cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Detection of Protein-Protein Interactions in vivo Using Cyan and Yellow Fluorescent Proteins

Publisher Summary This article describes a technique for detecting protein‑protein interactions in vivo using cyan and yellow fluorescent proteins. The phenomenon of fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) describes the transfer of energy from one fluorophore to another through dipole–dipole interaction. The use of GFP variants such as CFP (cyan) and YFP (yellow) in FRET analysis has the additional advantage of allowing detection of intracellular associations in living cells. While most of the applications of FRET have employed fluorescence microscopic imaging methods, it has recently become feasible to perform FRET analysis using flow cytometry. One needs to perform electronic compensation to remove CFP emission from the FRET channel (P5–P6). One then should perform interlaser compensation between CFP and YFP using Omnicomp circuitry to remove YFP excitation from the 413-nm laser. Analyze collected data using Flowjo software. Control samples transfected with non-interacting FRET pairs should be used as negative controls to determine the baseline FRET signal.
Changing Responses to Changing Seasons: Natural Variation in the Plasticity of Flowering Time.

The mechanisms by which the environment regulates flowering time have evolved as crops and wild populations have adapted to diverse climates, and the specific variants involved are increasingly known.
Exploring the Impact of a Library Summer Reading Literacy Coach Program on Teen Personal Skills Development

In the Summer of 2011 The Free Library of Philadelphia (FLP) hired 90 teenagers into its six-week Summer Reading Literacy Coach Program (SRLCP) as Teen Literacy Coaches (TLCs). Data was collected at Time 1, Time 2 and Time 3. The two study hypotheses were: (1) there will be a significant improvement in TLCs personal development skills from Time 1 to Time 3 and (2) demographic data and program specific skills measured at Time 2 will account for significant variance in each Time 3 personal development skill beyond the Time 1 personal development skills. We did not find support for H1 but did find support for H2. Specific to H2 we found that team-related and higher education interest each had a significant positive impact (p <.05) impact on explaining Time 3 self-awareness; and a marginally significant positive impact (p <.10) impact on explaining Time 3 self-management.
Technology driven university and community college collaboration: Faculty training on ARM microcontrollers

The electronics world is undergoing a transformation in the underlying technologies used to create new products for the world's consumers. The movement to reconfigurable electronics using microcontrollers is sweeping the electronics world in the rush to create smaller, faster, and more flexible consumer and industrial devices. Microcontrollers are becoming one of the most exciting devices in history. At the core content of microcontroller technology is ARM microcontroller, the ARM processor is an industry standard with annual sales of 5 billion units, and it will increase as the demand for powerful, low-power electronics increases. An engineer's and technician's exposure to this technology is critical in order to remain competitive. To meet this industrial needs, university programs are updating curricula with courses in ARM microcontroller technology. Partners on this project have years of successful National Science Foundation (NSF) projects, educating and training hundreds of instructors and introducing thousands of students to advanced technologies. This paper will discuss the offering of a Professional Development workshop on ARM microcontrollers for electrical engineering technology faculty as part of an NSF grant. The project goals are to provide colleges with up-to-date educational equipment, educational resources and promote best practices to enable instructors to teach advanced technologies.
Effect of Social-Housing Conditions on Aggression in an Intruder-Resident Paradigm in Cavia Porcellus

The resident-intruder method was used to study the agonistic behavior of male guinea pigs. Resident animals were housed in male-male or male-female pairs, while male intruders were isolated or housed with another male. Intruders were introduced singly into the home cage of the resident pairs over six 30-min. test sessions. Residents won significantly more encounters than did intruders. Sexual composition of resident pairs did not affect aggressive behavior. Residents which met isolated intruders exhibited significantly more aggression than those which met socially maintained intruders. Aggressive behavior decreased during sessions, but did not change appreciably across sessions. These results are discussed in conjunction with other recent findings which emphasize the importance of aggression-evoking properties of the intruders’ behavior.
White matter anatomy

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) has revolutionized the way we visualizing white matter. DTI is now available on most MRI scanners, and routine clinical acquisition is possible with shorter scan times. Selected axial, sagittal and coronal images obtained on a 3T MRI scanner have been labelled, and major, clinically-important fiber tracts are illustrated.
A machine learning approach for modular workflow performance prediction

Scientific workflows provide an opportunity for declarative computational experiment design in an intuitive and efficient way. A distributed workflow is typically executed on a variety of resources and it uses a variety of computational algorithms or tools to achieve the desired outcomes. Such a variety imposes additional complexity in scheduling these workflows on large scale computers. As computation becomes more distributed, insights into expected workload that a workflow presents become critical for effective resource allocation. In this paper, we present a modular framework that leverages Machine Learning for creating precise performance predictions of a workflow. The central idea is to partition a workflow in such a way that makes the task of forecasting each atomic unit manageable and gives us a way to combine the individual predictions efficiently. We recognize a combination of an executable and a specific physical resource as a single module. This gives us a handle to characterize workload and machine power as a single unit of prediction. The modular approach of the presented framework allows it to adapt to highly complex nested workflows and scale to new scenarios. We present performance estimation results of independent workflow modules executed on the XSEDE SDSC Comet cluster using various Machine Learning algorithms. The results provide insights into the behavior and effectiveness of different algorithms in the context of scientific workflow performance prediction.
1.05 – Radiation-Induced Effects on Material Properties of Ceramics (Mechanical and Dimensional)

