cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Convection and diffusion in tissues and tissue cultures

Abstract The relative importance of transport by diffusion and convection in permeable tissues is investigated in three-dimensional structures. The transport of a solute takes place from a number of sources embedded in the tissue, to a number of sinks similarly embedded. An enhancement factor E is defined to be the ratio of the transport rate in the presence of a pressure difference between the sources and sinks, to the transport rate without a pressure difference. It is shown that E is a unique function of a parameter W, which characterizes the properties of the tissue and the pressure difference. This relation is independent of the number or the geometries of the sources and sinks. This relation is compared with experimental data obtained in a hollow fiber tissue culture device, with two sets of hollow fibers kept at different pressures. This relation is also used to estimate the importance of convection in vivo for a wide range of mammalian tissues and solute molecules.
Independence on Relative Probability Spaces and Consistent Assessments in Game Trees

Abstract Relative probabilities compare the likelihoods of any pair of events, even those with probability zero. Definitions of weak and strong independence of random variables on finite relative probability spaces are introduced. The former is defined directly, while the latter is defined in terms of approximations by ordinary probabilites. Our main result is a characterization of strong independence in terms of weak independence and exchangeability. This result is applied to game theory to obtain a natural interpretation of consistent assessment , an essential yet controversial ingredient in the definition of sequential equilibrium. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: C60, C72.
Vertical averages of rheology of the continental lithosphere: relation to thin sheet parameters

The calculations of the vertically-integrated strengths of the lithosphere and the Agrand number are described. The crustal and mantle contributions to the vertically-integrated strength, which is approximated from the brittle layer, and the depth and stress difference at the brittle-ductile transtion, is examined. The effective power laws for vertically-integrated rheology, which are dependent on the thermal stability of the lithosphere and the depth to the brittle-ductile transition in the crust, are studied. The relationship between the Agrand number and vertically-integrated strengths of the lithosphere and the thermal regime of the uppermost mantle and the stress state in the upper crust is analyzed.
Economic equilibrium and financial networks

In this paper, we consider the general economic equilibrium problem in which each agent seeks to determine his optimal composition of commodities given a fixed budget and a fixed number of each commodity in the economy. We construct the network underlying each agent's optimization problem and then derive the equilibrium conditions and the equivalent variational inequality formulation. We present certain qualitative properties of the equilibrium pattern and identify the financial network that represents the system in equilibrium. Finally, we provide a numerical example illustrating the model. This work bridges general economic equilibrium and financial networks.
Fractional charge perspective on the band gap in density-functional theory

The calculation of the band gap by density-functional theory (DFT) is examined by considering the behavior of the energy as a function of number of electrons. It is explained that the incorrect band-gap prediction with most approximate functionals originates mainly from errors in describing systems with fractional charges. Formulas for the energy derivatives with respect to number of electrons are derived, which clarify the role of optimized effective potentials in prediction of the band gap. Calculations with a recent functional that has much improved behavior for fractional charges give a good prediction of the energy gap and also ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{\mathrm{HOMO}}\ensuremath{\simeq}\ensuremath{-}I$ for finite systems. Our results indicate that it is possible, within DFT, to have a functional whose eigenvalues or derivatives accurately predict the band gap.
A 32 nm SoC With Dual Core ATOM Processor and RF WiFi Transceiver

An t 86 standard operating system compliant System-on-Chip (SoC) with a dual core ATOM processor and a custom interconnect fabric to enable modular design is presented. The 32 nm SoC includes integrated PCI-e Gen 2, DDR3, legacy I/O, voltage regulators, clock generation, power management, memory controller and RF portion of a WiFi transceiver in a 32 nm high-k/metal-gate RF CMOS process with high resistivity substrate. The integrated RF transceiver for 2.4 GHz 802.11g operation achieves a receive sensitivity of -74 dBm, -8 dBm IIP3 and a transmit output power of 20.3 dBm (-25 dB EVM) at 14% TX RF efficiency.
Animal Performance on Limpograss-Aeschynomene and Nitrogen-Fertilized Limpograss Pastures

In vitro digestible organic matter (IVDOM) concentration of ‘Floralta’ limpograss [ (Poir.) Stapf et C. E. Hubb.] is high compared to many tropical grasses, but low crude protein (CP) concentration in Floralta may limit animal performance. Aeschynomene (L.) grows well in association with limpograss and may improve animal performance on limpograss-based pastures. This study compared steer (spp.) average daily gain (ADG), carrying capacity (CC), and gain per hectare from midsummer to early fall on limpograss pastures that were overseeded with aeschynomene (LA) or fertilized with N (LN). Soils were primarily Pomona sands (sandy, siliceous, hyperthermic Ultic Haplaquods). Seasonal ADG (84 d in 1984, and 126 d in 1985 and 1986) was higher for LA than for LN pastures in 1984 (0.69 vs. 0.36 kg), 1985 (0.55 vs. 0.27 kg), and 1986 (0.85 vs. 0.54 kg). Handplucked herbage of aeschynomene had mean CP and IVDOM concentrations of approximately 250 g kg dry matter (DM) and 720 g kg organic matter (OM). Handplucked limpograss CP was marginal for growing steers, averaging 92 and 88 g kg DM in 1985 and 1986, respectively. Mean seasonal CC over the 3 yr of grazing was higher for LN than for LA pastures (2210 vs. 1700 kg liveweight ha d). In 1985 and 1986, however, mean seasonal CC did not differ between systems, but from early July to mid-September LN pastures had higher CC (2240 vs 1540 (1985) and 2450 vs 1930 (1986) kg liveweight ha d]. Mean gain per hectare per year was higher for LA than for LN pastures (377 vs. 264 kg) over the 3 yr of grazing. Although LN pastures are easier to manage and have a longer grazing season, these data indicate that gain per animal and gain per hectare can be increased during midsummer through early fall by growing aeschynomene with limpograss.
Design of a Novel Two Degree-of-Freedom Ankle-Foot Orthosis

