cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Subcutaneous Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator

For nearly 3 decades, the implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) has been available to patients who survived life-threatening rapid heart rhythms or are at risk of experiencing them. The ICD comprises a device generator coupled with a defibrillation lead. Traditional ICDs are implanted under the skin with the generator positioned beneath the collar bone. The defibrillation lead is inserted through the veins in the chest that course to the heart, permitting direct attachment to the inside of the heart, specifically the right ventricle. Figure (A) shows an x-ray of an ICD and leads. The subcutaneous ICD (SICD) is a novel defibrillator developed over the past decade that has become available to patients in the United States this year. The SICD provides an alternative option for patients whose physicians are recommending an ICD. Manufactured by Boston Scientific, Inc, a company that makes and sells ICDs, the SICD consists of an ICD generator and a defibrillation lead, similar to a traditional ICD. However, the defibrillation lead remains completely outside the chest cavity. Figure (B) shows an x-ray of the SICD. The SICD is implanted under the left breast, and the lead is placed under the skin along the left side of the breastbone. Early experience with the SICD has shown that it can terminate life-threatening rapid heart rhythms within seconds of their detection. Patients who are candidates for an ICD should understand the differences between a traditional ICD and the SICD. The greatest advantage of the SICD …
Analysis of Tibiofemoral Cartilage Deformation in the Posterior Cruciate Ligament-Deficient Knee

Background: Degeneration of the tibiofemoral articular cartilage often develops in patients with posterior cruciate ligament deficiency, yet little research has focused on the etiology of this specific type of cartilage degeneration. In this study, we hypothesized that posterior cruciate ligament deficiency changes the location and magnitude of cartilage deformation in the tibiofemoral joint. Methods: Fourteen patients with a posterior cruciate ligament injury in one knee and the contralateral side intact participated in the study. First, both knees were imaged with use of a specific magnetic resonance imaging sequence to create three-dimensional knee models of the surfaces of the bone and cartilage. Next, each patient performed a single leg lunge as images were recorded with a dual fluoroscopic system at 0°, 30°, 60°, 75°, 90°, 105°, and 120° of knee flexion. Finally, the three-dimensional knee models and fluoroscopic images were used to reproduce the in vivo knee position at each flexion angle with use of a previously described image-matching method. With use of these series of knee models, the location and magnitude of peak tibiofemoral cartilage deformation at each flexion angle were compared between the intact contralateral and posterior cruciate ligament-deficient knees. Results: In the medial compartment of the posterior cruciate ligament-deficient knees, the location and magnitude of peak cartilage deformation were significantly changed, compared with those in the intact contralateral knees, between 75° and 120° of flexion, with a more anterior and medial location of peak cartilage deformation on the tibial plateau as well as increased deformation of the cartilage. In the lateral compartment, no significant differences in the location or magnitude of peak cartilage deformation were found between the intact and posterior cruciate ligament-deficient knees. Conclusions: The altered kinematics associated with posterior cruciate ligament deficiency resulted in a shift of the tibiofemoral contact location and an increase in cartilage deformation in the medial compartment beyond 75° of knee flexion. The magnitude of the medial contact shift in the posterior cruciate ligament-deficient knee was on the same order as that of the anterior contact shift. Clinical Relevance: The observed changes in the location and magnitude of cartilage deformation in the tibiofemoral joint provide insight about the development of degeneration of the tibiofemoral joint cartilage in patients with posterior cruciate ligament deficiency. Our data also suggest that recreating mediolateral stability of posterior cruciate ligament-deficient knees might be of importance in addition to surgically improving anteroposterior translation.
Metacognitive Control of Learning and Remembering

This chapter reviews research on the role of metacognition in self-directed learning, with a particular emphasis on metacognitive control. Learners can regulate their study experience to enhance learning by self-pacing study effectively, devising efficient study schedules, judiciously selecting items for study and re-study, strategically making use of self-testing strategies, accommodating study to anticipated test conditions, and using successful retrieval strategies. We review research that reveals how learners use these strategies in simple laboratory tasks and that suggests how such metacognitive skills can be improved through instruction or experience. We end by addressing the supportive role that information technology can play in the processes by which metacognition influences learning and memory.
Glycosylation inhibition reduces cholesterol accumulation in NPC1 protein-deficient cells

Lysosomes are lined with a glycocalyx that protects the limiting membrane from the action of degradative enzymes. We tested the hypothesis that Niemann-Pick type C 1 (NPC1) protein aids the transfer of low density lipoprotein-derived cholesterol across this glycocalyx. A prediction of this model is that cells will be less dependent upon NPC1 if their glycocalyx is decreased in density. Lysosome cholesterol content was significantly lower after treatment of NPC1-deficient human fibroblasts with benzyl-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-α-D-galactopyranoside, an inhibitor of O-linked glycosylation. Direct biochemical measurement of cholesterol showed that lysosomes purified from NPC1-deficient fibroblasts contained at least 30% less cholesterol when O-linked glycosylation was blocked. As an independent means to modify protein glycosylation, we used Chinese hamster ovary ldl-D cells defective in UDP-Gal/UDP-GalNAc 4-epimerase in which N- and O-linked glycosylation can be controlled. CRISPR generated, NPC1-deficient ldl-D cells supplemented with galactose accumulated more cholesterol than those in which sugar addition was blocked. In the absence of galactose supplementation, NPC1-deficient ldl-D cells also transported more cholesterol from lysosomes to the endoplasmic reticulum, as monitored by an increase in cholesteryl [(14)C]-oleate levels. These experiments support a model in which NPC1 protein functions to transfer cholesterol past a lysosomal glycocalyx.
Allergy in evolution.

