cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Relationship Between Cognitive Status and Visual Information Processing

The present investigation involved an examination of susceptibility to visual masking of older adults displaying evidence of Alzheimer's disease and healthy, cognitively intact older adults. Results indicated that the cognitively impaired group was more susceptible to the perceptual interference of a visual mask than was the cognitively intact group. In addition, the impaired group was found to be particularly susceptible to masking by a visual pattern (which had similar figural characteristics to target stimuli) as compared to masking by random noise (which had figural characteristics unrelated to the target). Finally, susceptibility to masking was found to be negatively correlated with performance on the Information subtest of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised and with rated level of cognitive functioning. It was concluded that this pattern of results represents an acceleration of changes in perceptual processing typically associated with normal human aging.
A model of the software development process using both continuous and discrete models

Software process models have been simulated using system dynamics and discrete modeling paradigms. System dynamics models describe the interaction between project factors, but do not easily represent queues and discrete process steps. On the other hand, discrete event models describe process steps, but may not have enough events to represent feedback loops accurately. We develop a combined model that represents the software development process as a series of discrete process steps executed in a continuously varying project environment. We demonstrate the feasibility of this model by combining a discrete event model of the ISPW6 software process example with the system dynamics model developed by Abdel-Hamid and Madnick. The combination of these two modeling paradigms creates the opportunity to examine new problems and issues that are highly relevant to software project managers. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons Ltd
The 3-channel Lissajous' trajectory of the auditory brain-stem response. III. Formation, analysis, and reliability of planar segments in the cat

Abstract 3-Channel Lissajous' trajectories (3-CLT) were recorded in the auditory brain-stem response (ABR) from 3 orthogonally placed electrode pairs in 10 anesthetized adult cats. Planar analysis, an off-line semi-automated computerized procedure, defined planar-segment boundaries, durations, apex latencies, and sight vector orientations relative to the analysis axes. Planar analysis indicated that sets of sequential data points along the 3-CLT formed 12 distinct planes in 3-dimensional voltage-space. The generation of planar segments in voltage-space suggests some underlying factor such as neural synchrony. 3-Channel data analyzed in this way provide information on brain-stem activity that is unavailable from any single-channel ABR recording.
Canadians' use of U.S. medical services

ABSTRACT: To explore the extent of cross-border care seeking among Canadians, we analyzed the growth and distribution of Ontario Health Insurance Plan expenditures for medical care services provided in the United States to Ontario residents from 1987 to 1995. Although total out-of-province spending is low relative to in-province spending, there is evidence of cross-border care seeking for cardiovascular and orthopedic procedures, mental health services, and cancer treatments. However, combined with a preliminary investigation of cross-border patient care seeking using nonpublic funding sources, these analyses do not support the perception of widespread cross-border medical care seeking by Ontario residents.
A traumatic car crash.

A healthy 47-year-old man sustained head and multiple skeletal injuries in a motor vehicle accident in January, 1998. The patient’s car was struck three times. In the emergency room, the patient was treated for lumbar, rib, and sternum fractures. Neurological examination was normal. The patient did not recall losing consciousness and had no complaints of double or blurred vision. 2 months after the accident, the patient and his family noticed severe cognitive impairment characterised by his inability to process simple information. He complained of severe headaches and decreased peripheral vision. He was examined neurologically 8 months after the accident. A positron emission tomography (PET) scan showed right versus left cortical asymmetry with large areas of hypometabolism in the right frontal lobe (figure). In a neuropsychological examination, the patient scored in the borderline or extremely low range in all of nine psychological tests. These included the Derogatis Symptom Checklist, Grooved Pegboard Test; Trail Making Tests A & B, Digit Vigilance Test, Ammons Quick Test, Hooper Visual Organization Test, Wechsler Memory Scale-III (partial), Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-III, and the Wide Range Achievement Test-Rev. Post-traumatic dementia was diagnosed.
Effect of proteolytic enzymes on caries lesion formation in vitro

This study investigates enzyme degradation of collagen at various pH levels and is designed to obtain information pertaining to the effect of proteolytic enzymes on caries-like lesion formation and progression. One hundred and eight sections of human teeth with exposed areas on enamel and root face, were placed into an enzyme/buffer system maintained at pH levels of 4.0, 5.5 and 7.0. Periodically, throughout the experimental period, sections were removed and examined histologically for caries-like lesion formation. Results showed consistent surface erosion occurring on the root face only at a pH level of 5.5 in buffer containing enzymes. Sections placed in pH 5.5 buffer only, which served as controls, showed obvious lesion formation on the root face, but with histologically intact surfaces. This interaction occurring between enzymatic activity and acid demineralization suggests that enzymes may have a contributory effect on caries lesion formation in root surfaces.
Surface segregation in model symmetric polyolefin diblock copolymer melts

