cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Serum lipoproteins as risk factors: recent epidemiologic studies in individuals with and without prevalent cardiovascular disease.

Contrary to most prospective epidemiologic studies, an earlier report from the British Regional Heart Study (BRHS) suggested that high density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol in men aged 40–59 years was not a significant, independent, predictive risk factor for coronary heart disease (CHD). controlling for the composite of low density lipoprotein (LDL) —plus very low density lipoprotein —cholesterol (i.e. non-HDL-cholesterol) and for other risk factors. In response to that report, a systematic re-examination of the Framingham Heart Study, the Lipid Research Clinics Prevalence Mortality Follow-up Study, the Lipid Research Clinics-Coronary Primary Prevention Trial, and the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial was undertaken to compare the results of these four studies with those of the BRHS. In white men and women aged 30–69 years and free of clinical symptoms of CHD at baseline, the incidence of CHD in all four studies was generally highest in those with a low HDL-cholesterol and lowest in those with a high HDL-cholesterol. A later report from the BRHS, with longer follow-up and increased number of CHD events, controlling for other risk factors but without controlling for combined non-HDL-cholesterol, disclosed a statistically significant, independent prediction of CHD, albeit of modest magnitude, by HDL-cholesterol. Data from the USSR Lipid Research Clinics Follow-up Study differed from the American and the British studies. Despite higher HDL-cholesterol levels, CHD mortality rates were as high (or higher) in the USSR than in the US Lipid Research Clinics. HDL-cholesterol was not predictive of CHD mortality in the USSR Lipid Research Clinics, but was positively associated with all-cause mortality and all non-cardiovascular deaths. In the United States Lipid Research Clinics Follow-up Study, HDL-cholesterol was also a predictor of CHD in individuals with clinical manifestations of CHD. Men with a history of myocardial infarction, apositive graded exercise test, or either angina, arrhythmias, or other evidence of CHD showed an inverse association of HDL-cholesterol and a direct association of total cholesterol with cardiovascular mortality. In age-adjusted survival analysis, total-, LDL-. and HDL-cholesterol were all significantly (P <0·01) strong predictors of cardiovascular mortality in men with or without any manifestations of prevalent heart disease. The risk of subsequent mortality from cardiovascular disease among hypercholesterolaemic men with no clinical evidence of CHD was as great or greater than it was among patients with a positive graded exercise test and low total cholesterol or high HDL cholesterol levels.
The Determination of Solvation Numbers of Ligands, Chelates, and Complexes in Various Solvents by Differential Direct Injection Enthalpimetry, Viscosity, and Gas Chromatography Measurements

Abstract The number of H2O and organic solvent molecules associated with rhodo-mine B, tris-1,10-phenanthroline iron(II) chloride, and iron(III) ace-tylacetonate in seven extraction solvent systems was determined. The methods of measurement were viscosity, gas chromatography, and differential direct injection enthalpimetry.
Childhood Vaccination Coverage Rates Among Military Dependents in the United States

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The Military Health System provides universal coverage of all recommended childhood vaccinations. Few studies have examined the effect that being insured by the Military Health System has on childhood vaccination coverage. The purpose of this study was to compare the coverage of the universally recommended vaccines among military dependents versus other insured and uninsured children using a nationwide sample of children. METHODS: The National Immunization Survey is a multistage, random-digit dialing survey designed to measure vaccination coverage estimates of US children aged 19 to 35 months old. Data from 2007 through 2012 were combined to permit comparison of vaccination coverage among military dependent and all other children. RESULTS: Among military dependents, 28.0% of children aged 19 to 35 months were not up to date on the 4:3:1:3:3:1 vaccination series excluding Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine compared with 21.1% of all other children (odds ratio: 1.4; 95% confidence interval: 1.2–1.6). After controlling for sociodemographic characteristics, compared with all other US children, military dependent children were more likely to be incompletely vaccinated (odds ratio: 1.3; 95% confidence interval: 1.1–1.5). CONCLUSIONS: Lower vaccination coverage rates among US military dependent children might be due to this population being highly mobile. However, the lack of a military-wide childhood immunization registry and incomplete documentation of vaccinations could contribute to the lower vaccination coverage rates seen in this study. These results suggest the need for further investigation to evaluate vaccination coverage of children with complete ascertainment of vaccination history, and if lower immunization rates are verified, assessment of reasons for lower vaccination coverage rates among military dependent children.
SU‐E‐T‐607: Should We Care About Delivery Time in IMRT Planning?

