cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Allograft-prosthesis composite reconstruction of the proximal part of the humerus: functional outcome and survivorship.

Background: Limb salvage following resection of a tumor in the proximal part of the humerus poses many challenges. Reconstructive options are limited because of the loss of periarticular soft-tissue stabilizers of the glenohumeral joint in addition to the loss of bone and articular cartilage. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the functional outcome and survival of the reconstruction following use of a humeral allograft-prosthesis composite for limb salvage. Methods: An allograft-prosthesis composite was used to reconstruct a proximal humeral defect following tumor resection in thirty-six consecutive patients at one institution over a sixteen-year period. The reconstruction was performed at the time of a primary tumor resection in thirty cases, after a failure of a reconstruction following a previous tumor resection in five patients, and following excision of a local recurrence in one patient. The mean duration of follow-up of the living patients was five years. Glenohumeral stability, function, implant survival, fracture rate, and union rate following the reconstructions were measured. Functional outcome and implant survival were analyzed on the basis of the amount of deltoid resection, whether the glenohumeral resection had been extra-articular or intra-articular, and the length of the humerus that had been resected. Results: One patient sustained a glenohumeral dislocation. Deltoid resection (partial or complete) resulted in a reduced postoperative range of motion in flexion and abduction but had no effect on the mean Musculoskeletal Tumor Society score. Extra-articular resections were associated with lower Musculoskeletal Tumor Society scores. All patients had either mild or no pain and normal hand function at the time of final follow-up. The overall estimated rate of survival of the construct, with revision as the end point, was 88% at ten years. There were three failures due to progressive prosthetic loosening that necessitated removal of the construct. Four patients required an additional bone-grafting procedure to treat a delayed union of the osteosynthesis site. Conclusions: An allograft-prosthesis composite used for limb salvage following tumor resection in the proximal part of the humerus is a durable construct associated with an acceptable complication rate. Deltoid preservation and intra-articular resection are associated with a greater range of shoulder motion and a superior functional outcome, respectively. Level of Evidence: Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions to Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Microwave nonlinear response of oxide superconducting films in the Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless state

The effects of microwave radiation on transport properties of atomically thin superconducting La 2x Sr x CuO 4 films were studied in the 0.1 -13 GHz frequency range in the BKT state above T c . The microwave nonlinear response is found to decrease by several orders of magnitude within a few GHz of the cutoff frequency f≈2 GHz. The results indicate that two-dimensional superconductivity is resilient against the high-frequency radiation, which is related to strong suppression of the dissociation of the vortex-antivortex pairs in 2D superconducting condensates oscillating at high frequencies.
Brewster-angle 50%-50% beam splitter for p-polarized infrared light using a high-index quarter-wave layer deposited on a low-index prism.

A quarter-wave layer (QWL) of high refractive index, which is deposited on a transparent prism of low refractive index, can be designed to split an incident p-polarized light beam at the Brewster angle (BA) of the air–substrate interface into p-polarized reflected and transmitted beams of equal intensity (50% each) that travel in orthogonal directions. For reflection of p-polarized light at the BA, the supported QWL functions as a free-standing (unsupported) pellicle. An exemplary design is presented that uses SixGe1−x QWL deposited on an IRTRAN1 prism for applications (such as Michelson and Mach–Zehnder interferometry) with a variable compositional fraction x in the 2–6 μm mid-IR spectral range.
Cleaning Noisy Knowledge Graphs

My dissertation research is developing an approach to identify and explain errors in a knowledge graph constructed by extracting entities and relations from text. Information extraction systems can automatically construct knowledge graphs from a large collection of documents, which might be drawn from news articles, Web pages, social media posts or discussion forums. The language understanding task is challenging and current extraction systems introduce many kinds of errors. Previous work on improving the quality of knowledge graphs uses additional evidence from background knowledge bases or Web searches. Such approaches are dicult to apply when emerging entities are present and/or only one knowledge graph is available. In order to address the problem I am using multiple complementary techniques including entitylinking, common sense reasoning, and linguistic analysis.
In Search of the User’s Language: Natural Language Processing, Computational Ethnography, and Error-Tolerant Interface Design

Teams draw from many disciplines in working to design usable and error-tolerant systems. Anthropology is one such field, and ethnographic methods are often used and modified for this purpose. Linguistics expertise is commonly described as helpful; however, Natural Language Processing (NLP) and Computational Linguistics (CL) methods have rarely been described for aiding design efforts. Computational ethnography is described as using large bodies of data to provide insight into the routine of users for use in subsequent design efforts. Narrative text is often a subset of this data; NLP/CL methods are well-matched for analyzing bodies of existing user language. Sharing our previous and new thoughts on these methods in the facilitation of design team understanding can contribute to the discussion on computational ethnography. Both computational ethnography and linguistics can provide insight into error-tolerant system design.
Sisters Across the Bay: Archaeology and the Influence of Two Late Nineteenth-Century Free Kindergartens in Northern California

