cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fabulae Praetextae in context: when were plays on contemporary subjects performed in Republican Rome?

The fabula praetexta is a category of Roman drama about which we are poorly informed. Ancient testimonia are scanty and widely scattered, while surviving fragments comprise fewer than fifty lines. Only five or six titles are firmly attested. Scholarly debate, however, has been extensive, and has especially focused on reconstructing the plots of the plays.1 The main approach has been to amplify extant fragments by fitting them into a plot taken from treatments of the same episode in later historical sources such as Livy, Dionysius, or Plutarch.2 This method was extended by Mommsen and others in their efforts to identify new titles and plots by isolating passages in the historians which seem written in a dramatic style, and could therefore be interpreted as derivations from historical plays.3 Such a line of approach is both risky and subjective. It is based on the desire to recover a lost genre, which modern scholars feel must or should have existed. It is tempting to imagine that the Romans would have encouraged a thriving national theatre on historical themes. Such a genre, it is argued, would have been influential in shaping the average Roman's view of past events and the treatment of famous episodes by later historians.4 The conclusions reached have virtually no basis in the ancient sources we actually have. The result is largely a fiction created by the scholarly imagination.
Children's individual differences in capacity: Effects on strategy production and utilization

One issue concerning strategy development is whether the same causes underlie the development of strategy production and strategy effectiveness (benefit for recall). This research examined the role of individual differences in memory capacity in the production and effectiveness of a selective processing strategy. Kindergartners and first graders (N = 84) chose, by opening doors, certain objects to view from a set of objects during a study period. The most appropriate strategy was a selective one - viewing only the objects to be recalled. Individual differences in capacity were assessed by five measures of memory span. Several measures of capacity predicted recall overall or strategy effectiveness, but none were related to strategy production. The fact that digit span predicted recall for strategic children, but not non-strategic children, suggests that those strategic children who have a relatively large capacity can engage in additional mnemonic activities that increase recall.
Teacher Interpretation of Test Scores and Feedback to Students in EFL Classrooms: A Comparison of Two Rating Methods

Rating scales have been used as a major assessment instrument to measure language performance on oral tasks. The present research concerned, under the same rating criteria, how far teachers interpreted students’ speaking scores by using two different types of rating method, and how far students could benefit from the feedback of the description of the two rating methods. Fifteen English teachers and 300 college students in Taiwan participated in the study. Under the same rating criteria, the two types of rating method, one with the level descriptors and the other with a checklist, were used by the teachers to assess an English speaking test. It was discovered that the rating method had a noticeable impact on how teachers judged students’ performance and interpreted their scores. The majority of the students considered feedback from the verbally more detailed method more helpful for improving language ability.
Long-Term Water Prospects in the Western United States

Abstract Based on the changes in the size of closed basin lakes, the author shows that water availability has undergone large fluctuations in response to conditions experienced during full glacial time and during the period of deglaciation. Based on these observations, the author concludes that as the planet warms in response to the buildup of fossil fuel CO2, the distribution of available water will shift. The resulting changes will be particularly noticeable in the world’s drylands. In this paper, the author attempts to invert the response to cold glacial conditions and to interhemispheric temperature differences, which occurred during the interval of deglaciation, to predict how the hydrologic conditions in the western United States might evolve over the next half-century. The tentative conclusion on both scores is that this region will likely undergo a progressive drying. However, because both the glacial and deglacial hydrologic shifts were certainly influenced by the presence of excess ice, as well ...
Neurodynamics and Schizophrenia Research: Editors' Introduction

The term, "neurodynamics," refers to interactions of large numbers of neurons that, in the short term, transform input information derived from their environments into meaningful outputs and, in the long term, use this information to alter their own architectures. This general concept may be useful in framing and investigating research questions that could advance our understanding of the nature, course, and treatment of schizophrenia . The mechanism of action of neuroleptics, the anatomic localization of schizophrenia , the stability of associated brain disturbances over time, and the distinction of state versus trait variables are briefly discussed as examples of issues whose understanding may be enhanced by a neurodynamic perspective.
Numerical stability of the Chebyshev method for the solution of large linear systems

This paper contains the rounding error analysis for the Chebyshev method for the solution of large linear systemsAx+g=0 whereA=A * is positive definite. We prove that the Chebyshev method in floating point arithmetic is numerically stable, which means that the computed sequence {x k} approximates the solution ? such that $$\overline {\mathop {\lim }\limits_k } $$ ?x k ??? is of order ??A??A ?1???? where ? is the relative computer precision. We also point out that in general the Chebyshev method is not well-behaved, which means that the computed residualsr k=Ax k+g are of order ??A?2?A ?1????.
Modifications of the Nelder-Mead simplex method for stochastic simulation response optimization

It is pointed out that the Nelder-Mead simplex method rescaling and shrinking steps make it sensitive to random variations in the response function values, and introduce risks of false convergence on stochastic functions. The authors give analytical and empirical evidence that characterizes false convergence on stochastic functions, and discuss several modifications to reduce the likelihood of false convergence. They describe a computational comparison of several modifications when used to optimize simple stochastic functions of two and ten variables. >
Simulating the role of visual selective attention during the development of perceptual completion.

