cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chemical Defence of Phalangodid Harvestmen: Bishopella laciniosa (Crosby & Bishop) and Texella bifurcata (Briggs) Produce 2-Methyl-5-Ethylphenol (Opiliones: Grassatores: Phalangodidae)

Summary This is the first report of the chemistry of the defensive secretions of harvestmen of the family Phalangodidae. Using gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy and infrared spectroscopy, we identified 2-methyl-5-ethylphenol as the sole methanol-extractable component from specimens of Bishopella laciniosa (Crosby a Bishop) from North Carolina, and from a single specimen of Texella bifurcata (Briggs) from Oregon. This compound has been recorded in Opiliones before as a component of the secretion of the cosmetid species Cynorta astora Goodnight & Goodnight and Eucynortula albipunctata (Pickard-Cambridge), the gonyleptid Pachyloidellus goliath Acosta, and the stygnommatid Stygnomma spinifera (Packard).
Criterionced Tests: Part 11. Unfinished Business

What was the origin of the concept of criterion-referenced measurement? How has the concept evolved over the years? What are some key factors that should influence how we think about CRTs?
Vibration Effects on Three Measures of Relaxation

The effect of vibrotactile stimulation on relaxation as measured by EMG recording of the frontalis and trapezius muscles and by subjective report was assessed. It was predicted that low-frequency vibrotactile stimulation (less than 70 Hz) would facilitate muscle relaxation when measured by both EMG frontalis and trapezius recordings and by subjective report. The participants (8 male and 8 female) were randomly assigned to split-plot, before/after design consisting of four between-subjects treatments and one within-subjects treatment (pre- and post-treatment). The between-subjects treatments were footrest vibration, backrest vibration, footrest-backrest vibration combined, and control. The within-subjects treatment included pre- and post-treatment levels. Results of repeated-measures analyses of variance on each set of data yielded a significant change from pre- to posttreatment condition on all EMG and subjective report measures of muscle tension except the control. The utility of using EMG as a measure of relaxation is discussed.
Relationship of season, herd, lactation, age, and pregnancy with serum thyroxine and triiodothyronine in holstein cows

A feild survey was conducted to determine the relationship of herd, season (winter vs. summer), postpartum interval, milk production, age, and gestation length with serum concentrations of total thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) in Holstein cows. Thirteen Michigan dairy herds were visited once in February and August. Single blood samples were drawn from 4 cows per visit in each of early, middle, and late lactation, and dry cow stages. Hormones were quantified by radioimmunoassay. Analysis of variance was performed separately for cases within each stage, with T4 and T3 as dependent variables, herd and season as main effects, and the other appropriate variables recorded as covariates. T4 values tended to be higher in the winter, but differences were not consistently significant. T3 was higher (p<.01) in winter in all groups except early lactation cows, in which the herd-by-season interaction was significant (p<.05). T4 and T3 were positively related to days postpartum and negatively related to daily milk production in early-lactation cows only p<.05). There was a tendency across all groups for an inverse relationship of T4 and T3 with age. T4 and T3 were inversely related to gestation length in dry cows only (p<.05). These data suggest that metabolic events such as impending parturition, initiation of lactation, and negative energy balance with high milk production in early lactation may result in a reduction of T4 and T3 that is independent of seasonal effects in Holstein cows.
Importance of immunization in child care and prevention

This article stresses the importance of immunization in child care for prevention of many diseases. It discusses the reasons for the failure within the United States to eradicate many infectious diseases in children despite the availability of technology. Suggestions for action to improve this situation are made.
The Impact of the Guilty but Mentally III Verdict on Juror Decisions: An Empirical Analysis

The present study attempted to determine the impact of alternative verdict choices on the decisions of mock jurors. Subjects used in this study as mock jurors were all college undergraduates. They were shown one of two versions of a videotaped simulated murder trial. Both films presented a defendant who appeared to be suffering emotional difficulties, but in one film the defendant had clearly committed the act while in the other film the defendant's actions were less certain. Subjects than gave their individual verdicts and, after deliberation with other subjects, a total jury verdict. The verdicts available to the subjects varied across three conditions such that the subjects in one condition were only allowed to find the defendant to be innocent or guilty. In another condition the subjects could find the defendant innocent, guilty or not guilty by reason of insanity (NGRI). In the third condition the subjects were allowed to choose between innocent, guilty, NGRI, and guilty but mentally ill (GBMI). The results indicated that the addition of the “mental health” verdicts had a significant impact on the decisions of the jurors. In particular, it appears that only defendants who would otherwise have been found innocent were likely to be found NGRI. This study also indicated that the GBMI verdict is very attractive to mock jurors. Indeed, even innocent defendants were found to be GBMI, a form of guilt, when this alternative was made available. These findings raise potentially important constitutional and practical issues for the trial of emotionally disturbed criminal defendants.
Porous Cu-Cd mixed-metal-organic frameworks constructed from Cu(Pyac)2 [Bis[3-(4-pyridyl)pentane-2,4-dionato]copper(II)].

