cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
‘It's complicated.’ Exploring the meaning of sibling relationships of youth in foster care

Youth in foster care may be separated from their sibling(s) for a myriad of reasons. Although empirical attention to sibling relationships has grown, an examination of what sibling(s) mean to children currently in foster care has not occurred. This study used open-ended survey responses of campers who attended Camp To Belong, a summer camp that reunites children who are separated from their sibling because of their placement in foster care. Six different member camps across the United States of America administered camper surveys. Thematic analysis was used to examine 178 responses from campers. Five major themes were identified of what siblings mean to youth in foster care: bond, dependable, fulfillment, despair and impact of separation. Youth shared the positive and protective influence their sibling(s) have in their life as well as the challenges that are associated with being separated from their sibling while in foster care. Implications of the results of the study are provided for clinicians, foster parents, researchers and sibling policy.
How can emphasizing mathematical modeling principles benefit students in a traditionally taught differential equations course

Abstract This paper reports a mixed-methods, causal-comparative study of two instructional approaches in a differential equations course for engineering undergraduates. One classroom emphasized decontextualized techniques to solve canonical differential equations. The other classroom emphasized modeling principles to derive and interpret canonical differential equations as models of real world phenomena. Both classrooms were lecture based. This paper presents a brief review of both texts and compares a lesson on the same topic from each classroom in order to illustrate what it means to emphasize modeling principles. An ANCOVA was used to compare student performance on common final exam items while controlling for prior mathematics achievement. The main effect for instructional approach was statistically significant suggesting that a modeling perspective for teaching differential equations aided student learning. This quasi-experimental study corroborates previously reported recommendations for improving teaching and learning of differential equations.
Predicting decision accuracy and certainty in complex brain-machine interactions

A promising application of brain machine interfaces (BMIs) is predicting user cognitive state, particularly in complex and demanding scenarios, so that automation can dynamically and adaptively adjust task parameters to optimize joint human-machine performance. In this paper we analyze neural, physiological and behavioral data recorded during a complex two-person “crew station” task and investigate whether these measures provide information for inferring user decision state. Specifically, we investigate how measures of EEG, pupil dilation, heart rate and response time, can be fused to infer decision confidence and accuracy in two side-tasks occurring throughout a three hour experimental session. One side-task is an auditory task, the other a visual task, both occurring within the context of the crew station scenario (auditory alert and a visual satellite map N-back task). We find that the best prediction performance always fuses EEG and pupil dilation measures, with results yielding between 70%–75% accuracy with respect to whether the subject(s) will skip making the decision (i.e. have high uncertainty) or whether he/she makes an error. Interestingly, the results suggest a possible mechanistic explanation for the utility of the fused measures, specifically the interaction between the locus coeruleus (LC), whose activity is linked to arousal state and can be inferred from pupil dilation, and the anterior cingulate (ACC), which has been linked to decision formation and monitoring and whose activity is typically measured via EEG. In general, our results demonstrate the potential in using fused neuro/physio measures to infer and track human operator decision uncertainty during demanding complex tasks, possibly enabling BMIs to eventually be employed as “cognitive orthotics” for improving man-machine interaction and performance.
Applications of Inductive Programming in Data Wrangling

99% of computer end users do not know programming and struggle with repetitive tasks. Inductive synthesis can revolutionize this landscape by enabling end users to automate repetitive tasks using examples. In order to realize this potential, we need to apply inductive synthesis to the right set of application domains. Data wrangling turns out to be a killer application area for inductive synthesis. Data is the new oil. Evolution of digital revolution, social media, cloud computing, IoT has led to production of massive amounts of digital data. This data is the new currency of the digital world since it can help drive business decisions, advertising, recommendation systems, etc. Data wrangling refers to the tedious process of transforming data from its raw format to a more structured form that is amenable for drawing insights. It is estimated that data scientists spend 80% of their time wrangling with data. Inductive synthesis can enable easier and faster data wrangling. We have developed inductive synthesis tools for assisting with various data wrangling activities including string/number/date transformations (FlashFill), extraction of structured data from semi-structured log files or webpages (FlashExtract), and formatting or table layout transformations (FlashRelate). FlashFill has been released as an Excel 2013 feature, while FlashExtract has been released as the ConvertFrom-string Powershell cmdlet and the custom field extraction capability in Azure OMS. Practical deployment of inductive synthesis tools require addressing an important challenge associated with inductive synthesis systems, namely resolving ambiguity in the example based specification. We address this challenge using two key ideas: (i) machine learning based ranking techniques to predict an intended program from within the set of programs that are consistent with the examples provided by the user, (ii) user interaction models (including program navigation and active-learning based conversational clarification) that communicate actionable information to the user to help resolve ambiguity in the example based specification.
Thinking About Immigration and Disability

