cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Theoretical Analysis of Long-Range Predictive Controllers

In this paper a rigorous and elegant formulation of long-range predictive control (LRPC) laws is developed in terms of transfer function operators. The controller structure for a variety of LRPCs is shown to consist of four parts: i) a set of controller gains, ii) a set of predictor filters, iii) a battery of set-point conditioning elements, and iv) an integration element. Two specific LRPC algorithms, Generalized Predictive Control and Dynamic Matrix Control, are analyzed using this framework to expose differences between the techniques. The GPC control law is formulated in standard feedback control form which is then used to characterize the closed-loop stability in the z-domain rather than the state-space domain commonly pursued in the literature. The form of the predictor model is reformulated to show explicitly the role of the plant step-response coefficients. Important properties of the technique are demonstrated analytically, including th capability of producing offset-free set-point tracking, furthermore, the stability and tracking properties of the control system are unaffected by stable or unstable pole-zero cancellations. The GPC technique possesses a certain degree of tolerance for near pole-zero cancellations. It is also shown that the control law exactly inverts the numerator dynamics of the plant under control, even when the plant contains time delay, provided that the controller gain vector is calculated using the Moore-Penrose pseudoinverse and the user-specified control-horizon parametr is chosen equal to the rank of the Dynamic Matrix.
Test technology 20 years and beyond

The author covers a number of developments in the area of design for testability. It begins with the ad hoc area of design for testability. This is followed by scan and self-test techniques. The new IEEE Standard for boundary scan is presented and it's impact on testing is discussed. Having given an idea of the state of art in testing he then deals with future directions that this area is going in. The two main areas which are discussed are redundancy used in fault-tolerance and then the synthesis area. >
Mergers, active galactic nuclei and ‘normal’ galaxies: contributions to the distribution of star formation rates and infrared luminosity functions

We use a novel method to predict the contribution of normal star-forming galaxies, merger-induced bursts and obscured active galactic nuclei (AGN), to infrared luminosity functions (LFs) and global star formation rate (SFR) densities. We use empirical halo occupation constraints to populate haloes with galaxies and determine the distribution of normal and merging galaxies. Each system can then be associated with high-resolution hydrodynamic simulations. We predict the distribution of observed luminosities and SFRs, from different galaxy classes, as a function of redshift from z = 0 to 6. We provide fitting functions for the predicted LFs, quantify the uncertainties, and compare with observations. At all redshifts, 'normal' galaxies dominate the LF at moderate luminosities ~ L * (the 'knee'). Merger-induced bursts increasingly dominate at L » L * ; at the most extreme luminosities, AGN are important. However, all populations increase in luminosity at higher redshifts, owing to increasing gas fractions. Thus, the 'transition luminosity' between normal and merger-dominated sources increases from the luminous infrared galaxy (LIRG)-ultraluminous infrared galaxy threshold at z ~ 0 to bright Hyper-LIRG thresholds at z ~ 2. The transition to dominance by obscured AGN evolves similarly, at factor of several higher L IR . At all redshifts, non-merging systems dominate the total luminosity/SFR density, with merger-induced bursts constituting ~5-10 per cent and AGN ~1-5 per cent. Bursts contribute little to scatter in the SFR-stellar mass relation. In fact, many systems identified as 'ongoing' mergers will be forming stars in their 'normal' (non-burst) mode. Counting this as 'merger-induced' star formation leads to a stronger apparent redshift evolution in the contribution of mergers to the SFR density. We quantify how the evolution in LFs depends on evolution in galaxy gas fractions, merger rates, and possible evolution in the Schmidt-Kennicutt relation. We discuss areas where more detailed study, with full radiative transfer treatment of complex three-dimensional clumpy geometries in mixed AGN-star-forming systems, is necessary.
Safety analysis of intermittent hemodialysis in patients with continuous flow left ventricular assist devices.

Dialysis centers adopt a cautious approach when it comes to performing intermittent hemodialysis (HD) on patients with continuous flow (CF) left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) because of the potential for volume flux-related complications and absence of pulsatile blood pressure for monitoring. Many patients have to remain hospitalized because of the inability of the dialysis centers to accept them for outpatient dialysis. In this study, the effect of HD was observed in such patients. Between June 2009 and October 2012, 139 patients received LVADs, of which 10 patients (7%) required intermittent HD postoperatively. The mean age of the patients was 53 ± 14 years and 90% were men. A total of 281 dialysis sessions were administered amounting to 1025 hours of dialysis. The mean systolic blood pressure monitored with Doppler device was 97 ± 18 mmHg. Dialysis durations averaged 218 ± 18 minutes. Mean blood flow rate was 334 ± 38 cc/min, and 2.6 ± 1.1 L was ultrafiltrated during each session. Only 15 (5.3%) sessions were interrupted or terminated in six patients. The reasons for termination were symptomatic hypotension--6 (2.1%), asymptomatic hypotension--3 (1%), ventricular tachycardia--1 (0.36%), dialysis machine malfunction--2 (0.7%), low phosphorus--2 (0.7%), and abdominal cramps--1 (0.36%). Volume expansion was necessary on three occasions. Low-flow device alarms were registered during two (0.71%) sessions. The results showed no serious adverse effects or deaths.
Intracerebral hemorrhage associated with Sneddon's syndrome: is ischemia-related angiogenesis the cause? Case report and review of the literature

