cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modes of interpersonal behaviour.

The study sought (1) to determine the higher-level factors measured by an inventory of interpersonal behaviour, and (2) to compare the structure found with conceptualizations proposed by Carter, Leary, Schutz, Bass and others. The analysis revealed five equivalent modes or factors for two patient samples and four similar modes for a normal sample. The interpersonal modes were hypothesized to represent Control, Nurturance, Sociability v. Detachment, Dependence and Hostility. Of particular interest was the demonstrated separateness of Dependence from Control. The interpersonal modes are compared with prior findings.
Islam and China's Hong Kong: Ethnic identity, Muslim networks and the new Silk Road

With Islam and China's Hong Kong, Wai-Yip Ho makes an important contribution to the emerging field of studies of Islam in Hong Kong and Greater China. The culmination of about 15 years of research,...
EFFECTIVE PROPERTIES OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS STRENGTHENED BY ORTHOTROPIC FIBERS WITH REGARD FOR THE PHYSICAL NONLINEARITY OF THE COMPONENTS

UDC 539.3 A model of deformation of composite materials with physically nonlinear components is generalized to the case of materials in the form of a matrix reinforced by unidirectional infinite fibers. It is assumed that the matrix is isotropic and deforms nonlinearly and that the fibers are linearly elastic and have orthotropic symmetry. As initial equations, we use the stochastic differential equations of the physically nonlinear theory of elasticity. We transform these equations into integral equations and apply the method of conditional moments. As a result, the problem is reduced to a system of nonlinear algebraic equations solved by the method of simple iterations. On the basis of the proposed approach, we construct algorithms for the evaluation of the effective deformation properties of the composites with orthotropic components in which nonlinearity is caused by the nonlinear deformation of the matrix. We study the dependences of Poisson’s ratios on macrostrains, the diagrams of macrodefomation for different volume contents of the components, and the parameters characterizing the shape of the inclusions.
978-119 Abnormal Left Ventricular Volume Response to Upright Exercise in Patients with Pulmonary Hypertension: Resolution Following Lung Transplantation

Upright exercise in normals is accompanied by an increase in indexed left ventricular end-diastolic volume (LVEDVI) which is felt to enhance cardiac output via the Frank-Starling mechanism. To assess whether an inability to increase LVEDVI during exercise may exist in pts with pulmonary hypertension (PHTN), we examined data from right heart catheterization and rest and exercise first-pass radionuclide ventriculography (RVG) in 55 pts referred for lung transplantation (LTX) evaluation. Grp 1 (n = 16; 46 ± 3 yrs. mean ± SEM) had pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) ≥ 250 dynes-sec/cm5 (mean 452 ± 44); Grp 2 (n = 39; 48 ± 2 yrs) had PVR l 250 dynes-sec/cm5 (mean 179 ± 6). Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure did not differ between groups (8.2 ± 1.0 vs. 7.2 ± 0.6 mmHg). Right ventricular ejection fraction (RVEF) at rest (0.35 ± 0.02 vs. 0.39 ± 0.01; P l 0.05) and exercise (0.36 ± 0.02 vs. 0.42 ± 0.01; p l 0.005) were lower in Grp 1. All pts reached a pulmonary limit to exercise; exercise capacity. as determined by maximal oxygen consumption or watts achieved. did not differ between groups. Rest and exercise heart rate. indexed LV stroke volume. and LVEF did not differ between groups. Rest Ire) and exercise (ex) LVEDVI. and the change in LVEDVI with exercise. were as follows: Grp1 Grp2 reLVEDVI (ml/m 2 ) 69.9 ± 4.4 69.6 ± 2.2 NS exLVEDVI (ml/m 2 ) 70.5 ± 3.4 82.2 ± 2.6 * ΔLVEDVI (ml/m 2 ) 0.5 ± 2.5 12.6 ± 2.1 * Grp 1 vs. Grp 2 * p l 0.01 19 pts (11 Grp 1.8 Grp 2) underwent LTX with follow-up rest and exercise RVG 15 ± 2 mos later. Following LTX. there was no difference between the groups in exercise capacity or LVEF. and no longer a difference in RVEF or in the ability to increase LVEDVI with exercise. Conclusion Pts with PHTN have an abnormal LVEDVI response to upright exercise which may contribute to their exercise intolerance. This abnormality resolves following LTX.
Highlights/best practices of San Francisco's Asian American Network for Cancer Awareness, Research, and Training (AANCART)

