cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Functional status is highly predictive of outcomes after redo lung transplantation: an analysis of 390 cases in the modern era.

Background The aim of this study was to evaluate whether functional status is a predictor of outcomes after redo lung transplantation (LTx). Methods Adults undergoing redo LTx after implementation of the Lung Allocation Score (May 2005 to December 2010) were identified in the United Network for Organ Sharing database. Patients were stratified into three groups based on functional status as measured before redo LTx by the Karnofsky scale: (1) no assistance required, (2) some assistance required, and (3) total assistance required. Outcomes after redo LTx were compared based on these preoperative functional cohorts. Results A total of 390 redo LTx were identified: 44 (11%) required no functional assistance, 176 (45%) required some assistance, and 170 (44%) required total assistance preoperatively. Overall survival at 1 year after redo LTx was significantly reduced in the total assistance group (56% versus 82% no assistance, versus 82% some assistance; p p = 0.02). Overall, the preoperative functional assessment outperformed the Lung Allocation Score in predicting 1-year survival after redo LTx (c-index: 0.68 versus 0.58). Transplant survivors who required total assistance before redo LTx were also at increased risk of requiring total assistance after redo LTx (26% versus 0% no assistance, versus 3% some assistance; p Conclusions These data suggest that performing redo LTx in patients requiring total functional assistance is associated with significant risk of early mortality and continued functional limitation, findings that may have important implications in organ allocation.
Discriminative stimulus effects of 5.6 mg/kg pregnanolone in DBA/2J and C57BL/6J inbred mice

Neurosteroids represent a class of endogenous compounds that exert rapid, nongenomic effects through neurotransmitter receptor systems such as gamma-aminobutyric acid(A) (GABA(A)). Two neurosteroids, allopregnanolone (3alpha-hydroxy-5alpha-pregnan-20-one) and pregnanolone (3alpha-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one), possess anxiolytic and sedative properties and show substitution for ethanol, benzodiazepines, and barbiturates in drug discrimination assays. A previous study examining the discriminative stimulus effects of 10 mg/kg pregnanolone in DBA/2J and C57BL/6J mice showed pregnanolone's discriminative stimulus to be mediated primarily through GABA(A) positive modulation. This study examined the discriminative stimulus effects of a lower training dose (5.6 mg/kg) of pregnanolone in DBA/2J and C57BL/5J mice. Twelve male DBA/2J mice and 12 male C57BL/6J mice were trained to discriminate 5.6 mg/kg pregnanolone. GABA(A)-receptor positive modulators, neuroactive steroids, NMDA receptor antagonists, and 5-HT(3) receptor agonists were tested for pregnanolone substitution. In DBA/2J and C57BL/6J mice benzodiazepine, barbiturate, and GABAergic neuroactive steroids all substituted for pregnanolone. In the DBA/2J mice, NMDA receptor antagonists showed generalization to the discriminative stimulus cues of pregnanolone, an effect not seen in the C57BL/6J mice. 5-HT(3) receptor agonists and zolpidem failed to substitute for pregnanolone's discriminative stimulus in either strain. AlloTHDOC and midazolam were more potent in producing pregnanolone-like discriminative stimulus effects in DBA/2J mice. These results provide a comprehensive look at pregnanolone's discriminative stimulus effects in two commonly used strains of mice. The present data suggest GABA(A)-receptor positive modulation as the predominant receptor mechanism mediating the discriminative stimulus effects of pregnanolone. NMDA receptor antagonism was suggested in the DBA/2J mice and may represent a heterogenous cue produced by the lower training dose of pregnanolone.
Solution polymerization of an α,ω-diethynyl diimide to a diacetylene-containing polyimide via oxidative coupling

Abstract The room-temperature solution polymerization of N , N ′-dipropargyl(4,4′-hexafluoroisopropylidene)bisphthalimide via oxidative coupling was monitored as a function of time by 1 H NMR spectroscopy and gel permeation chromatography. Following formation of the diacetylene-containing polyimide, the reaction proceeded with hydrolysis of the imide rings, made possible by the presence of the base needed for catalyst formation and water released in the oxidative coupling chain-growth steps. The imide groups could be regenerated either thermally or chemically. Prior to hydrolysis of the imide rings, the polymerization was first-order with respect to both catalyst and functional group concentration, with an intrinsic rate constant of 0.14 l/mol h. For sufficiently long polymerization times, chain scission and molecular weight reduction occurred via hydrolysis of the amide linkages. Thermogravimetric analyses were conducted on the solid products as a function of reaction time. All products could be thermally crosslinked; the thermal stability of the crosslinked monomer was greater than that of the crosslinked polymer.
Analysis of food stimulation of gastrin release in dogs by a panel of inhibitors.

