cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Uptake of antisense oligonucleotides and functional block of acetylcholine receptor subunit gene expression in primary embryonic neurons.

Several recent studies have used antisense oligonucleotides in the nervous system to probe the functional role of particular gene products. Since antisense oligonucleotide-mediated block of gene expression typically involves uptake of the oligonucleotides, we have characterized the mechanism of this uptake into developing neurons from embryonic chickens. Antisense oligonucleotides (15 mers) added to the bathing media are taken up into the embryonic chicken sympathetic neurons maintained in vitro. A portion of the oligonucleotide uptake is temperature dependent and saturates at extracellular oligonucleotide concentrations ≥ 20 μM. This temperature sensitive, saturable component is effectively competed by single nucleotides of ATP and AMP and is reminiscent of receptor-mediated endocytosis of oligonucleotides described in non-neuronal cells. The efficiency of the oligonucleotide uptake system is dependent on the developmental stage of the animal but independent of the number of days that the neurons are maintained in vitro. Following the uptake of antisense oligonucleotides directed against ion channel subunit genes expressed by these neurons (nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit α3; nAChR α3), biophysical assays reveal that the functional expression of the target gene is largely blocked. Thus the number of wild type nAChR channels expressed is decreased by =80%–90%. Furthermore, following antisense deletion of α3, “mutant” nAChRs with distinct functional characteristics are expressed. In sum, these studies characterize the uptake of antisense oligonucleotide and demonstrate the functional block of specific gene expression in primary developing neurons. In addition, the functional studies emphasize the need for sensitive and specific assay following antisense deletion, since other homologous gene products may substitute for the targeted gene resulting in new phenotypes that are subtly different from wild type. © 1993Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Efficient fault tolerance in multi-media applications through selective instruction replication

As voltages decrease, soft errors are expected to become an increasing problem in maintaining program correctness. Unfortunately, previous mechanisms to improve processor reliability protect all processor instructions equally, causing such approaches to suffer from significant performance degradation and/or substantial hardware overhead. However, recent research has shown that in multimedia applications such as photography, video, and audio, not all instructions are created equal: many operations prove to be far more tolerant to faults than others [1].This observation can be leveraged to limit the cost of reliable computing by protecting only those instructions that are critical to correct execution. We propose a mechanism to protect against soft errors through selective instruction replication. We begin with a dynamic instruction replication framework that replicates every instruction and checks them upon commit, rolling back for any inconsistent results. Instead of replicating the entire program, instructions that the compiler identifies as tolerant to error would remain unprotected. While full replication requires 40% to 100% overhead, our mechanism requires only 30% to 75% overhead, reducing the overhead by 15-33% with minimal hardware overhead. We suffer only 0.5 - 1% fidelity degradation with this approach.
Modified Regression Approach for Modeling Probability Distributions

ABSTRACT Amodified regression approach is presented for modeling probability distributions. The approach combines a fitted probability distribution with polynomial regression. The method is based on fitting a reference probability distribution to a set of data. Polynomial regression is then used to modify the fitted reference distribution for a closer fit to the data. The modified regression approach is a fast and statistically efficient method of modeling probability distributions for random variable generation and percentile estimation.
Treatment of mammalian spinal cord injury with antioxidants

Abstract After spinal cord injury, two groups of cats were treated with a combination of methylprednisolone sodium succinate (MP, 35 mg/kg) and epsilon-aminocaproic acid (EACA, 350 mg/kg), and guanabenz acetate (0.65 mg/kg). Guanabenz acetate was administered twice daily for 8 weeks. In the first group, the treatment significantly increased blood flow in the abdominal aorta. All cats treated with guanabenz acetate 3 hr after spinal cord contusion had return of micturition and none suffered complete paraplegia. Four animals had partial and the other four had complete motor recovery. A superoxide (O 2 − ) generating system, horseradish peroxidase, decreased [ 14 C]gamma amino butyric acid uptake by mouse cortical slices by 33% but when superoxide dismutase was added to the medium, the uptake was reduced by only 9%. The nerve endings were also protected by superoxide dismutase from morphologic damage by (O 2 − ) as observed by electron microscopy. The agents used in these studies produce their ameliorating effects by virtue of their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant. and membrane stabilizing properties, and enhancing the regional microcirculation. In addition to having these properties, guanabenz acetate is also an alpha 2 adrenoceptor agonist.
Inhibition of human T-cell rosette formation by the adenosine deaminase inhibitor erythro-9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl) adenine hydrochloride (EHNA)

Abstract Mononuclear cell surface markers from normal human volunteers were tested in the presence of the adenosine deaminase inhibitor erythro-9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl) adenine hydrochloride (EHNA). Only the T-cell surface marker, formation of rosettes with sheep red blood cells, was significantly inhibited by concentrations of EHNA in a dose-dependent manner. Metabolic compartmentalization of adenosine compounds at the site of nucleoside transport across the cell membrane may play an important role in determining T-cell rosette formation and whether or not the blastogenic response of these cells to environmental mitogens will occur.
Public Production of Anti‐Retroviral Medicines in Brazil, 1990–2007

