cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
P02-03 - Depression and anxiety following open heart surgery: Mediation of coping, spiritual struggle and interleukin-6

Introduction Factors pertaining to religion and spirituality have been linked with well-being and adequate coping. Few studies have investigated negative aspects of religious coping, such as spiritual struggle. Objectives Based on multidisciplinary literature and previous findings, our study's objectives are to estimate the parallel psychophysiological pathways from pre-operative distress to post-operative depression in patients undergoing open heart surgery. Aims The study's aims are to examine the association in depression, anxiety, and how coping, spiritual struggle and interleukin-6 play a role in patients following open heart surgery. Methods Plasma samples for interleukin-6 (IL-6) were obtained before open heart surgery. Patients’ history and demographic information obtained through interviews 2 days before surgery. Follow up interview for mental health and religious were conducted before and after surgery. Results The results showed that a link between spiritual struggle and IL-6 mediated the indirect effects of pre-operative anxiety on post-operative depression. Anxiety had positive indirect effects on post-operative hostility. Further, hope played a protective mediating role to moderate the undesirable influences of the spiritual struggle-IL-6 link and maladaptive coping on post-operative mental health attributes. Conclusions Our study estimated important psychophysiological pathways from pre-operative distress to post-operative maladjustment. To our knowledge, this model is the first analysis to demonstrate the significant mediating effect of the spiritual-IL-6 link, alongside that of positive religious copping and other maladaptive coping, in this population.
Kinetics of rat brain soluble catechol-O-methyltransferase and its inhibition by substrate analogues

Abstract 1. 1. The initial rates and inhibition of rat brain catechol- O -methyltransferase were studied. Double reciprocal plots of initial rates versus either S-adenosyl- l -methionine or 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, in the absence of product, gave a series of lines intersecting to the left of the ordinate. 2. 2. Inhibition in the presence of S-adenosyl- l -homocysteine was competitive but in the presence of vanillic acid was non-competitive if S-adenosyl- l -methionine was the varied substrate. 3. 3. When 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid was the varied substrate, both S-adenosyl- l -homocysteine and vanillic acid gave rise to a non-competitive inhibition. 4. 4. The initial rate and product inhibition patterns were consistent with an ordered BiBi mechanism with S-adenosyl- l -methionine being the first substrate and 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid the second substrate to combine with the enzyme. 5. 5. In addition, these results suggest that vanillic acid is the first product and S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine the second product to dissociate from the enzyme. 6. 6. The substrate analogues salsolinol and 3-carboxysalsolinol were competitive inhibitors with respect to 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid but were non-competitive with respect to S-adenosyl- l -methionine. For enzymes with an ordered mechanism an uncompetitive inhibition would be expected. 7. 7. A possible explanation is that both substrate analogues can combine with either free enzyme with lower affinity or with an intermediary enzyme form with much greater affinity. 8. 8. A scheme which is consistent with the data is presented.
Purification and Characterization of the Heat‐Stable Factors Essential for the Conversion of Lignoceric Acid to Cerebronic Acid and Glutamic Acid: Identification of N‐Acetyl‐l‐Aspartic Acid

: The conversion of lignoceric acid to cerebronic acid, ceramides, cerebrosides, and glutamic acid is catalyzed by a rat brain particulate preparation. The heat-stable factor, prepared from calf cerebellum, together with the heat-labile factor, a pyridine nucleotide, and Mg2+ are essential to all of these metabolic pathways. Our previous work showed that the heat-stable factor is composed of at least two components, HSF-1 and HSF-2, and identified HSF-2 as d-glucose-6-phosphate. In the current investigation, HSF-1 was further purified and found to be N-acetyl-l-aspartic acid. In addition, it was discovered that a third component, HSF-3, is also required for heat-stable factor activity. A reconstituted system composed of N-acetylaspartic acid, glucose-6-phosphate, and HSF-3 fully replaced the heat-stable factor essential for the conversion of lignoceric acid to cerebronic acid and glutamic acid. The reconstituted heat-stable factor did not show the initial time lag always observed with the crude heat-stable factor.
The influence of gastrin on gastrointestinal function.

To improve intestinal function in children with short bowel syndrome, our laboratory has focused on identifying substances, which may enhance the function of small intestine epithelium. Previous studies have demonstrated that gastrin appeared to exert a trophic effect on the gastrointestinal tract. We chose to evaluate the influence of chronic, systemic, and luminal administration of gastrin-17 on substrate absorption in both fetal and mature rat small intestine. Transplanted fetal small intestine, mature small intestine in situ, and isolated mature small intestine segments were the surgical preparations used. Saline (control) or gastrin-17 (13.5 nmol/kg/d) was administered continuously for 14 days either systemically or luminally using osmotic pumps. The response to the saline or gastrin-17 infusions was determined by measuring absorption of radiolabeled substrates (14-C-galactose and 14-C-glycine). Following transplantation of fetal small intestine to a syngeneic host, galactose absorption rose 250% (P less than .01) and glycine absorption rose 130% (P less than .05) when compared with controls (N = 10). The response of mature jejunum and ileum following systemic gastrin infusion was a mild to moderate rise in galactose and glycine absorption, although statistical significance was not achieved. However, following luminal gastrin infusion into mature small intestine segments, there was a 4.54 fold rise in galactose absorption (P less than .01) and a 4.79 fold rise in glycine absorption (P less than .01) when compared with controls. These data suggest that gastrin can enhance substrate absorption in rat fetal and mature small intestine and that luminal perfusion appears to induce the greatest response.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Effects of earthworm invasion on morphology, carbon, and nitrogen of a forest soil