Abstract The release of gastrin into the serum of five conscious gastric fistula dogs after a meat meal was monitored for 2 hours. Neither the rate of increase in serum gastrin nor the 2 hour cumulative integrated gastrin response was changed by administration of small doses of somatostatin tetradecapeptide (0.5μg/kg·hr IV for 2 hr), 16- 16 dimethyl prostaglandin E 2 (0.25 μg/kg·hr IV for 2 hr or 1 μg/kg intragastrically), or bethanechol (20 μg/kg·hr IV for 2 hr). Acidification of the food in the antrum to pH 1.2 to 1.4 eliminated serum gastrin release in response to food. In control studies, serum gastrin levels were not altered by IV administration of saline for 2 hr with no food or when a plate of food was held just out of the dogs' reach (teasing). Food-stimulated gastrin release was contrasted with that stimulated by bombesin under identical laboratory conditions [17]. In each case, antral acidification, somatostatin, prostaglandin E 2 and bethanechol affected bombesin-stimulated gastrin release differently from that stimulated by food. We conclude that food and bombesin release gastrin by different pathways.
Development of Children's perceptions of internal locus of control: A cross‐sectional and longitudinal analysis

Elementary school children between the ages of eight and thirteen were administered the Children's Nowicki/Strickland Locus of Control Scale annually for three years. As predicted, children's mean locus of control scores were found to be significantly different from one age group to the next (cross-sectional analysis) as well as from one year to the next (longitudinal analysis). Older children had significantly more internal scores than did younger children, and the same 97 children demonstrated significant increases in internal perceptions over each succeeding year. No significant sex differences were observed in this generally linear developmental trend. The study supports the hypothesis that increases in internal perceptions are associated with growing older. The data are explained using a confluent theoretical perspective drawing upon cognitive as well as behavioral theory.
The near infrared camera and multiple objective spectrometer for the hubble space telescope

Abstract NICMOS, the Near Infrared Camera and Multiple Objective Spectrometer, will be a key instrument for high redshift studies with the Hubble Space Telescope. The combination of high spatial resolution, low background, and very high detector sensitivity provides detection capabilities for objects, if present, to redshifts of 20 and beyond. In many cases definitive redshift measurements via detection of Lyman α line radiation is well within the NICMOS capabilities. NICMOS is an important cosmological tool connecting the HST visual and ultraviolet observations with the longer wavelength observations of cold telescopes such as COBE, ISO, and SIRTF.
READING DISABILITY AND COMMUNITY PSYCHIATRY

The prediction and detection of early reading disability provide community psychiatry with an asset to and an opportunity for intervention into pathology within the child, his family and classroom group. This two-part presentation suggests a variety of alternative strategies for such intervention using a family questionnaire, the school's reading readiness test, consultation group with teachers and group counseling for parents.
Developmentally regulated antigen associated with calcium crystals in tobacco anthers

We have found and characterized an antigen associated with crystal-containing cells in the stomium and connective tissue of the anthers of Nicotiana tabacum L. (tobacco). The antigen, defined by the monoclonal antibody NtF-8B1, localizes to subcellular regions surrounding the crystals. At the light-microscope level, the antigen is detectable just after the first appearance of crystals in the connective tissue of the anther, and at approximately the same time as the appearance of crystals in the stomium. The antigen is not detectable on a Western blot, and gave inconclusive results on a test of periodate sensitivity. It is not the crystals themselves, nor is the presence of the crystals required for antibody recognition. The antigen is sensitive to heat and protease treatment, indicating that it is a protein. The antigen is not tightly membrane-bound, in spite of its localization closely surrounding the crystals. Chemical tests indicate that the druse crystals in the stomium are calcium oxalate.
Coordination of gaze shifts in primates: Brainstem inputs to neck and extraocular motoneuron pools

To, determine whether there are brainstem regions that provide common input to the motoneurons that move both the head and the eyes, we injected wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase complex (WGA-HRP) into neck motoneuron pools at spinal level C2 (N = 3) and extraocular motoneuron pools in the abducens (N = 1) and oculomotor/trochlear (N = 1) nuclei of rhesus and fascicularis macaques. We also injected WGA-HRP into spinal level C5-7 (N = 1) of a fascicularis macaque for comparison. After injections into C2, we observed retrogradely labeled cells in the ventral reticular formation (NRV), the gigantocellular-reticular formation (NRG), and both the oral (NRPO) and the caudal (NRPC) divisions of the paramedian pontine reticular formation (PPRF). There was also a column of labeled cells in the cuneate reticular nucleus (NCUN) just lateral to the ipsilateral periaqueductal gray (PAG). This column extended rostrally into the central mesencephalic reticular formation (CMRF). In addition, there were labeled cells in the region ventral and caudal to the rostral interstitial nucleus of the MLF (riMLF), the area lateral to the interstitial nucleus of Cajal (INC), and the ventral part of the lateral vestibular nucleus (LVN) and lateral part of the medial vestibular nucleus (MVN). There were also a few labeled cells in the fastigial (FN) and interposed (IN) nuclei of the cerebellum but very few in the superior colliculus (SC). In contrast, the injection into C5-7 labeled many cells in the lateral vestibular nucleus (LVN) and very few in FN or IN. Injecting WGA-HRP into the abducens nucleus and the surrounding tissue labeled many cells in SC, PPRF, MVN, FN, and nucleus prepositus hypoglossi (NPH). Injecting into the oculomotor/trochlear nuclei and nearby tissue labeled cells in SC, INC, riMLF, FN, IN, MVN, and superior vestibular nucleus (SVN). Structures that project to both neck and eye motoneuron pools, and therefore probably participate in both head and eye movements, include the lateral part of the MVN and both NRPO and NRPC in the PPRF. Those that project primarily to neck motoneurons in C2 include the NRV, the NRG, and the NCUN-CMRF column. Those projecting exclusively to extraocular nuclei include the NPH, INC, riMLF, NRPD, and SC. We use these data to propose a scheme for control of combined eye-head movements in monkeys. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Random phase model of amorphous semiconductors II. Hot electrons

