cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Confusion of Agricultural Economists?—A Professional Interest Survey and Essay

A random survey of members of the American Agricultural Economic Association is used to examine basic philosophical issues regarding the discipline of agricultural economics. In comparison to other studies of economists, much more diversity of response is found among agricultural economists. The data suggests important correlates between the pattern of responses and socioeconomic variables. Some variables which affect responses are: agricultural interests, age, school of graduation, area of specialization, and employment. Self-interest, information differences, and empathy are among the possible explanations of the patterns of responses.
Enamelin gene expression during fetal and neonatal rabbit tooth organogenesis

Abstract Epithelial differentiation is a complex process which requires an integrated synthesis of DNA along with synthesis of a full complement of unique mRNAs and their respective proteins characteristic for each cell type. The time of initial transcription of enamel protein mRNAs and subsequent translation of proteins characteristic for secretory ameloblasts is not known. In order to determine when enamel protein mRNAs appear during New Zealand White rabbit molar tooth organogenesis, and when nascent enamel proteins are first translated, we analyzed early cap stages through late crown stages of molar tooth formation (i.e., 21-days gestation through 2-days postnatal). The biochemical phenotype which characterized rabbit ameloblasts were the acidic glycoproteins termed enamelins. Polyclonal antibodies were produced against the major fetal rabbit enamelin of approximately 70,000 daltons. Immunoprecipitation of enamelins from mRNA-directed translation products in a reticulocyte cell-free system, was used to characterize enamelin mRNAs. Enamelin mRNAs were first detected during bell stages (circa 23-days gestation), and persisted till crown stage (circa 28-days gestation). Indirect immunofluorescent localization of enamelin antigen showed staining over the extracellular enamel organ matrix by 23-days gestation. Neither enamelin mRNAs or polypeptides were detected during early or late cap stages of odontogenesis. Transcription of enamelin mRNAs coding for two enamelins of 65 and 58 kd (kilodaltons) appeared to be closely coupled with the translation of these enamel proteins. We assume that close-range ectomesenchyme-derived instructions mediate the biochemical differentiation of ameloblasts between 21-days and 23-days gestation during fetal rabbit development.
A Note on Geodesically Bounded -Trees

It is proved that a complete geodesically bounded -tree is the closed convex hull of the set of its extreme points. It is also noted that if is a closed convex geodesically bounded subset of a complete -tree and if a nonexpansive mapping satisfies then has a fixed point. The latter result fails if is only continuous.
BACTERIURIA IN YOUNG WOMEN* Effect of Estrogen, Progestogen, and Estrogen-Progestogen Combination

Abstract Eighty-two women were assigned at random to either an estrogen, progestogen, estrogen-progestogen combination, or to a placebo taken orally three of four weeks for 12 cycles. All patients were fitted with an intrauterine device to prevent pregnancy. Urine cultures were obtained prior to study and at monthly intervals thereafter, and the cumulative incidence of acquired infection was calculated for all patients who stayed in the study for at least three months. The acquired bacteriuria incidence was: placebo 14.3 per cent, estrogen 15.8 per cent, estrogen-progestogen 18.7 per cent, and progestogen 35.7 per cent. The increased incidence with progestogen may be secondary to the production of a menopausal hormonal milieu, a common time for bacteriuria to occur in the female.
Deformities of the craniofacial and dental complex in the H-1 virus modified hamster

Abstract A severe alteration in the dental structures of a group of experimental animals injected at birth with cell-free filtrates of human and animal tumors is described. The virus isolated from these filtrates appears to have a striking affinity in the hamster for teeth and bone and may be of value in studies of the developmental sequence in severe dentofacial deformities.
Development of a systems analysis and design course

Cleveland State University is an urban university, with the Department of Computer and Information Science residing in the College of Business Administration. The major objective of the department's curriculum is to educate students for productive roles in industry, primarily in the development and implementation of business information systems. Several years ago, critical comments from both the business community and the students themselves gave strong indication that the courses in systems analysis and design were not fulfilling this objective. Not only were the courses not teaching state of the art techniques, they tended to vary in content considerably from quarter to quarter, depending on the instructor.The subject “systems analysis and design” covers a wide variety of material, far too much to be dealt with comprehensively in any reasonable time span. It was felt that the objectives for the courses could best be met by concentrating on structured analysis and design methodologies (particularly as they applied to the development of business information systems for computers), and by establishing well-defined syllabi for the courses. The material was divided into two courses, the first covering analysis and the second covering design.
Oblique opening and noncoaxial emplacement of the Jurassic Independence dike swarm, California

