cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A higher order plate theory for dynamic stability analysis of delaminated composite plates

A higher order shear deformation theory is used to investigate the instability associated with delaminated composite plates subject to dynamic loads. Both transverse shear and rotary inertia effects are taken into account. The procedure is implemented using the finite element method. Delamination is modeled using the penalty parameter approach. The natural frequencies are computed and compared with NASTRAN 3D results and available experimental data. The effect of delamination on the critical buckling load and the first two instability regions is investigated for various loading conditions, plate thickness and boundary conditions. As expected the natural frequencies and the critical buckling load of the delaminated plate are lower than those of the nondelaminated plate. They decrease with increase in delamination length. Increase in delamination length causes instability regions to be shifted to lower parametric resonance frequencies and the normalized width of the instability regions to increase.
A Monte Carlo Study of Analysis of Variance and Competing Rank Tests for Scheffé's Mixed Model

Abstract Monte Carlo estimates are obtained of the small sample power of the classical F test and three competing rank tests for detecting two forms of treatment shift alternatives. These results were computed under Scheffe's mixed model for the case of one observation per cell using several variance-covariance matrices. Some small sample null distributions, empirical efficiencies, and robustness computations are also given.
Bound states in waveguides and bent quantum wires. I. Applications to waveguide systems

It has been shown that in quantum wires which contain bends there will be one or more bound states for electrons placed in such systems. Bound states have been observed in quantum wires, but detailed mapping of such states is difficult. However, there is a one-to-one correspondence between wave functions of free electrons in two-dimensional (2D) systems, and electric fields of TE modes in rectangular waveguides with the same cross section as the 2D system. We therefore construct bent waveguides, find the frequencies at which confined EM fields occur, and map out the electromagnetic energy density there. We compare the experimental results with theoretical predictions of bound state energies and eigenfunctions. The geometry has been chosen to correspond to two-dimensional systems for which quantum wire experiments have been carried out. In such systems, we can predict the number and location of the bound states in the system; in addition, we can predict the electric and magnetic fields for the confined TE modes in this system. We show very good agreement between our predictions and experiment for bent waveguides in this geometry.
Ethanol versus lipopolysaccharide-induced hypothermia: involvement of urocortin.

Abstract The urocortin1 (Ucn1) neurons of the mid-brain-localized Edinger-Westphal nucleus (EW) are robustly responsive to ethanol (EtOH) administration, and send projections to the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN), which contains corticotropin-releasing factor type 2 receptors (CRF 2 ) that are responsive to Ucn1. In addition, the DRN has been shown to be involved in regulation of body temperature, a function greatly affected by EtOH administration. The goal of the present study was to identify the role that the urocortinergic projections from the EW to the DRN have in mediating EtOH-induced and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced hypothermia. Male C57BL6/J mice were used. Groups of mice underwent cannulation of the DRN, and then received i.p. injections of EtOH (2g/kg) or LPS (600μg/kg or 400μg/kg), followed by intra-DRN injections of artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF) or anti-sauvagine (aSVG) (55 pmol), a CRF 2 antagonist. Separate groups of mice received single intra-DRN injections of Ucn1 (20 pmol), CRF (20 pmol) or aCSF. For all experiments, core temperatures were monitored rectally every 30 min for several hours post-injection. Both EtOH and LPS induced hypothermia, and aSVG significantly attenuated this effect after EtOH; however, there was no significant attenuation of hypothermia after either dose of LPS. Ucn1 injection also caused hypothermia, while CRF injection did not. These data demonstrate that EtOH-induced hypothermia, but not LPS-induced hypothermia, may involve Ucn1 from EW acting at CRF 2 receptors in the DRN.
Grazing Management and Nitrogen Fertilization Effects on Vaseygrass Persistence in Limpograss Pastures

Vaseygrass (Paspalum urvillei Steud.) is a weed in environments where limpograss [Hemarthria altissima (Poir.) Stapf & Hubb.] is a productive pasture grass. The objective of this study was to determine grazing management and N fertilization effects on persistence of vaseygrass in limpograss pastures on a Pomona sand (sandy, siliceous, hyperthermic Ultic Alaquod). Treatments were arranged in a split-plot experiment; combinations of grazing method (continuous vs. rotational) and stubble height (15 and 30 cm) were the main plots, and N fertilization (50 and 150 kg N ha -1 ) was assigned to subplots. Continuous stocking for two grazing seasons reduced vaseygrass cover by 15 percentage units (-3 units for rotational) and increased limpograss cover by 6 units (-8 units for rotational). A stubble height × N rate interaction occurred because at the shortest height and lowest N rate the decline in vaseygrass cover (15 units) and increase in limpograss cover (7 units) were most pronounced. After 2 yr of continuous stocking, vaseygrass stem-base mass was lower than for rotational stocking (12 vs. 23 g plant -1 ), and stem-base (0.40 vs. 0.78 g plant -1 ) and root (0.46 vs. 0.91 g plant -1 ) content of total nonstructural carbohydrate (TNC) were lower under continuous compared to rotational stocking, respectively. Grazing to a 15- vs. 30-cm stubble height resulted in lower vaseygrass stem-base mass (12 vs. 23 g plant -1 ) and TNC content (0.44 vs. 0.73 g plant -1 ). Continuous stocking reduced vaseygrass plant mass and density while limpograss cover increased, but careful management of stubble height is required to avoid subsequent invasion by other undesirable species.
A Bluff Model of Riverine Settlement in Prehistoric Amazonia

