cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
EFFECTS OF SUBSTRATE RELIEF ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF PERIPHYTON IN LABORATORY STREAMS, I. HYDROLOGY1

We examined the hypothesis that the heterogeneity of epilithic algal assemblages in streams may be partly a result of hydrologic differences created when water flows over a rough substrate. A 32-day experiment was conducted in laboratory streams that contained either 22.5 × 22.5 × 4 cm or 7.5 × 22.5 × 4 cm tile blocks. Free water velocities in the streams overaged 28 cm·s−1. Hydrologic parameters and algal assemblages associated with surfaces on top of blocks and with recessed surfaces between blocks were compared to corresponding surfaces in streams with of relief. In streams with blocks, shear velocities averaged 1.7 cm·s−1 on the top of blocks and 0.8 cm·s−1 in the recessed areas. Shear velocity at corresponding surfaces in the control (no relief) streams averaged 1.9 cm·s−1 and exhibited little variation. The hydrologic differences created by the larger blocks significantly affected the distribution of algal biomass, with recessed areas having an average of 2.6 g·m−2 AFDW more biomass than surfaces on the top of blocks. Differences in shear velocities and biomass accumulation between top and recessed areas for the smaller blocks were less than for large blocks. Successional changes on all substrates were similar with the exception that recessed surfaces had a significantly greater abundance of the filamentous chlorophyte Stigeoclonium tenue (Ag.) Kutz after day 16. The results suggest that in cobble riffle areas of natural streams, the interaction between current flow and substrate relief has the potential to create patches of algae which are different in biomass and taxonomic composition.
Modeling Lost Production in the Gulf of Mexico—II. Framework and Assumptions

Abstract During the 2004 and 2005 Gulf of Mexico hurricane seasons, hurricanes Ivan, Katrina, and Rita destroyed 122 offshore structures and severely damaged 76 others. Most of the destroyed infrastructure was mature assets low on their production curve with limited remaining reserves. These assets are unlikely to meet the economic thresholds to support redevelopment, and in the majority of cases, the production from these structures will be “written off” by owners. In Part 2 of this 3 part series, we develop a model framework to forecast the production and revenue streams associated with the collection of destroyed assets. The general framework of analysis is outlined along with the assumptions employed to value lost production.
The Role of Piston Distortion on Lubrication in a Reciprocating Engine

The microgeometry of the piston, rings, and skirt relative to the liner strongly influences lubrication in a reciprocating engine. This study develops an approximation technique that decouples the thermomechanical piston-skirt distortions from the complex lubricant support in a large diesel engine. The model considers the limiting case of starved skirt lubrication with large clearance. It permits efficient design of machined three-dimensional piston-skirt contours for piston support. A piston dynamics model is developed that defines the transient piston side force based on engine geometry, cylinder pressure, inertial loads, and wrist-pin offset
The Red and Blue of Adolescence : Origins of the Compliant Voter and the Defiant Activist

An emergent culture of youth activism suggests the need to examine a fundamental question about political learning. Does formal education function primarily to engender compliance or does instruction foster differentiation, and perhaps defiance, in political identity construction? We draw on data from a 3-year panel study of high school students. Results support a theoretical model in which schools prompt discussion in families and peer groups. The flow of interpersonal influence in the two spheres share common steps but can be thought of as parallel staircases to divergent orientations, with families promoting compliant voting and peer groups fostering activism.
A temperature-dependent morphological mutant of tobacco.

A recessive temperature dependent shooty mutant (tds) of Nicotiana tabacum L. (W38) is described. The mutant phenotype is expressed at low temperature (21 °C). Mutant characteristics include thick, narrow leaves with abnormal mesophyll cells, short internodes, and near absence of apical dominance. Most plants remain vegetative and the occasional flower has petaloid stamens. High temperature (30 °C) reverses the mutant phenotype, with formation of normal leaves and restoration of apical dominance. However, many flowers still have petaloid stamens. Reciprocal grafting and auxincytokinin interaction experiments do not suggest shifts in auxin-cytokinin balance. Overall, this mutant bears some resemblance to transgenic tobacco overexpressing homeodomain genes from maize and Arabidopsis.
Villous tumors of the large bowel

Summary During the fifteen year period from 1955 through 1970, 169 patients with villous lesions of the colon and rectum were treated. Sixty-nine per cent of the lesions occurred in the rectum and rectosigmoid, and these patients most often presented with rectal bleeding (47 per cent). Forty-eight per cent of the lesions were malignant; however, only 10.3 per cent or twelve of these patients died of metastatic adenocarcinoma. The over-all five year survival was 77.7 per cent. Large villous tumors located above the rectum should be treated by bowel resection and small lesions by colotomy and polypectomy. Benign rectal lesions or those with carcinoma in situ can be adequately treated by local procedures; however, the entire lesion must be removed to eliminate the possibility of invasion. Invasive carcinoma arising in a villous tumor should be treated in a manner similar to that used for other lesions of the colon.
Relations among aspects of children's social environments, gender schematization, gender role knowledge, and flexibility

