cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Commoditisation effects on cultural identity: a process model

This paper offers a process model of cultural commoditisation in tourist destinations. The concept of a manufactured cultural profile for tourism is distinguished from the organically developed cultural identity of a host community; the former term refers to a set of cultural markers selected for tourism development which may overlap partially [or completely as a subset of] with the cultural markers acknowledged by host community members as their cultural identity. The commoditisation process is depicted as a model where inputs of cultural markers progress through various transformations into an output product: a marketable cultural profile of the destination that can be promoted and that will have significant appeal to tourists. The paper offers nine theoretical propositions for how the commoditisation process impacts cultural identity within a tourist setting.
Reference condition approach to restoration planning.

Ecosystem restoration planningrequires quantitative rigor toevaluatealternatives,defineend states, report progress and perform environmental benefits analysis (EBA). Unfortunately, existing planning frameworks are, at best, semi-quantitative. In this paper, we: (1) describe a quantitative restoration planning approach based on a comprehensive, but simple mathematical framework that can be used to effectively apply knowledge and evaluate alternatives, (2) use the approach to derive a simple but precisely defined lexicon based on the reference condition concept and allied terms and (3) illustrate the approach with an example from the Upper Mississippi River System (UMRS) using hydrologic indicators. The approach supports the development of a scaleable restoration strategy that, in theory, can be expanded to ecosystem characteristics such as hydraulics, geomorphology, habitat and biodiversity. We identify three reference condition types, best achievable condition (ABAC), measured magnitude (MMi which can be determined at one or many times and places) and desired future condition (ADFC) that, when used with the mathematical framework, provide a complete system of accounts useful for goal-oriented system-level management and restoration. Published in 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sirolimus and mycophenolate mofetil as GVHD prophylaxis in myeloablative, matched-related donor hematopoietic cell transplantation

We investigated sirolimus and mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) as graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) prophylaxis in patients with advanced hematologic malignancies receiving myeloablative hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) from HLA-identical sibling donors. Based on pre-study stopping rules, the trial was closed to accrual after enrollment of 11 adult patients. Seven of the 11 patients received busulfan-containing preparative regimens. Sirolimus was discontinued in 3 patients due to toxicity-related events of severe sinusoidal obstructive syndrome, portal vein thrombosis, altered mental status and in 1 patient due to risk of poor wound healing. Six of the 11 patients developed grade II-IV acute GVHD (AGVHD) a median of 15.5 days post-HCT. Two of 3 patients with grade IV AGVHD had sirolimus discontinued by 9 days post-HCT. All patients responded to AGVHD therapy without GVHD-related deaths. There were 2 nonrelapse- and 2 relapse-related deaths. At a median follow-up of 38 months (2–47 months), 7 of 11 patients were alive without disease. MMF and sirolimus GVHD prophylaxis did not reduce the risk of acute GVHD, however, there were no GVHD-related deaths. The severe toxicities in the patients receiving the busulfan-containing preparative regimens limited the continued use of sirolimus and MMF for the prevention of AGVHD.
Mapping Individual Logical Processes.

A technique to measure and describe concisely a certain class of individual mental reasoning processes has been developed. The measurement is achieved by recording the complete dialog between a large, varied computerized information system with a broad range of logical operations and options and a human information seeker. A type of flow chart, familiar to computer programmers, is used to delineate this dialog in a hierarchical fashion. An example of such a chart is given in the paper. Results obtained on a limited number of investigations suggest the technique may be useful for studying various aspects of mental performance.
A General Numerical Method to Solve for Dislocation Configurations

The shape of a mechanically equilibrated dislocation line is of considerable interest in the study of plastic deformation of metals and alloys. A general numerical method for finding such configurations in arbitrary stress fields has been developed. Analogous to the finite-element method (FEM), a general dislocation line is approximated by a series of straight segments (elements) bounded by nodes. The equilibrium configuration is found by minimizing the system energy with respect to nodal positions using a Newton-Raphson procedure. This approach, termed the finite-segment method (FSM), confers several advantages relative to segment-based, explicit formulations. The utility, generality, and robustness of the FSM is demonstrated by analyzing the Orowan bypass mechanism and a model of dislocation generation and equilibration at misfitting particles. Energy differences from previous analytical methods based on simple loop shapes are significant, up to 80 pct. Explicit expressions for the coordinate transformations, energies, and forces required for numerical implementation are presented.
Auction-theoretic coordination of production planning in the supply chain

Most planning and optimization methods in manufacturing logistics assume centralized or hierarchical decision-making using monolithic models. Motivated by the increasing needs to coordinate diverse decision processes and systems, we investigate an auction-theoretic mechanism for production coordination in a supply chain. Our effort focuses on structural mappings between mathematical decomposition and iterative auction mechanisms wherein agents compete based on their local utilities, announced conflict pricing, and production targets. Building upon the rich literature in optimization and auction-theoretic analysis, we investigate the advantages and limitations of this distributed decision scheme on a large set problem in supply chain production planning. Experimental results show that the proposed auction mechanism provides impressive improvement over the traditional monolithic method without significant degradation to the solution quality.
Human adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase: comparison of assay methods and expressions of activity.