In 1878, Kate Douglas Smith (later, Wiggin) opened the Silver Street Kindergarten in a San Francisco building that had housed a prestigious institute for young girls in a more prosperous decade. A well-connected New Englander, Kate embraced reform principles and studied Froebelian teaching methods. The kindergarten reached out to the poor families in the “Tar Flat” neighborhood and provided a safe, comfortable place for their children’s introduction to learning and middle-class values. The model provided by the first free kindergarten west of the Rockies inspired others to follow, and soon the Silver Street Kindergarten provided training for teachers as well, until the building was dynamited to stay the fire’s progress following the 1906 earthquake that nevertheless destroyed the surrounding neighborhood (Wheelan 1928: 7).
Numerical Applications and Padé Approximants

In this chapter we will apply Adominan decomposition method, the variational iteration method, and other numerical methods to handle linear and nonlinear differential equations numerically. Because the decomposition method and the variational iteration method provide a rapidly convergent series and approximations and faster than existing numerical techniques, it is therefore the two methods are considered efficient, reliable and easy to use from a computational viewpoint. It is to be noted that few terms or few approximations are usually needed to supply a reliable result much closer to the exact value. The overall error can be significantly decreased by computing additional terms of the decomposition series or additional approximations.
Changes in Hair Color

Many diseases affect hair color. The most common change is graying, a function of aging. Gray hair can repigment following appropriate stimuli. Numerous exogenous agents also alter hair color.
Positively charged amino acid residues in the extracellular loops A and C of lens aquaporin 0 interact with the negative charges in the plasma membrane to facilitate cell-to-cell adhesion.

Abstract This investigation was undertaken to find out whether the positive charges in the Extracellular Loops A (ELA) and C (ELC) of Aquaporin 0 (AQP0) are involved in lens fiber cell-to-cell adhesion (CTCA), and the possible mechanism of CTCA. AQP0 ELA or ELC was substituted with the corresponding AQP1 loop via Polymerase Chain Reaction. Positively charged arginine (R) and histidine (H) of mouse AQP0 ELA and ELC were substituted individually with glutamine (Q) to create R33Q, H40Q, R113Q and H122Q by mutagenesis. cRNA expression, immunostaining, Forster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) studies and protein analyses showed localization of all mutants except AQP0-AQP1ELC chimera (AQP0 ELC substituted with AQP1 ELC) at the plasma membrane. Osmotic Swelling Assay revealed comparable water permeability (Pf) among AQP0-AQP1ELA, R33Q, R113Q, and WT. CTCA assay demonstrated a significant reduction in adhesion in all mutants compared to the WT (14–73%) suggesting the importance of the conserved positively charged residues of ELA and ELC for adhesion. Studies involving AQP0-transfected L-cells, and lipid vesicles indicated that CTCA was due to the electrostatic interaction between the positively charged amino acids of AQP0 extracellular loops and the negative charges of the plasma membrane. Schematic models are provided to illustrate the mechanism.
Does the Use of Tablets Lead to More Information Being Recorded and Better Recall in Short-Term Memory Tasks?

Cognitive offloading is the process of recording information onto an external source (i.e., a piece of paper) to reduce short-term memory demands. People engage in cognitive offloading to be able to recall more information accurately [1]. The capacity for short-term memory is typically 7+/−2 items [2], but the number of items that can be accurately remembered decreases as the complexity of the information increases. As a result, people are more likely to engage in cognitive offloading when the memory task is difficult. Most cognitive offloading studies have used paper as the External Medium [1, 3]. People, however, may not have a pen and paper readily available to record information. Due to the increase of mobile technology, though, people are more likely to carry around mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets. Mobile devices can be used as a convenient medium to offload information. The present study examined if use of mobile technology would increase participants’ offloading behaviors and recall accuracy compared to using paper for recording information. Results indicated that although all tablet features were available (e.g., swiping, voice recording), participants engaged in less cognitive offloading when using tablets compared to paper, and this resulted in lower recall performance for the tablet condition. Implications of these findings are discussed.
The CRY1 tail controls circadian timing by regulating its association with CLOCK:BMAL1

Abstract Circadian rhythms are generated by a transcription-translation feedback loop that establishes cell-autonomous biological timing of ~24-hours. A prevalent human variation in the core clock gene cryptochrome 1, Cry1Δ11, lengthens circadian period to cause Delayed Sleep Phase Disorder (DSPD). CRY1 has a 55 kDa photolyase homology region (PHR) followed by a ~100 residue tail that is intrinsically disordered; the Δ11 variant lacks a short segment encoded by Exon 11 within its tail. We show here that the disordered tail of CRY1 interacts directly with its PHR, and that Exon 11 is necessary and sufficient to disrupt the interaction between CRY1 and CLOCK, a subunit of the primary circadian transcription factor. Competition between PER2 and the tail for the CRY1 PHR suggests a regulatory role for the tail in the early morning, when CRY1 binds to CLOCK:BMAL1 on DNA independently of PER2. Discovery of this autoregulatory role for mammalian CRY1 highlights functional conservation with plant and insect cryptochromes, which also utilize PHR-tail interactions to reversibly control their activity. One Sentence Summary The disordered tail of the CRY1 protein regulates interactions between CRY1 and other core circadian rhythm proteins.
Integration of planning, scheduling and control problems using data-driven feasibility analysis and surrogate models

