cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The comparative accuracy of the ROSA stereotactic robot across a wide range of clinical applications and registration techniques

Robot-assisted stereotactic neurosurgery is an emerging technology with a growing range of applications. The ROSA system is a robotic stereotactic system that has been shown to be accurate in laboratory studies and large case series. The goal of this study was to examine the accuracy of the ROSA across different registration methods as well as different clinical applications. Sixteen patients with one hundred and seventeen stereotactic trajectories were examined. Accuracy was compared by measuring the distance between the trajectory target and the actual termination of the device as determined by imaging. Entry error and angular deviation were also measured. Variables included bone fiducials vs. laser facial scanning, the clinical indication for stereotactic surgery, and the effect of lead deflection on accuracy. Bone fiducials did not offer an accuracy benefit over laser facial scanning (mean target error 4.5–3.9 mm, p = 0.34) in these clinical scenarios. Laser interstitial thermal therapy, responsive neurostimulation, and stereo electroencephalography were equally accurate when placed by the ROSA (mean target error 4.4–4.3–4.0 mm, respectively, p = 0.69). Deflection did not affect lead accuracy (mean target error 4.4–3.9 mm, p = 0.11). Similar results are seen for entry error and angular deviation. ROSA is a highly accurate stereotactic system. Laser facial scanning provides the same accuracy as bone fiducials in these stereotactic applications. The ROSA is equally accurate across a wide spectrum of applications. The ROSA is effective at limiting lead deflection, and when it does occur, it does not impact target accuracy in a significant way.
Chicanas in IR: Data-Driven Advocacy for Latinx Students from Institutional Research Contexts in the Community College

Various inequities and challenges facing Latinx students in community colleges continue to be documented. Yet, less documented are the challenges associated with advocacy efforts to support Latinx and other underrepresented Students of Color within the community college sector. There is not often pause to consider: who advocates for Latinx students? When and how does this advocacy take shape ? In this article, we offer Chicana testimonios as institutional research (IR) professionals to highlight ways we experience, respond to, and challenge institutionalized racism and systemic obstacles to advocate for Latinx students in the California community college system. We situate our testimonios within a critique of the pillar of neutrality associated with the institutional research profession and argue for a critical examination of the ways in which IR may play an active role in the perpetuation or the dismantling of educational inequities in California community colleges.
An update on the pathogenesis of hidradenitis suppurativa: implications for therapy.

Introduction: Hidradenitis suppurativa is a chronic, inflammatory disease characterized by painful nodules, abscesses, and sinuses in the intertriginous areas, with significant associated comorbidi...
Medication Management and Treatment Adherence

Medication-related problems (MRPs), including medication errors and adverse drug events (ADEs), are serious public health and clinical service concerns that contribute to morbidity and mortality in chronically ill patients. Effective medication management consists of medication reconciliation, comprehensive medication review to identify and resolve MRPs, and patient education. The largest barrier to patient education and effective medication self-management is lack of knowledge by providers about the safe and effective use of medications. When patients do not understand information about their medications, both efficacy and safety can be compromised, and using clear, standardized, specific instructions improves patient understanding and reduces errors. Gauging a patient’s adherence and health literacy allows the prescriber to better tailor teaching to each patient’s needs. Incorporating a “teach back” or “show me” technique is an effective strategy to evaluate patient knowledge, clarify key points, and close the communication gap between the patient and prescribing provider. Reduced copayments, case management by allied health professionals, and patient education with behavioral support are effective strategies for enhancing medication adherence in patients with chronic conditions.
Challenge Accepted: Why Women Play Fantasy Football

Women represent the fastest growing demographic for the fantasy sports industry, making up approximately 38% of fantasy football participants. To help understand this growth, this study was an attempt to explore why women play fantasy football. Themes and statements derived from qualitative data collected through open-ended survey responses and face-to-face interviews were tested on two samples of female fantasy football participants. In all, 450 unique individuals were studied, and five distinct motive factors were uncovered: Challenge, Enjoy, Enhance, Socialize, and Connect. The first three dimensions mirror the motives of male participants, and the other two are unique to women. While the factors were correlated, the results provide evidence that the factors impact different outcomes associated with the activity.
Clinical and biochemical correlates of a new HPRT mutation.

In the biochemical analysis of patients with Lesch-Nyhan disease the activity of HPRT found in cell lysates does not always correlate with HPRT activity in the intact cell (1–3). Neither analysis consistently predicts the degree of neurologic impairment in the patient (4,5).
Pavlov as a psychologist

American psychologists are informed on Pavlov’s work on conditional reflexes but not on the full development of his theory of higher nervous activity. This article shows that Pavlov’s theory of higher nervous activity dealt with concepts that concerned contemporary psychologists. Pavlov used the conditioning of the salivary reflex for methodological purposes. Pavlov’s theory of higher nervous activity encompassed overt behavior, neural processes, and the conscious experience. The strong Darwinian element of Pavlov’s theory, with its stress on the higher organisms’ adaptation, is described. With regard to learning, Pavlov, at the end of his scholarly career, proposed that although all learning involves the formation of associations, the organism’s adaptation to the environment is established through conditioning, but the accumulation of knowledge is established by trial and error.
Shakespeare’s Strange Conventionality

