cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Principles, Instrumentation, and Applications of Infrared Multispectral Imaging, An Overview

An infrared (IR) multispectral imaging spectrometer is an instrument that can simultaneously record infrared spectroscopic and spatial information of a sample. Chemical and physical properties of t...
EPR determination of the Co(II)-free radical magnetic geometry of the “doubleT” species arising in a coenzyme B-12-enzyme reaction

The physical significance of the observed structure of the EPR signal, commonly known as the “doublet” spectrum, is that it contains information not only about the exchange coupling but also about the geometry of the magnetic dipole-dipole spin-spin coupling. We can show this because we have developed a general method of analysis applicable to this type of system and because we demand a quantitative fit of theory to experiment at two microwave frequencies. We have chosen the “doublet” free radical signal, which arises in the ribonucleotide reductase-5′-deoxyadenosylcobalamin system (from Lactobacillus leichmannii, see Hamilton et al., Biochemistry 11, 4696–4705 (1972)), for study, for the particular reason that the 35 GHz “doublet” spectrum has three components (in this case) rather than two, which provides an important test of the recently proposed model of isotropic exchange coupling by Schepler et al. ((1975) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 397, 510–518). We find that a quantitative fit to the EPR “doublet” lineshape can be obtained with a model of isotropic exchange, and a “point” magnetic dipole-dipole interaction acting over a distance of 9.9 A with the radical located approx. 34° off the principal gzz axis and <1° off the principal gxx axis of the Co(II) in the corrin ring. Quantitative fits of the doublet portion of the observed lineshape at both 9 and 35 GHz were achieved with this model, assuming an axially symmetric free radical signal and a Gaussian spin-packet lineshape with isotropic linewidth.
Molecular signatures of epithelial ovarian cancer: analysis of associations with tumor characteristics and epidemiologic risk factors

Background: Six gene expression subtypes of invasive epithelial ovarian cancer were recently defined using microarrays by Tothill and colleagues. The Cancer Genome Atlas project (TCGA) subsequently replicated these subtypes and identified a signature predictive of survival in high grade serous cancers. We previously validated these signatures for use in formalin-fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) tissues. The aim of the present study was to determine whether these signatures are associated with specific ovarian cancer risk factors, which would add to the evidence that they reflect the heterogeneous etiology of this disease. Methods: We modeled signature-specific tumor characteristics and epidemiological risk factor relationships using multiple regression and multivariate response multiple regression models in 193 patients from a case-control study of epithelial ovarian cancer. Results: We observed associations between the Tothill gene expression subtype signatures and both age at diagnosis (p=0.0008) and race (p=0.008). Although most established epidemiologic risk factors were not associated with molecular signatures, there was an association between breast feeding (p=0.024) and first degree family history of breast or ovarian cancer (p=0.034) among the 106 high grade serous cases. Some of the above associations were validated using gene expression microarray data from the TCGA project. Weak associations were seen with age at menarche and duration of oral contraceptive use and the TCGA survival signature. Conclusions: These data support the potential for genomic characterization to elucidate the etiologic heterogeneity of epithelial ovarian cancer. Impact: This study suggests that molecular signatures may augment the ability to define etiologic subtypes of epithelial ovarian cancer.
Structure of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge

Atlantis Cruise 150, sponsored by the National Geographic Society, Columbia University, and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, was a two month trip to Bermuda, the Azores the Mid-Atlantic Ridge in the summer of 1947. A continuous record of depth beneath the ship along the track gave significant topographic information and provided a valuable guide to the choice of locations for measurements of other types. Thirty-five sediment cores were taken with the Stetson-Hvorslev apparatus, about a ton of rocks were dredged up, and several excellent seismic refraction records were obtained at various stations. Seismic reflection measurements were made at intervals of about ten miles along most of the track and some work was done on photography of the ocean floor. Hydrographic and biological observations were made, including a number of hauls with the Blake trawl.
Comanagement of Geriatric Patients With Hip Fractures A Retrospective, Controlled, Cohort Study

The objective of this 3-year retrospective, controlled, cohort study is to characterize an interdisciplinary method of managing geriatric patients with hip fracture. All patients aged 65 years or older admitted to a single academic level I trauma center during a 3-year period with an isolated hip fracture were included as participants for this study. Thirty-one geriatric patients with hip fracture were treated with historical methods of care (cohort 1). The comparison group of 115 similar patients was treated under a newly developed, institutional comanagement hip fracture protocol (cohort 2). There were no differences in age, sex distribution, or comorbidity distribution between the 2 cohorts. Patients requiring intensive care unit (ICU) admission decreased significantly from 48% in cohort 1 to 23% in cohort 2 (P = .0091). Length of ICU stay for patients requiring ICU admission also decreased significantly, from a mean of 8.1 days in cohort 1 to 1.8 days in cohort 2 (P = .024). Total hospital stay decreased significantly, from a mean of 9.9 days in cohort 1 to 7.1 days in cohort 2 (P = .021). Although no decrease in in-hospital mortality rates was noted from cohort 1 to cohort 2, a trend toward decreased 1-year mortality rates was seen after implementation of the hip fracture protocol. Hospital charges decreased significantly, from US$52 323 per patient in cohort 1 to US$38 586 in cohort 2 (P = .0183). Implementation of a comanagement protocol for care of geriatric patients with hip fracture, consisting of admission to a geriatric primary care service, standardized perioperative assessment regimens, expeditious surgical treatment, and continued primary geriatric care postoperatively, resulted in reductions in lengths of stay, ICU admissions, and hospital costs per patient. On an annualized basis, this represented a savings of over US$700 000 for our institution.
Effect of hycanthone on Schistosoma mansoni macromolecular synthesis in vitro