The state and the body are always connected. In times of crisis (political and economic), there is often increasing concern with borders, both of the nation and of the body. It becomes “urgent” to protect the state from contagions and threats, real or imagined. With increasing urgency, leaders often attempt to unify their base by clearly articulating what it means to be a "normal citizen,” identifying which bodies are included and which are not. We can see this connection between body and state both in the present and in the past
Decentralized sliding mode control in large scale systems

Abstract This paper investigates the use of overlapping decompositions in the design of sliding mode controllers for large scale systems. The inclusion principle is defined and developed so that one can expand a dynamical system, possibly performing sliding modes, into a higher dimensional system, design decentralized sliding mode controllers in the expanded space, then contract the solution for implementation on the original system. Some design issues, like connective reachability of the sliding manifold and the stability of the sliding mode equations in the expanded and original state spaces are examined. Finally, an example is given to illustrate the effectiveness of the design methodology.
Age-Specific Mortality of Helicoverpa zea and Heliothis virescens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Larvae on Flower Buds of Transgenic Cotton Expressing Vip3A and VipCot™ Insecticidal Proteins

The age-specific mortality of bollworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), and tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (F.), larvae was quantified on flower buds (squares) of transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) cotton expressing Vip3A and VipCot™ (Vip3A + CrylAb) proteins. Cumulative mortality levels for both species and all larval ages (2 d, 4 d, 6 d, and 8-d-old) were significantly higher on squares of the Vip3A and VipCot cotton lines compared with that for the nonBt Coker 312 cotton. In general, H. zea and H. virescens larvae demonstrated significantly lower survival on VipCot squares compared with larvae that were offered Vip3A squares. The final cumulative mortality levels of H. zea larvae occurred more rapidly than that observed for H. virescens larvae on Vip3A squares. On Vip3A squares, the rates of peak mortality were similar among H. zea age-classes. Heliothis virescens in 4, 6 and 8-d-old age-classes survived longer than 2-d-old larvae on Vip3A squares. However, on VipCot squares, 8-d-old larvae of both...
Diamond Stress View Radiograph for Thumb Metacarpophalangeal Hyperextension.

Background: Successful surgical management of thumb carpometacarpal (CMC) arthritis requires treatment of coexisting metacarpophalangeal (MCP) hyperextension deformity when present. The surgeon’s d...
Advances in 3D Bioprinting for Neural Tissue Engineering

Current therapies for nerve regeneration within injured tissues have had limited success due to complicated neural anatomy and inhibitory barriers in situ. Recent advancements in 3D bioprinting technologies have enabled researchers to develop novel 3D scaffolds with complex architectures in an effort to mitigate the challenges that beset reliable and defined neural tissue regeneration. Among several possible neuroregenerative treatment approaches that are being explored today, 3D bioprinted scaffolds have the unique advantage of being highly modifiable, which promotes greater resemblance to the native biological architecture of in vivo systems. This high architectural similarity between printed constructs and in vivo structures is thought to facilitate a greater capacity for repair of damaged nerve tissues. In this review, advances of several 3D bioprinting methods are introduced, including laser bioprinting, inkjet bioprinting, and extrusion-based printing. In addition, the emergence of 4D printing is discussed, which adds a dimension of transformation over time to traditional 3D printing. Finally, an overview of emerging trends in advanced bioprinting materials is provided and their therapeutic potential for application in neural tissue regeneration is evaluated in both the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system.
Synthesis of β-Phenethyl Ethers by Base-Catalyzed Alcohol Addition Reactions to Aryl Alkenes

The direct anti-Markovnikov addition of alcohols to styrene derivatives represents a streamlined route to β-phenethyl ethers, a substructure frequently found in pharmaceuticals and other bioactive ­molecules. Here, we discuss how the development of such a reaction can complement and address limitations of current methods for β-phenethyl ether synthesis. In particular, we highlight our recent ­approach toward achieving this challenging alcohol addition reaction through P4-t-Bu superbase catalysis. A summary of compatible aryl alkenes and alcohols is provided to inform readers of potential applications of this new catalytic transformation, as well as its current limitations and future directions. 1 Introduction 2 Anti-Markovnikov Alcohol Addition to Aryl Alkenes: Background 3 Superbase-Catalyzed Alcohol Addition to Aryl Alkenes 4 Summary and Outlook
ECOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS OF THE VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF MEIOFAUNA IN SALT MARSH SEDIMENTS

Abstract We have examined the ecological implications of the vertical distribution of nematodes in anaerobic salt marsh sediments. High belowground productivity of Spartina alterniflora results in a high detrital component in the anaerobic marsh soils. Nematodes are evolutionarily adapted to these anaerobic soils and important in the transfer of energy from the detritus to other consumers. The energy pathway in anaerobic sediments, however, is not the same as the carbon cycle in aerobic sediments. A new concept of energy pathways involving nematodes is presented, which links the aerobic and anaerobic components of the marsh ecosystem. Export from the marsh which links the S. alterniflora marsh with the pelagic food web is discussed.
Epidemiologic Features of Left Ventricular Hypertrophy in Normotensive and Hypertensive Subjects

