts in Frank O'Hara's Poetry

Traditional scholarship deliberately avoids homosexism, a scholarly approach offering the opportunity for a homosexual reading, in Frank O'Hara's poetry. As a member of the New York City Movement, O'Hara breaks with conventional poetic and social conventions, discussing homosexuality as a natural form of social interaction. This essay, by way of an intrinsic approach, closely examines homosexual subtexts in his poetry in general, and in the poem ''A Step Away From Them'' in particular.
Structure of a novel phytoecdysteroid, vitexirone, and efficient isolation of phytoecdysteroids fromVitex fisherii.

A novel phytoecdysteroid, vitexirone, has been isolated from a MeOH extract of the root bark of the East African medicinal plantVitex fisherii by recycling high-performance liquid chromatography on a semipreparative scale. In addition, three known phytoecdysteroids, 20-hydroxyecdysone, ajugasterone C, and turkesterone, also were isolated. The structure of vitexirone has been established spectroscopically. The position and stereochemistry of the 11-α-hydroxy group of ajugasterone C and vitexirone were confirmed by the1H-1H homonuclear COSY NMR data. These phytoecdysteroids disrupt the molting process of the pink bollwormPectinophora gossypiella.
A Preliminary Investigation Concerning the Use of Nasometry in Identifying Patients With Hyponasality and/or Nasal Airway Impairment

A series of 76 patients referred for evaluation at the Oral-Facial and Communicative Disorders Program was studied in an attempt to determine the extent to which acoustic assessments of speech, mad...
Influence of drying method on the material properties of nanocellulose I: thermostability and crystallinity

The effect of drying method on selected material properties of nanocellulose was investigated. Samples of nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) and cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) were each subjected to four separate drying methods: air-drying, freeze-drying, spray-drying, and supercritical-drying. The thermal stability and crystallinity of the dried nanocellulose were evaluated using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and X-ray diffraction. Supercritical-drying produced NFCs with the least thermal stability and the lowest crystallinity index. Air-drying or spray-drying produced NFCs which were more thermally stable compared with freeze-dried NFCs. The CNCs dried by the three methods (air-drying, freeze-drying, and spray-drying) have similar onset temperature of thermal degradation. The different drying methods resulted in various char weight percentages at 600 °C for the dried NFCs or CNCs from TGA measurements. The dried NFCs are pure cellulose I while the dried CNCs consist of cellulose I and II. The calculated crystallinity indices differ with each drying method. The cellulose II content in CNCs changes as a function of drying method. For the application of nanocellulose in non polar thermoplastics, spray-dried products are recommended according to their higher thermal stability and higher crystallinity index.
Primary Leiomyosarcoma of the Lung

Primary smooth muscle tumors of the lung are rare, and usually arise from the uterus, gastrointestinal tract, or soft tissue. The patient reported was found at autopsy to have leiomyosarcoma which arose in the left mainstem bronchus and metastasized to the right lung, liver, pancreas, both kidneys, and brain, sparing the lymphatic system. This tumor is slow growing and late metastasizing, in spite of its degree of anaplasia, and has a better prognosis for surgical cure than does bronchogenic carcinoma.
Adenosine A2A Receptor Is Involved in Cell Surface Expression of A2B Receptor

The A2A and A2B adenosine receptors (A2AR and A2BR) are implicated in many physiological processes. However, the mechanisms of their intracellular maturation and trafficking are poorly understood. In comparative studies of A2AR versus A2BR expression in transfected cells, we noticed that the levels of cell surface expression of A2BR were significantly lower than those of A2AR. A large portion of the A2BR was degraded by the proteasome. Studies of cell surface expression of A2BR chimeric molecules in transfectants suggested that A2BR does not have the dominant forward transport signal for export from the endoplasmic reticulum to the cell surface. A2BR surface expression was increased in A2BR chimeras where the A2BR carboxyl terminus (CT) was replaced or fused with the A2AR CT. Co-transfection of A2AR with A2BR enhanced surface expression of A2BR though the F(X)6LL motif in the A2AR CT. The requirements of A2AR expression for better A2BR cell surface expression was not only established in transfectants but also confirmed by observations of much lower levels of A2BR-induced intracellular cAMP accumulation in response to A2BR-activating ligand in splenocytes from A2AR−/− mice than in wild type mice. The results of mechanistic studies suggested that poor A2BR expression at the cell surface might be accounted for mainly by the lack of a dominant forward transport signal from the endoplasmic reticulum to the plasma membrane; it is likely that A2BR forms a hetero-oligomer complex for better function.
The Pareto Theorem Restated and Examined: Democracy and Conservative Imposition of Morality by Law

