cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Expression of Monocyte Chemotactic Protein-3 Following Simulated Birth Trauma in a Murine Model of Obesity

Objective To determine the effect of obesity on simulated birth trauma in leptin-deficient obese mice as measured by relative monocyte chemotactic protein 3 (MCP-3) expression. Materials and Methods A total of 25 wild-type and 25 obese C57BL/6 virgin female mice underwent 1 hour of vaginal distension (VD), sham VD, or anesthesia without VD. Pelvic organ tissues were then harvested either immediately or 24-hours post VD and subsequent real-time polymerase chain reacton analysis was performed. Results Urethral MCP-3 levels in wild-type mice were elevated from baseline at 0 hours with a return to baseline at 24 hours in both VD and sham VD groups. In obese mice, there was a 6-fold elevation in MCP-3 levels at 0 hours after sham VD vs control ( P P = .002) at 0 hours, with continued elevation in MCP-3 levels to 15 times control levels ( P = .0003) at 24 hours. Conclusions MCP-3 is significantly over-expressed in the urethral tissues of both wild-type and obese mice immediately after any urethral manipulation. At 24 hours, the MCP-3 expression patterns become divergent between VD and sham VD in obese mice. With a greater degree of trauma, MCP-3 continued to rise at 24 hours, suggesting that the underlying obesity resulted in alterations in response to tissue injury, paralleling the degree of injury. Such associations warrant further investigation into the role of MCP-3 as a chemokine for stem cell migration, with implications for subsequent tissue repair mechanisms after birth trauma.
The dimeric nature of the gramicidin A transmembrane channel: Conductance and fluorescence energy transfer studies of hybrid channels

Abstract Gramicidin A, a linear peptide antibiotic, makes membranes permeable to alkali cations and hydrogen ions by forming transmembrane channels. We report here conductance and fluorescence energy transfer studies of channels containing two kinds of gramicidin. These studies of hybrid channels were designed to determine the number of molecules in a channel. The gramicidins studied were gramicidin A, dansyl gramicidin C, the p-phenylazobenzene sulfonyl derivative of gramicidin C (PABS § gramicidin C), and the 4-(diethylamino)-phenylazobenzene-4-sulfonyl chloride derivative of gramicidin C (DPBS gramicidin C). The dansyl, PABS and DPBS groups were linked to the hydroxyl group of tyrosine 11 in gramicidin C. The single-channel conductance of PABS gramicidin C in planar bilayer membranes is 0.68 that of gramicidin A. Membranes containing both PABS gramicidin C and gramicidin A exhibit three kinds of channels: a pure gramicidin A, a pure PABS gramicidin C channel, and a hybrid channel with an intermediate conductance (0.82 that of gramicidin A). The dependence of the frequencies of these three kinds of channels on the mole fractions of gramicidin A and PABS gramicidin C in the membrane-forming solution fits a dimer model. Fluorescence energy transfer was used as a complementary means of ascertaining the frequency of hybrid channels. Dansyl gramicidin C was the fluorescent energy donor and DPBS gramicidin C was the energy acceptor. The efficiency of energy transfer between these chromophores in hybrid channels in liposomes was 75%. The relative quantum yield of the dansyl fluorescence was measured as a function of the mole fraction of DPBS gramicidin C. These fluorescence studies, like the single-channel conductance measurements, showed that there are two molecules of gramicidin in a channel. The study of hybrid species by conductance and fluorescence techniques should be generally useful in elucidating the subunit structure of oligomeric assemblies in membranes.
Abstract A17: Regulation of EGFR: Stat3 signaling by Mig6 is required for metastatic outgrowth in triple-negative breast cancer

Stat3 is an oncogene that enriches for tumor initiating breast cancer cells. Stat3 activity is driven by numerous signaling inputs, including those initiated by EGFR. Herein we shown that Stat3 is critically involved in EGFR-driven tumorigenesis as EGFR molecules harboring a mutation in the juxtamembrane domain that specifically prevents activation of Stat3 fail to transform mammary epithelial cells. Using this model of EGFR transformation, we previously established that the induction of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) enhances pulmonary tumor formation. Surprisingly, EMT drastically diminishes the capacity of EGFR to signal to Stat3. Indeed, using the MCF-10A progression series, we show that constitutive activation of Stat3 is consistent with the acquisition of a mesenchymal phenotype but independent of EGFR activity. As a compensatory mechanism, we find that EMT increases the expression and ability of fibronectin to directly activate Stat3 in an EGFR-independent, Jak2-dependent manor. Indeed, human triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells that fail to activate Stat3 in response to EGF robustly activate Stat3 upon fibronectin adhesion. Consistent with these results, TNBC outgrowth in pulmonary 3D-organotypic cultures is enhanced by the addition of fibronectin, a process that is absolutely dependent on β1-integrin, Jak2 and Stat3, but independent of EGFR. Underscoring the importance of this switch from EGFR-mediated to fibronectin-mediated Stat3 activation in metastatic TNBC cells, we demonstrate that shRNA-mediated diminution of the EGFR inhibitory molecule MIG6 results in increased apoptosis and consequently, decreased pulmonary tumor formation by TNBC cells. Our data clearly demonstrate that matrix-initiated signaling is sufficient to drive Stat3 activation, a reaction that likely contributes to the resistance of metastatic TNBCs to molecular therapies, particularly those that target EGFR. Citation Format: Mike K. Wendt, Nikolas Balanis, Barbara Schiemann, Cathleen Carlin, William Schiemann. Regulation of EGFR: Stat3 signaling by Mig6 is required for metastatic outgrowth in triple-negative breast cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Tumor Invasion and Metastasis; Jan 20-23, 2013; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(3 Suppl):Abstract nr A17.
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis induced by a high-fat diet promotes diethylnitrosamine-initiated early hepatocarcinogenesis in rats.