This chapter explores how Shakespeare’s plays facilitate engagement by exploiting the audience’s reliance on stage conventions. It proposes that like mimesis, conventions pertaining to genre, the stage’s representative capacity, or the players’ ontological status are manipulated by the dramatist to valuable ends. Plays like Richard III, Cymbeline, and 2 Henry IV introduce ghosts and ‘dead’ bodies, then generate suspense, surprise, or disorientation by undercutting the conventions relied on for the representations. Elsewhere, the non-theatrical identities of a production’s constituent parts reassert themselves to confront spectators with problems similar to those encountered by the fictional characters; or else the plays restrict their elements’ capacities to function mimetically, our resulting awareness of the ‘real’ ontologies and uses of bodies, props, or the stage then disrupting the illusion in ways that simultaneously work to enrich it.
AKT3 Gene Transfer Promotes Anabolic Reprogramming and Photoreceptor Neuroprotection in a Pre-clinical Model of Retinitis Pigmentosa

Mutations within over 250 known genes are associated with inherited retinal degeneration. Clinical success following gene-replacement therapy for congenital blindness due to RPE65 mutations establishes a platform for the development of downstream treatments targeting other forms of inherited ocular disease. Unfortunately, several challenges relevant to complex disease pathology and limitations of current gene-transfer technologies impede the development of related strategies for each specific form of inherited retinal degeneration. Here, we describe a gene-augmentation strategy that delays retinal degeneration by stimulating features of anabolic metabolism necessary for survival and structural maintenance of photoreceptors. We targeted two critical points of regulation in the canonical insulin/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway with AAV-mediated gene augmentation in a mouse model of retinitis pigmentosa. AAV vectors expressing the serine/threonine kinase, AKT3, promote dramatic preservation of photoreceptor numbers, structure, and partial visual function. This protective effect was associated with successful reprogramming of photoreceptor metabolism toward pathways associated with cell growth and survival. Collectively, these findings underscore the importance of AKT activity and downstream pathways associated with anabolic metabolism in photoreceptor survival and maintenance.
The Biological Axis of Protein Arginine Methylation and Asymmetric Dimethylarginine

Protein post-translational modifications (PTMs) in eukaryotic cells play important roles in the regulation of functionalities of the proteome and in the tempo-spatial control of cellular processes. Most PTMs enact their regulatory functions by affecting the biochemical properties of substrate proteins such as altering structural conformation, protein–protein interaction, and protein–nucleic acid interaction. Amid various PTMs, arginine methylation is widespread in all eukaryotic organisms, from yeasts to humans. Arginine methylation in many situations can drastically or subtly affect the interactions of substrate proteins with their partnering proteins or nucleic acids, thus impacting major cellular programs. Recently, arginine methylation has become an important regulator of the formation of membrane-less organelles inside cells, a phenomenon of liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS), through altering π-cation interactions. Another unique feature of arginine methylation lies in its impact on cellular physiology through its downstream amino acid product, asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA). Accumulation of ADMA in cells and in the circulating bloodstream is connected with endothelial dysfunction and a variety of syndromes of cardiovascular diseases. Herein, we review the current knowledge and understanding of protein arginine methylation in regards to its canonical function in direct protein regulation, as well as the biological axis of protein arginine methylation and ADMA biology.
What Does That Mean for Me? Identity Threats in Employee Responses to Observed Supervisor Incivility

In this paper we draw on the identity literature in order to examine the perception of and reaction to supervisor incivility, from the point of view of an observer. We propose that how observers pe...
Exemption Issues in Religious Belief and Practice

Some commentators believe in nearly complete autonomy not only for houses of worship, but also for religious institutions in general. Others argue that we should identify which functions or activities are religious and award autonomy accordingly. The latter might encompass for-profit entities from small businesses to large corporations. Still others suggest that the right of close association is broader than a ministerial exception even for religious houses of worship. This designation serves formal neutrality as a category from which exemptions for businesses from antidiscrimination laws are unnecessary. The Supreme Court was correct to find in Hosanna-Tabor v. EEOC that a Lutheran school had the right to terminate the employment of a “called teacher” who was also regarded as a minister, although the grounding is questionable. The court was incorrect, however, in Burwell v. Hobby Lobby Stores to justify the business owners’ refusal to cover certain contraceptives in their insurance plan. Generally available benefits should not be withheld from employees to satisfy the religious beliefs of their employers. Masterpiece Cakeshop v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission, although decided on narrow grounds was incorrect in allowing a public accommodation to pick and choose its customers.
The Learning Curve Associated with the Administration of Intra-Articular Liposomal Bupivacaine for Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Pilot Study.

