cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spatially resolved CF, CF2, SiF and SiF2 densities in fluorocarbon containing inductively driven discharges

Abstract Laser-induced fluorescence was used to measure the spatially resolved CF, CF2, SiF and SiF2 radical densities in inductively driven discharges containing fluorocarbon gases while etching silicon. Measurements of the spatially resolved radical densities were performed in fluorocarbon containing gases such as C2F6, CHF3 and C4F8 as functions of the induction coil power, pressure and bias power above a silicon surface. Measurements of these four species provide information on parent gas dissociation products as well as etch products evolved from the surface. The spatial distributions of these radical species were quite different and did not follow all the optical emission. The spatial distribution of the CF density was peaked in the center of the plasma. The CF2 density had a local maximum in the center of the plasma. However, the CF2 density outside the glow region was a factor of 2–6 higher than the density inside the glow region, depending on the gas. The etch product SiF had a maximum at a radial distance of 2–3 cm from the center of the plasma, and then monotonically decreased towards the edge of the plasma region. While the peak density was a function of the plasma parameters, the general shape of the SiF spatial distribution was independent of the plasma conditions and gas. The SiF2 density had a maximum at a radial distance of approximately 7 cm from the center of the plasma. At this location, the SiF2 plasma-induced optical emission was approximately 10% of the value in the center of the discharge. The SiF2 spatial distribution was dependent on the induction coil power. The location of the peak in the SiF2 density did not depend on the plasma confinement structures or material. The scaling of the CF, CF2 and SiF densities in the center of the plasma with inductive power showed the importance of gas heating in determining the number density in the center of the plasma.
Electrical characterization of SrBi2Ta2O9 thin films for ferroelectric non-volatile memory applications

Abstract Ferroelectric SiBi2Ta2O9 capacitors with Pt electrodes were measured to have a non-volatile polarization of 6.6 μC/cm2 using 3 V pulse polarization measurements, a leakage current of less than 3×10−9 A/cm2 at 3 V, and a breakdown of voltage greater than 20 V. The temperature dependence of hysteresis loops were measured to 200 °C and both the non-volatile polarization and coercive field were observed to decrease with temperature. Process damage caused by CVD of overlying dielectrics and contact window plasma etching was reversed by oxygen annealing. Good resistance against both fatigue and imprint were observed.
Novel Mechanism of Arenavirus-Induced Liver Pathology

Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) encompass a group of diseases with cardinal symptoms of fever, hemorrhage, and shock. The liver is a critical mediator of VHF disease pathogenesis and high levels of ALT/AST transaminases in plasma correlate with poor prognosis. In fact, Lassa Fever (LF), the most prevalent VHF in Africa, was initially clinically described as hepatitis. Previous studies in non-human primate (NHP) models also correlated LF pathogenesis with a robust proliferative response in the liver. The purpose of the current study was to gain insight into the mechanism of liver injury and to determine the potential role of proliferation in LF pathogenesis. C57Bl/6J mice were infected with either the pathogenic (for NHPs) strain of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV, the prototypic arenavirus), LCMV-WE, or with the non-pathogenic strain, LCMV-ARM. As expected, LCMV-WE, but not ARM, caused a hepatitis-like infection. LCMV-WE also induced a robust increase in the number of actively cycling hepatocytes. Despite this increase in proliferation, there was no significant difference in liver size between LCMV-WE and LCMV-ARM, suggesting that cell cycle was incomplete. Indeed, cells appeared arrested in the G1 phase and LCMV-WE infection increased the number of hepatocytes that were simultaneously stained for proliferation and apoptosis. LCMV-WE infection also induced expression of a non-conventional virus receptor, AXL-1, from the TAM (TYRO3/AXL/MERTK) family of receptor tyrosine kinases and this expression correlated with proliferation. Taken together, these results shed new light on the mechanism of liver involvement in VHF pathogenesis. Specifically, it is hypothesized that the induction of hepatocyte proliferation contributes to expansion of the infection to parenchymal cells. Elevated levels of plasma transaminases are likely explained, at least in part, by abortive cell cycle arrest induced by the infection. These results may lead to the development of new therapies to prevent VHF progression.
A carboxyl-terminal region important for the expression and targeting of the skeletal muscle dihydropyridine receptor.

