cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dialectal to Standard Arabic Paraphrasing to Improve Arabic-English Statistical Machine Translation

This paper is about improving the quality of Arabic-English statistical machine translation (SMT) on dialectal Arabic text using morphological knowledge. We present a light-weight rule-based approach to producing Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) paraphrases of dialectal Arabic out-of-vocabulary (OOV) words and low frequency words. Our approach extends an existing MSA analyzer with a small number of morphological clitics, and uses transfer rules to generate paraphrase lattices that are input to a state-of-the-art phrase-based SMT system. This approach improves BLEU scores on a blind test set by 0.56 absolute BLEU (or 1.5% relative). A manual error analysis of translated dialectal words shows that our system produces correct translations in 74% of the time for OOVs and 60% of the time for low frequency words.
Phonon analog of topological nodal semimetals

Topological band structures are ubiquitous in both fermionic and bosonic problems, but conventional wisdom holds that the topological features in a noninteracting bosonic system are only visible to finite-frequency probes. Utilizing a recently proposed boson-to-fermion mapping, the authors demonstrate that topological gapless phonon modes can in fact be brought all the way down to zero frequency. In particular, they construct spring-mass models that are analogs of two-dimensional Dirac semimetals, and hence feature topological zero-frequency phonon modes. These zero modes are physically distinct from the familiar Goldstone phonons, and are in fact present even in pinned disordered systems due to topological protection.
History of bird-keeping and the teaching of tricks using Cyanistes varius (varied tit) in Japan

The keeping of pet birds in Japan is reviewed with emphasis on Cyanistes varius (varied tit). Traditionally, bird-keeping in Japan was mainly for the enjoyment of their songs. Songbird competitions were popular and training of birds to sing was common, especially in the Edo Era from the seventeenth to the nineteenth centuries, which meant that it was known that birds learn to sing and have dialects in their songs. There were districts famous for producing birds with beautiful voices. Within the bird-keeping culture of Japan, the varied tit had a specific image, which was different from other birds. They were trained to perform tricks and were used in street performances from the Edo Era until the middle of the twentieth century, when the tradition disappeared. The decline of the bird-keeping culture and the training of tricks may benefit the conservation of wild birds, but it also marks the loss of an ancient cultural tradition in Japan.
The effects of PLA color on material properties of 3-D printed components

Abstract As the number of prosumer printers has expanded rapidly, they now make up the majority of the 3-D printer market and of these printers those in the open-source lineage of the RepRap also have expanded to dominate. Although still primarily used for prototyping or hobbyist production of low-value products, the RepRap has the capacity to be used for high-value distributed manufacturing. A recent study found that RepRap printed parts printed in realistic environmental conditions can match and even out perform commercial 3-D printers using proprietary FDM in terms of tensile strength with the same polymers. However, tensile strengths of the large sample set of RepRap prints fluctuated. In order to explain that fluctuation and better inform designers on RepRap print properties this study determines the effect of color and processing temperature on material properties of Lulzbot TAZ deposited PLA in various colors. Five colors (white, black, blue, gray, and natural) of commercially available filament processed from 4043D PLA is tested for crystallinity with XRD, tensile strength following ASTM D638 and the microstructure is evaluated with environmental scanning electron microscope. Results are presented showing a strong relationship between tensile strength and percent crystallinity of a 3-D printed sample and a strong relationship between percent crystallinity and the extruder temperature. Conclusions are drawn about the effects of color and processing temperature on the material properties of 3-D printed PLA to promote the open-source development of RepRap 3-D printing.
Multiscale physical characterization of an outdoor-exposed polymeric coating system

Surface topography and gloss are two related properties affecting the appearance of a polymeric coating system. Upon exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation, the surface topography of a coating becomes more pronounced and, correspondingly, its gloss generally decreases. However, the surface factors affecting gloss and appearance are difficult to ascertain. In this article, atomic force microscopy (AFM) and laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM) measurements have been performed on an amine-cured epoxy coating system exposed to outdoor environments in Gaithersburg, Maryland. The formation of the protuberances is observed at the early degradation stages, followed by the appearance of circular pits as exposure continues. At long exposure times, the circular features enlarge and deepen, resulting in a rough surface topography and crack formation. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) study indicates that the oxidation and chain scission reactions are likely the origins of the surface morphological changes. The relationship between changes in surface roughness and gloss has been analyzed. The root mean square (RMS) roughness of the coating is related to nanoscale and microscale morphological changes in the surface of the coating as well as to the gloss retention. A near-linear dependence of RMS roughness with the measurement length scale (L) is found on a double logarithmic scale, i.e., RMS ∼ L f. The scaling factor, f, decreases with exposure time. The relationship between surface topography, on nano- to microscales, and the macroscale optical properties such as gloss retention is discussed. Moreover, a recent development in using an angle-resolved light scattering technique for the measurement of the specular and off-specular reflectance of the UV-exposed specimens is also demonstrated, and the optical scattering data are compared to the gloss and the roughness results.
Some Suggested Guidelines for Geomorphic Aspects of Anadromous Salmonid Habitat Restoration Proposals

