cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Acidic porous clay heterostructures (PCH) : Intragallery assembly of mesoporous silica in synthetic saponite clays

Mesostructured intercalates belonging to the class of solid acids known as porous clay heterostructures (PCH) have been prepared through the surfactant-directed assembly of mesoporous silica within the galleries of synthetic saponite clays with targeted layer charge densities in the range x = 1.2−1.7 e- units per Q+x[Mg6](Si8-xAlx)O20(OH)4 unit cell. The removal of the intragallery mixture of neutral alkylamine and quaternary ammonium ion surfactant (Q+) by calcination afforded PCH intercalates with basal spacings of 33−35 A, BET specific surface areas of 800−920 m2 g-1, and pore volumes of 0.38−0.44 cm3 g-1. The framework pore sizes were in the supermicropore to small mesopore region ∼15−23 A. Temperature-programmed desorption of chemisorbed cyclohexylamine (CHA) indicated the presence of both weak and strong acid sites, corresponding to desorption temperatures near 220 and 410 °C, respectively. The total acidity (0.64−0.77 mmol CHA g-1) increased with the saponite layer charge density (x), indicating th...
Comparison of the Monod and Droop Methods for Dynamic Water Quality Simulations

The Monod method is widely used to model nutrient limitation and primary productivity in water bodies. It offers a straightforward approach to simulate the main processes governing eutrophication and it allows the proper representation of many aquatic systems. The Monod method is not able to represent the nutrient luxury uptake by algae, which consists of the excess nutrient uptake during times of high nutrient availability in the water column. The Droop method, which is also used to model nutrient limitation and primary productivity, takes into account the luxury uptake of nutrients. Because of the relative complexity of the Droop method, it has not been systematically adopted for the simulation of large stream networks. The Water Quality Analysis Simulation Program (WASP) version 7.1 was updated to include nutrient luxury uptake for periphyton growth. The objective of this paper is to present the new nutrient limitation processes simulated by WASP 7.1 and to compare the performance of the Droop and the Monod methods for a complex stream network where periphyton is the main organism responsible for primary productivity. Two applications of WASP 7.1 with the Droop and Monod methods were developed for the Raritan River Basin in New Jersey. Water quality parameters affecting the transport and fate of nutrients were calibrated based on observed data collected for the Raritan River total maximum daily load. The dissolved oxygen and nutrients simulated with WASP 7.1, obtained with the Droop and Monod methods, were compared at selected monitoring stations under different flows and nutrient availability conditions. The comparison of the WASP 7.1 applications showed the importance of using the Droop method when periphyton was the main organism responsible for primary productivity. The data simulated with the Droop method resulted in good agreement with the observed data for dissolved oxygen, ammonia-nitrogen, nitrate-nitrogen, and dissolved orthophosphate at the selected stations. The Monod method was not able to capture the diel dissolved oxygen variation when nutrients were scarce, and it resulted in unrealistic diel variations of nutrients at times of strong primary productivity at some locations.
Bromide/chloride fractionation in seafloor hydrothermal fluids from 9-10°N East Pacific Rise

Hydrothermal fluids collected from 9–10°N EPR during 5 cruises between 1991 and 1994 were analyzed for Br and Cl. The chlorinity of these fluids ranges between 32.6 and 860 mmol/kg in comparison to local seawater values of 540 mmol/kg. These very low chlorinity fluids, some with temperatures high enough to be within the vapor stability field, were collected following a volcanic eruption in 1991 [1]. Although fluids with chlorinities less than 250 mmol/kg had been sampled once previously, at Axial Volcano [2], the vent fluid chlorinities at 9–10°N EPR were much lower than at Axial Volcano. Fluids with Cl ≥ 250 mmol/kg hadBr/Cl ratios identical to seawater, in agreement with previous studies. In contrast, fluids with Cl < 250 mmol/kg collected from this area, hadBr/Cl ratios as much as 40% less than the seawater value. Bromide depletions observed in the low chlorinity fluids from 9–10°N EPR were probably the result of fractionation of Br from cl during subcritical phase separation. This fractionation process appeared to be limited to fluids with Cl < 250 mmol/kg, and to require open system phase separation. To produce vapors with Cl ≥ 250 mmol/kg at pressure and temperature conditions appropriate for 9–10°N EPR requires conditions that are close to the critical point, where the properties of the vapor and liquid phases are quite similar, resulting in lack of fractionation in theBr/Cl ratio between the two phases.
188th ENMC International Workshop: Inclusion Body Myositis, 2-4 December 2011, Naarden, The Netherlands.

