cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Genotype–phenotype mapping in a post-GWAS world

Understanding how metabolic reactions, cell signaling, and developmental pathways translate the genome of an organism into its phenotype is a grand challenge in biology. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) statistically connect genotypes to phenotypes, without any recourse to known molecular interactions, whereas a molecular biology approach directly ties gene function to phenotype through gene regulatory networks (GRNs). Using natural variation in allele-specific expression, GWAS and GRN approaches can be merged into a single framework via structural equation modeling (SEM). This approach leverages the myriad of polymorphisms in natural populations to elucidate and quantitate the molecular pathways that underlie phenotypic variation. The SEM framework can be used to quantitate a GRN, evaluate its consistency across environments or sexes, identify the differences in GRNs between species, and annotate GRNs de novo in non-model organisms.
An optical anti-shake system with a tremor sensing module and compact linear piezomotors

In this study, a new piezomotor is presented, and an optical anti-shake image system using this piezomotor is also developed. Comparing with other linear piezomotors, this motor is simpler, compacter, and more powerful. The dimension of the motor is 16mm(L)×8mm(W)×1.5mm(H), and the resonate frequency is 220kHz. Moreover, the push force at operating voltage 10Vpp is 15g, and the power consumption is 0.23W. Because of the long travel range:±2mm and high maximum velocity:26mm/s, it could satisfy the compensative displacement of the CMOS sensor caused by the hand tremor in a anti-shake image system. In this paper, a dynamic behavior of the piezomotor is investigated by COMSOL software, and the control algorithm in the optical anti-shake image system, including tremor sensing, motor position sensing, is also described.
Reconstruction of non-minimum phase multidimensional signals using the bispectrum

While the bispectrum has been used for the reconstruction of non-minimum phase 1-D signals not much work of a similar nature has been done for multidimensional signals. Here we present a technique for reconstructing 2-D non-minimum phase signals from samples of their bispectra. The reconstruction procedure involves recovering the magnitude of the Fourier transform of the signal from the bispectrum magnitude and its phase from the bispectrum phase. By using the bispectrum the ambiguity regarding phase is considerably removed (up to a linear phase factor) when compared to the spectral factorization approach.
Obstacles to nutrition labeling in restaurants.

Abstract Objective This study determined the major obstacles that foodservices face regarding nutrition labeling. Design Survey questionnaire was conducted in May 1994. In addition to demographic questions, the directors were asked questions addressing willingness, current practices, and perceived obstacles related to nutrition labeling. Subjects/setting Sixty-eight research and development directors of the largest foodservice corporations as shown in Restaurants &. Institutions magazine's list of the top 400 largest foodservices (July 1993). Statistical analyses performed P tests were used to determine significance within a group for the number of foodservices that were currently using nutrition labeling, perceived impact of nutrition labeling on sales, and perceived responsibility to add nutrition labels. Regression analysis was used to determine the importance of factors on willingness to label. Results Response rate was 45.3%. Most companies were neutral about their willingness to use nutrition labeling. Two thirds of the respondents were not currently using nutrition labels. Only one third thought that it was the foodservice's responsibility to provide such information. Several companies perceived that nutrition labeling would have a potentially negative effect on annual sales volume. Major obstacles were identified as menu or personnel related, rather than cost related. Menu-related obstacles included too many menu variations, limited space on the menu for labeling, and loss of flexibility in changing the menu. Personnel-related obstacles included difficulty in training employees to implement nutrition labeling, and not enough time for foodservice personnel to implement nutrition labeling. Applications Numerous opportunities will be created for dietetics professionals in helping foodservices overcome these menu- or personnel-related obstacles. J Am Diet Assoc. 1997; 97:157–161 .
Solving the problem of how to eat something as big as yourself: Diverse bacterial strategies for degrading polysaccharides

Polysaccharide digestion by bacteria is an important activity in many ecosystems, and a number of bacterial genera can perform this function. Although many papers have been published about the properties of isolated polysaccharide-degrading enzymes, relatively little is known about how intact bacteria degrade polysaccharides. This review summarizes recent findings suggesting that there are at least three different strategies. the most familiar one is the excretion of extracellular polysaccharidases, which diffuse to and degrade nearby polysaccharides. An example of this type of strategy is provided by the plant pathogen,Erwinia spp. A second strategy is to have the enzyme exposed to the extracellular medium but attached to the surface of the cell. Examples of this strategy are provided by the pullulanase system ofKlebsiella oxytoca and the cellulosomes ofClostridium thermocellum. A strategy that could be seen as a combination of the extracellular enzyme strategy and the surface organelle strategy is provided byVibrio harveyi, which attaches to its substrate, chitin, via proteins that appear to be specialized for attachment and produces extracellular enzymes that attack the chitin. A third strategy is to import the polysaccharide, as appears to be done byBacteroides spp. In this instance, the polysaccharide is bound to an outer membrane receptor, then passes into the periplasm where the degradative enzymes are located. The ecological advantages and disadvantages of these systems are discussed, and areas where further research is needed are defined.
Kinetics of aluminum in rats. IV: Blood and cerebrospinal fluid kinetics.

