cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characteristics of Tic Disorders

Our understanding of tic disorders has increased significantly over the past twenty years through research that has focused on genetics, neurobiological substrates, environmental factors, and effective treatments. Through these empirical efforts as well as clinical experiences, the prevalence, natural course, and phenomenology of tic disorders have become clearer. High rates of comorbidity with ADHD and OCD have made it necessary to tease apart the biological and behavioral differences between individuals who have only tics (motor and/or vocal) and those who have these comorbidities, as well as the varying effects of these differences. These disorders provide a remarkable demonstration that behavior is the result of the on-going interaction of biology and environment and that simplistic approaches that consider only one without the other may prove insufficient to the understanding of tic disorders and to the development of effective treatments.
Application of Gel Filtration Chromatography To the Study of Aqueous Silicate Complexes

Pour etudier les solutions alcalines des silicates, une colonne Sephadex G15 est utilisee avec eluant NaCl a 0•1 mole
Open-loop and closed-loop trailing-edge separation control on a natural laminar flow airfoil

Active Unsteady Flow Control experiments were performed on a Natural Laminar Flow, NLF 0414 airfoil at Rec = 1.0 × 10 6 . The goal of this study was to control boundary-layer separation across the trailing-edge region of the airfoil in off-design conditions. Both openloop and closed-loop control approaches were used. Active control of separation was achieved using a series of blowing slots at the x/c = 0.75 location. Open loop control parameters were varied across a parametric range of jet amplitudes, actuation frequencies and duty cycles and performance measurements were acquired to identify the effectiveness of these actuation schemes. PIV measurements were acquired across a horizontal plane near the trailing edge region of the model to understand the effects of actuation on flow separation and the vortex dynamics associated with unsteady actuation. A closed loop controller was developed to vary the actuation parameters in-situ using sensory feedback from the unsteady surface pressure measurements and adaptive modal decomposition methods. This closed-loop system was able to automatically control the extent of separation such that a desired value of Cl was obtained.
Triaspartate: a model system for conformationally flexible DDD motifs in proteins.

Understanding the interactions that govern turn formation in the unfolded state of proteins is necessary for a complete picture of the role that these turns play in both normal protein folding and functionally relevant yet disordered linear motifs. It is still unclear, however, whether short peptides can adopt stable turn structures in aqueous environments in the absence of any nonlocal interactions. To explore the effect that nearest-neighbor interactions and the local peptide environment have on the turn-forming capability of individual amino acid residues in short peptides, we combined vibrational (IR, Raman, and VCD), UV-CD, and 1H NMR spectroscopies in order to probe the conformational ensemble of the central aspartic acid residue of the triaspartate peptide (DDD). The study was motivated by the recently discovered turn propensities of aspartic acid in GDG (Hagarman; et al. Chem.—Eur. J. 2011, 17, 6789). We investigated the DDD peptide under both acidic and neutral conditions in order to elucidate th...
Non-Scanning Holography Fluorescence Microscopy

Recent developments in digital holography, including self-interference incoherent digital holography (SIDH), provide highly versatile capabilities for 3D holographic imaging with incoherent light that can remove the barrier between fluorescence and holography. Current progress in fluorescence cell imaging is presented using an SIDH module attached to a hand built customized fluorescence microscope. The module does not employ the use of coherent light sources or scanning devices. Methods are proven to be effective through imaging of fluorescent beads and preliminary images of drosophila eggs. Future work will include holography fluorescence microscopy of cellular processes, such as mitosis and motility of cells tagged with fluorescent proteins.
Existential Suffering in Advanced Cancer: The Buffering Effects of Narrative (S732)

Research Objective. To describe adult HPM fellows’ clinical and educational exposure to PPC. Methods. An electronic survey was sent to adult HPM fellowship directors and their respective pediatric rotation directors. The survey elicited information about PPC learning objectives, didactics, and fellows’ PPC clinical experience. Finally, directors’ attitudes about the current and future state of PPC training was surveyed. Data was de-identified, and descriptive statistics, Chi-square, and sample t tests were analyzed. Results. 41 of 98 adult HPM fellowship directors and 36 of 80 pediatric rotation directors responded (response rates 42% and 45%, respectively). Most programs indicated their fellows spend time observing PPC teams manage symptom and communication issues rather than independently managing patients with supervision. For example, only 9 of 36 programs allowed adult fellows to independently convert opioids with supervision. Fellowship and pediatric rotation directors felt somewhat (46%) or very (17%) uncomfortable with adult HPM fellows practicing PPC. Fellowship and pediatric rotation directors disagreed about whether they would be likely to develop a pediatric track within their programs (p1⁄40.04). Conclusion. Most adult HPM fellows are observing PPC teams rather than learning to independently manage patients. Both groups of respondents indicated discomfort with adult HPM fellows practicing PPC. Implications for Research, Policy or Practice. This study highlights that pediatrics rotations need restructuring or elimination from adult HPM fellowships, and questions whether training efforts should be redirected towards pediatricians and pediatric subspecialists to fill the void of PPC physicians rather than development of pediatric tracks.
Analysis of the Developmental Potential of University High-Tech Enterprises

