cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Two calmodulin genes are expressed in Arbacia punctulata. An ancient gene duplication is indicated.

Calmodulin is highly conserved, and only in the sea urchin Arbacia punctulata have two distinct isotypes been reported. We have isolated and sequenced two cDNAs from a λgt11 library constructed from RNA from ovary tissue of A. punctulata. One clone, designated α, encodes a calmodulin isotype previously designated A. It encodes an amino acid sequence that is identical with calmodulin of most vertebrates in positions 1 through 141; however, it does not encode the last seven amino acids. The other clone, designated β, starts with an open reading frame and encodes the B form of calmodulin from position 11 through the C-terminal position 148. It has only four differences from vertebrate calmodulin, occurring at positions 78 (Asp,β Glu), 99 (Tyr, β Phe), 143 (Gln, β Ala) and 147 (Ala,β Ser). The nucleic acid sequences of the α and β cDNAs differ at 46 nucleotide positions that are distributed throughout their coding sequences. We conclude that the corresponding mRNAs are not derived from post-transcriptional processing of a single gene, and we infer that they are transcribed from two non-allelic genes. The gene duplication is inferred to have occurred prior to the divergence of the vertebrates and the echinoderms. The expression of these calmodulin mRNAs in ovary tissue and eggs of a single animal differs as judged by hybridization of probes to RNA immobilized to filters.
Sweet Anticipation: Music and the Psychology of Expectation

A theory of expectations is used to explain how music evokes various emotions for readers interested in cognitive science and evolutionary psychology as well as music. The psychological theory of expectation that David Huron proposes in "Sweet Anticipation" grew out of experimental efforts to understand how music evokes emotions. These efforts evolved into a general theory of expectation that will prove informative to readers interested in cognitive science and evolutionary psychology as well as those interested in music. The book describes a set of psychological mechanisms and illustrates how these mechanisms work in the case of music. All examples of notated music can be heard on the Web. Huron proposes that emotions evoked by expectation involve five functionally distinct response systems: reactive responses (which engage defensive reflexes); tension responses (where uncertainty leads to stress); predictive responses (which reward accurate prediction); imaginative responses (which facilitate deferred gratification); and appraisal responses (which occur after conscious thought is engaged). For real-world events, these five response systems typically produce a complex mixture of feelings. The book identifies some of the aesthetic possibilities afforded by expectation, and shows how common musical devices (such as syncopation, cadence, meter, tonality, and climax) exploit the psychological opportunities. The theory also provides new insights into the physiological psychology of awe, laughter, and "spine-tingling chills." Huron traces the psychology of expectations from the patterns of the physical/cultural world through imperfectly learned heuristics used to predict that world to the phenomenal qualia experienced by those who apprehend the world.
Geologic Landforms and Processes on Icy Satellites

During the first reconaissence of the satellites of the outer solar system conducted by the Voyager missions (1979–1989), a surprising diversity of unusual geologic landforms were observed, in some cases with bewildering complexity (e.g., Triton). Impact features were certainly expected but the variety of volcanic, diapiric, tectonic, impact, and erosional landforms was only remotely suggested by some early theoretical works. These diagnostic features are manifestations of the internal composition, thermal history, and dynamical evolution of these bodies. It is the job of the geologist to interpret the morphology, stratigraphy, and composition of these deposits and structures to ascertain what materials were mobilized in the interior, in what amount, and the mechanism and cause of their mobilization. In this chapter, we review what is know about these features and what constraints can be placed on composition and thermal history. Particular emphasis is placed on volcanic features, as these are most directly related to satellite composition and thermal history.
Teachers' Integration of Multimodality Into Classroom Practices for English Language Learners

Despite the proven benefits of multimodal teaching and learning (i.e., through visual, sound, movement, print-based text, and technology) for students, little is known about how teachers of English language learners (ELLs) integrate multimodality into their existing curriculums. In this study, the authors examined how two teachers who had limited experience with ELLs employed multimodality to teach ELLs in their content area classes. The study was situated within online teaching English to speakers of other languages (TESOL) teacher education graduate courses, and thus all the data were electronically collected, including online discussion posts and multimodal final projects in which teachers demonstrated their multimodal teaching practices with ELLs through videos. Qualitative analysis of the data revealed that employing multiple modes for instructional supports to enhance linguistic text gave teachers opportunities to help ELLs gain nuanced understanding of subject-matter content knowledge, powerfully express what they learned, and discover a psychological refuge. Importantly, multimodal teaching was found to enhance ELLs' sense of accomplishment and self-esteem. The teachers also identified various issues around technology and lack of support from administration as constraints for integrating multimodality into the classroom setting. The findings have significant implications for research and teacher education in TESOL.
New oxygen lattice modes in the metallic region of La 2-x Sr x CuO 4

