cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Contribution of Transverse Tie Bars to Load Transfer in Adjacent Prestressed Box-Girder Bridges with Partial Depth Shear Key

AbstractAdjacent box-girder bridges have become a popular choice as they can be constructed quickly, easily, and economically. In spite of their good performance during many years of service, one major problem has been recurrent longitudinal cracking of the grout material in the shear key. A combination of shear keys and transverse posttensioning (TPT) ties in such kind of bridges is typically used to connect the bridge girders together so that they would behave as a single integrated unit. However, information regarding the contribution of the TPT tie bars on load transfer between adjacent box girders is limited. In this study, a single-span precast prestressed concrete adjacent box-girder bridge was instrumented and monitored to study the effect of TPT tie bars on load transfer mechanism and overall bridge behavior under static and dynamic truck loads. Two sets of instruments were installed in the girders and tie bars during and after the construction of the bridge. A good correlation was achieved betwe...
Spectroscopic investigation of bis-appended 1,2,3-triazole probe for the detection of Cu(II) ion

Abstract A novel bis-1,4-disubstituted-1,2,3-triazole chemosensor, accessed with “Click Chemistry”, was probed for its recognition of metal ions. The interaction of the sensor with various cation analytes was investigated by 1H-NMR, UV–Vis absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy. The bis-triazole is selective for Cu(II) with a detection limit in the micromolar concentration range and a clear to yellow colorimetric response that is exclusive to that ion is observed. The stoichiometry of probe to Cu(II), 2:1, was determined with Job's plots based on titration studies using UV-absorption and 1H-NMR spectroscopy. Computational and spectroscopic investigations revealed that the sensor binds to Cu(II) via its triazole units.
Safety of peripherally inserted central catheters during pregnancy: a retrospective study.

Purpose: We investigated the incidence of complications associated with peripherally inserted central line catheters, inserted using a standardized technique, during pregnancy and the postpartum pe...
"I'll Rise": Rememory, Hope and the Creation of a New Public Sphere In Ben Harper's Music

Recent studies about resistance music in the United States primarily focus on the hip-hop movement. However, it does not offer the only musical discourse contesting contemporary injustices. Even though the debate about hip-hop is a crucial one that deserves full attention, it seems necessary to widen the current conversation on music to take into account a wider array of musical genres and artists. This will in turn allow us to see the revolutionary power of music in its full force. In the United States, black music, from the Spirituals to Rhythm and Blues, has undeniably been a potent agent for social change. Because they enable strangers to identify with each other through a common discourse, songs from many different genres have fostered what Benedict Anderson calls “imagined communities.”
New Approaches to Evaluating the Pulmonary Effects of Controlled Inhalation Exposures in Human Volunteers

The respiratory tract serves as a passive portal of entry for various inhaled gases (e.g., CO) and vapors (e.g., benzene, toluene, methanol) as well as a target organ for the toxicologic effects of certain reactive gases (e.g., O3) and inhaled particulate matter. I will limit my remarks to the latter class of air pollutants and discuss only effects on the respiratory system. Nevertheless, we should bear in mind the possibility that systemic as well as localized respiratory tract effects may be attributable to inhaled toxicants. My remarks will deal with some issues in experimental protocol development, with newer experimental techniques suitable for use in human subjects, and with the promise and pitfalls of in vitro toxicologic study of human cells. Most of my illustrations will come from ozone toxicology with which I have the greatest familiarity, but which I hope will be generalizable.
'Hello, you're not supposed to be here': homeless emerging adults' experiences negotiating food access

Objective We aimed to examine the food-seeking experiences of homeless emerging adults (age 18-24 years) in a US urban context. Design The study used a qualitative descriptive design, combining semi-structured interviews with a standardized quantitative measure of food insecurity. Interview data were coded using constant comparative methods to identify patterns across and within interviews. Emerging themes were confirmed and refined through member checking. Setting Buffalo, a mid-sized city in the Northeastern USA. Subjects A sample of thirty participants was recruited through community-based methods. Eligibility criteria specified that participants were aged 18-24 years and did not have a stable place to live. The sample was demographically diverse and included participants who were couch-surfing, staying on the streets and/or using shelters. Results Participants' food access strategies varied across their living circumstances. Common strategies included purchasing food with cash or benefits (reported by 77 %), using free meal programmes (70 %) and eating at friends' or relatives' homes (47 %). Although 70 % of participants received Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program benefits, several reported access barriers, including initial denials of eligibility due to being listed on a parent's application even when the participant no longer resided in the household. Participants described a stigma associated with using food pantries and free meal programmes and expressed preference for less institutionalized programmes such as Food Not Bombs. Conclusions Given endemic levels of food insecurity among homeless youth and young adults, policy modifications and service interventions are needed to improve food access for this population.
Find-path for a puma-class robot

Collision free motions for a manipulator with revolute joints (e.g. a PUMA) are planned through an obstacle littered workspace by first describing free space in two ways: as freeways for the hand and payload ensemble and as freeways for the upperarm. Freeways match volumes swept out by manipulator motions and can be "inverted" to find a class of topologically equivalent path segments. The two freeway spaces are searched concurrently under projection of constraints determined by motion of the forearm.
Radiation and Retarded Potentials

