cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The vagaries of paraphrase: a reply to Holton on the counting problem

According to the paratactic theory of indirect discourse, a report in the form 'A said that p' is best regarded as an utterance of two type sentences, 'A said that' and 'p', in which the word 'that' is a demonstrative pronoun somehow relating to the subsequent (non-assertive) utterance of 'p'. Different versions of the theory, however, differ markedly over the nature of this relation, and over the character of the item which the putative demonstrative designates. In the paper which brought the theory to widespread attention, Davidson (1969) construed the demonstrative as denoting the speech event which is the subsequent utterance of 'p'. Accordingly, he construed the initial claim 'A said that' as expressing a relationship between a person A and an event u a relation that obtains iff u and some utterance of A's 'make samesayers' of the reporter and A. Against this, Ian McFetridge (1976) raised what has come to be called the 'counting problem'. Our actual practice of making indirect reports, he claimed, is littered with examples which show that the designata of the grammatical objects of the verb 'to say' (the things said, as we might call them) cannot be particular utterances. And he went on to develop a variant paratactic theory in which the demonstrative is taken to be a device of 'deferred ostension' denoting, not the ensuing utterance itself, but the proposition which that utterance expresses, or binds.1 On this view, 'to say' expresses a relation between speakers and the things expressed by utterances, and not between speakers and utterances themselves. The most recent contribution to this intrafamilial wrangle has come in these pages from Richard Holton (1996), who disputes the whole cogency of McFetridge's attack on Davidson. This note is devoted to explaining why his counter is unconvincing. McFetridge undertook to produce cases in which the designata of the demonstrative (the things said) cannot be taken to be speech events; and in so doing, he concentrated upon examples in which there is an explicit claim to the effect that the thing said on one occasion of utterance (the proposition thereby expressed) is (or is not) identical with the thing said on another. As Holton rightly observes, such examples do not tax Davidson's strategy of reconstruing predicates a strategy already visible in his
Lifestyles of the old and not so fearful: Life situation and older persons' fear of crime

Based on a survey of 1,448 elderly residents of Dade County (Miami), Florida, the impact on fear of crime of status characteristics, victimization experience, and various measures of life situation was assessed. The analysis yielded four main conclusions. First, in contrast to much academic and popular commentary, the elderly did not appear to have high levels of fear. Second, evidence exists that victimization experience increases, but is not the main determinant of fear. Third, the inclusion of life situation variables markedly improved the explained variance for both measures of fear of crime, thus supporting the utility of this line of inquiry. Fourth, consistent with previous studies, dissatisfaction with neighborhood and vulnerability were important correlates of fear of crime.
Functional consequences and exonuclease kinetic parameters of point mutations in bacteriophage T4 DNA polymerase.

Three groups of T4 DNA polymerase mutants were prepared and characterized. In the first group, Ala and Asn were substituted for four acidic residues in the exonuclease domain that were chosen on the basis of their sequence alignment with the Klenow fragment from Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I. Two divalent metal ions required for catalyzing the 3‘−5‘ exonuclease reaction are ligated by carboxyl groups from these conserved Asp and Glu residues. The Ala and Asn replacements have a profound effect on the exonuclease activity of T4 DNA polymerase and also have a significant, but less pronounced influence on its polymerase activity which is located in a domain distal to the exonuclease region. The kcat values for the exonuclease reaction were reduced by 3−4 orders of magnitude by these replacements, but the values of Km(app) did not differ greatly from the wild-type enzyme. The second group consists of replacements of other residues, that are conserved in the exonuclease domain of eukaryotic DNA polymerases...
Storage and retrieval of documentation at the United Nations

Abstract The United Nations produces approximately one million original pages of documentation each year. A proposed electronic document handling system is described which would save storage space as well as saving handling and shipping costs and markedly reducing document access time. The system would rely on optical disk storage, data transmission links and personal computers.
Properties of phosphorus-doped ZnO and (Zn,Mg)O thin films via pulsed laser deposition

The room temperature transport and optical properties of phosphorus-doped ZnO and (Zn,Mg)O thin films are studied. Pulsed laser deposition (PLD) has been employed to grow epitaxial and polycrystalline layers on c-plane (0001) sapphire substrate. The ZnO:P film properties show a strong dependence on the deposition ambient at different growth temperatures. The resistivity of the samples deposited in O 3 /O 2 mixture is two orders of magnitude higher than the films grown in oxygen and O 2 /Ar/H 2 mixture. The photoluminescence (PL) spectra of the as-deposited films are composed of both the near band-edge and broadband visible emission, which peak at 3.29 and 1.87 eV, respectively. It has been shown that growing in the O 2 /Ar/H 2 mixture ambient significantly increases the band edge emission while inhibiting the visible emission. The opposite effect on the PL emissions is shown for the films grown in pure oxygen and O 3 /O 2 mixture. There is an inverse correlation between the intensity of the visible broadband emission and the carrier density. The enhanced UV emission in the films grown in O 2 /Ar/H 2 mixture may result from hydrogen passivation of the deep level emission centers. For the P-doped (Zn,Mg)O grown at 500°C, increasing the oxygen partial pressure from 20 to 200 mTorr yields a carrier type conversion from n-type to p-type without post-annealing. The films grown at 150 mTorr oxygen partial pressure are p-type and exhibit a hole concentration of 2.7 x 10 16 cm -3 , a mobility of 8.2 cm 2 /Vs and a resistivity of 35 Ω-cm. All the films exhibit good crystallinity with c-axis orientation. These results indicate the importance of oxidation conditions in realizing p-type (Zn,Mg)O:P films.
Compositional Variation of a Vermiculite as Related to Particle Size

