cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Antisenses to opioid receptors attenuate ATP-gated K(+) channel opener-induced antinociception.

Abstract The ATP-gated K+ channel openers diazoxide, levcromakalim and morphine induce cell hyperpolarization by opening the K+ channels and enhancing K+ efflux. This hyperpolarization decreases intracellular Ca2+ levels, lessening neurotransmitter release thus leading to antinociception. Previous findings implicate the release of endogenous opioids as the mediator of the antinociceptive effects of ATP-gated K+ channel openers. Antisense oligodeoxynucleotides to the opioid receptor clones, which decrease the number of available receptors, were used to demonstrate the involvement of endogenous opioids in diazoxide- and levcromakalim-induced antinociception. Antisense to all three opioid receptors attenuated the effect of diazoxide, suggesting that diazoxide is inducing the release of endogenous opioids activating the μ(MOR-1)-, δ(DOR-1)-, and κ(KOR-1)-opioid receptors. Antisense to the μ-opioid receptor clone and δ-opioid receptor clone attenuated levcromakalim-induced antinociception, indicating that endogenous opioids acting at the μ- and δ-opioid receptors are potential candidates for the mediation of the antinociceptive effects of levcromakalim.
Purification and characterization of the thermostable ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase from the thermophilic purple bacterium Chromatium tepidum.

The Calvin cycle enzyme ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase has been purified and characterized from the thermophilic and obligately anaerobic purple sulfur bacterium, Chromatium tepidum. The enzyme is an L8S8 carboxylase with a molecular mass near 550 kDa. No evidence for a second form of the enzyme lacking small subunits was obtained. C. tepidum ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase was stable to heating to temperatures of 60°C and could be readily purified in an active form at room temperature. Both carboxylase and oxygenase activities of this enzyme were Mg2+-dependent and carboxylase activity was sensitive to the effector 6-phosphogluconic acid. The Km for ribulose bisphosphate for the carboxylase activity of the C. tepidum enzyme was substantially higher than that observed in mesophilic Calvin cycle autotrophs. Amino acid composition and immunological analyses of C. tepidum and Chromatium vinosum ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylases showed the enzymes to be highly related despite significant differences in heat stability. It is hypothesized that thermal stability of C. tepidum ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase is due to differences in primary structure affecting folding patterns in both the large and small subunits and is clearly not the result of any unique quaternary structure of the thermostable enzyme.
Thermal response of Saturn's ring particles during and after eclipse

The investigation is based on data which were obtained on May 18, 1978, at the 5-m Hale telescope on Palomar Mountain. A Ge:Ga bolometer was used at the f/70 Gregorian focus; a cold interference filter limited the wavelength response to between 16 and 26 micrometers. A brightness asymmetry is observed between the ansae of all three rings; the largest asymmetry occurs in the C ring. The simplest explanation of such asymmetries is just the eclipse cooling and subsequent heating of similar particles at different radial distances from Saturn, coupled with the different travel times from eclipse exit to east ansa. The observed eclipse cooling and subsequent heating in Saturn's B ring support the idea that the uppermost surface of the particles is of low-conductivity water frost, similar to the uppermost surface of the Galilean satellites (omitting Io).
Science and Technology in a World Transformed

In this era of rapid, far-reaching transformation, our way of life is in many respects a novelty for our species. Opportunities arising from profoundly enhanced capabilities in science and technology are felt in every sphere of life from health to communication, yet each advance has side effects that take time to appear. Grave institutional inadequacies are manifested in the prevalence of totalitarian governments, proliferation of devastating weapons, failure of educational institutions to prepare most people for the modern world, failure to use what we know to prevent damage to a large proportion of the world's children; and the weakness of international institutions to deal with global interdependence in the face of persistent ethnocentrism and prejudice. The American scientific community can usefully become more deeply engaged with these great problems.
Managed Care and Provider Satisfaction in Mental Health Settings

We assess the satisfaction of mental health providers using four dimensions from the medical practice literature—degree of autonomy, relationship with patients, compensation, and administrative burden—and extend current work on professional satisfaction to include frontline service providers rather than only psychiatrists or other physicians. In contrast to results reported for primary care settings, we find that the impact of managed care on satisfaction is minimal for the mental health providers in our study of a Medicaid capitation demonstration in the southeastern US. Instead, variables relevant to everyday working conditions have an important effect on job satisfaction.
Early dynamic splinting for extensor tendon injuries

Extensor tendon injuries are traditionally splinted with no motion for 3 to 4 weeks after repair. This may result in limitation of flexion because of extensor tenodesis at the site of repair. To prevent this, we used a dynamic splinting program opposite to the one that is used for flexor tendon repair, with an outrigger splint holding the fingers in extension and allowing full active flexion. Fifty-two patients who had extensor tendon repairs in the area from the wrist to the middle of the proximal phalanx were treated. Motion was begun 2 to 5 days after repair and was continued for approximately 5 weeks. No tendon ruptures occurred, and all patients recovered full flexion.
A time for decisions