It has been suggested that patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) have a high risk for liver cancer. However, it is unknown whether high-fat diet induced NASH promotes hepatocarcinogenesis. In the present study, Sprague-Dawley rats were injected with a low dose of hepatic carcinogen diethylnitrosamine (DEN) and then fed either Lieber-DeCarli control diet (CD) or high-fat diet (HFD) for 6 weeks. Liver histology and the hepatic placental form of glutathione S-transferase (P-GST) positive foci were examined. Expression levels of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), cyclinD1, phosphorylated MAPK including extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and p38, as well as TNF-α and NF-κB were measured in the liver. Induction of lipid peroxidation end products (malondialdehyde plus 4-hydroxynonenal) in liver and apoptotic hepatocytes were also assessed. Results showed that HFD-fed rats developed significantly higher incidence and multiplicity of P-GST positive foci along with more fat accumulation, infiltration of inflammatory cells and higher lipid peroxidation in the liver, as compared with rats fed the CD. This high prevalence of hepatic lesions in the liver was accompanied by greater PCNA expression and cyclinD1 protein concentration but little change in hepatocyte apoptosis. HFD feeding elevated hepatic phosphorylated ERK but reduced phosphorylated p38 as compared with the CD feeding. In addition, a significantly higher expression of TNF-α mRNA and nuclear NF-κB p65 protein were observed in HFD group than those in CD group. These data clearly demonstrate that NASH induced by high-fat diet promoted DEN-initiated early hepatocarcinogenesis, which was associated with elevated TNF-α/NF-κB signaling and MAPK related hepatocyte proliferation.
Interference between Japanese B encephalitis virus and Western equine encephalomyelitis virus in the rat.

SummaryIf Japanese B encephalitis virus is instilled into the noses of 3- to 4-week-old rats 72 hours prior to the inoculation of Western equine encephalomyelitis virus by the same route a high percentage of the animals resist infection with the latter virus. If one inoculation of Japanese B virus preceded the Western equine virus 50% of the rats survived whereas 67% of the animals survived when 3 inoculations of Japanese B virus preceded the equine encephalomyelitis virus. Rats which survived when equine encephalomyelitis virus was instilled into their noses 72 hours following inoculation of Japanese B encephalitis virus by the same route were found to be susceptible to a second intranasal inoculation of equine encephalomyelitis virus.
Clinical importance of pain and stress in preterm neonates

Clinical and laboratory investigations of neonatal pain suggest that preterm neonates have an increased sensitivity to pain and that acute painful stimuli lead to the development of prolonged periods of hyperalgesia. Non-noxious stimuli during these periods of hyperalgesia may expose preterm neonates to established or chronic pain. Acute physiologic changes caused by painful or stressful stimuli can be implicated as important factors in the causation or subsequent extension of early intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) or the ischemic changes leading to periventricular leukomalacia (PVL). Therapeutic interventions that provide comfort/analgesia in preterm neonates were correlated with a decreased incidence of severe IVH. Long-term follow-up studies of preterm neonates may substantiate the preliminary data associating repetitive painful experiences with some of the neurobehavioral and developmental sequelae resulting from neonatal intensive care.
Rate of wind abrasion on Mars

A brief description is given of the experiments performed to obtain data on windblown particles and abrasion of rocks in a simulated Martian environment. Preliminary results are presented and combined with Viking meteorological data in estimating rates of wind abrasion at the VL-1 site on Mars. Attention is also given to the implications that the results have for Martian surface history. Calculations of the present rates of abrasion by windblown particles on Mars yield values ranging from 0.021 cm/yr to nearly zero, depending on the target, the agent of abrasion, and the availability of windblown particles.
Heart rate adjustment of ST depression in patients with coronary disease and negative standard exercise tests

Heart rate (HR) adjustment of ST depression (STD) has been shown to correctly classify exercise test findings in up to 85% of normal subjects and patients with "equivocal" electrocardiographic (ECG) responses (> or =100 microV upsloping STD), but the performance of these methods in patients with truly negative ECG responses ( or =1.6 microV/bpm) in 27 of 54 patients (50%) when STD was adjusted for the change in HR during exercise. Compared with patients with normal values for HR-adjusted STD, patients with an abnormal ST/HR index were slightly older (64 vs. 58 years, P or =2.4 microV/bpm) by the more complex linear regression method. Therefore, HR adjustment of STD contributes to the improved sensitivity of the exercise ECG by correct classification of some patients with truly negative standard tests. The magnitude of subthreshold STD and the extent of HR change with exercise both contribute to improved test performance. The increased sensitivity afforded by HR adjustment of STD highlights the importance of the precise measurement of subthreshold STD that is afforded by computerized ECG during exercise testing.
Neutral temperature anomaly in the equatorial thermosphere‐A source of vertical winds

