cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multi-resolution modeling of large scale scientific simulation data

To provide scientists and engineers with the ability to explore and analyze tera-scale size data-sets we are using a twofold approach. First, we model the data with the objective of creating a compressed yet manageable representation. Second, with that compressed representation, we provide the ability to query the resulting approximation in order to obtain approximate yet sufficient answers; a process called ad-hoc querying. This paper is concerned with a wavelet modeling technique that seeks to capture the important physical characteristics of the target scientific data. Our approach is driven by the compression, which is necessary for viable throughput, along with the end user requirements from the discovery process. Our work contrasts existing research which applies wavelets to range querying, change detection, and clustering problems by working directly with the wavelet decomposition of the data. The difference in this procedure is due primarily to the nature of the data and the requirements of the scientists and engineers. Our approach directly uses the wavelet coefficients of the data to compress as well as query. We describe how the wavelet decomposition is used to facilitate data compression and how queries are posed on the resulting compressed model. Results of this process will be shown for several problems of interest.
Increased immunoreactive erythropoietin in cord serum after labor

Since several hours of hypoxemia in fetal animals is sufficient to cause an increase in the plasma erythropoietin level and since labor may be associated with fetal hypoxemia, this study was undertaken to determine if erythropoietin levels in cord blood were higher in fetuses subjected to labor. Two groups of term (37 to 41 weeks) singleton pregnancies were compared: (1) those delivered by elective repeat cesarean section without prior labor (n = 18) and (2) those delivered vaginally (n = 23). Erythropoietin was measured by a radioimmunoassay in which a highly purified human erythropoietin (70,000 U/mg of protein) was used and which has a sensitivity limit of 4 to 5 mU/ml. The mean cord serum erythropoietin level was higher in pregnancies with labor (46 ± 34 mU/ml, mean ± SD) compared to those without (26 ± 10, p
Design techniques for the support of interdisciplinary research

The goal of this paper is to identify techniques and notations of software and system design that can be used by informed applications experts, researchers or practitioners from any domain, who are collaborating with software experts to develop systems containing significant software components. We believe that this approach will lead to better communication between the software engineers and the applications experts, and thus to better quality software. In some cases, applications experts may develop applications unassisted by software experts using high-end tools and robust high end interfaces (for example, some database management systems). However, these tools may not enforce good design techniques and give rise to incorrect or inefficient systems. Here we explore how domain experts engaged in interdisciplinary projects may be aided with appropriate design procedures, constructs and notations to support the development of better quality software.
Carbon sequestration through afforestation under uncertainty

Abstract Economic studies have demonstrated that agricultural landowners could mitigate significant quantities of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions through afforestation. The associated carbon, however, must remain stored in soils or biomass for several decades to achieve substantial mitigation benefits. Policies and programs to enhance carbon sequestration in forest systems must accommodate the possibility of premature carbon releases. We develop a dynamic nested optimal-control model of carbon sequestration through afforestation given uncertainties associated with fire and pest hazards. Our framework highlights a number of factors that affect landowner decisions to invest in fire or pest prevention measures. For fire, we show the net influence of these factors is to encourage investment in prevention measures when the probability of fire occurring is less than the ratio of expected net economic benefits to expected gross economic benefits of adopting fire prevention measures. For pests, we show that landowners will invest in prevention measures when the probability of fire is less than the ratio of the difference between net benefits before and after the discovery of tree pests to the difference between gross economic benefits before and after the discovery of pests. For both risks, landowners will over-invest in prevention if the other risk is ignored.
Fission product release and survivability of UN-kernel LWR TRISO fuel ☆

Abstract A thermomechanical assessment of the LWR application of TRISO fuel with UN kernels was performed. Fission product release under operational and transient temperature conditions was determined by extrapolation from fission product recoil calculations and limited data from irradiated UN pellets. Both fission recoil and diffusive release were considered and internal particle pressures computed for both 650 and 800 μm diameter kernels as a function of buffer layer thickness. These pressures were used in conjunction with a finite element program to compute the radial and tangential stresses generated within a TRISO particle undergoing burnup. Creep and swelling of the inner and outer pyrolytic carbon layers were included in the analyses. A measure of reliability of the TRISO particle was obtained by computing the probability of survival of the SiC barrier layer and the maximum tensile stress generated in the pyrolytic carbon layers from internal pressure and thermomechanics of the layers. These reliability estimates were obtained as functions of the kernel diameter, buffer layer thickness, and pyrolytic carbon layer thickness. The value of the probability of survival at the end of irradiation was inversely proportional to the maximum pressure.
The Excess-Mass Ellipsoid

Abstract The excess-mass ellipsoid is the ellipsoid that maximizes the difference between its probability content and a constant multiple of its volume, over all ellipsoids. When an empirical distribution determines the probability content, the sample excess-mass ellipsoid is a random set that can be used in contour estimation and tests for multimodality. Algorithms for computing the ellipsoid are provided, as well as comparative simulations. The asymptotic distribution of the parameters for the sample excess-mass ellipsoid are derived. It is found that a n 1 3 normalization of the center of the ellipsoid and lengths of its axes converge in distribution to the maximizer of a Gaussian process with quadratic drift. The generalization of ellipsoids to convex sets is discussed.
Using Informal Groups in Cross-Cultural Counseling.