Editorial. Discussion sur les morts accidentelles et leur prevention possible peut-etre par: les traitements pre-hospitaliers, les traitements a l'hopital, la rehabilitation, l'education, la recherche
The effect of cloprostenol and cloprostenol + HCG on corpora lutea and serum progesterone in Brahman cows

Abstract Two independent trials were conducted to evaluate 1) the effect of cloprostenol (CLP; ICI 80996) on subsequent corpus luteum size and progesterone content and 2) the effect of CLP and CLP followed by HCG (1500 IU) at estrus on daily serum progesterone levels in Brahman cows. In Trial 1, cows were assigned as untreated controls (n=8) or to receive 500 μg CLP intramuscularly on day 8–12 postestrus (n=9). Corpora lutea were removed surgically and weighed on day 13 after the spontaneous or CLP induced estrus. CL progesterone (P4) was also monitored. In Trial 2, cows were assigned as untreated controls (n=15), to receive 500 μg CLP on day 9, 10 or 11 postestrus (n=10), or to receive CLP as above, plus 1500 IU HCG 12 hr after the CLP-induced estrus (n=10). Daily blood samples were collected from all cows from day 2 postestrus through the second estrus, thus encompassing the period of CL development and regression. The data generated in Trial 1 indicated that CLP depressed CL weight (2.7 vs 4.7 mg; P
Photo and nutritional regulation of chloroplast valyl-tRNA synthetase in Euglena

Exposure of dark grown resting Euglena to light induced the synthesis of chloroplast valyl-tRNA synthetase. Ethanol, a specific inhibitor of Euglena chloroplast development had little effect on chloroplast valyl-tRNA synthetase induction during the first 12 h of light exposure. Ethanol, however, completely inhibited enzyme synthesis between 12–72 h of light exposure. Malate, an alternative carbon source, had little effect on the photoinduction of valyl-tRNA synthetase. When dark grown resting cells were exposed to 2 h of light and returned to the dark, chloroplast valyl-tRNA synthetase continued to accumulate for 8–12 h at a rate which was less than the rate in cells maintained continuously in the light. The mutant strain W3BUL lacks detectable chloroplast DNA and phototransformable protochlorophyllide, but retains a plastid remnant. Exposure of strain W3BUL to light induced the synthesis of chloroplast valyl-tRNA synthetase and enzyme induction was not inhibited by ethanol. After 72 h of light exposure in the presence or absence of ethanol, enzyme levels in strain W3BUL were comparable to the levels found in the wildtype strain after 8–14 h of light exposure. These results suggest that the nonchloroplast photoreceptor regulates the initial phase of enzyme synthesis. Mutant strain W10BSmL differs from strain W3BUL in that the plastid remnant if present, is greatly reduced. Chloroplast valyl-tRNA synthetase was undetectable in the strain W10BSmL suggesting that the levels of active, cytoplasmically synthesized, chloroplast localized enzymes may be related to the developmental status of the chloroplast through the extent to which the enzyme precursor can be accumulated and or posttranslationally processed into an active enzyme within the chloroplast or chloroplast remnant.
Cleavage of a RNA analog containing uridine by a bifunctional dinuclear Zn(II) catalyst

Abstract The macrocyclic ligand, 1,4-bis((1-oxa-4,7,10-triazacyclododecan-7-yl)methyl)benzene (L1) is prepared. L1 binds two Zn(II) ions at neutral pH to form Zn2(L1) as studied by using pH-potentiometric titrations. Zn2(L1) binds two uridines at pH 7.0, I = 0.100 M (NaCl) and the mononuclear analog Zn(L2) (L2 = 1-oxa-4,7,10-triazacyclododecane) binds a single uridine; dissociation constants for both complexes are in the millimolar range. Both complexes promote the cleavage of a simple RNA analog lacking a nucleobase (HpPNP = 2-hydroxypropyl-4-nitrophenylphosphate), and a uridine containing RNA analog UpPNP (uridine-3′-4-nitrophenylphosphate). Plots of the first-order rate constant for cleavage of HpPNP as a function of Zn(L2) concentration from 0.5 mM to 20.0 mM are linear, consistent with weak complexation to substrate Kd > 20 mM. In contrast, first-order rate constants for cleavage of UpPNP by Zn(L2) or Zn2(L1) over similar concentration ranges exhibit a downward curvature, consistent with the formation of a complex between catalyst and UpPNP. Comparison of second-order rate constants (k2 = kcat/Kd) shows that the dinuclear complex Zn2(L1) is a better catalyst than Zn(L2) for both HpPNP and UpPNP cleavage.
Anterior lumbar interbody fusion for treatment of low back pain