Abstract We have used the yeast two-hybrid technique and expression of truncated/mutated dihydropyridine receptors (DHPRs) to investigate whether the carboxyl tail of the DHPR is involved in targeting to junctions between the sarcolemma and sarcoplasmic reticulum in skeletal muscle. The carboxyl tail was extremely reactive in yeast two-hybrid library screens, with the reactivity residing in amino acids 1621–1647 and abolished by a point mutation (V1642D). Dysgenic myotubes were injected with cDNA encoding green fluorescent protein fused to the amino terminus of DHPRs truncated after either residue 1620 (Δ1621–1873) or residue 1542 (Δ1543–1873) or of full-length DHPRs with the V1642D mutation (V1642D). For either Δ1621–1873 or V1642D, the restoration of excitation-contraction coupling was reduced ∼40%, and the number of functional DHPRs in the sarcolemma was reduced ∼30%, compared with the wild-type DHPR. The restoration of excitation-contraction coupling and surface expression was more drastically reduced (by ∼90 and ∼55%, respectively) for Δ1543–1873. Fluorescence microscopy revealed that Δ1621–1873 and V1642D were concentrated in a longitudinally restricted region near the injected nucleus, whereas wild-type DHPRs were present relatively uniformly along the length of a myotube. The intensity of fluorescence was greatly reduced for Δ1543–1873, indicating a low level of protein expression. Thus, residues 1543–1647 appear to play a role in the biosynthetic processing, transport, and/or anchoring of DHPRs, with residues 1543–1620 being particularly important for expression.
System control for a printwheel typewriter

This paper presents the design goals and architecture of the IBM ™WHEELWRITER typewriters. Some of the development efforts and resulting technical innovations, such as a unique print hammer design which minimizes sensitivities to current variations, are discussed. Included is a discussion of a variable-reluctance stepper motor driver that has selectable damping. A novel scheme for initializing the printwheel and escapement motors is given; this includes sensing the font weight. The electronic architecture of the typewriter and the design of a simplified algorithm to handle the many different keyboards that can be attached to the machine with a minimum amount of data storage are explained.
A critique of Plantinga's theological foundationalism

I think that the epistemological theory presented by Plantinga would be more plausible if it were amended in a way that would be consistent with the no-foundations view suggested above. We have considered in detail his conception of basic beliefs in Section II above, and noted that his conception of basicality was obscure. For Plantinga, beliefs are basic only under certain conditions, and this is an obscure notion of basicality because unlike basic beliefs in a more traditional foundationalist theory, there is no incorrigibility at the foundation, with no suitable substitute. Consequently, a foundationalist like Plantinga is faced with the same problem he thinks is inherent in coherentism; namely, how warrant for the noetic structure is guaranteed.
Inductive reasoning about causally transmitted properties.

Different intuitive theories constrain and guide inferences in different contexts. Formalizing simple intuitive theories as probabilistic processes operating over structured representations, we present a new computational model of category-based induction about causally transmitted properties. A first experiment demonstrates undergraduates’ context-sensitive use of taxonomic and food web knowledge to guide reasoning about causal transmission and shows good qualitative agreement between model predictions and human inferences. A second experiment demonstrates strong quantitative and qualitative fits to inferences about a more complex artificial food web. A third experiment investigates human reasoning about complex novel food webs where species have known taxonomic relations. Results demonstrate a double-dissociation between the predictions of our causal model and a related taxonomic model [Kemp, C., & Tenenbaum, J. B. (2003). Learning domain structures. In Proceedings of the 25th annual conference of the cognitive science society]: the causal model predicts human inferences about diseases but not genes, while the taxonomic model predicts human inferences about genes but not diseases. We contrast our framework with previous models of category-based induction and previous formal instantiations of intuitive theories, and outline challenges in developing a complete model of context-sensitive reasoning.
Worry and emotionality as components of test anxiety: replication and further data.

Two components of test anxiety, worry (W) or cognitive concern about performance and emotionality (E) or autonomic arousal to the test situation, were examined in relation to temporal changes, expe...
House-hunting by honey bee swarms: collective decisions and individual behaviors

Thousands of individuals in a house-hunting honey bee swarm make a collective decision for one among many nest sites discovered. We recorded the dances on swarms in a forested area, where one swarm's search encompassed about 150 km2 and many different sites. We then analyzed swarms in a desert area with only nest sites that we provided and monitored, to study how the swarm winnows multiple finds to a single site over the course of a few days. Most bees did not visit any site, very few visited more than one. Apparently choices were made with little or no direct comparison, through the interaction of two mechanisms: positive feedback through recruitment leading to growth in the number of scouts visiting good nest sites, and attrition reducing activity and recruitment for non-chosen sites. Individual differences between bees substantially affected these dynamics. Scouts varied considerably in amount of dancing and persistence, but most that danced did so vigorously after their first few visits, and then dropped out, ceasing their dancing though continuing to visit the nest site. Dances were nearly twice as long as reported for nectar and pollen. Scouts followed dances of others, and occasionally visited alternative sites, but rarely switched their dancing. When unanimity is reached, the bees must recognize that a decision has been made, break up the swarm cluster, and fly to the nest site. Buzz-running (Schwirrlaufen) probably plays a role here, but we observed less buzz-running than previously reported, and this occurred even early in the process; it might function as a chain-reaction effect triggering the end of the house-hunting process. Our results suggest that the choice among nest sites relies less on direct comparison of nest sites, and more on inherent processes of positive feedback and attrition by dancers dropping out.
The brain uses adaptive internal models of scene statistics for sensorimotor estimation and planning