In this chapter, based on simple intuitive arguments we derive the Lienard–Wiechert potentials that solve the problem of the electromagnetic field of a point charge moving in free space.
Engagement as a Privilege and Disengagement as a Pathology

Employee engagement research to date has proliferated on the conceptualization that engagement is driven by mutable job design characteristics and related socioemotional resources. This essay explo...
How Should Researchers Act in the Context of Social Injustice? Reflections on the Role of the Researcher as a Social Justice Leader

This chapter draws attention to the role of the educational researcher in the context of social (in)justice at the local and global levels. It is framed as a challenge and a commitment to leadership as researchers, by reconceptualizing the ordinary, everyday actions of the professor in education as deliberate and conscious social justice praxis. Drawing on her experiences as an educator and researcher in local and international contexts, the author underscores the particular responsibility of senior professors in nations and regions where it is “safe” to engage in social justice work, to recast their roles from the perspectives of those for whom such professional engagement is life threatening. The author ends the chapter with a personal commitment to lead, teach, and research by example; to create spaces for social justice research; to engage persuasively with colleagues; and to view research as an act of courage.
A Cross-Cultural Race/Class/Gender Critique of Contemporary Population Policy: The Impact of Globalization

The argument that rapid population growth is the causal determinant of poverty and underdevelopment is seeing a resurgence. Contemporary population policy, as directed toward women of African descent on the African continent as well as African diaspora, continues this Malthusian Legacy (Roberts, 1997; Kuumba, 1993). This manuscript offers a race/class/gender critique of population policy using women of African descent cross-culturally as illustration. The ways in which global population policies simultaneously facilitate racial inequality, class exploitation, and gender subordination are of particular interest. It further explores the relationship between repressive reproductive polity, or “reproductive imperialism,” and the current trends toward increasing international economic polarization. An approach to the understanding of population policy that highlights the reproductive and productive capacities of African women offers a particular vantage point from which to examine this relationship between population control and global capitalist interests.
Case 'Boeing' — Funny Accounting and Serious Valuations

This is a teaching case related to the financial valuation of Boeing Co. based on 2011-2015 corporate reports. The case highlights serious anomaly with the Boeing Co. balance sheet in the period 2013-2015. Sample valuation projections for the Boeing stock for the period 2016-2019 are provided with the case.
Can Industrial Policy Be Good Policy

Abstract Can industrial policy be good policy? Can it be market-conforming (not producing market distortions via misallocation of resources) and market-ensuring (e.g. via antitrust or enforcement of property rights)? Can it create a smaller market distortion to prevent a larger one that might result from political ferment? This chapter explores issues of the definition of industrial policy, discusses market failure vs. government failure in specific industries, contrasts the options for industrial policy in regulatory states with those available in developmental states, and provides examples to illustrate these issues based on the author's empirical research on biotechnology, high definition and digital television, flat panel displays, semiconductors, software, and cellular telephones.
tdic(9;12): A nonrandom chromosome abnormality in childhood B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia: A pediatric oncology group study

In a review of 432 children with newly diagnosed acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), we identified a new nonrandom translocation, tdic(9;12)(p1?1;p1?2), in the leukemic marrow cells of eight patients. Seven had hypodiploid karyotypes that lacked chromosomes 9 and 12 and contained a der(12), tdic(9;12); the eighth had a pseudodiploid karyotype with two normal 9 chromosomes, one normal 12 and the der(12), tdic(9;12). Abnormalities involving chromosomes other than 9 and 12 were noted in four of the eight patients. All cells with the tdic(9;12) expressed both the common ALL antigen and HLA-DR. Cytoplasmic immunoglobulin, a marker of pre-B ALL, was detected in one case with the tdic(9;12) but was absent in the other seven. Our results suggest that the tdic(9;12)(p1?1;p1?2) rearrangement is specifically associated with leukemic B cell precursors.
Prenatal and postnatal imaging techniques in the evaluation of disorders of sex development

Imaging of the reproductive tract is challenging and requires a general knowledge of congenital variations in anatomy. The anatomy of the developing fetus, whether a male phenotype or female phenotype, is also a dynamic process with many changes occurring during gestation. Families may ask details about the genitalia during prenatal imaging and when variations in what is thought to be normal are present, further investigation is sometimes needed to make sense of what is seen. This overview will describe categories of disorders of sex development (DSD), whether chromosomal or structural or both, and the current state of imaging of these anomalies.
Are we teaching what employers want? Identifying and remedying gaps between employer needs, accreditor prescriptions, and undergraduate curricular priorities:

Employers and policy makers have criticized higher education institutions for the perceived knowledge and skills deficiencies of their graduates. This article seeks to identify the gaps between emp...
Evidence and characteristics of human-to-human transmission of 2019-nCoV

