cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
From Genes to Integrative Physiology: Ion Channel and Transporter Biology in Caenorhabditis elegans

The stunning progress in molecular biology that has occurred over the last 50 years drove a powerful reductionist approach to the study of physiology. That same progress now forms the foundation for the next revolution in physiological research. This revolution will be focused on integrative physiology, which seeks to understand multicomponent processes and the underlying pathways of information flow from an organism's “parts” to increasingly complex levels of organization. Genetically tractable and genomically defined nonmammalian model organisms such as the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans provide powerful experimental advantages for elucidating gene function and the molecular workings of complex systems. This review has two main goals. The first goal is to describe the experimental utility of C. elegans for investigating basic physiological problems. A detailed overview of C. elegans biology and the experimental tools, resources, and strategies available for its study is provided. The second goal of this review is to describe how forward and reverse genetic approaches and direct behavioral and physiological measurements in C. elegans have generated novel insights into the integrative physiology of ion channels and transporters. Where appropriate, I describe how insights from C. elegans have provided new understanding of the physiology of membrane transport processes in mammals.
Stability analysis of a low energy vortex configuration

Recent work using the London theory of anisotropic superconductivity has shown that, for small values ofB and large values of the anisotropy, a lattice of vortex lines parallel to $$\vec B$$ is not necessarily the minimum energy configuration. When $$\vec B$$ is not parallel to a symmetry axis, the “double lattice”—a lattice of lines parallel to $$\hat z$$ plus a lattice of lines parallel to $$\hat x$$ —can have a lower energy. The question arises, however, of whether some other configuration can have a yet lower energy. To investigate this question, we perform a stability analysis of the double lattice. We find that its energy can indeed be lowered by certain deformations of the vortex lines.
An empirical investigation of the effectiveness of systems modeling and verification tools

One reason system failure rates are not deterred by the latest best practices and tools may lie in how needs are (mis)interpreted by designers and users.
Growth of duplex crystal

Abstract Recent interest in the mechanical and electronic properties of aligned composites has produced increased activity in eutectic solidification and other areas of duplex (two-phase) crystal growth. The following means of producing duplex crystals are briefly reviewed: directional solidification of eutectic, off-eutectic, monotectic and peritectic alloys; directional control of eutectoid decomposition and discontinuous precipitation; continuous precipitation.
The Early Treatment for Retinopathy of Prematurity Study: Better Outcomes, Changing Strategy

The Early Treatment for Retinopathy of Prematurity (ETROP) study, published in December 2003, has demonstrated that earlier treatment of selected cases of prethreshold retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) at high risk to progress to retinal detachments gives better overall ROP outcomes than treatment at threshold severity of the disease.1,2 It is another important step forward in controlling this devastating disorder; however, to reap these gains, our ophthalmologists and nurseries must refocus on the timely detection and treatment of advancing ROP. In the ETROP trial, 60% … Reprint requests to (D.L.P.) Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Box 651, Pediatrics, 601 Elmwood Ave, Rochester, NY 14642. E-mail: dale_phelps{at}urmc.rochester.edu
Homer as a Literary Psychologist

(1956). Homer as a Literary Psychologist. Kentucky Foreign Language Quarterly: Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 1-6.
Array-induced Fano resonances make high quality factors possible in plasmonic systems

We introduce the concept of array-induced Fano resonances in two-dimensional periodic arrays (metasurfaces) of plasmonic nanoparticle clusters as a mean to generate very narrow resonances despite the presence of metallic losses. We find that array-induced Fano resonances have the potential to be narrower than isolated-cluster-induced ones, and may lead to even larger field enhancements. We provide two representative examples: (i) a metasurface made of circular nanoclusters; (ii) a metasurface made of linear trimers. However, in principle the concept here introduced can be empirically extended to any cluster size and configuration. Application of array-induced Fano resonances include the improvement of sensor devices, for example.
Engineering aperiodic order in nanoplasmonics: past, present, and future opportunities

The ability to design and to control light matter interactions on the nanoscale represents the core aspect of the rapidly growing fields of nanophotonics and nanoplasmonics. Efficient schemes for electromagnetic field localization and enhancement over broad frequency spectra are essential requirements for the engineering of novel optoelectronic technologies that leverage on enhanced optical cross sections. In particular, the study of deterministic arrays of resonant nanostructures without translational invariance offers an enormous potential for the manipulation of localized optical states and broad frequency spectra. Deterministic Aperiodic Nano Structures (DANS), are generated by mathematical rules with spectral features that interpolate in a tunable fashion between periodic crystals and disordered random media. In this paper, we will focus on the optical properties and device applications of planar DANS in relation to plasmon-enhanced light emission, Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering, and optical biosensing.
Risk of Symptomatic Central Venous Thrombotic Complications in AIDS Patients Receiving Home Parenteral Nutrition