Abstract Several features of the Independence dike swarm (IDS) indicate that dikes opened obliquely to their walls in a sinistral sense. The IDS is largely latest Jurassic in age (≈148 Ma) and has been traced for more than 600 km along its NW–SE strike from east-central to southern California. Field and petrographic observations from the IDS in the Sierra Nevada indicate that: (i) some, and perhaps all, of the dikes initially opened perpendicular to their margins and then were sinistrally sheared; and (ii) sinistral displacement occurred during and shortly after dike injection. Dike emplacement overlapped in time with the formation of wall rock mylonite zones which accommodated shear varying in sense from sinistral to west-side-down reverse. We suggest that the IDS intruded dilatant fractures within a regional sinistral shear system. The swarm is located within or along the eastern flank of the Cordilleran subduction-related magmatic arc. The IDS and associated wall rock deformation may record partitioning into the magmatic arc of the sinistral component of strongly oblique Late Jurassic subduction.
Palatability ratings of different beverages of heat exposed workers in a simulated hot industrial environment

Abstract The objective of this study was to compare palatability ratings of various replacement beverages both prior to and immediately following repeated trials of 4-h simulated hot industrial work bouts. Subjects consumed and rated the palatability of three fruit-punch flavored beverages; a flavored placebo (FP), an electrolyte–carbohydrate drink with 18 mEq/l NaCl (ECHO18), and an electrolyte–carbohydrate drink with 36 mEq/l NaCl (ECHO36). Male subjects ( N =18) completed four separate trials; each trial consisted of 30 min of treadmill walking with intermittent arm curls at 300 kcal/h, followed by 30 min of rest for up to a total of 4 h at 33°C WBGT. Hedonic flavor ratings of drink samples changed from pre- to post-work ( p p p p Relevance to industry Dehydration typically compromises worker productivity and safety. Fluid replacement is critical for proper functioning in the heat. Palatability influences fluid consumption which is critical to rehydration and prevention of heat illness.
The design, management and production of a recirculating raceway system for the production of marine shrimp

Despite continuing problems with disease outbreaks and environmental concerns over effluent pollution and land usage, world shrimp farming continues to expand. Although traditional pond production systems will continue to be the dominant driving force in aquaculture expansion, there is continued interest in alternate production systems. The use of high density, water reuse systems is one alternative to conventional pond production systems which addresses restrictions associated with environmental regulations and user conflicts of coastal land and water usage. This paper reports on techniques which have been developed for the production of marine shrimp in recirculating raceway systems and typical results which have been observed over a 6-year production period. Both bait shrimp (Penaeus setiferus) and food shrimp (P. vannamei) have been produced with final biomass loads as high as 10 kg/m3 utilizing 100–120-day and 160–175-day production cycles, respectively. Results from multi-phase growout are most promising and indicate that this may be a suitable mechanism to optimize biomass loading of the culture system. Although the economic viability of recirculating production systems for bait and food size shrimp have yet to be proven, the consistent results of production, low water usage and ease of waste management are encouraging and warrant further economic and marketing evaluations.
On the existence of stable dimesons.

The bound-state problem of two quarks and two antiquarks with coupled channels in color space is studied, using a potential as derived from the MIT bag model. For equal quark and antiquark masses no stable bound state is supported, while for large enough mass ratio a true four-quark bound state is found. The effect of a running coupling constant in the Coulomb part of the potential is studied.
Nonlinear feedforward control of chemical reactors

This paper illustrates the synthesis of nonlinear feedforward controllers for chemical reactors. In most of the theoretical development and application of feedforward control only linear systems have been considered. There are, however, no inherent linear limitations in feedforward control. Since chemical reactors are usually nonlinear, the effectiveness of control should be improved by including nonlinearities in the design of feedforward controllers. This is particularly true for batch reactors because of the large changes in variables during a batch cycle. Continuous stirred-tank reactors are studied with single and consecutive reactions of first and higher order. Effectiveness of linear and nonlinear feedforward controllers is compared for disturbances of various magnitude and direction. Feedforward control of batch and tubular reactors is also discussed.
Reliability and validity of three quality rating instruments for systematic reviews of observational studies

To assess the inter-rater reliability, validity, and inter-instrument agreement of the three quality rating instruments for observational studies. Inter-rater reliability, criterion validity, and inter-instrument reliability were assessed for three quality rating scales, the Downs and Black (DB CI = 0.47-0.88) and NOS (ICC = 0.52; CI = 0.14-0.76) were moderate to good and was poor for the SIGN (κ = 0.09; CI = -0.22-0.40). The NOS was not statistically valid (p = 0.35), although the SIGN was statistically valid (p < 0.05) with medium to large effect sizes (f(2) = 0.29-0.47). Inter-instrument agreement estimates were κ = 0.34, CI = 0.05-0.62 (D&B versus SIGN), κ = 0.26, CI = 0.00-0.52 (SIGN versus NOS), and κ = 0.43, CI = 0.09-0.78 (D&B versus NOS). Reliability and validity are quite variable across quality rating scales used in assessing observational studies in systematic reviews. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
4D CT sorting based on patient internal anatomy

