cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Novel animal model of septic shock following smoke inhalation

Background The lesions of smoke inhalation often progress in the context of sepsis and other complications of the burn illness to a critical state consistent with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The aim of this study was to develop a standardized and reproducible model of sepsis after smoke inhalation in sheep. Methods Merino ewes (n = 21) were surgically prepared for the study. Five to seven days later, animals received a tracheostomy and 48 breaths of cotton smoke. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was suspended in 30 ml saline, which contained 2–5 × 1011 colony-forming units, and injected into the right lobe (20 ml) and into the left lobe (10 ml) using a bronchoscope. After the bacterial challenge, the animals were ventilated mechanically with 100 per cent oxygen. Body temperature, haemodynamic parameters, blood gas and blood culture were monitored for 48 h. Results The sheep showed a hyperkinetic response and fall in arterial partial pressure of oxygen similar to that seen in severe sepsis in humans. These changes were more severe than in animals with smoke inhalation alone (Fig. 1). Conclusion This would be a good animal model of sepsis and ARDS. © 2000 British Journal of Surgery Society Ltd
Thermal Shock Formation in a Three-Dimensional Solid Around a Rapidly Moving Heat Source

The thermal shock studied in this work results from the accumulation of thermal energy in a preferential direction around a rapidly moving heat source in the solid. It is a physical phenomenon pertinent to the thermal wave model and cannot be depicted by the classical diffusion theory. The present work further extends the thermal shock theory to a three-dimensional solid. The energy equation with temperature representation will be considered in the analysis. Because the effect of the finite wave speed intrinsically varies the mathematical type of the energy equation, the temperature distributions will be obtained individually in the subsonic, transonic, and supersonic ranges (Tzou, 1989a). In a similar manner to the two-dimensional problem, the hypo-variable transformations will applied to reduce the three-dimensional energy equation to a one-dimensional equation. The Green's functions for the one-dimensional equations in the hypo-space are then sought to yield analytical expressions for temperature, which facilities an exact description on the thermal shock formation around a rapidly moving heat source.
Interaction of SAP97 with Minus-end-directed Actin Motor Myosin VI IMPLICATIONS FOR AMPA RECEPTOR TRAFFICKING

SAP97 is a modular protein composed of three PDZ domains, an SH3 domain, and a guanylate kinase-like domain. It has been implicated functionally in the assembly and structural stability of synaptic junctions as well as in the trafficking, recruitment, and localization of specific ion channels and neurotransmitter receptors. The N terminus of SAP97 (S97N) has been shown to play a key role in the selection of binding partners and the localization of SAP97 at adhesion sites, as well as the clustering of ion channels in heterologous cells. Using the S97N domain as bait in a yeast two-hybrid screen, we identified the minus-end-directed actin-based motor, myosin VI, as an S97N binding partner. Moreover, in light membrane fractions prepared from rat brain, we found that myosin VI and SAP97 form a trimeric complex with the α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid (AMPA) receptor subunit, GluR1. These data suggest that SAP97 may serve as a molecular link between GluR1 and the actin-dependent motor protein myosin VI during the dynamic translocation of AMPA receptors to and from the postsynaptic plasma membrane.
How the World's Poultry Science Association contributes to education

Education is one of the founding pillars of the World's Poultry Science Association (WPSA). The Association regards most of its activities as contributing to education. The Journal, now in its 62nd volume, presents review articles on a diverse array of subjects concerned with poultry science. In addition, the Journal contains details of upcoming educational courses at a variety of institutions around the globe.World Congresses, Regional Conferences, Symposia and Workshops provide educational opportunities at a variety of academic levels. WPSA provides scholarship opportunities for young scientists to attend these events and also contributes to faculty support through its Speakers' Bureau Programme.The Association also cooperates with the Dutch organization, Agromisa. Together they are producing poultry management manuals for use in developing countries. The International Network for Family Poultry Development operates in developing countries to improve poultry management at the village level, thereby raising the nutritional status, as well as economic activity, among some of the world's most vulnerable and poor people.From this, it can be seen that the WPSAoperates at every level of poultry keeping, to improve the competence of those involved. These activities are supported by both the world and branch organizations.
The use of a single limited posteriorapproach and reduction techniques for specific patterns of acetabular fractures

Abstract Open reduction and internal fixation is required for the majority of displaced acetabular fractures. When openreduction is indicated, a single surgical approach can usually be selected that will permit optimal reduction and stabilization without the need for a second incision. The authors present those acetabular fracture patterns that can typically be addressed with a posterior Kocher-Langenbeck approach, as well as the techniques required for their reduction and stabilization.
Realtime Dome Imaging and Interaction: Towards Immersive Design Environments

