cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Transformation of European Social Democracy: The socialist discourse: Political semantics and party strategy

In the preceding chapters I have shown that socialist parties' competitive strategies and their electoral payoffs can be explained primarily in terms of a logic of interests where actors strive to obtain given objectives (votes, office) in light of realistic beliefs about the constraints set by electoral institutions, the strategic moves of other parties and the voter distribution. Where parties do not follow this logic, organizational constraints on the competition among intraparty groups typically explain departures from vote- or office-seeking strategies. Nevertheless, organizational processes in socialist parties also involve a logic of ideas in which the recruitment or exit of party members and internal debates in light of a party's experience of crises in the electoral and the legislative arena bring about changes in the objectives and beliefs that guide a party's strategy. In Chapter 5, I characterized the formal mechanisms of membership turnover and crisis debates according to which a logic of ideas influences party strategy, but I did not account for the substantive beliefs of activists who join and leave socialist parties and who engage in debates about responses to electoral decline. Why, for example, were “leftist” challengers of the dominant intraparty coalition in the Swedish social democrats or the British Labour Party inspired by a fairly orthodox economic Marxist socialism in the 1970s and the 1980s, whereas their counterparts in the Dutch Labor Party and the German Social Democrats increasingly subscribed to a strong cultural, ecological, communitarian, and libertarian discourse during the same time? The extent of each country's left-libertarian cleavage mobilization, by itself, explains these differences insufficiently.
Non-Sink Dissolution Behavior and Solubility Limit of Commercial Tacrolimus Amorphous Formulations

An increasing number of drugs with low aqueous solubility are being formulated and marketed as amorphous solid dispersions because the amorphous form can generate a higher solubility compared to the crystalline solid. The amorphous solubility of a drug can be determined experimentally using various techniques. Most studies in this area investigate the drug in its pure form and do not evaluate any effects from other formulation ingredients. In this study, we use 6 marketed amorphous oral drug products, capsules containing 5 mg of tacrolimus, and various excipients, consisting of 1 innovator product and 5 generics. The amorphous solubility of tacrolimus was evaluated using different techniques and was compared to the crystalline solubility of the drug. Dissolution of the different products was conducted under non-sink conditions to compare the maximum achieved concentration with the amorphous solubility. Diffusion studies were performed to elucidate the maximum flux across a membrane and to evaluate whether there was any difference in the thermodynamic activity of the drug released from the formulation and the pure drug. The amorphous solubility of tacrolimus was found to be a factor of 35 higher than the crystalline solubility. The maximum concentration obtained after dissolution of the capsule contents in non-sink conditions was found to match the experimentally determined amorphous solubility of the pure drug. Furthermore, the membrane flux of tacrolimus following dissolution of the various formulations was found to be similar and maximized. This study demonstrates a link between key physicochemical properties (amorphous solubility) and in vitro formulation performance.
How restudy decisions affect overall comprehension for seventh-grade students

Background Self-regulated learning requires accurate monitoring and effective regulation of study. Little is known about how effectively younger readers regulate their study. Aims We examined how decisions about which text to restudy affect overall comprehension for seventh-grade students. In addition to a Participant's Choice condition where students were allowed to pick texts for restudy on their own, we compared learning gains in two other conditions in which texts were selected for them. The Test-Based Restudy condition determined text selection using initial test performance – presenting the text with the lowest initial test performance for restudy, thereby circumventing potential problems associated with inaccurate monitoring and ineffective regulation. The Judgement-Based Restudy condition determined text selection using metacognitive judgements of comprehension – presenting the text with the lowest judgement of comprehension, thereby circumventing potential problems associated with ineffective regulation. Sample Four hundred and eighty seventh-grade students participated. Method Students were randomly assigned to conditions in an experimental design. Results and conclusions Gains in comprehension following restudy were larger for the Test-Based Restudy condition than for the Judgement-Based Restudy condition or the Participant's Choice condition. No differences in comprehension were seen between the Judgement-Based Restudy and Participant's Choice conditions. These results suggest seventh graders can systematically use their monitoring to make decisions about what to restudy. However, the results highlight how inaccurate monitoring is one reason why younger students fail to benefit from self-regulated study opportunities.
Home energy management based on optimal production control scheduling with unknown regime switching

