cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Laminar distributions of muscarinic acetylcholine, serotonin, GABA and opioid receptors in human posterior cingulate cortex

Abstract Experimental animal studies have demonstrated a number of receptor localizations on specific cortical afferents and neurons. The present study of human posterior cingulate cortex evaluates the laminar distributions of particular receptors and their likely association with components of the neuropil. Coverslip autoradiographic and single grain counting techniques were used followed by heterogeneity analysis in which the layer of peak binding and an index of heterogeneity were determined for each ligand. The index was calculated by determining specific binding by layer as a percentage of binding in all layers. The differences from an absolutely homogeneous distribution, i.e. 11.1% for each of nine layers, were subtracted and the absolute laminar differences summed to form the index. High indices of over 15 reflected heterogeneous binding patterns in neocortex. The binding of ligands for muscarinic acetylcholine, serotonin, opioid, GABA and beta adrenoceptors was evaluated. Pirenzepine binding peaked in layer II of area 23a but was extremely homogeneous with an index of heterogeneity of 8.9. In contrast, oxotremorine-M binding had a peak in layer IIIc and an index of 16.4, while AF-DX 116 binding peaked in layer IIIa-b and had an index of 30.6. Of the ligands for serotonin uptake and receptor binding paroxetine binding was evenly distributed in layers I–III and had a low index of heterogeneity of 9.8. Ketanserin binding was also homogeneous and, since it had an index of 8.9, this pattern was virtually the same as that for paroxetine. In contrast, serotonin and 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin binding peaked in layer II and had very high indices of 20.8 and 50.3, respectively, suggesting only a limited association with that of the paroxetine distribution. Finally, there were three layers which contained peaks in binding for ligands for opioid, GABA and beta adrenoceptors. Firstly, layer Ia had peak dynorphin-A binding, the latter of which had an index of 22.6. Secondly, Tyr- d -Ala-Gly-MePhe-Gly-ol and 2- d -penicillamine-5- d -penicillamine-enkephalin binding peaked in layer II and had indices of 8.6 and 17.4, respectively. Thirdly, muscimol and (−)-cyanopindolol binding peaked in layer IIIa-b and had indices of 29.6 and 11.1, respectively. When viewed in the context of experimental animal studies, it is likely that heterogeneities in oxotremorine-M and paroxetine binding are associated with the termination of the thalamic and raphe nuclei, respectively. While serotonin, receptors are co-distributed with serotonin uptake sites, serotonin1A receptors have a significant mismatch with these sites. Finally, postsynaptic receptors preferentially peak in different layers including kappa opioid receptors in layer Ia, M1 acetylcholine, serotonin1A, mu and delta opioid receptors in layer II, GABAA and beta adrenoceptors in layer IIIa-b and serotonin2 receptors in layer IIIc. Thus, ligand binding analyses provide new insights into the structure and connections of human cerebral cortex.
Identification Of Amino Acids That Are Critical For Structural Stability And Functionality Within The Negative Regulatory Region (NRR) Of Notch Proteins

The integral role that Notch proteins play in the normal development and tissue homeostasis of metazoan animals is orchestrated through the tightly regulated proteolytic processing of its Negative Regulatory Region (NRR). The NRR is composed of three linear notch repeats (LNR) followed by a heterodimerization (HD) domain that is N-terminal to the transmembrane region. Proteolytic Notch processing begins during transport to the cell surface with the cleavage of the HD domain at site S1 by a furin-like protease so as to produce a non-covalent heterodimer of one extracellular (NEC) and one transmembrane (NTM) subunit. Ligand binding at NEC initiates Notch activation by facilitating ADAM-type-metalloprotease-dependent extracellular cleavage at an NTM site (S2) that enables a subsequent intramembrane γ-secretase-mediated cleavage at site S3. These cleavages permit the translocation of the intracellular domain of Notch from the cell membrane to the nucleus to activate transcription. In this work we present the algorithms we have developed to evaluate the relative importance of specific amino acids for the structural stability and functionality of the NRR. These include predictive models derived from bioinformatic analysis such as phylogenetic inference and computational protein modeling as well as experimental data from multiple biophysical and biochemical techniques such as differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), circular dichroism (CD), and pull-down assays. Our results provide valuable insight to the mechanism of action of Notch.
Tribal-State Affairs: American States as ‘Disclaiming’ Sovereigns

The history of tribal-state political relations has been contentious from the beginning of the republic. As a result of these tensions, the relationship of tribal nations and thefederal government was federalized when the U.S. Constitution was ratified in 1788. Thus, a number of states, especially in the West, were required in their organic acts and constitutions to forever disclaim jurisdiction over Indian property and persons. This article analyzes these disclaimer clauses, explains thefactors that have enabled the states to assume some jurisdictional presence in Indian Country, examines the key issues in which disclaimers continue to carry significant weight, and argues that the federal government should reclaim its role as the lone constitutional authority to deal with indigenous nations.
Weldability of Ni3Al-Type Aluminide Alloys