Sneddon's syndrome is characterized by livedo reticularis and multiple ischemic infarcts often associated with antiphospholipid antibodies. Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is unusual in Sneddon's syndrome and has not been reported as the presenting complaint. We report a 38-year-old woman with a history of two miscarriages, Raynaud's phenomenon and livedo reticularis who presented acutely with ICH. Angiography showed prominent leptomeningeal and transdural anastomoses (pseudoangiomatosis). Anticardiolipin antibodies were positive. A right frontal brain biopsy failed to reveal vasculitis and a skin biopsy was nonspecific. MRI showed residual intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), diffuse atrophy, multiple small white matter infarcts and leptomeningeal enhancement. This is the first report of Sneddon's syndrome presenting with an ICH. It shares features with the Divry-van Bogaert syndrome. We discuss the cause of the pseudoangiomatosis pattern and its role in the genesis of the hemorrhage and suggest that cerebral angiography should be done in every patient with Sneddon's syndrome, as it could impact therapy.
SEROLOGICAL REACTIONS OF PROTEIN FILMS AND DENATURED PROTEINS

Films of several proteins, hen ovalbumin, horse and human serum albumins, and globulins were found to combine specifically with antibodies, showing that the reactions can take place independently of the structure which secures the compact shape of the protein molecule. Serum globulin films differed from ovalbumin in that they lost their reactivity when kept on the water surface. Species specific reactions were observed with films of serum albumin and suitably diluted antisera, and likewise in the customary precipitin tests in which immune sera for denatured hen ovalbumin were tested against ovalbumin of other species. Specific fixation was also observed upon exposing monolayers of purified antibodies for pneumococci of Types I and III to the corresponding polysaccharides.
Why Teachers Should Know Spanish

(1979). Why Teachers Should Know Spanish. The Clearing House: A Journal of Educational Strategies, Issues and Ideas: Vol. 52, No. 7, pp. 333-336.
Medication-induced ulceration of the small bowel.

Summary Three cases of primary circumferential ulceration of the small intestine are reported, two leading to frank perforation and one to chronic progressive obstruction. All three patients had received thiazide-potassium chloride therapy, and it must be concluded that all three cases fall into the newly described syndrome of small bowel ulcer associated therewith. The patients reported on do not conform to the usual category of elderly persons with cardiorenal disease, and they reinforce the concept that healthy and reasonably young persons exposed to this pharmacologic regimen may suffer the consequence of small bowel ulceration from thiazide-potassium chloride medication.
Relaxed speed limits and highway safety new evidence from California

Abstract Focusing upon higher speed limit effects, California accident data are used to estimate monthly time series and panel data models of highway safety. Although no model finds system-wide effects, the panel data results identify significant redistributive effects not strongly evident in the time series models. Attempts to account for the differences were only partially successful.
TRAC-BF1 three-dimensional BWR vessel thermal-hydraulic and ANSYS stress analyses for BWR core shroud cracking

Abstract TRAC-BF1 transient analysis for a General Electric boiling water reactor (BWR/2) was performed for a main steam line break (MSLB) event and a recirculation line break (RLB) transient to determine the susceptibility of the core shroud to geometric alteration when intergranular stress corrosion cracking (IGSCC) is present at the upper H3 and lower H7 core shroud weld locations. The TRAC-BF 1 model developed for the MSLB transient utilized a 1-D vessel component model with both main steam lines rupturing at transient initiation. A detailed ANSYS model was developed to find the forces imposed at the upper H3 weld positions. The TRAC-BF1 model developed for the RLB transient utilized a 3-D four azimuthal sector vessel component. FORTRAN programs were developed to calculate the forces at the lower (H7) weld location. The results of both transients followed the typical thermal-hydraulic behavior pattern expected during the transients; however, the extreme forces exerted on the core shroud could displace or rotate the shroud during these two postulated transients. Such shroud movement could impede control rod insertion and impair the safe shut down of the reactor. The TRAC-BF 1 pressure response and the ANSYS lift forces demonstrated that when IGSCC is present at the upper H3 core shroud weld, a lift force of 95 925 Pa (13.91 psi) is generated during the double MSLB transient which is great enough to overcome the weight of the vessel internals resting on the core shroud, causing the core shroud to lift. Additionally, the finite element ANSYS stress analysis demonstrated that when IGSCC is not present in the upper core shroud weld, stresses of 1757.3 MPa (254 880.0 psi) are induced in the filler material during a main steam line break. This is great enough to overcome the ultimate strength of 1723.7 Ma (250 000 psi) of the filler material and cause failure of the weld. The TRAC-BF1 RLB transient results determined that during the RLB event a force of 401.7 kN (90 306 lbf) is generated at the lower H7 core shroud weld which is great enough to cause displacement of a segment of the core shroud support structure when IGSCC is present.
New Spectrophotofluorometric Assay for Probenecid

