cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Social changes under the impacts of economic transformation in Taiwan: From industrialization to modernization during the post-world war II era

This article examines the process of change in Taiwan during the past forty years under rapid industrialization and economic growth. Distinctions among the three concepts of industrialization, economic growth, and modernization are outlined. Changes in Taiwan’s economy, demography, class structure, health care, education, welfare system, and political participation are discussed. Based on Taiwan’s experience, a model of interlocking relationships between macro and micro levels of change is presented.
Hazard detection for small robotic landers and hoppers

Planetary hoppers are a new class of vehicle being developed that will provide planetary surface mobility by reusing the landing platform and its actuators to propulsively ascend, translate, and descend to new landing points on the surface of a planetary body. Hoppers enhance regional exploration, with the capability of rapid traverse over 100s–1000s of meters, traverse over hazardous terrain, and exploration of cliffs and craters.
Evaluation of computing capabilities of a hierarchy of mini-to-supercomputers: Applications to ion microscopic analysis

There has been a steadily increasing demand for more computational power in surface and interface analysis. This paper reports attempts to meet these demands through the use of different computing systems, ranging from minicomputer to supercomputer. Representative laboratory data processing programs for ion microscopic analysis are used to evaluate the performance of each system. The bottlenecks and other problems involved in running analytical programs on faster machines are identified and discussed. Results indicate that in order to attain the optimal cost-performance ratio, programs must be tailored to specific forms required by the computing system. Algorithms must be formulated to exploit available vector and parallel processing capabilities.
Physiological predictors of increasing total and central adiposity in aging men and women

Background: Increasing levels of total and central body fat with advancing age contribute to the development of cardiovascular and metabolic disease. We examined gender-related differences and physiological predictors of the rate of increase in total and central body fat in men and women. Methods: We studied 427 healthy men (age range, 17 to 90 years) and 293 women (age range, 18 to 88 years). We measured body fatness by hydrostatic weighing, central adiposity from the waist circumference, peak volume of oxygen utilization (VO2) from a treadmill test, leisure time physical activity (LTA) from a questionnaire, resting metabolic rate and respiratory quotient from indirect calorimetry, and energy intake from 3-day food diaries. Results: Fat mass increased with age, and the rate was greater in women (r=.61; slope=0.25 kg/y;P Conclusions: Our findings suggest that (1) the age-related increase in fat mass and waist circumference is greater in women than in men and (2) the physiological characteristics that reflect a decline in physical activity—related energy expenditure, rather than resting energy expenditure, are important predictors of the increases in total and central fatness. Lifestyle changes that increase the level of physical activity may be advantageous in blunting age-related increases in total and central body fatness. (Arch Intern Med. 1995;155:2443-2448)
A model of public sector wage determination

Abstract The paper presents an empirical model of wage determination in the public sector that leads to the specification of a system of interrelated wage equations for municipal employees, which allows for occupational and geographic interdependence of wages. The model also considers the influence of public employee unions, municipal government form, and monopsony power of local governments on the wages of municipal employees. Several variants of the derived system of equations are estimated based upon 1967 cross-section data for 478 cities, and the policy implications of the results are discussed.
Multiple types of sensory neurons respond to irritating volatile organic compounds (VOCs): Calcium fluorimetry of trigeminal ganglion neurons

Many volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are significant environmental irritants that stimulate somatosensory nerve endings to produce pain and irritation. We measured intracellular calcium in cultured trigeminal ganglion neurons to characterize the cellular mechanisms and chemical structural determinants underlying sensitivity to VOCs. Trigeminal neurons responded to homologous series of alcohols (C4-C7) as well as saturated and unsaturated aldehydes in a concentration dependent manner. Ranked in terms of threshold to recruit neurons by compounds of the same carbon chain length, enaldehyde<aldehyde<alcohol. Unlike aldehydes and alcohols that displayed ascending concentration curves, recruitment of neurons by enaldehydes (C4-C7) appeared to saturate, consistent with a mechanism that is restricted in its neural distribution. Using pentanol, pentanal and pentenal as model compounds, we found that many but not all cool/cold-sensitive and capsaicin-sensitive neurons responded with increases in intracellular calcium. These VOCs also stimulated other neurons that were insensitive to cooling and capsaicin. Because not all cooling- and all capsaicin-sensitive neurons responded to the model VOCs, it is highly unlikely that known nociceptive ion channels such as TRPV1 or TRPA1 mediate sensitivity to these compounds. For pentanol, pentanal and pentenal, induced calcium influx was dependent on the presence of extracellular calcium. Responses of all neurons to pentanal and pentenal were also dependent upon extracellular sodium. Responses to pentanol were variably dependent on sodium. The distribution of sensitivity suggests that VOC irritation may be mediated by an as yet unidentified mechanism(s) that is/are distributed across different modalities of neurons.
Optical differentiation of amoebic ectoplasm and endoplasmic flow

Optical activity differentiating the flowing and nionflowing amoebic cytoplasm was detected. This evidence indicates mtiolecular alignment in the flow stream and can be used to provide data on the direction of alignmtient. The results were obtained by utilizing a dynamnic polarized-light detection system which is sensitive only to specimenis which possess a preferred axis.
Percutaneous Therapies in the Treatment of Valvular Pulmonary Stenosis

