cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
One-dimensional explicit finite-volume model for sediment transport

A 1D finite-volume model has been established to simulate the nonequilibrium transport of nonuniform sediment with transient flows, such as dam-break flow and overtopping flow, over movable beds. The effects of sediment transport and bed change on the flow are considered in the flow continuity and momentum equations. An explicit algorithm is adopted to solve the governing equations. The model has been tested preliminarily in several experimental cases, including an experiment on wedge development due to sediment overloading under transcritical flow conditions, an experiment on dam surface erosion due to overtopping flow, and two experiments on dam-break flow over movable beds. The model performs quite well in the cases of wedge development and overtopping flow, but significantly under-predicts the bed erosion due to dam-break flow. A modification has thus been made by considering the effects of sediment concentration on sediment settling and entrainment in the case of dam-break flow over movable beds. The...
Conversion of human fibroblasts to tissue macrophages by the Snyder-Theilen feline sarcoma virus (ST:FeSV(FeLV)): productive infection by Leishmania major

The decisive role of macrophages in T-cell differentiation is best exemplified by cutaneous leishmaniasis. During infection, Leishmania attach to macrophages, the only site of replication for the parasite. We have recently demonstrated the conversion of human fibroblasts to tissue macrophages (TM) by transduction with the Snyder-Theilen feline sarcoma virus (ST:FeSV-(FeLV)). Since Leishmania have tropism only for macrophages, we have used the parasite to ascertain the functional phenotype of the ST:FeSV-induced TM. Here, we have demonstrated the productive infection of the ST:FeSV-induced TM by L. major. These results point to the utility of ST:FeSV-induced TM in studies that concern the role of human macrophages in T-cell differentiation during the course of infection by Leishmania.
Vertical Distribution, Persistence, and Activity of Entomopathogenic Nematodes (Nematoda: Heterorhabditidae and Steinernematidae) in Alfalfa Snout Beetle- (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Infested Fields

The vertical movement, persistence, and activity of four isolates of entomopathogenic nematodes, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar (Oswego), Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar (NC), Steinernema carpocapsae (Weiser) (NY001),and an undescribed Steinernema species (NY008-2E), were evaluated for 24 mo at field locations in northern New York. Nematodes were released into three alfalfa fields naturally infested with alfalfa snout beetle, Otiorhynchus ligustici (L.). Each field differed in soil type and soil textural composition: silt loam, sandy loam, and loamy sand. Nematodes were recovered from soil using trap insects, Galleria mellonella larvae, and their vertical distribution was monitored at 5-cm intervals to depths of 20 cm for Steinernena species and 35 cm for Heterorhabditis species. All nematodes persisted (no significant reduction in percentage of infection of G. mellonella ) for 6 mo after the initial application in all soil types. However, by the end of the second growing season (17 mo after application), all nematodes showed significant reductions in infection rates of G. mellonella except H. bacteriophora (Oswego) which showed high levels of infection for 24 mo. Nematode vertical movement was affected by soil type and varied by isolate. S. carpocapsae (NY00l)and Steinernema sp. (NY008-2E) remained primarily in soil depths <15 cm, whereas both heterorhabditids dispersed to soil depths of 35 cm. Vertical movement of H. bacteriophera (Oswego) was greatest in loamy sand and vertical movement of Steinernema sp. (NY008-2E) was greatest in sandy loam. Percentage of infection of G. mellonella by H. bacteriophora (Oswego) and S. carpocapsae (NY00l)was significantly correlated with rising soil temperatures in early spring. H. bacteriophora (Oswego) and S. carpocapsae (NYOOl)infected G. mellonella larvae in the field at soil temperatures between 15 and 18°C. Steinernema sp. (NY008-2E)infected G. mellonella larvae in the field at soil temperatures between 13 and 15°C.
Cellular and synaptic actions of acetylcholine in the lamprey spinal cord.

This study investigated cellular and synaptic mechanisms of cholinergic neuromodulation in the in vitro lamprey spinal cord. Most spinal neurons tested responded to local application of acetylcholi...
ATP-dependent Processivity of a Telomerase Activity from Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Extracts of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were shown to support the elongation of oligodeoxynucleotides with telomere-like sequences. The primer sequence specificity of this elongation activity, its incorporation of dG and dT but not dA or dC from the corresponding triphosphates, and its sensitivity to RNase A and RNase H are all consistent with it being a telomerase. In contrast to the reported properties of other telomerases, the presence of ATP enhances the efficiency of initiation of the yeast enzyme and improves its processivity. Hydrolysis of ATP appears to be unnecessary for the observed effects, as the beta,gamma-imido or the gamma-thio derivative of ATP is nearly as effective.
Use of murine models of cytokine-secreting tumor vaccines to study feasibility and toxicity issues critical to designing clinical trials

