cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Surfactant pKa Calculations using Molecular Dynamics Simulations

The protonation state for ionizable surfactants is crucial for self-assembly, phase behavior, and morphology. For example, oleic acid forms vesicles at intermediate pH conditions (∼7-9), micelles at high pH, and oil phases at low pH. The pKa for oleic acid shifts from ∼4.8 as monomers in water to ∼7.5 in model phospholipid vesicles. It remains challenging to accurately model surfactant self-assembly and protonation behavior with molecular dynamics simulations. We use constant pH molecular dynamics simulations and thermodynamic integration calculations for protonating a single fatty acid in different chemical environments.
Endothelins in bone cancer metastases.

Since their isolation in 1988, endothelins have emerged as modulators of many functions including vasomotor tone, hormone production and cell proliferation. Endothelins and their receptors are expressed by many tissues, thus, it is no surprise that endothelins play an important role in the normal physiological functions and pathological states. Abundant evidence implicates a role for endothelins in cancer. This review will present evidence that endothelins play a major role in the process of cancer metastases to bone.
Physiologic and psychological gender differences in bariatric surgery

Bariatric surgery is a safe and effective treatment for clinically severe obesity, but inequity in male and female utilization is well recognized. Approximately 20% of patients undergoing bariatric surgery are male. This paper aims to describe differences in outcomes by gender and to understand the physiologic and psychological differences that may explain this gender gap. We examined 61,708 patients from the Michigan Bariatric Surgery Collaborative (MBSC) undergoing primary bariatric surgery between 2006 and 2016. Clinical data regarding demographics, comorbidities, and outcomes were compared by gender. Preoperative and 1-year postoperative surveys gathered psychological outcomes. This cohort was consistent with the national population with approximately 22% male patients. There were several significant differences between males and females at the time of surgery. Males tended to be older, have a higher BMI, be married, have lower self-reported depression scores, and have more comorbidities (all p < 0.05). Postoperatively, males suffered more serious complications than women (2.67 vs. 2.12, respectively, p < 0.05). At 1 year postoperatively, males were significantly more satisfied with their operation despite increased complications, decreased weight loss, and decreased rates of comorbidity resolution as compared to females (all p < 0.05). Despite significantly lower weight loss and increased complication rates, males tend to have markedly higher satisfaction and psychological well-being scores than females. To improve outcomes in males, earlier referral to surgery may help to significantly reduce their risk. Conversely, increased attention to psychological support in the perioperative period for females may lead to improved psychological outcomes (i.e., body image, depression, psychological well-being).
Performance analysis of a composite work cell with a gantry and system reconfiguration

Abstract In this paper, a reconfigurable composite work cell with a gantry that is in charge of moving materials/parts from one machine to another is considered. To diagnose the work cell performance, demand dissatisfaction is proposed to evaluate the discrepancy between market demand and system output. Demand dissatisfaction consists of the effect of work cell capacity as well as the impact of disruption events. Production loss attribution of each machine is identified as machine’s impact on the work cell performance. A reconfiguration strategy is proposed to satisfy possible demand changes and serve the purpose of energy saving. A gantry work cell for composite lay-up process is used for a case study, by which the performance diagnostic methodology and reconfiguration strategy are demonstrated.
Subcellular specialization and organelle behavior in germ cells

Gametes, eggs and sperm, are the highly specialized cell types on which the development of new life solely depends. Although all cells share essential organelles, such as the ER (endoplasmic reticulum), Golgi, mitochondria, and centrosomes, germ cells display unique regulation and behavior of organelles during gametogenesis. These germ cell-specific functions of organelles serve critical roles in successful gamete production. In this chapter, I will review the behaviors and roles of organelles during germ cell differentiation.
Experiencing a “plenary jolt”

In an essay on “common sense,” Geertz (1983) rejects the notion of common sense as the “immediate deliverance of experience” and argues instead that any such concept has to be studied anthropologic...
Laboratory and in-flight evaluation of measurement uncertainties from a commercial Cloud Droplet Probe (CDP)

Abstract. Laboratory and in-flight evaluations of uncertainties of measurements from a Cloud Droplet Probe (CDP) are presented. A description of a water-droplet-generating device, similar to those used in previous studies, is provided along with validation of droplet sizing and positioning. Seven experiments with droplet diameters of 9, 17, 24, 29, 34, 38, and 46 µ m tested sizing and counting performance across a 10 µ m resolution grid throughout the sample area of a CDP. Results indicate errors in sizing that depend on both droplet diameter and position within the sample area through which a droplet transited. The CDP undersized 9 µ m droplets by 1–4 µ m. Droplets with diameters of 17 and 24 µ m were sized to within 2 µ m, which is the nominal CDP bin width for droplets of that size. The majority of droplets larger than 17 µ m were oversized by 2–4 µ m, while a small percentage were severely undersized, by as much as 30 µ m. This combination led to an artificial broadening and skewing of the spectra such that mean diameters from a near-monodisperse distribution compared well (within a few percent), while the median diameters were oversized by 5–15 %. This has implications on how users should calibrate their probes. Errors in higher-order moments were generally less than 10 %. Comparisons of liquid water content (LWC) calculated from the CDP and that measured from a Nevzorov hot-wire probe were conducted for 17 917 1 Hz in-cloud points. Although some differences were noted based on volume-weighted mean diameter and total droplet concentration, the CDP-estimated LWC exceeded that measured by the Nevzorov by approximately 20 %, more than twice the expected difference based on results of the laboratory tests and considerations of Nevzorov collection efficiency.
Spermatogonial stem cell renewal in the mouse as revealed by $sup 3$H- thymidine labeling and irradiation

