cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Planning for broad-based environmental protection: A look back at the Chicago Wilderness Biodiversity Recovery Plan

In 1994 a collaboration of environmental interests formed in the Chicago region, U.S.A. Composed of representatives of environmental organizations, government agencies, citizen and neighborhood groups, private interests, and university representatives, the consortium provides a forum for communication, advocacy, policy, and sharing ideas and knowledge about biodiversity issues and the various activities of each organization. The specific mission of the Chicago Wilderness Consortium is to protect, restore, and manage natural lands, plants, and animals in the Chicago region. Shortly after forming the Chicago Wilderness Consortium, the idea of creating a region-wide biodiversity recovery plan emerged, in order to provide a blueprint for how the consortium would accomplish its mission. Within a few years, the group began work on the Chicago Wilderness Biodiversity Recovery Plan, and it is now among the first regional biodiversity plans in the United States. While using collaborative planning processes to solve environmental problems is not unique, the Biodiversity Recovery Plan and the process through which it was created were innovative in the U.S. for having a broad and ambitious scope, extensive use of some kinds of data and analysis (particularly on natural communities), the large number of participants in the planning process (over 200), and the dispersed organizational structure in which the consortium operates. Another innovation was adoption of the plan by three regional planning commissions in three different states. The Chicago Wilderness Biodiversity Recovery Plan was one of the first major departures from traditional (single-medium based) environmental planning by a region in the United States. These innovations warrant research and reflection, 8 years after completion of the plan, and are the focus of this article.
In Vivo Therapy of Neoplastic Meningitis with Methotrexate and 5-[125I]iodo-2'-deoxyuridine

We examined whether the administration of methotrexate (MTX) prior to the injection of 5-[125I]iodo-2'-deoxyuridine (125IUdR) in rats with intrathecal (i.t.) TE-671 human rhabdomyosarcoma would enhance 125
Fine structure of hippocampal dendrites in the dentate fascia of LS/SS-mice after chronic ethanol treatment

1. The effect of ethanol and its withdrawal on the dendritic microtubules in the dentate fascia of male mice was studied in the ethanol-sensitive, long-sleep (LS) line and the ethanol-insensitive, short-sleep (SS) line. 2. Both mouse lines were treated with a liquid ethanol diet. Dendrites in the dentate molecular layer (DML) of the right hippocampus were examined. 3. They revealed marked changes in microtubule density as compared with the controls. While the microtubule density in LS mice was significantly reduced by 15% and 18% in the middle and distal third of the DML, respectively, in SS mice the reduction (by 12%) took place in the distal third only. During withdrawal a recovery of the microtubule density has been observed in both lines.
Solventless fingerprinting of bituminous materials: A high-resolution thermogravimetric method

Abstract The thermogravimetry (TG) of bituminous materials by means of a constant heat rate is often plagued by low resolution and poor reproducibility of the degradation or mass loss temperatures. The TG curve, or the associated differential TG (DTG) signal, is thus an unreliable quality control or quality assurance (QC/QA) method. A 2- and 3-step high-resolution TG/DTG method was developed for these materials for analysis between 150 and 800 °C. The DTG results, obtained within 2 h, show about 10 discrete mass loss peaks, the profile being material dependent. The reproducibility of the results indicates that the methods may be used for rapid QC/QA and material fingerprinting. The development of the method is detailed and its application is illustrated with the analysis of several bitumens and polymer-modified bituminous sealants.
Squeezing of the cavity vacuum by charged particles.

It is shown that the electromagnetic vacuum in a cavity is squeezed if one or several charges are present. For a bright electron beam typical of present high-intensity free-electron lasers, the effect is not necessarily small.
A comparison of the radiation sensitivities of non-tumorigenic and tumorigenic human hybrid cell lines.

SummaryThe radiation sensitivities of two related non-tumorigenic and two related tumorigenic human hybrid cell lines (HeLa × skin fibroblast) have been studied. The data show that the transformation from the non-tumorigenic to the tumorigenic state, which is accompanied by the loss of skin fibroblast chromosomes 11 and 14, is not associated with any major changes in radiation sensitivity. The data do indicate, however, a trend toward a steeper and longer initial slope to the cell survival curve for the tumorigenic cell lines, along with a subsequent reduced ability to accumulate sublethal radiation injury at low doses. Both non-tumorigenic and tumorigenic cell lines have the capability of repairing sublethal injury.
The yeast RNA gene products are essential for mRNA splicing in vitro.

