cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Role of lymph node dissection at the time of open or minimally invasive nephroureterectomy

Unlike urothelial carcinoma of the bladder, there is no guideline-based consensus on whether a lymph node dissection (LND) should be performed at the time of radical nephroureterectomy (RNU) for upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC). Variable lymphatic drainage based on primary tumor location, lack of prospective trials, and difficulties in developing a risk-adapted approach to LND for UTUC are all challenges to the development of an established approach. The UTUC literature consists of an evidence pool that has historically been limited to single-institution series with heterogenous inclusion criteria for LND and variable LND templates. Areas of controversy exist regarding migration to the great vessel LN beds for mid and distal tumors. A lack of template standardization limits the interpretation of studies relative to one another and a lack of uniformity in reporting templates may lead to inaccuracies in the estimation of lymph node metastasis landing sites. Most clinicians agree that there is a staging benefit to LND for UTUC. Although the data is somewhat heterogenous, it demonstrates a prognostic and staging benefit to LND in higher stages of UTUC. Unlike the staging benefits provided by LND for UTUC, the therapeutic benefits are not as clearly established. Several studies have evaluated differences in cancer-specific survival (CSS) and demonstrated LND to be an independent predictor of CSS when compared to patients not undergoing LND. However, this finding is not consistent across all studies and the literature is again limited by inclusion heterogeneity and inconsistent or lack or template-based resections. LND for UTUC at the time of RNU is a safe and feasible procedure that seems to especially benefit patients with muscle-invasive or locally advanced disease. Prospective, randomized studies with strict inclusion criteria and defined anatomic templates are needed to definitely characterize the role of LND for UTUC.
Effects of Iron Deficiency Anemia and Its Rapid Correction on the Serum Metabolomic Profile of Rhesus Infants.

Objectives To determine whether rapid correction of iron deficiency using intramuscular iron dextran normalizes serum metabolomic changes in a nonhuman primate model of iron deficiency anemia (IDA). Methods Blood was collected from naturally iron-sufficient (IS; n = 10) and IDA (n = 12) male and female infant rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) at 6 months of age. IDA infants were treated with intramuscular injections of iron dextran, 10 mg/weekly for 4-8 weeks. Iron status was reevaluated following treatment using hematological measurements and sera were metabolically profiled using HPLC/MS with isobaric standards for identification and quantification. Results Early-life iron deficiency anemia negatively affects many cellular metabolic processes, including energy production, electron transport, and oxidative degradation of toxins. Slow iron repletion with dietary supplementation restores iron deficient monkeys from a hematological perspective, but the serum metabolomic profile remains differed from monkeys that had been iron sufficient their entire life. Whether rapid iron restoration through intramuscular injections of iron dextran normalizes serum metabolomic profile is not known. A total of 654 metabolites were measured with differences in 53 metabolites identified between IS and IDA monkeys at 6 months (P 0.05). Pathway analyses provided evidence of altered liver function, hypometabolic state, differential essential fatty acid production, irregular inosine and guanosine metabolism, and atypical bile acid production in IDA infants. After treatment, iron-related hematological parameters had recovered, but the formerly IDA infants remained metabolically distinct from the IS infants, with 225 metabolites differentially expressed between the groups. Conclusions As with slow iron repletion, rapid iron repletion does not normalize the altered serum metabolomic profile in rhesus infants with IDA, suggesting the need for iron supplementation in the pre-anemic stage. Funding sources National Institutes of Health.
EEG-Beats: Automated analysis of heart rate variability (HVR) from EEG-EKG

Heart rate variability (HRV), the variation of the period between consecutive heartbeats, is an established tool for assessing physiological indicators such as stress and fatigue. In non-clinical settings, HRV is often computed from signals acquired using wearable devices that are susceptible to strong artifacts. In EEG (electroencephalography) experiments, these devices must be synchronized with the EEG and typically provide intermittent interbeat interval information based on proprietary artifact-removal algorithms. This paper describes an automated algorithm that uses the output of an EEG sensor mounted on a subject9s chest to accurately detect interbeat intervals and to calculate time-varying metrics. The algorithm is designed for raw signals and is robust to artifacts, resulting in fine-grained capture of HRV that is synchronized with the EEG. An open-source MATLAB toolbox (EEG-Beats) is available to calculate interbeat intervals and many standard HRV time and frequency indicators. EEG-Beats is designed to run in a completely automated fashion on an entire study without manual intervention. The paper applies EEG-Beats to EKG signals measured with an EEG sensor in a large longitudinal study (17 subjects, 6 tasks, 854 datasets). The toolbox is available at https://github.com/VisLab/EEG-Beats.
Airports and environmental sustainability: a comprehensive review

