cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Emergency Department Access to a Longitudinal Medical Record

Our goal is to assess how clinical information from previous visits is used in the emergency department. We used detailed user audit logs to measure access to different data types. We found that clinician-authored notes and laboratory and radiology data were used most often (common data types were used up to 5% to 20% of the time). Data were accessed less than half the time (up to 20% to 50%) even when the user was alerted to the presence of data. Our access rate indicates that health information exchange projects should be conservative in estimating how often shared data will be used and the wide breadth of data accessed indicates that although a clinical summary is likely to be useful, an ideal solution will supply a broad variety of data.
Building-Integrated Thermoelectrics as Active Insulators and Heat Pumps

Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) accounts for 40% to 60% of residential and commercial building energy consumption, making this a critical component of energy usage in the face of rising energy prices. Building-integrated thermoelectrics (BITE) may provide a step towards adaptive homes and buildings that offer significantly improved efficiency and comfort. Integrating thermoelectrics into thermal mass and resistance (insulation) wall systems presents a fundamental shift from optimizing heating and cooling source efficiencies and minimizing building-envelope energy losses to a new regime where an active envelope is optimized to most efficiently eliminate those losses. This approach not only offers improved energy efficiency, but improves the uniformity and consistency of temperature, eliminates the need for all other heating and air conditioning equipment including thermal energy transport, and provides the platform for adaptive zone heating and cooling which can provide additional efficiency gains. Because of the solid-state nature of thermoelectrics, such a system would be reliable, low maintenance, silent, and clean. This paper examines various wall configurations and sizing for thermal mass, resistance, and thermoelectric components. A dynamic simulation is used to demonstrate how proper system design of thermal resistance and capacitance elements with existing thermoelectric materials may improve the typically low coefficient of performance of thermoelectric devices, making it competitive with traditional building systems. The results for different wall configurations are shown as a basis for future configuration design and optimization.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Pharmacokinetics of esmolol in children

The pharmacokinetics and concentration-response relationships of intravenous esmolol were investigated in 20 children undergoing indicated cardiac electrophysiologic testing. A loading dose of 600 μg/kg was infused for 2 minutes. An infusion of esmolol was initiated and dosage was titrated until β-blockade occurred. Serial esmolol blood samples were obtained for pharmacokinetic analysis. Noncompartmental pharmacokinetic analysis of the data revealed the following parameter estimates (mean ± SD): volume of distribution at steady state, 2.0 ± 1.4 L/kg; total body clearance, 321.2 ± 238.8 ml/kg/min; and terminal elimination half-life, 4.5 ±2.1 minutes. There was a significant correlation between mean esmolol concentrations and mean percentage of reductions of mean arterial pressures and heart rates at each sample time (p < 0.001). The doses of esmolol required for β-blockade (mean ± SD, 535 ± 180 μg/kg/min) in children were considerably higher than those typically used in adults. Esmolol should prove useful in children in the acute management of cardiac arrhythmias and hypertension. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1991) 49, 618–623; doi:10.1038/clpt.1991.78
Community organization, migration, and remittances in Oaxaca

Researchers studying migration and development have argued over the potential that migration and associated remittances have to improve the economic and social conditions in origin communities. Past research on migration from indigenous communities in Oaxaca has similarly questioned the compatibility of traditional governance systems with high migration rates. We argue, using evidence from four Zapotec communities in rural Oaxaca, that communities can use the organizational capacity of traditional governance systems to access remittances from migrants for the benefit of the community as a whole. Communities can require payment from migrants in lieu of communal labor requirements (tequio) and may directly solicit remittances from migrants for community projects. The extent to which they enforce these requests depends on the existing organizational strength in the community. These findings imply that strong forms of community organization can make the difference between migration contributing to underdevelopment and migration contributing to development. Especialistas sobre migracion y desarrollo han estudiado el potencial que la migracion y sus remesas asociadas brindan al mejoramiento de las condiciones sociales y politicas en las comunidades de origen. Asimismo, estudios previos sobre migracion de comunidades indigenas en Oaxaca han cuestionado la compatibilidad de sistemas tradicionales de gobierno y altas tasas de migracion. Sobre la base de evidencia de cuatro comunidades zapotecas en la zona rural de Oaxaca, sostenemos que las comunidades pueden utilizar la capacidad institucional de sistemas de gobierno tradicionales para acceder a remesas en favor de la comunidad en general. Las comunidades pueden exigir a los emigrantes pagos en lugar de participar en trabajos comunitarios obligatorios (tequio) y tambien pueden solicitar remesas a los emigrantes para proyectos comunitarios. El grado hasta el cual las comunidades exigen el cumplimiento de estos requisitos depende de la fuerza organizativa de la comunidad. Los resultados de esta investigacion implican que la solidez organizacional puede definir a la migracion como beneficiosa o perjudicial para el desarrollo comunitario.
A preliminary evaluation of the impact of unsolicited commercial email promoting stocks on the price of the stock

