cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Loss of hippocampal [3H]TCP binding in Alzheimer's disease.

We have previously demonstrated a marked loss in N-methyl-D-aspartale (NMDA) receptors in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex of patients dying with dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT). In addition, we have tk)und that the dissociative anesthetic N-(1-[2-thienyl]cyclohexyl)3A-piperidine t[ql]TCP) binds to a site whose regional distribution is highly correlated with that of NMDA receptor sites. We studied the binding of [3H]TCP to sections of hippocampi from 8 controls, 12 patients with DAT and 7 patients with other dementias. [~H]TCP binding was significantly reduced in strata pyramidalia of CA~'CA:, ('A~ and subiculum of DAT hippocampal formation compared to that of control. Labelled dissociative anesthetics could potentially be used with positron emission tomography m the diagnosis of DAT. Tritiated N-(1-[2-thienyl]cyclohexyl)3,4-piperidine ([3H]TCP) is a derivative of the dissociative anesthetic phencyclidine. [3H]TCP has recently been shown to bind with high affinity to a distinct class of central nervous system binding sites which are most concentrated in the hippocampus and outer regions of cerebral cortex [20]. The pharmacology of [3H]TCP binding is most consistent with binding to the dissociative anesthetic site (PCP-site) [27] and not to the a-opiate receptor [13]. Recent electrophysiological data suggest that the dissociative anesthetics block the excitatory action of N-methyl-D-aspar tate (N M DA) on hippocampal [5] and spinal cord neurons [I 6], as well as o11 pyramidal cells in rat somatosensory cortex [24]. Behavioral data also support an interaction between the dissociative anesthetic receptor and the N M DAsensitive glutamate receptor. The dissociative anesthetics produce similar behavioral changes to those induced by NMDA antagonists [12]. Moreover, we have recently shown that the regional distribution of [3H]TCP binding in rat forebrain is highly correlated with the regional distribution of [3H]glutamate binding to N M DA receptors [I 51.
Anemia and Cardiovascular Disease

SUMMARY Cardiovascular disease accounts for the majority of deaths each year in Westernized countries. Anemia, with its obligatory increase in cardiac output, may present a special risk in these patients. A review of the physiology of acute and chronic anemia as well as the physiology of myocardial ischemia is presented, as is also a review of the literature regarding the risks and recommendations for therapy in this group of high-risk patients.
The Production of F', M, and R Centers in NaCl at Room Temperature

One may produce a variety of absorption centers to the long-wavelength side of the $F$ band. The ones most carefully studied are the ${F}^{\ensuremath{'}}$, ${R}_{1}$, ${R}_{2}$, and $M$ bands. In NaCl at room temperature, the $R$ bands overlap and resemble the ${F}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ band; indeed, it is not possible to tell if the erregt state, so extensively studied by the workers in G\"ottingen, is due to $R$ or ${F}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ centers. An experimental study of these bands has been made. It indicates that the $F$, ${F}^{\ensuremath{'}}$, and $M$ band form during x-radiation. Since the lifetime of the ${F}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ band at 300\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K is short, it dissociates during the course of the usual absorption measurement. To obtain reliable growth rate of the $F$ band during x-radiation the contribution of the ${F}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ band must be taken into account. The $R$ bands are formed primarily by optical bleaching of the $F$ band. The experiments indicate that the "erregt" state at room temperature is due to the presence of the $R$ bands.
Transfer of single- and double-alternation patterning as a function of odor cues

Two squads of rats were initially given single-alternation (SA) training and subsequently shifted to a double-alternation (DA) schedule. Two other squads were initially trained under a DA schedule and shifted to a SA schedule. The results showed that there was no persistence of behavior learned under one schedule to the new schedule. (Performance conformed appropriately and virtually immediately to the new schedule.) These results suggest that contemporary odor conditions may be very salient cues in situations involving transferring behavior from one schedule of reinforcement to another.
Wideband double-element ring slot antenna

A new technique for bandwidth enhancement of microstrip-fed annular ring slot antennas is presented. Using this technique, a wideband antenna is designed that has consistent radiation parameters across the entire band and has a bandwidth that is six times larger than that of an ordinary ring antenna.
Modafinil in the treatment of excessive daytime sleepiness

Modafinil (Provigil) is approved for treating excessive daytime sleepiness associated with narcolepsy, for shift-work sleep disorder, and as an adjunctive treatment in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome who have residual daytime sleepiness despite optimal treatment with continuous positive airway pressure. Although modafinil improves measures of sleepiness, it does not generally normalize them, and it may be less effective than other stimulants for some narcoleptic patients. We need head-to-head comparisons of modafinil with traditional stimulants in humans to better define its role. We review the current approved and off-label uses of this drug and the evidence behind them.
National science foundation experience with university-industry centers for scientific research and technological innovation (an analysis of issues, characteristics and criteria for their establishment)

