cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Studies on the conjugation of horseradish peroxidase to Fab fragments

Abstract The two step method for conjugation of glutaraldehyde-activated horseradish peroxidase to isolated Fab fragments was evaluated. By increasing the molar excess of horseradish peroxidase nearly all available Fab fragments could be conjugated. However, with increasing excess of peroxidase more than one peroxidase molecule became conjugated to each Fab fragment with concomitant loss of antibody activity. The optimal yield of one-to-one conjugate was achieved at about 8-fold excess of peroxidase.
Dyadic analysis: Factors affecting African American English usage and accommodation in adolescent peer dyads

Abstract This study analyzes relative accommodation of African American English (AAE) usage in peer interactions for 201 African American adolescent dyads at Grades 6, 8, and 10. A Dialect Density Measure (DDM: Van Hofwegen and Wolfram, 2010) assessed speakers' overall AAE use. Then, dyadic analysis revealed that variation between dyads was greater than variation within dyads. That is, children were significantly similar (accommodate) to their peers at all three time points, regardless of whether their peers were self-selected or assigned. However, girls' and boys' accommodation varied by how well they knew their peers and in terms of ethnically- or formality-salient features.
Conceptual foundations of the self-similar hierarchical cosmology.

It is proposed that Nature's most fundamental design involves a global hierarchy with discrete, self-similar systems populating each level. Evidence supporting this cosmological paradigm is cited and several predictions are made.
Transfer and Scaffolding of Perceptual Grouping Occurs Across Organizing Principles in 3- to 7-Month-Old Infants

Previous research has demonstrated that organizational principles become functional over different time courses of development: Lightness similarity is available at 3 months of age, but form similarity is not readily in evidence until 6 months of age. We investigated whether organization would transfer across principles and whether perceptual scaffolding can occur from an already functional principle to a not-yet-operational principle. Six- to 7-month-old infants (Experiment 1) and 3- to 4-month-old infants (Experiment 2) who were familiarized with arrays of elements organized by lightness similarity displayed a subsequent visual preference for a novel organization defined by form similarity. Results with the older infants demonstrate transfer in perceptual grouping: The organization defined by one grouping principle can direct a visual preference for a novel organization defined by a different grouping principle. Findings with the younger infants suggest that learning based on an already functional organizational process enables an organizational process that is not yet functional through perceptual scaffolding.
Wind energy estimates by use of a diagnostic model

A diagnostic model is a relatively simple and practical tool for modeling the wind flow of the boundary layer in complex terrain. The model begins with a wind analysis based on available surface wind reports and geostrophic winds (computed from pressure data). The height of the boundary layer top (upper surface of the computational domain) is prescribed to fit local conditions. Using the continuity equation in terrain-following coordinates, the winds at mesh points are adjusted to produce nondivergence while maintaining the original vertical component of vorticity. The method of computing the nondivergent winds uses “direct alterations.” This method may be useful for other modeling purposes and will be described. Data for a long period (usually a year) are analyzed to obtain eigenvectors and the associated time series of their coefficients at each observation time. The model is run only for the five or six eigenvectors that explain most of the variance. The wind field at any particular time is reconstructed from the eigenvector solutions and their appropriate coefficients. Comparisons of model results with measured winds at sites representing different types of terrain will be shown. The accuracy and economy of the model make it a useful tool for estimating wind energy and also for giving wind fields for low-level diffusion models.
A Linearized Model for Lithium Ion Batteries and Maps for their Performance and Failure

A linearized model is developed for lithium ion batteries, relying on simplified characterizations of lithium transport in the electrolyte and through the interface between the electrolyte and the storage particles of the electrodes. The model is valid as a good approximation to the behavior of the battery when it operates near equilibrium, and can be used for both discharge and charging of the battery. The rate of extraction of lithium from and to the electrode storage particles can be estimated from the results of the model, information that can be used in turn to estimate the shrinkage and swelling stresses that develop in the particles. Given specified rates of extraction for spherical particles, maps of the resulting shrinkage and swelling stresses can be developed connecting their values to battery parameters such as particles size, diffusion coefficient, lithium partial molar volume, and particle elastic properties. Since a constant rate of extraction can only be achieved for a limited period of time until the concentration of lithium at the particle perimeter constrains the lithium mass transport, plots of the average state of charge in the particle versus time are also produced.
Neurons Skip a Beat during Fast Ripples

Fast ripples are EEG transients emanating from epileptic foci, but fast-ripple frequencies far exceed maximal neuronal firing rates. In this issue of Neuron, Menendez de la Prida and coworkers propose that out-of-phase firing of a subpopulation of neurons during physiological ripple activity effectively doubles the ripple frequency to produce fast ripples.
Tutorial on chip-based electrophysiology to assess ion channel function

Ion channels are one of the most important categories of proteins in animal and plant physiology. Their function dictates activities as far reaching as controlling transmembrane potential in the nervous system to regulating plant cell volumes in extreme environments. The functionality of these proteins is notoriously difficult to assess, and there is a great demand for high throughput measurement systems which can monitor channel activity in cellular systems. There have been significant recent advances in the field of chip-based electrophysiology, especially microfabricated patch-clamp systems. Our research group is currently pursuing research in this area, and here we provide a tutorial that summarizes all of the relevant work in the field to date. We have also noted areas where we feel that future research in the field is likely to provide improvements in device design, manufacturability and testing of these interesting and important devices.
Innovation under the Climate Wise program

