cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Method For Rapid Human Decoding Of Digital Data Recorded On Film

This paper describes a manual method for rapid human decoding of digital data recorded on film. This method provides visual enhancement of tiny digital data for more effective human decision making from image presentations. The Department of Defense has directed the Army, Navy, Air Force and Marine Corps to use the common reconnaissance/ mapping data marking system established by MIL-STD-782B(Wep). All existing data marking systems are to be converted to the binary-coded-decimal system described in this standard. This simple manual method provides a means for the photo interpreter to perform relatively rapid, yet accurate decoding and recording of the binary coded decimal (BCD) data. The tiny BCD bits are magnified by a rear projection system, so that they are easily read by eye and provide sufficient spacing for rapid annotation of each character on a specially designed mask. This mask serves a dual purpose: 1. Grouping the data bits functionally for rapid identification and reading under all specified positions of the CMB. 2. Providing a media for recording the data being read which can be reused or kept for record purposes. The compact projection system is designed for maximum light transmission so that it can use existing diffused light sources. It is simply placed over the tactical reconnaissance film being viewed on any direct viewing light table.© (1966) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Clozapine treatment attenuated somatic and affective signs of nicotine and amphetamine withdrawal in subsets of rats exhibiting hyposensitivity to the initial effects of clozapine.

Abstract Background Based on the phenomenologic similarity between symptoms of drug withdrawal and the negative symptoms of schizophrenia (e.g., anhedonia), we hypothesized that treatment with clozapine may be effective against nicotine and amphetamine withdrawal. Methods A rate-independent discrete-trial threshold procedure was used to assess brain stimulation reward in rats prepared with electrodes in the lateral hypothalamus. Somatic signs of nicotine withdrawal were also assessed. Results Clozapine administration (.75 or 1.5 mg/kg) during nicotine or amphetamine withdrawal did not affect the threshold elevations associated with drug withdrawal. The .75 mg/kg clozapine dose reversed the increased number of somatic signs of nicotine withdrawal. Ten days of clozapine treatment (3 mg/kg/b.i.d.) before exposure to nicotine prevented the threshold elevations in a subset of rats and the increases in somatic signs in all subjects. Fourteen-day pretreatment with clozapine (6 mg/kg/day) decreased the duration of amphetamine withdrawal. Conclusions Correlational analyses indicated that the ability of clozapine to prevent the affective aspects of drug withdrawal depended on low sensitivity to acute clozapine under baseline conditions. The results are consistent with the clinical situation where clozapine is partially effective against the negative symptoms of schizophrenia and more effective in some individuals than others. These results indicate that lack of sensitivity to the initial negative effects of clozapine may predict its a subsequent therapeutic response. Finally, the data suggest that there may be commonalities in the neurosubstrates mediating affective aspects of drug withdrawal and the negative symptoms of schizophrenia.
Isoenzymes of adenylate kinase in human tissue.

Abstract A study of the isoenzymes of adenylate kinases (ATP:AMP phosphotransferases EC 2.7.4.3) from several tissues of human and rabbit indicated that there is a minimum of two sets of isoenzymes within an individual. Isoenzyme sets were distinguished by differences in inhibitions by AgNO3 and an antiserum against rabbit muscle adenylate kinase. The adenylate kinases from muscle, erythrocytes and brain were similar and form one set of isoenzymes. The adenylate kinases of liver, kidney, spleen and heart were similar and form another set of isoenzymes.
A site-percolation threshold for the diamond lattice with diatomic substitution

A Monte Carlo analysis is made of site percolation on a diamond lattice occupied by a mixture of monatomic and diatomic constituents that is generated by an algorithm simulating the results of random incorporation during growth. This system models some features of the alloys of Ge with group III-V semiconductors. Extrapolation to infinite sample size gives percolation thresholds of 0.35 for both the diatomic and the monatomic constituent of the alloy. This is significantly less than the threshold value of 0.43 for percolation on a simply substituted diamond lattice.
Simulation of three-dimensional shear flow around a nozzle-afterbody at high speeds

In this paper, turbulent shear flows at supersonic and hypersonic speeds around a nozzle-afterbody are simulated. The three-dimensional, Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations are solved by a finite-volume and implicit method. The convective and the pressure terms are differenced by an upwind-biased algorithm. The effect of turbulence is incorporated by a modified Baldwin-Lomax eddy viscosity model. The success of the standard Baldwin-Lomax model for this flow type is shown by comparing it to a laminar case. These modifications made to the model are also shown to improve flow prediction when compared to the standard Baldwin-Lomax model. These modifications to the model reflect the effects of high compressibility, multiple walls, vortices near walls, and turbulent memory effects in the shear layer. This numerically simulated complex flowfield includes a supersonic duct flow, a hypersonic flow over an external double corner, a flow through a non-axisymmetric, internal-external nozzle, and a three-dimensional shear layer. The specific application is for the flow around the nozzle-afterbody of a generic hypersonic vehicle powered by a scramjet engine. The computed pressure distributions compared favorably with the experimentally obtained surface and off-surface flow surveys.
Creep/Recovery Behavior of Oil‐Water Emulsions: Influence of Disperse Phase Concentration

