cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SCHOLARLY RESEARCH ON WAR AS AN INDEX OF THE NATION'S MILITARY INVOLVEMENT " '

with the proporrion of the United States' popularion in the military each year from 1933 to 1986-the military participation rate, a measure which has been used in previous research as an index of military involvement (Lester & Yang, 1990). Also correlated were the total expenditure by the government on defense in constant dollars and the percentage of the national budget spent on defense. Across years the percentages of war articles were significantly associated with the military participation rates (Pearson r = 0.83, one-tailed p< .001), the defense expenditures (r = 0.61, p< .001), and [he percencages of the national budget spent on defense (r = 0.79, p< ,001). In a multiple regression for time series (Doan, 1990) to predict suicide rates in the USA from 1933 to 1986, scholarly productivity on war combined with unemployment rates and divorce races co give a multiple R~ of 0.92 (with scholarly productivity and unemployment providing statistically sigdicant inputs). For comparison, military participation rates, unemployment rates, and divorce rates gave a multiple R~ of 0.91. In the multiple regression analysis for the homicide rate, neither scholarly productivity on war nor the military participation rate contributed significantly. Thus, scholarly productivity on war, as measured by the proportion of articles in Psychological Absbacts listed as about war, may provide a useful measure of the nation's military involvement.
The I-class structure of connected algebraic monoids

Abstract Let S be a connected algebraic monoid and let U (S) denote the finite lattice of all regular I -classes of S. The main theorem of this paper is that U (S) is relatively complemented if and only if S is a semilattice of archimedean semigroups. If further S has a zero, then U (S) is relatively complemented if and only if the group of units G of S is solvable. Another characterization for the solvability of G is that the product of any two nilpotent elements of S is again nilpotent. The width and depth of any J ϵ U(S) are defined. Also, the width, depth and height of S are defined. These structure numbers are studied in some detail and the solvability of G is characterized in terms of them.
Imaging oncogene expression

This review briefly outlines the importance of molecular imaging, particularly imaging of endogenous gene expression for noninvasive genetic analysis of radiographic masses. The concept of antisense imaging agents and the advantages and challenges in the development of hybridization probes for in vivo imaging are described. An overview of the investigations on oncogene expression imaging is given. Finally, the need for further improvement in antisense-based imaging agents and directions to improve oncogene mRNA targeting is stated.
Overlay Performance Of The Perkin-Elmer Model 500

We describe the procedures and results of overlay performance evaluation conducted on production Micralign Series Model 500s. Studies of machine-to-contact print and machine-to-machine overlay, stability, and automatic alignment are presented. Preliminary results on automatic alignment indicate that the 98% limit of total overlay error - alignment plus distortion - can be kept below 0.3 μm.
A Delay based MILP for Network Planning in Optical Networks

Abstract This research investigates a mixed integer linear programming (MILP) framework that solves the virtual topology problem under the communication delay constraint. An arbitrary optical network has been considered with different distances between the nodes and different link capacities. A traffic matrix is assumed for the optical network at an instance and the corresponding virtual topology design is solved by using the mixed integer linear formulation that includes lightpath routing, wavelength assignment, wavelength continuity, flow routing, and traffic losses. The numerical optimization results illustrate the efficiency of the proposed MILP formulation and superior network performances, validating the proposed framework for optimal virtual topology designs. Moreover, the proposed framework may alleviate computational time issues related to the network learning process of some heuristic approaches.
A Randomized Trial of Cerclage Versus no Cerclage Among Patients With Ultrasonographically Detected Second-Trimester Preterm Dilatation of the Internal Os.

Objective: The aim of this study was to compare perinatal outcomes of patients with second-trimester ultrasonographic evidence of preterm dilatation of the internal os treated with cerclage versus those of patients not treated with cerclage. Study Design: From May 1998 through June 1999 patients with ultrasonographic evidence of preterm dilatation of the internal os between 16 and 24 weeks’ gestation were randomly assigned to receive a McDonald cerclage or no cerclage. Before random assignment all patients underwent amniocentesis and urogenital cultures and then received 48 hours of therapy with indomethacin and antibiotics. After treatment each patient was followed up as an outpatient with bed rest and weekly ultrasonographic evaluation. Results: Of the 61 patients 31 were randomly assigned to cerclage and 30 were randomly assigned to no cerclage. There were no differences between groups with respect to maternal demographic characteristics, risk factors for preterm birth, cervical measurements, rescue procedures, readmission, chorioamnionitis, and abruptio placentae. The mean gestational age at delivery (33.5 ± 6.3 weeks) and the perinatal death rate (12.9%) in the cerclage group were similar to the mean gestational age at delivery (34.7 ± 4.7 weeks; P = .4) and the perinatal death rate (10.0%; P = .9) in the no-cerclage group. Conclusion: Treatment with McDonald cerclage of preterm dilatation of the cervix detected ultrasonographically during the second trimester did not improve perinatal outcomes. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000;183:830-5.)
Influence of Linear Profile Modification and Loading Conditions on The Dynamic Tooth Load and Stress of High-Contact-Ratio Spur Gears

