cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Methodology for collision risk assessment of an airspace flow corridor concept

Abstract This paper presents a methodology to estimate the collision risk associated with a future air-transportation concept called the flow corridor . This concept is designed to reduce congestion and increase throughput in en-route airspace by creating dedicated flight corridors across the continent. The methodology is a hybrid collision-risk methodology combining Monte Carlo simulation and dynamic event trees. Monte Carlo simulation is used to model the movement of aircraft within the corridor and to identify potential trajectories that might lead to a collision. Dynamic event trees are used to evaluate the effectiveness of subsequent safety layers that protect against collisions. The overall risk assessment captures the unique characteristics of the flow corridor concept, including self-separation within the corridor, lane change maneuvers, speed adjustments, and the automated separation assurance system. A tradeoff between safety and throughput is conducted, and a sensitivity analysis identifies the most critical parameters in the model.
The Mental States of Agents

Many instances of commonsense reasoning involve the mental states of agents. An agent is an entity that performs purposeful actions in the world in which it exists. Examples of agents are people, animals, organizations, robots, and computer programs. To interpret an agent’s actions and make predictions about an agent’s future actions, we must model the mental states of agents. We address agent behavior, which requires the modeling of beliefs, goals, and plans. We discuss the modeling of emotions. We describe the epistemic functional event calculus for reasoning about knowledge and action.
Derivation of criticality safety benchmarks from ZPR fast critical assemblies

Scores of critical assemblies were constructed, over a period of about three decades, at the Argonne National Laboratory ZPR-3, ZPR-6, ZPR-9, and ZPPR fast critical assembly facilities. Most of the assemblies were mockups of various liquid-metal fast breeder reactor designs. These tended to be complex, containing, for example, mockups of control rods and control rod positions. Some assemblies, however, were `physics benchmarks`. These relatively `clean` assemblies had uniform compositions and simple geometry and were designed to test fast reactor physics data and methods. Assemblies in this last category are well suited to form the basis for new criticality safety benchmarks. The purpose of this paper is to present an overview of some of these benchmark candidates and to describe the strategy being used to create the benchmarks.
Allelic and Isotypic Light Chain Inclusion in Peripheral B Cells from Anti-DNA Antibody Transgenic C57BL/6 and BALB/c Mice

Most mature B lymphocytes express one BCR L chain, kappa or lambda, but recent work has shown that there are exceptions in that some B lymphocytes express both kappa and lambda and some even bear two different kappa L chains. Using the anti-DNA H chain-transgenic mouse, 56R, we find that B cells with pre-existing autoreactivity are especially subject to L chain inclusion. Specifically, we show that isotypic and allelic inclusion enables autoreactive B cells to bypass central tolerance giving rise to B cells that retain dangerous features. One receptor in dual receptor B cells is an editor L chain, i.e., neutralizes or alters self-reactivity of the 56R H chain transgene. We compare the 56R mouse when on the C57/BL/6 background, a strain prone to autoimmunity, with that of 56R when on the BALB/c background, a strain that resists autoimmunity. In the B6.56R mouse, polyreactive B cells with dual L chain move to the follicular B cell compartment. Their localization in the follicular compartment may explain the ease with which B cells in the B6.56R differentiate into autoantibody-producing plasma cells. Likewise, in the BALB/c.56R mouse, dual L chain B cells are found in the follicular B cell compartment. Yet, the lack of autoantibody-producing plasma cells in the BALB/c.56R suggests that postfollicular tolerance checkpoints are intact. The Jkappa usage in dual kappa L chain B cells suggests increased receptor editing activity and is consistent with the expected distribution of Jkappa genes in our computational model for random selection of Jkappa.
Revisiting the Impact of Part‐Time Work on Adolescent Adjustment: Distinguishing Between Selection and Socialization Using Propensity Score Matching

The impact of part-time employment on adolescent functioning remains unclear because most studies fail to adequately control for differential selection into the workplace. The present study reanalyzes data from L. Steinberg, S. Fegley, and S. M. Dornbusch (1993) using multiple imputation, which minimizes bias in effect size estimation, and 2 types of propensity score matching, to account for selection effects. In this sample (N = 1,792; Grades 10-11, M = 16.26), youth who begin working more than 20 hr per week evince declines in school engagement and increases in substance use and delinquency compared with youth who remain unemployed. Conversely, working 20 hr or less a week has negligible effects, positive or negative, on academic, psychological, or behavioral outcomes.
Net Interorgan Transport of l-Glutamate in Rats Occurs via the Plasma, Not via Erythrocytes

