cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A feasibility study of activity tracking devices in pregnancy.

We aimed to evaluate the feasibility of using an activity-tracking device (ATD) during pregnancy and compare self-reported to ATD-calculated energy expenditure in a 2-phase study. (Phase 1) Twenty-five pregnant women were asked about exercise, computer use, smartphone ownership, and ATD attitudes. Descriptive statistics were reported. (Phase 2) Women ≥18 years, smartphone owners, < 16-weeks gestation, and without exercise restrictions were approached to participate in 2016–2017. Women received instructions to wear and sync the ATD daily. We assessed protocol adherence and satisfaction via surveys at 36-weeks and used mixed models to assess the relationship between gestational age and ATD data. Energy expenditure from the Pregnancy Physical Activity Questionnaire (PPAQ) was compared to ATD-calculated energy expenditure. (Phase 1) Walking was the most common exercise; 8% did not perform any activity during pregnancy. All women had internet access and owned a smartphone. Women stated they would wear the ATD all the time during a pregnancy (88%), with the intent to improve their health (80%). (Phase 2) The characteristics of the 48 women were: pre-pregnancy BMI 28, 62% non-Hispanic black, 62% multiparas. Of the 18 women who completed the 36-week survey, only 56% wore the ATD daily, 33% had a lost or broken ATD, and 17% had technical problems; however, 94% enjoyed wearing it, 94% would recommend it to a pregnant friend, and 78% thought it helped them reach activity goals. According to ATD data, the median number of active days was 41 (IQR 20–73) and the median proportion of active days out of potential days was 22% (IQR 11–40). As gestational age increased, mean log steps decreased, active minutes decreased, and sedentary hours increased in unadjusted and adjusted models (P < 0.05 all comparisons). There were no differences in mean energy expenditure (MET-h/week) estimated by PPAQ or ATD data at 28 weeks gestation [212 (22–992 range) vs. 234 (200–281 range), P = 0.66] and at 36 weeks [233 (86–907 range) vs. 218 (151–273 range), P = 0.68]). Women reported high motivation to wear an ATD and high satisfaction with actually using an ATD during pregnancy; however adherence to the study protocol was lower than expected and ATD technical problems were frequent.
Reducing Tobacco Smoke Exposure in High-Risk Infants: A Randomized, Controlled Trial.

Objective To evaluate a hospital-initiated intervention to reduce tobacco smoke exposure in infants in the neonatal intensive care unit. Study design A randomized, controlled trial compared motivational interviewing plus financial incentives with conventional care on infant urine cotinine at 1 and 4 months' follow-up. Mothers of infants in the neonatal intensive care unit (N = 360) who reported a smoker living in the home were enrolled. Motivational interviewing sessions were delivered in both the hospital and the home. Financial incentives followed session attendance and negative infant cotinine tests postdischarge. Results The intervention effect on infant cotinine was not significant, except among mothers who reported high baseline readiness/ability to protect their infant (P ≤ .01) and mothers who completed the study within 6 months postdischarge (per protocol; P ≤ .05). Fewer mothers in the motivational interviewing plus financial incentives condition were smoking postdischarge (P ≤ .01). More mothers in the motivational interviewing plus financial incentives group reported a total home and car smoking ban at follow-up (P ≤ .05). Conclusions Motivational interviewing combined with financial incentives reduced infant tobacco smoke exposure in a subset of women who were ready/able to protect their infant. The intervention also resulted in less maternal smoking postpartum. More robust interventions that include maternal and partner/household smoking cessation are likely needed to reduce the costly effects of tobacco smoke exposure on children and their families. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01726062 .
Random Selection for Scaling Standards, With Applications to Climate Change

Governments distributing funds among many claimants often fail to ensure that those similarly situated are treated similarly. This Article proposes a novel solution that would reduce both adjudication costs and adverse effects of idiosyncratic decisionmaking. Claimants to a fund would sell their claims to intermediaries, and a small number of claims would then be chosen at random for valuation in adjudication. The entire fund would be distributed to the intermediaries in proportion to their adjudicated valuations. Intermediaries will thus bid more for claims, the higher the valuations that they expect the claims to receive on average. This mechanism can enable the creation of administrative schemes that might be infeasible with a traditional administrative design, which cannot accommodate massive numbers of claims covering circumstances too heterogeneous to reduce to rules. The Article illustrates by describing several possible applications to climate change, including provision of compensation to those harmed by a carbon tax and distribution of a fund for energy efficient building upgrades. The mechanism can also be used to distribute a class action award to heterogeneous claimants. Like “statistical adjudication,” this mechanism requires adjudication of only a small number of claims, but it avoids the need for a centralized authority to extrapolate from these adjudicative results.
Examining the impact of cancer on survivors' religious faith: A report from the American Cancer Society study of cancer survivors-I.

