cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analysis of Fluid Energy Mill by gas-solid two-phase flow simulation

Abstract The particulate motions and collisions inside the Fluid Energy Mill were simulated by coupling the Discrete Element Method (DEM) and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). The influences of the operating conditions on the particulate motions and collisions were investigated to further explain size reduction process. The high-speed grinding air streams introduced through narrow inlets selectively accelerate the particles located near the inlets. Those particles are more likely to hit the wall at a high speed, or collide with other particles due to the velocity difference. The simulation results also reveal that abrasion is the dominant breakage mechanism during the particle–particle collisions. On the other hand, with the increase of number of particles in the chamber, the particle–particle collision becomes more important for milling, compared to the particle–wall collision. The side-swipe particle–particle collisions also facilitate transferring of coating materials among particles, which explains the simultaneous milling and coating process recently developed in our lab.
Regulation of bile acid synthesis. II. Effect of bile acid feeding on enzymes regulating hepatic cholesterol and bile acid synthesis in the rat

Bile acid synthesis is believed to be regulated by bile salts returning to the liver via the portal vein and suppressing cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase, the rate-limiting enzyme in the bile acid biosynthesis pathway. In order to characterize the relative effectiveness of bile salts in regulating bile acid synthesis, seven different bile acids were administered (1% w/w in chow) to rats over a 14-day period. Biliary bile salt composition was determined from bile samples obtained prior to killing; in all cases, the fed bile acid became the predominant bile salt in bile. The specific activities of microsomal cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase, HMG-CoA reductase and acylconenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase were determined after killing. Hydrophilic bile salts (ursocholic, hyocholic, ursodeoxycholic and hyodeoxycholic) did not inhibit HMG-CoA reductase or cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase activities. By contrast, more hydrophobic bile salts (cholic, chenodeoxycholic and deoxycholic) inhibited the activities of these two enzymes in order of increasing hydrophobicity. Neither hydrophobic nor hydrophilic bile salts inhibited acylcoenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase activity. No consistent effect of bile acid feeding on total microsomal cholesterol was observed. Based on the results of these studies, we propose that the hydrophilic-hydrophobic balance of the bile acid pool may play an important role in the regulation of bile acid synthesis. We postulate that the activities of cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase and HMG-CoA reductase may be regulated by hydrophobic bile acid-induced changes in the lipid composition and physicochemical properties (fluidity) of the microsomal membranes to which both of these rate-limiting enzymes are attached.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Wavelength-Dependent Photofragmentation and Photoionization of Gaseous (η4-Cycloocta-1,5-diene)(η5-cyclopentadienyl)cobalt

Gas-phase photoreactions and photoproducts of the mixed-ligand compound (η4-cycloocta-1,5-diene)(η5-cyclopentadienyl)cobalt are reported. Significant amounts of the monoligated complexes CoCOD and CoCp are produced, and the relative amounts are wavelength dependent. The COD ligand (with the weakest metal−ligand bonds) is always preferentially labilized as expected, but the relative amounts of the CoCOD and CoCp fragments change by 1 order of magnitude as the excitation wavelength is changed. The gas-phase photoreactions exhibit other surprising features that are uncommon in the photoreactions of organometallic compounds in the gas phase. Significant amounts of the intact cation are formed, in contrast to most reported reactions where fragmentation of the weak metal−ligand bonds precedes ionization. Most surprisingly, fragmentation of the ligands occurs while the ligands are still coordinated. The resulting metal complexes contain ligand fragments that remain coordinated to the metal. Breaking several carb...
Entrapped posteromedial structures in pilon fractures.

Objectives:To analyze a patient cohort who sustained a tibial pilon fracture and report the incidence of interposed posteromedial soft tissue structures.Design:Retrospective cohort review.Setting:Regional Level 1 Trauma Center.Patients/Participants:About 394 patients with 420 pilon fractures treated
A Pilot Study about Military Users and Information Systems: Exploring Military User Attitudes about Technology

This paper describes research on military user attitudes about technology. The study used a questionnaire based on the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology model. The initial findings indicate that primary and secondary users may have similar technology acceptance perspectives. If future research confirms these conclusions, designers will be able to adopt a unified approach to envision military user goals with a system, rather than assume that user goals diverge due to differences in responsibility and frequency of use.
L’état des études françaises, francophones et globales dans les universités américaines

