cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reversion of power series and the extended Raney coefficients

In direct as well as diagonal reversion of a system of power series, the reversion coefficients may be expressed as polynomials in the coefficients of the original power series. These polynomials have coefficients which are natural numbers (Raney coefficients). We provide a combinatorial interpretation for Raney coefficients. Specifically, each such coefficient counts a certain collection of ordered colored trees. We also provide a simple determinantal formula for Raney coefficients which involves multinomial coefficients. Let F1, . . . , Fn be polynomials in variables x1, . . . , xn with complex coefficients, where n > 2. Suppose, for each i, Fi = xi + higher degree terms and the Jacobian determinant of F1, . . . , Fn is equal to 1. Then the Jacobian Conjecture [1], [9] asserts, in this case, that x1, . . . , xn are also polynomials in F1, . . . , Fn with complex coefficients. This long-standing conjecture has not been solved even for n = 2. Since it can be proved that x1, . . . , xn are (formal) power series in F1, . . . , Fn with complex coefficients, the Jacobian Conjecture asserts that these power series are really polynomials. This provides the motivation for this paper. Let F1, . . . , Fn be power series in variables x1, . . . , xn of the form Fi = xi + higher degree terms with indeterminate coefficients for each i. It is known (e.g. [2, Chapter III, Section 4.4, Proposition 5, p. 219]) that F = (F1, . . . , Fn) has a (unique) compositional inverse, i.e., there exists G = (G1, . . . , Gn) where each Gi is a power series in variables x1, . . . , xn such that F ◦ G = 1 and G ◦ F = 1, or equivalently, Fi(G1, . . . , Gn) = xi and Gi(F1, . . . , Fn) = xi for all i. There are various methods in the literature to find the coefficients of Gi. In this paper we shall present two new ones. Since each coefficient of Gi is a polynomial in the indeterminate coefficients of F1, . . . , Fn, it is enough to find the coefficients of these polynomials. We will refer to these coefficients as the (extended) Raney coefficients. In the first method, generating functions in infinitely many variables are used to show that each Raney coefficient has a combinatorial interpretation as the number of colored trees in a certain collection (Theorems 2.4 and 2.5). In Received by the editors April 4, 1994. 1991 Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary 13F25, 05A15, 05C05, 13P99; Secondary 32A05.
Liver necrosis during severe heat stroke recovery is associated with activation of the complement system (1104.14)

Severe heat stroke (HS) is associated with core temperature disturbances, coagulopathy and a systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) that often leads to organ damage and death. The mechanisms mediating these adverse responses remain unidentified. We hypothesized that severe HS induces coagulation and liver necrosis through activation of the complement system (CS). Male Fischer 344 rats displayed hypothermia (34.8±0.3°C; a marker of HS severity), and increased liver gene expression of fibrinogen (3.0-fold; a marker of coagulopathy) and C5ar1 (3.6-fold; a marker of CS activation) at 24 hours of severe HS recovery (N=4) compared to non-heated controls (CON; N=10; P<0.05). Liver IL-6 gene expression showed a tendency to be higher in severe HS than CON rats, although this did not reach statistical significance (P=0.091). High C5ar1 gene expression was associated with high plasma alanine aminotransferase (HS:1213.8±474.4 U/L; CON: 76.0±2.3 U/L; a marker of liver damage; P<0.05) with moderate to severe mu...
Political Segregation of the Metropolis: Spatial Sorting by Partisan Voting in Metropolitan Minneapolis-St Paul

Recent electoral research has claimed that individuals in the United States are self–segregating along political lines. In this paper, I use the Twin Cities, Minnesota, metropolitan area as a case ...
Error-tolerance memory microarchitecture via dynamic multithreading redundancy

Presented in this paper is an error-tolerance multithreaded register file microarchitecture that employs dynamic multithreading redundancy for error control. The proposed technique is based on the observation that concurrent threads may not access a register entry simultaneously. The non-overlapped register access patterns create hardware redundancy dynamically that can be exploited for error control. This significantly improves access time during error recovery. Simulation results of a generic simultaneous multithreading processor on the SPEC CPU2000 benchmark programs demonstrate 13.8% to 50.7% reduction in register read access overheads subject to 2% hardware overheads. The proposed error-tolerance memory microarchitecture features good scalability for future microprocessor generations, where soft errors are expected to get worse with semiconductor process scaling.
Dynamically Partitionable Parallel Processors: The Key for Cost-Efficient High Transaction Throughput

Transaction processing on database computers which are based on multi-processor architecture usually involves a subset of the available processors for each transaction. A generic technique is proposed for partitioning this set of processors during the processing of transactions. This generic technique uses a specialized interconnection network, makes each partition set to be effectively treated as a single processor entity, allows concurrent execution of transactions, reduces resource and data contention, minimizes interprocessor communication, and provides for linear increase of transaction throughput with respect to the total number of processors. It has been implemented on DBC/1012, manufactured and marketed by Teradata Corporation.
In vivo disruption of Xenopus CLOCK in the retinal photoreceptor cells abolishes circadian melatonin rhythmicity without affecting its production levels