Inelastic neutron scattering measurements are presented that show a profound change in the spectrum of lattice vibrations when doping across the metal–insulator transition in La2-xSrxCuO4. In the metallic state, a new band of vibrations appears near 70 meV. These vibrations can be understood as the mixing of oxygen bond-stretching modes with doped holes in the CuO2 plane.
Chronic ibuprofen administration worsens cognitive outcome following traumatic brain injury in rats.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) can induce progressive neurodegeneration in association with chronic inflammation. Since chronic treatment with the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), ibuprofen, improves functional and histopathologic outcome in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease (AD), we investigated whether it would also improve long-term outcome following TBI. Anesthetized adult rats were subjected to fluid percussion brain injury. Over the following 4 months the injured animals received ibuprofen per os (formulated in feed) at the approximate doses of 20 mg/kg body wt/day (n = 13), 40 mg/kg body wt/day (n = 13), or control (feed only, n = 12). Sham animals underwent surgery without injury or ibuprofen treatment (n = 9). At 4 months post-injury, a Morris water maze task revealed a profound learning dysfunction in all three injured groups compared to the sham group. Surprisingly, the learning ability of injured animals treated with either chronic ibuprofen regimen was significantly worsened compared to non-treated injured animals. However, there was no difference in the extent of progressive atrophy of the cortex or hippocampus between treated and non-treated injured animals. These data may have important implications for TBI patients who are often prescribed NSAIDs for chronic pain.
Randomly phase-locked microlaser arrays and fuzzy eigenmodes with stochastic phasing.

Deviations in the cold cavity parameters, random or systematic, produce incoherently phased-locked laser arrays with unevenly distributed phase difference and intensity. The collective radiation fields constitute “fuzzy” eigenmodes; the phasing among cavities is constant in time but changes randomly from site-to-site. The existence and structure of such eigenmodes is demonstrated numerically and analyzed theoretically using the rate equations for coupled semiconductor laser cavities. Active coupling, whereby one cavity’s radiation field modulates the complex gain of nearby cavities (cross-cavity hole burning), is essential for the frequency pulling allowing synchronization of the laser operating frequencies.
Short telomeres, telomeropathy, and subclinical extrapulmonary organ damage in patients with interstitial lung disease

BACKGROUND Human telomere disease consists of a wide spectrum of disorders, including pulmonary, hepatic, and bone marrow abnormalities. The extent of bone marrow and liver abnormalities in patients with interstitial lung disease (ILD) and short telomeres is unknown. METHODS The lung transplant clinic established a prospective protocol to identify short telomeres in patients with ILD not related to connective tissue disease or sarcoidosis. Patients with short telomeres underwent bone marrow biopsies, liver biopsies, or both as part of the evaluation for transplant candidacy. RESULTS One hundred twenty-seven patients met ILD categorization for inclusion. Thirty were suspected to have short telomeres, and 15 had the diagnosis confirmed. Eight of 13 (53') patients had bone marrow abnormalities. Four patients had hypocellular marrow associated with macrocytosis and relatively normal blood counts, which resulted in changes to planned immunosuppression at the time of transplant. Four patients with more severe hematologic abnormalities were not listed because of myelodysplastic syndrome (two); monoclonal gammopathy of unclear significance (one); and hypocellular marrow, decreased megakaryocyte lineage associated with thrombocytopenia (one). Seven patients underwent liver biopsies, and six had abnormal liver pathology. These abnormalities did not affect listing for lung transplant, and liver biopsies are no longer routinely obtained. CONCLUSIONS Subclinical bone marrow and liver abnormalities can be seen in patients with ILD and short telomeres, in some cases in the absence of clinically significant abnormalities in peripheral blood counts and liver function tests. A larger study examining the implication of these findings on the outcome of patients with ILD and short telomeres is needed.
The olivine, pyroxene, and metal content of chondritic meteorites as a consequence of Prior's rule

There is an important corollary to Prior's rule to the effect that as the state of oxidation of meteorites is increased the quantity of olivine increases relative to pyroxene and metallic iron. We have derived a rigorous parametric expression for this corollary and find that, as in the case of the quantitative interpretation of the rule itself, there is in this case also a fair correspondence to the observational data, so that the validity of the rule is further supported.
Thermal evolution of the mantle following continental aggregation in 3D convection models

The claim that supercontinents insulate the mantle is largely based on recognition that seismically slow mantle below the Atlantic-African geoid high coincides with the former location of Pangea. We investigate the viability of continental insulation by varying both plate geometries and mantle properties in six three-dimensional (3D) mantle convection models. The efficiency of continental insulation is quantified by calculating the rate of change of the average temperature in the subcontinental mantle. Our findings generally agree with two-dimensional (2D) modeling results. However, we conclude that 2D convection models may exaggerate subcontinental heating, particularly in largely bottom heated cases, and that subcontinental heating results from an absence of subduction in the subcontinental mantle rather than the insulation of active upwellings. Correspondingly, we find that when large degrees of internal heating are present in the mantle, hotter-than-average regions evolve below large oceanic plates.
Accurate and efficient simulation of MMIC layouts

