cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dopaminergic involvement during mental fatigue in health and cocaine addiction

Dopamine modulates executive function, including sustaining cognitive control during mental fatigue. Using event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during the color-word Stroop task, we aimed to model mental fatigue with repeated task exposures in 33 cocaine abusers and 20 healthy controls. During such mental fatigue (indicated by increased errors, and decreased post-error slowing and dorsal anterior cingulate response to error as a function of time-on-task), healthy individuals showed increased activity in the dopaminergic midbrain to error. Cocaine abusers, characterized by disrupted dopamine neurotransmission, showed an opposite pattern of response. This midbrain fMRI activity with repetition was further correlated with objective indices of endogenous motivation in all subjects: a state measure (task reaction time) and a trait measure (dopamine D2 receptor availability in caudate, as revealed by positron emission tomography data collected in a subset of this sample, which directly points to a contribution of dopamine to these results). In a second sample of 14 cocaine abusers and 15 controls, administration of an indirect dopamine agonist, methylphenidate, reversed these midbrain responses in both groups, possibly indicating normalization of response in cocaine abusers because of restoration of dopamine signaling but degradation of response in healthy controls owing to excessive dopamine signaling. Together, these multimodal imaging findings suggest a novel involvement of the dopaminergic midbrain in sustaining motivation during fatigue. This region might provide a useful target for strengthening self-control and/or endogenous motivation in addiction.
Detecting and Localizing Wireless Spoofing Attacks

Wireless networks are vulnerable to spoofing attacks, which allows for many other forms of attacks on the networks. Although the identity of a node can be verified through cryptographic authentication, authentication is not always possible because it requires key management and additional infrastructural overhead. In this paper we propose a method for both detecting spoofing attacks, as well as locating the positions of adversaries performing the attacks. We first propose an attack detector for wireless spoofing that utilizes K-means cluster analysis. Next, we describe how we integrated our attack detector into a realtime indoor localization system, which is also capable of localizing the positions of the attackers. We then show that the positions of the attackers can be localized using either area-based or point-based localization algorithms with the same relative errors as in the normal case. We have evaluated our methods through experimentation using both an 802.11 (WiFi) network as well as an 802.15.4 (ZigBee) network. Our results show that it is possible to detect wireless spoofing with both a high detection rate and a low false positive rate, thereby providing strong evidence of the effectiveness of the K-means spoofing detector as well as the attack localizer.
Identification of coordination requirements: implications for the Design of collaboration and awareness tools

Task dependencies drive the need to coordinate work activities. We describe a technique for using automatically generated archi-val data to compute coordination requirements, i.e., who must coordinate with whom to get the work done. Analysis of data from a large software development project revealed that coordina-tion requirements were highly volatile, and frequently extended beyond team boundaries. Congruence between coordination re-quirements and coordination activities shortened development time. Developers, particularly the most productive ones, changed their use of electronic communication media over time, achieving higher congruence. We discuss practical implications of our technique for the design of collaborative and awareness tools.
Cholestatic Jaundice With the Use of Methylstenbolone and Dymethazine, Designer Steroids Found in Super DMZ Rx 2.0 “Nutritional Supplement”: A Case Report

"Nutritional supplements" that promise an increase in muscle mass and strength are becoming a go to item as enhancing one's physical appearance becomes a more important part of our society. This is alarming because many of these nutritional supplements rely on androgen precursors to deliver their promises, without adequately informing consumers of the potential side effects of such agents. These products may conceal the presence of potent androgens to avoid regulatory sanctions and become more appealing to consumers. Recent reports have shown that some products marketed as "nutritional supplements" have been found to contain androgenic anabolic steroids. Methylstenbolone and dymethazine are new androgenic anabolic steroids currently gaining popularity among body builders for their performance-enhancing properties and rapid effects on muscle mass. These agents are found together in Super DMZ Rx 2.0, a "dietary supplement" for bodybuilders. Here we report the first case of Super DMZ Rx 2.0-induced cholestatic jaundice in a 26-year-old previously healthy Caucasian male, who took the supplement according to the manufacturer's instructions for 30 days.
Active contour models: overview, implementation and applications

A brief overview of deformable contour models, called snakes, is presented. These energy-minimizing curves are constrained by internal continuity forces (tension and bending) and guided by external image forces toward features. Such a tool can be used in areas such as edge detection, motion tracking, and stereo matching and more generally to solve problems of matching a deformable model to an image by means of energy minimization. The convergence speed has been improved by using parametric B-spline approximations of the curves; the model is called B-snakes. As this approximation can control the degree of continuity at the joints between adjacent curve segments, the B-snakes can have breakpoints and include corners. B-snakes have been applied to the extraction of building tops from aerial images, once a first estimate is obtained from a traditional stereo process. >
The Surprising Diversity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Change You Can Believe In