Objectives The impact of religion/spirituality (R/S) on cancer outcomes, including health-related quality of life (HRQoL), has been the topic of much investigation. Reports of the opposite, that is, the impact of cancer on R/S and associations with HRQoL, are few. The current study sought to explore the positive and negative impacts of cancer on the religious faith of survivors as well as the associations of such impacts with HRQoL. Methods Participants included 2309 9-year survivors of cancer from the American Cancer Society's Studies of Cancer Survivors-I. The impact of cancer on R/S was measured using items from the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) psychosocial impact of illness-faith, and HRQoL was measured with the 12-item short form (SF-12). Hierarchical regressions were used to examine the impact of cancer on R/S controlling for medical and demographic covariates. Results Consistent with hypotheses, the majority of survivors (70%) reported that cancer had a positive impact on religious faith, while the negative impact of cancer on religious faith was relatively rare (17%). In multivariable models, the negative impact of cancer on faith was associated with poorer HRQoL, both mental and physical, while the positive impact of cancer on faith was associated with greater mental well-being. Conclusions Cancer has a negative impact on religious faith for a minority of survivors. However, when it is reported, such negative impact is indicative of poorer mental and physical well-being. As such, it is important to identify those survivors at risk early in survivorship and provide support and intervention as needed.
Analysis of the Combined Load Behaviour of Rock Bolt Installed Across Discontinuity and Its Modelling Using FLAC3D

Determining the rock bolt response under the typical in situ loading conditions of tension, shear and bending is an important part of the support design process. Calibrated numerical modelling can be an important tool for simulating the rock bolt response under in situ loads. However, currently available structural support models do not accurately model the rock bolt behaviour under shear loads. These models need to be modified to simulate the actual rock bolt response as determined under laboratory testing. Results from double shear laboratory tests by Kostecki (2019) have been used to calibrate the numerical models in ANSYS (ANSYS® Academic Research Mechanical 2019). The calibrated numerical models were used to study the state of stress along the rock bolt under different concrete strength. These numerical models are compared with the analytical model proposed by Pellet and Egger (1996). The results show that the rock reaction and consequently the shear load on rock bolt in the analytical model is underestimated (by up to 50% in case of high strength concrete). In high strength concrete, the yield and failure behaviour is determined by the shear stress rather than the bending and tensile stress as predicted by the analytical models. The analytical model is modified to better predict the shear forces in high strength concrete. The pile structural element available in FLAC3D (FLAC3D — Fast Lagrangian Analysis of Continua in Three-Dimensions 2017) finite difference method neglects the transverse shear strain in the element. In this paper, the pile structural element is modified to simulate the correct response of rock bolt under shear. The FLAC3D code is also modified to simulate the bolt yielding and failure under combined axial, bending and shear load. The modified model is validated with laboratory results from Mchugh and Signer (McHugh and Signer 1999) and is shown to be better at simulating the shear response and failure of rock bolt under shear compared to the original pile model.
Putting “Perspectives” in Perspective: Literary Fiction, Empathy & Diversity In the Public Affairs Classroom

In the context of increasing diversity, polarized politics, and degraded public discourse, public servants are more central than ever to democracy. What new skills might they need? How might we add...
Future Novel Imaging Methods

Glaucoma is an ocular disease resulting in irreversible vision loss. It is estimated more than 60 million people worldwide have glaucoma and its incidence is anticipated to increase to more than 111 million by 2040. Glaucoma causes damage to the optic nerve head (ONH) and is accompanied by loss of retinal ganglion cells and reduction in the visual field. Although increased intraocular pressure (IOP) is considered the major risk factor for the development of glaucoma, there is supportive evidence for a role of ocular microcirculation in glaucoma pathophysiology. It is thought that increased IOP may cause deformation within the ONH, thus blocking axonal transport and impeding blood flow, which can eventually lead to cell death. Clinically, imaging technologies have played a critical role in visualizing abnormalities in the ONH and retinal cell layers in glaucoma. The advent of novel optical imaging technologies with higher depth resolution, tissue penetration, and image acquisition rate has allowed quantitative evaluation of retinal anatomy and hemodynamics at cellular and capillary levels. Furthermore, the availability of multimodal imaging techniques for assessment of retinal metabolic function offers new insights into glaucoma pathophysiology. Finally, application of artificial intelligence approaches can improve and enable screening, early detection, and progression monitoring of glaucomatous damage. Overall, the application of novel optical imaging and computational techniques shows great promise for enhancing detection of glaucoma and its progression as well as for improving knowledge of glaucoma pathophysiology and development of effective therapeutic interventions to prevent vision loss.
Metabolic programming of nephron progenitor cell fate