Surface segregation in thin films of model symmetric polyolefin diblock copolymers exhibiting a lamellar morphology has been investigated. Films were spin coated on a variety of substrates and the resulting microstructure analyzed using neutron reflection, X-ray reflection, ellipsometry~ light microscopy and secondary ion mass spectrometry. Each of the block copolymers is sufficiently close to the order-disorder transition (CDT) so that the composition profile within the lamellar domains can be represented by a nearly sinusoidal function. In all cases, the same block was found to enrich both the polymer/solid and the polymerlair interfaces, even when the surface energy of the solid substrate was higher than that of either block of the copolymer. These results cannot be reconciled with preferential enrichment based solely on the difference in the dispersive surface tension between blocks. In all instances, we find that the conforrrationally smaller block is the surface-active one. We propose that an entropic driving force, attributable to conformational asymmetry, plays an important role in the near-surface behavior of block copolymer melts.
Triple-deck theory of supersonic laminar viscous–inviscid interaction due to wall temperature jumps

Abstract The short-ranged local viscous–inviscid interaction field generated by a wall temperature jump on a flat plate in supersonic flow is studied in detail with an analytical triple-deck model. Treatment of the rapid heat transfer changes both upstream and downstream of the jump is included. Closed-form relationships for the pressure and heating variations, including upstream influence, are derived from triple-deck theory and are found to be in good agreement with numerical solutions of the compressible Navier–Stokes equations. Such relationships not only clarify the interactive physics involved, but also are useful in preliminary design of thermal protection systems and as an insertable module to improve computational fluid dynamics code efficiency when applied to such small-scale interaction problems.
Cancer chromosomes going to POT1

Alterations in the single-stranded telomere–binding protein POT1 have recently been identified in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. This discovery provides novel insights into how genomic instability induced by dysfunctional telomeres contributes to tumorigenesis.
Comparison between the Valsalva maneuver and a newly-devised expiratory valve on splitting of the second heart sound.

SUMMARY The authors have compared the effect on the second heart sound of normal inspiration, the Valsalva maneuver, and a breathing mask with an expiratory obstruction. A comparison of the results in 25 subjects showed that both the Valsalva maneuver and the expiratory valve widened the splitting of the second sound, a fact which permitted a better analysis of its components. However, the response to the valve was superior in 15 out of 25 subjects, inferior in five, and equal in another five. This demonstrates that the new method is both useful and practical. Moreover, it is based on a standard modification of the respiration.
Effect of calcium on deposition of strontium-90 and calcium-45 in rats.

Three groups of 16 mature female rats were maintained for 30 days on diets containing 0.5% phosphorus, and 0.1, 0.5, or 2.0% calcium. After this 30- day conditioning period, strontium -90, calcium-45, and insoluble chrominm oxide labeled with Cr/sup 51/ were added to the diets. Four animals from each group were sacrificed after 3, 6, 13, or 24 days on the labeled diet. One femur and a blood sample were assayed for calcium-45 and strontium-80. Total calcium and phosphorus were determined in the second femur. Food consumption was estimated from measurements of chromium-61 in the totnl feces and contents of the gastrointestinal tract. Data are tabulated. Within each dietary group there was a trend toward lower values for the Sr/sup 90//Ca/aup 45/ ratio as time on the labeled diet increased. The effect of dietary calcium levels on strontium-80 bone uptake is discussed. (C.H.)
Criterion-related validity of the three-factor model of psychopathy: personality, behavior, and adaptive functioning.

The Psychopathy Checklist–Revised (PCL-R) has been conceptualized as indexing two distinct but correlated factors. Previous research has established that these factors demonstrate distinct patterns of relations with external criteria. However, more recent findings suggest that the PCL-R psychopathy construct may encompass three distinguishable factors, reflecting affective, interpersonal, and behavioral symptoms. Here, we evaluated the validity of this newer three-factor model of the PCL-R factors with reference to external criteria from the domains of personality, antisocial behavior, and adaptive functioning in a sample of 310 incarcerated offenders. The interpersonal factor was related to social dominance, low stress reactivity, and higher adaptive functioning; the affective factor was correlated with low social closeness and violent offending; and the behavioral factor was associated with negative emotionality, disinhibition, reactive aggression, and poor adaptive functioning. These findings provide support for the convergent and discriminant validity of these psychopathy facets.
Photocount distribution of two-mode squeezed states.