Because of uncertainty and noise, the brain should use accurate internal models of the statistics of objects in scenes to interpret sensory signals. Moreover, the brain should adapt its internal models to the statistics within local stimulus contexts. Consider the problem of hitting a baseball. The impoverished nature of the visual information available makes it imperative that batters use knowledge of the temporal statistics and history of previous pitches to accurately estimate pitch speed. Using a laboratory analog of hitting a baseball, we tested the hypothesis that the brain uses adaptive internal models of the statistics of object speeds to plan hand movements to intercept moving objects. We fit Bayesian observer models to subjects’ performance to estimate the statistical environments in which subjects’ performance would be ideal and compared the estimated statistics with the true statistics of stimuli in an experiment. A first experiment showed that subjects accurately estimated and used the variance of object speeds in a stimulus set to time hitting behavior but also showed serial biases that are suboptimal for stimuli that were uncorrelated over time. A second experiment showed that the strength of the serial biases depended on the temporal correlations within a stimulus set, even when the biases were estimated from uncorrelated stimulus pairs subsampled from the larger set. Taken together, the results show that subjects adapted their internal models of the variance and covariance of object speeds within a stimulus set to plan interceptive movements but retained a bias to positive correlations.
Advancing the Social Psychology of Conflict Resolution

Conflict resolution is gradually being transformed from art to social science. Important within the social science contribution is our understanding of what occurs between two or more parties who p...
Enzymatic synthesis of uridine-5′-O-(2-thiodiphosphoglucose) and related sugar phosphorothioates

Abstract Methods have been developed for the enzymatic synthesis of α-glucose 1-thiophosphate, α-galactose 1-thiophosphate, glucose 6-thiophosphate, uridine-5′-O-(2-thiodiphosphoglucose), and uridine-5′-O-(2-thiodiphosphogalactose). The purified compounds were shown to be substrates for sucrose phosphorylase, glactokinase, UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase, galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase, hexokinase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, UDP-glucose dehydrogenase, and UDP-galactose-4-epimerase. The formation of uridine-5′-O-(2-thiodiphosphoglucose) from α-glucose 1-thiophosphate and UTP as catalyzed by UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase produces only one of the two possible epimers at the β-thiophosphoryl position. The absolute stereochemistry has not been determined. Uridine-5′-O-(2-thiodiphosphoglucose) was not utilized as an alternate substrate in the transfer of a glucosyl group in the reactions catalyzed by glycogen synthetase and sucrose synthetase. The incubation of cyanate and thiophosphate at pH 5.0 was found to result in the rapid removal of sulfur from the thiphosphate. The reaction is stoichiometric with respect to cyanate and thiophosphate. The data are consistent with the rapid formation and hydrolysis of thiocarbamoyl phosphate.
Urban growth and aerosol effects on convection over Houston. Part II: Dependence of aerosol effects on instability

Abstract Our studies of the urban growth and aerosol effects on convection over Houston were performed in two phases. The first phase (Part I) used a sea-breeze-induced convective case (August 24 2000) as a benchmark for a series of sensitivity experiments varying the city size and the intensity of aerosol sources linked to sub-grid urban area fractions. The use of National Land Cover Dataset (NLCD) for three different years allowed an objective way to design the land-use sensitivity experiments as well as to consider the spatial distribution and differential intensities of the urban aerosol sources. This paper extends Part I to explore how the relative intensification of the cells downwind of the city (due to urban aerosol sources) can change for environments with more or less instability. This second series of numerical experiments consists of a fairly large number of multi-grid simulations (almost 100) that varied not only the intensity of the urban sources but also the value of CAPE. Our results were in agreement with previous studies; higher cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) concentrations reduced the sizes of cloud droplets and increased their probability of reaching supercooled levels and thus reducing coalescence. Therefore, downwind convective cells were intensified by additional release of latent heat of freezing. However, our results show a non-monotonic behavior on surface precipitation. This interesting response was linked to the riming efficiency reduction of ice particles when aerosol concentrations are greatly enhanced. Therefore, a greater fraction of the ice-phase condensed water mass is transported out of the storm as pristine ice crystals instead of being transferred to precipitating water species. Moreover, the precipitation efficiency of cells downwind of the city exhibited a similar behavior, increasing when CCN concentrations are initially increased and then decreasing when aerosol concentrations are further enhanced. The CCN concentration needed to reach maximum precipitation efficiency is higher for more unstable environments.
PRELIMINARY NOTE ON THE LAKE MURRAY, CARTER COUNTY, OKLAHOMA, SIDERITE (CN =+ 0970,341)

The circumstances relating to the finding, identification, and recovery of the record-breaking Lake Murray, Oklahoma, meteorite (CN = + 0970,341) are detailed. This siderite is at once the largest meteorite so far recovered in Oklahoma and the largest granular hexahedrite as yet found in the world.
Abstract ED05-01: Social media and cancer communications: Promises and perils

