cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Outcomes of the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center International General Surgical Oncology Fellowship

Background Training of foreign medical graduates in surgical oncology is an undervalued intervention for improving global cancer care. The aim of this work was to describe the design and results of a clinical training program for international surgeons from a single comprehensive cancer center. Study Design Of 39 international fellows trained during 20 years, 34 were surveyed about education, research, and current context of surgical practice. A citation and H-index calculation (ie h number of publications that each has at least h citations) was performed to assess scientific productivity of each graduated fellow. Results Twenty-one of 39 (54%) fellows came from countries in which English is not the primary language. Europe was the continent with the most graduates (17 of 39 [43%]), and only 5 of 39 (13%) were from Latin America. Three of 39 (8%) were women. Thirty-one of 39 graduated fellows (80%) returned to their countries of origin. The survey response rate was 73% (25 of 34). Seventeen of twenty-five (68%) work in an academic setting and 13 (52%) reported surgical oncology as their main clinical practice. Total number of citations and H-index are homogeneous among the different regions from which the fellows originated, with a median of 165 citations and median H-index of 5. Conclusions The International General Surgical Oncology Fellowship has successfully trained foreign surgeons for academic practice in surgical oncology. Most of the graduates have returned to their country of origin and contributed to education and research there.
Platelet factor 4: production, structure, and physiologic and immunologic action.

Platelet factor 4 (PF4) is a protein found in megakaryocytes and platelet α-granules (1, 2). Immunocytochemical studies show that it is present as well in mast cell granules (3) and on the endothelium of human umbilical veins, but not arteries (4). Early work on PF4 has been reviewed elsewhere (5–7). Human platelets contain about 18 ± 4 μg of PF4/109 (8).Thrombospondin, platelet-derived growth factor, and compounds derived from platelet basic protein such as β-thromboglobulin (β-TG) are found in platelet α-granules in addition to PF4. All are secreted when platelets are appropriately stimulated; for example, since thrombin is a strong stimulus, these compounds are present in much higher concentrations in serum than in plasma (e.g., 5334 vs 1.8 ng/ml for PF4 [9]). They are also secreted after contact of platelets with collagen in damaged blood vessels, for example.Production and StructurePF4 is synthesized by megakaryocytes (10), an ability that correlates with cytoplasmic maturity (2, 11). The PF4 is firs...
Intracellular phosphorus turnover in the rat liver cell.

Summary1. A broad preliminary survey has been made of the metabolic fate of P32 labeled phosphate within the rat liver cell, following intravenous injection of the labeled phosphate. 2. By means of differential centrifugation of rat liver homogenates, 4 intracellular components have been separated out: mitochondria, microsomes, the remaining supernatant, and a crude nuclear fraction. 3. Time-distribution curves have been constructed for the P32 in the 4 cell fractions, and further resolution has been obtained by chemically fractionating the P32 activity in each cell fraction into 4 groups of phosphorus compounds: the acid-soluble compounds, phospholipids, nucleic acids, and protein residue. 4. The mitochondria and nuclei took up P32 rapidly, whereas the microsomes incorporated relatively little P32, and much more slowly. Characteristically different patterns of P32 uptake were also noted for the various chemical fractions. A brief interpretation of the findings is given. 5. Additional data are given for t...
Design and Application of Power Grid Enterprise Network Access System

Current network security protection system of power grid enterprise is mainly based on gateway mode, it is difficult to implement the security measures in each terminals, there are many security risks, such as lack of effective control and authentication of terminal accessing, substandard security level, unauthorized external connection and so on. With the detailed analysis of current network security situation of the power grid enterprises, this paper performs a qualitative evaluation of terminal security threats and designs a network access control security system based on policy routing and virtual gateway access. The designed system has been comprehensively applied in State Grid Gansu Electric Power Company. The application results proved that the designed system can effectively solve the main problems of network desktop terminals, and it can provide reference for the information security governance in other power grid enterprise and relevant units.
Surgical management for snoring and sleep apnea.

Obstructive sleep apnea is a serious medical problem producing both physical and behavioral derangement. It is essential to provide a thorough workup and evaluation of all patients seeking care for snoring or OSA. Polysomnography is the standard for evaluation and assessment of the severity of OSA in every patient. The evaluation and workup for surgical intervention should include a thorough history, complete head and neck evaluation, nasopharyngeal laryngoscopy with a flexible fiberoptic endoscope, and appropriate imaging (e.g., cephalometrics). This workup allows pathologic entities of the upper airway (e.g., neoplasia, cysts) to be ruled out and regions of disproportionate anatomy (e.g., large soft palate, uvula, base of tongue, and a hypoplastic mandible) to be documented. Treatment of site-specific based on the finding of the evaluation. Treatment of snoring is often addressed by more conservative palatal procedures such as LAUP, RVTR, or electrocautery of the soft palate. The more aggressive palatal procedures such as UPPP are generally reserved for OSA. Nasal airway reconstruction may aid in the treatment of OSA, because increased nasal resistance and obstruction may significantly increase the negative pressure of the upper airway, leading to collapse of the velopharyngeal, base-of-tongue, and hypopharyngeal regions. Children with OSA usually respond well to adenotonsillectomy. Occasionally, uvulopalatopharyngeal procedures may be necessary. Craniofacial anomalies and significant skeletal anomalies such as severe mandibular hypoplasia have historically been problematic. Tracheostomies were at one time the only way to secure the airway in these patients. New developments in distraction osteogenesis have enabled mandibular lengthening and airway improvement, leading to earlier decannulation of these patients. The combined phase I and phase II treatment has a success rate of greater than 90%. Phase I treatment may include nasal reconstruction, uvulopalatopharyngeal, base-of-tongue, and hypopharyngeal surgery. Phase I surgery has a documented success rate of about 70% to 80%. Phase II surgery (MMA) has a success rate approaching 100%. In certain cases, MMA may be used as the primary treatment of OSA.
Fire in the mind: changing understandings of fire in Western civilization.

