cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Demographics in Service Encounters: Effects of Racial and Gender Congruence on Perceived Fairness

We investigated the effects of outcome favorability, opportunity for voice, and demographic congruence on customer reactions to bank loan decisions. Applicants for loans engaged in a transaction with loan officers who were either congruent or incongruent with respect to race and gender. Results suggest that perceptions of outcome favorability and opportunity for voice explain significant variance in customer reactions. Customers responded more positively to unfavorable outcomes when they resulted from a race-congruent loan officer, and female customers responded more positively to low opportunity for voice from male loan officers than from female officers. Implications of the results for organizations serving customers who are diverse in race and gender are discussed.
Intravenous Acetaminophen use in Postoperative Pain Management

Surgery is a most common source of acute pain and effective postoperative pain management is crucial for wound healing and recovery. Opiods are the mainstay for acute pain management but have various adverse effects including death. The multimodal approach involves the use of multiple drugs with varying mechanism of action to achieve optimal pain relief with less adverse effects. Intravenous acetaminophen (IVAPAP) is a new addition to the multimodal approach that appears to afford effective pain relief with a low risk profile. The purpose of this research study was to examine the impact of IVAPAP use in multimodal pain management on decreased opioid consumption and decreased average length of hospital stay in the post colectomy population. A comparative two group retrospective chart review was conducted, with a total of 72 charts meeting the inclusion criteria. Group 1(n=36) study subjects who received IVAPAP for pain management were compared to Group 2(n=36) subjects who had not received IVAPAP after colectomy. Results demonstrated that Group 1, those who had received IVAPAP, used less opioids during the postoperative period as compared to those in Group 2 who had not received IVAPAP; there was no difference in length of stay between the groups. Further research related to the use of multimodal pain management strategies in general, and related to IVAPAP in particular, is indicated. Recommendations and implications for advanced practice nursing are presented and discussed.
Chapter 3.3 – Epilepsy

The close relationship between metabolic dysfunction and seizures argues that magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) may be highly informative toward epilepsy, i.e., spontaneous recurrent seizures. Thus this chapter reviews the contributions and progress that MRS and spectroscopic imaging (31P and 1H) have made toward epilepsy. Because of the complex nature of epilepsy and its frequently occult etiology, challenges in the metabolic imaging of epilepsy range from identification of the specific location of seizure onset to better understanding the aberrancies that underlie epileptogenesis, the pathophysiological process by which a cerebral injury ultimately results in the development of epilepsy.
Source imaging using neutron pinhole cameras based on position-sensitive proportional counters

A pinhole camera technique has been used to measure the variation in neutron emission intensity over the area of the neutron-producing target of the National Bureau of Standards Electron Linac. The method uses a one-dimensional position-sensitive proportional counter (PSPC) with an intrinsic spatial resolution of 1.0 mm. The pinhole is made in a thick sheet of cadmium and neutron energy (<0.3-eV) selection is achieved by time-of-flight. In a completely separate experiment, the neutron cone obtained from the (d,t) reaction using the associated-particle technique was imaged by a two-dimensional PSPC. This second measurement demonstrated the use of the two-dimensional detector for imaging high-energy (14-MeV) neutrons.
CVB-Induced Pancreatitis and Alterations in Gene Expression

While infections with the group B coxsackieviruses are generally asymptomatic, these viruses occasionally cause acute and chronic inflammatory diseases of the pancreas and heart. Chronic inflammatory diseases are of major clinical concern, since they predispose affected individuals to cancer. For example, chronic pancreatitis, which can develop from acute pancreatitis, is a major risk factor for pancreatic cancer, a disease with an exceedingly poor prognosis. It is crucial that we understand the mechanisms underlying the development of acute pancreatitis and the progression to chronic disease, if we are to identify new therapeutic targets to prevent the deterioration of the exocrine pancreas. We have developed a mouse model that allows us to explore the mechanisms by which CVB4 causes acute and chronic pancreatitis. The present review develops the idea that disease progression is a continuum, from acute inflammatory disease to chronic inflammatory disease to cancer, and that accompanying changes in gene expression are both quantitative and qualitative.
The Cosmic Impact Hazard

Recognition of the hazard to life and property from impacts of comets and asteroids is currently leading to technical efforts to understand this hazard, estimate the resulting risk and plan for planetary defense. Public attention has been stimulated by the observed impact of Comet Shoemaker Levy 9 with Jupiter in 1994 and the destructive Earth impacts by small asteroids at Tunguska in 1908 and Chelyabinsk in 2013. The first task, to locate potential impactors, is well advanced, with telescopic discovery and orbit determinations for more than 15,000 near-Earth asteroids made in the past quarter century. No large asteroid has been found on an impact trajectory, but tens of thousands of small asteroids remain undiscovered. The current risk is dominated by a handful of undiscovered asteroids around 1-km diameter and by a much larger number with diameters 100–300 m. The larger task of developing technology to intercept, deflect or disburse any asteroid found to be on a collision course is much less mature. Planetary defense is an international problem, since all parts of the planet are at risk. Although at present, relatively few nations have the technology to contribute directly, broad international support for planetary defense is developing.
Taking a plunge: a Cavellian reappraisal of Austin’s unhappy analogy

