cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
RITUAL, POWER, AND OUTSIDE KNOWLEDGE1

This essay focuses on the relationship between ritual, power, and outside knowledge, with two goals in mind. The one is to demonstrate that outside knowledge was an important aspect of the religious-political systems of pre-colonial West Africa. The other is to suggest that the bearers of outside knowledge-the outsiders themselves-often used advantages gained from their introduction of new religious ideas and practices to secure central positions in the political affairs of their adopted communities. The outsider, then, is a potential agent of change. Like adding to a gene pool, the presence of outsiders in a community adds to the pool of knowledge-to the cultural mix-that exists among its inhabitants.2 Unless individuals make their presence felt, however, the particular knowledge they have by virtue of coming from a different place may go untapped. Therefore, one must raise the important question of how outsiders actually influence an alien community. The answer, of course, is linked to power. In pre-colonial African societies, the outsider-excluding conquering groups or large communities of exiles-was conventionally viewed as deprived of rights of citizenship and hence rights to perform roles in public bodies.3 Outsiders were seen as marginal people who occupied the bottom of an ascriptively-defined social hierarchy. Status, and therefore citizenship, derived from membership in kinship groups. Slaves entered a new community with no identity; they were incorporated into kin groups as the least equal members having the fewest rights but the most obligations. Alien wives entered their husbands' communities with no local kin group idenltity (or its support) and hence they were dependent on their husbands' kinspeople, through whom their rights and duties were defined. Similarly, refugees and other types of clients entered a new community without the support of kinsmen; they, too, were depen
Theories of Comparative Political Economy: New Paradigms By Ronald H. Chilcote. Boulder, CO: Westview, 2000. 316p. $28.00 paper.

Ronald Chilcote is a leading radical political economist, and this book is a fine illustration of his well-earned reputation. It is a comprehensive survey of most of the major writers and themes that have dominated the literature on liberal and radical political economy, organized historically and by schools of thought around key concepts: class, state, imperialism, and transitions. The core of the book focuses on these four conceptual areas.
Missional Churches in Secular Societies: Theology Consults Sociology

The church is missionary by nature. But what about public church mission in secular societies? Furious religion mobilizing against rebarbative secularity? Withdrawal to seek exemplary perfection? To the contrary, theologically principled consultation with the sociology of J. Casanova on deprivatized religion leads to public witness in modern societies. Public theology can interpret deprivatized religion as an expression of prophetic and kingly elements in church mission. However, sociology leaves the priestly element as if private. What might ecclesiology, missiology, and public theology say about a public aspect of the priestly element in the church's witness in modern societies?
Prostate cancer and sexuality: Implications for nursing

In the United States, men aged 65 and older are at particular risk for prostate cancer. Treatments for prostate cancer may result in erectile dysfunction, which can affect the older man's sense of self as well as his relationship with his intimate partner. Research has shown a range of factors associated with sexuality for men who have had prostate cancer and their partners. The PLISSIT model can be applied to nursing assessment and intervention of sexuality and prostate cancer. Nurses must acknowledge the sexuality of older men and their partners and the potential effect that prostate cancer can have on this multifaceted aspect of their lives.
The effect of health insurance on emergency department visits: Evidence from an age-based eligibility threshold

Health insurance affects the rate at which individuals visit hospitals and emergency departments (EDs). We identify the causal effect of losing health insurance using a regression discontinuity design. We compare individuals just before and after their twenty third birthday, which insurers have used as a cutoff after which students are no longer eligible for their parents' health insurance: 1.5% of young adults lose their health insurance upon turning 23, and this transition leads to a 1.6% decrease in ED visits and a 0.8% decrease in hospital stays. We discuss why these estimates are larger than those observed among teenage populations.
Determination of the mechanism of orotidine 5'-monophosphate decarboxylase by isotope effects.

Orotidine 5‘-monophosphate shows a 15N isotope effect of 1.0036 at N-1 for decarboxylation catalyzed by orotidine 5‘-monophosphate decarboxylase. Picolinic acid shows a 15N isotope effect of 0.9955 for decarboxylation in ethylene glycol at 190 °C, while N-methyl picolinic acid shows a 15N isotope effect of 1.0053 at 120 °C. The transition state for enzymatic decarboxylation of orotidine 5‘-monophosphate resembles the transition state for N-methyl picolinic acid in that no bond order changes take place at N-1. This rules out enolization to give a quaternary nitrogen at N-1 in the enzymatic mechanism and suggests a carbanion intermediate stabilized by simple electrostatic interaction with Lys-93. The driving force for the reaction appears to be ground-state destabilization resulting from charge repulsion between the carboxyl of the substrate and Asp-91.
FSC LCD technology for military and avionics applications

Field sequential color (FSC) liquid crystal displays (LCD) using a high speed LCD mode and an R, G, B LED backlight, offers a significant potential for lower power consumption, higher resolution, higher brightness and lower cost compared to the conventional R, G, B color filter based LCD, and thus is of interest to various military and avionic display applications. While the DLP projection TVs, and Camcorder LCD view finder type displays using the FSC technology have been introduced in the consumer market, large area direct view LCD displays based on the FSC technology have not reached the commercial market yet. Further, large area FSC LCDs can present unique operational issues in avionic and military environments particularly for operation in a broad temperature range and with respect to its susceptibility for the color breakup image artifact. In this paper we will review the current status of the FSC LCD technology and then discuss the results of our efforts on the FSC LCD technology evaluation for the avionic applications.
Boundary-layer separation on rotating blades in forward flight.

