cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Molecular Genetics of Penile Cancer

Penile cancer is a rare malignancy in the United States and Europe but has a much higher prevalence in certain geographical areas including South America and Africa. Compared with other urological malignancies, there remains a paucity of information regarding the molecular mechanisms involved in penile cancer carcinogenesis. It is generally understood that there are two separate molecular pathways that contribute to carcinogenesis, one of which is largely related to human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. The second mechanism is much less clearly understood and is related to a combination of factors including those influenced by environmental effects and somatic or epigenetic changes. However, there also remains an element of interplay between the two mechanisms that adds to the complexity of understanding the disease. The aim of this review is to outline the current understanding of the genetic factors, current research and future directions involved in understanding the disease. Key Concepts Penile cancer is a rare entity and the mechanisms behind its carcinogenesis are not completely understood. It is generally understood that the pathogenesis of penile cancer may related to both HPV mediated and non-mediated mechanisms. The ability of the human papillomavirus to lead to malignancy is dependent on breakdown of normal cell degradation mechanisms as well as cell cycle alterations leading to uninhibited cell proliferation. Non-HPV mediated pathogenesis has numerous potential mechanisms and remains an ongoing area of study. Continued focus on centers of excellence as well as international collaborations will be needed to continue to develop a full understanding of the disease. Keywords: penile cancer; malignancy; human papillomavirus; tumorigenesis; mutations; mTOR; inflammation
Phase II trial of darinaparsin (ZIO-101) in leukemias and lymphomas

5527 Background: Darinaparsin (ZIO-101; S-dimethylarsino-glutathione), a novel organic arsenic, has a multifunctional mechanism of action that is mediated by disrupted mitochondrial function, increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, modified signal transduction, and antiangiogenesis. Darinaparsin is active against diverse cancers in vitro and in animal models of leukemia and lymphoma. Methods: Phase II trial in patients with advanced hematological malignancies (ongoing). Patients receive darinaparsin intravenously (IV) for 5 consecutive days every 28 days until disease progression or significant toxicity occurs. Preliminary results: A total of 18 patients (13 males, 5 females) (13 Caucasian, 2 Asian, 2 black, 1 Hispanic), with ECOG performance scores
Readmission After Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: A Nationwide Readmission Database Analysis

Background and Purpose— The goal of this nationwide study is to evaluate the suitability of readmission as a quality indicator in the aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) population. Methods— Patients with aneurysmal SAH were extracted from the Nationwide Readmission Database (2013). Multivariable Cox proportional hazard regression was used to evaluate predictors of a 30-day readmission, and multivariable linear regression was used to analyze the association of hospital readmission rates with hospital mortality rates. Predictors screened included patient demographics, comorbidities, severity of SAH, complications from the SAH hospitalization, and hospital characteristics. Results— The 30-day readmission rate was 10.2% (n=346) among the 3387 patients evaluated, and the most common reasons for readmission were neurological, hydrocephalus, infectious, and venous thromboembolic complications. Greater number of comorbidities, increased severity of SAH, and discharge disposition other than to home were independent predictors of readmission ( P ≤0.03). Although hydrocephalus during the SAH hospitalization was associated with readmission for the same diagnosis, other readmissions were not associated with having sustained the same complication during the SAH hospitalization. Hospital mortality rate was inversely associated with hospital SAH volume ( P =0.03) but not significantly associated with hospital readmission rate; hospital SAH volume was also not associated with SAH readmissions. Conclusions— In this national analysis, readmission was primarily attributable to new medical complications in patients with greater comorbidities and severity of SAH rather than exacerbation of complications from the SAH hospitalization. Additionally, hospital readmission rates did not correlate with other established quality metrics. Therefore, readmission may be a suboptimal quality indicator in the SAH population.
A Systems Perspective of Democracy and Education: A Transformational Imperative

Starting with the premise and concern that American schools are not preparing students for critical thinking and complex learning, Craig Cunningham provides wisdom and perspectives from Dewey and systems theories to help us rethink education in a democratic culture and better serve the future needs of children and society. Recognizing the power of diversity for systems to adapt and for democracy to function, Cunningham’s goal is to present a new way of thinking about education. Extending his perspectives, this article further situates Dewey’s pragmatism in relation to the chaos and complexity perspectives of William Doll and his collaborators. Rethinking schooling through a curriculum dynamics lens informed by chaos and complexity perspectives offers guidance for the next big shift in public education in a democratic society. M. Jayne Fleener has over thirty-five years of experience in K-12 and higher education, serving the last 17 years as an academic leader at three different institutions. Her areas of research interest include curriculum inquiry, educational policy, and innovation in education. Recent Publications: Fleener, M.J. (2016). Re-Searching methods in educational research: A transdisciplinary approach. In D. Stamovlasis & M. Koopmans. Complex Dynamical Systems in Education: Concepts, methods and applications. Berlin: Springer Publishing , pp. 9-21 . Fleener, M.J. (2016). Addressing Educations’ Most Intractable Problems: A Case of Failing Schools . Emergence Complexity & Organization: An International Transdisciplinary Journal of Complex Social Systems. Edition 1. doi: 10.emerg/10.17357.e0b582abc618906c0d995c2557c77bc3. Bastian, K.C., Fortner, C.K., Chapman, A., Fleener, J., McIntyre, E., & Patriarca, L. (2016). Data sharing to drive the improvement of teacher preparation programs. Teachers College Record , 118(12), 1-29.
The Utilization of Palliative Care Services in Patients with Cirrhosis who have been Denied Liver Transplantation: A Single Center Retrospective Review.

