cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Where to Start and What to Do Next: The Sequencing of Treatments in Metastatic Esophagogastric Cancer

Esophagogastric cancer is associated with rising incidence and high mortality. Nearly 40% of patients have metastatic disease at the time of diagnosis with poor 5-year overall survival. The treatment of squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus and gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma has started to bifurcate in recent years, owing to the evolving understanding of the biologic and genomic characteristics of these tumors. Incorporation of HER2-directed therapy in the form of monoclonal antibody and antibody-drug conjugate is now standard of care for patients with HER2-positive disease. The addition of immune checkpoint inhibitors to the therapeutic landscape of metastatic esophagogastric cancer is associated with modest improvement in overall survival, and definition of predictive biomarkers of response to checkpoint inhibition remains imprecise. A number of therapeutic targets including FGFR2b, Claudin 18.2, DKK-1, and DNA repair defects are being explored in clinical trials. Similarly, combination immunotherapy and novel HER2-targeting agents, such as bispecific antibody and small-molecule inhibitors, are at various stages of clinical development. Despite the progress made in the field of targeted therapies and checkpoint inhibition, chemotherapy remains an integral part of treatment of metastatic esophagogastric cancer but is associated with considerable toxicity. Clinical trials focusing on minimizing toxicity of currently available therapeutic agents, development of novel biomarker-driven treatment strategies, and overcoming resistance to immune checkpoint inhibition will define the future of this traditionally indelible disease.
Stochastic modeling for tracking and prediction of gradual and transient battery performance degradation

Abstract As rechargeable battery-powered devices become a pervasive part of daily life, consumer standards for quality and reliability in these devices increase. One standard of particular interest is the ability to reliably track and predict the daily and lifetime capacity degradation of the batteries, over successive charge–discharge cycles. Tracking and predicting the degradation trend over batteries’ entire service lives can be challenging, not only due to the nonlinear degradation patterns subject to different usage conditions, but also because of the presence of transient regeneration events that can rapidly increase the battery's maximum capacity and affect degradation rates. Current methods in the literature commonly apply an exponential model in a Bayesian inference framework to track and predict global degradation trend, neglecting the transient behaviors and local fluctuations, hence leading to unsatisfactory performance. This paper presents a new customary model specifically designed to track the gradual battery degradation pattern, combined with a compound Poisson process-based model that aims to capture the transient behaviors. The integration of the two parts, forming a comprehensive degradation model, provides a more accurate description of capacity variation throughout battery's life cycle. During the model training phase, upon historical data, parameters involved in the two models are estimated through two Bayesian inference techniques: step-by-step estimation by a Particle Filter and batch estimation by a Markov Chain Monte Carlo algorithm, with their performance compared. The estimated parameters are then utilized for generating transient events and predicting future capacity degradation. NASA's lithium-ion battery data are analyzed to evaluate the effectiveness of the developed degradation model.
Microbiome: Insulin signaling shapes gut community composition.

Summary In a C. elegans model of host–microbiome interactions, interrogation of a genetically diverse panel of host strains with a defined, complex bacterial community reveals an important role for a conserved insulin-like signaling pathway in shaping the phylogenetic composition of the gut microbiome.
Comparative Efficacy of First-Line Treatments of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: Network Meta-Analyses of Survival Curves.

Abstract Background Multiple treatment options in first-line chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) pose a challenge in identifying the best treatment. We performed novel network meta-analyses (NMA; 8 trials, 11 treatments) on the Kaplan-Meier curves to compare treatments for fludarabine-ineligible patients on progression-free survival (PFS), time-to-next-treatment (TTNT) and overall survival (OS). Methods Using the Guyot method of enhanced secondary analysis of digitized survival data and applying the fixed lognormal distribution model, we extracted the survival proportions and hazard ratios (HR) over 60 months of follow-up, including PFS comparisons by unmutated/mutated IGHV and del 17p. Results Acalabrutinib-plus-obinutuzumab was associated with higher 5-year PFS proportions than ibrutinib (HR = 0.42, 95% CrI = 0.25–0.63) but not acalabrutinib, ibrutinib-plus-obinutuzumab, ibrutinib-plus-rituximab or venetoclax-plus-obinutuzumab. In patients with un-mutated (but not with mutated) IGHV higher PFS proportions and favorable HRs were observed for acalabrutinib, acalabrutinib-plus-obinutuzumab, and ibrutinib-plus-obinutuzumab relative to ibrutinib; and targeted therapies were superior over chemoimmunotherapies in patients with del 17p. Targeted therapies containing ibrutinib or acalabrutinib regimens were associated with superior TTNT over venetoclax-plus-obinutuzumab and all chemoimmunotherapies. OS NMA generally found no difference between therapies except for some chemoimmunotherapies. Conclusions Overall, only acalabrutinib-plus-obinutuzumab was associated with superior 5-year PFS gains over ibrutinib, which in turn was similar or superior in PFS benefit over other targeted therapies. Acalabrutinib and ibrutinib with obinutuzumab and acalabrutinib monotherapy were associated with greater 5-year TTNT benefits. Despite marked 5-year OS for many regimens, a differential 5-year OS benefit could not be ascertained.
'Directly Adverse' Means Directly Adverse: How Courts Have Misread Rule 1.7(A)(1) and Why It Matters

