cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Differences between attendings' and fellows' perceptions of futile treatment in the intensive care unit at one academic health center: implications for training.

Care for the critically ill is complex, dynamic, and resource-intensive; decisions must be made daily whether to initiate, continue, or withhold/withdraw life-sustaining treatments. Accurate prognostication and identification of patients who might benefit or will not benefit from aggressive treatment are essential aspects of patient care in the intensive care unit (ICU). Such clinical understanding is essential for the communication that leads to critical care decision making, which translates into family satisfaction1 and to transitions toward palliative care when patients will no longer benefit from critical care. Scoring systems have been developed to objectively predict outcomes among seriously ill patients, however, several studies suggest that clinicians are able to as accurately prognosticate mortality for individual patients by a gestalt process compared to prognostic scoring systems.2-4 Poses and colleagues showed that critical care clinicians have excellent overall discriminating ability concerning survival (separating patients into those who survive and those who die) and that attending physicians’ predictions were better calibrated (how well predicted probabilities agreed with actual observed risk) than those of house-officers.5 Elsewhere, Poses and colleagues point out that accurate prognostic calibration can be an important determinant of quality of care.6 The critical care physician must be able to predict not only a patient’s survival probability, but also whether intensive care unit interventions can influence this probability. Fellows in critical care have completed at least 3 years of post-graduate training, usually in internal medicine, and are responsible for supervising residents in the ICU of academic medical centers while they learn the skills of critical care. Fellows learn procedures and the approach to the critically ill patient. During training fellows likely also develop their prognostic ability. To explore prognostic capability among critical care fellows, we compared fellows’ and attendings’ assessments of futile or probably futile critical care and evaluated factors associated with these assessments. This report builds on our previous work in which attending physicians’ assessments of futile treatment were quantified,7 and explores whether and how assessments from critical care physicians-in-training differ from attendings. We hypothesized that fellows would not discern whether aggressive critical care is futile as accurately as attending physicians.
Responding to culturally based spiritual experiences in clinical practice from East Asian perspectives

Spirituality is one of the most important aspects of diversity; however, it is often neglected in clinical practice and even in multicultural training. In order for clinicians and trainers to deepen their understandings of how to incorporate culturally based spiritual experiences effectively into their practices, this study explored how East Asian clinicians respond to spiritual beliefs expressed and spiritual practices utilised by their East Asian clients. Three focus groups were formed consisting of nine clinicians from Chinese, Korean, and Japanese communities in the Northwest region of the United States. Each group was interviewed based on the semi-structured question guideline and the data were analysed to identify core themes of culturally based spiritual experiences and delineate effective ways to understand and respond to them. This article included various case examples as well as clinical recommendations suggested by research participants.
Citation for presentation of 2008 Nicholas J. Shackleton award to R. Lawrence Edwards

Nick Shackleton is widely recognized for his major discoveries connecting the isotopic record preserved in foraminifera (Fig. 1) that grew in the oceans and the mass of ice stored in ice sheets during periods of continental glaciations. He was awarded the Crafoord Prize of the Royal Swedish Academy for his pioneering discoveries on glaciations & climate change (Fig. 2). In addition to his scientific accomplishments, Nick was an excellent musician and collected old instruments that are both played and greatly valued by musicians. Remarkably, the musical community knew him as a musician and had no idea of his scientific activities (Fig. 3).
The Residence times of eight trace metals in a closed-basin Antarctic Lake: Lake Hoare

Water column and stream measurements of eight trace metals are presented for the Lake Hoare system. With the exception of Cd, metals showed little tendency to accumulate in the upper reservoir (> 24 m) of this closed-basin lake. Residence time trends for trace and major elements in this system were comparable to those in the oceans. It is concluded that particle reactive elements will behave in a similar manner from one closed aquatic system to another, and will tend to undergo rapid removal in comparison with the major elements. Of the eight metals studied, the adjacent transition series elements Mn, Fe, and Co had the shortest residence times.
Chromosomal rearrangements in Plantago insularis Eastw.

Seeds of Plantago insularisEastw. which were irradiated with gamma rays yielded 37–67% semi-sterile plants. Twenty-four out of sixty-four of these plants were heterozygous for one or more chromosomal rearrangements. Twothirds of these were translocations, and one-third were inversions. Homozygous lines for four translocations were established. The karyotypes of these provide chromosome markers either at pachynema or in mitotic divisions, or both.
Spray Deposition from Ground-based Applications of Carbaryl to Protect Individual Trees from Bark Beetle Attack

