cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
AN UNEXPECTED ASSOCIATION OF FACTORS BELONGING TO THREE LINKAGE GROUPS IN OENOTHERA AND ITS EXPLANATION.

by the view that crossing-over occurs in the chromosomes as they prepare for the first maturation division, for then the expectation would be that the complementary class formed by the crossing-over would be absent. It must be in the early stages preparatory to this first maturation division rather than the second division as crossing-over is known to take place in the four-strand stage. The result is accountable on the possibility of crossing-over in the o6gonial divisions only by a wide stretch of imagination encompassing improbable chances. These facts are therefore entirely in agreement with Plough's conclusion that the stage when crossing-over takes place is in the very earliest o6cytes. The proof is furthermore independent of that of Plough and therefore freed of certain possible although weak criticisms of technical difficulties involved in his work. A further proof of the validity of this approach and reasoning would lie in a comparison of the cross-over classes in forms which have crossing-over in the male as well as the female. Here, if the rate of crossing-over is low enough, it should be possible to show that the male had both complementary classes of cross-over in the progeny, whereas the female had but one for each cross-over which took place. The results of this study bring out one more point which might be mentioned, i.e., the equality in number found in each complementary class of a culture is always dependent upon the chance occurrence of two separate oocytes in which crossing-over has taken place and not, as some have conceived it, of a cross-over in one separate cell to form the two reduced gametes. 1 Plough, Harold H. "The Effect of Temperature on Crossing-Over in Drosophila." J. Exp. Zool., 1917, 24, 147-208.
Space-time coding and signal processing for MIMO communications

Rapid growth in mobile computing and other wireless multimedia services is inspiring many research and development activities on high-speed wireless communication systems. Main challenges in this area include the development of efficient coding and modulation signal processing techniques for improving the quality and spectral efficiency of wireless systems. The recently emerged space-time coding and signal processing techniques for wireless communication systems employing multiple transmit and receive antennas offer a powerful paradigm for meeting these challenges. This paper provides an overview on the recent development in space-time coding and signal processing techniques for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communication systems. We first review the information theoretic results on the capacities of wireless systems employing multiple transmit and receive antennas. We then describe two representative categories of space-time systems, namely, the BLAST system and the space-time block coding system, both of which have been proposed for next-generation high-speed wireless system. Signal processing techniques for channel estimation and decoding in space-time systems are also discussed. Finally, some other coding and signal processing techniques for wireless systems employing multiple transmit and receive antennas that are currently under intensive research are also briefly touched upon.
Phase lock loop design and novel test schemes for islanding detection

Islanding detection is necessary to detect the loss of the electric power system (EPS). The standard requirement for island detection is described in "IEEE 1547 Standard for Interconnecting Distributed Resources with Electric Power Systems" [1] where an island must be detected within 2 seconds to turn off the distributed resource. Anti-islanding schemes use the fact that each distributed resource (DR) must synchronize to the EPS and the DR cannot regulate voltage. Many methods are possible to detect an island. The methods can be separated in four separate groups: active, passive, hybrid, and supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA). This paper will discuss a passive method and a few active methods under the non-detection zone and parallel case. Two SCADA methods will be discussed briefly. Based off those results, a few suggestions of improvements and future work will be made.
Species-specific measurements of ectomycorrhizal turnover under N-fertilization: combining isotopic and genetic approaches

Ectomycorrhizal fungi play a significant role in the transfer of nutrients between plant and soil pools. Here we combine natural abundance 14 C measurements with restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) to study the effects of nitrogen fertilization on the residence time of carbon within ectomycorrhizal species. We show that the carbon in ectomycorrhizal fungi turns over every 4- 5 years, indicating that these fungi are relatively long- lived. Moreover, ectomycorrhizal fungi responded in a species-specific way to fertilization. Cenococcum geophi- lum contained younger carbon on average in nitrogen- fertilized plots than in control plots, even though turnover rates of the community as a whole did not shift significantly. Our results suggest that the response of ectomycorrhizal fungi to N availability is complex, and alterations in tissue turnover within this microbial pool may vary depending on community structure.
The nutritional composition of seeds from Boscia senegalensis (Dilo) from the Republic of Niger