Abstract Soil samples were collected over 14 years from a sandy loam forest soil in northern Minnesota. During the study earthworm numbers increased from zero to 592 m−2, the forest floor weight and thickness decreased by about 85%, and the E horizon was completely replaced by an A horizon. Development of the A horizon resulted in a increase of carbon and nitrogen concentrations but no changes in soil pH or C/N ratios in the surface mineral soil. Total soil carbon to a depth of 50 cm decreased at a rate of 0.6 Mg ha−1 year−1 during the study. Soil humus forms were mor at the beginning of the study and mull by the end. Site productivity, as inferred from herb weight or litterfall, was not affected by the increase in earthworm numbers.
Japan and the Asian Monetary Fund: An Identity–Intention Approach

Why did Japan propose the creation of the Asian Monetary Fund (AMF) that intentionally excluded the United States from membership in the middle of the Asian financial crisis? I argue that the immediate cause of Japan's AMF proposal lies in Japan's interest in defending the Asian model of economic development against the U.S.-led IMF bailout operation in Thailand. The exclusion of the United States was the key in realizing such an interest. Following an identity approach to international relations, I will demonstrate how Japan's Ministry of Finance (MOF) officials' conception of Japan and the United States as the two rivals promoting different models of economic development (i.e., Japan's state-led vs the U.S. market-based economic development) contributed to the making of Japan's AMF proposal. In doing so, I theoretically develop an identity–intention analytical framework designed to establish causation between an identity and a policy choice that emerge from a social, interactive structure. The framework offers a better way of dealing with the overdetermination of given interests as well as the underspecification of the kinds of interests at stake to which rational theorizing of international relations is often vulnerable.
Two-user interference channels with correlated information sources

Inner and outer bounds on the capacity region of two-user discrete memoryless interference channels (IFC) are obtained in the communication situation where private messages are sent by each sender as well as a common message by both senders to its corresponding receiver. A limiting expression for the capacity region is also derived. Special cases of the IFC are considered.
Learning Associations Consistent and Inconsistent with the Representativeness Heuristic

24 subjects learned test scores and grade point averages with r = 0, r = .7, and r = 1 in a paired-associates learning paradigm in which they were instructed to observe the relationship between the numbers and to guess those numbers they did not remember on the basis of the relationship. It was hypothesized that intermediate correlations are difficult for subjects to utilize. The r = 1 deck was easier to learn than the other two, and the r = 0 and r = .7 decks did not differ significantly. The position of the deck influenced performance only in the r = .7 deck. In that deck performance was worst when the deck occupied the first position, when the subject was presumably most influenced by the relation-seeking set instructions. The results supported the hypothesis that intermediate correlations present particular difficulties.
Analysis of human muscle stem cells reveals a differentiation-resistant progenitor cell population expressing Pax7 capable of self-renewal.

Studies using mouse models have established a critical role for resident satellite stem cells in skeletal muscle development and regeneration, but little is known about this paradigm in human muscle. Here, using human muscle stem cells, we address their lineage progression, differentiation, migration, and self-renewal. Isolated human satellite cells expressed α7-integrin and other definitive muscle markers, were highly motile on laminin substrates and could undergo efficient myotube differentiation and myofibrillogenesis. However, only a subpopulation of the myoblasts expressed Pax7 and displayed a variable lineage progression as measured by desmin and MyoD expression. Analysis identified a differentiation-resistant progenitor cell population that was Pax7+/desmin− and capable of self-renewal. This study extends our understanding of the role of Pax7 in regulating human satellite stem cell differentiation and self-renewal. Developmental Dynamics 238:138–149, 2009. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Comparison of formulations and a heuristic for packing Steiner trees in a graph

In this paper, we consider the problem of packing Steiner trees in a graph. This problem arises during the global routing phase of circuit layout design. We consider various integer programming formulations and rank them according to lower bounds they provide as LP-relaxations. We discuss a solution procedure to obtain both lower and upper bounds using one of the LP-relaxations. Computational results to test the effectiveness of our procedures are provided.
Effect of Jet-to-Jet Spacing in Impingement Arrays on Heat Transfer

