cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Choline and Inositol Distribution in Algae and Fungi

Inositol and choline were present in varying amounts among the species of Rhodophyta, Phaeophyta, Chlorophyta, and Euglenophyta examined. However, in the two members of the order Fucales (division Phaeophyta) examined, no detectable amounts of choline were found. In contrast, the species of Cyanophyta examined contained no detectable amounts of either choline or inositol. All species of the fungal classes Phycomyceteae, Ascomyceteae, and Basidiomyceteae collected contained both inositol and choline in varying amounts. The red, brown, and blue-green algae usually contained much less inositol and choline than do plant and animals sources, but the fungi and the algae Chlorella and Euglena contained amounts comparable to those present in plant sources.
Simulation Training in Pediatric Critical Care Medicine

As attention to patient safety and the contribution of human factors to medical errors has increased, the use of simulation has rapidly become an important tool to train clinicians at the individual and team level in a structured environment without risk to patients. Drawing on work done in other high risk industries, most notably the aviation industry, pioneers in medical simulation in the 1980s developed immersive simulation environments in which practitioners could interact with the patient simulator and the clinical environment, allowing trainees to engage in real-time clinical problem solving. Simulation has since been broadly applied in critical care medicine, with applications including multidisciplinary team training focusing on principles of effective teamwork, skills-based training, competency assessment and systems testing to identify latent safety threats. Simulation-based training programs are maximally effective when they are developed and delivered using rigorous, structured processes that adhere to principles of adult learning theory. Important components of this process include formal needs assessment, development of scenarios appropriately targeted to the level of the learner, and structured debriefing to aid learners in processing the simulation event. Recent innovations in simulation technology, such as development of high fidelity infant and pediatric-specific task trainers, are expanding the role of simulation in pediatric critical care medicine.
Dietary fat and body fat: a multivariate study of 205 adult females

This study examined the association between diet composition, particularly dietary fat intake, and body-fat percentage in 205 adult females. Subjects completed a written questionnaire regarding lifestyle factors, such as exercise participation and smoking, demographic data, and the diet section of the National Cancer Institute's Health Habits and History Questionnaire by Block. Skinfold-thickness measures were used to ascertain the body-fat percentage of each subject. Results showed that intake of dietary fat was related significantly with adiposity, without (F = 13.65, R2 = 0.063, P = 0.0003) and with (F = 8.74, R2 = 0.033, P = 0.0035) control for multiple potential confounding factors: age, total energy intake, total exercise time per week, years of regular physical activity, consumption of other macronutrients, and smoking. Unlike dietary fat intake, protein consumption and carbohydrate intake were not significant individual predictors of body-fat percentage when the potential confounding variables were controlled. The findings suggest that dietary fat intake may play a role in obesity beyond dietary energy content.
Determination of Early Flow Stress for Ductile Specimens at High Strain Rates by Using a SHPB

In a dynamic experiment to obtain the high-rate stress–strain response of a ductile specimen, it takes a finite amount of time for the strain rate in the specimen to increase from zero to a desired level. The strain in the specimen accumulates during this strain-rate ramping time. If the desired strain rate is high, the specimen may yield before the desired rate is attained. In this case, the strain rates at yielding and early plastic flow are lower than the desired value, leading to inaccurate determination of the yield strength. Through experimentation and analysis, we examined the validity and accuracy of the flow stresses for ductile materials in a split Hopkinson pressure (SHPB) bar experiment. The upper strain-rate limit for determining the dynamic yield strength of ductile materials with a SHPB is identified.
Structural basis for activation of the autoinhibitory C-terminal kinase domain of p90 RSK2.

The X-ray structure at 2.0-A resolution of the p90 ribosomal S6 kinase 2 C-terminal kinase domain revealed a C-terminal autoinhibitory αL-helix that was embedded in the kinase scaffold and determines the inactive kinase conformation. We suggest a mechanism of activation through displacement of the αL-helix and rearrangement of the conserved residue Glu500, as well as the reorganization of the T-loop into the active conformation.
Groups of homeomorphisms with manageable automorphism groups

This paper explores the automorphisms of certain groups of homeomorphisms pf the real line ℝ, namely those which are o-2-transitive and contain positive elements of bounded support. If G is such a group, every automorphism of G is induced (via conjugation) by some elenent of the group M(ℝ) of all homeomorphisms of ℝ, and we may presume that Aut(G) ≤ ℝ. Thus each automorphism either preserves or reverses order, and this is the key to the proof. This generalizes results of James Whittaker [l9] so as to encompass the group D of diffeomorphisms (C1not required) and the group PL of piecewise linear homeomorphisms, for which it is further shown that all auto­morphisms are inner. Other aspects of these two groups were dealt with in [15], for which the present paper is a companion. Similar results are obtained for more general ordered sets S, but with Aut (G) ≤ M([Sbar]) [Sbar]the Dedekind completion of S. In many cases, however, this can be improved to yield Aut(G) ≤ M(S).
Problems in measuring currents near the ocean surface