Xenopus laevis retinas, like retinas from all vertebrate classes, have endogenous circadian clocks that control many aspects of normal retinal physiology occurring in cells throughout all layers of the retina. The localization of the clock(s) that controls these various rhythms remains unclear. One of the best studied rhythmic events is the nocturnal release of melatonin. Photoreceptor layers can synthesize rhythmic melatonin when these cells are in isolation. However, within the intact retina, melatonin is controlled in a complex way, indicating that signals from many parts of the retina may contribute to the production of melatonin rhythmicity. To test this hypothesis, we generated transgenic tadpoles that express different levels of a dominant negative Xenopus CLOCK specifically in the retinal photoreceptors. Eyes from these tadpoles continued to produce melatonin at normal levels, but with greatly disrupted rhythmicity, the severity of which correlated with the transgene expression level. These results demonstrate that although many things contribute to melatonin production in vivo, the circadian clock localized in the retinal photoreceptors is necessary for its rhythmicity. Furthermore, these data show that the control of the level of melatonin synthesis is separable from the control of its rhythmicity and may be controlled by different molecular machinery. This type of specific "molecular lesion" allows perturbation of the clock in intact tissues and is valuable for dissection of clock control of tissue-level processes in this and other complex systems.
Multicultural School Climate Inventory

This paper presents the 22-item Multicultural School Climate Inventory (MSCI), a scale developed to measure students’ perceptions of the multicultural climate of their school. Survey questions were generated from a critical understanding of multicultural education, with attention to culturally and linguistically diverse school children. Through examination of school climate and multicultural literature, a definition of multicultural school climate was generated. 1511 students at a secondary school (grades 8-9) took the survey over a three year period. Grounded in literature, these questions were designed to address the needs of real students attending a specific secondary school. The MSCI proved to be such a helpful tool for examining and ultimately improving multicultural school climate from the perspective of diverse students that the authors share the instrument here, making it available to school faculty and scholars wishing to examine and thereafter improve multicultural school climate. Reliability coefficients and validity measures are reported for the scale, as well as for four subscales that emerged (Liking School, Educator-Student Relationships, Cultural Relevancy, and School Success). Findings suggests that the scale and subscales have high internal consistency and known-group construct validity.
A theoretical study of the electronic structure of Invar Fe*3Pt and related materials

The Full Potential Linear Augmented Plane Wave (FPLAPW or FLAPW) method is used for a spin-polarized band calculation for ordered Fe{sub 3}Pt. As major purpose, the momentum distributions of the spin-polarized electrons are calculated and compared with results from a magnetic Compton scattering measurement. To get related information, the electronic behavior is also analyzed by examining the partial densities of states and the spatial electron distributions; the role of alloying effects is then explored by studying the electrons in some related alloys: Fe{sub 3}Ni, Fe{sub 3}Pd, Ni{sub 3}Pt and Co{sub 3}Pt.
Kinetics and mechanism of polythionate oxidation to sulfate at low pH by O2 and Fe3

Abstract Polythionates (SxO62−) are important in redox transformations involving many sulfur compounds. Here we investigate the oxidation kinetics and mechanisms of trithionate and tetrathionate oxidation between pH 0.4 and pH 2 in the presence of Fe3+ and/or oxygen. In these solutions, Fe3+ plus oxygen oxidizes tetrathionate and trithionate at least an order of magnitude faster than oxygen alone. Kinetic measurements, coupled with density functional calculations, suggest that the rate-limiting step for tetrathionate oxidation involves Fe3+ attachment, followed by electron density shifts that result in formation of a sulfite radical and S3O30 derivatives. The overall reaction orders for trithionate and tetrathionate are fractional due to rearrangement reactions and side reactions between reactants and intermediate products. The pseudo-first order rate coefficients for tetrathionate range from 10−11 s−1 at 25°C to 10−8 s−1 at 70°C, compared to 2 × 10−7 s−1 at 35 °C for trithionate. The apparent activation energy (EA) for tetrathionate oxidation at pH 1.5 is 104.5 ± 4.13 kJ/mol. A rate law at pH 1.5 and 70°C between 0.5 and 5 millimolar [Fe3+] is of the form: r =10 −6.61±0.3 [ S 4 O 6 2− ] 0.3±0.08 [ Fe 3+ ] 0.15±0.09 where rate, r, is in units of mol L−1 s−1. In pH
Comparison of laparoendoscopic single-site, conventional laparoscopic, and open nephrectomy in a pediatric population.

Introduction We provide a single-institution comparison of open, conventional laparoscopic (CL) and laparoendoscopic single-site (LESS) nephrectomy in children. Methods We identified all nephrectomy cases occurring at Rady Children's Hospital from July 2007 to March 2010. Exclusion criteria included redo/bilateral operations, malignancy, transplant nephrectomy, or complex urogenital anomalies. We compared patient demographics, total operative times, estimated blood loss (EBL), length of stay (LOS), complication rates, postoperative pain score, narcotic usage, and total hospital costs. Results We identified 7 LESS, 11 CL, and 8 open nephrectomy patients who met our criteria. The mean age of patients was 8.5, 7.3, and 4.2 years for LESS, CL, and open nephrectomy, respectively ( P = .217). Operative times were 192.2, 219.3, and 127.4 minutes for LESS, CL, and open nephrectomy, respectively ( P = .076). EBL was 15, 13.2, and 12.5 mL, respectively, for these groups ( P = .871). There were no complications in any of the groups, although 1 LESS patient required conversion to open nephrectomy for bleeding. Mean LOS was 46.8, 36.9, and 33.8 hours in the LESS, CL, and open nephrectomy groups ( P = .308). Mean pain scores on postoperative day 1 were 2.3, 1.8, and 1.6 in each group, respectively ( P = .518). Hospital costs were comparable between the LESS and CL groups. The mean cost for open nephrectomy was 54.4% the mean cost for CL, however ( P = .001). Conclusions LESS nephrectomy in children is safe and overall comparable with CL. In our experience, no modality confers a distinct advantage except for the decreased cost associated with open surgery.
Nonlithographic nanostructure devices and circuits

