cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dracunculus Species in Meso-Mammals from Georgia, United States, and Implications for the Guinea Worm Eradication Program in Chad, Africa

The prevalence and diversity of parasitic nematodes in wildlife have been well studied for certain species, yet for others considerable gaps in knowledge exist. The parasitic nematode Dracunculus insignis infects North American wildlife, and past research on this species has led to an increased understanding of the potential host diversity and transmission of the closely related human Guinea worm, Dracunculus medinensis (which is currently the focus of a global eradication program). Many definitive hosts have been documented for D. insignis; however, the life cycle has been studied only in laboratories, and only a single phylogenetic study has been conducted on D. insignis (from Canada). The goals of the present study were to investigate the prevalence of infections with Dracunculus species among wildlife at a single site (Di-Lane plantation) in the southeastern United States, evaluate the genetic diversity of parasites at this site, and investigate potential paratenic hosts that may be involved in transmission. Over 3 yr, we sampled 228 meso-mammals, reporting an overall prevalence of infection with Dracunculus insignis of 20% (46/228). Amphibians and fish were sampled in the same geographic area as infected meso-mammals. Dracunculus insignis third-stage larvae were recovered from 2 different species of amphibians, but all fish sampled were negative. Phylogenetic analysis of the partial cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) gene showed very little diversity of Dracunculus at Di-Lane; however, we did recover a single nematode from a Virginia opossum (Didelphis virginiana) that falls outside of the D. insignis clade, more closely aligns with Dracunculus lutrae, and may represent an undescribed species. This work documents the occurrence of D. insignis in frogs, a potential transmission pathway for D. insignis at a single geographic site in nature. When applied to the global Guinea Worm Eradication Program, and Chad, Africa, in particular, this work increases our knowledge of the potential role of aquatic animals in the transmission of Dracunculus species and informs on potential intervention strategies that may be applied to the eradication of Guinea worm in Africa.
Robust brain network identification from multi-subject asynchronous fMRI data.

Abstract We describe a novel method for robust identification of common brain networks and their corresponding temporal dynamics across subjects from asynchronous functional MRI (fMRI) using tensor decomposition. We first temporally align asynchronous fMRI data using the orthogonal BrainSync transform, allowing us to study common brain networks across sessions and subjects. We then map the synchronized fMRI data into a 3D tensor (vertices × time × subject/session). Finally, we apply Nesterov-accelerated adaptive moment estimation (Nadam) within a scalable and robust sequential Canonical Polyadic (CP) decomposition framework to identify a low rank tensor approximation to the data. As a result of CP tensor decomposition, we successfully identified twelve known brain networks with their corresponding temporal dynamics from 40 subjects using the Human Connectome Project's language task fMRI data without any prior information regarding the specific task designs. Seven of these networks show distinct subjects’ responses to the language task with differing temporal dynamics; two show sub-components of the default mode network that exhibit deactivation during the tasks; the remaining three components reflect non-task-related activities. We compare results to those found using group independent component analysis (ICA) and canonical ICA. Bootstrap analysis demonstrates increased robustness of networks found using the CP tensor approach relative to ICA-based methods.
Intercategorical and Intracategorical Experiences of Discrimination and HIV Prevalence Among Transgender Women in San Francisco, CA: A Quantitative Intersectionality Analysis

Objectives. To examine differences in HIV prevalence and experiences of discrimination within the trans women community in California’s San Francisco Bay Area.Methods. Intersectional positions were...
Characteristic Effects of Pulsed Power Generators of Different Architecture on the Implosion Dynamics of Mid-Z Double Planar Wire Arrays

Planar Wire Arrays (PWAs) have been studied on both the University of Michigan’s (UM) low-impedance Linear Transformer Driver (LTD) MAIZE generator (0.1 Ω, 0.5-1 MA, and 100-250 ns) and the University of Nevada, Reno’s (UNR) high-impedance Zebra Marx bank generator (1.9 Ω, 1 MA, 100 ns). The results with Low-Z Aluminum and High- Z Tungsten Double Planar Wire Arrays 1 (DPWAs) were compared earlier; thus Brass (an alloy of Mid-Z elements Copper and Zinc) DPWAs were selected for study to get a more complete understanding of Low- to High-Z DPWA implosions on MAIZE. As the LTD is a relatively new form of pulsed power generator, comparing results from traditional generators (such as Marx banks) will help us to better understand both technologies. Experimental diagnostics included an absolutely calibrated filtered polycrystalline diamond detector (PCD), filtered Si-diodes, x-ray pinhole cameras, spectrometers, and optical shadowgraphy systems. Time-dependent inductance modelling on the MAIZE LTD was derived from the measured current trace 1 . Radiative and implosion dynamics of Brass DPWAs on the MAIZE LTD are presented and compared to previous results on the Zebra Marx generator 2 . Implosions on the MAIZE LTD featured a longer than expected current risetime dependent on the load inductance, a longer pinching process and x-ray emission time, and resulted in L-shell plasmas comparable in characteristics with previous studies on Zebra.
Zinc Deficiency: Cause of Hypoproteinemia or Its Result?

