cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Underhill Moore's Legal Science: Its Nature and Significance

THE legal science of Underhill Moore was the product of the two major movements of moder legal thought: legal realism and sociological jurisprudence. It demonstrates both the strength and the limitations of these two legal theories. His work had this somewhat paradoxical character because he substituted scientifically exact methods and deeds for the vivid but unverifiable, pseudo-descriptive prose in which these two movements had all too often been previously expressed. When this was done the actual capability of a legal science grounded in a realistic application of scientific methods to social and legal facts was revealed to be quite different from what many earlier proponents had claimed. Consequently, more than anyone else Underhill Moore demonstrated precisely what legal realism and sociological jurisprudence as traditionally conceived can and cannot do. And for this reason his work probably marks not merely the culmination of the jurisprudence of the recent past but also a turning point in legal science generally. It is as important, therefore, as a clue to the legal science of the immediate future as it is to an estimation of the remarkable original contributions of Underhill Moore to legal and social science that we become clear about the aim, the method and the results of the unique sociology of law which he created and applied. The aim and the method of Underhill Moore's legal science are inseparable. This is the case because his aim was to provide legal realism and sociological jurisprudence with a rigorous scientific method. Thereby he hoped to achieve at least the beginnings of a dependable legal science adequate to the changing and novel legal and social problems of our time. The method which he chose was that of natural science applied to social and legal facts. In making this choice he was but following the generally accepted claim of most legal realists and social scientists.1 The general conception was that the traditional legal and social sciences were inadequate because previous thinkers had trusted to formal logic applied to the abstract nouns of propositions purporting to describe "the law." This situation, they thought, would be put right when legal and social scientists became realistic and scientific about the concrete facts and concrete changing systems of their subject-matter in the
Classifying travelers' driving style using basic safety messages generated by connected vehicles: application of unsupervised machine learning

Abstract Driving style can substantially impact mobility, safety, energy consumption, and vehicle emissions. While a range of methods has been used in the past for driving style classification, the emergence of connected vehicles equipped with communication devices provides a new opportunity to classify driving style using high-resolution (10 Hz) microscopic real-world data. In this study, location-based big data and machine learning are used to classify driving styles ranging from aggressive to calm. This classification can be used to customize driver assistance systems, assess mobility, crash risk, fuel consumption, and emissions. This study’s main objective is to develop a framework that harnesses Basic Safety Messages (BSMs) generated by connected vehicles to quantify instantaneous driving behavior and classify driving styles in different spatial contexts using unsupervised machine learning methods. To this end, a subset of the Safety Pilot Model Deployment (SPMD) with more than 27 million BSM observations generated by more than 1300 individuals making trips on diverse roadways and through several neighborhoods in Ann Arbor, Michigan, were processed and analyzed. To quantify driving style, the concept of temporal driving volatility, as a surrogate safety measure of unsafe driving behavior, was utilized and applied to vehicle kinematics, i.e., observed speeds and longitudinal/lateral accelerations. Specifically, six volatility measures are extracted and used for classifying drivers. K-means and K-medoids methods are applied for grouping drivers in aggressive, normal, and calm clusters. Clustering results indicate that not only does driving style vary among drivers, but the thresholds for aggressive and calm driving vary across different roadway types due to variations in environment and road conditions. The proportion of aggressive driving styles was also higher on commercial streets than on highways and residential streets. Notably, we propose a Driving Score to measure driving performance consistently across drivers.
Limiting distribution of short cycles in inhomogeneous random uniform hypergraph

Abstract In random graph theory, one of the classical topics is to understand the asymptotic properties of the number of subgraphs. In this paper, we study the limiting distribution of the number of loose 2-cycles in inhomogeneous 3-uniform hypergraph. Specifically, we prove that if the hypergraph is relatively sparse, the centered and scaled number of the loose 2-cycles converges in law to the standard normal distribution.
A Domain Model for Moral Legitimacy of Business-Like Practices

Legitimacy is pivotal in nonprofit organizations’ success. The trend that nonprofit organizations are hybridized increasingly with business-like practices and social nonprofit missions raises a debate on whether and how people grant business-like practices legitimacy. This study addressed these problems from a moral legitimacy perspective, and proposed a domain model that argues that people make moral legitimacy judgments on business-like practices based upon their normative preferences for whether the organization should focus on principles in one of two fundamental human relational domains, Market Pricing (MP) and Communal Sharing (CS). Such normative judgments can be determined by organizational contexts, including the service field and the organization’s sector. The findings of an online experiment supported the model in general, and also showed important heterogeneity across service fields and business-like practices.
Thermo-mechanical characterization of shale using nanoindentation

