cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rendering technology visible: The technological literacy narrative

Abstract This article describes the process of inviting students into discussions of new literacies and writing and technology through technological literacy narratives. The narratives offer benefits for students, classrooms, scholars, and teachers. The narratives encourage students to explore the often unexamined technologies that influence their writing processes, rendering technology visible in students’ life stories. Furthermore, the narratives initiate dialogue about contexts of literacy within the classroom, invite discourse between teachers and students, provide useful data for researchers in the field, and offer important information for teachers of writing, rendering an additional perspective on our students’ writing practices with new technologies in and beyond classroom walls.
Multiscale modeling of thermal conductivity of polymer/carbon nanocomposites

Molecular dynamics simulation was used to estimate the interfacial thermal (Kapitza) resistance between nanoparticles and amorphous and crystalline polymer matrices. Bulk thermal conductivities of the nanocomposites were then estimated using an established effective medium approach. To study functionalization, oligomeric ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymers were chemically bonded to a single wall carbon nanotube. The results, in a poly(ethylene-vinyl acetate) matrix, are similar to those obtained previously for grafted linear hydrocarbon chains. To study the effect of noncovalent functionalization, two types of polyethylene matrices. -- aligned (extended-chain crystalline) vs. amorphous (random coils) were modeled. Both matrices produced the same interfacial thermal resistance values. Finally, functionalization of edges and faces of plate-like graphite nanoparticles was found to be only modestly effective in reducing the interfacial thermal resistance and improving the composite thermal conductivity
Isotropic submanifolds with pointwise planar normal sections

Submanifolds of Em with pointwise planar normal sections were studied in [1] and others. In the present paper, we will prove that an isotropic submanifold in Em with pointwise planar normal sections is isometric to a symmetric space of rank one or to a Euclidean space. Moreover we will determine such surfaces in Em with the above assumptions.
Nanostructured Polyurethane/POSS Hybrid Aqueous Dispersions Prepared by Homogeneous Solution Polymerization

Aqueous polyurethane dispersions were prepared with 4−10 wt % of functionalized polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS) via homogeneous solution polymerization in acetone followed by solvent exchange with water. The use of acetone as the initial polymerization solvent allowed for the facile incorporation of both diamino and dihydroxy functional POSS monomers in a homogeneous reaction environment. After addition of water and removal of the acetone, stable dispersions with unimodal particle sizes were obtained. The incorporation of the POSS monomers did not have a significant effect on the dispersion's properties; however, the physical properties of the isolated polymers did display significant changes, with notable increases in storage modulus, Tg, complex viscosity, and surface hydrophobicity. These changes were attributed to the incorporation of the POSS residues into the polyurethane hard segment domains found. Though no sign of any gross phase heterogeneity due to the inclusion of POSS moieties wa...
Older Patients' Willingness to Trade Off Urologic Adverse Outcomes for a Better Chance at Five-Year Survival in the Clinical Setting of Prostate Cancer

OBJECTIVE: To assess whether patients report a willingness to trade-off urologic adverse outcomes–urinary incontinence and total impotence–for a better chance of 5-year survival in the clinical setting of prostate cancer; and, if so, whether patients' current levels of symptoms of urinary incontinence, impotence, and frequency of sexual activity influence their decisions. DESIGN: Structured interviews with a convenience sample of male patients. SETTING: A university-based Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center. PATIENTS: One hundred sixty-three patients seen consecutively in General Medicine Clinic at the Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center in Portland, Oregon, were enrolled in the study. Mean age of the patients was 65.2 years (SD = 10.6, range = 35–84); mean level of formal education completed was 13 years (SD = 2.7, range = 5–19). MEASUREMENTS: In a hypothetical clinical setting of prostate cancer, patients were offered a choice of two procedures–Treatment A (surgery: worse short-term, better long-term survival) and Treatment B (radiation therapy: better short-term, worse long-term survival)–with varying benefit/risk trade-offs in time. Patients were presented with pairs of treatment curves that were developed from research data on survival for surgery versus radiation therapy for stage II prostate cancer confined to the prostate gland. Treatments were not identified to control for labeling effects. Patients were asked their willingness to accept a chance of immediate mortality for better 5-year survival in one of four treatment curve comparisons. Of those who accepted the net beneficial procedure, we then inquired as to whether urologic complications–urinary incontinence and wearing an appliance to collect urine or total impotence–altered the acceptability of that treatment. RESULTS: Ninety-four percent (153/163) of patients were willing to choose Treatment A (worse short-term, better long-term survival) on one of the four scenarios; the remainder (10/163) were unwilling to take Treatment A (worse short-term, better long-term survival) on any of the four scenarios. Sixty-two percent (95/153) of patients were willing to accept a 100% chance of urinary incontinence; 83% (127/153) were willing to accept a 100% chance of impotence (chi-square = 16.8 with 1 df, P = .0001). CONCLUSIONS: Our results in an older male veteran population suggest than many patients are more concerned with long-term survival in the clinical setting of prostate cancer than with short-term treatment risks. In addition, patients are more willing to accept an impotence outcome than a urinary incontinence outcome, but this result was not related to patients' reported frequency of sexual activity. J Am Geriatr Soc 43:979–984, 1995.
Replacement of lead bricks with non-hazardous polymer-bismuth for low-energy gamma shielding

