cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Racial Segregation and Discrimination: Evidence from the Rental Housing Market

Rental housing discrimination can take many forms. The most visible potential result of discrimination is the segregation of neighborhoods by race and ethnicity. The more subtle form of discrimination examined in this study is to charge different prices to different groups. This form of discrimination is possible if, among other things, owners of housing units believe unobserved factors important to the return on their investment are correlated with race or ethnicity, or if landlords have a taste for discrimination as described by Becker (1957). Regardless of the reason why landlords desire to charge different prices to different groups, theory suggests that these differences will be more pronounced in tighter housing markets, where the cost of discrimination to the landlord is lower. The study proposed here is an extension of the use of hedonic methods to detect discrimination using a much richer set of data than what has been available to previous authors (Follain and Malpezzi (1981), Kiel and Zabel (1995), and Myers (2004) for example) to answer three policy relevant questions related to the variations in access to housing across race and ethnicity: 1) Do minorities pay more for equal quality housing to live in majority neighborhoods? 2) Do minorities pay more for equal quality housing to live in areas with less concentrations of poverty? and 3) Does the tightness of the housing market effect the ability of landlords to charge different rents for equal quality housing based on race and ethnicity? The last question appears to have been largely ignored in previous empirical studies of housing discrimination. We make a considerable effort to include a comprehensive set of covariates in the hedonic equation that, due to data constraints, were not considered in previous studies. First, our primary source of data includes over 450,000 observations on rental housing units with more than 70 detailed questions about the units type, condition, and neighborhood attributes. Second, these data can be linked with data from the 2000 Decennial Census providing additional detailed characteristics about the neighborhood. Finally, information about credit history (at the census tract level) has been provided by Equifax, one of the three national credit reporting agencies. Although it is aggregated at the census tract level, the credit data is notably rich.
Cataract Formation in Rats Fed on a Diet Containing Galactose.

Mitchell and Dodge1 report the occurrence of cataracts in rats fed on a high lactose diet. A similar investigation conducted in our laboratory corroborated their ocular findings. It was therefore considered of interest to determine whether cataracts could be provoked with galactose.Eight female albino rats, 21 days old and weighing approximately 40 gm. were fed a diet consisting of 50% galactose, 20% cornstarch, 15% caseine, 9% crisco, 4% (Osborn and Mendel) salt mixture, and 2% cod liver oil. In addition, 5 drops of cod liver oil and 0.5 gm. dried yeast powder were fed separately each day.The rats on this diet appeared well nourished and grew as well as the animals on the standard laboratory ration described by Bing and Smith.2 In the course of 12 to 14 days, the young animals developed changes in the lens of the eye. The manifestation was bilateral. It was apparent from daily examination of the eyes that the lenticular changes developed in the nucleus of the lens.Six animals were sacrificed for histolog...
Study on the characteristics of the rodents hosts for hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in Henan province

Objective:To study the characteristics of the rodents hosts for hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in Henan province.Methods: Detection the infection of the hosts for hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome with direct immunofluorescence assay.Results: 6429 cages were put in seven different habitats in Henan province and 697 rodents hosts were captured.The majority were Rattus norvegicus(33.53%),and the next were Rattus flavipectus(18.41%).97 samples were positive in the direct immunofluorescence assay(DFA) of all the rodents hosts lungs,and the positive rate was 13.92%.The proportion of Rattus norvegicus and Hamster were 47.0% and 26.32% in the 97 positive samples.Conclusion: Rattus norvegicus was the main rodents hosts for hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in Henan province.
A Design and Implamentation of CFB Limestone Injection Desulfurization Control System Based on DCS

A completed DCS-based CFB(Circulated Fluidized Bed)limestone injection desulfurization control systems is designed and implemented in this paper,which takes a power plant project-based transformation as background.The overall structure,function method and technology programmes of every part of the system is given and illuminated in this article,based on the analysis of the system components and functions,the desulfurization process control is detailed description method.Actual operating results show that this system has features such as rational structure,function improved,high degree of automatization,stable and reliable operations.The results of the study of the new power plant design and the transformation of old power plants have a certain significance.
Characteristics of a Hispanic Multiple Sclerosis Population Cohort at a Large Academic Center (P1.388)

Objective: To learn about the characteristics of the Hispanic population of multiple sclerosis patients, and to gather data on patient reported outcomes. Background: Overall, the literature on population characteristics of Hispanic patients with multiple sclerosis is lacking in comparison to that of the Caucasian and African American populations, in regards to both nature and severity of disease, treatments, and patient reported outcomes. This population represents a significant proportion of patients that is currently followed at our center. Methods: Retrospective chart review of multiple sclerosis patients seen in the Rocky Mountain Multiple Sclerosis Center at the University of Colorado neurology practice. Patients were identified through the electronic health record (EPIC) . Information on patient demographics, age at time of diagnosis, clinical presentation, presence of spinal cord lesions, presence of urological symptoms and need for visits to urology, languages spoken, level of education, socioeconomic status, family history of multiple sclerosis, presence of EBV infection, current treatments being used, use of marijuana, use of Ampyra, and the use of stimulants was obtained. Additionally, patient reported outcomes dealing with reported levels of fatigue, urinary symptoms, and psychiatric symptoms were obtained. Comparisons will be made with age/gender matched non-Hispanic controls from our database Results: Overall, the medical records of approximately 55 patients followed at our clinic that have self-identified themselves as having Hispanic ethnicity are currently being evaluated. Initially, at least 15 patient reported outcomes have been completed, and a greater proportion of the population is attempting to be reached Conclusions: A greater understanding of the disease characteristics (age of onset, type of presentation, types of therapies used) in addition to disease co morbidities (urologic and psychiatric) are needed to better understand the nature of multiple sclerosis in this patient population Disclosure: Dr. Smith has nothing to disclose. Dr. Brooke has nothing to disclose. Dr. Masawi has nothing to disclose. Dr. Wedeman has nothing to disclose. Dr. Miravalle has nothing to disclose. Dr. Miravalle has nothing to disclose.
Hydrogen and electric power generation from liquid microjets: Design principles for optimizing conversion efficiency

Liquid water microjets have been successfully employed for both electrical power generation and gaseous hydrogen production, but the demonstrated efficiencies have been low. Here, we employ a combination of a modified Poisson–Boltzmann description, continuum hydrodynamic equations, and microjet electrokinetic experiments to gain detailed insight into the origin of the streaming currents produced in pure water. We identify the contributions to the streaming current from specific ion adsorption at the solid/liquid interface and from long-ranged electrostatic interactions, finding that the portion originating from the latter dominate at charged surfaces. The detailed understanding afforded by theory and the close agreement with experimental results elucidates design principles for optimizing hydrogen production and power generation. Changing the sign of the surface charge density through targeted use of surface coatings via silanization switches the primary charge carrier between hydronium and hydroxide and ...
Simultaneous targeting of Eph receptors in glioblastoma.

// Sara Ferluga 1 , Carla Maria Lema Tome 2 , Denise Mazess Herpai 1 , Ralph D’Agostino 3 , Waldemar Debinski 1 1 Department of Cancer Biology, Radiation Oncology and Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center of Excellence, Comprehensive Cancer Center of Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA 2 Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA 3 Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Section on Biostatistics, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA Correspondence to: Waldemar Debinski, email: debinski@wakehealth.edu Keywords: Eph receptors, ephrin-A5, glioblastoma, cytotoxin, molecular targeting Received: October 12, 2015 Accepted: July 16, 2016 Published: August 1, 2016 ABSTRACT Eph tyrosine kinase receptors are frequently overexpressed and functional in many cancers, and they are attractive candidates for targeted therapy. Here, we analyzed the expression of Eph receptor A3, one of the most up-regulated factors in glioblastoma cells cultured under tumorsphere-forming conditions, together with EphA2 and EphB2 receptors. EphA3 was overexpressed in up to 60% of glioblastoma tumors tested, but not in normal brain. EphA3 was localized in scattered areas of the tumor, the invasive ring, and niches near tumor vessels. EphA3 co-localized with macrophage/leukocyte markers, suggesting EphA3 expression on tumor-infiltrating cells of bone marrow origin. We took advantage of the fact that ephrinA5 (eA5) is a ligand that binds EphA3, EphA2 and EphB2 receptors, and used it to construct a novel targeted anti-glioblastoma cytotoxin. The eA5-based cytotoxin potently and specifically killed glioblastoma cells with an IC 50 of at least 10 -11 M. This and similar cytotoxins will simultaneously target different compartments of glioblastoma tumors while mitigating tumor heterogeneity.
Ground-Water Geology of Afghanistan

Ongoing tectonic continental collision between the Indian subcontinent and Eurasia is the main driving force molding and creating snow- and rain-fed mountain watersheds and ground-water basins in Afghanistan. All large cities, as well as rural, agricultural-based populations of Afghanistan draw water from aquifers within tectonically controlled, alluvium-filled structural basins. The underlying geologic fabric controls ground-water occurrence and changing climate will dramatically change watershed natural conditions Also human-caused contamination and salinization of aquifers, recharge reduction along alluvial aquifers and canal systems, and overuse of fresh-water resources, negatively affect many downstream and cross-border rivers and alluvial aquifers. Conflict increases impacts by reducing government ability to control and manage aquifer over-pumping, especially from high capacity, engine-powered well pumps that supply water for illicit opium poppies. To overcome obstacles, first steps are to understand natural underlying geologic and hydrologic conditions and limitations controlling water availability. Sustainable approaches to managing water resources in Afghanistan must be directed by underlying natural conditions. Cities, populations, and economics will always be focused on these structurally controlled valleys and their alluvial aquifers. Relatively inexpensive, potable, and bacteriologically safe drinking water occurs in deep aquifers that cannot be ignored and developing this valuable resource correctly will significantly improve health and economics in Afghanistan. Technology to access water sources must be applied correctly because the new mud-lubricated, rotary drill-rigs can drill deeper, and with larger well pumps, can increase detrimental water withdrawals. Irrigation and watershed management programs for Afghanistan should use: (1) new passive-seismic technology to conduct inexpensive yet effective ground-water exploration, (2) mud-lubricated, rotary drilling techniques for Afghan cities, and (3) improved karez repair and rehabilitation. Robust governance, focused security, and capacity-building goals, based on underlying natural conditions and limitations, help reduce threats and improve downstream and transboundary water quality and quantity issues.
Uncommon Grounds: Danish and American Perspectives on Greenland’s Geology (1946–1960)

Christopher J. Ries sheds light on the disparate goals of three diverse groups that created geological knowledge in post-World War II Greenland: the civilian scientists of the US Geological Survey Military Branch working in northern Greenland, an international team of geologists of the Danish East Greenland Expeditions led by Danish geologist Lauge Koch working in eastern Greenland, and geologists of the Danish Geological Survey of Greenland working in western Greenland. Ries argues that the interdisciplinary American group’s ultimate mission was to enhance the ability of military units to operate in Arctic terrains, while the two mono-disciplinary Danish-led teams attempted to balance academic interests in mapping and interpreting the structure of bedrock against more prosaic pursuit of profitable minerals.
The battle for the bid: Chicago 2016, No Games Chicago, and the lessons to be learned

Abstract This case provides information on the Chicago 2016 bid process and the efforts by No Games Chicago to prevent the city of Chicago from hosting the 2016 Olympics, and allows students to consider the bid process through a community development lens. After learning about the Chicago 2016 bid, students are asked to apply this information to a hypothetical bid organization, Houston 2028, and consider how to work with community organizations to maximize the chances of success for this bid. In 2009, Chicago lost the vote to host the 2016 Olympics, and after years of planning and campaigning, the loss came as a surprise and disappointment to many. One group that was not disappointed, though, was No Games Chicago, a vocal opposition group to the bid. No Games Chicago organized protests, public forums, media efforts and more in an effort to prevent the bid from being successful. After learning about the Chicago 2016 bid, students are asked to apply this information to a hypothetical bid organization, Houston 2028, and consider how to work with community organizations to maximize the chances of success for this bid.
Exploring lipid 2H/1H fractionation mechanisms in response to salinity with continuous cultures of the diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana

Abstract The hydrogen isotopic ( 2 H/ 1 H) composition of lipids in microalgae is significantly depleted relative to extracellular water. While a variety of growth conditions influence the magnitude of 2 H-depletion, the effect of salinity is of particular interest due to the paleohydrological applications of lipid 2 H/ 1 H. In previous studies, lipid–water 2 H/ 1 H fractionation was shown to decrease as salinity increased, a response largely independent of lipid type, species, or setting. The mechanism responsible for this response remains uncertain, primarily because salinity is rarely isolated as the sole variable in laboratory cultivation experiments investigating hydrogen isotope systematics in microalgae. Here we report the lipid–water 2 H/ 1 H fractionation response to salinity in nutrient-replete continuous cultures of the centric diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana . In six cultures with the same growth rate at salinities between 14–40 ppt, lipid–water 2 H/ 1 H fractionation decreased linearly as salinity increased by 1.3‰/ppt in fatty acids (C 14:0 , C 16:0 , C 16:1 ) and by 1.0‰/ppt in the sterol 24-methyl-cholesta-5,24(28)-dien-3β-ol. A constant growth rate between cultures reveals that the fractionation response to salinity is independent of growth rate. Sensitivity tests using a simple hydrogen flux model indicated that at high salinity a greater proportion of metabolic NAD(P)H in lipids at the expense of photosynthetic NADPH can cause 2 H-enrichment. Additionally, increased exudate release or decreased hydrogen transport can enrich both lipids and cell–water in 2 H. The 1.0–1.3‰/ppt increase in lipid–water 2 H/ 1 H fractionation observed in T. pseudonana is within the 0.8–2‰/ppt range observed in field studies and culture studies, supporting the application of algal lipid 2 H/ 1 H as a paleosalinity proxy.
Gravitomagnetic dynamical friction

A supermassive black hole moving through a field of stars will gravitationally scatter the stars, inducing a backreaction force on the black hole known as dynamical friction. In Newtonian gravity, the axisymmetry of the system about the black hole's velocity $\mathbf{v}$ implies that the dynamical friction must be antiparallel to $\mathbf{v}$. However, in general relativity the black hole's spin $\mathbf{S}$ need not be parallel to $\mathbf{v}$, breaking the axisymmetry of the system and generating a new component of dynamical friction similar to the Lorentz force $\mathbf{F}=q\mathbf{v}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\mathbf{B}$ experienced by a particle with charge $q$ moving in a magnetic field $\mathbf{B}$. We call this new force gravitomagnetic dynamical friction and calculate its magnitude for a spinning black hole moving through a field of stars with Maxwellian velocity dispersion $\ensuremath{\sigma}$, assuming that both $v$ and $\ensuremath{\sigma}$ are much less than the speed of light $c$. We use post-Newtonian equations of motion accurate to $\mathcal{O}({v}^{3}/{c}^{3})$ needed to capture the effect of spin-orbit coupling and also include direct stellar capture by the black hole's event horizon. Gravitomagnetic dynamical friction will cause a black hole with uniform speed to spiral about the direction of its spin, similar to a charged particle spiraling about a magnetic field line, and will exert a torque on a supermassive black hole orbiting a galactic center, causing the angular momentum of this orbit to slowly precess about the black hole spin. As this effect is suppressed by a factor $(\ensuremath{\sigma}/c{)}^{2}$ in nonrelativistic systems, we expect it to be negligible in most astrophysical contexts but provide this calculation for its theoretical interest and potential application to relativistic systems.
Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) Connect: A Novel Volunteer Program for Hospitalized Patients with IBD and Their Families

Patients with inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) often require hospitalization and this experience is stressful. Health care providers frequently do not have adequate time to address the emotional impact of the hospitalization on the patient and family. Nonmedical support for inpatients was identified as an unmet need by a Crohn's disease patient's family. This led to the development of a volunteer peer specialist network, IBD Connect, where peer volunteers visit hospitalized patients with IBD to offer emotional support and educational materials. We aimed to determine the feasibility of incorporating IBD Connect into an inpatient IBD service, evaluate the impact of IBD Connect on patients' willingness to share their disease experience with family and friends, and improve stress. Since the inception of IBD Connect in 2012, peer volunteers have made 1469 total visits to 677 unique inpatients. Patient satisfaction of IBD Connect has been favorable with a significant decrease in stress related to the hospitalization. Similarly, there was significant increase in patients sharing their IBD diagnosis and experience with family and friends. Patients and their families are willing to share important information and ask questions to volunteers that may not have been discussed with their health care providers. In an era of patient-reported outcomes and patient-centered care, peer volunteers are an important component of chronic disease management and should be incorporated into IBD inpatient health care teams.
Ballistic transport of electrons and holes (THETA devices)

The author describes recent advances with tunneling hot-electron transfer amplifier (THETA) devices. He notes that devices are used today as mini laboratory tools to study the physics of ballistic electron transport (such as the scattering mechanisms and valley transfer), and have improved considerably as amplifiers. Over the past few years their gain has progressively increased and is now more than 40. He addresses size quantization effects, ballistic electron loss due to phonon emission and intervalley transfer, and pseudomorphic InGaAs-base THETA devices. The possible usefulness of THETA devices is discussed. >
Effects Of Web-Based Interactive Modules On Engineering Students’ Learning Motivations

The purpose of this study is to assess the impact of a newly developed modules, Interactive Web-Based Visualization Tools for Gluing Undergraduate Fuel Cell Systems Courses system (IGLU), on learning motivations of engineering students using two samples (n 1 =144 and n 2 =135) from senior engineering classes. The multivariate analysis results revealed that the participants had a significant increase in their learning motivation after the treatment with the IGLU modules. This result was cross-validated with the two samples, in which the motivation mean posttest scores are significantly higher than the mean pretest scores, systematically (Sample 1: the mean score is increased by 2.09 [.32, 3.87] points, p = .021; Sample 2: the mean score is increased by 1.38 [.14, 2.61] points, p = .029). With the use of instructional technology prevailing in current university courses, the education initiative of the IGLU system and the assessment of its impact on student learning motivation provide us information to improve the modules to serve a more diverse student body. It will greatly help the development of engineering educational curriculum. With regards to the statistical inference, it is desirable to conduct further studies with a quasi-experiment control group design to assess the program effect focusing on student learning and its associations with student learning motivations and learning styles.
Conserved Patterns of Sex Chromosome Dosage Compensation in the Lepidoptera (WZ/ZZ): Insights from a Moth Neo-Z Chromosome

Where previously described, patterns of sex chromosome dosage compensation in the Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies) have several unusual characteristics. Other female-heterogametic (ZW/ZZ) species exhibit female Z-linked expression that is reduced compared with autosomal expression and male Z expression. In the Lepidoptera, however, Z expression typically appears balanced between sexes but overall reduced relative to autosomal expression, that is Z ≈ ZZ < AA. This pattern is not easily reconciled with theoretical expectations for the evolution of sex chromosome dosage compensation. Moreover, conflicting results linger due to discrepancies in data analyses and tissues sampled among lepidopterans. To address these issues, we performed RNA-seq to analyze sex chromosome dosage compensation in the codling moth, Cydia pomonella, which is a species from the earliest diverging lepidopteran lineage yet examined for dosage compensation and has a neo-Z chromosome resulting from an ancient Z:autosome fusion. While supported by intraspecific analyses, the Z ≈ ZZ < AA pattern was further evidenced by comparative study using autosomal orthologs of C. pomonella neo-Z genes in outgroup species. In contrast, dosage compensation appears to be absent in reproductive tissues. We thus argue that inclusion of reproductive tissues may explain the incongruence from a prior study on another moth species and that patterns of dosage compensation are likely conserved in the Lepidoptera. Notably, this pattern appears convergent with patterns in eutherian mammals (X ≈ XX < AA). Overall, our results contribute to the notion that the Lepidoptera present challenges both to classical theories regarding the evolution of sex chromosome dosage compensation and the emerging view of the association of dosage compensation with sexual heterogamety.
L-selectin mechanochemistry restricts neutrophil priming in vivo.

Circulating neutrophils must avoid premature activation to prevent tissue injury. The leukocyte adhesion receptor L-selectin forms bonds with P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1) on other leukocytes and with peripheral node addressin (PNAd) on high endothelial venules. Mechanical forces can strengthen (catch) or weaken (slip) bonds between biological molecules. How these mechanochemical processes influence function in vivo is unexplored. Here we show that mice expressing an L-selectin mutant (N138G) have altered catch bonds and prolonged bond lifetimes at low forces. Basal lymphocyte homing and neutrophil recruitment to inflamed sites are normal. However, circulating neutrophils form unstable aggregates and are unexpectedly primed to respond robustly to inflammatory mediators. Priming requires signals transduced through L-selectin N138G after it engages PSGL-1 or PNAd. Priming enhances bacterial clearance but increases inflammatory injury and enlarges venous thrombi. Thus, L-selectin mechanochemistry limits premature activation of neutrophils. Our results highlight the importance of probing how mechanochemistry functions in vivo. Neutrophil adhesion is tightly regulated to enforce protective immunity, but it is unclear how mechanochemical processes such as catch bonds and slip bonds modulate neutrophilsin vivo. Here the authors show that a point mutation in the adhesion molecule L-selectin alters mechanochemical regulation to affect neutrophil functions in mice.
Tracing Tensions in Humanization and Market-Based Ideals: Philadelphia Alternative Education in the Past and Present

In this chapter, Maton and Nichols examine the historical interplay of democratic and market-based impulses in Philadelphia alternative public schools. Comparing snapshots of the district in 1975 and 2015, they trace how “humanization” and “the market” have exerted competing pressures on schools and teachers at two moments in time. In doing so, they illustrate how discussions about the promises of alternative schools are not easily separated from broader institutional histories of policies, practices, and ideologies of education. They conclude by pointing to the engaged work of negotiating these tensions as a site of possibility for enacting “humanizing” pedagogies within systemic constraints.
Consonant Age-of-Acquisition Effects in Nonword Repetition Are Not Articulatory in Nature.

Purpose Most research examining long-term-memory effects on nonword repetition (NWR) has focused on lexical-level variables. Phoneme-level variables have received little attention, although there a...
The Endocannabinoid System and Parkinson Disease

Abstract Dysregulation of the endocannabinoid system has been implicated in several neurodegenerative disorders including Parkinson disease (PD). Within the motor areas of the brain, cannabinoid and dopamine systems regulate motor function and synaptic plasticity by modulating excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission. Alterations of this cross talk have been linked to the pathophysiology of PD and the maladaptive plasticity associated with the disabling motor complications caused by long-term use of L-DOPA. This chapter reviews the complex functional interactions between endocannabinoid and dopaminergic/glutamatergic systems in the basal ganglia, the contribution of endocannabinoid transmission dysfunction to PD and L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia, and recent preclinical studies using cannabinoid-based drugs for the pharmacotherapy of these pathologic conditions.
Family, Peer, and School Influences on Children’s Developing Health Lifestyles:

Health lifestyles are important for health and social identity, yet little is known about their development in early life. We use data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study–Kindergarten Cohor...
Extreme Mechanical Behavior of Nacre-Mimetic Graphene-Oxide and Silk Nanocomposites

Biological materials have the ability to withstand extreme mechanical forces due to their unique multilevel hierarchical structure. Here, we fabricated a nacre-mimetic nanocomposite comprised of silk fibroin and graphene oxide that exhibits hybridized dynamic responses arising from alternating high-contrast mechanical properties of the components at the nanoscale. Dynamic mechanical behavior of these nanocomposites is assessed through a microscale ballistic characterization using a 7.6 μm diameter silica sphere moving at a speed of approximately 400 m/s. The volume fraction of graphene oxide in these composites is systematically varied from 0 to 32 vol % to quantify the dynamic effects correlating with the structural morphologies of the graphene oxide flakes. Specific penetration energy of the films rapidly increases as the distribution of graphene oxide flakes evolves from noninteracting, isolated sheets to a partially overlapping continuous sheet. The specific penetration energy of the nanocomposite at ...
Geographic mobility, family, and maternal variables as related to the psychosocial adjustment of military children.

The present study examined maternal and family factors and family mobility as related to mothers' and children's reports of the psychological adjustment of children in military families. Participants were 86 mother-child dyads in U.S. traditional military families. Children's reports of loneliness, peer relationships, fear of negative evaluations, and self-esteem were predicted by family cohesiveness, children's reports of their relationships with their mothers, and the length of time they had lived in their current residence, but not their rate of mobility (i.e., number of moves in the child's lifetime divided by the child's age). In contrast, maternal depressive symptoms predicted children's depressive and anxious behaviors, and both maternal depressive symptoms and children's perception of their relationship with their mothers predicted children's aggression and noncompliance. Results suggest that moving may not be as important as other aspects of maternal functioning and family relationships for the psychosocial adjustment of children in military families.
Increasing Academic Motivation in Primary Grades

This review of research into motivation begins with the various approaches to increasing academic engagement that have been validated in studies, especially in the past quarter century. Two brief case studies of exceptionally engaging primary teachers, both working in Catholic schools, follow. General findings from qualitative studies of primary grade teaching affirm that engaging teachers fill their classrooms with instruction that promotes motivation and do little that undermines student motivation. This contrasts will less engaging teachers who do less that is motivating and more that undermines academic motivation. Thus, every minute of every day the engaging teachers do what the best educational motivation researchers have identified as effective. The review concludes by recognizing that such engaging instruction is consistent with Catholic philosophy of education.
Error detection and impact-sensitive instance ranking in noisy datasets

Given a noisy dataset, how to locate erroneous instances and attributes and rank suspicious instances based on their impacts on the system performance is an interesting and important research issue. We provide in this paper an Error Detection and Impact-sensitive instance Ranking (EDIR) mechanism to address this problem. Given a noisy dataset D, we first train a benchmark classifier T from D. The instances, that cannot be effectively classified by T are treated as suspicious and forwarded to a subset S. For each attribute Ai, we switch Ai and the class label C to train a classifier APi for Ai. Given an instance Ik in S, we use APi and the benchmark classifier T to locate the erroneous value of each attribute Ai. To quantitatively rank instances in S, we define an impact measure based on the Information-gain Ratio (IR). We calculate IRi between attribute Ai and C, and use IRi as the impact-sensitive weight of Ai. The sum of impact-sensitive weights from all located erroneous attributes of Ik indicates its total impact value. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of our strategies.
Experiences with the Kirby-Bauer Method of Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing

The wide variety of bacterial susceptibility test methods has become a major concern of clinical laboratories. In response to this situation, the World Health Organization and the National Communicable Disease Center have set up an expert committee on antibiotics to assess the possibility of establishing internationally acceptable standards for susceptibility testing. One of the technics under examination is the Kirby-Bauer method. It was the purpose of our study to evaluate this method as a standard technic. Seven organisms were selected and tested against 23 high-potency antimicrobial agents. Susceptibility studies of these organisms were made according to the Kirby-Bauer method, using two media-Mueller-Hinton and the Oxoid sensitivity test medium. Other variables also were examined to determine whether they would significantly alter the interpretation of the zone diameter readings. Our experiments showed that either medium provides consistently reproducible results. However, it appears best to preincubate the test organisms in trypticase soy broth. Refrigerated cultures did not yield altered zone diameters, but we do not recommend refrigerating the plates prior to overnight incubation. In general, we found the Kirby-Bauer method to be simple, accurate, and reproducible, and recommend it as a standard testing method for interpretation of susceptibility to chemotherapeutic agents.
Feasibility of left atrial appendage device closure following chronically failed surgical ligation

Background Incomplete surgical left atrial appendage occlusion (S-LAAO) with a narrow neck has been shown to predict an increased rate of embolic stroke. Patients with a previously attempted S-LAAO were systematically excluded from all clinical trials of LAA closure devices. Objective The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of Watchman LAA device closure for patients referred with chronically incomplete S-LAAO. Methods A prospective single-arm feasibility cohort evaluated only subjects undergoing Watchman LAA closure following incomplete S-LAAO. Patients referred and implanted were followed in the Vanderbilt LAA Registry. Preprocedure computed tomographic angiography and transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) were performed to evaluate suitability for closure, with 45-day follow-up TEE postimplant. Results All attempted LAA closures after incomplete S-LAAO were successful (n = 6). Mean age was 76.3 ± 7 years. Mean CHADS2Vasc score was 3.8 ± 0.8, and HAS-BLED score was 3.5 ± 0.5. At 45-day follow up, all subjects had complete device seal with no thrombus on device and had transitioned to clopidogrel plus aspirin. Three subjects had narrow ostial necks with a maximum diameter ≤9 mm. In all cases, the 4.7-mm Watchman access sheath was able to cross the ostial stricture. Mean occluder size implanted was 28 ± 4 mm. Mean LAA dimension by TEE in the 45° and 135° views for depth was 31 mm and ostial diameter was 11 × 16 mm, below the minimum Watchman indication for use of 17 mm. No major intraoperative complications occurred. Conclusion Watchman LAA closure seems to be feasible in patients with chronically incomplete S-LAAO, including subjects with a narrow neck ≤9 mm in width.
Zombies, Gender, and Student Active Learning

AbstractWhile the use of active learning exercises and the incorporation of popular culture in the classroom have increased in recent years, the study of potential gendered effects on learning and engagement when it comes to these practices has been limited. In this study, data are collected from international politics courses using a zombie outbreak as the theme for a United Nations simulation to explore whether there are unintentional gendered outcomes from these activities. Contrary to expectations of previous literature, no statistical differences manifest between men and women in enjoyment and learning when using zombie themes in active learning.
Which trees die during drought? The key role of insect host-tree selection

During drought, the tree subpopulations (such as size or vigour classes) that suffer disproportionate mortality can be conceptually arrayed along a continuum defined by the actions of biotic agents, particularly insects. At one extreme, stress dominates: insects are absent or simply kill the most physiologically stressed trees. At the opposite extreme, host selection dominates: outbreaking insects kill trees independently of their stress, instead selecting trees based on size or other traits. Intermediate responses are also possible. Yet for mixed‐species forests, we lack a broad understanding of the relative importance of insects in determining exactly which subpopulations of trees suffer disproportionate mortality during drought, and whether these subpopulations differ among co‐occurring tree species. During an extreme drought, we documented the roles of native bark beetles in the mortality of five tree species in California’s Sierra Nevada. We analysed the patterns and agents of tree mortality in 12 permanent plots and the patterns of mortality in 89 temporary plots. Most tree mortality was associated with bark beetles. However, the growth rates (an indicator of chronic stress) and sizes of trees that suffered greatest bark beetle‐related mortality differed sharply among tree taxa, variously conforming with domination by stress (Abies concolor), domination by host selection (Pinus lambertiana and P. ponderosa) or a mix of the two (Calocedrus decurrens). Quercus kelloggii mortality remained relatively low. Thus, even during extreme drought substantial proportions of stressed trees survived because they were of sizes that mostly avoided fatal insect attack. Conversely, substantial proportions of comparatively unstressed trees died because they were of sizes that were selectively killed by outbreaking insects. Synthesis. Native bark beetles were primarily responsible for determining which subpopulations of trees suffered greatest mortality during drought. However, idiosyncratic host‐tree selection by the different bark beetle taxa meant that the tree subpopulations suffering greatest mortality differed strikingly among tree taxa—for example, high mortality of small trees of one species, but of large trees of another. If idiosyncratic host‐tree selection by biotic mortality agents proves to be a generally common phenomenon, it could help explain weak broadscale correlations between tree traits and tree mortality during drought.
Object Manipulation in Infancy

Soon after infants begin to reach, they devote an increasing amount of time to manipulating objects. They finger, bang, and rotate objects often with great interest and delight. They do so in a variety of situations, whether it be in the context of solitary play or social interaction. Most parents, in fact, recognize this proclivity and tolerate it even in situations where similar behaviors by adults would be considered inappropriate. (Just imagine an adult banging a spoon on a table in a restaurant—even if service is slow!)
Postoperative Management in Patients with Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma

Pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas (PPGLs) are rare catecholamine-secreting neuroendocrine tumors of the adrenal medulla and sympathetic/parasympathetic ganglion cells, respectively. Excessive release of catecholamines leads to episodic symptoms and signs of PPGL, which include hypertension, headache, palpitations, and diaphoresis. Intraoperatively, large amounts of catecholamines are released into the bloodstream through handling and manipulation of the tumor(s). In contrast, there could also be an abrupt decline in catecholamine levels after tumor resection. Because of such binary manifestations of PPGL, patients may develop perplexing and substantially devastating cardiovascular complications during the perioperative period. These complications include hypertension, hypotension, arrhythmias, myocardial infarction, heart failure, and cerebrovascular accident. Other complications seen in the postoperative period include fever, hypoglycemia, cortisol deficiency, urinary retention, etc. In the interest of safe patient care, such emergencies require precise diagnosis and treatment. Surgeons, anesthesiologists, and intensivists must be aware of the clinical manifestations and complications associated with a sudden increase or decrease in catecholamine levels and should work closely together to be able to provide appropriate management to minimize morbidity and mortality associated with PPGLs.
Patient-Reported Outcome Measures and Provocative Testing in the Workup of Empty Nose Syndrome-Advances in Diagnosis: A Systematic Review.

BackgroundThe last 5 years have seen a surge of both clinical and scientific interest in empty nose syndrome (ENS). Although ENS is still considered a controversial diagnosis plagued by a lack of s...
X-ray Microscopy

Written by a pioneer in the field, this text provides a complete introduction to X-ray microscopy, providing all of the technical background required to use, understand and even develop X-ray microscopes. Starting from the basics of X-ray physics and focusing optics, it goes on to cover imaging theory, tomography, chemical and elemental analysis, lensless imaging, computational methods, instrumentation, radiation damage, and cryomicroscopy, and includes a survey of recent scientific applications. Designed as a 'one-stop' text, it provides a unified notation, and shows how computational methods in different areas are linked with one another. Including numerous derivations, and illustrated with dozens of examples throughout, this is an essential text for academics and practitioners across engineering, the physical sciences and the life sciences who use X-ray microscopy to analyze their specimens, as well as those taking courses in X-ray microscopy.
Morphology of the Esophageal Hiatus: Is It Different in 3 Types of Hiatus Hernias?

Author(s): Kumar, Dushyant; Zifan, Ali; Ghahremani, Gary; Kunkel, David C; Horgan, Santiago; Mittal, Ravinder K | Abstract: Background/aimsThe esophageal hiatus is formed by the right crus of the diaphragm in the majority of subjects. Contraction of the hiatus exerts a sphincter-like action on the lower esophageal sphincter (LES). The aim is to study the hiatal anatomy (using CT scan imaging) and function (using high-resolution manometry [HRM]), and esophageal motor function in patients with sliding and paraesophageal hiatal hernia.MethodsWe assessed normal subjects (n = 20), patients with sliding type 1 hernia (n = 18), paraesophageal type 2 hernia (n = 19), and mixed type 3 hernia (n = 19). Hernia diagnosis was confirmed on the upper gastrointestinal series. The hiatal morphology was constructed from the CT scan images. The LES pressure and relaxation, percent peristalsis, bolus pressure, and hiatal squeeze pressure were assessed by HRM.ResultsThe CT images revealed that the esophageal hiatus is formed by the right crus of the diaphragm in all normal subjects and 86% of hernia patients. The hiatus is elliptical in shape with a surface area of 1037 mm2 in normal subjects. The hiatal dimensions were larger in patients compared to normal subjects. The HRM revealed impaired LES relaxation and higher bolus pressure in patients with paraesophageal compared to the sliding hernia. The hiatal pinch on HRM was recognized in significantly higher number of patients with sliding as compared to paraesophageal hernia.ConclusionsUsing a novel approach, we provide details of the esophageal hiatus in patients with various kinds of hiatal hernia. Impaired LES relaxation in paraesophageal hernia may play a role in its pathophysiology and genesis of symptoms.
Regional Studies: Latin America and the Caribbean

Abstract This chapter offers an overview of migration and remittance flows with respect to the Latin American and Caribbean region from the colonial period to the present. Themes that cross history are highlighted as are the reversals of trends. Emphasis is given to south–south migration, to the factors that have motivated the out-migration of Latin Americans to the United States and Europe, and to the different attitudes concerning migratory movements that have been expressed by governments in both source and receiving nations.
“Sifarchaeota” a novel Asgard phylum capable of polysaccharide degradation and anaerobic methylotrophy

Abstract The Asgard superphylum is a deeply branching monophyletic group of Archaea, recently described as some of the closest relatives of the eukaryotic ancestor. The wide application of genomic analyses from metagenome sequencing has established six distinct phyla, whose genomes encode for diverse metabolic capacities and play important biogeochemical and ecological roles in marine sediments. Here, we describe two metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) recovered from deep marine sediments off Costa Rica margin, defining a novel lineage phylogenetically married to Thorarchaeota, as such we propose the name “Sifarchaeota” for this phylum. The two “Sifarchaeota” MAGs encode for an anaerobic methylotrophy pathway enabling the utilization of C1-C3 compounds (methanol and methylamines) to synthesize acetyl CoA. Also, the MAGs showed a remarkable saccharolytic capabilities compared to other Asgard lineages and encoded for diverse classes of carbohydrate active enzymes (CAZymes) targeting different mono-, di- and oligosaccharides. Comparative genomic analysis based on the full metabolic profiles of Asgard lineages revealed the close relation between “Sifarchaeota” and Odinarchaeota MAGs, which suggested a similar metabolic potentials and ecological roles. Furthermore, we identified multiple potential horizontal gene transfer (HGT) events from different bacterial donors within “Sifarchaetoa” MAGs, which hypothetically expanded “Sifarchaeota” capacities for substrate utilization, energy production and niche adaptation. Importance Deep marine sediments are the home of multiple poorly described archaeal lineages, many of which have ecological and evolutionary importance. We recovered metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) belonging to a novel Asgard phylum from the deep sediment of the Costa Rica margin. We proposed the name “Sifarchaeota” to describe the members of this phylum. Representative genomes of the “Sifarchaeota” showed remarkable saccharolytic capacities extending the known metabolic features encoded by the Asgard lineages. We attribute its ability to survive under the deep sediment conditions to its putative capacities to utilize different (C1-C3) compounds commonly encountered in deep sediment environments via anaerobic methylotrophy pathway. Also, we showed the importance of horizontal gene transfer in enhancing the “Sifarchaeota” collective adaptation strategies.