cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Carbon nanostructure counter electrodes for low cost and stable dye-sensitized solar cells

Abstract Dye sensitized solar cells (DSCs) provide a low cost alternative to silicon solar cells due to their low material and fabrication cost. Usually DSCs utilize platinum to catalyze the iodine redox couple and complete the electric circuit. Since platinum is rare and expensive metal, nanostructured carbonaceous materials have been widely investigated as a promising alternative to replace it. Carbon nanostructures have shown significant properties such as high electrochemical activity, high corrosion resistance, and low cost which make them ideal for replacing platinum in the counter electrodes of DSCs. Here we reviewed the development in carbon based counter electrodes which utilize the advantages of high surface area and high electrocatalytic ability due to their nanostructured morphology. First, various carbon nanostructures including graphene, carbon nanotubes, carbon nanofibers, carbon nanoparticles, conductive carbon, carbon dye and composite carbon nanostructures are introduced. Second, carbon nanostructured counter electrode morphologies and their effects on DSC performance are discussed. Third, surface defects and their effects on cell performance are described. Finally, equivalent circuit models at the counter electrode–electrolyte interface are presented. This work will provide deep insights and guidance for researchers to design, develop and/or select carbon nanostructures for cost effective Pt-free or less-Pt loaded DSCs.
Regularization-based identification for level set equations

An optimization-based method for identifying the speed profile of a moving surface from image data is studied. If the dynamic surface motion is modeled by a level set equation, the identification problem can be formulated as an optimization problem constrained with the level set equation whose (viscosity) solution, in general, has kinks. The non-differentiable solution prevents us from having a bounded gradient of the cost function of the optimization problem. To overcome this difficulty, we develop a novel identification approach using a regularized level set equation. The regularization guarantees the differentiability of the cost function and the boundedness of the gradient. Using numerical optimization techniques with the adjoint-based gradient, we solve the identification problem. We perform a numerical test to validate that the solution of an optimization problem with a regularized level set equation converges to the solution of the same optimization problem with an unregularized level set equation as the regularization factor tends to zero. The performance and usefulness of the method are demonstrated by a biological example in which we estimate the forces (per density) of actin and myosin in cell polarization.
LYK4, a Lysin Motif Receptor-Like Kinase, Is Important for Chitin Signaling and Plant Innate Immunity in Arabidopsis

Chitin is commonly found in fungal cell walls and is one of the well-studied microbe/pathogen-associated molecular patterns. Previous studies showed that lysin motif (LysM)-containing proteins are essential for plant recognition of chitin, leading to the activation of plant innate immunity. In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), the LYK1/CERK1 (for LysM-containing receptor-like kinase1/chitin elicitor receptor kinase1) was shown to be essential for chitin recognition, whereas in rice (Oryza sativa), the LysM-containing protein, CEBiP (for chitin elicitor-binding protein), was shown to be involved in chitin recognition. Unlike LYK1/CERK1, CEBiP lacks an intracellular kinase domain. Arabidopsis possesses three CEBiP-like genes. Our data show that mutations in these genes, either singly or in combination, did not compromise the response to chitin treatment. Arabidopsis also contains five LYK genes. Analysis of mutations in LYK2, -3, -4, or -5 showed that LYK4 is also involved in chitin signaling. The lyk4 mutants showed reduced induction of chitin-responsive genes and diminished chitin-induced cytosolic calcium elevation as well as enhanced susceptibility to both the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato DC3000 and the fungal pathogen Alternaria brassicicola, although these phenotypes were not as dramatic as that seen in the lyk1/cerk1 mutants. Similar to LYK1/CERK1, the LYK4 protein was also localized to the plasma membrane. Therefore, LYK4 may play a role in the chitin recognition receptor complex to assist chitin signal transduction and plant innate immunity.
Evoked cortical potentials and measurement of human abilities.

A consistent pattern of reliable correlations of the order of from -.15 to -.32 was found between measures of intelligence and measures of visual average evoked potential latency recorded from the frontoparietal scalp. Measures of fluid and crystallized intelligence correlated to about the same magnitude with evoked potential latency measures. There were significant correlations between measures representing simple cognitive processes (eg., motor-perceptual speed) and evoked potential latency. The average size of ability-latency correlations as well as the number of significant correlations increased as conditions of evoked potential testing which tend to impose alertness on subjects were relaxed.
Silencing California Indian Genocide in Social Studies Texts

During the 1850s and 1860s, white settlers perpetrated genocide against California Indians. Militia and regular troops supported by the state and federal governments committed acts of genocide as defined by the United Nations. Government officials, newspaper editors, and pioneers documented the genocide. History and social science textbooks ignore or barely mention murders, rapes, kidnappings, and enslavement of California Indians during the Gold Rush era. The California State Department of Education denies the genocide and textbook companies are silent of Indian genocide in spite of overwhelming evidence.
Patient sharing among physicians and costs of care: a network analytic approach to care coordination using claims data.