The Asian American Network for Cancer Awareness, Research, and Training in San Francisco (AANCART-SF) consists of two distinct entities, working in cooperation to advance cancer awareness, research, and training among Asian Americans: a university-based group with expertise in the Vietnamese community and a community-based health plan with expertise in the Chinese community. In addition to the goals shared with other AANCART sites, AANCART-SF is a unique effort in capacity building in that it aims to expand and export community-academic research expertise from one Asian population, the Vietnamese, to other Asian populations. It also aims to build the research capability of those serving the Chinese community through a health plan.
Faciolingual width before and after tooth restoration: A comparative study

lh e anatomic crown of a tooth contains facial and lingual convexities that play important roles for protecting the supporting tissues. The contours contribute to the health of the gingivae.‘, 2 The convexities are the “heights of contour”3 and are usually located in the apical third of the anatomic crown on the facial surfaces and slightly more coronally on the lingual surfaces. Perel”, j and Yuodelis et a1.6 claimed that undercontoured restorations resulted in healthier periodontal tissues than overcontoured crowns. Koivuman and Wennstrom7 reported that overcontoured crowns (i.e., greater than normal convexity) resulted in exaggerated inflammatory responses when placed subgingivally. Weisgold*. ’ noted different types of gingival reactions to supragingival and subgingival differences in contour. It is important to determine the effect of the buccal and lingual contours of restorations in regard to function and health of the periodontal tissues. The purpose of this study was (1) to assess the facial-lingual width of restored teeth and to compare this data with the same unrestored teeth and (2) to determine the amount of tooth structure reduction that would permit the original contours in the restorations.
Analysis of a two-dimensional invariant line interface for the case of a general transformation strain and application to thin-film interfaces

An explicit solution is obtained for a general two-dimensional deformation matrix between two phases containing any combination of expansion/contraction and/or shear. Application of the solution to various cases of deformation shows that in the presence of a shear, an invariant line can be obtained even when the deformations along orthogonal directions are both contractions or expansions. Utilization of the solution in the design of thin-film overgrowths on substrates and the relationship between the solution eigenvectors in real and reciprocal space are discussed.
The treatment of urinary infections

Abstract Proper treatment of urinary tract infections depends upon a rough identification of the bacteria in the urine by means of a gram-stain of the centrifuged sediment. Neoarsphenamine is the most efficient drug in the treatment of coccal infections, especially if these be of the hematogenous origin. Acidification and mandelic acid is a most successful treatment for ordinary bacillary infections and coccal infections of the ascending type, especially Streptococcus fecalis. Sulfanilamide should be used when mandelic acid fails and especially when acidification of the urine is impossible, such as occurs in Proteus infections, or when there is renal insufficiency. It is also the treatment of choice where urinary infection is complicated by marked prostatitis, and in Neisserian infections. Any method of treatment is attended by a high percentage of failure in the presence of lithiasis, chronic pyelonephritis with marked renal destruction, or immediately following prostatic surgery. Attention to foci of infection is important not only in treatment but also in the prevention of recurrences. The cervix and prostate must not be forgotten in the routine focal check.
Developing bioelectrical impedance analysis methods for age‐0 brook trout

Year class strength of many fishes often is determined by survival through the first winter. Increased fat reserves improve survival and overall cohort success. Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) methods are established for estimating proximate composition of adult brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill), but none have been developed for early life stages. Small-fish BIA would provide information about age-0 percent dry weight, a proxy for fat reserves, allowing for better prediction of cohort success. The objective of this study was to develop BIA methods that provide reliable estimates of percent dry weight for age-0 brook trout. BIA measurements were taken at seven anatomical locations from 48 to 115 mm fish. A model developed using BIA measures taken by subdermal needle electrodes precisely predicted percent dry weight (best model, RMSE = 1.03, R2 = 0.86). Although lacking support, as determined by information theoretical analysis, BIA measured with non-invasive external rod electrodes also precisely predicted percent dry weight (RMSE = 1.09, R2 = 0.85). Models developed using two electrode locations performed better than models developed with only one location. For small brook trout, a dorsal to ventral pre-dorsal fin electrode location should be used in conjunction with a dorsal total length location when measuring BIA to predict percent dry weight.
The singularities and dynamics of a Stewart platform manipulator

The Stewart platform manipulator is a fully parallel kinematic linkage system that has major mechanical differences over typical serial link robots. Its closed kinematic chain and parallel linkage structure give it great rigidity and a high force-to-weight ratio. In this paper, based on the forward and inverse kinematic analysis, the Jacobian matrix and the dynamic equations of the six-degree-of-freedom Stewart platform are derived. The singularities of the Stewart platform are also studied. Four singular positions are proved and some other conditions under which the possible singular positions may occur are given. These results provide us with the necessary information to avoid passing through singular points. The dynamic equations in Cartesian space appear in a very simple form. Especially in some applications if there is no rotation about the fixed X-axis, then the ‘inertia matrix’ reduces to a constant, diagonal matrix and the ‘Coriolis and centrifugal matrix’ goes to zero, which makes the Stewart platform become a decoupled, linear system in Cartesian space.
Luteinizing Hormone-Releasing Hormone and Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone in the Hypothalamus of Women: Effects of Age and Reproductive Status*