In Amazonia, prehistoric settlement was especially concentrated along the major rivers. This has been explained by the superior soil and wildlife resources of the floodplain (varzea) compared to the interfluve uplands (terra firme). However, the floodplain is a high-risk habitat because of regular and periodic extreme flooding of even the highest terrain. A bluff model is proposed arguing that most settlement was not in the floodplain but rather on the valley-side bluff tops adjacent to active river channels. Subsistence was a multistrategy utilizing floodplain playa (beach) and levee soils and aquatic wildlife periodically in combination with more stable bluffedge gardens, agroforestry, and hunting. That permanent and semipermanent cultivation systems were established on the poor bluff soils is evidenced by archaeology, ethnohistory, paleoecology, and zones of anthropogenic soils (terra preta). However, bluff occupation was sporadic rather than continuous, with large settlements mostly located where main river channels impinged against bluffs. This pattern persisted with colonial missions, and it continues today.
The Chinese in Philippine life 1850-1898

The development of overseas Chinese communities, economically powerful, socially and culturally resistant to assimilation, and tied in many ways to China, has been a significant phenomenon in the modern history of Asia. During the half century from 1850 to 1898, the Chinese population in the Philippines increased drastically from 5000 to perhaps 100,000, and penetrated every part of the archipelago. Liberalized Spanish immigration laws and their own superior business methods enabled the Chinese to profit from the development of an export crop economy, which involved the exchange of Philippine raw products for foreign manufactured goods, and caused a shift in the emphasis of Chinese enterprise - from small-scale retailing to a virtual monopoly of raw material collection and import distribution. Their increased economic power gave impetus to an anti-Chinese campaign in the latter years of the century, and the Philippine Chinese, for the first time, developed community institutions to resist assimilation and turned to China for aid. The purpose of this study is to describe the position of the Chinese in the Philippines as of 1850 and to determine how it was affected by the ensuing economic and social changes of the next four decades.
QPipe: a simultaneously pipelined relational query engine

Relational DBMS typically execute concurrent queries independently by invoking a set of operator instances for each query. To exploit common data retrievals and computation in concurrent queries, researchers have proposed a wealth of techniques, ranging from buffering disk pages to constructing materialized views and optimizing multiple queries. The ideas proposed, however, are inherently limited by the query-centric philosophy of modern engine designs. Ideally, the query engine should proactively coordinate same-operator execution among concurrent queries, thereby exploiting common accesses to memory and disks as well as common intermediate result computation.This paper introduces on-demand simultaneous pipelining (OSP), a novel query evaluation paradigm for maximizing data and work sharing across concurrent queries at execution time. OSP enables proactive, dynamic operator sharing by pipelining the operator's output simultaneously to multiple parent nodes. This paper also introduces QPipe, a new operator-centric relational engine that effortlessly supports OSP. Each relational operator is encapsulated in a micro-engine serving query tasks from a queue, naturally exploiting all data and work sharing opportunities. Evaluation of QPipe built on top of BerkeleyDB shows that QPipe achieves a 2x speedup over a commercial DBMS when running a workload consisting of TPC-H queries.
Modeling the transport of 2,3,7,8‐TCDD and other low volatility chemicals in soils

A model has been developed to describe the transport of low volatility organic chemicals in a column of soil. The mathematical model calculates the rate of movement through the soil by solving the dynamic material and energy balances around the soil column. The model is used to make predictions on the transport of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzop-dioxin (TCDD) at the Eglin Air Force Base Agent Orange biodegradation test plots. The model predicts a vertical movement of TCDD, buried in 1972, through the soil column. Soil column profile data confirm the vertical movement of TCDD.
Enoxacin pharmacokinetics and efficacy in CF-1 mice

Mean peak enoxacin serum concentrations in nonfasted CF-1 mice following a single 50, 100, or 200 mg/kg oral dose were 2.0, 4.0 and 11.4 mg/l, respectively, with proportional increases in area under the serum concentration curves. Oral enoxacin was significantly more effective than tobramycin or dicloxacillin in experimental Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus infections respectively. Enoxacin was as effective as tobramycin against P. cepacia and Escherichia coli infections. Enoxacin may be useful as an oral antimicrobial for the treatment of selected systemic bacterial infections.
Ultrastructural Aspects of Olfactory Signaling

