cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Deletions at short direct repeats and base substitutions are characteristic mutations for bleomycin-induced double- and single-strand breaks, respectively, in a human shuttle vector system

Using the radiomimetic drug, bleomycin, we have determined the mutagenic potential of DNA strand breaks in the shuttle vector pZ189 in human fibroblasts. The bleomycin treatment conditions used produce strand breaks with 3'-phosphoglycolate termini as > 95% of the detectable dose-dependent lesions. Breaks with this end group represent 50% of the strand break damage produced by ionizing radiation. We report that such strand breaks are mutagenic lesions. The type of mutation produced is largely determined by the type of strand break on the plasmid (i.e. single versus double). Mutagenesis studies with purified DNA forms showed that nicked plasmids (i.e. those containing single-strand breaks) predominantly produce base substitutions, the majority of which are multiples, which presumably originate from error-prone polymerase activity at strand break sites. In contrast, repair of linear plasmids (i.e. those containing double-strand breaks) mainly results in deletions at short direct repeat sequences, indicating the involvement of illegitimate recombination. The data characterize the nature of mutations produced by single- and double-strand breaks in human cells, and suggests that deletions at direct repeats may be a 'signature' mutation for the processing of DNA double-strand breaks.
Comparison of least-squares and simulated annealing to estimate fault parameters from airborne gravity gradiometry

The inverse problem of estimating parameters (e.g., size, depth) of subsurface structures can be considered as an optimization problem where the parameters of a constructed forward model are estimated from observations collected on or above the Earth’s surface by minimizing the difference between the predicted model and the observations. Traditional solutions based on gradient-based approaches applied to nonlinear and non-unique problems basically depend on the initial conditions and may not always converge to the global minimum of the cost function if the starting model is far away from the true model. Alternatives to these straightforward approaches are innovative methods such as random search techniques that operate directly on the nonlinear models. This study compares a Monte-Carlo optimization method called Simulated Annealing (SA) to the Least-Squares Solution (LESS) within the general Gauss-Helmert formulation to estimate the parameters of a dip-slip fault from gravity gradient measurements as might be collected on profiles surveyed by an airborne system. It is shown that the SA algorithm is a more robust technique with respect to initial conditions in that it proceeds more comprehensively in parameter space and converges to their true values and thus the global minimum of the cost function. The SA algorithm is able to estimate the parameters of the fault as well as or better than LESS, and in the presence of significant background geologic and observation noise.
1H, 15N, and 13C chemical shift assignments of calcium-binding protein 1 with Ca2+ bound at EF1, EF3 and EF4.

Calcium-binding protein 1 (CaBP1) regulates inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors (InsP3Rs) and a variety of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels in the brain. We report complete NMR chemical shift assignments of the Ca2+-saturated form of CaBP1 with Ca2+ bound at EF1, EF3 and EF4 (residues 1–167, BMRB no. 16862).
Free electron lasers — A historical perspective

From their beginnings in the microwave tube industry, free electron lasers have developed into high peak and average power devices with output wavelengths extending from the microwave regime to X-rays. This paper will review that development and point out trends for future advances.
A Resource-Efficient Communication Architecture for Chip Multiprocessors on FPGAs

Significant advances in field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) have made it viable to explore innovative multiprocessor solutions on a single FPGA chip. For multiprocessors, an efficient communication network that matches the needs of the target application is always critical to the overall performance. Wormhole packet-switching network-on-chip (NoC) solutions are replacing conventional shared buses to deal with scalability and complexity challenges coming along with the increasing number of processing elements (PEs). However, the quest for high performance networks has led to very complex and resource-expensive NoC designs, leaving little room for the real computing force, i.e., PEs. Moreover, many techniques offer very small performance gains or none at all when network traffic is light while increasing the resource usage of routers. We argue that computation is still the primary task of multiprocessors and sufficient resources should be reserved for PEs. This paper presents our novel design and implementation of a resource-efficient communication network for multiprocessors on FPGAs. We reduce not only the required number of routers for a given number of PEs by introducing a new PE-router topology, but also the resource requirement of each router. Our communication network relies on the NEWS channels to transfer packets in a pipelined fashion following the path determined by the routing network. The implementation results on various Xilinx FPGAs show good performance in the typical range of network load for multiprocessor applications.
The future of reference: the intersection of information resources, technology and users

Provides a reflective essay on the five papers, and notes that the authors each address the intersection of three concepts: information resources, technology, and users. Points out that the social aspect is one of the most important drivers in the provision of reference services.
Pyro- and tripoly-phosphate contents of sediments

A method to determine pyrophosphate (PP) and tripolyphosphate (TPP) in sediments was developed. Sediment was extracted with 2% EDTA + 0.1 M NH4F followed by a second extract of 2% EDTA + 1 N NaOH. Orthophosphate (OP), PP, and TPP were separated by anion exchange chromatography, the fractions collected, and P determined after extraction into isobutanol. The limit of detection of the method was 0.5 μg P g−1 sediment. Fourteen sediments were tested and the highest TPP found was 1.8 μg P g−1 sediment. Thirteen of the sediment samples contained less than 1 μg P g−1 as TPP. Only three of the 14 samples contained more than 1 μg P g−1 as PP. The highest level of PP (8.5 μg P g−1) was found in sediment from an animal waste lagoon. Estimates of error and reproducibility were made from analysis of samples with added PP and TPP. The error for samples containing 36.9 μg P g−1 as PP was ± 7.6, and for TPP at 12.3 μg P g−1 the error was ± 3.3. The values for PP and TPP were underestimated by 6 and 36%, respectively.
Kidney and anti-kidney vortices in crossflow jets

