cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
INDIRECT CONNECTIVITY AND HIERARCHIES OF URBAN DOMINANCE

ABSTRACT Activities exert control in urban systems by facilitating the direct and indirect flows of other activities. If a matrix of direct flows is raised to successive powers, the power at which each cell first becomes positive represents the minimum number of direct and indirect steps linking activities. From a matrix of minimum steps an average number of steps can be computed for each activity. To find an activity's degree of control its direct flows are removed from the system and this average number of steps is recomputed for activities remaining. The mean absolute difference between these averages in the original and reduced systems reflects the changed connectivity faced by the flows of remaining activities. The control of activities can be ranked using this mean. Applying this technique to India's system of airline flows identified an urban hierarchy with four levels of connectivity: national, regional, subregional and route endings.
Factors Influencing Growth and Toxin Production in Cheese Inoculated with Spores of Clostridium Botulinum Types A and B. III. Studies with Surface-Ripened Cheese Type III

Summary Experiments were conducted to determine the maximum brine concentrations required to inhibit growth and toxin production of Clostridium botulinum Type A in heated, surface-ripened cheese designated as Type III cheese. This cheese is ripened primarily by bacteria. Data from three groups of trials are presented. With inocula of Type A spores, growth and toxin production occurred in cheese with brine concentrations up to 6.50%. In two groups with moderately ripened cheese at the normal pH, the maximum brine concentrations permitting growth and toxin production were in the same range in cheese with stabilizer as in similar cheese with no stabilizer. Cheese preparations with increased pH were poorer media for C. botulinum than was the cheese with normal pH. Major observations in comparable experiments with surface-ripened cheese designated Types I, II, and III are discussed.
Molecular host–guest complexes: Shielding of guests on semiconductor surfaces

A recent and promising development in the field of renewable energy is the use of molecular containers (cyclodextrins, cucurbiturils, Cram-type hosts, and calixarenes) to bind encapsulated chromophores or redox-active compounds to the surface of TiO2 nanoparticles and other nanostructured wide bandgap metal oxide semiconductors. The host provides an alternative method of adsorption of molecules on semiconductors and shields the guest from the heterogenous interface. The novel hybrid systems exhibited photophysical and electrochemical properties that differ from the properties of layers obtained by directly attaching the chromophore to the semiconductor through binding groups, including slower and homogeneous interfacial electron recombination dynamics. In addition to DSSCs, the guest@host/semiconductor systems find applications as sensors, electrochromic windows, and LEDs.
Microtopography of Five Small Areas of the Continental Shelf by Side-Scanning Sonar

The microtopography of the continental shelf in five areas between Nova Scotia and New York was investigated with side-scanning sonar. The results were checked against those previously obtained by conventional methods in all areas and against later visual observations of the bottom from a research submersible vessel in two areas. Side-scanning sonar proved to be an ideal device for learning the distribution and relationships of rock, boulder, and sand bottoms and for measuring the patterns and trends of several sizes of sand waves and of large ripple marks.
Nonlinear optics as a detection scheme for biomimetic sensors: SFG spectroscopy of hybrid bilayer membrane formation

Vibrational spectra of biomimetic membranes have been obtained using a broad-band approach to sum frequency generation (SFG). A new innovation, broad band SFG (BBSFG) allows for high quality SFG spectra with rapid collection times. With the BBSFG approach, we have followed in situ the formation of a hybrid bilayer membrane from the reorganization of phospholipid vesicles at akanethiol monolayers.
Radiative Heating of the Global Atmosphere.

Abstract Monthly zonal mean global radiative heating rates have been obtained from the surface to 10 mb for all twelve months. Seasonal profiles of the contribution by each constituent are presented in addition to seasonal profiles of net thermal cooling and total radiative heating. Radiation cools the troposphere almost everywhere primarily due to thermal cooling by water vapor with the cooling a maximum in the tropics. The tropical stratosphere is heated by radiation due principally to thermal and solar heating by ozone. This total radiative heating extends into the stratosphere mid-latitudes but higher latitudes exhibit cooling due primarily to thermal cooling by CO2 with the warmer hemisphere showing more cooling. Comparison with previous theory in the Northern Hemisphere shows qualitative agreement although the present study has more resolution because of the better specification of the radiative parameters, in particular, ozone and temperature.
1051 Comparison of contrast and non-contrast 3-dimensional magnetic resonance angiography techniques for evaluation of the thoracic aorta

Introduction Contrast enhanced magnetic resonance angiography (CEMRA) has become a first-line investigation for the initial assessment and follow-up of thoracic aortic disease. However, recognized limitations with conventional CE-MRA include longer imaging times when compared to CT, the presence of motion artifacts, particularly at the aortic root, and the need for intravenous gadolinium-containing contrast agents which although fairly safe, have recently been associated with potentially significant toxic effects, particularly in patients with pre-existing renal disease.
Engineering a bilayered hydrogel to control ASC differentiation.

