cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Early Embryology of Prodenia Eridania

The moth, Prodenia eridania [1][1], belongs to the family Noctuidae. Its larva is known as the “Southern Army-worm,” and like many others of its family is of considerable economic importance as it feeds on many succulent truck and ornamental plants, chiefly in the Gulf States. Since it is easily reared and is representative of such a large group of economically important Lepidopterous insects, it is being increasingly used for physiological and toxicological research in the government laboratories. [1]: #fn-1
Cardiac electrophysiologist׳s perspective on minimally invasive surgery for atrial fibrillation.

At our center, patients with prior surgical ablation procedures for atrial fibrillation (AF) represent o10% of all patients undergoing radiofrequency ablation for recurrent AF or atrial tachycardia. The much lower rate of redo procedures for surgical patients reflects our relatively low stand-alone surgical AF ablation volume, but also the enviable success rate of concomitant surgical treatment for AF, especially in patients with persistent and long-lasting persistent AF where single procedure success rates of percutaneous catheter ablation are generally poor and the most appropriate ablation strategy is still not clear [1,2]. In this volume of Trends in Cardiovascular Medicine, Lancaster et al. publish a very insightful, comprehensive, and extremely well-written summary of the development of minimally invasive surgical approaches for the treatment of AF with excellent long-term results [3]. We have been invited to write an electrophysiologist's perspective on this review. Durability of conduction block may be the single most important factor in determining the long-term success of an ablation procedure for AF. In this regard, the skill and technique of the individual operator is extremely important and remains a variable that is difficult to control for in multicenter studies comparing techniques and technologies. For patients with paroxysmal AF at our institution, single procedure freedom from any atrial arrhythmias following catheter-based pulmonary vein (PV) isolation (PVI) has increased dramatically to more than 80% over 2 years of patient follow-up compared to 50% a few years earlier. We believe this is due to a realization that acutely, PVI is a poorly
PS-376 Non-invasive Ventilation In Neonates: Effect Of Nasal Cannula Size, Insertion Depth And Nares Diameter On Mean Airway Pressure - An In-vitro Study

Background Increased neonatal Non-Invasive Ventilation (NIV) use, such as nCPAP and high flow nasal cannula (HFNC) prompted re-evaluation of nasal interface devices – specifically short bi-nasal prongs, and their size and fit relative to the nares. Objective To quantify the effect of nasal prong size and insertion depth on generated mean airway pressure (MAP) during NIV. Design/methods A Drager traditional nCPAP interface, three sizes of RAM cannulae (Neotech, Valencia, CA, USA) and two Fisher and Paykel (FP) (Auckland, NZ) HFNC cannulae were tested with 8 simulated nares sizes. A simulated nasal airway was connected to an active lung model set at: Vt 8–10 ml, 60 b/m, Ti 0.35–0.40 s. A Drager Evita XL ventilator delivered 4,5,6,7 and 8 cmH2O to the RAM and the Drager nCPAP cannulae and a FP HFNC system delivered 1–6 L/m flows. MAP was measured for open and closed-mouth conditions. Results MAP decreased progressively as the percent nares occlusion (%Occl) decreased. At one-half insertion and closed-mouth conditions, close fitting prongs with high% Occl yielded MAP’s of one-half of set CPAP levels. Delivered MAP’s were significantly lower during open-mouth condition using either HFNC or CPAP cannulae. MAP increased with both flowrate and%Occl. A rapid rise in pressure was associated with% Occl’s >74%. Complete nares occlusions generated the highest pressures. Simulated closed-mouth produced 12 ± 7 SD higher MAP’s than open-mouth over all%Occl’s at HFNC flows >1 L/m. Conclusion RAM ‘CPAP’ does not deliver MAP as effectively as standard nasal prong CPAP. Optimum delivered airway pressure is dependent on appropriate %Occl, insertion depth and NIV settings. ![Abstract PS-376 Figure 1][1] Abstract PS-376 Figure 1 [1]: pending:yes
Central Versus Peripheral Antagonism of Cholinesterase Inhibitor Induced Lethality

Concern with the possibility that chemicals may be used in international conflicts has grown in the past several years. Possible use of highly toxic and lethal chemical agents by Soviet forces in Afghanistan, by Soviet supported forces in Southeast Asia, and by Iraq in its war with Iran have been detailed (3, 4, 7, 10, 12, 13).
Voter Perceptions and Incumbent Vote Loss

One of the most pervasive empirical regularities in advanced industrial democracies is that incumbent governments tend to lose votes. Despite widespread acknowledgment of this so-called “cost of ruling” and its normative significance, political scientists possess little understanding of this phenomenon in parliamentary democracies where coalition governance is the norm. Here, I present a micro-level explanation for incumbent vote loss. In sum, voters expect the parties they support to fight for certain policies, but the compromise and cooperation necessary for coalition governance prevent cabinet parties from meeting the expectations of their supporters. I argue that cabinet parties are more likely to lose voters when the perception of cooperation is high. To support my claims, I present experimental evidence that shows voters react poorly to coalition compromise and evidence from seven panel surveys administered in five coalitional democracies suggesting that the perception of compromise significantly reduces the probability of supporting the incumbent.
Determination of dihydroquercetin in matsuba extraction by RP-HPLC-PDAD