ABSTRACT A new procedure is presented here for simulating large, planar, passive MMIC layouts with reduced computation time using a full-wave/integral-equation ba'ed solver. The methodologyof this new approach entails characterizing the layout accurately ac the subcomponent or blocklevel and accounting for parasitic couplings in a selective manner. Assessments on the accuracyand the computational efficiency of our new approach are presented. 1 INTRODUCTION With the increasing operational frequency and the on-chip density of the modern day mono-lithic microwave/millimeter-wave integrated circuits (MMICs), accurate modeling of a circuitis becoming essential, particularly since the unintentional couplings between subcomponents of a circuit have been known to degrade the overall circuit performance. Electromagnetic sim-lators based on the full-wave approach, such as the finite element method or the integral-quation/moment method approach, offer the most accuracy as well as versatility. However,
Flow Structure and Heat Transfer in Stagnation Flow CVD Reactor

An experimental study is undertaken to investigate the flow structure and heat transfer in a stagnation flow Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) reactor at atmospheric pressure. It is critical to develop models that predict flow patterns in such a reactor to achieve uniform deposition across the substrate. Free convection can negatively affect the gas flow as cold inlet gas impinges on the heated substrate, leading to vortices and disturbances in the normal flow path. This experimental research will be used to understand the buoyancy-induced and momentum-driven flow structure encountered in an impinging jet CVD reactor. Investigations are conducted for various operating and design parameters. A modified stagnation flow reactor is built where the height between the inlet and substrate is reduced when compared to a prototypical stagnation flow reactor. By operating such a reactor at certain Reynolds and Grashof numbers it is feasible to sustain smooth and vortex free flow at atmospheric pressure. The modified stagnation flow reactor is compared to other stagnation flow geometries with either a varied inlet length or varied heights between the inlet and substrate. Comparisons are made to understand the impact of such geometric changes on the flow structure and the thermal boundary layer. In addition, heat transfer correlations are obtained for the substrate temperature. Overall, the results obtained provide guidelines for curbing the effects of buoyancy and for improving the flow field to obtain greater film uniformity when operating a stagnation flow CVD reactor at atmospheric pressure.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
User-interface of a tool for learning geometry

Abstract This paper proposes new techniques for researchers and developers of drawing systems, especially software for learning and teaching geometry. The techniques allow them to draw geometric figures precisely by using geometric constraints, and to change constrained figures directly. Complicated figures can be easily manipulated by using an interactive, direct, and highly-graphical approach that is realized by a combination of control points and constraint buttons and by graphical tools such as a constrained marker, an electronic protractor, and an electronic divider. The techniques had been implemented as graphical user-interfaces of a micro-world for learning geometry (named GeoBlock). We observed how GeoBlock was used in classrooms and were convinced that students and teachers in junior and senior high schools could draw constrained figures easily by using it.
The Role of IRE1α in the Degradation of Insulin mRNA in Pancreatic β-Cells

BACKGROUND The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a cellular compartment for the biosynthesis and folding of newly synthesized secretory proteins such as insulin. Perturbations to ER homeostasis cause ER stress and subsequently activate cell signaling pathways, collectively known as the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR). IRE1alpha is a central component of the UPR. In pancreatic beta-cells, IRE1alpha also functions in the regulation of insulin biosynthesis. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Here we report that hyperactivation of IRE1alpha caused by chronic high glucose treatment or IRE1alpha overexpression leads to insulin mRNA degradation in pancreatic beta-cells. Inhibition of IRE1alpha signaling using its dominant negative form prevents insulin mRNA degradation. Islets from mice heterozygous for IRE1alpha retain expression of more insulin mRNA after chronic high glucose treatment than do their wild-type littermates. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE These results reveal a role of IRE1alpha in insulin mRNA expression under ER stress conditions caused by chronic high glucose. The rapid degradation of insulin mRNA could provide immediate relief for the ER and free up the translocation machinery. Thus, this mechanism would preserve ER homeostasis and help ensure that the insulin already inside the ER can be properly folded and secreted. This adaptation may be crucial for the maintenance of beta-cell homeostasis and may explain why the beta-cells of type 2 diabetic patients with chronic hyperglycemia stop producing insulin in the absence of apoptosis. This mechanism may also be involved in suppression of the autoimmune type 1 diabetes by reducing the amount of misfolded insulin, which could be a source of "neo-autoantigens."
Emergency department predictors of posttraumatic stress reduction for trauma-exposed individuals with and without an early intervention.