Glutamate is concentrated within RBC, but this intracellular glutamate is often ignored in studies of glutamate metabolism in vivo. The objective of this work was to determine the size of the plasma and cellular glutamate pools in rat blood and to clarify the role of RBC in the interorgan transport of glutamate. Approximately 20% of whole-blood glutamate was associated with isolated RBC membranes, but this was easily removed by washing with high salt solutions. Arterial plasma glutamate levels were relatively stable and did not show marked differences with starvation, streptozotocin diabetes or feeding 60% casein diets. In rats fed 5% casein, the plasma glutamate level was slightly higher (P < 0.05) than in most other groups. In contrast, RBC glutamate levels showed considerable variation. In rats consuming 5% casein, cellular glutamate levels were approximately 100% higher (P < 0.05) than in control, starved, diabetic or 20 or 60% casein-fed rats. Cellular glutamate levels were also higher (P < 0.05) in rats fed 60% casein than in those consuming 20% casein or the control diet. Rat erythrocytes in vitro did not take up or release free glutamate, confirming that they do not possess a glutamate transporter. Arteriovenous difference measurements across the portal drained viscera indicated a net glutamate release into the portal vein in control, 60% casein-fed and diabetic rats. In all cases, the net change in blood glutamate across the tissue occurred via the plasma, with no change in cellular glutamate levels. Therefore analyses of glutamate metabolism in rats in vivo may be made confidently using measurements of either whole-blood or plasma glutamate concentrations.
Micromechanisms and toughness for cleavage fracture of steel

Abstract A complete understanding of the fracture mechanisms of steel in the ductile/brittle transition region requires analysis not only of crack initiation, but also of crack propagation. This paper reviews micrographic and fractographic experiments that give insight into both phenomena, and suggests a frame-work through which both may be related. Unstable cleavage crack initiation can occur after some blunting of the original fatigue precrack or after some stable crack growth. In either event, instability appears to be triggered by the fracture of a brittle micro-constituent ahead of the precrack. The large scatter in reported K Ic values within the transition region reflects the size distribution and relative scarcity of these “trigger” particles. While a large number of models have attempted to correlate toughness in the ductile/brittle transition regime to events occurring ahead of the crack tip, surprisingly little attention has been paid to events occurring behind the crack front. Fractographic evidence as well as metallographic sectioning of arrested cracks show that the mechanism of rapid crack propagation by cleavage is affected strongly by partial crack-plane deflection which leaves unbroken ligaments in its wake. The tearing of these ligaments by dimple-rupture is the dominant energy-absorbing mechanism. Etch-pit experiments using an Fe-Si alloy show that the crack-tip stress intensity based on plastic zone size is extremely low. It is suggested that the mechanism of crack arrest should be modeled using a sharp crack which is restrained by a distribution of discrete pinching forces along its faces. The same model is applied to crack initiation.
International Governance, Responsibility and Management of Areas beyond National Jurisdiction

AbstractThis article is a summary of a keynote address given at the Symposium held at the Netherlands Institute for the Law of the Sea at the University of Utrecht on 8 July 2011, the articles from which are collected in this Special Issue. It considers the threats facing the high seas and open ocean, and it considers the defects of the current state of governance of areas beyond national jurisdiction (ABNJ), using the current efforts to protect the Sargasso Sea as an example. It then puts forward the case for the restatement of principles of ocean governance as part of a process within the UN to develop a new instrument to govern ABNJ.
Current approach to fibrous dysplasia of bone and McCune–Albright syndrome

Fibrous dysplasia (FD) of bone is an uncommon disease caused by sporadic, congenital mutations in the cAMP regulating protein, Gsα. It is an example of somatic mosaicism in which a wide spectrum of disease is possible. Widespread skeletal involvement is often associated with varying combinations of cafe-au-lait skin spots, and/or endocrine dysfunction (precocious puberty, renal phosphate wasting, hyperthyroidism, and/or growth hormone excess). Unrecognized and untreated endocrine dysfunction can exacerbate the skeletal disease. The diagnosis is usually established on clinical grounds on the basis of physical examination and typical radiographic appearance. Occasionally, gene testing of affected tissue may be helpful. The skeletal sites involved with disease are established at an early age, and the complications of fracture deformity are most pronounced in childhood. Bone pain in the absence of a fracture is more common in adults, but can also be present in children. Treatment with bisphosphonates is usually effective at relieving pain, but probably has no effect on the natural history of the disease. Scoliosis, which was previously thought to be an uncommon occurrence, has been shown to be common and progressive, and as such, warrants investigation and, when necessary, surgical treatment. The surgical management of FD remains challenging. Timing and technique remain controversial, but some consensus exists in that grafting materials (of any type) usually fail and should not be a central aspect of the surgical approach. Intramedullary devices are in general superior to side plates and screws. In extremely widespread disease with very early fracture and deformity, no surgical approach will affect final functional outcome. Efforts should be made for the initiation of international collaborative studies to better define optimal surgical approaches to the treatment of this challenging disease.
Is it Time to Bury Dead-Weight Loss?