Respiratory motion during free-breathing computed tomography (CT) scan may cause significant errors in target definition for tumors in the thorax and upper abdomen. A four-dimensional (4D) CT technique has been widely used for treatment simulation of thoracic and abdominal cancer radiotherapy. The current 4D CT techniques require retrospective sorting of the reconstructed CT slices oversampled at the same couch position. Most sorting methods depend on external surrogates of respiratory motion recorded by extra instruments. However, respiratory signals obtained from these external surrogates may not always accurately represent the internal target motion, especially when irregular breathing patterns occur. We have proposed a new sorting method based on multiple internal anatomical features for multi-slice CT scan acquired in the cine mode. Four features are analyzed in this study, including the air content, lung area, lung density and body area. We use a measure called spatial coherence to select the optimal internal feature at each couch position and to generate the respiratory signals for 4D CT sorting. The proposed method has been evaluated for ten cancer patients (eight with thoracic cancer and two with abdominal cancer). For nine patients, the respiratory signals generated from the combined internal features are well correlated to those from external surrogates recorded by the real-time position management (RPM) system (average correlation: 0.95 ± 0.02), which is better than any individual internal measures at 95% confidence level. For these nine patients, the 4D CT images sorted by the combined internal features are almost identical to those sorted by the RPM signal. For one patient with an irregular breathing pattern, the respiratory signals given by the combined internal features do not correlate well with those from RPM (correlation: 0.68 ± 0.42). In this case, the 4D CT image sorted by our method presents fewer artifacts than that from the RPM signal. Our 4D CT internal sorting method eliminates the need of externally recorded surrogates of respiratory motion. It is an automatic, accurate, robust, cost efficient and yet simple method and therefore can be readily implemented in clinical settings.
Detection of Airborne Particles Using Optical Extinction Measurements

A method for obtaining real-time size distributions of airborne particles is discussed, and experimental sensitivity measurements are presented. By detecting the transmitted power of a low noise He–Ne laser, the optical extinction cross sections of individual particles are measured as they flow through the focused beam. Calculations for various absorbing materials show the extinction cross sections are from one to more than two orders of magnitude larger than their scattering cross sections for particle diameters in the 0.02–0.2-μm range. Sensitivity calculations and measurements indicate extinction cross sections down to 2 × 10−12 cm2 can be detected. This suggests absorbing particles as small as 0.04-μm diam can be measured using this technique.
Constrained Network Modularity

Static representations of protein interactions networks or PIN reflect measurements referred to a variety of conditions, including time. To partially bypass such limitation, gene expression information is usually integrated in the network to measure its “activity level.” In general, the entire PIN modular organization (complexes, pathways) can reveal changes of configuration whose functional significance depends on biological annotation. However, since network dynamics are based on the presence of different conditions leading to comparisons between normal and disease states, or between networks observed sequentially in time, our working hypothesis refers to the analysis of differential networks based on varying modularity and uncertainty. Two popular methods were applied and evaluated, k-core and Q-modularity, over a reference yeast dataset comprising a PIN of literature-curated data obtained from the fusion of heterogeneous measurements sources. While the functional aspect of interest is cell cycle and the corresponding interactions were isolated, the PIN dynamics were externally induced by time-course measured gene expression values, which we consider one of the “modularity drivers.” Notably, due to the nature of such expression values referred to the “just-in-time method,” we could specialize our approach according to three constrained modular configurations then comparatively assessed through local entropy measures.
Design Considerations for Ambient Stream Quality Monitoring

: Existing ambient water quality monitoring programs have resulted in data which are often unsuitable for assessment of water quality trends. A primary concern in designing a stream quality monitoring network is the selection of a temporal sampling strategy. It is extremely important that data for trend assessment be collected uniformly in time. Greatly superior trend detection power results for such a strategy as compared to stratified sampling strategies. In general, it is desirable that sampling frequencies be at least monthly but not greater than biweekly; higher sampling frequencies usually result in little additional information. An upper limit on trend detectability exists such that for both five and ten year base periods it is often impossible to detect trends in time series where the ratio of the trend magnitude to time series standard deviation is less than about 0.5. For the same record lengths trends in records with trend to standard deviation ratios greater than about one can usually be detected with very high power when a uniform sampling strategy is followed.
A generalized spline method for singular boundary value problems of ordinary differential equations

Abstract The boundary value problem for a linear first order system of ordinary differential equations with singularities at the endpoints of a finite interval is formulated. The convergence of a projection method involving generalized splines is investigated. The practical application of the method is discussed, and some numerical examples are presented.
Two adult siblings with thrombocytopenia and a familial 13;14 translocation

A woman with thrombocytopenia that progressed to aplastic anemia, and her brother, who had persistent thrombocytopenia, both had a constitutional t(13;14) translocation. Six other family members, in three generations, had the same translocation, but no hematologic disorder. There was evidence suggestive of increased chromosomal fragility in lymphocyte cultures from two members of the kindred, but not in the two patients. The findings support a postulated association between the t(13;14) and hematologic disorders, but whether the mechanism involves an inherited defect in chromosomal stability is unproved.
High-throughput elemental analysis of small aqueous samples by emission spectrometry with a compact, atmospheric-pressure solution-cathode glow discharge.