Sixty 33–60-month-old children's gender role knowledge, gender role flexibility, and gender schematization were assessed. Parents completed questionnaires describing aspects of their child's social environment. Results indicated that boys who reportedly interacted more with their fathers, and girls who interacted more with both parents, exhibited greater gender schematization. Children who interacted more with parents displayed less gender role flexibility. Girls with mothers who worked outside the home demonstrated greater gender role flexibility. Boys with many siblings displayed greater gender role knowledge. Children with fewer siblings displayed greater gender role flexibility. Boys favoring entertainment television demonstrated greater gender role knowledge. Girls favoring educational television displayed greater gender role flexibility. Future research and theory evaluating the interactive effects of social and cognitive factors on boys' and girls' gender role development are encouraged.
Addison's disease presenting as male infertility.

Objective To present a case of primary male infertility with severe oligospermia and hyperpigmented skin as the main presenting clinical signs. Design Case report. Setting University-affiliated teaching hospital. Patient(s) A 32-year-old male with severe oligospermia and his 31-year-old female partner with normal cycles. Intervention(s) Hydrocortisone, fludrocortisone, methimazole, and eventual IVF. Main Outcome Measure(s) Improved semen analysis, correction of Addison's disease, correction of hyperthyroidism, and ART pregnancy. Result(s) Severe oligospermia of 5 million per milliliter with 15% motility and ACTH level of 2,800 pg/mL on presentation. Endocrinology evaluation revealed cortisol of 4 of 9.5 μg/dL, Free T 4 Index calculation of 11.6 μg/dL, and quantitative triiodothyronine of 273 ng/dL on presentation. His Addison's disease was managed with hydrocortisone and fludrocortisone, and his hyperthyroidism, with methimazole. Semen parameters increased to 34 million per milliliter with 45% motility and 5% Kruger morphology 1 year after initial presentation. Hormone parameters normalized. Rather than allowing for more time for natural conception or IUI, the couple decided to proceed with IVF because of insurance coverage before semen parameters normalized. Conclusion(s) This is the first reported case of Addison's disease presenting as male infertility with hyperpigmentation of the skin being the only other presenting sign. The underlying etiology of the Addison's in this case remains uncertain, but it is presumed because of autoimmunity. Addison's disease may be associated with hyperthyroidism, and hyperthyroidism may have contributed to the oligospermia. This case highlights why men with abnormal semen parameters should be thoroughly evaluated before proceeding with assisted reproduction.
Potential energy surfaces for proton abstractions from acetic acid

The abstractions of hydrogen from both carbon and oxygen in acetic acid by hydride, fluoride, and hydroxide anions have been studied using ab initio electronic structure calculations. Molecular structures were optimized at the Hartree-Fock level of theory using the 6-31++G(d,p) basis set. For energetics, the 6-311++G(d,p) basis set was used, with second- and fourth-order perturbation theory corrections, for both minima and transition states. For the hydride and fluoride ion abstractions of hydrogen from carbon, a small activation energy exists at the Hartree-Fock level, but vanishes when correlation energy corrections are introduced. No other barriers are found for the abstraction reactions, but intermediate minima are found on the F{sup -} + CH{sub 3}COOH {yields} FH + {sup -}CH{sub 2}COOH surface and on the analogous OH{sup -} + CH{sub 3}COOH surface. The calculated heats of formation for both acetic acid anions are in good agreement with the experimental value. The fourth-order perturbation theory calculation of the activation energy for the isomerization of acetate to enolate ion is 50.4 kcal/mol. The G2 values for the gas phase acidities of acetic acid at the OH and CH ends of the molecule are 339.3 and 365.8 kcal/mol, respectively. The former result is in good agreementmore » with the experiment. 26 refs., 5 figs., 5 tabs.« less
Angular distributions of photoelectrons from resonant two-photon ionization of sodium through the 3 p 0 P 3 2 2 intermediate state

Angular distributions of photoelectrons from resonant two-photon ionization of sodium have been measured. Excitation and ionization were carried out with two pulsed lasers, one with a frequency resonant with the $3s^{2}S_{\frac{1}{2}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}3p^{2}P_{\frac{3}{2}}$ transition. The hyperfine levels in the intermediate state were excited coherently; hyperfine coupling affects the photoelectron distributions through a dependence on the time interval between excitation and ionization. The results are analyzed to give values of three microscopic parameters: the ratio of the radial dipole matrix elements for the production of $l=0$ and $l=2$ final states from the $3p$ level, the difference of the phase shifts of the outgoing electron in the final channels, and a parameter which expresses the depolarizing effect of the nuclear spin on the intermediate state. The phase-shift difference agrees with extrapolated bound-state data, but the final state has more $s$ character than theoretical quantum-defect calculations suggest.
ERP systems: an implementation experience

