cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Time---Path Types: From Static to Dynamic Typologies

Biometrics and psychometrics have developed a variety of methods to derive empirically clusters or types of variables, objects, or subjects. These empirical classificatory methods have been applied to data at one point in time---they have been used for static analyses. An extension is presented to the case of dynamic analyses, that is, the empirical identification of subjects with different time changes in one or more observed characteristics and their grouping based on sufficient similarity of time changes. Two management applications of the extension are given, the first dealing with behavioral, and the second with behavioristic, data.
Thyroid and Bone

This article provides a summary of the numerous interactions between the thyroid gland and the skeleton, in the normal state, in disorders of thyroid function and as a result of thyroid malignancy. It recaps the current understanding of bone growth and development in the endochondral growth plate and the normal mechanisms of mature bone remodeling. The actions of thyroid hormones on these processes are described, and the clinical impact of thyroid disorders and their treatments on the bone are summarized. Finally, our current understanding of the physiology of bone metastases from thyroid cancer is covered.
Safety and tolerability of intravenous-to-oral treatment and single-dose intravenous or oral prophylaxis with trovafloxacin.

Abstract Background: The new fourth-generation fluoroquinolone, trovafloxacin, is active in vitro against gram-positive and gram-negative organisms, atypical pathogens, and anaerobes, and has pharmacokinetics permitting once-daily intravenous or oral dosing. Safety/tolerability data from phase II/III clinical trials of sequential intravenous alatrofloxacin to oral trovafloxacin and single-dose intravenous or oral prophylaxis are summarized. Methods: All trials were double-blind, randomized, and multicenter. In multidose trials with alatrofloxacin, 1,257 patients requiring initial intravenous therapy received once-daily alatrofloxacin (trovafloxacin prodrug, 200 or 300 mg/day) followed by oral 200 mg/day trovafloxacin. An additional 444 patients received a single alatrofloxacin or trovafloxacin dose prophylactically for surgical procedures. Results: Therapy with alatrofloxacin was well tolerated. The most common treatment-related adverse events in studies of intravenous alatrofloxacin followed by oral trovafloxacin were nausea, headache, insertion site reaction, and dizziness. In single-dose intravenous or oral prophylaxis studies, insertion-site reaction, pruritus, and insertion-site pain were the most common treatment-related adverse events. No serious quinolone toxicity or drug interactions were reported. The incidence of serious treatment-related adverse events was Conclusion: In this large patient sample, intravenous alatrofloxacin followed by oral trovafloxacin was safe and well tolerated. Serious adverse events, such as phototoxicity, cardiovascular toxicity, and hemolytic anemia associated with older fluoroquinolones, were not noted with trovafloxacin. No interactions of trovafloxacin with other drugs were reported. The safety and tolerability of trovafloxacin, along with in vitro activity against key pathogens and pharmacokinetics permitting once-daily administration, support its oral and intravenous use in patients with obstetric, gynecologic, and intra-abdominal infections as well as for prophylaxis of surgical infection.
Microbiology: Plan B for quorum sensing.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa uses several intertwined cell-cell communication systems, called quorum sensing (QS) systems, to control gene expression. A QS signal–dependent transcription factor called LasR is at the top of the network. Mutations in lasR inactivate QS, but a new study has revealed an alternate signaling pathway that allows Pseudomonas aeruginosa to bypass LasR and activate a subset of quorum-controlled genes in times of stress.
Discovery and mode of action of afoxolaner, a new isoxazoline parasiticide for dogs

Abstract Afoxolaner is an isoxazoline compound characterized by a good safety profile and extended effectiveness against fleas and ticks on dogs following a single oral administration. In vitro membrane feeding assay data and in vivo pharmacokinetic studies in dogs established an afoxolaner blood concentration of 0.1–0.2 μg/ml to be effective against both fleas ( Ctenocephalides felis ) and ticks ( Dermacentor variabilis ). Pharmacokinetic profiles in dogs following a 2.5 mg/kg oral dosage demonstrated uniform and predictable afoxolaner plasma concentrations above threshold levels required for efficacy for more than one month. Dose ranging and a 5-month multi-dose experimental study in dogs, established that the 2.5 mg/kg oral dosage was highly effective against fleas and ticks, and produced predictable and reproducible pharmacokinetics following repeated dosing. Mode of action studies showed that afoxolaner blocked native and expressed insect GABA-gated chloride channels with nanomolar potency. Afoxolaner has comparable potency between wild type channels and channels possessing the A302S (resistance-to-dieldrin) mutation. Lack of cyclodiene cross-resistance for afoxolaner was confirmed in comparative Drosophila toxicity studies, and it is concluded that afoxolaner blocked GABA-gated chloride channels via a site distinct from the cyclodienes.
Reduction of the effects of backscattering in A HeNe ring laser by increased loss and gain

