cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Elbow injuries in the young athlete

Abstract Young athletes sustain fractures, dislocations, and overuse injuries to their elbows. Overuse injuries are particularly troublesome because they begin insidiously. The majority of elbow overuse injuries can be attributed to excessive baseball pitching and are part of the “Little League elbow” syndrome. Elbow overuse problems also occur in overhead racquet sports and in gymnastics. The key to diagnosis, treatment, and prevention is knowledge of the forces about the elbow, strengths of the growing tissues and sequelae to the elbow if injuries are left untreated. Although most of the conditions are managed nonsurgically, arthroscopic techniques are useful to correct those requiring surgical intervention.
Alterations in human enamel surface morphology following vital bleaching

Extracted intact human teeth (n = 4) were treated for 30 days by three protocols: Home 1 (Proxigel, n = 4) for 8 hours daily, Home 2 (White & Bright, n = 4) for 24 hours with 3 minutes of stannous fluoride gel, or an Office protocol (n = 4) using 30% hydrogen peroxide (Superoxol) warmed by a high-intensity light while the controls remained untreated. "Home" bleaching agents contain approximately 10% carbamide peroxide. After treatment, the coronal surfaces were examined with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) at 2000 power magnification, and the surface topography was measured by a profilometer. The SEM photomicrographs of the controls and office-treated groups were similar to previously reported descriptions, while the home bleached surfaces appeared similar to each other. Profilometric analysis was used to examine surface roughness and surface waviness. Mean surface roughness in microns was: control, 1.9; Home 1, 0.6; Home 2, 0.9; and Office, 0.6. Surface waviness was ranked control > office > Home 1 = Home 2. Enamel surface alterations were evident after the three bleaching methods. The differences between the office and home-treated surfaces were unrelated to the pH of the bleaching agents.
Glucocorticoid receptor antagonism by mifepristone alters phosphocreatine breakdown during sepsis

Objective: To determine the role of glucocorticoids in the regulation of myocellular energetics induced by sepsis by means of the glucocorticoid receptor antagonist mifepristone (RU 38486). Design: Randomized controlled study. Setting: University laboratories. Participants: Thirty-two adult male Wistar rats. Methods: Animals were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 groups. In 2 groups, mifepristone (10 mg/kg) was administered by gavage feeding 2 hours before cecal ligation and single 18-gauge needle puncture or sham operation. The other 2 groups of animals received placebo gavage feedings 2 hours before their surgical procedures. Twenty-four hours after operation, high-energy phosphate ratios, intracellular pH, the forward rate constant for the creatine kinase reaction, and phosphocreatine breakdown rates were measured in the gastrocnemius muscle by in vivo phosphorus 31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Tissue and blood samples were collected to measure creatine and adenosine 5'-triphosphate concentrations, Na+-K+adenosine triphosphatase activity, and circulating corticosterone levels. Results: Circulating corticosterone levels were twice as high in septic animals as in sham-operation control rats (P Conclusion: Pretreatment with mifepristone reduces the demand for adenosine triphosphate production from phosphocreatine breakdown and downregulates Na+-K+adenosine triphosphatase activity during sepsis. Arch Surg. 1996;131:1179-1185
Neural integration of information specifying structure from stereopsis and motion

When one views a two-dimensional parallel projection of dots on the surface of a rotating globe, the direction of rotation is ambiguous, and the perceived direction of rotation of the two-dimensional figure is unstable over time. Stability can be temporarily induced by adaptation to a three-dimensional globe with a direction of rotation unambiguously specified by stereo disparity; adaptation causes the two-dimensional figure to appear to rotate in the direction opposite that experienced during stereoscopic adaptation. This adaptation effect is selective for axis of rotation but is not shape-specific. It does depend on simultaneous stimulation by multiple depth planes defined by elements moving in different directions. Evidently information about stereopsis and information about structure from motion are integrated within a common neural site in the brain.
Minitrack "Virtual Communities"

Virtual Communities have been studied from a variety of perspectives. Examples range from communities of interest to communities of practice, from gaming communities to communities of transaction. More specifically, community building and community management may be factors of key success in the digital economy. They may represent new business models in the digital economy, as well as being new venues of social interactions and social relationships.
The effects of chlorpromazine on water maze learning retention, and stereotyped behavior in the rat

Prior studies have shown that pretrial submersion of rats swimming in a water T-maze results in stereotyped behavior. The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that administration of chlorpromazine would eliminate this stereotyped behavior through a reduction in motivational strength.
A FEW OBSERVATIONS ON THE ACTION OF SALVARSAN UPON THE IRRITABILITY OF NERVE AND MUSCLE.