Natural polymers over the years have gained more importance because of their host biocompatibility and ability to interact with cells in vitro and in vivo. An area of research that holds promise in regenerative medicine is the combinatorial use of novel biomaterials and stem cells. A fundamental strategy in the field of tissue engineering is the use of three-dimensional scaffold (e.g., decellularized extracellular matrix, hydrogels, micro/nano particles) for directing cell function. This technology has evolved from the discovery that cells need a substrate upon which they can adhere, proliferate, and express their differentiated cellular phenotype and function 2-3. More recently, it has also been determined that cells not only use these substrates for adherence, but also interact and take cues from the matrix substrate (e.g., extracellular matrix, ECM)4. Therefore, the cells and scaffolds have a reciprocal connection that serves to control tissue development, organization, and ultimate function. Adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) are mesenchymal, non-hematopoetic stem cells present in adipose tissue that can exhibit multi-lineage differentiation and serve as a readily available source of cells (i.e. pre-vascular endothelia and pericytes). Our hypothesis is that adipose-derived stem cells can be directed toward differing phenotypes simultaneously by simply co-culturing them in bilayered matrices1. Our laboratory is focused on dermal wound healing. To this end, we created a single composite matrix from the natural biomaterials, fibrin, collagen, and chitosan that can mimic the characteristics and functions of a dermal-specific wound healing ECM environment.
Particle filtering for arrival time tracking in space and source localization

Locating and tracking a source in an ocean environment and estimating environmental parameters of a sound propagation medium are critical tasks in ocean acoustics. Many approaches for both are based on full field calculations which are computationally intensive and sensitive to assumptions on the structure of the environment. Alternative methods that use only select features of the acoustic field for localization and environmental parameter estimation have been proposed. The focus of this paper is the development of a method that extracts arrival times and amplitudes of distinct paths from measured acoustic time-series using sequential Bayesian filtering, namely, particle filtering. These quantities, along with complete posterior probability density functions, also extracted by filtering, are employed in source localization and bathymetry estimation. Aspects of the filtering methodology are presented and studied in terms of their impact on the uncertainty in the arrival time estimates. Using the posterior probability densities of arrival times, source localization and water depth estimation are performed for the Haro Strait Primer experiment; the results are compared to those of conventional methods. The comparison demonstrates a significant advantage in the proposed approach.
Fault diagnostics in power electronics-based brake-by-wire systems

A d.c.—motor—based brake—by—wire system is studied for the purpose of fault diagnostics of the power electronic switches. The voltage and current generated in the switching circuit under normal and six faulted conditions are observed. A hierarchical fuzzy diagnostic system has been developed to detect certain types of fault condition in any specific solid state power switch at the moment immediately after the occurrence of the fault. The hierarchical fuzzy diagnostic system has been tested and validated using data from both a simulation and a laboratory set—up with a 1 / 3 hp d.c. motor and a d.c.—to—d.c. converter. The system performance has been compared with two different fuzzy diagnostic systems and the results are presented. The hierarchical fuzzy diagnostic system trained on the simulated model has the capability of detecting certain types of fault condition occurring in a brake—by—wire actuator system set—up in a laboratory in less than 0.0009 s and pinpointing the specific types of fault within le...
On the isotope effect in the E-L model of high-Tc layered cuprates

Abstract The change of the isotope effect is studied in the framework of the model based on the assumptions of the dominant role of extended saddle-point singularities in the electron spectrum and a long-range phonon-mediated interaction between electrons (E-L model). The idea is that if the distance between the Fermi energy and the saddle point is less than the Debye energy, this distance defines the effective energy scale, and hence there is no isotope effect, whereas in the opposite case the Debye energy defines the cut off, and the usual isotope effect is restored. The cross-over between these regimes is studied. A comparison with existing experimental data shows that the concept reflects correctly the observed trends.
'We don't talk about Çatalhöyük, we live it': sustainable archaeological practice through community-based participatory research

Abstract Community-based participatory research (CBPR) provides a methodology for engaging descendent and local communities as partners in archaeological research. This article, based on a five-year comparative research project that examines CBPR's application to archaeology, demonstrates a collaborative model that involves reciprocity, is action based and aims to build community capacity while engaging communities in the process of archaeological research and heritage management. Included are details of what community-based participatory research is, the main principles involved in its practice and a demonstration of how it is being effectively applied ‘on-the-ground’ at Catalhoyuk, Turkey. Two components of the Catalhoyuk CBPR project are highlighted: the community internship program and the archaeological community theatre project.
Congenital Cardiovascular Disease and Anomalies of the Third and Fourth Pharyngeal Pouch

Patients with the third and fourth pharyngeal pouch syndrome, thymic and parathyroid aplasia or hypoplasia, have a very high incidence of aortic arch anomalies and congenital heart disease. These patients present with a unique syndrome characterized by profound hypocalcemia, defective thymic-mediated cellular immune function, and cardiovascular anomalies. The cardiac abnormalities most frequently are conotruncal malformations of the tetralogy of Fallot or truncus arteriosus types and are often the cause of death. Patients with profound neonatal hypocalcemia should be screened for evidence of normal thymic function and congenital heart disease.
Interstorm surface preparation and sediment detachment by vehicle traffic on unpaved mountain roads