Data obtained from the Wind and Temperature Spectrometer on the Dynamics Explorer during high solar activity show new evidence for the presence of vertical winds of a significant magnitude in the equatorial thermosphere. They reveal a latitudinal structure that can be related to the recently discovered equatorial temperature and wind anomaly (ETWA). In the local evening hours, the vertical winds usually are downward around the dip equator and collocated with the temperature minimum of ETWA. In general, they are upward at about 24 deg dip latitude away from the dip equator and are collocated with the ETWA temperature crests. The magnitude of the vertical winds is in the 10-40 m/s range. It is proposed that the temperature and pressure ridges, formed by the excess ion drag on the zonal winds around the two crests and ordered by the relatively lower ion drag at the trough of the well known equatorial ionization anomaly, drive a new wind system in the meridional plane and that the measured vertical winds form part of this wind system.
An Analysis of the Variability of Fish Populations Taken by Otter Trawl in Biscayne Bay, Florida

Abstract Three bottom habitats in Biscayne Bay were sampled by 120 trawl samples taken during both day and night from April to August 1963. Daylight samples contained 1,391 fishes representing 41 species. Night samples contained 1,440 fishes and 49 species. The number of species per sample followed a Poisson distribution, the number of individuals per sample followed a negative binomial distribution, and the number of individuals per species followed Fisher's logarithmic series. The following generalizations apply to both number of species and number of individuals. More fishes were taken in the Thalassia area than in the Thalassia-sand area, which in turn had more than the mud-sand area. More were taken at night than during the day. Tidal direction had no significant effect. Analysis of data on the sample variance for paired 2-minute samples showed that seven to eight replicates are needed to detect a difference of five species and 10 samples are needed to detect a 10% change in the number of individuals...
In vivo expression and function of the sodium iodide symporter following gene transfer in the MATLyLu rat model of metastatic prostate cancer.

BACKGROUND The sodium iodide symporter (NIS) mediates iodide uptake in thyroid follicular cells and provides a mechanism for effective radioiodide treatment of residual, recurrent, and metastatic thyroid cancers. This study investigated the clinical applications of NIS gene transfer for prostate cancer using the MATLyLu metastatic rat model. METHODS MATLyLu cells expressing NIS were injected subcutaneously in Copenhagen rats, which developed metastases in lymph nodes and lungs. NIS protein expression was evaluated by Western blot and immunohistochemistry, and function was measured by tissue gamma counts and whole-body imaging following radionuclide administration. RESULTS In vitro radioiodide-concentrating activity was increased up to 72-fold in a mixed population of MATLyLu-hNIS cells. NIS protein expression was confirmed in subcutaneous MATLyLu-hNIS tumors by immunohistochemistry and Western blot. Gamma counts of subcutaneous MATLyLu-hNIS tumors were 23-fold higher than parental MATLyLu tumors and radionuclide uptake in subcutaneous MATLyLu-hNIS tumors and lymph node metastases was visualized by whole-body image analysis. CONCLUSIONS NIS expression by a proportion of cells in a population was sufficient to confer radionuclide-concentrating function in subcutaneous and metastatic MATLyLu tumors. Ablation of residual normal and neoplastic prostate tissues by radioiodide after prostate-restricted NIS gene transfer might be a novel adjuvant therapy to prostatectomy for the treatment of advanced prostate cancer. Prostate 50: 170–178, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
PAMAMOS: The first commercial silicon‐containing dendrimers and their applications

The world of dendrimers presently encompasses several thousands of publications, including scientific papers and patents, several hundreds of different compositions, but only a few commercially available families of products (i.e. polyamidoamines (PAMAMs), until recently polypropyleneimines, and phosphorus-containing dendrimers) This is the story of PAMAMOS, which recently became the first commercially available silicon-containing dendrimers, and how we journeyed from our initial idea to the point of their commercialization. It focuses on three unique features of these new dendrimers: their ability to form precisely defined nano-structured, honeycomb-like, 2D or 3D networks; the amazing usefulness of these networks for the preparation of a variety of nanocomplexes and nancomposites; and some of the new vistas that these materials open up for engineering nanotechnology applications. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 2755–2773, 2006
An improved method for precise control of light exposure at a known circadian time during an animal's subjective night.