The 188th ENMC workshop titled “Inclusion Body Myositis” was held in Naarden, The Netherlands, 2–4 December 2011. The workshop received supplementary funding from the Myositis Support Group UK. This workshop aimed to build on the work of two previous IBM workshops held in the MRC Centre London 2008 and Paris 2009 [1] and [2]. Its aims were to (1) review the diagnostic criteria for IBM, (2) foster future collaborative working in immunological and genetic IBM research, (3) review natural history studies and clinical trial protocols, (4) review the current status of clinical trials outcome measures and map the processes required to improve these, (5) establish the requirements for a global IBM registry, and (6) to scope the work required for the establishment of standards of care for IBM. The workshop was attended by 24 representatives from UK, France, Germany, Belgium, Netherlands, Sweden, Denmark, Australia and USA. Participants included neurologists, rheumatologists, physiotherapists, industry representatives and patient representatives.
Light Quark Masses with Overlap Fermions in Quenched QCD

We present the results of a computation of the sum of the strange and average up-down quark masses with overlap fermions in the quenched approximation. Since the overlap regularization preserves chiral symmetry at finite cutoff and volume, no additive quark mass renormalization is required and the results are $\mathcal{O}(a)$ improved. Our simulations are performed at $\ensuremath{\beta}=6.0$ and volume ${V=16}^{3}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}32,$ which correspond to a lattice cutoff of $\ensuremath{\sim}2 \mathrm{GeV}$ and to an extension of $\ensuremath{\sim}1.4 \mathrm{fm}.$ The logarithmically divergent renormalization constant has been computed nonperturbatively in the RI/MOM scheme. By using the K-meson mass as experimental input, we obtain ${(m}_{s}+\mathrm{m\ifmmode \hat{}\else \^{}\fi{}}{)}^{\mathrm{RI}}(2 \mathrm{GeV})=120(7)(21) \mathrm{MeV},$ which corresponds to ${m}_{s}^{\overline{\mathrm{MS}}}(2 \mathrm{GeV})=102(6)(18) \mathrm{MeV}$ if continuum perturbation theory and $\ensuremath{\chi}\mathrm{PT}$ are used. By using the Gell-Mann\char21{}Oakes\char21{}Renner relation we also obtain $〈\overline{\ensuremath{\psi}}\ensuremath{\psi}{〉}^{\overline{\mathrm{MS}}}(2 \mathrm{GeV}{)/N}_{f}$ $=\ensuremath{-}0.0190(11)(33)$ ${\mathrm{GeV}}^{3}=\ensuremath{-}[267(5)(15) \mathrm{MeV}{]}^{3},$ where the errors are statistical and systematic respectively.
Fast evolution of urban ultrafine particles: Implications for deposition doses in the human respiratory system

Abstract The impact of ultrafine particles (diameters 7 particles, with maximum values for the alveolar interstitial region. For the correct estimate of short-term exposures, in scenarios involving proximity to traffic, it is therefore crucial to rely on aerosol measurements with a time resolution able to trace the fast evolution of aerosol from vehicle exhausts. When traffic levels drop, spike values of instant UFP doses are comparatively less frequent and the maxima of their size distributions shift from 10 to 20 nm (nucleation particles) to greater diameter (up to about 60 nm).
WITHDRAWN: Reprint of “Theoretical Models of Health Behavior and Workplace Self-Protective Behavior”

This article has been retracted: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal ( http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy ). This reprinted article has been retracted at the request of the Publisher. The online version of this reprint has been withdrawn as it was a redundant duplicate of the original article. The original can be found via http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-4375(96)00007-2 . The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause.
Application of alternative spatiotemporal metrics of ambient air pollution exposure in a time-series epidemiological study in Atlanta.

Exposure error in studies of ambient air pollution and health that use city-wide measures of exposure may be substantial for pollutants that exhibit spatiotemporal variability. Alternative spatiotemporal metrics of exposure for traffic-related and regional pollutants were applied in a time-series study of ambient air pollution and cardiorespiratory emergency department visits in Atlanta, GA, USA. Exposure metrics included daily central site monitoring for particles and gases; daily spatially refined ambient concentrations obtained from regional background monitors, local-scale dispersion, and hybrid air quality models; and spatially refined ambient exposures from population exposure models. Health risk estimates from Poisson models using the different exposure metrics were compared. We observed stronger associations, particularly for traffic-related pollutants, when using spatially refined ambient concentrations compared with a conventional central site exposure assignment approach. For some relationships, estimates of spatially refined ambient population exposures showed slightly stronger associations than corresponding spatially refined ambient concentrations. Using spatially refined pollutant metrics, we identified socioeconomic disparities in concentration–response functions that were not observed when using central site data. In some cases, spatially refined pollutant metrics identified associations with health that were not observed using measurements from the central site. Complexity and challenges in incorporating modeled pollutant estimates in time-series studies are discussed.
Experimental demonstration of an all-optical fiber-based Fredkin gate

We propose and report on what we believe to be the first experimental demonstration of an all-optical fiber-based Fredkin gate for reversible digital logic. The simple 3-input/3-output fiber-based nonlinear optical loop mirror architecture requires only minor alignment for full operation. A short nonlinear element, heavily doped GeO(2) fiber (HDF), allows for a more compact design than typical nonlinear fiber gates. The HDF is ideal for studying reversibility, functioning as a noise-limited medium, as compared to the semiconductor optical amplifier, while allowing for cross-phase modulation, a nondissipative optical interaction. We suggest applications for secure communications, based on "cool" computing.
An E1A mutant of adenovirus type 3: Ad3hrl 5 has reiterated DNA sequences 5′ to its E1A gene

