cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Phoenix—1 Observations of Equatorial Zone Particle Precipitation

The precipitation of magnetospheric particles at low altitude (160 – 300 km) near the geomagnetic equator during moderate geomagnetic conditions was studied by the ONR-602 experiment on board the S81-1 pallet mission in 1982. Significant fluxes of low energy (~1 MeV) protons were observed, with maximum intensity along the line of minimum magnetic field strength. These protons exhibit an altitude dependence that varies as the fifth power of the altitude, and a flux that is higher than that measured in previous missions (circa 1970). The source function, atmospheric loss processes and pitch angle distributions of these particles are investigated.
Determination of Total and Inorganic Mercury in Hair by Flameless Atomic Absorption, and of Methylmercury by Gas Chromatography

A new procedure for alkaline digestion of hair was used for the selective determination of total and inorganic mercury by flameless atomic absorption and the determination of methylmercury by an improved gas-chromatographic procedure. The precision of the measurements by atomic absorption for total, inorganic, and organic mercury (by difference) was 1.9%, 6.5%, and 2.1%, respectively. Recoveries ranged from 98 to 99.4%. The precision of the measurements of methylmercury by gas chromatography was 3.7% and the recovery 95.6%. Individual samples were corrected for recovery by using radiolabeled methylmercury. A high level of correlation ( r = .99) was found between methylmercury as measured by gas chromatography and organic mercury as determined by atomic absorption. Contamination of hair by external applications of mercurials was differentiated from mercury deposited in hair from the diet by means of a special washing procedure, which removed selectively the externally absorbed Hg 0 , Hg 2+ , and CH 3 Hg + . The internally deposited mercury was shown to be stable in spite of exposure to various cosmetic and washing treatments.
Adolescent Maturation of Cortical Dopamine

Dopamine is a critical modulator of prefrontal cortical function, and it is known to be dysfunctional in schizophrenia. Current hypotheses on schizophrenia highlight developmental aspects and genetic predisposition for the disease; yet, symptom onset typically occurs during adolescence. Several aspects of prefrontal cortical circuits and their modulation by dopamine mature postnatally, as late as during adolescence. Here we review studies assessing the postnatal trajectory of dopamine control of GABA interneurons, a neuronal population that has been long suspected to be critical for schizophrenia pathophysiology. Dopamine modulation of fast-spiking interneurons changes dramatically during adolescence (postnatal day 45-50 in rats) with D2 agonists switching from being mildly inhibitory in prepubertal rats to strongly excitatory in young adult rats. In vivo recordings in adult rats reveal that deep-layer pyramidal neurons respond to endogenous DA release with suppression of firing while interneurons are activated. In adult rats with a neonatal ventral hippocampal lesion (NVHL), an extensively studied developmental model of schizophrenia, the maturation in the D2 modulation of interneuron physiology fails to occur, rendering a disinhibited prefrontal cortex. Abnormal interneuron maturation may therefore impair cognitive function in the adult animal.
Continuous time one-dimensional asset-pricing models with analytic price–dividend functions

A continuous time one-dimensional asset-pricing model can be described by a second-order linear ordinary differential equation which represents equilibrium or a no-arbitrage condition within the economy. If the stochastic discount factor and dividend process are analytic, then the resulting differential equation has analytic coefficients. Under these circumstances, the one-dimensional Cauchy–Kovalevsky Theorem can be used to prove that the solution to such an asset-pricing model is analytic. Also, this theorem allows for the development of a recursive rule, which speeds up the computation of an approximate solution. In addition, this theorem yields a uniform bound on the error in the numerical solution. Thus, the Cauchy–Kovalevsky Theorem yields a quick and accurate solution of many known asset-pricing models.
A model for determining satellite-derived primary productivity estimates for Lake Michigan

Abstract A new MODIS based satellite algorithm to estimate primary production (PP) has been generated and evaluated for Lake Michigan. The Great Lakes Primary Productivity Model (GLPPM) is based on previous models that required extensive in situ data but it can utilize remotely sensed observations as input for some model variables and therefore allows greater spatial resolution for primary productivity estimates. The Color Producing Agent Algorithm (CPA-A) is utilized to obtain robust chlorophyll a values and the NASA KD2M approach is used to obtain the diffuse attenuation coefficient (K d ). Only incident PAR and carbon fixation rates are additionally needed to generate the primary productivity estimate. Comparisons of the satellite derived PP estimates from single monthly images to average monthly field measurements made by NOAA/GLERL found good agreement between estimates. Satellite derived PP estimates were used to estimate a preliminary Lake Michigan annual primary production of 8.5 Tg C/year. The new algorithm can be easily adapted to work on all the Great Lakes and therefore can be used to generate time series dating back to late 1997 (launch of SeaWiFs). These time series can contribute to improved assessment of Great Lakes primary productivity changes as a result of biological events, such as Dreissenid mussel invasions, climatic change and anthropogenic forcing.
Molecular structure and stability of dissolved lithium polysulfide species