Bark beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae) are recognized as the most important tree mortality agent in western coniferous forests. A common method of protecting trees from bark beetle attack is to saturate the tree bole with carbaryl (1-naphthyl methylcarbamate) using a hydraulic sprayer. In this study, we evaluate the amount of carbaryl drift (ground deposition) occurring at four distances from the tree bole (7.6, 15.2, 22.9, and 38.1 m) during conventional spray applications for protecting individual lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud.) from mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins) attack and Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm.) from spruce beetle (D. rufipennis [Kirby]) attack. Mean deposition (carbaryl + alpha-naphthol) did not differ significantly among treatments (nozzle orifices) at any distance from the tree bole. Values ranged from 0.04 +/- 0.02 mg carbaryl m(-2) at 38.1 m to 13.30 +/- 2.54 mg carbaryl m(-2) at 7.6 m. Overall, distance from the tree bole significantly affected the amount of deposition. Deposition was greatest 7.6 m from the tree bole and quickly declined as distance from the tree bole increased. Approximately 97% of total spray deposition occurred within 15.2 m of the tree bole. Application efficiency (i.e., percentage of insecticide applied that is retained on trees) ranged from 80.9 to 87.2%. Based on review of the literature, this amount of drift poses little threat to adjacent aquatic environments. No-spray buffers of 7.6 m should be sufficient to protect freshwater fish, amphibians, crustaceans, bivalves, and most aquatic insects. Buffers >22.9 m appear sufficient to protect the most sensitive aquatic insects (Plecoptera).
Comparing the creep response of alumina tows and single filaments

Abstract Experimental results indicate that as-received tows behave as a collection of independent filaments during steady-state creep. However, even limited sintering cause changes in filament microstructure and tow architecture that result in a creep response significantly different than that predicted from single filament behavior.
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome presenting as bone marrow and mediastinal cryptococcosis

Disseminated cryptococcosis developed as the first manifestation of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome in a previously healthy Haitian man. Following presentation with a febrile illness that included massive mediastinal and peripheral lymphadenopathy, the patient died of overwhelming pulmonary, visceral, and meningeal cryptococcosis.
Feasibility of dose-intensive continuous 5-fluorouracil, doxorubicin, and cyclophosphamide as adjuvant therapy for breast cancer.

BACKGROUND: Several studies support the belief that the efficacy of adjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer is related to the dose intensity of the chemotherapy used (expressed in milligrams per square meter per week). Retrospective analyses indicate that the actual delivered dose intensity may correlate more strongly with efficacy than the intended dose delivery. METHODS: A doxorubicin-based adjuvant regimen was studied for breast cancer. It was modeled on the Southwest Oncology Group's regimen of cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and 5-fluorouracil in that daily oral cyclophosphamide and weekly intravenous 5-fluorouracil were used, but weekly doxorubicin was substituted for methotrexate and administered in both the adjuvant and neoadjuvant setting to 29 patients. RESULTS: The actual dose delivery was 1.21-1.24-fold that calculated for the delivered dose in the two other adjuvant regimens using the same three drugs (5-fluorouracil, doxorubicin, and cyclophosphamide) for which this could be determined. This regimen was tolerated well. Toxicity was minimal and consisted largely of expected neutropenia. CONCLUSIONS: Whether improved dose intensity can be increased further with the use of growth factors or actually confers improved outcomes awaits the results of larger future trials.
Adenoma of Langerhans' islet of the pancreas

Abstract A case report of an adenoma of Langerhans' islet of the pancreas is presented. The symptoms were marked by episodes of mental confusion and irrationality followed by retrograde amnesia. The glucose tolerance curves were characterized by low initial values with a peak high above normal levels remaining for an hour and dropping again to subnormal values. The postoperative course was complicated by pancreatitis and a slow recovery.
Synthesis of 5‐lodo‐ and 5‐nitro‐3‐indolyl phosphates as cytochemical substrates for acid phosphatase

The synthesis of 5-iodo-3-indolyl and 5-nitro-3-indolyl phosphate for cytochemical demonstration of acid phosphatase is reported. Enzymatic hydrolysis of these compounds liberates the corresponding indoxyl which is oxidized to the substituted indigo at an acid pH. In contrast, the 5-bromo and the unsubstituted indoxyl are not oxidized readily at an acid pH. Comparison of the UV and visible, spectra of the disubstituted indigo has offered a partial explanation for this difference. E.S.R. measurements showed that 5,5′-diiodoindigo, unlike 5,5′-dibromoindigo, gives a detectable radical ion at an acid pH.
Acute Dyspnea After Colonoscopy

A 64 year-old male with Human immunodeficiency virus, pulmonary tuberculosis treated 20 years ago, and cirrhosis was admitted with chronic, progressive dyspnea and found to have severe iron deficiency anemia (hemoglobin 4.6 g/dL). To evaluate the anemia, a colonoscopy was performed but was non-diagnostic due to suboptimal bowel preparation. Within 2 hours the patient developed acute dyspnea and abdominal discomfort. A chest radiograph is shown in Figure 1.
Spatial distribution of messenger RNA in the cytoskeletal framework of ascidian eggs

