cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Structural Heterogeneity in Poly(methyl methacrylate) Glasses of Different Tacticity Studied by Thermally Stimulated Current Thermal Sampling Techniques

The thermally stimulated current thermal sampling (TSC-TS) technique was used to study the cooperative glass transition like relaxations in different tacticity poly(methyl methacrylates) (PMMAs) including iso- and syndiotactic forms. We use the high sensitivity of the TSC-TS method to study these weak and sometimes overlapping relaxations at a frequency of about 10 -3 Hz where one can resolve cooperative relaxations well below the main glass transition (Tg), even if the species are a minor fraction of the overall relaxing species. The magnitudes of the values of E a are compared with a theoretical prediction as a function of temperature, showing that the low-temperature tail of the glass transition in conventional atactic (e.g., 45% syndiotriads) extends down to 15 °C, while in our highest syndiocontent PMMA (80% syndiotriads), the glass-transition-like relaxations only extend down to about 80 °C. Results taken from the literature also substantiate the results obtained here for atactic PMMA. The results are contrasted to those for bisphenol-A polycarbonate and other polymers and suggest that compositional heterogeneity, more specifically the presence of low T g pockets of predominantly isotactic sequences, contributes to the broad glass transition extending almost 90 °C below the main glass transition in atactic PMMA.
Refined Analysis of Torsion and In-plane Shear of Honeycomb Sandwich Structures:

Multiple-Pass Homogenization (MPH) technique is used to derive formulas for equivalent torsional and in-plane shear stiffness properties of sandwich plates with periodic core structures. In the first pass of the MPH, a discrete core structure is homogenized in a principal axis resulting in piecewise constant material properties, based on which the second pass can be analytically processed with respect to macroscopic torsion and in-plane shear modes. Two equivalent shear stiffness properties of periodic core structures, G*cxy and G*cxy, corresponding to torsion and in-plane shear, respectively, are conceptually and analytically distinguished from each other. By using the Saint-Venant’s semi-inverse method and periodic boundary conditions, analytical solutions of the equivalent shear stiffness are explicitly obtained in the form of Fourier series, which consist of a Voigt-type upper bound term and a correction term. Effects of thickness ratio and core transverse shear stiffness on the two equivalent shear s...
IR studies of carbons—VI. The effects of KHCO3 on cellulose pyrolysis and char oxidation☆

The pyrolysis in vacuum of cellulose containing 5 wt. % of KHCO3 (KHC) was followed by IR photothermal beam deflection spectroscopy, and compared with observations made with pure cellulose (PC) [Carbon 21, 283(1983)]. The KHCO3, and KOH and K2CO3 formed from it, drastically altered the cellulose carbonization and the subsequent oxidation of the KHC chars. KHC became charred at 140 °C and the cellulose disrupted at 220 °C. The surface layer was a mixture of weak acid K salts. K2CO3 was not formed until 310 °C and persisted until about 500 °C, when metallic K was evolved. Unlike PC, the surface layer contained no aromatic CH structures. The carbonization of KHC proceeded more rapidly and to a greater extent than with PC. The oxidation of KHC chars was also markedly affected; burn-off occurred at much lower temperatures, and the gasification temperature range was narrower, than with PC chars.
Water Solubility Enhancement of Phthalates by Cetyltrimethylammonium Bromide and β-Cyclodextrin

Water solubility enhancements of six phthalates (five aliphatic phthalates and one phenyl phthalate) by cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and beta-cyclodextrin (beta-CD) were studied at 25 degreesC. The solubilities of these plithalates are remarkably enhanced by CTAB solutions above the critical micelle concentration (cmc). Only marginal enhancement of phthalate solubility was observed in solutions containing CTAB below its cmc and beta-CD at low concentrations (less than 5 mM). The solubility enhancements of the plithalates are proportional to the added amount of CTAB and beta-CD. Partition coefficients of the plithalates between monomeric CTAB surfactant and water (K-MN) and between CTAB micelle and water K-MC) were estimated from the experimental data. The mechanisms of solubility enhancements by CTAB and beta-CD were discussed. A log-linear equation was proposed and evaluated for the solubilization by CTAB below cmc, while the previously proposed linear partitioning model was questioned. The structures of the complexes formed between plithalates and beta-CD were proposed, and the formation constants were estimated. The values of log K-MC, log K-MN, and log Kbeta-CD of the plithalates were found to correlate linearly with the log K-OW of plithalates, with the exception of the solid phenyl phthalate.
Analysis and design of process feedback in information systems: old and new wine in new bottles

Abstract Process feedback is information to decision makers about the decision-making process designed to change the way they make decisions. Information technology offers new opportunities to generate and provide process feedback during human-computer interactions for decision making, but there is growing evidence that the effectiveness of feedback is sensitive to its content and form. This paper proposes a framework for analyzing and designing process feedback. The framework describes the interaction between the decision task, the corresponding decision behavior, and the feedback. Using this framework, the paper demonstrates how to prescribe the content and form of process feedback. Thus, this work offers a unified framework for constructing testable propositions on the content and form of interactive feedback as a basis for future research. It suggests that the specification of feedback become an essential activity in building interactive information systems.
Lessons from Leadership Theory and the Contemporary Challenges of Leaders

