cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Validating an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Approach to Survey Colonial Waterbirds

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) can improve detection and count accuracy of avian species and provide an inexpensive alternative to surveying waterbirds compared to ground counts and other aerial methods. To validate this method for surveying colonial waterbirds in logistically challenging areas, we compared counts from images collected with a fixed-wing UAV to ground counts using a marked-subsample method or direct counts at three study sites: 1) in an open field using decoys that represented three colonial waterbird species; 2) constructed platforms in a swamp with colonial nesting Great Egrets (Ardea alba); and 3) an island with a large nesting colony of Brown Pelicans (Pelecanus occidentalis). Estimates or direct counts from UAV images were not significantly different from a known number of decoys or ground counts for Great Egrets but were almost twice as high compared to ground counts for juvenile Brown Pelicans. UAV flights did not cause either Great Egrets or Brown Pelicans to flush from nesting areas while ground surveys flushed the majority of adult Brown Pelicans from the survey area. UAV surveys captured images of eggs in nests that could not be observed by ground surveyors. Our results indicate that UAVs can provide a cost-effective and efficient method of surveying waterbirds with similar or improved results and little disturbance of colonies compared to ground counts.
Persistent patterns in transient chaotic fluid mixing

Chaotic advection1,2,3 of a fluid can cause an initially inhomogeneous impurity (a passive scalar field) to develop complex spatial structure as the elements of the fluid are stretched and folded, even if the velocity field is periodic in time. The effect of chaotic advection on the transient mixing of impurities—the approach to homogeneity—has been explored theoretically and numerically4,5,6,7,8. A particularly intriguing prediction is the development of persistent spatial patterns, whose amplitude (contrast) decays slowly with time but without change of form. Here we investigate these phenomena using an electromagnetically driven two-dimensional fluid layer in which one half is initially labelled by a fluorescent dye (the passive scalar). We observe the formation of structurally invariant but slowly decaying mixing patterns, and we show how the various statistical properties that characterize the dye concentration field evolve with time as mixing proceeds through many cycles. These results show quantitatively how advective stretching of the fluid elements and molecular diffusion work together to produce mixing of the impurity. We contrast the behaviour of time-period; c flows and identically forced but weakly turbulent flows at lower viscosity, where mixing is much more efficient.
An efficient method to maintain resource availability information for scheduling applications

The author gives a mathematical description of resource availability. He defines a naive algorithm for computing availability, and then describes method to maintain availability information as new reservations/assignments are made. An approach for using for storing resource availability information is presented. It is shown that availability queries are then efficient and that updates can be done in time logarithmic in the size of the availability information. An algorithm is given for calculating the availability of sets of resources which is linear in the number of previously schedule operations. It is shown that this algorithm is optimal. >
Commentary: the Bipolar Affective Disorder: Lithium/Anticonvulsant Evaluation (BALANCE) study.

Baldessarini RJ. Commentary: The Bipolar Affective Disorder: Lithium/Anticonvulsant Evaluation (BALANCE) Study. Bipolar Disord 2010: 12: 669–672. © 2010 The Author. Journal compilation © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S.
The Scaling of Aerobic and Anaerobic Muscle Power in Rainbow Trout (Salmo Gairdneri)

The scaling of anaerobic metabolism and red muscle mass was examined in rainbow trout ( Salmo gairdneri ) ranging in size from 2 to 1200 g. The initial rate of white muscle lactate production during maximal burst activity was significantly higher in large (28.1 cm) than in small (8.0 cm) fish. ‘Resting’ lactate concentrations in anesthetized trout (approximately 30 s of stress) increased with fish size, also reflecting higher glycolytic potential for larger fish. Maximum muscle lactate concentrations following 6min of exhaustive exercise increased from approximately 25 to 45μmolg −1 with increased fish size (= L 0.36 , where L is fish length). Total white muscle lactate production, including changes in muscle mass, scaled as L 3.52 . A scaling comparison of total anaerobic capacity with theoretically predicted power requirements indicated decreased burst swimming performance with increased size. Red muscle mass increased from approximately 1 to 3 % of body mass with increased fish size. The positive allometry in red muscle mass (= L 3.62 ) is greater than the scaling of power requirements during aerobic swimming predicted from hydrodynamic theory, and may provide compensation for decreased mass-specific power output with increased size.
MEIOTIC AND MITOTIC BEHAVIOR OF DICENTRIC CHROMOSOMES IN SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE

Meiotic recombination between a circular and a linear chromosome in Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been investigated. The circle was a haploid-viable derivative of chromosome III constructed by joining regions near the two chromosome ends via a recombinant DNA construction: (HMR/MAT-URA3-pBR322-MAT/HML) and was also deleted for MAL2 (which therefore uniquely marks a linear chromosome III). Recombination along chromosome III was measured for eight intervals spanning the entire length of the circular derivative. Only 25% of all tetrads from a ring/rod diploid contained four viable spores. These proved to be cases in which there was either no recombination along chromosome III or in which there were two-strand double crossovers or higher order crossovers that would not produce a dicentric chromosome.--At least half of the tetrads with three viable spores included one Ura+ Mal+ spore that was genetically highly unstable. The Ura+ Mal+ spore colonies gave rise to as many as seven genetically distinct, stable ("healed") derivatives, some of which had lost either URA3 or MAL2. Analysis of markers on chromosome III suggests that dicentric chromosomes frequently do not break during meiosis but are inherited intact into a haploid spore. In mitosis, however, the dicentric chromosome is frequently broken, giving rise to a variety of genetically distinct derivatives. We have also shown that dicentric ring chromosomes exhibit similar behavior: at least half the time they are not broken during meiosis but are broken and healed during mitosis.--The ring/rod diploid can also be used to determine the frequency of sister chromatid exchange (SCE) along an entire yeast ring chromosome. We estimate that an unequal number of SCE events occurs in approximately 15% of all cells undergoing meiosis. In contrast, the mitotic instability (and presumably SCE events) of a ring chromosome is low, occurring at a rate of about 1.2 X 10(-3) per cell division.
Chain growth polymerization mechanism in polyurethane-forming reactions

The reaction of polyol and isocyanate monomers to form polyurethanes is commonly presented in reaction chemistry that implies a step-growth mechanism for the polymerization. However, viscosity versus temperature profiles of both experimental studies and gel-forming simulation studies indicate that the degree of polymerization resulting from the reactions varies considerably from reactions with catalysts compared with those without catalysts. An extension of a simulation based solely on step-growth mechanisms to simulations that include chain growth via an active catalytic complex provides viscosity and temperature profiles that are consistent with the range of experimental data. The results indicate that as catalytic mechanisms dominate the kinetics chain growth mechanisms also overwhelm step growth mechanisms. Based on this mechanism, the choice of catalysts can impact both the rate of reaction and degree of polymerization length; both being of high importance in engineering urethane foams.
Contour-Based Correspondence for Stereo

In stereoscopic images, the behavior of a curve in space is related to the appearance of the curve in the left and right image planes. Formally, this relationship is governed by the projective geometry induced by the stereo camera configuration and by the differential structure of the curve in the scene. We propose that the correspondence problem-matching corresponding points in the image planes-can be solved by relating the differential structure in the left and right image planes to the geometry of curves in space. Specifically, the compatibility between two pairs of corresponding points and tangents at those points is related to the local approximation of a space curve using an osculating helix. To guarantee robustness against small changes in the camera parameters, we select a specific osculating helix. A relaxation labeling network demonstrates that the compatibilities can be used to infer the appropriate correspondences in a scene. Examples on which standard approaches fail are demonstrated.
Calcitonin gene-related peptide mediates the gastric hyperemic response to acid back-diffusion

Abstract Disruption of the gastric mucosal barrier with resultant increased acid back-diffusion leads to a marked increase in gastric mucosal blood flow (GMBF). This increase in GMBF is blocked by ablation of capsaicin-sensitive sensory neurons. The gastric arterioles are densely innervated by afferent neurons containing vasodilator peptides, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) being the most potent of these. We investigated (a) whether CGRP is the vasodilator mediator released by acid stimulation of capsaicin-sensitive sensory neurons and (b) whether the resultant hyperemia protects against the acid-induced mucosal injury. When the stomach was perfused with 0.15N HCl plus 15% ethanol, GMBF significantly increased by 70%. This hyperemic response was completely blocked by intra-arterial infusion of human CGRP8-37 (500 pmol/min), a CGRP-receptor antagonist, close to the stomach. With the blockade of the hyperemic response to acid back-diffusion, gross and histological mucosal damage were significantly aggravated. It is concluded that CGRP mediates the gastric hyperemic response to acid back-diffusion and that this gastric hyperemic response is an important protective factor against acid-induced injury. (Gastroenterology 1992 Apr;102(4 Pt 1):1124-8)
Functional consequences of motor unit recruitment order reversals following spinal cord transection in cat.

Motoneuron recruitment order determinations were made for acute, 2-week chronic, and 3-month chronic spinal cats by comparing cutaneous nerve stimulation thresholds for evoking single unit tibialis anterior (TA) electromyogram (EMG) spikes of different sizes. Recruitment order was largely (∼80%) orderly (small spikes recruited at lower stimulus intensities than large spikes) in acute and 3-month chronic spinal animals. However, in 2-week chronic spinal animals recruitment order was reversed, with large units more often recruited at lower stimulus intensities than small units (∼65%). Morphological analyses of TA muscle fibers suggested that fiber size changes were unlikely to account for the dramatic alterations in recruitment order results of the 2-week chronic spinal animals. Additional studies suggested that the recruitment order reversal in the 2-week chronic animals coincided with an enhanced reflex neural output (increased recruitment or reflex gain) for the flexion reflex which compensated for disus...
Effect of strain rate on the mechanical properties of composites with a weak fibre/matrix interface