Water tunnel experiments were conducted to examine the effect of hole exit geometry on the near-field characteristics of crossflow jets. Hole shapes investigated were round, elliptical, square, and rectangular, all having the same cross-sectional area. Laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) and particle image velocimetry (PIV) were used.The vorticity around the circumference of the jet was tracked to identify its relative contributions to the nascent streamwise vortices, which evolve eventually into kidney vortices downstream. The distinction between sidewall vorticity and that from the leading and trailing edges, though blurred for a round hole, became clear for a square or a rectangular hole. The choice of non-circular holes also made it possible to reveal the unexpected double-decked structures of streamwise vortices and link them to the vorticity generated along the wall of the hole.The lowermost vortex pair of the double-decked structures, located beneath the jet, is what we call a ‘steady’ vortex pair. This pair is always present and has the same sense of rotation as the kidney vortices. The origin of these lower-deck vortices is the hole sidewall boundary layer: as the jet emanates from the hole, the crossflow forces the sidewall boundary layer to roll up into nascent kidney vortices. Here, hole width sets the lateral separation of these steady sidewall vortices.The vortices comprising the upper deck ride intermittently over the top of the ‘steady’ lower pair. The sense of rotation of these upper-deck vortices depends on hole geometry and can be the same as, or opposite to, the lower pair. The origin of the upper deck is the hole leading-edge boundary layer. This vorticity, initially aligned transverse to the crossflow direction, is realigned by the entrainment of crossflow momentum and thus induces a streamwise component of vorticity. Depending on hole geometry, this induced streamwise vorticity can be opposite to the lower-deck vortex pair. The opposing pair, called the ‘anti-kidney’ pair, competes with the nascent kidney-vortices and affects the jet lift-off. The hole trailing-edge boundary layer can likewise be turned toward the streamwise direction. In this case, the turning is caused by the strong reverse flow just downstream of the jet.In the present range of parameters, all hole boundary layer vorticity, regardless of its origin along the hole circumference, is found to influence the kidney vortices downstream.
Oral versus intravenous rehydration of moderately dehydrated children.

To the Editor .— The February 2005 Pediatrics article “Oral Versus Intravenous Rehydration of Moderately Dehydrated Children: A Randomized, Controlled Trial” by Spandorfer et al1 is a superb demonstration of how a simple, low-cost oral rehydration therapy (ORT), which is currently estimated to save 2 to 3 million lives annually of children <4 …
Synthesis and Kinetics of Highly Energetic Intermediates by Micromixers: Direct Multistep Synthesis of Sodium Nitrotetrazolate

A modular silicon micromixer is designed and fabricated for high-flow rapid mixing at a wide range of reaction conditions. The mixer operates by splitting two inlet flows into a large number of cha...
Higher order local accuracy by averaging in the finite element method

This chapter describes the class of finite element subspaces and explains the main result on the accuracy of K h * u h ,where K h is a fixed function, u h represents local averages, and * denotes convolution. The function K h has the following properties: (1) K h has small support; (2) K h is independent of the specific choice of S h or the operator L; (3) K h * u h is easily computable from u h ; and (4) K h * u h approximates u to higher order than does u h . The chapter also discusses on notation, subspaces and the construction of K h .
Lead sorption onto ferrihydrite. 3. Multistage contacting.

Few studies have demonstrated the practical application of surface complexation models, calibrated with fundamental macroscopic and spectroscopic metal sorption data, in helping to solve industrial...
Generation of [75Se]dimethyl selenide and the synthesis of [75Se]dimethyleselenonium compounds

The synthesis of various [75Se]selenonium compounds of biological interest is described. [75Se]Trimethylselenonium iodide (sp. Ac. 32 mCi/mmol), prepared from commercially available [75Se]selenocystine (Foster S. J. and Ganther H. E. - Anal. Biochem. 137: 205–9, 1984.) was decomposed thermally, in a stream of nitrogen, to give [75Se]dimethyl selenide, which was trapped in nitromethane at −18°C. [75Se]Dimethyl selenide was reacted, in nitromethane solution, with various alkyl halides to give dimethylselenonium compounds of the type (CH3)2Se+-R, where R = CH2CO2H, CH2H, CH2CO2C2H5, -(CH2)2CO2H and -(CH2)2CO2C2H5. [75Se]Methyl-selenomethionine-selenonium iodide was synthesized from [75Se]selenomethionine and methyl iodide in a mixture of formic and acetic acids at 25°C. [75Se]Selenocystine was reduced and methylated to give [75Se]-methylselenocysteine, which was slowly converted to [75Se]dimethyl-selenocysteineselenonium iodide by the same reaction.
Transient Brightenings Associated with Flux Cancellation along a Filament Channel