The emergence of social media as a platform to communicate, network and mobilize is receiving considerable attention in mainstream media. For example, the use of social media has received both credit for the changes in the Middle East and blame for the recent riots in the United Kingdom. The potential to reach a networked and engaged “audience” in hundreds of millions offers significant promise to those in cancer communications to communicate risk and influence behaviors. Despite the promise, significant challenges need to be addressed to exploit the potential of the platform. These challenges include (a) varying characteristics of different social media platforms; (b) characterizing the nature of engagement and the interest of social media users, (c) multiple contesting interpretations of risk among message sponsors, (d) persistent problem of digital divide that social media could potentially bridge or exacerbate, and (e) measurement challenges including difficulty in assessing their impact. The overview will cover these challenges followed by speakers addressing specific cancer-related risk communication issues including tobacco use, communication inequalities and exemplar interventions that address different health risks. Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2011;4(10 Suppl):ED05-01.
Part-time farming and the stability of family farms in the Federal Republic of Germany1

The relative stability of part-time farms is a basic issue in debates over structural reform in agriculture. This paper evaluates the expected stability of full- and part-time farms. The stability of individual farms is measured as the farm operator's expectation of the family continuing to farm. Both short- and long-run stability are evaluated via multivariate analysis. This analysis shows that the availability of an adequate family work force is of paramount importance in determining the long-run stability of part-time farms. Copyright 1989 by Oxford University Press.
Two-Dimensional Electronic Beam-Steering with Implant-Defined VCSEL Arrays

By controlling injection current to each of three elements in a coherently coupled implant-defined triangular vertical cavity laser array, we are able to steer the main lobe of emission in two dimensions.
Academic Progress in Developmental Math Courses: A Comparative Study of Student Retention.

The majority of college students are not ready for college-level math courses, which, when completed, have been shown to increase graduation and transfer rates. To address this problem, the Math My Way (MMW) program was developed to integrate module-based curriculum and mastery learning approaches. The program is based on Seidman's retention formula, which postulated that early identification of student deficiencies followed by early, intensive, and continuous interventions increase student retention and success. The purpose of this study was to investigate if the MMW program improves progression rates and academic achievement. A quasi-experimental, nonequivalent treatment-control group evaluation using survival analysis revealed that students who completed the MMW program were significantly more likely to progress through their math sequence than students who completed equivalent curriculum in the control group. Further, students in the treatment group had significantly higher math grade point averages (...
Small-scale Spatial Distribution Variability in Terrestrial Tardigrade Populations

Terrestrial tardigrades are often found in the lichens and mosses growing on trees and rocks. The assertion that tardigrades in these habitats are very patchy in their distribution has rarely been backed by quantitative sampling. This study assesses spatial variability in tardigrade populations inhabiting small patches (0.1 cm2 to over 5 cm2) of moss and lichen on trees and rocks at three sites in the United States of America. Tardigrades were collected from four replicate rocks in the Ouachita Mountains of Arkansas, with 30 lichen patches collected on two adjacent boulders and 20 moss patches on a second pair of boulders. In Fort Myers and in Citrus Springs, Florida, 30 lichen patches per tree were collected from two pairs of trees. The tardigrades in each sample were extracted, mounted, identified, and counted. The variation in tardigrade abundance among lichen or moss patches within rocks or trees was very high; the only consistent pattern was that very small patches usually lacked tardigrades. Tardigrade diversity and abundance also varied greatly within sites when lichens and mosses of the same species from different rocks and trees were compared (in the most extreme case one tree had numerous individuals of two tardigrade species present while the other had almost no tardigrades). The results of this quantitative sampling support the assertion that tardigrades are very patchy in distribution. Given the considerable time investment required for the quantitative processing of tardigrade samples, this high spatial variability in tardigrade diversity and abundance requires that researches testing ecological hypotheses about tardigrade abundance check variability before deciding how many samples to take.
Separation of biological particles by centrifugal elutriation

Abstract Centrifugal elutriation of biological particles has been performed in specially built rotors in a standard preparative centrifuge. Polystyrene microspheres, yeast cells, and algae cells have been separated by size or density in sodium chloride elutriating media; whole blood and leukocyte-enriched blood have been elutriated in a buffered salt solution with added glucose for leukocyte metabolism. By elutriation of whole blood, the ratio of erythrocytes to leukocytes was reduced from 687:1 in the original cell population to 3.9:1 in the population retained in the separation chamber. By elutriation of leukocyte-enriched blood, lymphocytes were washed away, yielding a granulocyte population of from 89 to 95%.
Interferon-resistant Daudi Cell Line with a Stat2 Defect Is Resistant to Apoptosis Induced by Chemotherapeutic Agents