Abstract Indications are that industry underinvests in innovation in terms of the ultimate benefits to the firm and society. Using N.S.F, experience as a basis, this article examines some of the issues that arise when government, the university, and industry interact in a cooperative cost sharing effort for stimulating technological innovation, as well as examining criteria and characteristics for establishing those university-industry partnerships that are most likely to succeed.
An improved HF squelch technique

The HF band is subject to noise, interference, multipath, and fading. These degradations make the implementation of robust squelch algorithms difficult. HF squelch methods generally exhibit an unacceptable decrease in reliability as channel conditions degrade. However, it is under channel conditions degraded by noise and interference where a reliable squelch function is most desirable to reduce operator fatigue. This paper discusses the design, performance and applications of an HF squelch technique based on a burst serial tone waveform that operates in low signal to noise ratio and high interference environments. A discussion of existing HF squelch techniques as well as a description of the presented technique is provided. Performance data, in the form of probability of unsquelch versus channel conditions for a specified mean time between false unsquelch are presented. In addition, the results of a performance comparison with an example of a passive squelch technique are given.
Insomnia in prion diseases: sporadic and familial.

In 1920 and 1921, Creutzfeldt and Jakob described a rapidly progressive form of dementia that was apparently sporadic; the description of the familial form appeared shortly thereafter.1 Between 192...
Direct observation of ground-state lactam–lactim tautomerization using temperature-jump transient 2D IR spectroscopy

We provide a systematic characterization of the nanosecond ground-state lactam–lactim tautomerization of pyridone derivatives in aqueous solution under ambient conditions using temperature-jump transient 2D IR spectroscopy. Although electronic excited-state tautomerization has been widely studied, experimental work on the ground electronic state, most relevant to chemistry and biology, is lacking. Using 2D IR spectroscopy, lactam and lactim tautomers of 6-chloro-2-pyridone and 2-chloro-4-pyridone are unambiguously identified by their unique cross-peak patterns. Monitoring the correlated exponential relaxation of these signals in response to a laser temperature jump provides a direct measurement of the nanosecond tautomerization kinetics. By studying the temperature, concentration, solvent, and pH dependence, we extract a thermodynamic and kinetic characterization and conclude that the tautomerization proceeds through a two-state concerted mechanism. We find that the intramolecular proton transfer is mediated by bridging water molecules and the reaction barrier is dictated by the release of a proton from pyridone, as would be expected for an efficient Grothuss-type proton transfer mechanism.
Use Of Matched Filtering To Identify Speckle Locations.

In many cases the speckle maxima required for the our realization of the Shift-and-Add method are not well defined. This is due mainly to Poisson noise, inherent in the detection process, which obliterates the shape of faint speckles. The problem is aggravated for extended objects with local peaks, such as binary stars. As a remedy, we use a filter that smoothes out each speckle and at the same time defines its location. The best filter should be very close to the mean speckle itself: a matched filter. The initial guess for this filter is a bell function, slightly wider than the expected mean speckle. This initial guess is used to locate filtered speckle maxima which are then used to produce a better mean speckle estimate by shift-and add. The procedure is iterated until the mean speckle converges. We find that the iterative speckle estimate is not the optimum matched filter. The most suitable filter must suppress the variable background created by coalescing speckles in a large speckle cloud as well as smooth the single-photon event noise. Thus we combine the mean speckle with a band-pass filter into a matched filter. Local speckle maxima are thus enhanced, whereas single photons are discriminated against by using a comparison low-pass filtered frame, since they do not contain much power. The combined process, speckle identification and weighted-shift-and-add, can be carried out in the image plane or in the Fourier plane. We have experimented in both domains.
Manipulations of Endosperm Balance Number Overcome Crossing Barriers Between Diploid Solanum Species

Abortion of the hybrid endosperm is the basis for the inability to hybridize many angiosperm species. This has made it nearly impossible to incorporate the valuable characteristics from several wild, diploid Solanum species into the cultivated potato Solanum tuberosum. But some wild species have "endosperm balance numbers" different from those of most Solanum diploid species, and these numbers or "effective ploidies" can be manipulated to create new hybrids.
Gradient Balance in Tropical Cyclones

Abstract Analysis of a large inventory of in situ observations from research aircraft shows that the gradient wind approximates the axisymmetric swirling flow in the free atmosphere within 150 km of the centers of Atlantic hurricanes and tropical storms. In the middle and lower troposphere, the rms difference between the azimuthal cream swirling and gradient winds is typically &lt 1.5 m s−1 with zero bias. This balance prevails only for the azimuthal mean, not locally, nor is balance to be expected in either the surface friction layer or the upper tropospheric outflow layer where the radial flow is comparable with the swirling flow. It is theoretically possible that axisymmetric supergradient flow may occur in response to rapid radial acceleration where the radial flow slows in the friction layer beneath the eyewall or where it converges into intense diabatically forced updrafts. Nevertheless, the observations in the free lower and midtroposphere show that systematic departures of the azimuthal mean vorte...
Developmental Aphasia: Differential Diagnosis

(1970). Developmental Aphasia: Differential Diagnosis. Journal of the Australian College of Speech Therapists: Vol. 20, No. 1, pp. 15-21.
Partial reinforcement and latent inhibition effects on stimulus–outcome associations in flavor preference conditioning