This article examines Brazil's experience with the public production of anti-retroviral drugs (ARVs) and highlights the important role of the state in guaranteeing access to life-saving medicines and fulfilling human rights commitments. The key to understanding the government's successful intervention in the pharmaceutical market and provision of treatment rests on the synergistic, albeit political, relationship between reform-minded public servants and civil society activists. This article argues that three key factors led to the government becoming a direct producer of ARVs: 1) a pre-existing infrastructure of public laboratories that have served the public health system to a greater or lesser degree since the 1960s; 2) strong civil society pressures, including public health activists both inside and outside the government; and 3) a pharmaceutical sector characterized by high prices and controlled by transnational drug companies.
Theoretical model of the laser imaging of small aerosols: applications to aerosol sizing.

A theoretical model is presented for the formation of small-particle shadow images in a single-lens laser-imaging system. The model uses a modification of classical Lorenz-Mie theory, presented by the authors in an earlier paper, to calculate the external electromagnetic fields resulting from the interaction of a Gaussian laser beam with a finite absorbing spherical particle. Propagation of the electric field through the imaging system components is developed from a scalar viewpoint using the thin-lens transformation and the Fresnel approximation to the Huygens–Fresnel propagation equation. The theoretical model is valid for either transparent or absorbing spheres and has no restrictions on the allowable degree or direction of aerosol defocus. Direct comparisons between theoretical calculations and experimental observations are reported for 53-μm-diameter transparent water droplets and 66-μm-diameter absorbing nickel spheres for defocus ranging from −2 mm (toward the lens) to +2 mm (away from the lens). Theory and experiment showed good agreement in the boundary edge gradient and the location of the external peaks, while observable differences existed in the magnitude of the central spots. Theoretical results, comparing water and nickel aerosols, showed observable differences in the calculated average internal intensity (AII). In contrast, the boundary edge gradient showed less dependence on changes in the optical properties of the particle. These results indicate that criteria, such as the AII, used in focus determination must be reevaluated when applying in-focus sizing algorithms to aerosols with significantly different optical properties.
Fire and Ice: Unnatural Disasters and the Disposable Urban Poor in Post‐Apartheid Johannesburg

Johannesburg is a divided city where propertied middle-class residents and the urban poor live in existentially separate worlds. If the steady accretion of luxury entertainment sites, enclosed shopping malls and gated residential communities in the northern suburbs has come to symbolize the entry of middle-class urbanites into the culture of aspirant ‘world class’ cities, then the proliferation of overcrowded, resource-starved informal settlements on the periurban fringe represents the dystopian features of distressed urbanism. The risk-prone environments of informal squatter settlements magnify the impact of catastrophic events like fires and floods, and the intersection of disaster-vulnerable settlement patterns with relaxed planning regulations and building standards, lack of preparation for unsuspected calamities, and inadequate crisis management creates entirely new artificial hazards. These unnatural disasters cannot simply be attributed to ‘bad luck’ or nature’s destructive force. Disaster-vulnerability and exposure to risk are unevenly distributed across the metropolis. By focusing attention on the catastrophic fires that regularly destroy shanty settlements in places like Alexandra township at the northeast corner of Johannesburg, it is possible to reveal a largely hidden structure of marginality and social insecurity that is a permanent condition of everyday life for the urban poor.
Comparative study of the binary clusters of acetic acid–water and acetic acid–benzene using electron impact and multiphoton ionization techniques

Abstract Electron impact and multiphoton ionization techniques are used for a comparative study of the acetic acid–water and acetic acid–benzene clusters generated by supersonic beam expansion. In acetic acid–water clusters, hydrogen-bonding interaction is the driving force in determining the structures of the clusters. The protonated and the methyl cation containing clusters are characterized by 6-membered cyclic and 8-membered bicyclic structures. The similar magic number patterns observed for the protonated and methyl cation containing clusters suggest that the cyclic structures are stabilized by the charge interaction. A remarkable periodicity in the ion intensity of benzene (acetic acid) n clusters is observed. The clusters containing an even number of acetic acid molecules exhibit enhanced ion intensities. This effect is attributed to the formation of multiple cyclic dimers as a result of clustering from a dimer-rich vapor phase. Protonated acetic acid clusters are generated following the three-photon absorption by the binary clusters, which leads to dissociative charge transfer followed by proton transfer within the ionized acetic acid clusters. Evidence is presented for the special stability of the B 2 A 8 ion, which is proposed to consist of a benzene dimer cation entrapped between two acetic acid tetramers.
Neutrophils Stimulated with a Variety of Chemoattractants Exhibit Rapid Activation of p21-Activated Kinases (Paks): Separate Signals Are Required for Activation and Inactivation of Paks

