cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Deciding Who Decides Intellectual Property Appeals

In Holmes Group, Inc. v. Vornado Air Circulation Systems, Inc., the Supreme Court narrowed the Federal Circuit’s appellate jurisdiction over patent cases. The Court decided that if an issue of patent law appears only in a defendant’s counterclaim, rather than the plaintiff’s complaint, the appeal must be routed instead to a regional circuit. The ruling raised fears of forum shopping in patent cases and patent law conflicts among the regional circuits.This Article appraises Holmes Group as a decision about federal jurisdiction, not patent policy. The proposition for which Holmes Group is known – that a counterclaim does not provide a basis for a district court’s original jurisdiction – was not well presented, because a claim in the complaint already satisfied the relevant jurisdictional provision. Far more important, however, the Court neglected to explicate a statutory provision, 28 U.S.C. § 1295, that determines the appellate forum for intellectual property cases. Specifically, the Court overlooked the statute’s “except” clause, which routes some but not all intellectual property appeals to the Federal Circuit. That neglect, abetted by the parties, led the Court to reach the wrong result. The except clause, properly construed, poses an unrecognized obstacle to legislative efforts to expand Federal Circuit jurisdiction. Moreover, the provision requires Federal Circuit appeals for disputes about proposed new forms of intellectual property, including fashion, furniture, and other forms of original design. The case offers a cautionary tale about Supreme Court review of cases that mix specialized issues with matters of more general and perhaps greater concern to the Court.
The octant rule: XXIII. antioctant effects in γ,δ -unsaturated ketones.

Abstract The exo and endo α-benzyl derivatives (1 and 2, respectively) of (+)-camphor have been synthesized and are found to exert a strong influence on the circular dichroism n→π* Cotton effects: 1: Δϵ301max -0.36 (n- heptane) and 2: Δϵ302max +3.22, relative to camphor: Δϵ304max +1.8 (n-heptane). Evidence for electric dipole transition moment coupling in these γ, δ -unsaturated systems is found in the n→π* UV: 1: ϵ291max 84 (n-heptane) and 2: ϵ285max 303, relative to camphor: ϵ290max 25.
Commentary: Conduits and Communities

In their article on faceless interaction, Janlert and Stolterman (2014) offer us an examination of a foundational concept in interaction design that is both generative in the conversations that it ...
Near-surface soil moisture assimilation for quantifying effective soil hydraulic properties using genetic algorithm: 1. Conceptual modeling

[1] We used a genetic algorithm (GA) to identify soil water retention θ(h) and hydraulic conductivity K(h) functions by inverting a soil-water-atmosphere-plant (SWAP) model using observed near-surface soil moisture (0-5 cm) as search criterion. Uncertainties of parameter estimates were estimated using multipopulations in GA and considering data and modeling errors. Three hydrologic cases were considered: (1) homogenous free-draining soil column, (2) homogenous soil column with shallow water table, and (3) heterogeneous soil column under free-drainage condition, considering three different rainfall patterns in northern Texas. Results (cases 1 and 2) showed the identifiability of soil hydraulic parameters improving at coarse and fine scales of the soil textural class. Medium-textured soils posed identifiability problems when the soil is dry. Nonlinearity in θ(h) and K(h) is greater at drier conditions, and some parameters are less sensitive for estimation. Flow regimes controlled by upward fluxes were found less successful, as the information content of observed near-surface data may no longer influence the hydrologic processes in the subsurface. The identifiability of soil hydraulic parameters was found better when the soil profile is predominantly draining. In case 3, top soil layer hydraulic properties were defined using near-surface data alone as criterion. Adding evapotranspiration (ET) improved identification of the second soil layer, although not all parameters were identifiable. Under uncertainties, θ(h) was found to be well defined while K(h) is more uncertain. Finally, we applied the method to a validation site in Little Washita watershed, Oklahoma, where derived effective soil hydraulic properties closely matched the measured ones at the field site.
Public policy's bibliography: The use of research in US regulatory impact analyses

Major US federal regulatory decisions are developed and justified using regulatory impact analyses (RIAs) mandated by executive order. We examine the scientific citation activity in RIAs, a unique effort that we believe holds significant potential for understanding the use of science in policymaking. This paper reports preliminary findings from collecting and examining scientific citations in 104 RIAs from 2008–2012. We present evidence indicating that some agencies make extensive use of science in RIAs, that there is substantial variation in use across agencies, and show variation across journals and disciplines cited by regulatory agencies. Finally, we present analysis showing that regulatory policymakers make greater use of research published in highly cited scholarly journals. We conclude by outlining several future directions for research using these data.
The Feasibility of Cryopreservation of Sperm Harvested Intraoperatively During Vasectomy Reversals