Abstract This paper examines the impact of participation in the Climate Wise program, one of the largest voluntary programs enacted in the US, on innovative activity by firms. In operation from 1993 to 2000, the Climate Wise program was designed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by promoting innovation in energy efficiency and energy related activities. We begin by examining what types of firms were most likely to participate in this voluntary initiative. We find that the Climate Wise program was attractive to large firms, more R&D intensive firms, and firms with more financial resources. To consider the impact of Climate Wise participation on the innovative behavior of firms, we investigate whether participants and non-participants differed in the number of successful environmental and non-environmental patent applications between 1993 and 2003. We find some evidence that participation in the Climate Wise leads to a change in environmental patenting but only among less R&D intensive firms.
Ultrafast intrinsic optical switching in a dense medium of two-level atoms

We performed a numerical investigation of the dynamics of the Bloch equations, extended for dense media (media having many atoms within a cubic resonance wavelength), for optical pulses whose duration is much less than an induced-dipole dephasing time. We find a signature of near dipole-dipole interaction which may provide a useful method for validating the first-principles model, for measuring the strength of the interaction, and for coherent pumping. Further, we demonstrate a new and unique optical switching mechanism which may lead to the development of important devices
GRAVITATIONAL THERMODYNAMICS AND BLACK-HOLE MERGERS

Black holes become the most massive objects early in the evolution of star clusters. Dynamical relaxation then causes them to sink to the cluster core, where they form binaries which become more tightly bound by superelastic encounters with other cluster members. Ultimately, these binaries are ejected from the cluster. The majority of escaping black-hole binaries have orbital periods short enough and eccentricities high enough that the emission of gravitational waves causes them to coalesce within a few billion years. The rate at which such collisions occur is on the order of 10-7 per year per cubic megaparsec. This implies event rates for gravitational-wave detectors substantially greater than current estimates of the corresponding rates from neutron-star mergers or black-hole mergers stemming from pure binary evolution.
Review of "Artificial Intelligence: An MIT Perspective, Volume 1: Expert Problem Solving, Natural Language Understanding, Intelligent Computer Coaches, Representation and Learning by Patrick Henry Winston and Richard Henry Brown"; The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1979, ISBN 0-262-73058-8.

Artificial Intelligence: An MIT Perspective consists of two volumes. Volume 1 covers the areas cited in the title of this review. Volume 2 (which will be the subject matter of an upcoming review) has sections on Understanding Vision, Manipulation and Productivity Technology, Computer Design, and Symbol Manipulation.
RNA interference: a practical approach.

Abstract Background Few new molecular biology techniques have advanced to find practical application as rapidly as RNA interference (RNAi). RNAi denotes the highly specific posttranslational silencing of gene expression that occurs in response to the introduction of double-stranded RNA into a cell. The purpose of this review is to present practical guidelines for designing and executing RNAi experiments. Materials and methods Review of recent literature. Result and conclusion We summarize the mechanisms underlying RNAi in mammalian cells and focus on practical advice for investigators conducting RNAi experiments. We suggest criteria to help select a suitable target gene sequence, define the structural characteristics of effective siRNAs, discuss transfection strategies, and describe experimental design, including important control methods. RNAi represents a powerful tool for determining the functions of specific genes.
Oxygen transport in adult respiratory distress syndrome and other acute circulatory problems: Relationship of oxygen delivery and oxygen consumption

ObjectiveTo evaluate the evidence that oxygen consumption (Vo2) is pathologically dependent on oxygen delivery (Do2).Data SourcesStudies published since 1972 with their relevant bibliographies and computerized search of MEDLINE.Study SelectionAll clinical papers reporting the relationship of: Vo2 to
Dyspnea, Tachycardia, and New Onset Seizure as a Presentation of Wilms Tumor: A Case Report

Wilms tumor is found in 1 in 10,000 children and most commonly presents in asymptomatic toddlers whose care givers notice a nontender abdominal mass in the right upper quadrant. This case of Wilms tumor presented as a critically ill eleven-year old with significant tachypnea, dyspnea, vague abdominal pain, intermittent emesis, new onset seizure, metabolic acidosis, and hypoxemia. This is the first case in the literature of Wilms Tumor with cavoatrial involvement and seizure and pulmonary embolism resulting in aggressive resuscitation and treatment. Treatment included anticoagulation, chemotherapy, nephrectomy, and surgical resection of thrombi, followed by adjunctive chemotherapy with pulmonary radiation.
Power in the Reverberation Why Twitter Matters, But Not the Way Most Believe

This Twitter Research Forum essay by Communication & Sport Associate Editor Andrew Billings explores the problems underlying research efforts reliant on the mass aggregation of tweets within the so...
Brief myocardial ischemia attenuates platelet thrombosis in remote, damaged, and stenotic carotid arteries