Introduction Liposomal bupivacaine is a long-acting, local, injectable anesthetic that is used to potentially mitigate post-operative pain after total knee arthroplasty (TKA). In addition, it may reduce opioid use in the post-operative period and shorten lengths-of-stay (LOS). There have been mixed results in the literature with regards to its efficacy, which raises questions regarding the injection technique used. Therefore, we evaluated the learning curve associated with injection techniques prior to, and after, formal teaching. Specifically, we compared differences in: 1) opioid use; 2) LOS; 3) pain intensity; and 4) discharge disposition in patients who did not receive liposomal bupivacaine (no infiltration cohort), received liposomal bupivacaine with less optimal technique (subpar infiltration), and received liposomal bupivacaine with appropriate technique (optimal infiltration) during their primary TKA. Materials and methods A 1:1:1 ratio of 54 consecutive cases of patients who had no liposomal bupivacaine infiltration, those who had subpar infiltration, and those who had optimal infiltration were included. To evaluate opioid use, the dosages were obtained and converted to their respective morphine milliequivalents (mEq). The total mEq usage was obtained for the day of surgery through post-operative day (POD) 3. LOS was recorded in days. Pain scores were calculated using the visual analogue scale (VAS), obtained from the first post-operative physical therapy note. Discharge status was recorded as discharged to home or rehabilitation. We used an ANOVA test for continuous and X2-square test for categorical variables. Results When compared to patients who had no infiltration, patients who had subpar infiltration had significantly lower opioid use on day 0, while patients who had optimal infiltration had lower opioid use on post-operative day (POD) 0 and 3. When comparing techniques, opioid use was lower on day 3 for patients who had optimal, as compared to subpar technique. However, LOS and VAS were not significantly different among the three groups. The rehab discharge rate was lower for patients who had optimal as compared to subpar technique. Conclusion There is a learning curve associated with liposomal bupivacaine use, and incorporating an appropriate technique can markedly affect post-operative outcomes. This should be taken into account when evaluating the potential benefits of this peri-articular injection. It appears that liposomal bupivacaine may decrease opioid use and pain scores when optimal infiltration techniques are used.
Myanmar: The Rohingya Crises as an Analytic Lens to Understanding Violent Extremism

On November 28, 2016, an Ohio State University student drove his car into pedestrians on campus. He then exited the vehicle and stabbed multiple people with a butcher’s knife before a law enforcement officer killed him. Mere minutes prior to the attack, the 18-year-old student complained in a Facebook post that he had reached a “boiling point” and was “sick and tired” of seeing Muslims around the globe “killed and tortured.” While his post began with a broad condemnation of anti-Muslim violence “everywhere,” it then referenced the Rohingya Muslims in Myanmar, specifically. The attacker’s stated motivations - no matter how unjustified and reprehensible his actions - are significant for a number of reasons. First, the attack demonstrates the international ripple effects that a humanitarian and human rights crisis seemingly regional in nature have in an increasingly interconnected world. Second, it evidences the myriad factors that “push” or “pull” individuals - from Myanmar to the United States - towards violent extremism. Third, it also illustrates how extremist violence creates a cycle that culminates not only in mass migration but transnational violence. This chapter explores these themes in greater depth, employing the Rohingya crises in Myanmar as its analytic lens to better understand violent extremism in both minority and non-minority contexts.
Correction to: Investigating demographic processesusing innovative combinations of remotelysensed and demographic data

The original version of this article unfortunately contained a mistake. The name “Kluger” in the second paragraph should be changed to “Kugler”.
Measurement of LVDC Customer-end Inverter Efficiency by Calorimetry Method

This paper introduces a method for measuring the energy efficiency of customer-end inverters (CEIs), where the CEI is a part of low-voltage DC distribution grids and is responsible for providing AC current to power terminal customers. Through analyzing the power loss mechanism of CEIs along with its components including IGBT bridges and isolation transformers, the Calorimetry model is established. On this basis, the calculation results of the model are analyzed and discussed.
Effect of carbide formation on phase equilibria and compositional modulation of transformation properties in (Mn,Fe)2(P,Si) alloys

Abstract Practical implementation of efficient magnetocaloric effect-based refrigeration and energy conversion applications requires the design of whole alloy families with narrow tolerances on the transformation properties, and therefore composition, of the component alloys. In the promising class of magnetocaloric (Mn,Fe)2(P,Si) alloys, this task of compositional tuning is made especially difficult by the observed co-existence of several P-depleted impurity phases, which for example, increases both the P content and transformation hysteresis losses of the main quaternary phase. In this work, we study the mechanisms that induce impurity phase formation in the Mn–Fe–P–Si system, and investigate the impact of sequential carbide formation on observed phase microstructure along with its effect on the composition and transformation properties of the (Mn,Fe)2(P,Si) phase. Using quantitative analyses to measure the composition within main and impurity phases in samples throughout the bulk alloy space, we establish that (1) repeated processing steps increase the content of a (Mn,Fe)9Si2 carbide phase, resulting in (2) deviations in the magnetocaloric (Mn,Fe)2(P,Si) phase from bulk nominal composition of up to ∼4 at. %. Finally, we map out (3) the dependence of transformation critical temperature, hysteresis, and enthalpy on the composition of the (Mn,Fe)2(P,Si) phase of interest. Together, these results suggest carbon impurities can have a critical impact on magnetocaloric transformation properties in (Mn,Fe)2(P,Si) alloys, since 0.3 wt % carbon content can cause critical temperatures and hystereses to deviate by more than 95 K and 8 K from desired design values.
Nutrient starvation and light deprivation effects on starch accumulation in Landoltia punctata cultivated on anaerobically digested dairy manure.