This article reports on a study in which data on the number of unsolicited commercial emails (spam) promoting the purchase of the stocks of specific companies was compared to changes in the stock's price in several ways. Spam created a short-term rise in the price of the average stock in the form of a short, damped oscillation, followed by significant downturn several days later. Models of message transmission strategies based on the frequency of sending isolated two possible marginally successful strategies.
A 744mW adaptive supply full-rate ADSL CO driver

A single 12-V supply ADSL line driver capable of delivering 20.4 dBm into a 100-/spl Omega/ load with a crest factor of 5.3 is described. Additionally, a theoretical power consumption derivation of several classes of amplifiers driving discrete multitone (DMT) waveforms is presented. A prototype of the driver was fabricated in a high-voltage bipolar process and evaluated in both pure analog and system environments. This driver achieves 18 V of ac swing on a single supply of 12 V dc. This is achieved by combining internal circuitry with external Schottky diodes and capacitors to modulate internal supplies to 24 V during high crest factor signal processing. The total power consumption is 672 mW when driving a resistive load and 684 mW when driving 8.16 Mb/s down a 6-kft line at a bit error rate of less than 1 e-07 in a full reference design.
Struggling Through a Difficult Time for Unemployed Persons

The purpose of this article is to report the findings of an investigation of the lived experience of struggling through a difficult time for persons who are unemployed. Most research related to the experience of life transitions uses a crisis or stress-coping framework; however, this ex perience was studied through Parse's man-living-health theoretical per spective. The qualitative research methodology specified by Parse for the study of lived experiences was used to discern the meaning of struggling through a difficult time. The processes of this methodology are: participant selection, dialogical engagement, extraction-synthesis, and heuristic interpretation. Ten participants were included in the study. Participants' descriptions were tape-recorded and transcribed. Through dwelling with the raw data in the process of extraction-synthesis, es sences and propositions were identified for each of the 10 participants. Three common core concepts were extracted from the 10 propositional statements describing th...
Approximation of Power Flow Between Two Coupled Beams Using Statistical Energy Methods

In this work, an investigation is performed into developing a general framework for predicting the power flow between coupled component structures with uncertain system parameters. A specific example of two coupled beams is considered, in which a torsional spring is attached at the coupling point to adjust the coupling strength. The power flow in the nominal system is formulated using component mode synthesis (CMS). First, the parameter-based statistical energy method, which employs free-interface component modes, is applied to obtain approximations for the ensemble-averaged power flow with each beam length having a uniformly-distributed random perturbation. Then, using fixed-interface component modes and constraint modes, the Craig-Bampton method of CMS is employed to formulate the nominal power flow equation in terms of the constraint-mode degrees of freedom. This fixed-interface CMS method is seen to provide a systematic and efficient platform for power flow analysis. Using this CMS basis, a general approximation for the ensemble-averaged power flow is formulated regardless of the probability distribution of the random parameters or the coupling strengths between the substructures. This approximation is derived using Galerkin's method, in which each modal response is expanded in locally linear interpolation functions in the random system parameters. The proposed general framework is numerically validated by comparisons with wave approximations from the literature for this two-coupled-beam system.
Movement to the higher V is remnant movement

Boeckx and Stjepanovic (2001) claim to have evidence from the analysis of pseudogapping that head movement is best viewed as occurring, not in the overt syntax, but in the PF component. In this squib I will show that all the movements that are needed in the analysis of pseudogapping are phrasal, hence that the analysis of pseudogapping says nothing about the place of head movement in the grammar
Virtual clothes, hair and skin for beautiful top models

Since 1986, we have led extensive research on simulating realistic looking humans. We have created Marilyn Monroe and Humphrey Bogart that met in a Cafe in Montreal. At that time, they did not wear any dress as such. Humphrey's body was made out of a plaster model that has the shape of a suit. Colours on Marilyn's body looked like a dress. Hairs were simulated as a global shape and skin was a colour. Since then, we have developed extensive research to simulate real virtual deformable clothes wearing by virtual humans. We also needed to have appropriate simulation of a skin and recently, we have developed new research on skin in order to decrease the plastic colour of our synthetic actors. Also there was a need to simulate hair in an efficient way. New methods have been developed, both for design and animation purpose that are compatible with the clothes module. In this paper, we introduce our most recent research results on these topics. We are now able to simulate top models that start to look like real ones. Our latest work, that shows Marilyn receiving a golden camera Award in Berlin, Germany, demonstrates the results of our research. This sequence has been shown in a ZDF television program that was seen by more than 15 million viewers.
Livebirths With Placental Hemorrhagic Endovasculitis