If the ductile Ni/sub 3/Al-based aluminides are to achieve their full potential as engineering materials, they must demonstrate a capability for being joined by conventional welding processes. The goal of this study was to identify some of the factors controlling weldability of the ductile aluminides. The alloys selected for this initial study were boron-doped Ni/sub 3/Al and Ni/sub 3/Al containing 10 at. % Fe. Sheet stock was used to make full penetration autogenous welds by the electron beam and gas tungsten arc processes. The main process variables were travel speed and preheat. The as-welded coupons were examined visually and by normal metallographic methods. Although sound welds were made, initial results indicated weldments of these alloys are susceptible to cracking. Weldability of the ductile Ni/sub 3/Al-based aluminides was found to be affected by alloy composition and welding speed.
Anal erotism and anal characterology

Psychosexual developmental theory implies that adult anxiety concerning a particular body part may derive from preoedipal fixation during childhood around the corresponding erotogenic area. Since flight is the most common reaction to anxiety, it was hypothesized that persons with high anal fixation would spend less time in the lavatory than others, since the lavatory would be expected to raise anxiety levels in that area. In this study 53 men and 55 women who had been timed for the duration they spent in public lavatories completed Kline's Ai3 Anality Scale. Results showed that lavatory time was an inverse function of anality for men, but did not confirm the hypothesis for women. The possible role of reaction formation in confounding results for women is discussed.
It's a small, small world

Much of the research and development for early computers was done in university research laboratories. Colleges and universities were quick to acquire computer facilities for research and for administration. During the early 1960's computers became widely available for instructional purposes. Thus most colleges and universities now have 10-15 years of experience in using computers, and many secondary school systems have 5-10 years of experience. However, in spite of all this effort, most members of our society do not have an adequate understanding of computers or any reasonable likelihood of getting one. Although administrative use has progressed more rapidly than instructional use, it is evident that both areas leave much to be desired. One can give good arguments that computers have not lived up to their promise as an aid to education.
Quantifying data for group technology with weighted fuzzy features

SUMMARY The high potential of using group technology in manufacturing has attracted the interest of both practitioners and researchers. Group technology is based on clustering parts which have similar features. Very often it is very hard to quantify successfully data regarding these features. This is because in many real applications features are fuzzy. This paper identifies two types of fuzzy features: qualitative features, and quantitative ones with subjective meaning. The paper presents a methodology for quantifying the data that refer to the fuzzy features. The proposed methodology deals with crisp and fuzzy data in a unified manner. Finally, some clustering approaches which process the quantified features are also discussed
Investigating 3D geometry of porous media from high resolution images

Abstract We present spatial distributions for pore path length and coordination number, pore throat size and nodal pore volume obtained for a 1.53 mm3 volume of 12.1% porosity Fontainebleau sandstone. The sandstone was imaged using Synchrotron X-Ray computed microtomography at 6 micron resolution. The spatial distributions were computed based upon three dimensional medial axis analysis of the void space in the image. We also present vesicle size and vesicle-vesicle contact surface area distributions for a 1.36 mm length of a 6.36 mm diameter core of basalt from a vesiculated lava flow imaged at 20 micron resolution.
Cryogenic cathodoluminescence from Cu x Ag 1−x InSe 2 thin films

Cu x Ag 1−x InSe 2 (CAIS) thin films were deposited by a hybrid magnetron sputtering/evaporation process over a range of x values. Cryogenic cathodoluminescence (CL) data was obtained from these thin films. Emission peaks were identified and spectrally-resolved images were recorded at these wavelengths. A power-dependent CL series was also recorded. Emissions were fairly uniform across the sample for AgInSe 2 (AIS) (x=0). As x increased, the emission became less uniform both in intensity and in spectral components. AIS showed no significant difference between grain and grain boundary emission, while some grain boundaries in CAIS with x>0 showed higher emission intensity than the grains. No reduction in emission intensity was seen from topmost surface features in AIS, as opposed to CIS. Cu 0.6 Ag 0.4 InSe 2 showed the largest variation in emission from grain to grain, while CIS showed the largest variation in emission from grain to grain boundary.
Rules of language

Language and cognition have been explained as the products of a homogeneous associative memory structure or alternatively, of a set of genetically determined computational modules in which rules manipulate symbolic representations. Intensive study of one phenomenon of English grammar and how it is processed and acquired suggest that both theories are partly right. Regular verbs (walk-walked) are computed by a suffixation rule in a neural system for grammatical processing; irregular verbs (run-ran) are retrieved from an associative memory.
Symptoms of Fern Distortion Syndrome Resulting from Inoculation with Opportunistic Endophytic Fluorescent Pseudomonas spp.

Background Fern Distortion Syndrome (FDS) is a serious disease of Leatherleaf fern (Rumohra adiantiformis). The main symptom of FDS is distortion of fronds, making them unmarketable. Additional symptoms include stunting, irregular sporulation, decreased rhizome diameter, and internal discoloration of rhizomes. We previously reported an association of symptoms with increased endophytic rhizome populations of fluorescent pseudomonads (FPs). The aim of the current study was to determine if FPs from ferns in Costa Rica with typical FDS symptoms would recreate symptoms of FDS.
Pneumocystis Carinii Associated with Polyarteritis and Immunosuppressive Therapy

Pneumocystis carinii characteristically causes pneumonia in patients with immunodeficiency disorders. It occurs most often in patients with malignancy or renal transplants whose immune response has been suppressed by corticosteroids or cytotoxic agents. Individuals with connective tissue disease who receive immunosuppressive drugs become susceptible to Pneumocystis. The incidence of Pneumocystis infection in connective tissue disease is low but may increase if immunosuppressive drugs are used more often. Our patient acquired Pneumocystis pneumonia after immunosuppressive therapy for polyarteritis nodosa. Prompt recognition of this condition is essential now that specific therapy is available. Untreated Pneumocystis infection is usually fatal.
In vitro and in vivo evidence that the antiviral activity of 2',3'-dideoxycytidine is target cell dependent in a feline retrovirus animal model.