Procedures are described for sectioning and staining mouse testes, x- irradiation of mice, and classification of developing sperm cells. Tables are presented to show frequency of labeled cells following exposure to various doses of x radiation. A discussion is presented of types of spermatogonia surviving various radiation doses and times of incorporation of $sup 3$H-TdR in the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium. Models of stem cell renewal systems are described. (HLW)
Peptide Hormones, Biosynthesis and Posttranslational Processing of

This article discusses the molecular biological, cell biological, and biochemical processes concerned with the production of peptide hormones. These begin with the transcriptional readout of the cognate chromosomal genes into mRNAs, which are then translated into protein precursors in specialized neuroendocrine cells. These initial products of translation (preproteins or preproproteins) are then directed through a series of specialized subcellular compartments where they undergo assisted folding and structural organization, as well as addition of carbohydrate side chains and other selected modifications, followed by their transfer into immature dense-core secretory vesicles where they may be cleaved by specialized proteases and then, in some instances, amidated or N-acetylated to yield the mature, biologically active hormones. These are then stored in the mature secretory granules within glandular cells until they are released via exocytosis in response to appropriate stimuli.
The Application of Non-WTO Rules of International Law in WTO Dispute Settlement

Can WTO panels apply general rules on state responsibility? Can they apply provisions of the Vienna Convention on the Lawof Treaties other than those on treaty interpretation? Are WTO panels mandated to applynon-WTOtreaties, such as multilateral environmental agreements, or bilateral agreements concluded only as between the disputing parties? If so, what is the relationship between these non-WTO rules of international law and the WTO Agreement? Which prevails in the event of conflict? Those are some of the practical questions examined in this Chapter. Part I examines the nature of WTO law. Part II looks at how WTO law interacts in the abstract with other rules of international law. Then the jurisdictional scope of WTO panels is set forth (Part III) and the law that panels may apply and refer to in examining WTO claims (Part IV). The outcome of the interaction between WTO and other international law in practice before a WTO panel, is addressed in Part V. Part VI provides a summary of the chapter and offers some guidelines to WTO negotiators and other treaty-makers.
Appendicitis: A rare case caused by metastatic prostate cancer.

Abstract Acute appendicitis is the most common surgical emergency in the United States. However, unusual causes of appendicitis need to be considered in patients with significant co-morbidities like our patient with history of prostate cancer. Cases of acute appendicitis due to metastatic prostate cancer are rare, with only a few cases reported in the literature. We report a case of a 72 year old male with a history of metastatic prostate cancer that caused acute appendicitis prompting surgical intervention.
Method for Designing Three-Dimensional Swept Hybrid Wings for Icing Wind-Tunnel Tests

Hybrid-wing models are those that present the same leading-edge geometry of the full-scale aircraft wing and a redesigned aft section of reduced chord, such that models can be tested inside an icin...
Postoperative Visual Loss: Anatomy, Pathogenesis, and Anesthesia Considerations

Visual loss after surgery is a poorly understood phenomenon with risk factors similarly found in vascular pathogenesis. Outcomes vary, ranging from full recovery to permanent blindness. Because the incidence is so rare, it has been difficult to identify best practice risk prevention strategies and management to minimize or even eliminate visual loss after surgery. This review, therefore, summarizes understanding of anatomy, pathogenesis, and anesthesia considerations related to visual loss after surgery. To facilitate further exploration of the subject, the American Society of Anesthesiology (ASA) Committee on Professional Liability established the ASA Postoperative Visual Loss (POVL) Registry in 1999, which is a database that includes detailed patient and surgical information on related cases. The findings from this task force are also summarized in this manuscript and conclude that there are no specific patient characteristics that would identify a patient as high risk; however, risk is deemed higher when procedures are prolonged and involve an anticipated large volume of blood loss. In summary, patients who are to undergo higher-risk procedures should be kept at a neutral spine with the head kept at or above the level of the heart. Serial hematocrits should be checked, and central venous pressure monitoring can be used to monitor volume status. Volume resuscitation can be done with colloids, crystalloids, and blood products to maintain euvolemic states. Since there is a large medicolegal consideration with vision loss, surveyed patients have overwhelmingly preferred to have the risk of POVL discussed with them face-to-face prior to the day of surgery. In this regard, the more severe injury to the visual pathway correlates with increase in payment when injury is brought to suit.
Imaging features of vertebral artery fenestration.

