cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Urban Simulation Environment

Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) researchers at the Aerospace Vehicles Technology Assessment and Simulation (AVTAS) Laboratory are developing a realistic urban simulation environment. The near term objective is to provide an appropriate environment to study the performance of cooperative control algorithms for Unmanned Air Vehicles (UAVs) in and around the urban landscape. Additionally, operator-in-the-loop interfaces that interact with the cooperative control algorithms will be implemented providing the capability to explore the various facets of UAV control. The simulation environment will include multiple urban databases for visualization, UAV aerodynamics and control models, camera models, articulated human models, and ground vehicle models to serve as clutter and potential targets. Wind and turbulence models will be also be integrated to elicit realistic UAV behavior. The levels of fidelity can be varied depending on available resources and design of the experimental study.
Fixing a flawed approach to forest accounting in the next round of the Kyoto Protocol

Temperate and boreal forests in developed countries have historically played an important role in stabilizing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHGs), by removing, on average, nearly ...
Food safety behaviors observed in celebrity chefs across a variety of programs

Background Consumers obtain information about foodborne illness prevention from many sources, including television media. The purpose of this study was to evaluate a variety of cooking shows with celebrity chefs to understand their modeling of food safety behaviors. Methods Cooking shows (100 episodes) were watched from 24 celebrity chefs preparing meat dishes. A tabulation of food safety behaviors was made for each show using a checklist. Results Proper modeling of food safety behaviors was limited, with many incidences of errors. For example, although all chefs washed their hands at the beginning of cooking at least one dish, 88% did not wash (or were not shown washing) their hands after handling uncooked meat. This was compounded with many chefs who added food with their hands (79%) or ate while cooking (50%). Other poor behaviors included not using a thermometer (75%), using the same cutting board to prepare ready-to-eat items and uncooked meat (25%), and other hygiene issues such as touching hair (21%) or licking fingers (21%). Conclusions This study suggests that there is a need for improvement in demonstrated and communicated food safety behaviors among professional chefs. It also suggests that public health professionals must work to mitigate the impact of poorly modeled behaviors.
Consistent Refractive Index Formula for AlxGa1-xAs below the Band Edge

AlxGa1-xAs is an important material for laser diodes and other optoelectronic devices. Accurate AlGaAs refractive index data is extremely useful for the design of advanced devices (VCSEL Bragg reflectors1, WDM components2) and is essential for fast, nondestructive optical characterization of epitaxial layers.3,4 Despite AlGaAs index measurements by several groups,5-11 the literature is neither consistent nor complete. The data of Aspnes et al8 and Casey et al12 do not extend to λ >1.0μm, and indices reported for nominally identical alloys by different groups8,12,13 differ by as much as Δn =0.05, too large to attribute to measurement uncertainty (typically Δn < 0.015).8-12 All analytic index formulas n(x,λ.) (eg: ref. 14) proposed to date are limited by these difficulties. Here we obtain a formula which accurately describes AlGaAs indices for λ=1.5 to 0.75μm, using a consistent re-analysis of earlier AlGaAs index data and additional index measurements of our own to extend the data to longer wavelength.
Developing social responsibility and political engagement: Assessing the aggregate impacts of university civic engagement on associated attitudes and behaviors

Universities have become increasingly interested in incorporating civic engagement into undergraduate education with the goal of enhancing leadership skills and creating socially responsible global citizens. What is unclear is which educational experiences are most effective in achieving this goal. In this study, we seek to determine the impact of three types of educational experiences—curricular civic engagement, extra-curricular civic engagement, and participation in a living-learning community on social responsibility and political engagement (two components of civic engagement) attitudes and behaviors. Using a survey of 1240 undergraduates, our findings indicate that while all three types of experiences are positively related to civic engagement attitudes and behaviors, extra-curricular civic engagement has the most impact. Furthermore, student civic engagement attitudes are already relatively high; so instructors should focus on behaviors. The greatest potential for growth is in political engagement ...
Merkel cell carcinoma: a review and update on current concepts

Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a malignant, cutaneous neuroendocrine tumour of the elderly with an increasing worldwide incidence. Clinical presentation is generally characterized by a rapidly-evolving dermal tumour on sun-exposed skin of the head, neck or extremities. Histologically, there are sheets and cords of uniform, small cells with hyperchromatic nuclei and multiple small nucleoli. Mitoses and apoptotic bodies are widespread and lymphovascular involvement is commonly present. Aggressive surgical treatment of localized primary lesions followed by radiotherapy remains the mainstay of treatment. Lymph node metastases, local recurrences, and widespread dissemination are commonly seen. The 10-year survival rates for MCC are 71%, 48%, and 20% for localized, regional, and distant disease, respectively. Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCV) has been implicated as a contributing factor in the pathogenesis of MCC with approximately 80% of tumours showing positivity for the virus. This review provides an up-to-date overview of the clinicopathologic features, current knowledge of MCV, and recent advances in diagnosis, prognostication, and management of MCC.
EPID-29DURAL PRIMARY MARGINAL ZONE LYMPHOMA WITH LARGE B-CELLS PRESENT: A CASE REPORT AND REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE

A 64-year-old female presented with personality changes, acalculia, falls, headache and nausea. CT and MR imaging of the head revealed a homogeneously contrast-enhancing 7 cm x 4.4 cm x 4.4 cm right frontal dural-based mass, concerning for a meningioma. She underwent a right frontal craniotomy with complete resection. Post-operative pathology demonstrated sheets of lymphocytes and plasma cells with small numbers of germinal cells present. The infiltrate was limited to the dura and leptomeninges. Immunophenotype as demonstrated by immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry was diagnostic of an extranodal marginal zone lymphoma with extensive plasmacytic differentiation. Given the normal bone marrow biopsy and absence of disease on CT chest, abdomen, and pelvis, she was diagnosed with an extranodal primary dural-based marginal zone B-cell lymphoma (MZL) with plasmacytic differentiation. Primary dural lymphomas are a well-described subset of primary central nervous system (CNS) lymphomas that most commonly present as low grade lymphomas. MZLs generally carry a much better prognosis than typical diffuse large B-cell lymphomas. This case illustrates that hematopoietic malignancies should be considered in the differential diagnosis of dural based masses in addition to meningiomas or less common dural metastases, solitary fibrous tumors, leiomyosarcomas, and hemangiopericytomas. Typically dural based lymphomas have increased vasogenic edema compared to meningiomas. Unlike other extranodal MZLs, dural based MZLs have no strong association with chronic inflammatory conditions, infections, or immunosuppression. The literature supports that MLZs are very radiosensitive; with excision and low dose-localized radiation therapy, patients may remain disease free locally. However, systemic recurrence may occur, possibly because the dura is outside the blood brain barrier. Appropriate diagnosis is important as it has both prognostic and treatment implications.
Diagnostic Evaluation of NOx Emission Upgrade on Air Quality Forecast

The U. S. National Air Quality Forecasting Capability (NAQFC) provides air quality forecast for the nation by disseminating numerical model predicted surface concentration of O3 and PM2.5 to the public. However, the fidelity of NAQFC is dependent on the accuracies of the emission projection factors employed to estimate the various emissions. This study focuses on comparing variability of surface NOx and O3 concentrations for two emission modeling scenarios for July of 2011: the Base Case and a New Emission Case. The Base Case used the U.S. EPA 2005 National Emission Inventory (NEI2005), its projection procedures adhered to a standard practice used by NAQFC since its inception in 2003. The New Emission Case adopted a scaling procedure based on more recent EPA data demonstrated a significant reduction of the mobile source’s share of NOx emission among the major contributors. It reduced from 33.6 % in the Base Case to 25.2 % in the New Emission Case. This is even more significant if one takes into account the large increase in vehicle miles traveled since 2005. The NOx SIP Call had achieved significant reduction of NOx emission from power plants, but still lagged behind that achieved by the reduction in the on-road vehicular (mobile) exhausts. Geographically population change trends in the last decade do not necessarily translates into proportional changes in NOx emission.
Cerebrovascular Vasospasm, Normal Pressure Breakthrough Edema, Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome (PRES) in Neurosurgical Critical Care

Cerebral vasospasm is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality ­following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. It leads to death or permanent neurologic deficits in over 17–40% of SAH patients. Risk factors for vasospasm include thick blood in the basal cisterns determined by head CT scanning, female gender, smoking, cocaine use, hypovolemia, hyponatremia, hypomagnesemia, increased intracranial pressure and systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Factors less robustly linked are a longer duration of unconsciousness following the initial hemorrhage, history of hypertension, and excess weight.
Learning to make liveable cities

Urban designers have the unique background to deal with the experiential qualities of cities. Worldwide unprecedented urban growth strains the quality of life on many levels ‒ walkability of street...
Studying Confucian Thought from the Inside Out

The philosophical study of Confucian thought seeks to both understand the nature of Confucian thought in its historical and cultural context and relate it in an intellectually fruitful manner to contemporary philosophical discourse. Someone engaged in such a study will be pulled inward toward approximating the perspectives of the Confucian thinkers set in the context of their concerns and activities, and pulled outward away from the Confucians’ world of ideas to relate them to our present concerns and interests, specifically those that characterize contemporary philosophical discourse. These two psychological forces, the inward pull and outward pull, can be combined in different ways in the psychological orientation that underlies such a study. This essay presents and discusses the merits of an approach that it describes as “studying Confucian thought from the inside out.” On this approach, the inward pull is maximally dominant, and even as the outward pull leads us to move beyond the Confucians’ own perspectives to relate their ideas to our present concerns and interests, we at the same time seek to do so in a way that is maximally continuous with their perspectives. Such an approach helps draw out the distinctive characteristics and insights of Confucian thought, and also furthers a direction of inquiry that the Confucian thinkers themselves advocate.
Thin Film Transistors Using Wafer-Scale Low-Temperature MOCVD WSe2