Proposals to improve fish habitat for anadromous salmonids by modifying channel form or substrate must be justified based on geomorphology as well as biology, because geomorphic factors often cause such projects to fail. Proposals should address the geomorphic setting at the watershed scale, by specifying changes in flow regime or sediment yield through tools such as a sediment budget. Proposals should also address geomorphic setting and process at the reach scale, indicating the basis for design channel form and dimensions, calculating the frequency of bed mobilization, and assessing existing gravel quality for spawning habitat enhancement projects. Proposals should include explicit provisions for post-project performance evaluation, including adequate baseline data to permit project-induced changes to be quantified. Restoration projects also require clear objectives and adequate funding for long-term monitoring, and generally would benefit from an adaptive management approach to implementation and evaluation.
Study of phase-separation dynamics by use of cell dynamical systems. II. Two-dimensional demonstrations

We present detailed results on the form factors of two-dimensional systems undergoing phase-ordering processes, using both deterministic and stochastic cell dynamical systems. We show the robustness of the asymptotic form factors against quench depth, noise amplitude, etc. The effect of noise is essentially to delay the number of steps needed to reach the asymptotic behavior. In the case with a nonconserved order parameter, we demonstrate that the form factor obtained by T. Ohta, D. Jasnow, and K. Kawasaki [Phys. Rev. Lett. 49, 1223 (1982)] is asymptotically very accurate. We also present preliminary results for off-critical quenches.
The origin of lipofuscin age pigments.

Abstract The accumulation of lipofuscin pigments in post-mitotic cells has become well-established as an age-correlated process, and extensive studies have served to characterize these pigments. Numerous investigators have propounded a genesis for such pigments as a discrete process from varying cell organelles. This review is a synthesis of the experimental literature bearing on the questions of the nature of the age-associated occurrence of lipofuscin and the origin of lipofuscin from pre-existing cell organelles (mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, and lysosomes) and presents a unified concept for the origin of lipofuscin age pigments.
Facile, Efficient Routes to Diverse Protected Thiols and to Their Deprotection and Addition to Create Functional Polymers by Thiol-Ene Coupling

Carbazole, dinitrobenzoate, phenol, pyridine, and 4-cyano-4‘-alkoxybiphenyl side groups were grafted onto pendant vinyl groups of polybutadiene (PB) by thiol−ene addition to yield functional polymer of polydispersity equal to that of the precursor material. Synthesis protocols that are clean (>90% conversion to desired product) and scalable were developed to incorporate a protected thiol group into functional precursors. The resulting acetyl or benzoyl thioesters are suitable for long-term storage, and are conveniently deprotected and added to polymer in a matter of hours in a straightforward procedure that does not require isolation of the thiol intermediate. Alternatively, PB functionalization could be achieved with equal success by reaction with β-mercaptoethanol (BME), and subsequent esterification of the incorporated hydroxyl groups with a suitable acyl halide. The chemistry described can potentially be applied to add any side group onto any polymer, copolymer, or block copolymer displaying pendant vinyl groups.
Idiopathic hypoparathyroidism presenting with seizures during infancy: X-linked recessive inheritance in a large Missouri kindred

HYPOCAI.CEMIA is most commonly encountered by pediatricians in neonates. ' Early neonatal hypocalcemia presents within the first two days of life and usually affects infants who are premature, are born of diabetic mothers, or have had anoxia, acidosis, or birth trauma. Late neonatal hypocalcemia is usually manifest at the end of the first week of life in infants who have been given feeding s with high phosphate content. Partial hypoparathyroidism appears to be important in the pathogenesis of both forms. This "physiologic" hypoparathyroidi sm is transient, i.e., usually lasts less than three to four weeks but occasionally as long as several months?, e Persistent idiopathic hypoparathyroidi sm is far less common. We report a large kindred in which IHP, presenting with hypocalcemia seizures in infant boys only, appears to be transmitted as an X-linked recessive trait.
Upper Mantle Project

The Upper Mantle Project was proposed in 1960 as an international scientific program, in which the attention of geophysisists would be directed toward the Earth's interior—in particular toward the outermost 1000 km of the Earth's radius, or that part of the Earth whose processes most influence the development of the Earth's crust. The period 1960—1963 was devoted primarily to planning and organization; at the IUGG meeting in Berkeley in August 1963, attention was given to the constitution of an international Upper Mantle Committee that could “encourage and develop international cooperative investigations of the upper mantle, its relationships to and influence upon the development of the Earth's crust.” The first major meeting of the Upper Mantle Committee was held in Moscow in May 1964.
Evolution of the rat kallikrein gene family: gene conversion leads to functional diversity.