As engineering design becomes more and more complex, we predict that the field will look to immersive environments as a way to create more natural interactions with design ideas. But, helmets are bulky and awkward. A better solution for immersive design is a partial dome. Originally the exclusive domain of flight simulators, dome projection is now being brought to the masses with less expensive dome displays and because its immersiveness makes it such a unique design and display experience. A fisheye lens is needed for the projector to display across the nearly 180° of the dome. This necessarily introduces a distortion of the graphics that is being displayed through it. The trick is to then “pre-distort” the graphics in the opposite direction before sending it on to the projector. This paper describes the use of the OpenGL Shading Language (GLSL) to perform this non-linear dome distortion transformation in the GPU. This makes the development of dome-ready interactive graphics code barely different from developing monitor-only graphics code, and with little runtime performance penalty. The shader code is given along with real examples from our work with San Diego’s Reuben H. Fleet Science Center.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Study of the nonlocality in the Animalu transition-metal model potentials

Numerical calculations have been made to estimate the nonlocality in the recently formulated transition-metal model potential (TMMP) by Animalu, and these have been checked against other model potentials. The overall results indicate that the contributions of the $d$ electrons tend to make the TMMP more nonlocal than simple-metal model potential. The present conclusions are in agreement with other theoretical calculations of lattice dynamics and phonon spectra.
Feature Selection for Classification of SELDI-TOF-MS Proteomic Profiles

Background: Proteomic peptide profiling is an emerging technology harbouring great expectations to enable early detection, enhance diagnosis and more clearly define prognosis of many diseases. Although previous research work has illustrated the ability of proteomic data to discriminate between cases and controls, significantly less attention has been paid to the analysis of feature selection strategies that enable learning of such predictive models. Feature selection, in addition to classification, plays an important role in successful identification of proteomic biomarker panels. Methods: We present a new, efficient, multivariate feature selection strategy that extracts useful feature panels directly from the high-throughput spectra. The strategy takes advantage of the characteristics of surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry (SELDI-TOF-MS) profiles and enhances widely used univariate feature selection strategies with a heuristic based on multivariate de-correlation filtering. We analyse and compare two versions of the method: one in which all feature pairs must adhere to a maximum allowed correlation (MAC) threshold, and another in which the feature panel is built greedily by deciding among best univariate features at different MAC levels. Results: The analysis and comparison of feature selection strategies was carried out experimentally on the pancreatic cancer dataset with 57 cancers and 59 controls from the University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA. The analysis was conducted in both the whole-profile and peak-only modes. The results clearly show the benefit of the new strategy over univariate feature selection methods in terms of improved classification performance. Conclusion: Understanding the characteristics of the spectra allows us to better assess the relative importance of potential features in the diagnosis of cancer. Incorporation of these characteristics into feature selection strategies often leads to a more efficient data analysis as well as improved classification performance.
Body size distortion in bulimia nervosa

Estimation de leurs propres mensurations par des femmes de poids normal atteintes de boulimie et un groupe controle; l'hypothese de depart etant que les boulimiques ont tendance a surestimer leurs dimensions corporelles (poitrine, taille, hanches, ventre)
Generic recall during posthypnotic amnesia

“Generic recall” occurs when the person has the idea of the general nature of the information that is to be remembered, but cannot gain complete access to the particular memory. Memory reports from 725 hypnotized subjects were inspected by independent blind raters for instances of generic recall. During suggested posthypnotic amnesia, generic recall occurred significantly more often in the memory reports of hypnotizable than insusceptible subjects, and was inversely related to the actual number of items recalled. There was a marked shift from generic to particular recall after the amnesia was lifted. Posthypnotic amnesia may provide a useful method for the study of episodic memory for personal experiences.
Adolescent problem solving, parent problem solving, and externalizing behavior in adolescents

This study focused on the relations between the social problem-solving abilities of adolescents and their parents and aggression and delinquency in an adolescent sample. One hundred and seventeen high school students, 83 of their mothers, and 73 of their fathers completed the Social Problem-Solving Inventory-Revised, which measures 5 different problem-solving dimensions and several different measures of adolescent externalizing behaviors. Adolescents' problem-solving ability was found to be significantly lower than that of their parents and significantly correlated with their mothers' but not their fathers' problem-solving ability. Three adolescent problem-solving dimensions were found to be related to aggression and/or delinquency. Other results suggested that the same dimensions might also be linked to substance use and high-risk automobile driving. Parents' problem solving was minimally related to adolescent externalizing problems. Adolescents' problem-solving ability accounted for a significant amount of variance in most externalizing measures even after controlling for mothers' problem-solving ability. Implications for treatment and prevention of adolescent behavioral problems are discussed.
From when and what to where: Linking spatio-temporal visualizations in visual analytics

