cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lability of Circadian Pacemaker Amplitude in Chick Pineal Cells: A Temperature-Dependent Process:

Temperature is a major regulator of circadian rhythms. The authors report here three lines of evidence that temperature modulates the amplitude of the circadian pacemaker that drives rhythmic melatonin production in chick pineal cells. (1) The melatonin rhythm persists longer in constant conditions at 40°C than at 37°C. (2) The phase response curve to low-intensity (0.15 μW/cm 2) light pulses of 6-h duration has a higher amplitude at 37°C than at 40°C; a nonphotic stimulus, anisomycin, also causes larger shifts at 37°C than at 40°C. These results suggest a general increase in sensitivity to phase-shifting stimuli as temperature decreases. (3) The light intensity necessary for a critical pulse that causes arrhythmicity is lower at 37°C than at 40°C. All three of these effects of temperature can be explained in a unified manner by a limit cycle model in which temperature increases circadian pacemaker amplitude. The use of critical pulse experiments provides a novel method for estimating relative circadian p...
THE INFLUENCE OF SET AND DIURNAL FACTORS ON AUTONOMIC RESPONSES TO SENSORY DEPRIVATION

This study was designed to test the hypothesis that a stress set or no set (uncertainty) would produce greater arousal in sensory deprivation (SD) than a relaxation set. The role of a diurnal (a.m. vs p.m.) factor was also evaluated. Eighteen male subjects were run in a 3 hour SD condition in the morning, and 18 were run in the afternoon. One third of the subjects were given a stress set emphasizing the stressful and peculiar effects of SD, one third were told nothing, and one third were told that the study was on the effects of “relaxation”. Heart Rate, Breathing Rate (BR), Skin Conductance, and Nonspecific GSR fluctuations (NS-GSRs) were measured before and during the SD condition. BR was higher in the stress set group than in the other set groups. NS-GSRs were higher in the stress set and no set groups than in the relaxation set group. Subjects showed more reaction on both of these measures in the afternoon than in the morning.
Evidence for Bladder Urothelial Pathophysiology in Functional Bladder Disorders

Understanding of the role of urothelium in regulating bladder function is continuing to evolve. While the urothelium is thought to function primarily as a barrier for preventing injurious substances and microorganisms from gaining access to bladder stroma and upper urinary tract, studies indicate it may also function in cell signaling events relating to voiding function. This review highlights urothelial abnormalities in bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis (BPS/IC), feline interstitial cystitis (FIC), and nonneurogenic idiopathic overactive bladder (OAB). These bladder conditions are typified by lower urinary tract symptoms including urinary frequency, urgency, urgency incontinence, nocturia, and bladder discomfort or pain. Urothelial tissues and cells from affected clinical subjects and asymptomatic controls have been compared for expression of proteins and mRNA. Animal models have also been used to probe urothelial responses to injuries of the urothelium, urethra, or central nervous system, and transgenic techniques are being used to test specific urothelial abnormalities on bladder function. BPS/IC, FIC, and OAB appear to share some common pathophysiology including increased purinergic, TRPV1, and muscarinic signaling, increased urothelial permeability, and aberrant urothelial differentiation. One challenge is to determine which of several abnormally regulated signaling pathways is most important for mediating bladder dysfunction in these syndromes, with a goal of treating these conditions by targeting specific pathophysiology.
Do people with diabetes need statins

The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus continues to increase rapidly. Persons with diabetes face a 2-fold greater absolute risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) than those without diabetes. Many diabetic patients die before reaching the hospital after a cardiovascular event. Use of statin therapy for intensive control of diabetic dyslipidemia has produced relative reductions in CVD risk of about 25% in randomized, controlled clinical trials. This is true even though low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, the primary target of statin therapy, might not be markedly elevated in diabetic patients. Most patients with diabetes or diabetes plus established CVD warrant intensive statin therapy. Statin therapy has the ability to achieve low-density lipoprotein cholesterol goals recommended in treatment guidelines. Alone or in combination with an additional lipid-lowering drug, statins may also improve triglyceride and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol abnormalities in patients with diabetes.
A comparison of anion-exchange and steric-exclusion HPLC assays of mouse plasma lipoproteins.

We compared two HPLC methods (anion exchange [AE] and steric exclusion [SE]) for analysis of mouse lipoprotein profiles by determining coefficients of variability (CVs) under varying conditions. CVs for AE and SE were comparable on fresh samples. There was an inverse relationship between subfraction curve area and CV [r = −0.65 (AE) and −0.50 (SE)], consistent with the interpretation that as curve area decreased, error variance increased and signal-to-noise ratio decreased. Sample storage did not affect SE. In contrast, with AE, alterations in measured lipoproteins were apparent after storage, including a decrease in the HDL subfraction [66.8% (baseline) vs. 15.9% (1 week); P Both AE and SE yield reproducible, accurate, and rapid measurements of lipoproteins from small amounts of serum. AE yields more sensitive, high-amplitude, well-defined peaks that can be easily distinguished and necessitates the use of smaller sample volumes compared with SE, but sample storage causes alterations in the chromatogram. SE appears better suited to serial analyses involving stored samples.
Green's function and position correlation function for a charged oscillator in a heat bath and a magnetic field