Porous Cu−Cd mixed-metal−organic frameworks [{Cd(NO3)2}2{(Cu(Pyac)2}3] (M‘MOF 1) and [{CdCl2}{Cu(Pyac)2}2] (M‘MOF 2) {Cu(Pyac)2 = bis[3-(4-pyridyl)pentane-2,4-dionato]copper(II)} have been synthesized by the reaction of Cu(Pyac)2 with Cd(NO3)2 and CdCl2. They are noninterpenetrating 1D ladder and 2D square-grid frameworks, constructed from Cu(Pyac)2 building blocks with T-shaped Cd(NO3)2 nodes and square-planar CdCl2 nodes, respectively. The 1D ladders and 2D square grids are stacked in ABCABC... and ABCDEF... packings, leading to 2D interconnected channels of ca. 5.7 × 10.2 and 4.1 × 9.8 A in 1 and 1D channels of ca. 8.0 × 8.2 A in 2, respectively. The copper sites in these two M‘MOFs are coordinated by solvent molecules and exposed to the pores.
Improving Virtual Machine Migration via Deduplication

For this study the techniques of virtual machine migration are understood and the affects deduplication has on migration are evaluated. The benefits of using deduplication and compression on virtual machines show in the metric of space saved during migrating. Deduplication is computationally expensive so we evaluate how to group virtual machines with similar elements in order to improve migration. From this study, grouping virtual machines based on similar elements improves the overhead from deduplication and compression but estimates which virtual machines are best grouped together.
A CAD approach to helical groove machining. Part 2 :Numerical evaluation and sensitivity analysis

Based on the developments in the first part of the paper, numerical algorithms for the evaluation of the engagement models have been formulated. Computational examples are given to demonstrate the validity of the developed models and algorithms. As a problem of pragmatic significance, the sensitivity of the resulting helical groove with respect to the machine setting parameters and tool profile errors has been investigated by means of a mapping from the machine setting or tool profile error space to the resulting helical profile error space.
Process engineering evaluation of ethanol production from wood through bioprocessing and chemical catalysis

Ethanol produced from lignocellulosic biomass through a number of conversion pathways presents a more viable alternative to fossil fuels because non-food feedstocks are used. The approaches for ethanol production from biomass, such as wood, can be classified into three general pathways: hydrolysis fermentation (hydrolysis followed by fermentation of the sugars), gasification biosynthesis (gasification followed by biosynthesis to ethanol), and gasification chemical synthesis (gasification followed by catalytic synthesis to ethanol). To compare performance of the three pathways, a black-box system model was utilized with relevant assumptions to analyze their mass and energy conversion efficiencies. Their processing times were also estimated. A comprehensive comparison of the modeling results showed that from a process engineering standpoint, the feasibility of the biomass refining pathways ordered from high to low is gasification chemical synthesis, hydrolysis fermentation, then gasification biosynthesis. Calculations of a performance index, a singular number incorporating the major input and output and processing time of a pathway that was defined, also supported this order.
Differential effects of modafinil on memory in naïve and memory-impaired rats.

Modafinil is a wake-promoting drug and has been approved for the treatment of excessive daytime sleepiness in narcolepsy and obstructive sleep apnea. Modafinil was shown to improve learning and memory in rodents, and to reverse memory deficits induced by sleep deprivation or stress. However, depending on the memory paradigm used, modafinil might also impair memory. We aimed to investigate the effects of modafinil on memory consolidation and retrieval for object recognition and inhibitory avoidance in naive adult rats. We also investigated whether acute or chronic administration of modafinil would reverse memory deficits induced by iron overload, a model of memory impairment related to neurodegenerative disorders. Adult naive rats received modafinil (0.0, 0.75, 7.5 or 75 mg/kg) either immediately after training or 1 h prior to testing in object recognition or inhibitory avoidance. Iron-treated rats received modafinil immediately after training in object recognition. In order to investigate the effects of chronic modafinil, iron-treated rats received daily injections of modafinil for 17 days, and 24 h later they were trained in object recognition or inhibitory avoidance. Acute modafinil does not affect memory consolidation or retrieval in naive rats. A single injection of modafinil at the highest dose was able to recover recognition memory in iron-treated rats. Chronic modafinil completely recovered iron-induced recognition memory and emotional memory deficits. Additional preclinical and clinical studies are necessary in order to support the applicability of modafinil in recovering memory impairment associated with neurodegenerative disorders.
Abstract A70: Oncogenic potential of multiple splicing isoforms of the prostate‐cancer specific TMPRSS2‐ERG gene fusion product