Metabolic pathways are one of the first responses at the cellular level to maternal/fetal interface stressors. Studies have revealed the previously unrecognized contributions of intermediary metabolism to developmental programs. Here, we provide an overview of cellular metabolic pathways and the cues that modulate metabolic states. We discuss the developmental and physiological implications of metabolic reprogramming and the key role of metabolites in epigenetic and epiproteomic modifications during embryonic development and with respect to kidney development and nephrogenesis.
Nonsense-mediated decay controls the reactivation of the oncogenic herpesviruses EBV and KSHV

The oncogenic human herpesviruses Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) are the causative agents of multiple malignancies. A hallmark of herpesviruses is their biphasic life cycle consisting of latent and lytic infection. In this study, we identified that cellular nonsense-mediated decay (NMD), an evolutionarily conserved RNA degradation pathway, critically regulates the latent-to-lytic switch of EBV and KSHV infection. The NMD machinery suppresses EBV and KSHV Rta transactivator expression and promotes maintenance of viral latency by targeting the viral polycistronic transactivator transcripts for degradation through the recognition of features in their 3' UTRs. Treatment with a small-molecule NMD inhibitor potently induced reactivation in a variety of EBV- and KSHV-infected cell types. In conclusion, our results identify NMD as an important host process that controls oncogenic herpesvirus reactivation, which may be targeted for the therapeutic induction of lytic reactivation and the eradication of tumor cells.
Engines: An Introduction

The internal combustion engine that powers the modern automobile has changed very little from its initial design of some eighty years ago. Unlike many high tech advances, engine design still depends on an understanding of basic fluid mechanics and thermodynamics. This text offers a fresh approach to the study of engines, with an emphasis on design and on fluid dynamics. Professor Lumley, a renowned fluid dynamicist, provides a lucid explanation of how air and fuel are mixed, how they get into the engine, what happens to them there, and how they get out again. Particular attention is given to the complex issue of pollution. Examples are taken from the early days of engine design, as well as the latest designs, such as stratified charge gasoline direct injection engines. It is intended that the text be used in conjunction with the Stanford Engine Simulation Program (ESP). This user-friendly, interactive software tool answers a significant need not addressed by other texts on engines.
Structure‐Conduct‐Performance Paradigm

This article provides a description of the basic model of industry analysis that is used in the field of industrial organization economics. The article focuses on the two competing views of industry behavior and public policy toward business which have evolved from the paradigm. The traditional Structuralist School view of the causal flow of the paradigm's elements is examined and empirical research supporting this view is presented. The article then presents some of the consequences of this view in terms of the antitrust policy prescriptions which it supports. Some theoretical and empirical shortcomings of this view, and competing evidence supporting the alternative Chicago School view, are then examined. Keywords: market structure; market performance; antitrust policy; market power; efficiency
Nanostructures. Self-assembled domain patterns.

The ordered domain patterns that form spontaneously in a wide variety of chemical and physical systems1,2 as a result of competing interatomic interactions can be used as templates for fabricating nanostructures. Here we describe a new self-assembling domain pattern on a solid surface that involves two surface structures of lead on copper. The evolution of the system agrees with theoretical predictions3,4,5, enabling us to probe the interatomic force parameters that are crucial to the process.
Criteria for screening tests for gestational diabetes

A 50 gm, 1-hour glucose screening test was given to 381 gravid women 25 years of age or older. All women with plasma glucose values greater than or equal to 130 mg/dl (119 mg/dl, whole blood) were given a 100 gm, 3-hour glucose tolerance test to diagnose gestational glucose intolerance using O'Sullivan's diagnostic criteria. On the basis of the distribution of screening test values, three diagnostic zones could be identified: a zone below 135 mg/dl plasma glucose, with less than 1% probability of diabetes; a zone above 182 mg/dl plasma glucose, with more than 95% probability of diabetes; and a central zone of uncertainty (135 to 182 mg/dl, plasma glucose), where further testing is required. These test results suggest that thresholds for further testing be lowered from 143 to 135 mg/dl of plasma glucose.
A vectorized Monte Carlo code for modeling photon transport in SPECT.

A vectorized Monte Carlo computer code has been developed for modelingphoton transport in single photon emission computed tomography(SPECT). The code models photon transport in a uniform attenuating region and photon detection by a gamma camera. It is adapted from a history‐based Monte Carlo code in which photon history data are stored in scalar variables and photon histories are computed sequentially. The vectorized code is written in FORTRAN77 and uses an event‐based algorithm in which photon history data are stored in arrays and photon history computations are performed within DO loops. The indices of the DO loops range over the number of photon histories, and these loops may take advantage of the vector processing unit of our Stellar GS1000 computer for pipelined computations. Without the use of the vector processor the event‐based code is faster than the history‐based code because of numerical optimization performed during conversion to the event‐based algorithm. When only the detection of unscattered photons is modeled, the event‐based code executes 5.1 times faster with the use of the vector processor than without; when the detection of scattered and unscattered photons is modeled the speed increase is a factor of 2.9. Vectorization is a valuable way to increase the performance of Monte Carlo code for modelingphoton transport in SPECT.
On the origin of the decrease in the torsional oscillator period of solid He4