The ‘foreignness’ of proteins that we encounter in our homes and outdoors is in large part dependent on their evolutionary distance from man. This is relevant to understanding the differences between mammalian allergens, e.g. cats, and arthropod allergens, e.g. mites and cockroaches, as well as to understanding responses to a wide range of food allergens. On the other hand, allergic disease has gone through a major evolution of its own from a prehygiene state where there is minimal production of allergen-specific IgE, to the production of high-titer IgE, and then to the dramatic increase in asthma. The challenge is to understand how changes in both hygiene and lifestyle have contributed to the changes in allergic disease.
Chapter 3 Action‐Based Model of Dissonance: A Review, Integration, and Expansion of Conceptions of Cognitive Conflict

Abstract An action‐based model of dissonance is presented. This model accepts the original theory's proposal that a sufficient cognitive inconsistency causes the negative affective state of dissonance. It extends the original theory by proposing why cognitive inconsistency prompts dissonance and dissonance reduction. After reviewing past theoretical and empirical developments on cognitive dissonance theory, we describe the action‐based model and present results from behavioral and physiological experiments that have tested predictions derived from this model. In particular, this evidence converges with recent neuroscience evidence in suggesting that the anterior cingulate cortex and left prefrontal cortical region are involved in conflict detection and resolution, respectively. We end by reviewing research on individual differences in dissonance arousal and reduction, and present a new measure designed to assess these individual differences.
Religion, Reconciliation, and Transitional Justice: The State of the Field

This working paper, commissioned by the Social Science Research Council, surveys the state of knowledge on the relationship between religion and transitional justice and, more broadly, peacebuilding. It divides its analysis into two portions: an exploration of theorists and an exploration of literature on practitioners.
El núcleo perverso del cristianismo de S. Zizek y Ia interpelacion a los fundamentos del cristianismo

En el contexto de la discusion modemidad-posmodernidad, se aborda el tema del cristianismo, desde la optica del psicoanalista y filfisofo Slavoj Zizek en donde la Iglesia como institucion ocupa parte importante de ese abordaje. El enfoque relacionado con el creer o no creer, con Ia fe, es el eje que mueve el planteamiento de este importante teorico, justo a partir de un tema tan escabroso como lo es el cristianismo, en donde la ideologia y la cultura son tambien participes vitales para la concepci6n del pensamiento en el individuo. De all que la negacion o aceptacion de si mismo, en el fondo, sea el punto de partida y de ilegada en este texto.
Cuticular Hydrocarbon Discrimination of Diabrotica (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) Sibling Species

Cuticular hydrocarbons were extracted from adults of the sibling species Diabrotica longicornis (Say) and D. barberi Smith & Lawrence and characterized by gas chromatography (GC) and GC-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Six classes of hydrocarbons were present: n -alkanes, terminally branched monomethylalkanes, internally branched monomethylalkanes, dimethylalkanes, n -alkenes, and monomethyl-branched alkenes. Diet and age did not significantly affect cuticular hydrocarbon patterns in most cases. However, when aged beetles were analyzed, the quantity of several cuticular hydrocarbons changed after the teneral stage. Some sexual dimorphism was seen in cuticular hydrocarbons of older beetles, but it did not significantly affect comparisons between species. Identical classification results were obtained when stepwise discriminant analysis using 13 cuticular hydrocarbons as variables was compared with visual identification of 60 reared beetles (34 D. longicornis and 26 D. barberi from allopatric populations). When additional reared and field- collected beetle profiles (from sympatric and allopatric populations) were entered into the discriminate analysis using the initial covariance matrix as a standard, there was 95% agreement with visual identification. These data suggest that, in most cases, the cuticular hydrocarbon analysis may be used to differentiate the sibling species regardless of their origin.
The curiously long absence of cooking in evolutionary thought

Beran et al. (2015, p. 1) characterized the idea that "cooked food was integral in human evolution" as a "long-held hypothesis" favored by Darwin and Engels. In fact, however, although Darwin and Engels considered the use of cooked food to be an important influence on behavior and society, neither of them suggested that its effects were evolutionary in the sense of affecting biology. Explicit discussion of the possible evolutionary impacts of cooking did not begin until the twentieth century.
Glucocorticoids have a different action than aldosterone on target tissue.