The ability to predict the solubility and stability of lithium polysulfide is vital in realizing longer lasting lithium–sulfur batteries. Herein we report combined experimental and computational analyses to understand the dissolution mechanism of lithium polysulfide species in an aprotic solvent medium. Multinuclear NMR, variable temperature ESR and sulfur K-edge XAS analyses reveal that the lithium exchange between polysulfide species and solvent molecules constitutes the first step in the dissolution process. Lithium exchange leads to de-lithiated polysulfide ions (Sn2−) which subsequently form highly reactive free radicals through dissociation reaction (Sn2− → 2Sn/2˙−). The energy required for the dissociation and possible dimer formation reactions of the polysulfide species is analyzed using density functional theory (DFT) based calculations. Based on these findings, we discuss approaches to optimize the electrolyte in order to control the polysulfide solubility.
Shape dependent Laplace vortices in deformed liquid-liquid slug flow

Understanding the hydrodynamics of liquid-liquid slug flow is important in the emerging field of plug-based microfluidics; however, the subtle aspects of the vortex geometry are still not comprehensively understood. This paper discusses the hydrodynamics of deformation dependent vortices that develop inside a water-in-oil slug as it flows through a channel. In contrast to prior studies, our simulations and experiments on slug flow reveal multiple vortices inside the moving slug, caused by the deformation of the hemispherical caps by Laplace pressures. These vortices appear in the front and rear of the plug at capillary number between 10−4 and 10−2. A theoretical and simulation model shows the cause of asymmetry in slug deformation and the resulting vortices. Understanding the relevant parameters helps in optimizing slug flow for mixing and particle manipulation, which is important for plug-based microreactors and bead based assays.
Lessons from the Niche for Generation and Expansion of Hematopoietic Stem Cells.

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are used clinically to treat human blood-related genetic diseases and leukemias, but the availability of this therapy is constrained by the limiting number of transplantable HSCs. Previous strategies to expand HSCs in vitro resulted in precocious differentiation and reduced transplant efficiency. In vivo analysis of the mechanisms utilized by fetal and adult niches to control HSCs can be mimicked for therapeutic use. This review summarizes the latest research on the in vivo HSC niche and the clinical applications of this knowledge to promote ex vivo expansion and direct de novo generation of HSCs.
Comparison of in-gel and on-membrane digestion methods at low to sub-pmol level for subsequent peptide and fragment-ion mass analysis using matrix-assisted laser-desorption/ionization mass spectrometry

The success of the mass spectrometric-based approaches for the identification of gel-separated proteins relies upon recovery of peptides, without high levels of ionization-suppressing contaminants, in solvents compatible with the mass spectrometer being employed. We sought to determine whether in-gel or on-membrane digestion provided a significant advantage when low to sub-pmol quantities of gel-separated proteins were analyzed by matrix-assisted laser-desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) with respect to the number and size of released peptides. Serial dilutions of five standard proteins of M(r) 17,000 to 97,000 (from 16 pmol to 125 fmol) were electrophoresed and subjected to in-gel digestion (using a microcolumn clean-up protocol, Courchesne, P.L. and Patterson, S. D., BioTechniques, 1997, in press) or on-membrane digestion following blotting to the PVDF-based membranes, Immobilon-P and Immobilon-CD. Peptide maps were able to be obtained for all proteins at the detection limit of each method (Immobilon-P and Immobilon-CD, 0.5 pmol; and in-gel, 125 fmol), and searches of Swiss-Prot or a non-redundant database (> 193000 entries) successfully identified all of the proteins, except beta-casein. Fragment-ion spectra using a curved-field reflector MALDI-MS were obtained from more than one peptide per protein at loads down to 250 fmol (except beta-casein). Using the uninterpreted data, a search of the nonredundant database and a six-way translation of GenBank dbEST (> 2,208,000 entries total) was able to identify myoglobin, carbonic anhydrase II, and phosphorylase b.
Effect of pendant arm length and nitrogen donor disposition on the topology of luminescent cadmium phenylenedicarboxylate coordination polymers with bis(pyridylmethyl)piperazine co-ligands

Abstract Hydrothermal synthesis has afforded divalent cadmium coordination polymers containing bis(pyridylmethyl)piperazine (bpmp) tethers and either phenylenediacetate (phda) or phenylenedipropionate (phdp) ligands. {[Cd(1,4-phda)(4-bpmp)]·1.5H2O}n (1) displays a (4,4)-grid layered structure based on 4-connected {Cd2O2} dimeric units. Extension of the pendant arms generated {[Cd(1,4-phdp)(H4-bpmp)](ClO4)·3.5H2O}n (2, phdp = phenylenedipropionate), which possesses a rare (3,6) 2D trigonal lattice based on 6-connected {Cd2O2} dimers. Changing the nitrogen donor atom disposition by using 3-bpmp as the nitrogen co-ligand yielded [Cd(1,4-phdp)(3-bpmp)(H2O)]n (3), which crystallizes in a 3-fold interpenetrated achiral diamondoid lattice. [Cd(1,3-phda)(4-bpmp)]n (4) adopts a very similar structure to that of 1. Complexes 1–4 undergo blue-violet luminescence upon exposure to ultraviolet radiation.
Appeals and Cultural Values in Chinese Television Commercials