OBJECTIVE: Recent data have supported the use of an early exposure intervention to promote a reduction in acute stress and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms after trauma exposure. The present study explored a comprehensive predictive model that included history of trauma exposure, dissociation at the time of the trauma and early intervention, and physiological responses (cortisol and heart rate) to determine which variables were most indicative of reduced PTSD symptoms for an early intervention or treatment as usual. METHOD: Participants (n = 137) were randomly assigned to the early intervention condition (n = 68) or assessment-only condition (n = 69) while receiving care at the emergency department of a Level 1 trauma center. Follow-up assessments occurred at 4 and 12 weeks posttrauma. RESULTS: Findings suggested that dissociation at the time of the 1st treatment session was associated with reduced response to the early intervention. No other predictors were associated with treatment response. For treatment as usual, cortisol levels at the time of acute care and dissociation at the time of the traumatic event were positively associated with PTSD symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Dissociation at the time at which treatment starts may indicate poorer response to early intervention for PTSD. Similarly, dissociation at the time of the event was positively related to PTSD symptoms in those who received treatment as usual. Language: en
A portable active interrogation system using a switchable AmBe neutron source

Active neutron interrogation is an effective technique used to locate fissionable material. This paper discusses a portable system that utilizes a AmBe neutron source. The AmBe source consists of an americium alpha source and a beryllium target that can be switched into alignment to turn the source on and out of alignment to turn the source off. This offers a battery operated backpack portable source. The detector system that has been fabricated for use with this source is a fifteen tube 3 He neutron detector. The results of initial experiments with the detector and MCNP calculations are discussed.
Isotactic poly(p-fluorostyrene): Conformation and molecular packing analysis

Abstract The chain conformation and molecular packing of isotactic poly(p-fluorostyrene) have been examined using calculations made with semiempirical potential energy functions. Isolated chain conformational energies indicate no difference in conformation for the fluoropolymer from the conformation for isotactic polystyrene. The energy for packing poly(p-fluorostyrene) chains into a crystalline array as 31 or 41 helices was also compared with the energies for packing polystyrene in both of these helical forms. While not being the lowest energy mode of packing for poly(p-fluorostyrene), the packing of 41-helices does yield a local energy minimum. Such packing of 41 helical polystrene chains is considerably less energetically feasible. The results indicate the causes for the experimentally observed difference in the crystalline conformations of the two isotactic polymers as being due to intermolecular influences.
The Long-Term Impact of Admission Policies: A Comparative Study of Two Emergent Research Institutions in Texas.

The present study explored the long-term impact of admission policies at two aspiring research institutions in Texas. Six years of longitudinal institutional data were analyzed for all full-time fi...
Composition of phases in niobium-nitrogen and niobium-zirconium-nitrogen alloys

Abstract Microconstituents were examined in a niobium-2 wt.% nitrogen alloy after equilibration at 8oo °C, 1000 °C and 1200 °C, and in a Nb-0.86 wt.% Zr-3.6 wt.% N alloy after quenching. An electron beam microprobe analyzer was used to make a quantitative analysis for all three elements. The nitride in equilibrium with the binary solid solution was slightly hypo-stoichiometric Nb 2 N for all three temperatures. In the ternary alloy, the zirconium was found to segregate to the nitride formed at high temperatures, but not to the nitride formed during cooling. Depletion of zirconium from the surface was significant at 1800 °C.
Gender-ethnic differences in increased arterial pulse pressure among young adults

Purpose Arterial stiffness (AS) can be measured in a variety of invasive and noninvasive techniques. AS is most frequently seen among older adults as it is considered a sign of aging. Hence, AS studies are sparse among young adults of different ethnic backgrounds. A common, noninvasive, surrogate measure of AS is arterial pulse pressure (APP). The objective of this study was to assess if ethnic differences in APP exist among young adults. Methods College students attending an urban university in Florida were examined cross-sectionally in 2002. Data were initially collected to assess the Coronary Heart Disease Risk Factors among tri-ethnic population. Students of both genders belonging to one of the three ethnic groups (Hispanic, Black not of Hispanic origin, or White not of Hispanic origin) were included in the study. Data collection was performed via several self-administered questionnaires (e.g. Food Frequency, Cardiac Risk Evaluation), measurements of blood pressure (BP), body composition via Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA), and blood lipid and homocysteine (Hcy) levels. APP is derived mathematically as the difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Results There were a total of 300 subjects in the current analyses. Mean age (years) and standard deviation (SD) of the subjects was 20.89 ± 3.75. Gender and ethnic breakdown of the study sample were as follows: 150 subjects in each gender group and 100 subjects in each ethnic group. The mean (mmHg) difference between males (43.11 ± 6.13) and females (40.80±8.01) was statistically significant ( p Conclusions The public health implication derived from a better understanding of the etiologic role of arterial stiffness in cardiovascular disease would be considerable and would play an important role in the prevention of hypertension in later life.
Vibrational analysis of conformation in peptides, polypeptides, and proteins

