cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sensitivity of Internally-Generated Climate Oscillations to Ocean Model Formulation

The simulation of climate on Pleistocene time scales requires coupling subsystems with response time scales which vary over several orders of magnitude. Most models of the coupled atmosphere-ocean-cryosphere (AOC) system have treated the global ocean as a single isothermal reservoir, resulting in a relatively slow surface temperature response time scale. We use a series of one-dimensional box ocean models and a box-advection diffusion ocean model to demonstrate that the ocean temperature does not respond with a single time scale. In particular, the first half or more of the mixed layer response to a radiative perturbation is governed by the relatively small mixed layer thermal inertia, rather than by the deep ocean thermal inertia. We implement the box and box-advection-diffusion ocean models in the AOC model of (7), which uses a single isothermal ocean reservoir and exhibits internal oscillations. We find that internal oscillations are no longer a solution to their model, thereby confirming the importance of distinguishing between the mixed layer and deeper ocean thermal response time scales.
Spinal manipulation therapy for acute low back pain

Dagenais S, Gay RE, Tricco AC, Freeman MD, Mayer JM. NASS Contemporary concepts in spine care: spinal manipulation therapy for acute low back pain. Spine J 2010; 10: 918–40.
Effect of Glucose on Carbon Dioxide Assimilation and Substrate Oxidation by Ferrobacillus ferrooxidans

Ferrobacillus ferrooxidans, grown on either elemental sulfur or ferrous sulfate, was able to use either substrate as an energy source for the assimilation of CO(2). In both cases, 0.01 mumole of carbon was incorporated per mumole of oxygen utilized. Glucose inhibited substrate oxidation and CO(2) fixation. Sulfur and iron oxidation were inhibited 5 to 15% and 40 to 50%, respectively, in the presence of 10% glucose. Under the same conditions, CO(2) assimilation was inhibited 50% with elemental sulfur as the energy source, and was almost totally inhibited when ferrous iron was used.
Cytotoxicity of set polymer nanocomposite resin root-end filling materials

Modareszadeh MR, Chogle SA, Mickel AK, Jin G, Kowsar H, Salamat N, Shaikh S & Qutbudin S. Cytotoxicity of set polymer nanocomposite resin root-end filling materials. International Endodontic Journal, 44, 154–161, 2011. Abstract Aim To evaluate the cytotoxicity of two forms of the novel root-end filling materials, polymer nanocomposite (PNC) resins [C-18 Amine montmorillonate (MMT) and VODAC MMT] both containing Chlorhexidine Diacetate Salt Hydrate 2%, and to compare it to that of two widely accepted commercially available materials, ProRoot® MTA and Geristore®. Methodology Elutes of experimental materials extracted after 24 h, 1, 2 and 3 weeks were interacted with the mouse fibroblasts L-929 using a colorimetric cell viability assay (MTS) based on mitochondrial dehydrogenases activity. Using 100% and 50% concentrations of the extracted elutes of the experimental materials the effect of different concentrations of elutes on the cells was analysed. In the positive control group Hygrogold® was added to the cell culture to arrest cells bioactivity. In the negative control group, fresh Dulbecco’s Eagle’s minimum essential medium supplemented with 10% foetal bovine serum was used to enhance cell bioactivity. Differences in mean bioactivity values were assessed using a t-test and one-way anova (P < 0.05). Results No significant difference was found in cytotoxicity between ProRoot® MTA, Geristore® and PNC resin C-18 Amine MMT on 24 h, 1, 2 and 3 weeks samples. Sample elutes of PNC resin VODAC MMT, however, revealed cytotoxic activity during most of these experiments. Conclusion Cytotoxicity of the elutes of PNC resin C-18 Amine MMT was not significantly different from that of ProRoot® and Geristore®. PNC resin VODAC MMT, revealed significantly more cytotoxicity compared to the other tested materials.
Investment-banking contracts in tender offers

Abstract Empirical analysis reveals that investment-banker advisory fees in tender offers average 1.29% of the value of a completed transaction, far below the levels often alluded to in the business press. Most fees are contingent on offer outcome, with target-firm fees typically contingent on transaction value and bidding-firm fees on the number of shares purchased. Although these contingent contracts motivate investment bankers to satisfy some client objectives, many also create conflicts of interest between banker and firm. These incentive problems are apparent in offer evaluation, in hostile offers, and in the price paid by bidding firms.
NOx emissions from low-temperature combustion of biodiesel made of various feedstocks and blends