China is the world’s fastest growing advertising market, and better understanding of the Chinese market is therefore crucial for both domestic and international advertisers. The objective of this study is to investigate two aspects of Chinese advertising that are under-explored in the literature. One is the use of appeals and cultural values in television commercials for indigenous Chinese brands. The other is the difference in the use of appeals and cultural valuesacross product categories. A content analysis is conducted to examine the use of appeals and cultural values in 428 prime-time Chinese television commercials for indigenous brands. While overall there is more use of rational appeals and less use of emotional appeals in goods advertising than in service advertising, the use of appeals and cultural values varies within goods categories. There is in fact more use of emotional appeals than rational appeals in the beauty and personal care category and the clothing category, and there is no difference in appeals in the food and drink category. These results are likely due to product characteristics, that is, rational appeals are associated with utilitarian products and emotional appeals are associated with hedonic products. The findings reported in this study have important managerial implications, particularly for international advertisers, to choose the right appeal and cultural values for their products.
Physiologic Effects of Oral Bronchodilators during Rest and Exercise in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

At rest and during exercise, noninvasive studies of cardiopulmonary physiology in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) were carried out to determine the objective benefits of commonly used oral bronchodilator drugs in 15 stable patients without cardiovascular disease or reversible obstruction of airflow. Theophylline, terbutaline, a combination of theophylline and terbutaline, and placebo were given for ten days each in a randomly sequenced double-blind protocol for outpatients. Spirometric values, the ratio of physiologic dead space to tidal volume (V Dp /V T ), and the alveolar-arterial oxygen pressure difference (P[A-a]O 2 ) were studied at rest on each regimen. During steady-state exercise the changes in V Dp /V T and P(A-a)O 2 , as well as the ventilatory equivalent for oxygen and oxygen pulse, were measured. When compared with placebo, no significant change was noted in the previously mentioned measurements with any regimen, with the exception of a small improvement in the forced expiratory volume in one second, which was significant for all regimens. These findings suggest that commonly used oral bronchodilator drugs in usual doses may have small effects on airflow even in “irreversible” COPD but that the objective effect of these agents on gas exchange during rest and exercise is not significant
Breast Cancer Risk and Provider Recommendation for Mammography Among Recently Unscreened Women in the United States

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Many women with increased breast cancer risk have not been screened recently. Provider recommendation for mammography is an important reason many women undergo screening. We examined the association between breast cancer risk and reported provider recommendation for mammography in recently unscreened women. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study using 2000 National Health Interview Survey. PARTICIPANTS: In all, 1673 women ages 40 to 75 years without cancer who saw a health care provider in the prior year and had no mammogram within 2 years. MEASUREMENTS AND ANALYSIS: We assessed breast cancer risk by Gail score and risk factors. We used multivariable logistic regression models in SUDAAN adjusted for age, race and illness burden, to examine the association between risk and reported recommendation for mammography within 1 year for all women and women ages 50 to 75 years. RESULTS: Of 1673 recently unscreened women, 29% reported a recommendation. Twelve percent of women had increased Gail risk and of these recently unscreened, high-risk women, 25% reported a recommendation. After adjustment, high-risk women were not more likely to report a recommendation than average-risk women. Results were similar for women 50 to 75 years old. No individual breast cancer factors other than age were associated with reporting a recommendation. CONCLUSIONS: Approximately 70% of recently unscreened women seen by a health care provider in the prior year reported no recommendation for mammography, regardless of breast cancer risk. This did not include women who received a recommendation and were screened. Increasing reported recommendation rates may represent an opportunity to increase screening participation among recently unscreened women, particularly for women with increased breast cancer risk.
Statistical core design methodology using the vipre thermal-hydraulics code

Abstract An improved statistical core design methodology for developing a computational departure from nucleate boiling ratio (DNBR) correlation has been developed and applied in order to analyze the nominal 1.3 DNBR limit on Westinghouse Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR) cores. This analysis, although limited in scope, found that the DNBR limit can be reduced from 1.3 to some lower value and be accurate within an adequate confidence level of 95%, for three particular FSAR operational transients: turbine trip, complete loss of flow, and inadvertent opening of a pressurizer relief valve. The VIPRE-01 thermal-hydraulics code, the SAS/STAT statistical package, and the EPRI/Columbia University DNBR experimental data base were used in this research to develop the Pennsylvania State Statistical Core Design Methodology (PSSCDM). The VIPRE code was used to perform the necessary sensitivity studies and generate the EPRI correlation-calculated DNBR predictions. The SAS package used these EPRI DNBR correlation predictions from VIPRE as a data set to determine the best fit for the empirical model and to perform the statistical analysis. The PSSCDM not only includes the EPRI correlation/test data standard deviation but also the computational uncertainty for the particular VIPRE code model used and the new PSSCDM composite box design correlation. The resultant PSSCDM equation adequately mimics the EPRI DNBR correlation results well with an uncertainty of 3.89%. The combined uncertainty yields a reduced new DNBR limit of 1.18, for the specific lumped channel and subchannel VIPRE model, correlation and coefficients. Although the PSSCDM is based on a typical PWR core VIPRE model, this PSSCDM approach can be easily applied to other PWR plant-specific VIPRE models.
Resonant inhibition of multiphoton ionization.