Detailed heat transfer measurements are presented for jet impingement through arrays of jet holes. The effect of jet-to-wall spacing, hole-to-hole spacing are studied for inline arrays of holes. The axial and spanwise spacing (S/D) of holes are varied to produce square and rectangular arrays of holes. The results are presented at a jet average Reynolds numbers of 5000, 10000, and 15000. The jet-to-wall spacing is varied from 1 to 5. The arrays of 25 holes are placed to create four different configurations. The first configuration has an axial jet-to-jet spacing (SX /D) of 4 and a jet-to-jet spanwise spacing (SY /D) of 4, the second configuration has a SX /D of 8 and SY /D of 4, and the last configuration has a SX /D and SY /D of 8. Detailed heat transfer measurements are obtained using the transient liquid crystal technique. Results show that increase in jet-to-wall spacing reduces cross-flow effect. Results also show that the increase spacing between jets increases lateral spreading.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
The effect of obesity and gender on body segment parameters in older adults.

Background Anthropometry is a necessary aspect of aging-related research, especially in biomechanics and injury prevention. Little information is available on inertial parameters in the geriatric population that account for gender and obesity effects. The goal of this study was to report body segment parameters in adults aged 65 years and older, and to investigate the impact of aging, gender and obesity.
Architecture and design to support rapid prototyping and multiple dynamic models for the Virtual SpacePlane project

The advent of requirements for rapid and economical deployment of national space assets in support of Air Force operational missions has resulted in the need for a Manned SpacePlane (MSP) that can perform military missions with minimal preflight preparation and little if any in-orbit support from a mission control center. In this new approach to space operations, successful mission accomplishment will depend almost completely upon the MSP crew and upon the on- board capabilities of the spaceplane. In recognition of the challenges that will be faced by the MSP crew and to begin to address these challenges, the USAF Air Force Research Laboratory (Phillips Laboratory) initiated the Virtual SpacePlane (VSP) project. To support the MSP, the VSP must demonstrate a broad, functional subset of the anticipated missions and capabilities of the MSP throughout its entire flight regime, from takeoff through space operations and on through landing. Additionally, the VSP must execute the anticipated MSP missions in a realistic and tactically sound manner within a distributed virtual environment. Furthermore, the VSP project must also uncover, refine and validate MSP user interface requirements, design and demonstrate an intelligent user interface for the VSP, and design and implement a prototype VSP that can be used to demonstrate Manned SpacePlane missions. To enable us to make rapid progress on the project, we employed portions of the Virtual Cockpit and Solar System Modeler distributed virtual environment applications, and the Common Object Database (CODB) architecture tools developed in our labs. The Virtual Cockpit and Solar System Modeler supplied baseline interface components and tools, 3D graphical models, vehicle motion dynamics models, and VE communication capabilities. We use the CODB architecture to facilitate our use of Rapid Evolutionary and Exploratory Prototyping to uncover application requirements and evaluate solutions. The Information Pod provides the paradigm and architectural framework for the user interface development. To achieve accurate and high fidelity performance for the VSP throughout its operational regime, the system integrates aerodynamics and astrodynamics models into a single seamless high fidelity model of the VSP's dynamics. In this paper we discuss the software architecture and design of the Virtual SpacePlane and describe how it supports the transition between motion models, the design of the dynamics software module, and techniques for employment of multiple dynamics models within a single virtual environment actor. We describe how we used rapid prototyping to refine requirements, improve the implementation, and accommodate new requirements throughout the project. We conclude the paper with a brief discussion of results and present suggestions for additional work.
A Plea For Reexamining Heavy Element Opacities In Stars

It is shown that increasing the opacity due to heavy elements by a factor of 2-3 leads to classical Cepheid models which reproduce observed period ratios at evolutionary masses and luminosities. Thus the mass anomalies are removed in both the double-mode and bump Cepheid regimes. The proposed increases may also serve to energize {3 Cephei variables, thus solving yet another important problem in the theory of pulsating stars. We argue that opacity changes of this order are not implausible and urge further work in this important area.
Characterization of the Bulk Recombination in Hydrogenated Amorphous Silicon Solar Cells

Dark forward bias current, JD-V, characteristics offer a probe for characterizing carrier recombination and the defect states in the intrinsic layers of hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) solar cells. Detailed studies were carried out on such characteristics for the cells with optimized p/i interfaces and high quality i-layers in which the current transport is bulk recombination dominated. It was found that the diode quality factor n is not a constant with bias voltages as has been generally considered. Instead, it can be best described through the bias dependent differential diode quality factors, n(V) = [kT/q]−1[d(lnJD)/dV]−1, whose magnitude and shape reflect the gap state distribution in the corresponding bulk i-layers. The n(V) characteristics obtained on cell structures with both hydrogen diluted and undiluted i-layers have been utilized in characterizing the differences in the distribution of defect states in the two i-layers both in annealed state as well as after creating light induced defects. In the characterization of the Staebler-Wronski Effect (SWE) using JD-V characteristics, a new phenomenon is observed–relaxation of light induced defect states created by 1 sun illumination at 25oC, which is also found in the follow-on studies on the photo-conductivities of corresponding thin films.
Blood Vessels Engineered from Human Cells