Studies were performed, using a synthetic glucocorticoid, RU 28362, that has negligible binding to aldosterone receptors, to examine whether the effect of glucocorticoids on the electrical properties of rat distal colon involves a specific mechanism or crossover binding to aldosterone receptor sites. Compared with control, RU 28362, in a dose of 70 micrograms.100 g body wt-1.day-1, increased transepithelial potential differences (VT) twofold and the equivalent short-circuit current (ISC) threefold; epithelial resistance (RT) was reduced 25%. These changes were qualitatively similar to, but less than, the changes induced by the same dose of aldosterone. The effects of dexamethasone in the same dose were indistinguishable from the changes caused by aldosterone. The results of cell-impalement studies corresponded to whole epithelial changes; RU 28362 induced a small increase in basolateral potential difference, from -43 +/- 2 to -45 +/- 1 mV, and a fall in apical potential difference, from 40 +/- 2 to 36 +/-...
Yeast Inorganic Pyrophosphatase: I. BINDING OF PYROPHOSPHATE, METAL ION, AND METAL ION-PYROPHOSPHATE COMPLEXES

Abstract Because of the requirement for divalent metal ion activation, inorganic pyrophosphatase activity is measured in a complex equilibrium mixture containing free metal ion, free PPi, and metal ion-PPi complexes. Using crystalline yeast inorganic pyrophosphatase the binding to the enzyme of each of these individual components of the equilibrium has been examined. The dissociation constants of the binary enzyme-metal ion complexes are 2, 11, 16, and 800 µm for Mn2+, Zn2+, Mg2+, Ca2+, respectively. In the absence of free metal ions neither PPi nor CaPPi bind to the enzyme; in the presence of excess Ca2+, CaPPi is bound quite strongly (Kd apparent = 7 x 10-9 m). The enzyme has two binding sites for CaPPi per mole of enzyme dimer. The results of these static binding studies are consistent with the kinetic analyses presented in the following papers.
Using Richtmyer–Meshkov Instabilities to Estimate Metal Strength at Very High Rates

Recently, Richtmyer–Meshkov instabilities (RMI) have been proposed for studying strength at strain rates up to 107/s. RMI experiments involve shocking a metal interface that has geometrical perturbations that invert and grow subsequent to the shock. As these perturbations grow, their growth may arrest, or they may grow unstably and eventually fail. The experiments observe the growth and arrest to study the specimen’s yield (deviatoric) strength. Along these lines we first review some RMI experimental results on Cu. Next, the paper presents explicit Lagrangian simulations used to help interpret the Cu RMI results and infer the strength, i.e. flow stress, of the target metal. A Preston-Tonks-Wallace (PTW) constitutive model is modified to be more accurate at the strain rates accessed in the experiment. The advantages and disadvantages of RMI, as compared to the Rayleigh–Taylor (shockless) instabilities that are used more commonly to infer strength, are discussed. The advantages of using simple velocimetry measurements in place of radiography are also discussed.
Lymphocyte-endothelial interactions and tolerance induction

It is now apparent that mAb to a growing number of intracellular adhesion molecules can not only promote allograft survival but also stimulate allogeneic tolerance in rodent transplant models. Intracellular adhesion molecules are responsible for a variety of immune functions, including proper lymphocyte migration and productive lymphocyte activation. Vascular endothelial cells have carefully regulated expression of adhesion molecules, which they use to control the homeostatic and inflammatory patterns of lymphocyte trafficking. This leads to the hypothesis that an impairment of lymphocyte trafficking by anti-adhesion molecules mAb results in prolonged allograft survival and/or allogeneic tolerance. In the broader view, endothelial cells belong to a small group of cell types that can serve as APC to T cells, and this APC function is strongly influenced by adhesion molecules. This leads to the hypothesis that an impairment of APC function by anti-adhesion molecule mAb results in allograft survival and allogeneic tolerance. The two hypotheses are not mutually exclusive, and both need to be tested. In general, however, it appears that intracellular adhesion molecules are intimately involved not only in the mechanisms of graft-induced alloactivation and but also in the mechanisms of allogeneic tolerance induction by virtue of their essential role in lymphocyte-endothelial and/or lymphocyte-APC interactions.
Ambient Air Pollution Exposures and Risk of Parkinson Disease.

Background:Few epidemiologic studies have evaluated the effects of air pollution on the risk of Parkinson disease (PD).Objective:We investigated the associations of long-term residential concentrat...
Chordoma and Chondrosarcoma

Chordomas are locally aggressive tumors originating from notochord remnants along the neural axis, especially at the rostral and caudal extents (clivus and sacrum).
Developmental Programming: Insulin Sensitizer Prevents the GnRH-Stimulated LH Hypersecretion in a Sheep Model of PCOS.