Leadership theories and the academic literature can sometimes seem difficult for practitioners to understand because of complex conceptualizations, obscure terms, and its enormousness. Yet taken as a whole, the literature makes a great deal of sense and has much to offer. Indeed, the truths are often quite simple, elegant, and straightforward. The purpose of this article is to review the major findings of the organizational leadership literature and to identify the important overarching insights, specifically those of particular importance to today's leaders in administrative positions in the public sector, where an evolving context constantly reconfigures age-old challenges.
Site-directed Spin Labeling Studies Reveal Solution Conformational Changes in a GAAA Tetraloop Receptor upon Mg2+-dependent Docking of a GAAA Tetraloop

The Mg2+-dependent GAAA tetraloop interaction with its 11 nucleotide receptor is one of the most frequently occurring long-range tertiary interactions in RNAs. To explore conformational changes in the receptor during tetraloop docking, nitroxide spin labels were attached at each of four uridine bases, one at a time, within an RNA molecule containing the receptor sequence. In the presence of Mg2+ and the tetraloop, the electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectrum of one of the labeled bases reflected a large increase in mobility, indicating unstacking of the base upon tetraloop docking. This provides direct evidence that base unstacking is an intrinsic feature of the solution tetraloop–receptor complex formed in the presence of Mg2+. Additional evidence suggests that in solution the bound receptor conformation is similar to that observed in the crystal structure of a group I intron ribozyme domain. In Mg2+ alone, a receptor conformation with an unstacked base was not detectable, suggesting that this conformation is of higher standard state free energy than that of the free receptor. This leads to the conclusion that the extensive RNA–RNA interactions observed in the crystal structure of the tetraloop–receptor complex provide larger interaction energy than the measured apparent affinity between the tetraloop and the free receptor. This is compatible with a high specificity of the tetraloop–receptor interaction.
The Role of Socioeconomic and Sociocultural Factors in Language Minority Children's Development: An Ecological Research View.

Abstract The purpose of this article is to critically review contemporary literature on external factors influencing language minority children's development. This article merges literature from separate modules, stemming from researchers within a developmental psychology and an ethnic minority perspective. The first section presents an overarching multidimensional model for understanding the importance of an ecological perspective to the study of development in language minority children. This first section presents a context for the second section on socioeconomic status (SES) factors, and for the third section on sociocultural factors influencing development in language minority children. This article closes by presenting some recommendations for much-needed research for broadening our current understanding of the interacting effect of SES, sociocultural, and other mediating factors (i.e., biological, psychological) on developmental and educational achievement levels attained by language minority child...
Patterns of alcohol consumption: beverage effects on gender differences

This Data Note reports findings from 22,102 current drinkers who responded in the US National Interview Survey in 1988. Mean estimated alcohol intake of males exceeded that of females by a factor of two. Males drank more per occasion (ratio 1.45) and drank on more occasion (1.41). Mean ethanol content per drink was slightly less for males (ratio 0.95) attributable to a decreased proportion of drinks being wine and liquor. When beverage preferences were taken into account, the drinking patterns of males and females showed no meaningful differences among persons with similar levels of overall ethanol intake. The results do not support the view that the difference between ethanol consumption of males and females are due primarily to males drinking more per occasion. Apparent differences in drinking patterns are attributable to differences in preferred beverage. Language: en
Extrusion of Starch Acetate with Mixed Blowing Agents

There are three consecutive processes involved in extrusion foaming: extrusion (mixing and melting), cell initiation and cell growth, and cooling. Extrusion of polysaccharide-based polymers with a single blowing agent is limited by cost, safety, and the various physicochemical requirements of the three processes in extrusion. Balancing or comprising between requirements of various processes should be maintained in the optimization process. Secondary blowing agents such as pentane, ethyl acetate, and sodium bicarbonate were used in water and ethanol-based foaming processes. The introduction of secondary blowing agents of low surface tension or, in other words, of high evaporation rate, such as pentane and ethyl acetate, increased cell density while the addition of high surface tension secondary blowing agents reduced cell density. The specific volume of foams can be increased by secondary blowing agents by increasing nuclei density, increasing solvency, and increasing the amount of vaporized blowing agent.
Utilizing Segmented MRI Data in Image-Guided Surgery

While the role and utility of Magnetic Resonance Images as a diagnostic tool are well established in current clinical practice, there are a number of emerging medical arenas in which MRI can play an equally important role. In this article, we consider the problem of image-guided surgery, and provide an overview of a series of techniques that we have recently developed in order to automatically utilize MRI-based anatomical reconstructions for surgical guidance and navigation.
The Theory of Ferromagnetism: Lowest Energy Levels