The Model Rules do not define “directly adverse.” These words limit a lawyer’s freedom to accept clients and a client’s ability to hire counsel of choice—this prohibition derives from the lawyer’s duty of loyalty. When, then, is a matter directly adverse to a nonparty client simply because the outcome could harm its interests? The answer to that question, the subject of this Article, is where the boundaries of Rule 1.7(a)(1) have been blurred, leaving the courts and the bar without ade-quate guidance. By confusing Rule 1.9(a)’s protection of a former client’s “interests” with Rule 1.7(a)(1)’s prohibition of direct adversity to a current client, courts have rewritten and expanded Rule 1.7(a)(1). This Article examines the current rules, discusses how they have been errone-ously applied, and offers guidelines for a proper interpretation of directly adverse.
Effects of maternal late-gestation nutrition on dam and subsequent progeny growth and performance of beef cattle

ABSTRACT Objective Our objective was to evaluate the effects of forage type and supplementation level on dam and subsequent progeny growth and progeny reproductive performance in heifers. Materials and Methods Multiparous, May-calving cows (n = 652) were managed over 6 production cycles and arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial. They were assigned to 1 of 2 forage types: subirrigated meadow (M) or upland range (R) for 116 ± 2 d, and then 1 of 2 supplementation groups: no supplement (NoSp) or 0.45 kg/d of 33% CP (DM) supplement (Sp) for 85 ± 2 d. Results and Discussion Body weight gain was greatest for MSp cows and intermediate for MNoSp cows, followed by RSp and then RNoSp cows (P = 0.02). Treatment-period BCS gain was increased (P Implications and Applications These results suggest differences in maternal late-gestation diet composition due to differences in supplementation and forage specie type and growth result in altered postnatal phenotypes of both female and male progeny.
From Cell Types to an Integrated Understanding of Brain Evolution: The Case of the Cerebral Cortex.

With the discovery of the incredible diversity of neurons, Cajal and coworkers laid the foundation of modern neuroscience. Neuron types are not only structural units of nervous systems but also evo...
Characteristics of Head and Neck Stabilization in Two Planes of Motion

The head serves as a sensory platform for detection of motion by the visual and vestibular systems and is held in a stereotyped position relative to the environment during natural movements like locomotion (Gibson, 1966; Pozzo et al., 1990; Winter, 1991). This stability of head position helps to maintain the orientation of the head’s special sensory receptors relative to the environment, and regulates the attitude of the head on the trunk as part of overall postural control (Nashner, 1971). Vestibular and cervical reflex responses participate in stabilizing the head and neck by exciting neck muscles to compensate for movements of the head and body (Outerbridge and Melvill Jones, 1971; Schor et al., 1988). The vestibulocollic response (VCR) stabilizes the head in relation to the environment. The cervicocollic response (CCR) is responsible for aligning the head with respect to the body. It is initiated by activation of cervical proprioceptors, and its actions complement those of the VCR during movement (Peterson et al., 1985). In cats, if the body is stationary and the head moves, the VCR and CCR sum their actions to stabilize the head. During body rotation, however, the CCR opposes the compensatory movements generated by the VCR (Goldberg and Peterson, 1986). Data of Goldberg and Peterson (1986) suggest that the VCR and CCR, or related neurally mediated responses, dominate head stabilization in the alert cat up to frequencies of 3–4 Hz where biomechanics become more important.
Chapter 24 – Knops blood group system

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the Knops blood group system. The terminology, expression, database accession numbers, and the carrier molecule related to the Knops blood group system are also reviewed. The complement receptor 1 (CR1) *1 allotype has 30 complement control protein repeats (CCPs) each comprising about 60 amino acids with sequence homology (also called short consensus repeats (SCRs) ). The function and disease association of the Knops blood group system is also discussed. CR1 binds C3b and C4b and has an inhibitory effect on complement activation by classical and alternative pathways, protecting red blood cells (RBCs) from autohemolysis. Erythrocyte CR1 is important in processing immune complexes by binding them for transport to the liver and spleen for removal from the circulation. Low levels of CR1 on RBCs may result in deposition of immune complexes on blood vessel walls with subsequent damage to the walls.
Capsular polysaccharides as human vaccines.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the use of capsular polysaccharides as human vaccines. Vaccination has proved to be one of the most useful scientific developments in the control and eradication of human disease. Early vaccines were based on whole-organism preparations or on protein toxins isolated from different bacteria. Although these methods are still effective, the discovery of a “specific soluble substance” secreted by pneumococcal organisms during growth, and the immunogenicity of these substances (capsular polysaccharides) opened the door to a new and important development in vaccine technology. Current interest in the capsular polysaccharides has evolved simultaneously with the resurgence of interest in the prophylaxis of human, bacterial disease because of their potential as good immunogens in providing protection against bacterial infections. This chapter outlines the development of bacterial-polysaccharide vaccines and relates the structures of these capsular polysaccharides to their many roles in the immune response to bacterial infection. Because bacterial disease is host-related, the chapter focuses only on the bacterial polysaccharides associated with human disease, particularly those capsular polysaccharides that are currently being used as human vaccines, or those having some immediate potential as human vaccines.
Calcium-mediated epigenetic regulation of alternative splicing in cardiomyocytes (560.6)