Current meter intercomparisons often show large systematic errors when either the current meters or their mooring floats are exposed to surface gravity waves. Ideally, stable platforms and fast, linear, current sensors are needed to accurately measure Eulerian currents in the presence of waves. The extent to which various meter and mooring combinations meet these criteria is actively being Studied in a variety of applications. This paper reviews the general problem of near-surface current measurements and presents a new technique for in situ current meter performance evaluation in waves.
Identification of bitter compounds in whole wheat bread crumb

Consumer acceptability of whole wheat foods is challenged by negative bitter flavour attributes. In this study, bitter compounds in whole wheat bread crumb were investigated. Utilising sensory-guided multi-dimensional fractionation techniques, the compounds with the highest bitterness intensity in the crumb were purified and identified by LC-MS-ToF and NMR techniques. The main bitter compounds were reported to be L-tryptophan, Wessely-Moser isomers apigenin-6-C-galactoside-8-C-arabinoside & apigenin-6-C-arabinoside-8-C-galactoside, and 9,12,13-trihydroxy-trans-10-octadecenoic acid (pinellic acid). Sensory recombination experiments of the bitter compounds formulated at the concentrations determined in expectorated saliva after bread mastication indicated pinellic acid had the greatest contribution to the bitterness perception of the crumb. Quantitative analysis of pinellic acid in the raw flour was reported to be inherently low compared to bread; the concentration increased more than 30-fold after flour hydration and baking.
Musculoskeletal head and neck pain

Abstract Musculoskeletal head and neck pain is an extremely common clinical syndrome in outpatient pain practice. Cervical structures are a frequent cause of headache and must be differentiated from primary headache disorders. Convergence of cervical and trigeminal nociceptive pathways in the upper part of the cervical spinal cord is the neurophysiologic basis of this connection. An interdisciplinary pain management approach that addresses psychosocial factors, pharmacologic and interventional pain management and incorporates progressive exercise training is most likely to be effective. This review discusses the comprehensive evaluation and management of musculoskeletal head and neck pain with a focus on cervicogenic headache, cervical myofascial pain, and temperomandibular dysfunction.
No Child Left Behind: What It Means for U.S. Adolescents and What We Can Do About It

For the past three decades and more, researchers in adolescent literacy have illuminated the challenges and opportunities facing adolescent learning. This article explores the connection between what we know about adolescent literacy and the mandates and initiatives of the No Child Left Behind Act in the United States. It connects what we know about adolescents with the federal government's newly authorized educational programs, and it considers ways in which research and policy could be more forcefully directed toward supporting adolescents and their literacy learning. Areas of convergence between adolescent literacy research and No Child Left Behind include emphasis on continuous reading instruction, developing knowledge of strategic reading and attention to individual differences. However, No Child Left Behind says little if anything about the contexts for literacy, specific understandings of adolescence, and what teachers need to know and be able to do in order successfully promote adolescent literacy. The article concludes with a recommendation for greater dialogue about adolescent literacy and research and policy concerned with building literacy from preschool through the middle and secondary years.
The Computation of Lightness by the Primate Retina

It is proposed that one function of the retina is to compute lightness using a two-dimensional parallel algorithm. There are three stages: (1) a centre-surround difference operation; (2) a threshold applied to the difference signal; (3) the inverse of (1), whose output is lightness. The operation of the midget bipolar—midget ganglion channel is analysed in detail, and a functional interpretation of various retinal structures is given. Requirements of the theory are stated concerning the arrangement and connexions of cells, and the signs of the synapses. in the inner plexiform layer.
The Role of Statistics and the Statistician

Abstract “Do (workers elsewhere) Immediately embrace the statistical method as an integral thread in the fabric of their own enterprises and decision making ventures, or have we become Isolated and irrelevant?” Set against the backdrop of ASA's first century of writers, we attempt to cast a critical eye at the role of statistics and the role of the statistician, both in Its practice and in the training and preparation of the practitioner for the next century. This includes addressing the role of the Association and the profession.
A discretized k -space method for charge transport in semiconductors

Abstract We describe a method that has procedures similar to the Monte Carlo method for solving the Boltzmann transport equation, but is deterministic, and thus fundamentally different. In this new method, the distribution function is discretized and tracked in phase space. The scattering rates couple initial and final k states, eliminating the need for final-state calculations. The advantages this affords are numerous, although it is disk-space and memory intensive.
The role of need level and/or need salience as moderators of the relationship between need satisfaction and work alienation-involvement

Abstract Contrary to previous findings documenting the importance of higher-order need satisfaction, a recent study by G. J. Gorn and R. N. Kanungo ( Organizational Behavior and Human Performance , 1980 , 26 , 265–277) has indicated that satisfaction of lower-order needs may lead to job involvement if such needs are salient. Data from a heterogeneous sample of 632 employees from six organizations were used to test six hypotheses concerning the effects of need level (higher vs lower order) and need salience as moderators of the relationship between need satisfaction and alienation-involvement. Three different ways of operationalizing need saliency were used, including a replication of Gorn and Kanungo's procedure. Higherorder need satisfaction was correlated with alienation-involvement scores to a significantly greater degree than was lower-order need satisfaction, even for those for whom lower-order needs were most salient. Need saliency was not found to moderate the need satisfaction-involvement relationship when need level was controlled. Issues regarding the operationalization of “need salience” were discussed and a new measure of alienation-involvement (the A-I Scale) was introduced. Implications for further empirical investigations of the need saliency issue were noted, as was the universal application of job enrichment programs aimed at promoting higher-order need satisfaction.
Reducing communication costs for sorting on mesh-connected and linearly connected parallel computers