Purpose: To model the delivery time for step and shoot IMRT through developing a method for the user to characterize their machine. To investigate the impact of IMRT parameters on delivery time and recommend planning strategies in light of delivery time and plan quality. Methods: A two‐step delivery time model was derived, and verified against 33 delivered IMRT plans using an Elekta LINAC. Eleven head and neck patients with preexisting IMRT plans were selected for this retrospective study. The Pinnacle TPS was used to compute new plans by varying modulation parameters. 41 plans per patient (451 plans total) were generated with the following variations: 12 minimum segment area parameter (MSAP) plans, 9 minimum MU parameter (MMUP) plans, and 20 minimum MU and segment area parameter (MMUSAP) plans. Plans were evaluated based on DVHs (plan quality) and delivery time. Results: The delivery time model accuracy was 1.8%, 10 s. Delivery efficiency improves above 5 MU for MMUP, but no improvement was found with MSAP. MMUP and MSAP had the greatest influence on the number of control points and the plan MU, respectively. MLC speed and gun delay were more costly than the plan MU. However, the plan MU could affect the delivery times for dose rate dependent plans. Threshold values for plan quality were 5 cm2 for MSAP and 5 MU for MMUP. Conclusion: The proposed formalism provides a valid method to assess delivery time and can be characterized for the users machine. For dose rate dependent cases or future deliveries with an enhanced MLC speed, treatment efficiency could be improved with MSAP and/or MMUP. But for most current clinical cases, only MMUP can improve delivery efficiency. We, however, do not recommend increasing these parameters for the sake of delivery efficiency at a cost to plan quality.
An Investigation Into the Causes of Transient Particulate Matter Spikes in Production Diesel Engines

Particulate matter spikes occurring during transient engine operation have important health implications. This paper investigates the root cause of particulate matter spikes in modern electronically controlled diesel engines that impose strict fuel-Oxygen ratio limits during the turbocharger lag period. It is proposed that these spikes can be significantly reduced by improved estimation of transient charge flow through the engine. Through transient data analysis and with the aid of transient data based empirical models, it has been shown that the fuel-Oxygen ratio restrictions imposed by contemporary engine controllers are ineffective during transients because of temporary but large differences between exhaust and intake manifold pressures during aggressive transients resulting in inaccurate volumetric efficiency and charge flow estimation. Steady state experiments with artificially generated high engine manifold pressure differentials have been conducted to support this hypothesis. The engine manifold pressure differential hypothesis is a consequence of previous investigations to explain the baffling inability of empirical data based models to predict the magnitudes of transient particulate matter spikes. Accurate volumetric efficiency estimation during transients can make the fuel-Oxygen ratio limits more effective at reducing opacity spikes. It would also make model based transient calibration more useful by increasing the accuracy of particulate matter models and by directing any dynamic optimization process to mould calibratable surfaces to minimize engine manifold pressure differential spikes. Fuel efficiency benefits due to lower pumping losses during transients and lower regeneration penalties would also result.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Construct Validity: A Review of Basic Issues and Marketing Practices:

An attempt is made to explicate the meaning of construct validity. Operational issues in the process of construct validation are investigated. A subset of JMR studies involving construct validation...
Anisotropy Changes in the Cholesteric to Nematic Phase Transition

Abstract It is well known that solutions of cholesteric compounds in negative nematics can be switched reversibly between a “clear” state and a “scattering” state by electric fields of suitable amplitude and frequency. Both states are stable for suitably chosen composition and e and σ can be measured for each state without disturbing the state. It is found that es σc for the low frequency region. The anisotropy Δe = es − ec is independent of the cholesteric concentration and about equal to one-half of Δe of the nematic solvent. The in-phase term consists of two parts describing carrier transfer, σ(O), and dielectric loss σ(ν). The maximum frequency for transfer from clear to scattering depends on σ(O) and is approximately given by the Debye relaxation frequency. The turn off frequency is always larger than the Debye relaxation frequency but smaller than the dielectric relaxation frequency. The clear state is identified with parallel alignment. The scattering is regarded as Raleigh scattering...
The link between environmental attitudes and energy consumption behavior

Abstract This paper examines the connection between household environmental attitudes and real energy consumption behavior using a data set of electricity use by 612 households in Wyoming, USA, along with survey on their opinions, perceptions, and attitudes to several environmental issues. The statistical analysis suggests that attitudes about environmental issues are associated with lower energy consumption. Environmentally concerned households tend to be more conservative on energy use. Contrary to the rather mixed results reported by previous studies, these results suggest that the link between household environmental attitudes and patterns of energy consumption is relatively strong.
Cloning human fetal γ globin and mouse α-type globin DNA: Preparation and screening of shotgun collections

Shotgun collections of Charon 3A bacteriophages containing Eco RI fragments of human and mouse DNA were constructed with the use of in vitro packaging. Plaques were screened by hybridization, and globin-specific clones were isolated from both human (Charon 3AHs51.1) and mouse (Charon 3AMm30.5). The fragments cloned were detected in unfractionated genomic DNA by the Southern method of hybridization.
Second-Order Elastic Deformation of Solids

Expressions for the velocities of elastic waves in stressed solids are derived using Murnaghan's theory of finite deformations and third-order terms in the energy. For isotropic materials, in addition to the Lam\'e constants $\ensuremath{\lambda}$ and $\ensuremath{\mu}$, three additional constants, $l$, $m$, and $n$, are required to describe the material.By measuring the transmission time of elastic pulses through the material, the velocities of longitudinal and shear waves are determined as a function of applied stress. By subjecting the material to hydrostatic pressure as well as simple compression, it is found that seven functions of the three constants $l$, $m$, and $n$ can be measured and thus numerical values calculated. Results are given for polystyrene, iron, and Pyrex glass.
Structural characterizations of initial nucleation of GaAs on Si films grown by modulated molecular beam epitaxy

