cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Before Skiing Was Fun

Standing on a pair of twelve-foot-long wooden skis one winter morning in the 1870s, John Gladwyn Webb paused to admire the beauty of the Colorado Rockies. An Oxford graduate and a self-styled soldier of fortune, Webb was bound for the scene of a recent mining strike. Pushing off with his single ski pole, the prospector began to descend a moderately steep slope. Suddenly he fell, his feet popping loose from the one-strap bindings. Fortunately, he was able to grab one ski, but the other disappeared down the mountainside. Standing up, Webb realized his predicament. He could hardly rely on a rescue party to discover him, because no one knew of his trip. Since the snow was from ten to thirty feet deep, he could not walk to safety either. One slim chance remained, and the Oxford man seized upon it. At the point where he had lost his balance, Webb placed the remaining ski in the track of the missing one. Lying on his ski as much as possible, he set off, steering with his elbows. After descending the slope, he spotted the lost ski, dug it out of a snowdrift, and then continued on his way.1 Although Webb's experience may have been unique, his mode of travel was not. From 1860 to 1920, skis were an important form of transportation in the Rocky Mountain West. Histories of Colorado and of skiing have largely ignored the transportation function of skis.2 Warner A. Root,
Patent Prospect Theory and Competitive Innovation

In his seminal “prospect theory” of patents, Edmund Kitch contends that patents should be relatively broad in order to promote post-grant follow-on innovation and development. The argument rests critically on the assumption that post-grant competition will diminish such efforts. This is just a special case of the more general claim that a market will be more innovative when it is less competitive. When an innovator invents a new technology, it enters (or creates) a market for the relevant technology class, and the breadth of its patent determines how competitive this market can become. Prospect theory asserts that this post-grant market should involve little or no competition, and infers from this that patents should be broad. However, economists have long debated the relationship between competition and innovation. A leading view among contemporary economists – the inverted-U hypothesis – contends that aggregate innovation is maximized somewhere in between monopoly and perfect competition; that is, the market should be relatively competitive, but not too competitive. This hypothesis is strongly supported by recent theoretical and empirical economic research, much of which suggests that the socially optimal market structure is in fact closer to perfect competition than monopoly. Although this theory has not previously been related to the question of optimal patent breadth, it provides perhaps the best economic machinery for addressing this problem. In particular, it suggests that, in contrast to the teachings of prospect theory, patent breadth should be fairly modest in order to elicit a relatively significant degree of post-grant competition.
On the "Gray Hair" Complex of Some Poets in the Tang Dynasty and Its Origin

As a form of literature of the Tang Dynasty,Tang poems occupies the main role.However,the verbal "gray hair" appears in many poems very often.As an image,"gray hair" plays an important role when poets want to represent their sadness,depression,homesickness,death before the fulfillment of their ambition,"a beauty in her old age" or other feelings.Several factors cause the "hair graying" complex,such as the scientific basis,cultural transmission and influence of poets' living condition.
Discussion on the Common Evaluation Indicators of Academic Periodicals

The paper has discussed the common evaluation indicators(Impact Factor,Fund-sponsored Thesis Ratio,Total Cites,Immediately Citing index,Other-citing Rate,Peer Review,Reprint Rate,recruited by Authority Retrieval Tools) of academic periodicals and their limitations.It has provided reference for different kinds of journals choosing correct evaluation indicators.
Test Methods of Converter Valves in VSC-HVDC Power Transmission

To ensure its secure and reliable operation, the type test of flexible voltage source converter based high voltage direct current (VSC-HVDC) converter valves is necessary, and the substitute equivalence methods are usually applied to the type test of converter valves. In this paper, the structures of two kinds of flexible VSC-HVDC converter valves, i.e., series-connected valves and modular multi-level converter (MMC) valves, are presented, and it is pointed out that the research on test methods for converter valves should consist of analysis of tested valves, valve stress analysis, establishment of stress mathematical model, test requirements, analysis of testing contents, research on equivalence test methods and so on. The testing methods for above-mentioned two kinds of VSC-HVDC converter valves are researched in the hope of laying the foundation for the theoretical research on equivalent test of self-turn-off devices.
Determination of atrazine in drinking water using SPE and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry

Objective:To develop a method based on solid phase extraction followed liquid chromatography mass spectrometry for determination of atrazine in drinking water.Methods: Drinking water samples were concentrated by Waters Oasis HLB and separated on a C18 column with a gradient mobile phase of acetonitrile and aqueous 0.1% formic acid,then analyzed by time of flight mass spectrometry(TOF-MS).Mass acquisition was conducted under positive electrospray ionization mode.Quantification was performed by external standard calibration.Results: Detection limit was 0.1 μg/L.The correlation coefficient was above 0.999,the average recovery rate was between 82.6% and 92.8%.The relative standard deviation was between 1.5% and 2.3%.Conclusion: This method can be applied for the determination of atrazine in drinking water for its high sensitivity and high selectivity.
Stress Degrades Prefrontal Cortex Neuronal Coding of Goal-Directed Behavior

