cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Terpenes Tell Different Tales at Different Scales: Glimpses into the Chemical Ecology of Conifer - Bark Beetle - Microbial Interactions

Chemical signaling mediates nearly all aspects of species interactions. Our knowledge of these signals has progressed dramatically, and now includes good characterizations of the bioactivities, modes of action, biosynthesis, and genetic programming of numerous compounds affecting a wide range of species. A major challenge now is to integrate this information so as to better understand actual selective pressures under natural conditions, make meaningful predictions about how organisms and ecosystems will respond to a changing environment, and provide useful guidance to managers who must contend with difficult trade-offs among competing socioeconomic values. One approach is to place stronger emphasis on cross-scale interactions, an understanding of which can help us better connect pattern with process, and improve our ability to make mechanistically grounded predictions over large areas and time frames. The opportunity to achieve such progress has been heightened by the rapid development of new scientific and technological tools. There are significant difficulties, however: Attempts to extend arrays of lower-scale processes into higher scale functioning can generate overly diffuse patterns. Conversely, attempts to infer process from pattern can miss critically important lower-scale drivers in systems where their biological and statistical significance is negated after critical thresholds are breached. Chemical signaling in bark beetle - conifer interactions has been explored for several decades, including by the two pioneers after whom this award is named. The strong knowledge base developed by many researchers, the importance of bark beetles in ecosystem functioning, and the socioeconomic challenges they pose, establish these insects as an ideal model for studying chemical signaling within a cross-scale context. This report describes our recent work at three levels of scale: interactions of bacteria with host plant compounds and symbiotic fungi (tree level, biochemical time), relationships among inducible and constitutive defenses, population dynamics, and plastic host-selection behavior (stand level, ecological time), and climate-driven range expansion of a native eruptive species into semi-naive and potentially naive habitats (geographical level, evolutionary time). I approach this problem by focusing primarily on one chemical group, terpenes, by emphasizing the curvilinear and threshold-structured basis of most underlying relationships, and by focusing on the system’s feedback structure, which can either buffer or amplify relationships across scales.
INTERACTION OF INTENSE MICROWAVE RADIATION AND FULLY IONIZED HYDROGEN PLASMA: I. HIGH-DENSITY SYSTEM*

The two general categories of interactions between a plasma and microwave field are discussed: (1) individual particle behavior, and (2) collective effects plasma interactions between (1) and (2). All cases considered here deal with $omega$/$omega$/sub pe/ much less than 1. Then delta approximately c/$omega$/sub p/ much less than 1. Further KT/sub e/ greater than $sup 1$/$sub 2$ keV; also the radiation wavelength greater than 0.01 cm. (MOW)
Isotopic composition of nitrogen: implications for the past history of mars' atmosphere.

Models are presented for the past history of nitrogen on Mars based on Viking measurements showing that the atmosphere is enriched in ^(15)N. The enrichment is attributed to selective escape, with fast atoms formed in the exosphere by electron impact dissociation of N_2 and by dissociative recombination of N_2+. The initial partial pressure of N_2 should have been at least as large as several millibars and could have been as large as 30 millibars if surface processes were to represent an important sink for atmospheric HNO_2 and HNO_3.
Cones which are topheavy with respect to a norm

(1973). Cones which are topheavy with respect to a norm. Linear and Multilinear Algebra: Vol. 1, No. 3, pp. 203-211.
Mortality reduction benefits of a comprehensive cardiac care program for patients with occlusive coronary artery disease

Study Objective. To determine the effect of early and sustained enrollment in a comprehensive cardiac care (CCC) program on all-cause mortality in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). Design. Retrospective, longitudinal cohort study. Data Source. Kaiser Permanente Colorado tracking database. Patients. A total of 4896 patients with an incident occlusive CAD event (index event), defined as acute myocardial infarction and/or percutaneous coronary intervention with or without stent placement, between January 1, 1996 and June 30, 2004. Measurements and Main Results. All patients were categorized into one of four cohorts by time to enrollment into the CCC program relative to the index event: early CCC—enrolled less than 90 days after the index event (1630 patients), delayed CCC—enrolled 90 days or more after the index event (1211 patients), intermittent CCC—enrolled intermittently with noncontinuous care (483 patients), and no CCC—never enrolled (1572 patients). The primary outcome was all-cause mortality. Patients were censored at death from all causes, end of health plan membership, or study end (December 31, 2005), whichever came first. Patients with any exposure to the CCC were less likely to die compared with the no CCC cohort (p<0.001). After adjusting for baseline covariates, the early, delayed, and intermittent CCC cohorts had reduced hazard rate ratios for all-cause mortality of 0.11 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.08–0.14), 0.35 (95% CI 0.29–0.44), and 0.54 (95% CI 0.41–0.70), respectively, compared with the no CCC cohort (all p<0.001). Conclusions. Compared with those not enrolled in the CCC program, patients enrolled in the early CCC were 89% less likely to die. The earlier the program is started after a coronary event, the better the mortality reduction benefit.
Identification of phosphorylation sites in phosphopeptides by positive and negative mode electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry

A series of synthetic mono- and diphosphorylated peptides has been analyzed by positive and negative mode electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. The synthetic peptides are serine- and threonine-phosphorylated analogs of proteolytic fragments from the C-terminal region of rhodopsin. Use of positive and negative modes of electrospray ionization to produce ions for tandem mass spectrometry via low energy collision-induced dissociation was explored. For some of the peptides, the complementary use of experimental results allowed determination of the phosphorylation sites when either mode alone gave incomplete information. Other peptides, however, gave negative ion spectra not interpretable in terms of backbone cleavages. However, use of positive ion tandem mass spectrometry of different charge state precursor ions gave sufficient information in most cases to assign sites of phosphorylation. These results illustrate the utility of obtaining complementary information by tandem mass spectrometry by using precursor ions of different charge polarity or number.
Geomagnetic field variations caused by changes in the quiet-time solar wind pressure

Abstract Solar wind data from the Vela 2A and 2B satellites are compared with hourly D st values for the period July 1964–July 1965. During periods of positive D st on magnetically quiet days the square root of the solar wind pressure is found to be statistically linearly correlated to the hourly D st values. This relation is in accordance with the theoretical expectation from the pressure balance at the magnetopause between the solar wind plasma and the Earth's magnetic field. A constant of proportionality relating the two quantities is statistically determined. The average value for the proportionality constant agrees favorably with the theoretical value given by the Mead-Beard magnetosphere model.
Chitin derivatives. I. Kinetics of the heat-induced conversion of chitosan to chitin

The water-soluble solids comprised of the ionic complex between chitosan and acetic acid, chitosonium acetate, are converted into chitin by heating. The thermally-induced conversion of a water-soluble chitosonium acetate in film form into a water-insoluble chitin film was examined by thermal analysis (DMTA, TGA, DSC, and TMA) and by solid state 13C-NMR spectroscopy. Results indicate that tan δ-transitions occur at increasingly high temperatures, and over progressively wider temperature ranges, as the transformation progresses. Likewise, the storage modulus, log E′, increases as the chitosonium acetate film undergoes “cure” and converts to chitin. Cure kinetic parameters are obtained using the model proposed by Provder et al. modified for glass transition temperature (Tg). The results suggest the existence of two sequential first order reactions, an initial and a late cure reaction, having activation energies of approximately 15 and 21 kcal/mol, respectively. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Review essay: Violence, language, and everyday life

Life and Words: Violence and the Descent into the Ordinary. Veena Das. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007. 296 pp., maps, tables, notes, acknowledgments, index. Living with Violence: An Anthropology of Events and Everyday Life. Roma Chatterji, and Deepak Mehta. London: Routledge, 2007. 204 pp., bibliography, index.
Charging coverage for energy replenishment in wireless sensor networks

The energy of sensors is critical to the performance of any batter operated wireless sensor networks (WSNs). The new emerging wireless power transfer technology can potentially relieve the energy intension of WSNs. To effectively replenish the energy of sensors, in this paper, we investigate the minimum charging coverage problem, which aims to recharge a set of sensors in a given area with the minimum number of wireless chargers. We introduce a partition algorithm to address this charging coverage challenge, and through theoretical analysis, we prove that the proposed algorithm can develop a solution close to the optimal one with guaranteed approximation ratio.
The effects of hypo- and hyperkalemia on choroid plexus potassium transport

Abstract To examine the mechanisms involved in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) K+ homeostasis, lateral ventricle choroid plexuses were isolated from rats fed low, normal or high K+ diets for 2 weeks. Potassium (86Rb) influx and efflux were then examined in vitro. Dietary hypo- and hyperkalemia (2.8 ± 0.1 and 6.8 ± 0.3 mM) did not affect the efflux rate constant for 86Rb or the influx rate constant in the absence of inhibitors. However, the ouabain-sensitive portion of influx was only 1.9 ± 0.5 μl/g per min in plexuses from hypokalemic rats compared to 4.5 ± 0.5 μl/g/min in controls (P
Electrical Properties of n -Type InAs

Hall coefficient and resistivity were measured as functions of temperature on uncompensated indium arsenide specimens. A room temperature mobility of 30 000 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$/volt sec was obtained for a donor concentration of 1.7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{16}$ atoms/${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$. For this impurity density, no indication of a separation of the donor level from the conduction band was observed.
Henry's Law Constants of Carbonyl−Pentafluorobenzyl Hydroxylamine (PFBHA) Derivatives in Aqueous Solution

In situ derivatization of airborne carbonyls can increase the efficiency of sampling methods aimed at the quantification of these trace components in urban and rural atmospheres. The design of efficient samplers based on aqueous solutions of the derivatization reagent O-(2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorobenzyl) hydroxylamine (PFBHA) requires knowledge of how the carbonyl−PFBHA derivatives partition between water and air. We have determined the Henry's law constant at 25 °C for 16 PFBHA derivatives of carbonyls that represent typical analytes present in the ambient environment. The inert gas stripping method was employed, followed by measurement of the aqueous concentration of the derivatives by GC−ion trap mass spectrometry (GC/ITMS). The values of the Henry's law constants ranged from (37 to 268) Pa·m3·mol-1. We evaluated several molecular descriptors to investigate quantitative structure−property relationships (QSPRs) for the partition behavior of these compounds. The molecular volume, the molecular surface area, a...
8: Historiography and the History of Education:

Most historians of education have had a rather clear and unambiguous sense of their calling. Until about two decades ago, they presented American educational history as the story of the rise and triumph of the: public school. By their chronicles of the educational ideas and ideals of the past, they sought to inspire and strengthen the commitment of prospective teachers to the public school system as the unique product (and the bulwark) of American democracy. This was a not entirely ignoble mission, and the history produced was not always as bad as its critics have judged it. In a period of mounting social conflict, however, this traditional version of American educational history has appeared increasingly inadequate, both as an account of the past and as a stimulus to meaningful dialogue and debate in the present. The epithets by which the older history has been characterized-house history, narrow institutional history, morality-play history, missionary history-indicate both the depth and variety of dissatisfaction with it. While the loss of their predecessors' clear calling has meant confusion for the latest generation of educational historians, it has given them a sense of excitement about the possibilities of new approaches to the American educational past. During the late sixties a variety of studies began to demonstrate directions a new history of education might take. It is with these studies that this review is primarily concerned. This chapter will not undertake any grand characterization of the historiography of American education, nor will it seek to wring out of the current debate the single most satisfactory definition of educational history. Instead, it will attempt to identify the major new directions emerging in the history of American education and to examine some of the main issues and problems
Weekly Doxorubicin Increases Coronary Arteriolar Wall and Adventitial Thickness

Background Doxorubicin (DOX) is associated with premature cardiovascular events including myocardial infarction. This study was performed to determine if the weekly administration of DOX influenced coronary arteriolar medial and/or adventitial wall thickening. Methods Thirty-two male Sprague-Dawley rats aged 25.1± 2.4 weeks were randomly divided into three groups and received weekly intraperitoneal injections of normal saline (saline, n = 7), or low (1.5 mg/kg to 1.75 mg/kg, n = 14) or high (2.5 mg/kg, n = 11) doses of DOX. The animals were treated for 2–12 weeks, and euthanized at pre-specified intervals (2, 4, 7, or 10+ weeks) to obtain histopathologic assessments of coronary arteriolar lumen diameter, medial wall thickness, adventitial wall thickness, and total wall thickness (medial thickness + adventitial thickness). Results Lumen diameter was similar across all groups (saline: 315±34 µm, low DOX: 286±24 µm, high DOX: 242±27 µm; p = 0.22). In comparison to animals receiving weekly saline, animals receiving weekly injections of 2.5 mg/kg of DOX experienced an increase in medial (23±2µm vs. 13±3µm; p = 0.005), and total wall thickness (51±4µm vs. 36±5µm; p = 0.022), respectively. These increases, as well as adventitial thickening became more prominent after normalizing for lumen diameter (p<0.05 to p<0.001) and after adjusting for age, weight, and total cumulative DOX dose (p = 0.02 to p = 0.01). Animals receiving low dose DOX trended toward increases in adventitial and total wall thickness after normalization to lumen diameter and accounting for age, weight, and total cumulative DOX dose (p = 0.06 and 0.09, respectively). Conclusion In conclusion, these data demonstrate that weekly treatment of rats with higher doses of DOX increases coronary arteriolar medial, adventitial, and total wall thickness. Future studies are warranted to determine if DOX related coronary arteriolar effects are reversible or preventable, exacerbate the known cardiomyopathic effects of DOX, influence altered resting or stress-induced myocardial perfusion, or contribute to the occurrence of myocardial infarction.
Nitroreductive metabolic activation of some carcinogenic nitro heterocyclic food contaminants in rat mammary tissue cellular fractions.

Abstract Several nitrofurans and nitroimidazoles have been widely used in veterinary medicine. Some of these compounds are breast carcinogens in rodents and their mechanism of action is hypothesized to be related to reactive metabolites generated by nitroreduction and/or via oxygen-dependent redox cycling. The present work describes the nitroreductive metabolism of nitrofurazone, nitrofurantoin, furazolidone, and metronidazole by the cytosolic and microsomal fractions of mammary tissue from female Sprague–Dawley rats. The data obtained were compared with those obtained with nifurtimox and benznidazole, two well-known rodent carcinogen/mutagens nitroheterocycles. The nitroreductase activity of pure milk xanthine-oxidoreductase (XOR) was evaluated for screening purposes. All the nitrofurans were nitroreduced either by the pure XOR or the cytosolic fraction in the presence of hypoxanthine, and these activities were inhibited by allopurinol. Furthermore, they were nitroreduced by the microsomal fraction in the presence of NADPH, except for the nitrofurazone, suggesting the participation of cytochrome P450 reductase. Nitrofurans metabolism was significantly more intense than that of NFX. No equivalent nitroreductase activity was observed in either subcellular fraction using nitroimidazolic compounds as substrates. These results suggest that the nitroreductive metabolism of nitrofurans and the subsequent redox cycling might be involved in the associated mammary tissue carcinogenic effects.
Characterization of T gene sequence variants and germline duplications in familial and sporadic chordoma