When exposed to intense light of \ensuremath{\sim}580 nm, the ground state of K shifts up in energy, passing through two-photon resonances with Rydberg states and finally crossing the two-photon ionization limit. Using laser pulses of 0.5 to 13 ps duration, we have shown experimentally that ionization occurs for short pulses, but for long pulses the population is diverted into the Rydberg states where some population survives the peak intensity of the pulse, in excellent agreement with a dynamic Floquet model.
A high-throughput microparticle microarray platform for dendritic cell-targeting vaccines.

Abstract Immunogenomic approaches combined with advances in adjuvant immunology are guiding progress toward rational design of vaccines. Furthermore, drug delivery platforms (e.g., synthetic particles) are demonstrating promise for increasing vaccine efficacy. Currently there are scores of known antigenic epitopes and adjuvants, and numerous synthetic delivery systems accessible for formulation of vaccines for various applications. However, the lack of an efficient means to test immune cell responses to the abundant combinations available represents a significant blockade on the development of new vaccines. In order to overcome this barrier, we report fabrication of a new class of microarray consisting of antigen/adjuvant-loadable poly( d , l lactide-co-glycolide) microparticles (PLGA MPs), identified as a promising carrier for immunotherapeutics, which are co-localized with dendritic cells (DCs), key regulators of the immune system and prime targets for vaccines. The intention is to utilize this high-throughput platform to optimize particle-based vaccines designed to target DCs in vivo for immune system-related disorders, such as autoimmune diseases, cancer and infection. Fabrication of DC/MP arrays leverages the use of standard contact printing miniarraying equipment in conjunction with surface modification to achieve co-localization of particles/cells on isolated islands while providing background non-adhesive surfaces to prevent off-island cell migration. We optimized MP overspotting pin diameter, accounting for alignment error, to allow construction of large, high-fidelity arrays. Reproducible, quantitative delivery of as few as 16 ± 2 MPs per spot was demonstrated and two-component MP dosing arrays were constructed, achieving MP delivery which was independent of formulation, with minimal cross-contamination. Furthermore, quantification of spotted, surface-adsorbed MP degradation was demonstrated, potentially useful for optimizing MP release properties. Finally, we demonstrate DC co-localization with PLGA MPs on isolated islands and that DCs do not migrate between islands for up to 24 h. Using this platform, we intend to analyze modulation of DC function by providing multi-parameter combinatorial cues in the form of proteins, peptides and other immuno-modulatory molecules encapsulated in or tethered on MPs. Critically, the miniaturization attained enables high-throughput investigation of rare cell populations by reducing the requirement for cells and reagents by many-fold, facilitating advances in personalized vaccines which target DCs in vivo.
Mystery Case: Heidenhain variant of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

A 75-year-old woman complained of a “scrambled brain” for 1 month. She endorsed poor depth perception and an inability to construct “mental maps” of her home and the grocery store. Examination revealed impaired delayed recall, ocular apraxia, optic ataxia, and simultanagnosia (Balint syndrome). Diffusion-weighted MRI demonstrated cortical hyperintensities in the occipital lobes extending into the right parietal lobe, suggesting spongiform encephalopathy (figure). The 14-3-3 protein and elevated neuron-specific enolase were detected in the CSF. The patient was diagnosed with the Heidenhain variant of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.1 Early in the disease, this subgroup of patients with prion disease have isolated visual, not cognitive, symptoms and may be referred to an ophthalmologist.2
Comparison of excretion of bromsulphthalein and sodium cholate after intravenous injection, separately and combined.

Summary1. A modification of Minibeck's method was found to be satisfactory for the determination of cholic acid and glycocholic acid added to serum. 2. In healthy dogs when bromsulphthalein and sodium cholate were injected together, the concentration of bromsulphthalein in the serum was greatly elevated five and fifteen minutes after administration. The cholate concentration, however, was normal. 3. In early central necrosis of the liver produced by carbon tetrachloride, the bromsulphthalein excretion was definitely delayed while the cholate excretion was only slightly changed. The bromsulphthalein test appeared to be more sensitive in detecting early hepatic damage. During the first thirty minutes the bromsulphthalein retention in the combined test paralleled roughly the retention when bromsulphthalein was given alone, but was 35-60% higher.
Stress Analysis of an Orthotropic Work-Hardening Cylinder with Body Force*

An elastoplastic analysis of an axisymmetric cylinder subjected to linear body forces is presented. The effect of reinforcement and anisotropy are also included. Classical plasticity and familiar assumptions of plane stress and strain are used to arrive at closed-form solutions for the case of linear body forces. The problem is solved for the general case in which orthotropy is considered in the elastic range. For the case of plasticity, first the isotropic yield functions (von Mises and Tresca) are used and then the problem is extended to the case of Hill's yield criterion. Closed-form solutions are found for both the von Mises (plane strain) and Tresca (plane stress and strain) cases.
Designing consumer health IT to enhance usability among different racial and ethnic groups within the United States