A study has been made to determine the effects of rotation, forward flight, angle of attack, lift and downflow on the laminar boundary-layer separation on an idealized rigid blade of infinite extent. As a result of the method of analysis it is possible to isolate the effects of angle of attack, forward flight and downflow velocity. In general, separation is delayed on the inboard portion of the blade as a result of rotation. This effect has been noted previously. For forward flight without downflow the separation point, at a given spanwise location, oscillates about the no forward flight separation point. In addition the location of the separation point, in this case, is 90 out of phase with the velocity at the edge of the boundary layer. When both forward flight and downflow are included in the solution, the oscillations of the separation line are amplified and the separation line undergoes an additional phase shift in azimuthal angle. The larger the angle of attack the more exaggerated are the amplifications of the oscillation in the separation line.
‘Unfolding’ pathways in neurodegenerative disease

The endoplasmic reticulum responds to stress by initiating a cascade of events known as the 'unfolded-protein response' (UPR). The accumulation of misfolded proteins in the leukodystrophy Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease activates this stress response, resulting in apoptosis of oligodendrocytes. Although it remains uncertain whether the UPR plays a mechanistic role in prototypical neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, this is plausible because misfolded proteins are directly implicated in the pathogenesis of these disorders.
Colobus guereza: Territoriality and Group Composition

Troops of the black and white colobus Colobus guereza in the Bueclongio Forest, Uganda, average eight animals with a typical composition of one adult male, four adult females, two subadults, one juvenile, and one infant. Solitary males and small all-male groups also occur. Troops of mixed sexes have well-defined territories which coincide roughly with the home range. Territories of five groups averaged 0.062 square mile (0.137 kmn(2)) in area agreeing closely with territory-sizes of Asian Colobine monkeys. Adult males have a roar that is concerned with maintaining territorial spacing, but not with actual territorial defense. The territories of these arboreal, forest animals are much smaller than the home ranges of more terrestrial and nonterritorial open-country primaes.
Properties of Subtree-Prune-and-Regraft Operations on Totally-Ordered Phylogenetic Trees

We study some properties of subtree-prune-and-regraft (SPR) operations on leaflabelled rooted binary trees in which internal vertices are totally ordered. Since biological events occur with certain time ordering, sometimes such totally-ordered trees must be used to avoid possible contradictions in representing evolutionary histories of biological sequences. Compared to the case of plain leaf-labelled rooted binary trees where internal vertices are only partially ordered, SPR operations on totally-ordered trees are more constrained and therefore more difficult to study. In this paper, we investigate the unit-neighbourhood U(T), defined as the set of totally-ordered trees one SPR operation away from a given totally-ordered tree T. We construct a recursion relation for | U(T) | and thereby arrive at an efficient method of determining | U(T) |. In contrast to the case of plain rooted trees, where the unit-neighbourhood size grows quadratically with respect to the number n of leaves, for totally-ordered trees | U(T) | grows like O(n3). For some special topology types, we are able to obtain simple closed-form formulae for | U(T) |. Using these results, we find a sharp upper bound on | U(T) | and conjecture a formula for a sharp lower bound. Lastly, we study the diameter of the space of totally-ordered trees measured using the induced SPR-metric.
Fast algorithms for solving Toeplitz systems of equations using number-theoretic transforms

Abstract Three fast algorithms for solving Toeplitz systems of equations are presented. The algorithms all embed the Toeplitz system in a circulant system, solve the latter using number-theoretic transforms, and then implement the Trench algorithm in reverse, also using number-theoretic transforms. Assuming all system matrix entries are rational numbers, the algorithms avoid roundoff error and any attendant conditioning problems. The first algorithm represents rational numbers with integers in a Galois field. The second algorithm computes the determinant of the system matrix and multiplies the system equation by it, producing an integer solution from which the actual rational solution may be determined. The third algorithm extends the second algorithm by using residue number systems. Numerical examples illustrate the new algorithms, and demonstrate the improvement over FFT-based algorithms in avoiding roundoff error in an ill-conditioned problem.
Response characteristics of three taste nerves in mice

Gustatory responses from 3 nerves, the chorda tympani, glossopharyngeal and superior laryngeal nerves were investigated in the mouse. Stimuli were NH4Cl, NaCl, KCl, HCl, quinine-HCl, sucrose, urea, glucose and distilled water. The 3 nerves responded differently to these stimuli. The chorda tympani responded strongly to HCl and sucrose, but weakly to quinine-HCl, while the glossopharyngeal responded well to quinine-HCl rather than to either HCl or sucrose. The order of effective stimulation was NH4Cl greater than NaCl greater than KCl for the chorda tympani, whereas NH4Cl greater than KCl greater than NaCl for the glossopharyngeal nerve. The responses of the superior laryngeal nerve were remarkably different from those of the others. Water was the most effective stimulus for the nerve and the response to water was depressed by either electrolytes or non-electrolytes added in water. These results suggest dissimilar contributions of the 3 nerves to the physiological functions.
Preliminary thermal design of the COLD-SAT spacecraft