Objective: To establish a RP-HPLC method for detection of dihydroquercetin in matsuba extraction.Methods: Dihydroquercetin in samples were purified with methanol,separated by C18 reversed phase column,and detected at wavelength of 290 nm.Results: The dihydroquercetin was shown to be linear in the range from 5 μg/ml to 200 μg/ml(r=0.99998),the limit of detection was 0.2 μg/ml.The recovery of the method was 97.1%,RSD was 1.0%~1.2%.Conclusion: The method is simple,rapid,accurate and reliable,which could be used for detection of dihydroquercetin content in health food of matsuba extraction.
Prevalence study of rural drinking water hygiene in Jiujiang county

Objective The aim of this study was to understand the rural drinking water hygiene in Jiujiang county, in order to provide decision references for the construction of the rural drinking water safety project according to " The Twelfth Five-Year Guideline ", and to discuss the necessity of daily supervision of water quality. Methods Prevalence survey of rurual drinking water in Jiujiang county was conducted. Samples representing industrial water and peripheral water from 49 monitoring points in the centralized water supply project were collected in two periods and tested for 24 indexes in five categories. Results In the county, the coverage rate for scattered water supply took up 73.06%; 11.1% of the 162 projects received the hygiene licenses; all the associated workers failed to obtain health knowledge trainings. The qualified rates of water samples for the six testing indexes(turbidity degree, etc) were from 20.83% to 89.90%, and the qualified rate for overall water quality was 58.16%. Conclusion The coverage rate of rural drinking water safety among the population was low; the centralized water supply was inadequate, and the overall water qualification rate was low, which were the most urgent problems according to " The Twelfth Five-Year Guideline ". The government should carry out daily health supervision and monitoring, and improve the health licensing system.
Interleaved Processors Improve Cochlear Implant Patients' Spectral Resolution.

OBJECTIVE Cochlear implant patients have difficulty in noisy environments, in part, because of channel interaction. Interleaving the signal by sending every other channel to the opposite ear has the potential to reduce channel interaction by increasing the space between channels in each ear. Interleaving still potentially provides the same amount of spectral information when the two ears are combined. Although this method has been successful in other populations such as hearing aid users, interleaving with cochlear implant patients has not yielded consistent benefits. This may be because perceptual misalignment between the two ears, and the spacing between stimulation locations must be taken into account before interleaving. DESIGN Eight bilateral cochlear implant users were tested. After perceptually aligning the two ears, 12-channel maps were made that spanned the entire aligned portions of the array. Interleaved maps were created by removing every other channel from each ear. Participants' spectral resolution and localization abilities were measured with perceptually aligned processing strategies both with and without interleaving. RESULTS There was a significant improvement in spectral resolution with interleaving. However, there was no significant effect of interleaving on localization abilities. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that interleaving can improve cochlear implant users' spectral resolution. However, it may be necessary to perceptually align the two ears and/or use relatively large spacing between stimulation locations.
A Small Spaceborne Lidar for Atmospheric Backscatter Measurements

Two years ago at the Laser’83- conference, the conceptual design of a spaceborne lidar for measurements from future operational earth-observation satellites was presented /1/. Here we report on the progress of this development into an instrument called Small Spaceborne Lidar for Atmospheric Backscatter- measurements (S2LAB). This instrument is designed to be part of some sensor package of future operational weather-observation satellites in an 800-km orbit. Fig.1 shows an artistņs view of such an instrument on board of some advanced remote-sensing satellite.
Domestic Politics and the WGF

With most of the major international problems relating to the WGF having been more or less solved, the principal focus of the withdrawal turned to domestic issues within the USSR. The returning troops came back to a very different country than even just a few years ago. Severe economic and nationality problems gripped the USSR, while new groups voiced their demands for change. These calls were from every part of the political spectrum, from even more radical reformers to hardline communists and nationalists who were seeking to block the more liberal aspects of Gorbachev’s reforms.
The deubiquitinating enzyme Usp14 allosterically inhibits multiple proteasomal activities and ubiquitin-independent proteolysis.

The proteasome-associated deubiquitinating enzyme Usp14/Ubp6 inhibits protein degradation by catalyzing substrate deubiquitination and by poorly understood allosteric actions. However, upon binding a ubiquitin chain, Usp14 enhances proteasomal degradation by stimulating ATP and peptide degradation. These studies were undertaken to clarify these seemingly opposite regulatory roles of Usp14 and their importance. To learn how the presence of Usp14 on 26S proteasomes influences its different activities, we compared enzymatic and regulatory properties of 26S proteasomes purified from wild-type mouse embryonic fibroblast cells and those lacking Usp14. The proteasomes lacking Usp14 had higher basal peptidase activity than WT 26S, and this activity was stimulated to a greater extent by adenosine 5′-O-(thiotriphosphate) (ATPγS) than with WT particles. These differences were clear even though Usp14 is present on only a minor fraction (30–40%) of the 26S in WT mouse embryonic fibroblast cells. Addition of purified Usp14 to the WT and Usp14-defficient proteasomes reduced both their basal peptidase activity and the stimulation by ATPγS. Usp14 inhibits these processes allosterically because a catalytically inactive Usp14 mutant also inhibited them. Proteasomes lacking Usp14 also exhibited greater deubiquitinating activity by Rpn11 and greater basal ATPase activity than WT particles. ATP hydrolysis by WT proteasomes is activated if they bind a ubiquitinated protein, which is loosely folded. Surprisingly, proteasomes lacking Usp14 could be activated by such proteins even without a ubiquitin chain present. Furthermore, proteasomes lacking Usp14 are much more active in degrading non-ubiquitinated proteins (e.g. Sic1) than WT particles. Thus, without a ubiquitinated substrate present, Usp14 suppresses multiple proteasomal activities, especially basal ATP consumption and degradation of non-ubiquitinated proteins. These allosteric effects thus reduce ATP hydrolysis by inactive proteasomes and nonspecific proteolysis and enhance proteasomal specificity for ubiquitinated proteins.
A review of Pt-based electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction

Development of active and durable electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) remains one challenge for the polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) technology. Pt-based nanomaterials show the greatest promise as electrocatalyst for this reaction among all current catalytic structures. This review focuses on Pt-based ORR catalyst material development and covers the past achievements, current research status and perspectives in this research field. In particular, several important categories of Pt-based catalytic structures and the research advances are summarized. Key factors affecting the catalyst activity and durability are discussed. An outlook of future research direction of ORR catalyst research is provided.
Enabling Flexible and Efficient Remote Execution in Opportunistic Networks through Message-Oriented Middleware

Computation offloading has received much attention to improve the performance or energy efficiency of mobile systems that have usually limited and constrained resource capacities. Yet, applying the computation offloading technique in opportunistic networks that are highly dynamic and often become volatile still remains a challenge due to the following reasons: (1) technical difficulties in constructing efficient and reliable execution environment using commodity devices using WiFi, (2) a lack of runtime support for multiple clients that request diverse computational tasks and execute them concurrently with minimum performance impacts. In this paper, we introduce a new middleware system that provides an offloading framework operated in opportunistic networks. In particular, our middleware employs a publish-subscribe communication mechanism to provide multiple different communication models (e.g., one-to-one, one-to-many, many-to-one, and many-to-many) for different use cases. Furthermore, when distributing computational tasks to nearby nodes, our middleware takes their resource capabilities into consideration for efficient execution. Finally, since partial failure is an unavoidable artifact in highly dynamic and volatile opportunistic networks, we provide a simple, but effective failure handling mechanism. Our benchmarks and experimental results indicate that our approach enables programmers to easily apply computation offloading techniques in opportunistic networks when compared with the local execution.
Growth factors and cell aging.

Although the fundamental mechanisms of in vitro cell aging are still undetermined, certain prominent features have emerged that serve to delineate or focus the search for these mechanisms. In Table 3.1 we present a selected list of changes that accompany senescence in culture. As cells get older they get bigger (Cristofalo & Kritchevsky, 1969) in general, although the synthesis rate of all macromolecules goes down (Houck, Sharma, & Hayflick, 1971; Macieira-Coelho, Ponten, & Phillipson, 1966), the cellular content of macromolecules other than deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) goes up (Cristofalo & Kritchevsky, 1969; Cristofalo et al., 1970). This is a situation reminiscent of the phenomenon of unbalanced growth in bacteria, which was described more than 30 years ago (Cohen & Barner, 1954). In this situation all processes except the ability to synthesize DNA proceed, albeit not at the normal rate. It appears that DNA synthesis becomes uncoupled from other macromolecular syntheses, and there is a general disintegration of regulation as the cells proceed through the cell cycle.
Visual Evoked Potentials and Brain Dysfunction in Chronic Alcoholics

Chronic alcohol abuse is known to lead to brain dysfunction (Begleiter and Platz, 1972; Rankin, 1975). In an effort to ascer tain some parallel between acute and chronic alcohol intake, the effect of single doses of alcohol on normal brain functioning is being studied. Extensive research has been conducted in order to investigate the effects of acute doses of alcohol on the normal human evoked potential. This has been examined with the auditory evoked response (AER) (Gross et al., 1966), the somatosensory evoked potential (SEP) (Lewis et al., 1970; Salamy and Williams, 1973; Porjesz and Begleiter, 1973), and the visual evoked potential (VEP) (Lewis et al., 1969, 1970; Porjesz and Begleiter, 1975; Rhodes et al., 1975), P3 amplitude (Roth et al., 1977), the contingent negative variation (CNV) (Kopell et al., 1972; Roth et al., 1977), and the amplitude-intensity gradient (Spilker and Callaway, 1969).
Detecting no-sleep energy bugs using reference counted variables

Mobile devices have become pervasive in today's society. The range of their use has been constantly increasing, which requires more computing capability. As the computing capability of mobile devices grow, so does the need for effective power management. There has been some work on reducing the power consumption of mobile applications by detecting energy bugs. In this work, we address no-sleep energy bugs with respect to semaphore wakelocks in consideration of race conditions with synchronization using reaching definitions and parallel flow graphs. We demonstrate the approach through a case example.
Reviewer social class influences responses to online evaluations of an organization.