Abstract This article explores the uses of informal groups in cross-cultural counseling that includes the use of indigenous support systems and informal groups.
Study of the Denaturation Process in Albumin−Urea Solutions by Means of the Thermally Stimulated Depolarization Currents Technique

The dielectric relaxation of bovine serum albumin (BSA) aqueous solution was studied in various stages of urea denaturation by means of the thermally stimulated depolarization currents (TSDC) technique. A large variation of urea concentration was utilized (0−4 M). Special attention was given for concentrations between 0.006 and 0.050 M, which are comparable to those measured in normal and uremic human serum. The TSDC spectrum consists of two main bands in the temperature range 100−300 K: (1) a broad low-temperature band (A) with two maxima at about 128 and 142 K, which are attributed to the (re)orientation mechanisms of bulk and hydration water molecules, respectively, and (2) an intense band (B), whose position varies in the range between 230 and 245 K and which is attributed to the (re)orientation of protein macromolecules. Two peaks of lower intensity (B1 and B2) are resolved in the rising part of band B and are most likely due to relaxation mechanisms of the side chains of BSA. The activation energie...
The History of Interventions in School Psychology.

Abstract Treatment interventions by school psychologists may be classified as (a) interventions aimed at modifying the way in which or what a child is taught or how he or she behaves in the classroom, (b) direct interventions aimed at changing a child's self-perception and self-understanding through some form of psychotherapy or counseling, and (c) interventions directed at modifying the general environment or system in which a child must function. This article traces the kinds of intervention that have been recommended and implemented by school psychologists over the last century. These interventions have followed from the theory and research interest of the psychologists of the time, and this relationship is traced for each type of int4ervention. A dominant tension in school psychology has been between behavioral-theory-based interventions and process-based interventions. Behavior- theory-based interventions have been well validated over the last three decades. Interventions based on cognitive and developmental theory show promise for guiding intervention in the future. Given the centrality of intervention, the research reported in the school psychology literature on the topic is surprisingly thin. Since intervention must follow from good research and theory, scientist-practitioners must constantly upgrade their knowledge of psychology.
The Escherichia coli lipB Gene Encodes Lipoyl (Octanoyl)-Acyl Carrier Protein:Protein Transferase

In an earlier study (S. W. Jordan and J. E. Cronan, Jr., J. Biol. Chem. 272:17903-17906, 1997) we reported a new enzyme, lipoyl-[acyl carrier protein]-protein N-lipoyltransferase, in Escherichia coli and mitochondria that transfers lipoic acid from lipoyl-acyl carrier protein to the lipoyl domains of pyruvate dehydrogenase. It was also shown that E. coli lipB mutants lack this enzyme activity, a finding consistent with lipB being the gene that encoded the lipoyltransferase. However, it remained possible that lipB encoded a positive regulator required for lipoyltransferase expression or action. We now report genetic and biochemical evidence demonstrating that lipB encodes the lipoyltransferase. A lipB temperature-sensitive mutant was shown to produce a thermolabile lipoyltransferase and a tagged version of the lipB-encoded protein was purified to homogeneity and shown to catalyze the transfer of either lipoic acid or octanoic acid from their acyl carrier protein thioesters to the lipoyl domain of pyruvate dehydrogenase. In the course of these experiments the ATG initiation codon commonly assigned to lipB genes in genomic databases was shown to produce a nonfunctional E. coli LipB protein, whereas initiation at an upstream TTG codon gave a stable and enzymatically active protein. Prior genetic results (T. W. Morris, K. E. Reed, and J. E. Cronan, Jr., J. Bacteriol. 177:1-10, 1995) suggested that lipoate protein ligase (LplA) could also utilize (albeit poorly) acyl carrier protein substrates in addition to its normal substrates lipoic acid plus ATP. We have detected a very slow LplA-catalyzed transfer of lipoic acid and octanoic acid from their acyl carrier protein thioesters to the lipoyl domain of pyruvate dehydrogenase. A nonhydrolyzable lipoyl-AMP analogue was found to competitively inhibit both ACP-dependent and ATP-dependent reactions of LplA, suggesting that the same active site catalyzes two chemically diverse reactions.
Heterogeneous Reactor Model for Steam Reforming of Methane in a Microchannel Reactor with Microstructured Catalysts

Microstructured catalysts used for methane steam reforming in microchannel reactors are mathematically described and experimentally demonstrated under realistic process conditions. A heterogeneous model has been developed with a graphical interface to represent the three dimensions of the microchannel reactor. Porous metal substrates (FeCrAlY) were used to form engineered catalysts with active precious metal (Rh) for methane steam reforming. Two types of structures were evaluated in the microchannel reactors and simulated with the developed heterogeneous reactor model. Local temperature and methane concentration profiles within the structures are illustrated to show the correlation of the catalyst structure and its performance. Such a modeling technique provides a convenient and flexible method to evaluate variables in designing more efficient catalysts for the highly endothermic steam reforming reactions, as the desired mass and heat transfer characteristics are achieved.
Exact statistics for linear time delayed oscillators subjected to Gaussian excitation