For most of human history, fire has been a pervasive presence in human life, and so also in human thought. This essay examines the ways in which fire has functioned intellectually in Western civilization as mythology, as religion, as natural philosophy and as modern science. The great phase change occurred with the development of industrial combustion; fire faded from quotidian life, which also removed it from the world of informing ideas. Beginning with the discovery of oxygen, fire as an organizing concept fragmented into various subdisciplines of natural science and forestry. The Anthropocene, however, may revive the intellectual role of fire as an informing idea or at least a narrative conceit. This article is part of the themed issue ‘The interaction of fire and mankind’.
The Evolution of the Hand in Pleistocene Homo

The hand remains of Pleistocene Homo provide a functional morphological pattern that indicates the full range of recent human manipulative abilities, and the hand remains of Homo naledi closely approximate this pattern. They all have (or appear to have) overall finger length proportions similar to those of recent humans, although the western Eurasian archaic humans exhibit pollical phalanx length proportions with modestly shorter proximal ones and especially longer distal ones. There is variability in the first to third carpometacarpal (CMc) articulations, with archaic humans tending to have dorsopalmarly flatter CMc1 surfaces and more parasagittally oriented capitate-Mc2 facets. Most Pleistocene Homo Mc3s (but not including the H. naledi ones) have distinctly human styloid processes, albeit generally shorter than those of recent humans. The length and articular patterns occur in the context of generally robust hand remains through archaic Homo, reflected in often large carpal palmar tuberosities, marked opponens muscle insertions, broad epiphyses, and large apical tufts, features which variably reduce with early modern humans. These changes largely correspond to the evolution of human technology through the Pleistocene, although aspects of the robust Neandertal hands appear anomalous (and probably ancestral retentions) given the technological advances of the Middle Paleolithic.
Neoadjuvant FOLFIRINOX and/or gemcitabine/nab-paclitaxel for advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma.

473Background: Neoadjuvant chemotherapy is increasingly being utilized for locally advanced (LAPC)/borderline resectable pancreatic cancer (BRPC); however, long term follow up data is sparse. At our institution, we use FOLFIRINOX as the regimen of choice. Gemcitabine (Gem) and nab-Paclitaxel (Abraxane) is utilized in patients not suited for FOLFIRINOX or if they have poor radiographic response and/or develop significant toxicities to FOLFIRINOX. The aim of this study was to report our institutional experience with neoadjuvant therapy for patients with advanced pancreatic cancer. Methods: A retrospective review was performed of all patients with BRPC or LAPC who received FOLFIRINOX (or a modified regimen), Gem/nab-Paclitaxel, or both prior to surgical resection. FOLFIRINOX was typically given for 4 – 6 cycles while gem/nab-Paclitaxel was given for 2 cycles. Results: From January 2011 to December 2015, 39 patients were identified who met the study criteria. Eight patients received FOLFIRINOX alone (median a...
Olfaction and incident Parkinson disease in US white and black older adults.

Objective: To investigate olfaction in relation to incident Parkinson disease (PD) in US white and black older adults. Methods: The study included 1,510 white (mean age 75.6 years) and 952 black (75.4 years) participants of the Health, Aging, and Body Composition study. We evaluated the olfaction of study participants with the Brief Smell Identification Test (BSIT) in 1999–2000. We retrospectively adjudicated PD cases identified through August 31, 2012, using multiple data sources. We used multivariable Cox models to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results: During an average of 9.8 years of follow-up, we identified a total of 42 incident PD cases, including 30 white and 12 black participants. Overall, poor sense of smell, as indicated by a lower BSIT score, was associated with higher risk of PD. Compared with the highest tertile of BSIT (t3), the HR was 1.3 (95% CI 0.5–3.6) for the second tertile (t2) and 4.8 (95% CI 2.0–11.2) for the lowest tertile (t1) ( p trend t1/[t2+t3] 4.2, 95% CI 1.7–10.8) and thereafter (HR t1/[t2+t3] 4.1, 95% CI 1.7–9.8). This association appeared to be stronger in white (HR t1/[t2+t3] 4.9, 95% CI 2.3–10.5) than in black participants (HR t1/[t2+t3] 2.5, 95% CI 0.8–8.1), and in men (HR t1/[t2+t3] 5.4, 95% CI 2.3–12.9) than in women (HR t1/[t2+t3] 2.9, 95% CI 1.1–7.8). Conclusions: Poor olfaction predicts PD in short and intermediate terms; the possibility of stronger associations among men and white participants warrants further investigation.
The Impact of Interrupting Nurses on Mental Workload in Emergency Departments

