cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
z ∼ 2: An Epoch of Disk Assembly

We explore the evolution of the internal gas kinematics of star-forming galaxies from the peak of cosmic star-formation at $z\sim2$ to today. Measurements of galaxy rotation velocity $V_{rot}$, which quantify ordered motions, and gas velocity dispersion $\sigma_g$, which quantify disordered motions, are adopted from the DEEP2 and SIGMA surveys. This sample covers a continuous baseline in redshift from $z=2.5$ to $z=0.1$, spanning 10 Gyrs. At low redshift, nearly all sufficiently massive star-forming galaxies are rotationally supported ($V_{rot}>\sigma_g$). By $z=2$, the percentage of galaxies with rotational support has declined to 50$\%$ at low stellar mass ($10^{9}-10^{10}\,M_{\odot}$) and 70$\%$ at high stellar mass ($10^{10}-10^{11}M_{\odot}$). For $V_{rot}\,>\,3\,\sigma_g$, the percentage drops below 35$\%$ for all masses. From $z\,=\,2$ to now, galaxies exhibit remarkably smooth kinematic evolution on average. All galaxies tend towards rotational support with time, and it is reached earlier in higher mass systems. This is mostly due to an average decline in $\sigma_g$ by a factor of 3 since a redshift of 2, which is independent of mass. Over the same time period, $V_{rot}$ increases by a factor of 1.5 for low mass systems, but does not evolve for high mass systems. These trends in $V_{rot}$ and $\sigma_g$ with time are at a fixed stellar mass and should not be interpreted as evolutionary tracks for galaxy populations. When galaxy populations are linked in time with abundance matching, not only does $\sigma_g$ decline with time as before, but $V_{rot}$ strongly increases with time for all galaxy masses. This enhances the evolution in $V_{rot}/\sigma_g$. These results indicate that $z\,=\,2$ is a period of disk assembly, during which the strong rotational support present in today's massive disk galaxies is only just beginning to emerge.
Ultra-Low-Power Tuning in Hybrid Barium Titanate–Silicon Nitride Electro-optic Devices on Silicon

As the optical analogue to integrated electronics, integrated photonics has already found widespread use in data centers in the form of optical interconnects. As global network traffic continues it...
Majorana physics through the Cabibbo Haze

We present a model in which the Supersymmetric Standard Model is aug-mented by the family symmetry $ {{\mathcal{Z}}_7} \rtimes {{\mathcal{Z}}_3} $ . Motivated by SO(10), where the charge two-thirds and neutral Dirac Yukawa matrices are related, we propose, using family symmetry, a special form for the seesaw Majorana matrix; it contains a squared correlated hierarchy, allowing it to mitigate the severe hierarchy of the quark sector. It is reproduced naturally by the invariant operators of $ {{\mathcal{Z}}_7} \rtimes {{\mathcal{Z}}_3} $ , with the hierarchy carried by familon fields. In addition to relating the hierarchy of the ΔI w = 1/2 to the ΔI w = 0 sector, it contains a Gatto-Sartori-Tonin like relation, predicts a normal hierarchy for Tri-bimaximal and Golden Ratio mixings, and gives specific values for the light neutrino masses.
Classification of large-scale fundus image data sets: A cloud-computing framework

Large medical image data sets with high dimensionality require substantial amount of computation time for data creation and data processing. This paper presents a novel generalized method that finds optimal image-based feature sets that reduce computational time complexity while maximizing overall classification accuracy for detection of diabetic retinopathy (DR). First, region-based and pixel-based features are extracted from fundus images for classification of DR lesions and vessel-like structures. Next, feature ranking strategies are used to distinguish the optimal classification feature sets. DR lesion and vessel classification accuracies are computed using the boosted decision tree and decision forest classifiers in the Microsoft Azure Machine Learning Studio platform, respectively. For images from the DIARETDB1 data set, 40 of its highest-ranked features are used to classify four DR lesion types with an average classification accuracy of 90.1% in 792 seconds. Also, for classification of red lesion regions and hemorrhages from microaneurysms, accuracies of 85% and 72% are observed, respectively. For images from STARE data set, 40 high-ranked features can classify minor blood vessels with an accuracy of 83.5% in 326 seconds. Such cloud-based fundus image analysis systems can significantly enhance the borderline classification performances in automated screening systems.
Categorified Quantum sl(2) and Equivariant Cohomology of Iterated Flag Varieties

A 2-category was introduced in math.QA/0803.3652 that categorifies Lusztig’s integral version of quantum sl(2). Here we construct for each positive integer N a representation of this 2-category using the equivariant cohomology of iterated flag varieties. This representation categorifies the irreducible (N + 1)-dimensional representation of quantum sl(2).
From gamma-ray bursts to fast radio bursts

