cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Every cog and wheel: Unraveling biocomplexity at the genomic and phenotypic level in a population complex of Chinook salmon

Abstract Genomic diversity is the fundamental building block of biodiversity and the necessary ingredient for adaptation. Our rapidly increasing ability to quantify functional, compositional, and structural genomic diversity of populations forces the question of how to balance conservation goals – should the focus be on important functional diversity and key life history traits or on maximizing genomic diversity as a whole? Specifically, the intra-specific diversity (biocomplexity) comprised of phenotypic and genetic variation can determine the ability of a population to respond to changing environmental conditions. Here, we explore the biocomplexity of California’s Central Valley Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) population complex at the genomic level. Notably, despite apparent gene flow among individuals with the same migration (life history) phenotypes inhabiting different tributaries, each group is characterized by a surprising component of unique genomic diversity. Our results emphasize the importance of formulating conservation goals focused on maintaining biocomplexity at both the phenotypic and genotypic level. Doing so will maintain the species’ adaptive potential and increase the probability of persistence of the population complex despite changing environmental pressures.
Designing an optimal intellectual property system for plants: a US Supreme Court debate.

In J.E.M. Ag Supply v. Pioneer Hi-Bred, the Supreme Court's decision could radically alter the agbiotech landscape.
INCOME DISCRIMINATION-A MANIFESTATION OF INTERNATIONAL FUND FOR AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT (IFAD) RICE PROGRAMME IN NIGERIA’S NIGER STATE: INVISIBLE OR INVINCIBLE

The present study evaluated the income inequalities between IFAD and non-IFAD rice farmers in Nigeria’s Niger state. Undated data of 2018 cropping season elicited through structured questionnaire coupled with interview schedules from a total of 296 rice farmers (111 IFAD rice farmers and 185 non-IFAD rice farmers) through a multi-stage sampling technique. Tools viz. descriptive statistics, censored regression, Chow F-test statistics, Average treatment effect (ATE) and Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition model were used for data analysis. The findings showed that the programme had effect on the farmers’ income in the short-run; while in the long-run, the non-remunerative product’s price has diffused the impact of the programme on the farmers’ income. However, it was observed that participation in the programme made the average income accumulation of the participated farmers to higher than that of the non-participants. The discrimination difference called programme participation accounts for more than 75% of the income gap, while endowment or characteristics difference accounts for less than 24% vis-a-vis the non-treated groups. Therefore, the programme should link the farmers with the appropriate off-takers in order to insulate them from adverse effect of market imperfection which tends to dampen the rice price during the boom season. Also, the farmers should engage in co-operative marketing and monitor price behavior using market information and intelligence. The scope of programme coverage should be expanded beyond the target group so as to enhance the farm families’ livelihoods; the rural, state and the national economies.
Independence of Intrinsic Valuations and Stock Recommendations – Experimental Evidence from Equity Research Analysts and Investors

Motivated by the mixed findings in prior archival studies, this study conducts three experiments to examine the relationships among analysts’ intrinsic valuation estimates (V), stock recommendation...
Aftermath of the Hobby Lobby Decision: Implications for Women in the Workforce

Burwell v. Hobby Lobby Stores, Inc. is a landmark Supreme Court case in which it was ruled that the contraceptive mandate from the Affordable Care Act was an unnecessary and substantial burden on Hobby Lobby’s corporate exercise of religious freedom. This is the latest of many court cases that have expanded corporation’s rights to equal those of humans, giving them individual status without the responsibilities that come along with it. By citing religious liberty rights, closely held corporations such as Hobby Lobby can impose their religious viewpoints on their employees, specifically by not providing certain contraceptive care coverage. Other corporations are forcing women to choose between careers and families by imposing certain preventative care guidelines, such as egg-freezing methods among others. In order to determine the future implications of this case, I researched the history of corporate personhood, women and usage of contraceptive care, and gender-based workplace discrimination. My research shows that by not supporting female employees who have different health needs, Hobby Lobby sets up a model for corporations to be discriminatory towards women by portraying the idea of an anti-family and unsupportive workforce environment. In addition, the Hobby Lobby case has broader implications, with increasing corporate power causing economic and political ripples. Solutions can be found outside the US, by looking at European guidelines concerning women preventative services as a template. On the home front, the US Government should stand its on ground on the Affordable Care Act mandate concerning women care, by requiring all corporations to adhere to those rules through mandatory legislation, and the American Medical Community should properly inform physicians and patients of all contraceptive options, including Long-acting reversible contraception. This will allow women to be rightfully given access to the full range of preventative care services and a supportive and nurturing environment, and will also keep corporate power in check, preventing future possible cases of workplace discrimination.
Histologic characteristics of cells cultured from rat placental tissue

Abstract Laboratory animals, especially rats, have provided a comparative model for extensive research on maternal-fetal relationships. To identify individual placental cells for subsequent immunologic analysis, cultures of rat placentas were studied. Five cell types were observed, including: two histologically distinct giant cells, mononucleate and multinucleate, apparently formed by amitosis and fusion, respectively; small round cells; polygonal cells, probably cytotrophoblasts; and fibroblasts. Of particular interest are the small round cells which are phagocytic and morphologically similar to macrophages, cells known to be important in the immune response.
Regression Analysis, Prediction, and Agreement