ABSTRACTThe primary objective of this study was to investigate the impact of interrupting nurses on mental workload in emergency departments by using a Natural Goals Operators Methods and Selection rules Language (NGOMSL) simulation model. The model advanced our understanding of how interrupting nurses influenced their mental workload. A time study was conducted to collect emergency nurses’ behaviors related to clinical activities at the Mayo Clinic in Minnesota. After that, the NGOMSL simulation model was developed based on the time study data. Compared to the non-interruption scenario, the result showed that the nurse’s mental workload was 2.04 times higher during patient care activities and 4.72 times higher during EMR charting in the interruption scenario. The simulation results indicated that the NGOMSL model could demonstrate the impact on mental workload caused by interruptions in emergency departments. The findings of this study will contribute to developing a new way to measure nursing mental wor...
Development and validation of a sensitive LC MS/MS method for the measurement of the checkpoint kinase 1 inhibitor prexasertib and its application in a cerebral microdialysis study

Abstract LC MS/MS methods to measure prexasertib in mouse plasma and Ringer’s solution containing 0.5% BSA (Ringer’s/BSA) were developed and validated. Liquid-liquid extraction with tert-butyl methyl ether was used to extract prexasertib from mouse plasma and Ringer’s/BSA. Reverse phase chromatography with gradient elution was performed to separate prexasertib from the endogenous interference in the matrix, followed by MS detection using positive ion MRM mode. The initial calibration curve for mouse plasma samples ranged from 1 to 500 ng/ml, and after validation of that curve and use in a preliminary study another calibration curve (0.2–200 ng/ml) was created to enable the quantitation of prexasertib at lower concentrations. The method described was precise and accurate with %CV in precision studies of ≤ 6.7% and accuracies within 95.0–110% of nominal target concentration across all concentrations tested for both matrices. This validated method was successfully applied in the analysis of prexasertib in mouse plasma and dialysate samples collected during a cerebral microdialysis study.
Botox-induced muscle paralysis alters intracortical porosity and osteocyte lacunar density in skeletally mature rats.

Reduced mechanical loading can lead to disuse osteoporosis, resulting in bone fragility. Disuse models report macroscopic bone loss due to muscle inactivity and immobilization, yet only recently has there been quantification of the effects of disuse on the vascular pores and osteocyte network, which are believed to play an important role in mechanotransduction via interstitial fluid flow. The goal of this study was to perform a high-resolution analysis of the effects of muscle inactivity on intracortical porosity and osteocyte lacunar density in skeletally mature rats. Muscle paralysis was induced in 20-week-old female Sprague Dawley rats by injection of botulinum neurotoxin. Rats were injected in the right hindlimb muscles with either Botox (BTX, n = 8) or saline solution (CTRL, n = 8), with a third group used as baseline controls (n = 8). Four weeks after injection, Botox caused a ∼60% reduction in hindlimb muscle mass. High-resolution micro-CT analysis showed that Botox-induced muscle paralysis increased vascular canal porosity and reduced osteocyte lacunar density within the tibial metaphysis cortex. Cortical thickness and other areal properties were diminished in the proximal tibial metaphysis, whereas no differences were found in the mid-diaphysis. Within the BTX group, the injected limbs showed a lower cancellous bone volume fraction relative to the contralateral limb. These results indicate that diminished muscle activity alters the vascular canal porosity and osteocyte lacunar density in cortical bone, which could alter interstitial fluid flow, affecting molecular transport and the transmission of mechanical signals to osteocytes. © 2019 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res.
Double transplanting – A contingent strategy for rice cultivation in low-lying areas

Double transplanting is a traditional crop-establishment system in which rice seedlings are transplanted twice, first on secondary nursery, and then the main field. It is a contingent strategy in low -lying flood prone areas especially during Aman season rice. The need of double transplanting arises when the main field is not ready due to continuous stagnation of floodwater or due to delay in onset of monsoon. It is an indigenous technology developed by farmers to manage the risk of submergence. The single transplanted rice, the seedling height of young seedlings is not tall enough and has risk of submergence. Whereas, the height of double transplanted rice seedlings is tall and can withstand submergence relatively for longer time. In eastern India flood prone rice area occupies nearly 2.25 m ha most of which are rainfed. Uncertainty of monsoon makes sowing time of rice become unpredictable. Double transplanting, seems to provide solution under such situation. Sometimes this is used as a method for seedling multiplication under seedling scarce situation. This situation often arises when the established crop is damaged in field due to flash flood.
The influence of message framing on public beliefs and behaviors related to species reintroduction