In contrast to the well-studied regulation of tissue- and developmental stage-specific alternative splicing, the regulated alternative splicing changes in cells responding to environmental cues is poorly understood. Here we report our discovery of a previously unknown calcium-mediated epigenetic program that regulates alternative splicing in mouse cardiomyocytes. We found that elevated calcium levels in cardiomyocytes induced by KCl-mediated depolarization or caffeine treatment led to a robust and reversible skipping of several alternative exons in a CaMKII- and PKD-dependent manner. We selected two genes that showed increased skipping, NF1 and KTN1, for mechanistic studies. We demonstrated that elevated calcium levels induce a translocation of class II HDACs from the cell nucleus to the cytoplasm leading to histone hyperacetylation throughout the gene body of these two genes. Transcriptional elongation rate analysis indicated a two-fold increase of elongation rate for these genes (3.2 to 6.8 kb/min for N...
Immunological Responses to Myelin and Myelin Components

The majority of the data available on the immunology of central nervous system (CNS) myelin relate to the specificity of myelin, and in particular its basic protein component, in bringing about the clinical signs and histopathologically defined lesions characteristic of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) via a primarily cell-mediated response. The remainder of the available data concern the detection of humoral antibody responses to myelin basic protein (MPB), cerebroside, and ganglioside. In the latter case, antibody to these components has been detected not only in experimental animals but also in normal human serum and in the serum of patients with a variety of neurological disorders.
Mega-Events: The effect of the world’s biggest sporting events on local, regional, and national economies

This paper provides an overview of the economics of sports mega-events as well as a review of the existing literature in the field. The paper describes why boosters’ ex ante estimates of the economic impact of large sporting events tend to exaggerate the net economic benefits of these events and surveys the results of a large number of ex post studies of exploring the true impact of mega-events.
The Use of Qualitative Research Methods in Quantitative Science: A Review

Qualitative research in the field of food science strives to understand consumer behavior and motivation. Often, these methods are used to develop a hypothesis, which can be tested through quantitative research. Traditionally, qualitative methods can provide excellent insight to consumer behavior, but the data collected can be difficult to organize and interpret. Focus groups are the most common qualitative research tool applied to understand consumer behavior and identify possible areas of focus for product development. However, ethnography and means-end chain analysis can also be applied to understand consumer behavior and personal values. Many new qualitative techniques have been developed that attempt to mimic data normally collected in quantitative research. Grouping and projective mapping allow consumers to represent similarities and differences between products and produce maps that show how consumers perceive various attributes of these products. Each method has benefits and drawbacks, and each demands a particular data analysis methodology. Understanding these approaches is important in choosing a research method and proper interpretation of the collected data. Practical Applications Qualitative research is often used as a way to develop and refine hypotheses in product development. They allow for quick, inexpensive probing of consumer demands in a natural and comfortable environment. However, qualitative research can also be used as a substitute for classical quantitative profiling methods or to powerfully augment quantitative methodology.
Canonical arbitrary-spin background-field wave operator and applications

We construct the canonical wave operator for a particle moving in a background Yang-Mills field uniquely determined from some simple physical properties. It is □A+F+min2, where □A=D·D and \(F = F_{\mu v}^a S^{\mu v} \tau ^a \in \underline {SO} (1,n - 1) \otimes \underline G \). As an application we recover an, elegant arbitrary-spin group-theoretical formula for the one-loop QCD β-fn. It is, withn=4 $$\frac{{\beta (g)}}{g} = \frac{{\hbar g^2 4}}{{\left( {4\pi } \right)^{n/2} \left( {n/2} \right)!}}\left( {\frac{1}{2}\sum\limits_\psi {\left( { - 1} \right)^f T_\tau d_s } - \sum\limits_\psi {\left( { - 1} \right)^f T_\tau T_s } } \right)$$ (1) where the sum is over all particle representationsS of\(\underline {SO} (1,n - 1)\) and τ of\(\underline G \) with dimensionsd and indices (equivalently, Casimirs)T. The (−1) is for anticommuting particles. In constant backgrounds curvatures, the infra-red instabilities already familiar for spin 1/2, 1 are evaluated and fall in general approximately on the linem2∝(s−1/2)‖F‖
PULSTORE.: Automated Storage Management with QoS Guarantee in