We propose a novel home energy management framework to intelligently schedule the distributed energy storage (DES) for the cost reduction of customers in this paper. The proposed optimal production control technique determines the action policy (e.g., charging or discharging) and the power allocation policy of the DES to provide DES power at proper time with lower price than that of the utility grid, resulting in the reduction of the long term financial cost. Specifically, we first formulate the optimal decision problem for home energy systems with solar and energy storage devices, when the demand, renewable energy, electricity purchase from grid are all subject to Brownian motions. Both drift and variance parameters are modulated by a continuous-time Markov chain that represents the regime of electricity price. In particular, we set up a mean-variance problem where the cost function is both the running cost of diesel generator and deviation from the target State of Charge (SOC) of batteries. We assume the regime information follows a Hidden Markov Model (HMM), and then estimate the state by change of measure based on the Girsanov's theorem. Finally, the problem boils down to solving a stochastic differential equation (SDE), which we provide both the explicit and numerical solutions to this specific SDE. An example is provided to illustrate the effectiveness of our proposed approach. Moreover, we compare it with the traditional Model Predictive Control (MPC) technique, and show it outperforms MPC.
Review: Ancient China and the Yue: Perceptions and Identities on the Southern Frontier, c. 400 BCE – 50 CE, by Erica Fox Brindley

Erica Fox Brindley. Ancient China and the Yue: Perceptions and Identities on the Southern Frontier, c. 400 BCE – 50 CE . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015. 302 pp., 12 b/w illustrations, 3 maps, 3 tables. ISBN 9781107084780. $103.00. Historians of the later Roman Empire, especially those interested in the barbarian migrations, are familiar with the vexing problems inherent in writing the history of peoples who were enormously important but about whom we know very little. Or rather, about whom we know only the opinions held by their adversaries and overbearing neighbors, and what their material remains reveal to the archaeologists. It is a rare modern scholar of, say, the Goths, Vandals, Huns, or Franks, who has not let slip a hint of frustration at the complicated and occasionally opaque ancient sources when constructing a history of these peoples within and along the borders of the Roman empire on the basis of commentators such as Salvian of Marseilles, for whom “the people of the Saxons [are] savage, that of the Franks treacherous, the Gepids ruthless, the Huns impudent.”1 Matters are rendered even more complex because many of these Franks, Huns, or Goths were in fact Roman citizens or had lived in the Roman Empire for decades—so what makes a Goth Gothic, and a Roman Roman? When a source calls a Goth a Scythian, in the age old tradition of Herodotus, does the author actually mean a Goth or someone entirely different, thus confusing modern historians even further? …
Economic and life cycle assessment of recycling municipal glass as a pozzolan in portland cement concrete production

Abstract The environmental and economic qualities associated with processing recycled glass cullet recovered from a municipal solid waste (MSW) materials recovery facility (MRF) into glass powder (GP) to be used as a pozzolanic material in the production of portland cement concrete were assessed. Through an evaluation of life cycle impacts and system costs, the feasibility of a potential pozzolan market was evaluated in comparison to the two most common management strategies for recycled glass cullet: (1) traditional recycling into new glass containers, and (2) disposal to a landfill (including potential use as landfill depression fill material). The investment of a MRF in a GP processing system became feasible if at least 50,000 metric tonnes (tonnes) of cullet were processed annually (based on a 10-year lifespan and 4500 h per year plant operating time). At this annual throughput capacity, a MRF could achieve a processing cost capable of producing GP at a cost competitive with the current retail value of Class F coal fly ash, another known pozzolan. GP processing costs decreased as annual cullet throughput increased. The feasibility of such a GP pozzolan market was further analyzed through an applied case study of MRF cullet availability in North Central Florida, USA.
Deep Bering Sea Circulation and Variability, 2001–2016, From Argo Data

The mean structure, seasonal cycle, and interannual variability of temperature and salinity are analyzed in the deep Bering Sea basin using Argo profile data collected from 2001 to 2016. Gyre transports are estimated using geostrophic stream function maps of Argo profile data referenced to a 1,000 dbar nondivergent absolute velocity stream function mapped from Argo parking pressure displacement data. Relatively warm and salty water from the North Pacific enters the basin through the Near Strait and passages between Aleutian Islands to the east. This water then flows in a cyclonic (counterclockwise) direction around the region, cooling (and freshening) along its path. Aleutian North Slope Current transports from 0 to 1,890 dbar are estimated at 3–6 Sverdrups (1 Sv = 106 m3 s−1) eastward, feeding into the northwestward Bering Slope Current with transports of mostly 5–6 Sv. The Kamchatka Current has transports of ∼6 Sv north of Shirshov Ridge, increasing to 14–16 Sv south of the ridge, where it is augmented by westward flow from Near Strait. Temperature exhibits strong interannual variations in the upper ocean, with warm periods in 2004–2005 and 2015–2016, and cold periods around 2009 and 2012. In contrast, upper ocean salinity generally decreases from 2001 to 2016. As a result of this salinity decrease, the density of the subsurface temperature minimum decreased over this time period, despite more interannual variability in the minimum temperature value. The subsurface temperature maximum also exhibits interannual variability, but with values generally warmer than those previously reported for the 1970s and 1980s.
Infrared ion spectroscopy: an analytical tool for the study of metabolites

