cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Clinical comparison of a whole-body PET-MR system with PET-CT

609 Objectives PET-MR is a potential alternative to PET-CT. We present an evaluation in clinical patients(pts) of the first combined whole-body PET-MR unit in the US, in comparison with PET-CT. Methods After injection of F-18 FDG,36 pts had routine PET-CT at 1.2±0.4 hrs,followed by PET-MR of whole body and/or body parts at 2.7±0.9 hrs,with a Philips TF PET-MR scanner.T1 MR images for PET coregistration were segmented into air,lungs,or soft tissues for attenuation correction (atMR).The PET-CT,PET-MR,and atMR images were reviewed for clinical findings,quality,and artifacts. Results 46 of the 52 PET-MR studies(92%) were of good quality.All significant lesions on PET-CT were also seen on PET-MR. 27 of 40(68%) head images had bitemporal MR signal droput(SDO) due to headphones, and nearly all body MR images had SDO at field of view edges, with no effect on PET. 16 of 40(20%) head-neck and 12 of 37(32%) body MR images had SDO due to metallic materials.Of these,only 5 PET images were affected. 17 of 35(48%) body MR images had aortic blood motion artifacts in the lungs or liver,which caused mild PET lesions in 2 studies. 15 of 35 (43%) body MR images had motion artifacts without effect on PET. 7 of 52(13%) atMR images showed "air" artifact in the skull base,chest,or thigh,with no effect on PET. Conclusions The PET images from PET-MR were generally of good quality with identification of all lesions seen on PET-CT.The MR images were adequate for anatomical correlation for the brain, pelvis,lower extremities,and the neck,except for metallic artifacts.The MR images were of poor quality in the chest and abdomen,due to organ or blood motion artifacts.The atMR was adversely affected by occasional mistaken segmentation. These MR artifacts did not generally affect the PET images. As the challenges for atMR continue to be addressed, anatomical correlation will need to be met with additional regionally-optimized MR imaging. Research Support Philips Healthcar
On the Fractal Nature of Collision Cascades

Collision cascades induced by energetic ions are the origin of a variety of radiation effects in solids, such as those discussed in this Summer School. In this paper, a novel fractal geometry viewpoint of collision cascades is presented. The discussion is focused on the evolution of cascades to spikes.
Improving the Performance of Asynchronous Replication with Mixed-Mode Copying

IBM Scale Out Network Attached Storage (SONAS) supports asynchronous replication to copy files to a remote site for disaster recovery. In SONAS R1.3.1, We developed mixed-mode copying by combining size-based copying with directory-based copying to improve the performance of asynchronous replication for typical real-world file tree structures where large files reside in the same directory. This combined method balances the workload of copying large files and prevents the performance degradation due to concurrent copying of small files in a single directory. We verified our mixed-mode copying increased the performance of asynchronous replication by up to 148% compared to either approach by itself on both virtual and physical test environments.
Salivary Amylase Variation in Peromyscus: Use in Species Identification

Genetic variation of salivary amylase was examined within and among populations of Peromyscus maniculatus and p. leucopus . Seven electromorphs were detected, four unique to P. maniculatus and two unique to p. leucopus . a seventh variant was restricted to p. leucopus within that species’ distribution but occurred in low frequency in p. maniculatus from east-central California. Thus, positive identification of these species where they occur sympatrically is possible using only amylase phenotypes. Electromorphs are distinct, easily separable, and under simple genetic control. Because of the ease of sample collection, lack of harm to the animal, and stability of the enzyme, this electrophoretic technique may find wide application in studies of the ecology, taxonomy, and distribution of these species.
Pyrolysis Studies of Single-Source Precursors to Gallium Phosphide