The conventional argument to explain how taxes distort points out that the relative mix of private goods is altered by taxes. This argument breaks down, however, when it is recognized that a lump-sum alters the relative mix of goods as long as goods differ their income elasticities. This paper argues that claims of tax distortion rest on the assumption that collective decisions to alter consumption do not alter marginal benefits while private decisions to alter consumption do, and that this assumption is problematic. The view of government as an external, nondemocratic force is best understood as an outcome of the pre-democratic roots of economic thinking as well as the skeptical public-choice view of government as comprising self-interested actors.
Recording opto-acoustic spectra with an acousto-optic detection system

A new device, called an “optophone”, is described for the detection of weak transitions in gas samples, based on the deflection of a HeNe laser beam from a thin pellicle in contact with the gas. A comparison of an optophone to a microphone shows comparable sensitivities for the 5-0 OH overtone of CH3OH.
Attenuation of Magnetohydrodynamic Waves

The existence of viscosity, thermal conductivity, and electrical resistivity results in the dissipation of energy in MHD waves; the wave energy is consequently absorbed and the wave amplitude progressively attenuated. Dissipation mechanisms cause the amplitude of the waves to vary slowly over a large scale length L. When L is greater than the wavelength λ, WKB solutions can be obtained to compare the absorption rates for the three modes of MHD waves. Among the three dissipation mechanisms, thermal diffusion plays the dominant role, while electrical resistivity has negligible effects. The absorption rate of slow waves is greater than that of fast waves by a factor of the order of 10, in agreement with Barnes's theory on strong Landau damping of slow waves in kinetic scale. On average, the absorption rates for fast and Alfven waves are of the same order of magnitude; the absorption rate for slow waves is a few tens of times greater than that of the Alfven wave. The slow-mode absorption rate is particularly strong when β is small. Thus, absorption of slow waves can contribute more to the heating and acceleration of the solar wind near the Sun than can the absorption of Alfven waves and fast waves. The fast-mode and the Alfven-mode fluctuations have nearly equal chances of surviving the dissipation mechanism. Fast-mode fluctuations could play a nonnegligibile role in interplanetary fluctuations.
Comparison of the in vitro activity of levofloxacin and other antimicrobial agents against vancomycin-susceptible and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus species

The in vitro activities of levofloxacin and other antibiotics against 133 clinical isolates of vancomycin-resistant and vancomycin-susceptible enterococci were evaluated. Only 14 (39%) of the vancomycin-susceptible isolates and 11 (11%) of the vancomycin-resistant isolates were susceptible to levofloxacin. Levofloxacin exhibited a marked inoculum effect for all enterococci tested. These results suggest that levofloxacin may be of limited use in the treatment of serious enterococcal infections.
The jackknife-a review

SUMMARY Research on the jackknife technique since its introduction by Quenouille and Tukey is reviewed. Both its role in bias reduction and in robust interval estimation are treated. Some speculations and suggestions about future research are made. The bibliography attempts to include all published work on jackknife methodology.
Multilayered storage and transmission for animated 3D polygonal meshes

Highly detailed geometric models are rapidly becoming common-place in computer graphics and multimedia. MPEG4 is introducing standards for 3D polygon meshes. Analogously to video, highly complex polygon meshes challenge not only rendering performance but also transmission bandwidth and storage capacities. Current work focuses only on the compression, and progressive refinement and transmission of static polygon meshes. On the other hand, geometric content is no longer static, it allows user interaction and complex changes within the geometry. Since this emerging problem has to be addressed in any future multimedia standard this paper aims to open the research by exploring similarities and differences in transmission and storage of dynamically changing polygon meshes and geometry compared to other stream data, such as video. In this paper we propose techniques for multi-layered storage and transmission of animated geometry in low bandwidth environments. Our approach extends existing technologies for multi-layered representation of static polygon meshes to dynamic architectures.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Potential barriers in adoption of a medication compliance neckwear by elderly population

This paper presents results of a study to understand potential barriers of geriatric population with chronic illnesses towards adoption of a wireless wearable medication compliance system in the form of a neckwear. The neck being a critical part of the body can serve as a good source to collect a range of health related information on an individual. The primary research question we investigate here is this: for individuals with chronic illnesses especially amongst the elderly population how willing are they to adopt a neckwear system if it can monitor and mitigate health complications? Elderly patients deal with constant prescription changes over time and this further degrades medication compliance and thereby complicates an already wavering health status. A semi-structured interview was conducted to better understand medication adherence, regimen and issues encountered using reminder devices with the goal of informing the design of a new compliance monitoring system. Results show that preserving health is one of the primary concerns of people living with chronic illnesses therefore there is a promising potential for seamless adoption of a neckwear medication compliance system with additional capabilities to monitor general health status.
Intraspecific Genetic Variation in H. Irritans, a Fungal Endosymbiont of Marine Brown Algae on the North American Pacific Coast