A miniaturized version of an atmospheric-pressure glow discharge using a solution as the cathode was recently evaluated for elemental analysis of continuously sampled aqueous solutions. Although continuous sampling is useful, transient analysis is required for certain applications, including chromatographic or similar separations, small-volume sampling, high-throughput sampling, and on-line preconcentration. The miniaturized solution-cathode glow discharge seems particularly well suited to transient analysis by virtue of its low dead volume and high sensitivity. Two benefits of transient analysis were exploited here: high throughput and small sample volume. Sampling 25-μL volumes at 1000 samples/h, the discharge achieved detection limits ranging from 5 pg (0.2 ppb) for Li to 6 ng (270 ppb) for Hg.
When Two Become One: Creating a Composite Grammar in Creole Formation.

This paper examines the structural consequences of the contact between Dutch overseers and Eastern Ij slaves during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries on the formation of Berbice Dutch, an unusual creole because of its remarkably homogeneous substrate. Based on the assumption that the structure-building operations in language contact situations are governed by the relative accessibility of morphemes in production, various surface configurations in Berbice Dutch are explained in terms of the 4-M model. Although the 4-M model classifies morphemes as falling into four types, content morphemes and three types of system morphemes, its focus is on how morphemes are differentially elected in production. A second model, the Abstract Level model, views the structure of the abstract lemmas that support morphemes as internally complex. Considering how morphemes are elected and how abstract lexical structure is complex opens the door to an explanation for the surface configurations found in Berbice Dutch. Data from Berbice Dutch demonstrate that abstract lexical structure can be “split” and “recombined” in such a way that surface structure is projected by an underlying grammatical frame that is a composite of the abstract lexical structure of the linguistic varieties in contact. Perceptual saliency of morphological structure and the degree of homogeneity in the substrate play a crucial role in predicting what is and what is not possible in creole formation.
Cytosolic 3-hydroxy-3-methyl glutaryl coenzyme a synthase in rat brain: properties and developmental change.

The properties and developmental change in the activity of cytosolic 3-hydroxy-3-methyl glutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) synthase in brain was examined and whether or not HMG-CoA lyase is present in cytosol and mitochondria from brain was determined. Although mitochondrial fractions contained significant HMG-CoA lyase activity, the enzyme activity was not detected in brain cytosol. The synthase activity was present in both mitochondrial and cytosolic fraction. The HMG-CoA synthesis by brain cytosol was optimal at pH 8.0 and did not require Mg2+ or exogenous acetoacetyl CoA. This indicates that brain cytosol can synthesize sufficient quantity of acetoacetyl CoA from acetyl CoA to be utilized for HMG-CoA synthesis. Our results also showed that the specific activity (nmol acetyl CoA incorporated/mg protein) of HMG-CoA synthase in brain cytosol was high (between 2–11 days of postnatal age) when the cholesterol content of brain is increasing rapidly, and the activity declined slowly thereafter. This suggests that in brain, cytosolic enzyme HMG-CoA synthase plays a role in the regulation of cholesterol synthesis.
Chorionic bump on first-trimester sonography: not necessarily a poor prognostic indicator for pregnancy.

Objectives The purpose of this study was to determine the live birth rate of pregnancies with a diagnosis of a chorionic bump, a convex bulge from the choriodecidual surface into the first-trimester gestational sac. Methods Pregnant patients at least 18 years old with the finding of a chorionic bump on first-trimester sonography were included in this prospective observational study. The independent variables were chorionic bump size and number and presence or absence of a history of infertility or coagulation disorder. The primary end point was pregnancy outcome. Results During the 4-year study period, 52 pregnancies had a diagnosis of a chorionic bump. Overall, 34 resulted in live births, corresponding to an absolute live birth rate of 65%, and 18 were nonviable. Forty-one chorionic bump pregnancies were otherwise normal (ie, pregnancies in which a gestational sac, yolk sac, and embryo with heartbeat were seen at some point), and in this subset, the live birth rate was 83% (34 of 41). All pregnancies with more than 1 chorionic bump (4) ended in demise (100%). The average maximum dimension of the chorionic bump was 1.3 cm (range, 0.5–3.8 cm); however there was not a statistically significant correlation between chorionic bump size and pregnancy outcome (P = .5866; odds ratio, 0.54; 95% confidence interval, 0.06–5.01). Nine patients (17%) had a history of infertility treatment, and 4 (8%) had a history of coagulation disorder. Only 1 chorionic bump pregnancy was associated with a birth defect. Conclusions The live birth rate in our chorionic bump cohort was 65% overall and even higher (83%) if the pregnancy was otherwise normal. The clinical implication is that a chorionic bump on first-trimester sonography is not necessarily associated with a guarded prognosis.
GPSAS—A CAD based tool for power system analysis and simulation

