cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Glial differentiation in dissociated cell cultures of neonatal rat brain: Noncoordinate and density‐dependent regulation of oligodendroglial enzymes

The mixed glial system of primary cultures of cells dissociated from neonatal rat brain was utilized to study glial differentiation. The investigation was addressed specifically to the possibility of noncoordinate regulation of two manifestations of oligodendroglial differentiation, i.e., activities of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH) and of 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphohydrolase (CNP), as well as the effects of initial cell density on the time of onset and the intensity of expression of these aspects of oligodendroglial differentiation. Simultaneously, glutamine synthetase activity was studied to determine effects on astrocytic differentiation. GPDH exhibited a major developmental increase in specific activity between 20 and 32 days in culture. However, CNP activity exhibited a major developmental increase that commenced approximately 2 weeks earlier. The onset of these expressions of oligodendroglial differentiation was not affected by such environmental factors as initial cell density. However, the intensity of expression of the temporally separate increases in GPDH and CNP activities was markedly density-dependent. The highest activities were attained in cultures plated at the lowest cell densities. The astrocytic enzyme, glutamine synthetase, also exhibited a striking developmental increase (approximately tenfold between 13 and 30 days in culture), but initial cell density affected neither the time of onset nor the intensity of expression of this aspect of astrocytic differentiation. The data demonstrate a striking developmental increase in GPDH activity that is not coordinate with that in CNP. The noncoordinate manifestations of oligodendroglial differentiation commence as a function of time in culture, whereas the intensity of expression of this differentiation can be influenced by such environmental factors as initial cell density.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Control of Cation Permeation through the Nicotinic Receptor Channel

We used molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to explore the transport of single cations through the channel of the muscle nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR). Four MD simulations of 16 ns were performed at physiological and hyperpolarized membrane potentials, with and without restraints of the structure, but all without bound agonist. With the structure unrestrained and a potential of -100 mV, one cation traversed the channel during a transient period of channel hydration; at -200 mV, the channel was continuously hydrated and two cations traversed the channel. With the structure restrained, however, cations did not traverse the channel at either membrane potential, even though the channel was continuously hydrated. The overall results show that cation selective transport through the nAChR channel is governed by electrostatic interactions to achieve charge selectivity, but ion translocation relies on channel hydration, facilitated by a trans-membrane field, coupled with dynamic fluctuations of the channel structure.
Heat Dissipation Mechanism at Supported CNT-CNT Junctions

The thermal transport at the carbon nanotube (CNT) interfaces such as CNT-oxide and CNT-CNT junctions can significantly impact the device performance and reliability of nanotube network based thin-film transistors. For an example, the high electrical and thermal resistance at CNT junctions can cause hot spots, inefficient heat removal or even breakdown of CNTs. This paper presents a molecular dynamics based computational study of the heat dissipation at CNT-CNT junctions supported on silicon dioxide substrate. The breakdown of CNTs at high power densities and heat dissipation mechanism at CNT-CNT-oxide junctions is analyzed for different contact structures. It has been observed that at similar power densities the temperature in hanging CNTs can be hundreds of degree higher and can reach to breakdown temperature compared to the CNTs well-contacted with the substrate. The energy transfer in different frequency bands across the CNT-CNT-oxide contact was investigated using spectral energy density method. The lower CNT in the supported CNT-CNT junctions blocks the direct transport of high frequency phonons of top CNT to the oxide substrate.© 2012 ASME
On the structure-activity relationships and mechanism of organotin induced, nonenergy dependent swelling of liver mitochondria.

Abstract Organotin-induced, nonenergy dependent swelling of isolated rat liver mitochondria has been investigated. The organotins which were most active as swelling agents had three carbon-tin bonds, n -octanol: water partition coefficients greater than one, extracted chloride ions from water into benzene, and facilitated the diffusion of chloride ions through a benzene phase. Compounds having one, two, or four carbon-tin bonds exhibited low activity as swelling agents. Mitochondria were most sensitive to organotin-induced swelling when the major cation in the medium was the ammonium or triethylammonium ion; however, high concentrations of active organotins caused swelling which was independent of the nature of the medium. Bis-(triphenyltin)-sulfide exhibited low activity and sodium sulfide, BAL, or dithiothreitol protected mitochondria from organotin-induced swelling. The results suggest that low levels of active organotins may induce swelling by acting as foreign, anion specific ionophores in the inner mitochondrial membrane and that saturation of high capacity-low affinity mitochondrial binding sites by these compounds results in extensive and nonspecific alterations of the permeability of the mitochondrial membranes.
SPR4 — Gurtstraffer der Nächsten Generation

