cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Oolitic Ironstone of the Cretaceous Western Interior Seaway, East-Central Utah

ABSTRACT A thin, but distinctive red-weathered oolitic ironstone occurs 7272within the Upper Cretaceous Mancos Shale of east-central Utah. It is characterized by a grain-supported, ooid-rich lithology containing iron-clay (berthierine), muscovite, hematite/goethite and carbonate minerals around clastic nuclei. Associated grains of phosphatic material (bone and fish teeth) are common, admixed with fossil hash and wood pieces. Internal structures within the mappable oolitic ironstone bodies include channel scours, cross-bedding, contorted bedding, load structures, mud rip-up clasts, and marine trace fossils. The oolitic ironstone is encased within the Mancos Shale and cannot be traced laterally. However, four additional facies occur in vertical succession with the ironstone: Inoceramus mounds, siltstone-shale, fine-grained channel sandstone, and coarse-grained lithic sandstone. The sedimentologic features of the oolitic ironstone and its associated facies indicate a prodelta environment, influenced by river-dominated flooding in the delta front environment (providing sand fed through small channels) and by fluctuating or alternating sea-floor bottom conditions due to periodic storm or current action. The oolitic ironstone is inferred to have formed as shoals within the inner shelf-like setting. A key factor in formation of the oolitic ironstones is eustatic control in the Western Interior Seaway. The ironstone was deposited during a relative sea-level low and then winnowed during a transgressive rise to create a condensed section. Thus, the interval is an important stratigraphic marker in an otherwise "monotonous" section of shale, and it represents a parasequence boundary expression in offshore deposits where eustatic influences are commonly difficult to recognize.
Willow: A Uniform Search Interface

The objective of the Willow Project is to develop a uniform search interface that allows a diverse community of users to retrieve information from heterogeneous network-based information resources. Willow separates the user interface from the database management or information retrieval system. It provides a graphic user interface to a variety of information resources residing on diverse hosts, and using different search engines and idiomatic query languages through networked-based client-server and Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) protocols. It is based on a “database driver” model, which allows new database hosts to be added without altering Willow itself. Willow employs a multimedia extension mechanism to launch external viewers to handle data in almost any form. Drivers are currently available for a local BRS/SEARCH system and the Z39.50 protocol. Students, faculty, clinicians, and researchers at the University of Washington are currently offered 30 local and remote databases via Willow. They conduct more than 250,000 sessions a month in libraries, medical centers and clinics, laboratories, and offices, and from home. The Massachusetts Institute of Technology is implementing Willow as its uniform search interface to Z39.50 hosts.
Single and Combination Toxic Metal Exposures Induce Apoptosis in Cultured Murine Podocytes Exclusively via the Extrinsic Caspase 8 Pathway

Arsenite, cadmium, and mercury are among the most abundant toxic metals (TM) in the environment. Although the most common renal manifestation of TM toxicity is proximal tubular dysfunction, significant glomerular injury can also occur. We hypothesized that glomerular injury following TM exposure results from TM-induced apoptosis of podocytes. To test this hypothesis we examined the extent of apoptosis and the apoptotic pathways induced in cultured murine podocytes incubated for three days with arsenite, cadmium, or mercury, and with equimolar combinations of all three metals. Apoptosis was detected by DNA laddering, and the number of apoptotic nuclei determined by Tunel assay. Treatment for three days with each TM resulted in DNA laddering and induced a dose-dependent increase in apoptotic nuclei. In contrast, treatment with equimolar combinations of TM induced significantly fewer apoptotic nuclei than individual TM treatments. Apoptosis induced by each TM was associated with a significant (~400%) increase in caspase 8 activity, but no change in caspase 9 activity, and Western analyses revealed a marked up-regulation of Fas (~500%) and FADD (~300%) with no change in expression of Bax, Bcl-2, or Bcl-xL. Similar to the apoptotic response, combinations of TM induced less caspase 8 activity and Fas/FADD expression than individual TM treatments. Collectively, these results demonstrate that (1) TM induced apoptosis in cultured murine podocytes via the extrinsic Fas-FADD caspase 8 pathway, rather than the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway, and (2) combination TM exposure induced less apoptosis than individual TM, indicating an antagonistic rather than an additive or synergistic toxicity.
GC-MS analysis of carboxylic acids in petroleum after esterification with fluoroalcohols

