cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Preschoolers' pretend play and theory of mind: The role of jointly constructed pretence

As they develop, preschool children make great strides in their ability to take and understand multiple perspectives, sometimes referred to as the development of a theory of mind. Recently, the role of pretend play in that development has been investigated. In the present study, 2 experiments were conducted with 85 preschoolers. Children were observed during naturalistic spontaneous play on three independent occasions and then tested on their ability to differentiate appearance and reality and to understand false belief. Results suggest that children who displayed more jointly constructed pretence in their play better distinguished the apparent and real identity of visually deceptive objects. This was true after controlling for age and, in the second experiment, verbal intelligence. Solitary pretend play was not as strongly associated with theory of mind ability. These findings suggest that makebelieve play, particularly socially interactive role play, develops concurrently with children's understanding of multiple representational tasks.
A possible phylogenetic signal in milliped chemical defenses: The polydesmidan milliped Leonardesmus injucundus Shelley & Shear secretes p-cresol and lacks a cyanogenic defense (Diplopoda, Polydesmida, Nearctodesmidae)

The nearctodesmid polydesmidan milliped Leonardesmus injucundus Shelley and Shear was found to secrete p-cresol as a defensive fluid, and to lack mandelonitrile, benzaldehyde and hydrogen cyanide, heretofore found to be characteristic of most polydesmidan millipeds. The sympatric nearctodesmid Kepolydesmus anderisus Chamberlin does not secrete p-cresol, but utilizes the usual cyanogenic pathway. These are only the second reports on defensive secretions in the milliped family Nearctodesmidae. p-Cresol may be the characteristic secretion of members of the nematophoran order Callipodida (p-cresol is reported here from Delophon georgianum Chamberlin [Callipodida, Abacionidae] for the first time) and thus its presence in a polydesmidan may be indicative of a relationship between Callipodida and Polydesmida, which orders share other synapomorphies. Examples of two species of Glomeridesmus (Glomeridesmida, Glomeridesmidae) were examined and found to lack any sign of repugnatorial pores.
Femtosecond broadband infrared dual-beam spectroscopy of metal-carbonyl photochemistry

A novel spectroscopic method incorporating solid-state broadband infrared down and upconversion with 400fs time resolution is described. Broadband (120 cnf1 FWHM) infrared (IR) pulses near S microns are differencefrequency generated from two 20 Hz Nd3:YAG regeneratively amplified synchronously-pumped dye lasers. IRpulses are beamsplit and propagated through a flowing sample with one IR probe beam spatially overlapped bya UV pump beam. Both IR beams are upconverted in Li[03 producing two yellow beams that are spectrallydispersed onto a CCD. Reference and probe tracks are divided on each shot yielding transient differenceabsorption spectra (4 cm1 resolution, baseline OD = (la)) over the entire IR bandwidth 8000 shots)
Carbon Deposition on Iron–Nickel during Interaction with Ethylene–Hydrogen Mixtures☆

The catalytic decomposition of ethylene over iron–nickel to produce methane, ethane, and solid carbon has been shown to be extremely sensitive to the composition of the bimetallic particles and the temperature at which the reaction is performed. The addition of an extra 5% nickel to an Fe-Ni (3 : 7) catalyst was found to result in a dramatic increase in the conversion of ethylene from 13.0 to 52.0% and a corresponding increase in the amount of solid carbon, identified as filamentous in nature, from 4.6 to 38.5%. It was also established that the graphitic content of the deposit exhibited a significant increase between the compositions Fe–Ni (3 : 7) and Fe–Ni (25 : 75). An improvement in the degree of crystalline perfection of the carbon filaments generated from the whole composition range of bimetallics was evident as the hydrogen content of the reactant mixture was raised. While increasing the temperature from 600 to 725°C enhanced the decomposition of ethylene over all the Fe–Ni powders, this effect was most striking over those bimetallic particles containing 70% or less of nickel. This behavior is to be contrasted with that found in an analogous study that demonstrated that the reverse dependence held when the same set of bimetallics was reacted in CO. The phenomenon appears to be related to preferential segregation of nickel to the gas/particle interface at higher temperatures; a condition that tends to favor the decomposition of C2H4, but has the opposite effect on the decomposition of CO.
Anti-sense oligonucleotides, for progestin receptors in the VMH and glutamic acid decarboxylase in the VTA, attenuate progesterone-induced lordosis in hamsters and rats