Vibrational ion spectroscopy techniques coupled with mass spectrometry are applied to standard metabolites as a proof-of-principle demonstration for the structural identification of unknown metabolites. The traditional room temperature infrared multiple photon dissociation (IRMPD) spectroscopy technique is shown to differentiate chemical moieties in isobaric and isomeric variants. These results are compared to infrared spectra of cryogenically cooled analyte ions, showing enhanced spectral resolution, and thus also improved differentiation between closely related molecules, such as isomers. The cryogenic spectroscopy is effected in a recently developed mass-selective cryogenic linear ion trap, which is capable of high sensitivity and the ability to measure the IR spectra of multiple analytes simultaneously.
Clocking the Interband Scattering in Strongly Interacting Multiband Metals

One of the cornerstones of ultrafast spectroscopy is the ability to disentangle the carrier dynamics from the response of other degrees of freedom. The origin of this concept is intimately related to the so-called two-temperature model, the earliest and simplest phenomenological model describing the nonequilibrium response of conventional Fermi liquids.
Compressive sensing lattice dynamics. II. Efficient phonon calculations and long-range interactions

We apply the compressive sensing lattice dynamics method to calculate phonon dispersion for crystalline solids. While existing methods such as frozen phonon, small displacement, and linear response are routinely applied for phonon calculations, they are considerably more expensive or cumbersome to apply to certain solids, including structures with large unit cells or low symmetry, systems that require more expensive electronic structure treatment, and polar semiconductors/insulators. In the latter case, we propose an approach based on a corrected long-range force constant model with proper treatment of the acoustic sum rule and the symmetric on-site force constant matrix. Our approach is demonstrated to be accurate and efficient for these systems through case studies of NaCl, ${\mathrm{CeO}}_{2}$, ${\mathrm{Y}}_{3}{\mathrm{Al}}_{5}{\mathrm{O}}_{12}$, and ${\mathrm{La}}_{2}{\mathrm{Fe}}_{14}\mathrm{B}$.
Effects of gender on inpatient rehabilitation outcomes in the elderly with incomplete paraplegia from nontraumatic spinal cord injury.

AbstractObjective: To examine gender differences in rehabilitation outcomes for patients with nontraumatic spinal cord injury.Research Design: Secondary analysis was conducted on Medicare beneficiary data from 65 to 74 year olds with incomplete paraplegia discharged from inpatient rehabilitation facilities in 2002 through 2005.Main Outcome Measures: Length of stay, Functional Independence Measure instrument motor item and subscale scores on discharge, and discharge destination.Results: Among patients with degenerative spinal disease, men had significantly longer rehabilitation stays than women (P < 0.001). Men with degenerative spinal disease had significantly lower discharge Functional Independence Measure scores than women, indicating more dependence in self-care (P < 0.001) and mobility (P < 0.001). Among patients with degenerative spinal disease, men were less likely to walk (odds ratio = 0.58; 95% Cl = 0.38−0.87) and less likely to be independent with bladder management (odds ratio = 0.44; 95% Cl = 0...
Genomic Structure, Biosynthesis, and Processing of Preproapolipoprotein C-II

Apolipoprotein C-II plays a major role in lipid metabolism as a cofactor for lipoprotein lipase, the enzyme involved in the hydrolysis of plasma triglycerides. Patients with deficiency of apo C-II have marked elevations of plasma triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and are at increased risk of pancreatitis. Apolipoprotein C-II has been cloned, and the complete genomic structure elucidated. The apo C-II gene consists of four exons interrupted by three introns and encodes a 22-amino-acid signal peptide that undergoes cotranslational cleavage. The posttranslational processing of apo C-II was analyzed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis followed by immunoblotting of apo C-II isoforms in the media of Hep G2 cells and in plasma. Four major isoforms have been identified and designated apo C-II-2, apo C-II-1, apo C-II-1/2, and apo C-II0. Neuroaminidase studies have shown that apo C-II-2 and apo C-II-1 are sialic-acid-containing glycoproteins. There is a relative enrichment of these two isoforms of apo C-II in Hep G2 cell media, but they represent minor apo C-II isoforms in normal fasting plasma. Apolipoprotein C-II0, the major plasma isoform of apo C-II, is a proprotein that undergoes proteolytic cleavage of the amino-terminal hexapeptide to form mature apo C-II (apo C-II-1/2)-Amino acid composition and amino-terminal analysis of apo C-II-1/2 confirms the loss of the six terminal amino acids of apo C-II0. In summary: (1) apo C-II has been cloned, and its complete genomic sequence determined; (2) apo C-II is synthesized as preproapo C-II, which undergoes cleavage of a 22-amino-acid signal peptide to form proapo C-II; (3) proapo C-II is glycosylated to generate the sialic-acid-containing glycoproteins apo C-II-2 and apo C-II-1; (4) apo C-II-2 and apo C-II-1 are deglycosylated to form apo C-II0; (5) apo C-II0, the major plasma isoform of apo C-II, is a proprotein; (6) proteolytic processing of apo C-IIo results in the loss of six amino terminal residues to form apo C-II-1/2, the mature apo C-II isoform. A better understanding of the structural relationship of the various plasma isoforms of apo C-II will help to elucidate the mechanisms involved in normal as well as defective processing of apo C-II.
Kinetic Models to Predict and Control Minor Constituents in Process Reactions