Abstract Defective variants of adenovirus type 3 (Ad3) have been isolated from a heterogeneous, high multiplicity passage stock of the virus. A strikingly defective variant, Ad3hr15, fails to propagate on normally permissive A549 cells, yet has greater infectivity than wild type Ad3 in the adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) DNA-transformed 293 cell line. Investigation of its genomic alterations revealed that Ad3hr15 bears two short tandem duplications of viral DNA sequences near its left end, 5′ to the ElA gene. The variant also bears a large tandem triplication at its right end. Marker rescue experiments with plasmid-cloned left end DNA sequences of Ad3 implicate that the duplications 5′ to ElA are responsible for the Ad3hr15 defect and the ElA structural gene of the variant is functional. Northern analysis revealed no detectable ElA transcripts early after Ad3hr15 infection of A549 cells. The 293 cell line, however, supports high levels of transcription of the Ad3 ElA gene by the mutant Ad3hr15 ElA promoter.
Nuclear Blackmail and the End of the Korean War

American Secretary of State John Foster Dulles often bragged about how nuclear brinkmanship by the United States finally brought the other side to agree to a negotiated settlement of the Korean War in July 1953. It proved that the threat of massive retaliation could work. Communist bullies who understood the language of force, if no other, could be rendered reasonable by threat of an atomic attack. No attempt has been made to reconcile the tone of this tale of mighty America dictating terms to frightened China with the discordant and well-known reality of such U.S. military unhappiness with the war's outcome that there formed a veritable "never again" club in the U.S. military, while the Chinese army celebrated the exhilarating success of having pushed mighty America from the Yalu River down to the 38th parallel and held the line there. Dulles's view is self-serving and unconvincing. Yet it gained wide and active acceptance. His argument claims that events prove that his policies of "a bigger bang for a buck" work. However, a bit of skepticism is a proper response to a politician praising his own alleged successes. After all, in the extensive debates over theories of deterrence it has often been pointed out that no more than one's own side will the other side readily permit itself to be seen as conceding to a gun pointed at its head. The obvious and disastrous consequence of surrendering
Hydrophobic binding sites of human liver alanine aminopeptidase.

Abstract Fatty acids, alkyl amines, and amides of α-amino fatty acids inhibit human liver alanine aminopeptidase apparently by binding to residue binding site 1 of the active center, i.e., the N-terminal binding site. The pKi values of the acids, amines, and amides increase until the overall chain length reaches eight carbons. The pKi values are the same for members of the series with chain lengths longer than eight carbon atoms. Assuming an extended structure of the inhibitors, this site will accommodate amino acid side chains of not longer than 11.7 A from the α-carbon to the end of the chain. Long chain amino acids inhibit by binding apparently at residue site 3. The pKi values of dl -α-amino acids from α-aminobutyric acid to α-aminodecanoic acid increase with the addition of each methylene unit. Thus, site 3 will accommodate amino acid side chains which are at least 13.0 A from the α-carbon to the end of the chain. Methanol and other organic solvents reversibly inhibit the binding of substrates at pH 6.9 without affecting the maximum rate of catalysis. At lower pH values, the maximum rate of catalysis is lowered. Sodium chloride also inhibits substrate hydrolysis at pH 6.9 but does not affect the maximum rate of catalysis. The pKi values of fatty acids, alkyl amines, and amino acids are strongly decreased by methanol and slightly increased by sodium chloride. These data indicate that a major portion of the interactions of the enzyme with fatty acids, amines, and amino acids is of a hydrophobic nature.
A simple magnetic modulator for conversion of millivolt D-C signals

Saturable reactors now are being used in magnetic amplifiers because they are capable of handling larger loads than vacuum tubes can and they have stable performance when converting d-c signals to alternating. Presented here is a design of a magnetic modulator in a control system which is otherwise entirely electronic.
Effects of rasp mismatch on plasma spray radial head stems

Background Radial head prosthetic stems designed for bone ingrowth are available with both plasma spray and grit blasted surfaces. A recent study comparing micromotion between the 2 demonstrated greater micromotion in the plasma spray than grit blasted stems, even though the latter had lower surface roughness. This raised the question that perhaps the size mismatch for grit-blasted radial head stems (0.5 mm) might be inadequate for plasma spray stems. Hypothesis A tighter initial press-fit with plasma spray radial head stems may be gained by preparation with an undersized rasp. Methods Paired cadaveric radii were implanted with plasma spray stems. The surgical control was prepared with a rasp designated for its corresponding stem size ("size-matched"), while the experimental group was prepared with a rasp 0.5 mm smaller than designated ("undersized"). Results The micromotion for the undersized rasp group (46 ± 12 μm) was not significantly different than for the size-matched rasp group (21 ± 12 μm) ( P = .1). Discussion Contrary to our hypothesis, no reduction in micromotion was observed when using an undersized rasp with a plasma spray stem. The micromotion results were not different from those observed when using a size-matched rasp, and actually approached significance in the opposite direction. This may be due to the rough stem surface chipping away bone fragments, rather than the bone being cut away precisely as is done with a rasp. Conclusion The use of an undersized rasp prior to implantation of a plasma spray radial head prosthesis does not confer any added benefit in terms of initial stability.
The time resolution of bismuth germanate scintillation detectors

