cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
New Modes of Competition

Monopolization means changing industry structure to reduce competition. Preventing harm to competition is a worthy goal for antitrust policy, but a difficult one. Acts of competing themselves may affect industry structure and harm competitors. In many contexts it is quite difficult to reliably tell the difference between changes in industry structure because of monopolization vs. because of competition. These general guiding principles are familiar, but they apply with redoubled force in the computer industry. The computer industry has changed to new modes of competition which we do not yet fully understand. The determinants of computer industry structure offer very powerful forces for efficient concentration and excellent opportunities for monopolization at the same time. There are only rarely opportunities for public policy to influence industry structure, and neither the appropriate policy goal nor the appropriate policy instrument need be obvious at those moments.
Correlates of Emergency Department Service Utilization Among U.S. Chinese Older Adults.

Older adults visit emergency departments (EDs) at a disproportionally higher rate than other age groups. Prior studies examining racial disparities in ED utilization focus on African Americans and Hispanics. There is a dearth of information on ED utilization patterns among older Asian Americans despite the evidence that ED expenditures in Asian Americans are comparable to that of Caucasians. To address this knowledge gap, we examined factors associated with ED service utilization in the largest Asian subgroup, U.S. Chinese older adults. Cross-sectional data from the Population Study of Chinese Elderly in Chicago (PINE) (N = 3,157) were used. Multivariate negative binomial regression analyses were conducted to examine significant factors associated with ED use. Higher education (rate ratio [RR] = 1.03, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.00–1.05) and acculturation levels (RR = 1.02, CI 1.00–1.04), fewer people in the household (RR = 0.94, CI 0.88–0.99), health insurance coverage (RR = 1.34, CI 1.01–1.78), lower income (RR = 0.89, CI 0.80–0.99), poorer perceived health (RR = 0.67, CI 0.58–0.77), more functional limitations (RR = 1.09, CI 1.06–1.13) and depressive symptoms (RR = 1.04, CI 1.02–1.07), and a history of heart disease (RR = 2.28, CI 1.83–2.84), stroke (RR = 1.68, CI 1.20–2.35), cancer (RR = 1.86, CI 1.31–2.63), and hip fracture (RR = 1.42, CI 1.02–1.98) were associated with higher rates of ED visits. Our findings highlight several significant correlates of ED use in U.S. Chinese older adults. Culturally-appropriate interventions modifying these factors have the potential to decrease ED visits and improve care outcomes in this population.
Reimagining the Cape: Exploring New Metaphors for Emerging Medical Professionals.

This editorial discusses the 4 Annals Graphic Medicine comics published in this issue, which show the vulnerability that students feel during medical school.
The Vaginal and Urinary Microbiomes in Premenopausal Women With Interstitial Cystitis/Bladder Pain Syndrome as Compared to Unaffected Controls: A Pilot Cross-Sectional Study

Interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (ICBPS) may be related to an altered genitourinary microbiome. Our aim was to compare the vaginal and urinary microbiomes between premenopausal women with ICBPS and unaffected controls. This cross-sectional study screened premenopausal women with an O'Leary-Sant questionnaire (ICBPS if score ≥6 on either index; controls <6 on both). Women completed questionnaires on health characteristics, pelvic floor symptoms (OABq, PFDI-20), body image (mBIS), and sexual function (PISQ-IR). Bacterial genomic DNA was isolated from vaginal and clean-catch urinary specimens; the bacterial 16 rRNA gene was sequenced and analyzed using the QIIME pipeline. We performed UniFrac analysis (β-diversity) and generated Chao1 estimator (richness) and Simpson index (richness and evenness) values. We analyzed 23 ICBPS and 18 non-ICBPS patients. ICBPS patients had increased vaginal deliveries, BMI, and public insurance as well as worsened OAB-q, PFDI-20, mBIS, and PISQ-IR domain scores. Lactobacilli was the most abundant genus in both cohorts, and anaerobic or fastidious predominance was similar between groups (p = 0.99). For both the urine and vagina specimens, Chao1 and Simpson indices were similar between ICBPS and unaffected women. Weighted and unweighted UniFrac analyses showed no differences between groups. A significant correlation existed between the urinary and vaginal Simpson indices in ICBPS women, but not in unaffected women. Premenopausal women with ICBPS, despite worsened socioeconomic indicators and pelvic floor function, were not found to have significantly different urinary and vaginal microbiomes compared to women without ICBPS.
Besides Standards and Automation: an Experience with Census Databases

This paper came out of a practical experience, that did not offer the proper prerequisites indicated usually by standards. Censored databases of censuses, with partial documentation, was transferred to the National Archives and remained stored with no attempt to immediately process or make them accessible to the users. When examined, many issues and questions arose, both technically and conceptually. We share our experience and our reluctances, being aware of the fact that more advanced colleagues (using SIARDS or ADDML, for instance) may regard all as these primitive solutions. But, in the same time, we are convinced we are not the only ones lacking proper skills and expertise and our examples may be an example for other colleagues.
Quadratic, Higgs and hilltop potentials in the Palatini gravity