Transcatheter balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty (BPV) is the standard of care in managing symptomatic patients with moderate-to-severe pulmonary valvular stenosis, or asymptomatic patients with severe pulmonary valvular stenosis or with moderate pulmonary stenosis and evidence of objective exercise intolerance or right ventricular dysfunction. This article discusses the incidence, causes, and pathophysiology of valvular pulmonary stenosis in adolescents and adults; its natural history and noninvasive evaluation; the current guideline-recommended indications for BPV; the technical aspects of performing BPV; the immediate and long-term outcomes after valvuloplasty; and the complications and safety of the procedure. Also discussed is the role of this procedure in neonatal critical pulmonary stenosis and in percutaneous pulmonary valve replacement for patients with prior pulmonic valve interventions or degenerated right ventricular pulmonary artery conduits.
Decision making and personality factors in sexual risk-taking for HIV/AIDS: A theoretical integration

Abstract A number of studies have demonstrated reliable associations between sexual behaviors that place people at risk for HIV infection and personality traits related to: (1) sensation seeking and impulsivity, (2) Eysenck's extraversion-introversion and psychoticism scales, and (3) the emotional and behavioral capacity to negotiate safer sex with a partner. The present paper provides a model-based synthesis of the existing literature on personality factors in sexual risk-taking for HIV. Existing findings are summarized and integrated within the conceptual framework afforded by a simple model of sexual decision making, yielding a theoretical unification of personality factors, cognitive processes, and explicit behavior. Implications of this model and the existing literature on personality and sexual risk-taking are discussed with regard to both HIV/AIDS prevention efforts and the direction of future research.
Parsing the Roles of the Transcription Factors GATA-4 and GATA-6 in the Adult Cardiac Hypertrophic Response

The transcriptional code that programs cardiac hypertrophy involves the zinc finger-containing DNA binding factors GATA-4 and GATA-6, both of which are required to mount a hypertrophic response of the adult heart. Here we performed conditional gene deletion of Gata4 or Gata6 in the mouse heart in conjunction with reciprocal gene replacement using a transgene encoding either GATA-4 or GATA-6 in the heart as a means of parsing dosage effects of GATA-4 and GATA-6 versus unique functional roles. We determined that GATA-4 and GATA-6 play a redundant and dosage-sensitive role in programming the hypertrophic growth response of the heart following pressure overload stimulation. However, non-redundant functions were identified in allowing the heart to compensate and resist heart failure after pressure overload stimulation, as neither Gata4 nor Gata6 deletion was fully rescued by expression of the reciprocal transgene. For example, only Gata4 heart-specific deletion blocked the neoangiogenic response to pressure overload stimulation. Gene expression profiling from hearts of these gene-deleted mice showed both overlapping and unique transcriptional codes, which is presented. These results indicate that GATA-4 and GATA-6 play a dosage-dependent and redundant role in programming cardiac hypertrophy, but that each has a more complex role in maintaining cardiac homeostasis and resistance to heart failure following injury that cannot be compensated by the other.
TH‐C‐BRB‐11: Comparability of Four Different Planar IMRT QA Methods

Purpose: To investigate comparability of four different planar IMRT QA Methods: Patient Gantry Angle Composite (PGAC), Single Gantry Angle Composite (SGAC), Field by Field (FBF), and Patient Gantry Angle Composite using film (FPGAC). Methods:IMRT verification plans were generated by Varian Eclipse TPS for twelve heavily modulated head and neck (H&N) and twelve moderately modulated Prostate treatment plans. Sun Nuclear MapCHECK2 (2D diode array with detector spacing of 7.07 mm for SGAC, PGAC, and FBF) and GAFCHROMIC EBT2 film (0.34 mm/pixel for FPGAC) respectively sandwiched with 10 cm thick water equivalent phantom were used for the IMRT plan verification. All measurements were analyzed with Sun Nuclear ‘Patient’ software using the gamma criteria (MapCHECK2/Film) of 1%‐1mm/2%‐1mm (G1), 2%‐2mm/3%‐2mm (G2), and 3%‐3mm/4%‐3mm (G3) considering known 1% inherent dosimetric uncertainty of MapCHECK2. The Student's t‐test was used to compare passing rates with ‘Absolute Dose’ comparison and 10% threshold. Results: The average passing rates (H&N/Prostate) were 98.9/99.7% (PGAC), 99.6/100.0% (SGAC), 99.5/100.0% (FBF), and 92.0/95.8% (FPGAC) with the G3 criteria. Three MapCHECK2 QAs had statistically comparable passing rates for all comparisons (p‐value>0.05), while they did not show any significant difference based on the plan modulation. FPGAC showed systematically lower passing rates than the MapCHECK2 methods and statistically distinguished the degrees of modulation with all gamma criteria (p‐values of H&N against Prostate: 0.037 (G1), 0.012 (G2), and 0.016 (G3)). Conclusions: Three IMRT QA methods using MapCHECK2 are found to be comparably used for routine IMRT QA for both H&N and Prostate plans. This is against the belief that PGAC is more effective IMRT QA than FBF or SGAC. FPGAC showed significantly different passing rate based on the degree of plan modulation. These findings imply that the gamma passing rate heavily depends on the spatial resolution of detectors and there are intrinsic limitations of the gamma analysis.
Neurofibrillary tangle-like tau pathology induced by synthetic tau fibrils in primary neurons over-expressing mutant tau