The GC–MS characteristics of carboxylic acid esters prepared from fluorine-containing alcohols were compared to those of methyl esters. The GC retention of 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl (TFE) esters was less than, and 2,2,3,3,4,4,4-heptafluoro-1-butyl (HFB) esters was approximately equivalent to that of methyl esters. Mass spectra of TFE and HFB aliphatic esters show significantly more intense molecular and key fragment ions than those of methyl esters. Also, owing to their significantly higher molecular weights, TFE or HFB ester molecular ions and most fragment ions of interest occur at significantly higher m/z values than most potential interfering ions. Data for about 70 individual TFE and HFB esters are reported. Application of the methodology to a petroleum-derived carboxylic acid concentrate resulted in identification of straight chain, isoprenoid, methyl-substituted straight chain (2-, 3-, 5-,10-, 12-positions along chain), and dimethyl-substituted straight chain acids containing from 11 to 22 carbons. Benzoic acid and homologs with up to 3-carbons in alkyl substitutents were minor components in the sample. The procedure provided for forming TFE and HFB esters from free acids requires less time and effort than a previously reported method, while retaining its capability for achieving essentially quantitative conversion. Free hydroxyl groups in alcohols and phenols are converted to trifluoroacetate esters concurrently with formation of TFE/HFB carboxylic acid esters. The reaction products, including compounds with two functional groups (diacids, salicylic acid, etc.), chromatograph well on conventional nonpolar GC stationary phases.
Backed by papers: Undoing persons, histories, and return

Deportations of long-term U.S. residents to El Salvador and roots trips that Swedish transnational adoptees make to their countries of birth attempt to reconnect individuals to their origins. As they (re)connect, however, such journeys dismantle, reconfiguring the original departure—emigration or adoption—in ways that can destabilize current, future, and past selves and the national and familial belongings in which these selves are embedded. By examining the paths and disjunctures that journeys “back” entail, we consider the significance of “return” for the production of legal knowledge.
Nonlinear sensorless speed control for the induction machine utilizing a high-performance embedded DSP

This paper presents a novel sensorless nonlinear speed control method for the induction machine. The derived controller is based on a special case of exact feedback linearization which uses calculated state derivatives as feedback variables. This paper's objective is to present the applicability of established sensorless speed estimation algorithms to the derived nonlinear control scheme. Some of the advantages of the present sensorless control method are: the good dynamic performance, even at low speeds, the absence of tuning need for the speed and flux loops, and implementation simplicity. Experimental results are presented in this paper, in order to validate the theoretical control scheme.
Hemophagocytic Syndrome in a Pancytopenic Simian Retrovirus–Infected Male Rhesus Macaque (Macaca mulatta)

Hemophagocytic syndrome (HPS) is a macrophage hyperactivation disorder triggered by disrupted T–cell macrophage cytokine interaction. HPS has been reported in humans, dogs, cats, and cattle, and it is infrequent and poorly characterized in animals. A 16-year-old male rhesus macaque was euthanized because of severe pancytopenia, including nonregenerative anemia (hematocrit ¼ 5.5%), neutropenia (0.29 K/ml), and thrombocytopenia (21 K/ml). Bone marrow was hypocellular with normal maturation, myeloid hypoplasia, and few megakaryocytes. There were numerous morphologically normal macrophages (12% of nucleated cells), with 6% ofnucleated cellsbeing hemophagocytic macrophages.Serology was negative, butpolymerasechainreaction andimmunohistochemistry were positive for simian retrovirus type 2.Blood andbonemarrow findings were consistent with HPS. Cytopenias arecommon in simian retrovirus–infected macaques, but HPS has not been reported. An association between simian retrovirus infection and HPS is undetermined, but retrovirus-associated HPS has been observed in humans.
Applications of the Orphan Drug Act to Special Patient Populations

On January 4, 1983, the president signed the Orphan Drug Act (P.L. 97–414), which amended the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act; this established for the first time a federal government policy to cooperate and assist in a program to facilitate the development of drugs for rare diseases. The act provided important new incentives designed to encourage sponsors to develop drugs without commercial value.Patient populations eligible for orphan designation have shifted and evolved during the nine years since the enactment of the Orphan Drug Act; the size of populations with orphan diseases keeps changing. In the early days of orphan drug development, prevalence figures were very small ones. In 1983, children's diseases were recognized as potential orphans; however, rare cancers, AIDS, and diseases affecting the elderly, as well as the burgeoning market of biotech products, were not considered. In order to qualify for orphan drug status, an indication must have a prevalence of fewer than 200,000 people in the United ...
Prolonged grief disorder: Diagnostic, assessment, and treatment considerations.

Normative bereavement reactions are contrasted with prolonged grief disorder (PGD). Diagnostic criteria for PGD are reviewed. PGD is distinguished from other problems occurring after loss, namely depression and PTSD. Assessment approaches are described. Recent clinical trials are reviewed, and recommendations for the psychotherapeutic treatment of PGD are developed. Consideration of medication referral is also recommended, especially in the case of co-occurring depression.
Optimal preprocessing strategies for perfect reconstruction of binary signals under power-constrained transmission