Traditionally storage has been purchased and attached to a single computer system. Such storage is accessible only through the computer system to which it is locally attached. In the last 10 years, especially in corporate data centers, storage is being increasingly purchased independent of the processors, and independently managed and administered. Because of the standardization of disk IO protocols, storage can be easily shared amongst various heterogeneous processors running various applications. The shared storage is accessed over a network interconnecting the processors to the shared disk subsystem, known as the storage area network - a network on which processors send IO calls to virtual disks. It is the task of the storage controller to manage the mapping of virtual disks to physical disks, a task known as storage virtualization, similar to memory virtualization of processors. The storage virtualization layer has been exploited to provide diverse storage functions. If a reasonable prediction of IO workload can be made, the storage virtualization layer could optimize the mapping of physical disks to virtual disks to satisfy applications' IO response time requirements. In this paper, we tackle the problems of moving data in a storage hierarchy under both capacity/performance constraints and on-demand resource provisioning constraints
Using the Python programming language for bioinformatics

Molecular biology is evolving from the study of macromolecules in isolation toward complex environments, potentially as large as complete cells. The amount and heterogeneity of information that needs to be processed and integrated in order to understand and simulate such complexity requires a leap in the level of sophistication of our software tools. In this article, we describe the advantages of interpretive languages in general and Python in particular, over compiled languages for tackling this formidable software engineering and integration problem. Keywords: scripting languages; interpretive languages; interpreters; programming paradigms; code reusability; modularity; interoperability; component-based software development; software engineering
Entropic quadtrees and mining mars craters

This paper introduces entropic quadtrees, which are structures derived from quadtrees by allowing nodes to split only when nodes point to sufficiently diverse sets of objects. Diversity is evaluated using entropy attached to the histograms of the values of features for sets designated by the nodes. As an application, we used entropic quadtrees to locate craters on the surface of Mars, represented by circles in digital images.
Social Movement Literature and U.S. Labour: A Reassessment

Largely due to its conservative profile at the time, the U.S. labour movement was largely absent from modern social movement literature as it developed in response to the new social movements of the 1960s and 1970s. Recent labour mobilizations such as the Wisconsin uprising and the Chicago Teachers’ strike have been part of the current international cycle of protest that includes the Arab Spring, the antiausterity movements in Greece and Spain, and Occupy Wall Street. These struggles suggest that a new labour movement is emerging that shares many common features with new social movements. This article offers a general analysis of these and other contemporary labour struggles in light of contemporary modern social movement literature. It also critically reviews assumptions about the labour movement of the 1960s and 1970s and reexamines several social movement concepts.
Evidence of soot superaggregates in a turbulent pool fire

Abstract We report experimental observations of extremely large, 10–100 μm, soot aggregates in a blended methanol/toluene fueled turbulent pool fire, which are believed to be the first observation of “superaggregates” in a turbulent flame. Laser-induced incandescence images of soot volume concentration, at the center of the fire plume and at a height within the active flaming region, reveal the appearance of large-scale particle-like features across a broad range of apparent volume fraction, which emit at an intensity that is comparable with that of the laser-heated soot particles. We argue that the features in the incandescence images result from very large soot aggregates. This observation is supported by scanning electron microscope imaging of extracted soot that reveals large soot structures composed of much smaller chains of individual primary particles. Analysis of the soot aggregate structure from the electron-microscope images reveals a 1.8 fractal dimension at micron scales, comparable with commonly reported soot aggregate sizes from hydrocarbon flames. At larger scales of 10s of microns, comparable with the total aggregate size, a larger volume-filling fractal dimension of 2.5–2.6 is observed. This type of fractal structure is consistent with reported, but apparently rare, observations of soot superaggregates in heavily sooting laboratory laminar diffusion flames, but is encountered in the much larger meter-scale pool fire at much lower soot volume concentrations.
Management of Aortic Valve Bypass Surgery

The 3 leading causes of aortic stenosis (AS) in adults are calcific degeneration of a normal trileaflet aortic valve (AV), calcific degeneration of a congenital bicuspid AV, and rheumatic AS. Therapeutic options in patients with severe AS include aortic valve replacement (AVR), transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI), or aortic valve bypass (AVB). An AVB involves the placement of a valved conduit between the apex of the left ventricle and the descending thoracic aorta. AVB serves as a useful alternative to treat severe AS in patients deemed high risk for conventional AVR (ie, porcelain aorta, previous cardiac surgery) or TAVI (ie, severe aorto-iliac disease, limited experience, lack of hybrid operating room). Advantages of on-pump AVB include the avoidance of aortic cannulation, cross-clamping, and cardioplegic cardiac arrest. The procedure can also be performed without cardiopulmonary bypass. In this article, the authors review the circulatory physiology, perioperative anesthetic management, the role of intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography, and surgical considerations of AVB surgery through 3 cases.
SOCIOECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: AN ALTERNATIVE VIEW