These experiments have shown that salvarsan is a comparatively inactive drug when applied directly to nerve and muscle tissue of the frog. In perfusion experiments with alkaline solutions, no detrimental action whatever was to be seen either upon direct or indirect irritability. In bathing .experiments, in which the concentration of the salvarsan in the various solutions was surely much higher than that in which it reaches the peripheral tissues in the human subject through the circulation, the loss of irritability occurred only after a long period of exposure to the drug.
Failure Mechanisms of High Temperature Components in Power Plants

The principal mechanisms of failure of high temperature components include creep, fatigue, creep-fatigue, and thermal fatigue. In heavy section components, although cracks may initiate and grow by these mechanisms, ultimate failure may occur at low temperatures during startup-shutdown transients. Hence, fracture toughness is also a key consideration. Considerable advances have been made both with respect to crack initiation and crack growth by the above mechanisms. Applying laboratory data to predict component life has often been thwarted by inability to simulate actual stresses, strain cycles section size effects, environmental effects, and long term degradation effects. This paper will provide a broad perspective on the failure mechanisms and life prediction methods and their significance in the context utility deregulation.
The magnetic layer of the ocean crust—How thick is it?

Abstract Special features of linear marine magnetic anomalies and the magnetic measurements made on samples of the ocean crust require that the thickness of the marine magnetic source layer be thicker than the 0.5 km thick pillow lava layer (seismic layer 2A) alone. It is proposed here that the magnetic properties of the samples studied to date indicate a two-layered source to be the most likely: an upper 0.5 km thick pillow lava layer with a natural remanent magnetization of 5 A/m and a lower 3.5 km thick dike and upper gabbro layer with a magnetization of 0.5 A/m.
Muscle activity decreases rate of degradation of α-bungarotoxin bound to extrajunctional acetylcholine receptors

DURING development of skeletal muscle, and after denervation or reinnervation of adult muscle, there are significant changes in the number of extrajunctional acetylcholine (ACh) receptors, measured both by sensitivity to ACh and by binding of α-125I-bungarotoxin (for review, see ref. 1). Muscle activity has been shown to be a major factor in controlling the level of extrajunctional receptors. Direct electrical stimulation of denervated muscle both in vivo and in vitro decreases the sensitivity of the extrajunctional membrane to ACh2–5, whereas chronic postsynaptic blockade of innervated muscle in vivo increases its sensitivity6,7. Muscle activity could alter the level of extrajunctional receptor by changing rates of synthesis or degradation of the receptor.
CUORE and CUORE-0 status: toward a next-generation neutrinoless double beta decay experiment

Abstract The Cryogenic Underground Observatory for Rare Events (CUORE) experiment will search for the neutrinoless double beta decay of 130Te and other rare events. The first step towards the experiment is CUORE-0, a single CUORE-like tower that will operate in the former CUORICINO cryostat. CUORE-0 will validate the assembly procedure and serve as a sensitive experiment in its own right. The status of CUORE and CUORE-0 and their sensitivities are reported.
Do asthma and physical inactivity influence the associations of personal and job stressors with perceived stress and depression? Findings from the 1998-1999 California Work and Health Survey.

Abstract PURPOSE: The purpose of the study is to estimate the associations of personal and job stressors with perceived stress and depression, and to determine if these associations are modified by asthma and physical inactivity. METHODS: Data from 2,902 adult respondents of the 1998–1999 California Work and Health Survey (CWHS) were used. The CWHS included items on asthma, exercise, personal stressors, psychological and physical job demands, and perceived stress and depression. Multivariable logistic regression modeling was used to estimate cross-sectional and longitudinal associations. RESULTS: The estimated joint effects of high stressor scores and asthma on stress are compatible with greater than multiplicative effects in both cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses. Asthma did not appear to modify stressor-depression associations, and physical inactivity modified neither stressor-stress nor stressor-depression associations. Among the employed, the cross-sectional joint effects of personal stressors and physical inactivity on stress and depression are compatible with greater than multiplicative effects, as are the effects of low decision latitude and asthma on perceived stress. CONCLUSIONS: Asthma and physical inactivity may augment the effects of stressors, suggesting that the increasing prevalence of asthma may contribute to greater stress perception and depression, and that exercise may ameliorate these conditions by dampening stressor effects.
Human Error and the Case for Case Histories in Design

SUMMARY Human error in anticipating failure has been an important factor in keeping the reliability of engineering designs from achieving the theoretically high levels made possible by modern methods of analysis and materials. This is due in part to a deemphasis on engineering experience and judgement in the light of increasingly sophisticated numerical and analytical techniques. While mostly couched in terms of structural engineering, the present discussion is applicable to engineering design in general. Recommendations are made as to how the vast but underutilized store of experience contained in case histories of failures, both ancient and modern, can be tapped in a systematic way to benefit the design process and thereby improve the performance and reliability of engineering designs.
Evaluation of Nebraska hybrid hazelnuts: Nut/kernel characteristics, kernel proximate composition, and oil and protein properties