Highly drug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) have surfaced in the news recently. Totally drug-resistant strains, unresponsive to any current therapies, were recently identified at several locations in India [1]. Although these strains have garnered international attention, similarly pan-resistant strains have been identified in several parts of the world [2, 3]. Where they have not been found, one cannot be confident that they do not exist, as many countries do not have the laboratory capacity to diagnose resistance to second-line tuberculosis drugs. Globally, the rising rates of multidrug resistance (resistance to the 2 first-line antibiotics, isoniazid and rifampin) are alarming, suggestive of both the extent of the current problem and indicative of the future landscape of increasingly drug-resistant tuberculosis. In China, for example, nearly 6% of new tuberculosis cases are multidrug-resistant. The rates of multidrug resistance in new cases are >20% in many countries in Central Asia and Eastern Europe, where the incidence of multidrug resistance in previously treated patients soars to over 50% [4]. These sobering numbers emerge at a time of great promise in the tuberculosis field. A decade of investment in tuberculosis research is beginning to pay dividends. For the first time in nearly 40 years, several new antibiotics for tuberculosis are in late-stage clinical development [5]. The Global Alliance for TB Drug Development seeks to develop an
Application of Visible Light Photocatalysis with Particle Lithography To Generate Polynitrophenylene Nanostructures

Visible light photoredox catalysis was combined with immersion particle lithography to prepare polynitrophenylene organic films on Au(111) surfaces, forming a periodic arrangement of nanopores. Surfaces masked with mesospheres were immersed in solutions of p-nitrobenzenediazonium tetrafluoroborate and irradiated with blue LEDs in the presence of the photoredox catalyst Ru(bpy)3(PF6)2 to produce p-nitrophenyl radicals that graft onto gold substrates. Surface masks of silica mesospheres were used to protect small, discrete regions of the Au(111) surface from grafting. Nanopores were formed where the silica mesospheres touched the surface; the mask effectively protected nanoscopic local areas from the photocatalysis grafting reaction. Further reaction of the grafted arenes with aryl radicals resulted in polymerization to form polynitrophenylene structures with thicknesses that were dependent on both the initial concentration of diazonium salt and the duration of irradiation. Photoredox catalysis with visible...
A Rapid Method for Identifying Dye-Marked Fruit Flies

During large-scale evaluations of the sterile insect release method for eradicating fruit flies in the Mariana Islands and Hawaii in 1962–63, (Steiner et al. in press) a rapid method was needed for separating sterile flies from those that had emerged and dispersed naturally. The 5 to 10 million flies that were released weekly required periodic identification of marked individuals in 1800 trap collections to show overflooding ratios attained, dispersal, and longevity. Existing methods did not permit adequate sampling of the fly populations.
Approaching Brine Spill Remediation from the Surface: A New In Situ Method

Well drilling for energy resources innately produces brine waters. These brines often contain sodium in the 10,000 to >100,000 mg L-1 range. In situ soil remediation of brine spills traditionally consists of diluting salts with organic materials and then infiltrating divalent cations. This leaching technique can require years to centuries, as a function of soil clay content, to remove salts from the root zone. We present a new in situ remediation method that extracts salts from the soil surface and expedites remediation. Surface application of a crystallization inhibitor (ferric hexacyanoferrate) to brinecontaminated soils followed by an evaporative flux resulted in dendritic crystal growth above the soil surface. This process allowed easy harvest of 29 to 57% of salts within 7 d without mechanical disturbance to the soil. Future studies should include loadingrate optimization, in-field testing, evaluation of reaction product fate and transport, and identification of other amendments to rapidly extract salts. A.L. M. Daigh and A.W. Klaustermeier, North Dakota State Univ., Soil Science Dep., Walster Hall, Fargo, ND 58108. Core Ideas • In situ remediation of brine spills is possible via surface extraction of salts. • A crystallization inhibitor allowed for 29 to 57% of salts to be harvested from the soil
An Optimization Algorithm for Electric System Restoration Based on MAS

It is a fundamental and important work to get an optimal plan after blackout in time. To get an online plan, the restoration process is divided into sequential and synchronous processes, solved by the new optimization algorithm. The algorithm have a polynomial time characters and can be adopted in large power systems. This algorithm is based on the MAS theory. The key ideas used by this algorithm are that agents, when station agent launching the dissemination operation, and that agents leave the dissemination information in each agent. Through analysis of these information, decision-making agent get the optimal plan. The effecter of the algorithms are verified by the calculation results of the representative grid.
CAUSE ANALYSIS OF TUBE-BURST ON PLATEN SUPERHEATER

Through methods, such as chemical composition analysis, macroscopic examination, and microstructure analysis etc., the causes resulting in tube-burst on platen superheater in Shijiazhuang Thermal Power Co Ltd have been analysed, the equivalent temperature being estimated through thickness of the oxide skin, and residual service life being calculated. It is recommended to strengthen the plant-incoming inspection of high-temperature metallic parts, on-line monitoring, and service life evaluation etc., so as to ensure safe operation of the unit.
Experiments look set to resolve superconductivity debate

An intriguing controversy in condensed-matter physics, concerning the symmetry of electron pairs in high-temperature superconductors, has been answered by a new set of experiments. A collaboration between the University of California at Berkeley (UCB) and at San Diego (UCSD), and the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign has shown that previously conflicting tunnelling results can be reconciled in terms of the structure of the superconducting crystals (K Kouznetsov et al. 1997 Phys. Rev. Lett. 70 3050).
What Preoperative Radiographic Parameters Are Associated With Increased Medial Release in Total Knee Arthroplasty