Lead is a hazardous substance, making it a disposal and industrial hygiene problem. The potential for creating mixed waste or mixed TRU waste exists if the lead becomes contaminated. The disposal of either waste stream is extremely difficult and costly. Bismuth is a non-hazardous material with shielding characteristics similar to lead. An HPGe was characterized using detector shielding composed of lead and polyethylene-based-bismuth to compare the shielding efficacy of both materials. Polymer-bismuth bricks may be recommended as gamma spectrometer shielding for sensitive low-energy measurements.
The Common Mode Failure Study Discipline

A Common Mode Failure (CMF) study is described which supports the design basis for the Reactor Protection System on a General Electric Boiling Water Reactor. Ground rules are formulated which restrict the study to functional CMFs applied one at a time to a reactor plant subjected to initiating transients and accidents. Each outcome is traced to a stable condition and the results examined to determine that they are acceptable. CMF studies seem to parallel the development of Reliability studies and the results appear to be complimentary.
Developmental toxicity of fumonisin in Syrian hamsters

The effects of fumonisin on development of Syrian hamster fetuses were studied using fumonisin B1 and B2 extracted from Fusarium moniliforme corn-culture and purified fumonisin B1. A significant increase in litters with fetal deaths occurred with the high doses of purified (18 mg FB1/kg) and culture-extracted (18 mg FB1 plus 4.5 mg FB2) fumonisin. It is concluded that prenatal exposure to fumonisin on days 8 and 9 of gestation is detrimental to fetal hamster survivability but does not induce clinical maternal intoxication at these doses. Equivalent doses of fumonisin B1, whether from culture-extract or pure solution produced similar results.
Cauda equina syndrome secondary to long‐standing ankylosing spondylitis

Fourteen patients with cauda equina syndrome secondary to long-standing ankylosing spondylitis are described. The roughly symmetrical neurological deficits were very slowly progressive and began long after the onset of the spondylitis, usually well after the rheumatological symptoms had stopped. Eventually every patient had cutaneous sensory loss in the fifth lumbar and sacral dermatomes. All patients developed urinary sphincter disturbances of a lower motor neuron type. There was prominent loss of rectal sphincter tone, and all but 2 patients had bowel complaints, including incontinence and severe constipation. Seven patients had mild to moderate weakness in the lumbosacral myotomes. Seven patients had pain in the rectum or lower limbs. Electromyographic abnormalities were consistent with multiple lumbosacral radiculopathies. Myelography and computed tomographic scanning of the lumbosacral spine showed characteristic enlargement of the caudal sac and dorsal arachnoid diverticula that had eroded the laminae and spinous processes. Recognition of this syndrome, coupled with computed tomographic scanning of the lower spinal canal, allows one to omit myelography, a procedure that is difficult because of the associated spine abnormalities. Surgical intervention should be avoided.
Quenched-in defects in tin and the super-conducting transition temperature

Abstract Wire specimens of tin quenched from a temperature T Q (370° K T Q T m.p. .), exhibit a resistivity component, Δ ρ0 , which disappears on annealing at lower temperatures. It is inferred that this increase in resistivity is the result of quenched-in defects. The activation energy of motion of the defects, E m = 0.68 ± 0.06 eV ; while the activation energy of formation, E f = 0.51 ± 0.05 eV . The sum of these values, E f + E m = Q , is in fair agreement with the measured value of Q , the activation energy of diffusion suggesting that the imperfections are vacancies. These defects depress the resistive super-conducting transition temperature by a measurable amount. The effect depends on the chemical purity of the specimen.
Modeling the tidal and sub-tidal hydrodynamics in a shallow, micro-tidal estuary

Abstract The three-dimensional hydrodynamics of Galveston Bay were simulated in two periods of several month duration. The physical setting of Galveston Bay is described by synthesis of long-term observations. Several processes in addition to tidal hydrodynamics and baroclinic circulation processes contribute substantially to the observed variability of currents, water level and salinity. The model was therefore forced with realistic water levels, river discharges, winds, coastal buoyancy currents (due to the Mississippi River plume) and surface heat fluxes. Quantitative metrics were used to evaluate model performance against observations and both spatial and temporal variability in tidal and sub-tidal hydrodynamics were generally well represented by the model. Three different unstructured meshes were tested, a triangular mesh that under-resolved the shipping channel, a triangular mesh that resolved it, and a mixed quadrilateral-triangular grid with approximately equivalent resolution. It is shown that salinity and sub-tidal velocity are better predicted when the important topographic features, such as the shipping channel, are resolved. It was necessary to increase the seabed drag roughness in the mixed quadrilateral-triangular grid simulation to attain similar performance to the equivalent triangular mesh.
Surgical resident peer evaluations-what have we learned.