Structural characterizations by plan-view and high resolution cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on 150A thick GaAs on Si films grown by a modulated molecular beam (MMBE) technique and conventional molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) at 300° C are reported. From the coverage of Moire interference fringes on plan-view electron micrographs, it is found that the nucleation of GaAs deposited by MMBE is more two-dimensional than conventional MBE. High resolution cross-sectional TEM micrographs show that the interfacial defects consist almost solely of partial dislocations for both samples. A model is constructed to explain this phenomenon by considering the magnitude of strain relieved by each type of misfit dislocation relative to its energy of formation. The effect of thermal annealing on the interfacial defect structures of these samples is also reported.
Subcellular distribution of dietary β-carotene in chick liver

Studies were conducted examining the subcellular distribution of β-carotene (BC), α-tocopherol (E) and retinol (A) in livers of control and BC-fed male White Leghorn chicks. Chicks were fed Cornell B chick starter diet with or without the addition of 0.5 g BC/kg diet. A first study involved liver fractionation by differential centrifugation in 0.25 M sucrose followed by high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) analyses of all fractions for quantitation of BC, E and A. A second study employed both intravenous injection of Triton WR-1339 four days prior to sacrifice and centrifugation in 1.0 M sucrose to separate mitochondria from lysosomes more efficiently. Fraction purity was assessed by marker enzyme analyses. Results showed that (i) chick liver accumulated BC; (ii) BC-fed chicks had higher concentrations of BC in all fractions relative to controls, and (iii) the mitochondrial fraction contained the highest concentration of BC, followed by lysosomes, microsomes and nuclei, respectively. Plasma BC increased more than fivefold in BC-fed chicks. Dietary BC increased A and E levels in liver and in the mitochondrial and lysosomal fractions while the plasma E level was decreased. Plasma A changed little with BC feeding. While dietary BC had no effect on fatty acid composition of subcellular fractions, the increase in E resulted in a large increase in the molar ratio of E to polyunsaturated fatty acids. The incorporation of BC and increased amounts of E into cellular mebranes presumably would result in increased resistance to peroxidative damage.
Adrenocortical control of catecholamine metabolism in the dog adrenal medulla: relationship to protein synthesis.

These studies describe the control by the pituitary gland of protein and catecholamine synthesis in the dog adrenal medulla. Following hypophysectomy, the phenylethanolamine- N-methyl transferase (PNMT) activity of the adrenal medulla was depressed, in spite of maintenance cortisone administration, as were the contents of PNMT protein and epinephrine and the rates at which the medulla accumulated 3H-tyrosyl-PNMT and catecholamines from 3H-tyrosine. These effects of hypophysectomy were partially prevented if operated, cortisone-treated animals also received ACTH. Medullary polysomes were largely disaggregated in hypophysectomized, cortisone- treated animals, and this disaggregation was also partially prevented by treatment with ACTH. The PNMT activity in adrenal medullas of intact dogs is associated with two peaks that can be separated by fractionation on DE-52 cellulose columns. Only one such peak could be detected in adrenals from hypophysectomized, cortisonetreated dogs. (Endocrinology 93: 566, 1973)
Static and vibration analyses of thick deep laminated cylindrical shells using 3D and various shear deformation theories

Equations of motion with required boundary conditions for doubly curved deep thick composite shells are shown using two formulations. The first is based upon the formulation that was presented initially by Rath and Das [1] and followed by Reddy [2]. In this formulation, plate stiffness parameters are used for thick shells, which reduced the equations to hose applicable for shallow shells. The second formulation is based upon that of Qatu [3,4]. In this formulation, the stiffness parameters are calculated using exact integration (and/or terms truncated to a specific order) of stress resultant equations. In addition, Qatu considered the radius of twist in his formulation. In both formulations, first order polynomials for in-plane displacements in the z-direction are utilized allowing for the inclusion of shear deformation and rotary inertia effects (first order shear deformation theory or FSDT). Exact static and free vibration solutions for isotropic and symmetric and anti-symmetric cross-ply cylindrical shells for different length-to-thickness and length-to-radius ratios are obtained using the above theories. Results of both theories are compared with those obtained using a three-dimensional (3D) analysis to test the accuracy of the shell theories presented here.
Contributions of dispersion forces to R-3-methylcyclohexanone physisorption on low and high Miller index Cu surfaces

Abstract The physisorption of R-3-methylcyclohexanone on low and high Miller index Cu surfaces is studied with temperature programmed desorption (TPD) and density functional theory (DFT). The DFT calculations are performed with D2, vdW-optB86b, and vdW-optB88 dispersion corrected methods. The adsorption energies calculated by the dispersion corrected methods are more comparable to the TPD results than those calculated without dispersion corrections, although, the former methods have a tendency to overbind the surface adsorbates. The implementation of dispersion corrected methods also indicates a possible adsorbate induced surface reconstruction on Cu(110).
A Comparative Study of ESL Writers' Performance in a Paper-Based and a Computer-Delivered Writing Test.