Introduction Today we find ourselves at a rather curious historical juncture. World poverty is more of a problem today than it was three decades ago. North‐south relations are more disharmonious than ever and, as a result, the development of the south is more urgent than ever. Yet, at the same time, the main tool of modern social science to tackle this problem, development economics, has turned out to be rather ineffective, throwing thereby the entire field into a deep crisis. It is not much of an exaggeration to claim that development economics as traditionally conceived is so seriously ill that it is not clear whether there is any life left. A leading scholar of the discipline, Alfred Hirschman, has found it necessary to write an essay that sounds more like an obituary than anything else (Hirschman, 1986). The basic tasks that now remain are to assess what went wrong and to explore new directions.
The extension of the magnetic time scale in sediments of the Central Pacific Ocean

Abstract The extension of the magnetic reversal record back to the early Miocene is presented. This record is pieced together with the aid of microfloral analysis from three low sedimentation rate siliceous deep sea cores from the Equatorial Pacific. Nineteen Magnetic Epochs are now recognized from the earliest Miocene to the Present. By correlating the micropaleontological data in our cores with selected foraminiferal datums from DSDP Leg IX we correlate these datums with the following magnetic epochs: the Pulleniatina Datum occurs in the lower part of Epoch 5, the G. acostaensis Datum occurs in Epoch 11, the G. nepenthes Datum occurs in Epoch 12, the Orbulina Datum at the Epoch 15/16 boundary and the G. dissimilis Datum in the lower part of Epoch 16. The Early/Middle Miocene boundary ( Orbulina Datum) is tentatively placed at the top of Epoch 16.
A formal mammalian biostratigraphy for the Late Pleistocene of Britain

Abstract A series of distinctive mammalian assemblages spanning much of the British Late Pleistocene is defined on the basis of type localities and a formal biozonation proposed. The Joint Mitnor Cave mammal assemblage-zone includes the famous “Hippopotamus fauna” of the early part of the Last Interglacial complex (Oxygen Isotope Substage 5e). This is succeeded by the Bacon Hole mammal assemblage-zone in which hippopotamus is no longer present and species like mammoth, roe deer and northern vole re-enter the British region. This assemblage-zone appears to represent the later substages of OIS 5. A faunal grouping dominated by bison and reindeer is named the Banwell Bone Cave mammal assemblage-zone and is believed to correlate closely with the Early Devensian (OIS 4). The Pin Hole mammal assemblage-zone includes the familiar mammoth-steppe faunas of the Middle Devensian (OIS 3) dominated by horse, woolly rhinoceros and mammoth. The Lateglacial Interstadial is characterized by the Gough's Cave mammal assemblage-zone in which horse, red deer and humans are well represented (part of OIS 2). No definitive evidence for human activity can be found for a period spanning the Last Interglacial complex (OIS 5) and the Early Devensian (OIS 4). Human populations return to Britain with the Pin Hole mammal assemblage-zone fauna during the Middle Devensian (OIS 3) and reappear after the Dimlington Stadial during the Late Devensian (OIS 2) but in a different faunal association.
Vectors for inserting selectable markers in vector arms and human DNA inserts of yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs).

To facilitate studies of gene expression and homologous recombination, plasmids have been developed which permit the insertion of neomycin resistance-encoding gene (NmR) into either the human DNA insert or the vector arm of a yeast artificial chromosome (YAC). To integrate into the YAC arm, the plasmid pRV1 contains a LYS2 (encoding alpha-aminoadipate reductase) gene for selection in the yeast host, and a NmR gene for subsequent selection after transfection of mammalian cells. These two sequences are bracketed by fragments of the URA3 gene (encoding orotidine-5'-phosphate decarboxylase) that can disrupt the URA3 gene in the YAC arm by homologous recombination in yeast. To integrate a selectable marker into the insert, the plasmid pRV2 contains a NmR gene and an intact copy of the URA3 gene, bracketed by segments of an L1 (LINEs) repetitive element. In this case, the vector has been designed for use with YACs that have already been fitted in the vector arm with a different marker (i.e., TK) that has disrupted the URA3 gene in the vector arm. Selection is for the restoration of URA3 gene activity attendant on recombination into an L1 element in the YAC insert. Use of the vectors is illustrated with a YAC clone containing ribosomal DNA.
Ingratiatory Behaviors in Organizational Settings

Social psychological research and work in the areas of upward influence, organizational politics, and impression management document the use of ingratiatory behaviors for the purpose of altering (shaping) positively the evaluations or attributions of relevant others. We examine four aspects of the ingratiation process. First, we define and distinguish ingratiation from other related, but not identical, constructs. Second, we present a dynamic model of the process and review the literature on which the model is based. Third, we present issues for future research that follow directly from the model. Finally, we summarize the important theoretical and practical issues raised by our review.
A surface wave dispersion study of the Middle East and North Africa for monitoring the comprehensive nuclear-test-ban treaty