Maternal poly(A)+RNA, histone mRNA, and actin mRNA exhibit unique spatial distributions in the different ooplasmic regions of ascidian eggs. These RNAs also appear to migrate with their respective ooplasms during the episode of extensive cytoplasmic rearrangement that occurs after fertilization, suggesting they are associated with a structural framework. The role of the cytoskeletal framework (CF) in determining the spatial distribution of maternal mRNA was tested by subjecting Triton X-100 extracted (Styela plicata) eggs and early embryos to in situ hybridization with poly(U) and cloned DNA probes. Grain counts indicated that substantial proportions of the egg poly(A)+RNA, histone mRNA, and actin mRNA were present in the CF and that there was no alteration in the extent of mRNA-CF interactions during the period between fertilization and the two-cell stage. Analysis of grain distributions indicated that poly(A)+RNA, histone mRNA, and actin mRNA were concentrated in the same regions of detergent-extracted eggs as they are in intact eggs. The proportions and spatial distribution of these RNAs in the CF were not affected when the actin cytoskeleton was destabilized by cytochalasin B or DNase I. The data suggest that maternal mRNA is associated with the CF, that this association is responsible for mRNA rearrangement during ooplasmic segregation, and that mRNA-CF interactions are not dependent on the integrity of the actin cytoskeleton.
Transcribe to survive: transcriptional control of antioxidant defense programs for neuroprotection in Parkinson's disease.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive, primarily motor disorder that is characterized by loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons within the substantia nigra (SN). Cell death in PD has been associated with impaired mitochondrial function and increased oxidative stress. Strategies to reduce the oxidative load in DA cells may be beneficial in slowing the progression of PD. The transcription factor nuclear factor-erythroid 2 (NF-E2) related factor 2 (NRF2) is emerging as a master regulator of antioxidant defense systems, which makes it an attractive target for manipulations that aim to increase cellular resistance to oxidative stress. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) coactivator-1 alpha (PGC1α) is a regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis genes that simultaneously upregulates many genes known to protect against oxidative stress. Pgc-1α knockout mice show enhanced susceptibility to SN neuronal loss following MPTP exposure, whilst overexpression of Pgc-1α appears to protect against oxidative...
James V: The Personal Rule 1528–1542 – By Jamie Cameron. Edited by Norman Macdougall

James V is most often remembered—if he is at all—as Mary Stuart's father, dying picturesquely of a broken heart after Scotland's defeat at English hands in the battle of Solway Moss. Jamie Cameron,...
Enzymic interconversion of fatty alcohols and fatty acids.

The enzymic reduction of l-14C-palmitic acid to hexadecanol and the enzymic oxidation of l-14C-hexadecanol to palmitic acid have been demonstrated in unwashed microsomes from mouse preputial gland tumors. NAD is required for oxidation and NADPH is required for reduction. ATP, CoA, and Mg++ are also required for the reduction of fatty acids (presumably for activation) but they are not necessary for the oxidation of fatty alcohols.
Reliability and performance scaling of very high speed SiGe HBTs

Abstract We discuss the SiGe HBT structural changes required for very high performance. The increase in collector concentration, affecting current density and avalanche current, appears to be the most fundamental concern for reliability. In device design, a narrow emitter and reduced poly–single-crystal interfacial oxide are important elements in minimizing device parameter shifts. From the application point of view, avalanche hot-carriers appear to present new constraints, which may be managed through limiting voltage (to 1.5×–2× BVCEO), or through circuit designs robust to base current parameter shifts.
Fabrication Process Comparison and Dynamics Evaluation of Electrothermal Actuators for a Prototype MEMS Safe and Arming Devices

Electrothermal actuators fabricated using the Polysilicon Multi-User MEMS Process (PolyMUMPs) and the Sandia Ultra-Planar, Multi-Level MEMS Technology 5 (SUMMiT V) have been investigated for use in integrated microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) safe and arming devices. The fabricated electrothermal actuators have been dynamically tested to determine and compare the responses of devices from both processes. Furthermore, the integration of these devices into a safe and arming device were tested and investigated for each process. Initial results indicate that the SUMMiT devices provide the most optimum results based on consistency of operation and reliability.
Quit attempts among African American teenage smokers seeking treatment: gender differences.

Abstract Background. African Americans experience disproportionate smoking-related mortality. Because established smoking during youth predisposes to adult smoking and serious health consequences, characterizing ethnic differences in adolescent smokers' self-quit attempts may inform ethnic-specific approaches to youth smoking cessation. Methods. African American and European American teenage smokers applying to a teenage smoking cessation study (2000–2003) provided smoking-related data, including characteristics of previous cessation attempts and prior use of nicotine replacement therapy (NRT). Tobacco dependence was assessed using the Fagerstrom Test of Nicotine Dependence (FTND). Results. Of 980 (15.5 ± 1.3 years, 41.8% African American, 59.9% female) participants, African Americans boys were significantly less likely than European American boys to report a prior quit attempt (OR = 0.35, 95% CI 0.17–0.73, P = 0.0049) or to have used NRT (OR = 0.60, 95% CI 0.36–0.998, P = 0.049) after adjusting for years smoked and FTND score. African American girls were more likely to report a prior request for cessation treatment than European American girls after adjusting for FTND and years smoked (OR = 2.19, 95% CI 1.37–3.48, P = 0.001). Conclusions. While increasing education and outreach to African American boys and enhancing access to formal cessation programs for African American girls who smoke may be beneficial, our findings warrant extension to non-treatment-seeking teenage smokers.
Combined use of fibrin tissue adhesive and acellular dermis in dural repair.