ABSTRACTPurpose: Intracytoplasmic sperm injection during in vitro fertilization involves the microinjection of a single sperm into each egg from the partner. Pregnancies have resulted from this powerful new technology when fewer than 100 motile sperm were present in the semen, or when sperm were obtained from the epididymis or testicle by open operations or needle aspirations. Some surgeons have cryopreserved sperm obtained from the vas or epididymis during vasectomy reversals. However, cryopreservation of nonmotile sperm serves no useful purpose.Materials and Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of 603 vasectomy reversals in which the intraoperative vasal and/or epididymal fluid was examined microscopically. The motility of the sperm obtained intraoperatively was used as a gauge for the potential use of such sperm for in vitro fertilization and intracytoplasmic sperm injection after cryopreservation and thawing, should the vasectomy reversal fail.Results: Motile sperm were present in the intrao...
Effects of CO2 on the zeta potential of hematite

Abstract Zeta potential is an important factor in affecting filtration rates of iron ore slurries. Two methods of zeta potential control investigated during this study were (1) pH adjustments and (2) surface modifications by reagent addition. It was originally hypothesized that adding CO 2 to a hematite slurry, would form a carbonic acid, leading to lower pH levels, lower zeta potentials and increased filtration rates. Samples under both ideal (1 mM KCl as background electrolyte solution) and plant (plant water as background electrolyte) conditions were tested during this study. Through zeta potential testing of hematite slurries under ideal conditions (with and without CO 2 sparging), it was observed that CO 2 sparging achieved both (1) pH reduction and (2) surface modification of the hematite particles. While the shapes of the zeta potential curves were different for samples taken from the operating plant under plant conditions, the same downward shift in the entire zeta potential curve was observed after CO 2 sparging. The surface modification phenomenon was attributed to the possible formation of complexes between carbonate/bicarbonate ions and the surface of the hematite particles. The possibility of double layer compression was also investigated. While some variations in conductance were observed, these variations did not entirely explain the changes in zeta potential, therefore providing even stronger evidence of surface modification through hematite/carbonate (or bicarbonate) surface complexing. In the event of a hematite/carbonate (or bicarbonate) complex forming, its exact composition is still unknown, but the surfaces showed zeta potential properties similar to that of a siderite (iron carbonate) sample analyzed during this study.
Mood and Performance Changes in Women with Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder: Acute Effects of Alprazolam

This study determined if women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMS) showed impaired mood and performance when they were experiencing their premenstrual symptoms, and if the effects of alprazolam varied as a function of menstrual cycle phase. Under double-blind conditions, the acute effects of placebo and alprazolam (0.25, 0.50, 0.75 mg) were tested during both luteal and follicular phases. Women with confirmed PMS experienced substantial changes in mood as a function of menstrual cycle phase. However, under controlled laboratory conditions, acute doses of alprazolam did not improve negative premenstrual mood, but rather increased negative mood in the follicular phase. Alprazolam impaired task performance, although this impairment was generally similar in both phases when baseline phase differences were taken into consideration. Consistent with the failure of alprazolam to improve mood premenstrually, subjective measures indicative of abuse liability were not increased following alprazolam. Taken together, these data suggest that acute administration of alprazolam doses are not clinically useful for the treatment of PMS.
Inflammation and Alzheimer’s Disease: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Strategies

Inflammatory mechanisms in the brain may contribute to the neurodegenerative process in Alzheimer’s disease. The cerebral acute-phase response mediated by inflammatory cytokines, the complement cascad
CIOs' perspectives of critical success factors in ERP upgrade projects

Enterprise resource planning systems have required significant upgrades in the 21st century as many of the systems obtained prior to 2000 have become outdated due to vendor changes. SAP and Oracle have emerged as dominant vendors, and SAP has announced discontinuance of support in the future for its primary R/3 system. This study reports interviews with the chief information officers (CIOs) of 15 institutions that have undergone (or are undergoing) enterprise system upgrades, with focus on discussion of major critical success factors for ERP upgrade projects.
USE OF CLUSTER SCORES ON THE WOODCOCK-JOHNSON PSYCHO-EDUCATIONAL BATTERY WITH LEARNING DISABLED STUDENTS

The Woodcock-Johnson Psycho-Educational Battery (W-J) is a norm-referenced device combining measures of cognitive ability, achievement, and interest. The battery was developed using both factor analysis and multiple-regression analysis to determine differential weighting systems and derive factor clusters. The present discussion is a critical evaluation of the usefulness of the battery for the assessment of learning disabled (LD) students. Data on 50 learning disabled fourth-grade students were used to investigate the logical consistency and external validity of the Woodcock-Johnson. Based on the above data, the W-J factor clusters could not be replicated in this sample of learning disabled students; also, little evidence was found of the validity of either the cognitive factor clusters or the aptitude factor clusters. Major questions are raised regarding subtest overlap and especially suppressor variables, as well as operationalization of the aptitude clusters.
Memento mori: dynamic allocation-site-based optimizations