Prospective epidemiological studies in Framingham have helped us gain insight into the prevalence, incidence, pathogenesis, and prognostic importance of LVH. Highlights of previous Framingham reports regarding LVH based on ECG’s and chest X-rays are reviewed. More recent data for which M-mode echocardiography has been used, are presented. Data are based upon an uninterrupted prospective follow-up of 5,209 subjects selected in the early 1950’s. Information on a second generation including 5,134 offspring of the original cohort and offspring spouses was added in 1971.
Factors Associated with Success of Axillary Intra-aortic Balloon Pump as a Bridge to Transplant Strategy

Introduction Several studies have shown lack of benefit of intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) in the setting of ST-elevation myocardial infarction and cardiogenic shock. However, IABP continues to be used as mechanical circulatory support for bridge to cardiac transplant in patients with acute-on-chronic heart failure. We conducted this study to analyze characteristics that predict successful bridge to transplant with IABP. Methods We did a single-center retrospective analysis of all patients that received percutaneously inserted axillary IABP as BTT from November 2007 to February 2018. Baseline hemodynamic parameters were assessed by right heart catheterization reports and echocardiograms prior to the implantation of IABP. We calculated left ventricular cardiac power output (W) as mean arterial pressure x cardiac output/451. Death on IABP support was defined as any death occurring while on the waitlist for cardiac transplant and on IABP support. We compared the survivors versus non-survivors using Chi-square test for categorical variables and Student's T-test for continuous variables. We did logistic regression analysis on those variables with statistically significant difference (p-value less than 0.05), followed by multivariable analysis. Results Out of 156 patients that had axillary IABP as BTT- 6 patients (3.8%) died while on IABP support whereas 136 (86.5%) patients were successfully bridged to transplant. The remaining 15 patients required escalation of therapy in the form of Impella (5 patients), left ventricular assist device (7 patients) and total artificial heart (3 patients). Patients that died on IABP support had higher right atrial pressure (RAP) and lower left ventricular end diastolic internal diameter (LViDd) compared to patients that survived. The results are shown in Table 1 and Table 2 . Conclusion Our study shows that patients that survived on axillary IABP support had significantly different RAP and LViDd compared to the patients that died. Interestingly, we also found that cardiac power was not predictive of clinical success in these patients.
Prediction Interval Ranking Score: Identification of Invariant Expression from Time Series

Motivation: Identification of constitutive reference genes is critical for analysis of gene expression. Large numbers of high throughput time series expression data are available, but current methods for identifying invariant expression are not tailored for time series. Identification of reference genes from these data sets can benefit from methods which incorporate the additional information they provide. Results: Here we show that we can improve identification of invariant expression from time series by modelling the time component of the data. We implement the Prediction Interval Ranking Score (PIRS) software, which screens high throughput time series data and provides a ranked list of reference candidates. We expect that PIRS will improve the quality of gene expression analysis by allowing researchers to identify the best reference genes for their system from publicly available time series.
Thoughts on Coding and Reimbursement

Accurate Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) (American Medical Association Current Procedural Technology Professional Edition; 2013) and International Classification of Diseases (ICD) coding ([cited 2018 October 30]; Available from: http://www.who.int/classifications/icd/en/ ) along with documentation within the report are critical parts of the reporting and billing processes. Errors in coding ultimately lead to denial of claims from Medicaid and Medicare and insurance payers. CPT codes provide third-party payers with information about the procedure that was performed, while ICD codes provide them with the indication for the procedure.
Dual-split trees

We introduce the dual-split tree, a new tree-based acceleration structure for ray tracing. Each internal node of a dual-split tree uses two axis-aligned planes to either split the parent node into two child nodes or to mark the empty regions of the node. This allows child bounding boxes to overlap when desired. Thus, our dual-split tree is capable of representing space partitioning identical to any given bounding volume hierarchy. Our dual-split tree provides a significant reduction in the required acceleration structure storage by eliminating the redundant bounding planes that are commonplace in bounding volume hierarchies, providing better performance and storage savings than similar previous methods. As a result, we achieve improved rendering performance with dual-split trees, as compared to bounding volume hierarchies with a comparable level of optimization using identical or similar space partitioning.
Developing Reading and Writing Skills of Learners' from Arabic-Speaking Backgrounds.

The number of native Arabic-speaking students coming to America to study English in university programs has grown over the past few years, and continues to be substantial. It has also been noticed by the English Language Institute (ELI) at Sam Houston State University (SHSU) that these students often struggle more with reading activities in class, completing them slowly, and having difficulty understanding why their work is incorrect. In addition, it seems that this group fails reading and writing to a greater extent than listening and speaking, which suggests an imbalance in the students’ language learning progress. The purpose of the study is to solve the problems associated with reading and writing in English that Arabic speaking students currently have using the 'read and copy' strategy. After using the 'read and copy' strategy for a three we
A socio-technical systems approach to the use of health IT for patient reported outcomes: Patient and healthcare provider perspectives.