In this paper we further explore our deterministic worst-case framework for perfect reconstruction of discrete data transmissions through dispersive communication channels. Specifically, we are concerned with perfect reconstruction when the data can be processed in a way that does not increase the energy per-symbol (power). We obtain necessary and sufficient conditions for perfect reconstructability with power-limited preprocessing for two distinct cases: (i) the case of a single source-destination pair and (ii) the case of a single source with multiple destinations. In both cases, our conditions for perfect reconstructability are irrespective of the receiver structure. We also discuss via an example the trade-off that arises between the rate of transmission and the minimal power that is required for perfect reconstruction.
Understanding the role of prostaglandin E2 in regulating human platelet activity in health and disease

The platelet thrombus is the major pathologic entity in acute coronary syndromes, and antiplatelet agents are a mainstay of therapy. However, individual patient responsiveness to current antiplatelet drugs is variable, and all drugs carry a risk of bleeding. An understanding of the complex role of Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in regulating thrombosis offers opportunities for the development of novel individualized antiplatelet treatment. However, deciphering the platelet regulatory function of PGE2 has long been confounded by non-standardized experimental conditions, extrapolation of murine data to humans, and phenotypic differences in PGE2 response. This review synthesizes past and current knowledge about PGE2 effects on platelet biology, presents a rationale for standardization of experimental protocols, and provides insight into a molecular mechanism by which PGE2-activated pathways could be targeted for new personalized antiplatelet therapy to inhibit pathologic thrombosis without affecting hemostasis.
Sequential Oxidation of the Cubane [4Fe−4S] Cluster from [4Fe−4S]- to [4Fe−4S]3+ in Fe4S4Ln- Complexes

Gaseous Fe4Sn- (n = 4−6) clusters and synthetic analogue complexes, Fe4S4Ln- (L = Cl, Br, I; n = 1−4), were produced by laser vaporization of a solid Fe/S target and electrospray from solution samp...
Spatial and Temporal Specialization in Forest Ecosystem Management Under Sole Ownership

“Ecosystem management” complicates forest management considerably. In this paper we extend the economic analysis of forestry to capture both the temporal and the spatial dimensions, allowing optimization of timber harvest decisions throughout an ecosystem. Dynamic programming simulations illustrate the implications for the simplest ecosystem, consisting of two forest management units. Results indicate that explicit recognition of ecological interactions, even between identical forest stands, may prescribe specialization through time and across space. Such spatial and temporal specialization leverages opportunities to provide ecosystem goods that may be foregone through reliance on “rules of thumb” derived from models that focus on the single stand. Key nerds: ecological economics, forest management, Hartman, ecosystem management economics Present-day ecosystem management represents a structural shift in the philosophy of resource management. Public forest management and policy objectives have developed from initial interest in commercial products to broad mandates for multiple-use, multiresource management (Behan), as managers balance the consumptive needs of society with a desire to maintain biological diversity and functions of ecosystems (Swallow). Ecosystem management complicates policy decisions considerably. Existing economic models of forest management are inadequate because they fail to account for the spatial relationships that determine many ecosystem functions. The traditional forest management approach is primarily based on the stand-level harvest models of Faustmann as ex
Interpolating an unorganized 2D point cloud with a single closed shape

Given an unorganized two-dimensional point cloud, we address the problem of efficiently constructing a single aesthetically pleasing closed interpolating shape, without requiring dense or uniform spacing. Using Gestalt's laws of proximity, closure and good continuity as guidance for visual aesthetics, we require that our constructed shape be a minimal perimeter, non-self intersecting manifold. We find that this yields visually pleasing results. Our algorithm is distinct from earlier shape reconstruction approaches, in that it exploits the overlap between the desired shape and a related minimal graph, the Euclidean Minimum Spanning Tree (EMST). Our algorithm segments the EMST to retain as much of it as required and then locally partitions and solves the problem efficiently. Comparison with some of the best currently known solutions shows that our algorithm yields better results.
With Friends Like These...: A Feminist Rhetorical Reconsideration of Scholarship and the Letter to the Philippians

Interpreters of Philippians have often seen this letter as one of Paul’s friendliest, turning to friendship terminology from the wider Greco-Roman world to develop their arguments. This move, however, requires a reevaluation of the rhetorics in both scholarship and the letter. This reconsideration is achieved, in part, by surveying what was involved in ancient friendship, especially as it was developed by and for elite aristocratic males. In the political realm, ‘friendship’ is intertwined with patronage and the justification for specific interstate relations of domination. Comprehending and analyzing this hierarchical aspect should lead, then, to a similar approach to Paul’s use of friendly terminology in Philippians, a task as yet not taken up by most interpreters.
A macromodel for a CMOS transmission gate

A macromodel to simulate the output waveform of a CMOS transmission gate circuit is developed using a linear regression model. This model includes the coefficients for the input voltage, output voltage, and the interaction terms between the input and output voltages with load capacitor and gate transistor size. Three simulation examples have been computed for a transmission gate having a load capacitance of 1.0 pF. Simulation results are presented. >
The Gatekeepers of Business Education Research: An Institutional Analysis

