cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Development of Direct-Measuring Skin-Friction Gauges for Hypersonic Flight Tests

Anewtypeofdirect-measuring skin-frictiongaugewasdevelopedforthehigh-speed,high-temperatureenvironmentofturbulentboundary-layere owsinsupersoniccombustionramjet (scramjet)engines, with tests progressing from ground tests to an actual hypersonic scramjet-integrated e ight vehicle. The skin friction gauge was specie cally developed for installation on the Hyper-X e ight vehicle (X-43A). The design was nonnulling, with a sensing head that was e ush with the model wall and surrounded by a small gap. Unlike previous skin-friction sensor designs, this gauge eliminated water cooling and gap-e lling oil, in addition to a radically different e exure design. The design was verie ed by repeatable tests in a well-documented Mach 2.4 cold e ow, with results within 10 ‐15% of Cf estimates from simple theory. The sensor was qualie ed for e ight through a rigorous series of environmental tests, including pressure, temperature, vibration, shock, acceleration, and heat e ux tests. Finally, the skin-friction gauge was tested in the Hyper-X engine model (HXEM), a full-scale ‐partial-width wind-tunnel model of the e ight vehicle engine, at Mach 6.5 enthalpy in a freejet facility at NASA Langley Research Center. Successful testing in the HXEM provided the e nal verie cation of the gauge before installation in the X-43A e ight vehicle engine.
Corneal Endothelium Modulation Factor Released by Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes: Partial Purification and Initial Characterization

Polymorphonuclear leukocytes produce a polypeptide factor that is released into the medium. This factor is partially purified 83-fold by ammonium sulfate precipitation followed by chromatography on a DEAE-Sephadex or heparin-Sepharose column. The partially purified factor is trypsin-sensitive. This factor affects a population of rabbit corneal endothelial cells by modulating them to fibroblastlike cells and by further stimulating their growth, leading to the formation of colonies of multilayered modulated cells. There is a dose-dependent phenotypic modulation of corneal endothelial cells by the partially purified cornea! endothelium modulation factor (CEMF); cell shape is changed and type I collagen synthesis is increased with greater concentrations of CEMF. Since the fully modulated endothelial cells have collagen phenotypes distinct from those of normal cells, collagen synthesized by the first-passaged cells (a mixture of normal and modulated cells) was determined by immunoblot analysis with antibodies specific against types I and IV collagens. The first-passaged cells, in the presence of CEMF, contained a large amount of type I collagen (modulated phenotype) and a dramatically reduced amount of type IV collagen (physiologic type), whereas the normal endothelial cells demonstrated strongly positive staining only with antibodies to type IV collagen. Using cloned cDNA probes, the relative quantities of the transcripts of these collagens were determined by slot-blot hybridization; the first-passaged cells contained type IV collagen RNA in an amount similar to the normal cells, but a slightly larger amount of type I mRNA. These results demonstrate a functional involvement of a protein factor released by polymorphonuclear leukocytes in modulating cell shape and collagen gene expression in corneal endothelial cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 31:313322,1990
Modeling the formation of in vitro filopodia.

Filopodia are bundles of actin filaments that extend out ahead of the leading edge of a crawling cell to probe its upcoming environment. In vitro experiments (Vignjevic et al. in J Cell Biol 160:951–962, 2003) have determined the minimal ingredients required for the formation of filopodia from the dendritic-like morphology of the leading edge. We model these experiments using kinetic aggregation equations for the density of growing bundle tips. In mean field, we determine the bundle size distribution to be broad for bundle sizes smaller than a characteristic bundle size above which the distribution decays exponentially. Two-dimensional simulations incorporating both bundling and cross-linking measure a bundle size distribution that agrees qualitatively with mean field. The simulations also demonstrate a nonmonotonicity in the radial extent of the dendritic region as a function of capping protein concentration, as was observed in experiments, due to the interplay between percolation and the ratcheting of growing filaments off a spherical obstacle.
Ultrasonically accelerated cycloaddition - rearrangement of enol ethers

Abstract Cycloaddition-rearrangement reactions of methyl cyclohexenyl ethers with p-bromobenzenesulfonyl azide in neat homogeneous admixture are substanially accelerated by low-wattage ultrasound. Using ultrasound approximately the same yields of reaaranged products are obtained in less time at lower temperature than observed at ambient sonic frequencies and elevated temperature. A previously unreported product structural type has also been found.
Performance analysis of the Globus Toolkit Monitoring and Discovery Service, MDS2

Monitoring and information services form a key component of a distributed system, or grid. A quantitative study of such services can aid in understanding the performance limitations, advise in the deployment of the monitoring system, and help evaluate future development work. To this end, we examined the performance of the Globus Toolkit/spl reg/ Monitoring and Discovery Service (MDS2) by instrumenting its main services using NetLogger. Our study shows a strong advantage to caching or prefetching the data, as well as the need to have primary components at well-connected sites.
Composite optical vortices