Abstract Recently, hybrid hazelnuts have emerged as a potential oilseed crop in Nebraska for food and value-added industrial applications. The quality of 20 hybrid hazelnuts genotypes harvested in 2007 and 2008 years were investigated, in terms of physical properties of nuts/kernels, kernels proximate composition, oil properties and amino acid profiles of the meal. Nebraska hybrid hazelnuts appeared to be smaller in size and lighter in weight compared to Turkish hazelnuts. Oil was the predominate component in the kernel with an overall average oil content of 58.2%, followed by 21.7% carbohydrate, and 17.1% protein. Genotype 10-50 was superior to the other genotypes and should be selected for further study, when combining large size and weight, kernel percentage, stable physical properties and oil contents over years. Oleic and linoleic acids were the major fatty acids in the oils and comprised more than 90% of the fatty acids. Oils had an average saponification number of 174.1 mg KOH/g oil, iodine value of 89.8 g I 2 /100 g oil and free fatty acid content of 0.45 mg KOH/g oil. Sixteen amino acids were identified. Seven essential amino acids were detected, and accounted for approximately 27% of the of total amino acid contents. The effect of harvest year on the quality of nuts was significant ( p p
Imaging of ferroelectric domains in LiTaO3 by enviromental scanning electron microscopy

Abstract Antiparallel ferroelectric domains in LiTaO3 single crystal can be directly imaged by using environmental scanning electron microscopy in secondary electron emission mode. Because the observation was performed at a water vapor atmosphere (wet mode), the sample surface was free from charging, therefore, no surface treatment was required. The image of domains can be seen for several hours. The technique may be extended to study domain structures in other ferroelectric crystals and ceramics.
HYDRODEMETALLATION CATALYST DEACTIVATION—EFFECT OF METALS ACCUMULATION ON HYDROGENATION AND HYDROGENOLYSIS ACTIVITIES

The deactivation of hydrodemetallation catalyst was investigated in diffusion-free conditions using a model oil system. The hydrodemetallation activity of a CoMo/γ-alumina catalyst was studied using nickel or vanadyl etioporphyrins as model compounds and the hydrodesulfurization and hydrogenation activity using dibenzothiophene and naphthalene. The experiments were carried out over sulfided catalysts at 320°C and 4.83 MPa total pressure. The catalyst activity for nickel etioporphyrin hydrodemetallation was maintained at least up to 50% metal loading. The hydrogenolysis activity decreased with increasing nickel and vanadium on the catalyst but the hydrogenation activity increased. The changes in activity were attributed to the different activities of the various sulfide phases present in the catalyst system.
Sintered nanosilver paste for high-temperature power semiconductor device attachment

Sintered nanosilver is a lead-free die-attach material that could substitute for solder alloys and conductive epoxies for packaging power semiconductor devices, especially for high-temperature applications. While the maximum use temperature of a solder is limited by its melting point, the sintered silver joint can be used above the processing temperature, thus enabling high-performance power devices based on SiC technology to operate at high temperature. It can be fired at temperatures below 300°C without requiring applied pressure to form a dense interconnection with thermal and electrical conductivities superior to those of common high-temperature solder alloys. Die-shear strengths between 25 and 35 MPa can be obtained which compares favourably to the shear strength of solder. Unlike solder, which tends to form large voids during reflow, the sintered silver has a low elastic modulus and a microstructure containing only randomly distributed micrometer-scale pores that eliminates hot spots in the joint.
Study of concentration fluctuations in model systems

Abstract In this paper we consider a stochastic model for some simple open nonequilibrium chemical reaction systems. An approximation valid for small fluctuations in the numbers of molecules of the species involved in the reaction is made, and leads to a Fokker-Planck equation for the probability density of the number of molecules of a reaction intermediate. A steady state solution for this probability density is obtained which reduces to Gaussian form for some reaction systems. In the development of the model the nature of the material contact between system and environment is made explicit. This allows the model to be related to the problem of describing the stochastic properties of a reaction that forms part of a larger reaction network.
The Lee-Carter Method for Forecasting Mortality, with Various Extensions and Applications

Abstract In 1992, Lee and Carter published a new method for long-run forecasts of the level and age pattern of mortality, based on a combination of statistical time series methods and a simple approach to dealing with the age distribution of mortality. The method describes the log of a time series of age-specific death rates as the sum of an age-specific component that is independent of time and another component that is the product of a time-varying parameter reflecting the general level of mortality, and an age-specific component that represents how rapidly or slowly mortality at each age varies when the general level of mortality changes. This model is fit to historical data. The resulting estimate of the time-varying parameter is then modeled and forecast as a stochastic time series using standard methods. From this forecast of the general level of mortality, the actual age-specific rates are derived using the estimated age effects. The forecasts of the various life table functions have probability di...
Confidence to be given findings derived from fixed-period definitions of migration.