Filament channels coincide with large-scale polarity inversion lines of the photospheric magnetic field, where flux cancellation continually takes place. High-cadence Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) images recorded in He II 30.4?nm and Fe IX 17.1?nm during 2010 August 22 reveal numerous transient brightenings occurring along the edge of a filament channel within a decaying active region, where SDO line-of-sight magnetograms show strong opposite-polarity flux in close contact. The brightenings are elongated along the direction of the filament channel, with linear extents of several arcseconds, and typically last a few minutes; they sometimes have the form of multiple two-sided ejections with speeds on the order of 100?km s?1. Remarkably, some of the brightenings rapidly develop into larger scale events, forming sheetlike structures that are eventually torn apart by the diverging flows in the filament channel and ejected in opposite directions. We interpret the brightenings as resulting from reconnections among filament-channel field lines having one footpoint located in the region of canceling flux. In some cases, the flow patterns that develop in the channel may bring successive horizontal loops together and cause a cascade to larger scales.
Measurement of spin transport in very dilute, polarized 3He4He mixtures

Abstract Transverse spin transport is measured in a 0.1% 3He4He mixture polarized by an 8T magnetic field. Spin diffusion as well as spin rotation effects are observed by exciting spin-wave modes in a small spherical cavity. A preliminary analysis of the data shows that the spin-rotation parameter Ω int τ hu increases continuously as the temperature is lowered through the degeneracy temperature TF. This appears to resolve a long-standing disagreement between theory and earlier experiments.
Pulmonary blood velocity patterns in lamb models of pulmonary vascular impairment

To provide a comprehensive picture of the interaction between abnormal pulmonary hemodynamics and pulmonary blood velocity patterns in the young, we have developed infant animal models of pulmonary hypertension and/or elevated pulmonary blood flow. This report focuses on relationships between selected velocity waveform shape-dependent variables — i.e., the time between the onset of systole and peak velocity (rise time), the time during which velocity remains at >90% of that peak (90% time), and flow reversal patterns — and traditional hemodynamic indications of pulmonary vascular impairment, i.e., elevated pulmonary artery pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance. Studies were performed on 36 anesthetized, open-chest, one-month-old lambs with normal pulmonary circulations or with abnormal conditions that had been initiated during the first few days of life via (1) a central venous injection of monocrotaline pyrrole (hypertension) or (2) a side-to-side anastomosis between the common carotid artery and jugular vein (elevated flow). Animals with large shunts (shunt open cardiac output/shunt closed cardiac output >2.1) had both elevated pressures and flows. The tightest correlations (linear and log-linear) were found between unindexed pulmonary vascular resistance and waveform variables, the most reliable being 90% time (r = −0.838), 90% time + rise time (r = −0.838), and 90% time × rise time (r = −0.824). The best correlate to mean pulmonary artery pressure was 90% time + rise time (r = −0.713). Combined rise time and 90% time variables yielded results that exceeded 90% sensitivity and specificity levels in diagnosing elevated pulmonary vascular resistance (>700 dyne-sec/cm5). Absence of flow reversal in central and anterior regions was an indicator of markedly elevated pulmonary artery pressures (mean >28mmHg). The findings of this report (1) demonstrate the successful development of animal models that mimic a broad spectrum of relevant pulmonary hemodynamics in infants and children with compromised pulmonary circulations and (2) point to shape variables that should improve noninvasive assessment of elevated pulmonary vascular resistance.
The Patent Ductus Arteriosus in Term Infants, Children, and Adults

During fetal life, the ductus arteriosus is a normal and essential structure that connects the pulmonary artery to the distal aortic arch, permitting right ventricular ejection into the aorta. After birth, with commencement of pulmonary blood flow and a 2-ventricle circulation, a variety of physiological and biochemical signals normally result in complete closure of the ductus. Persistent patency of the ductus arteriosus may impair systemic cardiac output and result in deleterious effects on the cardiovascular system and lungs. Although surgery is still the treatment of choice for most premature infants with patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), transcatheter techniques have largely supplanted surgery for closure of PDA in children and adults. This article is a review of the PDA in term infants, children, and adults, with focus on the clinical manifestations and management.
Pressure-induced transformations in crystalline and vitreous PbGeO3

Abstract Structural transitions in crystalline and vitreous PbGeO 3 were studied at pressures up to 20 GPa. Crystalline PbGeO 3 was observed to undergo a pressure-induced amorphization between 12–18 GPa. Vitreous PbGeO 3 was found to exhibit an amorphous-to-amorphous transition in a similar pressure range. The structural and thermal properties of the pressure-cycled PbGeO 3 materials were further studied with high-energy x-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry. The properties were then compared to those of thermally quenched glass and ball-milled PbGeO 3 samples. The structure of pressure-amorphized PbGeO 3 was found to closely resemble that of ball-milled PbGeO 3 . However, the thermal properties probed by differential scanning calorimetry exhibited significant differences to those of thermally quenched PbGeO 3 glass.
The Relation of Lysine and Protein Level in the Ration to the Development of Feather Pigment in Turkey Poults

