cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
“It just seems like people are talking about menopause, but nobody has a solution”: A qualitative exploration of menopause experiences and preferences for weight management among Black women

Abstract Objectives A qualitative study was performed to characterize experiences of women going through menopause, as well as to identify barriers and facilitators for participating in a lifestyle program targeting weight management during menopause. Study Design Perimenopausal and postmenopausal Black women with a self-reported desire to lose or maintain weight during menopause participated in a total of six focus groups. Main Outcome Measures Women were asked about their past experiences with diet, exercise, and weight management; their menopause experiences; as well as specific components and considerations for developing a lifestyle program for weight management. Thematic analysis was conducted on coded transcripts and four main themes emerged, each containing three to seven subthemes. Results Twenty-seven Black women (age 54±4 years, BMI 35.1 ± 9.0 kg/m2) were enrolled. Overall, women felt unprepared for the changes they experienced during menopause and had difficulty maintaining or losing weight. While women were receptive to trying different diets and exercises, they wanted a diet that was flexible with their lifestyle and exercises that considered their existing health status. Women were also interested in learning about menopause alongside other women, stating that medical professionals did not provide them with adequate information or help. Social support, accountability, and seeing results were perceived critical to achieve long-lasting behavioral change. Conclusions Women were interested in receiving menopause information and improving their overall health as part of a lifestyle program during menopause. Associating with other women affected by menopause will allow for the creation of more sustainable lifestyle programs during menopause. Clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT04487782.
Cyber-(in)Security, Revisited: Proactive Cyber-Defenses, Interdependence and Autonomous Human-Machine Teams (A-HMTs)

The risks from cyber threats are increasing. Cyber threats propagate primarily with deception. Threats from deception derive from insider and outsider attacks. These threats are countered by reactive and proactive cyber-defenses. Alarmingly, increasing proactive cyber defenses simulate conflicts from the Wild West of yesteryear. However, deception is inadequately addressed with traditional theories based on methodological individualism (MI). Worse, MI’s rational choice theory breaks down in the presence of social conflict. In contrast, interdependence theory addresses barriers, deception to penetrate the vulnerabilities of barriers and the conflict which ensues, topics where interdependence theory thrives. Interdependence includes the effects of the constructive or destructive interference that constitute every social interaction. Our research primarily addresses the application of interdependence theory to autonomous human-machine teams (A-HMTs), which entails artificial intelligence (AI) and AI’s sub-field of machine learning (ML). A-HMTs require defenses that protect a team from cyberthreats, adverse interference and other vulnerabilities while affording the opportunity for a team to become autonomous. In this chapter, we focus on an introduction that includes a review of traditional methodological individualism and rational choice theory. Our introduction is followed by a discussion of deception and its implications for reactive cyber defenses. We next cover proactive cyber defenses in a separate section. Then we review our research on interdependence theory and its application to A-HMTs. We conclude that while cyber-risks are increasing, so too is the teamwork that strengthens cyber-defenses. The future belongs to a theory of interdependence that improves cyber-defenses, teams and the science that generalizes to A-HMTs.
Breaking Through the Cultural Clutter: A Comparative Assessment of Multiple Cultural and Institutional Frameworks

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine and compare the validity of different operationalizations of cultural and institutional distance.Design/methodology/approach – First, a review of the theoretical background for Hofstede's, Schwartz's, Trompenaars's, and Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness' (GLOBE) cultural frameworks is provided, as well as the institutional environment. Then, the validity of each framework is assessed by evaluating how well each framework groups countries into appropriate clusters, and finally comparisons between the different frameworks are drawn.Findings – It was found that the cultural distance (CD) constructs based on Hofstede and Trompenaars have strong convergent validity. CD constructs based on Schwartz and GLOBE are found to have the weakest validity. The institutional distance (ID) constructs are conceptualized to be broader than the traditional CD constructs. However, high correlations indicate a strong overlap between ID and CD. Addition...
Factors to adjust litter weight of pigs to a standard 21 days of age.

Factors to standardize litter weights of nursing pigs to 21 d of age were calculated from daily weights measured on 64 crossbred litters from 10 to 32 d of age. The results were compared to published factors derived from a data set of Duroc pigs weighed every 3 to 4 d. Dams in the present study were white crossbred sows and gilts, and sires were maternal or terminal breed types. Multiplicative factors were calculated by dividing the mean 21-d litter weight (LW21) by mean daily litter weight. Linear and quadratic regression coefficients of LW21 on age at weighing were fitted to the factors (R2 = .997). The final equation for adjusting litter weights to a 21-d basis was 2.5246 - .1041 x (d of age) + .0015 x (d of age)2. There were good agreement with published factors for d 19 to 25, but divergence for younger and older litters resulted in significant differences between the linear coefficients. These differences may be due to departure from a linear growth curve, which daily measurements would incorporate, or differences in sow populations. Thus, use of the new factors should be considered for white crossbred sow populations. A least squares analysis indicated that LW21 was significantly altered by parity, not by the number of pigs allowed to nurse or by breed of sire. After adjustment to 21 d, litter weights also should be adjusted for differences in parity before evaluating sow productivity, by using additive factors such as those recommended by the National Swine Improvement Federation.
Thermal Properties of High Water Content Materials