Abstract Little is known about whether messaging strategies drawing from behavioral science theory may effectively change public attitudes, beliefs, and behavior with regard to biodiversity conservation. We conducted a randomized survey experiment with 1415 Colorado residents to examine how messaging approaches influence beliefs, voting intentions, and collective action intentions related to a proposed ballot initiative mandating wolf reintroduction to the state. We tested 6 different messages that drew from behavioral science literature on extreme versus moderate appeals, anthropomorphism, and perceived social norms. We find that overall, message framing has little impact on Coloradans’ intentions to vote for or against wolf reintroduction. We find preliminary evidence that extreme arguments that do not address ranchers’ concerns may decrease the willingness of individuals with neutral attitudes to share positive information about wolf reintroduction with others. Furthermore, moderate arguments discussing how ranchers’ concerns will be addressed reduce intentions to engage in organized opposition to reintroduction (compared to arguments used by those opposed to wolf reintroduction). We find that providing descriptive normative information changes perceptions of norms regarding wolf reintroduction, but such changed perceptions do not lead to changes in behavioral intentions compared to control messages. Our study suggests that to increase the diffusion of positive information about a conservation program and prevent organized opposition, conservation practitioners should avoid extreme arguments that ignore the concerns of the opposition and utilize more moderate arguments that acknowledge and address those concerns.
Novel plasma biomarkers improve discrimination of metabolic health independent of weight.

We sought to determine if novel plasma biomarkers improve traditionally defined metabolic health (MH) in predicting risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) events irrespective of weight. Poor MH was defined in CATHGEN biorepository participants (n > 9300), a follow-up cohort (> 5600 days) comprising participants undergoing evaluation for possible ischemic heart disease. Lipoprotein subparticles, lipoprotein-insulin resistance (LP-IR), and GlycA were measured using NMR spectroscopy (n = 8385), while acylcarnitines and amino acids were measured using flow-injection, tandem mass spectrometry (n = 3592). Multivariable Cox proportional hazards models determined association of poor MH and plasma biomarkers with time-to-all-cause mortality or incident myocardial infarction. Low-density lipoprotein particle size and high-density lipoprotein, small and medium particle size (HMSP), GlycA, LP-IR, short-chain dicarboxylacylcarnitines (SCDA), and branched-chain amino acid plasma biomarkers were independently associated with CVD events after adjustment for traditionally defined MH in the overall cohort (p = 3.3 × 10−4–3.6 × 10−123), as well as within most of the individual BMI categories (p = 8.1 × 10−3–1.4 × 10−49). LP-IR, GlycA, HMSP, and SCDA improved metrics of model fit analyses beyond that of traditionally defined MH. We found that LP-IR, GlycA, HMSP, and SCDA improve traditionally defined MH models in prediction of adverse CVD events irrespective of BMI.
Venture‐Capital Investment in Minority Business

This study analyzes the performance of mature investments made by venture-capital (VC) funds that specialize in financing minority business enterprises. We explore the hypothesis that VCs focusing on investing in minority businesses earn attractive returns because this market niche is underserved. Minority VC funds collectively earned yields on their realized investments that were estimated to be broadly equivalent to those of the mainstream VC industry. However, these yields vary greatly from fund to fund. VC fund traits that predict high yields on individual investments are identified by estimating multivariate regressions explaining net investment returns.
Chemical proteomics of reactive molecules

Abstract The activity analysis of proteome-wide action of small reactive molecules infers their biological consequences and has a profound impact on human health. These analyses utilize and stimulate technological advances in chemical proteomics. This chapter primarily describes a new α-methylene-β-lactone (MeLac) alkyne probe (MeLacA) as a broadly reactive probe for chemical proteomics measurements. It discusses the reactivity of MeLacA in comparison with widely used iodoacetamide and fluorophosphonate probes. The use of probes of broad reactivity empowers adaptable competitive chemical proteomics platforms for subtractive analysis of proteome-wide reactions of small reactive molecules. The MeLac probe has multiple electrophilic sites. The probe MeLacA recruits glutathione in live cells to form a selective β-lactone probe, demonstrating a modular concept of rapidly developing highly selective chemical probes from an existing multi-electrophilic scaffold. This chapter concludes with some of our perspectives on chemical proteomics measurements and the promise of using scaffold probes to develop new covalent proteomics probes for precisely analyzing the proteome's activity domain within a zoomable scope.
A system approach to design for fuel economy: The new General Motors front drive cars

The techniques for optimisation of fuel economy in the design of the new GM 1980 'X' cars involved the reduction of road load and parasitic losses combined with powertrain matching to the vehicle as a system. Computer simulations identified potentially fruitful areas of economy improvement. The method of establishing meaningful targets for weight, aerodynamics and tyre losses is described. The matching of engine displacement, torque converter characteristics and transmission and axle gearing to the vehicle system made possible the minimum engine size consistent with target performance requirements. It is concluded that the methods employed made possible a high level of fuel efficiency relative to both vehicle size and performance.
Impact of Surgical Therapies on Sleep and Alertness in Parkinson’s Disease