Abstract Background On December 31, 2019, an outbreak of COVID-19 in humans was reported in Wuhan, and then spread fast to other provinces, China. We analyzed data from field investigations and genetic sequencing to describe the evidence and characteristics of human-to-human transmission in Guangdong Province. Methods A confirmed COVID-19 case was defined if a suspected case was verified with positive of SARS-CoV-2 in throat swabs, nasal swabs, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), or endotracheal aspirates by real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction assay (RT-PCR) or genetic sequencing. Field investigations were conducted for each confirmed case. Clinical and demographic data of confirmed cases were collected from medical records. Exposure and travel history were obtained by interview. Results A total of 1,151 confirmed cases were identified as of February 10, 2020 in Guangdong Province, China. Of them, 697 (60.1%) cases were from 234 cluster infections. Two hundred and fourteen (18.6%) were secondary cases, in which 144 cases were from family cluster infections. With the epidemic continuing, although familial cluster events were dominated, community cluster events increased with a nosocomial event. The whole genomes within the same family cluster infections were identical, and presented a few unique single nucleotide variants (SNVs) compared with SARS-CoV-2 identified on December 2019 in Wuhan. Conclusions We observed evident human-to-human transmissions of SARS-CoV-2 in Guangdong, China. Although most of them were from family cluster infections, community and nosocomial infections were increasing. Our findings indicate that human-to-human transmission risks are transferring from family to community in Guangdong Province.
Development of a grain growth model for U3Si2 using experimental data, phase field simulation and molecular dynamics

Abstract The purpose of this work is to develop a model for normal grain growth in U3Si2. The average grain boundary energy was determined from previously published molecular dynamics simulations. The grain growth kinetics were quantified at various temperatures by annealing nanocrystalline samples. The mobility was determined by comparing phase field grain growth simulations to the experimental data. From these various methods, we found that the average grain size D in U3Si2 can be estimated over time t using the equation D 2 − D 0 2 = 2 α M γ t , where D 0 is the initial average grain size, the geometry factor α = 0.96 , the average grain boundary mobility M = 6.30 × 10 − 18 e − 0.33 [ eV ] k b T m 4 / ( Js ) with the Boltzmann constant k b and temperature T, and the average grain boundary energy has been found as a function of temperature, e.g. γ ¯ = 0.83 J/m2 at 673 K.
Abstract IA19: Lymphatic vessels: Barriers to adaptive immunity in melanoma

Mechanisms of immune suppression in peripheral tissues counteract protective immunity to prevent immunopathology and are co-opted by tumors for immune escape. Nonhematopoietic cells, as the resident tissue scaffold, play critical roles in regulating the infiltration, retention, function, and exit of tissue- and tumor-infiltrating leukocytes. While lymphatic vessels facilitate T-cell priming through dendritic cell and antigen delivery to lymph nodes, they also facilitate regional metastasis and exert multiple immune-suppressive mechanisms that maintain peripheral tolerance in steady state lymph nodes. We hypothesized that in tumors peripheral lymphatic vessels exhibit context-dependent function that limits local effector CD8+ T-cell accumulation in melanoma. Our work demonstrates that lymphatic vessels both maintain homeostatic mechanisms of peripheral tolerance in poorly inflamed tumors to limit immune surveillance and activate mechanisms of adaptive immune resistance in the context of potent cytotoxic T-cell activity. Consequently, we present tumor-associated lymphatic vessels as a new, anatomic immune checkpoint in melanoma. Our work suggests that understanding context-dependent lymphatic vessel function will continue to reveal novel mechanisms of immune control and metastasis that may be targeted for therapeutic response. Citation Format: Amanda W. Lund. Lymphatic vessels: Barriers to adaptive immunity in melanoma [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy; 2018 Nov 27-30; Miami Beach, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Immunol Res 2020;8(4 Suppl):Abstract nr IA19.
Impact of Kidney Disease on Peripheral Arterial Interventions: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Background: There are limited data on outcomes of patients undergoing peripheral arterial disease (PAD) interventions who have comorbid CKD/ESRD versus those who do not have such comorbid condition. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to analyze outcomes in this patient population. Methods: Five databases were searched for studies comparing outcomes of lower extremity PAD interventions for claudication and critical limb ischemia (CLI) in patients with CKD/ESRD versus non-CKD/non-ESRD from January 2000 to June 2019. Results: Our study included 16 observational studies with 44,138 patients. Mean follow-up was 48.9 ± 27.4 months. Major amputation was higher with CKD/ESRD compared with non-CKD/non-ESRD (odds ratio [OR 1.97] [95% confidence interval [CI] 1.39–2.80], p = 0.001). Higher major amputations with CKD/ESRD versus non-CKD/non-ESRD were only observed when indication for procedure was CLI (OR 2.27 [95% CI 1.53–3.36], p < 0.0001) but were similar for claudication (OR 1.15 [95% CI 0.53–2.49], p = 0.72). The risk of early mortality was high with CKD/ESRD patients undergoing PAD interventions compared with non-CKD/non-ESRD (OR 2.55 [95% CI 1.65–3.96], p < 0.0001), which when stratified based on indication, remained higher with CLI (OR 3.14 [95% CI 1.80–5.48], p < 0.0001) but was similar with claudication (OR 1.83 [95% CI 0.90–3.72], p = 0.1). Funnel plot of included studies showed moderate bias. Conclusions: Patients undergoing lower extremity PAD interventions for CLI who also have comorbid CKD/ESRD have an increased risk of experiencing major amputations and early mortality. Randomized trials to understand outcomes of PAD interventions in this at-risk population are essential.
Evaluation of Risk of Bullous Pemphigoid With Initiation of Dipeptidyl Peptidase–4 Inhibitor vs Second-generation Sulfonylurea