Increasing evidence demonstrates the transmissibility of fibrillar species of tau protein, but this has never been directly tested in neurons, the cell type most affected by formation of tau inclusions in neurodegenerative tauopathies. Here we show that synthetic tau fibrils made from recombinant protein not only time-dependently recruit normal tau into neurofibrillary tangle-like insoluble aggregates in primary hippocampal neurons over-expressing human tau, but also induce neuritic tau pathology in non-transgenic neurons. This study provides highly compelling support for the protein-only hypothesis of pathological tau transmission in primary neurons and describes a useful neuronal model for studying the pathogenesis of tauopathies.
Students making sense of informational text: Relations between processing and representation

Much of our understanding of children's reading has been based on research with narratives, where children can rely on relatively rich prior knowledge to make sense of the text. Far less work has been conducted on children's meaning construction processes for nonnarrative, informational texts about unfamiliar topics, such as those often encountered in school content areas. This research examines children's strategies for processing informational text to understand and remember new information. In Experiment 1, 4th‐ and 6th‐grade students thought aloud as they read an easier and a harder passage. They dictated a recall report after each passage. The think‐aloud protocols were analyzed for processing activities, including paraphrasing, elaborating, explaining, monitoring, and identifying and resolving problems. In general, processing tended to focus on the local, sentence level. Self‐explanations were prevalent throughout the protocols; however, they were differentially effective in promoting understanding....
Assessing Chemical Form of Calcium in Wheat, Spinach, and Kale

Spinach, wheat and kale represent a broad range in absorption of calcium from foods (5–40%). These plants were intrinsically labeled with 45Ca and examined for 45Ca solubility characteristics, including specific enzyme treatments, subcellular distribution, and in vitro bioa-vailability. Solubility was <2% for spinach, ∼40% for wheat and 70% for kale, depending on the solvent. Solubility paralleled the in vitro45Ca bioavailability results of 0.3±0.l%, 26.4±5.2%, and 76.3 ±1.2% for these three plant foods. Spinach calcium exists largely as calcium oxalate which is not easily dissociated. Phytase treatment of wheat indicated that a major portion of calcium was bound to phytate. Knowledge of the chemical form of calcium in plants can help in designing processing procedures to improve calcium absorption.
Interactions between basic proteins and stimulatory protein kinase modulator.

The interactions of a number of basic proteins with stimulatory protein kinase modulator (PKM5) from the mouse brain were measured by absorbance at 360 nm. Such interactions were not altered in the presence of Mg2+ at low concentrations.
Formula representation of auroral ionospheric O+ outflows based on systematic simulations with effects of soft electron precipitation and transverse ion heating

[1] Systematic Dynamic Fluid Kinetic (DyFK) model simulations are conducted to obtain a simulation-based formula representation of the O+ outflow flux level versus the energy flux of soft electron precipitation, and wave spectral density of transverse wave heating in the high-latitude auroral region. Based on results of 140 DyFK simulations of auroral outflows, we depict the O+ outflows at the ends of these two hour simulation runs in spectrogram form versus these parameters. We also approximate the results by the formula representation: = 8.8(3.0 × 105 + 2fe1.4 × 107)(tanh (8Dwave) + 0.2Dwave0.6), where is the O+ number flux in cm−2/s at 3 RE mapped to 1000 km altitude, fe is the electron precipitation energy flux in ergs cm−2/s, and Dwave is the wave electric field spectral density at O+ gyrofrequency at 1 RE in (mV)2 m−2 Hz−1. This formula representation provides a convenient way to set the boundary conditions of the ionosphere in global magnetosphere simulation since the ionosphere is the important plasma source of the magnetosphere.
An extension of Hawkes theorem on the Hausdorff dimension of a Galton–Watson tree

Let ? be the genealogical tree of a supercritical multitype Galton–Watson process, and let Λ be the limit set of ?, i.e., the set of all infinite self-avoiding paths (called ends) through ? that begin at a vertex of the first generation. The limit set Λ is endowed with the metric d(ζ, ξ) = 2 −n where n = n(ζ, ξ) is the index of the first generation where ζ and ξ differ. To each end ζ is associated the infinite sequence Φ(ζ) of types of the vertices of ζ. Let Ω be the space of all such sequences. For any ergodic, shift-invariant probability measure μ on Ω, define Ωμ to be the set of all μ-generic sequences, i.e., the set of all sequences ω such that each finite sequence v occurs in ω with limiting frequency μ(Ω(v)), where Ω(v) is the set of all ω′?Ω that begin with the word v. Then the Hausdorff dimension of Λ∩Φ−1 (Ωμ) in the metric d is $$$$
A novel tool for detecting Buruli ulcer disease based on multispectral image analysis on handheld devices