The marine ascomycete genus Haloguignardia occurs endophytically in members of the marine brown algal family Sargassaceae globally. This example of endosymbiosis has been morphologically described: the fungal component internally infects the algal host resulting in prolific cell growth, forming galls composed chiefly of host algal cells but containing fungal reproductive structures and vegetative hyphae. H. irritans induces the formation of galls in the brown algae Cystoseira osmundacea and Halidrys dioica along the Pacific coast from Oregon to Baja California, Mexico. Using culture-independent molecular techniques, I sequenced the 18S rDNA gene region for H. irritans and generated a 18S-based taxonomy consistent with the current taxonomy for this morphological species. In order to study intraspecific genetic variation in H. irritans, I have sequenced the ITS rDNA (ITS 1, 2 and the 5.8 s) regions for five separate gall-tissue samples from Santa Rosa Island in southern California and for five samples from Monterey and Carmel in central California. Intraspecific DNA sequence variation in the ITS regions of H. irritans reveals consistent sequence divergence between sites sampled. The fungal ITS regions for H. irritans total 613 bp in length and contain 40 synapomorphic characters for a total of 6.5% variation in informative loci between southern and central Californian sites. This value is similar to those found for the ITS and other gene regions previously used by researchers investigating species boundaries at the intraspecific level in symbiotic, terrestrial fungi. In addition to ITS 1, 2 and the 5.8 s gene regions, I am currently using the 5’ end of the EF1a coding region to construct intraspecific genealogies for H. irritans. By comparing these genealogies to each other and to the geographic distribution of samples, I aim to determine if more than one genetic species is present within the morphological species H. irritans.
Expanding the Repertoire of Shape Memory Alloys

The exceptional properties of many materials often come at the expense of limited performance in other areas. For example, conventional metals and their alloys are strong—they are good at resisting stress (i.e., an applied load)—but they tolerate only a very small amount of strain (i.e., deformation) before they are irreversibly deformed. Rubber can easily return to its original shape, even after large deformations, but is much weaker than conventional metals. However, some metal alloys exhibit “shape memory”; they are strong but can recover from being deformed when heated. This process seems counterintuitive, but these alloys take advantage of solid-to-solid “diffusionless” phase transitions: The atoms rearrange how they pack into crystals in an orderly fashion, and this process changes the material's macroscopic shape. Few other materials possess this combination of strength and flexibility (see the figure), and clever engineering has exploited these properties—for example, in implanted medical devices such as stents. On page 1488 of this issue, Tanaka et al. ( 1 ) report on a superelastic alloy that almost doubles the useful range of deformation that can be induced in such alloys.
Energetics of lateral eddy diffusion/advection: Part I. Thermodynamics and energetics of vertical eddy diffusion

Two important nonlinear properties of seawater thermodynamics linked to changes of water density, cabbeling and elasticity (compressibility), are discussed. Eddy diffusion and advection lead to changes in density; as a result, gravitational potential energy of the system is changed. Therefore, cabbeling and elasticity play key roles in the energetics of lateral eddy diffusion and advection. Vertical eddy diffusion is one of the key elements in the mechanical energy balance of the global oceans. Vertical eddy diffusion can be conceptually separated into two steps: stirring and subscale diffusion. Vertical eddy stirring pushes cold/dense water upward and warm/light water downward; thus, gravitational potential energy is increased. During the second steps, water masses from different places mix through subscale diffusion, and water density is increased due to cabbeling. Using WOA01 climatology and assuming the vertical eddy diffusivity is equal to a constant value of 2×103 Pa2/s, the total amount of gravitational potential energy increase due to vertical stirring in the world oceans is estimated at 263 GW. Cabbeling associated with vertical subscale diffusion is a sink of gravitational potential energy, and the total value of energy lost is estimated at 73 GW. Therefore, the net source of gravitational potential energy due to vertical eddy diffusion for the world oceans is estimated at 189 GW.
Applications of living systems theory to the study of management and organizational behavior

Living systems theory provides an elegant and elaborate conceptual framework for studying the behavior of human organisms, groups, and organizations. It facilitates cross-level comparisons and analysis of interaction between systems at different levels. Miller (1978) generated many cross-level hypotheses that could be useful to management and organizational behavior theorists and researchers. Practitioners can gain much from a clearer understanding of the “living” nature of groups and organizations. This article reviews the literature of applications of living systems theory to the fields of management and organizational behavior, and provides many examples of benefits to researchers and managers.
Ramified recurrence and computational complexity III: Higher type recurrence and elementary complexity

Abstract We consider the functionals defined using an extension to higher types of ramified recurrence, which was introduced independently in [4,18,21] and [35]. Three styles of functional programs over free algebras are examined: equational recurrence, applicative programs with recurrence operators and purely applicative higher-type programs. We show that for every free algebra A and each one of these styles, the functions defined by ramified recurrence in finite types are precisely the functions over A computable in a number of steps elementary in the size of the input. This should be contrasted with unrestricted higher type recurrence which yields, for numeric computing, all provably recursive functions of first order arithmetic. This paper is revised and expanded from the proceedings paper [23]. The research project of which it is part is closely related to Rohit Parikh's longstanding interest in conceptual delineation of feasibility.
The implementation of modal filters for control of structures