BACKGROUND Improving care coordination is a national priority and a key focus of health care reforms. However, its measurement and ultimate achievement is challenging.
Reactivity of molecularly chemisorbed oxygen on a Au/TiO2 model catalyst.

We present results of an investigation into the reactivity of molecularly chemisorbed oxygen with CO on a Au/TiO2 model catalyst at 77 K. We previously discovered that exposing the model catalyst sample to a radio-frequency-generated plasma jet of oxygen results in co-population of both atomically and molecularly chemisorbed oxygen species on the sample. We tested the reactivity of the molecularly chemisorbed oxygen by comparing the CO2 produced from a sample populated with both species to the CO2 produced from a sample that has been cleared of molecularly chemisorbed oxygen employing collision-induced desorption. Samples that are populated with both species consistently result in greater CO2 produced than samples with only atomic oxygen. We interpret this result to indicate that molecularly chemisorbed oxygen on the sample can directly participate in the CO oxidation reaction. The reactivity of molecularly chemisorbed oxygen has been investigated for five different gold coverages (0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.25, and...
WE‐C‐ValA‐02: The Impact of 4D Breathing Motion Effects Versus Tissue Heterogeneity in Lung Cancer Treatment Planning

Purpose: To investigate the relative magnitudes and clinical importances of the dosimetric effects related to 4D breathing motion and tissue heterogeneity for thoracic tumorstreatment planning.Methods: Scans were acquired at normal exhale/inhale breathing phases. The target was the union of the exhale and inhale GTVs, uniformly expanded by 5mm(ITV). Patients were planned with both AP/PA and 3‐D conformal plans using the exhale (“static”) dataset, assuming unit density, for 100±5% ITV dose coverage. Each of these plans was further used to calculate: (a) heterogeneous “static” dose; (b) homogeneous cumulative dose; (c) heterogeneous cumulative dose. The same number of MU were used for each of the calculations and was based on the homogeneous “static” plan. Cumulative dose distributions consisted of a time‐weighted sum of exhale and inhale doses. Doses were calculated using the DPM_MC code which includes secondary electrontransport for the heterogeneous computations. Results: Relative to unit‐density plans, tumor EUD, and lung NTCP increased in the heterogeneity corrected plans; primarily due to the reduced beam attenuation through lungs and the larger than coin‐size tumors investigated. In comparing 4D cumulative dose plans with static plans, clinical EUD and NTCP estimates were relatively unchanged. The insignificant tumor EUD change was a consequence of good target design, while the small lung NTCP change was due to its large volume effect. Accounting for tissue heterogeneity resulted in average changes of 10% in MLD. Accounting for 4D breathing motion effects resulted in <1% changes in MLD from the static value. The magnitude of these effects was not correlated with the dose distribution conformality. Conclusions: In this study we found that tissue heterogeneity effects are likely to have a larger clinical significance on tumor (if ITV is properly designed) and normal lung clinical treatment evaluation metrics than occurs with 4‐D respiratory‐induced changes. Supported by P01‐CA59827, R01‐CA106770.
Environmental factors affecting the accumulation of sediment-sorbed hexachlorobiphenyls by channel catfish

Abstract Channel catfish ( Ictalurus punctatus ) fingerlings were used to determine kinetically the accumulation of two symmetrical hexachlorobiphenyl (HCBP) isomers as a function of environmental temperature and sediment organic carbon (OC) content (0.9% and 3.1%). Groups of fish were exposed to each contaminated sediment, spiked with 14 C radiolabelled (2,4,5) 2 or (2,3,5) 2 HCBP (IUPAC No. 153 and 133) for up to 10 days at 13°C or 20°C. The uptake clearance rates ( k 1 ) and elimination rate constants ( k 2 ) were estimated using first-order uptake and elimination models. Temperature was the more influential parameter tested. Both uptake clearance rates and bioaccumulation factors were affected by changing temperature. Increasing temperature from 13°C to 20°C resulted in a 2–4-fold increase of the k 1 , for both isomers. Sediment OC content also affected the k 1 , although to a lesser extent than temperature and not in a consistent way. Bioaccumulation factors estimated for the (2,4,5) 2 isomer of HCBP were generally lower than those for the (2,3,5) 2 HCBP isomer. Increasing temperature and/or sediment OC content resulted in a decrease of the BCFs for (2,3,5) 2 isomer but not for (2,4,5) 2 . These results indicate that environmental hazard may be difficult to predict even when chemicals with similar K ow values are considered.
On the Electrostatics of Bernal-Stacked Few-Layer Graphene on Surface-Passivated Semiconductors

The superb properties of graphene such as high mobility, broad spectral range of optical transparency, high mechanical flexibility, and impermeability to moisture have made it a promising material for transparent conductor (TC) applications. To optimize the properties of graphene-based TCs, an in-depth understanding of the properties of graphene layers on different materials is crucial. In this paper, the electrostatics and charge screening of Bernal-stacked few-layer graphene (FLG) on surface-passivated semiconductors (SC) are investigated. A self-consistent method is developed, which calculates the equilibrium characteristics of the Schottky barrier at the interface and the charge distribution arising from the impurities on FLG and charge transfer from the SC to FLG. The developed model is applied to FLG/Si structures, and the charge distribution and charge screening effects are investigated. It is shown that with proper selection of doping concentration, the barrier height of the FLG/Si structure under study can be reduced by more than 400 mV, which is crucial in improving the contact resistance between FLG and SC. The self-consistent method and the analysis provide a pathway toward high-performance design of FLG-based TCs.
Masculinity and Sexuality in Modern Mexico. Edited by Victor M. Macías‐González and Anne Rubenstein. (Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press, 2012. Pp. vii, 280. $31.95.)