Background—Brief antecedent periods of coronary artery occlusion improve subsequent vessel patency in damaged and stenotic coronary arteries via release of adenosine from ischemic/reperfused myocardium and resultant adenosine receptor stimulation. However, the site of receptor stimulation—circulating blood-borne elements (ie, platelets) versus vessel-wall components of the culprit artery—remains unclear. If platelet adenosine receptors are involved, then the benefits of brief coronary occlusion (1) should be manifested systemically and improve patency at a remote site and (2) should be inhibited by an antagonist of adenosine A2 receptors, whereas, in contrast, (3) brief vascular occlusion not associated with appreciable adenosine release should be ineffective in improving vessel patency. Methods and Results—In Protocol 1, anesthetized rabbits received 5 minutes of transient coronary occlusion, 5 minutes of transient bilateral carotid occlusion (purported to cause negligible adenosine release from the brai...
Membrane assembly and secretion in higher plants

In higher plants evidence concerning the pathway of membrane assembly and transfer during secretion is scant. In maize roots the polysaccharides of the secretory materials can readily be followed from the Golgi apparatus to the plasma membrane by using tritiated sugars and radioautography. How protein constituents of either the membranes or secretory products are moved to the Golgi apparatus, presumably from the endoplasmic reticulum, during the earlier steps in the process is unclear. Radioautography after amino acid incorporation does not show high levels of labeling correlated with secretion nor is the intracellular pattern consistent with transfer of materials to the Golgi stacks. Whorls of endoplasmic reticulum membrane produced in the presence of ethanol can be preferentially labeled, but it remains uncertain whether proteins are transferred from the ER to other organelles. The precise interrelationship between the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus remains to be unequivocally demonstrated in most higher plant cells.
Status of the NIST 3D imaging system performance evaluation facility

This paper presents the status of an indoor artifact-based Performance Evaluation Facility at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) for 3D imaging systems, a terminology pre-standard, and a summary of the ranging protocol pre-standard. The indoor facility will be used to develop test protocols and performance metrics for the evaluation of terrestrial 3D imaging systems. The NIST facility was initiated in response to a workshop which was held at NIST in 2003 to determine future efforts needed to standardize 3D imaging system testing and reporting and to assess the need for a neutral performance evaluation facility. Three additional workshops have since been held at NIST with the most recent on March 2-3, 2006. These workshops provided further guidance in defining priorities and in identifying the types of measurements that are of most interest to the terrestrial scanning community. The two pre-standards were developed based on feedback from the workshops.
Gastrointestinal ostomies and sexual outcomes: a comparison of colorectal cancer patients by ostomy status

Purpose Research examining effects of ostomy use on sexual outcomes is limited. Patients with colorectal cancer were compared on sexual outcomes and body image based on ostomy status (never, past, and current ostomy). Differences in depression were also examined.
A modularity test for elliptic mirror symmetry

Abstract In this Letter a previously initiated program to construct space from modular forms on the string worldsheet is applied to mirror symmetry. Predictions of an algebraic mirror construction are confirmed for elliptic curves of Brieskorn–Pham type by showing that the string theoretic modular forms associated to the Hasse–Weil L-series of mirror pairs of such curves are identical.
Costs and health effects of osteoporotic fractures

Abstract The objective of this study is to estimate the short- and long-term direct health care costs of hip, spine, and forearm fractures occurring during the remaining lifetimes of white post-menopausal women and to provide a prototype for estimating avoided costs of fractures in future cost-effectiveness analyses. A Markov model that uses population-based data and Monte Carlo simulations to estimate lifetime fracture risk, fracture-related functional impairment, and fracture-related costs for cohorts of individuals while controlling for competing causes of functional impairment and, hence, long-term costs is presented. Five cohorts of 10,000 women, each of a different age group, were simulated to obtain estimates of remaining lifetime fractures, functional impairment, and costs. Additional simulations tested the impact of discharge rates to and continued residence in nursing homes. Acute fracture care costs, nursing home annual cost, cost of community-based long-term care, and discount rates were varied in sensitivity analyses. Cohort costs were applied to the 1990 population distribution of U.S. white women to project future costs of women currently aged 45 years of age and older. Among hip, spine, and forearm fractures, hip fractures were determined to account for 36–50% of remaining lifetime fractures depending on age group of the cohort. Similarly, hip fractures were determined to account for 67–79% of fracture-related dependent functioning, 87–100% of fracture-related nursing home placement, and 87–96% of short-term fracture costs. Among white U.S. women aged 45 or older, an estimated 5.2 million hip, spine, and forearm fractures; 2 million person-years of fracture-related functional impairment; and $45.2 billion total direct medical costs can be expected in the next 10 years. Women aged 65–84 were estimated to experience the largest number of fractures, person-years of fracture-related impaired function, and fracture care costs in the next 10 years. Estimated lifetime cost was particularly sensitive to assumptions about fracture-related nursing home utilization rates. The future health and economic impact of established osteoporosis is expected to be substantial. Because we have included only three fracture sites, our estimates are likely to be conservative. Osteoporosis interventions that can reduce the need for fracture-related extended nursing home care and that are effective among women aged 65–84 are likely to be particularly cost-effective.
Hydrazine at high pressure