While improving manufacturing operations, we found that the implementation of ERP systems involved both human and technical factors. These human and technical factors went through somewhat overlapping, transitional stages before they began to perform at the optimal level. It is important to recognise these transitional stages because they must be properly managed in order to reap the benefits of ERP implementation. In the first stage, both human and technical problems exist; however, human problems dominate, and require conflict management skills to resolve. In the second stage, human problems improve, and technical problems persist, requiring formal problem-solving methods to resolve. Finally, in the third stage, both human and technical problems improve, and ERP system begins to perform at the optimal level. Important for both practitioners and academicians, we discuss implications of this research and provide directions for future research.
Microstructural and mechanical property evaluation of black-chrome coated solar collectors

Abstract Concentrating solar collector assemblies of the substrate steel surface electroplated with a nickel coating followed by a thin black chrome solar absorber overlayer have been studied for the role and optimization of plating parameters such as; plating time, current density, plating bath temperature, chromic acid concentration, role of chromonyx addition agent, anode-to-cathode ratio of the plating arrangement, current efficiency of electroplating, and role of substrate finish; and over-growths were evaluated in each case for solar absorptance values. Within the range studied (3–36 min), 18 min of plating time is seen to give the highest absorptance value (96%). Current density variation, within the limits of this study (21.6–54 A/dm2) shows that an optimum absorptance (93.2%) is attained with a current density of 43.2 A/dm2. Variations in bath temperature of plating (0–30°C) yields a maximum in absorptance (93.2%) in coatings done at 10°C. The optimum value in solar absorptance (97.9%) is obtained at 375.95 g chromic acid/l (50 oz/gal) addition to the plating bath, within the range, 225.57–413.54 g/l (30–55 oz/gal), studied. Chromonyx addition agent, suggested for the plating bath, is seen to optimize at 30% of the bath volume in the range (21–33% of the volume) studied. Anode-to-cathode proportions of the plating arrangement are seen to yield a maximum absorptance (98.4%) at a ratio of 2 within the ratios evaluated (1–6 anode/cathode ratios). Current efficiencies of plating show a much higher value (92%) for nickel electroplating than for black-chrome coating (0.20%) for platings done at 10°C, 43.2 A/dm2, and an electrode spacing of 1.27 cm. Finally, the role of substrate-surface finish, evaluated through coating black-chrome onto steel and nickel or nickel sheets show absorptance values to be quite similar in both cases, (93.0%) for black-chrome on steel plus nickel arrangement and (93.1%) for black chrome plated onto nickel sheets, at 10°C for a period of 3 min, and were extremely close in value for all bath temperatures (0–30°C) evaluated. Scanning electron microscopy and replication electron transmission microscopy done on plated and plated and ion-milled surfaces of solar collector growths did not yield conclusive data, but high magnification studies of the surfaces with the scanning electron microscope indicate an alteration of growth characteristics with variations in deposition temperatures. Finally, the strength of adhesion of the plated layers onto substrate surfaces was measured through tensile testing at ambient temperature. Values attained for adhesion strength (in excess of 100 kg/cm2 in each case) indicate that the electroplated nickel and black-chrome layers are well attached to their respective substrates and possible failure of these coatings is unlikely to be due to insufficient adhesion.
Solitary waves in the atmosphere

The weakly nonlinear theory for internal solitary waves is reviewed, and theoretical results of the vertical and horizontal structure of temperature, vertical displacements, and vertical and horizontal perturbations to the wind field associated with steadily propagating solitary waves are presented in two idealized atmospheric configurations. One configuration is representative of solitary waves observed in the lower troposphere and the other of solitary waves that occupy the entire troposphere. The important results of the theory are presented in a form that can be readily used by observationalists. The results obtained are then analyzed using actual rawinsonde data for two well-documented observations of atmospheric solitary waves, which are analogous to the two idealized configurations. The importance and difficulties of properly identifying the waveguide within which the solitary wave is confined are discussed. The fundamental role of a critical level in ducting the disturbances and thus in defining the thickness of the waveguide is illustrated in the example dealing with the solitary wave occupying the entire troposphere. Together, these two examples illustrate the decisions and compromises that must be made in applying the theory to the real atmosphere.
In-Plane Thermal Expansion and Thermal Bending Coefficients of Fabric Composites:

This paper examines the in-plane thermal expansion coefficients and thermal bend ing coefficients of fabric composites. Three physical models have been adopted. The "mosaic model" provides a simple means for estimating these thermal properties. The one-dimensional "fiber undulation model" and the two-dimensional "bridging model" are suitable in particular for analyzing the thermomechanical behavior of plain weave and satin weave composites, respectively. The experimental results on in-plane thermal expansion coefficients of a 5-harness satin composite agree well with the theory.
Membrane and synaptic properties of mitral cells in slices of rat olfactory bulb