We have developed an ultra-high vacuum technique for the fabrication of complex nanosystems incorporating nonlithographic nanoparticles, ohmic contact metals and isolation dielectrics. It is believed that such a multi-component structure is a necessary prerequisite for the realization of practical photonic and electronic devices based on nanoparticles. The technique is compatible with silicon integrated circuit technology, thus making it suitable for volume manufacturing. The technique is also versatile, and allows the deposition of nanoparticles of any metal, semiconductor or insulator with diameters as small as 2 nm with less than 5% size variation. In addition, the technique allows the creation of multi-layered structures of nanoparticles of different dimensions separated by metal or dielectric layers. The technique also has the potential for creating patterned layers of nanopartciles. We have demonstrated the versatility of the equipment by depositing Si-nanoparticles with pre-selected narrow size-distributions as well as multi-layered structures of such nanoparticles.
Dietary amino requirements for Heliothis zea determined by dietary deletion and radiometric techniques

Abstract Feeding tests using a diet containing 18 allo free, l -amino acids as the major source of nitrogen showed that valine, leucine, lysine, arginine, histidine, isoleucine, threonine, tryptophan, phenylalanine, and methionine were indispensable for larval growth. Although larval growth rates, pupal weights, and survival to the pupal and adult stages on the amino acid diet were comparable to those obtained on a casein-wheat germ diet, most adults reared on the amino acid diet showed wing and/or body deformities. To verify further the larval dietary amino acid requirements, amino acid synthesis from glucose-U- 14 C was investigated. Fourth instar larvae were reared on a synthetic diet containing glucose-U- 14 C and the specific activities of the individual amino acids isolated from the whole carcass and from the protein extracted from the carcass were determined. The results of the radiometric study agreed with those obtained from feeding tests in that the radioactive carbon incorporated into the carbon chain of valine, leucine, lysine, arginine, histidine, isoleucine, threonine, and methionine showed sufficiently low 14 C activity that they could be classified as indispensable nutrients. The relatively high labelling in aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glycine, serine, alanine, and cysteine indicated that the insect is capable of synthesizing these amino acids from glucose. Results of the radiometric study were inconclusive regarding the dietary need for phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan: however, feeding studies showed the phenylalanine and tryptophan were indispensable and tyrosine was dispensable. Proline was shown to be dispensable by the deletion technique, and the relatively low 14 C labelling in proline was accounted for by dilution of the 14 C with unlabelled components of the diet during the indirect synthetic route from glucose to proline rather than by limited synthesis of proline from glucose.
Transcription efficiency and hormone-responsiveness of α-amylase gene promoters in an improved transient expression system from barley aleurone protoplasts

An improved method for isolation of protoplasts from barley aleurone layers was developed which utilizes KC1 instead of mannitol as the osmoticum. Protoplasts prepared by this method were shown to be hormone-responsive even after polyethyleneglycol-mediated DNA uptake. Both yield and viability were increased by about 50% and 6%, respectively, compared to the method we had used previously. These protoplasts were used in a transient expression system to compare the relative transcription rates of promoters from barley genes encoding high-pI and low-pI α-amylases. The protoplasts were used also to identify the hormone-responsive elements and other enhancer elements in barley α-amylase gene promoters which have not been studied previously. Promoter fragments from two high-pI and one low-pI α-amylase genomic clones and deletions derived from them were fused to a promoterless vector containing the coding region of bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) gene. Deletion studies of promoters from two barley high-pI α-amylase genes, gRAmy152 and gRAmy56, indicate that the sequences CTTTTG, TAACAAA, and TATCCAC which are conserved in several α-amylase genes must act in concert to confer hormone-responsiveness to these two promoters as has been found for other α-amylase genes. Removal of any one of these three regions causes a severe reduction in overall level of expression and GA-responsiveness. Additional sequences present both upstream and downstream of these three conserved elements also enhance hormone-responsiveness of the reporter genes. For the low-pI α-amylase gene gKAmy 155 promoter, the presence of ACTTGACCAT-CACC (Opaque 2S-like element), a pyrimidine-rich sequence, and TAACAGA alone is not adequate for GA-induced gene expression as has been observed previously for another barley low-pI α-amylase gene Amy32b. They have to work cooperatively with other element(s) located between positions −256 and −197 of the gKAmy 155 promoter to compose an effective GA response complex. ABA- and GA-responsive elements appear to be coincident or close to each other in both high- and low-pI α-amylase genes.
Origins of yttrium and rare earth element distributions in metamorphic garnet