Abstract This study aimed to comprehensively investigate the impact of a word-processor on an ESL writing assessment, covering comparison of inter-rater reliability, the quality of written products, the writing process across different testing occasions using different writing media, and students’ perception of a computer-delivered test. Writing samples of 42 international students taking two tests, a paper-and-pencil based ESL placement writing test and a computer-based one, were analyzed. The results showed that while there was no significant mean difference in the holistic ratings across test occasions, all the analytic components of the computer-generated essays were marked significantly higher than those of the paper-based essays. In a holistic measurement, rater’ reliability was significantly higher in word-processed essays than in paper-written essays. A student survey revealed that habitual computer writers preferred a computer-delivered writing mode to a traditional testing mode. Suggestions and implications for further study for implementing computer-based ESL writing tests are discussed.
The respiratory metabolism of insect flight muscle. I. Manometric studies of oxidation and concomitant phosphorylation with sarcosomes.

Abstract Oxidation and concomitant phosphorylation in mitochondria (sarcosomes) from flight muscle of the fly, Musca domestica , were characterized by manometric techniques. It was found that the highest respiratory rate was obtained with α-glycerophosphate. With this substrate a Q o 2 twice that for succinate was recorded. P/O values were determined for several substrates. Ratios between 1.0 and 1.7 were observed for α-glycerophosphate and succinate. Ratios greater than 2.0 were found for glutamate and α-ketoglutarate. The oxidative phosphorylation potential of various reaction mixtures was assayed. Replacement of isotonic saline with sucrose in the incubation medium increased the P/O. Fluoride caused a small decrease in respiration when the sarcosomes were isolated in 0.25 M sucrose, but not when 0.25 M sucrose plus ethylenediamine tetraacetate was used. Fluoride had no appreciable effect on phosphorylation except in the experiments with glutamate. With this substrate, inorganic phosphate uptake was markedly inhibited. Malonate lowered the respiratory rate slightly, but the P/O was increased. The optimal hexokinase concentration was determined. The influence of the phosphate acceptor system on oxidative phosphorylation was measured. These preparations showed no respiratory control, for the respiratiory rate was independent of the concentration of adenine nucleotide. Phosphorylation, however, was dependent on the nucleotide. Nucleosides and nucleotides other than adenosine 5-mono-, di-, and triphosphates were not suitable phosphate acceptors. Dinitrophenol uncoupled oxidative phosphorylation. Oxygen uptake was never stimulated. A heterogeneity in the dinitrophenol-sensitive phosphorylation was described. The efficiency of a given concentration of this inhibitor was apparently modified by the substrate metabolized. The high level of α-glycerophosphate oxidation in insects is particularly associated with flight muscle.
Merging Multiple-Partial-Depth Data Time Series Using Objective Empirical Orthogonal Function Fitting

In this paper, a method for merging partial overlapping time series of ocean profiles into a single time series of profiles using empirical orthogonal function (EOF) decomposition with the objective analysis is presented. The method is used to handle internal waves passing two or more mooring locations from multiple directions, a situation where patterns of variability cannot be accounted for with a simple time lag. Data from one mooring are decomposed into linear combination of EOFs. Objective analysis using data from another mooring and these patterns is then used to build the necessary profile for merging the data, which is a linear combination of the EOFs. This method is applied to temperature data collected at a two vertical moorings in the 2006 New Jersey Shelf Shallow Water Experiment (SW06). Resulting profiles specify conditions for 35 days from sea surface to seafloor at a primary site and allow for reliable acoustic propagation modeling, mode decomposition, and beamforming.
Performance of technical analysis in growth and small cap segments of the US equity market

Abstract A large universe of technical trading rules applied to a set of technology industry and small cap sector portfolios over the 1995–2010 period yields superior predictability after adjusting for data snooping bias in the first half of the sample period and delivers statistically significant profits for a number of portfolios when the transaction cost is assumed to be of small to moderate size. Technical analysis is not able to outperform the buy-and-hold approach for any portfolio in the set in the second half of the sample period. The finding that the short-term return predictability becomes much weaker in the more recent period suggests that the underlying segments of the equity market have become more efficient over time. The fact that mechanical trading strategies have been futile after adjusting for data snooping bias for two samples of portfolios where technical analysis is most anticipated to succeed suggests that it is unlikely to have delivered abnormal returns in any other segment of the domestic equity market in the last decade.
Function and regulation of NADP-specific malate dehydrogenase in Euglena gracilis Z.