The field of gamma-ray burst astronomy arguably went through three decades of growing pains before reaching maturity. What development lessons can be learned for the adolescent field of fast radio burst astronomy?
Berge's distance 3 pairs of genus 2 Heegaard splittings

Following an example discovered by John Berge [2], we show that there is a 4-component link L ⊂ (S1 × S2)#(S1 × S2) so that, generically, the result of Dehn surgery on L is a 3-manifold with two inequivalent genus 2 Heegaard splittings, and each of these Heegaard splittings is of Hempel distance 3.
Electron beam nanosculpting of suspended graphene sheets

We demonstrate high-resolution modification of suspended multilayer graphene sheets by controlled exposure to the focused electron beam of a transmission electron microscope. We show that this technique can be used to realize, on time scales of a few seconds, a variety of features, including nanometer-scale pores, slits, and gaps that are stable and do not evolve over time. Despite the extreme thinness of the suspended graphene sheets, extensive removal of material to produce the desired feature geometries is found not to introduce long-range distortion of the suspended sheet structure.
Localization with Deep Neural Networks using mmWave Ray Tracing Simulations

The world is moving towards faster data transformation with more efficient localization of a user being the preliminary requirement. This work investigates the use of a deep learning technique for wireless localization, considering both millimeter-wave (mmWave) and sub-6 GHz frequencies. The capability of learning a new neural network model makes the localization process easier and faster. In this study, a Deep Neural Network (DNN) was used to localize User Equipment (UE) in two static scenarios. We propose two different methods to train a neural network, one using channel parameters (features) and another using a channel response vector, and compare their performances using preliminary computer simulations. We observe that the former approach produces high localization accuracy: considering that all of the users have a fixed number of multipath components (MPCs), this method is reliant on the number of MPCs. On the other hand, the latter approach is independent of the MPCs, but it performs relatively poorly compared to the first approach.
How scars shape the neural landscape: Key molecular mediators of TGF-β1's anti-neuritogenic effects

Following injury to the peripheral and central nervous systems, tissue levels of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 often increase, which is key for wound healing and scarring. However, active wound regions and scars appear to inhibit process outgrowth by regenerating neurons. We recently showed that corneal wound myofibroblasts block corneal nerve regeneration in vivo, and sensory neurite outgrowth in vitro in a manner that relies critically on TGF-β1. In turn, delayed, abnormal re-innervation contributes to long-term sensory dysfunctions of the ocular surface. Here, we exposed morphologically and biochemically-differentiated sensory neurons from the ND7/23 cell line to TGF-β1 to identify the intracellular signals regulating these anti-neuritogenic effects, contrasting them with those of Semaphorin(Sema)3A, a known inhibitor of neurite outgrowth. Neuronal morphology was quantified using phase-contrast imaging. Western blotting and specific inhibitors were then used to identify key molecular mediators. Differentiated ND7/23 cells expressed neuron-specific markers, including those involved in neurite extension and polarization. TGF-β1 increased phosphorylation of collapsin response mediator protein-2 (CRMP2), a molecule that is key for neurite extension. We now show that both glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3β and Smad3 modulate phosphorylation of CRMP2 after treatment with TGF-β1. GSK-3β appeared to exert a particularly strong effect, which could be explained by its ability to phosphorylate not only CRMP2, but also Smad3. In conclusion, TGF-β1's inhibition of neurite outgrowth in sensory neurons appears to be regulated through a highly-conserved signaling pathway, which involves the GSK-3β/CRMP-2 loop via both canonical and non-canonical mechanisms. It is hoped that by defining the signaling pathways that control neurite outgrowth in wound environments, it will become possible to identify optimal molecular targets to promote re-innervation following injury.
Relative crystalline representations and $p$-divisible groups in the small ramification case

Let k be a perfect field of characteristic p>2, and let K be a finite totally ramified extension over W(k)[1p] of ramification degree e. Let R0 be a relative base ring over W(k)⟨t1±1,…,tm±1⟩ satisfying some mild conditions, and let R=R0⊗W(k)𝒪K. We show that if e<p−1, then every crystalline representation of π1e t(SpecR[1p]) with Hodge–Tate weights in [0,1] arises from a p-divisible group over R.
Identifying longevity associated genes by integrating gene expression and curated annotations