Modelling studies have indicated a strong effect of the rate of deformation on the tensile strength of composites with a weak fibre/matrix interface. At high rates, the mode of deformation changes from a fibre pull-out to a fibre breaking mechanism typical of good adhesion composites. As a result, the mechanical properties become independent of those of the fibre/matrix interface. The model predictions are of great importance because they allow a straightforward identification of composites with poor fibre-matrix adhesion.
NATURALISTIC STIMULI INCREASE THE RATE AND EFFICIENCY OF INFORMATION TRANSMISSION BY PRIMARY AUDITORY AFFERENTS

Natural sounds, especially communication sounds, have highly structured amplitude and phase spectra. We have quantified how structure in the amplitude spectrum of natural sounds affects coding in primary auditory afferents. Auditory afferents encode stimuli with naturalistic amplitude spectra dramatically better than broad-band stimuli (approximating white noise); the rate at which the spike train carries information about the stimulus is 2-6 times higher for naturalistic sounds. Furthermore, the information rates can reach 90% of the fundamental limit to information transmission set by the statistics of the spike response. These results indicate that the coding strategy of the auditory nerve is matched to the structure of natural sounds; this 'tuning' allows afferent spike trains to provide higher processing centres with a more complete description of the sensory world.
Skeletal muscle and plasma concentrations of cefazolin during cardiac surgery in infants.

Objective To describe the pharmacokinetics and tissue disposition of prophylactic cefazolin into skeletal muscle in a pediatric population undergoing cardiac surgery. Methods The subjects included 12 children, with a median age of 146 days (interquartile range, 136-174) and median weight of 5.5 kg (interquartile range, 5.2-7.3) undergoing cardiac surgery and requiring cardiopulmonary bypass with or without deep hypothermic circulatory arrest. Institutional cefazolin at standard doses of 25 mg/kg before incision and 25 mg/kg in the bypass prime solution were administered. Serial plasma and skeletal muscle microdialysis samples were obtained intraoperatively and the unbound cefazolin concentrations measured. Noncompartmental pharmacokinetic analyses were performed and the tissue disposition evaluated. Results After the first dose of cefazolin, the skeletal muscle concentrations peaked at a median microdialysis collection interval of 30 to 38.5 minutes. After the second dose, the peak concentrations were delayed a median of 94 minutes in subjects undergoing deep hypothermic circulatory arrest. Skeletal muscle exposure to cefazolin measured by the area under concentration time curve 0-last measurement was less in the subjects who underwent deep hypothermic circulatory arrest than in those who received cardiopulmonary bypass alone (P = .04). The skeletal muscle concentrations of cefazolin exceeded the goal concentrations for methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus prophylaxis; however, the goal concentrations for gram-negative pathogens associated with surgical site infections were achieved only 42.1% to 84.2% and 0% to 11.2% of the intraoperative time in subjects undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass alone or deep hypothermic circulatory arrest, respectively. Conclusions This cefazolin dosing strategy resulted in skeletal muscle concentrations that are likely not effective for surgical prophylaxis against gram-negative pathogens but are effective against methicillin-sensitive S aureus in infants undergoing cardiac surgery.
Why Not an Informal Reading Readiness Inventory

Informal reading readiness inventories can provide important information on individual students.
Redefining Business and Technical Writing by Means of a Six-Factored Communication Model:

Roman Jakobson's six-factored model of verbal communication provides the schema to generate formal definitions of business writing and technical writing. It also enables us to apply these definitio...
Rent dissipation in a limited-access common-pool resource: Experimental evidence

Abstract This paper examines group behavior in an experimental environment designed to parallel the conditions specified in noncooperative models of limited-access common-pool resources. Using experimental methods, we investigate the strength of theoretical models which predict that users of such resources will appropriate units at a rate at which the marginal returns from appropriation are greater than the marginal appropriation costs. Our results confirm the prediction of suboptimal accrual of rents and offer evidence on the effects of increasing investment capital available to appropriators.
‘The park a tree built’: Evaluating how a park development project impacted where people play

a b s t r a c t Community parks have achieved recognition as a public health intervention to promote physical activity. This study evaluated changes in population-level physical activity when an undeveloped green space adjacent to transitional housing for refugees was transformed into a recreational park. A prospective, nonrandomized study design used the System of Observing Play and Recreation in Communities (SOPARC) to document the number and activity levels of park users over time, and to compare trends pre- and post-construction. T-tests or tests of medians (when appropriate) were used to compare pre- and post- construction changes in use of non-park and park zones for physical activity and changes in park use by age and gender. Pre- and post-comparisons of people observed using non-park zones (i.e., adjacent streets, alleys and parking lots) and park zones indicated a 38% decrease in energy expended in non- park zones and a 3-fold increase in energy expended within the park (P = 0.002). The majority of park users pre- and post-construction were children, however the proportion of adolescent males observed in vigorous activity increased from 11% to 38% (P = 0.007). Adolescent females and elderly continued to be under-represented in the park. Our findings support an association between creation of accessible outdoor spaces for recreation and improvements in physical activity. Community involvement in park design assured that features included in the park space matched the needs and desires of the communities served. Some demographic groups were still under-represented within the park, suggesting a need to develop targeted outreach strategies and programming. © 2015 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.
Misreading Islamist Terrorism: The “War Against Terrorism” and Just-War Theory