Abstract The seeds ofBoscia senegalensisare used as a staple food during periods of famine in the Sahel zone of West Africa. Seeds collected in the Republic of Niger were extracted exhaustively with water to remove bitter components and possible toxic substances and then analyzed for their content of various nutrients. The processed seeds, calleddiloby the Hausa-speaking people of the western Sahel, contained 21% (dry wt) protein whose quality is inferior to that of an “ideal” WHO protein standard. Whilediloprotein contains a considerable quantity of tryptophan (4%) and extraordinarily large amounts of arginine (15.8%), it is deficient in lysine (3%) and threonine (3%). Lipid accounted for 3.68% of the dry weight ofdilo.Three-fourths of the fatty acids in the crude lipid extract were contributed by saturated fatty acids: palmitic acid (690 mg/100 g dry wt) and stearic acid (130 mg/100 g dry wt).Dilocontains 70 mg/100 g dry wt of the essential fatty acid linoleic acid, but undetectable levels of α-linolenic acid. In terms of mineral content,dilocontained relatively little calcium (29 mg/100 g dry wt) and magnesium (4.2 mg/100 g dry wt), and only traces of copper, selenium, and manganese. Zinc and iron, however, were present at relatively high levels, 6.0 and 5.3 mg/100 g dry wt, respectively. These data indicate that whiledilodoes not provide a complete food source in terms of essential nutrients, it does contain substantial quantities of arginine, tryptophan, and other essential amino acids, one of the essential fatty acids (linoleic acid), and zinc and iron. The chemical composition ofdiloharvested in Niger differs significantly from that ofB. senegalensisseeds grown in Sudan.
Epitaxial growth simulations of CdTe(1 1 1)B on Si(0 0 1)

Abstract The epitaxial growth of CdTe on Si(0 0 1) substrates is simulated employing molecular dynamics and a hybrid approach combining molecular dynamics and Molte Carlo methods. Empirical Rockett potentials are employed to describe interatomic interactions. The simulations predict that the epilayer growth direction is the (1 1 1) direction under experimentally determined optimum growth conditions. The influence of substrate miscut angle is examined by the consideration of single and double monolayer steps on the substrate surface.
Towards a Two-Equation Algebraic Structure-Based Model with Applications to Turbulent Separated Flows

A new variant of the Algebraic Structure-Based Model (ASBM) of Langer & Reynolds (2003) is developed and applied in Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) simulations of turbulent separated ows. In the ASBM, additional information in the form of structure tensors, such as the dimensionality tensor, is used to determine the Reynolds-stress distribution. In this work, we have selected k- based transport equations to compute the turbulent kinetic energy and turbulence time scale at an adequate level of accuracy. These equations are supplemented with an elliptic relaxation approach to represent the wall blocking eects. Additionally, a new linear transformation approach { inspired by existing eddy realignment within the ASBM formulation { is introduced to account for redistribution eects and inhomogeneity encountered in near-wall ows. It is observed that a strong implicit coupling of the mean ow and turbulence equations is required to achieve fully-converged steady-state solutions. The new model is rst used to simulate a fully developed periodic channel ow, for which it is shown to perform extremely well in predicting the turbulence stress anisotropy. When applied to ows involving mild and massive ow separation, improved behavior is observed when compared to linear eddy viscosity models, but further renements of the model are required to capture the details of the recirculation zone predicted by high-delity turbulence simulations.
The role of concepts in structure-activity relationship studies of opioid ligands

Various concepts have served as the basis for the development of models to explore the relationship between molecular structure and biological activity. In this presentation I have outlined five concepts that have been useful in our investigation of opioid receptor multiplicity and in the design of selective opioid receptor antagonists. The first of these, the multiple binding modality concept, led to our application of four other concepts in the development of opioid receptor probes. Some of these probes are now standard tools in opioid research. These include the mu-selective affinity label beta-FNA (10), the kappa opioid receptor antagonist norBNI (15), and the delta opioid antagonist NTI (20). These highly selective antagonists have advantages over the universal opioid antagonists naloxone and naltrexone because they are of value in probing the interaction of endogenous opioid peptides with opioid receptor types. Additionally, they are useful in evaluating the selectivity of new opioid agonists. Also, selective opioid antagonists have potential clinical applications in the treatment of a variety of disorders where endogenous opioids play a modulatory role. These include constipation, immune function, drug addiction, and alcoholism, to name only a few.
Action of deltamethrin on N-type (Cav2.2) voltage-sensitive calcium channels in rat brain

Abstract Isolated presynaptic nerve terminals prepared from whole rat brain were used to evaluate the action of deltamethrin on voltage-sensitive calcium channels by measuring calcium influx and endogenous glutamate release. Deltamethrin-enhanced K + -stimulated calcium influx and subsequent Ca 2+ -dependent glutamate release. The effect of deltamethrin was concentration-dependent, stereospecific, blocked by ω-conotoxin MVIIC but unaltered in the presence of tetrodotoxin. These results suggest that N-type voltage-sensitive calcium channels are a site of action at the presynaptic nerve terminal. Electrophysiological studies were carried out using rat brain Ca v 2.2 and β 3 subunits coexpressed in Xenopus oocytes to validate such action. Deltamethrin reduced barium peak current in a concentraion-dependent and stereospecific manner, increased the rate of activation, and prolonged the inactivation rate of this channel. These experiments support the conclusion that N-type voltage-sensitive calcium channel operation is altered by deltamethrin.
Vibration of the organ of Corti within the cochlear apex in mice.