Abstract The yeast rna mutations ( rna 2– rna 11) are a set of temperature-sensitive mutations that result in the accumulation of intron-containing mRNA precursors at the restrictive temperature. We have used the yeast in vitro splicing system to investigate the role of products of the RNA genes in mRNA splicing. We have tested the heat lability of the in vitro mRNA splicing reaction in extracts isolated from mutant and wild-type cells. Extracts isolated from seven of the nine rna mutants demonstrated heat lability in this assay, while most wild-type extracts were stable under the conditions utilized. We have also demonstrated that heat inactivation usually results in the specific loss of an exchangeable component by showing that most combinations of heat-inactivated extracts from different mutants complement one another. In three cases ( rna 2, rna 5, and rna 11), the linkage of the in vitro defect to the rna mutations was ascertained by a combination of reversion, tetrad, and in vitro complementation analyses. Furthermore, each heat-inactivated extract was capable of complementation by at least one fraction of the wild-type splicing system. Thus many of the RNA genes are likely to code for products directly involved in and essential for mRNA splicing.
A sequential hypothesis testing, optimal stopping problem in underwater acoustic detection

A sequential hypothesis testing, optimal stopping problem in underwater acoustic detection is formulated and solved using dynamic programming. The problem calls for deciding whether acoustic signals being received over long ranges in the ocean are due to a source or to ambient noise alone, so as to minimize the expected value of a specified cost function over a given time horizon. The cost function incorporates a constant cost per observation as well as terminal costs for false acceptance of either hypothesis. According to previous work by the authors, and without loss of generality, modeling the acoustic signals assumes a two‐state discrete‐time Markov process for each of the two hypotheses, the state of the process depending on whether the intensity of the signal at the receiver is above a specified threshold or not. The decision process presented is based on observations of the signal’s ‘‘interarrival times,’’ that is, the time intervals between two successive detection events. The algorithm is then ex...
Nonseparation Binding/Immunoassays Using Polycation‐Sensitive Membrane Electrode Detection

Two novel homogeneous potentiometric immunoassay formats suitable for the detection of small molecules are described based on polycation-sensitive membrane electrode detection. One approach involves the use of synthetic polycationic-analyte conjugates (polycation labeled analyte) and a limited amount of binding protein sites (antibodies, etc.) to modulate the electrochemical response toward the conjugate. Upon conjugate binding to large binding proteins/antibodies in solution, the polycation label cannot be efficiently extracted into the transduction membrane of the polycation-sensitive device, greatly diminishing the observed EMF response. In the presence of analyte molecules, competitive binding frees up more of the conjugate, and an increase in EMF response is observed in proportion to the concentration of analyte present. With a 15 min reaction incubation period and 3 min electrochemical response time, the assay is demonstrated to function effectively for measurement of theophylline (model analyte) at sub-micromolar levels without any discrete washing or separation steps. The second approach is based on the use of trypsin as an enzymatic label in a homogeneous enzyme binding/immunoassay scheme. Trypsin-biotin conjugates (biotin used as model analyte) are shown to be inhibited nearly 100 % by avidin, but catalytic activity is regained as free biotin is present at increasing levels in the sample solution. The activity of trypsin can be conveniently monitored via polycation-sensitive membrane electrode detection by following the decrease in the EMF response to the polycationic protein protamine, as it is cleaved into smaller fragments by the enzyme. This new electrochemical homogeneous enzyme binding/immunoassay method is shown to respond to the analyte at ≥10 nM levels, again without need for washing or separation steps.
Automating program analysis

The first part of the paper shows that previous theoretical work on the semantics of probabilistic programs (Kozen) and on the correctness of performance annotated programs (Ramshaw) can be used to automate the average-case analysis of simple programs containing assignments, conditionals, and loops. A performance compiler has been developed using this theoretical foundation. The compiler is described, and it is shown that special cases of symbolic simplifications of formulas play a major role in rendering the system usable. The performance compiler generates a system of recurrence equations derived from a given program whose efficiency one wishes to analyze. This generation is always possible, but the problem of solving the resulting equations may be complex. The second part of the paper presents an original method that generalizes the previous approach and is applicable to functional programs that make use of recursion and complex data structures. Several examples are presented, including an analysis of binary tree sort. A key feature of the analysis of such programs is that distributions on complex data structures are represented using attributed probabilistic grammars.
Hydroxycinnamic acid-derived polymers constitute the polyaromatic domain of suberin

Suberin is an abundant, complex, intractable, plant cell wall polymeric network that forms both protective and wound-healing layers. Its function is, therefore, critical to the survival of all vascular plants. Its chemical structure and biosynthesis are poorly defined, although it is known to consist of both aromatic and aliphatic domains. While the composition of the aliphatic component has been fairly well characterized, that of the phenolic component has not. Using a combination of specific carbon-13 labeling techniques, and in situ solid state 13C NMR spectroscopic analysis, we now provide the first direct evidence for the nature of the phenolic domain of suberin and report here that it is almost exclusively comprised of a covalently linked, hydroxycinnamic acid-derived polymeric matrix.
Integrating Vygotsky’s theory of relational ontology into early childhood science education

In Science Education during Early Childhood: A Cultural-Historical Perspective, Wolff-Michael Roth, Maria Ines Mafra Goulart and Katerina Plakitsi explore the practical application of Vygotsky’s relational ontological theory of human development to early childhood science teaching and teacher development. In this review, I interrogate how Roth et al. conceptualize “emergent curriculum” within the Eurocentric cultural-historical traditions of early childhood education that evolved primarily from the works of Vygotsky and Piaget and compare it to the conceptualizations from other prominent early childhood researchers and curriculum developers. I examine the implications of the authors’ interpretation of emergence for early childhood science education and teacher preparation.
Ultra-Wideband Electromagnetic-Polarization Filter Applications to Conventional Horn Antennas for Substantial Cross-Polarization Level Reductions