The rheological (creep/compliance) behavior has been studied for a series of soya oil (soybean oil)-water emulsions with the disperse phase (oil) concentration ranging from 20% to 70%. The compliance response was due to three mechanisms: instantaneous elastic, retarded elastic and viscous flow. It was necessary to postulate the presence of two retardation processes to account for the Theological behavior. As the oil concentration was increased, the emulsions became more elastic, with the instantaneous elastic mechanism becoming more dominant. In the non-linear region, the viscous flow was more dominant, with the emulsions becoming less elastic with increasing shear stress. The results are rationalized in terms of the breaking and reforming of bonds in the network like coagulation structure.
Synthesis of a soluble catalase–dextran conjugate

Results of a systematic study of the conditions for preparation of soluble catalase-dextran conjugates, using the cyanogen bromide activation procedure, are reported. A protocol for the synthesis of such a conjugate with satisfactory retention of enzymatic activity and high efficiency of coupling is described.
Improved Surface and Tropospheric Temperatures Determined Using Only Shortwave Channels: The AIRS Science Team Version-6 Retrieval Algorithm

The Goddard DISC has generated products derived from AIRS/AMSU-A observations, starting from September 2002 when the AIRS instrument became stable, using the AIRS Science Team Version-5 retrieval algorithm. The AIRS Science Team Version-6 retrieval algorithm will be finalized in September 2011. This paper describes some of the significant improvements contained in the Version-6 retrieval algorithm, compared to that used in Version-5, with an emphasis on the improvement of atmospheric temperature profiles, ocean and land surface skin temperatures, and ocean and land surface spectral emissivities. AIRS contains 2378 spectral channels covering portions of the spectral region 650 cm(sup -1) (15.38 micrometers) - 2665 cm(sup -1) (3.752 micrometers). These spectral regions contain significant absorption features from two CO2 absorption bands, the 15 micrometers (longwave) CO2 band, and the 4.3 micrometers (shortwave) CO2 absorption band. There are also two atmospheric window regions, the 12 micrometer - 8 micrometer (longwave) window, and the 4.17 micrometer - 3.75 micrometer (shortwave) window. Historically, determination of surface and atmospheric temperatures from satellite observations was performed using primarily observations in the longwave window and CO2 absorption regions. According to cloud clearing theory, more accurate soundings of both surface skin and atmospheric temperatures can be obtained under partial cloud cover conditions if one uses observations in longwave channels to determine coefficients which generate cloud cleared radiances R(sup ^)(sub i) for all channels, and uses R(sup ^)(sub i) only from shortwave channels in the determination of surface and atmospheric temperatures. This procedure is now being used in the AIRS Version-6 Retrieval Algorithm. Results are presented for both daytime and nighttime conditions showing improved Version-6 surface and atmospheric soundings under partial cloud cover.
The relative effectiveness of progestins for facilitation and inhibition of sexual receptivity in hamsters.

Abstract In a series of experiments, we studied the biphasic actions of 4 progestins on sexual receptivity in female hamsters. Based on previous reports, we selected doses of progesterone (P), desoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA), 5-alpha-dihydroprogesterone (DHP) and 20-alpha-hydroxy-progesterone (20-OHP) that were expected to have initial facilitative and/or subsequent inhibitory actions on sexual receptivity. Estrogen-primed ovariectomized female hamsters were given one of 4 doses of a progestin at hour 44 post EB, and were tested for facilitation (with tape over their vaginas to prevent intromissions) 4 hours later. At hour 68, all animals received 500 μg P and were tested for the inhibitory effects of the test progestin 4 hours later. In additional experiments, similar procedures were followed with an alternate vehicle (1% Tween-80 instead of sesame oil) and a longer initial progestin-to-facilitation test interval (8 rather than 4 hours) in attempts to improve bioavailability of the steroids. P and DOCA were clearly the most behaviorally effective progestins tested, and they were equally potent for facilitation and inhibition in an oil vehicle at the 4 hour interval. DHP given in oil caused some inhibition but no facilitation. 20-OHP had no behavioral effects at the doses tested. The results are discussed in light of previous results with these steroids in hamsters and other rodent species. Also, the differing patterns of effectiveness across conditions provide some, although qualified, support for our view that the biphasic actions of progestins may be controlled by separate mechanisms. However, an alternate explanation is also discussed.
Structure and Petrology of the Royal Stock, Flint Creek Range, Central-Western Montana