Abstract: The Bush administration's military war on terrorism is a blunt, ineffective, and unjust response to the threat posed to innocent civilians by terrorism. Decentralized terrorist networks can only be effectively fought by international cooperation among police and intelligence agencies representing diverse nation-states, including ones with predominantly Islamic populations. The Bush administration's allegations of a global Islamist terrorist threat to the national interests of the United States misread the decentralized and complex nature of Islamist politics. Undoubtedly there exists a “combat fundamentalist” element within Islamism. But the threat posed to U.S. citizens by Islamist terrorism neither necessitates nor justifies as a response massive military invasions of other nations. Not only does the Bush administration's war on alleged “terrorist states” violate the doctrine of just war, but in addition these wars arise from a new, unilateral, imperial foreign-policy doctrine of “preventive wars.” Such a doctrine will isolate the United States from international institutions and long-standing allies. The weakening of these institutions and alliances will only weaken the ability of the international community to deter terrorism.
Mesenteric fibromatosis in a young girl without familial adenomatous polyposis

Mesenteric fibromatosis (MF) is a rare, benign tumor commonly associated with Gardner's syndrome. The signs and symptoms in patients with MF are insidious. Patients may present with abdominal pain or discomfort when the tumors reach large sizes, which is typical at the time of diagnosis. Differentiating MF from other neoplasms such as gastrointestinal stromal tumors may present a diagnostic dilemma, especially in patients without any history of familial adenomatous polyposis. In the present report, we discuss a young girl who presented with MF. A pertinent review of the literature is also presented. This case is peculiar in that MF presented at a young age in a patient without history of familial adenomatous polyposis and occurred in the omentum with local invasion to the stomach.
Vasectomy in rhesus monkeys II. Failure to demonstrate humoral and cellular immune responses specific for sperm

Abstract A study designed to determine whether humoral antibodies and a cell-mediated immune response to sperm antigen(s) in rhesus monkeys after unilateral and bilateral vas ligations has revealed negative findings. Kibrick agglutination, indirect hemagglutination, and sperm immobilization tests on pre- and postvasectomy sera obtained at timed intervals of one to one hundred and two weeks indicated that significant sperm agglutinating, hemagglutinating, and immobilizing antibodies did not develop in these animals. Also, lymphocyte transformation studies showed that a significant cellular antibody response to sperm antigen(s) did not develop in vasectomized animals. Furthermore, sera from rhesus monkeys injected with autologous and homologous washed sperm in Freund's adjuvant failed to demonstrate a positive reaction in agglutination and immobilization tests. On the other hand, immunization of a female rhesus monkey with washed sperm in Freund's adjuvant produced high titer sperm agglutinating and immobilizing antibodies. Therefore, it has not been possible to repeat or contribute supporting data to literature reports concerning the presence of antibodies to sperm in vasectomized rhesus monkeys. It is further suggested that a number of antigens unrelated to sperm might react with sera obtained from vasectomized animals and lead to positive findings in sperm agglutination and immobilization tests. As a result, erroneous conclusions may be drawn about the development of antibodies specific for sperm in vasectomized rhesus monkeys. Definitive conclusions concerning the development of specific antibodies to sperm antigens after vasectomy will be possible only when sperm antigens have been isolated, purified, and chemically and immunologically characterized for use in serologic tests.
Behavioral assessment of atypical antipsychotics in rats: studies of the effects of olanzapine (Zyprexa).

Rationale: Previous work has shown that clozapine suppressed tacrine-induced jaw movements at lower doses than those required for suppression of lever pressing. Objective: The novel atypical antipsychotic olanzapine was assessed in these behavioral tests. Methods: The effect of acute olanzapine on the suppression of tacrine-induced tremulous jaw movements was examined. In order to determine the relative potency of this effect compared with other behavioral effects of olanzapine, suppression of lever pressing also was studied. In a second series of experiments, rats received olanzapine for 14 consecutive days to study the effects of repeated injections of this drug on jaw movements and lever pressing. Results: Acute olanzapine administration decreased tacrine-induced jaw movements (ED50: 0.4 mg/kg), and also reduced lever pressing (ED50: 1.12 mg/kg). The ratio of the ED50 for suppression of jaw movements to that for suppression of lever pressing was used as an index of liability to produce extrapyramidal side effects, and the present results demonstrate that olanzapine has a ratio similar to that previously shown for clozapine. In the repeated administration studies, rats were observed on day 13 of drug treatment for the ability of olanzapine to induce jaw movements, and olanzapine failed to induce jaw movements. On day 14, olanzapine reduced tacrine-induced tremulous jaw movements (ED50: 1.12 mg/kg). In a separate experiment, olanzapine significantly suppressed lever pressing, and this effect showed sensitization with repeated administration (day 14, ED50: 0.76 mg/kg). Thus, repeated injections of olanzapine reduced tacrine-induced jaw movements in a dose range similar to or slightly higher than that which suppressed lever pressing. Conclusions: On tests of jaw-movement activity and lever pressing after both acute and repeated drug administration, olanzapine demonstrated a profile somewhat similar to clozapine, and both of these drugs differ substantially from the typical antipsychotic haloperidol.
Two Steps Forward or Two Steps Back? Institutional Change in Post-Soviet Russia:

Much of the research on the socioeconomic transformations that shook Russia in the 1990s has focused on two interrelated themes: the path-dependent nature of insti tutional change and the nature of the post socialist stratification order. Each of the books reviewed here advances the discussion of these two topics, albeit from different angles. In my comments I suggest several ways to improve the level of debate about institutional change and distributional out comes in contemporary Russia, including the need for more detailed attention to eco nomic transactions among firms and house holds in order to balance path-dependencies with an appreciation for the manner in which markets are shaping incentives and thereby generating social change. How Russia Really Works is based on inter views the author conducted between 1997 and 2003 with 50 informants, including busi nesspeople, journalists, law enforcement offi cials, accountants, and legal experts. In the book, Ledeneva shows how defects in the formal structure of Russian society have forced individuals and organizations to rely on informal practices, many of which date back to the Soviet period, to achieve their goals. The author devotes separate chapters to six informal practices in particular: chernyi piar (the release of negative information about candidates for political office), kompro mat (the gathering of compromising infor mation on politicians and businessmen for purposes of blackmail), krugovaia poruka (the mutual cover-up of illicit activities within elite circles), tenevoi barter (reliance barter chains, surrogate financial instruments, and other non-market mechanisms of exchange), dvoinaia bukhgalteriia (double accounting and other financial schemes which allow entre preneurs to avoid taxes and export capital abroad), and, last but not least, tolkachi (the Owning Russia: The Struggle over Factories, Farms, and Power, by Andrew Barnes. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2006. 273pp. $35.00 cloth. ISBN: 9780801444340.
An uncertainty principle for functions defined on graphs

The classical uncertainty principle provides a fundamental tradeoff in the localization of a function in the time and frequency domains. In this paper we extend this classical result to functions defined on graphs. We justify the use of the graph Laplacian's eigenbasis as a surrogate for the Fourier basis for graphs, and define the notions of "spread" in the graph and spectral domains. We then establish an analogous uncertainty principle relating the two quantities, showing the degree to which a function can be simultaneously localized in the graph and spectral domains.
Representing regularities in the metaphoric lexicon

This paper describes a system for representing knowledge about conventional metaphors for use by natural language analysis, generation and acquisition systems. A system of hierarchically related structured associations is used. These associations are implemented as a part of the KODIAK representation language. Particular attention is paid in this paper to representational mechanisms that can capture generalizations over the system of conventional metaphors as a whole.
Human semen as a source of epithelial cells for culture

When washed cells from human semen samples were plated out, epithelial cultures were obtained. The human ejaculates used as starting material contained, in addition to spermatazoa, 10(3) to 10(7) cells of other types, including granulocytes, macrophages, lymphocytes, spermatocytes and epithelial cells. Although no fractionation of cell types was attempted, semen samples yielded epithelial cultures uncontaminated by fibroblasts. The cultured cells appeared characteristically epithelial with a polygonal shape, interdigitating cell membranes, and desmosomes. ABH blood-group antigenic determinants of the donor were expressed with variable frequency as a surface antigen on these cells. About half the trials gave some cell attachment. Most cultures remained as small, tight colonies, but a few reached confluency in about 5 weeks and could be subcultured successfully. Cell proliferation, as monitored by (3H) thymidine incorporation into nuclear macromolecules, ceased in less than 2 months.
Safety and Cost-effectiveness of Solvent-Detergent—Treated Plasma: In Search of a Zero-Risk Blood Supply