New dialkylgallium dialkylphosphide compounds having the formula [(t- Bu)(R)GaPR'2]n (R = t-Bu, Me3SiC=C; R' = t-Bu, i-Pr, Et; n = 1, 2) were recently prepared and characterized. When R = R' = t-Bu, the compound is a low melting, monomeric solid. The other compounds are dimeric solids with the unsym-metrical acetylides occurring as cis and trans isomers. Polycrystalline gallium phosphide was deposited from these sources on silicon atlow pressure (0.05–0.1 Torr) and low temperature (350–600 °C) in a horizontal OMVPE reactor. The film growth was monitored by a residual gas analyzer and the by-products were trapped (N2(1)) to be later analyzed by 1H and 13C NMR. The deposited films were characterized by Raman spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, and Auger emission spectroscopy.
Oxidative Stress and Antioxidants in Exercise

Increased aerobic metabolism during exercise is a potential source of oxidative stress. In muscle, mitochondria are one important source of reactive intermediates that include superoxide (O2*-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and possibly hydroxyl radical (HO*). The recent discovery that mitochondria may generate nitric oxide (NO*) also has implications for oxidant production and mitochondrial function. In this review, we critically examine the concept that production of reactive intermediates increases during exercise. Because the health benefits of regular exercise are well-documented, we also examine adaptations to exercise that may decrease oxidative stress. These include increased antioxidant defenses, reduced basal production of oxidants, and reduction of radical leak during oxidative phosphorylation.
X-ray Absorption and NMR Studies of LiNiCoO2 Cathodes Prepared by a Participate Sol-Gel Process

We have synthesized lithiated nickel oxide-based cathode materials containing stoichiometric and excess lithium using a new low temperature colloidal paniculate sol-gel process. The process yields a xerogel precursor that transforms to the crystalline oxide at 800 °C in 2h. We studied the Li environment with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and that of the transition metal ions with x-ray absorption spectroscopy. We measured samples of LiNi1−xCoxO2, with x = 0 and 0.25. The effect on each composition of the incorporation of 5 mol % Li was also examined. The precursor material appears to have no Ni3+, as indicated x-ray absorption measurements, and is highly disordered, showing little sign of interatomic correlations beyond the nearest neighbor in extended x-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectra. The 7Li NMR line widths and spin-lattice relaxation (T1) behavior are dominated by strong interactions with the paramagnetic Ni3+. The presence of 5 % excess Li causes almost no change in NMR line width or T1 in the mixed (Ni/Co) cathode, but does produce an almost 30% reduction in line width for the pure LiNiO2, implying that Co stabilizes the structure. The near-edge x-ray absorption measurements show the local Ni environment is relatively unaffected by Co substitution, a result confirmed by EXAFS analysis. The heat-treated samples are highly ordered, and both the near-edge and extended analysis imply Co substitutes primarily for Ni2+, not Ni3+. The Jahn-Teller distortion is apparent in both the stoichiometric and Li-excess materials.
A Critical Appraisal of the NEPAD Agenda in Light of Africa's Place in the World Trade Regime in an Era of Market Centered Development