This paper proposes an autolinking approach to help analysts investigate spatial details of suspicious sections from an overview temporal visualization. Analysis of spatial-temporal network security data takes place both conditionally and in sequence. Many systems use time-series curves to visualize the temporal perspectives of the data and maps to show the spatial information. To identify anomalies, the analysts frequently shift across different visualizations. In essence, time-series curves provide a temporal overview of data, and the map anchors the locations for the users to drill down for details. Anomalies may be reflected in a time-series curve as a jump, a dive, a peak, or a valley. With the autolinking mechanism, after the analyst selects a segment of a curve, the system can automatically highlight the related area on the map for further investigation. This approach adopts the slicing operation of the Online Analytical Process (OLAP) to find the basic granularities that contribute to the overall value change. This approach is implemented in our award-winning visual analytics system SemanticPrism. In this paper, we describe its structure and demonstrate three examples of use with the VAST 2012 Minichallenge 1 data.
Fluorescence Analysis for the Esteratic, anionic, and Allosteric Subsites of Acetylcholinesterase

Abstract The normality of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) solutions can be determined by fluorescence analysis using Maretin. Maretin, a fluorescent organophosphate insecticide is d uniquely specific, irreversible inhibitor of the esteratic subsite in AChE. N-Methylacridinium cation is a fluorescent equilibrium inhibitor of both the anionic and allosteric subsites of AChE. Dissociation constants (KD 1) 5.03 × 10−8M and (KD 2) 1.25 × 10−7M from fluorescence quenching are a new analysis of the mechanistic significance of the competitive (K1 = 3.5 × 10−8 M) and uncompetitive (KSI = 1.12 × 10−7 M) components of enzyme inhibition kinetics of AChE with N-methylacridinium cation as measured by pH Stat.
DNA double-strand breaks activate ATM independent of mitochondrial dysfunction in A549 cells

Excessive nuclear or mitochondrial DNA damage can lead to mitochondrial dysfunction, decreased energy production, and increased generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Although numerous cell signaling pathways are activated when cells are injured, the ataxia telangiectasia mutant (ATM) protein has emerged as a major regulator of the response to both mitochondrial dysfunction and nuclear DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). Because mitochondrial dysfunction is often a response to excessive DNA damage, it has been difficult to determine whether nuclear and/or mitochondrial DNA DSBs activate ATM independent of mitochondrial dysfunction. In this study, mitochondrial and nuclear DNA DSBs were generated in the A549 human lung adenocarcinoma cell line by infecting with retroviruses expressing the restriction endonuclease PstI fused to a mitochondrial targeting sequence (MTS) or nuclear localization sequence (NLS) and a hemagglutinin antigen epitope tag (HA). Expression of MTS-PstI-HA or NLS-PstI-HA activated the DNA damage response defined by phosphorylation of ATM, the tumor suppressor protein p53 (TP53), KRAB-associated protein (KAP)-1, and structural maintenance of chromosomes (SMC)-1. Phosphorylated ATM and SMC1 were detected in nuclear fractions, whereas phosphorylated TP53 and KAP1 were detected in both mitochondrial and nuclear fractions. PstI also enhanced expression of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21 and inhibited cell growth. This response to DNA damage occurred in the absence of detectable mitochondrial dysfunction and excess production of ROS. These findings reveal that DNA DSBs are sufficient to activate ATM independent of mitochondrial dysfunction and suggest that the activated form of ATM and some of its substrates are restricted to the nuclear compartment, regardless of the site of DNA damage.
Scientific Computing in the $C^H$ Programming Language

We have developed a general-purpose block-structured interpretive programming Ianguage. The syntax and semantics of this language called $C^H$ are similar to C. $C^H$ retains most features of C from the scientific computing point of view. In this paper, the extension of C to $C^H$ for numerical computation of real numbers will be described. Metanumbers of −0.0, 0.0, Inf, −Inf, and NaN are introduced in $C^H$. Through these metanumbers, the power of the IEEE 754 arithmetic standard is easily available to the programmer. These metanumbers are extended to commonly used mathematical functions in the spirit of the IEEE 754 standard and ANSI C. The definitions for manipulation of these metanumbers in I/O; arithmetic, relational, and logic operations; and built-in polymorphic mathematical functions are defined. The capabilities of bitwise, assignment, address and indirection, increment and decrement, as well as type conversion operations in ANSI C are extended in $C^H$. In this paper, mainly new linguistic features of $C^H$ in comparison to C will be described. Example programs programmed in $C^H$ with metanumbers and polymorphic mathematical functions will demonstrate capabilities of CH in scientific computing.
Long-term results of behavior therapy for obesity

Traditional dietary therapies for obesity have not been demonstrated to be successful in producing a sustained weight loss in a reasonable portion of patients who undertake them. Recent work applying behavioral techniques to this problem has generated some enthusiasm regarding the potential of such an approach. This review examines the literature for evidence of the long-term effectiveness and practicality of behavior therapy. While promising, behavior therapy has not, as yet, been clearly demonstrated to be an effective, permanent, and practical treatment for obesity.
Male adolescent use of health care services: where are the boys?

