cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Emergency evaluation and intervention with female victims of rape and other violence

Given the high prevalence of crime within the general population and the increased rates of victimization among those seeking medical care, professionals who work in emergency departments, primary care medical facilities, or mental health settings need to be prepared to address physical and psychological problems related to sexual and physical assault. In this paper, interpersonal violence prevalence studies are reviewed in terms of study design and findings for sexual assault and physical assault. Common injuries following both forms of assault are documented, followed by a review of long-term medical outcomes. In addition to a review of physical health outcomes, primary psychological effects of violence are also reviewed. Strategies with which to screen for interpersonal violence in the medical setting are offered, and issues related to mandatory reporting are summarized. Interventions for assault victims that can be implemented in the medical setting are outlined, and a new hospital-based treatment for victims of rape is described.
Cattle and sheep grazing effects on soil organisms, fertility and compaction in a smooth‐stalked meadowgrass‐dominant white clover sward

This experiment was carried out to improve understanding of sward and soil responses to cattle and/or sheep rotational grazing of low-input (no N fertilizer), natural swards dominated by smooth-stalked meadowgrass (Poa pratensis) syn. Kentucky bluegrass and based on white clover (Trifolium repens). Treatments during two grazing seasons (1989–90) were: cattle grazing alone (C); cattle grazing followed by topping (CT); cattle grazing followed by sheep grazing (CS); and sheep grazing alone (S), Mean target pre- and post-grazing herbage masses were 2200 and 1100 kg dry matter (DM) ha−1. Plants in sheep-grazed swards regrew more quickly and accumulated more herbage (8·28 compared to 5·35 t DM ha−1 for cattle-grazed swards, unadjusted for rejected area) than in other treatments. After 2 years, soil in sheep-grazed areas contained 0·25% N, 5·7 kg available P ha−1, and 379 kg K ha−1, compared to an average of 0·19, 3·9, and 179 respectively for the same soil nutrients in cattle-grazed treatments. Besides differences in manure distribution and sward rejection, differences in soil compaction among treatments also may have affected soil organisms and thus plant growth. After 2 years, soil bulk densities (g cc−1) were 1·37, 1·37, 1·27, and 1·12; soil penetrometer measurements (kg cm sec−1 sec−1) to 20-cm soil depth were 9·8, 9·3, 9·5, and 6·7; soil nematodes per 100 g of soil were: 5333, 8705, 2810, and 15208; soil rotifers per 100 g soil were: 288, 242, 715, and 33; and earthworms m−2 (and their biomass (g m−2)) were 262 (205), 157 (162), 344 (409), and 294 (343) for C, CT, CS, and S treatments, respectively.
Effect of calcium infusion on serum calcium levels in hypothyroidism

Abstract Calcium infusion studies were performed on nine normal subjects and eight hypothyroid patients before and several months after treatment. The abnormal response in the untreated hypothyroid patients was not corrected completely by thyroxine replacement.
The Ionization of Carbon Dioxide by Electron Impact

A new mass spectrograph has been constructed entirely of glass except for the electrodes. Furthermore its design reduces thermal dissociation to a minimum. Using this apparatus the products of ionization in carbon dioxide have been studied. The primary ions are found to be C${\mathrm{O}}_{2}^{+}$, C${\mathrm{O}}^{+}$, ${\mathrm{O}}^{+}$ and ${\mathrm{C}}^{+}$ appearing at 14.4, 20.4, 19.6 and 28.3 volts respectively. There is also some ${\mathrm{O}}_{2}^{+}$ produced as a secondary product with an ionization potential of 20.0 volts. Except for C${\mathrm{O}}_{2}^{+}$ minimum values for all the ionization potentials can be calculated and are found to agree within the limits of error with the observed values.
Heart Healthy and Ethnically Relevant (HHER) Lifestyle trial for improving diet and physical activity in underserved African American women.

Background African American women are at increased risk for CVD morbidity and mortality relative to white women. Physical inactivity and poor dietary habits are modifiable health behaviors shown to reduce CVD risk. Community health centers have the potential to reach large numbers of African Americans to modify their risk for CVD, yet few lifestyle counseling interventions have been conducted in this setting.
Effects of exogenously applied ferulic acid, a potential allelopathic compound, on leaf growth, water utilization, and endogenous abscisic acid levels of tomato, cucumber, and bean