The basic argument made in this paper is that NEPAD adopts a market-centered approach to development primarily financed by flows of western aid and capital. As such, NEPAD falls short of challenging and dismantling the structures sustaining inequality, poverty and hierarchy both within and without the African state that stand in the way of Africa's sustainable development. To address these challenges that NEPAD does not address, I examine the rule structure of trade in agriculture within the WTO. To demonstrate how NEPAD could have arrived at such a strategy, I use cotton as an example to illustrate how through the elimination of huge subsidies given to U.S. and European Union (EU) farmers, would result in benefiting the economies of West and Central Africa much more than the total aid receipts to Africa from the EU and the US. Africa's marginalization in agriculture is crucial since agriculture constitutes Africa's strength and comparative advantage in the global economy. Practices such as subsidies distort and depress the global commodity markets upon which African economies are dependent. These subsidies are inconsistent with both the capitalist vision of market-centered development that industrialized countries and the multilateral economic institutions they control require African economies to adopt, as well as with the rules of the World Trade Organization (WTO). After tracing NEPAD's origins and inspirations, Part One examines three specific weaknesses of the NEPAD. These weaknesses are the manner in which NEPAD un-problematically seems to adopt lock stock and barrel a market-centered view of development; how it fails to engage with the unfairness of rules of international trade inimical to Africa and third, the problems associated with NEPAD's reliance on western aid and capital as the primary elements of its success. Part two illustrates the arguments set forth in Part one by tracing the gap in Kenya's foreign trade policy and praxis of engaging the European Union's, (EU), questionable sanitary and phytosanitary measures to limit Kenya's exports to the EU inconsistently with the rules of the GATT/WTO. This illustrative example demonstrates that the failure of the NEPAD agenda to effectively address the unfairness of the use of trade rules by Africa's trading partners like the EU dovetails with the current trade policy of African governments like Kenya. To that extent therefore, NEPAD is not unusually different from plans of economic recovery and reform prescribed by developed country governments and multilateral institutions like the International Monetary Fund (IMF). This in my view is a damning critique of the NEPAD agenda and it beckons its framers to re-examine the spirit of the African Union's forerunner's, the Organization of African Unity, (OAU), Lagos Plan of Action of 1980 especially in so far as the latter plan demonstrated a programmatic effort in terms of addressing the inequities and unfairness of the international economic, trade and commercial environment for African countries.
Microstrip grid array fed against an EBG

A new way to use an electromagnetic band gap structure for a particular antenna application is presented. A prototype microstrip grid array is shown to be capable of being fed against the surface of an electromagnetic band grap structure such that the array and feed are kept separate from the ground plane that is typically required for feeding. The array can then be placed on any surface suitable enough to act as a ground plane. Simulations of the baseline and prototype are presented.
Anticonvulsant use during pregnancy

Although antiepileptic medications may play a role in fetal malformations, this risk appears no greater than the risk associated with either the seizures themselves or a change in medication during pregnancy. In general, the number and the dose of antiepileptic medications should be minimized during pregnancy. Potential complications during the pregnancy must be anticipated. Drug levels must be monitored. Because the fetus is at a somewhat higher risk, ultrasound studies may be useful in monitoring the pregnancy. Delivery should take place in a center where appropriate facilities are available if intervention is required during labor or if the baby is malformed. Both the infant and the mother should be monitored closely after the delivery.
Thought Disorder in Schizophrenia: Corrective Influence of Nursing Behavior on Language of Patients

The language behavior of the schizophrenic patient reflects, and unless disrupted, perpetuates and worsens the thought disorder connected with this form of mental illness. Moreover, the language behavior of the nursing staff, in nurse-patient relationships, tends toward correction or reinforcement of such thought disorders. In this paper, these two ideas will be amplified and discussed.
Older Sibling Support of Younger Siblings’ Socio-Emotional Development A Multiple-Case Study of Second-Generation Mexican and Honduran Children’s Initiative and Co-Construction

Siblings play a critical role in the socialization experiences of their younger siblings. Societal values, standards, and customs are transmitted and created through the process of modeling and the construction of shared meaning. It follows, therefore, that the process of socialization may be culturally dependent. Using multiple case studies of five sibling dyads, we aim to examine the process of initiation and co-construction of second-generation Spanish-speaking children while engaged in free play activities. Examination of fieldnotes, videotapes, and transcriptions suggests that younger siblings initiated more interactions than their older siblings. However, older sibling initiations were more likely to lead to co-construction. Moreover, when younger sibling initiations were successful, this process of co-construction appears to be contingent on the support provided by their more skilled older siblings. We suggest that by serving as models, older siblings are fulfilling their familial responsibility an...
Effects of OROS-MPH Versus Dl-Amphetamine-XR on Driving Performance of ADHD Adolescents

