cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Three Satiric Television Decoding Positions

This essay explores viewer meaning-making with an ironic and satiric television text, analyzing focus group discourse from Chappelle's Show viewers. Participants’ interpretations of Chappelle's Show's representation repeated historical mediated stereotypes of a “Black and White” world that includes violent Black characters and “dorky” White characters. Despite nearly uniform identification of the show's stereotypes, focus group participants made varying meanings from the show using three primary decoding positions: refusing to acknowledge the show's ideological implications, attending to the text's “realistic” stated meanings, or actively deriving higher meanings from the humorous exaggerations. Explicating these decoding positions encourages viewers to be more conscious of their own interpretive practices and illuminates how critical television scholars can more thoroughly explore the interactions between viewers and satiric texts.
Temporal changes in canine right ventricular volume, mass, cell size, and sarcomere length after banding the pulmonary artery.

The interrelation of sarcomere length, cell length, ventricular volume, and weight was determined in the right ventricle of normal and pulmonary arterial banded dogs; a temporal model of the acute and chronic compensatory changes of the myocardium is presented. These changes include an early increase in end-diastolic sarcomere length and the occurrence of fibre slippage. Although myocardial hypertrophy diminishes ventricular volume, the ventricle does not completely compensate; therefore, the volume of the ventricle does not return to normal.
Treatment of high turbidity water through plain and coagulated up-flow roughing filter

AbstractKhokhar Zar Dam in Chakwal, Pakistan, serves as a main source of water supply to the area. This water is not only turbid but also biologically polluted. A hybrid slow sand filtration (SSF) plant, involving coagulation and sedimentation prior to SSF, is employed for the treatment. The treatment train is sensitive to wide variations in raw water turbidity and often results into short filter runs. Major objective of this research was to study the existing treatment process and conduct a pilot-scale investigation for the most appropriate treatment scheme, using an up-flow multistage roughing filter. A three-stage up-flow roughing filter (UFRF) was tested in plain and coagulated mode for a range of flow rates. Results showed that raw water turbidity reduced to 30 NTU in dry period and rose to over 2000 NTU after rainfall, whereas raw water pH and conductivity remained consistent. Jar tests showed that higher FeCl3 dose (65 mg/L) would be required when compared with alum (47 mg/L). Plain multistage UFRF...
The impact of computer-mediated communication systems on biased group discussion

Abstract One advantage of groups is that they have access to a larger pool of expertise and knowledge than individual group members. However, groups are sometimes inefficient at sharing information and tend to focus on only a portion of the available information. This tendency has been called biased discussion. The present study examines the effects of communication mode (face-to-face vs. remote), information load, and distribution of information on biased discussion. Biased discussion was found to occur to a greater degree when (1) communication mode was remote (i.e., computer mediated), (2) information load was high, and (3) the majority of the available information was known by all group members. The difference in the size of information pool accommodated by the types of communication media was found to affect the extent of information sharing in the groups.
Dynamic Modelling and Virtual Prototype Simulation of Dump Truck-Haul Road Interactions

The interaction of dump truck and haul road has been simulated with the dynamic virtual prototype established in this work by combining the multi-body and soil dynamics with the Automatic Dynamic Analysis Mechanical Systems (ADAMS) software. The tyre forces, road deformation and tyre stresses are simulated. The results indicate that the max deformation value increases non-linearly with load varying from 0 to 57.6 t and decrease with elastic modulus from 60 to 240 MPa. The result also shows that high stress field applied to each tyre is around contact point between tyre and road.
Phoneme-monitoring reaction time as a function of preceding intonation contour

An acoustically invariant one-word segment occurred in two versions of one syntactic context. In one version, the preceding intonation contour indicated that a stress would fall at the point where this word occurred. In the other version, the preceding contour predicted reduced stress at that point. Reaction time to the initial phoneme of the word was faster in the former case, despite the fact that no acoustic correlates of stress were present. It is concluded that a part of the sentence comprehension process is the prediction of upcoming sentence accents.
Enteric duplication presenting as cystic tumors of the pancreas

ENTERIC DL.PLICATION CBTS are rare congenital anomalies that can be found anywhere in the alimentalyy tract or adjacent organs. They usually consist of a tubular or spherical structure lined by a gastric or intestinal mucosa, tend to be situated on the mesenteric aspect of the gut, and may share with it a common muscular wall and blood supply. I-,’ Seldom, isolated cysts can be found in a relatively remote location fi-om the gut, such as the biliaq tree. liver, pancreas, or even the tongue.2.3 At these locations the cysts usually contain no communication with the parent gastrointestinal tract, and their blood supply is derived from the organ with which they are associated. Pancreatic involvement is extremely rare. Only six previous cases have been noted in the literature. Most of the reported cases shared basic common clinical features and remained undiagnosed for many years. Although the entity is rare, it should be considered in a young patient with recurrent abdominal pain or pancreatitis. We present two cases of enteric duplication of the pancreas diagnosed at adult age. The first was diagnosed incidentally, and the second had chronic abdominal complaints for many years.
Two Point Mutations Produce Infectious Retrovirus Bearing a Green Fluorescent Protein-SU Fusion Protein

