cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sexual Harassment in the Workplace: Unanticipated Consequences of Modern Social Control in Organizations

The authors integrate research on the causes and consequences of sexual harassment victimization with organizational research to better understand the relationship between harassment and the work o...
Biological sciences: Allosteric Preconditioning: Role of Allosteric Ligands in Promoting the Maturation of Enzymes

THE tertiary structure of an isolated polypeptide chain may differ from its most stable conformation as a component of an oligomer. The assembly of free subunits into an oligomeric structure may therefore involve a relatively unstable oligomeric intermediate state in which the conformation of the subunits corresponds to that of the free polypeptide chains. Such a metastable intermediate state may be separated from the stable oligomer by a substantial energy barrier, and the marked temperature dependence of subunit association reactions has indeed been attributed to the existence of a “conformational transition state”1.
Coral Reef Resilience through Biodiversity

Irrefutable evidence of coral reef degradation worldwide and increasing pressure from rising seawater temperatures and ocean acidification associated with climate change have led to a focus on reef resilience and a call to “manage” coral reefs for resilience. Ideally, global action to reduce emission of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases will be accompanied by local action. Effective management requires reduction of local stressors, identification of the characteristics of resilient reefs, and design of marine protected area networks that include potentially resilient reefs. Future research is needed on how stressors interact, on how climate change will affect corals, fish, and other reef organisms as well as overall biodiversity, and on basic ecological processes such as connectivity. Not all reef species and reefs will respond similarly to local and global stressors. Because reef-building corals and other organisms have some potential to adapt to environmental changes, coral reefs will likely persist in spite of the unprecedented combination of stressors currently affecting them. The biodiversity of coral reefs is the basis for their remarkable beauty and for the benefits they provide to society. The extraordinary complexity of these ecosystems makes it both more difficult to predict their future and more likely they will have a future.
Elastic-plastic finite element analysis for the head-disk interface with fractal topography description

An elastic-plastic contact analysis based on a finite element model and real surface topographies was performed to elucidate the evolution of deformation at the head-disk interface. The topographies of the head and disk surfaces were represented by an equivalent profile generated using a modified two-variable Weierstrass-Mandelbrot function, with fractal parameters determined from images of head and disk surfaces. A region of the equivalent rough surface profile was selected for analysis based on topography scale considerations and contact simulation results. The evolution of plasticity and the likelihood of cracking in the overcoat and the magnetic layer are interpreted in light of results for the subsurface von Mises equivalent stress, equivalent plastic strain, and maximum first principal stress. The finite element model provides insight into the elastic-plastic deformation behavior of the layered medium in terms of the thickness, mechanical properties, and residual stress in the carbon overcoat.
Model of Condensation of an Actomyosin Network into a Contractile Ring for Fission Yeast Cell Division: The Effect of Actin Cross-Linkers Alpha-Actinin and Fimbrin

Quantitative studies of the assembly of the contractile ring in the fission yeast S. pombe provide insights of how actin, myosin motors, and cross-linkers self-organize into contractile structures within cells. The fission yeast contractile-ring assembles through the condensation of a broad band of membrane-bound nodes that form in the middle of the cell and contain myosin-II and formin. In the Search, Capture, Pull, and Release (SCPR) model (Vavylonis et al., 2008), formins nucleate actin filaments from nodes and establish transient actomyosin connections among them. Myosin pulls and condenses the band of nodes into a ring. However, the role of actin cross-linkers in ring assembly is unclear. To examine their roles, we mutated them and modified the concentrations of alpha-actinin Ain1 and fimbrin Fim1 in vivo. By titrating Ain1 and Fim1, we find that node condensation rates depend on their concentrations, with stable meshworks forming instead of rings at high concentrations and nodes clumping in deletion mutants. In order to better understand the role of actin filament cross-linkers in ring formation, we further developed the SCPR model. We modeled actin filaments as semi-flexible polymers and allowed transient filament bundling (representing cross-linking) and myosin movement damping along cross-linked actin bundles. With these additional mechanisms we were able to reproduce morphological features that matched experimental observations. By decreasing the degree of cross-linking the model generates structures that transition from stable branched meshworks, as in cross-linker over expression assays, to node clumps, as in cross-linker deletion assays. Our work supports a hierarchical process of ring self-organization involving components drawn together from distant parts of the cell followed by progressive stabilization by cross-linking proteins.
An Overview of Hampton Universitys 48-Inch Lidar System