This chapter provides an introduction to the radiation damage behavior of model refractory ceramic compounds that are either used currently in nuclear energy applications or proposed for use in future advanced reactor technologies. The chapter is devoted primarily to establishing a link between microstructural evolution in irradiated ceramics and macroscopic changes in these materials, especially volume swelling. Volume swelling represents dimensional changes in irradiated materials that can profoundly influence mechanical properties (hardness changes, microcracking, etc.) in addition to degrading other physical properties. This chapter emphasizes volume swelling resulting either from formation of voids in the crystal lattice or from a crystal-to-amorphous phase transformation. A detailed study related to void-induced swelling (a high-temperature phenomenon) is presented here, wherein the radiation response of the refractory oxide Al 2 O 3 is compared with the response of a similar oxide, MgAl 2 O 4 . MgAl 2 O 4 is far more radiation tolerant than Al 2 O 3 at high temperatures, in the sense that MgAl 2 O 4 does not swell due to nucleation and growth of voids. Al 2 O 3 , on the other hand, is very susceptible to void swelling. A detailed analysis is presented concerning the production of atomic defects in Al 2 O 3 and MgAl 2 O 4 and the ultimate fate of these defects, that is, whether they are annihilated harmlessly to restore a perfect lattice, or whether they are absorbed by extended defects (interstitial dislocation loops, voids, grain boundaries, etc.). Ultimately, it is demonstrated that the fate of radiation-induced point defects is very different in Al 2 O 3 versus MgAl 2 O 4 , and this difference explains the highly disparate behaviors of these two oxides when exposed to a displacive radiation damage environment. At the close of this chapter, the radiation damage behavior of a few other ceramics important for nuclear energy applications is briefly described.
Solvent-Engineering Method to Deposit Compact Bismuth-Based Thin Films: Mechanism and Application to Photovoltaics

Bismuth-based materials have been studied as alternatives to lead-based perovskite materials for photovoltaic applications. However, poor film quality has limited device performance. In this work, we developed a solvent-engineering method and show that it is applicable to several bismuth-based compounds. Through this method, we obtained compact films of methylammonium bismuth iodide (MBI), cesium bismuth iodide (CBI), and formamidinium bismuth iodide (FBI). On the basis of film growth theory and experimental analyses, we propose a possible mechanism of film formation. Additionally, we demonstrate that the resultant compact MBI film is more suitable to fabricate efficient and stable photovoltaic devices compared to baseline MBI films with pinholes. We further employed a new hole-transporting material to reduce the valence-band offset with the MBI. The best-performing photovoltaic device exhibits an open-circuit voltage of 0.85 V, fill factor of 73%, and a power conversion efficiency of 0.71%, the highest r...
Diverse host and restriction factors regulate mosquito-pathogen interactions.

Mosquitoes transmit diseases that seriously impact global human health. Despite extensive knowledge of the life cycles of mosquito-borne parasites and viruses within their hosts, control strategies have proven insufficient to halt their spread. An understanding of the relationships established between such pathogens and the host tissues they inhabit is therefore paramount for the development of new strategies that specifically target these interactions, to prevent the pathogens’ maturation and transmission. Here we present an updated account of the antagonists and host factors that affect the development of Plasmodium, the parasite causing malaria, and mosquito-borne viruses, such as dengue virus and Zika virus, within their mosquito vectors, and we discuss the similarities and differences between Plasmodium and viral systems, looking toward the elucidation of new targets for disease control.
The Systematic Side of Science

In Chap. 14 I spoke at length about crucial experiments. I argued that crucial experiments are crucial only against the background of a relatively stable set of assumptions, assumptions we are not prepared to abandon lightly. Crucial experiments, therefore, are tests not only of isolated hypotheses but of an hypothesis plus all those assumptions that underlie the enunciation of that hypothesis. The Fresnel, Young, and Foucault experiments were crucial in the controversy over the nature of light only when viewed against the assumption that light must be wavelike or particulate, but at least one or the other and in no case both. So these famous optical experiments were crucial to the question of the nature of light and crucial also to underlying hypotheses, including this one. What are called “crucial experiments” are only the surface ripples manifested by deep and complex crosscurrents in scientific thinking. They certainly constitute much more than the superficially simple decisions they are sometimes represented as exhibiting.
A Brief Sampling of Some Inorganic Structure Types