Driving performance of 35 adolescent ADHD patients (19 boys/16 girls; mean age 17.8 years) on a driving simulator was compared while taking OROS methylphenidate (Concerta, 72 mg), mixed dl-amphetamine salts (Adderall XR, 30 mg), or placebo in a randomized, double-blind, crossover study at University of Virginia, Charlottesville.
Molecular Changes Associated With Tumor Initiation and Progression of Soft Tissue Sarcomas: Targeting the Genome and Epigenome

Soft tissue sarcomas are rare, but generally aggressive tumors which disproportionately affect children and young adults. They represent less than 10% of all cancers, but are one of the most frequently diagnosed cancers in pediatric patients. These cancers have a high rate of morbidity and mortality, and their overall incidence has been increasing at an estimated rate of 26% over the last 2 decades. The cause of this increased incidence is unknown but various environmental factors have been implicated. Establishing standard therapeutic strategies is challenging for soft tissue sarcomas as more than 50 different histological subtypes exist, each with their own molecular alterations and clinical characteristics, and this combination of tumor heterogeneity and a limited number of clinical cases make detailed omics level molecular studies particularly challenging. This chapter will focus on the unique genetic and epigenetic changes which characterize these cancers, with an emphasis on translocation-associated sarcomas involving primary gene fusions with the RNA chaperone protein EWSR1. We will highlight current therapeutic approaches and discuss opportunities for targeted molecular therapeutics.
Compensating for Failed Attention While Driving

Abstract While operating a motor vehicle, drivers must pay attention to other moving vehicles and the roadside environment in order to detect and process critical information related to the driving task. Using a driving simulator, this study investigated the effects of an unexpected event on driver performance in environments of more or less clutter and under situations of high attentional load. Attentional load was manipulated by varying the number of neighboring vehicles participants tracked for lane changes. After baseline-driving behavior was established, the unexpected event occurred: a pedestrian ran into the driver’s path. Tracking-accuracy, brake initiation, swerving, and verbal report of the unexpected pedestrian were used to assess driver performance. All participants verbally reported noticing the pedestrian. However, analyses of driving behavior revealed differences in the reactions to the pedestrian: drivers braked faster and had significantly less deviation in their steering heading with a lower attentional load, and participants in low clutter environments had a larger overall change in velocity. This research advances the understanding of how drivers allocate attention between various stimuli and the trade-offs between a driver’s focus on an assigned task and external objects within the roadway environment. Moreover, the results of this research lend insight into how to construct roadway environments that encourage driver attention toward the most immediate and relevant information to reduce both vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-pedestrian interactions.
National Study of School Psychologists' Use of Evidence-Based Assessment in Autism Spectrum Disorder.

ABSTRACTThis study aimed to better understand predictors of evidence-based assessment practices for autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Nationwide, 402 school psychologists were surveyed for their knowledge of and training and experience with ASD on assessment practices, including reported areas of training needs. The majority of school psychologists reported that they did not engage in comprehensive assessment of ASD, which was defined as assessments that consider all areas of development in addition to the use of ASD-specific instruments. Results from logistic regression revealed that experience and training, working with young children with ASD, and geographic location predicted use of evidence-based assessment practices. Experience and training with ASD was the strongest predictor of evidence-based assessment. No differences in training needs were indicated by school psychologists whose practices were consistent with evidence-based assessment and those whose practices were not. Overall, the results identi...
Podiatry impact on high-low amputation ratio characteristics: A 16-year retrospective study