We derive a closed-form expression for the number probability distribution of a ``generic'' two-mode field in a two-mode squeezed state. We discuss its dependence on the average particle number in the two modes and on the amount of squeezing. We show that the distribution exhibits oscillations for particle numbers appropriately greater than the average, similar to the one-mode case, although the conditions under which such an oscillatory behavior occurs are different. These results are directed to the investigation of nonclassical properties in the radiation field produced by a parametric amplifier operated in a two-mode regime.
Multi-level slug tests in highly permeable formations: 2. Hydraulic conductivity identification, method verification, and field applications

Abstract Using the developed theory and modified Springer-Gelhar (SG) model, an identification method is proposed for estimating hydraulic conductivity from multi-level slug tests. The computerized algorithm calculates hydraulic conductivity from both monotonic and oscillatory well responses obtained using a double-packer system. Field verification of the method was performed at a specially designed fully penetrating well of 0.1-m diameter with a 10-m screen in a sand and gravel alluvial aquifer (MSEA site, Shelton, Nebraska). During well installation, disturbed core samples were collected every 0.6 m using a split-spoon sampler. Vertical profiles of hydraulic conductivity were produced on the basis of grain-size analysis of the disturbed core samples. These results closely correlate with the vertical profile of horizontal hydraulic conductivity obtained by interpreting multi-level slug test responses using the modified SG model. The identification method was applied to interpret the response from 474 slug tests in 156 locations at the MSEA site. More than 60% of responses were oscillatory. The method produced a good match to experimental data for both oscillatory and monotonic responses using an automated curve matching procedure. The proposed method allowed us to drastically increase the efficiency of each well used for aquifer characterization and to process massive arrays of field data. Recommendations generalizing this experience to massive application of the proposed method are developed.
Digital Filtering For The Reconstruction Of Color Images In A Line Sequential Chroma System

Simulation results of the reconstruction of a line sequential chroma image are presented in this paper. It is shown that the conventional coding method yields undesirable color artifacts. By vertical digital prefiltering the color signals prior to coding, significant reduction of artifacts can be achieved. A further improvement can be achieved by a simple post-filtering during reconstruction. Additional horizontal color resolution can also be achieved at the expense of diagonal resolution by offset sampling the image. A two-dimensional filter is used to preshape the image spectrum. The generation of this 2D filter is discussed in this paper.© (1984) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The Thomas Jefferson paternity case

The DNA analysis of Y-chromosome haplotypes used by Foster 1 to evaluate Thomas Jefferson's alleged paternity of Eston Hemings Jefferson, the last child of his slave Sally Hemings, is impressive. However, the authors did not consider all the data at hand in interpreting their results.
Effects of chronic denervation in type I cutaneous mechanoreceptors (Haarscheiben).

Cutaneous type I receptor sites (Haarscheiben or tactile domes) were examined at intervals of 4 to 275 days after chronic denervation of the skin. The number of domes decreased with denervation time, and only about one-third of the domes originally present were still visible at 275 days. Most but not all of the Merkel cells from these domes were absent by 48 days, and the epithelium was significantly thinner than in nondenervated domes. Only a few of the examined domes appeared to be completely devoid of Merkel cells. It is concluded that after nerve transection, domes degenerate but do not always disappear entirely. The remmants may thus act as target sites which either attract regenerating type I nerve fibers or facilitate the formation of new dome structures after nerve regeneration.
Dislocation substructure of experimentally deformed olivine

Dunite, experimentally deformed at 800° C, exhibits predominantly pure screw dislocations parallel to [001] and dense, tangled zones of dislocations subparallel to the plane (001). Olivine single crystals experimentally deformed at 900° C, are characterized by pure screw dislocations parallel to [001] and [100], and dislocations of undetermined character with Burgers vectors [001]. All observations are consistent with deformation mechanisms deduced from optically visible features.
Low bit-rate video compression based on maximum a posteriori (MAP) recovery techniques

Most of the existing video coding algorithms produce highly visible artifacts in the reconstructed images as the bit-rate is lowered. These artifacts are due to the information loss caused by the quantization process. Since these algorithms treat decoding as simply the inverse process of encoding, these artifacts are inevitable. In this paper, we propose an encoder/decoder paradigm in which both the encoder and decoder solve an estimation problem based on the available bitstream and prior knowledge about the source image and video. The proposed technique makes use of a priori information about the original image through a non- stationary Gauss-Markov model. Utilizing this model, a maximum a posteriori estimate is obtained iteratively using mean field annealing. The fidelity to the data is preserved by projecting the image onto a constraint set defined by the quantizer at each iteration. The performance of the proposed algorithm is demonstrated on an H.261-type video codec. It is shown to be effective in improving the reconstructed image quality considerably while reducing the bit-rate.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
EXPERIMENTAL INFECTION OF NORTHERN BOBWHITE QUAIL WITH BORRELIA BURGDORFERI

Four-week-old northern bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus) were inoculated subcutaneously with 106 organisms from a low passage culture of Borrelia burgdorferi. Blood was collected weekly for culture, antibody detection, and immunoblot analysis. Three weeks postinoculation, viable spirochetes were isolated from the blood of one bird, but not from kidney, spleen, liver, or heart; all infected birds from which preinfection antibody titer had been established, had antibodies by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The inoculated birds did not show clinical signs of disease and there were no detectable gross or histopathologic lesions. Borrelia burgdorferi was detected in sections of kidneys on fluorescent antibody tests. Using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis to detect Borrelia burgdorferi DNA in tissue samples, the expected PCR product (DNA) of 246 base pairs was visible on agarose gel stained with ethidium bromide. The identity of the PCR product was confirmed by slot blot hybridizatio...
Fibrinogen Iowa City : An abnormal fibrinogen with no clinical symptoms

