cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Serotonin augments the cationic current Ih in central neurons.

Abstract Serotinin (5-HT) induced a slow depolarization when superfused onto neurons of the rat brainstem nucleus prepositus hypoglossi (PH) in vitro. The depolarization was associated with a decrease in cell input resistance. In voltage clamp, 5-HT caused an inward current that activated at approximately −50 mV and was present only at potentials negative to this. With hyperpolarizing voltage-clamp steps, PH neurons exhibited a slow inward current relaxation. The properties of this conductance were consistent with the cationic, nonselective current, I h Bath-applied 5-HT augmented I h . Extracellular CsCI blocked both I h and the inward current produced by 5-HT. In addition, forskolin, isobutylmethylxanthine, and 8-bromo-CAMP mimicked the inward current seen with 5-HT. The 5-HT 1 agonist 5-carboxamidotryptamine produced a similar inward current. We conclude that 5-HT excites PH neurons by augmenting I h , probably through receptor-mediated stimulation of adenylate cyclase. As I h is found in many types of neurons, this mechanism may be a common mode of regulating cell excitability.
Wave Propagation in a Fluid Wedge over a Solid Half-Space-Mesh-Free Analysis with Experimental Verification

Interaction between a bounded ultrasonic beam and a liquid wedge over a solid half-space is studied. A semi-analytical technique called distributed point source method (DPSM) is adopted for modeling the ultrasonic field in a wedge shaped fluid structure over a solid half space. This study is important for analyzing the ultrasonic waves used for the non-destructive inspections of partially immersed structures. It is also useful for studying the effect of underwater ultrasonic or acoustic wave experiments on marine lives near the shore. The problem geometry considers a bounded acoustic beam striking a fluid–solid interface between a fluid wedge and a solid half-space at steady-state. Solution of this problem is beyond the scope of the currently available analytical methods when the beam is bounded. Only numerical method (boundary element method (BEM) or finite element method (FEM)) based packages (e.g. PZFlex) are in principle capable of modeling ultrasonic fields in such structures. At high frequencies FEM and BEM based packages require huge amount of computation memory and time for their executions that DPSM technique can avoid. Effect of the angle of strike and the fluid wedge angle variation on the wave propagation characteristics is studied. Theoretical predictions are compared with some experimental results.
Biological processes involved in the cycling of elements between soil or sediments and the aqueous environment

The biochemical basis for resistance to toxicity is complicated by the great variety of reactions at the molecular and cellular levels even in closely related organisms and tissues. Several strategies for resistance to intoxication have been identified. Metal ion interactions in biology can be divided into three classes representing fast, intermediate and slow exchange with biological ligands. Examples of those elements in fast exchange include the alkali metals Na+ and K+, the alkali earth metals Ca2+ and Mg2+, and, of course, H+. Those which can sometimes be in intermediary exchange are Fe2+ and Mn2+. Examples of those in slow exchange are generally in the active sites of metalloenzymes, e. g., Fe3+, Zn2+, Ni2+, Cu2+. In the presented paper, the cycling of one essential element (nickel) and one non-essential element (mercury) are reviewed with special emphasis on their mobilities in the event of in situ sediment contamination.
Potential Sources of Survey Bias Associated with Hand-Retrieved Longline Catches of Subadult Sharks in Georgia Estuaries

Abstract Lunar phase, tide stage, and bait type were examined as potential sources of survey bias affecting catch rates of subadult sharks on hand-retrieved longlines in Georgia estuaries. Sampling occurred during April–September from 2001 to 2003 in eight of Georgia's nine estuaries; this sampling period coincides with the pupping seasons for a variety of shark species. The effects of lunar phase and tide stage on catch rates of sharks were evaluated during 2001 and 2002. The effect of bait type (i.e., squid Loligo spp. or spot Leiostomus xanthurus) on shark catch rates was evaluated during 2003. During 2001 and 2002, 420 subadult sharks representing two families (Carcharhinidae and Sphyrnidae) and nine species were caught during 212 longline sets. Catch rates were evaluated for the four most commonly occurring shark species: the Atlantic sharpnose shark Rhizoprionodon terraenovae, bonnethead Sphyrna tiburo, blacktip shark Carcharhinus limbatus, and sandbar shark C. plumbeus. Neither lunar phase nor tide...
Some thoughts on the production of muons for fusion catalysis

For muon-catalyzed fusion to be of practical interest, a very efficient means of producing muons must be found. We describe here some schemes for producing muons that may be more energy efficient than any heretofore proposed. There are, in particular, some potential advantages of creating muons from collisions of high-energy tritons confined in a magnetic mirror configuration. If one could catalyze 200 fusions per muon and employ a uranium blanket that would multiply the neutron energy by a factor of ten, one might produce electricity with an overall plant efficiency (ratio of electric energy produced to nuclear energy released) approaching 30%.
Native-like and structurally characterized designed α-helical bundles

