cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stochastic modeling of citation slips

This paper studied the intellectual structure of urban studies through a co-citation analysis of its thirty-eight representative journals from 1992 to 2002. Relevant journal co-citation data were retrieved from Social SciSearch , and were subjected to cluster analysis, multidimensional scaling, and factor analysis. A cluster-enhanced two-dimensional map was created, showing a noticeable subject variation along the horizontal axis depicting four clusters of journals differentiated into mainstream urban studies, regional science and urban economics, transportation, and real estate finance. The cluster of the mainstream urban studies journals revealed a higher degree of interdisciplinarity than other clusters. The four-factor solution, though not a perfect match for the cluster solution, demonstrated the interrelationships among the overlapping journals loaded high on different factors. The results also showed a strong negative correlation between the coordinates of the horizontal axis and the mean journal correlation coefficients reflecting the subject variation, and a less revealing positive correlation between the coordinates of the vertical axis and the mean journal correlation coefficients.
Characterizing Temporal SNR Variation in 802.11 Networks

The analysis and design of wireless medium access control (MAC) protocols, coding schemes, and transmission algorithms can significantly benefit from an understanding of the channel quality variation. We attempt to represent channel quality variation using a finite-state birth-death Markov model. We outline a method to compute the parameters of the model based on measured traces obtained using common wireless chipsets. Using this Markov chain, we statistically evaluate the performance based on the channel quality, long-term correlations, and burst length distributions. Such a model significantly performs better than a traditional two-state Markov chain in characterizing 802.11 networks while maintaining the simplicity of a birth-death model. We interpret the variation of the model parameters across different locations and different times. A finite-state stationary model is amenable to analysis and can substantially benefit the design of efficient algorithms and make simulations for wireless network protocols faster.
Polynomial weighted median filtering

This paper extends weighted median (WM) filters to the class of polynomial weighted median (PWM) filters. Traditional polynomial filtering theory, based on linear combinations of polynomial terms, is able to approximate important classes of nonlinear systems. The linear combination of polynomial terms, however, yields poor performance in environments characterized by heavy tailed distributions. Weighted median filters, in contrast, are well known for their outlier suppression and detail preservation properties. The weighted median sample selection methodology is naturally extended to the polynomial sample case, yielding a filter structure that exploits the higher order statistics of the observed samples while simultaneously being robust to outliers. Moreover, the PWM filter class is well motivated by an analysis of cross and square term statistics. A presented probability density function analysis shows that these terms have heavier tails than the observed samples, indicating that robust combination methods should be utilized to avoid undue influence of outliers. Further analysis shows weighted median processing of polynomial terms is justified from a maximum likelihood perspective. The established PWM filter class is statistically analyzed through the determination of the filter output distribution and breakdown probability. Filter parameter optimization procedures are also presented. Finally, the effectiveness of PWM filters is demonstrated through simulations that include temporal, spectrum, and bispectrum analysis.
Biomarker and in Vitro Chemoresistance Profiles of Undifferentiated Ovarian Cancers

2532 Background: To determine the biomarker expression and drug resistance patterns of undifferentiated ovarian cancers. Methods: Biomarker expression was determined by immunohistochemistry. In vit...
THE AVAILABILITY OF LAW

This article explores the practical skills that agents in the Massachusetts Attorney General's Office of Consumer Protection develop to accomplish their mandated objectives. In the situational structure and processes of discretionary decision making, we find a persistent surplus of enforcement capacity. Although the consumer protection law establishes a variety of sanctions and legal procedures to be used in enforcing the statute, agents frequently invoke infractions of other laws in the course of resolving consumer complaints. They have this flexibility only because laws, in general, are imperfectly enforced. This leaves scope in a particular situation for the invocation of a wide variety of potential violations of, for example, safety and building codes, zoning or license rules, and tax laws, all remotely if at all related to consumer protection. This article demonstrates the skill with which consumer protection officials exercise this discretion and argues that an adequate conception of the role of law ought to take account of the different ways in which law enforcement agents draw from this reservoir of un-enforced law.
A Data-Parallel Implementation of O(N) Hierarchical N-Body Methods

The O(N) hierarchical N-body algorithms and Massively Parallel Processors allow particle systems of 100 million particles or more to be simulated in acceptable time. We present a data-parallel implementation of Anderson's method and demonstrate both efficiency and scalability of the implementation on the Connection Machine CM-5/5E systems. The communication time for large particle systems amounts to about 10-25%, and the overall efficiency is about 35%. The evaluation of the potential field of a system of 100 million particles takes 3 minutes and 15 minutes on a 256 node CM-5E, giving expected four and seven digits of accuracy, respectively. The speed of the code scales linearly with the number of processors and number of particles.
The Giant X-Ray Flare of NGC 5905: Tidal Disruption of a Star, a Brown Dwarf, or a Planet?