Composite optical vortices may form when two or more beams interfere. Using analytical and numerical techniques, we describe the motion of these optical phase singularities as the relative phase or amplitude of two interfering collinear nonconcentric beams is varied. The creation and the annihilation of vortices are found, as well as vortices having translational velocities exceeding the speed of light.
Decision Making for Rapid Information Acquisition in the Reconnaissance of Random Fields

In this paper, research into several aspects of robot-enabled reconnaissance of random fields is reported. The work has two major components: the underlying theory of information acquisition in the exploration of unknown fields and the results of experiments on how humans use sensor-equipped robots to perform a simulated reconnaissance exercise. The theoretical framework reported herein extends work on robotic exploration that has been reported by ourselves and others. Several new figures of merit for evaluating exploration strategies are proposed and compared. Using concepts from differential topology and information theory, we develop the theoretical foundation of search strategies aimed at rapid discovery of topological features (locations of critical points and critical level sets) of a priori unknown differentiable fields. The theory enables study of efficient reconnaissance strategies in which the tradeoff between speed and accuracy can be understood. The proposed approach to rapid discovery of topological features has led in a natural way to the creation of parsimonious reconnaissance routines that do not rely on any prior knowledge of the environment. The design of topology-guided search protocols uses a mathematical framework that quantifies the relationship between what is discovered and what remains to be discovered. The quantification rests on an information theory inspired model whose properties allow us to treat search as a problem in optimal information acquisition. A central theme in this approach is that “conservative” and “aggressive” search strategies can be precisely defined, and search decisions regarding “exploration” versus “exploitation” choices are informed by the rate at which the information metric is changing. The paper goes on to describe a computer game that has been designed to simulate reconnaissance of unknown fields. Players carry out reconnaissance missions by choosing sequences of motion primitives from two families of control laws that enable mobile robots to either ascend/descend in gradient directions of the field or to map contours of constant field value. The strategies that emerge from the choices of motion sequences are classified in terms of the speed with which information is acquired, the fidelity with which the acquired information represents the entire field, and the extent to which all critical level sets have been approximated. The game thus records each player's performance in acquiring information about both the topology and geometry of the unknown fields that have been randomly generated.
Frobenius Algebras and Skein Modules of Surfaces in 3-Manifolds

For each Frobenius algebra there is defined a skein module of surfaces embedded in a given 3-manifold and bounding a prescribed curve system in the boundary. The skein relations are local and generate the kernel of a certain natural extension of the corresponding topological quantum field theory. In particular the skein module of the 3-ball is isomorphic to the ground ring of the Frobenius algebra. We prove a presentation theorem for the skein module with generators incompressible surfaces colored by elements of a generating set of the Frobenius algebra, and with relations determined by tubing geometry in the manifold and relations of the algebra.
Women’s Business Ownership Operating Within the Context of Institutional and In-Group Collectivism

The development of women’s entrepreneurship has positive implications for societal and economic growth. In this study, we examine the effects of culture and, more specifically, collectivism on women’s businesses. With a mixed-method and multilevel approach, we conducted a quantitative country-level analysis followed by a qualitative study of women entrepreneurs. Our results indicate that collectivism at the in-group level (family and close friends and colleagues) is a particularly important predictor of women’s business ownership. Furthermore, it is a balance of both collectivism and individualism at the in-group level that is most conducive to women’s business ownership. Institutional collectivism (at the societal level) acts as a background condition that influences the way in which in-group collectivism directly affects women’s business ownership. More specifically, when engaging in business development, women are primarily influenced by their in-groups. The freedom to pursue individual goals, combined...
cis-Fused γ-lactones from simple precursors via β-lactone rearrangements

cis-Fused bicyclic γ-lactones were prepared in a three step sequence, featuring the stereospecific rearrangement of spiro bicyclic β-lactones; the dependence of the β- to γ-lactone ring expansion on the relative stabilities of the intermediate carbocations was also investigated.
Conformal coordinates associated with space-like motions

Abstract Conformal transformations in two dimensions provide a simple extension of the Lorentz transformation. The velocity of light appears in such transformations as a singular velocity rather than as an upper limit for the velocity. A well-ordered branch of the theory exists for velocities in excess of the velocity of light. If the velocity of a point exceeds the singular velocity in an inertial system, then the conformal representation of the motion is no longer uniform, but contains a folded region. However, the branching of the transformation may be determined so that the elapsed time along the path of such a motion remains positive. Kinematic relations on the other side of the singular velocity seem to complement the usual results of relativity theory in an interesting way. Thus it is known that motion at the speed of light occurs along a null geodesic, and hence corresponds in a certain sense to motion at infinite velocity (that is, in the sense of proper time elapsed). The complementary relation is that a motion of infinite velocity corresponds in the same sense to motion at the speed of light.
Cosmic Ray Diffusion Fronts in the Virgo Cluster

