cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Osteoporosis in men.

Osteoporosis is characterized by bone loss with microarchitectural deterioration, reduced bone strength, and increased risk of fracture (Kanis et al., J Bone Miner Res 9:1137–41, 1994; NIH Consensus Development Panel on Osteoporosis Prevention, South Med J 94:569–73, 2001). It is, in part, a disorder of the aging skeleton and, thus, as the world population ages, it is inevitable that the incidence of this disease will also increase. For example, in the USA during the first quarter of this century, the population greater than 50 years old will increase by 60 % (Day, Population projections of the USA by age, sex, race, and hispanic origin: 1995 to 2050. US Bureau of the Census, Current Population Reports, US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, P25-1130, 1996; Cummings and Melton, Lancet 359:1761–7, 2002). With that increase in the older population will come a greater incidence of osteoporosis. This disease has traditionally been considered to be a disease of postmenopausal women but men now constitute nearly 1/4 of all osteoporotic patients (Burge et al., J Bone Miner Res 22(3):465–75, 2007; Center et al., JAMA 297:387–94, 2007). Hip fracture, which accounts for at least 1/3 of all fractures in men (Gullberg et al., Osteoporos Int 7:407–13, 1997), is associated with a threefold higher mortality rate in men than in women (Center et al., Lancet 353:878–82, 1999). Data from Trombetti et al. (Osteoporos Int. 13:731–7, 2002) show that more years of life are lost in men than in women after a hip fracture. This may be due, at least in part, to the impression that men are typically older when they sustain a hip fracture and are, therefore, more likely to suffer from serious comorbid events when they fracture. Data from the classic study of Johnell and Kanis (Osteoporos Int 17:1726–33, 2006), however, indicates that worldwide, the peak number of hip fractures occurs at a similar age for men and women, between the ages of 75 and 79.
Political contestation within the human security paradigm: the state and indigenous rights in Peru and Chile

This article develops the concept indigenous human security to highlight consequential contestation over the meaning and deployment of the concept of human security towards indigenous populations. ...
Mapping the FEW-Nexus Across Cascading Scales: Contexts for Detroit from Region to City

The food energy water (FEW)-nexus implicates intersecting human and biological systems, flows, and exchanges that operate at multiple and often nested scales. For designers working on transforming FEW-systems it is therefore important to think across these scales and their interrelationships. Multiscalar consideration enables insight on effectiveness and impact of strategies and also provides the ability to recognize synergistic opportunities, barriers to be overcome, and externalities necessary to be considered. Additionally, in a multilevel governance context of the United States, many policies that impact food, energy, and water are defined and administered at the sub-federal state level, creating a heterogeneous terrain of approaches, applications, and opportunities, depending on locale. This study aims to describe a model for thinking and apprehending FEW-systems across nested and cascading scales. Cartographic visualization is positioned as a key component. The study uses a series of thick mappings paired with contextual narratives that cascade from the ecosystem scale (region) to the jurisdictional scale (state) to the operational scale (city) as a means of apprehending FEW systems and identifying differentiated opportunities that emerge across scales of consideration. Through a study of the Great Lakes Megaregion, the State of Michigan, and the City of Detroit, divergent opportunities and constraints are articulated for developing FEW-nexus based urban design and policy-based interventions in Detroit. The work enables the revelation of connections and imperatives for local opportunities that are embedded in the environmental contexts of the region’s broader ecosystem. The ecosystem scale avails views to alternate energy futures and water policy beyond those defined by the state. The jurisdictional state-scale reveals the impacts of policies and the constraints produced through their intended and unintended consequences. It points to excesses that might be leveraged to produce new economies and ecologies. At the scale of the city, the unique opportunities and challenges can now be rethought in light of broader contexts. In some instances, alignment between local interventions and region-wide imperatives might help to reinforce the primacy of a given strategy. In others, the local context might argue for special exceptions to jurisdictional frameworks whose underlying principles are without traction. The work aims to outline an approach that is portable and may be translated to other urban contexts.
Social Value of Credible Public Information

In this paper, I study the model in Morris and Shin (2002) under strategic information transmission constraints between the public authority and private agents in order to investigate how the precision of the public signal affect the quality of the communication. In the model, a central bank (CB) communicates with two private agents. All three players have different interests over the state of the economy and receive informative but noisy signals when the state is realized. I find that CB only cares about the average bias of the private agents, and CB can truthfully reveal her signal only if the average bias is below a certain threshold. More importantly, as the CB’s signal precision increases, the possibility of truthful communication increases in her signal precision which in return enhances her ability to communicate with the private agents.
Predictors of Follow-Up Compliance in Pediatric Burn Patients During the Time of COVID.