Abstract In this work, a framework for the integration of planning, scheduling and control using data-driven methodologies is proposed. The framework consists of addressing the integrated problem as a grey-box optimization problem, and using data-driven feasibility analysis and surrogate models to approximate the unknown black-box constraints. We follow a systematic procedure to achieve this integration, consisting of two building blocks: first, we address the integration of scheduling and control followed by the integration of planning and scheduling. To handle dimensionality issues, we introduce the concept of feature selection when building the surrogate models. The methodology is applied to the optimization of an enterprise of air separation plants.
O12.2 Partnership context and consistent condom use among young african american men

Background Young African American (AA) heterosexual men have high rates of sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Consistent condom use effectively prevents STIs, but condom use decisions are made in the context of individual sexual relationships. This analysis describes partnership characteristics and condom use among young AA men. Methods AA men aged 15–24 who lived or spent most of their time in New Orleans, Louisiana and had vaginal sex in the past 2 months were screened at non-clinical venues for Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (GC) using nucleic acid amplification testing. Men provided information on sexual partnerships including perception of risk behaviors on an audio computer-assisted self-interview. Generalized estimating equation is used to fit a marginal model to account for multiple partnerships. Results Participants (n=1152) reported characteristics of 1733 partnerships. In partnerships where condoms were not always used, men were more likely to be committed to the partner (47% vs 28%, p Conclusion STI rates are high, especially for those in partnerships where condoms are not always used. Consistent condom use is lower in committed, closer partnerships, suggesting that prevention interventions should focus on condom use among this group. Disclosure No significant relationships.
Electronic and optoelectronic properties of the heterostructure devices composed of two-dimensional layered materials

Abstract Two-dimensional (2D) materials and their heterostructure based devices are forefront of current research due to their unique optoelectronic properties. Heterostructure composed of distinct fundamental 2D materials naturally emerged as new types of materials with unique properties for exploring new physics that are not seen in their individual counterparts. Novel heterostructure devices such as field-effect transistors (FET), tunneling transistors, p–n junctions, memory and logic devices, high efficiency photodetectors, photovoltaics, etc. are starting to emerge. In this chapter we discuss the electronic and optical properties of various 2D heterostructure composed of single-to-few atomic layers of 2D layered materials. The recently emerging field of vertical and lateral heterostructure and their potential application in optoelectronics is the primary focus of this chapter. Application of 2D heterostructure in optical devices, such as photodetectors and photovoltaic solar cells are also the content of this chapter.
Photoinduced Generation of a Durable Thermal Proton Reduction Catalyst with in Situ Conversion of Mn(bpy)(CO)3Br to Mn(bpy)2Br2

The conversion of protons to H2 is a critical reaction for the design of renewable fuel generating systems. Robust, earth-abundant, metal-based catalysts that can rapidly facilitate this reduction ...
Krastev, Ivan, and Stephen Holmes The Light that Failed: Why the West Is Losing the Fight for Democracy: New York: Pegasus Books 247 pp., $26.95, ISBN: 978-1643133690 Publication Date: January 2020

The fall of the Berlin Wall, which symbolized the end of the Cold War, raised global expectations that we had entered a new age of liberalism and democracy. The liberal capitalist West had vanquish...
129Xe NMR-Protein Sensor Reveals Cellular Ribose Concentration.

Dysregulation of cellular ribose uptake can be indicative of metabolic abnormalities or tumorigenesis. However, analytical methods are currently limited for quantifying ribose concentration in comp...
Energy Cost Burdens for Low-Income and Minority Households in Six U.S. Cities: Evidence from Energy Benchmarking and Audit Data

Of the three primary components of housing affordability measures - housing cost, transportation costs, and utility costs - utility expenditures are the least understood, yet the one area where the cost burden can be reduced without household relocation. Existing data sources to measure energy costs are limited to surveys with small samples and low spatial and temporal resolution, such as the American Housing Survey and the Residential Energy Consumption Survey. This paper presents a new method to estimate household energy cost burdens that leverages actual building energy use data for 13,000 multi-family properties across six U.S. cities, and links energy costs to savings opportunities based on an analysis of 3,000 energy audit reports. We examine differentials in cost burdens across household demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, and analyze spatial, regional, and building-level variations in energy use and expenditures. We find that the average low-income household has an energy cost burden of 7%, whereas higher-income households have an average burden of 2%. Notably, we find that even within defined income bands, minority households experience higher energy cost burdens than non-Hispanic White households. For lower-income households, low-cost energy improvements could reduce energy costs by as much as $1,500 per year.
Repeat SARS-CoV-2 testing after recovery. Is a pretransplant PCR necessary?