Two experiments with thirsty rats explored the harmful effects of non-reinforced exposures to a flavor cue in the control by sensory-specific flavor–sucrose associations in a conditioned flavor preference paradigm. Experiment 1 demonstrated that rats learned to prefer a flavor cue that was consistently paired with sucrose over one that was paired with sucrose the same number of times but was also presented without sucrose on other occasions. However, rats for which sucrose was devalued following the conditioning phase preferred the partially reinforced flavor cue over the consistently reinforced flavor, suggesting that non-reinforcement weakened the ability of that flavor cue to evoke a specific representation of sucrose during the preference test. Experiment 2 demonstrated comparable effects of non-reinforcement in a latent inhibition procedure, although relatively more non-reinforced pre exposures to the flavor, in conjunction with fewer flavor–sucrose pairings, were required to see the effect. Together, the results suggest, as is often found with more traditional learning paradigms, that non-reinforcement of a flavor cue has deleterious effects on preference learning and/or performance.
Microfabricated engineered particle systems for respiratory drug delivery and other pharmaceutical applications.

Particle Replication in Non-Wetting Templates (PRINT®) is a platform particle drug delivery technology that coopts the precision and nanoscale spatial resolution inherently afforded by lithographic techniques derived from the microelectronics industry to produce precisely engineered particles. We describe the utility of PRINT technology as a strategy for formulation and delivery of small molecule and biologic therapeutics, highlighting previous studies where particle size, shape, and chemistry have been used to enhance systemic particle distribution properties. In addition, we introduce the application of PRINT technology towards respiratory drug delivery, a particular interest due to the pharmaceutical need for increased control over dry powder characteristics to improve drug delivery and therapeutic indices. To this end, we have produced dry powder particles with micro- and nanoscale geometric features and composed of small molecule and protein therapeutics. Aerosols generated from these particles show attractive properties for efficient pulmonary delivery and differential respiratory deposition characteristics based on particle geometry. This work highlights the advantages of adopting proven microfabrication techniques in achieving unprecedented control over particle geometric design for drug delivery.
Production of Thiamine, Riboflavin, Folic Acid, and Biotin by Chlorella vulgaris and Chlorella pyrenoidosa

Comparison of Chlorella vulgaris and Chlorella pyrenoidosa with respect to content of thiamine, riboflavin, folic acid, and biotin at different times in the growth period revealed that ( a ) the content of all four vitamins, relative to dry weight of cells, rose to a maximum and then declined; ( b ) the absolute amount of vitamin present (mmcg./ml. of harvested culture) increased continuously, except for folic acid, which decreased in the latter portion of the culture period; ( c ) of the four vitamins, only riboflavin appeared in the external culture medium in significant quantities; ( d ) in general, C. pyrenoidosa excels C. vulgaris in content of the four vitamins; ( e ) the thiamine, riboflavin, folic acid, and biotin content of both Chlorella species compares favorably with that of conventional vegetable dietary sources.
The run-up of N-waves on sloping beaches

Anecdotal reports of tsunamis climbing up coastlines have often described the shoreline receding significantly before the tsunami waves run-up on the beach. These waves are caused by tsunamigenic earthquakes close to the shoreline, when the generated wave does not have sufficient propagation distance to evolve into leading-elevation waves or a series of solitary waves. Yet all previous run-up in­vestigations have modelled periodic waves or solitary waves which initially only run-up on the beach. In our studies of these initially receding shorelines, we have found a class of N -shaped waves with very interesting and counterintuitive behaviour which may lead to a new paradigm for the studies of tsunami run-up. We will use a first-order theory and we will derive asymptotic results for the maximum run-up within the validity of the theory for different types of N -waves. We have observed that leading depression N -waves run-up higher than leading elevation N -waves, suggesting that perhaps the solitary wave model may not be adequate for predicting an upper limit for the run-up of near-shore generated tsunamis.
Impact of Cloud-Nucleating Aerosols in Cloud-Resolving Model Simulations of Warm-Rain Precipitation in the East China Sea

Abstract Cloud-nucleating aerosols emitted from mainland China have the potential to influence cloud and precipitation systems that propagate through the region of the East China Sea. Both simulations from the Spectral Radiation-Transport Model for Aerosol Species (SPRINTARS) and observations from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) reveal plumes of pollution that are transported into the East China Sea via frontal passage or other offshore flow. Under such conditions, satellite-derived precipitation estimates from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Microwave Imager (TMI) and Precipitation Radar (PR) frequently produce discrepancies in rainfall estimates that are hypothesized to be a result of aerosol modification of cloud and raindrop size distributions. Cloud-resolving model simulations were used to explore the impact of aerosol loading on three identified frontal-passage events in which the TMI and PR precipitation estimates displayed large discrepancies. Each of these...
Use of maximal bicycle exercise testing with respiratory gas analysis to assess exercise performance in patients with congestive heart failure secondary to coronary artery disease or to idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy

Abstract Analysis of respiratory gases during maximal tread-mill exercise testing has been used in patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) to detect the lactate threshold, presumed to reflect the onset of skeletal muscle underperfusion, and maximal oxygen consumption (VO 2 ), the point at which VO 2 plateaus with increasing work due to exhaustion of peripheral oxygen delivery capacity. To determine if this approach is also useful during maximal bicycle exercise testing, ventilatory, hemodynamic and systemic lactate responses to bicycle exercise were measured in 48 patients with CHF. Ventilatory responses also were assessed in 12 normal subjects. Exercise increased VO 2 to 24.8 ± 3.9 ml/min/kg in normal subjects and 13.9 ± 3.7 ml/min/kg in patients with CHF (p 2 increment over the last 3 minutes of exercise was comparable to that in normal subjects exercising over identical work times, suggesting that maximal VO 2 was not achieved. Moreover, in patients who exercised for less than 6 minutes, a ventilatory lactate threshold could not be identified. In the 33 patients who exercised longer, a ventilatory lactate threshold was identified in 31 and correlated well (r = 0.81) with blood lactate threshold, as defined by the VO 2 at which lactate increased 5 mg/dl over rest levels. However, the 95% confidence limit for predicting blood lactate threshold from ventilatory data was ±200 ml/min, a large range relative to the measured ventilatory threshold (570 ± 132 ml/min). These data suggest that in patients with CHF, respiratory gas analysis during maximal bicycle exercise cannot be used to measure maximal VO 2 and provides only a general index of blood lactate behavior.
Board of Director Quality and Firm Performance

This paper aims to shed light on the relationship between the quality of the individuals on a firm's board of directors and performance. It reports the results of an empirical study of a sample of Fortune 1000 firms. The findings suggest that quality boards, as measured by the average number of board seats held by each director, are associated with quality firms, as measured by both accounting and market performance.
Substance abuse and dependency risk: the role of peer perceptions, marijuana involvement, and attitudes toward substance use among college students.

Many college students are using substances at levels consistent with Substance Abuse or Dependence, yet little explanation for this phenomenon exits. The aim of this study was to explore a risk factor profile that best separates those with low and high potential for having a Substance Use Disorder (SUD). A discriminant function analysis revealed that participants with a high probability of having a SUD misperceive others' alcohol and marijuana use to a greater extent than those with a low probability of having a SUD. Implications for educators and counselors on college campuses are discussed.
The parathyroid gland of the woodchuck (Marmota monax): A study of seasonal variations in the chief cells

The ultrastructure of the parathyroid chief cell in the woodchuck, Marmota monax, was studied during the four seasons of the year. Spring chief cells have stacks of granular endoplasmic reticulum, prominent multiple Golgi zones and many clumped mitochondria. Summer cells resemble those seen in the spring but the mitochondria are associated with stacks of granular endoplasmic reticulum. Multiple areas of stacked granular endoplasmic reticulum characterize the fall chief cells. Their Golgi zones are large and are associated with many dense core secretory granules. Lipoid vacuoles are frequently noted. Winter chief cells have secretory granules and phagolysosomes (dense bodies). Some of these cells contain stacked arrays of granular endoplasmic reticulum associated with mitochondria, others have only short segments. The above morphological findings are discussed in relation to those in other hibernators, the parafollicular (C) cell, and to the cyclic seasonal activities of the woodchuck.
Characterization of two heme oxygenase isoforms in rat spleen: Comparison with the hematin-induced and constitutive isoforms of the liver

Two isoforms of heme oxygenase, designated as HO-1 and HO-2, were identified in rat spleen. The most abundant form was HO-1, wherein a relative ratio of about 5:1 of HO-1 to HO-2 was detected. The splenic HO-1 and HO-2 were immunochemically similar to the purified isoforms obtained from the liver and the testis. Moreover, the elution properties of splenic HO-1 as well as those of the constitutive liver HO-1 and the hematin-induced liver HO-1 on a DEAE-sephacel column were similar. However, the splenic HO-1 activity could not be induced by hematin. It is suggested that in the spleen heme oxygenase activity is maintained in the induced state as the result of constant exposure to hemoglobin released in the course of disruption of senescent erythrocytes.
PARTIAL PURIFICATION AND PROPERTIES OF A SERINE PROTEASE FROM TRANSFORMED C3H/10T1/2 CELLS

A 23-kDa serine protease was partially purified (1800-fold) from the cytosolic fraction of transformed C3H/10TI/2 cells. The purification procedure included chromatography with diethylaminoethyl (DEAE)-Sephacel, BBI-Sepharose, and C18 reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The partially purified protease had a pH optimum of 7.8 for the hydrolysis of the synthetic tetrapeptide succinyl-Ala-Ala-Pro-Phe-AFC (K m = 0.27 mM). The protease showed no other hydrolyzing activity against a number of various proteasespecific synthetic peptides. The protease was inhibited by a number of serine protease inhitors including Bowman-Birk inhibitor (BBI) (K i = 0.7 nM) and chymostatin (K i = 20 nM)
Experimental Investigation of Transient Thermal Convection in Porous Media