Surgical therapies for Parkinson’s disease (PD) play an increasingly important role in the treatment of motor symptoms that are refractory to medical management. These therapies include deep brain stimulation, lesional/ablation surgery of brain structures, and placement of an intrajejunal tube to administer continuous drug delivery of levodopa/carbidopa intestinal gel (LCIG). Sleep dysfunction and excessive daytime sleepiness are very common among patients with Parkinson’s disease and negatively impact quality of life. For this reason, understanding the impact of surgical therapies on these symptoms can provide additional insights into strategies for optimizing outcomes and provide a better understanding of the pathophysiology of sleep disorders in PD patients. In this chapter, we review the available data on the effects of surgical therapies on sleep architecture, sleep quality, and daytime vigilance and discuss the need for further study to fully understand the mechanisms underlying changes in sleep following surgical intervention.
Tailoring Plant Cell Wall Composition and Architecture for Conversion to Liquid Hydrocarbon Biofuels

Abstract Biomass has one-third the energy density of crude oil and lacks petroleum's versatility as a feedstock for fuels and chemicals. Chemical catalysis and fast pyrolysis can overcome these limitations by transforming the main components of biomass (cellulose, xylan, and lignin) from grasses and trees directly to liquid hydrocarbons and aromatic co-products. Regardless of the nature of the conversion process, biomass structural complexity at molecular, nanoscale, and mesoscale levels impacts the yields and selectivities of desired reaction products. We discuss opportunities to modify the composition and architecture of cell wall components to optimize post-conversion product yields without compromising preconversion biomass yields.
Abstract T P200: Feasibility of Telemedicine on a Mobile Stroke Treatment Unit

Background: Mobile stroke treatment unit (MTSU) with on-site treatment team that includes a stroke physician can provide thrombolysis successfully in pre-hospital setting more quickly than traditional treatment in hospital. We report our initial experience of mobile stroke unit with remote physician presence by telemedicine. Methods: We implemented a MSTU at our institution starting July 18 th , 2014. The unit includes a registered nurse, paramedic, emergency medical personnel, CT technologist. Stroke physician evaluated patient via telemedicine (InTouch RP-Lite) and neuroradioloigst remotely assessed images obtained by Ceretom mobile CT. Data were entered in medical records and a prospective registry. The evaluation and treatment in the first 3 weeks of implementation of MSTU was compared to a control group of patients brought to emergency department (ED) via a traditional ambulance in the preceding 2 months. Times were measured from patient arrival entering the “door” of MSTU or emergency department (ED). Results: Twenty three patients were evaluated by MSTU. All patients were evaluated successfully with CT scan, IV placement, neurologic exam and NIH Stroke scale evaluation over telemedicine, and CT interpretation. Duration of telemedicine evaluation was median 21 minutes (IQR: 17-34 minutes). There was a single 44 second interruption of telemedicine connection that did not affect clinical care. The Median NIHS Stroke Scale was 7 (IQR 2 to 11) and was successfully completed in all 23 patients with assistance of a registered nurse by patient side. The time from door to CT scan completion was similar between MSTU and ED (median 21 minutes and 20 minutes, p=0.70). The time from CT completion to radiologist report to stroke physician was similar between MSTU and ED (median 6 minutes and 4.5 minutes, p=0.18). Conclusion: Mobile stroke unit using telemedicine is feasible and as time efficient as traditional ED evaluation.
Role of endogenous interferon-beta in lipopolysaccharide-triggered activation of the inducible nitric-oxide synthase gene in a mouse macrophage cell line, J774.

Abstract The role of endogenous tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and interferon-beta (IFN-beta) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced activation of the inducible nitric-oxide synthase (i-NOS) gene was investigated. By Northern analysis or reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, the mouse macrophage cell line (J774) was found to respond to LPS treatment by increased expression of mRNAs specific for TNF-alpha, IFN-beta, and i-NOS with the kinetics unique for each gene. Bioassay of the culture supernatants showed that TNF-alpha and IFN-beta secreted by J774 cells increased from an undetectable level to about 300 and 340 units/ml, respectively, 3-6 h after LPS stimulation. Nitrite concentration was found to increase from 0 to 7.8 and 28.5 microM by 12 and 24 h, respectively, in the culture supernatant of LPS-treated J774 cells. The presence of a neutralizing dose of antibodies against IFN-beta, but not against TNF-alpha, during treatment with either 10 ng or 1 microgram of LPS/ml significantly, but not completely decreased the level of i-NOS-specific mRNA expression and NO production. The incubation of J774 cells with mouse natural IFN-beta itself (up to the level of 1,200 units/ml) did not induce i-NOS-specific mRNA and therefore did not stimulate J774 cells to produce NO. However, natural IFN-beta synergistically augmented the expression of i-NOS mRNA and the production of NO by J774 cells triggered by suboptimal concentrations of LPS (1 to 5 ng/ml). These data thus suggest that endogenous IFN-beta, but not TNF-alpha, produced by LPS-stimulated J774 cells specifically contributes, probably in an auto/paracrine fashion, to the activation of the i-NOS gene expression by LPS.
Tryptic hydrolysis of human serum albumin. The pattern of initial fragmentation.