Much of the discussion of solid state chemistry takes for granted a familiarity with the structures of a number of key structures and structure types. It is therefore necessary to become familiar with a variety of crystal structures and their descriptions and interrelationships. Two detailed and, for most purposes, complete reference works with which students of solid state chemistry should become familiar are Structural Inorganic Chemistry by A. F. Wells [25] and the Handbook of Lattice Spacings and Structures of Metals, Vol. 2 by W. B. Pearson [26]. Only a few selected structures are discussed here with the view of providing an initial introduction to a vast subject.
Chapter 1 Single Spin Coherence in Semiconductors

Publisher Summary Spins in semiconductors offer a pathway toward the integration of information storage and processing in a single material. In this chapter, the focus is on three varieties of single spin systems in semiconductors that can be optically probed and manipulated. Single electron spins in GaAs quantum dots are discussed. The single electron spin state can be sequentially initialized, manipulated, and read out using all-optical techniques. The spins are probed using time-resolved Kerr rotation, which allows for the coherent evolution of a single electron spin to be observed, revealing a coherence time of ∼10 ns at 10 K. By applying off-resonant, picosecond-scale optical pulses, the spins can be manipulated via the optical Stark effect. Magnetic ions are discussed as spin recombination centers in semiconductor quantum wells. The magnetization of few magnetic ions can be controlled at zero-field for these normally paramagnetic spins and can, in principle, be extended to the single-ion limit. These spins might be considered the most strongly coupled system in which strong exchange interactions couple the spin state of the magnetic ions to the band carriers. Single nitrogen-vacancy centers in the wide bandgap semiconductor diamond are described. These spins represent the opposite end of the spectrum with a spin that is relatively uncoupled to the host band structure resulting in record room temperature spin coherence times of >350 μs. This enables traditional magnetic resonance techniques to be used for nitrogen-vacancy (NV) spin manipulation.
THE FUTURE: Monitoring Cellular Energetics

Current monitoring of critically ill patients revolves around measurement of global parameters of total body energy use, such as oxygen delivery and consumption and lactate levels. However, there are several different levels of substrate use in the organism (i.e., regional, organ, tissue, subcellular) that are becoming amenable to both invasive and noninvasive monitoring. Monitoring of tissue energetics in the future may assist greatly in evaluation and determination of endpoints of treatment of the critically ill patient. This article discusses the different levels of substrate use that have potential for monitoring, with particular emphasis on tissue energetics.
Retinal tissue oxygen tension and consumption during light flicker stimulation in rat.

Abstract Light flicker stimulation has been shown to increase inner retinal oxygen metabolism and supply. The purpose of the study was to test the hypothesis that sustained light flicker stimulation of various durations alters the depth profile metrics of oxygen partial pressure in the retinal tissue (tPO2) but not the outer retinal oxygen consumption rate (QO2). In 17 rats, tPO2 depth profiles were derived by phosphorescence lifetime imaging after intravitreal injection of an oxyphor. tPO2 profile metrics, including mean inner retinal tPO2, maximum outer retinal tPO2 and minimum outer retinal tPO2 were determined. QO2 was calculated using a one-dimensional oxygen diffusion model. Data were acquired at baseline (constant light illumination) and during light flicker stimulation at 10 Hz under the same mean illumination levels, and differences between values obtained during flicker and baseline were calculated. None of the tPO2 profile metrics or QO2 differences depended on the duration of light flicker stimulation (R2 ≤ 0.03). No significant change in any of the tPO2 profile metrics was detected with light flicker compared with constant light (P ≥ 0.08). Light flicker decreased QO2 from 0.53 ± 0.29 to 0.38 ± 0.30 mL O2/(min*100 gm), a reduction of 28% (P = 0.02). The retinal compensatory responses to the physiologic challenge of light flicker stimulation were effective in maintaining the levels of oxygen at or near baseline in the inner retina. Oxygen availability to the inner retina during light flicker may also have been enhanced by the decrease in QO2.
Genome-Wide Temporal Profiling of Transcriptome and Open Chromatin of Early Cardiomyocyte Differentiation Derived From hiPSCs and hESCs

Rationale:Recent advances have improved our ability to generate cardiomyocytes from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) and human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). However, our understanding ...
Elements of QED-NRQED effective field theory. II. Matching of contact interactions

In 2010 the first extraction of the proton charge radius from muonic hydrogen was found to be 5 standard deviations away from the regular hydrogen value. Eight years later, this proton radius puzzle is still unresolved. One of the most promising avenues to resolve the puzzle is by a muon-proton scattering experiment called MUSE. The typical momenta of the muons in this experiment are of the order of the muon mass. In this energy regime the muons are relativistic but the protons are nonrelativistic. The interaction between them can be described by QED--nonrelativistic QED (NRQED) effective field theory. In a previous paper we have shown how QED-NRQED reproduces Rosenbluth scattering up to $1/{M}^{2}$, where $M$ is the proton mass, and relativistic scattering off a static potential at $\mathcal{O}({Z}^{2}{\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{2})$ and leading power in $M$. In this paper we determine the Wilson coefficients of the four-fermion contact interactions at $\mathcal{O}({Z}^{2}{\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{2})$ and power $1/{M}^{2}$. Surprisingly, we find that the coefficient of the spin-independent interaction vanishes, implying that MUSE will be sensitive mostly to the proton charge radius and not spin-independent two-photon exchange effects.
Oxytocin-enhanced motivational interviewing group therapy for methamphetamine use disorder in men who have sex with men: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.