We formulate, in the framework of the generalized quantum Langevin equation approach, the retarded Green's functions and the symmetrized position correlation functions for the motion of a charged quantum-mechanical particle in a spatial harmonic potential, coupled linearly to a passive heat bath, and subject to a constant homogeneous magnetic field. General conclusions can then be reached by using only those properties of the generalized susceptibility tensor imposed by fundamental physical principles. Explicit calculations are made for the Ohmic heat bath. We next investigate the Brownian motion of a charged particle in an external magnetic field. We continue by proving general relations between the retarded Green's functions and displacement correlation functions in the limit of long times at both absolute zero and nonzero temperatures, and further evaluate the long-time asymptotic behaviors of the two functions, for both the Ohmic and a rather general class of heat baths discussed extensively in the literature.
Towards a pervasive computing benchmark

Pervasive computing allows the coupling of the physical world to the information world, and provides a wealth of ubiquitous services and applications that allow users, machines, data, applications, and physical spaces to interact seamlessly with one another. In this paper, we propose a benchmark for evaluating pervasive computing environments. These proposed metrics facilitate the assessment and evaluation of different aspects of pervasive computing and its support for a wide variety of tasks.
Making Sugar from Fat

There are strong evolutionary constraints to ensure the ability of mammals to produce glucose even during times of nutrient deprivation. This has led to the development of several hormone pathways that counter-regulate the effects of insulin. These hormones include glucagon, growth hormone, cortisol
Multi-criteria decision analysis for the optimal management of nitrate contamination of aquifers

We present an integrated methodology for the optimal management of nitrate contamination of ground water combining environmental assessment and economic cost evaluation through multi-criteria decision analysis. The proposed methodology incorporates an integrated physical modeling framework accounting for on-ground nitrogen loading and losses, soil nitrogen dynamics, and fate and transport of nitrate in ground water to compute the sustainable on-ground nitrogen loading such that the maximum contaminant level is not violated. A number of protection alternatives to stipulate the predicted sustainable on-ground nitrogen loading are evaluated using the decision analysis that employs the importance order of criteria approach for ranking and selection of the protection alternatives. The methodology was successfully demonstrated for the Sumas-Blaine aquifer in Washington State. The results showed the importance of using this integrated approach which predicts the sustainable on-ground nitrogen loadings and provides an insight into the economic consequences generated in satisfying the environmental constraints. The results also show that the proposed decision analysis framework, within certain limitations, is effective when selecting alternatives with competing demands.
High-pressure metallization of FeO and implications for the earth's core

The phase diagram of FeO has been experimentally determined to pressures of 155 GPa and temperatures of 4000 K using shock-wave and diamond-cell techniques. A metallic phase of FeO is observed at pressures greater than 70 GPa and temperatures exceeding 1000 K. The metallization of FeO at high pressures implies that oxygen can be present as the light alloying element of the earth's outer core, in accord with the geochemical predictions of Ringwood (1977 and 1979). The high pressures necessary for this metallization suggest that the core has acquired its composition well after the initial stages of the earth's accretion. Direct experimental observations at elevated pressures and temperatures indicate that core-forming alloy can react chemically with oxides such as those forming the mantle. The core and mantle may never have reached complete chemical equilibrium, however. If this is the case, the core-mantle boundary is likely to be a zone of active chemical reactions.
Biodefence and the production of knowledge: rethinking the problem

Biodefence, broadly understood as efforts to prevent or mitigate the damage of a bioterrorist attack, raises a number of ethical issues, from the allocation of scarce biomedical research and public health funds, to the use of coercion in quarantine and other containment measures in the event of an outbreak. In response to the US bioterrorist attacks following September 11, significant US policy decisions were made to spur scientific enquiry in the name of biodefence. These decisions led to a number of critical institutional changes within the US federal government agencies governing scientific research. Subsequent science policy discussions have focused largely on ‘the dual use problem’: how to preserve the openness of scientific research while preventing research undertaken for the prevention or mitigation of biological threats from third parties. We join others in shifting the ethical debate over biodefence away from a simple framing of the problem as one of dual use, by demonstrating how a dual use framing distorts the debate about bioterrorism and truncates discussion of the moral issues. We offer an alternative framing rooted in social epistemology and institutional design theory, arguing that the ethical and policy debates regarding ‘dual use’ biomedical research ought to be reframed as a larger optimisation problem across a plurality of values including, among others: (1) the production of scientific knowledge; (2) the protection of human and animal subjects; (3) the promotion and protection of public health (national and global); (4) freedom of scientific enquiry; and (5) the constraint of government power.
Soliton Operators for the Quantized Sine-Gordon Equation

Operators for the creation and annihilation of quantum sine-Gordon solitons are constructed. The operators satisfy the anticommutation relations and field equations of the massive Thirring model. The results of Coleman are thus reestablished without the use of perturbation theory. It is hoped that the method is more generally applicable to a quantum-mechanical treatment of extended solutions of field theories.
Negative Bias in Exposure-Response Trends in Occupational Studies: Modeling the Healthy Worker Survivor Effect