The author ranked the academic standing of universities based on faculty representation to the editorial boards of business education journals. Previous studies that ranked institutions for editorial board representation focused on journals that primarily favor publication of basic and applied research contributions. As a result, prior research has accorded either very minimal or no consideration for journals that publish learning and pedagogical research. This author addressed the aforementioned shortcoming by extending the editorial board ranking method to include 1,279 editorial board affiliations for 31 business education journals. The rankings provide a comparative perspective on institutional affiliations and participation in the peer review process for business education research.
Periodontal Disease in Juvenile and Adult Diabetic Patients: A Review of the Literature

Despite extensive investigations, the precise nature and etiology of periodontal disease remain elusive.
Finite element analysis of MMIC waveguide structures with anisotropic substrates

This paper presents an extended finite element formulation for a full-wave analysis of biaxial and transverse plane electric and magnetic anisotropic materials with application to monolithic microwave integrated circuits (MMIC's). A convenient formulation of the characteristic impedance based on a power-voltage definition is developed using vector-based finite elements. The resultant generalized eigenvalue problem is solved using a numerically efficient algorithm based on a forward iteration, taking full advantage of the sparsity of the involved matrices. Numerical results are compared and agree well with existing published data for various MMIC configurations. Two specific coplanar waveguide structures, one with a conventional and the other with a suspended substrate, are examined using four common anisotropic materials. Principal axis rotations of the anisotropic substrates are also considered to improve dominant mode dispersion characteristics and minimize higher order mode interactions.
Firm Transparency and Outside Lending

Existing lenders tend to have private information about borrowers, which implies that potential outside lenders face a winner’s curse. One might assume that outside lending increases with firm transparency, but this paper uses a benchmark model to show the opposite effect. Although firm transparency allows the outsider to win more good firms, the outsider also wins fewer bad firms. An analytical solution shows that total outside lending decreases with firm transparency. The prediction is tested using small business data and the results suggest that transparent firms are less likely to borrow from new lenders.
The Second Intifada: A Dual Strategy Arena

Dominant theories fail to explain the use of terror during the Second Palestinian Intifada. Notably, they fail to explain Hamas’s abandonment of suicide attacks by 2005. We classified the universe of fatalities on both sides and examined the conflict’s patterns of lethal violence. Our analysis of fatality ratios and rates of change by fatality category supports a dual-arena theory of terror. Noting a rapid increase of indiscriminate Israeli civilian deaths and a relative evening out within this category in the conflict’s initial phase, we demonstrate that externally Hamas aimed to improve the balance of forces to compel Israel to negotiate on equal terms using the “out-suffering” mechanism. Internally, Hamas used terror to build confrontational capacity by attracting Palestinian factions to a resistance pole and isolating conciliatory elites. When their continued deployment became too costly relative to emerging options, the campaign was swiftly called off. In the end, while based on strategic calculations, Hamas’s use of terror proved to be a failure.
Biomechanical and Biochemical Study of Muscle-Tendon-Bone in Porcine Digital Flexor Tendon

The musculoskeletal system provides the body with both movement and support. In particular, contractile forces developed in the muscles are transmitted through the muscle-tendon junction (MTJ) into the tendon and then through the tendon-bone insertion into the bone. Each junction occurs between two dissimilar materials (muscle-to-tendon and tendon-to-bone) and neither is fully understood. The current study analyzes the relationship between the tissue microstructure and macro-scale biomechanical properties of the muscle-tendon-bone unit to better understand the anisotropic mechanical behavior of the tissue. Collagen content was assayed at various locations along the porcine digital flexor tendon. Collagen concentration as a percent of the wet weight in the bone end was found to be 20.4±5.2% (n=6), the mid tendon to be 20.6±5.3% (n=6), and the muscle end to be 25.2±3.6% (n=4). No statistical differences were found between these collagen concentrations.Additionally, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study to report cross-sectional stress-strain data for the muscle-tendon-bone unit. Results indicate that the tendon cross-sectional stiffness increases from the proximal end to the distal end. However, no direction dependent anisotropies were found between the mediolateral and dorsopalmar directions. Effects of microstructural components, such as glycosaminoglycans and collagen, and phenomenon such as fibril sliding and cross-linking, are discussed in relation to the reported cross-section stress-strain response. This work provides a synergistic approach for quantifying biomechanical and biochemical properties of biological tissue, and potentially facilitates the development of tissue engineered MTJ and tendon-bone insertion.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
An Experiment on Weight Sensation in Real and Virtual Environments

Virtual reality allows users to visualize and interact with a three-dimensional world in a computer-generated environment. Haptic technology has allowed enhancement to these environments, adding the sense of touch through force and tactile feedback devices. In the engineering domain, these devices have been implemented in many areas including product design. We have developed a real-time simulation test bed to assess the usefulness of haptic technology for assembly and disassembly planning. In this paper, we present a study conducted to characterize the perception of weight in this virtual environment. Specifically, the experiments performed test the ability of a user to distinguish weight differences between two objects in real and virtual environments. This paper describes the experiments conducted and an analysis of the results.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Postcondensation Filtration of Pine and Cottonwood Pyrolysis Oil and Impacts on Accelerated Aging Reactions