The prevalence of methamphetamine use disorder (MUD) in the United States has risen dramatically in the past four decades and is concentrated in populations such as men who have sex with men (MSM). Despite the public health consequences of MUD, there are no FDA-approved psychopharmacological treatments. Psychosocial treatment alone has been shown to reduce methamphetamine use, but high attrition rates limit treatment efficacy. Promising findings from animal models of MUD using exogenous oxytocin, a social neuropeptide, have set the stage for translational work. Along with unique anti-addiction effects, oxytocin holds a primary role in enhancing social salience and modulating stress. In humans, oxytocin administration, combined with evidence-based psychosocial interventions, may act synergistically to improve addiction treatment outcomes and improve retention rates in current MUD treatment. We are conducting a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of oxytocin-enhanced motivational interviewing group therapy (MIGT). Oxytocin or placebo 40 IU is administered intranasally in conjunction with six, weekly MIGT sessions. We will recruit 50 MSM, initiating treatment for MUD from specialized community health programs in San Francisco, CA, USA. Individuals will be randomized (1:1) to receive six, weekly sessions of MIGT with or without oxytocin. Our primary outcome is session attendance. Other outcomes of interest include: measures of group cohesion, anxiety, psychophysiology, and stimulant craving and use. This will be the first study of oxytocin’s effects in humans with MUD. Findings from this novel protocol will attempt to bridge existing animal data with the need for innovative clinical treatments for MUD, inform the growing field of pharmacologically-enhanced psychotherapy, and help to elucidate mechanisms behind oxytocin’s potential anti-addiction effects. ClinicalTrials.gov, ID: NCT02881177 . Registered on 26 August 2016.
Vigilia and the Science of the Mind in William Godwin’s Caleb Williams and Charles Brockden Brown’s Edgar Huntly, or Memoirs of a Sleepwalker

This chapter focuses on “vigilia,” which Erasmus Darwin characterized as an excessive watchfulness, to argue that it is this very watchfulness, the desire to read and know a subject, that characterized Romantic-era proto-psychology. It begins with the religiously charged notion of keeping vigil and moves into the Romantic interest in curiosity, exemplified by “curiosity cabinets” in theatrical performances; these cabinets have their literary parallels in the chests of secrets featured in both Edgar Huntly and Caleb Williams. While Caleb Williams has been read politically, I argue that Godwin also critiques excessive curiosity and a scientific tyranny: a desire to intrude upon others’ minds. Brockden Brown makes a similar move, tying excessive curiosity to an eventual lack of control, one exemplified by his Quaker upbringing.
Common-focus point-based target-oriented imaging approach for continuous seismic reservoir monitoring

ABSTRACTThe ideal approach for continuous reservoir monitoring allows generation of fast and accurate images to cope with the massive data sets acquired for such a task. Conventionally, rigorous de...
Anti-Leukemic Potency of Stapled BH3 Helices Correlates with Their Capacity for Bifunctional Activation of Apoptotic Pathways.

Selective targeting of apoptosis in vivo is a promising pharmacologic strategy for subverting cancer. BCL-2 family protein interactions constitute a critical control point for the regulation of apoptosis. Whereas multidomain anti-apoptotic proteins such as BCL-2 guard against cell death, multidomain pro-apoptotic proteins such as BAX constitute a gateway to cell death through mitochondrial damage. The BH3-only proteins function as death sentinels situated throughout the cell, poised to transmit signals of cell injury to multidomain members. BH3-only proteins deliver death signals via their alpha-helical BH3 domains, which are either neutralized by anti-apoptotic proteins or delivered, directly or indirectly, to the mitochondrial executioners BAX and BAK. By inserting hydrocarbon “staples” into native BH3 peptide sequences, we have generated a chemical toolbox of stabilized alpha-helices of BCL-2 domains (SAHBs) to dissect apoptotic pathways and develop prototype therapeutics. We previously demonstrated that a stapled peptide corresponding to the BID BH3 domain is a helical, protease-resistant, and cell-permeable compound that binds to anti-apoptotic targets with high affinity and exhibits anti-leukemic activity in vitro and in vivo . Using our expanded panel of compounds, we find that a stapled BAD BH3 likewise displays high affinity binding to select anti-apoptotic targets; however, BID SAHB is uniformly more potent than BAD SAHB in inducing apoptosis of a panel of leukemia cell lines. To explore the molecular mechanism underlying the differential potencies of BID and BAD SAHBs, we evaluated a model in which select BH3-only proteins directly engage pro-apoptotic multidomain proteins to trigger mitochondrial apoptosis. We detect and measure, for the first time, direct binding between select SAHBs, such as BID, and BAX. The observed interaction between BID SAHB and BAX triggered functional activation of BAX in vitro, resulting in mitochondrial cytochrome c release and FITC-dextran release from liposomes. The specificity of the BID SAHB-BAX interaction and its biochemical consequences is highlighted by abrogation of BID SAHB activity by point mutation and by competitive binding to anti-apoptotic BCL-X L . We confirmed the physiologic relevance of our observed in vitro interaction between BID SAHB and BAX by their co-immunoprecipitation from BID SAHB-treated leukemia cells. In contrast, BAD SAHB does not bind or activate multidomain pro-apoptotic BAX. These data provide an initial mechanistic explanation for the relative potency of BID SAHB in activating leukemia cell apoptosis. Thus, bifunctional SAHBs that directly engage both pro- and anti-apoptotic multidomain proteins may be more robust pro-apoptotic therapeutics, compared to compounds that selectively target anti-apoptotic proteins.
A Cost-Effect Analysis: : An Empirical Case Study of Transportation Sustainability Efforts in Two College Towns

