cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Framework for Structured Search of Distributed Research Resources.

Search engines are powerful tools to retrieve information. However, most searches require knowing the vocabulary of the search space to locate the needed resources. Researchers usually use the vocabulary of their discipline to locate such resources, but resources indirectly related to their research often involve vocabularies outside of their field. If the relationships among these disciplines are known, the new vocabularies can be learned, but the fast pace of new research makes it very difficult for a researcher to know what vocabularies to learn. We propose a new framework that represents resources as concepts represented within a resource, forming a searchable concept space. As resources are added to the framework, the concept space will be further defined. Known or discovered relationships can be documented as well. This framework thus provides the foundation for a search mechanism that locates resources by matching concepts from the search rather than through keywords or other vocabulary-defined information.
Meso-level Social Change

This is the last substantive chapter of the book, exploring the dynamics of change at the mesolevel. It is argued that, ultimately, changes occur at the mesolevel in response to selection pressures emanating from the macro- and microlevel environments of corporate and categoric units. As these change, then the institutional domains and stratification systems of a society and potentially intersocietal system change, as do the mesolevel and most immediate environments of the microlevel. The chapter emphasizes diverse sources of change but gives particular emphasis on the emergence of social movement organizations (SMOs). Change is viewed to occur when individuals respond to grievances from discontinuities and tensions in social structure and culture, and begin to create an organizational structure whose goal is to change some dimensions of the existing culture and structure of a society or community. Inequalities and particularly inequalities consolidated with categoric-unit memberships are one of the most important forces of change in a society, creating tensions and grievances that increase the likelihood of social movement foundings. These SMOs mobilize and focus grievances, typically on systems of existing authority, and then recruit members and other key resources to realize their goals. Like any corporate unit, SMOs operate with environments, fields, and resource niches, the dynamics of which are emphasized. There are macrolevel cultural fields composed of texts, values, ideologies, meta-ideologies, and institutional norms, as well as microlevel fields revolving around people’s beliefs and grievances at the level of encounters. There are also mesolevel fields consisting of beliefs about members of categoric units and the cultures of groups and other organizations operating in the environment of an SMO. At the structural level, the mechanisms integrating institutional domains and stratification systems operate as environmental constraints on SMOs, forcing SMOs to develop strategies, tactics, and goals within the resource niches that such integration generates. The chapter closes with the last set of principles on mesodynamics, emphasizing the macro- and microlevel conditions that increase the likelihood of SMOs emerging and that make them effective or ineffective in their efforts to bring about social change.
The orientation of CO intercalated between graphene and Ru(0001)

Abstract 13CO molecules are intercalated under a single layer graphene film on Ru(0001) and interrogated with helium low energy ion scattering. Single scattering is used to determine the mass distribution of atomic species visible to the ion beam and detector, and the scattering angle is varied to distinguish adsorbed from intercalated molecules. At room temperature, CO intercalates as molecules that sit upright with the O end on top, as on clean Ru. When the temperature is raised, the intercalated CO tilts more than it does on clean Ru. This is presumably due to increased vibrational amplitudes combined with the confining effect of the graphene film.
Rescue high frequency ventilation for congenital diaphragmatic hernia.

Introduction High frequency jet (HFJV) and oscillatory (HFOV) ventilation were used to rescue newborns with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH), who failed conventional mechanical ventilation (CV). Changes in ventilator settings and pulmonary gas exchange were evaluated following transition to high frequency ventilation (HFV). Methods Records of patients with CDH rescued with HFV prior to surgical intervention between 2006 and 2015 were reviewed. Mean airway pressure (Pāw) and arterial blood gases during CV and those obtained within the first hour of HFV were compared. A composite repeated measure analysis was performed to evaluate longitudinal and intergroup variances. Results Twenty-seven patients were rescued from CV, 16 by HFJV and 11 by HFOV. The two groups had similar gestational ages and birth weights. Prior to HFV, both groups had similar Pāw, PaCO2, FiO2 and PaO2. HFV was associated with a significant improvement in ventilation, and the rate of decrease of PaCO2 was no different between groups. There was a significantly higher increase in Pāw increase with HFOV compared to HFJV. Conclusions In newborns with CDH rescued with HFV, ventilation improved but Pāw was significantly lower in patients supported with HFJV compared to HFOV.
An experiential approach to teaching mixed methods research

The ability to use multimethod data is an increasingly desirable skill set for business practitioners. Projects that allow business students to practice mixed methods research create a valuable opp...
A population balance model to modulate shear for the control of aggregation in Taxus suspension cultures.