A laboratory experiment of transient thermal convection in a 1-m-high cell was conducted to compare the length and time scales of plume development to theory. The temperature field was resolved to less than 1 mm and was measured by dissolving a solution of thermochromic crystals into the water–glycerin working fluid. The time-dependent experiment was run by applying heat at the bottom boundary that eventually was $$6\,^\circ $$ C above the background temperature of the fluid. After development of a thermal boundary layer, the instability became visible at 26 min, with the development of 11, 3–4 cm width plumes growing from the boundary layer. The initially rapid growth rate reached a limiting velocity of approximately 0.5 cm min $$^{-1}$$ , and then decelerated throughout the experiment. Plumes interacted primarily by merging together; by the end of the experiment only three plumes were present. The Nusselt number at the onset of convection was 10, although it dropped to 4 after 45 min, which would be expected of a barely unstable system.
The Role of Time in Elementary Associations

3. R.K. Hester and W.R. Miller, Handbook of I Alcoholism Treatment Approaches (Pergamon Press, New York, 1989). 4. J.O. Prochaska and C.C. DiClemente, To ward a comprehensive model of change, in Treating Addictive Behaviors: Processes of Change, W.R. Miller and N. Heather, Eds. (Plenum Press, New York, 1986). 5. J.O. Prochaska and C.C. DiClemente, Stages of change in the modification of problem behaviors, in Progress in Behavior Modification, Vol. 28, M. Hersen, R. Eisler, and P.M. Miller, Eds. (Sycamore Publishing Company, Sycamore, IL, 1992). 6. J.O. Prochaska, Systems of Psychotherapy: A Transtheoretical Analysis (Dorsey, Chicago, 1979). 7. J.O. Prochaska, W.F. Velicer, C.C. Di Clemente, and J. Fava, Measuring processes of change: Application to the cessation of smoking, lournal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56, 520-528(1988). 8. C.C. DiClemente, J.O. Prochaska, S.K. Fairhurst, W.F. Velicer, M.M. Velasquez, and J. Rossi, The process of smoking cessation: An analysis of Precontemplation, Contemplation and Prepara tion, journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 59, 295-304(1991). 9. W. Velicer, J.O. Prochaska, C.C. Di Clemente, E. Guadagnoli, and J. Rossi, Patterns of change: Dynamic typology applied to smoking ces sation, Multivariate Behavioral Research, 25, 587 611 (1990). 10. C.C. DiClemente and S. Hughes, Stages of change profiles in outpatient alcoholism treatment, journal of Substance Abuse, 2, 217-235 (1990). 11. C.C. DiClemente and C.Y. Lovato, A stage based respiratory health protection program for union painters, paper presented at the annual meet ing of the Society for Behavioral Medicine, Wash ington, DC (April 1991). 12. C.A. Perz, C.C. DiClemente, and J.P. Car bonari, Stage-specific patterns of process use and successful smoking cessation, poster presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychology As sociation, Washington, DC (August 1992). 13. C.C. DiClemente, Motivational interview ing and the stages of change, in Motivational Inter viewing: Preparing People to Change Addictive Be haviors, W.R. Miller and S. Rollnick, Eds. (Guilford Press, New York, 1991). 14. C.C. DiClemente, J.P. Carbonari, and M.M. Velasquez, Alcoholism treatment mismatching from a process of change perspective, in Alcohol and Drug Abuse Review, R.R. Watson, Ed. (Humana Press, Totowa, NJ, 1992).
Syntheses and reactions of 2-halo-5-thiazolecarboxylates

A variety of 2-halo-5-thiazolecarboxylates was prepared from substituted-3-aminoacrylates and 3-ketoes-ters. Selective reduction of 2-chloro-5-thiazolecarboxylates 4a, 4i and 4j with sodium borohydride in ethanol provided the corresponding 2-halo-5-thiazolemethanols 27-29. Nucleophilic displacements on [2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-5-thiazolyl]methyl methanesulfonate (32c) occurred selectively at the 5-substituent to provide 2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-5-(heteroatom-substituted-methyl)thiazoles 32d-f.
ICD Lead Design and the Management of Patients with Lead Failure

The implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) lead is critical to the function of the ICD system. The mortality reduction associated with ICDs implanted for primary prevention indications has been made possible by the development of effective and reliable transvenous ICD leads. Mortality rates for implantation of transvenous ICD lead systems are currently less than 0.5%. The reliability and functional characteristics of a lead are often not known until it has been in widespread use. An understanding of the mechanism of lead failure is essential for proper patient management. This article describes the design and construction of ICD leads, discusses lead failure, and reviews subsequent management of patients.
A critical role for Cadherin6B in regulating avian neural crest emigration