A decrease in the rotational period observed in torsional oscillator measurements was recently taken as a possible indication of a supersolid state of helium. We reexamine this interpretation and note that the decrease in the rotation period is also consistent with a solidification of a small liquid-like component into a low-temperature glass. Such a solidification may occur by a low-temperature quench of topological defects (e.g., grain boundaries or dislocations) which we examined in an earlier work. The low-temperature glass can account for not only a monotonic decrease in the rotation period as the temperature is lowered but also explains the peak in the dissipation occurring near the transition point. Unlike the non-classical rotational inertia scenario, which depends on the supersolid fraction, the dependence of the rotational period on external parameters, e.g., the oscillator velocity, provides an alternate interpretation of the oscillator experiments. Future experiments might explore this effect.
Structural social support predicts functional social support in an online weight loss programme

Background Online weight loss programmes allow members to use social media tools to give and receive social support for weight loss. However, little is known about the relationship between the use of social media tools and the perception of specific types of support. Objective To test the hypothesis that the frequency of using social media tools (structural support) is directly related to perceptions of Encouragement, Information and Shared Experiences support (functional support). Design Online survey. Participants Members of an online weight loss programme. Methods The outcome was the perception of Encouragement (motivation, congratulations), Information (advice, tips) and Shared Experiences (belonging to a group) social support. The predictor was a social media scale based on the frequency of using forums and blogs within the online weight loss programme (alpha = 0.91). The relationship between predictor and outcomes was evaluated with structural equation modelling (SEM) and logistic regression, adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics, BMI and duration of website membership. Results The 187 participants were mostly female (95%) and white (91%), with mean (SD) age 37 (12) years and mean (SD) BMI 31 (8). SEM produced a model in which social media use predicted Encouragement support, but not Information or Shared Experiences support. Participants who used the social media tools at least weekly were almost five times as likely to experience Encouragement support compared to those who used the features less frequently [adjusted OR 4.8 (95% CI 1.8–12.8)]. Conclusions Using the social media tools of an online weight loss programme at least once per week is strongly associated with receiving Encouragement for weight loss behaviours.
A virtual prototyping environment for directed-energy concepts

Enhancements in computation hardware and the development of novel software have enabled virtual prototyping in several areas of science and engineering. In particular, the authors discuss directed energy devices that generate high-power microwave pulses.
Thoraco-Hepatic Amebiasis

1)Ten cases of thoraco-hepatic amebiasis are presented. Five of these cases were proven by isolation of the causative organism and the remainder were diagnosed on presumptive clinical and operative findings. Adequate clinical response to therapeutic management was observed in eight patients. In one instance, thoraco-hepatic amebiasis was not diagnosed until necropsy. One patient left against medical advice and could not be completely studied. 2)The most common locale for the original infestation with E. Histolytica was the Pacific area, however, three patients who never left the continental limits of the United States, were found to have systemic amebiasis. It is pointed out that each imported case of parasitic infestation may be a source for endemic spread of the disease. 3)The frequent absence of intestinal symptomatology in the clinical history, and the preponderance of chest symptoms with right upper abdominal pain, as the presenting major complaints, was striking. The observation of changes in the chest teleoroentgenograms was occasionally diagnostic, and as a rule, appreciably helpful in arriving at the proper clinical evaluation. 4)The medical and surgical management of thoraco-hepatic amebiasis as a complication of systemic infestation, is discussed.
Genetic analyses of nest-building behavior in laboratory mice (Mus musculus)

A Mendelian genetic analysis and a diallel cross study were conducted to investigate nest-building behavior of inbred mice. The amount of cotton used to build nests was observed for 4 days when the mice were 8 weeks of age. Results indicate (1) a sex difference in the Mendelian and diallel cross populations, (2) a significant genotypic difference, and (3) heterosis in the F 1 hybrid populations. The broad-sence heritability, obtained from the Mendelian analysis, was 0.418 for males, whereas that of females was not estimated because of a negative estimate of genetic variance. The narrow-sense heritabilities were 0.14 and 0.21 for males and females, respectively. The broad-sense heritabilities obtained by the diallel cross method were 0.931 and 0.623 for males and females, respectively, and the narrow-sense heritabilities were 0.068 and 0.166 for males and females. The low narrow-sense heritability and the prevalent heterotic mode of inheritance suggest that nesting behavior has been under selection pressure and possesses adaptive significance.
Multicolor Super-Resolution Imaging using a Laser Line Scanning Hyperspectral Microscope