Cellular aggregation in plant suspension cultures directly affects the accumulation of high value products, such as paclitaxel from Taxus. Through application of mechanical shear by repeated, manual pipetting through a 10 ml pipet with a 1.6 mm aperture, the mean aggregate size of a Taxus culture can be reduced without affecting culture growth. When a constant level of mechanical shear was applied over eight generations, the sheared population was maintained at a mean aggregate diameter 194 μm lower than the unsheared control, but the mean aggregate size fluctuated by over 600 μm, indicating unpredictable culture variability. A population balance model was developed to interpret and predict disaggregation dynamics under mechanical shear. Adjustable parameters involved in the breakage frequency function of the population balance model were estimated by nonlinear optimization from experimentally measured size distributions. The optimized model predictions were in strong agreement with measured size distributions. The model was then used to determine the shear requirements to successfully reach a target aggregate size distribution. This model will be utilized in the future to maintain a culture with a constant size distribution with the goal of decreasing culture variability and increasing paclitaxel yields.
Planck's and Callendar's blackbody radiation formulas and their fitness to experimental data

In this paper, we compare the blackbody radiation density formula obtained with classical physics by Hugh L Callendar and the formula obtained by Max Planck using the quantization of energy. We use R and Maxima to analyze their fitness on coordinating experimental data and indicate some limitations with experiments in this area.
Climate Science Denial as Willful Hermeneutical Ignorance

Climate science denial results from ignorance and perpetuates ignorance about scientific facts and methods of inquiry. In this paper, I explore climate science denial as a type of active ignorance ...
Rebels against the Anthropocene? Ideology, Spirituality, Popular Culture, and Human Domination of the World within the Disney Empire

There is no scientific consensus whether a new epoch labeled the Anthropocene should be declared and, if so, when it started. Yet the basic idea can be helpful and provocatively stated: The Anthropocene is that period in Earth’s history traceable to when Homo sapiens began subjugating and expropriating for its own use the world’s organisms and ecosystems. Given this understanding it may be possible to illuminate how ‘religion’ and ‘popular culture’ are entangled with these anthropogenic processes. The creative productions and commercial enterprises launched by Walt Disney and his corporation, reflect, express, and promote diverse understandings of the human domination of the world and those peoples often understood to have beneficent, spiritual relations with nature. Analyzing understandings, contentions, and trends that are found under Disney’s umbrella shows how it reflects and promotes diverse cultural understandings, including religious ones, about the proper relationships between human beings and their various environments. Such analysis also shows that significant changes are unfolding and that some of Disney’s creatives are among a growing chorus of rebels against the Anthropocene.
Ideologies, Institutions, and Interests: Why Economic Ideas Don’t Compete on a Level Playing Field

The term “marketplace of ideas” is thoroughly misleading. This phrase is often used to suggest that bad ideas are “defeated” by better ideas in public discourse. In the field of economics, for example, it is commonly assumed that the mainstream, precisely because it is the mainstream, has defeated less worthy rivals. But the extension of the competitive metaphor from markets to ideas is fraught with peril. Markets presuppose some institutional foundation that governs the exchange process. What ensures that market competition is socially beneficial is a strong tendency for good products and firms to succeed over bad and corrupt ones. While ideas do compete, the institutional arrangements governing the selection of ideas looks quite different from that which underlies markets. Ideas are subscribed to by individuals; individuals interact with a wide array of overlapping institutions; institutions select for outcomes on margins unrelated to truth. To demonstrate this, we explore the relationship between the economics profession and the state. We categorize this relationship as a spontaneous order and discuss the resulting implications.
Redefining smartness in township with Internet of Things & Artificial Intelligence: Dholera city

Internet of Things (IoT) with Artificial Intelligence (AI) has the virtue to address the key challenges encountered by the excessive Urban population; contributing to water management, waste management, energy crisis, and many such affairs. The urban city has reached the level of water scarcity with no adequate water supply. The lack of interconnectivity within the city also leads to severe consequences, such as delayed responses to emergency situations along with irregular traffic and infrastructure management. “Dholera ” the futuristic city attempt to solve these issues. Dholera is the biggest and India’s first upcoming greenfield smart city solution developed under the Delhi Mumbai Industrial Corridor (DMIC) project in Gujarat, India. We have analyzed a few domains from this township project, to mention a few - Water Management, Waste Management, City Integrated Operation Centre (CIOC) and City portal. This paper spotlights on the novel ideas enhancing the smart city features and the working. Automating the city resources using futuristic technologies like big data analytics, Artificial Intelligence (AI) and the Internet of Things (IoT) would make the city well-functioning. In Dholera city, various sensors are mounted and interconnected to collect the data, monitor it, and communicate the values for dynamic action(s). Dholera has AI-based urban transportation, smart grids, renewable energy, solar power, waste and water management, along with urban farming, contributing to a reduction in carbon dioxide emissions and improving energy, water and managing traffic issues effectively. Smart cities are well classified as the growth bar contributing to the universal economy. This paper presents various models making the Dholera city a Fast Responsive, Sustainable, Intelligent and well-connected township.
Comparison of historical and contemporary isolates of Senecavirus A.