SummaryThere was a positive correlation in normal man between heparin releasable lip-oprotein lipase and lipoprotein lipase of ammonium hydroxide homogenate of acetone-ether powder in adipose tissue. Heparin releasable as lipoprotein lipase activity was about twice as high as the enzymatic activity in acetone powder, even though 40-70% of the original activity remained in the tissue after incubation with heparin. This might indicate that activation of the enzyme is associated with its release by heparin from tissue. The lipoprotein lipase activity per unit weight and per fat cell were affected differently by obesity: In obese subjects lipoprotein lipase per unit weight was proportionally lower than the activity per fat cell. The expression of activity per fat cell appears to avoid the effect of obesity, and hence increased fat cell size, on values obtained.
Active Roles Assigned to Male and Female Characters in Children's Writing

Abstract This research examined the creative writing of 180 elementary school children for gender and age differences. Stories were analyzed for the assignment of physical actions and the problem solver roles to characters as well as for story theme. Writers were equally divided by gender and into three age groups—grades 1–2, 3–4 and 5–6. Results suggested that for male authors at all grade levels and for female authors at early grade levels, story plots were dominated by male characters who were assigned significantly more physical actions, high-intensity actions, problem solving roles and stereotypic activities. By grade 5–6, female authors made these assignments more frequently to their female characters. Overall, the male authors included in their stories the themes of danger, exploration, and high-risk more often than did female authors. The findings support the conclusion that stereotypic attitudes persist and are evident in the stories of young children. These findings may be attributed to the sex-...
Effects of cimetidine on stress ulcer and gastric acid secretion in the rat

Abstract Cimetidine at 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg significantly inhibited gastric acid secretion in rats with chronic gastric cannulas. Rats receiving either 50 or 100 mg/kg of cimetidine secreted significantly less gastric acid 3 hr after injection. Cimetidine failed to reduce the number of size of gastric lesions in rats lesions in rats subjected to a supine restraint procedure.
CO2 Separation Using Facilitated Transport Ion Exchange Membranes

Abstract The use of ion-exchange membranes as supports for facilitated transport of C02 is demonstrated. Two different ionomer films were evaluated. The ionomers were a perfluorosul-fonic acid film and a sulfonated polybenzimida-zole film. Sodium (Na+) was exchanged into the membrane for diffusion experiments and ethylene-diamine (EDA) was exchanged for facilitated transport experiments. The results indicate that thin perfluorosulfonic acid membranes provide the best CO2 flux and can also provide exceptionally high selectivity.
Lattice Boltzmann Simulation of Two-Fluid Model Equations

An implicit lattice Boltzmann equation to simulate the locally averaged flow behavior of disperse two-phase mixtures is presented. Using a multiscale expansion technique, it is shown that these equations reduce to the widely used two-fluid model for flows of such suspensions. The viability of the lattice Boltzmann approach is demonstrated through illustrative examples. The lattice Boltzmann scheme is easy to program and it parallelizes readily. It is suggested that this approach may serve as an attractive alternative to conventional approaches to solving the two-fluid model equations.
"Poisoned at the Source"? Telegraphic News Services and Big Business in the Nineteenth Century

Nineteenth-century newspapers, exchanges, and governments relied heavily for their daily information upon an alliance of four international telegraph services: Havas (Paris), Reuters (London), Wolff's (Berlin), and the Associated Press (New York). The connections of the wire services to financial and official circles bred suspicions that they offered privileged information and suppressed or inserted reports on behalf of special interests. Corporate and official records reveal the wire services’ reliance upon the subsidies, information, and telegraph facilities of firms and governments. As a result, world news coverage was, if not “poisoned” at the source, at least dammed up, filtered, channeled, or watered down.
Difference-frequency mixing in AgGaS 2 by use of a high-power GaAlAs tapered semiconductor amplifier at 860 nm

As much as 47 μW of cw infrared radiation and 89 μW of pulsed infrared radiation, tunable near 4.3 μm, have been generated by mixing the outputs of a high-power tapered semiconductor amplifier at 858 nm (signal wave) and a Ti:Al2O3 laser at 715 nm (pump wave) in AgGaS2. The GaAlAs tapered traveling-wave amplifier delivered as much as 1.5 W of diffraction-limited cw power into the nonlinear crystal. Output powers, conversion efficiencies, and spectral characteristics of this novel midinfrared source are discussed.
Effects of pollution on freshwater invertebrates.

Review papers dealing with methods and procedures, artificial communities, cladocera, copepods, crayfish, amphipods, isopods, insects, mollusks, rotifers, worms, and protazoans are discussed. (DAD)
"Flash for life": Community-based prompting for safety belt promotion.