The effect of the COVID-19 pandemic has led to increased isolation and potentially decreased access to healthcare. We therefore evaluated the effect of COVID-19 on rates of compliance with recommended post-injury follow-up. We hypothesized that this isolation may lead to detrimental effects on adherence to proper follow-up for children with burn injuries. We queried the registry at an ABA-verified Level 1 pediatric burn center for patients aged 0-18 years who were treated and released from March 30 to July 31, 2020. As a control, we included patients treated during the same time frame from 2016 to 2019. Patient and clinical factors were compared between the COVID and pre-COVID cohorts. Predictors of follow-up were compared using chi-squared and Kruskal-Wallis tests. Multivariable logistic regression was used to evaluate for predictors of compliance with follow-up. A total of 401 patients were seen and discharged from the pediatric ED for burns. Fifty-eight (14.5%) of these patients were seen during the pandemic. Burn characteristics and demographic patterns did not differ between the COVID and pre-COVID cohorts. Likewise, demographics did not differ between patients with follow-up and those without. The rate of compliance with 2-week follow-up was also not affected. Burn size, burn depth, and mechanism of injury all were associated with higher compliance to follow up. After adjusting for these variables, there was still no difference in the odds of appropriate follow up. Despite concerns about decreased access to healthcare during COVID, follow-up rates for pediatric burn patients remained unchanged at our pediatric burn center.
Extraterritorial Electioneering and the Globalization of Local Elections

This paper reviews the laws governing foreign involvement in American elections and their limitations in the face of modern technologies. Using examples of cross-border volunteering, phone banking, and electioneering from recent history, it suggests that we are on the verge of truly globalized local election contests. Without any neat conclusion, it presents the paradox facing the country: the value of a free globalized communication system is too great a sacrifice to maintain the integrity of elections, but the integrity of elections may not be able to withstand globalized communications.
Computational studies of cell migration

An overriding goal in cell motion modeling and simulations is to understand relevant underlying variables which modulate cell motility. Mathematical modeling of cell movement has traditionally focused on migration of population of cells in response to various chemoattractants (e.g., cytokines) with steady state concentration fields. In this paper, we discuss a generic model from an engineering perspective intending to aid in grasping an improved understanding of how the transient affects the mechanism of individual cell locomotion behavior. The cell migration simulations were implemented for a 2D homogenous domain with a stationary point source. Results indicate that transience has an important influence on regulating cell migration behavior. While diffusivity does not influence how fast cells reach the chemoattractant source in case of continuous production, in the case of production in "bursts" of random strength and separated by random time intervals, it becomes a determining factor.
Effect of transverse vibration on the performance of a heat pipe

up to 200 km away. Also, wind patterns and the wake region behind each slug will have a major influence on the path of the slugs. At high repetition rates it is anticipated that slug passage through the atmosphere will be beneficially affected. However, for this concept to work the impact diameter at the vehicle must be held to approximately 10 m. Some maneuvering by the vehicle is acceptable for gross changes in the slug stream, but if the slugs arrive with a large random dispersion, the vehicle will not be able to respond to the individual slugs. Further work is needed on this subject. The final factor considered here is the possibility that either kinetic energy or some form of chemical energy carried by the slugs can be put to use. If the kinetic energy of the arriving mass could be converted directly into thermal energy upon collision, the vapor thus formed could be harnessed to provide propulsive thrust to the ascending vehicle. For example, a relative velocity of 2 km/s represents an enthalpic value of 2 MJ per kilogram of slug. For slug material composed primarily of water, this enthalpic value is approximately the heat of vaporization at standard pressure. If we go one step further, perhaps a monopropellant cryogenically frozen into a solid form would provide a suitable material that would either burn or detonate on impact. With such a configuration, the scheme proposed here begins to look like a chemically driven Orion-type vehicle relying on a ground-based mass driver for propellant delivery. These interesting variations on the basic concept can be seriously considered once the major question on slug passage through the atmosphere has been resolved.
Glutamic-Aspartic Transaminase X. MECHANISM AND ORDER OF FORMATION OF THE ENZYME-SUBSTRATE CARBOXYLATE BONDS

Abstract Glutarate ion is bound to the pig heart extramitochondrial glutamic-aspartic transaminase (EC 2.6.1.1) by both carboxylate groups at low pH values but by only one carboxylate group at high pH values. The positively charged protein site which binds a carboxylate group at both high and low pH values is normally masked by the buffer anion. A spectroscopic method is presented for studying the affinity of this one site on the protein for any anion. Although there is little free energy and no enthalpy change in the equilibrium, glutarate cannot displace this buffer anion directly at high pH values but does so by a series of reactions involving the acidic glutarate complex which has both carboxylate groups bound. The site at which the second carboxylate group is bound at low pH values is thought to be the quaternary nitrogen atom corresponding to the e-amino group of a lysine residue involved in binding the aldehyde group of the chromophoric prosthetic group, pyridoxal phosphate. It is suggested that the binding of substrate anions to proteins in other enzymatic reactions does not necessarily involve the unmasking of a positive site by a conformational change but commonly involves displacement either of the buffer ion or the reaction product. Experimental methods are presented to test this hypothesis.
Eolian Deposition and Soil Fertility in a Prehistoric Agricultural Complex in Central Arizona