Abstract The rate at which energetic electrons in amorphous semiconductors lose energy to polar optical phonons, non-polar optical phonons, and acoustic phonons, is calculated. The matrix elements of the electron-phonon interaction are evaluated in the random phase model described in a previous paper. The Shockley hot-electron picture is used, and the field at which the electron temperature becomes appreciably higher than the lattice temperature is estimated to be about 10 6 V/cm in amorphous As 2 Se 3 . But in other chalcogenides it may be about 10 5 V/cm, and it is suggested that avalanche ionization may be involved in the switching process in some of these materials.
Myotonic dystrophy presenting as new-onset hand weakness and recurrent pneumonia in a patient with paraplegia: a case report.

Abstract Carver RT, Boysel C, Marciniak CM, Nussbaum SB. Myotonic dystrophy presenting as new-onset hand weakness and recurrent pneumonia in a patient with paraplegia: a case report. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2004;85:1896–8. We describe a previously independent T11 paraplegic patient who had delayed-onset hand weakness and recurrent pneumonia caused by myotonic dystrophy. A man in his late thirties suffered a thoracic spinal cord injury (SCI) from a gunshot wound at the age of 17 years, with resultant T11 American Spinal Injury Association class A paraplegia. He lived independently until the age of 36 years when he was hospitalized multiple times for pneumonia. During a rehabilitation stay after one of the acute hospitalizations, the patient's hand weakness and diffuse muscular atrophy were noted. Electrodiagnostic testing was performed, which showed myotonic discharges. Genetic testing was consistent with myotonic dystrophy. This case shows the importance of considering causes of weakness that affect the population as a whole when evaluating a patient with SCI who presents with delayed-onset weakness.
The optimal extinction of a renewable natural resource

Abstract This paper examines conditions for extinction when the net benefits from a renewable resource are a nonlinear function of the harvest rate. As in the linear case, extinction depends on the size of the interest rate relative to the growth potential of the species. Here, however, the size of the initial resource stock is also crucial. It is shown that extinction is optimal if the interest rate is greater than the growth potential of the species, but only for small initial stocks. Indeed, if the initial stock is sufficiently high, extinction need not be optimal even if the interest rate is infinite.
Curdled uncoupling, disparate activation and fractionated electrograms in a computer model of anisotropic ventricular myocardium

The implementation of a model of conduction in a heterogeneously uncoupled sheet of ventricular myocardium, with the pattern of uncoupling defined by a random, curdled fractal, is discussed. The authors tested the hypothesis that the greater the degree of cellular uncoupling, the greater the inhomogeneity of activation and the more abnormal the extracellular electrograms. They modeled propagation in a grid of resistively coupled cells. Resistors were assigned to produce a curdled pattern. A parameter relating the degree with which coupling resistance decorrelated with distance served to quantitate heterogeneous uncoupling. Heterogeneous activation and abnormal extracellular electrograms are directly related to the extent to which cell-to-cell electrical continuity is disrupted. >
Creative expression or compulsive exploitation in underground comix: the scapegoating of Mike Diana’s Boiled Angel

This paper follows the case study of Mike Diana – a 24-year-old Floridian artist, writer and zine creator – who in the early 1990s self-published eight issues of his comix zine Boiled Angel to a circulation of 300 people around the world. Local authorities confiscated his work and, through an elaborate legal trial, Diana became the first comic-book artist to be arrested, tried and jailed for creating offensive material. This paper uses the scapegoating process, borrowing from the work of literary critic Kenneth Burke. The discourse produced by the prosecutor’s rhetoric shifted from the creative expression of art to vilifying Diana as the ‘essence of evil’, whereby the only way the community could merge together to expunge their guilt was to purify themselves by punishing Diana to the fullest extent by making sure he received his ‘just desserts’.
Hydrogen peroxide and reoxygenation cause prostaglandin-mediated contraction of human placental arteries and veins.