Purpose Residents spend most of their time in the hospital with their respective junior and senior colleagues. Therefore, residents have a unique and valuable insight into their peers’ professional qualities. Peer evaluation of values and virtues of each group may bring a different or an even better aspect of evaluating some ACGME core competencies. The purpose of this study was to identify the characteristics of junior and senior residents who are perceived to be role models in contrast to those who are not and to determine among these characteristics which is the most influential factor(s). Methods Seventeen senior residents (4th and 5th) and 26 junior residents (1st, 2nd, and 3rd) evaluated each other in an anonymous manner 6 months apart on 3 separate occasions. Questionnaires for each group were designed by their evaluating group. Each questionnaire listed the qualities of a role-model resident anchored on a scale of 1-3. Results A 1-way analysis of variance indicated that most of the time, the senior residents are perceived to be role models (the mean role-model rating = 2.87). A partial eta-squared analysis was performed to determine how well the specific performance factors differentiate the cases in which senior residents were perceived to be role models and when they were not. Clearly, professionalism along with attitude/expectations was the most differentiating factor. Similar statistical analyses were performed on seniors evaluating juniors. The role-model mean ratings were different significantly from one another (p = 0.014), which indicated that the senior residents varied significantly in the degree to which juniors were perceived to be role models. Conclusion In each group, both junior and senior residents value professionalism as the most important differentiating attribute of a role model. Seniors felt that knowledge was a less important attribute of a junior role model. Juniors felt teaching inside and outside of the operating room was a less important attribute of a senior role model.
Prospective assessment of novice learners in a simulation-based extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) education program.

This study aimed to assess the impact of integrating a simulation-based education module into an extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) curriculum on novice learners and to test the duration of time that skills obtained during this training exercise were retained. The authors hypothesized that multidisciplinary, simulation-based ECMO training would improve comfort and confidence levels among participants. An ECMO training curriculum was developed that incorporated in situ simulation modules to train multidisciplinary health care professionals involved in the management of patients receiving ECMO in the pediatric cardiac intensive care unit (PCICU). During the simulation, a team was assembled similar to the one that would staff the PCICU during a routine workday. Pre- and postparticipation questionnaires were used to determine the effects on the knowledge, ability, and confidence level of the participants. The participants were required to repeat the simulation test within 6–8 months. The study enrolled 26 providers (10 fellow physicians, 12 nurses and nurse practitioners, 4 respiratory therapists). All except one had no previous training in the management of ECMO. Of the 26 participants, 24 passed the initial written and practical tests. One participant failed the written test, whereas another failed the practical test. All the responding participants scored the didactic and scenarios education as useful, at 4 or higher (5 = very useful), in improving their perception of their overall knowledge and their ability to perform the required critical performance criteria on simulated ECMO. The 20 participants who appeared for the 6 month follow-up visit to assess maintenance of competency skills demonstrated success with simulated ECMO emergencies. All four questionnaires were completed by 18 participants. Simulation-based training is an effective method of improving knowledge, ability, and confidence levels among novice ECMO specialists and physician trainees. Further research is needed to assess real-time demonstration of skills retention during ECMO emergencies.
Ideas, Reason, and Skepticism: Replies to my Critics

Ideas Wilson raises two main questions about Hume's theory of abstract or general ideas. According to that theory, an abstract idea is a determinate idea of an exemplar, associated with a general term that disposes the mind to call up, as needed, any of what I called a "revival set" of ideas of other exemplars. Her first question is this: Given the essential roles played by the general term and the revival set in fixing the meaning of an abstract idea, how important is the determinate idea that actually serves as the abstract idea itself? From a purely logical standpoint, Hume must agree that the determinate idea serving as the abstract idea itself is no more important than any other member of the revival set: for that idea could be relegated to the revival set and replaced by one of the members of that set without changing in any way the meaning of the word. Indeed, different people, and even the same person at different times, can use different ideas for this purpose. Still, he does say that we always invoke one.3 Here is one reason why he might think the occurrence of such an idea is important from a psychological standpoint. When he describes the role of the revival set in general judgments, it is always as a source of counterexamples. Thus, whenever we dissent from a general claim (i.e., a universal generalization), it is because we recall a counterexample from the revival set that is, associated with a general term, a counterexample whose conception induces or constitutes dissent. Hence, when we assent to a general claim, it is presumably because no counterexample from the revival set comes to mind. But belief, for Hume, consists in the liveliness of some idea. So we still need at least one idea actually before the mind whose liveliness can constitute belief in the general claim affirmed; and it may well be that one important intended purpose of the exemplar serving as the abstract idea is to play this role. The second question about Hume's theory of abstract ideas is this: How determinate must ideas be? As Wilson herself rightly suggests, Hume's short answer to this question will be that ideas must be exactly as determinate as impressions must be, since ideas differ from impressions in force and vivacity but not in content or logical character. For example, a visual idea must be determinate in the sense that the minima imaginabilia composing it each have a determinate color and occupy determinate spatial positions relative to one anotherÂ—just as a television image must be determinate in Volume XXIV, Number 1, April 1998
Exteriorization-aspiration minilaparotomy for treatment of neonatal ovarian cysts.