Abstract Purpose Complications from diabetes mellitus including major lower extremity amputation may have significant impact on a patient’s mortality. This study determined what impact the addition of a limb salvage and diabetic foot program involving podiatry had at an academic institution over 16 years by analyzing high-low amputation ratio data. Methods The high-low amputation ratio in the diabetic population who underwent non-traumatic amputation of the lower extremity was retrospectively evaluated at an academic institution via cohort discovery of the electronic medical record and analysis of billing over 16 years. Results We directly compared two eras, one without podiatry and one with a podiatry presence. It was found that with the addition of a podiatry program, limb salvage rates significantly increased (R2 (without podiatry) = 0.45, R2 (with podiatry) = 0.26), with a significant change in both the rate of limb salvage per year (−0.11% per year versus −0.36% per year; p Conclusions Our findings signify the importance of podiatric care in the diabetic population. With an established podiatry program present at an academic institution, major lower extremity amputations can be avoided and more limbs can be salvaged, thus preventing some of the moribund complications from this condition.
Molecular Properties of Chloroplast and Nuclear DNA from Mimulus cardinalis

Summary DNA was isolated from nuclei, chloroplasts and whole cells of the angiosperm Mimulus cardinalis and characterized as to mole % guanine plus cytosine (G + C) and for the presence of variation in intramolecular heterogeneity in base composition. Isolation was accomplished via hydroxylapatite chromatography and characterization by thermal denaturation spectrophotometric analysis. The mean T m values obtained from the thermal denaturation profiles for whole cell DNA, nuclear DNA (nDNA) and chloroplast DNA (cDNA) are, respectively, 67.32 °C, 67.20 °C and 68.90 °C. The respective G + C contents calculated from the T m values are 32.75%, 32.45% and 36.60%. When per cent hyperchromicity was plotted against temperature on normal probability graph paper, whole cell and organelle DNA exhibited the presence of three distinct hyperchromic fractions, i.e., an adenine plus thymine — A + T — rich fraction, a main band, and a G + C- rich fraction. These three fractions are interpreted to reflect the presence of a non-Gaussian distribution of bases and thus intramolecular heterogeneity within nDNA and cDNA. nDNA and cDNA are highly resoluable by this technique. The per cent of the total rise in hyperchromicity attributable to the A + T-rich, main band, and G + C-rich fractions in nDNA and cDNA are, respectively, 16.5%, 44%, 39.5% and 17%, 72.7%, 10.3%.
Resource Allocation Using Branch and Bound

The chapter describes a resource-allocation problem in a smart-grid application that is formulated and solved as a binary integer-programming model. To handle power outages from the main distribution circuit, the Smart grid’s intelligent agents have to utilize and negotiate with distributed-energy resource agents that act on behalf of the grid’s local generators in order to negotiate power-supply purchases to satisfy shortages. We develop a model that can optimally assign these DERs to the available multiple regional utility areas (RUAs) or units that are experiencing power shortages. This type of allocation is a resource-assignment problem. The DERs in our model depict the behavior of power created with a wind turbine, solar generation, or other renewable generation units, and the region or area refers to a centralized distribution unit. The integer-programming approach is called Capacity-Based Iterative Binary Integer Linear Programming (C-IBILP). All simulation results are computed using the optimization tool box in MATLAB. Computation results exhibit very good performance for the problem instances tested and validate the assumptions made.
The “New” Student-Athlete: An Exploratory Examination of Scholarship eSports Players

The growth and popularity of eSports cannot be understated. The domain has become so mainstream that colleges and universities are rapidly beginning to launch eSports programs within their athletics departments. In this study, the authors interviewed 33 student-athletes receiving scholarships for participating in eSports at one institution. In all, the identity and social capital of athletes in this “new” athletic arena were explored and compared with previous studies examining “traditional” athletes. The implications of the similarities and differences are discussed and ideas for future research into this emerging field are presented.
Oxygen Delivery and Utilization in Sepsis

Oxygen delivery and utilization is deranged in the setting of sepsis. The most likely cause is an inability of the microvasculature to provide sufficient oxygen to actively metabolize tissue, probably as a result of diminished autoregulatory control and capillary damage. This maldistribution of blood flow results in the development of pathological supply dependency of TO2, which correlates with the development of multiorgan failure and a high mortality. The ability to monitor the adequacy of tissue O2 delivery is limited by technological limitations and evidence that we can increase tissue O2 delivery either by improving TO2 or altering microcirculatory functioning is not yet available.
Abstract 6113: A New Noninvasive Clinical Method for Combined Quantification of Cardiac and Vascular Mechanical Function - Pixel Based Multimodality Tissue Tracking (MMTT)