Les dix dernieres annees ont vu la fermeture ou la refonte de nombreux programmes et departements de francais soumis a des remises en cause qui ont cree un climat de crise pour les etudes francaises dans le contexte deja aleatoire des disciplines qui relevent des “Humanites” dans l’enseignement superieur americain en ce debut du 21eme siecle. Cet article examine la situation du francais en tant que langue enseignee dans les universites americaines puis en tant que domaine d’etude qui a du evoluer ces dernieres annees avec l’emergence dans un premier temps des etudes francophones d’abord percues comme rivales des etudes franco-francaises traditionnelles. Aujourd’hui l'influence des etudes globales qui ouvrent la porte aux etudes culturelles nationales faites en traduction et a des approches globalisantes des litteratures-monde necessite une reorientation des etudes francopolyphones ou francospheriques afin que celles-ci puissent s’imposer en tant que domaine a part entiere des etudes globales. Abstract The last six years have witnessed the closure or the revamping of many programs in French departments, thus, creating a state of crisis for French studies in the already unpredictable context of disciplines belonging to the “Humanities” in the US higher education at the beginning of the 21st century. This article examines the situation of French as a language taught in US universities and as a discipline which has evolved over the past years first with the emergence of francophone studies which was initially considered as rival to traditional franco-french studies. Today, the influence of global studies which opened the door to national cultural studies in translation and to global approaches of world literature, demands a reorientation of “francopolyphone” or “francospheric” studies to enable them establish as a domain fully integrated to global studies.
Invasive interactions of Candida species with immature human enterocytes.

Background: In neonates with necrotizing enterocolitis/spontaneous intestinal perforation, Candida species are frequent blood/peritoneal fluid isolates. Relatively little is known about host (immature enterocyte)/pathogen interactions. Design and population: The goal of this study is to understand how Candida invades the neonatal GI tract. We hypothesize that Candida species differ in their invasive potential and mechanism of penetration. Material and methods: The ability of multiple Candida species to injure and penetrate GI epithelium was compared, using a premature human enterocyte cell in culture. Epithelial injury was determined using a colorimetric assay of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) released from epithelial cells infected with Candida species. Immunocytochemical analysis was performed, using an anti-Candida antibody conjugated to the red-fluorescing Alexa 568, to distinguish penetrating from non-penetrating fungal cells. Results: C. albicans caused the most cell damage (53.9% of max LDH released), C. parapsilosis (6.4%, p = 0.034), C. dubliniensis (2.2%, p = 0.043), C. tropicalis (1.5%. p = 0.045), and C. glabrata (0%, p = 0.021). There was no difference in LDH when comparing C. parapsilosis to the other non-albicans species ( p = 0.18–0.52). Microscopically, C. albicans was intraepithelial more frequently. Only C. albicans formed abundant hyphae and the hyphal filament most often penetrated the enterocytes. Conclusions: Infection of immature neonatal enterocytes with C. albicans resulted in significantly more injury than the other Candida species tested. Injury was associated with penetration of the epithelial cell by fungal hyphae. We speculate that the preferential ability of C. albicans to cause cell penetration and damage is linked to its ability to form hyphae.
Towards a Uniform Model for Lattice Defect Image Simulations

For more than seven decades, diffraction contrast in the TEM has been used for the study of both linear and planar lattice defects, such as dislocations, stacking faults, anti-phase boundaries, and so on. In recent years, several alternative approaches for defect imaging have become available: using a standard annular dark field detector, the STEM diffraction contrast image (DCI) mode produces medium angle annular dark field (MAADF) images which display strong defect contrast, even for relatively thick foils [1], while suppressing contrast due to foil bending and such. Both systematic row and zone axis orientations can be used in the STEM-DCI technique, in contrast with conventional TEM bright field/dark field imaging, where the zone axis orientation is mostly avoided. The arsenal of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) modalities has been extended with the electron channeling contrast imaging (ECCI) approach, which allows for the imaging of low density surface penetrating lattice defects over large sample areas. It is to be noted that in all of these techniques, the diffraction contrast is caused by the same dynamical scattering mechanisms; the only differences are the instrument accelerating voltage, the illumination mode (parallel or conical, stationary or scanning), and the shape and position of the detector (CCD, annular detector). The common underlying physics principles suggest that a single computational approach to defect image simulations might be possible, covering all the above mentioned observations modes.
Computer Simulation of Grain Growth Kinetics with Solute Drag

The effects of solute dragon grain growth kinetics were studied in two dimensional (2-D) computer simulations by using a diffuse-interface field model. It is shown that, in the low velocity / low driving force regime, the velocity of a grain boundary motion departs from a linear relation with driving force (curvature) with solute drag. The nonlinear relation of migration velocity and driving force comes from the dependence of grain boundary energy and width on the curvature. The growth exponent m of power growth law for a polycrystalline system is affected by the segregation of solutes to grain boundaries. With the solute drag, the growth exponent m can take any value between 2 and 3 depending on the ratio of lattice diffusion to grain boundary mobility. The grain size and topological distributions are unaffected by solute drag, which are the same as those in a pure system.
Modified anterior compartment resection.