In preclinical models, tumor cells genetically altered to secrete cytokines or express costimulatory molecules can generate systemic antitumor immunity. In some studies, these tumor vaccines have been shown to eradicate micrometastases. These results have lead to the initiation of numerous Phase I clinical trials employing either genetically modified autologous or allogeneic tumor vaccines. We address a number of feasibility and toxicity issues critical to the design of these immunotherapy trials, using the B16 melanoma vaccine model. First, we demonstrated the efficacy of freeze/thawed vaccine cells, a process required for conducting clinical trials with large numbers of vaccine cells. Second, we performed pharmacokinetic studies and showed peak levels of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) that are far below levels expected to result in significant side effects in patients. Third, we performed autoimmune toxicity studies using the RENCA renal and B16 melanoma tumor vaccines and failed to demonstrate evidence of significant histologic or functional abnormalities. Overall, these novel studies address important issues that should be considered in the design of clinical trials evaluating genetically modified tumor vaccines.
Uptake of auxotrophic cells of a heterocyst-forming cyanobacterium by tobacco protoplasts, and the fate of their associations.

Auxotrophic cells of the filamentous cyanobacterium Anabaena variabilis Kutz. were introduced into protoplasts of Nicotiana tabacum L. in an attempt to engineer a nitrogen-fixing endosymbiosis. Conditions were established to maximize uptake of the cyanobacteria by use of polyethylene glycol. Culture of the novel association was not successful: tobacco protoplasts with Anabaena inside did not appear to divide. Most of the protoplasts expelled the cyanobacteria and simultaneously disintegrated. The reasons for the incompatibility are not known.
Infants' scanning of geometric forms varying in size ☆

Abstract Infants 1, 2, and 3 months of age were shown a series of plane geometric shapes of three different sizes while their eye movements were unobtrusively monitored with an infrared corneal reflection eye-tracking system. The size of the form significantly influenced the pattern of visual inspection. Contrary to earlier reports, there were no age differences in the spatial distribution of fixations to the geometric stimuli. Nonlinear age effects were found in some parameters of eye movement control.
On the biological role of glycoproteins.

Abstract A hypothesis is proposed to explain the association of bound carbohydrate with most extracellular proteins, and its virtual absence from intracellular proteins. The lack of a specific function of the carbohydrate unit in biologically active glycoproteins suggests a more general role, and it is proposed that the carbohydrate acts as a chemical label which, upon interaction with a membrane receptor or carrier, promotes the transport of the newly synthesized glycoprotein into the extracellular environment. It is further proposed that this method of excretion of proteins represents a primitive evolutionary device which has been superseded in cases where rapid excretion is desired as from the pancreas by formation of zymogen granules. The glycoprotein forms of ribonuclease and serum albumin may represent residual activity of the more primitive secretory mechanism. It is predicted by this hypothesis that the carbohydrate unit need play no functional role in biologically active proteins, that the carbohydrate unit in glycoproteins from the same cell would be identical or very similar, and that glycoprotein biosynthesis would involve similar primary or tertiary structures at those regions in the protein molecules where the carbohydrate unit is attached.
Binding of immunoglobulin-G from patients with thyroid autoimmune disease to normal T lymphocytes.

SUMMARY Sera from patients with Graves' disease and Hashimoto's thyroiditis were reacted with normal T lymphocyte preparations in an attempt to detect binding of immunoglobulin G (IgG) to T cells. Sera from normal subjects and patients with toxic adenomas served as controls. Each serum was reacted with at least three different preparations of normal T cells. Bound IgG was identified using a fluoresceinated second antibody, antihuman IgG. Positive cells were enumerated by means of epifluorescent microscopy. IgG from 57·8% of toxic Graves' patients, 30·7% of Graves' patients who were euthyroid after treatment, and 41·6% of Hashimoto's patients bound to normal T cells more than did IgG from normal controls. Reactivity of toxic adenoma sera was similar to that of normal sera. When the positive sera were reacted with helper or suppressor/cytotoxic T cell preparations (separated by negative selection technique), the binding was shown to be directed against suppressor/cytotoxic T cells but not against helper cells. These data indicate that a significant proportion of patients with autoimmune thyroid disease have IgG in their serum which react with a subset of normal T suppressor/cytotoxic cells. This phenomenon could be the expression of anti-lymphocyte antibodies, which may relate to previously recognized reductions in number and function of suppressor T cells in autoimmune thyroid disease.
The Second Cu(II)-Binding Site in a Proton-Rich Environment Interferes with the Aggregation of Amyloid-β(1−40) into Amyloid Fibrils

