cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stavudine entry into cerebrospinal fluid after single and multiple doses in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To establish the pharmacokinetics of stavudine within the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). DESIGN: Pharmacokinetic study. SETTING: General clinical research center. PATIENTS: Thirty-six patients infected with HIV; 21 were receiving long-term stavudine therapy, 15 were not (single-dose treatment group). INTERVENTION: After an overnight fast, all patients received a single dose of stavudine 40 mg. Fifteen patients in the long-term treatment group and all 15 patients in the single-dose treatment group were randomized to undergo lumbar puncture 2, 4, or 6 hours after dosing (five patients for each time point from each group). The six other patients in the long-term treatment group underwent lumbar puncture 0 or 8 hours after dosing. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Serum stavudine concentrations were obtained just before dosing, 1 hour after dosing (approximate peak), and at the time of lumbar puncture. The CSF was also analyzed for cell counts, protein, and glucose levels. The mean peak serum stavudine concentration in the long-term treatment group was estimated to be 580.7 ng/ml (2.59 micromol/L), occurring approximately 1.3 hours after dosing. The CSF concentrations over 0-8 hours were 0.0-109.9 ng/ml (0.00-0.49 micromol/L) with an overall mean of 51.6 ng/ml (0.23 micromol/L). Mean peak CSF concentration was estimated to be 62.8 ng/ml (0.28 micromol/L), occurring 4.7 hours after dosing. For the 15 patients not taking stavudine, both the serum and the CSF estimated peaks were significantly lower than those of the long-term group: 475.3 ng/ml (2.12 micromol/L) and 40.4 ng/ml (0.18 micromol/L), respectively. However, time to peak was similar at 1.2 hours and 5.0 hours, respectively. In both groups, no correlation was found between CSF and baseline or peak serum stavudine concentrations, CSF white blood cell count, baseline CD4 + lymphocyte count, or plasma viral load. CONCLUSION: Mean CSF stavudine concentrations equaled or exceeded the mean concentration producing 50% of the maximal effect in vivo (EC 50 ) for HIV. The CSF concentrations were higher in the stavudine-experienced patients, indicating that concentrations rise with progressive doses until steady state is reached.
Preparation of an enantiomerically pure, highly porous metalloorganic crystal

Abstract We report the synthesis and the structure determination of tris -(4,5-diazo- spiro -bifluorene)ruthenium(II) chloride, a chiral building block whose racemic mixture solution spontaneously resolves and forms two crystalline, enantiomerically pure, porous networks composed exclusively of the Λ or Δ atropisomers. The extended chiral channels are occupied by water molecules (approximately 20% by weight) and the chloride counter-ions.
SU‐FF‐T‐341: Small Field Dosimetry for Electron Beams

Purpose: This study examines the accuracy of dose calculation for electron beam in small circular fields for Varian accelerators using an empirical method based on dose per incident fluence. Method and Materials: Fractional Depth doses (FDD) at SSD = 100 cm for open beam and small circular cutouts (r = 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0 and 5.6cm) are renormalized to surface. The resulting depth dose is then normalized to the broad beam FDD to determine a fractional FDD, FDDf for.all electron energies (4, 6, 9, 12, 16, and 20MeV). The head scatter factor (H), defined as the ratio of electron energy fluence at point of interest to open cone at otherwise the same geometry, is measured using a diode in air without buildup cap as a function of cutout radius for all electron energies and cone sizes (6, 10, 15, 20 and 25cm2). The phantom scatter factor, PSF=BF/H, defined as the ratio of blocking factor in water at reference depth and is measured as a function of radius, electron energy, and SSD (100, 120 and 140cm). Results: It is found that H is a single function of renormalized radius, rN = r*100/(SSD+d) and is independent of SSD for a given electron energy and cone size. Normally, the radius dependence of H is a function of both the SSD and cone size. The extrapolated value of PSF from percent depth dose (PDD) renormalized to the surface is remarkably close to the measured PSF data, to within 2%.. The calculated FDDf has a bowl‐shaped dependence on the depth with the height increasing with increasing electron energy. Conclusion: By normalizing the Fractional depth dose (FDD) to the surface, most characteristics of small field electron dosimetry can be simplified and adequately described by H, a quantity describing the incident electron energy fluence.
Indwelling interscalene catheter anesthesia in the surgical management of stiff shoulder: a report of 100 consecutive cases.