Ferraro, J.S., J.L. Antonakas and J.M. Hallam. An improved method for precise control of light exposure at a known circadian time during an animal’s subjective night. Physiol Behav 63(4) 717–721, 1998. The paper describes an electronic device that improves the feedback lighting (LDFB) developed previously. LDFB links environmental lighting conditions to locomotor or other monitored behavior. Subjective Night Light (SNL) has the following advantages over LDFB: it eliminates the multiple transitions between light and dark; it allows for precise control over lighting so that a light signal of variable duration can be phase locked to any phase of the subjective night; it dissociates to a much greater extent any potential cognitive perception of the link between locomotor activity and lighting; and it can be programmed easily. Finally, SNL retains the significant advantage of LDFB in its ability to maintain phase relationship with the endogenous biologic rhythms even in circumstances of phase-shifting or free-running conditions. The SNL system is made from components that can be purchased at most electronics outlets for less than US$100.
Some Results Related to the Concepts of Products

Presents results concerning products, Cartesian products and direct products of general systems. The results are divided into three categories, according to input‐output property, connectedness, and embeddability. Discusses the application of products to building larger, and more useful, structures, giving examples and outstanding problems.
Acute triangulation of a triangle in a general setting revisited

Axiom A16 from Pambuccian (Can. Math. Bull. 53, 534–541, 2010) is shown to be superfluous as it depends on axioms A1–A15. This provides a surprisingly simple axiom system in which the acute triangulation with seven triangles can be proved for any triangle, consisting only of A1–A15 in Pambuccian (Can. Math. Bull. 53, 534–541, 2010).
Matrix Remodeling Accompanies In Vitro Articular Cartilage Shaping

Articular cartilage (AC) supports and distributes loads in synovial joints while maintaining a nearly frictionless surface. Successful replacement of large AC defects with an osteochondral graft requires an appropriate geometrical match with the defect region.1 In AC, collagen (COL) provides tensile support to the tissue, and glycosaminoglycans (GAG) provide a fixed negative charge that produce swelling and contribute to the compressive properties of the tissue.2 Previous studies (Fig. 1) have shown that 4 days of bending can reshape immature AC, but without a change in the total COL and GAG concentrations.3 We hypothesized that more localized COL and/or GAG remodeling occurs during AC reshaping and may support the shape change. The objective of this study was to determine the presence, magnitude and depth-dependence of COL and GAG remodeling that accompany the shape change of AC.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Flawed But Noble: Desegregation Litigation and its Implications for the Modern Class Action

As revised in 1966, Rule 23 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure requires that class members in money damages suits receive notice and an opportunity to opt out. Class members in injunctive relief suits do not enjoy these procedural rights. No consensus explanation for this difference, which implicates the class action’s constitutional foundation, has prevailed. Using previously-overlooked primary sources, I provide a history of both class action doctrine before 1966 and the labors of the authors of the 1966 revision to determine why they structured the rule the way they did. The answer is startling. No purely procedural, trans-substantive justification exists to explain why they eschewed procedural rights for injunctive relief suits. Rather, the 1966 authors did so to assist plaintiffs prosecuting desegregation suits in the Deep South. The substance-specific origins of at least part of Rule 23 call into question foundational aspects of current class action doctrine.
Ovine Luteinizing Hormone–Induced Steroid and Luteinizing Hormone Secretion, and Ovulation in Intact and Pregnant Mare Serum Gonadotropin–Primed Hens

Abstract Studies were conducted to investigate the effect of ovine luteinizing hormone (LH) treatment on steroid and LH secretion and ovulation in intact, saline-primed hens and in pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMSG)-primed hens. Intact, saline-primed hens, injected 12 hr prior to the first (C1) ovulation of the sequence, responded with fully potentiated preovulatory surges of progesterone (P4) (peak value was 371% above preinjection values), estradiol-17β (E2) (117% above baseline), LH (220% above baseline), and premature ovulation. By comparison, those hens injected at the same time prior to the second (C2) ovulation responded with a lesser increase in plasma P4 (peak value was 305% above baseline) and E2 (72% above baseline), and there was no significant increase in plasma LH. Within this group, 4 of 5 hens failed to ovulate prematurely. All groups of PMSG-primed hens had significantly higher preinjection concentrations of P4 and E2, and lower basal concentrations of LH, compared to saline-primed hens. Subsequent to treatment of PMSG-primed hens with 25 or 100 μg ovine LH, there was a significant increase in plasma P4 to approximately 200% above preinjection concentrations. By contrast, there was a nonsignificant increase in plasma LH (50% above baseline values) and no significant increase in plasma E2. The ovulatory response following PMSG-priming was greatest in hens injected with 100 μg ovine LH (5 of 5 hens ovulated), while 3 of 5 hens injected with 25 μg ovine LH and 6 of 6 saline-challenged hens failed to ovulate. It was concluded: 1) that the inability to induce premature ovulation when ovine LH is injected 12 hr prior to a C2 ovulation is due to the inability of the follicle(s) to release sufficient concentrations of steroid to initiate and maintain a positive feedback interaction with LH; and 2) that PMSG-priming alters the steroid-producing capabilities of the preovulatory follicles and the ability to secrete LH.
Consumer acceptance of broiler breast fillets marinated with varying levels of salt

