cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Vibration analysis of the sulky accessory for a commercial walk-behind lawn mower to determine operator comfort and health

A sulky is a single-wheeled platform attachment on which the operator of a commercial walk-behind lawn mower rides while standing. The effects of sulky vibration on operator comfort and health have not been investigated. In this study, tri-axial accelerometers measured sulky vibration during mower use by two commercial mowers on varied terrain and 12 volunteer mowers over a controlled course. The accelerometer data were processed according to methods established in ISO 2631. Results indicate the mean frequency-weighted root mean square (RMS) acceleration sums fall into the ‘very uncomfortable’ range for vibration of standing persons (1.9 ± 0.48 m s−2). Additionally, vibration dose values indicated that the mean vibration dosages exceeded the daily exposure limit values established in Directive 2002/44/EC (z-axis A(8) value of 1.30 ± 34 m s−2; VDVexp value of 28.1 ± 6.25 m s−1.75). This information suggests that modifications including vibration damping should be added to the sulky to reduce rider discomfo...
Aneuploid Cells Are Differentially Susceptible to Caspase-Mediated Death during Embryonic Cerebral Cortical Development

Neural progenitor cells, neurons, and glia of the normal vertebrate brain are diversely aneuploid, forming mosaics of intermixed aneuploid and euploid cells. The functional significance of neural mosaic aneuploidy is not known; however, the generation of aneuploidy during embryonic neurogenesis, coincident with caspase-dependent programmed cell death (PCD), suggests that a cell's karyotype could influence its survival within the CNS. To address this hypothesis, PCD in the mouse embryonic cerebral cortex was attenuated by global pharmacological inhibition of caspases or genetic removal of caspase-3 or caspase-9. The chromosomal repertoire of individual brain cells was then assessed by chromosome counting, spectral karyotyping, fluorescence in situ hybridization, and DNA content flow cytometry. Reducing PCD resulted in markedly enhanced mosaicism that was comprised of increased numbers of cells with the following: (1) numerical aneuploidy (chromosome losses or gains); (2) extreme forms of numerical aneuploidy (>5 chromosomes lost or gained); and (3) rare karyotypes, including those with coincident chromosome loss and gain, or absence of both members of a chromosome pair (nullisomy). Interestingly, mildly aneuploid (<5 chromosomes lost or gained) populations remained comparatively unchanged. These data demonstrate functional non-equivalence of distinguishable aneuploidies on neural cell survival, providing evidence that somatically generated, cell-autonomous genomic alterations have consequences for neural development and possibly other brain functions.
Understanding the impact of temperature variations on measurement of stress dependent parameters of bipolar junction transistors

The macroscopic stress dependence of bipolar junction transistors (BJTs) can be modeled by three transport model parameters as a function of stress: saturation current I S , forward current gain β F , and Early voltage V A . Recent research has shown that Early voltage V A is independent of stress, so it is not discussed in detail in this paper. Unfortunately, accurate extraction of model parameters I S and β from measurement of collector current I C and base current I B is easily compromised by the large temperature sensitivity of the BJT due to the exponential dependencies on temperature. For example, if one measures I C and I B with constant base-emitter voltage, one must contend with temperature sensitivities as large as 45 × (ΔT/T) - i. e. a 1° K change at room temperature yields a 15% change in I S , overwhelming smaller variations due to stress. Examples of these thermal errors are presented. We have developed a new non-temperature compensated approach based upon fixed emitter current biasing that still provides two degrees of freedom necessary to independently measure current gain and saturation current, but with manageable temperature sensitivity. Examples of the new measurement technique to characterize variations of β and I S are presented for vertical npn transistors under tensile and compressive stresses ranging between 0 and 150 MPa. Current gain is shown to be a quasi temperature-compensated quantity relative to either the individual collector or base currents, with the residual temperature coefficient limited by the bandgap difference between the base and emitter regions of the transistor. Our experimental results agree well with macroscopic device models based upon piezoresistivity [1] and deformation potential based formulations [2]. The stress dependent transistor models are combined with SPICE circuit simulation to demonstrate the impact of stress on basic analog IC building blocks. Measurements agree well with both theoretical and circuit simulation calculations for PTAT voltage generators, bandgap references and operational amplifier offset voltages.
Detecting codimension one manifold factors with 0-stitched disks

Abstract The 0-stitched disks property is introduced and shown to detect codimension one manifold factors of dimension n ⩾ 4 . It is shown that if a space X is an ANR and has the 0-stitched disks property, then X has the disjoint homotopies property. It follows that if a space X is a resolvable generalized manifold of dimension n ⩾ 4 with the 0-stitched disks property, then X is a codimension one manifold factor. Whether or not the 0-stitched disks property is equivalent to the disjoint homotopies property remains an open question.
Grief Rituals: Aspects That Facilitate Adjustment to Bereavement