In the majority of patients with soft tissue sarcomas of the anterior compartment of the thigh, it is possible to preserve a small portion of the quadriceps with intact nerve supply without compromising on the radicality of the procedure or the local control rate. The distal one-third of the vastus medialis can usually be spared with a long, slender branch providing its innervation. Dissection of the femoral nerve below the inguinal ligament and its branch(es) to an uninvolved area of the quadriceps the farthest from the location of the tumor is essential. This modified anterior compartment resection improves dramatically the function of the extremity.
Acoustic modems for ubiquitous computing

Considers how sound offers features not available with other short-range, low bandwidth communication technologies, such as radio and infrared, enabling communication among small computing devices and humans in a ubiquitous computing environment.
A modular petri net based architecture to model manufacturing systems exhibiting resource and timing uncertainties

Modeling of a manufacturing system consisting of many processes typically requires extensive assumptions and approximations during design stage. A modeling methodology that can capture the complexities of a process and existing uncertainties in a reconfigurable manner is needed to reduce the extent of the assumptions and approximations. A Petri Net approach is one of the effective methodologies for modeling reconfigurable manufacturing system (RMS). A fuzzy colored Petri Net with stochastic time delay (FCPN-std) concept is proposed here, which is shown as an effective modeling methodology to incorporate different types of uncertainties using fuzzy logic and stochastic time delay. A 5-stage modeling method is proposed to capture complexities in manufacturing processes with the help of FCPN-std and parametric Petri Net modules.
Thermohaline loops, Stommel box models, and the Sandström theorem

The Stommel two-box, two flow-regime box model is kinematically and dynamically equivalent to the flow in a onedimensional fluid loop, although one having awkward and extreme mixing coefficients. More generally, such a loop, when heated and cooled at the same geopotential, provides a simple example of the working of the Sandstrom theorem, with flow intensity capable of increasing or decreasing with growing diffusion. Stress dominates real oceanic flows, and its introduction into the purely thermally driven loop generates oscillations, multiple states, and instabilities at low diffusivity. When, within the Boussinesq approximation, salinity forcing and mixed boundary conditions are further introduced, an intricate pattern of response appears, dependent upon at least five non-dimensional parameters, including the time of onset of salinity forcing. The ability, in a one-dimensional loop, to produce such a rich array of dynamical behaviors, dependent in detail upon the problem parameters, suggests that in the absence of any general results relating one- to three-dimensional fluid flows, identification of the time-dependent behavior of a GCM with that of the onedimensional loop Stommel models should be regarded as still primarily speculation.
Mucosally Delivered E1-Deleted Adenoviral Vaccine Carriers Induce Transgene Product-Specific Antibody Responses in Neonatal Mice

E1-deleted adenoviral vectors of the human serotype 5 (AdHu5) and the chimpanzee serotype 68 (AdC68) expressing the rabies virus glycoprotein (rab.gp) were tested for induction of transgene product-specific Abs upon intranasal or oral immunization of newborn mice. Both vectors induced Abs to rabies virus that could be detected in serum and from mucosal secretions. Serum rabies virus neutralizing Ab titers sufficed to protect neonatally vaccinated mice against a subsequent challenge with rabies virus. The efficacy of the AdHu5rab.gp vector given orally to newborn mice born to AdHu5 virus-immune dams was not impaired by maternally transferred Abs to the vaccine carrier.
Hole traps in sodium silicate: First-principles calculations of the mobility edge

Abstract The structure and properties of (Na 2 O) 0.30 (SiO 2 ) 0.70 sodium silicate glass are studied by combined ab-initio and classical molecular dynamics simulations to identify the sources of electronic traps in the band gap. Structures from classical molecular dynamics melt-quench simulations are taken as initial configurations for first-principles density functional theory structural relaxation, from which electronic properties are determined. An ensemble of thirty glass structures, each containing 660 atoms, is prepared in order to perform statistical analyses. The inverse participation ratio is used as a metric to characterize localized states in the band gap and determine the mobility edge. Structures with varying amounts of local disorder (traps) are compared. The most localized and highest energy trap states are due to Si atoms with 2–3 non-bridging oxygen atoms. Control of the electronic properties of amorphous insulators and semiconductors is essential for the advancement of many technologies, such as photovoltaics and scintillators, for which the present analysis is indispensable.
Human Lactation, Pair-bonds, and Alloparents A Cross-Cultural Analysis

The evolutionary origin of human pair-bonds is uncertain. One hypothesis, supported by data from forgers, suggests that pair-bonds function to provision mothers and dependent offspring during lactation. Similarly, public health data from large-scale industrialsocietiesindicatethatsinglemotherstendtoweantheirchildrenearlierthando women living with a mate. Here we examine relations between pair-bond stability, alloparenting, and cross-cultural trends in breastfeeding using data from 58 "traditional" societies in the Standard Cross-Cultural Sample (SCCS). Analyses show that stable conjugal relationships were associated with significantly later weaning among the societies in the SCCS. The relationship between pair-bond stability and age at weaning was not mediated by women's ability to provision themselves or women's kin support. Availability of alloparental care was also inversely related to age at weaning, and the association was not significantly reduced after controlling for frequency of divorce.This study indicates that among a woman's kin relationships, a pair-bond with a child'sfather is especially supportive of breastfeeding. These cross-cultural findings are further evidence that human pair-bonds may have evolved to support lactation.
Analysis of low-order autoregressive models for ultrasonic grain signal characterization