This paper presents a computer simulation for the dynamic response of high-contact-ratio spur gear transmissions.High contact ratio gears have the potential to produce lower dynamic tooth loads and minimum root stress but they can be sensitive to tooth profile errors. The analysis presented in this paper examines various profile modifications under realistic loading conditions. The effect of these modifications on the dynamic load (force) between mating gear teeth and the dynamic root stress is presented. Since the contact stress is dependent on the dynamic load, minimizing dynamic loads will also minimize contact stresses. This paper shows that the combination of profile modification and the applied load (torque) carried by a gear system has a significant influence on gear dynamics. The ideal modification at one value of applied load will not be the best solution for a different load. High contact ratio gears were found to require less modification than standard low-contact-ratio gears.
In situ chemical mapping of dissolved iron and manganese in hydrothermal plumes

HYDROTHERMAL vents along mid-ocean ridges are an important source of elements such as lithium, silicon, manganese and iron to the world's oceans1. The venting produces both episodic and steady-state hydrothermal plumes with unique thermochemical signatures in the mid-water column. The particulate phases in these plumes (predominantly iron oxides and hydroxides) also scavenge phosphorus, vanadium, arsenic, lead, polonium and several rare-earth elements from sea water2–5. Thus, on a global scale, hydrothermal plumes are both a source for some elements and a sink for others. Ultimately, the particulate metals precipitated from plumes form extensive regions of metalliferous sediments over the crests and flanks of mid-ocean ridges6, 7. Although the metalliferous sediment coverage is vast and well documented, only a tiny fraction of the vents responsible for these sediments have been located (Fig. la). To date, both the number and location of hydrothermal vents and the detailed distribution of chemical constituents within the resultant plumes are poorly understood because of under-sampling of the mid-ocean ridges and the overlying waters. Here we present the results of high-resolution mapping of the chemical and thermal characteristics of hydrothermal plumes in near real time using a novel submersible chemical analyser (Scanner)8, 9 and a conductivity/temperature/depth/trans-missometer instrument package (CTDT)10. We show that the kinetics of iron oxidation in the plume can be used to constrain estimates of the plume's age, and that variation in the ratio of manganese content to excess heat can be explained by the mixing of several different vent fluids.
CD19+ cells produce IFN‐γ in mice infected with Borrelia burgdorferi

We have recently shown that production of IFN-γ and IL-10, but not IL-4 is specifically induced in the lymph nodes of C3H/HeJ (disease susceptible) and C57BL/6J (disease resistant) mice 1 week after infection with Borrelia burgdorferi spirochetes. The present study was conducted to determine the phenotypes of ex vivo lymph node cells obtained from infected mice of both strains at this time point. The percentages of CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, TCRα/β + and TCR γ/δ + cells decreased in both strains of mice compared to LN from naive mice. In contrast, there was a threefold increase in the proportion of CD19+ cells. In view of this expansion of the B cell proportion, we examined the ability of purified CD19+ cells and CD43+ cells to produce both IL-10 and IFN-γ when the cells were restimulated in vitro with B. burgdorferi freeze-thawed spirochetes. As expected, CD43+ cells were able to produce both cytokines, but not IL-4. Surprisingly, CD19+ (B) cells also were able to produce IFN-γ in comparable amounts, in addition to IL-10. Intracellular staining of CD19+ cells with anti-IFN-γ antibody confirmed this finding. We discuss this novel phenomenon in terms of its possible underlying mechanisms and its relevance, both in the context of the immunology of Lyme disease and that of other infectious diseases.
Integration in Academic Reference Departments: From Print to Digital Resources

Reference services are in the midst of evolutionary changes. At a time when budgets are shrinking, traditional models of service and print reference formats are being questioned. This article discusses future directions of academic reference collections in terms of the apparent shift from print to electronic reference sources. Questions addressed include the traditional model of reference service and how it applies to new reference formats, the extent librarians should integrate electronic resources into current collections, new technologies to assist libraries with integration, and the role of the library catalog. The author believes that although libraries need to address future technologies in order to survive as viable information providers, the core principles of the field need to play a dominant role.
Computer Controlled CAMAC Systems at Argonne

Several computer controlled CAMAC systems are presently being developed at Argonne for data acquisition in low-energy nuclear physics. This paper discusses four of these. The systems are designed around 8K, 16-bit, Lockheed MAC-16 computers. A typical system includes two CAMAC crates and a complement of 15 modules. The crate controller in each crate serves as interface between the computer I/O bus and the CAMAC dataway. Up to 14 individual crates can be addressed in addition to a Teletype and other peripheral devices. The CAMAC modules being developed include Crate Controller, Dual ADC Controller, ADC Coincidence Unit, Dual Stabilizer, Quad Pre-Scaler, Clock, Display Controller, Readout Selector, Magnetic Tape Controller and Disk Controller. Most units are built in double-width modules using computer controlled wire-wrap construction.
Expanding the donor pool: Safe transplantation of a cadaveric liver allograft with a 10cm cavernous hemangioma - A case report