2',3'-Dideoxycytidine (DDC) was evaluated for prophylactic antiviral activity in vitro and in vivo, using the feline leukemia virus (FeLV)-cat animal model. In vitro antiviral activity of DDC against FeLV was dependent upon the target cell used for infection. DDC (5 to 10 microM) inhibited FeLV infection of feline lymphoid cells by greater than 80%, while 6.07 to 12.13 microM DDC was required to similarly inhibit infection of feline fibroblasts. However, 43 to 384 microM DDC was needed to inhibit FeLV infection of primary bone marrow cells by greater than 80%. These in vitro results suggest that, although relatively low doses of DDC may be adequate to prevent infection of feline lymphoid cells, 8- to 80-times-higher doses may be necessary to block infection of bone marrow cells, a primary target cell type for FeLV infection. In vivo studies with DDC consisted of pharmacokinetic and toxicity determinations and evaluation of the prophylactic antiviral activity against FeLV in cats. Clearance and half-life values for DDC in cats were 6.5 ml/min per kg and 54.7 min, respectively. In the prophylactic studies, DDC was administered by continuous intravenous infusion at doses of 22, 15, 10, and 5 mg/kg per h for 28 days in most animals. Cats were challenged intravenously with FeLV 1 to 3 days after drug treatment began. Doses of 22 and 15 mg/kg per h were extremely toxic, causing death in 8 of 10 cats. The mg/kg per h dose was slightly toxic, causing chronic progressive thrombocytopenia over the 28-day treatment period. Of 10 cats given 10 to 5 mg of DDC per kg per h, only one was completely protected from FeLV antigenemia. However, conversion to positive FeLV antigenemia status was delayed by 2 to 7 weeks in seven of nine remaining animals. Interestingly, FeLV infection of bone marrow cells, as indicated by FELV antigen in peripheral blood neutrophils, was only slightly delayed by 0 to 2 weeks, except in the case of the one protected cat, and usually preceded conversion to antigenemia. This pattern of neutrophils becoming antigen positive before detection of antigenemia was not seen in FeLV challenge control animals and indicates that the antiviral activity of DDC may be incomplete during DDC treatment. Results of our in vitro and in vivo studies suggest that feline bone marrow cells may remain partially susceptible to FeLV infection at tolerated doses, while other somatic target tissues (i.e., lymphoid or epithelial tissues) may be protected from infection. Incomplete inhibition of FeLV infection permitted focal bone marrow infection to develop in cats given DDC. These loci of infection served as virus reservoirs which, subsequent to discontinuation of DDC treatment, permitted spread of infection to tissues previously protected during treatment.
The Quality of Pedagogical Exercises in U.S. History Textbooks.

The author analyzes pedagogical exercises related to Native Americans in thirteen U.S. history textbooks currently used in grades three, four, five, eight, and eleven. The purpose of the research was to determine the extent to which U.S. history textbooks offer, or fail to offer, opportunities for students to engage in and develop higher-order thinking skills. Data collection involved the identification, listing, and counting of all pedagogical exercises relating to Native Americans in each textbook. The author then organized data into categories as a way to identify themes and patterns that cut across texts. The analysis revealed several problems. A disproportionate number of pedagogical exercises were recall-type questions. Many questions were very similar regardless of grade level. Some were ahistorical or failed to reflect high-quality content. The author suggests that textbook writers and publishers should design pedagogical exercises to reflect quality content and provide students with opportunities...
Spin - flopping in CoBr2 · 6H2O

Abstract By using calorimetric techniques, it has been possible to trace out the magnetic phase diagram for single crystal CoBr 2 ·6H 2 O up to external fields of 10 kOe. The triple point obtained in this way was at T = 2.91 ± 0.01°K, H c = 9320 ± 40 Oe.
Cytochrome c Interaction with Membranes

A cytochrome c derivative from which iron is removed has been prepared and characterized. Several lines of evidence indicate that native and porphyrin cytochrome c have similar conformations: they have similar elution characteristics on Sephadex gel chromatography; in both proteins the tryptophan fluorescence is quenched and the pK values of protonation of the porphyrin are identical. Porphyrin cytochrome c does not substitute for native cytochrome c in either the oxidase reaction or in restoring electron transport in cytochrome-c-depleted mitochondria. It does however competitively inhibit native cytochrome c in these reactions, the Ki for inhibition being larger than the Km for reaction. The absorption and emission spectra, and the polarized excitation spectrum of the porphyrin cytochrome c are characteristic of free base porphyrin. The absence of fluorescence quenching of porphyrin cytochrome c when the protein is bound to cytochrome oxidase suggests that heme to heme distance between these proteins is larger than 0.5 to 0.9 nm depending upon orientation. Binding of the porphyrin cytochrome c to phospholipids or to mitochondria increases the fluorescence polarization of a positively polarized absorption band, which indicates that the bound form of the protein does not rotate freely within the time scale of relaxation from the excited state.
Recording Infrared Spectra at Low Signal Levels