The theory of ferromagnetism is formulated both by the method of energy bands and the method of spin waves, and the connection between them is investigated. The particular problem considered is that where $N\ensuremath{-}1$ electrons in a band have one spin, one electron the opposite spin. Each method yields a set of unperturbed wave functions, each of which can be expressed in terms of the other. Neither represents the true situation, which must be found by perturbation theory. The final result is that below the continuum of levels indicated by the energy band theory there is a set of discrete levels. The lowest of these is essentially a spin wave, and is the state ordinarily occupied. For investigating the temperature variation of magnetization, the spin wave theory should be used. On the other hand, the energy band theory leads to approximately correct conclusions as to which elements should be ferromagnetic. The formulation is in terms of orthogonal atomic functions, which have advantages compared with the nonorthogonal functions usually employed. In the limit of broad energy bands, and nonferromagnetic substances, the discrete levels approach the continuum, and their wave functions represent a situation in which the electron of negative spin can wander to a considerable distance from the positive ion which it has left, but not to infinite distance.
Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia in giant cell arteritis: A case series.

Objective To describe the clinical presentation, laboratory findings, and outcome of patients with Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia (PCP) and biopsy-proven giant cell arteritis (GCA) seen at a tertiary referral center. Methods Using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision codes, all patients with GCA and PCP between January 1, 1976 and December 31, 2008 were identified. Medical records were reviewed. PCP was defined by the identification of Pneumocystis jiroveci organisms in the clinical setting of pneumonia. Results We identified 7 patients with GCA (5 women and 2 men) who developed PCP (the mean ± SD age at diagnosis was 71.6 ± 6.1 years). The median time from GCA diagnosis to PCP diagnosis was 3 months (range 1–18 months). All patients were taking prednisone (the median dosage 50 mg/day [range 30–80]) when diagnosed as having PCP. No patients were receiving PCP prophylaxis. PCP was diagnosed by positive smear on bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in 6 patients (86%) and by positive sputum polymerase chain reaction in 1 patient. All the patients were hospitalized (median duration 17 days [range 12–39 days]). Four patients (57%) were admitted to the intensive care unit. Three patients (43%) required mechanical ventilation. Two patients (29%) died; both were on mechanical ventilation. Conclusion Although PCP is rare among patients with GCA, this preventable infection is associated with significant morbidity and mortality.
Multiple Comparisons among K Independent Binomial Samples

An Applesoft BASIC computer program is described which enables the user to conduct multiple comparisons on K independent binomial samples. The statistical method used is attributable to Marascuilo (1966).
Timing of surgery in mitral regurgitation

The timing of surgical intervention for mitral regurgitation depends primarily on two factors: clinical symptoms; and the left ventricular response to volume overload. However, the aetiology of mitral regurgitation and the likelihood of surgical valve repair also are important factors in the optimal timing of surgical intervention. The mitral valve apparatus is a complex anatomic and functional unit composed of the mitral annulus, valve leaflets, chordae, papillary muscles, and the underlying left ventricular wall. Normal function depends on both normal anatomy of each of these components and on the overall three dimensional relationships of these structures to each other, including the effects of overall left ventricular size, shape, and systolic function. Diverse mechanisms of mitral regurgitation are associated with different clinical outcomes. In addition, medical or surgical treatment is directed at the specific mechanism of regurgitation in each individual patient. Mitral regurgitation caused by an anatomic abnormality of the leaflets and chordae is termed primary regurgitation, while mitral regurgitation caused by a process primarily affecting the left ventricle is termed secondary mitral regurgitation. Examples of primary mitral regurgitation include myxomatous mitral valve disease which results in mitral regurgitation caused by leaflet prolapse and/or chordal rupture, rheumatic disease which typically causes increased leaflet stiffness with chordal shortening and fusion, and endocarditis with leaflet deformation and destruction. Examples of secondary mitral regurgitation include ischaemic disease that affects the function of the papillary muscles and underlying left ventricular wall, and dilated cardiomyopathy that alters the normal angle between the papillary muscles and mitral annulus (table 1). View this table: Table 1 Mechanisms of mitral regurgitation Echocardiography allows reliable identification of the presence, severity and mechanism of mitral regurgitation.1 When transthoracic imaging is suboptimal, transoesophageal images provide excellent visualisation of mitral valve anatomy, and allow an accurate assessment of the aetiology of valve disease and the likelihood of …
FIELD INDEPENDENCE AND MYERS-BRIGGS THINKING INDIVIDUALS