Abstract We have investigated the membrane properties and excitatory synaptic transmission of mitral cells in a slice preparation of rat olfactory bulb. In response to intracellular injection of depolarizing current, most mitral cells showed several distinct membrane properties: (1) delayed onset of firing (suggesting the presence of a type of potassium A current); (2) subthreshold oscillation of the membrane potential; and (3) repetitive firing of clustered action potentials during prolonged threshold stimulation. Olfactory nerve (ON) stimulation evoked a long-lasting EPSP in most of the mitral cells. This long EPSP was completely blocked by combined application of NMDA and non-NMDA receptor antagonists (20 μM CNQX and 100 μM APV), confirming that glutamate is the neurotransmitter at the synapses from ON to mitral cells. The ON-evoked EPSP was often preceded by a prespike, which was resistant to membrane potential hyperpolarization at the soma. This fast prepotential may be indicative of an active response in the primary dendritic tufts of the mitral cells. Stimulation of the lateral olfactory tract evoked an antidromic impulse followed by a short EPSP, which could also be elicited independently of an antidromic spike in the recorded cell. Since the asymmetrical synapses so far observed on the mitral cells are all from the ON, this antidromically evoked EPSP may reflect self-excitation of a mitral cell by glutamate released from its own dendrites by antidromic impulse invasion, or/and lateral excitation by neighboring invaded dendrites.
Magnesium: Current and potential automotive applications

In this paper, the material properties, structural performance, mass saving potential, design and manufacturing characteristics of magnesium are compared with various competing materials such as cast iron, steel sheet, aluminum alloys, and polymers. The current and potential automotive applications of magnesium are reviewed, and the technical challenges for these applications are also discussed.
Measurements of effective diffusion coefficients of helium and hydrogen through gypsum

Abstract An experimental apparatus, which was based on the ¼-scale garage previously used for studying helium release and dispersion in our laboratory, was used to obtain effective diffusion coefficients of helium and hydrogen (released as forming gas for safety reasons) through gypsum panel. Two types of gypsum panel were used in the experiments. Helium or forming gas was released into the enclosure from a Fischer burner 1 located near the enclosure floor for a fixed duration and then terminated. Eight thermal-conductivity sensors mounted at different vertical locations above the enclosure floor were used to monitor the temporal and spatial gas concentrations. An electric fan was used inside the enclosure to mix the released gas to ensure a spatially uniform gas concentration to minimize stratification. The temporal variations of the pressure difference between the enclosure interior and the ambience were also measured. An analytical model was developed to extract the effective diffusion coefficients from the experimental data.
Renal failure and mortality after nephrectomy for severe trauma in multiply injured patient: no inordinate risk

It was recently reported that renal loss by partial or total nephrectomy for renal trauma increases the rates of acute renal failure and death in the multiply-injured patient. Because our preference has been for immediate surgical intervention in such patients, a retrospective review was performed to ascertain the effect of partial or total nephrectomy. Eighty-eight patients met the criteria of multiple injuries including severe renal injuries (laceration, rupture, or pedicle injury) and availability of renal function data. Partial or total nephrectomy had been performed in 50 patients, renorrhaphy in 23, and 15 were managed without renal operation. In patients with renal lacerations, the numbers of associated injuries (including intra-abdominal injuries) were similar to those managed conservatively or by operation, and the rates of acute renal failure and mortality were the same with conservative management, renorrhaphy, or nephrectomy. Patients with renal pedicle injuries who had a nephrectomy did have a higher rate of acute renal failure than those managed conservatively (75% vs 0%; p less than 0.05), but they also had more associated injuries (2.8 vs. 1.6/patient; p less than 0.04) and they were older. These two factors, rather than the nephrectomy, probably accounted for the greater rates of acute renal failure and death.
Extreme Damping in Composite Materials with a Negative Stiffness Phase

Composites with negative stiffness inclusions in a viscoelastic matrix are shown to have higher stiffness and mechanical damping $\mathrm{tan}\ensuremath{\delta}$ than that of either constituent and exceeding conventional bounds. The causal mechanism is a greater deformation in and near the inclusions than the composite as a whole. Though a block of negative stiffness is unstable, negative stiffness inclusions in a composite can be stabilized by the surrounding matrix. Such inclusions may be made from single domains of ferroelastic material below its phase transition temperature or from prebuckled lumped elements.
Debugging support for end user mashup programming

Programming for the web can be an intimidating task, particularly for non-professional ("end-user") programmers. Mashup programming environments attempt to remedy this by providing support for such programming. It is well known, however, that mashup programmers create applications that contain bugs. Furthermore, mashup programmers learn from examples and reuse other mashups, which causes bugs to propagate to other mashups. In this paper we classify the bugs that occur in a large corpus of Yahoo! Pipes mashups. We describe support we have implemented in the Yahoo! Pipes environment to provide automatic error detection techniques that help mashup programmers localize and correct these bugs. We present the results of a think-aloud study comparing the experiences of end-user mashup programmers using and not using our support. Our results show that our debugging enhancements do help these programmers localize and correct bugs more effectively and efficiently.
Prediction of microstructure and properties in the heat affected zone of HSLA-100 weldments

