cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Incomplete Acquisition and Attrition of Spanish Tense/Aspect Distinctions in Adult Bilinguals.

This study investigates whether age of onset of bilingualism has an effect on ultimate attainment, and documents incomplete acquisition and attrition of tense/aspect morphology in Spanish. A group of 20 monolingual Spanish speakers, 31 US-born bilinguals, and 8 Latin America-born bilinguals participated in the study. Sixteen of the US-born participants were simultaneous bilinguals who had been exposed to Spanish and English from ages 0 to 3, the remaining 15 learned English between ages 4 to 7 (early child L2 learners), and the Latin-America-born bilinguals learned English between 8 and 12 years of age (late child L2 learners). Results of an oral production, a written completion, and two meaning-interpretation tasks showed that the simultaneous bilingual and the early child L2 groups differed significantly from monolingual Spanish speakers, while only a few individuals in the late child L2 group showed erosion with some aspects. Results suggest that morpho-phonological spell-outs and semantic features of functional categories are affected by incomplete acquisition and language loss, and that many of the patterns of divergence found resemble stages of second language acquisition.
Cognitive and cognate-based treatments for bilingual aphasia: A case study

Two consecutive treatments were conducted to investigate skill learning and generalization within and across cognitive-linguistic domains in a 62-year-old Spanish-English bilingual man with severe non-fluent aphasia. Treatment 1 was a cognitive-based treatment that emphasized non-linguistic skills, such as visual scanning, categorization, and simple arithmetic. Treatment 2 was a lexically based treatment that trained cognates (cross-linguistic word pairs that are similar in meaning and form, such as rosa/rose) and non-cognates (cross-linguistic word pairs with shared meaning but different forms, such as mesa/table). Treatment 1 resulted in modest gains in both Spanish and English. Treatment 2 resulted in improved naming for non-cognates as well as cognates within each language. However, the generalization of gains from Spanish to English was apparent only for cognate stimuli.
Different effects on bone strength and cell differentiation in pre pubertal caloric restriction versus hypothalamic suppression.

Abstract Hypothalamic amenorrhea and energy restriction during puberty affect peak bone mass accrual. One hypothesis suggests energy restriction alters hypothalamic function resulting in suppressed estradiol levels leading to bone loss. However, both positive and negative results have been reported regarding energy restriction and bone strength. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate energy restriction and hypothalamic suppression during pubertal onset on bone mechanical strength and the osteogenic capacity of bone marrow-derived cells in two models: female rats treated with gonadotropin releasing hormone antagonists (GnRH-a) or 30% energy restriction. At 23 days of age, female Sprague Dawley rats were assigned to three groups: control group (C, n = 10), GnRH-a group (n = 10), and Energy Restriction (ER, n = 12) group. GnRH-a animals received daily injections for 27 days. The animals in the ER group received 70% of the control animals' intake. After sacrifice (50 days of age), body weight, uterine and muscle weights were measured. Bone marrow-derived stromal cells were cultured and assayed for proliferation and differentiation into osteoblasts. Outcome measures included bone strength, bone histomorphometry and architecture, serum IGF-1 and osteocalcin. GnRH-a suppressed uterine weight, decreased osteoblast proliferation, bone strength, trabecular bone volume and architecture compared to control. Elevated serum IGF-1 and osteocalcin levels and body weight were found. The ER model had an increase in osteoblast proliferation compared to the GnRH-a group, similar bone strength relative to body weight and increased trabecular bone volume in the lumbar spine compared to control. The ER animals were smaller but had developed bone strength sufficient for their size. In contrast, suppressed estradiol via hypothalamic suppression resulted in bone strength deficits and trabecular bone volume loss. In summary, our results support the hypothesis that during periods of nutritional stress the increased vertebral bone volume may be an adaptive mechanism to store mineral which differs from suppressed estradiol resulting from hypothalamic suppression.
Eruption pattern of permanent molars: implications for school-based dental sealant programs

Dental caries remains a prevalent, chronic disease of childhood. The preponderance of dental caries is located on the pit and fissure surfaces of teeth, an area where dental sealants are most effective in preventing this malady. In the school year 1987-88, 4,879 Ohio schoolchildren participated in an assessment of dental health. Grades chosen for this assessment included 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, and 11. This study focuses on eruption of first and second permanent molars in development of a timing strategy for placement of occlusal sealants in a school-based program. An eruption score was developed for the determination of the first or second molar eruption status for each child. The data were analyzed for grade, sex, race, locale, fluoridation status, and percent of children on free or reduced-cost lunch programs. Analyses were performed on 2,215 children in grades 1-3 and 1,840 children in grades 6-8. Fifty-seven percent of first graders had all first permanent molars sufficiently erupted for sealant placement on the occlusal surface. Likewise, 23.6 percent of sixth graders had sufficient occlusal exposure on the second molar. Females showed an earlier eruption pattern than males for both first (P less than .05) and second (P less than .001) molars. Black children preceded white children only in the eruption of the second molar (P less than .001). This study provides dental public health decision makers with state-specific information on the earliest time to initiate a school-based occlusal sealant program.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Corporate Entrepreneurship and Firm Performance: The Moderating Role of Corporate Governance

