cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Two-dimensional spin-(1)/(2) rectangular Heisenberg antiferromagnets: Simulation and experiment

We have simulated and analyzed the susceptibility of a series of two-dimensional (2D) spin-$\frac{1}{2}$ rectangular Heisenberg antiferromagnetic (as well as mixed exchange antiferromagnetic/ferromagnetic) lattices as a function of $J,{J}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ and temperature, where $J$ is the dominant magnetic exchange interaction and ${J}^{\ensuremath{'}}$, the orthogonal interaction, is related to $J$ by ${J}^{\ensuremath{'}}=\ensuremath{\alpha}J$, where $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ can vary from 0 to 1. Previous studies of the compounds pyrazineformatocopper(II) nitrate $[\text{Cu}(\text{pz})({\text{HCO}}_{2})]({\text{NO}}_{3})$, catena-2-aminopyrimidinedichlorocopper(II) [$\text{Cu}(2\text{-apm}){\text{Cl}}_{2}$], and catena-pyrazinediazidocopper(II) [$\text{Cu}(\text{pz}){({\text{N}}_{3})}_{2}$] indicated that these systems had 2D magnetic spin-spin interactions. However, there were no 2D models that could capture the behavior of any measurable bulk properties of the compounds. The previous authors fit the susceptibility data of the respective compounds to a 1D antiferromagnetic chain with a mean-field correction, or did not fit the data at all. We use the simulations to create this fit function in order to test the 2D model proposed for these spin systems.
A Theory of Serial Correlation of Stochastic Taste Changers in Direct Utility Functions

Methods of maximum-likelihood search (eg., Hildreth-Lu) for single equations models with autocorrelated disturbances are not easily extended to the multi-equation systems encountered in econometric studies of consumer demand. The obstacle is the large dimension of the space of independent serial correlation coefficients to be partitioned and searched. This paper treats stochastic disturbance vectors in demand/expenditure systems as functions of random disturbances in consumer utility functions. It specifies marginal utilities to be products of a systematic function and a nonnegative random disturbance. Under this specification, three hypotheses that readily come to mind in the context of consumer theory drastically reduce the number of independent elements of serial covariance matrices. This in turn makes practicable the extension of maximum-likelihood search methods in the estimation of parameters of large demand systems.
Effects of genotype × environment interactions on the selection of broadly adapted Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas)

Abstract Broadly adapted genotypes are required if a single line of selection is to improve Pacific oyster ( Crassostrea gigas ) production throughout the heterogeneous growing environments found in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. An experiment was conducted to determine if the relative rankings of average family performance (i.e. average individual weight, survival and yield) remain stable across a wide range of growing environments. Twenty-four full-sib oyster families were each planted both intertidally and subtidally in Yaquina Bay, Oregon, and Dabob Bay, Washington. Each family was represented by up to 12 replicate growout bags (stocked with 60 spat each) or 12 replicate lantern nets compartments (stocked with 40 spat each). Oysters were planted in Fall 2002 and yield (kg live weight replicate − 1 ), average individual weight (g) and survival (%) were measured in Spring and Fall 2003 and at harvest in Summer 2004. Harvest average individual weight, survival, and yield were all significantly affected by family, environment, and family × environment interactions ( P r P > 0.397; P
Autumn Migration and Overwintering of Arctic Grayling in Coastal Streams of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska

Abstract During 1984 and 1985, 67 adult Arctic grayling Thymallus arcticus with surgically implanted radio transmitters were released at their summer feeding areas in three river systems of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska. We tracked the fish from aircraft to determine patterns of autumn migration to overwintering locations. During August or September in each area, fish left the small tundra streams where they were tagged and migrated into larger streams. Migration rates peaked at 5–6 km/d about 1 September and averaged 1 km/d. Fish in two river systems moved into adjacent rivers after passage through estuarine waters. Migration distances from spawning or summer feeding areas to overwintering sites were as great as 101 km. Potential overwintering areas determined from transmitter relocations included deep pools, spring-fed areas, and lakes. Management problems associated with these extensive seasonal migrations may include the maintenance of the species migratory circuit in a region that may f...
Sanctioning Cartel Activity: Let the Punishment Fit the Crime

(2009). Sanctioning Cartel Activity: Let the Punishment Fit the Crime. European Competition Journal: Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 19-36.
Deleterious action of water in plant virus inoculations.

ALTHOUGH water is commonly used as the suspending medium for the plant juice in successful mechanical inoculations with viruses, recent results indicate that the water per se actually interferes with infection. Most of the evidence to be presented is derived from inoculations of tobacco mosaic virus on bean (Phaseolus vulgaris); but corroborative evidence on most aspects of the work has resulted from inoculations with tobacco necrosis virus on bean, and spotted wilt virus on tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum). In recording results, the numbers of infections given are local lesions on comparable areas of control and treated leaves. All types of trials were repeated three or more times. All inoculations were with the aid of carborundum powder. A 0.1 per cent suspension of ground leaf tissue in water was usually the inoculum.
Commitment to Nonwork Roles and Job Performance: Enrichment and Conflict Perspectives.