Background: We introduce and validate pixel based multimodality tissue tracking (MMTT) as a new noninvasive method for quantification of atrial, cardiac and vascular tissue deformation from magnetic resonance (MR), multidetector computer tomography (MDCT) and ultrasound recordings. Method: 25 patients and 10 healthy volunteers were studied with the latter undergoing untagged and tagged MRI (1.5 T), echocardiography and carotid artery short-axis ultrasound examinations, while patient MDCT (64-slice) and untagged and tagged MR recordings were selected from our database of patients with ischemic heart disease. Longitudinal (LV, RV and atriums) and circumferential strain (LV, RV, aorta and carotid artery) were quantified using automated frame-to-frame tracking of pixel patterns visible in tagged MR (tags), untagged MR and MDCT (border contours), and ultrasound (speckle) cine recordings (Fig 1[⇓][1]). LV tagged MR HARP analysis was used for validation. Results: There were good correlations and agreements for pooled LV strains between the reference method and MMTT analyses of tagged MR (r=0.83, P<0.001 and −0.9±3.8%), non-tagged MR (r=0.77, P<0.001 and 0.8±4.6%), MDCT (r=0.64, P<0.001 and 0.4±5.5%) and echocardiography (r=0.32, P<0.001 and 0.7±4.7%). RV, atrial and aortic strains by MMTT also demonstrated good correlation and agreement between imaging modalities (Fig[⇓][1]). Conclusion: This study demonstrates that MMTT can quantify cardiac and vascular deformation from non-tagged and tagged MRI, MDCT and ultrasound recordings, representing a new universal method for comprehensive and integrated clinical assessment of cardiovascular function and mechanical interaction. ![][2] [1]: #graphic-1 [2]: /embed/graphic-1.gif
Corrected Brownian Approximations

Although we have informally thought of Brownian motion as a continuous approximation to random walks in discrete time, the approximations of Chapters IV and V, which are developed more completely in Chapter IX, do not actually utilize this idea. For example, Theorem 9.54 and Corollary 9.55, which are used as partial justification for (4.40), (4.41), (4.49), and (4.50), involve probabilities of large deviations, which can be quite different for Brownian motion and for random walk in discrete time.
Microbiology and Drinking Water Filtration

Water filtration research has been undertaken for a variety of reasons. Studies have been performed to develop information for filtration theories and for design of filtration plants to remove suspended matter such as clays, algae, suspended matter in general, and asbestos fibers from water. Filtration studies related to removal of microorganisms have generally been motivated by the need to learn about the removal of pathogens or indicator organisms, or both. Reducing the risk of waterborne disease has been a goal of microbiologically related filtration research for nearly 100 years. This chapter briefly reviews that research and then discusses the results of recent investigations.
Galileo and the Scotists

Galileo’s fame as the “Father of Modern Science” derives from his work, much studied by historians, while a professor of mathematics at the University of Padua (1592–1610). Previous to that he was associated over a period of ten years with the University of Pisa (1581–1591) both as a student and a lecturer, and these earlier years have recently interested historians also, especially for the light they shed on Galileo’s knowledge of the medieval tradition. In notebooks that he wrote while at Pisa Galileo records the teachings of scores of prominent medieval and Renaissance thinkers on matters relating to the heavens, the elements, and scientific methodology.1 Among these he mentions the views of John Duns Scotus in eight different contexts, and in elaborating on them he also cites Antonius Andreas, Joannes Canonicus, Franciscus Lychetus, and the Scotistae. An examination of these citations may help to shed light on Scotus’s influence within the late sixteenth century, as well as provide background on Galileo’s early philosophical orientation.
Assessing LGBT competency among cancer care physicians at the University of Florida/UF Health Cancer Center.

e18645Background: The purpose of our study was to determine the knowledge of and attitude towards cancer care in the LGBTQ (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transsexual/Transgender and Queer) community amon...
The effects of computer-based simulations on speech-language pathology student performance.