The tonotopic map of the mammalian cochlea is commonly thought to be determined by the passive mechanical properties of the basilar membrane. The other tissues and cells that make up the organ of C...
Alkylsubstituted Thienothiophene Semiconducting Materials: Structure-Property Relationships

A family of conjugated polymers with fused structures consisting of three to five thiophene rings and with the same alkyl side chains has been synthesized as a means to understand structure−property relationships. All three polymers showed well-extended conjugation through the polymer backbone. Ionization potentials (IP) ranged from 5.15 to 5.21 eV; these large values are indicative of their excellent oxidative stability. X-ray diffraction and AFM studies suggest that the polymer with the even number of fused thiophene rings forms a tight crystalline structure due to its tilted side chain arrangement. On the other hand, the polymers with the odd number of fused thiophene rings packed more loosely. Characterization in a field-effect transistor configuration showed that the mobility of the polymer with the even number of rings is 1 order of magnitude higher than its odd-numbered counterparts. Through this structure−property study, we demonstrate that proper design of the molecules and properly arranged side...
Fate of zero-temperature Ising ferromagnets.

We investigate the relaxation of homogeneous Ising ferromagnets on finite lattices with zero-temperature spin-flip dynamics. On the square lattice, a frozen two-stripe state is apparently reached approximately 3/10 of the time, while the ground state is reached otherwise. The asymptotic relaxation is characterized by two distinct time scales with the longer stemming from the influence of a long-lived diagonal stripe defect. In greater than two dimensions, the probability to reach the ground state rapidly vanishes as the size increases and the system typically ends up wandering forever within an iso-energy set of stochastically ``blinking'' metastable states.
Mechanisms of nonbiological pyritic sulfur oxidation under alkaline conditions

Abstract Pyrite oxidation was studied at 25°C in aqueous solutions at several pH levels for periods of 10 days to 2 weeks to determine the distribution of water‐soluble S products in this reaction. The extent of reaction was measured in terms of total oxidized Fe and compared with total SO4 2−. Sulfate measurements underestimate the extent of oxidation, especially above pH 8. This is due to the production of relatively unreactive reduced S compounds such as S2O3 2− and S4O6 2− in intermediate reactions. Excess S2O3 2− inhibits pyrite oxidation by reducing Fe3+, the principal pyrite oxidant. Mixing of pyrite and CaCO3 in columns was used to model different management strategies for burial of pyritic wastes. The production of reduced S compounds should be considered in disposal plans.
Pseudo-boolean optimization

This survey examines the state of the art of a variety of problems related to pseudo-Boolean optimization, i.e. to the optimization of set functions represented by closed algebraic expressions. The main parts of the survey examine general pseudo-Boolean optimization, the specially important case of quadratic pseudo-Boolean optimization (to which every pseudo-Boolean optimization can be reduced), several other important special classes, and approximation algorithms.
Inventing the London of Literary Tourists: Walking the Romantic City in Leigh Hunt's “Wishing-Cap” Essays

Whereas scholarship on London literary tourism has tended to focus on the Victorian Age and early twentieth century, this essay locates the origins of the practice in the Romantic period, linking it specifically to the Cockney familiar essay as cultivated by Leigh Hunt. Beginning in the 1820s but continuing throughout his career, Hunt published numerous essays on London's literary and memorial charms. Recognizing a persistent demand for Londoniana in the marketplace, he depicted the metropolis as a realm of friendly literary ghosts and endless associative layers. In doing so, he helped create the expandable yet walkable London (still with us) of the literary tourist. This essay aims to provide a sense of how Hunt as a Romantic essayist and virtual tour guide came to be read by Victorians and by Anglophiles across the Atlantic. Hunt emerges from this discussion as an early and influential theorist of the intersections between real and imaginary travel, a proponent of literary tourism as a means to self-cul...
Guest Editors' Introduction: Internet Access to Scientific Data

The experimental and experiential nature of many sciences requires that researchers capture huge volumes of data for which they propose theories to explain or model the data. Simulations, queries, and data mining can generate very large derived data sets. The Internet and associated technologies (such as the Web and the Grid) have become the de facto medium for sharing raw data, analyzed information, and derived knowledge for many technical and scientific communities. Considerable research and commercial activity has focused on this area, but many unresolved issues remain. The articles in this theme section illustrate some of the work that is currently being done to help address some key challenges.
Beta-blocker exposure in the absence of significant head injuries is associated with reduced mortality in critically ill patients

Abstract Background The effect of β-blockade in trauma patients without significant head injuries is unknown. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the impact of β-blocker exposure on mortality in critically injured trauma patients who did not sustain significant head injuries. Methods Critically ill trauma patients (Injury Severity Score ≥ 25) admitted to the surgical intensive care unit from January 2000 to December 2008 without severe traumatic brain injuries (head Abbreviated Injury Score ≥ 3) were included in this retrospective review. Patients who received β-blockers within 30 days of intensive care unit admission were compared with those who did not. The primary outcome measure evaluated was in-hospital mortality. Results During the 9-year study period, 663 critically injured patients (Injury Severity Score ≥ 25) were admitted to the intensive care unit. Of these, 98 patients (14.8%) received β-blockers. Patients exposed to β-blockers had significantly lower in-hospital mortality (11.2% vs 19.3%, P = .006). Stepwise logistic regression identified β-blocker use as an independent protective factor for mortality (adjusted odds ratio, .37; P = .007) in critically injured patients. Conclusions Beta-blocker exposure was associated with reduced mortality in critically injured patients without head injuries. Prospective validation of this finding is warranted.
Malignant mixed tumor (carcinosarcoma) of parotid gland diagnosed by fine‐needle aspiration biopsy