Genetic rearrangements are key events in cancer development, as seen by the recurrent chromosomal translocations characteristic of some hematological and mesenchymal tumors. It has been recently reported, however, that a majority of prostate cancer tumors appear to carry specific translocation, in which a transcription factor of the ETS (E26 transformation‐specific) family (namely ERG, ETV1, ETV4, ETV5) is expressed under the control of TMPRSS2, a prostate‐specific, androgen‐dependent protease. In particular, the fusion of TMPRSS2 exon 1 to ERG exon 4 has been observed in approximately 50% of human prostate cases, suggesting a causative role in PC development, but its specific functions remain unclear. This is further complicated by the presence of ERG splicing variants, and by the use of alternative promoters or polyadenylation sites in both the normal and fusion contexts, which could generate over 50 different isoforms. Interestingly, the presence of specific isoforms seems to correlate with tumor aggressiveness. ERG is already known to be involved in oncogenic fusion, such as EWS‐ERG fusion in Ewing sarcoma, which activates targets involved in proliferation, metastasis and angiogenesis, suggesting that the androgen‐dependent over‐expression of ERG following the TMPRSS2 fusion could be a driving mechanism of prostate carcinogenesis. We have identified multiple novel splicing isoforms of both the wild‐type ERG gene and the TMPRSS2:ERG fusion gene in prostate tumors and we are currently investigating their respective biological roles and mechanism of action in order to determine their function and oncogenic potential in vitro and in vivo . Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(23 Suppl):A70.
Ethical Issues in Surgical Innovation

Innovation is responsible for most advances in the field of surgery. Innovative approaches to solving clinical problems have significantly decreased morbidity and mortality for many surgical procedures, and have led to improved patient outcomes. While innovation is motivated by the surgeon’s expectation that the new approach will be beneficial to patients, not all innovations are successful or result in improved patient care. The ethical dilemma of surgical innovation lies in the uncertainty of whether a particular innovation will prove to be a “good thing.” This uncertainty creates challenges for surgeons, patients, and the healthcare system. By its very nature, innovation introduces a potential risk to patient safety, a risk that may not be fully known, and it simultaneously fosters an optimism bias. These factors increase the complexity of informed consent and shared decision making for the surgeon and the patient. Innovative procedures and their associated technology raise issues of cost and resource distribution in the contemporary, financially conscious, healthcare environment. Surgeons and institutions must identify and address conflicts of interest created by the development and application of an innovation, always preserving the best interest of the patient above the academic or financial rewards of success. Potential strategies to address the challenges inherent in surgical innovation include collecting and reporting objective outcomes data, enhancing the informed consent process, and adhering to the principles of disclosure and professionalism. As surgeons, we must encourage creativity and innovation while maintaining our ethical awareness and responsibility to patients.
Important role of hydroxyethyl derivatives of poly(hydroxystyrene) in the development of advanced negative resists

In this paper, we present the synthesis, thermal properties, dissolution characteristics and lithographic potential of a new poly(hydroxystyrene) derivative (PHS-EtOH) obtained by blocking the phenolic functionality with a saturated alcohol moiety through an ether linkage. The replacement of PHS with this modified polymer in a negative resist formulation has resulted in a dramatic improvement in dense line resolution.
The Riverside and Berwyn experience: Contrasts in landscape structure, perceptions of the urban landscape, and their effects on people

Abstract Humans not only structure the landscape through their activities, but their perceptions of nature are affected by the spatial and temporal arrangements (structure) in the landscape. Our understanding of these interactions, however, is limited. We explored the relationship between landscape structure and peoples’ perceptions of nature in the Chicago, IL, USA, suburbs of Riverside and Berwyn because they offer contrasting paradigms of an urban landscape. Designed in the 1800s by Frederick Law Olmsted, Riverside has several unique design elements (curvilinear streets, ample setbacks, parkways of variable width with mowed grass and naturalistic groupings of trees) that define the structure and composition of this landscape. The urban forest was the keystone of Olmsted's desire to create a harmonious community characterized by “refined sylvan beauty”. In contrast, the adjacent community of Berwyn has right-angled streets with small lots and narrow setbacks for houses. Differences in landscape structure between the two communities produced differences in the diversity, size, and composition of woody vegetation. As measured by patch-size distribution, Riverside had greater diversity in landscape structure than Berwyn, and in turn, Riverside had greater diversity in the composition and size of the woody vegetation compared to Berwyn. Riverside tended toward a “natural” appearance with vegetation, while yards in Berwyn tended to be trimmed and edged. Significant differences between the mean ratings of Riverside and Berwyn respondents were found for six of seven community attribute categories. Riverside participants reported receiving greater benefit from the visual and nature-related features of the urban forest than did Berwyn respondents. Berwyn residents ranked social atmosphere for the community and locomotion (wayfinding) highest among the seven community attribute categories. Despite differences between the two communities, residents valued the green residential environment provided by vegetation. However, the more diverse urban landscape as measured by built structures, woody vegetation, and lot size and shape proved to be more satisfying to the residents of these two communities. The design concepts developed and implemented by Olmsted more than century ago in Riverside are still relevant to city planners striving to develop living environments that are satisfying to urban and suburban residents.
Thermal conductivities of hypoeutectic Al-Cu alloys during solidification and cooling