The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 and the clinical syndrome of COVID19 resulted in a major decrease in transplant volumes during the first months of the pandemic followed by a change in practice, with strict screening and SARS-CoV-2 PCR testing prior to transplant. Protocols required a negative SARS-CoV-2 PCR prior to proceeding with transplantation. Many transplants were delayed nationwide due to persistent positive PCRs in asymptomatic patients, sometimes for months (1).
Methane oxidation by green oxidant to methanol over zeolite-based catalysts

Abstract To reduce greenhouse gas emission from oil and gas production, it is essential to better convert methane to useful chemicals (rather) than to flare it. Conversion of methane to liquid oxygenates (mainly methanol) has attracted extensive attention and countless efforts have been made; however, running this reaction in a green, efficient, and practical way has remained elusive. The novel catalyst and oxidants play a critical role in activating methane and converting it to oxygenates (methanol). In this review, the work of commonly used oxidants for methane partial oxidation have been summarized, in which, earth abundant oxidants, O2 and H2O are promising. Moreover, H2 or CO can activate O2 to produce H2O2 that catalyzes methane partial oxidation more efficiently and selectively than O2 or H2O. Therefore, the work of using reducing agent, such as CO and H2 have been reviewed, focusing on rational catalyst design that features multifunction (H2O2 production and CH4 activation). The novel catalyst design has advanced this reaction towards practicality with green oxidants and H2 using zeolites-based catalyst. Environmentally friendly zeolite preparation methods and novel two-dimensional (2D) zeolites that can reduce waste, improve synthesis and catalytical performance substantially are also reviewed in this work to provide insights for a more comprehensive approach to meet the environment protection needs.
Spatio-Temporal Event Forecasting Using Incremental Multi-Source Feature Learning

The forecasting of significant societal events such as civil unrest and economic crisis is an interesting and challenging problem which requires both timeliness, precision, and comprehensiveness. Significant societal events are influenced and indicated jointly by multiple aspects of a society, including its economics, politics, and culture. Traditional forecasting methods based on a single data source find it hard to cover all these aspects comprehensively, thus limiting model performance. Multi-source event forecasting has proven promising but still suffers from several challenges, including (1) geographical hierarchies in multi-source data features, (2) hierarchical missing values, (3) characterization of structured feature sparsity, and (4) difficulty in model’s online update with incomplete multiple sources. This article proposes a novel feature learning model that concurrently addresses all the above challenges. Specifically, given multi-source data from different geographical levels, we design a new forecasting model by characterizing the lower-level features’ dependence on higher-level features. To handle the correlations amidst structured feature sets and deal with missing values among the coupled features, we propose a novel feature learning model based on an Nth-order strong hierarchy and fused-overlapping group Lasso. An efficient algorithm is developed to optimize model parameters and ensure global optima. More importantly, to enable the model update in real time, the online learning algorithm is formulated and active set techniques are leveraged to resolve the crucial challenge when new patterns of missing features appear in real time. Extensive experiments on 10 datasets in different domains demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed models.
Technical Segment Addressed: Manpower

The continued health and growth of information science can not be sustained unless qualified individuals choose it as a career. Information Science is concerned with the development of theories of access to the delivery of information. It is also concerned with the design and economics of systems to provide information. Due mainly to a lack of concensus of a definition of information science, there has been very little unity with respect to training requirements for information scientists, and little or no information on the available manpower pool and the future job market for these individuals.
Aligning database columns using mutual information

As with many large organizations, the Government's data is split in many different ways and is collected at different times by different people. The resulting massive data heterogeneity means government staff cannot effectively locate, share, or compare data across sources, let alone achieve computational data interoperability. A case in point is the California Air Resources Board (CARB), which is faced with the challenge of integrating the emissions inventory databases belonging to California's 35 air quality management districts to create a state inventory. This inventory must be submitted annually to the US EPA which, in turn, must perform quality assurance tests on these inventories and integrate them into a national emissions inventory for use in tracking the effects of national air quality policies. The premise of our research is that it is possible to significantly reduce the amount of manual labor required in database wrapping and integration by automatically learning mappings in the data. In this research, we applied statistical algorithms to discover correspondences across comparable datasets. We have seen particular success in an information theoretic model, called SIfT (Significance Information for Translation), that performs data-driven column alignments. We have applied SIfT to mapping the Santa Barbara County Air Pollution Control District's 2001 emissions inventory database with the California Air Resources Board statewide inventory database. A fully customizable interface to the SIfT toolkit is available at http://sift.isi.edu/, allowing users to create new alignments, navigate the information theoretic model, and inspect alignment decisions. On a broader scale, this work makes strides toward appeasing a central problem in data management of integrating legacy data.
An evaluation of a dating violence prevention program for middle school students