Background : The acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is frequently complicated by malnutrition that may require parenteral nutritional support. In a non-AIDS population with long-term indwelling central venous catheters, low-dose warfarin therapy has been shown to prevent venous thrombosis. The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of symptomatic central venous thrombosis in AIDS patients receiving home parenteral nutrition. The incidence of thrombosis on low-dose warfarin was compared with no prophylactic therapy. Methods: A retrospective review of 47 malnourished AIDS patients started on home parenteral nutrition was performed. None of the patients had a prior history of venous thrombosis. During this period, 9 of 47 patients were treated with low-dose warfarin therapy. The incidence of clinical and radiologic venous thrombosis was compared in these two groups. Results : Fortyseven patients were treated with parenteral nutrition for 296 patients-months. The rate of central venous thrombosis in patients receiving warfarin (0.016 thromboses per patient-month) was no different from those patients on no prophylactic therapy (0.009 thromboses per patient-month). The most common abnormality in coagulation observed in the entire group during follow-up was thrombocytopenia occurring in 66% of patients. Sixty percent of patients received medications that could interfere with platelet function. Conclusions : We conclude that routine thrombosis prophylaxis with low-dose warfarin may not be justified in malnourished AIDS patients receiving home parenteral nutrition. Prospective clinical trials are needed to determine the risks and benefits of prophylactic warfarin therapy in this group of patients.
Utilization of prompt-γ neutron activation analysis in the evaluation of Nafion membranes

Researchers have performed evaluations on Nafion membranes for many years. An important aspect of the membranes is their chemical composition and uniformity. One technique that could provide accurate and fast quantitative measurements of the chemical composition and water within the membranes is prompt-γ neutron activation analysis (PGAA). In this work, PGAA was applied to the chemical characterization of Nafion membranes in various forms. The evaluation confirmed the necessity of pretreatment of the membranes for the elimination of contamination. A series of counterion-exchanged membranes were examined so that we could determine the degree of conversion achieved under different conditions and residual water levels. The results indicated that the type of counterion was an important factor determining conversion levels, that partial conversion could be achieved, and that counterion displacement could be forced to occur in certain environments. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 41: 1485–1492, 2003
Vindesine. A review of phase-II trials.

Vindesine is a new vinca alkaloid with broadspectrum antineoplastic activity in experimental tumor models. Phase-I studies have shown that a weekly dosage regimen of 3–4 mg/m2 IV produces manageable toxicity, with leukopenia and peripheral neuropathy being dose-limiting. Two hundred seventy-five patients have been enlisted in Phase-II trials at the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center. Major objective responses (complete and partial remissions) were seen in bronchogenic carcinomas, melanoma, testicular carcinoma, esophageal carcinoma, acute lymphocytic leukemia, malignant lymphoma (Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's) and Wilms' tumor. Patients with hematologic and germ cell neoplasms were treated on a daily administration schedule (1.0–1.3 mg/m2 IV for 5–7 days). Vindesine was well tolerated, with less than 5% of patients having a WBC nadir of<1000 cells/mm3 and with a platelet-sparing effect noted. Dose-related peripheral neuropathy occurred frequently and was generally mild to moderate in degree. Vindesine appears to be an active agent whose role will be further defined by completion of ongoing trials.
Good for the money International finance, state capacity, and internal armed conflict

Previous research indicates that a lack of state capacity is a key determinant of internal armed conflict. Scholars identify several internal dimensions of state capacity, but have yet to explore h...
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of subcutaneous heparin during the early third trimester of pregnancy

OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to study the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of heparin administered subcutaneously during the early third trimester of pregnancy. STUDY DESIGN: We gave subcutaneous heparin (143 units/kg) to six pregnant women (mean gestational age 27.1 -- 1.2 weeks) and to six women who were not pregnant, who served as controls. We serially measured plasma heparin concentrations and activated partial thromboplastin times over 10 hours and compared the time courses of these two measures in the two groups. We calculated the mean peak plasma heparin concentration, time to peak plasma hepadn concentration, peak activated partial thromboplastin time, and time to peak activated partial thromboplastin time and compared these variables in the two groups. RESULTS: Plasma heparin concentrations changed significantly over time in both pregnant and nonpregnant subjects. However, the peak plasma heparin concentration in pregnant subjects was significantly lower than in controls (0.11 _ 0.017 units/ml vs 0.23 -- 0.036 units/ml) and the time to peak plasma heparin concentration was significantly shorter in the pregnant patients compared with the nonpregnant controls (113 - 20 minutes vs 222 + 20 minutes). The peak activated partial thromboplastin time (30.3 -+ 1.7 seconds) was significantly lower and time to peak activated partial thromboplastin time (137 __ 31 minutes) significantly shorter in the pregnant women compared with nonpregnant controls (50 ± 4.0 seconds; 230 ± 26 minutes).. CONCLUSIONS: Subcutaneous administration of heparin to pregnant patients results in lower plasma heparin concentrations and clinically insignifican t prolongation of the activated partial thromboplastin time compared with equivalent doses administered to nonpregnant women. These findings have important implications for the dosing and monitoring of subcutaneous heparin in pregnant women. (AM J OSSTET GYNECOL 1995;173:1240-5.)
Performance tuning for Direct3D 10