Abstract Background Preoperative varus deformity of the knee is a common malalignment in patients undergoing primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA). We are unaware of any studies that have correlated how various preoperative radiographic parameters can predict the amount of medial releases performed to achieve optimal coronal alignment and ligamentous balance. Methods A retrospective review was performed on 67 patients who required at least a medial tibial reduction osteotomy (MTRO) during primary TKA to achieve coronal balance. This patient population was matched 1:1 to another cohort of TKA patients by age, gender, and body mass index who did not require an MTRO. A radiographic evaluation was used to compare the 2 cohorts. Results Preoperatively, the MTRO cohort was noted to have significantly increased varus tibiofemoral (86.12° vs 93.43°), tibial articular surface (85.79° vs 87.54°), and medial tibial articular surface angles (75.22° vs 85.34°) compared to the control cohort. The MTRO cohort had 3.13 mm of medial tibial offset and 9.06 mm of lateral joint space opening and the control cohort had 0.09 mm and 4.07 mm, respectively. The medial tibial articular surface angle and lateral joint space widening were statistically associated with the MTRO cohort. The final tibiofemoral angle in the MTRO cohort was 92.43° and was 93.40° in the control cohort. Conclusion The MTRO cohort was noted to have several preoperative radiographic parameters that were significantly different than the control cohort. However, the medial tibial articular surface angle and lateral joint space widening were the only radiographic parameters that were statistically associated with requiring an MTRO.
TCT-759 Comparison Of Watchman Device With New Oral Anti-Coagulants In Patients With Atrial Fibrillation: A Network Meta-Analysis

New oral anticoagulants and the Watchman device both represent alternatives to warfarin for stroke prophylaxis for atrial fibrillation. However, there are no studies comparing these new treatment approaches. Thus, we performed a network meta-analysis to indirectly compare Watchman and new oral
Latexin: A Potential Tumor Suppressor.

Abstract We recently found that latexin is a negative regulator of the size of the hematopoietic stem cell population in mice. It acts by increasing apoptosis and decreasing cell proliferation. This 29 kD protein bears a strong structural resemblance to tazarotene-induced gene 1 (TIG1), a tumor suppressor down-regulated in a variety of cancers. The structural similarity and close genetic linkage led us to hypothesize that latexin also may have tumor suppressor properties. We found that latexin was down-regulated in a variety of human leukemias and lymphomas as determined by a survey of malignant cell lines and by analysis of CD34+ cells isolated from the blood and marrow of patients diagnosed with these malignancies and presenting with very high white cell counts. Bisulfite sequencing revealed that methylation of CpG dinucleotides in the latexin promoter at least partially accounted for latexin down-regulation. 5-aza-deoxycytidine treatment reinitiated or significantly increased latexin expression in K562, Molt4, CRF-CEM, Jurkat, U937, HL60, KG-1, and Sup B15 cell lines. To test the hypothesis that ectopic latexin expression in tumor cells would inhibit their growth, we developed a retrovirus-based expression vector with which we infected the murine lymphoma cell lines, WEHI231 and A20, neither of which contained significant latexin levels by Western blot. A vector containing GFP, but not latexin, was used to infect control cells. In triplicate experiments, the growth of both cell lines in vitro was inhibited an average 48% by infection with the latexin vector. Western blots revealed that latexin was durably expressed throughout the 2-week culture period at 2- to 4-fold the level expressed in normal T and B cells. As we found in our normal stem cell studies, latexin caused growth inhibition of lymphoma cells by significantly increasing apoptosis by 6-fold, and by suppressing cell proliferation by 2-fold. To test whether tumor inhibition extended to lymphomas in vivo, we injected either control or latexin vector-infected A20 cells subcutaneously in the flanks of BALB/c mice. Three weeks following adoptive transfer of identical numbers of cells, in duplicate experiments the latexin-expressing cells developed tumors only half the volume of those caused by the control cells. These results are consistent with a tumor suppressor role for latexin and suggest that latexin, or molecular mimics thereof, may have clinical efficacy in the treatment of malignancies.
Moderate-intensity resistance exercise alters skeletal muscle molecular and cellular structure and function in inactive older adults with knee osteoarthritis.

Moderate-intensity resistance training causes sex-specific adaptations in skeletal muscle structure and function at the cellular and molecular levels in inactive older adult men and women with knee...
Rapid Ex Vivo Expansion of CMV Specific CTL Suitable for Clinical Immunotherapy Using CpG-DNA Matured PBMC Infected with Recombinant MVA.