Duckweed has been recognized for its potential of producing biomass on nutrients from waste streams. Our research has shown that strains of duckweed can be successfully cultivated on anaerobically digested (AD) dairy manure under controlled levels of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P). The objective of this study was to explore the maximization of starch accumulation in Landoltia punctata (Mey.) Les & Crawford strain 0128 under different cultivation conditions using AD dairy manure as the nutrient source. Experimental results have shown that the most influential factors for starch accumulation in L. punctata were the nutrient concentration and the appropriate scheduling of nutrient starvation at the right growth stages. In our study, nutrient starvation for starch accumulation in L. punctata was achieved by incorporating nutrient addition of appropriately diluted AD dairy manure sequentially in a controlled manner under a constant light intensity of 3,000 lx. It was observed that a starch concentration of 30% (w/w) within the L. punctata biomass was achieved with an initial total N of 57.1 mg L-1 and a total P of 6.7 mg L-1 after a 30-d cultivation. Under the abovementioned cultivation conditions, the duckweed L. punctata recovered 16.3% (±4.0%) of total N and 25.9% (±6.6%) of total P from AD manure into its biomass. It is concluded that L. punctata can be successfully cultivated on nutrients from dairy manure for starch production, which would achieve well-being for dairy farmers by producing a feedstock for biofuels while treating dairy wastewater in an environmentally friendly manner.
Patients with bicuspid aortic valves may be associated with infra-hisian conduction disease requiring pacemakers.

Bicuspid aortic valves (BAVs) are associated with accelerated valvular dysfunction. Increasing rates of conduction system disease are seen in patients with calcific tricuspid aortic valves (TAVs). However, little is known regarding the extent of conduction disorders in BAV patients. We sought to determine the extent of infra-hisian conduction pathology among patients with BAVs undergoing EP studies. We prospectively analyzed patients presenting to the EP laboratory from 2006 to 2017 at our institution. Thirty-three BAV patients had measured HV intervals. Each individual was matched by age and gender to two control patients. Clinical characteristics were collected and compared, and patients followed for outcomes. The BAV cohort had a mean age of 47.8 ± 17.2 years (range 19–76 years). Indications for referral to the EP lab in the BAV cohort included SVT ablation (n = 16), VT ablation (n = 10), and EP study for syncope, pre-syncope, or palpitations (n = 29). Patients with BAVs had a mean HV interval of 58.7 ms ± 18.6 ms, compared to a mean of 47.2 ms ± 9.6 ms for controls (p value = 0.0001). Over a 10-year follow-up period, 9 BAV patients (27%) went on to require permanent pacing compared to 6 patients (9%) in the control group (p value = 0.03). Compared to patients with TAVs presenting for EP evaluation, individuals with BAVs have longer HV intervals and a significantly increased requirement for pacemaker therapy over long-term follow-up. Closer monitoring of progressive conduction system disease in BAV patients may be warranted.
FRI0560 INCREASED RISK OF RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS DIAGNOSIS IN STATIN USERS IN A LARGE NATIONWIDE US STUDY

Background: Studies evaluating the effect of statin use on the risk of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) onset have shown conflicting results. Most of these studies evaluated European populations while data from the US are scarce. Objectives: We aimed to assess the association between statin use (and intensity) and RA occurrence using claims data from the US population. Methods: For this case-control study, we used the OptumLabs Data Warehouse, a large administrative database of commercially insured and Medicare Advantage beneficiaries, to identify cases of RA and matched controls. Cases were defined as patients with 2 or more diagnoses of RA in January 1, 2010 - June 30, 2019 who were ≥18 years old, filled ≥1 prescription for a conventional or biologic disease modifying anti-rheumatic drug, and had no diagnoses of RA during the prior year. Controls were persons without RA matched 1:1 to RA cases on age, sex, census region, calendar year of index date (corresponding to the date of second diagnosis code for RA), and length of prior medical/pharmacy coverage. Statin use was defined as any filled prescription for a statin medication during prior coverage (excluding any new statin prescriptions filled up to 90 days before first RA diagnosis or index date). Logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) adjusted for age, sex, race, census region, calendar year and Charlson comorbidity index (excluding RA component). Results: The study included 32,465 cases with RA (mean age 57.0, 72.2% female) and 32,465 matched controls (mean age 57.0, 72.2% female). There were 10,759 (33.1%) statin users among RA patients and 4,016 (12.4%) statin users among the matched controls. Statin use was associated with increased risk of RA (adjusted OR 3.34, 95%CI 3.19-3.49). All levels of statin intensity were associated with increased risk of RA (high OR: 3.60, 95% CI 3.28-3.94; medium OR: 3.20, 95% CI 3.04-3.37; low OR: 3.72, 95% CI 3.34-4.15) compared to non-users. Both former and current statin users showed an increased risk of RA (current OR: 3.04, 95% CI 2.80-3.30 and former OR: 3.37, 95% CI 3.20-3.54) compared to non-users. Conclusion: This large nationwide study showed increased risk of RA in statin-users vs non-users. The lack of dose dependence may suggest confounding by indication or a common genetic predisposition for cardiovascular disease and RA. The underlying mechanisms for these associations require further investigation. Disclosure of Interests: Madeline Peterson: None declared, Hayley J. Dykhoff: None declared, Cynthia S. Crowson Grant/research support from: Pfizer research grant, John M Davis III Grant/research support from: Research grants from Pfizer, Consultant of: Served on advisory boards for Abbvie and Sanofi-Genzyme, Lindsey Sangaralingham: None declared, Elena Myasoedova: None declared
Stage T1 bladder cancer: diagnostic criteria and pitfalls