Senecavirus A (SVA) was discovered as a cell culture contaminant in 2002, and multiple attempts to experimentally reproduce disease were unsuccessful. Field reports of porcine idiopathic vesicular disease (PIVD) cases testing PCR positive for SVA in addition to outbreaks of PIVD in Brazil and the United States in 2015 suggested SVA was a causative agent, which has now been consistently demonstrated experimentally. Ease of experimental reproduction of disease with contemporary strains of SVA raised questions concerning the difficulty of reproducing vesicular disease with historical isolates. The following study was conducted to compare the pathogenicity of SVA between historical and contemporary isolates in growing pigs. Six groups of pigs (n = 8) were intranasally inoculated with the following SVA isolates: SVV001/2002, CAN/2011, HI/2012, IA/2015, NC/2015, SD/2015. All isolates induced vesicular disease in at least half of the inoculated pigs from each group. All pigs replicated virus as demonstrated by serum and/or swab samples positive for SVA by quantitative PCR. Pig sera tested by virus neutralization assay demonstrated cross-neutralizing antibodies against all viruses utilized in the study. Cross-neutralizing antibodies from pigs inoculated with historical isolates were lower than those pigs that were inoculated with contemporary isolates. Phylogenetic analysis revealed two clades with SVV001/2002 being in a separate clade compared to the other five isolates. Although differences in the infection kinetics and sequences of these six isolates were found, clinical presentation of vesicular disease was similar between both historical and contemporary isolates.
Writing a Grant or Contract Proposal

My first grant proposal was a horror story: It was long, verbose, and poorly organized. Fortunately for me, in 1975 one could write a grant proposal that had all of these flaws, plus others, and still get funded. I did. But in the 1990s, I probably wouldn't have had a prayer and would have had to rewrite the whole thing. In 1975, the competition for grants was stiff; in the 1990s, it was close to ridiculous. Only the very best proposals even have a chance of success, and many that meet all of the scientific criteria for funding are not funded, simply for a lack of money. Therefore, it is important to know how to write a grant proposal in order to maximize your chances of getting funded. In this chapter, I will describe some basics of proposals, some keys to writing good proposals, and some things that agencies look for in making funding decisions. Different funding organizations have different guidelines for writing proposals. There would be no sense in consuming space in this book describing the requirements of various organizations; there are too many organizations and requirements, and the requirements are constantly changing. Rather, I will describe 18 keys to writing a good proposal. Paying attention to these keys does not ensure that you will be funded, but they will surely help!
Dairy Beef Quality Assurance

The effects of reproductive hormone injections on beef quality and tenderness in dairy cows have not been well-described. The dilemma in Beef Quality Assurance for the dairy industry is the difficulty of injecting in front of the shoulder when animal handling facilities often include headlocks only. Using information about muscle damage caused by injections of reproductive hormones, producers, and veterinarians can make better decisions about injection practices which adequately balance meat quality with human safety.
Maintenance of nest quality in Adélie penguins Pygoscelis adeliae: an additional benefit to life in the center

In colonial seabirds, differences in the nesting or fledging success have been associated with differences in nest position within the breeding aggregation (subcolony): less successful nests are located on the periphery, with more successful nests closer to the center. For Pygoscelid penguins, central nests tend to be larger, with nest size being an indicator of individual quality because stones must be gathered singly, so more stones reflect more individual effort. Competition for nest materials, including the collection of materials from another’s nest, has also frequently been described in penguins and other colonial seabirds. We used the data collected during the incubation stage from a total of 20 subcolonies at two separate breeding colonies of Adelie penguins (Pygoscelis adeliae) on Ross Island (Antarctica) to test the influence of nest position on breeding success. We also investigated how competition for nest stones could occur at different intensities depending on size of the subcolony, nest position, and quality within a subcolony. We found that peripheral nests experienced lower breeding success and higher number of individuals attempting to remove stones with higher removal success rates than from nests toward the center. The higher costs associated with maintaining and defending nests that incur higher removal pressure could be an additional factor involved in the lower breeding success of peripheral nests.
Serum Amyloid a Proteins Induce Pathogenic T H 17 Cells and Promote Inflammatory Disease