Abstract Most sorting algorithms for linearly connected and mesh-connected parallel computers have been developed assuming that the number of processors equals the number of elements to be sorted. This assumption has simplified analysis of the problem, however, it causes unnecessary communication costs because elements must be permuted across large numbers of processors. It also underutilizes processors because comparison operations involve two data elements for each processor. By modifying parallel sorting algorithms to use fewer processors, we are able to improve processor utilization and decrease communication costs. This leads to constant factor improvements in the best parallel sorting bounds for both mesh-connected and linearly connected SIMD parallel computers. (Previous bounds are within a constant factor of optimal.)
Adaptation of Chickens to Cool Temperature Brooding

The response of various strains of chickens to brooding temperatures of 32.2 C and 26.7 C was compared. Variation in response was assessed by mortality, weight gain, feed consumption and feed conversion (FCR), rectal temperature, relative yolk sac and liver weights, packed cell volume (PCV), plasma glucose, and plasma cholesterol. Brooding at 26.7 C increased mortality, FCR, PCV, and plasma cholesterol and decreased weight gain, relative yolk sac weights, and temporarily reduced rectal temperatures but did not affect relative liver weight or plasma glucose. The magnitude of these differences was affected by both strain of bird used and method of attaining the cool temperature. Maximal effect of brooding at 26.7 C was obtained if there was excessive air flow over the chicks when feed and water were placed outside the heated area. Although feed consumption, gain, feed conversion, and mortality were affected by the cool temperature brooding, regardless of feed and water location, the magnitude of the effect was greatly diminished if feed and water were placed under the heated hover area.
Exposure-based treatment for anger problems: Focus on the feeling

Excessive anger can foster health problems and damage relationships. Traditional methods for treating individuals with anger-related problems have employed skills training and relaxation methods. This paper proposes that anger and anxiety share many clinical features, and that intervention models that have been effectively employed in the treatment of anxiety disorders can also be used safely in the treatment of anger-related difficulties. Specifically, exposure and response prevention can be effectively integrated with other cognitive behavioral approaches in the treatment of anger problems. Procedures for conducting these treatments are described. Examples are drawn from clinical work with New York City traffic agents, dysfunctional couples, aggressive children, and outpatients self-referred for anger problems.
Human DNA topoisomerase I: An anticancer drug target present in human sarcomas

New anticancer drugs targeting DNA topoisomerase I (topo I) are showing activity against human sarcomas. Laboratory studies have indicated that cells responsive to topo I-targeted drugs have elevated levels of topo I, require active DNA replication, and may require a functional apoptotic pathway. In this study, we evaluated these potential markers of topo I-targeted drug sensitivity in 55 cases of human sarcoma (42 high grade, 4 intermediate grade, and 9 low grade). By immunohistochemical staining, we observed elevated topo I expression in 20 of 55 neoplasms (36%). Immunohistochemical staining for the proliferation marker DNA topoisomerase II-alpha (topo II-alpha), showed that 15 of 55 neoplasms (27%) had topo II-alpha indices >50, indicating a large number of actively cycling tumor cells. Abnormal p53 expression was observed in 19 of the 55 cases (35%). None of the cases were interpreted as positive for ALK-1. To complement our immunohistochemical staining of topo I, we isolated functionally active topo I from extracts of a human sarcoma. These isolates demonstrated that sarcoma topo I is sensitive to topo I-targeted anticancer drugs. Of the 55 cases of human sarcoma, 7 (13%) had high levels of topo I, a large number of cycling tumor cells, and normal p53 expression. These are the molecular parameters that might suggest responsiveness to drugs targeting topo I.
Estrogen-induced pancreatitis in patients with previously covert familial Type V hyperlipoproteinemia☆

Abstract Previously covert familial Type V hyperlipoproteinemia became overt in three women and one man, when pancreatitis followed postmenopausal and postprostatectomy estrogen administration. Exogenous and endogenous hypertriglyceridemia were severely exacerbated, carbohydrate tolerance worsened, and activity of postheparin lipolytic enzymes were depressed by estrogenic “therapy”. Amelioration of pancreatitis, decrements in hyperglyceridemia and hyperglycemia, and increments in postheparin lipolytic activities followed cessation of estrogens.
Institutional development in the water and wastewater sector: The Alexandria, Egypt experience

In an effort to protect and extend the life of a system, institutional development programs have become an integral part of many water and wastewater projects around the world. This paper focuses on the institutional development work being done in Alexandria, Egypt, with the Alexandria General Organization for Sanitary Drainage (AGOSD). It begins by identifying the utility9s institutional problems, and then goes on to describe the program tasks being implemented to remedy these problems. It closes with a discussion of the constraints affecting project implementation and strategies for overcoming these constraints.
Community factors shaping HIV-related stigma among young people in three African countries.