Abstract It has recently been suggested that some of the consequences of backscattering from one counter-propagating mode of a ring laser into the other mode can be reduced, without actually reducing the amount of backscattering, by increasing both the loss and the gain of the laser. The validity of this suggestion is demonstrated by experiment.
Radiation Pattern Characteristics of a Wideband Novel Modified Archimedean Spiral Antenna Array Covering DCS/PCS/WLAN and LTE Wireless Communication Bands

Radiation pattern characteristics of an array antenna are presented, which employs a wideband novel modified Archimedean spiral antenna reported in a previous work as the radiating elements. The antenna has no ground plane, hence its radiation patterns are bidirectional as it radiates simultaneously in both directions. The sum-mode and difference-mode excitations of the 2 × 2 array configuration are included. The sum-mode excitation of the 2 × 2 array with dimensions 150 × 150 × 0.8 mm3 covers the frequency bands DCS (1710-1880 MHz), PCS (1850-1990 MHz), WLAN (2.3-2.5 GHz), and LTE Band 7 (2.5-2.6 GHz), all with circularly polarized radiation patterns and gain at broadside angle varying between 5-9 dBic. A prototype antenna was fabricated and experimentally verified for the sum mode for both the impedance matching and radiation pattern characteristics. This antenna can also be used in monopulse radar tracking and transmit/receive communications after cavity backing.
Controlled synthesis and characterization of carbon-supported Pd4Co nanoalloy electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction in fuel cells

Carbon-supported Pd4Co nanoalloy samples (denoted as Pd4Co/C) have been synthesized by a modified polyol reduction process, involving a mixture of ethylene glycol (a polyol) and a small amount of sodium borohydride as reducing agents, and evaluated as electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in fuel cells. The synthesis process offers Pd4Co nanoparticles with an average particle size of 4.6 nm and a narrow size distribution, which increases to 7.3 and 11.0 nm on annealing, respectively, at 350 and 500 °C in 10% H2–90% Ar. Although the as-prepared Pd4Co/C sample exhibits instability during ORR, annealing at 350 and 500 °C enhances the stability significantly due to an increasing degree of alloying between Pd and Co and increasing particle size. While both Pd/C and Pt/C exhibit a drastic decline in catalytic activity on annealing at 350 and 500 °C due to a significant increase in particle size, the Pd4Co/C sample maintains high catalytic activity even after annealing at 350 °C due to an increase in the degree of alloying. The Pd4Co/C catalyst offers an added advantage of excellent tolerance to methanol poisoning and lower cost compared to the conventional Pt/C catalyst.
A Hopf Algebra Freeness Result Revisited

The affine (Hopf) algebra of the special linear group SL(2l, k) for l ≥1 is not a free module over one of its Hopf subalgebras. In this paper we give a very simple proof of this fact over a field k of characteristic zero. The proof boils down to showing that a certain module is not cyclic.
Demand relationships and pricing decisions for related products

This paper presents in terms of price changes the theoretical conditions for optimal pricing when products are demand-related. It then suggests an approach which could be used by companies to provide guidance in the pricing of such products over time.
Effects of vegetative variation on weaning success, overwinter survival, and social group density in golden marmots (Marmota caudata aurea)

We studied the effects of food resources on weaning success, overwinter survival, and social group density in golden marmots (Marmota caudata aurea), an Old World sciurid rodent. End-of-season standing crop, a measure of seasonal productivity, varied between marmot groups but seemed repeatable between years. We adjusted some of our measurements of potential food availability by marmot preferences because faecal analysis suggested that marmots foraged selectively. Some, but not all, measured fitness parameters were associated with variation in food availability. The probability of weaning young was associated with overall food availability the previous year, and there was a significant positive relationship between the early-season food resources and the proportion of years in which a group reproduced. Weaning date, a correlate of subsequent juvenile overwinter survival, was associated with overall food availability in the same year. Non-juvenile overwinter survival was weakly associated with food availability. Finally, marmot density was not associated with the availability of food resources. We suggest that obligate social behaviour may limit the degree to which demographic factors can track environmental variation.
Self-Structures, Negative Events, and Adolescent Depression: Clarifying the Role of Self-Complexity in a Prospective, Multiwave Study

The purpose of this multiwave longitudinal study was to examine the structure of self-complexity and its relation to depressive symptoms in 276 adolescents (M = 12.55; SD = 1.04). Self-complexity, depressive symptoms, and negative events were assessed during a laboratory assessment at baseline, and then depressive symptoms and negative events were tracked every 3 months over the next 2 years. Findings from the present research showed that girls had higher levels of Overlap (e.g., the degree to which one sees his or her roles as similar) and NASPECTS (the number of aspects) compared with boys, and that older adolescents had lower levels of Overlap. Furthermore, the present study demonstrated that low levels of positive Overlap (e.g., utilizing the same positive adjectives to describe numerous roles) predicted depressive symptoms, especially in the presence of negative events. Other findings along with developmental and clinical implications for this research are discussed.
Systematic Investigation of Nanoscale Adsorbate Effects at Organic Light-Emitting Diode Interfaces. Interfacial Structure−Charge Injection−Luminance Relationships