In this work, we study inflation with the non-minimally coupled quadratic, Standard Model (SM) Higgs and hilltop potentials through $\xi \phi^2R$ term in the Palatini gravity. We first analyze observational parameters of Palatini quadratic potential as functions of $\xi$ for high-$N$ scenario and low-$N$ scenario. In addition to this, taking into account inflaton $\phi$ has a non-zero vacuum expectation value $v$ afterwards inflation, we display observational parameters of well-known symmetry-breaking potentials type of Higgs potential and its generalizations which are hilltop potentials in the Palatini formalism for high-$N$ scenario and low-$N$ scenario. We calculate inflationary parameters of Palatini Higgs potential as functions of $v$ for different $\xi$ values where inflaton values both $\phi>v$ and $\phi<v$ during inflation as well as we show that observational parameters of Palatini Higgs potential in the induced gravity limit for high-$N$ scenario. On the other hand, we illustrate different from the Higgs potential the effect of $\xi$ on hilltop potentials which can agree with the observations for inflaton value solely $\phi<v$ and $\xi$, $v\ll1$ for both two scenarios, which we mentioned above. For each considered potentials, we also display $n_s-r$ values fit the current data given by the Keck Array/BICEP2 and Planck collaborations.
How Do Mental Processes Preserve Truth? Husserl’s Discovery of the Computational Theory of Mind

Hubert Dreyfus once noted that it would be difficult to ascertain whether Edmund Husserl had a computational theory of mind. I provide evidence that he had one. Both Steven Pinker and Steven Horst think that the computational theory of mind must have two components: a representational-symbolic component and a causal component. Bearing this in mind, we proceed to a close-reading of the sections of “On the Logic of Signs” wherein Husserl presents, if I’m correct, his computational theory of mind embedded in a language of thought. My argument goes like this: the computational theory of mind is the idea, following Haugeland, that the mind comes prepackaged as, or is endogenously constrained to be (with respect to certain domains), an automatic formal system; this explains, according to Husserl, why automatic trains of thought without logical intent resemble arguments exhibiting deductive structure with logical intent. In general, an automatic formal system yields true results provided that (1) the syntactic symbols with which they compute are univocal and are semantically evaluable, and (2) the mechanized inferences they perform are valid and preserve truth. These two conditions describe a computational (as opposed to an associative) cognitive process: the first condition connects representations to syntax (corresponding to Pinker and Horst’s first component), and the second condition uses the syntax, in inauthentic judging, to arrive at true conclusions through blind causality (corresponding to Pinker and Horst’s second component). Now, in point of textual fact, these are the conditions which Husserl attributes to our “natural psychological mechanism of symbolic inference” which typically yields true results. Since a formal system attributed to the “internal structure” of the mind, and guided by blind causality, just is the computational theory of mind, it follows, I think, that Husserl had a computational theory of mind. This computational theory is, moreover, embedded in a language of thought, since Husserl attributes a language-like form to our thoughts so that they may be mechanically processed. I conclude with a discussion of my results.
Imaging of spindle cell lipoma.

AIM To review the evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of spindle cell lipoma (SCL) with emphasis on the location of these tumours and the spectrum of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) appearances. MATERIALS AND METHODS The MRI and CT findings of 27 histopathologically proven SCLs were evaluated retrospectively. Imaging features evaluated included margins, percentage visible fat, MRI signal characteristics, oedema, and contrast enhancement patterns. RESULTS Patient ages ranged from 18 to 80 years with an average age of 56.5 years. Men were affected twice as frequently as women (M=18, F=9). SCLs ranged in size from 2 to 10 cm, with an average greatest dimension of 5.5 cm. Five lesions (19%) contained no visible fat on CT or MRI, and the leading differential diagnosis of high-grade soft-tissue sarcoma diagnosis was suggested by referring surgeons. Five lesions (19%) had 50% but CONCLUSION SCLs have considerably variable imaging appearances and may have minimal or no visible fat at MRI or CT. Imaging features may make it difficult to distinguish this benign tumour from a potentially higher-grade malignant tumour.
Management von gastrointestinalen Blutungen auf der Intensivstation