Adult, immature and hycanthone-resistant schistosomes were allowed to incorporate tritiated precursors of macromolecule synthesis in vitro, either in the presence of various concentrations of hycanthone, or at various times after removal of the drug. The effect on worms was compared to that on HeLa cells. The results show that hycanthone markedly inhibited the incorporation of uridine in all the systems studied, while the incorporation of thymidine and leucine was only secondarily affected. The inhibition of uridine incorporation reflected in part a decreased uptake of the radioactive precursor. The hycanthone-induced inhibition of uridine incorporation was essentially irreversible upon removal of the drug in adult schistosomes, while it was completely reversible in hycanthone-resistant worms, in immature worms and in HeLa cells. The effects of a hycanthone analog, IA-4, were largely comparable to the effects of the parent compound. These results suggest that the inhibition of RNA synthesis can be a possible explanation for the mechanism of the schistosomicidal action of hycanthone.
Biological Anthropology in 2014: Beyond the Traditional

Here I review some of the newsworthy developments in biological anthropology for the year 2014. This review essay focuses broadly upon three areas: (1) the illumination of sexual harassment and assault issues in fieldwork settings by Clancy and colleagues (2014), (2) the abandonment of traditional concept of race in favor of a more sophisticated geographic and genetic view of ancestry in human populations, and (3) the increasing importance of using ancient DNA techniques toward an understanding of human prehistoric movements and adaptations.
WAIS-IV and WISC-IV Structural Validity: Alternate Methods, Alternate Results. Commentary on Weiss et al. (2013a) and Weiss et al. (2013b).

Weiss, Keith, Zhu, and Chen (2013a) and Weiss, Keith, Zhu, and Chen (2013b), this issue, report examinations of the factor structure of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale–Fourth Edition (WAIS-IV) and Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children–Fourth Edition (WISC-IV), respectively; comparing Wechsler Hierarchical Model (W-HM) and Cattell–Horn–Carroll Hierarchical Model (CHC-HM), subtest cross-loadings, and factorial invariance between clinical and normative groups from the respective standardizations. Both studies suffer from a number of theoretical, methodological, and practical problems that significantly limit conclusions and recommendations for practitioner interpretations of these instruments. Additional analyses and research are required to better inform practitioners for WAIS-IV and WISC-IV use.
Epidural space localization with CO 2 and compliance

An increasing number of complications associated with standard loss of resistance (LOR) technique used during epidural injections shows a growing need for an improvement in correct identification of epidural space and minimization of possible risks. A prototype was constructed for delivery CO 2 gas into a standard epidural syringe and coupled with compliance sensing apparatus to evaluate effectiveness of localization of the epidural space in bovine spine sections. The safety of the prototype was tested under pressurized conditions. The accuracy of the compliance measurement was tested in muscle, cartilage, and adipose tissues. The CO 2 delivery system failure was estimated at approximately 50 psi. The prototype's level of sensitivity correctly distinguished a change in compliance during the perforation of the adipose tissue in epidural space.
It's a Small World: Using the Classic Disney Ride to Teach Document Coherence

This essay describes an analogy legal writing professors can make to the classic Disney ride, "It's a Small World" for the purpose of teaching document coherence.
Effects of methotrexate in vitro on epidermal cell proliferation.

Epidermal cell migration activity and epidermal cell proliferation are clearly dissociable in explant culture. Epidermal cell migration requires a non-dialysable, 65,000 mol. wt factor which is destroyed at 100 degrees C but is stable at 80 degrees C for at least 30 min. In the presence of dialysed serum or heated (80 degrees C for 30 min) or DNA synthesis inhibitors (methotrexate or hydroxyurea), cells will migrate from the explant but will not proliferate. At least two factors are required for normal proliferation under these restricted conditions--an adequate supply of DNA precursers, i.e. nucleosides, and a heat liable (80 degrees C) non-dialysable serum component. Methotrexate in concentrations of 1.0 microgram/ml or greater added to cultures in normal fetal calf serum significantly inhibited mitoses; however, when added to serum dialysed to remove thymidine, mitotic inhibition occurred at a concentration of 0.1 microgram/ml of methotrexate and when added to dialysed serum and kept in dialysed serum, inhibition occurred with 0.01 microgram/ml of methotrexate. Methotrexate did not inhibit outgrowth. Hydroxyurea also inhibited mitoses but did not effect outgrowth.
Structural and Electrical Characteristics of the Thermally Evaporated InSb Thin Films