Human vascular tissue engineering has progressed substantially over the past decade. Issues remain as to the optimum culture scaffold and cell source that should be used for arterial regeneration. In addition, limitations in replicative life span of adult human cells as compared with young animal cells have made human vascular tissue engineering more challenging. Despite these obstacles, several strategies for generating replacement vessels have progressed to clinical trials.
Temperature Dependence of Cluster Ion Decomposition in a Quadrupole Ion Trap

Rate coefficients for the thermal decomposition of H+(H2O)3,4, H+(CH3OH)3, H+(C2H5OH)2, H+(CH3CN)2, H+((CH3)2CO)2, NO3-(HNO3)1,2, and Cl-H2O are measured as a function of temperature in a quadrupole ion trap over the pressure range 0.2−2 mTorr of He. The kinetics are in the low pressure limit and the decomposition activation energies are significantly less than the bond energies. The difference between the bond energy and the activation energy is reproduced by theory. The vibrational frequencies of the cluster ions necessary for the theoretical treatment of the dissociation rate constants are calculated ab initio at the HF/6-31G* level. This work demonstrates that cluster ion bond energies may be determined accurately from activation energies for dissociation at the low-pressure limit. The measurements also yield fundamental information about the intermolecular energy transfer between the helium buffer gas and the cluster ions.
Role of diffractive and refractive optics in x-ray astronomy

No future X-ray telescope is likely ever to have angular resolution significantly superior to the Chandra X-Ray Observatory without adopting a new technology. We consider focusing systems based upon diffraction and refraction rather than grazing incidence reflection. The elements are Fresnel zone plates and refractive lenses in configurations where chromatic aberration is corrected over a finite bandwidth. This technique is likely to be especially effective in the intermediate regime between the 0.5 arcsec capability of the Chandra telescope and the one-tenth microarcsec resolution required for the NASA "Vision Mission" entitled the "Black Hole Imager." Diffractive/refractive systems can also be configured as high throughput flux concentrators for third generation X-ray timing studies and non-dispersive spectroscopy. They may also have an important role in very high resolution spectroscopy. Because these elements focus by transmitting X-rays at normal incidence they can be extremely lightweight compared to grazing incidence telescopes. Furthermore the figure accuracy and surface smoothness are much less critical. On the other hand diffractive/refractive optics are characterized by chromatic aberration, which can be corrected only in small wavelength bands. Focal lengths range up to 105 km making the application of diffractive/refractive X-ray optics to astronomy dependent upon the development of technology for formation flying of very widely separated spacecraft.
Kinetics of cryptdin-4 translocation coupled with peptide-induced vesicle leakage.

The antimicrobial peptide cryptdin-4 (Crp4), a member of the α-defensin family, is shown to translocate cooperatively across phospholipid bilayers. The cooperativity of the process is manifested by translocation kinetics which vary with the peptide to lipid molar ratio. A simple association model suggests dimerization. Black lipid membrane experiments reveal that Crp4 translocation does not create well-defined aqueous pores, as is often common among peptides exhibiting cooperative translocation. Still, the efflux induced by Crp4 upon its interaction with fluorophore-loaded vesicles is shown to be a direct result of the membrane perturbation resulting from the translocation process. Leakage can be predicted by relating membrane permeability to the fraction of peptide translocated. Crp4 translocation has implications for its antimicrobial activity as internalized peptide would be available to attack intracellular targets.
A logistic regression model based on the national mammography database format to aid breast cancer diagnosis

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of our study was to create a breast cancer risk estimation model based on the descriptors of the National Mammography Database using logistic regression that can aid in decision making for the early detection of breast cancer.MATERIALS AND METHODS. We created two logistic regression models based on the mammography features and demographic data for 62,219 consecutive mammography records from 48,744 studies in 18,270 patients reported using the Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) lexicon and the National Mammography Database format between April 5, 1999 and February 9, 2004. State cancer registry outcomes matched with our data served as the reference standard. The probability of cancer was the outcome in both models. Model 2 was built using all variables in Model 1 plus radiologists' BI-RADS assessment categories. We used 10-fold cross-validation to train and test the model and to calculate the area under the receiver operating characteristic curves (Az) to measure the ...
The reaction 10B(d, n)11C as an ion temperature plasma diagnostic

Abstract The thick target yield for the reaction 10 B(d, n) 11 C has been measured for monoenergetic deutrons of energies between 75 and 960 keV. This yield is integrated over a Maxwell-Boltzman distribution to obtain a semi-empirical thick target yield as a function of temperature. It is shown that the yield as a function of temperature provides a practical and highly sensitive measurement of ion temperature for deuterium plasmas with temperatures between about 2 x 10 7 and 2 x 10 8 K.
Ordered nanostructured ceramic–metal composites through multifunctional block copolymer-metal nanoparticle self-assembly