We model the 1990 giant X-ray flare of the quiescent galaxy NGC 5905 as the tidal disruption of a star by a supermassive black hole. From the observed rapid decline of the luminosity, over a timescale of a few years, we argue that the flare was powered by the fallback of debris rather than subsequent accretion via a thin disk. The fallback model allows constraints to be set on the black hole mass and the mass of debris. The latter must be very much less than a solar mass to explain the very low luminosity of the flare. The observations can be explained either as the partial stripping of the outer layers of a low-mass main-sequence star or as the disruption of a brown dwarf or a giant planet. We find that the X-ray emission in the flare must have originated within a small patch rather than over the entire torus of circularized material surrounding the black hole. We suggest that the patch corresponds to the "bright spot" where the stream of returning debris impacts the torus. Interestingly, although the peak luminosity of the flare was highly sub-Eddington, the peak flux from the bright spot was close to the Eddington limit. We speculate on the implications of this result for observations of other flare events.
Synthesis, structures and properties of new hybrid solids containing ruthenium complexes and polyoxometalates

Abstract Two new organic–inorganic hybrid solids containing Keggin ions and ruthenium complexes have been synthesized and characterized by FT-IR, UV–vis, luminescence, X-ray, and TG analysis. In KNa[Ru(bpy)3]2[H2W12O40]·8H2O (1), the [Ru(bpy)3]2+ (bpy=2,2′-bipyridine) complex ions are located in between the infinite one-dimensional double-chains formed by adjacent Keggin anions [H2W12O40]6− linked through {KO7} and {NaO6} polyhedra, while in K6[Ru(pzc)3]2[SiW12O40]•12H2O (2), the [Ru(pzc)3]− (pzc=pyrazine-2-carboxylate) complex anions are confined by layered networks of the [SiW12O40]4− clusters connected by potassium ions. Both compounds exhibit three-dimensional frameworks through noncovalent interactions such as hydrogen bonds and anion⋯π interactions. Additionally, compound 1 shows strong luminescence at 604 nm in solid state at room temperature.
The AGBNP2 Implicit Solvation Model.

The AGBNP2 implicit solvent model, an evolution of the Analytical Generalized Born plus NonPolar (AGBNP) model we have previously reported, is presented with the aim of modeling hydration effects beyond those described by conventional continuum dielectric representations. A new empirical hydration free energy component based on a procedure to locate and score hydration sites on the solute surface is introduced to model first solvation shell effects, such as hydrogen bonding, which are poorly described by continuum dielectric models. This new component is added to the generalized Born and nonpolar AGBNP terms. Also newly introduced is an analytical Solvent Excluded Volume (SEV) model which improves the solute volume description by reducing the effect of spurious high dielectric interstitial spaces present in conventional van der Waals representations. The AGBNP2 model is parametrized and tested with respect to experimental hydration free energies of small molecules and the results of explicit solvent simul...
Strong evolutionary equilibrium and the war of attrition.

Abstract In developing the concept of an evolutionarily stable strategy, Maynard Smith proposed formal conditions for stability. These conditions have since been shown to be neither necessary nor sufficient for evolutionary stability in finite populations. This paper provides a strong stability condition which is sensitive to the population size. It is then demonstrated that in the war of attrition with uncertain rewards there is a unique “strong evolutionary equilibrium” strategy. As the population becomes large this is shown to approach the solution strategy proposed by Bishop, Cannings and Maynard Smith. The analysis is then extended to wars of attrition between different populations. It is concluded that for such contests there is a whole family of potential strong evolutionary equilibria.
Brane surgery: Energy conditions, traversable wormholes, and voids

Abstract Branes are ubiquitous elements of any low-energy limit of string theory. We point out that negative tension branes violate all the standard energy conditions of the higher-dimensional spacetime they are embedded in; this opens the door to very peculiar solutions of the higher-dimensional Einstein equations. Building upon the (3+1)-dimensional implementation of fundamental string theory, we illustrate the possibilities by considering a toy model consisting of a (2+1)-dimensional brane propagating through our observable (3+1)-dimensional universe. Developing a notion of “brane surgery”, based on the Israel–Lanczos–Sen “thin shell” formalism of general relativity, we analyze the dynamics and find traversable wormholes, closed baby universes, voids (holes in the spacetime manifold), and an evasion (not a violation) of both the singularity theorems and the positive mass theorem. These features appear generic to any brane model that permits negative tension branes: This includes the Randall–Sundrum models and their variants.
An object-oriented approach to multibody systems analysis

This paper describes the design of a multibody systems analysis program that implements the principles of object-oriented programming to simplify the architecture of the code. A minimum coordinate set approach is used to generate the equations of motion. The principal features of the program include a unified treatment of rigid, flexible, and generic bodies, and the use of a single algorithm for both open-loop and closed-loop systems.
A Preliminary Measurement of the Fine Structure Constant Based on Atom Interferometry

Using an atom interferometer method, we measure the recoil velocity of a cesium atom due to the coherent scattering of a photon. This measurement is used to obtain a value of /MCs and the fine structure constant, α. The current fractional uncertainty is Δα/α = 7.4 × 10-9.
X-ray photoemission analysis of passivated Cd(1 − x)ZnxTe surfaces for improved radiation detectors