To determine the relative sensitivities of tomato, cucumber, and bean to exogenously applied concentrations of ferulic acid (FA) and to determine whether FA-induced stress responses increase endogenous levels of abscisic acid (ABA), wild-type andFlacca (ABA-deficient mutant) tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Ailsa Craig), cucumber, (Cucumis sativus L. cv. Early Green Cluster), and bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Oregon 91) were treated with FA (0.0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8 mM) in nutrient solution every other day for a total of two or three treatments. FA inhibited leaf growth and water utilization of wild-type tomato,Flacca tomato, and cucumber, but not of bean. Acclimation to FA was observed following the first FA treatment and increased endogenous ABA levels were found in wild-type tomato,Flacca tomato, and cucumber following multiple FA treatments. Induction of ABA biosynthesis occurred in wild-type tomato within 8 hr of FA treatment and maximum ABA levels were observed 24 hr after treatment. At that time, ABA levels of tomato treated with 0.4 and 0.8 mM FA were 13.7 times and 2.6 times higher than control levels, respectively. A second FA (0.4 or 0.8 mM) treatment, 48 hr after the first, did not appear to affect ABA levels. Ninety-six hours after the first treatment, ABA levels of tomato treated with 0.4 mM FA approached control levels; ABA levels of plants treated with 0.8 mM FA were 1.9 times higher than control levels. Control ABA levels increased gradually with time. The data showed that plant sensitivity and ability of subsequent acclimation to phenolic acids, such as FA, were taxa dependent.
Bovine corpus luteum function after removal of granulosa cells from the preovulatory follicle

Abstract Experiments were conducted to determine the effects of removing granulosa cells from bovine preovulatory follicles on subsequent corpus luteum (CL) function. Holstein heifers were assigned to three groups: untreated controls (n=6), removal of granulosa cells (n=9) and removal and return of granulosa cells (n=7). Surgery was performed 18–24 hr after the onset of estrus and in all cases after the preovulatory luteinizing hormone (LH) surge. Jugular venous blood was collected and estrous activity monitored twice daily. Corpora lutea were formed in six heifers in each group. Concentrations of plasma progesterone were reduced (P
Ending SNAP Subsidies For Sugar-Sweetened Beverages Could Reduce Obesity And Type 2 Diabetes

To reduce obesity and type 2 diabetes rates, lawmakers have proposed modifying Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) benefits to encourage healthier food choices. We examined the impact of two proposed policies: a ban on using SNAP dollars to buy sugar-sweetened beverages; and a subsidy in which for every SNAP dollar spent on fruit and vegetables, thirty cents is credited back to participants’ SNAP benefit cards. We used nationally representative data and models describing obesity, type 2 diabetes, and determinants of food consumption among a sample of over 19,000 SNAP participants. We found that a ban on SNAP purchases of sugar-sweetened beverages would be expected to significantly reduce obesity prevalence and type 2 diabetes incidence, particularly among adults ages 18–65 and some racial and ethnic minorities. The subsidy policy would not be expected to have a significant effect on obesity and type 2 diabetes, given available data. Such a subsidy could, however, more than double the proporti...
Chemistry of Peri‐condensed pyrroles. Synthesis of 4H‐naphtho[1,4‐def]carbazole. A new route to nitrotriphenylenes

Reaction of 1-nitrotriphenylene (7a) with triethylphosphite (Cadogan reaction) produces 4H-naphtho[1,4-def]carbazole, a likely component of fossil fuels. Surprisingly 7a and its 2-isomer are obtained from treatment of triphenylene with sulfuric acid/trifluoroacetic anhydride in nitromethane. Correlation between ultraviolet spectra and substitution reactions in peri-condensed pyrroles and thiophenes is presented.
Optical triggering of a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser via transverse bleaching of a Cr:YAG saturable absorber.

Optical triggering via direct bleaching of a Cr:YAG saturable absorber was applied to a monolithic Nd:YAG/Cr:YAG laser crystal. The method uses a single laser diode bar to bleach a thin sheet within the saturable absorber from a direction orthogonal to the lasing axis. By placing the Q-switch at the time corresponding to the steepest slope (dT/dt) for change in transmission during bleaching, the pulse-to-pulse timing jitter showed a 13.2× reduction in standard deviation, from 132 ns for free-running operation to 10 ns with optical triggering. We measured that a fluence of 60 kW/cm2 was sufficient to enable optical triggering, where a diode appropriately sized for the length of the Cr:YAG (~3 mm) would then require only ~150 W of optical power over a 1-2 μs duration to enable effective jitter reduction. Additionally, we measured an increase in optical-to-optical efficiency with optical triggering, where the efficiency improved from 12% to 13.5%.
Strategies for the Preparation of Layered Polydiacetylenes

Abstract We previously reported that ureylene and oxalamide dicarboxylic acids self-assemble to form layered supramolecular structures. Since the intermolecular repeat distances within these ureylene and oxalamide layers were similar to that distance necessary for the topochemical polymerization of diacetylenes, we envisioned using both the ureylene and oxalamide functionality to orient diacetylene for topochemical polymerization. Our approach uses host-guest chemistry to layer the diacetylene functionality. This strategy proved successful when the urea functionality was used to orient diacetylenes. We now report on the successful use of the oxalamide functionality to orient diacetylenes for topochemical polymerization.
Diabetes related cardiomyopathy time dependent echocardiographic evaluation in an experimental rat model.