The COLD-SAT free-flying spacecraft was to perform experiments with LH2 in the cryogenic fluid management technologies of storage, supply and transfer in reduced gravity. The Phase A preliminary design of the Thermal Control Subsystem (TCS) for the spacecraft exterior and interior surfaces and components of the bus subsystems is described. The TCS was composed of passive elements which were augmented with heaters. Trade studies to minimize the parasitic heat leakage into the cryogen storage tanks are described. Selection procedure for the thermally optimum on-orbit spacecraft attitude was defined. TRASYS-2 and SINDA'85 verification analysis was performed on the design and the results are presented.
Behavioral training increases local astrocytic metabolic activity but does not alter outcome of mild transient ischemia.

Abstract Functional neurological outcome after transient ischemia might be improved by timely therapeutic intervention. To determine if restorative behavioral therapy influences damage, improves task learning, or alters astrocyte metabolic activity after ischemia, rats (food-restricted to 85% of free-feeding weight) were (a) first trained to respond on one of two levers under a fixed-ratio 20 schedule of food presentation (FR20), then (b) subjected to sham manipulation of carotid arteries or 10 min ischemia by four-vessel occlusion, followed by (c) 4 days of operant testing or inactivity, (d) then all rats were tested under a FR20 lever reversal task for 4 weeks, and (e) 3 days after the last behavioral session astrocyte metabolism was assayed by local uptake of [2- 14 C]acetate. Mild loss of hippocampal neurons occurred in ischemic rats with or without training after ischemia. Glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive astrocytes were present in similar numbers throughout brains of sham control and ischemic rats. Mild ischemia did not impair learning, and no changes in FR20 reversal learning were detected in sham vs. ischemic rats. Net [ 14 C]acetate uptake was unaffected by ischemia but [ 14 C]acetate uptake increased 15–24% ( P n =12–15/group) in specific structures (caudate, primary motor and sensorimotor cortex, CA1 hippocampus, subcortical white matter) in the pooled groups of rats that had 4 days FR20 testing vs. inactivity before reversal learning. ‘Behavioral therapy’ (operant testing on the 4 days immediately following either sham manipulation or ischemia) did not alter ischemic outcome, but was associated with higher acetate utilization in regions involved in motor activities.
Performance of large-aperture optical switches for high-energy inertial-confinement fusion lasers

We describe the design and performance of large-aperture (>30 cm × 30 cm) optical switches that have demonstrated, for the first time to our knowledge, active switching of a high-energy (>5 kJ) optical pulse in an inertial-confinement fusion laser. These optical switches, which consist of a plasma-electrode Pockels cell (PEPC) and a passive polarizer, permit the design of efficient, multipass laser amplifiers. In a PEPC, plasma discharges on the faces of a thin (1-cm) electro-optic crystal (KDP or KD*P) act as highly conductive and transparent electrodes. These plasma electrodes facilitate rapid (<100 ns) and uniform charging of the crystal to the half-wave voltage and discharging back to 0 V. We discuss the operating principles, design, optical performance, and technical issues of a 32 cm × 32 cm prototype PEPC with both KDP and KD*P crystals, and a 37 cm × 37 cm PEPC with a KDP crystal for the Beamlet laser. This PEPC recently switched a 6-kJ, 3-ns pulse in a four-pass cavity.
A Comparison of Revision Adenoidectomy Rates Based on Techniques

ObjectiveNo studies are available specifically comparing revision rates between suction coagulator and microdebrider-performed adenoidectomies. Our objective was to compare revision adenoidectomy rates between these instrument groups.Study DesignHistorical cohort study.SettingPatients included in this study had surgery at the Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital in Chicago, Illinois, from June 2007 through December 2011.Subjects and MethodsThe patients were divided into 2 groups based on technique of adenoidectomy used at the time of initial surgery and the regrowth rate analyzed.ResultsDuring the 4.5-year study period, the microdebrider was used in 4071 adenoidectomies, and 3328 cases were performed with suction coagulation. There was a revision rate of 0.84% (34 patients) for the microdebrider group. The rate was 1.50% (50 patients) for suction coagulation. This difference was found to be statistically significant on univariate analysis. The suction coagulator group had a younger mean age at init...
Thioredoxin1 upregulates mitochondrial proteins related to oxidative phosphorylation and TCA cycle in the heart.

