cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Prospective, Longitudinal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Evaluation of Cerebrovascular Reactivity and Infarct Development in Patients With Intracranial Stenosis.

BACKGROUND Patients with symptomatic atherosclerotic and non-atherosclerotic (i.e., moyamoya) intracranial steno-occlusive disease experience high 2-year infarct rates. PURPOSE To investigate whether cerebral blood flow (CBF) and cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) measures may provide biomarkers of 1-to-2-year infarct risk. STUDY TYPE Prospective, longitudinal study. SUBJECTS Adult participants (age = 18-85 years) with symptomatic intracranial atherosclerotic disease (N = 26) or non-atherosclerotic (i.e., moyamoya; N = 43) and stenosis ≥50% of a major intracranial artery were initially scanned within 45 days of stroke. Follow-up imaging (target = 1.5 years) was acquired for new infarct assessment. FIELD STRENGTH/SEQUENCE 3.0 Tesla with normocapnic arterial spin labeling (ASL) and blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) imaging acquired during an interleaved hypercapnic (3 minutes) and normocapnic (3 minutes) respiratory stimulus. ASSESSMENT CBF, maximum CVR, and time-to-maximum CVR (i.e., CVRDELAY ) were calculated. Laterality indices (difference between infarcted and contralesional hemispheres divided by sum of absolute values) of metrics at enrollment were contrasted between participants with vs. without new infarcts on follow-up. STATISTICAL TESTS Laterality indices were compared using non-parametric Wilcoxon tests (significance: two-sided P < 0.05) and effect sizes as Cohen's d. Continuous variables are presented as mean ± SD. RESULTS New infarcts were observed on follow-up in 15.0% of participants. The laterality index of the CVRDELAY was elevated (P = 0.01) in participants with atherosclerosis with new infarcts (index = 0.13) compared to participants without new infarcts (index = 0.05). DATA CONCLUSION Elevated CVRDELAY may indicate brain parenchyma at increased risk for new infarcts in patients with symptomatic intracranial atherosclerotic disease treated with standard-of-care medical management. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 2 TECHNICAL EFFICACY STAGE: 3.
Rethinking antimicrobial prophylaxis in patients receiving medicinal leech therapy.

DISCLAIMER In an effort to expedite the publication of articles , AJHP is posting manuscripts online as soon as possible after acceptance. Accepted manuscripts have been peer-reviewed and copyedited, but are posted online before technical formatting and author proofing. These manuscripts are not the final version of record and will be replaced with the final article (formatted per AJHP style and proofed by the authors) at a later time. PURPOSE To describe challenges in the management of prophylaxis against infections for patients receiving medicinal leech therapy given changes in antimicrobial resistance patterns in the normal flora of leeches. SUMMARY This article presents a patient case of reconstructive surgery complicated by infection associated with the use of medicinal leeches, as well as a discussion of prophylaxis in medicinal leech therapy, focusing on considerations for choosing a prophylactic agent. CONCLUSION Our case report highlights resistance changes in Aeromonas isolates associated with medicinal leeches and the potential for complications if isolates resistant to chosen prophylactic agents arise. When administering antimicrobial prophylaxis in patients receiving medicinal leech therapy, clinicians should be familiar with the susceptibilities of Aeromonas species but also conscious of evolving antimicrobial resistance given the extent of the consequences of infected surgical grafts.
Transcriptomic changes in mouse embryonic stem cells exposed to thalidomide during spontaneous differentiation.

Thalidomide is a potent developmental toxicant that induces a range of birth defects, notably severe limb malformations. To unravel the molecular mechanisms underpinning the teratogenic effects of thalidomide, we used microarrays to study transcriptomic changes induced by thalidomide in an in vitro model based on the differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs), and published the major findings in a research article entitled “Thalidomide induced early gene expression perturbations indicative of human embryopathy in mouse embryonic stem cells” [1]. The data presented herein contains complementary information related to the aforementioned research article.
Forces generated by web peeling for printing and coating applications

The tensile forces that act on a web in printing and coating applications are important in situations where the web may delaminate or break. A model is proposed that uses lubrication expressions to describe the fluid flow in the thin fluid layer combined with a force balance on the web to describe the peeling event. A novel experimental method is described that measures the forces to separate a tensioned web from a surface with a viscous fluid between them. Forces are measured for various parameters such as viscosity, web tension, separation velocity, fluid volume, and fluid geometry. Dimensionless expressions are developed to correlate experimental results. Web deformation and forces are found to be influenced by a thin air film between web and bottom plate. These initial forces are found to be larger than later peeling forces unless something is done to allow air to flow between the web and the lower plate. Low web tension and stiffness are found to reduce the maximum force. The model predicts the measured forces within the expected accuracies. However, the model overpredicts the forces for large patch areas and thin films; this is likely caused by a cavitation mechanism or be three-dimensional flows for these large patch areas. Simplified expressions are generated to correlate the peeling forces for a wide range of experimental parameters.
Identification of meta-analyses: The need for standard terminology☆