Objective. —To determine the public health and economic implications of solvent-detergent—treated frozen plasma (SD FP). While this processing technique nearly eliminates the risk of transmitting lipid-enveloped viruses (hepatitis B and C and human immunodeficiency virus), it has associated costs and, because it requires pooling many plasma units, may increase risks of nonenveloped virus transmission. Design. —A previously published Markov decision analysis model was modified to assess transfusion-related outcomes in hypothetical cohorts of plasma recipients. In-hospital mortality and other characteristics were determined in 61 patients receiving plasma transfusions at a medium-sized tertiary care center to provide data for the model. Other parameters were obtained from the medical literature. Main Outcome Measures. —Expected SD FP costs, benefits, and cost-effectiveness, assessed as cost per quality-adjusted life-year saved. Results. —Compared with untreated plasma, a unit of SD FP produces a net benefit of 35 minutes in quality-adjusted life expectancy at a cost of about $19. Extrapolated to the 2.2 million plasma units transfused annually in the United States, SD FP would save 147 quality-adjusted life-years at a cost of $42.5 million. The marginal cost-effectiveness, $289 300 per quality-adjusted life-year saved in the baseline analysis, was most sensitive to estimates of SD treatment cost and the clinical setting of plasma use. In sensitivity analysis, the net benefit of SD FP was negated by the existence of even a minute risk of nonenveloped virus infection. Conclusions. —From a public health perspective, the relatively high costs and small benefits of reducing enveloped virus infection risks with SD FP (and the additional risks of nonenveloped virus transmission) do not appear to justify widespread implementation of this new technology. ( JAMA . 1994;272:1210-1214)
Livedo reticularis: A peripheral arteriolar disease☆

Abstract We have reported a series of thirteen cases of peripheral vascular disease affecting chiefly the legs and feet which seems to us to be best classified under the term “livedo reticularis,” as described in the literature. The clinical manifestations differ distinctly from those of Raynaud's disease, acrocyanosis, and thromboangiitis obliterans. These patients did not have evidence of tuberculosis or syphilis, and the circulatory disturbance developed during adult life. The etiology in our cases is not known. The available data in our cases and others indicate that in livedo reticularis there are usually organic changes in the arterioles of the skin, with chronic vasospasm, which result in regional atony and dilatation of capillaries and slowing of the blood flow. The condition may be complicated by ulceration of the legs and superficial gangrene of the toes. Lumbar sympathetic ganglionectomy resulted in definite improvement in circulation and prevention of further attacks of gangrene in two of our cases and was unsuccessful in one case. It is our opinion that sympathectomy is a justifiable procedure in cases of livedo reticularis in which (1) no definite etiological factor can be found, and (2) superficial gangrene is present.
Stratigraphic evidence for a deep Eocene Lake Uinta, Piceance Creek Basin, Colorado

Relief on a prograding clastic complex is used to estimate the water depth of Eocene Lake Uinta in the Piceance Creek Basin of western Colorado. Relief of as much as 412 in is present today on the complex. Postdepositional compaction can account for only about 100 m of this relief; therefore, the remaining 312 m appear to represent paleorelief on the floor of Lake Uinta—the lake was apparently more than 300 m deep. Authigenic saline minerals were precipitated in the unlithified sediments of the deeper areas of the lake, suggesting that at least the lower part of the water column was highly saline. The evidence presented here indicates that the deep stratified lake model is more appropriate than the more generally accepted shallow or playa-lake model for Lake Uinta.
SOME CHEMICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF THE HORMONE OF THE LIQUOR FOLLICULI

Since the title of this paper may give rise to the question of whether or not the active principle of the placenta and corpus luteum differs from that of the liquor folliculi, we may state at the outset that such physiological data as are available and such chemical data as are admissible for deciding the question indicate the probable identity of the hormone from the three sources. Due to the failure as yet of chemical isolation of the hormone from any source and to the fact that it seems better to us to refrain from a name until a logical one based on its chemical constitution can be given, and since all of the observations described in this paper were made upon liquor folliculi from hog ovaries, we prefer to refer to the product with which we are working as the hormone of the liquor folliculi.
Resonant thermocapillary and buoyant flows with finite frequency gravity modulation

Interaction between a base thermocapillary flow and a time-dependent buoyant force is studied for a slot geometry. A temperature gradient applied along a fluid-filled slot with thermocapillarity at a free surface produces a base parallel flow. The system is subjected to streamwise gravitational acceleration that varies harmonically in time. Grassia and Homsy [Phys. Fluids. 10, 1273 (1998)] have shown that in the limit of zero frequency modulation, coupling of the thermocapillary flow with long wave convective modes leads to singularities at critical points corresponding to the Rayleigh–Benard eigenvalues. In the case of small but finite frequency modulation studied here, inertial effects moderate the singularities which are replaced by a response that scales exponentially with the inverse of the dimensionless modulation frequency. An O(1) delay is observed in the onset of the resonant response even for small modulation frequencies. The response is also found to scale exponentially with the inverse Prandtl number for large Prandtl numbers and to be independent of Prandtl number for small Prandtl numbers. Relaxation oscillations are observed in certain parameter ranges as a result of the coupling between the fluid and thermal fields. A Galerkin approximation is used to reduce the problem to an equivalent dynamical system, the analysis of which gives analytical support to and insight into the numerical results.
A note on the characteristic response pattern in primary sensory projection cortex of the cat following a synchronous afferent volley.