Thioredoxin1 (Trx1) inhibits hypertrophy and exhibits protective functions in the heart. To elucidate further the cardiac functions of Trx1, we used a DNA microarray analysis, with hearts from transgenic mice with cardiac- specific overexpression of Trx1 (Tg-Trx1, n = 4) and nontransgenic controls (n = 4). Expression of a large number of genes is regulated in Tg-Trx1, with a greater number of genes downregulated, versus upregulated, at high-fold changes. The peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) gene was among the top 50 significantly upregulated genes. By pathway analyses, we found that genes involved in both mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and the TCA cycle were upregulated in Tg-Trx1. We confirmed upregulation of cytochrome c oxidase (COX) components and mitochondrial transcription factor A in Tg-Trx1. The activity of citrate synthase and COX and the cardiac ATP content were significantly higher in Tg-Trx1. A transcription factor binding-site analysis showed that ...
Role for Lhx2 in corticogenesis through regulation of progenitor differentiation

The neocortex represents the brain region that has undergone a major increase in its relative size during the course of mammalian evolution. The larger cortex results from a corresponding increase in progenitor cell number. The progenitors giving rise to neocortex are located in the ventricular zone of the dorsal telencephalon and highly express Lhx2, a LIM-homeodomain transcription factor. The neocortex fails to form in the Lhx2 constitutive knockout, indicating a role for Lhx2 in corticogenesis, but mid-embryonic lethality of the Lhx2 knockout requires the use of conditional strategies for further studies. Therefore, to explore Lhx2 function in neocortical progenitors, we generated mice with Lhx2 conditionally deleted from cortical progenitors at the onset of neurogenesis. We find that Lhx2 is critical for maintaining the proliferative state of neocortical progenitors during corticogenesis. In the conditional knockouts, the neocortex is formed but is significantly smaller than wild type. We find that deletion of Lhx2 leads to significantly decreased numbers of cortical progenitors and premature neuronal differentiation. A likely mechanism is indicated by our findings that Lhx2 is required for the expression of Hes1 in cortical progenitors, a key effector in the Notch signaling pathway that maintains the proliferative progenitor state. We conclude that Lhx2 regulates the balance between proliferation and differentiation in cortical progenitors and through this mechanism Lhx2 controls cortical size.
Roentgenology of colon atresia

The clinical and roentgenologic features of three neonates who had atresia of the colon are described. There were features of obstruction evident on plain roentgen films of the abdomen and contrast enema confirmed this in all patients. The importance of early diagnosis of this lesion is emphasised. The complications and differential diagnosis are discussed.
Evaluation of P-glycoprotein-mediated renal drug interactions in an MDR1-MDCK model

Study Objective. To evaluate P-glycoprotein (P-gp)-mediated renal drug interactions in an in vitro model of tubular secretion. Design. In vitro experiment. Setting. University-affiliated pharmacokinetics laboratory. Cell Lines. Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK), multidrug-resistant-1 (MDR1)-MDCK, and human colon carcinoma (Caco-2) cells. Intervention. Transepithelial transport (basolateral-to-apical and apical-to-basolateral) of cimetidine was assessed in the absence and presence of various concentrations of the P-gp inhibitors itraconazole and PSC-833 in a renal P-gp cell culture model (MDR1-MDCK). Measurements and Main Results. Apparent permeability of cimetidine was characterized, and level of P-gp expression was determined by Western blot analysis, in MDCK (wild type), MDR1-MDCK, and Caco-2 cells (for relative comparison). In the presence of PSC-833, cimetidine's apparent permeability value for basolateral-to-apical transport decreased from 2.96 to 1.15 times 10−6 cm/second, coupled with a decrease in efflux ratio from 2.36 to 1.80. The effect of itraconazole was concentration dependent, with cimetidine's apparent permeability value for basolateral-to-apical transport decreasing from 3.96 to 1.92 times 10−6 cm/second (p<0.05), resulting in a 50% decrease in efflux ratio. Expression of P-gp was negligible in MDCK (wild-type) cells, but high-level expression was confirmed in both MDR1-MDCK and Caco-2 cells. Conclusion. P-glycoprotein plays a significant role in the renal tubular secretion of organic cations such as cimetidine, and the high level of P-gp expression in MDR1-MDCK cells makes this a well-suited model for evaluating mechanisms of renal drug interactions.
Characteristics of individual impact craters on selected aluminum alloys

Abstract When an erosive particle impacts the surface of a target, an appreciable amount of energy is deposited in the deformed region. The deformation generally causes strain hardening of the surface but local heating, that is manifested as melting or softening of the surface, has been reported. To assess the effect of individual impacts on the surface of a target, a series of aluminum alloys were impacted by tungsten carbide spheres, 343 /gmm in diameter, at 28.5 m s−1 and 30° incidence angle. A mechanical properties microprobe was used to measure the hardness of the crater bottoms and the material just below the surface of the craters. Strain hardening was observed in these materials but there was no evidence of softening.
Inertial Focusing and Ordering in Low Aspect Ratio Microchannels Using Reference Frame Tracking and Rotation Measurements