Abstract Background Patient-Reported Outcomes (PROs) can be used to inform the clinical management of individuals, including patient self-management, care planning, and goal setting. Despite a rapid proliferation of technology to collect and integrate PROs in clinical care, uptake by patients and healthcare providers remains sub optimal. A consideration of systems factors to understand these challenges is needed. Objectives To apply the socio-technical systems (STS) model as a framework for understanding the usability and functional requirements of patients collecting PRO data using applications (apps), and of healthcare providers using these data at the point of care in ambulatory settings. Methods With questions guided by the STS model, semi-structured interviews were conducted with eighteen patients and nine healthcare providers to elicit feedback about facilitators and barriers to successful use of PRO apps and PRO data in ambulatory settings. Patient participants were selected to fit into two categories: older, low utilizers of technology with less than a bachelor’s degree, and younger higher utilizers of technology with at least a bachelor’s degree. Participants were from primary and specialty care practices. Data were analyzed inductively to identify emergent themes. Results Younger patients were only interested in using a PRO app if they had an active health issue to track. The nine older patients preferred passive means of data collection if they were to track a health issue, and preferred direct contact with their healthcare provider and using office visits to share information. All patients desired optimal usability and emphasized bidirectional communication in an app that is transparent about privacy. All nine healthcare providers agreed that PRO data would be most useful and relevant if key patient populations were targeted based on the specific measure. In this case the healthcare providers noted potentially optimal utility of collecting physical function PRO data for patients 65 and older. Access to the data was highlighted by each healthcare provider stating that these data would be most useful if they were seamlessly integrated into the electronic health record. Discussion Several emergent themes were identified under the five selected dimensions of the STS model (clinical content, human computer interface, hardware and software computing infrastructure, people, and workflow and communication). Findings highlighted the continued need for innovative methods to obtain more rapid cycle, continuous feedback to identify system factors impacting use of these technologies. Conclusion The STS model provides a comprehensive framework that can be applied to collect patient and healthcare provider feedback to better guide the design and implementation of new health information technology.
MoS2 pixel arrays for real-time photoluminescence imaging of redox molecules.

Measuring the behavior of redox-active molecules in space and time is crucial for understanding chemical and biological systems and for developing new technologies. Optical schemes are noninvasive and scalable, but usually have a slow response compared to electrical detection methods. Furthermore, many fluorescent molecules for redox detection degrade in brightness over long exposure times. Here, we show that the photoluminescence of “pixel” arrays of monolayer MoS2 can image spatial and temporal changes in redox molecule concentration. Because of the strong dependence of MoS2 photoluminescence on doping, changes in the local chemical potential substantially modulate the photoluminescence of MoS2, with a sensitivity of 0.9 mV / Hz on a 5 μm × 5 μm pixel, corresponding to better than parts-per-hundred changes in redox molecule concentration down to nanomolar concentrations at 100-ms frame rates. This provides a new strategy for visualizing chemical reactions and biomolecules with a two-dimensional material screen.
A load-disaggregation framework to sense personalized energy-use information in commercial buildings

Abstract Studies indicate that providing building occupants with personalized energy-use feedback effectively triggers energy-use behavior modifications. However, gathering such personalized information in a commercial building using conventional techniques is currently extremely expensive. Accordingly, this study proposes a novel framework that disaggregates building-wide energy data down to the level of individual occupants by harnessing recurring patterns in occupants’ energy-use behaviors. To achieve such disaggregation, the framework utilizes a density-based clustering algorithm that deciphers patterns amidst occupants’ sensed entry/exit events and the building's corresponding changes in energy-load magnitudes, load-change timings, and energy-use locations. Experimental results of two commercial buildings with an average F-measure of 0.807 and Accuracy of 0.958 demonstrate the feasibility and accuracy of the framework in generating personalized information. By gathering such data in an economically feasible manner, the framework can provide a cost-effective means for individualizing feedback, which has been shown to yield long-term decreases in commercial buildings’ energy consumption.
A Case of Intertwin Membrane Hemorrhage with Spontaneous Resolution.

Vaginal bleeding during pregnancy places women at increased risk of spontaneous abortion. Etiologies for threatened and spontaneous abortions have been well studied, but there is little information on intertwin membrane hemorrhage. We present a patient with a multiple gestation pregnancy who experienced first trimester vaginal bleeding with visualization and subsequent rapid resolution of an intertwin membrane hemorrhage. The patient had an otherwise normal pregnancy until the third trimester when she developed preeclampsia with severe features and elected for a primary cesarean section at 35 + 5 weeks. The implications of an intertwin membrane hemorrhage are not well understood, although there could be a possible correlation between the hemorrhage and the ultimate progression to preeclampsia with severe features. Despite the final diagnosis, the patient did not have any noticeable complications due to the hemorrhage both when it was discovered and in the weeks following its discovery.
Food Waste and Upcycled Foods: Can a Logo Increase Acceptance of Upcycled Foods?