Abstract The time resolution of a bismuth germanate scintillation detector was measured as a function of γ-ray energy from 1 MeV to 24 MeV. The measured time resolution of the 60 Co cascade is (2.1±0.2)ns. The time resolution improves at higher γ-ray energies and is (890±60) ps at around 20 MeV.
Routing and broadcasting in faulty hypercube computers

This paper examines routing and broadcasting algorithms for hypercube computers subject to node failures. First some simple message-passing algorithms are described which perform well with certain fault patterns, but poorly with others. The concept of an unsafe node is introduced to identify fault-free nodes that may cause communication difficulties in faulty hypercubes. It is then shown that by only using “feasible” paths that try to avoid unsafe nodes, routing and broadcasting can be substantially simplified. It is assumed that each active node is supplied with the fault status of all neighboring nodes within a specified radius k. A computationally efficient routing algorithm is presented which can route a message via a path of length no greater than p+2, where p is the minimum feasible distance from the source to the destination, provided that not all non-faulty nodes in the hypercube are unsafe, and k = 1. We further show that broadcasting can be achieved under the same fault conditions with only one more time unit than the fault-free case.
Aberrant social relations in the personality disorders

Research on the interpersonal aspects of personality disorders (PDs) has generally sought to describe them in terms of behavioural dispositions, often mapping these dispositions onto the interpersonal circumplex. The present study, in contrast, tested a theory that accounts for PDs as systematic disturbances in relationships between people. Self-reports of 57 participants experiencing significant interpersonal difficulties showed many predicted associations between PD symptoms and aberrant enactment of four elementary forms of social relationships (Fiske, 1991). Symptoms were associated with aberrant motivations for, and cognitive implementations of, these 'relational models', and with difficulties conducting them. These associations were comparable in strength to, but largely independent of, those obtained with a circumplex measure. Aberrations of authority- and equality-based relationships were central to many PDs, but not captured well by the circumplex. A relational analysis affords a fruitful and largely unexplored perspective on PDs.
GIS-Supported Collaborative Decision Making: Results of an Experiment

This article addresses research questions about the sociobehavioral dynamics of geographic information system (GIS) use during collaborative decision making in small interorganizational groups. Using an experimental design of a conference room setting, a study of human-computer-human interaction was conducted with 109 volunteer participants formed into 22 groups, each group representing multiple organizational stakeholder perspectives. The experiment involved the use of GIS integrated with multiple criteria decision models to support group-based decision making concerned with the selection of habitat restoration sites in the Duwamish Waterway of Seattle, Washington. Findings representative of four categories of investigation are presented. In the first category, the experiment demonstrated that groups used maps predominantly to visualize the evaluation results and much less to structure/design the decision problem. Maps played only a limited support role in various decision stages of the experiment. In th...
Automating data entry for end users

Data entry professionals perform lengthy, repetitive tasks by hand, usually without the support of software tools. Since existing generic tools for end user programming were unable to automate data entry tasks, we worked with two data entry professionals on the iterative design and development of a new tool, named CoScripter Tables. The tool was made available within our corporation as a prototype and has been successfully adopted and is in regular use. This paper characterizes the needs of data entry professionals, describes the novel features of our tool, and presents a survey of 16 users which validates its use in a variety of real-world data entry tasks.
Fleecing Connecticut: David Humphreys and the Poetics of Sheep Farming

Abstract At the turn of the nineteenth century, the importation of a Spanish breed of merino sheep to the United States led to a dramatic period of agricultural intensification. Profiling David Humphreys, who promoted merino sheep in poetry and prose, this essay interprets the merino boom as a lesson in the dangers of rhetorical and environmental manipulation.
The effect of Co substitution for Cu in Bi2Sr2Ca1Cu2O8-δ

Abstract We have grown single crystal whiskers of Bi 2 (SrCa) n +1 (Cu 1− x Co x ) n O 8− δ with 0 x R as a function of the temperature T . For x n =2 in the majority of the sample and n =3 in a small part. For both phases, the changes in T c and in the extrapolated residual resistance due to Co substitution are the same for Co as it is for Zn and Ni, indicating that magnetic scattering is not important. For x ≈0.06, oxygenation can drive the sample from superconducting to insulating, indicating that both the scattering of the carriers and the number of carriers affect the superconducting–insulating transition. This occurs in samples in which the sheet resistance in a CuO plane is approximately h /(2 e ) 2 . For x >0.18, the samples are insulating and n =1.
A knotty turnabout?: Akt1 as a metastasis suppressor