The Royal stock, a late Cretaceous-early Tertiary epizonal pluton approximately 30 square miles in area, is in the Flint Creek Range of central-western Montana. The stock is composed of granodiorite, and is rather homogeneous in terms of overall mineral composition as well as the An content of the plagioclase. A metamorphic aureole with a maximum width of about 1 mile surrounds the stock. All of the structural and petrologic features are consistent with forceful intrusion of a magma. The regional north south trending structure in the country rock is strongly deflected in the vicinity of the stock. Although the regional structure swings concordantly around the stock, the contacts are discordant in detail cutting across the bedding in the country rock. Igneous contact breccia is present mainly along the northern border of the stock. Xenoliths are rare in the interior of the stock. A set of primary joints strikes N. 65° W. and dips 55° SW. in the stock and in places in the adjacent country rock. These joints are believed to be extension fractures produced by the upward push of magma in a prismatic-cylindrical body which plunges to the southwest.
Assessment of corrosion resistant coatings for a depleted U-0.75 Ti alloy

Summary Aluminum, zinc, magnesium, Al-Zn, Al-Mg, nickel, titanium, TiN and Al/TiN coatings were applied by the arc plasma physical vapor deposition (PVD) technique to a depleted uranium (DU) alloy for corrosion protection assessment. The as-deposited specimens were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for surface morphology and tested for adhesion. Electrochemical polarization tests and immersion tests were conducted in aerated 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution. Results of electrochemical polarization scans and observations after long-term exposure tests indicated that both Al-Zn and Al-Mg alloys appear to be the best sacrificial coating materials for improving the corrosion resistance of DU-0.75 Ti.
U.S. academic readers,1 ESL writers, and second sentences

Abstract Traditionally, ESL writing teachers have taught the concept of the topic sentence to introduce academic paragraphs. However, ESL students frequently develop paragraphs that do not fulfill the expectations of native English speaker (NES) readers proffered by the topic sentence. Recent writing-reading connection research suggests that different contextual and rhetorical schemata may result in ineffective ESL written communication. This article describes exploratory research focusing on the sentence that immediately follows the topic sentence in an American-English paragraph and seeks to answer the following: Can second sentences be (a) consistently predicted by experienced NES readers; (b) successfully predicted and written by inexperienced and/or experienced NES student writers; (c) successfully predicted and written by inexperienced ESL student writers? Results indicated that whereas NES inexperienced writers sometimes used unexpected, inappropriate second sentences, NESs were able to appropriately predict the “expected” second sentences nearly twice as often as ESL writers. Pedagogical implications are discussed.
Using the Taguchi Method to Enhance the Quality of Products and Processes

ABSTRACTThis article provides a brief explanation of the method developed by Genichi Taguchi and used by the Japanese to manufacture superior products. Taguchi's definition of quality and several concepts characteristic of his method are presented. A detailed explanation of Taguchi's experimental design process and an example of such an experiment are included.
A transient entanglement coupling mechanism for DNA separation by capillary electrophoresis in ultradilute polymer solutions.

Using capillary electrophoresis, large DNA molecules (2.0–23.1 kbp) may be rapidly separated in ultradilute polymer solutions (< 0.002% w/w) under, a high-voltage, steady field (265 V/cm). At this polymer concentration, the separation mechanism appears to be significantly different from that postulated to occur in crosslinked gels. Based on experimental results obtained with DNA restriction fragments and with negatively charged latex microspheres, we conclude that the Ogston and reptation models typically used to describe gel electrophoresis are not appropriate for DNA separations in such dilute polymer solutions. Electrophoresis experiments employing solutions of both small and large hydroxyethyl cellulose polymers highlight the importance of polymer length and concentration for the optimum resolution of DNA fragments varying in size from 72 bp to 23.1 kbp. A transient entanglement coupling mechanism for DNA separation in dilute polymer solutions is developed, which suggests that there is no a priori upper size limit to DNA that can be separated by capillary electrophoresis in a constant field.
A New Pleistocene Bighorn Sheep from Arizona

The junior author with the assistance of three other students in the summer of 1949 made a study of Catclaw Cave in Mohave County, Arizona. The cave is in the Black Canyon of the Colorado River, fifteen miles downstream from Hoover Dam and one mile upstream from United States Geodetic Survey Cable No. 17 (Fig. 1, Loc. F:2:l, Catclaw Cave). It lies two hundred yards east of the river on the south side of a small unnamed tributary, and is approximately 45 feet above the Colorado River. The cave is now covered by Lake Mohave which is formed by the Davis Dam. The excavation was done under the auspices of Dr. Emil W. Haury, Department of Anthropology, University of Arizona. Fig. 1 Map showing the location of Catclaw Cave. (Ariz. F:2:l). The formation of the cave was the result of an intermittent tributary of the Colorado River cutting through a dike of volcanic tuff breccia. This cutting had left vertical faces of breccia on opposite sides of the arroyo. The force of the stream was directed at the base of the southern cliff by the broad flank of the northern exposure. This erosion …
Complex Formation Influence on Reaction Rate III: Interaction of Some Isoalloxazines with 8-Chlorotheophylline as Determined by Spectral, Solubility, and Kinetic Methods