Corporate entrepreneurship and corporate governance have been investigated at length in the extant literature; however, corporate entrepreneurship research to date has largely neglected the role of corporate governance mechanisms in sustaining or improving firm performance. It is surprising that the link between corporate entrepreneurship and corporate governance has not been widely studied in the management or entrepreneurship literature. We address this research gap by proposing corporate governance’s moderating role in the relationship between corporate entrepreneurship and firm performance. Our study is framed by the four forms of corporate entrepreneurship – sustained regeneration, organizational rejuvenation, strategic renewal, and domain redefinition – and explores the moderating role of key board composition variables – board size, board independence, director stock ownership, and CEO duality. We provide arguments for propositions, discuss our contributions to the literature, and make suggestions ...
Bioactive compounds produced by cyanobacteria

Cyanobacteria produce a large number of compounds with varying bioactivities. Prominent among these are toxins: hepatotoxins such as microcystins and nodularins and neurotoxins such as anatoxins and saxitoxins. Cytotoxicity to tumor cells has been demonstrated for other cyanobacterial products, including 9-deazaadenosine, dolastatin 13 and analogs. A number of compounds in cyanobacteria are inhibitors of proteases — micropeptins, cyanopeptolins, oscillapeptin, microviridin, aeruginosins- and other enzymes, while still other compounds have no recognized biological activities. In general cyclic peptides and depsipeptides are the most common structural types, but a wide variety of other types are also found: linear peptides, guanidines, phosphonates, purines and macrolides. The close similarity or identity in structures between cyanobacterial products and compounds isolated from sponges, tunicates and other marine invertebrates suggests the latter compounds may be derived from dietary or symbiotic blue-green algae.
The affective experiences of children during mathematics

Abstract In this study, a stimulated-recall method was used to examine the affective experiences of children engaged in mathematics seatwork. Self-report data were gathered on specific affects (e.g., frustration) and on the perceived antecedent conditions that preceded the affects (i.e., not being able to complete the assignment). Students' affect was found to be primarily negative and achievement related. The most prevalent single affective response during mathematics was anger. As predicted, certain affects were systematically related to certain antecedent experiences. “Confusion/lack of understanding” was the most widely cited reason students gave for they affect the reported, followed closely by “completion/accuracy” concerns. The overall pattern of results suggests that students are under considerable pressure to “perform” in the math classrooms examined in this study—an approach that we contrast with the more desirable “mastery” orientation toward learning.
Perceived threat and dependence as determinants of the tactical usage of opinion conformity

Abstract It was predicted that the degree of opinion conformity exhibited by workers to their supervisor's opinions would be a joint function of the extent to which their outcomes were dependent upon the supervisor's evaluation of them, and the degree to which the supervisor seemed likely to engage in uncalled for punitive attacks upon his subordinants. Specifically, within high to moderate ranges of outcome dependence, it was predicted that the more potentially punitive the supervisor the greater the opinion conformity. But within the low- or no-outcome dependence range, there would be greater conformity to the less potentially punitive supervisor. Two measures of opinion conformity were devised—agreement with the supervisor's position and favorable evaluation of his arguments—but only the latter exhibited the predicted pattern. The investigators suggest that the discrepancy between the two conformity measures can be accounted for in terms of their potential costs when used as protective ploys. Giving-in or agreeing unnecessarily with the supervisor clearly has a greater cost in loss of self-respect than highly favorable evaluations of his arguments; therefore, favorable evaluations were used in a much more differentiated fashion than agreement to cope with the threat posed by the supervisor.
A Comparison of Instrument Methods of Monitoring Freezing in Cryosurgery

. The measurement of tissue temperature by thermocouples and the measurement of change in electrical characteristics of tissue are methods of monitoring tissue freezing during cryosurgery. Both techniques are subject to some error, thermocouples less than electrodes, so clinical judgment concerning progress of therapy remains an important factor.
Effects of benlate on leatherleaf fern growth, root morphology and rhizosphere bacteria

Abstract Reduced frond production as well as foliar disorders and root damage to leatherleaf fern (Rumohra adiantiformis [Forst.] Ching) coincided with the widespread use of Benlate fungicide in grower operations. These symptoms could not be explained by environmental conditions or the presence of new pathogens. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of Benlate at labeled rates on frond production, root morphology, and soil microbial characteristics of leatherleaf ferns. A separate experiment was conducted by adding Benlate at labeled drench rate to previously untreated soil to evaluate the promotion of soil bacteria. Benlate was applied to leatherleaf fern plants in the greenhouse at labeled foliar and drench rates for 17 months. Fronds were harvested during the last nine months. Roots of the ferns were examined using electron microscopy at termination of the experiment to determine physical and microbial characteristics of the roots. Rhizosphere bacteria were evaluated to determine count...
Pavement nondestructive evaluation using finite-element dynamic simulation

This paper describes the nondestructive evaluation devices, visual distress survey and coring used to investigate jointed concrete pavement performance in northern Mississippi. 3D finite-element models were developed to simulate in-service conditions and to characterize in-situ material properties. Reasonable good agreement is found between in-situ moduli backcalculated from the dynamic analysis of falling weight deflectometer (FWD) deflections measured on selected pavements and laboratory moduli. Effects of load pulse shape, cracking, and discontinuities on the surface deflection response of pavements subjected to FWD load wee also investigated. It is shown that 3D analysis of temperature distribution and resulting thermal stresses play a significant role int he performance of concrete pavements. The study results demonstrated the extensive usefulness of the finite-element dynamic analysis and limitations of the static multilayered analysis and other pavement analysis programs which do not allow for crack modeling and dynamic analysis.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Highly active ruthenium metathesis catalysts exhibiting unprecedented activity and Z-selectivity.