Highly variable distributions of yttrium and rare earth elements (Y+REEs) are documented in pelitic garnet from the Picuris Mountains, New Mexico, and from Passo del Sole, Switzerland, and in mafic garnet from the Franciscan Complex, California. The wide variety of these Y+REE zoning patterns, and those described previously in other occurrences, imply diverse origins linked to differing degrees of mobility of these elements through the intergranular medium during garnet growth. In the Picuris Mountains, large, early-nucleating crystals have radial profiles of Y+REE dominated by central peaks and annular maxima, in patterns that vary systematically with atomic number. Superimposed on these features are narrow spikes in HREEs and MREEs, located progressively rimward with decreasing atomic number. In contrast, profiles in small, late-nucleating crystals contain only broad central maxima for all Y+REEs. In garnet from Passo del Sole, Y+REE zoning varies radically from sample to sample: in some rocks, crystals of all sizes display only central peaks for all Y+REEs; in others, profiles exhibit irregular fluctuations in Y+REE contents that match up with small-scale patchy zoning in Y and Ca X-ray maps. In the Franciscan Complex, Y+REE in garnet cores fluctuate unsystematically, but mantles and rims display concentric oscillatory zoning for both major elements and Y+REEs. Our interpretation of the complexity of Y+REE distributions in metamorphic garnet centres on the concept that these distributions vary primarily in response to the length scales over which these elements can equilibrate during garnet growth. Very short length scales of equilibration, due to low intergranular mobility, produce overprint zoning characterized by small-scale irregularities. Higher but still restricted mobility yields diffusion-controlled uptake, characterized by patterns of central peaks and annular maxima that vary with atomic number and are strongly influenced by T–t paths during garnet growth. Still greater mobility permits progressively greater, potentially rock-wide, equilibration with major- and accessory-phase assemblages, leading to mineralogical controls: an unchanging mineral assemblage during garnet growth produces bell-shaped profiles resembling those produced by Rayleigh fractionation, whereas changes in major- and/or accessory-phase assemblages produce profiles with distinct annuli and sharp discontinuities in concentration. The very high mobility associated with influxes of Y+REE-bearing fluids can cause these element distributions to be dominated by factors external to the rock, yielding profiles characterized by abrupt shifts or oscillations that are not correlated to changes in mineral assemblages.
Devenir du traitement endovasculaire des petits et gros anévrysmes de l’aorte abdominale

Rationnelle Evaluer les resultats de la reparation endovasculaire des anevrysmes (EVAR) chez les patients presentant de petits (≤5,4 cm) et gros (≥5,5 cm) anevrysmes aortiques abdominaux (AAA). Methode Les donnees de cette etude ont ete obtenues a partir de l’etude prospective, non randomisee, multicentrique Talent enhanced Low Profile Stent qui a inclus des patients entre fevrier 2002 et avril 2003. Un total de 156 patients avec une imagerie preoperatoire adaptee ont ete identifies pour cette etude. Des analyses de sous-groupe ont ete realisees pour les patients avec petit (≤5,4 cm) et gros (≥5,5 cm) AAA. La demographie, la morphologie de l’anevrysme, et les criteres d’evaluation peri operatoire ont ete evalues. Des criteres de surete et d’efficacite ont ete evalues a 30 jours, a 1 an, et a 5 ans post procedure. Resultats Les patients avec petit AAA ( n = 85) etaient comparables pour l’âge, le genre, et le profil medical de risque a ceux avec gros AAA ( n = 71). Les collets aortiques proximaux des petits AAA etaient plus longs (24,7 millimetres contre 20,7 millimetres, p = 0,05), moins angules (27,2° contre 34,2°, p = 0,01), et plus petits (24,6 millimetres contre 26,1 millimetres, p = 0,01). Les patients avec petits AAA ont passe moins de temps en soins intensifs (8,1 heures contre 26,3 heures, p = 0,03); cependant, d’autres criteres d’evaluation peri operatoires etaient semblables. Bien que le groupe avec petit AAA ait eu un taux plus eleve statistiquement significatif de traitement reussi de l’anevrysme (96,8% contre 84,9%, p = 0,04), on n’a observe aucune difference pour tous les autres criteres d’evaluation d’efficacite a 12 mois. Aucune difference dans l’absence des evenements defavorables importants a 30 jours et a 365 jours n’a ete rapportee. A 5 ans, aucune difference dans les taux de migration, d’endofuite, de changement de diametre d’anevrysme, ou d’absence de mortalite liee anevrysme n’ont ete trouves. D’autres analyses de sous-groupes separant les patients avec tres petit (≤5,0 cm, n = 55), petit (5,1-5,4 cm, n = 30), et gros (≥5,5 cm) AAA n’ont montre de difference statistiquement significative concernant les resultats postoperatoires. Conclusions Dans une etude prospective randomisee avec suivi a long terme, les patients avec petit (≤5,4 cm) AAA avaient des caracteristiques de collets aortiques qui etaient plus favorables pour l’EVAR. En depit de ces differences anatomiques, les resultats cliniques etaient semblables aux patients avec gros AAA. Ainsi, nous concluons que l’EVAR pour les petits AAA ne devrait pas etre recommande par habitude pour des patients sur la base du credo de resultats ameliores.
Citizen and Subject: Contemporary Africa and the Legacy of Late Colonialism