Kallikrein-like simple serine proteases are encoded by closely related members of a gene family in several mammalian species. Molecular cloning and genomic Southern blot analysis after conventional and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis indicate that the rat kallikrein gene family comprises 15–20 members, probably closely linked at a single locus. Determination of the nucleotide sequences of the rGK-3,-4, and-6 genes here completes sequence data for a total of nine rat kallikrein family members. Comparison of the rat gene sequences to each other and to those of human and mouse kallikrein family genes reveals patterns of relatedness indicative of concerted evolution. Analysis of nucleotide sequence variants in kallikrein family members shows that most sequence variants are shared by multiple family members; the patterns of shared variants are complex and indicate multiple short gene conversions between family members. Sequence exchanges between family members generate novel assortments of variants in amino acid coding regions that may affect substrate specificity and thereby contribute to the diversity of enzyme activity. Furthermore, small sequence exchanges also may play a role in generating the diverse patterns of tissue-specific expression of rat family members. These analyses indicate an important role for gene conversion in the evolution of the functional diversity of these duplicated genes.
The replication of adeno-associated satellite virus. The three-component system, satellite, herpes virus, and adenovirus

The nature and properties of the viral products produced in tissue culture cells infected with adeno-associated satellite virus, (ASV) adenovirus, and herpes simplex virus have been studied. All three viruses were capable of replication in cultures coinfected with the three viruses. Satellite virus demonstrated an influence on the synthesis of adenovirus structural proteins when cultures that had been inoculated simultaneously with satellite virus and herpes virus were challenged 12 hr later with adenovirus. Adenovirus structural antigens were detected by immunofluorescence within an additional 4 hr in these cultures. These antigens normally are not seen until 10–12 hr after infection. Infectious satellite virus was not isolated until its normal time of appearance 12 hr later, when it was detectable by complement fixation and by immunofluorescence. Immune electron microscopy indicates that an adenovirus-coded protein, possibly one involved in the attachment of fiber to penton may be involved in satellite maturation.
Gender equity and socioeconomic inequality: a framework for the patterning of women's health

Abstract This paper explores the interrelationship of gender equity and socioeconomic inequality and how they affect women's health at the macro- (country) and micro- (household and individual) levels. An integrated framework draws theoretical perspectives from both approaches and from public health. Determinants of women's health in the geopolitical environment include country-specific history and geography, policies and services, legal rights, organizations and institutions, and structures that shape gender and economic inequality. Culture, norms and sanctions at the country and community level, and sociodemographic characteristics at the individual level, influence women's productive and reproductive roles in the household and workplace. Social capital, roles, psychosocial stresses and resources, health services, and behaviors mediate social, economic and cultural effects on health outcomes. Inequality between and within households contributes to the patterning of women's health. Within the framework, relationships may vary depending upon women's lifestage and cohort experience. Examples of other relevant theoretical frameworks are discussed. The conclusion suggests strategies to improve data, influence policy, and extend research to better understand the effect of gender and socioeconomic inequality on women's health.
Identification of I137M and Other Mutations That Modulate Incubation Periods for Two Human Prion Strains

We report here the transmission of human prions to 18 new transgenic (Tg) mouse lines expressing 8 unique chimeric human/mouse prion proteins (PrP). Extracts from brains of two patients, who died of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD), contained either sCJD(MM1) or sCJD(VV2) prion strains and were used for inocula. Mice expressing chimeric PrP showed a direct correlation between expression level and incubation period for sCJD(MM1) prions irrespective of whether the transgene encoded methionine (M) or valine (V) at polymorphic residue 129. Tg mice expressing chimeric transgenes encoding V129 were unexpectedly resistant to infection with sCJD(VV2) prions, and when transmission did occur, it was accompanied by a change in strain type. The transmission of sCJD(MM1) prions was modulated by single amino acid reversions of each human PrP residue in the chimeric sequence. Reverting human residue 137 in the chimeric transgene from I to M prolonged the incubation time for sCJD(MM1) prions by more than 100 days; structural analyses suggest a profound change in the orientation of amino acid side chains with the I→M mutation. These findings argue that changing the surface charge in this region of PrP greatly altered the interaction between PrP isoforms during prion replication. Our studies contend that strain-specified replication of prions is modulated by PrP sequence-specific interactions between the prion precursor PrP(C) and the infectious product PrP(Sc).
Theorems for conditional expectations, with applications to Markov processes

Several limit theorems analogous to Hopf’s ergodic theorem (but where the usual ratio is replaced by conditional expectation with respect to certain sigmafields) are proved and applications to probability theory are given.
Effect of Celecoxib on Fasciocutaneous Flap Survival and Revascularization

Objectives: To study the effect of celecoxib (Celebrex; Pfizer, Cambridge, Mass) on (1) primary ischemic time and (2) revascularization of fasciocutaneous free flaps in a rat model. Methods: In the...
The effect of short-term feeding of a high carbohydrate diet on HDL subclasses in normal subjects