This study explores the facilitative aspects of postfuneral rituals in the grief process. Participants included 50 adults who evaluated symbolic activities (rituals) in terms of helpfulness, aspects of those activities, and outcomes of performing such activities. Results confirmed (a) that appropriate rituals can facilitate adjustment to bereavement, (b) that some factors are particularly important for success of rituals, and (c) that performing rituals can have significant positive outcomes for participants.
Effect of Climate on Performance of Holsteins in First Lactation

Abstract Effects of climate on milk yield, fat percent, feed intake, and changes of body weight were determined for first lactation Holsteins at Beltsville, MD. Cows calving in January and February were larger in milk yield (17%), fat percent (7%), gross efficiency (14%), and breeding efficiency (−32 days open) than cows calving in July and August. Cows calving during the other 8 mo were intermediate in these traits. Cows exposed to 20 days of maximum temperature >27C in the first 100 days of lactation averaged 27% higher in gross efficiency (kg milk/Mcal of estimated net energy) than cows exposed to 40 to 87 days >27C. Four measures of climate (maximal and minimal temperatures and dew point 0700 and 1900h) accounted for nearly as much influence on milk yield as 12 measures of climate. The percentage of the variation in milk yield accounted for by four climatic variables, plus feed and body weight, ranged from 11 to 62 with the most for cows calving in July and August and least for those calving in the spring or fall. Climatic conditions appeared to have the greatest influence in the first 60 days of lactation. During this period, high temperatures restricted feed intake causing a rapid utilization of body reserves and high losses in body weight. Conversely, cold temperature stimulated feed intake resulting in higher yields and gross efficiency than for moderate or high temperatures. After about 60 days of lactation, feeding was the primary environmental variable limiting performance irrespective of climate.
Telomere associations in desmoplastic infantile ganglioglioma

A four and a half year old male was diagnosed with desmoplastic infantile ganglioglioma. To our knowledge, the cytogenetics of this tumor have never been reported. In our analysis of 40 cells, no consistent clonal abnormalities were observed; however, the majority of cells (25 of 40) showed structural rearrangements (telomere associations) resulting in dicentrics and other derivative chromosomes. Breakpoints most often observed included 17q25 (6 of 40), 19p13.3 (4 of 40), 17p13 (3 of 40), 14q32 (3 of 40), 11q25 (3 of 40), 9p24 (2 of 40), 5q35 (2 of 40), and 22q13 (2 of 40).
The Implications of Zero Growth for Agricultural Commodity Demand

HE relatively recent concern over problems of man's numbers and his environment has led to official endorsement of the concept of a stationary (i.e., non-growing) population by the President's Commission on Population Growth and the American Future [7 ]. Some 35 to 40 years ago there was also interest in the problem of stationarity in the United States, Europe, and other areas, although much of the focus was on potential economic problems that this situation would, in the opinion of some writers, create.1 The purpose of this paper is to examine some consequences of a stationary population, particularly in the sphere of demand for agricultural commodities. The first section reviews demographic consequences of a stationary population; the following section attempts to measure the economic consequences of this state of affairs. The third section treats the problem of changes in agricultural commodity demand resulting from both the diminution in the growth rate of population and the changing age structure of the population that will result as the condition of stationarity is approached.
Superconducting critical field and normal state susceptibility of rare-earth-doped YBa2Cu3O7 − δ

Abstract We have measured resistivity, critical field, and normal state susceptibility for samples of (RE)Ba2Cu3O7 − δ where RE ≡ Sm, Gd, Eu, Dy, Ho, Er. We see little effect on Tc for the RE substitutions compared with the pure compound. The normal state susceptibility follows a Curie law for all samples (except samarium and europium) yielding the approximate free ion moment. The critical field slopes near Tc lie between approximately 2 T K−1 and approximately 3 T K−1 and are strongly dependent on the width of the superconducting transition in zero field, indicating that sample quality has a dramatic effect on the initial critical field slope near Tc.
Endometrial and ovarian carcinomas with undifferentiated components: clinically aggressive and frequently underrecognized neoplasms