INTRODUCTION AND AIM Utilization of palliative care services in patients dying of end-stage liver disease (ESLD) is understudied. We performed a retrospective review of palliative care services among patients with ESLD unsuitable for liver transplantation (LT) at a tertiary care center. MATERIAL AND METHODS Deceased ESLD patients considered unsuitable for LT from 2007-2012 were identified. Patients were excluded if they received a transplant, had an incomplete workup, were lost to follow up or whose condition improved so LT was not needed. Of the 1,175 patients reviewed, 116 met inclusion criteria. RESULTS Forty patients (34.4%) received an inpatient palliative care (PC) consultation and forty-one patients (35.3%) were referred directly to hospice. Thirty-three patients (28.4%) transitioned to comfort measures without PC consultation (median survival < 1 day). The median interval between LT denial and PC consultation or hospice was 28 days. Median survival after PC consult or hospice referral was 15 days. In conclusion, in a single center retrospective review of ESLD patients, palliative care services, when utilized, were for care at the very end of life. Without consultation, aggressive interventions continued until hours before death. We propose that ESLD patients could benefit from PC consultation at time of LT evaluation or based on MELD scores.
Finding Sugar in the Pantry: How Galectins Detect and Signal Lysosomal Damage.

In this issue of Molecular Cell , Jia et al. (2018) identify a lysosomal damage-response pathway centered on galectin 8 and 9 that feeds back on mTORC1 signaling. In response to lysosome-damaging agents, galectins inhibit mTORC1, triggering a stress response that may help restore cellular homeostasis.
ASK1/2 signaling promotes inflammation in a mouse model of neutrophilic dermatosis

Mice homozygous for the Tyr208Asn amino acid substitution in the carboxy terminus of Src homology region 2 (SH2) domain-containing phosphatase 1 (SHP-1) (referred to as Ptpn6spin mice) spontaneously develop a severe inflammatory disease resembling neutrophilic dermatosis in humans. Disease in Ptpn6spin mice is characterized by persistent footpad swelling and suppurative inflammation. Recently, in addition to IL-1α and IL-1R signaling, we demonstrated a pivotal role for several kinases such as SYK, RIPK1, and TAK1 in promoting inflammatory disease in Ptpn6spin mice. In order to identify new kinases involved in SHP-1-mediated inflammation, we took a genetic approach and discovered apoptosis signal-regulating kinases 1 and 2 (ASK1 and ASK2) as novel kinases regulating Ptpn6-mediated footpad inflammation. Double deletion of ASK1 and ASK2 abrogated cutaneous inflammatory disease in Ptpn6spin mice. This double deletion further rescued the splenomegaly and lymphomegaly caused by excessive neutrophil infiltration in Ptpn6spin mice. Mechanistically, ASK regulates Ptpn6spin-mediated disease by controlling proinflammatory signaling in the neutrophils. Collectively, the present study identifies SHP-1 and ASK signaling crosstalk as a critical regulator of IL-1α-driven inflammation and opens future avenues for finding novel drug targets to treat neutrophilic dermatosis in humans.
DIGITAL DOWNLOADS AND THE EXTINCTION OF RESALE MARKETS FOR INFORMATION GOODS

The U.S. first sale doctrine guarantees the right to resell purchased, copyrighted, durables, but does not apply, for all intents and purposes, to information goods when they are distributed via digital download. iTunes and the Kindle store are just two of many examples showing that information good industries are moving towards a digital download distribution model. Because information goods are perfectly durable, exhibit owner-specific depreciation, and have zero marginal cost, firms prefer to curtail resale. The impact on consumers is ambiguous. The effect of prohibiting resale is analyzed empirically in the context of video games. First, using a novel dataset including new and used game sales, demand parameters are estimated using a dynamic structural model. Simulations can then be used to determine the impact of shutting down resale markets.
Parallelverschiebung und Drehung des Koordinatensystems

Wir ziehen durch einen Punkt O′ (h; k) Parallele zu den Achsen eines Koordinatensystems. Ein Punkt P hat dann in bezug auf das alte System die Koordinaten (x; y), in bezug auf das neue (x′ y′). Der Zusammenhang zwischen den alten und neuen Koordinaten folgt unmittelbar aus der Abb. 24. Es ist $$\begin{gathered} x = x' + h \hfill \\ y = y' + k. \hfill \\ \end{gathered}$$
The Justiciability of State Consumer Protection Claims in Federal Courts: A Study of Named Plaintiffs who Cease Using the Disputed Product yet Seek Injunctive Relief