In the study of the effects of age and reproductive status on LHRH and TRH content in the hypothalamus of women, we found that the amount of LHRH (58 ± 5.5 ng; mean ± SE) in the hypothalamus of young women (16–29 yr) was significantly greater (P <0.0001) than that (28 ± 3.0 ng) in postmenopausal women (50–78 yr). The hypothalamic content of LHRH (18 ± 2.4 ng) of bilaterally ovariectomized women (39–47 yr) was significantly less (P < 0.001) than that (60 ± 12.6 ng) in younger ovulatory women (30–39 yr) or that (56 ± 13.5ng) in ovulatory women of comparable age (40–49 yr). In contrast, the hypothalamic content of TRH (121.4 ± 32.8 ng) in young women. Although aging in women is associated with a significant reduction in the amount of LHRH in the hypothalamus, such a reduction appears to be a consequence of ovarian failure and not of aging per se.
A Realistic Grid of Models for the Gravitationally Lensed Einstein Cross (Q2237+0305) and Its Relation to Observational Constraints

A detailed study of a power-law lens model is presented for the gravitational lens system Q2237+0305, also known as the Einstein Cross. The adopted three-dimensional distribution for the mass of the lens is more realistic than in previous models and is described by ρ(X, Y, Z) = ρ0[1 + (X/a)2 + (Y/b)2 + (Z/c)2]-ν/2. Hubble Space Telescope (HST) optical positions of the image components and the center of the galactic bulge (Crane et al.) along with radio flux density ratios of the image components (Falco et al.) are used to constrain the model [8 (four relative optical positions) + 3 (relative magnifications) = 11 constraints]. The goodness of fit χ2 is defined using these constraints. The best model has χ2 ≈ 14, which is a better fit than all previous models. We investigate the characteristics of models within the 99% confidence region of parameter space around the best model. We find that the lensing properties (i.e., total image magnification, relative image magnifications, and time delays between image pairs) of models are well described by the ellipticity of the projected mass of the lens, and we calculate a grid of models that illustrates how the lensing properties depend on the ellipticity. We discuss how future observations, such as placing tighter constraints on the brightness of any fifth image, can be used to further constrain the grid of models presented here. The possibility of using the grid of models to place constraints on the Hubble constant is also discussed.
COHERENT ENERGY MIGRATION IN SOLIDS I. BAND-TRAP EQUILIBRIA AT BOLTZMANN AND NON-BOLTZMANN TEMPERATURES

A model is presented which relates the dynamics of energy migration in crystals to the mechanism by which thermal equilibrium between delocalized band states and localized trap states is achieved. Central to this model is the requirement that coherent energy migration must be the dominant mode of migration at low temperatures in order to achieve Boltzmann equilibrium between band and trap states within the lifetime of the excited electronic state. Second, a stochastic model for detrapping is developed which is based on an irreversible radiationless relaxation process of a phonon-trap intermediate into the density of delocalized band states. Explicit account is taken of phonon-trap interactions in the formation of the excited trap intermediate. Further, the relation between detrapping and the ability of a crystal to achieve thermal equilibrium within the excited-state lifetime is developed and applied to one-dimensional crystals. Experimental results on molecular crystals representing examples of one-dimensional exciton bands are also presented. Specifically, the temperature dependence of phosphorescence from excited triplet trap states is interpreted in terms of the above considerations. From these experiments one can obtain both the sign of the intermolecular interaction and the dispersion of the first excited triplet band in addition to an estimate of the coherence length associated with exciton migration in the Frenkel limit. Finally, some new and unique methods for studying energy migration are presented which utilize optically detected magnetic-resonance techniques in zero field. They include experiments based on the measurement of electron-spin coherence in the rotating frame and the relationship of the spin coherence to the various rate processes important in trap-exciton interactions.
Single-shot dynamic transmission electron microscopy

A dynamic transmission electron microscope (DTEM) has been designed and implemented to study structural dynamics in condensed matter systems. The DTEM is a conventional in situ transmission electron microscope (TEM) modified to drive material processes with a nanosecond laser, “pump” pulse and measure it shortly afterward with a 30-ns-long probe pulse of ∼107 electrons. An image with a resolution of <20nm may be obtained with a single pulse, largely eliminating the need to average multiple measurements and enabling the study of unique, irreversible events with nanosecond- and nanometer-scale resolution. Space charge effects, while unavoidable at such a high current, may be kept to reasonable levels by appropriate choices of operating parameters. Applications include the study of phase transformations and defect dynamics at length and time scales difficult to access with any other technique. This single-shot approach is complementary to stroboscopic TEM, which is capable of much higher temporal resolution but is restricted to the study of processes with a very high degree of repeatability.
Conformational Dynamics of the SH1-SH2 Helix in the Transition States of Myosin Subfragment-1

Abstract The α -helix containing the thiols, SH1 (Cys-707) and SH2 (Cys-697), has been proposed to be one of the structural elements responsible for the transduction of conformational changes in the myosin head (subfragment-1 (S1)). Previous studies, using a method that isolated and measured the rate of the SH1-SH2 cross-linking step, showed that this helix undergoes ligand-induced conformational changes. However, because of long incubation times required for the formation of the transition state complexes (S1.ADP.BeF x , S1.ADP.AlF 4 −, and S1.ADP.V i ), this method could not be used to determine the cross-linking rate constants for such states. In this study, kinetic data from the SH1-SH2 cross-linking reaction were analyzed by computational methods to extract rate constants for the two-step mechanism. For S1.ADP.BeF x , the results obtained were similar to those for S1.ATP γ S. For reactions involving S1.ADP.AlF 4 − and S1.ADP.V i , the first step (SH1 modification) is rate limiting; consequently, only lower limits could be established for the rate constants of the cross-linking step. Nevertheless, these results show that the cross-linking rate constants in the transition state complexes are increased at least 20-fold for all the reagents, including the shortest one, compared with nucleotide-free S1. Thus, the SH1-SH2 helix appears to be destabilized in the post-hydrolysis state.
Unit and proper bitolerance digraphs