College towns are known for their large student populations, strong human capital, and collaborative economic activity. Ideally, they are arenas to expand research and development, given the presence of vibrant academic institutions. One of the themes of this expansion is sustainabilityâ€”-an urban growth objective that emphasizes ecological awareness and strategies to mitigate the effects of climate change. This does not necessarily denote environmental protection alone; it can include a number of goals, including social diversity. The literature shows that sustainability is a complex objective in an urban setting. Consequently, we focus on economic activity aimed at improving soft and hard infrastructure that is strategically aimed at smart growth. To that end, this paper evaluates the economic cost and effect of sustainability strategies in Denton and Austin, Texas. In particular, we look at walkability and public transportation strategies and how they have been instituted in these two college towns. Methodologically, we look at urban transportation design differences between these two cities. Using route maps and user data, we show why Dentonâ€™s sustainability strategies are widely considered more successful than Austinâ€™s, despite the size differential in Austinâ€™s favor. These results can help governments, urban planners, and economists develop strategies to deal with the challenges of urban growth.
Association of Patient and Visit Characteristics With Rate and Timing of Urologic Procedures for Patients Discharged From the Emergency Department With Renal Colic.

Importance Little is known about the timing of urologic interventions in patients with renal colic discharged from the emergency department. Understanding patients’ likelihood of a subsequent urologic intervention could inform decision-making in this population. Objectives To examine the rate and timing of urologic procedures performed after an emergency department visit for renal colic and the factors associated with receipt of an intervention. Design, Setting, and Participants This retrospective cohort study used the Massachusetts All Payers Claims Database to identify patients 18 to 64 years of age who were seen in a Massachusetts emergency department for renal colic from January 1, 2011, to October 31, 2014, Patients were identified viaInternational Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revisioncodes, and all medical care was linked, enabling identification of subsequent health care use. Data analysis was performed from January 1, 2017, to December 31, 2018. Main Outcomes and Measures The main outcome was receipt of urologic procedure within 60 days. Secondary outcomes included rates of return emergency department visit and urologic and primary care follow-up. Results A total of 66 218 unique index visits by 55 314 patients (mean [SD] age, 42.6 [12.4] years; 33 590 [50.7%] female; 25 411 [38.4%] Medicaid insured) were included in the study. A total of 5851 patients (8.8%) had visits resulting in admission at the index encounter, and 1774 (2.7%) had visits resulting in a urologic procedure during that admission. Of the 60 367 patient visits resulting in discharge from the emergency department, 3018 (5.0%) led to a urologic procedure within 7 days, 4407 (7.3%) within 14 days, 5916 (9.8%) within 28 days, and 7667 (12.7%) within 60 days. A total of 3226 visits (5.3%) led to a subsequent emergency department visit within 7 days and 6792 (11.3%) within 60 days. For the entire cohort (admitted and discharged patients), 39 189 (59.2%) had contact with a urologist or primary care practitioner within 60 days. Having Medicaid-only insurance was associated with lower rates of urologic procedures (odds ratio, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.66-0.74) and urologic follow-up (5.6% vs 8.8%;P Conclusions and Relevance In this cohort study, most adult patients younger than 65 years who were discharged from the emergency department with a diagnosis of renal colic did not undergo a procedure or see a urologist within 60 days. This finding has implications for both the emergency department and outpatient treatment of these patients.
Trademarks as Speech: Constitutional Implications of the Emerging Rationales for the Protection of Trade Symbols