?This thesis is designed to analyze the advantages in terms of resources possessed by university hightech enterpriseshuman resources,scientific research,healthy environment as well as the wellknown brands and their highquality products. The thesis also proposes that after China's entrance into WTO their further development lies in socialization and intensivisation. This thesis suggests that university hightech enterprises can take the advantage of their potentials through the change of management patterns,commercialization of some products,introduction of more wellknown products.
The Revenue Impact of Dynamic Pricing Policies in Major League Baseball Ticket Sales

We study the operational implementation of multiproduct dynamic pricing by a Major League Baseball franchise for single game tickets. We develop and apply a comprehensive customer choice model to help design dynamic pricing policies for the franchise. Our model encompasses all relevant aspects of customer demand generation process, including ticket quantity and stadium seat section choice. Furthermore, our demand model incorporates external factors that drive customer valuation of sports tickets such as the home team's on-field performance and observed overall attendance level at the time of purchase. Our counterfactual results show potential revenue improvement of up to 15% through the effective use of dynamic pricing. We also find that a properly calibrated fixed pricing policy based on a detailed customer demand model can achieve similar levels of revenue improvement as the optimal dynamic pricing policy.
Changing Concepts in the Treatment of Nonseminomatous Germ Cell Tumors of the Testis

AbstractThe development of effective chemotherapy for advanced nonseminomatous germ cell tumors of the testis has changed dramatically the outlook for this once uniformly fatal disease. We reviewed our experience with changing modalities of therapy during a 7-year period in the treatment of 152 patients with all stages of testis tumor. Survival rates have increased from 84 per cent for patients with stage A, B1 or B2 tumors treated with sandwich irradiation therapy and retroperitoneal lymph node dissection to 100 per cent for patients with node dissection with or without chemotherapy. Survival rates continuously free of disease for patients with advanced (stage B3 or C) disease have increased from 53 per cent in 1975 to 1977 to 82 per cent by the addition of platinum-based polychemotherapy and judicious lymphadenectomy. A unified plan of management for patients with low stage and advanced stage nonseminomatous testicular tumors has evolved.
A biased mu-opioid receptor positive allosteric modulator that does not alter receptor regulation

Currently used opioid analgesics compete with endogenous opioid peptide ligands by binding to the orthosteric site of the mu opioid receptor (MOPr). Activation of this G protein-coupled receptor (G...
Procedure for Measuring Trace Quantities of S2F10, S2OF10, and S2O2F10 in SF6 using a Gas Chromatograph-Mass Spectrometer

The compounds S2F10, S2OF10, and S2O2F10 are formed by decomposition of gaseous sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) in electrical discharges.1,2 The species S2F10 is known to be highly toxic to humans,3 and there is recent evidence that S2O2F10 may also be very toxic.4 There is, therefore, an interest in having analytical methods to detect these compounds in compressed SF6 at trace levels down to 10 parts in 109 by volume (10 ppb v ). Two Chromatographic methods have been used to detect these compounds at the 10 ppb v level or lower. The first method developed by Sauers and coworkers5 is based on a cryogenic enrichment procedure first proposed by Janssen,6 and uses a gas Chromatograph with an electron-capture detector. The second method, which is the focus of the present work, utilizes a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC/MS) with a thermal-chemical converter.7
Divergent Trends in US Maternity and Paternity Leave, 1994-2015.

Objectives. To determine the number and type of US workers taking maternity or paternity leave.Methods. We created a publicly available ecological long-term series for measuring parental leave from 1994 to 2015 by using the Current Population Survey, which interviews about 60 000 randomly selected households monthly.Results. The average month from 1994 to 2015 saw 273 000 women and 13 000 men on maternity or paternity leave. Maternity leave rates per 10 000 births showed no trend over 22 years (mean = 677.6). Paternity figures increased by a factor of 3, but started from a small base (14.7–54.6). We observed no national impact on maternity or paternity leave after implementation of state laws that provided paid leave. About half (51.1%) of employees on maternity or paternity leave during 2015 received paid time off. The typical woman on maternity leave was older, more likely married, more likely non-Hispanic White, and more educated than the typical woman who gave birth.Conclusions. Although the US econom...
Photochemistry on Pluto – I. Hydrocarbons and aerosols

In light of the recent New Horizons flyby measurements, we present a coupled ion-neutral-photochemistry model developed for simulating the atmosphere of Pluto. Our model results closely match the observed density profiles of CH4, N2 and the C2 hydrocarbons in the altitude range where available New Horizons measurements are most accurate (above ~ 100-200 km). We found a high eddy coefficient of 106 cm2 s-1 from the surface to an altitude of 150 km, and 3 × 106 cm2 s-1 above 150 km for Pluto's atmosphere. Our results demonstrate that C2 hydrocarbons must stick to and be removed by aerosol particles in order to reproduce the C2 profiles observed by New Horizons. Incorporation into aerosols in Pluto's atmosphere is a significantly more effective process than condensation, and we found that condensation alone cannot account for the observed shape of the vertical profiles. We empirically determined the sticking efficiency of C2 hydrocarbons to aerosol particles as a function of altitude, and found that the sticking efficiency of C2 hydrocarbons is inversely related to the aerosol surface area. Aerosols must harden and become less sticky as they age in Pluto's atmosphere. Such hardening with ageing is both necessary and sufficient to explain the vertical profiles of C2 hydrocarbons in Pluto's atmosphere. This result is in agreement with the fundamental idea of aerosols hardening as they age, as proposed for Titan's aerosols.
Sacred time: Ensuring the provision of excellent supervision