A vermiculite regolith sample from Llano, County, Texas, was divided into 16–32, 8–16, 4–8, 2–4, 1–2, ½–1, ¼–½, 1 10–¼, and 5 100–1 10 micron equivalent spherical diameter size-classes. A well-crystallized vermiculite found in association with the regolith was ground to −400 mesh. The samples were analyzed by X-ray diffractometry and differential thermal analysis, and cation exchange capacity measurements were made for selected size fractions. Chemical analyses by X-ray fluorescence revealed a systematic increase in silicon with decreasing particle size. An increase in the iron content and a decrease in magnesium were also directly correlated to a decrease in the crystallite size. Aluminum content was constant throughout the range of particle sizes. X-ray analyses showed that the coarser particles were trioctahedral, whereas the smaller crystallites were dioctahedral. These data were supported by recast formulae based on the chemical analyses. The recast formulae were substantiated by DTA and cation exchange capacity data as being reasonable approximations of actual formulae. These observations are interpreted as an expression of chemical alteration that clay minerals may undergo in an aqueous environment. The crystallographic, cation exchange capacity, DTA, and swelling properties are a function of the chemical composition of the crystallites. Chemical composition of the crystallites is shown to be directly correlated to particle size.
The electrocardiogram as an index of left ventricular function in coronary heart disease.

To determine the utility of conventional electrocardiographic criteria for the assessment of left ventricular function, we applied pre-determined criteria to the analysis of the ECGs of 171 patients with chronic coronary disease. Eighty patients had no criteria for infarction. Seventeen had a criterion for anterior, 59 a criterion for inferior, three for strict lateral, four for true posterior and eight for combined infarction. Of the 59 with inferior infarction, 25 had QaVF ≥0.03 sec. These 25 together with the 25 with anterior or combined infarction constituted a subgroup of 50 patients which included 35 of the 44 (80 percent) of those with an ejection fraction less than 0.50. Among the remaining 121, only nine (7 percent) had a depressed ejection fraction. Thus, the ECG criteria identified correctly 147 (86 percent) patients with regard to the presence or absence of left ventricular dysfunction.
Lipid-Oxidation-Induced Carboxymyoglobin Oxidation

We evaluated the usefulness of the ratio A503/A581 as a browning index (BI) for estimating brown color formation in solutions containing oxymyoglobin (OxyMb) and carboxymyoglobin (COMb). In split-chamber cuvette analyses with different proportions of metmyoglobin (MetMb), COMb and OxyMb, BI was highly correlated (r = 0.93−0.94) with direct estimation of MetMb. Moreover, A503/A581 was not influenced by different COMb−OxyMb proportions. Second, we investigated 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE)-induced spectral changes in OxyMb and COMb solutions. At pH 7.4 and 37 °C, BI was greater in HNE-treated OxyMb and COMb samples than in aldehyde-free controls (P < 0.05). However, at pH 5.6 and 4 °C, HNE-induced browning was more pronounced in COMb than in OxyMb. These results indicated that COMb is susceptible to lipid-oxidation-induced browning in a pH- and temperature-dependent manner. Keywords: Myoglobin; carbon monoxide; carboxymyoglobin; lipid oxidation; 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal
Vibronic coupling, mode mixing and non-condon effects in Raman excitation profiles of totally symmetric modes

Abstract Exact and adiabatic treatments of resonance Raman excitation profiles of vibronically active totally symmetric modes are compared. It is shown that an extension of the adiabatic treatment beyond linear non-Condon terms is necessary for situations where the interacting electronic states have very different equilibrium geometries. The adiabatic approach fails for profiles in which vibronic coupling effects shift the intensity strongly into the high-energy region of the electronic transition.
The dorsal column nucleus in a reptile, Caiman crocodilus

The dorsal column nucleus of Caiman crocodilus was identified by using standard orthograde techniques to trace the degeneration that resulted from dorsal rhizotomies in brachial and lumbar regions. Although the dorsal column nucleus was difficult to locate in Nissl and fiber preparations, it was easily identified in histochemical material because it stained intensely with succinate dehydrogenase and acetylcholinesterase.
Facilitation in short- and long-term retention of paired associates following distributed practice in learning