This paper presents and defends a reappraisal of J.L. Austin’s infamous analogy between saying ‘I know’ and ‘I promise’ in ‘Other Minds.’ The paper has four sections. In §1, I contend that the stan...
Interdisciplinary Teams and Autism Spectrum Disorder

This chapter introduces a brief history of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and examines the development of interdisciplinary teams in the diagnosis and treatment of ASD, a trend that is growing across the field. It details the ways in which interdisciplinary teams have proved instrumental in delivering appropriate care for individuals on the spectrum and addressing the myriad challenges that they and their families face. The chapter describes the history of interdisciplinary teamwork and how it is distinguished from other models, such as multidisciplinary and intradisciplinary teams.
SIRTF Finally Aloft: NASA s Final Great Observatory to Peer Deeply into the Infrared Universe

The last of NASA's Great Observations, the Space Infrared Telescope Facility (SIRTF), is undergoing checkout 15,000 mi. from Earth this week following launch of the $1.2-billion mission here on board a Boeing Delta II Heavy booster Aug. 25. The SIRTF mission has been 25 years in the making. By using innovative technology and a unique "Earth-trailing" orbit, the Jet Propulsion Laboratory and Lockheed-Martin were able to reduce mission cost by about $800 million with no loss in expected science or mission life-time.
Case Article—You Can’t Take It with You

The primary goal of the accompanying case study, “You Can’t Take It with You,” is to help business students develop better problem-solving skills. Teaching quantitative courses to students not in a...
Acyclic Stereoselection. Part 32. Synthesis and Characterization of the Diastereomeric (4S)‐Pentane‐1,2,3,4‐tetrols.

Stereochimie de la reaction entre les enolates de lithium du benzyloxy acetate de methyle, du benzyloxy cetene bis-trimethylsilyl acetal et le benzyloxy-2 propanal
Effect of concurrent beta-blocker use in patients receiving immune checkpoint inhibitors for advanced solid tumors.

e15068Background: Stress-induced adrenergic signaling suppresses the immune system. In animal model systems, pharmacological beta-blockade stimulated CD8+ T-cell activity, and further, it improved ...
Pore Pressure Dissipation Induced by High-Velocity Impacts of a Portable Free-Fall Penetrometer in Clays

AbstractIn situ pore pressure dissipation in soil primarily depends on the coefficient of consolidation and permeability of the soil. This study represents an initial effort to investigate pore pre...
Decomplexation as a rate limitation in the thiol-Michael addition of N-acrylamides

The thiol-Michael addition is a popular, selective, high-yield “click” reaction utilized for applications ranging from small-molecule synthesis to polymer or surface modification. Here, we combined experimental and quantum mechanical modeling approaches using density functional theory (DFT) to examine the thiol-Michael reaction of N-allyl-N-acrylamide monomers used to prepare sequence-defined oligothioetheramides (oligoTEAs). Experimentally, the reaction was evaluated with two fluorous tagged thiols and several monomers at room temperature (22 °C and 40 °C). Using the Eyring equation, the activation energies (enthalpies) were calculated, observing a wide range of energy barriers ranging from 28 kJ mol−1 to 108 kJ mol−1 within the same alkene class. Computationally, DFT coupled with the Nudged Elastic Band method was used to calculate the entire reaction coordinate of each monomer reaction using the B97-D3 functional and a hybrid implicit-explicit methanol solvation approach. The thiol-Michael reaction is traditionally rate-limited by the propagation or chain-transfer steps. However, our test case with N-acrylamides and fluorous thiols revealed experimental and computational data produced satisfactory agreement only when we considered a previously unconsidered step that we termed “product decomplexation”, which occurs as the product physically dissociates from other co-reactants after chain transfer. Five monomers were investigated to support this finding, capturing a range of functional groups varying in alkyl chain length (methyl to hexyl) and aromaticity (benzyl and ethylenephenyl). Increased substrate alkyl chain length increased activation energy, explained by the inductive effect. Aromatic ring-stacking configurations significantly impacted the activation energy and contributed to improved molecular packing density. Hydrogen-bonding between reactants increased the activation energy emphasizing the rate-limitation of the product decomplexation. Our findings begin to describe a new structure-kinetic relationship for thiol-Michael acceptors to enable further design of reactive monomers for synthetic polymers and biomaterials.
Non-linear Hydrologic Organization

Abstract. We revisit three variants of the well-known Stommel diagrams that have been used to summarize knowledge of characteristic scales in time and space of some important hydrologic phenomena and modified these diagrams focusing on spatiotemporal scaling analyses of the underlying hydrologic processes. In the present paper we focus on soil formation, vegetation growth, and drainage network organization. We use existing scaling relationships for vegetation growth and soil formation, both of which refer to the same fundamental length and timescales defining flow rates at the pore scale but different powers of the power law relating time and space. The principle of a hierarchical organization of optimal subsurface flow paths could underlie both root lateral spread (RLS) of vegetation and drainage basin organization. To assess the applicability of scaling, and to extend the Stommel diagrams, data for soil depth, vegetation root lateral spread, and drainage basin length have been accessed. The new data considered here include timescales out to 150 Myr that correspond to depths of up to 240 m and horizontal length scales up to 6400 km and probe the limits of drainage basin development in time, depth, and horizontal extent.
Innovative resilient steel braced frame with Belleville disk and shape memory alloy assemblies