Vertebral artery fenestration (VAF) is a rare congenital vascular anomaly which has been associated with intracranial aneurysm. VAF can share some similar imaging features with vertebral artery dissection (VAD), which may confound diagnosis of the latter on CT and MR angiography. The purpose of this investigation is to assess the prevalence of VAF, evaluate its association with other vascular anomalies, and identify imaging features to help in distinguishing VAF and VAD. Using keyword search on CTA and MRA head and neck imaging reports from 2010 to 2017, cases of VAF and VAD were retrospectively identified and imaging was reviewed. Imaging features including laterality; vertebral segment; length of affected segment; presence, number, and caliber of lumen(s); and presence of other vascular abnormalities were recorded for all cases and subsequently compared using Pearson’s chi-squared test to assess for significant differences between the groups. Patient age, gender, and clinical presentations were also recorded. Of 64,888 CT and MR angiographic examinations performed, VAF was identified in 67 (0.1%) and VAD in 54 (0.1%) patients. Compared with VADs, VAFs were shorter in length (p < 0.001), wider in luminal diameter (p < 0.001), more likely to occur at the V4 segment (p < 0.01), more likely to have two distinct lumens rather than one (p < 0.01), and less likely to present post-trauma (p < 0.01). Coexisting intracranial aneurysms were identified in 9% of patients with VAF. VAFs, although rare, can be readily distinguished from VADs on angiographic imaging. Diagnosis of VAF should prompt review for intracranial aneurysm.
68 Year Old HIV + Male with Multiple Acne-Like Growths on the Chest

A 68 year old HIV positive male who has not been properly taking his medication presents with multiple growths on his chest.
Eye Fixation and Strategy Analyses of Individual Differences in Cognitive Aptitudes

A vast literature in educational psychology attests to the fact that individual differences in learner aptitudes predict learning outcomes. A substantial body of literature also now demonstrates that aptitude variables often interact with instructional treatment variables in these predictions (Cronbach & Snow, 1977). Aptitude main effects and aptitude-instructional treatment interactions (ATI), frequently account for a larger proportion of variation in learning outcome than do treatment main effects alone. ATI findings, in particular, have important implications for the development of instructional theory and research and for instructional improvement. They suggest how instruction can be made adaptive to student differences. But if practical and theoretical use is to be made of these ideas, then individual differences in aptitude for learning will need to be understood at a more analytic process level. Traditional research on aptitude sought mainly to improve the predictive power of measures, and to build a taxonomy of aptitude constructs based on correlational studies. With the growth of a cognitive experimental psychology of information processing, coupled with the development of ATI research on instruction, it now seems possible to pursue a process theory of aptitude. This paper notes some recent findings and reports one new study in a continuing program of research toward obtaining such a theory.
Chapter 12 – Membrane Isolation Methods

Isolating biological membrane is as much of an art form as it is a science. The procedures are tedious and require patience, precision, and organization. Since every membrane has its own peculiarities, countless procedures have been published. This chapter will consider a few of the problems encountered in isolating membranes and some of the more common techniques that have been employed.
Allergisierung des organismus durch neisseria meningitidis II. Verfolgung der ergebnisse der vakzinotherapie bei krankheiten auf basis bakterieller allergie

Abstract A three years' study was performed regarding the influence of vaccine therapy in 360 patients affected with diseases caused by bacterial allergy. An evaluation was made concerning the effects obtained by treatment with autovaccines in 110 patients, with stock vaccines in 60 patients, with autovaccines enriched with strain Neisseria meningitidis (N.m.) in 60 patients, and with stock vaccines enriched with N.m. in 130 patients. N.m. was added to the vaccines because of its highly positive reaction in skin tests and its frequent occurrence in asthma patients (15.45%). A possible allergization of the organism by this microorganism was studied. A comparison between the final therapeutical results showed statistically far better treatment results through autovaccines enriched with N.m. (74.9%) in contrast to treatment with autovaccines where the percentage amounted to 71.7%, with stock vaccines to 64.9%, and stock vaccines enriched with N.m. to 64.6%. Our studies led to the suggestion that more attention should be paid to the presence of N.m. in patients affected with diseases caused by bacterial allergy and that studies on a possible contribution of the above microorganism in the sensibilization of the organism should be continued
Clinical characteristics and risk of arrhythmic events in patients younger than 12 years diagnosed with Brugada syndrome