Abstract NADP-specific malate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) ( l -malate:NADP oxidoreductase (decarboxylating), EC 1.1.1.40) was found to predominate in Euglena cytosol. A single peak of enzyme activity elutes from a DEAE-cellulose column and from a Sephadex G-200 column. The specific activity of the enzyme is low in cells grown autotrophically, i.e. in the light, with CO2 as the sole carbon source, and varies little throughout the growth cycle. In cells grown heterotrophically, i.e. in the dark, with glucose as the sole carbon source, the specific activity of the dehydrogenase increases linearly throughout the growth cycle. The specific activity in cells grown heterotrophically is always greater than in autotrophically grown cells; the maximum difference observed is of the order of 55-fold. Modulations of the dehydrogenase were studied under a variety of nutritional conditions. Exposure of heterotrophically grown cells to the light always causes a reduction of NADP-specific malate dehydrogenase, whatever the conditions of CO2 and glucose. This reduction is usually exponential and can occur in the absence of growth. The specific activity of the dehydrogenase in autotrophically grown cells is not affected by removal of CO2, or light, or both. Nor is it affected by addition of glucose, or addition of glucose and removal of CO2, provided that the cultures are left in the light. Gassing heterotrophic cells with CO2 in the dark has no effect upon the specific activity of the dehydrogenase. Inhibition of growth and chlorophyll biosynthesis by chloramphenicol or dl -ethionine does not inhibit this light-induced reduction of the specific activity of malate dehydrogenase. The possibility of a shunt bypassing the pyruvate kinase (EC 2.7.1.40) step of glycolysis, and involving phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase, soluble malate dehydrogenase and NADP-specific malate dehydrogenase is discussed in terms of a possible function in regulation of the ratio between NADH and NADPH.
Remote sensing of volcanic clouds shows promise

An international workshop on the Remote Sensing of Volcanic Clouds was held July 29–August 3, 2001, at Michigan Technological University The workshop's goal was to improve and expand the use of satellite-based remote sensing data for hazard mitigation and other research purposes, such as volcano-atmosphere interactions and chemical and meteorological effects on the troposphere and stratosphere. Forty-six researchers attended, representing 11 countries, 9 universities, and several government meteorological and volcanological organizations, as well as the Volcanic Ash Aviation Centers in Washington, D.C., Anchorage, Montreal, Darwin, London, and Toulouse. (The Volcanic Ash Aviation Centers monitor volcanic ash plumes within their assigned airspace. There are 9 in all and they were created at the request of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) and other aviation concerns.)
Optimization of background suppression for arterial spin labeling perfusion imaging

To present an algorithm for optimization of background suppression pulse timing for arterial spin labeling (ASL) perfusion imaging. An algorithm for optimization of background suppression pulse timing is proposed. Numerical optimization of timing of the background suppression pulses is investigated in both constrained and unconstrained ASL sequences. The performance of the parameters from the algorithm is evaluated in phantom and also in vivo in five human subjects. The background signal is suppressed to less than 1% across a broad range of T1s with a modest number of inversion pulses using the timings acquired from the numerical optimization algorithm proposed in this study. The performance of the parameters from the algorithm is also confirmed in vivo. Successful background suppression over a broad range of tissues is achievable. Values for optimal pulse timing in both pulsed and continuous ASL studies are reported to facilitate sequence design with different labeling parameters.
A Semi-Empirical Model for Tilted-Gun Planar Magnetron Sputtering Accounting for Chimney Shadowing

Integrated computational materials engineering (ICME) approaches to composition and thickness profiles of sputtered thin-film samples are the key to expediting materials exploration for these materials. Here, an ICME-based semi-empirical approach to modeling the thickness of thin-film samples deposited via magnetron sputtering is developed. Using Yamamura’s dimensionless differential angular sputtering yield and a measured deposition rate at a point in space for a single experimental condition, the model predicts the deposition profile from planar DC sputtering sources. The model includes corrections for off-center, tilted gun geometries as well as shadowing effects from gun chimneys used in most state-of-the-art sputtering systems. The modeling algorithm was validated by comparing its results with experimental deposition rates obtained from a sputtering system utilizing sources with a multi-piece chimney assembly that consists of a lower ground shield and a removable gas chimney. Simulations were performed for gun-tilts ranging from 0° to 31.3° from the vertical with and without the gas chimney installed. The results for the predicted and experimental angular dependence of the sputtering deposition rate were found to have an average magnitude of relative error of $$ 4.14\% \pm 3.02\% $$ for a 0°–31.3° gun-tilt range without the gas chimney, and $$ 2.12\% \pm 1.71\% $$ for a 17.7°–31.3° gun-tilt range with the gas chimney. The continuum nature of the model renders this approach reverse-optimizable, providing a rapid tool for assisting in the understanding of the synthesis-composition-property space of novel materials.
Mechanical and thermal properties of copper inverse opals for two-phase convection enhancement

Nanoengineered structures have received significant attention due to the application of porous media convection structures. Metal porous structures provide unique combinations of large surface to volume ratio, high conductivity, and mechanical compliance. The integration of metal porous structures can improve the performance of convective heat exchangers for high heat flux thermal management. Copper inverse opals (CIOs) are more attractive because their geometry can be precisely controlled and determined at the pore level. This study reports a combination of experiments, simulations, and analytical models to understand the mechanical and thermal properties of CIOs coupled with structural information. Detailed image analysis to quantify the porosity and pore geometry is followed. The mechanical modulus and thermal conductivity of CIOs show a strong dependence on the porosity. The mechanical compliance of 20-50 GPa and high thermal conductivity of ~100 W/mK are promising for a variety of applications including microchannels applications.
Large business customer response to time-of-day electricity rates