In this paper we prove that the following statements about a directed graph G are equivalent. (1) G is a unit bitolerance digraph, (2) G is a proper bitolerance digraph, and (3) the digraph obtained by reversing all arc directions of G is an interval catch digraph (also known as a point-core digraph). This result combined with known algorithms for recognizing interval catch digraphs, gives the first known polynomial-time algorithm for recognizing a class of (bi)tolerance digraphs. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Regional heterogeneity of serotonin1A receptor inactivation and turnover in the aging female rat brain following EEDQ

Abstract The turnover of serotonin1A (5-HT1A) receptors was investigated in several brain regions of young adult (3 months) and old (22 months) female Fischer 344 rats following irreversible inactivation by N-ethoxycarbonyl-2-ethoxy-1,2-dihydroquinoline (EEDQ). Equilibrium binding analyses for the 5-HT1A receptor binding site incorporated [3H]8-hydroxy-2-(di-N-propylamino)tetralin ([3H]8-OH-DPAT) and were conducted in the frontal cortex, amygdala and hippocampus at 1, 2, 7 and 14 days after treatment with EEDQ (6.0 mg/kg, s.c.) or vehicle. The pattern of 5-HT1A receptor recovery following EEDQ treatment was found to be age- and region-dependent. For example, in the hippocampus, receptor recovery occurred at a faster rate in the old rats compared to young adult rats. While a significant decrease in affinity for the 5-HT1A receptor was found in the frontal cortex and amygdala in young adult and old rats following EEDQ, BMAX values for [3H]8-OH-DPAT binding in these brain regions were unaltered by EEDQ across age groups. In the frontal cortex and amygdala, significant age-dependent decreases in affinity for the 5-HT1A receptor were revealed at day 1 following EEDQ administration. The significance of the present findings is discussed in terms of aging and a regionally-defined sensitivity of 5-HT1A receptors to the irreversible inactivator EEDQ.
Biological Control of Saissetia nigra (Nietn.) in California

In California during the first half of the present century, the nigra scale, Saissetia nigra (Nietn.), a tropical insect, adapted itself to subtropical conditions and increased to very destructive numbers on various ornamental plants and native vegetation. The maximum population density occurred in 1939.The upward trend was then drastically reversed by the action of the hymenopterous endoparasite Metaphycus helvolus (Comp.), which had been colonized on nigra scale infestations in 1938. Within a few years the nigra scale population in California had fallen to a completely noneconmic density. The continual action of M. helvolus populations produced on associated scale insects against the nigra scale tends toward the eradication of the nigra scale.
The Use of the American College Testing Proficiency Examination for Advanced Upper Division Placement of Nursing Students Graduated from Hospital-Based (Diploma) Nursing Programs: A Validation Study of Retention.

At an upper-division university, students entering the Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN) program were graduated from Associate Degree in Nursing (ADN) programs or graduated from hospital-based (diploma) programs. The admissions criteria for both groups of students were identical with one exception. Diploma nurses were required to pass three ACT Proficiency Examination Program (PEP) tests with a standard score of at least 45. Thus, the hospital-based graduates, although awarded credit to increment their transfer hour credential, had also validated their prerequisite for some of the advanced nursing curriculum. Past research was confirmed by this inquiry; the ensuing academic success of the diploma nurses was significantly higher than that of their ADN peers. Regarding retention, the rate for hospital-based graduates was significantly higher than that for those graduated from junior and community colleges. Thus, the PEP credit-by-examination testing program to place diploma nurses into the BSN program at...
Oil and Gas Possibilities in the Arkansas Ozarks

Analyses of coals from northern Arkansas have made it possible to construct a new isocarb map of the entire Ozark region. This map throws light upon the oil and gas possibilities of the Arkansas Ozarks, an area which has been condemned by most geologists and avoided by the larger companies. A complete stratigraphic table for northern Arkansas is included, and the depth to the crystalline basement is indicated by well logs. A consideration of possible source and reservoir rocks, surface indications, and structural conditions leads to the conclusion that the gas possibilities are fairly good. Oil also may be obtained, but commercial production is not probable, and large pools are practically impossible.
Cancer Stem Cells in Head and Neck Cancer

Head and neck cancer (HNC) is the sixth most common malignancy world-wide, however the survival rate has not improved for the past 20 years. In recent years, the cancer stem cell (CSC) hypothesis has gained ground in several malignancies and there is mounting evidence suggesting CSCs mediate tumor resistance to chemotherapy and radiation therapy. However, the CSC theory is also challenged at least in certain types of cancer. Here we review the progress of CSC studies in HNC, which suggest that HNC conforms to the CSC model. The identified CSC markers and their tumor initiation properties provide a framework for the development of novel therapeutic strategies for HNC.
Seasonal rhythm in plasma testosterone levels in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta): A three year study