The most common technique for the control of structures is modal control. In modal control, the differential equations in terms of actual coordinates are replaced by a set of ordinary differential equations in terms of the modal coordinates known as modal equations. In designing feedback controls in conjunction with the modal equations, one must know the modal states for the modes targeted for control. The sensors measure actual states, however. The modal states can be estimated by means of a Luenberger observer or modal filters. The modal filters produce estimates of the modal states from distributed measurements of the states. If distributed measurements are not available, then they can be reconstructed from measurements at discrete points via interpolation. This paper examines various questions associated with the implementation of modal filters, such as the effect of choice of interpolation functions and sensors locations, as well as of measurement errors, on the state estimation process. The method is demonstrated by means of two numerical examples.
TU‐E‐214‐02: Overhauser Oxygenation Imaging: Physics, Instrumentation and Pre‐Clinical Applications

Tumor oxygenation and redox status are important determinants of the malignant behavior of cancers and their response to radiation therapy. Concentration of molecular oxygen is directly related to the generation of non‐restorable DNA damage. Tissueredox status indicates catalytic cellular activities to scavenge free radicals that initiate a chain of events for DNA damage by an ionizing radiation. Thus a non‐invasive system that obtains this information on relevant time scales with anatomical context could facilitate longitudinal studies of the multi‐faceted tumor environment. Changes in the resonant properties of exogenous narrow‐line electron spin (free radical) probes in presence of oxygen can be sensed by electron paramagnetic resonance as well as Overhauser‐enhanced magnetic resonance (OMR). In OMR, the dipolar interaction between protons and the unpaired electron of the spin probe results in strong increase of the protonMR signal. The enhancement depends on several factors such as spin probe and oxygen concentration, longitudinal relaxation times, and the magnitude of the radiofrequency magnetic field that manipulates the electron spins. Specific imaging sequences decoupling these factors in spatially encoded manner can generate quantitative spatial maps not only of tumor oxygenation but also micro‐vascular parameters. Furthermore, these physiological maps can be natively fused with anatomical MRimages generated with the same hardware in the same imaging session. This information can be acquired repeatedly for quantitative longitudinal imaging experiments to explore both oxygenation and redox status in small animals as prognostic factors for radiation therapy. Learning objectives: 1. Understand the basic physics behind the Overhauser enhancement and enumerate the factors that determine its magnitude. 2. Recognize the main hardware components of an Overhauser oxygenation imager and understand the operating parameters of the imaging system in contrast to these of high‐field diagnostic MR scanner. 3. Understand a typical OMR imaging sequence and subsequent image analysis to derive oxygenation maps. 4. Understand typical OMRI applications in cancer‐related studies.
The nonequivalence between deficits and distortionary taxation

Abstract This paper examines how relaxing the assumption of lump-sum taxation affects the Ricardian equivalence theorem. In a model with income taxation instead of lump-sum taxation structural deficit finance causes Keynesian-like effects even though government bonds are not perceived as net wealth. A temporary substitution of debt for taxation significantly increases consumption, work and output initially — the same effects as in the Keynesian case where the implied future tax liability is not perceived. But in contrast to the Keynesian case, investment also increases initially. In the long run, however, deficit finance significantly reduces investment, work, output and consumption.
Spatial variability of the stable isotope (δ 15N) composition in two freshwater bivalves (Corbicula fluminea and Elliptio complanata)

We compared the isotopic composition in freshwater bivalves (Corbicula fluminea and Elliptio complanata) from streams with different nitrate concentrations in a North Carolina river basin. Nitrogen isotopic (δ 15N) tissue values of C. fluminea and E. complanata were significantly higher in an agricultural land-use stream site compared to urban and forested samples (p < 0.05). Nitrogen (δ 15N) tissue values for both species were significantly (p < 0.001) associated with land-use type or patterns. The potential use of resident, non-native bivalves as biomonitors of potentially harmful nitrogen levels was implied.
The lucent cleft, a new radiographic sign of cervical disc injury or disease

Moderately severe neck injury or disease may be associated with negative routine radiographs. Three cases are presented which show small, smooth, lucent clefts adjacent to the vertebral body end-plate anteriorly, seen only on the extension lateral view. This was the only radiographic sign of cervical injury or disease. An explanation of the finding is given and it is distinguished from the well known vacuum phenomena of disc degeneration.
Selecting optimum antihypertensive therapy: Indications for choosing a calcium channel blocker