Abstract It appears that many people are under the impression that it is not possible to record meaningful infrared spectra of samples which are almost “black,” i.e., samples which cause the radiation reaching the instrument's detector to be less than a few per cent of the radiation of the unattenuated source. We have, however, been working quite successfully with samples of this nature for a number of years, using commercially available instruments to record transmission and emission spectra with signals of very low intensity. It consequently seems useful to point out that unmodified, commercial research-quality spectrophotometers are capable of better performance than is generally realized. The purpose of this review is, then, to show what can be studied under such poor signal conditions and how this is done, and to describe some of the difficulties and effects that may be encountered.
Divergent plate boundary characteristics and crustal spreading in Aphrodite Terra, Venus - A test of some predictions

Predictions concerning the divergence and crustal spreading in the Western Aphrodite Region of Venus are tested using published results from Arecibo, Venera 15/16, and Pioneer Venus data. It is found that the northern middle to high latitudes are characterized by a young average age, that there is a trend in the total number of craters per unit area from high values in the north polar regions to low values toward the equator, and that there is evidence for a latitudinal distribution of tectonic features of different types, with extensional features common in equatorial regions and compressional deformation features common in the northern middle to high latitudes.
Deficiency of Vitamins A and B Complex in Concentration of Blood and Tissue Enzymes of Albino Rat. VI

We have reported1 that in vitamin A deficiency there is a marked decrease in the concentration of blood serum esterase, an appreciable decrease in hepatic esterase, and a marked increase in hepatic lipase. In vitamin B1 deficiency there is a marked decrease in the digestive efficiency of pancreatic esterase and a moderate decrease in the concentration of pancreatic and hepatic lipase, suggesting a disturbance in the digestion of fats in this avitaminosis. An appreciable increase in the concentration of blood serum phosphatase was found in a deficiency of the vitamin B complex.In this communication we are submitting summarized data on the influence of multiple avitaminosis (deficiency of vitamins A and the B complex) on the concentration of blood and tissue enzymes of the albino rat. The animals were 6 to 9 weeks old and weighed 106 to 118 gm. at the beginning of the experiments. A total of 304 titrations were carried out in duplicate. The results are given in Table I.We conclude that the multiple avitamin...
Cesium nitrate. Standard enthalpies of solution and formation and the standard entropy at 298.15 K

Abstract Calorimetric measurements on single-crystal CsNO 3 have yielded the standard enthalpy of solution at 298.15 K, ΔH soln 0 = (9639 ± 10) cal th mol −1 . Based on this value, the standard enthalpy of formation, ΔH f 0 (CsNO 3 , c, 298.15 K) was calculated to be −(120.88 ± 0.12) kcal th mol −1 . Solubility and activity coefficient data for CsNO 3 gave 779 cal th mol −1 for the standard Gibbs energy of solution, ΔG soln 0 . Thence, the standard entropy, S 0 (CsNO 3 , c, 298.15 K), was deduced to be (37.1 ± 0.2) cal th K −1 mol −1 .
Algebraic relations and presentations

Abstract In this paper the authors examine the mathematical foundations of taking quotients in the category of Scott's continuous lattices (Scott, 1977). They study two questions: (1) What are the limitations of taking quotients in the category of algebraic lattices? (2) What is the meaning of an effectively given congruence relation?
74 GHz, 17.2 dBm power amplifier in 45 nm SOI CMOS

A millimetre-wave power amplifier (PA) fabricated in 45 nm SOI CMOS is reported that achieves 17.2 dBm saturated output power at 74 GHz without power combining using a 2.2 V supply, over twice the output power of previously reported single CMOS PAs. The peak gain and PAE are 14.3 dB and 11.1%, respectively. The PA also achieves a 3 dB bandwidth of 31 GHz while occupying a small die area of 0.23 mm2.
Temporal feature extraction and clustering analysis of electromyographic linear envelopes in gait studies

A technique for automatically clustering linear envelopes of EMGs (electromyograms) during gait has been developed. It uses a temporal feature representation and a maximum peak matching scheme. This technique provides a viable way to define compact and meaningful EMG waveform features. The envelope matching is performed by dynamic programming, providing qualitatively the largest number of matched peaks and quantitatively a minimum distance measurement. The resulting averaged EMG profiles have low statistical variation and can serve as templates for EMG comparison and further classification. >
Myoglobin. Addition of Chemical Details to the Coarse-Grained Model Enhances Resolution of Key-Features of RMS-Fluctuation in Monte-Carlo Simulated Data and Produces Universal Distribution of Amino-Acid Content into Four Transitional Groups