Evaluations of the regression, prediction, and agreement methods described here are based on the permutation approach. In addition, emphasis is again placed on statistical procedures that closely correspond to the geometrical structure of the data in question. Following some preliminary historical comments regarding linear regression, general descriptions of permutationbased regression analyses are presented. MRPP analyses of least (sum of) absolute deviations (LAD) regression residuals are described for various experimental designs. MRPP regression analyses, Cade-Richards regression analyses, and classical ordinary least (sum of) squared deviations (OLS) regression analyses are compared. Next, MRPP confidence intervals for regression parameters are described. Since the validation of prediction models is a major concern for many fields, the results of recent studies involving drop-one cross-validation and the use of either LAD or OLS regression are discussed. In addition, effects on agreement by various conditions such as sample size, population agreement value, inclusion of redundant predictors, and varying severity of data contamination are examined. Finally, linear and nonlinear multivariate regression models and their applications are discussed.
'The Law is a Gun Thug in a Big Automobile': Criminalizing Labor in American History

As documented in the by then newly published book - Kenneth Casebeer, American Labor Struggles and Law Histories, Criminal law has been continually deployed to discourage or destroy collective action - Prosecuting cartage haulers in the 1760's, criminal conspiracy in early journeymen strikes, Police riot and martyrdom at Haymarket, Debs' contempt incarceration, trespass, murder prosecution in Gastonia, and in Elaine, Arkansas, Vagrancy in Free Speech fights, the Bisbee Deportation, arrests in steel, the Chicago Memorial Day Massacre, arrests and kangaroo trials on the Docks, outlawing the sit-downs and mutiny for sit-downs on ships in ports. Labor organization has always been some kind of crime in America and thus a critical lever of economic inequality and suppressing mobilization against it.
NH2-Terminal Amino Acid Distribution and Amino Acid Composition of Streptococcus faecalis R Soluble and Ribosomal Proteins

The NH2-terminal amino acid distribution of Streptococcus faecalis R soluble and ribosomal proteins isolated from cells at different stages of growth on either folate-sufficient or folate-deficient medium was determined by the dinitrophenyl method. The NH2-terminal residues do not follow the random distribution observed for the total amino acid composition of S. faecalis soluble and ribosomal proteins. Methionine and alanine occur most frequently; serine, threonine, aspartic and glutamic acids, and glycine are also present at the NH2-terminal position of S. faecalis R proteins. The absence of folic acid yields cells that are incapable of formylating methionyl-transfer ribonucelic acid tRNAfMet, but does not affect either the qualitative or quantitative NH2-terminal distribution of total soluble or total ribosomal proteins compared to cells grown with folate. A small quantitative difference was observed in the frequency of distribution of certain amino acids at the NH2-termini between log and stationary phase soluble proteins. The amino acid residues found at the NH2-terminal position of S. faecalis proteins are qualitatively similar to those reported for several other organisms.
A Solid State Bragg-Gray Cavity Chamber

An attempt was made to construct the solid-state analog of a Bragg-Gray cavity ionization chamber. Thin layers of materials sensitive to radiation were placed between walls of C, Al, Cu, Sn, or Pb. Two types of sensing agents were employed; thin layers of anthracene with ultravioletinduced luminescence that degrades upon irradiation, and 6- mu -thick polyethylene terephthalate (Mylar) films with an optical density that at 3250 A increases upon irradiation. Results in a Co/sup 60/ gamma -ray field with the anthracene disagree sharply with theory, while the Mylar film yields excellent agreement ( plus or minus 5%) with theory. A preliminary attempt to discriminate between the fast neutron and gamma -ray dose in a nuclear reactor was unsuccessful. (auth)
Status of the freshwater mussel (Unionidae) communities of the mainstem of the Leon River, Texas

The Leon River drainage, located in the Brazos River basin, has not been extensively surveyed for freshwater mussels (Family Unionidae). This is problematic given that three state-threatened species, Quadrula houstonensis, Quadrula mitchelli, and Truncilla macrodon, have historically occurred in this drainage and two are now candidates for protection under the US Endangered Species Act. Mussels were sampled qualitatively at 44 sites in the summer and fall of 2011 to determine whether these species were still extant in the Leon River. The distributions and abundances of species at present considered common were also examined. Shell length data were assessed to determine the overall viability of the mussel fauna within the Leon River drainage. In total, 2081 live mussels were collected representing 12 species, including the federal candidate species Quadrula houstonensis, but Lampsilis hydiana, Quadrula mitchelli and Truncilla macrodon were not collected. Overall mussel abundance and species richness was low and community composition was highly fragmented with riverine species largely occurring in the middle portion of the Leon River. There was evidence that population recruitment is occurring, but only for a few species. River impoundment, inadequate instream flows, and agricultural practices are probable causes of the changes in mussel species composition. Further studies are needed to evaluate the impacts of reservoir releases on mussel persistence within this basin and in areas where droughts and low stream flow are commonplace. More information is needed on how agricultural practices affect mussel communities; the information that is currently available does little in the way of identifying factors that can be managed at site or reach scales. Studies that address these knowledge gaps will help resource managers to design more effective strategies to protect mussel populations within and outside this basin. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dry Beans Inhibit Azoxymethane-Induced Colon Carcinogenesis in F344 Rats