Shale can be a potential buffer for high-level radioactive nuclear wastes. To be an effective buffer while subject to waste heat, shale's mechanical response at elevated temperature must be known. Many researchers have experimentally characterized the mechanical behavior of various shales at different length scales in adiabatic conditions. However, its mechanical performance at elevated temperatures at the nano-scale remains unknown. To investigate the temperature dependency of nanomechanical properties of shale, we conducted both experimental and numerical studies. In this study, we measured mechanical and fracture properties of shale, such as hardness, elastic modulus, anisotropy, and fracture toughness from 25 °C up to 300 °C at different bedding planes. Statistical analysis of the results suggests that hardness and fracture toughness significantly increased at temperatures from 100 to 300 °C; while, temperature does not have a significant impact on elastic modulus. Data also shows that the bedding plane orientations have a substantial impact on both mechanical and fracture properties of shale at the nano-scale leading to distinct anisotropic behavior at elevated temperature below 100 °C. Additionally, we numerically investigated the mechanical performance of the shale samples at room temperature to gain an insight into its mechanical response through the thickness. Numerical results were validated against the experimental results, confirming the simulation can be used to predict shale deformation at the nano-scale or potentially be used in multi-scale simulations.
ZSM-5 with intracrystal mesopores for catalytic cracking

Abstract Zeolites with intracrystal mesopores were prepared using a silane-modified polymer as the mesoporogen. By changing the polymer size, the average mesopore sizes of the resultant zeolites are adjustable from 2 nm to 6 nm. The majority of mesopores are in the range of 1 to 10 nm and account for a mesopore volume of 0.05∼0.5 cc/g. Compared to conventional zeolite catalysts, mesoporous zeolite exhibits enhanced catalytic cracking performance as indicated by cumene cracking reactions.
Conceptualizing Virtual Collaborative Work

The purpose of this paper is to define the phenomena associated with virtual collaborative work from both a cognitive and social cognitive perspective. The authors put forth an approach that assumes all people are natural sense-makers, sense-givers and organizers. The authors posit that the collaborative work we observe within both informal (ad hoc teams or communities) and formal (organizational) environments derives from fundamental, ubiquitous cognitive and social behavior intimately tied to context-specific problems or situations. The paper begins by challenging the need to re-define terms like “virtual” and “team” in a manner which works to subtly shift the focus of study from “proximal vs. distributed” to the more fruitful “fundamental behavior vs. technological constraints.” The paper then presents a framework for virtual collaborative work and discusses its implications on issues related to teams, leadership, creativity, and the design and use of information technology.
The Practice of Case Management

The Role of Case Management in the Human Services Assessment of Client Service and Support Needs Development of the Client Service and Support Plan The Direct Service Function of Case Management The Indirect Service Function of Case Management The Monitoring Function of Case Management The Evaluation Function of Case Management Effective Case Management Guidelines for Practice
Targeting melanoma cells with human high molecular weight-melanoma associated antigen-specific antibodies elicited by a peptide mimotope: functional effects.

Human high molecular weight-melanoma associated Ag (HMW-MAA) mimics have been shown to elicit HMW-MAA-specific humoral immune responses that appear to be clinically beneficial. This finding has stimulated interest in characterizing the mechanism(s) underlying the ability of the elicited Abs to exert an anti-tumor effect. To address this question, in the present study, we have generated HMW-MAA-specific Abs by sequentially immunizing rabbits with the peptide P763.74, which mimics the HMW-MAA determinant recognized by mAb 763.74, and with HMW-MAA + melanoma cells. HMW-MAA-specific Abs isolated from immunized rabbits mediated cell-dependent cytotoxicity but did not mediate complement-dependent cytotoxicity of HMW-MAA + melanoma cells. These Abs also effectively inhibited spreading, migration and Matrigel invasion of HMW-MAA + melanoma cells. Besides contributing to our understanding of the role of HMW-MAA in the biology of melanoma cells, these results suggest that both immunological and nonimmunological mechanisms underlie the beneficial clinical effects associated with the induction of HMW-MAA-specific Abs in melanoma patients immunized with a HMW-MAA mimic.
Site-directed mutagenesis of the phosphorylation sites in the mouse glucocorticoid receptor

The functional significance of receptor phosphorylation in mediating the actions of glucocorticoids remains undefined. The identification of seven phosphorylation sites in the mouse glucocorticoid receptor (Bodwell, J. E., Orti, E., Coull, J. M., Pappin, D. J. C., Smith, L. I., and Swift, F. (1991) J. Biol. Chem. 266, 7549-7555) permits a direct examination of the potential regulatory role of glucocorticoid receptor phosphorylation in transactivation. Using oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis of the mouse glucocorticoid receptor cDNA, we have substituted alanine or aspartate for the residues phosphorylated in this ligand-dependent transcription factor. COS-1 cells were cotransfected with mutant receptor cDNA expression vectors and a reporter plasmid containing the glucocorticoid-inducible mouse mammary tumor virus promoter linked to chloramphenicol acetyltransferase in order to characterize the effect of these substitutions on receptor-mediated gene expression. Substitution of alanine or aspartate at single phosphorylation sites does not prevent receptor transactivation. Receptors containing multiple substitutions of alanine or aspartate at the major phosphorylation sites in the acidic domain elicit levels of hormone-induced reporter gene expression that are comparable to wild-type receptors. Mutant receptors substituted with alanine at the five phosphorylation sites conserved among the rat, human, and mouse receptors exhibit a 22% decrease in transcriptional activity. Receptors mutated at all seven sites display a similar modest reduction. These results demonstrate that receptor phosphorylation at these seven identified residues is not a major determinant in glucocorticoid receptor transcriptional activity at the mouse mammary tumor virus promoter.
Granular cell tumour of the ureter: first case reported.