Over 2500 airports worldwide provide critical infrastructure that supports 4 billion annual passengers To meet changes in capacity and post-COVID-19 passenger processing, airport infrastructure such as terminal buildings, airfields, and ground service equipment require substantial upgrades Aviation accounts for 2 5% of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, but that estimate excludes airport construction and operation Metrics that assess an airport's sustainability, in addition to environmental impacts that are sometimes unaccounted for (e g water consumption), are necessary for a more complete environmental accounting of the entire aviation sector This review synthesizes the current state of environmental sustainability metrics and methods (e g life-cycle assessment, Scope GHG emissions) for airports as identified in 108 peer-reviewed journal articles and technical reports Articles are grouped according to six categories (Energy and Atmosphere, Comfort and Health, Water and Wastewater, Site and Habitat, Material and Resources, Multidimensional) of an existing airport sustainability assessment framework A case study application of the framework is evaluated for its efficacy in yielding performance objectives Research interest in airport environmental sustainability is steadily increasing, but there is ample need for more systematic assessment that accounts for a variety of emissions and regional variation Prominent research themes include analyzing the GHG emissions from airfield pavements and energy management strategies for airport buildings Research on water conservation, climate change resilience, and waste management is more limited, indicating that airport environmental accounting requires more analysis A disconnect exists between research efforts and practices implemented by airports Effective practices such as sourcing low-emission electricity and electrifying ground transportation and gate equipment can in the short term aid airports in moving towards sustainability goals Future research must emphasize stakeholder involvement, life-cycle assessment, linking environmental impacts with operational outcomes, and global challenges (e g resilience, climate change adaptation, mitigation of infectious diseases)
Factors influencing the intention of persons with visual impairment to adopt mobile applications based on the UTAUT model

Despite the significance of studies related to mobile applications, little empirical research has been conducted into the factors that may affect visually impaired people’s acceptance and usage of mobile applications. This study investigated how individuals with visual impairment (VI) adopt and use mobile applications (apps) in their daily lives based on the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology and explored what needs to be considered when developing a mobile app for people with VI. An online survey consisting of close-ended and open-ended questions was administered to a total of 259 participants with VI. Structural equation modeling was used to examine direct and moderated relationships among study variables. Thematic analysis was also conducted to analyze participants’ responses to the open-ended questions. The results of the quantitative analysis revealed that the performance expectancy significantly predicted the behavioral intention to use mobile apps, and this relationship was significantly moderated by the attitude toward mobile apps. The qualitative analysis showed that the functionality and accessibility of mobile apps were essential for improving the acceptance and usage of mobile apps for persons with visual impairment. Moreover, future mobile apps need to focus on enhancing specific features in navigation, communication, visual identification, and screen reading. The theoretical and practical implications are further discussed.
The impact of satellite constellations on space as an ancestral global commons

Near-Earth space is becoming increasingly privatized, with the number of satellites in low-Earth orbits predicted to grow dramatically from about 2,000 at present to over 100,000 in the next decade due to the launch of planned satellite constellations. In addition to their direct impact on astronomy, the manner and pace of ‘occupying’ near-Earth space raises the risk of repeating the mistakes of colonization on a cosmic scale. We must consider the impact of satellite constellations, and related future initiatives, on the essential human right to dark skies and on cultural sky traditions across all peoples. We must also include all stakeholders for near-Earth space in the process of developing new policies for space treaties and planetary protection, the consequences of which will reach far beyond this century. We advocate for a radical shift in the policy framework of international regulatory bodies towards the view of space as an ancestral global commons that contains the heritage and future of humanity’s scientific and cultural practices. In the context of near-Earth space becoming increasingly privatized and crowded due to the launch of satellite constellations, space must be viewed as an ancestral global commons that contains the heritage and future of humanity’s scientific and cultural practices.
Multi-task deep reinforcement learning for intelligent multi-zone residential HVAC control

Abstract In this short communication, a data-driven deep reinforcement learning (deep RL) method is applied to minimize HVAC users’ energy consumption costs while maintaining users’ comfort. The applied deep RL method's efficiency is enhanced by conducting multi-task learning that can achieve an economic control strategy for a multi-zone residential HVAC system in both cooling and heating scenarios. The applied multi-task deep RL method is compared with a rule-based benchmark case and a single-task deep deterministic policy gradient algorithm to verify its effective and generalized application in optimizing HVAC operation.
SialoPen peptides are new cationic foldamers with remarkable cell permeability

Abstract The ability to access intracellular targets is of vital importance as the number of identified druggable intracellular targets increases every year. However, intracellular delivery poses a formidable barrier, as many potential therapeutics are impermeable to cell membranes, which hinders their practical application in drug development. Herein we present de novo-designed unnatural cell penetrating peptide foldamers utilizing a 2,3-Didehydro-2-deoxyneuraminic acid (Neu2en) scaffold. Conveniently, this scaffold is amenable to standard Fmoc-based solid-phase peptide synthesis, with the advantages of tunable secondary structures and enhanced biostability. Flow cytometry and live-cell confocal microscopy studies showed that these Neu2en-based peptides, hereinafter termed SialoPen peptides, have significantly superior uptake in HeLa and primary neuronal hippocampal cells, outperforming the classical cell permeable peptides penetratin and HIV-TAT.
Ethical Considerations in Pediatricians’ Use of Social Media