The correlations between field independence-dependence and the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator scales extraversion-introversion and thinking-feeling were assessed. Evans ( 1 ) , using the extraversion scale of the Maudsley Personality Inventory, found field dependence significantly correlated with extraversion while Feather (2) supported this result for women but not for men. Witkin and Goodenough (6) have characterized field-independent individuals as having an impersonal orientation, and Myers (5) has characterized thinking individuals as preferring to make impersonal decisions; this comparison leads to the current hypothesis of a relationship between field independence and thinking. The Hidden Figures Test (6) was the measure of field independence and the Myers-Briggs scales were the measures of extraversion and thinking. Both instrumenu were administered to 42 college undergraduates in technology (38 males). Parson product-moment correlations were calculated heen field independence and all four Myers-Briggs scales. The correlation between field dependence (M = 22.76, SD = 6.33) and extraversion (M = 103.36, SD = 24.74) was only .23 showing no significant relationship between field dependence and extraversion. This nonsignificant correlation supports Feather's (2) conclusion for men as well as results reported by Franks (3) for six experimental groups and by Lester (4) for three studies. Correlations berween field dependence and the additional Myers-Btiggs scales of judgment-perception and sensing-intuition were not significant as expected. The correlation between field independence and thinking (M = 83.84, SD = 26.08) was .37 (p < .02), supporting the hypothesis of a relationship between field independence and thinking and hence also between field dependence and feeling.
The Morphosemantics of Warlpiri Counterfactual Conditionals

Iatridou (2000) presents a morphosemantic theory of counterfactual conditionals in which past tense morphology is crucially implicated. Some subsequent work investigates how counterfactuality is realized in languages that lack tense (see Rackowski 1998 for Tagalog and Nevins 2002 for Chinese). In this squib I address a different issue: the morphosemantics of counterfactuality in Warlpiri, a language that has past morphology, but fails to use it in counterfactuals. I show that despite this prima facie challenge, the Warlpiri data provide additional support for Iatridou's theory
G∞-structure on the deformation complex of a morphism

Abstract G ∞ -structure is shown to exist on the deformation complex of a morphism of associative algebras. The main step of the construction is the extension of a B ∞ -algebra by an associative algebra. Actions of B ∞ -algebras on associative and B ∞ -algebras are analyzed; extensions of B ∞ -algebras by associative and B ∞ -algebras that they act upon are constructed. The resulting G ∞ -algebra on the deformation complex of a morphism is shown to be quasi-isomorphic to the G ∞ -algebra on the deformation complex of the corresponding diagram algebra.
ACCESS, SCIENCE, AND REGULATION

There is a potential tension between the desirable goals of assuring early availability of promising agents for treatment of serious illnesses without adequate therapy and developing such agents in a rigorous way that will yield scientifically valid answers about their safety and effectiveness. Because the two goals are linked to fundamental principles and values, it is possible for people who feel strongly about one of them to ignore the importance of the other. But it is neither necessary nor desirable to choose one goal exclusively; Early access is reasonable on both ethical and medical grounds and can be provided, with care and planning, without degrading the quality of evidence we develop to support new agents. A clear picture of the effectiveness and safety of a drug, and information on how best to use it is most critical, not to academics and regulators, but to the patients whose lives and health may depend on the drug, and obtaining this information does not require that access be denied until it is all in hand.
Regulation and facilitation of public‐private partnerships: The MSP policy framework

This article describes the Municipal Services Partnership (MSP) Policy developed by the Department of Constitutional Development (DCD) of the Ministry for Provincial Affairs and Constitutional Development of South Africa to help local authorities respond to the great demand for improvement of municipal services. The MSP policy was developed by the DCD, utilising consultative policy making. It defines municipal services partnerships and typical contractual forms of MSPs, and also identifies gaps and constraints in existing South African law that can make implementation of MSPs unnecessarily difficult or more costly for local authorities and service consumers. The policy creates a framework for competitive procurement of MSP contracts and, finally, it describes the capacity needs of local authorities to deal effectively with MSP planning, procurement and implementation, and identifies new and expanded institutional roles at the local and national levels to support local authorities that wish to engage in MSPs
Waveguide Invariant Reverberation Mitigation for Active Sonar

Reverberation often limits the performance of active sonar systems. A method of target detection and bottom-feature suppression has been developed exploiting waveguide-invariant phenomena and the frequency-selective fading properties of broadband reverberation in shallow water channels. Specifically, the mean reverberation power is estimated along the striations in the reverberation spectrogram predicted by waveguide invariant theory, where the expected power is constant. Preliminary simulations indicate that significant performance increases are possible over traditional cell-averaging constant false alarm rate (CA-CFAR) methods in the detection of weak targets in reverberation and differentiating between bottom features and water column targets.
“The Child Is Born a Naturalist”: Nature Study, Woodcraft Indians, and the Theory of Recapitulation