Detailed Chemical Kinetic Mechanisms (DCKMs) are comprehensive descriptions of chemical processes expressed in term of irreducible chemical events or elementary reactions. That is, they provide descriptions of chemical processes at the molecular level, and as a consequence they are of considerable utility to predict and control the formation of both the major and minor products.
Candidate Reagents for Activity Reduction in BWR and PWR Primary Systems

This paper is based on work sponsored by the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) to investigate alternatives to the traditional campaign-type decontamination process for reducing radioactive fields around nuclear reactor primary systems. The strategy is to identify reagents which effectively remove activity when injected into the primary coolant during a normal reactor outage. Removal of the suspended radioactive species by filtration and ion exchange minimizes the volume of radioactive waste which must be processed.
Views of Aging African American Women: Memories Within the Historical Context

This article examines the generational experiences of older African American women using case studies of two women born in 1911. Through the telling of their life stories, these women recount their memories of their own lives. By viewing their life histories within the larger historical context, we gain a clearer understanding of their life experiences and their perspectives as older African American women. These women lived through the Jim Crow era of blatant racial discrimination and segregation in the South and raised their children in this environment. The segregation statutes, or Jim Crow laws, were the public symbols and constant reminders of the subordinate position assigned to African Americans, and the code lent the sanction of law to a racial separation that extended to churches, schools, housing, jobs, eating and drinking. Using a lifecourse perspective, the past is viewed within the context of the present, considering historical and cohort factors that have affected the life situation of individuals. Through the women's telling of their life stories, they outline the chapters of their lives and describe how their experiences have made them the strong older women they are today and helped shape their values.
Effects of Covert Audio Coaching on the Attending Behavior of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder.

The effects of covert audio coaching, a form of performance feedback delivered remotely through a two-way radio and earbud speaker, was examined on the classroom attending behavior of children with...
Transgenerational effects of maternal bisphenol A exposure on offspring metabolic health - Erratum.

Exposure to the endocrine disruptor bisphenol A (BPA) is ubiquitous and associated with health abnormalities that persist in subsequent generations. However, transgenerational effects of BPA on metabolic health are not widely studied. In a maternal C57BL/6J mice (F0) exposure model using BPA doses that are relevant to human exposure levels (10 μg/kg/day, LowerB; 10 mg/kg/day, UpperB), we showed male- and dose-specific effects on pancreatic islets of the first (F1) and second generation (F2) offspring relative to controls (7% corn oil diet; control). In this study, we determined the transgenerational effects (F3) of BPA on metabolic health and pancreatic islets in our model. Adult F3 LowerB and UpperB male offspring had increased body weight relative to Controls, however glucose tolerance was similar in the three groups. F3 LowerB, but not UpperB, males had reduced β-cell mass and smaller islets which was associated with increased glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Similar to F1 and F2 BPA male offspring, staining for markers of T-cells and macrophages (CD3 and F4/80) was increased in pancreas of F3 LowerB and UpperB male offspring, which was associated with changes in cytokine levels. In contrast to F3 BPA males, LowerB and UpperB female offspring had comparable body weight, glucose tolerance and insulin secretion as Controls. Thus, maternal BPA exposure resulted in fewer metabolic defects in F3 than F1 and F2 offspring, and these were sex- and dose-specific.
Multiple activations of CH bonds in arenes and heteroarenes

The activation of CH bonds in arenes and heteroarenes has attracted considerable attention in recent years. Examples of the activation of two or more CH bonds in arenes or heteroarenes are rare. In recent studies it has been found that certain polynuclear metal carbonyl complexes, such as Re2(CO)8(μ-C6H5)(μ-H), 1 and Os3(CO)10(NCMe)2, can react two or more times with selected arenes and heteroarenes through a series of CH activations to yield interesting new multiply-CH activated arenes and heteroarenes and can lead to the opening of ring systems in the case of heteroarenes. A summary of these novel reactions and new products is presented in this Frontier article.
Impact on Health-Related Quality of Life of Induction Chemotherapy Compared With Concurrent Cisplatin and Radiation Therapy in Patients With Head and Neck Cancer.