Increasing use of social media by patients and clinicians creates opportunities as well as dilemmas for pediatricians, who must recognize the inherent ethical and legal complexity of these communication platforms and maintain professionalism in all contexts. Social media can be a useful tool in the practice of medicine by educating both physicians and patients, expanding access to health care, identifying high-risk behaviors, contributing to research, promoting networking and online support, enhancing advocacy, and nurturing professional compassion. At the same time, there are confidentiality, privacy, professionalism, and boundary issues that need to be considered whenever potential interactions occur between physicians and patients via social media. This clinical report is designed to assist pediatricians in identifying and navigating ethical issues to harness the opportunities and avoid the pitfalls of social media.
Delayed COVID-19 Respiratory Failure in Patients with Lymphoma on Rituximab-based Chemoimmunotherapy.

Clinical Practice Points • COVID-19 can present with delayed onset of symptoms in patients with lymphoma receiving rituximab-based chemoimmunotherapy. • Despite delayed onset of symptoms with prolonged asymptomatic period, outcomes can be particularly severe, including respiratory failure, thrombotic complications, and death.
Physiologic Mechanisms of Weight Loss Following Metabolic/Bariatric Surgery.

Bariatric and metabolic surgery has evolved from simple experimental procedures for a chronic problem associated with significant morbidity into a sophisticated multidisciplinary treatment modality rooted in biology and physiology. Although the complete mechanistic narrative of bariatric surgery cannot yet be written, significant advance in knowledge has been made in the past 2 decades. This article provides a brief overview of the most studied hypotheses and their supporting evidence. Ongoing research, especially in frontier areas, such as the microbiome, will continue to refine, and perhaps even revise, current mechanistic understanding.
Evolutionary assembly of cooperating cell types in an animal chemical defense system

Summary A long-standing challenge in biology is explaining how the functions of multicellular organs emerge from the underlying evolution of cell types. We deconstructed evolution of an organ novelty: a rove beetle gland that secretes a defensive cocktail. We show that gland function was pieced together via assembly of two cell types that manufacture distinct compounds. One cell type forms a chemical reservoir in the beetle’s abdomen and produces alkane and ester compounds. We demonstrate that this cell type is a hybrid of cuticle cells and ancient pheromone and adipocyte-like cells, and executes its function via a mosaic of enzymes sourced from each parental cell type. The second cell type synthesizes noxious benzoquinones using a chimeric pathway derived from conserved cellular energy and cuticle formation pathways. We present evidence that evolution of each cell type was shaped by coevolution between the two cell types: the benzoquinones produced by the second cell type dissolve in solvents produced by the first, yielding a potent secretion that confers adaptive value onto the gland as a whole. Our findings illustrate how cooperation between cell types can arise, generating new, organ-level behaviors.
Introduction to object-oriented discrete event simulation with OOsimL and Java: tutorial presentation

In most Computing academic programs, simulation is an important application area. This tutorial provides a short overview of object-oriented modeling and an introduction to the implementation of simulation models using the OOSimL and Java, early on in the computing curriculum. This approach to simulation emphasizes and exploits object-oriented modeling and programming in the large of simple to complex systems. The tutorial presents a gentle introduction to object-oriented modeling and simulation using the new language OOSimL. This simulation language was designed and developed for teaching OO simulation early in undergraduate programs in computing. The OOSimL compiler generates Java source code. Object-oriented concepts are reinforced using OOSimL and the simulation follows the general philosophy of Simula and DEMOS.
Effects of eicosapentaenoic acid and the GPR120 agonist TUG-891 on lysophosphatidic acid signaling in human prostate cancer cells (1066.10)

There is a high incidence of prostate cancer in the Western world, which may be partially attributed to Western diets that are generally deficient in omega-3 fatty acids (n-3 FAs). Dietary n-3 FAs ...
White matter segmentation based on a skeletonized atlas: effects on diffusion tensor imaging studies of regions of interest.

