cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
New antidepressants: more options for tailoring treatment.

Newer antidepressant drugs cause fewer, less- severe side effects and therefore usually elicit better patient compliance than do older drugs. The newer drugs have slightly differing mechanisms of action and effects and thus offer additional options for tailoring treatment to the individual patient. Yet they are not completely innocuous and can cause serious drug interactions.
Comparison of the Activity and Proprioception of Trunk Muscles According to Different Types of Bridge Exercises in Subjects with and without Chronic Low Back Pain

Purpose: The purpose of the present study was to examine joint position senses and muscle activity in subjects with and without chronic low back pain and to determine the effects of different types of bridge exercises on their trunk muscle activity. Methods: Thrity -eight subjects with chronic low back pain and thrity healthy controls participated in the experiment. Joint position senses and trunk muscle activity levels were measured during the different bridge exercise methods. Results: The joint position senses of the healthy group and chronic low back pain group showed significant differences during lumbar flexion, lumbar extension, lumbar lateral flexion, and lumbar rotation. The muscle activity levels of the transversus abdominis (TrA), internal oblique (IO), and external oblique (EO) were highest in the prone bridge exercise (PBE) group, followed by the supine bridge swiss ball exercise (SBSE) group and supine bridge exercise (SBE) group in order of precedence. The muscle activity level of the erector spinae (ES) was highest in the SBSE group, followed by the SBE and PBE groups in order of precedence. Conclusion: Overall, the results suggest that chronic low back pain is associated with declines in joint position senses and that PBEs increase trunk muscle activity more than conventional bridge exercises.
Constipation and Encopresis in Childhood

1. Jennifer M. Colombo, MD* 2. Matthew C. Wassom, PhD† 3. John M. Rosen, MD* 1. *Division of Gastroenterology, Children’s Mercy Kansas City, University of Missouri at Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO. 2. †Division of Developmental & Behavioral Sciences, Children’s Mercy Kansas City, University of Missouri at Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO. A recent study in Pediatrics concluded that 25% of children with functional constipation continued to experience symptoms at adult age, suggesting that referral to specialized clinics at an early stage for children who are unresponsive to first-line treatment may help improve outcomes. (1) After completing the article, the reader should be able to: 1. Know that constipation is a common problem in childhood with a diverse clinical presentation. 2. Understand that functional constipation is a symptom-based diagnosis that does not require extensive testing. 3. Recognize that most children who present with fecal incontinence or encopresis have associated constipation. 4. Describe the treatment of constipation and encopresis, which should include a medical-behavioral approach that focuses on maintaining soft and regular bowel movements and improving toileting behavior. What do the following children have in common? Answer: They share a familiar diagnosis: functional constipation. Constipation is a common pediatric problem and parental concern. In general, a complaint of constipation accounts for 5% of general pediatric office visits and 25% of all referrals to pediatric gastroenterologists. The estimated worldwide prevalence is 0.7% to 29.6%. (2) Constipation rarely signifies a serious disease, but it has an unfavorable impact on patient quality of life, parental satisfaction, and health-care costs. Children with constipation often complain of abdominal pain, decreased appetite, and painful stooling, which can be distressing to both the child and the parents. Common transient …
Amniotic fluid absorbance at 650 nm: A comparison with fetal lung maturity characteristics

Using the rhesus monkey as an animal model we measured several indices of fetal lung maturation including pressure-volume characteristics and phospholipid concentrations and correlated them with the absorbance of amniotic fluid at 650 nm (A650). Those parameters, which are indicative of the presence of surfactant (i.e., deflation stability, lecithin-sphingomyelin ratio, lung phosphatidylcholine, as well as disaturated phosphatidylcholine), correlate significantly with the amniotic fluid A650, even after correction for gestational age. Maximal lung volume changes, thought to be reflective of alterations in tissue forces, did not correlate with A650. These data in the rhesus fetus indicate that the A650 reflects pulmonary surfactant characteristics independent of gestational age. Accordingly, this test may prove to be an accurate predictor of the risk of the respiratory distress syndrome.
Reflex effects on components of synchronized renal sympathetic nerve activity.

The effects of peripheral thermal receptor stimulation (tail in hot water, n = 8, anesthetized) and cardiac baroreceptor stimulation (volume loading,n = 8, conscious) on components of synchronized ...
Failure Assessment of Weldments at Elevated Temperatures

ABSTRACT This paper treats the initiation and propagation of cracks along a weld metal/base metal interface at elevated temperature. For the case in which the creep properties of the weld and base metals differ, it has previously been shown that significant stress concentrations may develop at the interface in a double-V weld which may lead to localized cracking early in life. For crack propagation calculations, the C* integral for typical applied stresses is evaluated as a function of crack size and different ratios of weld/base metal creep properties. Life predictions are presented using two procedures. One is based on data in the literature for creep crack growth rate as a function of C*. The other procedure takes a more fundamental approach based on the growth of voids from second phase particles on grain boundaries. The predictions are similar and suggest that a more detailed study of metallurgical variables in creep-crack propagation experiments could enhance our understanding of this topic. From a practical point of view, this study suggests that the weld efficiency factors permitted by the ASME/ANSI B31. 1 Piping Code may need to be reevaluated for longitudinal pipe welds at elevated temperatures.
Endosperm cell and organ culture.