Abstract Behavioral and endocrine data were collected over a 3 yr period from a rhesus monkey breeding colony maintained in an outdoor enclosure. Routine data collection included recording all observed reproductive behavior and the date of all births. Blood samples were obtained at least once monthly from the sexually mature males in the group, and testosterone content determined via radioimmunoassay. The breeding group exhibited a seasonal pattern of mating and births such as is typical of the species. Copulatory activity was restricted to a 5 month period commencing in the early fall of each year, with all births recorded in a corresponding span between March and August. Plasma testosterone concentration showed a distinct seasonal rhythm, peaking each year in October or November at a mean of about 1200 ng/100 ml. During periods of sexual inactivity, plasma testosterone values fell to a low of about 200 ng/100 ml. The results demonstrate a correlation between seasonal breeding activity and increased levels of circulating testosterone in the rhesus monkey, and are supportive of the postulate that other seasonally observed behavior patterns (e.g., increased aggression) also may be mediated by higher testosterone levels.
Use of MALDI-TOF to measure molecular weight distributions of polydisperse poly(methyl methacrylate).

The main problem encountered in the MALDI-TOF analysis of polydisperse polymers is mass discrimination against high-mass oligomers. This work investigated some of the causes of this problem by using PMMAs as the polymer analytes. It was found that both instrumental and matrix factors could lead to this problem. Among the instrumental factors, detector saturation resulting from strong signals of matrix-related and low-mass oligomer ions can be a potential major cause of this problem. Since most of the ion detectors do not have an adequate dynamic range to avoid saturation, detection saturation could be a fundamental limitation, especially when the molar ratio of high- to low-mass oligomers is small. A quantitative analysis was also performed to examine the matrix effect. IAA and HABA were selected for this study. It was found that mass discrimination occurred in both cases, but the use of HABA led to more profound mass discrimination. This shows that the use of improper matrixes could be another source cau...
Metallographic and differential scanning calorimetry analyses of precipitation and recrystallization in an Al-Mn alloy

Complementary optical and transmission electron microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry analyses were used to study the interaction between precipitation and recrystallization in aluminum alloy 3003, thermomechanically treated to produce different initial states of strain hardening and manganese supersaturation. These studies show that precipitation of manganese on subgrain boundaries prior to recrystallization results in a coarse, elongated grain structure, which is often undesirable in commercial alloys of this type. The results also demonstrate the effectiveness of differential scanning calorimetry for analyzing complex microstructural problems associated with transition elements in aluminum alloys.
The azygos defibrillator lead for elevated defibrillation thresholds: implant technique, lead stability, and patient series.

Background:Conventional insertion of implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) includes an evaluation of the defibrillation threshold (DFT). Implanting an ancillary defibrillation lead in the azygos vein has been introduced as a therapeutic option in patients with “high” DFT. This study reports the efficacy and stability of azygos defibrillation coils implanted for elevated DFTs. Methods:This is a retrospective review of seven consecutive patients with right and left pectoral, single- and dual-chamber, and biventricular ICDs and elevated DFTs, in whom an azygos defibrillation coil was introduced. Results:Addition of an azygos defibrillator lead achieved a satisfactory safety margin during single energy defibrillation efficacy testing in four out of seven patients, with success at maximum device output in two patients. No satisfactory safety margin was achieved in the remaining patient, despite the further addition of a subcutaneous defibrillation coil. No change in lead position was observed over a mean radiographic follow-up of 8 months. No complications were noted during a mean follow-up of 14 months, including no deaths, and no ICD shocks. Conclusion:Implanting a defibrillation coil into the azygos vein is feasible and safe. In a majority of patients with failed defibrillation efficacy testing, adding an azygos coil achieves success on repeat testing. Therefore, this technique is one option for lowering the defibrillation threshold in patients who fail DFT testing of their ICD.
Segmentation of confocal microscope images of cell nuclei in thick tissue sections

Segmentation of intact cell nuclei from three-dimensional (3D) images of thick tissue sections is an important basic capability necessary for many biological research studies. However, segmentation is often difficult because of the tight clustering of nuclei in many specimen types. We present a 3D segmentation approach that combines the recognition capabilities of the human visual system with the efficiency of automatic image analysis algorithms. The approach first uses automatic algorithms to separate the 3D image into regions of fluorescence-stained nuclei and unstained background. This includes a novel step, based on the Hough transform and an automatic focusing algorithm to estimate the size of nuclei. Then, using an interactive display, each nuclear region is shown to the analyst, who classifies it as either an individual nucleus, a cluster of multiple nuclei, partial nucleus or debris. Next, automatic image analysis based on morphological reconstruction and the watershed algorithm divides clusters into smaller objects, which are reclassified by the analyst. Once no more clusters remain, the analyst indicates which partial nuclei should be joined to form complete nuclei. The approach was assessed by calculating the fraction of correctly segmented nuclei for a variety of tissue types: Caenorhabditis elegans embryos (839 correct out of a total of 848), normal human skin (343/362), benign human breast tissue (492/525), a human breast cancer cell line grown as a xenograft in mice (425/479) and invasive human breast carcinoma (260/335). Furthermore, due to the analyst's involvement in the segmentation process, it is always known which nuclei in a population are correctly segmented and which not, assuming that the analyst's visual judgement is correct.
On the noncommutativity of quantization and discrete time evolution