Importance Despite several recent reports on the elevated risk of bullous pemphigoid in patients with type 2 diabetes treated with dipeptidyl peptidase–4 (DPP-4) inhibitors, evidence on the absolute risk and comparative safety against other antidiabetics is limited. Objective To characterize the incidence rate of bullous pemphigoid associated with DPP-4 inhibitor use compared with second-generation sulfonylureas. Design, Setting, and Participants This cohort study used data from 2 large commercial insurance claims databases (Optum Clinformatics Data Mart from October 17, 2006, to December 31, 2018, and IBM MarketScan Research Database from October 17, 2006, to December 31, 2017) and Medicare data from January 1, 2006, to December 31, 2016. Patients with type 2 diabetes who initiated treatment with DPP-4 inhibitors or second-generation sulfonylurea were included. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcome of the study was bullous pemphigoid, identified using diagnosis codes. After 1:1 propensity score matching, the incidence rates of bullous pemphigoid and the hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% CIs comparing patients who initiated DPP-4 inhibitor and second-generation sulfonylurea therapy were estimated. Subgroup analyses by age, sex, race, and individual DPP-4 agents were performed. The results from each database were pooled using inverse-variance fixed-effects meta-analysis. Results A total of 1 664 880 patients who initiated DPP-4 inhibitors (51.0% female; mean [SD] age, 63.9 [9.7] years) and sulfonylurea (50.4% female; mean [SD] age, 63.9 [9.9] years) were included. The incidence rate of bullous pemphigoid per 1000 person-years was 0.42 in the DPP-4 inhibitor group vs 0.31 in the sulfonylurea group (HR, 1.42; 95% CI, 1.17-1.72). Higher rates per 1000 person-years for DPP-4 inhibitor vs sulfonylurea groups were seen in those who were 65 years or older (0.79 vs 0.49; HR, 1.62; 95% CI, 1.32-1.99), white (0.93 vs 0.54; HR, 1.70; 95% CI, 1.30-2.24), and treated with linagliptin (1.20 vs 0.55; HR, 1.68; 95% CI, 1.16-2.43). Conclusions and Relevance This study found that patients who initiated DPP-4 inhibitor therapy had higher risk of bullous pemphigoid than those who initiated second-generation sulfonylurea therapy. Clinicians should be aware of this rare adverse effect of DPP-4 inhibitors in subgroups of patients who are older, white, and linagliptin users.
Detection and Parameter Estimation of Gravitational Waves from Binary Neutron-Star Mergers in Real LIGO Data using Deep Learning

Abstract One of the key challenges of real-time detection and parameter estimation of gravitational waves from compact binary mergers is the computational cost of conventional matched-filtering and Bayesian inference approaches. In particular, the application of these methods to the full signal parameter space available to the gravitational-wave detectors, and/or real-time parameter estimation is computationally prohibitive. On the other hand, rapid detection and inference are critical for prompt follow-up of the electromagnetic and astro-particle counterparts accompanying important transients, such as binary neutron-star and black-hole neutron-star mergers. Training deep neural networks to identify specific signals and learn a computationally efficient representation of the mapping between gravitational-wave signals and their parameters allows both detection and inference to be done quickly and reliably, with high sensitivity and accuracy. In this work we apply a deep-learning approach to rapidly identify and characterize transient gravitational-wave signals from binary neutron-star mergers in real LIGO data. We show for the first time that artificial neural networks can promptly detect and characterize binary neutron star gravitational-wave signals in real LIGO data, and distinguish them from noise and signals from coalescing black-hole binaries. We illustrate this key result by demonstrating that our deep-learning framework classifies correctly all gravitational-wave events from the Gravitational-Wave Transient Catalog, GWTC-1 [Abbott et al. (2019) [4] ]. These results emphasize the importance of using realistic gravitational-wave detector data in machine learning approaches, and represent a step towards achieving real-time detection and inference of gravitational waves.
NO2 anomalies - Economy attribution and rapid climate response

Using principal component (PC) analysis of 16 years of monthly series of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument on the Aura satellite, we show that it is the third PC (PC3) fro...
Can Jurors Understand Probabilistic Evidence

SUMMARY Some courts have been reluctant to admit testimony expressing probabilities because of a concern that jurors will overweight it relative to other evidence. However, empirical studies indicate a tendency to underweight statistical evidence when other sources of evidence are available. This paper reviews recent studies with mock jurors.
Advocating for the Future