This paper addresses the difficulties of achieving lower cross-polarization EM field transmission (or reception) levels by employing wideband electromagnetic-polarization filters (EMPFs). These electromagnetic-polarization filters are applied as add-on screens to reduce the cross-polarization levels of standard-gain horns (SGHs) and diagonal horns (DH). Cross-polarization level reductions as much as 19 dB are presented for diagonal horns with add-on screens. Similarly, more than 9 dB cross-polarization reductions are shown for standard-gain horns across the operational bandwidth. An alteration was made to the add-on screens by making use of Ludwig's third coordinate definition. This modification resulted in further cross-polarization suppression in the vicinity of the boresight direction. For instance, for an X-band standard-gain horn, near the boresight angular region where the cross-polarization level was kept below -60 dB, this increased by 26% with the use of this modified add-on screen.
Coherent anti-stokes raman scattering spectral interferometry: determination of the real and imaginary components of nonlinear susceptibility chi(3) for vibrational microscopy.

We demonstrate coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) heterodyne spectral interferometry for retrieval of the real and imaginary components of the third-order nonlinear susceptibility (χ3) of molecular vibrations. Extraction of the imaginary component of χ3 allows a straightforward reconstruction of the vibrationally resonant signal that is completely free of the electronic nonresonant background and resembles the spontaneous Raman spectrum. Heterodyne detection offers potential for signal amplification and enhanced sensitivity for CARS microscopy.
An Economic Analysis of Student-Reported Grading Errors.

The authors report on a study involving an objective test that was intentionally misscored on the copies of the examination returned to students. Upon being advised that there may have been errors made in the scoring of the papers and upon having been given the correct answers, students were asked to report errors. Not surprisingly, not all perceived errors were reported and the decision to report errors appeared to depend on whether or not the reporting was to the benefit of the student.
Possible bremsstrahlung recoil force on the linear dynamic polarization charge of a test particle in a beam-plasma system

I calculate the recoil force on the linear dynamic polarization current of a relativistic test particle participating in collective bremsstrahlung in a nonequilibrium beam-plasma system. Possible contributions arise both from terms involving direct interaction in second order of the field of the test particle with its own induced linear polarization, and also from interaction of the field scattered by the second-order dynamic polarization with the linear polarization.
Construction of Steiner quasigroups containing a specified number of subquasigroups of a given order

Abstract In this paper we give a construction for Steiner quasigroups containing a specified number of subquasigroups of a given order. In particular, we show that, if there is a Steiner quasigroup of order v , v Steiner quasigroups of order q , where q > v , pairwise intersecting in the same quasigroup of order p , then, if q > vp and q − p is not divisible by the order of any non-trivial, proper subquasigroup of V there is a Steiner quasigroup of order v ( q − p ) + p containing a copy of each of the v quasigroups of order q and no other subquasigroups of order q .
Long-term follow-up of FIP1L1-PDGFRA-mutated patients with eosinophilia: survival and clinical outcome.

Long-term follow-up of FIP1L1-PDGFRA -mutated patients with eosinophilia: survival and clinical outcome
The Making of National Health Insurance in Britain and Canada: Institutional Analysis and its Limits

Scholars examining the development of health insurance reform programs from an institutionalist perspective have drawn attention to the importance of state structures and administrative capacities in shaping social policy outcomes. Focusing on the introduction of the British National Health Insurance Act of 1911 and the Canadian Hospital Insurance Act of 1957, I suggest that institutionalist analysis can obscure the historical record in three ways. Analysts may ignore the multiple institutional mechanisms that were available to policy makers at the time; they may overlook the contentiousness of policy battles; and they may underestimate the extent to which similar institutions have functioned in very different ways. In the case of Britain, I argue that national health insurance was part of a package of social reforms designed to halt the slide of Britain from a position of preeminence in the world economy. The introduction of Canadian health insurance coincided with an increased role for local and federal states in fostering economic development within the nation. Institutional structures, cultural values, and political power were all resources used within both states to create a consensus behind the new national agenda.
Simple menus of contracts in cost-based procurement and regulation