Abstract A number of coiled coils and α-helical bundles have recently been designed, and many have now been structurally characterized by X-ray crystallography. Others have not been as well characterized structurally but exhibit native-like properties in aqueous solution. Both areas of investigation have contributed greatly to our understanding of the nature of specificity in this class of molecules.
Room‐Temperature Ba(Fe1−xCox)2As2 is not Tetragonal: Direct Observation of Magnetoelastic Interactions in Pnictide Superconductors

Lattice distortions corresponding to Ba displacements with respect to the FeAs sublattice are revealed to break the room-temperature tetragonal symmetry in Ba(Fe1-x Cox)2 As2. The displacements yield twin domains of the size of ≈10 nm. The domain size correlates with the magnitude of the local Fe magnetic moment and its non-monotonic dependence on Co concentration.
Understanding relationships among recreation opportunities: A meta-analysis of nine studies

Outdoor recreation providers intuitively know that visitors engage in particular activities in desired outdoor settings to attain beneficial experiences. There is a lack of understanding among managers and researchers, however, about the relationships that exist between these recreation opportunities. What are the salient inputs (activities and/or settings) that contribute to the production of certain outputs (benefit opportunities)? How does the magnitude of activity and setting effects compare to each other and vary across benefit items? To gain a better understanding of recreation opportunities and their relationships, data from nine benefits-based management pilot-studies were collected, analyzed, and combined using meta-analytic techniques. Two-way analysis of variance was used to test the dependency of twelve benefit attainment items on setting and activity type in each study. Meta-analysis techniques were used to calculate two types of results that were derived from the two-way analysis of variance...
High‐frequency forcing and subtidal response of the Hudson River plume

[1] The Lagrangian Transport and Transformation Experiments (LaTTE) document the physical, biological, and chemical evolution of the Hudson River plume during the spring seasons of 2004, 2005, and 2006. While plume variability due to river discharge, subinertial frequency variability in winds, and ambient shelf circulation are important, the observations show that the plume reacts directly to higher-frequency forcing as well. Mooring records during 2005 and 2006 show that fortnightly variability in tidal mixing is manifested as fortnightly changes in plume stratification. Diurnal variability related to forcing by the sea-land breeze system (SLBS) is apparent in the Hudson River plume during the 2005 experiment. The SLBS, while episodic, accounts for ∼15% of the kinetic energy in surface currents in the New York Bight apex during the summer months with individual SLBS events providing up to 50% of the total kinetic energy. Simulations of the plume, using the Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS), demonstrate there is a subtidal response to high-frequency forcing. Spring-neap variability in tidal mixing modifies the estuary outflow Rossby and Froude numbers, resulting in increased transport (80% of river discharge) in the New Jersey coastal current during spring tides with lower transport (60% of river discharge) during neap tides. SLBS variability results in greater storage of river discharge water in the recirculating bulge region and increases the net transport of freshwater along the Long Island coast while significantly reducing freshwater supplied to the New Jersey coastal current to as little as 30% of the total river discharge.
Comparison of thallium-201 and technetium-99m hexakis 2-methoxyisobutyl isonitrile single-photon emission computed tomography for estimating the extent of myocardial ischemia and infarction in coronary artery disease.

Abstract Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) using thallium-201 (Tl-201) was compared with technetium-99m hexakis 2-methoxyisobutyl isonitrile (Tc-99m MIBI) in 24 patients with coronary artery disease. Patients exercised to the same work load as each isotope was studied. Normal and hypoperfused left ventricular mass was determined with an automated method. Estimated total left ventricular mass was similar for both stress/redistribution Tl-201 and stress/ rest Tc-99m MIBI images. The mean estimated defect size in the redistribution Tl-201 images was 32 ± 34.7 vs 33 ± 38.4 g in the resting Tc-99m MIBI studies (difference not significant). The individual determinations of defect mass were highly correlated (r = 0.93; p Stress Tc-99m MIBI SPECT defect size determined by visual interpretation or by the use of isocount analysis may be smaller than what is seen with stress Tl-201 SPECT.
Dual-frequency super harmonic imaging piezoelectric transducers for transrectal ultrasound

In this paper, a 2/14 MHz dual-frequency single-element transducer and a 2/22 MHz sub-array (16/48-elements linear array) transducer were developed for contrast enhanced super-harmonic ultrasound imaging of prostate cancer with the low frequency ultrasound transducer as a transmitter for contrast agent (microbubble) excitation and the high frequency transducer as a receiver for detection of nonlinear responses from microbubbles. The 1-3 piezoelectric composite was used as active materials of the single-element transducers due to its low acoustic impedance and high coupling factor. A high dielectric constant PZT ceramic was used for the sub-array transducer due to its high dielectric property induced relatively low electrical impedance. The possible resonance modes of the active elements were estimated using finite element analysis (FEA). The pulse-echo response, peak-negative pressure and bubble response were tested, followed by in vitro contrast imaging tests using a graphite-gelatin tissue-mimicking phantom. The single-element dual frequency transducer (8 × 4 × 2 mm 3 ) showed a -6 dB fractional bandwidth of 56.5% for the transmitter, and 41.8% for the receiver. A 2 MHz-transmitter (730 μm pitch and 6.5 mm elevation aperture) and a 22 MHz-receiver (240 μm pitch and 1.5 mm aperture) of the sub-array transducer exhibited -6 dB fractional bandwidth of 51.0% and 40.2%, respectively. The peak negative pressure at the far field was about -1.3 MPa with 200 V pp , 1-cycle 2 MHz burst, which is high enough to excite microbubbles for nonlinear responses. The 7 th harmonic responses from micro bubbles were successfully detected in the phantom imaging test showing a contrast-to-tissue ratio (CTR) of 16 dB.
Mutations in the desmoglein 1 gene in five Pakistani families with striate palmoplantar keratoderma.