Beginning in the 1890s, the nature study movement advocated direct contact with the natural world to develop in children an appreciation for natural history, the beginnings of scientific inquiry, aesthetic and spiritual interests as well as the motivation to conserve nature. Defense of nature study pedagogy came from the theory of recapitulation. Recapitulation held that as humans developed they repeated the evolutionary history of the human race. Children were thus thought to be like Indians: primitive people with an innate closeness to nature. The most popular proponent of these ideas was Ernest Thompson Seton, widely read author, illustrator, and founder of the nature study boys club, the Woodcraft Indians. Nature study advocates hoped that the theory of recapitulation would allow them to bridge the modern and romantic, antimodern tendencies in their movement. Despite an intense focus on premodern virtues, nature study and the Woodcraft Indians mostly served to ease the tensions and incongruities of modern life.
A review of spectroscopic applications of tunable semiconductor lasers

Abstract This paper provides a survey of the developments leading to the introduction of the semiconductor laser as a source for spectroscopic applications. Current stabilization methods appropriate to spectroscopic research are described in detail as are the improvements in laser performance. Major fields of spectroscopic research are also reviewed for the period 1980 to 1994. No attempt is made to provide a complete list of literature references; instead, the references cited are the key references to the particular subject being discussed. Several areas of research, such as infrared-infrared and infrared-microwave double resonance are not included in the review, because these research subjects are not so widespread among researchers using diode lasers. Trace gas monitoring and stable isotopic ratio applications of this technology are also not discussed here, because a review on these subjects has recently been published (Microchem. J., 50 (1994) 351).
Neuroeconomic Approaches to Mental Disorders

The pervasiveness of decision-making in every area of human endeavor highlights the importance of understanding choice mechanisms and their detailed relationship to underlying neurobiological function. This review surveys the recent and productive application of game-theoretic probes (economic games) to mental disorders. Such games typically possess concrete concepts of optimal play, thus providing quantitative ways to track when subjects' choices match or deviate from optimal. This feature equips economic games with natural classes of control signals that should guide learning and choice in the agents that play them. These signals and their underlying physical correlates in the brain are now being used to generate objective biomarkers that may prove useful for exposing and understanding the neurogenetic basis of normal and pathological human cognition. Thus, game-theoretic probes represent some of the first steps toward producing computationally principled, objective measures of cognitive function and dysfunction useful for the diagnosis, treatment, and understanding of mental disorders.
Spatial dependency of hydraulic geometry exponents in a subalpine stream

Abstract Analysis of a subalpine stream in a relatively homogeneous environment indicates that hydraulic exponents are not stable over space. A question as to the applied value of this model is raised by inequalities in continuity parameters derived from the hydraulic geometry equations, that is, where discharge, Q, is set equal to w a (10 b ) , d c (10 f ) and v k (10 m ) , where w, d and v equal width, depth and velocity, respectively. Hydraulic exponents may be so influenced by local soil and subsurface conditions that stressing pervasive stream behavior through b-, f- and m-values may prove of limited value.
Squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus: a review and update

Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the esophagus is an often-lethal disease that most commonly presents in an advanced stage with dysphagia in elderly patients. Known risk factors include alcohol and tobacco abuse, lye stricture, and achalasia. Screening protocols for high-risk patients are practiced in Japan but not in the United States. The diagnosis usually is made based on the results of esophagogastroduodenoscopy and contrast upper gastrointestinal radiographs. Staging is determined using computed tomography scanning and esophageal ultrasound, the latter rapidly being accepted as a superior method. Treatment is based on the stage of disease at presentation. Lesions without metastatic spread or mediastinal invasion generally should be treated with esophagectomy. Dysphagia associated with advanced lesions is difficult to treat, but may be palliated by surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, laser ablation, peroral dilation, or esophageal stenting. Despite numerous medical advances, little headway has been made in managing and treating SCC, and a multidisciplinary approach is recommended.
Artificial disturbances of the ionosphere over the Millstone Hill Incoherent Scatter Radar from dedicated burns of the space shuttle orbital maneuver subsystem engines

[1] Two ionospheric modification experiments were carried out over the incoherent scatter radar (ISR) located at Millstone Hill, Massachusetts. These experiments are part of the Shuttle Ionospheric Modification with Pulsed Localized Exhaust (SIMPLEX) program at the Naval Research Laboratory. The experiments use 10-s burns of the dual orbital maneuver subsystem (OMS) engines to produce the injection of high-speed molecules in the ionosphere near 380 km altitude. Charge exchange between the high-speed exhaust molecules and the ambient oxygen ions yields molecular ion beams that disturb the natural state of the ionosphere. Radar scatter provides measurements of the ion velocity distributions and plasma turbulence that result from the ion beam interactions. Ground-based observations with the University of Massachusetts Digisonde record the ionospheric density depressions resulting from recombination of the molecular ions with electrons. Prompt signatures of nonequilibrium ion distributions in the OMS engine plume are seen in the data taken during the SIMPLEX III and IV experiments for the space shuttle flights STS-108 and STS-110, respectively. The SIMPLEX III observations are much weaker than those during SIMPLEX IV. These differences are primarily attributed to the changes in the viewing directions for the radar beam. During SIMPLEX IV, the radar is looking more downstream from the exhaust injection and the stimulation of plasma turbulence is seen with the ISR for over 30 s at distances up to 200 km from the burn altitude along the radar beam. Strong backscatter in the radar spectra is attributed to ion acoustic waves driven by the pickup ion beams. Both experiments provide large-scale cavities detected by the Digisonde for up to 20 min after the engine burn. These cavities are the result of ion-electron recombination of the pickup ions.
COLLECTIONS OF PATHS AND RAYS IN THE PLANE WHICH FIX ITS TOPOLOGY