Abstract Aims Organ preservation, an important goal in the treatment of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), may include induction chemotherapy and cisplatin with radiation therapy (CRT). To our knowledge, no reports have directly compared the impact of induction chemotherapy with that of CRT on health-related quality of life (HRQOL). Materials and methods In a phase II trial, we assessed the HRQOL of patients treated with induction chemotherapy followed by CRT. Eligible patients had stage III–IV HNSCC. HRQOL questionnaires were administered at baseline, the end of induction (EOI), the end of CRT (EOCRT) and after CRT. Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy (FACT version 4) assessed HRQOL. We carried out a comparison of changes in HRQOL from baseline to EOI and from EOI to EOCRT. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov ( NCT01566435 ). Results Thirty patients were enrolled in the study. Most HRQOL questionnaires were completed (88%). The mean total FACT scores did not differ from baseline to EOI (general: 83.8 versus 79.1, P = 0.08; head and neck: 109.7 versus 105.8, P = 0.33; Total Outcome Index: 69.7 versus 62.3, P = 0.03; respectively, using P ≤ 0.01 to adjust for multiple simultaneous tests of differences). However, total FACT scores significantly worsened from EOI to EOCRT (79.1 versus 62.3, P = 0.01; 105.8 versus 74.2, P Conclusions Overall, HRQOL did not significantly change from baseline to EOI but dramatically worsened from EOI to EOCRT.
Breeding Wheat for Resistance to Septoria nodorum and Septoria tritici

Publisher Summary There are three recognized Septoria diseases of wheat, each characterized by its causal fungus. On a worldwide basis, the two most important are septoria nodorum blotch (SNB) and septoria tritici blotch (STB). The third, septoria avenae blotch, is found infrequently and is generally considered a minor disease. This chapter focuses on breeding for resistance to SNB and STB. The relative emphasis that different breeding programs place on resistance to SNB and STB typically depends on the importance of the diseases in the geographic area of interest. The need for Septoria resistance must be viewed in relation to other breeding objectives. Thus, in some breeding programs it may be sufficient to simply avoid extremely susceptible germplasm, whereas other programs may require a high level of resistance. The chapter discusses how resistance to SNB and STB has been identified, relevant features concerning pathogen variation, what is known about the genetics of resistance, and a reference list containing sources of resistance to SNB and STB.
Achieving Improved Survival Outcomes in Advanced Breast Cancer.

Breast cancer is the most common cancer diagnosis in young women.1 In the United States, the incidence of breast cancer among women under the age of 50 is increasing by 0.2% per year, and the incid...
IoT Threats to the Smart Grid: A Framework for Analyzing Emerging Risks

Internet of Things (IoT) technologies have experienced an unprecedented growth over the last decade due to their wide applicability and low overall costs. These same factors have also allowed IoT deployments to transition into industrial environments which are expected to meet high reliability requirements. These technological-base shifts have raised operational (safety) concerns among researchers, which have been further fueled by high-profile cyber incidents that have exposed vulnerabilities in field devices. Although, multiple IoT cyber security issues are being actively researched, a compelling issue is to identify threats associated with cross-domain devices. A cross-domain vulnerability is any such vulnerability that can cause other non-IT system to experience unintended consequences. Recent research has shown that physical systems, like the electrical grid might be exposed to abnormal conditions if a large set of load-controllable IoT devices are compromised [5]. Although risk reduction methodologies for bulk power components have been proposed these are focused towards SCADA-based systems which are owned, maintained, and operated by the utility under controlled environments. Whereas, IoT devices are owned by customers, spread across a wide service area, without supervised security policies. In this work, a detailed analysis of such threats is performed on large-scale IoT deployments that could allow attackers to control a large amount of aggregated power. Based on our research, future-growth of large-load controllers and smart inverters could pose threats to grid operations due to their rapid load changing capabilities, these changes could exceed steady-state or transient design limits leading to unintended consequences. Therefore utilities need to methodologically analyzing these risks. This paper proposes such a methodology, which includes risk modeling and mitigation strategies.
Nutrition and behavioral health disorders: depression and anxiety

Suboptimal nutrition has been implicated in the underlying pathology of behavioral health disorders and may impede treatment and recovery. Thus, optimizing nutritional status should be a treatment for these disorders and is likely important for prevention. The purpose of this narrative review is to describe the global burden and features of depression and anxiety, and summarize recent evidence regarding the role of diet and nutrition in the prevention and management of depression and anxiety. Current evidence suggests that healthy eating patterns that meet food-based dietary recommendations and nutrient requirements may assist in the prevention and treatment of depression and anxiety. Randomized controlled trials are needed to better understand how diet and nutrition-related biological mechanisms affect behavioral health disorders, to assist with the development of effective evidence-based nutrition interventions, to reduce the impact of these disorders, and promote well-being for affected individuals.
Social Norms and Self-Management Ability among Uninsured Primary Care Patients.