In this paper, we propose a new approach for detecting Buruli ulcer disease automatically based on computerized analysis of multispectral dermoscopic images. We employ optical skin modeling to reconstruct distribution maps of physiological tissue parameters that correlate well with melanin distribution in the epidermis as well as blood volume and blood oxygenation in the dermis. Using 197 sets of multispectral images-taken under while, blue, yellow, and red light-representing 16 Buruli and 181 non-Buruli lesions, we achieved overall classification sensitivity of 90.0%, specificity of 93.3%, and receiver operator characteristic area under the curve of 97.1%. These results suggest that automated multispectral image analysis implemented on a handheld device, such as the iPhone equipped with the appropriate attachment, can provide a fast, reliable, and economical tool to screen Buruli ulcer disease that can be easily deployed in countries where the disease is endemic and can help save lives.
Endocrine and neurochemical effects of (+)-PHNO, a dopamine D2 agonist.

The naphthoxazine compound, (+)-PHNO, is a dopamine D2 receptor agonist which acts within the central nervous system. The effects of this drug on serum concentrations of corticosterone and prolactin and on brain concentrations of catecholamines and some of their metabolites were determined in male rats. Administration of (+)-PHNO in doses ranging from 3–300 μg/ kg i.p. resulted in increased serum corticosterone, decreased serum prolactin and decreased concentrations of the dopamine metabolites, DOPAC and HVA, in the brain. At the higher doses of (+)-PHNO, concentrations of MHPG sulfate in the brain stem were increased and hypothalamic epinephrine concentrations were decreased. Pretreatment with centrally acting dopamine antagonists (spiperone or haloperidol) prevented the (+)-PHNO-induced changes in serum corticosterone, prolactin and brain catecholamines. In contrast, pretreatment with halopemide, a dopamine antagonist which penetrates poorly into the brain, was unable to block the effects of (+)-PHNO on serum corticosterone and brain catecholamines. These data show that (+)-PHNO, a dopamine agonist structurally unrelated to other dopamine agonists, acts centrally to affect serum corticosterone and brain catecholamines.
Direct cytotoxicity of HIV-1 envelope protein gp120 on human NT neurons.

A new in vitro system comprising a pure population of neurons, human NT cells, was used to characterize the direct neurotoxic effect of HIV-1 envelope protein gp120. Cytotoxicity was monitored by a quantitative assay after exposure to recombinant gp120 in the presence or absence of other reagents. Treatment of mature NT neurons with various doses of gp120 for 24h caused a decrease of up to 27% in the number of viable cells. This neurotoxicity was abolished by co-treatment with either D-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid (APV), MK801 or nimodipine, or by culturing cells in a Ca 2+ -free environment. Taken together, these data indicate that gp120 exerts a direct neurotoxic effect by acting through NMDA receptors and Ca 2+ channels.
Is Disclosure of Sexual Traumas Helpful? Comparing Experimental Laboratory Versus Field Study Results

Disclosing trauma is generally viewed as beneficial for survivors, yet few studies have used experimental methods to determine whether disclosure of sexual traumas in particular has positive effects. This article compares and contrasts knowledge based on lab studies of sexual trauma disclosure using Pennebaker's (1997) experimental disclosure paradigm with data from nonexperimental studies of sexual assault disclosure. The most surprising result was that unlike the majority of experimental trauma disclosure studies using Pennebaker's method that have typically shown positive effects of disclosure, both laboratory and field studies of sexual assault have not shown positive effects, particularly when victims receive negative responses from others. Future research on disclosure of sexual victimization should consider various mediators and moderators, which are suggested by existing findings, as well as a broader range of adjustment outcomes within an ecological framework.
THE MING PRINCELY PATRONAGE OF DAOIST TEMPLES

AbstractThis article is an in-depth study of Ming princely temple patronage. The Ming princes were most interested in traditional Daoist core temples. At the same time they engaged in the activities of the temples of official standing of different degrees. The Ming princes were also attracted to some popular cults believed to be efficacious (ling). In terms of the patterns of temple patronage, the princes were involved in such activities as temple founding, temple renovation, donations of land and other wealth, princely writing of temple inscriptions and the name plaques in calligraphy, enclosing temples in the princely estates, the temples as family shrines, the Daozang brought to the temples, and the shelter temples known as Tea Temples founded at Mount Wudang. Their patronage of temples was on average within a short range of distance. The majority of temples they patronized were concentrated in major cities of political, military and economic importance in the Ming empire, thus becoming a highly visibl...
Derivation of thymic lymphoma T-cell lines from Atm(-/-) and p53(-/-) mice.

Established cell lines are a critical research tool that can reduce the use of laboratory animals in research. Certain strains of genetically modified mice, such as Atm-/- and p53-/- consistently develop thymic lymphoma early in life 1,2, and thus, can serve as a reliable source for derivation of murine T-cell lines. Here we present a detailed protocol for the development of established murine thymic lymphoma T-cell lines without the need to add interleukins as described in previous protocols 1,3. Tumors were harvested from mice aged three to six months, at the earliest indication of visible tumors based on the observation of hunched posture, labored breathing, poor grooming and wasting in a susceptible strain 1,4. We have successfully established several T-cell lines using this protocol and inbred strains ofAtm-/- [FVB/N-Atmtm1Led/J] 2 and p53-/- [129/S6-Trp53tm1Tyj/J] 5 mice. We further demonstrate that more than 90% of the established T-cell population expresses CD3, CD4 and CD8. Consistent with stably established cell lines, the T-cells generated by using the present protocol have been passaged for over a year.
Performance of a parallel diagnostic algorithm for HIV diagnosis in low risk pediatric and obstetric patient populations.