Attorneys in our varied roles need to step up and address the climate crisis for the sake of every person and for the public good. All lawyers must be sustainability lawyers now. This article explains why; it also offers an illustrative set of suggestions on how to get started and what to do.
Minimum-Violation Traffic Management for Urban Air Mobility

Urban air mobility (UAM) refers to air transportation services in and over an urban area and has the potential to revolutionize mobility solutions. However, due to the projected scale of operations, current air traffic management (ATM) techniques are not viable . Increasingly autonomous systems are a pathway to accelerate the realization of UAM operations, but must be fielded safely and efficiently. The heavily regulated, safety critical nature of aviation may lead to multiple, competing safety constraints that can be traded off based on the operational context. In this paper, we design a framework which allows for the scalable planning of a UAM ATM system. We formalize safety oriented constraints derived from FAA regulations by encoding them as temporal logic formulae. We then propose a method for UAM ATM that is both scalable and minimally violates the temporal logic constraints. Numerical results show that the runtime for our proposed algorithm is suitable for very large problems and is backed by theoretical guarantees of correctness with respect to given temporal logic constraints.
Hyperglycemic conditions proliferate triple negative breast cancer cells: role of ornithine decarboxylase

Several cancer subtypes (pancreatic, breast, liver, and colorectal) rapidly advance to higher aggressive stages in diabetes. Though hyperglycemia has been considered as a fuel for growth of cancer cells, pathways leading to this condition are still under investigation. Cellular polyamines can modulate normal and cancer cell growth, and inhibitors of polyamine synthesis have been approved for treating colon cancer, however the role of polyamines in diabetes-mediated cancer advancement is unclear as yet. We hypothesized that polyamine metabolic pathway is involved with increased proliferation of breast cancer cells under high glucose (HG) conditions. Studies were performed with varying concentrations of glucose (5–25 mM) exposure in invasive, triple negative breast cancer cells, MDA-MB-231; non-invasive, estrogen/progesterone receptor positive breast cancer cells, MCF-7; and non-tumorigenic mammary epithelial cells, MCF-10A. There was a significant increase in proliferation with HG (25 mM) at 48–72 h in both MDA-MB-231 and MCF-10A cells but no such effect was observed in MCF-7 cells. This was correlated to higher activity of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), a rate-limiting enzyme in polyamine synthesis pathway. Inhibitor of polyamine synthesis (difluoromethylornithine, DFMO, 5 mM) was quite effective in suppressing HG-mediated cell proliferation and ODC activity in MDA-MB-231 and MCF-10A cells. Polyamine (putrescine) levels were significantly elevated with HG treatment in MDA-MB-231 cells. HG exposure also increased the metastasis of MDA-MB-231 cells. Our cellular findings indicate that polyamine inhibition should be explored in patient population as a target for future chemotherapeutics in diabetic breast cancer.
Pregnancy after breast cancer: A population-based study of survival and obstetric outcomes.

e18783Background: Studies have suggested that pregnancy after breast cancer is safe, but the women who are able to conceive after cancer may also have a better prognosis. We sought to evaluate surv...
Computer Vision for Hardware Security

The application of computer vision to hardware security has the potential to address the limitations of both electrical testing and traditional physical inspection approaches to hardware security. This chapter begins by providing an overview of basic computer vision concepts as well as a description of pipeline tasks. Examples of three hardware security applications where the application of computer vision has been explored, namely integrated circuit counterfeit detection, hardware Trojan detection, and printed circuit board assurance, are discussed in detail. Lastly, the chapter concludes with a discussion of the challenges of applying computer vision to hardware security and provides suggestions for future research directions.
Estimating the time and temperature relationship for causation of deep-partial thickness skin burns

The objective of this study is to develop and present a simple procedure for evaluating the temperature and exposure-time conditions that lead to causation of a deep-partial thickness burn and the effect that the immediate post-burn thermal environment can have on the process. A computational model has been designed and applied to predict the time required for skin burns to reach a deep-partial thickness level of injury. The model includes multiple tissue layers including the epidermis, dermis, hypodermis, and subcutaneous tissue. Simulated exposure temperatures ranged from 62.8 to 87.8°C (145-190°F). Two scenarios were investigated. The first and worst case scenario was a direct exposure to water (characterized by a large convection coefficient) with the clothing left on the skin following the exposure. A second case consisted of a scald insult followed immediately by the skin being washed with cool water (20°C). For both cases, an Arrhenius injury model was applied whereby the extent and depth of injury were calculated and compared for the different post-burn treatments. In addition, injury values were compared with experiment data from the literature to assess verification of the numerical methodology. It was found that the clinical observations of injury extent agreed with the calculated values. Furthermore, inundation with cool water decreased skin temperatures more quickly than the clothing insulating case and led to a modest decrease in the burn extent.
A note on waves, wavegroups, and local influence