Synopsis A vibrational force field for the polypeptide chain has been developed for normal-mode analysis of such molecules. It can reproduce observed frequencies of known structures to within about 5 cm-l. We review the application of this technique to conformational problems in peptides (@-turns and their model compounds), polypeptides (the aII-helix and crystalline poly(g1ycine II)), and proteins (bacteriorhodopsin and glucagon). Vibrational spectroscopy (i.e., ir and Raman) has a long history of ap- plication to structural studies on polypeptide molecules, but for most of this period the full potential of this technique has not been utilized. This is because interpretations of experimental results have been based mainly on group frequency correlations rather than on more powerful theoretical approaches to the analysis of the spectra. In recent years, as a result of the development of high-speed computers and the refinement of highly pre- dictive vibrational force fields for polypeptides, it has become possible to do meaningful normal-mode analyses on such molecules and thus to make predictions of the vibrational frequencies associated with a proposed structure. As a result of the detailed comparisons that are now possible between observed and calculated frequencies, much stronger structural conclusions can be reached. In this paper I review some recent work on the refinement of a force field for polypeptides and give examples of its application to the study of con- formation in peptides, polypeptides, and proteins.
STUDIES IN CHEMICAL PROCESS DESIGN AND SYNTHESIS: VI. A THERMOECONOMIC APPROACH TO THE EVOLUTIONARY SYNTHESIS OF HEAT EXCHANGER NETWORKS†

Abstract A thermoeconomic approach to the systematic evolutionary synthesis of energy-optimum and minimum-cost, heal exchanger networks is presented. The proposed approach can be applied by simple hand calculations and graphical manipulations to synthesis problems represented by either heat content diagrams or temperature interval diagrams. Applications of the approach have successfully generated optimum and suboptimum networks of five to ten process streams with much less time and effort compared to previous studies. It is shown that final networks for example synthesis problems can be obtained without performing cost evaluations of intermediate networks during the evolutionary synthesis.
Retrieval of a penny from the pediatric esophagus: A cost analysis

Abstract Objective As part of the oral phase of development, children commonly ingest foreign bodies. The most common lodged foreign body, requiring operative removal, in the United States is the penny. Valued at 1 cent, comprised of materials valued at less than 1 cent, costing 1.62 cents to manufacture, and being never removed from circulation, pennies are aplenty. But ingestion can lead to mucosal damage, the consequences of which can be esophageal perforation or stricture formation. We hypothesize that the monetary value of the penny is far less than the cost of its ingestion and removal. This quality assurance study examines the effect of the penny on the purse. Patients and methods This retrospective review identified 180 foreign bodies in children under the age of 18 over a five year period. Eighty-two were pennies. Operative notes revealed degree of injury. Hospital charge assessments revealed the “cost” of each visit. Results There were no esophageal perforations, and cases were divided evenly among injury grades 0–III. The average total charge for all penny-related injuries was $7164.78. Conclusions The purpose was to examine the actual cost of a penny (more than its value in production) and the potential cost of its damage (thousands of dollars in measurable costs, untold immeasurable costs). The goal of this study is to draw healthcare professional and public attention to a potentially serious and yet highly preventable injury in young children.
Leaf Elongation in Relation to Leaf Water Potential in Soybean

Leaf water potential, turgor pressure, and leaf elongation rate were measured in soybeans grow ing in controlled environment chambers, greenhouses, and outdoors. Plants in chambers had the highest water potentials and turgor pressures, and plants outdoors the lowest. In all three environments there was a linear relationship between elongation rate and turgor pressure. Leaves of plants in drier environments required less turgor for elongation, and showed a greater increase in elongation rate per unit increase in turgor. Elongation rates over a 72 h period were equal in the three environments. Leaves reached the largest final size in the greenhouse (intermediate in water potential). Epidermal cells were larger in chamberand greenhouse grown leaves than in leaves of plants grown outdoors. The number of epidermal cells per leaf was greater in the greenhouse and outdoors than in the chamber. Leaf elongation characteristics of greenhouse plants were duplicated by mildly stressing chamber plants, and leaf elongation characteristics of field plants were duplicated by more severely stressing chamber plants. Leaves of mildly stressed chamber plants also reached a larger final size than leaves of more severely stressed chamber plants, or leaves of control plants in the chamber. Water stress in the chamber increased the number of epidermal cells per leaf. More severe water stress in the chamber re duced epidermal cell size. Based on the water stress experiments it is concluded that the differ ences in plant water status in the chamber, greenhouse, and field caused differences in elonga tion characteristics, and were responsible for the differences in leaf size.
Boom-Constrained Drag Minimization for Design of Supersonic Concepts

This paper presents an approach to modifying an existing baseline configuration that has been designed to achieve low-boom characteristics in order to minimize drag while not severely penalizing baseline sonic boom levels. The baseline configuration that was used is the result of using a mixed-fidelity CFD-based low-boom design process that has been tested and verified. Shape modifications are carried out by using arbitrary shape-deformation algorithms. The focus of this paper is the integration of several key enabling techniques and methods for efficient redesign under stringent constraints.
On Policies to Reward the Value Added by Educators