Objective: Because our previous studies in several vascular preparations suggest that posthypoxic reoxygenation elicits tone responses by generation of hydrogen peroxide we compared the actions of reoxygenation and hydrogen peroxide on isolated human placental arteries and veins. Study Design: Endothelium-intact and denuded arteries and veins (1 to 2 mm diameter, from normal term deliveries), incubated under 95% oxygen/5% carbon dioxide or 5% oxygen/5% carbon dioxide (balance nitrogen) and precontracted with 1 to 10 nmol/L U46619, were exposed to hypoxia (95% nitrogen/5% carbon dioxide, Po2 8 to 10 torr) followed by reoxygenation and to 1 to 100 µmol/L hydrogen peroxide in the presence and absence of the inhibitor of prostaglandin biosynthesis, 10 µ-mol/L indomethacin. Results: In both arteries and veins posthypoxic reoxygenation or exposure to hydrogen peroxide produced vascular contraction that was eliminated or reversed to a modest relaxation by indomethacin, consistent with mediation by prostaglandins. Hypoxia after incubation with 5% oxygen, but not 95% oxygen, caused a modest prostaglandin-independent relaxation. Removal of the endothelium did not alter any of these responses. Conclusion: Placental arteries and veins show a similar prostaglandin-mediated contraction to hydrogen peroxide and posthypoxic reoxygenation, consistent with a possible involvement of hydrogen peroxide in the response to reoxygenation.
Profiles of Families at High Risk of Child Maltreatment in Israeli Court Cases Dealing with the Termination of Parental Rights

The present study analyzes the characteristics of children and parents in court cases dealing with the termination of parental rights, in order to draw a profile of families at high risk of child maltreatment and shed light on the professional decision-making process. The analysis of a sample of 127 cases identified various child, parent and child–parent characteristics and inter-characteristics which served as a rich database for understanding the profiles of children at risk and their parents. On the basis of these profiles, the study was able to draw a prototype of a family at high risk of child maltreatment and identify the main factors considered by the courts when determining whether or not to terminate parental rights. This paper discusses the implications of these results on the need for early and extensive professional intervention in such families.
Adopting Medical Technology

New technologies are often incorporated into clinical practice with few data on their benefits and risks. In this issue of Medical Decision Making, Gold and colleagues report results of interviews with radiation oncologists and surgeons about factors that led to adoption of one treatment, accelerated partial breast irradiation (APBI). The authors provide insight into why physicians included this treatment in clinical care with minimal data and often use it even in cases that are not recommended by guidelines. Physicians cited financial incentives, discussions with device companies, pressures from referring physicians, and enthusiastic colleagues as factors encouraging adoption before rigorous evidence is available. In the face of these factors, how can evidence be collected to help physicians and patients make the best decisions about their treatments?
An end-middle-end approach to connection establishment

The current model for flow establishment in the Internet: DNS Names, IP addresses, and transport ports, is inadequate. Not all of the problem is due to the small IPv4 address space and resulting NAT boxes. Even where global addresses exist, firewalls cannot glean enough information about a flow from packet headers, and so often err, typically by being over-conservative: disallowing flows that might otherwise be allowed. This paper presents a novel architecture, protocol design, and implementation, for flow establishment in the Internet. The architecture, called NUTSS, takes into account the combined policies of endpoints and network providers. While NUTSS borrows liberally from other proposals (URI-like naming, signaling to manage ephemeral IPv4 or IPv6 data flows), NUTSS is unique in that it couples overlay signaling with data-path signaling. NUTSS requires no changes to existing protocol stacks, and combined with recent NAT traversal techniques, works with IPv4 and existing NAT/firewalls. This paper describes NUTSS and shows how it satisfies a wide range of "end-middle-end"network requirements, including access control, middlebox steering, multi-homing, mobility, and protocol negotiation.
Active Control of Microinterferometers for Low-Noise Parallel Operation

Active control of phase-sensitive interferometric metrology systems is necessary for low noise, high resolution, high bandwidth, and parallel operation. Conventional active control methods have several drawbacks like low SNR, high complexity, and low bandwidth. With the development of micromachined scanning grating interferometers ( muSGIs), high-bandwidth parallel active control of an array of interferometers is feasible. This paper introduces a novel ldquorecurrent-calibration-based active control algorithm.rdquo Utilizing the high-bandwidth integrated electrostatic actuator, this algorithm splits the calibration of the optics and the displacement measurement in time to achieve better noise reduction. The novel algorithm is implemented digitally using a field-programmable gate array on an array of muSGIs simultaneously. Nonlinearity and the limited range of actuation of the electrostatic actuator affect the performance of the active control. It is compensated by using a lookup table and a gain reversal algorithm. A system model is built to design and analyze the control algorithm. A muSGI interferometer setup validates the model and control approach. The control algorithm reduces the vibration noise by 40 dB at low frequencies with a cutoff frequency of 6.5 kHz. The resolution of the muSGI coupled with the control system is measured as 1 times 10-4 nmrms/radic(Hz) .
An Evolutionary Psychology of Gricean Cooperation

Human interaction is fundamentally cooperative in the Gricean sense. This implies that people try to make conversational contributions that are relevant to the conversation's direction and that listeners attempt to interpret the contributions of their partners as if they were relevant, even when they are obviously irrelevant. Even examples of conscious exploitation of the cooperative principle by unscrupulous actors help to prove the cooperative principle precisely because there is a principle that can be easily exploited. This article asks why this principle should occupy so central a place in interaction. Because people can be exploited by observing the cooperative principle, why should the reverse principle not be the rule? At first glance, evolutionary theory might seem to suggest that an uncooperative principle should have evolved rather than a cooperative principle. The author argues that a cooperative principle is not only not at odds with evolutionary theory but also a necessary consequence of soc...
Light Clocks and the Clock Hypothesis