Immunocytochemical (ICC) staining for progesterone (P) receptors (PRs) and glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the enzyme responsible for GABA production, reveal that there are many PRs in the ventral medial hypothalamus (VMH) and many GAD containing neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA). To investigate P’s action on lordosis in the VMH and VTA, anti-sense oligos specific to PRs and GAD65&67 were intracerebrally infused into the VMH and VTA of 24 ovariectomized hamsters and 40 ovariectomized rats. Estradiol benzoate (2 μg) primed hamsters and rats were infused to the VMH and the VTA with either PR (250 ng/1.0 μl infusion) or GAD (500 ng/1.0 μl infusion) anti-sense oligos, their scramble controls, or saline vehicle at hour 0 and again at hour 24. At hr 44, rodents were subcutaneously injected with P (500 μg) and were tested for sexual receptivity with a male 4 h later. There were significant reductions in lordosis of hamsters and rats following PR anti-sense infusions to the VMH compared to scrambled or vehicle control infusions. Effects of PR anti-sense to the VMH were not different from combined VMH and VTA PR anti-sense infusions; however, VMH infusions reduced lordosis compared to VTA-only anti-sense infusions. GAD anti-sense infusions reduced lordosis when infused into the VTA, compared to scrambled or saline vehicle infusions. Lordosis responsiveness following VTA GAD anti-sense infusions was not different from combined VMH and VTA infusions, but VTA infusions of GAD anti-sense reduced lordosis compared to VMH-only anti-sense infusions. These data suggest that in the VMH, PRs are important for P-facilitated lordosis, whereas in the VTA, GABAergic neurons may be an important substrate for mediating P’s actions on lordosis of rodents.
Why do firms set environmental performance goals?: Some evidence from organizational theory

Organizational goal setting is considered a critical strategic first step for corporations as it provides the basis for developing a roadmap for organizational activity as well as guidance for establishing the metrics to measure progress. Yet despite significant research interest in the environmental performance of corporations, environmental goal setting has received little attention. For example, it is not known why firms set environmental goals. Understanding this goal setting behavior is necessary to develop mechanisms to improve organizations' environmental management and performance. This study uses organizational change models of institutionalism, stakeholder management, natural selection, strategic choice and organizational learning to examine why firms set environmental performance goals. First, propositions related to environmental goal setting are developed from the models. The goal setting propositions use the goals of the US EPA's 33/50 programme, a national voluntary pollution prevention effort which aimed for a 33% reduction in releases by 1993 and a 50% reduction by 1995, as a basis for comparison to individual company goal setting. Next, the toxic release reduction goals of the 118 US corporations who set goals are analysed to determine which organizational change model propositions they support. All five models of organizational change examined here–institutionalism, stakeholder management, natural selection, strategic choice and organizational learning–show some promise in explaining corporate environmental goal setting. The combination of these models leads to the following depiction of the motivation for toxic release reduction. Firms will set goals to reduce toxic releases in an effort to respond to regulators and other factors in the institutional and stakeholder environment. This goal setting is likely to be enhanced if it can be more directly tied to economic benefits such as cost savings or if it is chosen by natural selection. This in turn will promote organizational learning with the end result of better environmental and economic performance. These findings provide some empirical evidence on which to base strategies for improving corporate environmental management. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Representations of Self and Other in Conjugal Bereavement

A semantic space perspective on representations of self and other was applied to investigate the perceived quality of the past relationship with the spouse in relation to adjustment in conjugal bereavement. According to this perspective, the proximity, or extent to which representations of self and others share similar trait content features, may have important affective implications. Forty-seven bereaved individuals rated different representations of themselves and important others on a set of idiographic features as a basis for determining proximities among the representations. Proximities addressing the quality of the past relationship with the spouse were predictive of the extent and type of blame-related emotions (anger versus guilt) aroused in an empty-chair role-play involving their deceased spouse. These proximities were also predictive of the SCL-90-R global severity index measure of psychological adjustment, and the results indicated that this relationship was partly mediated by the blame-relate...
Near term terabit transmission field trial opportunities

High speed transmission field trials are reviewed. Near term terabit field trials involve higher spectral-efficiency, broader optical-bandwidth, and more flexible networks. New capacity units are introduced for better field trial result comparisons.
ℒ 1 adaptive controller for systems with hysteresis uncertainties

This paper presents the development of ℒ 1 adaptive controller for a class of uncertain systems in the presence of time-varying unknown nonlinear hysteresis in its input. The adaptive controller ensures uniformly bounded transient for system's input and output signals simultaneously. The performance bounds can be systematically improved by increasing the adaptation rate. Simulation results verify the theoretical findings.
Voices from Mexico: How American Teachers can Meet the Needs of Mexican Immigrant Students

In this study 18 Mexican teachers of English as a foreign language in Guanajuato, Mexico were asked for their professional opinion about the teaching of English to Mexican immigrant students in the U.S. Teachers responded to a questionnaire that asked about attitudes toward the U.S. educational system, ways to support Mexican immigrant students, advice for American teachers, and Mexican students’ motivation for learning English. Respondents averaged 4 years of teaching English at various levels ranging from elementary to university. Half of the teachers had received some K-12 education in the U.S. Respondents held generally positive views regarding the U.S. educational system, but felt American teachers could do a better job in teaching Mexican immigrant students. They offered numerous linguistic and culturally responsive suggestions for improving upon the learning of English and the academic performance of immigrant students.
Multidimensional Heteronuclear Correlation Spectroscopy of a Uniformly 15N- and 13C-Labeled Peptide Crystal: Toward Spectral Resolution, Assignment, and Structure Determination of Oriented Molecules in Solid-State NMR