Plasma HDL concentrations are effected by several perturbations, including certain dietary manipulations. In this study we have examined the effects of a one week ingestion of an isocaloric, fat-free, high-carbohydrate diet (CHO greater than 80% of calories) and the concentrations and compositions of plasma HDL subclasses. Eleven healthy normolipidemic volunteers (6 females, 5 males) took part in this study. Blood samples for lipoprotein analysis were drawn before and at the end of the dietary period and analyzed for lipoprotein lipid and apoprotein concentrations. Lipoproteins also were characterized by zonal ultracentrifugation. Our results show the following significant changes at the end of the dietary period: plasma concentrations of VLDL-TG, VLDL-cholesterol and total VLDL mass increased, whereas plasma concentrations of LDL-cholesterol, LDL mass and HDL-cholesterol and HDL mass, decreased. Plasma concentrations of apoprotein A1 decreased (from 133.3 +/- 7.7 to 108.1 +/- 8.6; mean +/- S.E.M., p less than 0.0004), and apoprotein A2 concentrations remained unchanged. This resulted in a drop in plasma ratio of ApoA1/ApoA2 (p less than 0.03). Since it has been shown that ApoA1/ApoA2 ratio is higher in HDL2 than HDL3, we examined the concentrations of these two subfractions, employing rate-zonal ultracentrifugation for their isolation. One week of ingestion of the study diet was followed by consistent decreases in HDL2 mass (from 84 +/- 15 to 44 +/- 16 mg/dl, mean +/- S.E.M.), with inconsistent changes in HDL3 mass, (from 254 +/- 18 to 222 +/- 13 mg/dl) resulting in significant decreases in HDL2/HDL3 mass ratio. Lipid analyses of these subfractions did not demonstrate major compositional changes. The alterations noted could be due to decreased HDL production, at least in part, but alterations in the interconversions of lipoproteins also could have played a role. The falls in HDL2 on a diet which should be "antiatherogenic" illustrate the difficulty of assessing the atherogenicity of any given diet solely by the changes it produces in the levels of circulating lipoproteins.
Monetary policy under financial uncertainty

Abstract Monetary policy may play a substantial role in mitigating the effects of financial crises. In this paper, I suppose that the economy occasionally but infrequently experiences crises, where financial variables affect the broader economy. I analyze optimal monetary policy under such financial uncertainty, where policymakers recognize the possibility of crises. Optimal monetary policy is affected during the crisis and in normal times, as policymakers guard against the possibility of crises. In the estimated model this effect is quite small. Optimal policy does change substantially during a crisis, but uncertainty about crises has relatively little effect.
The Life of Our Language: Kaqchikel Maya Maintenance, Shift, and Revitalization

The Life of Our Language: Kaqchikel Maya Maintenance, Shift, and Revitalization. Susan Garzon. R. Mckenna Brown. Julia Becker Richards. and Wuqu' Ajpub'. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1998. xiv. 239 pp., maps, figures, tables, glossary, bibliography, index.
Nanostructured ZnS and CdS films synthesized using layered double hydroxide films as precursor and template.

Anion exchange reactions in layered double hydroxide films (M(OH)2−x(NO3)x·mH2O) followed by solid state conversion reactions are shown to yield micrometer-sized unsupported metal sulfide (M = Zn, Cd) films with unique textured morphologies. The characteristic three-dimensional nanostructured film morphology and crystallinity of the initial films are retained in the metal sulfide films although these conversion reactions involve anion exchanges concomitant with significant rearrangements of the crystal structures. Surface areas of 42 m2/g for zinc sulfide and 50 m2/g for cadmium sulfide thin films are observed. These values correspond to an increase in surface area of 75% for the Zn5(OH)8(NO3)2·2H2O to zinc sulfide conversion, while the cadmium sulfide films exhibit more than three times the surface area of their precursor material, Cd(OH)(NO3)·H2O. The three-dimensional morphology of the resulting films is thus observed to combine the physical properties of the bulk materials with the advantages of highe...
Progesterone Metabolism by the Hypothalamus, Pituitary, and Uterus of the Rat during Pregnancy

Metabolites of [3H]progesterone were quantitated from incubations of hypothalamus, pituitary, and uterus of rats during different stages of pregnancy. The hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, and a section of uterus from five rats on Days 1, 8, 15, and 21 of pregnancy were incubated individually with [3H]progesterone and analyzed for metabolite formation by reverse isotopic dilution analysis. The radioactive metabolites present were 5α-pregnane-3,20-dione (5α-DHP), 3α-hydroxy-5α-pregnan-20-one, 20α-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one, 20α-hydroxy-5α-pregnan-3-one, and 5α-pregnane-3α,20α-diol. The major metabolite formed by the hypothalamus and pituitary was 5α-DHP. In the pituitary samples, formation of 5α-DHP was decreased on Days 15 and 21 of pregnancy compared to Day 1, and formation of 20α-hydroxy-5α-pregnan-3-one was decreased on Day 21 compared to Day 1. In the uterine samples, 3α-hydroxy-5α-pregnan-20-one was the major metabolite formed at all stages of pregnancy. The formation of all metabolic products of proges...
Gravitational potential as a source of earthquake energy