Two second-site mutations in Moloney murine leukemia virus envelope surface protein (SU) were previously shown to rescue infection of two different SU mutants, a fusion-defective point mutant and a fusion-defective modified SU that exhibits weak subunit association. We report here that they also rescue infection of a third defective SU, one modified by insertion of the green fluorescent protein (GFP) between serine 6 and proline 7. GFP-SU assembled into virions and showed a strong association with the transmembrane protein (TM). However, these virions were noninfectious. GFP-SU expression was not maintained within cells, suggesting that the protein was toxic. Addition of the second-site mutations rendered the GFP-SU virus infectious and resulted in prolonged expression of the modified envelope protein. This virus showed a slight reduction in receptor binding but not in envelope protein processing, suggesting that addition of the GFP sequences results in subtle structural changes. Extrapolating these data, we see that the fundamental problem with the GFP-SU envelope protein appears to be a folding problem, suggesting that the second-site mutations rescue GFP-SU primarily by a mechanism that involves stabilizing the envelope protein structure.
Kinematics of a metamorphic robotic system

A metamorphic robotic system is a collection of mechatronic modules, each of which has the ability to connect, disconnect, and climb over adjacent modules. A change in the macroscopic morphology results from the locomotion of each module over its neighbors. That is, a metamorphic system can dynamically self-reconfigure. Metamorphic systems can therefore be viewed as a large swarm of physically connected robotic modules which collectively act as a single entity. What separates metamorphic systems from other reconfigurable robots is that they possess all of the following properties: (1) self-reconfigurability without outside help; (2) a large number of homogeneous modules; and (3) physical constraints ensure contact between modules. In this paper, the kinematic constraints governing a particular metamorphic robot are addressed. >
Terahertz waveform synthesis via optical pulse shaping

We describe the principles of free-space terahertz waveform synthesis by using a programmable optical pulse shaper to drive a photoconducting dipole antenna. We illustrate this technique using several experimental examples, including manipulation of the amplitude and the phase of ultrafast terahertz waveforms as well as generation of ultrafast bit sequences at terahertz frequencies. We present a theory which accurately predicts the shapes of the terahertz waveforms produced in our experiments. In addition to the controllability of terahertz radiation, we have shown that optical pulse shaping can be used to avoid saturation of the terahertz field at high-peak power and increase generation efficiencies for terahertz radiations at selected, narrow-band frequencies.
Intermission-based adaptive structure estimation of wireless underwater networks

Performing distributed computation over underwater wireless sensor networks is challenging because no particular node may know the exact network size and structure. Recent techniques for estimating network structure or size are practically deficient for accomodating underwater networks made of a combination of fixed and mobile sensors. A solution is proposed to estimate dynamic network structures based on node-to-node intermissions. The current approach is more general than existing techniques and it enables distributed computing over underwater networks. In particular, broadcasts are considered and an adaptable network-structure estimation technique is derived. Simulation results support the proposed solution.
Multiple signature analysis: a framework for built-in self-diagnostic

A framework, based on nonbinary multiple error correcting codes, for built-in self-diagnostics is presented. Novel space-time compressors are proposed for test response compression and fault diagnosis. Fault-detecting and locating capabilities for space-time compressors are analyzed in the case when nonbinary Reed-Solomon codes are used. Fault-masking and diagnosis probabilities for the chip-independent error model are estimated. For this error-model, the fault-masking probabilities are analyzed using the weight distributions of Reed-Solomon codes. >
Complement activation is a secondary rather than a causative factor in rabbit pulmonary artery ischemia/reperfusion injury.

We have previously demonstrated that reperfusion of a rabbit lung in vivo after 24 h of unilateral pulmonary artery occlusion results in edema, transient leukopenia, and intravascular leukocyte aggregation. We hypothesized that complement was activated by reperfusion and that this in turn contributed to lung injury. In the preliminary phase of the study, we found that ischemia followed by reperfusion resulted in a drop in C3 to 15 ± 10% (mean ± SEM) of the prereperfusion value as compared with no change in a group of control animals that had undergone an identical thoracotomy but without pulmonary artery occlusion and reperfusion (p < 0.05). We then studied three groups of animals to determine if complement depletion with cobra venom factor (CVF) prior to ischemia and reperfusion would prevent the injury. Rabbits treated with CVF but without occlusion and reperfusion did not develop significant lung edema, with left and right lung wet/dry ratios of 5.32 ± 0.11 and 5.26 ± 0.12, respectively. For rabbits th...
Early Events in Alphavirus Replication Determine the Outcome of Infection