Neural crest cells originate in the dorsal neural tube but subsequently undergo an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), delaminate, and migrate to diverse locations in the embryo where they contribute to a variety of derivatives. Cadherins are a family of cell–cell adhesion molecules expressed in a broad range of embryonic tissues, including the neural tube. In particular, cadherin6B (Cad6B) is expressed in the dorsal neural tube prior to neural crest emigration but is then repressed by the transcription factor Snail2, expressed by premigratory and early migrating cranial neural crest cells. To examine the role of Cad6B during neural crest EMT, we have perturbed Cad6B protein levels in the cranial neural crest-forming region and have examined subsequent effects on emigration and migration. The results show that knock-down of Cad6B leads to premature neural crest cell emigration, whereas Cad6B overexpression disrupts migration. Our data reveal a novel role for Cad6B in controlling the proper timing of neural crest emigration and delamination from the neural tube of the avian embryo.
Phase I clinical study of a static magnetic field combined with anti-neoplastic chemotherapy in the treatment of human malignancy: Initial safety and toxicity data†

We have completed the lowest level of exposure in a Phase I study, designed to establish the safety and toxicity of the combination of a static magnetic field (SMF) and antineoplastic chemotherapy in patients with advanced malignancy. The SMF application is carefully controlled by applying the magnet to the patient only in our clinic during chemotherapy administration. No increase in the severity of chemotherapy toxicity as measured by white blood cell count and platelet count was seen in the participants exposed to SMF compared to the historical control subjects. These data have permitted the next group of subjects to be treated at the next dose level.
Gender Differences in Adherence and Metabolic Control in Urban Youth with Poorly Controlled Type 1 Diabetes: The Mediating Role of Mental Health Symptoms

Objective To examine gender differences in adherence and metabolic control and test the mediating role of mental health symptoms in a sample of predominantly African-American, low-income youth with chronically poor metabolic control. Methods Baseline questionnaire data from an intervention study were collected from 119 youth and their primary caregiver. Results Boys had worse adherence than girls, but there were no gender differences in hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C). Boys had more externalizing symptoms, whereas girls had more anxiety; there were no gender differences in depression. Externalizing symptoms were associated with poor adherence and metabolic control. Although anxiety was correlated with poor adherence, this relationship was not significant in the invariate analysis. Results of structural equation modeling (SEM) suggested that externalizing symptoms mediated the relationship between gender and adherence. Conclusions Results suggest that gender differences in adherence may be attributed, in part, to gender differences in externalizing symptoms in urban youth with poor metabolic control. Interventions targeting these symptoms may be necessary to improve adherence and HbA1C in both boys and girls.
A survey of magnetooptic effects

The interaction of light with matter involves the electronic structure of the matter. In particular, the interaction is affected by the magnetic state of the medium, and this gives rise to the magnetooptical effects. The Faraday, Kerr, and Voigt effects are described, and their derivation from Maxwell's equations and the constitutive relations are given. The microscopic origins of the effects are discussed heuristically. A few representative applications of the magnetooptic effects to magnetic recording and to the control of light are explained.
Aggressive-Antisocial Boys Develop Into Physically Strong Young Men

Young men with superior upper-body strength typically show a greater proclivity for physical aggression than their weaker male counterparts. The traditional interpretation of this phenomenon is that young men calibrate their attitudes and behaviors to their physical formidability. Physical strength is thus viewed as a causal antecedent of aggressive behavior. The present study is the first to examine this phenomenon within a developmental framework. We capitalized on the fact that physical strength is a male secondary sex characteristic. In two longitudinal cohorts of children, we estimated adolescent change in upper-body strength using the slope parameter from a latent growth model. We found that males' antisocial tendencies temporally precede their physical formidability. Boys, but not girls, with greater antisocial tendencies in childhood attained larger increases in physical strength between the ages of 11 and 17. These results support sexual selection theory, indicating an adaptive congruence between male-typical behavioral dispositions and subsequent physical masculinization during puberty.
Twisted group rings and a problem of Faith

A homological characterization is given of when a twisted group ring relative to an automorphism of an arbitrary field has all of its simple right modules injective (= a right V -ring). This answers a question raised by Osofsky. A “Hilbert Theorem 90” type theorem determines the cardinality of the isomorphism classes of one-dimensional simple modules.
Representing the rise of the rest as threat Media and global divides

Like a giant oil tanker, the world is turning. New growth poles of the world economy have been emerging in the South and East. Globalization once belonged to the West and now the tables are turning...
Understanding what is meant from what is said: A study in conversationally conveyed requests

For a sentence such as Must you open the door ?, how does the listener come to construe it in its intended sense (“Please don't open the door”) instead of its literal sense (“Is it necessary for you to open the door?”)? It was proposed that the listener constructs the literal meaning, checks the context for its plausibility, and if it is implausible, applies a rule of conversation to derive the conveyed meaning. In a test of this theory 23 subjects were timed as they drew simple deductions from 10 different pairs of conversationally conveyed requests (for example, Can you open the door ? and Must you open the door ?). The first member of each pair conveyed a positive request, and the second, a negative one. Consistent with the theory, those sentences conveying positive requests behaved as if they were positive, even when they were negative in literal meaning (for example, Why not open the door ?); those conveying negative requests behaved as if they were explicitly negative, even when they were positive in literal meaning (for example, Why open the door ?). Some evidence was found for the notion that the listener constructs the literal meaning before the conveyed meaning.
New Method for Determining the Nucleation and Crystal-growth Rates in Glasses