Chordoma is a rare bone cancer that is believed to originate from notochordal remnants. We previously identified germline T duplication as a major susceptibility mechanism in several chordoma families. Recently, a common genetic variant in T (rs2305089) was significantly associated with the risk of sporadic chordoma. We sequenced all T exons in 24 familial cases and 54 unaffected family members from eight chordoma families (three with T duplications), 103 sporadic cases, and 160 unrelated controls. We also measured T copy number variation in all sporadic cases. We confirmed the association between the previously reported variant rs2305089 and risk of familial [odds ratio (OR) = 2.6, 95 % confidence interval (CI) = 0.93, 7.25, P = 0.067] and sporadic chordoma (OR = 2.85, 95 % CI = 1.89, 4.29, P < 0.0001). We also identified a second common variant, rs1056048, that was strongly associated with chordoma in families (OR = 4.14, 95 % CI = 1.43, 11.92, P = 0.0086). Among sporadic cases, another common variant (rs3816300) was significantly associated with risk when jointly analyzed with rs2305089. The association with rs3816300 was significantly stronger in cases with early age onset. In addition, we identified three rare variants that were only observed among sporadic chordoma cases, all of which have potential functional relevance based on in silico predictions. Finally, we did not observe T duplication in any sporadic chordoma case. Our findings further highlight the importance of the T gene in the pathogenesis of both familial and sporadic chordoma and suggest a complex susceptibility related to T.
The β2-adrenergic agonist terbutaline suppresses acute passive transfer experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (EAMG)

Abstract Treatment of Lewis rats with the β 2 -adrenergic agonist terbulaline suppressed clinical symptoms acute passive transfer EAMG induced with monoclonal anti-acetylcholine receptor antibody and accelerated clinical recovery in affected animals. Electrophysiological studies showed that the amplitude of the first compound muscle action potential was significantly larger in terbutaline-treated rats as compared to controls. In both groups, a comparable number of inflammatory cells at the muscle endplates was seen.
Oral manifestations of histoplasmosis

Abstract At the Mayo Clinic, from 1940 through 1970, thirty-four patients had progressive disseminated histoplasmosis. Fifteen of these patients had oral-pharyngeal lesions, with pain being the most common presenting symptom. This series demonstrates the varied clinical appearance of this fungus infection, discusses the methods of diagnosis and treatment, and suggests that these lesions are not a localized form of the disease but, rather, a manifestation of a systemic infection.
A Molecular Dynamics Study of a Reversed-Phase Liquid Chromatography Model

We describe a molecular dynamics simulation study of a model of the reversed-phase chromatographic system. The model consists of a slab of aqueous solvent sandwiched between two walls having attach...
Developmental changes in attentional skills: The effect of irrelevant variations on encoding and response selection

The present experiments examine how irrelevant variations within a stimulus set interfere with performance in a selective attention task. Second graders, fifth graders, and adults were administered a discrete trial version of a selective attention task in which they were required to search for an object that matched the prime on the targeted dimension. The stimuli in the first experiment were constructed from spatially integrated dimensions whereas the second experiment used spatially separated dimensions. The results indicated that while the spatially separated dimensions were perceived independently by all age groups, developmental differences in perceived structure were evident with the spatially integrated dimensions. Problems associated with response selection were a major source of interference with both types of stimuli, but the severity of the interference varied with the age of the perceiver and the nature of the stimuli. The developmental implications of these findings were considered.
The Penning discharge as a radial ion source

Les caracteristiques electriques d'une source ionique radiale de Penning sont decrites pour des pressions ambiantes de 10−3 a 10 torrs dans l'helium. Les graphiques suivants sont donnes: celui du voltage en fonction de la densite de courant; celui du voltage et de la densite de courant en fonction du champ magnetique, et celui du voltage et de la densite de courant en fonction de la distance entre les cathodes.
Latent Olefin Metathesis Catalysts Featuring Chelating Alkylidenes

The synthesis of a series of ruthenium-based metathesis catalysts featuring imine donors chelated through the alkylidene group is described. The relative placement of the imine carbon−nitrogen double bond (exocyclic vs endocyclic) has a major impact on the initiation behavior. When used in metathesis applications, catalysts with an endocyclic imine bond show latent behavior and a high degree of tunability. The incorporation of additional donor atoms is an additional strategy for controlling initiation behavior. These latent catalysts could be useful in high-temperature applications.
Impact of Standards on Industry & Manufacturers

Based on the discussion in this article, the evaluation of each measure of the effect of standards on industry is listed in Table 1. The impact of standards is considered to be insignificant, small, or significant. Admittedly, these are not precise evaluations and, for a given product or a given manufacturer, the scoring may be different. From an industry point of view, all of the marks are in the insignificant to small catergory. Why, then is there a concern about the impact of standards on industry? Here are some possible answers. Dealing with standards, for the highly active fraction of the 56,000 people involved in standards development or equipment design is a frustrating and time consuming task. The development of standards covers years, involves a constant influx of new faces and ideas, contains subtle or outspoken desires to protect the status quo and involves long sessions at which emotions frequently run high. Furthermore, some of the participants may not be that knowledgable about all of the aspects of design, manufacture and application of the product in question. This lack creates frustration and leads to a vocalization that generates an impression that all standards have a large negative impact. For some, the complaint may be correct. For the industry as a whole, this does not seem to be the case. There also is the retrospective impact of standards to consider.
Prevalence of children with special health care needs in metropolitan and micropolitan statistical areas in the United States.