Some of the errors in measurement of migration and its determinants that occur with the use of fixed-period data are identified. Consideration of this issue yields a typology of studies based on the nature of the determinants related to migration. Sources of distortion are numerated. The logical severity of each distortion is detailed. Use of the typology permits an appraisal of the potential confidence to be given to the validity of findings associated with classes of migration research which use fixed-period data. A test case is examined to illustrate the usefulness of the typology.
Patch testing reactions to a standard series in 608 patients tested from 1990 to 1997 at Massachusetts General Hospital

Background: Patch testing is a useful diagnostic tool when allergic contact dermatitis is suspected clinically. Objective: This study describes the results of patch testing performed from January 1, 1990 to June 1, 1997 at the Massachusetts General Hospital Contact Dermatitis Clinic. The findings are compared with those previously reported by the North American Contact Dermatitis Group (NACDG). Methods: Data were collected from chart review and analyzed. Patients included in the study underwent patch testing to the full European standard series of allergens. A standardized patch testing technique was used, and readings were performed by a single observer. Results: A total of 608 patients were patch tested to a screening tray of 24 allergens; 69.9% were women. At least one positive patch test reaction was observed in 60.0% of patients. The most common sensitizers were nickel sulfate, fragrance mix, potassium dichromate, cobalt chloride, balsam of Peru, quaternium-15, and neomycin sulfate. The sensitization rate to potassium dichromate (9.4%) was higher than has been reported by the NACDG. A statistically significant difference in the sensitization rate in men and women was observed for nickel, quinoline mix, epoxy resin, and formaldehyde. The prevalence of positive patch test reactions was not found to be influenced by testing during the summer months. Conclusions: In the authors' opinion, the prevalence of contact sensitization is generally comparable with the findings of the NACDG, with the exception of reactions to potassium dichromate. This difference in results probably reflects, in part, differences in methodology. The test concentration of potassium dichromate was 0.5%, commonly used in Europe, instead of the 0.25% concentration used by the NACDG. Further investigation is necessary to determine the optimal testing concentration of potassium dichromate.
Acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease: An integrated clinical syndrome

The previous conventional wisdom that survivors of acute kidney injury (AKI) tend to do well and fully recover renal function appears to be flawed. AKI can cause end-stage renal disease (ESRD) directly, and increase the risk of developing incident chronic kidney disease (CKD) and worsening of underlying CKD. In addition, severity, duration, and frequency of AKI appear to be important predictors of poor patient outcomes. CKD is an important risk factor for the development and ascertainment of AKI. Experimental data support the clinical observations and the bidirectional nature of the relationships between AKI and CKD. Reductions in renal mass and nephron number, vascular insufficiency, cell cycle disruption, and maladaptive repair mechanisms appear to be important modulators of progression in patients with and without coexistent CKD. Distinction between AKI and CKD may be artificial. Consideration should be given to the integrated clinical syndrome of diminished GFR, with acute and chronic stages, where spectrum of disease state and outcome is determined by host factors, including the balance of adaptive and maladaptive repair mechanisms over time. Physicians must provide long-term follow-up to patients with first episodes of AKI, even if they presented with normal renal function.
Survival of mint shoot tips after exposure to cryoprotectant solution components.

Many plant species can be cryopreserved by treating shoot tips with complex cryoprotectant solutions before rapidly cooling them to liquid nitrogen temperatures. Plant vitrification solution 2 (PVS2), a commonly selected cryoprotectant, can be lethal with extended exposure times. To determine potentially toxic combinations, we have exposed mint shoot tips to one-, two-, three-, and four-component solutions of PVS2 chemicals (30% glycerol, 15% ethylene glycol, 15% dimethyl sulfoxide, and 0.4 M sucrose) at 0 and 22 °C. Overall, solution exposures at 22 °C were more damaging than exposures at 0 °C. Solutions with glycerol, particularly in combination with ethylene glycol and dimethyl sulfoxide, were also damaging. Cryoprotectant solutions PGluD (10% PEG8000, 10% glucose, and 10% dimethyl sulfoxide) and PVS3 (50% glycerol, 50% sucrose) were less damaging than PVS2 at 22 °C. When plant cryoprotectants are characterized on a toxicological and biophysical basis, less damaging cryoprotectant solutions could be developed.
LEFT VENTRICLE MASS IS ASSOCIATED WITH OBSTRUCTIVE SLEEP APNEA SEVERITY IN PATIENTS WITH CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE OR SIGNIFICANT RISK FACTORS

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) has been associated with higher cardiovascular (CV) morbidity and mortality. Whether OSA severity is independently associated with changes in cardiac structure and function is unclear. Participants in the Best Apnea Intervention in Research (BestAIR) trial with
Do airborne microbes matter for atmospheric chemistry and cloud formation

Summary The role of airborne microbial cells in the chemistry of the atmosphere and cloud formation remains essentially speculative. Recent studies have indicated that microbes might be more important than previously anticipated for atmospheric processes. However, more work and direct communication between microbiologists and atmospheric scientists and modellers are necessary to better understand and model bioaerosol–cloud–precipitation–climate interactions.
Effect of cardiopulmonary support on regional and global left ventricular function during transient coronary occlusion.