Abstract A collection F of proper maps into a locally compact Hausdorff space X fixes the topology of X if the only locally compact Hausdorff topology on X which makes each element of F continuous and proper is the given topology. In I 2 =[-1, 1]×[-1, 1], neither the collection of analytic paths nor the collection of regular twice differentiable paths fixes the topology. However, in I 2 , both the collection of C ∞ arcs and the collection of regular C 1 arcs fix the topology. In I 2 =[−1,1]×[−1,1], the collection of polynomial rays together with any collection of paths does not fix the topology. However, in R 2 , the collection of regular injective entire rays together with either the collection of C ∞ arcs or the collection of regular C 1 arcs fixes the topology.
Thrust Faulting along the Lower Rogue River, Klamath Mountains, Oregon

The Dothan Formation, a thick sandstone unit of the northern Klamath Mountains in Oregon, is of undetermined age owing to its lack of fossils and uncertain stratigraphic position. The Galice Formation, a more argillaceous unit of Oxfordian and Kimmeridgian age, is underlain with apparent conformity by the volcanic Rogue Formation. The Dothan Formation is also underlain by a similar volcanic unit. The writer proposes that the Dothan and Galice Formations are contemporaneous facies deposited in different parts of the basin and that they and the underlying Rogue Formation have been placed in juxtaposition by thrusting from the southeast.
Navigation Between Menu Screens and Multiple Touch Points on a Touch Screen Tablet to Access and Complete Multi-Step Tasks Using Video Prompting

Abstract The purpose of this study was to evaluate the capacity of three young adults with intellectual disability to independently operate a touch screen tablet, including examining their ability to navigate between three different menu screens, each with four different touch point options (branching and to access and complete multi-step tasks using video prompting. A multiple probe across subjects design was used and data were collected on these young adults' abilities to navigate between screens and perform steps for becoming more independent in cooking, cleaning, and folding tasks. All three participants learned to navigate between different menu screens, access different video programs, complete the multi-step tasks, and maintained skill performance from 10 to 61 days.
Regulation of Fc receptors for IgG on cultured rat mesangial cells

Regulation of Fc receptors for IgG on cultured rat mesangial cells. Localization of immune complexes (IC) to the mesangium may contribute to glomerular disease. Recently, we and others characterized Fc receptors (FcγR) for IgG-IC on mesangial cells (MC). This study examines regulation of FcγR by cAMP, interferon γ (IFN-γ) and by macrophage colony stimulating factor (CSF-1), an agent controlling FcγR in leukocytes and generated by MC. Preincubation of MC (3rd to 6th subculture) with CSF-1, db-cAMP or IFN-γ for two to 48 hours resulted in a time dependent (maximal 24 to 48 hrs) two- to threefold increase of specific [ 125 I] IgG-IC binding to MC at 4°C. The increase of Fc receptors induced by CSF-1, db-cAMP or IFN-γ was confirmed by enhanced binding of the monoclonal anti-Fc receptor antibody 2.4G2 to MC. Uptake of IgG-IC at 37°C was also enhanced in MC pretreated with CSF-1, db-cAMP or IFN-γ. This indicates that the increase in binding for IgG-IC is associated with functional receptors Immunopre-cipitation of extracts of [ 125 I] surface labeled MC with polyclonal anti-FcγR-Ab followed by SDS-PAGE also showed increased amounts of [ 125 I] FcγR protein after pretreatment with CSF-1, db-cAMP or IFN-γ. The pretreatment also enhanced staining of MC with anti-FcγR-Ab by immunogold-silver enhancement technique. We conclude that MC express FcγR for IgG-IC that can be regulated by CSF-1, cAMP and IFN-γ, factors that may be important in glomerular immune injury.
The Federal Radionavigation Plan and Its Impact on International Radionavigation Planning

This paper describes the U.S. radionavigation planning process, the biennial development of the Federal Radionavigation Plan (FRP), and the FRP's impact on international radionavigation planning. Particular emphasis is devoted to the 1988 edition of the FRP and its statement concerning the policy and plans for Federally provided radionavigation systems into the early part of the next century. The FRP has received international attention as the U.S. policy document for the operation of its systems overseas. The FRP has international significance because every Federally operated radionavigation system is used by the international community, and because several systems are operated jointly in cooperation with other nations. Policy changes are preceded by an intensive consideration of operational, technical, economic, and institutional issues. The 1988 FRP contains several policy changes that affect international radionavigation planning. Significant issues include the phase-in of GPS, the phase-out or phase-over of existing systems, and the associated transition periods.
Surface atomic order of compound III-V semiconductor alloys at finite temperature