Abstract Some degree of tectonic stress within the earth originates from gravity acting upon density structures. The work performed by this “gravitational tectonics stress” must have formerly existed as gravitational potential energy contained in the stress-causing density structure. According to the elastic rebound theory (Reid, 1910), the energy of earthquakes comes from an elastic strain field built up by fairly continuous elastic deformation in the period between events. For earthquakes resulting from gravitational tectonic stress, the elastic rebound theory requires the transfer of energy from the gravitational potential of the density structures into an elastic strain field prior to the event. An alternate theory involves partial gravitational collapse of the stress-causing density structures. The earthquake energy comes directly from a net decrease in gravitational potential energy. The gravitational potential energy released at the time of the earthquake is split between the energy released by the earthquake, including work done in the fault zone and an increase in stored elastic strain energy. The stress associated with this elastic strain field should oppose further fault slip.
Cocaine Abuse: I. Relationships to Gender, Alcohol Abuse, Marijuana Use, and Affective Disorders

AbstractThe histories of 1,694 university student psychiatric clinic patients evaluated during 17 consecutive years starting in 1972 were examined for the associations between cocaine use and alcohol abuse, marijuana use and affective disorders, and for gender related differences in those characteristics. All four characteristics/disorders were common for both sexes. Alcohol abuse and marijuana use were more likely for cocaine users than for cocaine abstainers, but those associations were not gender related. Affective disorders were present for 73.4% of all women and 64.7% of all men, but affective disorder rates among cocaine abstainers and users did not differ significantly. Men were more likely than women to give histories of cocaine use and of alcohol abuse while more women reported affective disorders. Those gender related differences were not large but were statistically significant. The findings emphasize the clinical need to complete thorough psychiatric evaluations for all cocaine (and probably o...
Domain velocity in semiconductors with field-dependent carrier diffusion

Recently several analytical formulas for the velocity of high-field domains in materials with bulk negative differential conductivity and field-dependent carrier diffusion have been published. The formulas were derived under the conventional "invariant domain" condition, and they thus represent solutions of the fundamental equations which are not necessarily stable. Numerical calculations of mathematically stable domains, allowing independence of one space dimension and time, have been made and are reported here. The results are consistent with the analytical formulas.
Substitution reactions of 4-methyldibenzothiophene

Succinoylation, acetylation and nitration of 4-methyldibenzothiophene yields 2-substituted products. Bromination however, gave 3-bromo-4-methyldibenzothiophene as the major product along with a small amount of the 2-isomer. The bromo-compounds were used to prepare related derivatives via lithium exchange. 4-Methyldibenzothiophene 5,5-dioxide was also shown to nitrate in the 3-position. The structures of the derivatives were determined by NMR analyses. An alternative synthesis of 4-methyldibenzothiophene is described.
An approach to the study of cytodifferentiation in melanophores.

Abstract A method is described whereby the melanoblasts on the yolk sac of a fish ( Fundulus heteroclitus ) can be identified and staged throughout the period of their early differentiation. The method is based on the nuclear volume increase observed in these cells. Using this method, several cytological and cytochemical changes were followed during differentiation: 1. 1. The cell volume, as estimated from area determinations, was found to parallel approximately the increase in nuclear volume except for a pause in the middle of growth. 2. 2. The DNA content of the nuclei, determined by Feulgen microphotometry, doubles during melanoblast growth. All early melanophores have the tetraploid (4C) DNA amount. 3. 3. The rate of RNA synthesis, determined by H 3 cytidine autography, and the amount of RNA per cell were found to reach a maximum preceding later growth stages and melanogenesis. 4. 4. C 14 -tyrosine was incorporated by these cells from the beginning of their differentiation at a higher rate than in surrounding tissues, and it may be detected in small granules prior to the appearance of melanin. 5. 5. The Golgi apparatus makes its appearance in an active form early in differentiation. At about the same time small neutral redstaining granules make their appearance in the melanoblast cytoplasm. 6. 6. Melanoblast differentiation is broken down into early stages of migration and growth, a period of specialization and periods of preparation for and the onset of melanogenesis. The significance of the neutral red granules and the tyrosine containing granules that precede the appearance of melanin granules is discussed, and it is concluded that they may represent stages of increasingly specialized products, possibly of the Golgi apparatus.
The Role of Private Property in the History of American Agriculture, 1776-1976: Comment