Abstract A recent development utilizing color, graphical, computer-aided design (CAD) packages for power system analysis and simulation is presented in this paper. These CAD packages are writtenin C and Fortran-77, and are for use on IBM or IBM-compatible personal computers with EGA or VGA monitors. The CAD software structure, as well as the use of personal computers to handle system analysis and simulation, such as load flow and fault analysis, are discussed in this paper. The present status of this research and further developing concepts are also detailed. The overall research objective is to develop software packages which contain a series of programs to facilitate most kinds of power system analyses and simulations and which utilize a graphical man-machine interface. Once these are developed they may not only be used in the development of a power system design class at Mississippi State University, but also find their way into industrial applications.
Factor analysis of MMPI-2 basic scales among college students

The MMPI-2 was administered to 288 college students (178 women and 110 men) between the ages of 18 and 34 years. Scores on the basic 13 (three validity and ten clinical) scales were correlated and subjected to principal component analyses separately for men and women. In each case, four factors were retained and subjected to varimax rotation. Coefficients of congruence were calculated for all possible pairs of factors across two samples of college students and the normative adults, separately for men and women, and across genders within each sample. Results indicated that the factorial structure of the MMPI-2 basic scales seemed to possess considerable uniformity across samples and genders, but not without some notable exceptions.
Identification of apoptotic genes mediating TGF-β/Smad3-induced cell death in intestinal epithelial cells using a genomic approach

Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β-dependent apoptosis is important in the elimination of damaged or abnormal cells from normal tissues in vivo. Previously, we have shown that TGF-β inhibits the gr...
Ultraviolet B-induced Activated Protein-1 Activation Does Not Require Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor but Is Blocked by a Dominant Negative PKCλ/ι

The exposure of mammalian cells to UV irradiation leads to the activation of transcription factors such as activated protein-1 (AP-1) and NFkappaB. It is postulated that epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor, but not protein kinase C (PKC), is the major membrane mediator in UV-induced signal transduction. Since UVB is responsible for most of the carcinogenic effects of sun exposure, we investigated the role of EGF receptors and PKC in UVB-induced AP-1 activation. Our results indicated that while the down-regulation of novel PKC (nPKC) and conventional PKC (cPKC) by pretreatment of cells with 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate cannot block UVB-induced AP-1 activity, it can block 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate-induced AP-1 activity. Further, the dominant negative mutant PKClambda/iota blocked UVB-induced AP-1 activity in all doses and time courses studied. In contrast, UVB-induced AP-1 activity from cells devoid of EGF receptor (B82) was not significantly different from that of the stable transfectants with a kinase-deficient EGF receptor (B82M721) or those with a wild-type EGF receptor (B82L) at all UVB irradiation doses and time courses studied. All of this evidence indicated that aPKC, but not EGF receptor, is involved in UVB-induced AP-1 activation.
E. Thayer Gaston: Leader in Scientific Thought on Music in Therapy and Education:

E. Thayer Gaston, a prominent figure in American music education, turned to his musical talents when he was financially unable to pursue a medical career. As he became interested in using music as ...
Wood thrush postfledging movements and habitat use in Northern Virginia

We monitored 42 radio-tagged, fledgling Wood Thrushes (Hylocichla mustelina) to investigate movement and habitat use during the postfledging period. Fledglings' mean (± SE) age at dispersal from the natal sites was 32.5 ± 0.6 days post hatching. First dispersal sites were located 1.5 ± 0.3 km from the natal site. All young joined flocks of juveniles, except three birds that remained solitary. Sixteen birds stayed at the first dispersal site until departure on migration, whereas nine visited additional dispersal sites. On 40 occasions, 15 fledglings moved up to 6 km from their dispersal sites. Before late August, 96.7% of fledglings' locations occurred in: (1) second growth scrub/deciduous sapling sites located along forest borders and abandoned farms (59.4%), (2) gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) damaged deciduous forest (24.4%), and (3) Virginia pine (Pinus virginianus) forest with heavy deciduous understory (12.8%). Fruiting trees and shrubs used as food sources by juveniles fruit earlier in these habitats. After late August, an increased number of fledgling locations (14.1%) occurred in mature deciduous or mixed forest, possibly tracking the later fruiting cycles of understory plants in these habitats. Twenty-four of 33 fledglings left the study area in September. Mean age at departure was 81 ± 5 days post hatching. We suggest that postfledging movements in Wood Thrushes are keyed by the availability of food resources and the presence of conspecifics, although other factors may play a role. We conclude that successful conservation of migratory species requires protection of habitats used during the postfledging period as well as those used during the nesting portion of the life cycle.
Market-based approximation of the cost of non-conformance associated with the 2010 Gulf of Mexico oil spill