Epidemiological studies show a low incidence of colon cancer in many Latin American countries where the consumption of dry beans (e.g., pinto) is high. The purpose of this study was to use rats as an animal model to obtain experimental data on the inhibition of colon carcinogenesis by dry beans. Fifty-three 5-wk-old weanling male F344 rats were randomly assigned by weight to the following groups: control (11 rats), casein diet (21 rats), and bean diet (21 rats). Animals fed the casein and bean diets were treated with the carcinogen azoxymethane (AOM) once weekly for 2 wk. Rats in the control group also consumed the casein diet but were not exposed to AOM. All diets were isocaloric. The protein concentration of the diets was adjusted to 18 g/100 g with casein, and the fat concentration was adjusted to 5 g/100 g with corn oil. Rats fed the bean diet had significantly fewer colon adenocarcinomas (P < 0.05) than rats fed the casein diet (5 vs. 22 tumors), and significantly fewer rats fed the bean diet (P < 0.05) had colonic tumors than did casein-fed rats (24 vs. 50%). Tumor multiplicity was also significantly lower for the bean-fed rats, and significantly fewer (P < 0.05) tumors per tumor-bearing rat were observed in bean-fed rats than in casein-fed rats (1.0 +/- 0.0 vs. 2.5 +/- 0.6). This study demonstrates that dry beans contain anticarcinogenic compounds capable of inhibiting AOM-induced colon cancer in rats. However, the specific anticarcinogenic components within dry beans have not been identified, and it is unclear whether dietary fiber, phytochemicals or other components within dry beans are primarily responsible for the anticarcinogenic properties of beans.
Supreme Power: Franklin Roosevelt vs. The Supreme Court – By Jeff Shesol

This study joins an already crowded bookshelf of examinations of FDR's ill‐fated court‐packing plan. Over the last fifteen years, many monographs on this topic—some popular and some scholarly—have ...
Therapeutic strategies in diabetes and cardiovascular disease

Diabetes is now considered the equivalent of having 2 or 3 major risk factors for coronary atherosclerosis. Also, the presence of diabetes increases the risk of any procedure and is associated with a poorer prognosis compared with individuals without diabetes. Also, diabetes dictates certain clinical approaches to disease. Thus today’s clinician needs a full understanding of this disease and its effect on management decisions. I was delighted that Dr. Prakash Deedwania, who has had a long and productive interest in diabetes and cardiovascular disease, was willing to organize and contribute to articles on this topic. This broad topic has been divided between two issues of the Cardiology Clinics. The first issue (November 2004) dealt with pathophysiology, clinical epidemiology, and the relationship between diabetes and other diseases such as heart failure and hypertension. The second issue deals
Ballistics and mechanisms of tissue wounding

The wounding potential and mechanisms of tissue damage of firearms are reviewed. Internal ballistics is the study of projectile flight within a firearm while external ballistics describes projectile flight through air to the target. Terminal ballistics characterizes the final effects of the bullet after it has impacted its target. Upon impact, three tissue phenomena are noted: sonic wave formation, temporary cavitation, and permanent cavitation. Subsequent tissue damage is dependent on the characteristics of the firearm that fired the projectile (e.g. rifle versus handgun), the nature of the projectile itself (e.g. fully jacketed versus expanding bullet), and the attributes of the target tissue (e.g. tissue elasticity).
Effects of vagal maneuvers on heart rate and Doppler variables of left ventricular filling in healthy cats.

Abstract Background Evaluation of left ventricular (LV) diastole is clinically important in cats with heart disease. Diastolic dysfunction is a main characteristic of feline cardiomyopathy and is associated with clinical signs and poor outcome. Numerous echocardiographic indices characterizing LV diastole exist, of which Doppler variables of transmitral flow and mitral annular motion are used most often. However, rapid heart rate (HR), a common finding in cats examined in the veterinary hospital environment, may cause summation of flow waves limiting interpretation of diastolic function. Objective To evaluate the effects of vagal maneuvers (gentle eyeball pressure and nasal planum massage) on HR and Doppler variables of LV diastolic filling. Animals Twenty-four healthy client-owned cats with summated transmitral flow waves at baseline. Methods Prospective observational study. Transthoracic echocardiography was performed and Doppler transmitral and mitral annular tissue Doppler velocities recorded both before and during vagal maneuvers. Data were compared using a paired t-test. Results Application of vagal maneuvers temporarily decreased HR in all cats (mean reduction ± SD; 42 ± 22 bpm). The duration of HR reduction ( 10–15 s) was evenly distributed among groups (8 cats in each). Summated Doppler transmitral flow and mitral annular tissue velocity waves were separated during vagal maneuvers in 71% and 72% of cats, respectively. No adverse effects were observed. Conclusions Vagal maneuvers may be utilized as a simple non-pharmacologic tool in the Doppler evaluation of LV diastolic function in healthy cats.
ROMANO-EGYPTIAN RED LEAD PIGMENT: A SUBSIDIARY COMMODITY OF SPANISH SILVER MINING AND REFINEMENT*