Abstract Purpose: To describe patterns of health care use by adolescent males in the United States and clinical practice characteristics associated with their use of adolescent-specific programs. Methods: Secondary analysis of three national data sets to determine health care use by male adolescents: the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey [NAMCS (1994): pediatric, family physician, internal medicine, and obstetric/gynecologic outpatient visits]; National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey [NHAMCS (1994): outpatient department (OPD) and emergency department (ED) visits]; and Comprehensive Adolescent Health Services Survey [CAHSS (1995)]. Both NAMCS and NHAMCS are representative national probability samples. Total visit estimates by adolescents in 1994 to NAMCS sites were 387,076,630, to OPD sites were 6,511,244, and to ED sites were 13,161,824. For CAHSS, 468 programs (60% of eligible) participated. Data analyses were performed using two-tailed Student's t -tests and correlation testing. Results: Older male adolescents, aged 16–20 years, account for a lower percentage of total visits to NAMCS sites combined compared to younger males, aged 11–15 years (15.8% vs. 25.1%, p p p p p = .001). Among specialized adolescent sites (CAHSS), 13–19-year-old males account for fewer visits than females to all programs types: schools (40% vs. 60%), hospitals (33% vs. 67%), and community/health departments (25% vs. 75%) (all p 's ≤ .001). Clinical practice characteristics correlated with having a greater proportion of male adolescent visit varied depending on the types of adolescent program examined. Conclusions. Younger male adolescents make health care visits in relatively equal proportions to females at all NAMCS and NHAMCS locations and visits by older males are significantly reduced. Male adolescent visits are lower than females at all adolescent-specific programs; school-based clinics see the highest proportion of males. Greater understanding of male adolescents' transition between providers from adolescence to adulthood is needed to improve care to male adolescents who under-use health services.
The role of precedents in increasing creativity during iterative design of electronic embedded systems

This paper presents a study on the role of precedents in illuminating creative ideas during iterative design for solving open-ended problems in electronic embedded systems. Through an experimental study grounded in cognitive psychology, this work examined the influence of precedents on the novelty, variety, quality, and utility of design solutions devised through an iterative design process involving groups of participants. Another tested hypothesis was whether incremental changes of requirements improve novelty. Results show that precedents did not increase solution novelty and quality, but improved utility. Precedents reduced design feature variety as solutions converged toward a few dominant designs. Incremental modification of requirements did not increase novelty.
Aromatic polyethers, polysulfones, and polyketones as laminating resins. VI. Polymers from 2,5‐dicyanoterephthalic acid

Aromatic poly(keto ether sulfones) containing various amounts of pendant cyano groups were synthesized from 1,4-bis(p-phenoxybenzoyl)-2,5-dicyanobenzene, 1,3-bis(p-phenoxybenzenesulfonyl)benzene, and isophthaloyl chloride by a Friedel-Crafts type polymerization. These polymers softened at 160–190°C and had inherent viscosities of 0.44–0.61 in hexamethylphosphoric triamide. Crosslinkings were made by heating the polymers alone or in the presence of zinc chloride at 360–370°C to give black resinous materials that were insoluble in hexamethylphosphoric triamide in which the original polymers dissolved quite readily.
Coronary Artery Disease

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the leading cause of death worldwide. There are several presenting clinical syndromes, including sudden cardiac death. Risk factor analysis can help the primary care provider identify patients who may need more extensive evaluation or treatment. Treatment may be medical or surgical and depends on the individual patient's comorbidities and preferences. In the future, growth of new blood vessels or cardiac cells may aid in the treatment of CAD.
Resonant nonlinear polarizabilities in the time-dependent density functional theory

The response of the density matrix to an external field is calculated in the adiabatic time-dependent density functional (TDDFT) theory by mapping the equation of motion for the driven single-electron density matrix into the dynamics of coupled harmonic oscillators. The resulting nonlinear response functions and the closed expressions for nonlinear frequency-dependent polarizabilities are derived. These expressions include transition densities and frequencies calculated in the linear response TDDFT, and higher order functional derivatives of the exchange-correlation functional. Limitations of the applicability of the traditional sum over states approach for computing the nonlinear response to the TDDFT are discussed.
Frontiers in Occupational and Environmental Lung Disease Research

Two central challenges in the field of occupational and environmental epidemiology include accurately measuring biologic responses to exposure and preventing subsequent disease. As exposure-related lung diseases continue to be identified, advances in exposure biology have introduced toxicogenomic approaches that detect biomarkers of exposure at the gene, protein, and metabolite levels. Moreover, genetic epidemiology research has focused more recently on common, low-penetrant (ie, low-relative-risk) genetic variants that may interact with commonly encountered exposures. A number of such gene by environment interactions have been identified for airways and interstitial lung diseases, with the goal of preventing disease among susceptible populations that may not otherwise have been identified. Exhaled breath condensate analysis has provided another noninvasive means of assessing toxicant exposures and systemic effects. As these technologies become more refined, clinicians and public health practitioners will need to appreciate the social implications of the individual- and population-level risks conferred by certain genetic polymorphisms or by biomarker evidence of exposure. At present, the primary approach to occupational and environmental lung disease prevention remains elimination or reduction of known hazardous exposures and requires continued application of local and international resources toward exposure control.
Emotional adjustment 5 years after heart transplant: A multisite study

