cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
DISTINCT EVENTS IN THE IMMUNE RESPONSE ELICITED BY TRANSFERRED MARROW AND THYMUS CELLS I. ANTIGEN REQUIREMENTS AND PROLIFERATION OF THYMIC ANTIGEN-REACTIVE CELLS

Marrow cells and thymocytes of unprimed donor mice were transplanted separately into X-irradiated syngeneic hosts, with or without sheep erythrocytes (SRBC). Antigen-dependent changes in number or function of potentially immunocompetent cells were assessed by retransplantation of thymus-derived cells with fresh bone marrow cells and SRBC; of marrow-derived cells with fresh thymocytes and SRBC; and of thymus-derived with marrow-derived cells and SRBC. Plaque-forming cells (PFC) of the direct (IgM) and indirect (IgG) classes were enumerated in spleens of secondary host mice at the time of peak responses. By using this two-step design, it was shown (a) that thymus, but not bone marrow, contained antigen-reactive cells (ARC) capable of initiating the immune response to SRBC (first step), and (b) that the same antigen complex that activated thymic ARC was required for the subsequent interaction between thymus-derived and marrow cells and/or for PFC production (second step). Thymic ARC separated from marrow cells but exposed to SRBC proliferated and generated specific inducer cells. These were the cells that interacted with marrow precursors of PFC to form the elementary units for plaque responses to SRBC, i.e. the class- and specificity-restricted antigen-sensitive units. It was estimated that each ARC generated 80–800 inducer cells in 4 days by way of a minimum of 6–10 cell divisions. On the basis of the available evidence, a simple model was outlined for cellular events in the immune response to SRBC.
Anorexia and bulimia: anatomy of a social epidemic

Culture and psychopathology - the notion of an ethnic disorder eating disorders - anorexia nervosa and bulimia the social dimensions of an epidemic a changing female identity the thin body the war against fat - obesity, dieting and exercise the templates of a disease the politics of anorexia.
The motor vehicle dominated city as a non-sustainable urban form: Mexico City and Jakarta

Abstract Developing countries are rapidly urbanizing with some of their cities burgeoning into the largest urban centers on earth. These cities, with some exceptions, are adopting transportation systems dominated by motor vehicles. A computer simulation analysis of the growth of population, transportation, and associated energy use and air pollution in Mexico City and Jakarta demonstrates an evolution towards non-sustainable futures. Emerging land use patterns will lock these cities into non-sustainable urban forms. The implications of these developments and policy options to create sustainable futures are considered.
Enhancement of electron beam dose distributions by longitudinal magnetic fields: Monte Carlo simulations and magnet system optimization

A Monte Carlo electron-photon transport code was developed in order to determine the effects of static, longitudinal, magnetic fields on dose distributions produced by high-energy electron beams, and to optimize the design of a superconducting magnet system. As a result of these simulations, a 20-cm-i.d., 30-cm-o.d., 15-cm-tall, single-coil, magnet system was designed that could be incorporated into a mobile treatment table for use with a standard radiation therapy accelerator. Operating at a current density of 18 kA/cm2, the magnet would produce field strengths of 1-4 T in the phantom and 0.01 T at the accelerator exit window. Magnetically enhanced dose distributions, calculated for 20- and 30-MeV electron beams, show a pronounced Bragg peak, steeper gradients to the sides and rear, and a roughly fourfold increase in the peak dose to entrance dose ratios relative to those similarly calculated without a magnetic field. These magnetically enhanced dose distributions have the potential for sparing intervening tissue when high-energy electrons are used for the treatment of deep-seated tumors.
Thinking of Others: Feminist Identification and the Perception of Others’ Beliefs

Previous research has shown that most women in the United States support feminist goals but do not label themselves as feminists. Concern over other people’s opinions of feminists may predict rejection of the feminist label. In the present study we predicted that feminists would be more likely than non-feminists to believe that other people view feminists favorably. One hundred seventy-one female participants completed the Berryman-Fink Semantic Differential Scale twice, once to indicate how they view feminists and again to indicate how they believe others view feminists. Contrary to our hypothesis, all women, regardless of feminist identification, believed that others view feminists negatively and as more likely to be homosexual than heterosexual. Relationships between participants’ own views of feminists and their perceptions of others’ views of feminists were explored. Transformative experiences that may lead a feminist to ignore their perception of society’s views are discussed.
Studies on ciliary dyskinesia factor in cystic fibrosis. 3. Skin fibroblasts and cultured amniotic fluid cells.