An ankle-foot orthosis (AFO) is commonly used to help subjects with weakness of ankle dorsiflexor muscles due to peripheral or central nervous system disorders. Both these disorders are due to the weakness of the tibialis anterior muscle, which results in the lack of dorsiflexion assist moment. The deformity and muscle, weakness of one joint in the lower extremity influences the stability of the adjacent joints, thereby requiring compensatory adaptations. We present an innovative ankle-foot orthosis (AFO). The prototype AFO would introduce greater functionality over currently marketed devices by means of its pronation-supination degree of freedom in addition to flexion/extension. This orthosis can be used to measure joint forces and moments applied by the human at both joints. In the future, by incorporation of actuators in the device, it will be used as a training device to restore a normal walking pattern.
Postcolumn reactor in capillary electrophoresis for laser-induced fluorescence detection

The construction and utility of a postcolumn reactor in capillary electrophoresis using o-phthaldialdehyde/2-mercaptoethanol (OPA/2-ME) as the fluorescent labeling reagent and laser-induced fluorescence detection are described. The reactor is based on a coaxial design consisting of two narrow-bore capillaries. The reagent is electroosmotically pumped into the reaction capillary and the flow is controlled independently by a separate high-voltage power supply. The response is linear over at least two orders of magnitude. Mass limits of detection are in the low attomole range for various amines, amino acids and proteins. The suitability of the system for single-cell studies is demonstrated with human erythrocytes.
Prognostic Markers for Invasive Micropapillary Carcinoma of the Breast: A Population-Based Analysis

Abstract Background Invasive micropapillary carcinoma (IMPC) is a rare and distinct variant of breast carcinoma with a high propensity for regional lymph node involvement. Because of its lymphotropic nature, IMPC is considered to have an unfavorable prognosis when compared with invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC). Patients and Methods This study of 624 patients diagnosed with breast IMPC (2001-2008) listed in the National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (NCI SEER) database was performed to evaluate prognostic factors for disease-specific survival (DSS) and overall survival (OS). Results The 5-year DSS and OS for patients with IMPC were 91.9% and 83.8%, respectively. Of those with known estrogen receptor (ER) status, 84.8% were ER-positive (ER + ), which was associated with better DSS (hazard ratio [HR], 0.27; P P P = .0013) and OS (HR 3.47; P = .00067) than did patients with node-negative disease, but those with 1 to 3 positive lymph nodes had DSS and OS similar to those of patients with node-negative disease. Conclusion Although IMPC has a high propensity for lymph node metastasis, it has a DSS and overall prognosis comparable to those of IDC. Patients with ER-negative (ER−) disease or those with 4 or more positive lymph nodes have the worst prognosis. This is the largest study of IMPC to date, and these findings will help address some of the inconsistencies regarding this rare histologic variant of breast cancer.
NCR: a self-scaling, self-calibrated metric for I/sub DDQ/ outlier identification

I/sub DDQ/ testing is an important component of a test suite. However, increasing leakage current values with each technology node render single pass/fail limit setting approach obsolete. This is further worsened due to increasing process variations and discriminating faulty and fault-free chips is becoming increasingly difficult. In this paper we evaluate a metric that uses wafer-level spatial information to identify faulty dice on a wafer. The metric is evaluated using industrial test data.
Suppression of Immunoglobulin-Secreting Cells from Human Peripheral Blood by Toxic-Shock—Syndrome Toxin-1

Toxic-shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1), a nonspecific T lymphocyte mitogen, was shown to cause the suppression of immunoglobulin-secreting cells (ISCs) generated in pokeweed mitogen (PWM)-stimulated cultures of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMs). Greater than 9007o suppression of the PWM-stimulated ISC response was achieved when 2 x 106 PBMs were cultured in the presence of 1 \xg of TSST-1. The nonspecific suppression induced by the toxin was dose related; amounts of TSST-1 as low as 1.0 ng/2 x 106 cultured cells caused significant suppression of the ISC response. TSST-l-induced suppression was due to the activation of a population of cells that secreted a soluble factor that mediated the resulting suppression. PBMs were activated by a 24-hr preincubation of 2 x 106 cells in the presence of 1 \xg of TSST-1 followed by repeated washing to remove residual toxin. These cells, when co-cultured with unstimulated PBMs and PWM, suppressed the normal ISC response. The supernatant factor, active at volumes of 10 \AZ2 x 106 PBMs, was generated by harvesting the supernatant fluid of TSST-1-activated cells. The results of these in vitro experiments confirm that TSST-1 is an immunosuppressing agent that affects human lymphocyte function and, in such a capacity, may play a role in the development of toxic shock syndrome in humans.
Brain activation during encoding and recognition of verbal and figural information in older adults