After years of relative neglect, there is a growing literature on the economics of property rights. A recent example is provided by Anderson and Hill. They nominally address two questions: how to explain the evolution of particular varieties of property rights, and how these changing rights have affected resource allocation. There is really a third implicit purpose, and that is to justify a particular set of rights. I shall argue that their answer to how rights evolve is severely incomplete, that they never really answer how rules affect the substance of resource allocation, and that their justification of so-called "private property" while pretending to be scientific is value presumptive. Why do rights change? Anderson and Hill argue that institutions are subject to a productive process like any other commodity. "Efforts to change the rules can be thought of as input into the production of an institutional structure" (p. 938). Seen in this light, changes in rights are a matter of establishing a new equilibrium to marginal benefits and costs of productive efforts devoted to rule change in reaction to changes in relative factor prices. Anderson and Hill use their theory to explain why people seek property: they seek it when it becomes valuable and scarce. The fact that nobody needs property when there is no interdependence is hardly a new insight. Anderson and Hill go on to use their theory to explain why certain varieties of rights are sought. For example, why did early colonial attempts at a communal agriculture fail? Because some people shirked, say Anderson and Hill. Those that worked found it profitable to spend the effort to change the rules. It is not clear in the paper why the shirkers did not find it equally profitable to retain the old rules. Neither is it clear what happened to the shirkers. Perhaps it is presumed that they reformed themselves. Perhaps there were no sick or lame in the colonies. What explains the asserted fact that communal property disappeared faster in New England than in the Chesapeake Bay Region? Differences in the supply of shirkers? Wrong. It was due to the relative scarcity of land, say Anderson and Hill. Supposedly where land was better and more plentiful in the Chesapeake, there was less congestion, and it paid no one to work to define new rights. The logic is hard to follow here. If the Chesapeake region began with communal tenure, the availability of la d does not solve the shirker problem unless all shirkers can be left behind and a new commune of like-minded workers established.
BaZr0.1Ce0.7Y0.1Yb0.1O3−δ electrolyte-based solid oxide fuel cells with cobalt-free PrBaFe2O5+δ layered perovskite cathode

Abstract A new anode-supported SOFC material system Ni-BZCYYb|BZCYYb|PBFO is investigated, in which a cobalt-free layered perovskite oxide, PrBaFe2O5+δ (PBFO), is synthesized and employed as a novel cathode while the synthesized BZCYYb is used as an electrolyte. The cell is fabricated by a simple dry-pressing/co-sintering process. The cell is tested and characterized under intermediate temperature range from 600 to 700 °C with humified H2 (∼3% H2O) as fuel, ambient air as oxidant. The results show that the open-circuit potential of 1.006 V and maximal power density of 452 mW cm−2 are achieved at 700 °C. The polarization resistance of the electrodes is 0.18 Ω cm2 at 700 °C. Compared to BaZr0.1Ce0.7Y0.1O3−δ, the conductivity of co-doped barium zirconate–cerate BZCYYb is significantly improved. The ohmic resistance of single cell is 0.37 Ω cm2 at 700 °C. The results indicate that the developed Ni-BZCYYb|BZCYYb|PBFO cell is a promising functional material system for SOFCs.
Advanced algorithms and high-performance testbed for large-scale site characterization and subsurface target detection using airborne ground-penetrating SAR

A team of US Army Corps of Engineers, Omaha District and Engineering and Support Center, Huntsville, let Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), Stanford Research Institute (SRI), and Montgomery Watson is currently in the process of planning and conducting the largest ever survey at the Former Buckley Field (60,000 acres), in Colorado, by using SRI airborne, ground penetrating, Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR). The purpose of this survey is the detection of surface and subsurface Unexploded Ordnance (UXO) and in a broader sense the site characterization for identification of contaminated as well as clear areas. In preparation for such a large-scale survey, JPL has been developing advanced algorithms and a high-performance restbed for processing of massive amount of expected SAR data from this site. Two key requirements of this project are the accuracy (in terms of UXO detection) and speed of SAR data processing. The first key feature of this testbed is a large degree of automation and a minimum degree of the need for human perception in the processing to achieve an acceptable processing rate of several hundred acres per day. For accurate UXO detection, novel algorithms have been developed and implemented. These algorithms analyze dual polarized (HH and VV) SAR data. They are based on the correlation of HH and VV SAR data and involve a rather large set of parameters for accurate detection of UXO. For each specific site, this set of parameters can be optimized by using ground truth data (i.e., known surface and subsurface UXOs). In this paper, we discuss these algorithms and their successful application for detection of surface and subsurface anti-tank mines by using a data set from Yuma proving Ground, A7, acquired by SRI SAR.
The nonreceptor protein tyrosine phosphatase corkscrew functions in multiple receptor tyrosine kinase pathways in Drosophila.

Abstract Corkscrew ( csw ) encodes a nonreceptor protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTPase) that has been implicated in signaling from the Torso receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK). csw mutations, unlike tor mutations, are associated with zygotic lethality, indicating that Csw plays additional roles during development. We have conducted a detailed phenotypic analysis of csw mutations to identify these additional functions of Csw. Our results indicate that Csw operates positively downstream of other Drosophila RTKs such as the Drosophila epidermal growth factor receptor (DER), the fibroblast growth factor receptor (Breathless), and likely other RTKs. This model is substantiated by specific dosage interactions between csw and DER. It is proposed that Csw is part of the evolutionarily conserved “signaling cassette” that operates downstream of all RTKs. In support of this hypothesis, we demonstrate that SHP-2, a vertebrate PTPase similar to Csw and previously implicated in RTK signaling, encodes the functional vertebrate homologue of Csw.
Novel radio architectures for UWB, 60 GHz, and cognitive wireless systems