Akt is well known to enhance malignancy and is recognized as a key target for antineoplastic therapies. However, intriguing findings reported by Yoeli-Lerner et al. in the November 23, 2005 issue of Molecular Cell, suggest a novel, antimetastasis function of Akt: activation of Akt1 inhibited invasion in some cancer cells. One possible mechanism for this surprising phenotype was that Akt activated the E3 ubiquitin ligase HDM2, causing ubiquitination and degradation of NFAT, an invasion-promoting factor. These findings clearly justify further investigations and, if validated in vivo, call for reevaluation of some Akt-targeting therapeutic strategies currently under development.
Effects of Manipulating Eating Frequency During a Behavioral Weight Loss Intervention: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial

Eating frequency has been inversely related to BMI but the impact of eating frequency on weight loss is unclear. This randomized controlled trial pilot study examined the effect of eating frequency on hunger, energy intake, and weight loss during a 6-month behavioral weight loss intervention. Participants (age: 51.0 ± 9.9 years, BMI: 35.5 ± 4.8 kg/m(2), 57.8% female, 94.1% white) were randomized to one of two eating frequency prescriptions: Three meal (n = 25): three eating bouts/day; or grazing (n = 26): eat at least 100 kcals every 2-3 h. Both groups attended 20 sessions and had identical dietary (1,200-1,500 kcals/day, <30% kcals from fat) and physical activity goals (200 min/week). Assessments were conducted at 0, 3, and 6 months. Using intent-to-treat analyses, grazing reported a greater eating frequency than three meal at 6 months (5.8 ± 1.1 eating bouts/day vs. 3.2 ± 0.6 eating bouts/day, P < 0.001). Grazing reported a significant reduction in hunger from 0 to 6 months (56.3 ± 15.7 mm vs. 47.9 ± 18.5 mm, P < 0.05). Energy intake and BMI were significantly (P < 0.001) reduced from 0 to 6 months (energy intake: 2,198 ± 692 kcals/day vs. 1,266 ± 353 kcals/day; BMI: 35.5 ± 4.8 kg/m(2) vs. 30.6 ± 4.9 kg/m(2)). There were no significant differences in energy intake or BMI between the groups. While eating more frequently reduced hunger, it may not be related to greater reductions in energy intake or BMI during a behavioral weight loss intervention.
Extinction of autonomous growth potential in embryonic: adult vascular smooth muscle cell heterokaryons

Vascular smooth muscle cells (SMC) isolated from embyronic and early fetal (e13-e18) rat aortas exhibit an "embryonic growth phenotype" in culture (Cook, C. L., M. C. M. Weiser, P. E. Schwartz, C. L. Jones, and R. A. Majack. 1994. Circ. Res. 74:189-196). Cells in this growth phenotype exhibit autonomous, serum-independent replication, in contrast to SMC in the "adult" growth phenotype, whose proliferation in culture is dependent on exogenous mitogens. To determine which of these two phenotypes is genetically dominant, heterokaryons were constructed between adult and embryonic (day e17) rat aortic SMC. The fused cells were maintained in serum-free medium for 3 d, then were labeled with bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) for an additional 24 h. Under these conditions, parental e17 SMC exhibited a high rate of self-driven DNA synthesis (73-85% BrdU-positive cells), while parental adult SMC showed minimal replication (13-21% BrdU-positive cells). Homokaryons of parental cells exhibited parental growth phenotypes and showed the expected mitogenic response when stimulated with serum. Heterokaryons between e17 and adult SMC exhibited a nonautonomous growth phenotype; the "adult" growth phenotype was calculated to be dominant in > 89% of all true heterokaryons. The data suggest that adult SMC express molecules capable of genetically extinguishing or otherwise inhibiting the autonomous replication of embryonic SMC.
Agency Structure and Firm Culture: OSHA, EPA, and the Steel Industry

We compare models of Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) enforcement and compliance for steel plants during the 1980s. We find that OSHA and EPA respond similarly to plant-level compliance and measures of hazardousness, but differently to firm-level compliance and risks of plant closing, and we relate the differences to the agencies' differing organizational structures. Plant-level compliance is affected by enforcement pressure, compliance costs, and the firm's overall compliance behavior in similar ways for the two regulatory areas, but environmental compliance was also sensitive to plant size and risk of closing. Finally, we find that the likelihood that a plant was in compliance with one agency seemed at most weakly related to whether it was in compliance with the other, but that plants likely to receive enforcement attention from one agency were also more likely to receive enforcement attention from the other agency.
Multidimensional multirate filters derived from one dimensional filters

A method by which every multidimensional filter with parallelepiped passband can be designed and implemented efficiently, derived from an appropriate one dimensional filter, is presented. With this method, Nyquist constraint and zero-phase requirement can be satisfied easily. A design example is also given.
Feedback Control of Impact Dynamnics of a Moving-Coli Actuator