A community-based strategy for promoting safety belt use was field-tested in two adjacent rural communities, one populated by a preponderance of students, faculty, and staff of a major university. The intervention involved the front-seat passenger of a stopped vehicle displaying to the driver of an adjacent, stopped vehicle an 11 × 14 inch flash card that read, “PLEASE BUCKLE UP—I CARE.” If the driver buckled up, the “flasher” flipped over the card and displayed the message, “THANK YOU.” This flash card was shown to 1,087 unbuckled drivers; 82% of these drivers looked at the flash card and 22% of these complied with the buckle-up request. Compliance was not influenced by the age or gender of the “flasher” (young child vs. college student), nor by the gender of the driver; but significantly more drivers in the university town buckled up following the flash card presentation (25% mean compliance in the college town vs. 14% in the other community). To date, over 2,000 individuals have received a buckle-up flash card for their own use.
RU24969-induced behavioural syndrome requires activation of both 5HT1A and 5HT1B receptors.

The behavioural profiles of the mixed 5HT1A/B agonist RU24969 and the more selective 5HT1B agonist anpirtoline were compared. Both compounds induce an increase in activity as measured in photocell activity cages. The behaviours displayed by the rats receiving each treatment differed markedly, with RU24969 inducing flat body posture and circling of the cage perimeter (1.25−10 mg/kg SC), whereas anpirtoline increased ambulation characterised by a hopping motion (1.25−5.0 mg/kg SC). The effects of RU24969 were attenuated by both the 5HT1A antagonist WAY100635 (0.03−1.25 mg/kg SC) and the 5HT1B/D antagonist GR127935 (1.0−5.0 mg/kg SC). Anpirtoline-induced behaviour was attenuated by GR127935 across the same dose range but was largely unaffected by WAY100635 even at doses above those which had blocked the effects of RU24969. Coadministration of the selective 5HT1A agonist 8-OH-DPAT (0.03−1.25 mg/kg SC) with anpirtoline (2.5 mg/kg) induced a dramatic increase in locomotor activity and a behavioural syndrome identical to that produced by RU24969. Thus it would appear that a synergistic effect of stimulation of both 5HT1A and 5HT1B receptors underlies the behavioural effects of RU24969, while anpirtoline acts mainly via stimulation of 5HT1B receptors only.
An Analysis of Socioemotional and Task Communication in Online Multiplayer Video Games

Communication within recreational computer-mediated settings has received less attention than interaction in instrumental and organizational contexts. The present study compared the socioemotional and task-oriented content of 5,826 text messages produced by participants of an online video game. The results suggest that participants produced significantly more socioemotional than task content. Consistent with predictions flowing from Social Information Processing Theory, the vast majority of messages were socioemotional and positively valenced, despite the ostensible game objective of fighting other participants. Experience level played an important role in message production. More experienced participants produced both more positive and fewer negative socioemotional messages than the less experienced and used more specialized language conventions (e.g., emoticons, scripted emotes, and abbreviations). The results are discussed in the context of previous research examining the effect of communication medium...
GENETIC CONTROL OF THE IMMUNE RESPONSE : In Vitro Stimulation of Lymphocytes by (T,G)-A--L, (H,G)-A--L, and (Phe,G)-A--L

In vitro antigen-induced tritiated thymidine uptake has been used to study the response of sensitized lymphocytes to (T,G)-A--L, (H,G)-A--L, and (Phe,G)-A--L in responder and nonresponder strains of mice. The reaction is T-cell and macrophage dependent. Highly purified T cells (91% Thy 1.2 positive) are also responsive, suggesting that this in vitro lymphocyte transformation system is not B-cell dependent. Lymphocytes from high and low responder mice stimulated in vitro react as responders and nonresponders in a pattern identical to that seen with in vivo immunization. Stimulation occurs only if soluble antigen is added at physiological temperatures; antigen exposure at 4 degrees C followed by washing and incubation at 37 degrees C fails to induce lymphocyte transformation. Stimulation is specific for the immunizing antigen and does not exhibit the serologic cross-reactivity which is characteristic of these three antigens and their respective antisera. The reaction can be inhibited by anti-H-2 sera but not by anti-immunoglobulin sera. The anti-immunoglobulin sera did, however, inhibit lipopolysaccharide or pokeweed mitogen stimulation. These results suggest that the Ir-1A gene(s) are expressed in T cells, and that there are fundamental physiologic differences between T- and B-cell antigen recognition.
The Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron Protein Bacteroides Host Factor A Participates in Integration of the Integrative Conjugative Element CTnDOT into the Chromosome