In Reply.— We agree with Weizman that quantification of enteric protein loss is best carried out by the use of51 Cr-albumin. Although this test has been used in adults and older children, there is no published study on the use of this method in neonates or low-birth-weight infants. The use of radioactive isotopes and the necessity of obtaining fecal samples without urinary contamination makes this an undesirable test in infants. Although the fecal clearance of α1-antitrypsin overcomes all the drawbacks of the 51Cr-albumin method, there are again no studies to date, on its use in neonates.
Police Discretion and Boredom What Officers Do When There Is Nothing to Do

Police work is boring, involves a substantial amount of “down time,” and can have negative consequences for police officer performance, contributing to occupational stress and turnover. Research ar...
Cyproterone acetate exposure during gestation in mice retards fetal growth

Abstract Pregnant mice were injected with one of seven doses of cyproterone acetate (CA) from Day 12 through Day 17 of pregnancy. Exposure to doses of CA which blocked masculinization (as indicated by anogenital distance) severely retarded fetal growth. CA also increased the incidence of fetal deaths. CA is thus not recommended for use as an antiandrogen during gestation in mice.
The Cauchy Problem for Harmonic Maps on Minkowski Space

In this article we shall be reporting on recent progress in the study of harmonic maps from Minkowski space (M, ŋ) into a Riemannian manifold (N, g). These maps (also called wave maps or sigma models) are solutions to the wave equation with partial derivatives replaced by covariant derivatives. These equations are naturally nonlinear because the image lives on a manifold instead of a vector space, as is the case for the linear wave equation. A useful way to describe the problem would be when the target manifold N is a hypersurface in ℝk+1.
Intolerance and American Religious History

The burning of Catholic convents, the night riding of the Klan, the bombing of abortion clinics represent just a few examples of the ways religious intolerance has been a pervasive and persistent feature of American religious life; however, until recently, it has remained absent as a category of analysis in much of the scholarship on U.S. religion. To acquaint readers with this emerging topic of interest, this essay examines how scholars are addressing the challenges of researching and teaching the not-so-nice dimensions of American religious history. By surveying a wide range of sources, it familiarizes readers with the prominent challenges, themes, and approaches in the study of religious intolerance. This essay suggests that studying religious intolerance can help us more accurately chronicle American religious history and provide scholars with a broader analytical construct that promotes comparisons of intolerance against religious groups and across time periods and thereby helps illuminate the enduring power of religious hatred.
Application of Carbon Nanotubes to Brain Tumor Therapy

The sections in this article are Introduction The Current Challenge of Brain Tumor Therapy Current Status of Clinical Practice in Brain Tumor Therapy The Progress of Investigational Therapies for Brain Tumors Targeted Molecular Therapy Anti-Angiogenic Therapy Immunotherapy Gene Therapy The Characteristics of CNTs for Biological Applications Single-Walled and Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Functionalization of CNTs Covalent Surface Modification Noncovalent Surface Modification CNT Delivery System Delivery of Antibodies and Peptides Delivery of siRNA Delivery of DNA Molecules Delivery of CpG Delivery of Vaccines Delivery of Chemical Drugs Strategies of Application of CNTs to Brain Tumor Therapy CNTs Targeting Brain Tumor-Macrophages Internalization of CNTs by BV2 Microglia Cells In Vitro Preferential Uptake of CNTs by Macrophages in a Glioma Model Phosphatidylserine-Coated CNTs Targeting Microglia/Macrophages CNTs Targeting Tumor Cells and Preliminary Efforts Towards In Vivo Cancer Therapy CNTs Actively Targeting Tumor Cells CNTs Passively Targeting Tumor Cells CNTs Thermal Effects on Tumor Cells Toxicity Issues of CNTs in Brain Tumor Therapy Conclusions and Future Directions Acknowledgments Keywords: carbon nanotubes; drug-delivery system; nanomedicine; brain tumor; immunotherapy; tumor-associated macrophage; siRNA; CpG oligodeoxynucleotides
The Place of Informal Logic in Philosophy

We argue that informal logic is epistemological. Two central questions concern premise acceptability and connection adequacy. Both may be explicated in tenns of justification, a central epistemological concept. That some premises are basic parallels a foundationalist account of basic beliefs and epistemic support. Some epistemological accounts of these concepts may advance the analysis of premise acceptability and connection adequacy. Infonnallogic has implications for other aspects of philosophy. If causal interpretations are acceptable premises and thus justified, does the world have a causal structure? If evaluative premises are acceptable, i.e., justified, is value an objective feature of the world?
Gerontologic Biostatistics: The Statistical Challenges of Clinical Research with Older Study Participants