The olfactory area of the nasal cavity is lined with olfactory receptor cell cilia that come in contact with incoming odor molecules. Ultrastructural immunocytochemical studies in rodents have shown that these cilia contain all the proteins necessary to transduce the odorous message into an electrical signal that can be transmitted to the brain. These signaling proteins include putative odor receptors, GTP binding proteins, type III adenylyl cyclase and cyclic nucleotide-gated channels. The rest of the cells, including dendrites and dendritic knobs, showed no discernible labeling with antibodies to these signaling proteins. Furthermore, freeze-fracture and freeze-etch studies have shown that the membrane morphology of olfactory cilia differs substantially from that of non-sensory cilia. Olfactory cilia have many more membrane particles. Transmembrane signaling proteins, such as odor receptors, adenylyl cyclase and cyclic nucleotide-gated channels, conceivably appear as membrane particles. Thus, the long-standing supposition that olfactory cilia are peculiarly adapted to deal with the reception and initial transduction of odorous messages has now been verified in terms of both ultrastructural morphology and cytochemistry. Emerging studies on vomeronasal receptor cell microvilli indicate that the same is true for this organ, even though the actual signaling components differ from those of the main olfactory system.
Small-Scale and Mesoscale Variability in Cloudy Boundary Layers: Joint Probability Density Functions

The joint probability density function (PDF) of vertical velocity and conserved scalars is important for at least two reasons. First, the shape of the joint PDF determines the buoyancy flux in partly cloudy layers. Second, the PDF provides a wealth of information about subgrid variability and hence can serve as the foundation of a boundary layer cloud and turbulence parameterization. This paper analyzes PDFs of stratocumulus, cumulus, and clear boundary layers obtained from both aircraft observations and large eddy simulations. The data are used to fit five families of PDFs: a double delta function, a single Gaussian, and three PDF families based on the sum of two Gaussians. Overall, the double Gaussian, that is binormal, PDFs perform better than the single Gaussian or double delta function PDFs. In cumulus layers with low cloud fraction, the improvement occurs because typical PDFs are highly skewed, and it is crucial to accurately represent the tail of the distribution, which is where cloud occurs. Since the double delta function has been shown in prior work to be the PDF underlying mass-flux schemes, the data analysis herein hints that mass-flux simulations may be improved upon by using a parameterization built upon a more realistic PDF.
A spot imaging Cherenkov counter

A novel design for a Cherenkov detector which images the position of incident particles, and identifies incident particle species at the hardware level, is proposed. The device uses conventional components in a new arrangement.
Complexities of information security in Cyber-Physical Power Systems

Cyber-Physical Power Systems consist of significant cyber components that mange the physical electric power infrastructure under distributed control of power electronics devices. This represents a departure from more centralized SCADA-type control. NERC Critical Infrastructure Protection standards emphasize the need to protect the power infrastructure from both cyber and physical attacks. Complex interactions between the cyber and physical worlds introduce new vulnerabilities that go beyond those found in the purely computer world. In this paper, some of these new vulnerabilities are described and a direction is suggested to determine and mitigate these vulnerabilities.
MARSS: a full system simulator for multicore x86 CPUs

We present MARSS, an open source, fast, full system simulation tool built on QEMU to support cycle-accurate simulation of superscalar homogeneous and heterogeneous multicore x86 processors. MARSS includes detailed models of coherent caches, interconnections, chipsets, memory and IO devices. MARSS simulates the execution of all software components in the system, including unmodified binaries of applications, OS and libraries.
Exploration on sub-nanosecond spin torque random access memory

A key attribute that spin torque random access memory (SPRAM) offers as advanced nonvolatile memory is the fast read and write performance. In this paper, based upon model and experiment, we study SPRAM switching speed under switching variation constraints. We analyze factors limiting SPRAM switching speed and examine possibilities that lead SPRAM speed up to sub-nanosecond region. We explore paths that are different from direct scaling down approaches. Particularly we quantify magnetization relaxation and magnetic element temperature effects on SPRAM switching speed. We suggest that linear magnetization reversal mechanism at elevated temperature provides a path that could lead to sub-nanosecond SPRAM with well controlled switching time variations.
VELIGERS OF INVASIVE QUAGGA MUSSELS (DREISSENA ROSTRIFORMIS BUGENSIS, ANDRUSOV 1897) IN LAKE MEAD, NEVADA-ARIZONA

The planktonic veligers of the invasive quagga mussel were present year-round from April 2008 to March 2009 in Lake Mead, with high abundance from September to October (>20 veligers/L), whereas the percentage of competent veligers, in terms of the ability to settle, peaked from November 2008 to January 2009 (>60%). The results from this experiment are useful in understanding the life history and population dynamics of quagga mussels in the lower Colorado River Basin.
Third-Party Consent Searches: Legal vs. Social Perceptions of “Common Authority”1