In recent years, there has been an increase in consumer protection class action litigation in federal courts. These suits arise from a group of consumers who have felt deceived by a particular product, ceased using that product, and then tried to sue a defendant manufacturer through state consumer protection statutes. Often, these individuals seek to enjoin the defendant’s use of an allegedly unfair business practice, such as “all natural” labeling. Since the plaintiff no longer uses the product, however, many district courts have refused to recognize that they may be at risk of a future injury and have held that these plaintiffs do not have standing to seek an injunction in the federal forum. This Note discusses the tension between the purposes and aims of state consumer protection statutes and the heavily ingrained—yet vague— Supreme Court precedent regarding Article III standing. While many lower courts continue to conservatively interpret the Court’s decisions on standing, some California district courts have bucked this trend and begun granting consumer plaintiffs standing. This Note ultimately concludes that consumer classes must begin relying on individuals who continue to use the disputed product throughout litigation or redefine the scope of their future injury to better conform to current Supreme Court precedent.
Selected Characteristics of a National Sample of Seriously Emotionally Disturbed Adolescents.

There is very little information available on personal, educational, and demographic characteristics of seriously emotionally disturbed students based on nationwide data. The present study examined...
Climatic niche modeling reveals divergence between cytotypes in Eutrema edwardsii (Brassicaceae)

Polyploidy among plants is most frequent in the arctic, where glaciation cycles put selective pressures on populations by repeated fragmentation and fluctuation in climate. Polyploids should have b...
Impact of an urban growth boundary across the entire house price spectrum: The two-stage quantile spatial regression approach

Abstract This study provides evidence for the impact of an urban growth boundary (UGB) on house prices. The study employs a two-stage quantile spatial regression method on a dataset that inventories sales transactions of single-family houses within two miles of either side of the eastern boundary of the primary UGB in King County, Washington. The results show that while the UGB decreases house prices across the entire house price spectrum, the impact is uneven; it is most pronounced for houses in the 5th to 8th decile of prices. These findings should encourage policy makers to adopt sub-housing-market-level policy approaches to address UGB and other urban and regional development policies’ potential impacts on house prices.
Evolutionary genetics of fish.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the evolutionary genetics of fish to demonstrate how studies on fish provide critical links in understanding the evolution of other vertebrate classes. By using selected examples, the chapter points out where genetic studies on fish requires a re-evaluation of evolutionary models that is previously based on the data obtained from higher vertebrates. The chapter begins with the discussion of general methods that are used to detect genetic variation in fish systems, along with the presentation of current fish genetic nomenclature for genes encoding proteins. The evolution of higher order genomic structures including genome size, karyotype, isochore structures, and linkage relationships is described in the chapter. Fish have a fossil record that is relatively well characterized, and there are a number of “living fossils” that are particularly useful in comparative biochemical and physiological studies. Fish are also excellent experimental models for genetic and evolutionary studies. Many fish species are amenable to both laboratory and field experiments and are easily raised and bred under laboratory conditions. The chapter concludes with a discussion of gene duplication and multigene families and provides some examples of fish genes that respond to environmental parameters.
The Quest for Information-Centric Networking

The articles in this special section focus on the topic of information centric networking (ICN), an approach that shifts the Internet infrastructure from a host-centric paradigm, based on perpetual connectivity and the end-to-end principle, to a new paradigm where named data becomes independent from location, application, storage, and means of transportation, enabling in-network storage and replication. The expected benefits include improved effi ciency, better scalability with respect to information/bandwidth demand, and better robustness in challenging communication scenarios. As the most promising clean-slate approach for future Internet, ICN has attracted much attention in the past few years, and created a trajectory that is to replace the current IP-based Internet. There have been many prototypes of ICN, but more research is still ongoing, which includes naming, forwarding/routing, and caching policy, deployment strategy, security policy, and so on.
High-purity single-mode photon source for integrated quantum photonics

Integrated quantum photonics relies critically on photon sources that have great purity, single-mode property, scalability, integrability and flexibility for both integrated quantum computing and long-haul quantum communication. Here we report a photon-pair/single-photon source that utilizes cavity-enhanced four-wave mixing in a high-Q silicon microresonator. The photon-pair source has a spectral brightness of 6:25 × 10 8 pairs/s/mW 2 /GHz and a quantum cross-correlation of g (2) si (0) = (2:58 ± 0:16) × 10 4 . The generated photons are single-mode, with a quantum self-correlation of 1:87 ± 0:05. The heralded single photons has conditional photon autocorrelation g c (2) as low as 0:0075 ± 0:0017 at 5:9 × 10 4 pair/s.
Revaluation of magnetic properties of Magneto, MagR and αGFP-TRPV1/GFP-ferritin

ABSTRACT AND INTRODUCTION Magnetic control of neuronal activity offers many obvious advantages over electric, optogenetic and chemogenetic manipulations. A recent series of highly visible papers reported the development of magnetic actuators (i.e., Magneto, MagR and αGFP−TRPV1/GFP−ferritin) that appeared to be effective in controlling neuronal firing1–3, yet their action mechanisms seem to conflict with the principles of physics4. We found that neurons expressing Magneto, MagR and αGFP−TRPV1/GFP−ferritin did not respond to magnetic stimuli with any membrane depolarization (let alone action potential firing), although these neurons frequently generated spontaneous action potentials. Because the previous study did not establish the precise temporal correlation between magnetic stimuli and action potentials in recorded neurons1–3, the reported magnetically-evoked action potentials are likely to represent mismatched spontaneous firings.
Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Children With Autism.