In this paper, I restate and examine the Pareto Theorem in light of recent developments in American society. The Pareto Theorem postulates a direct association between government's interference in private life and power abuse, thus undemocratic outcomes. The Italian sociologist Vilfredo Pareto originally formulated the Theorem with reference to America. Pareto observed the US government's persistent predilection to impose morality by law and so directly interfere with private lives, resulting in extensive power abuses. The paper extends this observation to argue that such coercive imposition of morality reflects America's permanent conservative revolution with its peculiar dualism or contradiction between oppression in moral life and anarchy in economy. It argues that this contradictory combination of moral tyranny and economic license links American conservatism with traditional despotism and modern authoritarianism. This restatement of the Pareto Theorem aims at denying the scholarly and democratic legi...
Frequent endoscopic variceal sclerotherapy increases risk of complications. Prospective randomized controlled study of two treatment schedules.

In an effort to determine the optimal dose and frequency of chronic endoscopic variceal sclerotherapy, a prospective randomized controlled study comparing two treatment schedules of sclerotherapy was carried out over a 21-month period. Patients with variceal hemorrhage were randomly assigned to receive sclerotherapy at weekly intervals using injection volumes of >15 cc at each treatment or at mean intervals of three days using volumes of <10 cc per treatment. Esophageal perforation occurred in three patients (15%) in the small-dose, frequent-injection group as compared to none in the large-dose weekly treatment group (P=0.07), leading to premature termination of the study. The mean time to rebleeding was significantly shorter in the small-dose, frequent-treatment group (P=0.05). Variceal obliteration was achieved in a mean of 66% of patients in both groups with no difference in the time to obliteration or the frequency of other complications. Sclerotherapy offered at less than weekly intervals is less effective and is associated with an increased frequency of serious and life threatening complications.
Multiple steady-state solutions in an isothermal perfectly mixed flow reactor

The effect of multiple steady solutions in isothermal perfectly mixed flow reactors is illustrated for polymerizations which have autocatalytic rates of initiation and no termination reactions. For feed conditions where more than one steady condition can exist, longer holding times may not necessarily yield higher molecular weight polymer or higher monomer conversions.
The learning of isometric force time scales is differentially influenced by constant and variable practice.

This experiment was set up to investigate the influence of constant and variable practice on performance accuracy and the time- and frequency-dependent structure of the force output dynamics in the learning of an irregular isometric force pattern. Traditional approaches to the variability of practice hypothesis have demonstrated benefits of task-induced variability at the outcome level of behavior, but there have been limited investigations of the effect of practice conditions on movement execution and particularly the multiple time scale processes of force output. During the practice phase, variability was induced along the force–time dimension of the target pattern for the variable practice condition (different wave forms), but the wave forms exhibited the same distributional properties of the frequency content (1/f noise: β = −1.5) as the constant practice condition. The results showed that both practice conditions exhibited similar reductions in task error as a function of practice. However, constant practice produced greater changes in the time- and frequency-dependent properties of force output than variable practice, including a higher relative change in the contribution from faster (4–12 Hz) time scale mechanisms. Generalization tests to novel target patterns revealed that the task dynamics had a greater influence than the effect of practice conditions. Collectively, the findings support the adaptive nature of force output structure and the perspective that practice conditions can produce differential effects on the outcome and execution levels of motor behavior.
An end-to-end system in support of a broad scope of GOES-R sensor and data processing study