In 2004 Hampton University was the benefactor, via governmental surplus, of a world-class lidar system that is built around a 48-inch diameter-receiving telescope. LIDAR, is an acronym for light detection and ranging, which is the optical analog of microwave radar. The telescope for the LIDAR system has been positioned in HU's Observatory so that data can be taken at the zenith, viewing the sky through the movable dome roof. The proposed research develops a new capable LIDAR at HU for investigating novel laser remote sensing techniques and devices to strengthen our remote sensing program. This paper outlines HU's 48-inch lidar system, and the expected measurements it makes. Once the 48-inch LIDAR system is fully operational at HU it is to be a part of the Cloud-Aerosol LIDAR and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation (CALIPSO) Quid Pro Quo Validation program. The program is important in validating the calibration and algorithms for the CALIPSO data. Data was taken while CALIPSO overpasses, and comparisons made.
New guidelines for hypertension control in cardiac patients - lower may not be better

The current issue of the Journal of the American Society of Hypertension includes a comprehensive Scientific Statement on the treatment of hypertension in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) that updates an earlier report in 2007 from the American Heart Association (AHA). Importantly, the current writing committee now also includes representatives from the American College of Cardiology and the American Society of Hypertension, thus combining the efforts of major segments of the cardiovascular community in developing unified recommendations. This Scientific Statement provides a thorough and balanced presentation that addresses many of the unresolved and controversial issues regarding the management of ischemic heart disease (IHD) and its secondary prevention. These include the optimal levels of systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) to be achieved and the selection of antihypertensive drugs for these patients with CAD. The writing committee has considered the bulk of available evidence, rather than focusing primarily on data from controlled clinical trials, to reach its conclusions. This contrasts with the recent management guidelines provided by the JNC–8 writing group, which had a narrow scope, focusing greatly on the results of randomized clinical trials and leaving unaddressed some important clinical questions facing practicing clinicians. Each of the new recommendations has been classified appropriately according to its level of evidence and size of treatment effect. General agreement has existed that lowering BP to <140/90 mm Hg is beneficial for hypertensive persons. A lower BP goal of <130/80 mm Hg also has been recommended for patients with diabetes, chronic kidney disease, and certain cardiovascular disorders. However, more recent evidence, which has included results from new clinical trials and from further analysis of older studies, has raised doubts about this approach. The new Scientific Statement now recommends a more conservative BP goal of <140/90 mm Hg for most patients with CAD and its complication. If a lower goal appears justified in selected patients, caution is advised when lowering BP further. In addition, the report recommends a goal of <150/90 mm Hg in most cardiac patients above age 80, although it points out that only minimal evidence is available to support this recommendation. Even though I have been in favor of the higher BP goals, I remain concerned that the less aggressive approach will impact unfavorably on the incidence of stroke and possibly offset any benefits obtained for the heart. The preponderance of clinical trial data indicates that the lower the achieved BP, the lower the stroke incidence, with no J–curve of risk occurring at either low SBP or DBP levels. These findings are in
Designing a campus support program for foster care alumni: Preliminary evidence for a strengths framework

Abstract Campus support programs for foster care alumni (FCA) have emerged in an attempt to improve higher education outcomes for former foster youth. However, these programs have little empirical or theoretical literature to guide their development. We present a case study of a newly developed campus support program for FCA which utilizes a strengths perspective. We analyze quantitative and qualitative data collected before and during the first two years of program operation to explore whether a strengths perspective can be successfully applied to the unique needs of FCA in higher education. Results reveal that the strengths perspective has potential and identifies three areas in which this approach appears to effectively intersect with challenges faced by FCA, a) promoting positive identities as survivors, b) respecting autonomy, and c) mobilizing assets of resilience, perseverance, and community. We discuss the benefits and challenges of helping students address these issues. Our findings also reveal that the strengths perspective is not redundant with traditional higher education retention models, and in the three areas identified, is diametrically opposed to the students' previous experiences with the foster care system.
Three-Dimensional Epitaxy: Thermodynamic Stability Range of Coherent Germanium Nanocrystallites in Silicon Host

We study the stability range for a coherent interface between Ge quantum dots and an epitaxial Si shell. The critical radius at which coherency is lost is evaluated as a function of Si shell thickness and Ge nanocrystallite radius by comparing the energy of the system in the coherent and incoherent state. We find that the system is coherent up to a Ge nanocrystallite radius of about 100 A, irrespective of the Si shell thickness. Nanocrystallites of radii larger than 270 A lose coherency by the generation of perfect dislocation loops. In nanocrystallites of intermediate radii ( between 100 A and 270 A), the coherency is lost by the introduction of partial dislocation loops enclosing a stacking fault. As the shell thickness decreases, the critical radius increases.
Examining the Intersections of Race, Gender, and Mass Imprisonment