Abstract Improving the resiliency of the built environment, particularly against seismic events, has been a crucial matter over the last decade. Changing the structural seismic design strategy and using new structural members has been found to be a solution for achieving a more resilient built environment. In this research the seismic performance of an innovative resilient bracing system based on new structural materials and assemblies using Belleville disks and shape memory alloy was studied. The material models for Belleville disk and shape memory alloy are first verified with the available data, and then the cyclic behavior of the resilient structural assembly built out of Belleville disks and shape memory alloy was studied through finite element analyses. Design equations and procedure were derived and a 5-story building was designed to evaluate the behavior of the resilient system and compare it with a special concentrically braced frame. According to the performed cost analyses, while the cost of structural members would increase by 4% due to the usage of new materials in the resilient system comparing to a special concentrically braced frame, the repair cost was found to decrease 100% at the design base event seismic demand level and 95% at the maximum considered event seismic demand level. Seismic performance of the proposed system was studied through fragility analysis, and the better resiliency of the system could be demonstrated quantitatively based on the available performance assessment tools and mathematical equations.
Bringing Things Closer: Enhancing Low-Vision Interaction Experience with Office Productivity Applications

Many people with low vision rely on screen-magnifier assistive technology to interact with productivity applications such as word processors, spreadsheets, and presentation software. Despite the importance of these applications, little is known about their usability with respect to low-vision screen-magnifier users. To fill this knowledge gap, we conducted a usability study with 10 low-vision participants having different eye conditions. In this study, we observed that most usability issues were predominantly due to high spatial separation between main edit area and command ribbons on the screen, as well as the wide span grid-layout of command ribbons; these two GUI aspects did not gel with the screen-magnifier interface due to lack of instantaneous WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You Get) feedback after applying commands, given that the participants could only view a portion of the screen at any time. Informed by the study findings, we developed MagPro, an augmentation to productivity applications, which significantly improves usability by not only bringing application commands as close as possible to the user's current viewport focus, but also enabling easy and straightforward exploration of these commands using simple mouse actions. A user study with nine participants revealed that MagPro significantly reduced the time and workload to do routine command-access tasks, compared to using the state-of-the-art screen magnifier.
Evaluating the Prognostic Value of Islet Autoantibody Monitoring in Islet Transplant Recipients with Long-Standing Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

(1) Background: The correlation between titers of islet autoantibodies (IAbs) and the loss of transplanted islets remains controversial. We sought to evaluate the prognostic utility of monitoring IAbs in diabetic patients after islet transplantation (ITx); (2) Methods: Twelve patients with Type 1 diabetes mellitus and severe hypoglycemia underwent ITx. Serum concentration of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), insulinoma antigen 2 (IA-2), and zinc transport 8 (ZnT8) autoantibodies was assessed before ITx and 0, 7, and 75 days and every 3 months post-operatively; (3) Results: IA-2A (IA-2 antibody) and ZnT8A (ZnT8 antibody) levels were not detectable before or after ITx in all patients (median follow-up of 53 months (range 24–61)). Prior to ITx, GAD antibody (GADA) was undetectable in 67% (8/12) of patients. Of those, 75% (6/8) converted to GADA+ after ITx. In 67% (4/6) of patients with GADA+ seroconversion, GADA level peaked within 3 months after ITx and subsequently declined. All patients with GADA+ seroconversion maintained long-term partial or complete islet function (insulin independence) after 1 or 2 ITx. There was no correlation between the presence of IAb-associated HLA haplotypes and the presence of IAbs before or after ITx; (4) Conclusions: There is no association between serum GADA trends and ITx outcomes. IA-2A and ZnT8A were not detectable in any of our patients before or after ITx.
Olfaction-Related Factors Affecting Chemosensory Dream Content in a Sleep Laboratory.

Mental activity in sleep often involves visual and auditory content. Chemosensory (olfactory and gustatory) experiences are less common and underexplored. The aim of the study was to identify olfaction-related factors that may affect the occurrence of chemosensory dream content. Specifically, we investigated the effects of all-night exposure to an ambient odour, participants’ appraisal of their current olfactory environment, their general propensity to notice odours and act on them (i.e., odour awareness), and their olfactory acuity. Sixty pre-screened healthy young adults underwent olfactory assessment, completed a measure of odour awareness, and spent three nights in weekly intervals in a sleep laboratory. The purpose of the first visit was to adapt to the experimental setting. On the second visit, half of them were exposed to the smell of vanillin or thioglycolic acid and the other half to an odourless control condition. On the third visit, they received control or stimulation in a balanced order. On each visit, data were collected twice: once from the first rapid eye movement (REM) stage that occurred after 3 a.m., and then shortly before getting up, usually from a non-REM stage. Participants were asked to report the presence of sensory dream content and to assess their current olfactory environment. Neither exposure, nor participants’ assessments of the ambient odour, or olfactory acuity affected reports of chemosensory dream content but they were more frequent in individuals with greater odour awareness. This finding may have implications for treatment when such experiences become unwanted or bothersome.
Investigating the Efficiency Wage Theory in US Fast Food Restaurants