A novel strategy for fabrication of ordered ceramic–metal nanocomposites was demonstrated by multifunctional block copolymer/metal nanoparticle self-assembly. Hybrid organic–inorganic block copolymer poly(3-methacryloxypropyl-T8-heptaisobutyl-polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane-block-N,N-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) was synthesized and used as a bi-functional structure directing agent for ligand-stabilized platinum nanoparticles to form ordered organic–inorganic nanocomposites with dense loading of inorganic species in both microphase separated domains. Subsequently, thin films of the hybrid material were converted to ordered silica (ceramic)–platinum (metal) nanocomposites via UV-assisted ozonolysis. This is the first time ordered ceramic–metal nanocomposites were achieved through a bottom-up approach, opening up opportunities for the design and synthesis of a broad range of ordered inorganic–inorganic nanocomposites.
p38 MAPK-mediated activation of NF-kappaB by the RhoGEF domain of Bcr.

The oncogenic fusion protein p210 Bcr-Abl is causally associated with virtually all cases of chronic myelogenous leukemia. The wild-type Bcr product has several recognizable structural and functional motifs including a domain that contains guanine nucleotide exchange activity for Rho family GTPases (DH/PH domain). Although this domain is retained within p210 Bcr-Abl, it has no known signaling activities in vivo. Here we report that a fragment of Bcr that encodes the isolated DH/PH domain is a potent activator of the NF-κB transcription factor. Within the context of full length Bcr, this activity is regulated by proximal flanking sequences that suppress the DH/PH domain encoded guanine nucleotide exchange activity. NF-κB activation by Bcr is not mediated by nuclear translocation, but rather by p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-dependent modification of the RelA/p65 transactivation domain. Although we were able to demonstrate that Bcr can function as an exchange factor for Cdc42 in vivo, NF-κB activation appears to occur via a Cdc42-independent mechanism. These studies constitute direct evidence that the Bcr RhoGEF domain can function in vivo, and identify a new signaling activity that may contribute to the transforming potential of p210 Bcr-Abl.
Sublethal toxicant effects on fish foraging behavior: Empirical vs. mechanistic approaches

Previous studies of toxicant effects on fish foraging behavior and predator-prey interactions have taken a strictly empirical approach. The most common observation of altered feeding behavior was cessation of feeding or reduction in the amount of artificial food consumed. Changes in the number of live prey attacked and captured, latency to feed and capture efficiency have also been documented. Predator-prey tests have placed major emphasis on toxicant effects on the ability of prey to escape predation. Several different test systems, as well as model ecosystems, have been used. It is difficult to evaluate the sensitivity of these behavioral tests in relation to standard chronic tests. There was no consistency in test design, and few studies provided information on chemical effects on reproduction or growth in conjunction with behavioral effects. These empirical studies have little basis in ecological theory and do not allow development of testable hypotheses a priori to field verification of laboratory results. Few laboratory feeding studies have been verified in the wild. A mechanistic approach to feeding studies using optimal foraging and bioenergetics models may provide sensitive tests of contaminant effects that may be readily verified in the field. Model simulations demonstrate how toxicant effects on components of fishes' predation sequence can modify the size-frequency distribution of prey in the fishes' diet and how reductions in the amount of food consumed may alter growth.
Development of structure-activity relationship rules for predicting carcinogenic potential of chemicals

Since the inception of Section 5 (Premanufacturing/Premarketing Notification, PMN) of the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA), structure-activity relationship (SAR) analysis has been effectively used by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Structure Activity Team (SAT) in the assessment of potential carcinogenic hazard of new chemicals for which test data are not available. To capture, systematize and codify the Agency's predictive expertise in order to make it more widely available to assessors outside the TSCA program, a cooperative project was initiated to develop a knowledge rule-based expert system to mimic the thinking and reasoning of the SAT. In this communication, we describe the overall structure of this expert system, discuss the scientific bases and principles of SAR analysis of chemical carcinogens used in the development of SAR knowledge rules, and delineate the major factors/rules useful for assessing the carcinogenic potential of fibers, polymers, metals/metalloids and several major classes of organic chemicals. An integrative approach using available short-term predictive tests and non-cancer toxicological data to supplement SAR analysis has also been described.
The Dielectric Constant of Water Vapor at a Frequency of 42 Megacycles

A heterodyne beat apparatus was constructed for the measurement of the dielectric constant of water vapor at 42 megacycles. One of the oscillators was crystal-controlled, the other having a tuned circuit containing a condenser which could be evacuated and filled with water vapor. A cathode-ray oscilloscope was used to indicate zero beat. Drift of the oscillators was eliminated from the results by plotting readings on a time base and alternating between vacuum and water vapor as rapidly as physical limitations would permit. Air was used as the calibration gas, because it is composed of nonpolar molecules. It should therefore have the same dielectric constant at this frequency as at the lower frequencies at which it has been measured by other observers. The Clausius-Masotti relation was verified for water vapor at constant temperature, and the dielectric constant of water vapor determined at three different temperatures and 760 mm of mercury. The temperatures in question were 71.9\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C, 99.8\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C, and 147\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C, at which the dielectric constant was found to have the values 1.0071, 1.0060, and 1.00475, respectively.
Pain and cyanosis associated with α1-proteinase inhibitor