Objective: To assess levels of and factors associated with depression and negative affect 5 years after heart transplant (HT). Participants: 370 adults 5 years post-HT. Outcome Measures: Cardiac Depression Scale and the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS). Research Method: Stepwise multiple regression analyses were used to test 32 potential demographic, medical, functional, and psychosocial factors in adjustment. Results: Predictor variables accounted for 53% of the variance of depression scores and 45% of the variance of PANAS negative affect scores. The best predictors (p .001) for depression were neurological symptoms, younger age, lower recreational functioning, and lower satisfaction with emotional support, and the best predictors for negative affect were neurological symptoms, lower mobility functioning, and perceived uncertainty about health. Depression scores were lower than norms for nontransplanted heart failure patients, and negative affect levels were comparable to those of the general population. Conclusions: The findings indicate normal long-term adjustment among HT recipients. Several factors associated with negative emotions, including younger age, have not been identified in previous research.
AGE-RELATED LOSS OF OREXIN/HYPOCRETIN NEURONS

Aging is associated with many physiological alterations—such as changes in sleep patterns, metabolism and food intake—suggestive of hypothalamic dysfunction, but the effects of senescence on specific hypothalamic nuclei and neuronal groups that mediate these alterations is unclear. The lateral hypothalamus and contiguous perifornical area (LH/PFA) contains several populations of neurons, including those that express the neuropeptides orexin (hypocretin) or melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH). Collectively, orexin and MCH neurons influence many integrative homeostatic processes related to wakefulness and energy balance. Here, we determined the effect of aging on numbers of orexin and MCH neurons in young adult (3–4 months) and old (26–28 months) Fisher 344/Brown Norway F1 hybrid rats. Aged rats exhibited a loss of greater than 40% of orexin-immunoreactive neurons in both the medial and lateral (relative to the fornix) sectors of the LH/PFA. MCH-immunoreactive neurons were also lost in aged rats, primarily in the medial LH/PFA. Neuronal loss in this area was not global as no change in cells immunoreactive for the pan-neuronal marker, NeuN, was observed in aged rats. Combined with other reports of altered receptor expression or behavioral responses to exogenously-administered neuropeptide, these data suggest that compromised orexin (and, perhaps, MCH) function is an important mediator of age-related homeostatic disturbances of hypothalamic origin. The orexin system may represent a crucial substrate linking homeostatic and cognitive dysfunction in aging, as well as a novel therapeutic target for pharmacological or genetic restoration approaches to preventing or ameliorating these disturbances.
Etiology, treatment, and outcome of esophageal ulcers: a 10-year experience in an urban emergency hospital.

Esophageal ulcers are a rare cause of upper gastrointestinal bleeding. This report describes the etiology, treatment, complications, and outcome of esophageal ulcers. An esophageal ulcer is defined as a discrete break in the esophageal mucosa with a clearly circumscribed margin; esophageal ulcers were seen in 88 patients from a total of 7564 esophagogastroduodenoscopies done by one surgeon at an urban hospital from 1991 to 2001. All hospital reports were reviewed. The etiology of esophageal ulcers included the following: gastrointestinal reflux disease (GERD) (n = 58, 65.9%), drug induced (n = 20, 22.7%), candidal (n = 3, 3.4%), caustic injury (n = 2, 2.3%), and herpes simplex virus (HSV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), marginal ulcer, foreign body, and unknown etiology (n = 1 of each, 1.1%). The mean size of GERD-induced esophageal ulcers and drug-induced esophageal ulcers was 2.78 and 2.92 cm, respectively; 80.3% of GERD-induced esophageal ulcers and 13.8% of drug-induced esophageal ulcers were located in the lower thoracic esophagus. Morbidity (n = 44, 50%) included hemorrhage (n = 30, 34%), esophageal stricture (n = 11, 12.5%), and esophageal perforation (n = 3, 3.4%). Nonoperative therapy sufficed in 81 patients (92%). Three patients (3.4%) had a recurrence of esophageal ulcers. Fifteen patients (17.0%) required endoscopic intervention including esophageal dilatation for stricture in 11 patients and endoscopic hemostasis for esophageal bleeding in four patients. Surgery (n = 7, 8.0%) was reserved for esophageal stricture and perforation. Two patients (2.3%) died from complications of esophageal ulcers: hemorrhage in one and perforation in one. Three patients died of their primary disease. GERD and drug ingestion are common causes of esophageal ulcers. Midesophageal ulcers have a greater tendency to hemorrhage compared with ulcers at the gastroesophageal junction; this may reflect the etiology. Strictures complicate GERD-induced esophageal ulcers but not drug-induced esophageal ulcers. Esophageal dilatation is an effective treatment for most strictures associated with esophageal ulcers. Esophageal ulcers rarely cause death.
Epitaxial growth modes and interlayer relaxation of thin Cu films grown on Ru(0001) and oxygen-precovered Ru(0001)