Many occupational studies analyze trends between cumulative exposure and mortality. The authors show that such trends are, in general, negatively confounded by employment status. Mortality rates for workers who leave work ("inactive" workers) are higher than for active workers because some workers leave because they are ill. The percentage of inactive relative to active person-time is higher in low categories of cumulative exposure, causing employment status to act as a negative confounder of exposure-response trends (the opposite occurs for time-since-hire). We illustrate these phenomena using 10 "negative" mortality studies, in which adjustment for employment status removes false trends. However, adjustment for employment status will lead to biased estimates when it acts as an intermediate variable between cumulative exposure and death, as occurs directly when exposure causes a disabling disease that, in turn, causes death or indirectly when exposure causes workers to leave work. The authors illustrate this problem using simulated follow-up data for leaving, disease incidence, and mortality. In the null case in which cumulative exposure affects neither disease incidence (or mortality) nor leaving rates, employment status indeed acts as a negative confounder of exposure-response trends, and traditional adjustment eliminates this confounding. However, when cumulative exposure affects disease incidence or rates of leaving, adjustment for employment status will not be adequate. Employment status falls under the general rubric of variables that are simultaneously confounders and intermediate variables.
Administrative activity and the managerial development of technical professionals

Most models of technical careers assume that scientists and engineers either remain in technical work throughout their careers or move into management. The authors explore a third possibility: administrative activity for those on the technical path. In a study of four laboratories, it was found that a majority of nonsupervisory technical professionals did administrative work. Moreover, the more managerial potential they showed-demonstrating technical competence, having managerial career interests, and performing technical leadership roles-the more they did moderated administrative work. Involving nonsupervisors showing managerial potential in moderated administrative activity can help develop their management skills and increase further their managerial potential. Involvement in administrative activity, therefore, can help those nonsupervisors develop their careers and become candidates for promotion into management. >
Synthesis and characterization of Di-π-cyclopentadienyl- metal pentasulfides of titanium(IV) and vanadium (IV):an operational test of the influence of an unpaired electron on the molecular geometry

Abstract Our preparation of Ti(h5−C5H5)2 S5 by the reaction of elemental sulfur with Ti(h5−C5H5)2(CO)2 in hexane and of V(h5−C5H5)2S5− 1 2 H2O by the reacti of V(h5−C5H5)2 Cl2 with Na2S5 in THF and structural analyses by single crystal X-ray diffraction (together with infrared, solution EPR, and temperaturedependent magnetic susceptibility measurements) represent an extension of our previous work on M(h5−C5H5)2 (SC6H5)2 (M = Ti, V). The crystallographic results provide further support of our previous conclusions that the Ballhausen—Dahl model is not valid for M(h5−C5H5)2L2 systems. The structuralfeatures of the chair-like titanium and vanadium pentasulfide molecules are compared to the corresponding phenylmercapto analogs and to the chair-like cyclohexasulfur molecule in rhombohedral sulfur. Ti(h5−C5H5)2S5 was isolated as a mixture of monoclinic and orthorhombic Crystalline phases-which were both characterized by preliminary X-ray data. A complete Structural determination and refinement of the monoclinic phase, which contains two independent molecules in a cell of dimensions a 22.843(2), b 7.958(1), c 14.465(1) A, β 90.074(4)° and symmetry P21/c, yielded R1 5.3 % and R2 5.9 % for 2168 independent diffractometry-collected data with I≥ 2.5o(I). V(h5−C5H5)2S5- 1 2 H2O contains four V(h5−C5H5)2S5 molecules and two water molecules of hydration (of crystallographic site symmetry C2-2) in onorthorhombic unit cell of symmetry P21212 and of dimensions a 13.491(1), b 12.748(1), c 7.715(1) A. Least-squares refinement of 750 diffractometry data with I≥2.0σ(I) gave R1 2.4% and R2 3.0% Both of these compounds were independently synthesized and Spectroscopically characterized by Kopf and co-workers, and-a Complete X-ray diffraction study was performed by Epstein and Bernal on a different monoclinic phase of Ti(h5−C5H5)2S5 (isolated by-Kopf). An extraction of V(h5−C5H5)2S5 with re fluxing benzene under nitrogen atmosphere in a Soxhlet apparatus led to the formation of the previously reported [V2 (h5−C5H5)2S5]n compound which was characterized by physical measurements including a preliminary X-ray diffraction study.
Renal crystal formation after combined or sequential oral administration of melamine and cyanuric acid