Abstract The quantum baker's map is used to study the noncommutation of quantization schemes applied to classical iterated maps for different number of iterations. We study, using the trace metric, the “distance” between the unitary operators that are exact and that are “semi-quantum”.
Influence of parasitoid size and age on male mating success of opiinae (Hymenoptera:Braconidae), larval parasitoids of fruit flies (Diptera:Tephritidae)

Abstract Influences of size and age of parasitoids on the male mating potential (=MMP or inseminated females per day) were determined for laboratory-reared populations of the opiine parasitoids of tephritid fruit flies Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (=DL), Biosteres vandenboschi (=BV), Psyttalia incisi (=PI), and P. fletcheri (=PF). MMP of small sized DL and PI were significantly reduced when the males were coupled with large conspecific females. However, small males of BV and PF had MMP values equal to those of large males. Mean longevity of individually isolated males was 16.5, 13.8, 10.6, and 14.8 days for DL, BV, PI, and PF, respectively. Males of the four species were able to inseminate immediately following emergence. However, that activity increased significantly at age 4 days after eclosion for DL and BV and at age 2 days for PI and PF. Males initiated the onset of eclosion, followed shortly by females, in a synchronized pattern that allowed the earlier eclosed males (or mass of eclosed males) to encounter the bulk of receptive females when males were most fit for mating, thereby enhancing male mating success. MMP was limited by the sperm supply per day. The overall mean MMP was 2.6 inseminated females per day for DL and BV, whereas the MMP of PI and PF was twice as large (≈5 inseminated females per day). In parasitoid aggregates of 200 ♂♂ and 200 ♀♀, newly eclosed females were highly receptive, and males were capable of inseminating from 73 to 89% of the females sampled on the first encounter day. However, an average period of 3–7 days after eclosion was required to achieve an optimum mating rate among females of the four species.
High-performance liquid chromatographic assay for cytosine arabinoside, uracil arabinoside and some related nucleosides

Abstract A novel, dual-column high-performance liquid chromatographic method for determination of the anti-cancer drug cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C) and its major metabolite uracil arabinoside (Ara-U) has been developed. The analytical procedure is sensitive (25 ng/ml) and specific for Ara-C, Ara-U and the endogenous nucleosides that may influence response to Ara-C therapy, cytidine and deoxycytidine. Conventional and high dose calibration curves were linear and the method precise with the assay coefficient of variation for Ara-C and Ara-U not greater than 9.1% over the range of 0.1–10 μg/ml. Accuracy was determined to be within ± 3 to 9% over this concentration range. Using this method, patient plasma samples from both conventional dose (100–200 mg/m 2 per day) and high dose (3500–6500 mg/m 2 per day) Ara-C can be simultaneously analyzed for Ara-C, Ara-U and nucleosides so that comparative pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies can be conducted.
Observations on the Frontiers and Fringes of the Neoclassical Paradigm

The neoclassical paradigm is viewed by most economists as broadly based in that a wide range of political and ethical views can be incorporated within it. The political spectrum captured by the neoclassical framework includes the socialist writings of Lerner as well as the libertarian views of Friedman. Similarly, the elitist ethical viewpoint of Edgeworth and the egalitarian leanings of Pigou both fit comfortably within neoclassical analysis. Even more fundamental to the long-term robust survival of neoclassical thought is the spirit of nineteenth century scientific optimism, which is embodied within it. The notion that rational thought, applied through use of the scientific method, will result in genuine social progress is at the core of the neoclassical approach, which models each and every consumer as a rational utility maximizer bent on applying these "scientific" principles to achieving greater personal and social wellbeing. One, if not the principal, policy manifestation of neoclassical thought is use of benefit-cost analysis. It is here where scientific optimism is most clearly defined. An implicit assumption in benefit-cost analysis is that the income distribution has already been adjusted to some ideal. This, in the view of many economists, serves to remove most normative aspects from any decision. The job of the economist is then simply to see that marginal benefits are set equal to marginal costs to achieve efficiency. Another implicit assumption in benefit-cost analysis is that all values including, for example, the value of preserving the blue whale, can be measured in dollar terms for inclusion in benefit-cost analysis. Both of these implicit assumptions have created real practical difficulties for the application and acceptance of benefit-cost analysis and have resulted in challenges to use of the neoclassical paradigm for policy purposes from both philosophers and psychologists. For example, philosophers object that benefit-cost analysis focuses only on consequences and ignores process. Psychologists note that values placed on avoiding disasters, such as might arise from failure of a dam or an airline accident, are inconsistent with expected utility theory. Further, people may simply be unable to value commodities with which they have no learning and experience. Sections two and three of this paper document the historical difficulties in applying benefit-cost analysis, while the fourth section focuses on the formal theoretical objections to the neoclassical paradigm arising from philosophy and psychology and speculates on the implications of these challenges.
Dimerization Interfaces of v-ErbA Homodimers and Heterodimers with Retinoid X Receptor α