Abstract The ability of extracorporeal cardiopulmonary support (CPS) to unload the left ventricle and reduce ischemic dysfunction during translent coronary occlusion was studied in 10 anesthetized dogs. Three serial 60-second circumflex coronary artery occlusions were performed with CPS initiated only during the second occlusion. CPS significantly reduced preocclusion systolic blood pressure, blood pressure × heart rate double-product, circumflex blood flow, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP), peak negative dP/dt, and left ventricular systolic thickening. Circumflex occlusion caused changes in LVEDP and left ventricular wall thickening that were similar regardiess of the presence or absence of CPS. These data suggest that CPS unloads the left ventricle during myocardial ischemia but does not prevent regional or global myocardial dysfunction.
Herbicides and their metabolites in rainfall: Origin, transport, and deposition patterns across the midwestern and northeastern United States, 1990-1991

Herbicides were detected in rainfall throughout the midwestern and northeastern United States during late spring and summer of 1990 and 1991. Herbicide concentrations exhibited distinct geographic ...
Media Review: Terra Mineralia—Highlights from the World of Minerals

by Gerhard Heide, Christel-Maria Hoppner, Steffen Jahn, Andreas Massanek, and Uwe Richter. TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Rector, 09596 Freiberg, Germany. 184 pages; 2010; €26 (about $37) (softbound). T...
Herniology 1948–1998: Evolution toward excellence

A historical review is presented of progress in the approach to the diagnosis and treatment of groin hernias during the years 1948–1998. This time frame includes many advances important to the improvement of our patient care for this very common entity. Four areas of especial interest were selected for review, including: 1. Importance of the posterior inguinal wall; 2. Fundamental changes in our use of prosthetic mesh, type and technique; 3. Individualization of hernia repair and 4. An appraisal of operative approaches and techniques extant at the end of the second millennium.
Cores of production: Reactors and radioisotopes in France

This paper concerns the technologies used in radioisotope production in the French Atomic Energy Commission (the Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique) between 1946 and 1958. Particular attention is given to the various instruments used for the bombardment of isotopes, including accelerators and reactors, and their relationship with the CEA's radioisotope preparation laboratories. Ultimately, the vast majority of bombardments took place in research reactors. These versatile machines, and the isotopes and other materials that passed through them, act as historical tracers: they shed light on the orientation of the entire atomic system in which radioisotope production is found.
Standards requirements for systems biology approaches to health care: mitochondrial proteomics

Abstract A review of the standards needs of the mitochondrial proteomics communities is presented based on the presentations and discussions at National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) workshop, Systems Biology Approaches to Health Care: Mitochondrial Proteomics, held on September 17–18, 2002. The mitochondrial proteomics areas addressed for standards needs are model systems, methods and data. This review outlines the challenges in the field, proposes standards efforts that the community would like to see pursued to meet those challenges, and is followed by a summary and NIST's planned efforts to address these standards requirements.
Serum CA‐125 elevation associated with ovarian endometriosis

A 39-year-old woman with an adnexal mass and serum CA-125 level of 1030 IU ml−1 was found to have pelvic adhesions and an ovarian endometrioma. This case demonstrates that significant CA-125 elevation even in the presence of an adnexal mass is not always associated with ovarian malignancy.
Extended Intervals after Neoadjuvant Therapy in Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer: The Key to Improved Tumor Response and Potential Organ Preservation.

Background Many rectal cancer patients experience tumor downstaging and some are found to achieve a pathologic complete response (pCR) after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (nCRT). Previous data suggest that there is an association between the time interval from nCRT completion to surgery and tumor response rates, including pCR. However, these studies have been primarily from single institutions with small sample sizes. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between a longer interval after nCRT and pCR in a nationally representative cohort of rectal cancer patients. Study Design Clinical stage II to III rectal cancer patients undergoing nCRT with a documented surgical resection were selected from the 2006 to 2011 National Cancer Data Base. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to assess the association between the nCRT–surgery interval time ( 8 weeks) and the odds of pCR. The relationship between nCRT–surgery interval, surgical morbidity, and tumor downstaging was also examined. Results Overall, 17,255 patients met the inclusion criteria. An nCRT–surgery interval time >8 weeks was associated with higher odds of pCR (odds ratio [OR] 1.12, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.25) and tumor downstaging (OR 1.11, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.25). The longer time delay was also associated with lower odds of 30-day readmission (OR 0.82, 95% CI 0.70 to 0.92). Conclusions An nCRT–surgery interval time >8 weeks results in increased odds of pCR, with no evidence of associated increased surgical complications compared with an interval of 6 to 8 weeks. These data support implementation of a lengthened interval after nCRT to optimize the chances of pCR and perhaps add to the possibility of ultimate organ preservation (nonoperative management).
Applications of the Judd–Ofelt theory to the praseodymium ion in laser solids