Abstract The observed meridional motions of atmospheric systems or wavegroups are shown to be related to the shape‐preserving (normal mode, eigenfunction) waves discussed in linearized perturbation theory through the concepts of group velocity, dispersion and interference pattern. Although all phase velocities are east‐west, the group velocity vector can lie in any direction. Phase velocities with a meridional component can occur if the Coriolis parameter is replaced by a linear function of latitude only because the proper periodic boundary condition cannot then be imposed. Orographic effects make the phase velocity non‐existent in a hydrostatic atmosphere, but the concept of group velocity remains valid.
The Road Not Taken: The EU as a Global Human Rights Actor

This paper challenges the traditional account of the EU’s engagement with human rights. The classic narrative begins with the silence of the EEC Treaty in 1957 and depicts a gradual engagement with human rights over the decades, culminating in the establishment of a substantial EU human rights regime in recent years. The paper provides an alternative account of the EU’s trajectory by returning to its origins in the 1950s and comparing the ambitious but long-forgotten plans for European Community engagement with human rights drafted in the early 1950s with today’s EU human rights framework. The paper argues that the current EU human rights system is in several ways less robust and less ambitious than that envisaged in the 1950s, and that the two main causes for criticism of today’s EU system – namely that it lacks a serious human rights mechanism, and that there is a double-standard as between internal and external human rights policies – have survived the changes introduced by the Lisbon Treaty and have to some extent been enshrined by those changes. The paper concludes by suggesting that the EU’s aspiration to be taken seriously as a global normative actor is hindered by its exceptionalism in this field.
Characteristics affecting learner participation in large hybrid classrooms

This descriptive study explores characteristics that can affect learner participation in hybrid classrooms and also learning outcomes. Data were collected from an online survey of 200 students (with 107 responses) from the online degree programs of two American universities. These learners are diverse in age and ethnic backgrounds. Major findings include: 1) Learner perception of being equal or subordinate to the instructor affects their confidence to engage in online discussions. 2) There is a gender difference in dealing with conflicts in hybrid and online meetings. And 3) Students who dislike collaborative work tend to view online learning as inferior to face to face learning. These findings underscore the significance of student attitudes and differing cultural backgrounds in establishing confident participation in the online environment. We also suggest ways that these results can guide course design and conduct in online settings.
Estimating the adoption of transcatheter aortic valve replacement by US interventional cardiologists and clinical trialists.

Background Despite extensive attention dedicated to transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) in both the medical literature and lay press, little is known about the anticipated utilization of TAVR by the US cardiology community. Hypothesis TAVR use is likely to outstrip its initial clinical indications. Methods Four days after approval of the first TAVR device in November 2011 by the US Food and Drug Administration, we emailed an online questionnaire to 201 authors of major TAVR clinical trials (trialists) and 461 recent members of an interventional cardiology professional society (clinicians). Responses were compared using χ2, t tests, and analysis of variance. Results Of 205 surveys received (response rate 31%; 114 clinicians, 91 trialists), the majority of respondents were interventionalists (86%) working in academic practices (72%). Although most physicians anticipated referring <25% of their patients with severe aortic stenosis for TAVR, 68% believed that TAVR is equally efficacious as open-heart surgery, and 11% believed that moderate-surgical risk patients should also be considered for TAVR. More clinicians (98%) than trialists (81%) expected to routinely refer patients for TAVR (P < 0.001). Furthermore, the clinicians were anticipating less operator training and lower annual volume requirements for performing TAVR, when compared with the trialists (P ≤ 0.001). Conclusions Our findings suggest optimism for TAVR acceptance in the United States., with more conservative expectations regarding training, procedural volume requirements, and anticipated referral patterns among TAVR trialists than clinical interventionalists.
Storage System Architectures for Continuous Media Data

Data storage systems are being called on to manage continuous media data types, such as digital audio and video. There is a demand by applications for “constrained-latency storage access” (CLSA) to such data: precisely scheduled delivery of data streams. We believe that anticipated quantitative improvements in processor and storage-device performance will not be sufficient for current data management architectures to meet CLSA requirements. The need for high-volume (but high-latency) storage devices, high-bandwidth access and predictable throughput rates mean that standard latency-masking techniques, such as buffering, are inadequate for the service demands of these applications. We examine the ways in which storage system architectures must change in order to provide CLSA on continuous media, taking into account operating system and network support as well as database management. Particular points we cover include changes in the form of requests and responses at the application-database and database-OS interfaces new kinds of abstractions and data independence that data mangement systems will need to supply, such as quality-of-service requests and mapping of domain events to OS events effects of CLSA demands on query optimization, planning and evaluation, including the need for accurate resource estimates and detailed schedules new information requirements for the database system, such as better characterizations of storage subsystem performance and application patterns.
Protein dynamics in the amniotic fluid of the rat and guinea pig near term