Aging is a complex process with poorly understood genetic mechanisms. Recent studies have sought to classify genes as pro-longevity or anti-longevity using a variety of machine learning algorithms. However, it is not clear which types of features are best for optimizing classification performance and which algorithms are best suited to this task. Further, performance assessments based on held-out test data are lacking. We systematically compare five popular classification algorithms using gene ontology and gene expression datasets as features to predict the pro-longevity versus anti-longevity status of genes for two model organisms (C. elegans and S. cerevisiae) using the GenAge database as ground truth. We find that elastic net penalized logistic regression performs particularly well at this task. Using elastic net, we make novel predictions of pro- and anti-longevity genes that are not currently in the GenAge database.
Generalized hidden Markov models for phylogenetic comparative datasets

O_LIHidden Markov models (HMM) have emerged as an important tool for understanding the evolution of characters that take on discrete states. Their flexibility and biological sensibility make them appealing for many phylogenetic comparative applications. C_LIO_LIPreviously available packages placed unnecessary limits on the number of observed and hidden states that can be considered when estimating transition rates and inferring ancestral states on a phylogeny. C_LIO_LITo address these issues, we expanded the capabilities of the R package corHMM to handle n-state and n-character problems and provide users with a streamlined set of functions to create custom HMMs for any biological question of arbitrary complexity. C_LIO_LIWe show that increasing the number of observed states increases the accuracy of ancestral state reconstruction. We also explore the conditions for when an HMM is most effective, finding that an HMM outperforms a Markov model when the degree of rate heterogeneity is moderate to high. C_LIO_LIFinally, we demonstrate the importance of these generalizations by reconstructing the morphology of the ancestral angiosperm flower. Exactly opposite to previous results, we find the most likely state to be a spiral perianth, spiral androecium, whorled gynoecium. The difference between our analysis and previous studies was that our modeling allowed for the correlated evolution of several flower characters. C_LI
Motif discovery algorithms in static and temporal networks: A survey

Motifs are the fundamental components of complex systems. The topological structure of networks representing complex systems and the frequency and distribution of motifs in these networks are intertwined. The complexities associated with graph and subgraph isomorphism problems, as the core of frequent subgraph mining, have direct impacts on the performance of motif discovery algorithms. To cope with these complexities, researchers have adopted different strategies for candidate generation and enumeration, and frequency computation. In the past few years, there has been an increasing interest in the analysis and mining of temporal networks. These networks, in contrast to their static counterparts, change over time in the form of insertion, deletion, or substitution of edges or vertices or their attributes. In this paper, we provide a survey of motif discovery algorithms proposed in the literature for mining static and temporal networks and review the corresponding algorithms based on their adopted strategies for candidate generation and frequency computation. As we witness the generation of a large amount of network data in social media platforms, bioinformatics applications, and communication and transportation networks and the advance in distributed computing and big data technology, we also conduct a survey on the algorithms proposed to resolve the CPU-bound and I/O bound problems in mining static and temporal networks.
Minimax Policy for Heavy-Tailed Bandits

We study the stochastic Multi-Armed Bandit (MAB) problem under worst-case regret and heavy-tailed reward distribution. We modify the minimax policy MOSS for the sub-Gaussian reward distribution by using saturated empirical mean to design a new algorithm called Robust MOSS. We show that if the moment of order $1+\epsilon $ for the reward distribution exists, then the refined strategy has a worst-case regret matching the lower bound while maintaining a distribution-dependent logarithm regret.
Nonlinear polarization transfer and control of two laser beams overlapping in a uniform nonlinear medium

A scheme for polarization control using two laser beams in a non-linear optical medium is studied using both co- and counter-propagating beam geometries. In particular, we show that under certain conditions it is possible for two laser beams to exchange their polarization states. A model accounting for a more realistic, 2D propagation geometry is presented. The 2D model produces drastically different results (compared to the 1D propagation geometry), creating difficulties for implementing polarization control in a realistic setting. A proposal for overcoming these difficulties by reducing the non-linear optical medium to a thin slab is presented.
Punching above its weight: life cycle energy accounting and environmental assessment of vanadium microalloying in reinforcement bar steel.

Steel-reinforced concrete is ubiquitously used in construction across the world. The United Nations estimates that the worldwide energy consumption of buildings accounts for 30–40% of global energy production, underlining the importance of the judicious selection of construction materials. Much effort has focused on the use of high-strength low-alloy steels in reinforcement bars whose economy of materials use is predicated upon improved yield strengths in comparison to low-carbon steels. While microalloying is known to allow for reduced steel consumption, a sustainability analysis in terms of embodied energy and CO2 has not thus far been performed. Here we calculate the impact of supplanting lower grade reinforcement bars with higher strength vanadium microalloyed steels on embodied energy and carbon footprint. We find that the increased strength of vanadium microalloyed steel translates into substantial material savings over mild steel, thereby reducing the total global fossil carbon footprint by as much as 0.385%. A more granular analysis pegs savings for China and the European Union at 1.01 and 0.19%, respectively, of their respective emissions. Our cradle-to-gate analysis provides an accounting of the role of microalloying in reducing the carbon footprint of the steel and construction industries and highlights the underappreciated role of alloying elements.
Trees, dendrites and the Cannon–Thurston map