Abstract Adoptive transfer of ex vivo expanded CMV-specific T cells is an effective approach, and an attractive alternative to using anti-virals to manage CMV infection for HSCT recipients. We recently published a robust approach to expanding CMV-specific CTL based on infection of autologous EBV-LCL with the attenuated poxvirus, Modified Vaccinia Ankara (MVA), expressing CMV pp65, pp150, and IE1 proteins. This approach causes vigorous, up to 500fold expansions in as little as 12–14 days of memory CD8+ T cells specific for these immunodominant antigens. In order to improve the specificity of the expanded T cells, a method was sought to derive effective antigen presenting cells (APC) that avoided the use of EBV-LCL. Of equal importance is to develop an expansion approach that avoids the need to involve virally infected APC in developing a clinical product. Our preliminary observation is that rMVA can infect PBMC in vitro, causing high levels of expression of recombinant CMV antigens. To be permissible for high level expression from rMVA, fresh PBMC were treated with different combinations of single-stranded CpG-containing phosphorothioate backbone oligonucleotides (ODN). A three-day incubation with a combination of two ODN (ODN # 2006 and 2216) which are known to stimulate both plasmacytoid dendritic and B-cells were found to reproducibly generate a highly rMVA infectable population of PBMC. In all five healthy CMV-positive donors tested, CpG ODN treated autologous PBMC, infected with recombinant rMVA, elicited a 20-fold average expansion of CMV-specific CD8+ T cells, in 10 days. Several different rMVA expressing CMV genes were evaluated, including a novel vector expressing the UL44 gene product, an immunodominant target of the host cellular immune response. The expanded T cell populations showed minimal alloreactivity, and exhibited high levels of CMV-specific MHC Class I tetramer binding, epitope-specific cytokine production, and cytotoxic activity. The availability of a source of autologous professional APC that can be used after only 3 days of priming, enhances the attractiveness of using rMVA for adoptive immunotherapy for HSCT recipients or donor vaccination.
THE INVASIVE BROWN MARMORATED STINK BUG HALYOMORPHA HALYS (STÅL, 1855) (HETEROPTERA: PENTATOMIDAE) ALREADY IN BULGARIA

This article reports new records of the invasive brown marmorated stink bug Halyomorpha halys (Stal, 1855) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) in Bulgaria.
The Universality of Nucleosome Positioning: From Yeast to Human

Nucleosome organization is important for the understanding of promoter accessibility and transcription regulation. In the past decade, in vivo nucleosome mapping suggested a stereotypical and conserved nucleosome organization, consisting of nucleosome-depleted regions (NDRs) around the transcription start sites (TSSs), flanked by regular arrays of nucleosomes on gene bodies. We study the factors that determine the nucleosome positioning, and their universality across different organisms, and we develop biophysical models that incorporate the common rules of nucleosome organization.We show that in vitro reconstituted nucleosomes occupy different locations from those observed in vivo. Thus, the DNA sequence has a limited role in nucleosome positioning. Using ChIP-seq and MNase-seq techniques, we show that non-histone proteins bind to gene promoters and compete with the histones, creating NDRs. We go on to apply rigorous biophysical models to explain the in vivo nucleosome phasing relative to the TSS, incorporating the ATP-dependent chromatin remodelers.In collaboration with other labs, we compare chromatin organization in yeast, fly, mouse and human. We find that most of yeast genes have a nucleosome depleted and DNase I accessible promoter. However, surprisingly, using MNase-seq, DNase-seq and RNA-seq data, we find that in higher organisms genes fall into two distinct, tissue-specific classes: the promoters of inactive genes are tightly packed with nucleosomes, not phased relative to the TSS and stabilized by H1 linker histones. By contrast, the active genes have DNase I accessible promoters and phased arrays of nucleosomes along the gene bodies. Using data available from the ENCODE project, we verify that most of the characterized epigenetic marks also have this bimodal distribution, correlated with the nucleosome organization of the gene promoters.References:Chereji RV et al - Phys. Rev. E 83, 050903 (2011)Chereji RV, Morozov AV - J. Stat. Phys. 144, 379 (2011)Chereji RV, Morozov AV - Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 111, 5236 (2014)Ganguli D, Chereji RV et al - Genome Res. 24, 1637 (2014)Cole HA et al - Nucleic Acids Res. 42, 12512 (2014)Elfving N, Chereji RV et al - Nucleic Acids Res. 42, 5468 (2014)Chereji RV, Morozov AV - Brief. Funct. Genomics 14, 50 (2015)Chereji RV, Kan T-W et al - Nucleic Acids Res. 44, 1036 (2016)Ocampo J, Chereji RV et al - Nucleic Acids Res. 44, 4625 (2016)Qiu H, Chereji RV et al - Genome Res. 26, 211 (2016)
Fiber-reinforced polymer composites

This chapter introduces the basic elements of fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP). It starts by presenting a brief review of the three constituents of FRP—fiber, matrix, and interface. It then discusses several important debonding issues, which are critical to the success of FRP strengthening, since the composite action of the FRP sheets can only be guaranteed when there is a solid bond between the concrete substrate and FRP. Finally, a full discussion of various durability issues of FRP is included.
Catalytic Reduction of Hydrazine and Acetylene to Ammonia and Ethylene and Stoicfflometric Reduction of Cn to Ammonia and Methane By Fe/M/S Clusters (M =MO, V) with Structural Features Similar to Those of the Fe/Mo/S Site in Nitrogenase