Abstract 1. 1. The total protein in the amniotic fluid of the rat increases from 18 days, 12 hours, to 21 days, 18 hours, whereas the guinea pig total protein shows an increase, then a decline to term, but this value never becomes much greater than the lowest total protein of the rat. 2. 2. The albumin concentration in the amniotic fluid of the rat increases from 18 days, 12 hours, to 21 days, 18 hours, as does the globulin concentration; but the per cent of albumin also increases throughout this period which implies that the per cent of globulin decreases. 3. 3. The per cent of beta and gamma globulins remains stable throughout the observation period, but the per cent of alpha globulins shows a decline. 4. 4. The albumin/globulin ratio increases throughout the observation period. 5. 5. The changes in protein dynamics are discussed in relation to amniotic fluid viscosity changes, aspiration of fluid during the stress of hypoxia, and the effects upon neonatal survival in these two species.
Substance Abuse and the Domestic Assault of Women

Social workers often meet with practice situations, sometimes unknowingly, where domestic assault coincides with substance abuse by the batterer or victim. Knowledge for practice in this complex area is both minimal and remote. This article examines current research on the involvement of substance abuse in woman abuse and discusses issues of assessment and intervention. Language: en
Using an index of habitat patch proximity for landscape design

A proximity index (PX) inspired by island biogeography theory is described which quantifies the spatial context of a habitat patch in relation to its neighbors. The index distinguishes sparse distributions of small habitat patches from clusters of large patches. An evaluation of the relationship between PX and variation in the spatial characteristics of clusters of patches showed that reduction in the isolation of patches within a cluster produced exponential increases in PX, and that increase in the size of those patches produced a more modest linear increase in PX. Simulations using neutral model landscapes were used to determine the effect of the scale of analysis on PX. Increased size of the neighborhood considered around a habitat patch (proximity buffer) produced linear increases in PX, the slope being dependent on the proportion of the habitat of interest on the landscape. The proximity index was used to evaluate three alternative conservation reserve designs in an agricultural landscape, and comparisons were made among designs consisting of the same area of forest habitat added to the landscape. The `single, large` reserve design produced the greatest increase in mean PX values among forest patches on the landscape when the total area of forest added was >= 842 ha, and the `several, small` reserve design produced the greatest increase when the total area of forest added was
The centroidal branches of a separable graph are edge reconstructible

Abstract If T is a tree, then the weight of a vertex v in T is the number of vertices in a largest component of T − v . The centroid of a tree is the set of vertices of minimum weight. We show that if G is a separable graph then there is a unique block or cutvertex that contains the centroids of all spanning trees of G . We define this block or cutvertex to be the centroid of G . We show that the centroid and rooted branches of the centroid are edge reconstructible, that is, determined up to isomorphism by the set of edge-deleted subgraphs.
NetVista: growing an Internet solution for schools

NetVista is an integrated suite of clients and servers supporting Internet access for students and teachers in kindergarten through 12th-grade schools. Developed by a small team of IBM researchers, Net Vista is a prime example of using an object-oriented framework to support user-centered design and to accommodate Internet-paced changes in network infrastructure, functionality, and user expectations. In this paper, we describe salient aspects of NetVista's design and development and its evolution from research project to product. In particular, we discuss the factors supporting a sustained focus on end users over the life of the project, the object-oriented framework underlying Netvista, and the role of this framework in accommodating both evolutionary and radical changes to the design of the user interface and the underlying technical infrastructure.
Ultrafast time resolution in scanned probe microscopies

The speed limitations conventionally encountered in scanning tunneling microscopy, scanning capacitance microscopy, and atomic force microscopy result from the external electronics and are not inherent to the techniques themselves. Ultrafast time resolution faster than the bandwidth of the measuring electronics can be achieved by combining these techniques with picosecond optical excitation and utilizing inherent nonlinearities in the physical system. We demonstrate this idea by directly measuring carrier relaxation times at the Si(111)‐(7×7) surface on the nanosecond time scale via scanning capacitance microscopy measurements of the surface photovoltage.
Electrochemical and Surface Studies of Carbon Dioxide Reduction to Methane and Ethylene at Copper Electrodes in Aqueous Solutions

The authors describe the electrochemical reduction of CO/sub 2/ to CH/sub 4/ and C/sub 2/H/sub 4/ in aqueous alkaline solutions at Cu electrodes. The current at the Cu electrodes and the rate of hydrocarbon formation were monitored as a function of time over a temperature range from 0 to 48%C. Solutions of formate, formaldehyde, and methanol, possible intermediates in the reduction process, were also electrolyzed. Surface analyses (XPS and AES) were also performed on the Cu electrodes following electrolysis to identify surface intermediates. In addition to hydrocarbon formation, a poisoning process occurred, causing a deposit of a black film on the surface of the Cu cathode. XPS and AES studies indicated that the black film was graphitic carbon, probably the result of a side reaction, the reduction of CO/sub 2/ through formate to graphite. A tentative reaction mechanism for CO/sub 2/ reduction, based upon the data here and those of previous investigators, involving the reaction path CO/sub 2/{yields}CO{yields} surface-bound formyl (Cu-HCO){yields} surface-bound methylene (Cu-CH/sub 2/){yields} hydrocarbon products, is proposed.
A dominant suppressor mutation of the met30 cell cycle defect suggests regulation of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Met4-Cbf1 transcription complex by Met32.