Abstract A patient is described who had evidence of abnormal fibrinogen, but who had neither a bleeding tendency nor a history of thrombosis. Laboratory studies disclosed markedly prolonged clotting times with either thrombin, Reptilase or Arvin, and the addition of calcium or Protamine sulfate provided partial correction of the prolonged clotting times. Immunequantitation demonstrated normal amount of fibrinogen-related antigens in plasma. The same coagulation abnormalities were demonstrated in blood samples from the father, but not the mother. This inherited defect seems to affect fibrin formation mainly through an impaired polymerization.
Nonlinear Optical Study of Si Epitaxy

The applicability of the nonlinear optical technique of surface second-harmonic generation to in-situ studies of epitaxial and non-epitaxial crystal growth of centrosymmetric materials is demonstrated. In measurements of the deposition of atomic Si on Si(111)-7×7 surfaces, the (anisotropic) second-harmonic response is seen to be sensitive to the ordering of fractional monolayers of adatoms. For deposition on a substrate held at room temperature, the second-harmonic data are consistent with the formation of a disordered adlayer on top of the original reconstructed surface. The results of real-time measurements of the thermal annealing of disordered Si adlayers of monolayer thickness are also presented.
Dual attitude and parameter estimation of passively magnetically stabilized nano satellites

Abstract The attitude determination capability of a nano satellite is limited by a lack of traditional high performance attitude sensors, a result of having small budgets for mass and power. Attitude determination can still be performed on a nano satellite with low fidelity sensors, but an accurate model of the spacecraft attitude dynamics is required. The passive magnetic stabilization systems commonly employed in nano satellites are known to introduce uncertainties in the parameters of the attitude dynamics model that cannot easily be resolved prior to launch. In this paper, a batch estimation problem is formulated that simultaneously solves for the attitude of the spacecraft and performs parameter estimation on the magnetic properties of the magnetic materials using only a measurement of the solar vector. The estimation technique is applied to data from NASA Ames Research Center's O/OREOS nano satellite and the University of Michigan's RAX-1 nano satellite, where clear differences are detected between the magnetic properties as measured before launch and those that fit the observed data. To date this is the first known on-orbit verification of the attitude dynamics model of a passively magnetically stabilized spacecraft.
A VISION FOR A COLLABORATIVE CONTROL ROOM FOR ITER

A vision for an onsite control room for ITER that will support worldwide experimental collaboration and operation is presented. Fusion experiments place a particular premium on near real time interactions with data and among members of the team. Enabling effective international collaboration on this scale is technically demanding, requiring powerful interactive tools and provision of a working environment for offsite personnel engaged in experimental operation that is every bit as productive as what is onsite. Expanding the view of the control room to include worldwide real time resources, both computational, data, and human, allows for a collaborative design that will significantly benefit ITER's scientific productivity. While the worldwide fusion program has a significant track record for developing and exploiting remote collaborations, the community should recognize that the collaborative needs of other communities share some similarity and therefore joint or shared research into collaborative technologies will increase the benefit to all concerned.
To influence or not to influence: External reference price strategies in pay-what-you-want pricing

Abstract Pay-what-you-want pricing mechanisms increasingly are popular among practitioners and interesting to marketing researchers. Prior research only examines strategies in which consumers choose any price without guidance from the firm. Firms currently use several external reference price strategies to influence consumers' chosen prices in pay-what-you-want pricing, including minimum, maximum, and suggested prices. This research examines these strategies' effectiveness to determine which one provides the highest yield and the most benefit to the firm. Four studies show these external reference prices act as anchors, biasing consumers' chosen prices in the direction of the external reference price. Surprisingly, study results find not using external reference prices may be the most beneficial strategy for the firm. Both minimum and maximum prices exhibit a negative influence on consumers' chosen prices in comparison to not offering an external reference price. However, a suggested price strategy appears to be an effective means of maximizing the firm's yield while giving consumers the freedom to choose their own price, especially when the suggested price is close to the consumer's internal reference price.
First forecast of a sudden stratospheric warming with a coupled whole-atmosphere/ionosphere model IDEA