Purpose To compare the influence of conventional and skeletonized atlas-based white matter (WM) segmentation on diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) region-of-interest (ROI) investigations. Materials and Methods A conventional WM atlas was skeletonized by thinning the corresponding fractional anisotropy (FA) map and labels. The conventional and skeletonized versions of the atlas were used for WM segmentation. The percentage of non-WM voxels assigned to WM labels, as well as statistical summaries of tensor-derived quantities, were compared between segmentation approaches. The ability to detect small differences in diffusion properties across groups of subjects was also compared between segmentation approaches. Results Skeletonized segmentation resulted in significantly lower non-WM percentage (P < 0.05), higher mean FA and lower trace (P < 0.05) in most WM labels, and mainly lower standard deviation of FA and trace in labels neighboring the ventricles. In terms of maximizing the ability to detect intergroup DTI differences, skeletonized segmentation was superior in the corpus callosum, but the optimal approach varied for other WM labels. Conclusion Conventional and skeletonized atlas-based segmentation probe different portions of brain tissue and lead to different statistical summaries of diffusion characteristics in WM labels. Careful selection of segmentation approach is required for DTI investigations of WM ROIs. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2014;l40:1189–1198. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Two Conceptions of the Social Situation: Some Implications of Humor

This article appraises two images of the social situation: Blumer's symbolic interactionism and Goffman's microstructuralism. Blumer stresses the improvisational and consequently unpredictable char...
Toward a synthesis of two accounts of discourse structure

Among researchers interested in computational models of discourse, there has been a long-standing debate between proponents of approaches based on domain-independent rhetorical relations, and those who subscribe to approaches based on intentionality. In this paper, we argue that the main theories representing these two approaches, RST (Mann and Thompson 1988) and G&S (Grosz and Sidner 1986), make similar claims about how speakers' intentions determine a structure of their discourse. The similarity occurs because the nucleus-satellite relation among text spans in RST corresponds to the dominance relation among intentions in G&S. Building on this similarity, we sketch a partial mapping between the two theories to show that the main points of the two theories are equivalent. Furthermore, the additional claims found in only RST or only G&S are largely consistent. The issue of what structure is determined by semantic (domain) relations in the discourse and how this structure might be related to the intentional structure is discussed. We suggest the synthesis of the two theories would be useful to researchers in both natural language interpretation and generation.
A Littlewood-Richardson Rule for Dual Stable Grothendieck Polynomials

Abstract For a given skew shape, we build a crystal graph on the set of all reverse plane partitions that have this shape. As a consequence, we get a simple extension of the Littlewood–Richardson rule for the expansion of the corresponding dual stable Grothendieck polynomial in terms of Schur polynomials.
Pair-Feeding in the Dietary Control of Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase

The great increase ("overshoot") in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity in liver cytoplasm which follows the transfer of rats from starvation to a high sucrose diet has been recognized for a number of years. Also the fact that transferring fed rats to the high sucrose diet results only in a small increase in G6PD activity while transfer of "starved" rats to the high sucrose diet results in a 10 to 20-fold ("overshoot") increase in G6PD activity is equally recognized. This report demonstrates that the "overshoot" following 4 days without food is not due to an increase in food intake compared to the food intake of fed rats since pair-feeding during this refeeding at three different levels does not eliminate the effect of the prior fast.
Multiple scattering among vias in planar waveguides using SMCG method

Large scale full-wave solution of multiple scattering among cylindrical vias in planar waveguides is modeled using Foldy-Lax equations. Solution of the Foldy-Lax equations with large number of unknowns is done efficiently using the sparse-matrix canonical-grid method. In the method, interactions among vias are decomposed into strong interactions part and weak interactions part where the calculation can be carried out using 2D-FFT after the locations of the vias have been translated onto the uniform grids. The final solution of the Foldy-Lax equations is calculated by iterative method with matrix-vector multiplication speeded up by the 2D-FFT operation. The results show O(NlogN) CPU efficiency and O(N) memory efficiency and make large scale via problem possible for computer simulation.
Docosahexaenoic acid attenuates palmitate-induced unfolded protein response in myotubes (1163.21)

Accumulation of saturated fatty acids in skeletal muscle results in dysregulation of protein metabolism and muscle atrophy. In cultured myotubes, the saturated fatty acid palmitate (PA) stimulates ...
The Price-Volume Relationship In The Chilean Stock Market

This study focuses on the econometric relations between daily returns and daily trading volume changes on the Santiago Stock Exchange of Chile. To meet this task, the study utilizes the data of the Selective Stock Price Index, IPSA, from January, 2003 through October, 2006. A significant contemporaneous relation is found between volume and returns. The evidence also indicates that the said relation is asymmetric. Moreover, the results support the notion that the trading volume makes the market move. The causality test results provide a clear evidence of daily returns Granger causing daily trading volume changes in the Chilean equity market.
Major Petroleum-Impregnated Rock Deposits of Western Colorado Plateau: ABSTRACT