Prenatal testosterone (T) treatment recapitulates the reproductive and metabolic phenotypes of polycystic ovary syndrome in female sheep. At the neuroendocrine level, prenatal T treatment results in disrupted steroid feedback on gonadotropin release, increased pituitary sensitivity to GnRH, and subsequent LH hypersecretion. Because prenatal T-treated sheep manifest functional hyperandrogenism and hyperinsulinemia, gonadal steroids and/or insulin may play a role in programming and/or maintaining these neuroendocrine defects. Here, we investigated the effects of prenatal and postnatal treatments with an androgen antagonist (flutamide [F]) or an insulin sensitizer (rosiglitazone [R]) on GnRH-stimulated LH secretion in prenatal T-treated sheep. As expected, prenatal T treatment increased the pituitary responsiveness to GnRH leading to LH hypersecretion. Neither prenatal interventions nor postnatal F treatment normalized the GnRH-stimulated LH secretion. Conversely, postnatal R treatment completely normalized ...
Process charging in ULSI: mechanisms, impact and solutions

This paper gives an overview of plasma charging problems in ULSI processing. Causes for charging are plasma nonuniformity and topography dependent changing. Damage is from current induced trap creation in thin oxides. For very thin oxides leakage is becoming more important than bulk trapped charge effects. Damage depends on many factors which include: plasma nonuniformity and density, device layout, aspect ratio of spaces, oxide thickness and quality, gate exposure and wafer temperature.
On the epistemology of the senses in early Chinese thought

Sense perception, which is of enormous importance in Western philosophical traditions, has scarcely attracted the notice of scholars of early China. As a result of little direct comment on the senses in the Chinese philosophical classics, sinologists have generally interpreted their occassional references to sense functions in familiar Western philosophical terms. This original work challenges this tradition, arguing that despite the scarcity of direct comment on the senses in these sources, it is possible to discern early Chinese views of sensory functions from a close reading of the texts. Working with metaphorical and structural analysis, the author reconstructs an understanding of sense perception that seems to have been taken for granted by the early Chinese philosophers. By departing from traditional sinological approaches, this method uncovers a detailed picture of certain shared underlying views of sense perception in the Lun Yu, the Mozi (including the Neo-Mohist Canons), the Xunzi, the Mencius, the Laozi, and the Zhuangzi. Based on its assembly of textual evidence, the book presents a conception of sense perception that diverges from the "five senses" model so prevalent in the modern world. It argues that in early Chinese texts the importance of hearing and seeing surpasses that of the other senses. These two modalities - aural and visual - are paired with one another and constitute the sensory foundation for trust and knowledge in the Chinese worldview. The work also draws on the parallels between the ears and eyes to challenge standard understandings of the early Chinese notion of reality.
Introduction and Overview: Evolutionary Ecology and Archaeology

The population geneticist and evolutionist, Theodosius Dobzhanksky (1972:422), observed that “culture is the most potent method of adaptation that has emerged in the evolutionary history of the living world.” His remark finds dramatic support in the archaeological record as shown by the progressively accelerating tempo of cultural evolution over the last 4 million years accompanied by the expansion of hominids throughout all of the earth’s diverse environments. The fundamental characteristic distinguishing the cultural method of adaptation from the biologic one is that it is behaviorally based and thus inorganic. Learned, patterned behaviors and their material consequences as opposed to physical changes have come to be depended upon by hominids for their survival. Unlike biologic adaptation, behavioral responses to external environmental forces can be acquired, transmitted, and modified within the lifetimes of individuals. This Lamarckian aspect of cultural adaptation provides its greatest advantage over biologic responses to the environment. When compared to the genetic recombinations and generational successions necessary to induce widespread organic changes within populations, the adoption and transmission of behavioral changes are extraordinarily rapid. Rather than the genetic basis that grounds physical adaptation, behavioral adaptation relies upon social interaction. But like biologic evolution, cultural evolution would appear to entail more than the behavioral outcomes of natural selection alone (Kirch 1980:131; Clark 1991:436–437; Rosenberg 1994:3–4). Some human behaviors are perpetuated as a consequence of cultural inertia or tradition, Grant’s (1985:434) “cumulative cultural heritage,” and the “evolutionary potential” of culture described by Sahlins and Service (1960). Such behaviors experience evolutionary trajectories that are inexplicable with reference to their interaction with the environment alone.
Angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy for the study of two-dimensional materials

Quantum systems in confined geometries allow novel physical properties that cannot easily be attained in their bulk form. These properties are governed by the changes in the band structure and the lattice symmetry, and most pronounced in their single layer limit. Angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) is a direct tool to investigate the underlying changes of band structure to provide essential information for understanding and controlling such properties. In this review, recent progresses in ARPES as a tool to study two-dimensional atomic crystals have been presented. ARPES results from few-layer and bulk crystals of material class often referred as “beyond graphene” are discussed along with the relevant developments in the instrumentation.
Addressing the Local-Road VMT Estimation Problem Using Spatial Interpolation Techniques

AbstractVehicle miles of travel (VMT) data have a wide range of applications in highway agency business processes. However, at all administrative levels, highway agencies continue to be stymied by ...
Blood pressure in the arm and thigh of man: IV. Blood pressure in exercised extremities