For a long time, free speech rights did not reach the mundane communications at issue in the typical trademark infringement action. The information conveyed through the use of a trademark generally relates to the details of prospective commercial transactions. Restrictions on such "commercial speech" were long thought exempt from constitutional scrutiny. Recent years have seen this arbitrary division replaced by a more flexible model in which even purely commercial speech merits constitutional protection, although not necessarily equivalent to that afforded communications more intimately associated with fundamental first amendment values. The ability to restrict untruthful or deceptive commercial speech, however, has remained unquestioned. Traditional trademark and unfair competition theory, with its historic emphasis on consumer deception and confusion, thus rests comfortably within contemporary constitutional principles. But this confusion rationale has come under quiet attack. The notion of trademark misappropriation even in the absence of any likelihood of confusion is evident in much of the current case law, and the long dormant concept of trademark dilution appears poised to further expand the scope of trademark rights. This struggle to extend the scope of trademark protection raises the possibility of genuine conflict between trademark law and the first amendment. This Article examines the alternative rationales for the protection of trade symbols and considers their constitutional implications. The misappropriation and dilution rationales, whatever their substantive merits, do not endanger free speech interests when directed at the use of another’s mark as decoration or as a trademark for the user’s own goods. When the trademark is utilized as a vehicle for the communication of ideas, however, constitutional interests can no longer be ignored.
The Myth of Testamentary Freedom

This article examines how courts enforce moral norms by manipulating doctrines· designed to root out wills that lack testamentary intent and by selectively imposing the strict compliance doctrine. First, I explore the undue influence doctrine to show how courts will often invalidate even perfectly executed wills when necessary to ensure that the testator meets his or her familial duty. I then focus on cases construing the traditional Wills Act formality that requires two witnesses to sign the will in the testator's presence. I also explore cases that determine whether the signature requirement was satisfied when the testator was physically assisted in executing his or her will. I then show that our law is no stranger to the concept of testamentary familial duty, and often imposes such a duty overtly. In fact, the urge to restrict testamentary freedom in favor of the family is almost universal; most legal systems expressly protect family members from disinheritance. Finally, I demonstrate that the adoption of the Revised UPC will not necessarily lead to greater testamentary freedom. Simplifying will for formalities may deprive creative courts of one weapon in the battle to assure that testators fulfill perceived moral obligations, but simplification will hardly make a dent in the judicial arsenal. When legislatures and courts have, in the past, simplified will formalities, courts have adapted by finding new bases for invalidating wills that previously would have been stricken for failure to comply with formalities. To illustrate, I examine a series of cases decided in jurisdictions that have purported to relax the traditional requirement that a testator's signature appear at the end of a document if it is to qualify as a will. Finally, I show that even the dispensing power will not. dim courts' loyalty to family duty, and thus will not ensure greater testamentary freedom for those who wish to distribute their property in ways that may offend a court's normative values.
12 – Operating Systems

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses what operating systems are, why they are needed on today's computing systems, and what their functions and capabilities are. The chapter reviews the difference between systems programs and applications programs. Hardware performs basic calculations and manipulations needed to solve problems. Software instructs hardware how to solve problems of particular applications. Systems programs control the operation of the computer. Applications programs instruct the computer how to solve specific user problems. Operating system is the set of systems programs on a computer. User jobs are often classified as batch processing, interactive, or real-time. In batch processing, users submit their jobs to a central computer installation. In single-user batch-processing systems, the operating system runs one job at a time. Multiuser operating systems allow many users to share the resources of a single computer system. It enables users to work from common databases of information. Multitasking is a special case of multiprogramming; each user may have multiple activities in progress at once.
Chapter 7 – Relations

Publisher Summary This chapter examines the fundamentals of relations that find applications in various disciplines such as biology, computer science, psychology, and sociology. Functions are a special case of relations, which are used in everyday life. The theory of relations is related to graphs, digraphs, formal languages, and finite state machines. Relations can also be represented pictorially. The chapter discusses the concepts of relations, their computer representation and properties, and analyzes the different ways of constructing new relations from known ones. A special class of matrices called Boolean matrices is used to study relations. The properties of relations are reflexive, symmetric, anti symmetric, and transitive. The chapter also describes various topics of binary relation, properties of relation, constructing new relations, transitive closure, equivalence relations and partitions, and partial and total orders.
“They are not satisfied until they see our blood”: Syndemic HIV risks for trans women in urban Haiti

The contribution of gender identity, neighborhood characteristics, contextual norms, and socio-political factors to the biopsychosocial health of non-heteronormative persons in low- and middle-inco...
Forest management legacies affect demographics and population dynamics of spruce grouse in northern Maine