The mission of NOAA's Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite System (GOES) R series satellites, in the 2012 time frame, is to provide continuous, near real-time meteorological, oceanographic, solar, and space environment data that supports NOAA's strategic mission goals. It presents an exciting opportunity to explore new instruments, satellite designs, and system architectures utilizing new communication and instrument technologies in order to meet the ever-increasing demands made of Earth observation systems by national agencies and end users alike. The GOES-R sensor suite includes a 16 spectral band Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI), an approximately 1500 high spectral resolution band Hyperspectral Environmental Suite (HES), plus other sensors designed to detect lightning and to explore the ocean, solar and space environment. The Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies (CIMSS) as part of the Space Science and Engineering Center (SSEC) of the University of Wisconsin-Madison, the long time partner of NOAA, has developed the first operational end-to-end processing system for GOES. Based on this heritage, and with recent support from the NASA/NOAA Geosynchrous Imaging FTS (GIFTS) project, the Navy's Multiple University Research Initiative (MURI), and NOAA's GOES-R Risk Reduction program, SSEC has built a near-complete end-to-end system that is capable of simulating sensor measurements from top of atmosphere radiances, raw sensor data (level 0) through calibrated and navigated sensor physical measurements (level 1) to the processed products (level 2). In this paper, the SSEC Hyperspectral Imaging and Sounding Simulator and Processor (HISSP) will be presented in detail. HISSP is capable of demonstrating most of the processing functions such as data compression/decompression, sensor calibration, data processing, algorithm development, and product generation. In summary, HISSP is an end-to-end system designed to support both government and industry for the GOES-R system and their related broad scope of acquisition activities.
Do Investors Overpay for Stocks with Lottery-Like Payoffs? An Examination of the Returns on OTC Stocks

We study returns on Over-The-Counter stocks and we find these returns are extremely negative on average. The distribution of OTC stock returns is highly positively-skewed: while many of the stocks in our sample become worthless, a few do extremely well. We investigate whether this negative return premium can be rationalized by investors' preference for positively-skewed payoffs. We show that the equilibrium model of Barberis and Huang (2008) provides a plausible explanation for the negative returns. We also show that OTC stocks that once traded on the regular exchanges perform much better than stocks that originate in the OTC markets.
Response and Self-Efficacy of Condom Use: A Meta-Analysis of this Important Element of AIDS Education and Prevention

A meta-analysis involving 134 estimates of the relationship of self-efficacy (belief in one's ability to perform a behavior) and response-efficacy (belief that a response will be effective) to reduce risk for HIV infection was conducted. Witte's Extended Parallel Processing Model (EPPM) for fear appeals suggests that both of these elements would be requirements for successful educational efforts. The overall averages indicate that self-efficacy (average r = .244) is more predictive than response-efficacy (average r = .093) for reduction of risk, intended or actual. Moderators of type of risk outcome (condom-use intention, self-report of condom use, number of sexual partners, and overall risk measures), sexual orientation (homosexual and heterosexual), HIV serostatus (positive or negative), sample type (college student, high school student, adult, STD clinic attendee, or intravenous drug user), and sex are examined. The results indicate the importance of a prevention message focusing on raising self-effica...
The role of urokinase and urokinase inhibitor in tumour cell metastasis