Thermal Properties of High Water Content Materials Abstract: Fundamental thermal properties of various high water content materials were determined using a number of thermal testing methods. Tests were conducted on peat soils, solid wastes, industrial sludge, and bentonite slurries. Thermal conductivity, heat capacity, and thermal diffusivity were determined. The thermal conductivity of the materials was determined using a needle probe method. The volumetric heat capacity of the materials was determined using a dual probe method. These values were used together to obtain thermal diffusivity. Analytical methods are also used to determine heat capacity and thermal diffusivity. The theory for determination of thermal parameters using the various methods is presented. Experimental methods were determined to be effective at measuring thermal properties of high water content materials. Thermal parameters are dependent on material composition and structure. Heat capacity and thermal diffusivity are greatly affected by water content because of the high heat capacity of water compared with air and solids. A comparison is made between experimental and analytical methods used to determine thermal parameters. Good agreement was observed between experimental and analytical methods. Results of thermal tests have applications in the prediction of heat transfer through soils, sludges, and wastes.
Phases of SU (3) Gauge Theories with Fundamental Quarks via Dirac Spectral Density

We propose that, in $SU(3)$ gauge theories with fundamental quarks, confinement can be inferred from spectral density of the Dirac operator. This stems from the proposition that its possible behaviors are exhausted by three distinct types (Fig. 1). The monotonic cases are standard and entail confinement with valence chiral symmetry breaking (A) or the lack of both (C,C'). The bimodal (anomalous) option (B) was frequently regarded as an artifact (lattice or other) in previous studies, but we show for the first time that it persists in the continuum limit, and conclude that it informs of a nonconfining phase with broken valence chiral symmetry. This generalization rests on the following. $(\ensuremath{\alpha})$ We show that bimodality in ${\mathrm{N}}_{f}=0$ theory past deconfinement temperature ${T}_{c}$ is stable with respect to removal of both infrared and ultraviolet cutoffs, indicating that anomalous phase is not an artifact. $(\ensuremath{\beta})$ We demonstrate that transition to bimodality in ${\mathrm{N}}_{f}=0$ is simultaneous with the loss of confinement: anomalous phase occurs for ${T}_{c}lTl{T}_{ch}$, where ${T}_{ch}$ is the valence chiral restoration temperature. $(\ensuremath{\gamma})$ Evidence is presented for thermal anomalous phase in ${\mathrm{N}}_{f}=2+1$ QCD at physical quark masses, whose onset too coincides with the conventional ``crossover ${T}_{c}$.'' We conclude that the anomalous regime ${T}_{c}lTl{T}_{ch}$ is very likely a feature of nature's strong interactions. $(\ensuremath{\delta})$ Our past studies of zero-temperature ${\mathrm{N}}_{f}=12$ theories revealed that bimodality also arises via purely light-quark effects. As a result, we expect to encounter the anomalous phase on generic paths to valence chiral restoration. We predict its existence also for ${N}_{f}$ massless flavors ($T=0$) in the range ${\mathrm{N}}_{f}^{c}l{\mathrm{N}}_{f}l{\mathrm{N}}_{f}^{ch}$, where ${\mathrm{N}}_{f}^{c}$ could be quite low. Conventional arguments would associate ${\mathrm{N}}_{f}^{ch}$ with the onset of conformal window.
Fort Hare from the inside Under Protest : The Rise of Student Resistance at the University of Fort Hare, D. Massey : book review

Despite its fame, Fort Hare and its history has remained relatively little-studied, its sources under-used. There have been some attempts: a memoir-history by 1950s lecturer Donovan Williams, some official histories, and theses, but they do not plumb Fort Hare's complex past from the perspective of students. Recently, however, there has been a student's memoir, by Nomsa Mazwai, Sai Sai: Little Girl. Now Daniel Massey, who studied there in the 1990s and wrote an excellent Master's thesis on student politics, has revised and published it in the Hidden Histories series.
Fast reconnection in high-Lundquist-number plasmas due to the plasmoid Instability

Thin current sheets in systems of large size that exceed a critical value of the Lundquist number are unstable to a super-Alfvenic tearing instability, referred to hereafter as the plasmoid instability. The scaling of the growth rate of the most rapidly growing plasmoid instability with respect to the Lundquist number is shown to follow from the classical dispersion relation for tearing modes. As a result of this instability, the system realizes a nonlinear reconnection rate that appears to be weakly dependent on the Lundquist number, and larger than the Sweet–Parker rate by nearly an order of magnitude (for the range of Lundquist numbers considered). This regime of fast reconnection is realizable in a dynamic and highly unstable thin current sheet, without requiring the current sheet to be turbulent.
Targeted polymeric nanoparticles for cancer gene therapy