Extract: The cell-free media from cultured skin fibroblasts derived from 16 healthy subjects, 13 homozygotes, 6 obligate heterozygotes, and 1 potential heterozygote for cystic fibrosis (CF) were investigated for ciliary dyskinesia factor (CDF) by a modified rabbit tracheal bioassay. Fluid was obtained for study from cultures during growth phase, 24 and 48 hr after feeding, before confluence had been reached. A positive CDF response was demonstrated in the media of all homozygous and heterozygous for CF skin fibro-blast cultures, after incubation of the culture fluid with human immunoglobulin G (IgG). No CDF response was observed before the addition of IgG. Although there was a tendency of the cell-free media obtained from the CF homozygous fibroblast cultures to elicit a stronger CDF response than the media from heterozygous cultures, no consistent distinction between homozygous and heterozygous fibroblast cultures could be obtained. The fluid of 15 out of 16 fibroblast cultures derived from normal donors did not demonstrate CDF activity before or after the addition of IgG. The media from cultured amniotic fluid cells obtained from a pregnant woman homozygous for CF and from four pregnancies derived from heterozygous parents demonstrated CDF activity in the presence of IgG. The media of 10 out of 11 control amniotic fluid cell cultures were CDF negative. In the one CDF-positive control culture a positive CDF response was also elicited in the maternal serum. Media from CF fibroblast cultures, to which IgG had been added, lost their CDF activity after treatment with anti-IgG. The culture fluid from confluent fibroblast and amniotic fluid cell cultures of all types of subjects, including control subjects, inhibited the ciliary activity of rabbit tracheal explants without addition of IgG. No CDF activity was observed in the amniotic fluid of a fetus affected with CF. Amicon filtration experiments demonstrated that a molecule with molecular weight between 1,000 and 10,000 produced by CF fibroblast cultures causes ciliary dyskinesia in the presence of IgG. The findings suggest that cultured skin fibroblasts and amniotic fluid cells that carry the CF gene in a homozygous or heterozygous state produce a small molecule, preciliary dyskinesia factor (pre-CDF), which is activated in the presence of IgG, as tested with the rabbit bioassay. It appears that this activation of pre-CDF could be reversed by its removal from the IgG. Speculation: Cells from all individuals produce a pre-CDF, which is a normal product important for rapid changes in electrolyte flux at the cell membrane. This molecule is normally rapidly inactivated by an appropriate enzyme. The genetic defect in CF is in the reduced activity of this enzyme, which results in abnormalities at the cell membrane because of excess of pre-GDF, and, after activation of pre-CDF to CDF by IgG, in interference with bronchial ciliary function.
Electrostatic force calculation for an EWOD-actuated droplet

This paper examines the electrostatic force on a microdroplet transported via electrowetting on dielectric (EWOD). In contrast with previous publications, this article details the force distribution on the advancing and receding fluid faces, in addition to presenting simple algebraic formulae for the net force in terms of system parameters. Dependence of the force distribution and its integral on system geometry, droplet location, and material properties is described. The consequences of these theoretically and numerically obtained results for design and fabrication of EWOD devices are considered.
Exstrophy of the bladder.

Abstract A 20-year experience with the management of exstrophy of the bladder is presented. Follow-up data from 27 patients indicate that cystoplasty is a satisfactory operation since half of the older patients developed urinary continence with a normal upper urinary tract. Continence was achieved several years after cystoplasty with aid of bladder neck revision and training. After failure of the cystoplasty, construction of an ileal conduit was the most satisfactory form of urinary diversion.
Performance of bilinguals in a picture-word interference task

The picture-word interference task was administered to Spanish-English adults in order to determine whether the lexicons of bilinguals are integrated or whether words are stored and accessed separately in semantic memory. Pictures were printed with Spanish words naming other objects, with English translations, and with X's. Spanish and English distractor words were observed to slow down picture naming in both languages. Also, an interaction was detected among subjects naming pictures in English. On the first trial Spanish words produced more interference than English words, whereas the pattern was reversed thereafter. This effect is attributed to task novelty, which disappears with practice. No differential patterns of interference were observed among subjects naming pictures in Spanish, probably because of greater error variance. Results for English picture-naming bilinguals supported the integration hypothesis but suggested that there is less distance between words within a language than between languages in semantic memory.
A Py–GC–MS and NMR spectroscopy study of organic nitrogen in Mangrove Lake sediments

Abstract Solid-state CP–MAS 13C and 15N nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and flash pyrolysis–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (Py-GC–MS) techniques have been used to characterize the organic-rich sedimentary deposit from Mangrove Lake, Bermuda. The chemical nature of organic nitrogen in sediment samples from different depths was studied as it relates to the early diagenesis of proteinaceous material in the reducing marine environment. Although the majority of proteins were lost during early diagenesis, part of the proteinaceous material became resistant to proteolysis and chemical hydrolysis. The proteinaceous material is proposed to have survived early diagenesis via encapsulation by refractory, aliphatic organic matter.
The use of chromium bromide hydrates in the sulfuric acid-hydrogen bromide cycle for the production of hydrogen thermochemically. Estimates of cycle efficiency☆

Abstract One method of thermochemically producing hydrogen using sulfuric acid, hydrogen bromide and chromium bromide hydrates has been studied and the experimental results are reported. Emphasis is given to the subcycle involving hydrogen bromide decomposition and the degree of hydration of the chromium bromides. The cycle is considered in entirety in the context of the thermodynamic properties and an estimate of cycle efficiency is made. The major contribution to the low efficiency (20 %) is the high heat requirement needed to dehydrate chromic bromide hexahydrate. However the hydration is necessary for reasonable rates and yields of hydrogen.
Psychomotor Impairment Detection via Finger Interactions with a Computer Keyboard During Natural Typing