A study was undertaken to determine the effectiveness of a 5-session relationship violence prevention program involving a middle school of predominantly African-American students. A composite measure assessed changes in knowledge, attitudes, and methods of dealing with relationship violence. A pretest-posttest control group design was used. Results indicated that treatment group scores were significantly higher than control group scores at posttest (p < .001) and treatment group posttest scores were significantly higher than pretest scores (p < .001). There were significant differences in scores between regular-level students and those with a higher level of academic ability (advanced students). Within the treatment group, there was a level-by-gender interaction revealing that male advanced students made the highest gains. In examining specific items, improvements were made in knowledge about relationship violence and attitudes about nonphysical violence. No changes were seen in attitudes about physical violence or in methods of dealing with relationship violence.
Medium- and high-voltage, low-speed drives using low-voltage IGBT converters

The paper describes the advantages of the brushless doubly-fed machine for medium- and high-power drives at low speed. It is shown that, without requiring a gearbox, a two-speed drive can be produced using a brushless machine controlled by a small, low-voltage converter. Thus, the converter can employ IGBTs instead of GTOs, which would otherwise be needed for 2130 V motors. The combination of low converter rating and simplicity should have substantial effects for the production of a low cost system to meet what is a troublesome operational requirement for alternative technology approaches.
No River Left Behind: A Call for Regulation in a Deregulating and Misregulating Era

The government controls what you can put into the river but not what you can take out of it. This admittedly oversimplified statement summarizes the current state of regulatory affairs in much of the eastern United States. The Clean Water Acts have led to strict controls on discharges in both appropriative and riparian states, but many riparian states continue to lack water laws and regulations with sufficient teeth to be effective at maintaining minimum streamflow requirements. You don’t have to be a water resources planning and management specialist to know that water quality and quantity are very intimately connected. Yet the initiative is lacking at both federal and state levels to get the kind of real water regulations in place that are needed. The muchtouted Alabama-Coosa-Tallapoosa ~ACT! and ApalachicolaChattahoochee-Flint ~ACF! agreements, while representing an unprecedented level of collaboration between Georgia and its neighbors, did nothing to control water withdrawals from their interstate rivers during the droughts of recent summers. Why? Because they lacked teeth. They didn’t deal with the conceptually simple but politically difficult issues of telling water users how much ~and how little! water they could take out of the rivers, under what circumstances, and when they had—individual by individual—to shut off the pumps.
Diphenylhydantoin and movement of radioactive sodium into electrically stimulated cerebral slices.

Abstract Thin slices prepared from guinea pig cerebral cortex responded to electrical stimulation for 1.5–10 min at 1000 c/sec or 100 c/sec with a drop in content of creatine phosphate, ATP and K + in the non-inulin space. Non-inulin Na + rose. 22 Na uptake also rose from an initial rate of about 480 μEq/g initial wt./hr to about 1360 μEq/g initial wt./hr. All of the above changes were diminished by diphenylhydantoin at concentrations of 1–2.7 × 10 −4 M. These results suggest that diphenylhydantoin diminishes the ability of neuronal elements to depolarize in response to electrical excitation.
Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cells for Cancer Immunotherapy

T cells can be genetically modified to target tumors through the expression of a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR). The clinical benefit of CAR T cells has now been reported by several groups targeting the CD19 antigen in patients with hematologic malignancies. However, in solid tumors, CAR T cells have been less effective at inducing complete tumor responses and have mediated a high rate of on-target/ off-tumor toxicity. To understand this discrepancy, we must understand the design and implementation of CAR T cells for cancer immunotherapy. The basic design of CAR T cells consists of two fundamental domains: the antigen-binding portion (commonly composed of a single-chain variable fragment [scFv] derived from a monoclonal antibody [mAb]) joined to one or more intracellular T-cell signaling domains. To be effective after infusion, CAR T cells must expand, persist, exhibit enduring antitumor cytotoxicity, withstand and/or counteract an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, and overcome targeted tumor antigen escape. In designing CAR T cells for cancer immunotherapy, all of these factors must be harmonized to generate the optimal CAR T cell.
Combinatorially orthogonal matrices and related graphs

Abstract Let G be a graph and let c ( x , y ) denote the number of vertices in G adjacent to both of the vertices x and y . We call G quadrangular if c ( x , y ) ≠ 1 whenever x and y are distinct vertices in G . Reid and Thomassen proved that | E ( G )| ⩾ 2| V ( G )| −4 for each connected quadrangular graph G , and characterized those graphs for which the lower bound is attained. Their result implies lower bounds on the number of 1's in m × n combinatorially orthogonal (0,1)-matrices, where a (0,1)-matrix A is said to be combinatorially orthogonal if the inner product of each pair of rows and each pair of columns of A is never one. Thus the result of Reid and Thomassen is related to a paper of Beasley, Brualdi and Shader in which they show that a fully indecomposable, combinatorially orthogonal (0,1)-matrix of order n ⩾ 2 has at least 4 n − 4 l's and characterize those matrices for which equality holds. One of the results obtained here is equivalent to the result of Beasley, Brualdi and Shader. We also prove that | E ( G )| ⩾ 2| V ( G )| − 1 for each connected quadrangular nonbipartite graph G with at least 5 vertices, and characterize the graphs for which the lower bound is attained. In addition, we obtain optimal lower bounds on the number of 1's in m × n combinatorially row-orthogonal (0,1)-matrices.
No place like home? Familism and Latino/a-white differences in college pathways.