Interferon-α (IFNα) has shown promise in the treatment of various cancers. However, the development of IFN resistance is a significant drawback. Using conditions that mimic in vivo selection of IFN-resistant cells, the RST2 IFN-resistant cell line was isolated from the highly IFN-sensitive Daudi human Burkitt lymphoma cell line. The RST2 cell line was resistant to the antiviral, antiproliferative, and gene-induction actions of IFNα. Although STAT2 mRNA was present, STAT2 protein expression was deficient in RST2 cells. A variant STAT2 mRNA, which resulted from alternative splicing within the intron between exon 19 and 20, was expressed in several human cell lines but at relatively high levels in RST2 cells. Most importantly, the RST2 line showed an intrinsic resistance to apoptosis induced by a number of chemotherapeutic agents (camptothecin, staurosporine, and doxorubicin). Expression of STAT2 in RST2 cells not only rescued their sensitivity to the biological activities of IFNs but also restored sensitivity to apoptosis induced by these chemotherapeutic agents. The intrinsic resistance of the RST2 cells to IFN as well as chemotherapeutic agents adds a new dimension to our knowledge of the role of STAT2 as it relates to not only biological actions of IFN but also resistance to chemotherapy-induced apoptosis.
'Should We Leave or Stay?' Notes on Recent Hungarian Outmigration

This preliminary study is based on Hungarian electronic media sources, informal interviews and similar personal communications, as well as statistical data provided by kind and cooperative colleagues in Hungary. Addressing the recent, massive outmigration from Hungary, the article explores some of the primary push-and-pull factors, and then discusses responses to the emigration phenomenon itself and its likely long-term demographic, social and economic implications, by scholars as well as by politicians from both the governing party and the opposition. To give the emic perspective, I cited and translated from my conversations with a few young emigrants, would-be-emigrants, and mothers’ of these young people, and thus illustrate the issue from those most involved. Then, by also citing scholars, authors, columnists, and politicians my aim was to offer the etic, or outsiders’ view, but – since for various reasons – they also appear to be involved in and concerned with the problem of outmigration, theirs is still an emic perspective, though of a different order. Realizing that the present attempt is merely a quick snapshot of an ongoing, potentially volatile and dynamic process, further research and a multidisciplinary attempt to interpret and analyze the recent emigration from Hungary are needed.
High resolution seismic imaging at a porphyry copper mine

Summary A high resolution 2 - D seismic survey was conducted in June 1996 at an open pit copper mine in southwest New Mexico. Two seismic profiles were conducted along the rim of the mine using dynamite and hammer sources to collect reflection and refraction data, as well as transmission data to the bottom of the mine pit. Data processing involved removal of the strong ambient noise from the mine equipment in operation (drill rigs, steam shovels, high voltage power lines, and ore trucks) during the survey. Travel time inversion was performed to calculate a velocity field for migration. 3-D forward modeling allowed inclusion of transmission travel times to construct a velocity model of the entire depth of the mine wall beneath the profile. The resulting combined stack of data from the two seismic sources compares well with geologic information and with photographs taken of the mine walls.
Use-dependent decline in rat aorta sensitivity to contraction by potassium.

Aortic rings excised from rats at 12 weeks of age showed a decrease in responsiveness during repeated contraction by increasing potassium concentration. By comparison, aortic rings obtained from ra...
The optimal design of tubular structures

Abstract Given a fixed volume of material and the elastic properties of that material, the optimal design of the tallest tubular column under self-weight is sought. This problem can be formulated as an extremal eigenvalue problem because the height at which the unloaded tubular column will buckle is related to the first eigenvalue of a Sturm–Liouville operator. Considering columns of annular cross-section, the spectrum associated with physical designs is characterized. Existence of an optimal design over a particular class of designs is proven through the use of rearrangements. Necessary conditions of optimality over that class are also established.
ERP study of the RKKY interaction in metallic EuxGd1−xB6

Abstract The RKKY interaction in metallic Eu x Gd 1−x B 6 compounds has been studied by EPR technique for x = 0.00, 0.20, 0.40 and 0.50. In the region of the absorption maximum the experimental spectra can be fitted to a lineshape function consisting of both Lorentzian absorption and dispersion components. Weiss constants, exchange fields, unbottlenecked g -shifts, and thermal broadening are calculated on the basis of the RKKY model and compared to the experimental results. The predicted Weiss constants and exchange fields are in good agreement with experiment, indicating the validity of the RKKY model. However, the predicted g -shifts and thermal broadening are much greater than those measured experimentally. The reduced g -shifts and thermal broadening are interpreted in terms of a magnetic resonance bottleneck, and the relaxation rates due to the interaction of the conduction electrons with the localized moments and lattice are evaluated.
Cellular cofactors potentiating induction of stress and cytotoxicity by amyloid β-peptide