Met30 is the substrate recognition subunit of the essential ubiquitin ligase SCFMet30. The essential function of Met30 is the inactivation of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae transcription factor Met4, because fully activated Met4 induces a cell cycle arrest. Met4 regulates expression of genes involved in the sulfur assimilation pathway and coordinates the transcriptional program and cell cycle progression in response to cadmium and arsenic stress. Met4 lacks DNA binding activity and requires either Cbf1 or one of the two homologous proteins Met31 and Met32 for promoter association. Accordingly, met4 mutants, cbf1 mutants, and met31 met32 double mutants are methionine auxotroph. We isolated a truncated version of Met32 (Met32Δ145-192) as a dominant suppressor of the cell cycle defect of met30 mutants. Expression of Met32Δ145-192 significantly reduced induction of Met4-regulated genes. Interestingly, both Cbf1- and Met31/32-dependent genes were affected by Met32Δ145-192. Mechanistically, Met32Δ145-192 prevented recruitment of Met4 to both Cbf1 and Met31/32-dependent promoters. We further demonstrated that Met32 is part of the Cbf1-Met4 complex bound to Cbf1-recruiting promoter elements and that Met31/32 are required for formation of a stable Met4-Cbf1 transcription complex. These results suggest a regulatory role of Met32 as part of the Cbf1-Met4 complex and provide molecular insight into coordination of cell cycle response and modulation of gene expression programs.
Crystallography and substructure of lath martensite formed in carbon steels

Abstract Detailed crystallographic observations have been made for two carbon steels containing 0.2% and 0.4% C using transmission electron microscopy and diffraction. Within experimental error, both steels were found to exhibit the same austenite-martensite orientation relationship, the average result being (111)f ∥ (011)b and [ l 01]f 3.1° from [ 11 1]b. Such an orientation relationship indicates that there are four possible relative orientations between adjacent laths in a packet. Adjacent laths differ by rotations of 64°, 56°, 60°, or 4° around [011]b. However, most adjacent laths in a packet are all in the same orientation, although these relative orientations were also observed. Contrary to earlier reports, adjacent twin-related laths were never observed. Instead, heavy deformation twinning localized to one side of a lath was observed, presumably as a result of accommodation of the shape deformation. Because of the overlap of these highly localized twins, a twinned region of a lath may appear as a twin-related lath in certain contrast images. The twinning was observed to be more extensive in the alloy with higher carbon content. Retained austenite was observed between adjacent laths, indicating that the growth of the laths by a self-accommodation process does not occur. The results obtained for the two carbon steels investigated are in agreement with those previously obtained for lath martensite formed in an Fe-20 wt.% Ni-5 wt.% Mn alloy, and its thus appears that all ferrous lath martensites have common crystallographic features.
Moral Machines: Teaching Robots Right from Wrong

Moral Machines: Teaching Robots Right from Wrong Wendell Wallach & Colin Allen New York: Oxford University Press, 2008 275 pages, ISBN: 0195374045 (hbk); $29.95 Wallach and Allen believe that soon ...
Role of TNF Family Ligands in Antitumor Activity of Natural Killer Cells

NIC cells have the ability to destroy tumor cells by two main cytotoxic pathways, the well-known perforin/granzyme-mediated secretory/necrotic killing and the newly defined TNF family ligand-mediated apoptotic killing. The former mechanism is operative mainly against a few cultured leukemia cell targets, while the latter mediates substantial activity against most tumor cell targets. It also appears from emerging data that the apoptotic mechanism is the main antitumor pathway in vivo. This review is focused on the apoptotic mechanism of killing, the molecules and cell signaling pathways involved in this process, and its potential biologic significance along with its relation to the secretory/necrotic cytolytic pathway.
Mapping cell fate decisions that occur during soybean defense responses

The soybean defense response to the soybean cyst nematode was used as a model to map at cellular resolution its genotype-defined cell fate decisions occurring during its resistant reactions. The defense responses occur at the site of infection, a nurse cell known as the syncytium. Two major genotype-defined defense responses exist, the G. max [Peking]- and G. max [PI 88788]-types. Resistance in G. max [Peking] is potent and rapid, accompanied by the formation of cell wall appositions (CWAs), structures known to perform important defense roles. In contrast, defense occurs by a potent but more prolonged reaction in G. max [PI 88788], lacking CWAs. Comparative transcriptomic analyses with confirmation by Illumina® deep sequencing were organized through a custom-developed application, Pathway Analysis and Integrated Coloring of Experiments (PAICE) that presents gene expression of these cytologically and developmentally distinct defense responses using the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) framework. The analyses resulted in the generation of 1,643 PAICE pathways, allowing better understanding of gene activity across all chromosomes. Analyses of the rhg1 resistance locus, defined within a 67 kb region of DNA demonstrate expression of an amino acid transporter and an α soluble NSF attachment protein gene specifically in syncytia undergoing their defense responses.