Activation of the p21-activated protein kinases (Paks) was compared in neutrophils stimulated with a wide variety of agonists that bind to receptors coupled to heterotrimeric G proteins. Neutrophils stimulated with sulfatide, a ligand for the L-selectin receptor, or the chemoattractant fMet-Leu-Phe (fMLP), platelet-activating factor, leukotriene B4, interleukin-8, or the chemokine RANTES exhibited a rapid and transient activation of the 63- and 69-kDa Paks. These kinases exhibited maximal activation with each of these agonists within 15 s followed by significant inactivation at 3 min. In contrast, neutrophils treated with the chemoattractant and anaphylatoxin C5a exhibited a prolonged activation (>15 min) of these Paks even though the receptor for this ligand may activate the same overall population of complex G proteins as the fMLP receptor. Addition of fMLP to neutrophils already stimulated with C5a resulted in the inactivation of the 63- and 69-kDa Paks. Optimal activation of Paks could be observed at concentrations of these agonists that elicited only shape changes and chemotaxis in neutrophils. While all of the agonists listed above triggered quantitatively similar activation of the 63- and 69-kDa Paks, fMLP was far superior to the other stimuli in triggering activation of the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). These data indicate that separate signals are required for activation and inactivation of Paks and that, in contrast to other cell types, activated Pak does not trigger activation of JNK or p38-MAPK in neutrophils. These results are consistent with the recent hypothesis that G-protein-coupled receptors may initiate signals independent of those transmitted by the alpha and betagamma subunits of complex G proteins.
In vivo antiviral activity and pharmacokinetics of (-)-cis-5-fluoro-1-[2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-oxathiolan-5-yl]cytosine in woodchuck hepatitis virus-infected woodchucks.

The (-) enantiomer of cis-5-fluoro-1l-[2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-oxathiolan-5-yl]cytosine [(-)-FTC)], a substituted oxathiolane compound with anti-hepatitis B virus activity in vitro, was assessed for its efficacy in woodchucks with naturally acquired woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) infection. Pharmacokinetics and in vitro anabolism were also determined. (-)-FTC was anabolized to the 59-triphosphate in a dose-related fashion, reaching a maximum concentration at about 24 h in cultured woodchuck hepatocytes. Following administration of a dose of 10 mg/kg of body weight intraperitoneally (i.p.), the clearance of (-)-FTC from plasma was monoexponential, the terminal half-life was 3.76 +/- 1.4 h, and the systemic clearance was 0.12 +/- 0.06 liters/h/kg. The antiviral efficacy of (-)-FTC in the woodchuck model was assessed by quantitation of serum WHV DNA levels and by WHV particle-associated DNA polymerase activity at two dosages, 30 and 20 mg/kg given i.p. twice daily (b.i.d.), respectively. The level of WHV DNA in serum was reduced 20- to 150-fold (average, 56-fold) in the 30-mg/kg-b.i.d. treatment group and 6- to 49-fold (average, 27-fold) in the 20-mg/kg-b.i.d. treatment group. Viral DNA polymerase levels diminished accordingly. One week after treatment was discontinued, WHV levels returned to pretreatment levels in both studies. These animals were biopsied before and following treatment with 30 mg of (-)-FTC per kg. Their livers were characterized by a mild increase in cytoplasmic lipid levels, but this change was not associated with altered liver enzyme levels. Serum chemistry and hematology results were within the normal ranges for all treated animals. We conclude that (-)-FTC is a potent antihepadnaviral agent and that it has no detectable toxic effects in woodchucks when given for up to 25 days. Further development of (-)-FTC as an anti-hepatitis B virus therapy for patients is warranted.
How groups develop a specialized domain vocabulary: A cognitive multi-agent model

We simulate the evolution of a domain vocabulary in small communities. Empirical data show that human communicators can evolve graphical languages quickly in a constrained task (Pictionary), and that communities converge towards a common language. We propose that simulations of such cultural evolution incorporate properties of human memory (cue-based retrieval, learning, decay). A cognitive model is described that encodes abstract concepts with small sets of concrete, related concepts (directing), and that also decodes such signs (matching). Learning captures conventionalized signs. Relatedness of concepts is characterized by a mixture of shared and individual knowledge, which we sample from a text corpus. Simulations show vocabulary convergence of agent communities of varied structure, but idiosyncrasy in vocabularies of each dyad of models. Convergence is weakened when agents do not alternate between encoding and decoding, predicting the necessity of bi-directional communication. Convergence is improved by explicit feedback about communicative success. We hypothesize that humans seek out subtle clues to gauge success in order to guide their vocabulary acquisition.
Diatom acclimation to elevated CO 2 via cAMP signalling and coordinated gene expression

Carbon fixation by marine diatoms, which dominate ocean primary productivity, is energetically expensive. Now genetic analysis shows that elevated CO2 causes downregulation of these mechanisms, resulting in metabolic rearrangement and energy savings.
Where Does Personality Have Its Influence? A Supermatrix of Consistency Concepts