Abstract Introduction: Recent literature indicates that laparoscopic techniques are considered the most appropriate approach for management of neonatal ovarian cysts (NOC). However, laparoscopic equipment may be unavailable in most centers, has high costs, and demands a long learning curve, especially in newborns. Methods: A minilaparotomy with exteriorization-aspiration (“catch and suck”) approach was used in 14 female newborns with antenatally diagnosed ovarian cysts. Average operating time was 25 minutes (range 15–45 min.). Postoperative course was uneventful in all cases; no intra- or postoperative complications were recorded. Length of stay was 48 hours in all patients. Conclusions: Minilaparotomy with cyst aspiration and subsequent removal may prove a reliable and safe technique in the treatment of NOC: operating time and length of stay are not significantly longer than laparoscopic approach, making this procedure a valid alternative.
LATTICE BOLTZMANN SIMULATIONS OF CONTACT LINE PINNING

Contact angle hysteresis is caused by contact line pinning by geometrical and/or chemical non-uniformities on a solid surface. For small contact angles, theories have been developed for the pinning of contact angles, and an analogy between geometrical and chemical defects has been established. This paper presents LBM results for the interaction of a contact line with a spatially periodic array of chemical defects. The results are for finite contact angles. Qualitative comparisons with existing theories for chemical defects and experimental results for geometrical defects are made for pinned contact lines.
The state of mantle minerals

The static pressure-volume, high-pressure X-ray, shock, and ultrasonic equation of state data are used to describe the seismic properties in terms of the mineralogy of the upper mantle, the spinel-zone, and the post-spinel or lower mantle. For the upper mantle, elastic properties have been measured for olivines, pyroxenes, and garnets. The effect of pressure, temperature and the Fe/Mg ratio on elasticity is less well known for pyroxene and garnet than for olivine. In the spinel zone, ~ 400- ~ 650 km depth, the major minerals include β- and γ-(Mg,Fe)_2SiO_4 and a complex garnet, largely composed of aluminum-silicate garnet and pyroxene components. The zero-pressure bulk moduli of these phases lie in the range 1.8–2.1 Mbar. Although the high-pressure X-ray measurements of the bulk moduli of the Fe-rich γ- or spinel phase (ringwoodite) are reported, the shear properties of the silicate spinels are unmeasured, as are all the properties of the distorted spinel, β-phase. The bulk modulus of the complex-garnet phase is known approximately from shock-wave data for pyroxene, but since standard specific volumes are unknown, reduction of these data to adiabats is uncertain. The major minerals of the lower, or post-spinel, mantle are thought to be (Mg,Fe)_2SiO_4 in the close-packed Sr_2PbO_4-structure, and the pyroxene and garnet component, initially in the close-packed ilmenite structure, and at greater depths probably transforming to the perovskite structure. Only shock-wave data and results inferred from the elasticity of the close-packed oxides are available in this regime. Except for garnet, the zero-pressure densities of the shock-induced high-pressure phases are not known; this difficulty, and the lack of data or a theory for the Gruneisen parameter make reduction of these data difficult.
On the role and the properties of n body central configurations

The role central configurations play in the analysis ofn body systems is outlined. Emphasis is placed on collision orbits, expanding gravitational systems, andn body ‘zero radial velocity’ surfaces. In the second half of the paper, properties of cenral configurations are discussed. Here, emphasis is placed on describing a different approach to analyze these configurations, one which is related to the classical problem of the weightedsth mean values of a vector. This approach is illustrated by discussing the non-degeneracy of central configurations and by describing central configurations in various dimensions. This is a written version of a talk given at Oberwolfach, August, 1978.
The effect of the bicarbonate ion on the gallbladder salt pump.