We investigate the degree of correspondence between legal concepts underpinning third-party consent searches (a co-resident permits police search of shared living space and belongings) and laypersons’ sociocultural expectations. In accord with the legal concepts, we hypothesized that laypersons would be able to distinguish between authority over (I) exclusive-use vs. common-use areas, and (2) personal effects in exclusive-use vs. common-use areas. But, we also expected that (3) the interpretation of “common authority” would be influenced by the presence vs. absence of the co-resident, and (4) the type of intruder (social, commercial, civil authority, or criminal justice authority) would influence responses to requests for entry. These hypotheses were tested using a fully between-subjects, factorial design (N = 160). Results supported our first three hypotheses. Subjects understood the concept of a warrantless search and distinguished between “exclusive use”areas and “common authority”areas at the level of rooms within the shared residence. Subjects’interpretation of‘kommon authority”for third-party consent purposes was influenced by physical presence of the co-resident. If the co-resident was absent, “common authority” was interpreted as independent consent power. There was no consensual interpretation of “common authority” when the co-resident was present and protested the proposed search. Results suggest situational dependence of lay understandings of “common authority” over jointly used areas.
Recurrent Abdominal Pain in Children: Forerunner to Adult Irritable Bowel Syndrome?

ISSUES AND PURPOSE. Review the etiology and pathophysiology of recurrent abdominal pain (RAP) and its potential role as a precursor to irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) in adults. CONCLUSIONS. Physiological mechanisms not easily identifiable as an organic cause may underlie symptoms in RAP patients. They may be triggered by psychosocial factors that result in greater functional disability, more clinic visits, and lower academic and social competence. Of these children, 25% will experience similar symptoms as adults; many will be diagnosed with IBS. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS. Nurses can provide early and efficient management of these children's care if they view the issues of abdominal pain/ discomfort from a broader focus that includes the context of the child's experiences. Search terms: Abdominal pain, child, irritable bowel syndrome, recurrent abdominal pain (RAP).
Directed evolution of mammalian anti-apoptosis proteins by somatic hypermutation

Recently, researchers have created novel fluorescent proteins by harnessing the somatic hypermutation ability of B cells. In this study, we examined if this approach could be used to evolve a non-fluorescent protein, namely the anti-apoptosis protein Bcl-x(L), using the Ramos B-cell line. After demonstrating that Ramos cells were capable of mutating a heterologous bcl-x(L) transgene, the cells were exposed to multiple rounds of the chemical apoptosis inducer staurosporine followed by rounds of recovery in fresh medium. The engineered B cells expressing Bcl-x(L) exhibited progressively lower increases in apoptosis activation as measured by caspase-3 activity after successive rounds of selective pressure with staurosporine treatment. Within the B-cell genome, a number of mutated bcl-x(L) transgene variants were identified after three rounds of evolution, including a mutation of Bcl-x(L) Asp29 to either Asn or His, in 8 out of 23 evaluated constructs that represented at least five distinct Ramos subpopulations. Subsequently, Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells engineered to overexpress the Bcl-x(L) Asp29Asn variant showed enhanced apoptosis resistance against an orthogonal apoptosis insult, Sindbis virus infection, when compared with cells expressing the wild-type Bcl-x(L) protein. These findings provide, to our knowledge, the first demonstration of evolution of a recombinant mammalian protein in a mammalian expression system.
Synthesis of homologous monomers and polymers of carbazole, phenothiazine and dibenzazepine

Monomers and polymers of 3-vinyl-N-ethylcarbazole, 3-vinyl-N-methylphenothiazine, 3,7-divinyl-N-methylphenothiazine, N-acrylylcarbazole, N-acrylylphenothiazine, and N-acrylyl- and N-methacrylyldibenzazepine have been synthesized. The synthetic procedures for preparing the monomers and polymers are described.
Molecular genetics of atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor.

Rhabdoid tumors are extremely aggressive malignancies that generally occur in infants and young children. The most common locations are the kidney and central nervous system (atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor [RT]), although RTs can also arise in most soft-tissue sites. Rhabdoid tumors in all anatomical locations have a similar molecular origin. Mutation or deletion of both copies of the hSNF5/INI1 gene that maps to chromosome band 22q11.2 is observed in approximately 70% of primary tumors. An additional 20 to 25% of tumors have reduced expression at the RNA or protein level, indicative of a loss-of-function event. The INI1 protein is a component of the SWI/SNF chromatin-remodeling complex. The complex is recruited to promoters of a large variety of genes involved in cell signaling, growth, and differentiation. This review summarizes what is currently known regarding the molecular genetics of RTs.
Cutting Polytopes and Flag f-Vectors

We show how the flag f -vector of a polytope changes when cutting off any face, generalizing work of Lee for simple polytopes. The result is in terms of explicit linear operators on cd-polynomials. Also, we obtain the change in the flag f -vector when contracting any face of the polytope.
INTRAVENOUS HEPARINASE INHIBITS REMNANT LIPOPROTEIN CLEARANCE FROM THE PLASMA AND UPTAKE BY THE LIVER : IN VIVO ROLE OF HEPARAN SULFATE PROTEOGLYCANS

Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPG) are involved in the binding and uptake of apolipoprotein (apo) E-enriched remnant lipoproteins by cultured cells in vitro. To define the role of hepatic HSPG in remnant lipoprotein clearance in vivo, heparinase (30 units) was infused intravenously into mice to hydrolyze the liver HSPG and determine the effect of HSPG hydrolysis on remnant clearance by the liver. Liver HSPG were prelabeled by peritoneal injection of [35S]Na2SO4. Injection of heparinase decreased the amount of 35S-labeled liver HSPG by approximately 20-40% within 10-15 min. Heparinase infusion significantly inhibited the clearance of chylomicrons, chylomicron remnants, chylomicron remnants + apoE, rabbit beta-very low density lipoproteins (beta-VLDL), and beta-VLDL + apoE. Compared with saline injection in control mice, heparinase injection retarded the plasma clearance of the remnants by 1.5- to 2-fold and decreased liver uptake by 1.3- to 1.6-fold. Confocal fluorescence microscopy of thick slices of liver from mice injected with 1,1'-dioctadecyl-3,3,3', 3'-tetramethylindocarbocyanine-labeled beta-VLDL + apoE revealed markedly less intense fluorescence from hepatocytes in heparinase-treated animals compared with those in saline-treated control animals. Intravenous heparinase infusion did not inhibit the clearance of mouse low density lipoproteins (LDL), a ligand for the LDL receptor, and did not affect the clearance of alpha 2-macroglobulin, a ligand for the LDL receptor-related protein. The results suggest an important role of the liver HSPG in remnant clearance in vivo.
Evaluating the potential of small-scale renewable energy options to meet rural livelihoods needs: A GIS- and lifecycle cost-based assessment of Western China's options

The economics and livelihoods impacts of stand-alone, small-scale (less than 2 kW) renewable energy technologies for rural electrification are assessed using a representative sample of 531 rural households in three provinces of Western China. Over 20 small wind, photovoltaic (PV) and wind–PV hybrid configurations were evaluated for their potential to meet local electricity needs. The assessment integrates lifecycle costing and geographic information system (GIS) methods in order to provide a comprehensive resource, economic, technological and livelihoods assessment. The results of the analysis indicate that off-grid renewable energy technologies can provide cost-effective and reliable alternatives to conventional generator sets in addressing rural livelihoods energy requirements. Findings also demonstrate the existence of a sizeable market potential for stand-alone renewable energy systems in Western China. In support of market development for these technologies, policy recommendations are provided. r 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Schistosoma mansoni soluble egg antigens enhance T cell responses to a newly identified HIV-1 Gag H-2b epitope

Schistosome infection induces significant T helper type 2 (Th2) and anti-inflammatory immune responses and has been shown to negatively impact vaccine efficacy. Our goal was to determine if the administration of schistosome soluble egg antigens (SEA) would negatively influence the induction of cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) and Th1-type T cell responses to an HIV candidate vaccine in the Th1-biased C57BL/6 mouse strain. Initial experiments failed, as we were unable to detect any response to the defined class I epitope for HIV-1 IIIB Gag. Therefore, we initiated an epitope mapping study to identify C57BL/6 (H-2(b)) T cell epitopes in HIV-1 IIIB Gag in order to perform the experiments. This analysis defined two previously unreported minimal class I H-2(b) and class II I-A(b) epitopes for HIV-1 IIIB Gag. The newly defined HIV-1 IIIB Gag epitopes were used to evaluate the influence of SEA on the generation of CTL and Th1-type HIV-1 IIIB Gag responses. Surprisingly, in contrast to our hypothesis, we observed that the coadministration of SEA with a Listeria monocytogenes vector expressing HIV-1 IIIB Gag (Lm-Gag) led to a significantly increased frequency of gamma interferon (IFN-γ)-producing CD8(+) and CD4(+) T cells in C57BL/6 mice compared to mice immunized with Lm-Gag only. These observations suggest that SEA contains, in addition to Th2-type and immune-suppressive molecules, substances that can act with the Lm-Gag vaccine to increase CTL and Th1-type vaccine-specific immune responses.
Space charge evolution in polypropylene containing synthetic and natural organoclays

Fully synthetic tetrasilisic mica from Topy Co., Ltd. and Cloisite® 20A powder of Wyoming natural montmorillonite clay from Southern Clay Products were used to manufacture poly-propylene-based nanocomposites with organoclay concentrations of up to 8-wt%. Both types of nanofiller reduce the amount of space charge accumulated under a dc field as compared with the base material without any nanoparticles but their concentrations have to be kept below ∼4-wt% to achieve this effect. For the same particle concentration, nanocomposites containing natural clay, which has significantly smaller aspect ratio of the individual platelets than the synthetic clay, acquire less space charge than the nanocomposites containing fully synthetic clay.
The Tandem Gas Chromatography—Behavior Bioassay1