An understanding of the nature of personality depends on clear conceptions of consistency. Researchers have applied the term consistency in ambiguous and inconsistent ways over the last half century, which has led to a great deal of confusion and debate over the existence of personality. This article seeks to reframe and extend conceptions of consistency and thus proposes three important ways consistency concepts differ from each other. The first way consistency concepts differ from each other is in the competing determinant of behavior that the consistency is across: time, situation content, or behavior content. The second way consistency concepts differ from each other is in the definition of behavior enactment: single enactment, aggregate enactment, contingent enactment, or patterned enactment. When these two dimensions are crossed with a third dimension-definition of similarity (absolute, relative-position, or ipsative)-they create a supermatrix of 36 consistency concepts. Empirical support for each of these 36 consistency concepts, or its failure, has uniquely different implications for the fundamental nature of personality. This supermatrix can serve as a guide for future research aimed at discovering the nature of personality.
Modulating Effects of the Plug, Helix, and N- and C-terminal Domains on Channel Properties of the PapC Usher

The chaperone/usher system is one of the best characterized pathways for protein secretion and assembly of cell surface appendages in Gram-negative bacteria. In particular, this pathway is used for biogenesis of the P pilus, a key virulence factor used by uropathogenic Escherichia coli to adhere to the host urinary tract. The P pilus individual subunits bound to the periplasmic chaperone PapD are delivered to the outer membrane PapC usher, which serves as an assembly platform for subunit incorporation into the pilus and secretion of the pilus fiber to the cell surface. PapC forms a dimeric, twin pore complex, with each monomer composed of a 24-stranded transmembrane β-barrel channel, an internal plug domain that occludes the channel, and globular N- and C-terminal domains that are located in the periplasm. Here we have used planar lipid bilayer electrophysiology to characterize the pore properties of wild type PapC and domain deletion mutants for the first time. The wild type pore is closed most of the time but displays frequent short-lived transitions to various open states. In comparison, PapC mutants containing deletions of the plug domain, an α-helix that caps the plug domain, or the N- and C-terminal domains form channels with higher open probability but still exhibiting dynamic behavior. Removal of the plug domain results in a channel with extremely large conductance. These observations suggest that the plug gates the usher channel closed and that the periplasmic domains and α-helix function to modulate the gating activity of the PapC twin pore.
Roseomonas mucosa Isolated from Bloodstream of Pediatric Patient

We report a case of catheter-related bacteremia associated with Roseomonas mucosa isolated from an immunocompromised pediatric patient with a history of multiple episodes of urinary tract infection and bacteremia.
Auditory Modeling Gets an Edge

original model. The extended FNY model consists of a three-layer network, with two subcortical stages and a cortical output neuron. The first layer implements a filter bank similar to the one found in the cochlea. The next layer is two-dimensional and adds a delay axis (along which neurons vary in their response latency) to the frequency axis. The third layer represents a cortical neuron that receives both inhibitory and excitatory inputs from the frequencydelay layer. The synaptic weights of the inputs are then set to form an on-off spectro-temporal receptive field (STRF). Hence the cortical neurons act as spectro-temporal edge detectors.
Synthesis of discrete-time discrete-frequency Wigner distribution

A recursive algorithm is proposed for synthesizing a discrete-time periodic signal from a specified discrete-time discrete-frequency Wigner distribution by minimizing the error in the cyclic outer product. Equating the gradient of the error with respect to signal samples to zero results in a set of nonlinear simultaneous equations, which are solved using Newton-Raphson's method. A simulation example is given showing the synthesized signal over the first few iterations.
Serotonin function following remission from bulimia nervosa.

Abnormal serotonergic regulation in bulimia nervosa is thought to contribute to recurrent binge eating, depressed mood, and impulsivity. To follow-up on previous studies showing decreased neuroendocrine responses in symptomatic patients, this study assessed serotonin-mediated prolactin responses in individuals who had remitted from bulimia nervosa. Subjects included 21 women with a history of bulimia nervosa and 21 healthy female controls, as well as an additional comparison group of 19 women with current bulimia nervosa. Placebo-controlled neuroendocrine response studies utilized a single oral dose (60 mg) of the indirect serotonin agonist d,l-fenfluramine. For the bulimia nervosa remitted group, the fenfluramine-stimulated elevation in serum prolactin concentration was not significantly different from the response in healthy controls, but was significantly larger than the response in patients with current bulimia nervosa (p < .01). These findings suggest that diminished serotonergic neuroendocrine responsiveness in bulimia nervosa reflects a state-related abnormality. The results are discussed in relationship to recent reports indicating that some alterations in central nervous system serotonin regulation may persist in symptomatically recovered individuals.
Analysis of Interconnection Networks Based on Cayley Graphs of Strong Generating Sets