Abstract THE occurrence of a pigmentation failure resulting in a white bar in the flight feathers of poults fed rations containing low levels of protein and/or fiber has been observed frequently (Goff, 1932 and Grau et al. 1946). Fritz et al., (1946) and German et al., (1949) showed that the feather pigmentation could be inhibited in poults fed adequate total protein by feeding vegetable protein concentrates which are low in lysine. Crystalline lysine was effective in preventing the abnormality. This problem has been studied further to determine whether amino acids other than lysine are involved and to obtain more information on the relation of lysine and total protein level to the pigmentation failure. EXPERIMENTAL Rations and experimental conditions Six experiments were conducted in which various combinations of protein concentrates and amino acids were fed. The basal ration consisted of the following per 100 grams: wheat bran, 10.0 g.; ground barley, 5.0 . . .
Atlantoaxial joint distraction as a treatment for basilar invagination: A report of an experience with 11 cases

Objective: A novel method of treatment of basilar invagination that involves distraction of the atlantoaxial joint using specially designed spiked spacers is described. Bone graft that is additionally placed within the appropriately prepared atlantoaxial joint and posterior to the arch of atlas and lamina of C2 provides bony fusion. Materials and Methods: Between December 2002 and April 2007, 11 patients underwent the discussed method of fixation at the Department of Neurosurgery, King Edward Memorial Hospital in Mumbai, India. All 11 patients had congenital basilar invagination and the symptoms were progressive in nature. Results: The mean follow-up period was 21 months (range 8-40 months). Neurological improvement and successful distraction with atlantoaxial stabilization and ultimate bone fusion was achieved in all the patients and was documented with dynamic radiography. There were no neurological, vascular, or infective complications. Conclusions: We conclude that the described method of atlantoaxial joint distraction and fixation provides an alternative treatment strategy for cases with basilar invagination. Joint distraction as a stand-alone method could provide reduction of basilar invagination and firm stabilization in such cases.
Postdoctoral pharmacy industry fellowships: A descriptive analysis of programs and postgraduate positions

Purpose Postdoctoral pharmacy industry fellowship programs and the employment of fellowship graduates are described. Methods A list of postgraduate industry fellowships was gathered from the 2009 ASHP Midyear Clinical Meeting. Data regarding program characteristics were collected using the Personnel Placement Service database and program-specific brochures. After data compilation, a standardized survey was sent in January 2010 via e-mail to the point of contact for all programs to confirm the accuracy of the program’s characteristics. Only academically affiliated industry fellowship programs were analyzed. Retrospective data were collected regarding the first position of employment for all fellows who graduated from the program between 2005 and 2009 and the position of those same individuals at the time of survey completion. Results Surveys were sent to 64 postgraduate industry fellowship programs affiliated with a school of pharmacy, 56 (87.5%) of whom responded. The departmental breakdown for positions offered ( n = 75) across all academically affiliated industry fellowship programs (including nonresponders) was as follows: medical affairs (38.7%, n = 29), clinical research (32.0%, n = 24), regulatory affairs (9.3%, n = 7), commercial (8.0%, n = 6), health economics and outcomes research (8.0%, n = 6), and pharmacovigilance (4.0%, n = 3). Data from fellows during years 1–5 after completion of the industry fellowship indicated that 90.5% of former fellows remained in the industry ( n = 238). Conclusion The postgraduate industry fellowship programs surveyed indicated that the majority of fellowship graduates continued to hold positions in industry after program completion. The majority of industry fellowships and subsequent job placements occurred in the areas of medical affairs, clinical research, and regulatory affairs.
Transient-current characteristics of dispersed charges in a non-polar medium

— Transient currents of reverse micelles in a non-polar solvent from voltage step stimuli were studied to investigate the electrophoretic behavior of the charges. The current showed a sharp peak directly after the voltage application and decayed afterward while it exhibited various time-dependent transients depending on the applied voltage and the charge content after the bias was removed. A one-dimensional drift-diffusion model could reproduce the behaviors for various conditions. The forward transient could be well-explained by a simple capacitor-charging model with a limited charge. It turned out that the broad peak in the reverse transient current is formed by a competition between an increasing number of charges available for drift and a decreasing electric field resulting from mixing of opposite charges and that the full development of the peak is a good indication of complete polarization of the charges. The slow initial release of charges from the electrodes is due to the electric field developed by accumulated charges that decreases as the charges are released by diffusion. The high density compaction of charges against the electrodes reduces electric-field screening by the accumulated charges and enables more accumulation, but individual charge-to-charge interaction limits the density.
Molecular structure of 2,2′-anhydro-1-β-D-arabinofuranosyl cytosine hydrochloride (cyclo ARA-C): A highly rigid nucleoside