This chapter describes efforts to culture maize endosperm to enable direct developmental and metabolic studies of the cereal endosperm organ without the effects of the maternal plant. First, we describe production of endosperm in culture through either central cell fertilization in vitro or through isolation of embryo sacs following fertilization in vivo. These techniques have been used to culture cereal endosperm but appear to rely on use of maternal tissue in the culture to provide growth factors to stimulate endosperm development. Second, we summarize efforts aimed at the establishment of immortalized cultures of maize endosperm. Evolution of the basic protocol first reported almost 60 years ago resulted in in vitro endosperm cultures shown to be comprised of a mixture of cell types including those retaining endosperm-like characteristics. These cultures lacked organ identity, with endosperm-like cell types intermingled with undifferentiated callus-like cells. These cultures were successfully used in studies of starch as well as storage protein accumulation. Finally, we describe a recently reported system for in vitro culture of maize endosperm that preserves organ identity. These cultures have provided conclusive evidence that starchy endosperm and aleurone cell identity is position dependent without the need of further signaling from maternal tissues. Furthermore, this comparatively simple culture technique appears broadly applicable to several maize genotypes allowing for use of the large mutant collection generated in maize. With the real-time continuous accessibility of a developing cereal endosperm to perturbation and observation, it is hoped that this culture technique will be broadly useful for researchers to answer several previously intractable questions.
Progress and Problems in Energy-Related Nuclear Data

The International Conference is reviewed relative to needs for measured data in nuclear energy applications. Notable achievements were recorded in several research areas. Elsewhere, obstacles have inhibited development of adequate data. Major data areas are identified with various levels of progress during recent years. The present energy-related nuclear data base is characterized as inadequate relative to a rising standard of quality. Ongoing efforts can achieve the continual improvement required for future technology.
EEG and Spelling Disabilities

The EEGs in 23 13-year-old Finnish-speaking boys with spelling disabilities and in 21 matched controls were studied in the Departments of Child Neurology, Paediatrics, Clinical Neurophysiology and Psychology, University of Helsinki, Finland.
Self-Reported Inmate Conduct: Using Static and Dynamic Factors to Predict Inmate Recidivism

This article applies Walters’s criteria of dynamic factors in prison assessment to assess the predictive capabilities of the Prison Inmate Inventory (PII) in a sample of offenders from a southeaste...
Uplift Capacity of Buried Model Piles in Sand

Generally pile foundations are used to support the compressive load of structures; however, some structures, e.g., transmission towers and mooring systems for ocean surface or submerged platforms, are constructed with piled foundations to support the uplift load. Published large-scale field test results for the resistive capacity of tensile piles are relatively scarce. The purpose of this paper is to present some recent model test results for ultimate capacity of vertical piles under axial pull in loose granular soil. The possible variation of unit uplift skin friction with the embedment depth is also analyzed.
Shuttle to serenity: The history and impact of Zion National Park's transportation system

Shuttle to Serenity focuses on the history of the Zion National Park transportation system's planning, construction and implementation process. It details the unfavorable conditions in pre-shuttle Zion and shows how the shuttle has drastically improved the visitor experience and park environment since operations began in May 2000. The thesis also chronicles the groundbreaking partnership between Springdale, the gateway community, and Zion National Park, which proved vital in the shuttle implementation process. Ultimately, Shuttle to Serenity demonstrates that public transportation systems in national parks align the NPS with its mandate to preserve the natural beauty of each park for the enjoyment of future generations, thus welding together the two formerly competing directives of the 1916 Organic Act that established the National Park Service - visitor access and scenic preservation.
MILITARY INSTITUTIONS AS A DEFINING FEATURE OF THE SONG DYNASTY

Although the standard narrative of the Song dynasty is one of civil dominance over the military within the government and society, the institutional development of the government bureaucracy argues for a more nuanced description. The martial side of the government achieved parity in size with the civil side during the Song, exclusive of the army and its bureaucracy. Literati with civil exam degrees filled most of the upper ranks of this martial bureaucracy and therefore occupied themselves with martial, rather than civil, concerns on a day to day basis. A significant number of important civil literati spent most of their time on military tasks and military policy. Functionally then, in contrast to their ideology, many civil literati were militarized by their roles in the bureaucracy while they were controlling it.
Academic Subject Specialist and Special Librarians: Exploring a Shared Interest in Developing Information Literacy Skills

Academic librarians who work as subject specialists within a discipline and special librarians have a shared interest in information literacy instruction, despite differences in their library setti...
Emulsions as delivery systems for gamma and delta tocotrienols: Formation, properties and simulated gastrointestinal fate.