Samples of red pigment from a group of seven Roman-period Egyptian mummies, known as red-shroud mummies, are investigated. Elemental analysis by inductively coupled plasma time-of-flight mass spectrometry (ICP-TOFMS) shows that the samples contain mostly Pb (83-92% by weight), along with 0.2-2.0% Sn. All of the samples are found to have similar trace element distributions when normalized to the continental crust, suggesting that they share a common geological origin. Lead isotope ratios are found to match the mixed lead sources typically associated with Rio Tinto, Spain - a site extensively mined for silver during the first century AD. Raman microspectroscopy identifies the major phase of each sample to be red lead (Pb 3 O 4 ) with a minor phase of lead tin oxide (Pb 2 SnO 4 ). Lead tin oxide does not occur naturally, and its incidental occurrence within the sample indicates that the material was heated under oxidative conditions at temperatures in excess of 650°C. In archaeological contexts, the high-temperature oxidative treatment of lead is typically associated with metallurgical refinement processes such as cupellation. Based on this evidence, it is argued that the pigment was produced out of litharge associated with silver cupellation at the Rio Tinto site.
MO‐F‐BRB‐06: Experimental Characterization of the Dosimetric Properties of a Newly Designed I‐Seed Model AgX100 125I Interstitial Brachytherapy Source

Purpose: To characterize and determine the dosimetric properties of a newly designed 125I source (Model AgX100 I‐Seed) for interstitial brachytherapy. Methods: High‐resolution photon spectrometry and thermoluminescent dosimetry(TLD) techniques were utilized for a comprehensive experimental characterization of the AgX100 source introduced recently by Theragenics Corporation® (Buford, GA). The photoncharacteristics emitted by the AgX100 source were determined by a high‐purity germanium spectrometer. The dose distributions around the source were measured using 1 mm &#61620; 1 mm &#61620; 1 mm TLD cubes placed in SolidWaterTM phantoms. The dosimetric parameters needed for dose calculation using the American Association of Physicists in Medicine (AAPM) Task Group (TG) No. 43 formalism were derived from the measured dose rate distributions with Monte Carlo calculated SolidWaterTM‐to‐water conversion factors. Results: It was found that 1) the photon energy spectrum emitted by the AgX100 source was nearly identical to that emitted by the well‐established model 6711 OncoSeedTM manufactured by GE Healthcare; 2) the dose‐rate constant determined by the photon spectrometry technique (0.957 ± 0.037 cGyh‐1U‐1) and by the TLD technique (0.995 ± 0.007 cGyh‐1U‐1) was within 1.5% of the corresponding values determined for the model 6711 source; 3) the radial dose function and the anisotropy function of the AgX100 source were also found to be similar to the TG‐43 consensus data for the model 6711 source. The anisotropy constant determined for the model AgX100 source (0.941) was virtually identical to the TG‐43 consensus value (0.942) for the model 6711 source. Conclusions: A comprehensive dosimetric characterization has been carried out for the new AgX100 source. The AAPM TG‐43 dosimetry parameters for the new source have been determined from the experiment data. The work was supported in part by NIH grant R01‐CA134627 and Theragenics Corporation
Polymorphic pattern formation in the fungus Nectria.

Abstract The fungus Nectria sporulates at 1 mm intervals along its path of colonization. In a disk-shaped colony, the bands so formed link up either in concentric rings or in continuous spirals, unpredictably. Several mechanisms of pattern organization are found to be incompatible with the results of experimental interventions. The simplest consistent interpretation found invokes a 16-hour physiological oscillation, which arises from an unstable singular state at germination, persists in the moving frontier of colonization, and damps rapidly behind the frontier. A counter-intuitive implication emerges: that any physiological perturbation affecting the ratio of rings to spirals will favor rings, not spirals.
Gating of gap junction channels as revealed in cells stably transfected with wild type and mutant connexin cDNAs.

Abstracts. 61:505a. (Abstr.)8. Burt, J. M., and D. C. Spray. 1989. Volatile aesthetics blockintercellular communication between neonatal rat myocardialcells. Cire. Res. 65:829-837. 9. Moreno, A. P., G. I.Fishman, and D. C. Spray. 1991. Phosphoryla­tion shifts unitary conductance and modifies voltage dependentkinetics of human connexin43 gap junction channels. Biophys.Discussions. 62:51-53.10. Eghbali, B., A. Chalazonitis, R. Dermietzel, C. Kalberg, F. C.Chiu, J. A. Kessler, and D. C. Spray. 1991. Transfection ofpe12cells with connexin26 (cx26) eDNA alters phenotype and re­sponse to NGF. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. In press.11. Rubin, J. B., V. K. Verselis, and T. A. Bargiello. 1992. Themolecular basis ofvoltage dependence in gapjunctions. Biophys.Discussions. 62:183-195.12. Fishman, G. I., A. P. Moreno, D. C. Spray, and L. A. Leinwand.1991. Functional analysis ofhuman cardiacgapjunction channelmutants. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 88:3525-3529. 50 Biophysical Journal Volume 62 Discussions 1992
Pilot-scale tests of poly ferric sulfate synthesized using SO2 at Des Moines Water Works