The thermal conductivity of hypoeutectic Al-Cu alloys during solidification and cooling was estimated by combining available data on electrical resistivity and thermal conductivity. To estimate the thermal conductivity of the solid alloys, the Smith-Palmer equation was used. This equation enables one to closely estimate the thermal conductivities from known data on electrical conductivities. The electrical resistivities of Al-Cu melts were also gathered. The Smith-Palmer equation was tested successfully for pure Al-melt and assumed to apply to Al-Cu melts, so that their thermal conductivities could be estimated. Finally simple-mixture models were applied to estimate the electrical resistivities and thermal conductivities of the alloys during solidification.
Ceramide induces mitochondrial abnormalities in insulin-secreting INS-1 cells : Potential mechanisms underlying ceramide-mediated metabolic dysfunction of the β cell

C2-ceramide, a cell permeable analogue of ceramide [CER] markedly reduced mitochondrial membrane potential [MMP] in insulin-secreting INS cells, which was followed by a significant accumulation of cytochrome c [Cyt c] into the cytosolic compartment. In a manner akin to CER, exposure of these cells to interleukin-1beta [IL-1beta] also resulted in reduction in MMP and cytosolic accumulation of Cyt c. Further, long-term exposure of these cells to either CER [but not its inactive analogue] or IL-1beta caused a marked reduction in their metabolic viability. However, unlike IL-1beta, which increased nitric oxide [NO] release, CER-treatment of INS cells had no effects of CER on NO release were demonstrable. Together, these findings suggest that CER-induced mitochondrial effects may not be mediated via iNOS gene expression and NO production. CER also activated an okadaic acid -sensitive protein phosphatase [CAPP] in the purified mitochondrial fraction, suggesting that CAPP might represent one of the target proteins for CER in the beta cell mitochondria. Together, our findings suggest direct detrimental effects of CER on mitochondrial function in beta cells leading to their dysfunction and demise via apoptosis. Moreover, our findings provide evidence for a potential difference in the mechanisms underlying CER- and IL-1beta-induced mitochondrial defects and apoptotic demise of the effete beta cell.
A method of estimating sediment accumulation in stock ponds

To estimate sediment accumulation in 43 Government-owned stockwater ponds in central South Dakota, detailed sedimentation surveys were made on 18 representative ponds, and a multiple regression analysis was made to determine the function of various factors related directly or indirectly to sediment accumulation. The method provided a formula for estimating sediment accumulation in all ponds in the area.
Considerations for tomographic imaging of monoclonal antibodies

Monoclonal antibodies have begun to assume a significant role in clinical research. The ability to label these agents has initiated research in the areas of radioimmunodetection and radioimmunotherapy. In the case of antibodies directed against tumor antigens, imaging has been employed to help assess location and extent of disease, and to provide information concerning biodistribution to be used in subsequent dosimetric calculations. Because of the low counting statistics characteristic of such images, the use of single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) is suggested as a potential method of improving the diagnostic yield from image data. Careful attention to acquisition parameters and image processing options is needed if these goals are to be achieved.
Phase-field model of eutectic growth.

A phase-field model which describes the solidification of a binary eutectic alloy with a simple symmetric phase diagram is introduced and the sharp-interface limit of this model is explored both analytically and numerically.
Performance Analysis of a Controlled Database Unit Subject to Control Delays and Decision Errors

This paper is an extension of the work performed by Wu, Metzler, and Linderman on a controlled database unit. The system configuration has been changed from the earlier work to help further enhance the database performance. When a server fails, state variable feedback is used to trigger the process of server restoration. In this paper, control delays and decision errors due to the time required and the uncertainty present in estimating the state are captured simultaneously within a single model of the system, whereas they were studied separately in two different models in the earlier work. The performance of the database unit is evaluated in terms of its mean time to failure, steady state availability, expected response time, and service overhead. These performance measures are examined with respect to the probability of correct decision to restore a server upon its failure, the length of control action delay, and the rate of server restoration.
Rebuilding Organic Carbon Contents in Coastal Plain Soils Using Conservation Tillage Systems

Long-term disk tillage (DT) for cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) production in the southeastern U.S. Coastal Plain has resulted in soil organic C (SOC) content reductions. Conservation tillage (CT) management in some studies can rebuild SOC levels. A field study, with two adjacent 3.5-ha fields, both containing soil series formed in upland and depressional areas, was conducted using a 6-yr rotation of corn (Zea mays L.) and cotton to determine the CT and DT effects on SOC contents and residue characteristics returned to the soil. Annual soil samples were collected from 50 locations per field at 0- to 3- and 3- to 15-cm. After 6 yr under CT, residue accumulation promoted a significant SOC increase in the 0- to 3-cm depth in the upland soil series (about 0.7 Mg SOC ha -1 ). The lack of residue mixing in the 3- to 15-cm depth in upland soils under CT, however, resulted in a significant SOC content decline at this depth (1.25-2.51 Mg SOC ha -1 ). There was no significant SOC content change in soils under CT formed in depressional areas or in all soils under DT. During 6 yr, 14.8 Mg ha -1 of organic C from both corn and cotton residues was returned to soils under CT, but <4% was incorporated into the SOC pool. Levels of SOC in sandy upland soils can be increased at the surface after 6 yr of CT under a corn and cotton rotation, with the increase coming at the expense of an SOC decline at a deeper topsoil depth.
The corticotropin-releasing factor/urocortin system and alcohol