Abstract Nitrogen oxides (NO x ) are one of the major hazardous emissions from biodiesel-fueled engines that need to be regulated stringently. In this paper, NO x emissions from different types of biodiesel were studied using a laboratory combustion chamber. Biodiesel fuels with various portion of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) from soybean methyl ester (SME), tallow oil (TO), and waste cooking oil (WCO) were combusted at 330–420 °C simulating low-temperature combustion (LTC). Combustion analysis results show that neat biodiesel fuels had longer ignition delay and lower ignition temperatures compared to ultra-low sulfur diesel (ULSD). The unsaturation of biodiesel samples and their blends with ULSD was analyzed for its effects on NO x emissions. The results showed that biodiesel with more unsaturated fatty acids emitted more NO x compared to biodiesel with more saturated fatty acids. A paired t-test showed that neat TO, WCO, and WCO B50 had significant reduction in the formation of NO x compared with ULSD and SME B20. It is concluded that less unsaturated FAME fuels would be preferable when reduction of NO x emissions is a critical issue.
Neuroscience and Social Work Practice: The Missing Link, by Rosemary L. Farmer

The biopsychosocial perspective is a primary conceptual framework for many models of social work practice, and for many curricula in schools of social work. Yet, the biological component of this tr...
Clinical efficacy and tolerability of Xeomin® in the treatment of blepharospasm

Background and purpose: Blepharospasm is classified as a focal dystonia, and botulinum toxin type A (BoNT/A) has been shown to be a highly effective and well-tolerated symptomatic treatment. Xeomin ® , the latest addition to BoNT/A preparations, is a purified, freeze-dried BoNT/A that is free from complexing proteins. Methods and results: In a double-blind, parallel-group, multicentre study, 300 patients with blepharospasm received either Xeomin ® or Botox ® 15-80 U (J Neural Transm 2006; 113: 303). Both treatments produced statistically significant improvements from baseline in the Jankovic Rating Scale at week 3 (primary efficacy variable; Xeomin ® : -2.90; Botox ® : -2.67; P < 0.0001 from baseline for both), with the difference between treatments (-0.23) indicating that Xeomin ® was clinically non-inferior to Botox ® . No significant differences were found between Xeomin ® and Botox ® for all secondary variables. There were no clinically relevant differences between Xeomin ® and Botox ® in safety parameters, with 40 of 148 patients (27.0%) treated with Xeomin ® reporting adverse events versus 45 of 155 patients (29.0%) treated with Botox ® . The most common adverse event was ptosis (6.1% Xeomin ® and 4.5% Botox ® ). Conclusion: Clinical evidence to date suggests that Xeomin ® is an effective treatment for blepharospasm that does not differ from Botox ® in terms of its potency, duration of effect or adverse reaction profile.
The effect of trauma program registry on reported mortality rates.

Background: This study assesses the relationship that the brand of trauma program registry (TPR) has on mortality rate (MR) in the reports prepared by the American College of Surgeons Committee on Trauma (ACSCOT) trauma center (TC) site surveyors. Methods: Data from 242 ACSCOT adult TC survey reports (88 Level I, 115 Level II, and 39 Level III) were analyzed for annual trauma volume, injury severity score (ISS), MR, and TPR. Six TPR (A through F) were identified; group F was a composite of several infrequently used TPRs. This report focuses on the ISS range 16-24 because of the likelihood that the mean for each TC would be near 20 and MR is high enough so that a difference, if present, could be statistically documented. Results: For the total group, MR showed no correlation with TC volume or TC level for ISS 16-24. MR was significantly different according to which TPR was used by the TCs. The MR is less (4.8%) for 14 high volume TCs (over 1200 admits) using TPR A compared with 33 low volume TCs (below 800 admits) using TPR A (6.34%). Conclusion: The MR for ISS 16-24 in ACSCOT-surveyed TCs differs within subgroups based on type of TPR utilized. This may reflect improper use of the software programs. Enhanced skill in the application of software programs designed to generate ISS scores is essential if meaningful studies on the effects of improved trauma care on MR are to be conducted. Hand scored ISS by trained personnel may circumvent this problem.
Phase retrieval from one single phase contrast x-ray image.

Phase retrieval is required for achieving artifact-free x-ray phase-sensitive 3D imaging. A phase-retrieval approach based on the phase-attenuation duality with high energy x-rays can greatly facilitate for phase sensitive imaging by allowing phase retrieval from only one single projection image. The previously derived phase retrieval formula is valid only for small Fresnel propagator phases corresponding to common clinical imaging tasks. In this work we presented a new duality-based phase retrieval formula that can be applied for cases with large Fresnel propagator phases corresponding to high spatial resolution imaging. The computer simulation demonstrated superiority of this new formula over the previous phase retrieval formula in reconstructing the high frequency components of imaged objects. A modified Tikhonov regularization technique has been devised for phase retrieval in cases of very high resolution and large object-detector distance such that some Fresnel propagator phases may be close or greater than π. This new phase retrieval formula lays the foundation for implementing high-resolution phase-sensitive 3D imaging of soft tissue objects.
Detection of a human intracisternal A-type retroviral particle antigenically related to HIV