Aluminum causes central nervous system (CNS) toxicities in both humans and various animal species. Although blood aluminum concentrations are monitored in the clinic, very little is known regarding the relationship between such concentrations and corresponding CNS aluminum content. As a first step in that direction, this study was undertaken to simultaneously determine blood and CSF kinetics of this element. Following intravenous injection of aluminum (1 mg/kg), there was a rapid (within 30 min, post injection) increase in CSF aluminum; peak concentrations (38–45 ng/ml) were achieved between 2–3 h. While peak blood aluminum concentrations increased about 58-fold from the pre-dose value (from 256 ± 120 to 14730 ± 388 ng/ml), corresponding increases in CSF aluminum were only about 20-fold. Blood and CSF aluminum concentrations declined monoexponentially with half-lives of 2.77 and 3.45 h, respectively (P < 0.05). Results from these showed that blood and CSF compartments achieve equilibrium and indicated the feasibility of determing brain aluminum content using blood concentrations.
Functional recombination of dynein 1 with demembranated sea urchin sperm partially extracted with KCl

Abstract Demembranated sea urchin sperm were extracted with 0.5 M KCl as described earlier and reactivated in a solution containing 1 mM ATP. Their flagellar beat frequency was approximately 13 Hz, while that of standard reactivated sperm which had not been extracted with KCl was approximately 31 Hz at 23°C. Addition of soluble dynein 1 caused a gradual increase in the flagellar beat frequency to approximately 25 Hz after 10 min at room temperature. This restoration of frequency occurred in the absence or presence of ATP. Examination by electron microscopy showed that, whereas KCl-extracted sperm were lacking the majority of the outer arms on the doublet tubules, they had regained most of their outer arms following incubation with soluble dynein 1.
Complex distal radius fractures.

Abstract Complex distal radius fractures are high-energy injuries of the wrist with articular disruption, ligamentous instability, significant comminution, soft tissue injury, and/or neurovascular impairment. The management of these injuries requires a thorough understanding of wrist functional anatomy and familiarity with a wide selection of approach and fixation options. This article reviews an approach that involves structured evaluation, aggressive soft tissue management, early reduction and skeletal stabilization, and a columnar approach to definitive care. Outcome is determined by multiple factors and depends greatly on the soft tissue injury, patient factors, and management and the adequacy of restoration of osseous and ligamentous relationships.
Mitral valve repair versus replacement in the elderly: Short-term and long-term outcomes

Objective To compare the short-term and long-term outcomes of mitral valve repair (MVP) versus mitral valve replacement (MVR) in elderly patients. Methods All patients, age 70 years or greater, with mitral regurgitation who underwent MVP or MVR with or without coronary artery bypass graft (CABG), tricuspid valve surgery, or a maze procedure between 2002 and 2011 were retrospectively identified. Patients with a rheumatic cause or who underwent concomitant aortic valve or ventricular-assist device procedures were excluded. Results Overall, 556 patients underwent MVP and 102 patients underwent MVR. The mean age of the patients in the MVR group was 78 years versus 77 years for those in the MVP group ( P P = .04). The incidence of concomitant CABG, tricuspid valve operations, and atrial fibrillation ablation procedures was similar in both groups, but perfusion time was significantly longer for the MVR group (median 177 minutes vs 146 minutes for MVP, P = .001). Postoperatively, patients in the MVR group had a higher incidence of stroke (6% vs 2%, P P = .001) and hospital stay (9 days vs 8 days, P P = .03) and remained significant long-term on Kaplan-Meier analysis. Cox regression analysis of all 658 patients and propensity-matched analysis of 96 patients also confirmed these results. Conclusions Elderly patients with mitral regurgitation who undergo MVP have better postoperative outcomes, lower operative mortality, and improved long-term survival than those undergoing MVR. MVP is a safe and more effective option for the elderly with mitral regurgitation.
Apolipoprotein B, ratio of total cholesterol to HDL-C, and blood pressure in abdominally obese white and black American women

Objective: To compare the association of apolipoprotein B (ApoB) and total cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (TC/HDL) with blood pressure in abdominally obese white and black American women. We also sought to determine if there are ethnic differences in blood pressure values that could be explained by differences in mean values of ApoB and TC/HDL. Methods: Data (n = 1844) from the Third US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were used in this study. Abdominal obesity was defined as waist circumference (WC) of ≥88 cm or having WC greater than what was expected as predicted from residuals obtained from linear regression of WC on BMI. Bi-variate Pearson's correlation analysis was used to quantify the degree of association of ApoB and TC/HDL with blood pressure and other lipids. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to assess the independent contribution of ApoB and TC/HDL to blood pressure, adjusting for age, total cholesterol, alcohol intake, and smoking. To determine ethnic differences in blood pressure values associated with ApoB or TC/HDL, dummy variables were used to compare blacks with whites fitted in multiple regression models, while adjusting for age, total cholesterol, alcohol intake and smoking. Results: Elevated ApoB was positively associated with diastolic and systolic blood pressure (DBP/SBP) in blacks and whites, independent of age, total cholesterol, alcohol intake and smoking (P < 0.01). Elevated TC/HDL was also positively associated with increased DBP and SBP in whites (P < 0.05). For the same value of ApoB and TC/HDL whites had higher values of DBP and SBP than blacks, adjusting for confounding variables. Conclusions: Compared with TC/HDL, ApoB was more strongly associated with DBP and SBP in both abdominally obese white and black women. Since ApoB is associated with hypertension, the combination of elevated ApoB and hypertension may identify a group of patients with more marked risk of vascular disease, thus, warranting further investigation.
RHD Gene Polymorphisms among RhD-Negative Chinese in Taiwan