Abstract An extensive commitment to nonwork roles was negatively associated with the job performance of 182 women legal secretaries. In addition to its direct negative effect on job performance, nonwork role commitment had both a negative indirect effect (through emotional energy expended on nonwork roles) and a positive indirect effect (through resources acquired from nonwork roles) on job performance. Consistent with a family-to-work conflict perspective, the negative effect was stronger than the positive effect. We suggest that the level and type of job occupied by the respondents in the study may have been responsible for the dominance of the negative effect and encourage researchers to examine the contextual influences that might explain the conditions under which commitment to life outside of work dampens or promotes performance in the work domain.
Disseminated malignancies masquerading as cardiovascular implantable electronic devices infections.

Aims Disruption of a previously well-healed cardiovascular implantable electronic device (CIED) pocket is usually presumed to be secondary to infection and current guidelines recommend the removal of the generator and all leads. We present our experience of CIED pocket disruptions thought to be due to infection and referred to our institution for lead extraction but instead proved to be the first manifestations of disseminated malignancies. Methods and results Out of 1001 consecutive patients referred to our institution for transvenous lead extraction, two patients were found to have CIED pocket disruptions due to metastatic deposits. In both cases, subjects presented with increased swelling and discomfort of CIED pockets during device follow-up without any signs or symptoms of sepsis and negative cultures. The cause was presumed to be due to infection as it is not uncommon for CIED pocket infections to be diagnosed based purely on clinical appearances of the pocket and negative cultures. Both CIED systems were successfully extracted. At the time of surgery, the scar tissue within the pockets was atypical and histological specimens were sent for analysis. This confirmed diffuse large-cell lymphoma and metastatic lung adenocarcinoma as the causes of CIED pocket disruption. Conclusions Malignancy should be considered as a differential diagnosis in CIED pocket disruptions, particularly those associated with negative cultures and histological analysis of tissue specimens removed from the pocket should be considered at the time of CIED extraction.
Global Organization and Function of Mammalian Cytosolic Proteasome Pools: Implications for PA28 and 19S Regulatory Complexes

Proteolytic activity of the 20S proteasome is regulated by activators that govern substrate movement into and out of the catalytic chamber. However, the physiological relationship between activators, and hence the relative role of different proteasome species, remains poorly understood. To address this problem, we characterized the total pool of cytosolic proteasomes in intact and functional form using a single-step method that bypasses the need for antibodies, proteasome modification, or column purification. Two-dimensional Blue Native(BN)/SDS-PAGE and tandem mass spectrometry simultaneously identified six native proteasome populations in untreated cytosol: 20S, singly and doubly PA28-capped, singly 19S-capped, hybrid, and doubly 19S-capped proteasomes. All proteasome species were highly dynamic as evidenced by recruitment and exchange of regulatory caps. In particular, proteasome inhibition with MG132 markedly stimulated PA28 binding to exposed 20S α-subunits and generated doubly PA28-capped and hybrid proteasomes. PA28 recruitment virtually eliminated free 20S particles and was blocked by ATP depletion. Moreover, inhibited proteasomes remained stably associated with distinct cohorts of partially degraded fragments derived from cytosolic and ER substrates. These data establish a versatile platform for analyzing substrate-specific proteasome function and indicate that PA28 and 19S activators cooperatively regulate global protein turnover while functioning at different stages of the degradation cycle.
Natural History of Arteriosclerotic Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms

Abstract Out of 28 patients with arteriosclerotic aortic aneurysm seen between 1965 and 1975, 22 were not surgically repaired. Of these 22 patients, 9 subsequently died of rupture and 7 of unrelated cardiovascular disease, and 6 are living at the time of this study. Mean survival for the group is less than 3 years. All but 1 rupture occurred in aneurysms larger than 10 cm, and recent increase in size preceded rupture in all patients for whom serial roentgenograms were available. This study documents the high risk of rupture of arteriosclerotic aortic aneurysms of the descending thoracic aorta and suggests a more uniform use of surgical management depending on the patient's age and underlying state of health.
The Collaboration Process in Professional Development Schools: Results of a Meta-Ethnography, 1990-1998

Professional development schools (PDSs) are becoming a significant trend in teacher education reform, a trend that necessitates further study. One of the most critical aspects in the formation and maintenance of a PDS is the collaboration process between a school and a university. This study was designed to identify the characteristics of the collaboration process in PDSs. Meta-ethnography, a methodology that allowed the researcher to synthesize multiple qualitative case studies, was used to analyze 20 case studies about the collaboration process in PDSs. These 20 case studies were selected using both a content screen and a methodological screen. Following the selection process, each case was read, coded, and analyzed for themes and patterns. The findings of the study revealed 12 themes about the collaboration process in PDSs. These themes emerged in the situational, structural, process, and relational dimensions of the collaboration process.
Strip Searches in High School Physical Education

(2008). Strip Searches in High School Physical Education. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance: Vol. 79, No. 4, pp. 10-11.
The input bias: The misuse of input information in judgments of outcomes