Ein weiterentwickelter Gurtstraffer von TRW nutzt zur Ubertragung des Straffmoments anstelle von metallischen Komponenten erstmals einen schlangenformigen Kunststoffkolben aus Polyamid. Dieser wird mittels eines schadgasarmen Treibstoffs aus einem Fuhrungsrohr gedruckt und anschliesend uber ein Zahnrad gefuhrt. Das neue Konzept ermoglicht ein vereinfachtes, robustes Design sowie kompaktes Packaging bei gleichzeitig niedrigerem Gewicht.
Clinical management of infants with hypoplastic left heart syndrome in the United States, 1988-1997.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate changes in the clinical management of infants with hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) over a 10-year period. BACKGROUND: Orthotopic heart transplantation (OHT) and the Norwood procedure have emerged as the treatment options for HLHS over the last 2 decades. METHODS: We used 1988-1997 hospital discharge data from the National Inpatient Sample dataset. Patients < or =30 days of age with a principal diagnosis of HLHS were identified. Clinical management included the Norwood procedure, OHT, in-hospital death without surgery, discharge home without surgery, and transfer to another hospital. Multivariate logistic regression was used to evaluate variables associated with the choice of management. RESULTS: There were 1986 cases of HLHS with 812 in-hospital deaths, yielding a mortality rate 40.9%. The in-hospital mortality rate decreased from 54.4% in 1988 to 38.1% in 1997. The proportion of patients treated with the Norwood procedure increased from 8% in 1988 to 34% in 1997. The proportion of patients who died in the hospital without surgery decreased over time while the percentage discharged from the hospital without surgery or transferred to another hospital remained relatively unchanged. The in-hospital mortality rate was significantly lower in the OHT group compared with the Norwood group (26.2% vs 46.0%). We found no differences in gender, race, type of insurance, or home income between patients treated with the Norwood procedure compared with those who received comfort care. Patients from a later era, in the South, and in teaching hospitals were more likely to undergo the Norwood procedure. CONCLUSIONS: Between 1988 and 1997, the proportion of infants with HLHS treated with the Norwood procedure increased while the use of comfort care decreased. Gender, race/ethnicity, type of medical insurance, and home income did not correlate with treatment choices.
SYNTHESIS OF 5-(1-PROPYNYL)-2′-DEOXYURIDINE 5′-(ALPHA-P-BORANO)TRIPHOSPHATE AND KINETIC CHARACTERIZATION AS A SUBSTRATE FOR MMLV REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE

In order to introduce pyrimidine C5-propynyl modification into boranophosphate oligodeoxyribonucleotides (BP-ODNs), 5-(1-propynyl)-2′-deoxyuridine 5′-(α-P-borano) triphosphate (d5PUTPαB) was synthesized. The two diastereomers were separated by reverse-phase HPLC. Kinetic studies showed that the Rp isomer was a slightly better substrate for MMLV reverse transcriptase than thymidine triphosphate or Rp-thymidine 5′-(α-P-borano)triphosphate. Using the Rp isomers of d5PUTPαB and the other three 5′-(α-P-borano) triphosphates, a DNA primer could be extended to the full length of the template.
Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder of the cervix

Abstract Background Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder involving the female genital tract is a rare event. Case A 67-year-old female status post orthotopic liver transplant 5 years previously for hepatitis B and sarcoidosis presented with vaginal bleeding. Endometrial biopsy revealed a high-grade malignant tumor with immunologic marker studies consistent with lymphoma. The patient underwent an exploratory laparotomy, modified radical hysterectomy, bilateral salpingo oophorectomy, bilateral selective pelvic and para-aortic lymphadenectomy, and omentectomy. Final pathology confirmed monomorphic B-cell post-transplantation lymphoproliferative disorder consistent with non-Hodgkin's B cell lymphoma confined to the endocervix and lower uterine segment. She remains recurrence free after 4 years with no adjuvant therapy. Conclusion Post-transplant complications can present in the female reproductive organs. Gynecologic oncologists need to be aware of this disease process when treating patients for gynecologic symptoms after transplant surgery.
Point-and-click objective specification for a remote semiautonomous robot system

The paper is directed toward describing a practical new means by which a remote user can, with a single image of the object surface of interest, specify objectives of a task which may be described in terms of positioning particular tool junctures relative to user-specified surface points. Also included in the paper is a robust means by which an uncalibrated, remote system -- consisting of a manipulator, two or more cameras, and a pan/tilt-mounted laser pointer -- may be used to carry out the maneuver with very high precision and reliability. This means is based upon the method of 'camera-space manipulation,' wherewith use is made of a conveniently located but uncalibrated laser pointer. The laser pointer is placed upon an uncalibrated, autonomously actuated, pan/tilt unit, and is used to create the compatible maneuver objectives in participating remote cameras, as required by camera-space manipulation. The paper discusses the range of tasks which should be achievable with the paradigm under discussion, as well as some comparisons between this paradigm and alternatives such as teleoperation and virtual-reality-based approaches. Finally, results from several experimental implementations of the method are presented.
“Fulfillment of a collective dream”: Culinary pilgrimage to Russian–Jewish New York