Abstract Background and Objective.—Hemorrhagic endovasculitis (HEV) is a vasodisruptive alteration of fetal-placental blood vessels that has been associated with perinatal morbidity and mortality and abnormalities of growth and development. Clinicopathologic conditions that are often identified in pregnancies with HEV-affected placentas include villitis of unknown etiology, chorionic vessel thrombi, villous erythroblastosis, meconium staining, and maternal hypertension. The clinical implications of HEV are often disputed. This case-control study assesses the clinical relevance of HEV in placentas of viable infants and examines the interplay of coexistent intraplacental lesions. Methods.—We reviewed clinical records and slides from 104 livebirths with placentas affected by HEV above a specified severity level (cases) and 104 matched livebirths with placentas that were not affected by HEV (controls). We evaluated incidences of perinatal complications with increasing HEV severity indices in placentas with an...
Field Verification of a Computational Fluid Dynamics Model for Wave Transformation and Breaking in the Surf Zone

The commercial computational fluid dynamics model FLOW-3D (Flow Science, Inc., Santa Fe, N.M.) is used to simulate two-dimensional wave transformation and breaking across a naturally barred beach profile. Fine scale pressures and velocities are computed for a 35.5 min period over a two-dimensional beach profile measured during the 1990 Delilah field experiment. The model is driven by observed wave spectra obtained in 8 m water depth, and results compared with a cross-shore array of pressure sensors and current meters extending from near the shoreline to beyond the surf zone and the spatial distribution of wave breaking patterns obtained from video data. In the calculations, wave breaking is a natural consequence of the fluid dynamics and does not require the use of empirical formulations or breaking criteria. Good agreement between modeled and observed wave height transformation, mean cross-shore flow, and wave breaking variability suggests that the model can be used as a numerical laboratory to study the wave breaking and dissipation process in detail, and perhaps lead to improved parametrizations for more computationally efficient numerical models.
Wavelet-based symbolic analysis for detection of broken rotor bars in inverter-fed induction motors

This paper presents a wavelet based symbolic approach for detecting small signature faults. Wavelet transform allows adaptive usage of Windows to extract pertinent information. This is critical for detecting faults whose signatures are significantly smaller compared to dominant frequencies in the signal. Rotor bar breakage, in an inverter-fed induction motor, is considered for validating the effectiveness of the proposed technique.
Workers and Politics in Wilhelmine and Weimar Germany

Should one study the workers' movement or the working class? The leadership or the rank and file? Politics or everyday life? The national arena or a city, fac tory, or occupation? If all German labor historians face the same questions, they do not give the same answers, and methodological diversity remains strik ing. Histories of the social democratic and communist movements, written from the perspective of the national leadership and stressing institutions, ide ology, and policy, continue to be written.1 So too do examples of the most popular genre of the 1970s?local and regional studies that offer social, eco nomic, and cultural explanations of worker protest and politics. While some authors focus on the development of the organized workers' movement, others are concerned with divisions within the working class. While some emphasize politicization and activism, others explain quiescence as well.2 More recently, factory case studies have come into vogue. They explore the organization of production and technological changes, worker recruit ment, migration and skill, company social policy and community influences, and the presence or absence of workers' organization and protest. Those deal ing with the nineteenth century pose the problem of working-class formation and the limits of social democracy and trade unionism, while those focusing on the 1920s center on the economic and political ramifications of rationalization.3
Interaction of Peptides with Sequences from the Newcastle Disease Virus Fusion Protein Heptad Repeat Regions

Typical of many viral fusion proteins, the sequence of the Newcastle disease virus (NDV) fusion protein has several heptad repeat regions. One, HR1, is located just carboxyl terminal to the fusion peptide, while the other, HR2, is located adjacent to the transmembrane domain. The structure and function of a synthetic peptide with a sequence from the region of the NDV HR1 region (amino acids 150 to 173) were characterized. The peptide inhibited fusion with a half-maximal concentration of approximately 2 microM; however, inhibition was observed only if the peptide was added prior to protease activation of the fusion protein. This inhibition was virus specific since the peptide had minimal effect on fusion directed by the Sendai virus glycoproteins. To explore the mechanism of action, the potential HR1 peptide interaction with a previously characterized fusion inhibitory peptide with a sequence from the HR2 domain (J. K. Young, R. P. Hicks, G. E. Wright, and T. G. Morrison, Virology 238:291-304, 1997) was characterized. The results demonstrated an interaction between the two peptides both functionally and directly. First, while the individual peptides each inhibit fusion, equimolar mixtures of the two peptides had minimal effect on fusion, suggesting that the two peptides form a complex preventing their interaction with a target protein. Second, an HR2 peptide covalently linked with biotin was found to bind specifically to HR1 peptide in a Western blot. The structure of the HR1 peptide was analyzed by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and found to be an alpha helix.
Consciousness: Neurophysiology and Visual Awareness in

The field of the neurophysiology of consciousness is at its very incipient stage. We and others have begun to localize the potential brain regions and neural circuits that maintain visual awareness. The techniques necessary to complete the search for the neural correlates of consciousness are still under development. Insightful experiments with appropriate controls to rule out several potential confounds are difficult to conceive in this field. We outline guidelines in designing appropriate experiments.
Isolation and characterization of Golgi membranes from bovine liver.