Lymphoid cells that produce IL-17 cytokines protect barrier tissues from pathogenic microbes, but are also prominent effectors of inflammation and autoimmune disease. T-helper (TH17) cells, defined by RORγt-dependent production of IL-17A and IL-17F, exert homeostatic functions in the gut upon microbiota-directed differentiation from naive CD4+ T cells. In the non-pathogenic setting, their cytokine production is regulated by serum amyloid A proteins (SAA1 and SAA2) secreted by adjacent intestinal epithelial cells. However, TH17 cell behaviors vary markedly according to their environment. Here we show that SAAs additionally direct a pathogenic pro-inflammatory TH17 cell differentiation program, acting directly on T cells in collaboration with STAT3-activating cytokines. Using loss- and gain-of-function mouse models, we show that SAA1, SAA2, and SAA3 have distinct systemic and local functions in promoting TH17-mediated inflammatory diseases. These studies suggest that T cell signaling pathways modulated by the SAAs may be attractive targets for anti-inflammatory therapies.
Imagining Justice: Aesthetics and Public Executions in Late Eighteenth-Century England

A mid-eighteenth-century traveller noted with surprise that parents in London regularly took their children to watch hangings. Upon returning home, the children would be whipped so that they would remember the spectacle. Yet by the 1780s, such literal dependence upon the visual as part of punishment was in retreat. Increasingly, the criminal justice system relied on what remained unseen but imagined. This essay explores how eighteenth-century England discovered the importance of imagination in criminal punishment.
A pilot study of cyber security and privacy related behavior and personality traits

Recent research has begun to focus on the factors that cause people to respond to phishing attacks as well as affect user behavior on social networks. This study examines the correlation between the Big Five personality traits and email phishing response. Another aspect examined is how these factors relate to users' tendency to share information and protect their privacy on Facebook (which is one of the most popular social networking sites).This research shows that when using a prize phishing email, neuroticism is the factor most correlated to responding to this email, in addition to a gender-based difference in the response. This study also found that people who score high on the openness factor tend to both post more information on Facebook as well as have less strict privacy settings, which may cause them to be susceptible to privacy attacks. In addition, this work detected no correlation between the participants estimate of being vulnerable to phishing attacks and actually being phished, which suggests susceptibility to phishing is not due to lack of awareness of the phishing risks and that real-time response to phishing is hard to predict in advance by online users.The goal of this study is to better understand the traits that contribute to online vulnerability, for the purpose of developing customized user interfaces and secure awareness education, designed to increase users' privacy and security in the future.
Gowers, William Richard

William Gowers (1845–1915) was the outstanding English clinical neurologist of the nineteenth century. He was a consummate observer who made fundamental contributions to our clinical understanding of a wide variety of neurological disorders and syndromes including epilepsy, migraine, chorea, muscular dystrophies, and neurosyphilis. He was instrumental, along with his colleague Hughlings Jackson, in establishing the National Hospital in Queen Square as an epicenter for the training of neurologists, and well into the twentieth century it was often said in America that a neurologist's clinical training was incomplete if he/she had not spent time there. Gowers was largely responsible for the ophthalmoscope becoming an essential instrument in the evaluation of neurological patients. His Manual of Diseases of the Nervous System was justifiably considered the ‘bible of neurology’ and was the leading textbook in neurology until well into the twentieth century. It remains a treasure trove of neurological observations that can still be profitably read today.
Zing: Exploiting Program Structure for Model Checking Concurrent Software

Model checking is a technique for finding bugs in systems by systematically exploring their state spaces. We wish to extract sound models from concurrent programs automatically and check the behaviors of these models systematically. The zing project is an effort to build a flexible infrastructure to represent and model check abstractions of large concurrent software.
Three-dimensional imaging of electrospun fiber mats using confocal laser scanning microscopy and digital image analysis

Confocal laser scanning microscopy with fluorescent markers and index matching has been used to collect three-dimensional (3D) digitized images of electrospun fiber mats and of a borosilicate glass fiber material. By embedding the fluorescent dye in either the material component (fibers) or pore space component (the index-matching fluid), acquisitions of both positive and negative images of the porous fibrous materials are demonstrated. Image analysis techniques are then applied to the 3D reconstructions of the fibrous materials to extract important morphological characteristics such as porosity, specific surface area, distributions of fiber diameter and of pore diameter, and fiber orientation distribution; the results are compared with other experimental measurements where available. The topology of the pore space is quantified for an electrospun mat for the first time using the Euler-Poincare characteristic. Finally, a method is presented for subdividing the pore space into a network of cavities and the gates that interconnect them, by which the network structure of the pore space in these electrospun mats is determined.
Anomalous Non-Prussian Blue Structures and Magnetic Ordering of K2MnII[MnII(CN)6] and Rb2MnII[MnII(CN)6]