As incarceration rates in the United States have reached the highest point in history, the concept of mass imprisonment describes both high levels of imprisonment and its potential far reaching consequences. With disproportionately high rates of incarceration for African Americans compared to other racial and ethnic groups, mass imprisonment's impact on the Black community is a topic of critical importance. Black women in particular face unique challenges in the era of mass imprisonment as both incarcerated women and women connected to imprisoned men and women. This article uses the concept of intersectionality to examine extant research about Black women and mass imprisonment.
Restoration of an abutment tooth to allow reuse of a preexisting fixed partial denture

A damaged abutment tooth was rebuilt to accommodate a preexisting, three-unit fixed partial denture. Postponing treatment of a problem that appeared minor could have resulted in fracture of the abutment tooth, creating a more complex problem.
Systems analysis: a decision approach

Abstract This work presents a meta-theory for deciding which systems analysis method should be used in a given circumstance. The decisions are to be based upon three criteria: (a) scope, (b) structure, and (c) nature of the process to be supported by information systems. Four development strategies are based on: (a) end-user development, (b) inquiring systems, (c) decision analysis, and (d) data analysis. The paper summarizes the decision and data analysis methods, and discusses the inquiring systems method in more detail.
A theoretical argument for inherited thiamine insensitivity as one possible biological cause of familial alcoholism.

Thiamine deficiency has been specifically linked to the development of Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome (WK)—a degenerative brain disorder that is typically associated with alcoholic drinking. Alcoholism-related thiamine deficiency is a major cause of WK. However, an inherited abnormality in thiamine utilization has been identified in some WK patients that may predispose heavy drinkers to this severe neurological syndrome. Individuals who possess this variant require more thiamine throughout their lives to prevent them from experiencing thiamine deficiency. Recent prospective studies have implicated early childhood nutritional and environmental influences in the etiology of alcoholism in adults. These studies have suggested that developmental abnormalities involving brain white matter growth might precipitate the later development of alcoholism possibly by altering the emerging reward-related brain systems. Brain white matter growth is highly sensitive to nutritional deficiency (including thiamine deficiency) and oxidative injury, especially during the perinatal period. The proposed model of familial alcoholism hypothesizes that an inherited insensitivity to thiamine can precipitate brain abnormalities very early in life that will greatly increase the risk of developing alcoholism in adulthood. This paper offers a heuristic model of a possible mechanism by which both inherited and environmental factors related to thiamine utilization might coaggregate to cause alcoholism.
Effects of feeding, fasting and refeeding on growth hormone and insulin in obese pigs ☆

Abstract This study has indicated that temporal patterns of plasma GH changes were similar in lean and obese pigs with one to two secretory spikes occurring during a 6-hour period. Fasting caused increased GH in both pig strains; however, obese pigs, compared to lean, had lower GH during feeding and fasting. This depressed plasma GH of obese pigs may not be due entirely to impaired pituitary function since refeeding caused increased GH to levels similar to lean pigs. Insulin response per unit of feed intake was greater in obese pigs compared to lean. Together with higher insulin to glucose ratios, these results indicate hyperinsulinemia in the obese pigs. Overall, hormone and glucose responses were influenced by the nutritive status—fed, fasted or refed. Therefore consideration of feeding schedule was important in assessment of hormonal differences between the lean and obese pigs.
Geomicrobiology of Cave Ferromanganese Deposits: A Field and Laboratory Investigation

Abstract Unusual ferromanganese deposits are found in several caves in New Mexico. The deposits are enriched in iron and manganese by as much as three orders of magnitude over the bedrock, differing significantly in mineralogy and chemistry from bedrock-derived insoluble residue. The deposits contain metabolically active microbial communities. Enrichment cultures inoculated from the ferromanganese deposits produced manganese oxides that were initially amorphous but developed into crystalline minerals over an 8-month period and beyond; no such progression occurred in killed controls. Phylogenetic analyses of sequences from clone libraries constructed from culture DNA identified two genera known to oxidize manganese, but most clones represent previously unknown manganese oxidizers. We suggest that this community is breaking down the bedrock and accumulating iron and manganese oxides in an oligotrophic environment.
On the possibility of sustained oscillations, multiple steady states, and asymmetric steady states in multicell reaction systems

Abstract A multicell reaction system is defined as a composite of cells within which chemical reactions occur. The cells exchange reaction participants with each other and with the environment. Such systems may exhibit sustained oscillations or multiple steady states. They may also exhibit asymmetric steady states even though the cells are identical and the system itself is symmetric with respect to the permutation of the cells. Results are presented which relate the stability of a multicell reaction system and the steady state distribution of the reaction participants to easily determined properties of the underlying reaction mechanism.
Explaining Petroleum Policy in Britain and Norway, 1962-90