Upcycled foods, made from ingredients that are generally discarded, are a promising new category of foods that could help reduce food waste. However, the commercial success of upcycled foods hinges...
3D-Printed Liquid Metal-based Stretchable Conductors and Pressure Sensors

Microﬂuidic devices control ﬂuids on the micrometer-scale and are commonly used for lab-on-chip applications, such as sensors, micropumps and biological analyzers. Commonly reported fabrication methods for achieving ﬂexible microﬂuidic structures are labor-intensive, require many cumbersome steps, and have limited options for materials. This paper presents a rapid-manufacturing technique using a PolyJet 3D-printer for creating soft microﬂuidic substrates embedded with liquid metals to fabricate stretchable conductors and pressure sensors. By using this novel method, several spiral-shaped soft pressure sensors with multimaterial-based substrates are 3D-printed simultaneously in less than six minutes. Microﬂuidic channels with cross-sections ranging from 150 × 150 to 350 × 350 micrometers are successfully achieved in a soft substrate. This 3D-printing method allows fabrication of complex, enclosed channels without any photocurable support material, thus minimizing post-processing time. Simulation and experiments are conducted to characterize the quasi-static and dynamic properties of the fabricated pressure sensor. In particular, experimental results show that these 3D-printed microﬂuidic pressure sensors are robust, capable of withstanding high pressures up to 1 MPa.
Advancing Grounded Theory: Using Theoretical Frameworks within Grounded Theory Studies

The founding fathers of grounded theory (GT) claimed it is an inductive methodological approach. Yet, some scholars argue that purely inductive GTs are not possible given researchers’ involvement in data collection and analysis. Subsequently, a constructivist GT approach was introduced. Still, full-length methodological articles that include rationales or detailed explanations for using constructivist GT approaches are limited in peer-reviewed journals. The purpose of this article is to highlight the ways in which the author used a constructivist GT approach in his dissertation. Within the article, the author provides concrete examples and a rationale for the ways in which he used a theoretical framework within a constructivist GT study. First, the author introduces literature on GT. Next, the author introduces the theoretical framework used in the study, highlighting the introduction of a theoretical framework as a departure from the traditional tenets of GT. Finally, the author highlights the ways in which he used the theoretical framework to shape the research questions, data collection and analysis, and findings. Keywords: Constructivist Grounded Theory, Grounded Theory, Theoretical Framework
A new method for measuring JR curve of mild steel

Abstract The J R curve is getting more and more use in evaluating a material's resistance to crack growth, but the standard method for measuring it needs several specimens. In this paper, a new method is proposed to determine the J R curve of mild steel from the load-displacement record of a cracked TPB specimen and a blunt notched TPB specimen. The J R curve obtained using the proposed method is in accordance with the J R curve obtained by the standard multiple specimen method.
Evidence for long-term memory of the mucosal immune system : milk secretory immunoglobulin A against Shigella lipopolysaccharides

Although the common mucosal immune system has generally been considered to have only short-term memory, recent data suggest that long-term memory exists for Shigella virulence plasmid antigens. Because such antigens might cross-react with environmental antigens, we investigated milk for the persistence of antibodies to the specific Shigella lipopolysaccharide (LPS) antigens. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays to detect secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) against Shigella flexneri and Shigella sonnei LPS in milk samples were developed; 15 random milk samples tested on different days correlated from one day to the next (P = 0.0001). Of 18 Mexican mothers, 18 (100%) had one or more milk samples positive for anti-S. flexneri LPS, 14 (78%) had one or more milk samples positive for anti-S. sonnei LPS, and 14 (78%) had one or more milk samples positive for both. Of 27 Houston mothers, 16 (59%) had one or more milk samples positive for anti-S. flexneri LPS, 7 (26%) had one or more milk samples positive for anti-S. sonnei LPS, and 5 (19%) had one or more milk samples positive for both. Mexican mothers were significantly more likely than Houston mothers to have at least one sample with a positive titer for anti-S. flexneri LPS (P less than 0.02) and at least one sample with a positive titer for anti-S. sonnei LPS (P less than 0.002). Although the Houston women had a lower rate of titer positivity for both Shigella species, the rate was too high to be consistent with short-lived mucosal immunity. It is unlikely that 18 of the 27 Houston women had shigellosis during or just prior to lactation. The data suggest that there exists a long-term hormonally driven memory in the secretory immune system for Shigella spp.
Energy Expenditure and Aerobic Fitness of Male Low Seam Coal Miners