Road survey and field rainfall simulation experiments have shown that the erodibility of a road surface is dynamic. In the absence of extreme runoff events, dynamic erodibility results from the generation and removal of easily entrained surface material by human road surface maintenance activities, vehicular detachment and overland flow events. Maintenance activities introduce easily transportable material to the road surface where it can be entrained by overland flow. Traffic in dry conditions detaches material that is quickly removed during subsequent overland flow events. The pre-storm erodibility of a road is therefore largely a function of maintenance and vehicle activity since the last overland flow event. During rainstorms, vehicle passes increase sediment production by detaching/redistributing surface material and creating efficient overland flow pathways for sediment transport. However, if incision of tracks by overland flow does not occur, post-pass sediment transport quickly returns to pre-pass rates. Field rainfall simulation data suggest that sediment transport resulting from during-storm vehicle passes is greatly influenced by the presence of existing loose material, which again is a function of prior road usage and maintenance activities. Incorporation of vehicular effects into physically based road erosion models may be possible by parameterizing both during-storm and inter-storm changes in the supply of loose surface material as changes in surface erodibility. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Isolation, detection and measure of microgram quantities of labeled tissue nucleotides.

Abstract Detailed methods for the isolation, detection, and measure of tissue nucleotides by procedures appropriate to radiochemical investigation have been presented. The isolation technique involves a preliminary quantitative group separation on Norit and subsequent resolution of individual components by two-dimensional paper chromatography. The procedures provide sensitivity appropriate to small tissue samples and products of high radiochemical purity. Additional information has also been presented concerning (a) reactions of Norit A with purine and pyrimidine compounds in general, (b) Chromatographie behavior of these compounds in various solvents, (c) identification and specific activity of isolated nucleotides of rat organs, and (d) an evaluation of the over-all procedures.
Three Promoters Regulate Tissue- and Cell Type-specific Expression of Murine Interleukin-1 Receptor Type I

The type 1 interleukin-1 receptor (IL-1R1) mediates diverse functions of interleukin-1 (IL-1) in the nervous, immune, and neuroendocrine systems. It has been suggested previously that the versatile functions of IL-1 may in part be conferred by the multiple promoters of IL-1R1 that have been identified for the human IL-1R1 gene. Promoters for murine IL-1R1 (mIL-1R1) gene have not been studied in detail. We performed 5′-rapid amplification of cDNA ends to determine the transcription start sites (TSS) in mIL-1R1, using mRNAs derived from 24 different tissues. The results revealed three putative TSSs of mIL-1R1. Three full-length cDNAs containing these distinct TSSs were recovered in screens of cloned cDNA libraries. Translation of these cDNAs produced IL-1R1 proteins that were verified by Western blot analysis. IL-1 stimulation of the individual IL-1R1 proteins resulted in the activation of NF-κB. Promoter-reporter assay for genomic DNA sequences immediately upstream of the three TSSs validated that the sequences possess promoter activity in a cell type-specific manner. These promoters are termed P1, P2, and P3 of the mIL-1R1, in 5′ to 3′ order. Quantitative PCR analysis of P1-, P2-, and P3-specific mIL-1R1 mRNAs showed that there is tissue-specific distribution of these mRNAs in vivo, and there are distinct patterns of P1, P2, and P3 mRNA expression in different cell lines. In the brain, P3 mRNA is expressed preferentially in the dentate gyrus. Further, glucocorticoids differentially regulate these promoters in a cell type-specific manner. Together, these results suggest that the different IL-1R1 promoters contribute to the discrete and diverse actions of IL-1.
Visualization of Potential Energy Function Using an Isoenergy Approach and 3D Prototyping

In our three-dimensional world, one can plot, see, and comprehend a function of two variables at most, V(x,y). One cannot plot a function of three or more variables. For this reason, visualization of the potential energy function in its full dimensionality is impossible even for the smallest polyatomic molecules, such as triatomics. This creates some barrier to understanding the interaction of atoms in a molecule. It would be beneficial to see all features of the global potential energy function at the same time (which can include deep covalent wells, transition states, shallow van der Waals wells, and reaction channels) without fixing or relaxing some degrees of freedom. In this paper, we review the isoenergy approach that allows visualization of the potential energy function of a triatomic molecule in its full dimensionality in 3D space as a volume, not as a surface. Also, we propose the use of 3D-printing capabilities to create plastic models of such isoenergy objects that can be taken into hands and inspected in detail from any perspective.
Cell surface distribution of lectin receptors determined by resonance energy transfer.