Patienten mit schwerer akuter gastrointestinaler Blutung mussen haufig auf die Intensivstation aufgenommen werden. Nach einer initialen Ersteinschatzung sollte eine Verdachtsdiagnose gestellt werden, ob es sich um eine nichtvarikose obere gastrointestinale Blutung (NVOGIB) als haufigste Form, um eine varikose Blutung oder um eine untere gastrointestinale Blutung (haufiger beim alteren Patienten) handelt. Nach der Ersteinschatzung mussen dann entsprechend der Verdachtsdiagnose Masnahmen zur Stabilisierung des Patienten, die Zielstation, die medikamentose Therapie, ein Gerinnungsmanagement, das Transfusionsregime und der Zeitpunkt der Endoskopie festgelegt werden. Im Anschluss erfolgt dann die Indexendoskopie. Anhand aktuell bestehender deutscher und europaischer Leitlinien sollen intensivmedizinische und endoskopische Behandlungsalgorithmen vermittelt werden, die eine sichere Versorgung der Patienten ermoglichen. Bei vermuteter NVOGIB mit hamorrhagischem Schock muss die Aufnahme auf die Intensivstation erfolgen. Nach einer initialen hamodynamischen Stabilisierung und i.v.-Applikation eines hochdosierten Protonenpumpeninhibitors und von Erythromycin muss umgehend die Indexosophagogastroduodenoskopie mit entsprechender endoskopischer Blutstillung erfolgen. Bei vermuteter varikoser Blutung muss ebenfalls eine Aufnahme auf die Intensivstation erfolgen und nach i.v.-Gabe eines Antibiotikums, einer vasoaktiven Substanz (z. B. Terlipressin) und eines Protonenpumpeninhibitors die Indexendoskopie mit entsprechender endoskopischer Blutstillung durchgefuhrt werden. Bei vermuteter schwerer unterer gastrointestinaler Blutung soll nach entsprechender Stabilisierung trotzdem zunachst eine Osophagogastroduodenoskopie erfolgen.
Effects of noninvasive ventilation in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: The complication of bulbar impairment:

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a neurodegenerative illness that causes gradual loss of muscle function. Patients eventually develop bulbar impairment, requiring extensive respiratory support. Non...
Combating COVID-19: East meets West.

Community engagement is the first line of defence in the battle against infectious diseases. Yet there are international differences in the actions, response, and empowerment of the population in building a firewall against the deadly COVID-19 virus.1 Culture, religion, and tradition have much to do with the prompt community response in the East. Confucianism, which is a common religion in the region, places a heavy emphasis on the importance of respect for rulers, family, and social harmony. It is a national philosophy in many Eastern countries, but also a religious system of beliefs.2 Even over 2500 years on, Confucian beliefs are still ingrained in mainstream ethics and religion.3 Harmony and conformity to society’s ways is preferred as a way of preserving order, while in the West legalism and pursuit of ‘the truth’ are preferred. For example, Chinese people have a strong system of respect. Much of this comes from the Confucian system of hierarchy. In China people generally accept what authority figures …
Developing Through Metal Wireless Sensors in Extreme Conditions for Petroleum Industrial Applications

Metal has been widely used to build containers in the petroleum industry for various applications, such as chemical reaction containers, hazardous materials storage, oil/gas transportation pipelines, and casings for oil wells. The conditions inside the metal containers are often at high temperature and pressure, and it is extremely important to monitor and sense the internal condition in real-time. The metal containers provide an excellent environmental isolation barrier, though it also blocks a sensing signal from transmitting through the metal. In this paper, we have proposed and established a through-metal sensing system that can measure the physical conditions inside the metal container in extreme conditions. The system includes two components: signal transmission and physical sensing. In order to transmit the signal through the thick metal layer, magnetic induction has been employed with ultralow frequency (< 1 kHz). Our design goal for the physical sensing system is to have the ability to operate under extreme conditions. Therefore, we choose a simple RLC resonator circuit, which only uses simple and robust components: inductor, capacitor, and resistor. The signal transmission and physical sensing parts have been established and tested. A numerical simulation model has been built to understand the signal transmission. The through-metal sensor has been used to measure temperature change in real-time.
Melting Points of OPC and OPC3 Water Models.

A recently introduced family of globally optimal water models, OPC, has shown promise in a variety of biomolecular simulations, but properties of these water models outside of the liquid phase rema...
Effect of contrast dose on diagnostic performance in DCE-MR breast imaging.

OBJECTIVE To assess the diagnostic performance of breast magnetic resonance (MR) imaging as a function of gadolinium contrast dose using a retrospective reader study. MATERIAL AND METHODS IRB approval was obtained prior to the start of this study and was HIPAA compliant. One-hundred and fifty MR breast examinations were included that were acquired between January 2001 and December 2006. Seventy-five patients received contrast doses (gadopentetate dimeglumine) by weight of 0.10 mmol/kg and 75 patients were imaged using fixed volumes of 20 ml. The images were assessed by two radiologists with performance calculated for each reader as well as a combined assessment. Dose response was measured by comparing performance between cases binned by dose: 0.10; and >0.13 mmol/kg. Statistical significance was calculated using a one-sided Z-test for differences in proportions with interobserver agreement calculated using Cohen's kappa statistics. RESULTS In the combined reader assessment with equivocal lesions classified as negative, sensitivity rose from 66% (19/29) to 92% (24/26, P 0.10, >0.13 mmol/kg. With equivocal lesions classified as positive, sensitivity rose from 79% (23/29) to 92% (24/26, P < 0.10) and 95% (18/19, P < 0.10) Specificity also increased from 53% (26/49) to 72% (33/46, P < 0.05) and 70% (26/37, P = 0.05) with increasing dose. Interobserver agreement also improved at the higher doses.
Deep-Learning-Based Occupant Counting by Ambient RF Sensing

