cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Substantia Nigra Volume Dissociates Bradykinesia and Rigidity from Tremor in Parkinson's Disease: A 7 Tesla Imaging Study.

Background In postmortem analysis of late stage Parkinson's disease (PD) neuronal loss in the substantial nigra (SN) correlates with the antemortem severity of bradykinesia and rigidity, but not tremor. Objective To investigate the relationship between midbrain nuclei volume as an in vivo biomarker for surviving neurons in mild-to-moderate patients using 7.0 Tesla MRI. Methods We performed ultra-high resolution quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) on the midbrain in 32 PD participants with less than 10 years duration and 8 healthy controls. Following blinded manual segmentation, the individual volumes of the SN, subthalamic nucleus, and red nucleus were measured. We then determined the associations between the midbrain nuclei and clinical metrics (age, disease duration, MDS-UPDRS motor score, and subscores for bradykinesia/rigidity, tremor, and postural instability/gait difficulty). Results We found that smaller SN correlated with longer disease duration (r = -0.49, p = 0.004), more severe MDS-UPDRS motor score (r = -0.42, p = 0.016), and more severe bradykinesia-rigidity subscore (r = -0.47, p = 0.007), but not tremor or postural instability/gait difficulty subscores. In a hemi-body analysis, bradykinesia-rigidity severity only correlated with SN contralateral to the less-affected hemi-body, and not contralateral to the more-affected hemi-body, possibly reflecting the greatest change in dopamine neuron loss early in disease. Multivariate generalized estimating equation model confirmed that bradykinesia-rigidity severity, age, and disease duration, but not tremor severity, predicted SN volume. Conclusions In mild-to-moderate PD, SN volume relates to motor manifestations in a motor domain-specific and laterality-dependent manner. Non-invasive in vivo 7.0 Tesla QSM may serve as a biomarker in longitudinal studies of SN atrophy and in studies of people at risk for developing PD.
Autobiographies of Jewish Youth in Prewar Poland as Holocaust Sources

Based on six autobiographical essays gathered in the 1930s by the Vilnius-based Yidisher Visnshaftlekher Institut (YIVO, Jewish Scientific Institute), this chapter analyzes how experiences during the 1930s shaped behaviors applied during war and genocide. Antisemitism and limited economic opportunities in interwar Poland prompted YIVO to organize a series of essay contests to collect autobiographies from Jews aged 16 to 22. After the war, some 300 surviving essays surfaced in Germany among YIVO’s Vilnius archives. The six YIVO autobiographies are linked by location, as the writers (three female, three male) lived in the northeastern region of interwar Poland: Grodno, Bialystok, and Bielsk Podlaski. These communities fell to Soviet occupation in September 1939 and to the German invasion of the Soviet Union and the Holocaust in June 1941. Essay contest respondents discuss their social development in the home with family, at school, in youth groups, and in vocational training institutes. Analysis of these experiences demonstrates continuity in the responses of young Jews in the face of genocide.
Preparing Families of Young Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder for Formal School Settings

Transitioning young children with autism spectrum disorder from Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) Part C to Part B 619 is a multifaceted process. This process may leave families st...
Interested in serial killers? Morbid curiosity in college students

A plethora of movies, television programs, podcasts, and online videos are dedicated to horror and terror, with fictional (e.g., zombies) and nonfictional (e.g., serial killing) themes. Morbid curiosity is a phenomenon where individuals attend to, or seek information about, horrid subjects, such as terror and death. Moreover, morbid curiosity has been tied with sexual curiosity and sensation seeking in past research, with men typically demonstrating more of each phenomenon. We hypothesized that interest in the topic of serial killers and other morbid academic and entertainment topics would be positively associated with morbid curiosity, sexual curiosity, and sensation seeking. Data supported these hypotheses with some notable gender differences. Viewed through the lens of evolutionary psychology, interest in horrific events, such as serial killing, may be a product of protective vigilance. We discuss these results, limitations, and future directions for research.
Affectionate Touch in the Context of Breastfeeding and Maternal Depression Influences Infant Neurodevelopmental and Temperamental Substrates.

Background While numerous studies have demonstrated maternal depression's influence on infant brain development, few studies have examined the changes that occur as a consequence of co-occurring experiential factors that affect quality of mother and infant affectionate touch as well as infant temperament and neurophysiological systems. The aim of the study was to examine the interactive effects of maternal depression and breastfeeding on mother and infant affectionate touch and infant temperament and cortical maturation patterns across early development. Methods 113 mothers and their infants participated when infants were 1 and 3 months of age. Questionnaires to assess maternal depressive symptoms, feeding, and temperament were completed. Tonic EEG patterns (asymmetry and left and right activity) were collected and the dyads were video-recorded during feeding to assess mother and infant affectionate touch patterns. Results Data analysis showed that EEG activity and mother-infant affectionate touch differed as a function of mood and feeding method. Notably, only infants of depressed mothers that bottle-fed showed right frontal EEG asymmetry and attenuated change in the left frontal region across 3 months. Breastfeeding positively impacted affectionate touch behaviors and was associated with increased left and decreased right frontal EEG activation even for depressed groups. Furthermore, a model incorporating physiology, maternal depression, touch, temperament, and feeding indicated significant prediction for infant affectionate touch (with breastfeeding and affectively positive temperament demonstrating the strongest prediction). Con-clusion: The findings suggest that breastfeeding and the infant's positive temperament influence mother-infant affectionate touch patterns and result in neuroprotective outcomes for infants, even those exposed to maternal depression within early development.
An Eye for Promise: The Power of the Special Award in Competitive Dance and Beyond

Having served for a decade as a professional dance competition judge, specializing in special awards, in this article I articulate the unique and powerful role I see the special award playing in da...
Reflections on Practitioner Research: A Practical Guide for Information Professionals . Lee Ann Fullington, Brandon K. West, and Frans Albarillo, eds. Chicago, IL: Association of College and Research Libraries, 2020. 290p. Paper, $78 (ISBN 978-0-8389-4847-7).

In Reflections of Practitioner Research: A Practical Guide for Information Professionals , the authors acknowledge that conducting research is often at odds with the service orientation of the library and information science field. Not every library professional who conducts research has had formal training in conducting and publishing research, and so this book aims to serve the practitioner-researcher who is doing this research while working in a public service, whether that work is paid or voluntary, informal or formal. It is refreshing to see this book immediately widen the scope of who is considered a researcher: everyone working in a library setting regardless of type or experience who is pursuing a project can add that title to their list of professional identities. As the editors say in their introduction, the book “celebrates and tries to draw insights from the messiness of applying research methods” (x) in the face of all the limitations that library professionals experience, including juggling responsibilities, time, and institutional expectations. The chapters are written by a blend of novice and experienced practitioner-researchers from many different types of libraries who were encouraged to write in a first-person perspective “to promote the feeling of having a conversation with a colleague.” (xi) The book is thematically organized into three sections that are not designed to be read in a linear progression but rather allow the reader to freely navigate throughout to find guidance relevant for their own research journey. Every chapter describes a research project or technique from start to finish, often describing setbacks or barriers and how the author found a solution. Each chapter ends with a reflection section where the author/s acknowledge/s how the process went, providing recommendations for fellow practitioner-researchers who may be pursuing a similar project or method.
“The Presence of Justice”: A Call to Expand the Humanitarian Exception in ABA Model Rule of Professional Conduct Rule 1.8(e).

“The Presence of Justice”: A Call to Expand the Humanitarian Exception in ABA Model Rule of Professional Conduct 1.8(e). This summer the American Bar Association amended Model Rule of Professional Conduct 1.8(e) to allow attorneys to give gifts to indigent pro bono clients. Although an important step that increases access to justice for the most vulnerable, it is too restrictive. People with meritorious claims but modest means are often forced out of the judicial system because they cannot afford basic necessities during protracted litigation. As states begin contemplating whether to adopt the new ABA amendment, this paper urges them to consider a broader humanitarian exception. Specifically, states should adopt a rule that allows attorneys to give or loan money to any existing litigation client in a financial emergency for basic necessities so that the client can withstand litigation. In support of this broader humanitarian exception, the paper initially establishes that it is the law profession’s responsibility to provide meaningful access to justice, and that this ideal is not being met. It then chronicles the history of Rule 1.8(e), pointing out that lawyer financial assistance for living expenses was allowed until the ABA ended the practice. It also categorizes the varying amendments to Rule 1.8(e) that a few states have adopted that allow attorneys to help clients stay in the system. It then highlights the problem of corporate defendants, mainly insurance companies, that draw out litigation because they have a financial incentive to do so, and why third-party consumer finance with its exorbitant interest rates and high fees is not a viable substitute for attorney financial assistance. Throughout the paper comparisons are made to other model rules of professional conduct that address similar, and often more severe, conflict concerns. These rules, which often benefit lawyers, regulate as opposed to ban the situation that could lead to a conflict. Thus, the proposed broader humanitarian exception regulates attorney financial assistance to clients for living expenses. It is based on state variations to Rule 1.8(e) and previous proposals by the drafters of the Restatement and Model Rules. It is limited to address conflict concerns but broad enough to allow practicing lawyers to follow their natural humanitarian instincts, fulfill their roles as protectors of all clients’ interests and of an equitable legal system, and not risk disciplinary action as many have, and would be willing to do, to help a client in need.
Gaze-scaling: Planets as Islands in Exobiologists’ Imaginaries

From the late 1950s to the early 1970s, scientists and engineers in the U.S. chartered a new field, exobiology: the search for organic life beyond Earth. Joshua Lederberg, a Nobel Prize-winning sci...
Enhancing Cognitive Restructuring with Concurrent fMRI-guided Neurostimulation for Emotional Dysregulation: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Background: Transdiagnostic clinical emotional dysregulation is a key component of psychopathology and offers an avenue to address multiple disorders with one transdiagnostic treatment. In the current study, we pilot a one-time intervention that combines cognitive restructuring (CR) with repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), targeted using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Methods: Thirty-seven clinical adults with high emotional dysregulation were enrolled in this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. fMRI was collected as participants were reminded of lifetime stressors and asked to downregulate their distress using CR tactics. fMRI BOLD data were analyzed to identify the cluster of voxels within the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) with the highest activation when participants attempted to downregulate, versus passively remember, distressing memories. Participants underwent active or sham rTMS (10 Hz) over the target while practicing CR following autobiographical emotional induction. Results: Receiving active versus sham rTMS led to significantly higher high frequency heart rate variability during regulation, lower regulation duration, and higher likelihood to use CR during the week following the intervention. There were no differences between conditions when administering neurostimulation without CR compared to sham. Participants in the sham versus active condition experienced less distress the week after the intervention. There were no differences between conditions at the one-month follow up. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that combining active rTMS with emotion regulation training significantly enhances emotion regulation and augments the impact of training for as long as a week. These findings are a promising step towards a combined intervention for transdiagnostic emotion dysregulation.
Application of photorefractive crystals for holographic interferometry of vibrating diffuse specimens

ABSTRACT Real-time interferometry of vibrating specimens is achieved using two-wave mixing in Bi12SiO20 (BSO). By using anisotropic self-diffraction in the photorefractive crystal, despite the small diffraction efficiency of the photorefractive grating,good fringe visibility and good signal to noise ratio are achieved by synchronizing the illumination with the CCD camera. Inaddition, the application of an external electric field is used to enhance the diffraction efficiency of the photorefractive grating.This greater efficiency makes possible the visualization of large diffusely scattering specimens. It is shown that the good SNRof the resulting holographic interferograms enables phase unwrapping which allows for quantitative deformation analysis. The performance of the photorefractive interferometer is compared with the performance of an Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometer. 1. INTRODUCTION Dynamic holographic interferometry (DHI) using photorefractive ciystals (PRCs) was first demonstrated nearly two decadesago' .
Parallelization of Phase-Field Model for Phase Transformation Problems in a Flow Field

Publisher Summary The chapter implements parallelization of a phase-field model for solidification in a flow field using OpenMP and MPI to compare their parallel performance. Phase-field models have been applied for decades to simulation of phase transformation problems. Initially most researchers focused on pure substances in the 2-D case and did not consider convection induced by a velocity field or small-scale fluctuations. The chapter presents 2-D phase-field and Navier–Stokes equations with prescribed boundary and initial conditions corresponding to lid-driven-cavity flow. Douglas & Gunn time-splitting is applied to the discrete governing equations, and a projection method is employed to solve the momentum equations. The approach taken to parallelize the algorithm is described, and results are presented for both OpenMP and MPI, with MPI being decidedly superior.
The state of cellular differentiation determines the activity of the adenovirus E1A enhancer element: evidence for negative regulation of enhancer function.

Abstract Most of the eucaryotic enhancer elements so far described consist of multiple DNA binding sites for proteins that act either synergistically or antagonistically to modulate the rate of transcription. In this report, we show that the activity of the adenovirus E1A enhancer element is suppressed in virus-infected undifferentiated rodent fetal fibroblast cells (CREF and F111 cells) and primary rat liver hepatocytes that have lost their fully differentiated phenotype (dedifferentiated). This contrasts with the results obtained for virus-infected differentiated or partially dedifferentiated rodent hepatocytes or hepatoma cell lines and human HeLa cells, in which deletion of the E1A enhancer domain greatly reduces the rate of E1A gene transcription. An in vitro quantitation of the nuclear proteins (from HeLa and CREF cells) that interact with and modulate the activity of the E1A enhancer revealed similar binding activities for the E2f and ATF proteins. However, an AP3-like (phi AP3) activity was present at a 10- to 20-fold higher concentration in CREF cells than in HeLa cells, and removal of this phi AP3-binding site on the viral genome resulted in an increase in the rate of E1A gene transcription in virus-infected CREF cells. Together, these results demonstrated that the factors which positively regulate enhancer function were present in CREF cells and that the phi AP3 factor was acting to suppress the activity of the E1A enhancer. Furthermore, the level of this factor was found to increase to even higher levels in CREF cells treated with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate, and this induction resulted in a further suppression in the rate of E1A gene transcription. On the basis of these observations, we propose that E1A expression is negatively regulated by the phi AP3 factor in undifferentiated rodent fetal fibroblast cells and that this could be an important mechanism that distinguishes between establishment of the differentiated cell versus transformed cell phenotypes.
Avoiding the Perfect Storm: Criminal Economies, Spoilers, and the Post-Conflict Phase in Colombia

The possibility of ending the armed conflict in Colombia will depend, to a large extent, on the state’s ability to prevent multiple criminal economies, and inhibit the actors who participate in them from damaging the implementation of the final peace agreements. This article analyzes criminal economies’ ability to destabilize and thereby damage the post-conflict phase, and identifies dilemmas the state must confront in responding to this situation. The article’s objective is to provide an analytical model to understand the complex relationship between actors involved in the peace process and criminal economies, and to thereby identify risks and possible models for intervention. The theoretical referent of this work is the discussion about peacebuilding in fragile states and literature that identifies organized crime as a spoiler. This is the first attempt to apply this perspective to Colombia, and to take the particular characteristics of the country into account while making comparisons with other countries that exhibit similar features in their own post-conflict and transitional phases. The article comes to the conclusion that in Colombia it is necessary to consider Interim Stabilization Measures, which allow the state to provide an effective response that takes advantage of available resources without losing sight of the need to strengthen local institutions in the mid-term.
Amazonian Linguistics: Studies in Lowland South American Languages.

Amazonian Linguistics: Studies in Lowland South American Languages. Doris L. Payne ed. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1990. 573 pp. $42.50 (cloth)
Vascular nurse practitioner: A collaborative practice role in the acute care setting

A collaborative practice model was initiated in a 440-bed university teaching hospital to trial the appropriateness and effectiveness of placing a nurse practitioner (NP) in the acute-care setting with a group of vascular surgeons. The vascular NP and three physicians collaborated as providers of patient care in both ambulatory and hospital settings. The NP managed and coordinated patient care. After orientation, the NP used a data-tracking form to record daily work activities categorized as direct care, indirect care, administration, education, and research. Satisfaction surveys were distributed to patients, nurses, and physicians to measure key elements of the NP's job responsibilities as they related to each group. The NP's data were independently analyzed, implications were discussed, and results were collated for presentation. The data were also used to guide future practice. The data reflected the vascular NP's unique acute care role within a specialty service.
The principle of detailed balance and the Lindblad dissipative quantum dynamics

Abstract It is shown that by incorporating the principle of detailed balance in the Lindblad dissipative quantum dynamics of the density matrix, the approach to thermal equilibrium not assured in the original formulation of this theory, can be realized. Three examples of current interest illustrate the general formalism. From the last example, we deduce for a low-power InAs HEMT device of about a tenth of a micron size, having the following estimates provided by Dr. W. Kruppa of our Laboratory, R ∼ 5 Ω , L ∼ 0.1 nH, and C ∼ 0.1 pF, the decoherence time ∼ 80 ps. Typical tunneling times in a resonant tunneling quantum device is about 0.1 ps, well below the decoherence time estimated above. With this crude estimate, we may conclude that picosecond regimes are clasical, while below that, we have quantum regimes.
Siting ‘Scientific Spaces' in the US: The Push and Pull of Regional Development Strategies and National Innovation Policies:

The term ‘science park’ evokes a “you know it when you see it” consensus among policy experts. Although the function of science parks is broadly understood as collaborative applied research between universities, industry, and governments, the physical and institutional form of these ‘cooperative research centers' shows significant variation. In this paper I present a typology of such centers in the current US context and discuss how they are changing. Using evidence from one high-tech industry, I underscore the agglomerated nature of basic and applied science—a key argument in the rethinking of decisions around public investments in scientific spaces. Finally, I conclude that US innovation policy is shifting to a more explicitly metropolitan orientation, recognizing the importance of proximity and agglomeration. Implicit in this shift is a reevaluation of the geography of public investment in technology infrastructure as it pertains to cities and regions.
Hippocampal CA1 region neurodegeneration produced by ethanol withdrawal requires activation of intrinsic polysynaptic hippocampal pathways and function of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors.

Abstract Long-term intake of ethanol produces adaptive alterations in multiple transmitter systems in the hippocampal formation that likely contribute to ethanol withdrawal-induced seizure and excitotoxicity. The present studies were designed to examine the role of N-methyl- d -aspartate receptor activation and cytosolic Ca2+ accumulation in the neurotoxic effects of ethanol withdrawal. Further, these studies investigated the role of hippocampal network excitation in promoting both Ca2+ accumulation and neurotoxicity during ethanol withdrawal. Chronic, continuous (11 day) exposure to ethanol (91 mM starting concentration) did not produce neurotoxicity in any region of organotypic hippocampal explants, as measured by uptake of the non-vital fluorescent marker propidium iodide. Withdrawal from chronic (10 day) ethanol exposure was associated with rapid (30 min) and significant increases in intracellular Ca2+, assessed by visualization of Calcium-Orange fluorescence, in each region of hippocampal explants. However, neurotoxicity was observed 24 h after initiation of withdrawal and was only seen in the cornu ammonis 1 (CA1) region. Exposure to MK-801 (20 μM) at the start of ethanol withdrawal markedly attenuated Ca2+ entry in all regions, as well as, CA1 region neurodegeneration. Further, treatment of explants with tetrodotoxin (500 nM) as well as surgical transection of mossy fiber or Schaffer collateral projections immediately prior to ethanol withdrawal blocked both regional increases in Ca2+ accumulation and CA1 neurotoxicity. These data suggest that neurodegeneration observed during ethanol withdrawal is dependent upon polysynaptic propagation of action potentials (“network excitation”) and whole-hippocampal excitation of glutamatergic systems.
Diversified ranking on large graphs: an optimization viewpoint

Diversified ranking on graphs is a fundamental mining task and has a variety of high-impact applications. There are two important open questions here. The first challenge is the measure - how to quantify the goodness of a given top-k ranking list that captures both the relevance and the diversity? The second challenge lies in the algorithmic aspect - how to find an optimal, or near-optimal, top-k ranking list that maximizes the measure we defined in a scalable way? In this paper, we address these challenges from an optimization point of view. Firstly, we propose a goodness measure for a given top-k ranking list. The proposed goodness measure intuitively captures both (a) the relevance between each individual node in the ranking list and the query; and (b) the diversity among different nodes in the ranking list. Moreover, we propose a scalable algorithm (linear wrt the size of the graph) that generates a provably near-optimal solution. The experimental evaluations on real graphs demonstrate its effectiveness and efficiency.
THREE DIMENSIONAL SIMULATION OF UNSTABLE IMMISCIBLE DISPLACEMENT IN THE POROUS MEDIUM

In this study changes of uncontinuous potential functions at the interface were used to simulate the immiscible displacement in porous media. The elliptic partial differential equation was changed to a seven-point molecule form algebraic equation in three dimensions using the finite difference method. The strongly implicit procedure was adopted to determine the potential functions at every time instant. Then the change of interface was determined. The simulation was continued until the displacement changed to unstable state. The effect of capillary pressure, wetting property, and nonuniformity of permeability were considered.
Population Structure, Mating Type, and Mefenoxam Sensitivity of Phytophthora nicotianae in Virginia Tobacco Fields.

ABSTRACT Black shank is an important disease of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) caused by the fungus-like organism, Phytophthora nicotianae. Three physiological races (0, 1, and 3) have been documented in the United States. Shifts in the pathogen population structure have become a concern due to the widespread use of cultivars possessing resistance to race 0 arising from a single gene (Php or Phl). A comprehensive statewide survey conducted throughout major tobacco-growing areas during summer 2006 and supplemented by additional isolates in 2007 and 2008 yielded 217 isolates from flue-cured, burley, and dark fire-cured tobacco fields. After determining species identity using a single-strand conformational polymorphism fingerprinting technique, the race identity of isolates was assessed via greenhouse tests using three differential cultivars (Hicks, L8, and NC1071). Approximately 76% of the isolates belonged to race 1, 21% to race 0, and the remaining 3% were race 3. This race structure was comparable with thos...
Synthesis and structures of yttrium-transition metal sulfates YM(OH)3(SO4), M = Ni, Cu

Abstract YCu(OH)3(SO4) and YNi(OH)3(SO4)-I have been synthesized hydrothermally at 380°C at a presssure of 210 MPa. YCu(OH)3(SO4) crystallizes in the space group Pnma with a=13.956(1) A, b=6.1349(5) A , and c=6.3528(5) A. YNi(OH)3(SO4)-I crystallizes in the space group P212121 with a=13.335(1) A, b=6.1256(5) A, and c=6.4830(5) A. The two structures are topologically the same. Different distortions of the CuO6 and NiO6 octahedra account for the absence of a center of symmetry in YNi(OH)3(SO4)-I. Both compounds decompose to form the oxides Y2M2O5 when heated to 980–1000°C in air.
Direct exchange of metal ions onto silica waveguides

A fiber optic sensor measured the rate of ion exchange for metal cations between a solution 4ivironrnent and silica core surface. The ion exchange of Pb was observed to be both reversible and reproducible. Further by competitive displacement of cations the exchange selectivities for a series of metals were confirmed. I.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Spectral theory and iterative methods for the Maxwell system in nonsmooth domains

We study spectral properties of boundary integral operators which naturally arise in the study of the Maxwell system of equations in a Lipschitz domain Ω ⊆ ℝ3. By employing Rellich-type identities we show that the spectrum of the magnetic dipole boundary integral operator (composed with an appropriate projection) acting on L2(∂Ω) lies in the exterior of a hyperbola whose shape depends only on the Lipschitz constant of Ω. These spectral theory results are then used to construct generalized Neumann series solutions for boundary value problems associated with the Maxwell system and to study their rates of convergence (© 2010 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Field-Programmable LNAs With Interferer-Reflecting Loop for Input Linearity Enhancement

A field-programmable (FP) low-noise amplifier (LNA) with interferer-reflecting (IR) loop is introduced. The user can program its gain, noise figure, linearity and power consumption during operation. The IR loop uses a frequency-selective shunt-shunt feedback around the noise-canceling LNA to reduce the input impedance out of band and to suppress the input voltage swing created by blockers. A notch filter at the desired operation frequency in the feedback path results in selectivity at the RF input so that all out-of-band blockers are suppressed without the need to know blocker locations and the LNA input linearity is improved. 65 nm CMOS chip prototypes have been implemented with on-chip LC, bondwire LC or N-path notch filters. The FP N-path IR-LNA operates from 0.2 to 1.6 GHz; with the IR disabled, the NF is 2.4 dB, $B_{1\ {\rm dB}}$ is $-$ 15 dBm, and the $OOB{-}IIP_{3}$ is $+$ 2.5 dBm with a 13 mW power consumption; with the IR on, the NF is 3.6 dB, the RF channel input bandwidth is 20 MHz, the $B_{1\ {\rm dB}}$ is $-$ 4 dBm and the $OOB{-}IIP_{3}$ is $+$ 14.5 dBm. The LNA has an analog $V_{DD}$ of 1.6 V and an LO $V_{DD}$ of 1 V and dissipates 15.8 to 20.2 mW across operating frequencies.
Ineffectiveness of dimethyl sulfoxide in altering the permeability of the blood-brain barrier.

Abstract The failure of DMSO to alter the permeability of the blood-brain barrier has been studied using several polar, nonpolar, hydrophilic, and hydrophobic compounds labeled with selected radioactive isotopes. The metabolites were Na131I, 131I-iodinated human serum albumin, l -[35S]methionine, dl -[ring-2-14C]tryptophan, [U-14C]sucrose, d -[6-14C]glucose, and [4-14C]cholesterol. DMSO was injected intraperitoneally at a dose of 1 g/kg followed after 1 hr by the intracarotid injection of the labeled metabolite. An appropriate volume of saline was substituted for the DMSO in control animals. The brain and one gastrocnemius muscle were removed at selected intervals up to 30 min and the uptake into these tissues was measured. It was found that the permeability of neither the blood-brain barrier nor skeletal muscle was altered by this concentration of DMSO. This dose of DMSO, administered intravenously, frequently caused death and, intraperitoneally, caused muscular twitching, lethargy, and hematuria.
Stable negative ions and shape resonances in a series of organic molecules.

We report on the theoretical determination of low-lying shape resonances in a selected set of seven molecules. The finite element discrete model method is used and the absolute differences between calculated and experimental values, where known, are ⪅0.15 eV for the resonances lowest in energy. Difficulties expected with the higher calculated values are discussed. This article reports results for ortho-benzyne, benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, styrene, formamide, and acetamide. Comparisons are made with a few other calculations, again where available.
Incentive regulation and the change in productive efficiency in telecommunications in the United States

Incentive regulation has become an important regulatory tool in the telecommunications industry in the United States. The issue explored here is whether incentive regulation has resulted in an increase in productive efficiency. After providing an overview of the nature of incentive regulation, a methodology for measuring technical inefficiency and its change is introduced. This is a stochastic frontier production function approach reflecting technical inefficiency effects. The results of implementing this methodology suggest that in the production of interLATA billed access minutes for interstate calls, there was no change in technical efficiency, something that incentive regulation was specifically designed to enhance. Finally, an assessment of technical efficiency across individual LECs in the United States indicates considerable variability. Published in 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Band-applied elemental sulfur to enhance the phytoavailability of phosphorus in alkaline calcareous soils

Applications of elemental sulfur (S°) increase the phytoavailability of P in alkaline high-Ca soils through the production of H2SO4 which is induced by microbial oxidation of S. Concentrated S bands, allowing “time release” acidity, may aid in maintaining the phytoavailability of both residual and fertilizer P. Greenhouse and field studies were therefore conducted to determine the effectiveness of band-applied S° for increasing the phytoavailability of residual and fertilizer P for spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and corn (Zea mays L.). We also used inoculation of S° with Thiobacillus thioparus to determine whether it is necessary or helpful in alkaline soils to initiate acidification. Treatments were inoculation, S°, S° + inoculation, triple superphosphate, triple superphosphate + S°, triple superphosphate + inoculation, and triple superphosphate + S° + inoculation applied to three alkaline soils: Typic Argiborolls, Borollic Calciorthids, and Ustollic Haplargids. P availability was determined by plant uptake of P, NaHCO3-extractable P, dry-matter yield, grain yield and grain-protein production, and on available-P index (NaHCO3-extractable P, post-harvest, + plant uptake of P). Application of S° with triple superphosphate gave a significantly higher available-P index than triple superphosphate alone on all three soils. Inoculation of S° with T. thioparus increased soil acidity; however, in some cases this treatment eliminated the beneficial effect of S°. Grain yields of wheat increased with S° applications at one of two field sites. These results suggest that applying S° with triple superphosphate may be an effective means of increasing soil P availability and the efficiency of superphosphate fertilizers on alkaline high-Ca soils.
In vitro fertilization and development of bovine oocytes matured in serum-free medium.

This study was undertaken to investigate the effects of supplementation of serum (fetal calf serum), gonadotropins (LH, FSH, prolactin) and estradiol-17� (E,) to culture medium during In vitro maturation of bovine cumulus oocyte complexes on subsequent fertilization and development to the blastocyst stage In vitro. Serum supplementation during bovine oocyte maturation was not required but hormonal supplementation, gonadotropins (LH + FSH) and E,, enhanced the fertilizability and developmental ability of bovine oocytes matured in vitro. The addition of prolactin to maturation medium containing LH, FSH, and E2 did not further enhance frequencies of fertilization and development.
COMPARATIVE PSYCHOLOGY RETURNS: A REVIEW OF HULSE, FOWLER, AND HONIG'S COGNITIVE PROCESSES IN ANIMAL BEHAVIOR1

Especially remarkable seems the rarity of efforts to trace the evolution of the human intellect from that of the lower animals. Since Darwin's discovery, the beasts of the field, the fowl of the air and the fish of the sea have been examined with infinite pains by hundreds of workers in the effort to trace our physical genealogy, and with consummate success; yet few and far between have been the efforts to find the origins of intellect and trace its progress up to human faculty. And none of them has achieved any sure success. (Thorndike, 1911, p. 282)
Forests, climate, and silicate rock weathering

Abstract Over time periods of 10 6 years and longer, atmospheric carbon dioxide content is largely controlled by a balance between silicate rock weathering and CO 2 sources (degassing from the Earth plus net organic carbon oxidation). Vegetation cover can affect silicate rock weathering rates by increasing soil CO 2 content, stabilizing soil cover, and producing organic acids. Forests absorb more solar radiation than most other ecosystems; this tends to warm Earth's climate, especially outside of the tropics; this warmth would tend to increase silicate rock weathering rates. Here, we develop preliminary parameterizations of this effect that could be incorporated into carbonate–silicate cycle models, based on the results of general circulation model simulations.
A Pearson VII distribution function for fast calculation of dechanneling and angular dispersion of beams

Abstract Although multiple scattering theories have been well developed, numerical calculation is complicated and only tabulated values have been available, which has caused inconvenience in practical use. We have found that a Pearson VII distribution function can be used to fit Lugujjo and Mayer’s probability curves in describing the dechanneling phenomenon in backscattering analysis, over a wide range of disorder levels. Differentiation of the obtained function gives another function to calculate angular dispersion of the beam in the frameworks by Sigmund and Winterbon. The present work provides an easy calculation of both dechanneling probability and angular dispersion for any arbitrary combination of beam and target having a reduced thickness ⩾ 0.6 , which can be implemented in modeling of channeling spectra. Furthermore, we used a Monte Carlo simulation program to calculate the deflection probability and compared them with previously tabulated data. A good agreement was reached.
Varactor tuned ring resonator microwave oscillator

A varactor tuned X-band microwave oscillator using a ring resonator side coupled to a microstrip line is presented. The tuning range of the oscillator is linear and the circuit is implemented using planar processing technology. It can also easily be implemented at millimeter wavelengths. The design guidelines are presented.
Induction of serum-borne immunomodulatory factors in B6C3F1 mice by carbon tetrachloride. I. Carbon tetrachloride-induced suppression of helper T-lymphocyte function is mediated by a serum borne factor

Following carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury, hepatotrophic factors are synthesized and released into the serum to facilitate the regeneration of damaged hepatic tissue. We investigated the possibility that immunosuppression could be mediated through induction of a serum factor(s) because in vivo exposure of B6C3F1 mice to carbon tetrachloride selectively inhibits T-cell-dependent immune responses. Addition of mouse serum (5% by volume) obtained from mice treated with carbon tetrachloride (250 or 500 mg/kg/day for 7 days) to naive spleen cell cultures markedly suppressed the sheep red blood cell antibody-forming cell response compared to controls (P < 0.01). Immunosuppression was observed in mice sensitized with sheep red blood cells 48 h, but not 24 or 72 h, following one dose of carbon tetrachloride (1000 mg/kg). Only serum isolated from mice 48 h following exposure to a single dose of carbon tetrachloride (1000 mg/kg) suppressed the antibody-forming cell response when added in vitro to spleen cell cultures. Biodistribution studies using [14C]-labelled carbon tetrachloride demonstrated that accumulation of the [14C]-label was primarily associated with excretory organs (liver, kidneys and lungs) but not with the serum, red blood cells, or spleen. Surprisingly, 24 and 48 h following exposure to [14C]-labelled carbon tetrachloride, an increase in radioactivity was detected in the thymus. The distinct profile immunosuppressive activity associated with serum isolated from carbon tetrachloride-treated mice and the biodistribution studies clearly demonstrating a negligible amount of carbon tetrachloride or metabolites in the serum strongly implicate the role of a carbon tetrachloride-induced serum borne immunosuppressive factor.
Theoretical studies of homogeneous linewidths of optical transitions in glasses

Abstract In this paper, we review the recent theories of the homogeneous linewidth of chromophores in glasses, using the Redfield relaxation theory as a starting point. We treat the interaction of phonons with the two-level systems in the glass and discuss the approximations and averaging techniques used by many authors. We also examine the role of fractons and other models for the width.
Neuronal NO modulates spontaneous and ANG II-stimulated fetal swallowing behavior in the near-term ovine fetus.

Spontaneous fetal swallowing occurs at a markedly higher rate compared with spontaneous adult drinking activity. This high rate of fetal swallowing is critical for amniotic fluid volume regulation....
U-Pb geochronology of the Wolf River batholith, north-central Wisconsin: Evidence for successive magmatism between 1484Ma and 1468Ma

Abstract Single-grain zircon U–Pb age determinations were completed on individual phases of the Mesoproterozoic, anorogenic Wolf River batholith (WRB) of Wisconsin and the nearby Wausau syenite complex in order to (a) define the age more precisely and accurately, (b) determine whether there is a resolvable age difference within units of the WRB and (c) determine whether the Wausau syenite complex is coeval with any or all parts of the WRB. U–Pb results for many individual zircon grains from the WRB plot near concordia and yield ages ranging from 1468 ± 4 Ma to 1484 ± 2 Ma. Plutons of the northeastern lobe of the WRB (Peshtigo monzonite, Hager porphyry, Belongia granite, and High Falls granite) have a weighted average crystallization age of 1470.3 ± 1.2 Ma, which is younger than the main complex plutons (Wolf River granite, Wiborgite porphyry, Red River granite, and Waupaca granite), which yields a weighted average crystallization age of 1475.6 ± 1.7 Ma (excluding one sample of Wolf River granite from Hogarty which yields an age of 1484 ± 2 Ma). Two samples from the main complex also contain zircons with younger apparent ages of 1470–1471 Ma; these younger grains may reflect late stage alteration of some zircons coeval with emplacement of the northeastern lobe. The Wausau syenite and the Nine Mile granite of the nearby Wausau syenite complex (1522 Ma and 1506 Ma, respectively) are significantly older than the WRB and definitely not coeval or comagmatic. The syenite complex may be a precursor to the larger WRB magmatism. Sm–Nd T DM ages for most WRB samples indicate crust formation ages from 1.8 Ga to 1.9 Ga, compatible with formation of the magmas from late Paleoproterozoic (Penokean) crust. One unit, which locally intrudes Archean gneiss, has a small component of that older rock involved in its evolution. The two Wausau complex units have younger TDM ages and appear to have incorporated slightly greater amounts of juvenile constituents.
Behavior of some elements during magmatic crystallisation

Abstract Following concepts first introduced by Pauling , a simple equation can be derived for prediction of single bond energies for diatomic molecules. For transition elements an additional term must be added to account for crystal field stabilization. When allowance is made for multiple bonds, this equation provides a quantitative substitute for Goldschmidt's rules. It has the added advantage of also incorporating the influence of electronegativity differences.
The Thermal Evolution of Ices in the Environments of Newly Formed Stars: The CO_2 Diagnostic

Archival data from the Infrared Spectrometer of the Spitzer Space Telescope are used to study the 15 μm absorption feature of solid CO_2 toward 28 young stellar objects (YSOs) of approximately solar mass. Fits to the absorption profile using laboratory spectra enable categorization according to the degree of thermal processing of the ice matrix that contains the CO_2. The majority of YSOs in our sample (20 out of 28) are found to be consistent with a combination of polar (H_2O-rich) and nonpolar (CO-rich) ices at low temperature; the remainder exhibit profile structure consistent with partial crystallization as the result of significant heating. Ice-phase column densities of CO_2 are determined and compared with those of other species. Lines of sight with crystallization signatures in their spectra are found to be systematically deficient in solid-phase CO, as expected if CO is being sublimated in regions where the ices are heated to crystallization temperatures. Significant variation is found in the CO2 abundance with respect to both H_2O (the dominant ice constituent) and total dust column (quantified by the extinction, AV ). YSOs in our sample display typically higher CO_2 concentrations (independent of evidence for thermal processing) in comparison to quiescent regions of the prototypical cold molecular cloud. This suggests that enhanced CO_2 production is driven by photochemical reactions in proximity to some YSOs, and that photoprocessing and thermal processing may occur independently.
Persistence in Political Participation

This paper uses discontinuities imposed by voting-age restrictions to identify the effect of past eligibility on subsequent participation decisions and partisan identification. It compares participation decisions and partisan affiliations of individuals who turned 18 just before past elections with those who turned 18 just after. It presents three main findings. First, past presidential election eligibility increases the probability of subsequent participation. For example, the point estimates indicate that 2000 presidential election eligibility increased participation in the 2004 presidential election by 3.0–4.5 percent, which suggests that voting in the 2000 presidential election increased 2004 participation by about 5 percentage points. Second, past presidential election eligibility affects partisan identification. Third, these effects continue to persist for several election cycles after a voter first becomes eligible.
Variation of Lyapunov exponents on a strange attractor

We introduce the idea of local Lyapunov exponents which govern the way small perturbations to the orbit of a dynamical system grow or contract after afinite number of steps,L, along the orbit. The distributions of these exponents over the attractor is an invariant of the dynamical system; namely, they are independent of the orbit or initial conditions. They tell us the variation of predictability over the attractor. They allow the estimation of extreme excursions of perturbations to an orbit once we know the mean and moments about the mean of these distributions. We show that the variations about the mean of the Lyapunov exponents approach zero asL → ∞ and argue from our numerical work on several chaotic systems that this approach is asL −v. In our examplesv ≈ 0.5–1.0. The exponents themselves approach the familiar Lyapunov spectrum in this same fashion.