We report on thin film transistors using continuous WSe2 thin films synthesized by metal organic chemical vapor deposition at 400°C. O2 plasma etching is used to provide precise thickness modification of the WSe2 thin film with an etch rate ∼0.25 nm/min. Device performance is found to vary with the thickness of the WSe2 films. P-channel thin film transistors with plasma-thinned 3 nm WSe2 channels have mobility ∼0.01 cm2/Vs and current on–off ratio greater than 104. Our results suggest that plasma etching may provide an approach for post-growth modification of the electrical properties of two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenide thin films.
Using genotype array data to compare multi- and single-sample variant calls and improve variant call sets from deep coverage whole-genome sequencing data

Motivation Variant calling from next-generation sequencing (NGS) data is susceptible to false positive calls due to sequencing, mapping and other errors. To better distinguish true from false positive calls, we present a method that uses genotype array data from the sequenced samples, rather than public data such as HapMap or dbSNP, to train an accurate classifier using Random Forests. We demonstrate our method on a set of variant calls obtained from 642 African-ancestry genomes from the Consortium on Asthma among African-ancestry Populations in the Americas (CAAPA), sequenced to high depth (30X). Results We have applied our classifier to compare call sets generated with different calling methods, including both single-sample and multi-sample callers. At a False Positive Rate of 5%, our method determines true positive rates of 97.5%, 95% and 99% on variant calls obtained using Illuminas single-sample caller CASAVA, Real Time Genomics multisample variant caller, and the GATK UnifiedGenotyper, respectively. Since NGS sequencing data may be accompanied by genotype data for the same samples, either collected concurrent to sequencing or from a previous study, our method can be trained on each dataset to provide a more accurate computational validation of site calls compared to generic methods. Moreover, our method allows for adjustment based on allele frequency (e.g. a different set of criteria to determine quality for rare versus common variants) and thereby provides insight into sequencing characteristics that indicate call quality for variants of different frequencies. Availability and implementation Code is available on Github at: https://github.com/suyashss/variant_validation. Contacts suyashs@stanford.edu or mtaub@jhsph.edu. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
A patient with altered mental status and an acid-base disturbance.

Acid-base disorders can be diagnosed and characterized using a systematic, fi ve-step approach.
Differential response to mosquito host sex and parasite dosage suggest mixed dispersal strategies in the parasite Ascogregarina taiwanensis

Mixed dispersal strategies are a form of bet hedging in which a species or population utilizes different dispersal strategies dependent upon biotic or abiotic conditions. Here we provide an example of a mixed dispersal strategy in the Aedes albopictus / Ascogregarina taiwanensis host/parasite system, wherein upon host emergence, the gregarine parasite is either carried with an adult mosquito leaving the larval habitat, or released back into the larval habitat. We show that the parasite invests a larger proportion of its dispersing (oocyst) life stage into adult female mosquitoes as opposed to adult male mosquitoes at low parasite exposure levels. However, as the exposure level of parasite increases, so does the parasite investment in adult males, whereas there is no change in the proportion of oocysts in the adult female, regardless of dose. Thus, A. taiwanensis is utilizing several dispersal strategies, depending upon host sex and intraspecific density. Furthermore, we demonstrate that this parasite reduces body size, increases time to emergence in females, and leads to a reduction in estimates of per capita growth rate of the host.
Urologic Applications of the Microbiota in Multiple Sclerosis

In this review, we report on the factors conferring a healthy microbiome, applications in the urinary tract with urgency, urge incontinence, and urinary tract infection and interactions of the Gut-Brain Axis as they apply to multiple sclerosis. Clinical applications in the use of probiotics are briefly reviewed. Information from the Human Microbiome Project has spurred exponential studies which have opened up exciting possibilities in many fields. Of particular interest is how these concepts apply to the study of microbes in the urinary tract, vagina, and intestines and how they interact not only with each other but also the brain. The ways that microbes affect the lower urinary tract as well as overall wellbeing are currently being explored.
Post-operative Weaning of Opioids After Ambulatory Surgery: the Importance of Physician Stewardship