Abstract Type I diabetes is associated with a unique form of cardiomyopathy in the absence of atherosclerosis. The mechanisms involved in this phenomenon are not defined, but in humans this is associated with initial diastolic dysfunction followed by altered contractile performance. A relevant animal model would provide opportunities for mechanistic studies and experimental therapeutics, but none have been previously established for this unique form of cardiac pathophysiology, particularly with respect to clinically relevant and time-dependent diastolic and systolic assessments. Here we tested the hypothesis that the streptozotocin rat model mimics human phenomena with respect to time-dependent diastolic and systolic performance deficits, and investigated a role for cardiac hypertrophy and/or fibrosis. Streptozotocin was dosed 65mg/kg i.p. and cardiac performance was assessed longitudinally for 56 days using noninvasive echocardiographic techniques. Significant hyperglycemia was detected within 3 days and remained elevated throughout the study (p
Effects of catecholamines and glucagon on amino acid transport in the liver.

The effects of epinephrine and glucagon on amino acid uptake (and glucose release) by the isolated perfused rat liver were studied using a nonmetabolizable amino acid. Pretreatment of liver donor rats with epinephrine 1 or 2 hr prior to sacrifice resulted in increased blood glucose in the intact animal and enhanced amino acid uptake by livers isolated from these animals. Epinephrine added directly to the isolated system, either as a single pulse or by constant infusion, increased the glucose in the perfusate but did not significantly alter the uptake of amino acid by the isolated liver. Glucagon, on the other hand, increased amino acid uptake by the isolated liver when the hormone was administered in vivo prior to sacrifice, or when it was added directly to the isolated system. The adrenergic blocking agent, dihydroergotamine, when administered in vivo, inhibited the effect of epinephrine on transport of amino acid into the liver. The blocking agent also reduced the effect of glucagon on amino acid transp...
Microbial development in distillers wet grains produced during fuel ethanol production from corn (Zea mays)

Distillers grains are coproduced with ethanol and carbon dioxide during the production of fuel ethanol from the dry milling and fermentation of corn grain, yet there is little basic microbiological...
Boundary control theory for beams and plates

We present a general method for exact boundary controllability for a class of partial differential (evolution) equations. Particular examples such as the Euler-Bernoulli vibrating beam equation and the vibrating plate equation are mentioned.
Characteristics of the composite right/left-handed transmission lines

The composite right/left-handed (CRLH) transmission line (TL) is presented as a general TL possessing both left-handed (LH) and right-handed (RH) natures. The dispersion diagram of the two-dimensional (2-D) CRLH-TL is obtained analytically based on the Bloch-Floquet theory, and the unique phenomenon of infinite guided-wavelength propagation, with nonzero group velocity at a nonzero frequency, is explained. It is shown analytically that when the CRLH TL is "balanced", two eigenfrequencies at the /spl Gamma/ point (/spl beta/=0) of the Brillouin zone (BZ) degenerate at /spl omega//sub /spl Gamma// and a seamless transition from the LH to the RH modes without a bandgap can be achieved. In addition, these phenomena are demonstrated experimentally in the case of a CRLH microstrip line.
Advancing Social Justice in Vocational Theory, Research, and Practice

David Blustein, Ellen Hawley McWhirter, and Justin Perry present a social justice agenda for action in vocational psychology in their article “An Emancipatory Communitarian Approach to Vocational Development Theory, Research, and Practice.” They build on robust work in counseling psychology over recent decades by using the critical work of Isaac Prilleltensky as a fulcrum for advancing this agenda. Much of their case effectively argues that we should move beyond tradition to improve the working lives of our clients. While their arguments are powerful, I suggest several ways to expand their discourse.
Extensive Handling of Rats Leads to Mild Urinary Bladder Hyperplasia

The urinary and urothelial effects of the frequent handling necessary for obtaining fresh-voided urine specimens were evaluated in 5-wk-old male F-344 rats fed control diet or diet containing 7.5% ...
Prospective analysis of endoscopic vein harvesting.

Background: Utilization of bridging vein harvesting (BVH) of saphenous vein grafts (SVG) for coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) results in large wounds with great potential for pain and infection. Endoscopic vein harvesting (EVH) may significantly reduce the morbidity associated with SVG harvesting. Methods: A prospective database of 200 matched patients receiving EVH and BVH was compared. The patients all underwent CABG done over a period of 4 months (April to August 2000). Patients were excluded if they had prior vein harvesting. Results: The EVH and BVH group included 100 patients each with similar demographics. The patients in the EVH group had significantly fewer wound complications, mean days to ambulation, and total length of stay (P <0.05). There was no difference in harvest time or vein injuries. Conclusion: Endoscopic vein harvesting results in significantly fewer wound complications, decrease in days to ambulation, and the total length of stay. EVH is superior to BVH in patients undergoing CABG.
On Basing Lower-Bounds for Learning on Worst-Case Assumptions