Mechanism that is driving (un)folding transitions in a protein is one of the oldest biological devices ever built by evolution. Protein is a product of a DNA-RNA-Protein line. The mechanism of (un)folding must be universal. Protein reaches very high packing density during folding. These four conditions outline our side-chain backbone based Core-Shell model. The model develops the idea that the self-assembly takes place simultaneously at two - the peptide and side-chain, backbone levels. The Sliding Mechanism of (un)folding transitions developed in the Core-Shell model states, that under unfolding conditions, the rigid-peptide plane “softens” and the side-chain backbone performs transverse discrete moves across the peptide backbone. Sliding mechanism provides a residue's stereochemistry-specific score function that places the residue in one of four distinct Transitional groups.Present work is a computational study of fluctuations of folded protein at near unfolding temperature. Our computational model of protein - a rigid-peptide plane model with Go interactions, is simple enough to allow a step-by-step addition of details. We showed earlier, that there is a reasonable qualitative agreement between NMR, X-ray and the simplified model simulated data for small proteins. Here we show that a) though the simulation data is not accurate due to the lack of chemical details in the forcefield, the rms-fluctuation profile of simplified model Myoglobin detects better all key features of conformational fluctuations of native state protein; b) the addition of Ramachandran propensities improves resolution of computational key-features. The distribution of rms-fluctuation data into four Transitional Groups obtained for amino acid content of Myoglobin is strikingly similar to the distribution of 20 amino acids into Transitional groups - a proof on universality.
Reading and Writing Terror: The New York Conspiracy Trials of 1741

This article returns to the mysterious string of 13 fires that ripped through and alarmed New York City in the spring and summer of 1741, beginning with a conflagration that turned Fort George, one of British America’s strongest fortifications, into ashes. In the days that followed, each blaze contributed to the mystery until the report of a slave running from the scene of the tenth fire persuaded the people of New York that the puzzling fires were really opening salvos in a massive slave insurrection. City officials acted quickly, interrogating more than 200 people, black and white, and soon uncovered what they believed to be a gang of dispossessed slaves and Irish indentured servants, who, it seems, had planned to burn New York City to the ground and kill their masters. Stunned by the boldness of the plot, authorities immediately began to investigate and to prosecute hundreds of alleged conspirators. Although authorities knew disgruntled indentured servants to be key conspirators, blame fell squarely on the city’s large slave population. In the end, the colony of New York executed 30 slaves and 4 white ringleaders, publicly flogged 50 slaves, and transported over 70 more to the Caribbean slave markets, never to return. 1
Altered Osmotic Threshold for Vasopressin Release and Impaired Thirst Sensation: Additional Abnormalities in Kallmann's Syndrome*

Seven subjects with Kallmann's syndrome were studied to determine whether they had disturbances of fluid homeostasis. Simultaneous measurements of urine and plasma osmolality (Uosm and Posm, respectively) were made during free access to fluids. The Uosm-Posm relationship was abnormal in five patients on at least one occasion. Patient 2 was frequently overhydrated (Posm ≤ 280 mosmol⁄kg) and patient 5 excreted a dilute urine when his Posm was 290 mosmol⁄kg. The three subjects (1, 5, and 7) tending to have an increased Posm (≥300 mosmol⁄kg) were able to concentrate their urine (Uosm < 800 mosmol⁄kg) and denied polyuria and polydipsia. Their elevated Posms could be explained by impairment of thirst, rather than increased excretion of water, because the patients concentrated their urines at normal Posms during fluid deprivation. The osmotic threshold for vasopressin release was decreased (Posm = 270.6 mosmol⁄kg) in one patient and increased (Posm 3s 294 mosmol⁄kg) in two others of the seven patients. The eleva...
Synthesis and Crystal Structures of Methyl 3,4,5-Trimethoxybenzoate and 1,2-Dihydro-2,2,4-Trimethylquinoline Derivatives

Two 1,2-dihydro-2,2,4-trimethylquinoline derivatives and two methyl 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate derivatives have been synthesized and their crystal structure determined by X-ray single crystal diffraction. Both methyl 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate derivatives: methyl 2,6-dibromo-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate (1) and methyl 3,4,5-trimethoxy-2-nitrobenzoate (2) crystallize in the monoclinic crystal system with a = 17.2605(5) A, b = 8.9082 (3) A, c = 8.9920 (3) A, β = 105.922 (2)°, space group Cc for 1, and a = 20.4898 (4) A, b = 9.7348 (2) A, c = 24.3911 (5) A, β = 99.457 (1)°, space group C2/c for 2. 1,2-Dihydro-8-methoxy-2,2,4-trimethylquinoline (3) crystallizes in the orthorhombic, space group Pna21, with a = 11.3745 (2) A, b = 8.0638 (1) A and c = 12.0019 (2) A, while 6-chloro-1,2-dihydro-2,2,4-trimethylquinoline (4) crystallizes in the monoclinic, space group P21/c, with a = 7.8063 (10) A, b = 17.757 (3) A, c = 7.8675 (10) A and β = 91.559 (8)°. The three-dimensional crystal packing structures of all four compounds are consolidated by a combination of van der Waals forces and weak directional hydrogen bonds, mostly though the overlap of peripheral groups with the centroids of the aromatic rings as the planar aromatic systems appeared to be displaced from each other resulting in the absence of π–π stacking intereactions usually found in the structural stacking of aromatic systems. This report deals with a comparative analysis of the crystal structures and crystal packing of two pairs of closely related molecules (1, 2) and (3, 4).
In vitro synthesis, release and uptake of storage proteins by the fat body of Manduca sexta: putative hormonal control.