Since the early 1990s a new wave of Jewish immigration from the former Soviet Union has dramatically reshaped the gastronomic landscapes of many New York neighborhoods, most notably Brighton Beach, Rego Park, Washington Heights, Flatbush and Ocean Parkway. A new culinary infrastructure has emerged to support the culinary preferences and practices of these communities in homes, restaurants, bars, coffee shops, nightclubs and catering halls. Alongside this new culinary infrastructure, a new culinary practice, that of culinary pilgrimage to the food worlds of Russian Jewish New York has emerged among New Yorkers and visitors to New York, many but by no means all of whom are Jewish. Culinary pilgrims visit restaurants and nightclubs, come shopping for items unavailable elsewhere, and take part in one or more of the rapidly multiplying culinary walking tours that offer what historian (and tour guide) Seth Kamil calls “micro-histories” of New York's Russian–Jewish neighborhoods. These visitors are seeking more than just a good meal. Folklorist Lucy Long has found that culinary pilgrims seek a deeper and more personal understanding of foodways that are in some way more authentic than those of their everyday lives. Within the Jewish context, the cuisines of the former Soviet Union evoke both a places and times of heightened significance. This is the case when a young Russian journalist suggests that certain restaurants can provide “the fulfillment of a collective dream”.
Identification and Characterization of the Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus Glycoprotein C Gene

Abstract The infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) gene encoding a homologue to the glycoprotein C gene of herpes simplex virus has been sequenced and identified based on its genomic location, comparative analysis to other gC proteins, and the identification of a glycosylated protein product. Located near the small subunit ribonucleotide reductase gene, the ILTV gC gene is 1242 bp in length and is predicted to encode a membrane glycoprotein containing a characteristic N-terminal hydrophobic signal sequence, five potential N-linked glycosylation sites, and C-terminal transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains. Antibodies raised in rabbits against a Cro-ILTV-β-galactosidase fusion protein expressed in Escherichia coli recognize a 60-kDa ILTV-specific glycoprotein from infected cell extracts. Transcriptional analysis, using a portion of the open reading frame as a probe, identified a 1.55-kb transcript expressed with late gene kinetics. Comparison to other herpesvirus gC proteins revealed limited amino acid sequence homology and the absence of a charged extracellular region, which would normally interact with cell surface proteoglycans.
Occurrence in Blood Plasma from Certain Dairy Calves of Factors that Interfere with the Color Reactions of Activated Glycerol Dichlorohydrin with Vitamin A and Carotenoids

Summary Samples of blood plasma from calves were analyzed for vitamin A and carotenoids by saponification and by nonsaponifieation methods using activated glycerol dichlorohydrin (GDH) as the colorimetric reagent. The accuracy of analysis, as measured by the use of internal standards, was increased by saponification of plasma. Low vitamin A values occasionally found by the nonsaponifieation method are attributed primarily to the presence of inhibitors of color reactions. Color suppressing factors apparently contributed to the low carotenoid levels found in some nonsaponified samples of calf blood plasma. Although a marked variability among individual calves was noted, there appears to be a possible relationship between diet and the presence of color inhibitors in blood plasma. Since there is no known method of predicting the presence of substances that suppress the color reactions, it is recommended that all calf blood plasma samples be analyzed by the saponification method when GDH is used as the colorimetric reagent.
Evaluation of recent advances in butanol fermentation, upstream, and downstream processing

Four different processes for butanol production from corn, namely, batch fermentation and distillative recovery (BFDR), batch fermentation and pervaporative recovery (BFPR), fed-batch fermentation and pervaporative recovery (FBFPR), and immobilized cell continuous fermentation and pervaporative recovery (ICCFPR) were evaluated. Pervaporative recovery significantly reduces the cost of butanol production. Depending upon the byproduct credit, which is approximately 3.7 times that of the amount of butanol produced, BFDR, BFPR, FBFPR, and ICCFPR result in a butanol price of $0.55, $0.14–0.39, $0.12–0.37, and $0.11–0.36×kg–1, respectively. The price of butanol was recently reported at $1.21×kg–1 by Chemical Marketing Reporter. It should be noted that all three components (acetone, butanol, and ethanol: ABE) diffuse through the pervaporation membrane. Further separation and purification of the solvents would require distillation, which has been considered in this exercise. This article also details the impact of byproduct credit, rate of return, and tax on butanol price.
TH-SAM-BRB-01: Commissioning and Calibrating a Linear Accelerator — State-Of-The-Art in 2010

This presentation will cover the procedures required to commission and calibrate a linear accelerator with reference to the relevant AAPM publications ‐ TG‐106 and TG‐51. Commissioning: AAPM Task Group‐1061 provided detailed information on the beam data collection for commissioning of a linear accelerator that provided procedures for acquiring specific photon and electron beam parameters and methods to reduce measurement errors. It elaborated: need for commissioning data issues with beam commissioning measurements selection of phantom size and material selection of cable adopter detectors scanning system setup problems (possible solution and examples) scanning speed hysteresis saturation time delay sampling orientation fields such as total body irradiation (TBI) and total skin electron irradiation (TSEI) and small fields used in stereotactic radiosurgery(SRS) and intensity modulated radiation therapy(IMRT) smoothing filtering and processing and presentation of commissioning data. An overview and limitation of the task group will be discussed in the context of the rational for beam data commissioning time needed for data collection and the legality of the data for future use. Calibration: It is ten years since the TG‐512 protocol was published. Recent developments have called into question the relevance of the protocol as it stands. Three areas are immediately obvious: i) The majority of chambers available today do not have k Q factors listed in TG‐51; ii) Users can obtain linac‐based absorbed dosecalibration coefficients for ion chambers on a routine basis; iii) Monte‐Carlo radiation transport algorithms now allow accurate modelling of ion chamber geometries (and thus more accurate calculated k Q factors). In light of these issues the AAPM set up a working group to review TG‐51 and provide clarification. The output would be an addendum that updates the TG‐51 protocol to the situation in 2010. This presentation will deal primarily with megavoltage photon beams and will discuss the content of the draft report: 1. Calculated k Q factors for new chambers developed after the publication of TG‐51 2. A comparison of these calculations with measured k Q factors obtained at primary standards laboratories 3. An in‐depth discussion of uncertainties with guidance on how the clinical physicist can affect the overall uncertainty in absorbed dose to water 4. Best practice recommendations to minimize errors and ensure consistent dosimetric reporting There will also be some discussion of the issues to be faced in the update for electron beamdosimetry. Learning Objectives: 1. Rationale for beam data commissioning for a linear accelerator 2. Typical problems choice of detectors data collection accuracy 3. Data processing and accuracy needed 4. Rationale for an update to TG‐51 5. Content of photon beam addendum 6. Timeline for electron beam update.
Force capability differences due to gloves.