Recent research has argued that familism, defined as a cultural preference for privileging family goals over individual goals, may discourage some Latino/a youth from applying to and attending college, particularly if they must leave home (Desmond and Lopez Turley, 2009). Using data from the Education Longitudinal Study, we find that Latino/a students and parents indeed have stronger preferences than white students and parents for living at home during college. For students, most differences in preferences for proximate colleges are explained by socioeconomic status, academic achievement and high school/regional differences. Moreover, controlling for socioeconomic background and prior achievement explains most racial/ethnic gaps in college application and attendance among high school graduates, suggesting that familism per se is not a significant deterrent to college enrollment above and beyond these more primary factors. However, results indicate generational differences; cultural factors may contribute to racial/ethnic gaps in parental preferences for children to remain at home.
The relationship between physical growth and a newborn reflex

Abstract Young infants both grow at a very rapid rate and show dramatic changes in body composition. The behavioral consequences of somatic growth have been little explored. Here we report three studies on the relationship between body-build changes and a newborn reflex, stepping. Study 1 compared the number of steps and several body-build measures in 40 infants seen at 2, 4, and 6 weeks. At each age, overall arousal was the best predictor of steps. At 4 weeks, however, those infants who gained weight and became “chubby” most rapidly stepped less. Infants gained weight and added fat at the most rapid rate between 2 and 4 weeks. In Study 2, we manipulated leg mass by adding small weights to the legs. Infants stepped less and with weaker flexion movements when the legs were weighted. In Study 3, we reduced the effects of leg mass by submerging infants’ legs in water. Stepping rate increased and joint flexions were greater. We proposed that muscle strength development may not be synchronous with mass increase and that peripheral as well as central nervous system factors contribute to infant behavioral development. The disappearance of stepping is better explained by asynchronous physical growth than by previous hypotheses.
Linear maps on algebraic groups

Abstract Let G be an irreducible simple classical algebraic subgroup of SL (n,C), the n×n matrices of determinant one. We discuss the problem of classifying all invertible linear maps T on M(n,C) such that T(G)⊆G. This has already been solved with two general exceptions. We show how to eliminate one of these two cases. In general, T must have the form T(X)=PXQ or T(X)=PX t Q for suitable invertible matrices P and Q.
Research issues in protein location image databases

Which proteins have similar locations within cells? How many distinct location patters do cells display? How do we answer these questions quickly, from a large collection of microscope images such as in on-line journals?
Why socialism has a future

Working people's struggles for socialism have significantly shaped the contours of the 20th century. Communist and socialist movements won the support of countless millions of workers and poor farmers, and came to power across one‐third of the planet. The October Revolution in Russia, the leading role of Communists in many struggles against Fascism, the postwar development of socialism in Eastern Europe, the triumph of the Chinese Communist Revolution, and the socialist orientation of many anti‐imperialist movements in the Third World seemed to confirm Marx and Engels’ conviction that the fall of capitalism was “historically inevitable.”
Achievement goal perspectives, perceptions of the motivational climate, and sportspersonship: individual and team effects

Abstract Objectives : Utilizing an interactionist approach, this study examined the main and interactive effects of the perceived motivational climate and goal perspectives on sportspersonship. Additionally, the perceived motivational climate was explored as a team level variable and multilevel modeling was used to investigate individual and group level effects. Method : 202 female club volleyball players from 25 intact teams completed the Perceived Motivational Climate in Sport Questionnaire—2 ( Newton, Duda, & Yin, 2000: Journal of Sports Sciences , 18 , 275–290 ), the Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Questionnaire ( Duda, 1989: Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 11 , 318–335 ), and the Multidimensional Sportspersonship Orientation Scale ( Vallerand, Briere, Blanchard, & Provencher, 1997: Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 19 , 197–206 ). Results : Two sportspersonship dimensions emerged for the female athletes, i.e. respect for the game and respect for the opponent. Task orientation was found to positively predict respect for opponents. A significant three-way interaction between task orientation, ego orientation and the task-involving climate emerged for respect for the game suggesting that the relationship between task and ego orientations and the degree of respect for the game was dependent upon the strength of the task-involving climate. At the team level, within-group interrater agreement indicated that shared perceptions of the motivational climate were apparent among the team. Hierarchical linear modeling procedures revealed that individual task orientation and team level perceptions of a task-involving climate positively predicted respect for the game. Conclusion : Discussion focuses on the impact of the motivational climate on athletic moral conduct at the individual and team level and the importance of promoting a task-involving climate with the aim to enhance aspects of sportspersonship in youth sport.
A comparison of absorption measured by riometer and by ionosonde at high latitudes