Prehistoric farmers in arid and semiarid ecosystems commonly used rock alignments to concentrate water and sediments on their fields. Previous research has emphasized the importance of runoff from organic matter-rich uplands as a mechanism for soil nutrient replenishment. However, eolian inputs to these dryland ecosystems might also contribute substantially to mineral-derived nutrient pools. We explored the relative importance of eolian deposition, prehistoric agriculture, and the presence of rock alignments on soil properties in a semiarid grassland in Arizona. Subsurface soils behind natural rock alignments are finer in texture than soils unbound by rock alignments, while subsurface soils behind agricultural rock alignments coarsen relative to unbound soils. Neither rock alignments nor estimated crop yields had detectable effects on mineral-derived nutrient pools. In contrast, eolian deposition is an important source of soil mass and nutrients to modern soils. While dust deposition likely reduced soil heterogeneity across this landscape, it could have also contributed to the sustainability of prehistoric agriculture.
Late-breaking abstract: Activation of the macrophage inflammasome by TLR3 ligation potentiates release of IL-8 and IP-10 from alveolar type II epithelial cells via a paracrine cytokine network

Recognition of microbial ligands by Toll-like receptors is central to the innate immune response of the peripheral lung to infection. This study investigated the effect of TLR3 ligation on cytokine release by primary human alveolar type II epithelial (ATII) cells and macrophages (AMs) alone and in co-culture. We hypothesised that TLR3 ligation elicits a distinct cytokine profile in both cell types which is enhanced by co-culture. Monocultures and co-cultures of ATII cells and AMs were were exposed to the TLR3 ligand PolyI:C for 24h. Both cells released IL-8 and IP-10 in response to PolyI:C; co-culture significantly potentiated their release 4- and 5.7-fold respectively (P In conclusion, our study demonstrates that TLR3 ligands activate the AM inflammasome, inducing release of IL-1β and IL-18 which potentiates the innate immune response of the alveolar epithelium.
Specific enzymatic determination of glucose in blood serum or plasma by an automatic potentiometric reaction-rate method.

A new automatic potentiometric reaction-rate method has been applied to the specific enzymatic measurement of glucose in blood plasma or serum. A new filtering technic is described for removal of precipitated protein. The use of injection pipets to simplify and speed up the reagent-and sample-handling step is described. Glucose is determined in 0.02 ml. of serum or plasma with relative errors within 2%. The average measurement time is about 30 sec.
Considerations of Lateral and Vertical Conducting Gestures in Evoking Efficient Choral Sound

A brief internet search for pictures of choral conductors will return a cornucopia of often very humorous results. Conductor arms are shown contorted into a huge variety of positions, from high to low, close to the body and reaching out, a multitude of hand shapes, and bodies that are relaxed or full of tension. These images lead us to ask a very important question: What does a nonverbal conductor gesture really do to the sound of the choir and the efficiency of singers’ output? Choral conductors have often looked for the most efficient ways to produce their desired choral sound. Textbooks on conducting and research available in the realm reveal a multitude of positions on the most effective means of producing desired choral sound. An effective nonverbal gesture could show what the conductor intended in an instant rather than using seconds or minutes of valuable rehearsal time in a verbal explanation. The present investigation analyzed trends in conducting textbooks and current conducting gesture research including three studies by the author specifically focused on lateral and vertical conducting gestures. This exploration sought to show the status of current research is in terms of nonverbal conductor gestures, analyze the trends in the research, and discuss future directions for research in nonverbal conducting gestures.
Political geodesy: The army, the Air Force, and the World Geodetic system of 1960

Since military planners must know the size and shape of the earth if they hope to track earth-orbiting satellites and to target missiles on distant lands, geodesy was an important concern of the two superpowers during the Cold War. The most important geodetic product in the United States was a series of increasingly powerful World Geodetic Systems, the first of which (WGS 60) was published for the Department of Defense in 1960. Although WGS 60 was created because of intense international rivalries, it reflected the intense rivalries between America's Army and its Air Force, and it introduced the notion of 'political geodesy'. My attention to American events does not indicate a lack of interest in the Soviet story; rather, I hope that historians with better language skills and better access to Soviet documents will examine geodetic research on the other side of the former Iron Curtain.
Incentive-Efficient Equilibria of Two-Party Sealed-Bid Bargaining Games

Abstract Consider a two-party bargaining problem in which each party has private value information. This paper derives a set of necessary and sufficient conditions for a strictly increasing equilibrium of a game in which bargaining takes place via a sealed-bid mechanism to be interim incentive efficient. In addition, this paper describes conditions under which an interim incentive efficient allocation can be realized via an equilibrium of a sealed-bid bargaining game that is alsoex postindividually rational.Ex postindividual rationality guarantees that neither trader is ever made worse off by submitting a bid.Journal of Economic LiteratureClassification Numbers: C78, D82, D61.
Cell Surface Heparan Sulfate Participates in CXCL1-Induced Signaling