AbstractThe objective of this study was to model the evolution of the microstructure and the resultant hardness in the heat affected zone (HAZ) of HSLA-100 steel weldments. The experimental HAZ results of Spanos et al., where four different weld thermal cycles, with two peak temperatures (1400 and 900°C) and two cooling rates (5 and 60 K s–1), were emulated in a heating/quenching dilatometer, are compared with the results of three weld simulation modelsfor the decomposition of austenite. The three models are those of Kirkaldy and coworkers, Ion, Easterling, and Ashby, and Bhadeshia and co-workers. All of the models require the chemical composition, a thermal profile, and an austenite grain size measurement. All of the models gave excellent results for the fast cooling rates. Bhadeshia's model gave good results for one of the slower cooling rates, but not the other. Neither Kirkaldy's model nor that of Ion et al. was satisfactory for the slower cooling rate cases.
Behavioral and electrophysiological comparison of ketamine with dizocilpine in the rat

Abstract We have compared the effects of MK 801 and ketamine on a measure of anesthesia (loss of righting reflex) and two measures of basal ganglia dopamine (DA) function: apomorphine (APO)-induced stereotypy and APO-induced excitation of type II globus pallidus (GP) neurons. As expected, ketamine induced anesthesia. High-dose MK 801 administered IP induced ataxia, but not anesthesia. When administered IV, high-dose MK 801 induced anesthesia in only three of five rats. Using a modified stereotypy scale, it was found that pretreatment with MK 801 blocked APO-induced stereotypic sniffing. Intravenous ketamine also blocked APO-induced stereotypy, but IP ketamine did not. Similar results were observed in neurophysiological studies; MK 801 altered the excitation of type II GP neurons by APO. Intravenous ketamine (5 mg/kg) also altered the responsiveness of these cells to APO, but ketamine anesthesia (150 mg/kg, IP) had no effect. These findings suggest that MK 801 is not an effective anesthetic in rats, and the method of administration of ketamine plays a role in its ability to exert NMDA receptor blockade.
Discrete time neural networks

Traditional feedforward neural networks are static structures that simply map input to output. To better reflect the dynamics in the biological system, time dependency is incorporated into the network by using Finite Impulse Response (FIR) linear filters to model the processes of axonal transport, synaptic modulation, and charge dissipation. While a constructive proof gives a theoretical equivalence between the class of problems solvable by the FIR model and the static structure, certain practical and computational advantages exist for the FIR model. Adaptation of the network is achieved through an efficient gradient descent algorithm, which is shown to be a temporal generalization of the popular backpropagation algorithm for static networks. Applications of the network are discussed with a detailed example of using the network for time series prediction.
Rapid® Access Real-Time device and Rapid Access software: new tools in the armamentarium of capsule endoscopy

Small bowel capsule endoscopy represents a significant advance in the investigation of the small bowel, allowing direct visualization of this section of the gastrointestinal system. More recently, new video capsules have been released, specifically designed to investigate the esophagus and the colon. In June 2006, Given Imaging Ltd received marketing clearance from the US FDA for the Rapid Access Real-Time (RT) and Rapid Access software. The Rapid Access RT is a handheld device that enables real-time viewing during capsule endoscopy procedures. To date, the clinical benefits of this device are unknown as studies on the Rapid Access RT system have not yet been published. However, it appears that the Rapid Access RT system may reduce the examination and reading time, and may impact significantly in cases where it is important to know the precise localization of the capsule (during PillCam ESO ingestion procedures, PillCam Colon examinations or when delayed gastric transit is suspected) or in case of severe gastrointestinal bleeding (when a therapeutic procedure is required urgently).
Effect of shock on the magnetic properties of pyrrhotite, the Martian crust, and meteorites

We performed planar shock recovery experiments on natural pyrrhotite at pressures up to 6.9 GPa. We find that high-field isothermal remanent magnetization in pyrrhotite is demagnetized up to 90% by shock due to preferential removal of low coercivity components of magnetization. Contrary to static experiments, we do not observe complete demagnetization. Post shock permanent changes in magnetic properties include increasing saturation isothermal remanent magnetization, bulk coercivity and lowtemperature memory, and changes in squareness of hysteresis. These changes are consistent with an increase in the volume fraction of single domain grains. The lack of magnetic anomalies over large Martian impact basins is not expected to be solely due to shock demagnetization of the crust. We find that pyrrhotite-bearing rocks and meteorites can retain records of Martian magnetic fields even if shocked to pressures approaching 7 GPa. However, some paleointensity techniques may underestimate this field.
Objectively measured sedentary time and cardiometabolic biomarkers in US Hispanic/Latino adults: The Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL)