Accurate pathological staging is crucial for patient management. Patients with T1 bladder cancer are at risk of recurrence, progression, and death of cancer. Recognition of early invasion (stage T1 disease) in urothelial carcinoma remains one of the most challenging areas in urological surgical pathology practice. A logical roadmap to T1 diagnosis would include careful evaluation of histological grade, stromal epithelial interface, characteristics of the invading epithelium, and the stroma associated responses. Tangential sectioning, crush and cautery artifacts, and associated inflammatory infiltrate are commonly encountered problems and the source of pitfalls. In this review, we outline diagnostic criteria, common pitfalls, and different histological patterns of invasion into the lamina propria. Current recommendations on reporting of biopsy and transurethral resection specimens, molecular biomarkers, clinical implications of T1 cancer diagnosis and recent developments on the T1 substaging are also discussed. Most T1 bladder cancer patients will benefit from conservative management after restaging transurethral resection of bladder and bacillus Calmette-Guerin maintenance. Patients with high risk features, such as concurrent urothelial carcinoma in situ, increased depth of invasion, lymphovascular invasion, and variant histology among others, should be considered for early cystectomy.
Photo-liberated amines for N-carboxyanhydride (PLANCA) ring-opening polymerization

The polymerization of N-carboxyanhydrides (NCAs) affords access to a vast array of synthetic polypeptides with tunable molecular weights, functionalities, and architectures. The use of light to achieve spatiotemporal control over these polymerizations could expand their applicability to a variety of areas, including 3D printing and photolithography. In this report we utilized 2-(2-nitrophenyl)propyloxycarbonyl (NPPOC) as a photoprotecting group to cage a primary amine initiator that is activated upon UV irradiation. NPPOC photocages underwent quantitative deprotection and afforded better polymerization control compared to previously reported photocaged amines for NCA polymerizations. Furthermore, the addition of a small equivalence of base enhanced the control and resulted in polymers with lower dispersities. Overall, this method advances photo-controlled polypeptide synthesis by demonstrating high chain-end fidelity, efficient chain extension, and the ability to synthesize block copolymers.
Patents & Legal Expenditures

Universities are engines of innovation. To encourage further innovation, the federal government and charitable foundations give universities grants in order to enable university researchers to produce the inventions and discoveries that will continue to fuel our knowledge economy. Among other things, the Bayh-Dole Act of 1980 was supposed to encourage additional innovation by enabling universities to patent inventions and discoveries produced using federal funds and license those patents to private companies, rather than turning their patent rights over to the government. It certainly encouraged universities to patent inventions and license their patents. All major research universities have created technology transfer offices to manage their patent portfolios. While the Bayh-Dole Act can be viewed as successful in this regard, the Bayh-Dole Act and other patent policy and doctrine changes since 1980 may have also created perverse incentives to which universities have responded. It appears that university patents, and the funding that universities receive to produce discoveries, also make universities increase their legal expenses. We present a preliminary empirical study of the relationship between university patents and university legal expenses. Our findings show that increases in university patent applications, patent grants, and research expenditures are associated with increases in legal expenses.
Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Disease

Nomenclature for mycobacteria other than tuberculosis (Mott) and leprosy and their associated diseases has not been entirely satisfactory and has varied considerably. The etiologic organisms have been called Mott bacilli by mycobacteriologists and atypical mycobacteria by clinicians, with other designations such as anonymous, environmental, opportunistic, and unclassified also used. The diseases they cause have been given names such as nontuberculous mycobacteriosis, pseudotuberculosis, tuberculoidosis, and tuberculosis caused by a specified organism. To borrow a phrase from the review by Wolinsky,(79) “None of the proposed names is without criticism, but the most appropriate and least offensive, in my opinion, is nontuberculous mycobacteriosis.” This designation appears to be gaining common acceptance and will be used in this chapter.
An oldest-first selection logic implementation for non-compacting issue queues [microprocessor power reduction]