The donor was a 65-year-old male, who was declaredbrain dead following a massive intracranial bleed. Hismedicalhistoryincludeda10x8x9cmrightlobehepaticmasscompatiblewithagianthemangioma.Thiswascon-ﬁrmed by an abdominal ultrasound performed at the ad-mitting hospital and a prior CT scan provided by thefamily members. The patient was otherwise a good organdonor, with normal liver function tests and normal serumsodium level. In particular, there was no evidence of co-agulopathy, with a platelet count of 162,000 uL, pro-thrombintime12.0seconds,andINR1.2.Duringsurgeryon the donor, a large hemangioma was identiﬁed occupy-ing segments VIII and VII, representing approximately20% of the total liver volume. A smaller hemangiomameasuring 1.5x2cmwasnoted within the left lobe. Thesurrounding liver parenchyma was of normal color andsoft consistency, with normal vessels free of atherosclero-sis. The liver was recovered by a standard technique (14)and ﬂushed with Histidine-Tryptophan-Ketoglutarate(HTK) solution.At this time, a decision was made to use the graft fortransplantation into a 53-year-old male with end-stageliver disease secondary to hepatitis C and hepatocellu-lar carcinoma outside of the Milan criteria. His tumorhad been unresponsive to 3 courses of radiofrequencythermal ablation but did respond to bilateral chemoem-bolization with mitomycin, adriamycin and cisplatin.Triple phase CT scans documented the response totreatment and ruled out liver vascular or extra hepaticinvasion. He had given informed consent for transplantwith an extended criteria liver donor. A standard ortho-topic liver transplant procedure
An investigation of the neurophysiologic mechanisms of tourniquet-related pain: Changes in spontaneous activity and receptive field size in spinal dorsal horn neurons

Background and Objectives. Several theories have been proposed for the pain resulting from the nerve compression and ischemia associated with maintaining the inflation of a pneumatic tourniquet on an extremity. This investigation observes changes in the spontaneous activity and receptive field (RF) size of spinal dorsal horn neurons during tourniquet-related nerve compression and ischemia. Methods. Forty-eight pentobarbital-anesthetized rats were prepared for single-unit spinal dorsal horn cell recording utilizing an in vivo extracellular technique. Cells were characterized as either low threshold mechanoreceptor (LTM) neurons, wide dynamic range (WDR) neurons, or high threshold nociresponsive (NR) neurons based on their response to light touch (brush), non-noxious pressure, or noxious pinch. Receptive fields were carefully mapped. A 1 × 9 cm pneumatic tourniquet (Hokanson, Inc., Seattle, WA) was then applied to the animals9 hind limb thigh and inflated to 300 mm Hg for 60 minutes. Throughout the 60-minute tourniquet inflation period, spontaneous activity, cell firing rate response characteristics, and RF size were carefully monitored. Results. Twenty-three cells in 20 animals were characterized and monitored: 8 LTM, 6 WDR, and 9 NR neurons. Receptive fields were distal to the tourniquet cuff for 16 cells and proximal for 7 cells. Low threshold mechanoreceptor neurons demonstrated little spontaneous activity prior to tourniquet inflation in the absence of RF stimulation. The RF size for all LTM neurons decreased or became silent during the tourniquet inflation period. The RF size increased in two of six WDR neurons with two cells demonstrating a progressive increase in intermittent spontaneous firing during the tourniquet inflation period. Receptive field size increased in five of five NR neurons with RF located proximal to the tourniquet cuff from 29 ± 10 mm2 to 54 ± 30 mm2 (RF area 1.9 ± 0.7; t = 2.7, P = .03). All five of these NR neurons also demonstrated an increase in spontaneous activity at 37 ± 14 minutes of tourniquet inflation which continued throughout the remainder of the tourniquet inflation period (P Conclusions. The results of this study indicate that nerve compression and ischemia results in block of input to LTM neurons having RFs distal to the tourniquet cuff and an increase in spontaneous activity and expansion of the RFs of NRs, especially those with RFs located proximal to the tourniquet. Increases in spontaneous firing activity and expansion of the RFs of nociresponsive dorsal horn neurons receiving input from primary afferent nociceptors proximal to the tourniquet may explain, in part, the neurophysiologic mechanism of tourniquet-related pain.
An empirical evaluation of a walk-relax-round heuristic for mixed integer convex programs

Recently, a walk-and-round heuristic was proposed by Huang and Mehrotra (Comput Optim Appl, 2012) for generating high quality feasible solutions of mixed integer linear programs. This approach uses geometric random walks on a polyhedral set to sample points in this set. It subsequently rounds these random points using a heuristic, such as the feasibility pump. In this paper, the walk-and-round heuristic is further developed for the mixed integer convex programs (MICPs). Specifically, an outer approximation relaxation step is incorporated. The resulting approach is called a walk-relax-round heuristic. Computational results on problems from the CMU-IBM library show that the points generated from the random walk steps bring additional value. Specifically, the walk-relax-round heuristic using a long step Dikin walk found an optimal solution for 51 out of the 58 MICP test problems. In comparison, the feasibility pump heuristic starting at a continuous relaxation optimum found an optimal solution for 45 test problems. Computational comparisons with a commercial software Cplex 12.1 on mixed integer convex quadratic programs are also given. Our results show that the walk-relax-round heuristic is promising. This may be because the random walk points provide an improved outer approximation of the convex region.
Quantitation of absolute regional myocardial perfusion using cine computed tomography.