Abstract Despite the high prevalence of HIV/AIDS that exists in many sub-Saharan African countries, very little is known of the prevalence and context of HIV-related stigma in these settings. This paper seeks to understand the community-level factors associated with HIV-related stigma among young people in three culturally contrasting African countries: Burkina Faso, Ghana and Zambia. Using nationally representative data on young people (15–24) from Burkina Faso, Ghana and Zambia, the analysis examines the economic, demographic and behavioral dimensions of community environments that shape HIV-related stigma among young people. The results demonstrate a clear influence of the community environment on shaping HIV-related stigma among young people. The elements of the community that were significantly associated with HIV-related stigma were the economic and behavioral aspects of the community environment, and there was no evidence of relationships between demographic patterns and HIV-related stigma. Behavio...
Expectancy Disconfirmation and Attitude Change.

Summary An experiment was conducted testing the hypothesis that sources delivering unexpected communications (long-haired males arguing against marijuana usage and seminarians arguing in its favor) would be more persuasive than communicators of expected messages (promarijuana hippies and antimarijuana seminarians). Greater attitude change for unexpected sources was found only when the message was antimarijuana. Unexpected communicators also were rated as more sincere and honest than expected sources. Possible reasons for the failure of the expectancy effect to hold for promarijuana communications were suggested, and the results were discussed in terms of a variety of social-psychological theories.
Correction to High Sensitivity Detection and Quantitation of DNA Copy Number and Single Nucleotide Variants with Single Color Droplet Digital PCR

In this study, we present a highly customizable method for quantifying copy number and point mutations utilizing a single-color, droplet digital PCR platform. Droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR) is rapidly replacing real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) as an efficient method of independent DNA quantification. Compared to quantative PCR, ddPCR eliminates the needs for traditional standards; instead, it measures target and reference DNA within the same well. The applications for ddPCR are widespread including targeted quantitation of genetic aberrations, which is commonly achieved with a two-color fluorescent oligonucleotide probe (TaqMan) design. However, the overall cost and need for optimization can be greatly reduced with an alternative method of distinguishing between target and reference products using the nonspecific DNA binding properties of EvaGreen (EG) dye. By manipulating the length of the target and reference amplicons, we can distinguish between their fluorescent signals and quan...
A reassessment of cultural deviance theory: The use of underclass measures

This paper reassesses Miller's version of cultural deviance theory utilizing underclass measures to define the subculture. Previous research has ignored the potential of underclass measures such as...
Central closure of semiprime non-associative rings

(1979). Central closure of semiprime non-associative rings. Communications in Algebra: Vol. 7, No. 11, pp. 1103-1132.
Attitudes of Members of the National Association of College Wind and Percussion Instructors Toward Their Own and Their Students’ Teaching of Applied Music Lessons:

The current study was designed to help examine attitudes toward private lesson teaching of a cross section of wind and percussion instrument instructors (N = 72) who represent teachers with the potential to influence present and future instrumental music education students. The subject pool was drawn from the membership of the National Association of College Wind and Percussion Instructors (NACWPI). Results were similar in many ways to responses in previous studies involving music faculty and music students. These respondents indicated that they liked teaching, liked the challenges of teaching musicians, indicated that teaching served to help their personal performing, and that good teaching technique was not obvious and needed to be taught. They also enjoyed talking about pedagogical issues with students, periodically shared pedagogical information as part of students’ lessons, but were not committed to recommending that students take a pedagogy class. Engaging the membership of organizations such as NAC...
Ets factors regulate the polycystic kidney disease-1 promoter.

Abstract The Ets family of transcription factors consists of a group of highly conserved sequence-specific DNA binding proteins that functionally cooperate with other transcription factors to regulate a number of diverse cellular processes including proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. We have analyzed a 3.3 kb 5′-upstream region of the human PKD1 promoter, using transient transfection in HEK293T cells and Drosophila SL2 cells, to demonstrate that the PKD1 promoter is a target of Ets family transcription factors. Our studies showed that PKD1 promoter-luciferase reporter gene expression is downregulated by cotransfected Fli-1 and is upregulated by cotransfected Ets-1. Using deletion constructs, we demonstrated that the sequences responding to Fli-1 and Ets-1 lie within the −200 to +33 bp proximal promoter. This region was found to contain two putative Ets response elements (EREs): an upstream (Ets-A) sequence 5′-CGGAA-3′ (−181 to −185) and a downstream (Ets-B) sequence 5′-CGGAT-3′ (−129 to −133). Site-directed mutagenesis indicated that both EREs are functional. A Fli-1 DNA binding domain mutant construct (W321R), which is incapable of binding DNA, was unable to inhibit basal promoter activity. In contrast, a Fli-1 DNA binding domain truncation mutant construct, which only contains the DNA binding domain and lacks the transactivation domain, was able to inhibit. These results suggest that the effect of Fli-1 is through direct binding to these EREs. Direct binding of Fli-1 and Ets-1 to the Ets-A and Ets-B sites was supported by electrophoretic mobility shift assays. Lastly, competition between Fli-1 and Ets-1 for the two EREs was demonstrated by showing that increasing amounts of Ets-1 could overcome Fli-1 repression of promoter activity. Taken together, these experiments define the proximal PKD1 promoter region as a potential target of Ets family transcription factors.
SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE AND FLUID MORPHOLOGIC ALTERATIONS IN EARLY RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS: MTCROVASCULAR INJURY AND VIRUS-LIKE PARTICLES