Petroleum-impregnated rock deposits occur widely in rocks of Permian to Tertiary age in the western Colorado Plateau of Arizona and Utah. Although over 60 occurrences and deposits have been recognized to date, only six, all in Utah, are estimated to contain over one billion bbl of petroleum in place. Two giant deposits occur in marine and marginal marine strata in the dissected plateau region of southeastern Utah. The largest of these, and the largest single known deposit in the United States, is the Tar Sand Triangle. It underlies approximately 225 sq mi (585 sq km), and is estimated to contain as much as 16 billion bbl of petroleum, principally in the White Rim Sandstone (Permian). The Circle Cliffs deposit contains approximately 1.3 billion bbl of petroleum in siltstone and sandstone of the Moenkopi Formation (Triassic). The deposit underlies an area of approximately 28 sq mi (73 sq km) on both sides of a breached anticline. Several similar, but smaller deposits occur in the Moenkopi Formation to the north, in the Capitol Reef anticline, and in the San Rafael uplift. The remaining giant deposits are located in the Uinta basin, and all contain petroleum which probably originated in the lacustrine Green River Formation (Eocene). These deposits include P. R. Spring, Hill Creek, Sunnyside, Asphalt Ridge, and Asphalt Ridge Northwest. The total amount of petroleum contained in these deposits in the Tar Sand Triangle and Uinta basin approaches a resource base of 29 billion bbl. The deposits are variable, and each offers a variety of technologic and economic challenges. End_of_Article - Last_Page 686------------
Delayed onset of 4d photoemission relative to the giant 4d photoabsorption of La

Abstract For the giant 4d photoabsorption of La, both the total photoabsorption spectrum and the N4.5-derived Auger emission intensity spectrum increase significantly above hν ≅ 112 eV, with spectral peaks at hν = 118 and 119 eV, respectively. However, the predominant 4d photoemission partial cross section shows a delayed onset of ∼ 4 eV, with a peak at hν = 121 eV, while the 5s, 5p, and 5d partial cross sections all show a strong resonant enhancement at lower energies, with spectral peaks at hν = 116.6 eV. These results are compared with a recent many-body calculation for Ce. The photon energy dependence of the La 4d 5 2 /4d 3 2 photo-emission branching ratio is consistent with a “final-state model.”
Myosin-Va transports the endoplasmic reticulum into the dendritic spines of Purkinje neurons

The role of actin-based motors and the mode of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) transport into spines had remained unclear. Myosin-Va is now shown to act as a point-to-point ER transporter into dendritic spines.
Segregation of working memory functions within the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.

It is now widely accepted that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) plays a critical role in the neural network subserving working memory (WM). At least three related questions are still under debate: (1) is the PFC critical for all constituent processes of WM (i.e., short-term storage, manipulation, and utilization of mental representations) or only in one or a few of them? (2) Is there segregation of function among different cytoarchitectonic subdivisions of the PFC? (3) If this be the case, is this segregation based on the nature of the information being processed or on the type of cognitive operation performed? The present review article describes findings in the monkey supporting a modular "domain-specific" model of PFC functional organization with respect to WM operations. In this model, the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) is composed of several subregions, based primarily on the nature of the information being processed in WM. Storage and processing functions are integrally related in each area. Future studies designed to map as yet uncharted areas of prefrontal cortex with refined anatomical and physiological approaches may provide a critical test of the model and evaluate the extent to which it applies generally or, instead, mainly to visual domains or only to dorsolateral convexity areas.
Bone-Marrow-Derived Side Population Cells for Myocardial Regeneration

Bone-marrow-derived stem cells have displayed the potential for myocardial regeneration in animal models as well as in clinical trials. Unfractionated bone marrow mononuclear cell (MNC) population is a heterogeneous group of cells known to include a number of stem cell populations. Cells in the side population (SP) fraction have a high capacity for differentiation into multiple lineages. In the current study, we investigated the role of murine and human bone-marrow-derived side population cells in myocardial regeneration. In these studies, we show that mouse bone-marrow-derived SP cells expressed the contractile protein, alpha-actinin, following culture with neonatal cardiomyocytes and after delivery into the myocardium following injury. Moreover, the number of green-fluorescent-protein-positive cells, of bone marrow side population origin, increased progressively within the injured myocardium over 90 days. Transcriptome analysis of these bone marrow cells reveals a pattern of expression consistent with immature cardiomyocytes. Additionally, the differentiation capacity of human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor stimulated peripheral blood stem cells were assessed following injection into injured rat myocardium. Bone marrow mononuclear cell and side population cells were both readily identified within the rat myocardium 1 month following injection. These human cells expressed human-specific cardiac troponin I as determined by immunohistochemistry as well as numerous cardiac transcripts as determined by polymerase chain reaction. Both human bone marrow mononuclear cells and human side population cells augmented cardiac systolic function following a modest drop in function as a result of cryoinjury. The augmentation of cardiac function following injection of side population cells occurred earlier than with bone marrow mononuclear cells despite the fact that the number of side population cells used was one tenth that of bone marrow mononuclear cells (9 × 105 cells per heart in the MNC group compared to 9 × 104 per heart in the SP group). These results support the hypotheses that rodent and human-bone-marrow derived side population cells are capable of acquiring a cardiac fate and that human bone-marrow-derived side population cells are superior to unfractionated bone marrow mononuclear cells in augmenting left ventricular systolic function following cryoinjury.
HIV replication in conjunction with granzyme B production by CCR5+ memory CD4 T cells: implications for bystander cell and tissue pathologies