This volume of nine essays investigates the ever‐changing landscape of hypermasculinity, known commonly as “macho,” from 1880 to the present. The task of the collection is to dispel the myth that m...
The Evidence for Apolline Purification Rituals at Delphi and Athens

1. Orestes at Delphi:At the end of the Choephoroi Orestes announces that he will return to Delphi as suppliant (1038–9):As he leaves the stage he sees a vision of nameless pursuers, ‘the angry hounds of my mother’, and the chorus come to the conclusion that ταραγμός has spread from the ‘strange’ blood still on his hands into his φρένeς. They advise him (1059–60):In the Eumenides Orestes receives an oracle from Apollo himself, appearing in miraculous epiphany to his suppliant. After reassuring Orestes of his continuing support and pointing to the sleeping pursuers as proof of his power (64–7), Apollo identifies the role of the Erinyes and gives instructions for escaping from πόνοι (74–83):
Laser-induced fluorescence and nonlinear optical properties of ion-implanted fused silica

Abstract We report absorption, fluorescence and nonlinear optical properties of fused silica implanted with Ti. Cu and Bi and doses of 1 × 1015 to 6 × 1016ions/cm2 when irradiated with 532 nm laser light. The fluorescence spectrum is a broad band around 640 nm and shows little variation for all ion species. Absorption as a function of implanted dose shows a threshold for Ti between 1 × 1016 and 6 × 1016ions/cm2. The nonlinear optical index is large, n2 > 10−5 esu. All measured quantities show a strong dependence on the implanted ion dose. The source of the nonlinearity. whether electronic or thermal, remains to be more completely determined.
Shaker A. Zahra: pioneering entrepreneurship scholar

This paper provides an analysis of Shaker A. Zahra’s contributions to the entrepreneurship literature that, when taken together, provide the basis for his Global Entrepreneurship Award. Professor Zahra has made significant and unique contributions to the literatures on coprorate entrepreneurship, international entrepreneurship and social entrepreneurship.
Low power and QoS

Quality of service has recently emerged as one of the most important research topics and engineering problems in a number of fields, including the Internet, multimedia, and wireless communication. However, the interest in QoS in these fields has not been matched by similar interest among system designers. Therefore, a large and growing gap exists between theoretical discussions of QoS in the multimedia and networking literature and the practical application of QoS paradigms in system synthesis. At the same time, researchers have pursued many aspects of low-power designs and have proposed a variety of modeling and optimization techniques. Also, there are hundreds of research papers on, and dozens of tools for power minimization at essentially all stages of the design process. Nevertheless, no one has addressed the relationship between power optimization and QoS. Therefore, in the very near future we will likely see a flurry of research and development to realize design methodologies and synthesis tools that incorporate QoS methodologies and optimize system power consumption. To build a basis and provide an impetus for this research, I briefly survey the state-of-the-art QoS research and practice.
Sweet/Dessert Foods Are More Appealing to Adolescents after Sleep Restriction

Study Objective Examine the effect of experimental sleep restriction (SR) on adolescents’ subjective hunger and perceived appeal of sweet/dessert foods versus other foods. A secondary goal was to replicate previous findings on the effects of SR on dietary intake. Design Randomized cross-over sleep restriction-extension paradigm. Setting Sleep was obtained and monitored at home. Outcome measures were gathered during office visits. Participants 31 typically-developing adolescents aged 14–17 years. Interventions The three-week protocol consisted of a baseline week, followed randomly by five consecutive nights of SR (6.5 hours in bed) versus healthy sleep duration (HS; 10 hours in bed), a 2-night wash-out period, and a 5-night cross-over. Measurements Sleep was monitored via actigraphy. The morning after each experimental condition, teens rated their hunger, underwent a 24-hour diet recall interview, and rated the appeal of a series of pictures of sweet/dessert foods (e.g., ice cream, candy) and non-sweets (meat, eggs, fruits, vegetables). Results Teens rated pictures of sweet/dessert foods to be more appealing after SR than after HS (Cohen’s d = .41, t = 2.07, p = .045). The sleep manipulation did not affect self-reported hunger or the appeal of non-sweet foods (p >.10). Consistent with our prior work, intake of overall calories was 11% higher and consumption of sweet/dessert servings was 52% greater during SR than HS. Conclusions Adolescent SR appears to increase the subjective appeal of sweet/dessert foods, indicating a potential mechanism by which SR might contribute to weight gain and the risk for obesity and chronic illness.
Quantification of chemical mutagenesis in diploid human fibroblasts: Induction of azaguanine-resistant mutants by N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine

Abstract The toxic and mutagenic effects of N -methyl- N ′-nitro- N -nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) on cultured diploid human fibroblasts were studied. When 10 5 cells per 60 mm dish were exposed to MNNG for 4 h in Ham's medium F10 containing 0.02 M HEPES buffer at pH 6.8, MNNG concentrations of less than 1 × 10 −6 resulted in cell survivals near 100%, while the average survival was less than one percent at concentrations greater than 5 × 10 −6 M. After treatment with MNNG, cells were subjected to selection using optimal conditions for the detection of diploid human fibroblasts that are resistant to the guanine-analogs AG and TG because they contain altered or deficient HPRT. The induced mutant frequency was maximized by allowing a 5 to 7 day post-treatment interval for the expression of the mutant phenotype and by replating the cells at the beginning of selection at a population density of less than 450 cells per cm 2 . Careful attention was given to counting statistically adequate numbers of mutants and to accurately determining cell survival and replating cloning efficiencies. Independent dose-response experiments gave induced mutant frequencies as high as 7.0 × 10 −4 to 8.8 × 10 −4 mutants per viable cell at about 5% survival, compared to a spontaneous mutation rate of 3.7 × 10 −6 to 7.2 × 10 −6 mutants per cell generation. The AG r mutants observed after treatment with MNNG were phenotypically stable and closely resembled prototype AG r cultures derived from humans who have inherited mutant X-chromosomal alleles for HPRT.
A Method for Symmetrizing Generalized Impedance Matrices

Determining the behavior of a body such as an electromagnetic shield in a known impressed field is a fundamental problem of applied electromagnetic theory. For bodies whose shape does not conform to a separable coordinate system, numerical techniques such as the method of moments have been found particularly advantageous. While the application of the method of moments may appear straightforward, its major limitation is the size of the generalized impedance matrix (usually nonsymmetrical) needed to determine accurately the variations of the unknowns. This paper describes a method to symmetrize, and hence reduce, the generalized impedance matrix. Examples for applying this method are provided.
Consistency and precision of cancer reporting in a multiwave national panel survey

Many epidemiological studies rely on self-reported information, the accuracy of which is critical for unbiased estimates of population health. Previously, accuracy has been analyzed by comparing self-reports to other sources, such as cancer registries. Cancer is believed to be a well-reported condition. This paper uses novel panel data to test the consistency of cancer reports for respondents with repeated self-reports. Data come from 978 adults who reported having been diagnosed with cancer in at least one of four waves of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, 1999-2005. Consistency of cancer occurrence reports and precision of timing of onset were studied as a function of individual and cancer-related characteristics using logistic and ordered logistic models. Almost 30% of respondents gave inconsistent cancer reports, meaning they said they never had cancer after having said they did have cancer in a previous interview; 50% reported the year of diagnosis with a discrepancy of two or more years. More recent cancers were reported with a higher consistency and timing precision; cervical cancer was reported more inaccurately than other cancer types. Demographic and socio-economic factors were only weak predictors of reporting quality. Results suggest that retrospective reports of cancer contain significant measurement error. The errors, however, are fairly random across different social groups, meaning that the results based on the data are not systematically biased by socio-economic factors. Even for health events as salient as cancer, researchers should exercise caution about the presumed accuracy of self-reports, especially if the timing of diagnosis is an important covariate.
Biblical famines, 1850 B.C.–A.D. 46: Insights for modern mankind

Famines were an unexpected, irregular, cultural hazard that claimed the lives of many who dwelled in the Promised Land between 1850 B.C. and A.D. 46. The primary source from which to gain insights into alimentary problems faced by the ancient Hebrews in surviving as a cultural group is the Bible. Food referenced in the Bible, food schemes of those who lived in the Promised Land, food problems and famines reflected regional and local politics, changing technologies, diffusion processes and the general living conditions of a place. Ten famine periods in almost two millenia created social disruption, fear and mass death in a Promised Land with an environment very conducive to the support of human beings. Cultural decisions, indecisions and indifferences were the major factors in biblical famine formation. The most appalling and shocking catastrophic famines were experienced in major urban centers, a portent for the twenty‐first century.
Murine model of allergen induced asthma.