The molecular structure of cyclo ara-C hydrochloride has been determined by x-ray diffraction methods. The ether linkage between the base and sugar moieties severely restricts the conformation about the glycosyl bond and the mode of sugar puckering. The glycosyl torsion angle (XCN =299°) lies in a region outside the anti and syn ranges found for the β-nucleosides. The arabinose ring exhibits C(4′)-endo (4E) mode of puckering, with a pseudorotation phase angle P of 233°. The positive charge on the base apparently stabilizes the gauche-gauche conformation of the C(5′)-O(5′) bond despite the short contacts between O(5′) and C(2) and N(1) of the base.
Gemtuzumab ozogamicin for treatment of newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukaemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Summary Evidence regarding the efficacy of gemtuzumab ozogamicin (GO) addition to standard induction chemotherapy in newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) is conflicting. This systematic review aimed to identify and summarize all evidence regarding the benefits and harms of adding GO to conventional chemotherapy for induction treatment of AML. A comprehensive literature search of two databases (PUBMED and Cochrane) from inception up to November 22, 2012, and 4 years of proceedings from four major haematology/oncology conferences was undertaken. Endpoints included benefits (complete remission, relapse-free, event-free, and overall survival), and harms (early mortality and incidence of hepatic veno-occlusive disease/sinusoidal obstructive syndrome). Seven trials (3942 patients) met all inclusion criteria. Addition of GO showed improved relapse-free [Hazard Ratio (HR) = 0·84 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0·71–0·99)] and event-free survival [HR = 0·59 (95%CI 0·48–0·74)] but not overall survival [HR = 0·95 (95%CI 0·83–1·08)]. Addition of GO resulted in higher rate of early mortality [Risk Ratio = 1·60 (95%CI 1·07–2·39)]. Improved overall survival was observed in studies using a lower cumulative GO dose (<6 mg/m2) [HR = 0·89 (95%CI 0·81–0·99)]. Addition of GO to conventional chemotherapy as induction therapy may improve relapse-free and event-free survival, but does not impact overall survival and significantly increases early mortality in AML.
Enhanced stable expression of aVibrio luciferase under the control of the Ω-translational enhancer in transgenic plants.

A fusion gene usingluxA andluxB genes ofVibrio species has been designed to express light autonomously in plants.LuxA:luxB was introduced into plants by a high-efficiency transformation system consisting of a high-copy virulence helper plasmid pUCD2614 and T-vector pUCD2715 containingluxA:luxB. The expression ofluxA:luxB fusion gene was optimized by adjusting the spacing between the genes and by placing the translational efficiency of its mRNA under the control of the Ω-3 translational enhancer. The resulting transgenic plants synthesized luciferase at levels greater than 1% of the total leaf protein. These plants produced light autonomously and light intensity was enhanced by the addition of aldehyde. That theluxA:luxB fusion has been optimized enables its use as a reporter for gene activity in plants during development and under various stress-inducing conditions. These results show that a specific protein from an introduced foreign gene can be produced with high efficiency in cultivated plants and such a system is therefore amenable for production of desired proteins through conventional farming methods.
Arthroscopic Management of 270° Labral Tears

Labral tears involving greater than 180° around the glenoid are uncommon. Different combinations of labral lesions have been reported in the literature, indicating that variations exist in the extent of pathology. Current descriptions all include the superior labrum as part of the pathology; however, we have identified a series of young athletic patients with bidirectional instability without injury to the superior labrum. The focus of this review is on a 270° labral repair. Our definition of a 270° labral tear is one that starts anterior to the biceps anchor, extending inferiorly and posteriorly to the level of the posterior midglenoid. In effect, this is a three-quadrant lesion that does not involve the superior labrum and typically results from traumatic athletics. A thorough clinical assessment and appropriate imaging are studied before arthroscopic repair. For those planning on returning to their sport, arthroscopic 270° labral repair is necessary. A systematic surgical approach requires proper positioning, optimal portal placement, and working from posterior to anterior not only repairing the labrum but also retensioning the inferior glenohumeral ligament. Our preliminary results indicate this approach results in significantly improved outcomes.
Calcium signals in neutrophils can be divided into three distinct phases

Rabbit neutrophils were loaded with the fluorescence probe indo-1 and cytosolic free calcium levels were monitored during chemotactic peptide (fMet-Leu-Phe) stimulation. The fMet-Leu-Phe-induced calcium signal consisted of three consecutive phases: (1) an initial peak that was independent of extracellular calcium, (2) a secondary shoulder that required extracellular calcium but was totally blocked by hyperosmolality and (3) a final plateau of elevated calcium that was dependent on extracellular calcium but insensitive to hyperosmolality.
Photonic Decay Rates and Nuclear-Coulomb-Field Coherent Production Processes

The relationship between the $A\ensuremath{\rightarrow}B+\ensuremath{\gamma}$ photonic decay process and the "inverse" nuclear-Coulomb-field coherent production process $B+Z\ensuremath{\rightarrow}B+{\ensuremath{\gamma}}^{\ensuremath{'}}+Z\ensuremath{\rightarrow}A+Z$ [$Z\ensuremath{\equiv}\mathrm{h}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{g}\mathrm{h}\ensuremath{-}Z \mathrm{nucleus}$, ${\ensuremath{\gamma}}^{\ensuremath{'}}\ensuremath{\equiv}\mathrm{exchanged}\mathrm{virtual}\mathrm{Coulomb}\mathrm{photon}$] is studied in some detail for arbitrary particles ($A, B$). A procedure is described for the determination of the rate of $A\ensuremath{\rightarrow}B+\ensuremath{\gamma}$ from measurement of the differential cross section for $A$-particle coherent production by a $B$ particle incident on a high-$Z$ nucleus. A numerical application of the formulas derived is worked out in the case ${K}^{\ensuremath{-}}+Z\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{K}^{*\ensuremath{-}}+Z$, and it is estimated that a ${K}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ energy in the range 3-15 BeV is required for a successful determination of the rate of ${K}^{*\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{K}^{\ensuremath{-}}+\ensuremath{\gamma}$.
Benefits of using socially-relevant projects in computer science and engineering education