This article represents the proceedings of a symposium at the RSA meeting in Montreal, Canada. The organizer was Andrey E. Ryabinin, and the chair was George F. Koob. The presentations were (1) Introduction, by Stephen C. Heinrichs; (2) Role of CRF and its receptors in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal response to alcohol, by Soon Lee and Catherine Rivier; (3) A role for CRF in the allostasis of alcohol dependence, by George F. Koob and Amanda J. Roberts; (4) CRF and alcohol: Lessons from knockouts, microinjections, and microdialysis, by M. Foster Olive, Kristin K. Mehmert, R. Camarini, Joseph A. Kim, Heather N. Koenig, Michelle A. Nannini, and Clyde W. Hodge; and (5) Selective sensitivity of urocortin-containing neurons to alcohol self-administration, by Andrey E. Ryabinin and Ryan K. Bachtell.
94 GHz low-noise HEMT

A high-performance 0.1 mu m gate-length, AlGaAs/GaInAs/GaAs pseudomorphic high electron mobility transistor has been successfully developed. The device exhibits a minimum noise figure as low as 3.0 dB with an associated gain of 5.1 dB at 94 GHz. This is the first low-noise operation of transistors at 94 GHz.
Lucas-Kanade 20 Years On: A Unifying Framework

Since the Lucas-Kanade algorithm was proposed in 1981 image alignment has become one of the most widely used techniques in computer vision. Applications range from optical flow and tracking to layered motion, mosaic construction, and face coding. Numerous algorithms have been proposed and a wide variety of extensions have been made to the original formulation. We present an overview of image alignment, describing most of the algorithms and their extensions in a consistent framework. We concentrate on the inverse compositional algorithm, an efficient algorithm that we recently proposed. We examine which of the extensions to Lucas-Kanade can be used with the inverse compositional algorithm without any significant loss of efficiency, and which cannot. In this paper, Part 1 in a series of papers, we cover the quantity approximated, the warp update rule, and the gradient descent approximation. In future papers, we will cover the choice of the error function, how to allow linear appearance variation, and how to impose priors on the parameters.
Excitation-Wavelength-Dependent Structure in the Fluorescence Spectra of Bu States of Diphenylpolyenes

Experiments have used a tunable picosecond laser to study evolving fluorescence spectra of 1,8-diphenylocta-l,3,5,7-tetraene (DPO) in hexane solution at room temperture. The spectra recorded synchronously (±20 ps) with the irradiation event are analysed in terms of the time-integrated spectra, spectra obtained through a delayed gate, resonance Raman signals and fluorescence from the second excited singlet state. Data are presented to show the dependence of the S2 → S0 spectrum on the excitation wavelength. The spectra clearly show that vibrational relaxation is incomplete on the timescale of the S2 lifetime. On the other hand, the spectral bands show little tendency at room temperature towards line-narrowing effects. This indicates that the rate of molecular site relaxation is at least comparable to the lifetime of the S2 state under these conditions.
Removal of mercury and methylmercury from waste waters by sorption.

The present paper reports the results of studies of (1) sorption at environmental levels of mercury which are 1-2 orders of magnitude lower than the previous studies, (2) the effect of heavy metal binding components present in the river water in contrast to distilled water in the heavy metal removal processes, and (3) removal of methyl mercury from aqueous solutions by low cost organic materials.
ACTIONS TAKEN BY PUBLIC TWO‐YEAR COLLEGE ADMINISTRATORS TO COPE WITH AND RESPOND TO ENROLLMENT DECLINE

Due to changing environmental conditions arising in the past ten to fifteen years, many community colleges for the first time in their relatively short history have experienced enrollment decline. ...
Morphology and biochemical composition of mineralized granules from the malpighian tubules of Musca autumnalis de geer larvae (Diptera: Muscidae)

Abstract Musca autumnalis De Geer (face fly) larvae form numerous small mineralized granules in the lumen of the anterior Malpighian tubules. The granules are spherical, ranging in diameter from 0.2 to > 10 μm and are composed of many concentric thin layers. The layers appear to be covered by an organic-rich material that may help to bind adjacent layers together. Individual layers appear to be heterogeneous with some composed of small rounded particles of inorganic-rich material imbedded in a loose fibrous mat while other layers appear more solid. The granules are primarily inorganic in composition (>85% ash) with calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium contributing more than 98% of the inorganic elements. Water content is approx. 10%. Carbonate carbon and hydrogen account for 2 to 3% of the granule weight. Nitrogen and organic carbon are only minor elements primarily present in the form of amino acids which contribute only 0.4% of the total granule weight. Aspartic acid and glutamic acid comprise more than 30% of the total amino acids detected after acid hydrolysis. The properties of face fly granules and puparial cuticle are compared, together with those of mineralized granules from other species of invertebrates.
ECT in the presence of intracranial aneurysm