There are many tasks in the industrial environment, involving the use of the hands, for which gloves are required or voluntarily used by many workers. When an individual grasps a handle in attempting to exert short-term maximum force his/ her capability is influenced by the use of gloves. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the influence of a single glove and a double glove on handle forces generated by individuals. Thirty male volunteers were used as subjects. The maximum pull force, maximum push force, maximum wrist flexion torque and maximum wrist extension torque were measured under the condition of a slippery handle. These exertions of the subject's dominant hand were measured while using no glove, one glove and two gloves. Results indicated that the one-glove condition was superior to the conditions of no glove or double gloves for the forces and torques measured
Phytochrome regulation of phytochrome mRNA abundance

Pure phytochrome RNA sequence synthesized in an SP6-derived in vitro transcription system has been used as a standard to quantitate phytochrome mRNA abundance in Avena seedlings using a filter hybridization assay. In 4-day-old etiolated Avena seedlings phytochrome mRNA represents ∼0.1% of the total poly(A)(+) RNA. Irradiation of such seedlings with a saturating red-light pulse or continuous white light induces a decline in this mRNA that is detectable within 30 min and results in a 50% reduction by ∼60 min and >90% reduction within 5 h. The effect of the red-light pulse is reversed, approximately to the level of the far-red control, by an immediately subsequent far-red pulse. In seedlings maintained in extended darkness after the red-light pulse, the initial rapid decline in phytochrome mRNA level is followed by a slower reaccumulation such that 50-60% of the initial abundance is reached by 48 h. White-light grown seedlings transferred to darkness exhibit a similar accumulation of phytochrome mRNA that is accelerated by removal of residual Pfr with a far-red light pulse at the start of the dark period. The data establish that previously reported phytochrome-regulated changes in translatable phytochrome mRNA levels result from changes in the physical abundance of this mRNA rather than from altered translatability.
Acoustical Durations of Speech Segments During Stuttering Adaptation

Acoustical durations of stutter- and disfluency-free speech segments from Readings #1 and #5 in an adaptation series were measured in 4 adapting, 4 nonadapting, and 4 nonstuttering subjects. The se...
Change in Paternal Involvement from 1977 to 1997: A Cohort Analysis

Contemporary social expectations of fathering promote an image of fathers more heavily involved in child rearing than their counterparts from past decades. However, some have questioned whether or not the actual “conduct” of fatherhood has changed over time. Fathers from two nationally representative data sets and from two distinct time periods—1977 and 1997—were selected to test whether there has been a change in the amount of time that fathers spend with their children. The results of a cohort analysis indicated that fathers from each of the age cohorts in 1997 reported spending more time with children on both workdays and non-workdays than comparable fathers in 1977. In addition, younger fathers from both time periods generally reported spending more time with their children than did older fathers. Common predictors of paternal involvement differed somewhat in each time period.
Effects of Targeted Intervention on Early Literacy Skills of At-Risk Students

Abstract Reading problems are among the most prevalent concerns in schools; poor readers in elementary school who do not receive special assistance are particularly at risk for dismal academic careers. In a large-scale project, children with serious reading problems received targeted intervention to address critical early literacy skills. The assistance combined focused practice and frequent monitoring to provide instruction needed to improve reading skills. Participating students achieved significant gains in reading performance compared to a control group not receiving intervention. The outcomes of the study relate to continuing efforts to reduce the very large numbers of children failing to achieve early literacy skills in U.S. schools.
Comparison of the Normal and Noise-Suppression Settings on the Spectra 22 Speech Processor of the NucleusTM 22-Channel Cochlear Implant System

Seven subjects participated in a comparison of the normal (N) and noise suppression (S) settings on the Spectra 22 speech processor of the NucleusTM 22-channel cochlear implant system. Speech recog...
Image Stretching on a Curved Surface to Improve Satellite Gridding

A method for substantially reducing gridding errors due to satellite roll, pitch and yaw is given. A gimbal-mounted curved screen, scaled to 1:7,500,000, is used to stretch the satellite image whereby visible landmarks coincide with a projected map outline. The resulting rms position errors averaged 10.7 km as compared with 25.6 and 34.9 km for two samples of satellite imagery upon which image stretching was not performed.
A homing receptor-bearing cortical thymocyte subset: implications for thymus cell migration and the nature of cortisone-resistant thymocytes.