Abstract Large classes of stochastic systems of interest to acoustics and vibrations have time delays. The presence of these time delays hinders efforts to provide physical insight into the system behavior, because of the difficulty of finding exact solutions. This paper addresses this issue by presenting exact steady-state solutions for the probability density functions (pdf's) for linear time delayed oscillators subjected to Gaussian excitation of arbitrary correlation. A key parameter influencing these pdf's is shown to be the ratio of mean generalized kinetic energy to the mean generalized potential energy. In a single damped harmonic oscillator this ratio is unity which implies an equi-partition of generalized energy. Time delays cause deviations in the equi-partition of generalized energy which creates regions of preferential total phase and causes the amplitude pdf to shift from a Rayleigh distribution to a Hoyt distribution.
Distinct effects of bFGF and PDGF on oligodendrocyte progenitor cells

We have compared the effects of platelet-derived (PDGF) and basic fibroblast (bFGF) growth factors on the shape, migration, and differentiation of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells, the precursors of myelin-forming cells in the CNS. In the presence of bFGF, oligodendrocyte progenitors purified from rat neonatal brain cultures were stellate, non-motile, and had a morphological complexity of 1.26 +/- 0.03 as measured by fractal dimension (D). These cells expressed transcripts encoding the POU-homeodomain transcription factor Oct-6, but not myelin genes. Upon addition of PDGF, bFGF-treated cells became motile and twofold less complex in shape (D = 1.19 +/- 0.03). These changes occurred within 6 +/- 4 h and were dependent on de novo transcription and translation, but not DNA synthesis. Upon removal of PDGF the cells reverted to their stellate shape (D = 1.26). Removal of both bFGF and PDGF resulted in oligodendrocyte differentiation after 3 days, with a fourfold increase in complexity of shape (D = 1.55 +/- 0.08), loss of Oct-6 transcripts, and gain of myelin transcripts. Thus PDGF is both necessary and sufficient to induce a motile state in progenitor cells growing in the presence of bFGF. Together with our previous data (McKinnon et al.: Neuron 5:603, 1990), our results suggest that bFGF and PDGF may control distinct phases of proliferation and migration of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells in vivo.
Crowdsourcing, the great meteor storm of 1833, and the founding of meteor science.

Yale science professor Denison Olmsted used crowdsourcing to gather observations from across the United States of the unexpected deluge of meteors on 13 November 1833 – more than 72,000/h. He used these observations (and newspaper accounts and correspondence from scientists) to make a commendably accurate interpretation of the meteor storm, overturning 2100 years of erroneous teachings about shooting stars and establishing meteor science as a new branch of astronomy. Olmsted's success was substantially based on his use of newspapers and their practice of news pooling to solicit observations from throughout the country by lay and expert observers professionally unaffiliated with Yale College and him. In today's parlance, Olmsted was a remarkably successful early practitioner of scientific crowdsourcing, also known as citizen science. He may have been the first to use mass media for crowdsourcing in science. He pioneered many of the citizen-science crowdsourcing practices that are still in use today: an open call for citizen participation, a clearly defined task, a large geographical distribution for gathering data and a rapid response to opportunistic events. Olmsted's achievement is not just that he used crowdsourcing in 1833 but that crowdsourcing helped him to advance science significantly.
Prosthodontic techniques and the timing of complete denture procedures--a survey.

Abstract This survey has attempted to show some of the differences in techniques and materials used by three groups of dentists involved in prosthodontic work in the United States. Some contrasting features between dentistry performed by the NHS and that in the United States have been illustrated, but fair comparisons between the two systems could not be made because of the basic difference in the numbers of patients and completed treatments and the fee schedules.
Evaluation of Macroscopic and Local Strains in a Three-Dimensional Woven C/SiC Composite

Engineering tests and full-field strain measurements are used to assess the accuracy of predictions made by the Binary Model, a computational tool for textile composites. The test case is a carbon fiber/SiC matrix composite, in which the reinforcement is a three-dimensional angle-interlock weave. The test composites are thin, having been designed for heat exchanger applications. The thinness leads to strong variations in local strains and strong effects of tow waviness upon macroscopic elasticity. The model performs well in predicting both local variations in strain and macroscopic elasticity. The effect of averaging local strains over variable gauge lengths is explored. Strains averaged over an appropriate gauge length have recently been proposed as the preferred measures of strain for use in local failure criteria.
Hydrogen Sulfide Oxidation Is Coupled to Oxidative Phosphorylation in Mitochondria of Solemya reidi

Solemya reidi, a gutless clam found in sulfide-rich habitats, contains within its gills bacterial symbionts thought to oxidize sulfur compounds and provide a reduced carbon food source to the clam. However, the initial step or steps in sulfide oxidation occur in the animal tissue, and mitochondria isolated from both gill and symbiont-free foot tissue of the clam coupled the oxidation of sulfide to oxidative phosphorylation [adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis]. The ability of Solmya reidi to exploit directly the energy in sulfide for ATP synthesis is unprecedented, and suggests that sulfide-habitat animals that lack bacterial symbionts may also use sulfide as an inorganic energy source.
Effect of malonate and antimycin A on renal tubular transport of p-aminohippurate.