Microprocessor power dissipation is a growing concern, so much so that it threatens to limit future performance improvements. A major consumer of microprocessor power is the issue queue. Many microprocessors, such as the Compaq Alpha 21264 and IBM POWER4/sup /spl trade//, use a compacting latch-based issue queue design which has the advantage of simplicity of design and verification. The disadvantage of this structure, however, is its high power dissipation. In this paper, we propose a new selection logic implementation in conjunction with a non-compacting issue queue. This scheme achieves comparable delays to the existing position-based selection approach used for compacting issue queues, yet results in far less power with a small performance loss.
Weber, Max (1864–1920)

Max Weber was one of the great figures in the history of social science, and is now recognized as a political philosopher. His most famous work, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism , led to a larger life-long comparative project on the relation between capitalist development and religiously conditioned economic ethics. Weber also attempted to define the relations between social science and normative sciences in accordance with the fact value distinction, and to draw out the implications of the nonrationality of value choice for social science, which works with value-related descriptions, and for politics, which involves competing values.
Abstract 16423: Integrated miRNA and mRNA Responses to Acute Human Left Ventricular Ischemia

Background: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play a significant role in ischemic heart disease. Animal models of left ventricular (LV) ischemia demonstrate a unique miRNA profile, however, these models have limitations in describing human disease. We describe the changes in miRNA that take place following human cardiac ischemia, and integrate this expression profile with whole-genome mRNA changes. Methods and Results: In nine patients undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and cardioplegic arrest, high-throughput miRNA and mRNA sequencing was performed on LV tissue obtained immediately after aortic cross clamping (baseline) and before aortic cross clamp removal (post-ischemic). Of 1,237 identified miRNAs, 21 were differentially expressed between baseline and post-ischemic LV samples. Target prediction analysis of these miRNAs was integrated with mRNA expression from the same LV samples to identify anti-correlated miRNA-mRNA pairs. Gene enrichment studies of candidate mRNA targets demonstrated an a...
Getting the Details Right

Requirement engineering usually involves repeated refinements of the requirements specifications, starting with high-level systems goals and constraints, to more precise and measurable specifications of intended behavior, to detailed, focused statements that provide the basis for formal reasoning. We refer to these more detailed, mathematically rigorous specifications as property specifications . Although care must be taken when defining requirements at all these levels of abstraction, it is particularly difficult to accurately capture all the subtle details associated with property specifications. To help understand these decisions, the PROPEL (PROP erty EL icitation) system [1, 2] provides templates for commonly occurring property patterns [3] in which the options that need to be considered for each pattern are explicitly represented. PROPEL currently provides three views of each template and its associated options: natural language phrases to be selected, a set of hierarchical questions to be answered, or a finite-state automaton with optional labels, transitions, and accepting states to be selected. After all the options have been selected for a template, the finite-state automaton view provides a mathematically precise property specification.
Studies on avian erythrocyte metabolism. XVI. Accumulation of 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate with shifts in oxygen affinity of chicken erythrocytes.

Abstract The ability of the chicken erythrocyte to accumulate 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-P2-glycerate) and its effect upon the oxygen affinity (P50) of the cell suspensions have been determined. Erythrocytes from chick embryos, which contain 4–6 m m 2,3-P2-glycerate, and from chickens at various ages, which contain 3–4 m m inositol pentakisphosphate but no 2,3-P2-glycerate, were incubated with inosine, pyruvate, and inorganic phosphate. Red blood cells from 20-day chick embryos incubated in Krebs-Ringer, pH 7.45, containing 20 m m inosine and 20 m m pyruvate had an increase in 2,3-P2-glycerate from 4.3 to 11.9 m m after 4 h. Importantly, as 2,3-P2-glycerate concentration increased there was a corresponding increase in P50 of the cell suspension. Further, erythrocytes from 9-and 11-week, and 7-, 14-, 24-, and 28-month-old chickens when incubated similarly with inosine and pyruvate accumulated 2,3-P2-glycerate with corresponding increases in P50 of the cell suspensions. The ability of the red cell to accumulate this compound under the incubation conditions used apparently decreases with age of the bird (e.g., 11.9 m m in the 20-day embryo to 1.1 m m in the 28-month-old chicken after 4 h incubation). Despite the presence of significant amounts of inositol-P5, the accumulation of 2,3-P2-glycerate markedly decreases oxygen affinity of the cell suspensions. The Δ P 50 μ mol increase in 2,3-P2-glycerate in the red cells of the 20-day chick embryo after 4 h incubation is 1.5 Torr; conversely, the Δ P 50 μ mol decrease in 2,3-P2-glycerate in the red cells of the 17-day embryo after 6 h incubation in the presence of sodium bisulfite is 2.8 Torr. The demonstrated ability of the chicken erythrocyte to accumulate 2,3-P2-glycerate in response to certain substrates suggests that regulation of concentration of this compound could contribute significantly to regulation of blood oxygen affinity in birds.
Sulfation of fucoidan in Fucus embryos. I. Possible role in localization.