Racial and ethnic healthcare disparities remain after differences in income, access, and insurance status have been considered, partly because of the healthcare delivery system’s failure to respond to cultural differences. The Institute of Medicine has called for the development and deployment of culturally appropriate healthcare services to mitigate these disparities. This complex problem of determining how to address the cultural components of racial and ethnic healthcare disparities is an example of what Russell Ackoff terms “messes.” Given consumer health information technology (IT)’s increasing role in patients’ self-care and self-management, one potential solution lies in designing consumer health IT that is culturally-informed. Although both the healthcare informatics community and the engineering design community have begun to seriously consider the role of culture in design to enhance usability, much work remains. Unfortunately, creating culturally-informed consumer health IT can seem daunting, limiting designers’ efforts. We propose the Culturally-Informed Design Framework as a guide for designers of consumer health IT. Designers may use this framework to conceptualize four dimensions of a consumer health IT – technology platform, functionality, content, user interface—in which design choices should be informed by a deep understanding of the users’ culture.
Local Expression of TNFα in Neonatal NOD Mice Promotes Diabetes by Enhancing Presentation of Islet Antigens

The relationship of inflammation to autoimmunity has been long observed, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Here, we demonstrate that islet-specific expression of TNFalpha in neonatal nonobese diabetic mice accelerated diabetes. In neonatal transgenic mice, disease was preceded by apoptosis of some beta cells, upregulation of MHC class I molecules on residual islet cells, and influx and activation of both antigen-presenting cells bearing MHC-islet peptide complexes and T cells. Infiltrating dendritic cells/macrophages, but not B cells, from neonatal islets activated islet-specific T cells in vitro. Thus, inflammation can trigger autoimmunity by recruiting and activating dendritic cells/macrophages to present self-antigens to autoreactive T cells.
Oxygen binding domains of Helisoma trivolvis hemoglobin

Abstract The extracellular hemoglobin of the planorbid snail Helisoma trivolvis is an unusual heme protein. The form occurring in vivo is a decamer having a molecular weight of 1.75·106. Electron micrographs suggest that the quaternary structure of the decamer is a ring with ten-fold symmetry. The subunits are very large, having molecular weights of about 175 000. This is in striking contrast to the 15–17 000 dalton subunits of most hemoglobins. Gentle proteolysis with subtilisin cleaves Helisoma hemoglobin into heme-containing domains with molecular weights of 15–17 000 and approximately integral multiples of this value. The isolated domains have about one heme for each 17 000 daltons of protein and all bind oxygen reversibly. However, the positive Bohr effect and cooperativity of oxygen binding which are characteristic of the intact pigment are not present in preparations with molecular weights of 17 000, 31 000 or 60–75 000. Thus, the intact polypeptide seems to be necessary for full expression of homotropic and heterotropic interactions. Kinetic studies of the intact hemoglobin and its isolated domains are consistent with the oxygen equilibrium studies. The relatively high oxygen affinities of this pigment and its domains are associated with low oxygen dissociation velocity constants. These rate constants are pH sensitive in the intact pigment and relatively pH insensitive in the isolated domains.
Pion charge-exchange scattering in the (3,3)-resonance region in nuclei with a neutron excess

We solve the multiple-scattering problem describing one-dimensional charge-exchange scattering in nuclear matter with a neutron excess, and use the solution to formulate models for lepton- and proton-induced production of pions in the (3, 3)-resonance region.
Field validation of a semi-continuous method for aerosol black carbon (aethalometer) and temporal patterns of summertime hourly black carbon measurements in southwestern PA

Two methods for measuring aerosol elemental carbon (EC) are compared. Three-hour integrated carbon samples were collected on quartz filters during the summer of 1990 in Uniontown, PA, primarily during episodes of elevated particulate pollution levels. These samples were analyzed for EC and organic carbon (OC) using a thermo/optical reflectance (TOR) method. Aerosol black carbon (BC) was measured using an Aethalometer, a semi-continuous optical absorption method. The optical attenuation factor for ambient BC was supplied by the instrument manufacturer. Three-hour average concentrations were calculated from the semi-continuous BC measurements to temporally match the EC/OC integrated quartz filter samples. BC and EC concentrations are highly correlated over the study period (R2=0.925). The regression equation is BC (μg m-3)=0.95 (±0.04) EC−0.2 (±0.4). The means of 3 h average measurements for EC and BC are 2.3 and 2.0 μg m-3, respectively, average concentrations of EC and BC ranged from 0.6 to 9.4 and 0.5 to 9.0 μg m-3 respectively. TOR OC and EC concentrations were not highly correlated (R2=0.22). The mean OC/EC ratio was 1.85. The 10-week Aethalometer hourly dataset was analyzed for daily and weekly temporal patterns. A strong diurnal BC pattern was observed, with peaks occurring between 7 a.m. and 9 a.m. local time. This is consistent with the increase in emissions from ground level combustion sources in the morning, coupled with poor dispersion before daytime vertical mixing is established. There was also some indication of a day-of-week effect on BC concentrations, attributed to activity of local ground level anthropogenic sources. Comparison of BC concentrations with co-located measurements of coefficient of haze in a separate field study in Philadelphia, PA, during the summer of 1992 showed good correlation between the two measurements (R2=0.82).
The questions of fit in the gregor mendel controversy