PURPOSE OF REVIEW We performed a systematic review to elucidate the current guidelines on weaning patients from opioids in the post-operative ambulatory surgery setting, and how pain management intraoperatively can impact this process. DESIGN The review highlights the most up-to-date research from clinical trials, patient reports, and retrospective studies regarding both the current guidelines and weaning of opioid analgesia in ambulatory surgery setting. RECENT FINDINGS A striking paucity of convincing evidence exists on ambulatory postoperative pain management discontinuation or weaning of pain medications. However, retrospective and patient-reported studies suggest our approach should be similar to acute pain management strategies. The first steps include identifying high-risk patients and devising an appropriate pain plan. This may be accomplished by implementing multimodal analgesia, anticipating opioid needs, and the proper use of regional anesthesia. The increasing roles for Transitional Pain Service (TPS), Perioperative Surgical Home (PSH), and Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) may also guide us in this process. Patients discharged from same-day surgery may lack the additional infrastructure of a hospital or medical establishment to monitor postoperative recovery. As such, weaning of pain medications in ambulatory surgery settings requires teams that are adept at treating varied patient populations through a tailored, novel means that invoke multimodal analgesia. Given the growth of surgeries moving toward the ambulatory sector, more data and practice guidelines are needed to direct postoperative pain regimen titration for the patients.
Duration Of Uninsured Spells For Nonelderly Adults Declined After 2014.

Using longitudinal data from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey–Household Component (MEPS-HC), we found that nonelderly respondents in 2014–15, following implementation of ACA coverage provisions...
The Integrity of Attentional Control Following Commissural Section

One of the most dramatic and reliable behavioral consequences of the surgical transection of the corpus callosum in humans is the perceptual disconnection of the visual world. In general, following callosal surgery each hemisphere only perceives stimuli that are presented to the contralateral visual field: the perception of left field stimuli is isolated to the right hemisphere, and the perception of right field stimuli is isolated to the left hemisphere (Gazzaniga, 1970; Gazzaniga and LeDoux, 1978). As a consequence, each hemisphere can identify stimuli that appear within its sensory field, but the patient is unable to perform perceptual tasks that require the integration of visual information from both hemifields. Typically such tasks involve a forced choice decision such as whether two stimuli are the same or whether they are members of the same class. When both items appear in the same hemifield performance is generally quite accurate. When they are presented to different fields performance usually falls to chance levels.
The E rosette-associated antigen of T cells can be identified on blasts from patients with acute myeloblastic leukemia.

Monoclonal antibody T-11, considered specific for the sheep erythrocyte rosette-associated antigen of T cells, reacted with leukemic blasts from four of 23 patients with morphologic and cytochemical criteria for acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML). Although 83%, 87%, 88%, and 96% of the blasts from these patients reacted with T-11, only one patient demonstrated a small percentage of heat-stable E rosettes (5%). Antibody 9.6, which also reacts with the E rosette-associated antigen, was tested on blasts from two of the T-11-positive patients and was also strongly reactive (96% and 98%). Dual staining of blasts from these two patients demonstrated a small number of cells that simultaneously expressed the E rosette-associated antigen and myeloid- associated cytochemistries (myeloperoxidase [MPO] and Sudan black B). Additionally, leukemic blasts were identified that simultaneously expressed the E rosette-associated antigen and contained Auer rods. Antibody OKT-11 immunoprecipitated a 48,100-dalton glycoprotein from these leukemic blasts that is similar in molecular weight to that previously determined for the T cell surface protein (Tp50), thus providing strong evidence that this molecule can be found in some cases of AML. Because cells simultaneously expressing both the E rosette- associated antigen and MPO were identified, it would appear likely that leukemic blasts with only the E rosette-associated antigen or only MPO arose from the same progenitor. Our findings further demonstrate that the epitopes identified by antibodies OKT-11, T-11, and 9.6 are not always associated with, or sufficient for, 37 degrees C E rosette formation and can be found on blasts from patients with AML.
Problem Scoping and Identification

This chapter covers the first phase of community-based system dynamics of problem scoping and identification. The chapter provides some of the conceptual frameworks that can be used to help conceptualize and sequence projects within a larger community context, choosing the goal of model building and selecting the purpose of the model. The chapter then concludes with some additional considerations for assessing the readiness of a community.
Design Space Exploration for Hardware Acceleration of Machine Learning Applications in MapReduce

Emerging big data applications heavily rely on machine learning algorithms which are computationally intensive. To meet computational requirements, and power and scalability challenges, FPGA based Hardware accelerators have found their way in data centers and cloud infrastructures. Recent efforts on HW acceleration of big data mainly attempt to accelerate a particular application and deploy it on a specific architecture that fits well its performance and power requirements. Given the diversity of architectures and ML applications, the important research question is which architecture is better suited to meet the performance, power and energy-efficiency requirements of a diverse range of ML-based analytics applications. In this work, we answer this question by investigating how the type of FPGA (low-end vs. high-end), and its integration with the CPU (on-chip vs. off-chip) along with the choice of CPU (high performance big vs. low power little servers) affects the speedup yield and power reduction in a CPU+FPGA architecture for machine learning applications implemented in MapReduce. We show that among the three architectural parameters, the type of CPU is the most dominant factor in determining the execution time and power in a CPU+FPGA architecture for MapReduce applications. The integration technology and FPGA type comes next, with the power and performance least sensitive to the FPGA type.
The once and future Jew: The Croxton Play of the Sacrament, little Robert of Bury and historical memory