Abstract We evaluated renal melamine–cyanurate crystal spherulite formation after single and repeated ingestion of both melamine (MEL) and cyanuric acid (CYA) in catfish and trout. MEL and CYA were co-administered orally over a range of doses, 0.1–20 mg/kg body weight (bw) of each compound, either once or repeatedly for 4, 14 or 28 days (d). In catfish, the No Observable Adverse Effects Levels (NOAELs) for crystal formation for single, 4 d or 14 d dosing were 10, 2.5 and 0.5 mg/kg bw, respectively. In trout, the respective NOAELs were 2.5, 2.5 and 0.5 mg/kg bw. No renal crystals formed in catfish fed 0.1 mg/kg bw of each compound for 28 d. Sequential administration of 20 mg/kg bw of MEL followed by 20 mg/kg bw of CYA or vise-versa, with waiting periods of 1, 3, 7, 14 or 21 d between compound dosing also induced renal crystal formation in fish. These studies show that both catfish and trout are sensitive, non-mammalian models, for renal crystal formation following MEL and CYA ingestion. Since fish generally excrete chemicals more slowly than mammals, they may provide a “worst case scenario” model for higher risk populations, such as infants or persons with compromised renal function.
The Pharmacokinetics of Injectable Allopurinol in Newborns With the Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this investigation was to determine the pharmacokinetic disposition of intravenous allopurinol and its metabolite oxypurinol in neonates with the hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) and to evaluate the subsequent degree of xanthine oxidase inhibition using serum uric acid as a marker. METHODS: Pharmacokinetic data were evaluated in 12 stable preoperative neonates with HLHS after a single intravenous allopurinol administration of 5 mg/kg or 10 mg/kg. Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined for elimination half-life, clearance, volume of distribution, and mean residence time. Xanthine oxidase inhibition, measured by serum uric acid reduction, was also measured. RESULTS: Pharmacokinetic parameters revealed no statistically significant differences between a 5-mg/kg and 10-mg/kg dose of intravenous allopurinol on elimination half-life, clearance, volume of distribution, and mean residence time. Mean serum uric acid levels were significantly reduced from baseline by 39.99 and 42.94%, respectively, in the 5- and 10-mg/kg treatment groups. DISCUSSION: The enzyme xanthine oxidase plays a key biochemical role in the generation of toxic oxygen-derived free radicals during ischemia-reperfusion conditions. Allopurinol and its active metabolite oxypurinol inhibit xanthine oxidase, and significantly reduce the conversion of hypoxanthine to xanthine and xanthine to uric acid. Cell injury may be caused by toxic oxygen free radicals produced by ischemia-reperfusion injury such as could occur during the repair of HLHS under hypothermic total circulatory arrest. We hypothesize that allopurinol may provide protection from cellular injury in this clinical context.
Filarial Parasites Induce NK Cell Activation, Type 1 and Type 2 Cytokine Secretion, and Subsequent Apoptotic Cell Death

NK cells are an important source of early cytokine production in a variety of intracellular viral, bacterial, and protozoan infections; however, the role of NK cells in extracellular parasitic infections such as filarial infections is not well-defined. To investigate the role of NK cells in filarial infections, we have used an in vitro model system of culturing live infective-stage larvae (L3) or live microfilariae (Mf) of Brugia malayi, a causative agent of human lymphatic filariasis, with PBMC of normal individuals. We found that NK cells undergo early cell activation and produce IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha within 24 h after stimulation with both live L3 and Mf. Interestingly, NK cells also express IL-4 and IL-5 at this time point in response to live Mf but not L3. This is accompanied by significant alterations in NK cell expression of costimulatory molecules and natural cytotoxicity receptors. This activation is dependent on the presence of monocytes in the culture, IL-12, and direct contact with live parasites. The early activation event is subsequently followed by apoptosis of NK cells involving a caspase-dependent mechanism in response to live L3 but not live Mf. Thus, the NK cell-parasite interaction is complex, with filarial parasites inducing NK cell activation and cytokine secretion and finally NK cell apoptosis, which may provide an additional mechanism of down-regulating the host immune response.
Sport Education, Tactical Games, and Cooperative Learning: Theoretical and Pedagogical Considerations

The purpose of this article is to present Sport Education, Tactical Games, and Cooperative Learning as valuable instructional models in physical education. Situated learning is used as a theoretical framework and connection between Sport Education, Tactical Games, and Cooperative Learning. The structures of Sport Education, Tactical Games, and Cooperative Learning allow for participation to occur in a student-centered learning curriculum as opposed to a teacher-centered teaching curriculum. The teacher facilitates learning activities that have the potential to provide students with a holistic education that promotes social, physical, and cognitive learning outcomes. The emphasis is on active learning that involves the processes of decision making, social interaction, and cognitive understanding for students.
Priority-based Multi-level Monitoring of Signal Integrity in a Distributed Powertrain Control System

Abstract With the increasing numbers and importance of Electronic Control Units (ECUs) in modern automobiles, there is a need to monitor system and signal integrity to enable desired system behavior. Among the various signals in a vehicle, those associated with torque commands must be prioritized over others while preserving signal integrity as they have a large impact on meeting the powertrain performance and safety requirements. In the case of a Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV), there are multiple torque actuators (Motor, ICE) that need to be controlled and failure to do so can damage the powertrain. Hence in all cases, the torque requested by the driver should be the same as the sum of the outputs of all the torque actuators and within the limits, which is referred to as ensuring Torque Security (TS). In this paper, we propose a priority-based multi-level signal integrity monitoring technique in which we divide controller signals into different groups and monitor them by making use of performance counters. The proposed technique was implemented and verified using Hardware-In-the-Loop (HIL) testing as a part of the Colorado State University (CSU) EcoCAR3 advanced vehicle technology competition.
The Strange Career of Jim Crow Archives: Race, Space, and History in the Mid-Twentieth-Century American South