Performance Tuning for Direct3D 10 (Chas Boyd): The new Direct3D 10 architecture is designed to enable applications to minimize the CPU overhead of rendering. This session reviews design strategies and best-practices to maximize performance on the new API and hardware. This topic reviews the standard usage idioms expected for Direct3D 10, with comparisons to existing Direct3D 9 code patterns. [60 minutes]
Clinical and radiobiologic features of Thorotrast-induced carcinoma of the maxillary sinus: A case report☆

This is a case of Thorotrast-induced carcinoma of the maxillary sinus which was detected inadvertently in the course of investigation of associated dental pain and labial paresthesia. Clinical and radiobiologic features are presented. It is likely that similar cases remain undetected and at large in the community.
Layout 'hot spots' for advancing optical technologies

A pattern matching technique for quickly scanning layouts to find 'worst case' printing problems has been extended to and tested for accuracy on a progressive sequence of advances in optical lithography, including off-axis illumination, attenuated masks, optical-proximity correction and double exposure treatments. These extensions required including phase-variations from off-axis sources with the usual method for production of Maximum Lateral Test Patterns, and utilizing a composite match factor computer from McIntyre et al. to give a vulnerability score. Direct aerial image simulation of the projection printing of the local pattern shows that the basic trends are correctly extracted at high-speed with pattern matching. Pattern matching is found to be a useful tool under these technologies for prescreening layouts to find the most sensitive areas to residual effects, and also for quick comparison of worst case issues among different lithography treatments.
A new type of falling-body viscometer for measuring the effect of pressure on the viscosity of deoxyribonucleic acid solutions

The effect of pressure on the viscosity of DNA solutions was measured using a new type of falling-body viscometer. The viscometer is made of transparent plexiglass which allows to observe visually the fall-time of the plummet. The viscometer was calibrated using glycerol solutions in water. A few examples of the results obtained with DNA solutions are described. Der Einflus des Druckes auf die Viskositat von DNA-Losungen wurde mit einem neuen Fallkorper-Viskosimeter gemessen. Das Viskosimeter besteht aus transparentem Plexiglas, so das die Fallzeit des Korpers visuell beobachtet werden kann. Das Viskosimeter wurde mit Losungen von Glycerol in Wasser geeicht. Einige an DNA-Losungen erhaltene Ergebnisse werden mitgeteilt.
The information content of the Banking Regulatory Agencies and the Depository Credit Intermediation Institutions

Abstract We investigate the effectiveness of a well-known global regulatory agency, the Basel Committee, on a major sector of the US financial market. The Basel Committee's recommendations are implemented in the US following a plan set forth by the Federal Banking Agencies (FBAs). The information content of the FBAs’ announcements related to the Basel recommendations is assessed over the 1999–2010 for a sample of 2402 securities of different Depository Credit Intermediation Institutions (DCII). Employing time series of cross section data on these banks, our results indicate that Basel's recommendations have significant impact on the DCII stocks through the FBAs announcements.
Vapor-Liquid Equilibria of Water, Methanol, and Methyl Acetate in Poly(vinyl acetate) and Partially and Fully Hydrolyzed Poly(vinyl alcohol)

A general procedure has been developed to predict the vapor−liquid equilibria (VLE) of solvent/copolymer systems with the Panayiotou and Vera equation of state (PV-EOS), using binary interaction parameters deduced from homopolymer VLE data. Mixing rules are proposed for the PV-EOS pure-component parameters and homopolymer−solvent binary interaction parameters in order to predict solvent solubilities in copolymer systems. This methodology has been evaluated with VLE data acquired in this study for water, methanol, and methyl acetate in poly(vinyl acetate), poly(vinyl alcohol), and a copolymer comprised of these two homopolymers containing 88% (molar) poly(vinyl alcohol) repeat units. The predictions from the PV-EOS of the copolymer VLE are in excellent agreement with our experimental data.
Dexamethasone ameliorates retinal photic injury in albino rats.

Abstract The effect of dexamethasone in two regimens on retinal photic injury was studied in Lewis albino rats that were exposed to 24 hr of continuous green fluorescent light. Under regimen 1, dexamethasone was given at a daily dosage of 1 mg kg −1 for 8 days, starting 6 days before light exposure. Under regimen 2, dexamethasone was given at the same daily dosage for 3 days, started 1 day before light exposure. Pathologic study of the light-exposed retina, morphometric evaluation of the photoreceptor cell loss, cell counts of the macrophages in the subretinal space, and measurements of rhodopsin levels were undertaken in the dexamethasone-treated and control retinas at various times. The administration of dexamethasone in both regimens did not produce pathologic changes in the retina before light exposure, but rhodopsin levels were significantly lowered in both treated groups when compared to corresponding vehicle treated control animals. Under regimen 1, at 6 hr after light exposure, both the treated and the control groups showed comparable loss of photoreceptor cells, degeneration of the photoreceptor elements and retinal pigment epithelium, but a significantly lowered level of rhodopsin in the treated group was noted. At 6 days after exposure, the outer nuclear layer thickness, and the outer and inner segments showed significant preservation in the treated group. Also in the treated group, the number of macrophages was significantly reduced and the retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) vacuolation was markedly less. However, there was no difference in rhodopsin levels. At 14 days after exposure, the outer nuclear layer thickness and rhodopsin levels of the treated rats had significantly higher values than the controls. Under regimen 2, however, at 6 days after exposure, and ameliorative effect in the RPE was observed but there were no differences of rhodopsin levels, the outer nuclear thickness and number of macrophages between the treated and control groups. Regimen 1 was associated with a significantly higher retinal level of dexamethasone when compared with regimen 2. The ameliorative effect of dexamethasone on rat retinal photic injury may be through inhibition of lipid peroxidation, in which a high retinal level of the steroid is required.
Space-Time Resolved Approach for Interacting Quantum Field Theories