Abstract The thymus exports a selected subset of virgin T lymphocytes to the peripheral lymphoid organs. The mature phenotype of these thymus emigrants is similar to that of medullary thymocytes and has been cited as supporting a medullary rather than cortical exit site. Using the monoclonal antibody MEL-14, we identify a 1%–3% subpopulation of thymocytes that expresses high levels of a receptor molecule involved in lymphocyte homing to peripheral lymph nodes. We present evidence that these rare MEL-14 hi thymocytes are predominantly of mature phenotype and represent the major source of thymus emigrants. Surprisingly, MEL-14 hi thymocytes are exclusively cortical in location, although their mature phenotype may allow them to masquerade as medullary cells in conventional studies. We also demonstrate that unlike medullary thymocytes, many cortisone-resistant thymocytes (CRT) are MEL-14 hi . Thus, in contrast to current dogma, CRT do not represent a sample of medullary thymocytes as they are found in situ and their level of immunocompetence does not necessarily reflect that of the medullary population. Our findings refute the hypothesis that phenotypically and functionally mature cells are restricted to the medulla, and support our proposition that most thymus emigrants are derived from the MEL-14 hi cortical subset.
Bayesian prediction tests for structural stability

Abstract A Bayesian prediction test for structural stability is proposed which has several advantages over classical procedures. In particular, the small sample distribution of the test statistic is known under the null hypothesis, the same test statistic is appropriate for both regression and time series models, the test is valid even for nonstationary, multivariate AR and VAR models, and the test is robust to certain forms of nonnormality in the error distribution. A comparison of the Bayesian and classical tests indicates that the Bayesian test is equivalent to the predictive Chow test for regression models.
In situ UV-visible spectroscopic measurements of kinetic parameters and active sites for catalytic oxidation of alkanes on vanadium oxides.

In situ diffuse reflectance UV−visible spectroscopy was used to measure the dynamics of catalyst reduction and oxidation during propane oxidative dehydrogenation (ODH) on VOx/γ-Al2O3. Transients in UV−visible intensity in the near-edge region were analyzed using a mechanistic model of ODH reactions. Rate constants per site for the kinetically relevant reduction step (C−H bond activation) measured using this analysis are slightly larger than those obtained from steady-state ODH rates normalized by surface V. The ratio of these values provides a measure of the fraction of the V surface sites that are active for ODH (0.6−0.7, for V surface densities of 2.3−34 V nm-2). This suggests that some of the V atoms are either inaccessible or inactive. Reoxidation rate constants, which cannot be obtained from steady-state analysis, are 103−105 times larger than those for the C−H bond activation reduction step.
Computation and solution procedures for non-linear analysis by combined finite element — finite difference methods

Abstract This paper begins with the basic principle of virtual work and derives expressions for the pseudo forces and contributions to the tangent stiffness matrix for geometric and material nonlinearities. For this formulation a computional procedure is presented which evaluates the effects of nonlinearities through the use of finite difference expressions. This computational procedure is an order of magnitude faster than reported by other researchers and permits the solution for complex nonlinear behavior in reasonable times on the computer. Examples are presented for the large elastic-plastic deflections of shells of revolution under both static and dynamic loading and computer times are reported.
EFFECT OF NUTRITIONAL PRACTICES ON DAILY WEIGHT GAIN IN VLBW INFANTS. † 1834

The relationship between velocity growth and nutritional support practices was assessed with data prospectively collected on 1665 infants [birthweight(BW) 50 -1500 gm] admitted to the 12 Network centers between 8/31/94 and 8/9/95. Infants had been admitted at age ≤ 24 hrs, survived > 7 d, and were free of major congenital anomalies. They were followed until discharge, transfer, age 120 d or until reaching a body weight (WT) of 2000 gm. WT was recorded daily until BW was regained and/or a minimum of 14 d, then it was recorded weekly. Mean days to regain and maintain BW for 2 d, days of parenteral nutritional (PN) providing ≥ 75% daily fluid volume, age at first and to full enteral feeding, and average daily WT gain (between the day BW regained and 2000g is reached) are shown (Table) for 100 gm BW groups. Analyses were done for each group separately using a random effects regression model for longitudinal data. For each BW group, the duration of PN ≥ 75% intake and age at first full enteral feeding had a small effect on the rate of WT gain; but a delay of 1 wk in the age at first enteral feeding was associated with a decrease in the rate of WT gain by 2-4 g/d. These data agree with the suggestion that early initiation of enteral feeding facilitates WT gain and show the average daily weight gain achievable by VLBW infants with current nutritional practices.
Are We One Hop Away from a Better Internet