Citizen and Subject: Contemporary Africa and the Legacy of Late Colonialism. MAHMOOD MAMDANI. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1996. xii + 353 pp., notes, index.
Calcification of the bladder and papillary tumours of the bladder and ureters in gibbons (Hylobates lar) infected with Schistosoma haematobium (Iran)

Many species of nonhuman primates have been employed to find parasite-definitive host combinations which would allow for investigations on different aspects of schistosomiasis haematobia. Gibbons (Hylobates lar), exposed to moderate numbers of Schistosoma haematobium cercariae, have demonstrated some of the basic features of schistosomiasis haematobia in man. Calcification in schistosomiasis haematobia is variable. Radiologically evident calcification of the bladder was noted in one gibbon. Radio-opaque areas in the bladder corresponded to dense deposits of calcified eggs observed on histological examination. Thus, it seems, bladder calcification, thought to be a later complication of schistosomiasis, can develop fairly rapidly. One of two gibbons killed 11 months after infection had small papillary transitional cell tumours in both ureters. The other had papillary transitional cell tumours covering most of the urinary bladder surface. No invasion of muscle by tumour was present and no metastases were seen.
Construction of a recombinant vaccinia virus expressing the Lassa virus glycoprotein gene and protection of guinea pigs from a lethal Lassa virus infection

A cloned cDNA (1.65 kb) containing the complete glycoprotein gene of the Josiah strain of Lassa virus was inserted into the thymidine kinase (TK) gene of the New York Board of Health (WYETH) strain of vaccinia virus. The Lassa virus glycoprotein precursor, GPC, and the posttranslational cleavage products, G1 and G2, were shown by Western blot analysis to be properly expressed in cells infected with the recombinant virus. Northern blot hybridization of total cytoplasmic RNA extracted from recombinant virus infected cells demonstrated the presence of RNA transcripts of appropriate size considering the site of transcription initiation from the vaccinia P7.5 promoter, the size of the Lassa glycoprotein gene, and the presumed location of the transcription terminator in the vaccinia thymidine kinase gene. All guinea pigs vaccinated with the recombinant virus survived a lethal challenge infection with Lassa virus, whereas 80% of control animals died. The vaccinated guinea pigs did, however, develop transient, low-grade, fevers and detectable viremias following infection with Lassa virus, indicating that protection was not complete.
Ia expression and antigen presentation by glia: strain and cell type-specific differences among rat astrocytes and microglia

Astrocytes from experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE)-susceptible Lewis rats expressed higher levels of Interferon-gamma-inducible Ia than astrocytes from EAE-resistant Brown Norway (BN) rats, whereas BN microglia expressed higher Ia than Lewis at both mRNA and protein levels. Lewis astrocytes induced proliferation of MBP-specific T cells selected on Lewis background as efficiently as Lewis thymocytes, whereas BN astrocytes were much less efficient in stimulating T cells selected in the presence of BN thymocytes. Microglia, irrespective of strain, induced only weak proliferative responses of these T cells despite the high expression of Ia. Antigen-stimulated T cells underwent apoptosis in the presence of microglia but not astrocytes. Thus, astrocyte-mediated proliferation of MBP-specific T cells may contribute to the development of EAE, while microglia-induced T cell apoptosis may downregulate immunopathological processes in the brain.
Childhood victimization and long-term intellectual and academic outcomes

Long-term intellectual and academic outcomes associated with early childhood victimization were studied using a sample of previously abused and neglected individuals (n = 413) and a matched control group (n = 286). IQ (Quick Test) and reading ability (WRAT-R) were assessed at approximately age 28 and differences between the groups were compared via multivariate analyses. Abused and neglected and control group individuals differed significantly in IQ and reading ability, even when controlling for age, sex, race, and social class. Types of maltreatment were associated with differences in IQ and reading ability in young adulthood. The limitations of this study are discussed as well as the role of IQ and/or reading ability as potential mediating variables for other outcomes.
Tyrosine-to-tryptophan energy transfer and the structure of calf gamma-II crystallin.

Abstract The efficiency of electronic energy transfer from tyrosine to tryptophan residues in the lens protein calf γ II crystallin has been determined from measurements of fluorescence excitation spectra at 25°C and independently from phosphorescence spectroscopy at 77K. The total transfer efficiency from the fifteen tyrosines to the four tryptophans in native calf γ II was found to be t = 78 ± 10%, at 25°C. The expected value based on Forster theory and the X-ray structure of the protein is t = 83%, in good agreement with the present experimental result. The transfer efficiency measured in denatured calf γ II at 25°C was t = 20 ± 10%, in good agreement with the value t = 25% expected for the completely denatured protein, based on Forster theory and the known amino acid sequence. These results are of interest for several reasons. First, energy transfer can provide a simple, experimental confirmation of lens protein structures determined from X-ray data or from computer modeling studies. Second, the present studies show that energy transfer measurements can be used to monitor the effect of denaturants on lens protein structure, an aspect not readily investigated by X-ray crystallography. Third, the presenf electronic energy transfer studies may be relevant to understanding the mechanism of UV photodamage in lens proteins and hence in whole lenses.
Planning for dominance: a strategic perspective on the emergence of a dominant design