We consider the question of whether P ne NP implies that there exists some concept class that is efficientlyrepresentable but is still hard to learn in the PAC model of Valiant (CACM '84), where the learner is allowed to output any efficient hypothesis approximating the concept, including an "improper" hypothesis that is not itself in the concept class. We show that unless the polynomial hierarchy collapses, such a statement cannot be proven via a large class of reductions including Karp reductions, truth-table reductions, and a restricted form of non-adaptive Turing reductions. Also, a proof that uses a Turing reduction of constant levels of adaptivity would imply an important consequence in cryptography as it yields a transformation from any average-case hard problem in NP to a one-way function. Our results hold even in the stronger model of agnostic learning. These results are obtained by showing that lower bounds for improper learning are intimately related to the complexity of zero-knowledge arguments and to the existence of weak cryptographic primitives. In particular, we prove that if alanguage L reduces to the task of improper learning of circuits, then, depending on the type of the reduction in use, either (1) L has a statistical zero-knowledge argument system, or (2) the worst-case hardness of L implies the existence of a weak variant of one-way functions defined by Ostrovsky-Wigderson (ISTCS '93). Interestingly, we observe that the converse implication also holds. Namely, if (1) or (2) hold then the intractability of L implies that improper learning is hard.
Kidney paired donation in the presence of donor-specific antibodies.

Incompatible donor/recipient pairs with broadly sensitized recipients have difficulty finding a crossmatch-compatible match, despite a large kidney paired donation pool. One approach to this problem is to combine kidney paired donation with lower-risk crossmatch-incompatible transplantation with intravenous immunoglobulin. Whether this strategy is non-inferior compared with transplantation of sensitized patients without donor-specific antibody (DSA) is unknown. Here we used a protocol including a virtual crossmatch to identify acceptable crossmatch-incompatible donors and the administration of intravenous immunoglobulin to transplant 12 HLA-sensitized patients (median calculated panel reactive antibody 98%) with allografts from our kidney paired donation program. This group constituted the DSA(+) kidney paired donation group. We compared rates of rejection and survival between the DSA(+) kidney paired donation group with a similar group of 10 highly sensitized patients (median calculated panel reactive antibody 85%) that underwent DSA(–) kidney paired donation transplantation without intravenous immunoglobulin. At median follow-up of 22 months, the DSA(+) kidney paired donation group had patient and graft survival of 100%. Three patients in the DSA(+) kidney paired donation group experienced antibody-mediated rejection. Patient and graft survival in the DSA(–) kidney paired donation recipients was 100% at median follow-up of 18 months. No rejection occurred in the DSA(–) kidney paired donation group. Thus, our study provides a clinical framework through which kidney paired donation can be performed with acceptable outcomes across a crossmatch-incompatible transplant.
Grazer-resource interactions in the plankton: Are all daphniids alike?

Daphniids have long been considered to be uniquely effective grazers in the planktonic food web of lakes, but whether all daphniid species are equivalent in this functional role is less clear. In particular, a common belief that large-bodied daphniids are more capable than smaller daphniids at controlling phytoplankton abundance has received limited testing. Using whole water column enclosures in a mesotrophic lake, we compared the ability of four common planktonic daphniids (Ceriodaphnia reticulata, Daphnia ambigua, Daphnia mendotae, and Daphnia pulicaria) to exploit a natural assemblage of phytoplankton. We established replicated monocultures of each daphniid species and allowed their populations to reach a carrying capacity determined by resources. We then compared the effects of each daphniid species on phytoplankton biomass, size structure, taxonomic composition and C : N : P stoichiometry. Populations of all four daphniids stabilized at very low birth and death rates, with larger species having a lower density but a higher biomass than smaller species. The seston C : P molar ratio was driven to equally high values (.300) in all treatments; however, daphniid effects on phytoplankton abundance and composition were quite different. The two smaller daphniids were less effective at depressing phytoplankton populations than were the two larger daphniids. This difference was associated with the persistence of a diverse assemblage of digestionresistant green algae in the Ceriodaphnia and D. ambigua treatments but their elimination from the D. mendotae and D. pulicaria treatments. Several lines of evidence, including growth bioassays, that have used juveniles of a clone of D. pulex-pulicaria, suggest that body size was not an adequate explanation for these differences in daphniid species effects on phytoplankton.
Viral imaging in gene therapy: Noninvasive demonstration of gene delivery and expression

Gene therapy is a rapidly developing modality of treatment, with applications in acquired and inherited disorders. Gene delivery vehicles ("vectors") are the main impediment in the evolution of gene therapy into a clinically acceptable mainstream therapy. Vectors based on viral particles are the most commonly used vehicles to carry genes to the organs and tissues of interest. Despite initial promise and substantial progress in the development of experimental gene therapy protocols, human gene therapy still is based on technologies that so far do not allow for routine clinical use. Recent progress in viral vector production and better understanding of molecular aspects of vector delivery and targeting issues has created the need for imaging techniques that would be useful in addressing the problems and opportunities inherent in viral gene therapy development. Two integral components of gene therapy monitoring, the imaging of gene delivery and the imaging of resultant exogenous gene expression, are recognized. These molecular imaging components provide a realistic means for assessment of safety and efficacy of preclinical and clinical development of gene therapy.
Computational intelligence methods for helicopter loads estimation