New one-, two-, and three-dimensional solid-state NMR spectroscopic methods designed for structural studies of uniformly 15N- and 13C-labeled peptides and proteins in oriented samples are described. These methods provide a means of obtaining resolved spectra, sequential resonance assignments, and structural constraints. Experimental results for model single-crystal peptides and amino acids demonstrate that high-resolution one-dimensional 13C spectra can be obtained for signals from carbonyl or carboxyl (13CO) carbons in uniformly labeled samples by applying phase-modulated selective homonuclear (PSH) decoupling at aliphatic carbon resonances, in addition to heteronuclear proton and 15N decoupling. 13C-detected two-dimensional 15N/13C chemical shift correlation spectroscopy is made possible by a combination of PSH decoupling and broadband heteronuclear polarization transfer sequences such as WALTZ-5 cross-polarization. Experimental two-dimensional spectra of uniformly 15N- and 13C-labeled AlaGlyGly crystal...
Towards a uniform self-configuring virtual private network for workstations and clusters in grid computing

The rising popularity of grid computing makes the issues of growth, security, and access critical in deploying and maintaining well-functioning grid systems. Overlay networks (ON)provide a framework to deal with these issues, but current techniques impose limitations and administrative burdens such as manual configuration for each new system in the grid, installation and configuration of software. Additionally, current approaches lack methods of effectively merging clusters with individual workstations, usually focusing on either the grouping of distributed clusters or a desktop/workstation Grid. The main difference between the two scenarios is that in a cluster environment all machines share a common ON router, whereas in a workstation environment each machine has ON software.This paper presents a novel approach of self-configuring IP-based Virtual Private Networks (VPNs)1 overlays that support dynamic, seamless addition of new resources to the grid for both cluster and workstation platforms. The approach allows for bridging physical and virtual networking in clusters, in a manner that allows dynamic configuration of IP addresses while avoiding overlay routing among nodes within the same layer 2 network. To enable these features, the ON runs on top of a Peer-To-Peer (P2P) network that provides supports a distributed data store. IP addresses are dynamically allocated by a virtual DHCP server controlled by the ON router through atomic operations on the distributed data store. This atomic operation creates a mapping of an IP address to a P2P address that can later be used by the VPN and router to determine the host of an IP address. We have prototyped this approach, demonstrating the ability to seamlessly mix both workstation and cluster based approaches into a wide-area Condor pool.
Independence of water content and respiration in rabbit erythrocytes.

SummaryAccelerated O2 uptake of rabbit erythrocytes was measured in the presence of methylene blue and glucose during changes in erythrocyte water content. Although dependent upon substrate concentration, temperature, and pH, O2 uptake was independent of rather large changes in cell water content.
METHODS AND SOURCES FOR AFRICAN HISTORY REVISITED Writing African History. Edited by JOHN EDWARD PHILIPS. Rochester: University of Rochester Press, 2005. Pp. xii+531. $75 (ISBN 1-58046-164-6).

WRITING African History pays homage to Daniel McCall's pioneering text, Africa in Time Perspective: A Discussion of Historical Reconstruction from Unwritten Sources, published at the dawn of the era of modern African history in 1964. Surprisingly, given subsequent developments in the field, there has been no comparable text since, making this volume especially welcome. But it also bears a heavy burden if it is to become the authoritative text for the next generations of students and scholars. Does it meet this difficult test?
Conversation: Another Approach

This article defines a method for teaching conversational language. It seeks to improve the pronunciation of the student, stresses the use of the target language during class meetings, introduces vocabulary needed to live in a country where the target language is spoken, exposes the student to various customs, and, in an attempt to instill confidence in the student, encourages the active use of all newly acquired language skills. This type of course may be especially useful for students intending to study, travel, or seek employment abroad.
Love of Money and Unethical Behavior Intention: Does an Authentic Supervisor's Personal Integrity and Character (ASPIRE) Make a Difference?

We investigate the extent to which perceptions of the authenticity of supervisor’s personal integrity and character (ASPIRE) moderate the relationship between people’s love of money (LOM) and propensity to engage in unethical behavior (PUB) among 266 part-time employees who were also business students in a five-wave panel study. We found that a high level of ASPIRE perceptions was related to high love-of-money orientation, high self-esteem, but low unethical behavior intention (PUB). Unethical behavior intention (PUB) was significantly correlated with their high Machiavellianism, low self-esteem, and low intrinsic religiosity. Our counterintuitive results revealed that the main effect of LOM on PUB was not significant, but the main effect of ASPIRE on PUB was significant. Further, the significant interaction effect between LOM and ASPIRE on unethical behavior intention provided profoundly interesting findings: High LOM was related to high unethical behavior intention for people with low ASPIRE, but was related to low unethical intention for those with high ASPIRE. People with high LOM and low ASPIRE had the highest unethical behavior intention; whereas those with high LOM and high ASPIRE had the lowest. We discuss results in light of individual differences, ethical environment, and perceived demand characteristics.
Impact of sulfur heteroatoms on the activity of quaternary ammonium salts as phase transfer catalysts for nucleophilic displacement reactions