We investigate the role of alloying, atomic-size mismatch strain, and thermal effects on ordering and reconstruction stability of As-rich $(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}4)$ surfaces on $({\text{In}}_{x}{\text{Ga}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x})\text{As}$ (001) ternary III-V alloys (in the dilute limit) using a first-principles cluster-expansion and Monte Carlo simulations. The cluster expansion accounts for configurational degrees of freedom associated with As dimer adsorption/desorption as well as Ga-In disorder in subsurface cation sites. We analyze the $\ensuremath{\alpha}2(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}4)\text{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\beta}2(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}4)$ transition at finite temperature and directly examine the entropy and cation-site filling in both reconstructions. A compositionally dependent ``zigzag'' ordering of dimers in the $\ensuremath{\alpha}2(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}4)$ is predicted as well as a hybrid $\ensuremath{\alpha}2(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}4)\text{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\beta}2(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}4)$ reconstruction, found to be stable in a reasonably large chemical-potential range. The hybrid dimer ordering drives pronounced nanoscale composition modulation of surface cations.
Efficient Dynamic Simulation of Multiple Chain Robotic Mechanisms

An efficient O(mN) algorithm for the dynamic simulation of simple closed-chain robotic mechanisms in this paper, where m is the number of chains, and N is the number of links for each chain. A wide range of contact conditions between each of the chains and the support surface or common body, load, or object may be simulated so that the algorithm is applicable to multilegged vehicles, multiple manipulators, and dexterous hands. The algorithm is based on the computation of the operational space inertia matrix (6×6) for each chain as seen by the common body, load, or object
Calmodulin Purification and Quantitation from Bovine Mammary Tissue

Calmodulin, a multifunctional calcium binding protein, has been purified to apparent homogeneity from bovine lactating mammary tissue. Calmodulin was purified by heat treatment and sequential anion exchange and gel exclusion chromatographies. The molecular weight of the purified protein was estimated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to be 18,000 daltons. The purified protein produced a 10-fold stimulation of the activity of partially purified bovine brain cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase in a calcium-dependent manner. This report details a method for the assay of biologically active calmodulin from lactating mammary tissue based on its stimulation of partially purified bovine brain phosphodiesterase. We report concentrations (microgram/g tissue, mg protein, mg deoxyribonucleic acid) of biologically active calmodulin in bovine mammary tissue.
Comment on 'On the locus formed by the maximum heights of projectile motion with air resistance'

We show that a remark made by Hernandez-Saldana in 2010 (Eur. J. Phys. 31 1319) concerning the validity of an expression first presented by us in 2006 (Proc. 17th Biennial Congress of the Australian Institute of Physics Paper 27) for the optimal angle of projection for greatest forward skew in the trajectory of a projectile launched in a linear resisting medium is in error. We also draw attention to an earlier treatment (2006 Int. J. Math. Educ. Sci. Technol. 37 411) of the locus of apexes for such a projectile. When expressed in Cartesian form, the locus can be written in terms of the now familiar, though less common, secondary real branch of the Lambert W function.
Infertility and ART after transplantation

Organ transplantation (OT) has improved the long-term survival of patients facing specific organ failure and has refocused management to a chronic condition, with emphasis on enhancing life quality, including respecting a patient's autonomy to have children. Transplant patients are often faced with subfertility, frequently a consequence of gonadotoxic medical therapy. For some patients, successful OT management, reproductive conservation measures and the use of assisted reproductive technologies (ART) may help preserve fertility. There is a growing literature on the use of ART in these patients. The main objective of ART in OT recipients is attaining a healthy pregnancy, while minimizing potential complications that would jeopardize both the maternal health status and offspring. The purpose of this article is to address the distinctive medical, ethical and psychosocial concerns surrounding the fertility management of OT recipients.
Diabetes and Cholesterol Metabolism: The succinate hypothesis

In the recent article by Simonen et al. (1) demonstrating increased cholesterol synthesis in obese patients with diabetes, the authors did not consider a possible mechanism suggested by the “succinate hypothesis,” which is elegantly summarized by Fahien and MacDonald (2) in a separate article. Fahien and MacDonald showed that succinate esters are potent insulin secretagogues (almost as potent as glucose) through generation of succinyl-CoA (S-CoA). This seemed to …
“Cap and Trade” for Congestion Control