Abstract Our efforts to identify published articles describing meta-analyses of clinical trials illustrate the need for standard terminology to facilitate retrieval. We found 119 articles describing meta-analyses and eligible for inclusion in MEDLINE, and yet when we searched MEDLINE, using strategies based on textwords and medical subject headings (MeSH), only 48% of the 119 articles were identified. Sixty-eight (57%) of the 119 articles contained at least one of the terms “meta-analysis”, “pooling”, or “overview” in the little or abstract. The importance of meta-analyses in the evaluation of medical treatments argues for more disciplined use of a specific term in order to facilitate identification of articles. The fact that the National Library of Medicine has started in 1989 to index articles describing meta-analyses using the MeSH META-ANALYSIS underscores this argument.
A Student-centered Approach To Teaching Material And Energy Balances: 1. Course Design

This two-part series describes the structure of the stoichiometry course at North Carolina State University. The course had a variety of learning objectives, and several nontraditional pedagogies were used in the course delivery. This first paper outlines the course structure and policies, the preparation given to the teaching assistants who played an integral part in the course delivery, and the course assignments. The next one describes the methods used for classroom instruction and assessment.
Cloning and expression in Escherichia coli of a xylanase gene from Bacteroides ruminicola 23.

A gene coding for xylanase activity in the ruminal bacterial strain 23, the type strain of Bacteroides ruminicola, was cloned into Escherichia coli JM83 by using plasmid pUC18. AB. ruminicola 23 genomic library was prepared in E. coli by using BamHI-digested DNA, and transformants were screened for xylanase activity on the basis of clearing areas around colonies grown on Remazol brilliant blue R-xylan plates. Six clones were identified as being xylanase positive, and all six contained the same 5.7-kilobase genomic insert. The gene was reduced to a 2.7-kilobase DNA fragment. Xylanase activity produced by the E. coli clone was found to be greater than that produced by the original B. ruminicola strain. Southern hybridization analysis of genomic DNA from the related B. ruminicola strains, D31d and H15a, by using the strain 23 xylanase gene demonstrated one hybridizing band in each DNA. Images
Capacity Utilization, Income Distribution, and the Urban Informal Sector: An Open-Economy Model

Developing economies worldwide have experienced rapid informal sector expansion in response to formal sector unemployment. However, the macroeconomic e ects of formal-informal sector dualism have been widely overlooked. This paper develops a two-sector, structuralist, macroeconomic model to analyze the impact of urban informal sector activity on export-led growth policy. The model uses stylized facts from the Johannesburg informal sector and is applicable to countries where informal sector production is concentrated in low-wage goods and commercial services. The paper finds that trade-o s between capacity utilization and reduced income inequality could be magnified when the existence of an urban informal sector is incorporated.
Tracking topic evolution in on-line postings: 2006 IBM innovation Jam data

Participants in on-line discussion forums and decision makers are interested in understanding real-time communications between large numbers of parties on the internet and intranet. As a first step towards addressing this challenge, we developed a prototype to quickly identify and track topics in large, dynamic data sets based on assignment of documents to time slices, fast approximation of cluster centroids to identify discussion topics, and inter-slice correspondence mappings of topics. To verify our method, we conducted implementation studies with data from Innovation Jam 2006, an on-line brainstorming session, in which participants around the globe posted more than 37,000 opinions. Results from our prototype are consistent with the text in the postings, and would have required considerable effort to discover manually.
Artefacts in restored images due to intensity loss in three-dimensional fluorescence microscopy

Computational algorithms for three-dimensional deconvolution have proven successful in reducing blurring and improving the resolution of fluorescence microscopic images. However, discrepancies between the imaging conditions and the models on which such deconvolution algorithms are based may lead to artefacts and/or distortions in the images restored by application of the algorithms. In this paper, artefacts associated with a decrease of fluorescence intensity with time or slice in three-dimensional wide-field images are demonstrated using simulated images. Loss of intensity, whether due to photobleaching or other factors, leads to artefacts in the form of bands or stripes in the restored images. An empirical method for correcting the intensity losses in wide-field images has been implemented and used to correct biological images. This method is based on fitting a decreasing function to the slice intensity curve computed by summing all pixel values in each slice. The fitted curve is then used for the calculation of correction factors for each slice.
Measurement of post-welding shift for to-can pigtail package

By using non-contact capacitive sensors to measure post-welding shift (PWS), the effects of external pre-load on welding parts and variation of welding spot location on PWS are studied. The importance of structure and mechanical tolerance of welding parts is also discussed.
Production of T Cell Clones

This unit provides methods for the derivation of specific types of T cell clones: preparation and maintenance of alloreactive murine helper T (TH) lymphocyte and cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) clones using the limiting dilution technique and derivation of TH clones reactive with soluble protein antigens including a method for the selection of either TH1 or TH2 lymphocyte subsets. These two subsets of TH cells exhibit helper function in different ways and can be distinguished by the patterns of lymphokines they synthesize. Support protocols describe preparation of different types of conditioned media that can be used to enhance the growth of desired clones.
Cerebral Lateralization and Specialization in Human Central Nervous System