Background and Objective: The rare occurrence of anti-D-associated hemolytic disease of the newborn among Chinese is attributable in part to the existence of the weak D phenotype Del among apparently RhD-negative individuals. While exciting advances in the molecular genetics of the Rh blood group have been noted in recent years, the genomic structure of the Del phenotype has seldom been studied in the literature. We try to explore the genomic structure of the RhD gene among apparently Rh-negative Chinese in Taiwan in this study. Methods: Genomic DNA from 230 samples of apparently RhD-negative Chinese was studied using four polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based RhD typing methods. These PCR methods amplified RHD and RHCE genes at exons 4, 5, 7 and 10. All nucleotides responsible for exofacial amino acid differences between RhD and RhCeEe peptides, including amino acids 169, 170, 172, 223, 226, 233, 238, 350, 353, and 354, were contained in these amplified DNA segments. Southern blot analysis using RHD cDNA fragments as probes was performed. Results: According to the serological study, 155 samples (67.4%) were genuinely RhD-negative and 75 samples (32.6%) were of the Del phenotype. Successful amplifications for RHD sequences were possible in all 75 Del samples using four PCR methods. Apparently, all Del individuals carried an intact RHD gene. While 145 individuals of 155 genuinely Rh-negative (63.0% of apparently RhD-negative individuals) had total deletion of their RHD genes, 10 individuals (4.3% of apparently RhD-negative individuals) were shown to have a preserved 3′ noncoding region of the RHD exon 10 and a gross deletion of RHD exons 4–10. Conclusions: Three classes of RhD-negative polymorphisms among Chinese in Taiwan were observed. These included Del with grossly intact RHD and weak RhD expression, genuinely RhD-negative with partial preservation of the RHD gene, and genuinely RhD-negative with total deletion of the RHD gene. A molecular study is warranted to clarify the mechanism responsible for the weak RHD gene expression in Del individuals.
A single-center study of C1q nephropathy in children

C1q nephropathy (C1qN) is a rare idiopathic glomerulopathy typically seen in adolescents and young adults. All kidney biopsies done from 2002 to 2007 were analyzed (264). Thirteen cases of C1qN from 212 (6.6%) native biopsies and one case out of 52 (1.9%) transplant biopsies were reviewed regarding demographic features, clinical presentation, histopathology, treatment, and outcome. Age varied from 1 to 18 years; half were boys. Ten children (71.4%) presented with nephrotic syndrome (NS). The most common histopathology found was diffuse mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis (DMP) by light microscopy (LM), with diffuse granular staining for C1q predominantly in the mesangium. Children with either NS or persistent gross hematuria received prednisone and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) (11). Median follow-up was 36 months. Steroid response was complete in 6 patients (54.5%). Those with steroid resistance (5) or steroid dependence (2) received further immunosuppression with mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) or tacrolimus (Tac). Three children achieved complete remission and four partial remission. Frequent relapses were seen in 4/14 patients. Renal survival was 100%. Our report reveals a high incidence of C1qN in pediatric patients, with variable clinical presentation. Despite a high incidence of steroid resistance among those with NS, an excellent response was observed with the addition of further immunosuppression.
SIMULTANEOUS MEASUREMENT OF PHOTOSYNTHETIC OXYGEN EVOLUTION AND CARBON DIOXIDE ASSIMILATION UNDER ANAEROBIOSIS

Instrumentation has been developed for measuring absolute simultaneous assimilation of carbon dioxide and evolution of oxygen by photosynthetic systems in anaerobic atmospheres under flow conditions. Time-dependent photosynthetic quotients (PSQ) have bccn obtained. A detailed description of the instrument, including how it was constructed, calibrated and uscd for photosynthesis measurements, is presented. An important factor in the measurements was a clear understanding of the response time of the instrument. As with any flow system, flow rate, forward void volume and relative position of the O2 and CO2 sensors in the gas train were crucial to performance. Response time was measured by step-function calibrations mimicking PSQ of unity. Oxygen was generated using an in-line electrolysis cell driven by a programmable constant current source. Carbon dioxide assimilation was mimicked with the use of a programmable electronic gas blending system. Simultaneous step functions of these two key photosynthetic parameters fully characterized the response time and sensitivity of the instrument. In this report, time-dependent PSQ for spinach leaf disks and the microalga Scenedesmus D3 are reported. It is explicitly demonstrated that the transient approach to steady state is different for the two systems. Whereas the time-dependent PSQ for spinach depended on illumination history and reached a steady-state value less than 1, this was not the case for Scenedesmus.
The Transient Optical Sky Survey Data Pipeline