Abstract In choosing the optimum antihypertensive agent for an individual patient, various factors should be considered. Demographic characteristics (e.g., age, gender, race) and the circadian pattern of blood pressure elevation may influence the response to therapy. Concomitant therapy for coexisting medical disorders must be evaluated for possible drug interactions. Calcium channel blockers, which can be used in any age group, may be particularly useful in hypertensive patients with certain concurrent conditions (e.g., coronary artery disease, migraine, or gastrointestinal motility disorders). Life-style, including occupation and leisure-time activities, may contraindicate the use of certain drugs in a particular patient. It also may be necessary to consider the economic status of the patient, particularly in the elderly, who often have limited disposable income. Since to a great extent successful therapeutic management of hypertension depends on patient compliance, reduced frequency of dosing (i.e., once or twice daily) is desirable. The clustering of morbid events in the hours immediately following awakening highlights the need for therapy that provides 24-hour control, thereby ensuring adequate pharmacodynamic effects during that crucial period. The challenge is to select the most appropriate first-line agent (diuretic, β blocker, calcium channel blocker, or angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor) for a particular patient.
Agent Based Aiding of Human Teams

Teams are a form of organizational structure where the team members engage in information exchanges in order to fulfill team goals. The activities that the team engages in are inter-dependent and usually involve gathering, interpreting and exchanging information; creating and identifying alternative courses of action; choosing among alternatives by considering different viewpoints of team members; choosing among decision alternatives and monitoring the consequences of the decision. Effective teams achieve goals and accomplish tasks that otherwise would not be achievable by groups of uncoordinated individuals. While previous work in teamwork theory has focused on describing ways in which humans coordinate their activities, there has been little previous work on which of those specific activities, information flows and team performance can be enhanced by being aided by software agents. Recent interest in supporting emergency response teams, military interest in operations other than war, and coalition operations, motivates the need for studies that examine agent aiding strategies and their effect on human team performance. This talk will present (a) characteristics and challenges of human teamwork that have not been well studied to date, such as decentralization and self-organization, (b) results of studies of human-only teamwork performance that incorporate these challenges in order to establish a baseline, and (c) identification of fruitful ways for agents to aid human teams with these characteristics. In particular, we will focus on teams that operate in time stressed environments without previous training together. We will also present results of studies where software agents provided decision support for human teams in the performance of a variety of tasks and under different environmental and task constraints. We will close with open challenges and research problems in agent aiding of human teamwork.
A rigorous technique for identifying individual mountain lions Felis concolor by their tracks

Abstract We introduce a rigorous technique to make individual animal identification by tracks more objective than previously possible. With measurements from acetate tracings of two to six tracks from each rear foot of nine mountain lions Felis concolor, multiple-group discriminant analysis accurately grouped 100% and 92% of the tracks from the left and right rear feet, respectively. From bootstrap analyses we concluded that mountain lion track set discrimination was best achieved with the spread of the outer toes, heel width, and the midline width of the heel pad. After further research, this technique can be used to improve population studies of mountain lions and other large animals.
On the structure of cellular solutions in Rayleigh-Benard-Marangoni flows in small-aspect-ratio containers

Multiple steady flow patterns occur in surface-tension/buoyancy-driven convection in a liquid layer heated from below (Rayleigh-Benard-Marangoni flows). Techniques of numerical bifurcation theory are used to study the multiplicity and stability of two-dimensional steady flow patterns (rolls) in rectangular small-aspect-ratio containers as the aspect ratio is varied. For pure Marangoni flows at moderate Biot and Prandtl number, the transitions occurring when paths of codimension 1 singularities intersect determine to a large extent the multiplicity of stable patterns. These transitions also lead, for example, to Hopf bifurcations and stable periodic flows for a small range in aspect ratio. The influence of the type of lateral walls on the multiplicity of steady states is considered. 'No-slip' lateral walls lead to hysteresis effects and typically restrict the number of stable flow patterns (with respect to 'slippery' sidewalls) through the occurrence of saddle node bifurcations. In this way 'no-slip' sidewalls induce a selection of certain patterns, which typically have the largest Nusselt number, through secondary bifurcation.
Effects of vitrification pressure and cooling rate on isothermal enthalpy of polystyrene

Abstract The effect of the solidification pressure and cooling rate on the initial isothermally measured enthalpy δhr of polystyrene has been determined. It was observed that δhr increased slightly but nearly linearly with solidification pressure up to 4100 bar and it increased linearly with log (cooling rate) from 0.125 to about 8000°C/min. Further, the slope of the δhr vs. log (cooling rate) curves are independent of pressure. These data allow us to predict the enthalpy state of glassy polystyrene by control of the two parameters, cooling rate and pressure, in the absence of other perturbations.
Pharmacotherapies for diabetes management: an update for the practicing clinician.