Background— Sedentary behavior is recognized as a distinct construct from lack of moderate-vigorous physical activity and is associated with deleterious health outcomes. Previous studies have primarily relied on self-reported data, whereas data on the relationship between objectively measured sedentary time and cardiometabolic biomarkers are sparse, especially among US Hispanics/Latinos. Methods and Results— We examined associations of objectively measured sedentary time (via Actical accelerometers for 7 days) and multiple cardiometabolic biomarkers among 12 083 participants, aged 18 to 74 years, from the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL). Hispanics/Latinos of diverse backgrounds (Central American, Cuban, Dominican, Mexican, Puerto Rican, and South American) were recruited from 4 US cities between 2008 and 2011. Sedentary time ( P =0.04), and increased triglycerides, 2-hour glucose, fasting insulin, and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (all P P Conclusions— Our large population-based, objectively derived data showed deleterious associations between sedentary time and cardiometabolic biomarkers, independent of physical activity, in US Hispanics/Latinos. Our findings emphasize the importance of reducing sedentary behavior for the prevention of cardiometabolic diseases, even in those who meet physical activity recommendations.
Herpes simplex virus infects most cell types in vitro: clues to its success

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) type-1 and type-2 have evolved numerous strategies to infect a wide range of hosts and cell types. The result is a very successful prevalence of the virus in the human population infecting 40-80% of people worldwide. HSV entry into host cell is a multistep process that involves the interaction of the viral glycoproteins with various cell surface receptors. Based on the cell type, HSV enter into host cell using different modes of entry. The combination of various receptors and entry modes has resulted in a virus that is capable of infecting virtually all cell types. Identifying the common rate limiting steps of the infection may help the development of antiviral agents that are capable of preventing the virus entry into host cell. In this review we describe the major features of HSV entry that have contributed to the wide susceptibility of cells to HSV infection.
Beneficial effect of taurine depletion on osmotic sodium and calcium loading during chemical hypoxia.

Cellular sodium excess is cytotoxic because it increases both the intracellular osmotic load and intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i). Because sodium levels rise during hypoxia, it is thou...
Stability of Patient Preferences Regarding Life-Sustaining Treatments

Physicians often express concern about the reliability of critically ill patients' preferences regarding life-sustaining treatments. We interviewed 30 Veterans Administration intensive care unit patients to determine their preferences for resuscitation, resuscitation requiring mechanical ventilation, artificial hydration and nutrition, and hospitalization for treatment of pneumonia. Patients expressed their preferences considering their current health and then two hypothetical scenarios, stroke and dementia. Follow-up interviews occurred one month later to assess preference stability. We found a diversity of opinions about life-sustaining treatments. Despite significant changes in health status and mood (p (Chest 1990; 97:159-64)
Terrorism insurance subsidies and social welfare

A model of the effects of terrorism risk on building construction suggests that subsidy of terrorism insurance can increase social welfare. Such a subsidy program should cover a fixed level of risk per location.
InSitu Densification Behavior in the Pyrolysis Consolidation of Amorphous Si-N-C Bulk Ceramics from Polymer Precursors

Insitu consolidation of amorphous Si-N-C ceramics during pyrolysis of polymer precursor provides a way to consolidate bulk silicon nitride based ceramics at lower temperatures. Porosity evolution during polymer-ceramic conversion has been investigated to clarify the densification process. A densification mechanism based on surface reaction and pyrolysis accommodated by viscous flow has been proposed.
Effect of delayed intrathecal administration of capsaicin on neuropathic pain induced by chronic constriction injury of the sciatic nerve in rats

Purpose: The current study was designed to examine the antinociceptive effect of intrathecally administered capsaicin, a transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 receptor agonist, in a rat model of neuropathic pain induced by unilateral sciatic nerve chronic constriction injury. Methods: Male adult Sprague Dawley rats were randomly assigned to six groups, and all rats underwent unilateral sciatic nerve chronic constriction injury. Two weeks after injury, five groups received intrathecal administration of either capsaicin in three different dosing regimens or equal volumes of vehicle. The other group received intrathecal capsaicin on the third day after nerve injury. The antinociceptive effect of capsaicin was assessed by measuring the capsaicin-induced change in thermal and mechanical response thresholds. Results: Capsaicin (150–300 µg/100–200 µL), when administered by fast infusion or chronic infusions at 8 µL/hour or 1 µL/hour, attenuated thermal hyperalgesia as indicated by signifi cantly prolonging paw withdrawal latency to noxious thermal stimulation. The antinociceptive effect of capsaicin was more profound in the injured limb compared to that in the uninjured limb. When capsaicin was administered on the third day after nerve injury, it failed to attenuate thermal hyperalgesia. No significant effect on the mechanical response threshold was observed with intrathecally administered capsaicin. Conclusion: Our data suggest that intrathecal capsaicin could significantly attenuate thermal hyperalgesia, depending on the time when the drug is given after nerve injury, and that the antinociceptive efficacy of intrathecal capsaicin positively correlates with the previously reported dynamic profile of spinal transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 activity after nerve injury.
Predicting Treatment Retention among Cocaine Users