When 1→H→G→Q→1 is a short exact sequence of three word-hyperbolic groups, Mahan Mj (formerly Mitra) has shown that the inclusion map from H to G extends continuously to a map between the Gromov boundaries of H and G. This boundary map is known as the Cannon–Thurston map. In this context, Mj associates to every point z in the Gromov boundary of Q an “ending lamination” on H which consists of pairs of distinct points in the boundary of H. We prove that for each such z, the quotient of the Gromov boundary of H by the equivalence relation generated by this ending lamination is a dendrite, that is, a tree-like topological space. This result generalizes the work of Kapovich and Lustig and Dowdall, Kapovich and Taylor, who prove that in the case where H is a free group and Q is a convex cocompact purely atoroidal subgroup of Out(FN), one can identify the resultant quotient space with a certain ℝ–tree in the boundary of Culler and Vogtmann’s Outer space.
Measurements of a quantum bulk acoustic resonator using a superconducting qubit

Phonon modes at microwave frequencies can be cooled to their quantum ground state using conventional cryogenic refrigeration, providing a convenient way to study and manipulate quantum states at the single phonon level. Phonons are of particular interest because mechanical deformations can mediate interactions with a wide range of different quantum systems, including solid-state defects, superconducting qubits, and optical photons when using optomechanically active constructs. Phonons, thus, hold promise for quantum-focused applications as diverse as sensing, information processing, and communication. Here, we describe a piezoelectric quantum bulk acoustic resonator (QBAR) with a 4.88 GHz resonant frequency, which, at cryogenic temperatures, displays large electromechanical coupling strength combined with a high intrinsic mechanical quality factor, Q i ≈ 4.3 × 10 4. Using a recently developed flip-chip technique, we couple this QBAR resonator to a superconducting qubit on a separate die and demonstrate the quantum control of the mechanics in the coupled system. This approach promises a facile and flexible experimental approach to quantum acoustics and hybrid quantum systems.
Batched Learning in Generalized Linear Contextual Bandits With General Decision Sets

In real-world adaptive personalized decision making, due to physical and/or resource constraints, a decision maker often does not have the luxury of immediately incorporating the feedback from the previous individual into forming new policies for future individuals. This is an important aspect that has largely been abstracted away from the traditional online learning/decision making literature. In this letter, we study the problem of batched learning in generalized linear contextual bandits where the decision maker, unlike in traditional online learning, can only access feedback at the end of a limited number of batches, and when selecting actions within a batch, can only use information from prior batches. We provide a lower bound that characterizes the fundamental limit of performance in this setting and then give a UCB-based batched learning algorithm whose regret bound, obtained using a self-normalized martingale style analysis, nearly matches this lower bound. Our results provide a novel inquiry into generalized linear contextual bandits with arbitrary action sets, which include several bandits setting as special cases and thus shed light on batch-constrained decision making in general.
Entropy production far from equilibrium in a chiral charged plasma in the presence of external electromagnetic fields

We report on the time evolution of a charged strongly coupled N = 4 SYM plasma with an axial anomaly subjected to strong electromagnetic fields. The evolution of this plasma corresponds to a fully backreacted asymptotically AdS5 solution to the Einstein-Maxwell-Chern-Simons theory. We explore the evolution of the axial current and production of axial charges. As an application we show that after a sufficiently long time both the entropy and the holographic entanglement entropy of a strip-like topology (both parallel to and transverse to the flow of axial current) grow linearly in time.
Integrating out new fermions at one loop

We present the fermionic universal one-loop effective action obtained by integrating out heavy vector-like fermions at one loop using functional techniques. Even though previous approaches are able to handle integrating out heavy fermions with non-chiral interactions, i.e. vanishing γ5 interaction terms, the computations proceed in a tedious manner that obscures a physical interpretation. We show how directly tackling the fermionic functional determinant not only allows for a much simpler and transparent computation, but is also able to account for chiral interaction terms in a simple, algorithmic way. Finally, we apply the obtained results to integrate out at one loop the vector-like fermions appearing in a toy model and in a fermionic model that exhibits strong cosmological phase transitions.
Metformin Use Is Associated With Reduced Mortality in a Diverse Population With COVID-19 and Diabetes.