Abstract Zygotes of the brown alga Fucus distichus L. Powell divide into two cells which are structurally and biochemically different from each other. Cytochemical staining and autoradiography indicate that a sulfated polysaccharide is localized in only one of the two cells. Up to 10 hr after fertilization, no localization of sulfated polysaccharides is detectable in zygotes, and little 35S (Na235SO4) is incorporated into an acid-soluble carbohydrate fraction. Between 10 and 16 hr, during rhizoid initiation and several hours before the first cell division, there is a large increase in the amount of 35S incorporated into this fraction. The label is found associated with the sulfated fucose polymer fucoidan. Various extraction techniques and labeling experiments demonstrate that fucoidan is unsulfated at fertilization and undergoes little metabolic activity or turnover during the first 24 hr. Thus, the incorporation of sulfate into this carbohydrate fraction appears to involve a sulfation of a preexisting, unsulfated fucan polymer. The degree of sulfation achieved at this time in vivo is sufficient for migration of fucoidan through an electric field in agarose or acrylamide gels. The possible role of sulfation as a mechanism for the localization of fucoidan in the rhizoid cell by means of an intracellular electrical gradient is discussed.
Law and Society in the People's Republic of China

This introduction to "Engaging the Law in China: State, Society, and Possibilities for Justice" (2005) addresses critical issues arising from the emergence of legal institutions in contemporary China. It underscores several perspectives that are useful for understanding how law and society interact, and shows how they might inform future research. In particular, it highlights how concepts such as legal mobilization, the disputing pyramid, disputing trajectories, and legal culture, can be brought to bear on the study of Chinese law. In so doing, it seeks to help span the gap between Chinese legal studies as practiced by historians and scholars at law schools and their counterparts in the social sciences and the law-and-society community.
The Homeowner Flood Insurance Affordability Act: Why the Federal Government should Not Be in the Insurance Business

The Biggert-Waters Flood Insurance Reform Act of 2012 revised the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) in order to make the debt-ridden program financially viable. Less than two years later the Homerowner Flood Insurance Affordability Act delayed or eliminated many of the Biggert-Waters' reforms, most notably the reduction or elimination of flood insurance subsidies. This legislative activity sparked critical discussions on ways to improve the NFIP in an era of rising sea levels, continuing coastal development, and increasing national debt. Most commentary focuses on the changes in rules and regulations, while missing the salient point relating to the Congressional legislative process itself. If the goals of the NFIP are to be met, sound policies have to not only be enacted, but also implemented and sustained. Flood insurance, mitigation of risk, and disaster relief are intertwined and, although well intentioned, sometimes at cross-purposes. Financial viability requires economic discipline imposed by a capitalist marketplace, whereas the recent policy reversal relating to the NFIP highlights why the Federal Government should not be in the insurance business.
Corporate, market and economic systems: from monism to integrated-pluralism with extension engineering

This study construes that an attributive-monist practice in an economy that seeks pure business profit is distorted, unsustainable and has led to system implosion. Specifically, the paper searches for: 1) how an attributive-monist system as a reasoning method developed over time into the mainstream paradigm from business culture to economic and financial methodologies; 2) the impact of an attributive-monist practice on the outcomes of an economy and the financial system; 3) an integrated dual-process system at plural level with extenic method as solution to the development of a capitalist regime.
Methanesulfonic acid and non-sea-salt sulfate in pacific air: Regional and seasonal variations

Concentrations of aerosol methanesulfonic acid (MSA) and non-sea-salt (nss) sulfate were measured at six island stations in the Pacific Ocean to investigate regional and seasonal patterns of organosulfur emissions and the origin of nss sulfate over the Pacific. The mean MSA concentrations, in μg/m3, at the stations were: Shemya, 0.097±0.098; Midway, 0.029±0.021; Fanning, 0.044±0.012; American Samoa, 0.026±0.012; New Caledonia, 0.021±0.009; Norfolk, 0.024±0.019. The extremely high MSA levels found at Shemya indicate a major source of organosulfur emissions in the western North Pacific. Significant seasonal trends in MSA were observed, with higher MSA occurring during warm months. The amplitude of the seasonal variation was greatest at higher latitude stations. At Fanning and American Samoa, which have minimal input of continental material, there is a significant positive correlation between MSA and nss sulfate. MSA/nss sulfate ratios at other Pacific stations exhibit greater variability, which may be related to variations in: the input of continentally derived sulfate, the composition of oceanic organosulfur emissions, and atmospheric reaction pathways.
Two modes of interaction between the membrane-embedded TARP stargazin’s C-terminal domain and the bilayer visualized by electron crystallography