Chemical and physical effects of postcondensation filtration on pine and cottonwood pyrolysis oil were investigated in conjunction with a 3-week accelerated (80 °C) aging study. Pine and cottonwood...
S-Alk(en)ylmercaptocysteine: Chemical Synthesis, Biological Activities, and Redox-Related Mechanism

S-Alk(en)ylmercaptocysteine (CySSR, R = methyl, ethyl, propyl, 1-propenyl, and allyl), which are the putative metabolites of Allium thiosulfinates, were chemically synthesized. CySSR, but not the corresponding monosulfide species S-alk(en)yl cysteine (CySR), were able to induce quinone reductase (QR, a representative phase II enzyme) in Hepa 1c1c7 cells and inhibit nitric oxide (NO, an inflammatory biomarker) formation in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated RAW 264.7 cells. These results indicate the importance of the disulfide bond for the biological activities of CySSR. Glutathione (GSH) and N-acetylcysteine (NAC), but not other types of cellular antioxidants, suppressed multiple biological activities of CySSR in vitro. The inhibitory effects of GSH and NAC on the biological activities of CySSR were correlated with a glutaredoxin (Grx)-dependent intracellular reduction of CySSR to generate cysteine and RSH, which were secreted into the extracellular medium.
The role of monogamous bivalency and Fc interactions in the binding of anti-DNA antibodies to DNA antigen

Abstract Antibodies to DNA (anti-DNA) are the serological hallmark of systemic lupus erythematosus. These antibodies can bind DNA avidly by monogamous bivalency, a mechanism which requires the interaction of both Fab combining regions with antigenic determinants on the same polynucleotide. To explore further this mechanism, we tested Fab and F(abʹ)2 fragments prepared from IgG from patient plasmas in an ELISA with native DNA antigen, detecting antibody with a peroxidase conjugated anti-Fab reagent. These studies showed that Fab fragments, which can only bind monovalently, had negligible activity. Although bivalent F(abʹ)2 fragments would be predicted to bind DNA, these fragments also showed poor anti-DNA activity. Control studies showed that the fragments retained antibody activity to tetanus toxoid and an EBV antigen preparation. Together, these findings suggest that anti-DNA avidity depends on monogamous bivalency, with the antibody Fc portion also influencing DNA binding, in a mechanism which can be termed Fc-dependent monogamous bivalency.
The Local Peoplemeter, the Portable Peoplemeter, and the Unsettled Law and Policy of Audience Measurement in the United States

This chapter examines the relationship between the process of audience measurement and core principles in US communications policy making. The focal points of this analysis are the controversial launches in the United States over the past decade of the Nielsen Local Peoplemeter (which measures local television audiences) and the Arbitron Portable Peoplemeter (which measures radio audiences). These new audience measurement systems prompted substantial levels of resistance amongst a wide range of stakeholders, including television and radio broadcasters, minority groups and local, state and federal policy makers. The controversies surrounding the launch of these new technologies reveal the complex stakeholder dynamics that are central to understanding how contemporary media audiences are constructed. As this analysis illustrates, competition and diversity policy issues were central to the emergence of these new audience measurement systems and the patterns of resistance that emerged against them. These competition and diversity concerns were the focal point for a variety of advocacy organizations, and ultimately helped to draw the attention of city- and statelevel government officials, as well as the US Congress and the Federal Communications Commission. As a result, an important legal dispute has emerged around the First Amendment status of audience ratings data.
Occurrence and Prevention Method of Brown Turning in Tissue Culture of Peonia suffruticosa Andr

Browning takes place generally in tissue culture of peony and becomes serious during the whole processes,so the growth of cultures was affected.By means of changing culture environment and method,appending anti-browning into the culture medium,to prevent the browning of cultures of P.suffruticosa cv.Qinglongwomochi was carriedon.The results showed that adding auxin into the culture medium accelerated the cultures browning in the initial stage of the aseptic culture.Dark culture was most effective to prevent callus browning,the liquid suspending culture proliferated callus quickly though not prevent the browning effectively.The adsorbent PVP and Phytagel performed an effective action in alleviating browning.However,the anti-oxidant,such as Na_2S_2O_3,VC,and DDTC were ineffective to diminish the browning,even turned worse the degree of browning.
Recent research developments in diabetes mellitus. IV.