Background Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) is a growing pandemic with an increasing death toll that has been linked to various comorbidities as well as racial disparity. However, the specific characteristics of these at-risk populations are still not known and approaches to lower mortality are lacking. Methods We conducted a retrospective electronic health record data analysis of 25,326 subjects tested for COVID-19 between 2/25/20 and 6/22/20 at the University of Alabama at Birmingham Hospital, a tertiary health care center in the racially diverse Southern U.S. The primary outcome was mortality in COVID-19-positive subjects and the association with subject characteristics and comorbidities was analyzed using simple and multiple linear logistic regression. Results The odds ratio of contracting COVID-19 was disproportionately high in Blacks/African-Americans (OR 2.6; 95% CI 2.19-3.10; p Conclusion Thus, these results suggest that while diabetes is an independent risk factor for COVID-19-related mortality, this risk is dramatically reduced in subjects taking metformin prior to diagnosis of COVID-19, raising the possibility that metformin may provide a protective approach in this high risk population.
Assessing the Performance of qpAdm: A Statistical Tool for Studying Population Admixture

qpAdm is a statistical tool for studying the ancestry of populations with histories that involve admixture between two or more source populations. Using qpAdm, it is possible to identify plausible models of admixture that fit the population history of a group of interest and to calculate the relative proportion of ancestry that can be ascribed to each source population in the model. Although qpAdm is widely used in studies of population history of human (and nonhuman) groups, relatively little has been done to assess its performance. We performed a simulation study to assess the behavior of qpAdm under various scenarios in order to identify areas of potential weakness and establish recommended best practices for use. We find that qpAdm is a robust tool that yields accurate results in many cases, including when data coverage is low, there are high rates of missing data or ancient DNA damage, or when diploid calls cannot be made. However, we caution against co-analyzing ancient and present-day data, the inclusion of an extremely large number of reference populations in a single model, and analyzing population histories involving extended periods of gene flow. We provide a user guide suggesting best practices for the use of qpAdm.
Legal Services Support Centers and Rebellious Advocacy: A Case Study of the Immigrant Legal Resource Center

view of immigrants that many Americans hold and to 74. Editorial, THE FRESNO BEE, Sept. 27, 1996, at 6A. 75. Anastasia Hendrix, An INS Mistake, a Mother Deported: Woman Sent to Guatemala After Missing Hearing, S.F. CHRON., July 27, 2002, at A1. http://openscholarship.wustl.edu/law_journal_law_policy/vol28/iss1/10 p 265 Hing book pages 10/31/2008 2008] A Case Study of the ILRC 321 demonstrate how immigration policy can hurt individuals and families about whom we should all care. With that potential in mind, the ILRC has honed an expertise in media outreach and media presentations. Concomitantly, the ILRC has developed strong relationships with media outlets and used those contacts regularly to dramatize how some immigration policies and procedures cause undue harm. The ILRC helps immigrants and advocates get immigrants’ stories and issues into media outlets in a wide variety of ways, including: working in partnership with service organizations and communities advocating for individuals whose cases reflect harmful immigration policies; working on its own or with immigrant-led organizations to publicize and humanize negative effects of existing or proposed policies, or to provide outreach about beneficial provisions; and providing detailed guidance on media work in manuals and trainings. 1. Publicizing and Humanizing Individual Cases Bringing sympathetic cases to the attention of the general public has the potential of putting community pressure on individual judges or Department of Homeland Security (“DHS”) officials to render favorable decisions in such cases. The publicity also can highlight the need for changing a particular policy. The ILRC helped immigrants and advocates bring the following case examples to the attention of local mainstream and ethnic media. The immigration court handling her asylum case failed to inform Lizbeth Sanchez of her correct court date. When she did not appear, the court ordered her deported in absentia. At about the same time, her U.S. citizen husband filed paperwork seeking permanent resident status for Lizbeth. When she went with her husband and eight-yearold daughter to Immigration and Nationalization Service (“INS”) to be interviewed for her green card, Lizbeth was handcuffed, taken into custody, and deported. Under harsh rules adopted in 1996 that affect those who have been in the United States without documentation, Lizbeth would not be able to reenter the United States for ten years
Firm Investment decisions in the post-conflict context†

Economic and political transition can occur through peaceful or violent means. Violent transition disrupts the incentive for firms to make productive investments. This paper studies the determinants of profit reinvestment for firms in post-conflict transition economies. Results indicate that while access to finance is an important determinant of reinvestment during transition, it is not as important in the post-conflict context. However, property rights protections, in particular institutions of contract enforcement, are a more important determinant of profit reinvestment for firms operating in the post-conflict environment than for firms in general. This indicates that obstacles to investment are context specific.
The Rule of Law in the Trial Court