Inertial focusing and ordering in microchannel flows refers to the tendency of finite-sized particles to migrate across streamlines and to form linear, equally spaced trains in the direction of flow. This study utilizes a motorized microscope stage moving along the length of a low aspect ratio microchannel at up to 10 cm/s and provides a Lagrangian view of particles to obtain more complete time dependent trajectory and rotation histories from the channel inlet to outlet. We observe monodisperse particle dynamics, rotations, and interactions over time scales significantly longer (exceeding a 30-fold increase) than static reference frames. The results present new insight into particle interactions which show quasi-steady state equilibrium spacing which oscillates at a constant frequency at a fixed flow rate, which is different from the damped oscillatory interactions suggested in the literature. The average spacing shows little dependence on flow rate, but the oscillation frequency is dependent both on flow rate and particle size.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Trivariate Flood Frequency Analysis Using Discharge Time Series with Possible Different Lengths: Cuyahoga River Case Study

AbstractA common approach to multivariate flood frequency analysis is to apply discharge time series records with the same length (i.e., one upstream and one downstream discharge gauge in the same river for bivariate flood frequency analysis, and multivariate flood frequency analysis at the confluence of river systems). However, in reality the gauged discharge time series records may have different lengths due to different activation times of the gauges. In addition, there exists one common assumption for flood frequency analysis, that is, the discharge time series may be considered as a stationary signal. However, due to land-use and land-cover (LULC) and climate changes, the stationary assumption may need to be justified. To answer the above questions, this paper investigates (1) the full-length discharge record at each discharge gauge; (2) the dependence structure of bivariate and multivariate discharge time series with different lengths using the copula theory; (3) employment of the vine copula for mu...
Risk-based spacecraft fire safety experiments

Abstract This paper utilizes the scenario approach of risk assessment to identify modeling needs and, in turn, experiments that would aid in the development of models that would meet these needs. Due to the closed environment of a spacecraft and the lack of egress, fire on-board may pose a severe problem. There are many differences between a fire on-board the spacecraft and one in a terrestrial facility and they must be accounted for in the assessment of risk. Both the risk assessment methodology and the phenomena-based models must be modified. This paper discusses some of the methodology modifications, as well as special experimental results. Multiple experiments have been conducted in terrestrial and microgravity environments in order to construct and validate models required for the assessment and management of risk on-board spacecraft. A logic diagram analyzing the ways in which the crew may be injured and/or the spacecraft may be damaged, as well as operating experience, have identified wire overheating events as being potentially significant accident initiators. As a result, the experiments have concentrated on quantifying the pyrolysis event of a wire being overheated with excessive current. A preliminary set of experiments at the 2·2-second NASA Lewis Drop Tower has led to several observations. The event is violent due to the high heating rates. At these high heating rates, a jet of hot gases and smoke was observed. Frequently the conductor would melt down, sometimes ejecting molten pieces of the copper conductor. The event poses a threat to targets in the near vicinity and further away. Also, the smoke particle size distribution is shifted towards larger sizes in a microgravity environment. This may prove very important in designing a smoke detector. While significant results were obtained from these tests, longer durations of microgravity are required for further quantification to be possible.
Microsatellite (Simple Sequence Repeat) Marker–based Paternity Analysis of a Seven-Parent Sugarcane Polycross

It is very challenging to make all cross combinations among elite parents used in sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) breeding programs. Hence, the polycross approach has been used to maximize the number of cross combinations that can be represented among progeny. The primary objection to using the polycross approach is the rapid loss of paternity information. Simple sequence repeat (SSR) marker-based paternity analysis is proposed as an effective molecular tool for identifying paternity of progeny from a seven-parent polycross. Using seven highly polymorphic SSR markers, 87 progeny from each polycross family were genotyped along with the parents, producing a total of 51 polymorphic SSR alleles, 15 of which were parent-specific. These alleles enabled the positive identification of the paternity for 79 to 99% of the progeny from the polycross, depending on the maternal parent. The extent to which each parent contributed pollen, and thus was represented as a paternal parent, ranged from 4 to 27%. Winter survival and visual ratings of the polycross progeny in the field were adversely affected by the extent of selfing within each polycross. The ability to identify paternity of polycross progeny with microsatellite markers can be used in sugarcane breeding to maximize the number of desirable crosses from a limited source of flowers with minimal loss of pedigree information.
Les promesses des cellules souches. Scientifiques, familles et santé publique dans la controverse autour des stem cells aux USA

Resume Cet article decrit l’impact des proprietes contestees des cellules souches au sein de la societe americaine. En partant des limites imposees par l’administration Bush au financement de la recherche sur cellule souche, il est possible de suivre les mobilisations de differentes instances politiques americaines, chacune articulee a un ensemble de proprietes de la cellule souche. Du poids de la famille dans les choix de recherche biomedicale a la menace d’une desintegration de l’union, les cellules souches mettent en question le corps politique americain.
Hemispherectomy vs commissurotomy in the monkey: One hemisphere can be better than two

Abstract Split-brain cats using a single hemisphere show impaired performance on a variety of behavioral tasks. This has been attributed to a loss of cortical mass action. To test this proposal in primates, performance on a nested match-to-sample task was compared in split-brain, hemispherectomized, and normal monkeys. As expected, split-brain monkeys using a single hemisphere performed worse than normal monkeys. In contrast, hemispherectomized monkeys were unimpaired, indicating that the deficit in split-brain animals results from interference by the idle hemisphere rather than from a loss of cortical mass. The results also suggest that the processing ability of a single hemisphere is equivalent to that of the normal brain.
The Steady State: A Question of Balance

There is no perfect steady state, or condition of complete equilibrium. But just as the invention of the number, zero, was necessary and profound, the condition of the steady state is crucial to modeling. The steady state is considered to be a condition in which the total amount of material entering a system exactly equals the amount leaving the system; moreover, the amount of material entering each defined kinetic compartment must exactly equal the amount leaving that compartment. It is a condition of balance in which there is no net change in mass over time.
Transvenous implantable cardioverter-defibrillator leads: the weakest link.