In an attempt to bridge a local technology gap, potentially provide software to health care organizations serving the needs of handicapped clients in the Western NY area, and provide innovative and interesting projects for our capstone design classes, the Computer Science and Engineering department at the University at Buffalo (SUNY) began soliciting projects from local organizations in need. The projects have been integrated into required senior-level undergraduate courses. The practical benefits of project experience on student education, and the benefits of providing useful software to the target organizations, were anticipated, but the experiences have proven to be much more. Students have responded with intensity and philanthropy. The clients have participated in the classroom experience as both recipients and teachers. The program has rescued students at academic risk, and the school is enjoying an enhanced reputation in the community. This paper explores positive and cautionary issues regarding the effort.
All-terrain vehicle injuries in Texas, mapping the path to intervention with a geographic information system.

ABSTRACT The state of Texas was ranked 10th for all-terrain vehicle-related deaths among all states from 2007–2009. Health Service Region 4/5N of eastern Texas has a statistically significant higher rate of all-terrain vehicle-related injuries in children under the age of 18 than Texas as a whole (p < 0.001.) It is unknown why east Texas has a higher all-terrain vehicle-related injury rate. A retrospective analysis of the registry of the Texas Trauma Service Area G, which serves the east Texas area, from the years 2004–2010 was performed. Variations within the region were assessed using a geographic information system and the analysis demonstrated that the highest rates of all-terrain vehicle-related injuries in east Texas are found in two neighboring rural eastern counties. Recording mechanism of injury was an important adjunct to identifying all-terrain vehicle-related injuries. Using E-codes alone underestimated the actual injuries. Other findings demonstrated that children under age 16 had a high rate...
Hospitalization decision in patients with community-acquired pneumonia: a prospective cohort study.

Abstract purpose: To identify a low-risk subset of patients with community-acquired pneumonia that could safely be treated in the ambulatory setting; and to assess how clinicians make the hospitalization decision. patients and methods: We performed a prospective, observational study of 280 ambulatory and hospitalized adults with clinical and radiographic evidence of pneumonia. Patients were followed to assess all potential morbid complications and 6-week mortality. Physicians responsible for managing these patients were surveyed to assess the reasons for treating in a hospital or ambulatory setting and the therapies that dictate hospitalization. results: Sixty-one percent (170 of 280) of patients did not have an indication for admission at presentation using modified Appropriateness Evaluation Protocol criteria (a severe vital sign abnormality, alteration in mental status, suppurative complication, arterial hypoxemia, severe laboratory abnormality, or an acute coexistent medical problem requiring admission independent of the pneumonia). Among these 170 patients, 38% had a complicated course defined as death within 6 weeks, development of a new suppurative or medical complication due to pneumonia, intensive care unit admission, persistent fever or use of intravenous fluids or oxygen beyond 3 days, hospitalization lasting more than 3 days, or subsequent hospitalization in patients initially treated in the ambulatory setting. Five predisposing factors for a complicated course were identified in logistic regression models. The odds ratio for age more than 65 years was 2.7; for comorbid illness, 3.2; for temperature more than 38.3°C (101°F), 4.1; for immunosuppression, 12.0; and for a high-risk etiology, 23.3. The risk of a complicated course increased linearly with the number of risk factors, from 12% with none to 100% with four or more factors (p conclusions: If validated, our findings could improve physicians' assessment of prognosis, and may identify a low-risk subset of patients with community-acquired pneumonia who could safely be managed in the ambulatory setting.
Maize Genetics: The Treasure of the Sierra Madre

Massive morphological changes occurred during the domestication of maize from wild teosinte. Some of the most important shifts are due to altered expression patterns of major regulatory genes.
Reverse flow regions in three-dimensional backward-facing step flow

Abstract Laser-Doppler velocity measurements adjacent to the bounding walls of three-dimensional (3-D) backward-facing step flow are performed for the purpose of mapping the boundaries of the reverse flow regions that develop in this geometry (adjacent to the sidewalls, the flat wall and the stepped wall) as a function of the Reynolds number. The backward-facing step geometry is configured by a step height ( S ) of 1 cm, which is mounted in a rectangular duct having an aspect ratio (AR) of 8:1 and an expansion ratio (ER) of 2.02:1. Results are presented for a Reynolds number range between 100 and 8000, thus covering the laminar, transitional and turbulent flow regimes. The boundaries of the reverse flow regions are identified by locating the streamwise coordinates on a plane adjacent to the bounding walls where the mean streamwise velocity component is zero. The size of the reverse flow regions increases and moves further downstream in the laminar flow regime; decreases and moves upstream in the transitional flow regime; and remains almost constant or diminishes in the turbulent flow regime; as the Reynolds number increases. The spanwise distribution of the boundary line for the reverse flow region adjacent to the stepped wall develops a minimum near the sidewall in the laminar flow regime, but that minimum in the distribution disappears in the turbulent flow regime. Predictions agree well with measurements in the laminar flow regime and reasonably well in the turbulent flow regime.
Pavement macro-texture analysis using wavelets