Jim Crow practices touched every aspect of southern life in the middle of the twentieth century. As surviving documentary evidence attests, archives and archivists in the South, particularly in the University of North Carolina system, were deeply implicated in upholding segregation. This article probes that dynamic relationship, stressing the courage of those African American scholars who challenged Jim Crow on quotidian and organizational bases. The history of segregation in archival repositories illuminates four themes. First, it underlines the agency and power wielded by archival professionals; the archives is never a neutral space. Second, it suggests how archival professionals conducted—or failed to conduct—outreach to attract users and to promote use. In this way they betrayed their professional mission by providing lesser forms of access and service to African Americans. Third, the story of Jim Crow archives shows the need for archivists to be held accountable in their record-collecting and recordk...
And Now the Hard Part: Role-Plays

"The diversity lady has a label on her forehead and talks about the standard message," one senior executive at a large corporation said. "It’s the same message we got 20 years ago. We do it annually but employees never get any of that. I’ve never had a diversity talk to my staff." Traditional diversity initiatives generally focus on specific dimensions of difference such as gender, race, sexual orientation, able-bodiedness, or religion. This material involves role-plays among a diverse group of players that encourage inclusion of a broader scope of social-identity differences such as diversity of problem-solving styles and emotional intelligence differences.
Appraisals, perceived dyadic communication, and quality of life over time among couples coping with prostate cancer

Little research has examined how prostate cancer patients’ and their spouses’ appraisals of illness and quality of life (QOL) interact with one another. This study examined the interdependent relationships between their appraisals of illness and QOL and if their perceived dyadic communication mediated these relationships. We used the Actor-Partner Interdependence Mediation Model (APIMeM) approach to conduct a secondary analysis of longitudinal data from 124 prostate cancer patient-spouse dyads. We examined actor effects (each person’s influence on his/her own outcomes) and partner effects (each person’s influence on his/her partner’s outcomes). Appraisals of illness, perceived dyadic communication, and QOL were measured using Appraisal of Illness Scale, Lewis Mutuality and Interpersonal Sensitivity Scale, and Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy General Scale, respectively. Analyses controlled for effects of prostate cancer symptoms and demographic factors. Among actor effects, spouses with more negative appraisals at baseline perceived worse dyadic communication 4 months later (p < .05) and worse QOL 8 months later (p < .001). Patients and spouses who perceived more dyadic communication at 4 months had better QOL at 8 months (p < .01). Among partner effects, there was only weak evidence for an association between patient perceived dyadic communication at 4 months and better spouse QOL at 8 months of follow-up (p = .05). No mediation effects were found. Patients’ and spouses’ appraisals of the illness and their dyadic communication were associated with their long-term QOL. Interventions that reduce negative appraisals of illness and promote dyadic communication may improve QOL for both patients with prostate cancer and their spouses.
The Effect of Closure Laws on the Simulation Results of Two-Fluid Model of Gas-Solid Flows

There are two primary approaches in modeling fluid-solid flows based on the method of treating particles suspended in flows. The first approach is the Eulerian-Lagrangian or Discrete Element Method (DEM) approach that tracks individual particles by solving the equations of motion of these particles. The second approach is the Eulerian-Eulerian approach or two-fluid model (TFM) that considers particles as another continuum phase or fluid. The TFM is preferred in modeling and predicting gas-solid flow behaviors in many engineering applications because of its efficiency in handling large-scale complex systems with large number of particles. However, one of the challenges in TFM is the uncertainty related to the selection of closure laws and transport properties of solid phases. In this study we employ the MFIX code, a general-purpose TFM computer code developed at the National Energy Technology Laboratory, to investigate the effect of different drag models and heat transfer models on the simulation results on the flow hydrodynamics and heat transfer of gas-solid fluidized beds. Three drag models (Gidspow model, Syamlal-O’Brien model, and Koch-Hill model) and two heat transfer model (Gunn model and a recently developed model by Sun et al., 2015) are tested. Simulation results from these models are compared with experimental measurements. The accuracy and applicability of these models are assessed and discussed.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia: a review.

Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) represents the most elegant model of autoimmunity in humans. It is frequently associated with other diseases of altered immune states. By definition, antibody must be demonstrable in every case. Two types of antibody, cold and warm, are recognized. They vary considerably in chemical structure, serologic expression, extent of damage to erythrocytes, and incidence. Warm antibodies are almost exclusively gamma G globulins, and affected erythrocytes are seqestered by the spleen. Cold antibodies are macroglobulins, and affected erythrocytes are usually destroyed in the entire reticuloendothelial system. Present therapy is based chiefly on the nature of the antibody.
A Study of the Sensitivity of Wind Turbine Response to Inflow Temporal and Spatial Resolution

The effect of spatial and temporal resolution of the wind inflow on the dynamic response of a wind turbine was studied. Large eddy simulation of a neutral stability atmospheric boundary layer was used to generate the wind inflows. These inflows were then used with an aero-elastic code FAST to assess the turbine’s response to different spatial and temporal resolutions. Frequency analysis and the variance of turbine parameters representative of turbine loading showed that the smaller scales of turbulence captured by the wind inflow play an important role in the turbine response. Even though these small scales in the atmospheric boundary layer have small energy content compared to the larger scales, they occur in a frequency range where the turbine responds dynamically to disturbances. It was also noticed that the turbine exhibits different response depending on the performance parameter analyzed. An investigation of varying the temporal resolution of the inflow did not produce noticeable variations in the turbine response, but the range of temporal resolution studied was insufficient to draw general conclusions.
Ion-Exchange Interdiffusion Model with Potential Application to Long-Term Nuclear Waste Glass Performance

Ion exchange and interdiffusion are critical processes in glass applications. In the field of aqueous glass corrosion, it is difficult to conclusively deconvolute the process of ion exchange from other processes, principally dissolution of the glass matrix, due to the formation of alteration layers, Therefore, we have developed a method to isolate alkali diffusion that involves contacting glass coupons with a solution of 6LiCl dissolved in functionally inert dimethyl sulfoxide. We employ the method at temperatures ranging from 25 to 150 °C with various glass compositions. Glass compositions include simulant nuclear waste glasses, such as SON68 and the ISG, glasses in which the nature of the alkali element was varied, and glasses that contained more than one alkali element. An interdiffusion model based on Fick’s second law was developed and applied to all experiments to extract diffusion coefficients. The model expands established models of interdiffusion to the case where multiple types of alkali sites a...
Chelation therapy to treat atherosclerosis, particularly in diabetes: is it time to reconsider?

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Case reports and case series have suggested a possible beneficial effect of chelation therapy in patients with atherosclerotic disease. Small randomized trials conducted in patients with angina or peripheral artery disease, however, were not sufficiently powered to provide conclusive evidence on clinical outcomes.Areas covered: The Trial to Assess Chelation Therapy (TACT) was the first randomized trial adequately powered to detect the effects of chelation therapy on clinical endpoints. We discuss results and future research.Expert commentary: Chelation reduced adverse cardiovascular events in a post myocardial infarction (MI) population. Patients with diabetes demonstrated even greater benefit, with a number needed to treat of 6.5 patients to prevent a cardiac event over 5 years, with a 41% relative reduction in risk of a cardiac event (p = 0.0002). These results led to the revision of the ACC/AHA guideline recommendations for chelation therapy, changing its classification from class...
Baseline investigation on three kinds of high risk population in Wuhan,China-Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation AIDS program

Objective To investigate the baseline information of three kinds of high risk population(FSW,DU,MSM),and provide suggestion to establish strategy for the control program.Methods According to the guideline of UNAIDS/WHO/FHI,three kinds of high risk population were investigated,including: size-estimation of the three kinds of high risk population,AIDS related behavior,serology examination,and service-acceptability etc.Results The cumulative number of HIV/AIDS cases reported of the three kinds was: opposite sex contact(37.69%),drug-injection(27.24%) and homogeneous sexual transmission(5.97%).The three kinds of people were of a certain size and spread in different places.The awareness rate of AIDS knowledge of the DU,FSW,MSM was 80.9%,69.7%,90.4%,respectively.The acceptable rate of HIV antibody test was 55.22%,26.62%,28.50%,respectively.The MSM's HIV infection rate was 5.04%,syphilis infection rate was 21.49%.The rate of condom use of FSW and MSM in recent month was 73.42%,45.45%,respectively.The rate of needle-sharing of DU in recent six months was 66.70%.Conclusions The three kinds of high risk population had a large size,they had a great proportion in the HIV transmission-constitute as well.However,the acceptable rate of HIV antibody test was rather low.The high-risk behavior proportion was also high,and the MSM's HIV infection rate was in particular high.Therefore,there is great difficulty in AIDS control.It is necessary to form a "three-in-one" pattern,to strengthen the intervention for the high risk population and the management for HIV antibody positive cases,so as to contain the spread of AIDS.
Characteristics of China' s TextileDevelopment from the Warring Statesto the Qin and Han Dynasties

Abstract: Based on historical records a survey is made of China' s textile development during the periodfrom the Warring States to the Qin and Han Dynasties. Focus is put on the characteristics of the textile in-dustry, the distribution of the silk - making areas, and the vaxious forms of textile production.
Rapid Screening of Big Data Against Inadvertent Leaks

Keeping sensitive data from unauthorized parties in the highly connected world is challenging. Statistics from security firms, research institutions, and government organizations show that the number of data-leak instances has grown rapidly in the last years. Deliberately planned attacks, inadvertent leaks, and human mistakes constitute the majority of the incidents. In this chapter, we first introduce the threat of data leak and overview traditional solutions in detecting and preventing sensitive data from leaking. Then we point out new challenges in the era of big data and present the state-of-the-art data-leak detection designs and algorithms. These solutions leverage big data theories and platforms—data mining, MapReduce, GPGPU, etc.—to harden the privacy control for big data. We also discuss the open research problems in data-leak detection and prevention.
Sleep in caregivers: what we know and what we need to learn.