In this paper we identify an input bias, the systematic misuse of input information in judgments of outcome quality. In many settings irrelevant input measures, such as the amount of time an employee spends in the office, influence outcome assessments, such as performance reviews. Across four studies we find that input values subtly, but significantly distort judgments of outcome quality. Irrelevant input information predictably influences outcome assessments even when people recognize that input measures should not matter and believe that input information did not matter. We examine the mechanics of the input bias, and suggest that because input measures are often easy to manipulate or misrepresent, the input bias is likely to have broad implications for managerial judgment and decision making.
Helmholtz free energy of electron screened plasmas in the hypernetted-chain (HNC) approximation

Abstract A new formula for the Helmholtz free energy for plasma of ions with electron screening described by linear response theory is obtained in the hypernetted-chain (HNC) approximation. HNC results for the free energy are compared with equivalent Monte Carlo simulations with good agreement.
TRH-induced prolactin release is blunted in females with endogenous unipolar major depression.

Abstract Twenty-five women with unipolar primary major depressive disorder (20 endogenous, 5 nonendogenous) and 20 female control subjects were studied with the thyrotropin-releasing hormone stimulation test (TRH-ST). Prolactin (PRL) levels were measured before and after TRH administration for patients and control subjects. For patients, thyrotropin (thyriod-stimulating hormone; TSH) levels were measured from the same serum specimens as PRL levels, and the 1 mg dexamethasone suppression test (DST) was performed. Patients with endogenous depression (ED) had significantly lower maximal serum PRL levels (max PRL) following TRH, and a significantly reduced increase over basal serum PRL (Δmax PRL) compared to normal controls (NC). Monendogenous depressed (NED) patients did not differ significantly from the ED or NC groups on either of these measures. For the ED group, Δmax PRL was inversely correlated with severity of depressive symptomatology, Basal PRL levels did not differentiate the depressed subgroups (ED, NED) from each other or from the NC group. Depressed patients with blunted Δmax PRL values tended to have blunted Δmax TSH values and vice versa. Almost all patients with blunting of either Δmax PRL or Δmax TSH were also DST nonsuppressors; conversely, only about half (7 of 12) of patients who were DST nonsuppressors had either blunted Δmax PRL or Δmax TSH. Patients with clinical diagnoses of melancholia or psychotic features were significantly more likely to have blunted Δmax PRL values than patients without these diagnoses. A disturbance of central noradrenergic function could explain these findings.
Tail modeling in a stretched magnetosphere: 1. Methods and transformations

A new method is developed for representing the magnetospheric field B as a distorted dipole field. Because Delta-B = 0 must be maintained, such a distortion may be viewed as a transformation of the vector potential A. The simplest form is a one-dimensional 'stretch transformation' along the x axis, concisely represented by the 'stretch function' f(x), which is also a convenient tool for representing features of the substorm cycle. One-dimensional stretch transformations are extended to spherical, cylindrical, and parabolic coordinates and then to arbitrary coordinates. It is shown that distortion transformations can be viewed as mappings of field lines from one pattern to another; the final result only requires knowledge of the field and not of the potentials. General transformations in Cartesian and arbitrary coordinates are derived, and applications to field modeling, field line motion, MHD modeling, and incompressible fluid dynamics are considered.
Synthesis of enzyme-inhibitory phospholipid analogs III. A facile synthesis of N-acylaminoethylphosphorylcholines

A facile and efficient synthesis of N-aceylaminoethylphosphorylcholines, a series of inhibitory substrate analogs of phospholipase A2, is described. The procedure consists of a three-step sequence including: (1) N-acylation of ethanolamine with fatty acid chloride, followed by (2) phosphorylation of the alcohol function using 2-chloro-2-oxo-1,3,2-dioxaphospholane and (3) nucleophilic ring opening of the cyclic phosphate triester (IV) with anhydrous trimethylamine. The resulting isosteric amide analogs of glycol-lecithins have been isolated in high yields. The synthesis is illustrated by the preparation of the compounds containing palmitoyl, stearoyl and lauroyl fatty acid side-chains. The N-acylaminoethylphosphorylcholines have been shown to function as reversible phospholipase A2 inhibitors. They are likely to become a new series of useful substrate analogs and an attractive replacement for the n-alkylphosphorylcholines commonly used as single-chain-carrying phospholipase inhibitors.
The arm as a skin graft donor site in eyelid reconstruction.

Purpose: To report the technique, success, and complications of using the arm as a donor site for full-thickness skin grafts used in eyelid and facial reconstruction. Methods: The charts of 42 patients were reviewed. The arm was used as a donor site for harvesting full-thickness skin grafts in 52 procedures of eyelid or facial reconstruction. Results: The size of skin grafts varied from 4.0 cm 2 to 59.5 cm 2 . There were few recipient site complications: partial necrosis (n=2), severe contraction (n=2), and hair growth (n=4). Donor site complications included wound dehiscence (n=2) and hypertrophic scarring (n=2). Conclusions: The arm is an acceptable donor site for harvesting full-thickness skin grafts for use in eyelid and facial reconstruction when either traditional donor sites are unavailable or a large amount of skin is needed.
Gene silencing in Xenopus laevis by DNA vector-based RNA interference and transgenesis.