Abstract Electrical stimulation of the thalamic relay nuclei (ventralis posterior, medial geniculate, lateral geniculate) or their immediate prethalamic projection tracts, elicits in the appropriate sensory cortices a characteristic polyspike positive and negative wave. This response may also be elicited by direct cortical stimulation in striate cortex, but not in suprasylvian association cortex. The polyspike patterns are not elicited via the corpus callosum or other pathways. The cortical excitability cycle and the variation with stimulus intensity are described for these responses. Their mechanisms and nature are discussed.
Fuzzy quality function deployment: determining the distributions of effort dedicated to technical change

A model is presented that develops the Quality Function Deployment (QFD) House of Quality tool into a fuzzy-set based multi-criteria decision-making process to determine the distributions of effort directed toward technical changes. When customers are polled for desired product-specific attributes, the responses are typically defined by linguistic variables that represent a fuzzy set distribution. Fuzzy sets also define customer perceptions of the product attributes and technical expert opinions about product design criteria relative to marketplace competitors. Therefore, for each technical criterion, the following factors have an effect on the decision to implement change(s): (1) fuzzy sets providing evidence of customer need for attributes; (2) motivation to change to satisfy desired customer attributes; (3) motivation for technical criterion change; and (4) the strength of the relationships between the attributes and the technical criterion. Priority rankings are linked to the distributions of effort to apply in fulfilling continuous product improvement.
DISCUSSION OF Negotiations over Accounting Issues: The Congruency of Audit Partner and Chief Financial Officer Recalls

INTRODUCTION Gibbons, McCracken, and Salterio (2005a) (hereafter, GMSa) contribute to an emerging line of research that investigates how auditors and their clients negotiate to resolve disputed financial reporting issues, building from the client-auditor negotiation model developed in Gibbins, Salterio, and Webb (2001) (hereafter, GSW). This line of research is motivated by recent recognition that auditors actively participate in their clients’ financial reporting choices. The current paper contributes to this line of research by demonstrating that the GSW model, which was validated using auditor participants, is applicable to audit clients (CFO’s) as well. GMSa reveal that auditors and audit clients view negotiations in similar ways, and report on a few instances in which the two parties differ in their perspectives. I appreciated the opportunity to comment on GMSa at the 25th Anniversary Conference of Auditing: A Journal of Practice & Theory. At that time, I provided a variety of ideas for improving GMSa that would have addressed the concerns that I had, and the audience contributed to the discussion as well. My formal comments here reflect and summarize those concerns and ideas.
Load side state estimation in robot with joint elasticity

For robots with joint elasticity, discrepancies exist between the motor side and the load side. Thus the load side (end-effector) performance can hardly be guaranteed with motor side measurements alone. In this paper, a computationally easy load side state estimation scheme is proposed for the robots with joint elasticity, which is equipped with motor encoders and a low-cost end-effector MEMS sensor such as 3-axial accelerometer. An optimization based inverse differential kinematics algorithm is developed to obtain the load side joint acceleration estimate. Then the joint position and velocity estimation problem is decoupled into simple 2-order kinematic Kalman filters for each joint. Maximum likelihood principle is utilized to estimate the fictitious noise covariances. Both offline and online solutions are derived. The extension to other sensor configurations is discussed as well. The effectiveness of the developed method is validated through simulation and experimental study on a 6-DOF industrial robot.
HUMAN RIGHTS VS. ROBOT RIGHTS: Forecasts from Japan

ABSTRACT:Japan continues to be in the vanguard of human–robot communication and, since 2007, the state has actively promoted the virtues of a robot-dependent society and lifestyle. Nationwide surveys suggest that Japanese citizens are more comfortable sharing living and working environments with robots than with foreign caretakers and migrant workers. As their population continues to shrink and age faster than in other postindustrial nation-states, Japanese are banking on the robotics industry to reinvigorate the economy and to preserve the country's alleged ethnic homogeneity. These initiatives are paralleled by a growing support among some roboticists and politicians to confer citizenship on robots. The Japanese state has a problematic record on human rights, especially toward ethnic minorities and non-Japanese residents who have lived and worked in Japan for many generations. The possibility of robots acquiring civil status ahead of flesh-and-blood humans raises profound questions about the nature of c...
Using human approach paths to improve social navigation

Here we have presented a small study collecting human social navigation data, and a method for adding an approximation of human social rules for approaching others to a robot's autonomous navigation by using a model of those data. For a robot to adhere to those social rules when it moves through human environments would make its navigation more predictable and familiar to humans, who have years of experience with other human agents following those rules, thus potentially improving their acceptance of the robot's presence.
Song to Self: Promoting a Therapeutic Dialogue with High-Risk Youths Through Poetry and Popular Music

This article presents the implementation of a specialized poetry therapy intervention that incorporated hip-hop and rap music with high-risk youths. The use of this popular musician group work supported these young people's use of self-disclosure. The intervention also involved creative writing as a means of encouraging connection and self-expression among an often difficult-to-engage population.
179 PROXIMAL AIRWAY AND AVEOLAR PRESSURES DURING MECHANICAL VENTILATION