Glutamate-mediated neurotransmission through ligand-gated, ionotropic glutamate receptors is the main form of excitatory neurotransmission in the vertebrate central nervous system where it plays central roles in learning, memory and a variety of disorders. Acting as auxiliary subunits, transmembrane α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid receptor (AMPAR) regulatory proteins (TARPs) are essential regulators for glutamate-mediated neurotransmission in the central nervous system. Here, we report the first electron crystallographic reconstructions of full-length mouse stargazin (γ-2) at ∼20A resolution in a membrane bilayer environment. Formation of ordered arrays required anionic lipids and was modulated by cholesterol and monovalent cations. Projection structures revealed that the C-termini of stargazin monomers closely interacted with the bilayer surface in an extended conformation that placed the C-terminal PDZ-binding motif ∼100A away from the transmembrane domain and in close proximity to a membrane re-entrant region. The C-termini interaction with the bilayer was modulated by the ionic strength of the solution and overall protein secondary structure increased when membrane-bound. Our data suggest that stargazin interactions with and within the membrane play significant roles in TARP structure and directly visualize TARP functional mechanisms essential for AMPAR trafficking and clustering.
Letter Regarding Article by Kaufmann et al, “Systemic Inhibition of Nitric Oxide Synthase Unmasks Neural Constraint of Maximal Myocardial Blood Flow in Humans”

To the Editor: Kaufmann et al1 suggest that augmented adenosine flow with N G-monomethyl-l-arginine (L-NMMA) requires inhibition of CNS neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), increased cardiac sympathetic nerve stimulation, and β2-agonism of coronary arterioles because (1) heart transplant patients (n=6), assumed to be denervated, did not show similar increase and (2) patients given phenylephrine to raise arterial pressure to levels equivalent to those given L-NMMA plus adenosine also did not show increased myocardial blood flow (MBF). Sympathetic reinnervation is not only a function of time after transplantation, however. Depending on definitions of “early” versus “late,” evidence of sympathetic innervation may be present by 12 months2 and possibly sooner because it occurs in <1 year in animals. Accordingly, the principal conclusion of the study rests on a small sample and an assumption that may not be warranted. Moreover, cardiac sympathetic reinnervation occurs first over the anterobasal region of the left ventricle. Thus, MBF data analysis might have been better focused on that region rather than on the whole heart. In addition, data from the phenylephrine group are difficult to interpret because the authors suggest that α-adrenergic constriction limits the MBF response to adenosine. Thus, the use of an α-agonist to raise arterial pressure may …
Safety of urgent restorative proctocolectomy with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis for fulminant colitis

PURPOSE: Subtotal colectomy with ileostomy is the operation of choice for patients with fulminant colitis. Restorative proctocolectomy (RPC) with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) is preferred for patients who undergo elective surgery for ulcerative colitis. We retrospectively evaluated the safety of RPC with IPAA in patients with a moderate form of fulminant colitis. METHODS: A chart review of 737 patients who underwent RPC with IPAA for ulcerative and indeterminate colitis from 1983 through 1992 was performed. Moderate fulminant colitis was defined as acute disease requiring hospitalization and parenteral steroid therapy, but without hypotension (systolic blood pressure, 120 beats/min), or megacolon. RESULTS: Twelve patients with moderate fulminant colitis underwent urgent surgery (1.6 percent). They had been treated preoperatively for 5.1±2.3 days with intravenous high-dose steroids, total parenteral nutrition, and antibiotics. These patients had a shorter length of disease ( P =0.01), lower hemoglobin, hematocrit, and albumin (P=0.001), and higher temperature (P=0.002) and leukocyte count (P=0.007) than patients undergoing elective surgery. No early septic complications occurred, although perianal abscess occurred in one patient and pouch-anal fistula in another patient, 13 and 14 months after surgery, respectively. CONCLUSION: In carefully selected, hemodynamically stable patients with fulminant colitis and without megacolon, RPC with IPAA can be safely performed.
Control design for large-scale Lur’e systems with arbitrary information structure constraints

Abstract In this paper, an LMI-based approach is proposed for the design of static output feedback for multi-nonlinear Lur’e–Postnikov systems. The resulting control laws ensure absolute stability and, at the same time, maximize the size of the nonlinear sectors. The proposed method is computationally efficient, and can accommodate feedback laws with arbitrary information structure constraints. The effectiveness of this approach is demonstrated on a large-scale example with 100 state variables.
The use and re-use of ceremonial space at Taraco, Peru: 2012 excavations in the San Taraco sector

AbstractRecent survey and excavation have indicated that the archaeological site of Taraco became a major regional center in the northern Titicaca Basin over the course of the Formative Period, one that rivaled the size of Pukara at its peak. From our three seasons (2004, 2006, and 2007) of fieldwork at the site, it was determined that the architectural center of the area was most likely located in the area of the church, which is situated in the highest part of the eponymous modern town. In 2012, we returned to Taraco to test this hypothesis and investigate the development of non-domestic, corporate architecture during the Middle (c. 1,300–500 B.C.) and early Upper (c. 500 B.C.–A.D. 400) Formative periods. Specifically, this work aimed to assess the degree to which the political and economic success of Taraco during the Formative Period could be linked with the intensification of ceremonial activities, or with transformations in their forms and organization. Results indicated a long tradition of ceremoni...