Summary Four experiments tested an hypothesis offered by Underwood, et al. (1962) which states that distributed practice (DP) given during the learning of the last in a series of A-B, A-C, A-D, A-E lists allows for greater extinction of prior associations from the first three lists, resulting in higher retention when the last list is learned under DP than under massed practice (MP). For the first three experiments, DP was administered on the last list and consisted of three 24-hour intervals interpolated between pairs of trials. In Exps. 1 and 1a, the four lists formed an A-C paradigm, while in Exp. 2 the lists formed an A-Br paradigm, where the lists consisted of four successive pairings of stimulus and response terms. In Exp. 1 retention was taken after 1 and 8 days, in Exp. 1a, after 29 days, for DP only, and in Exp. 2, after 8 days. In Exp. 3, the short-term retention of the last in a series of single paired associates, forming an A-B, A-C, etc. paradigm, was studied. Retention was taken either 30 or 90 sec following the final presentation of the last pair; the interval between successive presentations of the last pair was either 4 1/2 sec (MP) or 33 sec (DP). Retention of List 4 after 1 day was 89 and 31% and after 8 days, 72 and 7% for the DP and MP groups, respectively, in Exp. 1; and after 29 days, 34% for the DP group in Exp. 1a. These results indicate marked superiority in the retention of List 4 following learning under DP. In Exp. 2, employing the A-Br paradigm, the DP effect, defined in terms of the difference in retention loss for the DP and MP groups, was 2.58 items, this difference being half that obtained for the same conditions in Exp. 1 for the A-C paradigm (5.11 items). These results required the modification of the theory of Underwood et al. to include the forward and backward associations under conditions of widely spaced DP intervals. In Exp. 3, after both retention intervals, retention was superior for the DP condition. The results of this experiment extend the applicability of the extinction-recovery theory to the short-term retention of single paired associates.
3D Model of Lamprey Estrogen Receptor with Estradiol and 15α-Hydroxy-Estradiol

Author(s): Baker, Michael E; Chang, David; Chandsawangbhuwana, Charlie | Abstract: Background Lamprey, basal vertebrate, is an important model system for understanding early events in vertebrate evolution. Lamprey contains orthologs of the estrogen receptor [ER], progesterone receptor and corticoid receptor. A perplexing property of lamprey is that 15α-hydroxy-steroids are active steroids. For example, 15α-hydroxy-estradiol [15α-OH-E2] is the estrogen, instead of estradiol [E2]. To investigate how 15α-OH-E2 binds lamprey ER, we constructed a 3D model of the lamprey ER with E2 and 15α-OH-E2.Methodology We used the 3D structure of human ERα as a template to construct a 3D model of lamprey ER. E2 and 15α-OH-E2 were inserted into the 3D model of lamprey ER and 15α-OH-E2 was inserted into human ERα. Then the each steroid-protein complex was refined using Discover 3 from Insight II software. To determine if lamprey ER had some regions that were unique among vertebrate ERs, we used the ligand-binding domain of lamprey ER as a query for a BLAST search of GenBank.Principal Findings Our 3D model of lamprey ER with 15α-OH-E2 shows that Sδ on Met-409 can form a hydrogen bond with the 15α-hydroxyl on 15α-OH-E2. In human ERα, the corresponding residue Ile-424 has a van der Waals contact with 15α-OH-E2. BLAST analysis of GenBank indicates that among vertebrate ERs, only lamprey ER contains a methionine at this position. Thus, the contact between Sδ on Met-409 and 15α-OH-E2 is unique. Interestingly, BLAST finds that five New World monkeys and a sturgeon contain a valine instead of isoleucine.Significance In addition to shedding light on the structure of the ER in a basal vertebrate, our 3D model of lamprey ER should prove useful in virtual screening of chemical libraries to identify compounds for controlling reproduction in sea lamprey, an environmental pest in Lake Michigan.
Electron and Spin Density Topology of the H‐Cluster and Its Biomimetic Complexes

The catalytically active cluster of [FeFe]-hydrogenase (H-cluster) is unique due to its chemical composition and electronic and geometric structures. Protein crystallography revealed the presence of biologically unique diatomic ligands coordinating to the Fe centers and three light atoms bridging the sulfur atoms of its [2Fe]-subcluster. The identity of the light atoms remains uncertain, even at close to atomic resolution (1.39 A), as well as due to the lack of understanding at the molecular level of the cluster's biosynthetic pathway. By using all of the proposed ligand compositions, we carried out a comprehensive electronic structure analysis by evaluating the topology of the electron density and, particularly, the atomic spin density distribution derived from various population analysis methods for the free dithiolate ligands, the biomimetic [2Fe] complexes, and the entire H-cluster embedded in its approximately 3.5 A protein environment. In the biomimetic model complexes we found substantial spin density delocalization at the bridgehead of the dithiolate ligands. We attributed the presence of spin density to the through-space spin polarization interaction between the paramagnetic iron centers and the bridgehead group, as represented by the ring critical points for the [Fe–(S–R–S)–Fe] metallacycles. However, this spin polarization of the bridgehead group vanishes for some of the biomimetic models, as well as for the 208-atom computational model of the H-cluster, due to a network of weak interactions. When the bridgehead group becomes part of a conduit for transmitting the spin polarization towards the terminal ends of each interaction network, such as the distal water or H-bonded residues, the spin density vanishes. The variations of the Fe atomic spin densities were compared and contrasted for the proximal and distal iron sites in the crystallographic and the rotated conformations, respectively.
Electrical resistivity of nickel-rich nickel-chromium alloys between 4 and 300 K

Electrical resistivity ρ of Ni−Cr alloys containing 5.5, 11.3, 15.7, 16.8, 19.4, 22.0, 24.6, and 27.0 at % Cr has been measured as a function of the absolute temperatureT between 4 and 300 K. The sample with the Cr content of 22.0 at % exhibits a small ρ minimum at about 10 K. No minimum has been observed in any other of the above samples, although an anomalousT dependence has been found in alloys containing 15.7, 16.8, and 19.4 at % Cr. The ρ minimum has been discussed from the viewpoint of the Beal-Monod theory for the Kondo effect in concentrated systems and the mechanism by Greig and Rowlands based on aT-dependent decrease of the impurity electrical resistivity. It is concluded that the ρ minimum in the Ni−Cr system is still a phenomenon which is not well understood at the present time.
Early life inorganic lead exposure induces testicular teratoma and renal and urinary bladder preneoplasia in adult metallothionein-knockout mice but not in wild type mice