Objectives The purpose of this study was to examine the association between social norms and self-management ability among uninsured low-income primary care patients. Methods Data were collected from adult patients at a free clinic using a self-administered survey from August to December 2018. Results Higher levels of social norms to exercise were associated with higher levels of all aspects of self-management ability. Lower levels of social norms to use substances were associated with higher levels of all aspects of self-management ability, except for variety in self-management. Better health was associated with higher levels of investment behavior of self-management ability. Conclusions The findings of this study suggest the association between social norms and self-management ability and its impact on health among low-income, uninsured primary care patients. Self-management ability is important for maintaining health. Providing intervention programs on self-management skills should focus on not only individual behaviors but also social norms that affect their health behaviors.
Rapid drought-induced land subsidence and its impact on the California aqueduct

Abstract The Central Valley in California is characterized by a semi-arid climate prone to droughts, a variable surface water supply, and immense agricultural areas dependent on groundwater irrigation. The groundwater is stored in a complex aquifer system composed of alternating layers of coarse sediments and fine-grained sediments acting as confining materials. Groundwater fluctuations are coupled with both the elastic and inelastic land surface deformation historically observed in the Central Valley. Surface deformation poses a hazard to the California Aqueduct, which supports Central Valley agriculture and large urban populations in Southern California. The risk of reduced aqueduct efficacy and expensive repairs compels water resource managers to carefully monitor land deformation in the Valley. A persistent drought in the region began in 2012, intensified in 2014, and was abruptly alleviated by a wet period from Dec-2016 to Feb-2018. NASA's UAVSAR L-band synthetic aperture radar acquired 31 high resolution radar images between May-2013 and Nov-2018. The interferometric phase difference between acquisitions is used to develop a time series of vertical displacement and identify and track a rapidly forming subsidence feature adjacent to the California Aqueduct. The surface area of the feature that subsided 10 cm or more by the end of the time series reaches 4452 ha and a 10.5+ km segment of the aqueduct. This study also incorporates extensometer measurements, precise leveling surveys, Sentinel-1A displacement, concurrent water elevation data, well construction reports, nearby extensometer measurements, aquifer material characterization, and environmental conditions. Spatiotemporal data availability limits the appropriateness of calculations and models able to be performed for different sites along the aqueduct. We aim to offer insight into heterogeneous subsurface properties and mechanics, estimate the permanent loss of aquifer storage volume, and identify additional data that would aid water management.
Artificial Intelligence–Powered Smartphone App to Facilitate Medication Adherence: Protocol for a Human Factors Design Study

Background: Medication Guides consisting of crucial interactions and side effects are extensive and complex. Due to the exhaustive information, patients do not retain the necessary medication information, which can result in hospitalizations and medication nonadherence. A gap exists in understanding patients’ cognition of managing complex medication information. However, advancements in technology and artificial intelligence (AI) allow us to understand patient cognitive processes to design an app to better provide important medication information to patients. Objective: Our objective is to improve the design of an innovative AI- and human factor–based interface that supports patients’ medication information comprehension that could potentially improve medication adherence. Methods: This study has three aims. Aim 1 has three phases: (1) an observational study to understand patient perception of fear and biases regarding medication information, (2) an eye-tracking study to understand the attention locus for medication information, and (3) a psychological refractory period (PRP) paradigm study to understand functionalities. Observational data will be collected, such as audio and video recordings, gaze mapping, and time from PRP. A total of 50 patients, aged 18-65 years, who started at least one new medication, for which we developed visualization information, and who have a cognitive status of 34 during cognitive screening using the TICS-M test and health literacy level will be included in this aim of the study. In Aim 2, we will iteratively design and evaluate an AI-powered medication information visualization interface as a smartphone app with the knowledge gained from each component of Aim 1. The interface will be assessed through two usability surveys. A total of 300 patients, aged 18-65 years, with diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, or mental health disorders, will be recruited for the surveys. Data from the surveys will be analyzed through exploratory factor analysis. In Aim 3, in order to test the prototype, there will be a two-arm study design. This aim will include 900 patients, aged 18-65 years, with internet access, without any cognitive impairment, and with at least two medications. Patients will be sequentially randomized. Three surveys will be used to assess the primary outcome of medication information comprehension and the secondary outcome of medication adherence at 12 weeks. Results: Preliminary data collection will be conducted in 2021, and results are expected to be published in 2022. Conclusions: This study will lead the future of AI-based, innovative, digital interface design and aid in improving medication comprehension, which may improve medication adherence. The results from this study will also open up future research opportunities in understanding how patients manage complex medication information and will inform the format and design for innovative, AI-powered digital interfaces for Medication Guides.
Verification and Parameter Synthesis for Stochastic Systems using Optimistic Optimization