BackgroundThe management of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks can be challenging. Acellular dermal grafts derived from human cadavers can be used as a replacement material when autogenous materials a...
Determining transport parameters for superconductor/normal metal point contacts at fixed temperature from conductance versus magnetic field data

Abstract Transport data for superconductor/normal metal point contacts often consists of normalized conductance versus applied voltage as a function of reduced temperature, from which the barrier parameter, Z, and the broadening parameter, Γ, for the contact can be determined, in addition to other features of interest. We present a new strategy for determining these parameters, namely from normalized conductance as a function of applied magnetic field at fixed temperature, even when conductance versus variable temperature data is absent. This analysis technique will be demonstrated for several point contacts, over a wide range of parameter values.
Risk assessment for possible carcinogens: a critical look.

Our overall understanding of mechanisms of toxicology in relation to human disease, with prevention of disease as a major objective, depends in part on the development of an adequate number of ways to assess risks, both short term and long term. Despite the cost, the long duration of the test, and some pitfalls, the long-term animal tests remain, to date, the only reliable assay for possible carcinogens. Recent work has concentrated increasingly on the development of short-term tests to replace the long-term tests. Such a development would be most welcome from several points of view. To date, a variety of approaches have been or are being used. These include (1) activation to an alkylating agent with DNA as the most important target, generating possible mutations in DNA and DNA damage with or without repair, (2) induction of cell proliferation, at least a few cycles, with DNA synthesis as the major target, again favoring mutations, and (3) decrease in cell-to-cell communication (gap-junctional intercellul...
Implementing Science Notebooks Primary Grades

In this article, the author details the process teachers can use to teach primary-age children how to use science notebooks. To lay the foundation for using notebooks, the author describes important elements of science notebooks and makes a distinction between science notebooks and journals. In addition, the article highlights the benefits associated with using notebooks. Finally, connections are include to the National Science Standards, as well as supporting resources for teacher use.
A climatology and time series for dissolved nitrate in the Gulf of Maine region

Abstract A compilation of data from 1932 to 2011 of dissolved inorganic nitrogen was used to generate spatially interpolated monthly climatologies for three depth layers in the Gulf of Maine region. Residuals from the spatial climatology are used to generate seasonal and annual time series. A bivariate co-kriging analysis was used to interpolate to a regular grid for each year within the historical record, then the resultant kriging error variance was used to determine a weighting value to generate the climatological mean. This interpolation method generates a realistic estimate as it incorporates most of the available nutrient data, geographic extrapolations based on defined spatial covariance functions, and an objective reproducible methodology. Residuals from the interpolated fields show the Gulf of Maine tends to vary on seasonal and annual timescales as a single cohesive unit, whereas intra-seasonal dynamics are more localized. Anomalies during the spring drawdown and fall replenishment are highly dependent on timing of the seasonal progression and less reliant on preceding nutrient conditions. Lagged correlations of residuals suggest seasonal mixing dynamics may be more important than elevated nutrient concentrations at depth to supplying surface waters with available nutrients.
INFLUENCE OF GLUCAGON ON BOVINE SPERM GLYCOLYSIS.

Abstract Glucagon, added to washed bovine sperm, increased the uptake of fructose or glucose by the cells. Glucagon did not increase fructolysis by hexokinase or insulin, but increased the fructolytic rate of the insulin-hexokinase combination. With respect to glucose uptake glucagon acted similarly, but it also enhanced uptake in the presence of hexokinase. When fructose and glucose were present together, only glucolysis was affected by the additives. Under these conditions glucagon not only stimulated glucose uptake but augmented the increases obtained with insulin, hexokinase. or the insulin-hexokinase combination.
The silencing of Simone de Beauvoir guess what's missing from the second sex

Abstract Inadequate, inaccurate English translations of works by feminist scholars can slow the advancement of international research in women's studies. We must begin to subject translations to the same critical attention we have focused on those sexist authoring and publishing practices that have defined women's interests as tangential to scholarly research. Simone de Beauvoir's The Second Sex, one of the most widely known, classic essays on women's experience and a cornerstone of contemporary feminist theory, is available in only one English translation from the French. In that 1952 translation by a professor of zoology, Howard M. Parshley, over 10 per cent of the material in the original French edition has been deleted, including fully one-half of a chapter and the names of seventy-eight women in history. These unindicated deletions seriously undermine the integrity of Beauvoir's analysis of such important topics as the American and European nineteenth-century suffrage movements, and the development of socialist feminism in France. Compounding the confusion created by the deletions, are mistranslations of key philosophical terms. The phrase, ‘for-itself’, for example, which identifies a distinctive concept from Sartrean existentialism, has been rendered into English as its technical opposite, ‘in-itself’. These mistranslations obscure the philosophical context of Beauvoir's work and give the mistaken impression to the English reader that Beauvoir is a sloppy writer, and thinker.
Postoperative management following heart transplantation