Recent single crystal X-ray structure determinations of the Fe-Mo protein of nitrogenase from Clostridium pasteurianum and Azotobacter vinelandii (Kim, Rees, 1992a,b; Chan et al., 1993; Bolin et al, 1993) have revealed the structure of the Fe/Mo/S aggregate to near atomic resolution. The Fe/Mo/S cluster consists of two cuboidal subunits, Fe4S3 and MoFe3S3, bridged by three S2- ions and is anchored on the protein matrix by a Fecoordinated cysteinyl residue and by a Mo-coordinated imidazole group from a histidine residue. The Mo atom also is coordinated by a homocitrate molecule that serves as a bidentate chelate. Unusual structural features include the unprecedented trigonal planar coordination geometry for the six μ-S-bridged iron atoms, and the unusually short Fe-Fe distances across the two subunits (2.5-2.6A). The location of the Mo atom at the periphery of the MoFe7S8-9 cluster was unexpected and was interpreted as an indication that the Mo atom may not be directly involved in N2 fixation. The clearly defined structural features of the nitrogenase Fe/Mo/S center have not led to a clear understanding of the mode of substrate activation and reduction. Indeed many questions regarding the catalytic function of nitrogenase remain unanswered. One of these questions concerns the role of the Mo atom (and of the V atom in an alternate nitrogenase) in the function of the M centers in nitrogenase. The latter may be examined by reactivity studies on appropriate model complexes.
Optimal parking provision for ride-sourcing services

Ride-sourcing services have become increasingly important in meeting travel needs in metropolitan areas. However, the cruising of vacant ride-sourcing vehicles generates additional traffic demand that may worsen traffic conditions. This paper investigates the allocation of a certain portion of road space to on-street parking for vacant ride-sourcing vehicles. A macroscopic conceptual framework is developed to capture the trade-off between capacity loss and the reduction of cruising. Considering a hypothetical matching mechanism adopted by the platform, we further materialize the framework and then apply it to study the interactions between the ride-sourcing system and parking provision under various market structures.
The Downside of Deliberation: Why Decision Makers Who Deliberate Lose Influence

A substantial literature on decision making has long emphasized that deliberating can improve the quality of decisions, and most lay people assume this to be true. However, the present research proposes that pre-decision deliberation will undermine an organizational decision maker’s influence. Four studies yielded convergent findings across different measures and manipulations of deliberation and influence. Study 1 demonstrated that deliberation reduces decision makers’ influence utilizing a sample of Masters’ of Business Administration (MBA) students and a 360-peer review design. Study 2 manipulated deliberation with vignettes about Chief Executive Officers, extending the Study 1 findings by examining the two-stage mechanism: perceived low dominance and low competence. Study 3 extended the findings to the political context with US Presidential candidates as targets. Using a video manipulation of deliberation, Study 4 provided convergent evidence that organizational decision makers undermine their influen...
Scalable code clone detection and search based on adaptive prefix filtering

Abstract Code clone detection is a well-known software engineering problem that aims to detect all the groups of code blocks or code fragments that are functionally equivalent in a code base. It has numerous and wide ranging important uses in areas such as software metrics, plagiarism detection, aspect mining, copyright infringement investigation, code compaction, virus detection, and detecting bugs. A scalable code clone detection technique, able to process large source code repositories, is crucial in the context of multi-project or Internet-scale code clone detection scenarios. In this paper, we focus on improving the scalability of code clone detection, relative to current state of the art techniques. Our adaptive prefix filtering technique improves the performance of code clone detection for many common execution parameters, when tested on common benchmarks. The experimental results exhibit improvements for commonly used similarity thresholds of between 40% and 80%, in the best case decreasing the execution time up to 11% and increasing the number of filtered candidates up to 63%.
Experiment Design—An Organized Approach to Data Collection

(1972). Experiment Design—An Organized Approach to Data Collection. Research Management: Vol. 15, No. 5, pp. 58-63.
The impact of brief restriction to articulation on children's subsequent speech production

This project explored whether disruption of articulation during listening impacts subsequent speech production in 4-yr-olds with and without speech sound disorder (SSD). During novel word learning, typically-developing children showed effects of articulatory disruption as revealed by larger differences between two acoustic cues to a sound contrast, but children with SSD were unaffected by articulatory disruption. Findings suggest that, when typically developing 4-yr-olds experience an articulatory disruption during a listening task, the children's subsequent production is affected. Children with SSD show less influence of articulatory experience during perception, which could be the result of impaired or attenuated ties between perception and articulation.
Born from lament: the theology and politics of hope in Africa

Emmanuel Katongole’s Born from Lament: The Theology and Politics of Hope in Africa is an ambitious project that tries to wrestle with what the author deems African theology’s insufficient grappling...
Dynamic Keypad – Digit Shuffling for Secure PIN Entry in a Virtual World

As virtual reality becomes more mainstream there is a need to investigate the security of user level authentication while in the virtual world. In order for authentication methods to be useful, they must be secure, not allow for any external observers to determine the secure data being entered by the user, and also not break the immersion that the virtual world provides. Using head mounted virtual reality displays, users can interact with the world by using gaze, that is selecting objects by what the user is focusing on. This paper analyzes the security issues involved with utilizing gaze detection for secure password entry. A user study finds security issues with standard gaze based PIN input, and as a result a solution to this problem is presented. The solution shuffles the numbers on the PIN pad and finds that method to be more secure while maintaining accuracy and speed.
Antimicrobial Choices and Dosing Strategies to Maximize Efficacy and Minimize the Development of Bacterial Resistance