The sections in this article are: 1 Left Hemisphere Specialization for Language 1.1 Aphasia and Left Hemisphere Specialization: Dissociation of Syntactic and Semantic Aspects of Language 1.2 Right Hemisphere Contributions to Language 1.3 Aberrant Organization for Language 2 Left Hemisphere Specialization for Motor Control 2.1 Supramodal Theories of Apraxia 2.2 Definition of Apraxia and Motor-Programming Device 2.3 Neural Organization of Praxis 3 Hemispheric Specialization for Intelligence and Consciousness 3.1 Brain Mechanisms and Intelligence 3.2 Brain Mechanisms and Consciousness 4 Right Hemisphere Specialization 4.1 Specialization for Perceptuospatial Skills 4.2 Manipulospatial Dominance: Motor Component 4.3 Right Hemisphere Auditory Processing 5 Hemispheric Specialization for Emotion 5.1 Clinical Studies 5.2 Experimental Studies 6 Ontogenesis of Hemispheric Specialization 6.1 Left Hemisphere Specialization for Language 6.2 Left Hemisphere Specialization for Motor Control 6.3 Right Hemisphere Specialization for Perceptuospatial Functions 6.4 Corpus Callosum 7 Summary
Dominant climate influences on North American bird distributions

Aim Geographic distributions of species are constrained by several factors acting at different scales, with climate assumed to be a major determinant at broad extents. Recent studies, however, have challenged this statement and indicated that climate may not dominate among the factors governing geographic distributions of species. Here, we argue that these results are misleading due to the lack of consideration of the geographic area that has been accessible to the species. Location North America. Methods We generated null distributions for 75 North American endemic and 19 non-endemic bird species. For each species, climatic envelopes of observed and null distributions were modelled using neural networks and generalized linear models, and seven climatic predictors. Values of the area under the receiver–operating characteristic curve (AUC) based on models of observed distributions were compared with corresponding AUC values for the null distributions. Results More than 82% of the endemic species showed AUC higher for the observed than for the null distributions, while 63% of the non-endemic species showed such a pattern. Main conclusions We demonstrate a dominant climatic signal in shaping North American bird distributions. Our results attest to the importance of climate in determining species distributions and support the use of climate-envelope models for estimating potential distributional areas at the appropriate spatial scales.
Cerebrospinal fluid flow measured by phase-contrast cine MR.

PURPOSE This prospective study was designed to establish the temporal and quantitative relationship between blood flow and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow using a phase-contrast cine MR pulse sequence. METHODS A cine phase-contrast MR pulse sequence using peripheral gating was used to measure CSF flow direction and velocity. Data were acquired continuously and interpolated into 16 images throughout the cardiac cycle. RESULTS The timing of systolic CSF flow in the cervical subarachnoid space (SAS) correlated very closely to the brain arteriovenous blood flow difference during the cardiac cycle. This arteriovenous difference was a measure of brain expansion. Aqueduct CSF flow during the cardiac cycle differed from SAS flow in that systolic flow was delayed in comparison with systolic cervical SAS flow. The normal aqueductal oscillatory flow volume was 1.7 +/- .4 mL/min or 0.03 +/- 0.01 mL per cardiac cycle. This represented 14.5% +/- 3.1% of the total CSF flow and tissue displacement through the incisura which was 14.5 +/- 2.2 mL/min or 0.22 +/- 0.03 mL per cycle. CSF oscillatory flow volume in the cervical SAS was 39.0 +/- 4.0 mL/min or 0.65 +/- 0.08 mL per cycle. CONCLUSION CSF flow can be measured. Results in healthy subjects show relatively low oscillatory flow through the aqueduct which is slightly out of phase (delayed) compared with SAS CSF flow.
Function and Histology of Testes From Aged Coturnix Maintained on Different Photoperiods

The prolonged effects of short, medium, and long photoperiods on longevity, cloacal gland size and function, and the testicular morphology of the aged coturnix were studied. In all testes, the effects of aging were characterized histologically by decreased tubular sperm concentration, increased abnormal sperm and cellular debris, as well as dislodgement of maturing sperm from Sertoli cells. However, testicular abnormality in the long photoperiod quail was more pronounced than in the short photoperiod quail whose testes were judged to be morpholoigcally in better condition, thus indicating an aging-photoperiod relationship. Aging had little or no effect on the cloacal gland function, although its size similar to the testicular histology, was affected by different photoperiods. Cloacal gland size and function can indicate sexual potency, but not necessarily the reproductive capabilities of aged coturnix. Also, an increased incidence of cataract formation was recorded in aged coturnix, unrelated to photoperiods.
Longitudinal Study of a “Student's Evaluation of Course” Including the Effects of a Professor's Life Experiences on Students' Evaluations

Issues of import to students' evaluations include accountability, improvement of teaching, anonymity, meaning and motivation of such evaluations, and validity and reliability. The very brief Student's Evaluation of Course, an entirely anonymous rating scale, is presented here for use only by the instructor, not for administrative purposes. Validity has been described previously. In this study, students' ratings of the six course-relevant items across a period of 35 years by one professor's students show that the ratings were affected by objectively determinable external events. Six specific hypotheses were set up and tested; five of these were borne out.
Eikonal theory of strong acousto-optic interaction with curved wave fronts of sound