A vector-based RNAi expression system was developed using the Xenopus tropicalis U6 promoter, which transcribes small RNA genes by RNA polymerase III. The system was first validated in a Xenopus laevis cell line, designing a short hairpin DNA specific for the GFP gene. Co-transfection of the vector-based RNAi and the GFP gene into Xenopus XR1 cells significantly decreased the number of GFP-expressing cells and overall GFP fluorescence. Vector-based RNAi was subsequently validated in GFP transgenic Xenopus embryos. Sperm nuclei from GFP transgenic males and RNAi construct-incubated-sperm nuclei were used for fertilization, respectively. GFP mRNA and protein were reduced by ∼60% by RNAi in these transgenic embryos compared with the control. This transgene-driven RNAi is specific and stable in inhibiting GFP expression in the Xenopus laevis transgenic line. Gene silencing by vector-based RNAi and Xenopus transgenesis may provide an alternative for 'repression of gene function' studies in vertebrate model systems.
Evidence for multiple effects of ProTxII on activation gating in NaV1.5

The peptide toxin ProTxII, recently isolated from the venom of the tarantula spider Thrixopelma pruriens, modifies gating in voltage-gated Na+ and Ca2+ channels. ProTxII is distinct from other known Na+ channel gating modifier toxins in that it affects activation, but not inactivation. It shifts activation gating positively and decreases current magnitude such that the dose-dependence of toxin action measured at a single potential reflects both effects. To test the extent to which these effects were independent, we tracked several different measures of current amplitude, voltage-dependent activation, and current kinetics in Na(V)1.5 in a range of toxin concentrations. Changes in voltage dependence and a decrease in G(max) appeared at relatively low concentrations (40-100 nM) while a positive shift in the voltage range of activation was apparent at higher toxin concentrations (> or =500 nM). Because ProTxII carries a net +4 charge we tested whether electrostatic interactions contributed to toxin action. We examined the effects of ProTxII in the presence of high extracellular Ba2+, known to screen and/or bind to surface charge. Some, but not all aspects of ProTxII modification were sensitive to the presence of Ba2+ indicating the contribution of an electrostatic, surface charge-like mechanism and supporting the idea of a multi-faceted toxin-channel interaction.
Facedness and emotion related to lateral dominance, sex and expression type ☆

Abstract Facial asymmetry or “facedness” was reliably rated for nine different videotaped facial expressions of emotion, produced by 51 adults, and was significantly left-sided. This finding was related to right hemisphere dominance for emotion and for facial movement. No overall differences occurred for expression type or sex and handedness of subjects, but there were interactions.
Reversible right ventricular outflow tract compression by immunoblastic sarcoma.

Abstract Various types of tumors, including lymphomas, carcinomas, sarcomas, thymic cysts, thymomas and fibrolipomas, have been detected by echocardiography within the pericardial space or adjacent to the parietal pericardium.1–6 Echocardiographic recognition of compression of cardiac chambers by extracardiac tumor has been reported in several patients.1–4 In the patient reported herein, who had an immunoblastic sarcoma, abnormalities indicative of right ventricular (RV) outflow tract obstruction on physical examination, imaging echocardiography and Doppler echocardiography disappeared in association with complete remission of tumor during chemotherapy.
Enhanced Repair Endonuclease Activities from Radiation-arrested G2 Phase Mammalian Cells

HeLa cells arrested in G2 phase 22 h after receiving 11·5 Gy γ-radiation contained 3·6-fold more EDTA-resistant DNA repair endonuclease activity than unirradiated cells. Enzyme activity was determined by measuring the release of fragments from an irradiated repetitive αDNA substrate or from synthetic substrates containing a single modified base, 8-oxoguanine (8-oxo-G), a major radiation product. It appeared that the radiation-induced enhanced repair activity in some cells might be a feature of radiation-induced G2 arrest. Indeed, unirradiated G2 HeLa cells that had been synchronized by double thymidine block contained 3–7-fold more endonuclease activity than G1 or S-phase cells. Similarly, two of four other cell lines tested exhibited elevated repair endonuclease activity in G2. However, all six cell lines tested exhibited radiation-enhanced repair endonuclease activity. Therefore, the underlying mechanism for radiation enhancement of enzyme activity remains to be clarified and does not seem to be complet...
Knotted periodic orbits in suspensions of Smale's horseshoe: period multiplying and cabled knots

Abstract Following earlier work on knotted periodic orbits in a suspension of Smale's [1] horseshoe diffeomorphism (Holmes and Williams [2]), we define a notion of iterated horseshoe knots. We show that approximately half the horseshoe knots are cabled and that, among these cablings, are infinitely many, non-isotopic, iterated torus knots. We obtain uniqueness results for certain families of resonant torus knots, related to cascades of period-doubling and period-multiplying bifurcations which occur as a horseshoe is created by passing through a family of diffeomorphisms such as the Henon maps. We give formulae from which linking numbers can be computed and provide closed form expressions for the type numbers of certain resonant iterated torus knots.
Land Use and Stream Nitrogen Concentrations in Agricultural Watersheds Along the Central Coast of California