Zonal centrifugation has been used to isolate a fraction from bovine liver which appears to be derived from the Golgi apparatus. Morphologically, the fraction consists mainly of sacs and tubular elements. Spherical inclusions, probably lipoproteins, are occasionally seen in negative stains of this material. The preparation is biochemically unique. UDP-galactose:N-acetyl glucosamine, galactosyl transferase activity is concentrated about 40-fold in this fraction compared to the homogenate. Rotenone- or antimycin-insensitive DPNH- or TPNH- cytochrome c reductase activities are 60–80% of the level of activities found in microsomes. Purified organelles from bovine liver such as plasma membranes, rough microsomes, mitochondria and nuclei have negligible levels of galactosyl transferase. Some activity is present in smooth microsomes but at a level compatible with the possible presence of Golgi membranes in this fraction. The Golgi fraction does not contain appreciable amounts of enzymes such as ATPase, 5'-nucleotidase, glycosidase, glucose-6-phosphatase, acid phosphatase, or succinate-cytochrome c reductase. Similar fractions isolated from bovine epididymis also have very high levels of galactosyl transferase. The fraction is heavily osmicated when incubated for long periods of time at elevated temperatures, a characteristic property of Golgi membranes.
Manufacturing hybrid TCXOS

The authors discuss the Saber oscillator, a thick film, temperature-compensated crystal oscillator (TCXO) that was designed to provide Motorola with a small, inexpensive, highly reliable TCXO to operate as a reference oscillator for the synthesizers in its growing land mobile and cellular telephone markets. The crystal and compensation design is discussed to provide the background for a review of the manufacturing issues encountered. The authors describe several of the issues encountered in the manufacturing process and relate how these were addressed. Millions of Saber oscillators have been manufactured and it is still in volume production. >
INTERSPECIES COMPARISON OF PENTOSIDINE ACCUMULATION AND ITS CORRELATION WITH AGE IN BIRDS

Abstract Recent studies suggest that a linear correlation exists between the age of individual birds and accumulation of the advanced glycation endproduct pento- sidine (Ps). We compared Ps accumulation in skin tissue of Ruffed Grouse (Bonasa umbellus) and Double-crested Cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus). Skin samples were taken from the breasts of 52 Ruffed Grouse of known ages ranging from a few days to 10 years. Skin was cleaned of feathers and adipose tissue, acid hydrolyzed, and measured for collagen content via hydroxyproline spectrophotometric assay. Pentosidine concentrations were determined using reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Fluorescent detection (excitation: 310 nm, emission: 385 nm) revealed that concentrations of Ps per milligram of collagen increased curvilinearly with age (r2 = 0.87, P < 0.0001). Additionally, a blind study of 19 Double-crested Cormorants revealed a linear relationship between Ps concentrations and age (r2 = 0.93). Comparison of these two species re...
Whitney R. Harris

Whitney R. Harris died at age 97 on April 21, 2010. He was the final living one of the prosecutors who appeared in 1945-46 before the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg, the trial of the principal Nazi war criminals.After Nuremberg, Whitney Harris became a lawyer in the U.S. occupation government in the former Germany, a law professor, an American Bar Association staff leader, a successful private law practitioner and businessman, and a philanthropist. He was a lifelong advocate of human rights and international law. From Nuremberg through the 1998 Rome Conference until the end of his long life, he was a tireless and important supporter of the International Criminal Court.This eulogy, delivered at a memorial service in May 2010, describes Whitney Harris’s life, achievements and sterling personal qualities. It is published here containing three photographs of Whitney Harris at Nuremberg sixty and more years after the IMT trial.
Double-pulse charge technique for wireless and mobile devices

There have been many different techniques to implement faster charging and increase the longevity of a battery. There are recent initiatives to design more robust methods and systems. In this paper, a new method is described to improve the speed of pulse-charge systems (PCS). There are two clock phases of periodic-charging in PCS; one clock phase is for charging and the other clock phase is for resting. In normal conditions, the charging phase uses the maximum current, which can adversely affect the reliability of a particular battery, if applied constantly. In this paper, it is shown that a small amount of charge can be used during resting phase to reduce the long charging time.
Conditional Control of CRISPR/Cas9 Function

The recently discovered CRISPR/Cas9 endonuclease system, comprised of a guide RNA for the recognition of a DNA target and the Cas9 nuclease protein for binding and processing the target, has been extensively studied and has been widely applied in genome editing, synthetic biology, and transcriptional modulation in cells and animals. Toward more precise genomic modification and further expansion of the CRISPR/Cas9 system as a spatiotemporally controlled gene regulatory system, several approaches of conditional activation of Cas9 function using small molecules and light have recently been developed. These methods have led to improvements in the genome editing specificity of the CRISPR/Cas9 system and enabled its activation with temporal and spatial precision.
Commentary: What happens when a combined entity is lesser than the sum of its parts?