Study Objectives:To describe the demographic and clinical characteristics of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) referred for polysomnography (PSG) and to look for predictors of obstructiv...
Comparison of the Quality of Hospitals That Admit Medicare Advantage Patients vs Traditional Medicare Patients

Importance In the Medicare Advantage (MA) program, Medicare enrollees may be steered by their health plan to specific hospitals. Little is known about the quality of hospitals that serve MA enrollees. Objective To compare the quality of hospitals that admit MA enrollees with the quality of those that admit traditional Medicare enrollees. Design, Setting, and Participants This cross-sectional study used data from the 2012 to 2016 Medicare Provider Analysis and Review to compare quality of care, as measured by the star rating given by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services and readmission rates, in hospitals that serve MA enrollees and traditional Medicare enrollees using multinomial logit models. Participants were 7 130 610 Medicare beneficiaries admitted to 2994 acute care hospitals across the United States in 2016. Data were analyzed between August 2018 and August 2019. Exposures The exposure was MA enrollment. Adjusters included demographic and clinical characteristics and zip code fixed effects. Main Outcomes and Measures Hospital Compare star ratings and quintiles of performance in 30-day readmission rates. Results The sample included 7 130 610 Medicare beneficiaries in 2016 (54.3% female; mean [SD] age, 72.7 [13.2] years). Of 12 190 270 total hospitalizations, 1 211 293 traditional Medicare and 494 352 MA patients were admitted to 718 low-readmission hospitals and 1 205 586 traditional Medicare and 526 955 MA patients were admitted to 597 high-readmission hospitals. Accounting for observed patient characteristics, MA enrollees less often entered either low- or high-quality hospitals and were more often admitted to average-quality hospitals. For nonemergent hospitalizations, MA enrollees were 1.9 percentage points (95% CI, 1.5-2.2 percentage points) less likely to enter a low-readmissions hospital, 5.1 percentage points (95% CI, 4.6-5.6 percentage points) more likely to enter an average-readmissions hospital, and 3.2 percentage points (95% CI, 2.9-3.5 percentage points) less likely to enter a high-readmissions hospital compared with traditional Medicare enrollees. Patients with MA were also 2.6 percentage points (95% CI, 2.2-2.9 percentage points) less likely to enter a 1- to 2-star hospital, 5.5 percentage points (95% CI, 4.9-5.9 percentage points) more likely to enter a 3-star hospital, and 2.8 percentage points (95% CI, 2.5-3.2 percentage points) less likely to enter a 4- to 5-star hospital compared with traditional Medicare enrollees. The differences were less pronounced for emergency admissions. Conclusions and Relevance This study found that enrollees in MA plans were more likely to be admitted to average-quality hospitals instead of either high- or low-quality hospitals, suggesting that MA plans may be steering their enrollees to specific hospitals.
The HIRE Model: A Tool for the Informal Assessment of Nonsuicidal Self-Injury

In this article, we describe the HIRE model, a tool for facilitating informal assessment of nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI). This model contains a mnemonic device, with each letter of the acronym signaling attention to one domain of assessment: H = History; I = Interest in Change; R = Reasons behind Behavior; E = Exposure to Risk. The model was designed to help counselors gather information on diagnostic and safety issues related to NSSI. Clinical implications of the model are discussed.
Association of hospital and surgeon operative volumes and surgeon pediatric subspecialization with pediatric laparoscopic cholecystectomy outcomes: A population-based cohort study.

Abstract Background Most pediatric cholecystectomies are performed by adult general surgeons, but it is unclear whether outcomes differ by surgeon pediatric subspecialization, hospital procedure volume, or surgeon procedure volume. We aimed to determine whether higher hospital or surgeon laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) volume or surgeon pediatric subspecialization is associated with better outcomes after LC in children. Methods We performed a retrospective cohort study using statewide hospital discharge databases from the states of Florida, Georgia, and Iowa. We included children aged 4–18 years who underwent inpatient or outpatient LC for acute or chronic gallbladder disease in January 2010–August 2015. Propensity score weighting was used to estimate relationships between operative volumes or surgeon pediatric subspecialization and rates of readmission or emergency department (ED) visit within 30 days. Results A total of 5391 children were included (mean age 15.9 years, 81.6% female). Children operated on by surgeons with high LC volumes in hospitals with high LC volumes were less likely to experience a readmission or ED visit within 30 days (10.8% vs. 13.7%, p = 0.04). Additionally, children operated on by adult general surgeons in hospitals with high LC volumes were less likely to experience a readmission or ED visit within 30 days (10.9% vs. 13.8%, p = 0.03). Conclusions Children are less likely to be readmitted to the hospital or present to the ED after laparoscopic cholecystectomy if they receive their care from adult general surgeons at hospitals that frequently perform this procedure in both adults and children. Level of evidence III
Reconciling Family Roles with Political Ambition: The New Normal for Women in 21st Century U.S. Politics