Alphaviruses are a group of important human and animal pathogens. They efficiently replicate to high titers in vivo and in many commonly used cell lines of vertebrate origin. They have also evolved effective means of interfering with development of the innate immune response. Nevertheless, most of the alphaviruses are known to induce a type I interferon (IFN) response in vivo. The results of this study demonstrate that the first hours postinfection play a critical role in infection spread and development of the antiviral response. During this window, a balance is struck between virus replication and spread in vertebrate cells and IFN response development. The most important findings are as follows: (i) within the first 2 to 4 h postinfection, alphavirus-infected cells become unable to respond to IFN-β, and this occurs before the virus-induced decrease in STAT1 phosphorylation in response to IFN treatment. (ii) Most importantly, very low, subprotective doses of IFN-β, which do not induce the antiviral response in uninfected cells, have a very strong stimulatory effect on the cells' ability to express type I IFN and activate interferon-stimulated genes during subsequent infection with Sindbis virus (SINV). (iii) Small changes in SINV nsP2 protein affect its ability to inhibit cellular transcription and IFN release. Thus, the balance between type I IFN induction and the ability of the virus to develop further rounds of infection is determined in the first few hours of virus replication, when only low numbers of cells and infectious virus are involved.
A reform agenda for improving the delivery of ALMPs in the MENA region

Given the labor market challenges that countries in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region are facing (notably high unemployment, prevalence of skills mismatches, low labor market mobility, and lack of formal employment networks), Active Labor Market Programs (ALMPs) could be a relevant policy instrument to assist unemployed individuals find jobs. This study first introduces a conceptual framework for ALMPs and describes their overall impact on employment outcomes. The study then reviews the provision of ALMPs in a selected group of countries in the MENA region, with a focus on public provision through existing public employment agencies. The study also presents the results of some of the few available robust evaluations of AMLPs the region, in a context where information about program effectiveness and efficiency is largely lacking. Finally, the study identifies key challenges in the delivery of publicly provided ALMPs in MENA countries, namely poor administrative capacity, system fragmentation, lack of governance and accountability, regulation bottlenecks, and flaws in program design. To address these challenges, the study proposes a reform agenda based on a four-pillar policy framework: (i) develop results-based Public Private Partnerships (PPPs); (ii) promote systems and program integration; (iii) develop results-based monitoring and evaluation (ME and (iv) promote entrepreneurship/self-employment, on-the-job training and life skills training among job seekers. J20, J30, J40, J50
Effect of absorbancy upon Raman intensities in liquids

Summary An equation is proposed relating Raman intensity of liquids to the absorbancy of the liquid and geometric factors in the design of the Raman tube. Calculations are carried out which show the effect of concentration on intensity for variation in absorbancy, length and diameter of Raman tube
Safety of COX-2 Inhibitors in Asthma Patients with Aspirin Hypersensitivity

ObjectiveTo review the safety of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors in asthma patients with aspirin hypersensitivity.Data SourcesClinical studies were identified using MEDLINE (1966–September 2002). Key search terms included cyclooxygenase inhibitors, aspirin, asthma, and hypersensitivity. English-language articles were identified and included. References from the identified articles were also reviewed.Data SynthesisThe literature provides information regarding the safety of COX-2 inhibitors in asthma patients with aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD). The mechanism of AERD involves inhibition of cyclooxygenase, particularly COX-1. Inhibition of COX-1 causes an increased production of certain inflammatory mediators, which results in the reactions seen with AERD. Considering this mechanism, COX-2 inhibitors may be an alternative to aspirin or nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in a patient with AERD. This article analyzes 4 studies to evaluate the safety of COX-2 inhibitors in this pop...
Cyclo-oxygenase 2 inhibition in colorectal cancer therapy.

Background: Cyclo-oxygenase inhibition for the treatment of colorectal neoplasia has been studied with renewed interest since the discovery of cyclo-oxygenase (Cox) 2 and the introduction of specific Cox-2 inhibitors. These drugs have implications for both the prevention of colorectal carcinoma and the potential treatment of the disease. Methods and results: A Medline database search was performed for articles using the keywords ‘colonic, colon or rectal and neoplasia or cancer’ and ‘cyclo-oxygenase or Cox-2.’ Cross-references of relevant historical papers were also included. There is substantial evidence that Cox-2 plays a role in the development and progression of colorectal cancer. The specific inhibition of this enzyme has been shown to inhibit cancer growth in in vitro and in vivo models. The mechanisms of action for these effects are poorly understood and potential clinical applications at present remain under investigation. Conclusion: Cox-2 inhibitors have great promise as useful additions to current cancer treatments. There is a need for randomized clinical trials to define a role for these drugs in chemoprevention, recurrence prophylaxis, and adjuvant therapy for colorectal and other solid tumours. Copyright © 2003 British Journal of Surgery Society Ltd. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Metabolic Syndrome Among Marijuana Users in the United States: An Analysis of National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Data