Asthma is a major cause of morbidity and mortality, affecting some 300 million people throughout the world.1 More than 8% of the US population has asthma, with the prevalence increasing.2 As with other diseases, animal models of allergic airway disease greatly facilitate understanding of the underlying pathophysiology, help identify potential therapeutic targets, and allow preclinical testing of possible new therapies. Models of allergic airway disease have been developed in several animal species, but murine models are particularly attractive due to the low cost, ready availability, and well-characterized immune systems of these animals.3 Availability of a variety of transgenic strains further increases the attractiveness of these models.4 Here we describe two murine models of allergic airway disease, both employing ovalbumin as the antigen. Following initial sensitization by intraperitoneal injection, one model delivers the antigen challenge by nebulization, the other by intratracheal delivery. These two models offer complementary advantages, with each mimicking the major features of human asthma.5 The major features of acute asthma include an exaggerated airway response to stimuli such as methacholine (airway hyperresponsiveness; AHR) and eosinophil-rich airway inflammation. These are also prominent effects of allergen challenge in our murine models,5,6 and we describe techniques for measuring them and thus evaluating the effects of experimental manipulation. Specifically, we describe both invasive7 and non-invasive8 techniques for measuring airway hyperresponsiveness as well as methods for assessing infiltration of inflammatory cells into the airways and the lung. Airway inflammatory cells are collected by bronchoalveolar lavage while lung histopathology is used to assess markers of inflammation throughout the organ. These techniques provide powerful tools for studying asthma in ways that would not be possible in humans.
What's between simulation and formal verification?

This embedded tutorial surveys some possibilities for verification techniques that combine conventional simulation and ideas, techniques, and algorithms from formal verification, to obtain better functional test coverage of large designs.
Exact solution of a fountain-like texture for 3 He-A in a half-space

The exact solution is presented of a fountain-like texture for 3He-A in a half-space, representing the simplest member of a class of textures discussed by Mermin which is singular on the surface only. The present texture may be regarded as the final stable configuration when a topologically unstable point singularity in the bulk of 3He-A is attracted to the surface. For this texture the orbital or anisotropy axis % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqefm0B1jxALjhiov2D% aebbfv3ySLgzGueE0jxyaibaiiYdd9qrFfea0dXdf9vqai-hEir8Ve% ea0de9qq-hbrpepeea0db9q8as0-LqLs-Jirpepeea0-as0Fb9pgea% 0lrP0xe9Fve9Fve9qapdbaqaaeGacaGaaiaabeqaamaabaabcaGcba% GabmiBayaajaaaaa!3C6D!\[\hat l\] distributes itself in space much like half of a dipole field, and a ring supercurrent flows near the point singularity on the surface, contributing to a total angular momentum of the order of (ϱs/ϱ)ħ per particle.
Operant conditioning techniques applied in the treatment of an autistic child.

Application of operant conditioning techniques to an autistic child in a clinical ward treatment program resulted in gratifying improvement in peer interaction and language, and a definite decrease in temper tantrums, stereotyped behavior and aggressive behavior. A valuable consequence was an increase in the morale of the therapist team.
Genetic transformation ofPinus taeda by particle bombardment

A protocol is presented for genetically engineering loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) using particle bombardment. This protocol enabled the routine transformation of loblolly pine plants that were previously difficult to transform. Mature zygotic embryos were used to be bombarded and to generate organogenic callus and transgenic regenerated plants. Plasmid pB48.215 DNA contained a synthetic Bacillus thuringiensis (B.t.) crylAc coding sequence flanked by the double cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter and nopaline synthase (Nos) terminator sequences, and the selectable marker gene, neomycin phosphotransferase II (nptil) controlled by the promoter of the nopaline synthase gene was introduced into loblolly pine tissues by particle bombardment. The transformed tissues were proliferated and selected by kanamycin resistance conferred by the introduced NPTIi gene. Shoot regeneration was induced from the kanamycin-resistant callus, and transgenic plantlets were then produced. The presence of the introduced genes in the transgenic loblolly pine plants was confirmed by polymerase chain reactions (PCR) analysis, by Southern blot analysis, and insect feeding assays. The recovered transgenic plants were acclimatized and then established in soil.
Treatment of Kleptomania Using Cognitive and Behavioral Strategies

Little research exists examining the treatment of kleptomania, particularly in men. This case study illustrates the treatment of a male client with kleptomania in which depression, suicidal ideation, and potential legal complications were present. Strategies included covert sensitization, behavioral chaining, problem solving, cognitive restructuring, and use of homework. On completion of treatment, symptoms of depression and kleptomania had decreased significantly. At 16-weekfollo w-up, the client reported continued remission of kleptomania and depressive symptoms. Treatment complications are discussed, and recommendations to clinicians are made.
Chromospherically active stars. 11: Giant with compact hot companions and the barium star scenario

We have determined spectroscopic orbits for three chromospherically active giants that have hot compact companions. They are HD 160538 (K0 III + wd, P = 904 days), HD 165141 (G8 III + wd, P approximately 5200 days), and HD 185510 (K0 III + sdB, P = 20.6619 days). By fitting an IUE spectrum with theoretical models, we find the white dwarf companion of HD 165141 has a temperature of about 35000 K. Spectral types and rotational velocities have been determined for the three giants and distances have been estimated. These three systems and 39 Ceti are compared with the barium star mass-transfer scenario. The long-period mild barium giant HD 165141 as well as HD 185510 and 39 Ceti, which have relatively short periods and normal abundance giants, appear to be consistent with this scenario. The last binary, HD 160538, a system with apparently near solar abundances, a white dwarf companion, and orbital characteristics similar to many barium stars, demonstrates that the existence of a white-dwarf companion is insufficient to produce a barium star. The paucity of systems with confirmed white-dwarf companions makes abundance analyses of HD 160538 and HD 165141 of great value in examining the role of metallicity in barium star formation.
Appendicitis outcomes are better at resident teaching institutions: a multi-institutional analysis.