Accurately determining component loads on a helicopter is an important goal in the helicopter structural integrity field. While measuring dynamic component loads directly is possible, these measurement methods are not reliable and are difficult to maintain. This paper explores the potential of using computational intelligence methods to estimate some of these helicopter dynamic loads. Thirty standard time-dependent flight state and control system parameters were used to construct a set of 180 input variables to estimate the main rotor blade normal bending during forward level flight at full speed. Unsupervised nonlinear mapping was used to study the structure of the multidimensional time series from the predictor and target variables. Based on these criteria, black and white box modeling technieues (including ensemble models) for main rotor blade normal bending prediction were applied. They include neural networks, local linear regression and model trees, in combination with genetic algorithms based on residual variance (gamma test) for predictor variables selection. The results from this initial work demonstrate that accurate models for predicting component loads can be obtained using the entire set of predictor variables, as well as with smaller subsets found by computational intelligence based approaches.
Phylogenetic characterization of epibiotic bacteria in the accessory nidamental gland and egg capsules of the squid Loligo pealei (Cephalopoda: Loliginidae)

Sexually mature female squid Loligo pealei harbour dense bacterial communities in their accessory nidamental glands (ANGs) and in their egg capsules (ECs). This study describes a molecular approach using the 16S rRNA gene (rDNA) to identify bacterial populations within the ANG and the ECs of the North Atlantic squid species L. pealei. Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) and 16S rDNA analysis showed that predominantly alpha- and, to a lesser extent, gamma-proteobacteria were the predominant components of the ANG and EC bacterial communities. Sequencing results showed the presence of alpha-proteobacterial populations affiliated with the Roseobacter group and additional deep-branching alpha-proteobacterial lineages. In contrast, isolates from the ANG and ECs contained only a few alpha-proteobacteria of the Roseobacter group compared with several gamma-proteobacterial isolates, mostly Shewanella and Pseudoalteromonas species. Most of the ANG-associated bacterial populations were also found within the ECs of L. pealei. The molecular approach allowed the visualization of alpha-proteobacteria as major constituents of a bacterial symbiosis within the reproductive system of the Loliginidae.
Typing of Human Enteroviruses by Partial Sequencing of VP1

Human enteroviruses (family Picornaviridae) are the major cause of aseptic meningitis and also cause a wide range of other acute illnesses, including neonatal sepsis-like disease, acute flaccid paralysis, and acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis. The neutralization assay is usually used for enterovirus typing, but it is labor-intensive and time-consuming and standardized antisera are in limited supply. We have developed a molecular typing system based on reverse transcription-PCR and nucleotide sequencing of the 3′ half of the genomic region encoding VP1. The standard PCR primers amplify approximately 450 bp of VP1 for most known human enterovirus serotypes. The serotype of an “unknown” may be inferred by comparison of the partial VP1 sequence to those in a database containing VP1 sequences for the prototype strains of all 66 human enterovirus serotypes. Fifty-one clinical isolates of known serotypes from the years 1991 to 1998 were amplified and sequenced, and the antigenic and molecular typing results agreed for all isolates. With one exception, the nucleotide sequences of homologous strains were at least 75% identical to one another (>88% amino acid identity). Strains with homologous serotypes were easily discriminated from those with heterologous serotypes by using these criteria for identification. This method can greatly reduce the time required to type an enterovirus isolate and can be used to type isolates that are difficult or impossible to type with standard immunological reagents. The technique may also be useful for the rapid determination of whether viruses isolated during an outbreak are epidemiologically related.
daf-1, a C. elegans gene controlling dauer larva development, encodes a novel receptor protein kinase

The dauer larva is a developmentally arrested, non-feeding dispersal stage normally formed in response to overcrowding and limited food. The daf-1 gene specifies an intermediate step in a hierarchy of genes thought to specify a pathway for neural transduction of environmental cues. Mutations in daf-1 result in constitutive formation of dauer larvae even in abundant food. This gene has been cloned by Tc1-transposon tagging, and it appears to encode a new class of serine/threonine kinase. A daf-1 probe detects a 2.5 kb mRNA of low abundance, and the DNA sequence indicates that the gene encodes a 669 amino acid protein, with a putative transmembrane domain and a C-terminal protein kinase domain most closely related to the cytosolic, raf proto-oncogene family. Hence, the daf-1 product appears to be a cell-surface receptor required for transduction of environmental signals into an appropriate developmental response.
Core-stateless guaranteed throughput networks