Background Brugada syndrome (BrS) is an inheritable disease with an increased risk of sudden cardiac death. Although several score systems have been proposed, the management of children with BrS has been inconsistently described. Objective The purpose of this study was to identify the characteristics, outcome, and risk factors associated with cardiovascular and arrhythmic events (AEs) in children younger than 12 years with BrS. Methods In this single-center case series, all children with spontaneous or drug/fever-induced type 1 Brugada electrocardiographic (ECG) pattern and younger than 12 years at the time of diagnosis were enrolled. Results Forty-three patients younger than 12 years at the time of diagnosis were included. The median follow-up was 3.97 years (interquartile range 2–12 years). In terms of first-degree atrioventricular block, premature beats, nonmalignant AEs, malignant AEs, and episodes of syncope, no significant differences were observed either between patients with spontaneous and drug/fever-induced type 1 Brugada ECG pattern or between female and male patients (except a significant difference between female and male patients for first-degree atrioventricular block). A higher incidence of malignant AEs was observed in patients with syncope (3 of 8 [37.5%] vs 0 of 35 [0%]; P = .005) than in patients without syncope. SCN5A mutations were associated with a higher occurrence of malignant AEs (3 of 14 [21.4%] vs 0 of 25 [0%]; P = .04) compared with no SCN5A mutations. Conclusion A spontaneous type 1 Brugada ECG pattern is not associated with a higher incidence of syncope, first-degree atrioventricular block, premature beats, nonmalignant AEs, and malignant AEs than the drug/fever-induced type 1 Brugada ECG pattern. Syncope events are correlated with an increased incidence of malignant AEs. Moreover, SCN5A mutations are associated with a higher occurrence of malignant AEs.
Improved correction of F508del-CFTR biogenesis with a folding facilitator and an inhibitor of protein ubiquitination.

Abstract A growing number of diseases are linked to the misfolding of integral membrane proteins, and many of these proteins are targeted for ubiquitin-proteasome-dependent degradation. One such substrate is a mutant form of the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (F508del-CFTR). Protein folding “correctors” that repair the F508del-CFTR folding defect have entered the clinic, but they are unlikely to protect the entire protein from degradation. To increase the pool of F508del-CFTR protein that is available for correction by existing treatments, we determined a structure-activity relationship to improve the efficacy and reduce the toxicity of an inhibitor of the E1 ubiquitin activating enzyme that facilitates F508del-CFTR maturation. A resulting lead compound lacked measurable toxicity and improved the ability of an FDA-approved corrector to augment F508del-CFTR folding, transport the protein to the plasma membrane, and maintain its activity. These data support a proof-of-concept that modest inhibition of substrate ubiquitination improves the activity of small molecule correctors to treat CF and potentially other protein conformational disorders.
Passive Non-Cooperative Millimeter-Wave Imaging Using 5G Signals of Opportunity

We present an approach for high-resolution millimeter-wave imaging by capturing non-cooperative communications signals scattered off a scene. Advances in fifth generation (5G) communications are creating an increasingly crowded spectrum at millimeter-wave frequencies, leading to greater interest in spectrum coexistence for functions like sensing and communications. While most research has sought to minimize interference between the two modalities, in this work we exploit a highly dense signal environment where 5G communications transmitters generate a spatio-temporally incoherent signal incident on the scene. We capture the scattered signal in the spatial frequency domain, from which the scene image is reconstructed via inverse Fourier transform. Using four 5G transmitters emitting independent 256-QAM signals, we capture the scattered signals with a 24-element 38 GHz sparse millimeter-wave receiving aperture with no coordination with the transmitters. We demonstrate image reconstruction of multiple targets by implementing this non-cooperative approach.
Targeting 3 Tiers of Psychiatric Problems in Patient-focused Psychiatric Practice: Diagnostic Signs, Symptoms, and Impairments; Specific Complex Subjective Complaints; and Contributing Meta-problems.

BACKGROUND While contemporary psychiatric assessments ordinarily focus on signs, symptoms, and impairments comprising formal diagnoses, these assessments sometimes minimize or ignore specific complaints and other contributing problems that are the sources of patients' and families' greatest distress. Neglect of these problems may decrease patient satisfaction and reduce the quality of care. METHODS The author reviewed limitations of previous problem-oriented efforts in psychiatry and limitations of diagnoses in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. This review provided the basis for reconceptualizing how problems might be identified and framed in clinical assessments. RESULTS A clinically practical 3-tier framework for psychiatric problems is suggested. The first tier encompasses diagnostic contents, including subjective symptoms, observable signs, and impairments. The second tier consists of additional specific complex subjective complaints in the patient's and family's own words, comprised of highly individualized distressing intrapsychic, interpersonal, and environmental situations and conflicts. The third tier consists of contributing meta-problems, comprised of significant additional patient-related or systems-related difficulties noted by clinicians that contribute substantially to complicated clinical problem sets. CONCLUSIONS Diagnostic or not, specific problems expressed by patients and families and contributing meta-problems should be integrated into initial formulations and tracked during treatment. Whereas only some of these problems may fall within a clinician's scope of responsibilities, all should fall within the scope of concern, some to be referred to others, and some exceeding caregivers' capacities. Periodic review of problem lists for patients' and families' most distressing concerns can contribute to the therapeutic alliance, increase patient satisfaction, and perhaps improve outcomes.
Electrical energy storage using compressed gas in depleted hydraulically fractured wells