Languages that lack static typing are ubiquitous in the world of mobile and web applications. The rapid rise of larger applications like interactive web GUIs, games, and cryptography presents a new range of implementation challenges for modern virtual machines to close the performance gap between typed and untyped languages. While all languages can benefit from efficient automatic memory management, languages like JavaScript present extra thrill with innocent-looking but difficult features like dynamically-sized arrays, deletable properties, and prototypes. Optimizing such languages requires complex dynamic techniques with more radical object layout strategies such as dynamically evolving representations for arrays. This paper presents a general approach for gathering temporal allocation site feedback that tackles both the general problem of object lifetime estimation and improves optimization of these problematic language features. We introduce a new implementation technique where allocation mementos processed by the garbage collector and runtime system efficiently tie objects back to allocation sites in the program and dynamically estimate object lifetime, representation, and size to inform three optimizations: pretenuring, pretransitioning, and presizing. Unlike previous work on pretenuring, our system utilizes allocation mementos to achieve fully dynamic allocation-site-based pretenuring in a production system. We implement all of our techniques in V8, a high performance virtual machine for JavaScript, and demonstrate solid performance improvements across a range of benchmarks.
Redefining the network: enrollment strategies in the PDA industry

Theories of sociotechnical change seek to understand technology as both material and social artifacts. Actor‐network theory (ANT) offers an approach to sociotechnical change that has been criticized for emphasizing a micro‐level analysis of political strategies at the expense of larger social and cultural processes. This paper presents an approach to sociotechnical change that links the enrollment process of ANT with broader social practices, through the concept of inclusion in multiple technological frames. Inclusion in different technological frames is used to explain the sources of enrollment strategies in the early personal digital assistant (PDA) industry. Two case studies of PDA evolution (Psion, led by David Potter, and Palm, led by Jeff Hawkins) are used to illustrate the link between enrollment strategies and inclusion.
The long term results of bulking agent injection as a treatment of remaining incontinence in neurogenic bladder dysfuncTION

Purpose To evaluate the effectiveness of bulking agent injection (BAI) in the bladder neck as supplementary treatment of persistent low-pressure incontinence after primary fascial sling procedure. Material and methods Between 1992 and 2005 eighty nine patients with neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction underwent fascial sling procedure. Because of unsatisfactory results in 27 children endoscopic injection of a bulking agent was applied. In all patients urodynamic study after the sling procedure showed low-pressure leakage. Endoscopic approach (retrograde, antegrade or both), way of postoperative catheterization and number of sessions were retrospectively analysed. Results of BAI were graded by the patient and the urologist. Results At median (range) follow-up of 8 (2,5-14) years only two were continent after one injection (7%). Thirteen (48%) were given a second and a third bulking agent and four even a fourth one, but these did not result in dryness. The first BAI was given at a median of 13, the second after 20, the third after 31,5 months after the sling operation. Finally 16 patients (59%) had bladder neck surgery. In three patients (11%) ileocystoplasty was done because of decrease in BC and poor compliance. The endoscopic approach and technique of postoperative catheterization did not affect success rate. Conclusions There is no place for repeated BAI in patients with neurogenic sphincter dysfunction after failure of primary sling procedure.
Studies on enzymes from parasitic helminths—III. Purification and properties of lactate dehydrogenase from the tapeworm,Hymenolepis diminuta

Abstract 1. A procedure for the purification of lactate dehydrogenase (E.C. 1.1.1.27) from the tapeworm,Hymenolepis diminuta, is described. 2. The 128-fold purified enzyme exhibits a specific activity of 106 units/mg of protein and was adjudged to be homogeneous by rechromatography, sedimentation velocity and sedimentation equilibrium ultracentrifugation, and a variety of electrophoretic techniques. 3. Only one form of the enzyme is present in the tapeworm as demonstrated by electrophoresis on cellulose acetate, polyacrylamide-gel and isoelectric focusing. 4. The molecular weight of the native enzyme is 141,000 and exhibits a sedimentation coefficient of 6·89 × 10-13 sec. The enzyme is a tetramer composed of subunits of molecular weight 36,000. However, under low protein concentrations (0·1 mg/ml) on analytical gel filtration, the enzyme dissociates to the dimeric state and exhibits a molecular weight of 75,000. 5. Inhibitor studies are consistent with an active center which may be catalytically and structurally similar to the enzyme from vertebrates. 6. The enzyme is kinetically similar to vertebrate heart LDH. The Km for pyruvate was 0·17 mM and for lactate was 6·3 mM. TheH. diminuta lactate dehydrogenase also forms an abortive ternary complex with coenzyme and substrate. 7. The data are discussed in regard to the physiology of the parasite and the host.
Dramatic regression of conjunctival and corneal acquired melanosis with topical mitomycin C