The Jews who purchase and attack the host in the fifteenth-century East Anglian drama, the Croxton Play of the Sacrament, have long been regarded by critics as referents to Lollards or to doubters more generally, not to Jews. However, the play does refer to the history of Jews in Bury St. Edmunds, where, most likely, it was performed, and more specifically, it refers to the 1181 ritual murder accusation surrounding Little Robert of Bury. This accusation was commemorated in a variety of forms in Bury well into the fifteenth century. Further, in its representation of host desecration as a literal reenactment of the Passion, the play creates a temporal mode in which the Jews re-enact the Passion in the present, just as the Mass is a re-enactment of the Crucifixion. The play simultaneously makes the audience witness to the murder of little Robert and to the Crucifixion, with both existing in a kind of “eternal present,” a temporality central to the Mass and also to related late-medieval English devotional practices. The story of little Robert comes to exist not only in historical memory, but also in the eternal present in which the Crucifixion and its re-enactments are joined. This powerful temporality creates a conception of the Jew as perpetual murderer, guilty not only of crucifying Christ in the historical past, but in the present, and until the Parousia in the future, thus enabling a particular aspect of the negative stereotype of “the Jew,” the perpetually present enemy, ever plotting against Christ and Christendom.
Driver behavior and performances on in-vehicle display based speed compliance

Abstract Traffic safety, and the inherent risks associated with speeding, continue to remain a national priority. Advances in both roadway and vehicle technology have created potential mechanisms to mitigate speeding behaviors. This driving simulator study evaluated the effects of alternative ways to increase driver safety by investigating the characteristics of specific driving cues and drivers’ response rates to those cues. The study builds upon existing approaches to symbolically deliver Traffic Control Devices (TCDs), specifically speed alerts, at different locations within the vehicle to reduce cognitive distraction and prevent visual crowding so that drivers can properly select their speed and focus upon the roadway environment. Twenty-three participants received five visual treatments (e.g., combinations of speed alert style, presentation, and location) in a simulated environment. Participants also responded to a set of survey questions following the simulated drive. Participants were evaluated on various response factors to each visual treatment. Results showed that younger participants of the age group 18–23 responded to the visual treatment and stayed within speed limits as compared to other older and more experienced participants. Results also showed that alerts falling in the mid-peripheral visual region and alerts that flashed received an increased response rate for observing speed limits.
Evaluation of wearable sensors for physiologic monitoring of individually experienced temperatures in outdoor workers in southeastern U.S.

Abstract Climate-related increases in global mean temperature and the intensification of heat waves present a significant threat to outdoor workers. Limited research has been completed to assess the potential differences in heat exposures that exist between individuals within similar microenvironments. Yet, there is a paucity of individual data characterizing patterns of individually experienced temperatures in workers and the associated physiologic heat strain response. The objective of this study was to apply a wearable sensor-based approach to examine the occupational, environmental, and behavioral factors that contribute to individual-level variations in heat strain in grounds maintenance workers. Outdoor workers from three diverse climatic locations in the southeastern United States – high temperature, high temperature + high humidity, and moderate temperature environments – participated in personal heat exposure monitoring during a 5-day work period in the summer. We performed Cox proportional hazards modeling to estimate associations between multiple heat strain events per worker and changes in individually experienced temperatures. Heat strain risk was higher among workers with a place to cool-off, higher education, and who worked in hotter temperatures. A mismatch was observed between workers' perceptions of heat strain and actual heat strain prevalence across exposure groups. We also used a quasi-Poisson regression with distributed lag non-linear function to estimate the non-linear and lag effects of individually experienced temperatures on risk of heat strain. The association between increasing temperature and heat strain was nonlinear and exhibited an U-shaped relationship. Heat strain was less common during issued heat warnings demonstrating behavioral adaptive actions taken by workers. This study is one of the first temperature monitoring studies to quantify the individual-level exposure-response function in this vulnerable population and highlights the elevated risk of heat strain both immediately and several days after worker exposure to high temperatures.
Widespread white matter but focal gray matter alterations in depressed individuals with thoughts of death.

Abstract Background Past work demonstrates that depressed individuals with suicidal thoughts or behaviors exhibit specific neuroanatomical alterations. This may represent a distinct phenotype characterized by specific findings on neuroimaging, but it is unclear if these findings extend to individuals with milder thoughts of death. We examined this question in outpatients with recurrent Major Depressive Disorder not receiving antidepressant treatment. Methods We examined 165 subjects: 53 depressed without thoughts of death, 21 depressed with thoughts of death, and 91 healthy comparison subjects. Participants completed 3 T cranial MRI, including anatomical and diffusion tensor imaging acquisitions. Automated methods measured regional gray matter volumes in addition to cortical thickness. White matter analyses examined diffusion measures within specific fiber tracts and included voxelwise comparisons. Results After adjustment for multiple comparisons, the depressed group with thoughts of death did not exhibit differences in regional gray matter volume, but did exhibit reduced cortical thickness in frontoparietal regions and the insula. This depressed group with thoughts of death also exhibited widespread white matter differences in fractional anisotropy and radial diffusivity. These differences were observed primarily in posterior parietal white matter regions and central white matter tracts adjacent to the basal ganglia and thalamus. Conclusions Mild thoughts of death are associated with structural alterations in regions of the salience network, default mode network, and thalamocortical circuits. Further work is needed to understand the pathological basis of these findings.
Generation A and Autism in the Workplace