Sjogren's syndrome is an autoimmune disease that is characterized by dryness of the mouth and eyes. The loss of salivary and lacrimal gland function is accompanied by lymphocytic infiltration. Because similar symptoms and glandular pathology are observed in certain persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a search was initiated for a possible retroviral etiology in this syndrome. A human intracisternal A-type retroviral particle that is antigenically related to HIV was detected in lymphoblastoid cells exposed to homogenates of salivary tissue from patients with Sjogren's syndrome. Comparison of this retroviral particle to HIV indicates that they are distinguishable by several ultrastructural, physical, and enzymatic criteria.
New method for current and voltage measuring offset correction in an induction motor sensorless drive

This paper presents a new algorithm for electromagnetic torque and flux estimation in a sensorless drive when uncompensated dc offset of current and/or voltage sensors are present. The novel feature of the offset error correction algorithm is an attempt not to eliminate the consequence of problem but to identify its source. The algorithm uses the first harmonic of estimated torque and dc value of estimated stator flux to identify the source and value of the current and/or voltage offset error. Identified values can be used for offset cancelation which improves estimation process.
Immunohistological localization of endogenous unlabeled stem cells in wounded skin

Various types of endogenous stem cells (SCs) participate in wound healing in the skin at different anatomical locations. SCs need to be identified through multiple markers, and this is usually performed using flow cytometry. However, immunohistological identification of endogenous stem cells in the skin at different anatomical locations by co-staining multiple SC markers has been seldom explored. We examined the immunohistological localization of four major types of SCs in wounded skin by co-staining for their multiple markers. Hematopoietic SCs were co-stained for Sca1 and CD45; mesenchymal SCs for Sca1, CD29, and CD106; adipose SCs for CD34, CD90, and CD105; and endothelial progenitor cells and their differentiated counterparts were co-stained for CD34, Tie2, and von Willebrand factor. We found Sca1(+)CD45(+) SCs in the epidermis, dermis and hypodermis of wounded skin. Sca1(+)CD29(+) and Sca1(+)CD106(+) mesenchymal SCs, CD34(+)CD105(+), CD34(+)CD90(+), and CD90(+)CD105(+) adipose SCs, as well as CD34(+)Tie2(+) endothelial progenitor cells were also located in the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis. This study demonstrates the feasibility of using immunohistological staining to determine the location of SCs in wounded skin and the intracellular distribution of their molecular markers.
Differential effects of chloramphenicol and its nitrosoanalogue on protein synthesis and oxidative phosphorylation in rat liver mitochondria

Abstract Protein synthesis and oxidative phosphorylation were chosen as measures to study the differences between the effects of chloramphenicol (CAP) and its derivative nitroso-chloramphenicol (NO-CAP) on rat liver mitochondria. [ 14 C]Leucine incorporation into mitochondrial protein was inhibited 83 per cent by 30 μM CAP and was equally inhibited by a similar concentration of thiamphenicol; 30μM NO-CAP, however, inhibited [ 14 C]leucine incorporation only 34 per cent and 30μM nitrosobenzene had no effect. A millimolar concentration of CAP was required to inhibit oxidative phosphorylation, whereas 75 μM NO-CAP was inhibitory. Unlike CAP, NO-CAP at 100 μM slightly inhibited state 4 respiration with glutamate as substrate, but slightly activated it with succinate. Respiratory state 3 with glutamate was completely inhibited by 75 μM NO-CAP, whereas the same concentration of CAP was only 10 per cent inhibitory. With succinate, 250 μM NO-CAP was required to inhibit state 3, whereas 600 μM CAP had no effect. The uncoupled state triggered by 2,4-dinitrophenol in the presence of either glutamate or succinate was inhibited totally by NO-CAP, but not by CAP. The inhibition by NO-CAP was mitochondrial protein dependent, for more NO-CAP was required for inhibition with a larger amount of protein. NO-CAP effects could be prevented or released by cysteine, but not by washing. Oxidative phosphorylation was also inhibited by another nitroso compound, nitrosobenzene, which, however, did not affect mitochondrial protein synthesis. The results indicate that, unlike CAP, NO-CAP is a potent inhibitor of the energy conserving mechanism.
Phenomenological investigations into personnel signatures

Georgia Tech has initiated a research program into the issues surrounding the detection of covert personnel present in a wide variety of scenarios. These initial investigations have been focused on a detailed phenomenological analysis of human physiology with the subsequent identification and characterization of potential observables-particularly in the context of urban environments during this phase. A parallel effort focused on the characterization of the resulting humanspecific signatures and their dependency and variation on local environmental conditions. In addition, these studies established the basic requirements for the development of physics-based human signature models; a significant component of these models is the inclusion of environmental and physiological variables into the computations. This paper will present a review of the research program and preliminary results from several of the initial signature phenomenology tasks.© (2005) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
New macrocyclic, Δ1-piperideine alkaloids from papaya leaves: dehydrocarpaine I and II☆

Abstract Two new Δ 1 -piperideine alkaloids, dehydrocarpaine I and II, have been isolated from papaya leaves by TLC and their structures elucidated by MS and PMR. Both alkaloids have higher concentrations than that of carpaine, or the only major alkaloid previously reported in this plant.
A Nontoxic Barlow's Wheel