True malignant mixed tumor (carcinosarcoma) of salivary gland is a very rare neoplasm. Only one brief account of the Fine-Needle Aspiration Biopsy (FNAB) cytologic findings of this tumor was found in the literature. The authors report a case of malignant mixed tumor (chondrosarcoma and epidermoid carcinoma) arising from the left parotid gland in an 84-yr-old man, which was definitely diagnosed by FNAB. The cytologic findings and differential diagnosis are discussed.
Structure−Activity Relationships within a Family of Selectively Cytotoxic Macrolide Natural Products

[figure: see text] We describe a semi-synthetic deglycosylated derivative of apoptolidin that retains considerable activity against the mitochondrial ATPase but has greatly reduced cellular cytotoxicity. We also demonstrate that a related antifungal natural product, cytovaricin, inhibits the same molecular target. Structural comparison of these macrolides provides insights into their conserved features that are presumably important for biological activity and identifies promising avenues at the interface of organic synthesis and biosynthesis for the generation of new selective cytotoxic agents.
Detection of Anti-Yellow Fever Virus Immunoglobulin M Antibodies at 3–4 Years Following Yellow Fever Vaccination

The duration of anti-yellow fever (YF) virus immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies following YF vaccination is unknown, making it difficult to interpret positive IgM antibody results in previously vaccinated travelers. We evaluated the frequency and predictors of YF IgM antibody positivity 3-4 years following YF vaccination. Twenty-nine (73%) of 40 participants had YF IgM antibodies 3-4 years postvaccination. No demographic or exposure variables were predictive of YF IgM positivity. However, persons who were YF IgM positive at 3-4 years postvaccination had earlier onset viremia and higher neutralizing antibody geometric mean titers at 1 month and 3-4 years postvaccination compared with persons who were YF IgM negative. Detection of YF IgM antibodies several years postvaccination might reflect remote YF vaccination rather than recent YF vaccination or YF virus infection.
Selaginella and 400 Million Years of Separation

Selaginella (spikemoss) is an enigma in the plant kingdom. Although a fascination to botanists at the turn of the twentieth century, members of this genus are unremarkable in appearance, never flower, and are of no agronomic value. However, members of this genus are relicts from ancient times, and one has to marvel at how this genus has survived virtually unchanged in appearance for hundreds of millions of years. In light of the recent completion of the Selaginella moellendorffii genome sequence, this review is intended to survey what is known about Selaginella, with a special emphasis on recent inquiries into its unique biology and importance in understanding the early evolution of vascular plants.
How oxygen is activated and reduced in respiration

The advent of aerobic biology was heralded about two billion years ago, when primitive cyanobacteria evolved the ability to photooxidize water. Oxygen was released as a waste product, and atmospheric O2 levels rose quickly. This rapid change to an oxygenic atmosphere introduced a devastating pollutant, but eventually organisms evolved that capitalized on the strong driving force for O2 reduction. Enzyme active sites that were capable of binding and activating oxygen evolved, and new classes of biochemistry that use O2 as a thermodynamic sink to drive otherwise unfavorable reactions became possible. The efficiency of food metabolism changed dramatically. The amount of ATP that could be produced by metabolizing glucose aerobically, for example, increased almost 20-fold. Eukaryotes appeared shortly after the oxygenic atmosphere and were eventually followed by the diverse array of multicellular organism that exist today. In our aerobic biochemistry, O2 is used in a plethora of synthetic reactions that are fundamental to almost all aspects of cell growth, development, and reproduction.
Radical cations and triplet states of 1,2-disubstituted cyclopropanes: comparison of potential surfaces

Radical ion pairs generated by photo-induced electron transfer from 1,2-disubstituted cyclopropanes to various acceptors undergo return electron transfer in pairs of singlet and triplet multiplicity. The pair energies relative to the reactant ground states and to accessible triplet states, respectively, determine the competition between the recombination pathways. The potential surfaces of the radical cations and triplet states of 1,2-diphenyl-, 1, and 1,2-dimethylcyclopropane, 2, have been examined by density functional theory calculations. The radical cation surfaces have minima at geometries that retain significant bonding between C-1 and C-2, preventing geometric isomerization of the radical cations. The triplet potential surfaces are dissociative with minimal rotational differentiation at long distances between C-1 and C-2.
Chariots of the Gods in Old Babylonian Mesopotamia (c. 2000–1600 BC)