Carcinomas of the endometrium and ovary with undifferentiated components are uncommon neoplasms that are likely underdiagnosed. They are important to recognize as they have been shown to be clinically aggressive. We identified 32 carcinomas with undifferentiated components as defined by Silva and co-workers, 26 endometrial and 6 of ovarian origin. The patient age ranged from 21 to 76 years (median 55); 40% of patients were <or=50 years of age. Most patients (58% of endometrial and 83% of ovarian carcinomas with undifferentiated components) presented at advanced stages (FIGO III-IV). Pelvic and para-aortic lymph nodes were the most frequent sites of metastases. Twenty tumors, entirely undifferentiated, consisted of sheets of dyshesive, ovoid cells with uniform, large vesicular nuclei, whereas 12 tumors contained combinations of differentiated endometrioid adenocarcinoma with undifferentiated components. Although most undifferentiated tumors had a monotonous cytologic appearance without prominent stroma, six showed focal nuclear pleomorphism and eight cases had variably sized zones of rhabdoid cells in a background of myxoid stroma. The tumors were frequently misdiagnosed; they received a wide range of diagnoses, including FIGO grade 2 or 3 endometrioid carcinoma, carcinosarcoma, high-grade sarcoma including endometrial stromal sarcoma, neuroendocrine carcinoma, lymphoma, granulosa cell tumor and epithelioid sarcoma. Up to 86% of the cases showed focal, but strong keratin and/or epithelial membrane antigen staining, with CK18 being the most frequently positive keratin stain. They were predominantly negative for neuroendocrine markers, smooth muscle markers and estrogen receptor/progesterone receptor. Mismatch repair protein expression by immunohistochemistry was evaluated in 17 cases, and 8 (47%) were abnormal (7 with loss of MLH1/PMS2 and 1 with MSH6 loss). Follow-up was available for 27 patients, although it was very short in many cases, ranging from 0.5 to 89 months (median 9 months). Eleven patients (41%) died of the disease in 0.5-20 months, four are alive with disease and twelve patients have no evidence of disease. Endometrial and ovarian carcinomas with undifferentiated components have a broad histologic differential diagnosis, but they show specific histologic features that should enable accurate diagnosis. These tumors can occur in young women, may be associated with microsatellite instability and behave in a clinically aggressive manner.
Differential effects of ouabain on host-and sindbis virus-specified protein synthesis

Abstract Ouabain, a specific inhibitor of the membrane-associated Na + /K + -ATPase (sodium pump), has a differential effect on protein synthesis in Sindbis virus-infected and uninfected chick embryo fibroblast (CEF) cultures. At low concentrations, cell-specified protein synthesis is inhibited while Sindbis virus-directed protein synthesis is stimulated. At higher ouabain concentrations, which inhibit protein synthesis in uninfected CEF cells 95% or more, viral protein synthesis continues. Ouabain treatment of uninfected CEF cells raises the intracellular Na + concentration and lowers the intracellular K + concentration. The effect of Sindbis virus infection is similar. The changes in intracellular Na + and K + concentrations appear responsible for the selective inhibition of the translation of host cell mRNAs in Sindbis virus-infected or ouabain-treated CEF.
Two-stage trauma pancreaticoduodenectomy: delay facilitates anastomotic reconstruction.

A case of a gunshot wound to the head of the pancreas and superior mesenteric vein requiring pancreaticoduodenectomy is discussed. Managing such an injury is challenging, first because of the ongoing hemorrhage and second because of the technical difficulty in working with a normal pancreas and bile duct. In the case presented herein, enteric reconstruction was performed 72 hours after the initial surgery. A delay in reconstruction resulted in tissue changes that facilitated enteric reconstruction. A two-stage pancreaticoduodenectomy may be considered if the surgeon is faced with an unstable patient.
Learning Ecological Ethics from Plato

The books by Ophuls and Lane offer two perspectives on how Plato might help us develop an ecologically sustainable society.
On reflectance ratios and aerosol optical depth retrieval in the presence of cumulus clouds

[1] The traditional conversion of satellite-observed reflectances to the aerosol optical depth (AOD) is highly conjectural in the vicinity of clouds due to the 3D cloud-induces enhancement of the apparent reflectance. This study uses 3D Monte Carlo radiative transfer calculations and simulated cloud and aerosol fields to illustrate that for clear pixels the reflectance ratios for two pairs of wavelengths (660, 470 nm and 870, 470 nm) are less sensitive to the 3D cloud effects than the reflectances themselves. We develop a new algorithm for converting these two ratios to three spectral values of AOD and show that it is accurate to within 10% for the majority of clear pixels in our model-inverse problem. This preliminary study suggests that the proposed approach can be used to significantly improve the accuracy of the AOD retrieved from spectral satellite observations under partly cloudy conditions.
Three-Dimensional Atomic Images of As/Si\(111\) Obtained by Derivative Photoelectron Holography

The atomic structure of As-terminated Si(111) is imaged by a new technique of photoelectron holography based on differential measurements. The improved sensitivity of this technique allows second nearest neighbors to be detected. Images deduced from both the As and the Si core level emission provide a detailed three-dimensional view of the bonding structure involving the top three atomic layers. The results provide direct evidence for As replacement of the top Si atomic layer. {copyright} {ital 1998} {ital The American Physical Society}
Models of attitude constraint in foreign affairs

A relatively recent innovation in research on attitude constraint is the specification of hierarchical models of mass belief systems, where general orientations are assumed to determine or constrain more specific policy attitudes. But while this research has been able to demonstrate a strong correlation between general and specific idea elements, the causal direction of the relationship has been assumed rather than tested. Using panel data collected during a period of constancy in the international environment, we attempt to untangle the causal ordering of general orientations and specific policy attitudes in the realm of international politics. In accord with hierarchical models, we find, first, that general orientations (e.g., militarism and containment postures) are more stable than many specific policy preferences (e.g., attitudes toward defense spending and U.S. involvement in Central America) and, second, much of the over-time consistency in policy attitudes is generated by these more general orientations. We conclude with a discussion of the implications of this work for studies of attitude constraint, one of which is thegeneral applicability of the procedure for investigating top-down versus bottom-up models of constraint in domains outside the international realm.
Chain-transfer catalysis by vanadium complexes during methyl methacrylate polymerization