The reaction of MnII and KCN in aqueous and non-aqueous media leads to the isolation of three-dimensional (3-D) Prussian blue analogues, K2Mn[Mn(CN)6] (1a−d, 1e, respectively). Use of RbCN forms Rb2Mn[Mn(CN)6] (2). 1 and 2 are isomorphic {monoclinic, P21/n: 1 [a = 10.1786(1) A, b = 7.4124(1) A, c = 6.9758(1) A, β = 90.206(1)o]; 2 [a = 10.4101(1) A, b = 7.4492(1) A, c = 7.2132(1) A, β = 90.072(1)o]}, with a small monoclinic distortion from the face centered cubic (fcc) structure that is typical of Prussian blue structured materials that was previously reported for K2Mn[Mn(CN)6]. Most notably the average Mn−N−C angles are 148.8° and 153.3° for 1 and 2, respectively, which are significantly reduced from linearity. This is attributed to the ionic nature of high spin MnII accommodating a reduced M−CN−M′ angle and minimizing void space. Compounds 1a,b have a sharp, strong νOH band at 3628 cm−1, while 1e lacks a νOH absorption. The νOH absorption in 1a,b is attributed to surface water, as use of D2O shifts the ν...
A Review of Cancer Electromagnetic Frequency Therapy: Towards Physics of Cancer

It is known that conventional chemotherapy has average success rate of less than 25%, which seems to suggest that we need a better therapy for cancer. Chemotherapy and radiation employ non-specific toxic effects to inhibit the proliferation of both normal and tumor cells. In this regard, specific low frequency EMT has been reported to restore the homeostatic function of genes involved with controlling cell growth. Here I discuss possibility of a novel approach of cancer treatment using various applications of electromagnetic frequency.
MEDWRAP: Consistent View Maintenance over Distributed Multi-relation Sources

Warehouses today extract information from several sources, each with multiple relations. Incremental View Maintenance (VM) of warehouses in such environments faces the problem of concurrency conflicts due to simultaneous relational updates occurring within and across these (semi-autonomous) sources. Existing VM algorithms only partially solve this issue. Some like ECA and CCA assume a single-source warehouse, while others like Strobe and SWEEP assume a multi-source environment with only one relation per source. However, in practice data sources have multiple relations in one schema. In this paper, we propose a solution called MEDWRAP that applies two-layered compensation. It resolves concurrency conflicts by using single-source compensation at each source wrapper and multi-source compensation at the mediator. We show that this achieves correct and consistent view maintenance. Not requiring intermediate views to be stored at the wrapper, MEDWRAP is space-efficient, a highly desirable feature, given the ever increasing size of modern warehouses.
Macroeconomics in Emerging Markets

Part I. Overview: 1. Macroeconomics and development Part II. A Benchmark Macroeconomic Model for an Emerging Economy: 2. Equilibrium in the domestic labor and goods markets 3. Equilibrium in the financial markets 4. Short-run macroeconomic equilibrium 5. Medium-term macroeconomic equilibrium Part III. Public Finance and Macroeconomic Performance: 6. The intertemporal budget constraint of the public sector 7. Consequences of insolvency I: high inflation 8. Consequences of insolvency II: public sector debt and economic growth 9. Measures for achieving fiscal credibility I: central bank independence 10. Measures for achieving fiscal credibility II: privatization Part IV. The Financial Sector and Macroeconomic Performance: 11. Finance, welfare, and growth 12. Financial repression 13. Financial reform, public policy, and financial crises 14. Financial openness and the sequencing of financial reform 15. Coping with capital inflows Part V. Exchange Rate Management: 16. Equilibrium real exchange rates: 17. Exchange rate regimes 18. Managing an officially-determined rate 19. Banking crises and exchange rate crises 20. Domestic macroeconomic management in emerging economies: lessons from the crises of the nineties.
Separating read and write units in multiferroic devices

Strain-mediated multiferroic composites, i.e., piezoelectric-magnetostrictive heterostructures, hold profound promise for energy-efficient computing in beyond Moore’s law era. While reading a bit of information stored in the magnetostrictive nanomagnets using a magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ), a material selection issue crops up since magnetostrictive materials in general cannot be utilized as the free layer of the MTJ. This is an important issue since we need to achieve a high magnetoresistance for technological applications. We show here that magnetically coupling the magnetostrictive nanomagnet and the free layer e.g., utilizing the magnetic dipole coupling between them can circumvent this issue. By solving stochastic Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equation of magnetization dynamics in the presence of room-temperature thermal fluctuations, we show that such design can eventually lead to a superior energy-delay product.
Fibrational Semantics of Dataflow Networks

Beginning with the category Dom of Scott domains and continuous maps, we introduce a syntax for dataflow networks as “systems of inequalities,” and provide an associated operational semantics. We observe that, under this semantics, a system of inequalities determines a two-sided fibration in Dom. This leads to the introduction of a certain class of cartesian arrows of spans as a notion of morphism for systems. The resulting structure Sys, consisting of domains, systems, and morphisms, forms a bicategory that embeds Dom up to equivalence and is suitable as a semantic model for nondeterministic networks. Isomorphism in Sys amounts to a notion of system equivalence “up to deterministic internal computations.”
Foreign wage premium, gender and education : insights from Vietnam household surveys