The clock hypothesis of relativity theory equates the proper time experienced by a point particle along a timelike curve with the length of that curve as determined by the metric. Is it possible to prove that particular types of clocks satisfy the clock hypothesis, thus genuinely measure proper time, at least approximately? Because most real clocks would be enormously complicated to study in this connection, focusing attention on an idealized light clock is attractive. The present paper extends and generalized partial results along these lines with a theorem showing that, for any timelike curve in any spacetime, there is a light clock that measures the curve’s length as accurately and regularly as one wishes.
Annealing Structural Bias in Multilingual Weighted Grammar Induction

We first show how a structural locality bias can improve the accuracy of state-of-the-art dependency grammar induction models trained by EM from unannotated examples (Klein and Manning, 2004). Next, by annealing the free parameter that controls this bias, we achieve further improvements. We then describe an alternative kind of structural bias, toward "broken" hypotheses consisting of partial structures over segmented sentences, and show a similar pattern of improvement. We relate this approach to contrastive estimation (Smith and Eisner, 2005a), apply the latter to grammar induction in six languages, and show that our new approach improves accuracy by 1-17% (absolute) over CE (and 8-30% over EM), achieving to our knowledge the best results on this task to date. Our method, structural annealing, is a general technique with broad applicability to hidden-structure discovery problems.
The potential for fuel conservation: The case of the automobile

Abstract The growing penury and rising cost of petroleum argue for making fuel conservation an integral element of our national energy policy. Opportunities for fuel savings are particularly promising in the automobile sector which is responsible for one third of national petroleum consumption. The paper examines five generic approaches to reducing automobile fuel consumption and considers their effectiveness and wider impact. The five approaches are: emergency measures involving restrictions on driving and control over the fuel supply; reduction of vehicle-miles travelled (VMT's) through diversion of commuters to mass transit and through promotion of higher vehicle occupancy rates; raising the fuel efficiency of automobile operation; improving the automobile's design fuel efficiency; and reducing travel requirements.
A Second Uniquely Human Mutation Affecting Sialic Acid Biology

Siglecs are immunoglobulin superfamily member lectins that selectively recognize different types and linkages of sialic acids, which are major components of cell surface and secreted glycoconjugates. We report here a human Siglec-like molecule (Siglec-L1) that lacks a conserved arginine residue known to be essential for optimal sialic acid recognition by previously known Siglecs. Loss of the arginine from an ancestral molecule was caused by a single nucleotide substitution that occurred after the common ancestor of humans with the great apes but before the origin of modern humans. The chimpanzee Siglec-L1 ortholog remains fully functional and preferentially recognizes N-glycolylneuraminic acid, which is a common sialic acid in great apes and other mammals. Reintroducing the ancestral arginine into the human molecule regenerates the same properties. Thus, the single base pair mutation that replaced the arginine on human Siglec-L1 is likely to be evolutionarily related to the previously reported loss of N-glycolylneuraminic acid expression in the human lineage. Siglec-L1 and its chimpanzee Siglec ortholog also have a different expression pattern from previously reported Siglecs because they are found on the lumenal edge of epithelial cell surfaces. Notably, the human genome contains several Siglec-like pseudogenes that have independent mutations that would have replaced the arginine residue required for optimal sialic acid recognition. Thus, additional changes in the biology of sialic acids may have taken place during human evolution.
Internet‐based expert systems

The Internet offers a large potential for delivery of various information-based services, including the services of intelligent applications. As the availability of the Internet has grown, its value as a medium for the delivery of expert systems in particular has increased. There are now a large number of expert systems available on the Internet, including applications in industry, medicine, science and government. Though the Internet provides several advantages for expert system development, it also presents some special problems. These advantages and disadvantages are explored in more detail in this paper. The paper also presents a review of several Internet-based expert systems with a representative sample of publicly available applications, and a discussion of typical tools for developing Internet-based expert systems. A case study of an Internet-based expert system is presented as well.
Biotic interactions at hydrothermal vents: Recruitment inhibition by the mussel Bathymodiolus thermophilus