Abstract One hundred consecutive stiff shoulders in 93 patients resistant to conservative therapy were treated with surgery and intermittent regional anesthesia via indwelling interscalene catheter. Each patient underwent manipulation and one of several operative treatments to release any additional contracture. The indwelling interscalene catheter remained in place and functioned well for an average of 3 days in 87 shoulders. At an average follow-up of 3.0 years, overall clinical results according to Neer's criteria were excellent in 39 shoulders (39%), satisfactory in 28 (28%), and unsatisfactory in 33 (33%). Patients reported no or mild pain in 83 (83%) of the shoulders in the study. At final follow-up, average gains in motion were 44° of elevation (115° to 159°), 31° of external rotation (22° to 53°), and 5 spine segments of internal rotation (L 4 to T 11 ) . At final follow-up, 95% of the elevation and 79% of the external rotation achieved intraoperatively were maintained. The best results were obtained in those shoulders with idiopathic stiffness (88% excellent or satisfactory results); the worst results were in the postsurgical shoulders (47% excellent or satisfactory results). There were no catheter-related complications. The use of an indwelling interscalene catheter for postoperative pain control is a safe technique that facilitates early physical therapy in a patient population with a high risk of developing recurrent stiffness. (J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2000;9:268-74.)
Toward a pervasive communication environment perspective

In a world where pervasive communication technologies facilitate an increasing percentage of human interaction, the traditional dichotomy between face-to-face and mediated communication (especially computer mediated communication) obscures more than it illuminates. This has impacts for both teaching and research. To address this, I propose a holistic approach: Pervasive Communication Environment Perspective (PCE). Represented as a graphic model, PCE illustrates the circular flow of information and communication across mediums, channels, and individuals. This provides a conceptual tool with practical applications for teaching as well as research.
Relations Among Piagetian Grouping Structures: A Training Study.

Piaget's theory of concrete operational behavior describes certain logicomathematical structures called groupings that correspond to the organization of children's cognitive and behavioral actions. A grouping is a hybrid structure, possessing properties of both mathematical groups and lattices. The grouping consists of the addition or multiplication of classes or logical relations and the symmetrical or asymmetrical relations between them (Flavell, 1963). During the past two decades many researchers in psychology and in mathematics education have attempted to understand concrete operational behavior by investigating the effects of training experiences on conservation acquisition. The roles of reversibility, cognitive conflict, modeling procedures, verbal rule instruction, and perceptual screening in conservation acquisition have all been extensively investigated. Relatively little attention, however, has been focused directly on the grouping structures. Research information related to the grouping structures has been obtained principally through the use of two different general strategies. The first strategy has been an investigation of the hierarchical nature of cognitive growth involving an examination of the stages passed through in attaining certain concepts. The investigations of Kofsky (1966) into classificatory development and of Wohlwill (1960) into the development of the number concept are examples of this strategy. The second general strategy has been an investigation of the integrative nature of cognitive growth involving an examination of the convergence among distinct abilities. The investigation of Beilin (1965) into the convergence of the various conservation abilities and the investigation by Dodwell (1962) into children's understanding of
An appraisal of histiocytosis-X.

A case of Hand-Schuller-Christian disease with a nineteen year follow-up is presented, with lesions localized to the skull and mandible. Three separate courses of irradiation therapy produced temporary recalcification of the cranial defects. A skull biopsy obtained nineteen years after onset from a recurrent skull lesion disclosed an eosinophilic granuloma. Electron microscopic examination of this tissue revealed Langerhans cell granules identical to those we had previously described in a fatal case of Letterer-Siwe disease, and as reported in other cases of histiocytosis-X. The findings noted in this case support Lichtenstein's thesis of a probable common etiology for the group of syndromes he has designated as histiocytosis-X, and also add support to Lieberman's findings of relatively benign disease in the reticuloendothelioses classified as eosinophilic granuloma.
Risk factors for inpatient hypoglycemia during subcutaneous insulin therapy in non-critically ill patients with type 2 diabetes.

Objective: We aimed to determine risk factors associated with hypoglycemia during subcutaneous insulin therapy in non-critically ill patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods: We conducted an analysis of three randomized control trials using basal/bolus regimen and regular sliding scale insulin (SSI) in patients with diabetes admitted to medical and surgical settings. Results: We analyzed medical records of 261 general medicine and 211 noncardiac surgery patients treated with basal/ bolus regimen with glargine/glulisine (n = 169), detemir/aspart (n = 67), neutral protamine Hagedorn/regular (n = 63), or with SSI (n = 173). The overall frequency of mild and severe hypoglycemia (<70 and <40 mg/dl) was 19% and 2%, respectively. During treatment, medical patients experienced a higher number of hypoglycemia than surgical patients (23% versus 13%; p = .005), but the rate of severe hypoglycemia was similar between groups (1.9% versus 1.9%; p = not significant). Increasing age, impaired kidney function (glomerular filtration rate < 60 ml/min), total daily insulin dose, and type of insulin regimen (basal/bolus versus SSI) during hospitalization were important contributors for hypoglycemia in both medical and surgical patients. Among these variables, increasing age and type of insulin regimen (basal/bolus versus SSI) were found to be independent predictors of hypoglycemic events. Conclusions: Mild hypoglycemic events are common during subcutaneous insulin therapy in medical and surgical patients with type 2 diabetes. Increasing age, impaired renal function, daily insulin dose, and insulin regimen (basal/bolus versus SSI) are important predictors of hypoglycemia during insulin therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Planet of the Normates