Abstract Surface passivation of device-grade CdZnTe was investigated using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy in combination with transport property measurements after Br-MeOH (2% Br) and KOH/NH 4 F/H 2 O 2 solutions were used to etch and oxidize the surface. High-resolution photoemission measurements on the valence band electronic structure and core lines were used to evaluate the surface chemistry of the chemically treated surfaces. Metal overlayers were then deposited on these chemically treated surfaces and the I – V characteristics measured. The measurements were correlated to understand the effect of interface chemistry on the electronic structure at these interfaces with the goal of optimizing the Schottky barrier height for radiation detector devices.
Optimal Cross Holding with Externalities and Strategic Interactions

We analyze a two period setting where firms first choose equity positions in each other and second engage in operating activities that cause externalities. Firms facing positive externalities optimally choose long equity positions to increase their profits. Firms facing negative externalities encounter a prisoners' dilemma, where each firm optimally chooses short positions in the first period, committing to a more aggressive operating stance that results in lower profits. In contrast to the prior literature, regulation restricting cross holdings reduces consumer surplus and economic welfare when the number of firms is fixed. However, such regulation can increase entry, improving net welfare.
Representing Scott sets in algebraic settings

We prove that for every Scott set S there are S-saturated real closed fields and S-saturated models of Presburger arithmetic.
Star-Formation Histories in the Local Group

Deep color–magnitude diagrams extending to the main sequence provide the most direct measure of the detailed star formation history in a stellar population. With large investments of observing time, HST can obtain such data for populations out to 1 Mpc, but its field of view is extremely small in comparison to the size of Local Group galaxies. This limitation severely constrains our understanding of galaxy formation. For example, the largest galaxy in the Local Group, Andromeda, offers an ideal laboratory for studying the formation of large spiral galaxies, but the galaxy shows substructure on a variety of scales, presumably due to its violent merger history. Within its remaining lifetime, HST can only sample a few sight-lines through this complex galaxy. In contrast, a wide field imager could provide a map of Andromeda’s halo, outer disk, and tidal streams, revealing the spatially-dependent star formation history in each structure. The same data would enable many secondary studies, such as the age variation in Andromeda’s globular cluster system, gigantic samples of variable stars, and microlensing tracers of the galaxy’s dark matter distribution.
Effect of ring fluorination on the pharmacology of hallucinogenic tryptamines.

A series of fluorinated analogues of the hallucinogenic tryptamines N,N-diethyltryptamine (DET), 4-hydroxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (4-OH-DMT, psilocin), and 5-methoxy-DMT was synthesized to investigate possible explanations for the inactivity of 6-fluoro-DET as a hallucinogen and to determine the effects of fluorination on the molecular recognition and activation of these compounds at serotonin receptor subtypes. The target compounds were evaluated using in vivo behavioral assays for hallucinogen-like and 5-HT1A agonist activity and in vitro radioligand competition assays for their affinity at 5-HT2A, 5-HT2C, and 5-HT1A receptor sites. Functional activity at the 5-HT2A receptor was determined for all compounds. In addition, for some compounds functional activity was determined at the 5-HT1A receptor. Hallucinogen-like activity, evaluated in the two-lever drug discrimination paradigm using LSD-trained rats, was attenuated or abolished for all of the fluorinated analogues. One of the tryptamines, 4-fluoro-5-...
Treatment of Severe Henoch-Schoenlein Purpura Nephritis in Children

' = Abstract = The overall prognosis of Henoch-Schoenlein purpura (HSP) is favorable, but severe ne- phritis has a high risk of progression to end stage renal failure. Recent studies emphasize the importance of early treatment in children with severe HSP nephritis, but the treatment of severe HSP nephritis still remains controversial due to the rarity of randomized controlled studies in this field. Nevertheless, several intensive therapies, such as intravenous high- dose methylprednisolone pulse, immunosuppressive/cytotoxic drugs, fibrinolytic therapy, anticoagulants, antiplatelet agent and plasma exchange, have been used in children with severe HSP nephritis. In this review, we focus on the treatment of severe HSP nephritis in children. (J Korean Soc Pediatr Nephrol 2010;14:10-21)
Defining authorship for group studies.

We have entered an age that requires transparency in our professional activities. Editors, who share responsibility for the integrity of the medical literature, seek transparency in submitted manuscripts by requiring disclosure of the financial interests of authors and seek information that may be relevant about funding, industry involvement, which authors had access to full data, and several other components. One area that has become more convoluted in recent years is the evolving concept of who wrote the manuscript, especially in multicenter clinical trials or complex multidisciplinary research projects in which hundreds of people may have been involved and for which the assistance of professional writers may have been used. Nowadays it is common for tens or even hundreds of collaborators to combine their expertise to examine important problems in medicine. Clinical trial investigators, after consultation with investigators, statisticians, and numerous other experts, develop protocols, identify funding sources, select and recruit clinical centers, consult data and safety monitors, and interact with industry colleagues and numerous others to develop, organize, and conduct clinical trials. Toward the end of the process, after data have been collected, checked, and interpreted, articles are written to translate the results into clinical practice. Manuscripts undergo peer review, are usually revised, and we believe more often than not, are accepted and then published. Collaborative efforts undertaken by large numbers of experts, the “study group,” often accomplish more, and more that is important, than the typical go-it-alone investigator or small group of researchers. The monumental efforts and accomplishments of large study groups represent some of the best of modern medicine. The group, almost always, is stronger and more important than the cumulative accomplishments and importance of the individuals who constitute the group. Although many participating study investigators may want to take credit as an author of a manuscript, our perception as editors is that readers and other outside parties want to know specifically who requested and chose the data to interpret and present (or not present), who provided the discussion points, including the nuances, spin, and implications of the study, who verified and interpreted the data, who stands behind the manuscript, and whose intellectual property the work may represent. Sometimes coauthors do not agree with the conclusions of some of the studies in which they are listed as coauthors 1,2 ; some coauthors distance themselves further when investigative reporters, from the Wall Street Journal, for example, contact them. In fact,
Recent measurements of aero-optical effects caused by subsonic boundary layers