Abstract Background Research on the health effects of marijuana use in light of its increased medical use and the current obesity epidemic is needed. Our objective was to explore the relationship between marijuana use and metabolic syndrome across stages of adulthood. Methods An analysis of 20- to 59-year-olds (n = 8478) who completed the 2005-2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys was conducted. Marijuana use was categorized as: never used, past use (used previously but not within the last 30 days), and current use (≥1 day in the last 30 days). Metabolic syndrome was defined as ≥3 of the following: elevated fasting glucose, high triglycerides, low high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol, elevated systolic/diastolic blood pressure, and increased waist circumference. An age-stratified analysis was conducted to examine the relationship between marijuana use and metabolic syndrome among emerging adults (20-30 years), adults (31-44 years), and middle-aged adults (45-59 years). Results Fourteen percent (13.8%) of current marijuana users and 17.5% of past marijuana users presented with metabolic syndrome, compared with 19.5% of never users ( P = .0003 and P = .03, respectively). Current marijuana users had lower odds of presenting with metabolic syndrome than never users (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 0.69; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.47-1.00; P = .05). Among emerging adults, current marijuana users were 54% less likely than never users to present with metabolic syndrome. Current (AOR 0.49; 95% CI, 0.25-0.97) and past (AOR 0.61; 95% CI, 0.40-0.91) middle-aged adult marijuana users were less likely to have metabolic syndrome than never users. Conclusions Current marijuana use is associated with lower odds of metabolic syndrome across emerging and middle-aged US adults. Future studies should examine the biological pathways of this relationship.
Clinician Perspectives on Challenges to Patient Centered Care at the End of Life

Discussions regarding patient preferences for resuscitation are often delayed and preferences may be neglected, leading to the receipt of unwanted medical care. To better understand barriers to the expression and realization of patients’ end of life wishes, a preventive ethics team in one Veterans Affairs Medical Center conducted a survey of physicians, nurses, social workers, and respiratory therapists. Surveys were analyzed through qualitative analysis, using sorting methodologies to identify themes. Analysis revealed barriers to patient wishes being identified and followed, including discomfort conducting end-of-life discussions, difficulty locating patients’ preferences in medical records, challenges with expiring do not resuscitate (DNR) orders, and confusion over terminology. Based on these findings, the preventive ethics team proposed new terminology for code status preferences, elimination of the local policy for expiration of DNR orders, and enhanced systems for storing and retrieving patients’ e...
A Practical Methodology to Analyze Facial Deformities

Despite much information about various methods to analyze the face, a practical stepwise methodology has not been firmly established in otolaryngology teaching programs. A general guideline for facial analysis would be helpful to individuals not totally familiar with facial analysis for assessing facial deformities resulting from to traumatic, neoplastic, or developmental causes. This article attempts to distill and integrate previously established guidelines for facial analysis into eight major steps to provide a preliminary and practical methodology for initial facial assessment.
Properties Of CoSb3 Films Grown by Pulsed Laser Deposition

Polycrystalline CoSb3 films were grown on a variety of electrically insulating substrates by pulsed laser ablation from a stoichiometric hot-pressed target. These films are fully crystallized in the skutterudite structure, and the grains exhibit a strongly preferred alignment of the cubic [310]-axis perpendicular to the substrate surface. The film quality is studied for different single-crystal substrates and as a function of growth temperature and background gas. Hall measurements show that the films are p-type semiconducting with a room-temperature carrier density of 3×1020 holes/cm3. The Hall mobility is found to be 50 to 60 cm2 /Vs, which is high for such a heavily-doped material. The Seebeck coefficient and the resistivity are measured as a function of temperature and are compared to bulk measurements.
Lysozyme-Induced Sensitivity of Neurospora Ascospores to Furfural

The precise nature of the permeability barriers of plant cells has eluded analysis although their physiological effects have been exhaustively studied. Contributing most to the difficulties encountered in these studies has been the complexity of their chemical constituents and or? ganization. However, an excellent approach to this problem exists in the use of enzymes as specific reagents in the analysis of cell wall and membrane constituents. Apart from their specificity, these substances act under mild (physiological) conditions and are large enough in size so that it may be assumed that their effect would be localized on the outside of the cell. Weibull (1953) has shown that the ability of a bacterial cell to retain certain cellular constituents is greatly altered by the use of lysozyme. In addition, Tomcsik (1954) reported that prolongations of bacterial cross walls may extend into the capsule on the basis of enzymatic digestion of antibody-treated cells. With these facts in mind, studies were undertaken on the effect of enzymatic treatment upon the ascospores of Neurospora tetrasperma. These cells exist in at least two different physiological conditions, the durations of which are under the control of the investigator. Thus, in the dormant state, the cell metabolizes at a low rate, is impermeable to some poisons, and is resistant to drying and other physical treatments. Two means exist for breaking dormancy and these include heat-treatment (Goddard, 1935) and treatment with furfural and related heterocyclic compounds (Emerson, 1948; Sussman, 1953). Upon such activation a twenty to thirty-fold increase in metabolic rate ensues, accompanied by other changes in permeability and resistance to chemical and physical treatments. Using these facts as a basis, the effect of lysozyme and other enzymes upon the activation and germination of ascospores of N. tetrasperma was investigated. By this means it was hoped to learn
The Immersed Boundary Method for Water Entry Simulation