The salt pump of the isolated rabbit gallbladder, which transports an isotonic fluid solution from the lumen of the organ to the serosal tissue spaces, utilizes an endogenous substrate source for the neutral transport of NaCl. Exogenous substrates (glucose, acetate) do not elevate transport rates above control values if added when the preparation is made, but exogenous substrates are utilized, as pumping is maintained at initial pumping rates for longer periods of time than without substrate. Substrate addition with the inclusion of bicarbonate ion is a stabilizing factor for thisin vitro preparation. Although bicarbonate ion leads to an increase in transport rate without exogenous substrate, the pumping rate declines with time. Oxygen consumption falls over long periods with continued bicarbonate presence. The bicarbonate effect persists in thein vitro preparation after 20 to 24 hr at 4°C. After such treatment, glucose stimulates fluid transport. Thus, bicarbonate ion alters the glucose utilization of the gallbladder mucosa and the channeling of energy for fluid transport.
Overlap of global Köppen-Geiger climates, biomes, and soil orders

Climate types, biome types, and soil orders are commonly used among physical geographers in research and to describe natural environmental characteristics. However, little attempt has been made to quantify the percentage of global land surface that is covered by combinations of climate types, biomes, and soil orders. This research overlays a world map of 31 climate types produced based on the Koppen–Geiger criteria using gridded NCAR/NCEP reanalysis monthly mean surface air temperature and precipitation data from 1981 to 2010 with global maps of eight biomes adapted from World Wildlife Federation and 12 soil orders from United States Natural Resources Conservation Service. Areas covered by each of the 2976 combinations are then calculated. Results suggest that, as expected, a few climate/biome/soil combinations are most common, such as desert climate/desert biome/entisols, tundra climate/tundra biome/gelisols, and desert climate/desert biome/aridisols. The local nature of soil properties causes small encl...
Comment on Gordon Allen's review of Putnam's race and reason

(1961). Comment on Gordon Allen's review of Putnam's race and reason. Eugenics Quarterly: Vol. 8, No. 4, pp. 218-220.
An enzyme immunoassay for identification and quantification of infectious murine parvovirus in cultured cells

An enzyme immunoassay was developed to identify and quantify infectious murine parvovirus. The assay was as sensitive as the fluorescent focus test for quantification of virus in clinical material and was less labor-intensive. Viral infectivity could be inactivated with formalin prior to performance of the enzyme immunoassay. Specificity of the reaction product was shown by neutralization of infectivity using a hyperimmune rabbit antiserum to murine parvovirus.
Intimate Partner Violence: Implications for Critical Care Nursing

IPV presents a serious health risk to many women. Emergency and critical care nurses are in a prime position for identification of and intervention with these women. Careful assessment and recognition of symptoms and conditions associated with IPV helps nurses to identify victims and potential victims. Building a trusting and supportive environment, where women feel comfortable disclosing abuse, precedes effective intervention. Nursing practice can incorporate the myriad resources and successful programs to provide victims with quality care. Before discharge from the critical care unit or ED, nurses can help women to identify their risk and plan for safety. Effective nursing care in IPV combines the traditional critical care nursing skills synergistically with provision for the biopsychosocial needs of patients.
TUTORIAL GUIDE TO THE TAU LEPTON AND CLOSE-MASS LEPTON PAIRS*

This is a tutorial guide to present knowledge of the tau lepton, to the tau decay mode puzzle, and to present searches for close-mass lepton pairs. The text is minimal; the emphasis is on figures, tables and literature references. It is based on a lecture given at the 1988 International School of Subnuclear Physics: The Super World III.
Selected opioids modify intake of sweetened ethanol solution among female rats.

Abstract Water-deprived female rats were given a daily, 1.5-hr opportunity to take either a sweetened ethanol solution or water. Across days, they increased their intake of ethanol solution and had stable intakes of about 2 g of pure ethanol/kg after 3 weeks. Morphine (1.0 mg/kg) alone, and in combination with diprenorphine (25 μg/kg), increased intake of ethanol solution among females similar to the increased intake seen with males under similar procedures. Fentanyl dose-relatedly increased intake of ethanol. The data strengthen the idea that one or more of the endogenous opioid systems, but not all, are involved with instances of “excessive” intake of alcoholic beverages.
Strong inference : rationale or inspiration?

John Platt's article "Strong Inference" (1964) suggested a general and effective method of scientific investigation. It describes a disciplined strategy of falsification of multiple, clearly formulated hypotheses that is used more regularly in some scientific fields than in others. Platt urged that strong inference be more widely and more systematically applied, particularly in slower-moving fields of science. The article has influenced integrative biological fields since its publication, ranging from ecology to psychology, and has had a substantial following in some of the social sciences. It has also evoked severe criticism for its idealization of certain fields as exemplars and for its imperfections in historiography and philosophy of science. I argue here that the article was more an inspirational tract than the development of a formal scientific methodology. Although both Platt's critics and his adherents appeared to take the article far too seriously, its influence has transcended its limitations.
Traditional perceptions of marasmus in Pakistan.