Abstract In this paper we summarize experiments in which murine melanoma B16-F1 cells of low metastatic potential were transfected with the human gene for prep rourokinase. B16-F1 cells selected for their secretion of high amounts of the human urokinase gene product (3- to 4-fold higher plasminogen activator activity than control cells) formed between 4- and 16-fold greater numbers of lung tumours in C57BL mice after tail vein injection. In correlative results, highly malignant B16-F10 melanoma cells transfected with a urokinase antisense sequence showed a significant inhibition of endogenous urokinase expression and a corresponding significant decrease in the number of tumours formed after tail vein injection. The human urokinase gene product expressed by the transfected cells does not bind to murine cell surface urokinase receptors, and the results may provide direct evidence for a role of secreted (non-surface bound) urokinase in the extravasation steps of tumour cell metastasis. These human urokinase secreting cells also showed a greater ability to spontaneously metastasize from a primary footpad tumour to the mouse lung. Extending the study of urokinase to the role of its natural inhibitor, plasminogen activator inhibitor 2 (PAI-2), we determined the constitutive and phorbol ester inducibility of the mRNA for PAI-2 and urokinase in human A375 melanoma cell lines and human prostate PC3 carcinoma cell lines of different metastatic potentials. Analysis of the changes in PAI-2 and urokinase mRNA levels indicate that variation in the levels of PAI-2 may be more important than urokinase in explaining the different metastatic abilities of A375 and PC3 sublines. Urokinase activity may promote metastasis by its initiation of a specific proteolysis pathway leading to the activation of metalloproteinases. We have previously shown that the metalloproteinase inhibitor, recombinant tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (rTIMP), inhibits B16 melanoma cell lung colonization.
Copper-nickel superalloys as inert alloy anodes for aluminum electrolysis

The superalloys Cu-Ni-Al, Cu-Ni-Fe, and Cu-Ni-Cr were studied as anodes for aluminum electrolysis. The alloys were tested for corrosion in acidic electrolyte molten salt and for oxidation in both air and oxygen. The results showed that the Cu-Ni-Al anodes possess excellent resistance to oxidation and corrosion, and the oxidation rates of Cu-Ni-Fe and Cu-Ni-Al anodes were slower than those of pure copper or nickel. During electrolysis, the cell voltage of the Cu-Ni-Al anode was affected most by the concentration of alumina in cryolite molten salt. The Cu-Ni-Fe anode exhibited corrosion resistance in electrolyte molten salt. Comparatively, the Cu-Ni-Cr anode showed poor resistance to oxidation and corrosion. The testing found that further study is warranted on the use of Cu-Ni-Al and Cu-Ni-Fe as inert alloy anodes.
Practice of breast self-examination among an upper midwest population

Abstract Data regarding practice of breast self-examination were collected from 328 women in the Upper Midwest and analyzed in an attempt to identify a target group for future public health-education efforts. Contrary to our expectations and the findings of others, there was no association between the reported frequency of breast self-examination and age, education, prior contact with cancer, or awareness of the American Cancer Society or Cancer Information Service as sources of cancer information. The findings suggest that health professionals should be cautious in concluding that educational efforts in this area are effectively reaching the population. Also, practitioners should not assume that their younger, better educated female patients are performing monthly breast self-examination. More research in this area is needed.
Analysis of the effects of noise on a model for the neural mechanism of short-term active memory

Zipser (1991) showed that the hidden unit activity of a fully recurrent neural network model, trained on a simple memory task, matched the temporal activity patterns of memory-associated neurons in monkeys performing delayed saccade or delayed match-to-sample tasks. When noise, simulating random fluctuations in neural firing rate, is added to the unit activations of this model, the effect on the memory dynamics is to slow the rate of information loss. In this paper, we show that the dynamics of the iterated sigmoid function, with gain and bias parameters, is qualitatively very similar to the tonic response properties of Zipser's multiunit model. Analysis of the simpler system provides an explanation for the effect of noise that is missing from the description of the multiunit model.
Temporal filter of the motion sensor in glaucoma