The diffraction of light that is due to a converging sound field is interpreted and analyzed in terms of an eikonal ray theory. This theory, in combination with Feynman diagram techniques, indicates that the acousto-optic interaction is physically localized over a width of the sound field given roughly by the geometric mean of the sound’s wavelength and the sound field’s radius of curvature. Analytic results (for two diffracted orders) are in close agreement with 10-order numerical simulations, as long as sound amplitudes are not so strong as to violate assumptions made in the analytic model.
An implementation efficient learning algorithm for adaptive control using associative content addressable memory

Three modifications to the Boxes-ASE/ACE reinforcement learning improves implementation efficiency and performance. A state history queue (SHQ) eliminates computations for temporally insignificant states. A dynamic link table only allocates control memory to states the system traverses. CMAC state association uses previous learning to decrease training time. Simulations show a 4-fold improvement in learning. The SHQ in a hardware implementation of the pole-cart balancer reduces computation time 11-fold. >
Transcriptional pathways in second heart field development

The heart is the first organ to form and function during vertebrate development and is absolutely essential for life. The left ventricle is derived from the classical primary or first heart field (FHF), while the right ventricle and outflow tract are derived from a distinct second heart field (SHF). The recent discovery of the SHF has raised several fundamental and important questions about how the two heart fields are integrated into a single organ and whether unique molecular programs control the development of the two heart fields. This review briefly highlights the contributions of the SHF to the developing and mature heart and then focuses primarily on our current understanding of the transcriptional pathways that function in the development of the SHF and its derivatives.
cis-[Rh2(μ-O2CCH3)2(CH3CN)6]2+ as a Photoactivated Cisplatin Analog

The complex cis-[Rh2(μ-O2CCH3)2(CH3CN)6]2+ (1) exchanges the two axial CH3CN ligands for solvent molecules in water to yield cis-[Rh2(μ-O2CCH3)2(CH3CN)4(H2O)2]2+ (2). Photolysis of 2 in H2O results in the photoaquation of two equatorial acetonitrile ligands to yield [Rh2(μ-O2CCH3)2(CH3CN)2(H2O)4]2+ (3), which is able to covalently bind to free 2,2‘-bipyridine (bpy) and 9-ethylguanine in solution, as well as double-stranded DNA (λirr ≥ 455 nm). Complex 2 exhibits 20-fold lower cytotoxicity towards human skin cells than hematoporphyrin in the dark, and its toxicity increases by a factor of 34 when irradiated with visible light (400−700 nm, 30 min). This increase in cytotoxicity by 2 upon irradiation is ∼7 times greater than that measured for hematoporphyrin. These properties make 2 a promising photo-cisplatin analog and a potential agent for photodynamic therapy. To our knowledge, 2 is the first metal−metal bonded complex to bind to DNA upon irradiation with visible light.
W2Cl4(NR2)2(PR3′)2 molecules—9. New mixed valent WIII/WIV face-sharing bioctahedral complexes with chelating bis(diphenylphosphino)propane and dialkylamido ligands

Abstract The triply-bonded ditungsten(III) species trans,trans-W2Cl4(NBu2n)2(dppp) (1) and a new mixed-valent WIII/WIV complex (dppp)ClW(μ-Cl)3WCl2(NBu2n) (3) have been isolated from the reaction of W2Cl4(NBu2n)2(NHBu2n)2 with 1,3-bis(diphenylphosphino)propane (dppp). A complex similar to 3, (dppp)ClW(μ-Cl)3WCl2(NEt2) (2), has also been prepared. Both 2 and 3 are characterized by a W27+ core and they adopt face-sharing bioctahedral geometry with a chelating dppp ligand. The WW distances in 2 and 3 are both 2.660(1) A and each of them shows an EPR signal at g = 1.88. The structure of 1 contains a W26+ core with a WW distance of 2.3055(8) A. It has a bridging dppp ligand and a trans,trans stereochemistry.
Tackling strategies for thriving geoscience departments

Special sessions on thriving geosciences departments and on cyberinfrastructure in the geosciences highlighted the recent 5th AGU Meeting of Heads and Chairs of Earth and Space Science Departments. The meeting was held in conjunction with the 14th meeting of the Heads and Chairs of Programs in Atmospheric, Oceanic, Hydrologic and Related Sciences, sponsored by the American Meteorological Society (AMS),and the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR). “From Surviving to Thriving: Strategies for Advancing University Geoscience Programs in Times of Change” was a topic that drew intense interest. This panel discussion, led by Don Wuebbles (University of Illinois), included panelists Eric Betterton (University of Arizona), Judy Curry (Georgia Institute of Technology), Heather MacDonald (College of William and Mary), and Jim Kirkpatrick (University of Illinois).
Polarization insensitive wavelength conversion for 4x112Gbit/s polarization multiplexing RZ-QPSK signals.