Genuinely new detection methods like the flame ionization detector (FID)3 for gas chromatography (McWilliams and Dewar, 1958; Harley et al., 1958), mass spectrometry for structure determination (Biemann, 1962), and the use of whole insects (Flaschentrager et al., 1957) or isolated insect antennae (Schneider, 1957; Roelofs, 1984, Chapter 5, this volume) as biological detectors significantly increased the number of techniques available to the pioneers in the field 25 years ago (see Hecker and Butenandt, 1984, Chapter 1, this volume). Equally important and numerous are the examples in which a novel combination of already existing techniques opened up additional analytical avenues. Examples are coupled gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (GLC- MS) (Gohlke, 1959; Ryhage, 1964), tandem GLC-EAD (Moorhouse et al., 1969; Arn et al., 1975; Beevor et al., 1975), tandem GLC single-cell recordings (Wadhams, 1982; Wadhams, 1984, Chapter 7, this volume; Lofsted et al., 1982; Struble and Arn, Chapter 6, this volume), and the tandem GLC-behavior bioassays (t-GLC-BB) (Table 1).
Response to Critique of Meta-Analysis

Criticisms by Goldin (1992) of my report on problem solving (Hembree, 1992) relate to five areas structured as follows: (a) general skepticism regarding research integration by meta-analysis, (b) lack of a theoretical framework, (c) perceived violations of meta-analytic assumptions, (d) perceptions of questionable study conclusions, and (e) possible misuses of findings. This structure seems highly appropriate; I have retained it in my response. Following those specifics, I shall offer general views on the value of Goldin's critique.
Past and Present Distribution of Marten in New York

A century ago the marten, Martes americana americana , was rather widely distributed in suitable habitats of New York State. These habitats included the “green timber” of white and red spruce and balsam fir, found principally in the Adirondack and Catskill mountains. Occasionally martens move into the rock maple, hemlock and yellow birch zone, but they appear to favor the deep cold swamps and steep mountain slopes above 2000 feet. DeKay (Zoology of New York: Part 1. Mammalia, 1842) indicated that the marten occurs in the elevated and wooded districts of the northern parts of the state. Coues (Fur-bearing animals: a monograph of North American Mustelidae. Misc. Publ. U.S. Geol. Survey, 1877) recorded four specimens from Essex County but did not remark on their abundance. Merriam (The mammals of the Adirondacks, 1884) regarded the animal as common in the dark evergreen forests of the Adirondacks, stating that hundreds were trapped every winter for their fur. Correspondents and older trappers of the Adirondack counties have told me that the marten was common in the early 1900′s. Mearns (Notes on the mammals of the Catskill Mountains, etc. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 21, No. 1147, 1898) does not list the species from the Catskills, although he was informed that the marten still existed in these mountains. Miller (Preliminary list of …
Abstract IA27: Glioma stem cells: What are they?

We have generated mouse models of GBM by driving loss of function of in the NF1, p53 and Pten tumor suppressors in the adult mouse brain. Using genetic cell labeling and lineage tracing approaches, our models support the hypothesis that stem/progenitor cells are the most likely cells to accumulate mutations over time and become the source of GBM. We have succeeded in reporter labeling the putative “Cancer Stem Cell” population and demonstrate their requirement for effectively mediating endogenous tumor recurrence after chemotherapy and in successfully supporting serial transplantation of tumors in intracranial allografts. The availability of enriched Cancer Stem cells should provide a powerful tool for identifying critical molecular properties and novel therapeutic targets. Citation Format: Luis F. Parada. Glioma stem cells: What are they? [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Advances in Pediatric Cancer Research: From Mechanisms and Models to Treatment and Survivorship; 2015 Nov 9-12; Fort Lauderdale, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(5 Suppl):Abstract nr IA27.
Lesions of the extrarenal segment of the renal artery and hypertension.

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS Lesions of the extrarenal portion of the renal artery may lead to systemic hypertension, and though present in only 5 to 10 percent of the patients with hypertension constitute a potentially curable group. Included in the category of renovascular hypertension are patients with atherosclerosis of the proximal segment of the renal artery and patients with primary or secondary inflammation of the artery. The latter group includes physical trauma to the artery. The pathogenesis of the most common cause of renovascular hypertension, i.e., the fibromuscular lesions, is unknown. In our opinion these fibromuscular lesions reflect an aberrant reparative process, and the primary injury may be traumatic or inflammatory. Certainly immunologically-mediated arteritis is a prominent speculation as to the cause of many of the fibromuscular lesions of the renal artery. Any of the above conditions may be associated with aneurysmal dilatation or dissecting hemorrhage ofthe renal artery. Likewise, thrombosis may be a complication of these lesions. In some instances aneurysms, dissecting hemorrhages, and thrombi occur in the absence ofan apparent cause. Among children, congenital defects including those of the urinary structures as well as blood vessels and neurofibromatosis must be added to the list of causes of renovascular hypertension. For the physician who sees patients with renovascular hypertension, the goal is early recognition and treatment of the disease. For the pathologist, the goal is an expanded investigation of the diseased arteries to identify the underlying causative agents.
Crossing the Line: Case Studies of Identity Development in First-Generation College Women