A novel chelated ruthenium-based metathesis catalyst bearing an N-2,6-diisopropylphenyl group is reported and displays near-perfect selectivity for the Z-olefin (>95%), as well as unparalleled TONs of up to 7400, in a variety of homodimerization and industrially relevant metathesis reactions. This derivative and other new catalytically active species were synthesized using an improved method employing sodium carboxylates to induce the salt metathesis and C–H activation of these chelated complexes. All of these new ruthenium-based catalysts are highly Z-selective in the homodimerization of terminal olefins.
Gender acts as a context for interpreting diagnostic criteria.

This study used a unique methodology to determine the aspects of case vignettes that elicited an effect of case gender on diagnosis. A total of 99 psychiatrists and psychologists were shown cases representing a man or a woman that contained varying numbers of histrionic and antisocial criteria. The cases were presented by computer a few sentences at a time. Clinicians were asked to offer a diagnosis for the case after each group of sentences was presented. Results indicated that case gender tended to affect clinicians' diagnostic decisions when criteria related to that diagnosis were shown, suggesting that case gender was acting as a context in which diagnostic criteria were interpreted. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 61: 1485–1498, 2005.
Nanophase hard magnets

Abstract The dramatic developments that occurred in nanophase hard magnetic materials over the last two decades are reviewed. Much of the research was done after the discovery of Nd2Fe14B-based magnets in an attempt to develop more economical Fe-based magnets with better properties. This led to the discovery of 1 : 12-based magnets, 2 : 17 nitrides and carbides, and more recently, to nanocomposite magnets consisting of a fine mixture of exchange coupled soft and hard phases. Currently, much emphasis is devoted to nanocomposite films consisting of nanoparticles of a high anisotropy material embedded in a non-magnetic matrix because they have a great potential for applications in high density recording media.
Technique and interpretation of breast aspiration cytology.

Dans ce chapitre sont successivement envisages: les indications de l'aspiration a l'aiguille, ses avantages et inconvenients, la technique a employer selon qu'il s'agit d'une masse palpable ou non, l'interpretation cytologique et les differentes categories de diagnostics effectues. Lesions inflammatoires, tumeurs benignes, tumeurs malignes. Les auteurs terminent en donnant les resultats de differentes series et discutent de la sensibilite et de la specificite de cette technique
Enteric pathogens associated with gastrointestinal dysfunction in children with HIV infection

Infants and young children with HIV infection commonly suffer from gastrointestinal manifestations of their disease. Many HIV infected children have evidence of persistent diarrhoea, malabsorption, malnutrition or growth failure. The aetiology and pathogenesis of gastrointestinal dysfunction in HIV infected children have not been well defined. We performed immunocytochemical analyses on intestinal tissue from 19 HIV-infected children with gastrointestinal dysfunction or growth failure. None of these 19 children had microbial pathogens identified in faecal samples using standard microbiological methods. Intestinal tissues were obtained from the children by biopsy and were examined for antigens from Pneumocystis carinii, cytomegalovirus (CMV) and herpes simplex virus (HSV) using the avidin-biotin-complex immunohistochemical technique and monoclonal or monospecific antibodies. We detected at least one of these pathogens in samples from eight (42%) of 19 HIV infected children. P. carinii was the most prevalent pathogen, found in five of the eight HIV infected children. All of the children with intestinal pneumocystis infection were receiving prophylaxis directed at the prevention of pulmonary disease with this organism and none of them were undergoing active pulmonary infection. We also identified CMV antigens in intestinal tissues from four children and HSV antigens in intestinal tissues from one child. Two children were infected with more than one pathogen. On the other hand, none of these pathogens were found in the tissues obtained from 10 HIV-uninfected patients who had intestinal tissues obtained for chronic non-infectious diarrheal and inflammatory diseases (P < 0.01, Fisher's exact test). Our findings indicate that some children with HIV infection and gastrointestinal dysfunction may be infected with opportunistic pathogens despite negative analyses employing standard microbiological methods. Our study also indicates that HIV infected children can undergo intestinal infection with P. carinii despite the administration of standard immunoprophylactic regimens directed at the prevention of infection with this organism.
Evaluation of an anonymous system to report medical errors in pediatric inpatients