With the proliferation of the Internet of Things and radio-frequency identification (RFID), the ambient radio signals can be leveraged for indoor occupant monitoring. In this article, we have employed passive RFID tags in the ambient for occupant counting by a deep-learning solution. The reader collects both carrier phase and received signal strength from each tag, which are inputs to a convolutional neural network. A novel background calibration is proposed to reduce phase offsets and noises in the presence of heavy multipath, which further improves model accuracy. Our results show satisfactory performance, with 0.82 probability for detecting the correct number of occupants, and 1.0 if ±1 error is permitted. The model also exhibits occupant location and posture independent learning, allowing limited and faster training data collection. To demonstrate generalized learning without strong bias to indoor setup, we have also transferred this pre-trained model to another similar-sized room, achieving 0.85 – 1.0 accuracy for different tag-receiver placements and furnishing.
Reported autism diagnosis is associated with psychotic-like symptoms in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development cohort

Although the schizophrenia (SCZ) rate is increased in autism spectrum disorder (ASD), it is difficult to identify which ASD youth will develop psychosis. We explored the relationship between ASD and emerging psychotic-like experiences (PLS) in a sample of 9127 youth aged 9-11 from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) cohort. We predicted that parent-reported ASD would be associated with PLS severity, and that ASD youth with PLS (ASD+/PLS+) would differ from ASD youth without PLS (ASD+/PLS-) and youth with PLS but not ASD (ASD-/PLS+) in cognitive function. We fit regression models that included parent-reported ASD, family history of psychosis, lifetime trauma, executive function, processing speed, working memory, age, sex, race, ethnicity, and income-to-needs ratio as predictors of Prodromal Questionnaire-Brief Child (PQ-BC) distress score, a continuous index of PLS severity. We assessed cognitive differences using regression models with ASD/PLS status and relevant covariates as predictors of NIH Toolbox measures. ASD increased raw PQ-BC distress scores by 2.47 points (95% CI 1.33-3.61), an effect at least as large as Black race (1.27 points, 95% CI 0.75-1.78), family history of psychosis (1.05 points, 95% CI 0.56-1.54), and Latinx ethnicity (0.99 points, 95% CI 0.53-1.45. We did not identify differences in cognition for ASD+/PLS+ youth relative to other groups. Our finding of association between ASD and PLS in youth is consistent with previous literature and adds new information in suggesting that ASD may be a strong risk factor for PLS even compared to established SCZ risk factors.
Racial/Ethnic Differences in Knowledge, Attitudes, and Beliefs About COVID-19 Among Adults in the United States

Background: Knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs are cognitive outcomes that serve as key determinants of engaging in health behaviors, likely including vaccination and other mitigation behaviors against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Studies have begun examining people's knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs about COVID-19, but little is known about how these cognitive outcomes differ across racial/ethnic groups. Methods: An online survey was conducted with a convenience sample of adults ages 18 and older in the United States (n = 2,006) in May 2020, about 2 months after COVID-19 was declared a pandemic. Multivariable regression models were used to examine differences in knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs about COVID-19 across racial/ethnic groups (non-Latinx white, non-Latinx black, non-Latinx of another race, or Latinx). Results: Knowledge tended to be lower among non-Latinx blacks and Latinx participants compared to non-Latinx whites. For example, fewer non-Latinx blacks responded correctly that COVID-19 is not caused by the same virus that causes influenza (adjusted OR = 0.66, 95% CI: 0.49-0.90), and Latinx participants were less likely to respond correctly that people with COVID-19 do not always show symptoms of being sick (adjusted OR = 0.63, 95% CI: 0.45-0.87). For beliefs and attitudes, non-Latinx blacks (β = -0.09) and non-Latinx participants of another race (β = -0.05) reported lower perceived likelihood of getting COVID-19 in the future compared to non-Latinx whites, while Latinx participants reported greater perceived stigma of COVID-19 (β = 0.08) (all p < 0.05). Conclusions: Several differences in cognitive outcomes about COVID-19 exist across racial/ethnic groups, including gaps in knowledge and varied beliefs and attitudes. Results identify modifiable targets for public health programs promoting vaccination and other mitigation behaviors against COVID-19.
Simulated airway drills as a tool to measure and guide improvements in endotracheal intubation preparation in the paediatric emergency department

Introduction Emergent paediatric intubation is an infrequent but high-stakes procedure in the paediatric emergency department (PED). Successful intubations depend on efficient and accurate preparation. The aim of this study was to use airway drills (brief in-situ simulations) to identify gaps in our paediatric endotracheal intubation preparation process, to improve on our process and to demonstrate sustainability of these improvements over time in a new staff cohort. Method This was a single-centre, simulation-based improvement study. Baseline simulated airway drills were used to identify barriers in our airway preparation process. Drills were scored for time and accuracy on an iteratively developed 16-item rubric. Interventions were identified and their impact was measured using simulated airway drills. Statistical analysis was performed using unpaired t-tests between the three data collection periods. Results Twenty-five simulated airway drills identified gaps in our airway preparation process and served as our baseline performance. The main problem identified was that staff members had difficulty locating essential airway equipment. Therefore, we optimised and implemented a weight-based airway cart. We demonstrated significant improvement and sustainability in the accuracy of obtaining essential airway equipment from baseline to postintervention (62% vs 74%; p=0.014), and postintervention to sustainability periods (74% vs 77%; p=0.573). Similarly, we decreased and sustained the time (in seconds) required to prepare for a paediatric intubation from baseline to postintervention (173 vs 109; p=0.001) and postintervention to sustainability (109 vs 103; p=0.576). Conclusions Simulated airway drills can be used as a tool to identify process gaps, measure and improve paediatric intubation readiness.
Artificial Gravity for Mars Missions: The Different Design and Development Options