Abstract Background Little is known about the clinical performance of the 2010 APHL/CDC Western-blot independent HIV testing algorithm in low risk pediatric and obstetric patients. Objective To evaluate the performance of an alternate Western-blot independent algorithm and the individual algorithm components in diagnosing HIV infections in low risk pediatric and obstetric patients. Study design 6242 specimens from pediatric and obstetric patients were tested by the Bio-Rad Multispot HIV-1/HIV-2 (MS) and VITROS Anti HIV 1 + 2 (VITROS) assays. 913 specimens were also tested by the ARCHITECT HIV Ag/Ab Combo assay (ARCHITECT). Discordant specimens were tested by the APTIMA HIV-1 RNA qualitative assay (RNA Qual). Results Twenty-eight specimens tested positive for HIV-1 by both MS and VITROS, 4 of these 28 specimens were also tested by and positive by ARCHITECT; all 28 positives identified by the algorithm were positive by viral load analysis. MS identified 164 preliminary positives, which were not confirmed as true positives, representing a specificity of 97.4%. This specificity varied between patient populations (96.1% in the pediatric population and 99.1% in the obstetric population). The specificities of VITROS and ARCHITECT were 99.2% and 99.4% for pediatric patients; 99.7% and 99.8% for obstetric patients, respectively. Conclusion Our results highlight suboptimal specificity of MS in pediatric patients, and a lower specificity in both pediatric and obstetric patients relative to either VITROS or ARCHITECT. Additionally, parallel testing with both a third and fourth generation EIA in a low risk patient population provides a potential alternative to Western-blot dependent algorithms for confirmation.
Use of a combined human liver microsome-estrogen receptor binding assay to assess potential estrogen modulating activity of PCB metabolites.

Abstract Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are metabolized by hydroxylation; some of these hydroxylated metabolites exhibit estrogen-like activity in animal models. Because PCBs may have effects on human health, it is of interest to determine if human tissues also metabolize PCBs to potentially estrogenic metabolites. In this study metabolites of seven PCBs with different degrees and positions of chlorination, generated by human liver microsomal reaction mixtures (MRM) have been examined, and their affinity for human recombinant estrogen receptor-α (ER) has been tested before and after HPLC fractionation. Two of the three MRMs with di-chloro-biphenyls (BPs, 2,5BP and 3,4BP), one of the three MRMs with tetra-BPs (2,6,2′,6′BP), and one hexa-BP (2,4,6,2′,4′,6′BP) generated metabolites that competed for ER. HPLC of the ER-binding MRMs generated fractions that also exhibited ER-binding. This study shows the usefulness of combining in vitro metabolism and an ER-binding assay in initial identification of PCBs with estrogen-modulating potential.
FAMILY THERAPY: A CRITICAL ASSESSMENT

There is no need to steadfastly see family therapy's primary approach to interpersonal life as separate from, or opposed to, that of analytically oriented individual psychotherapy. Aspects of the use and misuse of family interviewing are discussed in the spirit of achieving more precise and comprehensive use of this most valuable technique.
The additivity of NMR carbon–carbon spin–spin coupling constants

Fluorene-9-13C, fluorenone-9-13C, acenaphthenone-11-13C, acenaphthenone-12-13C, 1-methylcyclopentanol-1-13C and 1-methylcyclopentene-1-13C were synthesized to obtain J(CC) values between the natural carbons and the labeled carbons. Each of these compounds possessed at least one asymmetric dual-path coupling, i.e., coupling between the labeled carbon and another carbon via simultaneous two- and three-bonded coupling paths. Model 13C-labeled compounds were synthesized where necessary to give expected values of the constituent mono-path couplings. Values of these dual-path couplings (2+3)J suggested that the observed value is the (at least approximate) algebraic sum of the two constituent J values.
Technical Note-The Monte Carlo Simulation of Operating-Room and Recovery-Room Usage

This note describes a simulation with GPSS of hospital operating-room and recovery-room usage, given a variation in patient load.
How thin a spin glass is still a spin glass

The quasistatic spin-freezing temperature ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{f}}$ of thin layers of CuMn and AgMn remains nonzero down to thicknesses ${\mathit{W}}_{\mathrm{SG}}$ of 1 and 2 monolayers, respectively. These alloys thus remain spin glasses at such layer thicknesses, in agreement with published evidence of similar behavior for a two-dimensional, short-range, insulating spin glass. For ${\mathit{W}}_{\mathrm{SG}}$\ensuremath{\le}5 monolayers, we find ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{f}}$\ensuremath{\propto}${\mathit{W}}_{\mathrm{SG}}^{\mathit{a}}$ as predicted by Fisher and Huse, with an exponent a=0.8\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1.
Dimensional control of retardate memory