Inorganic lead compounds are carcinogenic in animals and have carcinogenic potential in humans. In mice, lead (Pb) is a transplacental carcinogen in the kidney. Metallothionein (MT) is a metal-binding protein that can reduce the toxicity of various metals, including Pb, either by direct sequestration or as an antioxidant for metals that generate reactive oxygen species. Although MT appears to reduce Pb carcinogenicity in adult mice it is unknown how MT deficiency may affect Pb carcinogenicity from early life exposure. Thus, groups (n=10) of pregnant MT-I/II double knockout (MT-null) or 129/SVJ MT wild type (WT) mice were exposed to Pb acetate in the drinking water (0, 2000, 4000ppm Pb) from gestation day 8 through birth and during lactation. Maternal drinking water Pb exposure continued to wean at 4 weeks of age and the male offspring were then directly exposed to Pb until 8 weeks of age and observed until 2 years old. High dose (4000ppm) but not low dose (2000ppm) Pb reduced survival in the latter part of the study in both MT-null and WT mice. In MT-null mice, but not WT, early life Pb exposure caused a dose-related increase in testicular teratomas, to a maximum incidence of 28% compared to control (4%). Pb-induced renal cystic hyperplasia, considered preneoplastic, was a prominent occurrence in MT-null mice but nearly absent in WT mice. Pb dose-related increases in renal cystic hyperplasia occurred in adult MT-null with early life exposure with maximal incidence of 52%. Pb-treated MT-null mice also showed dose-related increases in urinary bladder hyperplasia with occasional papilloma that were absent in WT mice. Thus, MT deficiency made mice more sensitive to early life Pb exposure with regard to testes tumors, and renal and urinary bladder preneoplastic lesions.
Initiation of hepatocarcinogenesis in infant male B6C3F1 mice by N-hydroxy-2-aminofluorene or N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene depends primarily on metabolism to N-sulfooxy-2-aminofluorene and formation of DNA-(deoxyguanosin-8-yl)-2-aminofluorene adducts.

Previous work from this laboratory provided strong evidence that N-sulfooxy-2-aminofluorene is the major ultimate electrophilic and carcinogenic metabolite of N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene (N-hydroxy-AAF) in the livers of infant male B6C3F1 (C57BL/6J X C3H/HeJ F1) mice. Over 90% of the hepatic DNA adducts in these mice consisted of N-(deoxyguanosin-8-yl)-2-aminofluorene [N-(dGuo-8-yl)-AF] and less than 10% were deoxyguanosinyl adducts containing 2-acetylaminofluorene (AAF) residues. In the present study hepatic DNA adduct formation and tumor initiation by N-hydroxy-2-aminofluorene (N-hydroxy-AF) were examined in these mice. N-(dGuo-8-yl)-AF was the only adduct detected in the hepatic DNA; the level at 9 h after a single i.p. dose of 0.04 or 0.06 mumol/g body wt of [3H]N-hydroxy-AF was 1.0 or 1.7 pmol/mg DNA. Pretreatment with a single i.p. dose (0.04 mumol/g body wt) of the sulfotransferase inhibitor pentachlorophenol (PCP) decreased the DNA adduct level by greater than 80%. Similar levels of this adduct were found by 32P-postlabeling analysis of DNA from mice treated with unlabeled N-hydroxy-AF. The liver DNA of infant male brachymorphic B6C3F2 mice [deficient in 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS)] contained only 0.3 pmol/mg DNA of N-(dGuo-8-yl)-AF after an i.p. dose of 0.06 mumol of N-hydroxy-AF/g body wt, while their phenotypically normal (PAPS-sufficient) male littermates had 1.9 pmol/mg DNA. A single i.p. dose of 0, 0.015, 0.03, 0.06 or 0.12 mumol/g body wt of N-hydroxy-AF in infant male B6C3F1 mice induced by 10 months an average of 0.2, 2.5, 7, 11 or 14 hepatomas/mouse. Pretreatment with PCP reduced the liver tumor multiplicity at each dose level by greater than 80%. Essentially the same average tumor multiplicities and inhibitions of tumor formation by PCP pretreatment were obtained following injections of N-hydroxy-AF or N-hydroxy-AAF at the three lower dose levels. Collectively these data strongly indicated that N-sulfooxy-2-aminofluorene is the major ultimate electrophilic and carcinogenic metabolite of N-hydroxy-AF in the livers of infant male B6C3F1 mice. Furthermore, since only N-(dGuo-8-yl)-AF adducts were found in the hepatic DNA these lesions appear to be critical in the initiation of hepatocarcinogenesis in these mice by N-hydroxy-AF.
Chemotherapy of advanced head and neck cancer with methotrexate, bleomycin, and cis-diamminedichloroplatinum II in an effective outpatient schedule