Summary Background Striate palmoplantar keratoderma (SPPK; OMIM #148700) is a rare autosomal dominant genodermatosis characterized by linear hyperkeratosis on the digits and hyperkeratosis on the palms and soles. SPPK is known to be caused by heterozygous mutations in either the desmoglein 1 ( DSG1 ), desmoplakin ( DSP ), or keratin 1 ( KRT1 ) genes. Objective To define the molecular basis of SPPK in five Pakistani families showing a clear autosomal dominant inheritance pattern of SPPK. Methods Based on previous reports of DSG1 mutations in SPPK, we performed direct sequencing of the DSG1 gene of all five families. Results Mutation analysis resulted in the identification of one recurrent mutation (p.R26X) and four novel mutations (c.Ivs4-2A>G, c.515C>T, c.Ivs9-3C>G, and c.1399delA) in the DSG1 gene. Each mutation is predicted to cause haploinsufficiency of DSG1 protein. Conclusion The results of our study further underscore the significance of the desmoglein gene family in diseases of epidermal integrity.
Increases in number and size of osteoclasts in response to calcium or phosphorus deficiency in the rat.

In this study, the two determinants of the rate of osteoclastic bone resorption, cell number and cell activity, were evaluated to characterize the response to two chronic resorptive stimuli, a calcium-deficient diet and a phosphorus-deficient diet, fed to rats for 8 days. The number of osteoclast nuclei was determined directly and the resorptive activity of osteoclasts indirectly from cell size. In our sampling site in the tibial diaphysis, there were marked increases in osteoclast layer width (i.e., cell size) and in the number of osteoclasts and osteoclast nuclei in both test groups. Also, in both test groups the increase in the number of osteoclast nuclei was greater than the increase in osteoclast width, emphasizing the importance of osteoclast stem cell activity in the resorptive response. When the data on the control and test animals were pooled, there was a strong correlation between the width of the osteoclast layer and the number of osteoclast nuclei (r = 0.87, P less than 0.001). Thus, these two resoprtive stimuli produced proportional changes in osteoclast cell number and probably activity, raising the possibility that the resorptive response is sterotyped. These results also suggest the existence of a control mechanism which coupled the proliferative activity of osteoclast stem cells and the resorptive activity of osteoclasts. Despite the fact that the rats were subjected to chronic resorptive stimuli, forming surface and the total number of osteoblasts were also increased. Moreover, in data pooled from control and test rats, there was a strong correlation between the number of osteoclast nuclei and the number of osteoblasts (r = 0.92, P less than 0.001). This implies that chronic resorptive stimuli directly or indirectly stimulate osteogenic stem cells to increase production of osteoblasts as well as osteoclasts. The observed coupling of differentiated cell number probably contributes to the established phenomenon of coupling between the rates of bone accretion and resorption.
An integrated model for enzyme catalysis emerges from studies of hydrogen tunneling

The origins of the enormous rate accelerations brought about by enzymes are discussed. The focus is on enzymatic C-H activation, which has been shown to take place via tunneling. Four enzyme systems illustrate the impact of site-specific mutagenesis, changes in temperature or changes in protein solvation on the tunneling properties. A model emerges in which conformational sampling is required to access a subset of protein conformers where the H-donor and acceptor undergo a close approach. The evidence for an inverse relationship between protein flexibility and active site compression is likely to extend to all classes of enzyme catalysts.
Purification and Characterization of a Novel Xylulose 5-Phosphate-activated Protein Phosphatase Catalyzing Dephosphorylation of Fructose-6-phosphate,2-kinase:Fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase

We have shown previously (Nishimura, M., Fedorov, S., and Uyeda, K.(1994) (J. Biol. Chem. 269, 26100-26106) that the administration of high concentrations of glucose stimulates dephosphorylation of Fru-6-P,2-kinase:Fru-2,6-bisphosphatase in perfused liver, and xylulose (Xu) 5-P activates the dephosphorylation reaction. To characterize the protein phosphatase, we have purified the Xu 5-P-activated protein phosphatase to homogeneity from livers of rats injected with high glucose. Several protein phosphatases in the livers were separated by DEAE-cellulose chromatography, but only one peak of the enzyme was activated by Xu 5-P. The protein phosphatase was inhibited by okadaic acid (IC50 = 1-3 nM) and did not require Mg2+ or Ca2+, suggesting that the enzyme was type 2A. The enzyme was a heterotrimer (Mr = 150,000) and consisted of structural (A, 65 kDa), catalytic (C, 36 kDa), and regulatory (B, 52 kDa) subunits. Amino acid sequences of five tryptic peptides derived from the B subunit showed similarity with those of the Bα isoform of rat protein phosphatase 2A, but five out of 73 residues were different. The protein phosphatase catalyzed dephosphorylation of Fru-6-P,2-kinase:Fru-2,6-Pase, phosphorylase a, and pyruvate kinase, and the Km values were 0.8 μM, 3.7 μM, and 2.2 μM, respectively. Among these substrates dephosphorylation of only the bifunctional enzyme was activated by Xu 5-P, and the Ka value for Xu 5-P was 20 μM. Xu 5-P was the only sugar phosphate which activated the PP2A among all the sugar phosphates examined. These results demonstrated the existence and isolation of a unique heterotrimeric protein phosphatase 2A in rat liver which catalyzed the dephosphorylation of Fru-6-P,2-kinase:Fru-2,6-Pase and was activated specifically by Xu 5-P. The Xu 5-P-activated protein phosphatase 2A explains the increased Fru 2,6-P2 level in liver after high glucose administration.
Semyanistyi’s Integrals and Radon Transforms on Matrix Spaces

We introduce a new analytic family of intertwining operators which include the Radon transform over matrix planes and its inverse. These operators generalize integral transformations introduced by Semyanistyi (Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 134:536–539, [1960]) in his research related to the hyperplane Radon transform in ℝ n . We obtain an extended version of Fuglede’s formula, connecting generalized Semyanistyi’s integrals, Radon transforms and Riesz potentials on the space of real rectangular matrices. This result combined with the matrix analog of the Hilbert transform leads to variety of new explicit inversion formulas for the Radon transform of functions of matrix argument.
Adenovirus: The First Effective In Vivo Gene Delivery Vector

The adenovirus, an 80–100 nm, nonenveloped, icosahedral capsid, double-stranded DNA virus, is a well-known cause of respiratory tract infections (Ginsberg, 1984). Adenovirus infection in humans usually is mild, but in immunocompromised individuals, it can be life threatening. The adenovirus was first isolated from human adenoids in 1953. There are over 50 known serotypes (Wilson, 1996; Hackett and Crystal, 2008). In the late 1980s, when we began to think about strategies of transferring genes in vivo, the adenovirus was known to be trophic for the respiratory epithelium. The virus had been sequenced in its entirety, many human serotypes were known, and the detailed biology of how the virus replicated and assembled was well described (Ginsberg, 1984; Russell, 2009). The stage was set, partly by serendipity, to adapt the adenovirus to be an effective means of transferring genes in vivo.
An ecosystem‐based approach to managing estuaries: An assessment of the National Estuary program

Traditional coastal resource management programs tend to be fragmented and focused on a limited subset of problems. Many scholars, government practitioners, and academics have argued that an ecosystem‐based approach is more appropriate. A promising ecosystem‐based approach to managing estuaries in the United States is the National Estuary Program (NEP). The goal of this article is to examine the extent to which the NEP's management conference process represents an ecosystem‐based approach to managing estuarine systems. The article begins with a discussion of the challenges associated with utilizing an ecosystem‐based approach to environmental management. The strategy, structure, and process of the NEP are then examined using evaluative criteria drawn from a previous study of historical attempts to manage coastal areas in the United States. Based on the results of this assessment, some of the strengths and weaknesses of the NEP's management conference process are identified. The article concludes with a di...
Abdominoperineal resection for cancer of the rectum.

No statistically valid experience has been reported to date for comparison with published reports following resection to substantiate the claim that fulguration can locally control clinically infiltrating rectal cancer as effectively as does resection.
Acquisition and extinction as a function of incentive shift.

A statistically reliable contrast effect was found from an incentive shift between magazine and bar-press training and was most clearly evident in rats trained under high drive. The frustration-suppression effect (FSE) was not found in extinction, suggesting that the present use of a single day of bar-press training is not sufficient for this purpose.
A predictive model for determining asbestos concentrations for fibers less than five micrometers in length

The controversy of whether small asbestos fibers are biologically significant has not been resolved. The present standard method for evaluating asbestos fiber concentrations in workroom air excludes fibers less than 5 μm long even though it has been shown that small fiber concentrations dominate in a dust cloud. This research project was conducted to develop a mathematical model whereby one could predict small ( r = 0.852). Using these data, a mathematical model was developed to predict SEM concentrations based on PCM counts. This model may have application in retrospective epidemiological studies for estimating small fiber exposure levels to determine if small fibers play a role in disease production. The greatest utility would be in those retrospective studies where the only exposure information available is based on PCM counts.
Quantum logics derived from asymmetric Mielnik forms

It is shown that a logic will possess a “rich” set of states if and only if it can be derived from a Mielnik form, not necessarily symmetric.
Why can't they create architecture models like "Developer X"? An experience report

A large financial company, struggling with legacy systems that did not interoperate, performed a pilot project to teach software architecture to an enthusiastic application development team. Experienced mentors, including the author, worked with the application team for seven months to complete their engineering goal successfully. However, the mentors were unsuccessful in their attempt to train any of the six members of the application team to create architecture models on their own, though they were able to create them collaboratively with the mentors. This surprising result is due to the application team's strong preference for concrete artifacts over abstract ones. Even more surprising, an application developer from a different project, "Developer X", read the architecture modeling documentation on an internal website and, without mentoring, created architecture models within a few days. In light of this failure to teach software architecture, two short-term strategies are suggested for the use of software architecture in companies.
Late-onset respiratory distress after inhalation of laundry detergent.