Extraordinary Bodies: Figuring Physical Disability in American Culture and Literature. Rosemarie Garland Thomson. New York: Columbia University Press, 1997. 200 pp. Freakery: Cultural Spectacles of the Extraordinary Body. Rosemarie Garland Thomson. ed. New York: New York University Press, 1996. 400 pp. Monster Theory: Reading Culture. Jeffrey Jerome Cohen. ed. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1996.315pp.
Lethalization, penalty and repair functions for constraint handling in the genetic algorithm methodology

A genetic algorithm was designed to find low energy distributions of ions above a crystal surface. To solve this constrained optimization problem, several constrained handling techniques were applied, i.e., lethalization, penalty and repair functions. It was shown that the simple lethalization scheme performs very well, and was at least comparable to some of the penalty functions. This was unexpected because, in general, it is believed that a severe penalization (i.e., lethalization) leads to poor results. An analysis of the fitnesses of trial distributions that violated a constraint as a function of the time, suggested that the properties of genetic based search were responsible for this result. From this it was concluded that a genetic algorithm in combination with lethalization may be an good choice to solve constrained optimization problems if the design of optimal penalty functions is difficult or impossible.
Phenomenological Model of Non-Evaporated Getter for Micro-electromechanical Systems (MEMS) Applications

There has been increasing interest in the development and use of micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) for various applications. Some MEM devices such as gyroscopes, accelerometers and bolometers, must be sealed under vacuum, at pressures below 10 millitorr, for efficient operation. A gas absorbing material (getter) is placed in the packages of these devices, to help maintain vacuum levels over service lives of many years. Heating under vacuum, just prior to sealing the package, activates getter, of this type. This study was undertaken to develop a model that could be used to estimate the quantity of getter needed as well as optimize the activation process subject to process constraints on time and temperature. The material studied was a titanium and zirconium-based alloy (7:3 by weight) non-evaporable getter in the form of strips produced by SAES Getters. The zirconium alloy consisted of zirconium (70.0%), vanadium (24.6%) and iron (5.4%) by weight. The getter was analyzed under different ambient conditions of temperature, time and atmospheric pressure. Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) depth profiling was used to analyze the diffusion depth of the contaminant gases absorbed by the getter material under each condition. The data acquired from the depth profiles were fit to a simple diffusion model. This model is currently being validated, by activating the getter material under various ambient conditions, and measuring pressures and gas compositions inside packages using a residual gas analyzer (RGA). The utility of this model for optimization of getter activation and estimating package vacuum levels over time will be discussed.
Analyst Forecasting Errors and Their Implications for Security Analysis: An Alternative Perspective

Dreman and Berry, in the May/June 1995 Financial Analysts Journal, offered a perspective on analyst earnings forecast errors and their implications for security analysis. Among other arguments, they contended that the errors are too large to be reliably used by investors, the forecasts are less accurate than forecasts by time-series models, the errors are increasing over time, the analysts' forecasts are too optimistic, and the investment community relies too heavily on analyst forecasts. This article provides an alternative perspective on these issues. The argument is that analysts' forecast errors are within 3 percent of an appropriate benchmark (namely, stock price), that their forecasts generally are significantly more accurate than forecasts by naive or sophisticated time-series models, that analyst forecast errors have not been increasing over time, that analysts have been too pessimistic in recent years, and that the investment community, by placing too much weight on forecasts made by time-series ...
Microwave effects on input resistance and action potential firing of snail neurons

Effects of microwave (MW) fields (continuous wave, 2.45 GHz, specific absorption rates 12.5 or 125 mW/g) on input resistances and action potential (AP) intervals of neurons in ganglia of snails (Helix aspersa), at 20.9+or-0.1 degrees C were studied. At 12.5 mW/g, input resistance did not change during irradiation, but increased (p >
A sequential Monte Carlo framework for haplotype inference in CNV/SNP genotype data

Copy number variations (CNVs) are abundant in the human genome. They have been associated with complex traits in genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and expected to continue playing an important role in identifying the etiology of disease phenotypes. As a result of current high throughput whole-genome single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) arrays, we currently have datasets that simultaneously have integer copy numbers in CNV regions as well as SNP genotypes. At the same time, haplotypes that have been shown to offer advantages over genotypes in identifying disease traits even though available for SNP genotypes are largely not available for CNV/SNP data due to insufficient computational tools. We introduce a new framework for inferring haplotypes in CNV/SNP data using a sequential Monte Carlo sampling scheme ‘Tree-Based Deterministic Sampling CNV’ (TDSCNV). We compare our method with polyHap(v2.0), the only currently available software able to perform inference in CNV/SNP genotypes, on datasets of varying number of markers. We have found that both algorithms show similar accuracy but TDSCNV is an order of magnitude faster while scaling linearly with the number of markers and number of individuals and thus could be the method of choice for haplotype inference in such datasets. Our method is implemented in the TDSCNV package which is available for download at http://www.ee.columbia.edu/~anastas/tdscnv.
FOREST LAND COVER CLASSIFICATION USING STATISTICAL AND ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK APPROACHES APPLIED TO IRS LISS - III SENSOR