This essay confronts claims that the American trial court poses a threat to the rule of law. I argue that the American trial court is a forum within which a rule of law distinctively appropriate to our society may be realized. The narrative and critical devices of the trial court embody norms that are intrinsic to law as we practice it in a manner analogous to Dworkin's claim that "principles" are intrinsic to law. There is no reason to identify law with bureaucratic-formalist modes of adjudication, which, I argue, have a higher level of arbitrariness than do the methods employed at trial. I then provide a short summary of those methods and their import. Finally, I address the work of two authors who argue that the integrity of the American trial is threatened by its too frequent failures to achieve factual accuracy. Though disputing some of their prescriptions, I agree that the rule of law, under either understanding, cannot be realized without a serious attention to issues of factual accuracy and I argue that our most serious weaknesses here stem from different sorts of failures at the pretrial stage.
Who Pays for National Defense? Financing Defense Programs in the United States, 1947-2007.

Past studies on military expenditures in the United States have primarily focused on the extent to which guns versus butter trade-offs are prevalent without examining this relationship in the conte...
A Contextual Evaluation of Composite Forecasts of Annual Earnings

This study addresses the impact of firm- and time-specific attributes on the accuracy of composite forecasts of annual earnings, constructed from time-series, price-based, and analysts' forecasts. The attributes examined include firm size, analysts' coverage, and time periods pre-dating and following the implementation of regulation fair disclosure. Our results indicate that the relative accuracy of the composite forecasts is time-specific. In the pre-regulation fair disclosure period, composite forecasts significantly outperform each of the three individual forecast sources. Moreover, the extent of improvement in accuracy of composite forecasts is significantly higher for the smaller and lightly-covered firms. Collectively, these results suggest that the predictive accuracy of composite forecasts is contextual.
The Meanings of Biological Integrity, Diversity, and Environmental Health

This article extracts from the legislative mandate to "ensure that the biological integrity, diversity, and environmental health of the [Refuge] System are maintained," a range of meanings that reflects scientific and legislative trends in conservation. The standard modes of statutory interpretation yield meanings that largely support the 2001 Fish and Wildlife Service policy delineating three distinct yet overlapping categories. The analysis reveals three insights applicable to other areas of environmental law. First, although diversity and health emphasize important aspects of nature protection, integrity is becoming the umbrella concept that encompasses the needs of well functioning landscapes. Second, the effectiveness of an organic mandate hinges on agency implementation, and the 2001 policy though a laudable start-does not adequately establish benchmarks to measure compliance. Third, broad spatial and temporal scales now frame nature protection. The mandate looks beyond individual refuge boundaries to the context of a watershed, region, or the entire federal land system, in addressing the dynamic variation in ecological processes.
The New Textualists' New Text

The past two decades have seen a polarized debate in both the courts and legal academic literature between those who regard themselves as textualists on the one hand, and those who advocate for courts using a broader range of evidence on the other. Gone largely unnoticed in the battles between these camps during the past quarter century is the fact that both sides in the debate agree upon almost everything when it comes to statutory interpretation. Most of whom textualists call intentionalists are really not that at all. Rather, they take a pragmatic, eclectic approach to the interpretation of statutes. By the same token, textualists do not eschew all context in the interpretation of statutes, as a cartoon-like description of the approach may suggest. To the contrary, proponents of both approaches find no difficulty looking at the earlier interpretive decisions of courts, background assumptions shared by the relevant community, constitutional considerations, questions of coherence with related statutes, and a host of other considerations. Only some context disturbs textualists, i.e., legislative history adduced as evidence of legislative intent, which they regard as an illegitimate. Recent writings from textualists explain how textualism can lead to results in disputed cases that are sensitive to a statute's purpose without resorting to extratextual materials that create both evidentiary and conceptual difficulties. By adopting an enriched approach to language as an initial matter, a view that considers context an important element of how we speak and understand language generally, textualist practice is able to internalize a great deal of contextual information while at the same time maintaining procedures less likely to lead courts into a decision-making process that conflicts with basic values such as separation of powers. The key intellectual decision is to focus on the ordinary meaning of statutory words, rather than on their plain meaning, as found in dictionary definitions. The shift from focusing on dictionaries to ordinary usage should be seen as an additional step toward reconciling textualist methodology with the goal of providing an interpretation that reflects a statute's purpose. If so, it is worth asking how well it achieves this goal. This Article argues that in many circumstances it does so very well. Nonetheless, there are several recurring situations in which the textualist effort falls short, even on its own terms.
Insurer-Provider Networks in the Medical Care Market