In coastal California nitrogen (N) in runoff from urban and agricultural land is suspected to impair surface water quality of creeks and rivers that discharge into the Monterey Bay Sanctuary. However, quantitative data on the impacts of land use activities on water quality are largely limited to unpublished reports and do not estimate N loading. We report on spatial and temporal patterns of N concentrations for several coastal creeks and rivers in central California. During the 2001 water year, we estimated that the Pajaro River at Chittenden exported 302.4 Mg of total N. Nitrate-N concentrations were typically <1 mg N l–1 in grazing lands, oak woodlands, and forests, but increased to a range of 1 to 20 mg N l–1 as surface waters passed through agricultural lands. Very high concentrations of nitrate (in excess of 80 mg N l–1) were found in selected agricultural ditches that received drainage from tiles (buried perforated pipes). Nitrate concentrations in these ditches remained high throughout the winter and spring, indicating nitrate was not being flushed out of the soil profile. We believe unused N fertilizer has accumulated in the shallow groundwater through many cropping cycles. Results are being used to organize landowners, resource managers, and growers to develop voluntary monitoring and water quality protection plans.
The relationship between mothers\' and daughters\' sex-role attitudes and self-concepts in three types of family environment

Assuming that mothers are significant others in daughters' socialization, this study was conducted to determine if significant relationships exist between mothers and daughters regarding sex-role attitudes and self-concepts. Three types of families were sampled: those where the mother was a full-time homemaker, those where she was employed because of economic necessity, and those where she was employed for personal and professional fulfillment. The results indicated significant relationships between mothers' and daughters' attitudes toward marriage, children, and careers, but not self-concepts. Differences were also found between the three groups of mothers and daughters. Mothers who are involved in careers that are personally salient differ from mothers who are employed because of economic necessity and mothers who are full-time homemakers.
Sequence-dependent contribution of distal binding domains to CAP protein-DNA binding affinity

Abstract We report measurements of the relative binding affinity of CAP for DNA sequences which have been systematically mutated in the region flanking the consensus binding site. Our experiments focus on the locus one helical turn from the dyad axis where DNA bending toward the minor groove is induced upon C-AP binding. The binding free energy and extent of bending are moderately well correlated for the set of 56 sequences. Changes in binding affinity spanning a factor of about 50 could be accounted for by additive contributions of dinucleotides; with a few exceptions, the relative ranking of dinucleotide contributions to binding and bending are similar. We conclude that dinucleotides are the smallest independent unit required for quantitative interpretation of CAP-induced DNA bending and binding in the distal domains of the CAP consensus binding site. The imperfect correlation between binding strength and extent of bending implies that sequence changes affect protein binding strength not only by altering the DNA deformation energy required to form the complex, but also by affecting directly the free energy of interaction between protein and DNA.
Macro-economic aspects of the effectiveness of foreign aid : on the two - gap model, home goods disequilibrium and real exchange rate misalignment

We construct an open economy disequilibrium model to assess the welfare effects of aid in different macroeconomic regimes. Aid is shown to have different effects in different unemployment regimes because it increases the social costs of wage-price rigidities in the classical regime but decreases them in the Keynesian unemployment regime. A link is made with the two-gap model, but we highlight the role of real exchange rate misalignment (failure to clear the NT goods market).
On the structural effect of the bridging hydride ligand on a metalmetal bond in a trinuclear cluster. the crystal and molecular structures of (μ-H)(μ-S2CH)Os3(CO)10and (μ-H)(μ-S2CH)Os3(CO)9[PP(CH3)2C6H5]

The crystal and molecular structures of the complexes (μ-H)(μ-S 2 CH)Os 3 (CO) 10 ), III and (μ-H)(μ-S 2 CH)Os 3 (CO) 9 [P(CH 3 ) 2 C 6 H 5 ],IV, are reported. For III: Space group P2 1 /c, No. 14, [C 5 2h ], at 35° C, a = 8.452(2), b = 25.435(12), c = 16.818(5) A, β = 91.75(3), Z = 8, ϱ calc = 3.43 g/cc. For IV: Space group = P1 , No. 2, at35°C, a = 8.375(3), b = 12.960(4), c = 15.106(4) A, α = 64.50(2)°, β = 70.22(3)°, γ = 79.20(3)°, Z = 2, ϱ calc = 2.48 g/cc.Both compounds contain triangular clusters of osmium atoms and have dithioformato ligands bridging edges of the clusters in axial coordination sites. The dimethylphenylphosphine ligand is bonded to the unique osmium atom in IV in an equatorial coordination site. The hydride ligands were not observed directly but their positions are strongly inferred on the basis of geometrical considerations. In III the hydride and the dithioformato ligands bridge the same metalmetal bond. The OsOs internuclear distance is 2.973(1) A. In IV the hydride ligand bridges a metal metal bond which is adjacent to the one bridged by the dithioformato ligand. The OsOs distance of the dithioformato bridged bond in IV is only 2.854(1) A. The much longer dithioformato bridged metalmetal bond in III is thus attributed principally to the presence of the bridging hydride ligand.
A Parallel Algorithm for Reverse Engineering of Biological Networks