Psychomotor Impairment Detection via Finger Interactions with a Computer Keyboard During Natural Typing
Late-onset Leclercia adecarboxylata sepsis in a premature neonate

The epidemiology, etiology and outcome of neonatal sepsis are changing over time. While monitoring longitudinal trends in neonatal sepsis in our institution, we encountered a case of late-onset neonatal sepsis due to Leclercia adecarboxylata. A Gram-negative rod previously not encountered in the clinical setting, L. adecarboxylata has recently emerged as a human pathogen, primarily in immunosuppressed patients. This report describes the clinical and laboratory features of this case of late-onset L. adecarboxylata sepsis, and reviews significant features of infection associated with this emerging pathogen.
A continuous model of multilateral bargaining with random arrival times

This paper proposes a continuous-time model framework of bargaining, which is analytically tractable even in complex situations like coalitional bargaining. The main ingredients of the model are: (i) players get to make offers according to a random arrival process; (ii) there is a deadline that ends negotiations. In the case of n-player group bargaining, there is a unique subgame-perfect Nash equilibrium, and the share of the surplus a player can expect is proportional to her arrival rate. In general coalitional bargaining, existence and uniqueness of Markov perfect equilibrium is established. In convex games, the set of limit payoffs as the deadline gets infinitely far away exactly corresponds to the core. The limit allocation selected from the core is determined by the relative arrival rates. As an application of the model, legislative bargaining with deadline is investigated.
Measuring the elastic modulus and residual stress of freestanding thin films using nanoindentation techniques

A new method is proposed to determine the elastic modulus and residual stress of freestanding thin films based on nanoindentation techniques. The experimentally measured stiffness-displacement response is applied to a simple membrane model that assumes the film deformation is dominated by stretching as opposed to bending. Dimensional analysis is used to identify appropriate limitations of the proposed model. Experimental verification of the method is demonstrated for Al/0.5 wt% Cu films nominally 22 µm wide, 0.55 µm thick, and 150, 300, and 500 µm long. The estimated modulus for the four freestanding films match the value measured by electrostatic techniques to within 2%, and the residual stress to within 19.1%. The difference in residual stress can be completely accounted for by thermal expansion and a modest change in temperature of 3 °C. Numerous experimental pitfalls are identified and discussed. Collectively, these data and the technique used to generate them should help future investigators make more accurate and precise measurements of the mechanical properties of freestanding thin films using nanoindentation.
Challenges in paediatric procedural sedation: political, economic, and clinical aspects

Summary Paediatric sedation has expanded in volume and demand over the past decade. In parallel with the increasing demand for and delivery of sedation by multi-specialty providers, conflicting political agendas have surfaced. With a limited selection of sedatives and few new sedatives to market over the past decade, some providers utilize agents that formerly were considered exclusive for administration by anaesthesiologists. This review highlights the important contributions to paediatric sedation over the past century. Considerations include the barriers and politics that impede progress and also future advances and contributions that may lie ahead.
Determination of Helicobacter pylori status by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Comparison with urea breath test.

We previously reported the development and the possible application of reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay for the detection ofH. pylori in gastric mucosal biopsy specimens. In this communication, the application of this assay was assessed by comparing its results from 79 gastric biopsy specimens obtained from 68 patients with the more traditional [13C]urea breath test. When the amplified products were examined, the specificity and sensitivity of this RT-PCR assay were 100% and 47% on agarose gels and 80% and 91% by Southern hybridization, respectively. The specificity and sensitivity of urea breath test were 91% and 96% and were generally superior to RT-PCR (negative predictive value of 94% for UBT and 59–76% for RT-PCR). Although our RT-PCR results compare favorably with other PCR assays applied to gastric biopsy specimens for the detection ofH. pylori, the use of this method did not add significantly to currently available noninvasive diagnostic methods.
A reconfigurable Byzantine quorum approach for the Agile Store

Quorum-based protocols can be used to manage data when it is replicated at multiple server nodes to improve availability and performance. If some server nodes can be compromised by a malicious adversary, Byzantine quorums must be used to ensure correct access to replicated data. This paper introduces reconfigurable Byzantine quorums, which allow various quorum protocol parameters to be adapted based on the behavior of compromised nodes and the performance needs of the system. We present a protocol that generalizes dynamic Byzantine quorums by allowing the system size to change as faulty servers are removed from the system, in addition to adapting the fault threshold. A new architecture and algorithm that provide the capability to detect and remove faulty servers are also described. Finally, simulation results are presented that demonstrate the benefits offered by our approach.
Fulminant hepatic failure associated with antiretroviral therapy in a pregnant woman.

[1] Dupuis C, Charaf LA, Breviere GM, Abou P. “Infantile” form of the scimitar syndrome with pulmonary hypertension. Am J Cardiol 1993;71(15):1326–30. [2] Gudjonsson U, Brown JW. Scimitar syndrome. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg Pediatr Card Surg Annu 2006:56–62. [3] Wang CC, Wu ET, Chen SJ, Lu F, Huang SC, Wang JK, et al. Scimitar syndrome: incidence, treatment, and prognosis. Eur J Pediatr 2007;167(2):155–60. [4] MiyakeM, Katayama S, Masaki K, Kubo H, Hirakawa S, Saji T. Scimitar syndrome and pregnancy: A case report. The Japanese Teratology Society Abstract Book, vol. 41(3); 2001. p. 243.
Direct observation of the H2NO2– ion

The structure of the gaseous H2NO2– ion in the negative chemical ionisation mass spectrum of butyl nitrate is suggested by charge-reversal chemical-activation mass spectrometry and confirmed by calculation at the 4–31 G level.
Gsα deficiency in skeletal muscle leads to reduced muscle mass, fiber-type switching, and glucose intolerance without insulin resistance or deficiency

The ubiquitously expressed G protein α-subunit Gsα is required for receptor-stimulated intracellular cAMP responses and is an important regulator of energy and glucose metabolism. We have generated skeletal muscle-specific Gsα-knockout (KO) mice (MGsKO) by mating Gsα-floxed mice with muscle creatine kinase-cre transgenic mice. MGsKO mice had normal body weight and composition, and their serum glucose, insulin, free fatty acid, and triglyceride levels were similar to that of controls. However, MGsKO mice were glucose intolerant despite the fact that insulin sensitivity and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion were normal, suggesting an insulin-independent mechanism. Isolated muscles from MGsKO mice had increased basal glucose uptake and normal responses to a stimulator of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), which indicates that AMPK and its downstream pathways are intact. Compared with control mice, MGsKO mice had reduced muscle mass with decreased cross-sectional area and force production. In addition, adult MGsKO mice showed an increased proportion of type I (slow-twitch, oxidative) fibers based on kinetic properties and myosin heavy chain isoforms, despite the fact that these muscles had reduced expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor coactivator protein-1α (PGC-1α) and reduced mitochondrial content and oxidative capacity. Therefore Gsα deficiency led to fast-to-slow fiber-type switching, which appeared to be dissociated from the expected change in oxidative capacity. MGsKO mice are a valuable model for future studies of the role of Gsα signaling pathways in skeletal muscle adaptation and their effects on whole body metabolism.
V&V through inconsistency tracking and analysis

In this paper we describe a research agenda for a study into the use of inconsistency analysis as a tool for software V&V, and in particular, the use of category theory as a basis for modeling consistency relationships between the various artifacts of software development, including specifications, design, test cases, etc. Our expectation is that inconsistency analysis is fundamental to much of the work of V&V, and that a systematic approach will have impacts across a wide range of V&V tasks. Two goals are described: an account of the contribution of inconsistency analysis to various V&V analyses, and the development of a formal framework for inconsistency analysis. Our approach to the development of the latter is through the refinement of the viewpoint framework using the language of category theory. We discuss the relation-ship between specification morphisms, as conventionally conceived in work on composition of specifications, and inter-viewpoint consistency relationships. We conclude that inconsistency analysis has the potential to address the 'air gaps' between methods used during the various phases of the software lifecycle.
Microphone array for hearing aid and speech enhancement applications

Microphone array technology has been proposed for various audio, teleconference, hearing aid and voice recognition applications. By forming a focused beam toward the desired speech source, attenuating background noises and rejecting discrete spatial interferers, a microphone array can enhance the signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) in a noisy environment with notable improvement in speech intelligibility. At the threshold of intelligibility, a one dB improvement in SNR can increase 10-15% speech intelligibility. It is also known that increasing SNR can result in significant improvement in the recognition rate of various automatic voice recognition systems. We propose a novel electronically steerable microphone array based on the maximum energy (ME) concentration criterion, which results in high SNR in rooms with reverberations and competing interferences. We present a prototype PC-based microphone array system designed for hearing aid applications but also applicable to other tasks.
The Effects of Heat and Glucagon on the Plasma Glucose and Free Fatty Acids of the Domestic Fowl

Abstract The effects of glucagon on plasma free fatty acid (F.F.A.) and glucose levels were studied in heat-acclimated and heat-exposed male broiler chickens and compared to controls. Chickens heat acclimated at 35°C. for 4 weeks had significantly lower plasma F.F.A. (343 μeq./1.) compared to the controls at 21°C. (463 μeq./1.). Glucagon at 20 and 100 μg./kg. injected i.m. in Freunds adjuvant significantly elevated plasma F.F.A. and glucose in both the 21°C. and 35°C. acclimated birds. Chickens heat exposed to 35°C. for 4 hours had significant elevations of plasma F.F.A. (719 μeq./1.) when compared to the controls at 21°C. (510 μeq./1.). Glucagon at 20 and 100 μg./kg. injected i.m. into chickens exposed to 21°C. and 35°C. significantly elevated plasma F.F.A. but not glucose except at 45 minutes. Thus, chickens acclimated to heat have decreased levels of plasma F.F.A., in addition, these data strengthen the view that glucagon is an important lipolytic hormone in chickens.
Electromagnetic propagation in periodic stratified media. II. Birefringence, phase matching, and x-ray lasers *

The theory of electromagnetic Bloch waves in periodic stratified media is applied to the problems of birefringence and group velocity in these media. The relevance of periodic media to phase matching in nonlinear mixing experiments and to laser action in the x-ray region is discussed.
The Question(s) of Political Knowledge

Political knowledge is a central concept in the study of public opinion and political behavior. Yet what the field collectively believes about this construct is based on dozens of studies using different indicators of knowledge. We identify two theoretically relevant dimensions: a temporal dimension that corresponds to the time when a fact was established and a topical dimension that relates to whether the fact is policy-specific or general. The resulting typology yields four types of knowledge questions. In an analysis of more than 300 knowledge items from late in the first decade of the 2000s, we examine whether classic findings regarding the predictors of knowledge withstand differences across types of questions. In the case of education and the mass media, the mechanisms for becoming informed operate differently across question types. However, differences in the levels of knowledge between men and women are robust, reinforcing the importance of including gender-relevant items in knowledge batteries.
Preliminary test of the LFA rapid evaluation of activity in lupus (LFA-REAL): an efficient outcome measure correlates with validated instruments

Objective Current disease activity measures for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) are difficult to score or interpret and problematic for use in clinical practice. Lupus Foundation of America (LFA)-Rapid Evaluation of Activity in Lupus (REAL) is a pilot application composed of anchored visual analogue scores (0–100 mm each) for each organ affected by lupus. This study evaluated the use of LFA-REAL in capturing SLE disease activity. Methods In a preliminary test of LFA-REAL, this simplified, organ-based system was compared with the most widely used outcome measures in clinical trials, the British Isles Lupus Assessment Group 2004 Index (BILAG), the SLE Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI) and the Safety of Estrogens in Lupus Erythematosus National Assessment (SELENA) SLEDAI Physician9s Global Assessment (SS-PGA). The level of agreement was analysed using Spearman rank correlations. Results 91 patients with SLE with mild to severe disease activity were evaluated, their median SLEDAI score was 4.0 (range 0–28) and BILAG score 8.0 (0–32). The median SS-PGA was 38 mm (4–92) versus the total REAL 50 mm (0–268), which expands in range by additive organ scores. Thirty-three patients had moderate to severe disease activity (≥1.5 on SS-PGA landmarks). The median SS-PGA score of this group was 66 mm (50–92) versus median REAL score of 100 mm (59–268), confirming ability to detect a wider distribution of scores at higher disease activity. Total REAL correlated with SLEDAI, BILAG and SS-PGA (correlation coefficient=0.816, 0.933 and 0.903, respectively; p Conclusions In this preliminary exercise, there were strong correlations between LFA-REAL and validated lupus disease activity indices. Further development may be valuable for consistent scoring in clinical trials, grading optimal assessment of change in disease activity and reliable monitoring of patients in practice.
Acute abdominal emergencies in childhood

Abstract Children frequently present to surgeons for assessment of abdominal symptoms and signs. This contribution examines the approach to history and examination of such children, their initial management and specifically addresses the most common abdominal emergencies and the rare (but life-threatening emergencies) that may present. Common causes include appendicitis and non-specific abdominal pain. Rare (but potentially lethal) conditions include intussusception, midgut volvulus due to malrotation and a bleeding Meckel's diverticulum.
Integrating retransmission diversity with real-time scheduling over wireless links

In this paper, cross-layer combining of an adaptive modulation-coding (AMC) scheme at the physical layer and the use of automatic repeat request (ARQ) retransmissions at the medium access control (MAC) layer is integrated into the design of scheduling for multi-user wireless networks. A class of scheduling algorithms capable of jointly collecting retransmission diversity and multi-user diversity are developed for delay sensitive real-time network traffic. Numerical computer simulations are provided to examine the merits of our novel schemes for multiple real-time transmissions over Nakagami block fading channels. Analytical and simulation results show that the proposed scheduling schemes can asymptotically guarantee the prescribed fairness and average delay requirements for real-time traffic, even when the underlying fading channel distribution is unknown a priori.
Gendering French in Tunisia: language ideologies and nationalism

This paper seeks to describe and account for a common ideology among Tunisians and North Africans more broadly that associates the use of French with women, thereby symbolically associating the use of Arabic with men. In this regard, the use of French can be said to be “gendered” there. In an effort to historicize this phenomenon, I sketch the social history of French in Tunisia, particularly in regards to the access female and male Tunisians would historically have had to it through the institution of schooling. I then consider the different relationships contemporary Tunisian men and women have with French. Finally, I seek to contextualize these relationships in light of other ideologies that are part of Tunisian daily life, particularly notions of “authenticity” and “openness”, tropes of many forms of discourse in Tunisia.
Fourth-order interference technique for determining the coherence time of a light beam