The distribution of designs on Mesopotamian terracottas can provide clues to the relationship between symbols and meaning at different localities. Unlike other Mesopotamian terracottas whose iconography reflects pan-Mesopotamian beliefs, the designs on model chariots are site-specific. While Mesopotamian religious symbols should probably be interpreted as representing aspects of divine power rather than individual deities, combinations of symbols serve to identify particular gods. When these are found on model chariots, they can be related to the titular deities of the specific city in which they were found. Examination of the findspots of these objects, especially those from Mashkanshapir, suggests a possible link between model chariots and the centralizing institutions of the city.
Analyzing the Validity of the Adult-Adolescent Parenting Inventory for Low-Income Populations

Objectives:The purpose of this study was to examine the construct and predictive validity of the Adult-Adolescent Parenting Inventory (AAPI-2).Methods:The validity of the AAPI-2 was evaluated using multiple statistical methods, including exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, and latent class analysis. These analyses were conducted using data collected from a culturally diverse sample of 2,160 low-income parents.Results:Although the AAPI-2 yielded high reliability coefficients, analyses of the instrument’s validity diverged significantly from the results reported by the instrument’s developers. Specifically, the instruments’ reported five-factor structure was not supported in this study. Moreover, parents’ AAPI-2 scores were not associated with child abuse as originally hypothesized. However, when the AAPI-2 was analyzed as a categorical latent variable, the results were useful in identifying parents who were unlikely to abuse or neglect their children.Conclusion:Further replication an...
Environmental extremes versus ecological extremes: impact of a massive iceberg on the population dynamics of a high-level Antarctic marine predator

Extreme events have been suggested to play a disproportionate role in shaping ecological processes, but our understanding of the types of environmental conditions that elicit extreme consequences in natural ecosystems is limited. Here, we investigated the impact of a massive iceberg on the dynamics of a population of Weddell seals. Reproductive rates of females were reduced, but survival appeared unaffected. We also found suggestive evidence for a prolonged shift towards higher variability in reproductive rates. The annual number of females attending colonies showed unusual swings during the iceberg period, a pattern that was apparently the consequence of changes in sea-ice conditions. In contrast to the dramatic effects that were recorded in nearby populations of emperor penguins, our results suggest that this unusual environmental event did not have an extreme impact on the population of seals in the short-term, as they managed to avoid survival costs and were able to rapidly re-achieve high levels of reproduction by the end of the perturbation. Nevertheless, population projections suggest that even this modest impact on reproductive rates could negatively affect the population in the long run if such events were to occur more frequently, as is predicted by models of climate change.
Determination of the H3 Factor in Hydrogen Isotope Ratio Monitoring Mass Spectrometry

The H3 factor, K, is a parameter required in high-precision, mass spectrometric analyses of hydrogen isotopic abundances. When H2 is used as the sample gas, R* = R − Ki2, where R* is the true HD/H2 ratio, R is the observed (mass 3)/(mass 2) ion-current ratio, and i2 is the ion current at mass 2. Four different methods for the determination of K were defined and tested under conditions characteristic of isotope ratio monitoring systems. Three of these were peak-based. The fourth employed steady flows of H2 from a conventional inlet system. Results obtained using the latter method were more precise (standard deviation of K = 0.1 versus ∼0.6 ppm mV-1 for the peak-based methods). However, use of the resulting values of K for correction of isotope ratio monitoring GC/MS results led to systematic errors as large as 9‰, whereas use of the peak-based values led to no systematic errors. Values of K were only weakly dependent on the pressure of He, declining ∼5% for each 10-fold increase in PHe. Small variations in...
Children's Emotional Memories: An Analysis in Terms of Differential Emotions Theory

This article is a theory driven descriptive study of the emotional memories of economically disadvantaged children. We confirmed our hypothesis that children's emotional memories would fit into categories defined in terms of the phenomenology and functions of discrete emotions, as described in differential emotions theory. We hold that such theoretically derived categories are exemplified by events that act as affordances or that constrain causal interpretations and the development of emotional memories. We also argue that the ability to recount appropriate causal events for a broad range of emotions indexes an aspect of emotion knowledge. We see the latter as a part of the broader construct of emotional intelligence.
Humor and death.