We present results from a large-scale study of surface-wave group velocity dispersion across the Middle East, North Africa, southern Eurasia and the Mediterranean. Our database for the region is populated with seismic data from regional events recorded at permanent and portable broadband, three-component digital stations. We have measured the group velocity using a multiple narrow-band filter on deconvolved displacement data. Overall, we have examined more than 13,500 seismograms and made good quality dispersion measurements for 6817 Rayleigh- and 3806 Love-wave paths. We use a conjugate gradient method to perform a group-velocity tomography. Our current results include both Love- and Rayleigh-wave inversions across the region for periods from 10 to 60 seconds. Our findings indicate that short-period structure is sensitive to slow velocities associated with large sedimentary features such as the Mediterranean Sea and Persian Gulf. We find our long-period Rayleigh-wave inversion is sensitive to crustal thickness, such as fast velocities under the oceans and slow along the relatively thick Zagros Mts. and Turkish-Iranian Plateau. We also find slow upper mantle velocities along known rift systems. Accurate group velocity maps can be used to construct phase-matched filters along any given path. The filters can improve weak surface wave signals by compressing the dispersed signal. The signals can then be used to calculate regionally determined M s measurements, which we hope can be used to extend the threshold of m b :M s discriminants down to lower magnitude levels. Other applications include using the group velocities in the creation of a suitable background model for forming station calibration maps, and using the group velocities to model the velocity structure of the crust and upper mantle.
Cyclische Hydroxamsäuren: Synthese von 4‐Hydroxy‐1H‐1,2,4‐triazolin‐5‐onen

Cyclic Hydroxamic Acids: Synthesis of 4-Hydroxy-1H-1,2,4-triazolin-5-ones A series of 4-hydroxy-1H-1,2,4-triazolin-5-ones (3) was prepared by cyclization of 2-acylhydrazine-1-carboxylic esters (4) with hydroxylamine or by reaction of arylhydroxamoyl chlorides with methyl hydrazinecarboxylate and cyclization of the hydrazidoxime intermediate 11 with base. None of the new compounds showed significant antibacterial or antimycotic activity.
Extremity trauma: field management of sports injuries

Traumatic injuries to the extremities are common in athletic competitions. The practitioner providing coverage of sporting events must be prepared to diagnose and provide initial treatment of these injuries. A thorough history and physical examination should result in a provisional diagnosis. Many injuries will require subsequent radiographs or orthopedic consultation. Limb threatening emergencies are rare but must be promptly recognized and referred to a hospital. Early treatment can protect athletes from further injury and may hasten their return to competition. Some athletes with extremity trauma can return to the contest, but this decision must be made on an individual basis.
The impact of customer impatience on production control

Most analyses of make-to-stock production control assume that either all orders are eventually met (complete backordering) or that no customers are willing to wait (lost sales). We consider a more nuanced model of customer behavior, where the fraction of potential customers who place orders depends on the current backlog, and hence the lead time. A continuous one-part-type, single machine model with Markov modulated demand and deterministic production is considered. We show that the impact of customer impatience is captured by one quantity, the mean sojourn time in the backlog states. A simple procedure finds this quantity and the optimal policy, which has hedging point form. In applications, observing the durations of stockouts gives a practical method of incorporating the effect of customer impatience.
Mechanical modeling of ion beam lithography masks

The success of ion beam lithography in the sub-0.13 μm technology region is partially dependent on the development of a low distortion mask. To that end, finite element analyses have been performed to predict the distortions due to mounting of a stencil mask during exposure to the ion beam. In addition, modeling techniques which allow for the determination of in-plane distortions of specific pattern features during fabrication have been developed. Results can be used to perform Pattern Specific Emulation (PSE).
Quantitative cytophotometric studies on polyploid liver cell nuclei of frog and rat.

Nuclei were isolated from fixed liver tissue of diploid and triploid Rana pipiens and of rat. While the frog liver nuclei present a single ploidy class on the basis of Feulgen absorption measurements, rat liver contained diploid, tetraploid, and some octoploid nuclei. Nuclear areas within single ploidy classes varied over wide ranges, especially in the frog material. The mode of this variation was dependent on ploidy. Microspectrophotometric measurements of several protein components were compared to ploidy and nuclear volume. General protein methods indicated a linear relationship to nuclear volume. Protein-bound sulfhydryl and disulfide groups were not related to nuclear volume, but could be related to ploidy. Protein tyrosine values showed a partial dependence on both factors.
The dopamine β-hydroxylase gene promoter directs expression of E. coli lacZ to sympathetic and other neurons in adult transgenic mice