Abstract Poly ferric sulfate (PFS) was synthesized by absorbing a dilute sulfur dioxide gas stream into a bench-scale reactor containing a stirred solution of ferrous sulfate, with sodium chlorate added as an oxidant. The reaction product was a solution containing approximately 50 wt.% PFS, a highly effective coagulant used in water treatment. The reaction took place near atmospheric pressure and at temperatures of 30–80 °C. SO2 removal efficiencies greater than 90% were achieved with ferrous iron concentrations of less than 0.1% in the product. The product solution was evaluated by wet chemistry methods to verify that the process was capable of consistently producing high quality PFS. Quality parameters examined were total iron concentration, ferrous iron concentration, basicity (mass ratio of OH/Fe(III)), density, and pH. The PFS product was used in pilot-scale tests at a municipal water treatment facility, and gave good results in the removal of turbidity and superior results in the removal of organic materials when compared with equal doses of ferric chloride.
A linked active transport system for Na+ and K+ in a glial cell line.

Quabain (5 × 10−4M) induced a 6-fold increase in intracellular Na+ and a 65% loss of cellular K+ in C6 glial cells which was accompanied by a 12 mV decrease in the resting membrane potential. Following ouabain washout intracellular ion concentrations and the membrane potential returned to control levels suggesting that C6 is capable of active Na+ transport which is linked to uptake of K+. A portion of K+ uptake under steady-state conditions is also active since K+ influx was reduced 32% by ouabain. Five mM cyanide significantly increased cell Nas+ and significantly decreased cell K+ and the membrane potential. The similarity in the ratio of Na+ gained/K+ lost (ouabain 1.24, cyanide 1.41) suggests that the two agents inhibit the same ion transport system. Decreased temperature had the paradoxical effect of increasing intracellular K+ while significantly decreasing both membrane potential and K+ influx. Part of this effect may due to the marked reduction in K+ efflux at low temperature. At 6 °C cell loss of K+ was much less than loss of K+ with ouabain at 37 °C. The observation of a linked Na+K+ transport system in C6 cells confirms the hypothesis that coupled active Na+K+ exchange occurs in glial cells and suggests that ionic transport may regulate certain aspects of glial metabolism.
Antiplatelet drug response variability and the role of platelet function testing: A practical guide for interventional cardiologists

Antiplatelet therapy is the cornerstone of treatment for patients with acute coronary syndrome and is also of particular importance in those who undergo percutaneous coronary intervention with stent implantation. Dual antiplatelet therapy with aspirin and clopidogrel is associated with improvement in long-term clinical outcomes in such patients and is presently the antiplatelet therapy of choice for secondary prevention of thrombotic events. However, a significant number of patients experience recurrent events despite antiplatelet therapy. Although poor patient compliance can account for some of these events, particularly in those patients who receive a drug-eluting stent, increasing evidence indicates that there is variability in response to antiplatelet therapy and patients who have higher levels of platelet reactivity are at increased risk for recurrent ischemic events. However, the lack of a consistent definition of inadequate platelet response, as well as the lack of a standardized measurement technique, has made it difficult to define how to treat these patients. To translate findings associated with variability in platelet response into improved patient care, it is necessary to gain a better understanding of what variable platelet response is, how it is measured, who it should be measured in, and what its clinical relevance is. The objective of this review is to evaluate the data regarding interindividual response variability to antiplatelet therapy with the aim of providing practical considerations and where possible, recommendations, regarding this topic for interventional cardiologists. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Trophically balanced sustainable agriculture

Considering an economy without fossil fuels, literally built from the ground, then up, we developed several interactive research models of biointensive farms that use no fossil fuels. Quantifying and summarizing total human labor–energy input and total caloric energy output, we demonstrate that a successfully designed farm can produce a positive energy-return-on-investment (EROI) leaving excess caloric energy available for building economic-community structures (e.g., schools and hospitals). Farm products with negative EROI must be coupled with other products with positive EROI to assure nutritionally balanced diets are maintained while still achieving an overall positive EROI for the total agroecological operation. We show that similar to the ecosystem, energy budgets are tight which makes for difficult decisions on diet, farm plot diversity, and energy profitability for future growth. Considering the totality of this low energy agro-system based economy, we simplify many operational variables into a unique graphical solution space, which reveals both reasonable expectations of agroecological EROI performance, and extreme asymptotes, beyond which indicate regions of system failure.
An RNA marker for epidermal cell type and differentiation

Abstract This paper summarizes our recent work on the regulation and expression of a gene family encoding a vegetative homologue (Blec) of the pea seed lectin. Blec is encoded by a multigene family whose members share 40–50% identity with other legume lectins. Blec RNA is highly expressed within specific phases of epidermal cell development, it accumulates specifically in meristematic epidermal cells of vegetative and floral organs, but is undetectable in protodermal cells that bound vegetative or floral meristems. Furthermore, during early vegetative and floral primordia development Blec accumulates mainly on the abaxial epidermis and is undetectable on the adaxial or inner surface of such organs. The accumulation of Blec thereby not only defines the epidermis, but also specific stages and positions of epidermal tissue during organ development. These observations are discussed with a view to further defining the regulatory events involved in epidermal differentiation. As a first step, a Blec genomic clone has been expressed in alfalfa RegenSY. Preliminary analysis shows that, as in pea, Blec is expressed in alfalfa RegenSY in an apex specific manner.
FastWrap: An efficient wrapper for tabular data extraction from the web