One of the major impediments to human Mars missions is the development of appropriate countermeasures for long term physiological response to the micro-gravity environment. A plethora of countermeasure approaches have been advanced from strictly pharmacological measures to large diameter rotating spacecraft that would simulate a 1-g environment (the latter being the most conservative from a human health perspective). The different approaches have significantly different implications not only on the overall system design of a Mars Mission Vehicle (MMV) but on the necessary earth-orbiting platform that would be required to qualify the particular countermeasure system. it is found that these different design options can be conveniently categorized in terms of the order of magnitude of the rotation diameter required (100's, 10's, 1's, 0 meters). From this, the different mass penalties associated with each category can be generally compared. The overall objective of the countermeasure system should be to maximize crew safety and comfort, minimize exercise protocol time (i.e., the time per day that each crew member would have to participate in the exercise/countermeasure), maximize countermeasure effectiveness, and minimize the associated system mass penalty of the Mars Mission Vehicle (in terms of fraction of IMLEO - Injected Mass in Low Earth Orbit).
Prevailing and tidal wind shears in the E region.

Winds revealed by 29 sodium vapor trails, as reported by Manring et al. [1964],1 have been analyzed to determine prevailing and tidal components at heights of 90–130 km. This was accomplished for each of several levels in turn, by averaging separately the winds observed at dawn and at dusk; the difference between the two average values was attributed to the diurnal component, which would be roughly in antiphase at dawn relative to dusk, while the mean of the two average values was attributed to a prevailing wind plus a semidiurnal component. The results of the analysis are depicted in the accompanying figure, which gives hodographs of the half-difference and the half-sum of the dawn and dusk averages. The probable errors of the averages are estimated to be about 12 m/s, and the probable errors of the points plotted in the hodographs are therefore about 17 m/s. The nature of the analysis and its limitations are discussed more fully in a paper now in press [Hines, 1966].2
Biochemical and Physiologic Studies of the Kinins in Carcinoid Syndrome

Patients with carcinoid tumors metastatic to the liver may exhibit a syndrome which includes attacks of vasodilatation with cutaneous flushing, diarrhea, cardiac valvular lesions, and occasional bronchial constriction. Overproduction of serotonin is an almost uniform finding. Several studies, however, have shown poor correlation between serotonin release and flushing attacks (Robertson et al., 1962; Levine and Sjoerdsma, 1963; Oates et al., 1964), suggesting that other vasodilators must be present.
Genetic backgrounds, standard lines, and husbandry of zebrafish.

Publisher Summary This chapter outlines the current issues surrounding the construction, maintenance, and use of genetically defined lines of zebrafish. The increasing number of zebrafish strains used for research raises a number of significant issues. Careful identification of zebrafish lines is critical in establishing the generality of research results. Each line of zebrafish is usually derived from a separate founder stock, and therefore each might harbor a unique genetic background. Through epistatic gene action, the genetic background of a given line can have marked effects on experimental results. Differences among the backgrounds of different wild-type lines could conceivably result in a given mutation displaying different phenotypes, which could have a variety of effects. This is particularly important in developmental biology because of the extensive use of forward genetic mutagenesis screens. The goals of a breeding program can be organized into three broad categories: genetic uniformity, maintenance of genetic variation, and selection for desirable phenotypes. Genetic monitoring of standard lines has made use of morphological, behavioral, immunological, and general line performance traits. Distribution of a line should provide the line's entire genetic background.
The Influence of Parental Gender and Custodial Status on Perceptual Stigmatization

Abstract Although a substantial number of mothers do not have physical custody of their minor children, little research has been conducted on this population. In qualitative studies, non-custodial mothers often report being stigmatized. The current study compared perceptions of mothers without custody to those of mothers with custody as well as toward fathers with and without custody. It was expected that non-custodial mothers would be evaluated more negatively than custodial mothers and more negatively than fathers, with or without custody. Based on exploratory hypotheses, it also was expected that non-custodial mothers would be especially stigmatized when the non-custodial child was young or female. None of the hypotheses was supported. The only significant finding was that non-custodial parents were evaluated more negatively than custodial parents.
COMPUTATIONALLY COMPLEX AND PSEUDO-RANDOM ZERO-ONE VALUED FUNCTIONS†

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses computationally complex and pseudo-random zero-one valued functions. All currently known existence proofs about large lower bounds on the computation of zero-one valued functions are based on diagonal arguments. Any intuitively simple description of a function implies a simple computation procedure for the function. A specious argument for the existence of arbitrarily complex zero-one valued functions illustrates some of the difficulties involved in finding computationally complex functions without diagonal constructions. The chapter describes the construction of zero-one valued functions, which are hard to compute and whose complexity can be precisely characterized in terms of the amount of storage space required to compute them. Any zero-one valued function can be computed quickly without auxiliary storage.
Obtaining identical results on varying numbers of processors in domain decomposed particle Monte Carlo simulations.