Abstract The application of a new class of alkylammonium salts as phase-transfer catalysts was investigated. These salts are tetra(4-thiaalkyl) ammonium bromides, and the key questions of the study focus on how the incorporation of a sulfur atom in the alkyl chains affects the efficacy of the salts as phase-transfer catalysts. Employing the nucleophilic substitution of cyanide for bromide on 1-bromopentane as a model reaction, reaction rate constants and activation energies are evaluated. The kinetic parameters obtained using the tetrathiaalkylammonium salts are compared to those obtained using their tetraalkylammonium analogs. The general trend is that the presence of sulfur in the alkyl chains reduces the reaction rates and increases activation energies. This trend is analyzed both in terms of computational modeling and experimental distribution coefficients to determine the cause of the slower reaction rates. Thiaquats are shown to distribute more into the aqueous phase than traditional quat salts of similar chain length, resulting in lower organic phase concentrations. Quantum calculations indicate stronger ion pairing for the thiaquats, increasing activation energies and slowing reaction rates. Thus, differences in rate enhancements are attributable both to phase distribution and ion pairing effects.
Solar cycle changes in coronal holes and space weather cycles

[1] Potential field source surface models of the coronal magnetic field, based on Mt. Wilson Observatory synoptic magnetograms, are used to infer the coronal hole sources of low-heliolatitude solar wind over approximately the last three solar cycles. Related key parameters like interplanetary magnetic field and bulk velocity are also calculated. The results illustrate how the evolving contribution of the polar hole sources relative to that from low-latitude and midlatitude active region hole sources can explain solar magnetic field control of long-term interplanetary variations. In particular, the enduring consistent magnetogram record and continuous model displays produce a useful overview of the solar control of interplanetary cycles and trends that affect space weather.
Ratchets and clocks: the cell cycle, ubiquitylation and protein turnover

Both the cell-cycle and ubiquitin-mediated-proteolysis fields have come of age over the past ten years. One byproduct of the impressive progress in these areas of investigation is the realization that they are intricately related: cell-cycle control is crucially dependent on the ubiquitin-mediated degradation of key regulatory proteins. Very recent advances have allowed an understanding of protein degradation and cell-cycle control at greatly enhanced levels of resolution. Consolidating these advances is likely to provide new insights into the regulatory biology of cell-cycle transitions.
Nonoperative management and treatment of spinal injuries

Study design. Review of literature. Objective. To delineate and discuss nonoperative treatment and treatment of spinal injuries. Summary of Background Data. Nonoperative methods have been a mainstay of care for spinal injuries since ancient Egypt. The vast majority of all spinal injuries should be treated in the nonoperative fashion. The indications and methods continue to evolve. Methods. A PubMed search of the literature returned more than 1000 articles related to spine trauma. A total of 270 were references to nonoperative treatment, and 100 were thought to be relevant and included in this review. Results. All spine injuries are treated in a nonoperative manner, at least initially. The vast majority of injuries are successfully and appropriately treated in a definitive manner with nonsurgical methods. Over the past 10–15 years, the advent of better rigid cervical fixation has decreased the use of halo vests as definitive treatment of many cervical injuries. In contrast, during the same time, more thoracolumbar injuries are being treated in a nonsurgical fashion because the outcomes have been shown to be similar or superior. Conclusions. As with all of medicine, the treatment of spine trauma will continue to evolve with time. It is paramount that the physician selects the treatment that will provide the best short-term recovery with the least impact on long-term function.
Low's subleading soft theorem as a symmetry of QED.

It was shown by F. Low in the 1950s that the subleading terms of soft photon Smatrix elements obey a universal linear relation. In this paper we give a new interpretation to this old relation, for the case of massless QED, as an infinitesimal symmetry of the S-matrix. The symmetry is shown to be locally generated by a vector field on the conformal sphere at null infinity. Explicit expressions are constructed for the associated charges as integrals over null infinity and shown to generate the symmetry. These charges are local generalizations of electric and magnetic dipole charges.
Diels−Alder Cycloaddition Strategy for Kinetic Resolution of Chiral Pyrazolidinones

A rare example of the application of a catalytic, enantioselective Diels-Alder cycloaddition to affect a kinetic resolution has been developed. Chiral pyrazolidinones are resolved with high selectivity through a process that utilizes a relay of stereochemical information from a permanent chiral center to a fluxional chiral center to enhance the inherent selectivity of the chiral Lewis acid catalyst.
Hierarchical Linear Modeling in Organizational Research: Longitudinal Data Outside the Context of Growth Modeling

Organizational researchers, including those carrying out occupational stress research, often conduct longitudinal studies. Hierarchical linear modeling (HLM; also known as multilevel modeling and r...
Transcriptional activation by the adenovirus E1A proteins