Tocotrienols have been reported to have stronger bioactivities than tocopherols, and may therefore be suitable as a potent source of vitamin E in functional foods, supplements, and pharmaceuticals. However, their inclusion into new products is hindered by their low water-solubility and oral bioavailability. Oil-in-water emulsions (O/W) could provide an adequate delivery system for these bioactive compounds. Tocotrienols were tested in bulk oil and within O/W conventional emulsions (>10μm) and nanoemulsions ( emulsions>bulk oil. These results suggest that emulsions containing small lipid droplets are particularly suitable for delivering tocotrienols.
Anaesthesia for an emergent caesarean section in a patient with acute transverse myelitis

We present a 32-year-old G1P0 woman at 32 weeks and two days gestation with new onset paraplegia, hyperreflexia, and sensory disturbance that gradually progressed over the past month and acutely worsened over the last 24 hours. MRI revealed a demyelinating process of the thoracic spine and diffuse cervicothoracic cord oedema. After 7 days, her foetus developed recurrent heart rate decelerations and an emergent caesarean section was performed. On airway exam, she was Mallampati 3 with a short thyromental distance. She reported fasting overnight and into the morning. Our choice was between performing neuraxial anaesthesia in the setting of an acute demyelinating process of her spinal cord versus general anaesthesia on a patient at risk of aspiration with a potentially difficult airway. Given the potential complications of neuraxial anaesthesia, we utilized rocuronium to perform a rapid sequence induction of general anaesthesia with endotracheal intubation.
Synthesis and Synchrotron X-ray characterization of two 2D Hoffman related compounds [Ni(p-Xylylenediamine)nNi(CN)4] and [Ni(p-tetrafluoroxylylenediamine)nNi(CN)4]

Abstract Synchrotron X-ray single crystal structure determination of two 2D Hofmann-related compounds, [Ni(p-Xylyenediamine)n-tetracyanonickelate] (abbreviated as Ni-pXdam) and [Ni(tetrafluoro-p-Xylyenediamine)n-tetracyanonickelate] (abbreviated as Ni-pXdamF4), have been conducted. Both the pXdam and pXdamF4 ligands contain two short chains of -CH2NH2 at the para-positions of a phenyl ring. These flexible chains link the 6-fold coordinated Ni2 sites throughout the network. In Ni-pXdam, the closed-2D network of [Ni-(CN-Ni1/4-)4]∞ is broken into 1D chains, leaving the C≡N groups at the trans-positions of the Ni(CN)4 moiety unbridged. The resulting 1D chains [(trans-)-NC-Ni(CN)2-CN-Ni-]∞ runs along the [010] direction of the unit cell. The pXdam ligands bridge in pair between the Ni atoms of the adjacent chains. The catenation structure of [Ni{(pXdam)}]∞ could be referred to as double -1D. In Ni-pXdamF4, the -CH2NH2 ligands connect the neighboring chains via the 6-fold Ni2 site. Surrounding the 4-fold Ni1 site, the two trans terminal C≡N groups were replaced by the Lewis base NH3 during the synthesis process, therefore preventing the propagation of the 2D net to form a 3D network. Computed pore volume of both compounds indicated that there is not sufficient space in the structure to accommodate gas molecules. In both compounds, hydrogen bonds were found, and solvent of crystallization was absent due to the limited free space in the structure.
Phytomorphs in the Pharmaceutical Section: The Rosetta Stone of the Voynich Codex

The text of the Voynich Codex is written in about 32 symbols that appear to be an alphabet or syllabary in an unknown language. The symbols appear to be borrowed either from the Codex Osuna, scribal abbreviations, or alchemic symbols. Some symbols could be decoded by associating labels in Voynichese symbols in the Pharmaceutical section with the names of two plants in Nahuatl, Taino, or Spanish: prickly pear cactus (Opuntia ficus-indica) with the Nahuatl name nochtli, and agave (Agave atrovirens) with the Taino-derived name maguey. Both these names fit the Voynichese word length. Thus, nochtli allowed five symbols to be phonetically sounded, whereas maguey added four additional symbols. This system was applied to five other phytomorphs, which permitted the decoding of a total of 15 Voynichese symbols and produced many names that described the plants. Thus, it appeared that labeled plants in the Pharmaceutical section were equivalent to the Rosetta Stone, which permitted the decoding of Egyptian symbols. Folio 57v contained 17 diverse symbols repeated four times, nine of which were included in the aforementioned 32 Voynichese symbols. When sounded out, the first four of these symbols had the same relative sequence as the pronunciation of letters in the Spanish alphabet, suggesting that the author who invented the codex might have started with the Spanish alphabet.
Do accountable care organizations impact prostate cancer screening

6546Background: Accountable care organizations (ACO) are an alternative payment model designed to incentivize efficient, high value care. In this model, groups of providers are reimbursed together,...
Targets, Grievances, and Social Movement Trajectories:

Why do targets of social movement activities respond to movements in the ways they do? Many factors play a role in shaping targets’ responses to social movement activities. This article focuses on ...
Designing a Novel Graphitic White Iron for Metal-to-Metal Wear Systems

Metal-to-metal wear systems are widely used in various industries, but heat-induced adhesive wear has been limiting the lifetime of the components for many years. An idea of introducing interconnected flake graphite networks into white iron was developed by the authors, which can potentially solve this problem by increasing the overall thermal conductivity. To optimize the thermal conductivity and wear resistance, five alloys with different chromium and carbon contents were designed, produced, and investigated to develop the first generation of graphitic white iron. Mathematical models were developed to correlate the graphite phase concentration and cooling rate with carbon equivalent. It was shown that graphite volume percent needs to be higher than 7 pct to have a consistent thermal conductivity increase. Hardness model developed in this article suggested that M7C3 has a higher hardness than the plate cementite, and hardness increases with increasing chromium content in the carbides. The as-solidified microstructure was characterized using a SEM, and solidification sequence was established for this novel alloy system. Unexpectedly, for the first time, study of alloy with 11 wt pct Cr shows that M7C3 was formed during eutectic reaction and then transformed into cementite at a lower temperature.
Evaluation of apramycin against spectinomycin-resistant and -susceptible strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae.

Background The emergence of Neisseria gonorrhoeae resistant to all currently available antimicrobial therapies poses a dire public health threat. New antimicrobial agents with activity against N. gonorrhoeae are urgently needed. Apramycin is an aminocyclitol aminoglycoside with broad-spectrum in vitro activity against MDR Gram-negative pathogens and Staphylococcus aureus. However, its activity against N. gonorrhoeae has not been described. Objectives The activity spectrum of apramycin against a collection of MDR N. gonorrhoeae was assessed. Isolates tested included those susceptible and resistant to the structurally distinct aminocyclitol, spectinomycin. Results The modal MICs for apramycin and spectinomycin were 16 mg/L and 32 mg/L, respectively. The epidemiological cut-off (ECOFF) for apramycin was 64 mg/L. No strains among 77 tested had an MIC above this ECOFF, suggesting very low levels of acquired apramycin resistance. In time-kill analysis, apramycin demonstrated rapid bactericidal activity comparable to that of spectinomycin. Conclusions Apramycin has broad-spectrum, rapidly bactericidal activity against N. gonorrhoeae. Future pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies will be needed to determine whether apramycin and/or apramycin derivatives hold promise as new therapeutics for N. gonorrhoeae infection.
Induction, Coinduction, and Fixed Points in PL Type Theory.

Recently we presented a concise survey of the formulation of the induction and coinduction principles, and some concepts related to them, in programming languages type theory and four other mathematical disciplines. The presentation in type theory involved the separate formulation of these concepts, first, in the theory of types of functional programming languages and, next, in the theory of types of object-oriented programming languages. In this article we show that separating these two formulations helps demonstrate some of the fundamental differences between structural subtyping, predominant in functional programming languages, and nominal subtyping, predominant in object-oriented programming languages---including differences concerning type negation and concerning the existence of inductive types, of coinductive types, and of approximations thereof. In the article we also motivate mutual coinduction and mutual coinductive types, and their approximations, and we discuss in brief the potential relevance of these concepts to object-oriented programming (OOP) type theory.
Impact of Intensive Lifestyle Intervention on Neural Food Cue Reactivity: Action for Health in Diabetes Brain Ancillary Study

OBJECTIVE The Action for Health in Diabetes (Look AHEAD) research study was a randomized trial comparing the effects of an intensive lifestyle intervention (ILI) versus a diabetes support and education (DSE) control group in adults with type 2 diabetes and overweight or obesity. Functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to determine whether neural food cue reactivity differed for these groups 10 years after randomization. METHODS A total of 232 participants (ILI, n = 125, 72% female; DSE, n = 107, 64% female) were recruited at three of the Look AHEAD sites for functional magnetic resonance imaging. Neural response to high-calorie foods compared with nonfoods was assessed in DSE versus ILI. Exploratory correlations were conducted within ILI to identify regions in which activity was associated with degree of weight loss. RESULTS Voxel-wise whole-brain comparisons revealed greater reward-processing activity in left caudate for DSE compared with ILI and greater activity in attention- and visual-processing regions for ILI than DSE (P < 0.05, family-wise error corrected). Exploratory analyses revealed that greater weight loss among ILI participants from baseline was associated with brain activation indicative of increased cognitive control and attention and visual processing in response to high-calorie food cues (P < 0.001, uncorrected). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest there may be legacy effects of participation in a behavioral weight loss intervention, with reduced reward-related activity and enhanced attention or visual processing in response to high-calorie foods.
Cancer statistics, 2020.