CTnDOT is a conjugative transposon found in Bacteroides species. It encodes multiple antibiotic resistances and is stimulated to transfer by exposure to tetracycline. CTnDOT integration into the host chromosome requires IntDOT and a previously unknown host factor. We have identified a protein, designated BHFa (Bacteroides host factor A), that participates in integrative recombination. BHFa is the first host factor identified for a site-specific recombination reaction in the CTnDOT family of integrative and conjugative elements. Based on the amino acid sequence of BHFa, the ability to bind specifically to 4 sites in the attDOT DNA, and its activity in the integration reaction, BHFa is a member of the IHF/HU family of nucleoid-associated proteins. Other DNA bending proteins that bind DNA nonspecifically can substitute for BHFa in the integration reaction. IMPORTANCE Bacteroides species are normal members of the human colonic microbiota. These species can harbor and spread self-transmissible genetic elements (integrative conjugative elements [ICEs]) that contain antibiotic resistance genes. This work describes the role of a protein, BHFa, and its importance in the integration reaction required for the element CTnDOT to persist in Bacteroides host cells.
Algorithms to test PSF and coupling faults in random access memories

With the growing complexity of semiconductor memories a good understanding of memory fault models becomes very important. In this paper, the author discusses the coupling and pattern sensitive fault (PSF) models in detail. Test algorithms to cover these faults are given. Pros and cons of different test algorithms are discussed and validity of fault models is examined. >
Functional polymers and sequential copolymers by phase transfer catalysis, 1. Alternating block copolymers of unsaturated polyethers and aromatic poly(ether sulfone)s

Williamson etherification in the presence of phase transfer catalysts was successfully applied to the synthesis of alternating block copolymers and regular copolymers. Unsaturated polyethers(5a and 5b) containing chloroallylic (electrophilic) end groups (prepared from cis-or trans-1, 4-dichloro-2-butene and Bisphenol A) and aromatic poly(ether sulfone)s (3a) containing terminal phenol (nucleophilic) groups were polycondensed in the presence of tetrabutylammonium hydrogen sulfate as phase transfer catalyst to give alternating block copolymers. The same telechelic polymers were chain-extended with dinucleophilic or dielectrophilic monomers under similar reaction conditions. Both the regular copolymers and the alternating block copolymers were characterized by gel pormeation chromatography and DSC.
Time dependence of groundwater pumping from a well near a river

The time-dependent flow of groundwater through an aquifer, generated from rest by pumping from a well close to a river, is calculated without making Dupuit's approximation. The governing equations reduce to the diffusion equation for the pressure head with mixed boundary conditions at the surface of the aquifer and at the base of the river. Using transform techniques, the problem is reduced to an infinite set of linear equations. The steady-state solution provides a guide to the numerical solution of the time-dependent problem. Results are presented for the flux from the river into the aquifer as well as for the flux from the aquifer into the river and out again. Explicit expressions for these fluxes are obtained in the case of rivers that are narrow compared with the aquifer depth. The steady-state flux is then much smaller than the transient flux. Results are significantly different from those obtained using the Dupuit approximation.
Examination of the Relationship Between Antimicrobials and Thrombocytosis

Objective:To evaluate whether there is a relationship between antimicrobial therapy and the development of thrombocytosis.Data Sources:Literature was accessed through EMBASE (1977-June 2012) and MEDLINE (1977-June 2012) using the terms thrombocytosis and antimicrobial. In addition, reference citations from publications identified were reviewed.Study Selection and Data Extraction:All English-language publications identified were evaluated. For case reports, the Naranjo probability scale was used to calculate the likelihood of the drug causing the reaction.Data Synthesis:Thrombocytosis occurring during antimicrobial therapy is well documented, with several case reports and clinical trial observations. However, a direct causal relationship is not yet supported by the available literature. Platelets are welt known to be an acute phase reactant, with an elevated count occurring after acute conditions such as blood loss, inflammation, or infection. Thrombocytosis during antimicrobial therapy may be the result o...
Synthesis, and measurement of structural and magnetic properties, of La1−xCdxCoO3 perovskite ceramic oxides

Perovskite-type Cd-doped LaCoO3 materials were synthesized by a simple solution-based combustion process. The synthesized materials were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), diffuse reflectance (DR) in the UV-VIS, and magnetic property measurements. The parent LaCoO3 compound showed spin-glass transition at low temperatures, and with progressive Cd doping, showed transition to paramagnetic ordering. The changes in magnetic properties of the materials are correlated to the changes in structural features resulting from the Rietveld structural refinement of the materials.
“Activism”; v. “restraint:”; The DC circuit, the FCC and the Supreme Court

The article examines, in the context of the format change decision, among others, differing views held by the DC Circuit and the Supreme Court on the proper scope of judicial review.
Specificity protein 1 and Smad-dependent regulation of human heme oxygenase-1 gene by transforming growth factor-β1 in renal epithelial cells

Excess transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) in the kidney leads to increased cell proliferation and deposition of extracellular matrix, resulting in progressive kidney fibrosis. TGF-β1, however, ...
Atoms-to-microns model for small solute transport through sticky nanochannels