The goal of maximizing efficacy and minimizing antimicrobial resistance can be termed optimizing therapy. To achieve optimal therapy, a number of outcomes must be met (Table 1).
Impact of Mycobacterial Biofilms on Public Health

The genus Mycobacterium represents over 150 bacterial species of the actinomycetes family, inhabiting a wide range of ecological niches—from soil and aquatic environments to intracellular phagosomes in human bodies. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the etiological agent of tuberculosis in human, is the predominant mycobacterial pathogen that resides in an estimated one-third of the world’s human population, causing disease in hundreds of millions and killing over a million people every year. In addition, several environmental mycobacteria including Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium abscessus are opportunistic pathogens that can establish infection in immunocompromised individuals. A common characteristic of all mycobacterial infections, regardless of the species, is their extraordinary recalcitrance to antibiotic regimens, although the underlying basis of drug resistance remains unclear. Recent studies suggest a possible linkage between mycobacterial tolerance to antibiotics and their propensity to grow as organized multicellular aggregates, called biofilms. This chapter describes the linkage and its implication in controlling mycobacterial infections in humans.
Manta rays feed using ricochet separation, a novel nonclogging filtration mechanism

Solid-liquid filtration is a ubiquitous process found in industrial and biological systems. Although implementations vary widely, almost all filtration systems are based on a small set of fundamental separation mechanisms, including sieve, cross-flow, hydrosol, and cyclonic separation. Anatomical studies showed that manta rays have a highly specialized filter-feeding apparatus that does not resemble previously described filtration systems. We examined the fluid flow around the manta filter-feeding apparatus using a combination of physical modeling and computational fluid dynamics. Our results indicate that manta rays use a unique solid-fluid separation mechanism in which direct interception of particles with wing-like structures causes particles to “ricochet” away from the filter pores. This filtration mechanism separates particles smaller than the pore size, allows high flow rates, and resists clogging.
Polymer modified carbon fiber-microelectrodes and waveform modifications enhance neurotransmitter metabolite detection

Carbon-fiber microelectrodes (CFMEs) have been used for several years for the detection of neurotransmitters such as dopamine. Dopamine is a fundamentally important neurotransmitter and is also metabolized at a subsecond timescale. Recently, several metabolites of dopamine have been shown to be physiologically important such as 3-methoxytyramine (3-MT), 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), and homovanillic acid (HVA). Many of these neurotransmitter metabolites are currently only detected with microdialysis coupled with liquid chromatography with relatively low temporal and spatial resolution. Current electrochemical methods such as the dopamine waveform (scanning from −0.4 to 1.3 V at 400 V s−1) are utilized to electrostatically repel anions such as DOPAC and promote dopamine adsorption to the surface of the electrode. Moreover, polymer coatings such as Nafion have been shown to electrostatically repel anions such as 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA). In this study, we develop novel polymer and waveform modifications for enhanced DOPAC detection. Applying the DOPAC waveform (scanning from 0 to 1.3 V at 400 V s−1) enhances DOPAC detection significantly because it does not include the negative holding potential of the dopamine waveform. Moreover, positively charged cationic polymers such as polyethyleneimine (PEI) allow for the preconcentration of DOPAC to the surface of the carbon fiber through an electrostatic attraction. The limit of detection for DOPAC for PEI coated CFMEs with the DOPAC waveform applied is 58.2 ± 2 nM as opposed to 291 ± 10 nM for unmodified electrodes applying the dopamine waveform (n = 4). This work offers promise for the development of novel electrode materials and waveforms for the specific detection of several important biomolecules such as dopamine metabolite neurotransmitters.
Heterogeneity within classical cell types is the rule: lessons from hippocampal pyramidal neurons

The mechanistic operation of brain regions is often interpreted by partitioning constituent neurons into ‘cell types’. Historically, such cell types were broadly defined by their correspondence to gross features of the nervous system (such as cytoarchitecture). Modern-day neuroscientific techniques, enabling a more nuanced examination of neuronal properties, have illustrated a wealth of heterogeneity within these classical cell types. Here, we review the extent of this within-cell-type heterogeneity in one of the simplest cortical regions of the mammalian brain, the rodent hippocampus. We focus on the mounting evidence that the classical CA3, CA1 and subiculum pyramidal cell types all exhibit prominent and spatially patterned within-cell-type heterogeneity, and suggest these cell types provide a model system for exploring the organization and function of such heterogeneity. Given that the hippocampus is structurally simple and evolutionarily ancient, within-cell-type heterogeneity is likely to be a general and crucial feature of the mammalian brain. It is now clear that most classical ‘cell types’ are composed of collections of cells with heterogeneous features. Cembrowski and Spruston describe the heterogeneity of hippocampal pyramidal cells and argue that these cells can act as a model of within-cell-type heterogeneity in the brain.
Awake Versus Non-awake Surgery for Brain Surgery