We have studied the growth of thin Cu films grown on Ru(0001) and oxygen-precovered Ru(0001), using X-ray photoelectron diffraction and measuring experimental Cu 2p32 (Ekin = 556 eV) and Ru 3d (Ekin = 1206 eV) intensities in the full 2π solid angle above the surface for Cu coverages from submonolayer up to several monolayers (ML). Our data indicate that the first Cu layer grows pseudomorphically on Ru(0001), in agreement with prior studies. At higher coverages, comparison of our data with single scattering and multiple scattering diffraction calculations on various atomic clusters indicates that the short-range structure is fcc Cu(111)-like, consistent with prior STM work, but with significant interlayer contraction that persists up to ≥ 5 ML coverage. In addition, the Cu overlayer grows in two possible orientations on the Ru(0001) surface, with a preference towards one of the two possible orientations at certain coverages. Finally, we have investigated the effect of oxygen preadsorbed on the Ru(0001) surface on the growth of the Cu overlayer. All of the oxygen is found to float on top of the Cu in a highly disordered configuration, and the oxygen is not found to act as a surfactant for coverages ≤ 3 ML, but rather promotes multilayer or island growth relative to growth on clean Ru(0001).
Simultaneous determination of N-acetylglucosamine, N-acetylgalactosamine, N-acetylglucosaminitol and N-acetylgalactosaminitol by gas-liquid chromatography.

Abstract A gas-liquid chromatographic procedure is described which will concomitantly separate and quantitate N-acetylglucosamine, N-acetylgalactosamine, N-actylglucosaminitol and N-acetylgalactosaminitol in a single analytical run. The hexosamines, as their O-methyloximes, and the hexosaminitols can be separated as either their per-O-acetylated or per-O-trimethylsilylated derviatives. This method is particularly useful with samples that possess both N-acetylhexosaminitols and N-acetylhexosamines as are seen with N-linked oligosaccharides that are cleaved from glycoproteins by alkaline borohydride treatment.This procedure demonstrates a range of acceptable linearity of 1–1000 nmoles for each type of amino sugar.
Analytical model for the quadratic electro-optic effect of perovskites.

A semiclassical model of the transverse electro-optic effects including both electronic and ionic contributions is proposed for perovskite materials. It is found that for perovskite structure the linear and the nonlinear susceptibilities are related via a single parameter of the material. Therefore, the model yields a formula that provides a semiquantitative prediction of the quadratic electro-optical coefficient of the materials from their indices of refraction and dielectric constants.
Geostatistical Reservoir Modelling using Statistical Pattern Recognition

The traditional practice of geostatistics for reservoir characterization is limited by the variogram which, as a measure of geological continuity, can capture only two-point statistics. Important curvi-linear geological information, beyond the modelling capabilities of the variogram, can be taken from training images and later used in model construction. Training images can provide multiple-point statistics which describe the statistical relation between multiple spatial locations considered jointly. Stochastic reservoir simulation then consists of anchoring the borrowed geo-structures in the form of multiple-point statistics to the actual subsurface hard and soft data.
A Designed Receptor for pH-Switchable Ion Binding in Water

Molecules with conditional (switchable) properties are of considerable fundamental interest and are potentially useful for a broad range of applications, including chemical sensing. We have prepare...
Plasticity of Alarm‐call Response Development in Belding’s Ground Squirrels (Spermophilus beldingi, Sciuridae)

Plasticity in the alarm-call responses of Belding’s ground squirrels (Spermophilus beldingi) may function to prepare young to respond appropriately to calls according to the predator environment and habitat in which the young develop. To examine the extent to which antipredator responses are sensitive to early rearing environments, we studied the development of behavioural responses to playbacks of alarm calls and non-alarm calls in free-living juveniles and captive juveniles housed in large outdoor enclosures. Compared with same-aged, free-living juveniles, captive juveniles were more likely to show an observable response to playbacks, exhibited more exaggerated initial responses (e.g. enter a burrow vs. freeze), and remained alert longer following playbacks. The influence of rearing history on antipredator responses was limited to responses to auditory stimuli, as the two groups of juveniles reacted similarly to fast-moving visual stimuli. The responses of free-living juveniles appeared to be more discriminating than responses of captive juveniles, particularly following playbacks of calls associated with less immediate threats. The responses of captive and free-living mothers were similar, indicating a developmental component to the juvenile response differences observed here. Free-living juveniles developed a discrimination among alarm and non-alarm calls sooner than captive young. Response differences were evident within 1 wk of first emergence from natal burrows and persisted at least 4 wk, at around the age of natal dispersal. This suggests that early rearing history has an enduring effect on response repertoires, which may be adaptive if animals continue to inhabit the predator environment in which they developed.
Cavernoscopy as an aid in the removal of a penile prosthesis.