Advances in surgical techniques, postoperative care, and experience have led to improved outcome in heart transplant patients. Specifically, the use of corticosteroid-free immunosuppression has reduced the risk of infection. The use of pravastatin early after transplantation has led to a decrease in clinically severe rejection episodes, improvement in survival, and reduction in transplant coronary artery disease. Reduction in natural-killer-cell cytotoxicity in the pravastatin-treated patients suggests an adjunct immunosuppressive effect of pravastatin in those patients on CyA-based immunosuppression. Quality of life has also improved in the heart transplant recipient with cardiac rehabilitation demonstrating a beneficial role in the improvement of exercise capacity. Newer immunosuppressive agents and strategies continue to demonstrate benefit in improving survival and the quality of life of the heart transplant recipient.
Anthropic correction of information estimates

A novel estimator for mutual information is proposed. The estimator is useful for the (asymmetric) scenario where only a few samples for one random variable are available, but for each sample, the conditional distribution of the other random variable can be accurately characterized. Such asymmetry is common in neuroscience where it is often necessary to repeat the same stimulus many times to obtain a stable response.
Reduced-precision redundancy on FPGAs

Reduced-precision redundancy (RPR) has been shown to be a viable alternative to triple modular redundancy (TMR) for digital circuits. This paper builds on previous research by offering a detailed analysis of the implementation of RPR on FPGAs to improve reliability in soft error environments. Example implementations and fault injection experiments demonstrate the cost and benefits of RPR, showing how RPR can be used to improve the failure rate by up to 200 times over an unmitigated system at costs less than half that of TMR. A novel method is also presented for improving the error-masking ability of RPR by up to 5 times at no additional hardware cost under certain conditions. This research shows RPR to be a very flexible soft error mitigation technique and offers insight into its application on FPGAs.
Pathogenesis of Onchocercal Keratitis (River Blindness)

Onchocerciasis is a major cause of blindness. Although the World Health Organization has been successful in reducing onchocerciasis as a public health problem in parts of West Africa, there remain an estimated 17 million people infected with Onchocerca volvulus, the parasite that causes this disease. Ocular pathology can be manifested in any part of the eye, although disease manifestations are frequently characterized as either posterior or anterior eye disease. This review focuses on onchocerca-mediated keratitis that results from an inflammatory response in the anterior portion of the eye and summarizes what is currently known about human disease. This review also describes studies with experimental models that have been established to determine the immunological mechanisms underlying interstitial keratitis. The pathogenesis of keratitis is thought to be due to the host inflammatory response to degenerating parasites in the eye; therefore, the primary clinical symptoms of onchocercal keratitis (corneal opacification and neovascularization) are induced after injection of soluble O. volvulus antigens into the corneal stroma. Experimental approaches have demonstrated an essential role for sensitized T helper cells and shown that cytokines can regulate the severity of keratitis by controlling recruitment of inflammatory cells into the cornea. Chemokines are also important in inflammatory cell recruitment to the cornea, and their role in onchocerciasis is being examined. Further understanding of the molecular basis of the development of onchocercal keratitis may lead to novel approaches to immunologically based intervention.
Energy Release Characteristics of Impact-Initiated Energetic Materials

Impact-initiated energetic materials are a class of energetic materials that are formulated to release energy under highly dynamic loads. Under quasi-static or static loads, however, the materials are intended to be inert and carry a material classification of 4.1 flammable solid. In general, these materials are formed by introducing metal powders into a polymer binder but a number of binderless varieties exist (primarily pressed/sintered intermetallics and thermites). Most of the materials are sufficiently insensitive so as not to produce a self-sustaining reaction; as such, they require the mechanical work of a high-strain-rate plastic deformation process to provide the energy required to drive the reaction. Traditional initiation techniques such as exploding bridge wires or flame initiation are not sufficient to maintain a reaction in this class of materials. This paper presents a brief overview of the energy release characteristics of this class of materials, including a discussion of the material formulations, initiation phenomena, and a discussion of the manner in which the material properties affect the energy release characteristics.
Parents' Expectations About Future Outcomes of Children with MR in Kenya Differential Effects of Gender and Severity of MR