Polycrystalline InSb thin films have been prepared by the two-source thermal co-evaporation method. The InSb films have been grown on both pure Si (100) substrate and on Si (100) substrate which has been thermally oxidized to form a thin amorphous SiOx overlayer. The as-grown films have been heat treated under N2 atmosphere at different temperatures ranged from 520 to 535 C. Both as-grown films have (220) diffraction as the main peak. The heat treated films which have high mobility values show the (111) preferred orientation. For the heat treated film on oxidized Si substrate, the TEM cross sectional morphologies show the existence of the precipitaion of the second phase and the interface diffusion of InSb into the SiOx layer.
High-Temperature Bridging in a Vitreous Bonded Alumina

The load supported by crack wake bridges was studied in glassy alumina at 1240°C using short double cantilever beam specimens with a rear notch wedge. Direct observation of fracture surfaces revealed the sizes and shapes of the high-temperature bridges. The bridged area was stochastic in nature but there was a clear trend toward decreased area bridged with increasing crack opening displacement consistent with existing models. Fracture surface observations on specimens without a rear notch were compared to bridge distributions in wedged specimens. Because of the complex bridge morphology the load supported by the bridges cannot be modeled as viscous uniaxial columns.
Quantum yields of OH, HO2 and NO3 in the UV photolysis of HO2NO2

Quantum yields, Φ, of OH and HO2 in the ultraviolet photolysis of HO2NO2 (peroxynitric acid, PNA) at 193 and 248 nm and that of NO3 at 193, 248 and 308 nm are reported. Quantum yields were measured using pulsed excimer laser photolysis combined with pulsed laser induced fluorescence (PLIF) detection of OH radicals and cavity ring-down (CRD) detection of NO3 radicals. HO2 radicals were quantified by converting them to OH via the HO2 + NO → OH + NO2 reaction and detecting OH. The quantum yields obtained at 296 K are: Φ193 nm(OH) = 0.21 ± 0.12, Φ248 nm(OH) = 0.085 ± 0.08, Φ193 nm(HO2) = 0.56 ± 0.09, Φ248 nm(HO2) = 0.89 ± 0.26, Φ193 nm(NO3) = 0.35 ± 0.09, Φ248 nm(NO3) = 0.08 ± 0.04 and Φ308 nm(NO3) = 0.05 ± 0.02. The quoted uncertainties are 2σ (95% confidence level) and include estimated systematic errors. Our results are compared with the previous quantum yield measurements of OH (MacLeod et al., J. Geophys. Res., 1988, 93, 3813) and NO2 (Roehl et al., 2001, J. Phys. Chem., 105, 1592) at 248 nm and the discrepancies are discussed. The rate coefficients at 298 K for reactions of OH with HO2NO2, H2O2, HNO3 and NO are also reported.
Identifying HotSpots in Lung Cancer Data Using Association Rule Mining

We analyze the lung cancer data available from the SEER program with the aim of identifying hotspots using association rule mining techniques. A subset of 13 patient attributes from the SEER data were recently linked with the survival outcome using prediction models, which is used in this study for segmentation. The goal here is to identify characteristics of patient segments where average survival is significantly higher/lower than average survival across the entire dataset. Automated association rule mining techniques resulted in hundreds of rules, from which many redundant rules were manually removed based on domain knowledge. The resulting rules conform with existing biomedical knowledge and provide interesting insights into lung cancer survival.
Leptin gene expression, circulating leptin, and luteinizing hormone pulsatility are acutely responsive to short-term fasting in prepubertal heifers: relationships to circulating insulin and insulin-like growth factor I(1).

Abstract In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that short-term fasting would reduce leptin gene expression, circulating leptin, and LH pulsatility in prepubertal heifers in association with a decrease in circulating concentrations of insulin and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I). Twelve prepubertal crossbred heifers (mean ± SD = 315 ± 5 kg body weight) were assigned randomly to one of two treatments in two replicates: 1) control; normal feed consumption (n = 6) and 2) fasted; 48 h of total feed restriction (n = 6). Blood samples were collected at 15-min intervals for 8 h on Days 0 and 2 of the experiment and twice on Day 1. Subcutaneous fat samples were collected before treatment onset (Day −1) and at the end of the intensive blood sampling on Day 2. Acute feed restriction markedly reduced leptin mRNA in adipose tissue (P < 0.01) and circulating concentrations of leptin (P < 0.05), IGF-I (P < 0.01), and insulin (P = 0.05) as compared with controls on Day 2. Moreover, the treatment × day intera...
Bioconversion of Solar Energy

Photosynthesis is examined as an annually renewable resource for material and energy. The direct photosynthetic production of hydrocarbons for fuel and materials from known plant sources is examined, as well as the production of fermentation alcohol from sugar cane. Experiments are underway to analyze the hydrocarbons from Euphorbias, and other hydrocarbon-containing plants, with a view toward determining their chemical components. In addition, several experimental plantings of Euphorbia lathyris have been completed. There are indications that we may expect a yield of at least 10 barrels of hydrocarbon material per acre, together with enough fermentable sugar to produce about 12 barrels of ethanol, in a 7-month growing period at a competitive cost.
Goal orientation and intrinsic motivation for physical education: Does perceived competence matter?