A new spectrophotofluorometric assay for probenecid is presented based on conversion of the drug to a fluorescent anthranilic acid derivative. The assay is especially applicable with “clean” biological fluids such as cerebrospinal fluid and offers severalfold greater sensitivity than the commonly used UV method.
The Marginalization of Psychoanalysis in Academic Social Work

Abstract Over the past 25 years, psychoanalytic contributions to our understanding of human development, psychopathology, and clinical practice have gradually become marginalized in academic social work. Although this trend is rooted in historical tensions within the profession, contemporary issues have also contributed to the widespread failure to acknowledge the salience of psychoanalytic ideas in the instruction of social work graduate students. The influence of managed care, efforts within the academy to accommodate to a narrow definition of empirical science, and the domination of biological models of causality are among those factors. The role of the Council on Social Work Education, and specifically, problems in the language of its current Educational Policy and Accreditation Standards, is also discussed in detail.
Comparison of polarized-light propagation in biological tissue and phantoms

We demonstrate significant differences in the propagation of polarized light through biological tissue compared with two common tissue phantoms. Depolarization of linearly and circularly polarized light was measured versus propagation distance by use of two independent measurement techniques. The measurements were performed on adipose and myocardial tissues and on tissue phantoms that consisted of polystyrene microsphere suspensions and Intralipid. The results indicate that, in contrast with results obtained in tissue phantoms, linearly polarized light survives through longer propagation distances than circularly polarized light in biological tissue.
Genetic Control of Cell Division Patterns in Developing Plants

Understanding the control of the patterns and numbers of cell divisions in developing plants and animals is central to understanding the mechanisms of development. However, we know almost nothing about this control: we have no idea how a particular organ realizes its eventual cell number (and thus size) and have little idea of how the regional patterns of cell division that are a critical part of organogenesis are established or maintained. These problems can be studied in a very straightforward manner in flowering plant development: plants do not use the standard animal mechanisms of cell migration and migration of sheets of cells, and although plants use programmed cell death in many ways, they do not appear to use it to achieve appropriate cell numbers in developing organs or stem cell populations. Furthermore, plant cells do not slide or slip relative to one another. Organogenesis in flowering plants thus results almost entirely from patterned control of the numbers, places, and planes of cell divisions, coupled with regulated and coordinated cellular expansion.
Shelf Life of Fresh Tilapia Fillets Packaged in High Barrier Film with Modified Atmospheres

The effect of modified atmospheres (MAs) (75% CO2:25% N2; 50% CO2: 50% N2; and 25% CO2: 75% N2) and 100% air on shelf life of fresh tilapia fillets packaged in high barrier film bags was evaluated at refrigeration temperature (4.0°). Fillets packaged in 100% air spoiled after 9 days, as indicated by sensory characteristics, and had increased surface pH, TMA content, K-value and high microbial counts. When levels of CO2 were increased from 25 to 75% in the package atmosphere, the shelf life of MA-packaged tilapia fillets was extended 4–21 days more than that of fillets packaged under 100% air. Although fillets packaged under 75% CO2:25% N2 were judged by sensory characteristics to be acceptable for more than 25 days, their K-value was high (93.1%). K-values were independent of spoilage and correlated only with length of storage of the MA-packaged fillets.
Video-based Simulations: Considerations for Teaching Students with Developmental Disabilities:

The use of video-based multimedia simulations for teaching functional skills to persons with developmental disabilities remains an unexplored application of technology for this group. This article ...
Electric-dipole moments of elementary particles

Elementary particles can have electric-dipole moments only if there is a failure of symmetry under both parity (P) and time-reversal (T) transformations. It is now known experimentally that there are in nature failures of both of these symmetries, but so far the only experimental manifestations of failures of T symmetry have been limited to the neutral kaon system. Most theories that are consistent with the observed T-violating decay of KL0 also predict non-zero values for the electric-dipole moments of elementary particles, with many of the predicted values being within the range of experimental verification. However, so far no electric-dipole moment has been observed for any elementary particle. Experiments setting limits on the electric-dipole moment, eD, of elementary particles are reviewed. The most sensitive tests of theory are with the neutron, for which D<or=6*10-25 cm. This value is compared with the various theoretical predictions. The experimental limit is incompatible with many, but not all, theories.
Victimization of Peruvian adolescents and health risk behaviors: young lives cohort