End-to-end throughput guarantee is an important service semantics that network providers would like to offer to their customers. A network provider can offer such service semantics by deploying a network where each router employs a fair packet scheduling algorithm. Unfortunately, these scheduling algorithms require every router to maintain per-flow state and perform per-packet flow classification; these requirements limit the scalability of the routers. In this paper, we propose the Core-stateless Guaranteed Throughput (CSGT) network architecture-the first work-conserving architecture that, without maintaining per-flow state or performing per-packet flow classification in core routers, provides to flows throughput guarantees that are within an additive constant of what is attained by a network of core-stateful fair routers.
The Total Irradiance Monitor (TIM): Instrument Design

The Total Irradiance Monitor (TIM) instrument is designed to measure total solar irradiance with an absolute accuracy of 100 parts per million. Four electrical substitution radiometers behind precision apertures measure input radiant power while providing redundancy. Duty cycling the use of the radiometers tracks degradation of the nickel-phosphorous absorptive black radiometer interiors caused by solar exposure. Phase sensitive detection at the shutter frequency reduces noise and simplifies the estimate of the radiometer’s equivalence ratio. An as-designed uncertainty budget estimates the instrument’s accuracy goal. The TIM measurement equation defines the conversion from measured signal to solar irradiance.
1H-MRS detected lipolysis in diabetic rat hearts requires neutral lipase.

Purpose: Triacylglycerol (TAG) lipolysis increases in diabetic hearts. However, it is not known which pathway for lipolysis catalyzes this process. Thus, using 1H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), we determined whether TAG lipolysis in diabetic rat hearts requires acid lipase or neutral lipase activity. Methods: Rats were given IP injections of 110 mg streptozotocin (STZ)/kg. Forty-eight to 72 h after this treatment, all rats exhibited ketotic diabetes. The hearts of these ketotic rats were isolated, perfused isovolumically, and analyzed using 1H-MRS. Results: The content of methylene protons (CH2)n- and other fatty acid protons, measured using 1H-MRS, increased in hearts isolated from STZ-treated compared to untreated rats. This increase in heart −(CH2)n− was directly related to the chemical content of heart TAGs. If isolated diabetic hearts were perfused with either glucose or glucose plus the acid lipase inhibitor methylamine, then heart content of TAG, measured as (CH2)n, decreased at rates of ap...
The Five C’s: Bringing a 1980’s Film into the 21st Century Chinese Language Learning Context

Film has become an ever more effective medium of instruction in foreign languages, including Chinese. Developing good textbooks to accompany the films is too labor-intensive to keep pace with the growing production of contemporary films, so it is useful to develop strategies for using older films and existing textbooks. This paper examines how slight shifts in focus can overcome the issue of contemporaneity and bring out the qualities of an older film and accompanying textbook. The 1984 film Under the Bridge serves as example, and conscious attention to the “Five C’s of Foreign Language Education: Communication, Cultures, Connections, Comparisons, and Communities” drawn up by the American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages serves as method. The paper shows how shifts in focus, rather than diffusing the focus on language, actually can strengthen the language learning experience. It reviews some more recent film guide textbooks to demonstrate why it is still worthwhile to bring this older film and textbook into the twenty-first century.
Normal mode analysis of biomolecular dynamics

The past decade has seen an impressive advance in the application of molecular simulation methods to problems in chemistry and biochemistry. As computer hardware has become faster and software environments more sophisticated, the amount of detailed information available and its expected level of accuracy has grown steadily [1]. But it has become increasingly clear that the ‘easy’ part of a simulation project is setting up and carrying out the calculations, and the hard part generally lies in extracting useful data from among the very many things that can be calculated from a trajectory or Monte Carlo simulation. Normal mode analysis provides an approximate but analytical description of the dynamics, and has long been recognized as an important limiting case for molecular dynamics in condensed phases [2]. A principal limitation arises from the fact that normal modes are defined by an expansion about a particular point on the potential energy surface, and hence have difficulty describing transitions from one local minimum to another. The quasiharmonic and ‘instantaneous’ mode theories discussed below attempt to ameliorate some of this neglect of the ‘rugged’ nature of protein energy landscapes. Yet there remains a ‘paradoxical aspect’ [3] of biomolecular dynamics that is still the subject of considerable study: even though the energy surface contains many local minima, proteins behave in some ways as though the energy surface were harmonic, and normal mode analyses are often more correct than one might expect. This article reviews some recent experience on the application of normal mode ideas to biomolecules, looking at how this technique describes short-timescale motion as well as longer timescale, collective motions. The use of harmonic ideas in the analysis of crystallographic and NMR data will also be outlined.
AN ELISA FOR QUANTIFICATION OF T84.66, A MONOCLONAL ANTI-CEA ANTIBODY, IN MOUSE PLASMA