The structure and dynamics of marine communities are regulated in part by variation in recruitment. As in other ecosystems, recruitment at deep-sea hydrothermal vents is controlled by the interplay of propagule supply and behavior, gradients in physical– chemical conditions, and biotic interactions during pre- and post-settlement periods. Recent research along the East Pacific Rise indicates that inhibition of recently settled larvae by mobile predators (mainly limpets) influences patterns of recruitment and subsequent community succession. We conducted a manipulative experiment at the same sites (� 2510 m water depth) to test whether high-density assemblages of the mussel Bathymodiolus thermophilus also inhibit recruitment. In a preliminary study, recruitment of vent invertebrates within the faunal zone dominated by B. thermophilus was strikingly different at two sites, East Wall and Worm Hole. East Wall had high densities of mussels but very low total recruitment. In contrast, Worm Hole had few mussels but high recruitment. Using the submersible Alvin, we transplanted a large number of mussels from East Wall to Worm Hole and quantified recruitment on basalt blocks placed in three treatments: (1) naturally high densities of mussels at East Wall; (2) naturally low densities of mussels at Worm Hole; and (3) high densities of transplanted mussels at Worm Hole. After 11 months, a total of 24 taxa had recruited to the basalt blocks. Recruitment was 44–60% lower in the transplanted high-density mussel patch at Worm Hole and the natural high-density patch at East Wall than within the natural low-density patch at Worm Hole. Biotic processes that may have caused the pattern of recruitment observed included predation of larvae via water filtration by mussels, larval avoidance of superior competitors, interference competition, and enhanced predation by species within the mussel-bed community. Our results indicate that biotic interactions affecting recruitment must be understood to explain patterns of invertebrate community organization and dynamics at hydrothermal vents.
The nature of the increased rate of DNA synthesis in scrapie-affected mouse brain

—In vivo studies have been made of the incorporation of radioactive thymidine into acid insoluble components of control and scrapie-affected mouse brain. Experiments with hot trichloroacetic acid extracts of brain and with purified preparations of DNA have confirmed that there is an increased rate of DNA synthesis in scrapie brain which is entirely associated with nuclei. No increase was found in the rate of DNA synthesis in cytoplasmic fractions of scrapie brain. Hydroxyapatite chromatography of heat denatured and renatured DNA suggests that in scrapie brain there is a similar increase in the rates of synthesis of the poorly, moderately and highly reiterated (i.e. satellite) species of nuclear DNA. Experiments involving brain dissection indicate that the increased rate of DNA synthesis in scrapie does not take place exclusively in the subependymal layer of the lateral ventricles. From these and previously reported studies using radioautographic techniques it is concluded that the increased DNA synthesis in scrapie brain is not associated specifically with cells undergoing mitosis.
Determining malicious executable distinguishing attributes and low-complexity detection

Detection of rapidly evolving malware requires classification techniques that can effectively and efficiently detect zero-day attacks. Such detection is based on a robust model of benign behavior and deviations from that model are used to detect malicious behavior. In this paper we propose a low-complexity host-based technique that uses deviations in static file attributes to detect malicious executables. We first develop simple statistical models of static file attributes derived from the empirical data of thousands of benign executables. Deviations among the attribute models of benign and malware executables are then quantified using information-theoretic (Kullback-Leibler-based) divergence measures. This quantification reveals distinguishing attributes that are considerably divergent between benign and malware executables and therefore can be used for detection. We use the benign models of divergent attributes in cross-correlation and log-likelihood frameworks to classify malicious executables. Our results, using over 4,000 malicious file samples, indicate that the proposed detector provides reasonably high detection accuracy, while having significantly lower complexity than existing detectors.
Detection Statistics for Laser Radar in Atmospheric Turbulence with Fluctuating Targets

The probability of detection and false-alarm rates are developed for laser radar systems perturbed by background radiation, fluctuating targets, and atmospheric turbulence. In particular, some results on the decibel loss due to atmospheric turbulence are presented.
Decrease in IL-10 and increase in TNF-α levels in renal tissues during systemic inhibition of nitric oxide in anesthetized mice

Earlier, we demonstrated that the inhibition of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) by nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME) infusion increases the endogenous production of proinflammatory cytokine, tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α). In the present study, we examined the hypothesis that inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) production leads to the suppression of interleukin (IL)-10 (anti-inflammatory cytokine) generation which facilitates the enhancement of TNF-α production endogenously. Using appropriate enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits and immunohistochemical staining, the levels of IL-10 and TNF-α in plasma (P) and in renal tissues (R) were measured in anesthetized mice (C57BL/6; ~10 weeks age; n = 6/group) infused with or without l-NAME (200 μg/min/kg; i.v. for 2 h). Compared to vehicle-treated control mice, l-NAME-treated mice had a lower level of IL-10 (P, 0.3 ± 0.1 vs. 2.6 ± 0.6 ng/mL; R, 0.5 ± 0.1 vs. 3 ± 0.1 ng/mg protein) and a higher level of TNF-α (P, 432 ± 82 vs. undetected pg/mL; R, 58 ± 7 vs. 6 ± 5 pg/mg protein). IL-10 protein expression, present mostly in the distal nephron segments in control mice, was markedly downregulated in l-NAME-treated mice. Compared to control mice, TNF-α expression increased 2.5-fold in renal cortical sections (mostly in the distal nephron segments) in l-NAME-treated mice. Coinfusion of a NO donor, S-nitroso-N-acetyl-penicillamine (SNAP; 25 μg/min/kg) with l-NAME in a separate group of mice prevented these changes in IL-10 and TNF-α induced by l-NAME. IL-10 infusion (0.075 ng/min/g) in l-NAME-treated mice markedly attenuated l-NAME-induced increments in TNF-α. Thus, these results demonstrate that NOS inhibition decreases endogenous IL-10 generation and thus, minimizes its immune downregulating action on the TNF-α production in the kidney.
Combination of a hydroxy-functional organophosphorus oligomer and a multifunctional carboxylic acid as a flame retardant finishing system for cotton: part i. the chemical reactions