In this article, advances in designing polymeric nanoparticles for targeted cancer gene therapy are reviewed. Characterization and evaluation of biomaterials, targeting ligands, and transcriptional elements are each discussed. Advances in biomaterials have driven improvements to nanoparticle stability and tissue targeting, conjugation of ligands to the surface of polymeric nanoparticles enable binding to specific cancer cells, and the design of transcriptional elements has enabled selective DNA expression specific to the cancer cells. Together, these features have improved the performance of polymeric nanoparticles as targeted non-viral gene delivery vectors to treat cancer. As polymeric nanoparticles can be designed to be biodegradable, non-toxic, and to have reduced immunogenicity and tumorigenicity compared to viral platforms, they have significant potential for clinical use. Results of polymeric gene therapy in clinical trials and future directions for the engineering of nanoparticle systems for targeted cancer gene therapy are also presented.
Model of stress-induced defect formation in drying polymer films

Photographic films are multilayer polymer structures coated from solution onto a relatively rigid substrate, chilled into a solid gel, and then dried into a permanent coating. This model predicts stress growth and defect formation during drying of such films that remain above their glass transition temperature, so that Fickian difision persists. The stress in the drying gel is taken from mixture theory; the polymer network is a nonlinear elastic or hypoelastic solid, whereas the solvent is an ideal fluid. Conservation laws and constitutive equations are formulated in terms of the polymer network velocity and discretized by the mixed method of Guenette and Fortin on an elliptically genereted, independently evolving finite-element mesh. Results include evolution of polymer velocity, free surfaces, solvent concentration, and residual stress. Various model problems are solved for drying of uniformly coated films, suspended films (as in tenter-frame ovens) and around rigid particle inclusions in suspended films and in multilayer photographic coatings causing particle migration and drying defects.
Asian America: Chinese and Japanese in the United States since 1850

PrefaceAcknowledgmentsIntroduction: The Significance of the Asian American ExperienceThe Coming of the ChineseThe Anti-Chinese MovementChinese America, 1880-1941The Coming of the Japanese and the Anti-Japanese MovementJapanese America, 1920-1941 Asian Americans and World War II Asian Americans and the Cold War, 1945-1960Epilogue: Since 1960 - The Era of the Model MinoritySelected BibliographyIndex
The niobium(V)-N-phenyl-N-nitrosohydroxylamine complex

Abstract Reacting a solution of hydrous niobium(V) oxide in concentrated sulfuric acid with a cold, aqueous solution of the ammonium salt of N-phenyl-N-nitrosohydroxylamine (cupferron) produced a white, insoluble precipitate, which after recrystallization from absolute ethanol, was identified as the neutral complex oxytris (N-phenyl-N-nitrosohydroxylamino) niobium (V). Utilizing data from spectrophotometric measurements made on 50% by weight water-ethanol solutions of this complex, where the concentration of the free ligand was varied, the formation constant for the addition of the third ligand was calculated to be 6.8 × 104.
Combinatorial gene regulation by Bmp and Wnt in zebrafish posterior mesoderm formation

Combinatorial signaling is an important mechanism that allows the embryo to utilize overlapping signaling pathways to specify different territories. In zebrafish, the Wnt and Bmp pathways interact to regulate the formation of the posterior body. In order to understand how this works mechanistically, we have identified tbx6 as a posterior mesodermal gene activated by both of these signaling pathways. We isolated a genomic fragment from the tbx6 gene that recapitulates the endogenous tbx6 expression, and used this to ask how the Bmp and Wnt signaling pathways combine to regulate gene expression. We find that the tbx6 promoter utilizes distinct domains to integrate the signaling inputs from each pathway, including multiple Tcf/LEF sites and a novel Bmp-response element. Surprisingly, we found that overexpression of either signaling pathway can activate the tbx6 promoter and the endogenous gene, whereas inputs from both pathways are required for the normal pattern of expression. These results demonstrate that both Bmp and Wnt are present at submaximal levels, which allows the pathways to function combinatorially. We present a model in which overlapping Wnt and Bmp signals in the ventrolateral region activate the expression of tbx6 and other posterior mesodermal genes, leading to the formation of posterior structures.
29Si and 13C NMR spectra of permethylpolysilanes

Abstract 29 Si, 13 C and 1 H NMR spectra are reported for the series of linear permethylpolysilanes Me(SiMe 2 ) n Me where n = 1 to 6, for the cyclic permethylpolysilanes (Me 2 Si) n where n = 5 to 8, and for a few related compounds. For linear polysilanes the 29 Si and 13 C chemical shifts can be accurately calculated from simple additivity relationships based on the number of silicon atoms in α, β, γ and δ positions. Adjacent (α) silicon atoms lead to upfield shifts in the 29 Si and 13 C resonances, whereas more remote silicon atoms lead to downfield shifts. The 29 Si chemical shifts of the polysilane chains are linearly related to the 13 C shifts of the carbon atoms attached to the silicon. The 29 Si and 13 C resonances of the cyclic silanes deviate from this relationship. Ring current effects arising from σ delocalization are suggested as an explanation for the deviations. Proton-coupled 29 Si NMR spectra are reported for Me 3 SiSiMe 3 and for (Me 2 Si) n , n = 5 to 7.
Sympathetic denervation and chronic serotonin uptake blockade by fluoxetine do not affect pineal gland 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid: evidence that oxidative deamination of pineal serotonin is a property of the pinealocyte.