Abstract purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate adverse reaction reports of pain and/ or cyanosis attributed to α 1 -proteinase inhibitor (A1PI), a plasma α-globulin protein used to treat AIPI deficiency. patients and methods: The Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) Spontaneous Reporting System for the collection and analysis of suspected adverse reactions to drugs and biologics was searched for all reports with dates from January 1, 1988, through October 31, 1989, in which A1PI was named as the suspect biologic. A case of pain and/or cyanosis was defined and characteristics of cases were compared with all other reactions. Information about the production of A1PI and results from animal studies conducted by the manufacturer were also gathered. results: Fourteen cases of acute chest pain, back pain, and/or cyanosis among patients receiving A1PI infusions were reported to the FDA. The clinical aspects of reported cases were consistent with a rapidly acting, nonallergic mechanism and were easily distinguished from other reactions associated with A1PI. The characteristics of reported cases, the epidemic curve, and lot-specific analyses suggested a point source and strongly implicated two A1PI lots. Information about the production of AIPI and results from animal studies further implicated high-molecular-weight polysaccharides associated with sucrose stabilization of the suspect lots. conclusion: These cases resemble adverse reactions attributed to complexes of protamine and heparin (a mucopolysaccharide). Similar vasoactive mechanisms are suggested. Research is needed to further define the pathophysiology associated with polysaccharide moieties.
Open Cystogastrostomy, Retroperitoneal Drainage, and G-J Enteral Tube for Complex Pancreatitis-Associated Pseudocyst: 19 Patients with no Recurrence

Introduction Various techniques have been described to achieve definitive resolution of complex acute pancreatitis associated pseudocysts (PACs). Many of these strategies, inclusive of open, minimally invasive, and radiological procedures, are hampered by high recurrence or failed resolution, particularly for PAC near the pancreatic head. The present series describes a multimodal strategy combining a minilaparotomy for anterior gastrostomy for the creation of a stapled posterior cystogastrostomy, placement of an 8F secured silastic tube for intentional formation of a cystogastric fistula tract in combination with gastric drainage, and postduodenal enteral alimentation.
Suburban Tranquility, Interrupted? “Youth” Sporting Culture in the Shadows of American Vertigo

This article meditates on the intersection of youth culture and sport under a post-9/11 regime of neoliberal capitalism in the United States. Focusing on diverse sites ranging from Major League Baseball and the Super Bowl to Nike and adidas advertising campaigns and embodied representations of “Native American” mascots, the author draws to the fore inter/connections, dis/continuities, and cultural performances and mis/translations ongoing in the post/modern world, troubling in the process the stability of terms such as “race,” “identity,” “culture,” and “sexuality.”
CYTOGENETIC STUDIES OF POA. II. THE PAIRING OF CHROMOSOMES IN SPECIES AND INTERSPECIFIC HYBRIDS

CHROMOSOME NUMBERS in the bluegrasses extend over an extreme range of ploidy from a few relatively restricted diploid species (2n=14) through to the more widespread species many of which have chromosome numbers ranging between 6-ploid (2n=42) and 13 or 14-ploid (2n=98) (Miintzing, 1933, 1940; Akerberg, 1942; Hartung, 1946; Nygren, 1950; Grun, 1954). At least three factors may influence chromosome pairing of plants belonging to such highly polyploid groups. First are the homologies of the chromosomes as determined by their gene structure or arrangement; second, mechanical complications arising from high polyploidy itself; and third, the action of physiological and environmental influences on chromosome behavior. The cytological make-up of plants even of non-hybrid origin is usually slightly unbalanced so that univalents are a typical feature of meiotic metaphase of all polyploid bluegrasses thus far examined. In the course of the Poa breeding program conducted by the Carnegie Institution numerous interspecific hybrids and hybrid derivatives have been produced. The present cytological survey of some of these plants is aimed at clarifying the relationships of chromosome pairing both within species and in interspecific hybrids, and at gaining some insight into the mechanisms governing pairing. MATERIALS AND METHODS.-Anthers from Carnoy-fixed florets were smeared in a specially prepared propiono-carmine stain (Grun, 1952). Fixations were made of culms of vigorous plants grown either in cultivated gardens or pots at Stanford or Mather, California, and in a few cases, of potted plants at the Earhart Laboratory of the California Institute of Technology at Pasadena. The average univalent frequency was determined by counting the number of unpaired chromosomes in a minimum of twenty sporocytes per plant. Standard errors of means reported indicate the possible random variation of the mean to be expected in 99 out of 100 trials. Univalent frequencies of most plants fell into normal distributions, but frequencies of those plants having nearly regular pairing often were Poisson distributions, a skewness that resulted from the fact that many cells contained no or very few univalents. Standard errors were, accordingly, calculated using the formula appropriate to the distribution of each population. The
Structural mechanisms to produce differential dendritic gains.