This paper utilises a wavelet approach to interpret the macro-texture data collected on asphalt and concrete pavement surfaces with a wide range of macro-texture properties. The experimental data were obtained using a circular track meter (CTMeter) device on pavements built at the Virginia's Smart Road test facility. The size of the data-set allowed nine levels of wavelet decomposition with wavelengths ranging from 1.7 to 435 mm. The extent of macro-texture variation was summarised using the normalised wavelet energy metric defined as the sum of the squares of the detailed wavelet coefficients for the sub-bands that correspond to the macro-texture range of wavelengths divided by the length of the test section expressed in mm2/m. This metric was found highly correlated with the empirical mean profile depth measurements. Hence, the wavelet approach can be used to objectively analyse CTMeter measurements of pavement texture.
National Cancer Institute Pediatric Preclinical Testing Program: Model Description for In Vitro Cytotoxicity Testing

Background The National Cancer Institute (NCI) has established the Pediatric Preclinical Testing Program (PPTP) for testing drugs against in vitro and in vivo childhood cancer models to aid in the prioritization of drugs considered for early phase pediatric clinical trials. Procedures In vitro cytotoxicity testing employs a semi-automated fluorescence-based digital imaging cytotoxicity assay (DIMSCAN) that has a 4-log dynamic range of detection. Curve fitting of the fractional survival data of the cell lines in response to various concentrations of the agents was used to calculate relative IC50, absolute IC50, and Ymin values. The panel of 23 pediatric cancer cell lines included leukemia (n = 6), lymphoma (n = 2), rhabdomyosarcoma (n = 4), brain tumors (n = 3), Ewing family of tumors (EFT, n = 4), and neuroblastoma (n = 4). The doubling times obtained using DIMSCAN were incorporated into data analyses to estimate the relationship between input cell numbers and final cell number. Results We report in vitro activity data for three drugs (vincristine, melphalan, and etoposide) that are commonly used for pediatric cancer and for the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin, an agent that is currently under preclinical investigation for cancer. To date, the PPTP has completed in vitro testing of 39 investigational and approved agents for single drug activity and two investigational agents in combination with various “standard” chemotherapy drugs. Conclusions This robust in vitro cytotoxicity testing system for pediatric cancers will enable comparisons to response data for novel agents obtained from xenograft studies and from clinical trials. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2011;56:239–249. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Acoustic tweezers: patterning cells and microparticles using standing surface acoustic waves (SSAW)

Here we present an active patterning technique named “acoustic tweezers” that utilizes standing surface acoustic wave (SSAW) to manipulate and pattern cells and microparticles. This technique is capable of patterning cells and microparticles regardless of shape, size, charge or polarity. Its power intensity, approximately 5 × 105 times lower than that of optical tweezers, compares favorably with those of other active patterning methods. Flow cytometry studies have revealed it to be non-invasive. The aforementioned advantages, along with this technique's simple design and ability to be miniaturized, render the “acoustic tweezers” technique a promising tool for various applications in biology, chemistry, engineering, and materials science.
Synthesis, characterization, and structure of cyclopenta[c]thiophenes and their manganese complexes.

1,3-Diaryl-4H-cyclopenta[c]thiophenes are efficiently prepared from 1,2-diaroylcyclopentadienes by use of Lawesson's reagent. η5-Cyclopenta[c]thienyl complexes, [Mn(η5-SC7H3-1,3-R2)(CO)3] (R = Me, Ph), are prepared in high yield by ligand substitution reactions of [MnBr(CO)5] with [SnMe3(SC7H3-1,3-R2)]. Alternatively, thiation with P4S10/NaHCO3 converts [Mn{η5-1,2-C5H3(COR)2)(CO)3] to [Mn(η5-SC7H3-1,3-R2)(CO)3] (R = Ph, 4-tolyl, 4-MeOC6H4, benzo[2,3-b]thienyl). The molecular structures of complexes with R = Me, Ph show planar η5-cyclopenta[c]thienyl ligands, with the manganese atom slightly displaced away from the ring-fusion bond.
Water Vapor Diffusivity in Vitreous and Mealy Wheat Endosperm

The water vapor diffusivities of vitreous and mealy wheat endosperms were measured using diffusion cells containing wax-scaled cylinders of endosperm. The diffusion cells were incubated in a chamber that was maintained at a constant temperature and relative humidity. A water vapor gradient was created by filling each diffusion cell with desiccant. A steady-state condition was achieved within 24 h. The mean diffusivities for the vitreous endosperm samples of cvs Arizona and Len were 2·0 × 10-8 cm2/s. The diffusivities for mealy samples of cvs Logan and Titan were 3·5 and 9·1 × 10-8 cm2/2, respectively. The liquid water diffusivities of whole caryopses were similar for five vitreous and five mealy wheat samples tested. No change was detected in the diffusion mechanism for any of the samples in the temperature range tested. The energy of activation (E) was significantly (P < 0·05) higher for endosperm for cv. Len, a vitreous sample, than for cv. Titan, a mealy sample.
Integrating sequential arrays in visual short-term memory.