Ever since R. A. Fisher published his 1936 article , "Has Mendel's Work Been Rediscovered?", historians of both biclogy and statistics have been fascinated by the surprisingly high conformity between Gregor (Johann) Mendel's observed and expected ratios in his famous experiments with peas. Fisher's calculatftl x2 statistic of the experiments, taken as a whole, suggested that results on a par or better than those Mendel reported coultl only be expected to occur about three times in every 100,000 attempts. The ensuing controversy as to whether or not the good Father "sophisticated" his data has continued to this very day. In recent years the controversy has focused upon the more technical question of what underlying genetic arrangement Mendel actually studied. The statistical issues of the controversy are exam:.led in am historical and comparative perspective. The changes the controversy has gone through are evaluated, and the nature of its current, more biological, status is briefly discussed.
435 A PILOT NEWBORN SCREENING FOR CONGENITAL ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA (CAH) AT NEW YORK HOSPITAL(NYH)AND ALASKA

435 A PILOT NEWBORN SCREENING FOR CONGENITAL ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA (CAH) AT NEW YORK HOSPITAL(NYH)AND ALASKA
A control-theoretic approach to automated local policy enforcement in computational grids

A computational grid is composed of resources owned and controlled by a number of geographically distributed organizations. Each organization demands site autonomy - each organization must have complete, direct control over their resources, e.g., regulating how much resource can be used, by whom, and at what time. One of the reasons for site autonomy is to ensure that local computation jobs within the organization can obtain the resources in a timely fashion. Typically, policy enforcement lies on the shoulders of the system administrators in each organization. We see there is a great need for developing a new automated method to facilitate this process. In recent years, there has been a great deal of research on grid economies to provide accounting management and economic incentives for allocating and sharing grid resources. In this paper, we describe a control-theoretic approach for automated enforcement of local policy built upon the notion of computation grid economy. A closed-loop system is constructed by adding a controller that manipulates the resource price using a proportional, integral control law. Our simulation results show that the controller helps the system to quickly achieve the targeted utilization and adapt to changing conditions.
Proof Without Words: The Pigeonhole Principle

(2002). Proof Without Words: The Pigeonhole Principle. Mathematics Magazine: Vol. 75, No. 1, pp. 39-39.
Effect of Copolymer Architecture on the Interfacial Structure and Miscibility of a Ternary Polymer Blend Containing a Copolymer and Two Homopolymers

The effect of copolymer architecture on the phase behavior of a ternary polymer blend containing two homopolymers and a copolymer as well as the interfacial characteristics of this blend in the phase-separated state are examined using Monte Carlo simulation. At low copolymer concentration (ca. 1%), the phase transition from miscible to immiscible does not change within the resolution of the simulation for any of the copolymer structures studied here, which include block, random, and alternating architectures. It is found, however, that the copolymer does migrate to the biphasic interface in the phase-separated regime and that the configuration of the copolymer at the interface is a function of sequence distribution within the copolymer. This effect is interpreted in terms of the efficiency of the copolymer to strengthen the biphasic interface. These results suggest that both block and alternating structures show promise as interfacial modifiers, while the purely random copolymer will have the weakest effe...
Collaboration and teamwork in physics

Analyse bibliometrique appliquee a la determination du travail en equipe dans les recherches de physique
Biosensing using surface electromagnetic waves in photonic band gap multilayers

Abstract A biosensor based on the excitation of surface electromagnetic waves in photonic band gap multilayer films is demonstrated. The operating principle of this device is similar to surface plasmon biosensors with the key difference that a photonic band gap film replaces the metal film as the medium in which surface electromagnetic waves are excited. The use of photonic band gap films offers a number of advantages. First, the surface wave resonance is much sharper leading to the potential of greatly enhanced sensitivity. Second, the properties of the photonic band gap material can be engineered to make a sensor that operates at any wavelength. The experiments reported here are conducted with a surface wave resonance at 470 nm, a wavelength not generally accessible with surface plasmon sensing. Finally, the photonic band gap films are more mechanically robust than metal films and they offer new substrates for surface chemistry. The paper describes the design of the photonic band gap films, the surface chemistry and biology to create sensing chips, and the spectroscopic experimental configuration used to observe and track the surface mode resonance. Experimental results are presented on refractive index sensing, antibody–antigen reactions, and DNA binding.
NCME Opposition to Proposed Golden Rule Legislation.

In this 1986 letter, referred to in the article by Faggen, NCME President Jaeger wrote to a new York legislator to express NCME's strong opposition to proposed legislation that would have extended Golden Rule-like procedures to tests in that state. Similar letters, with the same date, were sent by President Jaeger to ail members of relevant education committees in both houses of the New York and California legislatures.
Consensus in interpersonal perception: acquaintance and the big five.