Abstract The fragmentation of human serum albumin by trypsin was studied by electrophoresis and by gel filtration. Brief hydrolysis at pH 8.5 yields a characteristic pattern of fragmentation, the most conspicuous feature of which is the appearance of a 51,000 mol wt fragment of distinct electrophoretic mobility. Concomitant with the formation of this fragment, an 18,500 mol wt fragment is released. In addition to this predominant pattern, a second breakdown mechanism seems to operate which yields 13,500 mol wt fragments and still smaller peptides. The yield of the 51,000 fragment per bond cleaved is pH-dependent and is maximal at pH 10. The pH dependence of this yield appears to be different from that of the "alkaline transition" as revealed by optical rotatory measurements. The "subunit" hypothesis of albumin is discussed in the light of these findings.
Counterfactual reasoning with direct models

Most of the effort AI has put into common sense reasoning has involved inference by sequential rule application. This approach is most effective in well characterized domains where any valid chain of inference from a set of observations leads to an acceptable interpretation. In more realistic cases where there are multiple consistent interpretations that are not equally good, or where there are no consistent interpretations, it seems more natural to choose the best alternative based on the interpretations themselves rather than the chains of inference used to derive them. µKLONE is a connectionist network which uses simulated annealing to search the space of interpretations, or models. Inconsistent theories lead to generation of models which come as close as possible to satisfying all of the axioms, so counterfactual reasoning can be accomplished by the same mechanism as factual reasoning. An example involving conflicting information is presented for which µKLONE finds an intuitively plausible interpretation.
Effects of sex composition on group processes in alcohol prevention groups for teens.

Although most alcohol and other drug prevention programs for adolescents are offered in group settings, little is known about the possible effects of sex composition on group processes and mechanisms of change. Using the Group Actor-Partner Interdependence Model framework, we examined how the sex constellation of adolescent prevention group members influenced youth satisfaction, engagement, and endorsement of healthy behavior during group. Participants in Project Options (N = 379; 61.8% girls; Mage = 16.1; SD = 1.4), a voluntary school-based alcohol prevention program, completed measures of satisfaction at each prevention session and observers rated engagement and change talk for each group. When analyses were oriented towards girls, their personal satisfaction, group-rated satisfaction, and group-level engagement were positively related to having more girls in the group. Similarly, in boys, personal satisfaction, satisfaction of the group as a whole, and engagement in groups improved when groups were composed of more girls. Statements supportive of healthy alcohol/drug-related decision making were unrelated to group composition. The findings suggest that the composition of girls and boys in groups has differential effects on some group processes. This avenue of research has merit for the understanding the mechanisms associated with satisfaction and engagement in adolescent substance use prevention programs.
Revisiting the Revisited: An Alternative Test of the Monopolistic Competition Model of International Trade

This paper proposes an alternative test of the monopolistic competition model that has conventionally been examined for aggregate trade. The implied relationship between the volume of trade and size similarity among trading countries is reexamined considering the degree of product differentiation; and the redefined relationship is tested using sectorally disaggregated data on production and trade, employing non-linear estimation methods to handle zero-trade observations. The result confirms the model’s implication for product-differentiated sectors for both OECD and non-OECD countries, but also indicates that for nonOECD countries the trade-similarity correlation is more pronounced in non-differentiated sectors, which raises a puzzle to the model.
Towards a Framework for Evaluating Mobile Mental Health Apps

Abstract Introduction: Mobile phones are ubiquitous in society and owned by a majority of psychiatric patients, including those with severe mental illness. Their versatility as a platform can extend mental health services in the areas of communication, self-monitoring, self-management, diagnosis, and treatment. However, the efficacy and reliability of publicly available applications (apps) have yet to be demonstrated. Numerous articles have noted the need for rigorous evaluation of the efficacy and clinical utility of smartphone apps, which are largely unregulated. Professional clinical organizations do not provide guidelines for evaluating mobile apps. Materials and Methods: Guidelines and frameworks are needed to evaluate medical apps. Numerous frameworks and evaluation criteria exist from the engineering and informatics literature, as well as interdisciplinary organizations in similar fields such as telemedicine and healthcare informatics. Results: We propose criteria for both patients and providers to...
Formation of an Egg Shell

Abstract Evidence has been presented which indicates that calcification of the egg shell begins just prior to the egg entering the uterus. Initial shell formation has been shown to be crystalline in nature. Small calcium rich clusters are deposited on the outer shell membrane in the isthmus and these small clusters are the initiation sites for calcium deposition. As the deposition continues, there is a period in which the individual sites become crystalline in appearance. These deposition sites lose their individual integrity due to being covered by an amorphous calcium rich layer. When the shell is viewed cross-sectionally, the arrangement of the individual sites on the membrane can be seen as well as their transformation into the more solid outer portion of the shell.
Analysis of PINCH function in Drosophila demonstrates its requirement in integrin-dependent cellular processes.