The medical and personal circumstances of older persons present challenges for designing and analyzing clinical research studies in which they participate. These challenges that elderly study samples present are not unique, but they are sufficiently distinctive to warrant deliberate and systematic attention. Their distinctiveness originates in the multifactorial etiologies of geriatric health syndromes and the multiple morbidities accruing with aging at the end of life. The objective of this article is to identify a set of statistical challenges arising in research with older persons that should be considered conjointly in the practice of clinical research and addressed systematically in the training of biostatisticians intending to work with gerontologists, geriatricians, and older study participants. The statistical challenges include design and analytical strategies for multicomponent interventions, multiple outcomes, state transition models, floor and ceiling effects, missing data, and mixed methods. The methodological and pedagogical themes of this article will be integrated by a description of a proposed subdiscipline of "gerontologic biostatistics" and supported by the introduction of new set of statistical resources for researchers working in this area. These conceptual and methodological resources have been developed in the context of several collaborating Claude D. Pepper Older Americans Independence Centers.
Summer Nest Tree Use by Northern Flying Squirrels in the Black Hills, South Dakota

Abstract Northern flying squirrels (Glaucomys sabrinus) of the Black Hills National Forest (BHNF) of South Dakota represent a unique and isolated population, but little is known about the nesting ecology of this population. We radio-collared 59 northern flying squirrels and collected a daytime nest location every 2–4 wk during May through Aug., 2005 through 2007. The radio-collared northern flying squirrels used 133 different nests, including drays in live trees, cavities in live trees and cavities in snags. We examined distance between consecutively located nests and characteristics of nest trees to random and available trees within the northern flying squirrels' home ranges. The distance between consecutively located nests was farther for males than females. Sixty-eight percent of the nests used were in cavities. Snags and larger trees were selected for nest sites more than expected based on availability. This study will help managers understand an aspect of microhabitat resource use by northern flying ...
Significance of individual sensitivity to chemicals: elucidation of host susceptibility by use of biomarkers in environmental health research

Biomarker research has become the predominant theme for study of human dose-host-response relations to environmental chemicals. Increasing interest has been focused on identifying markers for host susceptibility, with mixed results. Efforts to identify markers for host variability in carcinogenic risk, on the basis of theoretical knowledge of carcinogen metabolism, have been disappointing. New work in the area of acquired risk modifiers, such as nutritional status, is theoretically attractive, but results have been limited. Impressive achievements have been made in the area of immunological variability, which may elucidate the molecular basis of as well as provide practical biomarkers for several diseases. The problem of multiple chemical sensitivities, on the other hand, has proved refractory to biomarker research, reflecting inadequate knowledge of the mechanism and inappropriate application of biomarker methods.
The Pharaoh: Life at Court and on Campaign. By Garry J. Shaw. (New York, NY: Thames & Hudson, 2012. Pp. 224. $39.95.)

This clearly written, lavishly illustrated volume presents an account of Egyptian pharaohs in their multifaceted roles in a manner that breathes life into the more conventional, monotonal depiction...
Spectrophotometric study on the thorium complex of β-SNADNS-6

The dye β-SNADNS-6, has been prepared from chromotropic acid and 2-naphthylamine-6-sulfonic acid. The blue thorium complex of this dye has been studied spectrophotometrically. The complex forms in theph range 2 to 4, the maximum colour development occurs at a very narrow ph range of 2.5 to 3. The maximum absorption of the complex occurs at 590 nm. The colour reaction is fairly sensitive. The molar absorption coefficient of the complex is 20,604. The average formation constant of the thorium chelate, determined by various methods, was calculated as 1.25 · 105. Only one complex having the composition 1∶1 is formed.
Micromechanical models for the effective time-dependent and nonlinear electromechanical responses of piezoelectric composites

This study introduces micromechanical models for analyzing the overall electromechanical responses of piezoelectric composites comprising polarized piezoelectric ceramics and polymeric constituents...
Actively Caring for People: Humanistic Behaviorism in Practice.

In mid-April, 2007, the campus of Virginia Tech experienced the worst college shooting massacre in history. In the aftermath, it was discovered that the shooter left a manifesto detailing a history of severe bullying that exacerbated existing mental health conditions. From this tragedy, however, rose a movement of compassion deeply rooted in behavioral science—Actively Caring for People.
Cells and cellularity in infinite-dimensional normed linear spaces