We recently proposed a multi-channel, image-filtering model for simulating the development of visual selective attention in young infants (Schlesinger, Amso & Johnson, 2007). The model not only captures the performance of 3-month-olds on a visual search task, but also implicates two cortical regions that may play a role in the development of visual selective attention. In the current simulation study, we used the same model to simulate 3-month-olds’ performance on a second measure, the perceptual unity task. Two parameters in the model – corresponding to areas in the occipital and parietal cortices – were systematically varied while the gaze patterns produced by the model were recorded and subsequently analyzed. Three key findings emerged from the simulation study. First, the model successfully replicated the performance of 3-month-olds on the unity perception task. Second, the model also helps to explain the improved performance of 2-month-olds when the size of the occluder in the unity perception task is reduced. Third, in contrast to our previous simulation results, variation in only one of the two cortical regions simulated (i.e. recurrent activity in posterior parietal cortex) resulted in a performance pattern that matched 3-month-olds. These findings provide additional support for our hypothesis that the development of perceptual completion in early infancy is promoted by progressive improvements in visual selective attention and oculomotor skill.
The mutant axolotl Short toes exhibits impaired limb regeneration and abnormal basement membrane formation.

Abstract The mutant axolotl Short toes develops with abnormal kidneys, Mullerian ducts, and limbs and provides one of the few experimental systems for developmental studies in amphibia. The present paper describes another deviation from this animal's normal physiology, which is very characteristic of the wild type: amputated limbs of Short toes fail to regenerate. A blastema is formed but differentiation does not occur. Detailed histological analysis provides evidence of abnormal formation of the basement membrane and accumulation of extracellular matrix within the blastema, which could be attributed to an imbalance of extracellular matrix and basement membrane proteins. The basement membrane develops much thicker and is convoluted in the arrested blastema of mutant animals. In contrast to the limbs, the tails of Short toes regenerated normally with no apparent abnormalities. No gross genomic aberrations have been detected between normal and mutant DNA, indicating that a large deletion or insertion is not likely to be the cause of this mutation.
Papanicolaou Tests in Canada and the US - Does Type of Insurance Matter?

Objectives: The health care systems in the United States and Canada differ quite dramatically. Canadians are covered by a universal health care system while residents of the United States, if they are insured, obtain their insurance from various private or public sources. This study examines how the use of Papanicolaou test by women differs in the United States and Canada using data from Joint Canada/United States Survey of Health (JCUSH). Methodology: The probability of having the Pap smear is estimated separately for Canadian and American women using probit regressions. A question arises as to whether differences in the probability of the pap test are a result of (1) differences in the demographics between Canadian and American women or (2) differences in the estimated coefficients. A Blinder/Oaxaca type decomposition is used to determine the influence of each. Gomulka and Stern expanded this methodology for a dichotomous dependent variable using probit estimation. In their analysis, the probit estimates are transformed into changes arising from a change in the coefficients and changes arising from a change in the population. The Gomulka and Stern method is applied to this data. The analysis has two parts. The first part examines the full sample of American and Canadian women between the ages of 18 to 65 and a subsample of those under age 30. In the full sample, 87% of the Canadians have had a pap smear in the past 3 years (60% in the past year) compared to 93% of the American women (71% within the past year). However, for women under age 30, where the recommendation is for a pap smear every year, the differences are reversed with 79% of Canadians and 76% of Americans receiving the test. In the second analysis, privately insured Americans are compared to Canadians. This allows us to compare how the Canadian national health insurance and US private insurance differ in their influence the use of pap smears. Results: For the full sample, the decomposition shows that the differences between the Canadian and US women mostly occur because of differences in coefficients and not the distributions. For women less than 30 years old, the differences are due to both differences in distributions and coefficients. For insured US women the coefficient effect was even stronger. The only significant difference between US and Canadian women who did not have the test was that 6% of the Canadian women reported that they did not know where to go for the test (vs. 1% of the US). Also 91% of the US women compared to 85% of the Canadian women reported that their doctor recommended the test. Conclusions: Overall, women in the US health care system are more likely to have pap smears and the main driver is differences in the coefficients. Given that fewer Canadian physicians recommend the test, the differences can be attributed to differences in how the systems value the test.
Tunable Three-Dimensional Helically Stacked Plasmonic Layers on Nanosphere Monolayers