Stress, pervasive in modern society, impairs prefrontal cortex (PFC)-dependent cognitive processes, an action implicated in multiple psychopathologies and estimated to contribute to nearly half of all work place accidents. However, the neurophysiological bases for stress-related impairment of PFC-dependent function remain poorly understood. The current studies examined the effects of stress on PFC neural coding during a working memory task in rats. Stress suppressed responses of medial PFC (mPFC) neurons strongly tuned to a diversity of task events, including delay and outcome (reward, error). Stress-related impairment of task-related neuronal activity included multidimensional coding by PFC neurons, an action that significantly predicted cognitive impairment. Importantly, the effects of stress on PFC neuronal signaling were highly conditional on tuning strength: stress increased task-related activity in the larger population of PFC neurons weakly tuned to task events. Combined, stress elicits a profound collapse of task representations across the broader population of PFC neurons.
Frontal leukotomy and related psychosurgical procedures in the era before antipsychotics (1935-1954): a historical overview.

Objective: This article provides an overview ofthe history ofpsychosurgery as a treatment for psychiatric illnesses. Method: The author reviewed articles describing psychosurgery between 1 935 and 1 954 in order to summarize surgical techniques, clinical indications for surgery, patient selection, complications, and outcome. Results: Patients were operated on for a wide variety ofpsychiatric illnesses. Initially, a large number ofuncontrolled studies reported considerable therapeutic benefit in at least one-third ofthe patients operated on. Complications with the early surgical techniques included hemorrhage, seizures, infection, and personality changes. Surgical techniques proliferated in hopes of achieving greater therapeutic benefit while minimizing detrimental side effects. As psychosurgery became more widely accepted, its principal supporters began to use it as a routine therapy. A number of uncontrolled and controlled short-term studies supported the efficacy of psychosurgery, but long-term controlled studies showed mixed results. Conclusions: Psychosurgery was promoted as a treatment for patients who had shown little or no response to less drastic therapies. In the context of an era when no efficacious treatments were available for psychosis, its use was understandable. However, its history illustrates the importance of critical evaluation of new treatments in the context of long-term controlled outcome studies, the natural course of specific illnesses, and an understanding of brain physiology. (AmJ Psychiatry 1995; 1S2:SOS-51S)
Epidemiological and cost implications of antihypertensive treatment for the prevention of cardiovascular disease.

The major risk factors for coronary disease are blood pressure, blood lipids and cigarette smoking. Major advances have been made over the past 20 years in altering these factors and this has been accompanied by a dramatic reduction in new incidence myocardial infarction (MI) and stroke. Several questions remain however, concerning the best treatment approaches for 'mild' hypertension (DBP = 90-104 mmHg). One major question is the potential ability of different classes of antihypertensive drugs to prevent fatal and non-fatal coronary heart disease. Underscoring this question is the recognition that drug classes differ in their lipid effects. Thiazide diuretics tend to increase total and low density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol, increase triglycerides and slightly lower high density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol. On the other hand alpha 1-antagonists have been shown to influence lipids favourably by lowering total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and increasing HDL-cholesterol. Other agents such as calcium channel blockers and ACE inhibitors appear to be lipid neutral. The cost effectiveness of various treatments for hypertension depends not only on direct drug costs but also on the less well-defined indirect costs associated with possible differences in disease rates between treatments. Estimates of disease occurrence with various lipid changes can be modelled after the results of the Coronary Primary Prevention Trial (CPPT) and cost estimates of various diseases (i.e. acute MI) can be estimated from diagnosis-related group data, insurance data and physician survey data.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Animal models of osteogenesis imperfecta: applications in clinical research

Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI), commonly known as brittle bone disease, is a genetic disease characterized by extreme bone fragility and consequent skeletal deformities. This connective tissue disorder is caused by mutations in the quality and quantity of the collagen that in turn affect the overall mechanical integrity of the bone, increasing its vulnerability to fracture. Animal models of the disease have played a critical role in the understanding of the pathology and causes of OI and in the investigation of a broad range of clinical therapies for the disease. Currently, at least 20 animal models have been officially recognized to represent the phenotype and biochemistry of the 17 different types of OI in humans. These include mice, dogs, and fish. Here, we describe each of the animal models and the type of OI they represent, and present their application in clinical research for treatments of OI, such as drug therapies (ie, bisphosphonates and sclerostin) and mechanical (ie, vibrational) loading. In the future, different dosages and lengths of treatment need to be further investigated on different animal models of OI using potentially promising treatments, such as cellular and chaperone therapies. A combination of therapies may also offer a viable treatment regime to improve bone quality and reduce fragility in animals before being introduced into clinical trials for OI patients.
Invasive Pneumococcal Disease Among HIV-Infected and HIV-Uninfected Adults in a Large Integrated Healthcare System