Positron emission tomography (PET) patterns of cerebral blood flow associated with verbal and figural memory are described in relation to their value as functional probes for studying longitudinal changes that occur in the aging brain. Relative to a matching control task, verbal and figural encoding increase blood flow in prefrontal cortex (PFC), anterior cingulate, insular, lateral and medial temporal, occipital cortex and the cerebellum. Additionally, medial temporal regions exhibited greater activity during figural encoding relative to verbal encoding. During recognition, blood flow increases in prefrontal, cingulate, insular, and lateral temporal and Broca's areas. Analysis of hemispheric asymmetry reveals that the prefrontal cortex exhibits regionally dependent results. Prefrontal region BA 10 demonstrates more bilateral activation during encoding and retrieval, whereas BA 46 shows right greater than left activation during both encoding and retrieval. Overall, the two tasks activate diverse regions within the frontal, temporal and occipital lobes of the brain, including areas that show age-related structural changes, proving their usefulness in the longitudinal assessment of brain function in the elderly.
The trials and tribulations of enrolling couples in a randomized, controlled trial: a self-management program for hyperlipidemia as a model.

Abstract Objective Capitalizing on spousal support may enhance the effectiveness of interventions for chronic disease management. However, couples-based interventions present logistical challenges. We describe our experience and lessons learned while recruiting couples into the Couples Partnering for Lipid-Enhancing Strategies (CouPLES) trial. Methods This trial seeks to reduce serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels using a couples-based intervention designed to help patients engage in self-management behaviors. We proposed enrolling 250 couples over 13 months. Results Due to practical challenges that we encountered, recruitment and enrollment lasted 21 months. Those challenges included: travel to study site; effectively marketing the study; participant burden; and establishing eligibility criteria. By modifying our protocol to address these challenges, the recruitment rate increased from 12 to 33%. Conclusion In the absence of trials identifying the most effective recruitment strategies, investigators may need to experiment, amending their protocol intermittently until target enrollment numbers are reached. The lessons we present may help researchers conducting couples-based interventions develop more effective protocols. Practice implications To achieve target enrollment numbers, researchers conducting couples-based interventions should consider minimizing travel to the study site; carefully crafting recruitment materials; budgeting more for participant incentives and staff effort; and limiting exclusion criteria. These practices may also enhance retention.
Extragenomic actions of progesterone in human sperm and progesterone metabolites in human platelets.

Abstract Progesterone rapidly increased intracellular free calcium ([Ca 2+ ] i ) in human sperm, removal of extracellular Ca 2+ prevented the increase in [Ca 2+ ] i . The Ca 2+ influx was not blocked by the T-type Ca 2+ channel blocker mibefradil. However T-type calcium channels do appear to be present in human sperm because the neoglycoprotein mannose-albumin, an inducer of the acrosome reaction, was able to promote Ca 2+ influx, which was blocked by mibefradil and more potently inhibited by Ni 2+ than Cd. 2+ The receptor for progesterone that promotes the Ca 2+ influx was located on the plasma membrane using FITC–progesterone–albumin. It is concluded that progesterone stimulates Ca 2+ influx in human sperm via a unique Ca 2+ channel possibly similar to a store-operated channel (SOC) or a receptor-operated channel (ROC). We have found that progesterone metabolites, such as pregnanolone and pregnanediol, promote a rapid rise in [Ca 2+ ] i and aggregation in human platelets, similar to that observed with thrombin. The increase in [Ca 2+ ] i was prevented when extracellular Ca 2+ was removed or by the SOC inhibitor SKF-96365. The phospholipase C inhibitor U-73122 also prevented the increase in [Ca 2+ ] i , suggesting that these metabolites interact with a cell surface receptor on the platelet to activate phospholipase C to produce inositol-P 3 , which mobilizes intracellular Ca 2+ , thereby activating the SOC in the plasma membrane. Progesterone and estradiol conjugated to albumin, also produced a rapid increase in [Ca 2+ ] i , which was prevented by Ca 2+ removal from the medium or when SKF-96365 or U-73122 were added. It is proposed that human platelets possess cell surface receptors for steroids.
Complementary methods for studies of protein interactions in living cells.

Two new protein fragment complementation methods expand the toolkit available for the detection of protein interactions in living cells.
Developmental regulation of a cloned adult β -globin gene in transgenic mice

At different stages of mammalian development, distinct embryonic, fetal and adult haemoglobins are synthesized in erythroid cells, a process termed haemoglobin switching. The cellular and molecular mechanisms controlling haemoglobin switching have been intensively studied, but remain poorly understood. To study the developmental regulation of globin gene expression, we have produced transgenic mice in which cloned globin genes are present in erythroid cells throughout development. Recently, we reported that adult mice in several transgenic lines carrying a hybrid mouse/human adult beta-globin gene, expressed the gene in a correct tissue-specific manner. This finding raised the question of whether an exogenous globin gene could also be subject to appropriate stage-specific regulation. We report here that the hybrid beta-globin gene, like the endogenous adult beta-globin genes, is inactive in yolk sac-derived embryonic erythroid cells and is expressed for the first time in fetal liver erythroid cells. Our results indicate that a stage-specific pattern of expression can be conferred by cis-acting regulatory elements closely linked to an adult beta-globin gene. They also suggest that the embryonic and adult beta-globin genes in the mouse are activated (or repressed) by distinct trans-acting regulatory factors present in embryonic, fetal and adult erythroid cells.
INTERVIEWING VICTIMS AND WITNESSES OF CRIME