Marination is an increasingly popular trend in the meat industry for meat quality enhancement. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects different levels of salt in marinated poultry breast meat on consumer acceptance. A total of 100 broiler carcasses were deboned at 5 h postmortem, and breast fillets were marinated with 1 of 4 concentrations of salt: 0.5, 0.75, 1, and 1.25%. All marinated treatments had 0.45% phosphate concentration. A nonmarinated control was also included. Sensory evaluations of left fillets for moistness, texture, tenderness, saltiness, flavor, and overall impression were obtained on all treatments using hedonic and just about right (JAR) scales. Instrumental tenderness analysis was conducted on right fillets using Meullenet-Owens Razor Shear analysis methods. Hedonic data showed no significant difference in the marinated products (0.5 to 1.25% salt) for overall impression, flavor, and texture. However, according to the JAR scale, as the percentage of salt in the formulation increased (0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 1.25%), the percentage of consumers who considered the product as not salty enough generally decreased. The products with the greater concentrations of salt (1.0 and 1.25%) resulted in high percentages of consumers who considered the product too salty. For juiciness and tenderness, a large percentage (>70%) of the consumers considered 0.5, 0.75, and 1.0% treatments to be JAR. Greater than 20% of consumers considered fillets marinated with 1% or greater salt concentration as too salty. Fillets marinated with lower levels of salt (0.5 and 0.75%) were considered JAR for saltiness by most consumers, whereas very few consumers considered the fillets to be too salty. Using instrumental tenderness analysis, salt concentrations above 1.0% were more tender than other treatments; however, all marinated treatments were significantly more tender than nonmarinated controls. These results suggest that using low salt concentrations, 0.5 to 0.75%, is appropriate for marination of postrigor broiler breast meat to obtain desirable quality attributes.
Branding the Divine: Albrech Dürer’s Praying Hands and the Branding of Iconography

In 1508, artist Albrech Durer sketched a life-study of a pair of hands clasped in prayer. Over 500 years later, the Betende Hande can be found all over the United States in the form of knickknacks in private homes and civic statues, and online. The phenomenon is an interesting case study of popular religion, consumer culture, and the intersections of pub- lic and private worship. Using a blend of advertising and branding theory and iconographic theory, this paper proposes to illuminate the ways that the Praying Hands of Durer became a lasting symbol of popular devotion across a wide range of media.
Aging and the saturation of colors. 2. Scaling of color appearance

Saturation of two sets of stimuli was scaled by 21 color-normal observers (ten younger and 11 older observers, mean ages: 30 and 73 years). Circular fields, 1.2° in diameter, were presented in Maxwellian view as 1.5-s flashes with 3-s interstimulus intervals. Stimuli were mixtures of broadband light [CIE(x, y)=(0.35, 0.39), 200 trolands (td)] and monochromatic light (420–700 nm, 50 td). Monochromatic lights were equated by the 1978 2° fundamental observer’s luminosity function in one set of stimuli [ J. J. Vos , Color Res. Appl.3, 125 (1978)] and by each observer’s heterochromatic flicker photometry function in the other set of stimuli. Comparing the two age groups reveals no sizable differences in saturation for either set of stimuli, neither supporting nor refuting neural compensation for age-related increases in ocular media density (OMD). Examining short-wavelength saturation as a continuous function of estimated OMD reveals a more complicated pattern of results, however, suggesting substantial compensation over a certain range of OMD values but incomplete compensation for observers with the highest OMD values.
Left Ventricular Vortex Ring Dynamics and Their Association to Early Diastolic Filling

Diastolic dysfunction is the impairment of the filling in the left ventricle. Patients with left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (LVDD) lose the ability to adjust left ventricular filling properties without increasing left atrial pressure [1]. Although LVDD is very prevalent, it currently remains difficult to diagnose due to inherent atrioventricular compensatory mechanisms including increased heart rate, increased left ventricular (LV) contractility, and increased left atrial (LA) pressure. Although variations within the early diastolic filling velocity have been previously observed [2], the physical mechanism for the deceleration of the early filling wave is not understood.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Adaptive integral method with fast Gaussian gridding

The solution of integral equations pertinent to the analysis of electromagnetic scattering problems via the method of moments (MOM) calls for the solution of linear systems of equations of order N, where N is the number of basis functions used in the expansion of the scatterer current. The classical (i.e. nonaccelerated) iterative solution of adequately preconditioned MOM system requires memory and CPU resources of O(N2). The adaptive integral method (AIM) [1] reduces these memory and CPU requirements to O(N1.5)+gammaO(N) and O(N1.5logN), respectively; these estimates are for surface scatterers. Here, the first and the second terms in the memory requirement estimate are due to the storage of matrices and vectors needed for fast Fourier transform (FFT) and the AIM mapping coefficients, respectively. When using conventional AIM mapping methods, i.e. those based on far-field [2, 3] and moment matching [1], gamma scales as O(M3), where M is the number of AIM mapping coefficients per source/basis function along each dimension. When large M are needed to ensure high accuracies, the gammaO(N) mapping component of the schemepsilas memory requirements often overtakes its O(N1.5) FFT component, eventually prohibiting the use of AIM for analyzing electrically large problems. In this work, we propose a new technique that incorporates fast Gaussian gridding [4, 5], a recently developed scheme for computing type I nonuniform FFTs (NUFFTs) with low memory requirements, with AIM. In the proposed technique gamma is of O(1), that is, it no longer scales with O(M3) as in classical AIM schemes.
Galectin-1 signaling in leukocytes requires expression of complex-type N-glycans