During continuous positive pressure breathing(CPPB), proximal airway pressure(AP) and its mean value(MAP) reflect lung distending pressure, although their relationships to alveolar pressure (ALP) and its mean value(MALP) await definition. 10 infant lambs, under chloralose anesthesia and pancuronium bromide, were subjected to volume regulated, time cycled CPPB under conditions of constant inspiratory airflow. To estimate ALP, static recoil pressure was determined by interruption of airflow once every 10th breath, at a time in the respiratory cycle that was varied from trial to trial. From determinations of occlusion time, AP and ALP, real time AP and ALP curves were generated representing one respiratory cycle; MAP and MALP were calculated by integration; and the contribution to MALP of airway resistance(MALPr) was estimated from inspiratory(I) time, positive end-expiratory pressure(PEEP), peak ALP and MALP. Curves were generated at 25 and 50%, I, and at levels of PEEP between 0 and 11 mmHg. Due to airway resistance, AP exceeded ALP in inspiration and ALP exceeded AP over much of expiration(E). Yet airway resistance contributed little to MALP. Over the range of PEEP applied, and at both %I, proximal mean airway pressure was an accurate and precise estimator of mean alveolar pressure.
Autoacceleration via Virtual Cathode Oscillation

Injection of monoenergetic electron beams with uniform number density into an evacuated, straight-walled, equipotential cylindrical drift tubes has been modeled. An oscillating virtual cathode is produced by having the injected current exceed the space-charge limiting current of the drift tube. If the oscillation frequency of the virtual cathode exceeds the local beam plasma frequency a coherent traveling EM wave is launched with electric fields on the order of MeV/cm for an injected beam density of 1012 cm-3. Furthermore, in the absence of a strong axial magnetic field transmitted particles are autoaccelerated up to 3 times their initial kinetic energy.
Modeling Subsurface Heterogeneity of Irrigated and Drained Fields. I: Model Development and Testing

AbstractEfficient management of irrigation/drainage systems relies to a large extent on the ability to predict a priori the response of the system to a proposed management plan. However, such numerical prediction of system response (e.g., root-zone hydrosalinity conditions and crop yield) are dependent on several parameters that are spatially and/or temporally variable and are related to soil properties, atmospheric conditions, crop type, and the amount and salinity of water application. This paper presents enhancements to the Colorado State University Irrigation And Drainage (CSUID) model that expand its capacity to fully simulate the dynamics of variably saturated flow and transport in a three-dimensional (3D) variably saturated porous media and to account for spatial and temporal heterogeneity in input parameters. The CSUID model has the ability to simulate irrigation/drainage activities and their impact on the soil and underlying groundwater, as well as on crop yield, taking into account the spatial a...
When, How, and Why Educational Placement Decisions Are Made Two Case Studies

Students with emotional or behavioral disorders are frequently placed in restrictive settings, yet we have little knowledge or understanding of the decisions leading to these placements. We interviewed educators involved in decisions to place two students with emotional or behavioral disorders in a special regional day school program. We were particularly interested in information regarding the rationale, procedures, participants, and contexts of these placement decisions. In these cases we think that the rationale for the decisions was comparatively well developed but that the procedures and participants were not well documented. The contexts of the decisions suggested that the elimination of options on a placement continuum may have had the effect of forcing more restrictive placement.
Short-Term Guestroom Sales Forecasting Practices A Study of Illinois Hoteliers

ABSTRACT To better understand forecasting practices of hoteliers, all members of the Illinois Hotel/Motel Association were contacted via a phone survey. Over 70 percent of these hotels agreed to participate in the study. Results indicate that while about 50 percent of these hotels use a mathematical forecasting procedure, the other 50 percent do not. Answers to detailed requests about data used in forecasting, uses of forecasts, and forecasting methods, suggest that the typical forecaster has little understanding of forecasting theory. Problems could arise if the basic conditions of supply and demand change for these hotels. The authors believe that the results of the study suggest an immediate need for forecasting education and seminars.
Survey of HIV care providers on management of HIV serodiscordant couples – assessment of attitudes, knowledge, and practices

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) serodiscordant couples are at risk of sexual transmission of HIV between the infected and uninfected partner. We assessed New York area care providers for people living with HIV regarding attitudes, knowledge, and practice patterns toward fertility and conception in serodiscordant couples. Data were collected via a survey distributed in October 2013. Seventeen percent of respondents reported prescribing antiretroviral preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for a woman in a serodiscordant couple, and 38% percent of respondents reported having counseled serodiscordant couples on timed, unprotected intercourse without PrEP. Respondents who reported being “very” familiar with the data on HIV transmission in serodiscordant couples were more likely to report counseling their patients in timed, unprotected intercourse compared with those who reported less familiarity with the data (41% vs. 8%, p = 0.001). Although only 20% reported being “very” or “somewhat” familiar with the data on t...