This paper examines social class-based differences in influence in online review contexts. We explore four mechanisms for how a review writer’s social class may affect readers’ evaluations of the organization. First, we argue that, via a “contagion” process, organizations reviewed by higher-class individuals will be evaluated more positively than organizations reviewed by lower-class individuals. Second, we expect that higher-class reviewers will be seen as more knowledgeable; thus, their opinions will be more influential in shaping others’ opinions. Third, we expect that reviewers will be seen more influential when they review organizations that match their social class. Fourth, we expect people to be more influenced by those who share their own class background. A large-scale observational study of reviews (N = 1,234,665) from Yelp.com finds support for the contagion, the organization-reviewer social class matching, and the reviewer-participant social matching hypotheses, but disconfirms the hypothesis that higher-class reviewers are always treated as having more expertise. Two experimental studies (N = 354 and N = 638) demonstrate that reviewer class plays a causal role in both a contagion process and in an assumption of higher-class knowledge process, but do not provide evidence for the reviewer-participant social matching hypothesis.
Self-organized criticality in geophysical turbulence

Turbulence in geophysical flows tends to organize itself so that the mean flow remains close to a stability boundary in parameter space. That characteristic suggests self-organized criticality (SOC), a statistical property that has been identified in a range of complex phenomena including earthquakes, forest fires and solar flares. This note explores the relationship between the properties of forced, sheared, stratified turbulence (as found in oceans, atmospheres and other geophysical fluids) and those of SOC. Self-organization to the critical state is demonstrated in a wide range of cases drawn mostly (but not entirely) from in situ observations of ocean turbulence. Turbulent events in the ocean also exhibit a second characteristic associated with SOC: their sizes follow a power-law distribution indicating self-similarity. These results suggest SOC as a new conceptual foundation for the study of geophysical turbulence, an explanation for the mixing efficiency of ocean turbulence and a potential for cross-fertilization with other areas of geophysics.
Combination of Image-Based Documentation and Augmented Reality for Structural Health Monitoring and Building Pathology

With the current deterioration rate of existing infrastructure, the importance of intervention and preservation efforts such as on-site visual inspections, non-destructive evaluation, structural health monitoring (SHM) and building pathology are on the rise. A critical aspect of these intervention and preservation methods is the visualization and accessibility of large, heterogeneous data sets. To enable diverse stakeholders to make informed choices, data and metadata for the built environment needs to be visualized in an effective, efficient, and intuitive manner. To address this challenge, a human-machine interface which organizes these types of data and provides actionable information is necessary. The main aim of this work is to develop a preliminary framework for documenting and visualizing data about the built environment both on and off site using a combination of image-based documentation and augmented reality. While this work illustrates preliminary annotation mechanisms such as drawing, the concept of projecting data between the image-based environment and the AR environment is the main contribution of this work. This method was applied to test objects as well as case studies in structural health monitoring and building pathology.
Limited Medigap Consumer Protections Are Associated With Higher Reenrollment In Medicare Advantage Plans

In all but eight states, Medicare supplemental coverage (or Medigap) plans may deny coverage or charge higher premiums on the basis of preexisting health conditions. This may particularly affect chronically ill or high-need Medicare Advantage enrollees who switch to traditional Medicare and subsequently discover that they are unable to purchase affordable Medigap coverage. We found that in states with no Medigap consumer protections, high-need Medicare Advantage enrollees had a 16.9-percentage-point higher reenrollment rate in Medicare Advantage in the year after switching to traditional Medicare, compared to high-need enrollees in states with strong Medigap consumer protections-namely, guaranteed issue and community rating (charging all enrollees the same premium regardless of health condition). Expanding protections in the Medigap market may increase consumers' access to this type of supplemental coverage.
Midlife Smaller and Larger Infarctions, White Matter Hyperintensities, and 20-Year Cognitive Decline: A Cohort Study.

Background Smaller (<3-mm) infarctions are associated with stroke and stroke mortality, but relationships with cognitive decline are unknown. Objective To characterize the relationships of smaller, larger, and both smaller and larger infarctions in middle age with 20-year cognitive decline. Design Longitudinal cohort study. Setting Two ARIC (Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities) study sites with magnetic resonance imaging data (1993 to 1995) and up to 5 cognitive assessments over 20 years. Participants Stroke-free participants aged 50 years or older. Measurements Infarctions were categorized as none, smaller only, larger only (3 to 20 mm), or both smaller and larger. Global cognitive Z scores were derived from 3 cognitive tests administered up to 5 times. Mixed-effects models estimated adjusted associations between infarctions and cognitive decline. Results are the average difference in standardized cognitive decline associated with infarctions versus no infarctions. Results Among 1884 participants (mean age, 62 years; 60% women; 50% black), 1611 (86%) had no infarctions, 50 (3%) had smaller infarctions only, 185 (10%) had larger infarctions only, and 35 (2%) had both. Participants with both smaller and larger infarctions had steeper cognitive decline by more than half an SD (difference, -0.57 SD [95% CI, -0.89 to -0.26 SD]) compared with those who had no infarctions. Amounts of cognitive decline associated with only smaller infarctions and only larger infarctions were similar and were not statistically different from that associated with no infarctions. Limitation Few participants had only smaller infarctions or both smaller and larger infarctions, and the data lacked counts of smaller infarctions and volumes of white matter hyperintensities. Conclusion The substantial cognitive decline from middle age associated with having both smaller and larger infarctions, but not larger infarctions alone, suggests that the combination of smaller and larger infarctions may escalate risk for cognitive decline later in life in stroke-free persons. Primary Funding Source National Institutes of Health.
The Importance of Social Enterprises in Ensuring the Supply Chains Sustainability