Adaptation of the direct-forcing immersed boundary method for the simulation of multiphase flows is examined and the difficulties arising due to large density ratios are discussed. The importance of satisfaction of boundary conditions at the immersed body surface is addressed and demonstrated both analytically and in numerical simulation. Simulation of free surface water entry for 2-dimensional square and circular cylinders is performed and resulting pullaway times and cavity shapes are shown. Results for simulation of 3-dimensional spheres are compared to experimental data. Difficulties in using the implemented method for certain types of simulation, such as 2-dimensional axisymmetric cases are discussed, along with strategies to alleviate these in the future.
A Note on the Linear Diophantine Equation

(1941). A Note on the Linear Diophantine Equation. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 48, No. 10, pp. 662-666.
Pathophysiology of Olfactory Disorders and Potential Treatment Strategies

Olfactory disorders have been regarded in the past with a sense of therapeutic nihilism. However, there have been remarkable advances in chemosensory research over the past several years. The clinical importance of olfactory disorders is well established, and entities such as presbyosmia have gained considerable broad attention. Powerful basic science experimental approaches have revealed aspects of olfactory neuron physiology, olfactory tissue maintenance, and regeneration that provide new potential therapeutic targets for certain forms of olfactory dysfunction. Although many recent advances remain in pre-clinical stages, there is considerable reason for optimism regarding future approaches for treatment of patients with olfactory loss.
Directional Templating Mechanisms of Anisotropic Nanoparticles Using Poly(pyromellitic dianhydride-p-phenylenediamine)

This study reports for the first time the use of poly(pyromellitic dianhydride-p-phenylenediamine) (PPDD) as a reducing and stabilizing agent, immobilization matrix, and directional template for the synthesis of anisotropic silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). The work also provides a new physical insight into the mechanisms of directional templating of anisotropic nanoparticles based on diffusion-limited aggregate model and coalescence growth mechanism. Molecular dynamics simulations and density functional theory calculations were performed to provide insight into possible conformations of the PPDD monomer. Anisotropic (nonspherical) peanut-shaped nanorods and dendritic nanostructures were prepared in situ using varying concentrations of precursors from 0.1 to 1.0% w/v within PPDD matrix. The PPDD served as the reducing and directional template, thus enforcing preferential orientation. The mechanism of formation and growth of the polymer-mediated anisotropic nanoparticles was confirmed using transmission electr...
Drugs for inhibition of premature labor

Effective inhibition of premature labor depends on prompt initiation of treatment. The author discusses factors initiating parturition, and the benefits and risks for mother and child of administration of alcohol, beta adrenergic agents, magnesium sulfate, and other agents that may counteract them.
Chapter 14 – Environmental Challenges and Financial Market Opportunities

To date, financial markets related to environmental factors have represented only a small niche in global financial risk management. However, both burgeoning energy needs among emerging markets and the need to deal effectively with global warming will force nations to agree to a variety of new economic policies. In free market economies, financial markets will play an important role in managing the risk and directing the incentives that will accompany these significant economic challenges. I describe the potential size of such new or expanded financial markets over the twenty-first century.
Market Cues Affect on Consumers’ Product Evaluations

This paper reports the effects of market cues, price and store name information, on consumers’ evaluations of quality, monetary sacrifice, and value and on their subsequent willingness to buy. Retailers use market cues as perceptual indicators to influence consumer behavior and consumers need to be better informed so that they can evaluate these cues. The study reexamines the conceptual model of Dodds, Monroe, and Grewal (1991) with emphasis on testing the quadratic relationship between the price cue and perceived value and willingness to buy. This study found that as prices increase, buyers assume increases in product quality and monetary sacrifice. However, buyers’ perceptions of the value of the goods and their willingness to buy initially increase and then decrease. The effect of store name information does not influence buyers’ perceptions of value but does influence their opinions of quality, intention to buy, and the perception of price.
A Review of the Literature on Transvestism and Transsexualism

Transvestism and transsexualism have existed throughout history (Bullough, 1974, 1976a,b, 1987; Green, 1969) in all parts of the world despite the clear-cut gender distinctions most cultures require. Transsexualism occurs in both men and women, perhaps at a ratio of about three to two in favor of men (Steiner, Blanchard, & Zucker, 1985).
Moving from Self to System: A Framework for Social Justice Centered on Issues and Action

In this article, authors propose a framework for social justice in preservice teacher education that differs from traditional approaches to diversity related courses. Rather than a sole focus on the ‘isms’, such as racism or classism, five distinct yet simultaneously occurring components are offered for the paradigm. First, this approach to social justice must continuously examine students’ autobiographical experiences. Learners interpret new information through their personal, socially constructed lenses, and it is thus crucial to help them identify and unpack their complex experiences. Second, we call for an organization by topics of concern for dismantling inequity, such as understanding systemic injustices within schools and outside of schools; the social construction of identity; and examining both how and what we teach. Third, we incorporate the critical analysis of media in order to better understand the ways issues are constructed and upheld in the dominant hegemonic culture. Fourth, our model encourages students to conceptualize social justice not only in pedagogical ways, but also as it relates to the content so as to address students’ struggles in connecting social justice to their discipline or grade level. Finally, this method includes the creation and implementation of social action projects. Too often we teach students ‘about’—about theories, about people, about schools without involving our students in the act of social justice. For each component, we provide a description and justification as well as tangible examples of its implementation from our own practice. We include further considerations for using the paradigm in discipline-specific ways and end with a call to action for continuing social justice education.
Dietary conjugated linoleic acid alters fatty acid composition of pig skeletal muscle and fat.