Abstract This study reports an initial analysis of changes in relative peak electricity consumption for almost 4,000 industrial and commercial customers in ten U.S. utilities with time-of-day (TOD) rates now in effect. Relative peak loads declined about one percentage point on average when TOD rates were introduced. A small fraction of customers reduced their peak loads a lot, but most customers (including commercial customers as a whole) have apparently not as yet changed their consumption patterns in response to TOD rates. Average change in load differs significantly by utility, industry, and year, and those changes are statistically related to the terms of the time-of-day rates customers faced. Changes in load, while small in percentage terms, are large enough to justify TOD rates on a benefit/cost evaluation. Welfare gains average over $1000 per year per customer, against a metering cost of approximately $65 per year when new meters are needed to monitor TOD rates.
Model calculation of binding energies for multihole copper centers in germanium

Abstract Multihole binding energies of copper centers in germanium are calculated within a pseudoatom variational scheme in which a Heine-Abarenkov-type model potential is used as the impurity potential. Screening the hole-hole interaction by a position-dependent dielectric function is found to be crucial in understanding the observed multihole binding energies.
Taxonomic, geographic and seasonal distribution of thelytokous parthenogenesis in the Desmonomata (Acari: Oribatida)

Based on sex-ratio analysis, thelytokous parthenogenesis is shown to be widespread in the mite taxon Desmonomata (Nothroidea sensu lato), with four of the seven families completely thelytokous and a fifth nearly so. Monthly samples from populations in central New York State, Japan, and Canada, representing 22 species in five families, indicate that sex-ratios are constantly highly femalebiased, with thelytoky probably being obligate. Similar sex-ratios regardless of provenance show that there is no geographic parthenogenesis phenomenon. Our data suggest that thelytoky is not an adaptation for particular environments, that this reproductive mode is not recent in these mites, and that speciation and evolutionary radiation probably occurred in the absence of biparental reproduction.
Calibrated simulation of a solar hot water system to match degraded performance over a 22-year period using two models

This paper reports on the measured performance of a residential solar water heating system over a period of 22 years and the modeling of the system to simulate its degradation over that period. The system consists of three fixed flat-plate collectors with a total of 5 m2 of double-layer glass cover plates and black aluminum fin-tube absorber plates. The solar storage tank capacity is 303 L, which is used as a pre-heater to a 114-L conventional electric water heater. Measurements and simulations indicate that fogging of the glass cover plates has reduced the transmissivity by around 63% over the 22 years.
Data acquisition and processing using noncontact/contact digitizing systems for reverse engineering

Reverse engineering is the process of creating an engineering design model for existing parts or prototypes. We have developed a reverse engineering system where data is acquired with a scanning system that combines noncontact and contact digitizing methods. The noncontact sensor is a PC-based vision system that views the part from orthogonal orientations and captures the boundary points of the object. The images are then vectorized and a 2D CAD drawing of the part is created. The contact probe is mounted on a CNC machine, which is then guided by the NC code based on the 2D drawings of the part and captures the 3D coordinates of the points inside the boundaries of the object. The 3D coordinates are then used by the surface-modeling module of the system to create a 3D CAD drawing of the part, which is presented in a commercial CAD system. By combining vision sensing with contact probing we achieved speed and accuracy in the data extraction process. This paper describes the elements of the system and the CAD modeling procedure.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Sp/Krüppel-like transcription factors are essential for the expression of mitochondrial glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase promoter B.

The human mitochondrial glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase (hmGPD) is abundant in the normal pancreatic insulin cell and its level is lowered to 50% by high glucose and diabetes. Using Drosophila and INS-1 cells, we have analysed the hmGPD gene promoter B to characterize cis-elements and trans-acting factors that affect its regulation. We identified ten efficient Sp/Kruppel-like transcription-factor-binding sites in the promoter sequence. These sites include four GC-boxes (CCCGCCC at -227, -68, -46 and GGGCGAG at -382), three GT-boxes (CCCCACCC at -350, CCCACACCC at -257, and CACCCGCCC at -48), and three CT/GA-boxes (TCCCTCCC at -262, GGGAGGGAG at -129, and GGGAGGAGGA at -107). Transfection of Drosophila SL2 cells, which lack Sp/Kruppel-like factors, with constructs encoding either Sp1, Sp3, Sp4 or erythroid Kruppel-like factor (EKLF) specifically activates the hmGPD promoter B up to 50-fold. Promoter activation requires the Sp1 activation and the DNA binding domains. Co-transfected EKLF was synergistic with either Sp1 or Sp3. On the other hand, the basic Kruppel-like factor (BKLF) inhibited Sp1-and EKLF-mediated promoter activation. Similarly, constructs encoding either GA-binding protein (GABP) or PU.1 inhibited Sp1-mediated promoter activation. Oligonucleotide 'decoys' with potential transcription factor binding sites decreased promoter activity in both INS-1 and Drosophila cells. Significant loss of Sp- and EKLF-mediated activation was observed with some internal as well as sequential 5' deletions of the promoter DNA. The level of Sp1 protein was reduced by 50% in INS-1 cells chronically exposed to a high concentration of glucose. The results demonstrate that Sp/Kruppel-like factors are essential for mGPD gene expression.
Hypomanic behaviour associated with familial spastic paraplegia