Results of recent experimental measurements of aero-optical distortions caused by turbulent boundary layers at subsonic speeds M=0.4..0.6 are presented. Measurements were performed using a high-speed Shack-Hartmann sensor to collect instantaneous wavefronts with high spatial and temporal resolution, accompanied by wavefront measurements with a Malley probe. Effects of different aperture sizes on levels of aero-optical aberrations and detailed statistical analysis of spatial and temporal spectra of aero-optical distortions for both wavefront sensors are presented and discussed.
Plethodontid salamander mitochondrial genomics: A parsimony evaluation of character conflict and implications for historical biogeography

A new parsimony analysis of 27 complete mitochondrial genomic sequences is conducted to investigate the phylogenetic relationships of plethodontid salamanders. This analysis focuses on the amount of character conflict between phylogenetic trees recovered from newly conducted parsimony searches and the Bayesian and maximum likelihood topology reported by Mueller et al. (2004, PNAS, 101, 13820-13825). Strong support for Hemidactylium as the sister taxon to all other plethodontids is recovered from parsimony analyses. Plotting area relationships on the most parsimonious phylogenetic tree suggests that eastern North America is the origin of the family Plethodontidae supporting the ''Out of Appalachia'' hypothesis. A new taxonomy that recognizes clades recovered from phylogenetic analyses is proposed.
Does intraoperative radiation therapy improve local tumor control in patients undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy for pancreatic adenocarcinoma? A propensity score analysis.

Locoregional recurrence (LRR) is an important factor after pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) for pancreatic cancer. Intraoperative radiation therapy (IORT) administered to the resection bed may improve local tumor control. We performed a retrospective analysis of patients who underwent PD at Thomas Jefferson University Hospital (TJUH) between 1995 and 2005 to identify patients who underwent resection with and without IORT. Data collected included age, gender, complications, margin status, stage, survival, and recurrence. Unadjusted analyses of the IORT and non-IORT groups were performed using Fisher’s chi-square method for discrete variables and Wilcoxon rank sum test for continuous variables. To account for biases in patient selection for IORT, a propensity score was calculated for each patient and adjusted statistical analyses were performed for survival and recurrence outcomes. Between January 1995 and November 2005, 122 patients underwent PD for periampullary tumors, including 99 pancreatic cancers. Of this group, 37 patients were treated with IORT, and there was adequate follow-up information for a group of 46 patients who underwent PD without IORT. The IORT group contained a higher percentage of Stage IIB or higher tumors (65%) than in the non-IORT group (39.1%), though differences in stage did not reach significance (P = .16). There was a nonsignificant decrease in the rate of LRR in patients who had IORT (39% non-IORT vs. 23% IORT, P = .19). The median survival time of patients who received IORT was 19.2 months, which was not significantly different than patients managed without IORT, 21.0 months (P = .78). In the propensity analyses, IORT did not significantly influence survival or recurrence after PD. IORT can be safely added to management approaches for resectable pancreatic cancer, with acceptable morbidity and mortality. IORT did not improve locoregional control and did not alter survival for patients with resected pancreatic cancer. IORT is an optional component of adjuvant chemoradiation for pancreatic cancer. In the future, IORT may be combined with novel therapeutic agents in the setting of a clinical trial in order to attempt to improve outcomes for patients with pancreatic cancer.
Aqueous geochemistry of radioactive waste disposal

Abstract Present plans for disposing of high-level radioactive waste include converting it to a stable solid form, enclosing it in metal canisters, placing the canisters in mined cavities several hundred meters below the surface, and filling and sealing all entries to the cavities. The chief hazard in such disposal is dissolution of radionuclides from the waste in the ground water that will eventually fill the cavity and may carry the dissolved material to surface environments. To prevent or delay release of radionuclides in this manner, the form of the waste must be made as insoluble as possible, the canister metal must be resistant to corrosion, both the cavity filling and surrounding rock must be impermeable and highly sorbent, and the repository must be located at a site where ground water is scanty and slow-moving and its path to the ground surface is long. The effectiveness of these barriers in isolating the waste can be predicted for long times in the future by models based on experimentally determined solubilities and sorption coefficients and on measured rates of ground-water movement. Much uncertainty is involved in such predictions, and additional research is needed to lower the uncertainty. But there seems little question that a well-located and well-engineered repository of this sort will provide adequate protection against harm from radioactive releases far into the future.
Computational geometric optimal control of connected rigid bodies in a perfect fluid