When testing materials nondestructively with ultrasound, the grain scattering signal provides information that may be correlated to regional microstructure variation. Second and third-order autoregressive (AR) models are used to evaluate the spectral shift in grain signals by utilizing features such as resonating frequency, maximum energy frequency, or AR coefficients. Then, Euclidean distance, based on these features, is applied to classify grain scattering characteristics. Using both computer simulated data and experimental results, the probability of correct classification is found to be about 75% for the second-order AR model and 88% for the third-order AR model, when the conditions are such that the expected shift between the center frequency of echoes is less than 4%. This implies that, by increasing the order of the AR model, the frequency information extracted from the random signal is increased, which can result in obtaining a better classification. >
Analysis of Taxiway Aircraft Traffic at George Bush Intercontinental Airport, Houston, Texas

Serving one of the largest metropolitan areas in the United States, the George Bush Intercontinental Airport (IAH) in Houston, Texas, is one of the 10 airports with the longest average taxi-out and taxi-in times. This paper assesses the congestion at IAH by analyzing taxi times and flight data during different hours of the day. The capacity of IAH is investigated by examining the number of departing flights on the ground. IAH is operating close to capacity most of the time. Because increasing airport capacity can mitigate congestion, this report develops a surface operation model based on analyzed results to achieve this aim. A mixed-integer programming formulation is proposed to optimize total taxi times by finding optimal taxi routes and the related schedules. The model is applied to a sample from real data.
Factoring in Factor VIII With Acute Ischemic Stroke

There is growing research interest into the etiologies of cryptogenic stroke, in particular as it relates to hypercoagulable states. An elevation in serum levels of the procoagulant factor VIII is recognized as one such culprit of occult cerebral infarctions. It is the objective of the present review to summarize the molecular role of factor VIII in thrombogenesis and its clinical use in the diagnosis and prognosis of acute ischemic stroke. We also discuss the utility of screening for serum factor VIII levels among patients at risk for, or those who have experienced, ischemic stroke.
Continuous‐phase mass‐transfer coefficients for liquid extraction in agitated vessels

Area-free continuous-phase mass-transfer coefficients for continuous flow of ethyl acetate (dispersed) and water (continuous) were measured in a 9.5 in. diameter baffled vessel, agitated with 3 and 5 in. diameter flat-blade turbines, and with the 3 in. turbine in the absence of baffles. Specific interfacial area was determined by a light-transmission technique which permitted a vertical traverse of the vessel. The specific area is greatest, and mean drop diameter smallest, near the impeller. The mean area is lower than that predicted from existing correlations for batch operation in the absence of mass transfer. Continuous-phase mass-transfer coefficients increase with increased impeller Reynolds number and dispersed-phase holdup, and are about 2.5 times larger in the unbaffled vessel at the same impeller power. The coefficients are generally larger than those predicted by existing correlations based on suspended solids, and it is suggested that this and the effect of holdup is the result of drop coalescence and redispersion, which causes a renewal of the continuous phase surrounding each drop. Rough estimates of the minimum coalescence frequency in the baffled vessel and application of the renewal concept to the data appear to confirm this view. Lack of information on circulation rates prevents immediate test of the data from the unbaffled vessel.
Deep shower interpretation of the cosmic ray events observed in excess of the Greisen-Zatsepin-Kuzmin energy

We consider the possibility that the ultra-high-energy cosmic ray flux has a small component of exotic particles which create showers much deeper in the atmosphere than ordinary hadronic primaries. It is shown that applying the conventional AGASA/HiRes/Auger data analysis procedures to such exotic events results in large systematic biases in the energy spectrum measurement which may distort the shape of the measured spectrum near the expected Greisen-Zatsepin-Kuzmin (GZK) cutoff energy. Sub-GZK exotic showers may be misreconstructed with much higher energies and mimic super-GZK events. Alternatively, super-GZK exotic showers may elude detection by conventional fluorescence analysis techniques.
Assessing the robustness of self-managing computer systems under highly variable workloads

Computer systems are becoming extremely complex due to the large number and heterogeneity of their hardware and software components, the multilayered architecture used in their design, and the unpredictable nature of their workloads. Thus, performance management becomes difficult and expensive when carried out by human beings. An approach, called self-managing computer systems, is to build into the systems the mechanisms required to self-adjust configuration parameters so that the quality of service requirements of the system are constantly met. In this paper, we evaluate the robustness of such methods when the workload exhibits high variability in terms of the interarrival time and service times of requests. Another contribution of this paper is the assessment of the use of workload forecasting techniques in the design of QoS controllers.
Congressmen in Exile: The Politics and Consequences of Involuntary Committee Removal