This investigation tested the hypothesis that oxidative deamination of 5HT in the pineal gland occurs primarily in cellular compartments other than the pinealocyte (i.e., noradrenergic nerve terminals and glia). Following sympathetic denervation of the pineal gland by bilateral superior cervical sympathectomy, pineal levels of 5HT and its oxidative metabolite, 5HIAA, were measured by HPLC from samples collected at six time points over the 24 h photoperiod. The role of glia in 5HT deamination was further examined by chronic treatment with the 5HT uptake blocker, fluoxetine (10 mg/kg). Sympathectomy abolished the circadian rhythms of both 5HT and 5HIAA, but had no statistically significant effect on the ratio of 5HIAA/5HT compared to shamoperated and intact controls over the 24 h period. Pineal daytime levels of both 5HT and 5HIAA were unaffected by fluoxetine treatment. These findings indicate that the pinealocyte is an important cellular compartment for 5HT oxidative metabolism.
Reconciling logical incrementalism and synoptic formalism—an integrated approach to designing strategic planning processes

The advocates of logical incrementalism and synoptic formalism in strategic planning emphasize, respectively, the interactive and analytical dimensions of the planning process. This paper suggests a framework for designing planning processes that permits a symbiotic integration of both approaches. In particular, synoptic exercises scheduled at intervals of more than a year, with incremental exercises in the intervening years are recommended.
The Role of Mental Representation in Social Development

In this article we focus on a major advance of the past few decades: the introduction of mental representation as a tool for understanding social development. We argue that despite the considerable contributions made by this approach, it is underrepresented in social developmental research, except in the area of attachment. We go on to show that mental representations (1) play a key role in the social and self-related outcomes researchers value most highly, (2) are the carriers of socialization experience and a major means through which experience affects children's outcomes, (3) have unique implications for pinpointing important socialization practices and designing effective interventions, and (4) can link social development to other areas in psychology. We also suggest, along with other recent authors, that mental representations hold the key to understanding the important issue of continuity and change in development.
Evolutionary relationships among proteins in the phytohemagglutinin-arcelin-alpha-amylase inhibitor family of the common bean and its relatives.

The common bean, Phaseolus vulgaris, contains a family of defense proteins that comprises phytohemagglutinin (PHA), arcelin, and α-amylase inhibitor (αAI). Here we report eight new derived amino acid sequences of genes in this family obtained with either the polymerase chain reaction using genomic DNA, or by screening cDNA libraries made with RNA from developing beans. These new sequences are: two αAI sequences and arcelin-4 obtained from a wild accession of P. vulgaris that is resistant to the Mexican bean weevil (Zabrotes subfasciatus) and the bean weevil (Acanthoscelides obtectus); an αAI sequence from the related species P. acutifolius (tepary bean); a PHA and an arcelin-like sequence from P. acutifolius; an αAI-like sequence from P. maculatus; and a PHA sequence from an arcelin-5 type P. vulgaris. A dendrogram of 16 sequences shows that they fall into the three identified groups: phytohemagglutinins, arcelins and αAIs. A comparison of these derived amino acid sequences indicates that one of the four amino acid residues that is conserved in all legume lectins and is required for carbohydrate binding is absent from all the arcelins; two of the four conserved residues needed for carbohydrate binding are missing from all the αAIs. Proteolytic processing at an Asn-Ser site is required for the activation of αAI, and this site is present in all αAI-like sequences; this processing site is also found at the same position in certain arcelins, which are not proteolytically processed. The presence of this site is therefore not sufficient for processing to occur.
Growth and Development of Academic Pediatrics in North America: Presidential Address to the American Pediatric Society, April 28, 1971

This 81st Annual Meeting of the American Pediatric Society comes in its 83rd year, a venerable age which might suggest impending senility, for institutions, like people, are subject to the processes of differentiation, growth, development, and senescence. American pediatrics, although its birth was postmature, had a vigorous neonatal period and a flourishing infancy when this society came into being. Then followed a rather long latency period, succeeded, especially since the Second World War, by a rapidly accelerating phase of growth. This is shown in Figure 1, depicting growth in the membership of this Society. Even more striking than this recent rapid growth is the fact that, while its early membership comprised almost every physician in North America interested in the medical care of children, including such illustrious figures as Sir William Osier, a drastic change has taken place during the second 40 years of the Society's existence.
Interstitial cells at the boundary between alveolar and extraalveolar connective tissue in the lung

Areas of insertion of alveolar septa into connective tissue sheaths surrounding extraalveolar structures such as pulmonary arteries, veins, and conducting airways were examined in healthy rabbit lungs. Electron micrographs show that at this location, interstitial cells of the alveolar wall spread out delimiting an apparent boundary between the septal compartment where lung capillaries are located and all other extraalveolar compartments where pulmonary lymphatics are located. These cells seem to be part of the cell population of the alveolar interstitium and often send back extensions deep into the alveolar septum. In the extraalveolar sheath they often curl up to form incomplete tubes. It is suggested that these are incomplete sinusoids and represent the origin of the pulmonary lymphatic network. Occasional close association of the boundary cells with free interstitial mononuclear cells was observed. We conclude that the septal and the extraalveolar interstitium are separate connective tissue compartments and this suggests that lymph originates in the extraalveolar sheaths.
The eukaryotic signal sequence, YGRL, targets the chlamydial inclusion.