We present an algorithm for formal verification and parameter synthesis of continuous state-space Markov chains. This class of problems captures the design and analysis of a wide variety of autonomous and cyber-physical systems defined by nonlinear and black-box modules. In order to solve these problems, one has to maximize certain probabilistic objective functions overall choices of initial states and parameters. In this paper, we identify the assumptions that make it possible to view this problem as a multi-armed bandit problem. Based on this fresh perspective, we propose an algorithm (HOO-MB) for solving the problem that carefully instantiates an existing bandit algorithm -- Hierarchical Optimistic Optimization -- with appropriate parameters. As a consequence, we obtain theoretical regret bounds on sample efficiency of our solution that depends on key problem parameters like smoothness, near-optimality dimension, and batch size. The batch size parameter enables us to strike a balance between the sample efficiency and the memory usage of the algorithm. Our experiments, using the tool HooVer, suggest that the approach scales to realistic-sized problems and is often more sample-efficient compared to PlasmaLab -- a leading tool for verification of stochastic systems. Specifically, HooVer has distinct advantages in analyzing models in which the objective function has sharp slopes. In addition, HooVer shows promising behavior in parameter synthesis for a linear quadratic regulator (LQR) example.
Ending Judgment Arbitrage: Jurisdictional Competition and the Enforcement of Foreign Money Judgments in the United States

Recent multi-billion-dollar damage awards issued by foreign courts against large American companies have focused attention on the once-obscure, patchwork system of enforcing foreign-country judgments in the United States. That system’s structural problems are even more serious than its critics have charged. However, the leading proposals for reform overlook the positive potential embedded in its design.In the United States, no treaty or federal law controls the domestication of foreign judgments; the process is instead governed by state law. Although they are often conflated in practice, the procedure consists of two formally and conceptually distinct stages: foreign judgments must first be recognized and then enforced. Standards on recognition differ widely from state to state, but under current law once plaintiffs have secured a recognition judgment all American courts must enforce it irrespective of their own recognition laws. This rigid system, which exceeds the constitutional requirement of full faith and credit, enables plaintiffs to effectively launder a foreign judgment by getting it recognized in one state and then enforcing it in another state that would have rejected it in the first place.This brand of forum shopping, which I call “judgment arbitrage,” creates a fundamental structural problem that has thus far escaped scholarly attention: it undermines the power of individual American states to determine whether foreign-country judgments are enforced in their territory and against their citizens. It also creates a powerful, if implied, conflict of recognition laws among sister U.S. states that precedes and often determines the outcome of what scholars currently consider the primary conflict, between American and foreign law. Finally, this system impedes the development of state law and weakens practical constraints on the application of foreign nations’ laws in the United States.This Article contends that statutorily liberating states from the current conception of full faith and credit in domestication would sharpen jurisdictional competition, encouraging the development of better law (however defined) and, eventually, greater uniformity in an area where scholars agree uniformity is desirable. It begins by constructing a novel framework for conceptualizing these problems, and addresses them by proposing a federal statute that would allow states to capture the benefits — and require them to internalize the costs — of their own recognition laws. Rather than scrap the current state-law system in favor of a single federal rule, as the American Law Institute and some leading scholars call for, or institute a national regime of centrally-designed uniform state laws, as the National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws and other commentators urge, the statute proposed in this Article would provide incentives for competition among states for recognition law. The proposal may also suggest ways to manage other sister-state conflicts of law in an age when horizontal conflicts are proliferating.
Whole-Genome Sequencing of Common Salivary Gland Carcinomas: Subtype-Restricted and Shared Genetic Alterations.

Purpose: Salivary gland carcinomas (SGCs) are pathologically classified into several widely diverse subtypes, of which adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC), mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC), and salivary duct carcinoma (SDC) are the most commonly encountered. A comparative genetic analysis of these subtypes provides detailed information on the genetic alterations that are associated with their tumorigenesis and may lead to the identification of biomarkers to guide tumor-specific clinical trials. Experimental Design: Whole-genome sequencing of 58 common SGCs (20 ACCs, 20 SDCs, and 18 MECs) was performed to catalog structural variations, copy number, rearrangements, and driver mutations. Data were bioinformatically analyzed and correlated with clinicopathologic parameters, and selected targets were validated. Results: Novel and recurrent type–specific and shared genetic alterations were identified within and among 3 subtypes. Mutually exclusive canonical fusion and nonfusion genomic alterations were identified in both ACC and MEC. In ACCs, loss of chromosome 12q was dominant in MYB or MYBL1 fusion–positive tumors and mutations of NOTCH pathway were more common in these fusion negatives. In MECs, CRTC1-MAML2 fusion–positive tumors showed frequent BAP1 mutation, and tumors lacking this fusion were enriched with LRFN1 mutation. SDCs displayed considerable genetic instability, lacked recurrent chromosomal rearrangements, and demonstrated nonoverlapping TP53 mutation and ERBB2 amplification in a subset of tumors. Limited genetic alterations, including focal amplifications of 8q21-q23, were shared by all subtypes and were associated with poor survival. Conclusions: This study delineates type-specific and shared genetic alterations that are associated with early phenotypic commitment and the biologic progression of common SGCs. These alterations, upon validation, could serve as biomarkers in tumor-specific clinical trials.
Temperament and eating self-regulation in young children with or at risk for obesity: An exploratory report.