Glaucoma reportedly affects motion perception. As an initial step in characterizing glaucoma-induced changes in the motion system, we determined the range of temporal frequencies that the motion system could process. A noise-masking paradigm was used to measure contrast energy thresholds of 26 glaucoma patients at various stages of the disease and 16 age-similar subjects with normal vision. Using a sinusoidal stimulus, thresholds were measured for the discrimination of motion direction and for the stimulus embedded within a pattern of dynamic spatial noise. The noise was filtered to contain only low spatial frequencies, and the temporal-frequency spectrum of the noise was manipulated across conditions to derive the temporal filter shape of the most efficient motion sensor. The results show that the range of temporal frequencies processed by the motion system is diminished in the glaucoma group. The filters of the glaucoma subjects have reduced bandwidths compared with the normal-vision group. In addition, the upper cut-off frequency of the filters of the glaucoma subjects is correlated with stage of disease as indexed by the mean deviation of the Humphrey Visual Field Analyzer program 24-2, as well as the cup-to-disk ratio.
Empirical analysis of bus transit on-time performance☆

Abstract This paper presents an empirical assessment of factors affecting on-time performance in Portland, Oregon's fixed route bus system. A multinomial logit model relating early, late and on-time bus arrivals to route, schedule, driver and operating characteristics is developed and estimated. The model results show that the probability of on-time failures increases during PM peak periods, with longer headways and higher levels of passenger activity, and as buses progress further along their routes. Part-time drivers are also more likely to fall behind schedule. With few exceptions, schedule changes and operations-control actions can mitigate these effects.
The ground-state stabilization of the keto tautomer of the 7-hydroxyquinoline dimer in argon matrices at 10 K

Abstract The stabilization of the ground-state keto tautomer of the 7-hydroxyquinoline dimer (7HQ)2 has been observed in argon matrices at 10 K. The stabilized tautomer has been ascribed to the isolated dimer complex based on the similarity of the fluorescence excitation and emission spectra to those of the ground-state keto tautomer of the isolated 7-hydroxyquinoline/methanol dimer complex, 7HQ(MeOH)2. Our studies indicate that 7HQ dimer concentration can be increased by photolysis or by an increase in the deposition temperature. Also discussed are the fluorescence spectrum arising from the non-cyclic hydrogen-bonded 7HQ and the phosphorescence spectrum arising from the isolated 7HQ monomer.
Carl Rogers' fateful wrong move in the development of Rogerian relational therapy: Retitling “relationship therapy” “non-directive therapy”

This article examines the relationship between Rogerian therapy and Rankian relationship therapy across four stages in the development of Rogerian therapy to its present relational form. The case is made that Rogers perpetrated a fateful wrong move in first titling his therapy “non-directive therapy” since Rogerian therapy is essentially an evolved elaboration of Rankian relationship therapy.
Serpentine cAMP receptors may act through a G protein-independent pathway to induce postaggregative development in dictyostelium

Abstract The transcription factor G box-binding factor (GBF) is required for the developmental switch between aggregative and postaggregative gene expression, cell-type differentiation, and morphogenesis. We show that constitutive expression of GBF allows ectopic expression of postaggregative genes, but only in response to exogenous cAMP. GBF activation requires the serpentine cAMP receptors required for aggregation, but not the coupled Gα2 or the Gβ subunit, suggesting a novel signaling pathway. In response to high cAMP, gα2 -null cells can bypass the aggregation stage, expressing cell type-specific genes and forming fruiting bodies. Our results demonstrate that the same receptors regulate aggregation and cell-type differentiation, but via distinct pathways depending upon whether the receptor perceives a pulsatile or sustained signal.
Paternal genetic contribution influences fetal vulnerability to maternal alcohol consumption in a rat model of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder.