Dynamic biological systems, such as gene regulatory networks (GRNs) and protein signaling networks, are often represented as systems of ordinary differential equations. Such equations can be utilized in reverse engineering these biological networks, specifically since identifying these networks is challenging due to the cost of the necessary experiments growing with at least the square of the size of the system. Moreover, the number of possible models, proportional to the number of directed graphs connecting nodes representing the variables in the system, suffers from combinatorial explosion as the size of the system grows. Therefore, exhaustive searches for systems of nontrivial complexity are not feasible. Here we describe a practical and scalable algorithm for determining candidate network interactions based on decomposing an N-dimensional system into N one-dimensional problems. The algorithm was tested on in silico networks based on known biological GRNs. The computational complexity of the network identification is shown to increase as N2 while a parallel implementation achieves essentially linear speedup with the increasing number of processing cores. For each in silico network tested, the algorithm successfully predicts a candidate network that reproduces the network dynamics. This approach dramatically reduces the computational demand required for reverse engineering GRNs and produces a wealth of exploitable information in the process. Moreover, the candidate network topologies returned by the algorithm can be used to design future experiments aimed at gathering informative data capable of further resolving the true network topology.
Ecological Studies and Mathematical Modeling of Cladophora in Lake Huron: 1. Program Description and Field Monitoring of Growth Dynamics

A 3-year program was conducted to examine the ecology of Cladophora glomerata and to develop a mathematical model useful in evaluating various management strategies for the control of this nuisance alga. This manuscript provides a detailed description of the field program and study site in support of subsequent papers dealing with the results of field monitoring, autecological studies, calibration and verification of the model, and the impact of a demonstration phosphorus removal program on Cladophora growth. A municipal wastewater treatment plant discharge at Harbor Beach, Michigan, on Lake Huron has resulted in severe nuisance conditions associated with the presence of Cladophora. An intensive field monitoring program was established at the site to record weather conditions daily, and levels of dissolved and stored phosphorus and standing crop of Cladophora on a weekly basis. The distribution of Cladophora was shown to be essentially symmetrical about the nutrient source. Seasonal variation in biomass followed a pattern of early spring growth, stabilization, and midsummer senescence. The high degree of spatial and temporal heterogeneity in the nearshore environment was clearly evident from the results of the monitoring program. Wind direction and velocity importantly affect dissolved phosphorus distribution. Internal phosphorus levels reflect long term trends in wind and current regimes. The growth of Cladophora is importantly influenced by internal phosphorus levels while the loss of algal material through sloughing is closely correlated with wind-storm events. The observations of nearshore dynamics point to the need for high sampling frequency in such systems.
Vocational development in early childhood: An examination of young children's expressions of vocational aspirations☆

Abstract Vocational aspirations were investigated in a sample of 282 children between the ages of 3 and 6. Age comparisons suggested that one aspect of vocational development in early childhood involves mastery of the task of projecting oneself into the future and conceiving of oneself as one day achieving adult status. Race comparisons indicated that urban blacks were less mature than urban whites in terms of mastery of the vocational projective task seen as characteristic of this developmental period. No significant sex differences were found in rate of development. However, there were indications that the pattern of vocational projection differs for males and females and that females undergo occupational foreclosure earlier than their male peers. Implications for vocational development theories are discussed.
Effect of Rock Surfaces on the Corrosion Capability of Yucca Mountain Bacteria

Abstract The current research investigated whether the presence of a rock surface enhanced the ability of test microorganisms to survive elevated temperature and corrode carbon steel (CS). Microorg...
The jargon of pedal movements.

Background: All areas of research have their own specialized terms. Typically jargon is used as a short cut among specialists to convey complex ideas with a few brief words or phrases. Several jargons traditionally have been used to describe movements of the foot and ankle. It has been long recognized that these terms have no uniform meanings, which leads to confusion when attempting to synthesize reports from different researchers. Although many researchers are aware of this problem, few seem to be aware of how pervasive it is within the published literature. This report focuses on the depth of variation in uses of the terms inversion and eversion and pronation and supination in describing foot motions. Methods: A survey was sent out via the Internet to three communities: biomechanists, clinical anatomists, and podiatrists. A similar survey was conducted of published articles that appeared during a 10-year period in 16 scientific journals. These surveys provide data on the use and interdependencies of how pronation and supination and inversion and eversion are defined. Results: There are at least 18 different working definitions of inversion and eversion and 20 working definitions of pronation and supination. Several of the definitions were shown to be mutually contradictory. Conclusions: Specialists have failed to describe foot movements in a way that can be unambiguously interpreted. Mutual incomprehensibility of foot movements complicates the interpretive value of any report of foot movements. It is suggested that a new set of terms may help prevent this type of confusion in the future. Clinical Relevance: The lack of unambiguous descriptions in the research literature may mean that clinicians are not always applying treatment options in an appropriate manner. Greater clarity of meaning is required for both basic research and clinical applications.
Expression of KT/KUP Genes in Arabidopsis and the Role of Root Hairs in K+ Uptake