Modeling the transport of solutes through fluidic systems that have adsorbing surfaces is challenging due to the range of length and time scales involved. The components of such systems typically have dimensions from hundreds of nanometres to microns, whereas adsorption of solutes is sensitive to the atomic-scale structure of the solutes and surfaces. Here, we describe an atomic-resolution Brownian dynamics method for modeling the transport of solutes through sticky nanofluidic channels. Our method can fully recreate the results of all-atom molecular dynamics simulations at a fraction of the computational cost of the latter, which makes simulations of micron-size channels at a millisecond time scale possible without losing information about the atomic-scale features of the system. We demonstrate the capability of our method by simulating the rise and fall of solute concentration in sub-micron-long sticky nanochannels, showing that the atomic-scale features of the channels' surfaces have a dramatic effect on the kinetics of solute transport in and out of the channels. We expect our method to find applications in design and optimization of micro and nanofluidic systems for solute-specific transport and to complement existing approaches to modeling lab-on-a-chip devices by providing atomic scale information at a low computational cost.
Effects of network characteristics on human performance in a collaborative virtual environment

We assessed the effects of network latency and jitter on a cooperative teleoperation task in a collaborative virtual environment. Two remote partners worked together to manipulate shared virtual objects over a network. The task was to minimize the time to transfer a ring through one of four paths with the least number of collisions. The performance of human subjects was measured and analyzed quantitatively as a function of network latency: 10 and 200 msec delays with and without jitter. Jitter had the greatest impact on coordination performance when the latency was high and the task was difficult. These results are discussed in light of current and future CVE tasks.
Analysis of new multiple material wire-array experiments on 1-MA generators including the study of hot spots

Two different sets of new experiments with wire arrays made from Mo or W (primary material) wires together with a few Al wires (tracer material) are analyzed. The first set of experiments involved nested wire arrays and was performed on the 1 MA COBRA generator at Cornell University. These nested wire arrays consisted of 16 Mo or W wires with equal number of wires in outer and inner arrays and with two wires of the main material replaced by Al wires either in the outer or in the inner array. The second set of experiments was performed on 1 MA Zebra generator at University of Nevada, Reno, with planar wire arrays that consisted of 10-16 W wires with two periphery wires replaced by Al wires. Diagnostics included fast X-ray and EUV detectors, time-integrated X-ray and time-gated EUV/x-ray imaging pinhole cameras, time-gated and time-integrated X-ray/EUV spectrometers, an optical streak camera and laser imaging. The analysis of spatially resolved X-ray spectra shows that L-shell radiation (Mo wire arrays) and M-shell radiation (W wire arrays) originate from hot spots in the imploded plasma, whereas K-shell Al radiation comes from a plasma column that extended between the cathode and the anode. Using non-LTE kinetic modeling, location, sizes, and plasma parameters of various L-shell Mo and M-shell W hot spots are estimated and discussed. It is shown that the electron temperature of hot spots can be 1 keV or more, but it is much less (200-300 eV) in the Al plasma columns.
Hydrodynamics of Coral Reefs

AbstractThe geometric complexity of coral reefs leads to interesting fluid mechanics problems at scales ranging from those of coral colonies or even branches a few millimeters in diameter up to whole reefs that can be kilometers in horizontal extent. In many cases, both at the colony and reef scale, unsteady flows, usually due to surface waves, behave very differently than do steady flows for which the coral structures may appear to have quite high resistance to any flow through their interior. Allowing for this difference, engineering formulae for mass transfer describe well the uptake of nutrients by corals, although a priori determination of hydrodynamic roughness of corals and coral reefs is not yet possible. Surface wave-driven flows are a common feature of many coral reefs and appear to follow predictions of theories based on radiation stress gradients. However, comparisons to observations have been relatively limited, and there is some question as to the role played by Stokes drift in these flows. ...
Electrosorption of amino acids peptides and proteins in relation to the compatibility of materials and the human body.

The adsorption behavior of several amino acids, simple peptides and the protein fibrinogin was measured at a charged mercury surface. Evidence was obtained for the significance of π-electron containing amino acid groups in the adsorption of proteins on surfaces. Experiments on fibrinogin indicate that electrochemical polymerization of that protein may be the cause of thrombosis at anodes.
Auditor Fees, Market Microstructure, and Firm Transparency