Employing a market-based approach, this study provides an approximation of the total cost of non-conformance for BP and firms in the oil and gas industry associated with the 2010 Gulf of Mexico oil spill. Based on changes in market capitalisation of the firms being investigated, this study documents that, at the time the leak was sealed, the spill had resulted in a net loss of approximately $61 billion to BP, $17 billion to partners, $13 billion to the drilling sub-industry, and $19.0 billion to other integrated oil and gas firms. Results strongly support contagion effects for firms directly associated with BP and/or offshore drilling. Competition effects were also found for firms and sectors of the oil and gas industry not related with BP and/or drilling. Those benefiting from the oil spill (in relative terms) include the main rivals of BP and firms in other oil and gas sub-industries such as exploration and production, storage and transportation, and equipment and services.
Speech and Crime

What kind of constitutional standards are applicable to communications likely to cause listeners to commit crimes? An examination of the tension between the highly protective approach to advocacy of crime taken by the Supreme Court in Brandenburg v. Ohio and the provisions in many criminal codes that make those who encourage criminal violations generally punishablefor solicitation is followed by an analysis of the penological reasons for punishing crime-causing communications and of the relevance to such communications of the justifications for freedom of expression. After an account of the Supreme Court decisions dealing with this subject and a summary critical examination of interpretive approaches to the First Amendment, the author suggests standards for constitutional appraisal of prohibitions of communications that may cause crime. The central proposals are that most statements of fact and value be accorded virtually absolute protection; that dominantly situation-altering utterances, such as agreements, offers of agreement, and orders, be treated as outside the scope of First Amendment protection; and that simple encouragements to commit specific crimes, a kind of action-inducing communication, be granted a degree of protection that depends heavily on context, with criteria like those contained in Brandenburg applicable to public ideological solicitation but with much less restrictive standards applicable to private solicitation.
Note on the eigensolution of a homogeneous equation with semi-infinite domain

The 'variation-iteration' method using Green's functions to find the eigenvalues and the corresponding eigenfunctions of a homogeneous Fredholm integral equation is employed for the stability analysis of fluid hydromechanics problems with a semiinfinite (infinite) domain of application. The objective of the study is to develop a suitable numerical approach to the solution of such equations in order to better understand the full set of equations for 'real-world' flow models. The study involves a search for a suitable value of the length of the domain which is a fair finite approximation to infinity, which makes the eigensolution an approximation dependent on the length of the interval chosen. In the examples investigated y = 1 = a seems to be the best approximation of infinity; for y greater than unity this method fails due to the polynomial nature of Green's functions.
SM22β encodes a lineage-restricted cytoskeletal protein with a unique developmentally regulated pattern of expression

Abstract Cytoskeletal proteins play important roles in regulating cellular morphology, cytokinesis and intracellular signaling. In this report, we describe a developmentally regulated gene encoding a novel cell lineage-restricted cytoskeletal protein, designated SM22β. SM22β shares high-grade sequence identity with the smooth muscle cell (SMC)-specific protein, SM22α, the neuron-specific protein, NP25, and the Drosophila melanogaster flight muscle-specific protein, mp20. The mouse SM22β cDNA encodes a 199-amino acid polypeptide that contains a single conserved calponin-like repeat domain. During mouse embryonic development, the SM22β gene is expressed in a temporally and spatially regulated pattern in the tunica media of arteries and veins, endocardium and compact layer of the myocardium, bronchial epithelium and mesenchyme of the lung, gastrointestinal epithelium and cartilaginous primordia. During postnatal development, SM22β is co-expressed with SM22α in arterial and venous SMCs. In addition, SM22β is expressed at high levels in the bronchial epithelium and lung mesenchyme, gastrointestinal epithelial cells and in the cartilagenous and periosteal layer of bones. Three-dimensional deconvolution microscopic analyses of A7r5 SMCs revealed that SM22β co-localizes with SM22α to cytoskeletal actin filaments. Taken together, these data demonstrate that SM22β is a novel actin-associated protein with a unique cell lineage-restricted pattern of expression.
More on urinary tract infection guidelines.

To the Editor. In his question about urinary tract infection (UTI) guidelines, Dr Seidman1 states that “many of us in practice have yet to have a renal ultrasound (RUS) result alter management. In this era of frequent prenatal ultrasounds is the yield of RUS worth the cost and inconvenience?” Dr Roberts et al, on behalf of the AAP Subcommittee on Urinary Tract Infection,2 answer that no information is available regarding this matter. Unfortunately, it seems that the Subcommittee …
Reconstruction of massive localised lymphoedema of the scrotum with a novel fasciocutaneous flap: A rare case presentation and a review of the literature.