Abstract. Are sequential visual arrays represented as separate images or as a combined image in visual short-term memory (VSTM)? Proponents of the integration account suggest that an image of the first array is gradually formed and integrated with an image of the second to produce a combined representation. This view is evidenced by successful performance in an empty-cell detection task. In this task, on a 4 × 4 square matrix, 7 locations are occupied on a first array, followed by a variable interval, and then by 8 other occupied locations on a second array. Subjects’ success in identifying the remaining empty cell has been taken as evidence for integration. In this study, we show that success in this task can be better accounted for by a convert-and-compare process than by an integration process. We conclude that VSTM only supports limited integration across sequential arrays.
Room temperature ionic liquids for epoxy nanocomposite synthesis: Direct dispersion and cure

Abstract Nanocomposites of silica, single-wall carbon nanotubes, and graphite nanoplatelets in an epoxy matrix were prepared using a novel single-step room temperature ionic liquid (RTIL) preparation strategy. Silica nanocomposites showed improved fracture toughness and modulus, carbon nanotube composites showed electrical network percolation at 8.6 × 10 −5 volume fraction, and graphite nanoplatelets composites showed electrical percolation at 1.7 × 10 −2 volume fraction. These results were compared with literature results for nanocomposites made with volatile solvents, demonstrating the viability of the RTIL nanocomposite preparation strategy.
Flight behaviour of males of two moths, Cadra cautella and Pectinophora gossypiella, in homogeneous clouds of pheromone

It is thought that orientation by male moths along pheromone plumes is guided by interception of filaments of pheromone along that plume and that clean air gaps are required for upwind progress. Given that several investigations have determined that cells sensitive to pheromone can resolve only low rates of encounter with pheromone filaments, generally up to 10 pulses/s, it would appear that individual filaments encountered at higher rates would not be resolved by the insects' sensory system and therefore the stimulus would be perceived as a non-flickering signal. Behaviourally, this has been thought to be expressed as the cessation of upwind progress. Previous studies with Cadra cautella (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) demonstrated that upwind flight by these males is not inhibited in rapidly pulsed plumes. Therefore, to determine whether a flickering signal is required for upwind progress by C. cautella, males were introduced to homogeneous clouds of pheromone in a wind tunnel and their behaviour recorded. For comparison, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), a species from a long-diverged lineage, was also used. Upwind progress by C. cautella is not impeded by the constant olfactory signal provided by a homogeneous cloud of pheromone, but this is not true for P. gossypiella. Furthermore, although C. cautella directs its flight upwind in a homogeneous cloud, its heading is not always due upwind. Potential mechanisms are discussed. It is suggested that C. cautella does not require a flickering signal to progress upwind.
Kármán vortex development : Relation to symmetry and circulation of transition vortices

The issue arises as to how the rate of development and the symmetry of (i.e., phase shift between) small-scale vortices in opposing shear layers influence the location and form of the large-scale Karman vortices formed in the near wake.Indeed, the shear-layer vortices do, in the end, comprise the Karman vortices.These features are investigated using instantaneous images of vorticity.
Electric arc-flash energy calculations for photovoltaic systems

Photovoltaic systems have increased in both the quantity of installations and the size of installations over the past decade. As more utility-run systems are being constructed, it is important to consider the safety of operators and maintenance crew during the design and analyses phases. Unfortunately, one potential safety hazard, the electrical arc-flash, is not well understood for photovoltaic systems. The thermal energy released by this hazard can be significant, especially in large photovoltaic systems operating at high voltages and currents. This paper examines the conditions surrounding electric arc-flashes in photovoltaic systems based on typical designs. Using existing models for DC arc-flashes and basic circuit theory, equations and analysis techniques are developed to estimate the thermal energy that can be released if these hazards were to occur. These techniques can be used to determine the hazard-risk-category for the system components most at risk, until more empirical models are developed.
Naloxone, meperidine, and shivering

BackgroundMeperidine, which binds both μ and k opioid receptors, is reportedly more effective in treating shivering than are equianalgesic doses of morphine (a nearly pure μ-receptor agonist). Furthermore, butorphanol, a k-receptor agonist/antagonist, treats shivering better than does fentanyl, whic
Molecular Simulation of DNA β-Sheet and β-Barrel Structures on Graphite and Carbon Nanotubes

It has recently been discovered that certain short DNA sequences recognize specific carbon nanotubes (CNTs), allowing a mixture to be sorted into individual types. A novel β-sheet and β-barrel secondary DNA motif has been proposed as the structural basis for this recognition. In this study, using molecular simulation, we investigate a class of DNA structures that can be formed by interstrand hydrogen bonding, their stability in planar and barrel forms, and whether they can form the basis for CNT recognition. We show how a library of DNA β-barrel structures can be built from base-dimer tiling units. Various combinations of the (GT)n family of sequences have been studied in greater detail, both as adsorbed in planar form to graphite and as wrapped helically on a CNT surface. We find that G-quartet formation brings stability to the β-sheet, while diameter and chirality matching between the proposed DNA β-barrel and core CNT appears to stabilize an ordered hybrid structure.