The rates for nucleation (I) and crystal growth (U) for a lithium disilicate (Li 2 O.2SiO 2 , LS 2 ) glass were determined, as a function of temperature, using a new differential thermal analysis (DTA) technique. This technique requires in situ nucleation and crystal-growth heat treatment of a small amount of powdered sample inside the DTA apparatus, which then are followed by a DTA scan at a constant heating rate. The I and U values that have been determined at selected temperatures for the LS 2 glass are in excellent agreement with those reported in the literature. The technique also has been used to determine the concentration of quenched-in nuclei in LS 2 glasses prepared from melts that have been quenched at different rates, which are in reasonable agreement with those estimated from theoretical considerations. This new DTA technique is less tedious, requires a smaller amount of sample, and is at least 10 times faster than the conventional methods that have been used to measure I and U. Also, no special sample preparation, other than simply grinding and screening the glass to a particle size that is suitable for use, is required in this technique, whereas grinding, polishing, or etching is required in conventional methods. The excellent agreement in the I or U values that have been determined for the LS 2 glass via the present and conventional methods demonstrates the accuracy, validity, and usefulness of this DTA method for rapid determination of the nucleation and crystal-growth rates in glasses.
Increasing cooperation among plants, symbionts, and farmers is key to past and future progress in agriculture

The collective welfare of crop plants, their microbial symbionts, farmers, and society can be undermined by tragedies of the commons. A crop could increase resource allocation to grain if each plant invested less in sending roots into soil already explored by neighbors and less in stem growth. But evolutionary fitness depends on which plants capture the most soil resources and light (e.g., by growing taller than their neighbors), not just on the efficiency with which those resources are used. As for symbionts, with several strains infecting each plant, only host-imposed sanctions limit the fitness of strains that divert more resources to their own reproduction, at the expense of activities that benefit their host plant. Similarly, individual farmers do not necessarily benefit from pest- and resource-management practices that benefit farmers collectively or society as a whole. Plant breeders have increased crop yields by reversing past selection for individual fitness and they could breed for crops that would favor more-cooperative microbial symbionts. Better aligning interests among farmers and society may be more difficult.
Synthesis of Arrays for Suppressing a Wide-Band Jammer

This paper presents a design technique for a large antenna array to yield a pattern with low near-in sidelobes and a deep null in a specified direction. The performance of the array under wide-band operation and its effectiveness in suppressing wide-band jamming are investigated. Numerous transient patterns are plotted for various bandwidths and pulse-compression ratios. It has been found that, with a wide, deep null steered in the direction of jamming and by slightly increasing the rise time of the matched filter, the array is capable of suppressing an "impulse" jammer.
Demystifying Data Construction and Analysis

When I first became acquainted with the work of Larry Sipe I thought, "Anybody who studies reading aloud The Stinky Cheese Man has got to have something interesting to say." In this "Reflections from the Field," Sipe has done it again, here in collaboration with Maria Ghiso. They address the "how" of data construction and analysis, and in so doing teach us two important lessons. The first is that "data" in qualitative research must be found-they do not simply appear to the researcher-which is to say that they are not apprehended passively by the researcher as natural entities. Rather, each data point, each datum, must be defined and identified in a process of searching repeatedly through a set of information sources. Fieldnotes, interview transcripts, and archival records (as well as audiotapes and videotapes) are most appropriately conceived not as "data" in their unreduced form-they are resources for data construction within which data must be discovered. The second lesson is that patterns or themes in the data also must be found-they do not imply "emerge." Rather, statable patterns and themes-assertions that make generalizations about actions and beliefs that were observed-must be searched for repeatedly within the total data corpus, in a process of progressive problem-solving. These are two valuable lessons that disabuse us of two kinds of naivety about the processes of qualitative research. One is that these processes are simply subjective-the qualitative researcher finds conclusions through a combination of intuition and empathy that eludes reflection and thus descriptive reporting-that is, it is magic or art. The other naivety is that the processes of qualitative research are simply and unitarily objective; conclusions about pattern are found by processes based on low-inference coding judgments for which algorithms can be specified, and then more highly inferential layers of summary coding can be added in a nonproblematically stepwise progression upward in generality toward the identification of a statable theme or pattern. Either construal of the research process-as unitarily subjective or
In Vitro and In Silico Analysis of Annexin V Binding to Lymphocytes as a Biomarker in Emergency Department Sepsis Studies