In this paper we present four case studies of adult women from working class backgrounds who attended Hillside College (a pseudonym for one of the “seven-sister” colleges) during the early 1990s. Although research on women has led, over the past few decades, to a more complex picture of the contexts in which women develop their identities, one important context that has been underexplored is social class. Drawing on data from three lengthy interviews with each of our four participants, our purpose was to explore the identity concerns of adult women from working class backgrounds in their experience getting to and attending Hillside College, which has historically been home to the middle and upper social classes. Implications for college retention are discussed.
Gestational Age and Kindergarten School Readiness in a National Sample of Preterm Infants

Objective To examine the association of gestational age with school readiness in kindergarten reading and math skills. We hypothesized that compared with infants born at 39-41 weeks, infants born at lower gestational ages would have poorer school readiness. Study design The study sample comprised 5250 children from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Birth Cohort, assessed with specialized reading and math assessments at kindergarten. Poor school readiness was characterized by reading and math theta scores ≥1.5 SD below the sample mean. The aOR and 95% CI of poor school readiness were estimated using multivariate logistic regression, examining gestational age continuously and categorically (very preterm [VPT], moderate/late preterm [M/LPT], early term [ET], and term). Pairwise comparisons were performed to test for differences by gestational age category. Results There was an association between gestational age and poor school readiness for reading and math, with the suggestion of a threshold effect in children born at ≥32 weeks gestation. In adjusted models, in VPT infants, the aORs of poor school readiness in reading and math were 2.58 (95% CI, 1.29-5.15) and 3.38 (95% CI, 1.66-6.91), respectively. For infants born M/LPT and ET, the odds of poor school readiness in reading did not differ from those of children born full-term, however. Conclusions Compared with term infants, the highest odds of poor school readiness in reading and math were seen in VPT infants, with lower odds of poor school readiness in children born at ≥32 weeks gestation. Ongoing developmental surveillance before kindergarten is indicated for VPT infants.
Using superpixels to improve the efficiency of Laplacian Eigenmap based methods for target detection in hyperspectral imagery

LE-based methods have been shown to be effective for target detection in HSI. However, they can be slow due to the costly graph construction and eigenvector computation steps. In this paper, we proposed including a step of pre-segmenting an HSI into superpixels prior to dimensionality reduction. Carrying out experiments on an HIS from the SHARE 2012 data campaign, we show that incorporating superpixels in the BNC target detection method can yield much faster computation times without sacrificing accuracy. When incorporated in SE-based target detection, superpixels do cause a slight decrease in accuracy. Future work involves a more thorough validation on multiple datasets, and testing whether or not the inclusion of superpixels is useful for other target detection algorithms.
Perspectives on death and dying: a study of resident comfort with End-of-life care

Despite the benefits to early palliative care in the treatment of terminal illness, barriers to timely hospice referrals exist. Physicians who are more comfortable having end-of-life (EOL) conversations are more likely to refer to hospice. However, very little is known about what factors influence comfort with EOL care. An anonymous survey was sent to all the residents and fellows at a single institution. Self-reported education, experience and comfort with EOL care was assessed. Using multivariate logistic regression analysis, variables that influenced comfort with EOL conversations were analyzed. Most residents (88.1%) reported little to no classroom training on EOL care during residency. EOL conversations during residency were frequent (50.6% reported > 10) and mostly unsupervised (61.9%). In contrast, EOL conversations during medical school were infrequent (3.7% reported >10) and mostly supervised (78.6%). Most (54.3%) reported little to no classroom training on EOL care during medical school. Physicians that reported receiving education on EOL conversations during residency and those who had frequent EOL conversations during residency had significantly higher comfort levels having EOL conversations (p = 0.017 and p = 0.003, respectively). Likewise, residents that felt adequately prepared to have EOL conversations when graduating from medical school were more likely to feel comfortable (p = 0.030). Most residents had inadequate education in EOL conversation skills during medical school and residency. Despite the lack of training, EOL conversations during residency are common and often unsupervised. Those who reported more classroom training during residency on EOL skills had greater comfort with EOL conversations. Training programs should provide palliative care education to all physicians during residency and fellowship, especially for those specialties that are most likely to encounter patients with advanced terminal disease.
Learning Computational Skills in uCode@UWG: Challenges and Recommendations

In order to compete in a global economy, higher education institutions, K-12 schools, government officials, school districts, teachers, and afterschool programs must provide students with opportunities to acquire computational thinking and twenty-first century skills. In the United States, thousands of new jobs in areas such as computer science, database administration, software development, and information research open each year; yet, there are not enough American students graduating with those degrees, thus having to fill computing positions with international workers. In addition, other professional fields such as healthcare, education, financial services, and administration are becoming more technology dependent, requiring their employees to acquire computational skills. Recognizing this need, and the often-disheartening lack of opportunities outside the classroom for students to be inspired and to acquire computational skills, the College of Education at the University of West Georgia opened a coding club for kids 7–17 in the spring of 2014 named uCode@UWG. This chapter presents those efforts, and the current status of the program.
Use of the Spot Vision Screener for patients with developmental disability.