Molecule-scale structure effects at indium tin oxide (ITO) anode−hole transport layer (HTL) interfaces in organic light-emitting diode (OLED) heterostructures are systematically probed via a self-assembly approach. A series of ITO anode-linked silyltriarylamine precursors differing in aryl group and linker density are synthesized for this purpose and used to probe the relationship between nanoscale interfacial chemical structure and charge-injection/electroluminescence properties. These precursors form conformal and largely pinhole-free self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on the ITO anode surface with angstrom-level thickness control. Deposition of a HTL on top of the SAMs places the probe molecules precisely at the anode−HTL interface. OLEDs containing ITO/SAM/HTL configurations have dramatically varied hole-injection magnitudes and OLED responses. These can be correlated with the probe molecular structures and electrochemically derived heterogeneous electron-transfer rates for such triarylamine fragments. ...
Illustrating networking concepts with wireless handheld devices

We are developing innovative new laboratory materials that give students a hands-on introduction to both traditional and wireless networking concepts. Our labs are designed around the Cybiko, a powerful multi-functional wireless handheld computer that sells for less than $50. The materials can be used to augment existing networking courses or as the core of a new upper-level course. This paper describes the labs completed to date, our plans for the future, and presents the results of a comparative study using the labs to demonstrate routing algorithms.
The crystal and molecular structure of a complex formed by guanidine hydrochloride and glycylglycine, [C(NH2)3]Cl · C4N2O3H8

The title substance was prepared and studied to gain some insight into the structural basis for the well-known action of guanidinium salts as denaturation agents. The crystal structure has been determined from three-dimensional diffractometer X-ray data using Cu Kα radiation and refined by the least squares method to convergence at R = 0.054. The crystals are orthorhombic, and belong to space group P212121, with cell dimensions of a = 14.603 A, b = 15.025 A, c = 4.775 A, Z = 4. The components are held together by hydrogen bonds between guanidine hydrochloride and the carboxyl group of the glycylglycine, whereas peptide-peptide (CO ⋯ HN) hydrogen bonds link the glycylglycine molecules together to form a pleated sheet structure.
Stieltjes imaging of fredholm determinants

Abstract Approximations to Fredholm determinants calculated from the Ritz principle and square-integrable basis functions are interpreted in the context of Stieltjes integration, and shown to provide convergent estimates of elastic scattering phase shifts.
Allozyme variation in Louisiana irises: a test for introgression and hybrid speciation

Genetic variation present in 599 individual Iris samples was examined at 50 presumptive loci (isozymes). The samples included allopatric populations of I. fulva, I. hexagona, I. brevicaulis and the putative hybrid species, I. nelsonii. In addition, we examined two populations from areas of overlap involving I. fulva with I. hexagona, and I. fulva with I. brevicaulis and I. hexagona. Allozyme data for both of these hybrid populations suggest the presence of genes from I. fulva, I. brevicaulis and I. hexagona. Bidirectional introgressive hybridization is indicated between I. fulva and I. hexagona. Individuals from a parapatric association between these two species possess various combinations of I. fulva and I. hexagona diagnostic markers. The pattern of genetic variation in this sample indicates the presence of advanced hybrid generations and localized introgression; this finding is in accord with a previous molecular genetic analysis (Arnold et al., 1990). Furthermore, currently allopatric populations of I. fulva and I. hexagona were found to have low frequencies of marker alleles diagnostic for the alternate species. These populations also contain a low frequency of alternate, diagnostic ribosomal DNA repeat length variants (Arnold et al., 1990). The allozyme (and molecular) data suggest that these allopatric samples represent previously introgressed populations. Findings from the allozyme survey indicate that I. nelsonii contains an array of markers characteristic for I. fulva, I. hexagona and I. brevicaulis. Furthermore, some of these markers are found in a present-day hybrid population involving I. fulva, I. hexagona and I. brevicaulis. These findings suggest that I. nelsonii is of hybrid origin, deriving from hybridization between I. fulva, I. hexagona and I. brevicaulis. The genetic analysis along with previous chromosomal, distributional and demographic studies of the Louisiana Iris species suggests that a number of mechanisms may have been involved in the stabilization of this hybrid derivative.
Social Theory and Poverty Reduction with Special Attention to Nigeria: Social‐Institutional Explanation of Small‐Scale Financial Institutions