Integrins play a crucial role in cell motility, cell proliferation and cell survival. The evolutionarily conserved LIM protein PINCH is postulated to act as part of an integrin-dependent signaling complex. In order to evaluate the role of PINCH in integrin-mediated cellular events, we have tested directly the in vivo function of PINCH in Drosophila melanogaster . We demonstrate that the steamer duck ( stck ) alleles that were first identified in a screen for potential integrin effectors represent mutations in Drosophila pinch. stck mutants die during embryogenesis, revealing a key role for PINCH in development. Muscle cells within embryos that have compromised PINCH function display disturbed actin organization and cell-substratum adhesion. Mutation of stck also causes failure of integrin-dependent epithelial cell adhesion in the wing. Consistent with the idea that PINCH could contribute to integrin function, PINCH protein colocalizes with βPS integrin at sites of actin filament anchorage in both muscle and wing epithelial cells. Furthermore, we show that integrins are required for proper localization of PINCH at the myotendinous junction. The integrin-linked kinase, ILK, is also essential for integrin function. We demonstrate that Drosophila PINCH and ILK are complexed in vivo and are coincident at the integrin-rich muscle-attachment sites in embryonic muscle. Interestingly, ILK localizes appropriately in stck mutant embryos, therefore the phenotypes exhibited by the stck mutants are not attributable to mislocalization of ILK. Our results provide direct genetic evidence that PINCH is essential for Drosophila development and is required for integrin-dependent cell adhesion.
On the vector form factor in pion beta decay

Abstract The pion vector form factor in the decay π±→π0+e±±ν is calculated without the assumption of a conserved vector current in the weak interaction Lagrangian by assuming the vector form factor to satisfy an unsubtracted dispersion relation. In the approximation that only the π-π and N - N intermediate states are considered, a set of coupled integral equations for the pion and nucleon weak vector form factors is derived. These integral equations are solved numerically with a simple trial function chosen to make the integrals converge. The pion vector form factor obtained is comparable to that obtained unequivocally from the conserved vector current theory.
A more general model for handling missing information in relational databases using a 3-valued logic

Codd proposed the use of two interpretations of nulls to handle missing information in relational databases that may lead to a 4-valued logic [Codd86, Codd87]. In a more general model, three interpretations of nulls are necessary [Roth, Zani]. Without simplification, this may lead to a 7-valued logic, which is too complicated to be adopted in relational databases. For such a model, there is no satisfactory simplification to a 4-valued logic. However, by making a straightforward simplification and using some proposed logical functions, a 3-valued logic can handle all three interpretations.
CP asymmetries induced by particle widths: Application to top-quark decays.

An on-shell unstable particle produced in a tree-level process, such as W in t\ensuremath{\rightarrow}qW, induces a CP violating signal through its width. This effect arises from an Im(tree)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}Re(loop) type of interference. Among t\ensuremath{\rightarrow}qq'q\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{} processes (e.g., t\ensuremath{\rightarrow}bcb\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}) proceeding either through the tree-level t\ensuremath{\rightarrow}qW or the one-loop t\ensuremath{\rightarrow}q'+(virtual g) reactions, the CP asymmetry is largest for the case t\ensuremath{\rightarrow}dcd\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{} and is of scrO(\ensuremath{\eta}/${\ensuremath{\lambda}}^{2}$) in Wolfenstein's parametrization. The resulting effects are found to be small in the standard model, but are much larger than those obtained for radiative top-quark decays. We also briefly discuss B decays where such a mechanism may cause CP violation in, for example, b\ensuremath{\rightarrow}${\mathit{se}}^{+}$${\mathit{e}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$.
Intended Release and Actual Retention of Alfalfa Leafcutting Bees (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) for Pollination in Commercial Alfalfa Seed Fields

Low, medium, and high stocking densities (15,000; 30,000; and 45,000–50,000 bees per acre, respectively) of Megachile rotundata (F.) (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae), the alfalfa leafcutting bee, were released over 4 yr in three research plots of Utah alfalfa, Medicago sativa L. (Fabaceae), planted at seed-production rates. A low percentage of bees (46–79% of released) survived the incubation and field-emergence processes; of those bees, the number of females that established at the nesting sites was 25–100%. Of the three field sites, one site consistently retained more females and produced more completed nests than the other sites, all of which usually had poor female establishment and progeny production. In addition, floral resources were depleted over time, but many flowers remained unvisited over the season. Nest production decreased over time, as numbers of flowers and female bees declined. Significant positive relationships were found between the intended stocking densities and 1) the number of females that actually survived incubation and field emergence and 2) the number of females that established nests. The number of females that established nests was positively affected by the number of females that survived to emerge in the field. The percentage of females that established was not significantly affected by the intended number of released bees, countering a prediction that the release of fewer bees would allow more females to establish nests and achieve high reproductive success. For growers, it may be more frugal to use modest numbers of M. rotundata for pollination, because many of the bees at medium and high stocking densities do not nest in grower-provided bee boards.
Ratio of red cell velocities near the vessel wall to velocities at the vessel center in cerebral microcirculation, and an apparent effect of blood viscosity on this ratio.