Eight patients have been studied during the first 6 weeks of rheumatoid synovitis. All of them exhibited microvascular injury, which was manifested by gaps between endothelial cells, vascular occlusion, erythrocyte extravasation, or endothelial cell injury. In four patients, a variety of virus-like particles were found associated with the endothelium or perivascular cells. In two cases, particles were seen in electron-dense deposits in vessel walls. Lymphocytes and PMN infiltrated the synovial membranes, but plasma cells were uncommon. Evidence of phagocytosis was prominent in synovial lining cells and other large mononuclear cells, but not in PMN. These observations are consistent with injury to synovium and, specifically, synovial vessels as an early stage in RA synovitis. The virus-like particles require further investigation, because nonviral cell components remain very difficult to distinguish in electron microscopy tissue sections.
Diarrhea: a new risk factor for neural tube defects?

BACKGROUND Neural tube defects (NTDs) affect approximately 4000 US pregnancies annually. Folic acid supplementation taken before conception protects against the occurrence of NTDs. Adequate levels of vitamin B12 also appear to play a significant role. Gastrointestinal disturbances, such as those caused by diarrhea, might negatively affect the availability of these vitamins, thereby increasing the risk of these birth defects. METHODS To determine whether periconceptional diarrhea increases the risk of NTD-affected pregnancies, a population-based case-control study was conducted in the 14 Texas–Mexico border counties. Information on diarrhea and other risk factors was ascertained by in-person interview. Study subjects were Mexican-American women who resided and delivered in any border county during 1995–2000. Case women, identified through active surveillance, had liveborn or stillborn infants or fetuses diagnosed with anencephalus, spina bifida, or encephalocele. Control women were randomly selected from women delivering normal live births in study area health facilities. RESULTS One or more episodes of periconceptional diarrhea were associated with increased risk of NTD-affected pregnancies compared to no episodes of diarrhea (OR = 3.7, 95% CI = 1.8–7.6). This association was independent of fever, obesity, maternal age, maternal birthplace, income, prior unproductive pregnancy, and dietary plus multivitamin folate intake, known risk factors for NTDs. CONCLUSIONS Confirmation of this new risk factor might have public health implications due to the feasibility of modifying exposure. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 67:504–508, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Phase II study of Gleevec ® plus hydroxyurea (HU) in adults with progressive or recurrent meningioma

We prospectively evaluated the efficacy and safety of imatinib plus hydroxyurea in patients with progressive/recurrent meningioma. A total of 21 patients with progressive/recurrent meningioma were enrolled in this dual center, single-arm, phase II trial. All patients received 500 mg of hydroxyurea twice a day. Imatinib was administered at 400 mg/day for patients not on CYP3A enzyme inducing anti-epileptic drugs (EIAEDs) and at 500 mg twice a day for patients on EIAEDs. The primary endpoint was progression-free survival at 6 months (PFS-6) and secondary endpoints were safety, radiographic response rate, and overall survival (OS). Best radiographic response was stable disease and was observed in 14 patients (67%). PFS-6 for all patients, those with grade I tumors (n = 8) and those with grade II or III tumors (n = 13) was 61.9, 87.5 and 46.2%, respectively. Patients with grade II or III tumors had poorer PFS and OS than those with grade I tumors, (P = 0.025 and P = 0.018) respectively. The only grade 3 or greater adverse event occurring in ≥10% of patients was anemia (10%). Imatinib plus hydroxyurea is well tolerated among patients with meningioma but has modest anti-tumor activity for this indication.
The “Spiritual” Commandment

any provisions for punishing people who simply want something but commit no offense to get it. How could the courts enforce any such law? How could the accuser prove that the accused had desired anything that belonged to his neighbor? In the Western world no attempt is made to enforce rules intended to suppress human desires that are not implemented by illegal actions. Gordon relates the commandment
Economic evaluation of HADSS™™ computer program in North Carolina peanut