An alternative approach to the usual perturbative S-matrix evaluation of quantum field theories is presented which is nonperturbative and provides full space-time resolution. We study the dynamical development of the force between two fermion wave packets for the Yukawa system. The spatial distribution of the virtual bosons that act as mediators of the force can be analyzed along with the fermionic densities. Using a potential function for the fermion-fermion interaction is a good approximation to the field theoretical calculations when the Fock space is restricted to only one boson, but in the full quantum field theory the fermion-fermion force is enhanced by higher-order multiboson processes. Furthermore, the normally attractive fermion-fermion Yukawa force can, in principle, be manipulated to even be repulsive if the momentum modes available to the virtual bosons are restricted.
Stability constants and molar absorptivities for complexes of chromium(III) and cobalt(II) with 2-pyridylmethanamine.

Abstract The stability constants and molar absorptivities of complexes of Cr3+ and Co2+ with 2-pyridinemethanamine have been determined from spectrophotometric data of very dilute aqueous solutions.
The pulsed-laser deposition of superconducting thin films

High-critical-temperature (high-Tc) superconductors have generated tremendous interest for the fabrication of superconducting thin films in advanced microelectronic applications. Superconducting thin films operating at liquid nitrogen temperatures offer great possibilities for faster, more sensitive and more precise electronic devices. The pulsed-laser deposition technique is an excellent method of fabricating high-Tc superconducting thin films with exceptional microstructural and property control, and its unique features have made it quite popular. This article discusses the nature of laser-solid-plasma interactions during the deposition process and processing aspects which result in films exhibiting excellent superconducting properties.
Chemical and biological properties of a respiratory inhibitor from alfalfa saponins

Abstract Alfalfa saponins purified by four different methods were compared by their respiratory-inhibiting activity, specific rotation, infrared spectra, and by the different monosaccharides released on hydrolysis. A procedure involving ion-exchange and carbon-column chromatography preceding cholesterol precipitation was found to give saponins with the greatest respiratory-inhibiting activity.
Optimization of batch fermentation processes. I. Development of mathematical models for batch penicillin fermentations.

Two kinds of mathematical models have been developed for batch penicillin fermentations: (1) general models, based on averaged, nondimensionalized cell and penicillin synthesis curves from plant, scale fermentors and (2) particular models developed from specific sets of experimental data from two sources. Parameter-temperature functions used with the general models were assumed to have general shapes which could apply to many fermentations, i.e., they were based on the familiar temperature response of enzyme-catalyzed reactions. Parameter-temperature functions for the particular models were determined from experimental data for batch runs at various temperatures.
Sex Bias in Educational Software: The Effect of Designers' Stereotypes on the Software They Design1

Why is the computer more alluring to boys than it is to girls? One answer to this question is drawn from a social psychological model of human interaction. Social psychological research indicates that the expectations an individual has about another person can shape his or her interaction with that person. We hypothesized that, in a similar manner, the expectations software designers hold about the users of the software they design are central in determining the way the software they design interacts with the user. In order to test this notion, we had 43 educators with programming experience design software for either boys, girls, or students, and found that programs for girls were classifiable as “learning tools” while programs for both boys and students were most like “games.” These differences occur as a function of the designers’ expectations of the characteristics of potential users of the program, and result in sex stereotyped software. We conclude that it is not the computer, or even the software, that is at the root of the sex bias in software, but the expectations and stereotypes of the designers of the software.
The Cuisinart food processor efficiently disaggregates tissues

The Cuisinart Model DLC-7 PRO food processor efficiently disaggregates plant and animal tissues resulting in time savings and often increased yields in the isolated material.
Super-genotype: global monoclonality defies the odds of nature

The ability to respond to natural selection under novel conditions is critical for the establishment and persistence of introduced alien species and their ability to become invasive. Here we correlated neutral and quantitative genetic diversity of the weed Pennisetum setaceum Forsk. Chiov. (Poaceae) with differing global (North American and African) patterns of invasiveness and compared this diversity to native range populations. Numerous molecular markers indicate complete monoclonality within and among all of these areas (FST = 0.0) and is supported by extreme low quantitative trait variance (QST = 0.00065–0.00952). The results support the general-purpose-genotype hypothesis that can tolerate all environmental variation. However, a single global genotype and widespread invasiveness under numerous environmental conditions suggests a super-genotype. The super-genotype described here likely evolved high levels of plasticity in response to fluctuating environmental conditions during the Early to Mid Holocene. During the Late Holocene, when environmental conditions were predominantly constant but extremely inclement, strong selection resulted in only a few surviving genotypes.
Evaluation of pelvic and breast examination skills of interns in obstetrics and gynecology and internal medicine.