Abstract Objectives. The purpose of this study was to develop and test a method for quantitation of regional myocardial perfusion using cine computed tomography. Background. Cine computed tomography is a relatively new cardiac imaging technique with excellent temporal and spatial resolution. Application of this technique to the study of human coronary circulation could substantially broaden our knowledge of human cardiac pathophysiology. This goal has been previously approached with some success. However, no method to date has shown validated accuracy of regional perfusion measurements over the entire range of physiologically important flow states. Methods. Eight anesthetized dogs underwent thoracotomy for instrumentation. They were then studied during baseline flow conditions, after coronary vasodilation with intravenous dipyridamole and after coronary stenosis or occlusion. Regional myocardial perfusion was assessed by cine computed tomography using a method that includes estimates for myocardial blood volume and rate of myocardial enhancement after an aortic root contrast medium infusion. Measurements made nearly simultaneously by the radioactive microsphere method served as a reference standard. Results. A total of 32 perfusion conditions were studied with a range of 4 to 593 ml/min per 100 g. There was reasonable agreement between the two methods of measurement throughout the whole range of perfusion states: r = 0.97, regression slope 0.99, intercept 2 ml/min per 100 g. In zones not subserved by a stenosed or occluded artery, cine computed tomography accurately depicted perfusion homogeneity with a coefficient of variation of 13 ± 1% (mean ± SE) versus 11 ± 1% for the microsphere method (p = NS). Conclusions. Cine computed tomography is capable of providing accurate, quantitative assessment of regional myocardial perfusion over a broad range of perfusion states. This method, if extended to the study of humans, could enhance the understanding of disorders of the coronary circulation in human cardiovascular disease states.
Computational Characterization of Metal Binding Groups for Metalloenzyme Inhibitors.

The mode of action of many pest or disease control agents involves inhibition of some metalloenzyme that is essential for the survival of the target organism. These inhibitors typically consist of a functional group that is capable of a primary binding interaction with the metal and a scaffold that is capable of secondary interactions with the remainder of the enzyme. To characterize the binding ability of various metal binding groups (BGs), we have performed electronic structure calculations on ligand displacement reactions in a model system related to the metalloenzyme, peptide deformylase: E-M-R + BG → E-M-BG + R. Here E represents a model coordination environment for the metal M, and R is a reference ligand (e.g., water) that may be displaced by a metal binding group. Since the oxidation state of many of the metals considered allows for multiple spin states, we also studied the influence of spin state on the coordination environment. Qualitative considerations of electronic structure inspired by the calculations provide an understanding of binding energy trends across a variety of ligands for a given metal and across a variety of metals for a given ligand.
PCL-R Psychopathy: Threats to Sue, Peer Review, and Potential Implications for Science and Law. A Commentary

Disputes among academicians are not uncommon. They are usually played out in peer review journals in the form of point-and-counterpoint articles, or rebuttals and rejoinders. Recently however, a threat of litigation was issued against the authors of an article and the editor of the scientific journal which had accepted that article for publication following peer review. In this commentary we review legal commentary on litigation (and threats of litigation) involving academic disputes and literature regarding the values that underpin the scientific peer review process. We conclude that the use of threats of litigation to suppress the publication of articles accepted for publication in scientific journals strike at the heart of the peer review process, may have a chilling effect on the values at the core of academic freedom, and may potentially impede the scientific testing of various theories, models and products.
Characterization of the 5′ Flanking Region of the Human Complement Factor H Gene

The promoter region of the human factor H gene was cloned and a 3 kb Eco RI fragment was sequenced. Primer extension and S1 nuclease analysis were used to determine the transcription start site, which was found to be 10-11 nucleotides upstream of the published cDNA sequence. No canonical TATA or CCAAT boxes were found in conjunction with this site. The sequence from the human H promoter region was compared to that from the mouse gene. There was a region of 800 bp that was 62.5% identical between the two sequences. The sequences of the two promoter regions were compared to a database of transcription factor binding sites. Five elements were identified that matched the consensus sequence 100% and were identical in the two promoter sequences. Promoter assays using the luciferase reporter gene demonstrated that this region contained a functional transcription start site and putative enhancer elements. U118-MG astroglioma cells and Hep3b hepatoma cells were incubated with various cytokines to measure effects on their factor H mRNA levels. Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), but not interleukin-1 (IL-1), tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) or IL-6, was able to increase the level of H mRNA in both cell lines.
Simulations of a Maxwellian Plasma using an Electron Beam Ion Trap

Using the Lawrence-Livermore electron beam ion trap (LLNL-EBIT), we produce a quasi-Maxwellian plasma by sweeping the energy of the nearly monoenergetic beam so the time spent an any energy is proportional to the Maxwell-Boltzmann probability at that energy. To verify the accuracy of the quasi-Maxwellian, we measure line emission due to dielectronic recombination (DR) and electron impact excitation (EIE) of Mg10+ and Ne8+, for a range of simulated temperatures. The ratio of DR to EIE lines in heliumlike ions is a well understood temperature diagnostic. The spectroscopically inferred temperatures are in excellent agreement with the simulated temperatures.
Lhx2 Maintains Stem Cell Character in Hair Follicles