This paper investigates the correlations between wage and productivity in United States fast food restaurants. The research examines whether or not the industry’s expansion is based on the labor productivity improvement. The author selects four major fast food firms, and compares the representative firm’s performances with its group mean. Using data from Bureau of Labor Statics, the wages are lower generally than the economic sector average; but the productivity is not lower than the National average. The representative firm, McDonald, does not show significant change in productivity, rather productivity has followed the stable trend over time. The research found that the wage in the fast food industry was lower than economic sector average, but productivity was not lower. It is recommended that, the relation between wage and productivity will more deeply examined. The future examination, the other variables that affects wage and productivity will be controlled.
Reinforcement learning with a bilinear q function

Many reinforcement learning methods are based on a function Q (s ,a ) whose value is the discounted total reward expected after performing the action a in the state s . This paper explores the implications of representing the Q function as Q (s ,a )=s T Wa , where W is a matrix that is learned. In this representation, both s and a are real-valued vectors that may have high dimension. We show that action selection can be done using standard linear programming, and that W can be learned using standard linear regression in the algorithm known as fitted Q iteration. Experimentally, the resulting method learns to solve the mountain car task in a sample-efficient way. The same method is also applicable to an inventory management task where the state space and the action space are continuous and high-dimensional.
Differential regulation of cellular tropism and sensitivity to soluble CD4 neutralization by the envelope gp120 of human immunodeficiency virus type 1.

Abstract Using recombinant and mutant viruses generated between two human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolates that display differences in cell tropism and sensitivity to soluble CD4 neutralization, we show that these two properties of the virus are regulated by different mechanisms. Whereas there is an association between V3 loop conformation and a particular cellular tropism, soluble CD4 neutralization sensitivity appears to be determined by amino acid differences in the C2 domain of the envelope gp120 that modulate the stability of gp120-gp41 association. Our findings further illustrate the importance of functional interactions among different regions of the envelope gp120 in regulating the biological phenotypes of human immunodeficiency virus and suggest that additional probing of the V3 loop with monoclonal antibodies may identify specific structural features of this loop that determine cell tropism.
Comparison of neurotrophin regulation of human and rat neuropeptide Y (NPY) neurons: induction of NPY production in aggregate cultures derived from rat but not from human fetal brains

Previous studies established that brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) induces neuropeptide Y (NPY) production and accumulation of NPY-mRNA in cultures of rat fetal brain tissues. In this study, we addressed the question: Are cultured human NPY neurons regulated by BDNF and/or by another member of the neurotrophin (NT) family of growth factors? Using aggregate cultures derived from human fetal cortical hemispheres, we assessed the effect of BDNF on NPY production varying the following experimental conditions: fetal and culture age; medium composition (with and without serum), dose and duration of exposure to BDNF, and neurotrophin species tested (BDNF, NT-4/5, NT-3 or NGF). Under none of these conditions did BDNF, NT-4/5, NT-3 or NGF induce an increase in NPY production. This was in contrast to forskolin + phorbol 12 myristate 13-acetate (PMA) which were highly effective in inducing NPY production, verifying that expression of NPY is a regulated process in these cultures. None of these neurotrophins enhanced the response to forskolin + PMA. By comparison, using aggregate cultures derived from rat fetal cortices, BDNF and NT-4/5 were equipotent in inducing NPY production but NT-3 and NGF were essentially ineffective. Moreover, the effects of BDNF or NT-4/5 and forskolin + PMA on NPY production were additive, indicating the involvement of distinct intracellular signalling pathways. Western blot analyses of human- and rat-derived aggregates indicated the presence of full-length Trk receptors which are tyrosine-phosphorylated in response to either BDNF, NT-4/5 or NT-3. Primary cultures of astrocytes (rat as well as human) were devoid of a functional TrkB receptor, strongly suggesting a neuronal expression of TrkB in the aggregates. Thus, a functional TrkB receptor is expressed by both the human and rat aggregates, but only the rat aggregates responded to BDNF or NT-4/5. These results are consistent with a difference in a post TrkB-receptor event(s) mediating BDNF action in the cultured human and rat fetal NPY neurons.
Reevaluation of the conversion coefficient of the 14.4 keV transition in 57 Fe

Existing values of the conversion coefficient of the 14.4 keV transition in57Fe have been reevaluated using newK-shell fluorescence yields and recent decay scheme information. Previous disagreements are removed and the mean values found are α T =8.26±0.19, α K =7.37±0.17.
Inhibitors of orotate phosphoribosyl-transferase and orotidine-5'-phosphate decarboxylase from mouse Ehrlich ascites cells: a procedure for analyzing the inhibition of a multi-enzyme complex.