The interactions of 9-methylisoalloxazine and 3,9-dimethylisoalloxazine with 8-chlorotheophylline were studied with the objective of gaining additional information on the effects of complex formation on the reaction rate of flavins and related compounds. The influence of the xanthine on the spectral characteristics and on the rates of hydrolysis of the isoalloxazines was studied. In the case of 9-methyl-isoalloxazine, the interaction was also investigated by a solubility method. The interactions were shown to be markedly pH-dependent and to involve the ionized 8-chlorotheophylline and unionized isoalloxazine. Good evidence was obtained to indicate that the complexed form of the isoalloxazine was resistant to hydrolytic decomposition. Both isoalloxazines appeared to exhibit the same interactive tendencies toward the xanthine. In both cases, the dissociation constant determined from spectral data differed from that obtained by other experimental techniques and suggested that interaction and stabilization were not solely the consequence of charge-transfer.
Business ethics and tourism: from micro to macro perspectives

Abstract Business ethics is a complex field which the tourism industry must understand. In addition, tourism is a unique industry; although general concepts of business ethics are often useful, tourism transcends mainstream business and must be evaluated accordingly. By forming alliances with subdisciplines of business which parallel our own interests, tourism can advance in appropriate ways.
Editorial: C.R., the new Editor-in-Chief of C.R.

After 20 years at the helm, the original founding member and Editor-in-Chief of Chromosome Research, Professor Herbert Macgregor, has retired from the journal. After 18 months as Herbert's Editor-in-Chief in training, which involved >5,000 e-mails, many hours of Skype, as well as several meetings with associate editors, members of our Editorial Advisory Board, and Springer, I'm as ready as I'll ever be for the exciting challenge of editing the journal. Similar to a child born into a military family, where sudden location changes are inevitable, the journal's development has been anything but uneventful: since its inception in 1992, it has been owned and managed by four different publishers starting with Rapid Communications of Oxford, then moving in 1996 to Rapid Science Publishers (Thomson Science), which was acquired by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 1998 before it merged in 2004 with Springer Verlag to form Springer Science+Business Media (where the journal currently resides). During this same 20-year period, the mechanics of scientific publishing changed from the snail mail submission of multiple hardcopies and printed silver-halide photographic plates, which took a minimum of several months to review, to an efficient online submission and review system and subsequent rapid online publication. At the same time, the rapid growth of the world wide web has enabled new models for scientific publishing, and in the past 10 years, the open access (OA) model has gained momentum which has meant that progressively more journals have appeared in the field competing for good chromosome-related papers. I mention these changes to illustrate that Herbert Macgregor has not simply been the Editor-in-Chief of Chromosome Research for the past 20 years, but also a concerned “parent” whose patience, guidance, and tutelage have ensured that Chromosome Research has matured into the respected international scientific publishing forum that it is today. In his first editorial (vol. 1, #1, page 3; May 2003) Herbert and his co-founders Pat Heslop-Harrison and Michael Schmid set out to launch a “fresh journal that was manifestly for chromosomologists, a journal that offered quick, no-fuss communication at the highest possible standard that was widely affordable.” They also defined its scope to be “wide, ranging from microbes to humans and higher plants. Basically, if your science is about chromosomes or any of the front line technologies that feature in chromosome research, then we want to publish it.” I am pleased to confirm that all aspects of their objective have become a reality. Chromosome Res (2013) 21:1–3 DOI 10.1007/s10577-012-9333-9
The structures of T87I phosphono-CheY and T87I/Y106W phosphono-CheY help to explain their binding affinities to the FliM and CheZ peptides.

Abstract CheY is a response regulator in bacterial chemotaxis. Escherichia coli CheY mutants T87I and T87I/Y106W CheY are phosphorylatable on Asp57 but unable to generate clockwise rotation of the flagella. To understand this phenotype in terms of structure, stable analogs of the two CheY-P mutants were synthesized: T87I phosphono-CheY and T87I phosphono-CheY. Dissociation constants for peptides derived from flagellar motor protein FliM and phosphatase CheZ were determined for phosphono-CheY and the two mutants. The peptides bind phosphono-CheY almost as strongly as CheY-P; however, they do not bind T87I phosphono-CheY or T87I/Y106W phosphono-CheY, implying that the mutant proteins cannot bind FliM or CheZ tightly in vivo. The structures of T87I phosphono-CheY and T87I/Y106W phosphono-CheY were solved to resolutions of 1.8 and 2.4 A, respectively. The increased bulk of I87 forces the side-chain of Y106 or W106, into a more solvent-accessible conformation, which occludes the peptide-binding site.
Rat strain differences in nicotine self-administration using an unlimited access paradigm.