Conjunctival primary acquired melanosis is the most important precursor of conjunctival malignant melanoma.1,2 Primary acquired melanosis appears as flat, patchy, non-cystic pigmentation in the conjunctival epithelium and can remain dormant for years or show slow progression.2 Studies have shown that it leads to conjunctival melanoma in approximately 1% to 30% patients.3,4 Treatment of primary acquired melanosis includes observation, excisional biopsy, alcohol epitheliectomy, cryotherapy, and topical chemotherapy.1,2,5,6 We illustrate a dramatic case where topical chemotherapy provided complete regression of advanced, aggressive primary acquired melanosis. A 73 year old white man had noted slowly progressive pigmentation on the surface of his right eye for 5 years. A biopsy revealed intraepithelial conjunctival melanosis with atypia. The patient was referred to the Oncology Service at Wills Eye Hospital for evaluation and management. On examination, his visual acuity was 20/20 right …
Development and Evaluation of a CD-ROM Computer Program to Teach Residents Telephone Management

Objective. Under managed care, telephone management is crucial to pediatric practice, but an effective method is needed to teach residents telephone skills. Our objective was to design an interactive CD-ROM program to teach residents an organized, consistent approach to telephone complaints and to determine whether use of the program was associated with better subsequent telephone management than reading the same information. Setting. The general pediatric ambulatory center of a tertiary care children9s hospital. Participants . A total of 24 PL-2 and PL-3 pediatric residents. Design. A randomized, prospective, controlled comparison was conducted of resident management of two telephone calls: a 5-year-old with cough and trouble breathing, and a 7-year-old with fever. Thirteen residents were randomized to the computer group and 11 to the reading control group. Intervention. Scripts, scoring, and feedback for 10 CD-ROM-simulated calls were developed from texts and pediatrician survey using a modified Delphi technique. Volunteers acted out the caller9s role in scenario scripts and were recorded onto a CD-ROM. The computer simulated calls by recognizing questions typed in a free-form format and answering with a voice response. Feedback was provided for omissions in history-taking and errors in assessment, triage, and home management. The computer group worked through the CD-ROM calls while the control group had equal time to read the same information. Evaluation Measures. A trained, standardized patient acted as the mother in pretest calls placed at the beginning of the month and posttest calls at the end. Calls were recorded and scored in a blinded manner using scoring templates and on interpersonal skills using the Patient Perception Questionnaire. Results. Pretest scores for the two calls were similar in the computer versus the control group (cough, 70.33% ± 8.36 vs 68.46% ± 6.73; fever, 75.64% ± 9.82 vs 73.59% ± 9.06). Posttest scores were significantly higher in the computer group than in the control group on both calls (cough, 79.08% ± 8.17 vs 69 ± 13.3; fever: 83.33% ± 9.96 vs 70.35% ± 9.66). Interpersonal skills also were similar pretest (19 ± 3.4 vs 20 ± 2.7). There was modest improvement in both groups without a statistically significant difference in posttest scores (24.2 ± 2.9 vs 22.5 ± 3.1). Conclusions. Use of this CD-ROM telephone management program was associated with better postintervention telephone management. The program augments faculty instruction by teaching a consistent, general approach to telephone management.
Recent advances in fibre optic sensors

The subject area of fibre optic sensing is one in which there has been shown a very rapid expansion of interest over the last few years. Many novel techniques are appearing in the literature and some products are available to the industrial user. The background to fibre optic sensing and some recent developments will be reviewed in this paper, which includes an assessment of developments in the field in various countries of the world.
Commentary on an article by Dino Samartzis, DSc, et al.: "exposure to ionizing radiation and development of bone sarcoma: new insights based on atomic-bomb survivors of Hiroshima and Nagasaki".

In this article, Samartzis et al. examine the association between ionizing radiation and the development of bone sarcoma. One strength of this study is that it was conducted with use of a large database. Another strength is that the study employed long follow-up times. Indeed, it is one of the largest and longest studies ever conducted on this topic. As the authors imply, the results of the study are likely to be of particular interest to individuals undergoing certain medical diagnostic procedures and those exposed to certain occupational hazards. In addition, the lay public often takes an interest in the topic of “radiation.” In this context, it is important to note that bone sarcoma is relatively rare. This rarity poses certain methodological challenges that, in turn, suggest that the findings of …
Electromagnetic-Thermal Responses of Tissues During Microwave Hyperthermia

A numerical model is developed to study the electromagnetic and thermal responses of normal and cancerous tissues under microwave hyperthermia. The numerical model is 3-D dimensional with full integration of electromagnetic and thermal phenomena. The model development employs a finite difference time domain (FDTD) method for electromagnetic calculations and an implicit transient node finite element (FEM) method for thermal calculations. The multi-scale microwave-propagation and thermal diffusion phenomena are coupled either directly or indirectly, depending up of the properties of the tissues. The calculated quantities include the absorbed source distribution, heating pattern, and temperature distributions within the tissues consisting of skin, fat, muscle and blood flows. The calculated results are compared with experimental measurements.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
The Role of PIK3CA Mutations as A Predictor of Outcomes and A Therapeutic Target