Comparison of an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) classifier with Maximum Likelihood (ML) classifier for different land cover classification has been examined previously using different sensors such as Landsat TM, SPOT, AVHRR and SAR. In this study, the Indian Remote Sensing (IRS-1C) satellite sensor LISS-III (Linear Image SelfScanner) was used to compare these classification methods for forested land. Training samples for classification and accuracy assessment were collected through extensive field surveys using a false colour composite image. The same training areas were used for both classifiers to classify the entire forest land of Banavasi Range of the Western Ghats, India using EASI/PACE (PCI) image processing software. A detailed accuracy assessment was done for both classifiers using existing forest survey maps and information collected from the field survey. Results showed that the artificial neural network has a slightly better performance in discriminating forest plantations and water, but no significant difference in classifying the homogenous natural forest, when compared to the maximum likelihood classifier.
An incremental learning framework combining sample confidence and discrimination with an application to automatic image annotation

We propose an incremental classifier learning framework that starts with a small amount of labeled training data to create an initial set of classifiers, and gradually incorporates unlabeled data into the incremental learning process to improve the models. A key to the effectiveness of the proposed framework is to judicially select a good incremental learning subset from all remaining unlabeled samples by computing a confidence measure and a margin-like discrimination score that measures potential contributions of the selection set to enhancing the existing models. To further refine the above selection set, class prior densities were also exploited. The proposed framework was tested on an automatic image annotation application using a subset of the Corel image set. When all data, including both initially labeled and incrementally learned samples, were used, the final model was shown to achieve a significant improvement over the initial set of classifiers in terms of micro-averaging F1 even when only a small number of images were initially labeled. Furthermore, when 30% of the images were initially labeled the incrementally learned models achieved comparable results to the case when models were created with all training data labeled.
The Relationship Between Deductive Reasoning Ability, Test Anxiety, and Standardized Test Scores in a Latino Sample

One Hundred and Twelve Latino students from Philadelphia participated in this study, which examined the development of deductive reasoning across adolescence, and the relation of reasoning to test ...
Overlapping Habitat Use of Multiple Anadromous Fish Species in a Restricted Coastal Watershed

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to document timing and habitat of alosines (Hickory Shad Alosa mediocris, American Shad A. sapidissima, Alewife A. pseudoharengus, and Blueback Herring A. aestivalis) and Striped Bass Morone saxatilis in the lower Tar River, a North Carolina coastal watershed partially restricted by an unused industrial dam. Alosines and Striped Bass are usually separated in time or space during spawning activity but occasionally overlap in some systems. Results show that both eggs and larvae of Hickory Shad and Striped Bass predominated catches, followed by American Shad. Alewife and Blueback Herring had negligible catches of eggs and larvae, but a separate study conducted 48 river kilometers downstream of the study area collected larvae of both species. Eggs and larvae of target species overlapped spatially and were most abundant in downstream tributaries, which seasonally reached hypoxic to anoxic conditions. The origins of spawning are unknown, but the collection of eggs suggests ...
Microarray comparative genomic hybridization and cytogenetic characterization of tissue-specific mosaicism in three patients.

The presence of more than one cell line in an individual may often be missed by classical cytogenetic analysis due to a low percentage of affected cells or analysis of cells from an unaffected or less affected germ layer. Array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) from whole blood or tissue is an important adjunct to standard karyotyping due to its ability to detect genomic imbalances that are below the resolution of karyotype analysis. We report results from three unrelated patients in whom aCGH revealed mosaicism not identified by peripheral blood chromosome analysis. This study further illustrates the important application of aCGH in detecting tissue-specific mosaicism, thereby leading to an improvement in the ability to provide a diagnosis for patients with normal chromosome analysis and dysmorphic features, congenital anomalies, and/or developmental delay. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A hybrid plasmonic waveguide for subwavelength confinement and long-range propagation

The emerging field of nanophotonics1 addresses the critical challenge of manipulating light on scales much smaller than the wavelength. However, very few feasible practical approaches exist at present. Surface plasmon polaritons2,3 are among the most promising candidates for subwavelength optical confinement3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10. However, studies of long-range surface plasmon polaritons have only demonstrated optical confinement comparable to that of conventional dielectric waveguides, because of practical issues including optical losses and stringent fabrication demands3,11,12,13. Here, we propose a new approach that integrates dielectric waveguiding with plasmonics. The hybrid optical waveguide consists of a dielectric nanowire separated from a metal surface by a nanoscale dielectric gap. The coupling between the plasmonic and waveguide modes across the gap enables ‘capacitor-like’ energy storage that allows effective subwavelength transmission in non-metallic regions. In this way, surface plasmon polaritons can travel over large distances (40–150 µm) with strong mode confinement (ranging from λ2/400 to λ2/40). This approach is fully compatible with semiconductor fabrication techniques and could lead to truly nanoscale semiconductor-based plasmonics and photonics. Xiang Zhang and colleagues from the University of California, Berkeley, propose a new approach for confining light on scales much smaller than the wavelength of light. Using hybrid waveguides that incorporate dielectric and plasmonic waveguiding techniques, they are able to confine surface plasmon polaritons very strongly over large distances. The advance could lead to truly nanoscale plasmonics and photonics.
Topical Application of Silver Diamine Fluoride may Arrest Dental Caries

Article Title and Bibliographic Information Efficacy of silver diamine fluoride for arresting caries treatment. Yee R, Holmgren C, Mulder J, Lama D, Walker D, van Palenstein Helderman W. J Dent Res 2009;88(7):644-7. Reviewer Milton Houpt, DDS, PhD Purpose/Question To assess the effectiveness of a topical application of silver diamine fluoride for arresting active dental caries. Source of Funding This study was supported financially by the United Mission to Nepal Oral Health Programme and by the World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Oral Health Care Planning and Future Scenarios, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, College of Dental Sciences, the Netherlands Type of Studies/Design Randomized controlled trial Level of Evidence Level 2: Limited-quality, patient-oriented evidence Strength of Recommendation Grade Not applicable
A MODEL OF STRESS AND COPING AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON INDIVIDUAL AND ORGANIZATIONAL OUTCOMES

A model of coping with stress is proposed in which coping mediates the relationship among organizational stressors and personal characteristics, and job-related strains and organizational outcomes. Study results, based on a sample of professional salespeople, provide overall support for most of the hypothesized relationships among work-related stressors, personal characteristics, and coping styles. Findings also support the influence of emotion-focused coping on the psychological outcomes of emotional exhaustion and job-induced anxiety; which in turn are found to influence job satisfaction and intention to withdraw. While problem-focused coping had no effect on job-induced anxiety, problem-focused coping did effect emotional exhaustion, which in turn influences job satisfaction and intention to withdraw. Minor differences were found when the proposed model was applied to saleswomen versus salesmen. Overall, however, the model was robust across both genders.
Bedform climbing in theory and nature

Where bedforms migiate during deposition, they move upward (climb) with respect to the generalized sediment surface. Sediment deposited on each lee slope and not eroded during the passage of a following trough is left behind as a cross-stratified bed. Because sediment is thus transferred from bedforms to underlying strata, bedforms must decrease in cross-sectional area or in number, or both, unless sediment lost from bedforms during deposition is replaced with sediment transported from outside the depositional area. Where sediment is transported solely by downcurrent migration of twodimensional bedforms, the mean thickness of cross-stratified beds is equal to the decrease in bedform cross-sectional area divided by the migration distance over which that size decrease occurs; where bedforms migrate more than one spacing while depositing cross-strata, bed thickness is only a fraction of bedform height. Equations that describe this depositional process explain the downcurrent decrease in size of tidal sand waves in St Andrew Bay, Florida, and the downwind decrease in size of transverse aeolian dunes on the Oregon coast. Using the same concepts, dunes that deposited the Navajo, De Chelly, and Entrada Sandstones are calculated to have had mean heights between several tens and several hundreds of metres.
Molecular-level computational investigation of shock-wave mitigation capability of polyurea

Various static and (equilibrium and non-equilibrium) dynamic molecular-level computational methods and tools are utilized in order to investigate the basic shock-wave physics and shock-wave material interactions in polyurea (a nano-phase segregated elastomeric co-polymer). The main goal of this investigation was to establish relationships between the nano-segregated polyurea microstructure (consisting of rod-shaped, discrete, so-called “hard domains” embedded into a highly compliant, so-called soft matrix) and the experimentally established superior capability of this material to disperse and attenuate resident shock waves (e.g., those generated as a result of blast-wave impact). By analyzing molecular-level interactions of the shock waves with polyurea, an attempt was made to identify and quantify main phenomena and viscous/inelastic deformation and microstructure-altering processes taking place at the shock front, which are most likely responsible for the superior shock-mitigation behavior of polyurea. Direct molecular-level simulations of shock-wave generation and propagation in the “strong-shock” regime are utilized in order to construct the appropriate shock-Hugoniot relations (relations which are used in the construction of the associated continuum-level material models). Extension of these relations into the “weak-shock” regime of interest from the traumatic brain injury prevention point of view is also discussed.
On binary code design for the noncoherent block fading channel

In this paper, we study the binary code design problem for the fading channel with noncoherent maximum-likelihood detection. The /spl rho/-spectrum (i.e. all possible pairwise absolute cross-correlations) provides a way to define the optimal codes, based on the union bound on the error probability, as the codes achieving the optimal /spl rho/-spectrum for some code rate. We introduce some limited search methods based on the /spl rho/-spectrum, including a nested search, which for some code rates yields optimal codes. With our nested search, good codes were obtained easily up to code rate 12/n, n/spl les/4096. The codes developed offer good performance in the fading channel and can be used in place of the Hadamard-Walsh codes in synchronous CDMA systems to increase system capacity.
Continuous Limit in Dynamics with Choice

We are interested in time evolution of systems that switch their modes of operation at discrete moments of time. The intervals between switching may, in general, vary. The number of modes may be finite or infinite. The mathematical setting for such systems is variable time step dynamics with choice. We have used this setting previously to study the long term behavior of such systems. In this paper, we define and study the continuous time dynamics whose trajectories are limits of trajectories of discrete systems as time step goes to zero. The limit dynamics is multivalued. In the special case of a switched system, when the dynamics is generated by switching between solutions of a finite number of systems of ODEs, we show that our continuous limit solution set coincides with the solution set of the relaxed differential inclusion.
Electrophoretic Deposition of Phosphors for Information Displays and Solid State Lighting

Electrophoretic deposition (EPD ) has been used as a phosphor screening procedure for a variety of information displays and more recently, solid state lighting. EPD is well suited to deposit the fine (nanometer to micrometer diameter) phosphor particles needed for high resolution displays. The fundamentals of the EPD process in a standard isopropanol bath are characterized by the dissociation behavior of nitrate salts in isopropanol, measurement of the effects of pH and nitrate salt concentration on the zeta potential of the particles, and process conditions with modeling of the deposition rates. The electrochemical precipitation reactions that form the adhesive agents and techniques to enhance the adhesion strength to meet the requirements of these new applications are discussed. Methods to fabricate full-color and the optical performance of the phosphor film are reviewed.
Common Neural Representations for Visually Guided Reorientation and Spatial Imagery.

Spatial knowledge about an environment can be cued from memory by perception of a visual scene during active navigation or by imagination of the relationships between nonvisible landmarks, such as when providing directions. It is not known whether these different ways of accessing spatial knowledge elicit the same representations in the brain. To address this issue, we scanned participants with fMRI, while they performed a judgment of relative direction (JRD) task that required them to retrieve real-world spatial relationships in response to either pictorial or verbal cues. Multivoxel pattern analyses revealed several brain regions that exhibited representations that were independent of the cues to access spatial memory. Specifically, entorhinal cortex in the medial temporal lobe and the retrosplenial complex (RSC) in the medial parietal lobe coded for the heading assumed on a particular trial, whereasthe parahippocampal place area (PPA) contained information about the starting location of the JRD. These results demonstrate the existence of spatial representations in RSC, ERC, and PPA that are common to visually guided navigation and spatial imagery.
Improved Catalytic Activity and Stability of a Palladium Pincer Complex by Incorporation into a Metal–Organic Framework

A porous metal–organic framework Zr6O4(OH)4(L-PdX)3 (1-X) has been constructed from Pd diphosphinite pincer complexes ([L-PdX]4– = [(2,6-(OPAr2)2C6H3)PdX]4–, Ar = p-C6H4CO2–, X = Cl, I). Reaction of 1-X with PhI(O2CCF3)2 facilitates I–/CF3CO2– ligand exchange to generate 1-TFA and I2 as a soluble byproduct. 1-TFA is an active and recyclable catalyst for transfer hydrogenation of benzaldehydes using formic acid as a hydrogen source. In contrast, the homogeneous analogue tBu(L-PdTFA) is an ineffective catalyst owing to decomposition under the catalytic conditions, highlighting the beneficial effects of immobilization.
The structural diversity and properties of nine new viologen based zwitterionic metal–organic frameworks

The neutral flexible viologen based ligand 1,1′-bis(4-carboxybenzyl)-4,4′-bipyridinium dibromide (H2LBr2) and its self-assembly with first-row transition metals in an aqueous media leads to the formation of nine new zwitterionic (ZW) MOF materials with the following compositions: {[CuBr(L)]·(OH)·7H2O}n (1); {[M4(L)6(OH2)12]·2Br·3(bdc)·33H2O}n with M = Mn (2), Co (3) and Ni (4), {[M(bdc)(L)1.5]·9H2O}n with M = Cd (5) and Zn (6); {[Cu2(3-pzc)2(L)(OH2)]·5H2O}n (7); {[ZnCl2(L)0.5]·0.33H2O}n (8) and [Pd(HL)(Br)2(NO2)2(OH2)2] (9) (bdc = 1,4-benzenedicarboxylate, pzc = 3-pyrazole carboxylate). These compounds were characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction (SCXRD), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), infrared spectrometry (IR), elemental analyses, thermogravimetric analyses (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Interestingly, when the samples are exposed to UV irradiation, photochromic behavior is observed for the ligand only, whereas the ZW MOFs are found to be photochemically inert. The fundamental structural origin for this photo reactivity is discussed in detail, as well as an in-depth CSD analysis of important intra- and intermolecular parameters of L-based MOFs.
Impedance of a Small VLF Dipole in the Ionosphere

Previous workers have shown that by taking into account the nonzero dimensions of actual dipoles the infinity catastrophes of the impedance of VLF dipoles (X ≫ 1, Y ≫ 1) in a magneto plasma, as well as of the far fields, are eliminated. Nevertheless, the use of very small dipoles may still not lead to valid result if collisionless magneto-ionic theory is utilized. Criteria are established for temperature and collision effects whiCh modify magneto-ionic results, depending on the relative magnitudes of source dimensiOns, electron temperature, and collision frequency. Ion mobility effects are not taken into account. In the extreme case, radiation of very .small dipoles in a sparse low-temperature plasma with high d-c magnetic field cannot be predicted by lineanzed plasma-kinetic theory.
Clinical value of IL-6 and IL-8 in monitoring chorioamnionitis of pregnant women with premature rupture of membrane

Objective To explore the clinical value of interleukin-6(IL-6) and interleukin-8(IL-8) in monitoring chorioamnionitis of pregnant women with premature rupture of membrane(PROM).Methods Forty-five pregnant women with PROM delivered in our hospital were selected as research group,and 30 normal pregnant women in our hospital were collected as control group at the same term.The levels of serum IL-6 and IL-8 in both groups were detected with enzymelinked immunosorbent assay(ELISA),and the fetal membrane tissues were taken to conduct pathological examination after delivery.Results The levels of serum IL-6 and IL-8 in research group were significantly higher than in control group,with statistical significance.According to the pathological examination on fetal membrane tissues,28 patients(62.2%) were diagnosed as chorioamnionitis(infection group),and 17 ones(37.8%) were not(non-infection group).The levels of serum IL-6 and IL-8 in infection group were significantly higher than in non-infection group,in which significant differences were presented.Conclusion Joint detection of IL-6 and IL-8 in serum of pregnant women can be used as the important index for monitoring PROM combined with chorioamnionitis.
Equity and Harmony:The Systematic Analyzing of the Educational Reform in Developing Countries

Harmonious development is the fundamental requirement in developing education.Education system,to great degree,directly determines the basic modes of the existence,operation and development in educational structure,and restricts the developing and distributing of educational resources and the effectuating of the social functions in education.The differences in developing modes between countries are almost embodied in educational system.The author of this essay analyzes in system the educational reform in developing countries in order to provide systematic security for the equity and harmony of the educational reform in developing countries and to promote the development of education in developing countries.
Clinical studies on the newborn thoroughbred foal. II. Heart rate, auscultation and electrocardiogram.

SUMMARY Studies were made on the rate of the heart beat, the auscultation of the murmur heard immediately over the position of the ductus arteriosus and the electrocardiogram of the newborn thoroughbred foal. The heart rate was found to increase in the period 5–60 minutes after birth—the time during which the foal was attempting to stand for the first time. By 12 hours the rate had decreased, but not to the level recorded immediately after delivery. The murmur considered to be associated with blood flow through the ductus arteriosus was heard in over 90 per cent of normal foals between 2 and 36 hours of age. It was first detected in the first 15 minutes of life and had disappeared by 80 hours. The electrocardiogram of thirty normal foals was recorded in the first 36 hours of life. These were subjected to analysis and the direction of the QRS vectors contrasted with those obtained in nine healthy yearlings. The data presented are regarded as a basis upon which similar parameters in abnormal subjects may be compared.
Defects of the Cornea

Defects of the cornea play an important role in clinical genetics, because abnormalities are often easily detected on clinical ophthalmic examination. This allows for efficient screening, phenotypic categorization, and correlation with molecular genetic findings. Corneal dystrophies tend to be autosomal dominant, bilateral, not usually associated with other ocular or systemic abnormalities, are often limited to a single corneal layer, commonly involve the central cornea, and progress with time. Many dystrophies display genetic heterogeneity and/or phenotypic variability. Recent discoveries of genetic defects have enhanced our understanding of several dystrophies and allowed for more accurate classification. Keratoconus displays a conical protrusion of the cornea associated with central stromal thinning and irregularity of the corneal surface. Its pathogenesis is unknown and no candidate gene has been identified. Newer treatment options have shown promise. Metabolic disorders are generally associated with accumulation of an abnormal substance in the cornea. If the substance is produced by the cornea, it can appear throughout it. If it is elevated in the blood, it tends to accumulate in the corneal periphery. Inherited corneal defects can occur as isolated findings and in association with systemic disease. Awareness of corneal disorders is important to general physicians, geneticists and ophthalmologists.
The diagnosis of perennial rhinitis due to house dust mite (Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus) demonstrated by nasal provocation tests.

The disposition of cetirizine, a new H1-receptor antagonist, was evaluated in 30 healthy adults of various ages and in 15 adults with various degrees of renal insufficiency. The purpose of the evaluation was to determine whether dosage schedules of cetirizine will require modification in the elderly or patients with renal insufficiency. We found that the elimination half-life of cetirizine was prolonged in patients with mild and moderate renal insufficiency, compared with age-matched individuals with normal renal function (19.0 +/- 3.3 and 20.9 +/- 4.4 hours, vs 7.4 +/- 3.0 hours, respectively). However, the mean apparent steady-state volume of distribution did not differ significantly between these subject groups (range 0.41 to 0.47 L/kg). Total body clearance and renal clearance of the drug were both significantly lower in the patients with renal insufficiency. In elderly subjects, the elimination half-life of cetirizine was significantly prolonged compared with younger adults, and apparent total body clearance was significantly reduced. Again, there was no significant difference in the volume of distribution between the groups. Linear regression showed good correlations between the disposition characteristics of cetirizine and age as well as creatinine clearance. However, we found no relationship between age and the ratio of apparent total body clearance of cetirizine to creatinine clearance. Thus the disposition of cetirizine is independent of age but dependent on renal function. The relationship between apparent total body clearance of cetirizine and creatinine clearance was significant only in patients with creatinine clearances greater than 40 mL/min. Progressive decrements in creatinine clearance were not associated with similar changes in the pharmacokinetic parameters of cetirizine.
Single cell genomics reveals activation signatures of endogenous SCAR's networks in aneuploid human embryos and clinically intractable malignant tumors

Somatic mutations and chromosome instability are hallmarks of genomic aberrations in cancer cells. Aneuploidies represent common manifestations of chromosome instability, which is frequently observed in human embryos and malignant solid tumors. Activation of human endogenous retroviruses (HERV)-derived loci is documented in preimplantation human embryos, hESC, and multiple types of human malignancies. It remains unknown whether the HERV activation may highlight a common molecular pathway contributing to the frequent occurrence of chromosome instability in the early stages of human embryonic development and the emergence of genomic aberrations in cancer. Single cell RNA sequencing analysis of human preimplantation embryos reveals activation of specific LTR7/HERVH loci during the transition from the oocytes to zygotes and identifies HERVH network signatures associated with the aneuploidy in human embryos. The correlation patterns' analysis links transcriptome signatures of the HERVH network activation of the in vivo matured human oocytes with gene expression profiles of clinical samples of prostate tumors supporting the existence of a cancer progression pathway from putative precursor lesions (prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia) to localized and metastatic prostate cancers. Tracking signatures of HERVH networks' activation in tumor samples from cancer patients with known long-term therapy outcomes enabled patients' stratification into sub-groups with markedly distinct likelihoods of therapy failure and death from cancer. Genome-wide analyses of human-specific genetic elements of stem cell-associated retroviruses (SCARs)-regulated networks in 12,093 clinical tumor samples across 29 cancer types revealed pan-cancer genomic signatures of clinically-lethal therapy resistant disease defined by the presence of somatic non-silent mutations (SNMs), gene-level copy number changes, and transcripts and proteins' expression of SCARs-regulated host genes. More than 73% of all cancer deaths occurred in patients whose tumors harbor the SNMs' signatures. Linear regression analysis of the cancer intractability in the United States population demonstrated that organ-specific cancer death rates are directly correlated with the percentages of patients whose tumors harbor the SNMs' signatures. Present analyses suggest that awakening of SCARs-regulated stemness networks in differentiated cells is associated with development of diverse spectrum of genomic aberrations in multiple types of clinically lethal malignant tumors contributing to emergence of therapy-resistant cancer phenotypes.
Surgery in Nonhuman Primates

Nonhuman primates (NHPs) are an attractive animal model not only in basic research, but also in studies of human disease conditions and select therapies. Historically, much has been learned from NHPs and applied to human medicine and surgery. NHPs offer phylogenetic proximity, and physical and cognitive similarities to man, well-defined anatomy and physiology, high intelligence and ease of adaptation. Researchers often rely on veterinarians’ general knowledge of surgery adapted to NHP manipulations. This chapter is a review of general surgical concepts and many procedures applied in contemporary biomedical research. It has been designed as a practical resource for veterinarians and researchers who work with NHPs. The text describes nonclinical concerns including ethics, safety, facilities, and cost. General principles of surgery and perioperative considerations are discussed in chronological fashion primarily using neuroscience surgical research techniques.
Ansässigkeit und Abkommensberechtigung von Personengesellschaften

Art. 4 Abs. 1 lit. b DBA-USA regelt, ob und inwieweit Personengesellschaften in einem Vertragsstaat als “ansassig” gelten. Diese Regelung ist wortlich dem US-MA5 entnommen6. Im Gegensatz zu den OECD-MA7 und UN-MA8 enthalt das US-MA eine Vorschrift in Art. 4 Abs. 1 lit. b DBA-USA, die die Ansassigkeit von Personengesellschaften fur Zwecke des Abkommens regelt. Grund dafur ist, das Personengesellschaften nach dem US-MA Personeneigenschaft besitzen9. Abkommensberechtigt sind jedoch nur Personen, die in einem oder beiden Vertragsstaaten ansassig sind10. Es ist daher erforderlich zu regeln, ob, wann und inwieweit Personengesellschaften ansassig und damit abkommensberechtigt sind11.