Understanding how host proteins are targeted to pathogen-specified organelles, like the chlamydial inclusion, is fundamentally important to understanding the biogenesis of these unique subcellular compartments and how they maintain autonomy within the cell. Syntaxin 6, which localizes to the chlamydial inclusion, contains an YGRL signal sequence. The YGRL functions to return syntaxin 6 to the trans-Golgi from the plasma membrane, and deletion of the YGRL signal sequence from syntaxin 6 also prevents the protein from localizing to the chlamydial inclusion. YGRL is one of three YXXL (YGRL, YQRL and YKGL) signal sequences which target proteins to the trans-Golgi. We designed various constructs of eukaryotic proteins to test the specificity and propensity of YXXL sequences to target the inclusion. The YGRL signal sequence redirects proteins (e.g. Tgn38, furin, syntaxin 4) that normally do not localize to the chlamydial inclusion. Further, the requirement of the YGRL signal sequence for syntaxin 6 localization to inclusions formed by different species of Chlamydia is conserved. These data indicate that there is an inherent property of the chlamydial inclusion, which allows it to recognize the YGRL signal sequence. To examine whether this ‘inherent property’ was protein or lipid in nature, we asked if deletion of the YGRL signal sequence from syntaxin 6 altered the ability of the protein to interact with proteins or lipids. Deletion or alteration of the YGRL from syntaxin 6 does not appreciably impact syntaxin 6-protein interactions, but does decrease syntaxin 6-lipid interactions. Intriguingly, data also demonstrate that YKGL or YQRL can successfully substitute for YGRL in localization of syntaxin 6 to the chlamydial inclusion. Importantly and for the first time, we are establishing that a eukaryotic signal sequence targets the chlamydial inclusion.
Effect of MDL 73,745 on acetylcholine and biogenic amine levels in rat cortex

Abstract We postulate that the effect of cholinesterase inhibitors to ameliorate the cholinergic deficit in Alzheimer's disease is related to their ability to maintain long-lasting, non-toxic steady-state levels of acetylcholine in cortex. We investigated the effect of the cholinesterase inhibitor, MDL 73,745 (2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(3-trimethylsilylphenyl)ethanone), on the extracellular levels of acetylcholine, norepinephrine, dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine in the cerebral cortex of the rat by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrochemical detection. The drug significantly increased acetylcholine levels above the baseline at 2 and 10 mg/kg s.c., but not at the 1 mg/kg dose. At both 2 and 10 mg/kg, there was a good correlation between cholinesterase inhibition and acetylcholine increase in cortex. At the 2 and 10 mg/kg doses, the maximal cholinesterase inhibition was 64% and 77%, respectively, and the increase in acetylcholine release was 481% and 1016%, respectively. Norepinephrine and dopamine, but not 5-hydroxytryptamine levels, were also significantly increased by the 10 mg/kg dose. The increases of norepinephrine and dopamine levels reached a maximum of 124% and 370%, respectively, and continued for a period of at least 8 h. Cholinergic side-effects were most marked at the 10 mg/kg dose but were also noticeable at the 2 mg/kg dose in the form of fasciculations, tremor and splay.
Review: Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle injection for cancer therapy: The evolving role of therapeutic endoscopic ultrasound

Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) is central to the diagnosis and staging of many malignancies, but now has an evolving role in cancer therapy. EUS-guided fine needle injection (FNI) is already used for palliative interventions such as treatment of pain through nerve blockade and to guide biliary decompression when conventional ERCP is not possible. More recently, EUS-FNI has been used to deliver specific anti-tumor agents for pancreatic cyst ablation and local control of tumor growth in patients with unresectable solid malignancies. The agents used to date include ethanol, brachytherapy seeds, and chemotherapeutic agents such as paclitaxel. In addition, FNI of new immunomodulating cell cultures such as mixed lymphocyte and dendritic cell cultures has also been reported, as has FNI of several different viral vectors for antitumor therapy. Although experience with these agents remains preliminary, EUS-FNI is a minimally invasive approach to deliver local antitumor agents, and is likely to have an expanding role in cancer therapy.
American Indian Linguistics in the Southwest

SINGUISTIC developments in the Southwest can be understood only as localized manifestations of the changing trends in American Indian linguistics, for the Southwest has never represented a unique region of study nor an area of concentrated investigation for linguists. It may be significant to note that Boas' early interest in languages of the North Pacific Coast tended to direct the geographical focus of linguistic work during the first quarter of the present century. The two volumes of the Handbook which were published within this period (Boas 1911, 1922) contained no language of the Southwest among the fourteen languages described. In a comparable collection of descriptive sketches published recently (Hoijer and others 1946), four Southwestern languages were included in a total of thirteen. Before the twentieth century the major bulk of material on Indian languages north of Mexico was contained in haphazardly transcribed word lists and texts. Descriptive linguistics, as we know it today in this country, had its beginnings in Boas' insistence on the meticulous recording of empirical data. His aim, furthermore, was to describe the grammar of a language in its own terms and not, as had been customary, in terms of some conveniently fixed norm, such as a Latin model or a preconceived theoretical scheme. The formative years of American linguistics, like other branches of anthropology, were shaped in a Boasian atmosphere, with its emphasis on the careful description of empirical detail and on the relativistic point of view. Under the subsequent leadership of Sapir and Bloomfield the analytic tools of descriptive work became sharper and more subtle. Rigorous methods were devised for identifying the formal units of language, such as phonemes and morphemes. These methods emerged as operational procedures specifically adapted to linguistic data. Similarly, the notion of structure was formulated as a distinctively linguistic concept, referring to the properties of formal units in any language to group themselves into typological classes, to enter into restricted combinations, and to manifest other explicitly describable features of patterning. Although the development of unique methods and concepts, especially during the past quarter century, appeared to remove linguistics farther and farther from other branches of anthropology, it was a development, paradoxically enough, which grew out of the Boasian emphasis on describing the stuff of language in its own terms. On a less superficial level, this development has had results beyond that of merely improving the technical apparatus of descriptive work. The concept of linguistic structure, for example, offers as explicit a formulation of pattern in collective behavior as is to be found in any of the social sciences. With increased attention being given to pattern phe-
Effect of cadmium chloride on rat brain synaptosomal ATPases

Cadmium has been shown to alter membrane-bound ATPases both in vitro and in rats treated with the metal. However, cadmium effects on the substrate and ionic activation kinetics of Na+-K+ ATPase activity were determined by a coupled enzymatic method. A concentration-response curve was determined using 5-30 microM cadmium chloride in the reaction medium. The data showed a 50% inhibition at 15 microM cadmium chloride. Cadmium effects on ATP, Na+ and K+ activation of Na+-K+ ATPase were determined by varying the concentration of these substrates at 15 microM cadmium chloride. The double-reciprocal plots showed that cadmium inhibition of Na+-K+ was competitive with ATP and Na+ in that the Km values were increased but not the Vmax values. In contrast, cadmium inhibition was noncompetitive with K+ activation where both Km and Vmax values were decreased. The present data suggest that cadmium may be competing with ATP and Na+ sites on Na+-K+ ATPase in rat brain synaptosomes.
Toward a New Measure for Faith and Civic Engagement: Exploring the Structure of the FACE Scale

Civic and political engagement may encourage individuals to make positive societal contributions and thus act as responsible and productive citizens. A positive relationship between civic/political engagement and the extent of one's faith-based beliefs and behaviors has been the basis for a growing field of research (e.g., Becker & Dhingra, 2001; Chickering, 2006; Dalton, 2006, King, 2008; Uslaner, 2002). Higher education programs that encourage students’ exploration and expression of faith/spirituality may promote a favorable attitude concerning civic engagement (Chickering, 2006). Two studies addressed the relationship between civic/political engagement and faith-based perceptions and behaviors among university students (Study 1: n = 762; Study 2: n = 955). Study 1 ran an exploratory factor analysis on a 20-item Faith and Civic Engagement (FACE) scale and Study 2 replicated the factor structure through confirmatory factor analysis. Results identified five reliable and valid subscales: civic engagement, ...
Prevention of Lyme disease after tick bites.

Abstract Background. In areas of endemic disease, the probability of Lyme disease after a tick bite ranges from about 0.012 to 0.05. Early treatment with oral antibiotics prevents most complications of Lyme disease, but antibiotics are generally not prescribed until rash or other symptoms develop. Methods. We used decision analysis to evaluate the outcomes, costs, and cost effectiveness of three alternative strategies to treat patients bitten by ixodes ticks in areas of endemic Lyme disease: empirically treat all patients with two weeks of doxycycline, treat only patients in whom erythema migrans develops, and treat only patients with erythema migrans or a positive serologic test for Lyme disease one month after exposure. Results. Empirical treatment is the least expensive strategy and results in the fewest cases of Lyme disease and the fewest complications when the probability of Borrelia burgdorferi infection after a tick bite is 0.036 or higher. For probabilities of infection below 0.036, empirical the...
Iatrogenic left internal thoracic artery to left subclavian vein fistula after excimer laser pacemaker lead extraction.

From the Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, the Division of CardiovascularMedicine, Department ofMedicine, and theMallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo. Disclosures: Authors have nothing to disclose with regard to commercial support. Received for publication Dec 15, 2011; accepted for publication Jan 4, 2012; available ahead of print Feb 3, 2011. Address for reprints: Jennifer S. Lawton,MD,Washington University School ofMedicine, 660 S Euclid Ave, Campus Box 8234, St Louis, MO 63110 (E-mail: lawtonj@wustl.edu). J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2012;143:e35-7 0022-5223/$36.00 Copyright 2012 by The American Association for Thoracic Surgery doi:10.1016/j.jtcvs.2012.01.014
Comparison of monomeric and oligomeric transferrin as potential carrier in oral delivery of protein drugs.

Abstract Oligomeric transferrin (Tf) was used to investigate the effect that cross-linking of transferrin receptors (TfR) has on intracellular trafficking of the Tf–TfR complex and to determine whether or not the Tf-oligomer would be a better carrier than monomeric Tf for the oral delivery of protein drugs. The intracellular retention and transcytosis of the Tf-oligomer was determined by performing pulse chase studies on enterocyte-like Caco-2 cells. The intracellular retention of the Tf-oligomer was 2-fold higher than that of monomeric Tf while there was no significant difference in transcytosis. However, in vivo studies in CF-1 mice showed that the plasma concentrations of Tf from the orally administered Tf-oligomer were approximately 2-, 3- and 60-fold higher than that of orally administered monomeric Tf at 24, 48 and 72 h post-administration, respectively. In addition, the retention of the Tf-oligomer in the intestine was higher than that of monomeric Tf, which was consistent with in vitro studies. Insulin (In), when conjugated to the Tf-oligomer (Agg-Tf–S–S–In), was more effective than monomeric Tf–In conjugate (Mono-Tf–S–S–In) in reducing blood glucose levels when orally administered to streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Post-oral administration of Agg-Tf–In, a delayed onset and prolonged hypoglycemic effect was observed. These results demonstrate that the cross-linking of TfR induced by the binding of the oligomeric Tf alters the intracellular trafficking and increases the intracellular retention of Tf–TfR complexes in polarized Caco-2 cells. The alteration of TfR trafficking could conceivably have caused the increase of insulin transport across the intestinal barrier when Agg-Tf–S–S–In was administered orally to STZ-induced diabetic rats. The delayed onset and prolonged effect of Agg-Tf–S–S–In in hypoglycemia strongly suggests that the Tf-oligomer can act as a sustained release carrier in the oral delivery of protein and peptide drugs.
Development and Application of Optical Frequency Combs

Various implementations of optical frequency combs will be presented. Recent applications of frequency combs to spectroscopic problems in scientific and technological fields, including precision metrology, trace gas detection, and astronomy will be described.
Using Internet resources in a research methods course

Internet resources (a WWW home page, a Unix-based Listserv discussion list, and e-mail) were used to supplement traditional materials in a research methods course. The course also included word processing and computerized data analysis, and the student version of MEL was used as a research simulator. A computer usage survey was administered at the beginning and end of the semester. Analysis of the survey results indicated that students were more positive in their attitudes about computers as a helpful tool for psychologists at the end of the course than at the beginning. They did not show an increased appreciation for the usefulness of Internet and e-mail, however, which is probably the result of the text-based Internet browser and the slowness of the e-mail system used.
Catalase reverses tumorigenicity in a malignant cell line by an epidermal growth factor receptor pathway

We have used a keratinocyte in vivo/in vitro cell model to test the hypothesis that hydrogen peroxide acts as a signaling molecule, contributing to proliferation and tumorigenesis. A cell line, 6M90, that produces squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), has high levels of ROS and low levels of catalase. A new cell line, MTOC2, generated from parental 6M90 cells by introduction of a Tet-responsive catalase transgene, effectively expressed higher peroxisomal catalase. Increased catalase expression diminished constitutive ROS and enhanced viability after treatment with hydrogen peroxide. Protein tyrosine phosphatase activity was higher in the MTOC2 cells with high catalase, consistent with detection of a lower level of phosphorylation at tyrosine 1068 of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGF-R). Transcription of downstream c-fos, AP-1 transactivation and cell proliferation were higher in the low catalase cells. An EGF-R inhibitor, AG1478, blocks the higher AP-1 transactivation and cell proliferation of the low catalase 6M90 cells. Tumorigenesis in SCID mice was greatly diminished in the high catalase cells. Our data suggest that hydrogen peroxide functions as a signaling molecule that can modulate activity of a protein tyrosine phosphatase/(s) resulting in phosphorylation of tryrosine/(s) on the EGF-R. Therefore, catalase acts as a tumor-suppressor gene in part by decreasing EGF-R signaling.
On a duality for crossed products of C∗-algebras

Abstract Let U be a C∗-algebra, and G be a locally compact abelian group. Suppose α is a continuous action of G on U . Then there exists a continuous action \ ga of the dual group G of G on the C∗-crossed product by α such that the C∗-crossed product is isomorphic to the tensor product and the C∗-algebra of all compact operators on L2(G).
Chromium clustering and ordering in Hg1-xCrxSr2CuO4+ delta.