Accidental poisoning with household cleaning products can pose significant risks to children. Exposure to granular laundry detergents accounts for a number of calls each year to poison control centers, though few of these exposures result in hospitalization. While caustic gastrointestinal injury resulting from ingestion of these highly alkaline cleaning agents is well-recognized, few reports address the potential damage to the respiratory tract that can occur following ingestion or inhalation of granular laundry detergent. We present a previously healthy 1-year-old who presented to the emergency department with Late-onset stridor and increased work of breathing following presumed inhalation of granular laundry detergent. Parents, primary care providers, and emergency department physicians need to be aware of the potential toxicity of these widely used household products.
Prevalence and nature of hyperamylasemia in acute alcoholism.

Determination of serum amylase activity in 100 consecutive patients admitted to an alcohol detoxification unit revealed hyperamylasemia in 39 cases. Further clinical evaluation of 15 of the 39 alcoholic patients with hyperamylasemia was unremarkable except for bilateral enlargement of the parotid glands in two cases. Nine of the 15 patients demonstrated markedly low amylase to creatinine clearance ratio; however, macroamylase complexes were not detected in the sera of any patients. Serum isoamylase separation revealed that the mean salivary isoamylase for the 15 alcoholic patients was significantly (P<0.05) elevated as compared to the control values. Individually, the salivary-type isoamylase was clearly elevated in ten patients while pancreatic type isoamylase was elevated in four. These data indicate that elevated serum amylase activity occurs frequently in alcoholic patients. Hyperamylasemia in a large number of alcoholic patients is nonpancreatic in origin and may be related to the injurious effect of ethanol on salivary glands and other tissues.
Delayed plasticity of an instinct: recognition and avoidance of 2 facing eyes by the jewel fish.

A model depicting 2 horizontally positioned black spots resembling facing eyes, as compared with models depicting other spot arrangements, elicits intense flight activity in young African jewel fish (Hemichromis bimaculatus) under 5 months of age and 7-month-old subadults reared apart from conspecifics with eyeless cave fish (Anoptichthys jordani). In contrast, subadults permitted to observe or interact fully with conspecifics during development exhibited attenuated discriminative flight activity. These findings suggest that visual experience with facing conspecifics, irrespective of physical contact, modifies the flight-eliciting properties of the innate mechanism subserving eye-schema recognition, but only during later maturation.
Oral Sodium and Potassium Binders in Heart Failure

Significant improvements in the morbidity and mortality associated with chronic heart failure have been gained with the use ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists, and diuretics. However, the use of these agents is often limited by their propensity to precipitate worsening renal function and hyperkalemia, particularly in patients with chronic kidney disease. Several pharmacologic agents have been developed in recent years that utilize the gastrointestinal tract as an alternate route for drug absorption, electrolyte exchange, and drug and electrolyte elimination. The existing data establishing the safety and efficacy of these novel agents will be the focus of this review.
Optics In The Model 900 Projection Stepper

Unique optical design features were incorporated into the Model 900 Projection Stepper. The f/4 illuminator uses a pulsed 200 w mercury short arc lamp and a glass light pipe to achieve a uniform intensity of .5 w/cm2 at the reticle. The 1:1 projection lens is a folded, double-pass design which consists of a concave mirror and a cemented achromat-prism assembly. With a numerical aperture of .30, the lens achieves diffraction-limited performance at both the g and h mercury lines. Reticle to wafer alignment is detected through the lens and corrected automatically at each exposure step.© (1980) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Polarization properties of surface plasma radiation excited by electrons

Abstract Some interesting features of the radiation associated with non-radiative surface plasmons, excited by electrons have not been explained previously. We give here an explanation of the origins of these features, based on recent work by Elson and Ritchie.
Feasibility of prehospital r-TPA therapy in chest pain patients