Barlow's wheel has been a favorite demonstration since its invention by Peter Barlow (1776–1862) in 1822.1 In the form shown in Fig. 1, it represents the first electric motor. The interaction between the electric current passing from the axle of the wheel to the rim and the magnetic field produced by the U-magnet produces a torque that turns the wheel. The original device used mercury to provide electrical contact to the rim, and the dangers involved with the use of this heavy metal have caused the apparatus to disappear from the lecture hall.
Alkali azide based growth of high quantum efficiency photocathodes

The authors report on successful growth of bialkali photocathode based on CsK2Sb using the alkali metal vapors generated by thermal decomposition of alkali azides. Details about the ultrahigh vacuum growth system and the procedure used are provided. The final quantum efficiency of the photocathode under illumination with 532 nm laser is 9.6%. This value is comparable to the largest ones obtained in our previous experiments using commercial dispensers, indicating that alkali azides are a viable alternative.
Low-cost field estimation of yellow perch daily ration

Abstract We used 2 years' diel food weight data from stomachs of Lake Erie yellow perch Perca flavescens to make Elliott-Persson (E–P) estimates of daily ration and to construct consumption response surface (CRS) regression models. The CRS models provided relatively accurate, low-cost estimates of daily ration from only one to four fish collections – compared with nine for the E–P procedure. Besides reducing daily sampling effort, CRS models allowed flexibility in fish collection times, thus alleviating the need for 24-h associations with sampling sites. Independent variables for CRS models included the food weight in fish stomachs from a particular collection (adjusted for water temperature) and the time of day when a fish collection was made. Accuracy of CRS model estimates of yellow perch daily ration relative to E–P estimates was evaluated with a jackknife-like procedure. Effectiveness of CRS models arose from significant relationships that existed between food weights in yellow perch stomachs through...
Implementing Recovery Model Principles as Part of Occupational Therapy in Inpatient Psychiatric Settings

This study aimed to identify the effectiveness of occupational therapy utilizing Recovery Model principles from the consumer perspective within an inpatient psychiatric unit. Clients engaged in recovery-based occupational therapy while admitted, and feedback was collected using a survey regarding the benefit of occupational therapy sessions, as well as perceived ease/difficulty of their personal recovery plans. Consumers overall viewed occupational therapy as beneficial to recovery process and identified specific areas that were of most benefit. Consumers’ responses indicated occupational therapy enhanced the recovery process during inpatient admission, supporting the role of occupational therapy and the Recovery Model in these settings.
Theory of semiconductor surface reconstruction: Si(111)-7×7, Si(111)-2×1, and GaAs(110)

Abstract We show that minimization of the number of broken bonds present at the surface and a π-like bonding between the broken bonds are apparently the two keys to understanding several long-standing puzzles concerning Si surfaces. To fully exploit the above mechanisms, for both the π-bonding and elimination of broken bonds, the surface atoms must rearrange themselves rather thoroughly — namely, the surface topology and the ring structure must be altered. Based only on topological considerations and simple counting of broken bonds, the minimization of the number of broken bonds shows: why the 7×7 surface is terraced, i.e. consists of intersecting steps; why these steps (as well as steps on the cleaved surface) form only in certain crystallographic directions; why the terraces are triangular and not hexagonal; why the surface structure is symmetric 7×7 (as opposed to, e.g., 5×9); and what is the origin of the spatial scale of the 7×7 reconstruction. Of the reconstruction models proposed for the cleaved 2×1 surface, the π-bonding model leads to the largest total-energy benefit, and only the π-bonding model provides a natural interpretation of the various spectroscopic data on this surface. We show that one of the most widely used ideas in the context of semiconductor reconstruction, that of buckling, is inappropriate for homopolar semiconductors. Buckling, however, provides a valid reconstruction mechanism for heteropolar surfaces such as the GaAs(110). These conclusions are based on total-energy and surface-band calculations using the self-consistent pseudopotential method.
The effect of triethyltin on mitochondrial swelling.

Triethyltin induces swelling of isolated rat liver mitochondria suspended in sucrose or KC1 media. This effect is not seen with brain mitochondria. Triethyltin swelling is only minimally reduced by EDTA or amytal but is prevented by 2 :Cdinitro- phenol, cyanide or salicylate. The addition of adenosine tri- or diphosphate causes reversal of the swelling; this effect is potentiated by Mn2+ but not by Mg*+. The reversal of thyroxine-induced swelling by ATP is blocked by triethyltin, perhaps via an inhibition of the hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate. The relationship between in vitro effects of triethyltin on mitochondria and the toxic actions of the drug in the whole animal are discussed. TN 'rrnz past few years many investigators have studied the phenomenon of mito- chondrial swelling.l-s Much of the interest has centered around the role of phosphate bond energy and oxidative phosphorylation in the maintenance of mitochondrial integrity. Substrates, cofactors, ions and more recently agents which uncouple oxida- tive phosphorylat~on have been examined for their effects upon mitochondrial swelling. Generally, there has been no correlation between uncoupling action and mitochondrial permeability; some uncoupling agents enhance while others protect against mito- chondrial swelling.2p 3 The present work will demonstrate the effects of an organo-tin compound on mitochondrial permeability. This compound, triethyltin (TET) is an extremely toxic agent,ss lo a potent uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylationll and an inhibitor of mitochondrial adenosine triphosphatases (ATBases). I2 These studies were initiated with the view that such experiments might yield information pertinent to the elucida- tion of the phenomenon of mitochondrial swelling and further shed some light upon the mechanism of toxicity of the organo-tin compounds. METHODS
Optimum Tests for Fixed Effects and Variance Components in Balanced Models