Abstract We report the first high pressure study of the important rocket fuel, hydrazine in a diamond anvil cell up to 19 GPa. Using Raman spectroscopy, two phase transitions were observed between 5.5 and 8 GPa. Above 8 GPa, a new peak emerged near 3000 cm −1 . The pressure-induced changes appear to be reversible as pressure was cycled down to 3.5 GPa. We then performed a second experiment at this pressure examining X-ray induced decomposition of the material using an unfocused synchrotron white beam. After some 2.4 h of irradiation (estimated to be a dose of 1.6 × 10 5 Gy), molecular nitrogen was produced as confirmed with Raman spectroscopy.
Differential effect of flavonoids on inhibition of secretion and accumulation of secretory granules in rat basophilic leukemia cells.

Abstract Rat basophilic leukemia (RBL) cells resemble mucosal mast cells (MMC) and develop few secretory granules under normal culture conditions. RBL cells have been used for the study of secretion and for the possible involvement of MMC in food allergies and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). The flavonoid quercetin is one of very few molecules that inhibit RBL cell proliferation and constitutive histamine release; it also induces synthesis of rat mast cell protease (RMCP) II and accumulation of secretory granules. Even though quercetin is available as a food supplement over the counter, some early studies had indicated it may be carcinogenic. We, therefore, compared the effect of quercetin to that of other flavonoids with similar structure. Flavone, kaempferol, myricetin and morin were investigated for their action on RBL cell secretion of β -hexosaminidase stimulated by anti-DNP serum and DNP-BSA, as well as on secretory granule development. Quercetin, myricetin and kaempferol inhibited RBL cell secretion significantly only at 10 −4 M. Flavone inhibited secretion at 10 −4 , 10 −5 and 10 −6 M; it also maximally induced secretory granule accumulation as evidenced by light and electron microscopy. In contrast, morin which differs structurally only by one extra hydroxyl group had minimal effect. These results indicate that flavone is capable of inhibiting stimulated secretion and inducing secretory granule development at reasonable concentrations.
Hypothermia and intolerance to cold induced by intracisternal administration of the hypothalamic peptide neurotensin

NEUROTENSIN is a tridecapeptide (pGlu–Leu–Tyr–Glu–Asn–Lys–Pro–Arg–Arg–Pro–Tyr–Ile–Leu–COOH)1 isolated from bovine hypothalami2. Using a sensitive and specific radio immunoassay, Carraway and Leeman have demonstrated immunoreactive neurotensin in hypothalamic extracts of rat, mouse, rabbit and human tissue3. Intravenous (i.v.) administration of neurotensin to rats has been reported to cause hypotension (minimum effective dose 100 pmol kg−1 = 0.167 µg kg−1), cyanosis (minimum effective dose 1 nmol kg−1 = 1.67 µg kg−1)2, and hyperglycaemia (minimum effective dose 200 pmol kg−1 = 0.33 µg kg−1)4. These effects are not prevented by adrenalectomy or hypophysectomy. The hypotensive effects are not altered by α- or β-adrenergic blockers. Neurotensin also stimulates the contraction of guinea pig ileum while relaxing rat duodenum in vitro. Neurotensin is as potent as bradykinin in its effects on guinea pig ileum and rat duodenum and thus is classified as a kinin2. It increases plasma gonadotropin levels in ovariectomised, oestrogen–progesterone-treated rats after intravenous injection (minimum effective dose 5 nmol kg−1 = 8.4 µg kg−1)5. Intravenous administration of a dose of 3 µg kg−1 to rats produces hypoinsulinaemia, hyperglycaemia and hyperglucagonaemia6.
Beyond Enron: Toward Economic Democracy and a New Ethic of Inclusion

A growing complacency about corporate behavior appears to be replacing what proved to be a short-lived consternation caused by the Enron-era revelations. The time has come for serious and widespread rethinking of the purpose of corporations and the ethics that guide their relationship to the wider society. We urge the rejection of the ethics of exclusion on which the current form of corporate organization is founded and its replacement with a practical economic democracy based on an ethics of inclusion, recognizing that the pursuit of social justice ought to be the primary purpose of both corporations and the governments that authorize them. We explore how this shift might occur, suggest key principles as the basis for genuine economic democracy, and indicate stratagems whereby these might be developed.
Comparison of equilibrium and disequilibrium assay conditions for ergocalciferol, cholecalciferol and their major metabolites