During embryogenesis, stem cells are set aside to fuel the postnatal hair cycle and repair the epidermis after injury. To define how hair follicle stem cells are specified and maintained in an undifferentiated state, we developed a strategy to isolate and transcriptionally profile embryonic hair progenitors in mice. We identified Lhx2 as a transcription factor positioned downstream of signals necessary to specify hair follicle stem cells, but upstream from signals required to drive activated stem cells to terminally differentiate. Using gain- and loss-of-function studies, we uncovered a role for Lhx2 in maintaining the growth and undifferentiated properties of hair follicle progenitors.
Numerical Simulation of Coaxial Evaporating Spray in Nozzle Region of Circulating Fluidized Reactor

Full field hydrodynamic mixing of a coaxial evaporating spray in the nozzle region of a circulating fluidized reactor was numerically investigated. An Eulerian-Lagrangian numerical code was developed for the field description of evaporating spray characteristics with strong phase interactions among evaporating droplets, solids and gas. The gas-solid flow is simulated using multi-fluid method coupled with kinetic theory modeling for inter-particle collisions while the spray is treated as the discrete droplets in a pseudo-continuum gas-solid flow. The Lagrangian simulation of the spray provides the needed coupling terms for the Eulerian simulation of gas-solid flows, such as droplet evaporation rate and interactions among phase of droplets, gas and solids. Phase distributions of temperature, velocity and concentration were achieved to explain the mixing process of evaporating spray in gas-solid flows. Effects of inlet solids loading and droplet size distribution on both spray structure and spray penetration depth were illustrated. An experimental system of liquid nitrogen spray into a circulating fluidized bed of fluid catalytic cracking particles is set up to provide experimental validation of our model. Good comparisons of the simulation and measurements are illustrated.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Motion capture-driven simulations that hit and react

Controllable, reactive human motion is essential in many video games and training environments. Characters in these applications often perform tasks based on modified motion data, but response to unpredicted events is also important in order to maintain realism. We approach the problem of motion synthesis for interactive, humanlike characters by combining dynamic simulation and human motion capture data. Our control systems use trajectory tracking to follow motion capture data and a balance controller to keep the character upright while modifying sequences from a small motion library to accomplish specified tasks, such as throwing punches or swinging a racket. The system reacts to forces computed from a physical collision model by changing stiffness and damping terms. The freestanding, simulated humans respond automatically to impacts and smoothly return to tracking. We compare the resulting motion with video and recorded human data.
Pulse Formation via Parametric Seeding in Whispering-Gallery-Mode Microresonators with Kerr Nonlinearity

We numerically study parametric seeding via pump phase modulation in whispering-gallery-mode microresonators based on a variant of the Lugiato-Lefever equation. Our results suggest a method for deterministic pulse formation at practical modulation depths.
MRS Metabolic Markers of Seizures and Seizure‐Induced Neuronal Damage

Summary: Purpose: Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) was used to identify specific in situ metabolic markers for seizures and seizure-induced neuronal damage. Kainic acid (KA)-induced seizures lead to histopathologic changes in rat brain. The protective effect of cycloheximide treatment against neuronal damage caused by KA-induced seizures was studied, using in situ proton MRS imaging technique. Methods: Rats were pretreated with placebo or cycloheximide 1 h before KA injection. Rat brains (n = 25) were scanned at the level of the hippocampus before, during, and 24 h after seizures. Spectra were recorded and the relative ratios of N-acetylaspartate (NAA), choline (cho), and lactate (Lac) to creatine (Cr) were calculated and compared between groups. Results: A significant increase in Lac ratios was observed in KA-treated rats during and 24 h after seizure onset and this increase was prevented by cycloheximide pretreatment. NAA ratios were significantly higher during the ictal phase following KA treatment and this effect was not affected by cycloheximide pretreatment. Nissl staining confirmed previously reported prevention of KA-induced neuronal loss in CA1 and CA areas of the hippocampus by cycloheximide pretreatment. Conclusions: Our results suggest that in situ Lac increase is a marker of seizure-induced neuronal damage, whereas N-acetylaspartate (NAA) changes during and after status epilepticus may be a reflection of neuronal activity and damage, respectively.
Intermolecular phosphorylation between insulin holoreceptors does not stimulate substrate kinase activity.