Each year, the American Cancer Society estimates the numbers of new cancer cases and deaths that will occur in the United States and compiles the most recent data on population-based cancer occurrence. Incidence data (through 2016) were collected by the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program; the National Program of Cancer Registries; and the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries. Mortality data (through 2017) were collected by the National Center for Health Statistics. In 2020, 1,806,590 new cancer cases and 606,520 cancer deaths are projected to occur in the United States. The cancer death rate rose until 1991, then fell continuously through 2017, resulting in an overall decline of 29% that translates into an estimated 2.9 million fewer cancer deaths than would have occurred if peak rates had persisted. This progress is driven by long-term declines in death rates for the 4 leading cancers (lung, colorectal, breast, prostate); however, over the past decade (2008-2017), reductions slowed for female breast and colorectal cancers, and halted for prostate cancer. In contrast, declines accelerated for lung cancer, from 3% annually during 2008 through 2013 to 5% during 2013 through 2017 in men and from 2% to almost 4% in women, spurring the largest ever single-year drop in overall cancer mortality of 2.2% from 2016 to 2017. Yet lung cancer still caused more deaths in 2017 than breast, prostate, colorectal, and brain cancers combined. Recent mortality declines were also dramatic for melanoma of the skin in the wake of US Food and Drug Administration approval of new therapies for metastatic disease, escalating to 7% annually during 2013 through 2017 from 1% during 2006 through 2010 in men and women aged 50 to 64 years and from 2% to 3% in those aged 20 to 49 years; annual declines of 5% to 6% in individuals aged 65 years and older are particularly striking because rates in this age group were increasing prior to 2013. It is also notable that long-term rapid increases in liver cancer mortality have attenuated in women and stabilized in men. In summary, slowing momentum for some cancers amenable to early detection is juxtaposed with notable gains for other common cancers.
Editorial: The primacy of parenting

The contention that supportive and sensitive parenting is important to healthy emotional and behavioral development of children is a widely accepted maxim. There is also increasing consensus among developmentalists about the nature of optimal parenting practices. However, what remains under appreciated is just how powerful an influence these positive elements of caregiving have in shaping, driving, and fortifying a healthy developmental trajectory across multiple domains of function. The notion that positive caregiving is an 'essential ingredient' necessary for healthy human development has become increasingly evident. Importantly, both animal and human data have established that there are early sensitive periods, representing windows of opportunity, during which optimal caregiving has its most powerful effects (Curley & Champagne, Frontiers in neuroendocrinology, 40, 52, 2016; Nelson et al., Science, 318, 1937, 2007). These points are underscored by papers in this volume showing the sustained effects of early parenting interventions focused on enhancing attachment relationship (Zajac, Raby, & Dozier, Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 57, 1099, 2019). Using another parenting program, Brody, Yu, Miller, and Chen (Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 2019) report longitudinal data showing mechanistic pathways by which the effects of enhanced caregiving impact later adaptive functioning in a high risk sample. These findings suggest that early parenting interventions may have uniquely positive and enduring effects highlighting their unique importance as a focus for developmental enhancement.
Gwas and Genomic Selection For Increased Anthocyanin Content in Purple Corn

Abstract Purple corn offers an attractive source of economical natural anthocyanin-based colorant for use in foods and beverages. Yet to maximize the scalability and meet growing demands, both anthocyanin concentrations and agronomic performance must improve in purple corn varieties. We studied flux through the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway using GWAS data derived from a diverse purple corn landrace with anthocyanin-rich pericarp, Apache Red. Trends between flavonoid endpoints suggest that regulators of total flux into the pathway and regulators of partitioning within the pathway may both represent targets for maximizing anthocyanin content. A peak at the end of chromosome 1 near Aat1 (Anthocyanin acyltransferase1) was highly significant in all approaches taken to map anthocyanin flux, suggesting the structural modification of malonylation is required for maximal anthocyanin production. We also identified several candidate MATEs and H+ ATPases that could assist in the preferential transport of acylated anthocyanins into the vacuole. These and other candidates identified here suggest there is still much to learn about the regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis in the pericarp of purple corn. The efficacy of genomic predictions in the population was also studied, yielding an accuracy of 0.71 with cross validation for total anthocyanin content with no improvement found when known anthocyanin regulators were added to the model. These data suggest that genomic selection could be employed effectively in a purple corn breeding program, and especially for a landrace improvement program.
The Cybersecurity Dynamics Way of Thinking and Landscape

The Cybersecurity Dynamics framework offers an approach to systematically understanding, characterizing, quantifying and managing cybersecurity from a holistic perspective. The framework looks into cyberspace through the dynamics lens because environments in cyberspace often evolve with time (e.g., software vulnerabilities, attack capabilities, defense capabilities, and cybersecurity states). The dynamics lens offers a unique viewpoint, which guides the modeling of the various situations which evolve with respect to cybersecurity. This type of evolution is driven by attackers, defenders, and users of related systems and is manifested by their attack/defense/use activities. Since its inception in 2014, there has been significant progress in characterizing and taming various kinds of cybersecurity dynamics. In this paper we discuss the landscape and way-of-thinking that guide the Cybersecurity Dynamics model, including two killer applications and the technical barriers that serve as outstanding open problems for future research.
Orientational and low-frequency (0–450 cm−1) dynamics of methyl methacrylate: OHD-RIKES measurements and DFT calculations