The pair of large radio lobes in the Virgo cluster, each about 23 kpc in radius, have curiously sharp outer edges where the radio-synchrotron continuum flux declines abruptly. However, just adjacent to this sharp transition, the radio flux increases. This radio limb-brightening is observed over at least half of the perimeter of both lobes. We describe slowly propagating steady state diffusion fronts that explain these counterintuitive features. Because of the natural buoyancy of radio lobes, the magnetic field is largely tangent to the lobe boundary, an alignment that polarizes the radio emission and dramatically reduces the diffusion coefficient of relativistic electrons. As cosmic ray electrons diffuse slowly into the cluster gas, the local magnetic field and gas density are reduced as gas flows back toward the radio lobe. Radio emission peaks can occur because the synchrotron emissivity increases with magnetic field and then decreases with the density of non-thermal electrons. A detailed comparison of steady diffusion fronts with quantitative radio observations may reveal information about the spatial variation of magnetic fields and the diffusion coefficient of relativistic electrons. On larger scales, some reduction of the gas density inside the Virgo lobes due to cosmic ray pressure must occur and may be measurable. Such X-ray observations could reveal important information about the presence of otherwise unobservable non-thermal components such as relativistic electrons of low energy or proton cosmic rays. Subject headings: cosmic rays; diffusion; radio continuum; galaxies: clusters; galaxies: clusters: individual Virgo; magnetic fields
Testing pulse forming networks with DARHT accelerator cells

The Dual Axis Radiographic Hydrotest Facility [DARHT] at Los Alamos will use two induction linacs to produce high-energy electron beams. The electron beams will be used to generate X-rays from bremsstrahlung targets. The X-rays will be used to produce radiographs. The first accelerator is operational now, generating a 60-nanosecond electron beam. The second accelerator is under construction. It will generate a 2-microsecond electron beam. The 78 induction cells of the second axis accelerator will be driven by an equal number of pulse forming networks. Each pulse forming network [PFN] generates a nominal 200-kV, 2-microsecond pulse to drive an accelerator cell. Each pulse forming network consists of a set of four equal-capacitance sub-PFN's, stacked in a Marx configuration. The PFN Test Stand was configured to test newly constructed accelerator cells under conditions of full voltage and pulse duration. The PFN Test Stand also explored jitter, prefire and reliability issues for a pulse forming network operated into a purely resistive load. The PFN Test Stand provided experience operating a simple subsystem of the DARHT accelerator. This subsystem involved controls, diagnostics, data acquisition and archival, power supplies, trigger systems, core reset and a gas flow system for the spark gaps. Issues for the DARHT accelerator were investigated in this small-scale facility.
The application of cathodic reductions and anodic oxidations in the synthesis of complex molecules

This tutorial review surveys the recent advances in electrochemical transformations as they pertain to the synthesis of complex organic molecules. Electrochemistry has emerged as a powerful tool to synthetic chemists, yet many have never considered electrochemical methodology as a means for synthesis. Here, an introduction to electrochemistry and voltammetry will be provided with descriptions of the four types of electrochemical cells. In addition, recent examples of both anodic oxidations and cathodic reductions will be discussed, along with the experimental setups for carrying out each reaction.
Low-Cost Testers: Are They Really Low Cost?

Initial ATE capital investments can affect overall test manufacturing costs as shown in this analysis, which compares a $5000 semiconductor tester with a $900,000 system (purchase price). The application is wafer testing of logic die, and the product has a five-year lifetime. Variables affecting cost include tester throughput, wafer test escape rate, and test system capital cost. Factors considered in the analysis include (1) the number of test systems required and the cost effect of capital, floor space, and manpower, (2) the quality of test and the effect of escapes on subsequent manufacturing operations; and (3) the effects of tax credits on the two options. Results of the comparison show that a major factor is escape from wafer test. Even a low escape rate justifies the use of the $900,000 general-purpose system over the $5000 low-cost tester. Throughput differences also tend to negate any initial cost advantage with the LCT. When total systems are considered (four LCTs are needed over the five years), total capital costs tend to converge. A major asset of the GPT is its flexibility, making it again more attractive than the LCT.
A Definitive Optical Detection of a Supercluster at z ≈ 0.91

We present the results from a multiband optical imaging program that has definitively confirmed the existence of a supercluster at z ≈ 0.91. Two massive clusters of galaxies, Cl 1604+4304 at z = 0.897 and Cl 1604+4321 at z = 0.924, were originally observed in the high-redshift cluster survey of Oke, Postman, & Lubin. They are separated by 4300 km s-1 in radial velocity and 17' on the plane of the sky. Their physical and redshift proximity suggested a promising supercluster candidate. Deep BRi imaging of the region between the two clusters indicates a large population of red galaxies. This population forms a tight, red sequence in the color-magnitude diagram at (R-i) ≈ 1.4. The characteristic color is identical to that of the spectroscopically confirmed early-type galaxies in the two member clusters. The red galaxies are spread throughout the 5 h-1 Mpc region between Cl 1604+4304 and Cl 1604+4321. Their spatial distribution delineates the entire large-scale structure with high concentrations at the cluster centers. In addition, we detect a significant overdensity of red galaxies directly between Cl 1604+4304 and Cl 1604+4321 which is the signature of a third, rich cluster associated with this system. The strong sequence of red galaxies and their spatial distribution clearly indicate that we have discovered a supercluster at z ≈ 0.91.
Bioorthogonal Chemistry: Fishing for Selectivity in a Sea of Functionality