Abstract Objective The purpose of this study was to evaluate the pelvic and breast examination skills of a group of interns who were entering obstetrics and gynecology and internal medicine and to determine whether previous experience predicts performance. Study design This was a prospective study that, with the use of an examination with a standardized format of 26 skills, assessed the performance of 10 interns who were entering internal medicine and 9 interns who were entering obstetrics and gynecology. χ 2 analysis and Fisher exact tests were used. Results There was no significant difference in overall performance on the pelvic and breast examinations between the two groups. The obstetrics and gynecology interns performed significantly better ( P Conclusions Previous clinical experience does not predict performance in a standardized assessment of pelvic and breast examination skills nor does it account for the great variability in competence levels in interns who are entering obstetrics and gynecology and internal medicine.
Tree rings and the chronology of ancient Egypt

A fundamental aspect of ancient Egyptian history remains unresolved: chronology. Egyptologists (and researchers in related fields that synchronize their studies with Egypt) currently rely on a variety of insufficiently precise methodologies (king lists, radiocarbon dating, etc.) from which to derive seemingly “absolute” dates. The need for genuine precision has been recognized for a century, as has the potential solution: dendrochronology. This manuscript presents a case for further progress toward the construction of a tree-ring chronology for ancient Egypt.
The Syntrichia ruralis complex in Belgium

Abstract A revision of the Syntrichia ruralis complex in Belgium was undertaken. Four taxa: S ruralis, S. ruralis var. arenicola, S. intermedia and S. intermedia var. calva , are recognized. Syntrichia princeps is also accepted, though tentatively, due to its synoecious condition. Syntrichia densa, S. calcicola and S. ruralis s.str. form a series of intergrades and the first two are considered as extreme morphological expressions of the latter. The morphological variability of these taxa, their ecology and distribution in Belgium are studied and a key is provided.
Encapsulation of manganese and cobalt complexes within resorcin[4]arene dimers

The syntheses and single-crystal X-ray structures of Mn- and Co-DMSO inclusion complexes with C-propylresorcin[4]arene dimers are reported. The Mn complex exists in one form (1), whereas the Co complex exists in two forms (2a and 2b). The hydrogen-bonded, head-to-head dimers of 1 and 2a are isostructural, with the macrocycles connected by tri-solvent bridges. The di-solvent bridged hydrogen bonds of 2b connect diagonal macrocycles.
Laboratory experiments of ice scour processes: buoyant ice model

Abstract A laboratory program was carried out to measure the loads and seabed response due to a buoyant ice block scouring sand and gravel representative of the Grand Banks seabed, offshore of eastern Newfoundland, Canada. The results complement previous experimental work carried out at the Canadian Hydraulics Centre (CHC), which used a rigidly affixed ice block to scour sediment material [Cold Reg. Sci. Technol. 35 (3)(2002a) 195]. The present study used the same sediment to create a model seabed; however, in this test series, the model was towed along an ice tank, free to move throughout the water column. Six tests were carried out. Freshwater ice, built up into a large block with an overall dimension of 0.76×0.76×0.71 m, was used to scour the seabed at depths up to 0.2 m. The scouring loads, displacement, angular movements and resulting trenches were measured. This paper provides a description of the test arrangement and the experimental results.
Synthesis of a dipolar nanocar

The synthesis of a nanocar with a built-in strong net dipole is disclosed. The synthesis was executed to explore a more effective handle on electric-field-induced rolling of nanocars.
Coupling of protein motion to electron transfer: Molecular dynamics and stochastic quantum mechanics study of photosynthetic reaction centers

Abstract We investigate how electron transfer is controlled by protein motion in photosynthetic reaction centers. Our study is based on molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of two electron transfer steps in the reaction center of Rps. viridis at physiological and at lower temperatures. The classical simulations of protein nuclear motions are complemented by a quantum mechanical description for the electron transfer, incorporating in a two-state model a coupling to the classical protein motion through a fluctuating diagonal contribution which is determined as the energy difference ΔE between reactant and product states at each instance of time. The properties of ΔE (t), the distribution p (ΔE) and correlation function (ΔE (t + t) ΔE (τ)⪢, are i quantum mechanical model for electron transfer is introduced that incorporates three characteristics of ΔE (t), namely its mean value, its rms-deviations from the mean, and the mean relaxation time of its correlation function. The calculations which go beyond second-order perturbation theory predict a bell-shaped dependence of the electron transfer rate on redox energies with a so-called inverted region and with a width of about 20 kcal/mol (about 10 kcal/mol for the stochastic model). Rapid (0.05 ps) dielectric relaxation after electron transfer induces a shift of the mean (ΔE) which causes reactant and product states to become sufficiently out of resonance and which, thereby, prevents electron back-transfer. It is shown that all components of photosynthetic reaction centers contribute rather evenly to the coupling between electron transfer and medium.
Retinoic Acid-mediated Activation of the MouseRenin Enhancer