The overall morphology and Cu(II) ion coordination for the aggregated amyloid-β(1−40) [Aβ(1−40)] in N-ethylmorpholine (NEM) buffer are affected by Cu(II) ion concentration. This effect is investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and electron spin echo envelope modulation (ESEEM) spectroscopy. At lower than equimolar concentrations of Cu(II) ions, fibrillar aggregates of Aβ(1−40) are observed. At these concentrations of Cu(II), the monomeric and fibrillar Aβ(1−40) ESEEM data indicate that the Cu(II) ion is coordinated by histidine residues. For aggregated Aβ(1−40) at a Cu(II):Aβ molar ratio of 2:1, TEM and AFM images show both linear fibrils and granular amorphous aggregates. The ESEEM spectra show that the multi-histidine coordination for Cu(II) ion partially breaks up and becomes exposed to water or exchangeable protons of the peptide at a higher Cu(II) concentration. Since the continuous-wave electron spin resonance results also suggest two copper-binding si...
Demand for pay-per-view consumption of Ultimate Fighting Championship events

The purpose of this study is to consider the economic factors driving the demand for pay-per-view (PPV) purchases for Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC) events by consumers in the USA. Traditionally, sport consumers within the USA have sought out bigger and more famous sport leagues, but there is a growing trend of consumption of MMA and combat sports. Within this growth, the UFC has positioned themselves as the dominant force in the North American MMA market. The focus of this research seeks to examine consumption of MMA through a new lens by employing an economic demand model to estimate the demand for pay-per-view for UFC events in the USA. The results of this model indicate the significance of certain factors which are related to viewership, and thus have important management and scheduling implications for the UFC.
Anchimeric assistance with intermediary N-alkoxyaziridinium salts. Formation of vicinal aminoalcohols and derivatives

Abstract Intramolecular iodoaminations have afforded pyrrolidino iodides. Iodides are transformed to β-aminoalcohols with net retention of configuration. Intramolecular participation of proximate esters results in a double ring closure of cyclic amination and vicinal lactonization.
Is transactional programming actually easier

Chip multi-processors (CMPs) have become ubiquitous, while tools that ease concurrent programming have not. The promise of increased performance for all applications through ever more parallel hardware requires good tools for concurrent programming, especially for average programmers. Transactional memory (TM) has enjoyed recent interest as a tool that can help programmers program concurrently.The transactional memory (TM) research community is heavily invested in the claim that programming with transactional memory is easier than alternatives (like locks), but evidence for or against the veracity of this claim is scant. In this paper, we describe a user-study in which 237 undergraduate students in an operating systems course implement the same programs using coarse and fine-grain locks, monitors, and transactions. We surveyed the students after the assignment, and examined their code to determine the types and frequency of programming errors for each synchronization technique. Inexperienced programmers found baroque syntax a barrier to entry for transactional programming. On average, subjective evaluation showed that students found transactions harder to use than coarse-grain locks, but slightly easier to use than fine-grained locks. Detailed examination of synchronization errors in the students' code tells a rather different story. Overwhelmingly, the number and types of programming errors the students made was much lower for transactions than for locks. On a similar programming problem, over 70% of students made errors with fine-grained locking, while less than 10% made errors with transactions.
A Democratic Critique of Cosmopolitan Democracy: Pragmatism from the Bottom-up:

This article begins by critically evaluating recent work on cosmopolitan democracy by David Held. I argue that where cosmopolitan democrats should now focus their energies is in filling a significa...
Assortment Optimization Under Variants of the Nested Logit Model

We study a class of assortment optimization problems where customers choose among the offered products according to the nested logit model. There is a fixed revenue associated with each product. The objective is to find an assortment of products to offer so as to maximize the expected revenue per customer. We show that the problem is polynomially solvable when the nest dissimilarity parameters of the choice model are less than one and the customers always make a purchase within the selected nest. Relaxing either of these assumptions renders the problem NP-hard. To deal with the NP-hard cases, we develop parsimonious collections of candidate assortments with worst-case performance guarantees. We also formulate a convex program whose optimal objective value is an upper bound on the optimal expected revenue. Thus, we can compare the expected revenue provided by an assortment with the upper bound on the optimal expected revenue to get a feel for the optimality gap of the assortment. By using this approach, our computational experiments test the performance of the parsimonious collections of candidate assortments that we develop.
The effect of marginal ice-edge dynamics on production and export in the Southern Ocean along 170°W