Abstract It is unclear whether HIV-infected individuals remain at higher risk of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) compared with HIV-uninfected individuals. We conducted a cohort study of HIV-infected and demographically matched HIV-uninfected adults within Kaiser Permanente Northern California during the period 1996–2011. We used Poisson models to obtain rate ratios (RRs) for incident IPD associated with HIV infection and other risk factors. Among 13,079 HIV-infected and 137,643 HIV-uninfected adults, the IPD rate per 100,000 person-years was 160 (n = 109 events) for HIV-infected and 8 (n = 75 events) for HIV-uninfected subjects, with an adjusted RR of 13.0 [95% confidence interval (CI): 9.1–18.7]. For HIV-infected individuals, IPD incidence per 100,000 person-years decreased by 71% during study follow-up, from 305 in 1996–1999 to 88 in 2010–2011 (p < 0.001), with an adjusted RR of 6.6 (95% CI: 2.7–16.1) compared with HIV-uninfected subjects in 2010–2011. Risk factors for IPD among HIV-infected individ...
Teaching Group Processes Through Multiple Group Leadership Opportunities in a Masters Level Counselor Education Program

Utilizing an experiential component in group work training is a prominent feature in Counselor Education programs. Although numerous models have been proposed, the vast majority offer limited explanations of incorporating the number of hours of group participation and observation recommended by the Professional Standards for the Training of Group Workers (ASGW, 2000). This article presents an experiential group training model with multiple opportunities for group leadership in a masters level Counselor Education program, and provides a description of common themes experienced by group-leaders-in-training as they progressed through the culminating feature which served as the capstone of this approach.
Continuous-wave mid-infrared photonic crystal light emitters at room temperature

Mid-infrared photonic crystal enhanced lead-salt light emitters operating under continuous-wave mode at room temperature were investigated in this work. For the device, an active region consisting of 9 pairs of PbSe/Pb0.96Sr0.04Se quantum wells was grown by molecular beam epitaxy method on top of a Si(111) substrate which was initially dry-etched with a two-dimensional photonic crystal structure in a pattern of hexagonal holes. Because of the photonic crystal structure, an optical band gap between 3.49 and 3.58 µm was formed, which matched with the light emission spectrum of the quantum wells at room temperature. As a result, under optical pumping, using a near-infrared continuous-wave semiconductor laser, the device exhibited strong photonic crystal band-edge mode emissions and delivered over 26.5 times higher emission efficiency compared to the one without photonic crystal structure. The output power obtained was up to 7.68 mW (the corresponding power density was ~363 mW/cm2), and a maximum quantum efficiency reached to 1.2%. Such photonic crystal emitters can be used as promising light sources for novel miniaturized gas-sensing systems.
Commensal Nesting of Scincella lateralis (Little Brown Skinks) in Alligator mississippiensis (American Alligator) Nests and Ondatra zibethicus (Muskrat) Houses in Southwestern Louisiana

Abstract Scincella lateralis (Little Brown Skink, hereafter Skink) are ubiquitous throughout the southeastern US and primarily nest in leaf litter on the forest floor. However, their presence in coastal marsh settings necessitates their use of alternate nesting habitats. We investigated Skink nesting ecology in Alligator mississippiensis (American Alligator) nests and Ondatra zibethicus (Muskrat) houses in an intermediate/brackish coastal marsh habitat at Rockefeller Wildlife Refuge in southwestern Louisiana. For our field studies, we found and collected Skink eggs from 16 June through 5 October, and hatched eggshells from 6 July through 5 October. We found Skink eggs/eggshells in 36 of 109 active American Alligator nests (33.0%), 19 of 36 inactive Alligator nests (52.8%), and 13 of 51 Muskrat houses (25.5%). Clutch size ranged from 1 to 5 eggs (average = 3.0). The mean depth of Skink eggs was 24.6 cm in American Alligator nests and 17.1 cm in Muskrat houses. Multiple clutches commonly occurred in a struc...
Robotic Total Colectomy

Before the introduction of multi-quadrant access robotic platforms, performing robotic colorectal surgical procedures that required access to multiple quadrants was a challenge. Older robotic platforms, such as the standard, S, and Si, were designed to work in only one quadrant. Most robotic platforms utilized in the United States and other countries are designed as single-quadrant access platforms. This chapter addresses how to perform a multi-quadrant operation, such as a subtotal or total colectomy, with a platform designed to work in a single quadrant. We will describe the optimal locations for the robotic platform and ideal use for the robotic arms via multiple dockings or “port hopping” for each step of the procedure. Technical pearls of each procedural step will be highlighted for the benefit of the reading surgeon.
An Escherichia coli Expression-Based Approach for Porphyrin Substitution in Heme Proteins