Abstract Orotate phosphoribosyltransferase and orotidine-5'-phosphate decarboxylase, the last two enzymes in the pathway for de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis, exist as a multi-enzyme complex in mammalian cells. Because the two enzymes are not separable, assays for the phosphoribosyltransferase are normally dependent on the decarboxylase, and this has in the past produced misinterpretations in evaluating the effects of inhibitors of either enzyme activity. We have developed a procedure for calculating each enzyme activity independently of the other activity in the complex. Instead of 2 separate assays, one reaction vessel is used, (starting with orotate and phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate). The two products (i.e. orotidylate (OMP), the product of the transferase, and UMP, the product of the decarboxylase) are recovered separately, and the amounts recovered were used to calculate both enzyme activities. Purine or pyrimidine bases did not inhibit the decarboxylase activity, but the transferase activity is inhibited by uracil and uracil analogs, barbiturate, and most effectively by 5-F orotate. Both purine and pyrimidine nucleotides inhibit the decarboxylase activity, although di- and tri-phos-phonucleosides were much less effective than monophosphonucleosides. XMP, UMP, and AMP were the most effective natural inhibitors of the decarboxylase, but the most potent inhibitors were 6-AzaUMP and 1-ribosylallopurinol-5'-phosphate. High concentrations of nucleotides inhibit both enzyme activities.
Advances in antiviral therapy for hepatitis

Hepatitis B (HBV) and C (HCV) are major public health problems because of their high prevalence, high rate of chronicity, and the limited efficacy of therapy, in particular for HCV. 1998 was an exciting year in the treatment of chronic HBV infection. New antiviral and HBV-specific immunomodulatory therapies are being evaluated, some of which, such as lamivudine, have an excellent safety profile and potent antiviral efficacy. Advances have also occurred in HCV treatment, which continues to be based on interferon, either alone or with ribavirin. Central to developments in HBV therapy has been the improved knowledge of the HBV lifecycle and lessons learned from the HIV field, where multidrug regimens are standard. Nucleoside analogues, the major agents evaluated in clinical trials for the treatment of chronic HBV infection, have been shown to inhibit viral replication, and improve liver enzymes and histology in infected individuals (figure). After being incorporated into the growing DNA chain, they terminate replication by inhibiting the reverse transcription process. Unfortunately, they are capable only of blocking replication of the intermediates and have limited efficacy at eliminating the source of replication. As a consequence, relapse of infection had been observed after cessation of treatment. Thus, long-term therapy appears essential, although there is concern that prolonged treatment will result in the development of viral resistance with DNA breakthrough. Resistance, which occurs in about 14% of patients treated for 12 months (figure), is associated with mutations in the YMDD locus, the same region of the viral polymerase that has been associated with resistance to lamivudine in the therapy of HIV infection. Synergistic combination regimens with one or more nucleoside/nucleotide analogues and immune stimulants such as interferon or therapeutic vaccines are the best strategy in maximising antivirat activity and in preventing the development of HBV-resistant variants. We should select the most potent synergistic drugs for which development of resistance requires multiple viral mutations; the viral mutations conferring resistance do not overlap; and development of mutations can reinstate sensitivity to a drug to which the virus had been resistant. The decision on the choice of drugs awaits the results of phase III trials on long-term monotherapy with lamivudine and famcicl0vir, and combination therapy with lamivudine and interferon alpha, and phase II trials with adefovir and lobucavir. Recommendations for therapy of chronic HCV have been proposed following the US National Institutes of Health Consensus Conference. Interferon alpha is recommended in patients with elevated serum alanine aminotransferases and liver histology demonstrating active hepatitis, regardless of level of pre-treatment viraemia or infecting genotype. Therapy should be
Spurious azotemia associated with5-fluorocytosine therapy

Abstract A patient with false elevation of serum creatinine level due to 5 fluorocytosine (5-FC) is reported. 5-FC interferes with the enzymatic method used for creatinine determination in the Kodak Ektachem analyzer. Clinicians should be aware of the potential for spurious azotemia in patients receiving 5-FC therapy for fungal urinary tract infections.
Blalock-Taussig shunts in the infant.

Abstract Eighteen consecutive patients 3 to 30 months of age underwent Blalock-Taussig shunt for palliation of cyanotic congenital heart disease. Nine patients weighed less than 8 kg. Follow-up has ranged from 12 to 62 months. All shunts have remained patent, and in none of the patients has a second shunt been required. The Blalock-Taussig shunt provides useful palliation for cyanotic congenital heart disease during the first 2 years of life.
IIb trioctahedral chlorite from the Barberton greenstone belt: crystal structure and rock composition constraints with implications to geothermometry