We present a synthesis of the rates of gross, new, net andprimary production along with particulate organic carbon (POC) flux at 100 m from four cruises along 1701W in the Southern Ocean. Concurrent satellite pigment data, a primary productivity model, and a nitrate mass balance are used to extrapolate daily production estimates in space and time to seasonal and annual rates. From this analysis, we gain a better understanding of the timing, magnitude and impact of the phytoplankton blooms in this region. One of the dominant features with respect to plankton biomass is the association of high chlorophyll levels with the retreat of the sea ice which begins in October just south of the Polar Front. Our primary production model and satellite pigment data suggest higher production and flux levels characterize the marginal ice zone than previous estimates. Elevatedrates of new production in ice impactedregions are restrictedto relatively short periods following retreat of the ice edge. Export is found to lag the onset of production by up to 1 month. The ratio of POC flux at 100 m to primary production when averaged over the entire season is quite high, increasing from 15% to 25% in the Subantarctic zones to 35–40% near the Polar Front andas high as 50–65% in the southernmost stations, just north of the Ross Sea gyre. Comparisons of phytoplankton community structure andFe stress indicators suggest that blooms at the Polar Front are initially dominated by large centric diatoms, but are replaced by smaller pennate diatom and non-diatom species as Fe levels decrease. Further south, where Fe levels are never as high and large diatoms are not found, we still observe relatively high biomass and elevated production rates andPOC fluxes d uring the short growing season. r 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Remarks on the genus Bathangia Keferstein, 1859, with the re-description of the holotype of the type species Bathangia sessilis (Schlotheim, 1820) (Anthozoa, Scleractinia; Middle Eocene [Lutetian])

Abstract The genus Bathangia Keferstein, 1859 is a poorly known group that consists of a single species, the type species Bathangia sessilis (Schlotheim,1820). The description by Keferstein had been the only detailed documentation of the type species, and based on Keferstein's decription, Vaughan & Wells (1943) and Wells (1956) grouped this genus with Coenocyathus Milne Edwards & Haime. Re-examination of the type material has revealed, however, that Bathangia has rhizangiid structures and, therefore, must be excluded from the synonymy of the caryophyllid genus Coenocyathus. The purpose of the present paper is to give the description of the holotype of the type species, a short review of its history, and provide the first photographic images of the type material of Bathangia sessilis (Schlotheim, 1820).
Efficient structural joins with on-the-fly indexing

Previous work on structural joins mostly focuses on maintaining offline indexes on disks. Most of them also require the elements in both sets to be sorted. In this paper, we study an on-the-fly, in-memory indexing approach to structural joins. There is no need to sort the elements or maintain indexes on disks. We identify the similarity between the structural join problem and the stabbing query problem, and extend a main memory-based indexing technique for stabbing queries to structural joins.
When static media promote active learning: annotated illustrations versus narrated animations in multimedia instruction.

In 4 experiments, students received a lesson consisting of computer-based animation and narration or a lesson consisting of paper-based static diagrams and text. The lessons used the same words and graphics in the paper-based and computer-based versions to explain the process of lightning formation (Experiment 1), how a toilet tank works (Experiment 2), how ocean waves work (Experiment 3), and how a car’s braking system works (Experiment 4). On subsequent retention and transfer tests, the paper group performed significantly better than the computer group on 4 of 8 comparisons, and there was no significant difference on the rest. These results support the static media hypothesis, in which static illustrations with printed text reduce extraneous processing and promote germane processing as compared with narrated animations.
Are Resident c-Kit+ Cardiac Stem Cells Really All That Are Needed to Mend a Broken Heart?

The ability of the heart to regenerate through new myocyte formation is a subject of intense investigation. Here we will discuss a provocative new publication from Nadal-Ginard and Torella and colleagues where they report that c-kit resident cardiac stem cells are necessary and sufficient to explain cardiac regeneration fully. Nadal-Ginard and Torella and colleagues have provided yet another exciting installment in the evolving cardiac regeneration and stem cell saga. The ongoing debate centers on if and how the normal adult mammalian heart renews its myocyte pool and if and how new myocytes are generated when diseases induce myocyte death. Their recently published article1 provides supportive evidence that c-kit-marked resident cardiac stem cells (CSCs) are both necessary and sufficient for cardiac regeneration, and that the differentiation of CSCs into cardiac myocytes constitutes the primary mechanism for cellular replacement following diffuse, isoproterenol (ISO)-induced injury to the heart. Although many of the approaches and conclusions put forth are already represented in the literature, the unique aspects of this report are the injury model used as well as the simply overwhelming amount of supportive experimentation presented. However, as in any provocative ongoing scientific saga, new results engender skepticism and lead to new questions that can only be answered by additional studies from other groups. In the recent past, 2 diametrically opposed views have emerged as to whether the heart regenerates after cardiac injury by forming new myocytes. One group2–6 has presented strong data that the heart is a highly malleable organ that is capable of near-complete regeneration, although the cell source responsible for this regenerative potential varies from the myocytes themselves, to c-kit-positive bone marrow cells, c-kit-positive resident CSCs, cardiospheres, resident fibroblasts, or tissue residence mesenchymal stem cells of various markers. The other group,6–8 with polar opposite …
Using an individual-based model to examine the roles of habitat fragmentation and behavior on predator–prey relationships in seagrass landscapes