The dietary dose responsiveness of con- jugated linoleic acid (CLA) addition relative to the fatty acid profile of edible lean tissue was examined in grower pigs treated with or without porcine somatotropin (pST). Gilts and barrows were fed CLA at 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, or 2.0% of diet by weight from 20 to 55 kg BW. Additional pigs were administered (pST) at 0 or 100 gkg BWd −1 and fed either 0.5 or 2.0% CLA. Animals were fed diets containing 18% CP, 1.2% lysine, and 3.5 Mcal of DE/kg at 110% of ad libitum intake. The fatty acid profile in latissimus dorsi and dorsal s.c. adipose tissue samples was determined by gas chromatography. Dietary CLA replacement of corn oil increased the per- centage of total fatty acids as stearic acid, whereas the percentages as oleic and linolenic acids were reduced
Optimization of immunocytochemical assessment of estrogen receptor expression in benign breast epithelial cells obtained by random periareolar fine needle aspiration and processed using thin layer preparation technology

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 46, 2005 1606 Aim: Estrogen receptor alpha (ER) expression in random periareolar-fine needle aspiration (RPFNA) is being studied as a predictive biomarker for antihormonal treatment in cancer prevention trials. The intensity and specificity of ER immunostaining in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded human breast tissue is dependent upon the antigen retrieval and immunostaining protocol. Here we report an optimized method of ER immunostaining for use with thin layer preparations of modified Cytolyt-fixed benign breast tissue harvested by fine needle aspiration from women at high risk for development of breast cancer. Methods: Benign breast tissue cytology specimens obtained by RPFNA from high risk women (n=7 subjects) and MCF-7 cell line controls were fixed in modified Cytolyt (9 ml Cytolyt + 1 ml 10% neutral buffered formalin) and processed as thin layer preparations using a Cytyc 2000 platform. Cells were tested for effects of antibody titer, antigen retrieval temperature (90° or 115°C) and buffer (20% nuclear decloaker, pH 9.3 or 10mM citrate buffer, pH 6), blocking solution (0.01% glucose oxidase or 3% hydrogen peroxide) on ER immunostaining. Non-immune serum was used as negative control. The prevalence (%) of positively stained breast epithelial cells and the mean intensity of ER staining on a scale of 0-4 were evaluated by 3 independent observers blinded to sample identity and immunostaining protocol. Results: Benign breast cytology specimens and MCF-7 cells processed using alkaline nuclear decloaker and low temperature antigen retrieval had more immunopositive breast epithelial cells (p < 0.0001) and increased staining intensity (p < 0.05) compared to samples prepared with citrate buffer and high temperature antigen retrieval. Glucose oxidase resulted in a significantly greater percentage of immunopositive cells in comparison to hydrogen peroxide (p = 0.04) when combined with low temperature antigen retrieval and the use of nuclear decloaker. Staining was minimal (intensity < 1 on a scale of 0 to 4) for all negative controls regardless of protocol. Conclusions: The extent and intensity of ER immunostaining of benign breast cytology specimens obtained by random periareolar fine needle aspiration is dependent upon antigen retrieval and immunostaining protocol. The combined use of low temperature antigen retrieval, an alkaline nuclear decloaker and glucose oxidase is an optimal immunostaining protocol for ER.
Elevated risk of human papillomavirus-related second cancers in survivors of anal canal cancer.

BACKGROUND Over the last decade, the causal link between human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and squamous cell carcinoma of the anus (SCCA) has been well described. Because HPV infection in one site is often associated with other sites of infection, it then follows that patients with SCCA may have an increased risk of additional HPV-related cancers. Identifying and targeting at-risk sites through cancer screening and surveillance may help to guide best practices. The current study sought to ascertain sites and risk of HPV-related second primary malignancies (SPMs) in survivors of SCCA. METHODS Using population-based data from 1992 through 2012, the authors identified patients with SCCA and determined their risk of HPV-related SPMs, including anal, oral, and genital cancers. Standardized incidence ratios (SIRs), defined as observed to expected cases, were calculated to determine excess risk. RESULTS Of 10,537 patients with SCCA, 416 developed HPV-related SPMs, which corresponded to an overall SIR of 21.5 (99% confidence interval [99% CI], 19.0-24.2). Men were found to have a higher SIR (35.8; 99% CI, 30.7-41.6) compared with women (12.8; 99% CI, 10.4-15.5). SIRs for a second SCCA were markedly higher in men (127.5; 99% CI, 108.1-149.2) compared with women (47.0; 99% CI, 34.7-62.1), whereas SIRs for oral cavity and pharyngeal cancers were elevated in men (3.1; 99% CI, 1.5-5.7) and women (4.4; 99% CI, 1.5-9.7). SIRs for sex-specific sites also were elevated, with male genital cancers having an SIR of 19.6 (99% CI, 8.7-37.6) and female genital cancers an SIR of 8.3 (99% CI, 6.1-11.0). CONCLUSIONS Patients with index SCCA are at an increased risk of subsequent HPV-related SPMs. The elevated risk is most striking in patients with second primary SCCAs; however, the risk of second cancers also appears to be increased in other HPV-related sites. Cancer 2017. © 2017 American Cancer Society.
Managing Risk in a Poor Economy: The Association between Economic Conditions and Risk Tolerance and Its Implications for Practice