Baric, Vlasic and Erpic (2014) investigated the nature of the associations among intrinsic motivation, goal orientations and perceived competence with physical education students. The study was gro...
How Phase Noise Appears in Oscillators

Wireless transceivers closely specify the phase noise in the local oscillator. Yet it is not very well understood how phase noise is predicted, especially in oscillators which do not use a passive resonator. It is also difficult to model flicker noise in the close-in phase noise spectrum. This is a qualitative discussion of the various physical processes responsible for phase noise production, particularly in CMOS oscillators, and it offers a common treatment of resonator-based oscillators, ring oscillators, and relaxation oscillators.
Abstract W P13: Time To Recanalization With New Thrombectomy Devices In Intra-arterial Therapy For Acute Ischemic Stroke

Introduction: Faster time to recanalization is a strong predictor of good outcome after acute ischemic stroke (AIS) from large vessel occlusion (LVO). Intra-arterial therapy is an option for AIS from LVO, but studies have not shown benefit with this modality. This may be related to delayed recanalization time. We compared the speed of recanalization with newer devices Methods: Retrospective study of patients who underwent IAT for AIS from 1/10 -6/14 at our institution was conducted. Data regarding baseline demographics, treatment times and thrombectomy devices were recorded for all patients who achieved successful recanalization defined as TICI2b-3. Comparisons were drawn between the patients who underwent IAT with the Penumbra aspiration system (Penumbra Inc, Alameda, CA), stent-trievers and direct aspiration (DA) with new large bore catheters such as 5 MAX and 5 MAX ACE (Penumbra Inc). Results: 113 patients achieved successful recanalization. Penumbra aspiration was used in 48 (42.4%), stent-trievers in 37 (32.7%) and direct aspiration in 28 (24.7%) patients. Baseline demographics are detailed in the table and were non-significant between groups. Time from first run to recanalization was shortest in the DA group (49.5 ± 31.6 minutes), followed by Penumbra aspiration system (61.5 ± 39.8) and stent-trievers (71.6 ± 35.1). DA was significantly faster than Penumbra aspiration system (p 0.0354) and the stent-triever (0.0100). Conclusion: Improvements in device technology and interventional technique allows for effective recanalization in significantly shorter times compared to previous methods. The impact of these developments will have to be tested in randomized controlled trials to assess its influence on outcomes ![][1] [1]: /embed/graphic-1.gif
A methodology for the investigation of speaker’s knowledge of structure in Athabaskan

0. Introduction The purpose of this paper is to investigate methodologies that get at speakers’ tacit knowledge of structure in polysynthetic languages. As linguists we need theoretical structures that both link languages to other languages and are internally cohesive. Polysynthetic languages pose a particular challenge to linguistic theories because of the internal complexity of the word. Polysynthesis generally refers to language types in which the verbal structure is semantically rich, morphologically complex with an opaque morpheme structure. In polysynthetic languages, word formation is often characterized as an often highly abstract concatenation of virtual morphemes that are conditioned by post hoc morphophonemic rules. However in light of their learnability and their overall long-term stability as polysynthetic, a more parsimonious model is likely to have an advantage over abstract models where internal structure is obscure. Adding to the problem, crucially, given that polysynthetic languages as a rule are often severely under-documented, the availability of data on polysynthesis in no way is comparable to that found with better-studied languages like English, which places us at a severe disadvantage in our understanding of them. With pre-theoretic assumptions in place concerning the nature of polysynthesis, the models resulting from research naturally tend toward translations of polysynthesis into analytic frameworks. We consider such approaches to be limited in their productivity and insight; the rest of this paper focuses on the development of new methodologies for the investigation of polysynthetic languages using Navajo, a canonical example of a polysynthetic language as our test case, expandable to the Athabaskan family. Some of the essential issues presented by polysynthesis are: the nature of lexical productivity, the structure of a verb-based lexicon, the nature of evidence for theory, techniques of language documentation, and the nature of language change in lexically complex languages.
Tunneling from a Minkowski vacuum to an AdS vacuum: A new thin-wall regime