In this paper, polarization-insensitive wavelength conversion based on orthogonal-pumps and four-wave mixing in HNLF is experimentally demonstrated for high-speed 112-Gb/s PolMux-RZ-QPSK transmission with digital coherent detection. The conversion performance of the proposed scheme is investigated for both single- and four-channel input signals, with the achieved post-conversion OSNR for the two cases shown to be 30 and 20 dB, respectively. Moreover, it is shown that the OSNR of the converted single-channel signal can be maintained above 25 dB even if the wavelength spacing between the original and converted signals is larger than 25 nm. Finally, the BER of 4×112-Gb/s PolMux-RZ-QPSK converted signals after 1 km HNLF transmission is measured to be below 1×10-4. The optimum OSNR and launched HNLF power are also investigated.
LiClO4 Electrolyte Solvate Structures

Two crystalline phases, (monoglyme)2:LiClO4 and (diglyme)2:LiClO4, have been isolated and characterized. The former consists of contact ion pairs in which the anions have bidentate coordination to the Li+ cations, while the latter consists of fully solvated Li+ cations in which the cations and anions do not directly interact. The two structures are useful as models for solvate structures in concentrated electrolyte mixtures. In particular, the phase behavior and solvate structures of solvent−salt mixtures are informative when coupled with vibrational spectroscopic analysis of ionic association behavior in solutions.
Toxicity of 5-Bromo 2′-Deoxyuridine to Malignant Lymphoid Cell Lines

SummaryMalignant lymphoid cell lines are unusually sensitive to the toxic effects of BUDR. Incubation of mouse myeloma MOPC 315 with 1 and 0.1 μg of BUDR/ml results in an acute toxic effect by Days 3 and 5, respectively. Subcultivation of MOPC 315 in 0.01 and 0.001 μg of BUDR/ml typically results in on Days 12 and 18, respectively. Similar patterns of acute toxicity occur with mouse lymphoma S49.1, human leukemia CCRF/CEM, and mouse myeloma MPC 11. The dose of BUDR required to cause a 50% inhibition of proliferation (ID50) ranges from 0.09 to 0.3 μg of BUDR/ml. In contrast, the ID50 for a variety of cell lines of alternate origins range from 3.14 μg of BUDR/ml for human cervical adenocarcinoma HeLa to 6.23 μg of BUDR/ml for mouse fibroblast L929. Fibroblasts L929 and HeLa cells were grown for 20 and 25 days, respectively, in 2 μg of BUDR/ml with no toxicity.The toxicity of 1 μg of BUDR/ml to MOPC 315 and MPC 11 is partially prevented by 1 μg of thymidine/ml and completely prevented by 10 μg of thymidine/m...
Resistance of semicontinuous thin films based on a computer model of thin film formation

Abstract A computer model developed to predict the resistance and resistivity of network-like thin films as a function of deposition conditions and material properties such as the substrate temperature, the binding energy of the evaporant to the substrate and the deposition duration shows reasonable agreement with experiments. Additional work can be done to evaluate further and to develop the model and to relate the simulation technique to earlier efforts. The model is adaptable to new film formation theories as they evolve.
Remark on some correspondences between the characteristics of the nerve impulse and those of ferroelectric polarization

Ferroelectric polarization currents have characteristics which may be of use in the study of the nerve impulse either directly or indirectly through the suggestion of parallel experiments in the two domains. For example, the “all or none” aspect of the excitation of the nerve impulse can be considered to correspond in some sense to the coercive force required for the reversal of a ferroelectric polarization. The refractory period then corresponds to the lack of a relaxation process in ferroelectric polarization; for a second application of voltage in a given direction does not produce a ferroelectric current; it is necessary that the polarization be reversed by a reversal of voltage. The “heat block” in nerve conduction may correspond to a ferroelectric Curie point at about 40°C. Velocities of propagation of ferroelectric polarization are of the order of magnitude of the velocities of sound and therefore in a range suitable for the interpretation of the observed velocities of nerve impulses. These and other parallels between ferroelectric behavior and the characteristics of the nerve impulse suggest that there may be a useful degree of similarity between the molecular processes responsible for the nerve impulse and those responsible for ferroelectric polarization. *** DIRECT SUPPORT *** A01E2080 00002
Divorce in Families of Genetically Handicapped/Mentally Retarded Individuals.

Abstract An investigation of the relationship of divorce rate as a measure of adaptive response to a diagnosis of genetic disability with associated mental retardation was conducted. Parents of a mentally retarded/genetically handicapped child who were clients of a genetic screening and counseling service were found to have a significantly lower divorce rate than the general population. There was no significant difference in the divorce rate of parents of genetically handicapped/mentally retarded children who were in a state residential treatment facility. Young parents having a first born male who was mentally retarded/genetically handicapped were at high risk for divorce. Mothers in their early thirties having a first born child who was genetically handicapped/mentally retarded were found to be at a higher risk for divorce than their age mates who had a later born genetically handicapped/mentally retarded child.
Spin-orbit-coupling effects on the valence-band structure of strained semiconductor quantum wells.