Two patients with known intracranial aneurysms (ICA) received electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). The first patient received ECT 4 years after the clipping of a right middle cerebral artery aneurysm. Treatment with esmolol failed to completely prevent an increase in blood pressure, but she did well nonetheless. The second patient underwent clipping of a basilar artery aneurysm 11 years before ECT. At the time of ECT, angiography showed a right paraophthalmic artery aneurysm. He received esmolol before each ECT, and, like the first patient, still had significant peri-ictal increases in his blood pressure, but otherwise tolerated the procedure well. Our experience and previously published literature indicate that even with pretreatment, patients often sustain significant increases in their blood pressure. However, this has not been accompanied by any morbidity. Possible guidelines for the management of ICA in association with ECT are discussed.
Estimation of Average and Local Heat Transfer in Parallel Plates and Circular Ducts Filled With Porous Materials

Accurate estimation of heat transfer to a fluid passing through a porous medium located between impermeable walls is of practical interest. Generally, the numerical computation of heat transfer to porous media can become time consuming and correlations are needed to enable practitioners to determine this quantity rapidly. In this paper, correlations for two cases are considered: one when porous materials are between two parallel plates and the other when they are within a circular pipe. This presentation includes correlations for bath local and average heat transfer coefficients in these two passages for incompressible laminar flow. These correlations require knowledge of local and average heat transfer for unobstructed fluid flowing through these passages with sufficient accuracy. Because existing correlations lack sufficient accuracy, this presentation includes an appendix that emphasizes correlations for heat transfer to fluids passing through unobstructed parallel plate channels and also for circular pipes
Creep Behavior of Hydrogenated Zirconium Alloys

Zirconium (Zr) alloys are the primary structural materials of most water reactors. Creep is considered to be one of the important degradation mechanisms of Zr alloys during reactor operating and repository conditions. Zr alloys pick up hydrogen (H2) during their service from the coolant water. Hydrogen can be present in solid solution or precipitated hydride form in Zr alloys depending upon the temperature and concentration. This study reviews the effect of hydrogen on creep behavior of Zr alloys used in the water reactors.
Writing About Upsetting Family Events: A Therapy Analog Study

This therapy analog study investigated whether a writing intervention based on contextual therapy would have positive effects on physical, mental, and relational health. One-hundred-and-three college students were randomly assigned to write about either an upsetting family event/issue from childhood or a trivial event during a four-day period. As anticipated, relative to the control participants, those in the experimental condition reported an increase in negative mood and physical symptoms immediately after writing each day. Also as anticipated, the experimental participants also reported feeling better about themselves and their topics at post-test. Unexpectedly, there were either no significant differences or differences in the unpredicted direction between the control and experimental groups in physical, psychological, and relational functioning at posttest and follow-up. However, post-hoc analyses revealed differential changes within the experimental group as a function of the personal relevance and the degree of previous disclosure of the topics. Limitations of written expression as a therapeutic tool are discussed.
Can the growth–differentiation balance hypothesis be tested rigorously?

The growth-differentiation balance (GDB) hypothesis (as elaborated by Herms and Mattson) provides a framework for examining the impact of a resource gradient on the constant tradeoff between growth and differentiation in cells and tissues of plants, in particular with the consequences for plant defense. The GDB hypothesis, which is the most mature of the hypotheses of plant defensive levels, has not been tested directly. Examination of the requirements for a rigorous test indicates that, like the other hypotheses of plant defense, it cannot be tested directly. Furthermore, rigorously testing the primary derivative hypotheses, while possible, would require considerable methodological effort, on a scale not previously attempted for tests of plant defense, which is likely to discourage researchers, and understandably so, even though the GDB hypothesis warrants methodical investigation due to its potential explanatory power. Although farther removed from the abstract model (i.e. the GDB framework), other derivative hypotheses can be tested, but doing so will require thoughtful consideration and acknowledgement of that. Study of a few carefully chosen systems (i.e. plant species) may provide considerable insight and potentially useful refinement of the GDB framework.
Protein synthesis in mitochondria of Euglena gracilis.

Mitochondria purified from streptomycin-bleached mutant SB3 (Krawiec and Eisenstadt, 1970) of Euglena gracilis Klebs strain z, were found to be active in incorporation in vitro of labeled amino acids into proteins. Chloramphenicol and puromycin were most effective inhibitors for the system, while cycloheximide has very little effect. Incorporation of the amino acids was resistant to added DNAase and RNAase. tRNA and tRNA synthetases obtained from mitochondrial fractions were active in vitro and were found to be different from those obtained from chloroplasts of green Euglena gracilis for the amino acids tested.
Digestion of Spartina alterniflora Loisel material with and without fungal constituents by the periwinkle Littorina irrorata Say (Mollusca:Gastropoda)

Visceral hump extracts of the saltmarsh periwinkle Littorina irrorata released more sugars but less amino acids from freshly collected cordgrass leaves (Spartina alterniflora) than from fungal mycelium (Phaeosphaeria typharum). When S. alterniflora leaves were first conditioned by the fungus P. typharum, periwinkle enzymes released 19% more amino acids and 11% more sugars. When a lignocellulose preparation or NaOH-extracted S. alterniflora were used, enzymatic sugar release did not change or declined after fungal conditioning. Amino acid release increased in both cases. Culture filtrates of P. typharum growing on S. altemiflora leaves formed insoluble particles when mixed with S. altemiflora leachate, or vanillic acid, or coumaric acid. Periwinkle extracts were able to release amino acids from these phenol-protein particles.
Evolution of water reservoirs on Mars from D/H ratios in the atmosphere and crust