IIb trioctahedral chlorite in the Barberton greenstone belt (BGB) metavolcanic rocks was formed during pervasive greenschist metamorphism. The chem‐ical composition of the chlorite is highly variable, with the Fe/(Fe+Mg) ratio ranging from 0.12 to 0.8 among 53 samples. The chemical variation of the chlorite results from the chemical diversity of the host rock, especially the MgO content of the rock, but major details of the variation pattern of the chlorite are due to the crystal structure of the chlorite. All major cation abundances in the chlorite are strongly correlated with each other. Sil‐icon increases with Mg and decreases with Fe, while AlIV and AlVI decrease with Mg and increase with Fe2+. A complex exchange vector explains over 90% of the chlorite compositional variation: Mg4SiFe2+−3AlVI−1 AlIV−1, which has 3 parts Fe-Mg substitution coupled with one part tschermakite substitution. This ratio is required to maintain the charge and site balances and the dimensional fit between the tetrahedral and octahedral sheets. The subtle change in Al substitution in chlorite implies that AlVI is preferentially ordered in the M(4) site, and about 84% of the AlVI present is in the M(4) sites when they are nearly filled with AlVI. Based on 47 analyzed chlorite-bearing rock samples, chlorite (Chl) composition is strongly correlated with the MgO content of the host rock. Calculated correlation coefficients are +0.91 for SiO2Chl-MgORock, −0.87 for Al2O3Chl-MgORock, +0.89 for MgOChl-MgORock, and −0.85 for FeOChl-MgORock. Only weak correlations have been found between chlorite oxides and other oxides of rock (between same oxides in chlorite and rock: SiO2−0.67, Al2O3 + 0.59, FeO −0.41). However, MgOChl is saturated at about 36 wt% in rocks that have MgO above 22 wt%.The MgOChl is about 5 wt% when the host rock approaches 0 wt% of MgO. This implies that Mg substituting into the chlorite is approximately limited to 1.5–9.2 Mg atoms per formula unit and 1.0–3.2 AlIV. Chlorite geothermometers can not be applied to all BGB samples. However, the empirical chlorite geothermometer based on AlIV of chlorite may be applicable to chlorites formed under metamorphic conditions because it can predict the chemical composition of the chlorite from basaltic and dacitic samples in this study. An estimated temperature of about 320°C for the greenschist metamorphism of the greenstone belt through this geothermometer is consistent with that obtained by other geothermometers.
Sacred Airtime: American Church Structures and the Rise of Televangelism

During the 1960s, independent conservative churches wrested control of national religious broadcasting in the United States from the powerful mainstream denominations that had previously dominated it. This paper examines how they did so despite enormous disadvantages in size, power, funding and technological expertise. It argues that the technology associated with national paid-time broadcasting created strong, non-geographically based bonds between viewers and broadcasters that clashed with the regional authority structures of large denominations. By contrast, these bonds mirrored the existing structures of independent churches. The changes in federal regulation and the television industry during the 1960s, which emphasized paid-time broadcasting, therefore heavily favored the independents. This paper reviews the history of religious broadcasting and the relevant aspects of television technology, and it assesses the future of American religious television.
Urine detection of survivin is a sensitive marker for the noninvasive diagnosis of bladder cancer.

ABSTRACTPurpose: In a preliminary study urine detection of survivin, an integrator of cell death and mitosis, accurately detected bladder cancer. The objectives of this study were to confirm these findings in a large cohort of subjects undergoing cystoscopy, to assess the diagnostic performance of urine survivin and to test whether evaluation of urine survivin adds independent value to urine NMP22 (Matritech, Cambridge, Massachusetts) and cytology for the detection of bladder cancer.Materials and Methods: Urine survivin was measured using a Bio-Dot microfiltration detection system (Bio-Rad, Hercules, California) in voided urine specimens collected before cystoscopy in 117 cases and 92 controls. Bladder washout samples for cytology were collected in 174 subjects. Urine levels of NMP22 were measured using a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.Results: Higher levels of urine survivin were associated with an increased risk of bladder cancer (p <0.001) and tumors of higher grade (p = 0.037...
Ultrasonographic measures of subacromial space in patients with rotator cuff disease: A systematic review.

Purpose. Recently sonography (US) has been used to measure the subacromial space outlet with a linear measurement of the acromiohumeral distance (AHD). The purpose of this article is to systematically review the literature on the influence of rotator cuff disease (RCD) on AHD using US. Methods. Computer-aided searches of databases were performed to identify comparative studies that measured US-generated AHD in adults with symptomatic RCD. Results. Five studies met the inclusion/exclusion criteria. Conclusions. US images of AHD are smaller in patients with full-thickness tears than healthy individuals and subjects with subacromial impingement. AHD is potentially useful to prognosticate outcome in patients with subacromial impingement. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound, 2011
Contribution of Adipose Tissue to Plasma 25‐Hydroxyvitamin D Concentrations During Weight Loss Following Gastric Bypass Surgery