A unitary transformation is found to diagonalize the 6\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}6 Luttinger-Kohn Hamiltonian into two 3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}3 blocks, making it more efficient to calculate the quantum-well subband structure. Using this formulation we study systematically the strain-dependent coupling between the heavy-hole bands, light-hole bands, and the spin-orbit split-off bands for a strained quantum well and its bulk limit. We show how the strain deforms the constant energy surface in k space and compare the subband structure calculated with and without the split-off bands. Our results clearly demonstrate that the spin-orbit coupling has significant effects on the band structure especially for highly strained quantum wells and, therefore, cannot be ignored.
Split Prepuce In Situ Onlay Hypospadias Repair: 17 Years of Experience

Purpose: We report our 17-year experience using split prepuce in situ onlay hypospadias repair, including long-term followup of the first 100 patients initially reported on in 1998.Materials and Methods: We identified 421 patients who underwent in situ onlay repair. Charts were retrospectively reviewed to determine preoperative management, intraoperative details and complications.Results: In situ onlay repair was used to repair glanular hypospadias in 22 cases (5.2%), coronal hypospadias in 184 (43.7%), distal shaft hypospadias in 152 (36.1%), mid shaft hypospadias in 51 (12.1%), proximal shaft hypospadias in 7 (1.6%) and hypospadias in the penoscrotal region in 5 (1.2%). Repair was successful with 1 procedure in 376 patients (89.4%), which increased to 99.8% after a second procedure. Complications were defined as any problem that gave the surgeon or family reason for concern. Functional complications requiring reoperation occurred in 45 patients (10.6%). Minor complications requiring simple procedures or...
Breath-actuated nebulizer versus small-volume nebulizer: efficacy, safety, and satisfaction.

The breath-actuated nebulizer (BAN, AeroEclipse, Trudell Medical International, London, Ontario, Canada) has been available as an aerosol delivery option for several years. This small-volume jet nebulizer is primarily designed to generate aerosol during inspiration in response to the patient's
Dissociation between sickness behavior and emotionality during lipopolysaccharide challenge in lymphocyte deficient Rag2(-/-) mice.

Abstract Inflammatory diseases are highly associated with affective disorders including depression and anxiety. While the role of the innate immune system on emotionality has been extensively studied, the role of adaptive immunity is less understood. Considering that chronic inflammatory conditions are mediated largely by maladaptive lymphocyte function, the role of these cells on brain function and behavior during inflammation warrants investigation. In the present study we employed mice deficient in lymphocyte function and studied behavioral and inflammatory responses during challenge with bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Rag2−/− mice lacking mature lymphocytes were susceptible to death under sub-septic (5 mg/kg) doses of LPS and survived only to moderate (1 mg/kg) doses of LPS. Under these conditions, they displayed attenuated TNF-alpha responses and behavioral symptoms of sickness when compared with immunocompetent mice. Nevertheless, Rag2−/− mice had protracted motivational impairments after recovery from sickness suggesting a specific function for lymphocytes on the re-establishment of motivational states after activation of the innate immune system. The behavioral impairments in Rag2−/− mice were paralleled by an elevation in plasma corticosterone after behavioral tests. These results provide evidence that the absence of adaptive immunity may be associated with emotional deficits during inflammation and suggest that depressive states associated with medical illness may be mediated in part by impaired lymphocyte responses.
Formulaic jokes in interaction: The prosody of riddle openings

While both humor and prosody in interaction have received scholarly attention in recent years, the prosody of humor has not been extensively explored. This study begins to fill this gap by investigating whether prosodic cues can be identified for riddles told in interaction, focusing on wh-questions in riddles versus ordinary conversation. The analysis demonstrates that in comparison to conversational wh-questions, riddles have less pitch variation both within the utterance and at the syllable level. It is argued that riddles do not contain such wide pitch excursions because they do not require contextual disambiguation. While this study provides no evidence that riddles must be prosodically packaged in a specific way, the analysis suggests that the pitch of riddles is constrained due to interactional context. This constrained pitch is argued to work in conjunction with the formulaic syntax and content of riddle questions to signal to hearers that a joke is being told.
A reply: framing questions about alcohol research

Note For a recent collection of expert papers critically analyzing American drug policy, see the Summer 1992 issue of Daedalus, the official journal of the American Academy of Arts and Science, entitled "Political Pharmacology; Thinking About Drugs". Also see Richard J. Bonnie's' recent article "America's drug policy: time for another commission?" in Contemporary Drug Problems, Fall, 1992. Bonnie served as associate director of the National Commission on Marihuana and Drug Abuse—the "Shafer Commission"— and was the chief author of the two commission reports. In this article he calls for another national commission to pick up the themes developed by the Shafer commission but ignored by policy makers in the 1980s.
The utility of intrathecal fluorescein in cerebrospinal fluid leak repair

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the utility of intrathecal fluorescein (IF) for intraoperative localization and successful repair of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks.STUDY DESIGNCase series with chart review.SETTINGTertiary-care medical center.SUBJECTS AND METHODSSubjects included those undergoing endoscopic CSF leak repair with or without the use of IF. Informed consent was obtained from all patients undergoing the administration of IF (total dose 10 mg).RESULTSA total of 103 patients underwent CSF leak repair, and in 47 cases (45.6%), IF was used. Patients who were administered IF were more likely to have spontaneous CSF leak etiology (61.7% vs 16.1%; P < 0.001). Of the 47 cases with IF use, fluorescein was visualized at the skull base in 31 cases (66.0%), 11 (23.4%) had visible CSF leak without fluorescein coloration, and five (10.6%) had neither clear nor fluorescein-colored CSF visualized. Sensitivity and specificity for fluorescein detection was 73.8 percent (95% confidence interval [CI] 57.7%-85.6%) and 100 pe...
Negative) Electron Affinity of AlN and AlGaN Alloys