Purpose To determine whether the Spot Vision Screener effectively detects amblyopia risk factors (ARFs) in patients with developmental disability using the 2013 guidelines of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus (AAPOS). Methods Children with developmental disability presenting for complete pediatric ophthalmologic examination were prospectively enrolled between June 2012 and March 2016. The following data were analyzed: presence of ARFs according to the AAPOS guidelines, refraction, eye alignment, and other ocular pathology. Results A total of 100 children (average age, 5.7 years; range, 2.2- 9.2 years) were included. The prevalence of ARFs in this cohort was 38%. The sensitivity of the Spot Vision Screener in detecting amblyopia risk factors was 84%; the specificity, 62%. The positive predictive value was 58%; the negative predictive value, 86%. Conclusions In our study cohort the Spot Vision Screener provided good sensitivity and adequate specificity for a screening examination. Automated screeners may be useful in screening children with developmental disability.
IgG4-Related Disease: A New Etiology Underlying Diffuse Intracranial Dilating Vasculopathy.

Background Diffuse intracranial aneurysmal vasculopathy is a rare condition, previously described in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD) is a recognized inflammatory disease of systemic organs, leading to fibrosis of connective tissues. It also has been linked to inflammatory dilating aortic aneurysms, coronary vascular disease, hypophysitis, orbital pseudotumor, and pachymeningitis. It has not yet been described as a cause of diffuse intracranial dilating vasculopathy. Histologically, this disease is characterized by IgG4-plasma cell infiltration, fibrosis, and phlebitis. Case Description A 40-year-old woman presented with acute heart failure, valvular insufficiency, and mycotic coronary aneurysms, concerning for endocarditis. Infectious workup was negative. Concurrent neurovascular workup revealed intracranial aneurysms, appearing mycotic in origin. Despite aggressive treatment for more than 5 years, she suffered multiple episodes of subarachnoid hemorrhage from a progressive dilating intracranial vasculopathy. Serum IgG levels and aneurysm wall pathology were consistent with IgG4-RD. Conclusions This is the first reported case of a diffuse intracranial dilating vasculopathy secondary to IgG4-RD. Recognition of similar pathologic findings in clinical presentation and radiologic workup should prompt further rheumatologic workup and possible immunosuppressive therapies.
Polarized preferences versus polarizing policies

Much of contemporary political debate in the United States focuses on the issue of polarization: specifically, its causal antecedents and its consequences for policymaking and political conflict. In this article, we argue that partisan preference polarization—conventionally defined as the difference in the favored policy positions of legislators from the two major parties—is not a sufficient statistic for potential political conflict in national politics . Rather, a well-defined measure of potential conflict must take into account (1) the locations of status quo policies and proposed alternatives; and (2) the shape of underlying utility functions. We propose measures of the likely contentiousness of a given status quo policy and of a proposal to move that policy. We then demonstrate the usefulness of these measures using estimates of utility function and final passage vote parameters on enacted legislation from the 111th US Senate (2009–2011).
Effect of grinding and long-term storage on the toxicity of white snakeroot (Ageratina altissima) in goats

Abstract White snakeroot (Ageratina altissima) contains the putative toxin tremetone and can produce a disease called “trembles” or “milk sickness”. However the toxicity of tremetone has not been demonstrated in vivo. It has been reported that the plant is less toxic after drying and grinding. The objectives of these studies were to determine: 1) the toxic effect of grinding white snakeroot 4 months prior to dosing and, 2) the toxic effect of storing white snakeroot at ambient temperature for 5 years. Dried white snakeroot, ground 1 day, 1 month, and 4 months prior to dosing, was orally gavaged to goats at 2% of their body weight for up to 28 days or until they were minimally poisoned (minimal muscular weakness and increased serum creatine kinase (CK) activities). All four goats dosed with white snakeroot that had been ground 4 months previously and stored at room temperature were poisoned, became exercise intolerant, and had increased serum CK activities (>5600 U/ L). White snakeroot stored for 5 years was toxic as 3 of 5 dosed goats developed clinical disease within only 6 days of dosing even though approximately 80% of the tremetone in the plant had disappeared during the 5-year storage period. The results from this study demonstrate that previous grinding and extended storage did not significantly alter white snakeroot toxicity. The results also indicate that tremetone concentration is not the singular indicator of toxicity and that other white snakeroot toxins or toxic tremetone degradation products remain in dried, stored white snakeroot.