Background: Peripheral blood lymphocyte apoptosis is a recognized feature of serious infection and sepsis and can be easily quantified by flow cytometric measurement of annexin V binding to the cell surface. Use of apoptosis as a biomarker in emergency department (ED) studies of sepsis is potentially difficult because of sample processing requirements and limited availability of a research cytometer with which to measure patient samples. Objectives: To assess, in vitro and in simulation, the relationship between sample stability, timing of patient enrollment, and diagnostic performance of a flow cytometric assay for sepsis in patients evaluated in EDs. Methods: Assuming any clinical trial would require daily sample batching, the authors measured the stability of lymphocyte samples over time, noting the rate at which annexin V–negative cells became positive as ED processing delays increased. With these data, they then optimized a study design that could evaluate lymphocyte apoptosis as a sepsis biomarker by using a series of Monte Carlo–based simulated clinical trials. Results: The authors found that annexin V–negative lymphocytes become positive during storage delays that would be encountered in an ED sepsis trial. The extent of this deterioration was least among cells left as whole blood at room temperature until just before analysis or when lymphocytes were isolated early and stored in culture media at 4°C until analysis. When the expected rate of sample deterioration was considered in simulated clinical trials, an inverse relationship was found between the rate at which patients are enrolled and the best achievable receiver operating characteristic curve a study could produce. Conclusions: Peripheral blood samples being analyzed for lymphocyte apoptosis degrade at a rate relevant to the design of ED trials of sepsis. Because of sample processing delays inherent in studying unscheduled septic patients, the performance of annexin V binding as a biomarker for sepsis can approach, but not be expected to exceed, its performance in a comparable intensive care unit–based study.
Sexual Satisfaction and Marital Well-Being in the First Years of Marriage

We consider the importance of sexual satisfaction in the first years of marriage. First, we examine how husbands' and wives' feelings of affirmation and tension in their marriage relate to levels of sexual satisfaction. Further, we explore the relationship between sexual satisfaction and four dimensions of marital well-being: competence, control, equity and happiness. Data from a longitudinal study of black and white couples were analysed separately by race and gender. In both the first and third years of marriage, feelings of affirmation and tension were associated with sexual satisfaction for all race and gender groups. Sexual satisfaction was related to several dimensions of marital well-being, though not always in the expected direction, and the patterns differed across race and gender groups. Sexual satisfaction is at least as important to wives as to husbands, but it is important to conduct separate analyses for race and gender groups.
Education and the environment: an international study

More educated people typically care more about the environment and are more willing to support environmental policy than people with less formal education. However, the relationship between education and environmental outcomes at the population level has been less studied. Using international data and panel regression techniques, this paper shows that increases in national investment in education and access to education increase fossil fuel usage and greater access to education increases carbon dioxide emissions per person. This finding is net of the effects of economic development, democratic institutions, and export intensity.
Remote Sensing-Measured Impacts of the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) on Landscape Structure in Southwestern Kansas

Changes in landscape structure caused by the introduction of the U.S. Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) were examined. Using imagery-derived land cover maps for the pre- and post-CRP enrollment periods, we identified regions of cropland that had been converted to CRP in a six-county area in southwestern Kansas. The major impact of CRP in the study area has been the reversal of an overall trend of grassland fragmentation. The introduction of CRP has substantially modified the spatial structure of the southwest Kansas landscape, generally with important positive implications for wildlife habitat, by changing the count, size, shape, interior areas, and connectivity of grassland patches. The authors also concluded that CRP enrollments had a strong spatial association with the distribution of points of water diversion for irrigation.
Integrated CMOS DC-DC converter with digital maximum power point tracking for a portable thermophotovoltaic power generator

This paper presents an integrated maximum power point tracking system for use with a thermophotovoltaic (TPV) portable power generator. The design, implemented in 0.35 µm CMOS technology, consists of a low-power control stage and a dc-dc boost power stage with soft-switching capability. With a nominal input voltage of 1 V, and an output voltage of 4 V, we demonstrate a nominal peak conversion efficiency over 94% (peak efficiency over 95%), at a power level of 300 mW. The control stage uses lossless current sensing together with a custom low-power time-based ADC to minimize control losses. The converter employs a fully integrated digital implementation of a peak power tracking algorithm, and achieves a measured tracking efficiency above 98%. A detailed study of achievable efficiency versus inductor size is presented, with calculated and measured results.
Tailoring the biodegradability of porous silicon nanoparticles

Porous silicon nanoparticles (PSiNPs) are attractive carriers for targeted drug delivery in nanomedicine. For in vivo applications, the biodegradation property of PSiNPs provides a pathway for their safe clearance from the body. Particles sizes of 80-120 nm are of particular interest as they are important for cellular applications, such as drug delivery for cancer therapy, because these nanoparticles can take advantage of the enhanced permeability and retention effect to deliver drug preferentially to tumors with leaky vasculature, yet large enough to avoid renal clearance. However, the biodegradability rate of such particles is often too fast, which limits particle half-life and potentially reduces their in vivo delivery efficiency. In this work, we focus on the degradation of nanoscale particles and study the effect of both thermal oxidation and silica coating on the stability of PSiNPs in phosphate buffered saline solution (a close mimic of a basic biological fluid). Using thermal oxidation, the half-life of PSiNPs can be varied from 10 min up to 3 h. Using silica coating, the half-life can be extended further to 8 h. The particles produced using both these techniques can be functionalized using standard silica surface chemistries developed for applications in drug delivery.