While advances in the study of diabetes mellitus are continuing, many problems remain unresolved. Some of the theories, more or less accepted as recently as a year ago, are being questioned in the light of newer knowledge. Research in the field of diabetes is multifaceted and frequently opens up old areas for re-evaluation ant1 new ones for continued investigation.
Environmentally benign hydrocarbon processing applications of single and integrated permreactors

Publisher Summary This chapter investigates the methane-steam reforming and the propane dehydrogenation reaction in various catalytic inorganic permreactors. The proposed permreactors can be beneficially used as reactant or product recycling and distributing devices. Enhanced conversions and yields can be achieved for various types of permreactor operation for the methane steam reforming and propane dehydrogenation. The chapter also presents new process designs employed for steam hydrocarbon reforming, the water gas shift, and paraffin dehydrogenation in inorganic, metal, and organic-polymer permreactors and permeators. These constitute the basis for designing improved, environmentally benign, integrated hydrocarbon upgrading, and in situ CO 2 abatement systems for hydrogen, H 2 –CO 2 , synthesis gas, and hydrogen rich hydrocarbon generation. The permeated or combined product gases can be utilized inline for synthesis or as feed in molten carbonate and other types of hydrogen based fuel cells, and in power generation systems. In the case of a dehydrogenator, rejected olefin streams such as propylene, ethylene, and n/i-butene can be used for polymer production or in other chemical synthesis.
Dependence of Film Cooling Effectiveness on 3D Printed Cooling Holes

Film Cooling Effectiveness is closely dependent on the geometry of the hole emitting the cooling film. These holes are sometimes quite expensive to machine by traditional methods so 3D printed test pieces have the potential to greatly reduce the cost of film cooling experiments. What is unknown is the degree to which parameters like layer resolution and the choice among 3D printing technologies influence the results of a film cooling test. A new flat-plate film cooling facility employing oxygen sensitive paint (OSP) verified by gas sampling and the mass transfer analogy and measurements both by gas sampling and OSP is verified by comparing measurements by both gas sampling and OSP. The same facility is then used to characterize the film cooling effectiveness of a diffuser shaped film cooling hole geometry. These diffuser holes are then produced by a variety of additive manufacturing technologies with different build layer thicknesses. Technologies used include Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM), Stereo Lithography Apparatus (SLA) and PolyJet with build layer thicknesses ranging from 0.001D (25 μm) to 0.12D (300 μm). These are compared with an aluminum coupon manufactured by traditional machining methods. The objective is to determine if cheaper manufacturing techniques afford usable and reliable results. Tests are carried out at mainstream flow Mach number of 0.30 and blowing ratios (BRs) from 1.0 to 3.5. The coolant gas used is CO2 yielding a density ratio of 1.5. Surface quality is characterized by an Optical Microscope that measures surface roughness. Test coupons with rougher surface topology generally showed delayed blow off and higher film cooling effectiveness at high blowing ratios compared to the geometries with lower measured surface roughness. At the present scale, none of the additively manufactured parts consistently matched the traditionally machined part, indicating that caution should be exercised in employing additively manufactured test pieces in film cooling work.Copyright © 2016 by ASME
Quantifying the controls on potential soil production rates: a case study of the San Gabriel Mountains, California

Abstract. The potential soil production rate, i.e., the upper limit at which bedrock can be converted into transportable material, limits how fast erosion can occur in mountain ranges in the absence of widespread landsliding in bedrock or intact regolith. Traditionally, the potential soil production rate has been considered to be solely dependent on climate and rock characteristics. Data from the San Gabriel Mountains of California, however, suggest that topographic steepness may also influence potential soil production rates. In this paper I test the hypothesis that topographically induced stress opening of preexisting fractures in the bedrock or intact regolith beneath hillslopes of the San Gabriel Mountains increases potential soil production rates in steep portions of the range. A mathematical model for this process predicts a relationship between potential soil production rates and average slope consistent with published data. Once the effects of average slope are accounted for, a small subset of the data suggests that cold temperatures may limit soil production rates at the highest elevations of the range due to the influence of temperature on vegetation growth. These results suggest that climate and rock characteristics may be the sole controls on potential soil production rates as traditionally assumed but that the porosity of bedrock or intact regolith may evolve with topographic steepness in a way that enhances the persistence of soil cover in compressive-stress environments. I develop an empirical equation that relates potential soil production rates in the San Gabriel Mountains to the average slope and a climatic index that accounts for temperature limitations on soil production rates at high elevations. Assuming a balance between soil production and erosion rates on the hillslope scale, I illustrate the interrelationships among potential soil production rates, soil thickness, erosion rates, and topographic steepness that result from the feedbacks among geomorphic, geophysical, and pedogenic processes in the San Gabriel Mountains.
Influence of Mulches on Weed Control, Soil pH, Soil Nitrogen Content, and Growth of Ligustrum japonicum