Transvenous implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) lead development was an important advance in arrhythmia management. Their evolution has been critical to the wide acceptance of ICDs for the treatment of ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death. Indeed, it is unlikely that the 20-fold increase in annual ICD implants observed during the past 15 years would have occurred without the advent of these leads.1 Compared with their epicardial predecessors, transvenous ICD leads are easier to implant, are less costly, and result in substantially decreased morbidity and mortality.2 Article p 2474 Modern ICD leads consist primarily of electrodes, conductors, and insulation, with a fixation mechanism and a connector to attach the lead to the myocardium and the ICD generator, respectively. ICD leads must withstand hundreds of millions of repetitive cardiac cycles, survive in the hostile environment of the human body, and allow high-voltage energy delivery for defibrillation at a moment’s notice. In total, the demands placed on ICD leads are unparalleled among implantable medical devices. Successful resuscitation of a potentially lethal ventricular arrhythmia by an ICD system depends on successful arrhythmia detection and timely delivery of therapy. Both the ICD generator and the lead are critical components of this system. Although ICD generator malfunctions have recently garnered much attention, failure of an ICD lead also can result in significant clinical events.1,3,4 Oversensing can cause inhibition of pacing or inappropriate shocks, and failure to capture, premature battery depletion, or failure to defibrillate also can occur.5 Unlike ICD generators, which can be explanted and returned for manufacturer analysis when malfunction is suspected, ICD leads cannot be easily removed, because of the extensive scarring and fibrosis that occurs around the lead in the vasculature and heart. Verification of suspected lead malfunction is uncommon because of the substantial risks of lead …
The Psychophysiological Differentiation of Emotional Memories

Participants' heart rate and skin resistance responses to emotional memories (fear, anger, joy, sadness, and embarrassment) were studied to determine if the recollection of emotion is sufficient to produce psychophysiological changes, to determine if such changes differ for the various emotions, and to determine the relationship between imaginal abilities and psychophysiological responses to emotional memories. The Absorption Scale of the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire was used as the measure of imaginal ability [1]. A repeated measures analysis of variance indicated significant differences for skin resistance but not heart rate among emotional memories, F(5,75) = 4.22, p = .002. Recollection of emotional memories, therefore, can produce psychophysiological changes in skin resistance which resemble emotions in real-life circumstances. A theoretical framework for interpretation of results on emotional memories is presented.
Motivation for Agri-Tourism Entrepreneurship

The purpose of this study was to reveal the motivations for agri-tourism entrepreneurship among Virginia farm families and to explore Weber’s theory of formal and substantive rationality as a possible theoretical framework for agritourism entrepreneurship motivation. Results of this study support the use of Weber’s theory of formal and substantive rationality as a framework for the dynamic nature of motivations for agri-tourism entrepreneurship between formal (primarily economic) reasons and substantive (primarily socio-cultural) reasons. Respondents indicated that Virginia farm families owned small farms, utilized farming as a secondary income source, and indicated their most popular agritourism activities to be pick-your-own produce, Christmas tree sales, hayrides, children’s educational programs, petting zoos, and on-farm festivals. Agri-tourism planners should be aware that acres owned, economic dependence on farming operation, and perceived popularity of agri-tourism activities are influential factor...
Lower Cretaceous (Comanche) Rocks of Southeastern Oklahoma and Southwestern Arkansas

The Lower Cretaceous (Comanche) rocks of southeastern Oklahoma and southwestern Arkansas rest upon rocks of many different ages ranging from pre-Cambrian to Permian, but the floor they lie upon is a remarkably uniform plane with minor irregularities in spite of the folds and faults in the Paleozoic rocks. The floor represents a part of the Ouachita peneplain that was tilted slightly southward and submerged by the Cretaceous sea. A pronounced unconformity, though less striking than the one at the base of the Lower Cretaceous, separates the rocks of this series from the overlying Upper Cretaceous series. Its plane truncates all the several formations of the Lower Cretaceous, the youngest formations in Oklahoma, and the oldest in Arkansas. The Trinity formation, the basal unit of the Lower Cretaceous, contains beds in Arkansas that do not extend westward far into Oklahoma, owing to a westward overlap of the upper part of the Trinity over the lower part of the formation. The Trinity of Oklahoma is thus for the most part younger than the Trinity of Arkansas. Two contrasting relations thus exist in the Cretaceous of southeastern Oklahoma and southwestern Arkansas--(1) a westward overlap in the basal formation (Trinity) of the Lower Cretaceous and (2) an eastward overlap of the Upper Cretaceous across the truncated edges of the Lower Cretaceous. The westward overlap in Lower Cretaceous time was caused by a downwarping of the Texas-Oklahoma embayment that lies between the Llano and Ouachita uplifts. The eastward overlap in Upper Cretaceous time was evidently caused by a regional movement that formed the Mississippi embayment.
Therapeutic Targeting of CC Ligand 21 or CC Chemokine Receptor 7 Abrogates Pulmonary Fibrosis Induced by the Adoptive Transfer of Human Pulmonary Fibroblasts to Immunodeficient Mice