Abstract Background This study compared the outcomes of appendicitis between teaching and nonteaching institutions. Methods A retrospective review was performed of all appendicitis patients aged >18 years from 1998 to 2007. The outcomes from 2 teaching institutions (each with its own general surgery residency program) were compared with those from 11 nonteaching institutions. Study outcomes included postoperative morbidity and length of hospitalization. Results A total of 3,242 patients were treated at the teaching institutions (mean age, 41 years; 61% men) and 14,483 at the nonteaching institutions (mean age, 38 years; 54% men). The perforated appendicitis rate was 29% at the teaching institution and 28% at the nonteaching institutions (P = .20). For nonperforated appendicitis, there was no difference in the incidence of wound infection between the teaching and nonteaching institutions (2.7% vs 2.3%, P = .30). There was a lower rate of abscess drainage (.4% vs 1%, P = .02), a lower readmission rate (1.7% vs 3.5%, P Conclusions Teaching institutions were more likely to perform appendectomy using an open technique and to manage perforated appendicitis nonoperatively. Infectious complications and readmission rates for both perforated and nonperforated appendicitis were lower at teaching institutions.
Material considerations for multilayer ceramic capacitors

The role of material properties in the fabrication of multilayer ceramic structures is examined with emphasis on the shrinkage behavior of both the ceramic and the metallurgy used in the fabrication of the multilayer ceramic capacitors. A typical ceramic material used is barium titanate, and the typical electrode used is made of palladium. Shrinkage behavior is key to the mechanical integrity of the multilayer ceramic capacitors. The author discusses the effect of physical parameters such as particle size, shape, and surface area, as well as the effect of processing parameters. Some methods of altering the shrinkage behavior are also described. It is shown that an important consideration in the case of palladium electrodes made of fine palladium powders is the oxidation of palladium in air and the accompanying volume change. >
Prediction-based strategies for energy saving in object tracking sensor networks

In order to fully realize the potential of sensor networks, energy awareness should be incorporated into every stage of the network design and operation. In this paper, we address the energy management issue in a sensor network killer application - object tracking sensor networks (OTSNs). Based on the fact that the movements of the tracked objects are sometimes predictable, we propose a prediction-based energy saving scheme, called PES, to reduce the energy consumption for object tracking under acceptable conditions. We compare PES against the basic schemes we proposed in the paper to explore the conditions under which PES is most desired. We also test the effect of some parameters related to the system workload, object moving behavior and sensing operations on PES through extensive simulation. Our results show that PES can save significant energy under various conditions.
Implementation Issues In Map Joint Source/channel Coding

One of Shannon's many fundamental contributions was his result that source coding and channel coding can be implemented separately without any loss of optimality. However, the assumption underlying this result may at times be violated in practice. Various joint source/channel coding approaches have been developed for handling such situations. A MAP approach to joint source/channel coding has been proposed which uses a MAP decoder and a modification of the source coder to provide error correction. We present various implementation strategies for this approach and provide results for an image coding application.
Biodiversity of poly-extremophilic Bacteria: Does combining the extremes of high salt, alkaline pH and elevated temperature approach a physico-chemical boundary for life?

Bacterial microorganisms that grow optimally at Na+ concentrations of 1.7 M, or the equivalent of 10% (w/v) NaCl, and greater are considered to be extreme halophiles. This review focuses on the correlation between the extent of alkaline pH and elevated temperature optima and the extent of salt tolerance of extremely halophilic eubacteria; the focus is on those with alkaline pH optima, above 8.5, and elevated temperature optima, above 50°C. If all three conditions are required for optimal growth, these microorganisms are termed "poly-extremophiles". However, only a very few extreme halophiles able to grow optimally under alkaline conditions as well as at elevated temperatures have been isolated so far. Therefore the question is: do the combined extreme growth conditions of the recently isolated poly-extremophiles, i.e., anaerobic halophilic alkalithermophiles, approach a physico-chemical boundary for life? These poly-extremophiles are of interest, as their adaptive mechanisms give insight into organisms' abilities to survive in environments which were previously considered prohibitive to life, as well as to possible properties of early evolutionary and extraterrestrial life forms.
Toxoplasma gondii infection in llama (Llama glama): acute visceral disseminated lesions, diagnosis, and development of tissue cysts.