Seagrasses, which form critical subtidal habitats for marine organisms worldwide, are fragmented via natural processes but are increasingly being fragmented and degraded by boating, fishing, and coastal development. We constructed an individual-based model to test how habitat fragmentation and loss influenced predator–prey interactions and cohort size for a group of settling juvenile blue crabs (Callinectes sapidus Rathbun) in seagrass landscapes. Using results from field studies suggesting that strong top-down processes influence the relationship between cannibalistic blue crab populations and seagrass landscape structure, we constructed a model in which prey (juvenile blue crabs) are eaten by mesopredators (larger blue crabs) which in turn are eaten by top-level predators (e.g., large fishes). In our model, we varied the following parameters within four increasingly fragmented seagrass landscapes to test for their relative effects on cohort size: juvenile blue crab (prey) predator avoidance response, hunting ability of mesopredators and predators, the presence of a top-level predator, and prey settlement routines. Generally, prey cohort size was maximized in the presence of top-level predators and when mesopredators and predators exhibited random searching behavior vs. directed hunting. Cohort size for stationary (tethered) prey was maximized in fragmented landscapes, which corresponds to results from field experiments, whereas mobile prey able to detect and avoid predators had higher survival in continuous landscapes. Prey settlement patterns had relatively small influences on cohort size. We conclude that the effects of seagrass fragmentation and loss on organisms such as blue crabs will depend heavily on behaviors of prey and predatory organisms and how these behaviors change with landscape structure.
Oxidized Flavor in Milk

Summary In twelve trials during winter months of two successive years no measurable change in the iodine number of milk fat could be found as the result of the development of moderate or fairly pronounced oxidized flavor. It is shown by calculation that oleo-stearo lecithin in quantities usually found in sweet cream butter could not affect a measurable change in iodine number even though the double bonds of the oleic acid were completely oxidized. The evidence that the milk fat itself is not affected when oxidized flavor develops indicates that some other constituent of milk is the one in which the off-flavor arises when moderate to fairly pronounced oxidized flavor is produced.
Hydrogen-induced CO displacement from the Pt(111) surface: an isothermal kinetic study

Chemisorbed CO can be completely removed from the Pt(ll1) surface in the temperature range 318 to 348 K for hydrogen pressures above 2 X lo-’ Torr. Thermal desorption of CO in this temperature range in the absence of hydrogen removes only a fraction of the adsorbed CO. A series of in situ isothermal kinetic experiments are presented in this paper which show that CO displacement in the presence of 0.2 Torr of hydrogen is a first-order process in CO coverage with an activation energy of 10.9 kcal/mol. We propose that the origin of this effect is that repulsive intereactions between coadsorbed atomic hydrogen and carbon monoxide induce high desorption rates of CO characteristic of high CO coverages, presumably due to lower values of the desorption activation energy. The importance of these results is to show that high coverages of coadsorbed hydrogen resulting from substantial overpressures of Ha may substantially modify desorption activation energies, and thus the coverages and kinetic pathways available, even for strongly chemisorbed species. These phenomena may play an important role in surface reactions which occur at high pressure.
Conservation Corridors and Contagious Disease: A Cautionary Note

Abstt'ac~ Recent conservation proposals frequently include the establishment of corridors to connect lsolated patches of wildlife habitat Much attention has been focused on the potential benefits of corridors with little note given to potentially adverse consequenceg A simulation model is developed here to study the effect of comidors on the survival of a metapopulation in the presence of a fatal disease that is spread by direct contact between susceptible and infected inditrldual.~ For the disease modeled here, a landscape of patches connected by corridors generally suffers fewer metapopulation extinctions than a landscape of isolated patche~ However, under a narrow range of condition.g resuits suggest that corridom may dramatically increase the probability of metapopuiation extinctiorL This occurs when disease-induced mortality is low enough to allow infected individuals to spread the diseas~ but high enough to reduce population levels to the point that random demographic and environmental events cause frequent metapopuldtion ex. tinctiong This has important implications for the design and management of conservation reserve networks. Although discussion focuses primarily on conservation corrtdorg the model results apply to any management techniques that increase the movement of individuals among populationg Corredores de conservaci6n y enfer~edades contagiosas:
Production of immunoglobulin A protease by Streptococcus pneumoniae from animals.