Summary Renewable forms of electricity generation like solar and wind require low-cost energy storage solutions to meet climate change deployment goals. Here, we explore the use of depleted hydraulically fractured ("fracked") oil and gas wells to store electrical energy in the form of compressed natural gas to be released to spin an expander/generator when electrical demand is high. Our reservoir model indicates that the same dual-porosity geological environment of fracked wells used to liberate hydrocarbons is also suitable for storing and releasing gas in a diurnal or seasonal cycle. Round-trip storage efficiency is calculated to be 40%–70% depending on the natural reservoir temperature. Levelized cost of storage is estimated to be $70–270/MWh, on par with pumped hydro storage. This study indicates that repurposed "fracked" wells could provide a much-needed low-cost seasonal energy storage solution at the TWh scale.
NASA Space Launch System (Sls) Progress Report

The briefing objectives are: (1) Explain the SLS current baseline architecture and the SLS block-upgrade approach. (2) Summarize the SLS evolutionary path in relation to the Advanced Booster and Advanced Development NASA Research Announcements.
Twist2 is a Novel Regulator of Renal Fibrosis

Morphological and functional changes occur in the aging kidney, including the loss of kidney mass and an increase in fibrosis, an abnormal accumulation of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Functional...
An array based technique for routing messages in distributed double loop networks

In Chalamaiah and Ramamurthy (1998), the shortest path between two processors in a distributed double-loop network, G(n;+h,+1), was found by computing the shortest path in the 4 networks, G(n;+h,+1), G(n;-h,1), G(n;h,-1), and G(n;-h,-1), and then finding the best amongst these paths. In this paper we present an algorithm that is faster as it generates the path directly. Our algorithm is based on an array, and can be used for routing a message between processors in a distributed loop network via the shortest path. This algorithm fills in an array of size n (n is the number of nodes in the network) with an integer which is the shortest distance to node 0, in d time steps (where d is the diameter of the network). This is based on breadth-first search techniques (West 2001). Knowledge of the diameter is not required. The shortest path between two nodes can then be obtained using this array.
Interpretation of Mineral Deposits — I

The application of stable isotope ratios (18O/16O, D/H, 34S/32S and 13C/12C) to the characterization, interpretation, and exploration of hydrothermal mineral deposits is one of the major recent advances in the field of economic geology. As has been emphasized by Ohmoto (1986), isotopic data by themselves do not provide unique answers to any geological problem, because similar isotopic characteristics in a mineral deposit may be produced by different processes and the same general process may produce dissimilar isotopic characteristics under different conditions. However, isotopic data, complemented by relevant geologic, mineralogic, and geochemical studies, can provide information on several aspects of ore genesis:
Method's Web: Gadamer's Corrective and Educational Policy

A radical distinction between the natural world and the world of human history must be made, however much history may have a natural base. The justification for this distinction lies in the unique character of human freedom. Almost all the misinterpretations of human selfhood and the drama of history in the modern day are derived from the effort to reduce human existence to the coherence of nature. Reinhold Niebuhr, Selected Essays and Addresses
Global intelligent power solution for new flight navigation systems

This work is a case study of global, intelligent power solutions developed for the FAA WAAS (wide area augmentation system) program. Critical issues important to providing and managing critical power are discussed and the solutions provided. Topic areas include major points for consideration when selecting power conditioning or UPS products, discussion on power quality issues and methods for monitoring and controlling the power source and its associated loads.
Determination of Strength for Reliability Analysis of Multilayer Ceramic Capacitors

A Nanoindenter TM equipped with a Vickers indenter was used to measure fracture toughness of Multilayer Capacitors (MLCs) and BaTiO 3 blanks. Strength of blanks of 6.3 x 4.7 x 1.1 mm 3 was measured by performing three-point flexure using a 4 mm support span. The size of the strength limiting pores in the flexure tests was compared to pore sizes measured on polished MLC cross sections, and it was found that much larger pores were present in the 3-point flexure specimens. Strength distributions for the MLCs were generated using the measured fracture toughness values, assuming the measured pores or second phase inclusions were strength limiting.
On the gravitational stability of baryonic gas clouds in the background of dark matter

Abstract Linear stability of self-gravitating baryonic gas clouds that are gravitationally coupled with the background dark matter is investigated. We generalize further previous work of D. Tsiklauri [Tsiklauri D., 1998, ApJ 507, 226] by considering more general type of linear perturbations. New analytic general solutions are derived, which under appropriate boundary conditions will allow obtaining of corresponding dispersion relations. An illustrative example is given. Two novel, distinct oscillatory modes are found.
Can home visitation enhance maternal social support

This study investigates the impacts of Healthy Start, a statewide, home visitation program, on the social support systems of 212 disadvantaged mothers in Oahu, Hawaii. Maternal support was assessed at the time these mothers gave birth and 12 months later with the Maternal Social Support Index. Comparisons of mothers randomly assigned to visited (n = 108) or nonvisited (n = 104) conditions uncover few differences on structural or affiliational aspects of support after 12 months. Visited mothers, however, are significantly less likely to report a decline in satisfaction with a close adult than nonvisited mothers do. The discussion examines the challenges of fostering social support and the ability of home visitation efforts to achieve this outcome.
Circulating branched‐chain amino acid concentrations are associated with obesity and future insulin resistance in children and adolescents