In an influential paper, Jean-Jacques Laffont and Jean Tirole (1986) formulated a principal– agent model of cost-based procurement and regulation and showed that the principal can implement the optimal mechanism by offering the agent a menu consisting of a continuum of linear contracts. Two related problems with applying this theory in practice have been that the economic logic and the underlying mathematics involved in calculating the optimal menu are quite complex, and the principal must be able to specify the agent’s entire disutility of effort function in order to calculate the optimal menu. As a result, the model has not been widely used in practice to either calculate actual incentive contracts or even to develop useful qualitative guidance about the nature of the optimal solution and how it is affected by various economic factors. The purpose of this paper is to show that dramatically simpler menus which are easy to understand and calculate and which have lower informational requirements, can, at least in some cases, capture a substantial share of the gains achievable by the fully optimal complex menu. In particular, this paper considers two-item menus where one item is a cost-reimbursement contract and the other item is a fixed-price contract. Such menus are called Fixed Price Cost Reimbursement (FPCR) menus. For the case where the agent’s utility is quadratic and the agent’s type is distributed uniformly, it is shown that the optimal FPCR menu always captures at least three-quarters of the gain that the optimal complex menu achieves (where the gain is measured relative to the result of using a cost-reimbursement contract). This paper’s research was originally motivated by a policy issue in defense procurement. In the United States, the Department of Defense (DOD) purchases almost all major weapons systems from sole-source contractors using contracting methods that essentially amount to using cost-reimbursement contracts. The best way to understand why DOD uses costreimbursement contracting methods is that they perform precisely the function identified in Laffont and Tirole’s principal–agent model; they guarantee, in a situation that amounts to a bilateral monopoly, that DOD and the firm can reach an agreement (i.e., they guarantee that the agent will always produce the good.) Of course the use of cost-reimbursement contracting methods
Growth and Nutrition of Uremic Piglets

Extract: Piglets aged 6 days were rendered uremic by subtotal nephrectomy and their growth and dietary intakes studied over the next 21 days. Eleven control piglets fed a voluntary intake of a sow's milk substitute (group A), 11 nephrectomized piglets fed a voluntary intake of the same feed (group B), 6 nephrectomized piglets tube fed the same milk (group C), and 11 nephrectomized piglets fed a voluntary intake of a low protein, isocaloric food (group D) were studied. After nephrectomy the piglets had an initial rapid rise in blood urea concentration which had fallen by day 7 and then leveled out around 13 mmol/liter in group B and 8 mmol/liter in group D. After operation control piglets (group A) ate more from day 4 and were larger from day 7 than the nephrectomized piglets (group B). Those piglets tube fed (group C) were of a similar size to the controls but all died between day 7 and day 11 with associated high blood urea concentrations. Piglets fed the low protein, isocaloric feed (group D) were smaller than both the controls and group B. They also ate less food than the controls and those nephrectomized piglets in group B which were on a voluntary intake of the normal feed. Speculation: Reduced energy intake is related to growth retardation seen in children with chronic renal insufficiency. However, is this the cause or result of reduced growth velocity? Ensuring a satisfactory intake of energy and nutrients from birth may ensure an initial normal growth pattern in children with chronic renal insufficiency.
Large Stroke Vertical PZT Microactuator With High-Speed Rotational Scanning

A thin-film piezoelectric microactuator using a novel combination of active vertical translational scanning and passive resonant rotational scanning is presented. Thin-film lead-zirconate-titanate unimorph bending beams surrounding a central platform provide nearly 200-μm displacement at 18 V with bandwidth greater than 200 Hz. Inside the platform, a mirror mount, or mirror surface, supported by silicon dioxide spring beams can be excited to resonance by low-voltage; high-frequency excitation of the outer PZT beams. Over ±5.5° mechanical resonance is obtained at 3.8 kHz and ±2 V. The combination of large translational vertical displacements and high-speed rotational scanning is intended to support real-time cross-sectional imaging in a dual axes confocal endomicroscope.
The case for ethical propaganda within a democracy: Ivy Lee's successful 1913–1914 railroad rate campaign

Abstract This review of Lee's tactics in the 1913–1914 rate campaign and the subsequent case he makes for ethical propaganda presents public relations practitioners and scholars with the opportunity to move beyond the progressive critique of propaganda and ask new questions about how propaganda can ethically contribute to dialogue and resolution within a democracy.
Calcifying odontogenic cyst with odontogenic keratocyst: a case report and review of the literature

The calcifying odontogenic cyst (COC), first identified as a separate and distinct lesion by Gorlin et al. in 1962, is an uncommon benign lesion, consisting of a proliferation of odontogenic epithelium and scattered nests of ghost cells and calcifications that may form the lining of a cyst or present as a solid mass. The COC occurs alone or occasionally with odontomas or other odontogenic tumors, and it is this variable histology and clinical behavior that has raised the question of whether or not it is a cyst or a true neoplasm. The odontogenic keratocyst (OKC) is a locally aggressive odontogenic cyst lined by parakeratinizing epithelium that also exhibits characteristics of a neoplasm, including rapid growth, a high rate of recurrence when treated conservatively, and the presence of a gene mutation. We describe a patient diagnosed with an OKC of the mandible that arose simultaneously with a COC of the anterior maxilla. The occurrence of 2 “cystic neoplasms” in the same patient is an occurrence which to our knowledge has not been previously reported. We discuss the significance of the case and review the current literature regarding these lesions.
Differential Response to Medical Therapy for Male Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms

Medical therapy has assumed a critical role in the treatment of male lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) secondary to bladder outlet obstruction. Targeting both bladder and prostate, these medications provide an effective means to manage LUTS for millions of men. However, significant proportion of men do not respond adequately to medical therapy and go on to surgical treatment of bladder outlet obstruction. In order to provide patients with appropriate therapy, prevent unnecessary exposure to drug side effects, and reduce medical costs, it is important to identify those men in whom medication will not be effective. In this review, we focus on the risk factors that predict failure of the common medical therapies for male LUTS. In addition, we describe recently discovered molecular targets that show promise for treatment of LUTS recalcitrant to conventional therapies.
Superconducting thallium oxide films via an electro-deposited precursor