The study of biomolecules in their native environments is a challenging task because of the vast complexity of cellular systems. Technologies developed in the last few years for the selective modification of biological species in living systems have yielded new insights into cellular processes. Key to these new techniques are bioorthogonal chemical reactions, whose components must react rapidly and selectively with each other under physiological conditions in the presence of the plethora of functionality necessary to sustain life. Herein we describe the bioorthogonal chemical reactions developed to date and how they can be used to study biomolecules.
Statistical Routing for Multihop Wireless Cognitive Networks

To account for the randomness of propagation channels and interference levels in hierarchical spectrum sharing, a novel approach to multihop routing is introduced for cognitive random access networks, whereby packets are randomly routed according to outage probabilities. Leveraging channel and interference level statistics, the resultant cross-layer optimization framework provides optimal routes, transmission probabilities, and transmit-powers, thus enabling cognizant adaptation of routing, medium access, and physical layer parameters to the propagation environment. The associated optimization problem is non-convex, and hence hard to solve in general. Nevertheless, a successive convex approximation approach is adopted to efficiently find a Karush-Kuhn-Tucker solution. Augmented Lagrangian and primal decomposition methods are employed to develop a distributed algorithm, which also lends itself to online implementation. Enticingly, the fresh look advocated here permeates benefits also to conventional multihop wireless networks in the presence of channel uncertainty.
Looking for Cattle and Hog Cycles through a Bayesian Window

The agricultural economics literature, both academic and trade, has discussed the assumed presence of cycles in livestock markets such as cattle and hogs for a very long time. Since Jarvis (1974), there has been considerable discussion over how these cycles impact optimal economic decision making. Subsequent studies such as Rucker, Burt, and LaFrance (1984), Hayes and Schmitz (1987), Foster and Burt (1992), Rosen, Murphy, and Scheinkman (1994), and Hamilton and Kastens (2000) have all investigated some aspect of how biological factors, economic events, or economic actions could be causes of and/or responses to cycles in hog and cattle inventories. There has also been debate, again both in the academic and trade literature, over the length of the cycle(s) present in hog and cattle stocks. To provide both academics and producers with accurate information on the number and periods of cycles that might be present in hog and cattle inventories, this paper provides a purely statistical view of the matter. Using over 140 years of annual data on cattle and hog inventory levels, we estimate Bayesian autoregressive, trend-stationary models on cattle inventories, hog inventories, and the growth rate of cattle inventories. We then use those models to find the posterior distributions of both the number of cycles present in each series and the period lengths of those cycles. We find multiple cycles present in all three series. Cattle inventory results show clear evidence in favor of 4.5, 6, and 11 year cycles with other cycles present but not as clearly identified. Hog inventory results identify five cycles with periods of approximately 4.5, 5.4, 6.8, 10 and 13 years. The data on the growth rate in cattle stocks has similar cycles to the series on the stock levels.
Determining cosmological parameters from the microwave background

Recently funded satellites will map the cosmic microwave background radiation with unprecedented sensitivities and angular resolutions. Assuming only primordial adiabatic scalar and tensor perturbations, we evaluate how accurately experiments of this type will measure the basic cosmological parameters Ω (the total density of the Universe), Ω b (the baryon density), h (the Hubble constant), and Λ (the cosmological constant). The proposed experiments are capable of measuring these parameters at the few-percent level. We briefly discuss the generality of these estimates and complications arising in actual data analysis.
A simple and efficient copper-catalyzed procedure for the hydrosilylation of hindered and functionalized ketones.

The catalytic hydrosilylation of highly hindered and functionalized ketones is described. The combination of inexpensive catalyst precursors, CuCl and NHC·HX (NHC = N-heterocyclic carbene), leads to a highly efficient reduction mediator for the preparation of silyl ethers from unfunctionalized and functionalized alkyl, cyclic, bicyclic, aromatic, and heteroaromatic ketones. A series of catalyst precursors have been structurally characterized and a catalyst−structure activity relationship is discussed.
The Level-of-Analysis Problem in International Relations