The development of individualized therapies for the treatment of breast cancer continues to evolve at a rapid pace. Recent genome-wide efforts have uncovered new information regarding common genetic alterations that are present at high frequencies in human breast cancers. Among these, mutations in the gene encoding the p110α catalytic subunit of PI3kinase, PIK3CA, are commonly present in breast cancers, with a mutational frequency of approximately 25%. Importantly, three “hotspot” mutations comprise 80% to 90% of PIK3CA mutations, allowing for rapid analysis of tumor samples to determine the mutational status of a patient’s cancer. In this article, we discuss the current views regarding the use of PIK3CA mutations as biomarkers for prognosis as well as predictors of response to therapies. We also review ongoing efforts to target mutant PIK3CA and the PI3kinase pathway and briefly discuss how mutant PIK3CA status may be useful as a predictive marker of response to these newer therapies.
High order overlay modeling and APC simulation with Zernike-Legendre polynomials

Feedback control of overlay errors to the scanner is a well-established technique in semiconductor manufacturing [1]. Typically, overlay errors are measured, and then modeled by least-squares fitting to an overlay model. Overlay models are typically Cartesian polynomial functions of position within the wafer (Xw, Yw), and of position within the field (Xf, Yf). The coefficients from the data fit can then be fed back to the scanner to reduce overlay errors in future wafer exposures, usually via a historically weighted moving average. In this study, rather than using the standard Cartesian formulation, we examine overlay models using Zernike polynomials to represent the wafer-level terms, and Legendre polynomials to represent the field-level terms. Zernike and Legendre polynomials can be selected to have the same fitting capability as standard polynomials (e.g., second order in X and Y, or third order in X and Y). However, Zernike polynomials have the additional property of being orthogonal over the unit disk, which makes them appropriate for the wafer-level model, and Legendre polynomials are orthogonal over the unit square, which makes them appropriate for the field-level model. We show several benefits of Zernike/Legendre-based models in this investigation in an Advanced Process Control (APC) simulation using highly-sampled fab data. First, the orthogonality property leads to less interaction between the terms, which makes the lot-to-lot variation in the fitted coefficients smaller than when standard polynomials are used. Second, the fitting process itself is less coupled – fitting to a lower-order model, and then fitting the residuals to a higher order model gives very similar results as fitting all of the terms at once. This property makes fitting techniques such as dual pass or cascading [2] unnecessary, and greatly simplifies the options available for the model recipe. The Zernike/Legendre basis gives overlay performance (mean plus 3 sigma of the residuals) that is the same as standard Cartesian polynomials, but with stability similar to the dual-pass recipe. Finally, we show that these properties are intimately tied to the sample plan on the wafer, and that the model type and sampling must be considered at the same time to demonstrate the benefits of an orthogonal set of functions.
Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometric Detection of Self-Assembly of a Crown Ether Complex Directed by π-Stacking Interactions

The self-assembly of ligand-metal-ligand sandwich complexes involving a novel quinoxaline-containing crown ether, 1, was studied by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). Donor-acceptor π-stacking interactions between the electron-poor quinoxaline group of 1 and electron-rich benzene groups from benzo- or dibenzo-18-crown-6 were found to significantly enhance the formation of mixed-ligand sandwich complexes with a free energy gain of up to 17 kJ/mol relative to sandwich formation involving macrocycles without such aromatic functionalities. The relative intensities of the sandwich complexes were greatest with the alkali metals Na+, K+, and Rb+ as well as with the ammonium ion in equimolar concentrations with the macrocycles. The preferential formation of the mixed-ligand sandwich complexes demonstrated that donor-acceptor π-stacking interactions contribute to the assembly of molecular structures and can be monitored by ESI-MS.
The rise in divorce rates, 1960–1974: Age-specific components

This paper uses vital statistics data from 15 states in the Divorce Registration Area to decompose into age-specific components the rise in the aggregate divorce rate between 1960and 1974. While women in their twenties comprise only about 20 percent of the married population, they appear to have contributed over 60 percent of the growth in the divorce rate during the decade of the sixties.
Building an Application Security Program

As security professionals we have a good handle on securing our perimeters, yet security compromises continue to rise. Hackers have found a new attack vector and are successfully exploiting it. Application exploits are to blame for this rise in security compromises and security professionals need to identify and secure the application. While risk cannot be completely eliminated, a strong Application Security Program can identify and mitigate these risks to a more manageable level. Organizational support, framework selection, and adherence to compliance and regulatory requirements are vital to the success of the program and the security of your applications. If you lack any of these elements the program will fail. There are many frameworks to choose from, so careful consideration must be taken to ensure the right framework is chosen for your organization. A successful Application Security Program will be fully integrated within the SDLC. It will enable your organization to identify and remediate risks with applications. If implanted and executed effectively it will also meet the requirements for FISMA compliance.
Intratracheal pulmonary ventilation (ITPV) : control of positive end-expiratory pressure at the level of the carina through the use of a novel ITPV catheter design