A tracking feedback control method is used to enhance the throughput of a moving-coil print actuator (MovAcc). A ``double-pulse'' test is conducted to study the effect of initial conditions on actuator performance as measured by the repeatability of flight time and impact force. Experimental data presented as a family of normalized histograms show significant reduction in the flight-time and impact-force variation when feedback control is used. The controller realized using analog electronic components is a lead-lag compensator. The inputs to the controller are the actual position measurement of the MovAcc derived from an inexpensive optical sensor and a reference signal obtained from a waveform generator. The output of the controller drives a power op amp configured as a current-mode amplifier which in turn drives the MovAcc. The measured transfer function of the actuator shows the presence of higher order modes that may lead to an unstable closed-loop system. By limiting the frequency bandwidth of the closed-loop system, a Wellbehaved time response is obtained. Finally, a modified controller that allows ballistic dynamics of the MovAcc to dominate during the impact phase of the motion is shown to provide the best compromise between conventional operation and closed-loop control.
Disturbance and Ecologic Succession in an Upper Ordovician Cobble-Dwelling Hardground Fauna

An Ordovician hardground fauna in northern Kentucky provides an example from the fossil record of the maintenance of species diversity by periodic disturbance of an autogenic ecologic succession. The marine invirtebrates found encrusting limestone cobbles show an order of community development from a low-diversity pioneer assemblage through a high-diversity association to a monospecific stable fauna. All species, including the late successional dominants, were present in the early stages of colonization. Periodic overturning of the cobbles killed the encrusters and opened up new spaces on which succession was reinitiated. These disturbances maintained high diversity within the encrusting community by limiting the spatial distribution of the most efficient space competitors.
The Beta-Ray Spectra of Cu 64

Abstract : Positron and negatron spectra of Cu(64) have been investigated in the Columbia solenoid beta-ray spectrometer. By using thinner and more uniform sources and employing a more rigorous Coulomb correction factor, the deviations at the low energy region were greatly reduced as compared with previous work reported from other laboratories. It seems probable that the remaining small observed deviation is instrumental and the Cu(64) spectra are actually of the allowed type.
Rationality, culture and welfare entitlements: A note on change and adaptation

Abstract The interplay of rationality and culture in shaping patterns of moral responsibility is considered here in the context of economic entitlements which persons can claim on the basis of others' obligations to be responsive to their needs. Even when the moral obligations underlying such entitlements have the status of “sanctified” (Rappaport, 1971) cultural understandings, they may nonetheless be subject to change in ways which are consistent with materially rational, self-interested economic calculation. The role of two common forms of intra-societal cultural diversity in bringing this about is considered.
Real-Time control of Humanoid Robots using OpenJDK

At IHMC we create state of the art walking algorithms for humanoid robots in Java. We successfully used our Java algorithms to control the Atlas humanoid, a 150kg robot with 28 actuated degrees of freedom, in the Darpa Robotics Challenge, placing second in an international competition. To execute our control loops within the deadlines imposed by the robot (1ms), we have brought POSIX real-time threads to the OpenJDK using a JNI library. Lockless synchronization primitives are used to communicate between the different threads, while Garbage Collection is avoided altogether. We have released the IHMCRealtime library created for this project under the Apache license.
Subunit homology in invertebrate hemoglobins: A primitive heme binding chain?

Abstract 1. 1. The subunit structures of the extracellular 60S hemoglobins of several annelids were investigated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate and by gel filtration at pH 9. 2. 2. The 60S hemoglobins of an oligochaete, two polychaetes and an achaete all possess a subunit corresponding to a mol. wt. of about 12,000. 3. 3. The oligochaete and polychaete hemoglobins also contain a subunit of about 50,000 mol. wt consisting of more than one polypeptide chain. 4. 4. The 12,000 subunit of Lumbricus hemoglobin appears to occur as a dimer when the native molecule is dissociated by gel filtration at pH 9. This subunit contains one heme group.
Modeling of the performance of carbon nanotube bundle, cu/low-k and optical on-chip global interconnects

In this work, we have quantified and compared the performance of carbon nanotube (CNT) and optical interconnects with the existing technology of Cu/low-K interconnects for future high-performance ICs. We present these comparisons not only in terms of commonly used metrics such as latency and power dissipation, but also compare them using important compound performance metrics, such as, bandwidth density per latency per power. We find that the optical interconnect has the lowest latency for global interconnects and the highest achievable bandwidth density using wavelength division multiplexing. However, the value of the compound metric is the highest for either CNTs or optical technology depending on the required bandwidth density. Both these technologies significantly outperform the existing Cu/low-K interconnect technology. We have also extensively examined the impact of device, material, and system parameters of the novel interconnect technologies on the comparisons. We find that using small detector and modulator capacitances optical interconnects (~10fF) yield superior performance compared to CNTs (electron mean free path of 0.9mm) and Cu for switching activities greater than 35% and 20%, respectively. However, improving mean free path of CNTs to ~2.8μm increases the crossover switching activity to 80%.
Collective Action and Community-driven Development in Rural and Urban Indonesia