Abstract Exercise of the legs resulted in a transient, but considerable, reduction in the diastolic blood pressure in the leg, but little reduction in the systolic blood pressure. The average reduction in the diastolic pressure was 23 millimeters. The systolic blood pressure was reduced, on the average, only 3 millimeters. The prevention of venous return by means of a tight cuff about the thigh while it was being exercised had only a slight effect in preventing the decrease of diastolic pressure in the leg. Other factors besides emptying of the venous reservoirs must be responsible for the decrease of diastolic pressure in the thighs which is noted soon after they are exercised. Certain vascdilator substances produced in the exercised extremity may play a role in such reductions of blood pressure. A soft, continous, blowing murmur, accentuated during passage of the systolic wave along the arteries, was often heard as blood pressure was being measured within the first few seconds after cessation of exercise, or while a cuff which had been kept inflated above the level of systolic blood pressure for a few minutes was being deflated.
Managing Nonoperable Intracranial Bleeding Associated With Apixaban: A Series of 2 Cases.

Objective:To report 2 cases of nonoperable intracranial bleeding associated with apixaban managed by 3-factor prothrombin complex concentrate (PCC3).Case Summaries:Case 1 presented with a 1.3-cm le...
Distinct properties underlie flavin-based electron bifurcation in a novel electron transfer flavoprotein FixAB from Rhodopseudomonas palustris

A newly recognized third fundamental mechanism of energy conservation in biology, electron bifurcation, uses free energy from exergonic redox reactions to drive endergonic redox reactions. Flavin-based electron bifurcation furnishes low-potential electrons to demanding chemical reactions, such as reduction of dinitrogen to ammonia. We employed the heterodimeric flavoenzyme FixAB from the diazotrophic bacterium Rhodopseudomonas palustris to elucidate unique properties that underpin flavin-based electron bifurcation. FixAB is distinguished from canonical electron transfer flavoproteins (ETFs) by a second FAD that replaces the AMP of canonical ETF. We exploited near-UV–visible CD spectroscopy to resolve signals from the different flavin sites in FixAB and to interrogate the putative bifurcating FAD. CD aided in assigning the measured reduction midpoint potentials (E° values) to individual flavins, and the E° values tested the accepted model regarding the redox properties required for bifurcation. We found that the higher-E° flavin displays sequential one-electron (1-e−) reductions to anionic semiquinone and then to hydroquinone, consistent with the reactivity seen in canonical ETFs. In contrast, the lower-E° flavin displayed a single two-electron (2-e−) reduction without detectable accumulation of semiquinone, consistent with unstable semiquinone states, as required for bifurcation. This is the first demonstration that a FixAB protein possesses the thermodynamic prerequisites for bifurcating activity, and the separation of distinct optical signatures for the two flavins lays a foundation for mechanistic studies to learn how electron flow can be directed in a protein environment. We propose that a novel optical signal observed at long wavelength may reflect electron delocalization between the two flavins.
The light at the end of the tunnel: an unusual case of acute kidney injury in a pediatric patient: Answers.

Monoclonal gammopathies are a rare diagnosis in pediatric patients. A 19-year-old female patient with past medical history of hypogammaglobulinemia and natural killer cell deficiency and stage III follicular lymphoma, in remission, presented with a right-sided pneumonia, noted to have acute kidney injury and proteinuria. Complement C3 and C4 levels were normal. Anti-double-stranded DNA antibodies, antinuclear antibodies, anti-extractable nuclear antigen antibodies, and antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies were negative. A renal biopsy showed numerous fractured tubular casts that were periodic acid-Schiff and silver-stain negative and fuchsinophilic on trichrome stain, with associated giant cells, tubulitis, acute tubular injury, and tubular rupture. The tubular casts had 3+ staining for lambda light chains and 0–1+ staining for kappa light chains. These findings were consistent with light chain cast nephropathy (LCCN). Serum free light chains, serum immunofixation, urine protein electrophoresis, and urine immunofixation studies supported the renal biopsy diagnosis of LCCN. A bone marrow biopsy showed normal trilineage hematopoiesis and also revealed an atypical B cell population detected by flow cytometry. Pathology specimens from lesions in the distal small bowel were characteristic of diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL). Chemoreduction therapy followed by chemotherapy was initiated for the DLBCL. Three months after initiation of chemotherapy, the patient’s creatinine has improved by > 50%. The likely cause of her LCCN was the new diagnosis of a DLBCL. Other risk factors include her history of hypogammaglobulinemia, natural killer (NK) cell deficiency, community-acquired pneumonia, and prior follicular lymphoma. Our patient may be the youngest reported case of LCCN. Treatment of LCCN is based on treating the underlying clonal plasma cell or B cell proliferation, typically with chemotherapy.
Experiments and results of a mmW transport platform to enable 5G cloud RAN lower layer splits