SummaryThe renal tubular excretion of PAH in the rat is inhibited by the in vivo administration of sodium malonate or antimycin A. The data here presented, when correlated with the results of other investigators, strongly suggest succinate oxidation can provide an in vivo source of energy for that renal mechanism which is responsible for the tubular excretion of PAH.
The management of anterior segment trauma with multiple small incisions.

Abstract The modern management of anterior segment trauma involves the microscopic repair utilizing multiple small incisions. Approaches and techniques are discussed.
The Orthogonal Transfer CCD

The Orthogonal Transfer CCD (OTCCD) is a device to carry out image motion compensation within a CCD. This paper presents three main points about the OTCCD: 1) Science grade OTCCD devices have been produced and work better than expected. 2) The big concern we had about the OTCCD was that pocket pumping would make it useless, but this appears to be a fairly minor problem. 3) Finally, the atmosphere is more benign than we might have feared, and significant gains in sharpening the point spread function (PSF) can be had simply with image motion compensation.
Endogenous Catecholamines Suppress Thyrotropin Secretion during the Early Follicular Phase of the Menstrual Cycle

The physiological role of hypothalamic catecholamines in the regulation of TSH secretion in humans has not been studied extensively. We administered the catecholamine synthesis inhibitor alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine (AMPT) to five women in the early follicular phase (one of menstrual cycle days 2-5) of the menstrual cycle and compared TSH secretion patterns to those in five women at the same time in the cycle who did not receive AMPT. From 0800-1600 h, volunteers had an i.v. line placed, through which blood was withdrawn every 15 min for TSH and PRL determinations. AMPT (500 mg) was administered to the study group at 0800 h and again at 1000 h. Baseline TSH concentrations at 0800 h were not significantly different between the control and treatment groups. In keeping with its characteristic circadian secretion pattern, TSH in the control group was 1.72 +/- 0.23 mIU/L at 0800 h, declined to 1.02 +/- 0.11 mIU/L by 1600 h, and was significantly less than the 0800 h value at all time points beyond 1115 h. The decline in TSH was observed in all five controls. By contrast, TSH in the AMPT group rose from an 0800 h value of 1.99 +/- 0.09 mIU/L to a peak of 3.30 +/- 0.86 IU/L by 1245 h, and was significantly higher than that at 0800 h in the treated group from 1130-1315 h. The increase in TSH was observed in all five women who received AMPT. There were significant differences between the mean TSH concentrations in the AMPT-treated (2.51 +/- 0.09 mIU/L) vs. the control group (1.28 +/- 0.09 mIU/L; P < 0.0001) for the entire study. The effectiveness of AMPT was demonstrated by an elevation of mean PRL concentrations from a baseline of 16.67 +/- 2.55 micrograms/L to a peak of 138.7 +/- 21.6 micrograms/L. We conclude that endogenous catecholamines tonically inhibit TSH secretion in the early follicular phase. These data suggest modulation of TRH by tuberoinfundibular dopamine at the hypothalamic and/or pituitary level.
Reactions of VX, HD, and Their Simulants with NaY and AgY Zeolites. Desulfurization of VX on AgY

The room-temperature reactions of the chemical warfare agents VX (O-ethyl S-2-(diisopropylamino)ethyl methylphosphonothioate), HD (2,2‘-dichloroethyl sulfide, or mustard), and their common simulants, O,S-diethyl phenylphosphonothioate (DEPPT) and 2-chloroethyl phenyl sulfide (CEPS), with NaY and silver-exchanged (AgY) zeolites have been studied using solid-state magic angle spinning NMR. VX hydrolyzes via exclusive cleavage of the P−S bond on both NaY and AgY to yield ethyl methylphosphonate (EMPA). The reaction is significantly faster on AgY than on NaY, suggesting catalysis by silver. On AgY, an intermediate silver salt of EMPA is apparently formed which is slowly converted to ethyl 2-(diisopropylamino)ethyl methylphosphonate (QB, the desulfurized analogue of VX) in about a 78% yield. DEPPT similarly hydrolyzes via P−S cleavage on AgY to yield an apparent silver salt of ethyl phenylphosphonate, which does not undergo further reaction to the desulfurized analogue. No reaction is observed for DEPPT on NaY...
Optical Interconnect Networks for Data Communications

In this invited tutorial paper, we review the changing nature of data center networks and the role played by optoelectronics in future network designs. Conventional network protocols will be reviewed, including Ethernet, Fibre Channel, and InfiniBand, and requirements for WAN connectivity between data centers. The transition to converged networks based on lossless Ethernet will be discussed, including FCoE and RoCE protocols. Industry roadmaps for bandwidth, port density, and scalability of optical links will be presented, and optical transceiver form factors including QSFP, CFP, and active optical cables will be discussed. The role of software defined networking (SDN) in next generation data center networks will also be presented in this context.
Reductionism and Holism, Chance and Selection, Mechanism and Mind