Petroleum policy in Britain and Norway provides comparativists with an opportunity to study policy formation, stability, and transformation on a cross-national basis. This study explains why British and Norwegian officials decided to intervene in the North Sea, why offshore policy in the two countries went through periods of stability and change, and why they adopted similar offshore systems in the 1960s and 1970s but diverged markedly in the 1980s. We develop an explanatory framework using insights from state-centric, group politics, rational choice, and institutional models of policy-making. The framework identifies three decision-making contexts in which petroleum policy-makers operate simultaneously: an oil context, a domestic political context, and an international context, Each context establishes objectives for policy-makers, indicates an acceptable degree of government intervention, and narrows policy options. Rational decision-making within each context, however, may yield conflicting results. These must be worked out through intrastate and/or state-society bargaining. The decision-making contexts in Britain and Norway produced similar policies in the 1960s and 1970s, but the similarities hid deeper differences. Norwegian officials consistently favored state intervention offshore, and Norwegian interest groups successfully lobbied the state for offshore favors, while British officials intervened more reluctantly and paid less attention to societal interests. Differences in decision-making contexts finally produced a major divergence in offshore policies in the 1980s when the Thatcher government dismantled the state's offshore participation policy.
Surface structure of ( 22 ) S/Ge(111) determined by angle-resolved photoemission fine structure

Measurements of the extended fine structure in the photoemission intensity from the S(1s) core level were performed for a (2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}2) overlayer of S on Ge(111). This is the first application of angle-resolved photoemission fine structure (ARPEFS) to study an adsorbate on a semiconductor substrate to our knowledge. The adsorption site and local geometry were determined from the ARPEFS with use of comparisons to multiple-scattering calculations. The results of this analysis indicate adsorption in a twofold bridge site 1.03\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05 A\r{} above the Ge surface. The separation between the first and second Ge layers is contracted by (9\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}6)%, and some Ge---Ge bond lengths between the Ge bilayers are expanded by (8\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}3)%. This adsorption site is different from that determined for another chalcogenide, Te, on the Ge(111) surface on the basis of surface extended x-ray-absorption fine-structure measurements, but it is the same as those found for Te/Si(111) and Se/Si(111).
Mitotic instability leading to an accumulation of B-chromosomes in grasshoppers.

The study of mitotically unstable B-chromosomes (supernumeraries) of two grasshopper species confirmed a suggestion made earlier (Nur, 1963) that the instability should always be associated with a tendency of the B's to increase in frequency. Among 780 Camnula pellucida (Scudder) males from California, 105 had B's. In the testes of these males the number of B's varied from follicle to follicle and ranged between 0 and 4. Because of this variation, the number with which each male started to develop could not be determined. However, the relatively low frequency of males with B's and the regular meiotic behavior of the latter suggested that most of the 105 males started with a single B. Cytological analysis of the cells of the gastric caeca of 31 males whose testes contained B's confirmed this suggestion by showing that only one male had two B's in these cells; all the rest had one. In the testes of the 74 other males the mean number of B's ranged from 0.89–2.50, but only two males had means higher than 2.00. The observed ratio of one male with two B's to 30 with one, suggested that only the two males with the highest means started to develop with two B's and that the other 72 males all started with one. Since the mean for the 72 males was 1.37 B's per male, it was concluded that during the development of the testes of these males the mean increased by 37%. The males with B's had fewer follicles in their testes and apparently had also a lower frequency of normal sperm. — The analysis of the testes of Locusta migratoria L. males from Japan gave results which agreed with those from C. pellucida.
Binding energies of Wannier excitons in GaAs-Ga 1-x Al x As quantum-well structures in a magnetic field

Binding energies of the ground state of both the heavy-hole and light-hole excitons in a GaAs quantum well sandwiched between two semi-infinite layers of ${\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{x}}$${\mathrm{Al}}_{\mathrm{x}}$As, are calculated as a function of the size of the well in the presence of an arbitrary magnetic field. A variational approach is followed where the trial wave functions are expressed in terms of Gaussian basis sets. The applied magnetic field is assumed to be parallel to the axis of growth and the binding energies are calculated for a finite value of the height of the potential barrier. As expected, for a given value of the magnetic field, the binding energies are found to be larger than their values in a zero magnetic field. The contribution to the binding energy due to the magnetic field, at a given field, increases slowly as the well size is reduced. A comparison with the available experimental data is made.
Comment regarding Malik, et al.'s (1996) “The Method of Subliminal Psychodynamic Activation: Do Individual Thresholds Make a Difference?”:

Researchers using the method of subliminal psychodynamic activation need to consider the neutrality of their control messages. Anagrams or numbers are recommended as even benign-sounding phrases can produce nonneutral effects.
Blood vessel maturation in retinoblastoma tumors: spatial distribution of neovessels and mature vessels and its impact on ocular treatment.