Certain concepts such as cells, cellular sets, point-like sets, and decomposition spaces are studied and related in normed linear spaces. The relationships between these concepts in general resemble somewhat the corresponding relationships in Euclidean space. There are certain topological properties in Euclidean n-space which can be conveniently studied as properties in normed linear spaces. In this paper con, cepts such as open and closed cells, cellular sets, point-like sets, and decomposition spaces are studied and related. Many, but not all, of the relationships between these concepts in infinite-dimensional normed linear spaces resemble the corresponding relationships in finite-dimensional spaces. Throughout the paper, E will denote an arbitrary normed linear space, and 0 will represent the zero element of E. For any positive real number r and any x ,E E let B r(x) =y 6 E: llx Y|| < r} and Sr(x) -y e E: l|x Y|| = r}. For convenience let Br Br(0) and Sr = Sr(0). 1. Tame cells. A closed subset C of E is a cell in E if there exists a homeomorphism from the pair (B1, SI) onto the pair (C, Bd C). C is tame if there exists a homeomorphism from E onto itself taking C onto Bl. A closed subset K of E\Int C is a collar of C if there exists a homeomorphism h from the triple (B1; B2 $SI) onto the triple (K u C; C, Bd (K u C)). Lemma 1.1. Let C be a cell in E, and let / be a homeomorphism /rom the pair (BP, S onto the pair (C, Bd C). Then there exists a homeomorphism h from E onto itself such that h B = fIB V2 ./2 Presented to the Society, April 20, 1968; received by the editors September 13, 1971 and, in revised form, February 23, 1972. AMS (MOS) subject classifications (1970). Primary 57A17, 57A60; Secondary 57A20.
Abstract LB-217: CK2 protein kinase promotes resistance to MAPK pathway inhibition

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA Small molecule kinase inhibitors have opened potential new avenues for treating cancers dependent on the RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK MAPK pathway, yet identification of both de novo/innate/intrinsic and acquired resistance mechanisms will be critical for the successful application of these inhibitors in the clinic. We interrogated the kinome to identify resistance mechanisms towards the novel ERK1/2-selective inhibitor SCH772984. We first utilized a kinome-focused RNAi screen to identify genes that, when silenced, sensitized KRAS-dependent pancreatic cancer cells to SCH772984. In our drug dose-response screen of 711 kinases (QIAGEN library), we used 4 independent siRNA duplexes to knock down each gene, treated at 5 different drug doses, then evaluated viability with a standard CellTiter-Glo assay. Nineteen kinases enhanced sensitivity to SCH772984 (where at least 2 siRNAs for each target decreased IC50) at least 5-fold, indicating that they could drive ERK1/2 inhibitor resistance. Among these were 4 of the 9 protein kinases (Cot, Raf-1, PAK3 and PRKCH) identified in a cDNA expression screen for kinases that caused resistance of BRAF-mutant melanoma to the BRAF inhibitor vemurafenib. We therefore hypothesized that at least some of the kinases that scored positive in this screen might be conserved both across the MAPK pathway and across different cancer types. The tetrameric protein kinase CK2 (formerly casein kinase II) has crucial roles in cell survival, proliferation and differentiation, and its expression and/or activity is dysregulated in cancers including melanoma. In very recent studies, we have now determined that the alpha subunit of CK2 is sufficient to cause resistance to each of the three ERK MAPK pathway inhibitors currently approved for treatment of melanoma: vemurafenib (BRAFi), dabrafenib (BRAFi) and trametinib (MEKi). Co-inhibition of the MAPK pathway and CK2 (e.g., with CX-4945, currently in phase I trials) further enhanced sensitivity. Thus, this combination may offer an effective regimen to forestall or delay tumor relapse. We also observed that CK2alpha maintains ERK phosphorylation in the presence of MAPK inhibitors, and that it posttranslationally reduces abundance of the ERK phosphatase DUSP6/MKP-3, in a kinase-dependent manner. The relationship of these findings to CK2-mediated mechanisms of drug resistance will be discussed. Citation Format: Bingying Zhou, Michelle Kassner, Holly Yin, Channing J. Der, Adrienne D. Cox. CK2 protein kinase promotes resistance to MAPK pathway inhibition. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-217. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-LB-217
Injury Severity Scoring

The wish to predict outcome following injury is as old as human history, but the actual measurement of injury severity began only 40 years ago. Tools are now available to measure both physical injury [the Injury Severity Score (ISS)] and physiologic derangement [the Revised Trauma Score (RTS)], as well as their synergistic combination, into a probability of survival score (TRISS). Although these tools are in daily use in most trauma centers, their predictive power is only mediocre. While adequate for estimation of the trauma severity in populations of patients, these measures have proven inadequate for predicting individual outcomes, and their usefulness in comparing trauma systems and centers has proven problematic. Better alternatives to these tools have been developed, but adoption has been slow because these incremental improvements in predictive power have not been sufficient to allow expanded uses for injury scoring. We now face the possibility that injury scoring can never be robust enough to be either clinically useful or the basis for meaningful comparisons between trauma centers. We should continue our quest for improved outcome prediction, but we must resist demands that injury scoring systems be extended into realms where they may detract from intelligent discourse or damage clinical practice.
Sexually antagonistic genes: experimental evidence

When selection differs between the sexes, a mutation beneficial to one sex may be harmful to the other (sexually antagonistic). Because the sexes share a common gene pool, selection in one sex can interfere with the other's adaptive evolution. Theory predicts that sexually antagonistic mutations should accumulate in tight linkage with a new sex-determining gene, even when the harm to benefit ratio is high. Genetic markers and artificial selection were used to make a pair of autosomal genes segregate like a new pair of sex-determining genes in a Drosophila melanogaster model system. A 29-generation study provides experimental evidence that sexually antagonistic genes may be common in nature and will accumulate in response to a new sex-determining gene.
Biological system transfer-function extraction using swept-frequency and correlation techniques