Thirty-one patients with advanced cancer of the head and neck, twenty-six of whom had failed prior irradiation, were treated with an out-patient chemotherapy regimen combining methotrexate, bleomycin, and cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (II). The overall response rate among evaluable patients was 61%, with 22.5% complete remission. If 6 additional patients not completing 3 weeks of treatment are included, the response rate was 51.4%. The median duration of partial remission was 3 months, but none of the complete remitters has relapsed with a follow-up of two to twenty months (median six). Response rate was not dependent on performance status, prior irradiation, or primary site. Toxicity was mild. The remission rate and duration suggest that this regimen may be superior to single agents, and as effective as more complicated and toxic regimens using higher doses of the same drugs.
Miscible displacements in capillary tubes. Part 2. Numerical simulations

Numerical simulations are presented which, in conjunction with the accompanying experimental investigation by Petitjeans & Maxworthy (1996), are intended to elucidate the miscible flow that is generated if a fluid of given viscosity and density displaces a second fluid of different such properties in a capillary tube or plane channel. The global features of the flow, such as the fraction of the displaced fluid left behind on the tube walls, are largely controlled by dimensionless quantities in the form of a Peclet number Pe, an Atwood number At, and a gravity parameter. However, further dimensionless parameters that arise from the dependence on the concentration of various physical properties, such as viscosity and the diffusion coefficient, result in significant effects as well.The simulations identify two distinct Pe regimes, separated by a transitional region. For large values of Pe, typically above O(10), a quasi-steady finger forms, which persists for a time of O(Pe) before it starts to decay, and Poiseuille flow and Taylor dispersion are approached asymptotically. Depending on the strength of the gravitational forces, we observe a variety of topologically different streamline patterns, among them some that leak fluid from the finger tip and others with toroidal recirculation regions inside the finger. Simulations that account for the experimentally observed dependence of the diffusion coefficient on the concentration show the evolution of fingers that combine steep external concentration layers with smooth concentration fields on the inside. In the small-Pe regime, the flow decays from the start and asymptotically reaches Taylor dispersion after a time of O(Pe).An attempt was made to evaluate the importance of the Korteweg stresses and the consequences of assuming a divergence-free velocity field. Scaling arguments indicate that these effects should be strongest when steep concentration fronts exist, i.e. at large values of Pe and At. However, when compared to the viscous stresses, Korteweg stresses may be relatively more important at lower values of these parameters, and we cannot exclude the possibility that minor discrepancies observed between simulations and experiments in these parameter regimes are partially due to these extra stresses.
Males aging with a spinal cord injury: prevalence of cardiovascular and metabolic conditions.

Abstract LaVela SL, Evans CT, Prohaska TR, Miskevics S, Ganesh SP, Weaver FM. Males aging with a spinal cord injury: prevalence of cardiovascular and metabolic conditions. Objective To compare the prevalence of cardiovascular and metabolic conditions in male veterans aging with spinal cord injury (SCI) with that of older men comparison groups. Design Cross-sectional survey. Setting National community dwelling. Participants Men 65 years and older (veterans with SCI [n=794] injured at least 20y, veterans [n=13,528], and general population [n=6105]). Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures Prevalence of diabetes, myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, and coronary heart disease (CHD). Results In older adult men with SCI, prevalences of diabetes, MI, stroke, and CHD were 20.30%, 18.70%, 9.84%, and 15.47%, respectively. The odds for stroke were 1.4 times higher in veterans with SCI than general veterans ( P P =.06). The odds for CHD were significantly lower for veterans with SCI than both comparison groups. Being a past smoker was associated with greater odds for diabetes, MI, and CHD, and being a current smoker was associated with higher odds for stroke. High blood pressure and high cholesterol levels were associated with higher odds for all conditions examined. Conclusions Diabetes and MI were most prevalent in older adults, but the presence was similar in men with SCI (vs other men). In older adult men, SCI appeared to be protective of CHD. Stroke was most prevalent in veterans with SCI, and controlling for demographic and risk factors, SCI was associated independently with stroke. These findings may be useful for prioritizing preventive health strategies and planning long-term care for men aging with SCI.
Influence of calcium-channel blockers on platelet function and arachidonic acid metabolism

Available data indicate that platelet function and arachidonic acid metabolism are important factors in hemostasis and regulation of vascular tone. Plasma membrane and intracellular mobilization of calcium ions are intimately related to platelet activation and release of platelet contents. Release of arachidonic acid from membrane phospholipids as well as subsequent synthesis and release of vasoconstrictor thromboxane A2 are also regulated by movement of calcium ions. Adenosine 3':5'-cyclic phosphate in turn controls levels of free calcium ions in platelets and regulates calcium-dependent reactions. Slow-channel calcium blockers, such as verapamil, diltiazem and nifedipine, inhibit platelet activation in vitro, and decrease platelet adhesion intravascularly. These agents have also been shown to decrease platelet nucleotide release and thromboxane A2 generation. Some preliminary data suggest that calcium blockers also increase generation of vasodilator and platelet antiaggregant prostacyclin, which could contribute to decrease in platelet function. These effects of calcium blockers on platelet function and arachidonic acid metabolism could contribute in part to their efficacy in patients with ischemic heart disease.
Survival Advantage Associated with Decrease in Stage at Detection from Stage IIIC to Stage IIIA Epithelial Ovarian Cancer