SUMMARY: An academic study by Bagley, Dorminey, McSwain, and Reed (2016) regarding the association between economic activity and an auditor's response to risk was recently published, highlighting auditors' willingness to accept higher levels of risk to retain clients in challenging economic times without an appropriate adjustment to audit fees. Given that business cycles are a fact, auditors need to understand how they respond to increases in risk during a poor economy in ways other than increasing fees or resigning from audit engagements, neither of which is necessarily optimal to do during economic downturns. This paper summarizes Bagley et al. (2016) and provides alternative strategies firms can utilize to mitigate risk, regardless of economic conditions.
Tracing Information Flow from Erk to Target Gene Induction Reveals Mechanisms of Dynamic and Combinatorial Control.

Summary Cell signaling networks coordinate specific patterns of protein expression in response to external cues, yet the logic by which signaling pathway activity determines the eventual abundance of target proteins is complex and poorly understood. Here, we describe an approach for simultaneously controlling the Ras/Erk pathway and monitoring a target gene's transcription and protein accumulation in single live cells. We apply our approach to dissect how Erk activity is decoded by immediate early genes (IEGs). We find that IEG transcription decodes Erk dynamics through a shared band-pass filtering circuit; repeated Erk pulses transcribe IEGs more efficiently than sustained Erk inputs. However, despite highly similar transcriptional responses, each IEG exhibits dramatically different protein-level accumulation, demonstrating a high degree of post-transcriptional regulation by combinations of multiple pathways. Our results demonstrate that the Ras/Erk pathway is decoded by both dynamic filters and logic gates to shape target gene responses in a context-specific manner.
Teaching Guatemalan traditional birth attendants about obstetrical emergencies.

Abstract Introduction Guatemala's Maternal Mortality Rate is 65th highest in the world at 120 deaths per 100,000 births. Contributing to the problem is traditional birth attendants (TBAs) attend most births yet lack knowledge about obstetrical emergencies. Government trainings in existence since 1955 have not changed TBA knowledge. Government trainings are culturally insensitive because they are taught in Spanish with written material, even though most TBAs are illiterate and speak Mayan dialects. The purpose of the observational study was to evaluate the effect of an oral training, that was designed to be culturally sensitive in TBAs' native language, on TBAs' knowledge of obstetrical emergencies. Methods one hundred ninety-one TBAs participated. The study employed a pretest-posttest design. A checklist was used to compare TBAs' knowledge of obstetrical emergencies before and after the training. Findings the mean pretest score was 5.006±SD 0.291 compared to the mean posttest score of 8.549±SD 0.201. Change in knowledge was a P value of 0.00. Discussion results suggest an oral training that was designed to be culturally sensitive in the native language improved TBAs' knowledge of obstetrical emergencies. Future trainings should follow a similar format to meet the needs of illiterate audiences in remote settings.
The social neuroscience of mentalizing: challenges and recommendations.

Our ability to understand and think about the mental states of other people is referred to as “mentalizing” or “theory of mind”. It features prominently in all social behavior, is essential for maintaining relationships, and shows pronounced individual differences. Here we review new approaches to study the underlying psychological mechanisms and discuss how they could best be investigated using modern tools from social neuroscience. We list key desiderata for the field, such as validity, specificity, and reproducibility, and link them to specific recommendations for the future. We also discuss new computational modeling approaches, and the application to psychopathology.
300-GHz CMOS QPSK transmitter for 30-Gbps dielectric waveguide communication

A 300-GHz 30-Gbps QPSK transmitter is demonstrated in 65-nm CMOS. The transmitter consists of an on-chip multi-mode modulator, an injection locked quadrature oscillator, a 40-GHz bandwidth power amplifier with constant gain and group delay, a 4X frequency multiplier chain to generate a 165-GHz LO signal for a double balanced up-conversion mixer that generates the output at 300 GHz. The transmitter without equalization consumes 180mW with an energy efficiency of 6 pJ/bit.
Radio-Frequency Electronics: Suppressed-carrier AM and quadrature AM (QAM)