Roux-en-y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery is associated with dramatic improvements in obesity-related comorbidity, but also with nutritional deficiencies. Vitamin D concentrations are depressed in the severely obese, but the impact of weight loss via RYGB is unknown. We determined associations between adiposity and systemic 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) during weight loss and the immediate and longer-term effects of RYGB. Plasma 25(OH)D concentrations and fat mass (FAT) were determined by immunoassay and air displacement plethysmography, respectively, at 0 (before RYGB surgery), and at 1, 6, and 24 months in severely obese white and African American (AA) women (n = 20). Decreases in adiposity were observed at 1, 6, and 24 months following RYGB (P < 0.05). Plasma 25(OH)D concentrations increased at 1 month (P = 0.004); a decreasing trend occurred over the remainder months after surgery (P = 0.02). Despite temporary improvement in vitamin D status, a high prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency was observed (76, 71, 67, and 82%, at baseline, 1, 6, and 24 months, respectively), and plasma 25(OH)D concentrations were lower in AA compared to white patients (P < 0.05). Strong positive baseline and 1 month cross-sectional correlations between FAT and plasma 25(OH)D were observed, which remained after adjustment for age and race subgroup (β = 0.76 and 0.61, respectively, P = 0.02). In conclusion, 25(OH)D concentrations increased temporarily and then decreased during the 24 months following RYGB. The acute increase and the positive associations observed between adipose tissue mass and systemic 25(OH)D concentrations suggest storage in adipose tissue and release during weight loss.
Pre-ambulatory infants with head trauma: a three-year retrospective study.

Objectives: (i) To present the severity and documented mechanism of injury and clinical features of all infants less than 6 months old who presented with head trauma to a paediatric emergency department over a 3-year period; (ii) to evaluate the quality of their assessment; and (iii) to present the clinical features of those referred for assessment of possible inflicted injury. Methods: Demographics, documented mechanism of injury, clinical features and management were retrospectively collected from the case notes. Adequacy of assessment was judged in terms of documentation of the history and examination, investigations performed and nature of any observation period. Results: Two hundred and fifty-one cases were analysed. Twenty-seven (11%) had sustained a major injury. Infants reported as dropped by a care giver were significantly more likely to have sustained a major injury. Infants with major injury were more likely to have vomited (P < 0.05), or to have external signs of injury (P < 0.0005). All patients with major injury had symptoms or signs or both. One hundred and thirty-four infants had been inadequately assessed. Fourteen infants were referred for possible inflicted injury (confirmed in six cases). Conclusion: The mechanism of injury and clinical findings can provide some guide as to the likelihood of an infant having sustained a major injury after head trauma. The assessment of infants with head trauma could be improved if currently available guidelines for children under 2 years old were adopted. However, infant-specific guidelines should be developed.
Electrochemical Water Oxidation with Cobalt-Based Electrocatalysts from pH 0–14: The Thermodynamic Basis for Catalyst Structure, Stability, and Activity

Building upon recent study of cobalt-oxide electrocatalysts in fluoride-buffered electrolyte at pH 3.4, we have undertaken a mechanistic investigation of cobalt-catalyzed water oxidation in aqueous buffering electrolytes from pH 0–14. This work includes electrokinetic studies, cyclic voltammetric analysis, and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopic studies. The results illuminate a set of interrelated mechanisms for electrochemical water oxidation in alkaline, neutral, and acidic media with electrodeposited Co-oxide catalyst films (CoOxcfs) as well as for a homogeneous Co-catalyzed electrochemical water oxidation reaction. Analysis of the pH dependence of quasi-reversible features in cyclic voltammograms of the CoOxcfs provides the basis for a Pourbaix diagram that closely resembles a Pourbaix diagram derived from thermodynamic free energies of formation for a family of Co-based layered materials. Below pH 3, a shift from heterogeneous catalysis producing O2 to homogeneous catalysis yielding ...
Trying to Lose or Maintain Weight During Pregnancy—United States, 2003

Objectives Current pregnancy weight gain recommendations are for women to gain between 15 and 40 pounds; weight loss or weight maintenance is not recommended. However, for many women, overweight and obesity are chronic conditions, and commitment to weight loss or maintenance could override advice to gain weight during pregnancy. Our objective was to determine the prevalence of trying to lose or maintain weight among U.S. women during pregnancy. Methods The Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System is a state-based, random-digit-dialed telephone survey of noninstitutionalized, U.S. civilians aged ≥18 years. We identified women aged 18–44 years who reported being pregnant during 2003 (n = 2,464), assessed the prevalence of trying to lose or maintain weight and assessed independent associations with selected demographic, clinical, and behavioral factors using multinomial logistic regression. Results Among women who reported being pregnant, 7.5% (confidence interval [CI] = 5.7–9.8%) and 34.3% (CI = 31.0–37.7%) were trying to lose or maintain weight, respectively. Among women who reported trying to lose or maintain weight, exercise was a more prevalent weight control strategy than dietary change. After adjustment, women who drank alcohol during the past 30 days (Odds ratio [OR] = 8.86, CI: 4.51–17.42) or women who received advice in the past year to lose weight (OR = 9.10, CI: 3.20–25.87) were more likely to report trying to lose weight; women advised to maintain (OR = 0.20, CI: 0.07–0.60) or gain (OR = 0.04, CI: 0.01–0.23) weight were less likely to report trying to lose weight. Conclusions Despite guidelines to gain weight during pregnancy, about 8% and 34% of U.S. pregnant women reported trying to lose or maintain weight, respectively. Providers may encounter an increasing number of pregnant women whose weight control intentions conflict with current guidelines for pregnancy weight gain. Further research in this area is warranted.
An Unreported Size Illusion