Abstract For any analysis-of-variance model with balanced data involving both fixed and random effects, uniformly most powerful unbiased (UMPU) and uniformly most powerful invariant unbiased (UMPIU) tests are derived for the significance of a fixed effect or a variance component, under the assumption of normality of random effects. The tests coincide with the usual F tests. Robustness of the UMPIU test against suitable deviations from normality is established.
The Politics of State Legislature Web Sites: Making E-Government More Participatory

Web sites of the 50 state legislatures are evaluated on five criteria: content, usability, interactivity, transparency, and audience. An overall quality score for each site was computed. The evaluation revealed a wide range of quality in the sites, including that of features or aspects that could possibly foster citizen participation. The higher rated sites help define “best practices” in this regard and provide suggestions as to how other states' sites might make improvements and possibly increase participation.
Ultrastructure of sinus venosus innervation in Petromyzon marinus.

Sections of the sinus venosus from the young adult Petromyzon marinus revealed the presence of numerous axon profiles. These nonmyelinated axons are bound singly or in multiples within Schwann cell sheaths. At points of neuromuscular association, the axon protrudes from an incomplete Schwann cell investment and approaches within 40–50 nm of adjacent myocardial sarcolemmae with only basal laminae intervening between the two. Points of neuromuscular association are characterized by the presence of abundant electron lucent vesicles (40–50 nm in diameter) within the axon crowded against the axon membrane nearest the myocardial cell. No axons were observed within the atria or ventricles. Innervation of chromaffin cells containing 120 nm vesicles with electron dense cores was not observed.
Social Networks and Political Participation: The Role of Social Interaction in Explaining Political Participation

The argument advanced in this article is that interaction in social networks has a strong, though often over-looked, influence on the propensity to participate in politics. Specifically, I argue that social interaction creates opportunities for individuals to gather information about politics that allows them to live beyond personal resource constraints, thereby supporting the political activity of many people. Using relational data from the South Bend Election Study, this article provides evidence that the effect of social interaction on participation is contingent on the amount of political discussion that occurs in social networks. Additional analysis shows the substantive and theoretical importance of such interaction by explaining how it is distinct from the effect of social group memberships and how it enhances the effect of individual education on the probability of participation. This key contribution of this article is to show that models of political participation that do not account for informa...
Spending rules, tax-expenditure limitations, and fiscal constraints on state governments

Expenditure limitations on state government in the form of legislated spending rules have become an increasingly popular approach to restricting the size of the government sector. The longrun growth implications for government spending are not clear, however, since the legislative wording and quantification of the rules do not distinguish between nominal and real growth in critical benchmark variables. This paper analyzes the long-term growth implications of spending rules for a number of states in terms of, a) real and nominal changes, b) cyclical variations in government spending under conditions of inflation and deflation, and c) changes in the demand for state government output over time.
In Vitro Infant Digestion of Whey Protein–Dextran Glycates

Whey protein–dextran glycates (WD) made from whey protein isolate (WPI) and dextran (DX) of two different molecular masses (10 and 150 kDa) were subjected to an in vitro infant digestion model. The model included physiologically relevant concentrations of porcine gastrointestinal enzymes, as well as phosphatidylcholine and bile salts. Native α-lactalbumin and bovine serum albumin were rapidly digested during the gastric phase, whereas 93 % of β-lactoglobulin (BLG) passed unaltered into the duodenal phase and was completely digested by pancreatin within 150 min. DX-glycated whey protein (WD10; WD150) also survived gastric digestion intact, but was digested by pancreatin. However, after 180 min of duodenal digestion, some glycate and free BLG remained. Titers of free BLG in the duodenal phase were 10-fold higher for WPI compared to the glycates. Duodenal digestion kinetics of the BLG present in WPI, as well as of the free BLG present in WD10 and WD150 followed first-order kinetics. Digestion rate constants (k) were 0.019, 0.010, and 0.012 min−1, for k WPI, k WD10, and k WD150, respectively. Lower rate constants were observed for BLG digestion in glycates as compared to WPI. In conclusion, BLG was digested in glycates, but its digestion was slower in the glycate form. Avoiding high titers of BLG in the duodenum, as well as successful masking of immunogenic peptides by DX, could help in the development of hypoallergenic foods. This work contributes to an understanding of how protein–polysaccharide glycates impact protein digestion in infants.
Secondary acute angle closure glaucoma: A complication of aids