This chapter presents the individual, organizational, and societal issues surrounding autism in the workplace. The term Generation A is introduced to refer to the 1.5 million individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) who will reach adulthood in the next decade. Studies of young adults with ASD have found that they have much higher rates of unemployment than the general population. Young adults with ASD may face many challenges as they enter the workplace, and potentially throughout their lives as their careers unfold. It is important to focus on employment for these individuals as it has the potential to result in more positive life outcomes for individuals with ASD, their families, and caregivers. Little is known about the employment and career outcomes that these individuals will experience. The issues associated with autism in the workplace underscore the importance of this topic for both academics and practitioners.
Arabic or Latin: Language Contact and Script Practices

This study discusses the social aspects of script reforms and the hierarchies attached to languages and scripts in contact. In Morocco, Arabic, French, and Berber/Amazigh compete for similar social domains. In recent years, intense debates took place surrounding the official adoption of Tifinagh to codify Amazigh; however less focus has been placed on the unofficial selection of the French-based Latin characters to write both Arabic and Amazigh. This study argues that, besides practicality, preference of the Latin script in Morocco is ideologically connected to the status of French as a language that indexes power, modernity and social prestige.
Oral contraceptive administration, interfemale relationships, and sexual behavior in Macaca fascicularis

The effects of oral contraceptive administration on the social relationships of adult female cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) were examined. Ten females were administered ethinyl estradiol/ethynodiol diacetate (Demulen), 10 were administered ethinyl estradiol/norgestrel (Ovral), and 10 served as a control group. The monkeys lived in social groups of 5 females each, and patterns of social interaction and social status were recorded. Interfemale relationships were also observed when a vasectomized male was placed in each social group for 50 min, once/week. During the latter observations, preliminary data on the effects of oral contraceptive treatment on sexual interaction were also collected. In the absence of the male, interfemale agonistic interactions and time spent alone were influenced by social status but not by oral contraceptive treatment. Time spent in passive body contact, an affiliative state, was reduced by Ovral treatment. In the presence of the male, dominant females aggressively interfered with the sexual interactions of subordinates. This aggression resulted in the termination of a greater proportion of the sexual interactions of subordinates than dominants in the control group only, indicating suppression of this type of interaction by oral contraceptive treatment. Other effects included a decreased frequency of ejaculation with Ovral-treated females. These results suggest that oral contraceptives may suppress certain types of female agonistic behavior (e.g., in the context of mate competition) and some oral contraceptives may interfere with sexual activity. More broadly, these findings indicate that intrasexual competition for access to mates may occur in females as well as males.
Metabolomics and proteomics of L. rhamnosus GG and E. coli Nissle probiotic supernatants identify distinct pathways that mediate growth suppression of antimicrobial-resistant pathogens

Abstract Probiotics merit testing as alternatives to conventional antibiotics and are receiving increased attention for efficacy against multi-drug resistant pathogen infections. This study hypothesis was that the Gram-positive probiotic, L. rhamnosus GG (LGG) and Gram-negative E. coli Nissle (ECN) secrete distinct proteins and metabolites to suppress pathogen growth. LGG and ECN cell free supernatants were tested in a dose-dependent manner for differential growth suppression of Salmonella Typhimurium, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella oxytoca that harbor antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Across supernatant doses, LGG was 6.27% to 20.55% more effective than ECN at suppressing AMR pathogen growth. Proteomics and metabolomics were performed to identify pathways that distinguished LGG and ECN for antimicrobial functions. From the 667 detected metabolites in probiotic cell free supernatants, 304 metabolites had significantly different relative abundance between LGG and ECN, and only 5 and 6 unique metabolites were identified for LGG and ECN respectively. LGG and ECN differences involved amino acid, energy and nucleotide metabolism. Proteomics analysis of ECN and LGG cell free supernatants identified distinctions in 87 proteins, where many were related to carbohydrate and energy metabolism. Integration of genome-proteome-metabolome signatures from LGG and ECN with predictive metabolic modeling supported differential use of substrates by these two probiotics as drivers of antimicrobial actions. ECN metabolized a range of carbon sources, largely purines, whereas LGG consumed primarily carbohydrates. Understanding functional biosynthesis, utilization and secretion of bioactive metabolites and proteins from genetically distinct probiotics will guide strategic approaches for developing antibiotic alternatives and for controlling spread of multi-drug resistant pathogens. Importance Probiotics are practical alternatives for protection against antimicrobial resistant pathogens. Bioactive probiotics molecules merit further investigation using high throughput - omic approaches. This study identified functional differences between Gram-positive L. rhamnosus GG (LGG) and Gram-negative E. coli Nissle (ECN) probiotics that suppressed the growth of antimicrobial resistant S. Typhimurium, K. oxytoca, and E. coli. Proteomes and metabolomes of the probiotic cell free supernatants showed metabolic differences between LGG and ECN for mediating pathogen growth suppression. Metabolites distinguishing LGG versus ECN growth suppression included carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids, and nucleic acids. The metabolic flux differences between ECN and LGG, which coincided with observed separations in the proteomes and metabolomes, was hypothesized to explain the differential suppression of AMR pathogens. Integrated metabolite and protein signatures produced by each probiotic merit attention as adjuvant therapeutics for antimicrobial resistant infections.
Early Thromboprophylaxis Initiation is Associated With Reduced Fontan Thromboses in the Early Postoperative Period.