In the last few years, several works in the literature have addressed the problem of data extraction from web pages. The importance of this problem derives from the fact that, once extracted, data can be handled in a way similar to instances of a traditional database, which in turn can facilitate application of web data integration and various other domain specific problems. In this paper, we propose a novel table extraction technique that works on web pages generated dynamically from a back-end database. The proposed system can automatically discover table structure by relevant pattern mining from web pages in an efficient way, and can generate regular expression for the extraction process. This approach requires no human intervention and experimental results have shown its accuracy to be promising. Moreover, the algorithm works in linear time to generate the wrapper.
Glucose Control and Diabetic Neuropathy: Lessons from Recent Large Clinical Trials

Diabetic peripheral and autonomic neuropathies are common complications of diabetes with broad spectrums of clinical manifestations and high morbidity. Studies using various agents to target the pathways implicated in the development and progression of diabetic neuropathy were promising in animal models. In humans, however, randomized controlled studies have failed to show efficacy on objective measures of neuropathy. The complex anatomy of the peripheral and autonomic nervous systems, the multitude of pathogenic mechanisms involved, and the lack of uniformity of neuropathy measures have likely contributed to these failures. To date, tight glycemic control is the only strategy convincingly shown to prevent or delay the development of neuropathy in patients with type 1 diabetes and to slow the progression of neuropathy in some patients with type 2 diabetes. Lessons learned about the role of glycemic control on distal symmetrical polyneuropathy and cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy are discussed in this review.
Quantitative theory of Richtmyer-Meshkov instability

The acceleration of a material interface by a shock wave generates an interface instability known as the Richtmyer-Meshkov instability. Previous attempts to model the growth rate of the instability have produced values that are almost twice that of the experimental measurements. This Letter presents numerical simulations using front tracking that for the first time are in quantitative agreement with experiments of a shocked air-SF[sub 6] interface. Moreover, the failure of the impulsive model, and the linear theory from which it is derived, to model experiments correctly is understood in terms of time limits on the validity of the linear model.
Si(001) Step Dynamics.

We used a scanning tunneling microscope to study the dynamics of step edges on the Si(001)- $\left(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1\right)$ reconstructed surface at temperatures from 520 to 700 K. We count changes in step edge position to determine the rates of attachment and detachment events which occur in units of four Si atoms (two dimers). Surface mass transport at these temperatures is dominated by kink diffusion. From an Arrhenius plot we find the effective activation energy for kink diffusion to be $0.97\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.12$ eV with a prefactor of $3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{5}{\mathrm{s}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$.
Normal response to pregnancy in rats cured of streptozotocin diabetes by transplantation of one fetal pancreas

We have investigated glucose homeostasis and insulin response to glucose in seven rats before, during and after pregnancy, who were previously successfully transplanted with a single fetal pancreas. Increased need for insulin during pregnancy provides an opportunity to test the reserve capacity of the transplanted organ. Plasma glucose in seven rats was normal before pregnancy (7.3±0.7 mmol/l), during pregnancy (6.6 ±1 mmol/l) and after parturition (6.7 ±0.3 mmol/l). Fasting plasma glucose was lower after parturition (5.1±1 mmol/l) than before pregnancy (6.1±0.7 mmol/l). The disappearance rate of injected glucose was the same before (2.3±0.2%/min) as after pregnancy (2.6±0.2%/min). Basal plasma insulin before pregnancy was elevated and there was no rise from glucose; after parturition the basal and pattern of response was normal. The total insulin content of the transplants (859±154 mU) was only 21% of that of normal rats; we conclude that this provides a reserve adequate for the needs of pregnancy.
The French Cardinals and Leo XIII's Ralliement Policy

One of the most noteworthy and controversial efforts undertaken during the long and memorable pontificate of Leo XIII was the so-called Ralliement policy by which the Pope sought to terminate the Church-State struggle in France which had become so acute in the eighteen-eighties. Almost from the time he ascended the Throne of Peter in 1878 Leo XIII had begun making discreet efforts to mend the widening breach between the Church and the republican regime which France had adopted in 1870 after the destruction of the Second Empire on the battlefield of Sedan. In the early eighteen-nineties this papal effort was intensified to the point where it took on the character of an official policy and helped to foster a movement—a movement opposed from the first by a resistance to which, after a limited success, it finally succumbed in the course of the Dreyfus affair at the turn of the century.
The significance of low-density populations of the African armyworm Spodoptera exempta (Walk.)