Social enterprises have an increasingly important role lately. While connecting with different partners, social enterprises can drive growth and wealth creation beyond their organization. This value creation may derive from tangible offerings of social enterprises, their goods, and services; but also in intangible relational values. One of these intangible value creation elements is social capital with all its dimensions. Through the social capital which broadly refers to the resources accumulated through the relationships among people and organizations, social enterprises can also contribute and build partner competitive advantage. Institutional and social capital theories can help to understand how social enterprises can contribute and transform sustainable supply chains. This article introduces a framework that seeks to understand social enterprise and entrepreneurship capabilities in transforming institutions to strengthen supply chain sustainability and briefly gives some preliminary findings related to social capital and supply chains. This article relies on case analysis and seeks to understand social enterprise and entrepreneurship capabilities in transforming institutions to strengthen supply chain sustainability in order to promote sustainable fire prevention service and overcome new fire risks.
Female Masculinity in the Factory

This chapter is the last of three chapters set in the factory. This chapter considers the phenomenon of female masculinity among several workers. This chapter engages with queer theory in order to explicate gender deviance among some female laborers as it relates to labor exploitation and resistance. The destabilization of biologically essentialist ideals of masculinity through female masculinity in the laboring process is key. This chapter also returns to central concerns regarding Tunisian women’s rights, empowerment, and the navigation of hegemonic gender constructions.
Size-dependent toughness and strength in defective 3C-SiC nanowires

This paper presents an atomistic understanding of effective toughness and strength in defective 3C-SiC nanowires of different diameters. We consider a set of high-symmetry vacancy defect clusters and employ a combination of density functional theory and molecular dynamics simulations to calculate stress in the nanowires, using an energy-based approach that does not require use of any macroscopic geometric information of the nanowire. Our results suggest that for defect-free nanowires, cracks nucleate from one of the corners of the hexagonal cross section, whereas for defective nanowires—regardless of the size of the defect core—cracks nucleate from the edge of the defect core. With increasing diameter, both strength and toughness increase in defective or defect-free nanowires. Furthermore, defects alter the size-dependent effective toughness and strength of the nanowire: the larger the size of the defect, the stronger the size-dependence of effective toughness and strength. A single vacancy in a 8.0 nm diameter nanowire reduces effective toughness and strength by around 16.5% and 3.4%, respectively. As diameter approaches ∞, effective stiffness approaches the bulk behavior—whereas neither strength nor toughness approaches the behavior of the bulk. This is primarily because of the presence of the surface and associated sustained stress-localization in the nanowire. Effective toughness and strength are, therefore, controlled by the local critical events and not by the macroscopic features of the nanowire. Additionally, both toughness and strength decrease nonlinearly with increasing temperature due to thermal softening of the material—and this thermal softening is, however, weakly dependent on the size of the defective regime.
Overfitting: Causes and Solutions (Seminar Slides)

When used incorrectly, the risk of machine learning (ML) overfitting is extremely high. However, ML counts with sophisticated methods to prevent: (a) train set overfitting, and (b) test set overfitting. Thus, the popular belief that ML overfits is false. A more accurate statement would be that: (1) in the wrong hands, ML overfits, and (2) in the right hands, ML is more robust to overfitting than classical methods. When it comes to modelling unstructured data, ML is the only choice. Classical statistics should be taught as a preparation for ML courses, with a focus on overfitting prevention.
No need to watch the clock: persistence during laparoscopic sigmoidectomy for diverticular disease

Laparoscopic sigmoidectomy is the preferred approach in the elective surgical management of diverticulitis. However, it is unclear if the benefits of laparoscopy persist when operative times are prolonged. We aimed to investigate if the recovery benefits associated with laparoscopy are retained when operative times are long. A retrospective review of a prospectively maintained database of patients who underwent elective laparoscopic sigmoidectomy from 2010–2015 at a single academic tertiary institution was performed. Operative times among laparoscopic completed cases were divided into quartiles, and patient outcomes were compared between the groups. A total of 466 patients (median age: 58 ± 11.6 years, 58% females) underwent sigmoidectomy: 430 completed laparoscopically and 36 (7.7%) converted. Median operative time in laparoscopically completed cases was 188 min (IQR 154–230). There were no differences in morbidity (P = 0.52) or readmission rates (P = 0.22) among the quartiles. The 2nd and 4th operative time quartiles were associated with significantly longer length of stay (LOS) when compared to the fastest quartile (P = 0.003 and P = 0.002, respectively), but there was no increase in LOS as operative times progressed between the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th quartiles. LOS after conversion was longer but did not reach statistical significance when compared to laparoscopically completed operations in the longest quartile (5.0 vs 6.5 days, P = 0.075) Our data do not support preemptive conversion of laparoscopic sigmoidectomy to avoid prolonged operative times. As long as progress is safely being made, surgeons are justified to continue pursuing laparoscopic completion.
Stroke Disparities: From Observations to Actions: Inaugural Edward J. Kenton Lecture 2020.