Abstract A series of V(CO) 4 (P–P) or HV(CO) 4 (P–P) ((P–P) = bis(diphenylphosphino)methane (dppm), 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane (dppe), 1,3-bis(diphenylphosphino)propane (dppp), and 1,4-bis(diphenylphosphino)butane (dppb)) complexes have been tested as chain-transfer catalysts for methyl methacrylate (MMA) polymerization. The chain transfer constants C s (= k tr / k p ), determined by Mayo plots, suggest that V(CO) 4 (dppe) is the most efficient chain-transfer catalyst among the complexes investigated ( C s = 750 at 70 °C).
Gas‐phase free radical reactions in the glow‐discharge deposition of hydrogenated amorphous silicon from silane and disilane

An analysis of a measurement by Matsuda and co‐workers of the lifetimes of the free radicals involved in the glow‐discharge deposition of amorphous hydrogenated silicon from silane and disilane at 20‐mTorr pressure is consistent with the hypothesis that SiH or SiH2, but not SiH3, is the dominant radical in the deposition from silane at that pressure.
Differentiating biological correlates of risk, PTSD, and resilience following trauma exposure

Risk and resilience factors presumably explain the individual differences in the response to adversity. However, little is known about how such factors are related. Risk and protective factors may reflect a quantitative difference along a single dimension (e.g., low IQ might be associated with risk and high IQ with resilience); however, they may also refer to orthogonal constructs that interact and/or moderate stress effects to increase or diminish the probability of developing trauma-related psychopathology (e.g., good coping could offset low IQ). The authors illustrate experimental strategies for distinguishing between these possibilities for any putative measure relating to symptom development, using a database that includes published and unpublished psychological and biological variables from a relatively homogenous cohort of exposed and nonexposed veterans.
A male presenting with a primary mucinous bladder carcinoma: a case report.

Background The primary mucinous adenocarcinoma of the bladder is an extremely rare urologic entity, which is found in less than 2% of all urinary bladder tumours and is often presented as metastatic.
Paracrine action of FGF4 during periimplantation development maintains trophectoderm and primitive endoderm.

FGF4, a member of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family, is absolutely required for periimplantation mouse development, although its precise role at this stage remains unknown. The nature of the defect leading to postimplantation lethality of embryos lacking zygotic FGF4 is unclear and little is known about downstream targets of FGF4-initiated signaling within the various cellular compartments of the blastocyst. Here we report that postimplantation lethality of Fgf4(-/-) embryos is unlikely to reflect strictly mitogenic requirements for FGF4. Rather, our results suggest that FGF4 is required to maintain trophectoderm and primitive endoderm identity at embryonic day 4.5. This result is consistent with the reported in vitro activity of FGF4 in maintaining trophoblast stem cells and with the requirement for receptor tyrosine kinase signaling in primitive endoderm formation. Thus, postimplantation lethality of Fgf4(-/-) embryos likely results from the failure of proper differentiation and function of extraembryonic cell types.
The ‘Great Firm’ Theory of the Decline of the Mughal Empire

The ^great firm' theory of Mughal decline relies on secondary sources for its comprehensive data base; it clarifies & extends existing economic theories of imperial decline. Most writers have treated bankers & other financial & merchant groups as segmental rather than strategic elites, but they were indispensable to the functioning of Mughal government, & the great firms' diversion of resources from the Mughals to other political powers in the Indian subcontinent directly contributed to the downfall of the empire. A working definition of great firms in the Mughal period is proposed, along with lines of further research to adequately test the theory. The advantages of this theory over others are outlined, & the bankers in Mughal India are briefly contrasted with those in imperial China. Modified AA.
A Multi-hop Mobile Networking Test-bed for Telematics

An onboard vehicle-to-vehicle multi-hop wireless networking system has been developed to test the realworld performance of telematics applications. The system targets emergency and safety messaging, traffic updates, audio/video streaming and commercial announcements. The test-bed includes a Differential GPS receiver, an IEEE 802.11a radio card modified to emulate the DSRC standard, a 1xRTT cellular-data connection, an onboard computer and audio-visual equipment. Vehicles exchange data directly or via intermediate vehicles using a multi-hop routing protocol. The focus of the test-bed is to (a) evaluate the feasibility of high-speed inter-vehicular networking, (b) characterize 5.8GHz signal propagation within a dynamic mobile ad hoc environment, and (c) develop routing protocols for highly mobile networks. The test-bed has been deployed across five vehicles and tested over 400 miles on the road.
Wormholes and {Peccei-Quinn} Symmetries

We show how wormholes and Peccei-Quinn symmetries are in fact complementary in solving the strong {ital CP} problem. On the one hand, Peccei-Quinn symmetries are shown to provide us with a wormhole parameter that couples only to the QCD anomaly. This then allows us to implement the wormhole solution to the strong {ital CP} problem constructed previously by the present authors as well as by Preskill, Trivedi, and Wise. On the other hand, wormholes are shown to drive the axion mass to zero or to the wormhole scale, thus avoiding the axion-energy-density crisis in either case.
Organization of American Historians

of class and individualism. Lorin Cary (University of Toledo) commented on oral history. And Mary Tyler (Southern California Library for Social Studies) detailed the development of a labor walking tour of Los Angeles. Finally, the association continued its tradition of honoring for distinguished lifetime service to the labor movement an individual who has worked in or been associated with the location of the annual meeting. This year the award went to Delores Huerta of the United Farm Workers. John Fernandez, her brother, accepted the award on her behalf.
Allocation under Uncertainty when the Demand has Continuous D.F.