In any area of scholarly inquiry, there are always several ways in which the phenomena under study may be sorted and arranged for purposes of systemic analysis. Whether in the physical or social sciences, the observer may choose to focus upon the parts or upon the whole, upon the components or upon the system. He may, for example, choose between the flowers or the garden, the rocks or the quarry, the trees or the forest, the houses or the neighborhood, the cars or the traffic jam, the delinquents or the gang, die legislators or the legislative, and so on. Whether he selects the micro- or macro-level of analysis is ostensibly a mere matter of methodological or conceptual convenience. Yet the choice often turns out to be quite difficult, and may well become a central issue within the discipline concerned. The complexity and significance of these level-of-analysis decisions are readily suggested by the long-standing controversies between social psychology and sociology, personality-oriented and culture-oriented anthropology, or micro- and macro-economics, to mention but a few. In the vernacular of general systems theory, the observer is always confronted with a system, its sub-systems, and their respective environments, and while he may choose as his system any cluster of phenomena from the most minute organism to the universe itself, such choice cannot be merely a function of whim or caprice, habit or familiarity. The responsible scholar must be prepared to evaluate the relative utility—conceptual and methodological—of the various alternatives open to him, and to appraise the manifold implications of the level of analysis finally selected. So it is with international relations.
Centrality and the KRH Invariant

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the categorical structure for a method of defining quantum invariants of knots, links and three-manifolds. These invariants can be defined in terms of right integrals on certain Hopf algebras. We call such an invariant of 3-manifolds a Hennings invariant. The work reported in this paper has its background in previous work of the authors. The present paper gives an abstract description of these structures and shows how the Hopf algebraic image of a knot lies in the center of the corresponding Hopf algebra. The paper also shows how all the axiomatic properties of a quasi-triangular Hopf algebra are involved in the topology via a functor from the Tangle Category to the Diagrammatic Category of a Hopf Algebra. The invariants described in this paper generalize to invariants of rotational virtual knots. The contents of this paper are an update of the original 1998 version published in JKTR.
Improving Translation through Contextual Information

This paper proposes a two-layered model of dialogue structure for task-oriented dialogues that processes contextual information and disambiguates speech acts. The final goal is to improve translation quality in a speech-to-speech translation system.
Comparative studies of dissociative electron attachment to methyl halides

The dissociative electron attachment cross sections for the methyl halides vary in an enormous range from the virtually unmeasurable 10-23 cm2 for CH3Cl at room temperature to 10-14 cm2 for CH3I. In this paper we supplement our previous studies by calculations of dissociative electron attachment to CH3Br and compare results for all methyl halides studied so far. The rate as a function of temperature for CH3Cl and CH3Br exhibits an exponential dependence on 1/T (Arrhenius law) with the activation energy lower for CH3Br. CH3I does not obey the Arrhenius law since the crossing point of the neutral and anion potential curves occurs near the lowest vibrational levels. The cross section as a function of electron energy for all of the methyl halides studied here exhibits structure at the vibrational excitation thresholds that is associated with a vibrational Feshbach resonance like that observed recently in CH3I by Schramm et al (Schramm A, Fabrikant I I, Weber J M, Leber E, Ruf M-W and Hotop H 1999 J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 32 2153).
COMBINED IN-PLANE AND THROUGH-THE-THICKNESS ANALYSIS FOR FAILURE PREDICTION OF BOLTED COMPOSITE JOINTS

Although two-dimensional methods provide accurate predictions of contact stresses and bolt load distribution in bolted composite joints with multiple bolts, they fail to capture the effect of thickness on the strength prediction. This study presents an analysis method to account for the variation of stresses in the thickness direction by augmenting a two-dimensional analysis with a one-dimensional through-the-thickness analysis. The two-dimensional in-plane solution method is based on the combined complex potential and variational formulation. The through-the-thickness analysis is based on the model utilizing a beam on an elastic foundation. The bolt, represented as a short beam while accounting for bending and shear deformations, rests on springs, where the spring coefficients represent the resistance of the composite laminate to bolt deformation. The combined in-plane and through-the-thickness analysis produces the bolt/hole displacement in the thickness direction, as well as the stress state in each ply. The initial ply failure predicted by applying the average stress criterion is followed by a simple progressive failure. Application of the model is demonstrated by considering single- and double-lap joints of metal plates bolted to composite laminates.
Achieving the Millennium Development Goals : The Role of Infrastructure

The authors provide an empirical analysis of the determinants of three child-health outcomes related to the Millennium Development Goals: the infant mortality rate, the child mortality rate, and the prevalence of malnutrition. Using data from Demographic and Health Surveys, they go beyond traditional cross-country regressions by exploiting the variability in outcomes and explanatory variables observed within countries between asset quintiles. The authors show the relationships existing between the prevalence of diseases (diarrhea and malnutrition) and mortality. Their findings suggest that apart from traditional variables (income, assets, education, and direct health interventions), better access to basic infrastructure services has an important role in improving child health outcomes. Their analysis of interaction effects between interventions also suggests the importance of combining interventions to meet the Millennium Development Goals.
The Fundamental Group of Balanced Simplicial Complexes and Posets