A new experimental procedure for determining the (second-order) coherence time of a light beam is described that is based on a combination of conventional interferometry with an intensity-correlation technique. It permits measurements of coherence times that are several orders of magnitude shorter than the resolving times of the detectors, which ordinarily limit correlation measurements. The validity of the method is demonstrated by an experiment in which the transverse fluorescent light from a dye laser is measured.
Interaction of a radiating source with a plasma-effect of an electroacoustic wave

Abstract : When a radiating source is immersed in a homo geneous plasma of infinite extent, an electro acoustic wave may be excited in addition to thusual electromagnetic wave. The electroacoustic wave becomes a longitudinal plasma wave in the far zone of the source. The case of a Hertzian dipole in a lossless plasma is considered first. The fields of both the EM and plasma modes ex cited by the dipole are explicitly obtained, and the EM and plasma components of the radiation resistance of a Hertzian dipole are determined. The case of a cylindrical dipole antenna in a lossless plasma is investigated next. The far zone fields of both the EM and plasma modes are explicitly obtained, and the EM and plasma com ponents of the radiation resistance are then derived as functions of the antenna dimension and the plasma parameters. Finally, the case of a Hertzian dipole in a slightly lossy plasma is studied; the effect of collisions in a plasma on the radiation resistance of the immersed antenna is discussed. (Author)
Recycling: A Problem in Reverse Logistics:

Using a systems approach, this article looks at recycling as a problem in retrologistics. The role and problems faced by various channel members are discussed. As recycling incentives increase, changes in channel structure will probably occur. Marketing has an opportunity to contribute to the understanding and assessment of future changes.
Comparing Operating Characteristics of Queues in Which Customers Require a Random Number of Servers

We examine the relative effects of several service order disciplines on important operating characteristics of queues in which customers request a random number of servers. This class of queues is characterized by customers who cannot begin service until all required servers are available. We show that for many systems in this class, it is possible to define a new service order discipline which is more efficient than FIFO with respect to one or more measures such as expected waiting time, probability of delay, etc.
Castleman's Disease: Systematic Analysis of 416 Patients from the Literature

Background. Castleman’s disease is a rare primary disease of the lymph nodes with limited available clinical information. Methods.A systematic literature search identified 416 cases amenable to detailed analysis. Results. In HIV patients, centricity, pathology type, the presence of symptoms, gender, and age all predict outcome in univariate analyses. The 3-year disease-free survival (DFS) rate for patients with unicentric hyaline vascular disease (49.5% of cases, class I) was 92.5%, versus 45.7% for those with multicentric plasma cell disease (20.2% of cases, class III) and 78.0% for those with any other combination (22.6% of cases, class II) (p < .0001). HIVpatients (class IV) exclusively presented with multicentric plasma cell disease and had a 3-year DFS rate of only 27.8%. Kaposi’s sarcoma and lymphoma were observed in 59.3% and 9.4% of HIV patients and in 2.6% and 3.6% of HIV patients (p < .0001). Paraneoplastic pemphigus and the syndrome of polyneuropathy, organomegaly, endocrinopathy, monoclonal gammopathy, and skin changes were observed exclusively in HIV patients at a rate of 1.3% and 1.8%, respectively. Conclusion. Clinical, pathological, and viral markers allow for the classification of Castleman’s disease into groups with markedly different outcomes and disease associations. The Oncologist 2011;16:1316–1324
When does it pay to make software more reliable

Substantial work has been done in the area of software fault analysis, prediction and evaluation. Some work considers the relationship between failures and cost. Unfortunately, current work does not address the issues of revenues, return on investment, or time-value of money. These shortcomings limit the usefulness and acceptance of software reliability within industry. To address these shortcomings, we have developed an economic reliability analysis (ERA) framework at the University of Virginia, that fuses reliability engineering methods with economic analysis. We introduce the ERA framework to the software reliability community and fuse it with the Musa/Okumoto NHPP software reliability model to estimate the economic impact of operational software faults. This framework defines a set of economic vectors that are calculated using the software reliability model along with a few additional financial elements. This extended software reliability model is then used to evaluate an operational software system with three different proposed software upgrades. All four software systems are analyzed and compared. This analysis provides a more complete method to apply software reliability modeling techniques to existing software systems and proposed design changes.
Design of small molecule reagents that enable signal amplification via an autocatalytic, base-mediated cascade elimination reaction

This Communication describes three small molecule reagents that amplify the signal for a detection event via an autocatalytic reaction. Two signals are obtained from each reagent: (i) the dibenzofulvene chromophore and (ii) piperidine, which can be visualized using a pH indicator dye. The reagents are demonstrated in a model assay for palladium.
Registration of observational studies does not enhance validity.