Do institutions and social capital provide a viable means for advancing the goals of poverty reduction programs in low capacity states? This question has particular importance for Nigeria and Africa as a whole because of the poor performance of poverty reduction programs despite domestic and global efforts to reduce poverty in the continent. In this paper, I assess the usefulness of the informational aspects of the new institutional economics and the social network method of social capital paradigm in reducing access, information and monitoring costs faced by the poor and service providers of micro-credit institutions in Nigeria. The general proposition of this paper is that poverty reduction can be promoted on the one hand, by designing programs to reflect some regularities (formal and informal rules and regulations) which best enhance benefits and mitigate costs faced by the poor for obtaining services, and on the other hand a mobilization of cohesive social relationships based on existing networks of semiautonomous units, that substitute for weak enforcement of contracts to reduce the service delivery costs to the poor.
Open-Circuit Voltage Improvement of InAs/GaAs Quantum-Dot Solar Cells Using Reduced InAs Coverage

Ten-, 20-, and 40-layer InAs/GaAs quantum-dot (QD)-embedded superlattice solar cells were compared with a baseline GaAs p-i-n solar cell. Proper strain balancing and a reduction of InAs coverage value in the superlattice region of the QD embedded devices enabled the systematic increase in short-circuit current density with QD layers (0.02-mA/cm $^2$ /QD layer) with minimal open-circuit voltage loss (∼50 mV). The improvement in voltage was found to be due to a reduced nonradiative recombination resulting from a reduced density of larger defective QDs and effective strain management. The 40-layer device exceeded the baseline GaAs cell by 0.5% absolute efficiency improving efficiency relative to the baseline by 3.6%.
Exchange Hedging Strategies at General Motors: Competitive Exposures

How can a multinational firm analyze and manage currency risks that arise from competitive exposures? General Motors has a substantial competitive exposure to the Japanese yen. Although the risks GM faces from the depreciating yen are widely acknowledged, the company's corporate hedging policy does not provide any guidelines on managing such competitive exposures. Eric Feldstein, treasurer and vice-president of finance, has to quantify GM's yen exposure and recommend a way for GM to manage the risks that arise from its competitive exposure. Students must analyze the impact of a yen depreciation on GM sales and profits.
High-frequency link inverter based on multiple-carrier PWM

High-frequency AC link conversion offers a possible way to produce reduced-cost inverters for low-voltage DC sources such as fuel cells. The control complexity can be addressed by adapting pulse-width modulation (PWM) techniques. Here, a multi-carrier pulse-width modulation (PWM) approach is introduced as a convenient way to implement a high-frequency link inverter. The approach is a direct extension of conventional PWM, and supports square-wave cycloconversion methods that have appeared in prior literature. Simulation and experimental results are developed for a simple low-voltage AC link inverter.
Growing Up with HIV: Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults with Perinatally Acquired HIV Infection*

Tremendous success in the prevention and treatment of pediatric HIV in high-resource countries has changed the face of the epidemic. A perinatally HIV-infected child now faces a chronic disease rather than a progressive, fatal one. However, these successes pose new challenges as perinatally HIV-infected youth survive into adulthood. These include maintaining adherence to long-term, likely life-long therapy; selecting successive antiretroviral drug regimens, given the limited availability of pediatric formulations and the lack of pharmacokinetic and safety data in children; and overcoming extensive drug resistance in multi-drug-experienced children. Pediatric HIV care now focuses on morbidity related to long-term HIV infection and its treatment. Survival into adulthood of perinatally HIV-infected youth in high-resource countries encourages expansion of pediatric treatment programs in low-resource countries, where most HIV-infected children live, and provides important lessons about how the epidemic changes with increasing access to antiretroviral therapy for children.
Sudden death in epilepsy: Where is the "heart" of the problem?

Every year, 5,000 people with epilepsy die of sudden unexpected death (SUDEP) in the United States alone, a reflection of a 20-fold increased risk of this devastating complication compared to the general population.1 Patients with uncontrolled seizures are particularly vulnerable. So, our knee-jerk reaction as neurologists trying to understand SUDEP has been to investigate various theories of how seizures can cause sudden death: after all, patients with epilepsy are dying, so of course the brain must be at the heart of the problem. Tremendous past and ongoing efforts have investigated various potential seizure-related consequences that may compromise cardiac and respiratory function, including sympathetic hyperactivation, parasympathetic suppression2 or overdrive,3 abnormal heart rate variability, and respiratory suppression.4 A new study published in this issue of Neurology ®,5 led by neurologists and cardiologists, took a population-based approach and asked the question slightly differently, providing a broader perspective.
Analytical and numerical techniques for analyzing an electrically short dipole with a nonlinear load

An electrically short dipole with a nonlinear dipole load is analyzed theoretically using both analytical and numerical techniques. The analytical solution is given in terms of the Anger function of imaginary order and imaginary argument and is derived from the nonlinear differential equation for the Thevenin's equivalent circuit of a dipole with a diode. The numerical technique is to solve the nodal equation using a time-stepping finite difference equation method. The nonlinear resistance of the diode is treated using the Newton-Raphson iteration technique. A comparison between the analytical and numerical solutions is given.
Numerical Analysis of the Bleed Slot Design of the Purdue Mach 6 Wind Tunnel