This paper investigates the differential impacts of foreign ownership on wages for different types of workers (in terms of educational background and gender) in Vietnam using the Vietnam Household Living Standards Surveys of 2002 and 2004. Whereas most previous studies have compared wage levels between foreign and domestic sectors using firm-level data (thus excluding the informal sector), one advantage of using the Living Standards Surveys in this paper is that the data allow wage comparison analyses to extend to the informal wage sector. A series of Mincerian earnings equations and worker-specific fixed effects models are estimated. Several findings emerge. First, foreign firms pay higher wages relative to their domestic counterparts after controlling for workers personal characteristics. Second, the higher the individual workers' levels of education, the larger on average are the wage premiums for those who work for foreign firms. Third, longer hours of work in foreign firm jobs relative to working in the informal wage sector are an important component of the wage premium. Finally, unskilled women experience a larger foreign wage premium than unskilled men, reflecting the low earning opportunities for women and a higher gender gap in the informal wage sector.
Skill Biased Heterogeneous Firms, Trade Liberalization and the Skill Premium

We propose a theory that rising globalization and rising wage inequality are related because trade liberalization raises the demand facing highly competitive skill-intensive firms. In our model, only the lowest-cost firms participate in the global economy exactly along the lines of Melitz (2003). In addition to differing in their productivity, firms differ in their skill intensity. We model skill-biased technology as a correlation between skill intensity and technological acumen, and we estimate this correlation to be large using firm-level data from Chile in 1995. A fall in trade costs leads to both greater trade volumes and an increase in the relative demand for skill, as the lowest-cost/most-skilled firms expand to serve the export market while less skill-intensive non-exporters retrench in the face of increased import competition. This mechanism works regardless of factor endowment differences, so we provide an explanation for why globalization and wage inequality move together in both skill-abundant and skill-scarce countries. In our model countries are net exporters of the services of their abundant factor, but there are no Stolper-Samuelson effects because import competition affects all domestic firms equally.
A Visual Model Approach for Parsing Colonoscopy Videos

Colonoscopy is an important screening procedure for colorectal cancer. During this procedure, the endoscopist visually inspects the colon. Currently, there is no content-based analysis and retrieval system that automatically analyzes videos captured from colonoscopic procedures and provides a user-friendly and efficient access to important content. Such a system will be valuable as an educational resource for endoscopic research, a platform to assess procedural skills for endoscopists, and a platform for mining for unknown abnormality patterns that may lead to colorectal cancer. The first necessary step for the analysis is parsing for semantic units. In this paper, we propose a new visual model approach that employs visual features extracted directly from compressed videos together with audio analysis to discover important semantic units called scenes. Our experimental results show average precision and recall of 93% and 85%, respectively.
What the Doctor Didn't Say

Imagine that you have recently been diagnosed with a debilitating illness. Your physician recommends that you enroll in a clinical trial of an experimental new drug that may offer the only real possibility of remission or cure. Would you jump at the chance? On first blush, it might seem an easy decision. However, you might feel differently after reading What the Doctor Didn't Say by Jerry Menikoff and Edward P. Richards. At the least, you would ask your physician a list of probing questions before agreeing to take part. Clinical research to evaluate new medical treatments is a far riskier and murkier proposition for subjects than most people outside the medical world may realize. Many studies offer subjects no therapeutic benefits but present serious risks. These are aspects of research that doctors often do not reveal, and this book tries to make up for that.
The Survival and Birth of Firms

Using a modified form of the location quotient, a “growth quotient,” this study traces the survival and growth for the headquarters of publicly listed firms in the United States. At the county leve...
A New Proof of the Mullineux Conjecture

Let Sd denote the symmetric group on d letters. In 1979 Mullineux conjectured a combinatorial algorithm for calculating the effect of tensoring with an irreducible Sd-module with the one dimensional sign module when the ground field has positive characteristic. Kleshchev proved the Mullineux conjecture in 1996. In the present article we provide a new proof of the Mullineux conjecture which is entirely independent of Kleshchev's approach. Applying the representation theory of the supergroup GL(m v n) and the supergroup analogue of Schur-Weyl Duality it becomes straightforward to calculate the combinatorial effect of tensoring with the sign representation and, hence, to verify Mullineux's conjecture. Similar techniques also allow us to classify the irreducible polynomial representations of GL(m v n) of degree d for arbitrary m, n, and d.
Effect of optimizations on performance of OpenMP programs

In this paper, we describe several compiler optimization techniques and their effect on the performance of OpenMP programs We elaborate on the major design considerations in a high performance OpenMP compiler and present experimental data based on the implementation of the optimizations in the Intel® C++ and Fortran compilers for Intel platforms Interactions of the OpenMP translation phase with other sequential optimizations in the compiler are discussed The techniques in this paper are responsible for achieving significant performance improvements on the industry standard SPEC* OMPM2001 and SPEC* OMPL2001 benchmarks, and these results are presented for Intel® Pentium® and Itanium® processor based systems.
Promoting handwashing and sanitation : evidence from a large-scale randomized trial in rural Tanzania