Abstract Purpose of study: The spectrum of discogenic pain syndrome ranges from internal disc disruption (IDD), degenerative disc disease (DDD) and segmental instability. After failure of conservative treatment, surgical options would include fusion. This study was performed to determine whether the results of fusion differ between IDD and DDD. Methods used: Patient and radiographic data were entered prospectively on 118 patients who underwent anterior lumbar interbody fusion for treatment of low back pain. Chart and radiographic review completed data sets. Of the 118 patients, 53 had IDD and 65 had DDD. We evaluated each group for clinical outcome, Oswestery scores, and radiographically for fusion, subsidence, and lordosis. In patients with IDD, average age was 39 years. There were 15 smokers (28%) and 16 patients (30%) were involved in workman's compensation litigation. Twelve patients had previous lumbar spine surgery. Two level fusions were performed in 6 patients. Average follow-up period was 29 months. In patients with DDD, average age was 44 years. There were 16 smokers (25%) and 11 patients (17%) were involved in workman's compensation litigation. Twenty-four patients had previous lumbar spine surgery. Two level fusions were performed in 2 patients. Average follow-up period was 27 months. In both groups minimal follow-up was 12 months. of findings: In patients with IDD, excellent/good results were obtained in 44 patients (83%) and fair/poor results in 9 patients (17%). Oswestery Scores were an average of 38 points pre-op which improve to 24 points at 3 months and to 20 points at the last follow-up visit. Radiographic fusion occurred in 50 patients (94%). The intervertebral height was increased from 4.5 mm pre-op to 7 mm post op and then decreased due to subsidence to 5 mm. Lumbar lordosis at the fused level measured an average of 17 degrees pre-op, 20 degrees immediately post-op and 21 degrees at last follow-up. In patients with DDD, excellent/good results were obtained in 60 patients (92%) and fair/poor results in 5 patients (8%). Oswestery Scores were an average of 36 points pre-op, which improve to 20 points at 3 months and to 10 points at the last follow-up visit. Radiographic fusion occurred in all 65 patients (100%). The intervertebral height was increased from 3 mm pre-op to 7 mm post op and then decreased due to subsidence to 5.5 mm. Lumbar lordosis at the fused level measured an average of 14 degrees pre-op, 21.4 degrees immediately post-op and 21.7 degrees at last follow-up. Relationship between findings and existing knowledge: This study demonstrates that anterior lumbar interbody fusion provides excellent outcomes both clinically and radiographically when indicated for treatment of discogenic low back pain. Overall significance of findings: Radiographically, restoration of lordosis and disc height was better achieved in patients with DDD. In addition, we found that patients with DDD had better clinical outcomes than patients with IDD. Disclosures: No disclosures. Conflict of interest: Thomas A. Zdeblick, grant research, consultant, Medtronic.
Cefotaxime twice daily versus ceftriaxone once daily. A randomized controlled study in patients with serious infections.

We randomized 365 patients with serious infections to treatment with either 2 g intravenously (IV) cefotaxime every 12 h or 2 g IV ceftriaxone once daily. Clinical response rates were similar in both treatment groups, with success defined as satisfactory or improved response in 107 of 124 (86.3%) evaluable patients in the cefotaxime group compared with 103 of 114 (90.4%) evaluable patients in the ceftriaxone group. Bacteriologic cure rates were also similar in the two groups (86.4% in the cefotaxime group compared with 87.0% in the ceftriaxone group). There was no statistically significant difference in the incidence of drug-related adverse events in the two groups. These results indicate that 2 g cefotaxime twice daily is as effective, both clinically and bacteriologically, as 2 g ceftriaxone once daily in serious infections caused by susceptible pathogens.
Observations of a Chesapeake Bay Tidal Front

This paper presents combined conductivity-temperature-depth (CTD), thermistor chain, current meter, and acoustic backscatter observations of a tidal front observed in the Chesapeake Bay. The data were obtained from a moored platform as the front migrated past the platform. The thermistor chain and CTD data show an interface that slopes steeply down from the surface to an asymptotic depth of 6 m, marking the bottom of the light-water pool. The thermistor chain data show much higher activity levels within the light-water pool as compared to the dense-water pool. Current meter data taken at 3 m show a pronounced shear in the currents upon crossing the frontal boundary. The acoustic backscatter from a layer of copepods positioned on the interface shows episodic occurrences of overturning at the interface. This observation is borne out by the concurrent thermistor chain data, which also show the overturning events.
Analysis of multi-strange hyperon production in p+p and Au+Au collisions at RHIC

The analysis of multi-strange hyperon production (Ξ−, Ω− and their anti-particles) at mid-rapidity is part of the program covered by the STAR experiment at RHIC. We report on preliminary results in Au+Au and p+p collisions at \(\sqrt {s_{NN} } = 130\) and 200 GeV. Measurements of particle ratios are presented and production yields and spectra are discussed for both collision systems.
Studies of phage growth in irradiated cells

Abstract The reduction in number of targets resulting from irradiation of cells after phage infection is equal to the reduction resulting from irradiation of cells before infection. The results of radiological and genetic experiments on cells irradiated before infection are entirely compatible with the interpretation of this number as the number of phage-synthesizing centers. These centers contain primarily nucleic acid, as can be concluded from the results of a rough action spectrum for inactivation of phage production by infected cells.
Potentiometric and spectroscopic studies of copper(II) complexes of bis(1,4,7-triazacyclononane) ligands containing polymethylene and xylyl linker groups