A 58-year-old man with advanced AIDS presented to the emergency department complaining of headache and decreased vision bilaterally. On evaluation, he was found to have intraocular pressures of 69 and 65 mm Hg. After topical treatment with miotics and apraclonidine, he was given intravenous acetazolamide (Diamox) and peripheral iridotomy was performed. The pressures did not improve significantly. Secondary acute angle closure glaucoma was diagnosed. Emergency physicians should consider this diagnosis when evaluating AIDS patients with visual complaints.
The Length of Noetherian Polynomial Rings

Abstract We show that if R is a left Noetherian ring, then Here, for a Noetherian left module A, len A is its ordinal valued length as defined by Gulliksen (Gulliksen, (1973). T. H. A theory of length for noetherian modules. J. Pure Appl. Algebra 3:159–170), and ⊗ is the natural product on ordinal numbers.
Protective Action of Glutamine, Cysteine and Other Substances Against Experimental Lathyrism in the Rat

ConclusionsOf a wide variety of supplements tested for their protective action against development of skeletal deformities in rats fed sweet peas or β-aminopropionitrile, none gave complete protection. Only L-eysteine-HCl, L-glutamine; and proteins were partially protective. Of the proteins tried, casein, gelatin, lactalbumin and casein hydrolysate gave some protection; zein did not. The protective action of glutamine may be related to its probable role in chondroitin sulfate and mucopolysaccharide synthesis.Note added in press. Experiments completed since this paper was submitted for publication indicate that the protection afforded by L-cysteine-HCl is prolonged if the diet is made up fresh weekly. Under these conditions the protection against development of skeletal changes was greater with cysteine than with glutamine. The decreased protective activity of L-cysteine in an aging diet is probably due to a gradual loss of cysteine because of the lability of its sulfhydryl group.
Genetic modification of animals in the next century.

Since the initial demonstration in 1982 of profound phenotypic effects stemming from the expression of a single transgene, genetic engineering has revolutionized fundamental biological and biomedical research. The application of transgenic technology to farm animals has held the promise of being able to improve animal agriculture significantly and has resulted in a new industry, i.e., the successful expression of foreign proteins in the mammary gland for the pharmaceutical industry. Work over the last few years in model species (e.g., the mouse) and new technical developments such as cloning have now set the stage for the initial application of transgenic technology for the improvement of farm animals. Major limitations that remain are the lack understanding of which genes we should transfer in order to alter quantitative production traits usefully and the low efficiency of producting transgenic founders. Furthermore, more research is needed concerning the consequences and potential problems arising from the integration of transgenes into populations with varying genetic backgrounds. Recent advances suggest that within the first decade of the 21 st century the first transgenic animals will become available to the livestock industry, with acceptance depending upon their cost versus their potential economic benefit to the producers.
Plume formation and lithosphere erosion - A comparison of laboratory and numerical experiments

The mechanics of thermal plume formation and intrusion into the lithosphere are investigated using a combination of laboratory and numerical simulations. The sequence of events leading to lithospheric thinning and uplift by thermal plumes is established, and some numerical estimates of the time scales for each stage in this process are derived that are applicable to the mantle. It is demonstrated that the two-dimensional finite element computations successfully reproduce the qualitative features seen in the experiments, with a quantitative discrepancy of typically 30 percent or less. The results of some calculations on plume formation and intrusion into model lithospheres with a variety of rheologies are presented.
Relationship between metal ion adsorption and catalytic properties of carbon-supported nickel catalysts

Abstract During the preparation of supported metal catalysts, the adsorption of aqueous metal ions is influenced by the intrinsic properties of the support. Any attempt to model this adsorption phenomenon requires at least three elements: the pH-dependent surface charge speciation of the support, the pH-dependent aqueous phase speciation of the precursor ion, and a suitable model to describe the equilibrium exchange reaction. A series of activated carbons derived from a low ash content carbon source was prepared by controlled oxidation using nitric acid. The surface ionization constants for the protonation/de proton ation equilibria of the hydroxyl groups on each carbon were determined assuming a classical Gouy-Chapman diffuse layer. They were found to vary systematically with extent of oxidation. Nickel adsorption data were obtained over a wide range of pH and Ni concentration. Under the conditions of this study, Ni2+ was the dominant ion. A surface complexation model was employed to test the hypothesis that the model's parameters could be correlated to the results of characterization studies of these Ni/carbon catalysts. Specifically, it was found that the surface stability constant (≈ΔGads) of the precursor and the point of zero charge of the carbon varied in accordance with results from temperature-programmed reduction and temperature-programmed oxidation. It is proposed that the point of zero charge of the carbon support can serve as a convenient index for the design of carbon-supported metal catalysts with desired catalytic properties.
A simpler formula for the singular values of a certain Hankel operator