The association between hygiene, sanitation, and health is well documented, yet thousands of children die each year from exposure to contaminated fecal matter. At the same time, evidence on the effectiveness of at-scale behavior change interventions to improve sanitation and hygiene practices is limited. This paper presents the results of two large-scale, government-led handwashing and sanitation promotion campaigns in rural Tanzania. For the campaign, 181 wards were randomly assigned to receive sanitation promotion, handwashing promotion, both interventions together, or neither. One year after the end of the program, sanitation wards increased latrine construction rates from 38.6 to 51 percent and reduced regular open defecation from 23.1 to 11.1 percent. Households in handwashing wards show marginal improvements in handwashing behavior related to food preparation, but not at other critical junctures. Limited interaction is observed between handwashing and sanitation on intermediate outcomes: wards that received both handwashing and sanitation promotion are less likely to have feces visible around their latrine and more likely to have a handwashing station close to their latrine facility relative to individual treatment groups. Final health effects on child health measured through diarrhea, anemia, stunting, and wasting are absent in the single-intervention groups. The combined-treatment group produces statistically detectable, but biologically insignificant and inconsistent, health impacts. The results highlight the importance of focusing on intermediate outcomes of take-up and behavior change as a critical first step in large-scale programs before realizing the changes in health that sanitation and hygiene interventions aim to deliver.
First-principles phonon calculations for La2CuO4.

Full potential, linearized, augmented plane wave, total-energy calculations predict that the breathing mode in ${\mathrm{La}}_{2}$Cu${\mathrm{O}}_{4}$ is a high-frequency mode, in agreement with experiment and contrary to previously published results. We also find the experimentally observed tilt mode to be unstable within the local-density approximation. Eight other modes were studied, and excellent agreement with experiment was found, indicating that the local-density approximation gives accurate total energies and static density response for the high-temperature superconductors.
Forensic Extractions of Data from the Nokia N900

The Nokia N900 is a very powerful smartphone and offers great utility to users. As smartphones contain a wealth of information about the user, including information about the user’s contacts, communications, and activities, investigators must have at their disposal the best possible methods for extracting important data from smartphones. Unlike with other smartphones, knowledge of forensic acquisition from the N900 is extremely limited. Extractions of data from the N900 are categorized into limited triage extractions and full physical extractions. The imaging process of the phone has been explained as is necessary for a full investigation of the phone. The types of data as called for in a limited data extraction have been identified, and the locations of these files on the N900 were detailed. Also, a script was created which can be utilized for a limited data extraction from a Nokia N900.
Designing transmitters for spectral conformity: power amplifier design issues and strategies

Spectral constraints placed on radar systems by regulatory agencies require the design of highly linear amplifiers. Spectral spreading in power amplifiers is a result of transistors operated in the non-linear regime to optimise efficiency. Various methods are employed by power amplifier designers to maximise both linearity and efficiency. The methods of predistortion, feedforward, envelope tracking, Doherty and `linear amplification using non-linear components` are discussed in this article. Trade-offs and challenges inherent in these design approaches are surveyed.
Continuity Properties of Equilibria in Some Fisher and Arrow-Debreu Market Models

Following up on the work of Megiddo and Vazirani [10], who determined continuity properties of equilibrium prices and allocations for perhaps the simplest market model, Fisher's linear case, we do the same for: Fisher's model with piecewise-linear, concave utilities Fisher's model with spending constraint utilities Arrow-Debreu's model with linear utilities Eisenberg-Gale markets.
Experimental and Analytical Study of Fatigue Damage in Notched Graphite/Epoxy Laminates

Fatigue damage development in notched graphite/epoxy laminates is investigated in both compression and tension, with tested specimens being examined for damage type and location using light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, ultrasonic C-scans, and X-radiography. Delamination and ply cracking were found to be the dominant types of fatigue damage. Comparison of observed delamination locations with finite element calculations indicates that both interlaminar shear and peel stresses must be considered when predicting delamination. Fatigue loading generally caused only small stiffness losses, and residual strengths were in all cases greater than, or equal to, the virgin strengths.
On optimizing the security-throughput trade-off in wireless networks with adversaries

In this paper, we model the adversary (eavesdropper) present in the wireless communication medium using probabilistic models. We precisely formulate the security-throughput optimization and derive analytical solutions. The effect of different adversary models, and single and multi-rate modulation schemes (BPSK and MQAM) are studied. Simulation results are given to show that significant throughput gain can be achieved by using link (channel) adaptive and adversary adaptive encryption techniques compared to fixed block length encryption.
A Lightweight Coordination Middleware for Mobile Computing