While extensive research has been conducted on bullying and victimization in western countries, research is lacking in low- and middle-income settings. This study focused on bullying victimization in Peru. It explored the relationship between the caregiver’s perception of child victimization and the child’s view of selected negative experiences occurring with other children their age. Also, the study examined the association between victimization and adolescent health risk behaviors. This study used data from 675 children participating in the Peru cohort of the Young Lives study. Children and caregivers were interviewed in 2002 when children were 8 years of age and again in 2009 when children were 15 years of age. Measures of victimization included perceptions from children and caregivers while measures of health risk behaviors included cigarette smoking, alcohol drinking, and sexual relations among adolescents. Caregivers identified 85 (12.6%) children bullied at ages 8 and 15, 235 (34.8%) bullied at age 8 only, 61 (9.0%) bullied at age 15 only, and 294 (43.6%) not bullied at either age. Children who were bullied at both ages compared with all other children were 1.58 (95% CI 1.00-2.50) times more likely to smoke cigarettes, 1.57 (1.04-2.38) times more likely to drink alcohol, and 2.17 (1.41-3.33) times more likely to have ever had a sexual relationship, after adjusting for gender. The caregiver’s assessment of child victimization was significantly associated with child reported bullying from other children their age. Child reported victimization was significantly associated with increased risky behaviors in some cases. Long-term victimization from bullying is more strongly associated than less frequent victimization with increased risk of cigarette smoking, alcohol drinking, and sexual relations at age 15. Hence, programs focused on helping children learn how to mitigate and prevent bullying consistently over time may also help reduce risky adolescent health behaviors such as smoking, alcohol consumption, and sexual activity.
Cloning and tissue distribution of Leptin mRNA in the pig

Abstract The sequence of the pig ob cDNA, which codes for the protein leptin, has been determined by screening a pig adipose cDNA library with an RT‐PCR amplified cDNA fragment of this gene. The 501 bp ob cDNA has 89% identity to the human ob cDNA, 92% identity to the bovine ob cDNA, 84% identity to the mouse ob cDNA and 84% identity to the rat ob cDNA. At the amino acid level, pig leptin which codes for a protein with a predicted molecular weight of 18,661‐dalton, has 86% identity to human leptin, 93% identity to bovine leptin, 84% identity to rat leptin and 84% identity to mouse leptin. RT‐PCR screening of RNA isolated from pig adipose, skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, pancreas, stomach, kidney, spleen and jejunum detected ob mRNA only in adipose tissue; Northern blots with an ob cDNA probe identified a 4.0 kb species in adipose tissue. The conservation of sequence and expression pattern of leptin in the pig reported here indicates that as in other species, this protein likely plays an important role in...
Anaerobic growth of Methanosarcina acetivorans C2A on carbon monoxide: An unusual way of life for a methanogenic archaeon

All methanogenic Archaea examined to date rely on methanogenesis as their sole means of energy conservation. Among these are ones that use carbon monoxide as a growth substrate, producing methane via a pathway that involves hydrogen as an intermediate. To further examine the role of hydrogen in this process, we tested the ability of Methanosarcina acetivorans C2A, a metabolically versatile methanogen devoid of significant hydrogen metabolism, to use CO as a growth substrate. M. acetivorans grew on CO to high cell densities (≈1 × 108 per ml) with a doubling time of ≈24 h. Surprisingly, acetate and formate, rather than methane, were the major metabolic end products as shown by 13C NMR studies and enzymatic analysis of culture supernatants. Methane formation surpassed acetate/formate formation only when the cultures entered stationary growth phase, strongly suggesting that M. acetivorans conserves energy by means of this acetogenic and formigenic process. Resting cell experiments showed that methane production decreased linearly with increasing CO partial pressures, consistent with inhibition of methanogenesis by CO. Transposon-induced M. acetivorans mutants with lesions in the operon encoding phosphotransacetylase and acetate kinase failed to use either acetate or CO as growth substrates, indicating that these enzymes are required for both aceticlastic methanogenesis and carboxidotrophic acetogenesis. These findings greatly extend our concept of energy conservation and metabolic versatility in the methanogenic Archaea.
Temporal changes in brain volume and cognition in a randomized treatment trial of vascular dementia.

OBJECTIVE To measure changes in brain and ischemic volume over time by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as part of a randomized treatment trial of vascular dementia. METHODS Participants who met criteria for vascular dementia underwent comprehensive neurological and neuropsychological testing on entrance, during, and at completion of the 1-year study. For those centers who had easily available MRI, MRI of the brain was to be performed on entry and completion of the study. Image analysis was performed on all balanced and T2-weighted MR films to determine ventricular, sulcal, ischemic, and hemispheric brain volumes. RESULTS Of the 105 patients who met the criteria for vascular dementia, 40 had a baseline MRI study that met protocol requirements and was of excellent image quality. The baseline ventricular volume in these 40 patients with high-quality MR correlated with most measures of cognitive and behavioral function, including the total Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Score (ADAS) (r = 0.51, P = .0024), as well as activities of daily living (r = 0.61, P = .0002). The baseline ischemic brain volume correlated well only with the gait and postural stability scale (r = 0.74, P = .009). Of the 40 participants, 25 had MRI studies at baseline and at completion of the study that were comparable and of excellent image quality. For these 25 patients, the mean ventricular volumes increased by 9% over the study year (P = .001) and the mean ischemic brain volume increased by 18% (P = .01). Temporal changes in the sulcal and nonischemic brain volume did not reach significance. None of the 14 clinical score measures changed significantly between baseline and completion of the study in these 25 patients. CONCLUSION In summary, ventricular volume correlated well with cognitive measures in patients with vascular dementia and was a more sensitive marker for change during the study year than the clinical scales used in this study. This study also points out the practical limitations of brain imaging as a surrogate measure of clinical outcome in multicenter randomized treatment trials of brain disease.
Reflected And Transmitted Waves From Fault Zones