A new mode of pulmonary ventilation called intratracheal pulmonary ventilation (ITPV) was studied. Briefly, a continuous flow of air/oxygen is introduced through a small catheter, the tip of which is positioned at the carina, with a diffuser mounted at its distal end. A timed expiration valve, when closed, provides for inspiration; when open, it provides for expiration. The system as first described had a potential for significant back pressure at the level of the carina, which was more at rapid gas flows and with smaller endotracheal tubes. We have now mounted a venturi on the tip of the catheter (reverse thrust catheter [RTC]) that avoids back pressure, and which facilitates expiration. At respiratory rates from 10 to 120/min, the ITPV system with the RTC maintained end-expiratory pressure at the level of the carina at, or near 0 cm H2O. Compared to conventional mechanical ventilation, at identical respiratory rates, this system reduced tidal volume by one half at the lowest respiratory rates, and by as much as two thirds at the highest respiratory rates, with a proportional decrease in peak inspiratory pressure. ITPV has the smallest minute volume ventilation of any conventional or nonconventional mode of pulmonary ventilation.
Application of porous media models to the study of deep bed filtration

Two porous media models — capillaric and Brinkman — were used for the study of deep bed filtration and to calculate the filter coefficient and the pressure drop increase during the course of filtration. The filter coefficient was estimated with trajectory calculations which determine the path of particulate matters as they pass through the filter. A number of relevant forces were included and their effects determined. The Brinkman model was found to give good agreement with experimental results and the filter coefficients based on capillaric model were approximately one to two orders of magnitude lower than experimental data. Both models fail to give reasonable estimates on the pressure drop increase and the discrepancies between the model and the experimental values were two to three orders of magnitude. This is largely due to the failure of the models to distinguish the different roles played by the filter grains and by the particulate matters retained. The filter grains constitute a matrix of passages as conduits for the liquid flow, and the deposited particulate matters act primarily to modify these flow passages (i.e. to restrict the flow). Such a distinction is however not possible with the use of these models. On a employe eux modeles de milieux poreux (un capillaire et celui de Brinkman), pour etudier la filtration en lit profond ainsi que pour calculer le coefficient de filtration et l'accroissement de la chute de pression durant celle-ci. On a evalue le coefficient de filtration au moyen de calculs de trajectoires qui permettent de determiner l'acheminement des particules au moment ou elles traversent le filtre; on a aussi etabli les effets d'un certain nombre de forces comprises dans l'etude. On a trouve que le modele de Brinkman fournissait des resultats qui concordaient bien avec ceux qu'on avait obtenus experimentalement, et que les coefficients de filtration bases sur le modele capillaire etaient inferieurs d'un a deux ordres de grandeur a ceux qu'on avait determines experimentalement. Aucun des deux modeles u'a pu fournir une evaluation raisonnable de l'accroissement de la chute de pression et les differences entre les valeurs obtenues par les modeles et celles qu'on avait determinees experimentalement ont ete de deux a trois ordres de grandeur; cela est du en grande partie au fait que les modeles n'ont pu differencier les roles differents qu'ont joues les grains du filtre et les particules de matieres. Les grains du filtre constituaient une matrice de passage ou de conduit pour l'ecoulement liquide, tandis que les particules agissaient surtout pour modifier ce passage (c'est-a-dire limiter l'ecoulement); il s'est avere impossible de faire cette distinction en employant les deux modeles en question.
Instability of the existence of non-abelian vector potentials

Abstract We show the instability of the existence of vector potentials against variations of the field tensor in regions where it is “strongly non-abelian”.
Molecular-Switch-Mediated Multiphoton Fluorescence Microscopy with High-Order Nonlinearity

Two-photon excited fluorescence microscopy is now an indispensable imaging tool for studying biological samples because of its intrinsic optical sectioning. However, both of its contrast and penetration depth are still limited when imaging deep inside of scattering samples. Herein, we propose a general spectroscopy concept to enhance the image contrast and the fundamental depth limit of two-photon imaging. We show that the population transfer kinetics of the photoinduced molecular switches could generate additional high-order nonlinearity between the signal and the laser intensity. Due to the long-lived nature of these switchable states, the incident photons can operate in a sequential manner, and the nonlinearity effect could accumulate (up to sixth order) as the population is being cycled through these states. Conceptually different from conventional multiphoton processes mediated by transient virtual states, our strategy constitutes a new class of fluorescence microscopy with high-order nonlinearity th...
Allosteric inhibition via R-state destabilization in ATP sulfurylase from Penicillium chrysogenum