Stimulus dimensions of color and form are found to control the development of proactive interference in the learning and retention of two-choice visual discriminations by retardates. A change in the relevant dimension from form to color or from color to form, in a series of two-trial problems, results in a release from proaction. The dimensionality of control in retention parallels that found in attention.
GrayWulf: Scalable Clustered Architecture for Data Intensive Computing

Data intensive computing presents a significant challenge for traditional supercomputing architectures that maximize FLOPS since CPU speed has surpassed IO capabilities of HPC systems and BeoWulf clusters. We present the architecture for a three tier commodity component cluster designed for a range of data intensive computations operating on petascale data sets named GrayWulf  . The design goal is a balanced system in terms of IO performance and memory size, according to Amdahl's Laws. The hardware currently installed at JHU exceeds one petabyte of storage and has 0.5 bytes/sec of I/O and 1 byte of memory for each CPU cycle. The GrayWulf provides almost an order of magnitude better balance than existing systems. The paper covers its architecture and reference applications. The software design is presented in a companion paper.
Numerical analysis of a synthetic jet using an automated adaptive method

SUMMARY An automated adaptive remeshing methodology is applied to a synthetic jet. A set of two-dimensional, axisymmetric, time-dependent Computational Fluid Dynamics analyses are performed. Grid independence is achieved via successive levels of adaptive refinement using a novel methodology. The method employs adaptive remeshing, performed in an automated fashion. Adaptation criteria are based upon the undivided differences in select field variables. Sensors are placed at strategic locations within the flow field, which are used to aid in judging grid independence. The resulting analytical predictions are compared to an experimental dataset. The automated methodology yields both a verified and validated set of analysis results for the synthetic jet. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inbreeding depression and mixed mating in Leptosiphon jepsonii: a comparison of three populations.

Background and Aims Inbreeding depression is thought to play a central role in the evolution and maintenance of cross-fertilization. Theory indicates that inbreeding depression can be purged with self-fertilization, resulting in positive feedback for the selection of selfing. Variation among populations of Leptosiphon jepsonii in the timing and rate of self-fertilization provides an opportunity to study the evolution of inbreeding depression and mating systems. In addition, the hypothesis that differences in inbreeding depression for male and female fitness can stabilize mixed mating in L. jepsonii is tested. Methods In a growth room experiment, inbreeding depression was measured in three populations with mean outcrossing rates ranging from 006 to 069. The performance of selfed and outcrossed progeny is compared at five life history stages. To distinguish between self-incompatibility and early inbreeding depression, aborted seeds and unfertilized ovules were counted in selfed and outcrossed fruits. In one population, pollen and ovule production was quantified to estimate inbreeding depression for male and female fitness. Key Results Both prezygotic barriers and inbreeding depression limited self seed set in the most outcrossing population. Cumulative inbreeding depression ranged from 0297 to 0501, with the lowest value found in the most selfing population. Significant inbreeding depression for early life stages was found only in the more outcrossing populations. Inbreeding depression was not significant for pollen or ovule production. Conclusions The results provide modest support for the hypothesized relationship between inbreeding depression and mating systems. The absence of early inbreeding depression in the more selfing populations is consistent with theory on purging. Differences in male and female expression of inbreeding depression do not appear to stabilize mixed mating in L. jepsonii. The current estimates of inbreeding depression for L. jepsonii differ from those of previous studies, underscoring the effects of environmental variation on its expression.
Anisotropic metamaterial lens with a monopole feed for high-gain multi-beam radiation

In this paper, we present both the theory and design of an anisotropic metamaterial lens for antenna applications. This type of lens requires simple effective medium tensor parameters to achieve highly-directive radiated beams, which differs from more conventional isotropic zero-index metamaterial lenses. Making use of the less dispersive low permittivity and/or permeability band, the lens is promising for wideband applications. A specific metamaterial lens with permeability tensor parameter values that are less than unity was designed to tailor the radiation pattern of a monopole antenna. Full-wave simulations show that the lens achieves a high-gain quad-beam radiation pattern over a 20% bandwidth and also improves the return loss with a 50% −10dB bandwidth broadening. This device enables highly-directive emission and beam shaping with potential application in wireless communication systems.
Diagnosis and Management of Benign, Atypical, and Indeterminate Breast Lesions Detected on Core Needle Biopsy