Consensus refers to the extent to which judges agree in their ratings of a common target. Consensus has been an important area of research in social and personality psychology. In this article, generalizability theory is used to develop a percentage of total variance measure of consensus. This measure is used to review the level of consensus across 32 studies by considering the role of acquaintance level and trait dimension. The review indicates that consensus correlations ranged from zero to about .3, with higher levels of consensus for ratings of Extraversion. The studies do not provide evidence that consensus increases with increasing acquaintance, a counterintuitive result that can be accounted for by a theoretical model (D.A. Kenny, 1991, in press). Problems in the interpretation of longitudinal research are reviewed.
Protein kinase C: Rapid enzyme purification and substrate-dependence of the diacylglycerol effect

Protein kinase C has been purified by a rapid method resulting in a high-yield, stable enzyme preparation. The catalytic and regulatory properties of this enzyme preparation were characterized employing histone H1 and HMG8, a proteolytic fragment of H1. The enzyme had a lower Km for HMG8, and was stimulated more effectively by diacylglycerol and phorbol esters in the presence of this substrate. Furthermore, these activators markedly increased the Km for HMG8 but not for H1. Protein kinase C and cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase phosphorylate serine residues which are located in different, single tryptic peptides from HMG8.
Left ventricular rupture: immediately before and after.

f e f s m h e i i w g 71-year-old man without known history of coronary rtery disease presented with sharp substernal chest pain adiating to the left arm, tachycardia, and myocardial inarction with ST elevation. Coronary angiogram revealed a 5% occlusion of his mid-left anterior descending artery, nd a 70% occlusion of his left circumflex coronary artery. n intra-aortic balloon pump was placed, and the patient eceived anti-platelet agents, nitroglycerin, and heparin IV. he left ventriculogram (A) showed extravasation of dye nto the muscle of the left ventricular (LV) apex, consistent ith a contained rupture. The patient was taken urgently o the operating room. After opening the pericardium, the heart was oberved to have a significant amount of blood-staining nder the epicardium at the apex (B). This region rupured into the pericardium (C), after initiation of cariopulmonary bypass. After the LV was thoroughly deompressed, a deep, pledgeted horizontal mattress was laced using 3-0 prolene to close the apical defect. Two essel coronary artery bypass grafting was performed on he diseased vessels. Four months after the procedure, he patient remains alive. LV rupture is frequently a lethal event, accounting for as A
Identifying product shape relationships using principal component analysis

Product forms with multiple features, like automobiles, have traditionally accepted feature definitions and relationships between those features. These relationships drive how the product is created by focusing on expected, and accepted, feature development to push the form outside the traditional bounds. This paper uses principal component analysis to determine the fundamental characteristics within vehicle classes. The results of this analysis can then be considered by product designers to create new designs based upon the derived shape relationships. These new designs will be novel due to the non-traditional grouping of characteristics.
Dynamic evolution of income distribution and credit-constrained human capital investment in open economies

Abstract This paper shows how the degree of credit-market imperfections affects the steady-state distributions of income and wealth, human capital investment, and the pattern of comparative advantage. The impact of trade liberalization on the accumulation of human capital depends on how it affects (1) the incentives to accumulate human capital, (2) the borrowing constraints facing human capital accumulation, and (3) the distribution of income and wealth. If the degree of credit market imperfections is low in the skill-abundant countries and high in the skill-scarce countries, then trade liberalization can increase investments in human capital in both types of countries.
Congruence modularity implies the Arguesian identity

It is shown that if is any variety of algebras all of whose congruence lattices are modular, then the congruence lattice of every algebra in satisfies the Arguesian law.
Effects of cyclic nucleotides on ornithine decarboxylase activity in mammary gland explants from mid-pregnant mice.

Abstract Dibutyryl cAMP and prolactin stimulated ornithine decarboxylase activity inmouse mammary gland explants which had been preincubated with insulin and cortisol for 1 day; maximally stimulatory concentrations of dibutyryl cAMP and prolactin produced a response which was greater than the sum of the responses of prolactin and dibutyryl cAMP when tested alone. 8-Bromo-cGMP inhibited ornithine decarboxylase activity whereas other derivatives of cyclic nucleotides were without effect. Cortisol concentrations were found to be important for optimizing the dibutyryl cAMP and prolactin responses. Optimal prolactin responses were obtained with cortisol concentrations greater than 10 −7 M, whereas optimal dibutyryl cAMP responses were observed with cortisol concentrations less than 10 −7 M. Despite the differing optimal cortisol concentrations for the prolactin and dibutyryl cAMP responses, it is concluded that prolactin and dibutyryl cAMP probably stimulate ornithine decarboxylase activity in the mammary gland via the same mechanism.
Increased complexity in aesthetic field theory

We continue the program of looking for increased complexity within aesthetic field theory. We study a solution with five planar maxima and minima. Another solution in which we counted 19 planar maxima and minima is also studied. This latter solution was obtained by modifying our previous principles by allowing for an arbitrariness associated with the integration path in conjunction with the equation Γ jk:1 i =0.
Infrared Transmission Properties of Sapphire, Spinel, and Yttria as a Function of Temperature