Summary.-To explore the relationships among death factors as measured by Kalish's Attitude on Social Issues Test and O'Connell's Story Test, the latter was shortened to 12 items judged to have high-death and low-death themes. For each item, Ss reported preference for humor, hostile wit, and resignation endings. Scores for 96 college Ss were correlated with Kalish's 20 death factors. High-death humor, Freud's example of maturity, correlated negatively with death anxiety and humanism. Gallows humor appreciation also correlated negatively with an ad hoc own deati cluster consisting of the factors of death anxiety, dread of an ugly death, fear ot burial, and not wanting to know of one's death in advance. Those who approved of suicide did not appreciate high-death hosrile wit, and low-death hostile wi: brought displeasure to chose with death anxiety. Lowdeath resignation had significiant negative correlations with dread of an ugly death, avoidance of contact with the dead, and destructive impulsivity. Those who valued an ostentatiws funeral for themselves scored highly on all Story Test -. categories excepr high-dc~th humor and low-death resignation. These rwi jest constructs might reflect relative maturity at different developmental stages. The humorous attitude and the attitude toward one's death, often seen as emotional opposites by the public, have been neglected by both theoretical and research psychologiscs. Freud's ambivalent approach to the study of death and humor provided a model for the later psychic explorers. Death must be faced for life co be lived fully (Freud, 1915), and humor is the hallmark of maturity (Freud, 1905, 1928). After chis obeisance to the two concepts, Freud and his followers bypassed both in favor of che prolific fields of psychopathology. To this day one cannot be certain to what excent death is regarded as a "real" problem in psychoanalysis. There is likewise confusion over whether or not death ideation can be repressed. Most important perhaps is the question of the influence of death acceptance upon affinity for gallows humor, Freud's favored example of maturity. The orthodox Freudizn approach is to relegate self-death ideation to the status of a pseudo-problem reflecting problems in living. This outlook states that one cannot imagine one's own death, since in such an effort he perceives himself as still being an ego or observer watching his own physical dissolucion. Self-death, therefore, cannot be imagined excepr as the death of another. The fear of death is an epiphenomenon reflecting guilt impulses (or castration anxieties, often expressed as phobic symptomatology) following an unsuccessful resolution of the Oedipal conflict (Freud, 1936). Yet, it does seem almost paradoxical that a theorist who could postulate a death instinct wo~~ld [hen regard 'The author is indebted to the Common Research Computer Facility, Texas Medical Center (ass~sted by USPHS Grant No. FR 00254), for the statistical handling of the data.
Hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress is independent of excess abdominal adiposity in normal-weight women with polycystic ovary syndrome

Study question What is the effect of glucose ingestion on leukocytic reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in normal-weight women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) with and without excess abdominal adiposity (AA)? Summary answer Normal-weight women with PCOS exhibit an increase in leukocytic ROS generation in response to glucose ingestion, and this increase is independent of excess AA. What is known already Excess adipose tissue is a source of oxidative stress. Normal-weight women with PCOS exhibit oxidative stress and can have excess AA. Study design and size This is a cross-sectional study involving 30 reproductive-age women. Participants/materials, setting and methods Fourteen normal-weight women with PCOS (6 normal AA, 8 excess AA) and 16 body composition-matched controls (8 normal AA, 8 excess AA) underwent body composition assessment by dual-energy absorptiometry and an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) at a university medical center. Insulin sensitivity was derived from the OGTT (IS(OGTT)). Blood was drawn while fasting and 2 h after glucose ingestion to measure leukocytic ROS generation and p47(phox) protein content and plasma thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) and C-reactive protein (CRP). Main results and the role of chance Compared with controls, both PCOS groups exhibited lower IS(OGTT) (43-54%) and greater percentage change (% change) in ROS generation (96-140%), p47(phox) protein (18-28%) and TBARS (17-48%). Compared with women with PCOS with excess AA, those with normal AA exhibited higher testosterone levels (29%) and lower CRP levels (70%). For the combined groups, IS(OGTT) was negatively correlated with the % change in ROS generation and p47(phox) protein. CRP was positively correlated with abdominal fat. The % change in p47(phox) protein was positively correlated with CRP and androgens. Limitations, reasons for caution Although this study is adequately powered to assess differences in ROS generation between the women with PCOS and control participants, the modest sample size merits caution when interpreting the corroborative results of the additional measures of oxidative stress and inflammation. Wider implications of the findings This study highlights the unique pro-oxidant contribution of circulating leukocytes in the development of insulin resistance and hyperandrogenism in PCOS. Study funding/competing interest(s) Supported by NIH grant HD-048535 to F.G. The authors have nothing to disclose.
Probing spindle assembly mechanisms with monastrol, a small molecule inhibitor of the mitotic kinesin, Eg5.

Monastrol, a cell-permeable small molecule inhibitor of the mitotic kinesin, Eg5, arrests cells in mitosis with monoastral spindles. Here, we use monastrol to probe mitotic mechanisms. We find that monastrol does not inhibit progression through S and G2 phases of the cell cycle or centrosome duplication. The mitotic arrest due to monastrol is also rapidly reversible. Chromosomes in monastrol-treated cells frequently have both sister kinetochores attached to microtubules extending to the center of the monoaster (syntelic orientation). Mitotic arrest–deficient protein 2 (Mad2) localizes to a subset of kinetochores, suggesting the activation of the spindle assembly checkpoint in these cells. Mad2 localizes to some kinetochores that have attached microtubules in monastrol-treated cells, indicating that kinetochore microtubule attachment alone may not satisfy the spindle assembly checkpoint. Monastrol also inhibits bipolar spindle formation in Xenopus egg extracts. However, it does not prevent the targeting of Eg5 to the monoastral spindles that form. Imaging bipolar spindles disassembling in the presence of monastrol allowed direct observations of outward directed forces in the spindle, orthogonal to the pole-to-pole axis. Monastrol is thus a useful tool to study mitotic processes, detection and correction of chromosome malorientation, and contributions of Eg5 to spindle assembly and maintenance.
Cloning, Expression, and Biochemical Properties of CPOX4, a Genetic Variant of Coproporphyrinogen Oxidase that Affects Susceptibilitly to Mercury Toxicity in Humans