Previous studies demonstrate that the mouserenin gene is regulated by a complex enhancer of transcription located 2.6 kilobases upstream of the transcription start site which is under both positive and negative influence. We demonstrate herein that a positive regulatory element (Eb) is repeated 10 bp upstream (Ec), and both are required for baseline activity of the enhancer. The Eb and Ec core sequences are identical to the consensus sequence for the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily of transcription factors, and transcriptional activity of constructs containing the enhancer is increased after treatment with retinoic acid. Maximal induction requires both Eb and Ec. Expression of endogenousrenin and a renin-promoter controlled transgene in As4.1 cells, and kidney renin mRNA in C57BL/6J mice was induced after retinoid treatment. Gel mobility supershift analysis revealed the binding of RARα and RXRα to oligonucleotides containing both Eb and Ec. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed that As4.1 cells express both receptor isoforms, along with RARγ, but do not express RARβ, RXRβ, or RXRγ. Co-transfection of an expression vector encoding wild-type RARα increased enhancer activity, whereas a dominant negative mutant of RARα significantly attenuated retinoic acid-induced activity of the enhancer. These results demonstrate the importance of the Eb and Ec motifs in controlling baseline activity of the renin enhancer, and suggest the potential importance of retinoids in regulating renin expression.
The Morphology and Histology of Red Clover Florets Injured by the Clover Seed Midge, Dasyneura leguminicola (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)

The larva of the clover seed midge, Dasyneura leguminicola (Lintner), feeds on the developing corolla tube, ovary, style, and filaments of florets of red clover, Trifolium pratense L. The feeding of the midge larva causes a proliferation of the epidermal and mesophyll cells of the corolla tube and induces the floret to form a gall. The external cell walls of the abaxial layer of the epidermal cells of the infested corolla tube are 14 to 20 micra thick and are lamellated, whereas the external cell walls of comparable cells in the uninfested corolla tubes are only 1.5 micra thick. When a homogenate of crushed mature larva was injected into the corolla tubes of florets in the “green head stage,” the florets did not form galls. Gall formation is associated with the feeding stages of the larva. Gall formation may be caused by the continuous injection of salivary secretions into the undeveloped tissues of the corolla tube.
Complications of Tissue Expansion

he previous articles in this issue have dealt in depth with the technique of tissue expansion and its unique and remarkable advantages for T soft tissue reconstruction. However, as with all aspects of cutaneous surgery, tissue expansion does have its share of disadvantages and potential complications (Table 1). The disadvantages of tissue expansion are relatively few. The procedure does require at least two operations and multiple visits to the physician are required during the 6 to 8 weeks of expansion. Up to 20 sterile injections may be required.' Some authors have advocated inflation in the home setting, but this is not typically recommended. Tissue expansion may necessitate time away from work or school dependent in part upon how well the patient tolerates the cosmetic deformity and body image distortion that occurs with the procedure. Indeed, patient selection is extremely important prior to undertaking tissue expansion. The patient needs to be well informed, motivated, mentally competent, and fully understand the nature of the procedure. Patients invariably will respond to the obvious distortion in body image in a number of ways with negative reactions ranging from depression, to withdrawal, to even exhibitionist behavior. Some patients may simply be unable to tolerate tissue expansion because of unacceptable body image distortion and/or psychologic instability. Children can be an additional challenge although most are able to continue with their normal activities, including school. Successful expansion in the pediatric population is widely reported. Complications of tissue expansion are more numerous and varied than are the simple disadvantages. Fortunately, most complications are minor and can be resolved without interruption of the expansion procedure. Reported rates of complications vary widely from 5 to 60%.2-5 The discrepancy of this rate is multifactorial, owing in part to the experience and expertise of the surgeon, the anatomic site of the expanded tissue, the health
REGIONALIZING AND MATCHING FEATURES FOR INTERPOLATED DISPLACEMENT IN THE AUTOMATED GENERALIZATION OF DIGITAL CARTOGRAPHIC DATABASES

Expert-guided generalization can be an effective method for generating displaced, simplified and smoothed cartographic lines at a scale between those of a given set of matched large-scale and small-scale representations. Efficient implementation of interpolated generalization can benefit from an automated or semi-automated technique to assist the simultaneous partitioning of the two representations into corresponding sections with matched endpoints. Matched regionalization can take advantage of readily identified intersections of corresponding features. In addition, a measurement template can be useful in identifying exchange crossings of otherwise parallel linear features, such as a highway and railroad that share a transportation corridor. A modified two-scale, two-stage version of the Douglas line-simplification algorithm can first regionalize the small-scale database and then produce a matched regionalization of the large-scale database. These procedures offer developers of cartographic databases an e...
Episodic Analysis of Novels.