Objective. The aim of this study was to document the survival advantage of lowering stage at detection from Stage IIIC to Stage IIIA epithelial ovarian cancer. Methods. Treatment outcomes and survival were evaluated in patients with Stage IIIA and Stage IIIC epithelial ovarian cancer treated from 2000 to 2009 at the University of Kentucky Markey Cancer Center (UKMCC) and SEER institutions. Results. Cytoreduction to no visible disease (P < 0.0001) and complete response to platinum-based chemotherapy (P < 0.025) occurred more frequently in Stage IIIA than in Stage IIIC cases. Time to progression was shorter in patients with Stage IIIC ovarian cancer (17 ± 1 months) than in those with Stage II1A disease (36 ± 8 months). Five-year overall survival (OS) improved from 41% in Stage IIIC patients to 60% in Stage IIIA patients treated at UKMCC and from 37% to 56% in patients treated at SEER institutions for a survival advantage of 19% in both data sets. 53% of Stage IIIA and 14% of Stage IIIC patients had NED at last followup. Conclusions. Decreasing stage at detection from Stage IIIC to stage IIIA epithelial ovarian cancer is associated with a 5-year survival advantage of nearly 20% in patients treated by surgical tumor cytoreduction and platinum-based chemotherapy.
Comparing Spatial Abilities of Collegiate Athletes in Different Sports

Researchers indicated that androgen enhances spatial ability in women but inhibits it in men. Since studies also indicate that athletes have higher than normal levels of androgen, whether spatial perception scores differed for men and women in different sports was examined. Spatial tests (visualization and orientation) were given to 150 men and 150 women collegiate athletes in different varsity sports. Analysis showed the women scored significantly higher than the men. In basketball, a sport common to both sexes, women did significantly better but this was not found in the other mixed-sex sports (baseball, swimming, and track).
A study of oxide plate formation in tantalum—II. Crystallographic analysis

A detailed crystallographic analysis of TaOy plates was made since observations indicated that the geometrical features of plate formation are like those of a martensitic transformation. The particular habit plane, orientation relationship, and (internal) twin plane variants were carefully determined, and the latter was used as input information for numerical calculations following the phenomenological theory of martensitie transformations. All experimental quantities such as the habit plane, orientation relationship, and magnitudes of the simple shear and shape deformation were in outstanding agreement with those theoretically predicted. The theoretical solution corresponding to the experimental results involves the smaller of the two magnitudes m2 for the simple shear. Using a dilatation parameter range from 0.996 to 1.004 the best habit plane agreement was found for δ = 1.002. In all respects the crystallographic features of the formation of TaOy plates are in excellent quantitative agreement with corresponding theoretical quantities. The observed orthorhombic nature of TaOy appears consistent with the occupancy of tetrahedral rather than octahedral interstitial sites, and this aspect as well as other related ones is discussed.
Novel nonlinear optical polymer optoelectronic devices

Presented is a novel design for opto-electronic integrated optic devices utilizing a nonlinear optical polymer core and conductive polymer claddings that will potentially have an order of magnitude shorter interaction length than conventional NLO polymer OE devices operating at TTL voltage levels and allows for in-situ poling.
Statistical entropy of an extremal black hole with zero- and six-brane charge

A black hole solution to low-energy type-IIA string theory which is extremal, nonsupersymmetric, and carries zero- and six-brane charge is presented. For large values of the charges it is metastable and a corresponding $D$-brane picture can be found. The mass and statistical entropy of the two descriptions agree at a correspondence point up to factors of order 1, providing more evidence that the correspondence principle for black holes and strings of Horowitz and Polchinski may be extended to include black holes with more than one Ramond-Ramond charge.
Solid‐phase immunofluorescent and immunoadsorbent assays of serum prostatic acid phosphatase

Human prostatic acid phosphatase was purified to homogeneity from malignant prostatic tissue by Tween 80 extraction and 40-75% ammonium sulfate precipitation, followed by Con A-Sepharose, DEAE-cellulose, and gel filtration chromatography. A specific antiserum was raised by immunizing female goats or rabbits with the purified enzyme. This antiserum did not cross-react with the acid phosphatase of other human tissues. Two immunochemical methods, a solid-phase fluorescent immunoassay and a solid-phase immunoadsorbent assay, were developed. The IgG antibody fraction from antiprostatic acid phosphatase was conjugated to CNBr-activated Sepharose 4B, which was then used in the two immunoassays to separate serum prostatic acid phosphatase from other acid phosphatases or serum proteins. The enzyme activity was subsequently measured by incubating the solid-phase bound prostatic acid phosphatase with α-naphthyl phosphate and quantitating the fluorescent product with a spectrophotofluorometer (immunofluorometric assay) or quantitating the α-naphthol-FRBS colored complex with a spectrophotometer (immunoadsorbent assay). The sensitivity of this immunofluorometric assay was 60 pg/ml, more sensitive than other immunoassays. The results obtained from clinical evaluation indicate that serum prostatic acid phosphatase in prostate cancer can be detected in significant percentage with early stages of prostatic cancer. The sensitivity of the immunoadsorbent assay was 0.22 IU/l of enzyme activity or 0.88 ng of prostatic acid phosphatase protein per ml serum. Initial clinical evaluation demonstrated that 19 of 25 patients with early stages of prostate cancer and 12 of 14 patients with metastatic prostate cancer exhibited an elevated serum PAP level (over all 79%), as compared with only six and eight patients respectively (overall 35%), by a conventional chemical method.
Perceptions of goods, services and eco-cultural attributes of Native Americans and Caucasians in Idaho