The comparison of equilibrium and disequilibrium assay conditions for ergocalciferol, cholecalciferol and their major metabolites were investigated to evaluate: (1) optimization of sensitivity (2) crossreactivity of these compounds in their respective assays and (3) side chain steric requirements of the vitamin D molecule for optimum binding to the calciferol binding protein or bovine thymus receptor. Disequilibrium assay conditions improved assay sensitivity 30-fold for the calciferol assay and approx 3-fold for metabolites in the 25-hydroxycalciferol and 1,25-dihydroxycalciferol assays. Ergocalciferol compounds were uniformly less efficient in their association with the proteins tested than were their cholecalciferol counterparts, with one exception. In the calciferol assay, cholecalciferol had greater affinity for the the calciferol binding protein than did ergocalciferol. In the 25-hydroxycalciferol assay affinity for the calciferol binding protein was 25-hydroxycholecalciferol = 24,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol greater than 25-hydroxyergocalciferol greater than 25S,26-dihydroxycholecalciferol greater than 24,25-dihydroxyergocalciferol greater than 25,26-dihydroxyergocalciferol. In the assay for 1,25-dihydroxycalciferol, bovine thymus receptor recognized 1,25-dihydroxyergocalciferol and 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol equally. From the forthcoming data it appears that hydroxyl and/or methyl groups on the calciferol side chain alter the ability of these physiological compounds to associate with the calciferol binding protein.
Feedbacks in Vertical-Column Energy Balance Models

Abstract Order-of-magnitude estimates are made for the feedbacks between the global mean surface temperature and the mean tropospheric lapse rate, the mean surface relative humidity and the mean atmospheric relative humidity profile. It is found that with the possible exception of the surface temperature-surface relative humidity feedback the magnitudes of these feedback are not sufficient to significantly alter the sensitivity of the global mean surface temperature to changes in the solar constant as calculated using a vertical-column energy balance model of the earth's atmosphere.
Specific Hemispheric-Routing-TAK/v to Teach Spelling to Dyslexics VAK and VAKT Challenged

A revised concept of multimodality, multisensory instruction is suggested to deal primarily with the severe spelling difficulties of the dyslexic and of others with a similar language problem. The visual modality, as in VAK and VAKT, is seen as the problem and not the remedy, with remediation taking place in spite of its use and not because of it. Suggested instead is an approach based on the tactile modality. The recent identification of an oculomotor deficiency in dyslexics is cited. The authors propose a temporary cutoff of the use of the visual modality by blindfolding, and then the development of a brain strategy based on scanning the letters of unknown words with the fingers rather than with the eyes. More narrowly, they also propose the use of the fingers of one hand only, based on current theories of hemispheric specialization. The entire technique is described as "Hemispheric-Routing-TAK/v." In experimental use, subjects showed superiority in immediate recall when only the left hand was used but ...
Formation of a Nonaoxirane from A2E, a Lipofuscin Fluorophore related to Macular Degeneration, and Evidence of Singlet Oxygen Involvement

The lipofuscin that accumulates in retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells may play a role in the deterioration and death of RPE cells which is typical of atrophic age-related macular degeneration (AMD). In human RPE cells, the deposition of this aging pigment is already apparent by age 20,[1] and while it continues to increase until approximately age 70, thereafter it declines.[2±4] The major hydrophobic fluorophores of RPE lipofuscin are the pyridinium bisretinoids A2E (1) (Figure 1, top left) and iso-A2E, its 13-Z photo-isomer.[5±8] A2E is formed by hydrolytic cleavage of A2-PE, a precursor generated from the reaction between two molecules of all-trans-retinal and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE).[9] It has recently been shown that the accumulation of A2E by cultured RPE bestows a sensitivity to light-induced damage.[10, 11] Specifically, the blue region of the spectrum was found to induce the apoptotic death of A2E-containing cells, with a wavelength dependency that reflected the excitation spectrum of A2E.[11, 12] The propensity for A2E-laden RPE cells illuminated by blue light to undergo apoptosis is consistent with the known susceptibility of RPE cells to blue light damage in animal models.[13±15] Moreover, the ability of A2E to serve as an initiator of photodamage may be relevant to studies linking the incidence of advanced atrophic AMD with blue light exposure, particularly in later life.[16] To investigate the blue-light-induced modification of A2E, solutions of it in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) (200 ; 200 L) containing 0.1% of DMSO for solubility purposes were irradiated with blue light ((430 10) nm) delivered from a 150-W tungsten halogen lamp (radiant energy 0.19 mWmm 2). Irradiation for 10 min generated a series of oxidative derivatives, each of which represented the addition of an oxygen atom at a carbon ± carbon double bond (see Figure 3). Irradiation at longer wavelengths where A2E does not absorb gave no reactions. For further structural studies oxidation withmeta-chloroperoxybenzoic acid (MCPBA) was performed. Purification of the reaction mixture by HPLC yielded 2 as the main component. FAB (fast atom bombardment) high energy collisioninduced dissociation (CID) mass spectra of 2 resulting from the photooxidation and/or MCPBA oxidation showed the same intenseM peak atm/z 624, and product ions atm/z 458 and 488 (Figure 1). Analysis of these ions led to the shown
Marriage and Women's Citizenship in the United States, 1830-1934