A 33-year-old woman presented with nonspecific, colicky pain of the left lower abdomen. Computed tomography (CT) revealed a 2-cm mass engulfing the mid–left ureter. Ureteroscopy and biopsy revealed normal mucosa, and CT-guided biopsy of the mass was nondiagnostic. The patient underwent laparoscopic exploration. A frozen section taken from the mass revealed a granular cell tumour. We excised the whole involved portion of the ureter and performed end-to-end ureteroureteral anastamosis. The postoperative course was uneventful. Examination of a segment of resected ureter revealed a granular cell tumour diffusely infiltrating the wall of the ureter. There were no features suggesting a malignant phenotype. On follow-up, the patient was found to have developed a stricture at the anastomotic area, which was successfully treated with balloon dilatation. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of a granular cell tumour involving the ureter. Une patiente de 33 ans presente des douleurs non specifiques au quadrant inferieur gauche de l’abdomen rappelant des coliques. Une TDM revele une masse de 2 cm englobant la portion centrale de l’uretere gauche. Une ureteroscopie et une biopsie ne revelent aucune anomalie de la muqueuse, et une biopsie de la masse guidee par TDM n’a pas permis de poser un diagnostic. La patiente a subi un examen par laparoscopie. Des fragments congeles de la masse ont revele une tumeur a cellules granuleuses. Une excision de la partie atteinte de l’uretere a ete suivie d’une anastomose uretero-ureterale. Aucune complication postoperatoire n’a ete signalee. Le rapport final de pathologie fait etat d’une tumeur a cellules granuleuses s’etant infiltree de facon diffuse dans la paroi de l’uretere. Aucune observation ne porte a croire a la presence d’un phenotype malin. Au suivi, la patiente presentait une stenose de la region de l’anastomose qu’on a pu traiter efficacement par dilatation par ballonnet. A notre connaissance, il s’agit du premier cas de tumeur a cellules granuleuses touchant l’uretere.
Role of natriuretic peptide clearance receptor in in vivo control of C-type natriuretic peptide.

C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) is a newly described 22-amino acid peptide of endothelial cell origin, which has selective cardiovascular actions and is structurally related to atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP). Recent in vitro studies have demonstrated that an important regulatory pathway for the clearance of natriuretic peptides involves binding to a common clearance receptor [natriuretic peptide C receptor (NPR-C)]. Although CNP has also been identified as a ligand for NPR-C in binding assays, no studies have defined the in vivo interaction of CNP with NPR-C. CNP (10 ng.kg-1.min-1) followed by C-ANP-(4-23), a specific ligand for NPR-C blockade, was infused intravenously in two groups (both n = 7) of anesthetized dogs at two different doses (0.1 or 1.0 micrograms.kg-1.min-1) to permit calculation of total metabolic clearance rate (TMCR). C-ANP-(4-23) increased circulating CNP and reduced TMCR in both groups. Pulmonary metabolic clearance rate was negative at baseline, suggesting a net secretion of CNP across the lung, which was increased during CNP infusion and was abolished with NPR-C blockade. Renal and femoral metabolic clearance rates were positive at baseline and increased with CNP infusion. A decrease in cardiac output and cardiac filling pressures in response to CNP administration was potentiated by NPR-C blockade. We conclude that 1) circulating CNP achieved by CNP infusion is regulated by NPR-C in vivo, 2) the pulmonary circulation is a possible site of CNP secretion, 3) the renal and peripheral circulations are sites of CNP clearance, and 4) NPR-C blockade potentiates the selective cardiovascular actions of CNP.
Individual drinking changes following a brief intervention among college students: Clinical significance in an indicated preventive context.