In this study, the authors explore the beliefs and attitudes regarding what constitutes “excellent supervision” from the perspectives of frontline workers and supervisors employed by one voluntary ...
Algebras Over a Field

18.1. Let us first recall the notion of an algebra over a field that we introduced in §11.1. By an algebra over a field F, or simply by an F -algebra, we understand an associative ring A which is also a vector space over F such that \((ax)(by)=abxy\) for \(\,a,\,b\in F\) and \(\,x,\,y\in A.\) If A has an identity element, we denote it by \(1_A,\) or simply by \(1.\) Identifying \(\,a\,\) with \(\,a1_A\) for every \(\,a\in F,\) we can view F as a subring of A.
Factor XI antigen and activity in human platelets

Washed platelets, contaminated with less than 0.20% plasma factor XI, were examined for the presence of factor XI antigen and activity. These platelets contained a factor-XI-like coagulant activity (0.67 +/- 0.11 U/10(11) platelets) that remained constant after successive washes. By means of indirect immunofluorescence, a monospecific antibody to factor XI showed specific staining of both normal platelets and platelets from patients deficient in plasma factor XI. Radiolabeled Triton extracts of washed platelets and labeled purified factor XI solutions were analyzed for factor XI antigen by Staph A immunoprecipitation analysis using antibody to purified plasma factor XI followed by SDS gel electrophoresis. On unreduced gels, the platelet material ran as a single band having an apparent molecular weight of 220,000 daltons, whereas purified plasma factor XI gave a single band at 160,000 daltons. On reduced gels, the platelet material analyzed as a single band at 52,000 daltons, whereas purified factor XI gave a single band of 80,000 daltons. Analysis of a partially purified factor XI preparation from platelets by immunoelectrophoresis revealed that the platelet preparation displayed a slightly lower cathodal electrophoretic mobility at pH 8.6 than did plasma factor XI and yet appeared to possess complete antigenic identity with plasma factor XI. These results indicate that platelets possess a form of factor XI that exists as a disulfide-linked 52,000-dalton tetramer in contrast to the plasma form that circulates as a 80,000-dalton disulfide-linked dimer.
Peroxy radicals and singlet oxygen (1O2) from the addition of superoxide ion (O2-.) to CCl4, CF3CCl3, PhCCl3, N-BuBr and N-BuCl in acetonitrile.

The initial product from the reaction of RX(R=Cl3C, F3CCCl2, PhCCl2, PhC(O), nBu, X=Cl; R=nBu, X=Br) with O 2 - -is ROO-, which can be reduced by a second O 2 - · to form ROO- (a reactive nucleophile) or can dimerize to form ROOOOR. The latter dissociates homolytically to ROOR and O2. The longer-lived forms of tetraoxide react with (1) 1,4-cyclohexadiene-(1,4-CHD) via dehydrogenation to give PhH, ROOR, and HOOH, (2) diphenylisobenzofuran via dioxygenation to give dibenzoylben-zene and ROOR, and (3) rubrene via dioxygenation to give its endoperoxide and ROOR. Thus the reactivity of ROOOOR parallels that of singlet oxygen (1O2). Because of its diffusion-controlled dimerization, the primary product from the RX/O 2 - · reaction (CCl3COO· for CCl4/O 2 - ·) does not exhibit any reactivity with the allyl hydrogens of 1,4-CHD. Hence, at millimolar concentrations this peroxy radical (the suspected cytotoxin from the aerobic activation of CCl4) does not exist long enough to react with allylic hydrogens. The biological hazard of CCl4 may be due to the transient formation of Cl3COOOOCCl3.
Foreign Direct Investment and Elections: The Impact of Greenfield FDI on Incumbent Party Reelection in Brazil:

Governments actively court foreign direct investment (FDI) as a tool for economic growth and development. Despite the important role of FDI in the global economy, we do not know how this activity a...
Light-dependent pathways for dopaminergic amacrine cell development and function

Retinal dopamine is a critical modulator of high acuity, light-adapted vision and photoreceptor coupling in the retina. Dopaminergic amacrine cells (DACs) serve as the sole source of retinal dopamine, and dopamine release in the retina follows a circadian rhythm and is modulated by light exposure. However, the retinal circuits through which light influences the development and function of DACs are still unknown. Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) have emerged as a prime target for influencing retinal dopamine levels because they costratify with DACs in the inner plexiform layer and signal to them in a retrograde manner. Surprisingly, using genetic mouse models lacking specific phototransduction pathways, we find that while light influences the total number of DACs and retinal dopamine levels, this effect does not require ipRGCs. Instead, we find that the rod pathway is a critical modulator of both DAC number and retinal dopamine levels.
Leadership experiences: Educating for diverse citizenship.