Abstract One hundred and fifty mothers of under-5 children clinically identified as malnourished were interviewed in their homes in katchi abadis (squatter settlements) of Karachi. A variety of ethnic and religious groups were represented. Mothers were shown a photograph of a child with third-degree malnutrition (marasmus) and were asked what might be wrong with the child. Virtually all of the mothers said that they had seen the condition, typically identifying it as sukhay ki bimari (Urdu: ‘the disease of dryness and thinness’). The majority said that diarrhea predisposed to sukhay ki bimari , and vice versa, but only 3 of the 150 mothers said that diarrhea and/or lack of food could, in themselves, cause the condition. Instead, most said that the usual cause was contact with a woman who had a marasmic child or was otherwise in a state of ritual impurity. The mediating factor was said to be a saya (‘shadow, influence’) emanating from such a person and ultimately linked with the spirit world. Although the condition was judged to have a very poor prognosis, mothers described various magico-religious therapies that could be tried. Treatment by physicians or by giving more food was considered ineffective or even detrimental, and hiding of such children was reportedly common because of social stigma. Subsequent inquiries carried out by the author in Chitral in northwestern Pakistan produced similar findings except that there, the condition was known as moordasip and was more overtly associated with fright and spirit possession. In Karachi, 45 of the 150 mothers interviewed had children with third-degree malnutrition according to weight-for-age criteria, 15 of whom died in the course of the study. In these 45 families especially, early bottlefeeding had occurred, sometimes reportedly because of fear that the mother was a carrier of a saya and could pass it on through her milk. Most mothers had only sketchy knowledge of suitable weaning foods and an appropriate timetable for introducing such foods, and many showed little awareness of what their children were eating once they reached the toddler stage. Implications for the identification and treatment of marasmic children are discussed. A brief summary of crosscultural beliefs surrounding marasmus and the ‘hard to raise’ child is included.
Development of untral wide bandwidth (UWB) cylindrical long slot array (CLSA) antenna integrated with novel microstrip feeders

A low cost, light weight, ultra wideband width, and omni-directional cylindrical long slot array (CLSA) antenna integrated with a practical feeding structure was developed aitd prototyped. This antenna was designed to operate from 225 MHz to 450 MHz. The novel feeding structures were directly fabricated on the conducting strips of the CLSA and connected to typical 50 ohm coaxial cable. Performances of this antenna were evaluated by measurements. Measurement results showed that the developed antenna provided omnidirectional pattern and mostly reasonable impedance matching together when R.F absorber foam was used as a backing material in the ground plane.
Strongly Annular Functions in Bergman Space

A function f holomorphic in the unit disk D is called strongly annular if there exists a sequence of concentric circles in D expanding out to the unit circle such that f goes to infinity as ¦z¦ goes to 1 through these circles. It follows from the definition that if f has a radial limit, the limit must be infinity. It is clear from this observation that no function in the classical Hardy spaces can be strongly annular. We show in this note that there are strongly annular functions in Bergman space. We give a construction involving lacunary series.
Algorithm to generate a succinct description for a complex graphic

The object of this paper is to describe an approach to decompose and describe a complex text/graphic into overlapping (either polygonal or curved) meaningful shapes, and reconstruct the original image from the description file. To narrow and optimize the search, some heuristic decision making functions are implemented into the system. In this paper algorithms are designed to automate the process of generation of loops with minimum redundancy from the bit map of the image and identify those loops thus generated if they are simple ones. For the complex loops, decompose them into simpler interpretable shapes or curved segments. Finally, a succinct description file is established for the whole image. Effectiveness of the algorithm has been evaluated through experiments on a large number of graphics taken on overlapped objects. Results show that the algorithm developed is computationally efficient. Once the image is decomposed and the meaningful component parts (either polygonal or curved objects if regular in shape) are identified, the data reduction achieved through this succinct description is extremely high, thus alleviating the matching process. Even for those silhouettes of curved shape, an approach, called concatenated-arc representation, is developed for their description. With this concatenated arc approach, much fewer number of arc segments are needed than needed by line segment approximation. Shapes reconstructed from these description files match closely with the original ones, even for the very complex curves.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Fenfluramine and methylphenidate in children with mental retardation and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Laboratory effects

Twenty-eight children took part in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study of fenfluramine and methylphenidate. Fenfluramine dosage was gradually increased to a standardized dose of 1.5 mg/kg per day, whereas methylphenidate was given in doses of 0.4 mg/kg per day. The children were assessed on laboratory tests of selective and sustained attention, visual matching, and color matching, during which seat activity was monitored automatically. Results showed fenfluramine to be superior to placebo on the memory task, whereas methylphenidate reduced commission errors on a continuous performance test. Methylphenidate caused shorter response times, and fenfluramine caused increases, on two of the tests. Examiner behavior ratings indicated significant improvements with both drugs on the domains of attention, activity level, and mood. These findings, together with those from a companion clinical study, suggest that the drugs may have contrasting mechanisms of action, but both appear to have useful clinical effects in these children.
The brittle and ductile behavior of clay samples containing a crack under mixed mode loading