Numerous epidemiological studies have demonstrated stroke disparities across race and ethnic groups. The goal of the NOMAS (Northern Manhattan Study) was to evaluate race and ethnic differences in ...
Causes of the Difference Between Hall Mobility and Field-Effect Mobility for p-Type RF Sputtered Cu₂O Thin-Film Transistors

The high Hall hole mobility ( $\mu _{Hall}$ ) of cuprous oxide (Cu2O) has caused great interest in using this semiconductor for p-type devices in a future complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) thin-film transistor (TFT) technology. However, in most studies, the field-effect mobility ( $\mu _{FE}$ ) achieved was reported to be much lower than $\mu _{Hall}$ . To understand the large gap between $\mu _{Hall}$ and $\mu _{FE}$ , in this work, we correlate RF sputtered p-type copper oxide (CuO x ) material properties with electrical characteristics by varying the film thickness. After vacuum annealing, the different thicknesses cause differences in the oxidation state and phase. Our results show that films with a higher Cu(I) fraction that form in the Cu2O phase give better TFT performance than CuO films. Nonetheless, the TFTs still exhibit a much lower $\mu _{FE}$ of 0.005–0.1 cm2/V-s than the measured $\mu _{Hall}$ value of 12.1 cm2/V-s. We explore the reasons for this mobility gap by conducting contact resistance ( ${R}_{C}$ ) and interface trap ( ${D}_{it}$ ) analysis. We find that the mobility difference can be minimized by reducing the high contact resistance (~33% of the total resistance in the ON-state) and high density of interface traps ( $\sim 3\times 10^{13}$ cm−2 eV−1).
p16 immunostaining in fine-needle aspirations of the head and neck: determining the optimal positivity threshold in HPV-related squamous cell cancer.

Introduction There is no consensus for interpretation of p16 immunohistochemistry (IHC) in cytology preparations. Our study aims to assess p16 IHC staining in formalin-fixed cytology cell blocks (CBs) from head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) fine-needle aspiration (FNA) specimens in comparison with surgical pathology p16 staining and to determine the reproducibility of p16 IHC scoring in CBs. Methods A total of 40 FNAs from 2014 to 2019 of HNSCC with p16 IHC were obtained. CB p16 staining was scored independently by 5 cytopathologists as interval percentages of tumor cell positivity. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were examined to determine optimal cutoffs for each pathologist based on sensitivity and specificity values. Gwet’s coefficient (AC1) was calculated to assess inter-rater reliability. Results Greater than 10% was the lowest threshold to reach 100% specificity with high sensitivity (55%-84%) in all 5 raters. Rater performances were similar, with areas under the curve (AUCs) ranging from 0.89 to 0.95. Using the >10% threshold, Gwet’s AC1 = 0.72 (95% CI: 0.56-0.89). Diagnostic performance improved further when low-cellularity cases were excluded, with AUC ranging from 0.94 to 0.99 and Gwet's AC1 = 0.79 (95% CI: 0.61-0.98). Conclusion p16 IHC performed on cytology CBs can serve as a surrogate marker for the detection of HPV with high sensitivity and specificity levels. Using a threshold lower than that recommended for surgical pathology for the interpretation of p16 positivity may be appropriate for FNA cytology CB preparations. All cytopathologists in our study displayed reproducible high sensitivity and specificity values at the >10% threshold.
Psychotherapy with Adolescent Girls and Young Women: Fostering Autonomy through Attachment

The Mother-daughter Bond and its Implications for Understanding the Therapeutic Relationship. Embracing Resistance and Building Attachment. When Parents Collude with Their Daughter's Resistance. Challenging Resistance While Sustaining Attachment. The Going Gets Tough When the Patient Gets Angry. When Attachment to a Therapist is Not Therapeutic: Recognizing Malignant Regression. Beyond Idealization: Fostering Genuine Intimacy and Mutuality. Repetition as a Path to New Experience. Allowing for Attachment After Therapy Ends.
Cognitive and motor function after administration of hydrocodone bitartrate plus ibuprofen, ibuprofen alone, or placebo in healthy subjects with exercise-induced muscle damage: a randomized, repeated-dose, placebo-controlled study.

Rationale Medications combining hydrocodone bitartrate and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents appear more beneficial than anti-inflammatory medications alone in treating pain and inflammation from acute soft tissue trauma, but opiate side effects may include sedation and impaired cognitive and motor performance.
Studies on ubiquinone. The isolation and identification of 5-demethoxyubiquinone-9 as an intermediate in biosynthesis of ubiquinone-9 in the rat.