This paper will present the performance results of a 5G millimeter wave (mmW) Fast Forward (FF) 70 GHz solution deployed as part of the European 5G-Crosshaul H2020 5G-PPP project. The Fast Forward solution was one of several different transports used to showcase Next Generation technologies on a unified Fronthaul and Backhaul data plane. 5G technologies such as Radio Access Network (RAN) split options were evaluated on a multi-transport network. Performance metrics such as throughput, packet loss and latency were recorded in-house and off-site for presentation in this paper. InterDigital provided two mmWave (mmW) solutions for the 5G-Crosshaul test bed at 5TONIC, an EdgeLink™ 60 GHz transport and a Fast-Forward 70 GHz transport to verify the feasibility of the RAN higher layer and lower layer splits respectively. With the Fast Forward technology, we were able to confirm two important goals: 1. The mmW transport can meet the stringent latency requirements of less than 250 μs for the MAC/PHY lower layer split requirement. 2. A mmW transport in certain circumstances is a comparable alternative or backup for fiber. Note that the performance results for EdgeLink™ [5] were captured as part of our previous participation in the 5G-Crosshaul experiments conducted on the 5G Berlin testbed in 2016 and have been published in a separate paper. Therefore, this paper will focus on the trial results related to the Fast Forward solution on the 5TONIC testbed.
Meaning and Measurement of Work Role Withdrawal

Despite a massive empirical effort, there has been no consensus on appropriate solutions to lateness, absence, or withdrawal problems (Johns, 1997). A vigorous debate about the meaning and measurement of these behaviors has continued for decades (Blau, 1998; Hanisch & Hulin, 1990, Hanisch & Hulin, 1991; Hanisch, Hulin, & Roznowski, 1998; Harrison & Martocchio, 1998; Hulin, 1984; Johns, 1984, Johns, 1998; Johns & Nicholson, 1982; Martocchio & Harrison, 1993; Mobley, 1982; Muchinsky, 1977; Rosse & Miller, 1984). The purpose of this chapter is to evaluate some of the arguments in that debate, and to explore the implications of those arguments under conditions of rapidly changing information technology. I begin with a review of the constitutive definitions, or the stipulated meanings ascribed to single- and multiple-behavior types of withdrawal. I then examine the implications of those meanings for improved measurement. Finally, I predict how those meanings are likely to evolve as the information revolution severs the performance of many work tasks from time and place. This change in work arrangements might necessitate a new look at the ways withdrawal behaviors are defined and studied.
Forensic Linguistics and Pedagogical Implications in Multilingual Contexts

After defining Forensic Linguistics, this chapter discusses the various areas that forensic linguistics is applied in the pursuit of justice. Citing several examples, the chapter shows how language can be used as a powerful tool, especially in multilingual contexts, where it can often be abused to the detriment of the nonnative speaker of English. Therefore, it is recommended that forensic linguistics be part of every curriculum for the purpose of raising students’ consciousness of how the legal system is reflected and embedded in the English language. The chapter concludes with teaching applications and offers a sample lesson of how to teach our multilingual students to avoid being trapped by the law or even being caught in legally unpleasant or threatening situations. In general, the knowledge of forensic linguistics is highly recommended in order for us all to combat injustice in society.
EPR EVIDENCE FOR THE INVOLVEMENT OF A DISCRETE MANGANESE CLUSTER IN O2 EVOLUTION

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) evidence for the involvement of a discrete manganese (Mn) cluster in O 2 evolution. The requirement for Mn in the four electron oxidation of two water molecules to form molecular oxygen by photosynthesis is well established. A minimal quantity of 4 Mn ions per PS-II unit appears to be required for full O 2 evolution capacity, based upon Mn extraction and the enrichment of Mn in PS-II preparations. It is widely accepted that this Mn is associated with protein that is bound to the inner surface of the thylakoid membrane. Illumination of dark-adapted chloroplasts by a train of short flashes results in the periodic release of O 2 after each fourth flash. A newly discovered EPR signal in membranes of spinach, a green alga, and a blue-green alga, is observable below 8 K and exhibits hyperfine structure characteristic of an even-spin cluster of two or four Mn ions.
Criteria for Determining Rational Credibility

Even when any credible empirical generalization can be construed as established on the basis of a fair sample, and the credibility of this generalization is, in this sense, explicated by the logical probability of the inference from a fair sample, it still remains a question as to how credibility for specific empirical generalizations is to be determined. This question can be put in a different manner: we want to know what constitute the specific criteria for determining the credibility of a given or supposed empirical generalization.
The diagnosis and classification of amyopathic dermatomyositis: a historical review and assessment of existing criteria.

Background Diagnostic criteria are used to identify a patient having a disease in a clinical setting, whereas classification criteria create a well-defined population for research purposes. The diagnosis and classification of amyopathic dermatomyositis (ADM) have not been recognized by most existing criteria for idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIMs). To address this, several criteria were proposed to define ADM either as a distinct disease entity or as a subset of the spectrum of IIMs. Objectives To discuss the diagnosis and classification of ADM and to assesses the available criteria in identifying cases of ADM and/or distinguishing it from dermatological mimickers such as lupus erythematosus. Methods We conducted an extensive literature search using the PubMed database from June 2016 to August 2018, using the search terms 'amyopathic dermatomyositis', 'diagnosis' and 'classification'. Results The European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR)/American College of Rheumatology (ACR) criteria, which are the only validated classification criteria for adult and juvenile IIM and their major subgroups, include three cutaneous items (Gottron sign, Gottron papules, heliotrope rash) to be able to classify ADM. This international and multispecialty effort is a huge step forward in the classification of skin-predominant disease in dermatomyositis. However, about 25% of the population with ADM do not meet two out of the three skin features and are misdiagnosed or classified as having a different disease entity, most commonly lupus erythematosus. Conclusions These gaps rationalize the continuous assessment and improvement of existing criteria and/or the development of validated, separate and skin-focused criteria for DM.
Desegregation: Bussing of Signals Through the Retinal Network