IN THE UNITED STATES, where the creation of new citizens is an essential (if contested) tradition, there must certainly be more than one understanding of what citizenship is. A focus on immigration and naturalization emphasizes that citizenship is a political fiction, an identification that can be put on like new clothing by the properly readied wearer. Or taken off. Being a fiction does not mean that citizenship is false but that it is purposefully constructed, all the more reason that its meanings and the rewards and obligations it conveys may vary over time and among citizens. Citizenship represents not only the bond between an individual and a state but also a bond between one individual and many others. It represents an attachment to a political community, different from membership in a kinship group because the bonds are only figurative. The symbolic dimension is no less important than the material privileges and obligations that ensue from citizenship. Citizenship is a "powerful instrument of social closure," in Rogers Brubaker's words. The boundedness of the citizenry marks the nation-state's power.1 Whatever else it entails, citizenship is a distinctive form of social classification that colors personal standing in any community. It confers an identity that may have deep personal and psychological dimensions at the same time that it expresses belonging. The same can be said for marriage. Marriage also is a civil status that can
Disposition of Pollen in situ and its Relevance to Anther/Pollen Culture

Disposition of pollen in immature anthers of Hordeum vulgare is illustrated by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Freeze-fracture confirms that the pollen is confined to a uniseriate column aligned against the tapetum. There is no free pollen in the lumen of the anther loculi. In contrast, in Nicotiana tabacum and Paeonia lactiflora the pollen is disposed at random and occupies the whole of each loculus. Freezing preserves the fluid content of the loculi, appearing in fracture profiles as an amorphous matrix in which the pollen is embedded. The matrix, which generally obscures the tapetum, is present throughout the microspore phase but diminishes as the spores enlarge. It is still present in N. tabacum and H. vulgare at the first pollen division, fragmentary at this stage in P. lactiflora, but is no longer discernible in any of the species at the onset of pollen-grain maturation. Pretreatment of excised Hordeum spikes at 4 °C during the microspore phase, a prerequisite for anther/pollen culture, disrupts the normal developmental sequence but does not alter the uniseriate disposition. Before the spores start to divide, however, the tapetum degenerates and the fluid phase is dispersed. The observations are discussed in relation to isolated pollen culture, float culture of anthers and the switch in programme from gametophytic to sporophytic development.
SLAVONIC STUDIES IN THE UNITED STATES

Author's summary.— The article points out the chief developments in the field of Slavonic Studies in the United States during the past few years and endeavors tc indicate some of the ways in which the subject will be advanced in the immediate future.
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy study of the passivation of NiAl(100) by water vapor.

The oxidation of NiAl(100) surfaces by water vapor is studied using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) to elucidate the effect of temperature and vapor pressure on the surface passivation mechanism of the NiAl alloy. The water-vapor oxidation at ambient temperature (25 °C) results in self-limiting Al(OH)3/ Al2O3 bilayer film growth to a less extent of the limiting thickness regimes, in which the growth of the inner Al2O3 layer occurs via dehydration of the outer Al(OH)3 layer. The growth of the passivating overlayer at the ambient temperature depletes Al and forms a Ni-rich layer at the oxide/alloy interface that impedes supply of Al atoms to the outer surface for Al(OH)3 formation via the hydration reaction, whereby resulting in a more Al-deficient structure of the outer Al(OH)3 layer upon increasing the vapor pressure. In contrast, the water-vapor oxidation at 300 °C results in Al2O3 single-layer film growth to a larger limiting thickness without involving the transient hydroxide phase of Al(OH)3. It is shown that increasing the oxidation temperatures results in the formation of a more compact Al2O3 film owning to the enhanced bulk diffusion rate that maintains an adequate supply of Al atoms to the oxide/alloy interface to sustain the oxide film growth to the full extent of the limiting thickness.
Performance of thin-window Silicon Drift Detectors

Several sets of hexagonal Silicon Drift Detector (SDD) arrays were produced at BNL and by a commercial vendor, KETEK. Each array consists of 14 independent detectors (pixels) and two additional test pixels at two of the corners. The side of the detector upon which the X-ray radiation is incident (window side) has a thin junction covering the entire active area. The opposite side (device side) contains a drift-field electrode structure in the form of a hexagonal spiral and an electron collecting anode. There are 4 guard rings surrounding the 14-pixel array area on both sides of the detector. Within each array, 7 of the pixels have an aluminum field plate - interrupted spirals that stabilize the electric potential under the Si-SiO 2 interface, while the other 7 do not. The drift field in the silicon volume is controlled by three biases: one is applied to a rectifying contact, one to the detector entrance window, and the third to a contact on the outer portion of the spiral common to all pixels in the array. Some arrays have been newly measured in NSLS beam line U3C at BNL. The complete assemblies were installed in the vacuum and cooled to −27°C. During this run, spectra for energies ranging between 400 and 900 eV were collected in several pixels, some with field plates and others without. The detailed testing results of several arrays are reported here.
Evaluation of the ischemic penumbra focusing on the venous drainage: the role of susceptibility weighted imaging (SWI) in pediatric ischemic cerebral stroke.