Psychiatric manifestations of familial spastic paraplegia are rare and have been described only infrequently. A 35-year-old male is reported, who presented both hypomanic behaviour and gait disturbances as features of a previously undiagnosed familial spastic paraplegia. This association implies that the CNS manifestations of familial spastic paraplegia may overlap with the neurochemical or neuroanatomic substrata regulating mood.
Two Beam Coupling in Electrostrictive Media

Abstract We examine the diffraction efficiency of an acousto -optic device illuminated by an intenseoptical beam. The electrostrictive coupling within the acousto -optic medium is shown to give riseto enhanced diffraction efficiency. Introduction Acousto -optic beam deflectors are in common use in a wide variety of applications. Such devices operate as reconfigurable thick holographic elements and steer incident beams throughBragg diffraction from an acoustically induced travelling refractive index grating within the medium, as shown in Fig. 1 : DiffractedBeamStrong Acoustic Wave SI IncidentBeam Figure 1 SPIE Vol. 1060 Nonlinear Optical Beam Manipulation & High Energy Beam Propagation Through the Atmosphere (1989) / 13 Two Beam Coupling in Electrostrictive MediaFrederick Vachss, lan McMichael, Monte Khoshnevisan and Pochi YehRockwell International Science Center Thousand Oaks, CAAbstractWe examine the diffraction efficiency of an acousto-optic device illuminated by an intense optical beam. The electrostrictive coupling within the acousto-optic medium is shown to give rise to enhanced diffraction efficiency.IntroductionAcousto-optic beam deflectors are in common use in a wide variety of applications. Such devices operate as reconfigurable thick holographic elements and steer incident beams through Bragg diffraction from an acoustically induced travelling refractive index grating within the medium, as shown in Fig. 1 :
Construction in Contention: Toward Consequential Resolutions

The present critiques are framed within a tradition that views argumentation as a pathway to truth, objectivity and purity of reason. The constructionist dialogues substantially refigure these crit...
Research from the Research Utilization Project: Environmental Temperatures

Thermoregulation is one of the most common concerns for neonatal nurses. The literature contains limited information regarding the effects of environmental temperature during the transitioning process from the incubator to the crib for the premature infant weighing 1,500-1,800 g. The type and amount of insulation while in the incubator and open crib and the effects of the cooler environmental temperature may influence the success of the weaning process from the incubator. As an adjunct to the Transition of the Preterm Infant to an Open Crib Research Utilization Project, sponsored by the Association of Women's Health, Obstetric, and Neonatal Nurses (AWHONN), nurses collected data regarding environmental temperatures at 6 of the 10 project sites. The average correlation of infant's temperature to environmental temperature once the infant was out of the incubator for a weaning period was 0.09. In one-third of the cases, the environmental temperature never varied; however, in the rest of the infants, mean infant temperatures during weaning stayed constant, with little variance. There appears to be no association between neonatal intensive-care unit environmental temperature and infant's temperature during the weaning process when nurses followed a specific protocol of layering the infant with blankets.
From Vietnam to Iraq: American Elites' Views on the Use of Military Force

In this paper we present trends in US elites' opinions on the use of military force abroad in the period from the end of US military involvement in Vietnam in 1975 to 2004 during the 'war on terror.' With data from quadrennial surveys of US elites' foreign policy attitudes sponsored by the Chicago Council on Foreign Relations since 1975, we ask whether elites have become more militaristic or whether such views have been a long term characteristic of US elites. We find support for the view of United States leaders as prone to the use of military might, even without the support of allies. Yet the findings also indicate that American elites have held this military view of reality for a long time.
Microwave spectrum of gauche-isopropylphosphine

Abstract The microwave spectra of isopropylphosphine has been recorded in the region 12.4–40.0 GHz. Both a - and b -type transitions were observed and assigned. The rigid rotor rotational constants were determined to be A = 7633.34 ± 0.09, B = 4243.36 ± 0.02, and C = 3045.84 ± 0.02 MHz for (CH 3 ) 2 CHPH 2 and A = 7226.47 ± 0.05, B = 4041.06 ± 0.02, and C = 2946.85 ± 0.02 MHz for (CH 3 ) 2 CHPD 2 . Dipole moment components of | μ a | = 1.15 ± 0.01, | μ b | = 0.43 ± 0.01, | μ c | = 0.03 ± 0.02 and | μ t | = 1.23 ± 0.01 were determined from the Stark effect. From the microwave spectra, the Stark effect and the experimental rotational constants, the assigned spectrum has been identified to result from the gauche form and this conformer is believed to be more stable than the other form which is present at room temperature.
Occurrence of plantago mottle virus in pea, Pisum sativum, in New York State