Insights into factors underlying causes of familial Alzheimer's disease (AD), such as mutant forms of beta-amyloid precursor protein and presenilins, and those conferring increased risk of sporadic AD, such as isoforms of apolipoprotein E and polymorphisms of alpha2-macroglobulin, have been rapidly emerging. However, mechanisms through which amyloid beta-peptide (Abeta), the fibrillogenic peptide most closely associated with neurotoxicity in AD, exerts its effects on cellular targets have only been more generally outlined. Late in the course of AD, when Abeta fibrils are abundant, non-specific interactions of amyloid with cellular elements are likely to induce broad cytotoxicity. However, early in AD, when concentrations of Abeta are much lower and extracellular deposits are infrequent, mechanisms underlying cellular dysfunction have not been clearly defined. The key issue in elucidating the means through which Abeta perturbs cellular properties early in AD is the possibility that protective therapy at such times may prevent cytotoxicity at a point when damage is still reversible. This brief review focusses on two cellular cofactors for Abeta-induced cellular perturbation: the cell surface immunoglobulin superfamily molecule RAGE (receptor for advanced glycation endproducts) and ABAD (Abeta binding alcohol dehydrogenase). Although final proof for the involvement of these cofactors in cellular dysfunction in AD must await the results of further in vivo experiments, their increased expression in AD brain, as well as other evidence described below, suggests the possibility of specific pathways for Abeta-induced cellular perturbation which could provide future therapeutic targets.
Study of the development of fetal baboon brain using magnetic resonance imaging at 3 Tesla

Abstract Direct observational data on the development of the brains of human and nonhuman primates is on remarkably scant, and most of our understanding of primate brain development is extrapolated from findings in rodent models. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a promising tool for the noninvasive, longitudinal study of the developing primate brain. We devised a protocol to scan pregnant baboons serially at 3 T for up to 3 h per session. Seven baboons were scanned 1–6 times, beginning as early as 56 days post-conceptional age, and as late as 185 days (term ∼ 185 days). Successful scanning of the fetal baboon required careful animal preparation and anesthesia, in addition to optimization of the scanning protocol. We successfully acquired maps of relaxation times ( T 1 and T 2 ) and high-resolution anatomical images of the brains of fetal baboons at multiple time points during the course of gestation. These images demonstrated the convergence of gray and white matter contrast near term, and furthermore demonstrated that the loss of contrast at that age is a consequence of the continuous change in relaxation times during fetal brain development. These data furthermore demonstrate that maps of relaxation times have clear advantages over the relaxation time weighted images for the tracking of the changes in brain structure during fetal development. This protocol for in utero MRI of fetal baboon brains will help to advance the use of nonhuman primate models to study fetal brain development longitudinally.
Voting Equilibria Under Proportional Representation

This article studies the consequences of strategic voting by outcome-oriented voters in elections under proportional representation (PR). I develop a model of elections under PR, in which voters choose among an arbitrary finite number of parties, and the policy outcome is determined in a postelection bargaining stage. I use a new solution concept, robust equilibrium, which greatly mitigates the well-known problem of indeterminate predictions in multicandidate competition. Applying the equilibrium concept to the model, I find that PR promotes representation of small parties in general, even when voters are strategic. However, the median voter plays a critical role in shaping policy outcomes, which reflects the majoritarian nature of parliamentary policy making rules. Thus, PR may not be incompatible with the majoritarian vision of representative democracy if voters’ main concern is policy outcomes.
Semi-Global Output Feedback Stabilization of Non-Uniformly Observable and Nonsmoothly Stabilizable Systems

The problem of semi-global output feedback stabilization is investigated for nonlinear systems. The main contribution of this paper is to prove that without imposing any growth condition, it is possible to achieve semi-global stabilization by nonsmooth output feedback for a chain of odd power integrators perturbed by a triangular vector field, which is in general not smoothly stabilizable nor uniformly observable.
Optimizing unsupervised classifications of remotely sensed imagery with a data-assisted labeling approach

The quality of remotely sensed land use and land cover (LULC) maps is affected by the accuracy of image data classifications. Various efforts have been made in advancing supervised or unsupervised classification methods to increase the repeatability and accuracy of LULC mapping. This study incorporates a data-assisted labeling approach (DALA) into the unsupervised classification of remotely sensed imagery. The DALA-unsupervised classification algorithm consists of three steps: (1) creation of N spectral-class maps using Iterative Self-Organizing Data Analysis Technique Algorithm (ISODATA); (2) development of LULC maps with assistance of reference data; and (3) accuracy assessments of all the LULC maps using independent reference data and selection of one LULC map with the highest accuracy. Classification experiments with a composite image of a Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) image and an Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) image suggest that DALA was effective in making unsupervised classification process more objective, automatic, and accurate. A comparison between the DALA-unsupervised classifications and some conventional classifications suggests that the DALA-unsupervised classification algorithm yielded better classification accuracies compared to these conventional approaches. Such a simple, effective approach has not been systematically examined before but has great potential for many applications in the geosciences.
An unusual clinical presentation of a rare renal tumour