Massive localised lymphoedema (MLL) is a benign lymphoproliferative soft-tissue overgrowth in the morbidly obese patient. The diagnosis may be challenging, and is a form of secondary lymphoedema, often described as idiopathic scrotal elephantiasis. The lesion presents as a large mass in the morbidly obese, and patients seek treatment late in the disease course due to limitation of daily living or excoriation and wound breakdown. Resection, followed by reconstruction, is indicated in these cases. We present a unique case of a morbidly obese 52-year-old male with massive enlargement of the scrotum present for several years duration, despite massive weight loss (88.85 kg) from gastric bypass surgery and no other identifiable cause of lymphoedema. Scrotal lymphoedematous tissue was resected and scrotal reconstruction with a novel posterior fasciocutaneous flap from the scrotum was performed in addition to penile reconstruction with a skin graft and local fasciocutaneous flaps as well as a panniculectomy. Histologically, the tissue was characterised by marked oedema with dermal fibrosis and patchy mild perivascular chronic inflammation. Postoperative follow-up revealed wound integrity and patient satisfaction with the outcome. MLL is an important disease process with distinct clinical and histopathologic characteristics that often requires complex reconstruction. Although there are several opposing classification schema, we propose the incorporation of idiopathic scrotal elephantiasis into the diagnostic category of MLL.
“We're Our Own Boss”: Gendered Class‐Consciousness and White Privilege among Hooper's Island Crab Pickers

This article analyzes the gendered class-consciousness of white crab pickers of the Chesapeake Bay through their claim that they are their own boss. Although crab pickers work in a factory for a wage, have a boss, and punch a time clock, this article argues that gender, whiteness, kinship, and localized myths of hard work and independence tied to the coastal landscape formed a unique local and regional history linked to class and racial ideologies that actually allowed white crab pickers to contest packinghouse owners' authority over their schedules, speed, and other political aspects of work. The article analyzes ethnographic fieldwork, discourses in federal documents, and a strike by crab pickers to argue that white women's claim of self employment was an historically contingent process where class and class-consciousness operated as relationships defined by women as they lived their own lives. The article concludes that scholars must separate class-consciousness from class action and understand the political power of dominant classes to control the latter, especially in relation to gendered labor markets. Women crab pickers' claim of self-employment points to a consciousness of oneself within a specific power relationship and subordinated position.
Evaluation of the t test as a method of detecting visual field changes.

Abstract Automated perimetry is used to monitor changes associated with many ocular conditions such as glaucoma, neuro-ophthalmologic disorders, and retinal diseases. Comparisons among sequential visual fields are crucial to the determination of progression or regression of ocular anomalies, and to evaluate the efficacy of various therapeutic regimens. The Delta program for the Octopus perimeter uses a t test to provide an objective comparison of visual fields. To evaluate the utility of the t test for detecting visual field changes, the authors used computer simulation to generate pairs of visual fields with known alterations, and made comparisons with the t test procedure used by the Delta program. An initial visual field based on normal data was produced and stored. A second visual field, based on the same normal data but with a scotoma of known size and depth, was also produced and stored. A t test (as used by the Delta program) was then used to compare the two visual fields for statistically significant differences. Our results indicate that the t test was very sensitive to small changes of the entire visual field, such as those produced by both pathologic and nonpathologic (day-to-day sensitivity variations, changes in pupil size, etc.) factors. However, the t test was unable to reliably detect small to moderate scotomata (≤ 18° in diameter), even when the sensitivity loss was greater than 35 dB. These findings suggest that the t test has limited clinical utility for objective detection of pathologic visual field loss, and that additional procedures may be necessary to provide reliable detection of visual field changes.
Multiresolution approach to wildlife habitat modeling using remotely sensed imagery

Remotely sensed imagery, coupled with wildlife habitat models provide a powerful tool for the implementation, assessment, and monitoring of wildlife conservation/restoration initiatives. Observed, empirical relationships between a species abundance metric and landscape structure/composition are used to structure models. Habitat suitability models always represent a trade off between breadth of applicability and specificity. Large-spatial extent, coarse spatial resolution data sets may be useful for characterizing potential animal distributions at regional or continental scales; however, habitat models developed at this spatial scale may have little applicability for predicting suitability at finer spatial resolutions. Whereas numerous issues related to multi-scale analysis have been acknowledged with respect to wildlife habitat models, only recently have sources of high-resolution imagery been readily available for site-specific analyses. We outline a multi-scale approach to habitat modeling and demonstrate this approach with northern bobwhite. We developed a coarse resolution model appropriate for identifying focal regions likely to support bobwhite using classified LandSat imagery and relative abundance measures from breeding season call counts. Then we developed a fine resolution model based on 4-m multispectral IKONOS imagery and animal space-use for planning and implementing conservation practices at the local scale. We discuss the application of this hierarchical approach to conservation planning.
Of Mice and Men: Escaping the Relative Value Unit Trap

Although radiologists have kept pace with the dramatic growth of medical imaging during the past two decades through the use of PACS, digital dictation, and 3-dimensional reconstruction, radiology is approaching the point of diminishing returns. As reimbursements further decline, attempts to increase radiologists' productivity risk commoditization of the specialty. The continued evolution of US health care policy, however, presents an opportunity for radiologists, using their core competencies, to shape the future direction of medicine.
Nucleosome-associated proteins and phosphoproteins of differentiating Friend erythroleukemia cells