Objectives We estimate the prevalence of children with special health care needs (CSHCN) in 70 metropolitan and four micropolitan statistical areas across the United States. Methods The data are from the 2001 National Survey of CSHCN, which was sponsored by the Maternal and Child Health Bureau and conducted by the National Center for Health Statistics. Prevalence estimates were generated for 74 metropolitan and micropolitan statistical areas (M/MSAs) and 45 individual counties that were represented by at least 1,000 children in the sample. To generate the estimates, the child-level sample weights (representative at the national and state level) were recalibrated within each M/MSA and county to match Census 2000 counts of the child population by age, sex, and Hispanic ethnicity. Results M/MSA-level and county-level prevalence of CSHCN are compared with national- and state-level prevalence, and within M/MSAs and counties, prevalence is reported by age, sex and race/ethnicity. Most, but not all, M/MSA- or county-level prevalence estimates did not differ significantly from state-level estimates. Some M/MSAs and counties that did not differ from their states in overall prevalence of CSHCN did show some differences in prevalence for certain demographic subgroups. Conclusions Metropolitan health departments and Maternal and Child Health agencies that serve urban areas may find these new small area estimates useful for program planning purposes. This study demonstrates the importance of assessing whether state estimates may approximate local area estimates of the prevalence of CSHCN.
Variants in genes involved in functional pathways associated with hypertension in African Americans.

Essential hypertension (HBP) is a complex trait with a substantial heritable component. The purpose of this study was to determine if variants in the G-protein coupled receptor Kinase-4 (GRK4), nitric oxide synthase-3 (NOS3), or angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) genes are associated singly or through complex interactions, with HBP in African Americans aged 18–49 years. TaqMan Assays were used for genotyping the GRK4 and NOS3 variants. The ACE I/D variant was obtained by polymerase chain reaction and electrophoresis. Allelic association tests were performed for the five markers using PLINK. Logistic regression models were fitted to investigate associations between HBP status and the genetic markers. Multilocus analyses were also conducted. The study included 173 hypertensives and 239 normotensives, with stratification into obese and nonobese groups. The GRK4 A486V variant was negatively associated with HBP in the nonobese group (p= 0.048). The TT/CT genotype of GRK4 A486V was associated with decreased risk for HBP relative to the CC genotype after adjusting for age, sex, and body mass index (p= 0.028). Individuals having at least one NOS3 A allele and GRK4 R65L genotype GG had odds of HBP of 2.97 relative to GG homozygotes for NOS3 and GRK4 R65L. These results show very modest effects and do not fully replicate previous studies. Clin Trans Sci 2010; Volume 3: 279–286
Expression for the Film Mass-Transfer Coefficient of Charged Solutes in a Liquid Stream Flowing in Packed Beds of Charged Particles and Charged Porous Monoliths

Numerous biochemical and chemical separation and reaction systems have low Reynolds and high Peclet numbers and involve mass transfer of charged solutes between a pressure-driven flowing liquid str...
SPECTROSCOPIC STUDIES OF CUTANEOUS PHOTOSENSITIZING AGENTS–VIII. A SPIN‐TRAPPING STUDY OF LIGHT INDUCED FREE RADICALS FROM CHLORPROMAZINE and PROMAZINE

— The clinically important phenothiazine drugs, particularly chlorpromazine, often elicit phototoxic and photoallergic reactions. We have used the spin traps 2-methyl-2-nitrosopropane (MNP) and 5,5-dimethyl-pyrroline-N-oxide (DMPO) to define the radical photolysis pathways of chlorpromazine and promazine. In the absence of oxygen the dechlorination product of chlorpromazine is trapped by MNP. The reactivity of the dechlorination product is similar to that of the phenyl radical as shown by its ability to extract hydrogen atoms from donors. Our results suggest that the dechlorination product is sufficiently reactive to account for the observation that chlorpromazine is more phototoxic than its parent promazine. In the presence of oxygen both chlorpromazine and promazine form a superoxide-dismutase-insensitive oxygen-centered intermediate which, when trapped by DMPO, rapidly decays to DMPO-OOH and subsequently to DMPO-OH. In addition, chlorpromazine readily undergoes photoelectron ejection only when it is excited into the second excited singlet state (Δ < 280 nra). This previously unknown wavelength dependence of photoionization should be considered in establishing the mechanism of chlorpromazine photosensitization.
The early Weyl universe

The consequences of a period of Weyl invariance in the early universe are investigated. It is argued that the natural outcome of such a period is a Kaluza-Klein style compactification of an internal space in which any time variation of the scale factor of this space is absorbed (via a Weyl transformation) into the gravitational coupling. A five-dimensional test model is shown to undergo exponential inflation of the space-time sector due to a false vacuum state of the non-metric part of the connection.
Applanation tonometry: Accuracy of determinations through soft contact lenses