The article analyses differences in collective action in rural and urban communities that participated in a poverty alleviation project in Indonesia. It was found that the main determinants of collective action are relationships among multiscalar social, political and historical factors, internal and external to communities. Two distinct forms of collective action are also identified. The first form is based on community cohesion, stable social relationships and adherence to social hierarchy. The second form is based on a community's perception of an interdependent future and a shared desire for structural change. Both forms of collective action are effective in delivering project resources to beneficiaries; however, only the second form demonstrates potential for social transformation.
Optimization of contrast-to-tissue ratio and role of bubble destruction in dual-frequency contrast-specific “acoustic angiography” imaging

Recently, dual-frequency transducers have enabled high-spatial resolution, high-contrast imaging of microvasculature by transmitting at a low frequency and receiving broadband superharmonic echoes from microbubble contrast agents at a higher frequency. In this work, we examine the imaging parameters for optimizing contrast-to-tissue ratio (CTR) for dual-frequency imaging and the relationship between bubble destruction and broadband harmonic signal production.
MPTP: a review of its mechanisms of neurotoxicity

Abstract 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) causes damage to substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) dopaminergic (DA) neurons as seen in Parkinson's disease (PD). After systemic administration of MPTP, its active metabolite, MPP+, accumulates within SNpc DA neurons, where it inhibits ATP production and stimulates superoxide radical formation. The produced superoxide radicals react with nitric oxide (NO) to produce peroxynitrite, a highly reactive tissue-damaging species that damages proteins by oxidation and nitration. Only selected proteins appear nitrated, and among these is found tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the rate limiting enzyme in DA synthesis, and the pre-synaptic protein α-synuclein. Peroxynitrite also nicks DNA, which, in turn, activates poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). PARP activation consumes ATP, and thus acutely depletes the cell energy stores. This latter event aggravates the preexisting energy failure due to MPP+-induced mitochondrial respiration blockade and precipitates cell death. On the other hand, MPP+ also activates highly regulated cell death-associated molecular pathways that participate in the relentless demise of neurons in PD. Altogether, these findings support the view that MPTP's deleterious cascade of events include mitochondrial respiration deficit, oxidative stress, energy failure and activation of apoptotic genetic programs. Because of the similarity between the MPTP mouse model and PD, it is tempting to propose that a similar scenario applies to the pathogenesis of PD.
Post-infarction Heart Failure in the Rat is Associated with Distinct Alterations in Cardiac Myocyte Molecular Phenotype

Abstract The myocardial molecular and cellular responses to hemodynamic and other hypertrophic stimuli have been characterized extensively, but less is known of the alterations in gene expression during the evolution of heart failure following myocardial infarction, and specifically those affecting the cardiac myocytes. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to test the hypothesis that post-infarction heart failure and remodeling in the rat is associated with a distinct myocyte molecular phenotype. To address this question, hemodynamic measurements were performed in vivo ; and myocytes isolated from the non-infarcted myocardium 1 day, 1 week, and 6 weeks post-coronary artery ligation in post-infarct rats and sham controls. Myocyte size, mRNA levels for immediate early genes, contractile proteins, and sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca 2+ -ATPase (SERCA) and phospholamban were assayed by Northern analyses, and SERCA and phospholamban proteins were examined by Western blotting. Hemodynamic evidence of heart failure was present at all post-infarct time points. Myocyte size was increased significantly at 6 weeks. c-myc expression was increased at 1 day and 1 week in the infarcted rats, but returned to baseline by 6 weeks. Atrial natriuretic peptide and VEGF mRNAs were elevated at 1 and 6 weeks. Both β -myosin heavy chain and skeletal α -actin expression were increased at all post-MI time points. In contrast, neither changes in the expression of the calcium-handling proteins (SERCA and phospholamban) were not observed, nor was there a change in TGF β 1 or TGF β 3 . These results demonstrate that in rats with post-MI heart failure, there was an immediate induction of the fetal/embryonic transcriptional gene program which preceded myocyte hypertrophy and appeared to persist longer than in pressure-overload models. In further contrast to pressure-overload, expression of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca 2+ -ATPase and phospholamban, was not altered despite a comparable degree of cellular hypertrophy and more severe hemodynamic decompensation. These findings suggest that there may be important differences in the regulatory mechanisms underlying these two forms of myocardial hypertrophy and heart failure.
Combined Auditory and Vibrotactile Feedback for Human–Machine-Interface Control

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the addition of binary vibrotactile stimulation to continuous auditory feedback (vowel synthesis) for human-machine interface (HMI) control. Sixteen healthy participants controlled facial surface electromyography to achieve 2-D targets (vowels). Eight participants used only real-time auditory feedback to locate targets whereas the other eight participants were additionally alerted to having achieved targets with confirmatory vibrotactile stimulation at the index finger. All participants trained using their assigned feedback modality (auditory alone or combined auditory and vibrotactile) over three sessions on three days and completed a fourth session on the third day using novel targets to assess generalization. Analyses of variance performed on the 1) percentage of targets reached and 2) percentage of trial time at the target revealed a main effect for feedback modality: participants using combined auditory and vibrotactile feedback performed significantly better than those using auditory feedback alone. No effect was found for session or the interaction of feedback modality and session, indicating a successful generalization to novel targets but lack of improvement over training sessions. Future research is necessary to determine the cognitive cost associated with combined auditory and vibrotactile feedback during HMI control.
Towards Automatic Creation of Usable Security Configuration