Coproporphyrinogen oxidase (CPOX) catalyzes the two-step decarboxylation of coproporphyrinogen-III to protoporphyrinogen-IX in the heme biosynthetic pathway. Previously we described a specific polymorphism (A814C) in exon 4 of the human CPOX gene (CPOX4) and demonstrated that CPOX4 is associated with both modified urinary porphyrin excretion and increased neurobehavioral deficits among human subjects with low-level mercury (Hg) exposure. Here, we sought to characterize the gene products of CPOX and CPOX4 with respect to biochemical and kinetic properties. Coproporphyrinogen-III was incubated with recombinantly expressed and purified human CPOX and CPOX4 enzymes at various substrate concentrations, with or without Hg(2+) present. Both CPOX and CPOX4 formed protoporphyrinogen-IX from coproporphyrinogen-III; however, the affinity of CPOX4 was twofold lower than that of CPOX (CPOX K(m) = 0.30 microM, V(max) = 0.52 pmol protoporphyrin-IX; CPOX4 K(m) = 0.54 microM, V(max) = 0.33 pmol protoporphyrin-IX). Hg(2+) specifically inhibited the second step of coproporphyrinogen-III decarboxylation (harderoporphyrinogen to protoporphyrinogen-IX) in a dose dependent manner. We also compared the catalytic activities of CPOX and CPOX4 in human liver samples. The specific activities of CPOX in mutant livers were significantly lower (40-50%) than those of either wild-type or heterozygous. Additionally, enzymes from mutant, heterozygous and wild-type livers were comparably inhibited by Hg(2+) (10 microM), decreasing CPOX4 activity to 25% that of the wild-type enzyme. These findings suggest that CPOX4 may predispose to impaired heme biosynthesis, which is limited further by Hg exposure. These effects may underlie increased susceptibility to neurological deficits previously observed in Hg-exposed humans with CPOX4.
A model for the operation of a laser-triggered vacuum low-inductance switch

A new model for the operation of a laser-triggered vacuum switch utilizing a composite target pellet in the cathode is given along with supporting experimental results. It is shown that two separate mechanisms are responsible for the operation of the switch, namely, a thermal mechanism for the initial current flow and an ion regeneration mechanism for the current buildup. The current buildup is strongly dependent upon geometry, as is evident from the experiments with 3- and 1-mm apertures in the anode. The jitter time is primarily determined during current buildup and nearly independent of the laser energy. An ion regeneration mechanism is consistent with the experimental data for current buildup, and a thermal mechanism is consistent with the initial generation of current. >
Organization of nucleus rotundus, a tectofugal thalamic nucleus in turtles. I. Nissl and Golgi analyses

This study consists of a detailed cytoarchitectonic and Golgi analysis of a major tectofugal thalamic nucleus in the red-eared turtle, Pseudemys scripta elegans. Neurons in nucleus rotundus have a unimodal soma size distribution and a common dendritic branching pattern. They have long dendrites which undergo sparse, dichotomous branchings and contribute to dendritic fields that cover a third to half the dimensions of the nucleus. Spicules, 1-2 μ long, and complex appendages, 5-20 μ long, are found with low density on many dendrites in Golgi-Kopsch material. A few cells have beaded dendritic processes. Three cytoarchitectural regions can be differentiated in nucleus rotundus: a shell, a cell-poor region and a core. The shell is a monolayer of somata forming the peripheral boundary of most of the nucleus. The cell-poor region forms a thin zone concentric with and internal to the shell. Shell cells send some of their dendrites concentrically within this zone and others radially into the core region. Core neurons are dispersed within the neuropil of the nucleus and usually have spherical dendritic fields. However, peripheral core neurons have asymmetrical fields, so their dendrites do not extend beyond the shell. Caudomedial and central subregions of the core can be defined on the basis of neuronal density and cytology. Somata in the caudomedial area of the core are densely packed and have slightly darker staining cytoplasm than those in the central subregion. However, their dendrites are similar to those of the central core neurons. There is extensive dendritic overlap between the two subregions.
Assessing Longitudinal Change: Adjustment for Regression to the Mean Effects

Pascarella (J Coll Stud Dev 47:508-520, 2006) has called for an increase in use of longitudinal data with pretest-posttest design when studying effects on college students. However, such designs that use multiple measures to document change are vulnerable to an important threat to internal validity, regression to the mean. Herein, we discuss a brief history of regression to the mean and illustrate a straightforward procedure to make adjustments to initial pretest scores for regression to the mean effects utilizing a method developed by Roberts (in: G. Echternacht (Guest ed.) New directions for testing and measurement, 1980). Analyses are shown with both unadjusted and adjusted pretest scores, illustrating dramatic differences in conclusions about whether students change across time.
Atlas of Amputations and Limb Deficiencies: Surgical, Prosthetic, and Rehabilitation Principles. 3rd ed.