Abstract Awake craniotomies (ACs) have become more widely used for glioma patients. In this chapter we will discuss the most recent available data for ACs performed with local anesthesia in comparison with craniotomies under general anesthesia (GA). Originally, ACs were used for epilepsy surgery, but it is now being used in the neuro-oncology field for glioma resection. As with every surgical technique, advantages and disadvantages coexist. Therefore it is imperative to select the most beneficial technique for each patient. Recent evidence suggests that glioma patients tend to benefit from awake procedures. This is due to the surgeon's ability to perform more accurate cortical and subcortical stimulation, obtain a higher extent of resection, achieve better overall postoperative outcomes, achieve lower rates of postoperative complications which directly impact the patient's quality of life (QoL), provide a shorter hospital stay, and lower overall health-care costs. However, during awake procedures, breathing rate cannot be controlled, making it difficult to have a controlled CO2 to reduce brain swelling. Awake procedures may also have a big impact on the psyche of the patient, and some of them are not able to tolerate the procedure. In these cases, GA is advantageous, and this technique is still widely used around the globe. Deep sedation is a good alternative for failed procedures, as well as for interventions in which patient positioning does not allow for an awake procedure. Even though GA has its benefits, in the right patient, craniotomies with local anesthesia tend to be more advantageous and provide a better postoperative outcome with a better QoL for the patient.
Variable Significance of Brain MRI Findings in Infective Endocarditis and Its Effect on Surgical Decisions

Abstract Objective To determine how brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings impact clinical outcomes in patients with infective endocarditis (IE) and to propose a management algorithm for patients with neurologic symptoms who are candidates for valve surgery (VS). Patients and Methods Data from our center were retrospectively reviewed for patients hospitalized with IE between January 1, 2007, and December 31, 2014. Outcomes were postoperative intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), 6-month mortality, and functional outcome at last follow-up as described by the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score. Good outcome was defined as an mRS score of 2 or less. Results A total of 361 patients with IE were identified, including 127 patients (35%) who had MRI. One hundred twenty-six of 361 patients (35%) had neurologic symptoms, which prompted MRI in 79 of 127 patients (62%); 74 of 79 (94%) had acute or subacute MRI abnormalities. One patient with subarachnoid and multifocal ICH on MRI developed postoperative ICH. Patients with VS despite MRI abnormalities had lower 6-month mortality (odds ratio [OR], 0.17; 95% CI, 0.06-0.48; P Conclusion Magnetic resonance imaging detects a large number of abnormalities in patients with IE. Preoperative lobar hematoma and large territorial stroke determine outcome irrespective of VS. When indicated, VS increases the odds of a good outcome despite MRI abnormalities.
The reality-virtuality interaction cube: a framework for conceptualizing mixed-reality interaction design elements for HRI

There has recently been an explosion of work in the human-robot interaction (HRI) community on the use of mixed, augmented, and virtual reality. We present a novel conceptual framework to characterize and cluster work in this new area and identify gaps for future research. We begin by introducing the Plane of Interaction: a framework for characterizing interactive technologies in a 2D space informed by the Model-View-Controller design pattern. We then describe how Interactive Design Elements that contribute to the interactivity of a technology can be characterized within this space and present a taxonomy of mixed-reality interactive design elements. We then discuss how these elements may be rendered onto both reality- and virtuality-based environments using a variety of hardware devices and introduce the Reality-Virtuality Interaction Cube: a three-dimensional continuum representing the design space of interactive technologies formed by combining the Plane of Interaction with the Reality-Virtuality Continuum. Finally, we demonstrate the feasibility and utility of this framework by clustering and analyzing the set of papers presented at the 2018 VAM-HRI workshop.
Intermarket sweep order trade size clustering around corporate announcements

Investors have different trade size preferences depending on their information advantage. Using intermarket sweep orders (ISOs), we find that investors appear to prefer using small, round lot trade...
WHAT CAN AN INDEX DO? MODERNIZING RETRIEVAL FOR GOVERNMENT INFORMATION

What can a simple index do to support retrieval, especially in comparison to computational tools? A panel of experts addresses this question at the 2014 Legislative Data and Transparency Conference (#LDTC14). The May 29, 2014 conference is hosted by the Committee on House Administration, House of Representatives, United States Congress. In this introduction to the panel, I consider the theory and history behind indexing as well as introducing the panelists. The Federal Register, which publishes regulations and authoritative documents from United States executive agencies, will be the central case study. The Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) includes an index and finding aids such as the Parallel Table of Authorities that provide conceptual access to the collection from multiple perspectives. The indexes hold several layers of intellectual work that support both human and machine retrieval. This panel offers academic research to frame policy initiatives that modernize and economize government data production. We discuss the role of indexing in the transition from a document publication model to a data posting model of dissemination.
Consequences of HSF knockdown on gene expression during the heat shock response in Tigriopus californicus