The Internet suffers from well-known performance, reliability, and security problems. However, proposed improvements have seen little adoption due to the difficulties of Internet-wide deployment. We observe that, instead of trying to solve these problems in the general case, it may be possible to make substantial progress by focusing on solutions tailored to the paths between popular content providers and their clients, which carry a large share of Internet traffic.In this paper, we identify one property of these paths that may provide a foothold for deployable solutions: they are often very short. Our measurements show that Google connects directly to networks hosting more than 60% of end-user prefixes, and that other large content providers have similar connectivity. These direct paths open the possibility of solutions that sidestep the headache of Internet-wide deployability, and we sketch approaches one might take to improve performance and security in this setting.
Impedance Spectroscopy: A Powerful Tool for Rapid Biomolecular Screening and Cell Culture Monitoring

Dielectric spectroscopy or Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is traditionally used in corrosion monitoring, coatings evaluation, batteries, and electrodeposition and semiconductor characterization. However, in recent years, it is gaining widespread application in biotechnology, tissue engineering, and characterization of biological cells, disease diagnosis and cell culture monitoring. This article discusses the principles and implementation of dielectric spectroscopy in these bioanalytical applications. It provides examples of EIS as label-free, mediator-free strategies for rapid screening of biocompatible surfaces, monitoring pathogenic bacteria, as well as the analysis of heterogeneous systems, especially biological cells and tissues. Descriptions are given of the application of nanoparticles to improve the analytical sensitivities in EIS. Specific examples are given of the detection of base pair mismatches in the DNA sequence of Hepatitis B disease, TaySach's disease and Microcystis spp. Others include the EIS detection of viable pathogenic bacteria and the influence of nanomaterials in enhancing biosensor performance. Expanding applications in tissue engineering such as adsorption of proteins onto thiolated hexa(ethylene glycol)-terminated (EG6) self-assembled monolayer (SAM) are discussed.
Carbamazepine-salicylate interaction in normal and uremic sera: reduced interaction in uremic sera.

SummaryDisplacement of phenytoin and valproic acid by salicylate have been described. We studied carbamazepine-salicylate interactions in normal and uremic sera, which have not been studied. Salicylate caused significant displacement of carbamazepine from protein binding, leading to higher concentra
Sets constructed from sequences of measures: Revisited

Let U and U ′ be measures on a cardinal κ : that is, normal κ -complete ultrafilters on κ . The partial ordering ⊲ was defined in [M74]: we say U ⊲ U ′ if U ∈ V κ / U ′. A model L (ℱ) was constructed in which this ordering was a well ordering, and it was shown that under proper assumptions the length of this well ordering could be any ordinal up to κ ++ L (ℱ) . In this paper we will revisit this material and show that the coherence required in the construction of ℱ can be greatly weakened. This change simplifies some proofs, weakens the assumption needed for the results stated above (Theorem 1, below), and proves one new result (Theorem 5, below) which is suggestive although its significance is not clear. We have tried to make this paper self-contained and to that end have repeated some material from [M74]. We begin with some definitions before stating Theorem 1. The ordering ⊲ is well founded. This may be seen by assuming that it is not and letting κ be least such that ⊲ is not well founded on measures on κ . If U is a measure on κ with an infinite descending chain below it, then the measures on κ in V κ U are still not well founded by ⊲, contradicting the fact that i U (κ) is the least cardinal in V κ / U such that ⊲ is not well founded. Since ⊲ is well founded, we can define O(U) to be the rank of U in the partial ordering ⊲ of measures on κ , and O ( κ ) to be the rank of this partial ordering.
Backfire: Behavioral Decision Making and the Strategic Risks of Successful Surprise

Helfstein, Scott. (2011) Backfire: Behavioral Decision Making and the Strategic Risks of Successful Surprise. Foreign Policy Analysis, doi: 10.1111/j.1743-8594.2011.00165.x States attempting surprise attacks usually achieve tactical success in catching an opponent unprepared. Many studies of surprise do not look beyond the opening bolt from the blue to examine the impact of surprise based on the broader strategic objectives. A comparative case study of centrally planned surprise attacks from 1950 to 1990 suggests that surprise rarely achieves strategic ends. They did not deter the targets from military action, and more surprisingly, did not contribute to less deadly wars. This runs counter to conventional beliefs about surprise, since attacks are supposed to impair a target’s desire or ability to mount a military response. Instead, the most damaging surprises are followed by particularly bloody conflict, a phenomenon referred to here as backfire. The article examines a number of possible strategic explanations for this empirical pattern and ultimately concludes that behavioral decision-making processes characterized by prospect theory offer the best possible explanation. An increased propensity for risk, resulting from the losses suffered during a large surprise, drives target military reaction despite the lower likelihood of success.
Time series evidence on shirking in the U.S. House of Representatives

This paper presents time series evidence on the voting behavior of members of the U.S. House of Representatives from 1975 to 1990. The empirical results indicate that voting behavior of individual congressmen is remarkably stable over time. We find no evidence of economically significant last term effects on voting behavior, nor are there important effects of legislative tenure on voting patterns. The most significant deviations in voting behavior occur for congressmen who failed to win their reelection bid, suggesting that sizable deviations from previous policy positions may result in swift retribution by constituents in the district.
Response to Block et al.: first-person perspectives are both necessary and troublesome for consciousness science

We are grateful to Ned Block and co-authors for their commentary piece, ‘Consciousness science: real progress and lingering misconceptions’ [1], which expands on the arguments we put forward in our earlier Science and Society article [2].
Characterization of Soluble Uterine Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterase

Soluble cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase of rat uterus displays distinct structural and regulatory properties. Like phosphodiesterases from many mammalian sources the soluble uterine enzyme system exhibits nonlinear Lineweaver--Burk kinetics with cyclic adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate (cAMP) as substrate (apparent Kms congruent to 3 and 20 micron) and linear kinetics with cyclic guanosine 3':5'-monophosphate (cGMP) as substrate (apparent Km congruent to 3 micron). Unlike most other mammalian phosphodiesterases, however, numerous separation procedures reveal only a single form of uterine phosphodiesterase which catalyzes the hydrolysis of both cAMP and cGMP. A single form of the enzyme is observed upon sucrose gradient centrifugation (7.9 S), agarose gel filtration, and DEAE-cellulose chromatography at either pH 8.0 OR 6.0. Heat denaturation (50 degrees C) of soluble uterine phosphodiesterase causes the loss of both cAMP and cGMP hydrolytic activities at the same rate. Isoelectric focusing reveals major (pI = 5.2) and minor forms (pI = 5.8) of phosphodiesterase which both catalyze the hydrolysis of the two cyclic nucleotide substrates. In vivo administration of estradiol produces identical decreases in the activities of cAMP and cGMP phosphodiesterase. These results raise the possibility that the uterus contains a single form of soluble phosphodiesterase which catalyzes the hydrolysis of both cAMP and cGMP.
Novel therapeutics for metastatic renal cell carcinoma.

The treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) has changed dramatically during the past few years. Sunitinib malate, sorafenib tosylate, bevacizumab with interferon α, temsirolimus, and everolimus have improved clinical outcomes in randomized phase 3 trials by inhibiting the vascular endothelial growth factor and related pathways. Combinations and sequences of these agents are being evaluated. Other novel agents are in clinical development, some of which target novel pathways not yet exploited as therapy for RCC. Recently reported and ongoing clinical trials will help further define the role of these agents as therapy for metastatic RCC. Cancer 2009;115(10 suppl):2361-7. © 2009 American Cancer Society.
Preparing K-8 Preservice Teachers in a Content Course for Standards-Based Mathematics Pedagogy

Many K–8 preservice teachers have not experienced learning mathematics in a standards-based classroom. This article describes a mathematics content course designed to provide preservice teachers experiences in learning mathematics that will help build a solid foundation for a standards-based methods course. The content course focuses on developing preservice teachers' mathematical knowledge, as well as helping them realize what it means to learn mathematics that is taught using the pedagogy in the Principles and Standards for School Mathematics (National Council of Teachers of Mathematics, 2000). Furthermore, findings are presented from a study on this course that describe students' pre- and postcourse beliefs, attitudes, and perceptions of what it means to learn and teach mathematics. These findings provide evidence that the students in the study are beginning to understand what is meant by a standards-based classroom. Data were collected from surveys and interviews. Quotes from the students who aspire to be elementary teachers are used throughout the article to support the points.
Some implications of computer networks for psychology

Computer networking as a subject of psychological research has varied facets, including the social psychology of scientists, the role of group “labeling” practices, and the paradigm development process, as well as the definitions of software, hardware, and communication systems and interfaces that fit the research styles, aspirations, and work habits specific to psychologists.
Comparison of Two Intrusion Detection Schemes for Sparsely Connected Ad Hoc Networks

Several approaches have been proposed for intrusion detection in mobile ad hoc networks. Most of the approaches assume that there are sufficient neighbors to help monitor the transmissions and receptions of data packets by other nodes to detect abnormality. However, in a sparsely connected ad hoc network, nodes usually have very small number of neighbors. Using a traditional intrusion detection and mitigation scheme designed for well-connected ad hoc networks, the delivery ratio in a sparsely connected ad hoc network (50 nodes over 2000times2000 m 2) can only improve from 76.5% to 79.9% with selective dropping attacks. Thus, we propose a ferry-based intrusion detection and mitigation (FBIDM) scheme for sparsely connected ad hoc networks. Our simulation results indicate that our new ferry-based scheme is more effective than the traditional mitigation schemes that are used for well-connected mobile ad hoc networks. Our FBIDM scheme reduces the impact of the data dropping attacks performed by malicious nodes in a sparsely connected ad hoc network. Without any mitigation scheme, the delivery ratio is 76.5% with selective dropping attacks. With FBIDM, the system achieves a delivery ratio that ranges from 87% (with a single ferry) to 93% (with four ferries) with selective dropping attacks. Without the mitigation scheme, the delivery ratio with black hole attacks drops to 65.9%. With FBIDM, the achieved delivery ratio ranges from 82.9% (with a single ferry) to 91.9% (with four ferries) with black hole attacks
TPN-Induced Sympathetic Activation Is Related to Diet, Bacterial Translocation, and an Intravenous Line