Human isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae tested by traditional immunochemical methods produce a protease that cleaves human immunoglobulin A1 (IgA1) into Fab and Fc fragments. The protease may be an important virulence factor, but studies of its pathogenetic significance have been hampered by lack of a suitable animal model. Since S. pneumoniae is a respiratory pathogen for several species of animals, we sought to determine whether isolates of this organism from animals with pneumococcal infection, including fatal diplococcal pneumonia, produced an IgA protease. Isolates from six animal species including the mouse, rat, dog, guinea pig, rhesus monkey, and chimpanzee were tested for protease activity against IgA preparations from the mouse, rat, dog, guinea pig, rabbit, rhesus and cynomolgus monkeys, gorilla, and human. Cleavage of IgA was demonstrated by the appearance of Fc fragments in Western blots (immunoblots) treated with specific antisera. All these isolates except that from the guinea pig produced a protease that cleaved IgA of human, rhesus monkey, and gorilla origin. Cleavage was inhibited by 5 mM EDTA. IgA cleavage from the other species could not be demonstrated. Although S. pneumoniae can colonize the respiratory tracts of several animal species, it is a significant pathogen principally of humans and some other primates. Our data suggest that some species of nonhuman primates including the rhesus monkey could be suitable for experimental studies on the significance of IgA protease in the pathogenesis of pneumococcal disease. Images
A Latent Class Typology of Juvenile Victims and Exploration of Risk Factors and Outcomes of Victimization

Although juveniles are known to experience relatively high levels of violence and abuse, study of their victimization is underdeveloped. Using data from a nationally representative survey of 1,000 youth, this study used latent class analysis to construct a typology of juvenile victims and latent class regression to explore previously proposed correlates to juvenile victimization based on lifestyle or routine activity theory of victimization. An analytically derived typology was identified with three classes: minimally victimized youth, victims of bullying, and universally victimized youth. Parental supervision, school violence, family adversity, and age were found to significantly affect the placement of youth into the various classes. Implications for juvenile justice and other service providers include the importance of attending to the harmful effects of peer victimizations and providing trauma-recovery treatment.
Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.
A low noise, high efficiency two stage envelope modulator structure for EDGE polar modulation

This paper presents a transistor level design of a novel envelope modulator structure using a high efficiency voltage doubler followed with a buck DC-DC converter for polar modulation. In order to let the output voltage of the buck converter follows the fast changing EDGE (Enhancement Data-rate for GSM Evolution) reference signal, current mode control and 10MHz switching frequency are implemented, and ripple cancellation circuits are added in order to further improve the spectral performance. The simulation results show that the output spectrum of the proposed two stage structure complies with the EDGE transmission standard and the spurious noise is greatly reduced by 50dB compared to 4 switch buck boost converter (4SBBC). This two stage solution also maintains more than 75% average energy efficiency and is a good candidate for EDGE polar modulation.
Congo Submarine Canyon and Fan Valley

Seventeen transverse profiles of the inner 460 km of the Congo Canyon and the Congo Fan Valley were made during a 4-day study in June 1972. These profiles show that the canyon is V-shaped with side slopes 400-1,400 m high between the coast and a point 240 km seaward, where the axial depth is about 2,700 m. Farther seaward, the continuation as a fan valley narrows and is bordered by levees a few tens of meters high, and distributaries are found. The latter continue beyond the 4,600-m limits of this study for at least an additional 320 km to depths of 4,900 m. Seismic profiles show that the canyon has been cut through a belt of diapirs--probably derived from evaporites of Early Cretaceous age, and still rising through the several kilometers of subsequent sediments. Highest ide slopes and a major bend in the canyon are present within the belt of diapirs or in the thick sediments that are dammed by the belt. The absence of a broad delta at the mouth of the Congo River, the presence of a possible temporary fill at the head, a steep axial slope near the head, a submerged fan bordering the seaward side of the diapir belt, and levees at depth support the concept of origin of the canyon-fan-valley system largely through erosion and deposition by turbidity currents. Tidal-current scour probably helps to limit the amount of fill in the canyon head.
S-preconditioner for Multi-fold Data Reduction with Guaranteed User-Controlled Accuracy

The growing gap between the massive amounts of data generated by petascale scientific simulation codes and the capability of system hardware and software to effectively analyze this data necessitates data reduction. Yet, the increasing data complexity challenges most, if not all, of the existing data compression methods. In fact, loss less compression techniques offer no more than 10% reduction on scientific data that we have experience with, which is widely regarded as effectively incompressible. To bridge this gap, in this paper, we advocate a transformative strategy that enables fast, accurate, and multi-fold reduction of double-precision floating-point scientific data. The intuition behind our method is inspired by an effective use of preconditioners for linear algebra solvers optimized for a particular class of computational "dwarfs" (e.g., dense or sparse matrices). Focusing on a commonly used multi-resolution wavelet compression technique as the underlying "solver" for data reduction we propose the S-preconditioner, which transforms scientific data into a form with high global regularity to ensure a significant decrease in the number of wavelet coefficients stored for a segment of data. Combined with the subsequent EQ-$calibrator, our resultant method (called S-Preconditioned EQ-Calibrated Wavelets (SW)), robustly achieved a 4-to 5-fold data reduction-while guaranteeing user-defined accuracy of reconstructed data to be within 1% point-by-point relative error, lower than 0.01 Normalized RMSE, and higher than 0.99 Pearson Correlation. In this paper, we show the results we obtained by testing our method on six petascale simulation codes including fusion, combustion, climate, astrophysics, and subsurface groundwater in addition to 13 publicly available scientific datasets. We also demonstrate that application-driven data mining tasks performed on decompressed variables or their derived quantities produce results of comparable quality with the ones for the original data.
Mutational analysis of a Dcp2-binding element reveals general enhancement of decapping by 5′-end stem-loop structures