Domain decomposed Monte Carlo codes, like other domain-decomposed codes, are difficult to debug. Domain decomposition is prone to error, and interactions between the domain decomposition code and the rest of the algorithm often produces subtle bugs. These bugs are particularly difficult to find in a Monte Carlo algorithm, in which the results have statistical noise. Variations in the results due to statistical noise can mask errors when comparing the results to other simulations or analytic results.
Fault-Tolerant Distributed-Shared-Memory on a Broadcast-Based Interconnection Network

The Simultaneous Optical Multiprocessor Exchange Bus (SOME-Bus) is a low-latency, high-bandwidth interconnection network which directly links arbitrary pairs of processor nodes without contention, and can efficiently interconnect over one hundred nodes. Each node has a dedicated output channel and an array of receivers, with one receiver dedicated to every other node's output channel. The SOME-Bus eliminates the need for global arbitration and provides bandwidth that scales directly with the number of nodes in the system. Under the distributed shared memory (DSM) paradigm, the SOME-bus allows strong integration of the transmitter, receiver and cache controller hardware to produce a highly integrated system-wide cache coherence mechanism. Backward Error Recovery fault-tolerance techniques can rely on DSM data replication and SOME-Bus broadcasts with little additional network traffic and corresponding performance degradation. This paper uses extensive simulation to examine the performance of the SOME-Bus architecture under DSM and Backward Error Recovery.
Aqua-bis-(4-methyl-benzene-sulfonato-κO)(η(5)-penta-methyl-cyclo-penta-dien-yl)rhodium(III) monohydrate.

The title half-sandwich rhodium(III) complex, [Rh(C10H15)(C7H7O3S)2(H2O)]·H2O, consists of a π-bonded penta­methyl­cyclo­penta­dienyl group, two σ-bonded tosyl­ate groups and an aqua ligand. The structure displays both inter- and intra­molecular O—H⋯O hydrogen bonding. The inter­molecular hydrogen bonding results in an extended helical chain along a 21 screw axis parallel to c, due to hydrogen bonding from the coordinating water ligand to the lattice water mol­ecule and then to a sulfonate O atom of a different asymmetric unit.
The Development of Rumen Function in the Dairy Calf I. Some Characteristics of the Rumen Contents of Cattle of Various Ages

Summary The data presented show a picture of gradual but progressive development of rumen function with age in dairy animals. Large within-group variations tended to make apparent differences from one age group to the next nonsignificant statistically. However, the amount and percentages of the acids investigated in the rumen contents of these calves on a normal diet tended to stabilize at least by the second month of life. According to this and the other criteria used in this work, by about 6 months of age few differences existed between the calf and the adult under this feeding regime.
Automatic speechreading with application to speaker verification

Speech not only conveys the linguistic information, but also characterizes the talker's identity and therefore can be used in personal authentication. While most of the speech information is contained in the acoustic channel, the lip movement during speech production also provides useful information. In this paper we investigate the effectiveness of visual speech features in a speaker veri£cation task. We £rst present the visual front-end of the automatic speechreading system. We then develop a recognition engine to train and recognize sequences of visual parameters. The experimental results based on the XM2VTS database [I] demonstrate that visual information is highly effective in reducing both false acceptance and false rejection rates in speaker veri£cation tasks.
COPPER A OF CYTOCHROME C OXIDASE, A NOVEL, LONG-EMBATTLED, BIOLOGICAL ELECTRON-TRANSFER SITE

This review traces the history of understanding of the CUA, site in cytochrome c oxidase (COX) from the beginnings, when few believed that there was any significant Cu in COX, to the verification of three atoms Cu/monomer and to the final identification of the site as a dinuclear, Cys-bridged average valence CU1,5+… Cu1.5+ structure through spectroscopy, recombinant DNA techniques, and crystallography. The critical steps forward in understanding the nature of the CuA, site are recounted and the present state (as of the end of 1996) of our knowledge of the molecular and electronic structure is discussed in some detail. The contributions made through the years by the development of methodology and concepts for solving the enigma of CuA, are emphasized and impediments, often rooted in contemporary preconceptions and attitudes rather than solid data, are mentioned, which discouraged the exploitation of early valuable clues. Finally, analogies in construction principles of polynuclear Cu-S and Fe-S proteins are pointed out.
Radiative Corrections to Kℓ30 Decays

The long-distance radiative corrections δ L D e and δ L D μ to the K 0 → π − e + ν e and the K 0 → π − μ + ν μ decay rates are calculated. This analysis includes contributions to the long-distance radiative corrections from outside the kinematically-allowed three-body Dalitz region and tests the sensitivity of the radiative corrections to the hadronic K − π form factors. A program, KLOR , was written to numerically evaluate the radiative corrections and to generate Monte Carlo events for experimental acceptance studies. The K e 3 0 and the K μ 3 0 long-distance radiative correction parameters are determined to be (1.3 ± 0.3)% and (1.9 ± 0.3)%, respectively.
Angular derivatives of the barycentric extension

Let S 1 be the boundary of the open unit disk D and let be the barycentric extension of the sense-preserving homeomorphism . We prove that has an angular derivative at any boundary point where has a non-zero derivative. The proof depends on characterizing certain differentiability properties of and in terms of their behavior under composition with certain conformal automorphisms of D.
Electrochemistry of uranium.