Understanding perceptions of how people value environmental resources is critical to conservation and management of ecosystems. We used interviews to examine perceptions and valuations of goods, services, and eco-cultural attributes of Native Americans and Caucasians attending an American Indian festival. The Native Americans interviewed were younger, achieved lower levels of education, and had lower mean incomes than did the Caucasians. There were no significant differences in the percentage of Native Americans and Caucasians engaged in consumptive and nonconsumptive activities, although a significantly greater percentage of Native Americans engaged in religious/cultural activities than did Caucasians. Although the relative ratings differed, the most important characteristics for all three types of activities were clean air, unpolluted water, no visible smog in air, and appears unspoiled, which represent both goods and services (the former two) and eco-cultural attributes (the latter two). For nearly all characteristics, Native Americans rated them higher than did Caucasians. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Overlapping and nonoverlapping cortical projections to cortex of the superior temporal sulcus in the rhesus monkey: Double anterograde tracer studies

To examine how fibers from functionally distinct cortical zones interrelate within their target areas of the superior temporal sulcus (STS) in the rhesus monkey, separate anterograde tracers were injected in two different regions of the same hemisphere known to project to the STS. Paired injections were placed in dorsal prearcuate cortex and the caudal inferior parietal lobule (IPL), interconnected regions that are part of a hypothesized distributed network concerned with visuospatial analysis or directed attention; in a presumed auditory region of the superior temporal gyrus (STG) and in extrastriate visual cortex, the caudal IPL and lower rim of the intraparietal sulcus; and in dorsal prearcuate cortex and the STG. Overlapping and nonoverlapping projections were then examined in STS visual and polysensory areas. Prefrontal and parietal fibers directly overlapped extensively in area MST and all subdivisions of presumed polysensory cortex (areas TPOc, TPOi, and TPOr), although nonoverlapping connections were also found. Although STG and IPL fibers targeted all TPO subdivisions, connections were to nonoverlapping, but often adjacent, columns. Paired prefrontal and STG injections revealed largely nonoverlapping vertical columns of connections but substantial overlap within layers VI and I of areas TPOc and TPOi. The findings suggest that area TPO contains differently connected modules that may maintain at least initial segregation of visual versus auditory inputs. Other modules within area TPO receive directly converging input from the posterior parietal and the prefrontal cortices and may participate in a distributed cortical network concerned with visuospatial functions. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Letter to the Editor-A Critique of the Norman-White Dynamic Programming Approximation

This note points out that the Norman-White procedure utilizes the full apparatus of Bellman's value iteration, but stops after one iteration. This would seem wasteful unless either one iteration could be shown to give uniformly good results, or better stopping rules could not be found. A simple counterexample shows that the possible percentage cost error of the Norman-White procedure is unbounded. The note then discusses the excellent results of the approximation for their two examples, and mentions a stopping criterion for nondiscounted value iteration that is due to D. J. White himself.
Self-aligned index-guided multiple quantum well laser by sulphur diffusion-induced disordering

A simple self-aligned fabrication process for sulphur-diffusion disordered AlGaAs/GaAs multiple quantum well (MQW) lasers is described that produces refractive index guiding. However, the gradual profile of sulphur diffusion causes a separation between the disordered/nondisordered interface and the pn junction which leads to a large lateral optical loss of the index-guided mode.
Estradiol processing by pituitary cells in culture: An examination of the influences of various exposures to progesterone

Abstract Dispersed, estradiol (E 2 )-treated pituitary cells were used to examine the cellular mechanisms underlying progesterone (P) suppression of GnRH-stimulated LH and FSH secretion. When cells were exposed to 10 −9 M E 2 for 48 h prior to GnRH challenge, P (10 −7 M) treatment for the last 24 h suppressed gonadotroph responsiveness to GnRH for both LH and FSH secretion (gonadotropin released / intracellular stores of gonadotropin available for release). To determine if P acts by blocking E 2 processing and/or uptake, we exposed cells to 2,4,6,7- 3 H-E 2 ± P and monitored the level and distribution of 3 H-estrogens bound to estrogen receptors salt-extracted from nuclear pellets purified by sucrose density centrifugation. At 1, 4 and 24 h, P had no effect on the level of 3 H-estrogen+receptor complexes or on the distribution of receptor-bound 3 H-E 2 , 3 H-estrone and 3 H-estriol. The results indicate that chronic influences of P to suppress the responsiveness of E 2 -treated gonadotrophs to GnRH cannot be explained by alterations in estrogen receptor occupation as is the case in reproductive tract tissues.
Nu: a dynamic aspect-oriented intermediate language model and virtual machine for flexible runtime adaptation