Abstract Study objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the number of eligible prehospital thrombolytic candidates and to estimate the potential time saved if field thrombolysis had been initiated in a series of prehospital chest pain patients. Design and setting: Prehospital 12-lead ECGs were obtained by paramedics during initial evaluation of chest pain patients and stored in the computerized ECG. Prehospital 12-lead ECGs, prehospital charts, and hospital charts then were reviewed retrospectively for final hospital diagnosis, prehospital and emergency department times, and historical exclusion criteria for prehospital treatment with recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (r-TPA). Type of participants: One hundred fifty-seven stable adult prehospital patients with a chief complaint of nontraumatic chest pain were enrolled. Six patients were excluded. Two had unretrievable 12-lead ECGs, and four refused paramedic transport and thus provided no further data. There were complete data on 151 patients making up the final study population. Interventions: Prehospital care was unaltered except for acquisition of 12-lead ECGs. No prehospital thrombolytic therapy was administratered during this study. Measurements and main results: The incidence of r-TPA exclusion criteria was as follows: 45 patients (29%) were 75 years of age or older, 57 (38%) had chest pain for more than six hours, 24 (16%) had hypertension with blood pressure of more than 180/110 mm Hg, and six (4%) had a history of a cerebrovascular accident. The time from paramedic scene arrival to prehospital ECG (8.4±5.1 minutes) was significantly shorter than the time from ED arrival to ED ECG (24.2+21.6 minutes, P P =NS). Thirteen of 151 patients (8.6%) had prehospital ECGs diagnostic for acute myocardial infarction; eight of these (5.3% overall) met criteria for prehospital r-TPA therapy. Conclusion: Prehospital 12-lead ECGs provide an ECG diagnosis 40 to 50 minutes earlier than ED ECGs. However, with current exclusion criteria, the number of prehospital r-TPA candidates is limited.
The politics of fluoridation in seven California cities.

AS A HEALTH MEASURE, the fluoridation of community water supplies has 4 been approved and enthusiastically endorsed for over a decade by virtually L all the important health people and organizations in the country. Its value is being verified by an increasing number of experiments, surveys, and studies. Yet at the same time it is being rejected more and more consistently by voters at the local level. There are 11 communities in California which have voted favorably on fluoridation in referendums, while more than 25 others have considered the idea at the ballot box and rejected it. Since 1957 there have been at least 16 fluoridation referendums in the state, and in all but two of these the measure was rejected. It is the purpose here to consider this curious phenomenon, to analyze its causes and effects, and to draw some conclusions about its implications for other issues in the political arena. Fluoridation, its proponents assert, is a safe, well-tested, economical procedure for markedly improving the dental health of children through the addition of fluoride salts to the water supply in the ratio of one part of fluoride per million. At higher concentrations a cosmetically undesirable stain appears on the teeth, a condition called "fluorosis," but this problem can be avoided if the concentration is carefully controlled.
Mining the surface proteome of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruit for proteins associated with cuticle biogenesis

The aerial organs of plants are covered by the cuticle, a polyester matrix of cutin and organic solvent-soluble waxes that is contiguous with the polysaccharide cell wall of the epidermis. The cuticle is an important surface barrier between a plant and its environment, providing protection against desiccation, disease, and pests. However, many aspects of the mechanisms of cuticle biosynthesis, assembly, and restructuring are entirely unknown. To identify candidate proteins with a role in cuticle biogenesis, a surface protein extract was obtained from tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruits by dipping in an organic solvent and the constituent proteins were identified by several complementary fractionation strategies and two mass spectrometry techniques. Of the approximately 200 proteins that were identified, a subset is potentially involved in the transport, deposition, or modification of the cuticle, such as those with predicted lipid-associated protein domains. These include several lipid-transfer proteins, GDSL-motif lipase/hydrolase family proteins, and an MD-2-related lipid recognition domain-containing protein. The epidermal-specific transcript accumulation of several of these candidates was confirmed by laser-capture microdissection and quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR), together with their expression during various stages of fruit development. This indicated a complex pattern of cuticle deposition, and models for cuticle biogenesis and restructuring are discussed.
Highly textured Bi-2223 aggregates produced by cold pressing of powders

Abstract An improved methodology is shown to evaluate crystallographic textures in pressed pellets of Bi-2223 powders. The X-ray analysis documents that, after uniaxial compression to — 50% strain, ten times as many plate-like crystallites have their c -axes parallel to the compression direction as perpendicular to it. This pattern of prefered orientation is in agreement with expectations from a model of homogeneous reorientation of rigid particles during compaction.
Possible origin of the 0.5 plateau in the ballistic conductance of quantum point contacts

A nonequilibrium Green's function formalism is used to study the conductance of a side-gated quantum point contact (QPC) in the presence of the lateral spin-orbit coupling (LSOC). A small difference of bias voltage between the two side gates (SGs) leads to an inversion asymmetry in the LSOC between the opposite edges of the channel. In the single-electron modeling of transport, this triggers a spontaneous but insignificant spin polarization in the QPC. However, the spin polarization of the QPC is enhanced substantially when the effect of electron-electron interaction is included. The spin polarization is strong enough to result in the occurrence of a conductance plateau at $0.5{G}_{0}$ $({G}_{0}=2{e}^{2}/h)$ in the absence of any external magnetic field. In our simulations of a model QPC device, the 0.5 plateau is found to be quite robust and survives up to a temperature of 40 K. The spontaneous spin polarization and the resulting magnetization of the QPC can be reversed by flipping the polarity of the source to drain bias or the potential difference between the two SGs. These numerical simulations are in good agreement with recent experimental results for side-gated QPCs made from the low band-gap semiconductor InAs.
OwnTime: a system for timespace management