We describe a novel technique for retrieving a rear tip extender using cavernoscopy during removal of an inflatable penile prosthesis. To our knowledge our case represents the first in which a cystoscope was used to perform cavernoscopy for this purpose. CASE REPORT A 61-year-old man with a history of multiple sclerosis presented with infection and erosion of a penile prosthesis through the distal right corporeal body. An inflatable 3-piece penile prosthesis had been placed at our institution 8 years ago. The implant was used satisfactorily until 1 month before presentation, when the patient was hospitalized for congestive heart failure and pneumonia. During the prolonged hospitalization several Foley catheters were placed for strict fluid management on different occasions. Physical examination demonstrated extrusion of the right cylinder through the distal end of the corpus cavernosum and glans. At surgery a midline scrotal incision was made and purulent material was drained from the scrotum. Scrotal cultures were obtained and the scrotal cavity was copiously irrigated with an antibiotic solution. The left corpus was entered ventrolaterally through a vertical penoscrotal incision and the left cylinder, including the rear tip extender, was removed without difficulty. The scrotal pump was removed by cutting its attachments to the cylinders. The right cylinder was removed through the area of perforation in the distal glans. However, we soon realized that the rear tip extender had not been removed. After the usual blind attempts to remove the right extender failed cavernoscopy was performed using a 19F rigid cystoscope sheath and a 0-degree lens. The interior of the corpora cavernosa was visualized and the cystoscope was advanced toward the proximal corpus. The rear tip extender
Study of the surface structure of tempered carbon steel

A CEMS and XMS study of carbon steel has shown that the microstructure of the bulk material as well as the surface depends on the temperature at which the steel was tempered. Ion milling of the surface results in no change to the surface microstructure which corresponds closely to the bulk properties. However, after polishing the surface with 3μm diamond, the surface composition is changed to a large extent. Polishing decreases the amount of retained austenite and also the fraction of interstitial carbon within the austenite on the surface of the non-tempered steel. A related increase in the amount of surface martensite is observed. The effects of polishing extends to depths of over 1000 A. Both X- and θ-carbides are present in each of the tempered steels and only the amount of θ-carbide is seen to increase as the samples are tempered to decrease hardness. Tempering to higher temperatures decreases the martensite content and a corresponding increase is seen in the θ-carbide only. Polishing also removes a large feaction of the carbide from the surface and this may account for the anomalously high wear resistance previously determined for the steel.
Uterine leiomyomata-related thromboembolic disease: a case report.

Abstract Background: Venous thromboembolic disease rarely presents as a complication of uterine leiomyomata via inferior vena cava compression. Case Report: We describe a case associated with venous thrombotic disease and subsequent pulmonary emboli and discuss the complexities of Emergency Department (ED) management. Conclusion: This case typifies the challenge of caring for the ill patient with multiple, potentially related disease processes whose treatments may actually conflict with one another.
Vitamin D (Soltriol) receptors in the choroid plexus and ependyma: Their species-specific presence.

Abstract The present study describes the appearance of high-affinity nuclear binding sites (receptors) for 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 (soltriol) in organs that contribute to the blood-brain barrier such as choroid plexus and ependyma in the Djungarian hamster Phodopus sungorus , C57BL/6J mice, and vitamin D-deficient Sprague-Dawley rats. Using autoradiography, after injection of 1,25[ 3 H]dihydroxyvitamin D 3 specific nuclear neuronal labeling is seen in all species in certain regions of the brain. Choroid plexus and ependyma show distinct species differences. In female and male Phodopus , constantly raised under long-day conditions or transferred for S weeks to a short-day cycle, nuclear receptors for 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D 3 are present in the choroid epithelium of all ventricles, while nuclear labeling is inconspicuous or absent in nonepithelial cells of the choroid plexus and most of the ependyma. Some ependymal cells in select regions of all ventricles display nuclear labeling that includes portions of the lateral ventricle, ventral and dorsal third ventricle, aqueduct, and fourth ventricle, but is comparatively weak. Differential presence of radioactivity in ventricular regions was noted, suggesting binding to proteins in cerebrospinal fluid. In mice and rats nuclear binding is absent or inconspicuous in choroid epithelium and ependyma under conditions when strong nuclear labeling is present in neurons of the nucleus centralis of the amygdala and cranial motor nerve nuclei. Vitamin D synthesis is dependent on sunlight and its levels change with season. Therefore, it is suggested that vitamin D (soltriol) regulates functions of choroid plexus and ependyma in the Djungarian hamster, probably thus serving the transmission of circannual changes in rodent species with strong seasonal adaptations.
Did the expiration of retail price caps affect prices in the restructured Texas electricity market