Abstract This paper presents results of a study in which optical heterodyne-detected Raman-induced Kerr effect spectroscopy (OHD-RIKES) and density functional theory (DFT) were used to glean information about the low-frequency (0–450 cm−1) intramolecular and intermolecular dynamics and picosecond reorientational dynamics of methyl methacrylate (MMA) as a function of temperature. Based on DFT calculations, the two intramolecular bands at 220 and 380 cm−1 in this spectral region are assigned, respectively, to the (O)CH3 torsional and C=C out-of-plane modes of the cis-conformer of MMA. In the 2–40 ps time range, the OHD-RIKES response of MMA can be well fit by a biexponential decay function with a fast component (relaxation time τ1) associated with intermolecular dynamics, and a slow component (relaxation time τ2) associated with collective reorientation. The temperature dependence of τ2 can be understood in terms of a modified Debye-Stoke-Einstein (DSE) equation with the rotation of MMA molecules being governed by slip boundary conditions, which is consistent with MMA being a non‑hydrogen-bonded liquid. τ1 and τ2 are found to be linearly correlated with each other, which is attributed to τ1 being dominated by structural relaxation and therefore to motional narrowing. The low-frequency broad band in the 0–200 cm−1 region of the Kerr spectrum of MMA was analyzed in terms of a multicomponent line-shape model, with the sum of the first three components being primarily associated with the intermolecular modes of MMA. With increasing temperature, the intermolecular band shifts to lower frequency and narrows with increasing temperature. The shift to lower frequency is attributed to the softening of the effective intermolecular potential due to decreasing density with increasing temperature and the narrowing of the intermolecular band due to motional narrowing. Finally, it is shown that the Kerr spectrum of MMA provides support for the interpretation of the main band of the low-frequency reduced-Raman spectrum of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) being due to the librational motion of the monomer units in the polymer. This explanation is physically reasonably based on fits of the multicomponent line-shape model to the spectra of PMMA and MMA. It is proposed that this librational motion is associated with the torsional motion of the methoxycarbonyl pendant group on the polymer chain.
Impact of breastfeeding interventions among United States minority women on breastfeeding outcomes: a systematic review.

In the U.S., strong ethnic/racial, socioeconomic, demographic, and geographic breastfeeding (BF) inequities persist, and African American and Hispanic women are less likely to meet their breastfeeding goals compared to White women. This systematic review (SR) was designed to answer the question: What is the impact of breastfeeding interventions targeting ethnic/racial minority women in the U.S. on improving BF initiation, duration and exclusivity rates? The SR was conducted following the Institute of Medicine Guidelines and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses checklist. The study protocol was developed and registered a priori in PROSPERO (ID#CRD42020177764). The electronical databases searched was MEDLINE All (Ovid). Search strategies were led by the team’s expert public health librarian using both controlled vocabulary and free text queries and were tested against a validated set of relevant papers included in existing reviews. The GRADE methodology was used to assess the quality of the studies. We included 60 studies that had randomized (n = 25), observational (n = 24), quasi-experimental (n = 9), or cross-sectional (n = 2) designs. The studies focused on populations that were multi-ethnic/racial (n = 22), only Hispanic (n = 24), only Black (n = 13), and only American Indian (n = 1). The study interventions were classified following the socioecological model: macrosystem/policy level (n = 6); community level (n=51), which included healthcare organizations (n = 34), The Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) (n = 9), and community organizations/public health institutions (n = 8); and interpersonal level (n = 3). Policy and community level interventions delivered through WIC, healthcare facilities, and community agencies) are likely to improve BF outcomes among women of color. The combination of interventions at different levels of the socioecological model has not been studied among minority women in the U.S. Implementation science research is needed to learn how best to scale up and sustain effective BF interventions, taking into account the needs and wants of minority women. Thus, it is strongly recommended to conduct large scale implementation research studies addressesing how to strengthen the different health and social environments surrounding women of color in the U.S. to improving their BF outcomes.
Tight bounds on Lyapunov rank

The Lyapunov rank of a cone is the number of independent equations obtainable from an analogue of the complementary slackness condition in cone programming problems, and more equations are generally thought to be better. Bounding the Lyapunov rank of a proper cone in $$ \mathbb {R}^{n}$$ from above has been an open problem. Gowda and Tao gave an upper bound of $$n^{2} - n$$ that was later improved by Orlitzky and Gowda to $$ \left( {n-1}\right) ^{2}$$ . We settle the matter and show that the Lyapunov rank of $$ \left( {n^{2} - n}\right) /2 + 1$$ corresponding to the Lorentz cone is maximal.
In trans neuregulin3-Caspr3 interaction controls DA axonal bassoon cluster development