One of the major challenges in hypersonic flow research is the accurate prediction of transition location. There is a wide range of scatter in transition data obtained from numerous experiments conducted since the 1960’s. It is believed that most of the experimental data obtained in conventional ground test facilities are contaminated by high levels of noise due to acoustic fluctuations from the turbulent boundary layers on the wind tunnel walls. One method to reduce noise is to delay boundary layer transition using, among other features, bleed slots before the nozzle throat. The Purdue Mach 6 quiet tunnel has been designed to reduce the noise level an order of magnitude below that in conventional facilities. However, in this tunnel quiet flow is achieved only for low Reynolds numbers. For high Reynolds numbers the level of noise measured in the test section is dominated by early transition of the boundary layer on the tunnel walls which now appears to be caused by laminar boundary layer separation at the bleed slot. This paper summarizes the numerical analysis performed for one of the bleed slot designs of the Purdue Mach 6 quiet tunnel. The objective of the numerical study is to understand the eect of bleed slot design on the wind tunnel performance where the slot is considered as an upstream perturbation source. The steady state numerical solutions for two dierent stagnation pressures are obtained and analyzed using a commercial flow solver GASPex, version 4.1.0+. To quantify the numerical error in the solutions, a grid sensitivity analysis is conducted. For comparison purposes the Langley Mach 6 quiet tunnel is also analyzed numerically. The presence of large separation on the bleed lip of the unsuccessful Purdue tunnel, and the absence of large separation on the successful Langley tunnel, suggests that the separations are the most likely cause of early transition in the Purdue facility.
The Effects of Neogene Thrusting on Deposition in the Bermejo Basin, Argentina

ABSTRACT In the Bermejo basin of western Argentina, semi-arid, sandy, low-gradient sedimentation has accompanied deformation of the Frontal Cordillera and Precordillera since the mid-Miocene. Utilizing the precise geochronology established for strata at Sierra de Huaco, we document an immediate basinward migration of facies coincident with thrusting in the central Precordillera (8.7 Ma). An earlier shift in environment (10.3 Ma) is related to a change in drainage patterns produced by more distant deformation in the western Precordillera. Evidence from Sierra de Huaco suggests that depositional environments are largely independent of the net subsidence rate. Sedimentologic features observed at Sierra de Huaco bear directly on the nature and scale of the processes that operate in sandy, ephemeral settings: 1) lateral accretion was the dominant process within an ephemeral braidplain (the Jarillal Formation); 2) fining-upward cycles in sandflat deposits were a consequence of the dynamics of unconfined flows coupled with lobe switching on alluvial fans (the Huachipampa and Quebrada del Cura Formations); and 3) unconfined flow deposition in the Bermejo basin occurred (and still occurs) over distances on the order of 50 km from point sources at alluvial fan heads.
Game Theoretic Power Control under Rician Slow-Flat Fading Channels in Cognitive Radios Networks

Power control is an important resource management concern in wireless cognitive radio networks. In particular, the transmit powers of base stations and handsets must be carefully adjusted to help reduce interference between users and also improve cell capacity. Indeed, large gains can be achieved by taking into account primary user's behaviors and allowing secondary users to utilize the unused spectrum of idling primary users. Along these lines, this study presents a novel game-theoretic solution in which primary users are rewarded for sharing their spectrum with secondary users to help achieve energy-efficient transmission. Overall, this effort extends upon our earlier work on fast-flat fading channels by further analyzing Rician slow-flat- fading channels. In particular, the presentation derives a closed-form expression for the average utility function and also shows the existence and uniqueness of the Nash equilibrium. Detailed simulation results are then presented to verify performance of the game-theoretic formulation under realistic slow-flat fading channels, and the findings compared against those with the simpler additive white Gaussian noise channel model.
Computer accessibility for federal workers with disabilities: it's the law

In 1986, Congress passed Public Law 99-506, the "Rehabilitation Act Amendments of 1986." This law, amending the famous Rehabilitation Act of 1973, contains a small section, titled "Electronic Equipment Accessibility," Section 508, which may have significant impact on the design of computer systems and their accessibility by workers with disabilities. The bill became law when it was signed by former President Reagan on October 21, 1986.The purpose of this article is to inform concerned computer professionals of Section 508, outline the guidelines and regulations pursuant to the law, describe some of the reaction to the guidelines and regulations, and describe some of the challenges for the future in meeting the computer accessibility needs of users with disabilities.Section 508 was developed because it was realized that government offices were rapidly changing into electronic offices with microcomputers on every desk. In order for persons with disabilities to keep their jobs or gain new employment in the government, Congress decided it was necessary to make provisions to guarantee accessibility to microcomputers and other electronic office equipment. The driving principle behind Section 508 can be found in Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 which states:No otherwise qualified handicapped individual in the United States . . . shall, solely by reason of his handicap, be excluded from the participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance.It should be stated off the top that the scope of Section 508 is not as broad as Section 504. In particular, Section 508 only applies to direct purchases by the federal government and not to purchases made by all programs receiving government funding.Section 508 does not specify what the guidelines should be nor does it delineate a philosophy on which to base the guidelines. A committee established by the National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research (NIDRR) and the General Services, Administration (GSA), in consultation with the electronics industry, rehabilitation engineers, and disabled computer professionals worked for a year developing the philosophy and guidelines which will significantly affect the purchase of electronic office equipment, including computers and software, by the federal government, the largest computer customer in the world.
The small and long view