The oncoprotein v-ErbA, a member of the zinc finger transcription factor superfamily, is a mutated version of thyroid hormone receptor α1 that is virtually incapable of binding T3. v-ErbA and other members of this family can bind as homodimers and heterodimers with retinoid X receptors to specific DNA sequences arranged as direct, inverted, or everted repeats. At least two regions in the C-terminal domain, the I box (10 and 11 helices in v-ErbA and thyroid hormone receptors) and the 20-amino acid region are involved in dimerization. However, it has not been entirely understood how these receptors dimerize on differently oriented core motifs and whether the domain(s) responsible for homodimerization and heterodimerization are identical. Therefore, deletions of the entire 20-amino acid region, the 10 helix, the 11 helix, and point mutations within these regions of v-ErbA were made by site-directed mutagenesis. The mutant proteins were tested for their ability to form v-ErbA homodimers and heterodimers with retinoid X receptor α on differently oriented core motifs by electrophoretic mobility shift assay. Transient transfections were performed to determine the dominant negative activity of the v-ErbA mutants. The data indicate that different dimerization interfaces are used for v-ErbA homodimerization and heterodimerization with retinoid X receptor α, and different dimerization interfaces are used on differently oriented core motifs. The data are of general interest because the information improves our understanding of the role of these dimerization interfaces in the mechanism of action not only of v-ErbA but also of other members of the superfamily.
On the contribution of divacancies to self diffusion in copper

A calculation of the Arrhenius D0 for self diffusion by divacancies has been performed for the case of copper, with the purpose of estimating the divacancy contribution to self diffusion. In addition, a statistical analysis has been applied to three sets of copper self diffusion data so as to estimate the divacancy contribution from experimental measurements. The statistical analysis has shown that the available data are neither precise enough nor sufficiently self consistent to allow any definite conclusions. However, by combining the calculated pre-exponential factor for diffusion by divacancies with a previously calculated value of D0 for diffusion by monovacancies, as well as literature values of the respective activation energies, it has been possible to show that the present results are consistent with a small divacancy contribution of about 25 per cent of the total mass flux at the melting point.
Requirements for ATP binding and hydrolysis in RecA function in Escherichia coli.

Summary RecA is essential for recombination, DNA repair and SOS induction in Escherichia coli. ATP hydrolysis is known to be important for RecA's roles in recombination and DNA repair. In vitro reactions modelling SOS induction minimally require ssDNA and non-hydrolyzable ATP analogues. This predicts that ATP hydrolysis will not be required for SOS induction in vivo. The requirement of ATP binding and hydrolysis for SOS induction in vivo is tested here through the study of recA4159 (K72A) and recA2201 (K72R). RecA4159 is thought to have reduced affinity for ATP. RecA2201 binds, but does not hydrolyse ATP. Neither mutant was able to induce SOS expression after UV irradiation. RecA2201, unlike RecA4159, could form filaments on DNA and storage structures as measured with RecA–GFP. RecA2201 was able to form hybrid filaments and storage structures and was either recessive or dominant to RecA+, depending on the ratio of the two proteins. RecA4159 was unable to enter RecA+ filaments on DNA or storage structures and was recessive to RecA+. It is concluded that ATP hydrolysis is essential for SOS induction. It is proposed that ATP binding is essential for storage structure formation and ability to interact with other RecA proteins in a filament.
Kinetics of Reversible Isomerization in a Multilevel System

The theoretical rate constant for a reversible isomerization in a multilevel system is derived. Both forward and reverse constants are derived. The ratio of rate constants is compared with the equilibrium constant for the system. The reversibility of the system is seen to introduce understandable complications which can only be neglected for the forward reaction if special conditions regarding the probabilities are satisfied, as is usually the case for an exothermic, but not for an endothermic system, not even if only the initial rate for the endothermic system is considered. The rate constants for the forward and reverse reactions include nonequilibrium, many‐shot, and recrossing effects but are presented in a steady‐state form, with non‐steady‐state corrections indicated. This steady‐state form has a simple phenomenological interpretation as a total flux from cold‐reactant to cold‐product levels in this scheme, including multiple recrossings of the critical surface due to reversibility.
Histone H1.2 as a trigger for apoptosis

In response to DNA double-strand breaks, histone H1.2 translocates from the nucleus into the cytoplasm, leading to the mitochondrial release of cytochrome c and subsequent apoptosis of the cell. The molecular underpinnings for these processes remain enigmatic.
Linkage analysis of Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathy (HMSN type I).