We present the first “weather forecast” with a coupled whole-atmosphere/ionosphere model of Integrated Dynamics in Earth's Atmosphere (IDEA) for the January 2009 Sudden Stratospheric Warming (SSW). IDEA consists of the Whole Atmosphere Model and Global Ionosphere-Plasmasphere model. A 30 day forecast is performed using the IDEA model initialized at 0000 UT on 13 January 2009, 10 days prior to the peak of the SSW. IDEA successfully predicts both the time and amplitude of the peak warming in the polar cap. This is about 2 days earlier than the National Centers for Environmental Prediction operational Global Forecast System terrestrial weather model forecast. The forecast of the semidiurnal, westward propagating, zonal wave number 2 (SW2) tide in zonal wind also shows an increase in the amplitude and a phase shift to earlier hours in the equatorial dynamo region during and after the peak warming, before recovering to their prior values about 15 days later. The SW2 amplitude and phase changes are shown to be likely due to the stratospheric ozone and/or circulation changes. The daytime upward plasma drift and total electron content in the equatorial American sector show a clear shift to earlier hours and enhancement during and after the peak warming, before returning to their prior conditions. These ionospheric responses compare well with other observational studies. Therefore, the predicted ionospheric response to the January 2009 SSW can be largely explained in simple terms of the amplitude and phase changes of the SW2 zonal wind in the equatorial E region.
Decision orders: a decision taxonomy

Purpose – The proper identification of a decision problem is paramount to finding a course of action or solution. This paper attempts to capture the general laws or principles that define decision problems. These principles are then used to establish a decision classification system called the decision‐order taxonomy.Design/methodology/approach – The decision‐order taxonomy is developed by performing a content analysis on the seminal literature in the natural, social, and applied sciences. By identifying the semantic descriptors used to partition various domains, an implicit taxonomy for proper identification of decision problems is hypothesized.Findings – The multidimensional taxonomic classification system and defined nomenclature, together with the identification process, comprise the complete decision‐order taxonomy developed in this paper. While applying the decision‐order taxonomy to an actual decision problem, insights are exposed which will guide the decision maker toward appropriate solution meth...
Parameterized lower bound and inapproximability of polylogarithmic string barcoding

String barcoding is a method that can identify microorganisms by analyzing their genome sequences. In this paper, we study the polylogarithmic string barcoding problem, where the lengths of the substrings in the testing set are polylogarithmically bounded. In particular, we show that the polylogarithmic string barcoding problem remains NP-hard and moreover, for a problem instance with n sequences, it is NP-hard to achieve an approximate ratio within dln n in polynomial time, where d is some constant. We then consider the parameterized polylogarithmic string barcoding problem, where the number of substrings in the test set is considered to be a fixed parameter k. We show that, unless W[2]=FPT, there does not exist a 2O(k)nc algorithm that can decide whether a test set of size k exists or not, where c is a constant independent of n and k.
Cholesterol, statins and dementia.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW Advances in cholesterol biology suggest that cholesterol metabolism modulates beta-amyloid production, and that pharmaceuticals that inhibit cholesterol metabolism might be valuable in therapy of Alzheimer's disease. Although the genetics and cell biology continue to support the link between cholesterol and Alzheimer's disease, recent clinical studies suggest that the animal studies might not directly translate to clinical studies in humans. RECENT FINDINGS This review will highlight advances in genetics, cell biology and clinical sciences investigating the relationship between cholesterol and Alzheimer's disease. SUMMARY Cholesterol, its catabolites and proteins that regulate cholesterol levels all modulate processing of amyloid precursor protein. Statins hold promise in therapy of Alzheimer's disease, but the current data are more consistent with a model of statins that act as neuroprotective agents rather than inhibitors of beta-amyloid production.
Peel tissue α-farnesene and conjugated trienol concentrations during storage of 'White Angel' × 'Rome Beauty' hybrid apple selections susceptible and resistant to superficial scald.

Abstract In a 2-year study, fruit from eight red- and eight yellow-skinned ‘White Angel’×‘Rome Beauty’ hybrid selections were stored for 21 weeks at 0.5°C plus 1 week at 20°C and evaluated for the incidence and severity of superficial scald. Five red-skinned (R-03, R-20, R-22, R-48 and R-85) and three yellow-skinned (Y-26, Y-55 and Y-65) selections were examined in both seasons. Peel-tissue samples taken at 0, 7, 14 and 21 weeks of storage were analyzed for concentrations of α-farnesene and its conjugated trienol (CTol) oxidation products by HPLC with UV detection. Three red-fruited (R-44, R-48 and R-85) and five yellow-fruited (Y-38, Y-40, Y-55, Y-65 and Y-67) lines exhibited scald symptoms. The remaining lines (R-01, R-03, R-16, R-20, R-22, Y-07, Y-26 and Y-28) were free of scald. Overall, production of α-farnesene and accumulation of CTols were not closely correlated with scald susceptibility. Data for the selections most prone to scald, Y-65, Y-40 and R-44, were consistent with the proposed role of α-farnesene oxidation products in scald induction, but for Y-55 and R-48, which developed mild to moderate scald and accumulated very little CTols, the data conflicted with the α-farnesene oxidation–scald induction hypothesis. Also, scald-resistant lines Y-07 and R-22 produced high levels of α-farnesene and reached CTol concentrations comparable to those in several scald-susceptible lines. We conclude that if CTol do play a role in scald induction, there must be other mitigating factors of at least equal importance. Moreover, our findings support the proposal that oxidation products of α-farnesene are not essential for scald development in fruit with severely compromised antioxidative defenses, but free radicals and/or toxic volatiles generated by α-farnesene oxidation can exacerbate scald symptoms.
Passage difficulty, speech rate, and age differences in memory for spoken text: Speech recall and the complexity hypothesis