OBJECTIVE To compare reports of medical errors in hospitalized children submitted using an electronic, anonymous reporting system with those submitted via traditional incident reports. STUDY DESIGN During the 3-month study period in 2003, reports of medical errors from 2 units at a large children's hospital were made using an electronic, anonymous system. Three reviewers independently evaluated each report and determined whether the events described constituted a medical error. An identical procedure was used to categorize medical error data collected via incident reports from the 2 study units from 1999 to 2002. RESULTS A total of 146 reports were made using the anonymous system, 131 of which documented medical errors. The rate of reporting medical errors with the anonymous system was 2.41/100 patient-days. The rate of reporting medical errors via incident reports in 1999-2002 was 2.40/100 patient-days. However, 33.8% of all incident reports dealt with mislabeled laboratory specimens; after excluding these reports, the rate of medical errors documented via incident reports was 1.56/100 patient-days. The rate of reporting was significantly higher with the anonymous system (rate ratio 1.54, 95% confidence interval 1.26, 1.90). With the anonymous system, 25.2% of reported medical errors were near-misses compared with 12.6% of the errors reported with the incident report system (P = .001). CONCLUSIONS Implementation of the anonymous reporting system with training was associated with a statistically significant increase in the rate of reported medical errors. The reporting of near-miss events was significantly increased, suggesting this may be a useful format for gathering data on this type of medical error. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2007;2:226–233. © 2007 Society of Hospital Medicine.
Effects of β-mannanase in corn-soy diets on commercial leghorns in second-cycle hens

beta-Mannanase (Hemicell) is a unique enzyme-based feed ingredient that can hydrolyze beta-mannan, an antinutritional fiber in feed. Because soybean meal contains beta-mannan and its derivatives, addition of beta-mannanase may improve soybean-meal utilization. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of beta-mannanase on performance of commercial Leghorns fed corn-soybean meal based diets. In this experiment, 3 diets were formulated. The metabolizable energy content for diet 1 (high-energy diet) was 2,951 kcal/kg, which was 120 kcal/kg higher than diet 2 (low-energy diet supplemented with beta-mannanase) and diet 3 (low-energy diet without beta-mannanase). Hy-Line W-36 hens (n = 720, 98 wk old) were randomly divided into 3 dietary treatments (16 replicates of 15 hens per treatment). The trial lasted for 12 wk. Overall average feed conversion of hens fed the low-energy diet supplemented with beta-mannanase was similar to that of hens fed the high-energy diet, and both were significantly lower than that of hens fed the low-energy diet without beta-mannanase. There were no significant differences in overall average egg production and egg mass among 3 dietary treatments for the 12-wk period. However, the addition of beta-mannanase significantly increased average egg production and egg mass of hens fed the low-energy diet from wk 5 to 8. There were no significant differences in feed intake, egg specific gravity, egg weight, mortality, body weight, and body weight variability among the 3 dietary treatments. beta-Mannanase supplementation improved energy utilization of corn-soybean layer diets and has potential to reduce the cost of practical laying hen diets containing beta-mannan.
Teaching the pelvic organ prolapse quantitation system.

Abstract Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the ease with which the new Pelvic Organ Prolapse Quantitation system could be learned by residents and medical students. Study Design: Standardized multiple-choice tests were administered to 51 obstetric and gynecology residents and medical students from 4 community-based and university-based programs. Parallel pretests and posttests were administered in conjunction with a 17-minute video demonstration of the Pelvic Organ Prolapse Quantitation system and with the addition of a visual memory aid. The posttest was repeated 3 months after the video presentation. Results: The use of a 17-minute video significantly enhanced participants' ability to interpret examination findings when expressed in the terminology of the system (mean improvement in scores 33%, P Conclusion: The Pelvic Organ Prolapse Quantitation system can be effectively taught by means of a public-domain video presentation. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 1998;179:1458-64.)
VE-cadherin is not required for the formation of nascent blood vessels but acts to prevent their disassembly.

We investigated the role of vascular endothelial (VE)–cadherin in blood vessel morphogenesis and established a temporal correlation linking the failure in vessel morphogenesis in VE-cadherin null embryos to a specific step in vasculogenesis. We showed that the sequence in which blood vessels failed followed the order in which they had formed (ie, those forming first—yolk sac, allantoic and endocardial vessels—were the first to display morphologic abnormalities). We next showed that in place of normal reticulated networks of blood vessels, clusters of platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule–positive (PECAM+) cells formed within cultured allantois explants from VE-cadherin null embryos. Similarly, a function-blocking VE-cadherin antibody, BV13, caused PECAM+ cell clusters to form in cultured allantois explants from normal mice. Finally, we demonstrated that formation of PECAM+ cell clusters in response to BV13 was not due to a disruption in the formation of nascent vessels but was due to the actual disassembly of nascent vessels. Based on these findings, we conclude that the events of de novo blood vessel formation up to the point at which a vascular epithelium forms (ie, nascent vessels with lumens) are not dependent on VE-cadherin and that VE-cadherin, whose expression is up-regulated following vascular epithelialization, is required to prevent the disassembly of nascent blood vessels.
Addison's disease and diabetes mellitus.