Abstract Purpose The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy of a computer-based simulated learning environment on student learning in speech-language pathology. Despite a growing trend in the implementation of computer-based simulated learning environments, no research yet supports its efficacy. In addition, although over half of the United States’ speech-language pathologists work in school systems, no studies have investigated simulated learning environments that focus on pediatric developmental language disorders as the disorder to be exemplified by the simulations. Method Four different cohorts of students (103 total students) received either a traditional learning experience or a computer-based simulation experience in a graduate level school-aged language disorders course. Groups were equivalent in academic performance and pre-experimental knowledge. Pre- and post-experimental measures of learning were obtained. Results Findings demonstrated that the group that was involved with the simulated learning environment outperformed the traditional instruction group in several key areas associated with clinically-based educational outcomes. Conclusions Simulated learning environments continue to be a positive innovation in the clinical education of speech-language pathology students. Implications potentially affect educational models of speech-language pathology.
State of repression: Iraq under Saddam Hussein, by Lisa Blaydes

Lisa Blaydes’ book is an important addition to the array of books that have been published since the fall of Saddam Hussein’s regime in 2003 given the ability by academics to access the archives co...
A comparison of high-dimensional variable selection methods with missing covariates in a prostate cancer study

Abstract–Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in American men. Dozens of specific genes have been shown to be correlated to prostate cancer, to benign and non-benign cancer cases, from a biolo...
Elementary Forms of Social Relations: Status, power and reference groups

Elementary Forms of Social Relations introduces the reader to social life as a perpetual quest by individuals to gain attention, respect and regard (status) accompanied by an effort to marshal defensive and offensive means (power) to overcome the reluctance of others to grant status. This work is based on empirical evidence from many research settings showing that status and power are the main relational modes and that to understand our own and others' social behaviour, we need to understand how status and power operate in relational conduct. The status-power and reference group approach is applied to enumerate the relatively few ways in which social interaction can occur. Chapters compare the analytic value of the concept of the self with the value of reference groups that create the self. Threads of investigation include: considering the fallacy of abandoning reference groups as sources of cultural information in favour of approaches derived from cognitive neuroscience; examining a multi-person conversation from a status-power-and-reference-group stance as against a view of the same conversation based on principles of Conversation Analysis; and asserting the universality of personal status-power interests even among national leaders to name a few. By applying the author’s main theory to a range of specific cases, the author reaffirms the importance of the social to our understanding of a variety of phenomena, including the self, cultural transmission, the conduct of leaders and economic activity. This book provides readers with transparent instances of the theory in action and thus will appeal to scholars across the social sciences with interests in theory and social interaction.
214-OR: Effects of Fluid Rehydration Strategy on Correction of Acidosis and Electrolyte Abnormalities in Children with Diabetic Ketoacidosis

Background: Fluid replacement to correct acidosis and electrolyte abnormalities is the cornerstone of treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). We evaluated the rates of change in pH, pCO2, anion gap, Na, K, and Cl in children randomized to four DKA fluid treatment protocols. Methods: From a large study conducted by The Pediatric Emergency Care Applied Research Network we used data from 714 children Results: The median age, sex, and baseline laboratory characteristic of the patients did not differ by treatment arm. The rate of change of pH did not differ by the arm, however the rate of rise of pCO2 was more rapid in the fast vs. slow fluid arms during the initial 4 h. The rate of decrease in anion gap was more rapid in the fast vs. slow arms during the initial 4 h and 8 h (p Conclusions: In children treated for DKA, faster fluid administration led to more rapid normalization of anion gap and pCO2 than slower fluid rates. However, more rapid fluid rates were associated with increased frequency of hyperchloremic acidosis. Disclosure A. Rewers: None. N.D. Kuppermann: Other Relationship; Self; InsuCalc. M.J. Stoner: None. A. Garro: None. K. Quayle: None. J.E. Bennett: None. S. Myers: None. J.K. McManemy: None. L.E. Nigrovic: None. J.L. Trainor: None. L. Tzimenatos: None. M. Kwok: None. C.S. Olsen: None. T.C. Casper: None. S. Ghetti: None. N. Glaser: Consultant; Self; Bristol-Myers Squibb Company. Other Relationship; Self; Insucalc. Funding Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
Shared Genetics of Psychiatric Disorders