AbstractThe purpose of this article was to examine the association between first-year students’ participation in cocurricular leadership experiences and their diverse citizenship, the extent to which students are open to diversity, value diversity, and engage in efforts to improve their communities. We utilized Thriving Quotient survey data from first-year students at a large public research university and analyzed the data using propensity score methods to match leadership participants and non-participants. The results suggested first-year students who participated in leadership experiences were significantly more likely than first-year students who did not participate in leadership experiences to express diverse citizenship, controlling for other academic and social engagement variables.
Plasticity induced recovery of breathing occurs at chronic stages after cervical contusion

Severe midcervical contusion injury causes profound deficits throughout the respiratory motor system that last from acute to chronic time points post-injury. We use chondroitinase ABC (ChABC) to digest chondroitin sulphate proteoglycans within the extracellular matrix (ECM) surrounding the respiratory system at both acute and chronic time points post-injury to explore whether augmentation of plasticity can recover normal motor function. We demonstrate that, regardless of time post-injury or treatment application, the lesion cavity remains consistent, showing little regeneration or neuroprotection within our model. Through electromyography (EMG) recordings of multiple inspiratory muscles, however, we show that application of the enzyme at chronic time points post-injury initiates the recovery of normal breathing in previously paralyzed respiratory muscles. This reduced the need for compensatory activity throughout the motor system. Application of ChABC at acute time points recovered only modest amounts of respiratory function. To further understand this effect, we assessed the anatomical mechanism of this recovery. Increased EMG activity in previously paralyzed muscles was brought about by activation of spared bulbospinal pathways through the site of injury and/or sprouting of spared serotonergic fibers from the contralateral side of the cord. Accordingly, we demonstrate that alterations to the ECM and augmentation of plasticity at chronic time points post-cervical contusion can cause functional recovery of the respiratory motor system and reveal mechanistic evidence of the pathways that govern this effect.
Effect of splenectomy on tolerance to combination chemotherapy in patients with lymphoma.

Enhanced tolerance to combination chemotherapy has been cited as an ancillary benefit of staging laparotomy and splenectomy in Hodgkin’s disease. Seventeen patients with Hodgkin’s disease and 15 with non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma were subjected to nontherapeutic splenectomy as part of the staging procedure prior to their initialtreatment with MOPP (nitrogen mustard, vincristine, procarbazine, and prednisone) or (cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and prednisone) chemotherapy, respectively. Matched control patients of comparable age, pathologically proven stage, and presence or absence of bone marrow lymphoma and previous radiotherapy were selected. Although leukocyte (in non-Hodgkin’s patients) and platelet counts (in both groups) were significantly higher in the patients with splenectomy during most of the first six cycles of therapy, there was no difference in the number of cycles during which a leukocyte count below 1000 (or below 2000 in Hodgkin’s disease) or platelet count below 50,000 was recorded in the splenectomized and control patients. The total dose of all drugs actually delivered, time required to complete six cycles of treatment, and the portion of patients entering complete remission were not significantly different in the two groups. We have found no evidence that splenectomy per se in lymphoma patients without findings of hypersplenism, improves the ability to administer planned amounts of drugs during initial combination chemotherapy. I NDICATIONS FOR SPLENECTOMY in patients with malignant lymphoma have varied, but have generally included the presence of painful bulky splenomegaly or unequivocal evidence of hypersplenism,”2 with or without associated autoimmune hemolytic anemia or thrombocytopenia.3 Significant mortality can be associated with the operation in long-standing or disseminated lymphoma.4 As a result, early splenectomy with the first appearance of hypersplenism has recently been suggested as a maneuver which might allow more vigorous treatment during the subsequent course of disease.5 Enhanced tolerance to chemotherapeuticagents in the lymphomas has been noted by several groups after splenectomy for anemia, leukopenia, or thrombocytopenia.�8 This observation could lead to advocacy of splenectomy in the absence of hypersplenism, with the hope of producing easier delivery of myelosuppressive antineoplastic therapy. An opportunity to assess this potential benefit of the procedure arises in those patients in whom laparotomy with splenectomy has been performed as part of the pretreatment staging process. Reduction in hematologic toxicity of extended field or total lymph node irradiation in patients with Hodgkin’s disease after staging laparotomy with splenectomy has indeed been reported,9” although in none of these studies
Characteristic features in photoionization of Fe XIX