An effective animal model for elucidating the neurobiological basis of human smoking should simulate important aspects of this behavior. Therefore, a 23 h unlimited access nicotine self-administration model was used to compare inbred Lewis rats, which have a propensity to self-administer drugs of abuse, to inbred Fisher 344 rats and to the outbred Holtzman strain. Using this unlimited access model, 88.8% of Lewis vs. 57.1% of Holtzman rats achieved maintenance self-administration at a fixed ratio 1 (FR 1) at 0.03 mg/kg IV nicotine (P<0.05). In contrast, Fisher rats did not acquire self-administration under these conditions. Of the Lewis and Holtzman rats that achieved maintenance self-administration on an FR 1 schedule, a greater percentage of Lewis rats acquired nicotine self-administration at FR 2 (P<0.05) and progressed to FR 4 (P<0.05). Using naive cohorts in a progressive dose reduction study, 83.3% of Lewis rats achieved maintenance at 0.0075 mg/kg nicotine as compared to 31.8% of Holtzman rats (P<0.05). Furthermore, only Lewis rats showed differences in active vs. inactive bar presses during maintenance at sequential dose reductions (P<0.001). Thus, in this unlimited access model, inbred Lewis rats will more reliably acquire nicotine self-administration than outbred Holtzman rats. Moreover, Lewis rats showed a significantly higher likelihood of continuing to self-administer nicotine in face of both increasing work requirements and decreasing drug reinforcement. Therefore, it is likely that Lewis rats would be genetically susceptible to nicotine addiction.
Haemophilus somnus-induced interference with bovine neutrophil functions.

The effect of Haemophilus somnus on bovine polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) function was examined in vitro with whole cells and fractions extracted from the surface of this bacterium. The ability of PMNs to iodinate protein and ingest Staphyloccocus aureus was significantly inhibited in the presence of live cells, heat-killed whole cells or supernatant fluid from heat-killed cells, but not in the presence of washed, heat-killed cells. None of the fractions inhibited nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction by PMNs. The PMN inhibitory factors were further characterized. The material that inhibited S. aureus ingestion was found to be a heat-stable cell surface material of > 300 000 MW. The fraction inhibiting iodination of protein was found to be > 10 000 MW.
“Has a decade made a difference?” Attitudes of male criminal justice majors towards female police officers

Male criminal justice students' attitudes towards female police officers are compared with those reported by Golden (1981), the most recent author to study this topic. Although shifts characterize several of the individual items examined at the aggregate level, attitudes have remained fairly stable. Almost half of the students still harbor unfavorable attitudes towards women as police officers. Implications of these findings for education and policing are discussed.
Communication through motion in dance with topological constraints

This paper summarizes work that investigates human interactions in terms of communication through motion in cooperative control. We are interested in multi-agent distributed control models with a shared goal and with the agents being required to accomplish secondary objectives. The study presented here extends the earlier work on the analysis of leader-follower interactions in salsa. The move transitions in salsa are described by simple rules suggested by topological knot theory. The initial and final poses of each move in the dance are represented by link diagrams. The link invariant Alexander Polynomial is calculated for classified link diagrams so that the physical motion primitives in dance are described as polynomial function manipulations. The size of the alphabet for the dance moves given in earlier work is extended by introducing three new moves. The leaders' decision process in a transition system is discussed and it is compared with the prior models which had fewer moves. Complexity metrics are proposed to capture the new alphabet and the proficiency hierarchy in the dance.
Zinc finger binding motifs do not explain recombination rate variation within or between species of Drosophila.

In humans and mice, the Cys2His2 zinc finger protein PRDM9 binds to a DNA sequence motif enriched in hotspots of recombination, possibly modifying nucleosomes, and recruiting recombination machinery to initiate Double Strand Breaks (DSBs). However, since its discovery, some researchers have suggested that the recombinational effect of PRDM9 is lineage or species specific. To test for a conserved role of PRDM9-like proteins across taxa, we use the Drosophila pseudoobscura species group in an attempt to identify recombination associated zinc finger proteins and motifs. We leveraged the conserved amino acid motifs in Cys2His2 zinc fingers to predict nucleotide binding motifs for all Cys2His2 zinc finger proteins in Drosophila pseudoobscura and identified associations with empirical measures of recombination rate. Additionally, we utilized recombination maps from D. pseudoobscura and D. miranda to explore whether changes in the binding motifs between species can account for changes in the recombination landscape, analogous to the effect observed in PRDM9 among human populations. We identified a handful of potential recombination-associated sequence motifs, but the associations are generally tenuous and their biological relevance remains uncertain. Furthermore, we found no evidence that changes in zinc finger DNA binding explains variation in recombination rate between species. We therefore conclude that there is no protein with a DNA sequence specific human-PRDM9-like function in Drosophila. We suggest these findings could be explained by the existence of a different recombination initiation system in Drosophila.
A geometric control approach for optimum maneuverability of flapping wing MAVs near hover