T84.66 is a monoclonal antibody with high affinity and specificity for tumor-associated carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). In this work, we have developed an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay to determine T84.66 concentrations in mouse plasma. The assay was validated with respect to precision and accuracy by evaluating the recovery of T84.66 from mouse plasma. The working range of the assay is 25-200 ng/mL, and the limit of quantification is 2.5 microg/mL. Intra-assay recoveries ranged from 90.6 to 97.4%, and intra-assay precision reported as the percent coefficient of variation (CV%), ranged from 4.58 to 12.6%. Inter-assay recoveries were between 92.6 to 98.1% and the CV% ranged from 4.9-6.5%. The assay was tested for possible interference from soluble CEA. Soluble CEA, at concentrations up to 5 ng/mL, did not influence the recovery of T84.66. The assay was applied to study the pharmacokinetics of T84.66 in athymic Fox(nu) mice.
FMEA for Lean Manufacturing

With the rapid increase in the number of new product introductions, the volume & complexity of manufacturing changes has the potential to overwhelm the development, quality, coordination, and delivery of equipment training, which, in turn, could result in delays in these new product introductions. This abstract describes how an application of a Lean Manufacturing principle averted this risk and resulted in a 56% increase in productivity enabling Intel to meet a 46% increase in the number of training collateral with a 36% reduction in training resources.
Usage Restriction and Subscription Services: Operational Benefits with Rational Users

This paper studies a rental firm that offers reusable products to price-and quality-of-service--sensitive customers---Netflix or Blockbuster can be thought of as the canonical example. Customers' perception of quality is determined by their likelihood of obtaining the product or service immediately upon request. We study the alternatives of offering either a subscription option that limits the number of concurrent rentals in return for a flat fee per-unit time, or a pay-per-use option with no such restriction. Customers are assumed to desire a nominal usage rate of the product, which they meet by adjusting their request rate in either option. Thus, they have a higher request rate in the subscription option. We propose a Markov chain model for customer behavior under the subscription option equivalent to the standard Poisson model under the pay-per-use option. In a large market setting, assuming exponential demand, we show that using the subscription option is more profitable for the firm. Further, via a numerical study, we show that this assumption is not essential for the result to hold. However, we show that the subscription option does not necessarily dominate the pay-per-use option in quality of service. The firm manages the trade-off between price and quality of service better in the subscription option. Moreover, we show that social welfare and the consumer surplus can also be higher in the subscription option, indicating that both the firm and the consumers can benefit from the subscription option.
Regulating leukotriene synthesis: The role of nuclear 5‐lipoxygenase

Leukotrienes are lipid messengers involved in autocrine and paracrine cellular signaling. They are synthesized from arachidonic acid by the 5-lipoxygenase pathway. Current models of this enzymatic pathway recognize that a key step in initiating leukotriene synthesis is the calcium-mediated movement of enzymes, including 5-lipoxygenase, to intracellular membranes. However, 5-lipoxygenase can be imported into or exported from the nucleus before calcium activation. As a result, its subcellular localization will affect its ability to be activated by calcium, as well as the membrane to which it binds and its interaction with other enzymes. This commentary focuses on the role of 5-lipoxygenase compartmentation in determining its regulation and, ultimately, leukotriene synthesis.
Deltaic Environments: ABSTRACT

Deltas are zones of interaction between fluvial and marine processes, and their deposits are transitional between terrestrial-alluvial and open-marine sediments. Initial inspection of a deltaic sedimentary wedge suggests the presence of a hopelessly complex interfingering sequence of beds; however, closer examination reveals an orderly arrangement of environmentally determined facies. In vertical sequence predictable progradational and transgressive sequences can be recognized and related to cyclic growth and deterioration of the delta system. Areal distribution of facies can be related best to three major components of the delta: the upper deltaic plain, lower deltaic plain, and subaqueous delta. Marginal deltaic basins and marginal deltaic plains also may be developed a "appendices" to the delta. Within this gross framework distinctive facies assemblages are recognizable, reflecting different environmental conditions in both modern and ancient deltas; i.e., the assemblage of environments and resulting lithofacies and biofacies within any major component is different in each delta and depends on such factors as climate, tectonic activity, nature and quantity of transported load, tidal influence, sea-state conditions, etc. With this working concept it is no longer essential to search for modern analogs to each deltaic sequence found in ancient rocks, but rather a flexible delta model may be developed which will accommodate all variations in nature and intensity of processes acting on the delta. Utilizing such a process-form model, examples of modern delt ic facies and ancient rock counterparts can be analyzed. End_of_Article - Last_Page 712------------
Impact Of Race, Ethnicity, And Immigration Policy: A Politico-Economic Perspective

Recent proposals for a comprehensive immigration bill in the Senate may be based on political expediency. Sound bites about border security, worksite enforcement, and the status of about 12 million people who are currently in the United States illegally are salient issues to many politicians and various ethnic groups. There are over 12 million immigrants who are in the United States illegally and the majority of them are from Mexico due to their connected borders, thus making it easier access. The government wants to form new policies and laws to control the immigration to the United States. The House of Congress passed a bill that would make illegal immigration a criminal offense and would also make it a crime to help illegal immigrants migrate to the United States. For years now, the government has been trying to form new ways to improve immigration laws and assist illegal immigrants on gaining citizenship in the United States.
A Framework for Investigating Animal Consciousness