Memory for speech in young and elderly adults was studied by varying speech rate and average predictability of prose passages (measured by a "cloze" procedure). Increased speech rate and decreased predictability yielded poorer memory performance on three retention measures (free recall, cued recall, and multiple-choice recognition), confirming passage predictability as a good predictor of empirical difficulty of a speech passage. Older adults recalled less than young adults on all three measures, with increasing speech rates producing special difficulty for the elderly subjects relative to the young. Although there was a suggestion that elderly subjects were less able to take advantage of passage predictability than the young in recall of very rapid speech, neither age group showed an interaction between passage predictability and speech rate. Results are discussed in terms of a simple extension of the complexity hypothesis to speech recall.
Prognostic profile in rectal cancer

PURPOSE: The purpose of this article was to review the prognostic factors of significance in rectal cancer. METHODS: This is a retrospective review of various reports and an examination of our data. RESULTS: Current imaging techniques with endorectal ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging with a rectal probe, and possibly tagged monoclonal antibodies allow for presurgical assessment of the invasion of the rectal wall and detection of lymph node involvement. CONCLUSIONS: Tumor penetration of the rectal wall and lymph node metastases are the most important prognostic indicators in rectal cancer and predict local and distant recurrences. When lymph node metastases occur, they are more common in small lymph nodes (<5 mm). Patients with lymph node metastases always need to be considered for multimodality therapy. Tumors larger than or equal to T3 or with associated lymph node metastases should not be treated with sphincter-saving surgical procedures alone.
Genes regulated cooperatively by one or more transcription factors and their identification in whole eukaryotic genomes.

Motivation: The question addressed here is how cooperative interactions among transcription factors (TFs), a very frequent phenomenon in eukaryotic transcriptional regulation, can be used to identify genes that are regulated by one or more TFs with known DNA binding specificities. Cooperativity may be homotypic, involving binding of only one transcription factor to multiple sites in a gene's regulatory region. It may also be heterotypic, involving binding of more than one TF. Both types of cooperativity have in common that the binding sites for the respective TFs form tightly linked 'clusters', groups of binding sites often more closely associated than expected by chance alone. Results: A statistical technique suitable for the identification of statistically significant homotypic or heterotypic TF binding site clusters in whole eukaryotic genomes is presented. It can be used to identify genes likely to be regulated by the TFs. Application of the technique is illustrated with two transcription factors involved in the cell cycle and mating control of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, indicating that the results obtained are biologically meaningful. This rapid and inexpensive computational method of generating hypotheses about gene regulation thus generates information that may be used to guide subsequent costly and laborious experimental approaches. and that may aid in the assignment of biological functions to putative open reading frames. Availability: Software used for statistical analysis is available from the author upon request.
The Role of Ankle Thromboembolectomy and Lytic Therapy in the Reversal of End Stage Foot Ischemia

Over the past five years, 11 pa tients have presented with severe ischemic changes of the distalmost portion of the lower extremity or foot. In each instance, the patient was initially managed with a femoral or popliteal approach to restore circula tion more distally. However, the is chemic changes persisted and pro gressed. It was only by approaching the ischemic area in a more direct fashion, by exposing the posterior ti bial artery and the dorsalis pedis ar tery, that this foot ischemia could be reversed.With ankle thromboembolec tomy, 8 of 11 patients had significant return of circulation to the involved foot or toes, allowing for partial or complete salvage of these limbs. In 10 of the 11 cases, a Fogarty balloon thromboembolectomy, vein patch an gioplasty, and heparin infusion were sufficient to restore the circulation. However, in 1 patient, local infusion of streptokinase into both rethrom bectomized inflow vessels was suc cessful in lysing the microcirculation of the forefoot and subsequently re ...
Modelling paired categorical outcomes in clinical trials

The goal of this paper is to discuss methods for testing the homogeneity of treatment-induced changes in trials with paired categorical responses. Widely used marginal homogeneity tests ignore the information contained in concordant pairs of observations and become highly underpowered for configurations of parameters encountered in real trials. This paper considers models for paired binary or ordinal outcomes based on both discordant and concordant pairs that provide a natural extension of marginal models. Likelihood-ratio tests associated with these models are developed and are demonstrated to be at least as powerful as or more powerful than marginal homogeneity tests. The proposed models are easy to fit using standard statistical software. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Entropy gaps and locally maximal entropy in $\mathbb{Z}^d$ subshifts

In this paper, we study the behaviour of the entropy function of higher-dimensional shifts of finite type. We construct a topologically mixing $\mathbb{Z}^2$ shift of finite type whose ergodic invariant measures are connected in the $\overline{d}$ topology and whose entropy function has a strictly local maximum. We also construct a topologically mixing $\mathbb{Z}^2$ shift of finite type X with the property that there is a uniform gap between the topological entropy of X and the topological entropy of any subshift of X with stronger mixing properties. Our examples illustrate the necessity of strong topological mixing hypotheses in existing higher-dimensional representation and embedding theorems.
In vivo degradation of 14C-labeled porcine dermis biologic scaffold.