Single-molecule super-resolution imaging techniques have proven to be successful in observing cellular structures with a resolution below the diffraction limit. However, these experiments often restrict observations to a region of shallow z-depth near the cover slip due to TIRF imaging or else suffer from high backgrounds due to wide field excitation. Confocal microscopy, which offers good background rejection, is prohibitively slow and cannot be used effectively for single-molecule localization based super-resolution. Here we introduce a new method that uses a fast, laser line scanning system that can be used to image a z-section anywhere within a cell and is not restricted to regions near the cover slip. The line scanning system allows a trade-off between acquisition speed and background rejection. Emission light is passed through a prism spectrometer, and a complete spectrum is collected for each spatial pixel. We exploit this hyperspectral emission path to make simultaneous measurements of multiple fluorophore species in the same sample.
Low thresholds in polymer lasers on conductive substrates by distributed feedback nanoimprinting: Progress toward electrically pumped plastic lasers

A study was conducted to investigate the effect of optically pumped lasing in a 'super yellow' film cast onto a gate dielectric and gate conducting electrode. It was observed during the study that light-emitting field-effect-transistor (LEFET) architecture with a distributed feedback (DFB) resonator structure nanoimprinted into the gain medium helped to achieve an electrically pumped plastic laser. Nanoimprint lithography was applied to obtain 1D and 2D DFB grating resonator structures in multilayer films. The study showed that the 2D DFB laser provided a lower lasing threshold compare to 1D DFB laser under same conditions. The nanoimprinted 2D DFB laser showed a lasing threshold of 32nJ/pulse and slope efficiency of 1.2%. The 1D grating provided a high degree of chain orientation for the organic semiconducting polymers in the source-drain channel.
Diagnosis and Management of Symptomatic Hemorrhoids

Hemorrhoidal disease is a common problem that is managed by various physicians, ranging from primary care providers to surgeons. This article reviews the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and updated treatment of hemorrhoids, including nonoperative options, office-based procedures, and surgical interventions from standard excision to stapled hemorrhoidopexy and Doppler-guided ligation. The article also covers complications and provides guidance for special circumstances, such as pregnancy, hemorrhoidal crisis, and inflammatory bowel disease.
A Technique for Deriving Column-integrated Water Content Using VAS Split-Window Data

An algorithm is examined that uses VISSR Atmospheric Sounder (VAS) 11- and 12-micron (split-window) data to derive column-integrated water content (IWC) at mesoscale resolution. The algorithm is physically based and derives its first-guess information from radiosonde data. The procedure is applied first to a test case data set and then to the 19 June 1986 study day from the Cooperative Huntsville Meteorological Experiment (COHMEX). Ground truth data for verifying results from the technique include IWC from National Weather Service and COHMEX radiosondes, the Multispectral Atmospheric Mapping Sensor (MAMS), and a special set of VAS soundings (12 channel) using an independent retrieval method. Results from the test case show reasonable accuracy with the rms errors as low as +/- 3.8 mm. On the 19 June case study day IWC analyses depict reasonable gradients and exhibit good spatial and temporal continuity. Furthermore, they provide insight into preferred regions for cumulus cloud and thunderstorm formation. On the average, a mean absolute retrieval error of 2.4 mm (an 8.1 percent error) and a rms error of +/- 2.9 mm are obtained on the case study day. These results compare favorably with those from existing VAS IWC techniques. Overall, the findings indicate that the technique has excellent potential to depict mesoscale moisture variations.
Correlation in the proportion of oleic to vaccenic acid of plasma phospholipids with the early stages of hepatoma 7288CTC growth

The major octadecenoate isomers, oleate (Δ9) and vaccenate (Δ11), were measured in the plasma phospholipids of rats bearing hepatoma 7288CTC as the tumor developed. The percentage of vaccenate decreased from 45% of the octadeceoate fraction at day zero to 25% by the 15th day. A significant decrease (45% to 35%) in the percentage of vaccenate occurred by the sixth day, well in advance of detectable tumor growth. The percentage of vaccenate continued to decrease as a function of time until day 15, after which it remained constant. Detection of alterations in plasma phospholipids at an early stage of tumor development in rats suggests that experiments should be carried out to determine if the same effects occur in humans.
TMJ metastasis: A unusual case report

The metastases to the TMJ from a primary lung tumour is a very rare occurrence. This case is unusual in several aspects, as the non-reducible dislocation of the TMJ was the first clinical manifestation of the tumour. CT staging showed that this secondary tumour in the condyle was the only bone metastasis.
Effects of limb disability on lousiness in mice III. Gross aspects of acquired resistance