There are several new radio systems which exploit novel strategies being made possible by the regulatory agencies to increase the availability of spectrum for wireless applications. Three of these that will be discussed are ultra-wideband (UWB), 60 GHz, and cognitive radios. The UWB approach attempts to share the spectrum with higher-priority users by transmitting at power levels that are so low that they do not cause interference. On the other hand, cognitive radios attempt to share spectra by introducing a spectrum sensing function, so that they are able to transmit in unused portions at a given time, place, and frequency. Another approach is to exploit the advances in CMOS technology to operate in frequency bands in the millimeter-wave region. 60 GHz operation is particularly attractive because of the 7 GHz of unlicensed spectrum that has been made available there. In this paper, we present an overview of novel radio architecture design approaches and address challenges dealing with high-frequencies, wide-bandwidths, and large dynamic-range signals encountered in these future wireless systems.
REFORM AND REDEMPTION: THE MAHARAL OF PRAGUE AND JOHN AMOS COMENIUS

L'A. s'attache a deux educateurs religieux dont les traditions sont tres differentes, mais les pedagogies proches. Il s'agit de Judah Loew ben Bezabel (1525-1609) qui s'est employe a degager l'education juive de l'obscurantisme a travers ses reformes et de John Amos Comenius (1592-1671). Les deux hommes sont des produits de la cite praguoise ou se rencontrent l'individualisme, le retour a la nature, le cosmopolitisme et l' humanisme de la Renaissance. Ils n'innovent pas, mais tendent a diffuser et a appliquer les idees nouvelles. Le dernier point commun reside dans l'experience de l'exil et de l'espoir de la redemption
Use of the Descending Thoracic Aorta as an Inflow Source in Aortoiliac Reconstruction: Indications and Long-Term Results

Bypass grafting from the descending thoracic aorta to the iliac or femoral artery is an underutilized procedure; fewer than 200 cases were reported in the past 30 years. Over the last decade we performed 32 bypasses to the femoral iliac or popliteal arteries using the descending thoracic aorta as the inflow source. In 19 (59%) patients the procedure was a primary aortic reconstruction, whereas in 13 (41%) it was secondary. The 30-day in-hospital mortality rate was 6.2%. Primary graft patency was 86% (±7.8) at 2 years, to obtain a meaningful long-term patency analysis, we combined our experience with that reported in the literature during the same period. Follow-up data were available in 146 patients in whom the mean follow-up time ranged from 15 to 53 months. The operation was a secondary aortic reconstruction in 84 (58%) patients and was a primary procedure in 62 (42%). Reasons for the selection of the descending thoracic aorta as the inflow source included previous abdominal aortic graft failure in 56 (38%) patients, abdominal aortic graft infection in 26 (18%), unfavorable abdominal conditions in 30 (21%), and miscellaneous causes in 34 (23%). The 30-day in-hospital mortality rate for the collective experience was 5.5%. Life-table analysis of the collective primary graft patency rate was 88.3% (±2.9) at 1 year, 81% (±4.3) at 3 years, and 72.7% (±8.5) at 6 years. Secondary graft patency for the collective experience was 93.1% (±2.3) at 1 year, 88.2% (±3.7) at 3 years, 82.7% (±7.3) at 6 years, and 82.7% (±10) at 8 years. Patient survival was 67.5% (±6.9) at 5 years and 55.4% (±9.9) at 7 years. These data suggest that bypass from the descending thoracic aorta to the iliac or femoral arteries offers low mortality and excellent durability and should be considered as the procedure of choice for secondary or extra-anatomic aortoiliac reconstruction.
Global Personality Norms: Multicultural, Multinational, and Managerial

The critical importance of understanding, selecting, and developing global management talent—management operating within internationally diverse interpersonal and situational contexts—has emerged from the increasing globalization of business and the concomitant high rates of immigration, emigration, and expatriation. With an awareness of this general context, my commentary highlights the conceptual and methodological themes within a set of papers concerned with composing normative groups against which to compare the personality test scores of global managers. I first suggest types of organizational change that might critically affect global management norms, then reflect on approaches to developing norms in light of the organizational purposes at hand, and finally discuss issues connected to measurement equivalence efforts and how multilevel models can assist in these efforts. The papers featured in this special issue address a serious and cutting-edge challenge: establishing stable and relevant testing n...
Historical dictionary of Myanmar

Describes in more than 500 entries the country's geographic features, historic and modern sites, regions, economic resources, main ethnic groups, major persons, events, institutions, society as well as key Myanmar words and phrases.
A wild motley throng: immigrant expenditures and the 'American' standard of living.