The axons of sacral parasympathetic preganglionic neurons (PGNs) originate on a primary dendrite between 10 and 110 μm from the soma. Therefore, it was hypothesized that the location of the axon origin would impact the relative efficacy of ipsilateral and contralateral synaptic inputs. The morphology of two PGNs was reconstructed, and the transfer impedance was used to quantify the influence of synaptic inputs on the transmembrane potential at the axon initial segment. The ratio of ipsilateral transfer impedance to contralateral transfer impedance (termed the relative gain) was increased by 14–29% for axons originating from the dendrite vs. axons originating from the soma. The addition of 50 synchronized “gating” synapses on the proximal dendrites increased the relative gain by 17–38% when the axon originated from the dendrite, but only by 11–15% when the axon originated from the soma. The efficacy of synaptic inputs and the ability of proximal gating synapses to regulate synaptic efficacy were strongly influenced by the site of origin of the axon. The position of axon origin is an effective structural mechanism to regulate the relative efficacy of synaptic inputs arriving at different locations on the dendritic tree.
Effect of load position on physiological and perceptual responses during load carriage with an internal frame backpack.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of load position in an internal frame backpack on physiological and perceptual variables. Ten female participants walked on a level treadmill for 10 min carrying 25% of their body weight in a high, central, or low position. The variables measured included oxygen consumption (VO2), heart rate (HR), respiratory exchange ratio (R), respiratory rate (RR), minute ventilation (VE), and rating of perceived exertion (RPE). VO2, VE, and RPE were significantly lower in the high position (18.6 ± 2.3 ml/kg/min, 31.7 ± 5.0 l/min, 2.8 ± 0.8, respectively) compared to the low position (22.2 ± 3.0 ml/kg/min, 38.6 ± 7.5 l/min, 3.7 ± 1.0, respectively). HR, R, and RR did not change significantly as the load was moved from the high (129.8 ± 16.8, 0.89 ± 0.06, 30.3 ± 4.2, respectively) to the low position (136.0 ± 25.3, 0.92 ± 0.04, 33.8 ± 5.2, respectively). The results of this study suggest that load placement is an important factor in the physiological and perceptual r...
An x-ray determination of the debye temperature of silver iodide

Abstract The characteristic temperature of silver iodide has been calculated both from the Debye-Waller temperature exponent derived from the variation of single crystal intensities of the hexagonal phase with Bragg angle at constant temperature and also from the ratio of the intensities of a powder reflection of the cubic phase in the range from 20° to 120°K. The θ D values calculated by these two methods are 119° and 116°K, respectively. This compares to θ D = 116°K calculated from published specific heat data and θ D = 107°K calculated from elastic moduli determined at 25°C.
An experimental analysis of the civil commitment recommendations of psychologists and psychiatrists

Legal and nonlegal factors influencing the civil commitment recommendations of psychologists and psychiatrists separately and as a whole were investigated using an experimental design. One hundred and seventy-six psychologists and psychiatrists made recommendations for or against commitment for a series of clinical vignettes wherein the five facets of commitment criterion, legal committability, clinical treatability, alternative resources and presence of psychosis were systematically varied. RESULTS revealed that all facets contributed independently and in combination to the commitment decisions of participants as a whole. It was concluded that mental health professionals may utilize a variety of types of information, beyond the relevant legal criteria, in making actual decisions to initiate civil commitments. Language: en
Decompositions of response times: an almost general theory

Abstract Response time (RT) whose distribution depends on two external factors can sometimes be presented as an algebraic combination of two random variables, component times, each of which is selectively influenced by one of these factors. The algebraic operation connecting these component times (such as addition or "minimum of the two") is referred to as the decomposition rule. We consider a broad subclass of associative and commutative decomposition rules, and for any operation from this subclass we construct a decomposition test, a relationship between observable RTs that must hold if these RTs are decomposable by means of this operation. The decomposition tests are constructed under the assumption that RT components are either stochastically independent or perfectly positively stochastically interdependent (in which case they are increasing functions of a common random variable). The decomposition tests generalize the summation test proposed by Ashby & Townsend (1980) and Roberts & Sternberg (1992) for additive decompositions into stochastically independent components. Under the assumption of perfect positive stochastic interdependence, a successful decomposition test is not only necessary but also sufficient for the RT decomposability by means of the corresponding operation. Under the assumption of stochastic independence, it is possible that a decomposition test is successful but RTs cannot be decomposed by any operation. Under both assumptions, however, a successful decomposition test recovers the true decomposition rule essentially uniquely. For a given decomposition rule, the component times themselves cannot be determined uniquely, and the stochastic relationship between them generally has to be assumed rather than recovered from the decomposition tests.
Private information and incentives: Implications for mortgage contract terms and pricing