The paper describes the application of a swept-frequency-system identification technique to biological systems. By linearly sweeping the frequency of the sinusoidal input signal over the range of frequencies of interest, the frequency-response profile of the biological system can be rapidly determined. System transfer characteristics are extracted from the input-power spectral density and output-input crosspower spectral-density computations. Noise, harmonic distortion and sweeptime considerations are given. Logarithmic frequencysweeping is suggested as a means of avoiding harmonic distortion.
A new O( n · log n ) algorithm for computing the intersection of convex polygons

Abstract We present a new O(n·log n) algorithm for computing the intersection of a set of arbitrary (possibly unbounded) polygons, where n is the total number of edges in the polygons. An interesting property of this algorithm is that if the intersection is empty, then the algorithm finds a minimal set of at most three polygons whose intersection is empty. The algorithm is based on a simple technique for detecting a redundant inequality among a set of inequalities of two variables.
REARWARD FORCING OF AN UNSTEADY COMPRESSIBLE CASCADE

Phase-locked, steady and unsteady, surface pressure measurements were made on the vanes of a compressible cascade, for inlet Mach numbers up to —0.7. The cascade vanes were production hardware stator vanes from an AlliedSignal F109 turbofan engine. Data are presented from which it may be concluded that the cascade produces reasonably good two-dimensional flow through the vane row. Unsteady forcing within the cascade can be produced either upstream or downstream of the vane row. In the present paper, flow unsteadiness in the cascade was produced using shedding from circular cylinders positioned at a distance equal to 80 % vane chords downstream of the vane row. This rearward forcing of the vane row resulted in unsteady surface pressures of the same order as those produced in similar experiments with forward forcing. Decomposition of the ensembled, phase-locked, pressure-response signals for rearward forcing provided insight into both the nature of the unsteady disturbance and the physics of its propagation within the vane row.
The assessment of at‐risk infants and toddlers with the Bayley Mental Scale and the Battelle Developmental Inventory: Beyond the data

The purpose of this study was to compare the usefulness of the Bayley Scales of Infant Development (BSID)-Mental Scales and the Battelle Developmental Inventory (BDI) in assessing the abilities of infants and toddlers from teen-parent families. The 34 children lived with their mothers, who ranged in age from 15 to 21. The results of the study indicate that these two developmental instruments cannot be used interchangeably and that one needs to look beyond the psychometric data in order to understand the results of infant and toddler assessment. The correlation between the BSID-Mental Development Index (MDI) and BDI Total score was −.03.
Crystallization of silicon in aluminium/amorphous-silicon multilayers

Abstract The crystallization of amorphous Si (a-Si) in Al/a-Si multilayer thin films has been investigated by ex situ and in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction and calorimetry. The a-Si crystallizes at about 200°C, a significantly lower temperature than for the pure elemental state, with a heat of crystallization of about 12 kJ (mol Si)−1. We show that crystalline Si (c-Si) nucleates within the Al layers and penetrates the Al as the c-Si grows. The speed of the growth of c-Si observed by in situ TEM was a few angstroms per second at 220°C. Al grains are separated and the layered structure is destroyed, while the Al(111) film texture is enhanced. The overall activation energy of the reaction, determined by calorimetry, is 1·2 ± 01 eV. We propose a model in which diffusion of Si through the Al grains and rearrangement of the Al grains occur simultaneously.
AGGRESSIVE PHARMACOLOGIC TREATMENT OF PAIN

Nociception and its perception (i.e., pain) are part of the body's protective mechanism to avoid tissue damage. Nociception originates in the periphery with the activation and sensitization of the A-delta and C fibers (nociceptors) by noxious stimuli. Pain is the awareness of nociception and has been defined as "an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with tissue damage or described in terms of such damage." 16 In dealing with patients suffering from disabling pain, physicians should always carry out a comprehensive assessment in order to form the appropriate treatment plan. For example, in certain cases of chronic pain, behavior modification and relaxation techniques, functional restoration modalities, or even surgical interventions may be the primary therapies recommended. In the majority of cases, however, medications represent the mainstay therapeutic approach to patients with acute or chronic pain syndromes. Drug therapies are aimed at controlling the mechanisms of nociception such as chemical mediators of inflammation, activation of ion channels and receptors, and release of neurotransmitters. This complex biochemical activity occurs along and within the pain pathways of the peripheral and central nervous system (CNS). Following a painful trauma or disease, chronicity of pain may develop. This can be caused by a variety of factors pertinent not only to the nature of the disease but also to the intensity of the initial pain. Aggressive treatment of severe pain is recommended in order to achieve satisfactory relief and prevention of intractable chronic pain. In this article, I discuss the pharmacology of nociception as well as the classes of drugs used for pain control: opioid and nonopioid analgesics. To provide the most prompt, safe, and effective treatment, physicians must possess both knowledge and expertise in dealing with these two classes of drugs.
Pulmonary hypertension in patients with chronic and end-stage kidney disease