Abstract The mechanics of propagation of a single crack in brittle and ductile samples of clay as well as their mode of failure were investigated. The crack in the brittle and in the ductile samples was subjected to a mixed-mode (Mode I and Mode II) type of loading. In the brittle and ductile samples, secondary cracks developed from the tips of the original crack. The secondary cracks did not follow the plane of the original crack but formed an angle α with this plane. The angle of crack propagation α was greater in the brittle than in the ductile samples. The brittle samples failed when the secondary cracks reached the edges of the samples. Their mode of failure was a typical tensile failure. In the ductile samples, the secondary cracks extended for a limited distance from the tips of the original crack and did not influence the failure of the samples that was recorded to be in shear. The Maximum Tangential Stress criterion predicted well the direction of crack propagation in the brittle clay samples. The direction of crack propagation in the ductile samples of clay was found to be a function of their water content. From the laboratory results, a relationship from which to obtain the angle of crack propagation α in the ductile samples is presented.
Translation and the Study of Indian Religions

In this essay, I argue that scholars of Indian religions should produce unbroken translations of heretofore lesser-known texts in order to inform the academy's understanding of Indian religions. Granting high priority to such a translation agenda is ironic, however, given the Orientalist origins of the scholarly practice in question. Doing so is nevertheless justified by observing the following: (1) the vast majority of Indian religious texts remains untranslated or uncritically rendered-and often unedited or even unpublished-including many substantial and historically significant works; (2) though incomplete in scope, Orientalist conceptions of the canon of classical Indian literature, established in large part through the translation and analysis of a relatively narrow selection of religious and other works, remain influential today; (3) finally, a number of the Orientalists' translations, guaranteed by their rigorous language training, have stood the test of time and in some instances remain authoritative today, even if the Orientalist translators often harbored reviling opinions of India and Indians.
Energizing historical materialism: Fossil fuels, space and the capitalist mode of production

Abstract In this paper, I present a theoretical argument that fossil fuel represents a historically specific and internally necessary aspect of the capitalist mode of production. Despite sustained attention to distributional conflicts between international capital and energy rich nation–states, few historical-materialists have paid attention to the relations between fossil fuel and capital accumulation in industrial capitalist societies. In opposition to ecological economic notions of fixed thermodynamic “laws”, I first propose a dialectical conception of energy as embedded in dynamic social processes and power relations. Second, I review the historical importance of the energy shift from solar or biological sources of energy (muscles, wind, and water) to fossilized sources of energy (coal, oil, and gas). I then demonstrate how attention to fossil fuel energy forces a reexamination of the core insights of ecological Marxism and the political economy of nature. In the core argument of the paper, I reconsider the shift from biological to fossil energy as internal to the generalization and extension of capitalist social relations from two basic vantage points – (1) capitalist production based on wage labor; (2) the spatial conditions of capitalist circulation. I conclude by asking whether it is accurate to conceptualize capitalism as a “fossil fuel mode of production” and highlight the political urgency of a historical materialist perspective that takes seriously the importance of energy to the reproduction of capitalist social relations.
Cerebellar blood volume in bipolar patients correlates with medication

Abstract Background: Cerebellar abnormalities, including decreased tissue volume, have been implicated in the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder. Relatively little research has focused on blood flow in the cerebellum of patients with bipolar disorder. Furthermore, the significance of metabolic changes in the brains of psychiatric patients may be confounded by the effects of various pharmacotherapies. Having previously found differences in cerebellar blood volume in patients with bipolar disorder compared to healthy control subjects, this study examined whether some variability in the patient population may be an effect of medication. Methods: In this study, we have examined the association between medication status and cerebellar blood volume. Thirteen healthy comparison subjects and 21 bipolar patients underwent dynamic susceptibility contrast magnetic resonance imaging. Nine cerebellar regions were identified, and the absolute cerebellar blood volume data from each was compared to medication status measures. Results: Patients on conventional antipsychotics had the lowest mean absolute blood volume measures for all cerebellar regions, whereas those on atypical antipsychotics had the highest blood volume measures. Comparison subjects had cerebellar blood volume measures in the middle, with results closer to subjects in the atypical group. Conclusions: This evidence suggests that antipsychotic treatment may influence cerebellar blood volume. This effect will be important in considering imaging studies on medicated patients with bipolar disorder and may suggest novel pathways by which these medications affect their changes.
Signal Processing by the Control Cycle of the IKK Kinase in the NFκB Signaling Axis