Using numerical and analytic methods, we study quantum tunneling from a Minkowski false vacuum to an anti-de Sitter true vacuum. Scanning the parameter space of theories with quartic and non-polynomial potentials, we find that for any given potential tunneling is completely quenched if gravitational effects are made sufficiently strong. For potentials where $\epsilon$, the energy density difference between the vacua, is small compared to the barrier height, this occurs in the thin-wall regime studied by Coleman and De Luccia. However, we find that other potentials, possibly with $\epsilon$ much greater than the barrier height, produce a new type of thin-wall bounce when gravitational effects become strong. We show that the critical curve that bounds the region in parameter space where the false vacuum is stable can be found by a computationally simple overshoot/undershoot argument. We discuss the treatment of boundary terms in the bounce calculation and show that, with proper regularization, one obtains an identical finite result for the tunneling exponent regardless of whether or not these are included. Finally, we briefly discuss the extension of our results to transitions between anti-de Sitter vacua.
Cage Type and Density Effects on Performance and Economic Factors of Caged Layers

Abstract Three cage designs and three population densities were evaluated for production and economic performance traits of caged layers. A deep cage measuring 38.1 cm across the front and 50.8 cm in depth was compared with two shallow cages measuring 60.9 cm across the front and 31.8 cm and 35.5 cm in depth (shallow A and shallow B, respectively). Population sizes were 4, 5, and 6 birds per cage. Birds in the shallow cages had higher hen-day egg production values, gained more weight, had larger egg weights and egg mass, produced more eggs grading large and extra large, used more feed, and had higher pullet and feed costs than birds in the deep cages. Hen-housed production and mortality differences for cage designed were not present. Birds in shallow cages also had poorer feed conversion figures and reduced net egg incomes. Differences between the shallow A and shallow B design cages were not significantly different (P>.05) for the traits measured except for egg loss. Increasing density reduced most performance and economic factors. Exceptions were observed for mortality, egg weight, eggs grading large, and undergrades for which significant differences for population densities were not found. Significant (P
Atomistic modeling of defect-induced plasticity in CuNb nanocomposites

CuNb nanocomposites have proven stable under light-ion irradiation, although their response to heavy-ion bombardment and subsequent loading is still uncertain. In this paper we analyze the change in mechanical properties of model CuNb nanocomposites in vacancy supersaturated environments, mimicking certain effects introduced by heavy-ion irradiation. We have performed compression tests using molecular dynamics for different defect contents. The presence of defects substantially modifies the system response upon external loading. The dislocation nucleation mechanism changes with the interface atomic density. Stacking fault tetrahedra in the Cu layer may act as dislocation sources to lower significantly the yield stress and the same applies for voids present in the Nb layer. We have analyzed in detail the dislocation-interface interaction mechanisms under different conditions, showing how dislocations react with the misfit dislocations present at the interface to modify the atomic structure of the boundary, which suggests that the interface could be designed to optimize its defect healing properties. We conclude that heavy-ion irradiation softens the multilayer nanocomposites and that interfaces help in recovering these materials as they absorb the dislocations created from irradiation-induced defects.
Putting Working Memory to Work: Integrating Cognitive Science Theories with Cognitive Engineering Research

Human factors research has long included discussions of the importance of mental models when understanding human-human interaction and human-system interaction. Additionally, a small number of researchers in the field have included theories of working memory and related constructs in their research approaches. Nonetheless, little if any research has acknowledged the connection between these two very important constructs arising out of the cognitive sciences. In this paper we discuss recent theoretical and empirical developments on working memory from cognitive psychology and cognitive neuroscience and relate these to our understanding of mental models. We show how the connection between these two concepts can facilitate a deeper understanding of issues associated with cognitive engineering and decision making research.
Leveraging oxidative stress questions in vivo: Implications and limitations.

The elegance of Helmut Sies' original definition of oxidative stress belies the complexity of the reactions that are potentially involved. This is by no means a criticism of the author, but rather how the words have been used to oversimplify the concept by some. Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and RNS, respectively) can be products of a myriad of events within the living body. Indeed, it is now understood that ROS/RNS are critical for normal cellular metabolism and have beneficial effects (e.g., cytotoxicity against invading bacteria). A general problem of studying prooxidants in vivo is that, due to their inherent reactivity, they generally cannot be measured directly. This indirect detection of 'footprints' leaves a very large black box that we are to this day only beginning to understand. This manuscript will summarize some considerations that are of utmost importance when translating oxidative stress into in vivo research. Helmut has been a key thought leader, researcher and mentor whose contributions to this field are immeasurable.
Effects of urea on K-Cl cotransport in sheep red blood cells: evidence for two signals of swelling.

The activation proceeds with a delay, like activation by swelling. Swelling of cells in urea activates K uptake further, but with no delay. Inactivation after removal of urea also proceeds without ...
Tobacco cessation treatment education for dental students using standardized patients.