Abstract Characteristic features of the resonances and background cross sections for photoionization (σPI) of oxygen-like iron ion, Fe XIX + hν → Fe XX + e, are demonstrated. The features are introduced by excitations of the core ion to states of n = 2,3,4 complexes in σPI of the ground, equivalent electron, and single valence electron excited states. Study from a large number of states is important to establish the general properties of photoionization for complex ions. This is the first detailed study of the ion with a complete set of σPI for 900 bound states with n ≤ 10 and l ≤ 9. The ion itself is of great interest for being detected in the x-ray to UV spectra of various astronomical objects. It is found that i) the ground and equivalent electron states have high peak narrow Rydberg resonances in the low energy region corresponding to n = 2 excitations only, ii) for other excited states the resonant features are stronger for core ion excitations to n = 3 complex compared to those for n = 2,4, iii) Seaton resonances due to photo-excitation of the core (PEC) are found most distinct in the energy region for dipole allowed excitation from n = 2 to n = 3 states, and iv) resonances with lower peaks in the energy region between n = 3 and n = 4 excitation indicate convergence. Computations were carried out in the R-matrix method using a large close coupling wavefunction expansion up to orbital 4f and 16 configurations. The present results should provide the data for precise modeling and applications.
World Social Development and Well-Being Trends

The most dramatic findings on the Weighted Index of Social Progress (WISP) over the entire 50-year period reported in this study are summarized in Fig. 4.1 (renumbered Fig. 1.1 in Chap. 1) and Fig. 4.2 (renumbered Fig. 1.2 in Chap. 1). These 2 figures show the average WISP scores and percent change in WISP scores for each decade over the 50-year period between 1970 and 2020 (est.). These two figures summarize changes in world social development by major world region for the entire 50-year period reported on in this study. The patterns reported in these figures are significant and offer a vivid picture of the changes that have taken place over the extended period reported in this chapter. They are consistent with the focus of this chapter, whose central concern is progress at the global level in advancing quality of life and well-being of all of the world’s nations, the latter of which reflects changing social patterns within 95% of the world’s current total population.
Charging As Sentencing

This Article connects two uncontroversial claims to support a novel and momentous thesis. The first familiar claim is descriptive. The most important determinant of an offender’s sentence is the discretionary selection of charges before guilty plea or trial. The second familiar claim is doctrinal. The Supreme Court has held that procedural due process requires that the discretionary selection of a sentence from within a statutory range be made by a neutral tribunal after notice and hearing. Together, these humdrum observations imply that statutes delegating sentencing power to prosecutors--so-called “mandatory” minimum sentences--are unconstitutional. Part I presents the descriptive claim that charging, in many cases, simply is sentencing. Part I also reviews the Supreme Court’s jurisprudence rejecting constitutional challenges to prosecutorial discretion, decisions premised on a statutory baseline, the long-discredited right-privilege distinction. Part II reviews the Court’s sentencing cases. These decisions rejected the right-privilege distinction by substituting a procedural for a statutory baseline. These cases hold that procedural due process permits legislative delegation of sentencing discretion only to neutral tribunals. The sentencing cases condemn sentencing by prosecutors as a violation of procedural due process. Yet the Court has sustained prosecutorial charging discretion against multiple challenges, albeit not the one raised by this Article. There are at least four possible resolutions of the conflict in the cases. Courts might: (1) deny the equation of charging and sentencing, because the effect of charging on sentencing is contingent; (2) bless the inconsistency in the cases by appealing to history; (3) regulate charging decisions via administrative law, or (4) declare prosecutorial discretion to bring charges carrying mandatory minimum penalties unconstitutional. The rest of the Article argues against options (1), (2) and (3), and in favor of option (4). Replies are offered to objections based on pragmatism or on politics.
The intergenerational transmission of mathematics achievement in middle childhood: A prospective adoption design.

The present study uses a parent-offspring adoption design to examine the dual roles of heritable and environmental influences on children's mathematics achievement. Linked sets (N = 195) of adopted children, adoptive parents, and birth parents each completed a measure of mathematics fluency (i.e., simple computational operations). Birth parent mathematics achievement and adoptive father mathematics achievement positively correlated with child achievement scores at age 7, whereas adoptive mother and adopted child mathematics achievement scores were not significantly associated with one another. Additionally, findings demonstrated no significant effects of gene-environment interactions on child mathematics achievement at age 7. These results indicate that both heritable and rearing environmental factors contribute to children's mathematics achievement and identify unique influences of the paternal rearing environment on mathematics achievement in middle childhood.
Multi-centered evaluation of a novel fixed-dose four-factor prothrombin complex concentrate protocol for warfarin reversal

Abstract Introduction Previous studies have shown fixed-dose 4PCC to be as effective as standard-dose 4PCC for warfarin reversal. However, certain patient populations such as those with high total body weight (TBW) or elevated baseline INR may be at increased risk for treatment failure. The purpose of this study was to validate the efficacy of a novel fixed-dose 4PCC protocol for warfarin reversal. Methods This was a multi-centered observational comparison of patients who received 4PCC for warfarin reversal. Fixed-dose patients received 1500 units of 4PCC with the dose increased to 2000 units in patients with a baseline INR ≥ 7.5, a TBW ≥ 100 kg, or for intracranial hemorrhage (ICH). Standard-dosing followed manufacturer recommendations. The primary outcome was achievement of a post-4PCC INR of ≤1.4. Secondary outcomes included target INR achievement among patients with a baseline INR ≥ 7.5, a TBW ≥ 100 kg, or neurologic bleeding indications; hospital length of stay; cost of therapy; and thromboembolic complications. Results A total of 116 patients were included in the standard-dose group and 75 in the fixed-dose group. There was no difference in the primary outcome (65% vs 57%, p = 0.32). There was no difference in secondary outcomes aside from cost of therapy in which fixed-dose 4PCC was less expensive than standard-dose 4PCC. Conclusion A fixed-dose 4PCC regimen for warfarin reversal of 1500 units, with an increased dose of 2000 units for select patients, is as effective as standard-dose 4PCC for INR reversal.
An analysis of the effectiveness and use by the New Zealand Police of the TASER from 2009 to 2017