The viruses that infect animal cells, particularly those viruses that replicate in the nucleus of cells, have provided important models for the study of transcriptional regulation. The adenovirus E1A gene encodes proteins that regulate both viral and cellular transcription. Recent studies have provided insights into the molecular mechanisms for transcriptional control by the E1A proteins that include interactions with various cellular transcription factors. Moreover, these studies have also helped to illuminate at least a part of the process by which the E1A 12S product functions as an oncogene.
Using lunar craters to date the South Pole–Aitken basin

The South Pole–Aitken (SPA) basin is known as the oldest and largest ancient impact basin on the Moon, but scientists are still unsure of its exact age. Previous efforts have determined that the impact occurred before 4 billion years ago, during the heavy bombardment period, also known as the lunar cataclysm.
A Note on the Paper: The Transportation Problem and Its Variants

(1973). A Note on the Paper: The Transportation Problem and Its Variants. Journal of the Operational Research Society: Vol. 24, No. 4, pp. 631-632.
Electrical conductivity of proteins.

THERE has been considerable speculation in recent years on the nature of the current carriers in electrical conductivity of proteins. Up to 1943, the prevailing opinion was that the conductivity of proteins with adsorbed water was ionic. Then Baxter1 suggested that his results were more consistent with an electronic conduction mechanism both in the dry and wet states. From their theoretical work, Evans and Gergely2 concluded that dry proteins should be electronic semi-conductors with an interband gap of about 3.0 eV. Proteins, in the dry and wet states, are indeed semiconductors, but with activation energies less than 3.0 eV. More recent experiments by King and Medley3 on very wet proteins (> 15 per cent adsorbed water) have shown that the passage of a d.c. current produces hydrogen by an electrolytic process in quantitative agreement with theory, Riehl4 has suggested that the conductivity of wet proteins is due to oriented water in an ice-like configuration. Cardew and Eley5 believe that dry proteins are electronic semi-conductors, and that in wet proteins the current carriers are probably protons.
Influenza Vaccine in the Elderly and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.

Influenza viruses are RNA viruses that are a major determinant of morbidity and mortality caused by respiratory disease. Influenza is highly contagious and has caused epidemics and pandemics for centuries. Most influenza infections are selflimited, but lower respiratory tract and cardiac complications can result in increases in hospitalizations and deaths. The recommended composition of influenza vaccine is updated annually in order to provide a vaccine that is antigenically well matched with the new influenza virus strains that are expected to cause epidemics. Influenza vaccination significantly reduces mortality; however, approximately one third of elderly Americans are not immunized annually. The nation’s goal is to increase the influenza vaccination rate among the elderly to 90%. Vaccination is the most effective measure for reducing the impact of influenza and is a cost-effective preventive health intervention for the elderly and individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Leukemia-inhibitory factor stimulates breast, kidney and prostate cancer cell proliferation by paracrine and autocrine pathways

Leukemia-inhibitory factor (LIF) is an inflammatory cytokine with pleiotropic activities. LIF was originally described as a differentiation factor of a murine leukemia cell line and was subsequently found to possess a broad spectrum of biological functions. Although LIF has been extensively studied in the hematopoietic system, little is known about its effects in solid tumors. We investigated the role of LIF in breast, kidney and prostate cancers. Using a clonogenic assay, we found that LIF significantly stimulated proliferation of 2 estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7 and T47-D) in a dose-dependent fashion at concentrations ranging from 10 to 200 ng/ml. This effect was observed both in the presence of FCS and under serum- and estrogen-free culture conditions, suggesting that the effect of LIF is direct and does not depend on estrogen or any other cytokine. Neither line produced LIF protein, as assessed by ELISA. In contrast, the estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer line MDA MB-231 produced LIF but did not respond to either LIF or its neutralizing antibodies. Similarly, increasing concentrations of LIF did not affect the growth of primary kidney (A-498), metastatic kidney (ACHN) and prostate (DU 145) cancer cell lines. These lines produce LIF, however, and antibodies to LIF significantly suppressed their proliferation, suggesting that they were maximally stimulated by the endogenously produced cytokine. Taken together, our data suggest that LIF acts as either a paracrine or an autocrine growth factor for breast, kidney and prostate cancers.
The International Expansion of U.S. Franchise Systems: Status and Strategies

This paper presents the survey results of U.S. franchise systems' participation in international markets. The results illustrate the entry motivations, ownership practices, marketing strategies, profit profiles and problems inherent in the operation of U.S. franchise operations abroad.
Utility of SPECT/CT with Meckel's scintigraphy.