Summary Background and purpose Susceptibility weighted imaging (SWI) allows the study of the intracranial venous vasculature based on the paramagnetic susceptibility effects of deoxygenated blood. Prominent hypointense draining veins have been revealed in ischemic brain tissue by SWI. The goal of our study was to evaluate whether a match or mismatch between territorial changes in the venous drainage of ischemic brain tissue, as identified by SWI and diffusion restriction, can show a ‘venous ischemic penumbra’. Materials and methods Eight children with a confirmed diagnosis of acute pediatric arterial ischemic stroke (PAIS) were included in this preliminary study. All had undergone an acute standard magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study with diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and SWI sequences. SWI scans were semi-quantitatively evaluated for signal intensity and caliber of both the intramedullary and sulcal veins. In addition, SWI abnormalities were compared with DWI images for match/mismatch of signal alterations, and the acute MRI data were compared with follow-up scans. Results A total of 17 vascular territories showed infarction. SWI hypointensity in sulcal and intramedullary veins was found in 77% and 94% of the infarcted territories, respectively, while the caliber of the sulcal and intramedullary veins was increased in 64% and 88% of the infarcted areas, respectively. SWI/DWI match was observed in 88% of the vascular territories, whereas mismatch was noted in two; follow-up neuroimaging showed infarct progression into the mismatch areas. Conclusion Our study showed that, in children, high-quality SWI studies focused on venous drainage can provide important non-invasive data on critically perfused brain tissue at risk of infarct progression. SWI is therefore a valuable MR tool that can be added to the battery of neuroimaging techniques for acute PAIS.
Hyperglycemia limits experimental aortic aneurysm progression

Objective Diabetes mellitus (DM) is associated with reduced progression of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) disease. Mechanisms responsible for this negative association remain unknown. We created AAAs in hyperglycemic mice to examine the influence of serum glucose concentration on experimental aneurysm progression. Methods Aortic aneurysms were induced in hyperglycemic (DM) and normoglycemic models by using intra-aortic porcine pancreatic elastase (PPE) infusion in C57BL/6 mice or by systemic infusion of angiotensin II (ANG) in apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE –/– ) mice, respectively. In an additional DM cohort, insulin therapy was initiated after aneurysm induction. Aneurysmal aortic enlargement progression was monitored with serial transabdominal ultrasound measurements. At sacrifice, AAA cellularity and proteolytic activity were evaluated by immunohistochemistry and substrate zymography, respectively. Influences of serum glucose levels on macrophage migration were examined in separate models of thioglycollate-induced murine peritonitis. Results At 14 days after PPE infusion, AAA enlargement in hyperglycemic mice (serum glucose ≥ 300 mg/dL) was less than that in euglycemic mice (PPE-DM: 54% ± 19% vs PPE: 84% ± 24%, P P = .0325), elastolysis (% residual elastin: 20% ± 7% vs 12% ± 6%, P = .0209), and neovascularization (12 ± 8 vs 20 ± 6 vessels/high powered field, P = .0229) compared with PPE mice. Hyperglycemia limited AAA enlargement after ANG infusion in ApoE –/– mice (ANG-DM: 38% ± 12% vs ANG: 61% ± 37% at day 28). Peritoneal macrophage production was reduced in response to thioglycollate stimulation in hyperglycemic mice, with limited augmentation noted in response to vascular endothelial growth factor administration. Insulin therapy reduced serum glucose levels and was associated with AAA enlargement rates intermediate between euglycemic and hyperglycemic mice (PPE: 1.21 ± 0.14 mm vs PPE-DM: 1.00 ± 0.04 mm vs PPE-DM + insulin: 1.14 ± 0.05 mm). Conclusions Hyperglycemia reduces progression of experimental AAA disease; lowering of serum glucose levels with insulin treatment diminishes this protective effect. Identifying mechanisms of hyperglycemic aneurysm inhibition may accelerate development of novel clinical therapies for AAA disease.
PHENOTYPIC EXPRESSIONS OF THE MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY LOCUS IN MAN (HL-A): LEUKOCYTE ANTIGENS AND MIXED LEUKOCYTE CULTURE REACTIVITY

The evidence is reviewed that a single genetic system, the major histocompatibility locus in man, HL-A, determines most of the antigens measured by presently available leukocyte isoantisera, and also controls reactivity in one-way mixed leucocyte culture tests. Studies in 12 families are presented to support this conclusion. Some interesting exceptions to the general typing-MLC tests correlation are presented and discussed.
Soil organic carbon and 13C abundance as related to tillage, crop residue, and nitrogen fertilization under continuous corn management in Minnesota.