Summary Dopamine (DA) transmission is critical to motivation, movement, and emotion. Unlike glutamatergic and GABAergic synapses, the development of DA synapses is less understood. We show that bassoon (BSN) clusters along DA axons in the core of nucleus accumbens (NAcc) were increased in neonatal stages and reduced afterward, suggesting DA synapse elimination. Remarkably, DA neuron-specific ablating neuregulin 3 (NRG3), a protein whose levels correlate with BSN clusters, increased the clusters and impaired DA release and behaviors related to DA transmission. An unbiased screen of transmembrane proteins with the extracellular domain (ECD) of NRG3 identified Caspr3 (contactin associate-like protein 3) as a binding partner. Caspr3 was enriched in striatal medium spiny neurons (MSNs). NRG3 and Caspr3 interact in trans, which was blocked by Caspr3-ECD. Caspr3 null mice displayed phenotypes similar to those in DAT-Nrg3f/f mice in DA axonal BSN clusters and DA transmission. Finally, in vivo disruption of the NRG3-Caspr3 interaction increased BSN clusters. Together, these results demonstrate that DA synapse development is controlled by trans interaction between NRG3 in DA neurons and Caspr3 in MSNs, identifying a novel pair of cell adhesion molecules for brain circuit wiring.
Independence, Dependence, and Intellectual Disability: From Cultural Origins to Useful Application

American government educational policy and leading advocacy groups commonly espouse independence as a primary goal for young people with intellectual disabilities. An extensive philosophical literature of autonomy has focused mostly on analyses of cognition that achieve individual self-governance. But the loosely defined concept of independence used by disability policymakers and advocates provides a more malleable, social understanding that involves someone actively relying on the assistance of others. The purpose of this paper is to examine the cultural, historical origins of the notion of independence for disabled persons through an exploration of the biography of Ed Roberts, the father of the independent living movement, and the cultural context of Berkeley, California, in the 1960s and 1970s, where the movement began. The paper applies those cultural concepts to the life situations of persons with intellectual disabilities, asking how well independence serves as a useful goal for the group.
The Range-energy relation in emulsion

Simultaneous exposures have been made of Ilford Gr.5 emulsion to magnetically analyzed mesons as well as to hydrogen and helium nuclei of various velocities. Measurements of the particle ranges have been made for equivalent proton energies of 1.295 MeV to 700 MeV. Individual particle momenta were known to better than one part in a thousand. Especial care was taken to maintain the emulsion density at an accurately measured value. Curves and formulae used for converting particle ranges to their proton equivalents at other emulsion densities are given. Detailed procedures for correcting ranges of particles that traverse gaps between pellicles are described. Various effects that influence range measurements are discussed. Comparisons with existing data are made. Good agreement is found to exist only when the emulsion densities are known, and a correct procedure is employed to adjust the measured ranges to standard conditions. An empirical correction of the Vigneron range table is made.
The Lost Ellerth Instruction: A Proposal to Use Corporate Intent Concepts to Identify Employers’ Proxies in Title VII Employer-Liability, Sexual-Harassment Litigation

The Supreme Court’s companion decisions of Burlington Industries, Inc. v. Ellerth and Faragher v. City of Boca Raton represent the modern framework governing employer liability in sexual-harassment suits. The opinions organize the basic rules for employer liability, its affirmative defense, and unique situations where the affirmative defense is unavailable. The affirmative defense is unavailable when the harasser is a “proxy” of the employer. The Supreme Court has provided little guidance on who constitutes a proxy, and the circuits have struggled to apply the Supreme Court’s language with much consistency. This Note proposes that the courts utilize a suggestion from Ellerth that has gone ignored: the courts should use the concept of corporate intent as a conceptual yardstick for identifying proxies. Specifically, the courts should find that proxies are those who have the capability of imputing intent to an employer-corporation (or other business entity) because those proxies have the power to make policy for an employer. The courts should empirically locate those policy-making capabilities by looking to employers’ “Corporate Internal Decision Structures.” The use of corporate intent, policy-making powers, and internal-decision-structure concepts shows fidelity to the Court’s jurisprudence; provides for a more objective and flexible standard for identifying proxies; and does not suffer from the problems that plague some alternative methods. This Note’s proposal thus ameliorates a problem infecting current proxy-liability analysis in the courts.
La formation d'enseignants et futurs enseignants de langue dans un dispositif EAD: des compétences en construction

Une enquete longitudinale revele que les enseignants et futurs enseignants de langue, se formant a l’aide d’un dispositif en ligne, developpent des competences originales par rapport a leur experience anterieure. Ces strategies destinees a assurer une adaptation au contexte prennent la forme de transferts d’experiences anterieures, mais egalement de construction de representations nouvelles, edifiees en opposition. A travers elles, se construit un profil d’apprentissage induisant des pratiques, mais aussi une distance au dispositif et un mode de relation a l’autre. L’objet langue, situe au cœur des formations professionnelles ici en cause, est susceptible de renforcer l’impact des representations construites.
Non-parametric prediction of AR processes using neural networks

A nonparametric neural network technique for prediction of future values of a signal based on its past history is presented. A multilayer feed-forward neural network is used. It develops an internal model of the signal through a training operation involving past history of the considered signal. Training is performed using the back-propagation algorithm. The trained net is then used to do the forecast. Training is continued during operation to improve performance. The net performance is tested on signals generated by autoregressive (AR) models of orders two to ten, and results are compared to optimal forecasts. >
The role of bacterial outer membrane vesicles for intra- and interspecies delivery.