Abstract The praseodymium ion in its trivalent state is a very good representative of the entire class of rare earth ions and of the complex spectroscopic properties that they exhibit when placed in solid host lattices. The plethora of its radiative transitions, on one hand, demands the intervention of a theory that could explain their absolute and relative intensities, and, on the other hand, provides a good opportunity for the verification of the validity and of the limits of such a theory. We present our data on the spectral characteristics of trivalent praseodymium in a crystal of barium yttrium fluoride and apply the Judd–Ofelt theory to this system. We then examine the problems presented by the application of the Judd–Ofelt theory to the praseodymium ion and the remedies that have been proposed to ameliorate its performance in the somewhat extreme case provided by the spectra of this ion in solids.
RUTTING OF RUBBERIZED GAP GRADED AND POLYMER MODIFIED DENSE GRADED ASPHALT OVERLAYS IN COMPOSITE PAVEMENTS

The rutting performance of polymer-modified dense-graded and rubberized gap-graded asphalt mixes used in composite pavement was evaluated with full-scale accelerated pavement testing with the heavy vehicle simulator (HVS) and laboratory test results. The effect of asphalt layer thickness on measured surface deformation for both mix types was also investigated for recommendations for future design. In addition, the progression of the rutting failure mechanism for both mix types was evaluated with transverse cross sections measured with a laser profilometer at various HVS load repetitions. The polymer-modified dense-graded mix performed better than the rubberized gap-graded mix under both laboratory and HVS testing. The greater shear movement of the rubberized gap-graded mix under HVS loading caused larger humps, which consequently increased the maximum deformation and resulted in earlier failure. Larger aggregate size and denser gradation for the polymer-modified dense-graded mix resulted in more efficient...
A built-in test module for fault isolation

A broad-level implementation of signature analysis that uses a built-in test module called a testing switch is presented. It is shown how board designers can incorporate the testing-switch modules to reduce the time it takes to isolate faulty chips. Both the test time and the power overhead are better with the testing-switch implementation than with schemes using built-in logic block observer circuits. The proposed technique is especially useful when boundary scan and self-test cannot be implemented in every chip of a board. >
NORMAL HEARING AND DEVELOPMENTAL OUTCOME FOR INFANTS WITH PPHN TREATED WITH MODERATE HYPERVENTILATION: A CONTROLLED STUDY. 1203

NORMAL HEARING AND DEVELOPMENTAL OUTCOME FOR INFANTS WITH PPHN TREATED WITH MODERATE HYPERVENTILATION: A CONTROLLED STUDY. 1203
MPTP-induced parkinsonism: relative changes in dopamine concentration in subregions of substantia nigra, ventral tegmental area and retrorubral field of symptomatic and asymptomatic vervet monkeys

Abstract Dopamine (DA) and homovanillic acid (HVA) concentrations were measured in subregions of substantia nigra, ventral tegmental area and retrorubral field in vervet monkeys 1 to 2 months after treatment with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). Identical MPTP treatment regimens produced animals with different degrees of parkinsonism. In asymptomatic monkeys, changes in DA and HVA concentrations in the midbrain DA regions were relatively small and involved central substantia nigra and dorsomedial ventral tegmental area. In contrast, changes in symptomatic monkeys were more severe and widespread, significantly affecting all examined subregions of substantia nigra (75% DA depletion), both dorsomedial and ventromedial ventral tegmental area and lateral, but not medial, retrorubral field. The data indicate that DA neurons in subregions of substantia nigra, ventral tegmental area and retrorubral field are not equally susceptible to MPTP toxicity. The pattern of MPTP-induced DA and HVA losses in the vervet monkey mesostriatal dopaminergic system may resemble postencephalitic Parkinson's disease more closely than idiopathic Parkinson's disease.
Failure Analysis of Mill Shaft Roll

A strip mill roll shaft failure was investigated. The investigation revealed that the fatigue strength of the shaft had been compromised by a combination of several factors that included: inadequate fillet radius size, the use of dissimilar filler materials to rebuild the shaft surface, the presence of slag inclusions at the weld/alloy interface, and machining defects on the shaft surface. Such failures have occurred repeatedly, and this paper presents a case study investigating the cause of the problem and discusses possible remedial measures to prevent similar occurrences.
Factors That Influence Multinational Corporations' Control of Their Operations in Foreign Markets: An Empirical Investigation

Abstract Multinational corporations' (MNCs') control over their foreign operations plays an important role in implementing their global marketing strategy. In the past, transaction cost analysis and bargaining power theory have been widely cited to explain the degree of control MNCs exert over their foreign operations. However, research explicitly combining these two perspectives has been limited. To address the gap in the literature, the authors present a joint model that combines the two alternative theories to explain MNCs' control, and they compare their relative explanatory power. Using primary survey data, they perform an empirical test of the relative explanatory power of these two theories. The results suggest that three factors, two drawn from bargaining power theory and one from transaction cost analysis, are key factors in explaining MNCs' degree of control over their foreign operations. The article concludes with a discussion of the theoretical and managerial implications.
Dynamic Changes of FDG Uptake and Clearance in Normal Tissues