Abstract Electro-deposited precursor films of BaCaCuO (BCCO) doped with Ag were prepared on Ag foil. The electrodeposited films were processed using a two-zone anneal, which employs a Tl source zone and a separate sample zone, both within an O 2 ambient. The annealed films showed c -axis oriented 1223 as the major phase. At 77 K and no magnetic field, the critical current density was 4.42×10 4 A/cm 2 using the field criterion of 1 μV/cm. The field dependence for the Tl-1223 film was equally impressive, showing 8.2×10 3 A/cm 2 at 5.5 T (77 K) for the field oriented parallel to the ab plane ( H ‖ ab ) and parallel to the applied current.
INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT DEGREES OF REDUCED RENAL MASS ON THE RENAL AND HEPATIC DISPOSITION OF ADMINISTERED CADMIUM

The present study was designed to evaluate, in rats, the effect of varying degrees of reduced renal mass on the disposition of administered cadmium. As part of this evaluation, the intrarenal, hepatic, and hematological disposition of cadmium and the urinary and fecal excretion of cadmium were studied and characterized in control, uninephrectomized (NPX), and 75% nephrectomized (75% NPX) rats 1 d, 2 d, and 7 d after the intravenous injection of a nonnephrotoxic 8.9 mumol/kg dose of cadmium chloride. Renal accumulation of cadmium, especially in the cortex and outer stripe of the outer medulla, was reduced significantly in the 75% NPX rats, but not in the NPX rats, between d 2 and 7 after the injection of cadmium. The diminution in the renal accumulation of cadmium in the 75% NPX rats was most likely due to diminished glomerular filtration rate and renal clearance of cadmium induced by 75% nephrectomy. Despite reduced glomerular filtration rate, the cumulative urinary excretion of cadmium in the 75% NPX rats was significantly greater than that in either the NPX rats or the control rats. It should be mentioned, however, that very little of the administered dose of cadmium was excreted in the urine by any of the three groups of rats. Interestingly, the content of cadmium in the liver was significantly greater in 75% NPX rats than in NPX or control rats between d 1 and 7 after the injection of cadmium. Moreover, the 75% NPX rats excreted significantly less cadmium in the feces over the 7 d of study than did the other 2 groups of rats, indicating that 75% nephrectomy causes a significant alteration in one or more of the mechanisms involved in the fecal excretion of cadmium. In summary, the findings from the present study indicate that the renal and hepatic handling of administered cadmium in rats changes significantly when renal mass is reduced by 75%. Further studies are needed to better characterize the effects of reductions of renal mass, which impair renal function significantly, on both the disposition and toxicity of cadmium in renal and hepatic tissues.
The Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study (DOPPS): An international hemodialysis study

The Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study (DOPPS): An international hemodialysis study. The Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study (DOPPS) is a prospective, longitudinal, observational study of hemodialysis patients and facilities in seven countries with large populations of dialysis patients: France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Spain, the United Kingdom, and the United States. This paper describes the study design, analytic methods, and preliminary findings of the DOPPS. The goal of the study is to determine which practice patterns are associated with the best patient outcomes, with adjustment for a wide range of patient case-mix characteristics. The primary outcomes of interest are mortality, hospitalization, quality of life, and vascular access events. The facility sample from the seven countries consists of 327 hemodialysis centers in which 24,392 patients were treated when the study began. A random sample of 10,332 patients has been selected thus far for more detailed longitudinal data collection. Departing patients are replaced during the study using random selection. A study coordinator at each dialysis facility collects baseline and longitudinal patient data. Patients are asked to complete a questionnaire that addresses quality of life on a yearly basis. The medical director and nurse manager in each facility complete a practice pattern questionnaire. Preliminary data are presented concerning the sample facilities and the census of patients treated in each facility at the start of the study. Dialysis facilities vary widely in size and type (freestanding vs. institutionally-based) across countries. Variation is also seen in patient age, sex distribution, and diabetes mellitus as the attributed cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD). At this early phase, the DOPPS has proved to be technically feasible and has revealed basic differences in hemodialysis facilities and patients across the seven participating countries.
Negatively-biased credulity and the cultural evolution of beliefs.