Mandatory registration of observational studies has been proposed to enhance quality of published research and reduce selective publication of positive findings. Enhanced communication of study plans would be welcome, but the alleged benefits to research quality are illusory. In particular, prespecification of hypotheses has no independent effect on data quality or the likelihood that hypotheses are correct. Registration of studies and hypotheses is likely to be misinterpreted as an independent determinant of validity. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2011); 90 5, 646–648. doi:10.1038/clpt.2011.199
Short Paper: Dynamic Risk Mitigation for 'Self-defending' Network Security

We introduce1 a novel probabilistic modeling2 framework, which captures key performance tradeoffs arising in information network security. Given a set of resources available to protect and defend a network, how should those be dynamically configured to maximize the protection level? Different resource configurations enable various network defense modes. Besides the capital and operational costs of the resources, there are also invasiveness costs associated with stresses that network users experience due to protection measures. How should these costs be balanced and how should the network dynamically configure its protection resources to efficiently defend itself? Taking a risk management point of view, we develop a parsimonious flexible model, capturing the above issues in a unified manner. The model enables the formulation of key optimization schemes for dynamically controlling the network defense modes via on-line algorithms. It provides a systematic design framework for self-defending networks that can autonomously maintain their integrity in the presence of changing adverse conditions.
Beyond flow: temporality and participation in everyday activities.

Experience sampling examined how temporality, the lived experience of time, varied related to specific activity qualities and experiences in everyday life. Thirty-five students completed electronic surveys regarding their current activity and feelings and rated the activity’s novelty and complexity, their depth of emotional and intellectual engagement, the direction and depth of attention, and the demands of the activity on their skills. Using configural frequency analysis and an analysis of narrative responses, configurations of factors (types) associ ated with variations in perceived temporalities were described. Four composite types identified occurred with any temporality. In most habitual activities, time was perceived as passing the same as clock time. Most faster or timeless temporalities occurred in complex, novel, and skill-requiring activities that engaged participants. Unexpected activity configurations were also associated with accelerated perceptions of time. Occupational therapists may use this knowledge to assist clients to redesign activities that promote positive experiences without high activity demands.
Flux Emissivity Tables for Water Vapor, Carbon Dioxide and Ozone

Abstract Flux emissivities for the H2O bands and window, and for CO2 and O3, were evaluated from Elsasser's wavelength-dependent absorption coefficients and flux tranmissivities. The flux emissivities for water vapor differ significantly from previously published emissivities based on Elsasser's incorrect flux densities. A flux emissivity correction for the overlap of H2O and CO2, is defined and evaluated for combinations of optical depths. The largest partial emissivity is associated with the H2O rotation band, and it increases markedly with decreasing temperature, while the partial emissivities associated with the 6.3 μ band and the window are smaller and decrease with decreasing temperature. Emissivity in the window increases very rapidly with optical depths ≳1 gm cm−2. The total H2O flux emissivity is remarkably independent of temperature, especially in the range from −40 to 20C, as a result of near cancellation of the temperature dependences in three regions of the spectrum. The total flux emissivity...
Sampling Stink Bugs (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) for Population Estimation and Pest Management in Southeastern Cotton Production

Stink bugs (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) were sampled in commercial cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., fields in 2007 and 2008 in South Carolina and Georgia. The main species collected with the beat cloth and sweep net methods were green stink bug, Acrosternum hilare (Say) (63 and 57%, respectively); brown stink bug, Euschistus servus (Say) (23 and 18%, respectively); and southern green stink bug, Nezara viridula (L.) (14 and 22%, respectively). Average stink bug densities were 0.145 ± 0.010 (mean ± SEM) for adults and 0.250 ± 0.027 for nymphs per 3.7 m of row by using the beat cloth method. Average stink bug densities were 0.291 = 0.016 for all adults and 0.137 ± 0.018 for all nymphs per 50 sweeps. A density of two southern green stink bugs per 3.7 m of row by using the beat cloth method required 43 samples (reliability or precision, Dx = 0.3) for population estimation, whereas 88 samples were necessary for a density of two southern green stink bugs per 50 sweeps. At low densities, the sweep net was a more cost-reliable sampling method for all species and life stages. For adult stink bugs, the beat cloth method became more reliable at densities of 1.0, 3.2, and 5.8 stink bugs per 3.7 m of cotton row for southern green stink bug, brown stink bug, and green stink bug, respectively. Sequential sampling consistently reduced sample size for all insects compared with a fixed sampling plan.
Interspecific Comparisons of Endothermy in Honey-Bees (APIS): Deviations from the Expected Size-Related Patterns