Abstract Conserving wildlife in managed forests requires knowledge of the interplay between species’ ecology and forestry practices. Spruce grouse (Falcipennis canadensis) are obligate residents of North American conifer forests with a southern range terminus in the northern U.S. We studied survival and reproduction of spruce grouse from 2012 through 2018 in north-central Maine, USA, within a landscape managed extensively for commercial forest products. We used radio telemetry data from 151 unique spruce grouse to monitor nest survival, brood success, and mortality of two age classes (juvenile and adult), and related these factors to a geospatial layer of stand harvest histories that provided a record of the timing and method of silvicultural treatments over the previous 30 years. We evaluated how demographic rates were affected by these forest practices, constructed stage-structured models of spruce grouse population growth, and used these models to quantify potential effects of management legacy on population dynamics. Nests in clearcuts with post-harvest treatments (herbicide and pre-commercial thinning) had lower success than those located in other stand types. Success of broods during summer increased with greater use of residual stands (unharvested for > 31 years), however, juvenile spruce grouse that made greater use of residual stands following independence had reduced survival. Adults that used a greater proportion of clearcuts lacking post-harvest treatments had the greatest annual survival. Deterministic and stochastic population models predicted values of λ
Comparison of the characteristics, preferences, and attitudes of freshwater tournament and non-tournament anglers

Tournament fishing is growing in the United States and around the world (Detmer et al., 2020). Participation in tournament fishing may allow anglers to compete in fishing derbies and advance their ...
Relationship of established risk factors with breast cancer subtypes.

Background Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease, divided into subtypes based on the expression of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). Subtypes have different biology and prognosis, with accumulating evidence of different risk factors. The purpose of this study was to compare breast cancer risk factors across tumor subtypes in a large, diverse mammography population. Methods Women aged 40-84 without a history of breast cancer with a screening mammogram at three United States health systems from 2006 to 2015 were included. Risk factor questionnaires were completed at mammogram visit, supplemented by electronic health records. Invasive tumor subtype was defined by immunohistochemistry as ER/PR+HER2-, ER/PR+HER2+, ER, and PR-HER2+, or triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Cox proportional hazards models were run for each subtype. Associations of race, reproductive history, prior breast problems, family history, breast density, and body mass index (BMI) were assessed. The association of tumor subtypes with screen detection and interval cancer was assessed using logistic regression among invasive cases. Results The study population included 198,278 women with a median of 6.5 years of follow-up (IQR 4.2-9.0 years). There were 4002 invasive cancers, including 3077 (77%) ER/PR+HER2-, 300 (8%) TNBC, 342 (9%) ER/PR+HER2+, and 126 (3%) ER/PR-HER2+ subtype. In multivariate models, Black women had 2.7 times higher risk of TNBC than white women (HR = 2.67, 95% CI 1.99-3.58). Breast density was associated with increased risk of all subtypes. BMI was more strongly associated with ER/PR+HER2- and HER2+ subtypes among postmenopausal women than premenopausal women. Breast density was more strongly associated with ER/PR+HER2- and TNBC among premenopausal than postmenopausal women. TNBC was more likely to be interval cancer than other subtypes. Conclusions These results have implications for risk assessment and understanding of the etiology of breast cancer subtypes. More research is needed to determine what factors explain the higher risk of TNBC for Black women.
Why pharmacoeconomic policy should be transnational

There is an inherent disconnect between the global-level endeavor of innovating pharmacotherapeutics and the (still) national-level of decision-making about access to innovation. In this paper, we argue that rational pharmacoeconomic policy should not be at the national, neither at the supranational, but at the transnational level: based on the relative similarity of countries in terms of their per capita health care spending. The 2010 OECD Health database, complemented as necessary with secondary data sources to substitute for missing data, was used to compile an analysis sample of all but two OECD countries (Chile and Greece) with data through 2007. We first established the overall divergence of, and heterogeneity among, countries in terms of 2007 per capita total and pharmaceutical health care spending as relative proxiesofpharmacoeconomicpolicy. Next, weappliedclusteranalyticmethodstoidentifyOECDmember countries that are similar in terms of 2007 per capita pharmaceutical and total health care expenditures, and the ratio of both.
Liquidity Adjusted Value at Risk: Application to the ChileanSovereign Bond

International capital market integration together with increasing international volatility, requires an accurate evaluation of the potential losses that portfolio managers may face as a result of international turbulence. Assets with high liquidity standards can be evaluated by the traditional Value at Risk approach (VaR), however, this statistic underestimates the true value of the potential losses when the instrument is not liquid. This paper applies the methodology of liquidity adjusted VaR to the Chilean sovereign bond by incorporating bid-ask spread fluctuations when evaluating aportfolio risk.
Frequency comb-enhanced coupling in silicon nitride microresonators

We investigate enhanced coupling of the pump laser as a result of power transfer to the frequency comb in a silicon nitride microring designed with an over-coupled bus-waveguide.
MACROECONOMIC VARIABLES AND THE STOCK MARKET: THE CASE OF CROATIA

AbstractThis paper examines the relationship between the Croatian stock market index and relevant macroeconomic variables. Applying the GARCH model, this paper finds that the Croatian stock market index is positively associated with real GDP, the M1/GDP ratio, the German stock market index and the euro area government bond yield and is negatively influenced by the ratio of the government deficit to GDP, the domestic real interest rate, the HRK/USD exchange rate, and the expected inflation rate. Hence, to promote a healthy stock market, the authorities are expected to pursue economic growth, fiscal discipline, moderate increase in the money supply, the appreciation of the kuna, and a relatively low interest rate or expected inflation rate.
Relationship Between Dementia Severity Ratings And Memory Accuracy Vs. Certainty (P6.242)