The functions of cultural beliefs are often opaque to those who hold them. Accordingly, to benefit from cultural evolution’s ability to solve complex adaptive problems, learners must be credulous. However, credulity entails costs, including susceptibility to exploitation, and effort wasted due to false beliefs. One determinant of the optimal level of credulity is the ratio between the costs of two types of errors: erroneous incredulity (failing to believe information that is true) and erroneous credulity (believing information that is false). This ratio can be expected to be asymmetric when information concerns hazards, as the costs of erroneous incredulity will, on average, exceed the costs of erroneous credulity; no equivalent asymmetry characterizes information concerning benefits. Natural selection can therefore be expected to have crafted learners’ minds so as to be more credulous toward information concerning hazards. This negatively-biased credulity extends general negativity bias, the adaptive tendency for negative events to be more salient than positive events. Together, these biases constitute attractors that should shape cultural evolution via the aggregated effects of learners’ differential retention and transmission of information. In two studies in the U.S., we demonstrate the existence of negatively-biased credulity, and show that it is most pronounced in those who believe the world to be dangerous, individuals who may constitute important nodes in cultural transmission networks. We then document the predicted imbalance in cultural content using a sample of urban legends collected from the Internet and a sample of supernatural beliefs obtained from ethnographies of a representative collection of the world’s cultures, showing that beliefs about hazards predominate in both.
Direct connections of primary trigeminal afferent axons with trigeminocerebellar projection neurons in the border zone of rat trigeminal nucleus oralis.

Abstract This study presents electron microscopical evidence for direct synaptic contact between primary trigeminal axonal (PR) endings and trigeminocerebellar projection neurons (TCPNs), in the border zone (BZ) of rat trigeminal nucleus oralis. The combined techniques of anterograde degeneration following trigeminal sensory root rhizotomy and retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase subsequent to injections into the orofacial tactile portions of crural I and II of the cerebellar hemispheres were utilized. Degenerating PR endings lie centrally in glomeruli where they form axodendritic synapses on higher order dendrites of identified BZ TCPNs. It is at these synapses that the PR endings are probably transferring tactile input to BZ TCPNs for direct relay to the cerebellar cortex. Transmitter release at the axodendritic synapses may be modified within the glomeruli by axoaxonic synapses between terminals containing flattened synaptic vesicles and the PR ending.
On the width of the giant dipole resonance in deformed nuclei

Abstract Applying surface dissipation models to the Goldhaber-Teller model, we calculate the dependence of the giant dipole resonance (GDR) width on the nuclear quadrupole deformation. When expressed in units of the spherical width, this width reduces to a purely geometrical elliptic integral. It is shown to be very well approximated by the empirical power law with an exponent of 1.6. This approach utilizes no free parameters and reproduces the experimentally observed width dependence for GDR's built on the ground state of heavy nuclei. The formula derived here plays an important role in a recently developed macroscopic approach to the GDR in hot rotating nuclei.
Local Cultural Knowledge and Water Resource Management: The Wind River Indian Reservation

Ecology and culture comprise interacting components of landscapes. Understanding the integrative nature of the landscape is essential to establish methods for sustainable management. This research takes as a unifying theme the idea that ecological and cultural issues can be incorporated through management. As a first step in developing integrative management strategies, information must be collected that compares and contrasts ecological and cultural issues to identify their areas of intersection. Specifically how can local cultural knowledge enable water resource management that reflects cultural and ecological values? This research examines Native American cultural knowledge for setting water resource management priorities in the Wind River Indian Reservation in central Wyoming. A cross-cultural approach is adopted to assess the relationship between indigenous cultural knowledge and Euro-American perspectives through a comparative examination of the Wind River Water Code and Wyoming Water Law. This research indicates that cultural perspectives provide a rich arena in which to examine management issues. Understanding and identifying cultural practices may be an important first step in collaborative resource management between different cultural groups to prevent conflict and lengthy resolution in court.
A CORRELATION OF THE TAXONOMY AND THE FLORAL ANATOMY OF CERTAIN OF THE BORAGINACEAE

THE TAXONOMIC treatments of the Boraginaceae since the description of certain species by Linnaeus in 1773 have been many and varied. While for the most part these are regional and incomplete, even sectional treatments show clearly that the tribes and apparently many of the genera are based on tendencies and overlapping characteristics rather than clearcut differentiating characters. In a study of the detailed anatomical features of the flowers it is of interest to find whether or not these classifications based on gross morphology can be supported or clarified. The size and range of the family make it hardly to be wondered at that the taxonomic treatments are preodminantly regional. In the main, however, workers have agreed that the family is divisible into four subfamilies. A further division of one of these subfamilies into tribes is to be used in this paper. In order that the subfamilies as generally accepted be clearly understood, the following table of characteristics has been compiled from Baillon, Bentham and Hooker, Engler and Prantl, and De Candolle:
INTERACTION BETWEEN H. PYLORI AND NSAIDS: PREDICTIVE VALUE OF DENSITY OF POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES, MUCOSAL AND GASTRIC JUICE NUTRITE LEVELS