Waves reflected from and transmitted across fault zones can be used to extract information on those zones. Fault zones, characterized as either a low-velocity zone or fracture systems, modify the phase of the waveform and make the seismic response frequency dependent. In this paper we develop an extrapolation scheme for simulating fractures described as linear slip boundaries. Two 9 × 9 linear systems need to be solved if the fracture stiffnesses and the background medium parameters are constant along the fractures. Numerical examples support the validity and efficiency of this approach. Based on the numerical simulation and theoretical arguments, we show that various internal properties of fault zones have differing influence on reflected waves. Fracture stiffness and fracture spacing change significantly the magnitude of the reflected waves, while smallscale random variation in velocity or fracture stiffness has little influence on the wavefields; hence fault zones with small-scale random variation can be modeled with equivalent media.
The transactional ethic: The ethical foundations of free enterprise reconsidered

A review of the evolution of the ethical foundations of free enterprise reveals the essentially utilitarian ethical foundation prevailing today. To enrich those foundations the article attempts to establish the ethical validity of free transactions by relating them to the basic principle of interpersonal ethics: the Golden Rule. The validity of the transactional ethic is presented as an articulation of freedom in a valid social and economic context.
On the Shoulders of Giants

The education of our future civil engineers is incomplete without an appreciation of the men who created the profession of civil engineering in the late 18th and early 19th century. This paper presents an approach to introducing the history and heritage of civil engineering into existing course work by the use of packaged “history modules.” One such module is contained in this paper with two additional modules available to the reader on request. The module traces the evolution of truss design and construction from da Vinci and Palladio in wood to Whipple in iron. It describes the efforts of many men over a 300-year period to move truss design from an art form (pre-1847) to a science with the publication of Squire Whipple’s book of 1847. It is my hope that additional modules will be written and packaged by ASCE for distribution to engineering faculty around the country.
Effect of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) on glycemic control and left ventricular function in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting.

Increasing evidence suggests that tight glycemic control improves clinical outcomes after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). However, the risk for hypoglycemia with insulin often results in less aggressive glycemic control. Glucagon-like peptide–1 (GLP-1) is a naturally occurring peptide whose insulinotropic effects are predicated on the glucose concentration, minimizing the risk for hypoglycemia. This study was conducted to examine whether perioperative treatment with GLP-1 would affect glycemic control and improve hemodynamic recovery after CABG. Twenty patients with coronary heart disease and preserved left ventricular function who were scheduled to undergo CABG were randomized to receive standard therapy at the discretion of the surgeon or treatment with GLP-1 (1.5 pmol/kg/min) as a continuous infusion beginning 12 hours before CABG and continuing for 48 hours. Perioperative hemodynamics, the left ventricular ejection fraction, plasma glucose, and requirements for insulin drips and inotropic support were monitored. There were no differences between groups in the preoperative, postoperative, or 7-day left ventricular ejection fraction (GLP-1 61 ± 4%, control 59 ± 3%) or cardiac index at 18 hours (GLP-1 3.0 ± 0.2 L/min/m 2 , control 3.3 ± 0.4 L/min/m 2 ). However, the control group required greater use of inotropic and vasoactive infusions during the 48 hours after the operation to achieve the same hemodynamic result. There were also more frequent arrhythmias requiring antiarrhythmic agents in the control group. GLP-1 resulted in better glycemic control in the pre- and perioperative periods (GLP-1 95 ± 3 mg/dl, control 140 ± 10 mg/dl, p ≤0.02), with 45% less insulin requirements to achieve the same glycemic control in the postoperative period (GLP-1 139 ± 4 mg/dl, control 140 ± 3 mg/dl). In conclusion, the perioperative use of GLP-1 achieves better glycemic control and comparable hemodynamic recovery without the requirements for high-dose insulin or inotropes.
Abuse of aging caregivers: test of a nursing intervention.

Although most women find it difficult to provide care to an older family member, some women face additional challenges and health risks because the care recipient is abusive or aggressive toward them. This study tested a 12-week psychoeducative nursing intervention intended to decrease the frequency and intensity of physical and verbal/psychological aggression toward older caregiving wives and daughters by care recipients and improve selected abuse-related outcomes. The intervention, which focused on pattern identification, advocacy counseling, reframing of the caregiving situation, and nonconfrontational caregiving strategies, was individualized and highly interactive with emphasis placed on mutual problem solving and mutual planning. Subjects included women older than 50 who provided care to elders older than 55. Subjects were randomly assigned to group (intervention, N = 38; control, N = 45) and data collectors were "blinded" to group assignment. Findings indicated the intervention significantly reduced frequency of verbal/psychological aggression, and feelings of anger for caregivers providing care to fathers or husbands. It was not effective for caregivers providing care to mothers, and it did not reduce burden. Implications for nursing include raising awareness about the special vulnerabilities of older caregivers, providing provocative new information about the gender-based power dynamics in caregiving situations and underscoring the need for nurses to assume a stronger leadership role in building science with regard to family caregiving. Language: en
Assessing the Costs, Benefits, Cost-Benefit Ratio, and Cost-Effectiveness of Marital and Family Treatments: Why We Should and How We Can.