Auditors, as corporate insiders, have access to private information regarding the firm's financial and business opacity that is unavailable to outside investors. We test whether auditors price their knowledge of firm opacity in their audit fees by examining two competing hypotheses. The first states that higher audit fees may reflect the greater risk that the auditor faces in auditing an opaque firm. Under this hypothesis, market based measures of opacity will be positively correlated with higher fees. The second hypothesis states that firms buy reputational capital from their auditor by paying high fees in an attempt to improve the market's perception of the firm's transparency. In this case, higher audit fees are negatively correlated with market based measures of opacity. Our results are consistent with the first hypothesis, that auditors price opacity risk into their fees. Numerous studies examine the relationship between the activities of corporate insiders and the market for the firm's securities. The most commonly studied insiders are corporate managers who trade the firm's securities (see for example, Seyhun, 1986; and Garfinkel and Nimalendran, 2003). In this paper we examine the activities of another set of insiders, namely the firm's independent auditors. Like corporate executives, auditors possess unique information regarding the inner workings of the firm. In the course of fulfilling their role as independent auditor, they become informed of potential risks that are unobservable to outside investors. The fees paid to the auditor compensate for the auditor's effort in conducting the audit, but may also reflect the risk and expected costs that can result from audit failure or firm failure.
Hypnosis: teaching children self-regulation.

Hypnosis applies and strengthens a child9s naturally enhanced ability to focus his or her concentration and imagination to change symptoms, physiology, and behavior. This field of naturalistic psychology is supported both experimentally and clinically. It can be incorporated into all clinical encounters, increasing therapeutic rapport, the young person9s self-esteem, and efficiency. It is most effective when introduced before fearful responses become conditioned, and it can reduce the amount of medication required for relief of symptoms. This capacity can grow with the child, allowing him or her to approach future challenges with equanimity. It has been said, "All hypnosis is not therapy, but all therapy is hypnosis."30 Hypnosis training teaches us the sensitivity to language, to our patients9 states of awareness, and to the power of our own positive expectancy and rapport that underlies what we call the "art of medicine."
Affinity enhancement of an in vivo matured therapeutic antibody using structure-based computational design

Improving the affinity of a high-affinity protein–protein interaction is a challenging problem that has practical applications in the development of therapeutic biomolecules. We used a combination of structure-based computational methods to optimize the binding affinity of an antibody fragment to the I-domain of the integrin VLA1. Despite the already high affinity of the antibody (Kd ∼7 nM) and the moderate resolution (2.8 A) of the starting crystal structure, the affinity was increased by an order of magnitude primarily through a decrease in the dissociation rate. We determined the crystal structure of a high-affinity quadruple mutant complex at 2.2 A. The structure shows that the design makes the predicted contacts. Structural evidence and mutagenesis experiments that probe a hydrogen bond network illustrate the importance of satisfying hydrogen bonding requirements while seeking higher-affinity mutations. The large and diverse set of interface mutations allowed refinement of the mutant binding affinity prediction protocol and improvement of the single-mutant success rate. Our results indicate that structure-based computational design can be successfully applied to further improve the binding of high-affinity antibodies.
A description language for design process management

A language for defining design discipline characteristics is proposed. Design discipline characteristics such as abstraction levels, design object classifications and decompositions, design objectives, and design methodologies can be defined in a simple machine and human readable form. The language, DDDL, has led to the development of a user interface for Minerva II, a design process management tool, which, when configured with a design discipline description, can be used to aid teams of designers in the solution of complex multi-disciplinary design problems. DDDL and user interface examples are presented.
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors: biochemical properties and biological actions.

(1984). Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors: Biochemical Properties and Biological Action. Critical Reviews in Biochemistry: Vol. 16, No. 4, pp. 381-411.
Minority Governments, Election Rules and Ideological Congruence

In this paper I first demonstrate that varying assumptions about estimating the ideological positions of minority governments have significant consequences for inferences about ideological congruence in parliamentary systems, especially for comparing majority and minority governments and consequences of PR and SMD electoral systems. Minority governments whose ideological position is estimated in the now standard way, from the positions of parties in the cabinet weighted by their legislative seat proportions or portfolios, are on average significantly more distant from the median voter than are majority governments. This descriptive fact holds across different estimation methods (manifesto-based or voter perception based) and times. Then, I draw on the previous literature on legislative bargaining and government formation (in general and in various contexts) to develop specific hypotheses about the influence of various legislative parties on the ideological position of governments. My analysis and various previous studies show evidence for all four bargaining hypotheses, but especially the weighted coalition parties, in the cases of majority governments. My analysis shows that minority governments are much less shaped by the median party and more by the largest party (where these are not the same) than are majority governments. However, research by Warwick 2011 on government program announcements and by Martin and Vanberg 2011, 2014 on committee modification of bills show no extra impact of the median party and nothing exceptional about minority situations. My analysis of the influence of formal support parties creating “formal” or “pseudo” minority governments that can count on formal outside parties for legislative majorities shows that these parties’ influence pushes the governments toward and away from the median voter about equally often. Literature on minority governments from Strom 1990 and after emphasizes the wide range of different arrangements that can connect governments and the parties that enable them to sustain themselves and pass budgets and policies in minority situations. At least until we have more research or theory, the evidence better supports using the standard portfolio-weighted approach for “true” minority governments than any adjustment favoring a particular direction.
Governance at the Internet’s Core: The Geopolitics of Interconnection and Internet exchange points in Emerging Markets