We show how preferred committee assignments act as an electoral subsidy for members of Congress—empowering representatives’ legislative careers. When holding preferred assignments, legislators are free to focus on legislative activity in Washington, DC. But when the subsidy is removed, legislators are forced to direct attention to the district. To test our theory of legislative subsidy, we exploit committee exile—the involuntary removal of committee members after a party loses a sizable number of seats. Legislators are selected for exile using members’ rank on the committee, causing exiled and remaining legislators to appear strikingly similar. Using exile, we show that it has only limited electoral consequences, but this is partly due to compensatory efforts. Exiled legislators shift attention away from Washington and towards the district: they raise and spend more money for reelection, author less legislation, are absent for more days of voting, and vote with their party less often.
UMass CIIR at TAC KBP 2013 Entity Linking: Query Expansion using Urban Dictionary

This paper describes the system submitted to the TAC 2013 entity linking task of the Knowledge Base Population track. The core of the approach is probabilistic information retrieval over a search index of the knowledge base, including the text of Wikipedia. The retrieval results are further reranked using a supervised learning-to-rank model. The submission this year builds on the neighborhood and context extraction methods for query expansion introduced in 2012. In 2013, two new models are added. The first is query expansion using Urban Dictionary. For mentions in forum documents, we search Urban Dictionary for the mention string and perform query expansion. The second method is a multi-pass linking model. Instead of linking only the query mention, all entity mentions in the document are linked with features that encourage coherence among the linked entities. The results show that the method incorporating Urban Dictionary expansion run performed the best.
All Copying Is Not Created Equal: Examining Supreme Court Opinions’ Borrowed Language

Long ago, Judge Cardozo warned of an "agglunative" style of judicial writing where whole sections are cut from other documents and reassembled together in courts' opinions. Critics of this practice label it judicial plagiarism while others in the legal community see this as an acceptable, common practice. This paper is one of the first works to locate multiple instances of this practice in the Supreme Court by comparing opinions with highly similar merits briefs. Due to the sheer number of Supreme Court opinions and associated Court documents that could serve as a textual basis for these opinions, the search for these links has, to date, proven predominately an intractable task. With the aid of computerized textual analysis the task of manually coding and comparing documents can be pared down to the most likely cases of interest. This approach, using the tools of big data analysis, provides the necessary link for this type of inquiry. The analysis in this paper is based on an comparison of over 9,400 merits briefs and their respective Supreme Court opinions. Based on these initial comparisons of linguistic similarity, this paper creates a typology of four Supreme Court opinion styles and focuses on the highly derivative type. The main section of the paper examines twenty-three instances of Supreme Court opinions where one-third or more of the opinion language is taken directly or "lifted" from one merits brief. By directly comparing the opinion language in the cases with the briefs, it highlights not only directly borrowed language, but also opinion language that is highly similar but not identical to language from the briefs. It also identifies the justices associated with high levels of language borrowing. Normatively, it is designed to catalyze the discussion regarding expectations, if any, for the use of original language in Supreme Court opinions.
Use of Dog Parks and the Contribution to Physical Activity for Their Owners

Purpose: This study described the use of dog parks in several diverse locations and explored the contribution dog parks made to physical activity of the dog owners. Method: The Systematic Observation of Play and Recreation in Communities (SOPARC) tool was used to count the number and characteristics of people using parks. Observations were conducted 4 times per day, 4 days per week during for 1 week in 6 urban/suburban parks during different seasons. Collection sites included 3 dog parks in Chapel Hill/Durham, NC; 2 dog parks in Los Angeles, CA; and 1 dog park in Philadelphia, PA. Interviews at the NC and PA parks were conducted among 604 adults. Results: We counted 2,124 people (11.9%) in the dog park area compared with 15,672 people in the remaining park areas. Based on observations, dog park visitors were more likely to be female and White or Other race/ethnicity compared with Hispanics, and were less likely to be children or engaged in walking or vigorous activity. Park interviews revealed that compar...
Role of reactive nitrogen species (RNS) generated via inducible nitric oxide synthase in vesicant-induced lung injury and inflammation

Nitrogen mustard (NM) is a toxic vesicant known to damage the respiratory tract by alkylating proteins, lipids and nucleic acids and causing oxidative stress. Acute injury is associated with increased expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in lung macrophages and epithelial cells. In these studies we analyzed the effects of inhibiting iNOS using aminoguanidine (AG) on NM-induced pulmonary toxicity. Male Wistar rats were treated IT with NM (0.125 mg/kg) or control. Animals were sacrificed 1–28 days later and lungs analyzed for markers of injury, oxidative stress and inflammation. Exposure of rats to NM resulted in progressive histopathological changes including perivascular and peribronchial edema, inflammatory cell infiltration, luminal and alveolar accumulation of debris and fibrin, bronchiolization of the alveolar septal wall, fibroplasia and fibrosis. This was correlated with increased bronchoalveolar lavage protein and inflammatory cell content. NM intoxication also resulted in increased expression of iNOS and COX-2, as well as HO-1 and Mn-SOD at all the post exposure times. Evidence of Type II cell proliferation, as well as YM1 and galectin-3 positive pro-fibrotic macrophages were also noted in the lung 3–28 days post NM exposure. Treatment of rats with AG (50 mg/kg, 2x/day for 3 days) abrogated acute injury, inflammation and oxidative stress induced by NM 1–3 days post exposure; with no effects at 7–28 days. These findings indicate that RNS generated via iNOS contribute to early events in NM-induced lung toxicity, however, transient inhibition of iNOS is not sufficient to protect against pulmonary fibrosis.
Evaporation, Condensation, and Flow in an Idealized Micro Heat Pipe