Solid-solution compounds where Cr, Re, and other metals are substituted for Hg in Hg-Ca-Ba-Cu-O superconductors have been reported to exhibit enhanced flux-pinning behavior. We have determined the structural modifications resulting from the incorporation of Cr in Hg{sub 1{minus}{ital x}}Cr{sub {ital x}}Sr{sub 2}CuO{sub 4+{delta}} (for {ital x}{approx}0.4) using neutron powder diffraction, electron diffraction, and lattice imaging. Cr substitutes at the Hg site, but is displaced to allow tetrahedral coordination by oxygen atoms. Additional oxygen is incorporated to provide four oxygen atom neighbors for each Cr atom. These CrO{sub 4} units cluster to form a supercell of approximate dimensions 5{ital a}{times}5{ital a}{times}2{ital c} in which Cr-rich and Hg-rich regions alternate in all three crystallographic directions. Because the Cu-O apical bond associated with the CrO{sub 4} unit is lengthened to 3.13 A, the superconducting planes are best viewed as consisting of CuO{sub 5} pyramids, oriented up or down as dictated by the supercell ordering, rather than CuO{sub 6} octahedra. Local structural constraints associated with individual Cr sites require that considerable disorder is present, even in the supercell. Extended defects in this supercell (e.g., columns of CuO{sub 6} octahedra associated with Hg-rich regions) may contribute to the enhanced flux pinning.
PENNIES FROM HEAVEN: AN INTEGRATION OF COGNITIVE DISSONANCE AND SPIRITUAL FRAMES IN A PROSPERITY CHURCH*

This paper integrates the theoretical perspectives of cognitive dissonance and frame analysis by (1) acknowledging that the frame through which an individual defines a situation is especially relev...
The effects of shock Intensity and d-amphetamine on avoidance learning

The effects of shock intensity and d-amphetamine on a shuttlebox avoidance response were factorially assessed. Avoidance learning was facilitated by the drug and inversely related to shock intensity but the two variables did not interact. The results were discussed in terms of D’Amato’s anticipatory response hypothesis.
Mood disorder as the presenting manifestation of demyelination

Objective: To report an unusual presenting manifestation of multiple sclerosis in a teenager. Case Report: We report the case of a 16-year-old male who was diagnosed with schizoaffective disorder a year prior to his neurological consultation. Neurological examination showed evidence of mild lower extremity spasticity with ataxia and dysarthria. Imaging revealed lesions suggestive of multiple sclerosis. Conclusion: An organic basis for psychiatric disorders is often overlooked. Children presenting with symptoms suggestive of a mood disorder, decline in cognition or psychosis deserve a detailed neurological examination and appropriate imaging if indicated, before starting them on antidepressant or neuroleptic medication.
The squeeze film between rotating porous annular disks

Abstract The problem of a squeeze film between two rotating disks, one with a porous facing, is analyzed. The analytical model takes account of the porosity of one disk and the inertia due to centrifugal force on the fluid both in the film and in the porous region. The governing equations are derived according to lubrication theory. It is found that the fluid in the film region satisfies the modified Reynolds equation and the flow in the porous region satisfies Poisson's equation. The problem is solved analytically using Fourier expansions. Solutions for load capacity and pressure distribution are presented in series form. The film-thickness and time relation is given in integral form. Results are plotted for selected parameter values. The conditions under which inertia effects can be important are determined and as a result the criteria for neglecting the inertia effects are given.
A QUICk look at O-GlcNAc dynamics

In addition to expanding the chemical tools for exploring O-GlcNAc protein modifications, an innovative chemical biology approach has yielded new insights into the dynamic nature of this post-translational modification in the rodent brain.
Treatment of benign esophageal tumorsby endoscopic techniques

Abstract Gastrointestinal endoscopy has changed in recent years from a largely diagnostic to a highly therapeutic procedure. Technical advances in endoscopic ultrasound as well as new devices designed for endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) have opened the field to many therapeutic possibilities. Endoscopic resection is technically challenging, and while our colleagues in the Far East have been using such techniques for over a decade, EMR in the West is still in its infancy. The decision to resect a benign esophageal tumor must take several factors into account including whether the patient is symptomatic; characteristics of the particular tumor (including the potential for malignant transformation, risk of bleeding, and obstruction); and the available therapeutic options. Endoscopic resection of benign esophageal tumors is an attractive option as it is a safe and minimally invasive procedure. Its use is limited, however, to smaller tumors arising from the mucosal or submucosal layers. In this article we examine the techniques used in endoscopic mucosal resection and review the literature on this subject. © 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved .
Design, fabrication, and testing of SMA-enabled adaptive chevrons for jet noise reduction

This study presents the status and results from an effort to design, fabricate, and test an adaptive jet engine chevron concept based upon embedding shape memory alloy (SMA) actuators in a composite laminate, termed a SMA hybrid composite (SMAHC). The approach for fabricating the adaptive SMAHC chevrons involves embedding prestrained Nitinol actuators on one side of the mid-plane of the composite laminate such that thermal excitation generates a thermal moment and deflects the structure. A glass-epoxy pre-preg/Nitinol ribbon material system and a vacuum hot press consolidation approach are employed. A versatile test system for control and measurement of the chevron deflection performance is described. Projection moire interferometry (PMI) is used for global deformation measurement and infrared (IR) thermography is used for 2-D temperature measurement and feedback control. A recently commercialized constitutive model for SMA and SMAHC materials is used in the finite element code ABAQUS to perform nonlinear static analysis of the chevron prototypes. Excellent agreement is achieved between the predicted and measured chevron deflection performance, thereby validating the design tool. Although the performance results presented in this paper fall short of the requirement, the concept is proven and an approach for achieving the performance objectives is evident.