SummaryWhat is already known about this subject Circulating concentrations of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) can affect carbohydrate metabolism in skeletal muscle, and therefore may alter insulin sensitivity. BCAAs are elevated in adults with diet-induced obesity, and are associated with their future risk of type 2 diabetes even after accounting for baseline clinical risk factors. What this study adds Increased concentrations of BCAAs are already present in young obese children and their metabolomic profiles are consistent with increased BCAA catabolism. Elevations in BCAAs in children are positively associated with insulin resistance measured 18 months later, independent of their initial body mass index. Background Branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) concentrations are elevated in response to overnutrition, and can affect both insulin sensitivity and secretion. Alterations in their metabolism may therefore play a role in the early pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes in overweight children. Objective To determine whether paediatric obesity is associated with elevations in fasting circulating concentrations of BCAAs (isoleucine, leucine and valine), and whether these elevations predict future insulin resistance. Methods Sixty-nine healthy subjects, ages 8–18 years, were enrolled as a cross-sectional cohort. A subset of subjects who were pre- or early-pubertal, ages 8–13 years, were enrolled in a prospective longitudinal cohort for 18 months (n = 17 with complete data). Results Elevations in the concentrations of BCAAs were significantly associated with body mass index (BMI) Z-score (Spearman's Rho 0.27, P = 0.03) in the cross-sectional cohort. In the subset of subjects that followed longitudinally, baseline BCAA concentrations were positively associated with homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance measured 18 months later after controlling for baseline clinical factors including BMI Z-score, sex and pubertal stage (P = 0.046). Conclusions Elevations in the concentrations of circulating BCAAs are significantly associated with obesity in children and adolescents, and may independently predict future insulin resistance.
B7-2 regulates survival, phenotype, and function of APCs

The absence of B7-2-mediated costimulation protects NOD mice from the development of diabetes. Although the effects of B7-2 on T cell priming are well known, its impact on the function of APCs is not fully elucidated. We tested APC function and survival in mice lacking B7-2. A significant reduction in the phagocytic ability was observed in both splenic and pancreatic lymph node-associated dendritic cells (DCs) in B7-2 knockout (KO) mice. DCs from B7-2KO mice exhibited enhanced susceptibility to death, which was reflected by their reduced total cell numbers. Phenotypic analysis of APCs in B7-2KO mice revealed a significantly decreased proportion of CD8α + CD205 + DCs. Interestingly, an enhanced proportion of B7-H1 + and B7-DC + DCs were observed in B7-2KO mice. Lastly, we found that B7-2 deficiency significantly diminished the PKC-e response in APCs upon CD28-Ig stimulation. In conclusion our data suggests that B7-2 promotes the generation of a mature APC repertoire and promotes APC function and survival.
Three-dimensional Frames

The stiffness method for dynamic analysis of frames presented in Chapter 15 for plane frames and in Chapter 16 for grids can readily be expanded for the analysis of three-dimensional space frames. Although for the plane frame or for the grid there were only three nodal coordinates at each joint, the three-dimensional frame has a total of six possible nodal displacements at each unconstrained joint: three translations along the x, y, z axes and three rotations about these axes. Consequently, a beam element of a three-dimensional frame or a space frame has for its two joints a total of 12 nodal coordinates; hence the resulting element matrices will be of dimension 12 × 12.
Measuring additive interaction using odds ratios

Interaction measured on the additive scale has been argued to be better correlated with biologic interaction than when measured on the multiplicative scale. Measures of interaction on the additive scale have been developed using risk ratios. However, in studies that use odds ratios as the sole measure of effect, the calculation of these measures of additive interaction is usually performed by directly substituting odds ratios for risk ratios. Yet assessing additive interaction based on replacing risk ratios by odds ratios in formulas that were derived using the former may be erroneous. In this paper, we evaluate the extent to which three measures of additive interaction – the interaction contrast ratio (ICR), the attributable proportion due to interaction (AP), and the synergy index (S), estimated using odds ratios versus using risk ratios differ as the incidence of the outcome of interest increases in the source population and/or as the magnitude of interaction increases. Our analysis shows that the difference between the two depends on the measure of interaction used, the type of interaction present, and the baseline incidence of the outcome. Substituting odds ratios for risk ratios, when calculating measures of additive interaction, may result in misleading conclusions. Of the three measures, AP appears to be the most robust to this direct substitution. Formulas that use stratum specific odds and odds ratios to accurately calculate measures of additive interaction are presented.
Polypyrimidine Tract-Binding Protein Binds to the Complementary Strand of the Mouse Hepatitis Virus 3′ Untranslated Region, Thereby Altering RNA Conformation

Mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) RNA transcription is regulated mainly by the leader and intergenic (IG) sequences. However, a previous study has shown that the 3′ untranslated region (3′-UTR) of the viral genome is also required for subgenomic mRNA transcription; deletion of nucleotides (nt) 270 to 305 from the 3′-UTR completely abolished subgenomic mRNA transcription without affecting minus-strand RNA synthesis (Y.-J. Lin, X. Zhang, R.-C. Wu, and M. M. C. Lai, J. Virol. 70:7236–7240, 1996), suggesting that the 3′-UTR affects positive-strand RNA synthesis. In this study, by UV-cross-linking experiments, we found that several cellular proteins bind specifically to the minus-strand 350 nucleotides complementary to the 3′-UTR of the viral genome. The major protein species, p55, was identified as the polypyrimidine tract-binding protein (PTB, also known as heterogeneous nuclear RNP I) by immunoprecipitation of the UV-cross-linked protein and binding of the recombinant PTB. A strong PTB-binding site was mapped to nt 53 to 149, and another weak binding site was mapped to nt 270 to 307 on the complementary strand of the 3′-UTR (c3′-UTR). Partial substitutions of the PTB-binding nucleotides reduced PTB binding in vitro. Furthermore, defective interfering (DI) RNAs harboring these mutations showed a substantially reduced ability to synthesize subgenomic mRNA. By enzymatic and chemical probing, we found that PTB binding to nt 53 to 149 caused a conformational change in the neighboring RNA region. Partial deletions within the PTB-binding sequence completely abolished the PTB-induced conformational change in the mutant RNA even when the RNA retained partial PTB-binding activity. Correspondingly, the MHV DI RNAs containing these deletions completely lost their ability to transcribe mRNAs. Thus, the conformational change in the c3′-UTR caused by PTB binding may play a role in mRNA transcription.
Retention Initiatives Used by Professional Bachelor's Athletic Training Program Directors

Context: Retaining athletic training students has been identified as problematic by approximately half of athletic training program (ATP) directors. It is unknown what ATP directors do to improve athletic training student retention. Objective: To identify initiatives that ATP directors use to improve the retention rates of athletic training students in their programs. Design: Qualitative study. Setting: Undergraduate ATPs. Patients or Other Participants: We asked directors of ATPs across the nation to complete an Internet questionnaire. We obtained responses from 171 out of 343 ATP directors (51.6%). In addition, we completed follow-up interviews with 16 randomly selected ATP directors. Main Outcome Measure(s): During the online questionnaire, we asked ATP directors to describe any specific initiatives they or their ATP used that were aimed at retaining athletic training students and ideally what they would like to do to improve athletic training student retention at their institution. During the follow-u...
Basics of Low-temperature Refrigeration

This chapter gives an overview of the principles of low temperature refrigeration and the thermodynamics behind it. Basic cryogenic processes - Joule-Thomoson process, Brayton process as well as Claude process - are described and compared. A typical helium laboratory refrigerator based on Claude process is used as a typical example of a low-temperature refrigeration system. A description of the hardware components for helium liquefaction is an important part of this paper, because the design of the main hardware components (compressors, turbines, heat exchangers, pumps, adsorbers, etc.) provides the input for cost calculation, as well as enables to estimate the reliability of the plant and the maintenance expenses. All these numbers are necessary to calculate the economics of a low temperature application.
Versatile test environment for compact pulsed power system evaluation

This paper describes our efforts to develop a test environment that accurately approximates elements of several battery-driven compact Marx generator (CMG) systems currently in use, but which avoids the high-voltage and electromagnetic interference (EMI) issues of operating the actual CMG's. A triggering circuit, lumped capacitance, and load resistor housed in a cart filled with SF6 provide the necessary elements to represent the CMG. Two 20 kW AC-DC supplies were used to substitute for battery packs and furnished the medium voltage (hundreds of volts) required to drive the high voltage (HV) capacitor charging power supplies (CCPS). The prime motivation of this work is to explore rep-rate operation at tens of Hz and provide guidance for optimizing HV power supply settings and battery design. The test stand provides a unique testing environment for several applications. We report verification of the test bed operation using a well understood configuration of power supplies with well documented control and trigger systems. The performance of a series/parallel combination of multiple HV power supplies for rep. rate operation is also examined. Battery pack voltage droop effects on HV power supply calibration are described. We then discuss use of the test bed to explore the operating characteristics of a novel 100 kV (plusmn50 kV) capacitor charging power supply recently developed by North Star Research, Corp. (NSRC)
“I went in bitterness”: Theological implications of a trauma theory reading of Ezekiel:

Recent trends in scholarship of the exile, particularly on the book of Ezekiel, have been influenced by refugee and trauma studies. In addition, some evaluations of Ezekiel’s theology have decried ...
Molecular dynamics investigation of biomimetic ionic liquids