The market arrangements negotiated between Internet operators to interconnect at private or shared exchange points are a critical form of privatized global governance necessary for the Internet to remain operational, secure, and technically optimized. Questions about introducing regulatory oversight of this interconnection have always been present, whether to incentivize interconnection or mediate equitable payment structures for the exchange of traffic between network operators. Recently, the European Telecommunications Network Operators’ Association submitted a proposal in advance of the ITU’s World Conference on International Telecommunications calling for nation state involvement in ‘facilitating’ interconnection and the prospect of compensation between providers based on ‘sending party network pays.’ This later suggestion would amount to a content tax whereby companies such as Apple, Google, Netflix, and the BBC would pay a network operator when its customers choose to download content from these sites. Rather than content being universally accessible, content providers would have to decide whether to allow access to their content in parts of the world imposing this levy. Interconnection regulation would also affect Internet infrastructure and, in particular, the financial viability and growth of Internet Exchange Points (IXPs) in emerging markets. These shared interconnection sites play a critical role in emerging markets by bringing content closer to users, promoting local peering connectivity among regional operators, reducing interconnection costs, and reducing the dependency of local connectivity on foreign exchange points. Drawing from data on the global state of peering requirements for settlement-free peering, industry trends toward flattening interconnection configurations, and data on the global distribution of IXPs, this paper explains the increasing economic and technical importance of IXPs to local geographies, examines how they are emerging sites of Internet governance power in areas like critical infrastructure protection and national economic competitiveness, and explains several ways in which regulating interconnection would provide economic disincentives for the further development of IXPs in emerging markets.
Karyotypic Variation in Peromyscus boylii from Mexico

Results are presented from an extensive survey of karyotypic variation among and within Mexican populations currently assigned to Peromyscus boylii. Considering these and previously published data, the range of autosomal polymorphism within P. boylii (FN = 48–68) would be greater than that known for any other species of Peromyscus and includes karyotypes (FN = 48–51) which are not known to occur in any other species in the genus. Based on karyotypic and distributional factors, we recognize five karyotypic groups which do not directly reflect the current intraspecific taxonomy of P. boylii. The karyotypic differences and the geographic distribution of the various karyotypic groups indicate that more than one species is represented in what is now regarded as P. boylii. The distributions of the forms beatae (FN = 48–54), levipes (FN = 58–60), and rowleyi (FN = 52) are reevaluated in terms of the karyotypic data and it is suggested that each of these represents a distinct species. Due to a paucity of data of boylii -like forms from western Mexico, the taxonomic status and systematic associations of several karyotypic forms from this region remain unresolved.
Attitudes toward Women: Some Biographical Correlates

382 university students completed a questionnaire concerning attitudes toward the role of women in society. Less traditional attitudes were expressed by individuals who: (1) were females, (2) had more years of college education, (3) were not close to their fathers, (4) had mothers who worked because they wanted to, and (5) had lower levels of family income.
Pathological functions for Newton's method

In the solution of equations by numerical methods, a commonly used stopping criterion is Xn+1XnI 0 is the tolerance. For a specific method, the bisection method, it is not difficult to show that criterion (1) can never fail: if (1) is satisfied, then we also have Ixn + 1x*I <8, where x* is the root. However, as the widely used text in numerical analysis by Burden and Faires [1] points out, in general, criterion (1) can fail. The text's argument is based only on abstract considerations, namely, that there exist sequences (e.g., the partial sums of the harmonic series) for which (1) is true but which nonetheless diverge. An example of a function and numerical method generating a sequence having this property is not given. In this paper, we derive two functions, which exhibit this "false convergence" phenomenon. The first of these has no real root, but nevertheless generates a sequence under Newton's method for which (1) is satisfied for any 8, namely, {fiun} where u n E R, Un+1 = Un + 1, and n = 0,1,.... Although this sequence satisfies (1), it obviously does not converge. The second function, like the first one, appears to converge where there are no roots, but it has a real root, to which Newton's method will never converge.
Paravalvular Regurgitation After Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement: Striving to Perfect its Prognostic Evaluation With Hemodynamic Data.

To improve is to change, so to be perfect is to have changed often.—Sir Winston Churchill [(1)][1] Paravalvular aortic regurgitation (PVR) is among the most important predictors of mortality after transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) [(2,3)][2]. Undoubtedly, PVR is best avoided
The Feminization U in South Africa: Economic Structure and Women's Labor Force Participation

ABSTRACTThe feminization U theory claims that women’s labor force participation drops during the initial phase of industrialization and rises once a certain level of development is reached. This paper is the first to exploit the diversity in economic structure across municipalities to consider the shape of the feminization U in a developing country. Using data from South Africa’s 2007 Community Survey, this study investigates whether a feminization U exists. Results reveal a U-shaped relationship between the share of nonagricultural employment and women’s probability of being in the labor force. Results show that the exclusion of informal urban employment leads to an overestimation of the U slope and part of the decline in women’s labor force participation during early structural change is likely related to household and care constraints. A U-shaped relationship is not found between the share of households with electricity and women’s probability of being in the labor force.
Ethics and health care : an introduction