This study investigated the clinical significance of previously reported statistically significant mean reductions in drinking and related problems among college students in a randomized trial of a brief indicated preventive intervention (G. A. Marlatt et al., 1998). Data were analyzed over a 2-year follow-up for participants from a high-risk intervention group (n = 153), a high-risk control group (n = 160), and a functional comparison group (n = 77). A risk cutpoint for each dependent measure was based on the functional comparison group distribution. Compared with the high-risk controls, more individuals in the high-risk intervention group improved and fewer worsened, especially on alcohol-related problems and, to a lesser extent, on drinking pattern variables. These data from a prevention context clarify the magnitude and direction of individual change obscured by group means.
Building an expanded learning time and opportunities school: Principals' perspectives

Four principals from New York City, Los Angeles, and Houston share their schools' journeys of how they expanded learning time and opportunities to best meet their students' academic and developmental needs.
Halothane effects on low-threshold receptive field size of rat spinal dorsal horn neurons appear to be independent of supraspinal modulatory systems

Recent evidence strongly supports the importance of spinal sites of action for the ability of general anesthetic agents to block response to noxious stimuli. This study was designed to examine possible spinal anesthetic effects on non-noxiously evoked activity. Three groups of rats were prepared for acute experiments in which the response of spinal dorsal horn neurons to low threshold receptive field (RF) stimulation was evaluated. In each animal in each group extracellular activity was recorded from a single spinal dorsal horn neuron. A low-threshold RF of each neuron and, at times, the sensitivity to low-threshold stimulation of multiple sites in the RF were determined under baseline conditions (light anesthesia or decerebrate). In Group 1, reversible cooling of the thoracic spinal cord in the presence of either 0.5% or 1% halothane anesthesia caused no change in RF size. However, an increase from 0.5% to 1% halothane caused a 53% decrease in RF size both in the presence and absence of a reversible cold block of the spinal cord. In Group 2, animals with spinal cords transected at the thoracic level had a similar change in low-threshold receptive field size (52%) when halothane concentrations were increased from 0.5% to 1%. Testing sensitivity within the RF areas indicated that the silenced areas at the fringe of the receptive field could still elicit activation of spinal dorsal horn neurons but at a higher threshold. In the final group of animals, decerebration and spinal cord transection allowed us to compare effects of 0.5% and 1% halothane with an anesthetic free baseline. Here, again, a dose-dependent reduction in RF area was observed although the baseline RFs were significantly smaller than those in Groups 1 and 2. These results demonstrate that the reduction in low-threshold receptive field size due to the administration of the inhalation anesthetic halothane occurs in the absence of descending modulation from supraspinal sites. This implicates the spinal dorsal horn as a potentially important site of action for general anesthetics. These results also support the spinal cord as an important tool to study the pharmacology responsible for anesthetic effects on sensory processing.
Preproricin expressed in Nicotiana tabacum cells in vitro is fully processed and biologically active

Ricin, the highly toxic glycoprotein expressed in the endosperm of castor seeds, is composed of a galactose-binding lectin B chain (RTB) disulfide linked to a RNA N-glycosidase A chain (RTA). Chemically modified ricin has been conjugated to monoclonal antibodies and used for targeted therapy of cancer and autoimmune diseases. Replacement of chemically coupled molecules with a genetically engineered targeted ricin would improve homogeneity and yield and permit structural changes in the fusion toxin to be introduced readily by oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis. Previous methods of expression of ricin fusion proteins have been limited to expression of RTA or RTB moieties alone or expression of incompletely processed toxin inXenopus laevisoocytes. In the present study, we introduced the cDNA encoding preproricin into cultured tobacco cells viaAgrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated gene transfer. Yields of ricin in soluble cell extracts were 1 μg/g in cells or, approximately, 0.1% of the total soluble protein. The ricin was partially purified by P2 monoclonal antibody anti-RTB affinity chromatography. The RTA and RTB immunoreactive material migrated on SDS–PAGE at 65 kDa under nonreducing conditions and at 32–35 kDa under reducing conditions. The tobacco ricin bound to immobilized asialofetuin as avidly as castor bean ricin, suggesting intact sugar binding. Tobacco ricin inhibited rabbit reticulocyte lysate protein translation similar to castor bean ricin (IC50of 3 × 10−12mfor tobacco ricin and 1 × 10−11mfor castor bean ricin). The human cutaneous T cell lymphoma cell line HUT102 showed similar sensitivity to tobacco ricin when compared to castor bean ricin (IC50= 9 × 10−13and 2 × 10−12m, respectively). The efficiency of gene transfer, reasonable levels of expression, and full post-translational processing indicate that this expression system is suitable for production of ricin fusion toxins for therapeutic applications.
Multi-armed bandits in the presence of side observations in social networks