Long-term field experiments are among the best means to predict soil management impacts on soil carbon storage. Soil organic carbon (SOC) and natural abundance 13 C( d 13 C) were sensitive to tillage, stover harvest, and nitrogen (N) management during 13 years of continuous corn (Zea mays L.), grown on a Haplic Chernozem soil in Minnesota. Contents of SOC in the 0‐15 cm layer in the annually-tilled [moldboard (MB) and chisel (CH)] plots decreased slightly with years of corn after a low input mixture of alfalfa (Medicago sativum L.) and oat (Avena sativa L.) for pasture; stover harvest had no effect. Storage of SOC in no-till (NT) plots with stover harvested remained nearly unchanged at 55 Mg ha ˇ1 with time, while that with stover returned increased about 14%. The measured d 13 C increased steadily with years of corn cropping in all treatments; the NT with stover return had the highest increase. The N fertilization effects on SOC and d 13 C were most evident when stover was returned to NT plots. In the 15‐30 cm depth, SOC storage decreased and d 13 C values increased with years of corn cropping under NT, especially when stover was harvested. There was no consistent temporal trend in SOC storage and d 13 C values in the 15‐30 cm depth when plots received annual MB or CH tillage. The amount of available corn residue that was retained in SOC storage was influenced by all three management factors. Corn-derived SOC in the 0‐15 cm and the 15‐30 cm layers of the NT system combined was largest with 200 kg N ha ˇ1 and no stover harvest. The MB and CH tillage systems did not influence soil storage of corn-derived SOC in either the 0‐15 or 15‐30 cm layers. The corn-derived SOC as a fraction of SOC after 13 years fell into three ranges: 0.05 for the NT with stover harvested, 0.15 for the NT with no stover harvest, and 0.09‐0.10 for treatments with annual tillage; N rate had no effect on this fraction. Corn-derived SOC expressed as a fraction of C returned was positively biased when C returned in the roots was estimated from recovery of root biomass. The half-life for decomposition of the original or relic SOC was longer when stover was returned, shortened when stover was harvested and N applied, and sharply lengthened when stover was not harvested and N was partially mixed with the stover. Separating SOC storage into relic and current crop sources has significantly improved our understanding of the main and interacting effects of tillage, crop residue, and N fertilization for managing SOC accumulation in soil. Published by Elsevier Science B.V.
Effects of Honey Bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) Foraging on Seed Set in Self-fertile Sunflowers (Helianthus annuus L)

Ten self-fertile commercial sunflowers cultivars were evaluated for seed set with and without exposure to bees. In the first planting, the number of foraging honey bees was smaller than in the second, and seed set for most cultivars did not differ between those bagged to exclude bees and ones that were open pollinated. In the second planting, however, a majority of cultivars had significantly greater seed set when capitula were exposed to bees compared with when they were not. The weight of seeds from open-pollinated capitula was greater than from those where bees were excluded. Environmental conditions also played a role in seed set as evidenced by differences between plantings in set on bagged capitula. In the first planting, average maximum and minimum temperatures were significantly higher than in the second, and overall seed set was significantly lower in capitula where bees were excluded compared with the second planting. Under the high temperature conditions, however, some cultivars set four times more seed on open-pollinated capitula compared with those that were bagged. These results suggest that foraging activity and cross-pollination by bees might mitigate reductions in seed set caused by high temperatures.
ClearTK-TimeML: A minimalist approach to TempEval 2013

The ClearTK-TimeML submission to TempEval 2013 competed in all English tasks: identifying events, identifying times, and identifying temporal relations. The system is a pipeline of machine-learning models, each with a small set of features from a simple morpho-syntactic annotation pipeline, and where temporal relations are only predicted for a small set of syntactic constructions and relation types. ClearTKTimeML ranked 1 st for temporal relation F1, time extent strict F1 and event tense accuracy.
Temperature Management in the Neurointensive Care Unit

Fever in the neurocritical care unit has a high prevalence and is associated with worse outcomes in patients with severe neurologic illness. While it is well accepted that fever is associated with worse outcomes in this patient population, it is unclear if aggressive temperature management will improve outcomes. Temperature should be monitored routinely in this high-risk population, fever worked up appropriately to identify infectious etiology, and reasonable measures taken to control elevated temperature. While infection is a common source of fever in patients with significant neurologic illness, the fever may also be exacerbated by the underlying brain injury. The clinician must decide at which point to initiate fever control measures, how aggressively to manage the fever, and which temperature to target for normothermia. Several pharmacological agents are available as first-line therapy. Depending on the degree and severity of the febrile response, advanced temperature-control devices should be added to pharmacological measures. Several types of temperature-control devices are available, including invasive (intravascular catheters) and noninvasive (external cooling pads) technologies. The clinician should utilize both pharmacologic and device-based temperature therapies to minimize the amount of time spent in a febrile state and help to mitigate the secondary brain injury brought on by fever.
Global and local atheisms

I introduce a distinction between global and local versions of atheism and theism, where global ones are about all notions of God and local ones are about specific notions. Current expressions of atheism are ambiguous between the two. I argue that global atheism is difficult to enunciate and even more difficult to defend, so much so that global atheism is not yet justified. Until it is, atheists should be local atheists.
Single-Probe Fluorescence in Situ Hybridization (FISH) in Budding Yeast

Quantitative determination of the copy number of RNA transcripts in single cells is crucial to understand the genotype-phenotype connection. Current single-molecule Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH) protocols commonly used for this purpose require a large number of fluorophores per target RNA for single RNA detection, thus limiting the length range of RNA that can be probed. We have developed a FISH protocol for budding yeast, which can detect RNA molecules with a singly labeled 24-nucleotide DNA probe. Our single-probe protocol features highly inclined illumination and methanol fixation. We demonstrated high signal-to-noise and specificity of our protocol when tested against both constitutive and inducible genes in budding yeast. The technique presented offers a cost effective and efficient means of quantifying short RNA transcripts at the single cell level.