On January 1, 2007, the Electric Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT) market became the first restructured market in the US to completely remove caps on the prices which could be charged to residential energy consumers by the retailers associated with the traditional or incumbent utility service providers. Our analysis suggests that the expiration of the price-to-beat (PTB) price caps may have led to a reduction in the average prices charged by competitive retail electric providers (REPs).
Antibodies to the first constant-region domain of the murine μ-chain induced by a synthetic peptide☆

A peptide corresponding to the N-terminal 13 amino acid residues of the murine C mu 1 domain was synthesized by the solid-phase method and was coupled to carrier proteins through an additional cysteine residue. Rabbit antisera to these peptide-carrier conjugates were found to react with intact mouse IgM as well as its Fab mu fragment. These antisera also reacted with the isolated mu-chain and the V mu fragment of the heavy chain. This fragment consists of the VH-domain and the N-terminal residues of the C mu 1 domain preceding the interchain half-cystine. No significant reactivity of these antisera was found with the IgM of human and equine species or with murine IgG isotypes. Apart from their utility in the purification of the V mu fragment, these and similar antisera can be used to probe structure and function relationships of immunoglobulin domains. Furthermore, such antisera may be used in the study of expression vectors with heavy-chain genes to detect the expression of truncated forms of heavy chain in E. coli and other hosts.
ADS-B encryption: confidentiality in the friendly skies

The US Federal Aviation Administration is proposing an upgrade to air transportation that will fundamentally overhaul the current, aging system. A key component, the automatic dependent surveillance broadcast (ADS-B) system, will enhance air traffic monitoring and control by requiring aircraft to continually broadcast position, identity and velocity via unencrypted data links to ground stations. Although ADS-B may enhance air traffic safety and support the increase in traffic demands, open broadcast of clear aircraft data points raise serious security concerns. The ability to encrypt ADS-B message transactions would afford protection to ensure that the confidentiality of aircraft data is not compromised. The implementation of an encryption framework for a large, distributed and dynamic system, however, is nontrivial. This paper examines encryption schemes and highlights challenges associated with implementing confidentiality security protections for the ADS-B environment.
Actual vs. perceived talkativeness as determinants of judged leadership, popularity, and likeableness

Although talkativeness seems to have an important influence on social perception, there is little evidence on the best way to measure talkativeness. Nineteen small discussion groups met on four occasions, and members simultaneously ranked and rated each other for talkativeness, leadership, popularity, and likeableness using a new rank-rate scale. Observers of the groups tallied emitted and received utterance frequency. Although there was adequate inter-observer agreement, these “objective” measures of talkativeness were only weakly related to the various peer judgments, while peer-judged talkativeness was closely and positively related to these variables. Subjective judgments appear to be more useful predictors of various social perceptions than objective tallies of emitted utterance frequency.
Building Bridges: Qualitative Assessment of a Clinical Faculty Exchange Between a Naturopathic and an Allopathic Medical Training Program

Research Question What are the perceived benefits of a clinical exchange experience designed as part of a program to promote acceptance and use of evidence-based medicine (EBM) in naturopathic clinical practice? Methods Nine faculty members participated in a focus group (n = 6) or a structured interview (n = 3) to assess experience in the program. Investigators independently analyzed transcribed notes for common experience themes. Analysis and Interpretation Six major themes emerged: integrating EBM into naturopathic clinical teaching, strengthening of professional relationships, exposure to clinical experiences outside the usual naturopathic scope, reaffirmation of naturopathic training and profession, observation of clinical and administrative resources and practices, and recommendations for future clinical exchanges. Main Results A clinical exchange experience was viewed as a favorable way to promote EBM appreciation within the complementary and alternative medicine educational community and to foster improved clinical experiences for faculty and their students and patients.
Gender Expectations for Alcohol Use: A Study of the Significance of the Masculine Role.

One hundred sixteen undergraduates assigned traditional gender-stereotyping adjectives and adjective phrases to two male and two female stimuli. Included in this set of traits were statements regarding drinking beer, drinking wine, and getting drunk. Results indicated that male stimuli were attributed stereotypically masculine traits (e.g., acts as a leader, is willing to take risks), and were attributed both beer drinking and getting drunk significantly more often than the female stimuli. By contrast, female stimuli were attributed stereotypically feminine traits (e.g., dependent, sensitive) and were attributed wine drinking significantly more often than the male stimuli. These data provide direct evidence that expectations regarding beer drinking and getting drunk are aspects of the traditional male gender role. The social and mental health implications of the findings are discussed.
Non-myopic formation of circle networks

Abstract We examine the dynamic formation of networks by self-interested individuals who can form and sever links. We assume that agents are initially unconnected, that the cost of forming a first link exceeds its benefits, and that indirect links are valuable. We show that if agents are non-myopic then it is possible for a network shaped like a circle to form.