Abstract Copper(II) complexes of bis(1,4,7-triazacyclononane) ligands with seven- and eight-membered polymethylene chains and xylyl bridging groups were studied in aqueous solution by pH potentiometry and UV–Vis spectroscopy. Equilibrium modeling of the data indicates that with all the ligands studied both 1:1 and 2:1 Cu(II)L complexes are stable. The Cu2L4+ complexes all have similar stability and appear to contain the same coordinative environment. The o-xylyl bridged complex forms a very stable monomeric complex (CuL2+) while the other ligands are likely to form oligomeric complexes (CuxLx 2x+), which are less stable. The impact of ligand structure on the stoichiometry and stability of the complexes is discussed. The X-ray structure of the binuclear complex [Cu2(EM8)Cl4] was determined. The distorted square pyramidal coordination polyhedron is similar to that found with other copper(II) complexes of 1,4,7-triazacyclononane.
A comparison of contaminant plume statistics from a Gaussian puff and urban CFD model for two large cities

Abstract This paper quantitatively assesses the spatial extent of modeled contaminated regions resulting from hypothetical airborne agent releases in major urban areas. We compare statistics from a release at several different sites in Washington DC and Chicago using a Gaussian puff model (SCIPUFF, version 1.3, with urban parameter settings) and a building-resolving computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model (FAST3D-CT). For a neutrally buoyant gas source term with urban meteorology, we compare near-surface dosage values within several kilometers of the release during the first half hour, before the gas is dispersed beyond the critical lethal level. In particular, using “fine-grain” point-wise statistics such as fractional bias, spatial correlations and the percentage of points lying within a factor of two, we find that dosage distributions from the Gaussian puff and CFD model share few features in common. Yet the “coarse-grain” statistic that compares areas contained within a given contour level reveals that the differences between the models are less pronounced. Most significant among these distinctions is the rapid lofting, leading to enhanced vertical mixing, and projection downwind of the contaminant by the interaction of the winds with the urban landscape in the CFD model. This model-to-model discrepancy is partially ameliorated by supplying the puff model with more detailed information about the urban boundary layer that evolves on the CFD grid. While improving the correspondence of the models when using the “coarse-grain” statistic, the additional information does not lead to quite as substantial an overall agreement between the models when the “fine-grain” statistics are compared. The taller, denser and more variable building landscape of Chicago created increased sensitivity to release site and led to greater divergence in FAST3D-CT and SCIPUFF results relative to the flatter, sparser and more uniform urban morphology of Washington DC.
Coverage dependence of quantum tunneling diffusion of hydrogen and deuterium on Ni(111).

We measured the diffusion rate of deuterium on Ni(111) as a function of temperature at atomic coverage of \ensuremath{\theta}=0.3 and 0.05. In both cases, the crossovers from classical over-barrier hopping to under-barrier tunneling occurred at around T=125 K. At T=110 K, we measured the tunneling diffusion rates ${\mathit{D}}_{\mathrm{tunnel}}$(\ensuremath{\theta}) for both deuterium and hydrogen in the coverage range from \ensuremath{\theta}=0.05 to 0.45 and found that (1) ${\mathit{D}}_{\mathrm{tunnel}}$(\ensuremath{\theta}) varied by less than a factor of 3; (2) the overall features of ${\mathit{D}}_{\mathrm{tunnel}}$(\ensuremath{\theta}) for the two isotopes were similar; (3) ${\mathit{D}}_{\mathrm{tunnel}}$(\ensuremath{\theta}) weakly peaked at around \ensuremath{\theta}=0.25 and 0.5. Our results mostly agree with an early report by Lin and Gomer. Based on these results, we discuss the effect of the hydrogen-hydrogen interaction on hydrogen tunneling diffusion on Ni(111).
EMS provider level does not impact use of air medical transport.

Introduction: The local emergency medical services (EMS) provider level within a nearby EMS system changed from EMT-I to paramedic. This increase in level of care was expected to decrease utilization of air medical transport and increase acuity of patients flown. Setting: Semirural, mountainous area with an annual volume of 2800 transports. Methods: Retrospective review of the EMS database performed for the 24-month period before and after the change in local provider level. The number and acuity of patients flown was recorded. Data analysis was performed using chi-square with significance at P .05). The number of patients with abnormal vital signs or injury severity markers was not different between the 2 periods (P > .05). Conclusion: The change in EMS provider level from EMT-I to paramedic in this semirural area had no impact on the number of air medical transports. The acuity of patients flown after the change in EMS provider level remained similar based on common hemodynamic and injury severity markers.
Database Support for the New Mechanistic–Empirical Pavement Design Guide