This study defined and validated three constructs of parents' expectations about future outcomes for children with mental retardation in Kenya: adult responsibilities, community membership, and educational attainment. The purpose was to investigate changes in these constructs across child's gender and severity of mental retardation. Using a maximum-likelihood confirmatory factor analysis on a questionnaire developed for the purposes of this study, it was found that the hypothesized model of parents' expectations was adequate and fit with data. Gender differences in favor of boys were found for the parents' expectations about future adult responsibilities and educational attainment, but not about community membership. Overall, parents' expectations about future outcomes for children with severe mental retardation were much lower than those for children with mild or moderate mental retardation. However, there was also an interaction between the child's gender and level of mental retardation for the parents'...
Changes in climate and hydrochemical responses in a high-elevation catchment in the Rocky Mountains, USA

A continuous climate record since 195 1 at Niwot Ridge in the Colorado Front Range shows a decline in mean annual temperature, an increase in annual precipitation amount, and a decrease in mean daily solar radiation for the summer months. The increase in precipitation amount explains about half of the 200% increase in annual wet deposition of NO,- to Niwot Ridge over the last decade. Differences in climate parameters between 1994 and 1995 (increased snow depth and decreased net energy flux to the snowpack) resulted in a 4-5-fold increase in the magnitude of solute release from the snowpack in the form of an ionic pulse. In turn, the high chemical loading of strong acid anions in the seasonal snowpack and release of these solutes from the seasonal snowpack in the form of an ionic pulse is causing episodic acidification (ANC < 0 peq liter-l) in headwater catchments at present deposition levels. Small changes in climate parameters may cause large changes in the hydrochemistry of alpine streams. The changes in climate at Niwot Ridge are not in synchrony with lowland warming in the Great Plains to the east and serve as a reminder that climate in alpine areas is driven by local conditions and may be asynchronous with regional and global climate trends.
Statistical properties of the spectrum of the two-level system.

Several statistical properties of the energy levels of a two-level atom interacting with one mode of quantized electromagnetic field are investigated in connection with possible "quantum-chaotic" behavior of the system.
Electronic characterization of silicon doped beyond the solubility limit via femtosecond laser irradiation

We have performed temperature-dependent resistivity measurements of silicon after doping with sulfur via femtosecond laser irradiation. Results are consistent with a theoretically predicted binding energy for sulfur donors of 100 meV below the conduction-band edge.
Language and memory

This paper outlines some of the issues and basic philosophy that have guided my work and that of my students in the last ten years. It describes the progression of conceptual representational theories developed during that time, as well as some of the research models built to implement those theories. The paper concludes with a discussion of my most recent work in the area of modelling memory. It presents a theory of MOPs (Memory Organization Packets), which serve as both processors and organizers of information in memory. This enables effective categorization of experiences in episodic memory, which in turn enables better predictive understanding of new experiences.
Metastatic conventional prostatic adenocarcinoma with diffuse chromogranin A and androgen receptor positivity

Conventional prostate adenocarcinomas consist mainly of tumour cells of luminal immunophenotype with scattered neuroendocrine (NE) cells. NE cells are defined by chromogranin A (CGA) immunoreactivity. Unlike luminal cells, NE cells lack androgen receptor (AR) and prostate specific antigen (PSA) immunoreactivity. This report describes the first case of conventional prostate adenocarcinoma expressing CGA, PSA, and AR as determined by immunohistochemistry. A 64 year old man was diagnosed with conventional prostate adenocarcinoma in 1993; he underwent cystoprostatectomy in 1994; he developed an iliac bone metastasis in 1997 and mediastinal lymph node metastases in 1999. All specimens obtained during the progression of the disease consisted primarily of luminal cells with only scattered NE cells. In contrast, in samples of non-osseous and osseous metastases obtained at necropsy in 2001, greater than 80% of tumour cells were shown to express PSA, AR, and CGA. This suggests that during tumour progression, conventional prostate adenocarcinomas may evolve into an NE cell phenotype.
Theoretical study of the bond dissociation energies of propyne (C3H4)

The C-C and C-H bond dissociation energies (BDEs) of propyne have been computed using the modified coupled-pair functional method. Due to hyperconjugation, the C-C and methyl C-H single bonds are stronger and weaker, respectively than those in ethane. The acetylenic C-H and C triple bond C BDEs are larger and smaller, respectively, than in acetylene, also as a result of the hyperconjugation. Our best estimate of 92.5 +/- 2 kcal/mol for the methyl C-H BDE in propyne is slightly larger than the experimental value. For the acetylenic C-H BDE in propyne we predict 135.9 +/- 2 kcal/mol.
Quantitative analysis of liver metabolites in three stages of the circannual hibernation cycle in 13-lined ground squirrels by NMR.