A previously unreported size illusion in some commonly used stimuli—a large (global) letter made up of small (local) letters (eg a large H made up of small Es) is described: the size of the local letters forming the horizontal component of the global letter appears to be overestimated. Global and local letters made up of horizontal and vertical components (E, F, T, and H) were employed as stimulus material. The first experiment showed that the illusion was consistently perceived, and was present for most of the stimuli tested; ie for all global letters and for all local letters except H. A second experiment showed that the size distortion is not specific to a particular dimension: instructing observers to focus on the height or the width of the local letters did not affect the extent of the illusion. The effect of some stimulus manipulations was also investigated.
The Achievement Motivation-Performance Relationship as Moderated by Sex-Role Attitudes

This paper examines the moderating effect of sex-role attitudes in relation to the predictive validity of Mehrabian's (1969) achievement tendency scale for females. Women classified as non-traditional in sex-role orientation obtained a higher validity coefficient than their traditional counterparts vis-a-vis academic attainment. The findings were reversed relative to a social achievement criterion, with the traditional group obtaining the higher validity coefficient. The results are viewed as consistent with the assumed sanctions toward achievement inherent in traditional versus non-traditional sex-role expectations.
Endoscopic retrograde cholangiography in the diagnosis of biliary malformations in infants

The differentiation of infantile biliary malformations from primary parenchymal diseases is difficult. The recent development of a pediatric side-viewing endoscope (PJF Endoscope; Olympus Corporation of America) provided an opportunity to investigate the usefulness of endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERC) for precise visualization of the extrahepatic biliary passages in infants with persistent cryptogenic cholestasis. ERC was performed in 12 patients, with visualization of the existing extrahepatic bile ducts in 4. The entire biliary system was visualized in one, excluding extrahepatic biliary atresia and choledochal cyst. The reduced caliber of the intrahepatic bile ducts and histological observations in a percutaneous liver biopsy supported the diagnosis of intrahepatic biliary hypoplasia in this case. An intact hepatic portochole cystostomy was documented in one, although the intrahepatic biliary system was not delineated. Atresia of the hepatic bile ducts proximal to the gallbladder was documented in two. Of the eight patients in whom extrahepatic bile ducts were not visualized by ERC, six had extrahepatic biliary atresia confirmed at exploratory laparotomy. The papilla of Vater could not be located in four of these six infants. The remaining two had neonatal hepatitis. ERC may offer a useful alternative to operative cholangiography in selected infants with persistent cholestasis and acholic stools.
Reference production: Production-internal and addressee-oriented processes

This paper reviews research on the production of referential expressions, examining the choice between explicit and attenuated lexical forms (e.g., pronouns vs. names), and between acoustically prominent and attenuated pronunciations. Both choices can be explained in terms of addressee-design, in that explicit expressions tend to be used in situations where the referent is relatively hard for the addressee to identify. At the same time, research on the mechanisms of reference production has identified some limits to the role of addressee design during reference production.
Detection of Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia Virus by Quantitative Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction from Two Fish Species at Two Sites in Lake Superior

Abstract Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) was first detected in the Laurentian Great Lakes in 2005 during a mortality event in the Bay of Quinte, Lake Ontario. Subsequent analysis of archived samples determined that the first known isolation of VHSV in the Laurentian Great Lakes was from a muskellunge Esox masquinongy collected in Lake St. Clair in 2003. By the end of 2008, mortality events and viral isolations had occurred in all of the Laurentian Great Lakes except Lake Superior. In 2009, a focused disease surveillance program was designed to determine whether VHSV was also present in Lake Superior. In this survey, 874 fish from 7 sites along the U.S. shoreline of Lake Superior were collected during June 2009. Collections were focused on nearshore species known to be susceptible to VHSV. All fish were dissected individually by using aseptic techniques and were tested for the presence of VHSV genetic material by use of a quantitative reverse transcription (qRT) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) ta...
Training Supervisors in Two Cultures: Toward a Model for Codifying Practice Wisdom and Local Knowledge

This article describes parallel learning issues that emerged in supervision training and research at a school for social work in the United States and at a university in Northern Thailand. It presents a conceptual model for understanding and addressing these shared training issues and explores the model's cross-cultural relevance and utility.
Emergency cardiac pacing

Cardiac pacing may be used for emergency control of atria1 and ventricular tachyarrhythmias and bradyrhythmias, such as symptomatic sinus bradycardia or atrioventricular block, and it may be used for prophylaxis in patients with myocardial infarction or during pulmonary artery catheter placement. Important technical factors to consider include energy delivery, waveform, and threshold of initiation. Types of pacing include mechanical, transthoracic, transvenous, transcutaneous, epicardial, and esophageal. Current guidelines recommend pacing via the transcutaneous or transvenous route in the emergency setting. Correlates of survival include the time until institution of pacing and the underlying systemic or cardiac disorder.