A variety of dynamic aspect-oriented language constructs are proposed in recent literature with corresponding, compelling use cases. Such constructs demonstrate the need to dynamically adapt the set of join points intercepted at a fine-grained level. The notion of morphing aspects and continuous weaving is motivated by this need. We propose an intermediate language model called Nu, that extends object-oriented intermediate language models with two fine-grained deployment primitives: bind and remove. These primitives offer a higher level of abstraction as a compilation target for dynamic aspect-oriented language constructs, thereby making it easier to support such constructs.We present the design and implementation of the Nu model in the Sun Hotspot VM, an industrial strength virtual machine, which serves to show the feasibility of the intermediate language design. Our implementation uses dedicated caching mechanisms to significantly reduce the amortized costs of join point dispatch. Our evaluation shows that the cost of supporting a dynamic deployment model can be reduced to as little as ~1.5%. We demonstrate the potential utility of the intermediate language design by expressing a variety of aspect-oriented source language constructs of dynamic flavor such as CaeserJ's deploy, history-based pointcuts, and control flow constructs in terms of the Nu model.
Comparison of nonplanar and coplanar PCB congener partitioning in seawater and bioaccumulation in blue mussels (Mytilus edulis)

The partitioning of 18 nonplanar and three coplanar polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners was quantified in New Bedford Harbor, Massachusetts. Concurrently, bioaccumulation of these congeners was measured in blue mussels deployed for 7 and 28 d in New Bedford Harbor, and bioconcentration factors (BCFs) were calculated for each congener. The PCB concentrations measured in the dissolved and particulate fractions of seawater samples were used to calculate partition coefficients (K{sub p}) for each congener. These values were correlated with reported octanol/water partition coefficients (K{sub ow}). No significant differences (p > 0.05) were observed in the relationships between K{sub p} and K{sub ow} for the coplanar congeners relative to the nonplanar congeners. Coplanar congeners reached steady state faster than the nonplanar congeners; however, after 28 d a similar relationship was observed between BCF and K{sub ow} in coplanar and nonplanar congeners. These data indicate that coplanar PCBs partition in seawater and accumulate in mussels similarly to nonplanar PCBs with the same number of chlorines.
Crown foundations with a custom matrix, composites, and reverse carving

This article describes a restorative technique for the formation of composite cores for artificial crowns. The procedure uses a semirigid matrix with reverse carving to form the cores on substantially compromised teeth. The matrix allows the placement of the composite under pressure to reduce voids and gaps and permits completion of multiple cores simultaneously. Reverse carving enables development of a common axis for multiple cores. The dentist can perform the tooth preparation for the crown at the time of the core restoration. The effort commonly applied to developing tooth morphologic features in the core can be invested instead in the formation of the interim restoration. The remaining tooth structure, pin or post placement, and location of the finish line can be evaluated with the insight of a crown foundation and not merely as a traditional restoration.
Long-term stability of amorphous silicon solar cells and modules

Abstract Thermal stability of Ala-Si:H and AlSnO 2 interfaces and the photostability of the a-Si:H (hydrogenated amorphous silicon) are the two major factors controlling the long-term stability of a-Si solar cells and molules. Recent advances made in understanding and in some cases in solving these problems are discussed in the present paper. The rapid diffusion of silicon through the grain boundaries of the aluminum film was found to be the primary mechanism responsible for the instability of the Ala-Si:H interface. The degradation of the AlSnO 2 contact is the result of the reduction of SnO 2 by the aluminum, causing the formation of an insulating Al 2 O 3 interface layer. Results from a special aluminum metallization technique that substantially improves the stability of these two interfaces will be presented. Experimental results on the kinetics of the photodegradation and thermal recovery of the photoconductivity in a-Si:H films will be reported. Accelerated light soaking tests on various a-Si modules will also be reported. In this context, several examples of the inverse Staebler-Wronski effect, where the efficiency of the solar cell initially increases with light soaking time, will be provided.
Time-Dependent Delayed Signatures from Energetic Photon Interrogations

Pulsed photonuclear interrogation environments generated by 8–24 MeV electron linac are rich with time-dependent, material-specific, radiation signatures. Nitrogen-based explosives and nuclear materials can be detected by exploiting these signatures in different delayed-time regions. Numerical and experimental results presented in this paper show the unique time and energy dependence of these signatures. It is shown that appropriate delayed-time windows are essential to acquire material-specific signatures in pulsed photonuclear assessment environments. These developments demonstrate that pulsed, high-energy, photon-inspection environments can be exploited for time-dependent, material-specific signatures through the proper operation of specialized detectors and detection methods.
Language Use, Attitude, and Linguistic Identity Among Palestinian Students in East Jerusalem

Language-switching, attitude, and linguistic identity among 10th-grade female students in East Jerusalem are influenced by current political, social, and ethnic conflicts. The students make decisions to use English, Hebrew, and Arabic—the 3 regional languages—based on issues of hegemony and social influences. Participants in this study track locations and reasons for secondary language-switching; offer insights regarding their language attitudes for English, Hebrew, and Arabic; and explore linguistic ignominy and ethnolinguistic identity.
Low-power scheduling with resources operating at multiple voltages

This paper presents a resource-constrained scheduling scheme and a latency-constrained scheduling scheme that minimize power consumption for the case when the resources operate at multiple voltages. The resource-constrained scheduling reduces the power consumption by maximally utilizing resources operating at reduced voltages and, at the same time, reducing the latency. The latency-constrained scheduling scheme reduces the power consumption by assigning as many nodes (of the data flow graph) as possible to the resources operating at reduced voltages. Both schemes consider the effect of switching activity on the power consumption of the functional units. In addition, both schemes use heuristics to reduce the power consumed by the level shifters. Experiments with HLS benchmark examples show that the proposed schemes achieve significant power reduction when the operating voltages are 5 and 3.3 V or 5, 3.3, and 2.4 V.