Thirteen-lined ground squirrels and other circannual hibernators undergo profound physiological changes on an annual basis, transitioning from summer homeothermy [body temperature (Tb) ∼37°C] to wi...
A Silenced Plasmodium falciparum var Promoter Can Be Activated In Vivo through Spontaneous Deletion of a Silencing Element in the Intron

Introns of Plasmodium falciparum var genes act as transcriptional silencing elements that help control antigenic variations. In transfected episomes, intron silencing of a drug-selectable marker under var promoter control is reversed by the spontaneous deletion of key intron regions. The resulting promoter activation does not affect the transcription of chromosomal var genes.
Effects of sterilization on periodontal instruments

The sharpness of surgical instruments is of particular importance to the periodontist. In order to study the effects of sterilization on the cutting edges of periodontal curets and scalers, new sharpened instruments were sterilized 10 cycles with saturated steam, formalin-alcohol vapor or dry heat. The instruments were evaluated before and after sterilization with a scanning electron microscope. No visual damage to the cutting edges of stainless steel instruments was evident after sterilization by saturated steam at 250 degrees F, formalin-alcohol vapor at 270 degrees F or dry heat up to 340 degrees F. Carbon steel instruments were not damaged by formalin-alcohol vapor at 270 degrees F or dry heat up to 340 degrees F. Saturated steam caused oxidation and dulling of carbon steel instruments.
IDA-intrusion detection alert

The author provides an overview of the IDA (intrusion detection alert) knowledge-based system project. This project involves the development of a prototype knowledge based system to analyze mainframe security audit trail data. Various aspects of the IDA knowledge-based system prototyping effort, including project management, design, and development are discussed. Highlights of IDA features are described. The use of knowledge based system technology to address the increased importance of securing corporate data and information systems, a critical and valuable company asset, is the primary focus. >
Assessment of Quality for Middle Level and High School Student-Generated Water Quality Data†

Student scientists have analyzed groundwater used for drinking water in rural areas to understand groundwater quality. This was part of a greater effort to understand risks to drinking water. The data produced by middle level and high school students have not been accepted by experts because of concerns about method and student accuracy. We assessed the inherent errors associated with method accuracy, student precision, and sample variability to establish bounds for attainable trueness in water analyses. Analytical test kits and probes were evaluated for the determination of pH, conductivity, chloride, hardness, iron, total soluble metals, and nitrate. In terms of precision, all methods met or exceeded design specifications. Method trueness was variable and in general ranged from good to poor depending on method. A gage reproducibility and repeatability analysis of instrumental methods (pH and conductivity) partitioned the variances into student error (12-46%), instrumental error (8-21%), and random error (45-68%). Overall, student-generated data met some of the quality objectives consistent with the method limitations. Some methods exhibited a systematic bias and data adjustment may be necessary. Given good management of the student analyst process, it is possible to make precise and accurate measurements consistent with the methods specifications.
Catalogue of the type specimens of Ichneumonidae (Hymenoptera) in the Jacques F. Aubert collection at the Musée de Zoologie, Lausanne, Switzerland

Jacques F. Aubert described more than 600 ichneumonid taxa, mainly from the Alps and the Mediterranean region. His large collection was furthermore used by other ichneumonid taxonomists, who described additional new taxa. The namebearing types of 501 of these taxa are deposited at the Musee de Zoologie in Lausanne. In order to make information about these types accessible to future ichneumonid researchers, we here list all taxa and report the original label contents of the name-bearing types. Additionally, we clarify the status of the type specimens and discuss the availability of names in cases where Aubert’s descriptions do not conform to the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. key words: Ichneumonoidea, holotype, lectotype, neotype, nomenclature, syntype, type catalogue
Threshold crack speed in dynamic fracture of silicon

We report a study of dynamic cracking of a silicon single crystal in which the ReaxFF reactive force field is used for about 3,000 atoms near the crack tip while the other 100,000 atoms of the model system are described with a simple nonreactive force field. The ReaxFF is completely derived from quantum mechanical calculations of simple silicon systems without any empirical parameters. This model has been successfully used to study crack dynamics in silicon, capable of reproducing key experimental results such as orientation dependence of crack dynamics (Buehler et al., Phys. Rev. Lett., 2006). Here we focus on crack speeds as a function of loading and crack propagation mechanisms. We find that the steady state crack speed does not increase continuously with applied load, but instead jumps to a finite value immediately after the critical load, followed by a regime of slow increase. Our results quantitatively reproduce experimental observations of crack speeds during fracture in silicon along the (111) planes, confirming the existence of lattice trapping effects. We find that the underlying reason for this behavior is formation of a 5-7-double ring defect at the tip of the crack, effectively hindering nucleation of the crack at the Griffith load. We develop a simple continuum model that explains the qualitative behavior of the fracture dynamics.
The effect of antihypertensive treatment on the incidence of stroke and cognitive decline in the elderly: a meta-analysis

