cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
What Mistakes Disclose: A Process Dissociation Approach to Automatic and Controlled Processes in Social Psychology

Process dissociation is a model for separating automatic and controlled contributions to responses in a single task. Although it was developed to separate conscious and unconscious uses of memory, researchers have increasingly found the model useful to answer questions in social psychology. This article reviews process dissociation studies with a focus on social psychology. It emphasizes the model’s conceptual definitions of automatic and controlled processing and how those relate to procedures for estimating them. Process dissociation is contrasted with task dissociation, in which automatic and controlled processes are identified with implicit and explicit tasks. Current trends and future directions are identified, including the use of model testing procedures to compare competing theories of how automatic and controlled processes interact.
GAD1 mRNA Expression and DNA Methylation in Prefrontal Cortex of Subjects with Schizophrenia

Dysfunction of prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia includes changes in GABAergic mRNAs, including decreased expression of GAD1, encoding the 67 kDa glutamate decarboxylase (GAD67) GABA synthesis enzyme. The underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Alterations in DNA methylation as an epigenetic regulator of gene expression are thought to play a role but this hypothesis is difficult to test because no techniques are available to extract DNA from GAD1 expressing neurons efficiently from human postmortem brain. Here, we present an alternative approach that is based on immunoprecipitation of mononucleosomes with anti-methyl-histone antibodies differentiating between sites of potential gene expression as opposed to repressive or silenced chromatin. Methylation patterns of CpG dinucleotides at the GAD1 proximal promoter and intron 2 were determined for each of the two chromatin fractions separately, using a case-control design for 14 schizophrenia subjects affected by a decrease in prefrontal GAD1 mRNA levels. In controls, the methylation frequencies at CpG dinucleotides, while overall higher in repressive as compared to open chromatin, did not exceed 5% at the proximal GAD1 promoter and 30% within intron 2. Subjects with schizophrenia showed a significant, on average 8-fold deficit in repressive chromatin-associated DNA methylation at the promoter. These results suggest that chromatin remodeling mechanisms are involved in dysregulated GABAergic gene expression in schizophrenia.
Spatiotemporal soliton laser

Spatiotemporal solitons (STSs) are waves that are localized in all three dimensions of space as well as in time. They are of interest intrinsically as well as for ultrafast optical information processing, but their experimental observation remains a major challenge in nonlinear science. Two decades of investigation of STSs in optics has yielded only a few experimental demonstrations in conservative media. We present the realistic design and modeling of a solid-state laser that depends on the formation of dissipative STSs, which balance nonlinear gain and loss as well as linear and nonlinear phases. Numerical calculations show that stable, three-dimensional solitons can form in lasers containing self-focusing nonlinear materials with large normal dispersion. Experimental realization will be challenging but appears to be technologically achievable.
Automating three modes of evolution for object-oriented software architectures

Architectural evolution is a costly yet unavoidable consequence of a successful application. One method for reducing cost is to automate aspects of the evolutionary cycle when possible. Three kinds of architectural evolution in object-oriented systems are: schema transformations, the introduction of design pattern microarchitectures, and the hot-spot-driven-approach. This paper shows that all three can be viewed as transformations applied to an evolving design. Further, the transformations are automatable with refactorings -- behavior-preserving program transformations. A comprehensive list of refactorings used to evolve large applications is provided and an analysis of supported schema transformations, design patterns, and hot-spot meta patterns is presented. Refactorings enable the evolution of architectures on an if-needed basis reducing unnecessary complexity and inefficiency.
Stability of cytogenetic alterations in a human melanoma cell line and five clonal derivatives

A cytogenetic study was done on a human malignant melanoma cell line and its 5 clones. Chromosome banding analysis indicated the presence of 7 "shared" markers (M) and 9 unique markers (m) that were present only in the clones. Chromosomes 1, 5, 9, 12, 17 and 21 were involved in M-markers and chromosomes 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 9, 11, 16, 17, 18 and 21 were involved in m-marker formation. Both parental and clonal lines had near-triploid chromosome numbers. A number of M-markers were isochromosomes of the short (p) and long (q) arms of chromosome 1. Our cytogenetic data indicate that the parental line contained subpopulations of cells that were in different stages of karyotypic evolution.
Computational Predictions of the Tensile and Compressive Properties of Rigid-Rod Polymers

The Austin Model 1 (AM1) semiempirical molecular orbital method has been used to calculate tensile moduli and molecular tensile and compressive deformation for several rigid-rod polymers and a graphite model. The calculated moduli are an improvement over previous Modified Neglect of Differential Overlap (MNDO) calculations. These are the ultimate moduli or the perfectly aligned bulk systems. By analyzing the deformation of polymer molecules in tension and compression, the failure modes and weak points in the molecules can be determined. In compression, all the heterocyclic rigid-rod polymers exhibit a “bending” failure mode. In tension and compression, the phenyl group in the rods undergoes in-plane deformation more easily than the heterocyclic moiety, thus causing a lowering of the modulus. The hypothetical “ladder” polymer, polyacene, shows higher tensile and compressive resistance than any of the rods, suggesting that further study into the ladder polymers is warranted.
INTERACTION DYNAMICS OF SOLITARY WAVES ON A FALLING FILM

Beyond a short transition region near the inlet, waves on a falling film evolve into distinct pulse-like solitary waves that dominate all subsequent interfacial dynamics. Numerical and physical experiments indicate that these localized structures can attract and repel each other. Attractive interaction through the capillary ripples of the pulses causes two pulses to coalesce into a bigger pulse which accelerates and precipitates further coalescence. This binary interaction between an ‘excited’ pulse after coalescence and its smaller front neighbour is the key mechanism that drives the observed wave dynamics. From symmetry arguments, two dominant modes for a solitary pulse are obtained and used to develop an inelastic coherent structure theory for binary interaction between an excited pulse and its front neighbour. The theory offers a simple dynamical system that quantitatively describes the binary interaction and promises to elucidate the complex wave dynamics on a falling film.
True-amplitude transformation to zero offset of data from curved reflectors

Transformation to zero offset (TZO), alternatively known as migration to zero offset (MZO), or the combination of normal moveout and dip moveout (NMO/DMO), is a process that transforms data collected at finite offset between source and receiver to a pseudozero offset trace. The kinematic validity of NMO/DMO processing has been well established. The TZO integral operators proposed here differ from their NMO/DMO counterparts by a simple amplitude factor. (The form of the operator depends on how the input and output variables are chosen from among the combinations of midpoint or wavenumber with time or frequency.) With this modification in place, the dynamical validity for planar reflectors of the proposed TZO operators of this paper have been established in earlier studies. This means that the traveltime and geometrical spreading terms of the finite offset data are transformed to their counterparts for zero offset data, while the finite offset reflection coefficient is preserved. The main purpose of this st...
Cyclic effects in shape-memory alloys: a one-dimensional continuum model

Abstract We generalize the thermoelastic constitutive model of Abeyaratne and Knowles (1993, J. Mech. Phys. Solids41, 541–571), and Abeyaratne et al. (1994, Int. J. Solids Structures31, 2229–2249) so as to qualitatively model a variety of phenomena exhibited by shape-memory alloys in cyclic loading. The internal variable that is added to the model is meant to capture the idea that defects are precipitated during transformation and that these defects tend to make the nucleation of martensite easier.
Alkali cation selectivity and fixation by clay minerals

Two variables must be considered when calculating exchange free energies (ΔG°ex) for 2:1 clays: (1) anionic field strength, as expressed by equivalent anionic radius (ra), and (2) interlayer water content, as expressed by interlayer molality. For smectites that are in a state of high hydration, interlayer molality is determined by the cations undergoing exchange. Thus ΔG°ex for an exchanging cation pair can be calculated solely from measurements of ra. ra is related to layer charge per half unit cell (C) and ab unit cell area (A) by: ra = (-A/8πC)1/2. The layer charge necessary for cation fixation can be predicted by calculating the ra at which cation exchange with an illite structure expresses a AG°ex equal to that of exchange with a smectite structure. The theory can also be applied qualitatively to understand the high selectivity of illite for Cs+, the fixation of K+ rather than Na+ in shales during diagenesis, the stability of illite over muscovite in the weathering environment, and cation segregation in smectite.
Operating Experience with the Resonance Extraction Slow Spill Control System at the Zero Gradient Synchrotron

Simultaneous resonance extraction to two proton lines became operational in spring of 1975. The spill quality was initially poor due to 100% structure in the two to six kHz range. This paper describes the empirical techniques developed to provide a smooth spill. These techniques consist of applying radial or azimuthal disturbances to the proton beam. It has been found that the most effective disturbing frequency depends uniquely on the beam momentum. Quite an array of new equipment had to be built for magnetic control of the unbunched beam. Brief descriptions of this equipment are provided.
Integrated design of a compact Ka-band one-port vector reflectometer

In this paper, an integrated design of a compact one-port vector millimeter wave reflectometer or network analyzer (VNA), operating in the Ka-band (26.5–40 GHz) frequency range is presented. The design follows that of a recently-developed VNA, but with the goal of incorporating its critical components into one integrated system so as to make it smaller, improve its measurement accuracy and source stability, while incorporating on-board control and data collection approach. The most critical high-frequency component of this design is an electronically-controlled phase shifter, designed using sub-resonant PIN diode-loaded slots incorporated in the broad wall of a rectangular waveguide. Using a non-uniform spacing scheme used in the placement of the slots is shown to significantly reduce unwanted resonances. In addition, slot-coupled rectangular waveguide-tee configuration is used for the standing-wave probe section of this reflectometer which is incorporated into the phase shifter on the same high-frequency printed circuit board (PCB). Finally, this new design provides the possibility of using a more accurate three-port S-parameters characterization instead of a two-port characterization. The design foundation and some results of extensive simulations are shown in this paper.
A high-g low-voltage HARPSS tunable capacitor

This paper reports on the design, fabrication and testing of a low-voltage, high-g one-port tunable capacitor in single wafer low-resistivity silicon substrate for RF filtering applications. The tuning range of the parallel plate capacitor is measured to be 2:1 for a range of 2.5-5pF with a tuning voltage of only 2V. The electrical quality factor (g) of a 1 mm /spl times/ 1.5mm, 60/spl mu/m thick capacitor with a gap of 1 /spl mu/m was measured to be 99 at 400MHz and 49 at 1GHz and the return loss was below 0.5dB. The self-resonance frequency is above 10GHz.
Paw Paw and Cancer: Annonaceous Acetogenins from Discovery to Commercial Products⊥

Extracts of paw paw (Asimina triloba, Annonaceae) are among the most potent of the 3500 species of higher plants screened for bioactive compounds in our laboratories at Purdue University. The paw paw is a small tree native to eastern North America; its edible fruits (sometimes referred to as “Indiana Bananas”) have nurtured mankind for centuries. Activity-directed fractionation of the paw paw extracts, using the brine shrimp lethality bioassay, led to the isolation and molecular characterization of over 50 unique annonaceous acetogenins. Fractionation of extracts from related species resulted in the identification of over 150 additional acetogenins. The annonaceous acetogenins are derivatives of long-chain (C32 or C34) fatty acids. They are potent inhibitors of mitochondrial (complex I) as well as cytoplasmic (anaerobic) production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and the related nucleotides. The powerful cytotoxicity, in vivo antitumor, pesticidal, antimalarial, anthelmintic, piscicidal, antiviral, and an...
Myosins A & B in the organization of myofilaments.

I will discuss the question of two myosin isoforms in the same muscle from a genetical, as well as biochemical, viewpoint. For an overview, I will begin by reviewing the sliding-filament model for the molecular mechanims of muscle contraction by Huxley (489).
Fatal brain injuries in boxing

Die mitgeteilten vier Todesfalle beweisen, das nach wiederholten Schlagen auf den Kopf, wie sie im Boxkampf erfolgen, sich schwere, fortschreitend sich verschlimmernde Storungen des Gefasapparates des Gehirns entwickeln konnen, die trotz Entfernung der subduralen Blutmasse durch sekundare Thrombose, Infarkte, Blutungen und Odem groser Gehirnabschnitte nach 54 Std bis 9 Tagen den Tod herbeifuhrten.
Tissue and Blood Acidity: Coördination of the Dual Function of Hemoglobin During Suspended Ventilation.

In the paper directly following, on tissue acidity, blood acidity and pulmonary ventilation, we studied the problem of respiratory control, by regulating the shift of ions and acid molecules betwee...
High-Resolution Topographic Distribution Of Regional Inflation In Healthy And Injured Canine Lungs

Rationale Regional inflation of lung volume is determined by the material parenchymal properties and forces acting on specific regions. A previous study by Hubmayr et al. ( 54(4): 1048-1056, 1983) using parenchymal J. Appl. Physiol. markers defined a ventilation index (VI) as the slope of the relationship between regional lung expansion and overall lung inflation. They demonstrated vertical and cephalocaudal VI gradients in supine dogs. In this study, we describe the topographic distribution of regional inflation in healthy and injured canine lungs at much higher resolution using computed tomography (HRCT) and 3D image registration. Methods Whole lung CT scans were obtained during constant breath-holds from 5 to 30 cm H O in the supine position in 2 three healthy dogs and three dogs with oleic acid-induced lung injury. For each dog, CT image pairs at different inflation pressures (5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 cm H O) were matched using a nonrigid image registration algorithm. 2 From the matched pairs, the back-trajectory of a region of interest (ROI) consisting of 2x2x2 voxels (6.8 to 13.5 mm3 ) at 30 cm H O (V ) was tracked to determine the corresponding regional lung volumes (V ) at the lower 2 ROI-P30 r pressures The slope of the linear relationship between normalized regional lung volume and overall normalized . lung volume (VI) was obtained, describing the expansion of an ROI relative to the expansion of the overall lung. VI was separately analyzed for the whole lung as well as for tissue compartments defined by the different density ranges at 5 cm H O: normally-aerated (-900 to -500 HU), poorly-aerated (-500 to -100 HU), and non-aerated (-100 to 2 100 HU). Results We found that VI ranged from -0.5 to 2.0 in the six dogs. For the healthy dogs VI was greater in dependent lung regions compared to nondependent regions, and the distribution of VI for the whole lung was mainly due to expansion of normally-aerated tissues (Figure 1A). In injured dogs, lung inflation was mainly due to expansion of poorly-aerated tissues (Figure 1B). Figure 1: Number of ROIs observed for (A) healthy and (B) injured lungs under whole lung, normally aerated, poorly aerated and non-aerated conditions.
Identifying bumble bees across India.

Book review of: Saini, M.S., R.H. Raina, & H.S. Ghator. 2015. Indian Bumblebees . M/s Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh; Dehra Dun, India; [v]+248 pp. ISBN 978-81-211-0827-0 [hardback].
Dynamic Analysis on The Tendency of Infectious Diseases in Sandu County of Guizhou Province during 1998—2007

[Objective]To analyze the epidemic features of infectious disease,and provide scientific evidence for developing control measures.[Methods] The descriptive epidemiology method was adopted to conduct analysis on surveillance data of infectious disease collected from 1998—2007.[Results]8584 cases of 14 kinds of category B infectious disease were reported,87 were death cases;697 cases of 6 kinds of category C were reported,with 15 death cases.A total of 9281 cases were reported,102 were death cases,with the annual incidence and mortality rate of 299.93/100 000 and 3.29/100 000.The incidence of intestinal infectious diseases were 92.62/100 000～166.85/100 000,holding the first place of infectious disease,with the annual incidence of 123.51/100 000.The incidence of respiratory infectious disease raised from 48.37/100 000 in 1998 to 98.22/100 000 in 2007,holding the second place of infectious disease,with the annual incidence of 105.64/100 000.The incidence of zoonotic diseases and arthropod-borne diseases were 14.66/100 000～78.64/100 000,holding the third place,with the annual incidence of 38.29/100 000.The incidence of blood and sexual transmission diseases raised from 14.4/100 000 in 1998 to 40.69/100 000 in 2007,holding the fourth place,with the annual incidence of 32.47/100 000.[Conclusion] In the last decade,the incidence of intestinal infectious disease in Sandu county has been in a high level,however there is a small decline;the incidence of respiratory infectious disease,zoonotic diseases and arthropod-borne diseases,blood and sexual transmission diseases has obviously increased.
MP5: STABLE ISOTOPE LABELED BY AMINO ACID IN CULTURE (SILAC) STRATEGY TO ANALYZE HUMAN MIDDLE EAR EPITHELIAL CELLS (HMEEC) SECRETOME IN RESPONSE TO NTHI LYSATES: EVIDENCE OF THE IMPLICATION OF EXOSOMES IN OTITIS MEDIA

Purpose of Study This study aimed at characterizing the secretome of HMEEC-1 and to evaluate its regulation in response to NTHi lysates and better understand the pathogenesis of Otitis Media (OM). Methods Used HMEEC-1 were labeled with heavy isotopes of arginine and lysine to obtain a spike-in standard that was mixed with the conditions of interest (control or treated 24 hrs, secretions recovered 24 hrs or 48 hrs) and separated by SDS-PAGE. Peptides generated by in-gel digestion were analyzed by LC-MS/MS. Middle ear effusions (MEEs) from patients having chronic OM were analyzed to validate the results obtained with HMEEC. Summary of Results 767 proteins were detected by MS in HMEEC secretions. The more abundant proteins detected were components of the extracellular matrix, proteins implicated in the innate immune response, and surprisingly proteins implicated in the processing and packaging of RNA. These proteins were heterogenous nuclear ribonucleoproteins A2/B1 (hnRNPA2B1) and K (hnRNPK) enriched at the 24 hrs time point (1.99 and 1.78 fold change respectively) and Q at 48 hrs (hnRNPQ, fold change 4.76) in response to NTHi lysates. We then hypothesized that these proteins were implicated in the packaging of miRNAs in exosomes in response to NTHi lysates. An exosome marker assay showed the presence of exosomes in both the cell secretions and MEEs. A western blot analysis of MEE exosome proteins showed the presence of hnRNPs as in cell secretions. Finally, a Nanostring chip assay demonstrated the presence of 8 miRNA in MEEs, mostly reported to be produced by epithelial cells and neutrophils. Conclusions We characterized the secretome of HMEEC in response to NTHi lysates treatment that show a potential implication of exosomes in the pathogenesis of OM. We demonstrated the presence of exosomes in HMEEC secretions and MEEs, transporting miRNAs packaged by hnRNP proteins.
Feature-Based Automatic Modulation Recognition Design for Vehicular Network Communication

The Software defined radios (SDR) concept [1, 2] suggests that future radio systems will support multi-standard, multimode and multiband wireless communications. As described in the survey [3], this technology also could be utilized in the vehicle to vehicle network, where existing multi-standards communication protocol currently. This agile radio system could be utilized through two main processors: Automatic Modulation Recognition (AMR) and Demodulation of digitally modulated communication signals. The AMR method can be described as blind identification of the modulation scheme used to format digital data embedded in a received signal. This technology is studied and developed in this work by utilizing a new feature-based method.
Evaluation of Risk Assessment as Evidence for Decision Making

The process of risk assessment has the potential to improve the factual component of health risk decision making in several forums (e.g. regulatory agencies, courts, workers compensation boards, etc.). However, the use of RA as evidence for decision making must be consistent with forum rules which govern the admissibility and value of scientific evidence. Risk assessment is a analytical tool utilized quantitatively to estimate public health risks. By its nature, there are definite weaknesses is using the process as evidence for risk decision making. The information database in RA is not complete; it involves uncertainty due to limited data available and from unresolved methodological issues which together create areas of conflict where scientific judgments or policy decisions must be made.
Design and optimization of microwave circuits and systems using artificial intelligence techniques

In this thesis, a new approach combining neural networks and genetic algorithms is presented for microwave design. In this method, an accurate neural network model is developed from the experimental data. This neural network model is used to perform sensitivity analysis and derive response surfaces. An innovative technique is then applied in which genetic algorithms are coupled with the neural network model to assist in synthesis and optimization. The proposed method is used for modeling and analysis of circuit parameters for flip chip interconnects up to 35 GHz, as well as for design of multilayer inductors and capacitors at 1.9 GHz and 2.4 GHz. The method was also used to synthesize mm wave low pass filters in the range of 40–60 GHz. The devices obtained from layout parameters predicted by the neuro-genetic design method yielded electrical response close to the desired value (95% accuracy). The proposed method also implements a weighted priority scheme to account for tradeoffs in microwave design. This scheme was implemented to synthesize bandpass filters for 802.11 a and HIPERLAN wireless LAN applications in the range of 5–6 GHz. This research also develops a novel neuro-genetic design centering methodology for yield enhancement and design for manufacturability of microwave devices and circuits. A neural network model is used to calculate yield using Monte Carlo methods. A genetic algorithm is then used for yield optimization. The proposed method has been used for yield enhancement of SiGe heterojunction bipolar transistor and mm wave voltage-controlled oscillator. It results in significant yield enhancement of the SiGe HBTs (from 25% to 75%) and VCOs (from 8% to 85%). The proposed method can be extended for device, circuit, package, and system level integrated co-design since it can handle a large number of design variables without any assumptions about the component behavior. The proposed algorithm could be used by microwave community for design and optimization of microwave circuits and systems with greater accuracy while consuming less computational time.
Fast-convergent adaptive frequency-domain recursive least-squares algorithm with reduced complexity for MDM transmission systems using optical few-mode fibers

We investigate a single-stage adaptive frequency-domain recursive-least-square algorithm for simultaneously compensating CD&DMGD in few-mode fiber systems, which increases the convergence speed by 53.7% over conventional FD-LMS method, with 11% hardware complexity reduction over two-stage approach.
The NF1 gene in tumor syndromes and melanoma

Activation of the RAS/MAPK pathway is critical in melanoma. Melanoma can be grouped into four molecular subtypes based on their main genetic driver: BRAF-mutant, NRAS-mutant, NF1-mutant, and triple wild-type tumors. The NF1 protein, neurofibromin 1, negatively regulates RAS proteins through GTPase activity. Germline mutations in NF1 cause neurofibromatosis type I, a common genetic tumor syndrome caused by dysregulation of the RAS/MAPK pathway, ie, RASopathy. Melanomas with NF1 mutations typically occur on chronically sun-exposed skin or in older individuals, show a high mutation burden, and are wild-type for BRAF and NRAS. Additionally, NF1 mutations characterize certain clinicopathologic melanoma subtypes, specifically desmoplastic melanoma. This review discusses the current knowledge of the NF1 gene and neurofibromin 1 in neurofibromatosis type I and in melanoma.
Emerging exposures of developmental toxicants

Purpose of reviewThe purpose of this review is to identify emerging developmental toxicants that are understudied in children's health. Exposures may arise from new products designed to improve utility, to reduce toxicity, or to replace undesirable chemicals. Exposures to less-toxic chemicals may al
Dikotomi Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab : Antara Knowledge dan Performance

Bahasa Arab merupakan bahasa penting untuk dimiliki oleh umat Islam. Bahasa yang mengandung makna mendalam karena sumber pedoman agama Islam berupa al-Qur’an dan al-Hadist disampaikan dengan menggunakan bahasa Arab. Dalam kajian ini penulis berusaha menelaah secara mendalam problematika pembelajaran yang selama ini terjadi pada praktik pembelajaran bahasa Arab di beberapa lembaga pendidikan. Kajian ini lebih spesifik berupa kajian studi kepustakaan dengan menelaah artikel hasil kajian terdahulu, buku dan beberapa referensi lainnya. Hasil kajian ini mengerucutkan kepada beberapa problem yang muncul dalam praktik pembelajaran bahasa Arab seperti problem linguistik dan problem non-linguistik. Dalam banyak kasus ditemukan problem mendasar selain dua diatas adalah munculnya tipologi pandangan bahwa kemampuan berbahasa merupakan knowledge, pandangan kedua kemampuan berbahasa merupakan habit yang memerlukan ikhtiar performan dalam berkomunikasi, dan ketiga menyebutkan kemampuan berbahasa mencakup keduanya. Akan tetapi yang selama ini berjalan bahwa praktik pembelajaran bahasa Arab masih cenderung bersifat knowledge dan dan menomerduakan sisi performansi dalam berkomunikasi.
Self-Channeling of High-Power Long-Wave Infrared Pulses in Atomic Gases.

We simulate and elucidate the self-channeling of high-power $10\text{ }\text{ }\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m}$ infrared pulses in atomic gases. The major new result is that the peak intensity can remain remarkably stable over many Rayleigh ranges. This arises from the balance between the self-focusing, diffraction, and defocusing caused by the excitation induced dephasing due to many-body Coulomb effects that enhance the low-intensity plasma densities. This new paradigm removes the Rayleigh range limit for sources in the $8--12\text{ }\text{ }\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m}$ atmospheric transmission window and enables transport of individual multi-TW pulses over multiple kilometer ranges.
Effects on Comparability and Capital Market Benefits of Voluntary Adoption of IFRS by US Firms: Insights from Voluntary Adoption of IFRS by Non-US Firms

This study determines whether voluntary adoption of IFRS is associated with increased comparability of accounting amounts and attendant capital market benefits. After “adopting” firms voluntarily adopt IFRS, their accounting amounts become more comparable to those of firms that “adopted” IFRS before them and less comparable to those of “non-adopting” firms that apply domestic standards. Also, adopting firms exhibit increased capital market benefit — liquidity, share turnover, and firm-specific information — relative to adopted and non-adopting firms. There is little evidence of capital market consequences for adopted firms or of non-adopting firms suffering decreased capital market benefits. Our study is motivated by the SEC’s Roadmap for incorporating IFRS into the US financial reporting system. Our findings suggest that permitting US firms to adopt IFRS voluntarily could enhance comparability of US firms’ accounting amounts with those of firms applying IFRS. The findings also support the SEC’s belief that enhanced comparability results in capital market benefits.
Abstract 150: FAK/Pyk2 Inhibitor Prevents Mitochondrial Ca2+ Overload and Cardiac Injury during Adrenergic Stimulation.

Introduction: Proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2) and focal adhesion kinase (FAK) are abundantly expressed in cancer cells. In addition, these kinases are the potent therapeutic targets for cancer treatment and currently several selective FAK/Pyk2 inhibitors are in clinical trials. Recent study revealed that Pyk2 is also highly expressed in heart tissue and significantly activated during human heart failure. We have recently reported that α 1 -adrenoceptor (α 1 -AR) stimulation accelerates mitochondrial Ca 2+ uptake through Pyk2-dependent phospholylation of mitochondrial Ca 2+ uniporter (MCU). However, the roles of Pyk2 in cardiac mitochondrial physiology and pathophysiology have not been well established. Hypothesis: Persistent adrenergic signaling activates cell death signaling via Pyk2-dependent MCU activation and mitochondrial Ca 2+ overload. Methods: Using H9C2 cardiac myoblasts, mitochondrial Ca 2+ and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were measured using mitochondrial matrix-targeted Ca 2+ -sensitive inverse pericam and MitoSOX, respectively. Mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) activity was observed by measuring the amount of cytochrome c in cytosol by Western blotting or by monitoring the release of GFP-tagged mitochondrial protein, Smac-GFP using confocal microscopy. Results: Pyk2 was not only expressed in cytosol, but also in cardiac mitochondria. α 1 -AR agonist phenylephrine activated mitochondrial Pyk2 and enhanced mitochondrial Ca 2+ uptake via Pyk2-dependent MCU phosphorylation. In addition, persistent α 1 -AR stimulation increases ROS, activity of mPTP. These effects were abolished by co-expression of dominant-negative MCU or kinase-dead Pyk2, suggesting that Pyk2-dependent MCU activation followed by mitochondrial Ca 2+ overload are critical for this mechanism. Moreover, pretreatment of a potent FAK/Pyk2 inhibitor PF-431396 also effectively inhibited α 1 -AR-mediated ROS generation and mPTP activation. Conclusion: FAK/Pyk2 inhibitor prevents mitochondrial Ca 2+ overload, oxidative stress and mitochondrial injury under persistent adrenergic stimulation. Thus, Pyk2 may become a novel potent therapeutic target for preventing cardiac cell injury and death during heart failure.
Preconception urinary phthalate concentrations and sperm DNA methylation profiles among men undergoing IVF treatment: a cross-sectional study

Study question Are preconception phthalate and phthalate replacements associated with sperm differentially methylated regions (DMRs) among men undergoing IVF? Summary answer Ten phthalate metabolites were associated with 131 sperm DMRs that were enriched in genes related to growth and development, cell movement and cytoskeleton structure. What is known already Several phthalate compounds and their metabolites are known endocrine disrupting compounds and are pervasive environmental contaminants. Rodent studies report that prenatal phthalate exposures induce sperm DMRs, but the influence of preconception phthalate exposure on sperm DNA methylation in humans is unknown. Study design, size, duration An exploratory cross-sectional study with 48 male participants from the Sperm Environmental Epigenetics and Development Study (SEEDS). Participants/materials, setting, methods The first 48 couples provided a spot urine sample on the same day as semen sample procurement. Sperm DNA methylation was assessed with the HumanMethylation 450 K array. Seventeen urinary phthalate and 1,2-Cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid diisononyl ester (DINCH) metabolite concentrations were measured from spot urine samples. The A-clust algorithm was employed to identify co-regulated regions. DMRs associated with urinary metabolite concentrations were identified via linear models, corrected for false discovery rate (FDR). Main results and role of chance Adjusting for age, BMI, and current smoking, 131 DMRs were associated with at least one urinary metabolite. Most sperm DMRs were associated with anti-androgenic metabolites, including mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP, n = 83), mono(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP, n = 16), mono-n-butyl phthalate (MBP, n = 22) and cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylic acid-monocarboxy isooctyl (MCOCH, n = 7). The DMRs were enriched in lincRNAs as well as in regions near coding regions. Functional analyses of DMRs revealed enrichment of genes related to growth and development as well as cellular function and maintenance. Finally, 13% of sperm DMRs were inversely associated with high quality blastocyst-stage embryos after IVF. Limitations, reasons for caution Our modest sample size only included 48 males and additional larger studies are necessary to confirm our observed results. Non-differential misclassification of exposure is also a concern given the single spot urine collection. Wider implications of the findings To our knowledge, this is the first study to report that preconception urinary phthalate metabolite concentrations are associated with sperm DNA methylation in humans. These results suggest that paternal adult environmental conditions may influence epigenetic reprogramming during spermatogenesis, and in turn, influence early-life development. Study funding/competing interest(s) This work was supported by grant K22-ES023085 from the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. The authors declare no competing interests.
Comparing the effects of age, pubertal development, and symptom profile on cortisol rhythm in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder.

Previous studies in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have shown elevated evening cortisol; however, few studies have examined diurnal rhythm in adolescents with ASD. Adolescence is a time of significant physical and psychological change, and dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis may put adolescents with ASD at increased risk for internalizing disorders, such as anxiety and depression. The extent to which cortisol levels are associated with age, puberty and symptom profile was examined in 113 youth (ages 7-17) with ASD and typical development. Salivary samples were collected over 3 days in the home, 4 times per day (waking, 30-min post-waking, afternoon, evening). Results showed youth with ASD had higher evening cortisol and a blunted diurnal slope relative to TD youth. Pubertal development and age were significant predictors of evening cortisol, and adolescents with ASD had higher evening cortisol levels compared to children with ASD. The study extends previous reports of elevated evening cortisol in children with ASD to reveal high levels in adolescence as well. Adolescents with ASD also show a significantly blunted diurnal slope, which may be associated with risk of internalizing symptoms. Findings suggest elevated evening cortisol persists across development in youth with ASD, thus emphasizing a need to identify potential negative effects of excess cortisol exposure on health in ASD individuals. Autism Res 2018, 11: 110-120. © 2017 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. LAY SUMMARY:Elevations in stress hormone, cortisol, during the evening may indicate increased stress from changes throughout the day in youth with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The current study shows that age and pubertal development are also related to increases in evening cortisol, and this maladaptive elevation in cortisol in ASD is not going away with age. These cortisol elevations may also be associated with other psychological symptoms and warrant further investigation in adolescents with ASD.
Examining the impact and influence of the leisure science literature

ABSTRACTThis study explored the impact and influence of the leisure sciences literature through an analysis of highly cited articles. Discriminant function analysis identified whether articles had more exclusive impact inside or outside the field. Research themes and methodologies were examined based on these classifications. Results indicate articles with the greatest impact within the leisure literature tended to be quantitative studies drawing upon survey data and non-experimental designs focused on general leisure and outdoor/forest recreation. Articles with the greatest impact outside the leisure literature were more recent and focused on place attachment, psychological motivation, or community parks and recreation and used quasi-experimental design or measurement development approaches. Based on this study’s findings, to increase the interdisciplinary relevance of the leisure science literature more theoretically framed studies employing quasi-experimental or measurement development approaches focus...
An opportunity for improvement in trauma care: 8-week booster vaccination adherence among patients after trauma splenectomy.

Abstract Background Splenectomies are common after abdominal trauma, and measures must be taken to prevent infection, namely, the administration of available conjugate vaccinations against encapsulated organisms. While initial immunization is frequently completed prior to discharge, the Advisory Council on Immunization Practices recommends administration of an 8-week vaccination booster against S. pneumoniae, and compliance with this practice is unknown. We hypothesized that patients undergoing splenectomy for trauma would not routinely receive the recommended immunization and subsequent booster. Methods All trauma admissions at our center who required splenectomy secondary to trauma between 2010 and 2015 were included. Demographic and injury data, splenectomy dates, immunization documentation, subsequent boosters received, and outcomes were collected from the medical record. Results Of the 9,965 patients observed, 44 patients underwent splenectomy, with 31 patients meeting inclusion/exclusion criteria. Two patients received subsequent boosters during office or hospital visits; however, no patient received any booster within Advisory Council on Immunization Practices' recommended timeframe with median time to subsequent boosters of 22 months. Seven patients have had a subsequent admission for infection or sepsis, with one presenting with S. pneumoniae meningitis. None of the patients subsequently admitted for infection or sepsis had received boosters. Conclusion While trauma patients at our institution receive recommended immunizations after splenectomy prior to discharge, they receive boosters at a suboptimal rate and beyond the advised timeframe. We speculate that this phenomenon is widespread in the American trauma population. These data suggest a need for improved patient and provider education and coordination with primary care practitioners to ensure ideal defense against infectious complications.
Combined adaptive pulse compression and adaptive beamforming for multistatic shared-spectrum radar

In this paper we present a method to reduce the interference between shared spectrum multistatic radars by performing joint adaptive pulse compression (APC) in conjunction with adaptive beamforming. A recently proposed algorithm based on a Minimum Mean Square Error (MMSE) formulation, Multistatic Adaptive Pulse Compression (MAPC) [1]-[3] has been shown to successfully suppress both range sidelobes and interference from multiple radars operating in the same spectrum. Here, we combine an adaptive beamforming component with the MAPC algorithm to enable further mutual interference suppression and hence better estimation performance such that the number of multistatic radars simultaneously operating in the same spectrum may be increased for the same mean-square estimation error.
Long-term risk of seizures among cardiac arrest survivors.

Abstract Introduction The long-term risk of seizures in cardiac arrest survivors is not established. We hypothesized that survivors of cardiac arrest face an increased long-term risk for seizures. Methods We performed a retrospective cohort study using 2008–2015 claims data from a nationally representative 5% sample of Medicare beneficiaries ≥66 years-old. Our exposure of interest was a hospital diagnosis code of cardiac arrest, defined by previously validated ICD-9-CM codes. Since we were interested in long-term risk, we excluded patients with a history of seizure, and those who were diagnosed with a seizure during hospitalization or died during the index hospitalization. Our outcome was a diagnosis of seizure. Survival statistics were used to calculate seizure incidence and Cox proportional hazards models were used to determine the association between cardiac arrest and long-term seizures after adjustment for demographics and Charlson comorbidities. Results Among 1,764,508 beneficiaries with a mean 4.5 years of follow-up, we identified 57,437 patients with cardiac arrest who survived to discharge without a seizure. The annual incidence of seizures was 1.26% (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.20–1.33%) compared to 0.61% (95% CI, 0.61–0.62%) in other Medicare patients. In unadjusted analysis, cardiac arrest was associated with an increased risk of post-discharge seizures (hazard ratio [HR], 1.8; 95% CI, 1.7–1.9), but the association was lost after adjustment for demographics and comorbidities (HR 0.9; 95% CI, 0.9–1.0; P = 0.12). Conclusion The long-term risk of seizures was not elevated in patients with cardiac arrest who survived to hospital discharge without a seizure.
Contribution of Sleep Disturbance to Cancer Fatigue

Oncology patients are at high risk for developing sleep disturbance and fatigue due a number of physiological and psychological factors associated with cancer, its treatment, and the burden of living with a chronic condition. Progress in our understanding of sleep disturbance and fatigue in oncology patients has been stymied by varying definitions for each symptom, as well as different instruments to measure each symptom. In addition, the co-occurrence of these and other common symptoms suggests that analytic methodologies that are currently available should be considered to model the relationships between these and among other common symptoms. The purpose of the chapter is to describe the prevalence, risk factors, measurement considerations, proposed mechanisms for and novel approaches to the study of these two common symptoms in oncology patients. Interventions to improve sleep and reduce fatigue are also described.
Predictors of High School Graduation or Dropping out for Youths with Severe Emotional Disturbances

Using the National Longitudinal Transition Study (NLTS) database, this study explored predictors of graduating from versus dropping out of high school for 664 youths identified as having severe emotional disturbances (SED). The research examined the relationship between earning a diploma and (a) personal variables, (b) the receipt of counseling or therapy in school, and (c) the receipt of vocational education in school. Descriptive statistics indicated that almost 50% of the sample dropped out of high school, and a hierarchical regression analysis revealed that participation in school-based counseling and vocational education was significantly associated with high school graduation.
Investigation of Measurement Errors in Doppler Global Velocimetry

While the initial development phase of Doppler Global Velocimetry (DGV) has been successfully completed, there remains a critical next phase to be conducted, namely the determination of an error budget to provide quantitative bounds for measurements obtained by this technology. This paper describes a laboratory investigation that consisted of a detailed interrogation of potential error sources to determine their contribution to the overall DGV error budget. A few sources of error were obvious; e.g., iodine vapor adsorption lines, optical systems, and camera characteristics. However, additional non-obvious sources were also discovered; e.g., laser frequency and single-frequency stability, media scattering characteristics, and interference fringes. This paper describes each identified error source, its effect on the overall error budget, and where possible, corrective procedures to reduce or eliminate its effect.
An initial analysis of real-time sUAS-based detection of grapevine water status in the Finger Lakes wine country of upstate New York

The quality of grapes in the production of wine is highly influenced by vine water status, where optimal water deficit or selective harvesting can improve berry quality. It is in this context that the rapid advancement in small unmanned aerial system (sUAS) technology and the potential application of real-time, high-spatial resolution hyperspectral imagery for vineyard moisture assessment, have become tractable. This study sought to further sUAS hyperspectral imagery as a tool to model water status in a commercial vineyard in Upstate New York. High-spatial resolution (2.5 cm ground sample distance) hyperspectral data were collected in the visible/near-infrared (VNIR; 400-1000nm) regime on three flight days. A Scholander pressure chamber was used to directly measure the midday stem water potential (Ψstem) within imaged vines at the time of flight. High spatial resolution pixels enabled the targeting of pure (sunlit) vine canopy with vertically trained shoots and significant shadowing. We used the partial least squares-regression (PLS-R) modeling method to correlate our hyperspectral imagery with measured field water status and applied a wavelength band selection scheme to detect important wavelengths. We evaluated spectral smoothing and band reduction approaches, given signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) concerns. Our regression results indicated that unsmoothed curves, with the range of wavelength bands from 450- 1000 nm, provided the highest model performance with R2 = 0.68 for cross-validation. Future work will include hyperspectral flight data in the short-wave infrared (SWIR; 1000-2500 nm) regime that were also collected. Ultimately, models will need validation in different vineyards with a full range of plant stress.
Digital Ethnography in an Age of Information Warfare: Notes from the Field:

In this article we engage the nature and role of the Internet in ethnographic research and reflect on how ethnographic methodologies may be adapted when researching digital forms of communication. ...