Purpose of review The number of informal caregivers providing assistance to adults is increasing commensurate with our aging society. Sleep disturbances are prevalent in caregivers and associated with negative physical, medical, and functional outcomes. Here, we describe the predisposing, precipitating, and perpetuating factors contributing to the development of sleep problems in caregivers, and discuss three understudied caregiving populations that have clinical importance and unique circumstances influencing sleep quality and health. Recent findings There is clear evidence supporting the interaction between sleep loss, caregiving stress, and vulnerability to chronic disease. Telehealth and telemedicine sleep interventions for caregivers combined with assistive technologies targeting care-receivers have potential to be more individualized, affordable, and widely accessible than traditional in-person insomnia treatment approaches. Limited data exist describing the etiology and treatment of sleep problems in caregivers of veterans, medical patients newly discharged from the hospital, and developmentally disabled adults. Summary There is a growing literature describing the general determinants of sleep disturbances in caregivers, the health consequences of these disturbances, and intervention strategies for treating them. Identifying effective sleep treatments suited to more specialized caregiving situations and increasing intervention access will help caregivers continue to provide quality care while protecting their own health and well-being.
Comparison of the 1959 Hebgen Lake, Montana and the 1983 Borah Peak, Idaho, earthquakes from geodetic observations

Abstract We deduce the fault geometry, coseismic slip, and moment for two of the largest historic earthquakes that have occurred in the Basin and Range of the Western United States: the M = 7.3 1959 Hebgen Lake, Montana, earthquake and the M = 6.9 1983 Borah Peak, Idaho, event. Newly augmented data sets of vertical deformation from geodetic leveling and from lake shoreline changes were modeled by simple dislocations in an elastic half-space. The rms signal-to-noise ratio is 12 for the Hebgen Lake data and 38 for the Borah Peak set. The residuals for both models are about twice as large as the noise. The Hebgen Lake earthquake struck on the 15- to 25-km-long en-echelon Hebgen and Red Canyon faults, dipping 45° to 50° and extending to a depth of 10 to 15 km. The 7.0 and 7.8 m of dip-slip on these faults produced a combined moment of 1.2 × 10 20 N-m. The dip of the Red Canyon fault may decrease slightly with depth (in a listric manner), abutting the planar Hebgen fault at a depth of 8 km. In addition, up to 1 m of deep slip occurred on the Holocene segment of the adjacent Madison Range fault, 10 km west of the Hebgen fault. The Borah Peak segment of the Lost River fault was found to dip 49°. Slip of 2.1 m occurred at the south fault end, extending to a depth of 14 km; 1.4 m of slip occurred at the north end, where the fault reached only to 6 km depth. A listric fault shape is not permitted by the geodetic data at Borah Peak. Both the Hebgen-Red Canyon and the Lost River faults are high-angle and nearly planar, despite the much greater age and length of the Lost River fault in comparison to the en-echelon Hebgen faults. The chief difference between the earthquakes is the 3- to 4-fold higher slip at Hebgen relative to Borah Peak and all other well-studied Basin and Range shocks. Thrust faults located close to these active normal faults must either dip steeply at depth or were not reactivated.
The impacts of storing solar energy in the home to reduce reliance on the utility

There has been growing interest in using energy storage to capture solar energy for later use in the home to reduce reliance on the traditional utility. However, few studies have critically assessed the trade-offs associated with storing solar energy rather than sending it to the utility grid, as is typically done today. Here we show that a typical battery system could reduce peak power demand by 8–32% and reduce peak power injections by 5–42%, depending on how it operates. However, storage inefficiencies increase annual energy consumption by 324–591 kWh per household on average. Furthermore, storage operation indirectly increases emissions by 153–303 kg CO2, 0.03–0.20 kg SO2 and 0.04–0.26 kg NOx per Texas household annually. Thus, home energy storage would not automatically reduce emissions or energy consumption unless it directly enables renewable energy. Tariff structures and network constraints might incentivize storing solar energy in the home to reduce reliance on utilities. This study shows that storing solar energy rather than exporting it to the utility grid could increase electricity consumption as well as CO2, SO2 and NOx emissions.
Neural Biomarker and Early Temperament Predict Increased Internalizing Symptoms After a Natural Disaster.