Pulmonary hypertension is defined as a mean pulmonary artery pressure ≥25mmHg and is a recently recognized complication of chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease. There is significant epidemiological overlap with kidney disease and the underlying causes of World Health Organization group 1–4 pulmonary hypertension (pulmonary arteriopathy, left heart disease, chronic pulmonary disease, and chronic thromboembolic disease, respectively). In addition, an entity of ‘unexplained pulmonary hypertension,' group 5, in patients with chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease has emerged, with prevalence estimates of 30–50%. The pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension in this population is due to alterations in endothelial function, increased cardiac output, and myocardial dysfunction leading to elevated left heart filling pressure, with recent data suggesting that left heart dysfunction may account for the vast majority of pulmonary hypertension in patients with kidney disease. Pulmonary hypertension is an independent predictor of increased mortality in patients on dialysis and those undergoing kidney transplantation. This review summarizes what is known about the epidemiology, pathogenesis, transplantation outcomes, mortality, and treatment of pulmonary hypertension in patients with chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease.
La fortune privée en Pennsylvanie, New Jersey, Delaware (1774)

Comparer les niveaux de vie a differentes epoques et en differents lieux, pose des problemes subtils et difficiles. J'ai appris, il y a des annees, du professeur Chester Wright, a l'universite de Chicago, qu'une approche essentielle de l'histoire economique, un moyen de juger si oui ou non, et dans quelle mesure, une economie a progresse, consiste a examiner les niveaux de consommation qu'elle a rendu possibles pour la moyenne de la population, a des moments differents. Autrement dit, il s'agit de juger l'economie par la facon dont, au cours de l'histoire, elle a reussi a satisfaire les besoins des hommes. Mais pour cette evaluation, nous avons besoin de quelque instrument de mesure, si imparfait soit-il. Retracer les niveaux de vie ou de consommation a divers stades ou a differentes periodes de l'histoire, dans les pays qui sont aujourd'hui hautement developpes, presente un interet tres actuel, en aidant notre reflexion sur les moyens empiriques qui permettraient d'ameliorer les niveaux de vie dans les pays actuellement peu developpes.
Dishevelled-2 docks and activates Src in a Wnt-dependent manner

Wnt3a activates the `canonical' signaling pathway, stimulating the nuclear accumulation of β-catenin and activation of Lef/Tcf-sensitive transcription of developmentally important genes. Using totipotent mouse F9 teratocarcinoma cells expressing frizzled-1 (Fz1), we investigated roles of tyrosine kinase activity in Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Treatment with either genistein or Src family kinase inhibitor PP2 attenuates Wnt3a-stimulated Lef/Tcf transcription activation and primitive endoderm formation. siRNA-induced knockdown of Src likewise attenuates Lef/Tcf transcription and primitive endoderm formation in response to Wnt3a, implicating Src as a positive regulator of Wnt/β-catenin signaling. We discovered that Src binds dishevelled-2 (Dvl2), a key phosphoprotein in Wnt signaling, at two positions: an SH3-binding domain and a C-terminal domain. The Y18F mutant of Dvl2 attenuates the Wnt3a-stimulated Lef/Tcf-sensitive transcriptional response. Wnt3a stimulates Src docking to Dvl2 and activation of this tyrosine kinase. Activated Src, in turn, enhances Wnt activation of the canonical pathway. We show that Dvl2 and β-catenin are crucially important substrates for tyrosine phosphorylation in the canonical Wnt/β-catenin pathway.
Inflammatory cytokines in depression: Neurobiological mechanisms and therapeutic implications

Mounting evidence indicates that inflammatory cytokines contribute to the development of depression in both medically ill and medically healthy individuals. Cytokines are important for development and normal brain function, and have the ability to influence neurocircuitry and neurotransmitter systems to produce behavioral alterations. Acutely, inflammatory cytokine administration or activation of the innate immune system produces adaptive behavioral responses that promote conservation of energy to combat infection or recovery from injury. However, chronic exposure to elevated inflammatory cytokines and persistent alterations in neurotransmitter systems can lead to neuropsychiatric disorders and depression. Mechanisms of cytokine behavioral effects involve activation of inflammatory signaling pathways in the brain that results in changes in monoamine, glutamate, and neuropeptide systems, and decreases in growth factors, such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Furthermore, inflammatory cytokines may serve as mediators of both environmental (e.g. childhood trauma, obesity, stress, and poor sleep) and genetic (functional gene polymorphisms) factors that contribute to depression's development. This review explores the idea that specific gene polymorphisms and neurotransmitter systems can confer protection from or vulnerability to specific symptom dimensions of cytokine-related depression. Additionally, potential therapeutic strategies that target inflammatory cytokine signaling or the consequences of cytokines on neurotransmitter systems in the brain to prevent or reverse cytokine effects on behavior are discussed.
CAD-Integrated Excavation and Pipe Laying