Despite the importance of eyewitness information in criminal investigation, police receive inadequate training to interview cooperative witnesses. They make avoidable mistakes that minimize the amount of eyewitness information elicited and contribute to inaccurate recollections. Interviewing techniq
Peripheral venous pressure waveform

Purpose of reviewThe focus of intraoperative monitoring is moving away from invasive monitoring. This has been attributed to procedure time, cost, and the known risks, which include carotid artery puncture, arrhythmia, pneumothorax, and infection. Until recently, the venous system's contribution to
REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY OF THE VIOLET-CHESTED HUMMINGBIRD IN VENEZUELA AND COMPARISONS WITH OTHER TROPICAL AND TEMPERATE HUMMINGBIRDS

Abstract Abstract. We provide details on the breeding biology of the Violet-chested Hummingbird (Sternoclyta cyanopectus) based on 67 nests studied in Yacambu National Park, Venezuela, from 2002 through 2006. Clutch size was two white eggs, usually laid every other day. Fresh egg mass (0.95 ± 0.14 g) was 15% of female mass. Incubation and nestling periods were 20.4 ± 0.3 and 26.0 ± 0.4 days, respectively. Nest attentiveness increased from 60% in early incubation to 68% in late incubation. The female spent 50% of her time brooding young nestlings, but ceased brooding by 13 days of age. Only the female fed the young, with a low rate of nest visitation (3.3 trips per hour) that did not increase with age of the young. Growth rate based on nestling mass (K = 0.28) was slow. Daily predation rates decreased across stages and were 0.064 ± 0.044, 0.033 ± 0.008, and 0.020 ± 0.006 during the egg-laying, incubation, and nestling periods, respectively. Most, but not all, life history traits of the Violet-chested Hum...
Effect of intraarticular hyaluronan injection in experimental canine osteoarthritis

Objective To determine if intraarticular injections of hyaluronan (HA) protect against the early stages of joint damage in a canine model of osteoarthritis (OA). Methods OA was induced in adult mongrel dogs by transection of the anterior cruciate ligament of the left knee. One group of dogs (n = 7) was treated with 5 weekly injections of HA (MW 1,500,000) into the operated knee beginning 1 day after ligament transection. The control group (n = 6) was injected with saline on the same schedule. Twelve weeks after surgery, all dogs were killed, the severity of pathologic changes of OA was graded, and composition of the cartilage and extent of aggregation of proteoglycans (PGs) synthesized in vitro by cartilage slices were determined. Results All dogs showed gross morphologic changes typical of OA in the unstable knee. The severity of joint pathology in HA-treated dogs was comparable with that in the saline-injected controls. In OA cartilage from the saline-treated group, the mean uronic acid concentration was 30-60% greater than that in the contralateral knee. In sharp contrast, the uronic acid concentration in OA cartilage from the HA-treated dogs was 10-30% lower than that in cartilage from the contralateral knee (P = 0.02 and P = 0.03, respectively, for samples from the medial and lateral femoral condyle). The extent of aggregation of PG synthesized in vitro by cartilage from HA-injected animals was similar to that synthesized by cartilage from the saline-injected dogs. Conclusion In this canine model of OA, the series of intraarticular injections of HA did not alter development of osteophytosis or fibrillation. However, the PG concentration of cartilage in the OA knee was significantly reduced by this treatment, suggesting that HA therapy might adversely affect the biomechanical properties of the cartilage.
Patent focus on cancer chemotherapeutics. III Angiogenesis agents: October 2000 – March 2001

Angiogenesis refers to the formation of new blood vessels from existing blood vessels, a process that is believed to be a key requirement for tumour growth and metastasis. Angiogenesis inhibition represents a new approach to cancer chemotherapy and several agents and approaches are now entering late clinical development. This review summarises the key aspects of recent patent applications referring to cancer chemotherapy and cancer drug discovery that involve inhibition or reduction of angiogenesis. The review covers the main mechanism-based approaches such as MMPIs, inhibitors of the growth factor signalling pathways, integrin antagonists and urokinase inhibitors. Additional sections relating to vascular damaging agents, endogenous inhibitors and selected natural products are also included. The scope includes applications that published from October 2000 through March 2001.
The effects of benzoflavones on polycyclic hydrocarbon metabolism and skin tumor initiation.