OBJECTIVE: To relate caregiver ratings of dementia severity to performance on standard memory test scores (accuracy) and associated responses on a Judgment of Knowing (JOK) assessment (certainty) in probable Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI), and Normal Control (NC) subjects. BACKGROUND: Subjective certainty ratings added to conventional memory assessment methods may provide important information regarding the clinical significance of memory dysfunction. DESIGN/METHODS: Participants included 227 Probable AD, 86 MCI, and 163 NC subjects. A JOK research paradigm assessed the subject’s certainty of their answers to each item on the recognition trial of the 10-word CERAD Word List Memory. Informants for AD and MCI subjects completed the Blessed Dementia Rating Scale (BDRS), a clinical rating scale that assesses changes in performance of everyday activities, personality, and self-care habits. BDRS subscales were correlated with memory accuracy and certainty scores. RESULTS: Nearly all memory scores were related to dementia ratings for the entire sample: higher BDRS ratings were associated with lower memory accuracy, lower certainty ratings of correct responses, and higher certainty ratings of incorrect responses. In AD subjects, lower performance in everyday functional activities was strongly related to memory accuracy; certainty ratings did not enhance the level of association. In contrast, combined accuracy and certainty ratings were more strongly related to performance in everyday activities in MCI subjects than accuracy alone. CONCLUSIONS: Assessing subjective certainty in a standard memory word-list recognition paradigm may help ascertain the functional implications of memory disturbance, particularly in early stages. Study Supported by: NIA P50AG005133, Alzheimer North Carolina / Guardian Angel Thrift Fund, and The Duke Endowment Disclosure: Dr. Harris has nothing to disclose. Dr. Kaufer has nothing to disclose.
Collection Efficiency and Ice Accretion Characteristics of Two Full Scale and One 1/4 Scale Business Jet Horizontal Tails

Collection efficiency and ice accretion calculations have been made for a series of business jet horizontal tail configurations using a three-dimensional panel code, an adaptive grid code, and the NASA Glenn LEWICE3D grid based ice accretion code. The horizontal tail models included two full scale wing tips and a 25 percent scale model. Flow solutions for the horizontal tails were generated using the PMARC panel code. Grids used in the ice accretion calculations were generated using the adaptive grid code ICEGRID. The LEWICE3D grid based ice accretion program was used to calculate impingement efficiency and ice shapes. Ice shapes typifying rime and mixed icing conditions were generated for a 30 minute hold condition. All calculations were performed on an SGI Octane computer. The results have been compared to experimental flow and impingement data. In general, the calculated flow and collection efficiencies compared well with experiment, and the ice shapes appeared representative of the rime and mixed icing conditions for which they were calculated.
Vrcodes: embedding unobtrusive data for new devices in visible light

This thesis envisions a public space populated with active visible surfaces which appear different to a camera than to the human eye. Thus, they can act as general digital interfaces that transmit machine-compatible data as well as provide relative orientation without being obtrusive. We introduce a personal transceiver peripheral, and demonstrate this visual environment enables human participants to hear sound only from the location they are looking in, authenticate with proximal surfaces, and gather otherwise imperceptible data from an object in sight. We present a design methodology that assumes the availability of many independent and controllable light transmitters where each individual transmitter produces light at different color wavelengths. Today, controllable light transmitters take the form of digital billboards, signage and overhead lighting built for human use; light-capturing receivers take the form of mobile cameras and personal video camcorders. Following the software-defined approach, we leverage screens and cameras as parameterized hardware peripherals thus allowing flexibility and development of the proposed framework on general-purpose computers in a manner that is unobtrusive to humans. We develop VRCodes which display spatiotemporally modulated metamers on active screens thus conveying digital and positional information to a rolling-shutter camera; and physically-modified optical setups which encode data in a point-spread function thus exploiting the camera's wide-aperture. These techniques exploit how the camera sees something different from the human. We quantify the full potential of the system by characterizing basic bounds of a parameterized transceiver hardware along with the medium in which it operates. Evaluating performance highlights the underutilized temporal, spatial and frequency dimensions available to the interaction designer concerned with human perception. Results suggest that the one-way point-to-point transmission is good enough for extending the techniques toward a two-way bidrectional model with realizable hardware devices. The new visual environment contains a second data layer for machines that is synthetic and quantifiable; human interactions serve as the context. (Copies available exclusively from MIT Libraries, Rm. 14-0551, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307. Ph. 617-253-5668; Fax 617-253-1690.)
Stable Isotopes of Minerals as Metabolic Tracers in Human Nutrition Research

Enriched stable isotopes used as tracers have proven to be valuable in studies of the absorption and metabolism of minerals. Unlike radioisotopes, they can be used in high-risk population groups su...