Macromarketing research should be grounded in a small view of things. It should focus on the microactions of microactors that create macrostructures. At the same time, macromarketing thought should embrace a long view of things since only a long view of system behavior can separate successful from unsuccessful public policy.
Analyzing utilization rates in data centers for optimizing energy management

In this paper, we explore academic data center utilization rates from an energy management perspective with the broader goal of providing decision support for green computing. The utilization rate is defined as the overall extent to which data center servers are being used and is usually recorded as a percentage. Recent literature states that utilization rates at many data centers are quite low resulting in poor usage of resources such as energy and labor. Based on our study we attribute these lower utilization rates to not fully taking advantage of virtualization and cloud technology. This paper describes our research including energy data analysis with our proposed equations for performance measurement and forecasting, corroborated by evaluation with real data in a university setting. We suggest that future data centers will need to increase their utilization rates and thus shift more towards the cloud in order to lower costs and increase services despite current concerns for security of cloud technology.
MONITORING AND HABITAT ANALYSIS FOR WOLVES IN UPPER MICHIGAN

Abstract Gray wolves (Canis lupus) in upper Michigan, USA, have been monitored since 1991 when breeding activity in mainland Michigan was documented for the first time since 1954. Based on winter track counts, the mean annual rate of increase in abundance was 19% from 1995 to 2002, with the population reaching an estimated 278 animals in 2002. Our objectives were to (1) increase the efficiency of wolf management in Michigan by evaluating alternative and less extensive sampling approaches for population estimation, and (2) evaluate habitat for wolves based on occupancy after a decade of recovery. For the first analysis, we created 22 discrete sampling units that cover upper Michigan, and we evaluated abundance estimates based on various sampling plans using known distribution and populations from the 2000–2002 winter track surveys. We evaluated each plan based on the precision, bias, and confidence interval coverage. A random sampling plan with regression estimator returned the most precise estimates, but ...
A Framework for Assessing Power in Collaborative Governance Processes

The growing use of collaborative methods of governance raises concerns about the relative power of participants in such processes and the potential for exclusion or domination of some parties. This research offers a framework for assessing power that considers authority, resources, and discursive legitimacy as sources of power and considers the participants, the process design, and the content of collaborative governance processes as arenas for power use. A case study of a collaborative governance process is presented and analyzed using the power framework. Implications for the design of collaborative governance processes are discussed, including the benefits of a multidimensional definition of power, tools for managing power imbalances among participants, and strategies that participants can use to participate more fully in collaborative governance processes.
The overreaction hypothesis, firm size, and stock market seasonality

curities suffering abnormally low returns (“losers”) will subsequently experience abnormally high returns. Further, securities with abnormally high returns (“winners”) will go on to earn abnormally low returns. Such a pattern, of course, is not consistent with even the weakest form of market efficiency. Even so, De I3ondt and Thaler [1987] find that this “winnerloser” pattern exists in security returns and that it appears to concentrate in January. We wish to take a closer*look at the winnerloser pattern and investigate its relationship to firm size and stock market seasonality. Our results indicate that the predicted reversal of gains and losses does not occur universally. Losers do have a pronounced tendency to become winners, but the reverse is not true. Firm size, however, influences the results, and large-firm returns are more consistent with overreaction. Most of the winner-loser pattern does arise in January. We find further that the effect occurs mostly at the turn of the year, but that it is not explainable by tax-loss selling. Strangely, when we examine behavior by day of the week, we find that Monday and Friday exhibit a definite winner-loser pattern in opposite directions. BACKGROUND
The Effect of Principles Courses on Students' Attitude toward Economic Literacy

This paper investigates the determinants of students' attitude toward economic literacy. Because the majority of students take principles courses as required rather than as elective the question of interest is what may cause students who finish economics principles course to believe that a basic economic literacy is necessary for everyone to possess. Based on prior research findings a simultaneous equations probit model is built and estimated using data collected from students completing principles courses at the University of Minnesota, Crookston. It is found that students who would use their economic knowledge in their decisions and in their voting have a higher probability of believing that a basic economic knowledge is necessary for everyone to posses. Also being female and achievement in understanding economics positively affects this probability.
A critical pedagogy of hope in times of despair: Teaching against global capitalism and the new imperialism