Abstract The Transient Optical Sky Survey (TOSS) is an automated, ground-based telescope system dedicated to searching for optical transient events. Small telescope tubes are mounted on a tracking, semi-equatorial frame with a single polar axis. Each fixed-declination telescope records successive exposures which overlap in right ascension. Nightly observations produce time-series images of fixed fields within each declination band. We describe the TOSS data pipeline, including automated routines used for image calibration, object detection and identification, astrometry, and differential photometry. Time series of nightly observations are accumulated in a database for each declination band. Despite the modest cost of the mechanical system, results from the 2009–2010 observing campaign confirm the system’s capability for producing light curves of satisfactory accuracy. Transients can be extracted from the individual time-series by identifying deviations from baseline variability.
Payment for procedural sedation.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW As surgical procedures become less invasive and medical procedures become more invasive, the role of procedural sedation has become more important. The resulting proliferation of settings for procedural sedation and providers rendering sedation has brought attention to the economics of this service from nonanesthesia specialists and payers. Rapidly escalating expenditures for sedation have led to scrutiny from public and private insurance carriers. The review will summarize these trends and predict changes in coding and payment for procedural sedation. RECENT FINDINGS Changes in coding for sedation by proceduralists have raised questions about the value of procedural sedation that have implications for anesthesiologists and other specialists administering sedatives for their own or others' procedures. The emerging literature on the role of registered nurses in administering new sedative agents has led to a re-examination of the role of anesthesiologists and other physicians in providing this care. Workforce projections demonstrating an ongoing shortage of anesthesia and nursing personnel have created a dilemma about the availability of professionals to meet the growing need for sedation. A proliferation of Medicare medical necessity rules may limit the availability of payment for monitored anesthesia care in many settings. SUMMARY Coding, payment rules and fees for procedural sedation are likely to change in the coming 2-5 years. Those responsible for providing such services must consider the economic, clinical and workforce issues underlying these changes when planning to undertake or expand a commitment to sedation.
The weakness of strong justification

(1997). The weakness of strong justification. Australasian Journal of Philosophy: Vol. 75, No. 2, pp. 179-189.
Phosphorylation of the Dictyostelium myosin II heavy chain is necessary for maintaining cellular polarity and suppressing turning during chemotaxis

Conversion of the three mapped threonine phosphorylation sites in the myosin II heavy chain tail to alanines results in a mutant (3XALA) in Dictyostelium discoideum, which displays constitutive myosin overassembly in the cytoskeleton and increased cortical tension. To assess the importance of myosin phosphorylation in cellular translocation and chemotaxis, 3XALA mutant cells have been analyzed by 2D and 3D computer-assisted methods in buffer, in a spatial gradient of cAMP, and after the rapid addition of cAMP. 3XALA cells crawling in buffer exhibit distinct abnormalities in cellular shape, the maintenance of polarity and the complexity of the pseudopod perimeter. 3XALA cells crawling in buffer also exhibit a decrease in directionality. In a spatial gradient of cAMP, the behavioral defects are accentuated. In a spatial gradient, 3XALA cells exhibit a repeating 1- to 2-min behavior cycle in which the shape of each cell changes abnormally from elongate to extremely wide with lateral, opposing pseudopods. At the end of each cycle, 3XALA cells turn 90 degrees into the left or right lateral pseudopod, resulting in a dramatic depression in chemotactic efficiency, even though 3XALA cells are chemotactically responsive to cAMP. These results demonstrate that the phosphorylation of myosin II heavy chain plays a critical role in the maintenance of cell shape and in persistent translocation in a spatial gradient of chemoattractant.
Wing Store Active Flutter Suppression-Correlation of Analyses and Wind-Tunnel Data

Through analyses and recent wind-tunnel tests, active flutter suppression has been shown to be a promising technique for preventing wing/external store flutter restrictions. Data measured in the wind tunnel have been used to evaluate the validity of a method for the design and analysis of active feedback control systems. The results of an analytical effort to study the behavior of an active flutter suppression wind-tunnel model are presented and compared with available test data. For this application, the model was aerodynamically represented by subsonic doublet lattice theory and stability was evaluated using modified Nyquist criteria.
Targeting drug delivery to radiation-induced neoantigens in tumor microvasculature