AbstractElsewhere in this issue, Kastor examines the failed merger of the Mount Sinai and New York University (NYU) medical schools and hospitals. The failure of the merger is even more remarkable today than it was when the hospitals began disassociating in 2001. Today, both Mount Sinai and NYU hosp
Functional performance assessment of the User Request Evaluation Tool (URET)

URET is designated as the conflict probe for the Federal Aviation Administration's Free Flight Program. Objective analyses of the conflict detection and notification functions of URET are known as functional performance assessments. This paper introduces metrics and techniques that are applied to perform these assessments on data recorded from the URET systems at the Memphis and Indianapolis Air Route Traffic Control Centers. Feedback from the operational testing provides us with a context within which to interpret the results of the functional performance analysis.
The Changing Role of U. S. World Trade

A transition in international trade has taken place in recent years. The economies of many Western European nations and Japan have been revitalized, due largely to American aid in the immediate pos...
Induction of invertase activity by hydrocortisone in chick embryo duodenum cultures.

SummaryEmbryonic duodenal tissue cultures respond to hydrocortisone with an increase in the specific activity of invertase. This response is dependent on: 1) the age of the initial tissue explant; 2) the duration of exposure to hormone; and 3) the pretreatment of the tissue before hormone application. These experiments suggest the presence of an inhibitor for the induction of invertase activity.
Ridership Response to Incremental Bus Rapid Transit Upgrades in North America: Demographic and Network Effects

This paper explores ridership increases in response to incrementally upgraded bus services in U.S. and Canadian cities. Current guidelines for developing bus rapid transit (BRT) corridors reveal a tension between comprehensive implementation of full-fledged corridors on the one hand and incremental, flexible development on the other. A review of the literature discusses this tension, various BRT elements, and the impact of these elements on performance and ridership. A methodology for comparing high-productivity bus corridors in different contexts using general transit feed specification (GTFS) data and a spatial database framework is described. Longitudinal and cross-sectional sketch models, with corridors as the unit of analysis, offer some insights into the relative impact of BRT features and external factors. Current data limitations allow for suggestive, if not definitive, results. Dedicated lanes and signal priority were positively correlated with increased ridership in some models tested, even when...
Visual Deprivation During the Critical Period Enhances Layer 2/3 GABAergic Inhibition in Mouse V1.

The role of GABAergic signaling in establishing a critical period for experience in visual cortex is well understood. However, the effects of early experience on GABAergic synapses themselves are less clear. Here, we show that monocular deprivation (MD) during the adolescent critical period produces marked enhancement of GABAergic signaling in layer 2/3 of mouse monocular visual cortex. This enhancement coincides with a weakening of glutamatergic inputs, resulting in a significant reduction in the ratio of excitation to inhibition. The potentiation of GABAergic transmission arises from both an increased number of inhibitory synapses and an enhancement of presynaptic GABA release from parvalbumin- and somatostatin-expressing interneurons. Our results suggest that augmented GABAergic inhibition contributes to the experience-dependent regulation of visual function. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Visual experience shapes the synaptic organization of cortical circuits in the mouse brain. Here, we show that monocular visual deprivation enhances GABAergic synaptic inhibition in primary visual cortex. This enhancement is mediated by an increase in both the number of postsynaptic GABAergic synapses and the probability of presynaptic GABA release. Our results suggest a contributing mechanism to altered visual responses after deprivation.
Profiling Photoinduced Carrier Generation in Semiconductor Microwire Arrays via Photoelectrochemical Metal Deposition

Au was photoelectrochemically deposited onto cylindrical or tapered p-Si microwires on Si substrates to profile the photoinduced charge-carrier generation in individual wires in a photoactive semiconductor wire array. Similar experiments were repeated for otherwise identical Si microwires doped to be n-type. The metal plating profile was conformal for n-type wires, but for p-type wires was a function of distance from the substrate and was dependent on the illumination wavelength. Spatially resolved charge-carrier generation profiles were computed using full-wave electromagnetic simulations, and the localization of the deposition at the p-type wire surfaces observed experimentally correlated well with the regions of enhanced calculated carrier generation in the volumes of the microwires. This technique could potentially be extended to determine the spatially resolved carrier generation profiles in a variety of mesostructured, photoactive semiconductors.
Analyses of the Calendaring Process for Performance Optimization of Li-Ion Battery Cathode

Olivine structure LiFePO4 (LFP) was synthesized via solid state processes, using Li2CO3, NH4H2PO4, and FeC2O4·H2O and C12H22O11 as precursor materials. The effects of calendaring are analyzed in terms of electrochemical performance, cycle life, surface morphology, and ac impedance analysis. The resulting LFP electrode was divided into calendared and uncalendared samples. Under electrochemical impedance testing, the calendared and uncalendared electrodes exhibited a charge transfer resistance of 157.8 Ω and 182.4 Ω, respectively. The calendared electrode also exhibited a higher discharge capacity of about 130 mAh/g at compared to a discharge capacity of 120 mAh/g at for the uncalendared electrode.
Student evaluation team focus groups increase students' satisfaction with the overall course evaluation process.