The physiological responses of male low seam coal miners were measured both above and below ground to ascertain the characteristics and task demands of mining low coal in very restricted surroundings (seam height 1.2 m or lower). Aerobic capacity was estimated from measurements of expired air and heart rate taken while subjects rode a stationary bicycle. Total ventilation (as measured by a respirometer) was used to assess underground energy expenditure and oxygen consumption. Results indicate that low seam coal miners do not have higher maximum oxygen consumption values than non mining populations. Individual task analyses for oxygen uptake and kilocalorie expenditure are discussed.
The Force Is with Us

Through changes in protein conformation and interactions, cells sense and respond to forces at their point of attachment to extracellular matrix.
A Comparison of 4-Amino-4-deoxy-N10-methylpteroic Acid and Methotrexate Transport by Mouse Leukemia Cells

Studies of the uptake of methotrexate and an analogue, 4-amino-4-deoxy-N10-methylpteroic acid, which lacks the carboxy-L-glutamate moiety, suggest that these compounds are taken up by different processes. The methotrexate-resistant P1534 murine leukemia accumulated methotrexate 13 times more slowly than the drug-sensitive L1210 cell line. In contrast, uptake of 4-amino-4-deoxy-N10-methylpteroic acid proceeded at similar rates in both cell lines. Both compounds are potent inhibitors of the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase (5, 6, 7, 8-tetrahydrofolate: NADP-oxido reductase, EC 1.5.1.3. These findings suggest that drug resistance based on impaired uptake might be circumvented by the use of appropriate drug analogues.
Determination of capillary tube hematocrit during arteriolar microperfusion.

Intracapillary hematocrit is known to be substantially lower than arterial hematocrit. We hypothesized that capillary hematocrit might be influenced by interactions between plasma macromolecules and the endothelial cell surface. Microvessel perfusion pipettes were inserted in second- or third-order vessels, and capillaries were perfused with three different artificial bloods composed of 50% red cells plus the following suspension media: fetal calf serum (group I), serum albumin plus serum globulins (fractions II and III; group II), and bovine serum albumin plus dextran (group III). The mean hematocrits of the pipette-perfused capillaries averaged close to 50% of the systemic value with all perfusion fluids and were not different from the hematocrits of the capillaries perfused by the animal. These data suggest that bifurcations proximal to the pipette location did not contribute to the reduction in mean tube hematocrit normally seen in the animal. Furthermore, interactions between the plasma macromolecules and the endothelial cell surface do not appear to contribute to the low intracapillary hematocrit. Analysis of the data indicate that the capillary Fahraeus effect, the network Fahraeus effect in terminal vessels of the arterial tree, and intracapillary events all contribute to the reduction in intracapillary hematocrit.
Decision Making About End of Life Care: Advance Directives, Durable Power of Attorney for Healthcare, and Talking with Patients with Heart Disease About Dying

Advancing technology has complicated decision making about end of life care. Advance directives arose as a legal response to concerns about patients receiving unwanted interventions near the end of life. Healthcare advance directives and durable power of attorney for healthcare held the promise of controlling medical care at the end of life. This promise has not been realized. All clinicians providing care to patients with heart failure or other life-limiting illnesses should develop a set of communication skills to discuss goals of care, resuscitation preferences and wishes for end of life care. Patient centered communication skills and empathetic response to emotion are the foundational tools for addressing these issues. Newer models of advance care planning are more based on communication between providers, patients and families than on legal documents The POLST paradigm represents an important innovation in allowing patients to document their preferences for care in a portable document which is a legal physician order.
Motivations and enculturation of older students returning to a traditional university

As baby boomers approach the age of retirement, they are increasingly returning to higher education to pursue degrees for encore careers. Academic planners must pay careful attention to the specific concerns of this population to help ease their transition to a university setting after decades of absence. This qualitative study investigated the meaning of the experiences of seven students participating in a 62-and-over reduced tuition program at a large, traditional Southeastern university. Two sets of semi-structured interviews were analyzed using open coding to identify major themes of participants’ experiences. Lifelong learning and a preference for a college-town atmosphere were the principal motivations for participants’ return to school. Challenges relating to integration into campus life, isolation from traditional students, and outsider status were explored. This study provides insight into the various ways older learners define their identity as students on a traditional campus.
Acute 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin Exposure Results in Enhanced Tyrosylphosphorylation and Expression of Murine Hepatic Cyclin Dependent Kinases