The vast majority of outcome studies examining the effects of marital and family treatments focus exclusively on indicators of and changes in familial functioning and individual members' psychosocial adjustment, but fail to measure, report, or analyze treatment costs, benefits, cost-benefit ratio, or cost-effectiveness. Because of growing concerns about spiral-ing health care costs, clinical and economic outcomes constitute equally important and complementary aspects of any evaluation of marital and family treatments. The twofold purpose of this article is to define different components of cost analyses of health-related interventions, including marital and family treatments, and to describe methods for calculating and integrating clinical and cost outcome information when evaluating marital and family treatments. There are significant opportunities to promote the use of such treatments by conducting and reporting the results of cost analyses.
MOTION OF A CABLE USED AS A MOORING

The equations governing the motion in a vertical plane of a heavy cable in a fluid are derived and applied to the problem of determining the tension in a cable that is fixed at the bottom and given a harmonic displacement of the upper end tangent to the undeformed cable. An order of magnitude analysis reveals the existence of a boundary layer near each end within which the spacial variations of the transverse dynamic displacement compoment varies rapidly compared with the special variation outside this region. For a range of parameters in which the Froude number is negligible in comparison to the hydrodynamic drag number the temporal variation of the dynamic tension is shown to be described by a first-order, nonlinear, ordinary differential equation. This equation has been solved both numerically and analytically using the Galerkin method giving results which are in very good agreement. Finally, the numerical results are compared with experiment and shown to be in good agreement. Thus, a relatively simple formula can be used to describe this type of dynamic behavior.
Fluoxetine enhances memory processing in mice.

Fluoxetine (FLU) increases brain concentrations of serotonin by blocking its uptake, without appreciably affecting the dopamine or norepinephrine systems. The present experiments provide evidence that a subcutaneous injection of FLU enhanced post-memory processing (“consolidation”) and retrieval, but not acquisition in young adult mice. FLU (15 mg/kg) enhanced 1-week memory retention when injected 2 min post-training. Similar enhancement was obtained with intracerebroventricular injection (20 μg per mouse). FLU enhanced retention when administered prior to training (1–5 mg/kg). FLU (2.5 mg/kg) enhanced recall scores when injected 1 h before the 1-week retention test, indicating an enhancing effect on memory retrieval. Neither the pre-training nor pre-testing effects depended on improved acquisition, since FLU did not improve acquisition of T-maze foot-shock avoidance over the dose range 0.5–35 mg/kg. The sensitive period for post-training enhancement by FLU (15 mg/kg) was less than 90 min, as shown by the temporal gradient typical of memory-enhancing drugs. The amnesia induced by a protein synthesis inhibitor anisomycin, or by an anticholinergic drug scopolamine, was blocked by FLU (15 mg/kg) injected post-training. Finally, FLU (15 mg/kg) injected after one-trial passive avoidance training enhanced 1-week retention, demonstrating effectiveness in this task as well as in the active avoidance task.
New washakiin primates (Omomyidae) from the Eocene of Wyoming and Colorado, and comments on the evolution of the Washakiini

Two new species of washakiin omomyids occur in deposits of early Bridgerian age. Shoshonius bowni, sp. nov., from the Aycross Formation, Absaroka Range, Wyoming, differs from S. cooperi in having e...
Assessing the role of U.S. timberland assets in a mixed portfolio under the mean-conditional value at risk framework

This study examines the role of U.S. timberland assets in a mixed portfolio from the risk perspective. Under the mean-conditional value at risk (M-CVaR) optimization framework, the efficient frontier of the mixed portfolio is dramatically improved after adding timberland assets in comparison of the mean-variance (M-V) efficient frontier. The asset allocation strategies formulated by the static and dynamic optimizations indicate that timberland assets maintain a significant allocation in the mixed portfolio. Moreover, risk decomposition is used to identify the risk sources under four different scenarios. It is found that large-cap stocks and small-cap stocks are generally risk intensifiers, whereas treasury bonds, treasury bills, and timberland assets are risk diversifiers.
Uncertainty associated with virtual measurements from computational quantum chemistry models

A value for the measurand determined from a computational model is frequently referred to as a virtual measurement to distinguish it from a physical measurement, which is determined from a laboratory experiment. Any measurement, physical or virtual, is incomplete without a quantitative statement of its associated uncertainty. The science and technology of making physical measurements and quantifying their uncertainties has evolved over many decades. In contrast, the science and technology of making virtual measurements is evolving. We propose an approach for quantifying the uncertainty associated with a virtual measurement of a molecular property determined from a computational quantum chemistry model. The proposed approach is based on the Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement, published by the International Organization for Standardization, and it uses the Computational Chemistry Comparison and Benchmark Database maintained by the National Institute of Standards and Technology.
One-pot synthesis of fac-[Mn(CO)3(PP)Cl] from Mn2(CO)10, [PP] and chlorinated solvents: [PP] = 1,2-bis(diethylphosphino)ethane (depe), 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane (dppe) or 1,3-bis(diphenylphosphino)propane (dppp). The X-ray crystal structure of fac-[Mn(CO)3(depe)Cl]