The structure of the cooperative hexameric enzyme ATP sulfurylase from Penicillium chrysogenum bound to its allosteric inhibitor, 3′-phosphoadenosine-5′-phosphosulfate (PAPS), was determined to 2.6 A resolution. This structure represents the low substrate-affinity T-state conformation of the enzyme. Comparison with the high substrate-affinity R-state structure reveals that a large rotational rearrangement of domains occurs as a result of the R-to-T transition. The rearrangement is accompanied by the 17 A movement of a 10-residue loop out of the active site region, resulting in an open, product release-like structure of the catalytic domain. Binding of PAPS is proposed to induce the allosteric transition by destabilizing an R-state-specific salt linkage between Asp 111 in an N-terminal domain of one subunit and Arg 515 in the allosteric domain of a trans-triad subunit. Disrupting this salt linkage by site-directed mutagenesis induces cooperative inhibition behavior in the absence of an allosteric effector, confirming the role of these two residues.
The Earth sciences, human well‐being, and the reduction of global poverty

Poverty is not solely a social or political matter, nor is it caused simply by population pressures as Thomas Malthus postulated in 1798. A new understanding of poverty is emerging in which natural and environmental drivers, together with social, political, and demographic causes, underpin livelihoods. The Earth sciences, therefore, play a critical role in identifying the deep causes of human suffering and in identifying solutions. For far too many the state of human well-being is bleak. Around one in six human beings—1 billion people—live in extreme poverty struggling to survive on less than $1 a day; another one sixth of humanity ekes out existence on $2 per day (U.N. Development Programme (UNDP) Human Development Report, 2004; http://hdr.undp.org/2004/). The extreme poor lack all normal attributes of a decent, dignified life: adequate food, housing, sanitation, health care, education, and employment. Some 800 million people lack sufficient nourishment almost every day. It stunts their mental and physical development and shortens their lives, making them susceptible to common illnesses that attack their hunger-weakened bodies. Poor nutrition in mothers and infants is the leading cause of reduced disability-adjusted life years in poor countries [Economist, 2004].
Activation of poly(adenosine diphosphate ribose) polymerase by SV40 minichromosomes: effects of DNA damage and histone H1

Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase is a chromosomal enzyme that is completely dependent on added DNA for activity. The ability of DNA molecules to activate the polymerase appears to be enhanced by the presence of DNA damage. In the present study, we used SV 40 DNA and SV 40 minichromosomes to determine whether different types of DNA damage and different chromosomal components affect stimulation of polymerase activity. Treatment of SV 40 minichromosomes with agents or conditions that induced single-strand breaks increased their ability to stimulate poly(ADP-ribose) synthesis. This stimulation was enhanced by addition of histone H1 at a ratio of 1 microgram of histone H1 to 1 microgram of DNA. Higher ratios of histone H1 to DNA suppressed the ability of SV 40 minichromosomes containing single-strand breaks to stimulate enzyme activity. Treatment of SV 40 minichromosomes or SV 40 DNA with HaeIII restriction endonuclease to produce double-strand breaks markedly stimulated poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase activity. The stimulation of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase by double-strand breaks occurred in the absence of histone H1 and was further enhanced by adding histone H1 up to ratios of 2 to 1 relative to DNA. At higher ratios of histone H1 to DNA, the presence of the histone continued to enhance the poly(ADP-ribose) synthesis stimulated by double-strand breaks.
Parameter estimation of a complex load model using phasor measurements

Power system operators use dynamic models of the power grid to determine if the transient responses of transmission devices are within tolerable limits. The focus of this work is on the parameter estimation of a complex load model by using measurements from digital fault recorders or phasor measurement units, and the goal is to create a method which will produce more accurate models. Two methods are presented in this paper: Compare and Resimulate, and Simulate then Calculate. In a validation study, the former achieved a mean accuracy of 0.65% with a 42 minute run time, while the latter had a lower accuracy of 4.13%, but required only 3.2 seconds of computation time. It achieved this by performing the PSS/E simulations beforehand, and then calculating a linear representation of the nonlinear simulation process. However, both algorithms have weaknesses: Compare and Resimulate may be vulnerable to measurement error or noise, and Simulate then Calculate is dependent on the parameter distribution chosen for the simulations.
Topological reactions of correlation vortices

The topological reactions of correlation vortices are investigated. They suggest the possible use of correlation vortices as a probe of the statistical properties of a field or a medium.
Computer Graphics and Language Instruction for the Deaf.

Mastery of the English language in all of its various expressive and receptive forms is essential for success in the American school system. Deaf children, through an inability to hear the spoken language, generally have reduced language and reading abilities. Even when sound is amplified to allow optimum use of residual hearing, deaf and hearing impaired children do not receive clear signals of spoken language components. Educational materials are being developed employing videotape and computer generated three-dimensional animation which will coordinate written and spoken language. With this new technique the materials designer is able to control time, space and audition to emphasize specific linguistic principles.
Analysis of Multijunction Solar Cell Current–Voltage Characteristics in the Presence of Luminescent Coupling