One of the information processing principles that has been repeatedly discovered in the nervous system is the segregation of signals into separate but parallel pathways. In the visual system, for example, separationist groups such as ocular dominance and orientation columns have been uncovered in the visual cortex (8). This reactionary processing is also prominent in the retina where there is an apparent separation of rod-cone, ON-OFF, and transient-sustained signals (7,9,11, 23). These various modalities decompose images from the outside world into informational components that can be processed by the nervous system. This model of sensory processing proposes that images from the outside world are handled by a multiplicity of parallel pathways, each relaying information about a particular characteristic of the external image, such as its color, orientation, or direction of motion. This theory has found strong support in the discovery of neurons that are preferentially stimulated by one of these trigger features (2,12). Although this appears to be an important mechanism in sensory systems, recent studies in amphibian retina suggest that the segregation of signals is not so absolute, and that in fact there may be a mixing of signals which at face value seems to contradict the principles of decomposition and segregation that enables animals to interpretation the visual world.
Insight into the distribution of pharmaceuticals in soil-water-plant systems

Abstract Pharmaceuticals in agricultural soils originating from irrigation with treated wastewater and land-applied biosolids can enter field crops. However, little is known about the role of pore water in plant uptake of pharmaceuticals from soils. In this study, the fate, uptake and distribution of fifteen commonly used pharmaceuticals in soil-water-radish systems were investigated to examine the relationship between the accumulation and their physicochemical processes in soils. The results indicate that the distribution of pharmaceuticals between soil and pore water, as well as their biodegradation, combined to govern the bioavailability of pharmaceuticals to plant uptake. Fourteen out of 15 pharmaceuticals could enter radish tissues in which the accumulation ranged from 2.1 to 14080 ng/g. Comparison of bioconcentration factors (BCFs) on the basis of pharmaceutical concentration in bulk soil vs. in pore water implies that pharmaceuticals present in soil pore water are the major bioavailable fractions to plant uptake. The pore water-based BCFs exhibited a positive linear relationship with log Dow for the pharmaceuticals with >90% as neutral species in soil pore water, while such relationship was not observed between bulk soil-based BCFs and log Dow mainly due to sorption by soil. Other than hydrophobicity, the dissociation of ionizable pharmaceuticals in the soil pore water and (or) root cells may lead to the “ion-trap” effects and thus influence the uptake and translocation process. The large molecular-size pharmaceuticals (e.g., tylosin) manifested a minimum uptake due plausibly to the limited permeability of cell membranes.
Are gentrifying neighborhoods more stressful? A multilevel analysis of self-rated stress

Gentrification, the increase of affluent residents into low-income neighborhoods, is thought to heighten self-rated stress, especially for residents of color. However, the relationship between gentrification and stress has not been directly measured. This study took advantage of the 2008 and 2010 waves of the Public Health Management Corporation's Southeastern Pennsylvania Household Health Survey, the 2000 Census, and the 2006-2010 American Community Survey to investigate the relationship of gentrification to above-average self-rated stress. We paid attention to how racial/ethnic differences in gentrification may uniquely affect stress. We also measured factors associated with gentrification with implications for one's stress including housing cost insecurity and community connection. Using multilevel modeling, we found that gentrifying tracts marked by increases in White residents and declines in non-Whites were more likely to report above-average stress. This study provides evidence that gentrification is related to stress, emphasizing the important role racial/ethnic change has in this process. These findings call for research to unpack the causal mechanisms through which gentrification affects stress.
Self-diffusion in compressible gas flow through a microconduit

The compressible Navier-Stokes equations already include the self-diffusion effect. Comparisons with 35 experiments show that the self-diffusion effect is too small to account for the mass flow rate enhancement in steady compressible gas flow through a microconduit in the slip flow regime.
Ultrafast Dynamics of Lattice Plasmon Lasers

Lattice plasmon cavity modes combined with optical gain can exhibit directional and tunable lasing emission at room temperature. However, the mechanistic details governing the dynamics before lasing action are not understood. This paper describes how the long photon lifetimes of lattice plasmon modes can be correlated with the ultrafast dynamics of lasing action and amplified spontaneous emission. Lasing from band-edge plasmons and amplified spontaneous emission from propagating plasmons showed rise times on the order of tens of picoseconds, during which inverted population in the gain was first generated and then followed by energy transfer to the lattice plasmon cavity for enhanced light emission.
Flow boiling heat transfer in silicon microgaps with multiple hotspots and variable pin fin clustering