Context Most medical schools use online systems to gather student feedback on the quality of their educational programmes and services. Online data may be limiting, however, as the course directors cannot question the students about written comments, nor can students engage in mutual problem-solving dialogue with course directors. We describe the implementation of a student evaluation team (SET) process to permit course directors and students to gather shortly after courses end to engage in feedback and problem solving regarding the course and course elements. Methods Approximately 16 students were randomly selected to participate in each SET meeting, along with the course director, academic deans and other faculty members involved in the design and delivery of the course. An objective expert facilitates the SET meetings. SETs are scheduled for each of the core courses and threads that occur within the first 2 years of medical school, resulting in approximately 29 SETs annually. SET-specific satisfaction surveys submitted by students (n = 76) and course directors (n = 16) in 2015 were used to evaluate the SET process itself. Survey data were collected from 885 students (2010–2015), which measured student satisfaction with the overall evaluation process before and after the implementation of SETs. Results Students and course directors valued the SET process itself as a positive experience. Students felt that SETs allowed their voices to be heard, and that the SET increased the probability of suggested changes being implemented. Students’ satisfaction with the overall evaluation process significantly improved after implementation of the SET process. Conclusions Our data suggest that the SET process is a valuable way to supplement online evaluation systems and to increase students’ and faculty members’ satisfaction with the evaluation process.
Searching for Love and Test-Tube Babies: Iraqi Refugee Men in Reproductive Exile on the Margins of Detroit

In this article, I explore the reproductive health problems faced by Iraqi refugees, one of America’s most rapidly growing immigrant populations. Based on anthropological research in “Arab Detroit,...
The Implications of Bayle’s Qualified Academic Scepticism for Moral Knowledge

Recent attention to Pierre Bayle has made much of the difficulty in specifying the nature and extent of Bayle’s scepticism. After offering an abbreviated defense of reading Bayle as a qualified Academic sceptic, I draw out several important implications for the possibility of moral knowledge from this particular account. First, insofar as moral beliefs are justified on the basis of Bayle’s fallibilist conception of reason (bon sens), their justification is merely πιθανόν (plausible or persuasive), not certain. A further implication is that merely plausible moral beliefs will never be sufficient to justify any kind of persecution, religious or otherwise. Second, the well-foundedness of moral beliefs can only be derived from la droite raison, the aspect of reason that Bayle describes as “the natural light”. Bayle’s willingness to ascribe reliability, immediacy, and easy accessibility to basic moral beliefs is on the basis of their deliverance by the natural light. Though Bayle discounts the reliability of the natural light with respect to non-moral beliefs, he never questions the natural light with respect to moral beliefs. Moral beliefs are thus the most certain, most reliable beliefs that we have. Insofar as these moral beliefs are indeed from la droite raison and not merely conscience, we have moral knowledge, not merely normatively-charged beliefs. A further implication is that since Bayle claims on the basis of the natural light that any interpretation of Scripture requiring the commission of crimes is false, then religious persecution is forbidden on the basis of the natural light.
Tracking Radionuclide Fractionation in the First Atomic Explosion Using Stable Elements

Compositional analysis of postdetonation fallout is a tool for forensic identification of nuclear devices. However, the relationship between device composition and fallout composition is difficult to interpret because of the complex combination of physical mixing, nuclear reactions, and chemical fractionations that occur in the chaotic nuclear fireball. Using a combination of in situ microanalytical techniques (electron microprobe analysis and secondary ion mass spectrometry), we show that some heavy stable elements (Rb, Sr, Zr, Ba, Cs, Ba, La, Ce, Nd, Sm, Dy, Lu, U, Th) in glassy fallout from the first nuclear test, Trinity, are reliable chemical proxies for radionuclides generated during the explosion. Stable-element proxies show that radionuclides from the Trinity device were chemically, but not isotopically, fractionated by condensation. Furthermore, stable-element proxies delineate chemical fractionation trends that can be used to connect present-day fallout composition to past fireball composition. ...
Immunotoxicologic effects of polychlorinated biphenyls on the cell-mediated and humoral immune systems.