Excavation and, in particular, trenching using backhoes represents a hazardous working environment for workers. The hazards include trench walls that collapse, the accidental drop of heavy objects into the opening, excavators and other equipment that become unstable, and buried utilities that are damaged during the operation. The three main accident prevention efforts used today are the use of the trench box, inspection, and the training of the site personnel. The work discussed in this paper is the result of a search for a more revolutionary prevention method: one that does not require a worker to enter the open trench. This paper presents the development and testing of a computer-aided design (CAD) integrated trenching and pipe-laying system. The successful testing of the first prototype could lay the foundation for safer and more productive trenching operations in the future.
Special issue on neural repair

Cover Illustration: Computer inverted image of tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive perikarya and fibers from a human fetal transplant case. The cells are vibrant, healthy, and cross from the graft to the host to provide new dopaminergic innervation to the host striatum. This example of plasticity in the human brain is striking and serves to highlight the types of studies undertaken by the membership of the ASNTR. Photo supplied by Jeffrey H. Kordower. J. Comp. Neurol., Volume 515, Number 1. J. Comp. Neurol. 515, 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Three-dimensional induction logging problems, Part 2: A finite-difference solution

A 3-D finite-difference solution is implemented for simulating induction log responses in the quasi-static limit that include the wellbore and bedding that exhibits transverse anisotropy. The finite-difference code uses a staggered grid to approximate a vector equation for the electric field. The resulting linear system of equations is solved to a predetermined error level using iterative Krylov subspace methods. To accelerate the solution at low induction numbers (LINs), a new preconditioner is developed. This new preconditioner splits the electric field into curl-free and divergence-free projections, which allows for the construction of an approximate inverse operator. Test examples show up to an order of magnitude increase in speed compared to a simple Jacobi preconditioner. Comparisons with analytical and mode matching solutions demonstrate the accuracy of the algorithm.
Effect of alpha-amylase on the ehrlich mouse ascites tumour.

EVEN after incubation in saline at 37° for as long as 24 hr., about 8.5 × 106 Ehrlich ascites tumour cells will produce tumour and cause death in 20–26 days when re-injected into new hosts. As part of an attempt to pin-point in vitro specific types of damage and then to test the virulence of these damaged cells by subsequent inoculation into mice, Ehrlich ascites tumour cells were exposed to the action of the enzyme α-amylase.
An innate link between obesity and asthma

The concordant epidemics of asthma and obesity are both associated with inflammation, and obesity has been shown to be an independent risk factor for asthma. A new study in mice indicates that part of the immunological connection between obesity and asthma involves inflammasome activation and production of the cytokine interleukin-17 by innate lymphoid cells in the lung (pages 54–61).
Using clinical factors and mammographic breast density to estimate breast cancer risk: development and validation of a new predictive model.

Existing breast cancer prediction tools do not account for breast density, a strong risk factor for breast cancer. Tice and associates developed a breast cancer risk prediction model that incorpora...
Optimization of solder height and shape to improve the thermo-mechanical reliability of wafer-level chip scale packages

This study focuses on the development of a highly reliable solder bumping solution by the optimization of bump height and shape for flip-chip mounting of large die directly on PCB without the use of underfill. To achieve the goal, an elongated solder joint with an optimized shape has been developed that demonstrated far superior board-level thermo-mechanical reliability to that of the conventional BGA bumps. When tested at the 7.2×7.2 mm2 die size, the first thermal cycling failure of the improved joint exceeded 800 cycles with the characteristic lifetime reaching 989 cycles without the use of underfill. Experimental result was correlated with FEM analyses to optimize the bump height and shape in order to identify the lowest maximum strain along with improved strain distribution that could lead to the longest lifetime. Moreover, unlike the standard BGA joint where a single crack propagated near UBM is the norm, the fatigue behavior of the optimized joint clearly demonstrated a superior ability to deform along the whole length of the joint. Multiple cracks were constantly observed in the elongated joint indicating the newly designed joint has better capability to absorb stresses and, as a consequence, deforming instead of cracking, that ultimately lead to significantly improved fatigue lifetime.
Comparative water uptake by roots of different ages in seedlings of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.)

summary Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging was used to study water absorption from fine, moist sand by the taproot, first-order lateral roots, and tine roots of 9-month-old loblolly pine seedlings. Magnetic resonance imaging provides the opportunity for repeated non-destructive measurements of water uptake by roots growing in a solid medium such as sand. Root systems of container-grown seedlings were pruned to a taproot, one or two first-order laterals and attached fine roots, and were planted in small containers. Reference tubes filled with a mixture of CuSO4/D2O were placed in each container in the field of view. Roots of individual seedlings were repeatedly imaged at approximately 3 h intervals. Water uptake by individual roots was measured and uptake was calculated based on biomass, root length, and surface area. Based on weight and surface area, but not on root length, fine roots were more efficient than the lateral or taproots in water uptake. Measurement of water content in MR images of wet sand was confirmed by the imaging of Sand phantoms. These phantoms were tubes filled with fine sand at varied water contents (5–25%). Additional tubes of CuSO4 with D2O were also imaged. A linear relationship between signal intensity of moist sand (normalized against the CuSO4/D2O) and water conteni was demonstrated (R2= 0.97). Fitting the normalized signal intensity of the sand to the calculated linear regression allowed calculation of the water content of the sand.
Is the Rey 15-Item Memory Test II (Rey II) a Valid Symptom Validity Test?: Comparison with the TOMM