Abstract Studies of louse populations on partially disabled mice kept individually to prevent mutual grooming have demonstrated that after initial exposure to the parasite, subsequent populations were limited because of development of acquired resistance by the mice. During these experiments it was established that a long period of intensive exposure is required for full development of the resistant state. Further, based on a limited period of observation, the inhibitory function appears to be limited to the exposed site rather than generalized over the entire body. Although detritus that accumulates in a region heavily infested with lice was not a major factor in the resistance to reinfestation that was noted, it could not be eliminated as a minor one. The successful feeding of larval ixodid ticks on louse-resistant mice in a single experiment indicated that the resistance is probably specific for lice.
2,4,6-TRINITRORESORCINOL

(1973). 2,4,6-TRINITRORESORCINOL. Organic Preparations and Procedures International: Vol. 5, No. 6, pp. 271-273.
TRANSLATION OF SALT RETENTION TO CENTRAL ACTIVATION OF THE SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM IN HYPERTENSION

SUMMARY 1. Increased dietary salt increases blood pressure in many hypertensive individuals, producing salt-sensitive hypertension (SSH). The cause is unknown, but a major component appears to be activation of the sympathetic nervous system. The purpose of this short review is to present one hypothesis to explain how increased dietary salt increases sympathetic activity in SSH. 2. It is proposed that increased salt intake causes salt retention and raises plasma sodium chloride (NaCl) concentrations, which activate sodium/osmoreceptors to trigger sympathoexcitation. Moreover, we suggest that small and often undetectable increases in osmolality can drive significant sympathoexcitation, because the gain of the relationship between osmolality and increased sympathetic activity is enhanced. Multiple factors may contribute to this facilitation, including inappropriately elevated levels of angiotensin II or aldosterone, changes in gene expression or synaptic plasticity and increased sodium concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid. 3. Future studies are required to delineate the brain sites and mechanisms of action and interaction of osmolality and these amplification factors to elicit sustained sympathoexcitation in SSH.
Family of large surface proteins on human lymphocytes

Cell surface molecules of T-rosette-positive human peripheral blood lymphocytes were labelled by lactoperoxidase and examined on 5% polyacrylamide gels. Several bands, ranging in molecular weight from 220,000 to 170,000 daltons, were seen. Analysis of the tryptic and chymotryptic digests of the 187K, 200K, 210K and 220K proteins indicated that they are of similar peptide composition. Study of clones derived from this population indicated that individual cells within a population differed in expression of these proteins.
Protein hydration and unfolding--insights from experimental partial specific volumes and unfolded protein models.

Background : The partial specific volume of a protein is an experimental quantity containing information about solute–solvent interactions and protein hydration. We use a hydration-shell model to partition the partial specific volume into an intrinsic volume occupied by the protein and a change in the volume occupied by the solvent resulting from the solvent interactions with the protein. We seek to extract microscopic information about protein hydration and unfolding from experimental volume measurements without using computer simulations. We employ the idea that the protein–solvent interaction will be proportional to the surface area of the protein. Results : A linear relationship is obtained when the difference between the experimental protein partial specific volume and its intrinsic volume is plotted as a function of the protein solvent-accessible surface area. The effect of using different protein volume definitions on the analysis of protein volumetric properties is discussed. Volumetric data are used to test a model for the unfolded state of proteins and to make predictions about the denatured state. Conclusions : The linear relationship between hydration-shell volume change and accessible surface area reflects the similar surface properties (fractional composition of nonpolar, polar and charged surface) among a diverse set of proteins. This linear relationship is found to be independent of how the solution is partitioned into solute and solvent components. The interpretation of hydration shell versus bulk water properties is found to be very model dependent, however. The maximally exposed unfolded protein model is found to be inconsistent with experimental volume changes of unfolding.
Contaminant Analysis of Fillets from Great Lakes Coho Salmon, 1980

Abstract Analyses of coho salmon from each of the Great Lakes by a single laboratory produced residue data on the accumulation of environmental contaminants which have been banned, severely restricted, or are currently permitted in the basin. Coho salmon from Lake Superior contained only trace amounts or low levels of most toxic substances quantified; Lake Erie fish were contaminated with low levels of a number of pesticides and industrial compounds; relatively higher residues were detected in coho from Lake Huron and Lake Michigan; and the highest concentrations for a number of compounds were found in fillets from coho from Lake Ontario. Contaminant concentrations in migratory coho salmon indicate open lake contaminant problems rather than point source or nearshore conditions. Tissue residues were less than USFDA action levels, used by many agencies in assessing the severity of fish contaminant problems. Only mirex concentrations in fish collected from Lake Ontario exceeded a USFDA action level. The data reported in this study generally agree with recent findings from individual state contaminant monitoring programs. Problems with varying analytical and sampling techniques preclude direct comparisons with previously published data of other studies.
Unsteady Aerodynamics and Motions of the Pioneer Venus Probes