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) have become one of the most widespread and persistent environmental pollutants in the world’s terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems (Risebrough et al. 1968, Johnson and Manske 1976, Kalmaz and Kalmaz 1979). The desirable properties of these aromatic hydrocarbons (relative inertness to chemical and biological degradation, high flash points, and lipid solubility) fostered their use in a wide range of products and electrical systems (Bailey et al. 1970, Rhee and Plapp 1973). These same properties underlie PCB persistence in the environment, uptake by plants (Buckley 1982), and bioaccumulation and biomagnification in animal species (Kimbrough 1974, Kalmaz and Kalmaz 1979). The assessment of the hazard posed by PCBs to human beings and other animals has been confounded by the complexity of the commercial PCB mixtures. These problems arise both from the large number of possible isomers (Dustman et al. 1971) and the presence of contaminants such as chlorinated dibenzofurans (Bowes et al. 1975), chlorinated naphthalenes (Hutzinger et al. 1974), and chlorinated dibenzodioxins (Porter and Burke 1971). Kimbrough (1974) has published an excellent review of the toxicity and physical properties of PCBs to which the reader is reffered for further information.
Criminal Law Philosophy in William Schabas’s Scholarship

Much of the writing on international criminal law lacks a clear philosophical orientation and instead draws implicitly on a mix of criminal law theories to support analytic and prescriptive arguments. The work of Professor William Schabas, one of the most prolific and influential scholars in the field, in whose honor this volume is published, exemplifies this trend. This chapter examines the deontological and consequentialist strains in Professor Schabas’s writing to illuminate the role that criminal law philosophy plays in much of the scholarly discourse in international criminal law.
Cotton growth and yield as influenced by different timing of late-season foliar nitrogen fertilization

Foliar fertilization to meet the nitrogen (N) requirement of the cotton crop during the latter fruiting stages is a production practice that is not well understood. The objective of this study was to investigate the benefits of late-season foliar-N fertilization on growth and yield of cotton in relation to soil-N level and timing based on weeks after first flower (WAFF) and nodes above white flower (NAWF). A 4-year field study was conducted with four foliar-N treatments consisting of a control with no foliar-N, and one, two, or three foliar-N sprays under different soil-N regimes. In 1990, the foliar-N treatments were based on WAFF sprayed during fifth, sixth and seventh WAFF. Foliar-N significantly increased nodes above white flower (NAWF) over the control with no significant differences among the three foliar-N treatments. A negative relationship (r2=0.98) existed between NAWF and days after planting (DAP). Foliar-N also significantly increased plant height, leaf number, leaf area, leaf dry weight, boll number, boll dry weight and yield. The same foliar-N treatments were applied on low and high soil-N regimes in 1991 and 1992, and in 1993 on four different soil-N regimes, 0, 55, 82, and 110 kg N ha-1 at NAWF = 7, 6 and 5. No significant difference was found in NAWF among the four foliar-N treatments within each soil-N level during 1991. Significant differences between the control and the three foliar-N sprays were found for leaf area, boll number, and boll dry weight. In 1992, the NAWF of control plants showed a similar response to the 1990 control plants. In contrast, the foliar-N sprayed plants extended the highest NAWF for an additional week, after which it steadily declined below 5. Foliar-N significantly increased yield in 1990, yield and yield components in 1991 and 1992, and yield in 1993. Neither WAFF nor NAWF appear to be good indicators for timing late-season foliar-N fertilization. The study clearly demonstrated, however, that late-season foliar-N fertilization is beneficial to cotton plants, although the precise timing of such N application is still unclear.
Thermodynamics of Liquid Crystals and the Relation to Molecular Dynamics: ESR Studies

Molecular theories, derived from ESR studies of molecular dynamics, that provide a basis for understanding the stability of phases of thermotropic and lyotropic liquid crystals, are discussed.
Prostaglandins: Action on mast cells invitro

Abstract Prostaglandins A1, B1, E1, E2 and F1α at concentrations between 10−7 and 10−5 M failed to induce release of histamine from rat peritoneal mast cells. PGE1 and PGE2 stabilized mast cells against spontaneous histamine release, but had only a slight inhibitory effect on histamine release induced by 48/80. Calcium chloride and oxidized fatty acid salts did induce histamine release to some extent, but dibutyryl cyclic-AMP did not.
TriPOINT: a software tool to prioritize important genes in pathways and their non-coding regulators.

SUMMARY Current approaches for pathway analyses focus on representing gene expression levels on graph representations of pathways and conducting pathway enrichment among differentially expressed genes. However, gene expression levels by themselves do not reflect the overall picture as non-coding factors play an important role to regulate gene expression. To incorporate these non-coding factors into pathway analyses and to systematically prioritize genes in a pathway we introduce a new software: Triangulation of Perturbation Origins and Identification of Non-Coding Targets. Triangulation of Perturbation Origins and Identification of Non-Coding Targets is a pathway analysis tool, implemented in Java that identifies the significance of a gene under a condition (e.g. a disease phenotype) by studying graph representations of pathways, analyzing upstream and downstream gene interactions and integrating non-coding regions that may be regulating gene expression levels. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION The TriPOINT open source software is freely available at https://github.uconn.edu/ajt06004/TriPOINT under the GPL v3.0 license. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
In Vitro-In Vivo Extrapolation and Hepatic Clearance-Dependent Underprediction.