Flapping wing micro-air vehicles are aerial robots that use biomimetic actuation for propulsion and control. Designing such a system requires an integrated system model describing the flight mechanics, propulsion, and control. Relative to conventional aircraft, the resulting model is nonlinear, high-dimensional, time-varying, and underactuated, making analysis and design challenging. Geometric control and averaging theory provide useful analysis tools for biomimetic locomotion systems that use high frequency, time-periodic inputs to generate control forces and moments. Recognizing the essential role of certain Lie bracket and symmetric product vector fields in the flight mechanics of a flapping wing micro-air vehicle, we develop analytical expressions for these vector fields in terms of system parameters. Using these expressions, we then pose and solve a design optimization problem aimed at maximizing vehicle maneuverability. The example illustrates a constructive technique for the design of biomimetic robots and their gaits.
Genetic evidence of a relationship between two maize transposable element systems: Cy and Mutator

The Cy transposable element system is composed of two genetically defined elements: an rcy receptor element inserted at the Bronze-1 locus; and an independently segregating regulatory element, Cy. The Cy system is not functionally homologous to any of the non-Mutator transposable element systems. Evidence is presented that supports a relationship between the Cy system and the family of Mu1-homologous transposable elements that are responsible for the Mutator phenomenon. Although related, Cy elements and the Mu1-homologous elements are not identical; Cy is inherited in a near-Mendelian fashion, in contrast to the non-Mendelian inheritance of the Mu1-homologous elements.
The optic nerve: radiologic, clinical, and pathologic evaluation.

The radiologic investigation of the optic nerve plays an integral part in the diagnostic evaluation of diverse lesions of the optic pathways including inflammatory diseases, vascular disorders and benign and malignant tumors [1]. These radiologic modalities consist principally of CT and MR imaging and, in vascular lesions, MR angiography and conventional angiography. The selection of radiologic studies and their focus is based on the ophthalmologic examination. The ophthalmologist, after a careful history and evaluation of visual function, visual fields, pupillary abnormalities, and optic kinetic findings, can often determine the suspected location of lesions in the anterior or posterior visual pathways. Furthermore, inspection of the eye, including adnexal structures and funduscopy, provides additional information in the clinical assessment of these patients. With technical advances in the last few years, CT and MR imaging can detect lesions and determine their location and extent with high sensitivity and specificity. Methods of examination CT
Who Are the Latino Baby Boomers? Demographic and Economic Characteristics of a Hidden Population

The United States is confronting two simultaneous demographic shifts with profound implications for public policy: population aging and increasing diversity. These changes are accelerating during a dramatic economic downturn, placing entitlement reform prominently on the national policy agenda. Using decennial census data from 2000, this paper examines the nexus of these trends by examining characteristics of Latino baby boomers. In the census data, Latinos constituted 10% of the 80 million boomers; roughly one-third of Latino boomers (37%) were born in the United States or abroad to a U.S. parent; 6% were born in a U.S. territory; 21% were naturalized citizens; and 36% were noncitizens. Compared to non-Latinos, Latino baby boomers had lower levels of education, home ownership, and investment income and higher rates of material hardship and poverty; however, there was considerable variation based on citizenship status. A better understanding of Latino baby boomers will help policy makers anticipate the retirement needs of baby boomers as the United States prepares for the aging of a racially and ethnically diverse population.
A Little Analysis of Errors in Friction for Small Wear Tracks

This ‘methods’ paper examines the error associated with performing rotating pin-on-disk experiments under the condition of varying contact width and wear track circumference. The integral solution and a chart of the errors associated with performing relatively small wear track experiments are given. The error is shown to be less than 10% soon after the wear track diameter becomes greater than the wear track width.
Chromaticity discrimination: effects of luminance contrast and spatial frequency.

We examined the effects of luminance contrast and spatial frequency on chromaticity discrimination of grating bars. Alternate bars of gratings were filled with light of a standard wavelength and light that could be varied in wavelength. The observer set the variable bars to match the standard bars in hue. Discrimination, as measured by the standard deviation of the matches, decreased as spatial frequency increased. Luminance contrast did not improve chromaticity discrimination but did lead to Bezold–Brucke hue shifts that were spatial-frequency dependent.
Ecolabeled paper towels: Consumer valuation and expenditure analysis

Ecolabeled paper towels are manufactured using post-consumer recycled material and sold in markets using a recycle logo. Environmentally conscious consumers purchase these paper towels and thereby contribute to improving environmental quality. In this paper, we estimate the implicit value placed by consumers on ecolabeled paper towels using a hedonic price function and conduct an expenditure analysis using Heckman's selection model. Using the data set from the Internet-based grocery stores called as Peapod we find that some consumers recognize ecolabels on paper towels and place a substantial, positive price premium on them. The expenditure analysis indicates that for the preferred functional form, the demand for ecolabeled paper towels is inelastic for environmentally conscious consumers. The simulated results from the selection model indicate that a small subsidy for ecolabeled paper towels will not substantially change consumers' purchase decisions.
Manilyzer: Automated Android Malware Detection through Manifest Analysis