Helicopter drop tests were made of models of the Pioneer Venus probe descent configurations to characterize their unsteady forces and angular dynamics in equilibrium descent. The axial and normal forces were found to be unsteady in magnitude by about 10 and 5% of the mean axial force, respectively. A cycle of the axial variation takes place in flight distances of from 15 to 40 diameters. The unsteadiness almost certainly is associated with the wake. Angular motions which do not converge to zero angle of attack even in very long duration descent are excited by the unsteady pitching moments. The nearly spherical large probe model was aerodynamically more unsteady than the round-nosed conical small probe model. Data returned from Venus by the Pioneer Venus probes show unsteady axial forces and angular motions similar to those seen in the drop tests.
Comparative dynamics in the one-sector optimal growth model

Abstract The comparative dynamics properties of the one-sector optimal growth model with discounting are derived. A dynamic programming argument is used to show that an increase in the utility discount factor increases the capital stock at each time, initially lowers consumption and eventually increases consumption as compared to the original program. The present value of the stream of increments in capital is also shown to be positive at the initial support prices. The relationship with the Correspondence Principle is discussed as well.
Extracellular expression of alkaline phytase in Pichia pastoris: Influence of signal peptides, promoters and growth medium.

Abstract Alkaline phytase isolated from pollen grains of Lilium longiflorum (LlALP) possesses unique catalytic and thermal stability properties that suggest it has the potential to be used as a feed supplement. However, substantial amounts of active enzymes are needed for animal feed studies and endogenous levels of LlALP in lily pollen are too low to provide the required amounts. Active rLlALP2 (coded by LlAlp2 , one of two isoforms of alkaline phytase cDNA identified in lily pollen) has been successfully expressed in intracellular compartments of Pichia pastoris , however enzyme yields have been modest (25–30 mg/L) and purification of the enzyme has been challenging. Expression of foreign proteins to the extracellular medium of P. pastoris greatly simplifies protein purification because low levels of endogenous proteins are secreted by the yeast. In this paper, we first describe the generation of P. pastoris strains that will secrete rLlALP2 to the extracellular medium. Data presented here indicates that deletion of native signal peptides at the N- and C-termini of rLlALP2 enhanced α-mating factor (α-MF)-driven secretion by four-fold; chicken egg white lysozyme signal peptide was ineffective in the extracellular secretion of rLlALP2. Second, we describe our efforts to increase expression levels by employing a constitutive promoter from the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene (P GAP ) in place of the strong, tightly controlled promoter of alcohol oxidase 1 gene (P AOX1) . P GAP enhanced the extracellular expression levels of rLlALP2 compared to P AOX1 . Finally, we report on the optimization of the culture medium to enhance yields of rLlALP2. The strength of P GAP varies depending on the carbon source available for cell growth; secreted expression of rLlALP2 was highest when glycerol was the carbon source. The addition of histidine and Triton X-100 also enhanced extracellular expression. Taken together, the employment of P GAP under optimized culture conditions resulted in approximately eight-fold (75–80 mg/L) increase in extracellular activity compared to P AOXI (8–10 mg/L). The P. pastoris expression system can be employed as a source of active alkaline phytase for animal feed studies.
The properdin system and immunity. V. The bactericidal activity of the properdin system.

Methods for the preparation and standardization of reagents suitable for studies on the bactericidal action of the properdin system are described. The preparation and properties of serum free of properdin (RP(b)) are presented in detail because of the necessity for a suitable RP(b) in these studies. The properdin system is responsible for the bactericidal action of normal human serum against a variety of microorganisms. The present work shows that the removal of properdin from serum also removes bactericidal activity. Addition of properdin to properdin-deficient serum restores bactericidal activity. A quantitative relationship exists between the final properdin concentration and bactericidal activity against sensitive organisms. The possibilities of a bactericidal assay for properdin are discussed. It is demonstrated that, in addition to properdin, the four components of complement (present in RP(b)) are necessary for the destruction of properdinsensitive bacteria. If any component is missing, bactericidal activity is lost; when the component is replaced, bactericidal activity is restored. Magnesium is also necessary for the bactericidal activity of the properdin system. Maximal bactericidal activity is obtained with magnesium concentrations similar to that of normal human serum (10(-3) to 10(-4)M). The bactericidal activity of the properdin system occurs only at temperatures above 15 degrees . Resistant strains have been encountered in species of bacteria sensitive to the properdin system. Resistance or sensitivity is a characteristic of the individual strain and not of the species. The widespread occurrence of the properdin system in normal mammalian serum and the variety of bacteria destroyed by it suggest that the properdin system is a factor in natural resistance.
SLITs suppress tumor growth in vivo by silencing Sdf1/Cxcr4 within breast epithelium.