Based on data from the 2011 Citizen Political Ambition Study - a national survey of nearly 4,000 “potential candidates” for all levels of office - we provide the first thorough analysis of the manner in which traditional family arrangements affect the initial decision to run for office. Despite a substantial gender gap in political ambition, and the persistence of traditional family structures and gender roles among potential candidates, our findings reveal that traditional family dynamics do not account for the gender gap in interest in running for office. Neither marital and parental status, nor the division of labor pertaining to household tasks and childcare, predict political ambition, regardless of how we measure it. This is not to downplay the fact that the gender gap in political ambition remains substantial and static, but it is to suggest that family arrangements are not a primary contributing factor.
(In)Effectiveness of In-Home Detention Tethers to Reduce Recidivism for System-Involved Girls

In-home detention tethers are an intermediate, correctional sanction that have become popular alternatives to detention or incarceration. However, there is limited research on whether in-home deten...
Liquid Drop Formation, Fall, and Collision

Liquid drop formation and interaction are important in fast kinetic, microwave, nucleation, and rainstorm studies (Peterson (1985), Simpson and Haller (1988)). In this chapter, we develop a generic model of such phenomena on the microdrop level. The present discussion is limited to two dimensions.
Economy of the Welfare State: Foundations and Creation Under the Conditions of Market Transformation

Categorical essence, structure, and multilevel institutional and functional foundations of the welfare state are discovered in the monograph. Criteria, chronological limits, and content of the stages of arising, creation, development, and descend of the welfare state with accounting of modern tendencies are defined. Critical analysis of the Chilean pension system is presented. Necessity of creation of the welfare state in Ukraine is grounded. Mechanism of creation of the welfare state under the conditions of the market transformation was described, and also methodological background for its realization was proposed. For managers of government institutions, NGOs, enterprises, scientists, professors, post-graduate students, students, all who is interested in issues of social policy and transformation.
Direct Determination of Activities for Microorganisms of Chesapeake Bay Populations

We used three methods in determination of the metabolically active individual microorganisms for Chesapeake Bay surface and near-bottom populations over a period of a year. Synthetically active bacteria were recognized as enlarged cells in samples amended with nalidixic acid and yeast extract and incubated for 6 h. Microorganisms with active electron transport systems were identified by the reduction of a tetrazolium salt electron acceptor. Microorganisms active in uptake of amino acids, thymidine, and acetate were determined by microautoradiography. In conjunction with enumeration of active organisms, a total direct count was made for each sample preparation by epifluorescence microscopy. For the majority of samples, numbers of amino acid uptake-active organisms were greater than numbers of organisms determined to be active by other direct measurements. Within a sample, the numbers of uptake-active organisms (amino acids or thymidine) and electron transport system-active organisms were significantly different for 68% of the samples. Numbers of synthetically active bacteria were generally less than numbers determined by the other direct activity measurements. The distribution of total counts in the 11 samplings showed a seasonal pattern, with significant dependence on in situ water temperature, increasing from March to September and then decreasing through February. Synthetically active bacteria and amino acid uptake-active organisms showed a significant dependence on in situ temperature, independent of the function of temperature on total counts. Numbers of active organisms determined by at least one of the methods used exceeded 25% of the total population of all samplings, and from June through September, >85% of the total population was found to be active by at least one direct activity measurement. Thus, active rather than dormant organisms compose a major portion of the microbial population in this region of Chesapeake Bay.
Distinct IL-2 Receptor Signaling Pattern in CD4+CD25 + Regulatory T Cells

Despite expression of the high-affinity IL-2R, CD4 + CD25 + regulatory T cells (Tregs) are hypoproliferative upon IL-2R stimulation in vitro. However the mechanisms by which CD4 + CD25 + T cells respond to IL-2 signals are undefined. In this report, we examine the cellular and molecular responses of CD4 + CD25 + Tregs to IL-2. IL-2R stimulation results in a G 1 cell cycle arrest, cellular enlargement and increased cellular survival of CD4 + CD25 + T cells. We find a distinct pattern of IL-2R signaling in which the Janus kinase/STAT pathway remains intact, whereas IL-2 does not activate downstream targets of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. Negative regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling and IL-2-mediated proliferation of CD4 + CD25 + T cells is inversely associated with expression of the phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10, PTEN.
Alcohol consumption and breast cancer.