Abstract. Despite its rich and deepening panoply of empirical support, evolutionary theory continues to generate widespread concern. Some of this concern can be attributed to misunderstandings of the original concept, some to unfamiliarity with its current trajectories, and some to strongly held fears that it strips the human of cherished attributes. In this essay I seek to deconstruct such misunderstandings, lift up current concepts of what evolution entails, and address some of the existential issues it generates.
Microinjections of calcitonin gene-related peptide within the trigeminal subnucleus caudalis of the cat affects adrenal and autonomic function

Abstract To assess the role of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) within the trigeminal subnucleus caudalis (Vc) on adrenal and autonomic function, microinjections were directed at different laminae of Vc in choloralose-anesthetized cats. Microinjections of CGRP (5 pmol, 100 nl) into laminae I–II increased significantly the adrenal secretion of epinephrine, adrenal blood flow, adrenal vascular conductance, mean arterial pressure and heart rate. Injections of CGRP into laminae V–VI decreased significantly the adrenal secretion of epinephrine, however, other measured variables were not affected. To examine if CGRP interacts with substance P within Vc to modify adrenal and autonomic function, subthreshold doses of each peptide were injected alone and simultaneously. Combined subthreshold doses of CGRP and substance P injected into laminae V–VI, but not into laminae I–II or III–IV, evoked increases in arterial pressure and in heart rate that exceeded the responses seen after injection of either peptide alone. The adrenal secretion of catecholamines was not affected by individual or combined subthreshold doses of either peptide, regardless of the laminar site of injection. These data suggest that release of CGRP within laminae I–II of Vc alters adrenal and autonomic function via mechanisms separate from those that mediate substance P-evoked responses. In contrast, CGRP and substance P may act, at least in part, through a common neural substrate within the deeper laminae of Vc to modify arterial pressure and heart rate. Thus, multiple subpopulations of peptide-responsive neurons in the medullary dorsal horn likely contribute to the reflex adrenal and autonomic responses that often accompany nociception.
A Question of Identity: The Use of Torture in Asymmetric War

Abstract This article submits that torture is not an effective tool in asymmetric warfare. It offers a definition of ‘effective’ as it relates to torture, and presents findings which discriminate between torture's tactical utility and its strategic consequences. By doing this, it attempts to convey the paradoxical nature of torture. Torture can help gain bits of information that may prevent terrorist acts. But the very act of torture, or even the perception of its use, holds strategic consequences for those nations who employ it. While they may thwart a given attack, states that apply torture are labeled as torturers regardless of their tactical victories. In essence, their identity is associated with torture. Labeled as such, they endanger their place in politics, villainize themselves in history, and erode their soft power. Any nation involved in an asymmetric struggle would do well to engage the enemy at the strategic level of war, employing all the instruments of power, rather than rest its hopes of v...
Hydrogenation of Nanocrystalline Mg at Room Temperature in the Presence of TiH2

Magnesium and magnesium-based alloys are considered attractive candidates as rechargeable hydrogen storage materials because of their high hydrogen storage capacities (theoretically up to 7.6 wt %), reversibility, and low cost. In this work, the hydrogenation of nanocrystalline magnesium at room temperature in the presence of TiH(2) was studied. The magnesium was derived by dehydrogenation of nanostructured MgH(2)-0.1TiH(2) prepared by using an ultra-high-energy and high-pressure planetary milling technique. Significant uptake of hydrogen by magnesium at room temperature was observed. The results demonstrate that the nanostructured MgH(2)-0.1TiH(2) system is superior to undoped nano- or micrometer-scaled MgH(2) with respect to the hydrogenation properties of magnesium at room temperature. This finding is potentially useful for a range of energy applications including mobile or stationary hydrogen fuel cells, cooling medium in electricity generation, and differential pressure compressors.
Evidence for Widespread Nonlinear Strong Ground Motion in the MW 6.9 Loma Prieta Earthquake

We exploit 55 repeating microearthquake sequences on the San Andreas Fault, just south of the rupture zone of the 1989 M W 6.9 Loma Prieta Earthquake, to search for time-dependent properties of the Earth's crust. Using moving window waveform cross correlation, we identify clear and systematic delays as large as 20 msec for the direct S wave and exceeding 50 msec in the early S -wave coda following the Loma Prieta mainshock. Others have also identified phase delays (velocity reductions) associated with damaging earthquakes and they have suggested a myriad of possible causal mechanisms. Here, we present new evidence for a mechanism to produce velocity reductions correlated in time and space with an earthquake. A strong correlation between the spatial patterns of S delays and the intensity of strong ground motion in the Loma Prieta Earthquake suggests that physical damage, the formation or growth of cracks during strong ground motion, to the Earth's shallow crust is responsible for the observed velocity reductions. The strong spatial variability in S delays over short distances and the strong correlation of the magnitude of delays with surface geology indicate that the phase delays accumulate primarily near the receiver. The effect is stronger at stations on young, soft rocks than at stations on old, hard rock. Disproportionately larger S coda delays than P coda delays suggest that the cracks formed by the strong shaking are fluid filled. In the 10 years after Loma Prieta, the initial increase in travel times reduces logarithmically with respect to time, often back to the premainshock levels. We attribute this behavior to the same “slow dynamic” healing observed in laboratory studies of the recovery of materials from transient nonlinear strain. Manuscript received 14 January 2004.
On the Delay and Throughput Gains of Coding in Unreliable Networks