Background Fetal alcohol exposure causes in the offspring a collection of permanent physiological and neuropsychological deficits collectively termed Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD). The timing and amount of exposure cannot fully explain the substantial variability among affected individuals, pointing to genetic influences that mediate fetal vulnerability. However, the aspects of vulnerability that depend on the mother, the father, or both, are not known. Methodology/Principal Findings Using the outbred Sprague-Dawley (SD) and inbred Brown Norway (BN) rat strains as well as their reciprocal crosses, we administered ethanol (E), pair-fed (PF), or control (C) diets to the pregnant dams. The dams' plasma levels of free thyroxine (fT4), triiodothyronine (T3), free T3 (fT3), and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) were measured to elucidate potential differences in maternal thyroid hormonal environment, which affects specific aspects of FASD. We then compared alcohol-exposed, pair fed, and control offspring of each fetal strain on gestational day 21 (G21) to identify maternal and paternal genetic effects on bodyweight and placental weight of male and female fetuses. Conclusions SD and BN dams exhibited different baseline hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid function. Moreover, the thyroid function of SD dams was more severely affected by alcohol consumption while that of BN dams was relatively resistant. This novel finding suggests that genetic differences in maternal thyroid function are one source of maternal genetic effects on fetal vulnerability to FASD. The fetal vulnerability to decreased bodyweight after alcohol exposure depended on the genetic contribution of both parents, not only maternal contribution as previously thought. In contrast, the effect of maternal alcohol consumption on placental weight was consistent and not strain-dependent. Interestingly, placental weight in fetuses with different paternal genetic contributions exhibited opposite responses to caloric restriction (pair feeding). In summary, these novel findings demonstrate both maternal and paternal genetic contributions to in utero vulnerability to alcohol, refining our understanding of the genetically-based heterogeneity seen in human FASD.
Colloid formation and laser-induced bleaching in fluorite

Colloid formation and subsequent laser-induced bleaching in fluorite has been studied by transmission electron microscopy and electron diffraction. At high incident electron-beam (e-beam) energies, Ca colloids with diameter ∼10nm form a simple cubic superlattice with lattice parameter a∼18nm. The colloids themselves are topotactic with the fluorite matrix forming low-energy interfaces close to a Σ=21 special grain boundary in cubic materials. Laser irradiation using λ=532nm has been shown to effectively bleach the e-beam-irradiated samples returning the fluorite to its monocrystalline state. The bleached samples appear more resistant to further colloid formation.
Analysis of Heat Transfer in Bone Drilling

Bone drilling is widely used to mount screws for anchoring plates and attaching exoskeleton devices to assist healing of bone fractures. The heat generated during drilling can cause significant thermal damage to the bone tissue. Hence, prediction of the developing temperature field as a function of the drilling parameters is of an important clinical value.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Biodegradation of 1-nitropyrene.

The metabolism of 14C-labeled 1-nitropyrene in microcosms containing nonsterile estuarine sediments, and in cultures of a Mycobacterium sp. previously isolated from oil-contaminated sediments was investigated. Although mineralization of 1-nitropyrene by pure cultures of the Mycobacterium sp. totaled only 12.3% after 10 days of incubation, over 80% of the ethyl acetate extractable 14C-labeled compounds consisted of 1-nitropyrene metabolites. High pressure liquid chromatographic analysis of 1-nitropyrene degradation products indicated that two major metabolites were formed. They were identified as 1-nitropyrene cis-9,10-and 4,5-dihydrodiols, based on their UV-visible, mass and NMR spectra. Time course studies in microcosms showed that 1-nitropyrene was degraded slowly under aerobic and anaerobic conditions in estuarine sediments. Less than 1% had been converted to 14CO2 after 8 weeks of aerobic incubation. The addition of 1-nitropyrene to anaerobic sediments resulted in no 14CO2 evolution; however, the nitro group of 1-nitropyrene was reduced to form 1-aminopyrene. Although the mineralization of 1-nitropyrene in sediments was slow, the Mycobacterium sp. metabolized 1-nitropyrene in pure culture. This bacterium appears promising for the bioremediation of this ubiquitous pollutant in contaminated waste.
Atlantic and East Coast Hurricanes 1900–98: A Frequency and Intensity Study for the Twenty-First Century

Abstract The Atlantic Ocean has spawned three hurricanes in three years that have made direct hits on the U.S. east coast. The unusual activity has sparked a question of whether East Coast landfalling hurricanes are increasing in frequency and intensity. Results of data studied from 1900–98 indicate that there is a slight increase in hurricane frequency and a fairly constant intensity level for East Coast landfalling hurricanes. The recent landfall of Hurricane Bonnie in North Carolina, Hurricane George in Alabama/Mississippi, and simultaneous formation of four hurricanes in the mid-Atlantic during the 1998 season have stimulated the question of whether hurricanes are becoming more frequent and intense along the East Coast heading into the twenty-first century.
Cell transplantation in the treatment of acute liver injury: effect but no clear mechanism.