Dimeric galectin-1 (dGal-1) is a homodimeric lectin with multiple proposed functions. Although dGal-1 binds to diverse glycans, it is unclear whether dGal-1 preferentially binds to specific subsets of glycans on cell surfaces to transmit signals. To explore this question, we selectively inhibited major glycan biosynthetic pathways in human HL60, Molt-4, and Jurkat cells. Inhibition of N-glycan processing blocked surface binding of dGal-1 and prevented dGal-1-induced Ca2+ mobilization and phosphatidylserine exposure. By contrast, inhibition of O-glycan or glycosphingolipid biosynthesis did not affect dGal-1 binding or dGal-1-induced Ca2+ mobilization and phosphatidylserine exposure. These results demonstrate that dGal-1 preferentially binds to and signals through glycoproteins containing complex-type N-glycans in at least some leukocyte subsets.
Modifying tyrosine crosslink formation in wheat dough by controlling innate enzymatic activity.

ABSTRACT Formation of the three-dimensional protein network known as “gluten” during dough mixing and breadmaking processes is extremely complex. It has been established that a specific subset of the proteins comprising the gluten complex, the glutenin subunits, directly affect breadmaking quality. Glutenin subunits have not been shown to exhibit any definitive structural differences that can be directly correlated to their ability to aggregate into the gluten complex and affect breadmaking quality. Evidence presented here indicates that tyrosine bonded species form in wheat doughs during the processes of mixing and baking and are major contributors to the structure of the gluten network. Various oxidizing and reducing agents that have been used in the baking industry directly affect tyrosine bonds. Tyrosine bonds between synthetic glutenin peptides form in vitro under baking conditions in the presence of potassium bromate and in the presence of water-soluble extract of flour. Bond structures and formation during breadmaking processes have been documented by HPLC, NMR and mass spectroscopic analyses. The formation of tyrosine crosslinks in developing wheat kernels has also been documented, shedding light on the biological mechanisms for tyrosine crosslink formation. Innate enzymes in the endosperm (flour) of wheat kernels have been isolated and characterized. Information regarding these enzymes and their ability to form dityrosine during breadmaking processes will be described. These enzymes and their functions provide necessary points of control during breadmaking processes.
Using surveys to identify stressors in generalized jobs: A direct clustering method

The objective of this research was to develop a method for identifying the tasks involved in a given general-description job and each such task's associated physiological and psychological stress factors. The resulting method consisted of a three-section survey followed by a short interview. The first two sections of the survey provide descriptive information concerning both employee demographics and the physiological burden being placed on the employees, in terms of stress exhibited on specific body parts and the severity of that stress. The third survey section and interview then focuses on identifying correlations between job task and perceived stressors. The primary benefit of the proposed method lies in its potential to identify high-risk tasks in general job categories using relatively expedient and inexpensive techniques and hence to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of on-site analysis. To evaluate the efficacy of the proposed method, a fisheries operation was considered in a pilot study. The results of this study, presented herein, identified eight high-risk tasks. Subsequent on-site analysis quantitatively verified that each of these tasks had been correctly classified by the presented method.
Root architecture in cultivated and wild lettuce (Lactuca spp.)

Root architecture is described for intact root systems of cultivated (Lactuca saliva L.) and wild (L. serriola L.) lettuce, grown for 5 to 6 weeks in greenhouse pot and cylinder experiments in coarse-textured soil. L. saliva cv. Salinas and a selfed line of L. serriola attained the same biomass at 4 to 6 weeks after planting. Root biomass allocation was also similar, but root architecture differed. In the top zone along the tap root (0 to 5 cm), Salinas tended to produce more laterals, a greater total root length, and more external links (segments that originate at a branch point and end in a meristem) than wild lettuce. In the 5 to 55cm zone of the tap root, these measures were greater in the wild species. These patterns of root structure were generally corroborated by a second cylinder study with a different pair of L. saliva and L serriola. Regressions of root structural traits were made against total root dry weight as a means to compare root architecture independently of the size of the root system. Regressions demonstrated that production of root segments differed between the two species ; for example the slope for the regression of summed external link length in the top 0 to 5 cm with total root dry weight was significantly higher for Salinas, indicating that the rate of construction in the top 0 to 5 cm was greater for cultivated than for wild lettuce. Yet, from 5cm depth to the tap root tip, the rate of construction of external link length was greater in L. serriola. For many of these types of regression, r 2 and mean slope ± SE suggested that more variation occurred in cultivated than wild lettuce, yet genetic heterogeneity was probably low within the studied taxa. Inadvertent selection may have occurred in the breeding of cultivated lettuce varieties for increased root growth in the surface zone where water and fertilizer are applied, and for greater plasticity in construction of root segments, which might maximize the efficiency of exploitation of soil moisture and nutrients.
Models of gastric hyperalgesia in the rat.

Despite the prevalence of dyspepsia, nonhuman models for study of gastric hyperalgesia are limited. We thus characterized responses to gastric distension (GD) in the absence of and after two differ...
Contractions move contents by changing the configuration of the isolated cat stomach.