Abstract Episodic analysis is the separation of a novel into its component episodes —i.e., into short stories each of which has a unitary theme—in order to provide equivalent units for content analysis. Independent coders show two types of disagreement. Neither is serious for content analysis, and both may be minimized by some suggested ground rules. In a study of 13 stylistically different books, intercoder reliability ranged from 76% to 94%. Variations in accuracy were clearly related to literary style. Relevant information on the coding process and reliability, as well as data on the number and length of episodes in the 13 books, are given in tabular form. Problems connected with reliable coding are discussed and some solutions are suggested.
Determining Moisture Content of Hay and Forages using Multiple Frequency Parallel Plate Capacitors

This study was conducted to explore the use of dielectric impedance measurements at multiple frequencies, to predict the moisture content of hay and forages of unknown density, material volume, and material composition on a static test stand. The impedance measurements were found to be relatively successful in predicting the moisture content of legumes (alfalfa, clover) and to a lesser extent grasses (brome, orchard) and one grass/legume mixture (brome/clover). The measurements were less successful in the prediction of moisture content of a second grass/legume mixture (brome/alfalfa). The coefficient of determination (R 2 ) between the predicted and actual moisture contents were 0.95, 0.91 for alfalfa and clover respectively; 0.74, 0.78 for brome and orchard grass; and 0.94, 0.65 for alfalfa/brome and clover/brome mixtures. The frequencies used in the prediction equations were in the 900 kHz to 13 MHz range with the exception of 5 Hz frequency used in the clover prediction equation. The moisture content prediction capability was not affect by the density or the amount of material in the sensor. However the sensor required separate calibration for each crop.
The Effect of Stress-Induced Senescence on Aging Human Cord Blood-Derived Endothelial Cells

We sought to determine the effect of stress-induced senescence on the permeability to albumin of aging endothelial progenitor cells. Human umbilical cord blood derived endothelial cells (hCB-ECs) and human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) were treated with 200 μM H2O2 and permeability to FITC-bovine serum albumin was measured. Some samples were subsequently treated with 100 μM 8-pCPT-2′-O-Me-cAMP, a cAMP analog that activates the Epac1-Rap1 pathway. Cell proliferation was measured with the EdU assay. Phase contrast, and immunofluorescence images were taken to observe morphological changes in cells after exposure to H2O2. hCB-ECs exposed to H2O2 exhibited a significant increase in permeability, but their response differed from the HAECs. Low passage hCB-ECs had a permeability increase of about 82% (p < 0.01) compared to aged cells which had a permeability increase of about 37% (p < 0.05). This increase in permeability was reduced by treating the cells with 100 μM 8-pCPT-2′-O-Me-cAMP. The younger cells exhibited a significant decrease in proliferation after being subjected to various concentrations of H2O2 whereas the aged cells exhibited a more gradual decrease in the percent of cells in S-phase. These changes also correlated with changes in cell morphology and junction staining. When placed back in the original media, the morphology and permeability of the hCB-ECs returned to the control condition, while the HAECs did not. The permeability of low and high passage hCB-ECs and HAECs initially increases in response to oxidative stress. hCB-ECs, but not HAECs, were able to recover from the stress 24 h later. Early passage hCB-ECs were more susceptible to exogenous H2O2 than late passage hCB-ECs. The increase in permeability of hCB-ECs to H2O2 also correlated with decreased cell proliferation and changes in cell junctions.
THE RELATIVE PRESSURES WITHIN CUTANEOUS LYMPHATIC CAPILLARIES AND THE TISSUES

The pressure in the cutaneous lymphatic capillaries of normal mice anesthetized with nembutal ranged between 0.0 and 2.7 cm. of water. Measurements of the interstitial pressure in the tissue immediately next the lymphatics showed that, in more than half the instances studied, there was a slight gradient of pressure from the tissues to the lymph. In nearly all the other instances the pressures inside and outside the lymphatic capillaries were approximately equal. In two cases in which lymph flow in the capillaries was rapid, the lymph pressure may have been negative. Under these circumstances there must have been a considerable gradient of pressure from the tissues to the lymph. In skin which was rapidly becoming, or had recently become, edematous as result of the application of xylol or of heat, the intralymphatic capillary pressure generally was increased, yet when compared with the pressure prevailing in the edema fluid outside of the capillaries it was usually found to be relatively much lower, at times by as much as 5.9 cm. of water. The findings indicate that a pressure gradient is an important factor in lymph formation under normal and pathological circumstances.
ELECTRONIC PARTICLE COUNTING APPLIED TO THE QUANTITATIVE STUDY OF RED CELL AGGLUTINATION.