In an unreliable packet network setting, we study the performance gains of optimal transmission strategies in the presence and absence of coding capability at the transmitter, where performance is measured in delay and throughput. Although our results apply to a large class of coding strategies including maximum-distance separable (MDS) and Digital Fountain codes, we use random network codes in our discussions because these codes have a greater applicability for complex network topologies. To that end, after introducing a key setting in which performance analysis and comparison can be carried out, we provide closed-form as well as asymptotic expressions for the delay performance with and without network coding. We show that the network coding capability can lead to arbitrarily better delay performance as the system parameters scale when compared to traditional transmission strategies without coding. We further develop a joint scheduling and random-access scheme to extend our results to general wireless network topologies.
Development of a macromolecular prodrug for the treatment of inflammatory arthritis: mechanisms involved in arthrotropism and sustained therapeutic efficacy

The purpose of the present manuscript is to test the hypothesis that arthrotropic localization and synovial cell internalization account for the unique capacity of N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide (HPMA) copolymer-dexamethasone conjugate (P-Dex, a macromolecular prodrug of dexamethasone) to induce sustained amelioration of joint inflammation and inhibition of tissue damage in an animal model of inflammatory arthritis. Rats with adjuvant-induced arthritis (AA) were treated with P-Dex, free dexamethasone, saline or HPMA homopolymer. To define the biodistribution of P-Dex, conjugates with different imaging labels were given to AA rats and analyzed. Isolated joint tissues were evaluated by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) and immunohistochemical staining. Cellular uptake of P-Dex and its effects on apoptosis and production of proinflammatory cytokines were examined using human monocyte-macrophages and fibroblasts. A single systemic administration of P-Dex completely suppressed AA for >20 days. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated higher HPMA copolymer influx into the inflamed joints than the normal joints. Immunohistochemistry and FACS analyses of arthritic joints revealed extensive uptake of the polymer conjugate by synovial fibroblasts and myeloid lineage cells. The capacity of P-Dex to suppress inflammation was confirmed in monocyte-macrophage cultures in which P-Dex treatment resulted in suppression of lipopolysaccharide-induced IL-6 and TNFα release. Similarly, TNFα-induced expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP1 and MMP3) in synovial fibroblasts from a rheumatoid arthritis patient was suppressed by P-Dex. P-Dex showed no detectable effect on monocyte apoptosis. P-Dex provides superior and sustained amelioration of AA compared with an equivalent dose of free dexamethasone. The arthrotropism and local retention of P-Dex is attributed to the enhanced vascular permeability in arthritic joints and the internalization of P-Dex by synovial cells. The uptake and processing of P-Dex by macrophages and fibroblasts, and downregulation of proinflammatory mediators, provides an explanation for the sustained anti-inflammatory efficacy of P-Dex in this model of inflammatory arthritis.
Discrete public goods under threshold uncertainty

Abstract A discrete public good is provided when total contributions exceed the contribution threshold, yet the threshold is often not known with certainty. I show that the relationship between the degree of threshold uncertainty and equilibrium contributions and welfare is not monotonic. For a large class of threshold probability distributions, equilibrium contributions will be higher under increased uncertainty (e.g., a mean-preserving spread) if the public good's value is sufficiently high. Otherwise, and if another condition on the distribution's mode is met, contributions will be lower. The same result also obtains if a single-crossing condition of the pdfs is met.
Application of Model Predictive Control in Voltage Stabilization

From a control point of view, the objective of power system operation is to keep the electrical flow as well as voltage magnitudes within acceptable limits in spite of the load changes. The control of voltage level is accomplished by controlling the production, absorption as well as flow of reactive power at various locations in the system. This paper presents an approach to determine a control strategy for maintaining voltage stability following the occurrence of a contingency by means of reactive control. This approach is based on the Model Predictive Control (MPC) theory. Based on an economic criteria and control effectiveness, a control switching strategy consisting of a sequence and amounts of the shunt capacitors to switch is identified for voltage restoration. The effect of the capacitive control on voltage recovery is measured via trajectory sensitivity. This approach is applied to the WECC system to enhance the performance of voltage and to the 39 bus New England system for preventing voltage collapse.
Biological algorithm for data reconstruction.