An increase in tyrosine phosphorylation of two hepatic S9 proteins migrating at 34 and 33 kDa that cross-reacted with anti-PSTAIR antibody on immunoblots was seen 24 h after administration of a single dose of 0.25, 0.5, 1 or 2 micrograms 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)/kg to C57BL/6J female mice. Two hepatic S9 proteins migrating at 34 and 33 kDa that cross-reacted with anti-cdc2 C-terminus antibody on immunoblots were observed in corn oil control mice; increased expression of these proteins was seen with increasing doses of TCDD. A maximal increase in expression of 3-times the control was observed at 1 and 2 micrograms TCDD/kg for both p34 and p33. The stimulation of enhanced tyrosylphosphorylation and expression of cyclin dependent kinases p34cdc2 and p3cdk2 by TCDD is consistent with a mechanism of action of TCDD toxicity associated with stimulation of cellular proliferation.
The Use of Patient-Specific Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) to Identify Osteoclast Defects in Rare Genetic Bone Disorders

More than 500 rare genetic bone disorders have been described, but for many of them only limited treatment options are available. Challenges for studying these bone diseases come from a lack of suitable animal models and unavailability of skeletal tissues for studies. Effectors for skeletal abnormalities of bone disorders may be abnormal bone formation directed by osteoblasts or anomalous bone resorption by osteoclasts, or both. Patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) can be generated from somatic cells of various tissue sources and in theory can be differentiated into any desired cell type. However, successful differentiation of hiPSCs into functional bone cells is still a challenge. Our group focuses on the use of human iPSCs (hiPSCs) to identify osteoclast defects in craniometaphyseal dysplasia. In this review, we describe the impact of stem cell technology on research for better treatment of such disorders, the generation of hiPSCs from patients with rare genetic bone disorders and current protocols for differentiating hiPSCs into osteoclasts.
A large struma ovarii tumor removed via laparoscopy in a 16-year-old adolescent

Struma ovarii is rare ovarian tumor that is characterized by the presence of at least 50% thyroid tissue on histologic examination. This usually benign neoplasm is predominantly found in women between the ages of 40 and 60 years and infrequently in the pediatric age group. In the foregoing report, we present an unusual case of a large struma ovarii in a 16-year-old adolescent girl with abdominal pain and increasing abdominal girth. Removal of the mass was achieved via a laparoscopic approach. We conclude that the diagnosis of struma ovarii should be considered in adolescent girls presenting with large cystic ovarian masses and that a laparoscopic approach to management is the treatment of choice.
Direct evidence using tritium data for throughflow from the Pacific into the Indian Ocean

Basin-wide exchange between the Pacific and Indian oceans through the Indonesian Archipelago has received attention, both in relation to the oceans' role in the Southern Oscillation1 and in efforts to balance the salt and mass fluxes of the individual basins2–5. Wyrtki6 made the first indirect estimate using hydro-graphic data of a mean annual transport from the Pacific to the Indian Ocean of 2 × 106 m3 s−1 in the upper 200m. Recent estimates have been considerably higher: 14 × 106 m3 s−1 by Piola and Gordon2, 10 × 106 m3 s−1 by Godfrey and Golding5, and 5 × 106 m3 s−1 by Godfrey and Ridgeway3. However, Wunsch et al.4 concluded that, as a result of inverse calculations on sections across the South Pacific, there was a negligible throughflow transport. A meridional maximum in bomb-produced tritium (half-life 12.4 yr) observed in the South Equatorial Current (SEC) of the Indian Ocean is used here to show direct evidence that in the mean there is a net transport (in the upper 300 m) of 5 × 106 m3 s−1 from the Pacific into the Indian Ocean.
Abnormal genital tract bleeding.

Abstract The etiology of abnormal genital tract bleeding encompasses a wide range of disorders that can be secondary to anatomic changes of the female genital tract, infection, endocrinologic disorders, malignancies, and systemic illness. Appropriate workup is guided by age-related differential diagnoses for abnormal bleeding. Modern diagnostic tools can quickly focus the evaluation and allow timely intervention. Most abnormal genital tract bleeding is uterine bleeding, which is one of the most common gynecologic problems that health care providers will face. It accounts for approximately 15% of office visits and 25% of gynecologic operations. Abnormal uterine bleeding in reproductive-age women is defined as bleeding at abnormal or unexpected times or by excessive flow at the time of an expected menses. The average menstrual cycle length and duration of flow is 28 days and 4 days, respectively, with an average blood loss of 35cc (1). Any bleeding should be considered abnormal in premenarchal girls and in postmenopausal women except for those with predictable withdrawal bleeding taking hormone replacement therapy. This article will review the categories of abnormal genital tract bleeding and the diagnostic tools needed to establish the correct diagnosis. Common clinical cases will be presented to illustrate the presenting symptoms, differential diagnoses, workup, treatment, and long-term follow-up.
The critique of pure phenomenology

The topic of this paper is phenomenology. How should we think of phenomenology – the discipline or activity of investigating experience itself – if phenomenology is to be a genuine source of knowledge? This is related to the question whether phenomenology can make a contribution to the empirical study of human or animal experience. My own view is that it can. But only if we make a fresh start in understanding what phenomenology is and can be.
Between Growth and Exclusion in Technopolis: Managing Inequalities in Toulouse, France