Using data gathered in an early twentieth century study of consumer expenditure patterns this paper presents several econometric tests of the assertion that the consumption behavior of immigrants differed markedly from that of native Americans. (authors)
The Impact of Project Planning Team Experience on Software Project Cost Estimates

Data from 135 teams that have participated in a software project planning exercise are analyzed to determine the relationship between team experience and each team?s estimate of total project cost. The analysis shows that cost estimates are dependent upon two kinds of team experience: (1) the average experience for the members of each team and (2) whether or not any members of the team have similar project experience. It is shown that if no members of a planning team have had similar project experience then the estimate of cost is correlated with average team experience, with teams having greater average team experience producing higher total cost estimates. If at least one member of the planning team has had similar project experience then there is a weaker relationship between average team experience and cost, and cost estimates produced by those teams with similar project experience are close to those produced by teams with the greatest average team experience. A qualitative examination of the project plans produced by all teams indicates that the primary reasons that teams with less experience of either type produce lower cost estimates are that they have failed to include some tasks that are included by more experienced teams, and that they have estimated shorter task durations than have the more experienced teams.
Trabecular network in adult skeletal muscle

We present evidence for a filamentous framework associated with the Z lines of myofibrils in striated muscle cells. Two sets of filaments are described: short, radially oriented filaments connecting the Z discs to sarcoplasmic reticulum and transverse tubular system membranes, and long filaments running tangentially to the myofibrils and probably connecting fibrils to fibrils. The location of both types of filaments coincides with that of the “10-nm filament protein,” as has been reported from immunofluorescence results.
Reducing turnover intent: supervisor and co-worker incivility and socialization-related learning

Organizational researchers need to better understand what constitutes uncivil supervisor and co-worker behaviours and how to reduce their occurrences in workplaces. This study uses the lenses of organizational socialization and social exchange theories to interpret the influence of supervisor and co-worker incivility on employees' socialization-related learning and turnover intent. The results revealed that supervisor incivility had both a direct and indirect effect on turnover intent. Future research testing the model in diverse international contexts is recommended, and practical organizational efforts such as conflict resolution strategy training and diversity awareness training for supervisors are discussed as possible means to reduce incivility and turnover intent.
Adaptive bi-modal decoder for binary source estimation with two observers

In this paper, an implementation friendly distributed version of parallel concatenated convolutional codes (D-PCCC) with a novel bi-modal iterative decoder is proposed to estimate a binary data source observed by two sensors. The convergence of the iterative decoder is analyzed by defining a modified EXIT chart. It is shown that iterative method is not always the best decoding algorithm for D-PCCC with two encoders. The system quality conditions in terms of channel SNR and sensors' observation accuracy required for usefulness of iterative algorithm is found. This provides a frame by frame mode selection criterion for decoder. The decoder chooses an appropriate iterative or non-iterative decoding mode that yields higher BER performance in both modes and reduces decoding complexity by avoiding destructive or useless iterations.
Chronic Cocaine Dampens Dopamine Signaling during Cocaine Intoxication and Unbalances D1 over D2 Receptor Signaling

Dopamine increases triggered by cocaine and consequent stimulation of dopamine receptors (including D1 and D2) are associated with its rewarding effects. However, while facilitation of D1 receptor (D1R) signaling enhances the rewarding effects of cocaine, facilitation of D2R signaling decreases it, which indicates that for cocaine to be rewarding it must result in a predominance of D1R over D2R signaling. Moreover, the transition to compulsive cocaine intake might result from an imbalance between D1R and D2R signaling. To test the hypothesis that chronic cocaine use unbalances D1R over D2R signaling during cocaine intoxication, we used microprobe optical imaging to compare dynamic changes in intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i, marker of neuronal activation) to acute cocaine in striatal D1R-EGFP and D2R-EGFP-expressing neurons between control and chronically treated mice. Chronic cocaine attenuated responses to acute cocaine in D1R (blunting Ca2+ increases by 67 ± 16%) and D2R (blunting Ca2+ decrease by 72 ± 17%) neurons in most D1R and D2R neurons (∼75%). However, the dynamics of this attenuation during cocaine intoxication was longer lasting for D2R than for D1R. Thus, whereas control mice showed a fast but short-lasting predominance of D1R over D2R signaling (peaking at ∼8 min) during acute cocaine intoxication, in chronically treated mice D1R predominance was sustained for >30 min (throughout the measurement period). Thus, chronic cocaine use dramatically reduced cocaine-induced DA signaling, shifting the balance between D1R and D2R signaling during intoxication to a predominance of D1R (stimulatory) over D2R (inhibitory) signaling, which might facilitate compulsive intake in addiction.
The influence of alkalosis on panting

Abstract 1. 1. The roles of pHa and Pa co 2 in controlling respiration in unanesthetized chickens were studied during exposure to 45°C. 2. 2. Control birds developed a profound respiratory alkalosis and had average respiratory frequencies of about 240 breaths/min. 3. 3. Birds whose pHa was held constant by infusion of HCl showed maximal frequencies of less than 200 breaths/min while those with constant Pa co 2 kept so by CO 2 inhalation, breathed slowest, at only 150 breaths/min. 4. 4. We conclude that the alkalosis which develops in acute hyperthermia in the chicken is responsible for part of the increase in respiratory frequency to levels seen in panting.