This paper formulates an optimal control problem for a system of rigid bodies that are neutrally buoyant, connected by ball joints, and immersed in an irrotational and incompressible fluid. The rigid bodies can translate and rotate in three-dimensional space, and each joint has three rotational degrees of freedom. We assume that internal control moments are applied at each joint. We present a computational procedure for numerically solving this optimal control problem, based on a geometric numerical integrator referred to as a Lie group variational integrator. This computational approach preserves the Hamiltonian structure of the controlled system and the Lie group configuration manifold of the connected rigid bodies, thereby finding complex optimal maneuvers of connected rigid bodies accurately and efficiently. This is illustrated by numerical computations.
Experimental estimates of the impact of wage subsidies

The effects of a wage subsidy program on the duration of insured unemployment are investigated using experimental data. Participation in the experiment was voluntary and about one third of the subjects refused to take the subsidy voucher offered to them. Because subsidies appear to have stigmatic effects which tend to lower participation rates by high-skilled workers, experimental participants have longer average durations of unemployment than non-participants. However, correcting for self-selection, we find that wage subsidies can substantially increase a participant's probability of reemployment. Subsidies are also compared to a search bonus proposal which is also cost effective, but, due to differences in participation patterns, has rather different effects.
Comparison of the performance characteristics of Pt/SnOx and Au/MnOx catalysts for low-temperature CO oxidation

Abstract Platinized tin oxide (Pt/SnO x ) and gold supported on manganese oxide (Au/MnO x ) catalysts have been shown to be good CO oxidation catalysts at low temperatures (30–100°C). The performance of these catalysts has been compared by reacting mixtures of CO and OZ and He under similar conditions. The Au/MnO x catalyst is superior to Pt/SnO x catalysts with regard to both activity and decay characteristics under the conditions examined. As expected, Au/MnO x catalysts exhibit greater activity as the reaction gas mixture becomes more oxidizing.
Pd(II)-Catalyzed Carbonylation of C(sp3)−H Bonds: A New Entry to 1,4-Dicarbonyl Compounds

Pd(II)-catalyzed β-C(sp3)−H carbonylation of N-arylamides under CO (1 atm) has been achieved. Following amide-directed C(sp3)−H cleavage and insertion of CO into the resulting [Pd(II)−C(sp3)] bond, intramolecular C−N reductive elimination gave the corresponding succinimides, which could be readily converted to 1,4-dicarbonyl compounds. This method was found to be effective with substrates containing α-hydrogen atoms and could be applied to effect methylene C(sp3)−H carbonylation of cyclopropanes.
SYNTHESIS OF NAPHTHALENIC MELATONIN RECEPTOR LIGANDS

A highly efficient and versatile synthetic approach to the synthesis of naphthalenic analogs of melatonin, compound 7, and its 2-alkyl substituted analog 8 is described. This approach features the novel synthesis of substituted 1-naphthyl acetonitrile 12 and 19 by nucleophilic addition of LiCH2CN to substituted 1-tetralone, followed by aromatization via a 2-step reaction sequence, dehydrogenation with DDQ and TsOH catalyzed dehydration.
An unusual synthesis of malonates

Abstract The reaction of palladium diacetate, triethylamine, ethyl chlorocarbonate and carbon monoxide in acetonitrile at room temperature gives a good yield of diethyl malonate. By 13C labelling of each of the reagents in turn it has been proven that the methylene group of the malonate comes from an acetate originally bonded to PdII.
Limits in Function Spaces and Compact Groups

Abstract For B an infinite subset of ω and X a topological group, let C B X be the set of all x ∈ X such that 〈 x n : n ∈ B 〉 converges to 1. C B T always has measure 0 in the circle group T . If F is a filter of infinite sets, let D F X = ⋃ { C B X : B ∈ F } . Then C B X and D F X are subgroups of X when X is Abelian. We show that there is a filter F such that D F T has measure 0 but is not contained in any C B T . In contrast, for any compact metric group X , there is a filter G such that D G X = X ; this follows from a more general result in this paper on limits in function spaces. Also, we show that some of the properties of D F X , for arbitrary compact groups X , are determined by the special cases X = T or X = T ω .
SUSY gauge dynamics and singularities of 4d N = 1 string vacua

Abstract Many N = 1 heterotic string compactifications exhibit physically mysterious singularities at codimension one in the moduli space of vacua. At these singularities, Yukawa couplings of charged fields develop poles as a function of the moduli. We explain these conformal field theory singularities, in a class of examples, as arising from non-perturbative gauge dynamics of non-perturbative gauge bosons (whose gauge coupling is the sigma model coupling) in the string theory.
A Reappraisal of Topical Steroid Potency