Radiation can be used to guide drugs to specific sites such as neoplasms or aberrant blood vessels. When blood vessels are treated with ionizing radiation, they respond by expressing a number of cell adhesion molecules and receptors that participate in homeostasis. Examples of radiation-induced molecules in blood vessels include ICAM-1, E-selectin, P-selectin and the beta(3) integrin. We have observed that the endothelium and blood components respond to oxidative stress in a similar, if not identical manner in all tumor models. Although we have identified several other radiation-induced molecules within tumor blood vessels, the beta(3) target for drug delivery achieves the greatest site-specific peptide binding within irradiated tumor blood vessels. We have focused on peptides and antibodies that bind to integrin beta(3). beta(3)-binding proteins have been conjugated to fluorochromes and radionuclides to study the site specificity and microscopic distribution. We have found immunofluorescent and immunohistochemical staining of beta(3) within the lumen of blood vessels immediately following irradiation. To determine whether it is feasible to guide drug delivery to irradiated tumors, we studied ligands to alpha(2b)beta(3) (fibrinogen). Peptides within fibrinogen that bind to alpha(2b)beta(3) includes the dodecapeptide, HHLGGAKQAGDV and the RGD peptide. We utilized 131I conjugation to these ligands to study the biodistribution in tumor bearing mice. Our clinical trial consists of the RGD peptidomimetic, biapcitide, labeled with 99mTc. This study shows that it is feasible to guide drugs to human neoplasms by use of radiation-guided peptides. These studies have shown that peptides that bind to these integrins bind to tumors following exposure to ionizing radiation.
Nickel boride hydrogen anodes

Abstract Polarization measurements were performed in the presence of hydrogen on porous anodes, catalysed with nickel boride, with varying catalyst loading and temperature of operation. The results demonstrate that the electrode performance is influenced greatly by temperature. Anode performance was not a linear function of catalyst loading; between 5 and 12 mg/cm 2 , the performance remained unchanged. The performance of all the anodes catalysed with nickel boride was far below that of porous anodes catalysed with precious metals.
Structure and plasticity of the human immunodeficiency virus gp41 fusion domain in lipid micelles and bilayers.

A thorough understanding of the structure of fusion domains of enveloped viruses in changing lipid environments helps us to formulate mechanistic models on how they might function in mediating viral entry by membrane fusion. We have expressed the N-terminal fusion domain of HIV-1 gp41 as a construct that is water-soluble in the absence of membranes, but that also binds with high affinity to lipid micelles and bilayers in their presence. We have solved the structure and studied the dynamics of this domain bound to dodecylphosphocholine micelles by homo- and heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy. The fusion peptide forms a stable hydrophobic helix from Ile4 to Ala14, but is increasingly more disordered and dynamic in a segment of intermediate polarity that stretches from Ala15 to Ser23. When bound to lipid bilayers at low concentration, the HIV fusion domain is also largely α-helical, as determined by CD and FTIR spectroscopy. However, at higher protein/lipid ratios, the domain is partially converted to form β-structures in lipid bilayers. Controlled lipid mixing occurs at concentrations that support the α-helical, but not the β-strand conformation.
Biphenyl C-Cyclopropylalkylamides: New Scaffolds for Targeting Estrogen Receptor β

The C-cyclopropylalkylamide scaffold was previously identified as a new structural framework for antiestrogens. A second generation library provided three compounds that bind estrogen receptor (ER)alpha. Further screening of this library identified an ERbeta hit and inspired another round of SAR. A new focused library was tested for binding to the ERs, and for effects on the growth of breast cancer cell lines and protein levels of common cell cycle regulators.
Trade‐off in oviposition strategy: choosing poor quality host plants reduces mortality from natural enemies for a salt marsh planthopper

1. Both host plant nutrition and mortality from natural enemies have been predicted to significantly impact host plant selection and oviposition behaviour of phytophagous insects. It is unclear, however, if oviposition decisions maximise fitness. 2. This study examined whether the salt marsh planthopper Pissonotus quadripustulatus prefers higher quality host plants for oviposition, and if oviposition decisions are made so as to minimise mortality at the egg stage. 3. A controlled laboratory experiment and 4 years of field data were used to assess the rates of planthopper oviposition on higher quality ‘green’ and lower quality ‘woody’ stems of the host plant Borrichia frutescens. The numbers and percentages of healthy eggs and eggs that were killed by parasitoids or the host plant were recorded. 4. In all years, including the laboratory experiment, Pissonotus planthoppers laid more eggs on lower quality woody stems than on higher quality green stems. While host plant related egg mortality was higher in woody stems, the percentage of eggs parasitised was much greater in green stems. This resulted in a lower total mortality of eggs on woody stems. 5. The results of this study demonstrate that, although Pissonotus prefers lower quality host plants for oviposition, this actually increases fitness. These data seem to support the enemy free space hypothesis, and suggest that for phytophagous insects that experience the majority of mortality in the egg stage, oviposition choices may be made such that mortality is minimised.
Effect of hail on isogenic lines of barley