Abstract A previously unidentified nonsaponifiable metabolite of p-hydroxybenzoate in liver slices, postulated to be an intermediate in the biosynthesis of ubiquinone, has been isolated. This metabolite, like ubiquinone, was labeled in liver slices when incubated with [U-14C]benzoate, 4-hydroxy[G-3H]benzoate, [Me-14C]methionine, and [2-14C]mevalonate. The time course of incorporation of radioactivity from benzoate into the unknown lipid and into ubiquinone was consistent with a precursor-product relationship between the 4-hydroxybenzoate metabolite and ubiquinone. This metabolite has been purified from the nonsaponifiable lipids of rat liver and analyzed by spectrometry. On the basis of its mass spectrum, ultraviolet absorption spectrum, and chromatographic properties, the unknown compound was identified as 5-demethoxyubiquinone-9 and its structure proven by synthesis. 5-Demethoxyubiquinone-6 and ubiquinone-6 were isolated from a crude sample of ubiquinone obtained from Saccharomyces cerevisae. Synthetic 5-demethoxyubiquinone-9, labeled in the methoxyl group with 3H, and the biosynthesized 5-demethoxyubiquinone-9, labeled with 14C in liver slices, were both converted to ubiquinone-9 by the isolated, perfused rat liver. It is concluded that the synthesis of ubiquinone-9 in rat liver occurs via 5-demethoxyubiquinone-9.
Cytoskeletal dynamics of the zebrafish embryo.

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the dynamic changes in the organization and function of the cytoskeletal components during early zebrafish embryogenesis. It focuses on actin microfilaments in egg and zygote and microtubules during cleavage stages and gastrulation. Gastrulation involves a set of stereotyped cellular rearrangements including epiboly, involution/ingression, and convergent extension. These concurrent morphogenetic processes create the three-germ-layer organization of the embryo, place tissues, and organ rudiments in the proper position for further inductive interactions and development, and are the major forces underlying the change in the embryonic shape. Although the entire spectrum of morphogenetic cellular behaviors involved in vertebrate embryogenesis is still not known, directed cell migration, cell shape changes, cell intercalation, and oriented cell divisions are important components. In other systems, both intracellular morphogenetic processes and cellular morphogenetic behaviors employ cytoskeletal systems of microfilaments, microtubules, and intermediate filament. The chapter also reviews the first experiments analyzing cytoskeletal dynamics within cells of living zebrafish embryos. It surveys available methods for staining actin filaments and microtubules in fixed material, and provides an overview of drug and physical treatments interfering with different cytoskeletal functions during embryogenesis.
Environmental Contamination and House Values

A house is a bundle of many goods: The number of bedrooms, bathrooms, the quality of local public services, the tidiness of a neighbor’s yard, and the quality of the local environment. If transactions in the housing market reflect the interaction of informed buyers and sellers, then the price that the house sells for is the sum of the prices the buyer is willing to pay for each individual characteristic of the house. It is this notion that motivates environmental economists to study property values. If individuals consider the local environment as a component of the house they purchase, then information on the house and its sales price allows researchers to ‘tease out’ the price that individuals would be willing to pay for environmental goods. This approach relies on the use of the hedonic price model.
Israel: National Security Decision-Making in a Leaky Political Fishbowl

The article is a first attempt to systematically assess the impact of leaks on Israeli decision-making. Five major cases were studied on three levels: whether leaks affected the process, policies adopted, and outcomes. Leaks had a strong impact in two cases, but not on the policies adopted, or outcomes, in any of the cases analyzed. As a tentative conclusion, most leaks are about Israel's broad strategic thinking and the politics thereof, rather than hard information. The primary impact is on process, important in itself, not substance.
The growth of iron oxide films on Pt(111): a combined XPD, STM, and LEED study

Abstract The three complementary surface structure probes of X-ray photoelectron diffraction (XPD), scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), and low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) have been combined in a single instrument. This experimental system has been utilized to study the growth of iron oxide films on Pt(111) over the thickness range from 0.75 to 3.00 monolayers (ML). Each film was formed by first depositing an overlayer of pure Fe with a certain coverage in ML (ranging from 0.75 ML to 3.00 ML) and then thermally oxidizing the Fe at a temperature of 980 K and in an oxygen pressure of 4×10−6 Torr. For films up to ∼1 ML in thickness, a bilayer of Fe and O similar to those in bulk FeO parallel to a (111) plane formed. In agreement with a prior STM and LEED study by Galloway et al., we find this bilayer to be an incommensurate oxide film forming a lateral superlattice or Moire structure with short- and long-range periodicities of ∼3.1 and 26.0 A. From the XPD data, in addition, it can be concluded that the topmost oxygen layer is highly relaxed inward by ∼0.6 A as compared to the bulk FeO (111) interplanar spacing, and that the stacking of the topmost O atoms with respect to the underlying Pt is dominated by one of two structurally very similar possibilities. It is furthermore necessary to consider interactions over at least four atomic layers (O, Fe, and the first two Pt layers) to explain this dominance of one stacking type. For thicker iron oxide films from 1.25 to 3.0 ML, the growth mode is essentially Stranski–Krastanov: iron oxide islands form on top of the FeO(111) bilayer mentioned above. For iron oxide films of 3.0 ML thickness, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) yields an Fe 2p3/2 binding energy and an Fe:O stoichiometry consistent with the presence of Fe3O4. XPD data further prove this overlayer to be Fe3O4(111)-magnetite in two almost equally populated domains with a 180° rotation between them. The structural parameters for this Fe3O4 overlayer generally agree with those of a previous LEED study, except that we do not find a terminating partial monolayer of Fe and arrive at a significant difference in the first Fe–O interplanar spacing. Overall, this work demonstrates the considerable benefits to be derived by using this particular set of complementary surface structure probes in such epitaxial growth studies.
Ependymomas: Development of Immunotherapeutic Strategies