Objective Although most people will experience a traumatic event at some point in their life, only some will develop significant psychological symptoms in the aftermath. In the current study, we use a preexisting longitudinal study located in Long Island to examine the impact of Hurricane Sandy on internalizing symptoms in a large sample of children. We focused on temperamental fear and a biomarker of risk for anxiety, the error-related negativity (ERN). The ERN is a negative deflection in the event-related potential (ERP) occurring when individuals make mistakes and is increased in anxious individuals. Method The final sample consisted of 223 children who had undergone an observational assessment of fear at age 3 years and an electroencephalogram assessment of the ERN at age 6 years. At the age 9 year assessment, internalizing symptoms were assessed, and then again after the hurricane (∼65 weeks later). Results A significant three-way interaction among fearfulness, hurricane stressors, and the ERN in predicting posthurricane increases in internalizing symptoms suggested that children who were high in fear at age 3 years and experienced elevated hurricane stressors were characterized by subsequent increases in internalizing symptoms, but only when they were also characterized by an increased ERN at age 6 years. Conclusion These findings support a diathesis–stress model, suggesting that early temperament and prestressor biological markers confer risk for increased psychological symptoms following environmental stressors.
Use of Chemicals to Inhibit DNA Replication, Transcription, and Protein Synthesis to Study Zygotic Genome Activation

Maternal-to-zygotic transition is an event that developmental control of early embryos is switched from oocyte-derived factors to the zygotic genome. Ability to inhibit DNA replication, transcription, and translation is an important tool in studying events, such as zygotic genome activation, during embyogenesis. Here, we describe approaches to block DNA replication, transcription, and translation using chemical inhibitors. Then we also demonstrate how the transcript level of a maternally inherited gene, ten-eleven translocation methylcytosine dioxygenase 3, responses to the chemical treatments.
Data Sharing to Drive the Improvement of Teacher Preparation Programs

Background/ContextTeacher preparation programs (TPPs) face increasing pressure from the federal government, states, and accreditation agencies to improve the quality of their practices and graduate...
Direct comparison of stiction properties of oxide coated polysilicon and smooth single crystal silicon

We directly compare both the process and in-use stiction properties of two identical sets of devices fabricated with both rough oxide-coated polysilicon and smooth, oxide-free single crystal silicon. The polysilicon devices show dramatically reduced process stiction as a result of the surface roughness, enabling higher yield on more compliant structures. In-use stiction is slightly higher for the polysilicon-oxide devices than it is for the single crystal devices. Our ultra-high purity, vacuum encapsulation process allows careful measurement of surface adhesion properties in the absence of environmental variation.
Abstract 25: Optimizing patient selection for total laryngectomy versus larynx-preservation chemoradiotherapy for locally advanced laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma: An analysis of the National Cancer Data Base

Purpose: The decline in survival of patients diagnosed with laryngeal cancer over the past two decades has been associated with a rise in nonsurgical management for stage III/IV disease following results from the VA Larynx Trial and RTOG 91-11. To clarify the potential driving factors for the decrement in outcomes, this analysis assesses patterns of use and overall survival (OS) amongst the primary NCCN-recommended modalities of therapy stratified by T-stage and radiation (RT) dose. Methods: The National Cancer Data Base was used to identify 11,551 patients with stage T2N+ 1-3 or T3-4N0-3-any glottic/supraglottic SCC squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) treated between 2003-2011 with total laryngectomy (TL) or definitive chemoradiation (CRT). Treatment modality was divided into concurrent CRT, TL alone, and TL + with adjuvant RT/CRT (TL+A). Kaplan-Meier method was used to estimate OS for each treatment group. Hazard ratios (HR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were computed using Cox regression modeling, adjusting for date of treatment, treatment facility (community vs. academic), age, gender, race, insurance status, tumor grade, T-stage, and Charlson-Deyo comorbidity score. Results: The median follow-up was 29.6 months for the entire population and 42.6 months for surviving patients. Among this cohort, the use of CRT increased from 63.92% to 88.75% for T2, 60.74% to 88.75% for T3, and 43.28% to 44.15% for T4 tumors; the use of TL for T2/-3 tumors had a correlative decline, while there was a modest increase of TL for T4 from 47.06% to 50.49. With 5,800 deaths reported, the estimated 3 and 5/5-year OS for CRT, TL, and TL+A was 60.6/47.1%, 56.5/46.4%, and 63.3/50.8%, respectively (omnibus p Conclusion: In this population-based cohort, CRT and S+A resulted in equivalent OS for T2N+ 1-3 and T3N-0-3any glottic/supraglottic SCC. However, when including T4 patients in this analysis, S+A was associated with better OS compared to CRT, even after including only optimal RT regimens. Given a relatively steady use of larynx-preservation for T4 tumors over this time, these results suggest that the OS decline seen with laryngeal cancer may be driven by T4-tumors treated with larynx-preservation CRT. Citation Format: Sagar A. Patel, Muhammad M. Qureshi, Kimberly Mak, Nicholas J. Giacalone, Scharukh Jalisi, Gregory Grillone, Minh Tam Truong. Optimizing patient selection for total laryngectomy versus larynx-preservation chemoradiotherapy for locally advanced laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma: An analysis of the National Cancer Data Base [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-AHNS Head and Neck Cancer Conference: Optimizing Survival and Quality of Life through Basic, Clinical, and Translational Research; April 23-25, 2017; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2017;23(23_Suppl):Abstract nr 25.