Few studies have addressed treatment retention among cocaine-using samples. The current study develops and tests a model of treatment retention at the individual level, employing data from 110 cocaine users who initiated outpatient treatment. The model includes measures of extent of drug involvement, social isolation and support, motivation, and demographic characteristics. Logistic regression is used to fit a final model, which includes measures of the following: living alone, use of multiple substances prior to treatment, length of cocaine use, and external motivation. Treatment implications and directions for further research are discussed
Decomposition Without Death: A Research Agenda for a New Class Analysis

It has become fashionable to argue that stratification is taking on an increasingly ‘postmodern' form, as participation in lifestyles or communities becomes a function of individual taste, choice, and commitment rather than a direct reflection of class membership. Although postmodernism of this sort has become popular in some circles, relevant empirical analyses are few and far between and have inevitably been carried out at a highly aggregate level, thereby muting or obscuring the local subcultures that are generated at the more detailed occupational level. The great failing, then, of conventional quantitative analyses of ‘class effects' is that gemeinschaftlich occupations are regarded as nominal categories and are therefore blithely aggregated or dimensionalized. If analyses are instead ratcheted down to the disaggregate level of detailed occupations, the effects of class may become sufficiently strong to cast doubt on the postmodernist retreat from production-based groupings. The purpose of this paper...
A Bayesian approach to simultaneously quantify assignment and linguistic uncertainty

Subject matter expert assessments can include both assignment and linguistic uncertainty. This paper examines assessments containing linguistic uncertainty associated with a qualitative description of a specific state of interest and the assignment uncertainty associated with assigning the state to a particular qualitative value. A Bayesian approach is examined to simultaneously quantify both assignment and linguistic uncertainty in the posterior probability. The approach is applied to a simplified damage assessment model involving both assignment and linguistic uncertainty. The utility of the approach and the conditions under which the approach is feasible are examined and identified.
A stochastic modeling of aggregated vehicle-to-grid for reliability assessment of distribution network

This paper proposes a stochastic modeling of aggregated vehicle-to-grid (V2G) based on sequential Monte Carlo simulation for reliability evaluation of distribution network. Uncertainties of electric vehicle (EV) travel information including parking lot arrival time, travelled distance and parking lot departure time are incorporated into reliability evaluation using appropriate probability distribution functions. This model aids decision maker during planning phase to better estimate the impact of V2G on system reliability. The proposed model is used for optimal placement of a parking lot in an official center distribution network with the objective of reducing the expected energy not served.
Lipid Rafts, Detergent-Resistant Membranes, and Raft Targeting Signals

Lipid rafts are liquid-ordered (lo) phase microdomains proposed to exist in biological membranes. Rafts have been widely studied by isolating lo-phase detergent-resistant membranes (DRMs) from cells. Recent findings have shown that DRMs are not the same as preexisting rafts, prompting a major revision of the raft model. Nevertheless, raft-targeting signals identified by DRM analysis are often required for protein function, implicating rafts in a variety of cell processes.
1092 Channel 2-D Array Demultiplexer for Ultralarge Data Bandwidth

We demonstrate 1 times 1092 channel wavelength demultiplexing with 50-GHz channel pitch and a 600-nm total bandwidth. Outputs from 1 times 40 channel arrayed waveguide gratings operating with multiple orders enter a free-space optical grating demultiplexer which separates the orders into a 2-D spot array, where the light can be coupled into discrete output fibers or operated on by a surface normal device (i.e., microelectromechanical system switch or detector array). Supercontinuum source input from 1140 to 1750 nm produced a 28 times 39 spot array at the output plane. The insertion loss for light is coupled into a single mode fiber ranged from 7 to 18 dB with less than 10-dB loss in channels between 1300 and 1750 nm. Bit-error-rate measurements show a negligible 0.1-dB power penalty at 10 GB/s
Political Violence and Presidential Approval in Peru

Using monthly presidential approval data for the period between 1985 and 1997 for two presidencies, I analyze the impact of political violence on presidential approval in Peru. While controlling for variables commonly used in the economic voting literature, the results suggest that higher levels of political violence hurt left-leaning governments, but not necessarily right-leaning governments. It is likely that voters expect right-leaning governments to deal better with political violence in general and thus are more supportive of their efforts.
Localization and topology of a urate transporter/channel, a galectin, in epithelium-derived cells