This paper describes a class of interconnection networks based on Cayley graph of (S_n, \Omega_CT)> where S_n is the symmetric group of degree n and order n! and \Omega_CT is the generator set consisting of all the n (n -1)/2 transpositions, called the complete transposition graph (CTG). A complete enumeration of a set of node disjoint paths for CTG is given which in turn implies that CTG has maximum fault-tolerance.
A Reference Framework for Emergent Space Communication Architectures oriented on Galactic Geography

An exuberant space age is emergent, which is likely to see many compact yet innovative explorations much beyond imagined in the past requiring a reusable and sharable space communication infrastructure. Currently proposed space communication architectures mainly suffer from three design drawbacks high cost, narrowed scale and lack of concise geographical organization. Therefore, there has been a renewed interest for developing a new generation of architectures addressing these design drawbacks. Recently, a set of architectures have been proposed by NASA, JPL, CCSDS and BBN contributing towards the architectural design of the next generation space networks. However, it is not pretty simple proposals to determine there completeness, cost-efficiency and their capability to address varied communication and challenges of space environments. In this paper we backward one step, we describe a holistic framework for space communication. We identify the major constraints of space environment imposed by the galactic geography. We also outline a sufficiently complete design space of the plausible range of communication modalities this age of space communication might require. These requirements are based on the path and link concurrency and non concurrency based classification including edge and core mobility, link intermittency, and schedulability. Moreover, we survey three leading architectures namely OMNI, CCSDS and SpaceVPN. We show their extent of completeness, strengths, weaknesses, and what communication modalities they support and what they do not. In was shown that OMNI architecture will have the potential to serve near space mission missions, while SpaceVPN will be the architecture of next space age serving large scale deep space missions.
EDUCATION AND TECHNOLOGY ADOPTION IN A SMALL OPEN ECONOMY: THEORY AND EVIDENCE

We develop a simple open-economy growth model in which productivity growth and education influence each other, and use it to empirically address issues of causality between them. Technology adoption fostered by human capital and economic openness determines productivity growth; the framework allows us to evaluate whether the effects of these two variables on growth documented in previous cross-country regression studies carry over to a simultaneous system closely allied to a model. This model implies that an increase in openness will stimulate technical change but, for empirically plausible values of the intertemporal elasticity of substitution, it will cause a decrease in the level of education. The empirical analysis specifies productivity growth and human capital as endogenous variables and finds evidence broadly consistent with the theory—openness and education stimulate productivity growth, and there is a negative effect of this growth on human capital accumulation.
Interferon γ Eliminates Responding Cd4 T Cells during Mycobacterial Infection by Inducing Apoptosis of Activated Cd4 T Cells

In Mycobacterium bovis Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG)-infected wild-type mice, there was a large expansion of an activated (CD44hi) splenic CD4 T cell population followed by a rapid contraction of this population to normal numbers. Contraction of the activated CD4 T cell population in wild-type mice was associated with increased apoptosis of activated CD4 T cells. In BCG-infected interferon (IFN)-γ knockout (KO) mice, the activated CD4 T cell population did not undergo apoptosis. These mice accumulated large numbers of CD4+CD44hi T cells that were responsive to mycobacterial antigens. Addition of IFN-γ to cultured splenocytes from BCG-infected IFN-γ KO mice induced apoptosis of activated CD4 T cells. IFN-γ–mediated apoptosis was abolished by depleting adherent cells or Mac-1+ spleen cells or by inhibiting nitric oxide synthase. Thus, IFN-γ is essential to a regulatory mechanism that eliminates activated CD4 T cells and maintains CD4 T cell homeostasis during an immune response.
A reimagined discharge lounge as a way to an efficient discharge process

Faced with inherent inefficiencies built into transfer of a patient from emergency department (ED) to an inpatient bed, we determined that the timely availability of an inpatient bed was essential to improving efficiency and flow. Lack of beds early in the day was a major cause for delays and backup in the ED, which in turn placed the ED at risk for overcrowding and diversion. Review of the discharge process revealed that only 33.4% of discharges were completed prior to noon, and on average took 126 minutes from the time a discharge order was written to the time the patient actually left their inpatient bed. To achieve our goals of improving patient flow and discharge efficiency, we proposed a new project, called the "Discharge Hospitality Center (DHC)." Our previous attempt at creating a "discharge lounge" was unsuccessful. However, we learned from that endeavor which then allowed us to completely redesign the new DHC project and incorporate ongoing feedback from all stakeholders, sharing performance metrics regularly, and collectively searching for ways to overcome barriers and improve performance together. Strict eligibility criteria were created, and every patient was screened for DHC eligibility daily at our multidisciplinary discharge planning meeting. This multidisciplinary group made the final decision about eligibility for the DHC, and took responsibility for distributing the list of eligible patients to the acute care nursing floors immediately after their early morning meeting. Using the list of patients appropriate for the DHC, the acute floor nursing teams developed standard work for prioritization of DHC eligible patients for discharge, which more reliably allowed those patients to leave their inpatient beds earlier in the day. We found there was no need for dedicated staff at our DHC, as after discharge all outpatient procedures and policies applied. Our outcomes were quite favorable. Four months after the DHC project was launched, ED stays over 6 hours decreased from 24.6 to 15.8%, discharges before noon increased from 33.4 to 41.5%, and time improved from 126 down to 84 minutes from the time a discharge order was written to the time the patients actually left their inpatient bed. We reviewed all patients who went to the DHC on the subject of readmission and found two that were unavoidable (whether or not the DHC was used), and one patient nearly missed his ride home as he sat in the wrong location for transport pickup. In conclusion, a DHC can be successfully designed through integration and collaboration with stakeholders which can be a valuable tool to improve discharge efficiency and patient flow.
On-orbit measurement of JFET leakage current and its annealing as functions of dose and bias at Jupiter