The use of standardized patients (SPs) shows promise in tobacco cessation treatment (TCT) training by providing a simulated clinical environment for dental students to practice counseling skills with individuals trained to portray patients. The purpose of this study was to determine if there was a difference in attitudes, perceptions, and knowledge between dental students who received a lecture and practice sessions with SPs and those who received a lecture only. Dental students in an introductory clinical course at one dental school were invited to participate in the study by completing a pre and post questionnaire. The pre questionnaire was administered to all students prior to a tobacco cessation lecture. Students were group-randomized to either the intervention or control group. The intervention group completed the post questionnaire after the lecture and practice sessions with SPs, and the control group completed it after the lecture only. Of ninety-eight students who attended the lecture and were invited to participate in the study, a total of ninety-four from the two groups (96 percent) provided two linkable questionnaires for analysis. In the results, training with lecture and SPs increased the students’ understanding of barriers, subjective norms, perceived skills, self-efficacy, and intentions to provide TCT more than those in the lecture only; however, it did not significantly increase their attitudes and knowledge. These findings suggest that using SPs is a valuable educational method to promote the provision of TCT by dental students and graduates.
Slow Sand Filtration for Cercarial Control in North Cameroon Village Water Supply

People of North Cameroon must look for water at great distances from their homes during the dry season of the year. To provide water closer to villages series of internationally and bilaterally financed dams are being built to impound water in reservoirs. The Ministry of Health of the Government of the Republic of Cameroon is concerned that the dams do not increase health problems. One concern is the control of cercariae of human schistosomes. This paper reports on the literature survey on past filtration studies, presents data on filtration experiments, and gives design parameters for slow sand filtration plants to be built in North Cameroon.
Planar Paul traps and trap arrays

We report the cooling and trapping of barium ions in a novel planar Paul trap. Unlike other if quadrupole traps, the electrodes of a planar Paul trap are confined to one or more parallel planes. We apply the same photolithographic techniques used for semiconductor devices to construct inicrotraps with dimensions on a micron scale. Micro traps permit entirely new studies, for example, superradiance of a few ions, which occurs as ion-ion distances approach one wavelength of light. Photolithography can also generate an array of traps on a single substrate for an atomic clock, where each trap contains a single isolated ion in the Lamb-Dicke regime, resulting in a high signal-to-noise ratio. This achieves the same goal as a linear rf trap1 but without any coupling between the ions.
Taliban, the American Right: The World They Will Create

This concluding chapter provides a speculative discussion of what the world would become if the Taliban or the American right were to become dominant and successful in their specific political arenas. By far the most astonishing finding in this chapter is that the world created after the “success” of these two disparate movements would be very much alike.
Agree, Move, A-dependencies

In this chapter I introduce the general framework of analysis. I start by laying out my assumptions on clause structure (section 2.2). Then I introduce the operation Agree as feature valuation and Case assignment is defined as an agreement operation (section 2.3). Section 2.4 spells out the problem of locality of A-dependencies and articulates the strictly local approach sketched in Chapter 1. In section 2.5 I argue that Agree and Move should be considered two distinct operations and I go on to discuss superraising. Section 2.6 discusses the nature of morphosyntactic features, their functioning in CHL and how and when they are deleted and spelled out. Section 2.7 shows some exempla. Section 2.8 presents the conclusions.
Exploring the Connection between Arithmetic and Prealgebraic Reasoning at First and Second Grade.

Children in the elementary grades are expected to solve equations to demonstrate prealgebraic proficiency. Prealgebraic differences may emerge based equation type (i.e., standard vs. nonstandard), the operation shown or required for solution (i.e., addition or subtraction), and the position of the unknown. Prealgebraic differences may also be influenced based on arithmetic proficiency. We evaluated the performance of 1,796 1st- and 2nd-grade children on a measure of standard and nonstandard equations to learn whether arithmetic fluency predicts prealgebraic performance, which characteristics of prealgebraic items determine item difficulty, and whether certain demographic variables contribute to prealgebraic performance. Results indicate prealgebraic differences by grade level and season (i.e., fall or spring) of administration. Arithmetic influences prealgebraic performance, and nonstandard equations that require a relational understanding of the equal sign are most difficult for young children. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
Noodle Western: Asian Gunslingers, Swordplayers, Filmmakers Gone West

Chapter 11 deals with “Noodle Western.” Pivotal in fashioning the U.S. national identity, classic Westerns, circa 1950s, evolved into Spaghetti Western a decade or so later. At the turn of this century, global cinema witnesses a remarkable hybridizing and genre-bending across the Pacific, Italian Spaghetti now remade into Asian-style Noodle Western. All across East Asia, cowboys, frequently in contestation with swordplayers, populate action comedies. This analysis proceeds in three parts on Asian Gunslingers, Swordplayers, and Filmmakers gone west.
Conducting Rock Mass Rating for tunnel construction on Mars