The proposed Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide (MEPDG) developed under the NCHRP Project 1-37A initiative is a significant advancement in pavement design. However, it is substantially more complex than the 1993 AASHTO design guide and it requires significantly more input from the designer. Some of the required data either are not available or are stored in locations not familiar to designers. In addition, many data sets need to be preprocessed for use in MEPDG. Thus, there was a need to study the data requirements for MEPDG and produce a centralized database system to aid designers. This paper describes the development of a comprehensive database that can be used to store and process climate, traffic, material, and performance data for the state of Arkansas. The tasks undertaken were to (a) identify all the necessary input and analysis parameters required, (b) develop the database structures for uploading the required data, (c) locate the available data sets and begin populating the database, an...
Lewis formulae for metallic systems: the Li tetramer paradigm

Abstract In previous works, we argued that metal atoms bind through a mechanism in which overlap is assisted by some other overlap-independent mode like dispersion or induction. The result is the formation of gas pairs (interstitial electron pairs). Unlike overlap, these mechanisms of bonding can be properly reproduced only at the MCSCF level. To draw the chemist away from one-electron thinking, we propose specific Lewis formulae for small metal clusters and we show how these change as we shift from a lower to a higher level of theory so as to project the key point. A qualitative (let alone quantitative) understanding of metallic bonding can only be achieved from examination of properly correlated wavefunctions. From the practical standpoint, we show how usage of these Lewis formulae can inspire analogies for explaining computational and experimental results.
Estradiol antagonism of chlorpromazine hyperglycemia.

SummaryEstradiol administration antagonized the hyperglycemic effects of chlorpromazine in rats. Studies using isolate rat diaphragms indicate that this antagonism is brought about by a mechanism probably involving glucose transport.
Bull sperm surface “craters” and other aspects of semen quality

Semen from 200 Holstein bulls in an artificial insemination center was examined for the frequency of craters on the surface of sperm heads, as visualized with the aid of differential interference contrast microscopy. Semen from 100 of these bulls was examined in more detail in 2 experiments by staining with eosin-aniline blue to determine the relationship of unstained spermatozoa, and spermatozoa with normal acrosomes with apical ridges to the incidence of craters and fertility. Only 3 of 100 bulls had a substantial incidence of craters (15 to 23%), whereas the average of the other 97 bulls in 2 experiments was 1 to 3%. The percentage of sperm cells with craters was correlated (P < 0.05) with the percentage of unstained spermatozoa (r = -0.29 and sperm cells with normal acrosomes (r = -0.52) but was not significantly correlated (r = -0.24) with the nonreturn rate. One bull with many sperm cells with craters was slaughtered, and the epididymal spermatozoa were examined. The high incidence of sperm cells with craters was limited to one side, with the testis on that side having 2 Sertoli cell tumors. The remaining 2 bulls as well as one other that produced 16% of sperm cells with craters did so only temporarily. Within a few months crater sperm production had decreased and semen quality increased. The condition usually appears to be transitory, presumably due to temporary stress.
Enhanced power from chambered benthic microbial fuel cells.

We describe a new chamber-based benthic microbial fuel cell (BMFC) that incorporates a suspended, high surface area and semi-enclosed anode to improve performance. In Yaquina Bay, OR, two chambered BMFC prototypes generated current continuously for over 200 days. One BMFC was pumped intermittently, which produced power densities more than an order of magnitude greater than those achieved by previous BMFCs with single buried graphite-plate anodes. On average, the continuous power densities with pumping were 233 mW/m2 (2.3 W/m3); peak values were 380 mW/m2 (3.8 W/m3), and performance improved over the time of the deployments. Without pumping, high power densities could similarly be achieved after either BMFC was allowed to rest at open circuit. A third chambered BMFC with a 0.4 m2 footprint was deployed at a cold seep in Monterey Canyon, CA to test the new design in an environment with natural advection. The power density increased 5-fold (140 mW/m2 vs 28 mW/m2) when low-pressure check valves allowed unidir...
Optimizing systems by work schedules: (a stochastic approach)

Many systems have very predictable points in time where the usage of a network changes. These systems are usually characterized by shift changes where the manning and functions performed change from shift to shift. We propose a pro-active optimization approach that uses predictable indicators like manning schedules, season, mission, and other foreseeable periodic events to configure distributed object servers. Object-Oriented computing is fast becoming the de-facto standard for software development and distributed object servers are becoming more common as transaction rates increase.Optimal deployment strategies for object servers change due to variations in object servers, client applications, operational missions, hardware modifications, and various other changes to the environment.As distributed object servers become more prevalent, there is more need to optimize the deployment of object servers to best serve the end user's changing needs. A system that automatically generates object server deployment strategies would allow users to take full advantage of their network of computers.The proposed method profiles object servers, client applications, user inputs and network resources. These profiles determine an optimization model that is solved to produce an optimal deployment strategy for the predicted upcoming usage by the users of the system of computers and servers.The validity of the model was tested by experimental measurement. A test bed was created and different manning schedules were simulated. The results of the experimentation showed that the average response time for a user could be improved by altering the deployment of the servers according to the scheduled manning of the system. The model was robust in the sense that the deployments that produced optimal response times in the model also produced optimal or near-optimal response times in the actual implementation of the test-bed.
Spectrum of radiological manifestations of paediatric cat-scratch disease