Micro heat pipes have been used in cooling micro electronic components. However their effective thermal conductivity is low compared with that of conventional heat pipes. Due to the complexity of the coupled heat and mass transport, and to the complicated three-dimensional bubble geometry inside micro heat pipes, there is a lack of rigorous analysis. As a result, the relatively low effective thermal conductivity remains unexplained. We have conceptualized an idealized micro heat pipe that eliminates the complicated geometry, but retains the essential physics. Given the simplified geometry, many effects can be studied, such as thermocapillary flow, and evaporation and condensation physics. In this talk, we will present the flow field induced by evaporation.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
AN APPROACH TO ASSESSING THE STAIN FASTNESS OF DYEINGS

The visual ratings on fastness of dyeings are influenced by many factors such as mental state of assessor, judging conditions, and so on. The variation factors of visual rating were examined. 307 sheets of stained cloth specimen were prepared by rubbing on 82 kinds of commercial clothing leather. The staining of the specimen was assessed with the Grey Scale by 26 assessors, making 7982 assessments in all.The agreement between the average and individual ratings within ±0.5 rating grade was found to be about 94% for all assessments.The formula which showed an extremely high correlation coefficient between the rating and the colour difference of the Grey Scale was proposed. The formula made it possible to calculate the rating of the stained specimen.By comparing the visual and calculated ratings for all assessors, it was found that the assessors have an inherent rating criterion which gave good reproducibilities to their own assessments. However, the internal criterion differed from each other too greatly among assessors. The dispersion of visual ratings was broadened with increase in the colour difference of the stained specimen. This is mainly due to the difference in the internal rating criterion among assessors.The difference threshold also increased with increase in the colour difference of the stained specimen. However, the difference threshold showed minor effect on broadening the dispersion of visual ratings.The cloth grey scale was prepared for the purpose of decreasing the difference in the internal criterion among assessors. It should be noted that the dispersion of visual ratings is fairly improved by using the cloth grey scale.
Acute exacerbations of COPD. How to evaluate severity and treat the underlying cause.

PreviewExposure to air pollution or a case of the common cold, which means little to a person with normal lung function, can be very serious to a patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. It is helpful for primary care and emergency department physicians to know how to assess the severity of acute exacerbations and how to arrest deterioration of respiratory function. Dr Hagedorn describes pharmacologic treatment as well as mechanical ventilation in these patients.
On exotic and perverse-coherent sheaves

Exotic sheaves are certain complexes of coherent sheaves on the cotangent bundle of the flag variety of a reductive group. They are closely related to perverse-coherent sheaves on the nilpotent cone. This expository article includes the definitions of these two categories, applications, and some structure theory, as well as detailed calculations for SL2.
Sialic acid dependence and independence of group A rotaviruses.

We have found (1), in contrast to previous reports, the human rotavirus Wa strain is sialic acid-dependent for binding to and infectivity of MA-104 cells and (2), a dual carbohydrate binding specificity is associated with both human Wa and Porcine OSU rotaviruses. One carbohydrate binding activity is associated with triple-layered virus particles (TLP) and the other with double-layered virus particles (DLP). In binding and infectivity studies, we found that gangliosides were the most potent inhibitors of both the human and porcine rotavirus TLP. Furthermore, glycosylation mutant cells deficient in sialylation or neuraminidase-treated MA104 cells, did not bind rotavirus TLP from either strain. Our results show that human Wa binding and infectivity cannot be distinguished from the porcine OSU strain and appears to be sialic acid-dependent. Direct binding of human or porcine TLP to a variety of intact gangliosides was demonstrated in an thin-layer Chromatographic (TLC) overlay assay. Human or porcine rotavirus DLP did not bind to any of the intact gangliosides but surprisingly bound asialogangliosides. This binding was abolished by prior treatment of the glycolipids with ceramide glycanase suggesting the intact asialoglycolipid was required for DLP binding. After treatment of either human or porcine TLP with EDTA to remove the outer shell, virus particles bound only to the immobilized asialogangliosides. These results suggest that rotavirus sugar binding specificity can be interpreted either as sialic acid-dependent or independent based on whether the virus preparation consists primarily of triple-layered or double-layered particles. Of perhaps greater interest is the possibility that sialic acid-independent carbohydrate binding activity plays a role in virus maturation or assembly.
A Note On Lev 26:41, 43; 4Q434 1 ii 3 AND 4Q504 1–2 recto 5–6; and 1QS 8:3 (par. 4Q259 2:12): On Human Agency in the Divine Economy at Qumran