Luminescent coupling in multijunction solar cells is the phenomenon in which a junction in forward bias radiates photons that are absorbed in and converted to photocurrent by the junction beneath the radiating one. This effect can be significant in modern high-efficiency multijunction cells. We have previously developed a combined measurement and analytical approach to characterize the short-circuit current including the effects of nonlinear coupling in terms of measurable parameters η and φ that describe the coupling strength and linearity, respectively. Here, we develop an analytical model for the full current-voltage characteristic V (J) of a multijunction cell in the presence of luminescent coupling, in terms of the η and φ parameters. We compare the model with the measured V (J) parameters of GaInP/GaAs two-junction cells that exhibit differing degrees of luminescent coupling, and show that the model well describes the measurements. We then use the model to explore the consequences of luminescent coupling on the operating parameters of an idealized two-junction cell as a function of the top-junction thickness, focusing on the open-circuit voltage, fill factor, and efficiency. The results demonstrate that the strong luminescent coupling can significantly alter the dependence of cell efficiency on junction thickness, and that consequently the well-known optical-thinning design rules must be modified.
From Archive to Map to Pastoral Landscape: A Spatial Perspective on the Livestock Ecology of Sixteenth-Century New Spain

The European invasion of the Americas rejoined two ecosystems that had been diverging since the Pangean supercontinent fragmented some 200 million years ago. On a hemispheric scale, exotic pathogens exploded through native populations, Old World biologies and institutions filled empty niches to bursting, and capitalists commodified landscapes, accumulating space and extinguishing species. On a regional scale, much still remains unclear, especially the initial ecological effects and processes of what Alfred W. Crosby labeled the "Columbian Exchange."' Because Spain established the first substantial European presence in the New World using livestock integral to frontier expansion, the ecological effects of cattle and sheep in sixteenth-century New Spain remain as central to environmental history as a comprehensive evaluation of those effects remains elusive and controversial. For New Spain, now central Mexico, some scholars have claimed a leading role for livestock in the ecological upheaval; others have just as persistently denied it. In the former view, a metaphorical plague of sheep and cows pervasively degraded the environment. An exponential increase in livestock densities resulted in extreme overgrazing, a decrease in vegetation cover, more frequent and greater floods, and dramatic soil erosion. In the latter view, the introduction of livestock coincided with environmental recovery. By the time the Spaniards arrived in 1519, high population densities were already testing environmental thresholds, with native agriculture periodically disrupting vegetation cover and causing the erosion of soil from hillside fields. As native populations declined in a series of sixteenth-century
A case of nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy/nephrogenic systemic fibrosis

Background A 61-year-old female with end-stage renal disease who was undergoing hemodialysis presented with an 8-week history of upper and lower extremity weakness associated with skin tightness and contractures. Investigations Physical examination, blood analysis, electromyogram and skin biopsy. Diagnosis Nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy/nephrogenic systemic fibrosis. Management Methylprednisolone, thalidomide and physical therapy.
Late song learning in song sparrows

Abstract In many oscine species, young males learn songs that match those of their first breeding-season neighbours. Because sharing songs with neighbours may be advantageous, selection should favour birds that retain the capacity to memorize new songs later in their first year as the birds cannot know for sure who their neighbours will be until spring. We investigated whether song sparrows, Melospiza melodia , from a sedentary western population were capable of acquiring new songs after their natal summer in a two-stage laboratory experiment. In the first stage (30–90 days of age), we rotated hand-reared males equally among one set of four live tutors that had been neighbours in the field (and therefore shared songs between them). During the second stage (140–330 days old), we removed two of the original tutors and replaced them with two new tutors (which did not share any songs with the original tutors). During stage two, subjects were not rotated, but were stationed next to only one of the four tutors (they could hear the other three at a distance). Eight of 12 subjects learned songs from tutors they only heard after they were 140 days old, and six subjects learned most of their songs from a late tutor. Thus, sedentary song sparrows are capable of acquiring many songs de novo in late autumn. These results are consistent with a song-learning strategy that provides young male song sparrows with a repertoire of songs they will share with their first breeding-season neighbours.
Wake-induced unsteady aerodynamic interactions in a multistage compressor

The effects of steady loading and the detailed aerodynamic forcing function on airfoil row unsteady aerodynamics are investigated and quantified at high reduced frequency values. For the first time, both parallel and normal gust components of the forcing function are considered. This is accomplished by a series of experiments that quantify the unsteady aerodynamics of the first stage vane row of a research compressor. The effects of steady vane aerodynamic loading with both nonconstant and constant aerodynamic forcing functions are quantified. These data show that the steady loading affects only the magnitude of the complex dynamic pressure coefficient, whereas the ratios of the maximum amplitudes of the parallel and normal components of the aerodynamic forcing function affect both the magnitude and the phase lag. The relative effects of the two components of the time-variant inlet velocity field on the resulting vane row unsteady aerodynamics are also investigated, showing that the parallel component of the aerodynamic forcing function affects only the dynamic pressure coefficient phase lag. The correlation of the dynamic pressure coefficient data with flat plate predictions is also considered. The level and chordwise distribution of the steady aerodynamic loading, not the incidence angle, are revealed to be the key parameters to obtain good correlation with such mathematical models.