Potassium (K+) is the most abundant cation in plants and is required for plant growth. To ensure an adequate supply of K+, plants have multiple mechanisms for uptake and translocation. However, relatively little is known about the physiological role of proteins encoded by a family of 13 genes, named AtKT/KUP, that are involved in K+ transport and translocation. To begin to understand where and under what conditions these transporters function, we used reverse transcription-PCR to determine the spatial and temporal expression patterns of each AtKT/KUP gene across a range of organs and tested whether selected AtKT/KUP cDNAs function as K+ transporters in Escherichia coli. Many AtKT/KUPs were expressed in roots, leaves, siliques, and flowers of plants grown under K+-sufficient conditions (1.75 mm KCl) in hydroponic culture. AtHAK5 was the only gene in this family that was up-regulated upon K+ deprivation and rapidly down-regulated with resupply of K+. Ten AtKT/KUPs were expressed in root hairs, but only five were expressed in root tip cells. This suggests an important role for root hairs in K+ uptake. The growth and rubidium (Rb+) uptake of two root hair mutants, trh1-1 (tiny root hairs) and rhd6 (root hair defective), were studied to determine the contribution of root hairs to whole-plant K+ status. Whole-plant biomass decreased in the root hair mutants only when K+ concentrations were low; Rb+ (used as a tracer for K+) uptake rates were lower in the mutants at all Rb+ concentrations. Seven genes encoding AtKUP transporters were expressed in E. coli (AtKT3/KUP4, AtKT/KUP5, AtKT/KUP6, AtKT/KUP7, AtKT/KUP10, AtKT/KUP11, and AtHAK5), and their K+ transport function was demonstrated.
Evolution of cardiac and renal impairment detected by high-field cardiovascular magnetic resonance in mice with renal artery stenosis

Background Renal artery stenosis (RAS) promotes hypertension and cardiac dysfunction. The 2-kidney, 1-clip mouse model in many ways resembles RAS in humans and is amenable for genetic manipulation, but difficult to evaluate noninvasively. We hypothesized that cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) is capable of detecting progressive cardiac and renal dysfunction in mice with RAS and monitoring the progression of the disease longitudinally.
Transforming Growth Factor-β Expression Induced by Rhinovirus Infection in Respiratory Epithelial Cells

Rhinovirus infection of the lower airways is now a recognized disease, associated with bronchiolitis and asthma. The bronchial epithelial cells are the host cells when rhinovirus infection occurs in the airway. It was hypothesized that a pro-fibrotic growth factor response may occur in these infected cells, leading to production of a key transforming growth factor, TGF-beta-1. Bronchial epithelial cells were inoculated with human rhinovirus and compared at day 1, 3 and 5 to control non-infected cells. Cell culture supernatant fluid and cellular RNA were isolated. The amount of released TGF-beta protein was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Expression of TGF-beta at the level of transcription was measured by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and gel electrophoresis. The results show that at all time points studied, TGF-beta production is greater in the infected cells, as demonstrated by ELISA (P<0.05) and by semi-quantitative PCR analysis. It was concluded that bronchial epithelial cells infected with common cold virus and rhinovirus, showed higher levels of TGF-beta. The production of TGF-beta may be indicative of a normal repair mechanism to counter inflammation, or in the setting of persistent asthma, could potentially lead to increased fibrosis and collagen deposition.
Radiologic Appearance of the Azygos Vein in Cardiovascular Disease

Although the usual appearances of the azygos arch on plain chest radiographs are well known, there are less common radiographic presentations which may be misconstrued as mediastinal nodes or masses. The size of the anterior azygos arch measured perpendicular to the right main bronchus should not exceed 7 mm. In the rare case of congenital aneurysmal dilatation of the azygos arch, its size may be much greater and can be confused with a mediastinal mass. Enlargement of the azygos vein can also result from increased pressure in the right ventricle or as the result of increased flow through the azygos system. Increased flow can result from congenital abnormalities or from caval obstruction.
Dilation or dilatation: to be or not to be?

Article history: Received 30 June 2015 Accepted 30 June 2015 Available online 3 July 2015 dilatatand the corresponding noun dilatatio; from this comes the English word dilatation [10]. But -tion is a live suffix in English, and there is no reason why it should not be added to the English verb dilate to give dilation [10]. This was done, for example, with impersonate, to give impersonation. The difference here is that there is a Latin model available, and this fact should weigh with anyone who cares about the way English words often preserve some of their history in their form:
Applications of high-resolution echoplanar spectroscopic imaging for structural imaging †

Echoplanar spectroscopic imaging (EPSI) was introduced as a fast alternative for spectroscopic imaging and has been recently implemented on clinical scanners. With further advances in gradient hardware and processing strategies, EPSI can be used to obtain spectroscopic images whose spatial resolution parallels that of conventional anatomic images within clinically acceptable acquisition time. The present work demonstrates that high-resolution EPSI can be used to derive structural images for applications in which spectroscopic information is beneficial. These applications are chemical shift (fat-water) imaging, narrow bandwidth imaging, and T2* mapping. In this paper, the EPSI sequence design and processing strategies are detailed and experimental results in normal volunteers are presented to illustrate the potential of using EPSI in imaging anatomic structures. J. Magn. Reson Imaging 1999; 10:1‐7. r 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Assessment of differences in antimicrobial effect determined with two in vitro pharmacodynamic models: impact of surface area to volume ratio.