mRNA decapping is a critical step in the control of mRNA stability and gene expression and is carried out by the Dcp2 protein. Dcp2 is an RNA-binding protein that must bind the RNA in order to recognize the cap for hydrolysis. We previously demonstrated that a 60 nucleotide (nt) element at the 5' end of the mRNA encoding Rrp41 is preferentially bound and decapped by Dcp2. Here, we demonstrate that enhanced decapping of this element is dependent on the structural integrity of its first 33 nt and not its primary sequence. The structure consists of a stem-loop positioned <10 nt from the 5' end of the mRNA. The generality of a stem-loop structure in enhanced Dcp2-mediated decapping was underscored by the identification of additional potential Dcp2 substrate mRNAs by a global analysis of human mRNAs containing a similar predicted stem-loop structure at their respective 5' end. These studies suggest a general role for 5' stem-loops in enhancing decapping activity and the utilization of this structure as a predictive tool for Dcp2 target substrates. These studies also demonstrate that Dcp2 alone in the absence of additional proteins can preferentially associate with and modulate mRNA decapping.
How Can International Students Overcome Their Biggest Obstacle in an American University

This paper focuses on an interdisciplinary project using an innovative teaching methodology developed to generate substantive interaction between international students and mainstream students on American campuses. The process was created after asking international students from a variety of countries the question, “What is the biggest obstacle you have in learning English here at our university in America?” The response of these students was that despite their best efforts, they could not seem to connect with their American peers on campus. The international students found it difficult to interact with American students on anything other than a superficial conversational level; and as a result, they tended to feel invisible on campus. A project was designed to bring about greater interaction and cultural awareness by bringing international students together with native speakers in stimulating and authentic conversations. The project was a success for both mainstream American students and international students by creating a space of equal status between the two student groups; this lowered the social, cultural, and linguistic barriers that were normally present. This paper shows how this was done.
Using Paper Mill Sludge as Concrete Admixture

This paper deals with a research project that was undertaken to determine the effect of sludge on the strength and plasticity of concrete. Since any successful additives used with concrete must not cause serious reductions in the strength of the concrete, the first phase of the testing investigated the effect of sludge on the compressive strength of concrete. It was anticipated that very small amounts of the sludge would produce the desired increase in plasticity. Therefore, the strength characteristics of the treated concrete were studied using low amounts of the additive.
Executive Federalism: Forging New Federalist Constraints on the Treaty Power

This article addresses the longstanding debate over whether federalism constrains the treaty power and challenges the view that courts may authoritatively resolve that debate. Until recently, scholars generally accepted that the treaty power operated free from federalism limits based on Justice Holmes' opinion in Missouri v. Holland. Lately, however, scholars have questioned whether Missouri remains good law. Two camps have emerged. On one side lie "nationalists" who seek to defend Missouri by invoking constitutional text, structure, history, doctrine and prudential claims. On the other side reside "new federalists" who suggest that the Court should overrule Missouri in light of: (1) adjustments to Congress' commerce power via Lopez and its progeny; and (2) changes in the subjects and substantive obligations of U.S. treaties. Despite their disagreements, both sides focus on the same subject - the Supreme Court. This article demonstrates, however, that this judicial focus is misplaced. An examination of the Court's doctrine reveals little likelihood that it will revisit Missouri. More importantly, while the Court has chosen to disengage, the Executive has interpreted the treaty power's scope and devised its own mechanisms for accommodating federalism in U.S. treaties. To date, however, scholars have largely ignored the Executive's efforts to self-judge when and how federalism limits U.S. treaty-making-efforts that I label "Executive Federalism." But Executive Federalism has significant domestic and international ramifications. First, it requires rethinking federalism's nature by demonstrating that federalism need not function solely as a judicial or legislative safeguard for states' rights. Second, while it serves as a vehicle for Executive self-restraint, Executive Federalism still has structural implications, weakening the authority of other actors (the courts, the legislature, and even future Presidents) to voice their views on federalism in the treaty context. Third, it provides us with valuable information about how the holder of the treaty power - the Executive - conceives of its scope. Finally, Executive Federalism can affect U.S. foreign relations, preventing some treaty-making altogether, constraining U.S. negotiating positions, imposing extra costs to achieve U.S. goals, and complicating questions of U.S. compliance. In sum, Executive Federalism presents the case for re-conceptualizing the treaty power debate to recognize the Executive as an essential subject in its own right.
Full-Contact Poetry