Abstract We photocoupled benzoylphenylalanine, B29-biotin insulin (BBpa-insulin) to native insulin receptors to obtain a uniform receptor population with covalently bound, non-dissociable ligand. We employed BBpa-insulin-bound and autophosphorylated (activated) receptor to phosphorylate substrate insulin receptor under conditions where the substrate receptor never interacts with insulin. The substrate receptor becomes phosphorylated in this inter-receptor fashion and reaches a phosphorylation state 50% of the maximal obtainable by autophosphorylation. However, this phosphorylation does not activate the substrate receptor to any measurable degree. We conclude that intermolecular phosphorylation of the insulin holoreceptors is unlikely to be of physiological significance.
Comparison of the Crystallization Kinetics of Canavalin and Lysozyme

Using dilatometry, we examined the crystallization kinetics of the jack bean storage protein, canavalin. We found that the kinetic rate law is first order in the supersaturation. At pH values above the pI = 5.2, where the protein is negatively charged, the apparent rate constant, k, increases as the pH approaches the pI, decreases with increasing temperature, and increases with increasing salt concentration. The rate constant is essentially independent of the initial protein concentration. Precisely the same patterns of behavior were observed by Kim et al. [Mol. Phys. 2003, 101, 2677−2686] in dilatometer experiments involving the crystallization of lysozyme even though lysozyme molecules are positively charged under crystal growth conditions. By combining dimensional analysis with a simple theory of protein crystal nucleation and growth, we show that k ≈ ω/cs, where ω is the rate coefficient that controls the rate of advance of the crystal facets, and cs is the solubility of the protein in the growth solu...
Fusion of mApple and Venus fluorescent proteins to the Sindbis virus E2 protein leads to different cell-binding properties

Fluorescent proteins (FPs) are widely used in real-time single virus particle studies to visualize, track and quantify the spatial and temporal parameters of viral pathways. However, potential functional differences between the wild type and the FP-tagged virus may specifically affect particular stages in the virus life-cycle. In this work, we genetically modified the E2 spike protein of Sindbis virus (SINV) with two FPs. We inserted mApple, a red FP, or Venus, a yellow FP, at the N-terminus of the E2 protein of SINV to make SINV-Apple and SINV-Venus. Our results indicate that SINV-Apple and SINV-Venus have similar levels of infectivity and are morphologically similar to SINV-wild-type by negative stain transmission electron microscopy. Both mutants are highly fluorescent and have excellent single-particle tracking properties. However, despite these similarities, when measuring cell entry at the single-particle level, we found that SINV-Apple and SINV-Venus are different in their interaction with the cell surface and FPs are not always interchangeable. We went on to determine that the FP changes the net surface charge on the virus particles, the folding of the spike proteins, and the conformation of the spikes on the virus particle surface, ultimately leading to different cell-binding properties between SINV-Apple and SINV-Venus. Our results are consistent with recent findings that FPs may alter the biological and cellular localization properties of bacterial proteins to which they are fused.
Cancer recurrences and second primary cancers after use of antihistamines or antidepressants

Objective Reports in the scientific literature have described accelerated tumor growth in association with antidepressant and antihistamine exposure in experimental rodent cancer models. This study was designed to determine whether exposure to prescription antidepressants or antihistamines is associated with tumor growth in humans. Methods Two nested case-control studies were conducted with a cohort of I467 patients with breast cancer, colon cancer, or melanoma diagnosed between 1988 and 1994. Eligible patients included 95 with a cancer recurrence and 78 with a second primary lesion diagnosed during the follow-up period. Five control subjects were matched to each case patient according to cancer site, stage, and follow-up time. Conditional logistic regression was used to compare risk for tumor recurrence or occurrence of a second primary tumor among patients using antidepressants or antihistamines with risk among unexposed patients. Results For a cohort of patients who were predominantly female (78%), with breast cancer (57%) and with a tumor in situ or with localized disease (79%), th e average age was 62 years at cancer diagnosis and average duration of follow-up period was 2.2 years. Use of antidepressants or antihistamines was unrelated to risk for tumor recurrence (odds ratio, 0.97; 95% confidence interval, 0.52 to 1.78) or second primary tumors (odds ratio, 0.94; 95% confidence interval, 0.50 to 1.77). Conclusion Typical use of antidepressant or antihistamine drugs did not increase risk for recurrent or secsecond primary tumors among patients with cancer. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1998) 63, 594–599; doi:10.1038/clpt.1998.55
Distraction injury to thoracic spine treated with thoracoscopic dual-rod fixation

Abstract Background context Thoracic hyperextension fracture-dislocation is a rare pattern of traumatic spinal injury, typically associated with gross spinal instability and severe neurological deficit. These extremely unstable injuries require internal fixation despite their potentially benign clinical presentation. Purpose We present a patient with a thoracic distraction injury who remained neurologically intact. Methods The patient underwent thoracoscopic reduction and anterior fixation of the thoracic spine using a paired screw-rod construct. Results Postoperatively, the patient remained neurologically intact and had no complications related to his thoracic fixation and fusion. Follow-up radiographs showed maintenance of thoracic alignment and bony fusion. Conclusions The endoscopic approach to the anterior thoracic spine was an excellent treatment option for this thoracic distraction injury.
Tour of statistical history

The History of Statistics in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries, against the changing background of intellectual, scientific and religious thought. Lectures by Karl Pearson given at University College, London, during the academic sessions 1921–1933. Edited by E. S. Pearson. Pp. 744. (Charles Griffin: High Wycombe, UK, 1979.) Paperback £7.50.
Identification of the starting point for spermatogenesis and characterization of the testicular stem cell in adult male rhesus monkeys