Abstract 1. 1. Two major proteins (P1 and P2) are synthesized by the fifth instar larval fat body of Manduca sexta and then released into the hemolymph. 2. 2. These proteins are later sequestered by the pre-pupal fat body. 20-Hydroxyecdysone does not appear to affect the synthesis of either protein. 3. 3. When day 2 fifth instar larvae are neck-ligated there is an excessive synthesis (supersynthesis) of P2 (arylphorin). 4. 4. Juvenile hormone I (JH I) applications to ligated animals had no effect, but brain homogenate injections resulted in the inhibition of P2 synthesis. 5. 5. Neck ligations of larvae between days 5 and 6 revealed a head critical period between day 5 + 12 hr and day 5 + 18 hr, after which the head is unnecessary for the sequestration of either protein by the fat body. 6. 6. JH I and JH III applications to ligated larvae before the head critical period do not restore the ability of the fat body to sequester the storage proteins. 7. 7. P1 and P2 appear to be synthesized differentially and P2 is sequestered by the fat body to a much lesser extent than P1. 8. 8. P2 is the hemolymph storage protein of both larval and pupal stages, whereas P1 appears to be the storage protein of the pupal fat body. 9. 9. The data indicate that the synthesis of arylphorin and the resorption of both proteins are controlled by a putative head factor(s).
Small-cell carcinoma of the lung detected by CT screening: stage distribution and curability.

Abstract Background Prognosis is incompletely known for small-cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) detected by CT screening of at-risk subjects. Methods A multinational study of baseline and annual repeat CT screening for lung cancer of 48,037 at-risk subjects yielded 48 persons (median age 68 years) with SCLC. Stage (tumor, node, metastasis system) distribution and death rates were compared with those of 7960 usual-care SCLC subjects (chi-square or Fisher exact testing, as appropriate), as reported by the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer. Cure was estimated by Kaplan–Meier analysis. Results Forty-four (92%) of the patients were asymptomatic at screening CT detection of their SCLC; four (8%) presented with cancer-related symptoms before the next scheduled repeat screening. SCLC was diagnosed in clinical stages IA and IV in 16 (33%) and 7 (15%), respectively, of 48 patients, compared to 211 (3%) and 4530 (57%), respectively, of the 7960 patients in the usual-care study ( P P =0.03), as was also the percentage of advanced stage (IIIB plus IV) SCLC-related deaths (62% vs. 94%, P Conclusions Compared to usual-care detection of SCLC, CT screening identified a shift toward early stage and away from late stage disease, and was associated with a decrease in deaths from the disease.
Estimating health insurance impacts under unobserved heterogeneity: the case of Vietnam's health care fund for the poor

Vietnam's health care fund for the poor (HCFP) uses government revenues to finance health care for the poor, ethnic minorities living in selected mountainous provinces, and all households living in communes officially designated as highly disadvantaged. As of 2006, the program, which started in 2003, covered around 60% of those eligible. Those who were covered (about 20% of the population) were disproportionately poor, and around 80% of those covered were eligible. Estimates of the program's impact were obtained using a method that takes into account unobserved heterogeneity--including unobserved idiosyncratic returns--but requires minimal assumptions. The downside is that it provides an estimate only of the program's impact on those covered by it; it cannot therefore answer the question of how those currently uncovered will fare when they are eventually covered. The results suggest that HCFP has had no impact on use of services, but has substantially reduced out-of-pocket spending.
Neurophysiological Evidence for a Role of Posterior Parietal Cortex in Redirecting Visual Attention

Lesions of the posterior parietal cortex in humans and monkeys result in a spatial neglect syndrome characterized by defects in visual-spatial perception, oculomotor function, and directing visual attention. Although symptoms of spatial neglect can result from lesions to other cortical and subcortical areas, patients with posterior parietal lesions are particularly impaired in their ability to disengage and reorient visual attention. Neurophysiological experiments in area 7a of behaving monkeys reveal a large class of neurons that respond to visual stimuli and are powerfully modulated by states of attention. These cells respond better to passive visual stimuli presented during states of attentive fixation than to identical stimuli presented in nonattentive states. The responses of the majority of these cells are also influenced by covert shifts of attention away from the point of fixation; they respond to stimuli presented anywhere within their receptive fields except the covertly attended location. The combined effect of facilitation during attentive fixation and lack of response at the attended location results in a sensitivity for visual stimuli that appear at one location while attention is directed to another. The special sensitivity for unattended stimuli in this group of neurons in area 7a suggests that they may play a role in reorienting attention, possibly by providing signals of the spatial locations of novel stimuli.
Reasoning about model accuracy