We report a simple and scalable method to fabricate helical chiral plasmonic nanostructures using glancing angle deposition on self-assembled nanosphere monolayers. By controlling the azimuthal rotation of substrates, Ag and SiO2 layers can be helically stacked in left-handed and right-handed fashions to form continuous helices. Finite-difference time-domain simulations confirm the experimental results that show that these plasmonic helices exhibit strong chiroptical responses in the visible to near-IR region, which can be tuned by changing the diameter of nanospheres. With such flexibility in the design, helically stacked plasmonic layers may act as tunable chiral metamaterials, as well as serve as different building blocks for chiral assemblies.
Experimental study of Tm-doped fiber laser near 2μm

In order to achieve efficient,compact,narrow linewidth laser output at 2μm,with center wavelength of 790nm laser as pump source of LD end-pumped Tm-doped fiber,semiconductor cooling system,and resonant cavity which was constituted by fiber Bragg gratings were designed for all-fiber laser.First,we use a FBG,and another optical fiber end with 4% Fresnel reflection,then we welded all the optical components together,we get 2μm the stability of the output.When the pump current is 44A,we access to the maximum output power of 8.7W,with a slope efficiency of 29.4%,and the width of 4.5nm,the threshold power is 0.7W.When the cavity with two gratings,its width can be about as narrow as lnm,spot quality could be further improved.The results show that the stability of laser output is high,linewidth is relatively narrow,the power of output is hiagh,and the quality of the beam is perfect.
Welfare of exotic pets

WE welcome Martin Whitehead's letter ( VR , May 7, 2016, vol 178, p 477) highlighting the welfare of non-traditional companion animals (NTCAs) and the difficulties owners can have in meeting the five welfare needs of these animals as required by the UK Animal Welfare Acts. We agree with Mr Whitehead's concerns about meeting the specific and complex needs of these animals and we would like to highlight the work being done by BVA's NTCA working group, comprised of representatives …
Evaluating a Dichloroacetate and Metformin Combination in a Mouse Model of Metastatic Cancer

The increased focus on targeting the glycolytic dependency of cancer cells has yielded a number of new therapeutic options with varying promise. Among the therapies currently being investigated tho...
3D for the people: multi-camera motion capture in the field with consumer-grade cameras and open source software

ABSTRACT Ecological, behavioral and biomechanical studies often need to quantify animal movement and behavior in three dimensions. In laboratory studies, a common tool to accomplish these measurements is the use of multiple, calibrated high-speed cameras. Until very recently, the complexity, weight and cost of such cameras have made their deployment in field situations risky; furthermore, such cameras are not affordable to many researchers. Here, we show how inexpensive, consumer-grade cameras can adequately accomplish these measurements both within the laboratory and in the field. Combined with our methods and open source software, the availability of inexpensive, portable and rugged cameras will open up new areas of biological study by providing precise 3D tracking and quantification of animal and human movement to researchers in a wide variety of field and laboratory contexts.
Participation patterns in a massive open online course (MOOC) about statistics

A massive open online course (MOOC) was designed to provide an introduction to statistics used in educational research and evaluation. The purpose of this research was to explore people's motivations for joining and participating in a MOOC and their behaviors and patterns of participation within the MOOC. Also studied were factors that the participants reported for completing or not completing the MOOC and what they perceive as criteria for quality in an online course. Participants also expressed their opinions about what they perceive as a reasonable balance between access to, cost, and quality of MOOCs. This study used a descriptive research design involving survey, quiz, and participation data. A total of 5079 people enrolled in the MOOC across six sections. When viewed from the point of view of the participants, the results suggest that even highly structured, instructionist MOOCs can offer flexible learning environments for participants with varied goals and needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Receipt of Antibiotics in Hospitalized Patients and Risk for Clostridium difficile Infection in Subsequent Patients Who Occupy the Same Bed

Objective To assess whether receipt of antibiotics by prior hospital bed occupants is associated with increased risk for CDI in subsequent patients who occupy the same bed. Design, Setting, and Participants This is a retrospective cohort study of adult patients hospitalized in any 1 of 4 facilities between 2010 and 2015. Patients were excluded if they had recent CDI, developed CDI within 48 hours of admission, had inadequate follow-up time, or if their prior bed occupant was in the bed for less than 24 hours. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary exposure was receipt of non-CDI antibiotics by the prior bed occupant and the primary outcome was incident CDI in the subsequent patient to occupy the same bed. Incident CDI was defined as a positive result from a stool polymerase chain reaction for the C difficile toxin B gene followed by treatment for CDI. Demographics, comorbidities, laboratory data, and medication exposures are reported. Results Among 100 615 pairs of patients who sequentially occupied a given hospital bed, there were 576 pairs (0.57%) in which subsequent patients developed CDI. Receipt of antibiotics in prior patients was significantly associated with incident CDI in subsequent patients (log-rank P Conclusions and Relevance Receipt of antibiotics by prior bed occupants was associated with increased risk for CDI in subsequent patients. Antibiotics can directly affect risk for CDI in patients who do not themselves receive antibiotics.
Extended abstract: Seeing things differently: A hands-on tour of writing through the lens of math