Abstract In a one-pot reaction, the three titled manganese chloride complexes were prepared by refluxing Mn2(CO)10 with (PP) in 2-chloroethanol for two hours. The new compounds were characterized by IR, 1H NMR, mass spectra and microanalyses. The X-ray crystal structure of fac-Mn(CO)3(depe)Cl is also reported.
Associations of Pentraxin 3 With Cardiovascular Disease and All-Cause Death. The Cardiovascular Health Study

Objective— We examined associations of pentraxin 3 (PTX3), a vascular inflammation marker, with incident cardiovascular disease (CVD) and all-cause death. Methods and Results— 1583 Cardiovascular Health Study participants free of prevalent CVD were included. Nonexclusive case groups were angina (n=476), myocardial infarction (MI; n=237), stroke (n=310), CVD death (n=282), and all-cause death (n=772). 535 participants had no events. PTX3 levels were higher in those with subclinical CVD (1.90±1.89 ng/mL) than those without (1.71±1.88 ng/mL; P =0.001). Using Cox regression adjusted for age, sex, and ethnicity, a standard deviation increase in PTX3 (1.89 ng/mL) was associated with CVD death (hazard ratio 1.11; 95% confidence interval 1.02 to 1.21) and all-cause death (1.08; 1.02 to 1.15). PTX3 was not associated with angina (1.09; 0.98 to 1.20), MI (0.96; 0.81 to 1.12), or stroke (1.06; 0.95 to 1.18). Adding C-reactive protein (CRP) or CVD risk factors to the models had no significant effects on associations. Conclusions— In these older adults, PTX3 was associated with CVD and all-cause death independent of CRP and CVD risk factors. PTX3 likely reflects different aspects of inflammation than CRP and may provide insight into vascular health in aging and chronic diseases of aging that lead to death.
Lattice thermal conductivity: A comparison of molecular dynamics and anharmonic lattice dynamics

The thermal conductivity of a monatomic face-centered-cubic lattice has been calculated over a range of temperatures from one-twentieth to one-half the melting temperature. An inverse-twelfth-power ``soft-sphere'' potential was used to represent the interatomic forces. We have examined, quantitatively, the approximations involved in deriving the Peierls phonon-transport expression for the thermal conductivity and have determined the temperature range over which it is useful. This has involved extensive comparisons with the formally exact Green-Kubo method, using molecular dynamics to generate the phase-space trajectories. At low temperatures, the relaxation processes in a crystal can be described in terms of phonon lifetimes. We have calculated the lifetimes of all the phonon states of 108-, 256-, and 864-particle classical crystals, with periodic boundaries, by molecular dynamics and by anharmonic perturbation theory. These lifetimes were then used to estimate the thermal conductivity.
APR-Quad: an update efficient authenticated dictionary for spatial data

We present an update-efficient authenticated dictionary towards the goal of providing public verification of outsourced dynamic geospatial data consolidated from a dynamic set of contributing sources. We introduce an on-disk authenticated bucket-based PR-quadtree for point and range queries over multiple attributes with minimal tree realignment upon updates. Our design minimizes cryptographic proof overhead using large, block-aligned tree nodes for high fanout and incremental cumulative hashing to consolidate neighboring elements required for verifying completeness. We introduce block-dependent indexing to reduce cryptographic recalculations required upon updates. Collectively, our design decisions result in an authenticated dictionary capable of efficiently incorporating individual updates or entire pre-existing data sets. We validate our approach with simulated data sets derived from experiences managing the Mississippi River floods of May 2011.
Fast interprocedual alias analysis

We present a new algorithm for computing interprocedural aliases due to passing parameters by reference. This algorithm runs in O(N2+NE) time and, when combined with algorithms for alias-free, flow-insensitive data-flow problems, yields algorithms for solution of the general flow-insensitive problems that also run in O(N2+NE) time.
Abstract LB-180: Notch-1: A therapeutic target for breast cancer stem cells and breast cancer cells

In spite of early diagnosis and potent treatment modalities, breast cancer remains a leading cause of cancer related death among women. Studies have shown that breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) are a subpopulation of tumor cells characterized by cell surface antigens CD44+/CD24-/low and high Aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) enzyme activity. These cells are refractory to current treatment modalities, show higher risk of metastasis, a shorter time to recurrence, and relapse to death. Hence, it is imperative to find new effective treatments to target both BCSCs and breast cancer cells (BCs) in order to reduce mortality associated with this disease. Notch signaling is implicated in self-renewal of stem cells by transcriptional activation of its target genes such as Hes-1 and Hey-1. Hence, we screened small molecules, which target Notch signaling in ALDH+ and ALDH- breast cancer cells. We have identified a potent natural compound psoralidin that effectively inhibits ALDH+ and ALDH- breast cancer cells. Our results revealed, psoralidin significantly down-regulates Notch-1 and its target genes (Hes-1 and Hey-1), which resulted in growth inhibition and induction of apoptosis in both ALDH+ and ALDH- cells. Psoralidin significantly inhibited invasion and migration of ALDH+ (p Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-180. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-LB-180
Bounds on overall instantaneous properties of elastic-plastic composites