A 15-year-old boy developed diabetes mellitus 33 months after the onset of Addison's disease. His 10-year-old brother died of Addison's disease. Maternal family members had diabetes mellitus and thyroiditis. Thyroid and adrenal autoantibodies were present in the sera of the patient, his mother, and a maternal aunt. Antibody to β-cells of the pancreas was not present in the serum of the patient before insulin therapy was instituted. Immunologic factors were strongly implicated to explain the coexistance of Addison's disease and diabetes mellitus in this patient.
Provisions of the Commercial Space Launch Act (CSLA)

Abstract In an acknowledgement that private spaceflight is becoming a reality, the USA has enacted legislation, in the form of the CSLA, to assist the development of commercial, including passenger-carrying, launch vehicles. This report describes the salient features of the new act and explains the steps necessary for the obtention of a commercial launch license.
Wit, Style, and Substance: How Planners Shape Public Participation

This article compares the participatory methods and attitudes of four very different planners for whom public participation is central to practice. The comparison is based on Lefebvre’s theory of t...
Theory of Instruction: generalisation issues

General‐case learning is examined within the context of a logical analysis of what is to be taught and how it is taught. Given a few assumptions about the capabilities of the learner, the analysis of cognitive learning is shifted from a behavioural analysis of the learner to a logical analysis of the structural basis for generalisation—samenesses and differences—that lie in the teaching examples. Basic requirements for inducing generalisations are detailed and a variety of examples presented to illustrate the applications of the analysis.
Investors' perceptions of the Delaware Supreme Court decision in Unocal v. Mesa

Abstract In 1985 the Delaware Supreme Court allowed the Unocal Corporation to make a tender offer for its own shares to all holders except Mesa Partners II, who were attempting to gain control of Unocal. The Unocal decision and Mesa's response are associated with abnormal losses for shareholders of other Delaware firms that appeared to be targets of hostile takeover attempts at the time. These losses suggest that investors believed the decision would increase Delaware managers' ability to resist takeovers to the disadvantage of target shareholders.
Characteristics of drying remanent magnetization in sediments

Abstract Drying remanent magnetization is shown to be a physical phenomenon which is dependent on water content and magnetic grain shape. Anhysteretic remanent magnetization (ARM) acquisition studies show that no significant chemical changes occur on drying. There is a critical water content below which grain motion ceases. In a clay matrix, this water content is about 75% for single-domain needles and below 70% for single-domain euhedral grains. The rotation of grains during drying causes the magnetic moment to rotate toward the plane perpendicular to drying compression, and toward the external magnetic field. The rotation for euhedral grains is not restricted by shape anisotropy, while that for acicular grains is. Drying remanence cannot be completely removed once a sample has dried below its critical water content; however, most natural samples may be near or below their critical water content when cored.
Natural Aging of Reclaimed Rubber

Abstract As reclaimed rubber undergoes natural aging, it becomes less tacky and more resistant to breakdown during milling. This appears to be true to a lesser degree for reclaims having a high alkalinity than for those with low alkalinity. The acetone extract of reclaimed rubber remains constant as it ages, but its chloroform extract tends to decrease. These changes are accompanied by only small variations in physical properties, as shown by results obtained in typical test formulas. There is no significant change in quality when reclaim up to 18 months of age is used. This was true also of tire treads containing reclaim aged 15 months, as judged by actual road tests.
SU-E-CAMPUS-J-01: TG142 Complied Comprehensive Commissioning and Quality Assurance Procedure for Respiratory Gating

Purpose: To develop and establish a comprehensive gating commissioning and quality assurance procedure in compliance with TG142. Methods: Quality assurance tests on three Varian LINACs included beam output and energy constancy, calibration of surrogate, as well as phase and amplitude gating temporal accuracy. A diode array (MapCHECK 2) and film (Gafchromic EBT2) were used to measure the temporal accuracy of phase and amplitude gating windows. A motion simulation device (MotionSim) was used to simulate respiratory motion for both detectors. An end-to-end test was also performed on all three machines. The overall accuracy and uncertainty was analyzed and compared. Results: The end-to-end test using an anthropomorphic lung phantom (CIRS) results in an OSL dose difference reading within 5% (within measurement uncertainty) for both phase and amplitude gated treatment. Film results showed < 1% agreement between profiles for gated delivery and predicted dose. The diode array demonstrated an 80% passing rate for gamma criteria of 2%/0.2 mm, which results in a 111 msec temporal accuracy. However, the diode array is limited by its spatial resolution of measurements, due to its 7.07 mm diode spacing. Film provided higher measuring resolution, thus demonstrated a temporal accuracy of <100 msec. Conclusion: Results showed consistent respiratory gating stability and accuracy. MapCHECK 2 may not be sufficient for the temporal accuracy test in the respiratory gating treatment in order to meet the corresponding tolerance in TG142. One would need to decrease respiratory motion speed from the surrogate or tighten the gating window in order to be within tolerance of 100 msec temporal accuracy per TG-142. The end-to-end test offers insight to the overall accuracy and uncertainties with a gated protocol. Compared to static delivery, respiratory motion increases the overall uncertainty of treatment delivery from 3% to 5% dose difference.
The synthesis of new calcium borate compounds by hydrothermal methods