The ability to replace the native heme cofactor of proteins with an unnatural porphyrin of interest affords new opportunities to study heme protein chemistry and engineer heme proteins for new functions. Previous methods for porphyrin substitution rely on removal of the native heme followed by porphyrin reconstitution. However, conditions required to remove the native heme often lead to denaturation, limiting success at heme replacement. An expression-based strategy for porphyrin substitution was developed to circumvent the heme removal and reconstitution steps, whereby unnatural porphyrin incorporation occurs under biological conditions. The approach uses the RP523 strain of Escherichia coli, which has a deletion of a key gene involved in heme biosynthesis and is permeable to porphyrins. The expression-based strategy for porphyrin substitution detailed here is a robust platform to generate heme proteins containing unnatural porphyrins for diverse applications.
Nephrotoxicity After the Treatment of Periprosthetic Joint Infection With Antibiotic-Loaded Cement Spacers

Abstract Background Treatment of periprosthetic joint infections commonly involves insertion of an antibiotic-loaded cement spacer (ACS). The risk for acute kidney injury (AKI) related to use of antibiotic spacers has not been well defined. We aimed to identify the incidence of and risk factors for AKI after placement of an ACS. Methods We performed a prospective cohort study of patients with an infected primary total hip or knee arthroplasty treated with ACSs with vancomycin, gentamicin, and tobramycin. Serum creatinine and glomerular filtration rate data were collected at baseline and weekly intervals for 8 weeks. Patients were classified into Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss of kidney function, and End-stage kidney disease (RIFLE) stages to determine incidence of AKI. Risk factors for kidney injury were identified via regression analysis. Results A total of 37 patients (20 total knee arthroplasty and 17 total hip arthroplasty) were included. During the 8 weeks after ACS placement, 10 patients (27%) fit RIFLE criteria for kidney injury and 2 patients (5%) fit RIFLE criteria for kidney failure. No baseline patient characteristics were associated with development of AKI. Conclusion Patients should be monitored closely for development of AKI after placement of ACSs for the treatment of periprosthetic joint infection. Further research into minimizing risk for AKI is warranted.
Incorporating RF test measurements for efficient design flow of GaN-based power amplifiers

When designing an RF circuit using advanced non-CMOS device technologies, such as GaN (Gallium Nitride), component models are not always available or the provided models do not cover the operating conditions (frequency, bias, etc.) necessary for the application. Compact analytical models are also not available for these devices, and device sizes and bias conditions do not scale in the same way as CMOS devices. As a result, designers often need additional characterization steps to ensure that the utilized models are an accurate representation of the actual device behavior. In this paper, we present a design flow that incorporates RF tests that focus on design specific measurements. The goal is to minimize the number of these time-consuming measurements during the design process by utilizing interpolation between points in the design space that have already been explored and by initiating a new measurement only when exploring a point in the design space that falls far from all previously explored points. The design process is demonstrated in simulation on a GaN power amplifier (PA) that yields 42.9 dBm of signal power with only 0.5 dB of gain compression, 27.4 dB power gain, 28.3 % power added efficiency (PAE) and operates at a center frequency of 36 GHz.
Generalized Dynamic Time Warping: Unleashing the Warping Power Hidden in Point-Wise Distances

Domain-specific distances preferred by analysts for exploring similarities among time series tend to be "point-to-point" distances. Unfortunately, this point-wise nature limits their ability to perform meaningful comparisons between sequences of different lengths and with temporal mis-alignments. Analysts instead need "elastic" alignment tools such as Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) to perform such flexible comparisons. However, the existing alignment tools are limited in that they do not incorporate diverse distances. To address this shortcoming, our work introduces the first conceptual framework called Generalized Dynamic Time Warping (GDTW) that supports now alignment (warping) of a large array of domain-specific distances in a uniform manner. While the classic DTW and its prior extensions focus on the Euclidean Distance, our GDTW is the first method that generalizes the ubiquitous DTW and "extends" its warping capabilities to a rich diversity of point-to-point distances. Based on our GDTW paradigm that preserves the efficiency of the dynamic programming paradigm of DTW, we design an abstraction that implemented by our GDTW Design Tool enables analysts to "warp" new distances with little programming effort. Through extensive evaluation studies on 85 real public domain benchmark datasets, we show that our newly warped distances offer higher classification accuracy than the previously available distances for the majority of these datasets. Further, our case study on heart arrhythmia data illustrates the utility of the new distances enabled by our GDTW warping methodology.
Student Activists’ Effect on Curriculum Development in Medical School

Widespread innovations have been introduced into medical education during the past decade. These came at a time when student activism was at its height and when many departments of psychiatry were without effective leadership. This article describes the impact of these factors upon the curriculum development in psychiatry and the behavioral sciences at one medical school. The experiences described are common throughout the medical community and highlight some vital issues in medical education today.
Plasma Jets Emitted by Unipolar Arcing from Spherical Laser Targets