Multifunctional carboxylic acids, such as 1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylic acid (BTCA), have been used as crosslinking agents for cotton cellulose to produce wrinkle-resistant cotton fabrics and garments. Polycarboxylic acids were used to bond hydroxy-functional organophosphorus oligomer to cotton, thus imparting durable flame retarding properties to the cotton fabric. This research investigated the chemical reactions between the hydroxy-functional organophosphorus compound and BTCA on cotton. BTCA crosslinks cotton cellulose through the formation of a 5-membered cyclic anhydride intermediate and esterification of the anhydride with cellulose. In the presence of the organophosphorus compound, BTCA reacts with both the organophosphorus compound and cellulose, thus functioning as a binder between cotton cellulose and the organophosphorus compound and making the flame retarding system durable to laundering. The cotton fabric treated by the combination of the organophosphorus compound and BTCA demonstrated lower wrinkle resistance and less tensile strength loss than that treated by BTCA alone. The phosphorus retention on the cotton fabric after one home laundering cycle was approximately 70%.
Motorcycle injuries in Rhode Island.

Despite a small population and limited motorcycle season, Rhode Island reflects the national trend in increased motorcycle traffic deaths. The increase occurred during a steady decline in the number of passenger car and light truck occupant deaths. Of serious injuries, of which a larger number result in hospital admissions, this mortality is the most severe outcome. In motor vehicle crashes, injury-related hospital admissions generally peak among males 15-24 years of age and sharply decrease in subsequent age groups, while in motorcycle crashes, the distribution of injury-related hospital admissions was highest among males 25-44 years of age. There are explanations for the increasing number of injuries, including: 1) many motorcycle operators over the age of 21 do not wear helmets after the first year of licensure, since it is not required in Rhode Island; 2) motorcycle operators have increased exposure since estimates of miles traveled have increased and more operators are on the road; and 3) motorcycle operator aging may increase vulnerability to serious injury and death; additionally, aging operators may be driving bigger motorcycles than the ones they learned on. Ironically while there also were increases in other vehicle travel in 2007, there were accompanying decreases in mortality and hospital admissions for occupants of those vehicles. Support for educational and legislative efforts for increased helmet use is included in public health prevention efforts.
Of Crowds and Empires: Afro-Asian Riots and European Expansion, 1857–1882

Comparative studies pose special problems for historians, given their long tradition of being wed to the political history of individual countries and given the limitations of their methods, which lend themselves to (at most) middlerange generalizations. Sociology and anthropology have always seemed better poised to deal with the big questions across cultures. The rise of social history, however, provides new opportunities for comparative studies, insofar as such social entities and processes as cities, social classes, crowds, and women lend themselves better to comparison than do micropolitics within the framework of a single country's history. Despite these new possibilities, most historians demand intense contextualization and mistrust secondary sources, making it difficult for one scholar to master the relevant languages and archives in more than one culture, or to pose a broad enough question for comparative analysis. Much social history, even by the most sociologically minded historian, is likely to be based on archives and concerned largely with a single country or culture. Social historians can, however, legitimately inject a comparative element into their writing by paying special attention to the international aspects of their subject and by considering their works about particular social groups in individual countries as case studies in related phenomena.
An atomistic method for slow structural deformations

We investigate the feasibility of applying a recent algorithm for sampling activation barriers in supercooled liquids to probe activated kinetics of solid-state deformation under stress. The basis for exploring this isomorphism is that the elementary processes of activation and relaxation in potential energy space are valid for any bulk system. Since the method is able to explain shear relaxation over a range of temperatures, it seems reasonable to expect the approach also can be useful for studying structural deformation over a range of applied stresses. We present preliminary results on time-dependent deformation of nanocrystalline structures to suggest a new way to probe structural relaxation at slow strain rates that retains atomistic details of individual and collective rearrangements.
When to Protect? Using the Crosswise Model to Integrate Protected and Direct Responses in Surveys of Sensitive Behavior

Sensitive survey techniques (SSTs) are frequently used to study sensitive behaviors. However, existing strategies for employing SSTs lead to highly variable prevalence estimates and do not permit analysts to address the question of whether the use of an SST is actually necessary. The current article presents a survey questioning strategy and corresponding statistical framework that fills this gap. By jointly analyzing survey responses generated by an SST (the crosswise model) along with direct responses about the sensitive behavior, the article's framework addresses the question of whether the use of an SST is required to study a given sensitive behavior, provides an efficient estimate of the prevalence of the sensitive behavior, and, in its extended form, efficiently estimates how individual characteristics relate to the likelihood of engaging in the behavior. The utility of the approach is demonstrated through an examination of gender differences in proclivities towards corruption in Costa Rica.
Reserve Prices in Common-Value Auctions with Asymmetrically Informed Bidders