Epidemiologic studies of the relationship of alcohol consumption and breast cancer are generally in support of a direct association, although they are not entirely consistent. Studies supporting this finding have come from many countries around the world and from many investigators working with different study designs and types of populations. Ten of 16 case-control studies, and five of six cohort studies have produced results supporting a positive association. When evaluated together through techniques such as meta-analysis, these studies suggest that there is a 50% increase in breast cancer risk for women who average between one and two drinks per day. All types of alcoholic beverages seem to increase the risk, but there is little agreement between studies on dose-response relationships. No biologic explanation for alcohol’s possible role in breast carcinogenesis is yet known, but several hypotheses have been advanced. In the absence of any effective method of primary breast cancer prevention, and because current risk factors explain so little of the incidence of this common cancer, alcohol consumption is of potential importance from both public health and etiologic perspectives. The possible protective effect of moderate alcohol consumption on heart disease should be considered when assessing the risks of this level of consumption on breast cancer.
Studies on the Rate of Release and Turnover of Ceruloplasmin and Apoceruloplasmin in Rat Plasma

Radioactive leucine was administered to male Sprague-Dawley rats in order to measure the rate of release and decay of newly synthesized apoceruloplasmin and holoceruloplasmin in copper-deficient and normocupremic rats, respectively. Anticeruloplasmin antisera were used to isolate the protein from rat plasma. In copper-deficient rats the release of apoceruloplasmin into the circulation proceeded at the same rate as that of the copper-containing protein in normocupremic rats, although the concentration of apoceruloplasmin in copper-deficient rats was only 25% that of normal. This reduction was accounted for by the more rapid disappearance of apoceruloplasmin from the circulation. When copper was administered to copper-deficient rats no increase in the rate of release of either newly synthesized ceruloplasmin or preformed ceruloplasmin was observed, although the ceruloplasmin oxidase concentration rose over 8-fold by 8 hours. This rise was accounted for by the enhanced stability of the copper-containing protein. When 64Cu was administered to copper-deficient rats none of it was bound to circulating apoceruloplasmin, indicating that copper bound to the protein before it was released into the circulation.
Pulse Control of Single-Degree-of-Freedom System

The possibility of using active control for structural and mechanical systems is examined. Open loop adaptive control of structural systems subjected to deterministic and stochastic excitations is considered by means of an algorithm for a single-degree-of-freedom oscillator. The algorithm is heuristic and requires continuous monitoring of the state variables, with a pulse control applied when some prespecified level of control is exceeded. The control algorithm is based on the principle that the gradual rhythmic increase of the structural response can be eliminated by applying a pulse of suitable magnitude in the proper direction, thereby avoiding the application of large forces over sustained periods of time. The optimum pulse magnitude is determined as the minimum rms response of the system. Application to linear and nonlinear systems, as well as in chatter suppression, are outlined.
Chemical Findings in Patients with Acute Nonfatal Barbiturate Intoxication

1. Clinical and chemical data on acutely intoxicated patients show a direct quantitative relationship of the patient's blood barbiturate levels to his clinical condition. 2. The "half-life" of phenobarbital, amobarbital, and pentobarbital was determined to aid in prognosis of an intoxicated patient with a given blood barbiturate level. 3. Urinary clearance studies showed that the clearance was directly proportional to the urine flow. 4. A patient's urine barbiturate level has no relation to his clinical condition.
The use of time step simulations and difference equations (TSSADEQ) in modeling heparin pharmacokinetics.

A model in which the clearance of heparin requires the binding of heparin to a finite and regenerated pool of binding was constructed using time step simulations and difference equations (TSSADEQ). A simulation of a heparin i.v. bolus demonstrated a dose-dependent, triphasic pharmacokinetic curve with (1) an initial log-linear phase representing first-order association of heparin with binding sites, (2) an intermediate plateau phase representing constant regeneration of heparin binding sites, and (3) a terminal log-linear phase occurring when the quantity of regenerated sites exceeded the remaining heparin. Sensitivity analysis based on the literature produced estimates of the k at 1.39 to 2.77 h-1, the pool of binding sites of 50 units/kg, and the regeneration rate of 15 to 20 unit/kg/h--virtually identical to the empirically derived guidelines for the bolus size and infusion rate for unfractionated heparin. A pilot study of bolus dosing of unfractionated heparin in normal volunteers confirmed the model.
Social anxiety and the accuracy of predicted affect

Social anxiety is theorised to arise from sustained over-activation of a mammalian evolved system for detecting and responding to social threat with corresponding diminished opportunities for attaining the pleasure of safe attachments. Emotional forecasting data from two holidays were used to test the hypothesis that greater social anxiety would be associated with decreased expectations of positive affect (PA) and greater anticipated negative affect (NA) on a holiday marked by group celebration (St. Patrick's Day) while being associated with greater predicted PA for daters on a romantic holiday (Valentine's Day). Participants completed symptom reports, made affective forecasts and provided multiple affect reports throughout each holiday. Higher levels of social anxiety were associated with greater anticipated PA for Valentine's Day daters, but lower experienced PA on the holiday; this was not found for trait anxiety and depression. Alternatively, trait anxiety, depression and social anxiety were associate...
Influence of thyroid hormone administration on myosin ATPase activity and myosin isoenzyme distribution in the heart of diabetic rats