Unipolar arcing occurs when a plasma of sufficiently high electron temperature interacts with a conducting wall. Without an external voltage applied, many electrical micro-arcs burn between the surface and the plasma driven by local variations of the sheath potential with the wall acting as both the cathode and anode. Small jets of material are ejected from cathode craters of the arcs. Spherical targets of 0.5–1 mm size were irradiated on one side with 100J/300 ps pulses from the Asterix III iodine laser at Garching. Surface damage to areas remote from the focal spot were analyzed. The occurrance of unipolar arcing and plasma jetting is consistent with the spatial energy deposition by the spreading hot-electron plasma. A model for the lateral expansion of the hot electrons around the sphere is formulated, taking into account sheath electric fields, self-generated magnetic fields and a thin dense plasma layer on the surface of the sphere produced by unipolar arcing which enables the flow of hot electrons around the sphere. Efficient ion acceleration occurs in a diode configuration formed by the magnetically insulated hot electrons on an outer spherical shell and the high positive potential of the unipolar arc plasma on the surface of the sphere.
Francisella tularensis Exposure Among National Park Service Employees During an Epizootic: Devils Tower National Monument, Wyoming, 2015

Abstract Introduction: Tularemia is a zoonotic infection caused by the highly infectious bacterium Francisella tularensis. Persons having outdoor professions are more likely than others to be expos...
NUCLEOSIDEPHOSPHATASE ACTIVITIES OF CYTOMEMBRANES

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the nucleosidephosphatase activities of cytomembranes. Light and electron microscopic studies are based on (1) nucleosidephosphatase activities in the plasma membranes of many cells, (2) nucleosidediphosphatase activity, of narrow substrate range, in the endoplasmic reticulum and nuclear membrane of some cells, (3) nucleosidediphosphatase activity, with wider substrate range, in the Golgi apparatus, and (4) acid phosphatase activity in the lysosomes. They illustrate the extent to which enzyme cytochemistry can be brought to the level of ultrastructure by incubation of simply prepared frozen sections of formalin-fixed tissues. The endoplasmic reticulum enzyme has been isolated from acetone powders of rat liver microsomes and beef adrenal, and its properties have been compared with those of the enzyme within frozen sections of fixed tissue. These observations lead to speculations regarding (1) the functional roles of the nucleosidephosphatases of different cytomembranes; (2) the intimate topographical relation that exists between Golgi lamellae and lysosomes; (3) the lysosomal nature of early secretory granules, and some mature ones; and (4) dynamic interrelations that may exist among the membranes of endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and lysosomes.
Impacts of Information Provision and Visualization on Collaborative Decision Making

Big Data marks one of the biggest opportunities and also challenges of modern day organizations. Not all data is equal–only some contain insights. To make sound decisions, firms need not only process data, but also extract meaningful information, and present it in such a way that can illuminate perceptions. Intrigued by this topic’s current challenges, this study examines how different manners of providing information affect collective decision-making performance. To examine the research question, an electronic platform in the laboratory is designed to implement a collaborative decision-making experiment using game theory. Experimental economics is used as the main research methodology, featuring financial incentives in the experiments in order to induce subjects’ rationally strategic behaviors. The research wishes to yield meaningful insights that bear implications for many contexts, most important of which inter- and intra-organizational decision making, as well as group collaboration and coordination.
Immunoglobulin A Nephropathy

1. Smita Goodman, DO* 2. Jessica Reid-Adam, MD* 1. *Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY Immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN) is the most common form of primary chronic glomerular disease worldwide. First described in 1968 by pathologist Jean Berger, it was regarded for many years as a benign condition. However, the widespread use of kidney biopsy has provided better insight into its full consequences, demonstrating it to be an important chronic, slowly progressive cause of end-stage renal disease in the pediatric population, leading eventually to renal failure in many patients. An immune complex–mediated nephropathy, IgAN is defined immunohistologically by the presence of glomerular IgA deposition accompanied by a mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis. IgAN is most common in white and Asian populations, with a peak incidence in the second and third decades of life. The annual incidence in the United States is reported to be 0.5 pediatric cases per 100,000. In Japan, remarkably, the incidence is 10 times as high, but worldwide the highest incidence of IgAN is in Southeast Asia. This is thought to result at least in part from increased screening for urinary abnormalities and a lower threshold for renal biopsy in patients with asymptomatic microscopic hematuria, leading to increased diagnosis. The 2:1 male/female predominance in North America and Western Europe is not seen in Asian populations. Although the true prevalence of IgAN remains unknown, its prevalence has been inferred from the proportion of cases identified in large series of kidney biopsies. The current understanding of IgAN’s pathogenesis, referred to as the multi-hit hypothesis, is that the disease arises as a consequence of multiple sequential pathogenic “hits.” IgA, the most abundant antibody in humans, exists in 2 isoforms, IgA1 and IgA2, present in secretions and on …
Untempered Power: Krygier’s Visceral Aversion and China’s Notable Activists