Abstract Although computers are widely used to simulate complex physical systems, crafting the underlying models that enable computer analysis remains a difficult job with only a small number of computer tools for support. Our goal is to mechanize this process by building an automated model management system that evaluates simplifying assumptions and selects appropriate perspectives. In this paper we present our initial results: a framework for dynamically changing model accuracy based on model sensitivity analysis . We show how to perform model sensitivity analysis efficiently when one model is a fitting approximation of the other. Finally, we discuss two implementations of our technique in programs that perform • • query-directed simplification by adding bounding abstractions, and • • discrepancy-driven refinement. Our programs use a mixture of qualitative and quantitative techniques with both symbolic and numeric computations.
Separation of preterm infection model from normal pregnancy in mice using texture analysis of second harmonic generation images

This paper presents an image processing system to distinguish a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) infection model of preterm labor from normal mouse pregnancy using Second Harmonic Generation (SHG) images of mouse cervix. Two classes of SHG images are considered: images from mice in which premature birth was caused by intrauterine LPS administration and images from normal pregnant mice. A wide collection of image texture features consisting of co-occurrence matrix-based, granulometry-based and wavelet-based are examined. The results obtained indicate that the combination of co-occurrence-based and granulometry-based textures features provides the most effective texture set for separating these two classes of images.
Synthesis, characterization, and magnetic susceptibility of the heavy-fermion transition-metal oxide LiV 2 O 4

The preparative method, characterization, and magnetic susceptibility $\ensuremath{\chi}$ measurements versus temperature T of the heavy-fermion transition-metal oxide ${\mathrm{LiV}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}$ are reported in detail. The intrinsic $\ensuremath{\chi}(T)$ shows a nearly T-independent behavior below $\ensuremath{\sim}30$ K with a shallow broad maximum at $\ensuremath{\approx}16$ K, whereas Curie-Weiss-like behavior is observed above $\ensuremath{\sim}50--100$ K. Field-cooled and zero-field-cooled magnetization ${M}^{\mathrm{obs}}$ measurements in applied magnetic fields $H=10\ensuremath{-}100$ G from 1.8 to 50 K showed no evidence for spin-glass ordering. Crystalline electric field theory for an assumed cubic V point group symmetry is found insufficient to describe the observed temperature variation of the effective magnetic moment. The Kondo and Coqblin-Schrieffer models do not describe the magnitude and T dependence of $\ensuremath{\chi}$ with realistic parameters. In the high-$T$ range, fits of $\ensuremath{\chi}(T)$ by the predictions of high-temperature series expansion calculations provide estimates of the V-V antiferromagnetic exchange coupling constant ${J/k}_{\mathrm{B}}\ensuremath{\sim}20$ K, g factor $g\ensuremath{\sim}2,$ and the T-independent susceptibility. Other possible models to describe the $\ensuremath{\chi}(T)$ are discussed. The paramagnetic impurities in the samples were characterized using isothermal ${M}^{\mathrm{obs}}(H)$ measurements with $0lHl~5.5$ T at 2--6 K. These impurities are inferred to have spin ${S}_{\mathrm{imp}}\ensuremath{\sim}3/2--4,$ ${g}_{\mathrm{imp}}\ensuremath{\sim}2,$ and molar concentrations of 0.01--0.8 %, depending on the sample.
Screening and early detection among racial and ethnic minority women

Objectives: To highlight sociocultural factors reported to influence and strategies to promote breast and cervical cancer screening and early detection behaviors of racial and ethnic minority women. Data Sources: Published articles, book chapters, and reports. Conclusions: The most successful strategies for promoting screening and early detection among racial and ethnic minority women are collaborative and include approaches that are culturally sensitive and appropriate. Nursing Implications: Intercultural and intracultural differences in racial and ethnic minority women challenge nurses to explore strategies that focus on the health care provider, the health care delivery system, and the individual woman within the context of the woman's culture.
Mechanisms of adrenergic agonist induced allergy bioactivation and antigen formation

Reduction of elevated intraocular pressure with alpha 2 agonists has proved to be an exciting new therapeutic approach for the treatment of glaucoma. We have studied the chemical reactivities of several alpha 2 agonists and known allergens to elucidate the origin of the observed ocular allergic response to the alpha 2 agonist apraclonidine. The oxidation potentials of clonidine, apraclonidine, brimonidine, and two known allergens, amodiaquine, and epinephrine, were measured vs. a standard calomel electrode.. Agents that were oxidatively labile were treated with both chemical and enzymatic oxidants. Clonidine and brimonidine proved to be oxidatively stable in sharp contrast to apraclonidine which had an oxidation potential similar to that observed with epinephrine and amodiaquine, two known allergy-inducing agents. In addition, two glutathione-apraclonidine conjugates formed by the in-situ reaction of glutathione with an enzymatically oxidized apraclonidine intermediate were isolated and their structures determined using spectroscopic methods. The structures were shown to be analogous to those obtained with amodiaquine and epinephrine. Apraclonidine, like amodiaquine and epinephrine, possesses a hydroquinone-like subunit and can be readily oxidized and conjugated with thiols modeling well known hapten-forming reactions. Brimonidine, like clonidine, lacks the hydroquinone subunit and does not undergo the thiol conjugation reactions.
RNA Sequencing of the Human Milk Fat Layer Transcriptome Reveals Distinct Gene Expression Profiles at Three Stages of Lactation