The surface topography of concanavalin A (con A) bound to normal and transformed murine fibroblasts has been studied by a new technique involving fluorescence resonance energy transfer (RET). RET can provide a high resolution “map” of the distances separating con A–receptor complexes in single living cells. The distribution of con A is non-random in both normal and transformed cells, but sites are more closely approximated in the transformed. Approximation is induced by the con A but occurs at extremely slow rates indicating that the topography is not primarily determined by simple diffusion of complexes.
GPCR Engineering Yields High-Resolution Structural Insights into β2-Adrenergic Receptor Function

The beta2-adrenergic receptor (beta2AR) is a well-studied prototype for heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding protein (G protein)-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that respond to diffusible hormones and neurotransmitters. To overcome the structural flexibility of the beta2AR and to facilitate its crystallization, we engineered a beta2AR fusion protein in which T4 lysozyme (T4L) replaces most of the third intracellular loop of the GPCR ("beta2AR-T4L") and showed that this protein retains near-native pharmacologic properties. Analysis of adrenergic receptor ligand-binding mutants within the context of the reported high-resolution structure of beta2AR-T4L provides insights into inverse-agonist binding and the structural changes required to accommodate catecholamine agonists. Amino acids known to regulate receptor function are linked through packing interactions and a network of hydrogen bonds, suggesting a conformational pathway from the ligand-binding pocket to regions that interact with G proteins.
Multibody Molecular Dynamics II: Applications and Results

This is the second paper in a series of two papers on using multibody dynamics algorithms and methods for coarse grained molecular dynamics simulations. In the previous paper, the theoretical discussions on this topic have been presented. This paper presents results obtained from simulating several biomolecular and bulk materials using multibody dynamics algorithms. The systems studied include water boxes, alkane chains, alanine dipeptide and carboxyl terminal fragments of Calmodulin, Ribosomal, and Rhodopsin proteins. The atomistic representations of these systems include several thousand degrees of freedom and results of several nano-second simulations of these systems are presented. The stability and validity of the simulations are studied through conservation of energy, thermodynamics properties and conformational analysis. In these simulations, a speed up of an order of magnitude is realized for conservative error bounds. A discussion is presented on the open-source software developed to facilitate future research using multibody dynamics with molecular dynamics.
Anesthesia practices in the united states common to in vitro fertilization (IVF) centers

Purpose: Our purpose was to characterize and describe anesthesia practice in programs performing IVF in the United States.
Effectiveness of sloping agricultural land technology on soil fertility status of mid-hills in Nepal

Hedgerows with intercropping systems were established at the ICIMOD test and demonstration site at Godawari to assess the effectiveness of Sloping Agricultural Land Technology (SALT) in reducing runoff water volume, controlling soil loss, increasing crop production, and improving soil fertility in the mid-hills of Nepal. Runoff water volume (1996–2002), soil loss (1996–2002) and maize yield (1995–2001), and soil fertility-related parameters were assessed on SALT models with three factors: the type of nitrogen-fixing plant, the farmers’ practice, and fertilizer use. Results showed a significant effect of Alnus nepalensis and/or Indigofera dosua on runoff water volume, soil loss, crop production, soil water retention, and soil nutrients (NPK). Farmers’ practice and fertilization did not play a significant role in reducing runoff water and soil loss. However, farmers’ practice significantly increased crop production. Therefore, integrating soil conservation approaches on SALT systems enhances stable economic output to hills and mountain farmers.
Mass solubility and aqueous activity coefficients of stable organic chemicals in the marine environment: polychlorinated biphenyls

Abstract The solubilities and aqueous activity coefficients of polychlorinated biphenyls were measured in distilled and saline water (30ℵ salinity). Solubilities in distilled water ranged from 3 · 10 −4 g/l for dichlorobiphenyls to 6 · 10 −6 g/l for heptachlorobiphenyls; values in artificial seawater were about five times lower than the corresponding values in distilled water. In both cases, the solubilities decreased regularly with increasing degree of chlorination. The corresponding activity coefficients are inversely proportional to the chlorine content and range from 4 · 10 7 to 4 · 10 9 in distilled water and from 3 · 10 8 to 1.5 · 10 10 in saline water. Both the solubilities and activity coefficients agree well with those predicted from additivity considerations. The physical chemical aspects discussed in this paper can be applied in determining the solubility behavior of other stable organic molecules in the marine environment.
The totalitarian model revisited

Abstract A theoretical problem in defining “regime identity” of a political regime in conceptual and comparative terms is that there are no generally accepted theoretical criteria that could be used to demarcate the beginning and ending of a political regime and to assess the nature of a regime change in communist and post-communist countries. This article attempts to address the significance of this problem, revisit the utility of the totalitarian model, and develop a refined macro-model that can serve as the means to solve the problem and as reference points to define regime identity, assess and measure the regime change in theoretical and comparative terms. The refined model can serve both to observe, explain, and predict the regime change in general and to enrich our understanding of specific cases in particular. Based on the insights yielded by the new model, other researchers could modify this model by using techniques of formal modeling or by dropping some features while retaining others of the model.
Contribution of leaf surface fungi to the air spora