Martin Krygier grounds his commitment to the rule of law in a visceral aversion to untempered power. This essay deploys these concepts in a portrait of ways China’s notable lawyer activists confront power in this most consequential site of struggle at the present historical moment. Drawing heavily on the words of lawyers in the vanguard of defense of basic legal freedoms, the essay sketches briefly how China’s notable activist lawyers construe the “uncontrol, unpredictability, and unrespect” of unbridled power as it is exercised by the insatiable monopoly of China’s Communist Party, its failures to erect checks and balances when restraint of power is most critical, its deployment of criminal procedure law to legitimize the abuse of power, its reliance on untamed institutions of a police state, and its disempowering of civil society as a fundamental buttress for rule of law. In the spirit of Krygier, the essay concludes with lawyers’ vision of tempered power through rule of law in China.
Re/Coding Global Citizenship: How Information and Communication Technologies Have Altered Humanity and Created New Questions for Global Citizenship Education.

In the broadest sense, the concept of global citizenship education (GCE) includes many facets of a rapidly changing world and concepts in education. The information and communication technology (ICT) advances of the last few decades have created opportunities for educational connection and interaction through digital spaces at all levels, local and global. In linking technology with global citizenship, neither GCE nor ICTs can be assumed to be mutually progressive and/or mutually beneficial. In recent years, governments have moved to centralize ICT technologies exacting more control over their use for surveillance, including the weaponization of ICTs for strategic gains. This complicates the work of GCE scholars and practitioners in unforeseen ways as centralized control limits decentralized interactions. ICT concepts and philosophical stances are explored and defined to address how GCE scholars and practitioners can reimagine and reframe the tenets of the field within this informational world. Key topics discussed include complications of GCE in the infosphere, digital citizenship & GCE, and teaching GCE in the age of “inforgs” & digital identities.
Toward Evidence-Based Interventions for Chronically Bullied Children: Candidate Mechanisms and Potential Strategies

Current anti-bullying interventions are designed to reduce the overall prevalence of bullying and victimization. Systematic reviews document the efficacy of these programs, but emerging evidence su...
Cerebral blood flow is reduced by N omega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester during delayed hypoperfusion in cats.

We tested the hypothesis that decreased tonic release of nitric oxide (NO) or a NO-containing compound, during postischemic delayed hypoperfusion, would result in an impaired response of cerebral blood flow (CBF) to NO synthase inhibition. We measured CBF (microspheres), cerebral oxygen consumption, and physiological variables in 30 halothane-anesthetized cats. In 12 animals, complete cerebral ischemia (verified by midischemic CBF measurement) was produced for 12 min by brachiocephalic and left subclavian artery occlusion with hemorrhagic hypotension (mean arterial blood pressure = 40 mmHg). Steady-state hypoperfusion was present by 120 min of reperfusion (30 +/- 4% of baseline). Nonischemic animals (n = 12) were submitted to the same surgical procedures and anesthetic duration. N omega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, 10 mg/kg iv) or saline was administered 160 min after baseline measurements, equivalent to 140 min of reperfusion for animals treated with ischemia (n = 6 in each group). Blood pressure was controlled (aortic ligature) so that there was no change following L-NAME administration both in the ischemic and nonischemic groups. L-NAME reduced CBF during reperfusion in ischemic animals (from 37 +/- 2 to 24 +/- 2 ml.min-1 x 100 g-1) and in nonischemic animals (from 122 +/- 15 to 68 +/- 8 ml.min-1 x 100 g-1) with no change in cerebral oxygen consumption. In six additional cats, administration of L-arginine (250 mg/kg iv) reversed the effect of L-NAME. We conclude that tonic NO-mediated cerebral vasodilation occurs following transient global ischemia despite delayed hypoperfusion.
A Review of Studies on Set Gear Selectivity in the Adriatic Sea

The Adriatic Sea is one of the world’s most heavily exploited areas, with a large number and variety of commercial important species caught and a wide range of fishing methods employed. In this basin, small-scale fisheries (SSFs), performed by fishing vessels of an overall length <12 m and not using towed gear, play a major socioeconomic role. The Adriatic SSFs are diverse, complex, and dynamic; they are active throughout the year using a wide range of fishing strategies. However, the most commonly employed gears are gillnets, trammel nets, and traps, to catch a pool of target species in coastal areas. In general, good fisheries management requires that fishing gears should catch the large adult fish, while small juveniles are allowed to escape; in SSF sector this is translated into mesh size regulation. The mesh size or mesh opening is normally defined as the distance between opposite corners of the mesh when it is fully stretched (stretched mesh size). In principle, the larger the mesh size, the greater is the chance of small fish escaping through the gaps between the netting twines. Since passive nets are considered less harmful to stocks and habitats than other gears, their selectivity is less explored. Here is presented a review of the available literature on the Adriatic SSF gear selectivity determined by technical features, and consequent quali-quantitative composition of catches.
Laser Generation and Interferometric Detection of Ultrasound in Anisotropic Materials