Granzyme B (GrzB) is expressed by activated T cells and mediates cellular apoptosis. GrzB also acts as an extracellular protease involved in tissue degradation. We hypothesized that GrzB production from activated memory CD4 T cells may be associated with HIV pathogenesis. We found that stimulated memory CD4 T cells (via costimulation, cytokines, and TLR ligands) concomitantly produced GrzB and HIV. Both GrzB and HIV expression were mainly restricted to CCR5-expressing memory CD4+CD45RO+ T cells, including Th1 and Th17 subsets. Activated memory CD4 T cells also mediated tissue damage, such as disruption of intestinal epithelial monolayers. In non-human primates, CD4 T cells of rhesus macaques (pathogenic SIV hosts) expressed higher GrzB compared to African green monkeys (non-pathogenic SIV hosts). These results suggest that GrzB from CCR5+ memory CD4 T cells may have a role in cellular and tissue pathologies during HIV infection.
Models of Spatially Restricted Biochemical Reaction Systems

Many reactions within the cell occur only in specific intracellular regions. Such local reaction networks give rise to microdomains of activated signaling components. The dynamics of microdomains can be visualized by live cell imaging. Computational models using partial differential equations provide mechanistic insights into the interacting factors that control microdomain dynamics. The mathematical models show that, for membrane-initiated signaling, the ratio of the surface area of the plasma membrane to the volume of the cytoplasm, the topology of the signaling network, the negative regulators, and kinetic properties of key components together define microdomain dynamics. Thus, patterns of locally restricted signaling reaction systems can be considered an emergent property of the cell.
Literary Aspects in New Media Art Works

In her article "Literary Aspects in New Media Art Works" Narvika Bovcon discusses examples of new media literature in the works of new media artists Jaka �eleznikar and Sreco Dragan. While �eleznikar is primarily a net artist who authors new media poetry and online linguistic interventions, the literary segments in Dragan's work are based in conceptual art and video art and he uses them to initiate a happening. Bovcon argues that studies of new media literature � of those works which require a readerly perception � should take time and attempt to capture the general flavor of such works which can later offer a foundation for the theory of hybrid new media and literary works of art
Effects of low‐level X‐irradiation on cat cerebella at different postnatal intervals. III. Changes in the morphology of interneurons in the molecular layer

The whole head of infant kittens was irradiated with fractionated doses of 150 R and 200 R at different postnatal intervals. Experimental age conditions consisted of a newborn, 1-week, 2-week, 3-week, and a 4-week age condition while the age of sacrifice remained constant at 70 days. Going analysis revealed that the interneurons found in the molecular layer of the newborn, 1-week and 2-week condition were basket cells. Stellate cells were found in increasing numbers in the 3-week and 4-week conditions. Basket calls were found to occupy the entire molecular layer in the newborn and 1-week conditions resulting in an abnormal axonal plexus. The position of the basket cell soma was found to be in the same plane as its axonal projection. The branching point of the primary dendrite of Purkinje cells was found to correlate with the amount of molecular layer occupied by the abnormal basket cell plexus. Interneurons in the molecular layer were found to show different dendritic growth patterns dependent upon where their soma was located. Interneurons in the deep molecular layer showed only a decreased dendritic field, whereas interneurons in the middle and superficial moledular layer had an abnormal growth of dendrites into the deep molecular layer. A hypothesis is presented to account for the decreased dendritic arborization and the increased length of the primary dendrite before branching, the ectopic basket cell and their abnormally directed dendritic growth, and the difference in behavioral deficits between the newborn and the 1-week conditions.
Behavior of high-pressure air in critical-flow through nozzles

This paper reports mass flux for air in critical-flow through nozzles that have been calculated using a fundamental equation for air expressed in terms of the Helmholz energy. Flux values are reported for plenum pressures up to 3.4 x 10 N/m, and temperatures that range from 225 K to 800 K. Critical flow factors are also reported for this pressure and temperature range. The results agree very well with those previously calculated for lower pressures, and whose values have been well established experimentally. The present results represent an extension of critical flow factors to much higher plenum pressures and temperatures.
Undergraduate Women’s Persistence in the Sciences

This study uses longitudinal data of undergraduate students from five public land-grant universities to better understand undergraduate students’ persistence in and switching of majors, with particular attention given to women’s participation in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields. Specifically, the study examines patterns of behavior of women and minorities in relation to initial choice of college major and major field persistence, as well as what majors students switched to upon changing majors. Factors that impact major field persistence are also examined, as well as how switching majors affects students’ time-to-degree. Using a broad definition of STEM, data from nearly 17,000 undergraduate students were analyzed with descriptive statistics, cross tabulations, and binary logistic regressions. The results highlight women’s high levels of participation and success in the sciences, challenging common notions of underrepresentation in the STEM fields. The study calls for resear...
Delay of Information in Paired-Associate Learning among Incarcerated Groups of Sociopaths and Heroin Addicts:

The present study investigated the effects of information delay or delay of reinforcement on rate of acquisition in a paired-associate learning task using the anticipation method and appearance of the S-R term as knowledge of results in three groups of socially deviant males. Sociopaths, sociopathic addicts, and nonsociopathic controls (n = 90) practiced on a paired-associate task under three conditions of reinforcement: nondelay, 4-sec. delay, and 8-sec. delay. Learning performance was a complex function of subject group and duration of information delay. Rate of acquisition was significantly impaired by imposition of information delay among sociopathic and sociopathic addict learners as compared to nonsociopathic controls. Findings suggest that groups of sociopaths and sociopathic addicts, because of personality features shared in common, demonstrate greater variability in learning performance than those categorized as normal depending upon the type, timing, and conditions under which reinforcement occurs.
Preparation and characterization of tetrakis(thioxanthato)molybdenum(IV) complexes

Abstract Several thixanthato complexes of Mo(IV) have been prepared and characterized as diamagnetic, 8-coordinate species. The IR, NMR and electronic spectra of these complexes are discussed and compared with the previously reported dithiocarbamate and dithiocarboxylate analogues. The complexes are electrochemically active, and controlled potential electrolysis of the isopropyl compound, Mo(S 2 CSiC 3 H 7 ) 4 , at +0.4 V yields [Mo(S 2 CSiC 3 H 7 ) 4 ] + . The ESR and electronic spectra of this Mo(V) complex are discussed.
Measurements of the Pacific Equatorial Countercurrent

As part of Doldrums, the third of three International Geophysical Year oceanographical expeditions of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, direct current measurements were made in the centre of the equatorial countercurrent, 7° 52′ N., 107° 30′ W. The techniques were similar to those used three months previously, when measurements were made of the Cromwell current at the equator, 140° W.1. In the top 300 m. observations were made by suspending a propeller-type current meter (a modified Roberts meter) from a drifting ship and measuring the apparent velocity at different depths from the flow of water past the meter while at the same time observing by radar the drift of the ship from a fixed reference point—a taut wire buoy anchored in 2,200 fathoms. Below 300 m. measurements were made by following the drift of Swallow current floats2.
Copper Wire Thermal Feedthrough for Use at Low Temperatures

Construction of a thermal feedthrough which is useful at ultralow temperatures and high magnetic fields is described. The thermal link consists of several thousand small diameter copper wires which are capable of making good thermal contact to liquid helium while minimizing the effects of eddy current heating.
Morphological changes of cerebral arteries in a canine double hemorrhage model

Cerebral vasospasm is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients suffering from subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Despite numerous studies, the pathogenesis of this deadly disorder is not clearly understood. Alterations in endothelial cells are a distinct morphological feature of cerebral vasospasm and some recent studies suggest that apoptosis might play a role in the cells' death. The goal of the present study is to examine the time course of apoptosis in endothelial cells of spastic cerebral arteries following experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage. Fifteen dogs were used in the present study. Twelve of them were divided into three groups (four per group) and subjected to a double-hemorrhage method of SAH. Following SAH, groups were sacrificed respectively on days 3, 5, and 7. Three dogs served as controls without blood injection. The basilar arteries were studied with the transmission electron microscopy and with angiography. Angiographic vasospasm began on day 3 and peaked on day 7. In morphologic studies, control dogs did not demonstrate apoptotic-like changes in endothelial cells of the basilar arteries. Beginning with day 3, apoptotic-like changes were noted in endothelial cells and consisted of condensation of peripheral nuclear chromatin, blebbing of the cell membrane, and condensation of the cytoplasm. Such changes progressed with time and were maximally developed by day 7. This is the first study that demonstrates the time course of apoptotic-like changes in the endothelial cells in the vasospastic basilar artery. Apoptosis might play an important role in the pathogenesis of vasospasm.
Dominant-Limb Range-of-Motion and Humeral- Retrotorsion Adaptation in Collegiate Baseball and Softball Position Players

Context: Biomechanically, the motions used by baseball and softball pitchers differ greatly; however, the throwing motions of position players in both sports are strikingly similar. Although the adaptations to the dominant limb from overhead throwing have been well documented in baseball athletes, these adaptations have not been clearly identified in softball players. This information is important in order to develop and implement injury-prevention programs specific to decreasing the risk of upper extremity injury in softball athletes. Objective: To compare range-of-motion and humeral-retrotorsion characteristics of collegiate baseball and softball position players and of baseball and softball players to sex-matched controls. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Research laboratories and athletic training rooms at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Patients or Other Participants: Fifty-three collegiate baseball players, 35 collegiate softball players, 25 male controls (nonoverhead athlete...
Is statistical significance testing useful in interpreting data