The objective of this work is to create usable security architecture that will minimize network risk while considering usability and budget. We propose and formulate a novel framework for automatic creation of network security architecture including configuration rules and device placements in order to minimize risk while satisfying the business requirements, service usability and budget constraints. Our framework also automates the creation of external and internal Demilitarized Zones (DMZ) to improve security by increasing isolation. We formalize this as an optimization problem and show that it is NP-hard. We then provide heuristic approximation algorithms. The implemented systems, called SecBuilder, were evaluated under different network sizes, topologies and security requirements. Our evaluation study shows that the results obtained by SecBuilder are close to the theoretical lower bound and the performance is scalable with the network size.
Stimulation of LDL receptor activity in Hep-G2 cells by a serum factor(s).

The regulation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor activity in the human hepatoma cell line Hep-G2 by serum components was examined. Incubation of dense monolayers of Hep-G2 cells with fresh medium containing 10% fetal calf serum (FM) produced a time-dependent increase in LDL receptor activity. Uptake and degradation of 125I-LDL was stimulated two- to four-fold, as compared with that of Hep-G2 cells cultured in the same media in which they had been grown to confluence (CM); the maximal 125I-LDL uptake plus degradation increased from 0.2 microgram/mg cell protein/4 h to 0.8 microgram/mg cell protein/4 h. In addition, a two-fold increase in cell surface binding of 125I-LDL to Hep-G2 cells was observed when binding was measured at 4 degrees C. There was no change in the apparent Kd. The stimulation of LDL receptor activity was suppressed in a concentration-dependent manner by the addition of cholesterol, as LDL, to the cell medium. In contrast to the stimulation of LDL receptor activity, FM did not affect the uptake or degradation of 125I-asialoorosomucoid. Addition of FM increased the protein content per dish, and DNA synthesis was stimulated approximately five-fold, as measured by (3H)thymidine incorporation into DNA; however, the cell number did not change. Cellular cholesterolmore » biosynthesis was also stimulated by FM; (14C)acetate incorporation into unesterified and esterified cholesterol was increased approximately five-fold. Incubation of Hep-G2 cells with high-density lipoproteins (200 micrograms protein/ml) or albumin (8.0 mg/ml) in the absence of the serum factor did not significantly increase the total processed 125I-LDL. Stimulation of LDL receptor activity was dependent on a heat-stable, nondialyzable serum component that eluted in the inclusion volume of a Sephadex G-75 column.« less
A Tradition of Testing Ironclad Practices

The therapeutic use of iron in medicine goes back nearly as far as recorded medicine itself. In 1500 BC, the Egyptians used iron therapeutically. 1 The ancient Hindu medicine Lauha Bhasma is essentially an iron preparation. 2 Cycles of iron use in excessive, ineffective, and appropriate doses have come and gone in medical practice. Indeed, current iron therapy has its relatively recent roots in the initial ferrokinetic studies performed in the middle of this century. 3-6 Now Zauber et al in this issue ofTHE Journal 7 have improved our understanding a bit more. Their article is important for two reasons: first, they have shown that iron supplementation is not always necessary after surgery involving significant blood loss; and second, they have questioned and studied a commonly accepted medical practice and found it to be unsubstantiated. See also p 525. Their study took advantage of the fact that their surgical
Treatment of traumatic brain injury in female rats with intravenous administration of bone marrow stromal cells.

OBJECTIVE To study the effect of bone marrow stromal cells administered intravenously to female rats subjected to traumatic brain injury. METHODS We injected marrow stromal cells harvested from male rat bone marrow (n = 24) into the tail vein of the female rat (n = 8) 24 hours after traumatic brain injury; the rats were killed at Day 7 or 14 after treatment. The neurological function of the rats was evaluated using the rotarod test and the neurological severity score. The distribution of the male donor cells in brain, heart, lung, kidney, liver, muscle, spleen, and bone marrow of the female recipient rats was measured by identifying Y chromosome-positive cells using fluorescent in situ hybridization. RESULTS We found that marrow stromal cells injected intravenously significantly reduced motor and neurological deficits compared with control groups by Day 15 after traumatic brain injury (P < 0.05, analysis of covariance for repeated measures). The transplanted cells preferentially engrafted into the parenchyma of the injured brain and expressed the neuronal marker NeuN and the astrocytic marker glial fibrillary acidic protein. Marrow stromal cells were also found in other organs in female rats subjected to traumatic brain injury without any obvious adverse effects. CONCLUSION These data suggest that the intravenous administration of marrow stromal cells may be a promising therapeutic strategy that warrants further investigation for patients with traumatic brain injury.