Part I. Ethics in Health Care: Role, History, and Methods: 1. The role of ethics in health care 2. A brief history of health care ethics and clinical ethics consultation in the United States 3. Methods of health care ethics 4. Law and ethics in health care 5. Culture and ethics in health care Part II. Moral Foundations of the Therapeutic Relationship: 6. Privacy and confidentiality 7. Truthfulness 8. Informed consent to treatment 9. Surrogate decision-making 10. Professionalism: responsibilities and privileges 11. Resource stewardship Part III. Controversies in Health Care Ethics: Treatment Choices at the Beginning and at the End of Life: 12. Assisted reproductive technologies 13. Abortion 14. Maternal-fetal conflict 15. Advance care planning and advance directives 16. Moral conflicts in end-of-life care 17. Medical futility 18. Aid in dying Part IV. Ethics in Special Contexts: Biomedical Research, Genetics, and Organ Transplantation: 19. Research on human subjects 20. The genetic revolution 21. Organ transplantation For further reading References Index.
Is a limit to the median length of human life imminent

Human life length tripled in historical times. To examine whether an end to increases in life expectancy is imminent based on the recent historical record of mortality, we computed the median life length and the remaining life expectancy for 6,560 life tables from 1800 to 2008. Within almost all intervals of 20 years, for almost all countries, as median life length increased, the remaining life expectancy at the median life length decreased linearly. This empirical pattern in life tables has not been previously observed. The slope and intercept of this linear relation differed among countries in a given time interval and among time intervals for a given country. This linear relation suggested a hypothetical, easily calculated index of maximal median life length (MMLL) for a given country and time interval, namely, the median life length, according to this decreasing linear relation, at which the remaining life expectancy is zero. In successive 20-year time intervals starting from 1800-1819, the largest value (over all countries, within a given 20-year interval of observation) of this MMLL increased by more than one year of life per year of calendar time. There was no sign of a decreasing rate of increase, suggesting that a limit on median life length is not imminent. Joel E. COHEN, Professor and Head, Laboratory of Populations, The Rockefeller University and Columbia University, New York City, U.S.A. E-mail: cohen@rockefeller.edu . Jacob OPPENHEIM, Graduate student, Laboratory of Populations, The Rockefeller University, New York City, U.S.A. E-mail: joppenheim@mail.rockefeller.edu .
Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing Advanced Practice Workforce: Capacity to Address Shortages of Mental Health Professionals

There is a recognized shortage of mental health professionals licensed to provide the full scope of mental health services, including assessment, diagnosis, and prescribing. Psychiatric mental health advanced practice nurses (PMH APNs) have the education and licensure to provide these services, address provider shortages and increase access to services. Unfortunately, federal reports and mental health workforce studies inaccurately depict important characteristics of PMH APNs, particularly their scope of practice, a situation that creates misunderstanding and impedes workforce planning. This Open Forum provides an accurate depiction of the PMH APN workforce, its size, scope of practice, and its capacity to increase access to mental health services. Also considered are the implications of using integrated care to increase access to mental health treatment. PMH APNs could increase the reach of these collaborative care models, which require constructing interprofessional teams in which each provider practice...
Exploring the effects of surface chemistry on photosensitivity and stability of modified porous carbon textiles

Abstract Heat treatment and/or chemical functionalization ACF-based porous carbon textiles with urea/thiourea resulted in highly heterogeneous materials with a diverse porosity and mechanical strength. The materials were photosensitive in visible light and a generated photocurrent was linked to the effects of the specific surface chemistry and the existence of sp2 domains. Light exposure led to the reduction of S- and N-containing groups by photogenerated electrons and to oxidation of some carbon atoms by photogenerated holes and chemisorbed oxygen. A photocurrent generation was tested on the samples impregnated with Methylene Blue to explore how the carbon textiles' surface features affect the integrity of a dye. A marked blockage of the porosity and a surface alteration resulted in a decrease in photosensitivity. Among all samples, the one modified with urea showed the highest photoactivity, indicating the important role of a surface nitrogen environment.
“If Carmen Can Analyze Shakespeare, Everybody Can”: Positions, Conflicts, and Negotiations in the Narratives of Latina Pre-Service Teachers

This study, focusing on the life stories of three pre-service Latina teachers in the United States, explored how they positioned themselves as learners of English and teachers of Spanish in their o...
Crosscut Convex Quadrilaterals

SummaryA convex quadrilateral ABCD is “crosscut” by joining vertices A, B, C, and D to the midpoints of segments CD, DA, AB, and BC, respectively. Some relations among the areas of the resulting pieces are explored, both visually and analytically.