Mass emergences of moths from conspicuous gregarious-phase caterpillars in high densities are important sources of migrant moths, which are borne downwind to cause a progression of armyworm outbreaks northwards from Tanzania to Ethiopia, and southwards from Rhodesia to South Africa. This progression might possibly be checked by destroying outbreak caterpillars. The sources of moths which cause the first outbreaks before the progression starts are not known, and the possibility is examined that these come from scattered populations of solitary-phase caterpillars hidden at the bases of green grasses, where they are sometimes found at considerable density. Recent analyses of weather patterns on the estimated dates of arrival of the moths responsible for fourteen groups of outbreaks in Rhodesia suggest that outbreaks could often be caused by convergent windflow concentrating low-density moth populations from sources between Rhodesia and the Mozambique coast, and that these sources may persist for several months. A model is presented which attempts to relate the phase forms found in the field with the life system of the armyworm.
Semiconducting carbon nanotube/fullerene blended heterojunctions for photovoltaic near-infrared photon harvesting

We demonstrate that the near-infrared (NIR) absorptivity of semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes (s-SWCNTs) can be harnessed in blended heterojunctions with the fullerene derivative [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM). Photogenerated charge separation is efficiently driven by the ultrahigh interfacial area of the blends and the favorable energy offsets between the two materials. NIR-sensitive photovoltaic and photodetector devices utilizing the stack (indium tin oxide/ca. 10 nm s-SWCNT:PCBM/100 nm C60/10 nm 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (BCP)/Ag) were fabricated with NIR power conversion efficiencies >1.3% and peak, zero bias external quantum efficiency of 18% at λ = 1205 nm. Open image in new window
The interplay of intrinsic excitability and network topology in spatiotemporal pattern generation in neural networks

It is clear that spatiotemporal patterning in brain networks is a complex outcome of network physical connectivity and dynamical properties of interacting neurons, however characterization of this interaction remains elusive. These dynamical properties of the cells are affected/controlled by various neuromodulators secreted by the brain at various cognitive cycles or as a part of the response to the incoming stimuli. During sleep the brain cycles though distinct spatiotemporal patterns of neural activity. Acetylcholine (ACh) is a major regulatory factor of sleep states and plays an important role in the transition from slow wave sleep to waking or rapid eye movement sleep. Slow wave sleep is a slow oscillation in firing rate that travels through the cortical network and occurs when ACh levels are low [1]. At the cellular level, ACh causes changes in neural excitability by shifting the neural phase response curve (PRC)
The metabolism of mucopolysaccharides in animals: the effect of cortisone and hydrocortisone on rat skin.

THE administration of cortisone is reported to delay the formation of connective tissue in wounds of rabbits (1) while prolonged percutaneous application of cortisone and hydrocortisone to rats causes regressive changes in the dermal connective tissue (2). Lay ton (3) found that sulfate fixation in the skin of intact rats is inhibited by cortisone administration. Autoradiographs show a considerably smaller S35 content in the skin of the cortisone-treated rat than of the control animal (4). The results of Lay ton (3) and of Bostrom and Odeblad (4), which are based on the use of S35, imply that the formation of sulfated mucopolysaccharides is inhibited in the skin of cortisone-treated animals. While such data might be related to chondroitinsulfuric acid (CSA) synthesis, the latter investigators (4) claimed a retarding effect of cortisone only on the exchange of the ester sulfate group of the CSA molecule.
Radiographic studies of the development of Callosobruchus maculatus fabricius (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) in cowpea seeds

Abstract One hundred and sixty-eight cowpea seeds of 4 varieties (PI 293446, PI 293531, TVu 37 and ‘Commercial’) infested with Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) were radiographed daily to study the development of insects inside. Enlarged photographic prints were made from X-ray radiographs to facilitate interpretation. Strips of the radiographs were also cut and mounted between glass slides for study with a magnifying glass or binocular microscope. Indications of larval tunnelling were obtained as early as the 5th, 6th, 7th and 10th day in ‘Commercial’, PI 293531, TVu 37 and PI 293446, respectively. Typically, three periods of tunnelling, interrupted by brief periods of static tunnel size, could be discerned before the last instar; these were presumed to correspond to larval stadia and moulting times, respectively. Larval tunnels were observed in the cowpea cotyledons, along the ‘cheek’; other parts of the seed were generally avoided. The fully-grown larva was recognised on the radiographs by its strongly-curved shape, and was observed from about the 18th day in PI 293531, 19th–20th day in PI 293446, and from the 17th day in TVu 37 and ‘Commercial’. The pre-pupa was pear-shaped, usually lasting one day, rarely two. It appeared about the 23rd day in PI 293446, 21st in PI 293531 and ‘Commercial’, and 20th in TVu 37. The pupa was distinguished by its body form and well-developed appendages, and lasted an average of 3.9 days in PI 293531, 3.3 days in PI 293446, 4.7 days in TVu 37 and 4.6 days in ‘Commercial’. The fully-formed adult remained in the seed 3.2 days in PI 293531, 4.4 days in PI 293446, 1.7 days in TVu 37 and 1.5 days in ‘Commercial’. Adult emergence occurred 32.2 days after oviposition in PI 293531, 33.4 days in 293446, 30.6 days in ‘Commercial’ and 29.9 days in TVu 37. Peak emergence was on the 29th day in three varieties and on the 32nd day in PI 293446. The duration of development was not affected, within each variety, by the number of individuals that developed in one seed. A maximum of 6 insects developed in one seed of ‘Commercial’ and 4 in each of the other varieties. Two hundred and thirty-nine adult beetles emerged during the study: 43 from PI 293446, 62 from PI 293531, 64 from TVu 37 and 70 from ‘Commercial’.
4β-Methyl-5-(3-hydroxyphenyl)morphan opioid agonist and partial agonist derived from a 4β-methyl-5-(3-hydroxyphenyl)morphan pure antagonist.