Abstract Six sets of two-six rowed isogenic lines with the four genotypes VVii, VVII, vvii , and vvII , were planted 1 May 1978. The isolines were at the soft dough stage when damaged by a hailstorm 16 July 1978. Each isoline was harvested at maturity and culms with spikes were separated into four groups based on erect or bent culms and on kernel shattering or no kernel shattering of spikes on these culms. Hail was found to have an effect on the percentage of shattered spikes, plump kernels, and kernel shattering. Plants in the isogenic sets had a higher percentage of bent than erect culms, as well as more unshattered than shattered spikes. Two-rowed isolines had significantly higher percentages of shattered spikes than six-rowed. There were significant differences among isogenic sets for percentage of plump kernels. Two-rowed isolines had plumper kernels than six-rowed. When data were averaged over isolines, unshattered spikes had significantly plumper kernels than shattered spikes. There was significantly more kernel shattering in two-rowed isolines than in six-rowed isolines. Spikes on bent culms shattered less than spikes on erect culms. The isogenic set of Glacier had a higher percentage of shattered spikes than any other isogenic set and had a higher percentage of plump kernels on shattered than unshattered spikes. Glacier headed 20 days before the hailstorm and 5–8 days before the other isogenic sets and thus was more susceptible to shattering but less susceptible to reduction in kernel size. This study indicates that hail damages the culms and kernels of barley with the severity depending upon whether cultivars are two-rowed or six-rowed, a Manchurian type malting or feed type, and when the hail occurs in relation to heading time. In a high hail hazard area farmers should avoid growing two-rowed or Manchurian type six-rowed malting barley cultivars, as they are the most susceptible to hail damage.
Ultraviolet Light Inactivation and Photoreactivation of AS-1 Cyanophage in Anacystis nidulans

Black light effected photorecovery of AS-1 cyanophage and wild-type cells. However, only partial photoreactivation of AS-1 was observed in a partially photoreactivable mutant of Anacystis nidulans.
Rent Seeking and Tax Reform

As a former expert on China, I know that the rectification of terms is a central preoccupation of Confucian scholars. Therefore, I believe the best way to begin this chapter is with a brief discussion of the meaning of both tax reform and rent seeking. I repeat my earlier definition of rent seeking: the use of resources for the purpose of obtaining rents for people where the rents themselves come from something that has negative social value.
“Paradoxing the Dialectic”: The Impact of Patients’ Sexual Harassment in the Discursive Construction of Nurses’ Caregiving Roles

Using the concepts of paradox and dialectics, this qualitative study examines the tension that contradictions bring to nurses’ narrative construction of their roles as caregivers. The nurses in the study reveal that they negotiate their roles as caregivers within the dialectical poles of closeness and distance in relation to their patients. The sexual harassment of nurses by their patients, however, serves to destroy this ability to move between these poles and instead calls for a single response—distance. This “paradoxing of the dialectic” changes the ability to negotiate between closeness and distance and presents nurses with a paradoxical set of decisions on how to cope with such harassment and maintain their role as caregivers. Implications for theory are discussed.
Temperature- and Composition-Dependent Valence Mixing of Sm in Cation-and Anion-Substituted SmS Observed by X-ray Photoemission Spectroscopy

We have determined the interconfiguration mixing ratios (${\mathrm{Sm}}^{+3}$/${\mathrm{Sm}}^{+2}$) of 1.4 and 4.1 for ${\mathrm{Sm}}_{0.81}$${\mathrm{Y}}_{0.19}$S and Sm${\mathrm{As}}_{0.18}$${\mathrm{S}}_{0.82}$ at 295 K from their x-ray photoemission spectra. These ratios are observed to decrease reversibly by a factor of 2 at 110 K. The agreement of these results with valences deduced from lattice-constant measurements is direct evidence that configuration mixing is responsible for the anomalous temperature- and composition-dependence of the lattice constant.
Mucin expression profile in Barrett's, dysplasia, adenocarcinoma sequence in the esophagus

Background: The molecular events that accompany the progression to adenocarcinoma (ADC) of the esophagus are poorly understood. Aberrant mucin receptor expression can contribute to increased cell growth and metastatic ability. Aim: The aim of this study was to establish a pattern for mucin (MUC) gene expression in the esophageal mucosa under normal and pathological conditions. Setting: University Hospital Cancer Center Laboratory. Archived tissue samples studied in a retrospective fashion. Materials And Methods: Tissue samples were obtained from the archives of patients with histological evidence of Barrett's esophagus (BE) progressing to ADC. Immunohistochemical analysis was performed using mouse monoclonal antibodies for MUC1, MUC2, MUC5AC, MUC6. Semiquantitative scoring of histological staining was performed using a linear scoring system: 0-staining absent; 1-staining in 0-25%; 2-staining in 25-50%; and 3-staining in 50-75% of the epithelium. The Binomial test was used to explore trends and differences in frequency of mucin expression along the pathological sequence. Results: Only mild superficial staining of MUC1 was seen in normal squamous epithelium. MUC1 and MUC2 were uniformly expressed in all samples (7/7) of BE and dysplasia ( P =0.008). MUC1 expression was upregulated (7/7) in progression to adenocarcinoma ( P =0.008). The secretory mucins, MUC5AC and MUC6 showed a decrease in expression with progression from BE to dysplasia to ADC ( P <0.05). Conclusions: Downregulation of MUC5AC and MUC6 decreases mucosal protection against gastric acid. Increasing MUC1 expression is associated with progression from dysplasia to ADC. Upregulation of MUC2 reflects intestinal metaplasia in BE.
A unified hydrophobicity scale for multispan membrane proteins

The concept of hydrophobicity is critical to our understanding of the principles of membrane protein (MP) folding, structure, and function. In the last decades, several groups have derived hydrophobicity scales using both experimental and statistical methods that are optimized to mimic certain natural phenomena as closely as possible. The present work adds to this toolset the first knowledge-based scale that unifies the characteristics of both alpha-helical and beta-barrel multispan MPs. This unified hydrophobicity scale (UHS) distinguishes between amino acid preference for solution, transition, and trans-membrane states. The scale represents average hydrophobicity values of amino acids in folded proteins, irrespective of their secondary structure type. We furthermore present the first knowledge-based hydrophobicity scale for mammalian alpha-helical MPs (mammalian hydrophobicity scale--MHS). Both scales are particularly useful for computational protein structure elucidation, for example as input for machine learning techniques, such as secondary structure or trans-membrane span prediction, or as reference energies for protein structure prediction or protein design. The knowledge-based UHS shows a striking similarity to a recent experimental hydrophobicity scale introduced by Hessa and coworkers (Hessa T et al., Nature 2007;450:U1026-U1032). Convergence of two very different approaches onto similar hydrophobicity values consolidates the major differences between experimental and knowledge-based scales observed in earlier studies. Moreover, the UHS scale represents an accurate absolute free energy measure for folded, multispan MPs--a feature that is absent from many existing scales. The utility of the UHS was demonstrated by analyzing a series of diverse MPs. It is further shown that the UHS outperforms nine established hydrophobicity scales in predicting trans-membrane spans along the protein sequence. The accuracy of the present hydrophobicity scale profits from the doubling of the number of integral MPs in the PDB over the past four years. The UHS paves the way for an increased accuracy in the prediction of trans-membrane spans.
Inaccurate representation of the electra complex in psychology textbooks

In their discussion of Freud's theory, authors of introductory psychology, developmental psychology, and personality textbooks often refer to the female version of the Oedipus complex as the Electr...
A study of e-mail patterns

Although electronic mail is an increasingly important service, there are few empirical studies of e-mail traffic. We have observed over 2.85 million messages passing through our departmental servers over the course of seven months, and derived distributions that approximate several important e-mail parameters including message sizes, message senders and receivers and the burstiness of message deliveries. Our work is unique in that we also analyse message payloads: attachment content types, e-mail redundancy, and the use of e-mail as a sharing mechanism. These data can be used in developing e-mail workloads for mail system engineering or benchmarking. To this end, we provide an improved version of Postmark, a small-file Internet benchmark, that better approximates mail server characteristics. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Narrow-band optical channel-dropping filter

Waveguide couplers are combined with lambda /4 shifted distributed feedback (DFB) resonators to produce narrowband channel dropping filters. The bandwidth of the filter can be made much narrower than the stopband of the grating. It is possible to remove the spurious responses of the grating filter by appropriate dispersion characteristics for the coupled waveguides. However, in some practical applications it may not be necessary to do this, if all channels can be accommodated within half the grating bandwidth of the filters. >
Increased likelihood of long-term gastrostomy tube dependence in head and neck cancer survivors without partners

Background We evaluated factors associated with long-term dependence on percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tubes.
Active-cavity vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser eigenmodes with simple analytic representation

Gain-guided eigenmodes in open vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser cavities are constructed by superposition of paraxial (i.e., Gauss–Laguerre) modes employing the unfolded-cavity hard-mirror equivalent to distributed Bragg reflectors. The round-trip matrix is obtained analytically for simple gain profiles, including finite-mirror-size losses, diffraction spreading, and gain-confinement effects. Diagonalization yields the full range of stable, unstable, and steady-state complex eigenmodes and gain eigenvalues, in terms of the cavity parameters. More importantly, it is demonstrated that in cases of interest the lower-order cavity eigenmodes can be approximated by pure Gauss–Laguerre modes with optimum waist size prescribed through a simple variational principle. The Gaussian nature of the cavity modes is confirmed by comparison with experiments. Finally, the new eigenmode properties self-consistently account for wavelength blueshifting and reduction in the mode waist with increasing bias current, without invoking index guiding.
Finite conductivity effects on electrostatically sprayed liquid jets

Electrostatic spraying of drops is often characterized by the formation of a thin jet. Experimentally, this jet appears to be stable over a portion of its length. In this paper the capillary instability of a jet of a conducting liquid is examined theoretically. The formation of such a jet requires both an axial electric field and a surface charge. A finite conductivity jet allows the charge and axial field to coexist. The result is an electrical surface force with both normal and shearing components. For some values of field and charge, the capillary instability of the jet is stabilized by the electrical forces. A charge density with no tangential field stabilizes the long wavelengths while it makes the short wavelengths more unstable. On the other-hand, a tangential electric field stabilizes the short wavelengths. Calculations of the growth rate of instabilities for different values of the electrical parameters are presented.
Effects of temperature change on demersal fishes in the California Current: a bioenergetics approach

Diverse fish assemblages should feature a range of biological and ecological responses to temperature change. Using preliminary bioenergetics models, I simulated growth and maturation of three Cali...
The PC6B Cytoplasmic Domain Contains Two Acidic Clusters That Direct Sorting to Distinct trans-Golgi Network/Endosomal Compartments

The mammalian proprotein convertases (PCs) are a family of secretory pathway enzymes that catalyze the endoproteolytic maturation of peptide hormones and many bioactive proteins. Two PCs, furin and...
Longitudinal study of dietary intakes and plasma lipids in healthy elderly men and women.