Abstract Mars analogue missions provide researchers, scientists, and engineers the opportunity to establish protocols prior to sending human explorers to another planet. This paper investigated the complexity of a team of simulation astronauts conducting a Rock Mass Rating task during Analogue Mars missions. This study was conducted at the Mars Desert Research Station in Hanksville, UT, during field season 2015/2016 and with crews 167,168, and 169. During the experiment, three-person teams completed a Rock Mass Rating task during a three hour Extra Vehicular Activity on day six of their two-week simulation mission. This geological test is used during design and construction of excavations in rock on Earth. On Mars, this test could be conducted by astronauts to determine suitable rock layers for tunnel construction which would provide explorers a permanent habitat and radiation shielding while living for long periods of time on the surface. The Rock Mass Rating system derives quantitative data for engineering designs that can easily be communicated between engineers and geologists. Conclusions from this research demonstrated that it is feasible for astronauts to conduct the Rock Mass Rating task in a Mars simulated environment. However, it was also concluded that Rock Mass Rating task orientation and training will be required to ensure that accurate results are obtained.
Pulmonary Palliative Care Issues

Determining patient-centered goals of care is important for facilitating a plan of care that makes sense to the patient, family, and health care providers. Serial therapeutic trials can be an important strategy in symptom management and, additionally, in determining reversibility of the patient’s condition. An intervention can be considered palliative if it is capable of improving a symptom or quality of life and is fitting with the patient’s goals. Dyspnea is an incapacitating symptom driven by many possible underlying factors and is associated with a high burden of suffering from associated depression, anxiety, and social isolation. Treatments for dyspnea are many, and include opioids, etiology-directed interventions which include breaking the dyspnea–anxiety–dyspnea cycle. An understanding of the pharmacokinetics of opioid medications is central to appropriate dosing and titration. Secretions at the end of life similarly require pharmacologic intervention.
Surface water flow theory application to public policy development and adaptation for arid and semi-arid regions

Regions that had acceptable levels of water resources are becoming arid due to global warming and human-caused damage. Yet, public policies in such regions remain unsuitable for local conditions. A...
Impact of the 2010 US Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act on School Breakfast and Lunch Participation Rates Between 2008 and 2015.

Objectives. To evaluate National School Lunch Program (NSLP) and School Breakfast Program (SBP) participation over a 7-year period before and after the implementation of the 2010 Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act (HHFKA), which required healthier school lunch options beginning in school year (SY) 2012–2013 and healthier school breakfast options beginning in SY2013–2014.Methods. Data were gathered from low-income, high-minority public schools in 4 New Jersey cities. We conducted longitudinal analyses of annual average daily participation (ADP) in school meals among enrolled students overall and among those eligible for free or reduced-price meals. We used linear mixed models to compare NSLP and SBP participation rates from SY2008–2009 to SY2014–2015.Results. NSLP participation rates among students overall differed little across years (from 70% to 72%). SBP rates among enrolled students were stable from the beginning of the study period to SY2013–2014 and then increased from 52% to 59%. Among students eligible ...
Introduction to Critical Care

Review basic concepts of oxygen balance in the body Understand the diagnosis and treatment of common conditions encountered in the intensive care setting such as shock, sepsis, and acute respiratory failure Learn the basic principles, indications, and complications associated with hemodynamic monitoring techniques such as arterial line, CVP and pulmonary artery catheter. Discuss different modes of mechanical ventilation
Physiomarkers in Real-Time Physiological Data Streams Predict Adult Sepsis Onset Earlier Than Clinical Practice

Rationale: Sepsis is a life-threatening condition with high mortality rates and expensive treatment costs. To improve short- and long-term outcomes, it is critical to detect at-risk sepsis patients at an early stage. Objective: Our primary goal was to develop machine learning models capable of predicting sepsis using streaming physiological data in real-time. Methods: A dataset consisting of high-frequency physiological data from 1,161 critically ill patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) was analyzed in this IRB-approved retrospective observational cohort study. Of that total, 634 patients were identified to have developed sepsis. In this paper, we define sepsis as meeting the Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS) criteria in the presence of the suspicion of infection. In addition to the physiological data, we include white blood cell count (WBC) to develop a model that can signal the future occurrence of sepsis. A random forest classifier was trained to discriminate between sepsis and non-sepsis patients using a total of 108 features extracted from 2-hour moving time-windows. The models were trained on 80% of the patients and were tested on the remaining 20% of the patients, for two observational periods of lengths 3 and 6 hours. Results: The models, respectively, resulted in F1 scores of 75% and 69% half-hour before sepsis onset and 79% and 76% ten minutes before sepsis onset. On average, the models were able to predict sepsis 210 minutes (3.5 hours) before the onset. Conclusions: The use of robust machine learning algorithms, continuous streams of physiological data, and WBC, allows for early identification of at-risk patients in real-time with high accuracy.
Canopy cover and tree regeneration in old-growth cove forests of the Appalachian Mountains