The genes encoding Slits and their Robo receptors are silenced in many types of cancer, including breast, suggesting a role for this signaling pathway in suppressing tumorigenesis. The molecular mechanism underlying these tumor-suppressive effects has not been delineated. Here, we show that loss of Slits, or their Robo1 receptor, in murine mammary gland or human breast carcinoma cells results in coordinate up-regulation of the Sdf1 and Cxcr4 signaling axis, specifically within mammary epithelium. This is accompanied by hyperplastic changes in cells and desmoplastic alterations in the surrounding stroma. A similar inverse correlation between Slit and Cxcr4 expression is identified in human breast tumor tissues. Furthermore, we show in a xenograft model that Slit overexpression down-regulates CXCR4 and dominantly suppresses tumor growth. These studies classify Slits as negative regulators of Sdf1 and Cxcr4 and identify a molecular signature in hyperplastic breast lesions that signifies inappropriate up-regulation of key prometastatic genes. [Cancer Res 2008;68(19):7819–27]
The effects of protein-coated surfaces on passaged porcine TMJ disc cells.

Objective: Implantation of synthetic temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disc replacements aimed to alleviate pain and restore functional losses caused by TMJ disorders. Unfortunately, these synthetic replacements have been largely unsuccessful and in some instances have incited severe immune responses. Tissue engineering, however, may provide viable TMJ disc replacements. Towards this end, we have studied TMJ disc gene expression as a measure of protein production potential. With passage, collagen type I and aggrecan gene expression decrease in TMJ disc cell cultures. We hypothesize that surfaces coated with TMJ disc proteins may rapidly recover the lost gene expression in passaged TMJ disc cells. Design: To study these effects, passages 0, 1, and 2 TMJ disc cells were plated in wells coated with aggrecan, collagen type I, collagen type II, or decorin. Safranin O staining was conducted to visualize cell aggregation. Results: At passage 0, cultures appeared similar on each surface; however, by passages 1 and 2, aggrecan-coated and decorin-coated surfaces appeared to have more cell aggregates. Gene expression data did not correspond to these visual changes. No treated surface offered a significant change in aggrecan, collagen type I, or decorin expression relative to untreated controls. Furthermore, aggrecan and collagen type I gene expression dropped relative to samples taken prior to plating. Conclusions: These results indicate that, despite visual changes described by cell aggregates, protein coatings have limited effects for recovering TMJ disc gene expression in monolayer cultures.
Applications of reactor neutrons other than scattering

Abstract A brief overview of scientific applications of reactors (other than neutron scattering) is presented. Examples of typical applications are briefly discussed, but no attempt is made to provide a comprehensive review. The many current uses and potentials for future uses emphasize the importance of reactor produced neutrons and gamma-rays in a broad range of applications other than neutron scattering.
Designing classroom spaces: Making the most of time

Research has shown that children's perception of the space around them is related to the quality of their play behaviors. Summaries of three research studies with preschoolers show that when children perceive themselves large, they enter complex play more quickly and stay for longer periods of time. The quality of children's play behavior changed when children played in small spaces. In these three studies, space was altered by: (a) creating a screened structure in the classroom, (b) changing the scale of the patterns on the wall of a learning center, and (c) altering the size of the block center. Each study is summarized and suggestions for designing classroom spaces are included. Implications of this program of research for increasing attention span and augmenting complex play and problem solving are discussed.
The role of gallium-67 scintigraphy in diagnosing sources of fever in ventilated patients

To evaluate the diagnostic value of gallium-67 scintigraphy in febrile ventilated patents by correlating the findings of67Ga scintigraphy to sources of fever and pulmonary density, as determined by a comprehensive protocolized diagnostic evaluation. Prospective observational study. Thirty-two intubated patients on mechanical ventilation for ≥3 days with fiver (≥38.3°C) and a new or progressive density on chest radiograph. Twenty patients (21 tests) had adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Diagnostic evaluation for fever included bronchoscopy with protected specimen brushing and (protected) bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL); computed tomography (CT) of sinuses; cultures of blood, urine, and central lines; and CT of the abdomen in high-risk patients. Uptake of67Ga was reported as either focal or diffused pulmonary uptake and extrapulmonary uptake. The combined causes of fever were pneumonia (9), fibroproliferation of late ARDS (7), abdominal process (4), sinusitis (4), urinary tract infection (3), and others (6). Causes of the pulmonary densities were pneumonia (9), ARDS (13), atelectasis (7), congestive heart failure (3), and empyema (1). Marked and diffused pulmonary uptake was found only in patients with ARDS; however, it was not useful in discriminating those patients with pulmonary fibroproliferation as the sole cause of fever (p=0.167) from those with infection.67Ga scintigraphy was inadequate for detecting pneumonia but valuable in identifying extrapulmonary sites of infection in patients with ARDS (p=0.021). 67Ga scintigraphy should be considered only as an adjunct diagnostic test in the febrile, ventilaged patients who has no obvious source of fever, despite a negative evaluation that includes testing for pneumonia, sinusitis, and urinary tract infection, conditions that are rarely detected by67Ga scintigraphy.