In this paper, I study common-value auctions with two asymmetrically informed bidders and a reserve price. First, I consider a static auction in which one bidder has perfect information about the value of the object and the other does not have any private information. I derive the optimal reserve price and find that the optimal reserve price is always lower in a static common-value auction with asymmetrically informed bidders than in a standard independent-private-value (SIPV) auction. I then consider a dynamic auction in which an informed bidder obtains private information in two consecutive periods. I characterize a set of equilibria in which the strategy of the informed bidder is to decide whether to bid or to wait until the second period, while the uninformed bidder randomizes his bid, if he bids in the first period, and never bids in the second period. I show that, as long as the uninformed bidder does not have a mass point at the reserve price, the optimal reserve price can be characterized so that it is analogous to the optimal reserve price for the static auction. In addition, I compare the dynamic auction with the first period auction (the seller commits to sell the object in only the first period) and provide conditions under which one auction outperforms the other.
Sanitation in Roman military hospitals

Background: Sanitation, hygiene and an awareness of contagious diseases are essential factors in the successful operation of all military hospitals. The ancient, Roman physicians were aware of these factors and addressed them in the structure and system that they developed for their military hospitals. Methods: This study was conducted within the parameters of system and structure analysis. Central to the analysis of hygiene and sanitation in military hospitals is the study of their structure and processes. Results: Hygiene and sanitation were regularly practiced in Roman military hospitals. Roman physicians took steps to reduce sepsis and separated sick and wounded soldiers to minimize the spread of contagious diseases. Conclusions: The Romans were the first army of antiquity to practice a significant level of hygiene and sanitation in their military hospitals. It is more likely than not, that Roman physicians knew through deductive reasoning that pathologic microorganisms existed.
Aberrant modulation of the BRCA1 and G1/S cell cycle pathways in alcoholic hepatitis patients with Mallory Denk Bodies revealed by RNA sequencing

Mallory-Denk Bodies (MDBs) are prevalent in various liver diseases including alcoholic hepatitis (AH) and are formed in mice livers by feeding DDC. Liver injury from alcohol administration causes balloon hepatocytes and MDB formation impeding liver regeneration. By comparing AH livers where MDBs had formed with normal liver transcriptomes obtained by RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq), there was significant upregulation of BRCA1-mediated signaling and G1/S cell cycle checkpoint pathways. The transcriptional architecture of differentially expressed genes from AH livers reflected step-wise transcriptional changes progressing to AH. Key molecules such as BRCA1, p15 and p21 were significantly upregulated both in AH livers and in the livers of the DDC re-fed mice model where MDBs had formed. The increase of G1/S cell cycle checkpoint inhibitors p15 and p21 results in cell cycle arrest and inhibition of liver regeneration, implying that p15 and p21 could be exploited for the identification of specific targets for the treatment of liver disease. Provided here for the first time is the RNA-Seq data that represents the fully annotated catalogue of the expression of mRNAs. The most prominent alterations observed were the changes in BRCA1-mediated signaling and G1/S cell cycle checkpoint pathways. These new findings expand previous and related knowledge in the search for gene changes that might be critical in the understanding of the underlying progression to the development of AH.
Five Factors of Environmental Press of Rural High School Pupils as Identified by the Stern High School Characteristics Index

To identify the factor structure of the perceptions of the school environment of a sample of rural high school students the High School Characteristics Inventory (Stern, 1963) was administered in the Fall to 415 high school students, 210 males and 205 females, in a rural New Hampshire high school. The sample, representing two-thirds of the school population, included 120 freshmen, 130 sophomores, 94 juniors, and 71 seniors.
The SOX11-PDGFA axis in mantle cell lymphoma.

In this issue of Blood , Palomero et al elucidate a mechanism whereby SOX11 (SRY [ Sex determining region-Y ] -box 11 ) promotes angiogenesis in mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).[1][1] ![Figure][2] SOX11-PDGFA paracrine axis. SOX11 serves to transcriptionally regulate PDGFA. Secretion of PDGFA
Rising Mercury, Rising Hostility: How Heat Affects Survey Response

Recent social scientific research has examined connections between public opinion and weather conditions. This article contributes to this literature by analyzing the relationship between high temp...
Molecular Biology Basics in the “Omics” Era: Genes to Proteins

This chapter attempts to summarize what is known regarding the organization and functional role of DNA and RNA in normal cell growth and differentiation that may be relevant to cancer cells. Information accruing over the last 15 years and particularly the last 5–10 years is emphasized but early discoveries important to the development of our current understanding are referenced. New technologies such as next generation DNA sequencing and its derivatives including ChIP-seq, RNA-seq, and chromosome conformation capture techniques along with huge collaborative projects including sequencing of the human genome, ENCODE, the Roadmap Epigenomics Program, and most recently the 4D Nucleome project are extending the ability of medical scientists to probe the organization of chromatin and through this determine the regulatory networks of specific cell types. While this chapter can only touch briefly on this broad range of topics it is hoped that it can provide a starting point for expanding understanding of the many opportunities as well as some of the potential pitfalls that are certain to arise in the growing field of cancer molecular testing.