Topical corticosteroids have been one of the cornerstones of dermatologic treatment for nearly 40 years. At present the most widely used topical steroid ranking system is the vasoconstrictor assay. To determine whether this is a satisfactory measure of the agents' potency in clinical settings, we examined rankings from the published literature achieved by four different methods: vasoconstriction, clinical outcome, therapeutic index (a ratio of efficacy to systemic safety), and cost, safety, and efficacy. Overall clinical outcome (efficacy) rankings in this study corresponded in only 11 (62%) of 17 topical steroid preparations with the expected vasoconstrictor rankings. The therapeutic index rankings did not correspond with the clinical outcome (33%) or the vasoconstrictor assay (33%) rankings. It was difficult to compare studies because of lack of standardization of clinical trials. We urge that topical steroid rankings not be based solely on vasoconstrictor assays, and that a standard method be developed for clinical trials of the drugs to allow for comparison among preparations.
Greening Multi-Tenant Data Center Demand Response

Data centers have become critical resources for emergency demand response (EDR). However, currently, data centers typically participate in EDR by turning on backup (diesel) generators, which are both expensive and environmentally unfriendly. In this paper, we focus on "greening" demand response in multi-tenant data centers by incentivizing tenants' load reduction and reducing on-site diesel generation. Our proposed mechanism, ColoEDR, which is based on parameterized supply function mechanism, provides provably near-optimal efficiency guarantees, both when tenants are price-taking and when they are price-anticipating.
Quantum Phase Transition and Engineering in Two-Component BEC in Optical Lattices

In this paper we review recent progress in studying quantum phase transitions in one- and two-component Bose–Einstein condensates (BEC) in optical lattices. These phase transitions involve the emergence and disappearance of quantum coherence over the whole optical lattice and of linear superposition of macroscopic quantum states. The latter may provide new means to engineer and manipulate novel macroscopic quantum states and novel coherent atomic beams for quantum information processing, quantum computing and other purposes.
On the Nature of the Bursting X-Ray Pulsar GRO J1744–28

The unusual properties of the bursting X-ray pulsar GRO J1744-28 are explained in terms of a low-mass X-ray binary system consisting of an evolved stellar companion transferring mass through Roche-lobe overflow onto a neutron star, implying that the inclination of the system is 18°. Interpretation of the QPO at frequency νQPO = 40 Hz using the beat-frequency model of Alpar & Shaham and the measured period derivative with the Ghosh & Lamb accretion-torque model implies that the persistent X-ray luminosity of the source is approximately equal to the Eddington luminosity and that the neutron star has a surface equatorial magnetic field Beq 2 × 1010 (νQPO/40 Hz)-1 G for standard neutron star parameters. This implies a distance to GRO J1744-28 of 5 (νQPO/40 Hz)1/6b1/2 kpc, where b < 1 is a correction factor that depends on the orientation of the neutron star.
Alternative cerebrospinal fluid tests to diagnose neurosyphilis in HIV-infected individuals.

Objective: To identify alternatives to the CSF-Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) test for the diagnosis of neurosyphilis in HIV-infected individuals. Methods: CSF fluorescent treponemal antibody (FTA) reactivity and % CSF lymphocytes that were B cells in fresh and frozen samples were determined for 47 HIV-infected cases with syphilis and 26 HIV-infected controls. As for serum, CSF fluorescent treponemal antibody reactivity ≥2+ was considered positive. Based on the results in controls and cases with normal CSF measures, cut-offs for elevated CSF B cells were proposed to be ≥9% in fresh and ≥20% in frozen samples. Neurosyphilis was defined as a reactive CSF-VDRL. Results: CSF-FTA-ABS (absorbed) and CSF-FTA (unabsorbed and undiluted) were 100% sensitive for the diagnosis of neurosyphilis. Elevated % CSF B cells in fresh and cryopreserved samples was specific (100%) but not sensitive (40 and 43%) in post hoc analyses. The results of CSF-FTA and assessment of % CSF B cells together allowed 16% of cases with pleocytosis but nonreactive CSF-VDRL to be diagnosed with neurosyphilis and 26% to be diagnosed as not having neurosyphilis. Conclusion: When the CSF-VDRL is nonreactive, CSF-FTA and % CSF B cells may help exclude or establish the diagnosis of neurosyphilis.
Optical Observations of Core-Collapse Supernovae

I present an overview of optical observations of Type II, IIb, Ib, and Ic supernovae (SNe), all of which are thought to arise from core collapse in massive progenitors that have previously experienced different amounts of mass loss. SNe Ic appear to have been stripped the most, followed by SNe Ib and SNe IIb. In the case of SNe Iln, part of the hydrogen envelope remains, yet the ejecta interact with unusually dense circumstellar gas, probably a wind from the progenitor star. Some SNe IIn, however, might not be genuine supernovae, but rather "super-outbursts" of luminous variable stars. Spectropolarimetry of core-collapse SNe reveals that asphericity tends to increase toward the core. It has recently been shown that several long-duration gamma-ray bursts were undeniably associated with peculiar SNe Ic having exceptionally high ejecta velocities.
Mechanism-Based Inhibitors of Serine Proteinases Based on the Gabriel-Colman Rearrangement

Neutrophil-derived mediators such as, for example, the serine proteinase elastase, cathepsin G and proteinase 3, play a critical role in inflammatory lung disease. This report describes the design, synthesis and in vitro inhibitory activity of some novel mechanism-based inhibitors of human leukocyte elastase and cathepsin G. The design of the inhibitors is based on the Gabriel-Colman rearrangement. The behavior of the synthesized compounds toward elastase and cathepsin G with respect to inhibitory prowess, mode of interaction, specificity, etc., has been found to be dependent on the recognition and reactivity elements present in each inhibitor.
Design of a multi-lingual, parallel-processing statistical parsing engine