PURPOSE. The purposes of this study were to evaluate the spatial distribution of neovessels versus mature vessels in both human retinoblastoma (RB) and LH BETA T AG tumors, assess similarities and differences between the animal model and the human RB specimens, and determine whether vessel maturation is associated with risk factors for metastasis. METHODS. Immunohistochemical analyses were performed on human (n = 10) and LH BETA T AG (n = 11) enucleation specimens to evaluate the spatial distribution of neovessels and mature vessels. In human RB, vessel maturation was correlated with treatment history and metastatic risk factors. RESULTS. In human RB, the percentage of neovessels was higher in the periphery of the tumor than in the center (P = 0.021). This finding was mostly attributed to the distribution of large-caliber vessels (i.e., neovessels were higher in the periphery for large [P = 0.050]- and medium [P = 0.032]-caliber vessels; and mature vessels were higher in the center for large-caliber vessels [P = 0.032]). In this small series, vessel maturation did not correlate with risk for metastasis. Similar results were observed in LH BETA T AG , tumors. The percentage of large-caliber neovessels was higher in the periphery than in the center (P = 0.038). CONCLUSIONS. There is a spatially distributed, heterogeneous vessel population containing neovessels and mature vessels in advanced RB disease. There is a significantly higher concentration of mature, large-caliber vessels in the center of tumors that is similar in human RB and LH BETA T AG retinal tumors. From these data the authors hypothesize that tumor vessel maturation in RB initiates in central regions of the tumor and radiates toward the periphery.
Reply to Schumm's argument that ending the gay ban will morally "injure" some service members.

Summary Schumm does not explain why moral injuries that would ensue from serving alongside peers who utter the words “I am gay” warrant protection in federal law.
Bilingual Education Success, but Policy Failure

In 1977, a bilingual education project began in rural areas of Puno, Peru, as a direct result of Peru's 1972 Education Reform. This paper presents results of an ethnographic and sociolinguistic study comparing Quechua language use and maintenance between: 1) a bilingual education school and community, and 2) a nonbilingual education school and community. Classroom observation indicated a significant change in teacher–pupil language use and an improvement in pupil participation in the bilingual education school. Community observation and interviews indicated that community members both valued and used their language. Yet the project has had difficulties expanding or even maintaining its implementation. (Quechua; Puno, Peru; Peru; Andes; bilingual education; classroom language use; ethnography; sociolinguistics; community development; language planning; language maintenance; educational policy)
System-level synthesis of memory architecture for stream processing sub-systems of a MPSoC

Many embedded processor chips aimed at high performance and low power application domains are implemented as multiprocessor System-on-Chip (MPSoC) devices. The multimedia and communication sub-systems of an MPSoC perform some of the most computation intensive and performance critical tasks, and are key determinants of the system-level performance and power consumption. This paper presents an automated technique for synthesizing the system-level memory architecture (both code and data) for the streaming sub-systems of an embedded processor. The experimental results evaluate effectiveness of the proposed technique by synthesizing the system-level memory architecture for benchmark stream processing applications and comparisons against an existing approach.
Prolonged exposure to antibiotic-impregnated shunt catheters does not increase incidence of late shunt infections

Objective Antibiotic-impregnated shunt (AIS) systems have been designed to prevent the colonization of shunt components by skin flora that occurs at surgery. Although such systems may decrease the incidence of early shunt infections (those occurring within 6 months of shunt placement), it is unclear if such exposure to prolonged antibiotics leads to an increased incidence or virulence of late shunt infections (those occurring later than 6 months after shunt placement). In this study, the authors evaluate the incidence of late shunt infection after the introduction of an AIS system in a pediatric hydrocephalus population.
The role of solute additions to aluminum on its embrittlement by mercury

Abstract The effect of alloying on both mechanical and chemical properties of a metal may influence its susceptibility to liquid metal embrittlement. To determine the specific role of the solute, a study was made of the embrittlement of aluminum-magnesium alloys by mercury. The results indicate that alloying increases the severity of embrittlement of aluminum by inhibiting flow, thereby enhancing the ease of brittle fracture. Alloys containing more than 3 at.% Mg fractured without any macroscopic yielding and, in the concentration range of 1–9 at.% Mg, the brittle fracture stress was independent of composition.
The Effect of Aortic Endovascular Graft Oversizing on Barb Penetration and Fixation Strength