The author starts his argument by looking into the globalised capitalist set up that disallows all the voices of opposition. His argument stems from the present political scenario in the United States, its continuous imperial aggression, its rhetoric of war, its neoliberal expansion that negate the crisis experienced in the educational domain. In order to provide a better understanding of this crisis in the United States, the author looks at the political and social developments happening on a global scale which serves as a mirror to look into the educational crisis in the North American context. In a situation where the social sector is witnessing a continuous neglect there is still hope as indicated by emerging voices of protest worldwide. He sums up this crisis as an ideological question that needs to be dealt not as a fragmented problem of the education discourse but calls for a holistic perspective to find a teaching pedagogy that engenders hope and humanity for future citizens.
A humanized antibody for imaging immune checkpoint ligand PD-L1 expression in tumors

Antibodies targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint lead to tumor regression and improved survival in several cancers. PD-L1 expression in tumors may be predictive of response to checkpoint blockade therapy. Because tissue samples might not always be available to guide therapy, we developed and evaluated a humanized antibody for non-invasive imaging of PD-L1 expression in tumors. Radiolabeled [111In]PD-L1-mAb and near-infrared dye conjugated NIR-PD-L1-mAb imaging agents were developed using the mouse and human cross-reactive PD-L1 antibody MPDL3280A. We tested specificity of [111In]PD-L1-mAb and NIR-PD-L1-mAb in cell lines and in tumors with varying levels of PD-L1 expression. We performed SPECT/CT imaging, biodistribution and blocking studies in NSG mice bearing tumors with constitutive PD-L1 expression (CHO-PDL1) and in controls (CHO). Results were confirmed in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) (MDAMB231 and SUM149) and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) (H2444 and H1155) xenografts with varying levels of PD-L1 expression. There was specific binding of [111In]PD-L1-mAb and NIR-PD-L1-mAb to tumor cells in vitro, correlating with PD-L1 expression levels. In mice bearing subcutaneous and orthotopic tumors, there was specific and persistent high accumulation of signal intensity in PD-L1 positive tumors (CHO-PDL1, MDAMB231, H2444) but not in controls. These results demonstrate that [111In]PD-L1-mAb and NIR-PD-L1-mAb can detect graded levels of PD-L1 expression in human tumor xenografts in vivo. As a humanized antibody, these findings suggest clinical translation of radiolabeled versions of MPDL3280A for imaging. Specificity of NIR-PD-L1-mAb indicates the potential for optical imaging of PD-L1 expression in tumors in relevant pre-clinical as well as clinical settings.
Formation of N2O from a Nickel Nitrosyl: Isolation of the cis-[N2O2]2– Intermediate

Addition of 2,2′-bipyridine (bipy) to [Ni(NO)(bipy)][PF6] (1) results in formation of a rare five-coordinate nickel nitrosyl [Ni(NO)(bipy)2][PF6] (2). This complex exhibits a bent NO– ligand in the solid state. On standing in acetonitrile, 2 furnishes the NO coupled product, [Ni(κ2-O2N2)(bipy)] (8) in moderate yield. Subsequent addition of 2 equiv of acetylacetone (H(acac)) to 8 results in formation of [Ni(acac)2(bipy)], N2O, and H2O. Preliminary mechanistic studies suggest that the N–N bond is formed via a bimetallic coupling reaction of two NO– ligands.
Marine Fungi from the Tropics

Higher marine fungi, predominantly from mangrove habitats, were examined. More than half of the species occurred on pneumatophores or roots of Avicennia or on seedlings or proproots of Rhizophora. ...
The General Linear Group

This chapter presents an intensive look at an extremely important class of groups, the groups GL(n, F) for F a field. While the material of this chapter does not play a large role in the remainder of this book, the ideas introduced here serve as an introduction to the manner in which group theory arises in modern mathematics. Section 4 defines the Borel and Weyl subgroups and establishes the Bruhat decomposition of GL(n, F). Section 5 discusses unipotent and parabolic subgroups of GL(n, F). In Section 6, we shift our attention to the groups SL(n, F) and PSL(n, F), culminating in a proof that PSL(n, F) is simple except when n = 2 and ∣F∣ ≤ 3.
The Effects of IT Management on Technology Process Integration

ABSTRACTThis study examines the impacts of technology management on organization-wide technology integration in an education setting. It uses survey questionnaire responses from education administrators in the southwest region of the United States to evaluate the relationship between technology management and technology integration. Results show technology management significantly and positively influences organization-wide technology integration, infrastructure, and training in an education setting. Additional findings support prior research in other areas that suggest technology-related training and infrastructure positively influence organization-wide technology integration. In a post hoc analysis, we found that training and infrastructure partially mediate the relationship between technology management and technology integration. These findings provide insight into how to achieve technology integration that is relevant to managers, educational agencies, and policy-makers who help develop and implement...
Direct Myocardial Injection of Vectors