We study a “cap and trade” scheme for congestion control: the planner sets constraints for aggregate utilization on certain critical links in a given network and competitive trading of usage rights in a secondary market is expected to identify over time prices clearing demand for the utilization of the constrained links. If prices in a “cap and trade” scheme stabilize relatively quickly, a social planner can fine-tune the caps for aggregate utilization on critical links. However, it is not clear that prices would necessarily stabilize as users dynamically adjust their route and/or flow choices. In this paper we show that prices and flows (or routes) do stabilize in a “cap and trade” scheme for congestion control when users are assumed to adjust their flow (or route) choices by optimizing vis-a-vis current conditions. A sufficient condition for this result pertains to the relative speed of trading versus users’ adjustments. We find that prices stabilize and flows (or routes) converge to an equilibrium if the pace at which prices are updated is faster than that at which users adjust their decisions.
Dietary eicosapentaenoic acid modulates CTLA-4 expression in murine CD4+ T-cells☆

We have demonstrated that downregulation of proliferation by CD4(+) T-cells in mice fed n-3 PUFA diets is dependent on the involvement of CD28. Therefore, we hypothesized that the balance of co-stimulatory and downregulatory properties of CD28 and CTLA-4, respectively, would be altered by diet. Mice were fed a control corn oil (CO)-enriched diet devoid of n-3 PUFA, or diets enriched with either docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) or eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) for 14d. The proliferation of splenic CD4(+) T-cells was suppressed by DHA and EPA following stimulation with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28. Surprisingly, the number of surface CD28 molecules was not reduced in activated CD4(+) T-cells from either group of n-3 PUFA-fed mice. However, in mice fed EPA, CTLA-4 protein levels were enhanced significantly 72 h post-activation (P<0.01). Therefore, we conclude that dietary EPA may suppress CD4(+) T-cell activation by enhancing the downregulatory co-receptor CTLA-4, while not altering the levels of CD28.
The effect of previous weight training and concurrent weight training on endurance for functional electrical stimulation cycle ergometry

Forty-five paraplegic subjects participated in three series of experiments to examine the interrelationships between previous weight training, concurrent weight training and muscle strength and endurance during cycle ergometry elicited by functional electrical stimulation (FES). When subjects only underwent isokinetic weight training (series 1) three times per week on the quadriceps, hamstring and gluteus maximus groups for 12 weeks, strength increased linearly with time for all three muscle groups from an initial average of 17 N to 269 N at the end of training, a 15-fold increase. In the second series of experiments, different groups of subjects either underwent no strength training prior to cycle ergometry or underwent strength training of these same three muscle groups for 2 weeks, four weeks, or 6 weeks prior to cycle ergometry. Any strength training was effective in increasing endurance for cycle ergometry. However, the rate of increase in endurance during cycle ergometry with no prior strength training was only 5 min per week, whereas the rate of increase in cycle endurance during ergometry was 14.6, 25.0, and 33.3 min per week increase in endurance after strength training for 2.4 and 6 weeks, respectively. When weight training was accomplished during FES cycle ergometry (concurrently) in a third series of experiments, there was an additional increase in endurance during cycling if strength training was concurrently accomplished. With no weight training, endurance increased 23 min per week, whereas with concurrent weight training at three times per week, endurance increased during cycling by 41.6 min per week. The results of these experiments seem to show a clear advantage of weight training concurrently and before FES cycle ergometry. Results are given as mean (SD).
Transient stenotic-like occlusions as a possible mechanism for renovascular hypertension due to aneurysm

The pathophysiologic basis of hypertension secondary to a renal artery aneurysm has not been established. Changes in renal artery geometry and resultant hemodynamic alterations activate the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and lead to hypertension. Hemodynamic pressure losses created by blood flowing through an abnormally structured renal artery with an aneurysm predictably would provoke a similar circumstance. The present study provides a hemodynamic rationale for this hypothesis. Using computational fluid dynamics, we have modeled renal flow for selected aneurysmal geometries. These studies reveal that pressure loss across the renal artery does not change ( approximately 0.9 mm Hg) significantly when a nondeformable aneurysm is interposed on the system. The calculations, however, demonstrate that the pressure on the aneurysm walls supports the presence of forces deforming and thereby obstructing the renal artery. A deformed wall was assumed and various degrees of occlusion were modeled. A partial occlusion of 60% resulted in a renal artery pressure loss of approximately 10 mm Hg. These simulations, when applied to aneurysms at various locations on the renal artery and with various degrees of occlusion, consistently resulted in pathologically relevant pressure losses. These findings lead to a new hypothesis of how aneurysms are associated with renovascular hypertension.
Maximizing network lifetime of broadcasting over wireless stationary ad hoc networks

We investigate the problem of extending the network lifetime of a single broadcast session over wireless stationary ad hoc networks where the hosts are not mobile. We define the network lifetime as the time from network initialization to the first node failure due to battery depletion. We provide through graph theoretic approaches a polynomial-time globally optimal solution, a variant of the minimum spanning tree (MST), to the problem of maximizing the static network lifetime. We make use of this solution to develop a periodic tree update strategy for effective load balancing and show that a significant gain in network lifetime over the optimal static network lifetime can be achieved. We provide extensive comparative simulation studies on parameters such as update interval and control overhead and investigate their impact on the network lifetime. The simulation results are also compared with an upper bound to the network lifetime.