Current investigation into the influences of material anisotropy on the signature of laser generated waveforms in single crystals using interferometric detection has shown that the orientation of the lattice not only influences the speed of wave propagation but also the overall shape of the detected waveform. In few grained crystalline materials which exhibit strong anisotropy, the misorientation of grains relative to one another may be observed in the signature of detected waveforms. As a result of the reproducibility and the inherent directivity of laser generated ultrasound, the lattice orientation of a specimen relative to its boundaries may be inferred by observing both wave velocities and wave signatures.
Evaporation-induced self-assembly to functional nanostructures

Publisher Summary Self-assembly employs pre-existing components “pre-programmed” to, spontaneously, organize under the influence of normally noncovalent bonding interactions, such as hydrogen bonding, π­–π interactions, hydrophobic interactions, electrostatic forces, capillarity, etc. For example, amphiphilic molecules, composed of hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts, when added to water plus oil, organize into micelles and, at higher concentrations, spatially extensive periodic networks with hexagonal, cubic, bicontinuous, or lamellar arrangements. Calcination or extraction of the amphiphilic surfactant assemblies then yields so-called mesoporous materials characterized by periodic networks of monosized pores with 2- or 3-D connectivities. Although the original MCM (mobil composition of matter) materials were mesoporous silica powders, a significant effort has been made during the past 12 years to prepare mesoporous films, spherical and other well-defined shapes, and hierarchical assemblies. It is also now recognized that amphilphile self-assembly conducted in the presence of both hydrophilic inorganic and hydrophobic organic precursors provides a viable route to the formation of hybrid inorganic/organic nanocomposites.
On the Measurement of Comparative Economic Freedom across Nations

The measurement of economic freedom is discussed. One particular set of freedom indi- ces developed by Heritage Foundation is detailed, including how the indices are constructed and potential problems in the methodological design. Comparisons are made for the different levels of freedom individual nations and regions achieve.
Third-Order moments of filtered speech signals for robust speech recognition

Novel speech features calculated from third-order statistics of subband-filtered speech signals are introduced and studied for robust speech recognition. These features have the potential to capture nonlinear information not represented by cepstral coefficients. Also, because the features presented in this paper are based on the third-order moments, they may be more immune to Gaussian noise than cepstrals, as Gaussian distributions have zero third-order moments. Experiments on the AURORA2 database studying these features in combination with Mel-frequency cepstral coefficients (MFCC's) are presented, and some improvement over the MFCC-only baseline is shown when clean speech is used for training, though the same improvement is not seen when multi-condition training data is used.
Stability analysis of non-uniform sampling systems based on the generalized eigenvalue problem

This paper is concerned with nonuniform sampling systems, where the sampling period is time varying within a bounded interval. Such kind of system is transformed into time varying discrete time system according to the recent results. By using robust control techniques, the time varying model can be treated as a discrete time system including norm bounded uncertainties which result in the sampling period variation. The generalized eigenvalue problem can be used to denote the time varying sampling period, which can be solved by LMI Toolbox directly. The multiple nominal point method is used to reduce conservatism arising from the model. Simulation shows the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.
Herpes simplex virus type 1 recombination: role of DNA replication and viral a sequences.

During the course of infection, elements of the herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) genome undergo inversion, a process that is believed to occur through the viral a sequences. To investigate the mechanism of this recombinational event, we have developed an assay that detects the deletion of DNA segments flanked by directly repeated a sequences in plasmids transiently maintained in Vero cells. With this assay, we have observed a high frequency of recombination (approximately 8%) in plasmids that undergo replication in HSV-1-infected cells. We also found a low level of recombination between a sequences in plasmids introduced into uninfected cells and in unreplicated plasmids in HSV-1-infected cells. In replicating plasmids, recombination between a sequences occurs at twice the frequency seen with directly repeated copies of a different sequence of similar size. Recombination between a sequences appears to occur at approximately the same time as replication, suggesting that the processes of replication and recombination are closely linked. Images
Dynamics of Fractals

Apart from linear polymers, the dynamic properties of fractal structures are essentially unexplored. This paucity of data is due to the fact that dynamic light scattering, the technique of choice for such studies, is expected to display unique features only for objects which are fractal over dimensional scales comparable to the wavelength of light (5000A). Recently, however, colloidal aggregates were shown 1 both to be fractal over lengths up to and to display interesting dynamics. (2) Our purpose here is not only to discuss the dynamics of such aggregates, but also to review the results for polymers and colloidal particles. In all cases, these systems are studied in a dilute suspension by quasi-elastic light scattering.
Primary carcinoma of the duodenal bulb mimicking duodenal ulcer.