Viewed just in the time domain, ordinary AM, as used in broadcasting, seems so obvious that one would scarcely imagine how it might be done otherwise. But viewed in the frequency domain, as in Chapter 6, this system shows some obvious inefficiencies. First, most of the average transmitted power (about 95% when transmitting typical audio material) is in the carrier, which is a spike or “delta function” in the frequency domain. Since its amplitude and frequency are constant, it carries virtually no information. The information is in the sidebands. Could broadcasters just suppress the carrier to reduce their electric power costs by 95%? Second, the upper and lower sidebands are mirror images of each other, so they contain the same information. Could they not suppress (filter away) one sideband, making room for twice as many stations on the AM band? The answer to both questions is yes but, in both cases, the simple AM receiver, with its envelope detector, will no longer work properly. Economics favored the simplicity of the traditional AM receiver until it because possible to put all the receiver signal processing on an integrated-circuit chip, where the additional complexity can have negligible cost. In this chapter we examine alternate AM systems that remove the carrier and then at AM systems that reduce the signal bandwidth or double the information carried in the original bandwidth. Double-sideband suppressed-carrier AM Let us look at a system that removes the carrier at the transmitter and regenerates it at the receiver.
Merleau-Ponty’s Vertical Genesis and the Aristotelian Powers of the Soul

In the De Anima, Aristotle defines the soul ( \( \psi \upsilon \chi \mathop \eta \limits^\prime \) ) as the form and actuality ( \( \mathop \varepsilon \limits^, \nu \tau \varepsilon \lambda \mathop \varepsilon \limits^\prime \chi \varepsilon \iota \alpha \) ) of a natural body capable of life, namely an organism. The.ensouled body or living being is a real entity ( \( {\text{o}}\mathop \nu \limits^\prime \sigma \mathop \iota \limits^\prime \alpha \) ), in the special sense of being a composite of matter and form, potentiality and actuality, whereas the soul, in its intrinsic being, is pure \( \mathop \varepsilon \limits^, \nu \tau \varepsilon \lambda \mathop \varepsilon \limits^\prime \chi \varepsilon \iota \alpha \) . Aristotle hastens to point out, however, that actuality or \( \mathop \varepsilon \limits^, \nu \tau \varepsilon \lambda \mathop \varepsilon \limits^\prime \chi \varepsilon \iota \alpha \) must here be taken in its “first” rather than “second” sense: The ensouled body is actualized matter in that it possesses the power to carry out its proper life functions; but the actual possession of these powers (constituting a “first actuality”) is not equivalent to their actual exercise (or “second actuality”).1
Neural Stem Cells: Adult Neurogenesis

Adult neural stem cells have been isolated from the adult brains of mammals, including humans. This article summarizes the current knowledge about where neural stem cells reside in the adult brain and discusses the different methods available to characterize their stem cell properties. It reviews the extracellular and intracellular pathways that have been documented to regulate adult neural stem cells. Finally, it summarizes studies that address the functional significance of adult neural stem cells.
Abstract WP205: Seasonal Variation in Stroke Incidence in Black versus White Medicare Beneficiaries

Introduction: The increased risk of ischemic stroke in black versus white U.S. residents is not fully explained by known risk factors. Influenza has been implicated as a stroke risk factor, and stu...
Biochemistry of cheese ripening

Cheese ripening basically includes the breakdown of proteins, lipids and carbohydrates which releases flavour compounds and modifies cheese texture. Principal ripening agents are milk enzymes (plasmin and lipoprotein lipase), milk coagulant, starter lactic culture, secondary culture and ripening agents. The ripening process of cheese is very complex and involves microbiological and biochemical changes to the curd resulting in the flavour and texture characteristics of the particular variety. Microbiological changes during ripening include the death and lysis of starter cells, nonstarter lactic acid bacteria, and secondary microflora in many varieties of cheese. Moulds in mould-ripened varieties and a complex Gram-positive bacterial flora in smear cheeses are of great importance to the flavour and texture of cheese. Cheese texture softens during ripening as a consequence of proteolysis of the casein micelle and changes to the water-binding ability of the curd and in pH. The biochemical changes occurring during ripening may be grouped into primary events that include the metabolism of residual lactose, lactate and citrate (glycolysis), lipolysis and proteolysis. Following the primary events, secondary biochemical events occur which are responsible for the development of many volatile flavour compounds of ripened cheese varieties.
Cloud Forests of Costa Rica: Ecosystems in Peril

“Mount Irazu has not erupted since 1994,” our guide assured us as we began the long drive up to the summit of Costa Rica's highest volcanic peak, one of the many in this geologically active country...
A Two-stage Four-port Inverter for Hybrid Renewable Energy System Integration

This paper presents modeling and controllers design of a two-stage four-port inverter which interfaces with a wind turbine generator, photovoltaic (PV) panel, battery, and the AC load. The small-signal model of the whole system is first derived from the differential equations in the different operation stages. Based on the model, DC and AC side controllers are designed to control the battery voltage and current, DC-link voltage, and inverter output voltage and current, respectively. Matlab/Simulink simulation studies were carried out to testify the designed controllers with the real wind and solar data. The simulation results show that the proposed converter is capable of simultaneously doing maximum power point tracking (MPPT), protecting battery, and maintaining the sinusoidal voltage output with designed controllers. Experimental results further validated the effectiveness of the designed controllers.