Researchers in technology and innovation, organization research, and product standardization in economics have noted that innovations may become the dominant designs in their product classes for reasons that may have little to do with design. The emergence process for dominant designs has typically been viewed as a black box process involving a sophisticated interaction of technological and non-technological factors. This paper shifts the discussion to a strategic perspective. It argues that firms can frame the emergence process and can systematically manage elements of it in the pursuit of competitive advantage from innovation. An analytical framework is developed and discussed, with particular emphasis on the roles of certain external conditions, non-technological forces, and complementary assets, as well as the implications for R&D strategists and for future research. Four distinctive examples illustrate different aspects of the framework's utility.
Physical characteristics of lanthanide complexes that act as magnetization transfer (MT) contrast agents

Abstract Rapid water exchange is normally considered a prerequisite for efficient Gd3+-based MRI contrast agents. Yet recent measures of exchange rates in some Gd3+ complexes have shown that water exchange can become limiting when such complexes are attached to larger macromolecular structures. A new class of lanthanide complexes that display unusually slow water exchange (bound water lifetimes (τM298) > 10 μs) has recently been reported. This apparent disadvantage may be taken advantage of by switching the metal ion from gadolinium(III) to a lanthanide that shifts the bound water resonance substantially away from bulk water. Given appropriate water exchange kinetics, one can then alter the intensity of the bulk water signal by selective presaturation of this highly shifted, Ln3+-bound water resonance. This provides the basis of a new method to alter MR image contrast in tissue. We have synthesized a variety of DOTA-tetra(amide) ligands to evaluate as potential magnetization transfer (MT) contrast agents and found that the bound water lifetimes in these complexes are sensitive to both ligand structure (a series of Eu3+ complexes have τM298 values that range from 1 to 1300 μs) and the identity of the paramagnetic Ln3+ cation (from 3 to 800 μs for a single ligand). This demonstrates that it may be possible either to fine-tune the ligand structure or to select proper lanthanide cation to create an optimal MT agent for any clinical imaging field.
Performance assessment of multiple engineered barrier systems

The lifetime of the engineered barrier system used for containment of high-level radioactive waste will significantly impact the total performance of a geological repository facility. Currently two types of designs are under consideration for an engineered barrier system, single engineered barrier system and multiple engineered barrier system. Multiple engineered barrier system consists of several metal barriers and the waste form (cladding). Some recent work showed that a significant improvement of performance can be achieved by utilizing multiple engineered barrier systems. Considering sequential failures for each barrier, we model the reliability of the multiple engineered barrier system. Weibull and exponential lifetime distributions are used through out the analysis. Furthermore, the number of failed engineered barrier systems in a repository at a given time is modeled using a Poisson approximation.
In Vivo Oxidative Modification of Erythrocyte Membrane Proteins in Copper Deficiency

Oxidative stress has been postulated to contribute to the pathology associated with dietary copper deficiency. In vivo, erythrocytes are probable targets of oxidative damage because they are exposed to high concentrations of oxygen and contain heme iron that can autoxidize, which results in the formation of superoxide anions. Activity of the important antioxidant enzyme, copper, zinc superoxide dismutase, decreases markedly in erythrocytes during copper deficiency. The effect of dietary copper deficiency on indicators of oxidative stress was examined in erythrocyte membranes of rats maintained on a purified copper-deficient diet for 35 days after weaning. Erythrocytes were separated into young and old populations on a Percoll gradient prior to membrane isolation and quantification of lipid peroxides and protein carbonyls. Protein carbonyls, determined by Western blot immunoassay, were detected predominantly in both the alpha and beta chains of spectrin. Alpha and beta subunits of spectrin in erythrocyte membranes from copper-deficient rats contained higher amounts of carbonyls than controls, regardless of the population of erythrocytes studied. This study suggests that spectrin may be a specific target for oxidative damage when erythrocyte copper, zinc superoxide dismutase activity is reduced by copper deficiency.
Integrated Curricula: Potential and Problems:

L'une des methodes utilisees par les enseignants pour raviver la motivation des etudiants a apprendre est l'utilisation de l'enseignement integre. Cette methode d'enseignement introduit l'interdisciplinarite dans les programmes, les etudiants apprenant mieux lorsqu'ils sont confrontes a des idees en connection qui s'integrent dans un programme unique bien qu'appartenant a des disciplines differentes. Dans cet article, l'A. demontre la valeur psychologique, socioculturelle, motivationnelle et pedagogique du programme d'enseignement integre, en justifie l'usage dans la pratique pedagogique mais met en garde contre un usage sans preparation prealable
Mineralization and optical characterization of copper oxide nanoparticles using a high aspect ratio bio-template

Organized chains of copper oxide nanoparticles were synthesized, without palladium (Pd) activation, using the M13 filamentous virus as a biological template. The interaction of Cu precursor ions with the negatively charged viral coat proteins were studied with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy. Discrete nanoparticles with an average diameter of 4.5 nm and narrow size distribution were closely spaced along the length of the high aspect ratio templates. The synthesized material was identified as a mixture of cubic Cu2O and monoclinic CuO. UV/Vis absorption measurements were completed and a direct optical band gap of 2.87 eV was determined using Tauc's method. This value was slightly larger than bulk, signaling quantum confinement effects within the templated materials.
Ureterorenoscopic Approach to the Symptomatic Caliceal Diverticulum