The problem of allocation under uncertain demand, when the latter has a continuous distribution function, is treated. A necessary and sufficient condition for optimality is given, and a numerical example is solved. This solution is compared with the L.P. solutions obtained under the assumptions of constant demand and demand with discrete d.f. It is seen that considerable savings can be realized by considering d.f.'s as continuous if they so occur in nature.
Membrane dynamics, cholesterol homeostasis, and Alzheimer's disease.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by the deposition of β-amyloid (Aβ) plaques derived from the amyloidogenic processing; of a transmembrane protein called β-amyloid precursor protein (APP). In addition to the known genetic/sporadic factors that promote the formation of Aβ, the composition and structural dynamics of the membrane are also thought to play a significant role in the amyloidogenic processing of APP that promotes seeding of Aβ. This minireview reinforces the roles played by membrane dynamics, membrane microdomains, and cholesterol homeostasis in relation to amyloidogenesis, and reviews current strategies of lowering cholesterol in treating AD.
Hyperspectral Image Compression with Optimization for Spectral Analysis

Hyperspectral imaging is of interest in a large number of remote sensing applications, such as geology and pollution monitoring, in order to detect and analyze surface and atmospheric composition. The processing of these images, called spectral analysis, allows for the identification of the specific mineralogical and agricultural elements which compose an image. We seek to understand how loss due to compression can affect the spectral analysis results, and then modify the compression algorithms to improve spectral analysis performance. More specifically, we suggest modifications to the 3D-SPIHT algorithm for improving the classification accuracy of hyperspectral images for two classification techniques: spectral angle mapper (SAM) and matched filtering (MF). Results of our modification show an improvement in the error rate as reported by the classification techniques, indicating an increase in the ability to analyze hyperspectral images which have been compressed.
On the Accuracy of Regulatory Cost Estimates

This study compares ex ante estimates of the direct costs of individual regulations to ex post assessments of the same regulations. For total costs the results support conventional wisdom, namely that the costs of regulations tend to be overestimated. This is true for 14 of the 28 rules in the data set discussed, while for only 3 rules were the ex ante estimates too low. For unit costs, however, the story is quite different. At least for EPA and OSHA rules, unit cost estimates are often accurate, and even when they are not, overestimation of abatement costs occurs about as often as underestimation. In contrast, for those rules that use economic incentives, unit costs are consistently overestimated. The difference between the total-cost and the unit-cost results is caused by frequent errors in estimates of the effects of individual rules, which suggests, in turn, that the rule's benefits may also be overestimated. The quantity errors are driven both by difficulties in determining the baseline and by incomplete compliance. In cases of unit-cost overestimation, unanticipated technological innovation appears to be an important factor — especially for economic incentive rules, although procedural and methodological explanations may also apply. © 2000 by the Association for Public Policy and Management.
Generalized random fields related to self-intersections of the Brownian motion

Abstract Let Tke(λ; t1,..., tk) = ρ(Xt1)qe(Xt2 - Xt1)... qe(Xtk - Xtk-1), where Xt is a Brownian motion in R2, λ(dx) = ρ(x)dx, and qe converges to Dirac's δ function as e ↓ 0. The self-intersection local times of order k are described by a generalized random field Tk(λ; t1,..., tk) = lime↓0Tke(λ; t1,..., tk) for 0 < t1 <... < tk. The field “blows up” as ti - tj → 0 for some i ≠ j. I show that with a proper choice of the coefficients Bkl(e), a generalized random field [unk] k(λ; t1,..., tk) = lime↓0 [Tke(λ; t1,..., tk) + Σl=1k-1 [Bkl(e)Tle](λ; t1,..., tk)] is well defined for all 0 ≤ t1 ≤... ≤ tk and it coincides with Tk(λ; t1,..., tk) for t1 <... < tk.
Assessing oil spill risk in port tanker operations using a multiattribute utility approach to ranking and selection

In this paper we apply multiattribute ranking and selection to the management of a port facility in the environmentally sensitive Prince William Sound area of Alaska. The approach allows tradeoffs between the disparate performance measures associated with the operation of the port and non-linear scoring of the attributes, including the notion of satisfying a target level of performance. The example considered is based on real data from a risk analysis of the port that has been simplified for ease of exposition, but the methods employed generalize to situations with real data and larger number of performance measures.
Initially misleading communication of carrier results after newborn genetic screening.