Endovascular repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA), where an endovascular graft (EVG) — a stented vascular graft — is implanted intraluminally into the AAA has shown excellent short term outcome. However, long term outcome of implanted EVGs is fraught with new complications, the most severe of which is endoleak from graft migration, which can lead to re-pressurization of the AAA and potentially rupture. Graft migration is defined as the distal drift of an implanted EVG of 5mm or more from its initial anchor site (Figure 1). There have been many design changes to help decrease the rate of EVG migration including the addition of proximal attachment barbs to grafts to help secure them to the aortic wall. However, studies show that freedom from migration rates have not significantly increased for those grafts containing barbs compared to grafts without barbs [1]. We believe that controlled studies of endovascular graft parameters can lead to improvements in its design that increase graft attachment strength and hence decrease the risk of migration. The aim of the current study was to assess a key design variable in barbed grafts namely, graft oversizing (GO), defined as the ratio of expanded graft dia to aorta dia. We sought to assess the relationship between GO and attachment strength in barbed EVGs. Specifically, we hypothesized that a high GO will impede the ability of the EVG barbs to effectively penetrate the aortic wall.© 2008 ASME
Organosilica copolymers for the adsorption and separation of multiple pollutants

Benzene, diethylbenzene, and ethylenediamine-bridged bistrialkoxy precursors were used in the synthesis of multifunctional PMO copolymers for the adsorption of phenols and metal ions. Polyoxyethylene(10) stearyl ether (Brij 76) was used as the structure director with the surfactant template approach in the synthesis. The resulting PMO copolymers with two or more bridging groups have been characterized by nitrogen gas adsorption, powder X-ray diffraction, and 13C and 29Si solid-state NMR. These organosilicas exhibit large surface areas, narrow pore size distributions, large total pore volumes, and pore ordering consistent with well ordered, hexagonally packed p6mm structures. Minimal competitive effects were observed on the adsorption of p-chlorophenol to the copolymers in the presence of copper ions in solution. Similarly, the presence of p-chlorophenol in solution or adsorbed onto the copolymers did not interfere with copper adsorption. Replacement of a small portion of the benzene bridge in the 90:10 BE...
Organic farming in the United States: Principles and perspectives

Abstract A growing number of agricultural scientists, environmentalists, government officials, farmers, and both urban and rural laymen, have become increasingly alarmed over the potential vulnerability of the energy-intensive systems of food and fiber production which now characterize U.S. agriculture. During the past 40 years, conventional agriculture has become increasingly dependent upon petroleum-based, chemically-synthesized fertilizers and pesticides to supply plant nutrients and for crop protection. Certainly these energy-intensive technologies have contributed greatly to the U.S.'s agricultural productivity. However, sharply escalating production costs associated with the increasing cost and uncertain availability of energy, i.e. fuel and fertilizers, have generated considerable interest in less expensive and more environmentally compatible production alternatives such as organic farming. The apparent decline in soil productivity throughout the U.S. from excessive soil erosion, nutrient runoff, and loss of soil organic matter; the impairment of environmental quality from sedimentation and pollution of natural waters by agricultural chemicals; and, the potential hazards to human and animal health and food safety from heavy use of pesticides, have also stimulated interest in organic farming systems of food production. This article describes and analyzes the agronomic and socioeconomic character of organic farming in the U.S. and assesses its future potential contribution to the overall system of food and fiber production in this country and abroad. Clearly, a number of factors, such as future research and education programs, public policies, and the cost and availability of conventional farm production inputs, will greatly influence the rate at which organic farming technologies and management practices are adopted. However, current trends and circumstances indicate that organic farming systems will play an increasingly important role in both U.S. and world agriculture.
Obstacles to Effective Management of Conflicts Between National Parks and Surrounding Human Communities in Developing Countries