AbstractPurpose: We evaluated ureterorenoscopy as a treatment approach to symptomatic caliceal diverticula.Materials and Methods: Since 1989, 20 women and 6 men suffering from pain, recurrent urinary tract infections or urosepsis were treated using flexible ureterorenoscopy, balloon dilation or incision of the diverticular neck and subsequent intrarenal stone fragmentation when needed.Results: Of 19 upper and middle caliceal diverticula 16 (84%) and 2 of 7 lower caliceal diverticula were successfully identified. The orifice to the diverticular cavity was dilated and the stone was fragmented. Of the patients 13 were treated as outpatients and 10 required a 1-night hospital stay. Of those patients in whom the diverticulum could be entered and the stone fragmented 100% were symptom-free at a mean followup of 39 months. One patient required repeat treatment to remove residual stone.Conclusions: Ureterorenoscopy produces minimal morbidity and is an effective treatment of upper and middle caliceal diverticula.
Implication from the examination of spectral library of hydroxylated and/or hydrated silicate minerals at 1.0–2.5 um wavelengths

Hyperspectral imaging is broadly used in the identification of hydroxylated and hydrated silicate minerals, especially at the wavelengths of 1.0–2.50 μm. The vibrations of the hydroxyl (OH) molecule, water molecule (H-O-H), and metal-OH bonds, or their combinations, produce prominent absorption features at ∼1.40, ∼1.91 and 2.20–2.40 μm wavelengths. In remote sensing applications minerals showing one or two of these absorption features are usually categorized as hydroxylated and/or hydrated, and minerals showing all three absorption features are usually categorized as hydrated phyllosilicates. In this paper we examined the spectral library of common silicate minerals and found that some showing these absorption features are not hydroxylated and/or hydrated but with tiny alteration or impurities. This implies that the identification of hydroxylated and/or hydrated silicate minerals can't be merely based on these absorption features and the incorporation of geology and environment in situ is very important. We also calculated absorption depths and silicate mineral ratios in these absorption features as references for discrimination. This study provides a cautionary perspective on the identification of hydrated phyllosilicate minerals with respect to mineralogical interpretations of Mars and other planets.
Antecedents, correlates, and consequences of sexual jealousy

The paper presents a social-psychological approach to the empirical study of sexual jealousy, after surveying the philosophical, sociological, anthropological, psychoanalytic, and nonscientific literature on the subject. The social-psychological approach focuses on the environmental and situational factors that cause people to act in a jealous manner. One hundred and three men and women varying in age, length of relationship, and relationship style responded to a specially designed sexual jealousy inventory. Results indicated that jealousy is a negative physiological, emotional, and mental state, experienced at least at some point of their lives by all the subjects in the study. Numerous antecedents, correlates, and consequences of jealousy were investigated and discussed. Fifty-four percent of the subjects described themselves as “a jealous person” even when they had good situational reasons to feel less secure in the relationship and to experience jealousy, and even though this dispositional self-attribution has negative consequences for coping.
The ras signaling pathway mimics insulin action on glucose transporter translocation.

Abstract Recent observations suggest that insulin increases cellular levels of activated, GTP-bound Ras protein. We tested whether the acute actions of insulin on hexose uptake and glucose-transporter redistribution to the cell surface are mimicked by activated Ras. 3T3-L1 fibroblasts expressing an activated mutant (Lys-61) N-Ras protein exhibited a 3-fold increase in 2-deoxyglucose uptake rates compared with non-transfected cells. Insulin stimulated hexose uptake by approximately 2-fold in parental fibroblasts but did not stimulate hexose uptake in the N-Ras61K-expressing fibroblasts. Overexpression of N-Ras61K also mimicked the large effect of insulin on 2-deoxyglucose transport in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, and again the effects of the two agents were not additive. Total glucose transporter protein (GLUT) 1 was similar between parental and N-Ras61K-expressing 3T3-L1 fibroblasts or adipocytes, whereas total GLUT-4 protein was actually lower in the N-Ras61K-expressing compared with parental adipocytes. However, expression of N-Ras61K in 3T3-L1 adipocytes markedly elevated both GLUT-1 and GLUT-4 in plasma membranes relative to intracellular membranes, and insulin had no further effect. These modulations of glucose transporters by N-Ras61K expression are not due to upstream regulation of insulin receptors because receptor tyrosine phosphorylation and association of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase with tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins were unaffected. These results show that activated Ras mimics the actions of insulin on membrane trafficking of glucose transporters, consistent with the concept that Ras proteins function as intermediates in this insulin signaling pathway.
Elastic and tensile behavior of nanocrystalline copper and palladium