Background Although nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) use and H. pylori are the most common causes of peptic ulcers, it remains unclear whether there is an interaction between them. Aim To test whether there was a relationship between polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) infiltration of the gastric mucosa and severity of NSAID-induced gastric mucosal injury. Methods H. pylori density, mucosal interleukin-8 (IL-8) levels as well as gastric mucosal and juice nitrite levels were assessed in normal volunteers before and after receiving 600 mg of naproxen (twice a day for 3 days). Histology was graded using a visual analogue scale from 0 (absent/normal) to 5 (maximal intensity). IL-8 levels were assayed by ELISA and nitrite levels by Griess reaction. Endoscopic damage was graded from none to severe (large erosions or ulcers). Results Eleven healthy volunteers with active H. pylori infection and normal appearing gastric mucosa were entered. The post-NSAID endoscopic scores were 0 = 3, mild = 1 moderate = 4, and severe = 3. None of the pretreatment histologic or biochemical parameters (e.g., PMN density, mucosal Il-8 or nitrite levels) predicted endoscopic outcome nor was there a significant changes from pretreatment levels. There was an inverse correlation between endoscopic score and the pH of the gastric juice post-therapy (R-0.669, p=0.02). Conclusions The hypothesis that the intensity of PMN infiltration in the mucosa correlated with risk of ulcer development was not confirmed. PMN infiltration is likely a surrogate for an H. pylori infection-related increased risk of NSAID ulcers.
2,2′-dihalo-bis(perfluorocycloalkenes): Part 1. Synthesis

Abstract An improved synthesis of 1-chloro-2-iodo-perfluorocycloalkenes and their copper coupled products, 2,2′-dichloro-bis(perfluorocycloalkenes) is reported. Mixtures of equal molar quantities of different chloroiodoperfluorocycloalkenes react with copper to give predominately the mixed coupled product. For example, 1-chloro-2-iodoperfluorocyclobutene and 1-chloro-2-iodoperfluorocyclopentene react with copper to give 2-chloro-1-[1′-2′-chlorohexafluorocyclopentenyl)]-tetrafluorocyclobutene in 70% yield. The 2,2′-dichloro-bis(perfluorocycloalkenes) react with potassium iodide in DMF to substitute one or both vinylic chlorine atoms by iodine. Copper coupling of 2,2′-diiodo-bis(perfluorocyclopentene) gives the cyclic tetramer perfluorotetracyclopentenocyclo-octatetraene, whereas 2-chloro-2′-iodo-bis(perfluorocyclopentene) and copper gives the linear tetramer 2,2‴-dichlorotetrakis(perfluorocyclopentene).
Plasma membrane monoamine transporters: structure, regulation and function

The classical biogenic amine neurotransmitters — dopamine, noradrenaline, and 5-hydroxytryptamine — control a variety of functions including locomotion, autonomic function, hormone secretion, and the complex behaviours that are associated with affect, emotion and reward. A key step that determines the intensity and duration of monoamine signalling at synapses is the reuptake of the released transmitter into nerve terminals through high-affinity plasma membrane transporters. In recent years, molecular, pharmacological and genetic approaches have established the importance of monoamine transporters in the control of monoamine homeostasis and have provided insights into their regulation.
Effects of in utero heat stress on postnatal body composition in pigs: I. Growing phase

The detrimental effects of heat stress (HS) on animal productivity have been well documented. However, whether in utero HS interacts with a future thermal insult to alter tissue deposition during the finishing phase of pig growth is unknown. Study objectives were to compare the subsequent rate and quantity of whole-body tissue accretion in pigs exposed to differing in utero and postnatal thermal environments. Pregnant sows were exposed to thermoneutral (TN; cyclical 15°C nighttime and 22°C daytime; n = 9) or HS (cyclical 27°C nighttime and 37°C daytime; n = 11) conditions during their entire gestation. Twenty-four offspring from in utero TN (IUTN; n = 6 gilts and 6 barrows; 62.4 ± 0.7 kg BW) and in utero HS (IUHS; n = 6 gilts and 6 barrows; 61.9 ± 0.8 kg BW) were euthanized as part of an initial slaughter group (ISG). After the ISG, 48 pigs from IUTN (n = 12 gilts and 12 barrows; 66.1 ± 1.0 kg BW) and IUHS (n = 12 gilts and 12 barrows; 63.4 ± 0.7 kg BW) were exposed to constant HS (34.4 ± 1.8°C) or TN (22.7 ± 2.5°C) conditions until they reached 80.5 ± 1.5 kg BW, at which point they were sacrificed and their whole-body composition was determined. Homogenized carcasses were analyzed for N, crude fat, ash, water, and GE content. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED in SAS 9.3. Rectal temperature and respiration rate increased during postnatal HS compared to TN (39.6 vs. 39.3°C and 92 vs. 58 breaths per minute, respectively; P < 0.01). Postnatal HS decreased (P < 0.01) feed intake (2.13 vs. 2.65 kg/d) and ADG (0.70 vs. 0.94 kg/d) compared to TN conditions, but neither variable was influenced by in utero environment. Whole-body protein and lipid accretion rates were reduced in HS pigs compared to TN controls (126 vs. 164 g/d and 218 vs. 294 g/d, respectively; P < 0.04). Independent of postnatal environments, IUHS reduced future protein accretion rates (16%; P < 0.01) and tended to increase lipid accretion rates (292 vs. 220 g/d; P < 0.07) compared to IUTN controls. The ratio of lipid to protein accretion rates increased (95%; P < 0.01) in IUHS pigs compared to IUTN controls. In summary, the future hierarchy of tissue accretion is altered by IUHS, and this modified nutrient partitioning favors adipose deposition at the expense of skeletal muscle during this specific phase of growth.
Computer optimization of a minimal biped model discovers walking and running.