High concentrations of airborne fungal spores frequently occur from spring through fall in temperate areas of the world. Although it is generally assumed that fungi on leaf surfaces are contributors to the air spora, little data are available comparing the types of fungi found on leaf surfaces with those in the atmosphere. Air sampling was carried out with a Burkard Spore Trap located on the roof of a building on the University of Tulsa campus using standard methods. Leaf samples were aseptically collected from Ulmus americana and Quercus palustris trees on campus, placed in sterile plastic bags, and brought to the lab. For each leaf, 4 cm2 areas of both upper and lower leaf surfaces were swabbed and plated on malt extract agar with streptomycin. Cultures were incubated at room temperature for 5–7 days and then examined microscopically. Results were expressed as colony forming units (CFU)/cm2. Twenty-one fungal taxa were identified from the air samples. The most abundant taxa were Cladosporium, ascospores, basidiospores, and Alternaria; together these four spore types comprised over 90% of the yearly total. Yeasts were the most abundant fungi isolated from both leaf types. Among the mycelial fungi were Phoma species, followed by Cladosporium and Alternaria. Overall twenty genera of filamentous fungi were identified. Yeasts and Phoma are normally splash dispersed and were not identified in the Burkard air samples. However, 10 taxa isolated from leaf surfaces were registered in air samples. Crude estimates of the leaf surface area of each tree suggest that the total fungal load was approximately 5.04×108 CFU for Ulmus and 2.71×108 CFU for Quercus. Of these levels, 19% were from fungi also detected in air samples. The data suggest that some leaf-surface fungi are major contributors to the air spora.
OUTPATIENT FLUID-AIR EXCHANGE FOR SEVERE POSTVITRECTOMY DIABETIC VITREOUS HEMORRHAGE: Long-Term Results and Complications

Abstract:An alternative treatment to repeat vitrectomy in postvitrectomy diabetic vitreous hemorrhage (PDVH) is outpatient fluid-air exchange, but the long-term visual results of this procedure are not known. Between January 1986 and April 1989, a pars plana air-pump technique was used to perform ou
Guiding Principles for Team Stress Measurement

Teams, like individuals, experience stress. While a number of theoretical models and empirical studies have examined the role and effects of stress on team processes and performance, there is surprisingly no guidance for measuring and diagnosing team-level stress. This paper proposes that team stress is a unique construct and necessitates robust measurement systems for its evaluation. To this end, the present paper presents four principles that serve to guide the development of valid and reliable team stress measurement systems.
Mock object creation for test factoring

Test factoring creates fast, focused unit tests from slow system-wide tests; each new unit test exercises only a subset of the functionality exercised by the system tests. Augmenting a test suite with factored unit tests, and prioritizing the tests, should catch errors earlier in a test run.One way to factor a test is to introduce mock objects. If a test exercises a component A, which is designed to issue queries against or mutate another component B, the implementation of B can be replaced by a mock. The mock has two purposes: it checks that A's calls to B are as expected, and it simulates B's behavior in response. Given a system test for A and B, and a record of A's and B's behavior when the system test is run, we would like to automatically generate unit tests for A in which B is mocked. The factored tests can isolate bugs in A from bugs in B and, if B is slow or expensive, improve test performance or cost.This paper motivates test factoring with an illustrative example, proposes a simple procedure for automatically generating mock objects for factored tests, and gives examples of how the procedure can be extended to produce more robust factored tests.
Determining bus arbitration policies and data transfer techniques for multiprocessor systems

Simple models for bus arbitration policies and data transfer techniques in multiprocessor systems are developed, and a procedure for examining their effects on the latency and robustness of the underlying communication subsystem is outlined. The onlink and offlink times of the data transfers are shown to be key factors in the determination of the expected latency and the number of processors that can be supported on the link. The use of unfairness arbitration policies is shown to be inadequate for all but the simplest of systems. >
Multiple-cue probability learning with irrelevant cues☆

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of irrelevant cues on performance in a multiple-cue probability learning task with binary cues and events. Five hundred ninety-five subjects were assigned to 24 groups in a 4 (validity of relevant cue dimension) × 3 (number of irrelevant cue dimensions) × 2 (replications) factorial design and were run for 400 noncontingent trials. Analysis of the data indicates that (a) the number of irrelevant cues has an effect on performance which diminishes but does not disappear across trials; (b) there is an interaction between the number of irrelevant cues and the validity of the relevant cue, the resultant performance decrement being greatest for relevant cues of moderate validity. A cue selection hypothesis model consistent with the data is briefly outlined.
Net effect of rainfall activity on salt-marsh sediment distribution

It has been established that increased suspended sediment concentrations in tidal waters adjacent to salt-marshes occur during periods following heavy rainfall events. In this work, we present experimental data for concentration and sediment flux measurements during periods of natural moderate rainfall events from a microtidal, alochthonous salt-marsh system (North Inlet, South Carolina, USA). The results indicate that rainfall events, although responsible for increasing sediment concentration levels, do not alter the sediment flux of the system. In our results, the sediment mobilized by the rain was re-introduced to the system. Further, using the geochemical signatures of suspended particles from the same location, we found that the sediment mobilized by rainfall events is the same as the sediment present in the tidal creeks, suggesting that rainfall mobilizes only recently deposited, non-consolidated sediment and does not erode the substrate of the marsh surface.
Examining associations between FMRI and EEG data using canonical correlation analysis