BACKGROUND: Spermatogonial expansion in man and non-human primates has been studied for decades. Controversy persists about the cell type representing the testicular stem cell and the exact kinetics of spermatogonial proliferation. We recently determined the starting point of spermatogenesis and proposed a model for clonal expansion of spermatogonia in adult macaques. Here we want to confirm the initiation event, study and compare the details of the kinetics of spermatogonial expansion in vivo and in vitro, and characterize a population of A spermatogonia acting as testicular stem cells. METHODS and RESULTS: We localized BrdU-positive spermatogonia in whole mounts and sections of adult rhesus monkey testes. Culture of testicular tissue was used to determine the expansion and differentiation of premeiotic germ cells. We confirm that Apale spermatogonia divide equally at stage VII and produce two types of progeny after mitosis at stage IX of the seminiferous cycle following defined clonal patterns. Small numbers of proliferating single A spermatogonia exist which present a population of labelretaining cells. CONCLUSIONS: In the rhesus monkey the population of Apale spermatogonia cycle continuously and initiate spermatogenesis by a self-renewing division at stage VII of the seminiferous epithelial cycle. Rarely dividing single A spermatogonia exist which potentially are the male germline stem cells in the primate testis.
Teaching an old bard new tricks: Shakespeare Interactive Archive

The Shakespeare Interactive Archive is the rather unassuming name of a multimedia project whose ambition is to be a model for the future in Shakespearian studies. Its creator, Peter Donaldson, Professor of Literature, envisions this computer-based project as a comprehensive, international archive that networks as many libraries and resources as possible. Textual, visual, and moving image files would all be linked.
Breeding Biology and Social Behaviour of the Eastern Race of the Splendid Fairy-wren Malurus splendens melanotus

Black-backed Fairy-wrens Malurus splendens melanotus, a little known race of the Splendid Fairy-wren, were studied at Brookfield Conservation Park, South Australia for three breeding seasons from 1995 to 1997. Here we present observations of breeding biology with an emphasis on female social behaviour as they pertain to mating strategy. Breeding was concentrated during October–December with 50% of females on active nests in November. Females built nests alone, with nest-building activity concentrated in the mornings and afternoons. Inexperienced (one year old) females took longer (mean = 12.27 days) to complete a nest than experienced (two or more years old) females (mean = 7.42 days). The time to complete a nest did not decrease with successive nests or as the season progressed. Incubation lasted 13-14 days (mean = 13.83 days). Females incubated the eggs throughout the day, with longer bouts in the early mornings and late afternoons. The daily periods of incubation increased from days 1-8 and decreased from days 9-14. Female feeding rates (mean = 2.07 visits/nestling/hour) did not vary with larger group sizes, but groups with secondary males made a greater number of total feeding visits to nestlings. Two intensively studied females used a smaller home range than their social mates and one female exhibited differential use of her home range according to the stage of breeding. Males were more likely to be absent from their territories than females (16.3% v. 8.5% of observations, respectively). Females displayed and acted aggressively to potential predators, neighbouring females and dispersing females. Wing-fluttering displays were seen in various contexts and elicited different responses from group members depending on the breeding stage. We discuss our observations in relation to studies of the nominate race M. s. splendens.
An alternative computational strategy for direct space hartree–fock calculations on extended model chains

Based on previous analyses of slowly convergent exchange lattice sums entering the configuration space restricted Hartree–Fock–Roothaan scheme for chain systems, an alternative computational strategy is developed. Within the present formalism, the traditionally used finite Fourier transform of k-dependent LCAO density matrices are by-passed and an advantageous computational organization is obtained.
Indicators of Calcium and Calcium Fluxes in Muscle, Its Subcellular Systems, and in Model Membranes

The fundamental role of calcium and calcium fluxes in the mediation and regulation of a wide variety of both intra- and intercellular events is now widely recognized. It participates and indeed regulates cellular events as seemingly diverse as cell shape, cell-cell communication, glandular secretion, neurotransmitter release, flagellar motions, and muscle contraction. Coincident with our increasing awareness of the role of Ca2+ in cellular function and dysfunction, there has been an increase in the number and sophistication of Ca2+ indicators to measure and accurately report Ca2+ and rapid Ca2+ fluxes as they occur in their many diverse biological systems.
Dermal Toxicity Studies Factors Impacting Study Interpretation and Outcome

The field of dermal toxicity continues to evolve in order to accurately predict dermal (and systemic) responses in humans to topically applied chemicals. Although the testing methods have undergone extensive refinements, idiosyncrasies and unexpected issues during the conduct of these studies are not unusual due to the plethora of new vehicles available for formulating test substances, changing regulatory requirements, and introducting new strain and/or species of laboratory animals as no single species or method seems to suffice for evaluating skin toxicity. The objective of this article is to illustrate some pragmatic issues that should be considered during the conduct as well as interpretation of dermal toxicity studies. Routine procedure-related issues such as hair clipping, tape stripping, and wrapping the animal's torso to prevent oral ingestion can influence the interpretation. Excipients used in dermal toxicity studies may be nontoxic when used alone but complex dermal formulations can result in unexpected irritation and toxicity. In conclusion, interpretation and risk assessment of dermal toxicity studies should be done in a comprehensive manner, taking into account procedure-related impact on study results, unique species susceptibility, limitation of gross visual (naked eye) observation for evidence of toxicity, and normal anatomical variation.
PLASMA FREE FATTY ACID LEVELS DURING GENERAL ANAESTHESIA AND OPERATION IN MAN