AN account of the polarographic reactions of the uranium ions has just been published1. During 1944, experiments on this subject were made at this Laboratory, the publication of which has been delayed by war conditions. In general, our results confirm those of Kolthoff and Harris. The first wave in the uranyl polarogram is due to the reaction and the second 'wave' to a two-stage reduction from U V to U III. The American authors do not mention the fact that this second wave always shows a perceptible kink at half its height: the kink is more easily observed in sulphuric acid solutions, in which the first part of the wave has an irregular non-logarithmic form, and the second part something close to the logarithmic form of a reversible wave.
Diamond-Blackfan anemia and nucleolar transport

Diamond-Blackfan anemia (DBA) is a rare congenital hypoplastic anemia characterized by pure red blood cell aplasia and congenital abnormalities. Curiously, 25% of individuals with DBA carry one mutant allele of the RPS19 gene. RPS19 is a protein subunit of the ribosome, and ribosomes are assembled
Reliability estimation of ship's hull girder in probabilistic terms when ultimate strength is used as a failure mode

Using the ultimate strength as a failure mode, the hull girder reliability is calculated as the probability of the total bending moment (BM) acting on the ship's hull being greater than the ultimate hull girder moment. Both individual amplitude statistics and extreme value statistics are employed to derive the probability density function of the total hull girder BM as a sum of the still water and wave-induced bending moments probability density functions applying the convolution integral. The annual and lifetime probability density functions of the hull girder elastic and plastic section modulus are also derived and used as a base for determining the probability density functions of the first-yield and pure plastic BM. It is shown that the use of the first yield BM as a representative of the hull girder ultimate strength is reasonable only in the case when it is greater than ≈ 85% of the pure plastic BM. An example is given for a 25K DWT bulk carrier.
Some static and dynamical properties of a two-dimensional Wigner crystal

The static ground-state energy of a two-dimensional Wigner crystal has been obtained for each of the five two-dimensional Bravais lattices. At constant electron number density the hexagonal lattice has the lowest energy. Phonon dispersion curves have been calculated for wave vectors along the symmetry directions in the first Brillouin zone for the hexagonal lattice. In the long-wavelength limit one of the two branches of the dispersion relation vanishes with vanishing two-dimensional wave vector $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{q}}$ as $q$, the second as ${q}^{\frac{1}{2}}$. The coefficient of $q$ in the former branch is pure imaginary for certain directions of propagation in the square lattice, implying a dynamical instability of this lattice; the hexagonal lattice is stable. The vibrational zero-point energy and low-temperature thermodynamic functions have been obtained for the hexagonal lattice. The dielectric susceptibility tensor of a two-dimensional Wigner crystal ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{\ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{\beta}}(\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{q}})$ has been determined in the long-wavelength limit, in the presence of a static magnetic field perpendicular to the crystal, and the result has been used to obtain the dispersion relation for plasma oscillations in the electron crystal.
Release of an unknown substance from brain structures of unanesthetized monkeys and cats

Abstract In the unanesthetized monkey and cat, an unknown substance has been found to be released from brain tissue. This chemical contracted the isolated rat stomach fundus strip in a manner similar to that of serotonin (5-HT). The contractile action was not blocked, however, by the 5-HT antagonists, methysergide or BOL. The unknown substance was detected in perfusates collected from the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, thalamus, hypothalamus and the mesencephalic reticular formation of both species, but in different amounts. Although the chemical nature or its physiological significance remains to be characterized, it is possible that the substance belongs to the family of prostaglandins.
An essential role of NFκB in tyrosine kinase signaling of p38 MAP kinase regulation of myocardial adaptation to ischemia

We have recently demonstrated that myocardial adaptation to ischemia triggers a tyrosine kinase regulated signaling pathway leading to the translocation and activation of p38 MAP kinase and MAPKAP kinase 2. Since oxidative stress is developed during ischemic adaptation and since free radicals have recently been shown to function as an intracellular signaling agent leading to the activation of nuclear transcription factor, NFκB, we examined whether NFκB was involved in the ischemic adaptation process. Isolated perfused rat hearts were adapted to ischemic stress by repeated ischemia and reperfusion. Hearts were pretreated with genistein to block tyrosine kinase while SB 203580 was used to inhibit p38 MAP kinases. Ischemic adaptation was associated with the nuclear translocation and activation of NFκB which was significantly blocked by both genistein and SB 203580. The ischemically adapted hearts were more resistant to ischemic reperfusion injury as evidenced by better function recovery and less tissue injury during post-ischemic reperfusion. Ischemic adaptation developed oxidative stress which was reflected by increased malonaldehyde formation. A synthetic peptide containing a cell membrane-permeable motif and nuclear sequence, SN 50, which blocked nuclear translocation of NFκB during ischemic adaptation, significantly inhibited the beneficial effects of adaptation on functional recovery and tissue injury. In concert, SN 50 reduced the oxidative stress developed in the adapted myocardium. These results demonstrate that p38 MAP kinase might be upstream of NFκB which plays a role in ischemic preconditioning of heart.
Mixtures of linear regression with measurement errors

Existing research on mixtures of regression models are limited to directly observed predictors. The estimation of mixtures of regression for measurement error data imposes challenges for statisticians. For linear regression models with measurement error data, the naive ordinary least squares method, which directly substitutes the observed surrogates for the unobserved error-prone variables, yields an inconsistent estimate for the regression coefficients. The same inconsistency also happens to the naive mixtures of regression estimate, which is based on the traditional maximum likelihood estimator and simply ignores the measurement error. To solve this inconsistency, we propose to use the deconvolution method to estimate the mixture likelihood of the observed surrogates. Then our proposed estimate is found by maximizing the estimated mixture likelihood. In addition, a generalized EM algorithm is also developed to find the estimate. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed estimation procedures ...
Elastic and inelastic scattering of 0.8 GeV protons from Ar40

Angular distributions for the elastic and inelastic scattering of 0.8 GeV protons from /sup 40/Ar are presented. Cross sections for protons exciting states up to about 6 MeV were measured using a high-resolution spectrometer. Distorted-wave Born-approximation analyses of states of spin 2/sup +/, 3/sup -/, 4/sup +/, and 5/sup -/ were performed using collective-model transition densities
Fine specificity and sequence of antibodies directed against the ectodomain of matrix protein 2 of influenza A virus

The ectodomain of matrix protein 2 (M2e) has remained remarkably conserved amongst human influenza A viruses and is a target for Abs with protective activity. For these reasons, M2e is being investigated for its potential as a broadly protective influenza A virus vaccine. Here, we report on the fine specificity and sequence of seven M2e-specific mAbs isolated from three BALB/c mice after different immunization protocols. The mAbs recognized epitopes comprised within a 13aa long peptide corresponding to M2e(4-16). They originated from 4 distinct precursor B cells and showed a highly restricted variable (V) gene usage, in that their heavy chain V regions were all formed by the same V(H), D and J(H) gene segments and their light chain V regions made use of only two distinct Vkappa genes (Vkappa19-15/IGKV6-15 and Vkappa8-30/IGKV8-30; NCBI/IMGT annotation, respectively). The consensus sequence of the expressed V(H) genes belongs to the J558/HV1 family. It showed 96% identity with the BALB/c germline gene J558.n/IGHV1S137 and 100% identity with a V(H) gene expressed by several BALB/c B-1 B cells. This suggests that the consensus sequence is that of a functional BALB/c germline V(H) gene. The genetic restriction of this response may in part underlie the generally poor M2e-specific Ab response induced by infection.
Bodies, Borders, and Sex Tourism in a Globalized World: A Tale of Two Cities— Amsterdam and Havana

Globalization has stimulated an increase in the movement of bodies across borders as the poor migrate in search of work or safety, and the rich travel the globe as tourists in ever-larger numbers. This article explores how these global forces shape the production and consumption of sex tourism in two very different cities, Amsterdam and Havana. By combining political-economic, feminist, and postmodern theoretical perspectives with global ethnographic methods and data, we examine how abstract global forces find concrete expression within the practice of sex tourism in very different cities. We analyze four institutions that mediate between the global and the local in these sites: the tourism industry, labor markets, the sex industry, and law and policy. We argue that patterns of sex tourism in each locale are increasingly over-determined by global economic forces, connecting the practice of sex work in both cities with the broader phenomenon of globalized sex tourism.
The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Sport: How Calvinism and Capitalism Shaped America's Games

Steven J. Overman, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Sport: How Calvinism and Capitalism Shaped America's Games. Macon, GA: Mercer University Press, 2011. Pp. 338 $35.00. ISBN 978-0-881462-26-...
Orbits of a string around a five-brane.

The classical orbits of a test string in the transverse space of a singular heterotic five-brane source are classified. The orbits are found to be either circular or open, but not conic because the inverse square law is not satisfied at long range. This result differs from predictions of general relativity. The conserved total angular momentum contains an intrinsic component from the five-brane source.
Effects of lymphotoxin on target-cell plasma-membrane lipids.

Abstract In an attempt to elucidate the effect(s) of human α-lymphotoxin (LT) on plasma membrane lipids of target cells cultured in vitro , we found increased amounts of lipids in the plasma membranes of LT-treated cells compared to the lipid contents of control cells. The increment encompassed both phospholipids and cholesterol, and was associated with enhanced synthesis of membrane lipid. No striking changes in cell volume were observed employing electronic cell sizing. By scanning electron microscopy, there were notable differences in the size and shape of microvilli as well as other surface modifications in cells exposed to LT. In addition, these cells proved more fragile than control cells when subjected to hypotonic solutions. Our findings are discussed in the light of previous studies indicating that LT affects the target cell membrane.