The inflammatory response transcription factor NFkB, a key component of the immune system, shows intricate stimulus-specific temporal dynamics. It has been proposed that those dynamics play a role controlling the genetic outcome of inflammatory signals and hence the specificity of the cellular response to cytokines and other stimuli. As malfunctions in NFkB signaling are linked to many immune diseases as well as the onset and development of cancers, it is of considerable clinical interest to understand the mechanisms that control NFkB dynamics. Here we focus on IKK, a hub kinase that targets the main negative regulators of NFκB activity and onto which diverse receptor associated signals converge. Biochemical evidence suggests that IKK is regulated via a multi-state regulatory cycle and therefore we hypothesize that it can operate as a modulator, actively reshaping the signals generated at the receptor proximal level. Here we demonstrate that the IKK control cycle can function in at least three dynamical regimes some of them producing signals comprising multiple temporal phases with distinct coding capabilities. In particular, we show that the simplest three-state regulatory cycle generates biphasic signals with an early phase well suited for relaying information about stimuli amplitude and a late phase more apt for encoding stimulus duration. This study demonstrates that an actively regulated hub kinase can play a crucial role functioning as a signal “categorizer” classifying complex incoming signals into a limited set of output activities. Expanding the general analysis to a more detailed model of IKK regulation revealed how specific features of IKK and NFkB activities are controlled by the different enzymatic mechanisms within the kinase cycle.
Plasmids of the pRM/pRF Family Occur in Diverse Rickettsia Species

The recent discoveries of the pRF and pRM plasmids of Rickettsia felis and R. monacensis have contravened the long-held dogma that plasmids are not present in the bacterial genus Rickettsia (Rickettsiales; Rickettsiaceae). We report the existence of plasmids in R. helvetica, R. peacockii, R. amblyommii, and R. massiliae isolates from ixodid ticks and in an R. hoogstraalii isolate from an argasid tick. R. peacockii and four isolates of R. amblyommii from widely separated geographic locations contained plasmids that comigrated with pRM during pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and larger plasmids with mobilities similar to that of pRF. The R. peacockii plasmids were lost during long-term serial passage in cultured cells. R. montanensis did not contain a plasmid. Southern blots showed that sequences similar to those of a DnaA-like replication initiator protein, a small heat shock protein 2, and the Sca12 cell surface antigen genes on pRM and pRF were present on all of the plasmids except for that of R. massiliae, which lacked the heat shock gene and was the smallest of the plasmids. The R. hoogstraalii plasmid was most similar to pRM and contained apparent homologs of proline/betaine transporter and SpoT stringent response genes on pRM and pRF that were absent from the other plasmids. The R. hoogstraalii, R. helvetica, and R. amblyommii plasmids contained homologs of a pRM-carried gene similar to a Nitrobacter sp. helicase RecD/TraA gene, but none of the plasmids hybridized with a probe derived from a pRM-encoded gene similar to a Burkholderia sp. transposon resolvase gene.
Do cover crops increase or decrease nitrous oxide emissions? A meta-analysis

There are many environmental benefits to incorporating cover crops into crop rotations, such as their potential to decrease soil erosion, reduce nitrate (NO 3 ) leaching, and increase soil organic matter. Some of these benefits impact other agroecosystem processes, such as greenhouse gas emissions. In particular, there is not a consensus in the literature regarding the effect of cover crops on nitrous oxide (N 2 O) emissions. Compared to site-specific studies, meta-analysis can provide a more general investigation into these effects. Twenty-six peer-re- viewed articles including 106 observations of cover crop effects on N 2 O emissions from the soil surface were analyzed according to their response ratio, the natural log of the N 2 O flux with a cover crop divided by the N 2 O flux without a cover crop (LRR). Forty percent of the observations had negative LRRs, indicating a cover crop treatment which decreased N 2 O, while 60% had positive LRRs indicating a cover crop treatment which increased N 2 O. There was a significant interaction between N rate and the type of cover crop where legumes had higher LRRs at lower N rates than nonlegume species. When cover crop residues were incorporated into the soil, LRRs were significantly higher than those where residue was not incorporated. Geographies with higher total precipitation and variability in precipitation tended to produce higher LRRs. Finally, data points measured during cover crop decompo- sition had large positive LRRs and were larger than those measured when the cover crop was alive. In contrast, those data points measuring for a full year had LRRs close to zero, indicating that there was a balance between periods when cover crops increased N 2 O and periods when cover crops decreased emissions. Therefore, N 2 O measurements over the entire year may be needed to determine the net effect of cover crops on N 2 O. The data included in this meta-analysis indicate some overarching crop management practices that reduce direct N 2 O emissions from the soil surface, such as no soil incorporation of residues and use of non- legume cover crop species. However, our results demonstrate that cover crops do not always reduce direct N 2 O emissions from the soil surface in the short term and that more work is needed to understand the full global warming potential of cover crop management.
Predicting Elementary School Teachers' Intentions to Teach Health Education: An Application of the Theory of Planned Behavior

Abstract This study used the theory of planned behavior to examine and predict elementary school teachers' intentions to teach health education. The theory's constructs provided the framework for the examination of teachers' attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control regarding health education. A sample of 181 elementary school teachers employed in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts completed self-administered questionnaires. Multiple regression analysis was used to predict their intentions to teach health education. The variables of the theory of planned behavior explained 52.3% of the variance in teachers' intentions; perceived behavioral control contributed the greatest weight to the prediction.