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and electroencephalography (EEG) provide complementary information about the brain function. We propose a novel scheme to examine associations between these two modalities using canonical correlation analysis (CCA). Our multimodal canonical correlation analysis (mCCA) scheme utilizes inter-subject covariations to quantitatively link the two modalities and to estimate the spatio-temporal areas of association. We evaluate the performance of mCCA using simulated fMRI- and EEG- like data and note its ability to effectively identify associations across modalities. Also, our experiments on actual data from an auditory oddball task reveals associations of the temporal and motor areas with the N2 and P3 peaks, a finding that is consistent with previous studies. Additionally, we compare the performance of mCCA to the recently introduced joint-ICA technique for estimating spatio-temporal connections from multimodal data and discuss the advantages and limitations of each.
2D NMR study of the DNA duplex d(CTCTC*A*ACTTCC).d(GGAAGTTGAGAG) cross-linked by the antitumor-active dirhodium(II,II) unit at the cytosine-adenine step.

The 2D NMR analysis in solution of the DNA duplex d(CTCTC*A*ACTTCC) d(GGAAGTTGAGAG) binding to the dirhodium unit cis-(Rh2(I-O2CCH3)2( 1 -O2CCH3)) + showed that an unprecedented intrastrand adduct, dsII, is formed with the dirhodium unit cross-linking in the major groove residues C5 and A6 (indicated with asterisks), also corroborated by enzyme digestion studies. Formation of the dirhodium complex dsII destabilizes significantly the duplex as indicated by the substantial decrease in its melting temperature (¢Tm )- 22.9 °C). The reduced thermal stability of dsII is attributed to the decreased stacking of the bases and the complete disruption and/or weakening of the hydrogen bonds within the base pairs in the immediate vicinity of the metalation site (C5‚G20 and A6‚T19), but the effects due to the metal binding are more severe for the base pairs in the 5' direction to the lesion site. The NMR spectroscopic data indicate that Watson-Crick hydrogen bonding is completely disrupted for the C5‚G20 site and considerably weakened for A6‚T19. In dsII, the bases C5 and A6 bind to eq positions of the dirhodium unit cis-(Rh2(I-O2CCH3)2( 1 -O2CCH3)) + , which retains one monodentate and two bridging acetate groups, presumably due to steric reasons. Binding of A6 takes place via N7, whereas binding of the C5 base takes place via the exocyclic N4 site, resulting in the anti-cytosine rotamer with respect to site N3 in its metal-stabilized rare iminooxo form.
Family treatment of childhood anxiety

Anxiety in childhood and adolescence can cause serious impairment across many settings in a child's life. Childhood anxiety may be impacted by parent-child attachment and by three specific parenting characteristics: acceptance, control and modelling of anxious behaviours. We review two evidence-based family interventions for childhood and adolescent anxiety problems. Cognitive behavioural treatment is currently the most commonly used form of psychotherapy to treat specific anxieties. Global or diffuse anxiety, however, may be better suited to experiential interventions such as communications approaches to family treatment. Experiential therapists examine how dysfunctional family roles exacerbate childhood anxiety. These intervention techniques and their implications for social work practice were discussed.
The emergence of severe pulmonary hemorrhagic leptospirosis: questions to consider.

Since the 1980s, the incidence of severe pulmonary hemorrhage caused by Leptospira spp. infection has increased. The mild, non-specific symptoms or the more classical form of severe disease with hepatorenal manifestations, Weil’s syndrome, predominate world-wide. However, several regions of the world have seen increases in numbers of patients with pulmonary hemorrhage attributed to leptospirosis. The reasons behind the emergence of this syndrome, which carries a high mortality rate, are not known. Several avenues for future research may shed light on the mechanisms involved in development of pulmonary hemorrhage, and inform targeted therapeutics to improve outcomes. Possibilities to consider include: 1) emergence of new bacterial strains, 2) acquisition of virulence traits by strains in the endemic regions, 3) changes in underlying health of the affected human populations, and 4) increased recognition of the syndrome and better record keeping by the medical and veterinary communities. Determining the causes of emerging clinical manifestations presents challenges and opportunities for potentially life-saving research into the pathogenesis of a number of infectious diseases, including leptospirosis.
The motorization of American cities

This is the report of a study which attempts to document the activities of groups and individuals who played the role of entrepreneurs in the successful promotion of urban highways. The study concerns itself with the basic question: why did all those streetcars disappear, and how did we get all the suburban freeways? After the introductory chapter, the second chapter explores the economics of public transit as it relates to the motorization issue. The third chapter considers the evidence supporting the existence of a conspiracy to destroy transit through motorization. Chapter 4 considers the conspiracy in view of other factors contributing to the decline of transit. Chapters 6 and 7 consider the highway policy issue, and the last chapter offers some conclusions and interpretations regarding both issues.
Bicollimated Gregorian reflector antenna

