cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Opossum lymphocytes in short-term culture with phytohemagglutinin

Abstract 3H-Thymidine-methyl (3H-TdR) incorporation into DNA by lymphocytes from peripheral blood was dependent on the concentration of phytohemagglutinin-M (PHA-M) and the maximum incorporation occurred with 1:10 final dilution of PHA. A lower dilution of PHA was cytotoxic and at 1:2.5 and 1:5 dilution the cell death was 66% and 42% respectively. When autologous plasma was used simultaneously with 1:10 dilution of PHA and inactivated fetal calf serum an increased capacity of DNA synthesis was observed. A 24 h exposure to 3H-TdR by lymphocytes resulted in a higher uptake than a 5 h exposure.
Measurement of membrane potential and estimation of effective fixed-charge density in membranes.

Electrical potentialsE m arising across cross-linked phenolsulfonate membrane separating NaCl solutions of molality M1 and M2 have been measured at 25 °C. These values ofE m have been used in the Nernst equation to calculate values for the apparent transport number $$\bar t_{i(app)} $$ for the counterion or the co-ion in the membrane. Values of $$\bar t_{i(app)} $$ together with the limiting value for the cation transport number in the aqueous phase have been used in the equation developed by Kobatake and co-workers to evaluate the membrane permselectivityP s as a function of external electrolyte concentration. With the help of the equation relatingP s to $$\overline {\phi X} $$ , the effective fixed-charge density in the membrane (where $$\bar \phi $$ is a constant, $$0< \bar \phi< 1$$ , and $$\bar X$$ is the membrane stochiometric charge density and can be evaluated by chemical analysis of the membrane phase), values for $$\overline {\phi X} $$ and $$\bar \phi $$ have been determined. Values of $$\bar \phi $$ were low in dilute solutions and increased with increase in the concentration of the external solution. Similar behavior was noted in the case of another membrane system, cross-linked polymethacrylic acid in contact with KOH solutions. On the other hand, the membrane system, “untreated” collodion in contact with KCl solutions, exhibited a behavior in which the values of $$\bar \phi $$ , low in dilute solutions, increased and then decreased following a gradual increase in the external concentration. This slight divergence in its behavior was attributed to the heterogeneity of the collodion membrane structure. The reliability of this potentiometric method to estimate effective fixed-charge density in membranes has been discussed in relation to a similar but old method due to Teorell, Meyer and Sievers. Also the significance of the values derived for $$\bar \phi $$ has been pointed out.
Kinetics of Antigen Binding to Arrays of Antibodies in Different Sized Spots

A fluorescence-based array biosensor has been developed which can measure the binding kinetics of an antigen to an immobilized antibody in real time. A patterned array of antibodies immobilized on the surface of a planar waveguide was used to capture a Cy5-labeled antigen present in a solution that was continuously flowed over the surface. The CCD image of the waveguide was monitored continuously for 25 min. The resulting exponential rise in fluorescence signal was determined by image analysis software and fitted to a reaction-limited kinetics model, giving a kf of 3.6 × 105 M-1 s-1. Different spot sizes were then patterned on the surface of the waveguide using either a PDMS flow cell or laser exposure, producing width sizes ranging from 80 to 1145 μm. It was demonstrated that under flow conditions, the reduction of spot size did not alter the association rate of the antigen with immobilized antibody; however, as the spot width decreased to < 200 nm, the signal intensity also decreased.
An Examination of Institutional Reports: Use of Data for Program Improvement

Abstract Owing to national emphasis on accountability, teacher education programs are under close scrutiny by federal and state-level entities to justify their purpose and usefulness in preparing future teachers. Accrediting agencies have set high standards, which ask for systematic assessment of teacher education programs and their candidates. The purpose of this study was to examine teacher preparation program assessment systems and unit evaluations—specifically, the use of data for program improvement. Using the interpretive/constructivist paradigm, we used a qualitative approach to compare and contrast 80 institutional reports from teacher education programs based on National Council for Accreditation of Teacher Education's Standard 2, Element 3 (“Assessment System and Unit Evaluation: Use of Data for Program Improvement”). The findings revealed that the most common areas of program improvement were (1) changes in curriculum, (2) assessment systems, (3) unit and program structures, and (4) admissions ...
MOMENTARY TIME SAMPLING AS AN ESTIMATE OF PERCENTAGE TIME: A FIELD VALIDATION

This study examined the percentage time estimates of momentary time sampling against the real time obtained with handheld computers in a natural setting. Twenty-two concurrent observations were conducted in elementary schools by one observer who used 15-s momentary time sampling and a second who used a handheld computer. Results for the six behaviors showed a close correspondence between the momentary time sampling percentage observation intervals and the real time percentage observation time, although 15-s momentary time sampling tended not to sample low-frequency short-duration behaviors. The results confirmed laboratory findings that short-interval momentary time sampling estimates percentage time accurately for a wide range of behavior frequencies and durations, and suggested that observers using momentary time sampling in a natural setting are able to obtain accurate data.
A rapid culture alternative to the shell-vial method for the detection of herpes simplex virus.

Abstract The rapid test for detection of herpes simplex virus (HSV) in clinical specimens based on infection of cells in suspension (SI test) was compared to the shell-vial culture (SVC) method and conventional culture. Mink lung cells were used throughout the study. Detection of HSV was not significantly different whether using SI or SVC. The sensitivity of SI in detecting HSV, when compared with conventional culture, was 93.0% using 0.1 ml inocula and 98.3% using 0.5 ml inocula. The time to obtain a final result with both SI and SVC was 1 day compared with 1–7 days by conventional culture. The SI method detected both HSV type-1 and HSV type-2 clinical isolates. The SI technique is a simple method for the rapid detection of HSV and can yield diagnostic results with a minimum of technical manipulations.
Flexible Microtactile Sensor for Normal and Shear Elasticity Measurements

This paper presents a tactile sensor capable of measuring Young's modulus and shear modulus of elasticity for polymers, soft tissue, and other materials. The sensor is built by using polydimethylsiloxane as the structural material. A number of sensing cells of different stiffnesses are used in each sensor. The Young's modulus of the targeted object can be measured based on the relative deflections of adjacent sensing cells. The shear modulus measurement is enabled by using a quad-electrode structure in each sensing cell. Experimental results show sensing resolutions of 0.1 MPa for Young's modulus measurement in the range of 0.1-1 MPa and 0.05 MPa for shear modulus measurement ranging from 0.05 to 0.2 MPa. The flexible tactile sensor can be integrated on the end effector of robotic arms to achieve tactile sensing feedback. The proposed sensing technology can also be utilized for fast measurement of both Young's modulus and shear modulus for industrial applications that involve measuring mechanical properties of materials.
Enhanced hydrogen generation using a saline catholyte in a two chamber microbial electrolysis cell

Abstract High rates of hydrogen gas production were achieved in a two chamber microbial electrolysis cell (MEC) without a catholyte phosphate buffer by using a saline catholyte solution and a cathode constructed around a stainless steel mesh current collector. Using the non-buffered salt solution (68 mM NaCl) produced the highest current density of 131 ± 12 A/m 3 , hydrogen yield of 3.2 ± 0.3 mol H 2 /mol acetate, and gas production rate of 1.6 ± 0.2 m 3 H 2 /m 3 ·d, compared to MECs with catholytes externally sparged with CO 2 or containing a phosphate buffer. The salinity of the catholyte achieved a high solution conductivity, and therefore the electrode spacing did not appreciably affect performance. The coulombic efficiency with the cathode placed near the membrane separating the chambers was 83 ± 4%, similar to that obtained with the cathode placed more distant from the membrane (84 ± 4%). Using a carbon cloth cathode instead of the stainless steel mesh cathode did not significantly affect performance, with all reactor configurations producing similar performance in terms of total gas volume, COD removal, r cat and overall energy recovery. These results show MEC performance can be improved by using a saline catholyte without pH control.
Anomalous-scattering region on Triton

A photometric analysis of Voyager 2 images of a broad, 'anomalous scattering region' (ASR) on Triton shows its material to differ from the average Triton regolith in being only weakly backward scattering at all Voyager 2 camera wavelengths; the ASR also displays distinctive phase-dependent green/violet color ratios and clear-filter albedo. These characteristics are used to map the global distribution of the ASR areas for which photometric coverage is incomplete. The ASR may form an almost continuous band of material that runs parallel to the Triton equator, characterized by the presence of a transparent and optically thin, seasonally-controlled veneer of well-annealed solid N2.
Voodoo Death: Some New Thoughts on an Old Phenomenon

Criticisms of the validity of the phenomenon of death by suggestion are reviewed and rebutted. Two theories of the mechanism of death by suggestion, proposed by Cannon and Richter, are described, and a new theory is proposed. The new theory is based on Engel's concept of the giving up-given up complex in medically ill patients and is shown to be capable of generating testable predictions about the phenomenon of voodoo death.
Complete integrability of the Benjamin-Ono equation by means of action-angle variables

Abstract We establish the functional relations between variations of the potential δu ( x ) in the scattering problem for the Lax operator of the Benjamin-Ono (BO) equation, on one hand, and the set of variations of the corresponding scattering data, on the other. The key operator in our calculations is the Green's function for the Lax operator of the BO. This Green's function is computed by using the analyticity properties of the Jost functions with respect to the spectral parameter. The results obtained allow us to establish the completeness of the “squared eigenfunctions” (SE) for the BO equation. We also prove the orthogonality relation of the SE. This enables us to determine the action-angle variables of the BO equation and their Poisson brackets. Thus, we can also prove the complete integrability of the BO equation as a Hamiltonian system.
Object recognition and localization using optical proximity sensor system: polyhedral case

The authors present an algorithm for the recognition and localization of 3D polyhedral objects based on an optical proximity sensor system. In particular, the representation of a polyhedral object and the determination of the optimal sensor trajectory for the next probing are considered. The object representation is based on two levels of hierarchy: the description of a 3D structure by an intersurface relation description table (SDT) and the surface normal vector (SNV) distribution graph, and the description of individual surfaces by interedge relation description tables (EDTs). The partially filled SDT and EDTs of the test object are matched against the SDT and EDTs of a model object to extract all the possible interpretations. In order to achieve the maximum discrimination among all possible interpretations, the optimal sensor trajectory for the next probing is determined as follows: (1) select the optimal beam orientation on the basis of the SNV distribution graph of the multiple interpretation image (MII), where the MII is formed with reference to the hand frame by localizing the test object on the basis of individual interpretations, and (2) determine the optimal probing plane by projecting the MII onto the projection plane perpendicular to the beam orientation and deriving the optimal path on the probing plane. Simulation results are shown. >
Series-connected self-reconfigurable multicell battery

This paper proposes a novel series-connected, self-reconfigurable, multicell battery design. A new cell switching circuit topology is proposed and implemented by using high-efficiency semiconductor devices for dynamic configuration of the multicell battery. Each cell in the battery only uses two switches to fully control its operation independently. The proposed design can maximally utilize the battery's capacity and is tolerant to failures of single or multiple cells. These prolong the operating time and lifespan and enhance the reliability of the battery system. By using the proposed design, additional monitoring, control, protection and optimization functions can be readily added to each cell and the battery system to produce a smart battery. The proposed design is validated by simulation and experimental results for a six-cell polymer lithium-ion battery pack. The proposed design is universal and can be applied to any type and size of battery cells.
Cerebrospinal fluid leaks following spinal surgery: use of fat grafts for prevention and repair. Technical note

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks are relatively common following spinal surgery. A midline dural tear in the spine is readily repaired by direct application of sutures; however, far-lateral or ventral dural tears are problematic. Fat is an ideal sealant because it is impermeable to water. In this paper the author reports his experience with using fat grafts for the prevention or repair of CSF leaks and proposes a technique in which a large sheet of fat, harvested from the patient's subcutaneous layer, is used to cover not only the dural tear(s) but all of the exposed dura and is tucked into the lateral recess. This procedure prevents CSF from seeping around the fat, which may be tacked to the dura with a few sutures. Fibrin glue is spread on the surface of the fat and is further covered with Surgicel or Gelfoam. For ventral dural tears (associated with procedures in which disc material is excised), fat is packed into the disc space to seal off the ventral dural leak. Dural suture lines following spinal intradural exploration are prophylatically protected from CSF leakage in the same manner. With one exception, 27 dural tears noted during 1650 spinal procedures were successfully repaired using this technique. There was one case of postoperative CSF leakage in 140 cases in which intradural exploration for tumor or other lesions was undertaken. Both postoperative CSF leaks were controlled by applying additional skin sutures. The use of a fat graft is recommended as a rapid, effective means of prevention and repair of CSF leaks following spinal surgery.
A microfluidic device to investigate axon targeting by limited numbers of purified cortical projection neuron subtypes.

While much is known about general controls over axon guidance of broad classes of projection neurons (those with long-distance axonal connections), molecular controls over specific axon targeting by distinct neuron subtypes are poorly understood. Corticospinal motor neurons (CSMN) are prototypical and clinically important cerebral cortex projection neurons; they are the brain neurons that degenerate in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and related motor neuron diseases, and their injury is central to the loss of motor function in spinal cord injury. Primary culture of purified immature murine CSMN has been recently established, using either fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) or immunopanning, enabling a previously unattainable level of subtype-specific investigation, but the resulting number of CSMN is quite limiting for standard approaches to study axon guidance. We developed a microfluidic system specifically designed to investigate axon targeting of limited numbers of purified CSMN and other projection neurons in culture. The system contains two chambers for culturing target tissue explants, allowing for biologically revealing axonal growth “choice” experiments. This device will be uniquely enabling for investigation of controls over axon growth and neuronal survival of many types of neurons, particularly those available only in limited numbers.
Comparison of Disk Diffusion, VITEK 2, and Broth Microdilution Antimicrobial Susceptibility Test Results for Unusual Species of Enterobacteriaceae

We compared the antimicrobial susceptibility testing results generated by disk diffusion and the VITEK 2 automated system with the results of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) broth microdilution (BMD) reference method for 61 isolates of unusual species of Enterobacteriaceae. The isolates represented 15 genera and 26 different species, including Buttiauxella, Cedecea, Kluyvera, Leminorella, and Yokenella. Antimicrobial agents included aminoglycosides, carbapenems, cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, penicillins, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. CLSI interpretative criteria for Enterobacteriaceae were used. Of the 12 drugs tested by BMD and disk diffusion, 10 showed >95% categorical agreement (CA). CA was lower for ampicillin (80.3%) and cefazolin (77.0%). There were 3 very major errors (all with cefazolin), 1 major error (also with cefazolin), and 26 minor errors. Of the 40 isolates (representing 12 species) that could be identified with the VITEK 2 database, 36 were identified correctly to species level, 1 was identified to genus level only, and 3 were reported as unidentified. VITEK 2 generated MIC results for 42 (68.8%) of 61 isolates, but categorical interpretations (susceptible, intermediate, and resistant) were provided for only 22. For the 17 drugs tested by both BMD and VITEK 2, essential agreement ranged from 80.9 to 100% and CA ranged from 68.2% (ampicillin) to 100%; thirteen drugs exhibited 100% CA. In summary, disk diffusion provides a reliable alternative to BMD for testing of unusual Enterobacteriaceae, some of which cannot be tested, or produce incorrect results, by automated methods.
Concepts for thin-film GaAs concentrator cells

The development of advanced GaAs concentrator solar cells for space power systems, and, in particular, the use of CLEFT (cleavage of lateral epitaxial films for transfer) processes for formation of thin-film structures is reported. The use of CLEFT has made possible processing of the back, and cells with back surface grids are discussed. Data on patterned junction development are presented; such junctions are expected to be useful in back surface applications requiring point contacts, grating structures, and interdigitated back contacts. CLEFT concentrator solar cells with grids on the front and back surfaces are reported. These cells are 4 mu m-thick and are bonded to glass covers for support. Air mass zero efficiency of 18.8% has been obtained for a CLEFT concentrator operating at 18.5 suns. >
Green chemistry design, innovation, solutions and a cohesive system

The highest quality scientific discovery and innovation is the heart and soul of green chemistry. In the absence of scientific excellence, the noble goals of advancing sustainability become hollow ...
Inference of design pattern instances in UML models via logic programming

This paper formalizes the notion of a design model structurally conforming to a design pattern by representing the model as a logic program whilst the pattern as a query. The conformance of a model to a design pattern is equivalent to the satisfaction of the query by the logic program. Harnessing logic inference capability of logic programming languages, we obtain an automated method that infers all the instances of a design pattern in a UML class diagram. We use the visitor pattern and a price calculation application to demonstrate the technique.
Collapsing nanoparticle-laden nanotubes

We show how self-assembly of sticky nanoparticles can drive radial collapse of thin-walled nanotubes. Using numerical simulations, we study the transition as a function of the geometric and elastic parameters of the nanotube and the binding strength of the nanoparticles. We find that it is possible to derive a simple scaling law relating all these parameters, and estimate bounds for the onset conditions leading to the collapse of the nanotube. We also study the reverse process – the nanoparticle release from the folded state – and find that the stability of the collapsed state can be greatly improved by increasing the bending rigidity of the nanotubes. Our results suggest ways to strengthen the mechanical properties of nanotubes, but also indicate that the control of nanoparticle self-assembly on these nanotubes can lead to nanoparticle-laden responsive materials.
A compact array for characterizing 32k transistors in wafer scribe lanes

A new test structure was designed to enable characterization of 32k transistors in one scribe lane test module using standard parametric test equipment. Using a novel design technique, a very compact layout area is achieved with minimal overhead for a Kelvin drain connection and leakage suppression of unselected devices. A new method based on channel conductance was developed to mitigate decoder series resistance issues which affect extrapolation of threshold voltage. At higher current levels, random variations in transistor threshold voltage data followed the expected normal distribution up to 4.1 sigma. The effects of layout environment and probe pressure were found to have no impact on measured results.
Insights into deposition of Lower Cretaceous black shales from meager accumulation of organic matter in Albian sediments from ODP site 763, Exmouth Plateau, Northwest Australia

The amount and type of organic matter present in an exceptionally complete upper Aptian to lower Cenomanian sequence of sediments from ODP site 763 on the Exmouth Plateau has been determined. Organic carbon concentrations average 0.2%. Organic matter is marine in origin, and its production and preservation was low over the ca. 20-million-year interval recorded by this sequence. Because this section was tectonically isolated from mainland Australia in the early Aptian, it better represents global oceanic conditions than the many basin-edge locations in which Albian-age black shales have been found. Formation of the basin-edge black shales evidently resulted from rapid, turbiditic burial of organic matter rather than from enhanced oceanic production or from basin-wide anoxia during the Albian.
A New Look at Old Friends: The Molecular Biology of the Protein Markers

Until the advent of DNA technology, protein markers occupied center stage in the armamentarium of forensic biology. Body fluid identification is based on the detection of tissue specific protein markers, e.g., hemoglobin for blood, prostatic acid phosphatase and prostatic antigen p30 for semen, amylase for saliva, and so on. More prominently, the core group of genetic markers used for individualization and paternity testing consisted primarily of polymorphic red cell enzymes and plasma proteins; these markers now have been eclipsed for the most part by DNA markers.
Strong coupling, fluctuations and the specific heat of YBa2,Cu3O7-δ

Abstract Specific-heat data on the high-temperature superconductor YBa2Cu3O7-δ provide evidence for strong coupling. The data on ceramic and single-crystal samples also indicate that, when there is a fluctuation contribution to the specific-heat anomaly at Tc' the anomaly is reduced in height. These results are consistent with the idea that an oxygen deficiency reduces γ and enhances fluctuation effects.
Cosmological lower bound on heavy-neutrino masses

The present cosmic mass density of possible stable neutral heavy leptons is calculated in a standard cosmological model. In order for this density not to exceed the upper limit of 2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}29}$ g/${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$, the lepton mass would have to be greater than a lower bound of the order of 2 GeV.
A Functional Approach to International Organization

D EVELOPMENTS IN THEORY building in international relations in recent years seem to have neglected the subject of international organization. Since the first step in theory construction is to specify basic concepts and hypotheses, a step not yet taken systematically in the field of international organization,L it should perhaps be no surprise that international organization theory has lagged. In the following discussion an attempt is made to delineate fundamental terms and propositions which may serve as a springboard for a theory of international organization as a subset of a broader structural-functional approach to international relations.2
Bioethics in pediatric neuromuscular disease

The increasing frequency with which bioethical issues arise in the medical care of pediatric patients with neuromuscular disease suggests a need for a working knowledge of the field for the clinical physician. Institutional Bioethics Committees are multidisciplinary groups that include medical, nursing, social service, legal, religious or chaplaincy, and community representation. The role and functioning of these committees very widely according to institution. Inherent in the process of consent is that it must be an informed consent. This requires that the person consenting has been given adequate information to understand and to appreciate the benefits and risks of the treatment. There are some instances in which consent by minor patients is necessary.
Toward a theory of social relations: the regression analog

A conceptual approach is developed in this paper using the logic and concepts of requisite variety and regression to analyze social relations phenomena such as: attraction, power, conflict, stability, competition, and cooperation. A social relationship between two social systems is conceptualized as a perceptual phenomenon by one member of the social dyad (target system) and is determined by psychological contiguity between perceived benefits and costs. The attraction felt by the target system toward the other system is conceptualized as the slope of the regression line, power in the intercept of the regression line, stability in the coefficient of determination, and conflict in the standard error of the estimate. Furthermore, competition is conceptualized in terms of proportion of variance in benefits accounted for by the target system relative to other competitor systems. Finally, cooperation is viewed as a special case in which the effort of multiple target systems is greater than the sum of the proportion of variance accounted for by each target system separately.
Automatic Inference of the Tense of Chinese Events Using Implicit Linguistic Information

We address the problem of automatically inferring the tense of events in Chinese text. We use a new corpus annotated with Chinese semantic tense information and other implicit Chinese linguistic information using a “distant annotation” method. We propose three improvements over a relatively strong baseline method ‐ a statistical learning method with extensive feature engineering. First, we add two sources of implicit linguistic information as features ‐ eventuality type and modality of an event, which are also inferred automatically. Second, we perform joint learning on semantic tense, eventuality type, and modality of an event. Third, we train artificial neural network models for this problem and compare its performance with feature-based approaches. Experimental results show considerable improvements on Chinese tense inference. Our best performance reaches 68.6% in accuracy, outperforming a strong baseline method.
Early recognition of 1-year-old infants with autism spectrum disorder versus mental retardation

Previous work based on observations of home videotapes indicates that differences can be detected between infants with autism spectrum disorder and infants with typical development at 1 year of age. The present study addresses the question of whether autism can be distinguished from mental retardation by 1 year of age. Home videotapes of first birthday parties from 20 infants later diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder, 14 infants later diagnosed with mental retardation (without autism), and 20 typically developing infants were coded by blind raters with respect to the frequencies of specific social and communicative behaviors and repetitive motor actions. Results indicated that 1-year-olds with autism spectrum disorder can be distinguished from 1-year-olds with typical development and those with mental retardation. The infants with autism spectrum disorder looked at others and oriented to their names less frequently than infants with mental retardation. The infants with autism spectrum disorder and those with mental retardation used gestures and looked to objects held by others less frequently and engaged in repetitive motor actions more frequently than typically developing infants. These results indicate that autism can be distinguished from mental retardation and typical development by 1 year of age.
Can Risk Assessment and Risk Prioritization Be Extricated from Risk Management

This paper argues for an open, reflexive, iterative process of risk assessment, prioritization, and management. It maintains that, while quantitative risk assessments are helpful starting points, the risks of many situations cannot be understood without taking into account uncertainties in alternative risk management approaches. It also maintains that decisions on risk prioritization and management should take into account how risks will be distributed. If either uncertainty or inequity is ignored, intractable conflicts may arise which can derail the necessarily political process of assessing, prioritizing, and managing risk.
Infliximab and Golimumab

Psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis are common chronic inflammatory disorders with substantial physical, financial and psychosocial burdens for patients. Biologic therapy for these conditions has been a major improvement in the therapeutic armamentarium. These drugs can maintain control of the disease, restore physical function and significantly improve the quality of life. This chapter provides a comprehensive review of the safety and efficacy of two of the monoclonal antibody tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) blocking drugs. Infliximab was the first such agent approved for use in the United States in 1998. Golimumab is one of the more recent additions to this family of drugs. There has now been over 15 years of clinical experience with TNFα inhibitors. This experience has allowed physicians to utilize these agents in a manner to maximize efficacy while decreasing the risks of the potential side effect. We will summarize the published data and experience with these two specific agents.
Surface-induced dissociation: a unique tool for studying energetics and kinetics of the gas-phase fragmentation of large ions

Surface-induced dissociation (SID) is a valuable tool for investigating the activation and dissociation of large ions in tandem mass spectrometry. This account summarizes key findings from studies of the energetics and mechanisms of complex ion dissociation in which SID experiments were combined with Rice-Ramsperger-Kassel-Marcus modeling of the experimental data. These studies used time- and collision-energy-resolved SID experiments and SID combined with resonant ejection of selected fragment ions on a specially designed Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) mass spectrometer. Fast-ion activation by collision with a surface combined with the long and variable timescale of FT-ICR mass spectrometry is perfectly suited to studying the energetics and dynamics of complex ion dissociation in the gas phase. Modeling of time- and collision-energy-resolved SID enables the accurate determination of energy and entropy effects in the dissociation process. It has been demonstrated that entropy effects play an important role in determining the dissociation rates of both covalent and noncovalent bonds in large gaseous ions. SID studies have provided important insights on the competition between charge-directed and charge-remote fragmentation in even-electron peptide ions and the role of the charge and radical site on the energetics of the dissociation of odd-electron peptide ions. Furthermore, this work examined factors that affect the strength of noncovalent binding, as well as the competition between covalent and noncovalent bond cleavages and between proton and electron transfer in model systems. Finally, SID studies have been used to understand the factors affecting nucleation and growth of clusters in solution and in the gas phase.
Tax Free Trade Zones of the World and in the United States (Introduction)

The Introduction posted here is from the author's book on "Tax Free Trade Zones of the World and in the United States" (Edward Elgar Publishing, 2012), posted on SSRN by permission of the author and publisher.Within the last few years small and large international companies in all corners of the globe have discovered that tax free trade zones can prove to be an effective tool to develop new markets and to increase earnings from existing foreign trade and manufacturing operations. Presently, there are over 3,000 tax free trade zones, free ports, and similarly designated areas of the world, including about 277 foreign trade zones and more than 500 special purpose subzones in the United States. These zones enable importers and exporters to benefit from a variety of customs-privileged facilities that offer them guarantees, incentives, and numerous advantages. By seeking the sheltered areas best suited to their needs, companies engaged in processing and assembling can also save on taxes and trim costs, including transportation expenses, rental fees, wages, finance charges, and insurance premiums.Today, thousands of imported products, from delicate caviar to sophisticated electronics and machinery, are lodged in free trade zones located in 135 countries, and the free trade zones abroad and the U.S. foreign trade zones together reportedly have employed more than 43 million workers. Domestic or foreign enterprises buying products from abroad can store goods in a customs-free facility prior to shipment into the country where the zone is located. Storage can result in substantial savings in financing charges and increased cash flows. Some importers depend upon free trade zones to package, label, sort, assemble, process or manufacture finished goods prior to re-exporting their duty-exempt finished products.
Personality Traits and Trolley Cases: A Correlational Study

“Trolley cases” have been debated by moral philosophers for many years, and have more recently become the subject of experimental psychological research. Joshua Greene (2007), in particular, argues that Trolley Case fMRI results (Greene et al. 2001) support consequentialist (i.e. consequence-based) moral reasoning over deontological (i.e. principle-based) moral reasoning. According to Greene, whereas consequentialist reasoning correlates with evolutionarily newer, distinctly human “higher” cognitive processes, deontological reasoning correlates with evolutionarily older, cruder, and “morally confabulated” emotional processing. We believe that our study – which examined correlations between personality traits and Trolley Case judgments – undermines Greene’s argument. 160 participants (90 male, 69 female, 1 transgendered; median age 31) were recruited online through Mechanical Turk and Yale Experiment Month web advertisements. Participants completed the BFI-44, a measure of the “Big Five” personality traits; the Short D3, a personality survey measuring the “Dark Triad” of Machiavellianism, narcissism, and psychopathy; a Moral Intuition Survey, which included two famous trolley cases; and a demographic survey. We found consequentialist reasoning in one crucial trolley case – a case that most people judge deontologically and (according to Greene’s fMRI results) emotionally – to correlate significantly with psychopathy, as well as with dispositions to cruelty, taking revenge on authorities, disagreeableness, and carelessness. Our results thus suggest that the emotional processing that Greene criticizes as “morally confabulated” is instead a critical and legitimate part of human moral personality and reasoning.
Energetic cavitation collapse generates 3.2 Mbar plasma with a 1.4 J driver.

A tabletop device uses 1.4 J to drive the symmetric collapse of a 1.8 mm radius vapor bubble in water at 22 bar. Single shot streak imaging reveals a stagnation plasma of 28 micron radius at over 12 000 K and an unprecedented pressure of 3.2 Mbar. Compared to sonoluminescence, the most commonly studied cavitation mechanism, this event is greater by factors of 30\char21{}40 in size, 1 000 000 in energy, and 100 in stagnation pressure. This regime of high energy density has previously been accessible only in massive facilities with very low repetition rates.
Sex-specific pruning of neuronal synapses in Caenorhabditis elegans

Whether and how neurons that are present in both sexes of the same species can differentiate in a sexually dimorphic manner is not well understood. A comparison of the connectomes of the Caenorhabditis elegans hermaphrodite and male nervous systems reveals the existence of sexually dimorphic synaptic connections between neurons present in both sexes. Here we demonstrate sex-specific functions of these sex-shared neurons and show that many neurons initially form synapses in a hybrid manner in both the male and hermaphrodite pattern before sexual maturation. Sex-specific synapse pruning then results in the sex-specific maintenance of subsets of these connections. Reversal of the sexual identity of either the pre- or postsynaptic neuron alone transforms the patterns of synaptic connectivity to that of the opposite sex. A dimorphically expressed and phylogenetically conserved transcription factor is both necessary and sufficient to determine sex-specific connectivity patterns. Our studies reveal new insights into sex-specific circuit development.
Sedimentary filling features and hydrocarbon distribution rules in structural transfer zone

Taking Bayantala transfer zone in Hailaer Basin as an example,this paper analyzes sedimentary filling features in structural transfer zone through paleotopography restore and summarizes its hydrocarbon distribution rules.Result shows that sediments transportation and filling process is controlled by fault terrace zone and accommodation zone formed by the major fault in structural transfer zone.West steep slope in the transfer zone develops two groups of fault terrace zones and accommodation zones.Sediments entering depression can changes phases rapidly from fan deltaic to lacustrine sedimentary system,forming favorable source rock-reservoir-cap rock combination and being favorable area for lithologic reservoir forming.East mild slope has not much fault terrace zones or accommodation zones,being mainly braided deltaic and lacustrine sedimentary system,and not favorable for lithologic reservoir forming.
Study on Corrosive Sulfur of 750 kV Operation Transformer Oil & Partial New Insulation Oil in Shaanxi Province

The unstable sulfide in oil can react with copper in transformer reactor,and result in partial discharge of electrical equipment and burned coil.These accidents which can not be detected through conventional oil quality analysis spectrum monitoring are newly emerged in recent years.The condition of corrosive sulfur in 750 kV transformer reactor oil and partial new insulation oil in Shaanxi province is introduced.The study is helpful to eliminate hidden corrosive sulfur in transformer oil.and prevent the entrance of transformer oil with corrosive sulfur in Shaanxi power system.
Plant Community Resistance to Invasion by Bromus Species: The Roles of Community Attributes, Bromus Interactions with Plant Communities, and Bromus Traits

The factors that determine plant community resistance to exotic annual Bromus species (Bromus hereafter) are diverse and context specific. They are influenced by the environmental characteristics and attributes of the community, the traits of Bromus species, and the direct and indirect interactions of Bromus with the plant community. Environmental factors, in particular ambient and soil temperatures, have significant effects on the ability of Bromus to establish and spread. Seasonality of precipitation relative to temperature influences plant community resistance to Bromus through effects on soil water storage, timing of water and nutrient availability, and dominant plant life forms. Differences among plant communities in how well soil resource use by the plant community matches resource supply rates can influence the magnitude of resource fluctuations due to either climate or disturbance and thus the opportunities for invasion. The spatial and temporal patterns of resource availability and acquisition of growth resources by Bromus versus native species strongly influence resistance to invasion. Traits of Bromus that confer a “priority advantage” for resource use in many communities include early-season germination and high growth and reproductive rates. Resistance to Bromus can be overwhelmed by high propagule supply, low innate seed dormancy, and large, if short-lived, seed banks. Biological crusts can inhibit germination and establishment of invasive annual plants, including several annual Bromus species, but are effective only in the absence of disturbance. Herbivores can have negative direct effects on Bromus, but positive indirect effects through decreases in competitors. Management strategies can be improved through increased understanding of community resistance to exotic annual Bromus species.
Gross Hematuria Following Combined Kidney-Pancreas Transplantation with Pancreaticocystostomy

We report on a 46-year-old man who presented with gross hematuria 3 months after combined kidney and pancreas transplantation with pancreaticocystostomy. There are few reported urological complications from this procedure and this operative technique adds to the differential diagnosis of hematuria in the post-transplant patient.
The Rising Cost of Services in High-Tech Societies and Revenue-Generating Mechanisms

Whether one is ideologically in favor of the welfare state or opposed to it, the problem of rising costs has become a reality. The dramatic rise in the cost of social services has emanated from three basic sources: the escalating cost of technological equipment and the teams that use this equipment in the medical and health-services fields; the demographic transition to a low birth-rate and long-lived senior citizens; and the increasing salaries of professionally trained service workers. Let us look at each of these.
Alimentary Anxieties: Affect in Food and Hunger

This chapter explores the relationship between body, food, and nationalist imaginings. In particular, I investigate the question of what kinds of relationships were forged between an emergent nation and the people/bodies who constituted it (adequately fed, clothed, and sheltered) in early twentieth-century India’s anti-colonial nationalist discourses. In other words, was there an analogy or correspondence between the making of the modern nation and making of the modern body, which could be identified with that national space? In what ways did food in particular (and related discourses about hunger, nutrition, diet, and sustenance) supply the ingredients that could offer a material body for the nation and a politico-moral-cultural body for the citizen? I focus on the paradoxes that were germane to the very imagination of the body that was attached to conceptions of the modern Indian nation by the early twentieth century.
Bisphenol A and ovarian steroidogenesis

Bisphenol A is widely used as a component in polycarbonate plastics for food and beverage packaging, epoxy linings for canned foods, and dental sealants, among other applications. Experimental literature demonstrates BPA's affinity for estrogen receptors and downstream effects on estrogen-responsive genes. Additional data suggest that BPA reduces endogenous estrogen synthesis, likely by antagonizing ovarian enzyme activities involved in sex-steroid hormone synthesis. More specifically, evidence indicates BPA-mediated disruption of STAR, CYP450scc, and HSD-3β in theca cells and CYP450 aromatase activity in granulosa cells. Yet the results of the few human studies reported to date are equivocal. It also remains in question the extent to which BPA penetrates developing ovarian follicles. Uncertainty as to the relevance of experimental BPA doses and administration routes for common human exposure levels limits extrapolation of experimental results. To more definitively address the potential risk of BPA on human ovarian steroidogenesis, additional experimental studies using biologically active BPA doses likely to reflect those within the ovarian follicle will be necessary, as will additional prospective investigations in human populations with the use of standardized assay methodology.
Combining Tectonics and Thermal Fields in Taranaki Basin, New Zealand

The Taranaki Basin, New Zealand, is used to illustrate the relationships between tectonics and thermal fields in an active sedimentary basin. The Cenozoic basin lies 400 km west of the Pacific-Australian subduction plate boundary and 200 km above the subducting Pacific plate. The western half of the basin (Western Platform) has not been affected by Miocene to Recent plate boundary deformation whereas the eastern half (Eastern Mobile Belt) has experienced at various times rapid burial, uplift and denudation, structural inversion, and igneous intrusion. This regional separation permits calibration of the various tectonic and thermal interplays, a feature not afforded most tectonically active sedimentary basins.
Group benefit associated with polymorphic trichromacy in a Malagasy primate (Propithecus verreauxi)

In some primate lineages, polymorphisms in the X-linked M/LWS opsin gene have produced intraspecific variation in color vision. In these species, heterozygous females exhibit trichromacy, while males and homozygous females exhibit dichromacy. The evolutionary persistence of these polymorphisms suggests that balancing selection maintains color vision variation, possibly through a 'trichromat advantage' in detecting yellow/orange/red foods against foliage. We identified genetic evidence of polymorphic trichromacy in a population of Verreaux's sifaka (Propithecus verreauxi) at Kirindy Mitea National Park in Madagascar, and explored effects of color vision on reproductive success and feeding behavior using nine years of morphological, demographic, and feeding data. We found that trichromats and dichromats residing in social groups with trichromats exhibit higher body mass indices than individuals in dichromat-only groups. Additionally, individuals in a trichromat social group devoted significantly more time to fruit feeding and had longer fruit feeding bouts than individuals in dichromat-only groups. We hypothesize that, due to small, cohesive sifaka social groups, a trichromat advantage in detecting productive fruit patches during the energetically stressful dry season also benefits dichromats in a trichromat's group. Our results offer the first support for the 'mutual benefit of association' hypothesis regarding the maintenance of polymorphic trichromacy in primates.
An Approach to Architectural Composition

(1956). An Approach to Architectural Composition. Journal of Architectural Education: Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 33-37.