I use data on the hospital networks offered by managed care health insurers to estimate the expected division of profits between insurers and providers. I include a simple profit-maximization framework and an additional effect: hospitals that can secure demand without contracting with all insurers (e.g., those most attractive to consumers and those that are capacity constrained) may demand high prices that some insurers refuse to pay. Hospital mergers may also affect price bargaining. I estimate that all three types of hospitals capture higher markups than other providers. These results provide information on the hospital investment incentives generated by bargaining.
An Analysis of Stock Recommendations

We study the information content of stock reports when investors are uncertain about a Þnancial analyst’s incentives. Incentives may be aligned, in which case the analyst wishes to credibly convey his information, or incentives may be misaligned. We Þnd that: (a) Any investor uncertainty about incentives makes full revelation of information impossible. (b) Categorical ranking systems, such as those commonly used by brokerages, arise endogenously as equilibria. (c) Under certain conditions, analysts with aligned incentives can credibly convey unfavorable information, but can never credibly convey favorable information. (d) Policies that improve transparency of analyst incentives might reduce the information content of stock reports. Finally, we examine testable implications of the model compared to empirical analyses of stock recommendations. JEL #s: G24, D82
The effect of tougher enforcement on foreign firms: Evidence from the Adelphia perp walk

Abstract The public arrest of Adelphia executives on July 24, 2002 signaled tougher enforcement of laws against corporate crime. On that day and the two following days, foreign firms experienced a cumulative 1.7% decline in value. Relative to domestic firms, the loss was a much larger 4.5%. The expected cost to firms from tougher enforcement suggests three possible reasons. Foreign firms may be targeted more heavily, may face greater penalties, or may find it more costly to react to (deflect) enforcement. We find evidence consistent with foreign firms facing higher costs from tougher enforcement for each of these reasons.
Inequality, Debt Servicing and the Sustainability of Steady State Growth

We investigate the claim that the way in which debtor households service their debts matters for macroeconomic performance. A Kaleckian growth model is modified to incorporate working households who borrow to finance consumption that is determined, in part, by the desire to emulate the consumption patterns of more affluent households. The impact of this behavior on the sustainability of the growth process is then studied by means of a numerical analysis that captures various dimensions of income inequality. When compared with previous contributions to the literature, our results show that the way in which debtor households service their debt has both quantitative and qualitative effects on the economy's macrodynamics.
Spatial Heterogeneity in Listing Duration: The Influence of Relative Location to Marketability

Research on the relevance of location in real estate markets has been limited in studies of time on market. A semi-parametric duration model, adjusted for groupwise heterogeneity and corrected for bias, is employed on residential data to examine marketing time until sold as a function of multiple spatial planes. Including both locally defined neighborhood proxies and absolute location signatures in the models allows for controlling the influence that location externalities have on the components of individual properties and their relationship to marketing time. The results indicate that the impact on marketability from characteristics on a specific property vary by location within a housing market. The results are consistent with the pricing literature, suggesting that prime locations can command price premiums and potentially result in reduced marketing time.
Age and Great Invention

Great achievements in knowledge are produced by older innovators today than they were a century ago. Using data on Nobel Prize winners and great inventors, I find that the age at which noted innovations are produced has increased by approximately 6 years over the 20th Century. This trend is consistent with a shift in the life-cycle productivity of great minds. It is also consistent with an aging workforce. The paper employs a semi-parametric maximum likelihood model to (1) test between these competing explanations and (2) locate any specifi cs hifts in life-cycle productivity. The productivity explanation receives considerable support. I find that innovators are much less productive at younger ages, beginning to produce major ideas 8 years later at the end of the 20th Century than they did at the beginning. Furthermore, the later start to the career is not compensated for by increasing productivity beyond early middle age. I show that these distinct shifts for knowledge-based careers are consistent with a knowledgebased theory, where the accumulation of knowledge across generations leads innovators to seek more education over time. More generally, the results show that individual innovators are productive over a narrowing span of their life cycle, a trend that reduces — other things equal — the aggregate output of innovators. This drop in productivity is particularly acute if innovators’ raw ability is greatest when young.
INCREASED ACCURACY FOR RANGE RESTRICTION CORRECTIONS: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE ROLE OF PERSONALITY AND GENERAL MENTAL ABILITY IN JOB AND TRAINING PERFORMANCE