Abstract Biologic scaffold materials are used for repair and reconstruction of injured or missing tissues. Such materials are often composed of allogeneic or xenogeneic extracellular matrix (ECM) manufactured by decellularization of source tissue, such as dermis. Dermal ECM (D-ECM) has been observed to degrade and remodel in vivo more slowly than other biologic scaffold materials, such as small intestinal submucosa (SIS-ECM). Histologic examination is a common method for evaluating material degradation, but it lacks sensitivity and is subject to observer bias. Utilization of 14 C-proline labeled ECM is a quantitative alternative for measuring degradation of ECM scaffolds. Using both methods, the amount of degradation of D-ECM and SIS-ECM was determined at 2, 4, and 24 weeks post-implantation in a rodent model. Results utilizing 14 C liquid scintillation counting (LSC) analysis showed distinct differences in degradation at the three time points. D-ECM material in situ stayed the same at 76% remaining from 2 to 4 weeks post-implantation, and then decreased to 44% remaining at 24 weeks. In the same time period, implanted SIS-ECM material decreased from 72% to 13% to 0%. Visual examination of device degradation by histology overestimated degradation at 2 weeks and underestimated device degradation at 24 weeks, compared to the 14 C method.
Sensor selection and crack growth monitoring using sensitivity studies

A procedure to monitor crack growth in Aluminum lug joints subject to fatigue loading is developed. Sensitivity analysis is used to decide sensor importance and monitor crack growth rate. A new feature extraction technique based on Discrete Cosine Transformation (DCT) is developed to analyze complex sensor signals. Self-sensing piezoelectric sensors are surface mounted on Al 2024 T351 lug joint samples, 0.25 in. thickness. Samples with single crack site and multiple crack sites were used in this study and to initiate multiple crack sites, they were notched symmetrically near the shoulders and then tested under a fatigue load of 110lbs (0.49kN) to 1100lbs (4.9kN). Crack lengths were monitored over the entire life of the lug joint sample using a CCD camera. Active sensing was carried out at every crack length, when the machined was stopped. The piezoelectric actuator was excited with a chirp signal, swept between 1kHz to 500kHz, and sensor readings were collected at a sampling rate of 2Ms/s. Using three different sensor sensitivity algorithms, the sensor signals are analyzed and their efficiency in predicting crack growth rates and deciding sensor importance is studied. Sensor sensitivity is defined as the changes observed in sensor signals obtained from a damaged sample compared to healthy sample. The first two algorithms, ORCA and One-Class SVM's, are based on statistical techniques for outlier detection and the third algorithm, a new detection framework, is based on feature extraction using Discrete Cosine Transformation (DCT). The efficacy of these methods for damage characterization is presented.
UV‐responsive degradable polymers derived from 1‐(4‐aminophenyl) ethane‐1,2‐diol

A UV-responsive polymer was prepared via conden- sation polymerization of 2-nitrobenzyl(4-(1,2-dihydroxyethyl)- phenyl)carbamate and azalaic acid dichloride. When the polymer was irradiated with UV light, the nitrobenzyl urethane protecting group was removed and the deprotected aniline underwent spontaneous 1,6-elimination reactions, resulting in degradation of the polymer. Nanoparticles with encapsulated Nile Red were formulated with the degradable polymer and triggered burst release of Nile Red was observed when the nanoparticles were irradiated by UV light. V C 2015 Wiley Period- icals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2015, 53, 1161- 1168
Cyclophilin A is required for efficient human cytomegalovirus DNA replication and reactivation

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a large DNA virus belonging to the subfamily Betaherpesvirinae. Haematopoietic cells of the myeloid lineage have been shown to harbour latent HCMV. However, following terminal differentiation of these cells, virus is reactivated, and in an immunocompromised host acute infection can occur. It is currently unknown which viral and cellular factors are involved in regulating the switch between lytic and latent infections. Cyclophilin A (CyPA) is a cellular protein that acts as a major factor in virus replication and/or virion maturation for a number of different viruses, including human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis C virus, murine cytomegalovirus, influenza A virus and vaccinia virus. This study investigated the role of CyPA during HCMV infection. CyPA expression was silenced in human foreskin fibroblast (HF) and THP-1 cells using small interfering RNA (siRNA) technology, or the cells were treated with cyclosporin A (CsA) to inhibit CyPA activity. Silencing CyPA in HF cells with siRNA resulted in an overall reduction in virus production characterized by delayed expression of immediate-early (IE) proteins, decreased viral DNA loads and reduced titres. Furthermore, silencing of CyPA in THP-1 cells pre- and post-differentiation prevented IE protein expression and virus reactivation from a non-productive state. Interestingly, it was observed that treatment of THP-1 cells with CsA prevented the cells from establishing a fully latent infection. In summary, these results demonstrate that CyPA expression is an important factor in HCMV IE protein expression and virus production in lytically infected HF cells, and is a major component in virus reactivation from infected THP-1 cells.
Effect of pH on tooth discoloration from food colorant in vitro