Abstract Ionic liquids having long alkyl chains containing 18-carbon atoms have recently been synthesized and found to have low melting points close to −50 ° C. The inspiration for this work arose from the concept of homeoviscous adaption (HVA), whereby the fluidity of phospholipid bilayers is increased by the addition of unsaturated lipids in the bilayer. In the present work, results of molecular dynamics simulations are reported for one of the low melting point ionic liquids examined in this earlier study: 1-oleyl-3-methylimidazolium (9,10-cis-octadecenyl) bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide ([C18(1[9])mim] [Tf2N]). This ionic liquid contains a single unsaturated bond in the cis configuration. For comparison, calculations are also performed on the saturated all-trans analogue: 1-stearyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide ([C18mim] [Tf2N]). Since the melting point behavior of these ILs is analgous to HVA of phospholipid bilayers, these ILs are referred to as “biomimetic” ILs. Simulations are performed at temperatures 1.2 times the corresponding experimental melting points of the ionic liquids as well as at a common temperature to interrogate the structure and dynamics of the two liquids. Additional molecular dynamics simulations are carried out at high pressure. Results of thermophysical properties such as densities and isothermal compressibilities are reported. The local structure of the ionic liquids is examined via various orientational and radial distribution functions. Consistent with other simulation and experimental reports for ionic liquids having long alkyl groups on the cations, these ionic liquids exhibit nanoscale heterogeneity where the polar and hydrophobic regions are segregated. Subtle differences between the orientation and packing of the saturated and unsaturated alkyl chains are observed. The mean square displacement and cation rotational dynamics are also computed for both ILs. It is observed that at low pressure, the translational dynamics of the [C18(1[9])mim] cation is greater than that of the [C18mim] cation, consistent with experimental viscosity measurements. The simulations reveal that the motion of the ions is severely retarded at low temperatures and high pressures.
615. Anti-Tumor Activities of IL-12 and IL-23 Are Mediated by Similar, yet Divergent, Effector Mechanisms

Th1-polarizing cytokine IL-12 exhibits potent anti-tumor activity in multiple cancer models; however, therapeutic use of this cytokine is limited due to severe IFN-|[gamma]|-mediated toxicity. To reduce the amount of IL-12 needed to elicit a therapeutic response, and thereby decrease associated toxicity, it is necessary to characterize novel cytokines to use in conjunction with IL-12. Newly described IL-12 family member IL-23 shares the IL-12 p40 subunit and promotes Th1 immunity by specifically stimulating proliferation of memory CD4+ T-cells. We propose that adenoviral delivery of IL-23 into the tumor microenvironment will result in tumor rejection and generation of tumor-specific anti-tumor immunity utilizing mechanisms similar to IL-12. To establish the anti-tumor activity of IL-23, C57BL/6 mice bearing 7-day MCA205 fibrosarcoma tumors were treated with adenovirus expressing either IL-12 (Ad.IL-12) or 23 (Ad.IL- 23). Ad.IL-23 treatment resulted in tumor rejection in the majority of mice, elicited protective immunity and had no associated toxicity. To determine if IL-12 and IL-23 employ similar anti-tumor mechanisms, mice deficient in various cytokines and effector cells were inoculated with MCA205 tumors and treated with Ad.IL-12 or Ad.IL-23. IL-23 anti-tumor activity was found to be independent of IL-17, but completely dependent on perforin, Fas ligand, CD8+ T-cells, CD4+ T-cells, IFN-|[gamma]| and IL-12/23 p40. IL-12 anti-tumor activity was independent of Fas ligand, perforin and IL-17, but, like IL-23, completely dependent on IFN-|[gamma]| and CD8+ T-cells. Therefore, IL-12 activity appears to be mediated primarily by CD8+ T-cells and IFN-|[gamma]|, while IL-23 utilizes Fas ligand and perforin in addition to IFN-|[gamma]|, CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells to eradicate tumors. We currently are examining the possible synergy between Ad.IL-12 and Ad.IL-23 in conferring anti-tumor effects.
Environmental Correlations among Paternal Half-Sisters for Type

Abstract Official final scores, scorecard, and descriptive type classifications recorded by the Holstein-Friesian Association from January 1, 1967, through June 30, 1974, were used to estimate environmental correlations among paternal sisters. Single records on 330,740 daughters of 2,434 sires were used. Each sire had at least 20 daughters in five or more herds. Final score and the scorecard traits were adjusted for age. Differences among herds were ignored. Correlations were estimated from differences of intraclass correlations among paternal sisters in one herd from those of one daughter in each herd, differences between product-moment correlations among paternal sisters in same and different herds, and the intra-herd correlation among daughters of the same sire. Methods yielded similar correlations ranging from .16 to .18 for final score, .13 to .16 for general appearance, .09 to .14 for dairy character, .11 to .17 for body capacity, and .11 to .13 for mammary system. Most environmental correlations for descriptive traits were less than .10 as stature, head, front end, and feet ranged from .06 to .15, and rear legs and udder support and floor ranged from .02 to .08.
Further validation of constructs from the selective reminding test.

Abstract The Selective Reminding Test (SRT) partitions recall into three classes: Short-Term Recall (STR), Random Long-Term Recall (RLTR), and Consistent Long-Term Recall (CLTR). Examination of conditional probabilities of delayed recall or recognition of individual words as a function of their memory status at the end of a standard 12-word, 12-trial test showed that Buschke's (1973) operational definitions of STR, RLTR, and CLTR have excellent predictive validity.