Abstract Accurately predicting the hepatic clearance of compounds using in vitro to in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) is crucial within the pharmaceutical industry. However, several groups have recently highlighted the serious error in the process. Although empirical or regression-based scaling factors may be used to mitigate the common underprediction, they provide unsatisfying solutions because the reasoning behind the underlying error has yet to be determined. One previously noted trend was intrinsic clearance-dependent underprediction, highlighting the limitations of current in vitro systems. When applying these generated in vitro intrinsic clearance values during drug development and making first-in-human dose predictions for new chemical entities though, hepatic clearance is the parameter that must be estimated using a model of hepatic disposition, such as the well-stirred model. Here, we examine error across hepatic clearance ranges and find a similar hepatic clearance-dependent trend, with high clearance compounds not predicted to be so, demonstrating another gap in the field.
Child Sexual Abuse within Educational Settings: A Qualitative Study on Female Teachers Who Sexually Abuse Their Students

Despite growing interest, research on female sex offenders has been limited. Previous research on female sex offenders has focused on understanding behaviors, patterns, and motivations of female se...
Time Off Work After Childbirth and Breastfeeding Supportive Workplaces: Associations with Near-Exclusive Breastfeeding Trajectory Membership

Abstract Objective We aimed to determine whether the association between time off work and a near-exclusive breastfeeding trajectory is moderated by perceived employer support for breastfeeding. Methods We conducted a secondary analysis of working mothers (n = 1,468) from the Infant Feeding Practices Study II, a longitudinal observational (2005–2007) study of U.S. infant feeding behaviors. Previous studies have found four latent infant feeding subgroups in the Infant Feeding Practices Study II sample, each following a distinct breastfeeding intensity trajectory. Multivariate least-squares regression was conducted to estimate whether time off work after delivery predicted increased membership in the subgroup characterized by near-exclusive breastfeeding, and whether this association was moderated by perceived employer support for workplace breastfeeding. Results Both time off work and perception of more breastfeeding support were independently, positively related to probability of membership in the near-exclusive breastfeeding trajectory (β = 0.16, p = .019, and β = 0.14, p = .004, respectively). The interaction of these two factors suggests an attenuation effect. The addition of paid leave to the model did not change the estimates. Conclusion The positive relationship between time off and trajectory membership was significant only for mothers who perceived their workplaces to be unsupportive of breastfeeding.
Workplace violence prevention: team collaboration is the key.

By involving managers of other departments in a cross-functional team to address the many and varied problems involved in dealing with workplace violence, the author is able to report more efficient management of the prevention process, expanded program oversight without the commitment of additional resources, and a well-balanced solution approach to the causes and outcomes of workplace violence incidents. Language: en
Chemometric decomposition of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry data employing partial modulation in the negative pulse mode.

Abstract Partial modulation in the negative pulse mode was optimized for comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC × GC) coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOFMS). With partial modulation in the negative pulse mode, a flow of auxiliary carrier gas is applied through a pulse valve to a T-junction joining the first (1D) and second (2D) dimension columns for nearly all of the modulation period (PM). This results in dilution of the 1D eluate, followed by briefly turning off the pulse valve for a specified pulse width (pw), effectively “injecting” undiluted 1D eluate onto the 2D column. The raw data has the appearance of 2D separations superimposed on top of the 1D separation. While high peak capacity GC × GC data are produced, there are challenges that needed to be addressed regarding the use of chemometrics for analyte decomposition, identification, and quantification. Herein, these data analysis challenges are addressed using multivariate curve resolution - alternating least squares (MCR-ALS). An isothermal separation of a 15-component mixture of similar compounds is obtained in 20 s using a PM = 250 ms and a pw = 6 ms. Various peak overlap situations were purposely produced to facilitate the chemometric method demonstration. The MCR-ALS chromatographic loadings (peak profiles) were used to determine retention times (tR) and width-at-base (Wb) in both separation dimensions. MCR-ALS readily decomposed 1D × 2D regions for analytes with severe 1D overlap if they were fully resolved on 2D. Decomposition was more challenging for analytes severely overlapped on both GC × GC dimensions when their spectra were similar, though ultimately all 15 compounds were successfully decomposed. Additionally, the 2D concentration peak profiles obtained via MCR-ALS are demonstrated to be reliable for identification and quantifiable. The predicted versus prepared concentration values are in good agreement for two representative analytes, with percent deviation values of −5.6% (±2.2%) for 1-hexene, and 1.8% (±3.4%) for 2-pentanone.
Generation and Numerical Analysis of Random Aggregate Structures in Recycled Concrete Aggregate Systems

AbstractA computational modeling procedure for generating a random aggregate structure (RAS) for recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) materials is proposed in this paper. The two-dimensional aggregate...