Abstract Simultaneous observation made by riometer and vertical incidence sounder at Byrd Station, Antarctica in June 1963 indicate that absorption events occurring around magnetic midnight as determined by the riometer may be actually due to cosmic noise scattering by auroral sporadic- E rather than absorption.
Retinoids induce stem cell differentiation via epigenetic changes

Vitamin A (all-trans retinol) and its active metabolites, collectively called retinoids, exert potent effects on stem cell differentiation and thus, the formation of the entire organism, in part via the modulation of the epigenome. All-trans retinoic acid (RA), through binding to the retinoic acid receptors (RARs), alters interactions of the RARs with various protein components of the transcription complex at numerous genes in stem cells, and some of these protein components of the transcription complex then either place or remove epigenetic marks on histones or on DNA, altering chromatin structure and leading to an exit from the self-renewing, pluripotent stem cell state. Different epigenetic mechanisms, i.e. first, primarily H3K27me3 marks and then DNA methylation, may be employed by embryonic stem cells and other stem cells for control of early vs. late stages of cell differentiation. Creating these stable epigenetic changes requires the actions of many molecules, including tet1, polycomb protein complexes (PRCs), miRNAs, DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs), and telomerase reverse transcriptase. A more complete understanding of retinoid-dependent stem cell differentiation should reward us with new insights into the failure to maintain a differentiated state that is an essential part of neoplastic cell transformation and cancer.
A note on the Ross-Taylor theorem

Abstract In this note the condition used in proving a result due to S.M. Ross and H.M. Taylor are examined. These results pertain to the existence of bounded solutions to the average cost optimality equation for controlled Markov processes with an average cost criterion. In particular, we show how the use of commonly found convexity (concavity) properties of value functions can be employed to verify a seemingly rather restrictive equicontinuity condition. In addition, we remark that several results in the literature can be viewed as special cases of the result by Ross and Taylor, contrary to claims otherwise.
Regioselective alkylation of lithium enolates derived from 2-heptanone

Abstract The benzylation and u -butylation of the kinetic enolate mixture derived from 2-heptanone has been studied in DME in the absence and in the presence of lithium ion complexing agents (triglyme, benzo-14-crown-4, DMF (neat), DMF, and HMPA).
The effect of partially coherent quasi-monochromatic Gaussian beam on the probability of fade

The effect of a (spatially) partially coherent quasi-monochromatic lowest order Gaussian-beam on the direct detection system is studied in weak and strong atmospheric turbulence. The analytic expression for the scintillation index has been developed and analysed as a function of the spatial correlation distance (lc) and the correlation time (ts), associated with the source, as well as the strength of turbulence and the integration time (td) of the detector. The probability of fade is also studied as a function of relative detector speed td/ts. The limiting cases of slow (td>>ts) and fast (td<<tc) detector are discussed.
Persistence of isoflavones formononetin and biochanin A in soil and their effects on soil microbe populations

Persistence of the isoflavones formononetin and biochanin A in soil was investigated by HPLC analysis. Biochanin A disappeared more rapidly than formononetin in nonsterile soil. In soil planted with corn seedlings, the disappearance was dramamtic for both isoflavones. The results suggested that soil microbial populations were able to metabolize these isoflavones. The response of several microbial populations to isoflavone amendments was measured in soil samples obtained from Michigan potato fields. Results suggested that the isoflavones formononetin and biochanin A were able to stimulate the growth of soil microorganisms.
Effects of inhibitors of de novo protein synthesis on UV-mutagenesis in Chinese hamster cells Evidence against mutagenesis via inducible, error-prone DNA repair

Abstract Experiments were designed to test whether UV-mutagenesis in animal cells requires an inducible error-prone DNA-repair system similar to the “SOS system” in E. coli. Chinese hamster (V79) cells were exposed to either 5,6-dichloro-1β- D -ribofuranosylbenzimidazole (DRB, a transcription inhibitor) , cycloheximide, or puromycin for various times (3–6 h) following UV-irradiation (2–8 J/m2). Post-irradiation treatment with DRB resulted in a reproducible enhancement of UV-induced mutagenesis, whereas post-irradiation treatment with either cycloheximide or puromycin resulted in decreased UV-mutagenesis. Thus, the frequency of UV-mutagenesis does not appear to be dependent on an inducible error-prone DNA-repair pathway, since all 3 agents share the ability to inhibit de novo protein synthesis. In order to understand the effects of these inhibitors on mutation frequency, DNA synthesis in the presence of these agents was examined. DRB stimulated DNA synthesis in both irradiated and unirradiated cells. On the other hand, cycloheximide and puromycin caused an immediate inhibition of DNA synthesis in both irradiated and unirradiated cells. Therefore, it appears that UV-mutagenesis reflects changes in post-irradiation DNA synthesis rather than post-irradiation de novo protein synthesis.
Development of low cost radio range testing system for unmanned disaster relief helicopter