Abstract The effects of benzoflavones on skin tumor initiation by polycyclic hydrocarbons and epidermal aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase were investigated. 7,8-Benzoflavone (7,8-BF) was found to be a potent inhibitor of the inhibition of skin tumors by 3-methylcholanthrene (MC) as well as 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA). 5,6-Benzoflavone(5,6-BF) inhibited tumor initiation by MC and DMBA, but to a lesser degree than 7,8-BF. Dose-response studies of the capacity of 7,8-BF to inhibit DMBA tumor initiation revealed that 7,8-BF was an effective inhibitor at 2.5 μg and a maximum inhibition of 90% occurred at 100 μg of 7,8-BF. The tumor initiating ability of 7-hydroxymethyl-12-methylbenz(a)anthracene (7-OHMe-12MeBA) was not inhibited by 7,8-BF. Epidermal aryl hydrocarbon(benzo(a)pyrene hydroxylase(AHH) was increased by 5,6-BF and either had no effect or was slightly inhibited by 7,8-BF when given either topically or i.p. Both flavones when added directly to the assay tubes inhibited the in vitro epidermal AHH activity from control and MC pretreated mice by greater than 75%. When added in vitro, 7,8-BF and 5,6-BF inhibited epidermally mediated covalent binding of radioactive DMBA and dibenz(a,h)anthracene to DNA by 50% or more. The inhibition of skin tumor initiation by 7,8-BF and 5,6-BF appears to be partially related to its ability to inhibit the formation of electrophilic intermediates.
Molecular Hartree-Fock model of calcium carbonate

Abstract Calculated properties of calcium carbonate monomers and dimers are presented. Properties of the dimer are compared to properties of calcite and of the cleavage surface of calcite. Protonation and hydration of calcium carbonate are discussed. The calcium carbonate dimer is a model for some features of the calcite surface.
Cross-talk between Endothelin and cyclic GMP Signal Transduction Mechanisms in the Fetal Pulmonary Artery † 1706

Vasoactive substances regulate contractility in the fetal pulmonary vasculature. Cross-talk between endothelin-1 (ET-1) and cyclic GMP (cGMP) signal transduction mechanisms modulates vascular smooth muscle contraction. cGMP may inhibit ET-1-stimulated phosphoinositide turnover in the fetal pulmonary artery, resulting in decreased contractility. Third- and fourth-generation intralobular fetal pulmonary arteries were incubated with 35μCi/mL tritiated myo-inositol for 4 hr in oxygenated Krebs. Total inositol phosphates (IPs) were determined after a 30 min incubation with 1μM ET-1. IPs were isolated using anion exchange chromatography and results expressed in cpm/mg wet weight (cpm/mg). The arteries were preincubated with: sodium nitroprusside (SNP;10 μM) for 5 min; zaprinast (a cGMP phosphodiesterase inhibitor; 60 μM), 8-bromo-cGMP (8-br-cGMP; 2 mM), or 10μM BQ610 (an endothelin A receptor antagonist), for 10 min. Phosphoinositide generation by ET-1 alone was 289 ± 74 cpm/mg vs. 78± 10 cpm/mg for basal IP generation (n=3, p<0.05). This ET-1-stimulated response was not significantly altered by SNP, zaprinast or 8-br-cGMP. In contrast, BQ610 inhibited ET-1-stimulated phosphoinositide generation by 50 ± 3.3% (n=4, p<0.001). Pulmonary artery rings were harvested from areas adjacent to those arteries used for the IP study and were mounted in tissue baths for the measurement of isometric force generation. 8-br-cGMP (1 mM), zaprinast (60 μM), and BQ610 (10 μM) were added 20 min prior to the generation of ET-1 concentration response curves (1 nM-100 nM). 8-br-cGMP caused a significant rightward shift in both the threshold and EC50 concentrations of ET-1 although maximal contractions were not significantly reduced. In contrast, zaprinast had no effect on the ET-1 curves while BQ610 shifted the threshold concentration of ET-1 30 fold and depressed the response to 100 nM ET-1 by 87 ± 5.8% (p<0.001). The addition of 10 μM SNP during the maximal contraction to ET-1 in control curves caused a 34 ± 1.3% decrease in the force of contraction, in contrast to a previous study indicating that 1 μM SNP completely relaxed maximal contractions to norepinephrine (Steinhorn, et al., Am. J. Physiol. 268 (37): H1483-1489, 1995). In conclusion, BQ610 effectively inhibits ET-1 contractility and ET-1-stimulated phosphoinositide generation. cGMP modulates the contractile responses to lower concentrations of ET-1 (1-10 nM) but does not alter either contraction or phosphoinositide generation to high ET-1 concentrations in fetal pulmonary arteries.
Intraoperative procurement of autologous fibrin glue

A method of intraoperative procurement of autologous fibrin glue is described. The relative efficacy of our autologous preparation is compared with that of fibrin glue made with homologous cryoprecipitate. Experimentally, the fibrinogen content and the strength are less than those found in cryoprecipitate and appear related to the fibrinogen content of the autologous plasma used as substrate in the fibrin glue reaction. Clinically, no significant differences are noted in the performance of autologous fibrin glue. We believe the absence of the risk of blood-borne infection with the autologous product is a major advantage.
Construction and the Environment: Research Foci for a Sustainable Future

Abstract A workshop was sponsored by the National Science Foundation that united many professionals and researchers from both the construction and the environmental fields to outline initial recommendations regarding the interaction of the built environment with the natural environment to develop research foci for a sustainable future. The workshop entitled Construction and the Environment: Research Foci for a Sustainable Future produced a final report identifying three main research focus areas: 1.Data collection and monitoring of the impact and effectiveness of sustainable construction with the development of ubiquitous sensors and monitoring devices. 2.Development of improved or novel construction materials with a focus on the full life-cycle of these materials. Included with this would be a national program for information collection and dissemination. 3.Development of decision making tools and models. These models should include both sustainable designs incorporating human factors and also models rep...
Nationalism and Feminism in Late Colonial India: The Rani of Jhansi Regiment, 1943–1945