Relationships between canopy cover and tree regeneration were determined for various species in cove forests of the Great Smoky Mountains. Old-growth stands were sampled with six plots covering a total area of 4.8 ha. Each plot was subdivided into contiguous 10×10 m quadrats. Canopy cover overlying each of the 480 quadrats was characterized with three different indices based on visual estimates of cover. Influences of: (1) overlying cover, (2) proximate openings, and (3) total area of proximate openings on quadrat regeneration densities were determined. Most species reproducing by seed and some species reproducing by vegetative means had higher densities in quadrats with openings, but only the intolerants were highly dependent on gaps. Tsuga canadensis, a very shade-tolerant species, was one of the few species with abundant regeneration beneath dense canopy cover. In general, understory areas near gaps had somewhat higher regeneration densities than other areas with overlying cover. Several shade-tolerant species showed a positive regeneration density response to canopy openings and an ability to regenerate in gaps 0.01–0.03 ha in area. These openings were too small for intolerant species. Many species exhibited a positive response to total size of the proximate opening(s). A sharp increase in regeneration density with area of the opening(s) was evident at approximately 0.04 ha for the shade-intolerant species.
The effect of queen insemination volume on the growth of newly established honey bee ( Apis mellifera ) colonies

The number of female progeny that a honey bee (Apis mellifera) queen produces in her lifetime is directly dependent on the amount of semen she collects upon mating (i.e., insemination volume) and the number of viable sperm cells contained within the semen (i.e., sperm viability). Queen insemination volume has been shown to alter queen mandibular pheromone profiles, as well as worker behavior and physiology at the individual level. In order to determine if queen insemination volume has any colony-level effects, we compared the growth of newly established colonies headed by queens instrumentally inseminated with either a low volume (1.5 μL) or a high volume (9.0 μL) of pooled semen from May to October in 2013 and 2015. We did not find a significant effect of queen insemination volume on the production of worker comb, drone comb, stored food, worker population, or seasonal queen or colony survivorship. Therefore, we concluded that queen insemination volume does not seem to directly affect growth at the colony level, at least during a colony’s first year.
Cumulative Disadvantage or Beating the Odds? Racial Disparities in Home Foreclosure by Neighbourhood Composition in the American Deep South

The racial gap in U.S. homeownership has widened since the recession of 2007–2011, partly because of housing loss from foreclosure. This study uses cumulative disadvantage theory to analyse the rac...
Broken Windows Ideology and the (Mis)Reading of Graffiti

In this article, I discuss the misreading of graffiti and misidentification of graffiti writers as part of anti-gang policing informed by broken windows ideology. Based on personal observation and autoethnographic reflection, analysis of gang identification protocol, and interviews with graffiti writers who negatively define themselves against gang members as part of constructive identity formation, I argue that relying on graffiti as an indicator of gang activity calls into question the merits and efficacy of anti-gang policing. I situate this discussion within a cultural criminological framework and critique of broken windows policing.
Mechanistic evidence for tracking the seasonality of photosynthesis with solar-induced fluorescence

Northern hemisphere evergreen forests assimilate a significant fraction of global atmospheric CO_2 but monitoring large-scale changes in gross primary production (GPP) in these systems is challenging. Recent advances in remote sensing allow the detection of solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) emission from vegetation, which has been empirically linked to GPP at large spatial scales. This is particularly important in evergreen forests, where traditional remote-sensing techniques and terrestrial biosphere models fail to reproduce the seasonality of GPP. Here, we examined the mechanistic relationship between SIF retrieved from a canopy spectrometer system and GPP at a winter-dormant conifer forest, which has little seasonal variation in canopy structure, needle chlorophyll content, and absorbed light. Both SIF and GPP track each other in a consistent, dynamic fashion in response to environmental conditions. SIF and GPP are well correlated (R^2 = 0.62–0.92) with an invariant slope over hourly to weekly timescales. Large seasonal variations in SIF yield capture changes in photoprotective pigments and photosystem II operating efficiency associated with winter acclimation, highlighting its unique ability to precisely track the seasonality of photosynthesis. Our results underscore the potential of new satellite-based SIF products (TROPOMI, OCO-2) as proxies for the timing and magnitude of GPP in evergreen forests at an unprecedented spatiotemporal resolution.
Transformative Problem-Posing Teacher Education: A Framework for Engaging with Teachers’ Beliefs Through Teacher Education in India

Despite growing realization around the central role of cultural beliefs in restricting pedagogical change in India, there remains little clarity on how to address such beliefs among Indian teachers. This chapter presents a rationale and framework for engaging with teachers’ beliefs within Indian teacher education. It draws from a review of global research and a few Indian teacher education programs that have attempted to engage with teachers’ beliefs. It proposes a theoretically ground yet practice-oriented framework that weaves insights from two approaches used in Western contexts for bringing change in adult learners’ beliefs and practice, but rarely before applied to Indian teacher education: Transformative Learning and Freirean problem-posing. Building commitment to learner-centered beliefs could be one way of developing Indian teachers as professionals and intellectuals able to determine the most effective context-specific practices best suited for helping all their learners succeed.