Liver transplantation is the current treatment of choice for end-stage liver disease. Nevertheless, cell-based therapy is emerging as an alternative to whole-organ transplantation. It is less invasive and can be performed repeatedly. Hepatocyte transplantation has been used to bridge patients to whole-organ transplantation, which has been done using bioartificial liver techniques such as extracorporeal liver assist device (ELAD), molecular adsorbent recirculating system (MARS), and plasmapheresis. However, these methods are not achieving the desirable goal of effectively reducing mortality in acute liver failure[1]. An alternative to the primary hepatocyte is stem cell derivative or hepatocyte precursors, which are available within each patient. Research into the ability of these cells to replace hepatocytes and their function is ongoing [2]. In this issue of the Journal of Surgical Research, Zhang et al. [3], have studied this aspect and provided a reasonable proof that stem cell transplantation is as helpful as, or even better than, hepatocyte transplantation in therapy of acute liver injury. They investigated the analbumenic Fisher model mice as recipients to ALBþ hepatocyte and stem cells. Improvement in liver function tests and decreased mortality confirm their paracrine therapeutic effect. They demonstrated that bone marrow cell transplantation can ameliorate acute hepatic injury without repopulation of the liver by the transplanted cells. This was in converse to hepatocyte cell transplantation. This study has been well done and provides reasonable basis for consideration of practice in the clinical arena, but its mechanism and effect remain poorly understood. Is the repopulation of transplanted hepatocytes or other cell transfer necessary in the treatment of acute liver injury? Is it cell-dependent or disease-dependent? These issues remain unresolved. Other hepatocyte functions can be studied, such as animal models with Wilson disease, Crigler-Najjar type I, FAH deficient mice, and factor VIIand factor VIII-deficient mice [4-7]. These models can be used to reproduce the effect of cell-based therapy in conjunction with albumen synthesis that was investigated. The molecular basis of fusion of the cells with hepatocytes versus transdifferentiation to hepatocytes have been linked to the ability of these cells to help or function like hepatocytes. With this novel therapy, further studies need to reproduce the effect of the transplanted cells on acute liver injury. This effect needs to be demonstrated in more human studies; however, potential complications of fusogenic therapy, such as chromosomal instability, must be considered [4]. Zhang et al. have provided a potential basis for future therapies for
A method for estimation of atmospheric water vapor profiles by microwave radiometry

Simultaneous measurements of microwave emission from the earth, in the oxygen band near 60 GHz, and the water vapor line near 183 GHz are conducted to determine the atmospheric temperature as a function of the pressure and the water vapor burden, and a combination of these two profiles yields a profile of water vapor burden versus pressure. Numerical simulations are developed by using temperature and water vapor profiles from subtropical and midlatitude radiosonde stations, and by assuming surface reflectivities typical of either land or ocean. Over a land surface, the residual rms errors in the estimated water vapor burden profile between 300 and 1000 mb are determined to range from 23 to 43% of the a priori standard deviation of water vapor burden for the corresponding climate. The relative humidity profile is also estimated and found to contain rms errors ranging from 4 to 17% of saturation. Over a seawater surface, using three additional channels of 18.5, 22.2, and 31.7 GHz, the corresponding results are found to be 3-46% of the a priori standard deviation for water vapor burden and 4-15% rms error for relative humidity.
Expression, localization, and functional evaluation of CFTR in bovine corneal endothelial cells

HCO 3 − -dependent fluid secretion by the corneal endothelium controls corneal hydration and maintains corneal transparency. Recently, it has been shown that mRNA for the cystic fibrosis transmembr...