A number of police agencies around the world have introduced conductive energy devices such as the TASER as a less-than-lethal weapon to restrain physically violent subjects. Despite the increase i...
The University of Pennsylvania Medical School Commencement of 1889: Aequanimitas and the Agnew Clinic.

: Academic commencements ceremonies usually do not result in memorable occasions and once ended usually are forgotten. Not so for the University of Pennsylvania's School of Medicine commencement on May 1,1889, which was marked by an address by William Osler, the retirement of the renowned Professor of Surgery, D. Hayes Agnew, and the presentation to the University of Thomas Eakins' remarkable masterpiece, "The Agnew Clinic." Osler had been on the faculty of the University for 5 years and in his keynote address, Aequanimitas, he laid out 2 elements, imperturbability and equanimity, that he stated would "make or mar" the lives of the students he was addressing. His words and message that day have continued to resonate for medical students and many others up to the present day. Osler ended his address on a more somber note, seemingly surprising the assembled, by announcing his imminent departure from the University. He would soon be one of the 4 founders of the Johns Hopkins Hospital along with fellow Penn faculty member, Howard Kelly. Osler was not the only one on the verge of leaving as this commencement also marked the end of the career of D. Hayes Agnew. To honor him on this occasion of his retirement the 3 classes of medical students had commissioned Eakins to paint a portrait of their revered professor, which was presented on this commencement day and accepted by Trustee Dr S. Weir Mitchell on behalf of the University. The day was indeed one to be remembered.
Excluded from “inclusive” communities: LGBTQ youths’ perception of “their” community

LGBTQ+ young adults often enter LGBTQ+ spaces seeking support and community, not expecting to find that they may face exclusion. In this paper, we explore narratives of LGBTQ+ young adults of exclu...
Co-infection and Nutrition: Integrating Ecological and Epidemiological Perspectives

Concurrent infection (or co-infection) is the norm rather than the exception in real-world populations where most host individuals are infected by more than one parasite species simultaneously. Likewise, nutritional deficiencies are also common, and co-infection and multiple nutritional deficiencies frequently co-occur in the same populations. Despite the coincidence of these two phenomena, however, only a small fraction of studies on infection and malnutrition address the issue of co-infection. This chapter explores how the integration of ecological and epidemiological perspectives can be used to draw insight into the interactions between co-infection and nutrition. Specifically, I examine whether applying an ecological framework that accounts for feeding or “trophic” relationships between species can help advance our understanding of how co-infection affects nutrition (helminths and malaria) and, reciprocally, how nutrition affects co-infection (helminths and tuberculosis). I also consider the practicalities of applying a trophic approach to studying co-infection and nutrition in terms of specific methods that can be incorporated into epidemiological studies and the clinical value of considering trophic links. The chapter ends by highlighting the potential value of integrating ideas and approaches across disciplines for addressing the complex problem posed by coincident co-infection and malnutrition.
Greenhouse gas emissions from an arid-zone reservoir and their environmental policy significance: Results from existing global models and an exploratory dataset

Abstract Reservoirs in arid regions often provide critical water storage but little is known about their greenhouse gas (GHG) footprint. While there is growing appreciation of the role reservoirs play as GHG sources, there is a lack of understanding of GHG emission dynamics from reservoirs in arid regions and implications for environmental policy. Here we present initial GHG emission measurements from Lake Powell, a large water storage reservoir in the desert southwest United States. We report CO2-eq emissions from the shallow (
Task-Oriented and Imitation-Oriented Movements in Virtual Reality Exercise Performance and Design.

ObjectiveThis study investigated the influence of game features and practice type on human kinematic and muscular performance in a virtual reality exercise (VRE). Participants demonstrated changes ...
Algorithmic Face-ism: Uncovering and Mitigating Algorithmic Bias in Facial Recognition Systems

How do some of the most advanced machine learning facial recognition algorithms make important decisions, such as whom to hire or who is considered a leader? Existing research suggests advances in ...
The Failures of Pandemic Central Planning

This study examines the performance of disease modeling during the covid-19 pandemic, and its associated effects upon the public health measures adopted to mitigate its course. Specific attention is given to the failure of the Imperial College model, which severely overstated mortality in 189 out of 189 countries under both its "do nothing" and "mitigation" models, and 170 out of 189 countries under its extreme "suppression" model. The Covid-19 policy response is analyzed as a failure in central planning, with specific attention to the public health dimensions of the same. Public health is identified both historically and in the present day as being acutely susceptible to knowledge problems, which in turn foster the conditions for a public choice trap that causes proposed policy measures to become ineffectual or even counterproductive in disease mitigation.
D(t,α)n Reaction Cross Sections at Low Energy