Ever since the widespread availability of the Penn Treebank [9], there have been numerous, statistical parsers developed for English, e.g. [8, 5, 3]. To varying degrees, these parsers and others---while very successful at the tasks for which they were designed---had the following limitations: • they had a fairly fixed probabilistic structure, which could only be changed by re-coding some significant portion of the program • they had hard-coded features specific to English • they had hard-coded features specific to the Penn Treebank • they were designed only for a uniprocessor environment
A distributed device diagnostics system utilizing augmented reality and 3D audio

Augmented Reality brings technology developed for virtual environments into the real world. This approach can be used to provide instructions for routine maintenance and error diagnostics of technical devices. The Rockwell Science Center is developing a system that utilizes Augmented Reality techniques to provide the user with a form of “X-Ray Vision” into real objects. The system can overlay 3D rendered objects, animations, and text annotations onto the video image of a known object, registered to the object during camera motion. This allows the user to localize problems of the device with the actual device in his view. The user can query the status of device components using a speech recognition system. The response is given as an animation of the relevant device module and/or as auditory cues using spatialized 3D audio. The diagnostics system also allows the user to leave spoken annotations attached to device modules for other users to retrieve. The position of the user/camera relative to the device is tracked by a computer-vision-based tracking system especially developed for this purpose. The system is implemented on a distributed network of PCs, utilizing standard commercial off-the-shelf components (COTS).
The Lieb-Liniger Model as a Limit of Dilute Bosons in Three Dimensions

We show that the Lieb-Liniger model for one-dimensional bosons with repulsive δ-function interaction can be rigorously derived via a scaling limit from a dilute three-dimensional Bose gas with arbitrary repulsive interaction potential of finite scattering length. For this purpose, we prove bounds on both the eigenvalues and corresponding eigenfunctions of three-dimensional bosons in strongly elongated traps and relate them to the corresponding quantities in the Lieb-Liniger model. In particular, if both the scattering length a and the radius r of the cylindrical trap go to zero, the Lieb-Liniger model with coupling constant g ~ a/r2 is derived. Our bounds are uniform in g in the whole parameter range 0 ≤ g ≤ ∞, and apply to the Hamiltonian for three-dimensional bosons in a spectral window of size ~ r−2 above the ground state energy.
Ba4In8Sb16: Thermoelectric Properties of a New Layered Zintl Phase with Infinite Zigzag Sb Chains and Pentagonal Tubes

A new Zintl phase Ba4In8Sb16 was obtained from a direct element combination reaction of the elements in a sealed graphite tube at 700 °C, and its structure was determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction methods. It crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pnma (No. 62) with a = 10.166(3) A, b = 4.5239(14) A, c = 19.495(6) A, and Z = 1. Ba4In8Sb16 has a two-dimensional structure with thick corrugated (In8Sb16)8- layers separated by Ba2+ ions. In the layer, InSb4 tetrahedra are connected by sharing three corners and by bridging the fourth corner in such a manner that infinite pentagonal tubes are formed. The compound is a narrow band gap (∼ 0.10 eV) semiconductor and satisfies the classical Zintl rule. Band structure calculations confirm that the material is a semiconductor and indicate that it has optimized In−Sb bonding interactions. Polycrystalline ingots of Ba4In8Sb16 show room-temperature electrical conductivity of 135 S/cm and a Seebeck coefficient of 70 μV/K. The thermal conductivity of Ba4In...
Fast submatch extraction using OBDDs

Network-based intrusion detection systems (NIDS) commonly use pattern languages to identify packets of interest. Similarly, security information and event management (SIEM) systems rely on pattern languages for real-time analysis of security alerts and event logs. Both NIDS and SIEM systems use pattern languages extended from regular expressions. One such extension, the submatch construct, allows the extraction of substrings from a string matching a pattern. Existing solutions for submatch extraction are based on non-deterministic finite automata (NFAs) or recursive backtracking. NFA-based algorithms are time-inefficient. Recursive backtracking algorithms perform poorly on pathological inputs generated by algorithmic complexity attacks. We propose a new approach for submatch extraction that uses ordered binary decision diagrams (OBDDs) to represent and operate pattern matching. Our evaluation using patterns from the Snort HTTP rule set and a commercial SIEM system shows that our approach achieves its ideal performance when patterns are combined. In the best case, our approach is faster than RE2 and PCRE by one to two orders of magnitude.
NHC ligands versus cyclopentadienyls and phosphines as spectator ligands in organometallic catalysis

Abstract N -heterocyclic carbenes are compared with cyclopentadienyls and phosphines in terms of bonding and reactivity. Synthetic difficulties that currently prevent the general incorporation of NHCs into chelate, pincer and tripod ligand architectures are related to the inability of the NHC to reversibly decoordinate to correct binding ‘errors’ in the initial kinetic products of NHC complex formation. The strengths and weaknesses of current synthetic approaches, such as Lin’s Ag 2 O transmetallation route, are discussed. Linker dependent reactivity patterns are related to azole ring orientation effects and some aspects of cyclometalation are considered.
New N=1 superconformal field theories and their supergravity description