To understand how contractions move gastric contents, we measured, in isolated cat stomachs, the effects of contractions on gastric length, diameters, pressures, and emptying. Movements of the stom...
Who Next, the Janitors? A Socio-Feminist Critique of the Status Hierarchy of Law Professors

This article, which was part of a symposium entitled "Dismantling Hierarchies in Legal Education", uses social inequality and feminist theories to demonstrate that American law faculties are stratified into an illegitimate and gendered hierarchy. It critiques the subjective and contrived nature of this faculty hierarchy and the various criteria used to support it. In particular, it focuses on the academy's use (and misuse) of the academic triad of scholarship, service and teaching to maintain inequality among law faculty. Finally, it challenges law professors and administrators to recognize the hierarchy and work toward greater fairness and parity in the legal academy.
Effect of a back massage and relaxation intervention on sleep in critically ill patients

Background Critically ill patients are deprived of sleep and its potential healing qualities, although many receive medications to promote sleep. No one has adequately evaluated holistic nonpharmacological techniques designed to promote sleep in critical care practice. Objectives To determine the effects of (1) a back massage and (2) combined muscle relaxation, mental imagery, and a music audiotape on the sleep of older men with a cardiovascular illness who were hospitalized in a critical care unit. Methods Sixty-nine subjects were randomly assigned to a 6-minute back massage (n=24); a teaching session on relaxation and a 7.5-minute audiotape at bedtime consisting of muscle relaxation, mental imagery, and relaxing background music (n=28); or the usual nursing care (controls, n=17). Polysomnography was used to measure 1 night of sleep for each patients. Sleep efficiency index was the primary variable of interest. One-way analysis of variance was used to test for difference in the index among the 3 groups. Results Descriptive statistics showed improved quality of sleep among the back-massage group. Initial analysis showed a significant difference among the 3 groups in sleep efficiency index. Post hoc testing with the Duncan procedure indicated a significant difference between the back-massage group and the control group; patients in the back-massage group slept more than 1 hour long than patients in the control group. However, the variance was significantly different among the 3 groups, and reanalysis of data with only 17 subjects in each group revealed no difference among groups (P=.06). Conclusions Back massage is useful for promoting sleep in critically ill older men.
Overview of the Presidential Symposium Entitled: Devolution and Its Implications for Local Communities

This is the fifth year that the Journal of Regional Analysis & Policy has published the presidential symposium, a series of invited presentations organized by the president elect at the Mid-Continent Regional Science Association annual meeting. This year’s symposium focused on the implications of the continuing trend toward the decentralization of public service responsibilities from broader units to local units of government, popularly termed devolution.
The Rice Cooker and the Renal Diet

I LIKEMY rice cooker. It makes perfect rice every time. Rice is a great food for the kidney healthy diet, it is low in potassium and sodium, it is a good source of carbohydrate and energy, and it is versatile for meal planning. Although half of the world’s population eats rice and the US consumption of rice has increased, rice is not a staple of many typical American diets. The rice cooker had its start with the Japanese army and Mitsubishi; however, it was not until Toshiba perfected the electric rice cooker to a simple shut on shut off product in the 1950s that it gained acceptance for home use. The rice cooker is now a staple appliance in Japan and many Asian countries. Asia accounts for 90% of the rice consumed globally. The Wall Street Journal states rice cookers have recently gained popularity, as it reports rice cooker aficionados, tourists, are buying high-end models in Japan. Although rice cookers range in price, size, and technologic advances, it is the simple rice cooker with its inexpensive price tag, small size of 1 to 3 cups, and its binary function of cook and warm that is the focus of this article. The simple rice cooker consists of an electric base, the removable bowl to cook the rice, a measuring cup, a lid made of tempered glass, and often a rice paddle. See Figure 1. The enclosed measuring cup is about 6 ounces, the size of the traditional Japanese rice-measuring tool. The 3-cup rice cooker, which makes up to 6 cups of cooked rice, is widely available in stores and on online for under 20 dollars. See Table 1. An online search found 1 version of a 11⁄2 cup–sized rice cooker. Rice cookers for home use can be easily found in up to 10-cup raw or 20-cup cooked sizes. An expert rice taster considered rice cooked this way as good as those made in the expensive high-end cookers. Moon writes in Today’s Dietitian that it is the dietitians’ role to introduce new cooking methods to the client inter-
The Operation of the Principle of Jus Soli and Its Affect on Immigrant Inclusion into a National Identity: An Analysis of the United States and the Dominican Republic