Meckel’s diverticulum is a relatively common source of gastrointestinal tract morbidity in children. Individuals may present with symptoms of lower gastrointestinal tract bleeding, bowel obstruction or diverticulitis. Technetium-99 m pertechnetate scintigraphy is used to demonstrate those Meckel’s diverticula that contain heterotopic gastric mucosa. We present a case of an adolescent male patient with rectal bleeding and suspected Meckel’s diverticulum where the use of SPECT/CT fusion imaging provided valuable diagnostic information and prevented a false-negative study.
Retrospective valuations of intellectual property

A relatively simple method for ongoing retrospective valuations of intellectual property (IP) for the purpose of setting royalty rates is described. The method uses measureable variables that indicate directly the value of an IP to a licensee over time. Protections are built into the method to preclude royalties that would be unfair to either the licensee or licensor. Unlike the cost- or income-based methods used in current practice, the described method does not require any assumptions about the future and is therefore immune to the uncertainties and possible inaccuracies that are inherent to prospective valuations. Although forecasting is needed for some purposes, such as for certain tax purposes or for the overall valuation of a company by stock analysts, the described retrospective valuations can be usefully applied for setting royalty rates that closely track and reflect changes in market conditions, patent protection, and product design.
Gas supersaturation in the surface ocean: The roles of heat flux, gas exchange, and bubbles

Abstract In this paper, a one-dimensional model of mixed layer dynamics is used to examine the roles of heat flux, gas exchange, and bubble processes in producing nitrogen and argon gas supersaturation in the surface subtropical Pacific ocean at U.S. JGOFS Station ALOHA during 1989–1990. The N2/Ar ratio is measured within a high degree of accuracy by mass spectrometry, and the ratio is sensitive to the mode of bubble gas transfer. Our results demonstrate that bubble processes are essential to produce observed supersaturation levels. N2/Ar ratios at Station ALOHA indicate that air injection of small (totally-dissolving) bubbles is the dominant process during the summer, but during the fall and winter, larger (partially-dissolving) bubbles become more important. Given current measurement techniques, it is possible to distinguish between small and large bubbles when inert gas supersaturations are high ( > 2%) and when the dynamic range in predicted inert gas ratios is largest (late fall). Existing models that parameterize bubble dynamics as a function of wind speed do not reproduce the high observed supersaturations that this study indicates are influenced by large bubble processes.
Tellurium hydrocephalus: distribution of tellurium-127m between maternal, fetal, and neonatal tissues of the rat.

Abstract Hydrocephalus has been produced in approximately 50% of the offspring of rats fed 3300 ppm metallic tellurium in their diets during pregnancy. The distribution of tellurous acid labeled with 127mTe was studied in maternal and fetal tissues after its intravenous injection in pregnant rats fed control and metallic tellurium diets. The labeled tellurium freely permeated the placental barrier as well as maternal and fetal blood-brain barriers, giving the following relative distributions 4 hours after intravenous administration: Maternal tissues: kidney > liver > blood > muscle > CNS tissues > CSF; fetal tissues: blood > liver > kidney > whole brain. In addition to the induction of hydrocephalus in the fetus, the feeding of metallic tellurium resulted in a significant increase in the uptake of radiotellurium by maternal brain but not by nonnervous tissues. Appreciable binding of the labeled tellurium to plasma proteins was observed. The persistence of radioactivity in fetal and maternal tissues for 1 week after injection indicated that prolonged binding of the isotope must also occur in tissues. The possibility of a direct teratogenic action of tellurium on the fetus was considered.
How do you look when feeling anxious? Facial displays of anxiety

Abstract Although anxiety is a frequent and disabling emotional state, the display of this affect through facial actions has not been previously studied. Participants were videotaped while describing an anxious past event, and answering stressful and nonstressful questions regarding reactions to the anxiety-producing experience. High and low self-rated anxious segments were coded using the Facial Action Coding System (FACS). Results showed that more facial movements involving elements of the fear expression and more eye blinks were displayed during high vs low anxious segments. There was also an increase in total facial movement during high vs low anxiety. Nonenjoyment smiles were exhibited more often than enjoyment smiles, and females smiled less than males as anxiety increased. Facial actions indicative of other affect states (anger, sadness) did not distinguish anxiety level. Level of anxiety could be differentiated on the basis of specific facial movements related to fear and arousal.
Issues in developing a religious studies collection

Abstract The study of religion has developed over recent decades into an interdisciplinary, multifaceted field which requires special considerations for the academic library. The implementation of a program of collection development for religious studies is dependent on the place of religious studies in the total mission of the institution, the needs of the users, the strengths and weaknesses of the existing collection, and the resources available to develop it in needed areas. Collection managers also need to be aware of their role in interpreting the collection to users.
Electrical resistivity of stage-1 random mixture graphite intercalation compounds near critical temperatures

Abstract We have measured the temperature dependence of in-plane electrical resistivity of stage-1 Co c Mn 1− c Cl 2 GICs (0.70 ≤ c ≤ 1) and stage-1 Co c Mg 1− c Cl 2 GICs (0.85 ≤ c ≤ 1) in the temperature range between 2.6 and 300 K. The resistivity shows a drastic increase with decreasing temperature below the critical temperature T c for stage-1 Co c Mn 1− c Cl 2 GICs ( c ≥ 0.85) and stage-1 Co c Mg 1− c Cl 2 GICs ( c ≥ 0.90). The temperature dependence of this resistivity anomaly is described by a smeared power law with an exponent 2β, where β is the critical exponent of spontaneous magnetization. Through the π - d exchange interaction between π electrons in the graphite layers and spins in the intercalate layers, the π electrons are scattered by spin fluctuations of a virtual antiferromagnetic in-plane spin configuration arising from the superposition of two ferromagnetic in-plane structures with spin directions antiparallel to each other.
Methylnaltrexone: Treatment for Opioid-Induced Constipation