Abstract Four organic mulches, screened pinebark, hardwood (primarily oak), cypress and decorative pinebark nuggets, applied at depths of 0, 5, 10, and 15 cm (0, 2, 4, 6 in) with or without an inorganic weed barrier fabric, were tested in field and container studies to determine their effect on weed suppression, soil pH, soil nitrogen content, and growth of Ligustrum japonicum. Results indicated that mulch applied at shallower depths, in combination with a weed barrier, provided optimal weed control without tying up soil nitrogen or reducing plant growth. Coarser mulches out-performed finer-textured materials. Most effective weed control was obtained with decorative pinebark nuggets with weed barrier fabric at a 15 cm (6 in) depth of application when compared to unmulched controls. As the depth of mulch was increased, soil pH, soil nitrogen content, and visual rating of plant growth decreased. Mulches over 10 cm (4 in) deep tended to inhibit plant growth, although optimum depth was dependent on the mulch ...
Gaze Data for the Analysis of Attention in Feature Films

Film directors are masters at controlling what we look at when we watch a film. However, there have been few quantitative studies of how gaze responds to cinematographic conventions thought to influence attention. We have collected and are releasing a dataset designed to help investigate eye movements in response to higher level features such as faces, dialogue, camera movements, image composition, and edits. The dataset, which will be released to the community, includes gaze information for 21 viewers watching 15 clips from live action 2D films, which have been hand annotated for high level features. This work has implications for the media studies, display technology, immersive reality, and human cognition.
Can we estimate molluscan abundance and biomass on the continental shelf

Abstract Few empirical studies have focused on the effect of sample density on the estimate of abundance of the dominant carbonate-producing fauna of the continental shelf. Here, we present such a study and consider the implications of suboptimal sampling design on estimates of abundance and size-frequency distribution. We focus on a principal carbonate producer of the U.S. Atlantic continental shelf, the Atlantic surfclam, Spisula solidissima. To evaluate the degree to which the results are typical, we analyze a dataset for the principal carbonate producer of Mid-Atlantic estuaries, the Eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica, obtained from Delaware Bay. These two species occupy different habitats and display different lifestyles, yet demonstrate similar challenges to survey design and similar trends with sampling density. The median of a series of simulated survey mean abundances, the central tendency obtained over a large number of surveys of the same area, always underestimated true abundance at low sample densities. More dramatic were the trends in the probability of a biased outcome. As sample density declined, the probability of a survey availability event, defined as a survey yielding indices >125% or
Common Cycles and Baltic-Nordic Economic Integration

For centuries, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania have enjoyed historic and economic ties with their Nordic neighbors in the Baltic Sea region. While the period since 1991 has been one of increased integration with the European Union, trade linkages with Finland and Sweden are particularly strong for Estonia and Latvia, respectively. This study addresses these connections by applying time-series econometric techniques, with the goal of highlighting where regional connections are strongest. Strong Nordic-Baltic linkages, while providing evidence that historical factors are still important, might also suggest that integration with the rest of the EU is relatively weak. Using quarterly data from 1994 to 2014 for Baltic, Nordic, and other partner countries, business cycles are modeled for output, consumption, and investment. Common regional cycles are also extracted via Principal Components Analysis for the three Baltic countries and for the Nordic countries of Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden. Cross-correlation functions are then generated for various cycle pairs to assess whether any are “synchronized.” One key finding is that the Nordic region has two possible consumption cycles that behave in very different ways, suggesting that this region does not behave as a coherent whole. Norway and Denmark drive one cycle, while Sweden and Finland drive the other. Another key result is that each Baltic country behaves differently from one another. While regional differences are quite large - making it harder to describe this as a single “region” at all - Estonia does show significant connections to Finland, its historic and linguistic neighbor.
Extension of the divide-and-conquer algorithm for the efficient inverse dynamics analysis of multibody systems

This paper presents a new mathematical framework to extend the Generalized Divide-and-Conquer Algorithm (GDCA) for the inverse dynamics analysis of fully actuated constrained multibody systems. Inverse-GDCA (iGDCA) is a highly parallelizable method which does not create the mass and Jacobian matrices of the entire system. In this technique, generalized driving forces and constraint loads due to kinematic pairs are clearly and separately differentiated from each other in the equations of motion. As such, it can be easily used for control scheme purposes. iGDCA works based on a series of recursive assembly and disassembly passes to form and solve the equations governing the inverse dynamics of the system. Herein, the mathematical formulations to efficiently combine the dynamics of consecutive bodies in the assembly pass for the purpose of inverse dynamics analysis are presented. This is followed by generating the disassembly pass algorithm to efficiently compute generalized actuating forces. Furthermore, this paper presents necessary mathematical formulations to efficiently treat the inverse dynamics of multibody systems involving kinematic loops with various active and passive boundary conditions. This is followed by the design of a new strategy to efficiently perform the assembly–disassembly pass in these complex systems while avoiding unnecessary computations. Finally, the presented method is applied to selected open-chain and closed-chain multibody systems.
Polymerizations of Nitrophenylsulfonyl-Activated Aziridines