An algorithm inspired by Genome sequencing is proposed which "reconstructs" a single long trajectory of a dynamical system from many short trajectories. This procedure is useful in situations when many data sets are available but each is insufficiently long to apply a meaningful analysis directly. The algorithm is applied to the Rossler and Lorenz dynamical systems as well as to experimental data taken from the Belousov-Zhabotinskii chemical reaction. Topological information was reliably extracted from each system and geometrical and dynamical measures were computed.
Growth regulation of a B-cell lymphoma via the antigen receptor.

WEHI-231, a murine cell line established from a B-cell lymphoma that arose in a BALB/c × NZB F1 hybrid mouse, was observed to stop growing in the presence of anti-immunoglobulin reagents (Ralph, 1979; Boyd and Schrader, 1981). This growth arrest is rapid and complete: virtually all of the cells stop growing in approximately 20 hours of culture with stoichiometric amounts of anti-Ig (DeFranco et al., 1982a). In contrast, most other B-cell lines grow fairly normally in the presence of anti-Ig. These results suggested that WEHI-231 would be an exceptional model system for studying genetic and biochemical aspects of antigen receptor-mediated regulation of B-cell growth.
Genetic analysis of the ADGF multigene family by homologous recombination and gene conversion in Drosophila.

Many Drosophila genes exist as members of multigene families and within each family the members can be functionally redundant, making it difficult to identify them by classical mutagenesis techniques based on phenotypic screening. We have addressed this problem in a genetic analysis of a novel family of six adenosine deaminase-related growth factors ( ADGF s). We used ends-in targeting to introduce mutations into five of the six ADGF genes, taking advantage of the fact that five of the family members are encoded by a three-gene cluster and a two-gene cluster. We used two targeting constructs to introduce loss-of-function mutations into all five genes, as well as to isolate different combinations of multiple mutations, independent of phenotypic consequences. The results show that (1) it is possible to use endsin targeting to disrupt gene clusters; (2) gene conversion, which is usually considered a complication in gene targeting, can be used to help recover different mutant combinations in a single screening procedure; (3) the reduction of duplication to a single copy by induction of a double-strand break is better explained by the single-strand annealing mechanism than by simple crossing over between repeats; and (4) loss of function of the most abundantly expressed family member ( ADGF-A ) leads to disintegration of the fat body and the development of melanotic tumors in mutant larvae.
Recovery of Greater Sage‐Grouse Habitat Features in Wyoming Big Sagebrush following Prescribed Fire

The ability of prescribed fire to enhance habitat features for Greater Sage-Grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus )i n Wyoming big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata wyomingensis) in western North America is poorly understood. We evaluated recovery of habitat features important to wintering, nesting, and early brood-rearing Sage-Grouse in Wyoming big sagebrush following prescribed fire. Our case study included 1 year of preburn (1989) and 10 years of postburn data collected over 14 years (1990‐2003) from control and burned study areas in the Big Desert of southeastern Idaho, U.S.A. We compared recovery and rate of change for 12 features in four categories between burned and control transects and recovery in burned transects including change in variation. Our results indicate that prescribed fire induced quantifiable changes in wintering, nesting, and early brood-rearing Sage-Grouse habitat features 14 years after fire in Wyoming big sagebrush in our study area. Specifically, grass and litter required by SageGrouse for nest and brood concealment recovered relatively rapidly following fire; major forb cover was similar between burned and control sites, but the rate of increase for major forb cover and richness was greater in control transects, and structurally mediated habitat features required by Sage-Grouse for food and cover in winter and for nest and brood concealment in spring recovered slowly following fire. Because shrub structural features in our study did not recover in magnitude or variability to preburn levels 14 years after fire, we recommend that managers avoid burning Wyoming big sagebrush to enhance Sage-Grouse habitat, but rather implement carefully planned treatments that maintain Sagebrush.
The effectiveness of booster sessions in CBT treatment for child and adolescent mood and anxiety disorders.

Background: To investigate the effects of booster sessions in cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for children and adolescents with mood or anxiety disorders, whereas controlling for youth demographics (e.g., gender, age), primary diagnosis, and intervention characteristics (e.g., treatment modality, number of sessions). Methods: Electronic databases were searched for CBT interventions for youth with mood and anxiety disorders. Fifty-three (k = 53) studies investigating 1,937 youth met criteria for inclusion. Booster sessions were examined using two case-controlled effect sizes: pre–post and pre–follow-up (6 months) effect sizes and employing weighted least squares (WLSs) regressions. Results: Meta-analyses found pre–post studies with booster sessions had a larger effect size r = .58 (k = 15; 95% CI = 0.52–0.65; P < .01) than those without booster sessions r = .45 (k = 38; 95% CI = 0.41–0.49; P < .001). In the WLS regression analyses, controlling for demographic factors, primary diagnosis, and interventioncharacteristics,studieswithboostersessionsshowedlargerpre–posteffectsizes than those without booster sessions (B = 0.13, P < .10). Similarly, pre–follow-up studies with booster sessions showed a larger effect size r = .64 (k = 10; 95% CI =0.57–0.70; P <.10)thanthosewithoutboostersessionsr =.48(k =20; 95% CI = 0.42–0.53; P < .01). Also, in the WLS regression analyses, pre–follow-up studies showed larger effect sizes than those without booster sessions (B = 0.08, P < .01) after accounting for all control variables. Conclusions: Result suggests that CBT interventions with booster sessions are more effective and the effect is more sustainable for youth managing mood or anxiety disorders than CBT interventions without booster sessions. Depression and Anxiety 30:800–808, 2013.
Dynamic Energy Resource Control of Power Electronics in Local Area Power Networks

In a local area power system, all components of the system, including sources, loads, and distribution have multiple commitments and responsibilities. These commitments include serving the energy needs of a local load, but also maintaining the efficiency and stability of the overall system. Then, the control law of a power converter should consider these objectives, but also needs to anticipate the reaction of other converters within the power network. A differential game-theoretic approach is proposed to derive sliding surfaces that uses a component's objective and operating characteristics to plan an optimal state trajectory during a transient without the need for communication channels or centralized control. The optimal trajectory includes considerations for maintaining local operation of the converter, as well as the stability of the system as a whole. This paper introduces a geometric control surface based on a change of variables that simply and effectively implements a power buffer function in multiple load converters within a power network and microgrids. The formulation and implementation of the optimal surfaces are presented, in addition to experimental validation of the new power buffer control law.
Anatomical and developmental study of petrified Quercus (Fagaceae) fruits from the Middle Miocene, Yakima Canyon, Washington, USA

The first reported petrified acorns to show internal anatomical structure are here described from Middle Miocene (∼15.6 million years old) chert of the Columbia River Basalt Group in Yakima Canyon, Washington. Quercus hiholensis Borgardt et Pigg sp. nov. is described from anatomical and morphological fruit features, as well as a little recognized anatomical feature, the umbilical complex. Acorns, each comprising a nut and its cupule, are up to 15.3 mm long and 18.8 mm wide with helically arranged, imbricate, tuberculate cupule scales. They show basal aborted ovules, short styles, broad stigmas, and lack grooves in their cotyledons. These characters and the developmental pattern seen in these fossil acorns demonstrate that Q. hiholensis conforms to genus Quercus (Fagaceae), subgenus Quercus, section Quercus (the white oaks). The correspondence of Q. hiholensis to the modern section Quercus reveals that the derived floral and fruit characters that distinguish section Quercus within the genus had evolved by the Middle Miocene.
Religio-Biography, Coping, and Meaning-Making Among Persons with HIV/AIDS

Recently, quality of life studies among patients with HIV/AIDS have shown high levels of life satisfaction. Spiritual and religious factors may contribute to these positive outcomes. We interviewed 19 patients with HIV/AIDS in order to understand better the role of religious-spiritual biographies and orientations in quality of life, and found four patterns to describe the ways in which past experiences with religion/spirituality and religious/spiritual meaning-making help to explain how patients are currently coping with HIV/AIDS. We illustrate each of these patterns with a prototypic patient: (1) the Deferring Believer (“God allows things to happen for a reason.”); (2) the Collaborating Believer (“This is where I’m supposed to be.”); (3) the Religious/Spiritual Seeker (“I’m trying to get my life together.”); and (4) the Self-Directing Believer (“What else is new?”). The findings support a previously described theoretical model of meaning-making in response to adversity, and they suggest the value of life course and narrative approaches to understanding religious coping.
Investigation of interface orientation and interface mixing in spin valve heterostructures

We have investigated magnetoresistance properties of (100) epitaxial, (111) textured and polycrystalline spin valve heterostructures on (100) Si substrates by UHV ion beam sputtering at room temperature. Magnetoresistance was measured as a function of Cu interlayer thickness (t/sub i/) with 10 /spl Aring//spl les/t/sub i//spl les/100 /spl Aring/ and the maximum was found at 20 /spl Aring/ in the case of (100) epitaxial spin valves. Highly (111) textured spin valves with heterostructure configurations similar to (100) spin valves were found to have a slightly lower magnetoresistance than (100) heterostructures, but a very similar functional dependence of magnetoresistance on t/sub i/. Interface mixing during the sputtering process by energetic neutral bombardment was found to significantly affect the magnetoresistance. Samples were made under various sputtering conditions (gas pressure, ion beam energy, target and substrate configuration) that could enhance or suppress high energy neutral bombardment of the growing film surface. Samples made under the conditions that suppressed neutral bombardment showed higher magnetoresistance and more abrupt interfaces as confirmed by small angle X-ray diffraction (SAXD) analysis of interface mixing by energetic neutral bombardment during sputter deposition.
MORPHOLOGY AND FUNCTION OF CELLS OF HUMAN EMBRYONIC LIVER IN MONOLAYER CULTURE

A system for culturing human fetal liver cells in monolayers is described and the effects of various conditions of growth on the morphology and function of the cultured cells are presented. The addition of 10% calf serum or 1% human serum to the growth medium accelerated the proliferation of the liver cells, with subsequent loss of characteristic morphology and specific functional activity. In the absence of serum, the cultured liver cells retained their morphology and their function for at least 4 wk, as evidenced by secretion of serum albumin and storage of glycogen and iron.