Abstract Fifteen HMSN families with 218 members and documented male-to-male transmission and slow motor nerve conduction velocities were informative for linkage to Duffy blood group (Fy), antithrombin III cDNA probe (AT3) and renin (REN). Our data support linkage to Fy in 8 families (lod score = 2.45 at θ = 0) consistent with HMSN type IB. Linkage to AT3 (lod score = 1.28 at θ = 0) and linkage of Fy to AT3 (lod score = 1.61 at θ = 0) is also supported in 3 of the 8 original families. Linkage to REN (lod score = 0.78 at θ = 0), linkage of Fy to REN (lod score = 0.89 at θ = 0), and linkage of AT3 to REN (lod score = 0.88 at θ = 0) is supported in only 2 of the 8 original families. Linkage to Fy was rejected in seven families, consistent with HMSN type IA (lod score = −4.34 at θ = 0.05). Linkage to AT3 was rejected in 12 families (lod score = −9.52 at θ = 0.05). Linkage to REN was rejected in 13 families (lod score = −11.07 at θ = 0.05). Our data provide support for the concept of genetic heterogeneity in CMT hypertrophic neuropathy (HMSN type I). The linkage of HMSN type IB to Fy seems to be tighter than to AT3 and REN, strongly suggesting the mapping of HMSN type IB locus on the proximal part of the long arm of chromosome 1, close to the centromere.
Talking it out: helping our patients live better while dying.

Conversations about end-of-life care options between physicians and patients can improve the quality of life of dying patients and help to relieve the emotional burden on surviving loved ones. The ...
Evaluation of Mine-Safety Symbols:

The effectiveness of safety symbols and hazard pictorials of mine-safety communication was determined in a multi-stage evaluation. The understandability of symbols for 40 messages and the perceived hazardousness of six different surround shapes were assessed. The effectiveness of a subset of 20 symbols was determined during an in-mine evaluation at two mines.
Cramer-Rao bound for location systems in multipath environments

The Cramer-Rao lower bound for source localization is studied in the context of multipath stochastic sources, multipath propagation, and observations, in an array of sensors. A general expression is derived and then specialized to simpler configurations and related to results previously reported in the literature. The special case of a single stochastic source in a multipath environment is treated. The relative importance for source localization of the temporal (multipath) and spatial (array baseline) structures of the incoming wavefield is assessed. It is shown that for an array of K sensors the multipath contribution to the Fisher information matrix can be interpreted as the contribution of K independent arrays whose size depends on the number of spatially resolved replicas. The degradation due to unknown source spectra is analyzed. When the source spectrum is completely arbitrary, source location is not possible with a single sensor. If a parametric form of the source spectrum is available, the multipath structure can be used to locate the acoustic source. >
The Current State of Hormonal Therapy for Prostate Cancer

Androgen deprivation therapy remains a mainstay of treatment for men with prostate cancer. New uses for hormonal therapy, including use in the adjuvant and neoadjuvant setting, are being evaluated. Prevention of the side effects of therapy has led to the development of alternative schedules and therapeutics.
Building primary care practitioners’ attitudes and confidence in mental health skills in post-conflict Bosnia and Herzegovina

Our program attempted to integrate community mental health in primary care settings in post-conflict Travnik, Bosnia and Herzegovina. The training program underwent an extensive evaluation to determine its impact on the mental health knowledge, confidence in performing medical and psychiatric procedures, skills and attitudes of 93 Bosnian primary care practitioners (PCPs). There was a significant improvement in PCPs confidence in all clusters of medical and psychiatric procedures (counseling, prescribing psychotropic medications, treating trauma victims, diagnosing and assisting with social issues, stress reduction, future leadership skills/roles, utilizing the referral system and treating vulnerable populations) comparing baseline to post-training and baseline to two-year follow-up (p<.05). However, psychiatric diagnosis was not statistically significant comparing baseline to post-training (p=.055) or baseline to two-year follow-up (p=.052). This study supports the feasibility of training PCPs in a cultu...
Role of cell-cycle in regulating neuroepithelial cell shape during bending of the chick neural plate.

Neuroepithelial cells transform from spindle-shaped to wedge-shaped within the median and paired dorsolateral hinge points of the bending neural plate, but the mechanisms underlying these localized changes are unclear. This study was designed to evaluate further the hypothesis that localized “wedging” of neuroepithelial cells during bending involves basal cellular expansion resulting from alteration of the cell-cycle. Neurulating chick embryos were treated with tritiated thymidine, and transverse sections through the midbrain were examined autoradiographically. Parameters of the cell-cycle as well as nuclear position and size were assessed in the median hinge point, which contains predominantly wedge-shaped cells, and in adjacent lateral areas of the neural plate, which contain predominantly spindle-shaped cells. Both the DNA-synthetic phase and non-DNA synthetic portion of the cell-cycle were significantly longer in the median hinge point than in lateral neuroepithelial areas, some nuclei in both regions were located basally during these phases, and virtually all basal nuclei in the median hinge point were large. Additionally, the mitotic phase was significantly shorter in the median hinge point than in lateral areas. We present a model to explain how alteration of the cell-cycle in the median hinge point could generate wedging of cells in this region.
Synthesis of phosphonopeptides as thrombin inhibitors

Abstract Synthesis of phosphonopeptides 1 and their inhibitory activity of thrombin are described.