Fontan circuit thrombosis is a significant cause of early postoperative morbidity and mortality. Thrombosis incidence and relationship to thromboprophylaxis choice and timing of initiation are not well established. We sought to evaluate the incidence of Fontan circuit thrombosis in the first 30 postoperative days and its relationship to thromboprophylaxis choice and timing. Patients undergoing Fontan surgery, 2006–2016, were reviewed. Fontan circuit thrombosis was defined by sonographic detection of intracardiac or deep venous thrombi. Logistic regression was used to assess relationships between thromboprophylaxis characteristics and thrombosis. One hundred ninety-two patients underwent Fontan. Fontan thrombosis occurred in 19 (10%) patients. 54% were started on aspirin, 27% coumadin, 4% heparin, and 7% none. There was no relationship between thrombosis and baseline anatomy, Fontan type or fenestration. Median time to thromboprophylaxis initiation was 4 days (interquartile range 2–6). Patients not started on thromboprophylaxis had 44.8 times the odds of thrombosis as those on thromboprophylaxis (confidence interval 6.4–311.7, P
Engineering Second Sphere Interactions in a Host-Guest Multicomponent Catalyst System for the Hydrogenation of Carbon Dioxide to Methanol.

Many enzymes utilize interactions extending beyond the primary coordination sphere to enhance catalyst activity and/or selectivity. Such interactions could improve the efficacy of synthetic catalys...
Measurements of the emanation of 37Ar and 39Ar from irradiated rocks and powders

The emanation of radionuclides has been highlighted as a known source of uncertainty in the estimation of radionuclide source signatures from underground nuclear tests and other nuclear activities, particularly in the case of activation products. A system was developed at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory to quantify the emanation of argon from two powders and five rock types ranging in particle size from powder to small rocks. Samples were neutron irradiated and the percent emanation of 37Ar was measured to range between 0.3 and 25%. Measurements were also made of the 39Ar emanation for four of these materials and was found to be consistently lower than that of 37Ar.
Presents and Passports: Friendship and the Formation of Revolutionary Networks

This chapter reveals how Mazzinian women used their traditional domestic, nurturing, and maternal behaviors and identities, as well as the privileges of their British status, to participate in revolution. The first section reveals how they used practices like gift-giving and care for children to develop and maintain the emotional bonds and alternative families vital to developing political loyalty and planning revolutionary conspiracies. The second section shows how these women operated in the revolutionary networks of the left, focusing on Jessie White Mario’s participation in the Pisacane expedition of 1857 and on Sara Nathan’s involvement in the planning and execution of various Mazzinian endeavors during the 1860s. Throughout, the chapter shows how these women took what were considered weaknesses and traits for which they would be discounted as potential revolutionaries, including their consumerism, emotions, children, and seemingly apolitical status, and made them strengths.
Digestible indispensable amino acid score (DIAAS) is greater in animal-based burgers than in plant-based burgers if determined in pigs

Determine digestible indispensable amino acid score (DIAAS) for animal- and plant-based burgers and test the hypothesis that DIAAS calculated for a burger and a burger bun is additive in a combined meal. Ten ileal cannulated gilts were fed experimental diets for six 9-d periods with ileal digesta being collected on d 8 and 9 of each period. Six diets contained a burger (i.e., 80% lean beef, 93% lean beef, 80% lean pork, Impossible Burger, or Beyond Burger) or a burger bun as the sole source of crude protein and amino acids. Three additional diets were based on a combination of the bun and 80% beef, pork, or Impossible Burger. A nitrogen-free diet was also used. The DIAAS for all ingredients and mixed meals was calculated for children from 6 months to 3 years and for individuals older than 3 years, and DIAAS for combined meals was predicted from individual ingredient DIAAS. The 93% lean beef and the pork burgers had greater (P < 0.05) DIAAS than the plant-based burgers for both age groups. The 80% lean beef burger had greater (P < 0.05) DIAAS than the plant burgers for children from 6 months to 3 years, and greater (P < 0.05) DIAAS than the Beyond Burger for individuals older than 3 years. There were no differences between the measured and predicted DIAAS. The protein quality of animal-based burgers is greater than that of plant-based burgers. However, for individuals older than 3 years, the Impossible Burger has comparable protein quality to the 80% lean beef burger. The DIAAS obtained from individual foods is additive in mixed meals.
Taxon: a Language for Formal Reasoning with Digital Fabrication Machines