Because of discrepancies in previous measurements of the D(t,α)n reactions at low energies, we have developed a low-energy fusion cross-section facility (LEFCS) to remeasure the D(t,α) and other few-nucleon reactions. The experimental equipment features a windowless cryogenic target, a precision beam-intensity calorimenter, a 10 to 120 keV accelerator producing negative tritium ions, an accurate target gas flow and temperature system, and a tritium gas-handling system. The target density and geometry are calibrated with the D(p,p)D reaction using 10-MeV protons from the Los Alamos Van-de-Graaff. Presented are 16 D(t,α)n total cross sections from 8.3 to 78.1 keV equivalent deuteron energy. The relative error is 0.5% and the absolute error is 1.4% for most energies. For the lowest energy both uncertainties rise to about 4.7%. We will also attempt to measure the D(t,γ)5 He cross section. We have made preliminary background studies with the LEFCS target and a bismuth germanate counter with encouraging results.
Dissecting the Role of Smooth Muscle Cells versus Pericytes in Regulating Cerebral Blood Flow Using In Vivo Optical Imaging

The brain regulates blood flow to match energy demand to nutrient supply. In this issue of Neuron, using in vivo optical imaging and optogenetics, Hill et al. (2015) report that arteriolar smooth muscle cells are key players in regulating cerebral blood flow in the healthy state and contribute to the "no reflow" phenomenon after ischemic stroke.
Basalzellkarzinom und Stammzellmarker

Pravalenz und Inzidenz des Basalzellkarzinoms nehmen zu. Dennoch wird seine Histogenese weiterhin kontrovers diskutiert. Bisherige Ansatze beziehen sich im Wesentlichen auf morphologische Analogieschlusse. So wurde historisch fur das Basalzellkarzinom aus der morphologischen Ahnlichkeit zur epidermalen Basalzellschicht im Analogieschluss sein histogenetischer Ursprung abgeleitet und der Tumor danach benannt. Demgegenuber konnte jedoch seine Ahnlichkeit zum embryonalen Haarkeim als Hinweis auf eine primitiv-follikulare Genese gedeutet werden. Im Jahr 1990 wurde der Haarwulst als anatomische Nische fur follikulare Stammzellen beschrieben. Anfangliche Untersuchungen mit Stammzellmarkern liesen einen follikularen Ursprung des Basalzellkarzinoms vermuten. Seit 1998 hat sich nahezu eine Explosion von in der Dermatologie verfugbaren Stammzellmarkern ereignet. In dieser Ubersicht werden die am Basalzellkarzinom verwendeten Stammzellmarker dargestellt und kritisch referiert. Zuvor werden Untersuchungen zur Histogenese dieses haufigen dermatologischen Tumors vorgestellt.
Socioecologic factors as predictors of readiness for self-management and transition, medication adherence, and health care utilization among adolescents and young adults with chronic kidney disease.

Introduction The objective of our study was to determine the socioecologic factors that predict readiness for self-management and transition from pediatric to adult health care services, adherence to taking medications, and health care utilization among adolescents and young adults with chronic kidney disease. Methods We enrolled 52 adolescents and young adults aged 13 to 21 (96.5% participation). Participants were administered measures that examined: socioecologic factors, individualized education plans or 504 plans, readiness for self-management and transition (the University of North Carolina TRxANSITION scale), triangulated measures of adherence to taking medications (parent reported, physician reported, and medication-possession ratios), and health care utilization (number of visits to the emergency department, number of inpatient admissions, and number of inpatient days in the previous year). Results Overall, our sample had moderate levels of readiness for self-management and transition, high rates of parent- and physician-reported medication adherence, and high rates of health care utilization. Age was a significant positive predictor of readiness for self-management and transition. Compared with participants who had private health insurance, participants who had public insurance had more emergency department visits, inpatient admissions, and inpatient days, and lower rates of physician-reported medication adherence. Participants who did not have an individualized education plan or 504 plan had significantly more emergency department visits, inpatient admissions, and inpatient days. Conclusion Socioecologic factors play an important role in readiness for self-management and transition, medication adherence, and health care utilization in pediatric patients with chronic kidney disease. Age, insurance status, and having an individualized education plan or 504 plan may be key factors.
Viscoelastic Analogy for the Acceleration and Collimation of Astrophysical Jets

Jets are ubiquitous in astronomy. It has been conjectured that the existence of jets is intimately connected with the spin of the central object and the viscous angular momentum transport of the inner disk. Bipolar jet-like structures propelled by the viscous torque on a spinning central object are also known in a completely different context, namely the flow in the laboratory of a viscoelastic fluid. On the basis of an analogy of the tangled magnetic field lines of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) turbulence to the tangled polymers of viscoelastic polymer solutions, we propose a viscoelastic description of the dynamics of highly turbulent conductive fluid. We argue that the same mechanism that forms jets in viscoelastic fluids in the laboratory may be responsible for collimating and powering astrophysical jets by the angular momentum of the central object.
Host Flower Infection of Silene latifolia by Microbotryum violaceum