The CXC subfamily of chemokines plays an important role in diverse processes, including inflammation, wound healing, growth regulation, angiogenesis, and tumorigenesis. The ELR-CXC chemokine, CXCL1 or MGSA/GROα, is traditionally considered to attract neutrophils to sites of inflammation. The non-ELR-CXC chemokine, CXCL10 or IP-10, is chemotactic for monocytes, B cells, and activated T lymphocytes. In addition to its role in leukocyte migration, CXCL10 inhibits the angiogenic functions of the ELR-CXC chemokines as well as bFGF and VEGF. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) are required for the interaction of bFGF and vEGF ligands and their receptors. However, the role of HSPGs in regulating the ELR-chemokines signaling and biological functions is poorly understood. We show here that the CXCL1 maximal binding to CXCR2 expressed on HEK293 and CHO-K1 cells is dependent on the presence of cell surface HSPGs. The cell surface HSPGs on cells are required for CXCL1-induced PAK1 activation. Moreover, CXCL10 can i...
The effect of in vitro phorone exposure on glutathione content and T cell antigen receptor (CD3)-stimulated calcium mobilization in murine splenic T lymphocytes.

Abstract An increase in cytosolic free calcium ([Ca2+]i) is one of the earliest events to occur in T lymphocytes following stimulation of the transmembrane T cell receptor/CD3 complex (TCR/CD3). This [Ca2+]i mobilization has been found to be sensitive to intracellular thiol redox status, which in turn is modulated by cellular glutathione (GSH) content. We have previously reported that GSH depletion, by treatment with either the α, β-carbonyl diethyl maleate or the aromatic halo-compound 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene, correlates with decreased [Ca2+]i mobilization in anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody (mAb)-stimulated human peripheral blood lymphocytes (HPBL). This prompted us to determine whether this correlation between GSH content and TCR/CD3 signal transduction capability was also present in murine lymphocytes, since the mouse model is often used as a surrogate for the human immune system. The results presented here demonstrate that in vitro treatment with the α, β-carbonyl phorone dose-dependently depletes intracellular GSH in murine splenic T lymphocytes. Both CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes depleted of GSH by greater than 40% were found to have a decreased [Ca2+]i mobilization following anti-CD3 mAb stimulation. Similar to what has been described for HPBL, these results indicate that the cellular GSH status influences the initial response of murine T lymphocytes to TCR/CD3 stimulation.
Structural Models of the Relations of Assault Severity, Social Support, Avoidance Coping, Self-Blame, and PTSD among Sexual Assault Survivors.

A number of studies have identified which survivors of sexual assault are more likely to develop symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Most correlates that have been identified have been at the individual level. Insufficient attention has been given to whether survivors' social interactions impact their individual responses to assault and subsequent levels of psychological symptomatology. In this study, a large, diverse sample of community-residing women (N = 636) was surveyed. Structural equation modeling was used to examine the relationships between assault severity, global support, negative social reactions, avoidance coping, self-blame, traumatic life experiences, and PTSD symptoms. The results suggest that negative social reactions and avoidance coping are the strongest correlates of PTSD symptoms and that the association typically observed between victim self-blame and PTSD symptoms may be partially due to the effect of negative social reactions from others. These reactions may contribut...
Regional distribution of pyridoxal-5′-phosphate in developing and mature brains and its depletion in pyridoxine deficiency

A study was made of (a) the distribution of the coenzyme pyridoxal-5′-phosphate (PLP) in four discrete regions of developing and mature rat brains and (b) the effect of dietary pyridoxine deficiency on the distribution. There was an increase in PLP concentration of all the regions from infancy to adulthood. Highest concentration of PLP was found in the medulla and pons in both infants and adults. Pyridoxine deficiency resulted in a more marked reduction of PLP in all regions of the neonatal brain as compared with those in the mature brain. This is consistent with the vulnerability of the developing brain to nutritional stresses.
Managing from the middle: a gift and a curse!

As TV detective Adrian Monk would say, "It's a gift and a curse." This describes the middle management experience in higher education. Leading from the middle is both a rewarding experience and a challenge, often a middle manager is one who was promoted from the team and now has to supervise former peers. This is also a place where those new to management are found, having very little training or mentoring. Those in the middle have to learn to manage "up" and "down" the proverbial corporate ladder, often having to deal with bad boss stereotypes and, in academia, supervisors who lack managerial experience and skills because they were appointed due to academic credentials rather than management experience.However, being in the middle is also a gift. It is a place where you build and maintain relationships with people instead of being immersed in paperwork. It is a place where you can feel comfortable trying out new things and providing service to your customers. It is an opportunity to stay connected to technology, yet avoid some of the politics. Being in the middle is a great place to work on career aspirations and professional development so that when the next career opportunity is presented, you can utilize your current experiences for new challenges. Embrace the time spent "in the middle" and use the time to learn and grow in your management experiences
Robust chip-level clock tree synthesis for SOC designs