The conference workshop, "Seeing Things Differently: a Hands-on Tour of Writing Through the Lens of Math," introduces participants to a new math-based writing system for engineers and other STEM professionals. This system, developed by the author/facilitator, provides technical professionals with an alternative perspective on engineering writing and a set of techniques for designing, building, and troubleshooting sentences and essential workplace documents.
Comparison of Single Versus Multiple Unit Umbilical Cord Blood Transplantation for Adult Hematologic Malignancy Patients

Abstract Abstract 3545 Umbilical cord blood transplantation (UCBT) is an alternative donor transplant approach for adult hematologic malignancy patients. Although UCBT was initially performed using single cord blood units (SCBU), a major limitation of this approach has been the low infused total nucleated cell (TNC) and CD34+ cell doses at the time of transplant. This accounts for delayed hematopoietic recovery post-transplant that increases the risk for infections and transplant-related mortality (TRM). Multiple unit (MU) UCBT has become an acceptable approach to increase the cell doses available for transplantation. We retrospectively compared outcomes for 38 consecutively treated adult hematologic malignancy patients who underwent SCBU (n=6) or MU (n=32) UCBT at our institution from October 1999 through April 2010. The median age was 49 years (range, 18–71) and 20 (53%) were men. Diagnoses included: 21 AML, 5 CML, 3 MDS, 5 ALL, 2 CLL, 1 NHL and 1 myelofibrosis. The majority of patients received myeloablative conditioning (n=32) most commonly with total body irradiation, etoposide and ATG (Sobecks et al, Br J Haematol 2010, in press) while those treated with reduced-intensity conditioning received fludarabine 40 mg/m2/day × 5 (days -6 through -2), cyclophosphamide 50 mg/kg (day -6), ATG 30 mg/kg/day × 5 (days -3 through +1) and total body irradiation 200 cGy (days -1 and 0; total dose 400 cGy). GVHD prophylaxis included a calcineurin inhibitor for all patients and most MU patients received mycophenolate mofetil. Among the SCBU group there were three 4/6 and three 5/6 HLA matches with the patient. For the MU group when considering the best matched UCB unit with the patient there were seven 4/6, nineteen 5/6 and six 6/6 HLA matches while for the worst matched UCB unit there were one 3/6, eleven 4/6, sixteen 5/6 and four 6/6 HLA matches with the patient. The SCBU group included more women than the MU group (100% vs. 38%, p Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Macrophages, Microglia and Dendritic Cell Function

Mononuclear phagocytes (MP; monocytes, macrophages, microglia and dendritic cells) are joined together based on common function and phenotypic properties. In regards to phagocytoic, interacellular killing, secretory, antigen presentation and mobility properties differentiating the cell types can be difficult. Ontogeny, locale and modest phenotype differences underlie differences. Similarities abound in innate immunity and protection of a steady-state homeostatic environment and engaging inflammatory responses that direct surveillance and clearance responses. A clear benefit of spanning tissue origins and species differences underlies the importance of these cells that serve as the first line of immune defense.
Non-equilibrium States in Confectionery

Many confections are governed by non-equilibrium states and glass transitions, both during manufacture and throughout shelf life. In general, sugar confections contain sucrose and glucose syrup as the main sweeteners, along with a variety of additives that distinguish each class of confections. The sugar syrup is boiled to remove excess water, and the final cook temperature determines the final water content through the boiling point elevation curve. During cooling, other ingredients may be added (e.g., colors, flavors, and acids) and/or other operations performed (e.g., aeration), again to distinguish the class of confections. Upon cooling to ambient temperatures, these confections generally are categorized as supersaturated solutions, in either the amorphous or glassy state. As such, they are unstable and prone to changes during storage, which may include moisture uptake or loss, crystallization, and flavor loss. This chapter will provide an overview of manufacture and formation of these products before delving into stability during storage and the mechanisms of collapse.
Amphibian terrestrial habitat selection and movement patterns vary with annual life-history period

Identification of essential habitat is a fundamental component of amphibian conservation; however, species with complex life histories frequently move among habitats. To better understand dynamic habitat use, we evaluated Wood Frog (Lithobates sylvaticus (LeConte, 1825)) habitat selection and movement patterns during the spring migration and foraging periods and described the spatiotemporal variability of habitats used during all annual life-history periods. We radio-tracked 71 frogs in Maine during 2011–2013 and evaluated spring migration, foraging activity center (FAC), and within-FAC habitat selection. Telemetered frogs spent the greatest percentage of each field season in hibernacula (≥54.4%), followed by FACs (≥25.5%), migration habitat (≥16.9%), and breeding sites (≥4.5%). FACs ranged 49 – 1 335 m2 (568.0 ± 493.4 m2) and annual home ranges spanned 1 413 – 32 165 m2 (11 780.6 ± 12 506.1 m2). During spring migration, Wood Frogs exhibited different movement patterns (e.g., turn angles), selected differ...
Implications for Decision Making: Government Perspectives