Full-Contact Poetry is a collaborative digital play space written in Squeak, which allows children to express their poetic thoughts, create their interpretations of writing by others and share and critique these expressions. In this paper, we discuss the design principles and implementation of the Full-Contact Poetry environment. We then describe preliminary results from a workshop with a group of adolescents using the environment. The technology opened a new form of expression to the teenagers participating in the workshop. Collaboration was necessary to define full-contact poetry, but did not occur in the way expected with the technology. Participants drew from personal experience and examples to create a new genre of poetic expression.
Clinicopathologic, immunophenotypic, cytogenetic, and molecular features of γδ T-Cell large granular lymphocytic leukemia: An analysis of 14 patients suggests biologic differences with γδ T-Cell large granular lymphocytic Leukemia

Objectives: T-cell large granular lymphocytic (T-LGL) leukemia is a rare disorder in which the neoplastic cells usually express the αβ T-cell receptor (TCR). To determine the significance of γδ TCR expression in this leukemia, we compared the clinicopathologic, immunophenotypic, and genetic features of patients with T-LGL leukemia expressing γδ TCR or αβ TCR. Methods: We used the World Health Organization classification criteria to confirm the diagnosis. All patients were diagnosed and treated at our institution. Results: We identified 14 patients with γδ T-LGL leukemia, 11 men and three women; six (43%) patients had a history of rheumatoid arthritis, 10 (71%) had neutropenia, four (29%) had thrombocytopenia, and three (21%) had anemia. Eight (67%) of 12 patients had a CD4−/CD8− phenotype, and four (33%) had a CD4−/CD8+ phenotype. The median overall survival was 62 months. Patients with γδ T-LGL leukemia were more likely to have rheumatoid arthritis ( P = .04), lower absolute neutrophil count ( P = .04), lower platelet count ( P = .004), and a higher frequency of the CD4−/CD8− phenotype ( P < .0001). However, there was no significant difference in overall survival between the two groups ( P = .64). Conclusions: Although patients with γδ and αβ T-LGL leukemia show some different clinical or phenotypic features, overall survival is similar, suggesting that γδ TCR expression does not carry prognostic significance.
Altered expression of eukaryotic initiation factor 2B in skeletal muscle during sepsis.

Sepsis causes an inhibition of protein synthesis in skeletal muscles composed of fast-twitch fibers, in part, as a result of a decreased activity of the eukaryotic initiation factor 2B (eIF-2B). In the present study, we investigated the expression of two subunits of eIF-2B, i.e., the beta- and epsilon-subunits during sepsis. The expression of both beta- and epsilon-subunits of eIF-2B in gastrocnemius was decreased approximately 50% from control values during the first 5 days after induction of sepsis. The decreased expression of eIF-2B epsilon during sepsis correlated with similar reductions in eIF-2B epsilon mRNA. Restoration of protein synthesis (10 days postsurgery) was associated with a return of eIF-2B epsilon expression to values observed in control rats. Expression of eIF-2B epsilon was not altered in heart during sepsis or in gastrocnemius from nonseptic abscess animals. Amrinone, which ameliorated the inhibition of protein synthesis during sepsis, also prevented the fall in eIF-2B epsilon protein after 5 days of infection. The data provide evidence that expression of eIF-2B epsilon is markedly influenced in gastrocnemius during the course of the septic episode and support the concept that this change is a mechanism responsible for the inhibition of protein synthesis observed under this condition.
A thin-layer chromatographic screening test for the detection of users of morphine or heroin.

Inasmuch as heroin is metabolized and excreted as morphine, 8 chemical procedures for the detection of users of morphine or heroin are generally based on the demonstration of morphine in the urine. In our opinion, previously-reported, thinlayer chromatographic methods for the detection of morphine in urine *• 7 fail to resolve morphine sufficiently from other narcotics or from metabolites of phenothiazine drugs unless they resort to more than 1 developing system. The procedure described in this paper uses a single developing system, accompanied by a series of chromogenic spray reagents, making possible a rapid and relatively specific identification of morphine extracted from urine.
The Relationship of Marital Status to Incidence of and Recovery from Mental Illness

excluded the percent married among the remaining migrants was closer to the percent married in the total population, and for the male migrants the percent married was not greatly different from the percent of the married male population in the cities they left. The female migrants to places outside the suburbs still had a higher percent married and a lower percent single than the total population of the cities they left. Only the nonwhite male out-migrants conformed to our hypothesis that the migrants would have a higher proportion single and a lower proportion married than the total population. For the other streams of migration there was either very little difference between the marital status of the migrants and the total population, or the migrants had a higher proportion married than the total population. These findings agree in the most part with results of the study of the marital status of Swedish migrants made by Dorothy S. Thomas. Whether these conclusions would hold for other regions of the United States, rural as well as large urban areas, and for other time periods is a problem for further research.