Over the past several years, the pharmacologic options for the management of glycemic control have tremendously expanded. Whereas prior to the introduction of metformin therapy in 1995 the only alternatives were human insulin therapies and sulfonylurea drugs, we now have the option of using several different classes of oral antidiabetic drugs, injectable non-insulin therapies, and insulin analogs. In this article we present a functional classification of glycemic therapies available for the treatment of diabetes in an attempt to provide the clinician with a practical framework which optimize blood glucose management. Patients with diabetes, especially type 2 diabetes, are often managed with a wide variety of injectable and non-injectable options in the attempt to improve glycemic control and glycemic variability, minimize hypoglycemia (as well as weight gain) and prevent both micro- and macrovascular complications. We specifically focus on novel therapies and present macrovascular complications. We specifically focus on novel therapies and present information about their efficacy and safety, as well as potential contraindications. The last section of this paper will present some suggestions for how to manage glycmeia in the in-patient setting, including the use of rapid and long-acting insulin preparations to cover fasting and nutritional needs, as well as the proper use of insulin scales.
Reconstruction of the vegetation at A.D. 915 at Ohse-yachi Mire, northern Japan, from pollen, present-day vegetation and tephra data

The Towada-a (To-a) Tephra from A.D. 915 allowed reconstruction of the local and regional vegetation at and near Ohse-yachi Mire from pollen samples taken just below the tephra. In earlier studies the tephra was dated from 14C data, stratigraphy at archaeological sites and a historical record. Twelve cores along two perpendicular transects yielded pollen from modern and pre-tephra samples. The modern pollen data were compared with the modern vegetation, and used to interpret the pollen data from A.D. 915. Ericaceae, Drosera, Sanguisorba, other Rosaceae, and Sphagnum were concluded to be local elements. Ohse-yachi Mire was a wet Sphagnum bog in A.D. 915, with Sphagnum dominating the central part of the mire. The present stand of scrub was not yet established, but there was a stand of Pinus pumila scrub. The bog subsequently became drier and changed to the present-day mixed Moliniopsis-Sphagnum bog.
Predicting Therapist Adherence to a Transported Family-Based Treatment for Youth.

This study examined relations between therapist, caregiver, and youth characteristics and therapist adherence to multisystemic therapy (MST). Participants were 405 therapists in 45 organizations and the 1,711 families they treated with MST. Therapist perceptions that the flexible hours required to implement MST are problematic predicted lower adherence. Therapist demographic variables, professional training and experience, endorsement of the MST model, perceived difficulty and rewards of doing MST, and perceived similarity to treatments previously used did not predict adherence. Therapist-caregiver similarity on ethnicity and gender predicted higher adherence. Low caregiver education and African American ethnicity predicted higher adherence. With the exception of youth psychosocial functioning, indicators of severity of youth problems did not predict adherence.
Dietary Carbohydrate Increases Brain Tryptophan and Decreases Free Plasma Tryptophan

THE rate at which the brain synthesizes serotonin varies physiologically as a function of its tryptophan concentration1,2. It has been shown that brain tryptophan, in turn, depends on the relative concentrations in plasma or serum of tryptophan and of the other neutral amino acids which compete with it for uptake into the brain3. Thus, carbohydrate ingestion, which raises plasma tryptophan while depressing the concentrations of its competitors, increases the amount of tryptophan in the brain and accelerates synthesis of serotonin in young rats4; on the other hand, protein consumption causes proportionately greater increases in the other neutral amino acids than in plasma tryptophan, and thus fails to elevate brain tryptophan or serotonin3.
Automated analysis of Xe-133 pulmonary ventilation (AAPV) in children

In this study, an automated analysis of pulmonary ventilation (AAPV) was developed to visualize the ventilation in pediatric lungs using dynamic Xe-133 scintigraphy. AAPV is a software algorithm that converts a dynamic series of Xe- 133 images into four functional images: equilibrium, washout halftime, residual, and clearance rate by analyzing pixelbased activity. Compared to conventional methods of calculating global or regional ventilation parameters, AAPV provides a visual representation of pulmonary ventilation functions.
Religion and Political Culture in Britain and Ireland: From the Glorious Revolution to the Decline of Empire

The main theme of this book is religion and identity - not only national identity, but also regional and local identities. David Hempton penetrates to the heart of vigorous religious and political cultures, both elite and popular, in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. He brings to life a diverse and variegated spectrum of religious communities in all of the British Isles. With so much new British history really an extended version of old English history, Hempton has devoted more attention to the Celtic fringes, especially Ireland. It is an exercise in comparative history, but he also shows how richly coloured is the religious history of these islands. He demonstrates that even in their cultural distinctiveness, the various religious traditions have had more in common than is sometimes imagined. The book arises from the 1993 Cadbury Lectures at the University of Birmingham.
Y-Branch Surface Etched Distributed Bragg Reflector Lasers at 850nm for Optical Heterodyning

Multiple wavelength sources are of interest in optical communications, optical data processing, spectroscopy, and RF and THz generation by optical heterodyning. Our results demonstrate a tunable dual-wavelength source consisting of two surface-etched distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) lasers with outputs combined by a y-branch coupler, suitable for optical heterodyning. The integrated device presented here has the distinct advantages of a wide range of tunability, extending into the terahertz frequency range, as well as a compact design, requiring the use of no external components. While y-branch DBR lasers at 850nm have been previously explored, the devices reported here have a simplified fabrication process, optimized epitaxial structure, and surface etched gratings, which contribute to significant improvement in output power and wavelength tunability.
Injury prevention in people with disabilities.