This paper is about the development of control test mock-up for the radio range testing of unmanned disaster relief helicopter. The research is part of project to convert an hobby helicopter into disaster relief helicopter. Theme is to develop a ground test bench with all the servo motors and receiever circuitry and monitor the movement of servo motors in degrees with the distance to check the control. Radio control of helicopter is monitored by change in servo motors angles. Proposed test system is tested for JR transciever module to check the validity.
Structure and Dynamics of Polymer-Layered Silicate Nanocomposites

The static and dynamic properties of polymer-layered silicate nanocomposites are discussed in the context of polymers in confined media. Despite the topological constraints imposed by the host lattice, mass transport of the polymer into the silicate layers (at least in the case of essentially non-polar polystyrene) appears to be unhindered and exhibits mobility similar to that of the pure polymer. However, both the local and global dynamics of the polymer in the hybrids are dramatically different from those in the bulk. On a local scale, intercalated polymer chains exhibit higher flexibility along their backbone along with a marked suppression (or even absence) of cooperative dynamics typically associated with the glass transition. On a global scale, relaxation of polymer chains either tethered to or in close proximity (<1 nm as in intercalated hybrids) to the host surface are dramatically altered and parallel those of other intrinsically anisotropic materials such as block copolymers and liquid crystals.
Bioinorganic composites for enzyme electrodes

Sparingly soluble redox salts were combined with a model enzyme, glucose oxidase, in a host matrix of a biopolymer chitosan to form bioinorganic composite films on the surface of glassy carbon electrodes. Four redox salts, each containing the Ru(NH3)6(3+) cation and a selected anion, such as Ru(CN)6(4-), Fe(CN)6(4-), Co(CN)6(3-) or IrCl6(3-), were studied. The composition and catalytic properties of such composite materials toward glucose oxidation were investigated by spectroscopic and electrochemical methods. The composite films provided an oxygen-independent electrical communication between the enzyme's redox centers and a glassy carbon surface at a potential as low as -0.10 V vs Ag/AgCl(3 M Cl-). The nature of the electrical communication is discussed in terms of redox mediation by the Ru(NH3)6(3+)-containing ion pairs formed inside the biocomposites. The kinetic significance of the mediator's charge is considered by postulating that neutral ion pairs are more efficient redox mediators of the enzymatic reaction than those negatively charged. The low operating potential of enzyme electrodes based on the bioinorganic composites allows for an interference-free determination of glucose. The design of the biocomposites is generic and can incorporate oxidoreductase enzymes other than glucose oxidase to provide a host of biosensors for biologically and environmentally important analytes.
In situ bioreduction of uranium (VI) to submicromolar levels and reoxidation by dissolved oxygen.

Groundwater within Area 3 of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Environmental Remediation Sciences Program (ERSP) Field Research Center at Oak Ridge, TN (ORFRC) contains up to 135 μM uranium as U(VI). Through a series of experiments at a pilot scale test facility, we explored the lower limits of groundwater U(VI) that can be achieved by in-situ biostimulation and the effects of dissolved oxygen on immobilized uranium. Weekly 2 day additions of ethanol over a 2-year period stimulated growth of denitrifying, Fe(III)-reducing, and sulfate-reducing bacteria, and immobilization of uranium as U(IV), with dissolved uranium concentrations decreasing to low levels. Following sulfite addition to remove dissolved oxygen, aqueous U(VI) concentrations fell below the U.S. Environmental Protection Agengy maximum contaminant limit (MCL) for drinking water (<30 μg L-1 or 0.126 μM). Under anaerobic conditions, these low concentrations were stable, even in the absence of added ethanol. However, when sulfite additions stopp...
A Large-Scale in Situ Screen Provides Molecular Evidence for the Induction of Eye Anterior Segment Structures by the Developing Lens

The anterior segment of the vertebrate eye includes the cornea, iris, ciliary body, trabecular meshwork, and lens. Although malformations of these structures have been implicated in many human eye diseases, little is known about the molecular mechanisms that control their development. To identify genes involved in anterior segment formation, we developed a large-scale in situ hybridization screen and examined the spatial and temporal expression of over 1000 genes during eye development. This screen identified 62 genes with distinct expression patterns in specific eye structures, including several expressed in novel patterns in the anterior segment. Using these genes as developmental markers, we tested for the presence of inductive signals that control the differentiation of anterior segment tissues. Organ culture recombination experiments showed that a chick lens is capable of inducing the expression of markers of the presumptive iris and ciliary body in the developing mouse neural retina. The inducing activity from the lens acts only over short ranges and is present at multiple stages of eye development. These studies provide molecular evidence that an evolutionarily conserved signal from the lens controls tissue specification in the developing optic cup.