Dietary intakes and blood lipid concentrations were assessed in elderly men (n 65) and women (n 92) from 1980 through 1989.Mean age in 1980 was 70 y (range60-84 y). Health and socioeconomic status was above that found in the general US elderly population. Cross-sectional and longi- tudinal changes in variables were determined by using least- squares linear regression. No significant cross-sectional differ- ences in energy (Id/kg), protein (g/kg), total fat, and carbohydrate intake with age was noted. Significant longitudinal decreases in total fat, saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids, and choles- terol intakes were noted in both men and women. Significant decreases in total, HDL, and LDL plasma cholesterol concen- trations were noted over time in both men and women. Ratios ofboth total and LDL cholesterol to HDL cholesterol increased over time. The decrease in total fat and cholesterol intakes were significantly correlated with the decrease in total plasma cho- lesterol. Am J Cliii Nutr l992;55:682-8.
Coding and Decoding for Code Division Multiple User Communication Systems

A new algorithm is introduced which decodes code division multiple user communication signals. The algorithm makes use of the distinctive form or pattern of each signal to separate it from the composite signal created by the multiple users. Although the algorithm is presented in terms of frequency-hopped signals, the actual transmitter modulator can use any of the existing digital modulation techniques. The algorithm is applicable to error-free codes or to codes where controlled interference is permitted. It can be used when block synchronization is assumed, and in some cases when it is not. The paper also discusses briefly some of the codes which can be used in connection with the algorithm, and relates the algorithm to past studies which use other approaches to the same problem.
Variability of Plasma Anti-Xa Activities with Different Lots of Enoxaparin

BACKGROUNDPrevious studies have indicated the variability of anti-Xa activity in different sources of heparin and the variability of different methods used for measuring anti-Xa activity. Manufacturers of low-molecular-weight heparins (LMWHs) determine each lot's anti-Xa activity against the World Health Organization standard, but little information is known about anti-Xa activity variation between lots of LMWH and the impact on reported anti-Xa activity in patient samples.OBJECTIVETo determine the variation of plasma anti-Xa activity in patients receiving enoxaparin when different lots of enoxaparin are used for test calibration.METHODSWe obtained 7 lots of enoxaparin containing approximately 10 000 IU/mL and one lot containing approximately 15 000 IU/mL of anti-Xa activity. For each lot, a 2.0 anti-Xa IU/mL dilution was prepared and a calibration curve performed using a chromogenic method. To test the variation in reported results between the different calibration lots, 20 patient samples were tested. N...
Lorazepam in status epilepticus

Lorazepam, a dichloro-3-hydroxy-1,4-benzodiazepine, has been shown to be a potent anticonvulsant in animal models of epilsepsy and has minimal depressant effects on respiration and circulation in humans. The effects of this compound were studied in status epilepticus. Twenty-five patients were given intravenous lorazepam during status epilepticus of varying cause. Four or 8 mg of the drug controlled status in 22 of the 25 patients. Although single seizures recurred in 5 of the 22 patients, none experienced recurrence of status during a prolonged follow-up period. Transient respiratory arrest occurred in 1 patient, but no other significant complications were observed. Studies of plasma drug levels suggest that most patients attain good seizure control at concentrations between 30 and 100 ng per milliliter. Clinical observations indicate that repetitive injections are not required for continuing control of seizures in patients whose seizures are initially controlled. Lorazepam appears to be an effective and safe drug for treatment of status epilepticus, with a duration of control longer than that achieved with diazepam.
Female sexual disorders: psychiatric aspects.

Objective:This manuscript reviews the current information concerning female sexual dysfunction that is relevant to general psychiatric practice.Method:Research identified by the key words sexual dy...
Extending a Community of Care Beyond the Ninth Grade: A Follow-Up Study

ABSTRACT This qualitative within-site case study (N = 10) is a follow-up study to a 2006–2007 investigation that analyzed how 1 high school created a community of care for its ninth-grade students through the implementation of a ninth-grade transition program—Freshman Focus. All participants were interviewed again 3 years later during students’ senior year to investigate how Freshman Focus might have fostered a long-lasting community of care that extended throughout students’ high school years. Findings suggest teacher–student and program–student relationships served as ways to foster a community of care that promoted a positive school experience for students. While findings indicate that Freshman Focus fostered a community of care that lasted throughout these students’ high school years, it is unclear whether this caring community extended to the broader school community.
Individual Learning and Social Learning: Endogenous Division of Cognitive Labor in a Population of Co-evolving Problem-Solvers

The dynamic choice between individual and social learning is explored for a population of autonomous agents whose objective is to find solutions to a stream of related problems. The probability that an agent is in the individual learning mode, as opposed to the social learning mode, evolves over time through reinforcement learning. Furthermore, the communication network of an agent is also endogenous. Our main finding is that when agents are sufficiently effective at social learning, structure emerges in the form of specialization. Some agents focus on coming up with new ideas while the remainder of the population focuses on imitating worthwhile ideas.