We describe OwnTime, a system for facilitating timespace management, and discuss the results of a user study comparing the disruptiveness of meeting establishment without and with the system. The study indicates that the OwnTime system shows potential for improving users' time management. We also raise relevant issues about computer mediation in traditionally interpersonal tasks and note further work to be done in areas such as context-aware and wearable computing.
Spin dependent tunneling

Abstract During the past four years, researchers made significant advances in fabricating magnetic tunnel junctions with reproducible magnetic and magnetotransport properties. Important developments include optimization of oxidation processes, discovery of new class of magnetic tunnel junctions, combination of spin dependent tunneling with the Coulomb blockade effect, and a better theoretical understanding of the I – V characteristics of magnetic tunnel junctions. These developments make them promising candidates for magnetic random access memories.
Empathy and Sympathy as Tactile Encounter

Empathy and sympathy are feeling-acts which bring the self into direct encounter with other persons. In empathy a self grasps the affective act of another self; in sympathy xn persons apprehend a common object while immersed in similar feeling acts. Since touch is the paradigmatic sense for bringing what is felt into proximity with feeling, structural affinities between touch and these feeling acts can be shown. This relationship has been obscured by classical theories of touch in which it is interpreted on analogy with the other senses. When the subject of touch is seen as the living body in a whole, the full range of its possible relationships to affective states can be explored. In this connection the theories of touch of Aristotle, Berkeley and Condillac are critically evaluated. While none recognizes the uniqueness of touch, each sees difficulties in incorporating touch in a general theory of sense. In the course of the exposition pity is distinguished from empathy and sympathy and a criticism of Nietzsche's ressentiment theory offered.
The incorporation of [14C3]glycerol into lipids by dispersed bovine mammary cells.

Abstract Freshly dispersed cells obtained from lactating bovine mammary gland actively absorbed and metabolized [14C3]glycerol present in the culture medium. 19% of the available free glycerol was incorporated into lipids within 18 h. Activation of glycerol and lipid biosynthesis apparently occurred intracellularly. Labeled lipids, mostly triglycerides, accumulated in the media during the experimental period. Most of the radioactivity of the cellular lipids was associated with the triglycerides, 1,2-diglycerides and phosphatidylcholine. Significantly, both ceramidemonohexose and ceramidedihexose contained radioactivity. The specific activity time curves tentatively indicated that the triglycerides were derived from the 1,2-diglycerides. Phosphatidylinositol and cardiolipins initially had very high specific activities which declined rapidly. The specific activities of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine suggested that they may have been derived from the 1,2-diglycerides. The monoglycerides showed extremely high specific activity at all stages of the experiment whereas that of the phosphatidic acid was negligible. Evidence was adduced for the functioning of the α-glycerophosphate pathway in bovine mammary tissue. It was concluded that bovine mammary cells can utilize exogenous glycerol and that the secretory cells can synthesize the normal glycerolipids and the cerebrosides found in milk.
Analysis of cache-coherence bottlenecks with hybrid hardware/software techniques

Application performance on high-performance shared-memory systems is often limited by sharing patterns resulting in cache-coherence bottlenecks. Current approaches to identify coherence bottlenecks incur considerable run-time overhead and do not scale. We present two novel hardware-assisted coherence-analysis techniques that reduce trace sizes by two orders of magnitude over full traces. First, hardware performance monitoring is combined with capturing stores in software to provide a lossy-trace mechanism, which is an order of magnitude faster than software-instrumentation-based full-tracing and retains accuracy. Second, selected long-latency loads are instrumented via binary rewriting, which provides even higher accuracy and control over tracing, but requires additional overhead.
Optimistic Parallel Simulation of Continuous Time Markov Chains Using Uniformization

In an earlier paper we described how uniformization can be used as the basis of a conservative parallel simulation algorithm for simulating a continuous time Markov chain (CTMC). The fundamental notion is that uniformization permits the calculation (in advance of actually running the simulation) of instants where processors will synchronize, achieving much lower synchronization overhead than is usually attributed to conservative methods. In this paper we extend the idea further, showing how to use uniformization in the context of an optimistic parallel simulation to reduce the frequency of state-saving, schedule intelligently, and eliminate the Global Virtual Time (GVT) calculation. We demonstrate the efficiency of the method by implementation on a 16-processor Intel iPSC/2 and on 256 processors of the Intel Touchstone Delta.
The Double-Line Sign: A False Positive Finding on the Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma (FAST) Examination