Idiopathic interstitial pneumonias (IIPs) are a collection of pulmonary fibrotic diseases of unknown etiopathogenesis. CC chemokine receptor 7 (CCR7) is expressed in IIP biopsies and primary fibroblast lines, but its role in pulmonary fibrosis was not previously examined. To study the in vivo role of CCR7 in a novel model of pulmonary fibrosis, 1.0 × 106 primary fibroblasts grown from idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis/usual interstitial pneumonia, nonspecific interstitial pneumonia, or histologically normal biopsies were injected intravenously into C.B-17 severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)/beige (bg) mice. At days 35 and 63 after idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis/usual interstitial pneumonia fibroblast injection, patchy interstitial fibrosis and increased hydroxyproline were present in the lungs of immunodeficient mice. Adoptively transferred nonspecific interstitial pneumonia fibroblasts caused a more diffuse interstitial fibrosis and increased hydroxyproline levels at both times, but injected normal human fibroblasts did not induce interstitial remodeling changes in C.B-17SCID/bg mice. Systemic therapeutic immunoneutralization of either human CCR7 or CC ligand 21, its ligand, significantly attenuated the pulmonary fibrosis in groups of C.B-17SCID/bg mice that received either type of IIP fibroblasts. Thus, the present study demonstrates that pulmonary fibrosis is initiated by the intravenous introduction of primary human fibroblast lines into immunodeficient mice, and this fibrotic response is dependent on the interaction between CC ligand 21 and CCR7.
Quantization in multisensor random signal detection

Optimum detection schemes based on quantized data are of great interest in radar and sonar applications. The design and properties of multisensor schemes are considered here for detection of weak random signals in additive, possibly non-Gaussian, noise. Signal-to-noise ratios are assumed unknown and the signals at the different sensors may be statistically dependent. Analytical expressions describing the best way to fuse the quantized observations for cases with any given observation sample size are provided. The best schemes for originally quantizing the observations are also studied for the case of asymptotically large observation sample sizes. These schemes are shown to minimize the mean-squared error between the best weak-signal test statistic based on unquantized observations and the best weak-signal test statistic based on quantized observations (under signal absent). Numerical results indicate it is sometimes best for each quantizer to use different size alphabets when a quantizer is located at each sensor. >
Regulation of Polypeptide Synthesis During Early Embryogenesis of Ilyanassa obsoleta

We have shown by two-dimensional electrophoresis of in vivo labeled polypeptides that stage-specific changes in polypeptide synthesis occurred during the early embryogenesis of the Ilyanassa embryo, and that more than 98% of the 350 polypeptides synthesized during this time were translated from maternal mRNAs. The removal of the polar lobe had no effect on polypeptide synthesis during early cleavage, but by the mesentoblast-stage there had occurred in the lobeless embryo a change in the rate of accumulation of 11 polypeptides, all of which were translated from maternal mRNAs. We have found no unequivocal evidence for the differential localization of mRNAs in the polar lobe. Our observations on polypeptide synthesis in the isolated polar lobe have indicated that the cytoplasm of the polar lobe contains both repressors of translation and activators of mRNPs. In embryos treated with actinomycin D we have observed an increased rate of accumulation of 14 polypeptides at the mesentoblast-stage of development. We have interpreted this as an example of ‘superinduction’ that resulted from transcriptionally dependent events repressed by actinomycin D. We have postulated that this actinomycin D-sensitivity indicates the transcription of regulatory genes. These genes produce translational repressors that decrease the rate of translation of these 14 polypeptides in the normal embryo. Because the synthesis of six of these polypeptides is also increased by removing the polar lobe, we suggest that the transcription of the regulatory genes controlling the translation of these six peptides is induced by the polar lobe cytoplasm.
An IEEE 1451.5–802.11 standard-based wireless sensor network with embedded WTIM

This paper introduces a reference implementation of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 1451.5–802.11 standard-based wireless sensor network (WSN) developed at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). The WSN consists of a Network Capable Application Processor (NCAP) and two Wireless Transducer Interface Modules (WTIM). The NCAP, a gateway node of the WSN, was developed on a laptop in Java language according to the IEEE 1451.5–802.11 standard. The embedded WTIM, a wireless sensor node, was developed based on the IEEE 1451.5–802.11 standard on a single board computer in Dynamic C language. The wireless communications between the NCAP and WTIMs are based on IEEE 1451.0 messages using Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) and User Datagram Protocol/Internet Protocol (UDP/IP) sockets. A few examples are provided to illustrate the functionalities of the WSN.
Outpatient treatment of PCP abusers.