I would like to focus on the implications for decision making in three areas related to policy towards greenhouse gas emissions. The first involves issues related to the apportionment of risk, which have already been briefly discussed by previous speakers. The second concerns the standard to be applied in evaluating costs. The third encompasses the international equity issues raised by policies to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases.
Supporting Mothers Living with Mental Illnesses in Recovery

This chapter provides the rationale for a focus on mothers’ recoveries, describes the family recovery model, and suggests strategies for translating family recovery principles into practice with mothers living with mental illnesses. Parenting is a significant role choice for these women. Succeeding or failing as a mother has a profound impact on a woman’s mood, self-esteem, and self-efficacy; on her feelings of wellness or illness; and on her recovery. The family provides a context and motherhood provides a social role and opportunities for supporting or undermining recovery. Family recovery principles are translated into practice in key intervention concepts including: family-centered; strengths-based; family-driven and self-determined; recovery- and resilience-focused; and trauma-informed approaches, and key intervention processes including: engagement and relationship building; empowerment; availability and accessibility; and advocacy. The hope for a better quality of life for her children and family may well be at the core of a woman’s recovery process.
HOSPITAL VARIATION IN THE UTILIZATION OF SHORT-TERM NON-DURABLE MECHANICAL CIRCULATORY SUPPORT IN MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION COMPLICATED BY CARDIOGENIC SHOCK

There is limited information on inter-hospital variation in use of short-term, non-durable mechanical circulatory support (MCS) for MI complicated by cardiogenic shock. Adults in the National Inpatient Sample, 1/1/14-12/31/14, with a discharge diagnosis of cardiogenic shock (International
Wind Magnetic Clouds for the Period 2013 – 2015: Model Fitting, Types, Associated Shock Waves, and Comparisons to Other Periods

We give the results of parameter fitting of the magnetic clouds (MCs) observed by the Wind spacecraft for the three-year period 2013 to the end of 2015 (called the “Present” period) using the MC model of Lepping, Jones, and Burlaga (J. Geophys. Res. 95, 11957, 1990). The Present period is almost coincident with the solar maximum of the sunspot number, which has a broad peak starting in about 2012 and extending to almost 2015. There were 49 MCs identified in the Present period. The modeling gives MC quantities such as size, axial attitude, field handedness, axial magnetic-field strength, center time, and closest-approach vector. Derived quantities are also estimated, such as axial magnetic flux, axial current density, and total axial current. Quality estimates are assigned representing excellent, fair/good, and poor. We provide error estimates on the specific fit parameters for the individual MCs, where the poor cases are excluded. Model-fitting results that are based on the Present period are compared to the results of the full Wind mission from 1995 to the end of 2015 (Long-term period), and compared to the results of two other recent studies that encompassed the periods 2007 – 2009 and 2010 – 2012, inclusive. We see that during the Present period, the MCs are, on average, slightly slower, slightly weaker in axial magnetic field (by 8.7%), and larger in diameter (by 6.5%) than those in the Long-term period. However, in most respects, the MCs in the Present period are significantly closer in characteristics to those of the Long-term period than to those of the two recent three-year periods. However, the rate of occurrence of MCs for the Long-term period is $10.3~\mbox{year}^{-1}$ , whereas this rate for the Present period is $16.3~\mbox{year}^{-1}$ , similar to that of the period 2010 – 2012. Hence, the MC occurrence rate has increased appreciably in the last six years. MC Type (N–S, S–N, All N, All S, etc.) is assigned to each MC; there is an inordinately large percentage of All S, by about a factor of two compared to that of the Long-term period, indicating many strongly tipped MCs. In 2005, there was a distinct change in variability and average value (viewed at $1/2$ year averages) of the duration, MC speed, axial magnetic field strength, axial magnetic flux, and total current to lower values. In the Present period, upstream shocks occur for 43% of the 49 cases; for comparison, the Long-term rate is 56%.
The Divine Names

Our concern has been to present the doctrine of the analogy of names, a doctrine we have seen to belong to the logic of signification. If we now examine some particular analogous names, those common to God and creature, it is because so much of what St Thomas has to say of analogical signification occurs in discussions of such names; moreover, the uniqueness of the tiling we are trying to name in this case has led to some of the misapprehension concerning analogy which we have sought to correct. To say that God and creature have a name analogously in common is manifested by appeal to the examples of “healthy” and “being” for the indisputable reason that the divine names involve the same mode of signification. On the level of the res named, however, there is all the difference in the world (and out of it), but it is important to realize that that is where the difference lies. The divine names are not a subdivision of the analogy of names, but instances of it. The present chapter has for its purpose to make that one point; consequently it should not be read as an essay on St Thomas’ doctrine on the names of God, a subject which would demand a study at least as lengthy as this on the logic of analogy.
A novel KIF5B-ALK fusion in a child with an atypical central nervous system inflammatory myofibroblastic tumour