SUMMARY Plasma free fatty acid (FFA) levels were measured during general anaesthesia with ether, cyclopropane and nitrous oxide-halothane. Associated with cyclopropane was a twofold rise in FFA within the first hour of anaesthesia which could be prevented by prior beta-adrenergic blockade, or reversed by either glucose loading or beta blockade. A possible mechanism is sympathetic nervous activation. The elevated FFA may explain the decreased glucose tolerance during cyclopropane anaesthesia. During nitrous oxidehalothane anaesthesia a smaller, but significant, elevation in FFA level occurred, while with ether anaesthesia there was no significant change in FFA level. Explanations for these last two findings are not known.
The influence of large-scale structures on halo shapes and alignments

Alignments of galaxy clusters (the Binggeli effect), as well as of galaxies themselves have long been studied both observationally and theoretically. Here, we test the influence of large-scale structures and tidal fields on the shapes and alignments of cluster-size and galaxy-size dark matter haloes. We use a high-resolution N-body simulation of a A cold dark matter (ACDM) universe, together with the results of Colberg, Krughoff & Connolly, who identified filaments connecting pairs of clusters. We find that cluster pairs connected by a filament are strongly aligned with the cluster-cluster axis, whereas unconnected ones are not. For smaller, galaxy-size haloes, there also is an alignment signal, but its strength is independent of whether the halo is part of an obvious large-scale structure. Additionally, we find no measurable dependence of galaxy halo shape on membership of a filament. We also quantify the influence of tidal fields and find that these do correlate strongly with alignments of haloes. The alignments of most haloes are thus caused by tidal fields, with cluster-size haloes being strongly aligned through the added mechanism of infall of matter from filaments.
Evaluation of Aspirin Use in Patients With Diabetes Receiving Care in Community Health

Background: The American Diabetes Association (ADA) recommends low-dose aspirin therapy as a primary prevention strategy in patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) at increased cardiovascular risk. However, not all patients who are indicated are taking aspirin therapy, and it is not routinely documented in the electronic health record (EHR). Objective: To determine frequencies of appropriate aspirin use and documentation in the EHR in adult patients with DM. Methods: Adult patients with DM were randomized and contacted for participation in a telephonic survey between January and October 2013. Patients who consented were administered a standardized oral telephone survey regarding aspirin use. Patient demographics, current medications, allergies, past medical history, and pertinent laboratory values were collected. Patients were then stratified by the ADA-defined indication for aspirin. The primary outcomes were rates of appropriate aspirin use and documentation of aspirin therapy in the EHR. ...
Monodisperse poly(butadiene/styrene) particles by dispersion polymerization

Experimental conditions for preparing monodisperse, micron-size poly(butadiene/styrene) particles by dispersion polymerization were investigated. After some initial recipe development, the following variables were fixed: butadiene/styrene weight ratio (90/10), dispersion medium (ethanol), polymeric stabilizer [poly(vinyl pyrrohdone), K-30], costabilizer (sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate), initiator (2,2′-azobisisobutryonitrile), and polymerization temperature (70°C). The primary process variables investigated were the monomer/ethanol ratio (M/S), the rpm of the bottle polymerizer, and the amount of free space (FS) in the polymerization bottles. The particle size varied from 0.77 to 1.8 μm and was found to increase with increasing M/S and rpm, and decreasing FS. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Effect of temperature on expression of genes encoding enzymes for starch biosynthesis in developing wheat endosperm

The effect of high temperature on starch accumulation, starch granule populations, and expression of genes encoding key enzymes for starch biosynthesis was examined during grain development in wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Butte 86). High temperature applied from anthesis to maturity reduced the duration of starch accumulation. Starch accumulation ceased approximately 6 days earlier for grain produced under a 37/17 8C (day/night) regimen and 21 days earlier under a 37/28 8C (day/night) regimen than for grain produced under a 24/17 8C (day/night) regimen. Compared to the 24/17 8C regimen, starch content was approximately 19% less for mature grain produced under the 37/17 8C regimen and 58% less under the 37/28 8C regimen. Based on relative volume, the smaller type B starch granules were the predominant class in mature grain produced under the 24/17 and 37/17 8C regimens, whereas the larger type A granules were predominant in grain produced under the 37/28 8C regimen. Under the 24/17 8C regimen, steady state transcript levels for ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase, starch synthases I, II, and III, granule-bound starch synthase, and starch branching enzymes I and II were highest from 12/16 days post-anthesis (dpa). Under the 37/17 8C regimen, steady state levels of these transcripts followed the same temporal pattern, but were substantially lower. Under the 37/28 8C regimen, transcript levels peaked earlier, at 7 dpa. The high temperature regimens reduced the relativ el evels of transcripts for starch synthase more than the other starch biosynthetic enzymes. Published by Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd.