cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Microglia and inflammation-mediated neurodegeneration: Multiple triggers with a common mechanism

Inflammation, a common denominator among the diverse list of neurodegenerative diseases, has recently been implicated as a critical mechanism responsible for the progressive nature of neurodegeneration. Microglia are the resident innate immune cells in the central nervous system and produce a barrage of factors (IL-1, TNFalpha, NO, PGE2, superoxide) that are toxic to neurons. Evidence supports that the unregulated activation of microglia in response to environmental toxins, endogenous proteins, and neuronal death results in the production of toxic factors that propagate neuronal injury. In the following review, we discuss the common thread of microglial activation across numerous neurodegenerative diseases, define current perceptions of how microglia are damaging neurons, and explain how the microglial response to neuronal damage results in a self-propelling cycle of neuron death.
Purification and molecular identification of the human hyaluronan receptor for endocytosis.

The clearance of hyaluronan (HA) and chondroitin sulfates from the circulating blood and lymph in the body is mediated by the membrane-bound HA receptor for endocytosis (HARE). Previously, we found that two HARE species of ~175 kDa and ~300 kDa are abundant in the sinusoidal endothelial cells in rat liver, spleen, and lymph nodes (Zhou et al. [2000], J. Biol. Chem., 275, 37733‐37741). In the present study, immunocytochemical analysis of human tissues showed a similar pattern with abundant expression of HARE in the sinusoidal endothelial cells of human liver, spleen, and lymph nodes. The two human HARE proteins were immunoaffinity-purified from human spleen. Each protein was recognized in western blots using several anti-rat HARE monoclonal antibodies and was able to bind 125 I-HA specifically. In nonreducing SDS‐PAGE, these two human HARE species migrated at ~190 kDa and ~315 kDa; both proteins are ~15 kDa larger than the corresponding rat HAREs, although the de-N-glycosylated core proteins are essentially the same mass. After reduction, the human 190kDa HARE gave a single 196-kDa species, which was not seen in the ~315-kDa HARE after reduction. The reduced ~315-kDa HARE yielded two major proteins at ~250 kDa and ~220 kDa. We determined the sequence of the human 190-kDa HARE cDNA based on analysis of internal tryptic peptides, as well as RT-PCR and 5 0 RACE analyses using human spleen and lymph node cDNA libraries. The human gene that encodes HARE is on chromosome 12.
Analysis of genetic mosaics in developing and adult Drosophila tissues

We have constructed a series of strains to facilitate the generation and analysis of clones of genetically distinct cells in developing and adult tissues of Drosophila. Each of these strains carries an FRT element, the target for the yeast FLP recombinase, near the base of a major chromosome arm, as well as a gratuitous cellautonomous marker. Novel markers that carry epitope tags and that are localized to either the cell nucleus or cell membrane have been generated. As a demonstration of how these strains can be used to study a partic ular gene, we have analyzed the developmental role of the Drosophila EGF receptor homolog. Moreover, we have shown that these strains can be utilized to identify new mutations in mosaic animals in an efficient and unbiased way, thereby providing an unprecedented opportunity to perform systematic genetic screens for mutations affecting many biological processes. SUMMARY
Posterior vaginal prolapse shape and position changes at maximal Valsalva seen in 3-D MRI-based models

Introduction and hypothesis Two-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of posterior vaginal prolapse has been studied. However, the three-dimensional (3-D) mechanisms causing such prolapse remain poorly understood. This discovery project was undertaken to identify the different 3-D characteristics of models of rectocele-type posterior vaginal prolapse (PVPR) in women.
Homocysteine effects classical pathway of GPCR down regulation: Gαq/11, Gα12/13, Gi/o

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are known to modulate intracellular effectors involved in cardiac function. We recently reported homocysteine (Hcy)-induced ERK-phosphorylation was suppressed by pertussis toxin (PTX), which suggested the involvement of GPCRs in initiating signal transduction. An activated GPCR undergoes down regulation via a known mechanism involving ERK, GRK2, β-arrestin1: ERK activity increases; GRK2 activity increases; β-arrestin1 is degraded. We hypothesized that Hcy treatment leads to GPCR activation and down regulation. Microvascular endothelial cells were treated with Hcy. Expression of phospho-ERK1 and phospho-GRK2 was determined using Western blot, standardized to ERK1, GRK2, and β-actin. Hcy was shown to dephosphorylate GRK2, thereby enhancing the activity. The results provided further evidence that Hcy acts as an agonist to activate GPCRs, followed by their down regulation. Hcy was also shown to decrease the content of the following G proteins and other proteins: β-arrestin1, Gαq/11, Gα12/13, Gi/o.
An optimized 3D inversion recovery prepared fast spoiled gradient recalled sequence for carotid plaque hemorrhage imaging at 3.0 T

An optimized 3D inversion recovery prepared fast spoiled gradient recalled sequence (IR FSPGR) on a 3-T scanner for carotid plaque imaging is described. It offers clear blood and fat signal suppression at the carotid artery bifurcation and highlights the regions of carotid plaque affected by hemorrhage at 3 T with high contrast and contrast-to-noise ratio compared with other sequences. It can potentially be used to replace the more traditional noncontrast T1-weighted 2D black-blood imaging for hemorrhage detection and offers additional benefits of high-resolution 3D volumetric visualization.
Poly(amidoamine) dendrimers on lipid bilayers II: Effects of bilayer phase and dendrimer termination.

The molecular structures and enthalpy release of poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers binding to 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DMPC) bilayers were explored through atomistic molecular dynamics. Three PAMAM dendrimer terminations were examined: protonated primary amine, neutral acetamide, and deprotonated carboxylic acid. Fluid and gel lipid phases were examined to extract the effects of lipid tail mobility on the binding of generation-3 dendrimers, which are directly relevant to the nanoparticle interactions involving lipid rafts, endocytosis, lipid removal, and/or membrane pores. Upon binding to gel phase lipids, dendrimers remained spherical, had a constant radius of gyration, and approximately one-quarter of the terminal groups were in close proximity to the lipids. In contrast, upon binding to fluid phase bilayers, dendrimers flattened out with a large increase in their asphericity and radii of gyration. Although over twice as many dendrimer−lipid contacts were formed on fluid versus gel...
Accelerated nursing students and theater students: creating a safe environment by acting the part.

Abstract Traditional approaches to teaching basic nursing skills are being questioned for accelerated, or second-degree, nursing students. Since accelerated nursing students have demonstrated the ability to quickly assimilate new information and to transfer skills from a previous career into a new field, it is thought that they may benefit from teaching strategies that promote experiential learning. Through a hermeneutic phenomenological approach, this study inquired into the experiences of 22 accelerated baccalaureate nursing students to determine if narrative learning in a campus laboratory setting helped them integrate content from classroom and clinical practica and move quickly along the pathway to the competencies that are needed for safe nursing practice. Data analysis revealed the teaching/learning significance of narratives for these students and is identified in the theme, “Creating a Safe Environment.”
Marketing Tourism In The Galapagos Islands: Ecotourism Or Greenwashing?

Tourism accounts for approximately 7.5% - 15% of the world’s total employment and is the world’s most important service industry. In heavily frequented tourist destinations such as the Galapagos Islands in Ecuador, the importance is even higher. International travel is projected to double by 2020 with over 1.5 billion people traveling throughout the world. Within the tourism industry, ecotourism is the fastest growing sector, growing from 10 to 30 percent a year. While exact definitions of ecotourism vary, ecotourism is defined by the International Tourism Society (TIES) as “responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment and improves the welfare of local people.” A subset of sustainable tourism, ecotourism has a natural area focus, which benefits the environment and communities visited, fosters environmental and cultural understanding, appreciation and awareness. Because there is no universally adopted certification program for ecotourism, tourism operators may market their operations as “ecotourism” while in reality they are “greenwashing.” Greenwashers are dishonest tourism operators who embrace ecotourism as a new selling angle. To greenwash is to promote ecotourism while effectively doing the opposite. The Galapagos Islands is a popular destination for ecotourism. Beginning in the late 1960’s, the Galapagos tourism industry started with about 1,000 tourists per year and has boomed to 148,000 tourists in 2006. This has caused several problems: g rowing human population, introduction of alien and invasive species, and unwanted by-products from tourism. As a result, in 2007, the Galapagos Islands were placed on UNESCO’s list of World Heritage Sites in Danger. Because of the unique biodiversity of the Galapagos Islands, and the increase in tourism and its negative consequences, the Galapagos Islands presents an excellent example for a case study in marketing of ecotourism. Using the criteria established by the Mohonk Agreement for responsible ecotourism, this paper examines the websites of ecotourism operators in the Galapagos Islands to determine the extent to which they are “ecotours” or “greenwashed tours.” The implications for conservation of the islands and responsible marketing are discussed.
Transcriptome profiling of sleeping, waking, and sleep deprived adult heterozygous Aldh1L1–eGFP-L10a mice

Transcriptomic studies revealed that hundreds of mRNAs show differential expression in the brains of sleeping relative to awake rats, mice, flies, and sparrows. Although these results have offered clues regarding the molecular consequences of sleep and sleep loss, their functional significance thus far has been limited. This is probably because the previous studies pooled transcripts from all brain cells, including neurons and glia. In Bellesi et al. 2015 [1], we used the translating ribosome affinity purification technology (TRAP) and microarray analysis to obtain a genome-wide mRNA profiling of astrocytes as a function of sleep and wake. We used bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) transgenic mice expressing eGFP tagged ribosomal protein L10a under the promoter of the Aldh1L1 gene, a highly expressed astrocytic gene. Using this approach, we could extract only the astrocytic mRNAs, and only those already committed to be translated into proteins (L10a is part of the translational machinery). Here, we report a detailed description of the protocol used in the study [1]. Array data have been submitted to NCBI GEO under accession number (GSE69079).
Use of atropine-diphenoxylate compared with hyoscyamine to decrease rates of irinotecan-related cholinergic syndrome

Background Cholinergic syndrome is a well established acute adverse reaction associated with irinotecan. Cholinergic side effects can be ameliorated or prevented with anticholinergic agents. To date, no formal studies have compared atropine-diphenoxylate and hyoscyamine as premedications for prophylaxis of the cholinergic syndrome with irinotecan infusion. Objectives To compare the incidence of cholinergic syndrome with irinotecan using atropine-diphenoxylate or hyoscyamine as premedication. Methods We conducted a retrospective, single-center, nonrandomized, cohort study of adult patients treated with atropine-diphenoxylate or hyoscyamine as premedication before receiving irinotecan. For all irinotecan infusions, intravenous atropine was administered for patients experiencing any cholinergic reaction. Results A total of 532 irinotecan cycles (354 cycles for atropine-diphenoxylate group; 178 cycles for hyoscyamine group) were analyzed in 80 patients. Overall incidence of cholinergic syndrome did not differ between atropine-diphenoxylate (8.2%) and hyoscyamine (9.0%) groups (P = .76). The incidence of cholinergic syndrome after the £rst cycle of irinotecan was similar between the 2 arms, atropine-diphenoxylate (14.6%) and hyoscyamine (10.7%), with P = .74. The most common cholinergic symptoms documented were abdominal pain or cramping, and diarrhea. Limitations This study was subjected to vulnerabilities to bias and random error because of its observational retrospective design and small number of participants. Conclusions Lack of difference in the incidence of cholinergic syndrome observed in irinotecan-treated patients suggests atropinediphenoxylate and hyoscyamine may both be effective prophylactic options. The findings support the need for a larger, randomized study to assess and compare these agents with other potential premedications such as scopolamine and atropine in prevention of irinotecan-related cholinergic syndrome.
Measurement of the Triaxial Stress State of Confined Line Structures During Thermal Cycling

A method based on the bending beam technique has been developed to measure the mechanical stresses of fine lines confined by a dielectric layer. This method has been employed to determine the thermal stress of AI(2at%Cu) lines passivated by a quartz overlayer between room temperature and 400oC. The effect of quartz confinement was analyzed by matching the thermal strains at the metal/quartz interfaces and imposing a mechanical equilibrium condition on the structure. The analysis enables us to deduce the triaxial stress components of metal and quartz from measurements of the substrate bending parallel and perpendicular to the length direction of the lines. Results of the measurementshow a substantial stress enhancement as a result of the confinement, with the stress level significantly higher than that of a passivatecd blanket film. The magnitude of the stress depends on the line geometry, the layer deposition conditions and the extent of plastic deformation during thermal cycling. Results of this measurement are consistent with those determined using X-ray techniques.
A CASE OF CHINESE RESTAUTRANT SYNDROME WITH MULTIPLE FOOD ALLERGY

We reported a case of an asthmatic boy with chinese restaurant syndrome. The symptoms induced by oral challenge of monosodium glutamate were urticaria and asthmatic attack (wheezing and cough) and they appeared within 15min. He was sensitive to many allergens such as, hen's egg, cow's milk, soy bean, some kinds of fish, some kinds of fruits and house dust mite. Skin examination and histaminereleasing test by monosodium glutamate were performed and the results were negative. Serum gastrin concentration significantly elevated after oral challenge of monosodium glutamate. These results suggest that non-allergic mechanism, suchas gastrin mediated histamine release, may be involved in the development of these symptoms.
Metabolism-directed design of oxetane-containing arylsulfonamide derivatives as γ-secretase inhibitors.

A metabolism-based approach toward the optimization of a series of N-arylsulfonamide-based γ-secretase inhibitors is reported. The lead cyclohexyl analogue 6 suffered from extensive oxidation on the cycloalkyl motif by cytochrome P450 3A4, translating into poor human liver microsomal stability. Knowledge of the metabolic pathways of 6 triggered a structure–activity relationship study aimed at lowering lipophilicity through the introduction of polarity. This effort led to several tetrahydropyran and tetrahydrofuran analogues, wherein the 3- and 4-substituted variants exhibited greater microsomal stability relative to their 2-substituted counterparts. Further reduction in lipophilicity led to the potent γ-secretase inhibitor and 3-substituted oxetane 1 with a reduced propensity toward oxidative metabolism, relative to its 2-substituted isomer. The slower rates of metabolism with 3-substituted cyclic ethers most likely originate from reductions in lipophilicity and/or unfavorable CYP active site interactions...
Dynamics of Colonization and Abundance in Central Alaskan Populations of the Northern Red-Backed Vole, Clethrionomys rutilus

Population dynamics of Clethrionomys rutilus and Microtus oeconomus were examined during colonization of a severely burned (July 1971) area of black spruce forest, located 40 km north of Fairbanks, Alaska. Livetrapping from June 1972 to September 1976 on two trapping grids, one in burned and the other in unburned forest, revealed that colonization of the burned area by Clethrionomys was gradual, characterized by midwinter abandonment until food and cover resources were sufficient to allow overwintering in 1975, four years after the fire. Reproduction did not occur on the burned area during the first two post-burn years. Despite establishment of a resident population in 1975, recruitment was dependent upon immigrant voles, particularly pregnant females. A high rate of immigration into recently burned areas, and hence successful colonization, is possible for Clethrionomys because source populations exist in all areas of mature forest. Microtus oeconomus , captured only twice on the unburned area, arrived on the burned area in 1974, three years after the fire. However, Microtus density was low, and the population consisted primarily of transient voles. Clethrionomys density underwent a simple sequence of annual fluctuations. In unburned forest, peak density, variable from year to year, was reached in the fall, and low densities occurred yearly in early summer. Density was high in 1974 and 1975, low in 1972, 1973, and 1976. High 1974 and 1975 densities were due to increased reproductive output, especially of first generation (spring-born) females. Stomach content analysis indicated that Clethrionomys relied heavily upon the fruits of several berry-producing plants in all seasons. The phenology of central Alaska fruit production results in fruit scarcity in early summer; it is hypothesized that this variable strongly influences population density each year and perhaps the amplitude of the annual cycle of abundance.
Biogenesis of dicarboxylic acids in rat liver homogenate studied by 13C labeling

The aim of this investigation is to assess whether long-chain fatty acids can be a substrate for omega-oxidation and the subsequent beta-oxidation to produce medium-chain dicarboxylic acids normally found in urine. Isolated rat liver 10,000 g supernatant and pellet fractions were used as the source of enzymes. The metabolism of palmitate was studied using [1,2,3,4-13C4]hexadecanoic acid as tracer. Selected ion monitoring mass spectrometry was utilized for the determination of isotope enrichments in precursor and products. Palmitate was found to be a good substrate for omega-oxidation; the rate was only slightly slower than decanoate. The beta-oxidation of [1,2,3,4-13C4]hexadecanedioic acid yielded labeled adipic, suberic, and sebacic acids. Isotope distribution in these dicarboxylic acids consisted mostly of unlabeled molecules (M + 0) and molecules labeled with four 13C (M + 4), in agreement with a beta-oxidation initiated equally from both carboxyl ends of the precursor. Significant enrichments (1-8%) with only two 13C labels (M + 2) indicate a partial bidirectional beta-oxidation. The direct metabolic conversion of hexadecanedioate to succinate was documented by the significant enrichment (1.40-1.90%) in M + 4 of succinate. These data indicate that long-chain fatty acids can be a substrate for the production of medium-chain dicarboxylates and the eventual direct conversion to succinate.
Recent advances in understanding Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus

Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS)-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is an oncogenic human herpesvirus. KSHV is associated with three cancers in the human population: KS, primary effusion lymphoma (PEL), and multicentric Castleman’s disease (MCD). KS is the leading cause of cancer in HIV-infected individuals. In this review, we discuss the most recent discoveries behind the mechanisms of KSHV latency maintenance and lytic replication. We also review current therapies for KSHV-associated cancers.
The Impact of the Affordable Care Act on North Carolinian Breast Cancer Patients Seeking Financial Support for Treatment.

The Affordable Care Act (ACA) was instated on 23 March 2010 to improve healthcare quality, reduce costs, and increase access. The Pretty in Pink Foundation (PIPF), a non-profit 501(C)(3) organization in North Carolina, provides financial assistance and in-kind support to individuals seeking help with breast cancer care. The objective of this study was to determine whether sociodemographic variables and treatment services varied among PIPF recipients since enactment of the ACA. North Carolinians who received financial assistance from the PIPF between 1 January 2013 and 31 December 2014 were included in the study, and the cohort was divided into two groups based on receipt of assistance before or after the enactment of the ACA. Descriptive statistics were tabulated as frequencies. Comparative univariate analysis between both groups was conducted using the χ 2 and Mann–Whitney U tests. All tests were two-sided and a p value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. All analyses were conducted using Stata. Overall, 1016 individuals fulfilled the inclusion criteria, and the median age of the cohort was 49 years (interquartile range 45–55). The ACA groups did not differ significantly by age, race, and sex; however, the groups varied with respect to income, employment, and clinical stage. In addition, the groups differed on the types of services for which they received financial assistance, but no difference was observed between groups with respect to insurance status. Since the enactment of the health insurance market component of the ACA, there has been a reduction in subjects receiving assistance from the PIPF; however, no change in their insurance status has been observed.
The Argument Structure Of Verbal Reflexives

This paper examines the verbal reflexivemorpheme in Kannada, illustrating that itsdistribution is best characterized in termsof the interaction between lexical-aspectualstructure and thematic structure.This morpheme occurs whenever thereis a particular kind of configurational mismatchbetween these two representations.Thus, the existence of these two kinds ofsemantic representation is supported.The distribution of the verbal reflexive isindependent of the binding theory, whichis syntactic. The analysis of Kannada verbalreflexives extends straightforwardly toother languages. Notably, the analysiscaptures the behavior of Romance reflexiveclitics. The analysis presented here issuperior to one which treats suchmorphemes as argument absorbing operatorsor as morphemes with semanticallyreflexive content.
Variation in advanced imaging for pediatric patients with abdominal pain discharged from the ED

Abstract Background Pediatric abdominal pain visits to emergency departments (ED) are common. The objectives of this study are to assess variation in imaging (ultrasound ±computed tomography [CT]) and factors associated with isolated CT use. Methods This was a retrospective cohort study of ED visits for pediatric abdominal pain resulting in discharge from 16 regional EDs from 2007 to 2013. Primary outcome was ultrasound or CT imaging. Secondary outcome was isolated CT use. We used multivariable logistic regression to evaluate patient- and hospital-level covariates associated with imaging. Results Of the 21 152 visits, imaging was performed in 29.7%, and isolated CT in 13.4% of visits. In multivariable analysis, black patients (odds ratio [OR], 0.4; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.4-0.5) and Medicaid (OR, 0.6; 95% CI, 0.5-0.7) had lower odds of advanced imaging compared with white patients and private insurance, respectively. General EDs were less likely to perform imaging (OR, 0.6; 95% CI, 0.5-0.7) compared with the pediatric ED; however, for visits with imaging, 3.5% of visits to the pediatric ED compared with 76% of those to general EDs included an isolated CT ( P Conclusion There are racial and insurance disparities in imaging for pediatric abdominal pain. General EDs are less likely than pediatric EDs to use imaging, but more likely to use isolated CT. Strategies are needed to minimize disparities and improve the use of "ultrasound first."
Violence, Vienna, Versailles, and Venezuela: The Effects of World War 1 on the Nationalist Thought of Miloš Crnjanski

The highly acclaimed Serbian poet and novelist Milos Crnjanski (1893-1977) was well known for being a nationalist and a monarchist for most of his life. In the mid-1930s, as editor and contributor to several journals, he also came for a time to espouse radical right-wing ideas bordering on mystical Serbian messianism. He spent over twenty years in exile but returned to Yugoslavia in 1965. This article focuses on Crnjanski’s non-fiction, not his poetry and novels, to to track the way World War One and its aftermath influenced his political views. This influence is examined under the four rubrics of violence, Vienna, Venezuela, and Versailles, in an effort better to understand the diversity interwar Yugoslav political ideas, some of which are very much present today.
Ischemic Myelopathy Due to Sickle Cell Trait

Sickle cell anemia or sickle hemoglobin (Hb S) disease is due to the characteristic phenomena of Hb S, which under conditions of low oxygen tension is crystallizes and this leads to sickling of the erythrocytes, which become trapped in the terminal arterioles and capillaries resulting in more hypoxia and consequently more sickling which results in thrombosis and ischemic infarction. Tissues that have blood at low oxygen tension e.g., the pulmonary arterioles and the renal parenchyma are more liable to sickling although tissues that have relatively oxygenated blood, e.g., the brain or spinal cord are not exempt. The sickle cells are rigid and less flexible and more fragile so they hemolyze. The possible complications of sickle cell anemia fall into five categories:
Design Patterns for Math Problems and Learning Support in Online Learning Systems

Increasingly, many institutions and students benefit from online learning systems each year. For example, in 2016 Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCS) reported as many as 16 million enrolled students and online tutoring systems reported over half a million enrolled students. In the literature, many design patterns capture online learning system designs for class management, discussion facilitation, lecture delivery, and feedback. In this paper, we describe design patterns that describe finer-grained activities within online learning systems such as the design of problem-solving activities and their associated learning support. The three patterns presented in this paper describe designs for constructing math-problem content and corresponding learning support for students who answer these problems -- Mastery Learning Templates, Explain Worked Solutions, and Scaffold Problems with Guide Questions. We uncovered these patterns using the data-driven design pattern production (3D2P) methodology on data collected from the ASSISTments online learning system. The design patterns we describe were mined from data on student interactions with an online learning system and were linked to existing learning-science literature.
Demographic Differences in District-Level Policies Related to School Mental Health and Social Services-United States, 2012.

Background Mental health conditions among youth are a major concern. Schools can play an important role in supporting students affected by these conditions. This study examined district-level school health policies related to mental health and social services to determine if they varied by district demographic characteristics. Methods The School Health Policies and Practices Study (SHPPS) 2012 collected cross-sectional data on school health policies and practices from a nationally representative sample of public school districts (N = 684). We used logistic regression to examine the association between district-level demographic characteristics and school mental health policies. Results Southern and low-affluence districts had higher odds of requiring schools to have a specified counselor-to-student ratio as compared with Northeastern and average affluence districts, respectively. Northeastern and urban districts had higher odds of requiring educational and credentialing requirements for school mental health or social services staff, compared to other regions and rural districts, respectively. Conclusions Results describe the extent to which school mental health and social services programs in the United States are meeting various guidelines. More work is necessary to ensure that all schools have the resources needed to support their students' mental health and meet national guidelines, especially in districts with certain characteristics.
Hal Prince: Artistry in Producing

Harold Prince (b. 1928), known as ‘the Prince of Broadway’, apprenticed under George Abbott before striking out on his own as a producer, then director. He has collaborated with major songwriters and choreographers including Stephen Sondheim, John Kander and Fred Ebb, Jerome Robbins, and Michael Bennett.
General surgeon management of complex hepatopancreatobiliary trauma at a level I trauma center.

Abstract Background The impact of general surgeons (GS) taking trauma call on patient outcomes has been debated. Complex hepatopancreatobiliary (HPB) injuries present a particular challenge and often require specialized care. We predicted no difference in the initial management or outcomes of complex HPB trauma between GS and trauma/critical care (TCC) specialists. Materials and methods A retrospective review of patients who underwent operative intervention for complex HPB trauma from 2008 to 2015 at an ACS-verified level I trauma center was performed. Chart review was used to obtain variables pertaining to demographics, clinical presentation, operative management, and outcomes. Patients were grouped according to whether their index operation was performed by a GS or TCC provider and compared. Results 180 patients met inclusion criteria. The GS ( n = 43) and TCC ( n = 137) cohorts had comparable patient demographics and clinical presentations. Most injuries were hepatic (73.3% GS versus 72.6% TCC) and TCC treated more pancreas injuries (15.3% versus GS 13.3%; P = 0.914). No significant differences were found in HPB-directed interventions at the initial operation (41.9% GS versus 56.2% TCC; P = 0.100), damage control laparotomy with temporary abdominal closure (69.8% versus 69.3%; P = 0.861), LOS, septic complications or 30-day mortality (13.9% versus 10.2%; P = 0.497). TCC were more likely to place an intraabdominal drain than GS (52.6% versus 34.9%; P = 0.043). Conclusions We found no significant differences between GS and TCC specialists in initial operative management or clinical outcomes of complex HPB trauma. The frequent and proper use of damage control laparotomy likely contribute to these findings.
Evolution of strain localization in variable-width three-dimensional unsaturated laboratory-scale cut slopes

AbstractTo experimentally validate a recently developed theory for predicting the stability of cut slopes under unsaturated conditions, the authors measured increasing strain localization in unsatu...
The Scholar’s Workshop and Tools (1970, 1976, 1981)

Just as we may picture an ideal scientist, we may set forth qualities ideal in one who is to trace the development of science. I do not use the terms “history of science”, “physics”, or “mathematics”, since these now denote established professions, while a great scholar, although he must stand on the same ground as his fellows, is taller and sees above their heads.
Use of Sequential Pneumatic Compression Devices to Facilitate Propagation of Contrast during Intranodal Lymphangiography

Abstract Purpose To examine effects of lower extremity sequential compression devices (SCDs) on lymphatic transit during intranodal lymphangiography (IL) and thoracic duct interventions. Materials and Methods A retrospective review of 19 SCD-assisted IL (IL-SCD) procedures was performed. The control group comprised 18 consecutive IL-guided procedures performed in the immediately preceding time period. For IL-SCD procedures, SCDs were placed onto patients' calves before sterile preparation. Total procedure time and lymphatic transit time were measured. Mean age was 52 years in the IL-SCD group and 64 years in the control group. In the control group, 100% (18/18) of patients had a chylous leak, whereas only 74% (14/19) of patients in the IL-SCD group had a leak. Results In the IL-SCD group, mean total procedure time was 75 minutes (range, 34–126 min), and mean lymphatic transit time was 29 minutes (range, 8–63 min). In the control group, mean total procedure time was 105 minutes (range, 51–203 min), and mean lymphatic transit time was 56 minutes (range, 28–117 min). Lymphatic transit time and procedure time were significantly reduced in the IL-SCD group ( P P Conclusions Use of lower extremity SCDs reduces lymphatic transit time and IL-dependent procedure time.
History of Financial Globalization, Overview

This chapter reviews the many contributions to the encyclopedia's historical section. Those chapters track the ebb and flow of financial globalization since Roman times around the world. They document the process of financial development and innovation, the growth of financial institutions and markets, and their global linkages, as well as the history of financial crises, and the elements of different types of financial crises that appear similar or different over the ages. Throughout the history of financial globalization and financial development, government initiatives have played an active role, including in chartering banks, establishing joint-stock companies to manage international trade and finance, and creating or encouraging new financial instruments (bills of exchange, sovereign debts, and shares in companies) that served governments' fiscal interests or the expansion of empire via trade.
Geomorphic regulation of floodplain soil organic carbon concentration in watersheds of the Rocky and Cascade Mountains, USA