We establish an upper bound on the cardinality of a minimal generating set for the fundamental group of a large family of connected, balanced simplicial complexes and, more generally, simplicial posets.
The "packing" and the "scheduling packet" switch architectures for almost all-optical lossless networks

This paper proposes two almost all-optical packet switch architectures, called the "packing switch" and the "scheduling switch" architecture, which when combined with appropriate wait-for-reservation or tell-and-go connection and how control protocols provide lossless communication for traffic that satisfies certain smoothness properties. Both switch architectures preserve the order of packets that use a given input-output pair, and are consistent with virtual circuit switching, The scheduling switch requires 2klogT+k/sup 2/ two-state elementary switches (or 2klogT+2klogk elementary switches, if a different version is used) where k is the number of inputs and T is a parameter that measures the allowed burstiness of the traffic. The packing switch requires very little processing of the packet header, and uses k/sup 2/logT+klogk two-state switches. We also examine the suitability of the proposed architectures for the design of circuit switched networks. We find that the scheduling switch combines low hardware cost with little processing requirements at the nodes, and is an attractive architecture for both packet-switched and circuit-switched high-speed networks.
Revealing the Interaction between the X-Ray Gas of Starburst Galaxy UGC 6697 and the Hot Intracluster Medium of A1367

We present the result from a Chandra observation of an X-ray-luminous starburst galaxy, UGC 6697, which is embedded in the northwest hot region of A1367 (5-6 keV). A very sharp X-ray edge (~13-fold surface brightness jump) at the southeast and a long tail (at least 60 kpc from the nucleus) at the northwest of the galaxy are detected, as expected if the galaxy is moving to the southeast. The X-ray edge, at the midway of the nucleus and the southeast optical disk edge, is also at the same position where the Hα emission is truncated and a radio sharp edge is observed. The X-ray diffuse emission is also enhanced at the southeast, implying ram pressure compression. No extraplanar X-ray component is detected, probably because of the combining effects of weaker outflow activity than that in nuclear starbursts, and external confinement plus stripping. The diffuse thermal gas in UGC 6697 has a temperature of ~0.7 keV and a low iron abundance (~0.1-0.2 solar). An X-ray point source (L0.5-10 keV ~ 2.8 × 1040 ergs s-1) is detected on the nucleus, but not highly absorbed. Three off-center ultraluminous X-ray sources, all with L0.5-10 keV > 1040 ergs s-1, are also detected. Based on the multiwavelength data available, we favor that the interaction between the interstellar medium and the intracluster medium plays a major role in triggering the starburst in UGC 6697.
Mining severe drug-drug interaction adverse events using Semantic Web technologies: a case study

Drug-drug interactions (DDIs) are a major contributing factor for unexpected adverse drug events (ADEs). However, few of knowledge resources cover the severity information of ADEs that is critical for prioritizing the medical need. The objective of the study is to develop and evaluate a Semantic Web-based approach for mining severe DDI-induced ADEs. We utilized a normalized FDA Adverse Event Report System (AERS) dataset and performed a case study of three frequently prescribed cardiovascular drugs: Warfarin, Clopidogrel and Simvastatin. We extracted putative DDI-ADE pairs and their associated outcome codes. We developed a pipeline to filter the associations using ADE datasets from SIDER and PharmGKB. We also performed a signal enrichment using electronic medical records (EMR) data. We leveraged the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Event (CTCAE) grading system and classified the DDI-induced ADEs into the CTCAE in the Web Ontology Language (OWL). We identified 601 DDI-ADE pairs for the three drugs using the filtering pipeline, of which 61 pairs are in Grade 5, 56 pairs in Grade 4 and 484 pairs in Grade 3. Among 601 pairs, the signals of 59 DDI-ADE pairs were identified from the EMR data. The approach developed could be generalized to detect the signals of putative severe ADEs induced by DDIs in other drug domains and would be useful for supporting translational and pharmacovigilance study of severe ADEs.
Sensing uncertainty reduction using low complexity actuation

The performance of a sensor network may be best judged by the quality of application specific information return. The actual sensing performance of a deployed sensor network depends on several factors which cannot be accounted at design time, such as environmental obstacles to sensing. We propose the use of mobility to overcome the effect of unpredictable environmental influence and to adapt to run time dynamics. Now, mobility with its dependencies such as precise localization and navigation is expensive in terms of hardware resources and energy constraints, and may not be feasible in compact, densely deployed and widespread sensor nodes. We present a method based on low complexity and low energy actuation primitives which are feasible for implementation in sensor networks. We prove how these primitives improve the detection capabilities with theoretical analysis, extensive simulations and real world experiments. The significant coverage advantage recurrent in our investigation justifies our own and other parallel ongoing work in the implementation and refinement of self-actuated systems.
Heavy ion fusion--Using heavy ions to make electricity