Abstract The elastic and tensile behavior of high-density, high-purity nanocrystalline Cu and Pd was determined. Samples with grain sizes of 10–110 nm and densities of greater than 98% of theoretical were produced by inert-gas condensation and warm compaction. Small decrements from coarse-grained values observed in the Young's modulus are caused primarily by the slight amount of porosity in the samples. The yield strength of nanocrystalline Cu and Pd was 10–15 times that of the annealed, coarse-grained metal. Total elongations of 1–4% were observed in samples with grain sizes less than 50 nm, while a sample with a grain size of 110 nm exhibited > 8% elongation, perhaps signifying a change in deformation mechanism with grain size. Hardness measurements followed the predictions of the Hall-Petch relationship for the coarse-grained copper down to ≈ 15 nm, and then plateaued. Hardness values (divided by 3) were 2–3 times greater than the tensile yield strengths. Processing flaws may cause premature tensile failure and lower yield strengths. The size and distribution of processing flaws was determined by small-angle neutron scattering. Tensile strength increased with decreasing porosity, and may be significantly affected by a few large processing flaws.
A FIELD EVALUATION OF BAITS FOR DELIVERING ORAL RABIES VACCINES TO RACCOONS (PROCYON LOTOR)

Eight field trials were conducted in 1989 and 1990 in Georgia (USA) and Maryland (USA) to evaluate baits and baiting strategies for delivering oral rabies vaccines to raccoons (Procyon lotor). Bait packets consisting of corn meal and egg batter-based baits enclosed in plastic bags were placed at 1.0-m diameter, raked tracking stations and checked daily. Packets were well accepted by raccoons; they visited 31 to 44% of the tracking stations where they removed 69 to 90% of the packets within 4 to 5 days. All or nearly all baits were removed from plastic bags and less than 1% of the baits were found only partially eaten. No rejection of water-filled paraffin ampules in baits was observed. The use of an odor attractant on bait packets did not appear to enhance bait discovery when packets were placed on raccoon travel routes. An attractant did enhance discovery when baits were placed off-road in a simulated aerial baiting test. Nontarget species comprised 31 to 53% of all visits to the stations; they took 28 to 55% of the baits but did not appear to adversely affect bait availability for raccoons. A total of 2,300 baits, each containing a wax ampule holding 10 mg of a physiological marker (iophenoxic acid), were distributed at a rate of 82 baits/km2 on 2,800 ha of Sapelo Island, Georgia. Thirty-five (65%) of 54 raccoons collected following bait placement had eaten one or more baits as indicated by elevated levels of iodine in the blood serum.
Social experience induces sex-specific fos expression in the amygdala of the juvenile rat

To compare the response of the medial amygdala and central amygdala to juvenile social subjugation (JSS), we used unbiased stereology to quantify the immediate early gene product Fos in prepubertal rats after aggressive or benign social encounters or handling. We estimated the overall number of neurons and the proportion of Fos immunoreactive neurons in the posterodorsal (MePD) and posteroventral medial amygdala (MePV) and the central amygdala (CeA). Experience elicited Fos in a sex- and hemisphere-dependent manner in the MePD. The left MePD was selective for JSS in both sexes, but the right MePD showed a specific Fos response to JSS in males only. In the MePV, irrespective of hemisphere or sex, JSS elicited the greatest amount of Fos, benign social experience elicited an intermediate level, and handling the least. None of the experiential conditions elicited significant levels of Fos in the CeA. We found a previously unreported sex difference in the number of CeA neurons (M>F) that was highly significant and a strong trend toward a sex difference (M>F) in the MePD. These data show that the posterior MeA subnuclei are more responsive to JSS than to benign social interaction, that sex interacts with hemispheric laterality to determine the response of the MePD to JSS and that the MePV responds to social experience and JSS. Taken together, these findings support the hypothesis that juvenile rats process JSS in a sex-specific manner.
Application of Polymerase Chain Reaction Based on ITS1 rDNA to Speciate Eimeria

SUMMARY. A method was developed to recover Eimeria spp. oocysts directly from poultry litter and determine which species of Eimeria were present using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based on the ITS1 rDNA sequence. The species composition of Eimeria oocysts was also compared before and after propagation in susceptible chickens to determine if the relative proportion of each species changed after expansion. In samples from two broiler operations, ITS1-PCR was able to detect Eimeria spp. oocysts recovered from litter, with Eimeria acervulina, Eimeria maxima, and Eimeria praecox being the predominant species present therein. Although Eimeria tenella was found in one sample, the other species—Eimeria brunetti, Eimeria necatrix, and Eimeria mitis—were not detected. The species composition as determined by ITS1-PCR did not appear to appreciably alter after expansion in susceptible chickens. The described method represents a rapid means for determining the major Eimeria species in a poultry operation and may be helpful in choosing a particular live oocyst vaccine formulation to protect chickens against coccidiosis.
Cognitive Activation Theory of Stress: An Integrative Theoretical Approach to Work Stress

Workplace stress consistently has received a substantial amount of attention from practitioners and researchers alike. Many occupational health scholars have developed or contributed to our understanding of models detailing theoretical approaches to an individual’s experience of stress. Although these theories have improved our understanding of occupational stress, these conceptualizations of stress and much of the subsequent stress research based on these models have been limited in their ability to fully explain individual experience. Organizational stress research could benefit from an integrative approach that seeks to incorporate both the positive aspects and the more traditional negative aspects of the stress experience. Organizational stress researchers should look to a recently elaborated stress theory developed outside of the organizational sciences (i.e., cognitive activation theory of stress) to provide the theoretical framing necessary for such research. The implications of integrating this th...