This study aims to evaluate dynamic 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-d-glucose (FDG) uptake in normal tissues. Thirty male patients underwent FDG positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography imaging at 1, 2, and 3 h after tracer injection. Standardized uptake values (SUV) were obtained in regions of interest of normal tissues. The aorta (blood pool), liver, and spleen FDG activity demonstrated significantly and continuously decreased activity from 1 to 2 and 2 to 3 h, while FDG uptake in the lungs, pancreas, lymph nodes, and skeletal muscle decreased from 1 to 2 h only. In contrast, the left ventricular myocardium demonstrated two patterns of dynamic changes: myocardium with higher FDG uptake (SUVmax ≥ 3.25) on the initial images had more remarkable increased activity on the delayed images, while myocardium with lower FDG uptake (SUVmax < 3.25) on the initial imaging had no increased uptake on delayed imaging. Increased FDG uptake was also observed in the bones on the delayed images. No significant changes of FDG uptake were noted in the parotid gland, thyroid gland, and prostate gland. These findings may help nuclear medicine physicians when comparing images performed at different time points, when using FDG uptake in internal reference regions as a relative indicator of FDG uptake in a specific lesion, and when reading a delayed FDG PET imaging.
A kinematic analysis of the angular extrusion (AE) operations

Detailed deformation analysis of the AE process is presented, based on a finite-deformation formulation. The two basic assumptions used in the analysis are that (1) the material is incompressible, and (2) the material flow is steady state in both the incoming channel and the outgoing channel. The main objective of this study is to identify the parameters, which are consistent with finite-deformation formulation, that appropriately characterize the extrusion process and can be observed and measured through experiments. These parameters are the maximum principal stretch and its orientation angle, or equivalently, the maximum amount of shear and its orientation. The expressions of these parameters as functions of the geometry of the angular extrusion setup are given in closed forms for angular extrusions with either sharp transitions or circular transitions. Finally, we also analyze the deformation of multiple-extrusion operations. Through a specific example, we illustrate that the final deformation is not simply the summation of the deformation associated with each individual step, as suggested by the infinitesimal deformation theory.
Caregiver Strain Among Black and White Daughter Caregivers: A Role Theory Perspective

The emotional strain associated with caregiving as experienced by both black (n = 117) and white (n = 464) daughter caregivers was examined from a role theory perspective. Black daughters reported less role strain overall. Conflict between caregiving duties and the caregivers' personal and social life was a predictor for both groups. For black women the unique predictors were: poor perceived health, unavailability of respite support, and lower caregiving role demand. For white women poor quality of parent-daughter relationship and work conflict were the unique predictors.
Creating functional environments for elder care facilities.

Summary Our experience has illustrated the importance of the planning and selection process in creating an environment for adult day care. The features must be safe, functional, durable and relatively easy to maintain. By becoming actively involved in the process, nurses and clients can create day care environments that facilitate nursing practice and support the functional abilities of participants.
S-adenosylmethionine and Pneumocystis carinii

We previously reported that S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet), a key molecule in methylation reactions and polyamine biosynthesis, enhances axenic culture of the AIDS-associated opportunistic fungal pathogen Pneumocystis carinii. Here we report that AdoMet is absolutely required for continuous growth. Two transporters are present, one high affinity, K(m) = 4.5 microm, and one low affinity, K(m) = 333 microm. The physiologically relevant high affinity transporter has a pH optimum of 7.5 and no related natural compounds compete for uptake. Transport is 98% inhibited at 4 degrees C, 24% inhibited by 20 mm sodium azide, and 95% inhibited by the combination of 20 mm sodium azide and 1 mm salicylhydroxamic acid; thus transport is active and dependent on both a cytochrome chain and an alternative oxidase. In vitro, AdoMet is used at a rate of 1. 40 x 10(7) molecules cell(-1) min(-1). AdoMet synthetase activity was not detected by a sensitive radiolabel incorporation assay capable of detecting 0.1% of the activity in rat liver. In addition, the AdoMet plasma concentration of rats is inversely correlated with the number of P. carinii in the lungs. These findings demonstrate that P. carinii is an AdoMet auxotroph. The uptake and metabolism of this compound are rational chemotherapeutic targets.
History and Development of Evidence-based Medicine

This article illustrates the timeline of the development of evidence-based medicine (EBM). The term "evidence-based medicine" is relatively new. In fact, as far as we can tell, investigators from McMaster's University began using the term during the 1990s. EBM was defined as "a systemic approach to analyze published research as the basis of clinical decision making." Then in 1996, the term was more formally defined by Sacket et al., who stated that EBM was "the conscientious and judicious use of current best evidence from clinical care research in the management of individual patients." Ancient era EBM consists of ancient historical or anecdotal accounts of what may be loosely termed EBM. This was followed by the development of the renaissance era of EBM, which began roughly during the seventeenth century. During this era personal journals were kept and textbooks began to become more prominent. This was followed by the 1900s, during an era we term the transitional era of EBM (1900-1970s). Knowledge during this era could be shared more easily in textbooks and eventually peer-reviewed journals. Finally, during the 1970s we enter the modern era of EBM. Technology has had a large role in the advancement of EBM. Computers and database software have allowed compilation of large amounts of data. The Index Medicus has become a medical dinosaur of the past that students of today likely do not recognize. The Internet has also allowed incredible access to masses of data and information. However, we must be careful with an overabundance of "unfiltered" data. As history, as clearly shown us, evidence and data do not immediately translate into evidence based practice.
Identification of steroids by chemical ionization mass spectrometry