Excessive source-pin leakage current was found to cause the Galileo spacecraft gyroscope slew sensor to report incorrect spacecraft slew and thereby cause the computer to command inappropriate slewing. At normal bias, ground tests had found similar leakage to occur at dose levels similar to in-space levels. Controlled bias versus dose is used on-orbit in order to induce radiation-annealing and minimize growth of the leakage current in a DG181 JFET device. The growth of leakage current is minimized by turning the JFET power voltage off while it is in the radiation belts, thus, allowing for operation of the gyroscope attitude control system (ACS) when it is outside the radiation belts. During several 10- to 30-krad passes through the radiation belts, the leakage-associated damage was seen to slightly recover while power was turned off, but dramatically increase while turned on. The data provide perspective on the relations between ground test/design and optimization of performance in radiation and it suggests ways that procedures for ground testing could be improved.
Membrane cholesterol, lateral mobility, and the phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate-dependent organization of cell actin

Responses to cholesterol depletion are often taken as evidence of a role for lipid rafts in cell function. Here, we show that depletion of cell cholesterol has global effects on cell and plasma membrane architecture and function. The lateral mobility of membrane proteins is reduced when cell cholesterol is chronically or acutely depleted. The change in mobility is a consequence of the reorganization of the cell actin. Binding of a GFP-tagged pleckstrin homology domain specific for phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2] to the plasma membrane is reduced after cholesterol depletion. This result implies that the reorganization of cytoskeleton depends on the loss or redistribution of plasma membrane PI(4,5)P2. Consistent with this observation, agents that sequester plasma membrane PI(4,5)P2 mimic the effects of cholesterol depletion on actin organization and on lateral mobility.
Space and time compaction schemes for embedded cores

Testing embedded cores in a system-on-a-chip necessitates the use of a test access mechanism, which provides for transportation of the test data between the chip and the core I/Os. We outline an aliasing-free space and time compaction scheme, for both combinational and sequential cores, which minimizes the required test bandwidth and reduces the bandwidth consumption of the test access mechanism at the core output side. The experimental results show that the test bandwidth gain is achieved with no appreciable increase in test application time.
Developing a Scale to Assess Cognitive Responses to Frightening Films

This investigation was based on the premise that cognitive processes play a role in an individual's fear response to scary movies. One implication of this assumption is that past experiences stored in long‐term memory may be an important component of the fear response. The present research was undertaken to develop a reliable and valid measure of the nature of these past experiences. The result was a 10‐item scale that has evidence of reliability and validity. Implications for using this scale were discussed.
Tyrosine phosphorylations in vivo associated with v-fms transformation.

Abstract The role of tyrosine-specific phosphorylation in v-fms-mediated transformation was examined by immunoblotting techniques together with a high-affinity antibody that is specific for phosphotyrosine. This antiphosphotyrosine antibody detected phosphorylated tyrosine residues on the gp140v-fms molecule, but not gP180v-fms or gp120v-fms, in v-fms-transformed cells. This antibody also identified a number of cellular proteins that were either newly phosphorylated on tyrosine residues or showed enhanced phosphorylation on tyrosine residues as a result of v-fms transformation. However, the substrates of the v-fms-induced tyrosine kinase activity were not the characterized pp60v-src substrates. The phosphorylation of some of these cellular proteins and of the gp140fms molecule was found to correlate with the ability of v-fms/c-fms hybrids to transform cells. In addition, immunoblotting with the phosphotyrosine antibody allowed a comparison to be made of the substrates phosphorylated on tyrosine residues in various transformed cell lines. This study indicates that the pattern of tyrosine phosphorylation in v-fms-transformed cells is strikingly similar to that in v-sis-transformed cells.
Probability and Measure

Much of the theory of statistical inference can be appreciated without a detailed understanding of probability or measure theory. This book does not treat these topics with rigor. But some basic knowledge of them is quite useful. Much of the literature in statistics uses measure theory and is inaccessible to anyone unfamiliar with the basic notation. Also, the notation of measure theory allows one to merge results for discrete and continuous random variables. In addition, the notation can handle interesting and important applications involving censoring or truncation in which a random variable of interest is neither discrete nor continuous. Finally, the language of measure theory is necessary for stating many results correctly. In the sequel, measure-theoretic details are generally downplayed or ignored in proofs, but the presentation is detailed enough that anyone with a good background in probability should be able to fill in any missing details.
Who Values the Media