Although P values and statistical significance testing have become entrenched in the practice of biomedical research, their usefulness and drawbacks should be reconsidered, particularly in observational epidemiology. The central role for the null hypothesis, assuming an infinite number of replications, and the dichotomization of results as positive or negative are argued to be detrimental to the proper design and evaluation of research. As an alternative, confidence intervals for estimated parameters convey some information about random variation without several of these limitations. Elimination of statistical significance testing as a decision rule would encourage those who present and evaluate research to more comprehensively consider the methodologic features that may yield inaccurate results and shift the focus from the potential influence of random error to a broader consideration of possible reasons for erroneous results.
716-4 Placebo Treatment Reduces Both the Number of Ischemic Episodes and Duration of Ambulatory Silent Myocardial ischemia in Patients with Stable Angina Pectoris

Ambulatory silent myocardial ischemia occurs frequently in patients with stable exertional angina pectoris, It is widely accepted that a medication has antiischemic effects if it reduces either the number or the duration of silent myocardial ischemic episodes in comparison to pretreatment values. Effect of monotherapy with placebo on silent myocardial ischemia in 33 patients who took part in a parallel group investigational drug study and were assigned to the placebo arm of the study form the basis of this investigation. After discontinuation of all antianginal medications patients received two weeks of single blind placebo treatment followed by four weeks of double blind placebo treatment. Ambulatory holter monitoring was performed for 48 hours after two weeks of single blind placebo treatment and again after 4 weeks of double blind placebo treatment. The median value of silent myocardial ischemia attack rate during single blind placebo treatment was 7.2 episodes per 48 hours and decreased during double blind placebo treatment to a median rate of 3.1 episodes per 48 hours (P l 0.004; 95% CI, -5.41, -1.0). Similarly the duration of silent myocardial ischemic episodes decreased by a median of 16,1 minutes per 48 hours (P l 0,001; 95% CI. -35.7, -6.2 minutes) during double blind placebo treatment from a median value of 24.8 minutes per 48 hours during single blind placebo treatment. Conclusion placebo monotherapy had a marked influence on ambulatory silent myocardial ischemia and reduced both the duration and number of silent myocardial ischemic episodes in patients with stable angina pectoris. These findings have important implications for interpretation of studies in which the effects of active treatment on silent myocardial ischemia are compared to baseline pretreatment values.
Extreme sensitivity of botulinum neurotoxin domains towards mild agitation

Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) and their fragments are targets of therapeutic developments and are increasingly used as therapeutic, prophylactic, and research reagents. However, published data on their properties vary widely. In order to gain a better understanding of these variations, we initiated a systematic investigation of the stability parameters of catalytic light chains (Lc) as well as of cell surface binding domains (Hc) of the neurotoxin. When followed by CD spectroscopy, we noticed that the recombinant light chains of serotypes A (LcA), B, D, E, and G rapidly lost their secondary structures by mild stirring. Denaturation of LcA increased with stirring speed and temperature resulting in a catalytically inactive precipitate. Reducing agents or an anaerobic environment were ineffective in the denaturation. Under identical conditions, bovine serum albumin, ovalbumin, carboxypeptidase B, and of thermolysin, a structural and functional analogue of LcA, remained unchanged. Hc domains of serotype A, B, C, E, and F were also denatured by mild stirring. Adding the nonionic detergent Tween-20 to LcA completely prevented the denaturation. We speculate that the BoNT domains undergo surface denaturation due to rapid exposure of hydrophobic residues by mechanical agitation. This study has important implications for handling BoNT proteins used in therapeutic development. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 98:3302–3311, 2009
Review of dynamic recovery effects on ion irradiation damage in ionic-covalent materials

Abstract Single crystalline samples of highly ionic Ca2La8(SiO4)6O2 and covalent 6H–SiC have been irradiated with different ions/energies to study the effects of dose, temperature, damage-energy density, and in-cascade ionization rate on the dynamics of irradiation-induced amorphization. Above temperatures of 100–150 K, the dose for complete amorphization, D, increases with temperature in a single stage and exhibits a strong dependence on the ratio of in-cascade recovery to displacement cross sections, σr/σd. A fit of a dynamic model for amorphization to these data indicates that irradiation-induced dynamic recovery occurs with an activation energy of 0.15 ± 0.02 and 0.12 ± 0.01 eV for Ca2La8(SiO4)6O2 and 6H–SiC, respectively. Analysis of these data reveals that ionization processes are the dominant contributor to in-cascade recovery in Ca2La8(SiO4)6O2; while in 6H–SiC, ionization processes are less dominant.
Complex Properties and Composition of Electrorheological Fluids

Various base ER fluid compositions are shown to have dramatically enhanced shear stresses when dispersed into poly(hexyl isocyanate)/xylene solutions as compared to being dispersed into polystyrene/xylene solutions. The concentration of the PHIC solutions was 4.5% which is well below that for liquid crystallinity. Further, the additon of small amounts (1-3%) of other particles to the suspensions show significant enhancement of the shear stresses for softer particles.