The Rey 15-Item Memory Test II (Rey II) is a revised version of the original Rey Memory Test and is used as a measure of test-taking effort. In the present study, the concurrent validity of the Rey II was examined by comparing Rey II test scores to a well-established measure of symptom validity, the Test of Memory Malingering (TOMM). Retrospective chart review was conducted using the records of 60 veterans who were referred for outpatient neuropsychological testing and suspected of possible symptom exaggeration. Results of the study suggest that when compared to the TOMM, the Qualitative, as opposed to the Quantitative, scoring method of the Rey II was more discriminative, but showed both positive and negative predictive power that was unacceptably low, falling at .62 and .64, respectively. Clinical implications are discussed.
Applying World Wide Web Technology to the Study of Patients with Rare Diseases

Randomized, controlled trials of sporadic diseases are rarely conducted. Recent developments in communication technology, particularly the World Wide Web, allow efficient dissemination and exchange of information. However, software for the identification of patients with a rare disease and subsequent data entry and analysis in a secure Web database are currently not available. To study cholangiocarcinoma, a rare cancer of the bile ducts, we developed a computerized disease tracing system coupled with a database accessible on the Web. The tracing system scans computerized information systems on a daily basis and forwards demographic information on patients with bile duct abnormalities to an electronic mailbox. If informed consent is given, the patient's demographic and preexisting medical information available in medical database servers are electronically forwarded to a UNIX research database. Information from further patient-physician interactions and procedures is also entered into this database. The database is equipped with a Web user interface that allows data entry from various platforms (PC-compatible, Macintosh, and UNIX workstations) anywhere inside or outside our institution. To ensure patient confidentiality and data security, the database includes all security measures required for electronic medical records. The combination of a Web-based disease tracing system and a database has broad applications, particularly for the integration of clinical research within clinical practice and for the coordination of multicenter trials.
Static control-flow analysis of user-driven callbacks in Android applications

Android software presents many challenges for static program analysis. In this work we focus on the fundamental problem of static control-flow analysis. Traditional analyses cannot be directly applied to Android because the applications are framework-based and event-driven. We consider user-event-driven components and the related sequences of callbacks from the Android framework to the application code, both for lifecycle callbacks and for event handler callbacks. We propose a program representation that captures such callback sequences. This representation is built using context-sensitive static analysis of callback methods. The analysis performs graph reachability by traversing context-compatible interprocedural control-flow paths and identifying statements that may trigger callbacks, as well as paths that avoid such statements. We also develop a client analysis that builds a static model of the application's GUI. Experimental evaluation shows that this context-sensitive approach leads to substantial precision improvements, while having practical cost.
Y chromosome length related to fetal loss

The Y/20 ratio (length of Y chromosome/length of chromosome 20) was examined among 216 males, 108 of whose wives had a history of repeated abortions (study group), and 108 who were mentally retarded (controls). There was no significant difference in frequency of long Y (Y/20 equal to or greater than 1) between the study group and controls. Also, there was the expected male: female ratio among normal living children of couples in the study group, and the Y/20 ratio was not significantly increased among fathers with abnormal male offspring. However, wives of long Y males were more likely to have at least one abnormal male birth, compared with other wives (this approached statistical significance, p less than 0.08). In addition, a significantly higher frequency of long Y was found in a subset of affected males whose wives had 2 or more spontaneous abortions plus some other abnormal pregnancy outcome. Although the findings reported here do not strongly support a causal relationship, they at least suggest an association between long Y chromosome and abnormal fetal development.
Local dimer exchange in surfactant-mediated epitaxial growth.

While the effectiveness of surfactants in suppressing islanding in Si/Ge heteroepitaxial growth has been demonstrated in previous studies, the atomic scale growth processes have remained unknown. Here we present images of the growing Si(001)/Ge surface obtained with in situ low-energy electron microscopy. From our previous we conclude that surfactant-mediated growth of Ge on Si(001) proceeds by highly local Ge incorporation with minimum surface diffusion. We propose a new two-dimer correlated exchange mechanism to explain this unusual growth mode, as well as the absence of islanding at high Ge coverage.
Measurement of the nucleon g2 spin structure function at SLAC

The deep inelastic polarized structure functions g 2 p,n and g 1 p,n have been recently measured at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) End Station A facility by the E155 Collaboration using 48.4 GeV and 38.8 GeV longitudinally polarized electrons incident on longitudinally and transversely polarized ammonia (NH 3 ) and lithium deuteride ( 6 Li 2 H 3 ) targets. The proton and deuteron data are combined to extract the neutron structure functions.