Between 1943 and 1945, 1,500 Indian women in Burma, Malaya and Singapore exchanged their colorful saris for the khakis, breeches, half caps and boots of the Rani of Jhansi Regiment, the all-female brigade of the Indian National Army (INA). Under the leadership of Subhas Chandra Bose, Hindus, Muslims, and Sikhs, members of the moneyed elite and the daughters of rubber plantation laborers shared the same food and fate to fight a jungle war for India's freedom.
Terminology and functional morphology of attachment structures in pelmatozoan echinoderms

Brett, Carlton E. 1981 12 IS: Terminology and functional morphology of attachment structures in pelmatozoan echinoderms. Lethaia. Vol. 14, pp. 343–370. Oslo. 1SSN 0024–1164. Fixation on the seafloor is a fundamental, though little studied, aspect of the biology and distributional ecology of pelmatozoan echinoderms. Morphology of pelmatozoan attachment structures (holdfasts) and their component appendages is summarized herein and a detailed terminology proposed. Three major modes of fixation are differentiated in living and fossil stemmed echinoderms - primary, composite and secondary attachments - in addition to the direct thecal attachment in stemless forms. Specific holdfast morphologies, which characterize certain major taxa (families and orders) of pelmatozoans, may limit the available life-modes in these echinoderms. Significantly, numerous lineages of echinoderms have independently developed secondary attachment modes associated with the evolution of flexible tapered stem ends and/or true cirri. Cirri are rare in early Paleozoic pelmatozoans but appeared in most major groups by the late Paleozoic. *Pelmatozoa. attachment structures, holdfasts, terminology, functional morphology.
Evaluation of the Success of Medical Management for Presumptive Thoracolumbar Intervertebral Disk Herniation in Dogs

OBJECTIVE To determine the success of medical management of presumptive thoracolumbar disk herniation in dogs and the variables associated with treatment outcome. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective case series. ANIMALS Dogs (n=223) with presumptive thoracolumbar disk herniation. METHODS Medical records from 2 clinics were used to identify affected dogs, and owners were mailed a questionnaire about success of therapy, recurrence of clinical signs, and quality of life (QOL) as interpreted by the owner. Signalment, duration and degree of neurologic dysfunction, and medication administration were determined from medical records. RESULTS Eighty-three percent of dogs (185/223) were ambulatory at initial evaluation. Successful treatment was reported for 54.7% of dogs, with 30.9% having recurrence of clinical signs and 14.4% classified as therapeutic failures. From bivariable logistic regression, glucocorticoid administration was negatively associated with success (P=.008; odds ratio [OR]=.48) and QOL scores (P=.004; OR=.48). The duration of cage rest was not significantly associated with success or QOL. Nonambulatory dogs were more likely to have lower QOL scores (P=.01; OR=2.34). CONCLUSIONS Medical management can lead to an acceptable outcome in many dogs with presumptive thoracolumbar disk herniation. Cage rest duration does not seem to affect outcome and glucocorticoids may negatively impact success and QOL. The conclusions in this report should be interpreted cautiously because of the retrospective data collection and the use of client self-administered questionnaire follow-up. CLINICAL RELEVANCE These results provide an insight into the success of medical management for presumptive thoracolumbar disk herniation in dogs and may allow for refinement of treatment protocols.
Biochemical analysis of GABAA receptor subunits α1, α5, β1, β2 in the hippocampus of patients with Alzheimer's disease neuropathology

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by selective vulnerability of specific neuronal populations within particular brain regions. For example, hippocampal glutamatergic cell populations within the CA1/subicular pyramidal cell fields have been found to be particularly vulnerable early in AD progression. In contrast, hippocampal GABA-ergic neurons and receptors appear resistant to neurodegeneration. Despite relative sparing of GABA(A) receptors in AD, it is possible that the specific subunit composition of these receptors may undergo alterations with disease progression. In order to address this issue, we employed quantitative Western blot analysis to examine protein levels of GABA(A) receptor subunits alpha 1, alpha 5, beta 1, beta 2 in the hippocampus of subjects displaying increasing severity of AD neuropathology. Subjects were categorized into three groups based upon Braak staging pathologic criteria: pathologically mild (stages I/II, n=9); moderate (stages III/IV, n=8); and severe (stages V/VI, n=7). Across all subject groups, levels of subunit protein were heterogeneously distributed throughout the five hippocampal subregions analyzed (subiculum, CA1-3, dentate gyrus). Statistical analyses revealed differential preservation of GABA(A) receptor subunits in AD. In particular, alpha 1, beta 1, and beta 2 displayed little difference in protein levels among pathologically mild, moderate, and severe subject groups. In contrast, although relatively modest, protein levels of the alpha 5 subunit were significantly reduced between subjects with severe neuropathology compared with pathologically mild subjects (13.5% reduction). Collectively, our data provide evidence for heterogeneous distribution and relative sparing of GABA(A) receptor subunits in the hippocampus of AD patients.
Partial purification and characterization of pemphigus-like antigens in urine