Aim: To evaluate the effectiveness of antihypertensives in reducing neurocognitive outcomes in elderly patients. Patients & methods: We conducted a systematic literature search of randomized trials in which hypertensive patients with a mean age ≥65 years received antihypertensive or control treatment. Outcomes were stroke, transient ischemic attack, cognitive decline and dementia. We included 14 trials for meta-analysis. Results: Compared to placebo, antihypertensive treatment reduced the risk of stroke (RR: 0.67 [95% CI: 0.57–0.79]). Reduced risk was significant for transient ischemic attack, fatal stroke, nonfatal stroke and total stroke. There were insufficient data to compare individual agents. Conclusion: Antihypertensive treatment is associated with a significant reduction in stroke in elderly individuals. Reductions in dementia and cognitive decline were not significant; however, there was short follow-up. Comparative effectiveness evidence is limited.
Competitive Behavior in the U.S. Green Skin Avocado Market

This study examined imperfect competition in international fruit markets. We conducted an empirical exercise to assess the intensity of competition in the US green skin avocado import market during the 2004 to 2013 period. A model using the (inverse) residual demand method as proposed by Goldberg and Knetter (1999) was specified and estimated. Findings reveal the existence of imperfect competition in the US green skin avocado market over the sample period. Estimation results show that the Dominican Republic, acting as an exporter exercises market power and maintains its marketing margin throughout the year.
How does Oracle Database In-Memory scale out?

The Oracle RDBMS In-memory Option (DBIM), introduced in 2014, is an industry-first distributed dual format in-memory RDBMS that allows a database object to be stored in columnar format purely in-memory, simultaneously maintaining transactional consistency with the corresponding row-major format persisted in storage and accessed through in-memory database buffer cache. The in-memory columnar format is highly optimized to break performance barriers in analytic query workloads while the row format is most suitable for OLTP workloads. In this paper, we present the distributed architecture of the Oracle Database In-memory Option that enables the in-memory RDBMS to transparently scale out across a set of Oracle database server instances in an Oracle RAC cluster, both in terms of memory capacity and query processing throughput. The architecture allows complete application-transparent, extremely scalable and automated in-memory distribution of Oracle RDBMS objects across multiple instances in a cluster. It seamlessly provides distribution awareness to the Oracle SQL execution framework, ensuring completely local memory scans through affinitized fault-tolerant parallel execution within and across servers without explicit optimizer plan changes or query rewrites.
Chinese Intellectuals' Notion of "Epoch" (Shidai) in the Post-May Fourth Era

China's entry into the modern world has been protracted and tortuous. The process is not completed even in our time. The century-long revolutionary transformation in China's recent history readily testifies to the dead weight of a tradition to be overcome. However, equally forceful has been the modern Chinese intelligentsia's obsession with the notion of "modernity" in the last century and a half. Step by step, the Confucian ideological commitment to a paradigmatic "antiquity" was liquidated in the post-Opium War era. For the first time in the Chinese consciousness, the "modern" came into its own in a most compelling manner, eventually replacing the mystical "antiquity" as the ultimate authority to be evoked as guidance for action.
Pearls and Pitfalls in Diagnosing IgE-Mediated Food Allergy.

The term “food allergy” is used by many patients and clinicians to describe a range of symptoms that occur after ingestion of specific foods. However, not all symptoms occurring after food exposure are due to an allergic, or immunologic, response. It is important to properly evaluate and diagnose immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated food allergy as this results in reproducible, immediate onset, allergic reactions that can progress toward life-threatening anaphylaxis. Proper diagnosis requires understanding of the common foods that cause these reactions in addition to key historical elements such as symptoms, timing and duration of reaction, and risk factors that may predispose to development of IgE-mediated food allergy. Diagnostic testing for food-specific IgE can greatly aid the diagnosis. However, false-positive test results are very common and can lead to overinterpretation, misdiagnosis, and unnecessary dietary elimination. This review discusses important aspects to consider during evaluation of a patient for suspected IgE-mediated food allergy.
Evidence that reverse transcriptase is a component of murine epididymal fluid.

AbstractThe sperm-free fluid fraction of epididymal semen obtained from males of four mouse strains contained a DNA polymerase activity with properties of murine retrovirus reverse transcriptase (RT). Epididymal fluids from two of the strains of mice, NIH Swiss and New Zealand Black (NZB), had an order of magnitude more enzyme activity per microgram of protein than did the fluids of C57B1/6 and Balb/c males. Most of the enzyme activity in the Swiss and NZB males, but not in the C57B1/6 and Balb/c males, banded in isopycnic sucrose gradients at the buoyant density of retrovirus particles. The males were fertile and free of tumor or other detectable disease up to 17 months of age. The evidence suggests RT activity is ubiquitous in the male reproductive tract of mice and may or may not be associated with virus particles.
Entladungsverhalten einzelner motorischer Einheiten bei urämischen Patienten

Bei 24 uramischen Patienten mit fehlenden oder leichten Symptomen einer Polyneuropathie wurden einzelne motorische Einheiten mit Mikroelektroden aus dem M. interosseus I abgeleitet. Gegenuber Normalpersonen fanden sich typische Veranderungen im Entladungsmuster. Diese wurden zu den klinischen und elektromyo- und neurographischen Befunden in Beziehung gesetzt.