As high technology development has created important resources and opportunities for some residents of cities, it has also introduced a new set of barriers and constraints for others. The new inequalities resulting from this pathway of economic development present local public officials with important challenges for managing their cities. This article argues that local strategies to confront inequalities in high technology cities are dependent on how individual states have undertaken restructuring reforms over the last 30 years. In France, the state has ceded some control over the allocation of economic resources to markets while retaining some control over the allocation of welfare resources. The rising importance of markets and the continued centrality of a redistributive state in French cities have resulted in the formation of distinct types of policy communities in the areas of economic development and welfare. The former community operates according to an entrepreneurial logic and the latter community continues to operate according to a political/statist logic. These local policy communities are like two ships passing in the night, embedded in and responding to distinct institutional constraints that lead them in very different directions.
Stability and Strategy-Proofness for Matching with Constraints: A Problem in the Japanese Medical Match and Its Solution

Real matching markets are subject to constraints. In the United States, the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education regulates the total number of medical residents in each specialty. In some public school districts, multiple school programs often share one school building, so there is a bound on the total number of students in these programs in addition to each program’s capacity because of the building’s physical size. 1 The Japanese government introduced a new medical matching system in 2009 that imposes a “regional cap” in each of its 47 prefectures, which regulates the total number of medical residents who can be employed in each region. Based on Kamada and Kojima (2011), this paper studies matching markets with such constraints by examining in great detail the Japan Residency Matching Program (JRMP), the clearinghouse program for the Japanese medical matching market. 2 Specifically, we argue that the new system introduced in 2009 (the JRMP mechanism) has problems in terms of stability and strategy-proofness, and provide an alternative mechanism that does better. The new system was introduced as a response to the criticism that the formerly used mechanism, the deferred
A temperature-sensitive DNA synthesis mutant isolated from the Chinese hamster ovary cell line.

A temperature-sensitive DNA synthesis mutant, tsC8, was isolated from mutagenized Chinese hamster ovary cells by the fluorodeoxyuridine suicide technique. The tsC8 cells showed inhibition of DNA synthesis at the nonpermissive temperature (NPT) with little effect on initial levels of RNA and protein synthesis. Temperature-arrested tsC8 cells had G1 or S DNA content and the temperature-sensitive (ts) period of the tsC8 cell cycle was the interval between the G1/S border and the middle of the S period. The tsC8 cells were unable to enter the S phase when exposed to the NPT during the G1 period of the cell cycle. When S phase tsC8 cells were shifted to the NPT, they incorporated [3H]thymidine at rates similar to the parental cell type for only 2 h, indicating ats defect in DNA synthesis. The tsC8 mutation is expressed in a recessive manner and is in a gene distinct from those affected in other DNA synthesis mammalian cell mutants.
Anatomy of the lateral pharyngotomy approach.

The pace of progress in head and neck surgery is rapid and can be bewildering to practitioners and students alike. As education is one of the major missions of Head & Neck, this new series is devoted to a comprehensive discussion of basic anatomical concepts manifested in the diagnosis, treatment, and care of patients with diseases of the head and neck. Although the anatomy of the head and neck region as related to surgical procedures will certainly be discussed, this will by no means be the only subject addressed. Other topics include the anatomic basis for specific pain syndromes encountered in patients with cancer of the head and neck, structural and lymphatic anatomy demonstrating patterns of disease spread, and constraints to standard surgical procedures because of anatomic “barriers.” As medical illustration is an extremely important aspect of anatomy education, a concerted effort will be made to present material with illustrations that are understandable, clear, and concise. It is hoped that these subjects will not only educate but will also engender other topics of interest to readers. I welcome your suggestions for appropriate topics, as well as original contributions in keeping with the series guidelines.
Turbulent wall pressure fluctuation measurements on a towed model at high Reynolds numbers

Turbulent wall pressure fluctuation measurements were made in water on a towed model of length 129.8 (m) and diameter 3.8 (cm) for steady speeds from 6.2 (m/s) to 15.5 (m/s). The drag on the model was measured with a strut mounted load cell which provided estimates of the momentum thickness and friction velocity. Momentum thickness Reynolds numbers Reθ varied from 4.8 × 105 to 1.1 × 106. The ratio of momentum thickness to viscous length scale is significantly greater than for flat plate cases at comparable Reθ. The effectiveness of inner and outer velocity and length scales for collapsing the pressure spectra are discussed. The wavenumber–frequency spectra show a convective ridge at higher frequencies similar to flat plate boundary layers. At low frequencies, energy broad in wavenumber extends outside the convective ridge and acoustic cone, with no characteristic wave speed. Wall pressure cross-spectral levels scaled with similarity variables are shown to increase with increasing tow speed, and to follow decay constants consistent with flat plate cases. The convection velocities also display features similar to flat plate cases.