This paper explores how the framing of the principle jus soli affects racial and ethnic immigrant minorities inclusion into a national identity. In particular, I explore how the principle of jus soli embedded in the United States Constitution has (since 1898 in U.S. v. Wong Kim Ark, (169 U.S. 649) been judicially interpreted to allow for a more expansive legal inclusion of racial and ethnic immigrant minorities into U.S. citizenship and nationality, while on the other hand, this principle, as espoused in the Constitution of the Dominican Republic, has been judicially interpreted in a manner that tends to limit inclusion into Dominican citizenship and nationality based upon skin color. Jus soli, Latin for “right of the soil,” is a principle by which the right to nationality or citizenship is recognized to any person born on the soil of the related state. This is as opposed to the principle of jus sanguinis (Latin for “right of blood”), an approach by which nationality or citizenship is determined by blood relationship to an ancestor who is a national or citizen of the related state. The key difference between the operation of the principle jus soli in the U.S. Constitution as opposed to the Constitution of the Dominican Republic is that the U.S. Constitution provides for birthright citizenship to any person “subject to the jurisdiction” of the United States (14th Amendment, Clause 1). This allows for a more expansive legal inclusion of racial and ethnic immigrant minorities into the national community. Under the U.S. Constitutional construct, children born on U.S. soil, even to unlawfully present persons, are U.S. citizens. On the other hand, the Constitution of the Dominican Republic provides for birthright citizenship to any person except those born to individuals “that are of transit” in the Dominican Republic (Title iii, Article 11, Clause 1) Under Dominican immigration law, all non-residents are deemed to be “in-transit” – including the inauspicious category of "temporary workers," most of whom are “Black” (Haitians). In addition, the Supreme Court of the Dominican Republic has held that undocumented immigrants, the lion share of which are Black/Haitians, are also “in-transit” within the meaning of the law. Consequently, the operation of jus soli as a legal criterion for membership into Dominican nationality and citizenship is to narrowly construe its meaning in order to evade inclusion of Blacks/Haitians.
Depression of left ventricular function due to acute myocardial ischemia and its reversal after aortocoronary saphenous-vein bypass.

Abstract In six patients with the "preinfarction syndrome" due to high-grade proximal occlusion of the left (five cases) or right (one case) coronary arteries, left ventricular function was evaluat...
Factors influencing size of myocardial infarct. studies with propranolol in experimental myocardial infarction

It is theoretically possible to delay or prevent cell death in acutely ischaemic tissue. However, demonstration of the efficacy of any therapy requires knowledge of the relationship between the degree of ischaemia and the time at which different degrees of ischaemia do or do not produce cell death. We have studied the local distribution of blood flow in dog hearts with or without acute occlusion of the circumflex artery. A qualitative technique with the dye, thioflavin S, and a quantitative technique using radioactive microspheres were used. Both techniques demonstrated that collateral arterial flow occurs but that it is less in the subendocardial than in the subepicardial myocardium. After 5 min of ischaemia, the mean arterial flow was reduced from 1.06 = 0.1 to 0.15 = 0.04 ml/min/g in the inner myocardium (severe ischaemia) and to 0.25 = 0.4 ml/min/g in the outer myocardium (moderate ischaemia). Cell death first occurs in the severely-ischaemic subendocardial zone. Forty-minute temporary occlusion studies have shown that death in this zone of severe ischaemia can be delayed by pretreatment with 0.5-5.0 mg of propranolol/kg body wt. However, death in this zone cannot be prevented permanently, since necrosis occurs if the period of ischaemia is prolonged. However, propranolol therapy can delay or prevent cell death in areas of moderate ischaemia, i.e., in the mid- and outer myocardium of dogs with 24 hr permanent occlusions. The mechanism of this protective action of propranolol in ischaemic injury is unknown. (Supported in part by contract no. NIH-NHLI-72-2894).
Discovery of Novel Small Molecule Inhibitors of Cardiac Hypertrophy Using High Throughput, High Content Imaging

Chronic cardiac hypertrophy is maladaptive and contributes to the pathogenesis of heart failure. The objective of this study was to identify small molecule inhibitors of pathological cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. High content screening was performed with primary neonatal rat ventricular myocytes (NRVMs) cultured on 96-well plates and treated with a library of 3241 distinct small molecules. Non-toxic hit compounds that blocked hypertrophy in response to phenylephrine (PE) and phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) were identified based on their ability to reduce cell size and inhibit expression of atrial natriuretic factor (ANF), which is a biomarker of pathological cardiac hypertrophy. Many of the hit compounds are existing drugs that have not previously been evaluated for benefit in the setting of cardiovascular disease. One such compound, the anti-malarial drug artesunate, blocked left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and improved cardiac function in adult mice subjected to transverse aortic constriction (TAC). These findings demonstrate that phenotypic screening with primary cardiomyocytes can be used to discover anti-hypertrophic lead compounds for heart failure drug discovery. Using annotated libraries of compounds with known selectivity profiles, this screening methodology also facilitates chemical biological dissection of signaling networks that control pathological growth of the heart.
Metformin and Other Pharmaceuticals Widespread in Wadeable Streams of the Southeastern United States

Pharmaceutical contaminants are growing aquatic-health concerns and largely attributed to wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) discharges. Five biweekly water samples from 59 small Piedmont (United States) streams were analyzed for 108 pharmaceuticals and degradates using high-performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. The antidiabetic metformin was detected in 89% of samples and at 97% of sites. At least one pharmaceutical was detected at every site (median of 6, maximum of 45), and several were detected at ≥10% of sites at concentrations reported to affect multiple aquatic end points. Maximal cumulative (all detected compounds) concentrations per site ranged from 17 to 16000 ng L–1. Watershed urbanization, water table depth, soil thickness, and WWTF metrics correlated significantly with in-stream pharmaceutical contamination. Comparable pharmaceutical concentrations and detections at sites with and without permitted wastewater discharges demonstrate the importance of non-WWTF source...