A bicollimated Gregorian reflector is structurally similar to a classical confocal Gregorian reflector, but its surfaces are shaped to have better scan capability. A geometrical optics procedure is used in designing the reflector surfaces. A three-dimensional ray tracing procedure is used in analyzing the aperture phase errors as the beam is scanned to different angles. The results show that the bicollimated configuration has about 45 percent greater angular scanning range than the equivalent confocal Gregorian reflector antenna.
The Zinc Finger Transcription Factor Egr-1 Potentiates Macrophage Differentiation of Hematopoietic Cells

Previously we have shown that the zinc finger transcription factor Egr-1 is essential for and restricts differentiation of hematopoietic cells along the macrophage lineage, raising the possibility that Egr-1 actually plays a deterministic role in governing the development of hematopoietic precursor cells along the monocytic lineage. To test this hypothesis, we have taken advantage of interleukin-3-dependent 32Dcl3 hematopoietic precursor cells which, in addition to undergoing granulocytic differentiation in response to granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, were found to be induced for limited proliferation, but not differentiation, by granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. It was shown that ectopic expression of Egr-1 blocked granulocyte colony-stimulating factor-induced terminal granulocytic differentiation, consistent with previous findings. In addition, ectopic expression of Egr-1 endowed 32Dcl3 cells with ability to be induced by granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor for terminal differentiation exclusively along the macrophage lineage. Thus, evidence that Egr-1 potentiates terminal macrophage differentiation has been obtained, suggesting that Egr-1 plays a deterministic role in governing the development of hematopoietic cells along the macrophage lineage.
A major protein component of the Bacillus subtilis biofilm matrix

Microbes construct structurally complex multicellular communities (biofilms) through production of an extracellular matrix. Here we present evidence from scanning electron microscopy showing that a wild strain of the Gram positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis builds such a matrix. Genetic, biochemical and cytological evidence indicates that the matrix is composed predominantly of a protein component, TasA, and an exopolysaccharide component. The absence of TasA or the exopolysaccharide resulted in a residual matrix, while the absence of both components led to complete failure to form complex multicellular communities. Extracellular complementation experiments revealed that a functional matrix can be assembled even when TasA and the exopolysaccharide are produced by different cells, reinforcing the view that the components contribute to matrix formation in an extracellular manner. Having defined the major components of the biofilm matrix and the control of their synthesis by the global regulator SinR, we present a working model for how B. subtilis switches between nomadic and sedentary lifestyles.
On the discretization of single source integral equations for analyzing scattering from homogeneous penetrable objects

In this paper, a second kind single source equation for analyzing scattering from homogeneous penetrable objects is discretized via a recently developed technique that achieves such mapping. The proposed discretization procedure fully respects the space mapping properties of the operators involved, thereby guaranteeing accuracy and stability; in addition, it permits the development of numerically viable techniques for solving regularized first kind and combined field single source equations.
Use of terminal transferase-dependent antisense RNA amplification to determine the transcription start site of the Snrpn gene in individual neurons

We describe here a very sensitive technique for RNA structure analysis and the determination of transcription start sites and demonstrate its use for mapping the start site of the imprinted Snrpn gene in individual hippocampal neurons. The method is adapted from reverse transcription–terminal transferase-dependent PCR (RT–TDPCR) to include amplification of the antisense sequence by in vitro transcription just prior to the final PCR step. The method should be useful for analysis of all genes for which variation in promoter usage and/or differences in RNA secondary structure may be specific to a given cell type or developmental stage.
IOP: Central Corneal Thickness

Ever since the recognition that glaucoma was associated in many patients with a firm eye, ophthalmologists have been attempting to measure intraocular pressure (IOP) clinically. Prior to the introduction of Goldmann Applanation Tonometry (GAT) in the 1950s, tonometry techniques were inconvenient and unreliable. Professor Goldmann’s tonometer rapidly gained widespread acceptance following its introduction – it was reasonably-priced, based on easily-understood physical principles, fitted seamlessly into the workflow of the slit-lamp exam, and appeared to provide accurate, reproducible measurements. GAT’s status as a tonometry “Gold standard” went largely unchallenged for 50 years, even though Professor Goldmann himself drew attention to various potential sources of error for the device in his first description of his tonometer [1]. In particular, Goldmann and Schmidt acknowledged that their design assumptions were based on a central corneal thickness (CCT) of 0.5 mm (500 µm) and that the accuracy of their device would vary if CCT deviated from this value – “Under conditions which differ considerably from our measurement conditions (abnormally thick or thin cornea, for example…), errors of several millimeters are to be expected” [1]. Given the paucity of published data at the time, 500 µm seemed a reasonable assumption for the “average” patient. We now know CCT varies greatly among the general population, to a degree that impacts the accuracy of GAT in daily practice.
Models of human core transcriptional regulatory circuitries