Ancient fluvial networks on the surface of Mars suggest that it was warm and wet over three billion years ago. Surface features resembling massive outflow channels provide evidence that, even more recently, the martian crust contained the equivalent of a planet-wide reservoir of water several hundred metres deep. But arguments based on the isotopic fraction and present-day escape rate of hydrogen in the martian atmosphere require only 0.5 metres of crustal water today and about six metres in the past. An additional constraint on the evolution of the isotopic composition of martian water has recently been obtained from measurements of the deuterium to hydrogen ratio of hydrous minerals in the SNC meteorites--meteorites that almost certainly originated on Mars. Here I show that these new data require that the modern crustal reservoirs of martian water must be quite large, at least several metres in global-equivalent depth. The deuterium enrichment of the present martian atmosphere then implies that the reservoir of crustal water on ancient Mars was several hundred metres deep, consistent with the geological evidence.
Absorbed radiation dose of the female breast during diagnostic multidetector chest CT and dose reduction with a tungsten–antimony composite breast shield: preliminary results

Aim To determine the absorbed radiation dose to the female breast during chest computed tomography (CT), and whether a custom-designed breast shield can reduce that dose. Materials and methods Bilateral breast phantoms were combined with an anthropomorphic torso phantom. Each breast phantom contained 20 thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD) cavities. Eight cavities were used per phantom. Absorbed radiation was measured using TLD 100s. Three-stacked TLDs comprised a set. Three sets of three TLDs were positioned at eight designated locations and three depths (surface; 1 cm; 4 cm). One set of three TLDs was positioned at eight additional designations, 1 cm deep. Each breast was divided anatomically into quadrants. In total, 32 TLD sets/96 TLDs were deployed. The breast–torso phantom was consecutively imaged using a 16-detector array CT machine. Subsequently, 32 new TLD sets were similarly placed, the phantom re-imaged in a likewise manner, but with the application of a tungsten–antimony composite breast shield. TLD readings were averaged and calculated. Results Average absorbed radiation doses for unshielded right and left breast phantoms ranged from 13.83–19.36 mGy, and 14–20.47 mGy, respectively. The absorbed dose in the shielded right and left breast was reduced to 6.64–8.12 mGy, and 6.7–8.03 mGy, respectively. Average absorbed radiation doses based on the depth for the unshielded breasts ranged from 15.4–18.3 mGy. Shielding reduced this dose to 7–7.9 mGy. Unshielded absorbed radiation doses based on anatomic quadrants ranged from 17.5–18.9 mGy. Shielding reduced this dose to 7–7.5 mGy. Conclusions The average absorbed radiation dose to the unshielded female breast phantom is approximately 14–20 mGy. An externally applied shield can reduce this absorbed dose by 56–61%.
Kinetics of the micellar nucleophillic cleavage of diastereomeric phosphotriesters

Abstract Diastereomeric phosphotriesters 1 and 2 are rapidly cleaved by micellar iodosobenoate, iodosonaphthoate, and cetyltrimethylammonium hydroperoxide; diastereoselectivity is modest.
Multi-scale Multi-contrast Photoacoustic Microscopy

Photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) is a hybrid imaging technique that acoustically detects optical contrast via the photoacoustic effect. With its excellent scalability, PAM can simultaneously image anatomical, functional, molecular, flow dynamic, and metabolic contrasts in vivo.
Quantifying tibial plafond fracture severity: absorbed energy and fragment displacement agree with clinical rank ordering.

The concordance between the three clinicians ranged from 87 to 91%. Objective fracture severity measurements made with the CT algorithm agreed well with the clinical assessments (fracture energy concordance from 73 to 76%, fragment displacement 82 to 89%, and soft tissue swelling 61 to 65%). These are the first objective, CT-based measures of fracture severity. With further refinement, this conceptually novel method has the potential to serve as a valuable tool to provide objective measurement of fracture severity, allowing one to control for this previously confounding variable in large multi-center studies.
The Frog Tongue: I. General Development and Histogenesis of Filiform Papillae and Mucous Glands in Rana catesbeiana