An assessment of consciousness in nonverbal animals requires a framework for research that extends testing methods beyond subjective report. This chapter proposes a working definition of consciousness in terms of temporal representation that provides the critical link between internal phenomenology and external behavior and neural structure. Our claim is that consciousness represents the present moment as distinct from the past and the future in order to flexibly respond to stimuli. We discuss behavioral and neural evidence that indicates the capacity for both flexible response and temporal representation, and we illustrate these capacities in fish, a taxonomic group that challenges human intuitions about consciousness.
Ultrahigh Resolution Optical Coherence Tomography for Quantitative Measurement of Retinal Architectural Morphology

We demonstrate an ultrahigh resolution OCT system capable of 1-3 pm resolution. Retinal architectural morphology is visualized and quantified in humans and in animal models. This promises to improve diagnosis and tracking of retinal diseases.
Prevalence of Metastasis at Diagnosis of Osteosarcoma: An International Comparison.

Background Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common primary malignant bone tumor in many countries, with metastatic disease responsible for most patient deaths. This study compares the prevalence of metastatic OS at diagnosis across countries to inform the critical question of whether diagnostic delay or tumor biology drives metastases development prior to diagnosis. Procedure A literature search of the PubMed database was conducted to compare the prevalence of metastatic disease at the time of OS diagnosis between countries. A pooled prevalence with 95% confidence intervals was calculated for each study meeting inclusion criteria. Studies were grouped for analysis based on human development index (HDI) scores. Results Our analysis found an 18% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 15%, 20%) average global pooled proportion of metastasis at OS diagnosis. The average prevalence of metastasis at diagnosis increased as HDI groupings decreased, with very high HDI, high HDI, and medium/low HDI groups found to be 15% (95% CI: 13%, 17%), 20% (95% CI: 14%, 28%), and 31% (95% CI: 15%, 52%), respectively. Conclusions Our evidence suggests there is a biological baseline for metastatic OS at diagnosis, which is observed in countries with very high HDI. In countries with medium/low HDI, where there are more barriers to accessing healthcare, the higher prevalence of metastasis may result from treatment delay or an artificial prevalence inflation due to patients with less severe symptoms not presenting to clinic. Additional research in countries with medium/low HDI may reveal that earlier detection and treatment could improve patient outcomes in those countries.
Effectively supporting youth with chronic illness in schools

This special issue focuses on students with chronic illness and how school personnel can most effectively support these at-risk youth. The five articles that comprise the issue represent research on a range of pediatric conditions, including sickle cell disease, human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome, asthma, food allergies, cancer, diabetes, heart disease and seizure disorder. These papers examine and provide critical commentary on prevention and intervention strategies, school personnel perceptions of working with students with chronic illness, and potential avenues for interdisciplinary collaboration and models of coordinated care for these medically compromised youth. Together, these articles provide an introduction to working with youth with chronic illness and are designed to assist school personnel in using and applying empirical research to their own professional work.
The Photosynthetic Oxygen Evolving Complex Requires Chloride for Its Redox State S2→S3 and S3→S0 Transitions But Not for S0→S1 or S1→S2 Transitions†

The Cl- requirement in the redox cycle of the oxygen-evolving complex (OEC) was determined by measurements of flash-induced UV absorbance changes in Cl--depleted and Cl--reconstituted photosystem II membranes. On the first flash after dark adaptation the spectrum and amplitude of those changes, known to reflect the oxidation of MnIII to MnIV on the S1→S2 transition, were the same in the presence or absence of Cl-. On the second and later flashes, however, absorbance changes in Cl--depleted samples revealed only electron transfer from tyrosine to quinone which reversed slowly in the dark by charge recombination and did not produce the S3-state. A rapid method was developed to remove Cl- after producing the S3-state by two flashes. The lifetime of the S3-state was found to be unaffected by Cl--depletion, in contrast to the 20-fold stabilization of the S2 lifetime by Cl- removal, and the Cl--depleted S3-state did not proceed to S0 on flash illumination. However, when the same Cl--depletion procedure was appl...
Meaning-making appraisals relevant to adjustment for veterans with spinal cord injury

The purpose of the present study was to conduct a mixed-methods investigation of meaning-making appraisals generated from spinal cord injury survivors' narratives of their injury experience. The sample consisted of 79 participants from an urban midwestern Veterans Affairs facility. The study design was cross-sectional and incorporated semistructured, face-to-face interviews, taking approximately 1 hr to complete. Measures of posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, psychological well-being, and purpose in life were completed as part of the interview. A data analytic approach based on grounded theory that allowed qualitative themes to be transformed to quantitative data was employed. Seven salient meaning-making themes were identified. Significant relationships were identified between certain meaning-making themes (e.g., identity integration positively related to positive growth), and certain themes were also significantly related to postinjury psychological health and distress separately (e.g., perceived burden on others was significantly related to greater depression scores). Findings are discussed within the context of clinical interventions that foster positive posttrauma outcomes.