Background. Newborn screening saves lives, but the way in which parents learn of a positive screening test is also important for adherence with treatment plans and avoidance of psychosocial complications. The first messages provided to parents may be particularly important for understanding, especially when the infant is found to be a heterozygous carrier for sickle cell hemoglobinopathy (SCH) or cystic fibrosis (CF). This study investigated the prevalence of “initially misleading” communication, defined as the inclusion of 1 of 55 “bad-news” content items (eg, the screening test is positive) before any of 39 “good-news” content items (eg, the infant is healthy, normal, a carrier, or otherwise without problems). Methods. As part of a larger study of the content of counseling after newborn genetic screening, we used a quantitative, explicit-criteria method to abstract 59 transcribed conversations between pediatric residents and standardized parents of an “infant” who was found through newborn screening to carry either CF or SCH. Results. Of 59 transcripts, 41 were found to be misleading (at least 1 bad-news content statement before the first good-news content statement). There were significantly more misleading likely-CF-carrier than SCH-carrier transcripts (89.7% vs 50%). Among the misleading transcripts, the mean number of misleading statements was 5.5. The mean distance between the first bad-news and first good-news statements was 28.1 statements (20.5% of the total duration of counseling). Discussion. The high prevalence of misleading content and the time lag before clarification does not bode well for parental understanding of infant carrier status. Future projects should improve curricula for training programs and develop quality-assurance efforts for community clinicians both to improve parental understanding and help assuage society9s fears about the safety of genetic screening technologies.
Pleiotropic Effects of a Chromosome 3 Locus on Speech-Sound Disorder and Reading

Speech-sound disorder (SSD) is a complex behavioral disorder characterized by speech-sound production errors associated with deficits in articulation, phonological processes, and cognitive linguistic processes. SSD is prevalent in childhood and is comorbid with disorders of language, spelling, and reading disability, or dyslexia. Previous research suggests that developmental problems in domains associated with speech and language acquisition place a child at risk for dyslexia. Recent genetic studies have identified several candidate regions for dyslexia, including one on chromosome 3 segregating in a large Finnish pedigree. To explore common genetic influences on SSD and reading, we examined linkage for several quantitative traits to markers in the pericentrometric region of chromosome 3 in 77 families ascertained through a child with SSD. The quantitative scores measured several processes underlying speech-sound production, including phonological memory, phonological representation, articulation, receptive and expressive vocabulary, and reading decoding and comprehension skills. Model-free linkage analysis was followed by identification of sib pairs with linkage and construction of core shared haplotypes. In our multipoint analyses, measures of phonological memory demonstrated the strongest linkage (marker D3S2465, P =5.6×10 −5 , and marker D3S3716, P =6.8×10 −4 ). Tests for single-word decoding also demonstrated linkage (real word reading: marker D3S2465, P =.004; nonsense word reading: marker D3S1595, P =.005). The minimum shared haplotype in sib pairs with similar trait values spans 4.9 cM and is bounded by markers D3S3049 and D3S3045. Our results suggest that domains common to SSD and dyslexia are pleiotropically influenced by a putative quantitative trait locus on chromosome 3.
Stereospecific inhibitors of the gelation of sickle hemoglobin.

During the last decade there have been major advances in understanding the structure of the gel of deoxyhemoglobin S and the mechanism of its formation. These advances have allowed the development of a new strategy for the inhibition of gelation, i.e., stereospecific competitive inhibitors of the polymerization process. For this purpose we have used equilibrium solubility measurements to study the effects of amino acids and peptides on deoxyhemoglobin S solubility. We have found that aromatic amino acids and short peptides containing these amino acids significantly increase solubility; longer peptides, however, decrease solubility by an excluded-volume related effect. Recently we have used computer graphics projections of the surface of the hemoglobin molecules in the crystal form to design peptide inhibitors. In addition, we have developed 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic methods to quantitate the gel of deoxyhemoglobin S in hemoglobin solutions an in cells. These spectroscopic methods allow us to study the mechanism of intracellular gelation and to test the effects of inhibitors on sickle cells.
Testing lack of fit of regression models under heteroscedasticity

A test is proposed for assessing the lack of fit of heteroscedastic nonlinear regression models that is based on comparison of nonparametric kernel and parametric fits. A data-driven method is proposed for bandwidth selection using the asymptotically optimal bandwidth of the parametric null model which leads to a test that has a limiting normal distribution under the null hypothesis and is consistent against any fixed alternative. The resulting test is applied to the problem of testing the lack of fit of a generalized linear model. L'auteur propose de verifier l'adequation de modeles de regression non lineaires heteroscedastiques au moyen d'un test comparant l'ajustement d'estimations parametrique et non parametrique (nucleaire) du vecteur moyenne. Il propose une methode de selection empirique de la fenětre deduite de la longueur de fenětre asymptotiquement optimale sous l'hypothese nulle. La statistique qui en decoule est asymptotique-ment gaussienne sous l'hypothese nulle et convergente pour toute contre-hypothese fixee. L'auteur montre comment son test permet de verifier l'ajustement d'un modele lineaire generalise.
Recruiting New Teachers to Urban School Districts: What Incentives Will Work?