Imaging abnormalities detected by mammographic screening often lead to diagnostic evaluations, with suspicious abnormalities subjected to image-guided core needle biopsy (CNB) to exclude malignancy. Most CNBs reveal benign pathological alterations, termed benign breast disease (BBD). Adoption of CNB presents challenges with pathologic classification of breast abnormalities and management of patients with benign or atypical histological findings. Patient management and counseling after CNB diagnosis of BBD depends on postbiopsy determination of radiologic-pathologic concordancy. Communication between radiologists and pathologists is crucial in patient management. Management is dependent on the histological type of BBD. Patients with concordant pathologic imaging results can be reassured of benign biopsy findings and advised about the future risk of developing breast cancer. Surgical consultation is advised for patients with discordant findings, symptomatic patients, and high-risk lesions. This review highlights benign breast lesions that are encountered on CNB and summarizes management strategies. For this review, we conducted a search of PubMed, with no date limitations, and used the following search terms (or a combination of terms): atypical ductal hyperplasia, atypical hyperplasia, atypical lobular hyperplasia, benign breast disease, cellular fibroepithelial lesions, columnar cell lesions, complex sclerosing lesion, core needle biopsy, fibroadenomas, flat epithelial atypia, lobular carcinoma in situ, lobular neoplasia, mucocele-like lesions, phyllodes tumor, pseudoangiomatous stromal hyperplasia, radial scar, and vascular lesions. The selection of references included in this review was based on study relevance and quality. We used additional articles culled from the bibliographies of retrieved articles to examine the published evidence for risk factors of BBD.
Reconfiguration of multi-agent planning systems

Many multi-agent planning systems can perform more effectively than single-agent systems due to redundancy, concurrency, and heterogeneous capabilities. However, lack of an effective coordination mechanism can diminish the advantages of using multiple agents. Researchers have suggested a variety of coordination configurations, such as centralized planning, distributed planning, and local planning. While each configuration offers some advantages, no single planning configuration is optimal for all planning scenarios. In this paper, we identify the need for reconfiguration in multi-agent planning systems. Instead of selecting just one planning configuration, we design a system that can make use of a number of planning modes. In order to determine the best configuration for a given problem, a decision-theoretic model is designed. This models selects the configuration that will maximize the expected payoff for the system. Reconfiguration of the multi-agent system can be initiated by a single or by multiple agents, and can occur between plans or during plan execution.
DORSAL WING, A LOCUS THAT AFFECTS DORSOVENTRAL WING PATTERNING IN DROSOPHILA

The wing imaginal disc is subdivided into a dorsal and a ventral compartments. A new dominant homeotic mutation, Dorsal wing1 (Dlw1), transforms ventral into dorsal compartment in heterozygotes. This phenotype is similar to one of the dominant phenotypes of Polycomb (Pc) mutants. In Pc Dlw+/Pc+ Dlw1 double mutants, the transformation is greatly enhanced. The recessive phenotype of Dlw1 is the opposite to the dominant phenotype. Dlw1/Dlw1 somatic clones induced at any larval stage differentiate only ventral pattern on both wing surfaces. This effect is one of the somatic clone phenotypes of trithorax (trx) lethals. A similar dorsal-to-ventral transformation is observed in Pc Dlw/Dlw clones. Dlw1/Dlw1 clones have no effect elsewhere, except in the dorsal notum, which may differentiate extra macrochaetes. We propose that: (1) Dlw+ is required for the specification of dorsal compartment; (2) some genes of the Polycomb group act as negative regulators of Dlw+, while some genes of the trithorax group act as positive regulators.
Compression of high-power optical pulses

High-power compression of femtosecond pulses is demonstrated in nonlinear bulk material. An energy output of ~100 μJ with a pulse duration of ≤24 fsec is produced at 630 nm, 4 orders of magnitude more energy than can be compressed in optical fibers. The technique is simple and scalable to arbitrarily high pulse energies. In addition, the flexibility in the choice of nonlinear media permits the compression method to be extended from the ultraviolet to the mid-infrared.
A Distributed Three-Hop Routing Protocol to Increase the Capacity of Hybrid Wireless Networks

Hybrid wireless networks combining the advantages of both mobile ad-hoc networks and infrastructure wireless networks have been receiving increased attention due to their ultra-high performance. An efficient data routing protocol is important in such networks for high network capacity and scalability. However, most routing protocols for these networks simply combine the ad-hoc transmission mode with the cellular transmission mode, which inherits the drawbacks of ad-hoc transmission. This paper presents a Distributed Three-hop Routing protocol (DTR) for hybrid wireless networks. To take full advantage of the widespread base stations, DTR divides a message data stream into segments and transmits the segments in a distributed manner. It makes full spatial reuse of a system via its high speed ad-hoc interface and alleviates mobile gateway congestion via its cellular interface. Furthermore, sending segments to a number of base stations simultaneously increases throughput and makes full use of widespread base stations. In addition, DTR significantly reduces overhead due to short path lengths and the elimination of route discovery and maintenance. DTR also has a congestion control algorithm to avoid overloading base stations. Theoretical analysis and simulation results show the superiority of DTR in comparison with other routing protocols in terms of throughput capacity, scalability, and mobility resilience. The results also show the effectiveness of the congestion control algorithm in balancing the load between base stations.
An analysis of the DCT coefficient distribution with the H.264 video coder

By extensive analysis with several video sequences, we observed that the statistical distribution of the DCT coefficients in typical video coding applications is closer to a Cauchy distribution than to a Laplacian distribution. We developed the rate and the distortion expressions as a function of the video coder quantization parameter based on this observation. Experiments with an H.264 codec demonstrate that the Cauchy distribution based expressions provide better estimates for the actual rate and distortion than those that are based on the Laplacian distribution.
Temporal limitations in multiple target detection in a dynamic monitoring task