Abstract Previous studies have shown that diabetes mellitus leads in rats to a 45% decrease in cardiac Ca ++ activated myosin ATPase, a change in myosin isoenzyme distribution and a lowering of plasma T 4 and T 3 levels. Hypothyroidism causes similar changes in myosin ATPase and myosin isoenzyme distribution. We determined if thyroid hormone administration in physiological replacement doses (0.3 μg T3100 g BW) or pharmacological doses (3 μg T3100 g BW and 10 μg T4100 g BW) can normalize myosin ATPase and isoenzyne distribution in diabetic rats. Control animals have a Ca ++ myosin ATPase activity of 1.23 ± 0.14 μmol Pi/mg protein/min and myosin V 1 represented 70% and myosin V 3 15% of total myosin. Four weeks after streptozotocin administration myosin ATPase was 0.61 ± 0.14, and myosin V 3 represented 67% of total myosin. Administration of 0.3 μg T3100 g BW day for four weeks to diabetic animals resulted in no significant increase in myosin ATPase (0.69 ± 0.07 μmol Pi/mg protein/min) or in myosin isoenzyme distribution. In contrast, administration of 3 μg T3100 g BW day or 10 μg T4100 g BW day for 4 wk led to a normalization of myosin ATPase activity (for T 3 1.03 ± 0.18, for T 4 1.06 ± 0.15). In addition the myosin isoenzyme distribution pattern normalized. These findings may point to a diminished thyroid hormone responsiveness in diabetic rats or could result from diabetes related disturbances of cellular metabolism, which are normalized by pharmacologic doses of thyroid hormone.
Inside Money as a Source of Investment Finance

Households demand bank deposits for the liquidity services such assets provide. Higher yielding assets usually are available to finance future consumption. Nevertheless, the demand for bank liabilities enables banks to finance investment. One might therefore expect more capital in an economy utilizing banks. We show that, when low wealth households cannot borrow, bank lending increases the capital stock and reduces equilibrium interest rates, while making the real equilibrium more sensitive to shifts in the demand for inside money. When households can borrow, however, bank lending is absorbed by low wealth households and banks have few effects on the resa equilibrium.
Race, Citizenship, and the "Science of Chick Sexing": The Politics of Racial Identity among Japanese Americans

Chick sexing\---|the work of separating baby pullets from cockerels\---|was an important mode of employment for second-generation Japanese Americans (Nisei), who dominated the trade between the late 1930s and 1950s. Since their wartime internment experience symbolized the denial of their national belonging on racial grounds, the Nisei politics of identity has been characterized in terms of single-minded assimilation into white America. Yet, instead of suppressing their ancestry, Nisei "chick sexors" took advantage of it to preserve control of the trade during and after the war. Drawing on notions of "science," "professionalism," and "citizenship," these Nisei manipulated their corporate identity, replaced negative connotations with contrived ideas of racial desirability, and made their race acceptable to white America and to themselves. This article examines the complex strategies behind the process of Japanese American integration and identity formation\---|one that entailed a constant reformulation of racial meanings and boundaries.
Maternal Lifestyles Study (MLS): Health status of substance exposed infants at one-month corrected age. † 1692

There is a paucity of data on the outcome of infants exposed to in utero drugs. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the status of two birth cohorts: cocaine/opiate exposed infants (EXP) (n = 658) and a group matched(race, sex, gestational age [GA]) comparison cohort (COM, n = 730) at 1 mo corrected age (CA). Mothers of EXP were older (29.8±5.1 vs 26.1± 5.9 yrs), less educated (49 vs 31% < 12 yr), and had lower rates of private insurance (3 vs 10%) than mothers of COM. EXP infants were more likely than COM to be in high-risk environments at 1 mo:Table Despite higher environmental risk, there was no difference in growth at 1 mo (% change): Table
To Screen or Not to Screen: Conceptual Issues in Screening for Psychiatric Disorders in Psychiatric Patients with a Focus on the Performance of the Psychiatric Diagnostic Screening Questionnaire

Recent research has raised concerns about the adequacy of psychiatric diagnostic evaluations conducted in routine clinical practice. Semi-structured diagnostic interviews have been considered the diagnostic gold standard. Judged against this standard, studies comparing unstructured clinical evaluations with semi-structured interviews have found that there is a high rate of missed diagnoses and misdiagnosis by the usual clinical methods. Whether this is clinically significant is uncertain because there are no studies that have examined whether the use of standardized research interviews improves clinical outcome. On common sense grounds, however, it seems reasonable that greater diagnostic precision will improve outcome. More complete and accurate diagnostic evaluations might impact upon patients’ satisfaction with the diagnostic assessment, alliance with the treating clinician, selection of medication, or recommendation for psychotherapy. Additionally, improved diagnostic practice might be a better predictor of course and outcome, another important function of diagnosis. In the meantime, until studies are conducted to determine whether standardized research-like evaluations improve outcome, or the prediction of outcome, clinicians might want to consider whether one of the recently developed broad-based self-administered diagnostic screening questionnaires could be a useful adjunct to their unstructured diagnostic interview. The results of recent work on one such measure, the Psychiatric Diagnostic Screening Questionnaire (PDSQ), are summarized.
Pion-exchange contributions to the isoscalar charge operator

Abstract Pion-exchange contributions to the isoscalar part of the charge operator are studied using the equivalence theorem and time-dependent perturbation theory.
The schizoaffective disorder diagnosis: a conundrum in the clinical setting