The electron affinity of a semiconductor defines the relationship of the vacuum level and the semiconductor band structure. It is dependent on the atomic orbitals of the material and the surface termination. We report experimental and theoretical results that support the presence of a negative electron affinity on AlN and the Al rich AlGaN alloys. The GaN surface is found to exhibit a (positive) electron affinity of 3.3eV. The experimental measurements employ UV-photoemission spectroscopy on in situ gas-source MBE samples and on CVD samples. Theoretical results indicate that the (negative) electron affinity of AlN depends sensitively on the surface reconstruction and adatom termination. The experimental dependence of the electron affinity on alloy concentration is presented. The results indicate that AlGaN alloys with band gap similar or greater than that of diamond will exhibit a negative electron affinity. Field emission results are reported, and the characteristics are similar to those obtained from a diamond film. Issues related to cold cathode electronic devices based on NEA surfaces are noted.
Eye injuries on the battlefields of Iraq and Afghanistan: public health implications.

Abstract Background The U.S. Army faces major challenges in balancing the need to protect a soldier from harm while not impeding his ability to fight. Unfortunately, the incidence of combat eye injuries has increased over time, despite the development of protective measures. Methods A cross-sectional study of soldiers evacuated from Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom with eye injuries was performed from March 2003 through December 2004. Data for this study came from the Military Office of the Surgeon General (OTSG) Patient Tracking Database. Results A total of 368 patients (451 eyes) were evacuated for eye-related problems. From March 2003 through December 2004, 15.8% (258 of 1,635 patients, 309 eyes) of all medical evacuations were a result of battle eye injuries (BI), 17.3% (283 of 1,635 patients, 337 eyes) were a result of eye injuries (BI and nonbattle injuries [NBI] combined), and 22.5% (368 of 1,635 patients, 451 eyes) of all evacuations were because of eye-related complaints alone (BI, NBI, or disease) or in combination with other bodily injuries. Conclusion Developing combat eye protection that meets the unique requirements of the military, issuing eyewear to soldiers, and supporting and enforcing its use, will provide the best eye protection for American soldiers during military training exercises and future conflicts.
The fellowships of the INGs.

The inhibitor of growth (ING) family of proteins is an evolutionarily conserved family, with members present from yeast to humans. The mammalian ING proteins are candidate tumor suppressor proteins and accordingly can cooperate with p53 to arrest proliferation and induce apoptosis. ING proteins are also reported to function in the promotion of cellular senescence, the regulation of DNA damage responses and the inhibition of angiogenesis. At the molecular level, ING proteins are thought to function as chromatin regulatory molecules, acting as co-factors for distinct histone and factor acetyl-transferase (H/FAT) and deacetylase (HDAC) enzyme complexes. Further, ING proteins interact with a number of additional proteins involved in the regulation of critical nuclear processes, such as gene expression and DNA replication, and also function as nuclear phosphoinositide (PtdInsP) receptors. Despite the increasing number of known molecular interacting partners for ING proteins, the specific biochemical action of mammalian ING proteins and its relationship to tumor suppression remain elusive. In this Prospect, we summarize the present understanding of the binding partners and physiologic roles of ING proteins and propose a general molecular paradigm for how ING proteins might function to prevent cancer. J. Cell. Biochem. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A Comparison of Adrenalectomy with Other Resections for Metastatic Cancers

Abstract Background: Although adrenal metastases were once considered incurable, recent anecdotal reports recommend adrenalectomy for isolated metastases. Methods: Computerized files of all US Department of Veterans Affairs (DVA) hospital admissions and deaths from 1988 to 1994 identified patients undergoing isolated adrenal resections, and hospitalization records were obtained. Patients without a death record were assumed to be alive. Results: In 47 patients with adrenalectomy for metastases, only 5 patients did not die within 3 years: 2 each had metachronous renal or colorectal metastases, and 1 had a pulmonary primary. Thirteen patients with other primary sites all expired within 3 years. Operative mortality was 4% in these 47 patients and also in 706 other adrenalectomies without metastases. Conclusions: Adrenalectomy for metastatic carcinoma in the DVA was safe, with a projected 5-year survival rate (13%) that is significantly inferior (P ≤0.05) to resections for colorectal metastases to lung (36%) or liver (26%), but superior to brain (none).
Rexia erecta gen. et sp. nov. and Capsosira lowei sp. nov., two newly described cyanobacterial taxa from the Great Smoky Mountains National Park (USA)