Abstract Field studies were conducted at four locations in North Carolina in 1998 and 1999 to evaluate a computer program, Herbicide Application Decision Support System (HADSS™), for weed management in peanut (Arachis hypogaea). Weed management systems included metolachlor or ethalfluralin preplant-incorporated (PPI) used alone or in combination with diclosulam preemergence (PRE) or flumioxazin PRE. These herbicide combinations were used alone, followed by (fb) postemergence (POST) herbicides recommended by HADSS™ or fb a standard POST program of paraquat plus bentazon early postemergence (EPOST) fb acifluorfen plus bentazon POST. The standard POST herbicide system and HADSS™ POST recommendations were also used without soil-applied herbicides. Ethalfluralin PPI alone controlled large crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis) better than metolachlor PPI. Combinations of metolachlor or ethalfluralin PPI with either diclosulam or flumioxazin PRE provided equivalent control of all weeds evaluated except yellow nutsed...
Proliferation of SP- and 5HT-Containing Terminals in Lamina II of Rat Spinal Cord Following Dorsal Rhizotomy: Quantitative EM-Immunocytochemical Studies

Abstract The density of substance P (SP) and serotonin (5HT) immunoreactivity in laminae I and II of rat spinal cord changes following dorsal rhizotomy in a manner consistent with sprouting by intrinsic SP and descending 5HT systems (Wang et al. J. Comp. Neurol. 304: 555, 1991). In this study we used quantitative EM-immunocytochemistry to examine whether the increase in substance P and serotonin immunoreactivity seen at the light microscopic level was related to increased numbers of SP- and 5HT-containing terminals in lamina II. Dorsal roots were sectioned and their ganglia removed from L1 to S2 unilaterally in 18 rats. After 3 (acute), 10 (subacute), or 60 (chronic) days, rats were perfused, and the L5 segments of the spinal cord were removed and prepared for electron microscopy. Lumbosacral deafferentation completely and permanently eliminated complex terminals in lamina II at L5 but the number of simple terminals increased by 46% compared to the control side. This result was similar to that shown previously in cat (Murray and Goldberger, J. Neurosci. 6: 3205, 1986) and suggested that intact intrinsic systems sprouted to form new terminals to compensate for the terminals lost by deafferentation. Quantitative electron microscopic immunocytochemistry demonstrated that the number of terminals containing SP in deafferented lamina II decreased by 58% at 3 days postoperatively and then increased by 10 days and recovered to normal levels by 60 days. The loss of SP terminals in the acute group is due to the loss of SP-containing dorsal root afferents, while the recovery in the chronic group suggests replacement of lost terminals by intrinsic SP systems. These results therefore indicate that SP-containing terminals show homotypic sprouting in response to complete dorsal root deafferentation. The number of 5HT-containing terminals in lamina II of spinal cord increased by 56% on the deafferented side in the chronic group. The increase in 5HT-containing terminals indicates that descending 5HT systems undergo heterotypic sprouting in response to dorsal rhizotomy.
Comments on the use of carbon-13 tracer experiments to determine the role of surface carbon in catalytic reactions

A layer of carbon-13 was deposited on a fresh ruthenium zeolite (RuY) catalyst. With the system volume at 55 cm/sup 3/ and the partial pressures of /sup 12/CO and water (H/sub 2/O) at 5 torr, reaction with surface carbon 13 (/sup 13/C) yielded both /sup 13/CO and /sup 13/CO/sub 2/ as significant fractions of the gas phase. The amount of /sup 13/C observed was an order of magnitude greater than the amount of carbon thought to be on the surface. These results may be understood if the reaction /sup 13/C + H/sub 2/O reversible /sup 13/CO + H/sub 2/ (hydrogen) occurs, followed by the displacement of CO from the surface: /sup 12/CO + /sup 13/CO/sub a/ reversible /sup 13/CO + /sup 12/CO/sub a/. The latter reaction is known to occur over rhodium catalysts at low temperatures. The exchange was confirmed over RuY using ir spectroscopy. 1 figure.
Criteria for Accrediting Expert Wine Judges

A test for evaluating wine judge performance is developed. The test is based on the premise that an expert wine judge will award similar scores to an identical wine. The definition of “similar” is parameterized to include varying numbers of adjacent awards on an ordinal scale, from No Award to Gold. For each index of similarity, a probability distribution is developed to determine the likelihood that a judge might pass the test by chance alone. When the test is applied to the results from a major wine competition, few judges pass the test. Of greater interest is that many judges who fail the test have vast professional experience in the wine industry. This leads to us to question the basic premise that experts are able to provide consistent evaluations in wine competitions and, hence, that wine competitions do not provide reliable recommendations of wine quality.
Non-protein sulfhydryl content and cell-cycle dynamics of Ehrlich ascites tumor

Abstract The non-protein sulfhydryl (NPSH) content of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells was measured in relation to cytokinetic parameters of tumor growth. Thymidine labeling index, NPSH, mitotic index, and protein were assayed under a variety of experimental conditions, both in the hours following transplantation and during subsequent daily growth of the tumor. In some experiments, X-radiation was used to block cells in G2. Cellular NPSH declines during progressive tumor growth. This decrease appears to reflect the increasing proportion of non-proliferating (G0 or G1-like) cells or the decreasing proportion of proliferating cells in the tumor. When cells from 7-day tumors are transplanted into fresh mice, G0 cells move back into the cycle at S and the mean cellular NPSH content more than doubles within 9 h. When large inocula are used, the post-transplantation increases in the proportion of cells synthesizing DNA and in the mean NPSH level are greatly reduced. These results suggest that G0 cells contain less NPSH than do proliferating cells. There is no evidence that proliferating cells contain more NPSH in late G2 or in mitosis than in any other phase of the cell cycle. The rise in cellular NPSH concentration following transplantation was not affected by prior X-radiation (1250 R), indicating that movement of G0 cells back into the cell cycle is not particularly radiosensitive.
DIONYSIAN THOUGHT IN SIXTEENTH-CENTURY SPANISH MYSTICAL THEOLOGY