Gene therapy holds great promise as a targeted treatment of cardiovascular diseases, which remain a major cause of morbidity and mortality in contemporary societies. Selection of the appropriate vector delivery method is critical for efficient transduction in the myocardium. Direct myocardial delivery is a feasible and effective method that has been shown to exhibit enhanced gene expression compared to coronary infusion and pericardial delivery. It is one of the most widely used gene transfer methods in both animal studies and clinical trials. The advantages, which result from a delivery that avoids exposure to the blood and bypasses the endothelial barrier, are a high local concentration at the injection site and a decreased leakage to off-target organs. The vectors are injected either with an endomyocardial or an epicardial approach, either surgically or percutaneously. In this chapter, we present the different approaches of direct myocardial injection, their advantages and their realization method in preclinical large animal models of cardiovascular diseases.
Grapes and Wine Technology: Grapes to Wine1

Wine making is an art which is developing more into a science. This paper concerns wine technology particularly as it relates to growing the grape to fermentation of grape juice, subsequent storage and aging of wine, and finally to its evaluation as a quality wine. Factors which affect growing of grapes, such as geographical location requirements, time of physiological maturity and subsequent harvest, are discussed. Classification of different vineyards according to the heat summation technique is described. During grape juice fermentation, the important role of sulfur dioxide, acidity, incubation temperature, and oxygen content are discussed as well as the relationship between sugar concentration and alcohol production. Type of storage and manner of aging the wine further play a very critical role in development of a quality wine. Finally, grading of wine is discussed with respect to the relative importance of individual characteristic qualities such as appearance, color, aroma and bouquet, vinegary tast...
A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial of the Effects of Chair Yoga on Pain and Physical Function Among Community-Dwelling Older Adults With Lower Extremity Osteoarthritis.

Objectives To determine effects of Sit ‘N’ Fit Chair Yoga, compared to a Health Education program (HEP), on pain and physical function in older adults with lower extremity osteoarthritis (OA) who could not participate in standing exercise. Design Two-arm randomized controlled trial. Setting One HUD senior housing facility and one day senior center in south Florida. Participants Community-dwelling older adults (N = 131) were randomly assigned to chair yoga (n = 66) or HEP (n = 65). Thirteen dropped after assignment but prior to the intervention; six dropped during the intervention; 106 of 112 completed at least 12 of 16 sessions (95% retention rate). Interventions Participants attended either chair yoga or HEP. Both interventions consisted of twice-weekly 45-minute sessions for 8 weeks. Measurements Primary: pain, pain interference; secondary: balance, gait speed, fatigue, functional ability measured at baseline, after 4 weeks of intervention, at the end of the 8-week intervention, and post-intervention (1 and 3 months). Results The chair yoga group showed greater reduction in pain interference during the intervention (P = .01), sustained through 3 months (P = .022). WOMAC pain (P = .048), gait speed (P = .024), and fatigue (P = .037) were improved in the yoga group during the intervention (P = .048) but improvements were not sustained post intervention. Chair yoga had no effect on balance. Conclusion An 8-week chair yoga program was associated with reduction in pain, pain interference, and fatigue, and improvement in gait speed, but only the effects on pain interference were sustained 3 months post intervention. Chair yoga should be further explored as a nonpharmacologic intervention for older people with OA in the lower extremities. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02113410.
The Politics of Knowledge: Nietzsche Within Heidegger’s History of Truth

Beginning and end, end and beginning — within the Western tradition from the Hebrew scholiast’s emendations of Genesis to Spengler’s sibylline narrative of decline, each has implied the other in some determinative sense, guided by a metaphysical thread of purpose, direction, totality. Even within the circumscribed sphere of the history of philosophy, the very notions of beginning and end have determined the narrative structure of a history that binds the tradition together and provides a framework within which to initiate philosophical questioning. From Aristotle’s account of philosophical development in the Metaphysics through Hegel’s history of unfolding spirit, philosophy has been shaped by a (sometimes unspoken, sometimes programmatic) sense of its own history. With the coming of the modern era, the practice of philosophy itself has been fashioned by an awareness of the limits and burdens of that history — and by no philosopher more intensely than Nietzsche. What marks Nietzsche’ s unique relationship to that history is his genealogical attempt to initiate an other kind of philosophy, against philosophy as it were, by reversing the very structures of that history. For him the history of philosophy coincides with what in The Twilight of the Idols he calls “the history of an error” (TI, 40/KSA 6, 80). He names this error “Platonism” and confects an alternative genealogy of metaphysics built not on the singular foundation of truth as idea, but undermined and de-structured by the polytropic play of art and tragedy.