Hydrothermal treatment of calcium hydroxide-boric acid mixtures at temperatures between 200 and 400°C has produced a series of new compounds. These compounds have been characterized by X-ray and chemical examination. Four of the compounds are hydrated; three more anhydrous compounds are of particular interest since they cannot be prepared by normal ceramic methods. One of these compounds has been shown to be a high pressure polymorph of the known compound, CaO·B2O3. In explanation of these syntheses, it is suggested that various complex anions are formed in borate solutions at high temperatures. Possible structures for some of the compounds are suggested, and the petrogenesis of the naturally occurring borates is discussed.
Patterns of Precipitation and Mesolow Evolution in Midlatitude Mesoscale Convective Vortices

Abstract Surface pressure manifestations of mesoscale convective vortices (MCVs) that traversed Oklahoma during the periods May–August 2002–05 are studied using the Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D), the Oklahoma Mesonet, and the NOAA Profiler Network data. Forty-five MCVs that developed from mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) have been investigated, 28 (62%) of which exhibit mesolows detectable at the surface. Within this group, three distinct patterns of precipitation organization and associated mesolow evolution have been identified. The remaining 17 (38%) of the cases do not contain a surface mesolow. Two repeating patterns of precipitation organization are identified for the latter group. The three categories of MCVs possessing a surface mesolow are as follows. Nineteen are classified as “rear-inflow-jet MCVs,” and tend to form within large and intense asymmetric MCSs. Rear inflow into the MCS, enhanced by the development of an MCV on the left-hand side relative to system motion, pro...
Transvenous Reservoir Catheter Mimicking Right Atrial Mass Lesion

A reservoir (Mediport) catheter in the superior vena cava and right atrium can present as a right atrium mass lesion by echocardiography. Unlike pacemaker or transvenous catheters, these are not easily detected because the implant sites are not obvious and they are not attached to external intravenous device. Transvenous reservoir catheters should be considered in the echocardiographic diagnosis of right atrial mass lesion.
Heteroepitaxial Bi2Sr2CaCu2Ox Superconducting thin films Deposited on LaA1O3 by Solid Phase Epitaxy and OMCVD

-Heteroepitaxial superconducting Bi,Sr2CaCu2Ox (BSCCO 2212) thin films have been formed by solid phase epitaxy from amorphous films deposited on (100) LaA1O3 single crystal substrates by organometallic chemical vapor deposition. The epitaxial structure of the film is confirmed by x-ray diffraction including θ/2θ and Φ (in plane rotation) scans. Cross-sectional high resolution transmission electron microscopy indicates that the film-substrate interface is nearly atomically abrupt. Improvements in superconducting properties of the epitaxial thin films are noted in comparison to highly textured films deposited on MgO.
A tri-modal aluminum based composite with super-high strength

A bulk composite with 10 wt.% B4C, 50 wt.% coarse-grained 5083 Al and the balance nanocrystalline 5083 Al was fabricated, using cryomilling and compaction. This tri-modal composite exhibited an extremely high yield strength (up to 1065 MPa) when tested under compressive load. The structure–property relationships are discussed.
X‐ray microscopy and imaging of Escherichia coli, LPS and DNA

Ultrastructural examination by transmission and scanning electron microscopy involves a series of specialized preparation steps which may introduce artefacts in the micrographs. X-ray microscopy can take instant images of specimens but is mostly restricted to a few synchrotron X-ray sources. We have utilized a bench-top nanosecond laser-plasma to produce a single-shot source of nanosecond X-rays tuned for maximum contrast with carbon-rich material. To examine the ultrastructure by absorption profiles, we utilized a laser-produced plasma generated by a single-shot laser (1.06 microns wavelength, 5 x 10(12) W cm-2 intensity) focused on to a silicon target as an X-ray source for high-resolution X-ray microscopy. This approach eliminates the specimen preparation steps. Whole hydrated cells of Escherichia coli and purified preparations of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and chromosomal DNA (cDNA) were streaked onto poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)-coated grids (resist). This resist was exposed to X-rays under vacuum at a distance of 2.5 cm from the target disc. The silicon plasma produced by a 10-ns burst of laser energy (at 20J) radiates strong emission lines in the region of 300 eV. The X-rays penetrate the sample and their absorption profile is transferred on to the resist where PMMA acts as a negative to generate an image. By atomic force microscopy imaging of this photoresist we have visualized layers around cells of E.coli, darker areas inside the cell probably corresponding to cDNA, and preliminary images of LPS and DNA molecules. This technique has resolution at the 100 A level, produces images similar to the space-filling models of macromolecules and may be of great value in the study of the ultrastructure of hydrated live biological specimens.
Mineralogical variables that control the antibacterial effectiveness of a natural clay deposit

As antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains emerge and pose increased global health risks, new antibacterial agents are needed as alternatives to conventional antimicrobials. Naturally occurring antibacterial clays have been identified which are effective in killing antibiotic-resistant bacteria. This study examines a hydrothermally formed antibacterial clay deposit near Crater Lake, OR (USA). Our hypothesis is that antibacterial clays buffer pH and Eh conditions to dissolve unstable mineral phases containing transition metals (primarily Fe2+), while smectite interlayers serve as reservoirs for time release of bactericidal components. Model pathogens (Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 14990) were incubated with clays from different alteration zones of the hydrothermal deposit. In vitro antibacterial susceptibility testing showed that reduced mineral zones were bactericidal, while more oxidized zones had variable antibacterial effect. TEM images showed no indication of cell lysis. Cytoplasmic condensation and cell wall accumulations of 630 mV and contain elevated level (mM) of soluble Fe (Fe2+ and Fe3+) and Al3+. Our interpretation is that rapid uptake of Fe2+ impairs bacterial metabolism by flooding the cell with excess Fe2+ and overwhelming iron storage proteins. As the intracellular Fe2+ oxidizes, it produces reactive oxygen species that damage biomolecules and precipitates Fe-oxides. The ability of antibacterial clays to buffer pH and Eh in chronic non-healing wounds to conditions of healthy skin appears key to their healing potential and viability as an alternative to conventional antibiotics.
Method of Creating a Nanopore-Terminated Probe for Single-Molecule Enantiomer Discrimination

Nanopores are increasingly utilized as tools for single-molecule detection in biotechnology. Many nanopores are fabricated through procedures that require special materials, expensive facilities and experienced operators, which limit their usefulness on a wider scale. We have developed a simple method of fabricating a robust, low-noise nanopore by externally penetrating a nanocavity enclosed in the terminal of a capillary pipet. The nanocavity was shown to have a pore size on the scale of a single molecule, verified by translocation of molecules of known sizes, including double-stranded DNA (2 nm), gold nanoparticles (10 nm), and ring-shaped cyclodextrin (1.5 nm). The small pore size allows entrapment of a single cyclodextrin molecule. The glass nanopore with a trapped cyclodextrin proves useful in single-molecule discrimination of chiral enantiomers.
Mechanical properties of reactively processed W/Ta2C-based composites

Abstract The mechanical properties of reactively processed W/Ta 2 C cermet composites were studied. Dense W/Ta 2 C cermets with a nominal composition of 40.4 vol% W(Ta)ss, 48.9 vol% Ta 2 C and 10.6 vol% Ta 2 WO 8 were fabricated using a pressureless reactive processing method. Four-point bend strength, fracture toughness, elastic modulus, and microhardness were measured at room temperature. The average flexure strength was 584 MPa which is lower than for pure W; however the strength of pure Ta 2 C is unknown. The fracture toughness was 8.3 MPa m 1/2 which fits a rule of mixtures between literature values for the fracture toughness of the W and Ta 2 C phases. The elastic modulus was 476 GPa, and the microhardness was 13.4 GPa. Both Young's modulus and hardness were higher than values reported for other W-based cermets.
FRACTURE OF A FLOAT CATHETER A case report

Fracture of a balloon-tipped flow-directed catheter is described. The circumstances associated with the fracture are discussed, but no definite cause could be determined.
The sex ratio condition in Drosophila bifasciata; Its experimental transmission to several species of Drosophila☆

Abstract The following evidence has been accumulated in this study of the sex ratio (SR) condition in Drosophila bifasciata: A distinct cytopathology is present in dying males. An infectious material is isolable from the ovaries of SR females. This material, injected into normal healthy hosts, significantly alters the sex ratios of the injected flies and their progenies. Therefore, in view of these transfer-experiment results and the distinctive cytopathology previously described, it is postulated that the SR condition in D. bifasciata is due to an infectious agent exhibiting many viral characteristics: submicroscopic size, intracellular site, nucleopathic effects when multiplying, contagious spread by cell lysis, and affinity for neural and epidermal tissues. The SR agent resembles the sigma virus of Drosophila melanogaster with a stabilized strain, SR, and non-stabilized strains, “ia” and “ib.” Most of the normal flies tested appear to be refractory; the transferred condition is difficult to establish and maintain.
Analytic representation of the Efimov effect in the helium trimer

Exact solutions for the low-temperature helium dimer and trimer, $^{4}\mathrm{He}_{2}$ and $^{4}\mathrm{He}_{3}$, are derived, based on our $\ensuremath{\delta}$ function model for the interatomic potential. For the trimer, the Faddeev equations are shown to be separable in hyperspherical coordinates, with the $S$-wave alone giving an exact solution. The parameters ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{0}$ and ${r}_{0}$ are fitted to accurate computations on the dimer and trimer. Excited states of the trimer are shown to exhibit the Efimov effect, whereby artificially reducing the strength of the two-body potential causes an infinite number of weakly-bound levels to condense out of the continuum. All the features anticipated by Efimov are quantitatively reproduced within our model. Since short-range details of the intermolecular forces are not relevant, our results can be considered to be universally applicable.
The effect of diazepam on the spinal monosynaptic (H-) reflex in man.