This essay reviews the nature and scope of Dionysius’ influence on the Hispano-Christian mystics, especially John of the Cross and Theresa of Avila. As background, it first surveys the broader reception of Dionysius in sixteenth-century Spain, especially among the ascetico-mystical precursors and contemporaries of both Carmelite saints. This will allow us to reconnoiter with some historical precision how and to what extent Dionysian themes were interpreted and woven into signature components of their mystical theology: John's taxonomy of dark nights and Theresa's views on the suspension of the faculties as a preamble to unio mystica.
The influence of sediment availability on patterns of beach ridge development in the vicinity of the Shoalhaven river delta, N.S.W.

(1970). The influence of sediment availability on patterns of beach ridge development in the vicinity of the Shoalhaven river delta, N.S.W. Australian Geographer: Vol. 11, No. 4, pp. 336-348.
Platinum(II) 2,4-Di(2′-pyridyl)-6-(p-tolyl)-1,3,5-triazine Complexes: Synthesis and Photophysics

Five platinum(II) complexes based on the 2,4-di(2′-pyridyl)-6-(p-tolyl)-1,3,5-triazine ligand (1−5) have been synthesized and characterized. The effects of the triazine-containing terdentate ligand on the photophysics and nonlinear transmission have been explored. The influence of the monodentate ligand, i.e. chloride, pentynyl, and phenylacetylide, and counteranion on the photophysical and nonlinear transmission characteristics of these complexes has also been systematically investigated. It is found that, due to the electron-deficient nature of the triazine ring and the extension of the π system between the terdentate ligand and the 6-(p-tolyl) substituent, the metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) bands in both the UV−vis spectra (1MLCT) and the emission spectra (3MLCT) red-shift in comparison to those of the corresponding platinum(II) complexes with 2,2′:6′,2′′-terpyridyl ligands. However, both the emission efficiency from the 3MLCT state and the emission lifetime are significantly reduced. The diffe...
Identification with Leader as Mediator between Leadership and Taking Charge

Using survey data from 316 leader-follower dyads from a sample of professionals in China, this study examines the mediating role of identification with leader in the relationships between multiple ...
Wilbur Crisp …: A Forgotten Inventor and Early Contributor to Sport

(1998). Wilbur Crisp …: A Forgotten Inventor and Early Contributor to Sport. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance: Vol. 69, No. 2, pp. 64-67.
International Institutions and Workers’ Rights: Between Labor Standards and Market Flexibility

International financial institutions (IFIs) like the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank often have used the leverage afforded them through their loan mechanisms to demand domestic labor market flexibility. At the same time, the International Labour Organization’s call to respect Core Labor Standards (CLS) in the global economy has increasingly gained acceptance since 1998. CLS that sanction freedom of association and collective bargaining have been particularly emphasized by the ILO since these are collective rights that enable the exercise of other rights. While IFIs have generally held to free market principles, new research findings and international pressure has led the IMF and World Bank to be more open to the idea of core labor standards. Implementation has often lagged, but some advances have been made. This includes the World Bank’s commitment to ensure respect for CLS through its private sector lending arm. Yet to be seen is whether these policy shifts will lead to greater respect for labor standards or whether the continuation of market-oriented reforms will further undermine labor’s collective power, creating new challenges for future resistance.
United States Coast Guard hybrid system experience on Kodiak Island, Alaska

The United States Coast Guard has installed eight PV hybrid-powered search and rescue radio systems in the Kodiak, Alaska area of the USA. Each system is comprised of a wind turbine, a photovoltaic (PV) array, four gas-fired thermoelectric generators (TEGs), and two paralleled 800 Ah GNB Absolyte IIP 100A17 batteries. After 22 months of operation, the Marmot Island power system failed. Many months of excessive charging dried out the batteries and left two cells open-circuited. The resulting fire and failures of three components (the system controller, the wind turbine and the energy storage system) are characterized in this paper and suggestions are made to prevent similar incidents.
Current/voltage characteristics of a semiconductor metal oxide gas sensor