Conflicts between national parks and their surrounding human communities are apparently disfunctional for both. Both groups would appear to have incentives to resolve or at least reduce these conflicts. A major difficulty is the achievement of ready communication and trust between the powerful urban-based park authorities and the rural, possibly illiterate, local human populations who may have suffered at the hands of the park authorities in the past. Because of their greater power, the national park authorities are in the best position to take the first steps towards establishing trust—by making some positive concessions, and binding themselves in some way to real, rather than token, local participation in decision-making.Local elected officials with responsibilities both to their local electorate and to the objectives of central government, might be suitable agents for bringing the various parties together. When once effective communication is established, the early identification of areas of common interest, and positive actions to promote these, will continue the trust-building process and enable more difficult issues to be addressed. The identification, in advance, of options or alternatives that appear to be mutually beneficial, ‘positive sum’ solutions, will facilitate this and provide incentives for the initial participation of all parties.This approach to protected areas management will require new skills and training for park staff—in social and political as well as biological skills. It will also require a shift in the ruling paradigm of protected areas. The concept of national parks as inviolate havens of untouched Nature, controlled by an all-powerful central government agency, will have to give way to concepts of conservation through careful manipulation to achieve both conservation and local human development objectives. Although this approach is being hailed by conservation leaders through such worthy devices as Biosphere Reserves (Batisse, 1982), these concepts do not yet seem to have the international status that is required for their extensive adoption, nor do they necessarily build conflict-management processes into the management regime.The approach suggested above is not without risk both to park authorities and to the local human communities; but clarification of both conservation and development objectives should reduce such a risk and help to identify the information and analytical needs for working towards a mutually beneficial solution.
Modeling UIMA type system using web ontology language: towards interoperability among UIMA-based NLP tools

With the recent development and adoption of NLP framework architectures, NLP modules/tools developed independently in the research community can be adopted as integrated applications. Development of wrappers and interfaces required to adopt NLP modules/tools, however, still requires huge amount of efforts. In this paper, we focus on one NLP framework architecture, UIMA (Unstructured Information Management Architecture), which defines annotations as types described in a type system and can achieve direct interoperability if a common type system is used. We explore the use of ontology to model UIMA types and argue existing ontology development or reasoning tools can be utilized to understand types (we use types and annotations interchangeably) from existing NLP systems developed under UIMA, define equivalent annotations in different NLP systems, and apply the practice in the ontology community to draw agreements on the definition of common NLP types, thereby achieving better interoperability among NLP modules/tools.
Three-dimensional reconstruction of a skeletal muscle cell from optical sections

Fluorescence microscopy assay of cell membranes is a practical way of studying the primary mechanisms of muscle cell damage in electrical injury. The three-dimensional distribution of pores in an electric field can be measured by 3-D imaging of the distribution of a fluorescent potentiometric dye. A confocal microscope with a variable-width slit detectors, a high frequency non-mechanical scanning system and multiple-line laser illumination is highly suitable for the optical measurement of membrane potential. In this paper, the characteristics of such a confocal microscope in terms of its 3-D optical transfer function (OTF) measured using fluorescent beads is presented. 3-D reconstruction of a skeletal muscle cell stained with the potentiometric dye, di-8-ANEPPS from optical sections is also demonstrated.
The Effects of Different Gait Speeds and Lower Arm Weight on the Activities of the Latissimus Dorsi, Gluteus Medius, and Gluteus Maximus Muscles

[Purpose] This study researched the effects of different gait speeds and lower arm weight on the activities of the latissimus dorsi, gluteus medius, and gluteus maximus muscles. [Subjects] Fourteen healthy adult men participated in this study. [Methods] All the participants carried out walking on a treadmill at speeds of 3.5 km/h and 5.5 km/h for half a minute. During treadmill gait, electromyographic activity muscle was measured of the latissimus dorsi, gluteus medius and gluteus maximus. [Result] There were significant differences in the muscle activities due to changes in gait speed and lower arm load in the latissimus dorsi and gluteus maximus, but there were no significant differences in the muscle activities of the gluteus medius. [Conclusion] According to our results, arm swing is related to increasing gait speed, and lower arm load is influences the muscle activity of the lower extremities through the posterior oblique sling system.
Analogical Problem Solving in Casual and Experienced Users: When Interface Consistency Leads to Inappropriate Transfer

ABSTRACT The problem-solving abilities of casual users were compared to experienced users in a computer setting. It was hypothesized that casual users would benefit from reduced consistency with other applications. Experience was gauged with a questionnaire and empirical measures. Four interfaces were developed with varying degrees of similarity to Web browsers. Using a Web browser as a source problem, participants were tested with two of the experimental interfaces. The data indicated that the accuracy of casual users was equivalent across consistent and inconsistent interfaces but that the consistent interfaces had significantly higher latencies. The primary conclusions of the study are that performance for casual users is improved by superficially inconsistent interfaces and that their performance is equivalent to experienced users when a true analogue is present. Commonalities with familiar elements may be a hindrance.
Pathology and Pathogenesis of Drusen of the Optic Nervehead