Summary An increasing number of Gram-negative bacteria have been observed to secrete outer membrane vesicles (OMVs). Many mysteries remain with respect to OMV formation, the regulation of OMV content and mode of targeting and fusion. Bacterial OMVs appear to serve a variety of purposes in intra- and interspecies microbial extracellular activities. OMVs have been shown to mediate cell-to-cell exchange of DNA, protein and small signalling molecules. The impact of such material exchanges on microbial communities and pathogenic processes, including the delivery of toxins at high concentration through OMVs, is discussed. This rather recent aspect of microbial ecology is likely to remain an important area of research as an in-depth understanding of OMVs may allow new approaches for combating bacterial infections and provide new routes for selective drug delivery.
Commonality in Down and fetal alcohol syndromes

BACKGROUND Down syndrome (DS) and Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) are two leading causes of birth defects with phenotypes ranging from craniofacial abnormalities to cognitive impairment. Despite different origins, we report that in addition to sharing many phenotypes, DS and FAS may have common underlying mechanisms of development. METHODS Literature was surveyed for DS and FAS as well as mouse models. Gene expression and apoptosis were compared in embryonic mouse models of DS and FAS by qPCR, immunohistochemical and immunoflurorescence analyses. The craniometry was examined using MicroCT at postnatal day 21. RESULTS A literature survey revealed over 20 comparable craniofacial and structural deficits in both humans with DS and FAS and corresponding mouse models. Similar phenotypes were experimentally found in pre- and postnatal craniofacial and neurological tissues of DS and FAS mice. Dysregulation of two genes, Dyrk1a and Rcan1, key to craniofacial and neurological precursors of DS, was shared in craniofacial precursors of DS and FAS embryos. Increased cleaved caspase 3 expression was also discovered in comparable regions of the craniofacial and brain precursors of DS and FAS embryos. Further mechanistic studies suggested overexpression of trisomic Ttc3 in DS embyros may influence nuclear pAkt localization and cell survival. CONCLUSIONS This first and initial study indicates that DS and FAS share common dysmorphologies in humans and animal models. This work also suggests common mechanisms at cellular and molecular levels that are disrupted by trisomy or alcohol consumption during pregnancy and lead to craniofacial and neurological phenotypes associated with DS or FAS. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 97:187–197, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The effect of hypophysectomy and growth hormone on S35 fixation in cartilage.

THE studies of Dziewiatkowski et al. (1949), Layton (1949), Layton et al. (1952) and Dziewiatkowski (1952, 1953) have demonstrated that radioactive sulfur, S35, is readily fixed into connective tissue, eapecially cartilage, of man, rats and mice. Cartilage is many times more active in rate of sulfur fixation than are other tissues. By isolating chondroitin sulf ate S35O4-, intraperitoneally, Dziewiatkowski (1951) and Bostrom (1952) showed that S35 is incorporated into chondroitin sulfate, the essential polysaccharide of cartilage. This sulfur uptake is a vital process since boiled cartilage shows no such activity nor is there a noteworthy uptake of S35 when Na2S35O4 is added to pure chondroitin sulfuric acid alone (Bostrom and Mansson, 1952). In view of the notable influence of the growth hormone of the pituitary body on the growth of cartilage (Becks et al., 1949) knowledge of the effects of this principle on the metabolism of cartilage becomes essential.
Securitizing America: Strategic Incapacitation and the Policing of Protest Since the 11 September 2001 Terrorist Attacks

During the 1970s, the predominant strategy of protest policing shifted from ‘escalated force’ and repression of protesters to one of ‘negotiated management’ and mutual cooperation with protesters. Following the failures of negotiated management at the 1999 World Trade Organization demonstrations in Seattle, law enforcement quickly developed a new social control strategy, referred to here as ‘strategic incapacitation’. The US police response to the 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks quickened the pace of police adoption of this new strategy, which emphasizes the goals of ‘securitizing society’ and isolating or neutralizing the sources of potential disruption. These goals are accomplished through (1) the use of surveillance and information sharing as a way to assess and monitor risks, (2) the use of pre-emptive arrests and less-lethal weapons to selectively disrupt or incapacitate protesters that engage in disruptive protest tactics or might do so, and (3) the extensive control of space in order to isolate and contain disruptive protesters actual or potential. In a comparative fashion, this paper examines the shifts in United States policing strategies over the last 50 years and uses illustrative cases from national conventions, the global justice movement and the anti-war movement to show how strategic incapacitation has become a leading social control strategy used in the policing of protests since 9/11. It concludes by identifying promising questions for future research.