Abstract Dopamine β-hydroxylase (DBH) catalyzes the final step in the biosynthesis of norepinephrine, the principal classic neurotransmitter of peripheral sympathetic neurons. We have shown that 5.8 kb of 5′ upstream region from a cloned human DBH gene promoter is sufficient to direct expression of the E. coli lacZ gene in transgenic mice to neurons of the locus ceruleus and other classic noradrenergic brain stem nuclei, sympathetic ganglion neurons, and adrenal chromaffin cells. lacZ expression was also observed in neurons of the enteric system, the retina, some sensory and all cranial parasympathetic ganglia, and some diencephalic and telencephalic brain nuclei. The expression pattern of the transgene in DBH-immunonegative sites overlapped with many sites where expression of tyrosine hydroxylase or phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase, two other catecholamine biosynthetic enzymes, has been reported.
Assessing dispositions toward cultural diversity among preservice teachers

Teacher education interventions designed to help individuals acquire understandings and skills needed to work effectively with culturally diverse student populations may not have significant impact unless teachers as learners are willing to explore beyond the familiar comfort zone of the majority cultural status quo. The purpose of this study was to assess preservice teachers’ attitudes toward cultural diversity prior to their entry into multicultural education courses at an urban university. Respondents indicated strong support for implementing diversity issues in the classroom, and high levels of agreement with equity beliefs and the social value of diversity. They did not agree that assimilation to the dominant culture was a requisite for student success.
Training the Ethanol Workforce: The Importance of Partners in Niche Program Development

Educational, industry, and state leaders worked together to design a program to meet the training needs of Nebraska's fast-growing ethanol industry. The statewide initiative, guided by Northeast Community College and funded through the President's Community-Based Job Training Grants program, is developing dual-credit, short-term training that leads to a certificate, and degree programs in renewable fuels technology.
Frequency dependent conductivity of random one-dimensional chains

We examine the frequency dependent conductivity of an exactly soluble model of a random system, the one-dimensional quantum percolation model. Since this system does not fall into the category of weak scattering by the disorder, we do not find the asymptoticω 2ln2(ω/ω 0) behavior suggested by Mott. For systems which are most disordered, we find that the conductivity spectrum consists of discrete levels, while for systems in which the disorder is much less dense, we may use a continuum approximation. The conductivity is then given by anω −3 cosech (2π/ωτ) law. We speculate that such behavior may be found in mixed valent planar compounds such as K2Pt(CN4)3(H2O) with small amounts of Br or Cl added.
Experimental Study of Evaporation in the Contact Line Region of a Thin Film of Hexane

The transport processes in the contact line region (junction of evaporating thin liquid film, vapor, and substrate) of stationary steady-state evaporating thin films of hexane with various bulk compositions were studied experimentally. The substrate temperature distribution and liquid film thickness profile were measured, analyzed, and compared with previous results on other systems. The results demonstrate that small changes in the bulk composition significantly alter the characteristics of the transport processes in the contact line region. The curvature gradient at the liquid-vapor interface is a strong function of evaporation rate and composition. Concentration and temperature gradients give interfacial shear stresses and flow patterns that enhance contact line stability.
Psychological and Policy Perspectives on the Law: Reflections on a Decade

The progress and products of ten years of interaction between psychology and law provide the opportunity to probe the relationship of science to society and underscore the need to make social psychological theory and research a resource for social policy. The analysis begins with an overview of the boundaries of psychology and law, thus reconsidering the geography of psychology. An appraisal of the research activity of a decade evokes four critical observations on the current state of psycholegal study: (a) the overcriminalization of psychology; (b) the seduction of one's day-in-court; (c) the myth of mockery; and (d) the myth of law as font. These are considered in light of two basic issues that may be limiting contemporary psychology generally:
Image Formation by Reconstructed Wave Fronts. I. Physical Principles and Methods of Refinement

The process of image formation by reconstructed wave fronts, brought to notice and placed upon a broad theoretical foundation through the writings of D. Gabor, is here discussed from a less abstract standpoint in an attempt to establish a satisfying conceptual explanation of the phenomena. The imperfections which the photographically recorded images ordinarily exhibit are accounted for and classified, and means for their removal are described. Sample reconstructions are presented.
Subgrid-scale modeling for turbulent reacting flows

The Large Eddy Simulation of non-premixed, turbulent, reacting flows is addressed. A new subgrid-scale chemistry model, previously proposed for incompressible, isothermal flows, is extended to the case of compressible combustion with multi-step, Arrhenius-rate reactions. The chemistry model predicts filtered chemical species concentrations and filtered reaction rates in a turbulent flow. It accounts for finite-rate chemistry by invoking the laminar flamelet approximation and employs an assumed form for the subgrid or “Large Eddy” Probability Density Function (LEPDF) of a mixture-fraction. It also uses an assumed counterflow form for the local scalar dissipation rate. Inputs to the chemistry model are the Favre-filtered mixture-fraction, its subgrid-scale variance, and filtered dissipation rate. The model is evaluated using (256) 3 point Direct Numerical Simulations of incompressible, nonisothermal decaying turbulence with a single-step reaction. Results indicate that, as the activation temperature is increased, the accuracy of the model degrades in an absolute sense but improves relative to an equilibrium chemistry assumption. Finally, it is also demonstrated that the assumed Beta distribution for the LEPDF yields reasonably accurate results for low (realistic) stoichiometric values of the mixture-fraction.
Fourier transform infrared characterization of the azido complex of methane monooxygenase hydroxylase from Methylococcus capsulatus (Bath).