Abstract. Mountain rivers have the potential to retain OC-rich soil and store large quantities of organic carbon (OC) in floodplain soils. We characterize valley bottom morphology, floodplain soil, and vegetation in two disparate mountain river basins: the Middle Fork Snoqualmie in the Cascade Mountains and the Big Sandy in the Wind River Range of the Rocky Mountains. We use this dataset to examine variability in OC concentration between these basins as well as within them at multiple spatial scales. We find that although there are some differences between basins, much of the variability in OC concentration is due to local factors, such as soil moisture and valley bottom geometry. From this, we conclude that local factors likely play a dominant role in regulating OC concentration in valley bottoms and that interbasin differences in climate or vegetation characteristics may not translate directly into differences in OC storage. We also use an analysis of OC concentration and soil texture by depth to infer that OC is input to floodplain soils mainly by decaying vegetation, not overbank deposition of fine, OC-bearing sediment. Geomorphology and hydrology play strong roles in determining the spatial distribution of soil OC in mountain river corridors.
Information, Communication, and Group Theory

Information theory, as it is known today, resulted from the confluence of two very different roots that had their origins in the first half of the 20th century. On the one hand, information theory originated from electrical engineers such as Hartley, Nyquist, and Shannon [49, 86, 104], who worked on the analysis of systems and strategies to communicate messages from one location to another. On the other hand, mathematicians such as de Bruijn, Cramer, Fisher, Kullbach, and Rao were inventing ideas in probability and statistics that have direct relevance to the study of information transmission. In this chapter the “communications” aspect of information theory is emphasized, whereas in Chapter 3 the “probability and statistics” side was reviewed. In recent years, the theory of finite groups has been connected with equalities in information theory. Lie groups enter as symmetry operations associated with continuous physical models of information transmission such as the linear telegraph equation and nonlinear soliton equations. Lie groups also appear as a domain in which stochastic trajectories evolve in the analysis of noise in optical communication systems that transmit information over fiber optic cables. In addition, some of the basic concepts and definitions in the theory of communication have interesting properties that are enriched by merging them with concepts from group theory. Some of this recent work will be explored here.
Controversies in Cleft Rhinoplasty

Rhinoplasty for cleft lip nasal deformities challenges all cleft surgeons. There is great variability of phenotypical anatomy, but iatrogenic changes and scarring from the previous surgeries add another layer of complexity. Rhinoplasties on a patient with cleft lip–palate are technically and intellectually challenging to master requiring a patient-tailored approach. The shape and structure of the nose are changed to improve both function and aesthetic appearance. In the primary setting, nasoalveolar molding is a form of presurgical infant orthopaedics used for preparation before the cleft lip and nose repair. Intermediate stages should be conservative to minimize scarring, while the definitive cleft rhinoplasty utilizes cartilage grafts from septum, ear, or rib to sculpt the nose. Hereinto, we will outline the controversies, the evidence supporting certain techniques, and our preferences.
Continuous and discontinuous events in orogenic deformation

The principles and relative chronology of polyphase deformation and polyphase metamorphism first developed mainly in Scotland and North America and later spread to many parts of the world. By the mid-1960s a distinct sequential terminology was introduced for phases of deformation, foliation, lineation, and metamorphism. Yet even now, doubts and uncertainties exist and certain geometric mechanisms, such as rotation on vertical axes, are both asserted and denied. In the process of rapid development of ideas on polyphase deformation, disputes originated because of difficulties in defining and demonstrating various geometric and time relationships.
Effects of light and turbidity on feeding, growth, and survival of larval Delta Smelt (Hypomesus transpacificus, Actinopterygii, Osmeridae)

Understanding how environmental factors—here, light intensity and turbidity—influence the feeding, growth, and survival of larval Delta Smelt is critical for optimizing the culture of this endangered fish species. Three sets of rearing trials were conducted where larvae were cultured under different levels of turbidity and light intensity. Delta Smelt larvae feeding activity was observed throughout the initial adjustment of light and turbidity levels to ascertain feeding ability and behavior at the different levels. It was found that there is a minimum threshold of combined light and turbidity to generate their exogenous feeding response. At low turbidity conditions, early-stage larvae begun feeding and growing earlier when light levels were higher. The condition factor and survival of the late-stage larvae was increased with increased turbidity. The results suggest Delta Smelt larvae may be cultured under lower turbidity and light conditions rather than at the currently used levels. We conclude that the interaction between turbidity and light intensity plays an important role in the feeding activity, growth, and survival of larvae. The results here may inform fish culture lab methodologies, but may also provide useful baseline knowledge for light and turbidity preferences of Delta Smelt larvae in the wild.
Pulmonary Vascular Pressures and Gas Exchange Response to Exercise in Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction

Abstract Elevated left ventricular filling pressure (measured as mean pulmonary capillary wedge pressure) at rest or with exercise is diagnostic of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. However, the capacity of the right ventricle to compensate for a high mean pulmonary capillary wedge pressure and thus maintain an appropriate transpulmonary gradient (TPG) and perfusion of the pulmonary capillaries is likely an important contributor to gas exchange efficiency and exercise capacity. Therefore, this study aimed to determine whether a higher TPG at peak exercise is associated with superior exercise capacity and gas exchange. Gas exchange data from dyspneic patients referred for exercise right heart catheterization were retrospectively analyzed and patients were split into two groups based on TPG. Patients with a higher TPG at peak exercise had a higher peak VO2 (1025 ± 227 vs 823 ± 276, P = .038), end-tidal partial pressure of carbon dioxide (42.2 ± 7.9 vs 38.0 ± 4.7, P = .044), and gas exchange estimates of pulmonary vascular capacitance (408 ± 90 vs 268 ± 108, P = .001). A higher TPG at peak exercise correlated with a higher peak oxygen uptake, O2 pulse, and stroke volume (R = 0.42, 0.44 and 0.42, respectively, all P
Longitudinal monitoring of microglial/macrophage activation in ischemic rat brain using Iba-1-specific nanoparticle-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging.

Microglial/macrophage activation plays a dual role in response to brain injury after a stroke, promoting early neuroinflammation and benefit for neurovascular recovery. Therefore, the dynamics of s...
Monogenic reciprocal trinomials and their Galois groups

Let Cn denote the cyclic group of order n, and let Hol(Cn) denote the holomorph of Cn. In this paper, for any odd integer m ≥ 3, we find necessary and sufficient conditions on an integer A, with |A...
Editorial Comment: Appropriate Management of Architectural Distortion Detected on Digital Breast Tomosynthesis.

This Editorial Comment discusses the following AJR article: Tomosynthesis-Guided Vacuum-Assisted Breast Biopsy of Architectural Distortion Without a Sonographic Correlate: A Retrospective Review.
[18F]Nifene binding to Nicotinic α4β2* Receptors in Anterior Cingulate of Postmortem Human Alzheimer’s Disease Brain

1537 Objectives: Anterior cingulate (AC) in the human brain is innervated with nicotinic α4β2* receptors in the human brain. This receptor system is involved in cognition, learning and memory and may be affected in neurodegeneration. In our efforts to translate use of human [18F]Nifene PET in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), we have carried out quantitative autoradiographic evaluation of nicotinic α4β2* receptors using AC in postmortem AD brains using [18F]Nifene. Methods: Human post-mortem brain tissues consisting of AC and corpus callosum, CC (AD, n=6, age 77-89, SP Stage C and controls (CN), n=6; age 81-90 SP Stage 0-A) were obtained from Banner Health, Sun City, Arizona. Brain slices (10 μm thick) consisting of both AC and CC of each subject were obtained on a Leica 1850 cryotome. Adjacent brain slices were incubated [18F]Nifene (1 μCi/cc) in Tris/pH 7.4 buffer at 25 oC for 1 hr. Nonspecific binding was measured using 300 μM nicotine. Adjacent sections were tested for neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) using [18F]FAZIN3 (1 μCi/cc) in PBS buffer at 25 oC for 1 hr. Using the Optiquant program (Packard Instruments Co), regions of interest were drawn and digital light units/ mm2 (DLU/mm2) were used to quantify the percentage change in binding of the radiotracers. Results: All CN subjects exhibited significant [18F]Nifene binding in the AC whereas CC had very low levels of [18F]Nifene. This is consistent with our PET [18F]Nifene results in healthy human subjects with distribution volume ratios (DVR) greater than 1.30 (using CC as reference) were found for AC. [18F]FAZIN3 showed significant binding in AD brain slices confirming presence of NFT, while CN brains had lower binding of [18F]FAZIN3. For [18F]Nifene, the ratio for AC between AD and CN was 0.31, suggesting a significant reduction in [18F]Nifene binding in AD. Binding of [18F]Nifene in the CC was also found to be lower in AD compared to CN brain samples. Nicotine displaced [18F]Nifene binding from these brain regions. These findings are consistent with our previous observation suggesting a decreased binding of [3H]Cytisine in AC in the brain samples of AD. Conclusions: Our results indicate that nicotinic α4β2* receptors are reduced significantly in anterior cingulate of the AD brain. The extent of reduction is significantly greater in AD than the 5-10% test-retest error found in human [18F]Nifene PET. This suggests that [18F]Nifene may be a useful PET probe for AD. Further correlative studies of [18F]Nifene binding in gray and white matter regions of AD are underway using fluorescent probe, nifrorhodhamine in order to understand cellular nature of changes in nicotinic α4β2* receptors in AD. Research Support: NIH/NIA RF1 AG029479 (JM)