Abstract Background: Emergency physicians commonly perform Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma (FAST) examinations to evaluate for free intraperitoneal fluid. Many ultrasound findings can be misinterpreted as free fluid, resulting in false-positive FAST examinations. Objectives: To describe a previously unreported ultrasound finding that can be misinterpreted as free intraperitoneal fluid. Case Report: A 32-year-old man was stabbed in the left upper abdomen. A FAST examination was performed and a right perinephric fat pad was interpreted as showing free fluid in Morison's pouch. After transfer to a trauma center, a repeat FAST examination revealed no signs of intraperitoneal free fluid. Wound exploration showed no signs of penetration into the peritoneal cavity. Conclusions: When performing a FAST examination, a wedge-shaped hypoechoic area in Morison's pouch that is bounded on both sides by echogenic lines (the “FAST Double-Line Sign”) is likely to represent perinephric fat and may result in a false-positive FAST examination.
The Logic of Risky Knowledge

Abstract Much of our everyday knowledge is risky. This not only includes personal judgments, but the results of measurement, data obtained from references or by report, the results of statistical testing, etc. There are two (often opposed) views in AI on how to handle risky empirical knowledge. One view, characterized often by modal or nonmonotonic logics, is that the structure of such knowledge should be captured by the formal logical properties of a set of sentences, if we can just get the logic right. The other view takes probability to be central to the characterization of risky knowledge, but often does not allow for the tentative or corrigible acceptance of a set of sentences. We examine a view, based on e-acceptability that combines both probability and modality. A statement is e-accepted if the probability of its denial is at most e, where e is taken to be a fixed small parameter as is customary in the practice of statistical testing. We show that given a body of evidence Γ δ , the set of e-accepted statements Γ e has exactly the logical structure of a classical modal system EMN , the smallest classical modal logic E supplemented by the schemata M : □ e (⌜ φ ∧ ψ ⌝) → (□ e φ ∧ □ e ψ) and N : □ e ⊤.
Numerical Data for Some Commonly Used Solid State Reaction Equations

Many solid state reactions can be represented by equations of the type F(α) =kt, where α is the fraction of material reacted in time, t. These equations can be expressed in the form F(α) =A(t/t0.5) where t0.5 is the time for 50% reaction and A is a calculable constant depending on the form of F(α). Numerical tables are given of F(α) in relation to α, and to (t/t0.5), for nine equations corresponding to reactions which are diffusion controlled, or are reaction-rate controlled, or obey first order kinetics, or follow the equations of Avrami and Erofe'ev. The application of the tables to the analysis of experimental data is described.
Student Objectives and Learning Experiences in a Global Health Elective

International health electives offer unique experiences for medical students to develop clinical skills and cultural competencies in unique and diverse environments. Medical students have been increasingly pursuing these learning opportunities despite the challenges. However, their goals in pursuing these opportunities and the relation between their learning objectives and actual experiences have not been studied adequately. It is important to assess these programs based on student objectives and whether those objectives are met. Thirty-seven medical students from five cohorts at a US medical school completed pre-post questionnaires regarding their global health elective objectives and learning experiences. The questionnaires included mostly open-ended questions and a Likert-scale rating of their overall experience. Qualitative thematic analysis involved inductive coding and followed a content-driven immersion-crystallization approach. Quantitative program evaluation measures yielded descriptive statistics. Five general objectives and four types of learning experiences were identified. Student objectives were: (1) to observe the practice and organization of health care in another country; (2) improve medical/surgical skills; (3) improve language skills; (4) learn about another culture; and (5) deepen knowledge of infectious diseases. All of their objectives were achieved. Moreover, one learning theme, "self-reflection and personal growth," was not a student objective. Quantitative assessment showed that most students had a favorable elective experience. Program challenges were also identified. Students in a global health elective were able to fulfill self-identified learning objectives, while also gaining other unexpected yet important lessons. Students' learning objectives also should be considered in evaluating learning experiences in international health electives.
Synapsins in the vertebrate retina: Absence from ribbon synapses and heterogeneous distribution among conventional synapses

The vertebrate retina contains two ultrastructurally distinct types of vesicle-containing synapses: conventional synapses, made predominantly by amacrine cells, and ribbon synapses, formed by photoreceptor and bipolar cells. To identify molecular differences between these synapse types, we have compared the distribution of the synapsins, a family of nerve terminal phosphoproteins, with that of synaptophysin (p38) and SV2, two intrinsic membrane proteins of synaptic vesicles. We report an absence of synapsin I and II immunoreactivity from all ribbon-containing nerve terminals. These include terminals of rod cells in developing and adult rat retina, rod and cone cells in monkey and salamander retinas, and rat bipolar cells. Furthermore, we show that synapsins I and II are differentially distributed among conventional synapses of amacrine cells. The absence of the synapsins from ribbon synapses suggests that vesicle clustering and mobilization in these terminals differ from that in conventional synapses.
Pine Oils as Agents for Protecting Rustic Furniture and Log Cabins From Various Wood Borers

Certain combinations of pine oils, when sprayed on the bark of rustic furniture and log cabins, are very efficient in killing the larvae of Hylotrupes ligneus Fab., Oeme rigida Say., Callidium antennatum Newm., or longhorned wood borers working in the wood, and will prevent further infestation of the wood for a period of at least one summer season following treatment, with no appreciable effect on the color of the bark.