We report the first measurements of thoracic flight temperature (Tth) in foragers of the three Asian honey-bee species (genus Apis ), which, together with the European species A. mellifera , span a five-fold range in body mass from the smallest species to the largest. Over a 15°C range in ambient temperature (Ta), we found that Tth in each species is strongly dependent upon Ta, as previously shown for A. mellifera . However, the temperature gradients (Tth-Ta) at a given Ta do not appear to increase with body size in the four species, as expected from many previous studies of endothermy in insects. The smallest species, A.florea , shows the smallest Tth-Ta, but the intermediate-sized A. cerana and A. mellifera both show a consistently higher Tth-Ta than the largest species, A. dorsata . We found that the rate of passive convective heat loss from the thorax scales linearly and inversely with body size in the four species, as in most insects, and that there is no striking anatomical evidence for differences in efficiency with which heat flow from the thorax to the abdomen is restricted. However, two important correlates of heat production - wing-loading and flight speed - are disproportionately high in A. cerana and A. mellifera relative to A. dorsata and A. florea , suggesting that an elevated mass-specific metabolic rate in flight may account for their unexpectedly high Tth-Ta. Furthermore, compared on a mass-specific basis, A. dorsata and A. florea are more similar to each other than either is to the other two species. This physiological dichotomy among the four species parallels a dichotomy in nesting behaviour and colony demography. Hence our results, in addition to raising many questions about physiological mechanisms in the energetics of honey-bees, suggest that there may be functional links between the energetic constraints on individuals and on colonies.
Breaking the “Glass Slipper”: What Diversity Interventions Can Learn from the Historical Evolution of Occupational Identity in ICT and Commercial Aviation

This chapter examines parallels in the evolution of two occupational identities – commercial airline flying and ICT work – and the implications for current diversification interventions. We begin by conceptualizing occupational identity and diversification through the “glass slipper” metaphor. We then demonstrate the empirical potential of this framework with a cross-case analysis of how these dynamics are at play in the historical evolution of the aforementioned professions. Finally, we consider how these cases, weighed together, implicate scholars and practitioners, especially research on technical-scientific work and so-called diversity interventions in ICT occupations.
The Gelechiidae (Lepidoptera) of Panama

Abstract Panama has among the most diverse Lepidoptera fauna of many regions or habitats, and the micromoth family Gelechiidae (Lepidoptera) is one of the largest families of microlepidoptera in the world. However, only 6% of neotropical gelechiid species have been reported in Panama, with 49 species from 28 genera. Here, 49 species of Gelechiidae in Panama are cataloged alphabetically.
Modeling of Pattern Density Dependent Pressure Non-Uniformity at a Die Scale for ILD Chemical Mechanical Planarization

Local material removal rate is inversely proportional to the local pattern density in ILD CMP. With the assumption that the local velocity and Preston coefficient are constant across a chip, local MRR non-uniformity is mainly attributed to the local pressure non-uniformity. Pressure distributions on two different test patterns consisting of five different pattern density sections were obtained with a finite element model. These pressure distributions were compared with output from a semi-empirical pattern dependent oxide CMP model (MET model) with three different weighting functions. Result showed that pressure distribution could be well approximated with the pattern density dependent oxide CMP model. This FEM model was further taken to evaluate the effects of thickness and material properties of each layer on the degree of pattern dependant pressure non-uniformity at a die scale for a typical polishing pad made up of a hard and a soft layer. The analysis shows that the degree of pressure non- uniformity at a die scale increases with the combination of a stiff hard layer and a thick soft layer, while it decreases with the combination of a stiff soft layer and a thick hard layer.
Review: Objects of Translation: Material Culture and Medieval "Hindu-Muslim" Encounter by Finbarr B. Flood

Finbarr B. Flood . Objects of Translation: Material Culture and Medieval "Hindu-Muslim" Encounter . Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2009, 424 pp., 178 b/w illus. $45 (cloth), ISBN 9780691125947 Objects of Translation is an extraordinary volume. Part of the challenge of reviewing it lies in choosing a starting point from among its rich contributions: the historical geography of the wider Indus basin from eastern Afghanistan to northern India in the eighth through thirteenth centuries; the cultural dynamics and political economies of this contact zone; the rigorous examination of objects ranging from coins to ivories and robes of honor that were created and circulated in that culture area and shaped by its dynamics; and the architectural analysis of successive enclosures of the Qutb mosque complex in Delhi. Each of these contributions is significant for the field of Indo-Islamic art and architectural history, but what gives them wider significance for readers of the JSAH and scholars in related fields are the ways the author weaves contemporary theory with rigorous art historical analysis. The richness of this text stems in part from Flood's narrative skill in linking, for example, the detailed description of a coin with its reflections in multiple scripts, invocations, and seemingly disjunctive images. These observations lead him to propositions about how medieval mercantile exchange, cultural dynamics, and identity formation can stimulate reflections about contemporary theory, for example, of cosmopolitanism, transculturation, iconoclasm, and exoticism. Just at the point where these theoretical associations would seem to reach their outer limits, the author cycles deftly back into the regional context, material objects, and primary historical evidence of Sultanate India with fresh insight and direction. This form of argument challenges the reader by interweaving scholarly command with theoretical imagination in stimulating ways. Flood is also a master story teller, for example, when he discusses the gifting and wearing of "robes of honor" ( khila c as a form …