The azido complex formed in oxidized methane monooxygenase from Methylococcus capsulatus (Bath) was investigated with resonance Raman and FTIR techniques. These experiments show the presence of a νas(NNN) at ∼2077 cm-1 which splits to two components at 2059 and 2073 cm-1 with 15N14N2. The vibrational data are assigned to an azido complex bound terminally to one iron(III) at the diiron center. When the azido complex is illuminated at 15 K, a new νas(NNN) is observed at 2136 cm-1 which is assigned to a photodissociated HN3 within the substrate pocket. We propose a model where an aqua ligand engages a hydrogen bond interaction with the 1N atom of the azido group and acts as at a proton donor during the photolysis process.
Gravitropism: Interaction of Sensitivity Modulation and Effector Redistribution

Our increasing capabilities for quantitative hormone analysis and automated high resolution growth studies have allowed a reassessment of the classical Cholodny-Went hypothesis of gravitropism. According to this hypothesis, gravity induces redistribution of auxin toward the lower side of the organ and this causes the growth asymmetry that leads to reorientation. Arguments against the Cholodny-Went hypothesis that were based primarily on concerns over the timing and magnitude of the development of hormone asymmetry are countered by recent evidence that such asymmetry develops early and is sufficiently large to account for curvature. Thus, it appears that the Cholodny-Went hypothesis is fundamentally valid. However, recent comparative studies of the kinetics of curvature and the timing of the development of hormone asymmetry indicate that this hypothesis alone cannot account for the intricacies of the gravitropic response. It appears that time-dependent gravity-induced changes in hormone sensitivity as well as changes in sensitivity of the gravity receptor play important roles in the response.
Teens and Indoor Tanning: Time to Act on the US Food and Drug Administration’s Black-Box Warning

Public Health Advocacy Institute, Northeastern University School of Law, Boston, MA; Children’s Hospital at Montefiore, Bronx, NY; Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
The Birth and Maturation of Hate Crime Policy in the United States

To comprehend the contemporary significance of hate crime, it is necessary to understand how the concept emerged and gained acceptance, as well as how its meaning has been transformed over time and across the institutional spheres of the American policy-making process—from social movements to legislatures to appellate courts and, finally, to law enforcement. As the concept traversed these spheres, its definition and the scope of its application have been substantially clarified. In the process, each institutional sphere placed new constraints on the concept, which restricted its scope in some ways and expanded it in others. The contemporary understanding of hate crime, legally, politically, and culturally, reflects the cumulative efforts of situated actors within and across these spheres. The authors consider how awareness of these general patterns is helpful for evaluating the recent criticisms of hate crime policies.
Cell mediated immune responses through TLR4 prevents DMBA-induced mammary carcinogenesis in mice.

Toll like receptors (TLRs) activate signals that are critically involved in the initiation of adaptive immune responses and many tumorigenic chemicals have been associated with activation of those pathways. To determine the role of TLR4 in mammary carcinogenesis, we subjected TLR4 deficient and wild type (WT) mice to oral gavage with carcinogenic polyaromatic hydrocarbon 7, 12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA). TLR4 deficient mice developed more tumors relative to the WT mice. T cells of TLR4 deficient mice produced elevated levels of IL-17 and lower levels of IFN-γ relative to WT mice. IL-12 secreted by CD11c+ cells was higher in WT mice whereas greater amounts of IL-23 were produced by CD11c+ cells from TLR4 deficient mice. Moreover, there was higher incidence of regulatory T cells in TLR4 deficient mice than WT mice. Similarly, various markers of angiogenesis (MMP-2 and MMP-9, CD31, and VEGF) were highly expressed in tumors from TLR4 deficient mice than WT mice. The results of this study indicate that TLR4 plays an important role in the prevention of DMBA induced mouse mammary tumorigenesis and efforts to divert the cell-mediated immune response may therefore prove to be beneficial in the prevention of mammary tumors.
Sympathetic Sudomotor Function in Diabetic Neuropathy

• Sympathetic nerve function was studied by the Silastic mold technique and by evaporimetry in the hand and the foot in 357 type I diabetic patients. The number of active sweat glands was below normal in 24% of patients in the hand and in 56% in the foot, while the sweat evaporation rate was low in 17% and 40% of patients, respectively. Computerized analysis of the molds, which allowed automatic sweat gland counts and estimations of the secretion volume of each sweat gland, detected abnormalities in 36% and 60% of patients. The Silastic imprint technique was found to be a sensitive test for detection of sympathetic nerve involvement, even in asymptomatic patients with normal clinical and nerve conduction examinations. Its sensitivity and accuracy has been enhanced by the computerized analysis of the molds.