As the world's most popular mobile operating system, Google's Android OS is the principal target of an ever increasing mobile malware threat. To counter this emerging menace, many malware detection techniques have been proposed. A key aspect of many static detection techniques is their reliance on the permissions requested in the AndroidManifest.xml file. Although these permissions are very important, the manifest also contains additional information that can be valuable in identifying malware, which, however, has not been fully utilized by existing studies. In this paper we present Manilyzer, a system that exploits the rich information in the manifest files, produces feature vectors automatically, and uses state-of-the-art machine learning algorithms to classify applications as malicious or benign. We apply Manilyzer to 617 applications (307 malicious, 310 benign) and find that it is very effective: the accuracy is up to 90%, while the false positives and false negatives are both around 10%. In addition to classifying applications, Manilyzer is used to study the trends of permission requests in malicious applications. Through this evaluation and further analysis, it is clear that malware has evolved over time, and not all malware can be detected through static analysis of manifest files. To address this issue, we briefly explore a dynamic analysis technique that monitors network traffic using a packet sniffer.
State preservation by repetitive error detection in a superconducting quantum circuit

Quantum computing becomes viable when a quantum state can be protected from environment-induced error. If quantum bits (qubits) are sufficiently reliable, errors are sparse and quantum error correction (QEC) is capable of identifying and correcting them. Adding more qubits improves the preservation of states by guaranteeing that increasingly larger clusters of errors will not cause logical failure-a key requirement for large-scale systems. Using QEC to extend the qubit lifetime remains one of the outstanding experimental challenges in quantum computing. Here we report the protection of classical states from environmental bit-flip errors and demonstrate the suppression of these errors with increasing system size. We use a linear array of nine qubits, which is a natural step towards the two-dimensional surface code QEC scheme, and track errors as they occur by repeatedly performing projective quantum non-demolition parity measurements. Relative to a single physical qubit, we reduce the failure rate in retrieving an input state by a factor of 2.7 when using five of our nine qubits and by a factor of 8.5 when using all nine qubits after eight cycles. Additionally, we tomographically verify preservation of the non-classical Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger state. The successful suppression of environment-induced errors will motivate further research into the many challenges associated with building a large-scale superconducting quantum computer.
Frames of Homosexuality: Comparing Los Angeles Times' Coverage of California's Proposition 6 (1978) and Proposition 8 (2008)

In this essay, I use qualitative framing analysis to discern frames of homosexuality, lesbian and gay identity, and same-sex attraction present in the Los Angeles Times’ coverage of Proposition 6 (1978) and Proposition 8 (2008)—propositions aimed to regulate the rights of lesbian and gay persons. I specifically describe differences between the coverage of each proposition, and I illustrate how the news coverage of homosexuality, lesbian and gay identity, and same-sex attraction, at least by one source, has changed over the span of 30 years.
At first glance: Accessibility of the physical attractiveness stereotype

This research investigated two related questions. First, do stereotyped attribute judgments emerge based on attractiveness information presented under severely restricted viewing conditions? Second, will similar biased judgments be obtained for the same targets when subjects are permitted unrestricted viewing time? Experiment 1 found that male and female Caucasian college students were able to differentiate between levels of attractiveness of both males and females on the basis of cue information contained in a single brief glance (100 ms) at a target. Subjects made stereotyped attribute judgments of targets' femininity/masculinity, job suitability, and cooperativeness based on this information under restricted and unrestricted (Experiment 2) conditions. Subjects' eye fixation patterns, recorded during the second experiment, revealed that men and women differed in the way they explored targets, but their differing search strategies had no significant effect on physical attractiveness stereotyping. Results suggest that perception of differential attractiveness occurs automatically with the initial encoding of sensory data.
Induced anticlinic ordering and nanophase segregation of bow-shaped molecules in a smectic solvent.

Recent experiments indicate that doping low concentrations of bent-core molecules into calamitic smectic solvents can induce anticlinic and biaxial smectic phases. We have carried out Monte Carlo simulations of mixtures of rodlike molecules (hard spherocylinders with length/breadth ratio ${L}_{\mathrm{rod}}/D\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}5$) and bow-shaped molecules (hard spherocylinder dimers with length/breadth ratio ${L}_{\mathrm{ban}}/D\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}5$ or 2.5 and opening angle $\ensuremath{\psi}$). We find that a low concentration ( $3%$) of ${L}_{\mathrm{ban}}/D\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}5$ dimers induces anticlinic ( $\mathrm{Sm}{C}_{A}$) ordering in an untilted smectic ( $\mathrm{Sm}A$) phase for $100\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\ensuremath{\le}\ensuremath{\psi}l150\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$. For ${L}_{\mathrm{ban}}/D\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}2.5$, no tilted phases are induced. However, with decreasing $\ensuremath{\psi}$ we observe a sharp transition from intralamellar nanophase segregation (bow-shaped molecules segregated within smectic layers) to interlamellar nanophase segregation (bow-shaped molecules concentrated between smectic layers) near $\ensuremath{\psi}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}130\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$.
Red leaf blotch (Dactuliochaeta glycines) of soybeans (Glycine max) and its relationship to yield