Certain fungi can infect host plants and thereby cause sterility of the host. One such fungal parasite, Microbotryum violaceum (commonly known as anther smut), has host specificity to plants of the family Caryophyllaceae. Anther smut takes over the host reproductive system by inhibiting sex-organ development in flowers, and the plant produces fungal spores in place of its normal reproductive structures. Spores can then be spread to nearby hosts through wind and insect pollinators. This experiment focuses on Silene latifolia plant populations growing near Zagreb, Croatia. Our research tests for phenotypic differences between infected and healthy flowers. To do this, we measured the size of healthy and infected flowers of both sexes. Additionally, we observed the proportion of infected flowers over time on individuals to uncover temporal trends of the smut infection. We found that all flower parts, regardless of plant sex, are significantly smaller in smut-infected flowers. After observing proportions of infected flowers, we found that the ratio of infected to healthy flowers increased over time. Our findings suggest that smut infection of S. latifolia causes changes in plant energy allocation. We propose that the smaller flower size could be the result of increased energy needed for M. violaceum spore production. This hypothesis could be tested with additional research. The increasing proportion of smutty flowers on an infected individual over time is likely caused by the spread of the infection throughout the plant.
Differential activation of the SMαA promoter in smooth vs. skeletal muscle cells by bHLH factors

E-box/basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH)-dependent regulation of promoters for skeletal muscle-specific genes is well established, but similar regulation of smooth muscle-selective promoters has not bee...
Transient nonlinear spectroscopy of biexcitons in single quantum dots

Summary form only given. We report the first transient differential transmission (DT) spectroscopy of biexcitons in single quantum dots. Quantum dots were formed by interface fluctuations in a thin GaAs layer are probed through submicron apertures on the sample surface.
Alexithymia as a Mediator Between Childhood Maltreatment and Impulsivity

Impulsivity, specifically negative urgency, is associated with diverse health risk behaviours, yet relatively little research has examined factors contributing to negative urgency. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between childhood maltreatment, alexithymia and negative urgency. The sample was comprised of 410 undergraduate students who completed measures online. A series of regression analyses tested whether alexithymia mediated the association between childhood maltreatment and negative urgency. Results supported the hypothesized mediation model. Subsequent analyses examined effects of specific subtypes of maltreatment and alexithymia subscales. These analyses indicated that growing up in a punishing environment (e.g. being hit or beat; expected to follow a strict code of behaviour) was indirectly associated with negative urgency via difficulty identifying feelings, suggesting that excessive use of punishment during childhood may reduce the development of the ability to identify and label feeling states. This difficulty in emotional processing may in turn lead to acting rashly when emotionally aroused.
Nearness and quasi-uniform structures

Abstract The concept of a locally right symmetric quasi-uniform space is introduced. Every symmetric topological space admits a locally right symmetric quasi-uniform structure. It is shown that this property characterizes those quasi-uniform spaces for which the collection of quasi-uniform covers forms a nearness structure with the same closure operator. With this link, various concepts and results in these two areas are compared.
A metalogical theory of natural language semantics

We develop a framework for natural language semantics which handles intensionality via metalogical constructions and deals with degree truth values in an integrated way. We take an axiomatic set theory, ZF, as the foundation for semantic representations, but we make ZF a metalanguage for part of itself by embedding a language L within ZF which is basically a copy of the part of ZF consisting of set expressions. This metalogical set-up is used for handling propositional attitude verbs (limited to believe in this paper). We define a truth function T which determines the truth value τ(p, T) of an L-proposition p with respect to a theory T. Theories are sets of L-propositions with associated truth values, and can be viewed as a (much more well-defined) replacement for possible worlds. We develop a mechanism for defining belief worlds as theories. We simultaneously develop two different versions of our system - a Boolean version where the set Ω of truth values is {0,1}, and a degree-truth version where Ω is the interval [0,1] of real numbers. We use degrees of truth in handling a broad class of semantic predicates that we call base-focus predicates, which include generalized quantifiers as well as many adverb and adjective senses and certain discourse-level predicates.
Cost Effectiveness of Leukotriene Modifiers in Adults with Asthma

Asthma is the most common chronic disorder in industrialised nations, with over 100 million people worldwide affected. Leukotrienes are chemical mediators released from mast cells, eosinophils and basophils. They cause bronchoconstriction, an increase in mucous secretions and activation of inflammatory cells. Leukotriene modifiers are a long-term controller medication used to treat asthma. They function by selectively competing for the leukotriene receptor sites, thereby blocking their action, or by inhibiting 5-lipoxygenase and thus preventing leukotriene formation. Both current US and Global Initiative for Asthma treatment guidelines have clarified the role of leukotriene modifiers in the management of asthma in adults and children. Leukotriene modifiers have two distinct roles: to replace inhaled corticosteroids in milder asthma and as an add-on therapy to inhaled corticosteroids in more severe asthma.