This report describes the findings of a clinicopathologic correlative study of 18 cases of drusen of the optic nervehead and reports on the observations of the first ultrastructural study of this disease in the literature. From these observations, the processes of formation of drusen of the optic nervehead are proposed: abnormal axonal metabolism leads to intracellular mitochondrial calcification. Some axons rupture and mitochondria are extruded into the extracellular space. Calcium is heavily deposited in the extracellular mitochondria. Small calcified microbodies are produced and calcium continues to deposit on the surface of these nidi to form drusen. We conclude that drusen are definitely related to axonal degeneration of the optic nervehead.
Study Abroad Field Trip Improves Test Performance through Engagement and New Social Networks

Although study abroad trips provide an opportunity for affective and cognitive learning, it is largely assumed that they improve learning outcomes. The purpose of this study is to determine whether a study abroad field trip improved cognitive learning by comparing test performance between the study abroad participants (n = 20) and their peers who did not participate (n = 365). Test performance was statistically identical between these groups before and immediately after the study abroad program. On the final exam, the study abroad participants scored significantly higher. Qualitative methods were used to identify increased engagement with the course material and the creation of new social networks as likely explanations.
Stabilized images: Dependent variable specificity of pattern-specific effects with prolonged viewing

Two studies report results of viewing lines in different orientations in stabilized Maxwellian view. The first study examined the time course of four dependent variables-whole- and partial-fade frequencies and whole- and partial-fade durations. Whole-fade frequencies increased systematically throughout 10 min of the 15-min viewing session and were sensitive to line orientations. Partial-fade frequencies increased for 3–5 min during which orientation specificity occurred. Thereafter, partial-fade rate was constant and pattern-specific effects disappeared. Mean fade duration, which increased throughout the 15-min session for whole fades but for only 5 min for partial fades, was not pattern-specific. The second study demonstrated that the pattern specificity of whole fades could not be accounted for in terms of time-dependent extraneous variables. It was concluded that partial and whole fades may reflect the operation of different visual processes. The complete fading of images was attributed to the operation of supraretinal pattern processing units.
The control of acute thrombophlebitis with ultraviolet blood irradiation therapy

Abstract 1. 1. In thirteen consecutive instances, individuals with acute thrombophlebitis were given ultraviolet blood irradiation therapy. 2. 2. In all thirteen, a rapid disappearance of pain and tenderness was observed, usually within twenty-four to forty-eight hours following a single blood irradiation. 3. 3. A drop to normal of abnormally high temperatures, when present, was found to occur within forty-eight to seventy-two hours. 4. 4. Edema subsided completely in twelve of the thirteen cases, the disappearance time varying from thirteen to fifteen days. In the thirteenth case, a marked induration was associated with edema and neither had disappeared when the patient left the hospital on the eighth postirradiation day. 5. 5. A complete absence of untoward effects in all patients treated was evident. 6. 6. Of the thirteen cases, five were good examples of the failure of sulfa drugs plus local heat, bedrest, and elevation of the affected extremity to control thrombophlebitis; four received only ultraviolet blood irradiation therapy and bedrest; three had failed to respond to local heat, bedrest, and elevation of the affected extremity; and one represented the absence of any effect, in fifty days, of four therapeutic nerve blocks to influence the disease process; an apparent permanent indurative damage had occurred.
Self-maintenance of intoxication in the rat: A modified replication

Variable interval schedules of food reinforcement were found to produce excessive drinking of both EtOH solution and Sucaryl. The polydipsia during training did not increase subsequent preferences for the solutions. It is concluded that excessive drinking of alcohol associated with such treatment is not analogous to alcoholic habituation.
Regulation of glycoconjugate expression on cloned mammalian cells *1Studies on the growth dependence of membrane-associated/blood group H antigen

Abstract Studies of HeLa S-3 cell clones derived from suspensions of single cells were carried out to determine the relationship of clonal growth patterns to blood group H antigen expression. Cloning efficiency of these cells was excellent in the presence of growth medium which contained pooled human serum. At the end of the growth period of 9 to 11 days, three quarters of the clones were medium sized (cell counts ranged from 100–500), or large (greater than 500 cells), and approximately one fourth were classified as small (less than 100 cells). A mixture of H positive and H negative cells was observed in medium and large clones; therefore the composition of such clones resembled the cellular blood group composition of the original suspension (50% H positive, 50% H negative). Small clones contained all H-negative cells or only a few H-positive cells. Optimal expression of H antigen thus appeared to depend upon a growth pattern similar to that observed in exponentially growing monolayer cells. Clones at the 2 to 8 cell stage were mostly H-negative; this finding was consistent with the view that alterations in culture technique may have caused transient cellular and enzyme alterations which in the case of H antigen was reflected by a temporary loss of phenotype.