We examine the linkage in equilibrium among (1) contract design; (2) expected prepayment and default likelihoods; and (3) the pricing of mortgage contracts by focusing upon the effects of the borrower's private information at the time of contracting. We examine the implications of these perspectives upon the empirical analysis of prepayment behavior and use the framework to examine the predominance of long-term mortgage contracts in the United States. We consider examples that explore the trade-offs between fixed and adjustable rate instruments, assumable and due-on-sale loans, and contract interest rates and initial discounts (points).
Perceptrons Play the Repeated Prisoner′s Dilemma

Abstract We examine the implications of bounded rationality in repeated games by modeling the repeated game strategies as perceptrons (F. Rosenblatt, "Principles of Neurodynamics," Spartan Books, and M. Minsky and S. A. Papert, "Perceptions: An Introduction to Computational Geometry," MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1988). In the prisoners′ dilemma game, if the cooperation outcome is Pareto efficient, then we can establish the folk theorem by perceptrons with single associative units (Minksy and Papert), whose computational capability barely exceeds what we would expect from players capable of fictitious plays (e.g., L. Shapley, Some topics in two-person games, Adv. Game Theory5 (1964), 1-28). Journal of Economic Literature Classification Number: C72.
Seismomagnetic Observation During the 8 July 1986 Magnitude 5.9 North Palm Springs Earthquake

A differentially connected array of 24 proton magnetometers has operated along the San Andreas fault since 1976. Seismomagnetic offsets of 1.2 and 0.3 nanotesla were observed at epicentral distances of 3 and 9 kilometers, respectively, after the 8 July 1986 magnitude 5.9 North Palm Springs earthquake. These seismomagnetic observation are the first obtained of this elusive but long-anticipated effect. The data are consistent with a seismomagnetic model of the earthquake for which right-lateral rupture of 20 centimeters is assumed on a 16-kilometer segment of the Banning fault between the depths of 3 and 10 kilometers in a region with average magnetization of 1 ampere per meter. Alternative explanations in terms of electrokinetic effects and earthquake-generated electrostatic charge redistribution seem unlikely because the changes are permanent and complete within a 20-minute period.
Taphonomy on the continental shelf and slope: two-year trends - Gulf of Mexico and Bahamas

Abstract The Shelf and Slope Experimental Taphonomy Initiative was established to measure taphonomic rates in a range of continental shelf and slope environments of deposition (EODs) over a multiyear period. We deployed experiments on the forereef slope off Lee Stocking Island, Bahamas, and on the continental shelf and slope of the Gulf of Mexico for 2 yr in 18 distinctive EODs at depths from 15 to 530 m. Overall, most shells deployed at most sites had relatively minor changes in shell condition. Most EODs generated relatively similar taphonomic signatures. A few sites did produce taphonomic signatures clearly distinguishable from the central group and these sites were characterized by one or more of the following: high rates of oxidation of reduced compounds, presence in the photic zone, and significant burial and exhumation events. Thus, unique taphonomic signatures are created by unique combinations of environmental conditions that include variables associated with regional gradients, such as depth and light, and variables associated with edaphic processes, such as the seepage of brine or petroleum or the resuspension and redeposition of sediment. Most sites, however, showed similar taphonomic signatures, despite the variety of EOD characteristics present, suggesting that insufficient time had elapsed over 2 yr to generate a more diverse array of taphonomic signatures. Discoloration and dissolution were by far the dominant processes over the 2-yr deployment period. Periostracum breakdown, loss of shell weight, and chipping and breakage was less noticeable. EODs were chosen based on the expectation that the process of burial and the influence of depth and sediment type should play the greatest roles in determining between-EOD differences in taphonomic signature. EOD-specific edaphic factors often overrode the influence of geographic-scale environmental gradients. Taphonomic alteration was greater on hardgrounds and in brine-exposed sites than on terrigenous muds. Dissolution was less effective at sites where burial was greatest. Discoloration occurred most rapidly at shallower sites and on hardgrounds. Water depth was less influential in determining taphonomic signature than burial state or sediment type. The limited influence of water depth is likely due to the presence of shallow sites that, for one reason or another, were protected from certain taphonomic processes and deeper sites that were characterized by unusually strong taphonomic signals.
Emergency department analgesia without narcotics for adults with acute sickle cell pain crisis : case reports and review of crisis management

Vaso-occlusive crises are one of the most debilitating features of sickle cell disease. There appears to be no standardization of care for adults with pain crisis, and some commonly utilized regimens, such as those employing intramuscular meperidine, are pharmacologically unsound. Parenteral narcotic use may be associated with respiratory compromise acutely and with dependence over the long term, but nonopioid preparations are often unsatisfactory in relieving pain. We have recently enjoyed success with a combination of a parenteral nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medication and an oral tricyclic antidepressant. We report four representative cases and review the salient points of the management of pain crisis in adult patients in the emergency department.