We consider the decision problem of an external agent choosing to execute one of M actions for each user in a social network. We assume that observing a user's actions provides valuable information for a larger set of users since each user's preferences are interrelated with those of her social peers. This falls into the well-known setting of the multi-armed bandit (MAB) problems, but with the critical new component of side observations resulting from interactions between users. Our contributions in this work are as follows: 1) We model the MAB problem in the presence of side observations and obtain an asymptotic lower bound (as a function of the network structure) on the regret (loss) of any uniformly good policy that achieves the maximum long term average reward. 2) We propose a randomized policy that explores actions for each user at a rate that is a function of her network position. We show that this policy achieves the asymptotic lower bound on regret associated with actions that are unpopular for all the users. 3) We derive an upper bound on the regret of existing Upper Confidence Bound (UCB) policies for MAB problems modified for our setting of side observations. We present case studies to show that these UCB policies are agnostic of the network structure and this causes their regret to suffer in a network setting. Our investigations in this work reveal the significant gains that can be obtained even through static network-aware policies.
An estimate of the fine structure constant

Quantum electrodynamics, despite its many successes, has left many questions unanswered. Why is electrodynamics so different from other interactions? Why do all particles have commensurate electric charges? Why is the value of the fine-structure constant what it is? Today, we have an apparently correct and essentially complete description of all of elementary particle physics in terms of a gauge theory1. If the underlying gauge group is simple2,3, all three elementary particle interactions—strong, weak, and electromagnetic—are parts of one unified theory. (The earlier attempt to synthesise all three interactions obtained both charge quantisation and baryon number violation. It was not based on a simple gauge group, nor did it incorporate conventional quantum chromodynamics.) Electromagnetism is no longer so unique. Apparent differences among the interactions reflect the pattern of spontaneous symmetry breakdown. Charge quantisation is forced on us: all fields have integer mutiples of one-third the electron's charge2,3; all observable particles have integer multiples. (We assume that colour is a truly hidden variable, that quarks are fractionally charged and never liberated. For another point of view, see ref. 4.) The fine-structure constant cannot be chosen arbitrarily. For unified theories in which the proton is unstable, we find an upper limit to its strength, α <0.04. We derive this result here and survey the context in which it arises.
Laser-excited atomic fluorescence of some precious metals in the air/acetylene flame

A pulsed, tunable dye laser pumped with a nitrogen laser is used to excite the atomic fluorescence of Ru, Pd, Ir, Pt, and Au in an air/acetylene flame. The detection limits obtained have been improved about 40 to 400 times, excepting those for Au. These elements can be detected at the ng/mL (ppb) level or less with analytical curve linearity of over four orders of magnitude. Improvement of the detection limits was achieved mainly by the use of a large-aperture detection system and a frequency-doubled dye laser for excitation of nonresonance atomic fluorescence. Interferences among these five elements and also from Rh, Os, Co, Cu, and Ni were investigated. The detection limits obtained are superior to flame atomic absorption spectrometry and flame atomic emission spectrometry and comparable to or better than the best detection limits of atomic emission inductively coupled plasma spectrometry and dc plasma spectrometry. Of course, the spectral selectivity greatly exceeds other analytical atomic spectroscopic methods.
Emerging role of pharmacogenomics in heart failure

Purpose of reviewThe promise of pharmacogenomics is that it will one day result in targeted heart failure therapy that maximizes individual benefit and diminishes risk. Recent reports from the Beta Blocker Evaluation Survival and African American Heart Failure clinical trials provide a roadmap of ho
When will more useful predictive factors be ready for use

Summary Adjuvant chemotherapy is widely used, but its performance is not optimal. Two subgroups of patients do not get any benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy: the first one comprises patients who are already cured by locoregional treatment alone and the second one patients who do not profit from adjuvant chemotherapy because of resistance to the regimens employed. To improve the cost/benefit of this treatment strategy, we have two means: one is to improve the sensitivity of prognostic factors to be able to select a specific group with a good signature that does not need adjuvant treatment; the second is to identify predictive factors that may help us to select the optimal therapeutic strategy or the optimal regimen or drug for individual patients. New technologies of microarray revealed several genetic profiles. A large randomized trial (Microarray In Node-negative Disease may Avoid ChemoTherapy, MINDACT) will compare the information obtained with the genomic profiling and the classical clinico–pathologic index (St Gallen); the objective is to allow women not to be treated with adjuvant chemotherapy if their genomic signature is good. Another trial (EORTC 10994) is conducted in order to show that in cases of p53 mutated tumors, neoadjuvant chemotherapy with docetaxel is more efficient than an anthracycline-containing regimen. A supplementary study will evaluate gene profile predicting for p53 status. So, new genomic prognostic factors are still in development and seem very promising for optimizing the indications for adjuvant chemotherapy.
S100A6 expression in fibrohistiocytic lesions