Abstract M inimum principles of plasticity are used to derive upper and lower bounds on ordered eigenvalues and on diagonal terms of instantaneous stiffness and compliance matrices of elastic-plastic composite aggregates subjected to uniform overall stress or strain increments. The method is implemented with the help of a periodic model of binary fibrous composites ; overall properties are derived from incremental solutions of an inclusion problem in a small unit cell. Actual results are found with displacement and equilibrium formulations of the finite element method. In this implementation the instantaneous properties of the inelastic phases of the composite are known only in terms of the approximate values calculated at each step, hence the bounds are valid for an aggregate in which the actual properties have been replaced by the approximate ones. Examples are presented for the fibrous B-A1 system. The technique can be used to evaluate instantaneous element properties in a finite element program for analysis of metal matrix composite structures.
Sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for plasma cholesteryl ester transfer protein concentration

Objectives: Cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) mediates the transfer of HDL cholesterol to apoB-containing lipoproteins. Its mass and activity are increased in several pro-atherogenic conditions. The objective of this study is to develop a cost- and time-effective sandwich ELISA for plasma CETP concentration. Design and methods: Monoclonal anti-CETP, TP20, was used as the capture antibody, while the other biotinylated monoclonal anti-CETP, TP2, was used for detection. The results were expressed in an arbitrary unit, ng biotin-TP2 bound per μl plasma. Plasma CETP concentrations, activities and their relationship were assessed in 35 IDDM children. Results: The assay had an intra-assay CV of 8.75% and an inter-assay CV under 10%. Plasma CETP concentration of these subjects ranged from 0.36–1.89 ng biotin-TP2/μL. CETP concentration was significantly correlated with CETP activity (r = 0.51, p < 0.01). Conclusion: The sandwich ELISA we have developed carried sufficient sensitivity for assaying plasma CETP concentration in human.
The Research Triangle: From Tobacco Road to Global Prominence

William M. Rohe, Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011, 240 pp., $45.00 (pbk), ISBN 9780812243437 The Research Triangle in North Carolina is an area that joins three cities—Chapel Hi...
Liver mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase: In vitro expression, in vitro import, and effect of alcohols on import

Abstract An in vitro expression plasmid (pGRAP) that contained the cDNA coding for the rat mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase precursor was constructed, mRNA was synthesized then translated, and the in vitro synthesized precursor of aldehyde dehydrogenase was used in an in vitro import assay. As expected the 19 amino acid signal peptide of the precursor allowed import of the precursor into rat liver mitochondria. This in vitro system was used to examine the effect of alcohols on import. It was found that the alcohols (ethyl, butyl, hexyl, and octyl) tested inhibited the import of the aldehyde dehydrogenase precursor. Pretreatment of the mitochondria with alcohol was responsible for the inhibition. The inhibition appeared to be relatively specific for pre-aldehyde dehydrogenase as the precursor of ornithine transcarbamylase was still imported in the presence of alcohols. Of potential physiological significance was finding that ethanol inhibited import in a dose-response fashion; 50% inhibition occurred at 75 m m , a concentration achievable during the ingestion of alcohol. In addition, the concentrations of alcohols required to produce an inhibitory effect on import decreased as the hydrocarbon chain length of alcohols increased. The inhibitory effect of alcohols appeared to be specific as other solvents examined did not inhibit import. We postulate that alcohols may perturb the mitochondrial membrane and affect the receptor-translocator necessary for the import of the aldehyde dehydrogenase precursor.
An Experimental Study of Hydrogen Production by Dissociation of Water Vapor in a Helicon Plasma Source

Summary form only given. This study explores the option of using a helicon plasma source to dissociate water vapor for hydrogen production. Fossil fuels currently provide 86% of energy in the United States and much of the world. The dependency of the world on fossil fuels as the main energy source leads to an unsustainable environmental and energy future. Hydrogen has been proposed as an alternative source of energy carrier, but it is a sustainable energy source only if it is produced from renewable resources. Currently, 96% of hydrogen is produced by non-renewable methods. Electrolysis is the predominant renewable method of hydrogen production, contributing to 3.8% of total hydrogen production. However, its efficiency, the ratio of the energy value of hydrogen and the energy input to produce hydrogen, is only 25%. In this experiment, a helicon plasma source is used to dissociate water vapor into hydrogen and oxygen. Hydrogen partial pressure is measured using a residual gas analyzer. An evaluation of this hydrogen production method is presented based on hydrogen partial pressure measurement and estimated efficiencies. A characterization of the quantity of hydrogen produced in various operating conditions is also presented. A comparison between this approach and electrolysis is discussed.