Abstract: Clinical toxoplasmosis has been reported in many species of warm-blooded animals but is rare in camelids. Here we report acute fatal systemic toxoplasmosis involving heart, thyroid gland, stomach, intestine, diaphragm, kidneys, adrenal glands, and liver of a 13-mo-old llama (Llama glama). Many Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites were associated with tissue necrosis in multiple organs. Death was attributed to severe myocarditis. Ulcers associated with numerous tachyzoites were present in the C3 compartment of the stomach. Tissue cyst development was followed using bradyzoite-specific T. gondii antibodies. Individual intracellular, and groups of 2 or more, bradyzoites were identified in hepatocytes, biliary epithelium, myocardiocytes, lung, diaphragm, thyroid gland, spleen, and stomach. Lesions in the brain were a few microglial nodules and very early tissue cysts containing 1–3 bradyzoites. These observations suggest that the animal had acquired toxoplasmosis recently. Diagnosis was confirmed immunohi...
The Use of E-Mail to Deliver Performance-Based Feedback to Early Childhood Practitioners:

Three studies are described that examined the relation between performance-based (PB) feedback delivered via e-mail and preschool teachers’ use of recommended practices. The authors conducted the first two studies in the same classroom with different classroom staff. The third study was conducted with three different teachers employed in three separate classrooms. In Study I, the teachers demonstrated initial increases in use of targeted practices; however, the increases did not maintain over time. In Study II, the teachers demonstrated initial increases with some variability across behaviors. In Study III, a functional relation was established for three teachers across three self-selected behaviors, which generalized and maintained. The discussion includes implications for future PD research and practice, and provides recommendations for designing effective PB feedback systems.
Research as Social Practice A Case Study of Research on Technical and Professional Communication

Most discussions of qualitative research organize research methodologies according to their place in a set of research paradigms identified by epistemological and ontological commitments. Drawing on the work of Bourdieu, the authors argue for a theory of research as social practice in which researchers' purposes are determined not by philosophical paradigms but by their commitments to specific forms of social action. The authors offer a model of research practices organized according to their relationship to social power rather than abstract paradigms. From this perspective, the dilemmas presented by recent postmodern critiques of representation, the inclusion and co-optation of participants' voices, and validity become a question of ethics. The authors explore the problems of postmodern ethics and qualitative research through the work of Bauman.
Unsupervised cluster analysis and mortality risk in the Digitalis Investigation Group (DIG) trial of heart failure

Unsupervised K-means cluster analysis and self-organizing maps (SOM) were employed to cluster patients based on feature values in the large Digitalis Investigation Group (DIG) trial database of digoxin for heart failure treatment. We observed that use of standardized features for input into SOM resulted in clusters for which the pattern of features were much different from clusters obtained using K-means and SOM with normalized features. Cox proportional hazards regression modeling allowed us to identify clusters whose subjects had increased all-cause mortality risk due to digoxin treatment. Results indicate that increased all-cause mortality risk with digoxin treatment was associated with female gender, older age, systolic blood pressure, heart rate, body mass index, CT ratio, ejection fraction, history of diabetes mellitus, history of hypertension, diuretic use, and less prevalence of a third heart sound. Combined use of cluster analysis and Cox regression identified an association with increased risk of all-cause mortality with treatment of digoxin in certain heart failure patients.
Osprey: a practical type system for validating dimensional unit correctness of C programs

Misuse of measurement units is a common source of errors in scientific applications, but standard type systems do not prevent such errors. Dimensional analysis in physics can be used to manually detect such errors in physical equations. It is, however, not feasible to perform such manual analysis for programs computing physical equations because of code complexity. In this paper, we present a type system to automatically detect potential errors involving measurement units. It is constraint-based: we model units as types and flow of units as constraints. However, standard type checking algorithms are not powerful enough to handle units because of their abelian group nature (e.g., being commutative, multiplicative, and associative). Our system combines techniques such as type inference and Gaussian Elimination to overcome this problem. We have implemented Osprey, a prototype of the system for C programs, and evaluated it on various test programs, including computational physics and mechanical engineering applications. Osprey discovered unknown errors in mature code; it is precise with few false positives; it is also efficient and scales to large programs---we have successfully used it to analyze programs with hundreds of thousands of lines of code.
Confounding the Needs and Confronting the Norms An Extension of Reid and Valle's Essay

This article expands the ideas presented in Reid and Valle's essay by further exploring the construct of normality and its implications for children in schools. It examines the reasons for the nature of current school policy and practice by explicating who benefits and who loses from typical school structures and recent national legislation. Finally, it advocates for a transformation of thinking about the purpose of schools and suggests a radical restructuring that would support social reciprocity and community.
A randomized trial of an avatar-hosted multiple behavior change intervention for young adult smokers

Results Participant (n = 1698) characteristics were balanced across the groups (72% women, mean age 24, 26% nonwhite, 32% high school education or less, and 50% daily smokers). Considering intention to treat, 30-day smoking abstinence rates were statistically significantly higher in the intervention groups (Tx1 = 11%, Tx2 = 23%, Tx3 = 31%, P < .001). Participants in the intervention groups were also more likely to reduce their number of days spent on binge drinking and increase their number of days eating breakfast and exercising. Overall, intervention group participants were much more likely to make positive changes in at least three or four of the target behaviors (Tx1 = 19%, Tx2 = 39%, Tx3 = 41%, P < .001). Conclusions This online avatar-hosted personal health makeover “show” increased smoking abstinence and induced positive changes in multiple related health behaviors. Addition of the online video–based peer coaching further improved behavioral outcomes. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 2013;47:209–215
Thermomechanics of mid-ocean ridge segmentation