Background: S100A6, an S100 calcium-binding protein, has been found in a variety of cutaneous and extracutaneous lesions including: melanocytic nevi, melanoma, some salivary gland and epithelial tumors, and malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH). Dermal dendrocytes (DD) in the papillary dermis of skin also express S100A6 protein. We evaluated a variety of cutaneous fibrohistiocytic lesions to determine if the immunophenotype of S100A6 positivity can be expanded to include some or all of these lesions. Methods: Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues from fibrous papules (FP, 20), dermatofibromas (DF, 20), dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP, 5), atypical fibroxanthomas (AFX, 5), oral fibromas (3), digital fibroma (1), and dermatomyofibroma (1) were evaluated with antibodies to S100A6, S100B, factor XIIIa, and MAC387 using a one-hour capillary action-based immunohistochemical procedure. Results: DD in 20/20 FP, 19/20 DF, and 4/4 fibromas stained positively with anti-S100A6 in a pattern similar to anti-factor XIIIa. No DFSP cases stained with anti-S100A6. Anti-S100A6 showed superior staining to anti-factor XIIIa in 4/5 AFX cases. Conclusions: The immunophenotypes of some fibrohistiocytic lesions can be expanded to include S100A6 protein. With the exception of AFX, the use of anti-S100A6 does not appear to offer added benefit over anti-factor XIIIa in the differential diagnosis of fibrohistiocytic lesions.
An investigation of predictors of renal insufficiency following treatment of hyperthyroidism in cats

To determine if routine pre-treatment clinical data can be used to predict the development of overt renal insufficiency following treatment of feline hyperthyroidism, we studied retrospectively all non-azotemic cats undergoing treatment for hyperthyroidism at our hospital. Medical records were reviewed for signalment, clinical signs, and serum biochemical, hematologic and urinalysis parameters before and after treatment for hyperthyroidism. Two groups - cats that developed post-treatment renal insufficiency, and those that did not - were compared. No significant differences could be detected between the groups with respect to the parameters measured. Our study suggests that the results of routine pre-treatment clinical data cannot be used to reliably predict renal function after treatment for hyperthyroidism, validating the necessity of a methimazole trial prior to definitive therapy. The widely held belief that cats with pre-treatment urine specific gravity>1.035 are at less risk for development of renal azotemia after treatment of hyperthyroidism seems unwarranted.
An Extremely Stable and Orthogonal DNA Base Pair with a Simplified Three-Carbon Backbone

A nucleotide C3HQ with a minimal three-carbon backbone displays unprecedented pairing strength and orthogonality in a homopair C3HQ:C3HQ in the presence of one equivalent of Cu2+. The pairing stability in DNA even exceeds the related base pair having the regular 2'-deoxyribose backbone. This discovery of a synergy between an artificial backbone and base-pairing scheme opens new avenues for the economical design of modified oligonucleotides with tailored properties.
Measuring vocational self-concept crystallization

Abstract Super's framework of vocational self-concept and self-concept system metadimensions provides a potentially fruitful approach for conceptualizing the underlying processes mediating the relationship between self-esteem and vocational indecision. Little research has been performed in this area, however, partially because of the difficulties entailed in measuring metadimensional characteristics of an internal, subjective, phenomenal frame of reference. Generally, those measures which have been suggested rely upon an externally based inference and/or they are concerned with the global subjective awareness of the person. The present report details the development and validation of a measure of vocational self-concept system crystallization which purports to circumvent these problems. The Vocational Rating Scale (VRS) is a 40-item self-rating scale which attempts to directly assess the individual's awareness of the degree and nature of patterns in his or her specific vocational self-concepts. Evidence is presented that scores on the VRS are related to the degree of certainty regarding overall self-perception, to the presence of a vocational choice independent of age, and, for females, to age across the late adolescent/adult range. As further evidence of the construct validity of the VRS, the instrument was used in an empirical confirmation of a postulate derived from Super's theoretical model.
How a Cross-Cultural Learning Community Facilitates Student Retention and Contributes to Student Learning.

This article presents the findings from a qualitative study that sought to learn about students' perceptions of a Cross-Cultural Learning Community (CCLC) at a large Midwestern University. The arti...
Effect of ethanol in vitro and in vivo on Ca2+-activated metabolism of membrane phospholipids in rat synaptosomal and brain slice preparations.

Abstract Phospholipase C (PLC) activity was measured by the incorporation of [3H]-inositol into lipids and by the breakdown of [3H]-inositol-labelled phosphatidylinositols (PI) and polyphosphatidylinositols (PPI) to [3H]-inositol phosphates; phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activity by the breakdown of [3H]oleic acid-labelled phosphatidylcholine ([3H]PC) to [3H]oleic acid and the enzymes of phospholipid base exchange (PLBE) by the incorporation of [14C]serine into membrane lipids. The activities of these enzymes in rat brain preparations were all increased by procedures which increase intracellular Ca2+, and were all inhibited to a varying extent by the presence of ethanol, 50 mM, in vitro. In contrast, the activities of PLA2 and PLBE enzymes were markedly increased in preparations from animals which had received ethanol chronically in vivo. Similarly, although the basal activity of PLC was only slightly increased in such preparations, depolarization induced the breakdown of a significantly greater fraction of radiolabelled PI than that which was obtained in control preparations. The results suggest compensatory alterations in the activity of Ca2+-activated enzymes of phospholipid metabolism in brain tissue during the continued presence of ethanol in vivo.
The Wisdom of Tradition in the Development of Dry-land Farming: Botswana