The term schizoaffective was introduced to describe the co-occurrence of both psychotic and affective symptoms. Overtime, as the diagnosis schizoaffective disorder was added to diagnostic manuals, significant concerns were raised as to the reliability and clinical utility of the diagnosis. We recruited 134 psychiatrically hospitalized subjects who had received a diagnosis of schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder or bipolar disorder with psychotic features by their treating clinician. The subjects were also diagnosed by trained research personnel with the Structured Clinical Interview of the DSM-IV-TR, employing an explicit time threshold for criterion C of the schizoaffective disorder diagnosis. We found significant differences between the clinical and research diagnoses. Clinicians diagnosed 48 patients (36%) with schizophrenia, 50 patients (37%) with schizoaffective disorder and 36 patients (27%) with psychotic bipolar disorder. In contrast, researchers diagnosed 64 patients (48%) with schizophrenia, 38 patients (28%) with schizoaffective disorder and 32 patients (24%) with psychotic bipolar disorder. This was a statistically significant disagreement between the research and clinical diagnoses (p = 0.003) and indicates that clinicians choose the less severe diagnosis for psychotic patients. We conclude that a more stringent criterion C for the schizoaffective disorder diagnosis will address an implicit bias in clinical practice and will affect the prevalence of the psychotic disorder diagnoses.
High temperature sensor array for simultaneous determination of O2, CO, and CO2 with kernel ridge regression data analysis

Abstract A sensor array comprising of three chemical gas sensors was evaluated to predict the concentrations of O2, CO, and CO2 in a gas stream with the sensors at 600 °C. The data analysis involved a non-linear multivariate regression method (kernel ridge regression, KRR) along with a searching algorithm to predict gas concentrations. The sensors in the array included a resistance-based 2% CuO/10% La2O3/TiO2 sensor, and two potentiometric sensors, including a yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) sensor with a metal/metal oxide internal reference electrode, and a lithium phosphate-based sensor. In addition, the possibility of using the KRR algorithm to predict gas concentrations beyond the training data is explored.
Inguinal lymphadenectomy and primary groin reconstruction using rectus abdominis muscle flaps in patients with penile cancer.

Abstract Objectives. The use of deep inferior epigastric artery (DIEA) rectus abdominis muscle flaps in conjunction with inguinal lymphadenectomy to treat patients with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the penis having high-volume inguinal lymph node metastases causing skin breakdown and secondary infection is described. Methods. Three patients with invasive SCC of the penis who had extensive unilateralinguinal nodal metastases with skin breakdown and secondary infection underwent pelvic lymphadenectomy and attempted wide resection of the superficial and deep inguinal lymph nodes. One patient had unresectable deep inguinal metastases and received postoperative radiation therapy. A DIEA rectus abdominis muscle flap was utilized to close the resulting groin defect. Results. Pathologic analysis demonstrated no pelvic lymph node metastases in any ofthe patients, superficial inguinal lymph node metastases in 1, and superficial and deep inguinal lymph node involvement in 2. All wounds healed well. The 2 patients with deep inguinal metastases experienced local disease progression. One patient died 7 months postoperatively of complications from chronic renal failure but had no evidence of tumor recurrence or wound problems. Another patient died of recurrent disease. Conclusions. A rectus abdominis muscle flap may be a useful adjunct for managing certain patients with penile cancer and extensive suppurative inguinal lymph node mestastases.
Irreversible stimulation of adenylate cyclase activity of fat cell membranes by phosphoramidate and phosphonate analogs of GTP

The ability of 5′-guanylylimidodiphosphate (Gpp(NH)p)1 to stimulate irreversibly the adenylate cyclease activity of fat cell membranes has been studied by preincubating the membranes with this or related analogs followed by assaying after thoroughly washing the membranes. Activation can occur in a simple Tris-HCl buffer, in the absence of added divalent cations and in the presence of EDTA. Dithiothreitol enhances the apparent degree of activation, perhaps by stabilization. The importance of utilizing optimal conditions for stabilizing enzyme activity, and of measuring the simultaneous changes in the control enzyme, is illustrated. The organomercurial,p-aminophenylmercuric acetate, inhibits profoundly the activity of the native as well as the Gpp(NH)p-stimulated adenylate cyclase, but in both cases subsequent exposure to dithiothreitol restores fully the original enzyme activity. However, the mercurial-inactivated enzyme does not react with Gpp(NH)p, as evidenced by the subsequent restoration of only the control enzyme activity upon exposure to dithiothreitol. Thus, reaction with Gpp(NH)p requires intact sulfhydryl groups, but the activated state is not irreversibly destroyed by the inactivation caused by sulfhydryl blockade. GTP and, less effectively, GDP and ATP inhibit activation by Gpp(NH)p, but interpretations are complicated by the facts that this inhibition is overcome with time and that GTP and ATP can protect potently from spontaneous inactivation. These two nucleotides can be used in the Gpp(NH)p preincubation to stabilize the enzyme. The Gpp(NH)p-activated enzyme cannot be reversed spontaneously during prolonged incubation at 30°C in the absence or presence of GTP, ATP, MgCl2, glycine, dithiothreitol, NaF or EDTA. The strong nucleophile, neutral hydroxylamine, decreases the Gpp(NH)p-activated enzyme activity and no subsequent activation is detected upon re-exposure to the nucleotide.