Many urban districts in the United States have difficulty attracting and retaining quality teachers, yet they are often the most in need of them. In response, U.S. states and districts are experimenting with financial incentives to attract and retain high-quality teachers in high-need, low-achieving, or hard-to-staff urban schools. However, relatively little is known about how effective financial incentives are to recruit new teachers to high-need urban schools. This research explores factors that are important to the job choices of teachers in training. Focus groups were held with students at three universities, and a policy-capturing study was done using 64 job scenarios representing various levels of pay and working conditions. Focus group results suggested that: a) many pre-service teachers, even relatively late in their preparation, are not committed to a particular district and are willing to consider many possibilities, including high need schools; b) although pay and benefits were attractive to the students, loan forgiveness and subsidies for further education were also attractive; and c) small increments of additional salary did not appear as important or attractive as other job characteristics. The policy-capturing study showed that working conditions factors, especially principal support, had more influence on simulated job choice than pay level, implying that money might be better spent to attract, retain, or train better principals than to provide higher beginning salaries to teachers in schools with high-poverty or a high proportion of students of color.
Revision Total Hip Arthroplasty

Marvin E. Steinberg and Jonathan P. Garino, editors. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 1999. 578 pages. $179.00. This book represents an attempt to present a review and a handbook on the topic of revision total hip replacement as a single source of information. The co-editors-a younger orthopaedic surgeon and a senior orthopaedic surgeon, both of whom specialize in joint replacement surgery-bring a younger, innovative viewpoint as well as an older, experienced viewpoint to the book. The editors have assembled a group of seventy contributing authors to cover all aspects of revision total hip arthroplasty. The forty-chapter book is divided into six sections: Basic Science, Evaluating the Painful Total Hip, Revising the Aseptic Total Hip, Revising the Infected Total Hip, Complications, and Special Considerations. As one might expect from a book with seventy authors, there is a large amount of redundancy, an …
Gun Litigation in the Mass Tort Context

This book chapter - part of a larger, interdisciplinary collection of scholarship on lawsuits against the gun industry - situates gun litigation within the larger context of mass tort litigation. The chapter explores the implications of gun litigation as a species of "social policy tort" litigation. The defining feature of such litigation consists of its objectives not only to seek conventional damages for past misconduct but also to precipitate prospective changes in product marketing in a manner independent from conventional regulation. The chapter initially places gun litigation within two longer-term trends: developments in tort theory and a roughly contemporaneous transformation in the political landscape for regulatory programs in the public sector. The chapter then argues that gun litigation seeks to implement its prospective regulatory program in a manner strikingly unmindful of the lessons learned about conventional regulation in the public sphere - lessons that transcend partisan lines. Public regulation has increasingly focused on systematic comparison of proposed regulatory interventions based upon their relative cost-effectiveness and on political accountability in regulatory policy decisions. By contrast, gun litigation by municipalities seeks to frame questions surrounding industry marketing practices on a stand-alone basis, as matters to be addressed irrespective of other possible interventions to protect public safety and through arrangements of litigation finance that often are removed from the conventional budgetary process. The chapter further compares the negligent marketing claim in gun litigation with the longstanding difficulties associated with the handling of tort claims for latent disease.
Overview of Container Mechanisms

In this chapter we are going to examine a number of ways that a programmer can store relatively large amounts of data for a program. We have already examined arrays, which use dense storage, and we saw that we can allocate such storage either automatically or on the free store. Two other methods of importance and frequent use are linked storage and hashed storage. Normally, linked storage is done only in the free store and hashed storage may be a combination of linked and dense storage and may involve either automatic or free store data or even a combination.
Mexican Studies/Estudios Mexicanos

The essay evokes the origins and development of Mexican Studies/Estudios Mexicanos ( MS/EM) during the thirty years of its existence. It explains the process that led to the agreement in 1982 between the University of California Consortium for Mexico and the United States (UC MEXUS) and the Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (UNAM) to establish the multidisciplinary journal that appeared in 1985. It recalls the difficult process of developing a new journal with standards. It also provides a brief survey of MS/EM ’s evolution and the varied nature of articles published in the multidisciplinary journal. Finally, it thanks the many dedicated persons who have contributed to its success. El ensayo evoca los origenes y el desarrollo de Mexican Studies/Estudios Mexicanos ( MS/EM ) durante sus treinta anos de existencia. En el, se explica el proceso que llevo al acuerdo en 1982 entre el Consorcio para Mexico y Estados Unidos (UC MEXUS) de la Universidad de California y la Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (UNAM) para establecer la revista multidisciplinaria que aparecio en 1985. Ademas, recuerda el dificil proceso para desarrollar una nueva revista con los estandares requeridos. Tambien proporciona un breve recuento de la evolucion de MS/EM y de la naturaleza variada de los articulos publicados en esta revista interdisciplinaria. Finalmente, agradece a las numerosas personas dedicadas que han contribuido a su exito.
Computer-aided stability analysis of spinning spacecraft with on-board liquids