The inhibition of indirect immunofluorescence was used to detect the presence of pemphigus-like antigens in urinary proteins. Antigenic material was present in 12 of 40 urine samples obtained from 16 patients with bullous pemphigoid, cicatricial pemphigoid, or pemphigus vulgaris. Antigen could not be detected in the urine of patients with carcinoma of the bladder. Partial purification was accomplished by ion-exchange chromatography and column gel filtration. Antigenic activity was detectable in all fractions eluted from Sephadex G-200 in the broad range of molecular weight of 90,000-180,000 daltons. Pemphigus-like antigens were glycoproteins with an apparent molecular weight of 75,000 daltons by sodium dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The antigens were immunogenic in mice, but were not detectable by double diffusion in agarose gels.
Delamination detection with carbon nanotube thread in self-sensing composite materials

Abstract Laminated composite materials can reach high mechanical properties at low weight. Composite materials, however, are susceptible to damage due to their low interlaminar mechanical properties and poor heat and charge transport in the transverse direction to the laminate. Moreover, methods to inspect and ensure the reliability of composites are expensive and labor intensive. Recently carbon nanotube forests were spun into thread that is tough and electrically conductive. The thread was integrated into composite materials and used for the first time as a sensor to monitor strains and detect damage including delamination in the material. These self-sensing composites were found to be very sensitive to damage and will help to revolutionize the maintenance of composite structures, which will now be based on their condition and not their amount of use.
Effect of single- versus double-gloving on virus transfer to health care workers' skin and clothing during removal of personal protective equipment.

Background The removal of personal protective equipment (PPE) after patient care may result in transfer of virus to hands and clothing of health care workers (HCWs). The risk of transfer can be modeled using harmless viruses to obtain quantitative data. To determine whether double-gloving reduces virus transfer to HCWs' hands and clothing during removal of contaminated PPE, we conducted a human challenge study using bacteriophages to compare the frequency and quantity of virus transfer to hands and clothes during PPE removal with single-gloving and double-gloving technique. Methods Each experiment had a double-gloving phase and a single-gloving phase. Participants donned PPE (ie, contact isolation gown, N95 respirator, eye protection, latex gloves). The gown, respirator, eye protection, and dominant glove were contaminated with bacteriophage. Participants then removed the PPE, and their hands, face, and scrubs were sampled for virus. Results Transfer of virus to hands during PPE removal was significantly more frequent with single-gloving than with double-gloving. Transfer to scrubs was similar during single-gloving and double-gloving. The amount of virus transfer to hands ranged from 0.15 to 2.5 log 10 most probable number. Significantly more virus was transferred to participants' hands after single-gloving than after double-gloving. Conclusions Our comparison of double-gloving and single-gloving using a simulation system with MS2 and a most-probable number method suggests that double gloving can reduce the risk of viral contamination of HCWs' hands during PPE removal. If incorporated into practice when full PPE is worn, this practice may reduce the risk of viral contamination of HCWs' hands during PPE removal. The use of double gloves should be explored in larger controlled studies.
Quantum ether: photons and electrons from a rotor model

We give an example of a purely bosonic model---a rotor model on the 3D cubic lattice---whose low energy excitations behave like massless U(1) gauge bosons and massless Dirac fermions. This model can be viewed as a ``quantum ether;'' a medium that gives rise to both photons and electrons. It illustrates a general mechanism for the emergence of gauge bosons and fermions known as ``string-net condensation.'' Other, more complex, string-net condensed models can have excitations that behave like gluons, quarks and other particles in the standard model. This suggests that photons, electrons and other elementary particles may have a unified origin: string-net condensation in our vacuum.
Analysis of the Quantum Efficiency of GaInN/GaN Light Emitting Diodes in the Range of 390–580 nm

In an attempt to identify the performance limiting factors of green GaInN/GaN light emitting diodes (LEDs) we analyze a large number of LED dies fabricated from over 160 epitaxy runs covering the wavelength range from 390–580 nm on a quantitative scale of the emission power. As a function of drive current, we analyze the external quantum efficiency (EQE) with particular emphasis on the low current range. We observe three very distinct populations of EQE behaviors. We find that the EQE maximum value has a strong correlation with the forward current in this point, while it has weak correspondences with both, the forward voltage in this point, and the dominant wavelength at 20 mA. The very good linear relationship between the forward voltage in green LED dies at 1 mA and at 20 mA is also observed. All those characteristics are meaningful traits to ultimately converge to a physical electronic transport and bandstructure model for the next step enhancement of green and deep green GaInN/GaN LED performance.
Absolute accuracy evaluation of aspherical null testing for EUVL mirrors

Interferometric null metrology can produce highly precise figure of aspherical surfaces. However, because the measurement is a direct comparison of the tested surface with the reference wavefront of the null optics, measurement accuracy is equivalent to the quality of the reference null wavefront. Although the asymmetric aberration of the reference null wavefront can be calibrated by rotating the tested surface, it is more difficult to calibrate the rotationally symmetric errors. Especially, the aspherical surface of EUVL mirrors must to be measured with higher accuracy, 0.2~0.3nmRMS. We have developed an aspherical null testing system using a null lens for EUVL mirrors. We analyzed the uncertainty of null lens in each process and estimated the measurement accuracy of aspherical null testing using null lens. If the compensator lens contains only one piece of lens, the measurement accuracy is estimated to be 0.20nmRMS. If the compensator contains two pieces, the measurement accuracy becomes 0.24nmRMS. To verify our estimation, we evaluate a sample lens with aplanatic surfaces that make no spherical aberrations. In this case, we can evaluate the quality of the transmitted wavefront absolutely. The difference between the calculated and the experimental wavefronts is much smaller than our estimation. To this extent, our aspherical testing technique using null lens has been verified to be able to meet the high demanding for EUVL mirror testing.
Empty speech in Alzheimer's disease and fluent aphasia.