Clinical review p 975 Some risk of injury exists for almost every human activity, and this risk may be increased for people with impairments, disabilities, or other special healthcare needs. The mechanism of injury is insensitive to the presence or type of disability, whether the injury involves transfer of excessive kinetic energy to the body, as in physical trauma, or deprivation of an essential element such as oxygen, as in submersion. However, the additional risk associated with the underlying condition changes the dynamics of the injury process. Epidemiological studies have, for example, found that people with epilepsy have a greater risk of drowning and burns than those without the disease1–3 and that individuals with a sensory deficit are at greater risk of pedestrian injury.4 Besag's description in this week's BMJ of the death by drowning of a 14 year old boy who suffered from tonic seizures (p 975)5 raises questions about injury prevention strategies in an area where there is not much evidence. …
Oxygen transport and oxygen consumption during supplemental oxygen administration in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Purpose Oxygen consumption (.VO 2 ) is independent of oxygen delivery (O 2 ) above a critical level of O 2 . O 2 may become dependent on O 2 when oxygen demand exceeds oxygen supply. We studied O 2 , O 2 , and exercise capacity in 12 stable, ambulatory patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) receiving ambient air and 26% oxygen to ascertain whether O 2 is dependent on O 2 in this patient sample. Patients and methods An exercise protocol consisting of a symptom-limited, low-level treadmill test with progressive increments in workload was performed twice, once with patients breathing ambient air and once with patients breathing 26% oxygen. Expired gas, arterial and mixed venous blood values, and recordings of systemic and pulmonary artery pressures were obtained after a 10-minute period of rest (while standing) and during the last minute of each three-minute exercise level. Results Five patients had an increase in exercise capacity, defined as an increase in the maximal O 2 greater than 25%, using supplemental oxygen. In these patients, oxygen delivery increased from 10.9 ± 3.4 to 13.8 4.7 mL/minute/kg (p = 0.008) at rest and from 16.2 ± 5.0 to 24.7 ± 2.7 mL/minute/kg (p = 0.046) during exercise with supplemental oxygen administration. O 2 increased from 0.329 ± 0.065 to 0.436 ± 0.109 L/minute (p = 0.029) at rest and from 0.776 ± 0.275 to 1.119 ± 0.482 L/minute (p = 0.048) during exercise. Three of these five patients had an arterial oxygen pressure greater than 55 mm Hg at rest. Seven patients had little or no increase in exercise capacity with supplemental oxygen. This patient group had no increase in O 2 at rest. The O 2 failed to increase at rest despite an increase in arterial oxygen content because of a reduction in cardiac output. Conclusion These data demonstrate that .DO 2 may fail to increase in some patients with COPD and resting or exertional hypoxemia when supplemental oxygen is administered because of a reduction in cardiac output; that patients who fail to increase their O 2 are less likely to increase exercise capacity; and that some stable, ambulatory patients with COPD who do not qualify for supplemental oxygen at rest by current standards may have inadequate O 2 to meet physiologic needs.
One year of on-orbit performance of the Colorado Student Space Weather Experiment (CSSWE)

The Colorado Student Space Weather Experiment is a 3-unit (10cm × 10cm × 30cm) CubeSat funded by the National Science Foundation and constructed at the University of Colorado (CU). The CSSWE science instrument, the Relativistic Electron and Proton Telescope integrated little experiment (REPTile), provides directional differential flux measurements of 0.5 to >3.3 MeV electrons and 9 to 40 MeV protons. Though a collaboration of 60+ multidisciplinary graduate and undergraduate students working with CU professors and engineers at the Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics (LASP), CSSWE was designed, built, tested, and delivered in 3 years. On September 13, 2012, CSSWE was inserted to a 477 × 780 km, 65° orbit as a secondary payload on an Atlas V through the NASA Educational Launch of Nanosatellites (ELaNa) program.
Phonons in mixed crystals — the virtual crystal model for interacting bands with different trap depths

Abstract Phonons in disordered molecular solids are discussed within the virtual crystal limit, suitable for small trap depths. It is shown that the self-energy due to disorder is in general non-diagonal when bands with different trap depths are interacting. The introduction of an isotopic impurity, therefore, changes the principal axes of rotation in solids. Based upon this model, a method is now available to elucidate the band—band coupling. A useful products rule is derived that is independent of the intermolecular potential provided it is the same for both components. The product rule can be used to study the isotope effect on intermolecular potentials. These theoretical results are applied to the Raman spectra of pure and mixed crystals of naphthalene.