Recombinant protein produced from a cDNA cloned in our laboratory (UAT) functions in lipid bilayers as a urate transporter/channel. Because UAT is a galectin, a family of proteins presumed to be soluble, the localization and topology of UAT were assessed in living cells. UAT was targeted to plasma membrane in multiple epithelium-derived cell lines and, in polarized cells, was targeted to both apical and basolateral membranes. The amino and carboxy termini of UAT were both detected on the cytoplasmic side of plasma membranes, whereas cell surface biotinylation studies demonstrated that UAT is not merely a cytosolic membrane-associated protein but contains at least one extracellular domain. Madin-Darby canine kidney cells were shown both functionally and immunologically to contain an apparent homolog of UAT; however, transfection with UAT did not modify urate uptake. Because coimmunoprecipitation studies revealed that UAT is capable of forming both homo- and heteromultimers, it is proposed that monomers of endogenous channels are in part replaced by monomers of the protein expressed subsequent to transfection, thereby maintaining constancy of urate uptake at basal levels.
Preservation of crab or shrimp waste as silage for cattle

Abstract Five experiments were conducted to either ferment fresh shrimp or crab waste with molasses, molasses and bacterial inoculant, or to preserve it with salt. Experiment 1 was a 4 × 2 factorial arrangement. Crab waste was combined with 0, 5, 10, or 15% liquid molasses, and stored in mini-silos (15 l) with or without lids for 14 days. The addition of molasses slightly decreased pH and offensive odors; mini-silo temperatures without lids were higher than those with lids. Experiment 2 was a 5 × 2 factorial arrangement designed to enhance fermentation. Fresh shrimp waste was combined with 0, 10, 15, 20, or 25% dry molasses and 0 or 1.0 × 10 8 colony forming bacteria/g inoculant and ensiled for six days. As the level of molasses increased, dry matter and lactic acid increased but, the pH, crude protein, ammonia acetic, butyric, and propionic acid concentrations decreased. Significant molasses by inoculant interactions occurred which were highly variable for each acid. Evidence of fermentation was supported by production of lactic acid at all levels of molasses. The pH decreased from 7.7 in the untreated waste to an average of 7.4 for the 10, 15 and 20% molasses treated wastes to 6.8 in the 25% molasses treated waste. The high pH was an indication that the waste may be unstable with longer storage (> 6 days). Therefore, in Experiment 3, designed as a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement, shrimp waste treated with 15 and 20% molasses, with or without inoculant was ensiled for 21 days to test stability. By day 21, shrimp waste had deteriorated as indicated by a mean pH of 7.5, low lactic acid, and high butyric acid concentration, an unacceptable odor, and the presence of mold on the surface of the samples. In Experiments 4 and 5, shrimp or crab waste was combined with salt at 0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, 10.0, and 12.5%. Increasing levels of salt decreased crude protein percent, ammonia concentration, and lactic and volatile fatty acids while increasing the pH and improving the acceptability of the odors in both the shrimp and crab wastes. Treatment of crustacean waste with 7.5% or greater salt was more effective at preserving crude protein and minimizing odor than either dry or liquid molasses.
Speech Recognition With Flat Direct Models

This paper describes a novel direct modeling approach for speech recognition. We propose a log-linear modeling framework based on using numerous features which each measure some form of consistency between the underlying speech and an entire sequence of hypothesized words. Since the model relates the entire audio signal to a complete hypothesis without necessarily positing any inherent structure, we term this a flat direct model (FDM). In contrast to a conventional hidden Markov model approach, no Markov assumptions are used, and the model is not necessarily sequential. We demonstrate the use of features based on both template-matching distances, and the acoustic detection of multi-phone units which are selected so as to have maximal mutual information with respect to word labels. Further, we solve the key problem of how to define features which can generalize to unseen word sequences. In the proposed model, template-based features improve sentence error rate by 3% absolute over the baseline, while multi-phone-based features improve by 2% absolute.
Ethics for the Pediatrician: Religion and Spirituality in Pediatrics

1. Ferdinand D. Yates Jr, MD, MA* 1. *Clinical Professor, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY. Even a brief tour of a hospital corridor will likely reveal examples of the interface of the practice of medicine and the employment of religion and spirituality (RS). Yet, within the medical domain, RS and the practice of medicine coexist in uneasy tension. In the care of the pediatric patient, RS issues may present relative to the patient, the patient's family, or the pediatrician. The consideration of RS, from the perspective of the physician, is often along the theme of the Right of Conscience, a topic that is outside the scope of this article. This discussion considers the appearance of RS from the viewpoint of the patient and the patient's family and reflects on the effect of RS in two different medical treatment scenarios: 1) where there appears to be minimal exposure or effect and 2) where there is identifiable interaction (often, but not necessarily, occurring at the bedside). This article reviews some of the medical objections to RS and encourages the pediatrician to approach these concerns with professional care and compassion. Terminology is especially important in this discussion. This article envisions “religion” as participation with the beliefs and worship patterns of a particular organized faith practice (typically as a faith community) and “spirituality” as the dynamic and personal experiential process (typically as an individual experience) that often evolves out of the faith practice. (1) Throughout this discussion, the term RS is used as the depiction of this dichotomy because the combined concept may be more useful in explaining the broadness of representation of both religion and spirituality as they interface the practice of pediatrics. RS application to the care of the …