Despite the persistence of phencyclidine (PCP) abuse as a public health problem in many urban areas of the United States, there are no published data on outpatient treatment outcome. We studied 37 unselected male PCP abusers (mean age 32 years, 73% Black, 19% married, 68% unemployed) who attended at least one outpatient treatment session at the Brentwood Division, West Los Angeles VA Medical Center. Subjects had smoked PCP for an average of 7 years, with 84% using it at least weekly (38% daily) and 76% using other drugs (alcohol, marijuana, or cocaine). All subjects reported psychological dependence on PCP (i.e., liking PCP use and difficulty stopping despite adverse consequences), while none reported a physiological withdrawal syndrome when stopping PCP use. Subjects stayed in treatment an average of 21 weeks (range 1-155 weeks), attending an average of 68% of the group meetings. PCP was detected in weekly urine samples 78% of the time, with verbal self-report of recent PCP use occurring before 29% of the group meetings. Four subjects (11%) achieved at least 1 year of abstinence, 10 (30%) transferred to residential treatment or a community recovery home, 16 (48%) dropped out of treatment, and two (6%) were jailed. Treatment outcome was not significantly associated with subject characteristics. Age was the only subject characteristic that significantly predicted length of stay (r = .40).
Charge-exchange neutral hydrogen measurements in TFTR using Pd-MOS microsensors

An array of Pd-metal-oxide semiconductor (Pd-MOS) diodes has been used to monitor the fluence and energy of c~rge-exch~ge neutral hydrogen isotopes striking the wall of the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor (TFTR). The array was positioned 4 cm behind the graphite-tiled waI1 at the toroidal midplane and exposed to several hundred plasma discharges. Hydrogen isotopes striking the Pd-MOS diodes were detected by measuring the leakage current, which is affected by the presence of these species at the Pd/SiO, interface. It was found that the midplane flux strongly increased for neutral-beam heated plasmas and correlated with co-injected neutral beam power. The majority of the neutral flux was < 50 eV in energy but its energy distribution extended to above 500 eV.
Reduced histone deacetylase in COPD : Clinical implications

COPD is characterized by progressive inflammation in the small airways and lung parenchyma, and this is mediated by the increased expression of multiple inflammatory genes. The increased expression of inflammatory genes is regulated by acetylation of core histones around which DNA is wound, and conversely these activated genes are switched off by deacetylation of these histones. Histone deacetylases (HDACs) suppress inflammatory gene expression, but their activity and expression (particularly of HDAC-2) is reduced in the peripheral lung and in alveolar macrophages of patients with COPD. This results in amplification of the inflammatory response as COPD progresses but also accounts for corticosteroid resistance in COPD, since HDAC-2 is required by corticosteroids to switch off activated inflammatory genes. The reduction in HDAC-2 appears to be secondary to the increased oxidative and nitrative stress in COPD lungs. Antioxidants and inhibitors of nitric oxide synthesis may therefore restore corticosteroid sensitivity in COPD, but this can also be achieved by low doses of theophylline, which is an HDAC activator. This mechanism is also relevant to asthmatic patients who smoke, patients with severe asthma and cystic fibrosis, in whom oxidative stress is also increased.
Eye dominance and ct measures of occipital length and width

CT measurements of right and left occipital length and width were correlated with eye dominance for 14 men and 27 women. Female subjects demonstrated little relationship between eye dominance and occipital measurements. For male subjects, however, right eye dominance was significantly correlated with increased lengths and widths for both right and left hemispheres on CT slices W, SM, and SM +1, which contain a large proportion of visual cortex and visual association areas. These data suggest that eye dominance is related to occipital morphology for men.
Warp Processing: Dynamic Translation of Binaries to FPGA Circuits

Warp processing dynamically and transparently transforms an executing microprocessor's binary kernels into customized field-programmable gate array (FPGA) circuits, commonly resulting in 2X to 100X speedup over executing on microprocessors. A new architecture and set of dynamic CAD tools demonstrate warp processing's potential.
The politics of race and sport: Resistance and domination in the 1968 African American Olympic protest movement

Abstract Using the case of the African American Olympic protest movement that grew out of the crisis of the civil rights struggle in the late 1960s, this article is an attempt to argue that work involving identity, culture and popular culture is crucial to the study of race and ethnicity in the contemporary world. A reconstruction of this movement demonstrates, first of all, how a cultural arena like sport can make it possible for otherwise powerless racial and ethnic minorities to draw attention to their cause. Of course, as with most insurgent movements, such initiatives ultimately (and often very quickly) come up against structural impediments that work to reject or absorb their challenge and reinforce the hegemony of the established regime. But the precise nature of the structural constraints operating in this particular case provides profound insight into the construction of social order in liberal democratic settings and the threat posed by cultural politics to this order. More specifically, I argue...