Leviticus 26 uses enormously evocative images to illustrate the ways God expresses pleasure at Israels obedience and displeasure with its rebellion. In general the prayers among the scrolls that can be identify as having been authored by the group conform to the deterministic theology of the group, and that the prayer and thanksgiving texts that are exceptions to this rule of thumb were imports to the Community, traditional compositions that had been fashioned by the pious in days past. This note on the echo of ירצו את עונם from Lev 26:41, 43 in 4Q434 1 ii 3, 4Q504 12 recto 56, and 1QS 8:3 offers small confirmation of that observation. But it also adds an interesting twist to the story, placing in still sharper relief the unique role of the mysterious Council of the Community at Qumran. Keywords: Israel; Leviticus 26; Qumran
Queer, Quare, and [Q]ulturally Sustaining

Re-theorizations of culturally responsive pedagogies have shifted the paradigm away from deficit-based responses to difference and have worked toward the act of sustaining it. Gender and sexuality, however, are never taken up as central features in these more pluralistic pedagogies. Working toward theorizing a [q]ulturally sustaining pedagogy, this chapter is divided into three sections. First, the author surveys the historical and cultural tensions embedded within theorizing a “queer” pedagogy. The second section borrows from Johnson (Text Perform Q, 21(1):1–25, 2001) to operationalize “quare,” an approach to pedagogy that acknowledges the corporeal and materialized reality of youth of color. In the final section, the author centers the “q” from quare to (re)imagine what a [q]ulturally sustaining pedagogy would entail for lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, and two-spirit youth of color.
Health-related quality of life factors associated with completion of a study delivering lifestyle exercise intervention for endometrial cancer survivors

The aim of this study was to examine associations between participants’ quality of life and study completion. This is a secondary analysis of an exercise intervention study for endometrial cancer survivors. We considered data for one-hundred post-treatment endometrial cancer survivors from a single-arm, six-month longitudinal exercise study. Participants received a home-based intervention consisting of exercise recommendations and telephone counseling sessions to encourage adherence. In addition to monitoring adherence to physical exercise recommendations, participants completed multiple psychological assessments, including health-related quality of life. Associations between study completion and health-related quality of life factors were analyzed using generalized additive models, to allow for possibly nonlinear associations. Measures of bodily pain contributed to the odds of study completion in a nonlinear way (p = 0.025), suggesting that improvements in these factors were associated with study completion, especially for individuals reporting very high levels of pain. In addition, association between participants’ levels of anxiety and study completion showed an inverse U-shaped relation: Whereas increase in anxiety was associated with higher odds of completion for individuals with low anxiety score (0–4), increase in anxiety contributed to lower odds of study completion for individuals with anxiety scores of approximately 5–10 (p = 0.035). Results from this study indicate that baseline health-related quality of life factors may be associated with study completion in exercise intervention studies. In order to increase study completion rates, individually tailored study strategies may be prepared based on the baseline quality of life responses.
Laser reduced graphene for supercapacitor applications

Abstract Graphene was prepared by excimer laser irradiation reduction of graphite oxide dissolved in an aqueous solution at different laser energies and irradiation time. The morphologies and structure of the laser reduced graphene were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, low angle X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The XRD results confirm that the deoxygenation of the graphite oxide sheets occurred almost completely for all laser irradiation conditions used. The graphene fabricated by laser irradiation reduction appears to be randomly aggregated, crumpled, disordered and small sheet solid material. The total amount of oxygen functional groups reduced significantly and the CC/CO intensity ratio increased, however, the atomic percentages of the C O double bond were increased after laser reduction. The laser reduced graphene was used as the electrode active material for supercapacitors and its specific capacitance was evaluated in a two electrode cell in either a 0.5 M Na 2 SO 4 aqueous or a 1 M Tetraethylammoniumtetrafluoroborate acetonitrile based electrolyte. The specific capacitance of the laser fabricated graphene was found to depend on the energy and irradiation time of the laser. The highest specific capacitance was determined to be 141 F/g at 1.04 A/g and 84 F/g at 1.46 A/g in the aqueous and ACN electrolytes, respectively.
ZnO-nanowire morphology optimization for glucose-SERS sensing