Ependymomas are among the most challenging childhood brain tumors. Although 50–70% of ependymomas are cured with surgery and irradiation, a significant percentage of tumors recur. Ependymomas that are not amenable to complete resection at diagnosis have a particularly poor prognosis, and the vast majority of affected children experience tumor recurrence. Although transient responses have been observed in recurrent tumors treated with re-irradiation and several chemotherapy regimens, long-term disease control is rarely achieved. Children with recurrent disease commonly experience cumulative neurological morbidity from repeated surgical and adjuvant therapy interventions and almost universally succumb to refractory tumor progression. Accordingly, conceptually new treatment approaches are needed, both to decrease the risk of tumor recurrence and to enhance disease control in those children who experience recurrent disease. This article reviews the current application of risk-based treatment stratification at...
Wildlife Population Increases in Serengeti National Park

In their Brevia “Effective enforcement in a conservation area” (24 Nov. 2006, p. [1266][1]), R. Hillborn et al. report that antipoaching efforts led to increased wildlife populations in the Serengeti National Park. Although these results are compelling, we are not convinced that the documented
Compensating for the absence of selenocysteine in high-molecular weight thioredoxin reductases: the electrophilic activation hypothesis.

Mammalian thioredoxin reductase (TR) is a pyridine disulfide oxidoreductase that uses the rare amino acid selenocysteine (Sec) in place of the more commonly used amino acid cysteine (Cys). Selenium is a Janus-faced element because it is both highly nucleophilic and highly electrophilic. Cys orthologs of Sec-containing enzymes may compensate for the absence of a Sec residue by making the active site Cys residue more (i) nucleophilic, (ii) electrophilic, or (iii) reactive by increasing both S-nucleophilicity and S-electrophilicity. It has already been shown that the Cys ortholog TR from Drosophila melanogaster (DmTR) has increased S-nucleophilicity [Gromer, S., Johansson, L., Bauer, H., Arscott, L. D., Rauch, S., Ballou, D. P., Williams, C. H., Jr., Schrimer, R. H., and Arner, E. S (2003) Active sites of thioredoxin reductases: Why selenoproteins? Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 100, 12618–12623]. Here we present evidence that DmTR also enhances the electrophilicity of Cys490 through the use of an “electrophi...
Demonstration of remarkable sequence divergence in variants of a complex satellite DNA by molecular cloning.

Abstract Repeat units of a complex G + C-rich satellite of the Bermuda land crab have been cloned by insertion into either the PstI or EcoRI site of pBR322 or the EcoRI site of pUC9. While most of the recombinants contained inserts of approx. 2.1 kb, the average size of repeat units seen in cellular satellite digests, several inserts were markedly different in size. Two domains that account for major sequence differences among the satellite variants and that may be ‘hotspots’ for sequence modification have been subcloned to permit characterization of their secondary and tertiary structures independent of the influence of the other unusual sequences present. One of these domains is striking in its content of simple repeats; one strand is highly biased in pyrimidines which may permit the formation of unusual secondary and/or tertiary conformations. The other subcloned domain is rich in Pu/Py; preliminary data indicate a transition from B→Z DNA in this region.
Recovery of Rat Nasal Mucosa from the Effects of Aminopeptidase Inhibitors

Aminopeptidase inhibitors may be useful for improving the systemic bioavailability of peptide drugs administered nasally or by other routes. Preferably, their effects would be rapidly reversible. The recovery of peptide hydrolytic activity after exposure of the rat nasal cavity to various aminopeptidase inhibitors was evaluated. Leucine enkephalin (0.1 mM) was used as a model peptide which is predominantly metabolized by aminopeptidases nasally. All experiments involved in situ perfusion of the rat nasal cavity with leucine enkephalin and the inhibitor for 90 min, followed by a washout with saline, and finally a second experimental phase of perfusion with leucine enkephalin but no inhibitor. Boroleucine (0.1 μM) was a potent inhibitor of leucine enkephalin metabolism, and, after its removal, the leucine enkephalin metabolism rate returned to control levels. Much higher concentrations of bestatin (0.1 mM) and puromycin (1 mM) did not inhibit leucine enkephalin metabolism as much as did boroleucine. Furthermore, when these inhibitors were washed out, the rates of leucine enkephalin disappearance rebounded to higher than control levels. With bestatin this could have been partially due to membrane disruption, as evidenced by significantly increased protein concentrations in the perfusates. However, protein release was much lower than that caused by sodium glycocholate, a nasal membrane permeation enhancer. In considering the use of peptidase inhibitors as pharmaceutical adjuvants for peptide drugs, the aminoboronic acid derivatives, including boroleucine, have the advantages of efficacy at very low concentrations and reversibility of effects.