Study objectives: Ocular pressures measured through a soft contact lens were noted to be accurate in normal eyes. Removal of soft contact lenses immediately before tonometry can falsely elevate or lower ocular pressures, depending on the method of removal. We determine whether applanation tonometry can measure elevated ocular pressures through soft contact lenses. Methods: Using a double-blinded crossover model, we harvested 10 heads of Yorkshire swine and measured normal and elevated ocular pressures with and without soft contact lenses. All orbits had a 12F Foley catheter placed into the retrobulbar area and were inflated, causing proptosis. Ocular pressure was adjusted to normal (20 mm Hg) and elevated (30 and 40 mm Hg). All globes were randomly presented for tonometry under subdued lighting. Ocular pressures was measured (Tonopen XL) on bare globes and globes with soft contact lenses that were "crossed over" and remeasured. Results: There were 20 bare globes and 20 with soft contact lenses with normal ocular pressure, and there were 20 bare globes and 20 with soft contact lenses with elevated ocular pressure (N=80). Two determinations were excluded and then repeated because of separation of soft contact lenses. One globe was excluded because of pressure instability. Nineteen (95%) of 20 bare globes were correctly determined as being elevated versus 18/20 (90%) in globes with soft contact lenses. Twenty (100%) of 20 bare globes were correctly determined to be normal versus 20 (100%) of 20 globes with soft contact lenses. For ocular pressures bare globes, we obtained the following data: specificity 97.6 (95% CI 0.80 to 0.99), positive predictive value 0.975 (95% CI 0.80 to 0.99), negative predictive value 0.93 (95% CI 0.75 to 0.98), positive likelihood ratio 39, and negative likelihood ratio 0.073. For ocular pressures globes with soft contact lenses, we obtained the following data: sensitivity 88.1% (95% CI 0.62 to 0.96), specificity 97.6% (95% CI 0.80 to 0.99), positive predictive value 0.974 (95% CI 0.79 to 0.99), negative predictive value 0.9 (95% CI 0.70 to 0.96), positive likelihood ratio 37, and negative likelihood ratio 0.12. No differences in ocular pressures were noted in crossed-over globes. Conclusion: Elevated ocular pressures can be determined by applanation tonometry through a soft contact lens.
Postprandial changes in oxygen saturation in patients with bidirectional cavopulmonary shunts.

Abstract The bidirectional cavopulmonary shunt, a modification of the Glenn shunt in which superior caval venous blood is diverted to both pulmonary arteries, 1 is being applied with increasing frequency as part of a staged approach to Fontan's operation. 2–4 In patients with bidirectional cavopulmonary shunts, inferior caval blood is directed to the systemic ventricle, and the degree of cyanosis exhibited by these patients is substantially dependent on the ratio of blood flow through the superior and inferior venae cavae. Because splanchnic (and thus inferior caval) venous flow increases during digestion of a meal, it seems reasonable that patients with bidirectional cavopulmonary shunts should exhibit some decrease in systemic arterial oxygen saturation during the postprandial period.
The Omnipresent Classroom during Summer Study Abroad: American Students in Conversation with Their French Hosts

Study abroad is often promoted as one of the best opportunities to use foreign language skills outside the classroom. Yet, relatively little is known about the language that students produce when speaking in noninstructional settings. Relying on conversation analysis and ethnographic techniques, this qualitative study investigates both speech and speaker perceptions through tape–recorded conversations between summer study abroad students and their French hosts, as well as through interviews and observations. Findings indicate that natives and nonnatives alike relied heavily on classroom roles and discourse structures to manage their interactions, calling into question the assumption that language use with a native–speaking host family liberates students from classroom limitations. The inappropriateness of transferring didactic discourse patterns to out–of–class interactions also raises issues for consideration about the nature of in–class instructional practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Methods for hyperbolic systems with stiff relaxation

Three methods are analysed for solving a linear hyperbolic system that contains stiff relaxation. We show that the semi-discrete discontinuous Galerkin method, with a linear basis, is accurate when the relaxation time is unresolved (asymptotic preserving-AP). The two other methods are shown to be non-AP. To discriminate between AP and non-AP methods, we argue that in the limit of small relaxation time, one should fix the dimensionless parameters that characterize the near-equilibrium limit
Rate of release of iron from transferrin to 1,10-phenanthroline in vitro

Abstract The rate law is established for the release of iron from transferrin to 1,10-phenanthroline as a function of temperature, concentration, and various reagents. The reaction is first order in the releasable iron of transferrin and zero order in 1,10-phenanthroline. The energy of activation is 7.6 kcal/nole Fe, and the frequency factor is 0.06 sec−1. Ascorbic acid and KCl increase the rate of release; glycine, glucose, and sucrose have negligible effects. Consistent with these facts, a mechanism is proposed for the release of the iron.
1844 EFFECT OF PGE 2 ON CONTROL OF BREATHING IN THE NEONATAL PIGTET