Objective: Two experiments examined the detectability of multiple transient changes within a cluttered and dynamic display (a simulated sonar display). Background: Research suggests that there are ...
Visual simulation environment

Describes the Visual Simulation Environment (VSE) software product. VSE has been developed under $1.3 million of research funding, primarily from the US Navy, for over a decade. It enables discrete-event, general-purpose, object-oriented, picture-based, component-based, visual simulation model development and execution. This advanced environment can be used for solving complex problems in areas such as air traffic control and space systems, business process reengineering and workflows, complex system design evaluation, computer and communication networks, computer performance evaluation, education and training, health care systems, manufacturing systems, military/combat systems, satellite and wireless communications systems, service systems, supply chain management and transportation systems.
Evidence for a potential tumor suppressor role for the Na,K-ATPase ß1-subunit

The Na,K-ATPase, consisting of two essential subunits (?, s), plays a critical role in the regulation of ion homeostasis in mammalian cells. Recent studies indicate that reduced expression of the s1 isoform (NaK-s1) is commonly observed in carcinoma and is associated with events involved in cancer progression. In this study, we present evidence that repletion of NaK-s1 in Moloney sarcoma virus-transformed Madin-Darby canine kidney cells (MSV-MDCK), a highly tumorigenic cell line, inhibits anchorage independent growth and suppresses tumor formation in immunocompromised mice. Additionally, using an in vitro cell-cell aggregation assay, we showed that cell aggregates of NaK-s1 subunit expressing MSV-MDCK cells have reduced extracellular regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 activity compared with parental MSV-MDCK cells. Finally, using immunohistochemistry and fully quantitative image analysis approaches, we showed that the levels of phosphorylated ERK 1/2 are inversely correlated to the NaK-s1 levels in the tumors. These findings reveal for the first time that NaK-s1 has a potential tumor-suppressor function in epithelial cells
DPFS: a distributed parallel file system

One of the challenges brought by large-scale scientific applications is how to avoid remote storage access by collectively using enough local storage resources to hold huge amount of data generated by the simulation while providing high performance I/O. DPFS, a Distributed Parallel File System, is designed and implemented to address this problem. DPFS collects locally distributed unused storage resources as a supplement to the internal storage of parallel computing systems to satisfy the storage capacity requirement of large-scale applications. In addition, like parallel file systems, DPFS provides striping mechanisms that divides a file into small pieces and distributes them across multiple storage devices for parallel data access. The unique feature of DPFS is that it provides three file levels with each file level corresponding to a file striping method. In addition to the traditional linear striping method, DPFS also provides a novel multidimensional striping method that can solve performance problems of linear striping for many popular access patterns. Other issues such as load-balancing and user interface are also addressed in DPFS.
Obama as Exemplar: Debate Exposure and Implicit and Explicit Racial Affect

The timing of the 2008 American National Election Studies panel's implicit and explicit items on race allowed for a kind of natural experiment about the effect of presidential debate exposure on racial attitudes. The 2008 debates and Obama's composed performance in them gave tens of millions of Americans an extended look at a highly vivid, salient, cognitively available, counterstereotypical exemplar that may have changed the way they feel about African Americans. Exposure to the presidential debates was positively related with post-debate affect toward African Americans after controlling for predebate affect, whether this affect was measured implicitly or explicitly. The results for explicit affect were more robust to the addition of more controls to the model. Party interacted with debate exposure such that the effect on implicit affect was reversed for Republicans.
Ruling the World?: Human Rights and International Constitutionalism

As both a descriptive and normative enterprise, "international constitutionalism" is currently one of the leading approaches to international law, especially in parts of Europe. Within this enterprise, the rapid development of international human rights law is often taken to be central, but exactly how or why this promotes constitutionalism at the international level remains unclear. In this article, I attempt to clarify and assess the role of human rights in discussions of international constitutionalism. I do so by focusing on the comparison between domestic constitutional law and international human rights law and asking the following two threshold questions. First, how different are these two legal systems and, in particular, is there anything "constitutional" about the latter, as international constitutionalists implicitly or explicitly claim? Second, why have both systems? Does international human rights law perform any distinctive functions over and above domestic bills of rights that extend the idea or practice of constitutionalism? On this first threshold question, I distinguish and evaluate three more specific claims as to what is constitutional about international human rights law: (1) that it has constitutional status within international law; (2) that, regardless of its precise legal status vis-a-vis other types of international law, the human rights system is a constitutionalized regime of international law like certain others, most paradigmatically the European Union; and (3) that international human rights law is a critical part of the case for rejecting the traditional horizontal conception of international law as a whole (the sovereign equality of states) in favor of a more vertical, or constitutionalist, conception. I consider the strengths and weaknesses of each of these three claims in turn. The second threshold question raises the issue of constitutional subsidiarity. What additional contribution, if any, does international human rights law make to the general development of constitutionalism? Apart from filling a number of important contingent gaps in domestic bills of rights, I suggest that it performs at least two unique functions. First, it creates a new, external stage in the historical and institutional development of constitutionalism. Second, international human rights law clarifies and enshrines the distinct normative basis for the protection of fundamental rights as rights of human beings rather than of citizens.