Although the existence of a cellular heat shock response is nearly universal, its relationship to organismal thermal tolerance is not completely understood. Many of the genes involved are known to be regulated by the highly conserved heat shock transcription factor-1 (HSF-1), yet the regulatory network is not fully characterized. Here we investigate the role of HSF-1 in gene expression following thermal stress using knockdown of HSF-1 by RNA interference (RNAi) in the intertidal copepod Tigriopus californicus. We observed some evidence for decreased transcription of heat shock protein genes following knockdown, supporting the widely acknowledged role of HSF-1 in the heat shock response. However, the majority of differentially expressed genes between the control and HSF-1 knockdown groups were upregulated, suggesting that HSF-1 normally functions to repress their expression. Differential expression observed in genes related to chitin and cuticle formation lends support to previous findings that these processes are highly regulated following heat stress. We performed a genome scan and identified a set of 396 genes associated with canonical heat shock elements. RNA-seq data did not find those genes to be more highly represented in our HSF-1 knockdown treatment, indicating that requirements for binding and interaction of HSF-1 with a given gene are not simply predicted by the presence of HSF-1 binding sites. Further study of the pathways implicated by these results and future comparisons among populations of T. californicus may help us understand the role and importance of HSF-1 in the heat shock response and, more broadly, in organismal thermal tolerance.
Growth inhibitory and anti-metastatic activity of epithelial cell adhesion molecule targeted three-way junctional delta-5-desaturase siRNA nanoparticle for breast cancer therapy

8-Hydroxyoctanoic acid (8-HOA) produced through cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) catalyzed dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (DGLA) peroxidation in delta-5-desaturase inhibitory (D5D siRNA) condition showed an inhibitory effect on breast cancer cell proliferation and migration. However, in vivo use of naked D5D siRNA was limited by off-target silencing and degradation by endonucleases. To overcome the limitation and deliver the D5D siRNA in vivo, we designed an epithelia cell adhesion molecule targeted three-way junctional nanoparticle having D5D siRNA. In this study, we have hypothesized that 3WJ-EpCAM-D5D siRNA will target and inhibit the D5D enzyme in cancer cells leading to peroxidation of supplemented DGLA to 8-HOA resulting in growth inhibitory effect in the orthotopic breast cancer model developed by injecting 4T1 cells. On analysis, we observed a significant reduction in tumor size and metastatic lung nodules in animals treated with a combination of 3WJ-EpCAM-D5D siRNA and DGLA through activating intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway and by reducing endothelial-mesenchymal damage.
Health system utilization before age 1 among children later diagnosed with autism or ADHD

Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have 2-3 times increased healthcare utilization and annual costs once diagnosed, but little is known about their utilization patterns early in life. Quantifying their early health system utilization could uncover condition-specific health trajectories to facilitate earlier detection and intervention. Patients born 10/1/2006-10/1/2016 with ≥ 2 well-child visits within the Duke University Health System before age 1 were grouped as ASD, ADHD, ASD + ADHD, or No Diagnosis using retrospective billing codes. An additional comparison group was defined by later upper respiratory infection diagnosis. Adjusted odds ratios (AOR) for hospital admissions, procedures, emergency department (ED) visits, and outpatient clinic encounters before age 1 were compared between groups via logistic regression models. Length of hospital encounters were compared between groups via Mann-Whitney U test. In total, 29,929 patients met study criteria (ASD N = 343; ADHD N = 1175; ASD + ADHD N = 140). ASD was associated with increased procedures (AOR = 1.5, p < 0.001), including intubation and ventilation (AOR = 2.4, p < 0.001); and outpatient specialty care, including physical therapy (AOR = 3.5, p < 0.001) and ophthalmology (AOR = 3.1, p < 0.001). ADHD was associated with increased procedures (AOR = 1.41, p < 0.001), including blood transfusion (AOR = 4.7, p < 0.001); hospital admission (AOR = 1.60, p < 0.001); and ED visits (AOR = 1.58, p < 0.001). Median length of stay was increased after birth in ASD (+ 6.5 h, p < 0.001) and ADHD (+ 3.8 h, p < 0.001), and after non-birth admission in ADHD (+ 1.1 d, p < 0.001) and ASD + ADHD (+ 2.4 d, p = 0.003). Each condition was associated with increased health system utilization and distinctive patterns of utilization before age 1. Recognizing these patterns may contribute to earlier detection and intervention.
73. Uterine neoplasm as a cause of prepubertal bleeding

Background Vaginal bleeding in the prepubertal child has several etiologies including structural anomalies, endocrinologic dysfunction, infection, trauma, foreign body, and hematologic disorders. While bleeding in this age group is often benign, it can be distressing to both the child and parent so a comprehensive evaluation is important. Case An 8-year-old premenarcheal girl presented with vaginal bleeding. On ultrasound, she was found to have an intramural hyperechogenic mass in the left uterine fundus. This was biopsied and showed smooth muscle. She was subsequently started on a GnRH agonist to suppress bleeding and has since been followed with serial ultrasounds. We have 6 years of follow up imaging showing a presumed adenomyoma versus fibroid stable in size. Comments We present a novel case of a benign uterine neoplasms presenting as prepubertal bleeding. Pelvic imaging is prudent to exclude structural etiologies as the cause of prepubertal vaginal bleeding.