Abstract Objectives The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of acidic, neutral and alkaline food colorant media (FCM) on tooth discoloration in vitro. Methods Treatment (n = 24) and control (n = 24) sterile, hydrated human molars were prepared in individual, impervious holders and their color measured (pretest) using a non-contact spectroradiometer system. Specimens were randomly assigned to and immersed in one of the three buffer solutions (pH 2, pH 7 or pH 12). Red food color (Red 40) was added to the treatment buffer solutions at 0.025%. Immersed specimens were incubated for 4 h at 37 °C. Color was also measured after immersion/incubation (posttest) and again after subsequent 2-min of polish using plain-pumice slurry with a slow-speed handpiece (post-polish). Differences in CIE a* (redness parameter) were analyzed by repeated measures ANOVA with Bonferroni-corrected t-tests for the pairwise comparisons of interest. Results Tooth discoloration was measured as total stain (mean difference in a* between posttest minus pretest), extrinsic stain (mean difference in a* post-polish minus posttest) and intrinsic stain (mean difference in a* post-polish minus pretest). No significant change in color was observed between the control and treatment groups for neutral and alkaline FCM. However, acidic FCM caused reddish tooth discoloration posttest minus pretest, post-polish minus pretest and post-polish minus posttest compared to neutral and alkaline treatment and control groups. Conclusions The degree and type of tooth discoloration are influenced by both the low pH and food color rather than the dietary pigment alone.
On the inversion of Love- and Rayleigh-wave dispersion and implications for Earth structure and anisotropy

Summary. Various factors can make it difficult to explain observations of Love- and Rayleigh-wave dispersion with the same relatively simple isotropic model. These factors include systematic errors which might occur in determinations of observed group and phase velocities, lateral variations in structure along the path of travel, and the attempt to explain observations with a model comprised of only a small number of thick layers. The last of these factors is illustrated by an inversion of dispersion data in the central United States where shear-wave anisotropy had previously been invoked as one way to explain incompatible Love- and Rayleigh-wave velocities. It is shown that the data can be satisfied equally well by an isotropic model consisting of several thin layers. In cases where the incompatibility of Love- and Rayleigh-wave data might be produced by intrinsic anisotropy, it is necessary to invert those data using an anisotropic theory rather than by separate isotropic inversions of Love and Rayleigh waves. Inversions of fundamental-mode data for a region of the Pacific, assuming anisotropic media in which the layers are transversely isotropic with a vertical axis of symmetry, lead to models which are highly non-unique. Even if the inversions solve only for shear velocities in the litho-sphere and asthenosphere it is not possible, without supplementary information, to ascertain the depth interval over which anisotropy occurs or to determine the thickness of the lithosphere or asthenosphere with much precision.
Genetic control of responses to interacting tropospheric ozone and CO2 in Populus tremuloides

We exposed trembling aspen (Populus tremuK&s Michx.) clones differing in tropospheric ozone (O$ tolerance in various opentop chamber studies for rhree growing seasons, and examined the effects of 03, COz, and O3 + CO2 on growth and physiological processes. Ozone in the range of 80 ppm hr (Sum 00) per growing season decreased height, diameter, and stem and leaf biomass slightly in a tolerant clone but severely in a sensitive clone. Elevated CO2 (150 ppm over ambient) did not compensate for the O3 effects. Antioxidant enzyme analysis showed elevated SOD levels in the tolerant clone but not in the sensitive clone following O3 exposure. Northern blot analysis indicated that the chloroplastic and cytosolic CwZn SOD’s were significantly increased in response to O3 in the tolerant but not the sensitive clone. Currently, we are conducting molecular analysis to determine the functional significance of SOD’s in regulaling O3 tolerance in aspen. 0 1997 Elsevier
Industrial organization economics and Alderson’s general theory of marketing

Theorists in the field of industrial organization economics are beginning to develop formal models that are in many ways consistent with the assumptions and concepts of Alderson’s general theory of marketing. This article evaluates Alderson’s concepts of market heterogeneity, transactions, organized behavior systems, and sorting functions as they may relate to the recent work of organization economics theorists. An extended example is presented comparing Alderson’s theory with Kenney and Klein’s (1983) conclusions concerning block booking marketing arrangements. The new work in industrial organization economics may provide a framework for further conceptualization and justification of Alderson’s general theory by marketing scholars.