Objective: To investigate the effects of an intravenous line and the administration of a total parenteral nutrition (TPN) formula by the parenteral and oral routes on bacterial translocation and urinary catecholamine excretion in rodents. Methods: Rats were fed chow with or without an intravenous line and a fat-free TPN solution either orally or intravenously for 5 consecutive days. Urine was collected on the first, third, and fifth days of feeding and quantitatively analyzed for norepinephrine and epinephrine excretion. Mesenteric lymph nodes were cultured for bacteria at the end of the study (day 5). Results: Oral and intravenous TPN diets significantly increased norepinephrine excretion over time (P Conclusions: Intravenous and oral fat-free, hypertonic glucose diets increase sympathetic nervous activity. This diet-induced sympathetic activity may be related to the presence of an intravenous line, bacterial translocation, the thermic effects of hypertonic glucose, and/or the absence of orally ingested food substances in rodent chow. In this model of rodent feeding, increased sympathetic activity may account for alterations in intestinal and immunologic defenses. (Arch Surg. 1995;130:209-214)
La8Ru4O21: A mixed-valence ternary ruthenium oxide of a new hexagonal structure type

Abstract Crystals of the title compound were obtained by reaction of La 2 O 3 , RuO 2 , and NaClO 3 in a KCl melt at 950°C under vacuum. La 8 Ru 4 O 21 forms hexagonal crystals, space group P 6 3 cm ; a = 9.885(2), c = 10.805(2) A; V = 914.3(5) A 3 ; Z = 2. Single crystal X-ray intensity data were collected on an automated diffractometer using graphite monochromated Mo Kα radiation. Using 486 unique reflections (6° ≤ 2ϑ ≤ 60°), the structure has been refined to a conventional R = 0.027 ( R w = 0.031). The significant motif in this new structure is the Ru 4 O 24− 21 group with 3 m symmetry, composed of a central RuO 6 octahedron that shares three mutually cis oxygen atoms with adjacent RuO 6 octahedra. The mean ruthenium oxidation number is 4.5, but the averaged RuO distances for the two types of ruthenium atom, Ru(1), 1.96 A and Ru(2), 1.98 A, provide no support for the assignment of integral oxidation states to individual Ru ions. It is proposed that there is extensive delocalization of dπ electrons across the bridging oxygen atoms.
A case of synchronous bilateral testicular seminoma.

The optimum management of patients with low-stage seminoma remains a matter of debate. Here, Resnick et al. detail the case of a 51-year-old man who was diagnosed with bilateral stage I testicular seminoma. The authors discuss the management of bilateral disease, addressing the implications of surgical castration and the possibility of testis-sparing approaches to treatment. Background A previously healthy 51-year-old man with two children sustained a minor testicular trauma and subsequently sought medical care for persistent discomfort. Investigations Physical examination, scrotal ultrasonography, Doppler ultrasound evaluation of testicular blood flow, scrotal MRI, measurement of serum tumor markers and testosterone levels, CT of the chest, abdomen and pelvis, intraoperative frozen section analysis and final pathologic analysis. Diagnosis Bilateral testicular seminoma (clinical stage I). Management The patient initially underwent radical left orchiectomy with intraoperative frozen section analysis, which returned equivocal results. Final pathologic analysis revealed a 2.5 cm left testicular seminoma without vascular invasion. After careful discussion, he ultimately underwent radical right orchiectomy; pathologic analysis revealed a 2.7 cm right seminoma with vascular invasion. Testosterone replacement therapy was initiated. After further discussion, the patient elected to undergo adjuvant abdominal radiotherapy to a total of 25 Gy. The patient showed no evidence of disease over a post-treatment follow-up period of 24 months.
Chemical sensing systems using xerogel-based sensor elements and CMOS photodetectors

We present the first example of an integrated complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) photodetector coupled with a solid-state xerogel-based thin-film sensor to produce a compact chemical sensor system. We compare results using two different CMOS-based detector systems to results obtained by using a standard photomultiplier tube (PMT) or charge-coupled device (CCD) detector. Because the chemical sensor elements are governed by a Stern-Volmer relationship, the Stern-Volmer quenching constant is used as the primary comparator between the different detectors. All of the systems yielded Stern-Volmer constants from 0.042 to 0.049 O/sub 2/%/sup -1/. The results show that the CMOS detector system yields analytical data that are comparable to the CCD- and PMT-based systems. The disparity between the data obtained from each detector is primarily associated with the difference in how the signals are obtained by each detector as they presently exist. We have also observed satisfactory reversibility in the operation of the sensor system. The CMOS-based system exhibits a response time that is faster than the chemical sensor element's intrinsic response time, making the CMOS suitable for time-dependent measurements. The CMOS array detector also uses less than 0.1% the power in comparison to a standard PMT or CCD. The combined xerogel/CMOS system represents an important step toward the development of a portable, efficient sensor system.
The Minskyan System, Part I Properties of the Minskyan Analysis and How to Theorize and Model a Monetary Production Economy

This is the first part of a three-part analysis of the Minskyan framework. Via an extensive review of the literature, this paper looks at 12 essential elements necessary to get a good understanding of Minsky's theory, and argues that those elements are central to comprehend how a monetary production economy works. This paper also shows how important these 12 elements are for the modeling of the Minskyan framework, and how the omission of one of them may be detrimental to an understanding of the essential dynamics that Minsky put forward: the Financial Instability Hypothesis.