Douglas G. Smith, John W. Michael, and John H. Bowker, editors. Rosemont, IL: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons; 2004. 965 pages. $215.00. The third edition of the Atlas of Amputations and Limb Deficiencies: Surgical, Prosthetic, and Rehabilitation Principles is a long-overdue follow-up to the second edition of the Atlas of Limb Prosthetics: Surgical, Prosthetic, and Rehabilitation Principles, published in 1992. The new edition is a comprehensive reference book that provides a thoughtful and detailed review of the surgical, biomechanical, and prosthetic aspects of amputations and limb deficiencies and assesses the major advances in the care of these patients over the last twelve years. The book is divided into five comprehensive sections: introduction, the upper limb, the lower limb, management issues, and pediatrics. The introductory …
Efficient VCO phase macromodel generation considering statistical parametric variations

With the growing concern of process variability, parameterized circuit models are becoming increasingly important for circuit design and verification. Although techniques exist to extract compact VCO phase macromodels, a direct parametrization of VCO macromodels over a large set of parametric variations not only results in highly complex models, but also leads to significantly high computational cost. In this paper, an efficient parameterized VCO phase model generation technique is presented to capture the impacts of statistical parametric variations. The model extraction cost of our approach is significantly reduced by exploiting circuit-specific parameter dimension reduction, which effectively reduces the parameter space dimension over which the phase model needs to be extracted. The application of parameter reduction is facilitated by a novel and fast time-domain sampling technique that provides the essential statistical correlation data. Our numerical experiments have shown that the proposed model generation approach is more efficient than brute-force parametric modeling while producing accurate parameterized phase models that can capture large range parametric variations.
Continuous SSCF of AFEX™ pretreated corn stover for enhanced ethanol productivity using commercial enzymes and Saccharomyces cerevisiae 424A (LNH-ST)

ABSTRACT: High productivity processes are critical forcommercial production of cellulosic ethanol. One highproductivity process—continuous hydrolysis and fermen-tation—has been applied in corn ethanol industry. Howev-er, little research related to this process has been conductedon cellulosic ethanol production. Here, we report andcomparethe kinetics of both batchSHF (separate hydrolysisand co-fermentation) and SSCF (simultaneous sacchariﬁca-tion and co-fermentation) of AFEX TM (Ammonia FiberExpansion) pretreated corn stover (AFEX TM -CS). Subse-quently, we designed a SSCF process to evaluate continuoushydrolysisandfermentationperformanceonAFEX TM -CSina series of continuous stirred tank reactors (CSTRs). Basedon similar sugar to ethanol conversions (around 80% glu-cose-to-ethanol conversion and 47% xylose-to-ethanol con-version), the overall process ethanol productivity forcontinuous SSCF was 2.3- and 1.8-fold higher than batchSHF and SSCF, respectively. Slow xylose fermentation andhigh concentrations of xylose oligomers were the majorfactors limiting further enhancement of productivity.Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2013;110: 1302–1311. 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.KEYWORDS: continuous fermentation; SSCF; SHF; cellu-losic ethanol; AFEX; enzymatic hydrolysis
Integrated Vehicle Thermal Management for Advanced Vehicle Propulsion Technologies

Techniques for evaluating and quantifying integrated transient and continuous heat loads of combined systems incorporating electric drive systems operating primarily under transient duty cycles.
BEHAVIOR MODIFICATION IN THE CLASSROOM: A REJOINDER TO WINETT AND WINKLER†

Abstract Winett and Winkler aptly criticized the “appropriate” behaviors that behavior modifiers have chosen to change. However, after reviewing 14 Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis articles concerning behavior modification in the classroom, they made the sweeping over-generalization that “as currently practised, behavior modification has done very little to change the deplorable state of our schools.” Finally, they suggest a free classroom in which learning is accompanied by “singing, laughing, and whistling.” A number of studies not mentioned by Winett and Winkler are here presented to illustrate the innovative ways in which behavior modification has been utilized to change the complexion of classrooms from the elementary school to the college level. A strawman model child as purportedly seen by behavior modifiers was built by Winett and Winkler, but this author could not find one instance in the literature where the teacher or behavior modifier desired the behavior thus depicted by the straw-man model child. Furthermore, this author questions the desirability of the “informal” or “free” classroom approach for children with marked social and academic problems. Nonetheless, the general admonition of Winett and Winkler should definitely by taken seriously—namely the behavior modifier should seriously question the behaviors he is being asked to change. Finally, a possible integration of reinforcement principles and some aspects of the informal school are discussed.