Digital fabrication machines for makers have expanded access to manufacturing processes such as 3D printing, laser cutting, and milling. While digital models encode the data necessary for a machine to manufacture an object, understanding the trade-offs and limitations of the machines themselves is crucial for successful production. Yet, this knowledge is not codified and must be gained through experience, which limits both adoption of and creative exploration with digital fabrication tools. To formally represent machines, we present Taxon, a language that encodes a machine’s high-level characteristics, physical composition, and performable actions. With this programmatic foundation, makers can develop rules of thumb that filter for appropriate machines for a given job and verify that actions are feasible and safe. We integrate the language with a browser-based system for simulating and experimenting with machine workflows. The system lets makers engage with rules of thumb and enrich their understanding of machines. We evaluate Taxon by representing several machines from both common practice and digital fabrication research. We find that while Taxon does not exhaustively describe all machines, it provides a starting point for makers and HCI researchers to develop tools for reasoning about and making decisions with machines.
Dietary protein intake and the glomerular adaptations to partial nephrectomy in dogs

After partial nephrectomy (Nx) in rats, a temporal pattern of progressively declining renal function often develops. This pattern has been attributed to the development of glomerular hyperfiltration, hypertension and hypertrophy in remnant nephrons. In rats, dietary protein restriction prevents these adaptive changes in remnant nephrons, thereby preserving renal structure and function. However, long-term studies of the temporal pattern of renal function have failed to identify a consistently progressive deterioration of renal function in partially Nx dogs, and a protective effect of protein restriction has not been apparent in this species. To address these issues in dogs, we evaluated the single nephron adaptations to partial Nx in dogs and the effect of dietary protein restriction on these adaptations. Results of our micropuncture studies in partially Nx dogs indicate that remnant nephrons of dogs exhibit glomerular hyperfiltration (single nephron glomerular filtration rate of 144 +/- 8 vs. 71 +/- 4 nL/min in controls, P less than 0.05), hypertension (glomerular capillary pressure of 75.1 +/- 1.6 vs. 63.2 +/- 1.9 mmHg in controls) and hypertrophy (glomerular volume of 3.54 +/- 0.24 x 10(6) vs. 2.04 +/- 0.05 x 10(6) microns3 in controls, P less than 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
H/sub /spl infin// optimization with spatial constraints

A generalized H/sub /spl infin// synthesis problem where nonEuclidian spatial norms on the disturbances and output error are used is posed and solved. The solution takes the form of a linear matrix inequality. Some problems which fall into this class are presented. In particular, solutions are presented to two problems: a variant of H/sub /spl infin// synthesis where norm constraints on each component of the disturbance can be imposed, and synthesis for a certain class of robust performance problems.
Production, Growth and Business Cycles: Technical Appendix

The methods used in our two survey papers on real business cycles (King, Plosser and Rebelo, 1988a,b) are detailed in this document. Our presentation of the basic neoclassical model of growth and business cycles is broken into three parts. First, we describe the model and its steady state, discussing: the structure of the environment including government policy rules; the nature of optimal individual decisions and the dynamic competitive equilibrium; technical restrictions to insure steady state growth; comparable restrictions on preferences and policy rules; stationary levels and ratios in the steady state; and the nature of a transformed economy. Second, we detail methods for studying near steady-state dynamics, considering: the linear approximation approach; the rational expectations solution algorithm; the nature of alternative solutions; and the special case of the fixed labor model. Third, we discuss the computation of simulations, moments and impulse responses. The objective of this appendix is to provide a detailed analysis of a neoclassical economy that is sufficiently flexible to permit: (a) exogenous steady state growth; (b) distorting tax rules of various sorts; and (c) time varying government spending. Although we do not focus on all of these issues in the present discussion, other investigations in progress will utilize this framework. The appendix is divided into three main parts. Part A describes the artificial economy under study and analyses its steady state, Part B develops methods to study approximate dynamics around the steady state, and Part C derives a set of formulas for generating population moments. This technical appendix is designed to serve two functions. First, it develops the theoretical material in Sections 2 and 3 of the main text in more depths. Second, it serves as a detailed guide to PC-MATLAB programs for computing dynamic equilibria, written by King and Rebelo in the Spring of 1987. Notation in programs and the technical appendix has been detailed as closely as feasible.