Prostaglandins (PG) and cyclo-oxygenase inhibitors influence fetal and neonatal respiration but the exact mechanism of this action is unknown. We evaluated the effects of PGE2 on control of breathing in 7 neonatal pigs (X ± SD; age 3.7±1.3 days; wt. 1.39±0.3 kg) sedated with PO Chloral Hydrate. Minute ventilation (VE) and airway occlusion pressure (Pocc) were measured in room air (RA), 5% CO2 and 10% O2 before and after 15-20 min. of PGE2 infusion ( 1 μug/kg/min.) Results were (X ± SD): PGE2 produced a depression of minute ventilation and ventilatory response to CO2 but did not alter the ventilatory response to 10 min. of hypoxia. Two animals developed apnea immediately after decreasing the FiO2 during PG infusion. Airway occlusion pressure with 5% CO2 was also lower during PG infusion than basal. Lung compliance and resistance did not change with PG. These results indicate that PGE2 reduces ventilation by central respiratory depression. While in some animals PGE2 may alter the immediate response to hypoxemia resulting in apnea, it does not change the ventilatory response to steady state hypoxemia.
Historiographic Mapping: Toward a Signature Pedagogy for the Methods Course

1114 The Journal of American History March 2012 “We are given so many facts and specifics about periods in history, but we generally do not get to practice the way an historian practices their craft.” While grading final papers for Introduction to Historical Inquiry, a new course I taught in 2009, I encountered Daniel’s ubiquitous lament. His complaint echoes studies in the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning (SoTL) that call on instructors at all levels to engage students in doing history. Yet those of us who have taken up that charge know there is much work to do. For example, among the fifteen secondand third-year students in Daniel’s section, few had read a historical monograph. Most reported that textbooks were the authoritative source of historical knowledge since they objectively presented facts. Only a few had heard the term historiography and an alarming number thought a primary source was the most helpful book that they used to write a paper. A number of studies suggest that my experience with Daniel’s class is not unusual: we continue to face fundamental challenges initiating history majors into the historical craft. Some of our difficulties reflect broader cultural skepticism about the value and relevance of intellectual work—particularly in the humanities. Some stem from students’ alienation from a college curriculum that seems overly disjointed and specialized and from their unease with argument and rhetorical style. When we teach history as an interpretive discipline, we threaten a core belief fostered in elementary and high school: that history reveals a single, unified past. To novice history majors, historiographical debates seem puzzling and pointless, if not downright dangerous. Our students’ academic success and the direction of history education are at stake in our efforts to address these challenges.1 Historiographic Mapping: Toward a Signature Pedagogy for the Methods Course
Research Note: Shear Value Ranges by Instron Warner-Bratzler and Single-Blade Allo-Kramer Devices That Correspond to Sensory Tenderness

Abstract Corresponding sensory and shear values were established for the Instron Warner-Bratzler attachment (I-WB) and die single blade Allo-Kramer device (SB-AK). Test samples were three replications of 24 pectoralis major muscles from each of four deboning times (0, 2, 6, or 24 h). Twenty-four consumer panelists evaluated cooked samples for tenderness at each replication. Coefficients of regression for shear values versus sensory tenderness were R2 = .88 and R2 = .86, respectively, for I-WB and SB-AK. The I-WB values of 3.62 to 6.61 kg and SB-AK values of 8.10 to 14.82 kg corresponded to “moderately tender” to “slightly tender”. For the 24-h samples, 94% were
ULTRAVIOLET IRRADIATION OF DNA IN VITRO AND IN VIVO PRODUCES A THIRD THYMINE-DERIVED PRODUCT.

A new thymine-derived product was separated from DNA irradiated with utlraviolet light in vitro and in vivo. This compound was mistaken to be thymine homodiner (T=T) by other workers because it is chromatographically indistinguishable from T=T in most eluents. It has absorbancy maximums at 312, 312, and 300 millimicrons in neutral, pH 2, and pH 11 aqueous solutions, respectively. When it is irradiated in aqueous solution with wavelengths of 360 and 313 millimicrons its spectrum reverts to one similar to that of thymine. Therefore, at least three thymine-derived products can be detected in ultraviolet irradiated DNA, namely the homodimer, a material with absorbancy maximum at 312 millimicrons, and a "minor" product suggested by others to be a dimer of cytosine and thymine. In cells, the latter two are formed in aboult equal amounts. While these three products were shown to exist in the acid hydrolyzates of ultraviolet irradiated DNA, a material with absorbancy maximum at about 310 millimicrons was demonstrated to form in ultraviolet irradiated DNA without further treatment. The magnitude of this spectral increase varied directly with the incrcase in the adenine-thymine contents in the DNA as shlown by differential transmittance spectra of the irradiated Micrococcus lysodeikticus, calf thymus, Bacillus cereus, and Hemophilus influenzae DNA.
Computer-Based Writing Tools and the Cognitive Needs of Novice Writers.

B y some estimates, as much as ninety percent of all computer use on the college campus is for word processing (Turner, 1987). Perhaps this is as it should be. Writing is such a ubiquitous and important activity in higher education that if the application of the computer’s power can aid the composing process it might make a significant contribution to the quality of college learning. Many common features of word-processing packages make them intuitively appealing. Their ability to easily insert, delete, and replace text would seem to facilitate writing and revision. These capabilities certainly account for the widespread use of word-processing packages as productivity tools in business. While this last fact, by itself, may justify the inclusion of computers in the writing curriculum, it does not address the pedagogical role that computers may play in the improvement of writing. This article raises several important questions about writing and computers:
Inhibiting endogenous cortisol blunts the meal-entrained rise in serum leptin.