Study Objective. To measure the influence of different surface area:volume ratios (SA:Vs) on antibiotic penetration and subsequent antibacterial effect. Design. In vitro laboratory experiment. Setting. Two academic research laboratories. Intervention. The two models with effective SA:Vs of 5.34 and 4.80 cm−1 were evaluated by conducting a time-kill experiment with Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 and ceftazidime. Measurements and Main Results. Ceftazidime was administered by constant infusion into the central compartment. Its penetration into the peripheral compartment and bacterial counts were determined over 24 hours, and antibacterial effect was quantified. Antibiotic penetration, calculated using central compartment and peripheral compartment area under the concentration-time curves, and effect, quantified as the relationship between the areas under growth and kill curves, differed between the models. Antibiotic penetration into the peripheral compartment was 53% greater over the first 4 hours of the experiment in the model with the larger SA:V. This was associated with antibacterial effects that were 64% and 38% greater in the 0–4-hour and 0–24-hour time periods, respectively. Conclusion. Differences in antibiotic penetration and effect observed between these models are likely explained by differences in SA:V.
And how are the children

IN EASTAFRICA, when Masai warriors met one another, the traditional greeting was “Kasserian ingera,” which means “and how are the children?” It is relevant for pediatricians to ask ourselves this question with regard to the world’s children. In an era of increasing industrialization, globalization, and sophisticated health care technologies, progress on improving indicators of children’s health has been uneven. Global statistics reveal that in 2010, approximately 7.6 million children died before their 5th birthday. We are far from meeting the goal set by the world leaders who assembled in 1990 to set development goals for the new millennium, to reduce by two thirds, between 1990 and 2015, the mortality rate of children younger than 5. Most of the deaths of children younger than 5 result from only 5 conditions—acute respiratory infections, diarrhea, malaria, measles, and malnutrition—or a combination of these conditions. These 5 conditions are responsible for approximately 83% of outpatient consultations. Yet more than two-thirds of the early deaths in children could be prevented or treated with access to simple, affordable interventions, including exclusive breastfeeding, safe water, adequate sanitation and hygiene, insecticide-treated bed nets, and vaccination. These interventions are best implemented at the community level. Improved training in global health is one way to ensure that the next generation of pediatricians is aware of child health inequities and has the background and skills to address them. Three articles in this issue of the Journal focus on global health training for pediatricians. The articles describe, respectively, personal perspectives from faculty directors, pediatric residents who participated in international electives, and a multiprogram consensus on the major components of a model global health curriculum. A common theme that runs through the articles is the relative lack of data on the impact of this training. The perspectives of faculty directors are presented in an article by Eneriz-Weimer et al, who identified 7 model pediatric residency programs with formal global health training and interviewed faculty directors of 6, analyzing data using qualitative theme analysis. The directors discussed challenges of identifying and building partnerships with global sites, curriculum and pretrip preparation, resident experiences and evaluation, and factors that facilitate and hinder global health program implementation. They suggested that community impact evaluation might yield
Impact of price display on provider ordering: A systematic review.

BACKGROUND Displaying order prices to physicians is 1 potential strategy to reduce unnecessary health expenditures, but its impact on patterns of care is unclear. OBJECTIVE To review characteristics of previous price display interventions, impact on order costs and volume, effects on patient safety, acceptability to physicians, and the quality of this evidence. DESIGN Systematic review of studies that showed numeric prices of laboratory tests, imaging studies, or medications to providers in real time during the ordering process and evaluated the impact on provider ordering. Two investigators independently extracted data for each study and evaluated study quality using a modified Downs and Black checklist. RESULTS Of 1494 studies reviewed, 19 met inclusion criteria, including 5 randomized trials, 13 pre-post intervention studies, and 1 time series analysis. Studies were published between 1983 and 2014. Of 15 studies reporting the quantitative impact of price display on aggregate order costs or volume, 10 demonstrated a statistically significant decrease in the intervention group. Price display was found to decrease aggregate order costs (9 of 13 studies) more frequently than order volume (3 of 8 studies). Patient safety was evaluated in 5 studies and was unaffected by price display. Provider acceptability tended to be positive, although evidence was limited. Study quality was mixed, with checklist scores ranging from 5/21 to 20/21. CONCLUSIONS Provider price display likely reduces order costs to a modest degree. Patient safety appeared unchanged, though evidence was limited. More high-quality evidence is needed to confirm these findings within a modern context. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2016;11:65–76. © 2015 Society of Hospital Medicine