An 11-year-old girl presented with global developmental delay. As part of her routine work-up for her developmental disability, MRI of the brain was performed and demonstrated a contrast-enhancing lesion with reduced diffusivity in the right parietal lobe (figure 1). A stereotactic robotic-assisted needle biopsy revealed microglial proliferation and lymphocytic inflammation, indicating potential microglioma or gliofibroma; however, a more definitive diagnosis was not established given the limited tissue. Early repeat MRI showed areas of progression, and gross total resection was performed. The pathology demonstrated a moderately cellular proliferation of spindle cells with scattered mitotic figures, and a mixed inflammatory infiltrate of scattered lymphocytes, plasma cells and eosinophils (figure 2A). The areas of nodular spindle cell proliferation were diffusely immunopositive for CD68 and negative for CD30, …
Planar Dynamics of Rigid Bodies

This chapter examines the dynamics of rigid bodies in planar motion and the forces/moments that act upon them. It will be shown how the equations of motion can be generated using a classical Newton-Euler approach as well as with Lagrange’s equations. The augmented approach considered for single particles and systems of particles is also discussed. The matrix-vector kinematics developed in Chap. 4 is used throughout this chapter and the emphasis is on obtaining complete numerical solutions.
Comparing adverse effects of Hepatitis C drugs using FAERS data

Hepatitis C is a chronic infection that affects more than 100 million people in the world. In the United States, hepatitis C is the number one cause of liver cancer and the most common indication for liver transplantation. Recent advance in hepatitis C research have developed new drugs as a cure for hepatitis C. However, concerns have also been raised over safety of these new hepatitis C drugs. In this study, we presented a statistical procedure to compare the difference in adverse events among multiple hepatitis C drugs using data from the US Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System. We reported the identified difference in adverse event rates among users of different hepatitis C drugs and estimated the difference attributable to different distributions in age and gender across groups of drug users. Moreover, the proposed procedure is a general pipeline that can be used to test and visualize difference of adverse events among multiple drugs to support regulatory decision-makings.
ENERGY-EFFICIENT JOINT ANTENNA AND USER SELECTION IN SINGLE-CELL MASSIVE MIMO SYSTEMS

An energy-efficient joint antenna and user selection algorithm in single-cell massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communication systems is proposed in this paper. The proposed algorithm involves a two-step iterative procedure. At each time, we first obtain a subset of antennas for the given set of users via bisection search and random selection, and then obtain the optimally energy efficient subset of users with the selected antennas using cross-entropy algorithm. This two-step procedure is shown to improve the energy efficiency (EE) at each iteration. Simulation results show that the EE could be improved by 71.16% with the maximum-ratio combining (MRC) receiver when the total number of users is 60.
Effects of electronic structures on mechanical properties of transition metals and alloys

Abstract Electronic structures that determine the energetics of interatomic bond breaking and reforming are the key parameters to predict and control the mechanical behavior, especially for transition metals/alloys with orientation-dependent bonding characteristics. First-principles calculations are ideal tools to provide accurate information for these electronic features. In this paper, the electronic structure factors that affect the strength and ductility of transition metals and alloys are reviewed from two different aspects. First, the electronic effects on the mechanical properties of perfect crystals, such as elastic modulus and ideal strength behavior, are reviewed. Second, the real deformation behaviors depend on the evolution of deformation defects, such as dislocations and deformation twinning. The recent processes on the studies of electronic structures that affect the stability and mobility of these defects in transition metals and alloys are also summarized. These electronic factors enhance our understanding of fundamental mechanisms of the mechanical properties; they can also be used as key parameters for the design of advanced alloys based computational materials science and machine learning techniques.
Looking into the Black Box: Using Gaze and Pupillometric Data to Probe How Cognitive Load Changes with Mental Tasks

When characterizing students’ item-solving strategies, methods such as interviews and think-aloud protocols are often used. However, these measures provide limited information about sub- or precons...
Microstructural Effects on the Subcritical Crack Growth in Polycrystalline β″-Alumina

Results are presented for the subcritical crack growth behavior of polycrystalline β”-alumina in water as a function of microstructure. A load relaxation technique using double cantilever-beam-type specimens and dynamic fatigue experiments using rectangular bar- and ring-type specimens were utilized to evaluate subcritical crack growth parameter N. The value of N ranged from 64–96 in the load relaxation experiments and from 26–76 in the dynamic fatigue experiments. The N values obtained from the two techniques for identical microstructures indicated no general agreement. This discrepancy is discussed on the basis of the spatial variation in material properties and dynamic effects of crack propagation.
Estimating loss of canal function in the video head impulse test (vHIT).