Abstract The effects of 10 and 20 mg oral doses of diazepam (DZ) on the excitability of α-motoneurons in man was assessed by measuring the recovery curve of the H-reflex in 12 subjects. DZ produced a statistically significant reduction in the peak of “secondary facilitation” (termed H X ) at both doses used. With the 10 mg dose, the maximal effects occurred at one hour, with a return toward baseline at 2 hours. Twenty mg DZ produced a greater effect which peaked at 2 hours. Individual differences in baseline H-reflex parameters and also in percent response to DZ were great. No significant effects on several other H-reflex parameters were found. The data are consistent with hypotheses suggesting that DZ acts primarily on supra-spinal mechanisms with descending influences on spinal motor neuron excitability.
Nodal versus Total Axonal Strain and the Role of Cholesterol in Traumatic Brain Injury.

Abstract Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a health threat that affects every year millions of people involved in motor vehicle and sporting accidents, and thousands of soldiers in battlefields. Diffuse axonal injury (DAI) is one of the most frequent types of TBI leading to death. In DAI, the initial traumatic event is followed by a cascade of biochemical changes that take time to develop in full, so that symptoms may not become apparent until days or weeks after the original injury. Hence, DAI is a dynamic process, and the opportunity exists to prevent its progression provided the initial trauma can be predicted at the molecular level. Here, we present preliminary evidence from micro-finite element (FE) simulations that the mechanical response of central nervous system myelinated fibers is dependent on the axonal diameter, the ratio between axon diameter and fiber diameter (g-ratio), the microtubules density, and the cholesterol concentration in the axolemma and myelin. A key outcome of the simulations is ...
Alpha/Beta Interferons Regulate Murine Gammaherpesvirus Latent Gene Expression and Reactivation from Latency

Alpha/beta interferon (IFN-α/β) protects the host from virus infection by inhibition of lytic virus replication in infected cells and modulation of the antiviral cell-mediated immune response. To determine whether IFN-α/β also modulates the virus-host interaction during latent virus infection, we infected mice lacking the IFN-α/β receptor (IFN-α/βR−/−) and wild-type (wt; 129S2/SvPas) mice with murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (γHV68), a lymphotropic gamma-2-herpesvirus that establishes latent infection in B cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells. IFN-α/βR−/− mice cleared low-dose intranasal γHV68 infection with wt kinetics and harbored essentially wt frequencies of latently infected cells in both peritoneum and spleen by 28 days postinfection. However, latent virus in peritoneal cells and splenocytes from IFN-α/βR−/− mice reactivated ex vivo with >40-fold- and 5-fold-enhanced efficiency, respectively, compared to wt cells. Depletion of IFN-α/β from wt mice during viral latency also significantly increased viral reactivation, demonstrating an antiviral function of IFN-α/β during latency. Viral reactivation efficiency was temporally regulated in both wt and IFN-α/βR−/− mice. The mechanism of IFN-α/βR action was distinct from that of IFN-γR, since IFN-α/βR−/− mice did not display persistent virus replication in vivo. Analysis of viral latent gene expression in vivo demonstrated specific upregulation of the latency-associated gene M2, which is required for efficient reactivation from latency, in IFN-α/βR−/− splenocytes. These data demonstrate that an IFN-α/β-induced pathway regulates γHV68 gene expression patterns during latent viral infection in vivo and that IFN-α/β plays a critical role in inhibiting viral reactivation during latency.
Reaction Intermediates in the Solution Photochemistry of a Tetrarhodium Carbonyl Cluster: FTIR Structural Characterization and Transient Kinetics

The photochemistry of the tetranuclear rhodium carbonyl cluster, Rh4(CO)12, in heptane solution has been studied using pulsed laser photoexcitation coupled to time-resolved step-scan FTIR spectrometry. It was found that excitation of the cluster with 266 nm light results in CO dissociation to form a Rh 4(CO)11(Solv) species, transformations of which were observed in the nanosecond time domain. Monitoring the reaction course revealed the presence of two successive transients, I and II, which eventually reform the parent cluster. The FTIR spectrometric study showed that these transients represent two isomeric forms of the Rh4(CO)11(Solv) species. The second transient exhibits the structure typical of ground-state substituted Rh 4(CO)11(L) derivatives with the solvent molecule in an axial position of the basal plane of the metal tetrahedron. The first isomer is a “nonequilibrium” form of the same species where the solvent molecule occupies either a radial site at the basal rhodium triangle or a vacancy at the apical rhodium atom. The kinetics of the reaction sequence is consistent with a unimolecular isomerization of I into II and trapping of the latter by CO evolved at earlier stage of reaction. In the presence of excess CO in the reaction mixture the first transient is effectively scavenged to form Rh4(CO)12. The kinetic parameters of the isomerization process and the trapping of I by CO have been determined.
Role of nitric oxide in hepatic microvascular injury elicited by acetaminophen in mice.

Nitric oxide (NO) is suggested to play a role in liver injury elicited by acetaminophen (APAP). Hepatic microcirculatory dysfunction also is reported to contribute to the development of the injury....
Retroviral Rebound Syndrome with Fatal Outcome after Discontinuation of Antiretroviral Therapy

We report the case of a patient with AIDS who developed retroviral rebound syndrome that led to death after antiretroviral therapy was stopped because of toxicity. Cases of retroviral rebound syndrome reported in the literature are briefly reviewed.