One current educational reform seeks to reward the “value added” by teachers and schools based on the average change in pupil test scores over time. In this paper, we outline the conditions under which the average change in scores is sufficient to rank schools in terms of value added. A key condition is that socioeconomic outcomes be a linear function of test scores. Absent this condition, one can still derive the optimal value-added policy if one knows the relationship between test scores and socioeconomic outcomes, and the distribution of test scores both before and after the intervention. Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, we find a nonlinear relationship between test scores and one important outcome: log wages. We find no consistent pattern in the curvature of log wage returns to test scores (whether percentiles, scaled, or raw scores). This implies that, used alone, the average gain in test scores is an inadequate measure of school performance and current value-added methodology may mis...
Relativistic plasma-wave excitation by collinear optical mixing.

The relativistic plasma wave excited when the frequency difference between two copropagating C${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ laser beams equals the plasma frequency is detected for the first time. The plasma-wave frequency, wave number, spatial extent, and saturation time are directly measured by use of 7-mrad, collective, ruby Thomson scattering and the forward-scattered ir spectrum. The wave amplitude $\frac{\stackrel{\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}{n}}{{n}_{0}}$ is inferred to be (1-3)% which gives a longitudinal electric field of 0.3 to 1 GV/m at a laser intensity of 1.7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{13}$ W/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$, in reasonable agreement with theory.
Automatic, look-and-feel independent dialog creation for graphical user interfaces

Jade is a new interactive tool that automatically creates graphical input dialogs such as dialog boxes and menus. Application programmers write a textual specification of a dialog's contents. This specification contains absolutely no graphical information and thus is look-and-feel independent. The graphic artist uses a direct manipulation graphical editor to define the rules, graphical objects, interaction techniques, and decorations that will govern the dialog's look-and-feel, and stores the results in a look and feel database. Jade combines the application programmer's specification with the look-and-feel database to automatically generate a graphical dialog. If necessary, the graphic artist can then edit the resulting dialog using a graphical editor and these edits will be remembered by Jade, even if the original textual specification is modified. By eliminating all graphical references from the dialog's content specification, Jade requires only the absolutely minimum specification from the application programmer. This also allows a dialog box or menu's look and feel to be rapidly and effortlessly changed by simply switching look and feel databases. Finally, Jade permits complex inter-field relationships to be specified in a simple manner.
THE ESSENTIALITY OF SULFHYDRYL GROUPS TO TRANSPORT IN NEUROSPORA CRASSA.

Abstract Three active transport systems for amino acids and another for glucose in germinated conidia of Neurospora were all inactivated during incubation with the sulfhydryl reagents N-ethylmaleimide, p-chloromercuribenzoate, and iodoacetamide. Where tested, the inactivation by p-chloromercuribenzoate was reversed by the action of dithiothreitol. However, two other sulfhydryl reagents, the chloromethyl ketone derivatives of leucine and lysine, were found to have differential effects on the various transport systems. Inactivation by these two compounds did not occur at the active site of the permeases by affinity labeling, suggesting differential availability of sulfhydryl groups among the transport systems. Also, inactivation by these reagents was greatly enhanced in the presence of p-chloromercuribenzoate.
Effect of crude rat hypothalamic extract on serum gonadotropin and prolactin levels in normal and orchidectomized male rats.

Serum LH, FSH, and prolactin concentrations were determined by radioimmunoassay in etherized rats immediately prior to, and 8 min after, the iv injection of hypothalamic extract. There was a significant increase in serum LH in normal and in acute and chronic castrate animals injected with hypothalamic extract, whereas cerebral cortical extract failed to alter serum LH levels. Quantitatively the elevation of LH observed in chronic castrate rats following injection of hypothalamic extract was greater than that observed in normal or acute castrate animals. Hypothalamic extract produced a significant decrease in serum prolactin levels in normal rats, but failed to decrease serum prolactin in acute and chronic castrates to a statistically significant degree. There was a highly significant correlation between preinjection prolactin levels and the decrease of serum prolactin in all types of animals studied. An estimate of prolactin halftime was obtained from the preinjection and postinjection serum levels by ass...
The unpleasant events schedule: A scale for the measurement of aversive events

This paper reports reliability and validity data on the Unpleasant Events Schedule (UES), a 320-item scale that assesses stressful life events. The UES assesses both the frequency and aversiveness of events within a 1-month time frame. Rational, empirical, and factorial scales were derived from the UES. Of these, nine scales were retained that were mutually independent, demonstrated good internal reliability, and tapped various dimensions of clinical interest. A short 53-item form of the UES also was developed. The UES correlated moderately (r = .37) with depression. A discriminant analysis revealed that the UES contributed significantly above and beyond scores on the PES (MacPhillamy & Lewinsohn, 1982) to the proportion of variance in discriminating depressed from nondepressed subjects.
Trauma reactivity, avoidant coping, and PTSD symptoms: A moderating relationship?