Abstract This paper deals with the problem of computing the singular values and vectors of a Hankel operator with symbol m ∗ W where m ϵ H∞ is arbitrary inner and W ϵ H∞ is rational. A simplified version of the formula given in [6] is obtained for computing the singular values of the Hankel operator. This result is applied to the (one-block) H∞ optimal control of SISO stable infinite dimensional plants and rational weights. Using this new formula a simple expression is derived for the H∞ optimal controller whose structure was observed in [9].
Nitrogen Losses and Cephalothin Absorption in Peritonitis Treated by Hourly Peritoneal Dialysis

The effects of peritonitis on dialysate nitrogen losses were investigated. Eight patients who developed peritonitis while undergoing peritoneal dialysis were compared to seven noninfected dialysis patients. Dialysate protein losses increased during peritonitis, but nitrogen losses into the dialysate did not increase. These findings were caused by reduced urea nitrogen losses in the peritonitis group, which proportionately, more than made up for the increased nitrogen losses from protein. We speculate that the smaller loss of urea nitrogen was due to diminished intake of food. Cephalothin uptake from the peritoneal cavity was unaltered by peritonitis and a dialysate flow rate of 2 L/hour averaged 26 ± 2 mL/minute and 27 ± 2 mL/minute in the noninfected and infected groups, respectively.
Comparison of topside equatorial parameters derived from DMSP, Jicamarca, and Another Model of the Ionosphere (SAMI2)

[1] Comparison is made of topside equatorial parameters obtained from DMSP satellites with those measured from Jicamarca radar and those calculated from Another Model of the Ionosphere (SAMI2). To determine acceptable limits for this volume, knowledge of the spatial and temporal gradients in the parameters must be defined. Those can be obtained independently from each data source and are dependent on local time and season. Having described the spatial gradients, a comparison of the ionospheric variables can be made. The present study focuses on simultaneous ground-based and satellite data obtained for June 2002. Data for days 11, 12, and 13 are compared in this study. Satellite data are obtained from the DMSP satellites F13 (0600–1800 LT) and F15 (0900–2100 LT), respectively. Ground-based data are obtained from the Jicamarca radar. These are then compared with numerical computations performed by the SAMI2 model for the same period. Good agreement between observation and model is achieved for the total ion concentration during daytime and nighttime, while the ion and electron temperatures agree well at night. The light ion fraction is usually <20% from all three sources except during sunrise where the light ion content can be higher. Accounting for the variables H+ and He+ concentrations in the topside appears to be the major factor affecting the different data sources.
Feminine Views in the Feminine Style: Convention Speeches by Presidential Nominees' Spouses

The spouse's speech is an expected part of national nominating conventions but is largely ignored in political rhetoric research. This article examines 10 speeches delivered by nominees' spouses between 1992 and 2012 using the feminine style as a critical lens. What emerges are recurring themes and strategies that reinforce a limited perspective on women as political actors. The wives' speeches are restricted to “feminine” political topics or perspectives and reframe the speaking situation in personal terms. The emphasis on tales of home and family also limits the scope of the speakers' perceived expertise and interests. The spouses' speeches embody concerns Parry-Giles and Parry-Giles express regarding the feminine style's use to reinforce a hegemonic masculinity in a traditionally patriarchal political system.
Versatile controller for multi-stepper motor operation

Abstract For stepper motor control a cost-effective microcontroller-based circuit is presented that uses most recent commercially available integrated circuit chips capable of supplying up to 2.5 A at 48 V. With a properly selected microcontroller it is shown that simultaneous complete individual control of several motors including the selection of eight different current levels can be performed. This can be accomplished by entering some high-level simple commands through the terminal of a personal computer to which the controller is interfaced via MC1488 and MC1489. Modular design of hardware and software is proposed for easy expansion and modification to suit a desired application. The circuit is capable of handling complex systems where the control of several stepper motors is required. This is accomplished through the use of the multiprocessing communication capability of the employed microcontroller.
Compact single-channel Raman detector for macular pigments

Raman detection of macular pigments (MP) holds promise as a novel noninvasive technology for the quantification of lutein and zeaxanthin carotenoids, which are thought to prevent or delay the onset of age-related macular degeneration. Using resonant excitation in the visible, we measure the Raman signals that originate from the double-bond stretch vibrations of the p-conjugated carotenoid molecule's carbon backbone. In this paper we describe the construction and performance of a new, compact, and low-cost MP Raman instrument using dielectric, angle-tuned band-pass filters for wavelength selection and single-channel photo-multiplier detection of carotenoid Raman responses. MP concentration measurements are fast and accurate, as seen in experiments with model eyes and living human eyes. The ease and rapidity of Raman MP measurements, the relative simplicity of the instrumentation, the high accuracy of the measurements, and the lack of significant systematic errors should make this technology useful for widespread clinical research.
PET Measures of Amphetamine-Induced Dopamine Release in Ventral versus Dorsal Striatum