Cat-scratch disease (CSD) is usually a self-limiting condition that may mimic more serious disorders due to its variable clinical and imaging presentations. Many cases are diagnosed throughout the United States annually, with the majority occurring in children and adolescents who have had contact with a cat, usually in the form of a scratch or bite. This manuscript will discuss the spectrum of radiologic manifestations of CSD emphasising key imaging findings of lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenic lesions, osteomyelitis, discitis, encephalitis, neuroretinitis and cranial neuritis.
Perceptual learning and attention: Reduction of object attention limitations with practice

Perceptual learning has widely been claimed to be attention driven; attention assists in choosing the relevant sensory information and attention may be necessary in many cases for learning. In this paper, we focus on the interaction of perceptual learning and attention – that perceptual learning can reduce or eliminate the limitations of attention, or, correspondingly, that perceptual learning depends on the attention condition. Object attention is a robust limit on performance. Two attributes of a single attended object may be reported without loss, while the same two attributes of different objects can exhibit a substantial dual-report deficit due to the sharing of attention between objects. The current experiments document that this fundamental dual-object report deficit can be reduced, or eliminated, through perceptual learning that is partially specific to retinal location. This suggests that alternative routes established by practice may reduce the competition between objects for processing resources.
The decomposition kinetics of chemically activated methyl-d1-methylsilane-d2 and ethylsilane-d3†

The decomposition kinetics of chemically activated methyl-d1-methylsilane-d2 (DMS-d) and ethylsilane-d3 (ES-d) from the Si-D and C-H insertion reactions of CH2 (1A1) with methylsilane-d3 have been studied. The total rate constants for decomposition of chemically activated DMS-d3 and ES-d3 have been measured. The individual rate constants for molecular elimination of CH3D, CH2D2, and D2 from DMS-d and for molecular elimination of CH3CH2D and D2 from ES-d have been measured. All of the above rate constants exhibit the expected kinetic isotope effect when compared to those found previously in the undeuterated system. RRKM theory calculations of the rate constants for the expected C-Si and Si-D bond rupture processes, based on energetics and activated comple× models deduced previously for the undeuterated system, were carried out. In the case of DMS-d the RRKM theory calculations of rate constants for the bond rupture processes combined with experimental rate constants for the molecular elimination processes gave a total rate constant for decomposition in agreement with the measured value. The results of a high-pressure study of the CH3D/CH2D2 ratio from chemically activated DMS-d3 decomposition were consistent with complete randomization of internal energy up to a pressure of 4 atmospheres (lifetime of ∼1.7 × 10×11 sec). This is not an unexpected result in light of earlier work.
Glycosylated phosphatidylinositol molecules as second messengers

Glycosylated phosphatidylinositol (GPI) lipids are a structurally and functionally diverse molecular family. One of the most interesting and controversial aspects of GPI function is their ability to participate in signaling mechanisms or to directly function as second messengers of biological receptors. For example, while there is little dispute that subsets of GPI molecules are hydrolyzed following receptor ligation, there is no consensus as to the subsequent roles of intact GPI molecules or their cleavage products. The importance of these observations is underscored by two facts; many GPI anchored proteins participate in the regulation of cell proliferation, and several hormones metabolize GPI forms that are not linked to proteins. The purpose of this review is to outline the major structural and biological features of GPI molecules as they relate to their role in cellular signaling.
The Sports Participation Effect on Educational Attainment of Black Males

The purpose of this study is to explore the direct, indirect, and total effects of high school sports participation on educational attainment for Black males using the Educational Longitudinal Study (2002/2006), a large, nationally representative, database. A path analysis procedure for determining underlying causal relationships between variables is presented. Although the implications of the results of this study are relevant for all who work with this population, school counselors are specifically highlighted.
End users: who are they?

End users have come a long way—from the little known users of the late 1970s to the “knowledge workers” of today. Fueled by enormous growth in computing technologies and falling hardware prices, end-user computing (EUC) has been crucial for increasing productivity in many firms. End users not only develop and operate applications for themselves and others, they also control the EUC activities around them. Understanding the depth of the roles played by end users can be immensely useful to the practitioner. Cotterman and Kumar [1] developed a little known classification scheme called the end user cube, which has a focus on EUC dimensions that can increase understanding of the contemporary end user. They identified three dimensions: operation, development, and control. This is a rational approach that is reflective of the contemporary end user, since today’s end users can play the roles of operator of the applications developed by them or by others, developer of applications, and finally controller of the EUC environment. Understanding the depth of these roles played by end users can be immensely useful to the practitioner. The main focus of this article is to operationalize the user cube to classify today’s end users, with the help of data collected from nearly 300 end users. Popular EUC applications, levels of application development, and end-user support are also analyzed. Despite the relevance of Cotterman and Kumar’s method of classifying users according to dimensions, most academic researchers have classified users by their knowledge of computing technologies. Rockart and Flannery proposed the most popular of such classifications, identifying the following six user types [3]: • Nonprogramming end users, who neither program nor use report generators. Access to computerized data is through a limited, menu-driven environment or a strictly followed set of procedures. • Command level users, who perform simple inquiries, often with a few simple calculations such as summation, and generate unique reports for their own purposes; • End-user programmers, who utilize both command and procedural languages directly for their own personal information needs. They develop their own applications, some of which are used by other end users.
Patterns of failure following curative resection of gastric carcinoma.