1-((p-Nitrophenyl)sulfonyl)aziridine (pNsAz) and 1-((o-nitrophenyl)sulfonyl)aziridine (oNsAz) were synthesized, and their polymerization chemistry was studied. Upon heating, pNsAz formed an insoluble white powder. In contrast, poly(oNsAz) is soluble in DMF and DMSO. Attempts were made to convert poly(oNsAz) to linear poly(ethylenimine) (lPEI) through removal of the o-nosyl group using sodium thiomethoxide. Although some evidence for the formation of lPEI was found, formation of pure lPEI was not possible. oNsAz is susceptible to spontaneous polymerization when stored neat or in a polar solvent (e.g., DMSO and DMF). Poly(oNsAz), formed from the spontaneous polymerization of oNsAz, was analyzed by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry and composed of signals consistent with either OH or H2O acting as initiators for an anionic polymerization. Experiments studying the kinetics of oNsAz showed that the rate of polymerization was first order with respect to monomer concentration. It was also possible to initiate the anio...
Pulsatile Chemotherapeutic Delivery Profiles Using Magnetically Responsive Hydrogels

Pulsatile chemotherapeutic delivery profiles may provide a number advantages by maximizing the anticancer toxicity of chemotherapeutics, reducing off-target side effects, and combating adaptive resistance. While these temporally dynamic deliveries have shown some promise, they have yet to be clinically deployed from implantable hydrogels, whose localized deliveries could further enhance therapeutic outcomes. Here, several pulsatile chemotherapeutic delivery profiles were tested on melanoma cell survival in vitro and compared to constant (flatline) delivery profiles of the same integrated dose. Results indicated that pulsatile delivery profiles were more efficient at killing melanoma cells than flatline deliveries. Furthermore, results suggested that parameters like the duration of drug "on" periods (pulse width), delivery rates during those periods (pulse heights), and the number/frequency of pulses could be used to optimize delivery profiles. Optimization of pulsatile profiles at tumor sites in vivo would require hydrogel materials capable of producing a wide variety of pulsatile profiles (e.g., of different pulse heights, pulse widths, and pulse numbers). This work goes on to demonstrate that magnetically responsive, biphasic ferrogels are capable of producing pulsatile mitoxantrone delivery profiles similar to those tested in vitro. Pulse parameters such as the timing and rate of delivery during "on" periods could be remotely regulated through the use of simple, hand-held magnets. The timing of pulses was controlled simply by deciding when and for how long to magnetically stimulate. The rate of release during pulse "on" periods was a function of the magnetic stimulation frequency. These findings add to the growing evidence that pulsatile chemotherapeutic delivery profiles may be therapeutically beneficial and suggest that magnetically responsive hydrogels could provide useful tools for optimizing and clinically deploying pulsatile chemotherapeutic delivery profiles.
Spreading the (Fake) News: Exploring Health Messages on Social Media and the Implications for Health Professionals Using a Case Study

ABSTRACTBackground: The importance of social networking sites (SNSs) as platforms to engage in the correction of “fake news” has been documented widely. More evidence is needed to understand the popularity of health-related rumors and how Health Educators can optimize their use of SNSs. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore the spread of health rumors and verified information on SNSs using the Zika virus as a case study. Methods: A content analysis of Zika-related news stories on SNSs between February 2016 and January 2017 was conducted to verify accuracy (phase 1). Phase 1 was followed by an analysis of volume of shares (phase 2) and a thematic analysis of headlines (phase 3). Results: Rumors had three times more shares than verified stories. Popular rumors portray Zika as a conspiracy against the public and a low-risk issue and connect it to the use of pesticides. Discussion: This study identifies the value of integrating in-depth analysis of popular health-related rumors into the developmen...
78 Catalytic Formation of Sodium Sulfate

Sodium sulfate was prepared from sodium chloride by passing sulfur dioxide, steam, and air at atmospheric pressure through a fixed bed impregnated with catalyst. Optimum conditions of temperature, partial pressure of reagent gases, and total flow rate were determined. Several oxides of transition elements were tested for possible catalytic action both alone and with promoters. High yields of sodium sulfate were obtained when oxides were present which could combine in a spinel-type crystal structure. These same oxides alone possessed very little catalytic activity. Evidence of spinel structure was determined in the reaction bed by x-ray powder diffraction. The mineral spinel, magnesium aluminate, possessed unusual catalytic activity. Artificial spinels, prepared from other elements but still having the basic spinel structure, also were found to be active catalysts.
A Methodology for Software Failure Risk Measurement

This chapter deals with the economic significance of software malfunction by presenting a framework for measuring software failure risk followed by a detailed examination of components of that methodology to assess software failure risk.
Breakdown of the Rule System

Priority and assignment procedures arose in response to charges of discrimination on the part of BHA staff. Since the discrimination appeared to be the result of bureaucratic norms and pressures where discretion was great, reformers attempted to decrease discretion by imposing strict rules and regulations on bureaucratic behavior.