Regional differences in dextroamphetamine (AMPH)-induced dopamine (DA) release in the baboon striatum were assessed using positron emission tomographic (PET) measures of [11C]raclopride specific binding to DA D2/D3 receptors acquired before and after AMPH administration. The magnitude of the reduction in [11C]raclopride binding, following AMPH administration, was two-fold greater in the anteroventral striatum (comprised of ventral caudate, anteroventral putamen, and nucleus accumbens) than the dorsal striatum (dorsal caudate). A simulation study demonstrated that any potential biases due to resolution (partial volume) and alignment effects were significantly smaller than the magnitude of the observed results. These regional differences in the sensitivity to AMPH are compatible with microdialysis evidence in rats indicating that the magnitude of DA release in response to AMPH concentrations in the range tested is greater in ventral than dorsal striatal regions. Post hoc tests involving measures in other striatal regions showed that the baseline DA D2/D3 binding was highest and the correlation between AMPH dose and change in [11C]raclopride binding most significant in the putamen.
Early Negative Affect Predicts Anxiety, not Autism, in Preschool Boys with Fragile X Syndrome

Children with fragile X syndrome (FXS) face high risk for anxiety disorders, yet no studies have explored FXS as a high-risk sample for investigating early manifestations of anxiety outcomes. Negative affect is one of the most salient predictors of problem behaviors and has been associated with both anxiety and autistic outcomes in clinical and non-clinical pediatric samples. In light of the high comorbidity between autism and anxiety within FXS, the present study investigates the relationship between longitudinal trajectories of negative affect (between 8 and 71 months) and severity of anxiety and autistic outcomes in young males with FXS (n = 25). Multilevel models indicated associations between elevated anxiety and higher fear and sadness, lower soothability, and steeper longitudinal increases in approach. Autistic outcomes were unrelated to negative affect. These findings suggest early negative affect differentially predicts anxiety, not autistic symptoms, within FXS. Future research is warranted to determine the specificity of the relationship between negative affect and anxiety, as well as to explore potential moderators. Characterizing the relationship between early negative affect and anxiety within FXS may inform etiology and treatment considerations specific to children with FXS, as well as lend insight into precursors of anxiety disorders in other clinical groups and community samples.
Hormonal control of submissiveness in mice: irrelevance of the androgens and relevance of the pituitary-adrenal hormones.

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to begin to determine the role of endocrine factors in the control of submissiveness in mice. Experiment 1 examined the effects of castration and showed no effects of reducing androgen levels on the readiness to surrender following attack by an opponent. Experiment 2 examined the effects of manipulating the levels of the pituitary-adrenocortical hormones. This study showed, first, that increasing the level of these hormones increases submissiveness, and, second, that the critical pituitary-adrenal hormone in the control of this agonistic characteristic is corticosterone. These studies, in combination with earlier studies of hormones and aggression, suggest that different hormones are involved in the control of different classes of agonistic responses.
Photographic Sensitisers for the Infra-Red.

A STATEMENT which has been circulated recently (compare NATURE, Aug. 9, p. 218) that the late developments in the technique of infrared photography have come largely from the needs of the motion picture industry is not accurate, and I think it is worth while to have the record correct.
An Attempted Replication of Emotional Indicators in Human Drawings by Shy and Aggressive Children

Koppitz' list of 30 HFD emotional indicators was used to compare drawings of “shy” and “aggressive” children, Ss were 97 pairs of children between 5 and 12 yr. and were matched for age, sex and IQ. Contrary to previous research, no significant differences characterized the drawings of the two groups. Possible reasons for the difference between the original and present study are given.
Phase Equilibria in the System Na3AlF6−AlF3

The phase diagram for the system Na3AlF6−AlF3 was determined by quenching and microscopy supplemented with DTA and X-ray powder diffraction. Primary crystallization fields for cryolite, chiolite, and aluminum fluoride are defined. Liquid containing 30 wt% AlF3 is in peritectic equilibrium with solid cryolite and chiolite at 741°C; solid chiolite and aluminum fluoride are in equilibrium with liquid at the eutectic composition 39 wt% AlF3 and 694°C.
Height-analysis of k -dimensional leaf and node height-balanced trees: a new approach

A new general approach is proposed for the height-analysis ofk-dimensional leaf and node height-balanced trees which is expected to be useful for such analysis of other neighbor-supported balanced multidimensional trees as well. The approach leads to upper bounds which are the same as the known upper bounds for the corresponding 1-dimensional trees, to within an additive term.
Sequence, genomic organization, and expression of the human ADP-ribosylation factor 6 (ARF6) gene: a class III ARF.

ADP-ribosylation factor 6 (ARF6) is a member of a family of ~20-kDa guanine nucleotide-binding proteins that has been implicated to function in membrane ruffling and cell motility, endocytosis, exo...