Mononucleosomes derived from brief digestion of uninduced Friend cell nuclei with micrococcal nuclease contain a set of non-histone chromosomal proteins which are partly or altogether missing in the oligomeric nucleosomes. On the other hand, the latter contain a protein of Mr 190,000 not seen in the mononucleosomes. Longer digestion removes most of these non-histone proteins, excepting the Mr 190,000 protein. Brief digestion of nuclei from Friend cells induced by DMSO or by n-butyrate removes most of the non-histone proteins from the nucleosomes, as did the prolonged digestion of uninduced nuclei. The Mr 190,000 protein remains, while a protein of Mr 27,000 is increased. The rate of phosphorylation of histone H1 associated with mononucleosomes was 3 to 4-fold greater in cells induced with DMSO. The major phosphoprotein and most of the other phosphorylated non-histones were modified at the same rate in control and induced cells. However, a Mr 95,000 protein was less phosphorylated in the induced cells.
Breaking of de Sitter invariance in quantum cosmological gravity

Abstract The effects of de Sitter transformations on linearized quantum gravity in a de Sitter space background are worked out explicitly. It is shown that the linearized solutions are closed under the transformations of the de Sitter group. To do this it is necessary to use a compensating gauge transformation to return the transformed solution to the original gauge. It is then shown that the form of the graviton propagator in this background, as found by Tsamis and Woodard, is not de Sitter invariant, and no suitable invariant propagator exists, even when gauge transformations which compensate for the noninvariant gauge choice are introduced. This leads us to conclude that the vacuum is not invariant.
Adaptive stretching and rezoning as effective computational techniques for two-level paraxial Maxwell-Bloch simulation

Abstract The methods, developed in gas dynamics, which make possible the detailed calculation of the coherent interaction of short optical pulses with a nonlinear active resonant medium are presented. This paper extends earlier work by giving a rigorous and self-consistent solution of the coupled nonlinear Maxwell-Bloch equations including transverse and time-dependent phase variations. In addition, the onset of an on-resonance self-focusing and beam degradation were predicted in absorbers and in amplifiers. To accurately handle such severe energy redistribution, dynamic nonuniform computational grids were found to be necessary. The self-focusing result agrees very well with a previous perturbation treatment and with recent experiments in sodium, neon and iodine, whereas severe beam distortion, when rigorously addressing the problem of transverse boundary, was observed in high-power lasers utilized in inertial fusion experiments. The formation of dynamic self-action effects is due to the combined effects of diffraction and the inertial response of the active medium.
Citizens as Representatives: Bridging the Democratic Theory Divides

Normative theory about the nature of democracy is divided into multiple perspectives. One way to bridge these divides is to address a related puzzle: making sense of the role of citizens who are directly involved in policymaking and policy implementation. Using Hanna Pitkin's language of representation, I argue that active citizens can serve as “representatives,” and that such an understanding serves as an empirical link that bridges the normative divides between representative and direct democracy and between aggregative and deliberative forms of democracy. To illustrate this point, I include a description of citizen involvement in bureaucratic decision making. The example gives us insights into the appropriate role of citizen representatives and of the responsiveness of civil servants.
Reversal of hyporesponsiveness in lpr CD4−CD8− T cells is achieved by induction of cell cycling and normalization of CD2 and p59fyn expression

T cells freshly isolated from the peripheral lymph nodes of autoimmune MRL lpr/lpr (lpr) mice contain a large proportion of functionally non-mature T cell receptor (TcR)-alpha beta+CD3+CD2-CD4-CD8- T cells displaying the B cell isoform of CD45, B220. These cells are hyporesponsive as defined by minimal interleukin-2 (IL-2) production and proliferation in response to stimulation. However, increased levels of inositol phosphates and a rapid mobilization of Ca2+ do occur upon stimulation of the TcR/CD3 complex. Furthermore, lpr CD4-CD8-T cells contain high levels of transcripts for the src-family tyrosine kinase p59fyn, and express a constitutively tyrosine-phosphorylated CD3-zeta chain. These features bear a certain resemblance to anergized T cells. These similarities are extended to show that culturing of lpr CD4-CD8- T cells in the presence of IL-2 in combination with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate and ionomycin initiates cell cycling and results in the gain of function; re-stimulation now yields IL-2-dependent proliferation in the absence of exogenous IL-2. In parallel with this gain in function, the population of cells obtained after 1 week in culture retains the TcR-alpha beta + CD4-CD8- phenotype, yet displays increased levels of CD2, decreased surface B220, and normal amounts of p59fyn-specific transcripts. These findings show that cell cycling is associated with the recovery of functional capabilities by lprCD4-CD8-T cells and is closely allied with surface CD2 expression. Thus, the hyporesponsiveness of lpr T cells is not a fixed state.