Opioids have become the gold standard for treatment of severe pain in advanced disease, but adverse effects can affect the quality of life. Opioid-induced bowel dysfunction can lead to refractory constipation. Methylnaltrexone bromide is a peripherally acting mu antagonist and is indicated for the treatment of opioid-induced constipation in patients with advanced illness, when response to standard laxative therapy has been inefficacious. This pharmacology update will review the etiology, pathophysiology, and treatment of opioid-induced constipation, focused on methylnaltrexone as a novel treatment for refractory cases.
Correlation between binding rate constants and individual information of E. coli Fis binding sites

Individual protein binding sites on DNA can be measured in bits of information. This information is related to the free energy of binding by the second law of thermodynamics, but binding kinetics appear to be inaccessible from sequence information since the relative contributions of the on- and off-rates to the binding constant, and hence the free energy, are unknown. However, the on-rate could be independent of the sequence since a protein is likely to bind once it is near a site. To test this, we used surface plasmon resonance and electromobility shift assays to determine the kinetics for binding of the Fis protein to a range of naturally occurring binding sites. We observed that the logarithm of the off-rate is indeed proportional to the individual information of the binding sites, as predicted. However, the on-rate is also related to the information, but to a lesser degree. We suggest that the on-rate is mostly determined by DNA bending, which in turn is determined by the sequence information. Finally, we observed a break in the binding curve around zero bits of information. The break is expected from information theory because it represents the coding demarcation between specific and nonspecific binding.
Low-profile cavity-backed crossed-slot antenna with a single-probe feed designed for 2.34-GHz satellite radio applications

This paper describes a novel, low-profile antenna for the satellite digital audio radio service. The antenna consists of a thin cavity with a pair of crossed slots having unequal length. Both slots are fed by a single-probe-type feed, resulting in a simple low-cost structure. This antenna is left-hand circularly polarized toward the sky for satellite reception, and vertically polarizated toward the horizon for terrestrial reception. The result is a low-profile antenna that can receive simultaneously from both satellite broadcasters and terrestrial repeaters, and can be built using low-cost printed circuit fabrication methods.
Modulation of ION Channels by Protein Phosphorylation and Dephosphorylation

Modulation of the properties of membrane ion channels is of fundamental importance for the regulation of neuronal electrical activity and of higher neural functions. Among the many potential molecular mechanisms for modulating the activity of membrane proteins such as ion channels, protein phosphorylation has been chosen by cells to play a particularly prominent part. This is not surprising given the central role of protein phosphorylation in a wide variety of cellular, metabolic, and signaling processes (26, 27, 48). As summarized here, regulation by phosphorylation is not restricted to one or another class of ion channel; rather, many, and perhaps all, ion channels are subject to modulation by phosphorylation. Similarly, a number of different protein kinase signaling pathways can participate in the regulation of ion channel properties, and it is not unusual to find that a particular channel is modulated by several different protein kinases, each influencing channel activity in a unique way. Finally, the biophysical mechanisms of modulation also exhibit a striking diversity that ranges from changes in desensitization rates to shifts in the voltage dependence and kinetics of channel activation and inactivation. The convergence of channel molecular biology with patch-clamp technology has been spectacularly productive, even allowing the identification of particular amino acid residues in ion channel proteins that participate in specific modulatory changes in channel biophysical properties. This task is far from complete, and no doubt there remain surprises in store for us, but nevertheless it is appropriate to ask where we go from here. One important direction will be to relate functional modulation, produced by phosphorylation, to changes in the three-dimensional structure of the ion channel protein. Unfortunately, structural studies of membrane proteins are extremely difficult, and to date there is no high resolution structure available for any ion channel protein. A complementary strategy that is more feasible with current technology is to investigate the ways in which channel modulation contributes to the regulation of cellular physiology. Novel computational approaches are being brought to bear on this complex issue, and their combination with channel molecular biology and biophysics should significantly advance our understanding of molecular mechanisms of neuronal plasticity.
Think locally, act locally: Can decentralized planning really achieve first-best in the presence of environmental spillovers?

Strikingly, Ogawa and Wildasin (2009) find that in a model with heterogenous jurisdictions, interjurisdictional capital flows, and interjurisdictional environmental damage spillovers, decentralized planning outcomes are equivalent to that under a single centralized planner. Taken to its extreme this result renders international agreements such as the Kyoto Protocol irrelevant. We first show the critical importance of two key assumptions (no retirement of capital, fixed environmental damages per unit of capital) in obtaining this result. Second, we consider a more general model allowing for capital retirement and abatement activities and show that generally the outcome of a decentralized market differs from the solution of a centralized planner's social welfare-maximizing problem.
EFFECT OF HYDROGEN BOND STRENGTH ON RESORUFIN NON-PHOTOCHEMICAL HOLE BURNING IN ETHANOL-2,2,2-TRIFLUOROETHANOL GLASSES