Abstract High speed microcinephotography of selected vessels on the cerebral surface revealed that, in normal mice, erythrocyte velocity at the center of the vessel (Vc) was about 30% greater than velocity near the vessel wall (Vw). The difference between Vw and Vc significantly decreased when blood viscosity was raised by high molecular weight dextran and increased significantly in anemia, as well as in anemic macroglobulinemic mice. These data suggest an in vivo relationship between rheologic factors, such as hematocrit, plasma viscosity and whole blood viscosity on the one hand, and the shape of the velocity profile on the other.
Bilateral ureteral obstruction secondary to massive fecal impaction

An adult paraplegic with bilateral ureteral obstruction secondary to fecal impaction is discussed. This and the 8 previously reported cases of urinary obstruction from impaction are reviewed regarding the patient's age, sex, associated disease, and anatomic factors relating to the urinary obstructive level. The relation between impaction and urinary obstruction and infection is emphasized.
An architecture to support distributed data retrieval in specialized formats

Raw data and processed information are essential to the development of software simulation systems used in the analysis of various application domains. In such domains, the dissemination and management of this information is a daunting task. This paper discusses software architectural and specification-driven approaches to data retrieval in custom formats. Simulation developers use XML-based specification to request database results in any format.
AGAINST OPTIMALITY: LOGICAL FOUNDATIONS FOR DECISION‐THEORETIC PLANNING IN AUTONOMOUS AGENTS

This paper investigates decision-theoretic planning in sophisticated autonomous agents operating in environments of real-world complexity. An example might be a planetary rover exploring a largely unknown planet. It is argued that existing algorithms for decision-theoretic planning are based on a logically incorrect theory of rational decision making. Plans cannot be evaluated directly in terms of their expected values, because plans can be of different scopes, and they can interact with other previously adopted plans. Furthermore, in the real world, the search for optimal plans is completely intractable. An alternative theory of rational decision making is proposed, called “locally global planning.”
Water Dynamics: Vibrational Echo Correlation Spectroscopy and Comparison to Molecular Dynamics Simulations

The dynamics of water are examined using ultrafast IR stimulated vibrational echo correlation spectroscopy. The OD hydroxyl stretch of HOD in H2O is probed with 45-fs pulses that have sufficient bandwidth (>400 cm-1) to span the entire broad spectrum. High-quality 2D correlation spectra are obtained having the correct phase relations across the broad hydroxyl band. The correlation spectra are found to evolve on multiple time scales. The time evolution of the vibrational echo correlation spectrum reflects the structural evolution of the hydrogen bond networks. The extended vibrational lifetime of the OD hydroxyl stretch of HOD in H2O facilitates the measurement of hydrogen bond dynamics for longer times than possible in previous studies of the OH stretch. Molecular dynamics simulations/electronic structure calculations are used to obtain the time correlation functions (TCF) for two water models, TIP4P and SPC/E. The TCFs are inputs to full time-dependent diagrammatic perturbation theory calculations, which...
Calibration of OH laser-induced fluorescence temperature measurements using thermally dissociated H 2 O

A method for the calibration of OH temperature measurements using laser-induced fluorescence is demonstrated. The technique depends on the thermal dissociation of water vapor in a furnace. The calibration was demonstrated for the excitation of theA 2 Σ +(υ′ = 3) −Χ 2 ∏(υ″ = 0) band with a tunable KrF laser. Consistent discrepancies of 3% between calculated and measured temperatures with a standard deviation of 8 % were observed.
Long-term follow-up of cervical radiographic sagittal spinal alignment after 1- and 2-level cervical corpectomy for the treatment of spondylosis of the subaxial cervical spine causing radiculomyelopathy or myelopathy: a retrospective study

Object Few data exist regarding long-term outcomes after cervical corpectomy for spondylotic cervical myelopathy and radiculomyelopathy. In this retrospective review, long-term radiographic outcomes are reported for 130 patients after 1- or 2-level cervical corpectomy for spondylotic myelopathy or radiculomyelopathy. Methods Electronic medical records including clinical data and radiographic images during a 15-year period (1993–2008) were reviewed at the Cincinnati Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center. All patients underwent radiographic follow-up for at least 12 months (range 12–156, mean 45 ± 39.3 months), as well as clinical follow-up performed by neurosurgery staff for a mean of 29.3 ± 39.6 months (range 4–156 months). Clinical parameters at surgery and last examination included the Chiles modified Japanese Orthopaedic Association (mJOA) Myelopathy Scale. Measurements included cervical spine sagittal alignment on lateral radiographs preoperatively and postoperatively, focal Cobb angles at ope...
Relationship of leptin to bone mineralization in children and adolescents.

Serum leptin concentrations and bone mass are concordant in several respects. Obesity is associated with increased serum leptin concentrations and bone mineral, whereas undernutrition reduces serum leptin concentrations and bone mineral. Furthermore, both bone mineral and serum leptin concentrations increase at the initiation of puberty. However, there is a lack of empirical evidence of an independent association of serum leptin concentrations and bone mineral in youth. Thus, we used hierarchical regression to determine whether serum leptin concentrations were related to bone mineral in boys (n = 28) and girls (n = 31). Bone mineral content, density, and apparent density of the total body and body regions were measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and statistically adjusted for chronological age, fat mass, bone-free fat-free mass, and serum IGF-I and estradiol concentrations. Sequential addition of serum log(10) leptin concentrations to the block of body size variables and the block of hormone vari...