Chemical ionization (CI) mass spectra of various natural and synthetic steroids have been studied using methane, isobutane, ammonia, trideuterioammonia and hydroxy anion as reagent gases. The CI spectra of steroids give simple and well characterized ions, which provide information about molicular weight as well as functionalities in the molecules. Trideuterioammonia exchanges rapidly with active hydrogens (e.g., OH, SH, COOH, NH2) in steroid molecules in the CI reaction and thus provides a convenient means of active hydrogen determination by mass spectrometry, Application of various CI processes to the analysis of steroids and conjugates have been made. Low levels of hydroxycholesterols in biological samples and in cholesterol autoxidation products were identified by the 4 ion patterns, [M+NH4]+, [M-OH+NH3]+, [M-0H]+ and [M-H2 O-OH]+, in ammonia CI. The position of hydroxy functions in the cholesterol side chain can be identified from the methane CI of hydroxycholesterol trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivatives. Sterol carboxylic esters can be identified as the ammonium adduct ion of the intact molecule, [M+NH4]+, in ammonia CI. Isobutane and hydroxy anion CI spectra of the steroid esters give abundant ion fragments of both steroids and carboxylic acid moieties. Identification of free bile acids and steroid glycosides without derivatization is also feasible with the CI process when ammonia is used as reagent gas.
The incidence of decay and factors affecting bacterial soft rot of potatoes

The incidence of tuber decay in rail car shipments of potatoes from the State of Washington was determined from 1965 to 1969 inclusive. Reinspection certificates revealed that 7.9% of the rail cars of potatoes shipped during this period were rejected due to tuber defects; tuber decay accounted for 63% of these rejected cars. Percentage of rejections due to tuber decay was greater for Russet Burbank than for Norgold Russet potatoes.
Complement Activation by Trichophyton rubrum

The role of complement in infections by dermatophytes is unknown. Therefore we evaluated the ability of the dermatophyte Trichophyton rubrum to activate complement in vitro. Aliquots of human plasma that had been incubated with T. rubrum were examined for evidence of complement activation. Following incubation, the total hemolytic complement activity of plasma fell 76%. Further, each T. rubrum incubation led to obvious C3 conversion and generation of polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) aggregating activity. Plasma that had complement activity depleted by heat (56 degrees C x 30 min) or 10 mM EDTA failed to develop C3 conversion or PMN aggregating activity. Complement activation was not affected when the classical complement pathway was selectively blocked by MgEGTA. These studies indicate that T. rubrum can activate the complement system by the alternative pathway. The consequent generation of anaphylatoxins, chemotaxins, and opsonins might be important both in host defense against dermatophytic infections and in the inflammatory reactions mediated by them.
Buying Bonds for Business: An Evaluation of the Industrial Revenue Bond Program

Tax-free Industrial Revenue Bonds (IRBs) have become a very popular method of stimulating economic development among local communities. IRBs impose few direct costs upon the issuing jurisdictions w...
The relative toxicity of l- and dl-serine in rats.

SummaryA comparison has been made of the relative toxicity of l- and dl-serine in rats. Under the same experimental conditions, the administration of the natural l isomer was not accompanied by the clinical and pathological alterations and by the chemical changes in the urine, characteristically found in animals receiving the racemie mixture. It appears, therefore, that the unnatural d-isomer is chiefly responsible for the injurious action of dl-serine.
Device for carrying blood samples at 37°C for cryoglobulin test.

ABSTRACT To reliably transport blood samples for cryoglobulin analysis, we have created a sample transport device containing a mixture of two waxes that solidifies at 38°C and maintains sample temperature at 38°C. Samples arriving at the laboratory at 37 to 38°C increased to 95% from 34% with the use of the device.
Cortical lesions and somesthesis in rats: effects of training and overtraining prior to surgery.

Blinded rats with either no preoperative training, preoperative training to criterion, or 100% overtraining were tested for the ability to make tactile discriminations after somatosensory cortical lesions or control operations. Postoperative deficits on the first tactile discrimination (retest) varied with the amount of preoperative training. Animals having no preoperative training showed the most severe deficits, and although trained and overtrained lesion groups did not differ from each other, only the overtrained rats with lesions did not differ from controls. All three lesion groups performed poorly in postoperative acquisition of a new and more difficult tactile discrimination. These data suggest that postoperative performance on a given task may vary as a function of the amount of preoperative training on that task, but that increased practice on one discrimination may not minimize lesion effects on a new, more difficult problem in the same modality.