Media can be crucial for democracy. Because news and current affairs can promote political awareness and ideological diversity, many societies have charged policy makers with ensuring there are opportunities for different, new and independent viewpoints to be heard (“diversity”), and that media sources respond to the interests of their local communities (“localism”). In the U.S., the FCC traditionally limited the amount of common ownership of radio and television stations, and the amount of cross-ownership between newspapers, radio and television stations serving the same market.
Franchising in the Philippines

The Philippine market offers an innately large consumer base that is attractive for franchise operators. Its strategic location makes the country an appealing option as a franchise hub to launch a future Asia-Pacific expansion. Additional favorable factors include: Wide use of the English language, Cultural affinity with American values, low labor cost, large pool of skilled labor and management talent, and moderately well-placed infrastructure. The competitive climate that exist in the more urbanized locations in the country forces new entrants to creatively innovate and adapt quickly to the environment in order to succeed.
When Word-of-Mouth Goes Online: Evaluating the Characteristics and Effects of eWOM Communication

Technological advances can significantly alter consumer behavior patterns. The proliferation of the Internet and personal mobile devices has allowed unparalleled access to information and to individuals worldwide sharing common interests or concerns. Many individuals today provide user-generated content online, communicating through technology in a form of electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM). Often, eWOM occurs through unsolicited consumer assessments of products, services, brands or companies. These evaluations can be positive or negative and may influence purchasing decisions, content sharing and other consumer behaviors. In the United States, several consumers have had to defend themselves against legal action after posting negative reviews warning others to avoid particular companies. This paper provides an appraisal of key elements in the development of eWOM communication and briefly reviews modern legal cases stemming from consumer online comments.
Epilepsy Surgery in Eloquent Cortex

Surgical treatment of epilepsy involving the eloquent cortex is challenging due to potential postoperative neurological deficits.
Inheritance of capability of human esophageal epithelial cells to grow with diverse carbohydrates.

SummaryHuman esophageal epithelial cells (Minn. 55-12-1 strain) in serum medium microbiologically depleted of glucose were unable to grow with lactose, raffinose, trehalose, turanose, melezitose, melibiose or arabinose as sole carbon sources. Cultures in depleted medium grew well with maltose and occasionally with sucrose by production of reducing sugar through serum or cell-serum activity. Ability to grow in glucose-depleted medium containing fructose, xylose, and galactose was inherited. Acquired xylose capability of cultures appeared to result from selective enrichment of populations with constitutively xylose-capable cells. Expression of capability of cultures to grow in galactose medium was modified reversibly by prior exposure to galactose or glucose.
The Interlocking of Work and Family Social Systems Among Lower Occupational Families

It is hoped that the reader realizes that our analysis was not concerned with all types of premarital sex behavior and that our hypotheses apply only to "double standard premarital sex." We emphasize this point for so many sociologists seem to commit the error of identifying all premarital sexual intercourse with double standard intercourse.19 We also would like to state clearly that this paper is not intended as an argumeent in favor of or against double standard sex conduct. We tried to point out somne of the pertinent aspects of this standard and indicate what appears to be the general direction that our culture is moving towards in relation to this standard. The fact that a particular standard is in conflict with other standards or that the trend is opposed to a particular norm is not in itself a condemnation. One must evaluate these aspects and decide if he believes them to be right or wrong; and he may accept the minority or the majority position. If we have pointed up the worth of further examination of this area and of testing some of the hypotheses put forth in this paper, then our task has been accomplished. towards "aim-inhibited" courtship behavior and thus postponement of marriage. A check of single men, e.g. those over 25, could test this hypothesis. It is also believed that the double standard adherents will tend to be more conservative than single permissive standard adherents in other areas of behavior as religious, political, and economic. The reasoning supporting these hypotheses is too detailed to be gone into here but are contained in the previously mentioned manuscript by the author. 19 The author has recently completed a paper supporting this contention. See: Ira L. Reiss, Implicit Assumptions and Neglected Evidence in the Sociological Treatment of Premarital Sexual Irnteicourse.
Biochemical Systematics of North American Moles (Insectivora: Talpidae)