In the immediate aftermath of a traumatic event, many individuals experience physiological reactivity in response to reminders of the traumatic event that typically lessens over time. However, an overreliance on avoidant coping strategies may interfere with the natural recovery process, particularly for those who are highly reactive to trauma reminders. In the current investigation, we examined avoidant coping as a moderator of the association between heart rate reactivity to a trauma monologue measured shortly after a traumatic event and severity of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms measured several months later. Fifty-five female survivors of assault completed PTSD diagnostic interviews and a self-report coping measure and participated in a trauma monologue procedure that included continuous heart rate measurement. These procedures were completed within 1 month of the assault and again 3 months postassault. After we controlled for the effect of initial symptom levels, the interaction of heart rate reactivity to the trauma monologue and avoidant coping measured at Time 1 was associated with PTSD symptom severity at Time 2. Individuals who are relatively highly reliant on avoidant coping strategies and relatively highly reactive to trauma reminders may be at greatest risk of maintaining or potentially increasing their PTSD symptoms within the first few months following the trauma. These findings may help inform early intervention efforts for survivors of traumatic events.
Effects of Redox Environment on Calcium Alternans in Isolated Rabbit Cardiomyocytes

Cardiac alternans is a multifactorial phenomenon linked to cardiac arrythmias. At the cellular level cardiac alternans is defined by beat-to-beat alternations in contraction amplitude (mechanical alternans), action potential duration (electrical or action potential duration alternans) and Ca transient amplitude (Ca alternans) at constant stimulation frequency. The aim of this project was to characterize the effect of changes in the cellular redox environment on Ca alternans in cardiac myocytes. Single myocytes (from New Zealand White rabbits) were isolated enzymatically by retrograde Langendorff perfusion. Ca alternans were induced by incrementally increasing the pacing frequency (electrical field stimulation) until stable Ca alternans occurred. The frequency at which stable Ca alternans were observed varied from cell to cell and ranged from >1 to 2.5 Hz at room temperature. Global cytosolic Ca transients were measured with Indo-1. In some experiments, cytosolic Ca alternans and intra-SR Ca alternans were simultaneously measured with the fluorescent Ca indicators Rhod-2 and Fluo-5N, respectively. Confocal microscopy was used to measure Ca sparks with Fluo-4.Reducing agents dithiothreitol and reduced glutathione partially abolished Ca and mechanical alternans by restoring diastolic Ca and Ca transient amplitudes. A decreased sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca release flux but not Ca content, together with a decreased Ca spark frequency, suggest that reducing agents normalized alternans through effects on the SR Ca release channel (ryanodine receptor type-2). Addition of a membrane permeant superoxide dismutase mimetic, Tempol, had little effect on Ca alternans, suggesting the possible role of dithiotreitol directly acting on the ryanodine receptor. These data highlight that the redox state of the cell may be important in the generation of Ca and mechanical alternans during oxidative stress.
A Model of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Induced by a Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase SHP2 Mutation Demonstrates Increased Myofibrillar Function

In the majority of cases, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a genetic disease of the sarcomere or sarcomere-related proteins. Many of these mutations have been shown to directly affect sarcomere contractile performance. However, mutations in other, non-sarcomeric proteins can also cause HCM. For example, in the majority of families with LEOPARD Syndrome-associated HCM, mutations occur in the protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP2. We therefore hypothesized that the sarcomeric mechanical properties are altered by SHP2 mutations. Transgenic mice were generated with cardiac myocyte-specific expression of a loss-of-function mutation of SHP2 (Q510E-SHP2). These mice developed an early-onset form of HCM with increased myocyte size, heart-to-body weight ratios, and interventricular septum thickness. Interestingly, we found that permeabilized cardiac myocyte preparations from 1-month old Q510E-SHP2 mice displayed greater maximal Ca2+-activated tension (SHP2 = 84 ± 2 kN/m2; Wt = 45 ± 14 kN/m2) and power generating capacity (SHP2 = 10 ± 2 μW/mg; Wt = 5 ± 1 μW/mg) compared to myocytes from littermate wildtype (Wt) mice. We also found PKA-mediated phosphorylation of both myosin binding protein-C (MyBP-C) and cardiac troponin I (cTnI) was increased in cardiac myofibrils from 1 month old Q510E-SHP2 mice. Taken together, these results implicate a compensatory increase in the contractile state of cardiac myofibrils in response to loss of SHP2 function.
Sending States’ Transnational Interventions in Politics, Culture, and Economics: The Historical Example of Italy

This article uses archival evidence to study in depth the historical policies of Italy as a classic sending state. Most of the mass migrations of a century ago came from multinational empires, but Italy was a recently formed independent state. Ambitious to benefit from emigration while assisting and protecting emigrants, Italy reached out to “Italians abroad” in several ways. For example, the state opened a low-cost channel for remittances through a nonprofit bank; promoted Italian language education among Italian families abroad; supported Italian Chambers of Commerce abroad; and subsidized religious missionary work among emigrants. Italy's historical example of political innovation and diplomatic negotiation provides context, comparisons, and possibilities for rapidly changing sending-state policies in the twenty-first century.
Novel method for site-specific induction of oxidative DNA damage reveals differences in recruitment of repair proteins to heterochromatin and euchromatin

Reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced DNA damage is repaired by the base excision repair pathway. However, the effect of chromatin structure on BER protein recruitment to DNA damage sites in living cells is poorly understood. To address this problem, we developed a method to specifically produce ROS-induced DNA damage by fusing KillerRed (KR), a light-stimulated ROS-inducer, to a tet-repressor (tetR-KR) or a transcription activator (TA-KR). TetR-KR or TA-KR, bound to a TRE cassette (∼ 90 kb) integrated at a defined genomic locus in U2OS cells, was used to induce ROS damage in hetero- or euchromatin, respectively. We found that DNA glycosylases were efficiently recruited to DNA damage in heterochromatin, as well as in euchromatin. PARP1 was recruited to DNA damage within condensed chromatin more efficiently than in active chromatin. In contrast, recruitment of FEN1 was highly enriched at sites of DNA damage within active chromatin in a PCNA- and transcription activation-dependent manner. These results indicate that oxidative DNA damage is differentially processed within hetero or euchromatin.
The effects of vasoactive intestinal peptide on neuromuscular transmission in the frog

1. The effects of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) on cholinergic transmission were studied at the neuromuscular junction of the frog. 2. Bath application of VIP (10−8-10−7 M) produced a dose-dependent increase in quantal content of the end-plate potential (e.p.p.), while having no effect on quantal size or on resting membrane potential of the muscle fibres. 3. The increases in e.p.p. amplitude observed at end-plates blocked with Mg2+ or curare were comparable. 4. VIP increased miniature end-plate potential frequency when the nerve terminal was depolarized with K+. This effect was abolished by removing Ca2+ from the bathing solution. 5. Ionophoretic application of VIP to the end-plate also increased quantal content, while having no effect on quantal size or on the input resistance and resting membrane potential of the fibres. 6. Some possible mechanisms for the action of VIP are discussed, and it is proposed that it may act on some step involved in depolarization—secretion coupling.
Symptoms and self-care strategies in women with and without dysmenorrhea.

We compared the self‐reports of women who reported either none‐mild (N = 34) or moderate‐extreme (N = 27) pain from uterine cramping regarding, (a) gastrointestinal, perimenstrual, and other symptoms during the 5 days before and after the beginning of menstrual flow; (b) smoking, alcohol use, exercise behaviors, and number of reported stressors; and (c) self‐care strategies used for symptom management. Although there were significant differences between the two groups in reported symptoms, there were no significant between groups differences in smoking, alcohol use, exercise behaviors, and number of stressors reported. Despite the number of symptoms reported, relatively few self‐care strategies were used. The most commonly reported strategy was the use of medication for cramping pain. The results confirm prior observations that dysmenorrhea is associated with a variety of symptoms and extend our understanding of how women manage these symptoms.
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome-Related Visceral Leishmaniasis Presenting in a Pleural Effusion

Visceral leishmaniasis is increasingly reported in immunocompromised patients, including patients with AIDS. We report a case of visceral leishmaniasis in an AIDS patient who presented with pulmonary symptoms and bilateral pleural effusions. Histologic evaluation of pleural fluid and bone marrow revealed histiocytes with intracellular Leishmania amastigotes. Visceral leishmaniasis should be considered in AIDS patients with a significant travel history who present with unexplained pulmonary symptoms.
Radiolysis of Chloroform in the Intense Radiation Pulse from a Nuclear Explosion

RADIATION intensity is a useful parameter for studying mechanisms in radiation chemistry. The maximum intensity of electromagnetic radiation previously obtainable was 1010 rads/s from particle accelerators. We have used the intense burst of radiation from an underground nuclear explosion to obtain dose rates of 1012 to 1013 rads/s and to study the radiation chemistry of a variety of simple chemical systems. Chloroform was chosen for a preliminary study because intensity effects on the yield of its radiolytic products have been reported for irradiation at lower dose rates1,2. Our results not only support the mechanism proposed for lower intensities by Werner and Firestone3, but indicate that at higher dose rates CHCl3 is no longer successful in scavenging all the radiolytically produced chlorine atoms (one of the primary dissociation products).
The reliability of a computer interview for drug use/abuse information

A computer interview was developed to collect information about drug use/abuse from high school students. Responses to this interview were compared with those obtained from an identical paper-and-pencil questionnaire given to the same students, in counterbalanced order. Results were comparable for the two methods, but missing data and logically inconsistent answers obtained with the paper-and-pencil questionnaire were not possible with the computer interview. The overwhelming majority of respondents preferred the computer interview as a means of data collection.