A key problem that arises in System-on-a-Chip (SOC) designs of today is the Chip-level Clock Tree Synthesis (CCTS). CCTS is done by merging all the clock trees belonging to different IPs per chip specifications. A primary requirement of CCTS is to balance the sub-clock-trees belonging to different IPs such that the entire tree has a small skew across all process corners. This helps in timing closure across all the design corners. Another important requirement of CCTS is to reduce clock divergence between IPs that have critical timing paths between them, thereby reducing maximum possible clock skew in the critical paths and thus improves yield. In this work, we propose effective CCTS algorithms to simultaneously reduce multi-corner skew and clock divergence. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work that attempts to solve this practically important problem. Experimental results on several testcases indicate that our methods achieve 10%-31%(20% on average) clock divergence reduction and between 16-64ps skew reduction (1.6%-6.4% of cycle time for a 1 GHz clock) with less than 0.5% increase in buffer area/wirelength compared to existing CTS algorithms.
Pharmacogenetics goes 3D.

Applied genomics has focused on correlating clinical phenotypes with qualitative differences in DNA sequence such as variations in SNPs. A new study adds a third dimension, allele-specific copy-number differences, combining quantitative and qualitative approaches to understand the relationship between genetic variation and clinical outcome.
Quantification of surface suspended sediments along a river dominated coast with NOAA AVHRR and SeaWiFS measurements: Louisiana, USA

The ability to quantify suspended sediment concentrations accurately over both time and space using satellite data has been a goal of many environmental researchers over the past few decades This study utilizes data acquired by the NOAA Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) and the Orbview-2 Sea-viewing wide field-of-view (SeaWiFS) ocean colour sensor, coupled with field measurements to develop statistical models for the estimation of near-surface suspended sediment and suspended solids "Ground truth" water samples were obtained via helicopter, small boat and automatic water sampler within a few hours of satellite overpasses The NOAA AVHRR atmospheric correction was modified for the high levels of turbidity along the Louisiana coast. Models were developed based on the field measurements and reflectance/radiance measurements in the visible and near infrared Channels of NOAA-14 and Orbview-2 SeaWiFS. The best models for predicting surface suspended sediment concentrations were obtained with a NOAA AVHRR Channel 1 (580-680nm) cubic model, Channel 2 (725-1100 nm) linear mod$ and SeaWiFs Channel 6 (660-68Onm) power modeL The suspended sediment models developed using SeaWiFS Channel 5 (545-565 nm) were inferior, a result that we attribute mainly to the atmospheric correction technique, the shallow depth of the water samples and absorption effects from non-sediment water constituents.
Cooperation between scientists and the government in the US: benefits and problems

Abstract This paper discusses the importance of maintaining close working relations between scientists and their government. Several examples of this cooperation in the U.S. are presented to illustrate the benefits, as well as problems, that result from such cooperation, or lack thereof. These examples include government support of scientific research, as well as contributions by science to help governments understand both the possibilities and the limitations of science as they formulate national policy.
On the Relationship Between Queer and Feminist Geographies

Despite their diverse and contested characters, queer and feminist geographies have much in common historically, theoretically, empirically, and politically. Following a brief discussion of their connections and divergences, I discuss the distinctive contributions of queer geographies and their potential, in continuing conversation and alliance with feminist geographies, to enliven and enrich geographical inquiry more broadly. I focus particularly on the potential of feminist-inspired and allied queer geographies to rethink a variety of spatial (and other) ontologies, including space, place, placelessness, movement, gender, homophobias and heterosexisms, generational cultures, and cultural politics.
Hardware: basic requirements for implementation

The visual cortex models previously proposed have some amiable hardware implementation attributes. These networks generally include only local connections (except for perhaps a global constant) and require low precision processing. There are many models of the cortex that have been proposed. Most consist of the same basic mathematical principles, but vary in the details. However, these models tend to behave similarly. This presentation will discuss basic requirements of hardware implementation and explore a few electronic and optical implementations.
A Kinetic Monte Carlo Model for Ga Desorption from Chemisorbed and Physisorbed States During High Temperature GaAs MBE

A kinetic Monte Carlo model is developed to examine the influence of As/Ga flux ratio on the Ga desorption kinetics during molecular beam epitaxy of (100)-GaAs, based on data reported in desorption mass spectrometry experiments. A good match to experimental results is obtained when a mechanism involving desorption from a physisorbed state is included, in addition to desorption from a chemisorbed state. Analysis of the results revealed that the dependence of the Ga desorption energy on the As/Ga flux ratio, observed in growth experiments, is explained in terms of the component due to desorption from the physisorbed state. The Ga desorption energy associated with the chemisorbed state is independent of the As/Ga flux ratio. These predictions are similar to results reported in a recent study of In desorption during molecular beam epitaxy of InGaAs
Initial Condition Sensitivity and Predictability of a Severe Extratropical Cyclone Using a Moist Adjoint

AbstractThe sensitivity and predictability of a rapidly developing extratropical cyclone, Xynthia, that had a severe impact on Europe is explored using a high-resolution moist adjoint modeling system. The adjoint diagnostics indicate that the intensity of severe winds associated with the front just prior to landfall was particularly sensitive to perturbations in the moisture and temperature fields and to a lesser degree the wind fields. The sensitivity maxima are found in the low- and midlevels, oriented in a sloped region along the warm front, and maximized within the warm conveyor belt. The moisture sensitivity indicates that only a relatively small filament of moisture within an atmospheric river present at the initial time was critically important for the development of Xynthia. Adjoint-based optimal perturbations introduced into the tangent linear and nonlinear models exhibit rapid growth over 36 h, while initial perturbations of the opposite sign show substantial weakening of the low-level jet and a...
Fastigial neuronal responses to sinusoidal horizontal rotation

Abstract The response of single units in the fastigial nucleus of alert monkeys to sinusoidal, horizontal rotation was studied by extracellular recording techniques. Two types of response were found. Type I units increased their firing rates during ipsilateral rotation and decreased their firing rates during contralateral rotation. Type II units increased their activity for contralateral rotation and decreased their activity for ipsilateral rotation. Type I units were located primarily in the caudal portion, while type II units were found predominantly in the rostral portion of the fastigial nucleus. Bode phase and gain plots were derived by comparing the first harmonic determined by the fast Fourier transform of the fastigial neuron responses to the sinusoidal horizontal acceleration input. Gain plots for type I and type II units were similar and were approximately equal to the gain of primary vestibular afferents. Type I and type II units were approximately 180 deg out of phase with each other and both types of response showed a statistically significant increase in phase with increasing frequency.
Nicotine: A precursor for carcinogens

Eric Boyland and collaborator demonstrated about 20 years ago that N'-nitrosonornicotine (NNN), a suspected smoke constituent, was a lung carcinogen in mice and that thiocyanate, a major detoxification product of the smoke component hydrogen cyanide, catalyzes the endogenous formation of nitrosamines. Also, Boyland presumed that the enzymatic conversion of nicotine may contribute to the carcinogenic potential of cigarette smoke via reactive intermediates. Chemical, biochemical and bioassay data gathered since these first observations, support the concept that the nicotine-derived NNN and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) contribute significantly to the carcinogenic activity of snuff and cigarette smoke. Reactive metabolites of nicotine may also be carcinogenic factors. This hypothesis requires exploration.
Ion transfer at nanointerfaces between water and neat organic solvents.

Nanopipet voltammetry was used for the first study of ion transfer (IT) reactions between aqueous solutions and neat organic solvents. An extremely wide (∼10 V) polarization window obtained with no electrolyte added to the organic phase allows one to probe charge transfer reactions, which are not normally accessible by electrochemical techniques, for example, the transfer of l-alaninamide cation from water to 1,2-dichloroethane (DCE). While anions (e.g., chloride) and relatively hydrophobic cations (e.g., tetraalkylammonium ions) can be transferred from water to less polar neat solvents such as DCE, the transfers of strongly hydrated metal cations occur only in the presence of organic supporting electrolyte.
Adjunct Spectral Entanglement in Entanglement Swapping and Type-I Fusion

We show how adjunct spectral entanglement affects polarization-based entanglement swapping and type-I fusion gates and we explain why the concurrences of the subsequently entangled states are distinctively dependent on the initial joint spectral amplitudes.
Recent advances in the Suf Fe–S cluster biogenesis pathway: Beyond the Proteobacteria

Fe-S clusters play critical roles in cellular function throughout all three kingdoms of life. Consequently, Fe-S cluster biogenesis systems are present in most organisms. The Suf (sulfur formation) system is the most ancient of the three characterized Fe-S cluster biogenesis pathways, which also include the Isc and Nif systems. Much of the first work on the Suf system took place in Gram-negative Proteobacteria used as model organisms. These early studies led to a wealth of biochemical, genetic, and physiological information on Suf function. From those studies we have learned that SufB functions as an Fe-S scaffold in conjunction with SufC (and in some cases SufD). SufS and SufE together mobilize sulfur for cluster assembly and SufA traffics the complete Fe-S cluster from SufB to target apo-proteins. However, recent progress on the Suf system in other organisms has opened up new avenues of research and new hypotheses about Suf function. This review focuses primarily on the most recent discoveries about the Suf pathway and where those new models may lead the field. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Fe/S proteins: Analysis, structure, function, biogenesis and diseases.
Neurotoxicity of orally or intraperitoneally administered L-3-oxalylamino-2-aminopropionic acid in the mouse.

This work shows that the neuroexcitatory toxin l -3-oxalylamino-2-aminopropionic acid (OAP) is active when administered intraperitoneally or orally to an adult mouse, a species previously regarded as insusceptible to OAP intoxication. Severe neurologic signs follow a single dose of 7.67 μ mol/g body wt (intraperitoneal) or 21.3 μ mol/g body wt (oral). The mouse appears similar to a primate in the apparent inability to metabolize OAP and thus may constitute a convenient species for model studies. OAP enters the central nervous system, as indicated both by its recovery unchanged from brains of treated mice and by detection of radioactivity in brain after intraperitoneal administration of l -3-[ 14 C- oxalyl ]amino-2-aminopropionic acid ([ 14 C]OAP). This study demonstrates the increased susceptibility of immature mice to OAP intoxication and offers an apparent explanation in terms of recovery of more of an injected dose of [ 14 C]OAP in brain of 3-day-old mice than of adults. LD50 values (intraperitoneal) are 1.71 μ mol/g body wt for 3-day-old mice; 8.24 μ mol/g body wt for adult mice.
SHORT-TERM CHANGES IN THE VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF BENTHIC MICROALGAL BIOMASS IN INTERTIDAL MUDDY SEDIMENTS

Benthic microalgae inhabiting marine sediments, composed primarily of diatoms, are an important carbon source for a variety of meiofaunal and macrofaunal organisms. The purpose of our study was to determine if this benthic microalgal assemblage exhibits short-term (hourly) changes in the vertical distribution of biomass in the upper few mm of intertidal mudflat sediments in North Inlet estuary (South Carolina, U.S.A.). Sediment cores were collected and subsampled at 2 and 3 h intervals over 2 tidal cycles on 4 different dates to quantify changes in chlorophyll a concentrations at 1 mm intervals in the upper 3 or 5 mm of sediment. Benthic microalgal biomass showed significant changes in vertical distribution over time that were attributed to migration by motile benthic diatoms. Migration was limited primarily to the upper 3 mm of sediment with ca. 33% of the total biomass in the upper 1 mm undergoing migration. Comparisons with a microalgal production model, which was based on tide and sun variables, showe...
Diverticula of the stomach

Abstract Gastroscopic examination can aid in differentiating gastric diverticula from diverticulum-like formations which develop secondary to perforating peptic ulcers and ulcerating carcinomas of the stomach. A case of true diverticulum and a case of false diverticulum of the stomach are presented. Both patients had symptoms which were thought to be due to the diverticula. These symptoms disappeared after surgical procedures which eliminated the diverticula.
Advancing the New Public Diplomacy: A Public Relations Perspective

As public diplomacy assumes a more prominent role in the diplomatic affairs of nations, scholars and practitioners are challenged to define the 'new' public diplomacy's purpose and goals, to develop the theoretical foundations of the discipline, and to articulate principles of practice for effectively and ethically achieving a nation's foreign affairs' objectives. This article demonstrates the potential for the public relations theory of relationship management to advance contemporary thought and practice in public diplomacy. The study finds that by defining public diplomacy's central purpose as relationship management, unifying the functions under one overarching concept, adopting a management (rather than communication) mindset, and recognizing the importance of diplomatic deeds that support communication practices, practitioners will be better equipped to conduct public diplomacy effectively.
Blood Pressure Changes Following Preterm Delivery in Inborn Neonates † 1055

Information regarding normal blood pressure (BP) values in preterm infants is critical since both undertreatment and overtreatment of presumed BP abnormalities can be associated with significant complications, including NEC and symptomatic PDA. We studied 116 infants delivered at Parkland Memorial Hospital between 5/1/93 and 4/30/95 with birth weight ≤1500g(mean±SD; 1140±250g, range 630-1490g) and gestational age 28.8±2.0wks (range 24-33 wks) during the first 72h after birth. 55% of the infants were female, 44% Black, 41% Hispanic, and 15% White. BP was measured directly or by oscillometry in 35% and 65% of determinations, respectively. Eleven infants (9.5%) required volume expansion and/or pressor support between one and 36h after birth; only BP values obtained prior to their treatment were used. 35% of the infants developed RDS requiring surfactant replacement therapy, and 92 infants (79%) required mechanical ventilation and/or constant positive airway pressure during the study period. Fluid intake (ml/kg) was 82±17 on day 1, 101±26 on day 2, and 119±32 on day 3; the mean weight loss by day 3 was 8.0±6.2%. Both birth weight and gestational age correlated directly and significantly(p<0.01) with systolic (SBP), diastolic (DBP) and mean (MBP) BP at 1, 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72h respectively. Trends for SBP, DBP, and MBP vs postnatal age are shown in the Table (mmHg;mean±SD). SBP, DBP, and MBP increased 27%, 32% and 32%, respectively, during the initial 72h after birth. Although the mechanism for the increase in BP during the first 72h is unknown, we have shown previously that both urinary PGE2 and plasma 6-keto-PGF1α (stable metabolite of prostacyclin) decrease significantly during the first 3d postnatal in preterm neonates. More recently, we have observed increased vascular smooth muscle function after birth in newborn sheep. Thus, the rise in BP during fetal-neonatal transition may be secondary to decreased activity of vasodilators, which are critical to fetal survival, as well as intrinsic changes in vascular smooth muscle function occurring in the postnatal period, both of which appear to be developmentally regulated.
High Q2 structure functions of nuclei-open questions

Abstract The aim of this talk to explain existence of a number open problems in investigations of parton distributions at x e (0.01 – 1.5) in nuclei as well as in the studies of higher twist contributions to the high Q 2 structure functions of nuclei which are important for understanding of the structure of bound states in QCD. Main emphasis will be on the measurements which would be feasible using high intensity electron machine in the 20 GeV energy range.
Rising U.S. income inequality and the changing gradient of socioeconomic status on physical functioning and activity limitations, 1984–2007

Abstract This study examines the interactive contextual effect of income inequality on health. Specifically, we hypothesize that income inequality will moderate the relationships between individual-level risk factors and health. Using National Health Interview Survey data 1984–2007 ( n = 607,959) and U.S. Census data, this paper estimates the effect of the dramatic increase in income inequality in the U.S. over the past two decades on the gradient of socioeconomic status on two measures of health (i.e., physical functioning and activity limitations). Results indicate that increasing income inequality strengthens the protective effects of family income, employment, college education, and marriage on these two measures of health. In contrast, high school education's protective effect (relative to less than a high school education) weakens in the context of increasing income inequality. In addition, we find that increasing income inequality exacerbates men's disadvantages in physical functioning and activity limitations. These findings shed light on research about growing health disparities in the U.S. in the last several decades.
Selenium Deficiency Activates Mouse Liver Nrf2-ARE but Vitamin E Deficiency Does Not

Selenium (Se) and vitamin E are antioxidant micronutrients. Se functions through selenoproteins and vitamin E reacts with oxidizing molecules in membranes. The relationship of these micronutrients with the Nrf2-antioxidant response element (ARE) pathway was investigated using ARE-reporter mice and Nrf2-/- mice. Weanling males were fed Se-deficient (0 Se), vitamin E-deficient (0 E), or control diet for 16 or 22 weeks. The ARE reporter was elevated 450-fold in 0 Se liver but was not elevated in 0 E liver. Antioxidant enzymes induced by Nrf2-ARE (glutathione S-transferase (GST), NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase (NQOR), and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1)) were elevated in 0 Se livers but not in 0 E livers. Deletion of Nrf2 had varying effects on the inductions, with GST induction being abolished by it but induction of NQOR and HO-1 still occurring. Thus, Se deficiency, but not vitamin E deficiency, induces a number of enzymes that protect against oxidative stress and modify xenobiotic metabolism through Nrf2-ARE and other stress-response pathways. We conclude that Se deficiency causes cytosolic oxidative stress but that vitamin E deficiency does not. This suggests that the oxidant defense mechanisms in which these antioxidant nutrients function are independent of one another.
Bone mechanotransduction via T-type voltage sensitive calcium channel plays a key role in induction of the osteoarthritic phenotype

The scoring method showed excellent discrimination between disease stages: the pattern-based score was significantly different between all knee groups and the correlation across groups indicated a strong monotonic score increase with worsening of disease severity (Fig.2). In contrast, medial compartment thickness did not show significant differences until an advanced disease state. Conclusions: This study identified a characteristic progression in thickness map with increasing medial knee OA and the scoring method allowed for excellent differentiation between disease severities. The fact that thickness patterns can be statistically associated with increased OA severity is not trivial as thickness is known to vary among asymptomatic individuals and response to OA is partially subjectspecific. In fact the novel method introduced in this study might constitute a shift in the analysis of cartilage thickness. While a discrete reference (KLG) was used to assess the pattern-based score, the method provides continuous scoring and thus has the potential to detect more subtle differences. Clearly the method will need to be tested with larger cohorts and other OA conditions. However, the robust statistical findings here are very promising given the limited size of the training datasets used for this study.
The Armed Forces Epidemiological Board: its impact on communicable diseases with a special tribute to Abram S. Benenson, MD.

Many leaders in American medicine, busy as they were, found time to contribute their capable services to this remarkable system. Their unstinting urge to participate is attributable to their proud sense of obligation and the privilege of serving our country. Personal gain was not an objective. The opportunities to meet with, work with and argue with the leaders in infectious diseases and other fields during the Board’s meetings, work sessions and small discussions were really minipostgraduate learning sessions. Almost everyone took away a new idea that answered a dead-end question or that illuminated a detour around a difficult obstacle. Information was willingly shared among civilian and military scientists. The spring meetings of the AFEB and its working Commissions usually lasted three days. Those who attended these meetings up to 1973 were privileged to hear the most current data pertaining to the pathogenesis, therapy and control of the important infectious diseases that were prevalent both abroad and in the United States. Truly, these three-day sessions were dress rehearsals for the later spring meetings of the American Society for Clinical Investigation and the Association of American Physicians, usually held in Atlantic City in early May. The participating contributors were usually the same. After 1973, when the Commission system was abol