A small set of core transcription factors (TFs) dominates control of the gene expression program in embryonic stem cells and other well-studied cellular models. These core TFs collectively regulate their own gene expression, thus forming an interconnected auto-regulatory loop that can be considered the core transcriptional regulatory circuitry (CRC) for that cell type. There is limited knowledge of core TFs, and thus models of core regulatory circuitry, for most cell types. We recently discovered that genes encoding known core TFs forming CRCs are driven by super-enhancers, which provides an opportunity to systematically predict CRCs in poorly studied cell types through super-enhancer mapping. Here, we use super-enhancer maps to generate CRC models for 75 human cell and tissue types. These core circuitry models should prove valuable for further investigating cell-type-specific transcriptional regulation in healthy and diseased cells.
CY15 Livermore Computing Focus Areas

The LC team undertook a survey of primary Center drivers for CY15. Identified key drivers included enhancing user experience and productivity, pre-exascale platform preparation, process improvement, data-centric computing paradigms and business expansion. The team organized critical supporting efforts into three cross-cutting focus areas; Improving Service Quality; Monitoring, Automation, Delegation and Center Efficiency; and Next Generation Compute and Data Environments In each area the team detailed high level challenges and identified discrete actions to address these issues during the calendar year. Identifying the Center’s primary drivers, issues, and plans is intended to serve as a lens focusing LC personnel, resources, and priorities throughout the year.
Tremorine tremor in chronic spinal rats.

SummaryTremorine and 2 other centrally-acting cholinergic compounds, arecoline and physostigmine, have been shown to induce tremors of the hind extremities in chronic spinal rats. These tremors have been blocked by the anticholinergic, anti-Parkinson agent, procyclidine, as well as by dorsal root section. In contrast, prostigmine methylsulfate produced only muscle fasciculations which were not blocked by procyclidine or acute limb denervation. The implications of these findings are briefly discussed.
Some Reflections on Early Anglo-paraguayan Commerce *

Scholars of the British experience in Latin America have given considerable attention to the adventures of the two Scottish merchants John Parish Robertson and his brother William, who visited Paraguay between 1811 and 1814. The image of the taciturn Dictator Jose Gaspar de Francia attempting to use the two British subjects to establish commercial links with Europe has appeared in virtually all histories of the period. Francia's failure in this regard, we are frequently told, ushered in a period of self-imposed isolation for Paraguay. Few foreigners, merchants or otherwise, were permitted to breech the barriers set up by the Dictator and Paraguay quickly took on the reputation of an “inland Japan.” That these barriers were not as absolute as the traditional portrayal would suggest has been established only in the last fifteen years. With few exceptions, the historical accounts have assumed that, with the departure of the Robertsons, British merchants lost all interest in Paraguay. In fact, however, a strong desire to “open” the trade of that country characterized the British mercantile community of Buenos Aires throughout the life of the Dictator and, on one occasion at the very end of Dr. Francia's reign, a concerted effort was made by certain Britons to reintroduce British commerce to Paraguay.
Low Band Gap Star-Shaped Molecules Based on Benzothia(oxa)diazole for Organic Photovoltaics

A set of star-shaped molecules (SSMs) with benzothiadiazole and benzoxadiazole groups in the arms were designed and synthesized as a low band gap material for use in organic photovoltaic devices. Benzene and silicon atoms were exploited as core moieties to yield three-arm and four-arm SSMs, respectively. Absorption spectra of all SSMs show two major bands around 370 and 530 nm with the latter having significant charge transfer character. The band gaps of SSMs vary between 1.83 and 2.05 eV. Nevertheless, benzoxadiazole containing structures display the lowest band gaps and the deepest highest-occupied molecular orbital levels, suggesting benzoxadiazole is a stronger electron-withdrawing group than benzothiadiazole. Meta-substitution inhibits excitonic delocalization over the three-arm SSMs. Thus, both four-arm and three-arm structures display very similar photophysical properties as verified by experiment as well as theory. The films of SSMs are amorphous in nature; however, hole mobilities of four-arm str...
The Development of an in Vivo Spinal Fusion Monitor Using Microelectromechanical (Mems) Technology to Create Implantable Microsensors

v LIST OF TABLES viii LIST OF FIGURES x CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER II: BACKGROUND 10 CHAPTER III: ESTABLISHING IN VITRO STUDY TO ASSESS THE FEASIBILITY OF USING PRESSURE AND FORCE TO MONITOR BONE HEALING 21 CHAPTER IV: IN VIVO EVALUATION TO MONITOR THE CONTACT PRESSURES DURING BONE HEALING UTILIZING A GOAT MODEL 39 CHAPTER V: AN IN VIVO BIOCOMAPTIBILITY ASSESSMENT OF MEMS MATERIALS FOR USE WITH AN IMPLANTABLE MEMS PRESSURE SENSOR 54 CHAPTER VI: STERILIZATION 73 CHAPTER VII: BIOPACKAGING OF MEMS IMPLNATABLE MEDICAL DEVICES 83 CHAPTER VIII: CONCLUSIONS, STUDY LIMITATIONS, AND FUTURE WORK 99 BIBLIOGRAPHY 108