The present understanding of small-farm economies amongst Western aid donors consists of the belief that small-scale producers can be viewed as firms operating in an economic equilibrium of (1) constant technology, (2) constant output choices, (3) use of production factors as a function of their marginal productivity, (4) factor allocation at Pareto optimum, and (5) constant, necessary low productivity. The general presumption for raising the production function is deemed necessarily to consist of "technology transfer" and "institutional innovation." Case study material from small farms in Botswana show that (1) the prevalent micro-economic imputations listed above are seriously flawed and ideologically motivated: (2) technology transfer effected in Botswana is both "unprofitable" and destructive of numerous indigenous institutions: and (3) most importantly, the indigenous agricultural regime is capable of considerably greater production with changes in crop management practices and minor changes in the e...
Antenna pattern synthesis using weighted least squares

A general method of antenna pattern synthesis using weighted least squares is presented. The special case of linear equal spaced arrays is analysed, and three design examples are given. This design technique is compared with Woodward synthesis and with the method of Orchard, Elliott and Stern. An example using unequal spacing is also presented. The method can also be used on nonlinear arrays, for arrays with different element patterns on each element, and for near-field pattern synthesis.
Human-powered wearable computing

Batteries add size, weight, and inconvenience to present-day mobile computers. This paper explores the possibility of harnessing the energy expended during the user's everyday actions to generate power for his or her computer, thus eliminating the impediment of batteries. An analysis of power generation through leg motion is presented in depth, and a survey of other methods such as generation by breath or blood pressure, body heat, and finger and limb motion is also presented.
Electronic Tuning Using Remote Substituents in Tetrakis(m-N,N'-diarylformamidinato)dinickel. Linear Free Energy Relationships in Dinuclear Compounds. 3.

The series of tetrakis(μ-N,N‘-diarylformamidinato)dinickel(II), where the aryl is the phenyl modified with various substituent (X), is synthesized and thoroughly characterized. While both the coordination geometry and the UV−vis spectra remain essentially independent of X across the series, the one-electron oxidation potential, E1/2(Ni25+/Ni24+), correlates with the Hammett constant (σx) of substituents according to the equation: E1/2(X) − E1/2(H) = 114(8σx) (mV).
Singular Circle Fiberings

In this paper we consider from a geometric point of view certain singular fiberings which generalize in a sense those considered by Montgomery and Samelson [5] and by Seifert [7]. Define a map q~: X ~ Y to be a singular circle fibering (SCF) if q~ is a proper, open, piecewise linear map between polyhedra, q~-l(y)~-S1 for some yeY, and (p-~(y)~-S ~ or a point for all yeY. Typical SCF's arise as orbit maps for circle actions. In this paper we characterize those SCF's, with domain a manifold, which can be identified with orbit maps for actions of the circle group as those which away from the branch set determine an orientabte circle bundle; we show that if such an action exists it is unique up to a weak equivalence covering the identity on Y; finally we show that any SCF with domain a manifold determines a local circle action in the sense of Orlik and Raymond [61. Throughout our arguments make crucial use of the piecewise linear geometry of dual cones as set out by Cohen [2]. We also make use of the technique of lifting certain group actions in covering spaces as described by Conner and Raymond [3] or Bredon [-1]. The organization of the remainder of this paper is as follows: in w we recall some basic properties of dual cones and prove a few elementary facts about SCF's; in w 3 we study winding numbers in SCF's and prove the main existence theorem; in w we prove the uniqueness theorem; finally in w we prove the result on local actions.
Structural Cohesion and Equivalence Explanations of Social Homogeneity

This article is concerned with the problem of the relative contributions of structural cohesion and equivalence to the explanation of social homogeneity. Structural Cohesion models are explanatory models in that they are based on causal assumptions concerning the effects of structural cohesion upon individuals' attitudes and behaviors. The results of the present analysis indicate that direct and short indirect communication channels are critical components of cohesion models that largely account for their success in predicting social homogeneity. However, not all social homogeneity is caused by structural cohesion. Structural equivalence models offer a general approach for mapping the distribution of social homogeneity in a population. Rejection of the null hypothesis of no difference in homogeneity between structurally equivalent and nonequivalent persons supports the construct validity of structural equivalence with respect to its use as an indicator of social homogeneity. The present results provide li...
Connecting genuine teacher development to the struggle for social justice