Microfluidic interlayer cooling has been demonstrated as a practical solution for the vertical stacking of high power microelectronics. Although a considerable amount of studies has been presented for single phase cooling with this approach, the flow boiling features in more complex arrangements have not been as thoroughly studied. The embedded cooling of microelectronics is feasible with the use of dielectric refrigerants, which are ideally used in two-phase conditions in order to exploit the latent heat of vaporization. In the present investigation, the two-phase cooling in silicon microgaps is assessed under variable power and heat transfer surface area densities. The dielectric refrigerant HFE-7200 is used as the working fluid under flow boiling conditions, analyzing useful characteristics such as the two-phase flow regime, heat transfer, and pressure drop. The present investigation uses a numerical model that is capable of predicting the relevant features of flow boiling phenomena through a mechanistic phase-change model. The results from this study demonstrate that multiple hotspots with variable pin densities can be effectively controlled, with relatively uniform temperatures, under flow boiling conditions with dielectric fluids.
Exploring loneliness and social networking: Recipes for hedonic well-being on Facebook

Abstract Every day, billions of people participate on social networking sites such as Facebook. We are now more virtually “connected” than ever before, yet for many individuals, the world is a very lonely place, both physically and virtually. This study takes a self-determination theory (SDT) perspective to explore the recipes for hedonic well-being derived from Facebook, the world’s most popular social media network, for users with high versus low levels of perceived loneliness. A random sample from a panel of participants throughout the US of n = 323 analyzes active members of Facebook with fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA). Our findings suggest that, in the context of social exclusion, interactivity and belonging may be the psychological needs that drive Facebook usage for high loneliness individuals and simultaneously the reward for low loneliness ones.
To Defer or Not to Defer: RESPA, HUD, and the Section 8(B) Circuit Split

As the United States’ economy struggles in the wake of the recent residential real estate market implosion, scholars, commentators, and average citizens alike continue to debate the relative blameworthiness of uninformed consumers, overzealous lenders, and lackluster federal regulation as contributing causal factors. In light of the backlash in the national media against predatory lending practices, it might be surprising to some that there is still only one federal remedial statute that specifically regulates residential real estate settlements - the Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act of 1974. Perhaps even more surprising is that this Act, tailored to prevent abuses in the settlement process, contains blatant ambiguities that make it difficult in many cases to ascertain whether a service provider has violated its terms.This Note analyzes those ambiguities and the resulting split of authority among the federal courts of appeals. The principle question explored in this Note is whether section 8(b) of the Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act of 1974 prohibits a single service provider from charging a purely unearned fee in connection with a federally related mortgage. There are several critical ancillary issues that must also be addressed in the search for a resolution that is faithful both to the language and intent of the statute as well as the analytical methodology mandated by the Supreme Court of the United States. Such issues include the degree of deference to accord the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development’s (HUD) interpretations of the statute and whether the Act prohibits overcharging for services in the settlement process. To this end, the author identifies three types of unearned fees that could potentially be prohibited by the Act: purely unearned fees, markup fees, and overcharge fees.After a detailed and critical analysis of the positions advanced by HUD and the courts of appeals, the author concludes that because the text of the statute is ambiguous and because neither the structure of the statute, its stated purposes, nor its legislative history are dispositive of the issue, courts should follow the guidance of Chevron U.S.A. Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc. and accord complete deference to HUD’s interpretation, which advocates that a single service provider charging purely unearned fees violates the Act. The author urges, however, that overcharge fees, while arguably within the purview of the statute according to a plausible plain-language interpretation, are not proscribed by the Act based upon the clear legislative intent to avoid becoming price control regulation. Finally, the author concludes that whether markup fees violate section 8(b)’s prohibitions must be analyzed on a case-by-case basis, the standard being whether the markup fee was charged for services that were actually rendered.
The Extended-Range Tornado Activity Forecast (ERTAF) Project

AbstractLarge-scale weather patterns favorable for tornado occurrence have been understood for many decades. Yet prediction of tornadoes, especially at extended lead periods of more than a few days...
Neuromorphic Computing with Phase Change, Device Reliability, and Variability Challenges

Neuromorphic computing with analog memory can accelerate deep neural networks (DNNs) by enabling multiply-accumulate (MAC) operations to occur within memory. Analog memory, however, presents a number of device-level challenges having macro-implications on the achievable accuracy and reliability of these artificial neural networks. This paper focuses on the adverse effects of conductance drift in phase-change memory (PCM) on network reliability. It is shown that conductance drift can be effectively compensated in a variety of networks by applying a ‘slope correction’ technique to the squashing functions to maintain accuracy/reliability for a period of ~1 year. In addition to conductance drift, PCM poses considerable variability challenges, which impact the accuracy of the initial t 0 weights. This paper summarizes recent advances in optimizing t 0 weight programming, and provides evidence suggesting that the combination of ‘slope correction’ and programming optimization techniques may allow DNN acceleration using analog memory while maintaining software-equivalent accuracy with reasonable reliability.