In previous studies we reported that addition of 7α-acylamino groups to N-phenylpropyl-4β-methyl-5-(3-hydroxyphenyl)morphan (4) led to compounds that were pure opioid receptor antagonists. In contrast to these findings we report in this study that addition of a 7α-amino (5a), 7α-alkylamino (5b–e), or 7α-dialkylamino (5f–h) group to 4 leads to opioid receptor ligands with varying degrees of agonist/antagonist activity. The 7α-amino and 7α-methylamino analogues were full agonists at the μ and δ receptors and antagonists at the κ receptor. The 7α-cyclopropylmethylamino analogue 5h was a full agonist at the μ receptor with weaker agonist activity at the δ and κ receptors. Whereas the addition of a 7α-acylamino group to the pure nonselective opioid receptor antagonist N-phenylpropyl-4β-methyl-5-(3-hydroxyphenyl)morphan (4) led to κ selective pure opioid receptor antagonist, the addition of a 7α-amino, 7α-alkylamino, or 7α-dialkylamino group to 4 leads to opioid ligands that are largely μ or δ agonist with mixe...
Production and distribution of entactin and GP-2 in M1536-B3 cells.

Abstract The endodermally differentiated mouse embryonal carcinoma cell line M1536-B3 produces the basement membrane-associated glycoproteins entactin and GP-2 in cell culture. Immunological techniques coupled with light and electron microscopy were used to study the intracellular distribution and fate of these molecules. The two proteins were localized in cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum and in discrete membrane-bound vesicles. There was no evidence for their presence in the Golgi apparatus. The membrane-bound vesicles appeared to fuse with the plasma membrane and thereby transfer their contents to discrete foci on the cell surface. These foci became apparent as cell-to-cell contact was made and were prominent at cell-cell contact sites. They eventually coalesced into continuous densely stained extracellular bands of amorphous material. These bands formed a honeycomb of spaces lined by cells. It appeared that production of the extracellular matrix was probably stimulated by cell-cell contact, and that cell density rather than age of the cell cultures dictated the pattern of extracellular distribution. These results support the hypothesis that these molecules are involved in cell adhesion and multicellular organization.
OTC MARKET SWITCHING AND STOCK RETURNS: SOME EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE

In this study the effect on the common stock returns of 278 firms that switched OTC market segments from 1982 to 1987 is examined. It is hypothesized that abnormally positive returns are associated with news of the move from the NASDAQ to the NASDAQ National Market System (NMS) and that the market responds more favorably during pre-NMS inclusion for stocks with low versus high liquidity before switching. Using event study methodology, results support these hypotheses. Unlike post-listing studies, the evidence reveals no anomalous return behavior during the post-NMS inclusion period studied.
Magnetocrystalline Anisotropy Constants of Iron at Room Temperature and Below

The anisotropy constants of iron have been determined from torque measurements on a {100} single-crystal disk in fields up to 15 000 oersteds or higher and at temperatures of 77, 195, and 300\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. The values of ${K}_{1}$ at the three temperatures are (520\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}10)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{3}$, (505\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}10)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{3}$, and (480\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}10)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{3}$ ergs/${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$; the value of ${K}_{2}$ at all three temperatures is (0\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}50)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{3}$ ergs/${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$. The anisotropy decreases as the fourth power of the saturation magnetization over the temperature range studied.
The Misrule of Law: Land and Usurpation in Brazil

How do we conceive of law if litigation does not aim to settle conflict, if it is a means to perpetuate and obscure rather than resolve disputes? In this essay, I shall demonstrate the power of an unsettling norm: The Brazilian legal system aims neither to solve land conflicts justly nor to decide their legal merits through adjudication. My argument stresses intention and norm because land law in Brazil is so confusing, indecisive, and dysfunctional in its own terms that one suspects that the cause of these characteristics is not incompetence or corruption alone but rather the force of a set of intentions concerning its construction and application different from those aimed at resolution. Thus, I argue that Brazilian law regularly produces unresolvable procedural and substantive complexity in land conflicts; that this jural-bureaucratic irresolution dependably initiates extrajudicial solutions; and that these political impositions inevitably legalize usurpations of one sort or another. In short, land law in Brazil promotes conflict, not resolution, because it sets the terms through which encroachments are reliably legalized. It is thus an instrument of calculated disorder by means of which illegal practices produce law and extralegal solutions are smuggled into the judicial process. In this paradoxical context, law itself is a means of manipulation, complication, stratagem, and violence by which all parties—public and private, dominant and subaltern—further their interests. It therefore defines an arena of conflict in which distinctions between legal and illegal are temporary and their relations unstable.