ABSTRACT This paper discusses two issues which continue to undermine the authenticity and social value of efforts to promote teacher development [1]. First it is argued that underneath the rhetoric of many current efforts to empower teachers to take control of their own professional development is a reality in which teachers remain extremely limited in the scope of their power to influence the conditions of their work. Second it is argued that even when efforts to promote teacher development are not illusory, teacher development often becomes an end itself unconnected to broader questions about education in a democratic society. The author argues for efforts to promote teacher development which are both genuine, and connected to the promotion of equity and social justice. [1] An earlier version of this paper was presented as a lecture in July 1991 at the Institute in Teacher Education, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada.
Joint factors in self-reports and ratings: Neuroticism, extraversion and openness to experience

Abstract Although most dimensional theories of personality assume that the same traits can be assessed in either ratings or self-reports, joint factor analyses of data from these two methods have seldom provided clear evidence in support of this position. Previous analyses have found a preponderance of within-method factors, or have had to transform variables or use unorthodox rotational procedures in order to control the effects of method variance. The present study argues that recent conceptual and technical advances should now make it possible to show joint factors at the second-order level using standard factor techniques. The NEO Inventory and NEO Rating Form, which measure 18 traits in the domains of Neuroticism, Extraversion and Openness to Experience, were administered to a sample of 281 men and women. Varimax rotation of three principal components clearly showed the hypothesized structure within and across self-reports and spouse ratings. Convergent and discriminant validity of the joint factors with the EPI scales was also shown. The results suggest that the effects of method variance can be minimized if well-qualified raters use psychometrically adequate instruments to provide ratings of clearly conceptualized traits. In addition, they provide strong evidence for the validity of the proposed three-domain model of personality.
Observable Properties of the Breakout Model for Coronal Mass Ejections

We compare the "magnetic breakout" model for coronal mass ejections (CMEs) with observed general properties of CMEs by analyzing in detail recent high-resolution MHD simulations of a complete breakout CME. The model produces an eruption with a three-part plasma density structure that shows a bright circular rim outlining a dark central cavity in synthetic coronagraphic images of total brightness. The model also yields height-time profiles similar to most three-part CMEs, but the eruption speed by 2.5 R☉ is of order the Alfven speed, indicative of a fast CME. We show that the evolution of the posteruptive flare loop and chromospheric ribbons determined from the model are in agreement with observations of long-duration flares, and we propose an explanation for the long-standing observation that flares have an impulsive and gradual phase. A helical magnetic flux rope is generated during eruption and is consistent with a large class of interplanetary CME observations. The magnetic fields in this flux rope are well approximated by the Lundquist solution when the ejecta are at 15 R☉ and beyond. Furthermore, the interior density structure of the magnetic flux rope appears to have some of the basic features of an "average" magnetic cloud profile at 1 AU. Future simulation improvements and more stringent observational tests are discussed.
Local luminance and contrast in natural images

Within natural images there is substantial spatial variation in both local contrast and local luminance. Understanding the statistics of these variations is important for understanding the dynamics of receptive field stimulation that occur under natural viewing conditions and for understanding the requirements for effective luminance and contrast gain control. Local luminance and contrast were measured in a large set of calibrated 12-bit gray-scale natural images, for a number of analysis patch sizes. For each image and patch size we measured the range of contrast, the range of luminance, the correlation in contrast and luminance as a function of the distance between patches, and the correlation between contrast and luminance within patches. The same analyses were also performed on hand segmented regions containing only "sky", "ground", "foliage", or "backlit foliage". Within the typical image, the 95% range (2.5-97.5 percentile) for both local luminance and local contrast is somewhat greater than a factor of 10. The correlation in contrast and the correlation in luminance diminish rapidly with distance, and the typical correlation between luminance and contrast within patches is small (e.g., -0.2 compared to -0.8 for 1/f noise). We show that eye movements are frequently large enough that there will be little correlation in the contrast or luminance on a receptive field from one fixation to the next, and thus rapid contrast and luminance gain control are essential. The low correlation between local luminance and contrast implies that efficient contrast gain control mechanisms can operate largely independently of luminance gain control mechanisms.
Calculation of Photoelectron Spectra of Molybdenum and Tungsten Complexes Using Green's Functions Methods

Green's functions calculations are presented for several complexes of molybdenum and tungsten, two metals that are similar structurally but display subtle, but significant, differences in electronic structure. Outer valence Green's functions IPs for M(CO)6, M(Me)6, MH6, [MCl4O]-, and [MO4]- (M = Mo, W) are generally within ±0.2 eV of available experimental photoelectron spectra. The calculations show that electrons in M−L bonding orbitals are ejected at lower energies for Mo while the detachment energy for electrons in d orbitals varies with metal and complex. For the metal carbonyls, the quasiparticle picture assumed in OVGF breaks down for the inner valence π CO molecular orbitals due to the coupling of two-hole−one-particle charge transfer states to the one-hole states. Incorporation of the 2h1p states through a Tamm−Dancoff approximation calculation accurately represents the band due to detachment from these molecular orbitals. Though the ordering of IPs for Green's functions methods and DFT Koopmans'...