The development of the tongue and the histogenesis of its filiform papillae and mucous glands have been studied in twelve premetamorphic, ten metamorphic and one adult stage of Rana catesbeiana. The differentiation of the tongue anlage is described macroscopically and histologically. Its dorsal epithelium increases progressively in thickness. A maximum thickness of from then to twelve cell layers is reached just before the onset of metamorphosis. The general epithelium then undergoes degeneration between the developing papillae and mucous glands. Four premetamorphic papillae are known to develop during the larval period. They form a transverse row across the approximate anterior-posterior center of the tongue anlage. The growth and subsequent regression of these structures is described. A gustatory function is tentatively assigned to these structures. Filiform papillae and mucous glands arise from either conical or rectangular cell groups in the dorsal epithelium of the tongue. The anlagen of these structures are first seen during larval involution at a stage usually just prior to the emergence of the forelimbs. The distal portion of two adjacent halves of an anlage migrate or grow towards each other and fuse to constitute a single papillary rudiment. The papillary core develops between these half anlagen. The epithelium of the papillae consists of but one layer of unciliated cells. Mucous glands differentiate from the basal portion of each cell group. A general similarity in the development and histology of filiform papillae and mucous glands is noted when comparing R. catesbeiana with R. sylvatica. Certain developmental and histological differences do exist, however, between these two species.
How networks change with time

Motivation: Biological networks change in response to genetic and environmental cues. Changes are reflected in the abundances of biomolecules, the composition of protein complexes and other descriptors of the biological state. Methods to infer the dynamic state of a cell would have great value for understanding how cells change over time to accomplish biological goals. Results: A new method predicts the dynamic state of protein complexes in a cell, with protein expression inferred from transcription profile time courses and protein complexes inferred by joint analysis of protein co-expression and protein–protein interaction maps. Two algorithmic advances are presented: a new method, DHAC (Dynamical Hierarchical Agglomerative Clustering), for clustering time-evolving networks; and a companion method, MATCH-EM, for matching corresponding clusters across time points. With link prediction as an objective assessment metric, DHAC provides a substantial advance over existing clustering methods. An application to the yeast metabolic cycle demonstrates how waves of gene expression correspond to individual protein complexes. Our results suggest regulatory mechanisms for assembling the mitochondrial ribosome and illustrate dynamic changes in the components of the nuclear pore. Availability: All source code and data are available under the Boost Software License as supplementary material, at www.baderzone.org, and at sourceforge.net/projects/dhacdist Contact: joel.bader@jhu.edu Supplementary information:Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Raman spectroscopic evidence of porphyrin-phenyl resonance interactions in tetraphenylporphin, tetraphenylporphin dication, and copper(II) tetraphenylporphin

Abstract Resonance Raman spectra of tetraphenylporphin in the solid state, tetraphenylporphin dication (with trifluoroacetate as counterion) in the solid state and in chloroform solution, and copper(II) tetraphenylporphin in the solid state were compared with resonance Raman spectra of the corresponding tetra(perdeuteriophenyl)porphin derivatives. The isotopic shift of a band at ~1233 cm−1 in undeuterated compounds to ~1183 cm−1 in phenylperdeuterated compounds demonstrates the existence of phenylporphyrin resonance interactions in the compounds described.
On-chip multimode photonics

We design and demonstrate an integrated multimode waveguide platform with minimal inter-modal crosstalk on silicon. This platform is designed using computer-optimized transformation optics and fabricated using high aspect ratio grayscale lithography with ultra high precision.
Fluorescent studies of orbital and intracranial pathology Preliminary report

Abstract 1. (1) A new technique for sectioning whole animal brains for cryostat and routine pathologic sections is described. The advantages of this technique are: (i) Distortion by fixation and removal of brain and orbital tissues from the cranial vault and orbit is avoided. This is particularly important in fluorescence studies. (ii) Each frozen slab can be viewed grossly under UV illumination to select areas for microscopic study. (iii) With this technique, it is possible to return to a previously frozen block or slab for further study. (iv) The state of orbital and cerebral circulation remains the same as at the time of sacrifice. 2. (2) Comparison of the appearance of the sections after various amounts of free fluorescein was injected was compared with the appearance after giving standard amounts of protein-bound fluorescein. Free fluorescein in the amounts of 0.3 ml of a 5% solution injected in the femoral artery produced the same results at any time interval from 30 sec to 6 hours. Free fluorescein sections gave better results after fixation by perfusion at the termination of the experiment. Small amounts of free fluorescein and standard amounts of protein-labeled fluorescein compare favorably by eliminating microscopic over-fluorescence while preserving their ability to demonstrate pathologic conditions. Microscopic studies of the optic nerve proved that over-fluorescence with large amounts and percentages of fluorescein made it impossible to differentiate between normal and pathologic material. Gross (macroscopic) study of cold injuries to the brain, however, proved that only with relatively large amounts of fluorescein could the site of injury be seen. 3. (3) Further work is planned to include brain swelling and its relationship to papilledema and vascular occlusive phenomenon in the brain and orbit. These studies may well indicate that variations in the amount and type of fluorescein may be necessary to achieve the desired results under different experimental conditions.
Chippewa Adolescents: A Changing Generation

In recent years students of cultural change have placed increasing emphasis on different levels of acculturation within communities in contact situations.1 These differences are a result of varying rates of change in the past, and are potentially important determinants of future change. They assume greater significance as acculturation proceeds and as certain groups become the vanguard of further change. Since many American Indian tribes have experienced over a century of continuing pressure for change, it is useful to examine the resulting levels of acculturation in order to assess the determinants and anticipate some of the consequences.