The idea of using nuclear fusion as a source of commercial electrical power has been pursued worldwide since the 1950's. Two approaches, using “magnetic” and “inertial” confinement of the reactants, are under study. This paper describes the difference between the two approaches, and discusses in more detail the “heavy-ion-driven” inertial fusion concept. A multibeam induction linear accelerator would be used to bring ∼100 heavy ion beams to a few GeV. The beams would then heat and compress a target of solid D–T. This approach is unique among fusion concepts in its ability to protect the reaction chamber wall from neutrons and debris.
Inference Duality as a Basis for Sensitivity Analysis

The constraint programming community has recently begun to address certain types of optimization problems. These problems tend to be discrete or to have discrete elements. Although sensitivity analysis is well developed for continuous problems, progress in this area for discrete problems has been limited. This paper proposes a general approach to sensitivity analysis that applies to both continuous and discrete problems. In the continuous case, particularly in linear programming, sensitivity analysis can be obtained by solving a dual problem. One way to broaden this result is to generalize the classical idea of a dual to that of an ’’inference dual,‘‘ which can be defined for any optimization problem. To solve the inference dual is to obtain a proof of the optimal value of the problem. Sensitivity analysis can be interpreted as an analysis of the role of each constraint in this proof. This paper shows that traditional sensitivity analysis for linear programming is a special case of this approach. It also illustrates how the approach can work out in a discrete problem by applying it to 0-1 linear programming (linear pseudo-boolean optimization).
Field Emission from Nitrogen-Doped Diamond Film

Nitrogen-doped diamond films were prepared for the first time using melamine (C3H6N6) as the nitrogen source. To explore the differences in the films produced with different precursors, nitrogen-doped films were also produced using pure nitrogen gas as the source. Since melamine has a ring structure with pre-existing C-N bonds, the incorporation of nitrogen on substitutional sites of diamond lattice are expected. Relatively large amounts of substitutional nitrogen were successfully doped into diamond without degrading its quality. However, when pure nitrogen gas was used as a doping source, the quality of the diamond was not as high as the sample doped with nitrogen by melamine. Raman spectroscopy, photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL), and field emission measurements were carried out to characterize the samples. Nitrogen-doped diamond samples did not exhibit any significant reduction in turn-on fields. It is suggested that nitrogen doping has only a minor effect on the field emission properties of the diamond films.
On the asymptotic spectrum of the reduced volume in cosmological solutions of the Einstein equations

Let Σ be a compact three-manifold with non-positive Yamabe invariant. We prove that in any long time constant mean curvature Einstein flow over Σ, having bounded Cα space–time curvature at the cosmological scale, the reduced volume \({\mathcal{V}=(\frac{-k}{3})^{3}{\rm vol}_{g(k)}(\Sigma)}\) [g(k) is the evolving spatial three-metric and k the mean curvature] decays monotonically towards the volume value of the geometrization in which the cosmologically normalized flow decays. In more basic terms, we show that there is volume collapse in the regions where the injectivity radius collapses (i.e. tends to zero) in the long time limit. We conjecture that under the curvature assumption above the Thurston geometrization is the unique global attractor. We prove this in some special cases.
On the Updatability of XML Views Published over Relational Data

Updates over virtual XML views that wrap the relational data have not been well supported by current XML data management systems. This paper studies the problem of the existence of a correct relational update translation for a given view update. First, we propose a clean extended-source theory to decide whether a translation mapping is correct. Then to answer the question of the existence of a correct mapping, we classify a view update as either un-translatable, conditionally or unconditionally translatable under a given update translation policy. We design a graph-based algorithm to classify a given update into one of the three update categories based on schema knowledge extracted from the XML view and the relational base. This now represents a practical approach that could be applied by any existing view update system in industry and in academic for analyzing the translatability of a given update statement before translation of it is attempted.
BEETL-fastq: a searchable compressed archive for DNA reads.

MOTIVATION FASTQ is a standard file format for DNA sequencing data, which stores both nucleotides and quality scores. A typical sequencing study can easily generate hundreds of gigabytes of FASTQ files, while public archives such as ENA and NCBI and large international collaborations such as the Cancer Genome Atlas can accumulate many terabytes of data in this format. Compression tools such as gzip are often used to reduce the storage burden but have the disadvantage that the data must be decompressed before they can be used. Here, we present BEETL-fastq, a tool that not only compresses FASTQ-formatted DNA reads more compactly than gzip but also permits rapid search for k-mer queries within the archived sequences. Importantly, the full FASTQ record of each matching read or read pair is returned, allowing the search results to be piped directly to any of the many standard tools that accept FASTQ data as input. RESULTS We show that 6.6 terabytes of human reads in FASTQ format can be transformed into 1.7 terabytes of indexed files, from where we can search for 1, 10, 100, 1000 and a million of 30-mers in 3, 8, 14, 45 and 567 s, respectively, plus 20 ms per output read. Useful applications of the search capability are highlighted, including the genotyping of structural variant breakpoints and 'in silico pull-down' experiments in which only the reads that cover a region of interest are selectively extracted for the purposes of variant calling or visualization. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION BEETL-fastq is part of the BEETL library, available as a github repository at github.com/BEETL/BEETL.
A Hopf index theorem for foliations