Genetic variation within and among five genera and seven species of North American moles of the family Talpidae was examined using starch-gel electrophoresis. All loci examined, except LAP, were found to segregate for more than one allele among species, with a maximum of eight different alleles at any single locus. Average heterozygosity values (H) ranged from 0.00 to 0.015 in fossorial genera and up to 0.050 in the semifossorial Neurotrichus gibbsii . Allozymic data suggest that the Recent North American talpid fauna comprises two separate groups. These findings support the contention of Cabrera (1925) that the North American moles are most appropriately considered as two distinct subfamilies: the Condylurinae, including only the genus Condylura ; and the Scalopinae, consisting of Scalopus, Neurotrichus, Parascalops , and Scapanus . Formal recognition of these subfamilies, however, must await Old World comparisons. Genetic similarity among genera excluding Condylura ranged from a low Roger's similarity value (S) of 0.28 between Scalopus and Parascalops to a high of 0.57 between Scapanus orarius and Neurotrichus , with the average S across genera being 0.46. These data suggest that Parascalops and Scapanus shared a common ancestor after the divergence of Scalopus . The allozymic data provided an estimated divergence time of from 25 to 38 million years BP for this dichotomy, and 49 million years for the divergence between Condylura and other North American genera.
Photoproduction of the Λ(1405) Measured at CLAS

Using the CLAS detector system in Hall B at Jefferson Lab, we have done a high statistics measurement of the photoproduction of K{sup +} {Lambda}(1405) on a proton target. The reconstructed invariant mass in the three different {Sigma} {pi} decay modes has been measured, as well as the differential cross section. Our goal is to understand the nature of the {Lambda}(1405), which has been a longstanding puzzle for decades. Its peculiar mass distribution is not well understood, and studies have shown that it may possess strong dynamical components, which could be extracted from our data. Various aspects of our analysis are discussed, and preliminary results are shown.
Sequential Chorioretinal Changes in Presumed Ocular Histoplasmosis Syndrome Analyzed Using Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography.

ABSTRACTPurpose: To analyze sequential chorioretinal changes in presumed ocular histoplasmosis syndrome (POHS) using volumetric spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT).Methods: A total of 28 treatment-naive eyes of 20 POHS patients were characterized as: no choroidal neovascular membrane (CNVM) at initial SD-OCT but CNVM development during follow-up (primary group); CNVM at initial SD-OCT (progressive group); and contralateral asymptomatic eyes (control group).Results: The primary group (4/28 eyes) initially demonstrated external limiting membrane (ELM), ellipsoid zone and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)/Bruch’s disruption in 100%, and pigment epithelial detachment (PED) in 75% of eyes. CNVM developed in 100% of eyes during follow-up. Progressive group (8/28 eyes) showed CNVM in 100% of eyes. Control group (16/28 eyes) showed ELM disruption in two and PED in three additional eyes on follow-up from initial analysis.Conclusions: SD-OCT is a useful tool to sequentially follow eyes with POHS fo...
K-medoids clustering algorithm method based on ant colony algorithm

K-medoids algorithm as a kind of clustering algorithm, not easily affected by extreme data, the influence of broad adaptability, but K-medoids clustering algorithm accuracy is not stable, average accuracy, low in the real,clustering analysis effect is poorer. ACO is a bionic optimization algorithm, which has strong robustness, can be unified easily with other method, has high efficiency. K-medoids clustering algorithm based on ACO algorithm merit reference, this paper proposes a new clustering algorithm. It raises the clustering algorithm, and the stability of the accuracy is high. Finally, simulation experiments show the feasibility and advantage of this algorithm.
The dual phenomenon in the dermatophytes.

Two factors have been responsible mainly for the illogical species concept applied to the dermatophytes. These are (a) failure to take full cognizance of the phenomenon of variation displayed by most species of dermatophytes in laboratory culture, and (b) the naming of species on the basis of gross cultural characteristics on standard media. The range of variation members of a single imperfect species may show, when subjected to single spore analysis, has been demonstrated fully in only a few cases. In the genus Fusarium, Snyder and Hansen (12) have shown that the progeny of a single spore culture may show such wide variation as to fall into several species and even sub-sections of the genus as it was formerly constituted. Emmons (2, 3) reported on variation of this nature in Achorion gypseum and pointed out that the present system of classification permits the raising of cultural variants to species rank. Prolonged cultivation in the laboratory induces in many species of dermatophytes an.abrupt change in type of growth, known to medical mycologists as pleomorphic overgrowth. This pleomorphic growth apparently arises in response to physiological aging, usually appearing first as white, fluffy tufts at the center or edge of a colony. Often it grows over and obscures the original culture. Medical mycologists frequently refer to this phenomenon as a form of degeneration.
Opening Policy Choices

The dominant interpretation of communications policy change in India is a politically powerful argument. It hammers together a number of theoretic and political elements in such a way to resonate well with important political and social groups. Some policy-makers in state agencies want greater flexibility and autonomy from societal groups to achieve greater public policy effectiveness and control, and can see in parts of liberalization a route to this end. Business groups find in liberalization policies an enhancement of their role in development and economic growth versus that of state planners, and the need for greater responsiveness to their needs on the part of some state agencies. Similarly, international investors and traders find justification for their desire to gain access to India's growing consumer markets and to India's workers as a factor of production of goods and services for the global information economy in the claims of the liberalization account.