Aware of the important benefits of human milk, most U.S. women initiate breastfeeding but difficulties with milk supply lead some to quit earlier than intended. Yet, the contribution of maternal physiology to lactation difficulties remains poorly understood. Human milk fat globules, by enveloping cell contents during their secretion into milk, are a rich source of mammary cell RNA. Here, we pair this non-invasive mRNA source with RNA-sequencing to probe the milk fat layer transcriptome during three stages of lactation: colostral, transitional, and mature milk production. The resulting transcriptomes paint an exquisite portrait of human lactation. The resulting transcriptional profiles cluster not by postpartum day, but by milk Na:K ratio, indicating that women sampled during similar postpartum time frames could be at markedly different stages of gene expression. Each stage of lactation is characterized by a dynamic range (105-fold) in transcript abundances not previously observed with microarray technology. We discovered that transcripts for isoferritins and cathepsins are strikingly abundant during colostrum production, highlighting the potential importance of these proteins for neonatal health. Two transcripts, encoding β-casein (CSN2) and α-lactalbumin (LALBA), make up 45% of the total pool of mRNA in mature lactation. Genes significantly expressed across all stages of lactation are associated with making, modifying, transporting, and packaging milk proteins. Stage-specific transcripts are associated with immune defense during the colostral stage, up-regulation of the machinery needed for milk protein synthesis during the transitional stage, and the production of lipids during mature lactation. We observed strong modulation of key genes involved in lactose synthesis and insulin signaling. In particular, protein tyrosine phosphatase, receptor type, F (PTPRF) may serve as a biomarker linking insulin resistance with insufficient milk supply. This study provides the methodology and reference data set to enable future targeted research on the physiological contributors of sub-optimal lactation in humans.
Predicting attraction to the novel stimulus person: Affect and concern

Abstract The prediction of interpersonal attraction to the novel, complex stimulus was accomplished by assessing the affective properties of 12 stimulus descriptions. One group ( N = 199) responded to pairs of characterizations on scales of feeling and concern. Each stimulus was categorized with respect to these two dimensions as predictors of attraction. In another group ( N = 264), positive feelings and high concern about the stimulus led to greatest attraction. The results illustrate the benefits of prediction rather than postdiction of the liking response.
Detection of endogenous immunoreactive prolactin in rat mammary epithelial cells during lactation.

The question of whether endogenous prolactin might be detectable in normally lactating rat mammary glands (LMG) was examined by light microscopic immunohistochemistry. In an initial study, sections of LMG were incubated sequentially with I) rabbit anti-rat prolactin (APRL); II) anti-rabbit gamma globulin:peroxidase conjugate ARγG-per), prepared from goat anti-rabbit gamma globulin and horseradish peroxidase, and III) 3,3′- diaminobenzidine mixed with H2O2(DAB). Use of this three-step procedure led to staining of stromal, pnrenchymal and intraluminal elements. However, control procedures which omitted step I produced similar staining, caused by direct binding of the ARγG-per to endogenous tissue components possibly rat immunoglobulins). This precluded detection of indirect, APRL-linked, binding of ARγG-per. In subsequent experiments, direct binding of ARγG-per was prevented by preincubating LMG sections with goat anti-monkey gamma globulin (AMγG), following which, the three-step reaction sequence (APRL, AR...
Host Innate Immune Response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis

This review focuses on recent progress in our understanding of Mycobacterium tuberculosis survival in macrophages, the interaction of M. tuberculosis with Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and the establishment of the link between innate and adaptive immunity, and TLRs and interferon-gamma-mediated antimicrobial pathways in macrophages. We also propose a paradigm that TLR2 signaling regulates the magnitude of the host Th1 response leading to either M. tuberculosis persistence and latent infection or replication and disease.
Intelligent fault-tolerant control using adaptive and learning methods

Abstract Stimulated by the growing demand for improving system performance and reliability, fault-tolerant system design has been receiving significant attention. This paper proposes a new fault-tolerant control methodology using adaptive estimation and control approaches based on the learning capabilities of neural networks or fuzzy systems. On-line approximation-based stable adaptive neural/fuzzy control is studied for a class of input–output feedback linearizable time-varying nonlinear systems. This class of systems is large enough so that it is not only of theoretical interest but also of practical applicability. Moreover, the fault-tolerance ability of the adaptive controller has been further improved by exploiting information estimated from a fault-diagnosis unit designed by interfacing multiple models with an expert supervisory scheme. Simulation examples for a fault-tolerant jet engine control problem are given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.
Analysis of uncertain data: Tools for representation and processing

We present initial work on a general-purpose system for the analysis of incomplete and uncertain data, integrated with Excel. We explain the representation of main types of uncertainty, and outline tools for the analysis of uncertain data and planning of additional data collection.
Genetic and Genomic Approaches to Identify and Study the Targets of Bioactive Small Molecules

Natural and synthetic bioactive small molecules form the backbone of modern therapeutics. These drugs primarily exert their effect by targeting cellular host or foreign proteins that are critical for the progression of disease. Therefore, a crucial step in the process of recognizing valuable new drug leads is identification of their protein targets; this is often a time consuming and difficult task. This report is intended to provide a comprehensive review of recent developments in genetic and genomic approaches to overcome the hurdle of discovering the protein targets of bioactive small molecules.