To identify patterns of failure following curative resection of gastric carcinoma, the records of 130 patients undergoing resection with curative intent at the Massachusetts General Hospital were rreviewed. The total local-regional failure rate was 38% (49130 patients), with 21 patients having local-regional failure alone and 28 patients having local-regional failure and distant metastases. The incidence of local failure rose with the more advanced stages of disease. Tumors staged B2, B3, C2, and C3 had local-regional failure rates in excess of 35%. This group of patients might benefit from adjuvant radiation therapy to the tumor bed and regional lymphatics. Local-regional failure rate was highest in the anastomosis or stump 33130 (25%), followed by the stomach bed 27130 (21%). The overall incidence of distant metastases was 52% (67130 patients) and rose in the more advanced disease stages. Tumors staged B2, B3, C2, and C3 had rates of distant metastases greater than 50%. Sixty-one patients (77%) had failure in the abdomen (liver, peritoneal surface, adrenal, kidney, and spleen, but excluding tumor bed, anastomosis, or regional nodes). Patients with Stage B2, B3, C2, and C3 tumors had total abdominal failure rates greater than 40%. The highest failure rates in the liver were in Stages B3 and C3, in which the subsequent development of liver metastasis was 40% and 47%, respectively. Peritoneal seeding occurred in 30130 (23%) of patients and was highest in Stages C2 and C3, with rates of 27% and 41%, respectively.
Shear deformation theory for compressive delamination buckling and growth

A variational-principle-consistent shear deformation theory coupled with a Griffith-type fracture criterion is developed to formulate the problem. The results for various length ratios and thickness ratios of delamination vs plate are calculated and compared with those without the transverse shear effect
The Costs of Confronting Infanticidal Intruders in a Burying Beetle

Infanticide by unrelated adults is a complex behavior in burying beetles (Nicrophorus spp.) serving multiple functions (resource competition, access to mates, cannibalism). The costs of confronting an infanticidal intruder are likely to vary with context. To assess these costs for a single female parent (Nicrophorus pustulatus), we systematically manipulated the sex of a conspecific intruder and the timing of the intrusion. Male intruders were a greater takeover threat than female intruders, and infanticidal takeovers were more common earlier in the breeding cycle. Even though a male intruder posed a greater threat to the brood, a female intruder was a greater threat to the reproductive success of the resident female. Female intruders that took over a carcass excluded the resident female from the resource. When a male intruder took over a carcass, the resident female was able to recover much of her loss by producing a replacement brood. Even when females successfully defended their broods, they suffered decreased reproductive output relative to control females that never had to confront an intruder (expt 1), but the mechanisms underlying this cost were unclear. To test the hypothesis that defeated female intruders attempt to parasitize late-stage broods, female intruders whose eggs could be identified by a fat-soluble dye were introduced to resident females caring for larvae (expt 2). Fifteen of 20 intruders oviposited eggs and the number of eggs were related to intrusion pressure. Because resident females rarely produced eggs while caring for larvae, it is uncertain whether the behavior of the defeated female should be characterized as brood parasitism, a failed takeover attempt, or an attempt to use the remains of the depleted resource. This study provides the most complete picture of the changing costs of confronting an infanticidal threat throughout the vulnerable period of offspring development.
Viewing Ada from a process model perspective

This paper compares two programming language paradigms for large software systems. The first is based upon nested block structure and static binding, augmented with abstract data types and concurrency, as exemplified by Ada. The second is based upon processes with disjoint data spaces which communicate by passing messages over dynamically bound ports as exemplified by the process model of NIL. We argue that the process model paradigm is simpler, has better support for modularity and programming-in-the-large, and results in more reliable and maintainable programs.We suggest usage restrictions and language extensions which allow Ada to support a process model with minimal change to the language. We show that our suggested modification of Ada yields a considerably simpler language.
Partisan amplification of risk: American perceptions of nuclear energy risk in the wake of the Fukushima Daiichi disaster