Quantitation of red cell agglutination can be made by counting the residual free cells remaining after agglutination and comparing the count with the pre-agglutination red cell count. Most previous studies have used visual hemocytometry for this purpose. The use of the Coulter Model B electronic particle counter has been investigated and is shown to be a practical alternative. The problem of counting a free cell population overlapped in size by small aggregates is approached by two methods. In the first, a correction is made for aggregates present in the size range of single red cells based on the change in mean particle volume which results from the presence of cell clumps. In the second, red cells are counted in a size range in which aggregates are unlikely to occur. The methods are evaluated and their extension to provide further data on the pattern of red cell aggregation in agglutination is indicated.
Blood in the gastric lumen increases splanchnic blood flow and portal pressure in portal-hypertensive rats

Abstract BACKGROUND & AIMS: In portal-hypertensive humans, portal blood flow and pressure increase after a meal. These hemodynamic changes may increase variceal rupture risk. The aim of this study was to determine whether blood in the stomach lumen increases splanchnic flow and portal pressure (PP) in portal-hypertensive rats. METHODS: superior mesenteric artery flow and PP were measured in conscious, unrestrained, fasted partial portal vein-ligated rats with chronically implanted Doppler flow probes or portal vein catheters before and after gavage with heparinized, warmed blood from donor rats, air, standard meal, or empty tube. RESULTS: Percentage of changes in flow and pressure from baseline were significantly greater after gavage with blood (an increase of 22.6% +/- 3.5% and an increase of 16.4% +/- 3.1%, respectively) than empty tube (an increase of 3.4% +/- 0.6% and a decrease of 5.4% +/- 3.5%, respectively) (P CONCLUSIONS: In portal-hypertensive rats, blood in the stomach lumen significantly increases splanchnic blood flow and PP. Splanchnic hyperemia from absorption of blood's calories probably contributes to these hemodynamic changes. In patients with variceal hemorrhage, blood in the stomach may increase the risk of persistent variceal bleeding or rebleeding. (Gastroenterology 1996 Oct;111(4):1103-10)
Large-scale nonlinear programming with a cape-open compliant interface

The past few years have led to the development of a novel large-scale nonlinear programming solver called IPOPT. Described in Wachter and Biegler (2004), this algorithm uses a barrier formulation for inequality constraints and incorporates a new filter line search algorithm. It also includes a number of features that make it efficient and robust even for highly nonlinear problems. In particular, it is well suited to exploit second derivatives. The code has been used on thousands on test problems ranging in size up to almost two million variables. Finally, enhancements of this method have been made to deal with complementarity conditions that model a class of discrete decisions with continuous variables. This paper describes the development of CAPE-OPEN compliant objects for IPOPT to solve dynamic optimization problems. This activity complements a number of tasks to develop interfaces to optimization modelling platforms such as AIMMS and AMPL. Here we consider protocols such as Equation Set Objects (ESO) and the MINLP CAPE-OPEN interface to IPOPT (CO-LaN Consortium, 2002). The resulting object can be linked to other objects that are CAPE-OPEN compliant. We also describe a preprocessing procedure for generic models that leads to efficient optimization problem formulations for IPOPT. To validate the interface and the preprocessing procedure, we present a comprehensive optimization case study that links to dynamic optimization models written in gPROMS. In addition, future plans for the development, enhancement and distribution of IPOPT will be outlined.
Core-binding factors in haematopoiesis and leukaemia.

Core-binding factors (CBFs) are a class of haematopoietic transcription factors that are crucial for the regulation of haematopoietic ontogeny, and are frequent targets of mutation and gene rearrangement in human leukaemia. So, what are the functions of CBFs during development, and what are the functional consequences of CBF mutations in leukaemia? Synergy between these convergent lines of enquiry has furthered our understanding of both normal and malignant haematopoiesis.
Trans-Alaska Crustal Transect and continental evolution involving subduction underplating and synchronous foreland thrusting

We investigate the crustal structure and tectonic evolution of the North American continent in Alaska, where the continent has grown through magmatism, accretion, and tectonic under-plating. In the 1980s and early 1990s, we conducted a geological and geophysical investigation, known as the Trans-Alaska Crustal Transect (TACT), along a 1350-km-long corridor from the Aleutian Trench to the Arctic coast. The most distinctive crustal structures and the deepest Moho along the transect are located near the Pacific and Arctic margins. Near the Pacific margin, we infer a stack of tectonically underplated oceanic layers interpreted as remnants of the extinct Kula (or Resurrection) plate. Continental Moho just north of this underplated stack is more than 55 km deep. Near the Arctic margin, the Brooks Range is underlain by large-scale duplex structures that overlie a tectonic wedge of North Slope crust and mantle. There, the Moho has been depressed to nearly 50 km depth. In contrast, the Moho of central Alaska is on average 32 km deep. In the Paleogene, tectonic underplating of Kula (or Resurrection) plate fragments overlapped in time with duplexing in the Brooks Range. Possible tectonic models linking these two regions include flat-slab subduction and an orogenic-float model. In the Neogene, the tectonics of the accreting Yakutat terrane have differed across a newly interpreted tear in the subducting Pacific oceanic lithosphere. East of the tear, Pacific oceanic lithosphere subducts steeply and alone beneath the Wrangell volcanoes, because the overlying Yakutat terrane has been left behind as underplated rocks beneath the rising St. Elias Range, in the coastal region. West of the tear, the Yakutat terrane and Pacific oceanic lithosphere subduct together at a gentle angle, and this thickened package inhibits volcanism.