Current technology requires diabetics to undergo painful, inconvenient, and discontinuous measurement processes several times a day. Thus, more convenient ways of measuring glucose by utilizing surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) technique can be highly desirable. To accomplish commercially viable SERS technologies for glucose detection, an optimal substrate must be designed with higher electromagnetic (EM) enhancement and better spatial uniformity, and many parameters must be taken into consideration, such as nanoparticle sizes, shapes, dielectric environment, which all affect the EM enhancement and resonance properties of the designed structures. Our straightforward two-step substrate fabrication process involves (1) the hydrothermal synthesis to create ZnO-NWs perpendicularly standing on the substrate and (2) the liquid phase deposition (LPD) to create Au NPs on ZnO-NWs. In the presentation, we will share our most updated results on NW synthesis outcomes and Raman measurements. We will discuss (1) our extensively modified synthesis process, which includes the types of chemical compounds used, time-based synthesis temperature adjustments, and acidity levels; (2) resulting NW morphologies with different NW growth rates, lengths, diameters, and branching/tapering geometries; and (3) Raman enhancement and spatial uniformity on a large scale.
THE INTEGRATION OF MOBILE TECHNOLOGY TO LOWER THE RISK OF DEVELOPING CERVICAL CANCER IN HIV POSITIVE WOMEN

Introduction: Cervical cancer (CC) is the most common cancer in HIV positive women. Cases are expected to increase by 46% until 2030. The aim was to determine physicians’ satisfaction with the mobile application, which develops CC algorithms in HIV+ women, provides definitive individual risk and critical preventive education. Methods: The study was a cross-sectional design and completed at Escola Bahaina de Medicine Saude Publica in Brazil because of a collaborative project utilizing clinical informatics expertise. First, CC risk factors were revised and algorithms selected by considering WHO’s procedures. Three risk intervals for each algorithm were created by accepted lab results. We classified risk intervals as low, moderate and high. Second, the application was created by using Android Studio with PHP and MYSQL. Third, the physician interface of the application was published which lets physicians calculate CC risk and obtain the education as if they were patient. Last, a survey was created to obtain physicians’ opinions. Results: Five physicians associated with the research replied to our survey. 80% (n=4) were satisfied with the application, and 60% (n=3) thought the calculated risk was accurate. 80% (n=4) believed the education section was very helpful to change patients' habits for prevention. 80% (n=4) found the application quite useful to educate patients to understand the correlation between HIV+ and CC. Conclusion: Scholars may be interested in trying other classifications, extraction, or selection of algorithms and having a larger sample, which may result in better performance in terms of accuracy sensitivity and specificity. Key Words: Cervical Cancer Prevention, Mobile Health, HIV
Investigation of temperature approximation methods during flash sintering of ZnO

Abstract The lattice expansion in ZnO, using in-situ X ray diffraction, has been investigated during flash sintering with varying current densities. While current flow through the specimen enhances the kinetics of sintering for ZnO, the temperature is not high enough to claim thermal runaway or localized melting. Unlike the case of yttria stabilized zirconia [1,2], experimental temperature approximations predict comparable specimen temperature to conventional sintering temperature of ZnO. Microstructural analysis supports the findings of the in-situ temperature approximations. In comparison with black body radiation, a gap between theoretical value and measured value was found due to flaws in the theoretical model. In addition, a new type of flash sintering was introduced, with current ramp, to avoid the power spike which has been the source of much debate about the transition from voltage to current control. The advantage of this method is in the controlled sintering kinetics thus avoiding the channeling found in dielectric materials [3].
Radioactivity in the darkroom: the role of radioluminescence microscopy in PET radiotracer characterization and development (Conference Presentation)

With 2500 scanners installed and 2 million scans performed last year in the United States, positron emission tomography (PET) has emerged as one of the most important imaging tools in oncology. The widespread availability of PET imaging and radiochemistry facilities has stirred the development of new PET tracers. The current pipeline for radiotracer development uses analytical tools that assume that the targeted cell populations are homogeneous. For instance, in vivo imaging tests reduce results to a single quantitative metrics, the standardized uptake value, which represents the average behavior of millions of cells. In reality, tumors and other organs are formed by clonally heterogeneous collections of different cell types; the average of these cells is not necessarily representative of the individual cells that make up the population. To give an example, the PET signal measured in a tumor is often ascribed to cancer cells alone when in fact other cell types such as immune cells and stromal cell contribute significantly to the average signal. These considerations have led to the development of a novel method, radioluminescence microscopy (RLM), that can characterize radiotracer uptake heterogeneity at the level of single cells. RLM combines optical and ionizing radiation to yield high-resolution microscopic images of cells and their interactions with radiotracers. The fundamental principles of RLM will be explained and its application to radiotracer discovery and validation will be presented.
A Result on Hybrid Scheduling in Wireless Networks

Abstract : Medium access control is an exceedingly important aspect of the operation of any network. This is particularly true in wireless settings where the broadcast nature of the medium accentuates the need for effective medium access algorithms which provide good throughput and fairness characteristics. By far the most popular MAC techniques for wireless networks are those based on Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA) due to their simplicity and amenability to distributed implementation. The IEEE 802.11 MAC is an example of a widely used MAC protocol that uses CSMA. However, CSMA protocols are often inadequate when fairness is of importance.
Planning the Barrio: Ethnic Identity and Struggles over Transit-Oriented, Development-Induced Gentrification:

I argue that ethnic identity formed the basis of collective actions against transit-oriented, development-induced gentrification in three Latino barrios in Oakland, Los Angeles, and San Diego. I de...