Red leaf blotch of soybeans, caused by Dactuliochaeta glycines, was evaluated on soybean plants in field plots located in Zambia. Two experiments were conducted in each of two seasons. Experiment 1 had four cultivars that were either fungicide-sprayed or not sprayed. Disease severity was greatest on leaves at the lowest nodes from early vegetative through the reproductive growth stages. Area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) values and percentage of nodes defoliated at growth stage R5 were significantly (P = 0.05) greater in unsprayed plots for all cultivars in both seasons. Yield losses ranged from 8 to 37% while reduced seed size ranged from 21 to 29% for the four cultivars. Number of pods per plant in fungicide-sprayed plots did not differ from those in unsprayed plots. However, the number of seeds per plant and seeds per pod were significantly (P = 0.05) greater in sprayed than unsprayed plots for some cultivars. In experiment 2, cultivar Tunia was either fungicide-sprayed at different times or not sprayed. The lowest attached leaf had the most variation in the amount of disease while ratings of the most median leaf in the canopy were generally less variable. The AUDPC values calculated from the lowest attached leaf, the mean of all attached leaves, and the median attached leaf differed significantly (P = 0.05) the number of times plants were sprayed with fungicide. Defoliation and vertical incidence of red leaf blotch from lower to higher nodes were significantly (P = 0.05) reduced in fungicide-sprayed plots in one season, but not the other. One thousand-seed weight and yield differed significantly (P = 0.05) with treatment as one application of triphenyltin acetate increased yields by 18% over unsprayed plots in season 1. One thousand-seed weight and yield, regressed on the AUDPC for the median leaf in the canopy, explained 92 and 72% of the variation, respectively.
Pressure drops in the flow of gases through packed and distended beds of spherical particles

Pressure drop measurements were made across packed and distended beds having five layers of smooth plastic spheres, 1.23 in. in diamter, arranged in cubic, body-centered cubic, and face-centered cubic orientations of void fractions varying from 0.354 to 0.882. The distended beds were prepared by separating the spheres with permanently attached short lengths of fine rigid wire. Friction factors were calculated from the overall pressure drop measurements with the Ergun equation and were plotted against the corresponding modified Reynolds number which ranged from 2,550 to 64,900. A single relationship resulted for both types of beds which is independent of the geometric orientation and void fraction of the spheres of the bed. To eliminate entrance and exit effects of the air flowing through the bed pressure drop measurements were also made across the middle layer of each distended bed. Again a single relationship between the corresponding friction factors and modified Reynolds number was obtained which is independent of the geometric orientation and void fraction of the bed. From the two relationships between friction factors and modified Reynolds number the ratio Pk/fk for a packed or distended bed having five layers of spheres is 1.13. This ratio should decrease with increasing number of layers of spheres and approach the limiting value of 1 when the number of layers becomes very large.
The use of palliative chemotherapy in pediatric oncology patients: A national survey of pediatric oncologists†‡

Background Many children continue receiving chemotherapy after there is no realistic hope for cure. One factor that influences parental decisions to pursue medical therapies is physician preference. To date, no studies have described pediatric oncologists' perspectives and practices regarding palliative chemotherapy (PC). Procedure We surveyed via email pediatric oncologists practicing in the U.S who are members of the Children's Oncology Group to achieve the following objectives: (1) Describe pediatric oncologists treatment considerations regarding the use of PC. (2) Assess treatment considerations that influenced pediatric oncologists' therapy recommendations for their most recent patient receiving PC. There were 422 participants (40.8%) who completed the survey. Results The most important factors considered by pediatric oncologists when prescribing PC were the toxicity of the chemotherapy (4.90 mean SD = 0.36 utilizing 5 point scale with 1 = not important to 5 = very important), the preferences of the family (4.57; SD = 0.60), and the potential to decrease symptoms arising from tumor burden (4.42; SD = 0.65). These treatment considerations were not as important when PC was prescribed for their most recent patient. Similarly, the chief aims in prescribing PC were not achieved for recent patients receiving PC. For their most recent patient who received PC, 40.8% believe this treatment was primarily for parental wishes. Conclusion According to 80.2% of pediatric oncologists completing the survey, some patients receive chemotherapy beyond medical benefit and 40.8% of these oncologists have prescribed PC for the purpose of parental wishes to a recent patient. The chief aims in prescribing palliative chemotherapy were not achieved for recent patients. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2013; 60: 88–94. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Radon transform inversion based on harmonic analysis of the Euclidean motion group

We present a new derivation of the spherical harmonic decomposition of the projection slice theorem using harmonic analysis of the Euclidean motion group, M(N). The Radon transform is formulated as a convolution integral over M(N). Deconvolution using harmonic analysis of M(N) leads to spherical harmonic decomposition of the projection slice theorem. The proposed method of decomposition leads to new algorithms for the inversion of the Radon transform.