Two newly discovered taxa of Cyanobacteria from the Great Smoky Mountain National Park (USA) are presented. The first is the newly described species Capsosira lowei (Capsosiraceae), differing from the only other previously described species C. brebissonii Ku tz. ex Born. et Flah. in regard to cell size and filament morphology. In addition, C. brebissonii is described as an aquatic or subaerophytic taxon, while our isolate was obtained as a phycobiont from the lichen Hydrothyria venosa J. L. Russell. Capsosira is currently placed in the Capsosiraceae of the Stigonematales due to its ability to have division in two planes. However, molecular evidence gathered in this study indicates closest affinity with Aulosira and Nostoc commune Vaucher, both in the Nostocaceae, Nostocales. Rexia erecta was isolated from concurrently collected aerophytic, epilithic sites. The hormogonia production, near absence of heterocysts and division in two planes are all typical of the Stigonematales, but it fits none of the currently circumscribed families in that order. This genus in other ways appears morphologically similar to members of the Scytonemataceae and Microchaetaceae. Molecular evidence (nearly complete 16S rRNA sequence data and 16S–23S internal transcribed spacer ITS region) places Rexia in the Microchaetaceae. These taxa are both problematic as they indicate that cell division in two planes has likely arisen more than once in the Nostocales, and thus the Stigonematales as currently circumscribed is not a monophyletic group. The Nostocales and Stigonematales are, in our opinion, in need of revision at the family and order level of classification.
Integrating Corporate Sustainability and Organizational Strategy Within the Undergraduate Business Curriculum

Corporate sustainability (CS) requires organizations to shift focus from short-term financial goals to further consider the long-term social, environmental, and economic implications of their operations. Despite a lack of regulations in the United States requiring companies to disclose social and environmental measures, more than 80% of U.S. corporations voluntarily release corporate responsibility reports. The increased focus of CS in practice has impacted many business curricula to adapt CS-related courses (such as business ethics); however, we present results that indicate that such means may have limited influence on students’ views concerning the legitimacy of social and environmental issues in regard to corporate decision making. More consideration is needed to determine how CS-related topics can be effectively integrated within business curriculums. We propose incorporating CS within the Organizational Strategy capstone course and assess its effectiveness via survey analysis. Suggestions for course...
Bioprinting Technology: A Current State-of-the-Art Review

Bioprinting is an emerging technology for constructing and fabricating artificial tissue and organ constructs. This technology surpasses the traditional scaffold fabrication approach in tissue engineering (TE). Currently, there is a plethora of research being done on bioprinting technology and its potential as a future source for implants and full organ transplantation. This review paper overviews the current state of the art in bioprinting technology, describing the broad range of bioprinters and bioink used in preclinical studies. Distinctions between laser-, extrusion-, and inkjet-based bioprinting technologies along with appropriate and recommended bioinks are discussed. In addition, the current state of the art in bioprinter technology is reviewed with a focus on the commercial point of view. Current challenges and limitations are highlighted, and future directions for next-generation bioprinting technology are also presented. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4028512]
Acute infusion of lithium chloride raises blood pressure in the conscious rat.

Abstract The effects of acute infusion of lithium chloride (LiCl) were studied on mean arterial pressure (MAP) and magnocellular activity as shown by the concentrations of vasopressin-associated neurophysin ([VP-RNP]) and concentrations of oxytocin-associated neurophysin ([OT-RNP]) in plasma in conscious Long-Evans rats. Chronically-cannulated rats were infused intravenously at 10 μ1/100 g body wt/min with 13% LiCl for 20 min (total dose = 6.16 mequiv./kg body wt) or 0.65% LiCl for 60 min (total dose = 0.92 mequiv./kg body wt). Effects of 13% LiCl on mean arterial pressure were also examined in vasopressin-deficient homozygous Brattleboro rats. For Long-Evans rats, infusion of 13% Lid produced rapid and significant ( P + ]), plasma osmolality ( P osmol ). [VP-RNP], [OT-RNP] and significant decreases in heart rate and sodium concentration in plasma ([Na + ]). For similar changes in plasma osmolality, lithium had a greater effect than sodium on mean arterial pressure, [VP-RNP], [OT-RNP]. For the 20 min infusion of 13% LiCl, there was a significant relationship ( P −1 ml −1 ( r = 0.5678). Unlike that of Long-Evans rats, infusion of 13% LiCl only did not produce significant changes of mean arterial pressure in Brattleboro rats. For Long-Evans rats, infusion of 0.65% LiCl resulted in more gradual and smaller elevations of blood pressure, [Li + ] and smaller decreases in heart rate with no significant changes in plasma osmolality, [Na + ], [VP-RNP] and [OT-RNP]. The relationship between ΔMAP and log [Li + ] over the 60 min of infusion of 0.65% LiCl was highly significant ( P −1 1 −1 ( r = 0.6815). The data show that acute intravenous infusion of LiCl raised the blood pressure in the conscious Long-Evans rat and this effect of Li may involve mechanisms that are independent as well as dependent of the activity of vasopressin-containing neurons.
Fragility Assessment of Reduced Beam Section Moment Connections

This paper presents fragility functions to estimate the probability of reaching or exceeding different damage states in reduced beam section (RBS) beam-to-column moment connections of steel moment resisting frames. The fragility functions are developed using results from 71 experimental tests that have been conducted on RBS connections during the past 14 years. The main sources of uncertainty considered are specimen-to-specimen variability of the interstory drifts associated with the various damage states and the epistemic uncertainty arising from using a limited number of experimental data and from interpreting experimental results. Quantitative measures for each of these two kinds of uncertainty were developed using statistical procedures. For a given peak interstory drift ratio the fragility functions developed herein permit the estimation of the probability of experiencing five different levels of damage in RBS moment connections.