Background The vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) gain is the primary parameter for quantifying and interpreting the video head impulse test (vHIT). Yet, the relationship between the VOR gain and the extent of canal function is not clear. Objective The goal of this paper was to determine if the loss of canal function in vHIT can be estimated from the VOR gain. Methods A model of the VOR was developed that included linear components for the cupula and the velocity storage mechanism as well as nonlinear components for the vestibular nerve and the vestibular nuclei. Multiple simulations were carried out as the level of function for the right and left VOR pathways was varied systematically over their entire range. Results Simulation results were similar to the typical findings in normal individuals as well as in patients with unilateral and bilateral loss of canal function. Based on these simulations, a relationship between the canal function and the VOR gains was established. This relationship was surprisingly independent of most model parameters. Conclusions The sum of right and left VOR gains (or 2 times the mean of VOR gains) at a given head velocity is an estimate of the total function of the involved canals. This simple formula can estimate the loss of canal function in purely unilateral lesions. For bilateral lesions, the same formula can estimate the total loss of bilateral function but contributions from individual canals cannot be determined without additional information.
A STUDY OF CYTOCHROME P-450 REDUCTION BY SODIUM DITHIONITE

ABSTRACT The reduction of both the membrane bound, rat liver microsomal and the soluble, bacterial cytochromes P-450 by sodium dithionite has been studied as a function of temperature (4–37o) and reductant concentration. The results indicate that in this temperature range (a) the reduction of the microsomal enzyme is a biphasic process; each phase is first order at a given dithionite concentration and the percentage of slower phase is relatively constant (70–80%) and independent of the presence or absence of exogenous substrate; (b) the reduction of cytochrome P-450cam is a first order process throughout the temperature range employed and independent of the presence or absence of d -camphor; (c) neither the fast or slow phase of reduction of microsomal cytochrome P-450 nor the single phase of cytochrome P-450 cam reduction exhibits a break in the Arrhenius plot; (d) the presence of substrate results in a significant decrease in the rate constant for the dithionite dependent reduction; and (e) the reduction by dithionite does not appear to be a second order process. These findings are compared with previously obtained data from a study of the NADPH-dependent reduction of microsomal cytochrome P-450.
An Uncertain Future for a Population of Desert Tortoises Experiencing Human Impacts

Abstract We evaluated the status of a population of Mojave Desert Tortoises (Gopherus agassizii), a threatened species, in the El Paso Mountains of the northwestern Mojave Desert in California, USA...
Click-on-Diagram Questions: Using Clickers to Engage Students in Visual-Spatial Reasoning

Rapidly advancing classroom technology now enables students to click on their cell phone, tablet, or laptop computer to answer questions that once required proprietary clicker devices. Instructors can now upload an image and ask students to respond by clicking directly on the image. Click-on-diagram (COD) questions are an open-ended response option that can reveal students’ understanding of a visual representation and/or a geologic structure or process. This tool is well suited to help students negotiate the spatially complex nature of the geosciences. We present three examples, about geologic time, erosion in streams, and Steno’s law of lateral continuity, to demonstrate how the patterns of students’ errors present an instructional opportunity to facilitate visual-spatial skills. Ongoing work suggests that CODs can be used to develop a range of students’ visualization skills in large lectures on a broad range of science topics.
Amiralay and Sabbagh in the Post-cinematic Age

Two under-studied and deceased auteurs, the Lebanese Randa Chahal Sabbagh and the Syrian Omar Amiralay, are resounding voices of antagonistic discourse in the study of Arab cinema. From Our Heedless Wars to The Kite, Sabbagh was a maker of both fiction and nonfiction films during the 1980s until the early 2000s, all of which, in different modes and emotional registers, reflected on the violent intrusion of geo-national politics and sectarianism in Lebanese society. From Everyday Life in a Syrian Village to A Flood in Baath Country, Amiralay used the documentary form to critique the paternalistic nature of the state apparatus in Syria. By examining the ways in which their films address processes of interpellation at the intersections of subject and state, ruler and ruled, occupier and occupied, and self and other, this chapter looks comparatively at two distinctly different approaches to cinema that bring questions of performativity and revolutionary Third Cinema into the contemporary foreground.
Preparing and Storing an Emergency Safe Drinking Water Supply

This is an update by Andrea Albertin. Original publication: Shukla, Shuchi, and Thomas Obreza. 1. “Preparing and Storing an Emergency Safe Drinking Water Supply”. EDIS 2004 (18). https://journals.flvc.org/edis/article/view/114124.
F(R) GRAVITY IN PURELY AFFINE FORMULATION