Fourteen measures of empty speech during a picture description task were examined in four subject groups—patients with Alzheimer's dementia, Wernicke's aphasias, anomic aphasias, and normal control...
Integrated and multi-hour optimization of office building energy consumption and expenditure

Abstract An integrated approach was used to optimize energy use and expenditure of a RC-network model for five zones (four perimeters and one center zone) office building to control dimmable light, shade position, inside air temperature, and outside air flow rate. Parameters considered in this model were: (1) heat transfer, solar heat gain, and illuminance from window; (2) heat transfer from internal and external walls; (3) external walls heat storage; (4) internal heat gain from occupants and equipment; (5) ventilation rate; (6) cooling and heating systems load; and (7) illuminance and heat gain from artificial lights. Total energy consumption of artificial light, ventilation fan, heating and cooling systems was considered as objective function for optimization. The multi-hour optimization included minimizing total energy use and expenditure for single- or several-hour periods. Our analysis showed significant energy saving potentials by using building integrated multi-hour optimization. Comparing total energy use of the building assuming fixed control schedules with the integrated control of the systems showed yearly savings nearly 35% in electricity use for the simulated office building.
The psychology of Western European neo-racism

Europe is on the verge of an unprecedented era of social, economic, and political cooperation. Yet, there is resurgent racism and xenophobia in Western Europe, and in Central and Eastern Europe many of the fragments of the old Soviet Empire have disintegrated into ethnic violence and genocidal warfare. Prejudice is the common source of this ethnic hatred, xenophobia, and racism. The Center for the Study of Mind and Human Interaction is involved in developing those concepts which will provide the links between the psychological understanding of individual human beings and how they create and sustain destructive conflict in social, political, and ethnic groups. The development of prejudice in an individual and its underlying psychological mechanisms are detailed as part of the formation of identity. The fundamental structures of prejudice are then discussed using crucial new concepts in the psychology of large group processes involved in violent group hatreds.
The role of diaryl oxalates in peroxioxalate chemiluminescence

Abstract The role of symmetrical diaryl and phenyl aryl oxalates in peroxyoxalate chemiluminescence was studied. Maximum emitted light intensity and decay constant of light emission was measured as a function of oxalate, hydrogen peroxide and fluorescer concentration. Data permitted a suggestion for the mechanism of the reaction and its rate determining step.
Microscopic Fermi liquid theory of NMR relaxation and neutron scattering in the metallic copper oxides

Abstract We calculate the NMR relaxation rates for the Cu and O sites, the temperature dependent magnetic susceptibility and the inelastic neutron scattering cross section using the dynamical RPA susceptibility derived previously. This approach is a Fermi liquid based scheme in which the Cu d electrons are (on the basis of considerable experimental evidence) assumed to be quasi-localized. These narrow band effects lead to low energy scales, T coh below which the Cu d electrons are fully coherent and a “one component” picture is applicable. Above this characteristic temperature the d electrons begin to lose their coherence, although they are still strongly coupled to the p orbitals. This coherence energy scale, along with the exchange interactions J H completely determine the characteristic temperatures and frequencies which appear in NMR and neutron data. Our calculations of 1/ T 1 on the Cu sites suggest that the cuprates are not as close to a magnetic instability as has been assumed elsewhere. This is because the coherence energy scale (which appears in the “bare” Lindhard function for the renormalized band structure) already provides an intrinsic “soft” frequency. Consequently, we find that antiferromagnetic interactions are playing a less dominant (but not insignificant) role in magnetic measurements. Analysis of the oxygen relaxation suggests that the sharp antiferromagnetic peaks invoked elsewhere to yield form factor cancellation effects may not be sufficiently robust to explain the data. Indeed, careful numerical calculations yield some degree of non-Korringa behavior on the oxygen sites due to imperfect cancellations of the transfer-hyperfine-coupling induced relaxation. Finally, our calculations of the neutron cross section show incommensurate peaks in the diagonal ( q, q ) and off-diagonal ( q , π) directions, which are found to reflect the detailed Fermi surface geometry of the LaSrCuO system. These peaks become increasingly more incommensurate as the hole concentration increases. These predictions and their comparison with future experiments may help to determine the applicability of Fermi liquid based approaches to the cuprates.
Objective assessment of laryngectomized patients with surgical reconstruction.

• The assessment of worth of the neoglottic procedure has been, for the most part, subjective in nature. Evaluation by means of sequential objective measures has been developed. The following procedures are employed in our assessment: transcription intelligibility by judges unfamiliar with the passage; rate of speech; relative intensity range; intratracheal air pressure; continuous speech per breath; functional communication profile; weight status; contrast swallow study; swallowaspiration diary; and tumor status. Data from a patient with a Staffieri neoglottis procedure illustrate the method. (Arch Otolaryngol106:715-718, 1980)