Context: Administration of glucocorticoids increases serum leptin levels in lean and obese individuals. A morning meal produces an increase in insulin, a cortisol peak, and an increase in leptin; these changes do not occur during fasting. Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate whether inhibiting endogenous cortisol secretion with metyrapone decreases 24-h serum leptin levels and to determine whether a meal-related midmorning surge in cortisol is a prerequisite for the meal-entrained nocturnal rise in leptin. Design: This was a randomized, cross-over study. Setting: The study was performed at the General Clinical Research Center. Participants: Lean males were studied. Intervention: In study 1, seven lean men were studied for 24 h while their endogenous cortisol secretions were manipulated as follows: 1) CONTROL; 2) cortisol suppression by metyrapone (MET); and 3) MET and oral hydrocortisone (at 0900 h) (MET + CORT). Subjects were all fed a eucaloric diet (two meals at 1100 and 1700 h). I...
Detection of chemical mutagens using a host-mediated assay (l5178y) mutagenesis system.

Summary A host-mediated assay system using mouse leukemic L 517 8Y cells was used for studies of known mutagenic agents. This forward mutagenesis system utilizes resistance to methotrexate (MTX), cytosine arabinoside (ara-C) and high concentrations of thymidine (TdR) to serve as genetic markers. Sub-lines of L 517 8Y cells specially selected for mutagenesis studies possess a high infectivity in genetically compatible mice and grow in vivo exponentially up t0 approx. 10 8 cells/ml in ascitic fluids with a doubling time of 14 h. The cells also grow in vitro exponentially with high cloning efficiencies (40-90%). The effectiveness 0f the system in detecting mutagens was tested with known mutagens (ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) and 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BUdR)). Both compounds increased mutant frequencies as the result of the induction of mutation in the host-mediated assay as well as in vitro . Dose-response experiments showed that the increase in mutant frequency was a function of the levels of the mutagen employed. Mutant induction in the host was obtained without loss of viability of target cells or weight loss of the animals.
Characterization of ficin.

THE general attributes of ficin and its enzymic action have not been thoroughly described in the literature. The work of Winnick et al. 1 showed conclusively that ficin was a sulphydryl enzyme. More recently the kinetics of ficin on arginine derivatives have been studied2. In the present communication its electrophoretic and ultracentrifugal behaviour are described. The optimal conditions for activity and stability were also established. In further characterization of its properties, the effect of acetylation of its free arnino-groups on the activity and stability was studied.
Nodules in depth

Manganese Nodules. By R. Sorem and R. Fewkes. Pp.723. (IFI/Plenum: New York and London, 1979.) £59.85.
Prediction of Non-Darcy Coefficients for Inertial Flows Through the Castlegate Sandstone Using Image-Based Modeling

Near wellbore flow in high rate gas wells shows the deviation from Darcy’s law that is typical for high Reynolds number flows, and prediction requires an accurate estimate of the non-Darcy coefficient (β factor). This numerical investigation addresses the issues of predicting non-Darcy coefficients for a realistic porous media. A CT-image of real porous medium (Castlegate Sandstone) was obtained at a resolution of 7.57 μm. The segmented image provides a voxel map of pore-grain space that is used as the computational domain for the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) based flow simulations. Results are obtained for pressure-driven flow in the above-mentioned porous media in all directions at increasing Reynolds number to capture the transition from the Darcy regime as well as quantitatively predict the macroscopic parameters such as absolute permeability and β factor (Forchheimer coefficient). Comparison of numerical results against experimental data and other existing correlations is also presented. It is inferred that for a well-resolved realistic porous media images, LBM can be a useful computational tool for predicting macroscopic porous media properties such as permeability and β factor.
Development of a single-layer finite element and a simplified finite element modeling approach for constrained layer damped structures

A new finite element (FE) is formulated based on an extension of previous FE models for studying constrained layer damping (CLD) in beams. Most existing CLD FE models are based on the assumption that the shear deformation in the core layer is the only source of damping in the structure. However, previous research has shown that other types of deformation in the core layer, such as deformations from longitudinal extension, and transverse compression, can also be important. In the finite element formulated here, shear, extension, and compression deformations are all included. As presented, there are 14 degrees of freedom in this element. However, this new element can be extended to cases in which the CLD structure has more than three layers. The numerical study shows that this finite element can be used to predict the dynamic characteristics accurately. However, there is a limitation when the core layer has a high stiffness, as the new element tends to predict loss factors and natural frequencies that are too high. As a result, this element can be accepted as a general computation model to study the CLD mechanism when the core layer is soft. Because the element includes all three types of damping, the computational cost can be very high for large scale models. Based on this consideration, a simplified finite modeling approach is presented. This approach is based on an existing experimental approach for extracting equivalent properties for a CLD structure. Numerical examples show that the use of these extracted properties with commercially available FE models can lead to sufficiently accurate results with a lower computational expense.