Abstract We formulate and prove an analog of the Hopf Index Theorem for Riemannian foliations. We compute the basic Euler characteristic of a closed Riemannian manifold as a sum of indices of a non-degenerate basic vector field at critical leaf closures. The primary tool used to establish this result is an adaptation to foliations of the Witten deformation method.
HOW LONG DOES A BURST BURST

Several gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) last much longer (∼hours) in γ-rays than typical long GRBs (∼minutes), and it has recently been proposed that these 'ultra-long GRBs' may form a distinct population, probably with a different (e.g., blue supergiant) progenitor than typical GRBs. However, Swift observations suggest that many GRBs have extended central engine activities manifested as flares and internal plateaus in X-rays. We perform a comprehensive study on a large sample of Swift GRBs with X-Ray Telescope observations to investigate GRB central engine activity duration and to determine whether ultra-long GRBs are unusual events. We define burst duration t {sub burst} based on both γ-ray and X-ray light curves rather than using γ-ray observations alone. We find that t {sub burst} can be reliably measured in 343 GRBs. Within this 'good' sample, 21.9% GRBs have t {sub burst} ≳ 10{sup 3} s and 11.5% GRBs have t {sub burst} ≳ 10{sup 4} s. There is an apparent bimodal distribution of t {sub burst} in this sample. However, when we consider an 'undetermined' sample (304 GRBs) with t {sub burst} possibly falling in the gap between GRB duration T {sub 90} and the first X-ray observational time, as well as a selectionmore » effect against t {sub burst} falling into the first Swift orbital 'dead zone' due to observation constraints, the intrinsic underlying t {sub burst} distribution is consistent with being a single component distribution. We found that the existing evidence for a separate ultra-long GRB population is inconclusive, and further multi-wavelength observations are needed to draw a firmer conclusion. We also discuss the theoretical implications of our results. In particular, the central engine activity duration of GRBs is generally much longer than the γ-ray T {sub 90} duration and it does not even correlate with T {sub 90}. It would be premature to make a direct connection between T {sub 90} and the size of the progenitor star.« less
Synthesis of Prolinal Dithioacetals as Catalysts for the Highly Stereoselective Michael Addition of Ketones and Aldehydes to β-Nitrostyrenes

Catalytic highly enantioselective (up to >99% ee) and diastereoselective (up to 99% de) direct Michael addition of ketones and aldehydes to β-nitrostyrenes have been achieved with readily accessible and highly tunable prolinal dithioacetal catalysts.
2-piperidin-4-yl-benzimidazoles with broad spectrum antibacterial activities.

A series of 2-piperidin-4-yl-benzimidazoles were synthesized and evaluated for antibacterial activities. Certain compounds inhibit bacterial growth with low micromolar minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC). These benzimidazoles are effective against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria of clinical importance, particularly entercococci, and represent a new class of potential antibacterial agents.
Neural network adaptive robust control of nonlinear systems in semi-strict feedback form

Neural network adaptive robust control (ARC) design is generalized to synthesize performance oriented control laws for a class of nonlinear systems in semi-strict feedback forms through the incorporation of backstepping design techniques.
Reasoning with qualitative models

Qualitative reasoning about physical systems has become one of the most productive areas in AI in recent years, due in part to the 1984 special issue of Artificial Intelligence on that topic. My contribution to that issue was a paper entitled "Commonsense reasoning about causality: deriving behavior from structure" [9]. From my perspective, that paper laid out a research program that has continued to be productive to this day, and promises to continue well into the future. After establishing a framework for qualitative reasoning, the primary technical contribution of the paper was a simple, clear representation for qualitative structure and behavior, abstracted from ordinary differential equations. My subsequent Artificial Intelligence paper, "Qualitative simulation" [ 10 ], made that abstraction relation precise, presented the vastly improved QSIM algorithm for qualitative simulation, and used the abstraction relation to prove the soundness and incompleteness of QSIM. I will discuss developments in qualitative simulation in my retrospective on that paper [12], and concentrate here on the larger issue of reasoning with qualitative models.
GRID Resource Consumption Estimates and Planning

An estimation of task resource demands is an important area of research in Grid computing. Efficiency of managing and planning resources and tasks in heterogeneous computer systems depends heavily on the accuracy of estimating each task resource demands. In this paper we explain how building the task work path for one fixed background loading and approximating the task resource consumption is applied to the resource consumption estimate for the tasks running in the GRID environment. In addition we address dimensional blowout by approximating the CWG matrix based on Markov clustering. This technique allows us to essentially reduce the resources and experiment time which are required for invariant generating and to make application of the method to the GRID scheduling and planning a reality.