Abstract Aim This study examines risk perceptions toward nuclear power before and after the Fukushima Daiichi disaster using nationally representative survey samples of American adults. Scope On March 11, 2011, a magnitude 8.4 earthquake, the largest in the nation's history, occurred off the coast of Japan. The earthquake produced a devastating tsunami that flooded areas of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear plant and resulted in a loss of power to the plant's cooling system. In the weeks that followed, the world watched as Japanese and international nuclear power safety experts scrambled to contain the damage and prevent a full meltdown. Although the Fukushima Daiichi disaster was heavily covered in media, there is little empirical research on how this coverage impacted audience risk perceptions. Our analysis goes beyond examining aggregate risk perceptions, instead focusing on how specific sub-populations responded to the disaster. Conclusion We found that ideological groups responded differently to the events in Japan. In particular, risk perceptions among conservatives decreased following the incident. Moreover, we found that media use exacerbated these effects. We discuss possible explanations for these findings.
Suppressing methods of cracking on inter-metallic silicon oxide films

Abstract We investigated the mechanism of cracking between the inter/intra-metallic dielectric (IMD) silicon oxide films after anneal process. The cracks were initiated at the top corner of aluminum lines, then propagated through the silicon oxide films. Thus, the extrusion of melted Al along the IMD cracks, caused metal line bridge. These cracking conditions involve the stresses of the IMD films as well as their thickness. Namely, the cracking was suppressed not only by decreasing the magnitude of compressive stress but also increasing the film thickness on silicon oxide films. These results are in accordance with the finite element method stress analysis using silicon oxide film stress and thickness. In this paper, we focused on the analysis of crack formation mechanism on the IMD film, and finally proposed an empirical criterion for crack-safety condition.
Vaccination regimens incorporating CpG-containing oligodeoxynucleotides and IL-2 generate antigen-specific antitumor immunity from T-cell populations undergoing homeostatic peripheral expansion after BMT

Development of CD8+ T-cell responses targeting tumor-associated antigens after autologous stem cell transplantations (ASCTs) might eradicate residual tumor cells and decrease relapse rates. Because thymic function dramatically decreases with aging, T-cell reconstitution in the first year after ASCT in middle-aged patients occurs primarily by homeostatic peripheral expansion (HPE) of mature T cells. To study antigen-specific T-cell responses during HPE, we performed syngeneic bone marrow transplantations (BMTs) on thymectomized mice and then vaccinated the mice with peptides plus CpG-containing oligodeoxynucleotides (CpGs) in incomplete Freund adjuvant and treated the mice with systemic interleukin-2 (IL-2). When CD8+ T-cell responses were measured ex vivo, up to 9.1% of CD8+ T cells were specific for tumor-associated epitopes. These large T-cell responses were generated by synergism between CpG and IL-2. When we injected mice subcutaneously with tumor cells 14 days after BMT and then treated them with peptide + CpG-containing vaccines plus systemic IL-2, survival was increased and tumor growth was inhibited in an epitope-specific manner. Depletion of CD8+ T cells eliminated epitope-specific antitumor immunity. This is the first report to demonstrate that CD8+ T-cell responses capable of executing antitumor immunity can be elicited by CpG-containing vaccines during HPE.
School desegregation and the black community

(1986). School desegregation and the black community. Theory Into Practice: Vol. 26, Educational Perspectives, Then and Now, pp. 450-458.
Complex trait analysis of gene expression uncovers polygenic and pleiotropic networks that modulate nervous system function

Patterns of gene expression in the central nervous system are highly variable and heritable. This genetic variation among normal individuals leads to considerable structural, functional and behavioral differences. We devised a general approach to dissect genetic networks systematically across biological scale, from base pairs to behavior, using a reference population of recombinant inbred strains. We profiled gene expression using Affymetrix oligonucleotide arrays in the BXD recombinant inbred strains, for which we have extensive SNP and haplotype data. We integrated a complementary database comprising 25 years of legacy phenotypic data on these strains. Covariance among gene expression and pharmacological and behavioral traits is often highly significant, corroborates known functional relations and is often generated by common quantitative trait loci. We found that a small number of major-effect quantitative trait loci jointly modulated large sets of transcripts and classical neural phenotypes in patterns specific to each tissue. We developed new analytic and graph theoretical approaches to study shared genetic modulation of networks of traits using gene sets involved in neural synapse function as an example. We built these tools into an open web resource called WebQTL that can be used to test a broad array of hypotheses.
Absenteeism Rates in Students Receiving Services for CDs, LDs, and EDs: A Macroscopic View of the Consequences of Disability

Purpose Elevated levels of absenteeism have been reported for students receiving special education services, especially students with learning disabilities (LDs) and emotional disturbances (EDs). In contrast, little is known about absenteeism rates associated with students with communication disorders (CDs). Method Archival records of student attendance for the 1997–2001 academic years from a mid-sized urban school district in the Intermountain West were used to examine absenteeism rates in students receiving services for CDs, LDs, and EDs. Two cohort samples were generated (K–4th grade and 5th–9th grade). Results Students with CDs displayed absenteeism rates that were comparable to those of students receiving general education. Significant group and group × grade effects were found. Students in the LD and ED groups displayed elevated levels of absenteeism, especially at Grade 9. Conclusion The outcomes of this study support the characterization of the socioemotional concomitants associated with CDs as be...