Abstract In this note we construct a new class of superconformal field theories as mass deformed N =4 super Yang–Mills theories. We will argue that these theories correspond to the fixed points which were recently found [1] studying the deformations of the dual IIB string theory on AdS 5 × S 5 .
Deep Keck u-Band Imaging of the Hubble Ultra Deep Field: A Catalog of z ~ 3 Lyman Break Galaxies

We present a sample of 407 z approx 3 Lyman break galaxies (LBGs) to a limiting isophotal u-band magnitude of 27.6 mag in the Hubble Ultra Deep Field. The LBGs are selected using a combination of photometric redshifts and the u-band drop-out technique enabled by the introduction of an extremely deep u-band image obtained with the Keck I telescope and the blue channel of the Low Resolution Imaging Spectrometer. The Keck u-band image, totaling 9 hr of integration time, has a 1sigma depth of 30.7 mag arcsec{sup -2}, making it one of the most sensitive u-band images ever obtained. The u-band image also substantially improves the accuracy of photometric redshift measurements of approx50% of the z approx 3 LBGs, significantly reducing the traditional degeneracy of colors between z approx 3 and z approx 0.2 galaxies. This sample provides the most sensitive, high-resolution multi-filter imaging of reliably identified z approx 3 LBGs for morphological studies of galaxy formation and evolution and the star formation efficiency of gas at high redshift.
Treatment of persistent pubertal gynecomastia with dihydrotestosterone heptanoate.

Four boys with persietent pubertal gynecomastla were given intramuscular dihydrotesiosterone heptanoate (DHT-hp) at 2 to 4-week intervals for 16 weeks. By the end of treatment, breast size in all four boys had decreased 67% to 78%. Initial plasma levels of gonadotropins, estradlol, testosterone, and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) were normal. Mean plasma DHT concentration rose with the injections of DHT-hp, and remained elevated throughout the treatment period Estradiol, LH, FSH, and testosterone decreased during treatment, as did 24-hour urinary LH and FSH. No regrowth of breast tissue was observed 6 to 15 months after treatment, although hormone concentrations had returned to near pretreatment values by 2 months after the last injection. DHT-hp has potential to be an effective medical therapy for persistent pubertal gynecomastia.
Urinary bisphenol A and semen quality, the LIFE Study

Bisphenol A (BPA), a high-production volume industrial chemical found in several consumer products, has been negatively associated with sperm quality. This study aimed to estimate the association between BPA and 35 measures of semen quality among reproductive aged men recruited from 16 counties in Michigan and Texas, 2005-2009. Of 501 enrolled males, 418 (83.4%) provided a urine sample and at least one semen sample. Linear and logistic regression models assessed the association between urinary BPA levels and individual semen quality endpoints. Generalized estimating equations were used to account for repeated measures of semen quality and adjusted models accounted for 11 a priori covariates. Geometric mean total urinary BPA concentration among participants was 0.55ng/mL (95% CI 0.49-0.63). A negative relation between BPA and DNA fragmentation was the sole significant finding in adjusted linear regression (β=-0.0544, p=0.035) and suggestive of less sperm DNA damage.
Spin Glasses: Still Complex after All These Years?

Spin glasses are magnetic systems exhibiting both quenched disorder and frustration, and have often been cited as examples of ‘complex systems.’ In this talk I review some of the basic notions of spin glass physics, and discuss how some of our recent progress in understanding their properties might lead to new viewpoints of how they manifest ‘complexity’.
Re-examination of the "3/4-law" of metabolism.

We examine the scaling law B∝Mαwhich connects organismal resting metabolic rate B with organismal mass M, where α is commonly held to be 3/4. Since simple dimensional analysis suggests α=2/3, we consider this to be a null hypothesis testable by empirical studies. We re-analyse data sets for mammals and birds compiled by Heusner, Bennett and Harvey, Bartels, Hemmingsen, Brody, and Kleiber, and find little evidence for rejecting α=2/3 in favor ofα =3/4. For mammals, we find a possible breakdown in scaling for larger masses reflected in a systematic increase in α. We also review theoretical justifications of α=3/4 based on dimensional analysis, nutrient-supply networks, and four-dimensional biology. We find that present theories for α=3/4 require assumptions that render them unconvincing for rejecting the null hypothesis that α=2/3.
RANDOM MATRIX THEORY AND QCD AT NONZERO CHEMICAL POTENTIAL

Abstract In this lecture we give a brief review of chiral Random Matrix Theory (chRMT) and its applications to QCD at nonzero chemical potential. We present both analytical arguments involving chiral perturbation theory and numerical evidence from lattice QCD simulations showing that correlations of the smallest Dirac eigenvalues are described by chRMT. We discuss the range of validity of chRMT and emphasize the importance of universality. For chRMT's at μ ≠ 0 we identify universal properties of the Dirac eigenvalues and study the effect of quenching on the distribution of Yang-Lee zeros.