We report an unusual clinical presentation of renal leiomyosarcoma. A woman, who received renal transplant from her mother, was diagnosed to have leiomyosarcoma in the donated kidney. The mother was found to have a right upper lobe lung mass 10 years later, which was diagnosed as leiomyosarcoma. It is possible that the mother had primary leiomyosarcoma of the donated kidney with micrometastases to the lung 10 years previously, which developed into a lesion in the donated kidney in her daughter. Ten years later, the slow-growing metastatic leiomyosarcoma developed into a lung mass.
A Comparison of the CSR Estimates of Net Migration, 1950–60 and the Census Estimates, 1955–60 for the United States

This paper compares two types of estimates of net migration for the United States, one by the forward survival ratio method derived at the Population Studies Center of the University of Pennsylvania ("CRS Estimates") and the other based on the place of residence question in the 1960 Census framed by the U.S. Bureau of Census ("Census Estimates"). Restricting the study to the white male population, and specifically to the two groups aged 20-24 and 25-29 in 1960, the author has attempted to explain the relationship between the two types of estimate in terms of several factors, namely, the impact of multiple moves, mortality among migrants, changing probability of migration with age, military migration and economic variables such as median income, percent urban and percent unemployed. As anticipated by the author, the net migration for the 20-24 cohort was closely associated with military concentration whereas for the 25-29 cohort the association of net migration with economic factors
Improved Outcomes with Earlier Initiation of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy Among Human Immunodeficiency Virus–Infected Patients Who Achieve Durable Virologic Suppression: Longer Follow-Up of an Observational Cohort Study

On the basis of studies with relatively short follow-up, treatment guidelines currently recommend that highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) be initiated in asymptomatic human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients when the CD4 + lymphocyte count is ≤200 cells/mm 3 . We assessed the development of a new opportunistic infection or death among 1173 patients initiating HAART. Durable virologic suppression was defined as having more undetectable ( 350 cells/mm 3 (P =.01). Among those with durable virologic suppression, there was no difference in disease progression between those with baseline CD4 + lymphocyte counts of 201-350 cells/mm 3 and those with durable virologic suppression with baseline CD4 + lymphocyte counts of >350 cells/mm 3 (P =.40). Initiating HAART with a CD4 + lymphoctye count of 200 cells/mm 3 .
FRANCES CHRISTIE , Classroom discourse analysis: A functional perspective . London: Continuum, 2002. Pp. 206. Hb $115.00.

The analysis of classroom discourse dates back at least to Sinclair & Coulthard's (1975) often-cited study, which inspired researchers to examine patterns of student-teacher interaction. In particular, their description of a typical classroom interactional pattern, the Initiation-Response-Evaluation (IRE), inspired further research that focused on issues of control and how interaction is structured. Cazden's (1988) volume influenced a further generation of researchers to ask questions about how patterns of language use reveal what counts as knowledge and learning.
Near-Surface Frontal Zone Trapping and Deep Upward Propagation of Internal Wave Energy in the Japan/East Sea

The full-depth current structure in the Japan/East Sea was investigated using direct velocity measurements performed with lowered and shipboard acoustic current Doppler profilers. Rotary spectral analysis was used to investigate the three-dimensional energy distribution as well as wave polarization with respect to vertical wavenumbers, yielding information about the net energy propagation direction. Highly energetic near-inertial downward-propagating waves were found in localized patches along the southern edge of the subpolar front. Between 500- and 2500-m depth, the basin average energy propagation was found to be upward, with the maximum of relative difference between upward- and downward-propagating energy lying at about 1500-m depth. This difference was most pronounced in the southeastern part of the basin.
Interleukin-8 Production by Human Airway Epithelial Cells in Response to Pseudomonas aeruginosa Clinical Isolates Expressing Type a or Type b Flagellins

Pseudomonas aeruginosa lung infection is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. P. aeruginosa flagellin, the main structural protein of the flagellar filament, is a virulence factor with proinflammatory activity on respiratory epithelial cells. P. aeruginosa bacteria express one of two isoforms of flagellin (type a or b) that differ in their primary amino acid sequences as well as in posttranslational glycosylation. In this study, the distribution of type a and b flagellins among 3 P. aeruginosa laboratory strains and 14 clinical isolates (1 ulcerative keratitis, 3 cystic fibrosis, and 10 acute pneumonia isolates) was determined, and their abilities to stimulate interleukin-8 (IL-8) production by human airway epithelial cells was compared. By comparison with the PAK (type a) and PAO1 (type b) prototype laboratory strains, 10/14 (71.4%) of clinical isolates expressed type a and 4/14 (28.6%) expressed type b flagellins. Among four cell lines surveyed, BEAS-2B cells were found to give the greatest difference between constitutive and flagellin-stimulated IL-8 production. All 17 flagellins stimulated IL-8 production by BEAS-2B cells (range, 700 to 4,000 pg/ml). However, no discernible differences in IL-8 production were evident when comparing type a versus type b flagellins or flagellins from laboratory versus clinical strains or among the clinical strains.
THE HEFNERIAN LEGACY: RETHINKING THE “NATURE” OF NATURALISM