A new computer algorithm identifies the dynamic equilibrium states of spinning spacecraft that contain liquids in complex, arbitrarily shaped tank configurations. This algorithm has been implemented in a computer program that determines whether liquid shifts can relocate, reorient, or destabilize a spacecraft's nominal spin axis. The program determines whether the desired spin axis is dynamically stable, estimates the extent of the stable region, and locates other possible stable states ("energy traps"). The algorithm is described, its theoretical basis is discussed, and a numerical example is given for a spacecraft with manifolded propellant tanks. The numerical results manifest the "wobble-amplification" effect described by McIntyre and others, in which a rigid-body dynamic imbalance causes the spin axis to tilt further than would be expected from simple rigid body considerations. The computer analyses generally agree with published theoretical results. Some differences, however, are identified and explained.
Resilience in Lesbian and Gay Couples

Lesbian and gay couples, although similar in many ways to heterosexual couples, utilize unique strategies to develop secure, stable, and healthy relationships, within the hegemony of heteronormative cultural expectations. Despite increased social acceptance, embedded in the development of protective civil rights laws, same-sex couples continue to struggle with biased laws and homophobic public policy decisions, which can negatively influence their intimate relationships, and challenge the sanctity and safety of their family lives. However, protective factors are developed within the LGBTQ communities, and evidence suggests that adapting to the adversity and managing the stress of being a sexual minority might enhance certain coping strategies. Lesbian and gay couples have excellent skills in negotiating differences, and tend to have egalitarian relationships where power differentials are minimized. Gay and lesbian couples express high levels of satisfaction and resolve conflict constructively. Working with lesbian and couples requires careful attention to both the strengths and challenges unique to sexual minority identities, especially to the particular resiliencies developed in same-sex relationships within a homophobic culture.
Determination of magnesium in cold drinks by FAAS

Objective A method for pretreatment of magnesium in cold drinks and the flame atomic absorption spectrometry were proposed to deal with sudden incidents.Methods The magnesium in the cold drinks was treated by wet digestion method,dry ashing method and microwave digestion method,then detected by the flame atomic absorption spectrometry.Results The relative standard deviation( RSD%) of the three methods were from 0.72 to 1.33.The recovery rate was from 92% to 103%.Conclusion The three pretreatment methods all had high sensitivity,good precision and accuracy,so it was suitable for the determination of the magnesium in cold drinks.
Governing uncertainty: Resilience, dwelling, and flexible resource management in Oceania

This article examines the flexible, customary land and sea tenure practices on a small island in Melanesia. I use the dwelling concept to analyse how governance practices on the island function during three different kinds of social-ecological change: 1) rapid demographic expansion; 2) a destructive tsunami; and 3) several recent development projects. In contrast to conventional resilience approaches, the dwelling concept draws attention to the immediate experience and practical application of environmental management. Results show that flexible resource governance is not based on a set of pre-determined rules, but instead, it is a socially-situated, experiential activity involving tension, conflict, and contestation as people negotiate access to land and sea resources. I argue that a dwelling perspective enhances resilience-focused research by providing a broader, non-dichotomising nature-culture analytical lens and by expanding the scope of inquiry to include power dynamics and contestation between social groups, processes that dominate the everyday experience of flexible ecosystem management governance but tend to be overlooked in most resilience research. With its emphasis on the complexity, contingency, and asymmetry of interacting social, economic, political, and ecological processes the dwelling approach complements 'new ecology', the epistemological shift that help inspire resilience research.
The effect of fasting, transit plus fasting, and administration of adrenocorticotropic hormone on the source and amount of weight lost by feeder steers of different ages

Two trials (winter and summer) were conducted to determine effects of fasting and transportation and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) administration on the amount and source of weight lost by feeder steers. Sixteen steers, in each of two experiments, were adapted to metabolism stalls for 10 d, were fed medium-quality hay at 2.1% of BW for 3 d, and then were subjected to either fasting alone or fasting plus transit for 48 h. In Exp. 1 steers were randomly assigned to treatments. In Exp. 2 steers were blocked by age (OLD or YOUNG) and assigned to treatments. Fecal and urinary excretions accounted for 65 and 38% of the total weight lost in Exp. 1 and 2, respectively. Fasting plus transit did not consistently increase the amount of weight lost compared with fasting alone but increased (P less than .01) plasma glucose concentrations. Injection of ACTH before either fasting alone or fasting plus transit increased (P less than .05) the amount of weight lost as feces. Steers in the OLD group lost more weight during transit and fasting but regained the lost weight faster (P less than .01) during the recovery period than did steers in the YOUNG group. Injecting YOUNG steers with ACTH before fasting alone or fasting plus transit increased plasma fibrinogen (P less than .10) and serum glucose (P less than .05) concentrations more than ACTH injections in OLD steers. Although fasting and transit elicit mobilization of body nutrients and resulted in a loss of BW, these effects were quickly reversed during the poststress period.