The purely affine, metric-affine and purely metric formulation of general relativity are dynamically equivalent and the relation between them is analogous to the Legendre relation between the Lagrangian and Hamiltonian dynamics. We show that one cannot construct a dynamically equivalent, purely affine Lagrangian from a metric-affine or metric F(R) Lagrangian, nonlinear in the curvature scalar. Thus the equivalence between the purely affine picture and the two other formulations does not hold for metric-affine and metric theories of gravity with a nonlinear dependence on the curvature, i.e. F(R) gravity does not have a purely affine formulation. We also show that this equivalence is restored if the metric tensor is conformally transformed from the Jordan to the Einstein frame, in which F(R) gravity turns into general relativity with a scalar field. This peculiar behavior of general relativity, among relativistic theories of gravitation, with respect to purely affine, metric-affine and purely metric variation could indicate the physicality of the Einstein frame. On the other hand, it could explain why this theory cannot interpolate among phenomenological behaviors at different scales.
Ascertaining Design Requirements for Postoperative Care Transition Interventions.

Background Handoffs or care transitions from the operating room (OR) to intensive care unit (ICU) are fragmented and vulnerable to communication errors. Although protocols and checklists for standardization help reduce errors, such interventions suffer from limited sustainability. An unexplored aspect is the potential role of developing personalized postoperative transition interventions using artificial intelligence (AI)-generated risks. Objectives This study was aimed to (1) identify factors affecting sustainability of handoff standardization, (2) utilize a human-centered approach to develop design ideas and prototyping requirements for a sustainable handoff intervention, and (3) explore the potential role for AI risk assessment during handoffs. Methods We conducted four design workshops with 24 participants representing OR and ICU teams at a large medical academic center. Data collection phases were (1) open-ended questions, (2) closed card sorting of handoff information elements, and (3) scenario-based design ideation and prototyping for a handoff intervention. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis. Card sorts were further tallied to characterize handoff information elements as core, flexible, or unnecessary. Results Limited protocol awareness among clinicians and lack of an interdisciplinary electronic health record (EHR)-integrated handoff intervention prevented long-term sustainability of handoff standardization. Clinicians argued for a handoff intervention comprised of core elements (included for all patients) and flexible elements (tailored by patient condition and risks). They also identified unnecessary elements that could be omitted during handoffs. Similarities and differences in handoff intervention requirements among physicians and nurses were noted; in particular, clinicians expressed divergent views on the role of AI-generated postoperative risks. Conclusion Current postoperative handoff interventions focus largely on standardization of information transfer and handoff processes. Our design approach allowed us to visualize accurate models of user expectations for effective interdisciplinary communication. Insights from this study point toward EHR-integrated, “flexibly standardized” care transition interventions that can automatically generate a patient-centered summary and risk-based report.
A Supervisory Framework for Systematically Attending to Outcomes in Clinical Supervision

Examination of the efficacy of clinical supervision has accrued limited evidence, partially due to lack of a clarity or consensus on what constitutes supervision outcomes. This not only leads to inconsistency across studies evaluating supervision outcomes but also falls short of providing guidance for clinical supervisors to systematically evaluate the efficacy of their work. We present a practitioner-oriented, evidence-informed, and pan-theoretical framework that connects a broad range of outcomes to the supervision process, including proximal, intermediate, and distal outcomes. We discuss how several practitioner-friendly instruments related to these outcomes can be incorporated into supervision practice and contribute to a more holistic assessment of supervision outcomes. We also discussed supervisory strategies, such as strategically attending to and balancing multiple levels of outcomes and incorporating a theoretical lens to our framework.
Sufism and Jihad in Modern Senegal: The Murid Order

The Murid order, founded in Senegal in the latter decades of the nineteenth century, grew into a major Sufi order during the colonial period and is now among the most recognizable of the Sufi orders in Africa. Murids have spread the voice of Islam and Africa in concert halls and on the airwaves through pop singers - especially Youssou N'Dour - and the image of Shaykh Amadu Bamba M'Backe, the founding saint of the order, often used to grace the covers of works concerning Islam, African culture, abolition, and European colonization. In this insightful and revealing study, John Glover explores the manner in which a Muslim society in West Africa actively created a conception of modernity that reflects its own historical awareness and identity. Drawing from Murid written and oral historical sources, Glover carefully considers how the Murid order at the collective and individual levels has navigated the intersection of two major historical forces - Islam, specifically in the contexts of reform and mysticism, and European colonization - and achieved in the process an understanding of modernity not as an unwilling witness but as an active participant. Ultimately, 'Sufism and Jihad in Modern Senegal' presents the reader with a new portrait of a society that has used its notion of modernity to adapt and incorporate further historical changes into its identity as an African Sufi order. John Glover is associate professor of history at the University of Redlands in southern California.