From the infinite number of gaits that human legs are capable of, we choose either to walk or run. Is this because these are the most energetically efficient gaits available? Srinivasan and Ruina used a computational model to evaluate an infinity of different gaits by reducing them to principles of simple newtonian mechanics, calculating how much energy each style requires to move the same mass. They find that walking, running and a mixture of the two called ‘pendular running’ each have speeds where they are the optimal gaits. Real people, however, eschew pendular running entirely, so the simple picture of locomotion provided by the model may overlook factors that make pendular running impractical in the real world. Although people's legs are capable of a broad range of muscle-use and gait patterns, they generally prefer just two. They walk, swinging their body over a relatively straight leg with each step, or run, bouncing up off a bent leg between aerial phases. Walking feels easiest when going slowly, and running feels easiest when going faster. More unusual gaits seem more tiring. Perhaps this is because walking and running use the least energy1,2,3,4,5,6,7. Addressing this classic1 conjecture with experiments2,3 requires comparing walking and running with many other strange and unpractised gaits. As an alternative, a basic understanding of gait choice might be obtained by calculating energy cost by using mechanics-based models. Here we use a minimal model that can describe walking and running as well as an infinite variety of other gaits. We use computer optimization to find which gaits are indeed energetically optimal for this model. At low speeds the optimization discovers the classic inverted-pendulum walk8,9,10,11,12,13, at high speeds it discovers a bouncing run12,13, even without springs, and at intermediate speeds it finds a new pendular-running gait that includes walking and running as extreme cases.
Synthesis, Structures, Bonding, and Redox Chemistry of Ditungsten Butadiyne Complexes with W≡C—C≡W Backbones

Complexes of the form XL4W≡C—C≡WL4X (L = 1/2 dmpe, 1/2 depe, P(OMe)3; X = Cl, OTf) have been synthesized from (ButO)3WCCW(OBut)3 in two steps via Cl3(dme)WCCW(dme)Cl3, which undergoes facile four-e...
Synaptic Adaptations by Alcohol and Drugs of Abuse: Changes in microRNA Expression and mRNA Regulation

Local translation of mRNAs is a mechanism by which cells can rapidly remodel synaptic structure and function. There is ample evidence for a role of synaptic translation in the neuroadaptations resulting from chronic drug use and abuse. Persistent and coordinated changes of many mRNAs, globally and locally, may have a causal role in complex disorders such as addiction. In this review we examine the evidence that translational regulation by microRNAs drives synaptic remodeling and mRNA expression, which may regulate the transition from recreational to compulsive drug use. microRNAs are small, non-coding RNAs that control the translation of mRNAs in the cell and within spatially restricted sites such as the synapse. microRNAs typically repress the translation of mRNAs into protein by binding to the 3′UTR of their targets. As ‘master regulators’ of many mRNAs, changes in microRNAs could account for the systemic alterations in mRNA and protein expression observed with drug abuse and dependence. Recent studies indicate that manipulation of microRNAs affects addiction-related behaviors such as the rewarding properties of cocaine, cocaine-seeking behavior, and self-administration rates of alcohol. There is limited evidence, however, regarding how synaptic microRNAs control local mRNA translation during chronic drug exposure and how this contributes to the development of dependence. Here, we discuss research supporting microRNA regulation of local mRNA translation and how drugs of abuse may target this process. The ability of synaptic microRNAs to rapidly regulate mRNAs provides a discrete, localized system that could potentially be used as diagnostic and treatment tools for alcohol and other addiction disorders.
Differentiating roles of clinical and counseling psychology interns

Asked 60 clinical psychology interns and 54 counseling psychology interns from 18 APA approved university training programs to complete a survey form that involved rating the amount of emphasis placed upon various roles, functions and duties at internship and university training programs. Supervisors of the interns at the respective internship settings completed analogous forms, rating their perception of the degree of emphasis placed upon various roles, functions and duties. The data were analyzed via stepwise discriminant analysis to determine whether some roles would be more typical of one specialty. Finally, suggestions were offered for the improvement of university training programs and for the conduct of further research on roles of the two specialties.
Tracking objects that move where they are headed

Previous work has demonstrated that the ability to keep track of moving objects is improved when the objects have unique visual features, such as color or shape. In the present study, we investigated how orientation information is used during the tracking of objects. Orientation is an interesting feature to explore in moving objects because it is directional and is often informative of the direction of motion. Most objects move forward, in the direction they are oriented. In the present experiments, participants tracked a subset of moving isosceles triangles whose orientations were constant, related, or unrelated to the direction of motion. In the standard multiple object tracking (MOT) task, tracking performance improved when orientations were unique and remained constant, but not when orientation and direction of motion were aligned. In the target recovery task, in which MOT was interrupted by a brief blanking of the display, performance did improve when orientation and direction were aligned. In the final experiment, results showed that orientation was not used before the blank to predict future target locations, but was instead used after the blank. We concluded that people use orientation to compare a stored representation to target position for recovery of lost targets.