A recently developed procedure produces substantial improvements in the accuracy of corrections for range restriction and reveals that predictive validities of employment selection methods are higher than previously thought. This study applied this procedure to meta-analytic validities of 2 personality measures (Conscientiousness and Emotional Stability) and general cognitive ability measures. Results show that the increases in validity estimates are greater for cognitive ability than for personality, reducing the relative validity of personality. In addition, the incremental validity of these personality measures over that provided by cognitive ability is smaller than previously estimated. Path analyses based on the more accurate data reveal relatively smaller path coefficients from these personality traits to job and training performance. These findings have implications for theories of job performance and for the practical value in selection of personality measures relative to cognitive ability measures.
Three Tests for Practical Evaluation of Partisan Gerrymandering

Since the United States Supreme Court’s Davis v. Bandemer ruling in 1986, partisan gerrymandering for statewide electoral advantage has been held to be justiciable. The existing Supreme Court standard, culminating in Vieth v. Jubelirer and LULAC v. Perry, holds that a test for gerrymandering should demonstrate both intents and effects, and that partisan gerrymandering may be recognizable by its asymmetry: for a given distribution of popular votes, if the parties switch places in popular vote, the numbers of seats will change in an unequal fashion. However, the asymmetry standard is only a broad statement of principle, and no analytical method for assessing asymmetry has yet been held by the Supreme Court to be manageable. This Article proposes three statistical tests to reliably assess asymmetry in state-level districting schemes: (a) an unrepresentative distortion in the number of seats won based on expectations from nationwide district characteristics; (b) a discrepancy in winning vote margins between the two parties; and (c) the construction of reliable wins for the party in charge of redistricting, as measured by either the difference between mean and median vote share, or an unusually even distribution of votes across districts. The first test relies on computer simulation to estimate appropriate levels of representation for a given level of popular vote, and provides a way to measure the effects of a gerrymander. The second and third tests, which evaluate intent, rely on well-established statistical principles, and can be carried out using a hand calculator without examination of maps or redistricting procedures. I apply these standards to a variety of districting schemes, starting from the original “Gerry-manderˮ of 1812 up to modern cases. In post-2010 Congressional elections, partisan gerrymandering in a handful of states generated effects that are larger than the total nationwide effect of population clustering. By applying these standards in two recent cases, I show that Arizona legislative districts (Harris v. Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission) fail to qualify as a partisan gerrymander, but Maryland’s Congressional districts (Shapiro v. McManus) do. I propose that an intents-and-effects standard based on these tests is robust enough to mitigate the need to demonstrate predominant partisan intent. The three statistical standards offered here add to the judge’s toolkit for rapidly and rigorously identifying the effects of redistricting.
Inflation and Productivity: Empirical Evidence from Europe

The paper investigates the empirical association between inflation and productivity in 15 European countries over the period 1960–97. Modern econometric techniques based on integration and cointegra– tion analysis are used to test for the existence of a long–run relationship between inflation and productivity. Recently developed causality tests for possibly cointegrated VAR models are also applied instead of relying on standard Granger causality tests which are inappropriate in the presence of nonstationary variables.
Does the balance of power within a family matter? The case of the Retirement Equity Act

Abstract This paper studies within-family decision making regarding investment in income protection for surviving spouses using a simple and tractable Nash-bargaining model. A change in US pension law (the Retirement Equity Act of 1984) is used as an instrument to derive predictions from the bargaining model about the household demand for survivor annuities and life insurance and to contrast these with the predictions of the classical single-utility-function model of the household. In the empirical part of the paper, the predictions of the classical model are rejected in favor of the predictions of the Nash-bargaining model.
Genome analysis of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium bacteriophage L, indicator for StySA (StyLT2III) restriction-modification system action.

Bacteriophage L, a P22-like phage of Salmonella enterica sv Typhimurium LT2, was important for definition of mosaic organization of the lambdoid phage family and for characterization of restriction-modification systems of Salmonella. We report the complete genome sequences of bacteriophage L cI-40 13-am43 and L cII-101; the deduced sequence of wildtype L is 40,633 bp long with a 47.5% GC content. We compare this sequence with those of P22 and ST64T, and predict 72 Coding Sequences, 2 tRNA genes and 14 intergenic rho-independent transcription terminators. The overall genome organization of L agrees with earlier genetic and physical evidence; for example, no secondary immunity region (immI: ant, arc) or known genes for superinfection exclusion (sieA and sieB) are present. Proteomic analysis confirmed identification of virion proteins, along with low levels of assembly intermediates and host cell envelope proteins. The genome of L is 99.9% identical at the nucleotide level to that reported for phage ST64T, despite isolation on different continents ∼35 years apart. DNA modification by the epigenetic regulator Dam is generally incomplete. Dam modification is also selectively missing in one location, corresponding to the P22 phase-variation-sensitive promoter region of the serotype-converting gtrABC operon. The number of sites for SenLTIII (StySA) action may account for stronger restriction of L (13 sites) than of P22 (3 sites).