Abstract Relative hole burning efficiencies of resorufin in ethanol-2,2,2-trifluoroethanol (TFE) and TFE-hydroxyl deuterated ethanol (EtOD) mixed glasses as a function of the mole fraction of TFE are reported. The hole burning efficiency is found to increase in both mixed glass systems, with a greater increase occurring in EtOD/TFE glasses. In all cases the hole width was found to be independent of the glass composition. The relationship between the hole burning efficiency and hydrogen bond strengths is discussed.
Beam steering techniques for phased array multi-input-multi-output (MIMO) search radars

When exploiting the output from multiple transmitters to enhance some aspect of radar performance, MIMO radars need to coordinate transmissions so that each transmitter illuminates the target. This paper analyzes the performance of standard beam steering techniques for search radars, and proposes a new technique that optimizes coverage out to the radar's instrumented range.
Race and Ethnicity: An 11-Year Content Analysis of Counseling and Values

Using the Dimensions of Personal Identity Model proposed by Arredondo and Glauner (as cited in Arredondo et al., 1996), the authors reviewed the last 11 years of the Association for Spiritual, Ethical, and Religious Values in Counseling's journal, Counseling and Values, specifically regarding the “A” dimensions of race and ethnicity. Twenty-five of the 235 articles reviewed (11%) contained a multicultural perspective defined in these terms. Other aspects of cultural inclusion, such as authorship and type of study, were also considered.
Bacterial communities inhabiting the healthy tissues of two Caribbean reef corals: interspecific and spatial variation

Bacterial communities inhabiting healthy tissues of the reef-building corals Diploria strigosa and Montastraea annularis were evaluated across a human-induced environmental gradient along the southern coast of Curacao, Netherlands Antilles. Variations in bacterial communities inhabiting coral tissues were determined using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphisms (T-RFLP) of 16S rRNA genes, and the δ15N value of coral tissue was used to assess the relative amount of human contaminants at each reef locality. Bacterial communities of D. strigosa were more variable than M. annularis, but there were no systematic differences in the populations of healthy M. annularis and D. strigosa. The δ15N value of coral tissues showed as much as a 1.5‰ increase in the impacted versus the non-impacted localities. While M. annularis showed no significant variation in bacterial community structure due to local reef conditions, the bacterial communities of D. strigosa showed dramatic shifts in community structure. The most abundant bacterial taxa inhabiting D. strigosa display increased dominance at impacted localities. By linking variations in microbial communities with an understanding of variations in local environmental conditions, this study provides a means of assessing potential factors that may impact the microbial habitat of coral tissues as well as overall reef health.
A biocompatible Parylene thermal flow sensing array

Abstract A microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) thermal flow sensing array constructed of biocompatible materials has been designed, fabricated, and tested. In addition to the construction, the electronic biasing conditions were selected such that sensor operation was compatible with biological fluids. The device comprises several thin film platinum sensing elements sandwiched in a Parylene C membrane. The membrane is suspended over a bulk-micromachined silicon channel for improved thermal isolation. This sensing array layout permits, for the first time, operation in multiple flow sensing modes using a single device. Multi-mode testing was performed in hot-film, calorimetric, and time-of-flight modes at low overheat ratios. Furthermore, constant current (CC) and constant temperature (CT) biasing methods were explored in hot-film mode. The results of the various testing modes were compared and flow sensing down to 0.5 μL/min has been demonstrated.
The binding properties of pyrethroids to human skin fibroblast androgen receptors and to sex hormone binding globulin.

Abstract The pyrethroids are a class of natural and synthetic pesticides which were associated with an epidemic of gynecomastia in Haitian men in 1981. In the present study we tested several pyrethroids for their ability to interact with androgen binding sites in dispersed, intact human genital skin fibroblasts and in human plasma to sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG). All the pyrethroids tested inhibited fibroblast binding of [ 3 H]methyltrienolone (R1881) at 22°C with the following rank order of potency : pyrethrins > bioallethrin > fenvalerate > fenothrin > fluvalinate > permethrin > resmethrin. 50% displacement of [ 3 H]R1881 binding to fibroblast androgen receptors was achieved by 1.5–44 × 10 −5 M concentrations of the competitors, respectively. Previous studies with cimetidine, a known inhibitor of androgen receptor binding, showed 50% competition at a concentration of 1.4 × 10 −4 M in this system. Scatchard analysis of binding experiments performed with increasing concentrations of [ 3 H]R1881 in the presence of the pyrethroids indicated that the binding inhibition was competitive. On the other hand, of the pyrethroids examined only the pyrethrins (50% inhibition) and bioallethrin (43% inhibition) were able to displace [ 3 H]testosterone from SHBG when tested at a concentration of 10 −4 M. These data indicate that a novel class of non-steroidal compounds, the pyrethroids, can interact competitively with human androgen receptors and SHBG. These findings provide a mechanism by which chronic exposure of humans or animals to pesticides containing these compounds may result in disturbances in endocrine effects relating to androgen action.