This paper presents Limone, a new coordination model that facilitates rapid application development over ad hoc networks consisting of logically mobile agents and physically mobile hosts. Limone assumes an agent-centric perspective on coordination by allowing each agent to define its own acquaintance policy and by limiting all agent-initiated interactions to agents that satisfy the policy. Agents that satisfy this acquaintance policy are stored in an acquaintance list, which is automatically maintained by the system. This asymmetric style of coordination allows each agent to focus on relevant peers. Coordination activities are restricted to tuple spaces owned by agents in the acquaintance list. Limone tailors Linda-like primitives for mobile environments by eliminating remote blocking and complex group operations. It also provides timeouts for all distributed operations and reactions that enable asynchronous communication with agents in the acquaintance list. Finally, Limone minimizes the granularity of atomic operations and the set of assumptions about the environment. In this paper we introduce Limone, explain its key features, and explore its capabilities as a coordination model. A universal remote control implementation using Limone provides a concrete illustration of the model and the applications it can support.
SUPERVISORY CONTROL, MENTAL MODELS AND DECISION AIDS

Abstract This paper poses a framework for considering human supervisory control of semi-automatic systems, a framework which extends earlier definitions and paradigms. It analyses supervisory control into specific human functions and gives examples of research that have been done and/or are needed with respect to each of these functions. For each such function it is argued that the human supervisory operator necessarily has a corresponding mental model, and potentially can have a computer-based decision aid. The relation of the proposed framework to the canonical modern control paradigm is also discussed, as are the reasonable limitations of our ability to model such a complex human machine interaction which itself exercises a high degree of free choice.
C36, a new carbon solid

Under appropriate non-equilibrium growth conditions, carbon atoms form relatively stable hollow clusters of well-defined mass number1, collectively known as fullerenes. The mass production, purification and condensation of such clusters into a molecular solid is generally essential to full experimental characterization: the initial discovery2 of C60, for example, had to await a bulk synthesis method3 six years later before detailed characterization of the molecule was possible. Gas-phase experiments1,4,5 have indicated the existence of a wide range of fullerene clusters, but beyond C60 only a few pure fullerene solids have been obtained6, most notably C70. Low-mass fullerenes are of particular interest because their high curvature and increased strain energy owing to adjacent pentagonal rings could lead to solids with unusual intermolecular bonding and electronic properties. Here we report the synthesis of the solid form of C36 by the arc-discharge method3. We have developed purification methods that separate C36 from amorphous carbon and other fullerenes, to yield saturated solutions, thin films and polycrystalline powders of the pure solid form. Solid-state NMR measurements suggest that the molecule has D6h symmetry, and electron-diffraction patterns are consistent with a tightly bound molecular solid with an intermolecular spacing of 6.68 A. We observe large increases in the electrical conductivity of the solid on doping with alkali metals.
The burden and costs of prevention and management of genital disease caused by HPV in women: a population-based registry study in Finland.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the total burden and health care provider costs of prevention, management and treatment of HP-related genital disease outcomes including all organized and opportunistic screening tests. Information about HPV-related disease outcomes in the Finnish female population of 2.7 million was obtained from nationwide population-based registry data. We estimated the incidence, health care resource use, health provider costs and life years lost due to cervical, vaginal and vulvar cancer and intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN, VaIN, VIN), cervical adenocarcinoma in situ, and external genital warts. The average annual disease burden of HPV-related genital disease in the female population of Finland comprises altogether 241 cases of cervical, vaginal and vulvar cancer, 2,898 new cases of CIN, 34,432 cases of minor cytological abnormalities, and almost 4,000 cases of external genital warts. The total annual costs of screening, further diagnostics and treatment of HPV-related genital disease were €44.7 million of which the annual costs due to cervical cancer screening were €22.4 million and due to diagnostics, management and treatment of HPV-related genital disease outcomes were €22.3 million. The latter included €8.4 million due to minor cervical abnormalities detected by the current cervical screening practice. The extensive opportunistic Pap testing fails to keep the incidence of cervical cancer from increasing among women aged 30–34. In addition opportunistic screening among this and younger age group detects a significant number of cytological abnormalities, most of which are probably treated unnecessarily.
Square Contingency Table

This article discusses the analysis of contingency tables for which the number of rows equals the number of columns. Three types of models for such tables are discussed: marginal models for comparing margins of the table, loglinear models for describing the joint distribution and the association patterns, and conditional models that consider the distribution of one of the categorical variables conditional on the outcome for the other one. Other topics discussed include testing marginal homogeneity and symmetry, the models of quasi-symmetry and quasi-independence, and modeling agreement. Keywords: agreement; categorical data; loglinear models; marginal homogeneity; McNemar test; quasi-independence; quasi-symmetry; symmetry