The characterization of the bulk absorption and scattering properties of sapphire, spinel, and yttria, as a function of temperature, is accomplished using a Bomem DA3.02 Fourier transform spectrometer and a heated cell. The measurements are performed between 2 μm and 20 μm and from room temperatures to 775 K. The ratio of the spectra of two samples of different thicknesses is taken to eliminate mutual surface effects and to provide a direct measure of the bulk extinction coefficient. The absorption coefficient data are used to determine parameters in a mulitphoton absorption model. The model has proven valid up to the melting temperature of the material. Therefore, an accurate means of interpolating and extrapolating the data is obtained. A comprehensive characterization of the material's absorption properties with frequency and temperature is realized.
Sex and the Barnum Effect: A Reply to Layne:

Some preliminary data and logic suggest a sex difference in “helpfulness” is a more economic explanation of the difference between men and women in the Barnum Effect.
A new hybrid technique for handling fine features in FDTD and its application to body-centric communications

In this work the authors introduce a novel approach to multi-scale type problems as they pertain to the Finite-Difference-Time-Domain method. The approach is based on the dipole moment concept of small antennas/scatterers from which the quasi-static near fields can be obtained separately from the FDTD grid. It is shown that the FDTD algorithm can perform the analytic continuation, in the time domain, of the fields given that the quasi-static fields are updated on the Yee cell containing the object of interest.
Programming models for extreme-scale computing

The first version of the MPI standard was released in November 1993. At the time, many of the authors of this standard, myself included, viewed MPI as a temporary solution, to be used until it is replaced by a good programming language for distributed memory systems. Almost twenty years later, MPI is the main programming model for High-Performance Computing, and practically all HPC applications use MPI, which is now in its third generation; nobody expects MPI to disappear in the coming decade. The talk will discuss some plausible reasons for this situation, and the implications for research on new programming models for Extreme-Scale Computing.
A Discussion of Some Aspects of the MCSCF Method

After a brief overview of the MCSCF (MultiConfiguration Self-Consistent-Field) method, a more detailed examination of the underlying model is undertaken. The problem of “multiple solutions” is examined with reference to the “symmetry-breaking” problem and with emphasis on single-state cases. It is argued that the most appropriate resolution of such problems is usually case-specific, and depends on the details of how the MCSCF wave function is being used to model the chemical system rather than on features characteristic of the MCSCF wave function itself. Finally, a recently introduced MCSCF wave function optimization method based on multidimensional trigonometric interpolation is briefly discussed.
Heroes and Martyrs of the Republic: Reichsbanner Geschichtspolitik in Weimar Germany

It is common knowledge among historians of Germany that the nationalist right frequently and loudly argued that the Weimar Republic, throughout its fourteen-year existence, was fundamentally “un-German,” foreign in inspiration, and resting on a foundation of internationalist political thought. Indeed, in the opinion of many on the more traditionally minded right, such as the Deutsche Volkspartei (DVP) and the Deutschnationale Volkspartei (DNVP), monarchy corresponded most closely to Germany's historical development and German national character as a form of state. In large part due to Weimar's ultimate demise at the hands of the conservative and radical right, these sentiments have received the lion's share of scholarly attention. Curiously, however, the republican response to these charges remains less well explored.
Influence of hygiene on gastrointestinal illness among wilderness backpackers.

Background Gastrointestinal illness is a common risk for wilderness travelers, even among those who consistently disinfect their water, yet the importance of hygiene has not been characterized. Methods In a prospective surveillance study, 334 Appalachian Trail backpackers who hiked for at least 7 days in 1997 were interviewed. Upon completion of their hike, a written questionnaire was sent, addressing illnesses, water disinfection methods, and hygiene. Hygiene inquiries focused on the frequency of behaviors concerning handwashing and cleaning cookware. Results Two hundred and eighty backpackers compiled 38, 940 wilderness exposure days, with 56% (n= 156) experiencing diarrhea. Diarrhea correlated with the frequency of drinking untreated surface water (relative risk (RR) 2.4, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.0–4.7%, p = .03). Of those who consistently treated water, 45% suffered from diarrhea, whereas 69% of those who inconsistently treated water experienced diarrhea (RR 0.65, 95% CI 0.53–0.81%, p = .001). Hikers practicing “good hygiene”, defined as handwashing postdefecation and cleaning cookware routinely, were less likely to ever experience diarrhea (RR 0.47, 95% CI 0.22–0.99, p = .04). Routine handwashing with soap and water after both urination and defecation reduced the risk of diarrhea (RR 0.11, 95% CI 0.04–0.31%, p < .001). In a case-control analysis of those experiencing diarrhea, decreased diarrhea was associated with routine consumption of multivitamins (RR 0.50, 95% CI 0.37–0.66%, p < .001), routine cleaning of utensils with warm, soapy water (RR 0.38, 95% CI 0.20–0.74%, p < .01), and postdefecation handwashing with soap and water (RR 0.61, 95% CI 0.39–0.93%, p = .006). Conclusions Lack of hygiene, specifically handwashing and cleaning of cookware, should be recognized as a significant contributor to wilderness gastrointestinal illness. Hikers should routinely disinfect water and avoid untreated surface water.