The mechanics responsible for the initiation of the orthogonal pattern characterizing mid-ocean ridges and transform faults are studied using numerical models. The driving forces are thermal stresses arising from the cooling of young oceanic crust and extensional kinematic boundary conditions. Thermal stress can exert ridge-parallel tension comparable in magnitude to spreading-induced tension when selectively released by ridges and ridge-parallel structure. Two modes of ridge segment growth have been identified in plan view: an overlapping mode where ridge segments overlap and bend toward each other and a connecting mode where two ridge segments are connected by a transform-like fault. As the ratio of thermal stress to spreading-induced stress (γ) increases, the patterns of localized plastic strain change from the overlapping to connecting mode. The orthogonal pattern marks the transition from one mode to the other. Besides the amount of stress from each driving force, the rate of stress accumulation is crucial in determining the emergent pattern. This rate-dependence is characterized by the spreading rate normalized by a reference-cooling rate (Pe′). When Pe′ is paired with the ratio of thermal stress to the reference spreading-induced stress (γ′), they unambiguously define stability fields of the two modes. The obliquely connecting, the orthogonally connecting, and the overlapping mode are similar to ridge-transform fault intersections observed in ultra-slow, slow to intermediate, and fast spreading centers, respectively. The patterns are also sensitive to the strain weakening rate. Fracture zones were created in part as a response to thermal stress.
Golgi Architecture and Inheritance

Golgi inheritance proceeds via sequential biogenesis and partitioning phases. Although little is known about Golgi growth and replication (biogenesis), ultrastructural and fluorescence analyses have provided a detailed, though still controversial, perspective of Golgi partitioning during mitosis in mammalian cells. Partitioning requires the fragmentation of the juxtanuclear ribbon of interconnected Golgi stacks into a multitude of tubulovesicular clusters. This process is choreographed by a cohort of mitotic kinases and an inhibition of heterotypic and homotypic Golgi membrane-fusion events. Our model posits that accurate partitioning occurs early in mitosis by the equilibration of Golgi components on either side of the metaphase plate. Disseminated Golgi components then coalesce to regenerate Golgi stacks during telophase. Semi-intact cell and cell-free assays have accurately recreated these processes and allowed their molecular dissection. This review attempts to integrate recent findings to depict a more coherent, synthetic molecular picture of mitotic Golgi fragmentation and reassembly. Of particular importance is the emerging concept of a highly regulated and dynamic Golgi structural matrix or template that interfaces with cargo receptors, Golgi enzymes, Rab-GTPases, and SNAREs to tightly couple biosynthetic transport to Golgi architecture. This structural framework may be instructive for Golgi biogenesis and may encode sufficient information to ensure accurate Golgi inheritance, thereby helping to resolve some of the current discrepancies between different workers.
The lunar sodium atmosphere: April–May 19981 1This article is part of a Special Issue that honours the work of Dr. Donald M. Hunten FRSC who passed away in December 2010 after a very illustrious career.

Atmospheric sodium at the Moon was observed for altitudes from the ground up to 1800 km from 18 April to 13 May 1998, a period including an entire lunar month. Because of bad weather, coverage was incomplete but we present the analysis of 36 spectra largely from near first and third quarter phases and passage through full moon. The apparatus used was the specially built clear aperture 16.5 cm, 203 cm focal length, Mt. Lemmon Lunar Coronagraph on Mt. Lemmon in the Catalina Mountains of Tucson, Arizona. Data are interpreted in terms of Chamberlain fits to the observed emission rate using both one equivalent temperature and two source components (with both cold and hot density distributions). The extent and equivalent temperatures of the exosphere during this period trended towards an extended coma with very little fraction in the thermally accommodated regime, even near the surface. Preliminary data–model comparisons suggest that these measurements are consistent with rates and spatial distributions expecte...
Effects of Suspended Particles on Net-Tending Behaviors for Hydropsyche sparna (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae) and Related Species

Abstract Laboratory experiments using small artificial streams were performed on 3rd-5th instars of the net-spinning caddisflies Hydropsyche sparna (Ross), H. betteni Ross, H. morosa (Hagen), and H. slossonae (Banks) to examine the effects of suspended particle transport on their behavior, drift, and mortality. Larvae were exposed to suspended particles 0.4–500 μm in diameter at suspended concentrations between 667 and 6000 mg/liter for 24 h. Water velocity was held constant at 23 cm/s in all experiments to eliminate the confounding effects of flow on net-tending. Drift and mortality rates were also measured but did not occur in the experimental or control populations. Four net-tending behaviors occurred that varied in the degree of filter net modification. One behavior was to clean the net of particles and leave it intact. Three other behaviors, involving modification of the filter net strands, were detachment of one side, cutting a hole in the middle of the filtering surface, and total removal of the ne...