Abstract The current/voltage (I/V) characteristics of undoped and gold-doped tungsten trioxide (WO3) thin film sensors were studied experimentally and theoretically. An equivalent circuit, which includes forward and reverse-biased Schottky diodes representing the contact region between the electrodes and film, and an equivalent resistor which represents the resistance of the individual WO3 film crystallites and intercrystallite boundaries was formulated. Depending upon the electron transport mechanisms through the metal–semiconductor (M/S) interfaces and the WO3 film, two different I/V and therefore resistance/voltage (R/V) characteristics are possible, one based on thermionic emission theory and the other on tunneling theory. In order to determine the dominant electron transport mechanism several WO3 films were tested. Amorphous and polycrystalline WO3 and WO3: Au films were RF-sputtered onto a sapphire substrate. A dc voltage ranging from −20 to 20 V was applied to the films in compressed air with and without ethylene gas present. The experimental R/V results are approximately constant except in the low voltage region where they are nonlinear. Comparing the experimental results of the R/V characteristics, with the theoretical curves predicted by thermionic emission and tunneling theories, some interesting conclusions can be made regarding the dominant electron transport mechanism in the WO3 films. The depletion width between the M/S interface and the intercrystallite boundaries is the key parameter, which determines the appropriate electron transport mechanism. Since the depletion width is related to the oxygen vacancies in the film and therefore the argon/oxygen ratio in the sputtering process, one can a priori design a sensor, in which the electron transport will exhibit either thermionic emission or tunneling.
Atorvastatin downregulates tissue plasminogen activator-aggravated genes mediating coagulation and vascular permeability in single cerebral endothelial cells captured by laser microdissection

The effects of statins on gene expression of cerebral endothelial cells (ECs) in vivo have not been investigated after stroke. We developed a rapid double immunofluorescent staining protocol with antibodies against von Willebrand factor (a marker for endothelium) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (a marker for astrocytes) for laser capture microdissection to isolate single ECs in brain tissue of the rat. Using this protocol in combination with real-time PCR, we found that stroke significantly increased mRNA levels of protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR-1) and tissue factor (TF) in ECs isolated from ischemic cerebral microvessels compared with nonischemic vessels. Treatment of embolic stroke with recombinant human tissue plasminogen activator (rht-PA) 4 h after stroke further elevated PAR-1 mRNA levels nearly 1000-fold in the core and 500-fold in the boundary above the nonstroke group 30 h after stroke, while TF mRNA levels were elevated approximately 10 fold above the nonstroke group. Furthermore, stroke significantly increased matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 2 and 9 mRNA levels in the ischemic core and boundary regions 6 and 30 h after stroke. Treatment with rht-PA-upregulated MMP2 expression in the ischemic boundary and core. Atorvastatin completely blocked rht-PA upregulation of the above genes, when atorvastatin in combination with rht-PA was administered 4 h after stroke. Monotherapy of atorvastatin 4 h after stroke did not significantly reduce expression of genes examined in the present study. These data provide evidence that atorvastatin reduces exogenous tPA-aggravated cerebral endothelial genes that mediate thrombosis and blood–brain barrier permeability, which could contribute to the beneficial effects of statins on thrombolytic treatment of acute stroke.
Induction and repair of closely opposed pyrimidine dimers in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Pyrimidine dimer-DNA glycosylase activity prepared from Micrococcus luteus has been used to develop an enzyme-sensitive site assay for the detection and quantification of closely opposed pyrimidine dimers in the nuclear DNA of UV-irradiated yeast. With this assay, closely opposed dimers were found to be induced as a linear function of dose from 0 to 200 J/m2 (254 nm). Closely opposed dimer frequencies decreased during the incubation of UV-irradiated, excision repair-proficient cells under liquid-holding conditions in the dark and during post-irradiation exposure of excision-deficient cells to photoreactivating light. Incubation of excision-deficient cells in the dark had no effect on the frequency of closely opposed dimers for up to 16 h. These results indicate that closely opposed dimers in UV-irradiated yeast are subject to repair by enzymatic photoreactivation and/or by dark-repair processes dependent, at least in part, upon functions necessary for normal excision repair. The genetic and biochemical implications of these results are discussed.
A quantitative assessment of tremor and ataxia in FMR1 premutation carriers using CATSYS.

While an established protocol exists for diagnosing individuals with the fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS), a quantitative measure of tremor and ataxia is needed. Using the CATSYS system to quantify movement abnormalities, we were able to record tremor, postural sway, manual (hand and finger) coordination, and reaction time in males with the FMR1 premutation, both with and without FXTAS, and compare them to controls. We evaluated 16 males diagnosed with FXTAS, 16 males with the premutation without FXTAS (non-FXTAS), and 14 age-matched controls. The CATSYS system detected, in the dominant hand, a difference in intention tremor between the FXTAS group and controls (P = 0.0008). The 30-sec postural sway tasks revealed differences between the FXTAS group and controls, both with eyes open and closed (P = 0.0004 and P = 0.0031, respectively). There was also a difference between FXTAS and non-FXTAS 30-sec postural sway performances with eyes open (P = 0.0008). The 10-sec postural sway tasks (with eyes closed) served to confirm the differences between the FXTAS group and both the controls (P = 0.0017) and non-FXTAS premutation carriers (P = 0.0016). These results demonstrate that the quantitative measures of the CATSYS system can document significant differences in intention tremor and postural sway in patients with FXTAS compared to controls. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.