Summary Three cases of primary carcinoma of the first portion of the duodenum are reported, which clinically and roentgenographically could not be distinguished from benign peptic ulcer.
3 – Index tuning

Publisher Summary An index for a table is a data organization that enables certain queries to access one or more records of that table fast. Proper tuning of indexes is therefore essential to high performance. Improper selection of indexes can lead to various mishaps: indexes that are maintained but never used, files that are scanned in order to return a single record, and multitable joins that run on for hours because the wrong indexes are present. The usefulness of an index depends on how queries use the index. This chapter provides the guidance for choosing, maintaining, and using indexes. A key of an index is a set or sequence of attributes. Index searches use values on those attributes to access records of an accompanying table. Many records in the accompanying table may have the same key value. From the viewpoint of the index designer, there are two kinds of keys with respect to a table T: (1) a sequential key is one whose value is monotonic with insertion order, and (2) a nonsequential key is a key whose value is unrelated to the insertion order to the table.
Highly parallel increment/decrement using CMOS technology

A design technique for the construction of an incrementer/decrementer circuit is presented. The technique is shown to be highly efficient both in terms of space and time. There are two basic operations involved in this technique: (1) finding the least significant zero bit (LSZB), and (2) inverting all bits below LSZB including LSZB. For the first part, a network of priority resolution (PR) modules is implemented which is new in structure, and the modules operate concurrently. For the second part, selector modules which produce inverted or non-inverted bits, depending on the selector code value, are used. A 64-bit incrementer circuit is being designed using MOSIS CMOS3 technology. The simulation result of the proposed design is encouraging and indicates the high efficiency of the device. >
Message Source Characteristics and Employee Assistance Program Advertising: Beliefs in Program Effectiveness and Intentions to Self-Refer

Abstract Research indicates that the majority of clients seeking Employee Assistance Program (EAP) services are self-referred, and that a relationship exists between self-referral and the belief that an EAP is effective. Fifty-three participants read an advertisement proclaiming that a fictitious EAP was effective. Following the Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM), motivation to elaborate upon the advertisement's arguments was manipulated and two message sources were used. Although motivation had no effect on participants' belief that the EAP was effective or their intention to self-refer, participants exposed to the less expert message source (EAP clients) experienced a greater reduction in their self-referral intention than participants exposed to the more expert source (a fictitious consulting firm). A positive correlation between belief in the EAP's effectiveness and self-referral intention was found. Implications for the ELM, research, and EAP personnel are discussed.
Application of ITC in foods: A powerful tool for understanding the gastrointestinal fate of lipophilic compounds.

Abstract Background Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) is a biophysical technique widely used to study molecular interactions in biological and non-biological systems. It can provide important information about molecular interactions (such as binding constant, number of binding sites, free energy, enthalpy, and entropy) simply by measuring the heat absorbed or released during an interaction between two liquid solutions. Scope of the review In this review, we present an overview of ITC applications in food science, with particular focus on understanding the fate of lipids within the human gastrointestinal tract. In this area, ITC can be used to study micellization of bile salts, inclusion complex formation, the interaction of surface-active molecules with proteins, carbohydrates and lipids, and the interactions of lipid droplets. Major conclusions ITC is an extremely powerful tool for measuring molecular interactions in food systems, and can provide valuable information about many types of interactions involving food components such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, surfactants, and minerals. For systems at equilibrium, ITC can provide fundamental thermodynamic parameters that can be used to establish the physiochemical origin of molecular interactions. General significance It is expected that ITC will continue to be utilized as a means of providing fundamental information about complex materials such as those found in foods. This knowledge may be used to create functional foods designed to behave in the gastrointestinal tract in a manner that will improve human health and well-being. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Microcalorimetry in the BioSciences — Principles and Applications, edited by Fadi Bou-Abdallah.
Sexual differences in foraging on corn of adult Labidura riparia [Derm.: Labiduridae]

A significantly greater number of adult femaleLabidura riparia (Pallas) was found foraging on corn (male: female, 1:4.16) than were expected from the male: female ratio (1:1.63) caught in pitfall traps. Nymphs reared to adulthood from both corn plants and pitfall traps indicated nymphs forage without respect to sex. Adult female earwigs killed significantly moreDiabrotica balteata Le Conte adults than did male earwigs at 2 higher diet levels of a functional response experiment. This apparent requirement of the female for more food than the male is offered as an explanation of the differences in their foraging activity.
The photoionization cross sections of the Rg * 2 [ 3 &#931; + u ] excimer states for Ne * 2 , Ar * 2 , and Kr * 2

Based on the recently determined Rydberg series of the3 \Sigma+_{u} excimer states of Ne* 2 , Ar* 2 and Kr* 2 , the photoionization cross sections of these molecules are calculated using a single-channel quantum defect method. These cross sections are found to differ considerably from those of the asymptotic metastable atomic Rg*( ns^{3}P_{2} ) states, but are in good agreement with recently reported experiments at isolated wavelengths. The implications of these results for VUV and XUV lasers are discussed.