Background Few studies have examined the relationship between temperament and eating self-regulation in early childhood, despite emerging evidence for associations with pediatric obesity. Method The aim of this exploratory report was to examine the associations between three eating behaviors and three facets of temperament among 4- to 8-year-olds with or at risk for obesity. Results Among 28 participants in a family intervention to reduce eating speed, we found at baseline that slower child eating speed was associated with less surgency (r = -.39, p = .04) and higher food responsiveness was associated with higher negative affect (r = .40, p = .03). Conclusions These findings support the potential yield of integrating temperament with eating self-regulation assessments in studies of early obesity risk. A better understanding is needed regarding ways in which parents differentially feed in response to child temperament.
Trigone as a diagnostic and therapeutic target for bladder-centric interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome.

The pathophysiology of interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS) may be bladder-centric, with afferent nerve hyperexcitability and/or due to neural central sensitization. In bladder-centric disease, the trigone’s unmyelinated nociceptive C-fibers are thought to be upregulated, suggesting this as a potential target for diagnostic modalities and for treatment with local anesthetics and chemodenervation. We propose that the transvaginal trigone treatment (T3) route of administration of such treatments should be considered in women with IC/BPS, as this approach is easier and less invasive than cystoscopy. For T3, or other bladder-centric treatments to be successful, patient selection should attempt to exclude patients with predominantly neural central sensitization.
Solid Rocket Motors for the Space Shuttle Booster

The evolution of the space shuttle booster system is reviewed from its initial concepts based on liquid-propellant reusable boosters to the final selection of recoverable, solid-fuel rocket motors. The rationale associated with each of the several major decisions in the evolution process is discussed. It is shown that the external tank orbiter configuration emerging from the latest studies takes maximum advantage of the solid rocket motor development experience and promises to be the optimum configuration for fulfilling the paramount shuttle program requirements of minimum total development risk within acceptable costs.
Giant cell angiofibroma or localized periorbital lymphedema

Giant cell angiofibroma represents a rare soft tissue neoplasm with a predilection for the orbit. We recently encountered a mass removed from the lower eyelid of a 56-year-old female that histopathologically resembled giant cell angiofibroma. The process consisted of haphazardly arranged CD34-positive spindled and multinucleated cells within an edematous, densely vascular stroma. However, the patient had recently undergone laryngectomy and radiotherapy for a laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. A similar mass had arisen on the contralateral eyelid, and both had developed several months post-therapy. Lymphedema of the orbit can present as tumor-like nodules and in some cases may share histopathologic features purported to be characteristic of giant cell angiofibroma. A relationship between giant cell angiofibroma and lymphedema has not been established, but our case suggests there may be one. The potential overlap of these two conditions should be recognized, as should other entities that may enter the differential diagnosis.
Influence of host microvascular environment on tumour vascular endothelium

This review will focus on the tumour microvascular endothelium; how it is derived, modulated by angiogenic factors, and how the structure and function is influenced by the host tissue microenvironment.
The CB1 cannabinoid receptor C-terminus regulates receptor desensitization in autaptic hippocampal neurones

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The cannabinoid CB1 receptor is the chief mediator of the CNS effects of cannabinoids. In cell culture model systems, CB1 receptors both desensitize and internalize on activation. Previous work suggests that the extreme carboxy-terminus of this receptor regulates internalization via phosphorylation of residues clustered within this region. Mutational analysis of the carboxy-terminus of CB1 receptors has demonstrated that the last six serine/threonine residues are necessary for agonist-induced internalization. However, the structural determinants of CB1 receptor internalization are also dependent on the local cellular environment. The importance of cell context on CB1 receptor function calls for an investigation of the functional roles of these residues in neurones. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH To determine the structural requirements of CB1 internalization in neurones, we evaluated the signalling properties of carboxy-terminal mutated CB1 receptors expressed in cultured autaptic hippocampal neurones, using electrophysiological methods. KEY RESULTS CB1 receptors transfected into CB1 knockout neurones signalled and desensitized as did wild-type neurones, allowing us to test specific CB1 receptor mutations. Deletion of the last 13 residues yielded a CB1 receptor that inhibited excitatory postsynaptic currents but did not desensitize. Furthermore, mutation of the final six serine and threonine residues to alanines resulted in a non-desensitizing receptor. In contrast, CB1 receptors lacking residues 419–460, leaving the last 14 residues intact, did desensitize. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The distal thirteen residues of CB1 receptors are crucial for their desensitization in cultured neurones. Furthermore, this desensitization is likely to follow phosphorylation of serines and threonines within this region. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Cannabinoids in Biology and Medicine. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2012.165.issue-8. To view Part I of Cannabinoids in Biology and Medicine visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2011.163.issue-7