. Philip Hefner calls for religion-and-science to shift attention from pure ideas to embodied ideas. He urges scholars to get back to the Baconian idea that science is intended to enhance life; in Hefner's wording, we must give attention to “science-as-enabler-for-changing/improving-the-world.” I believe that this is the realm of overlap between all academic disciplines—what I call the pragmatic overlap. To make his argument Hefner mentions two forms of “conventional wisdom” that need to be rethought. First, he is worried that a “pressure toward naturalism” prevents certain words (such as teleological and transcendence) from having instructive meaning. Second, with this move toward naturalism Hefner believes we dismiss as archaic all valuable implications of traditional religious myths and symbols. He rightly highlights these exceedingly significant concerns. However, narrowing our focus to the implications of naturalism alone misses the root crisis. That crisis can be articulated as: “conventional wisdom” regarding nature is too unsophisticated to account for the phenomenon it depicts, and furthermore, this understanding of nature controls the methodological, metaphysical, and practical versions of naturalism acquiring societal acceptance. Accordingly, an alternative vision of nature is needed to transform our current “conventional wisdom” such that Hefner's worries are addressed.
Bayesian Modeling for Physical Processes in Industrial Hygiene Using Misaligned Workplace Data

In industrial hygiene, a worker’s exposure to chemical, physical, and biological agents is increasingly being modeled using deterministic physical models that study exposures near and farther away from a contaminant source. However, predicting exposure in the workplace is challenging and simply regressing on a physical model may prove ineffective due to biases and extraneous variability. A further complication is that data from the workplace are usually misaligned. This means that not all timepoints measure concentrations near and far from the source. We recognize these challenges and outline a flexible Bayesian hierarchical framework to synthesize the physical model with the field data. We reckon that the physical model, by itself, is inadequate for enhanced inferential and predictive performance and deploy (multivariate) Gaussian processes to capture uncertainties and associations. We propose rich covariance structures for multiple outcomes using latent stochastic processes. This article has supplementa...
Investigation of 90/spl deg/ dual-detector half-fanbeam collimation for myocardial SPECT imaging

This study investigated several aspects of the use of half-fanbeam collimation with a 90/spl deg/ dual-camera system for myocardial single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging. The detection efficiency, relative to parallel-hole collimation, was evaluated for a range of focal lengths and radii of rotation (ROR) to determine if there was an optimum focal length, which maximized the detection efficiency. In addition, sinograms were constructed and a simulation study was performed to determine if there was an optimal camera system rotation that maximized the total acquired myocardial counts while providing sufficient angular sampling for the myocardial region. Finally, artifacts in images reconstructed from data acquired over various system rotations were evaluated using simulated and experimental data. There existed an optimal collimator focal length for a given ROR; but it varied with ROR. Relative to parallel-hole collimation, the detection efficiency for half-fanbeam collimation was roughly 20% greater, for cast collimators constructed using the same pins and thickness. The theoretical minimum system rotation for sufficient sampling of the myocardial region ranged from 124/spl deg/ to 148/spl deg/ for RORs ranging from 13 to 25 cm, respectively. The total number of acquired myocardial counts was relatively constant for system rotations of 90/spl deg/ to 360/spl deg/. Myocardial SPECT images reconstructed iteratively with attenuation compensation from half-fanbeam data collected over system rotations ranging from 135/spl deg/ to 360/spl deg/ showed no artifacts in the myocardial region. Based on these results, the authors concluded that there was no single optimum system rotation, but that a system rotation of 180/spl deg/ centered at 45/spl deg/ left anterior oblique was a good, practical minimum rotation. Half-fanbeam collimation is a useful alternative system configuration for myocardial SPECT imaging.
Out of South-East Asia: phylogeny and biogeography of the spiny ant genus Polyrhachis Smith (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Spiny ants ( Polyrhachis Smith) are a hyper-diverse genus of ants distributed throughout the Palaeotropics and the temperate zones of Australia. To investigate the evolution and biogeographic history of the group, we reconstructed their phylogeny and biogeography using molecular data from 209 taxa and seven genes. Our molecular data support the monophyly of Polyrhachis at the generic level and several of the 13 recognized subgenera, but not all are recovered as monophyletic. We found that Cam- pomyrma Wheeler consists of two distinct clades that follow biogeographic affinities, that the boundaries of Hagiomyrma Wheeler are unclear depending on the analysis, that Myrma Billberg might be treated as one or two clades, and that Myrmhopla Forel is not monophyletic, as previously proposed. Our biogeographic ancestral range analyses suggest that the evolution of Polyrhachis originated in South-East Asia, with an age of the modern crown-group Polyrhachis of 58 Ma. Spiny ants dispersed out of South-East Asia to Australia several times, but only once to mainland Africa around 26 Ma.