SUMMARY Plantago mottle virus (RMV), a member of the tymovirus group, was identified as the causal agent of a disease of pea (Pisum sativum) in New York State. The pea virus isolates were identical in host range and serology to the type strain from Plantago major. In susceptible pea genotypes symptoms were strongly influenced by ambient temperature; high temperature (35°C) reduced infectivity and suppressed symptoms, whereas low temperature (15 and 25°C) prolonged the incubation period but favoured the development of conspicuous leaf veinal chlorosis, mottle and necrosis. Resistance to P1MV was found in seventeen of twenty-five domestic pea cultivars and in two of twelve foreign introductions. Many of the P1MV-resistant lines were resistant also to bean yellow mosaic virus. The use of resistant cultivars and the apparent limited conditions for efficient transmission of this virus have minimized its importance to pea crops in New York State.
Metacognitive monitoring during criterion learning: When and why are judgments accurate?

Research on metacognitive judgment accuracy during retrieval practice has increased in recent years. However, prior work had not systematically evaluated item-level judgment accuracy and the underlying bases of judgment accuracy in a criterion-learning paradigm (in which items are practiced until correctly recalled during encoding). Understanding these relationships during criterion learning has important theoretical implications for self-regulated learning frameworks, and also has applied implications for student learning: If the factors that influence metacognitive judgments are not predictive of subsequent test performance, students may make poor decisions during self-regulated learning. In the present experiments, participants engaged in test–restudy practice until items were recalled correctly. Once a given item reached criterion, participants made an immediate or delayed judgment of learning (JOL) for the item. A final cued-recall test occurred 30 min later. We examined judgment accuracy (the relationship between JOLs and test performance) and the underlying bases of judgment accuracy by evaluating cue utilization (the relationship between cues and JOLs) and cue diagnosticity (the relationship between cues and test performance). Immediate JOLs were only modestly related to subsequent test performance, and further analyses revealed that the cues related to JOLs were only weakly predictive of test accuracy. However, delaying JOLs improved both the accuracy of the JOLs and the diagnosticity of the cues that influenced judgments.
Lymphocyte apoptosis in murine Pneumocystis pneumonia

Apoptosis of lymphocytes is important in the termination of an immune response to infection but has also been shown to have detrimental effects in animal models of systemic infection and sepsis. We sought to characterize lymphocyte apoptosis in an animal model of pneumonia due to Pneumocystis murina, an infection localized to the lungs. Control mice and mice depleted of CD4+ lymphocytes were inoculated with Pneumocystis. Apoptosis of lung and spleen lymphocytes was assayed by flow cytometry and PCR assay of apoptotic proteins. In control mice, apoptosis of lung lymphocytes was maximal just after the infection was cleared from lung tissue and then declined. However, in CD4-depleted mice, apoptosis was also upregulated in recruited lymphocytes in spite of progressive infection. In splenic lymphocytes, apoptosis was observed early at 1 week after inoculation and then declined. Apoptosis of lung lymphocytes in control mice was associated with a decrease in mRNA for Bcl-2 and an increase in mRNA for Bim. In CD4-depleted mice, lavaged CD8+ cells did change intracellular Bcl-2 but showed increased mRNA for Bim. Apoptosis of both pulmonary and extrapulmonary lymphocytes is part of the normal host response to Pneumocystis but is also triggered in CD4-deficient animals with progressive infection. In normal mice apoptosis of pulmonary lymphocytes may serve to terminate the immune response in lung tissue. Apoptosis of lung lymphocytes takes place via both the intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways and is associated with changes in both pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins.
Who Should Be Referred? An Evaluation of Referral Indications for Fetal Echocardiography in the Detection of Structural Congenital Heart Disease

Although fetal echocardiography is a useful tool for earlier detection of congenital heart disease (CHD), no clear, evidence-based appropriate use criteria exist. This study aimed to determine those referral indications most predictive of CHD. A retrospective cohort study of fetal echocardiograms was conducted at a single tertiary care center. Binomial proportion tests were used to compare likelihoods of structural CHD detection based on primary indication with the general population prevalence of 0.8 %. Fetal echocardiograms of 2,380 pregnancies were performed, with CHD detected in 29.3 % of these pregnancies. Patients referred for suspected CHD on screening ultrasound had the highest prevalence of CHD. Of the women without a history of cardiac anomalies shown on screening ultrasound, those with extracardiac anomalies or known chromosomal abnormalities had the highest prevalence of CHD. Screening ultrasound currently is the most useful method for determining who should be referred for fetal echocardiography, with a high prevalence of CHD found. For women with normal cardiac screening ultrasound results, fetal factors such as extracardiac anomalies and chromosomal abnormalities are more predictive of CHD than maternal or familial factors.