Until recently, advances in understanding the genetic architecture of psychiatric disorders have been impeded by a historic, and often mandated, commitment to the use of traditional, and unvalidated, categorical diagnoses in isolation as the relevant phenotype. Such studies typically required lengthy structured interviews to delineate differences in the character and duration of behavioral symptomatology amongst disorders that were thought to be etiologic, and they were often underpowered as a result. Increasing acceptance of the fact that co-morbidity in psychiatric disorders is the rule rather than the exception has led to alternative designs in which shared dimensional symptomatology is analyzed as a quantitative trait and to association analyses in which combined polygenic risk scores are computationally compared across multiple traditional categorical diagnoses to identify both distinct and unique genetic and environmental elements. Increasing evidence that most mental disorders share many common genetic risk variants and environmental risk modifiers suggests that the broad spectrum of psychiatric pathology represents the pleiotropic display of a more limited series of pathologic events in neuronal development than was originally believed, regulated by many common risk variants and a smaller number of rare ones.
Interim evaluation of a targeted radiotherapeutic, CLR 131, in relapsed/refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma patients (R/R DLBCL)

Abstract Background Forty to fifty percent of newly diagnosed DLBCL patients will relapse and another 10% will be refractory to initial therapy. Despite the introduction of new therapies, outcomes for patients with R/R DLBCL remain poor with no improvement in progression free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS) or response rates (ORR). Patients receiving 1 additional line of treatment have an OS of ∼13 months post relapse and for those requiring 3rd line treatment or more, only 10% survive for 12 months. CLR 131 is a novel therapeutic being evaluated in R/R DLBCL. CLR 131 leverages a novel delivery mechanism that takes advantage of a metabolic shift in tumor cells to allow the targeted delivery of I-131 directly into tumour cells. Methods A multi-center study is being conducted to evaluate the safety and efficacy of CLR 131 in patients with R/R DLBCL. An interim assessment was conducted to determine cohort expansion and continued enrollment of up to 40 additional patients. The criteria for expansion was a minimum 20% of patients experience clinical benefit (CBR) or better. Patients in this assessment received a single 25mCi/m2 30-minute infusion of the targeted radiotherapeutic CLR 131 on day 0. Patients were then followed until disease progression. The primary endpoint is CBR. Secondary endpoints included ORR, PFS and OS. Results Six R/R DLBCL patients having received an average of 3 prior lines of therapy received a single infusion of CLR 131. Overall 3/6 patients achieved CBR, 1 patient experienced a complete response (CR) with a total reduction in tumor volume of greater than 99% and continues to be a CR at nearly 8 months post dosing. One patient with cutaneous R/R DLBCL achieved a partial response (PR) with a 56% reduction in total tumor volume and 1 achieved stable disease. The average duration of response was ∼5 months and continues to be monitored. PFS and OS have not been reached at the time of submission. Conclusions In this interim evaluation of CLR 131 in R/R DLBCL patients, significant and durable responses were exhibited, including a 33% ORR, 15% CR and 50% CBR. Patients experienced durable responses (assessment continues). Larger, prospective trials are needed to elucidate optimal patient and dosing schedule of CLR 131 in these patients. Clinical trial identification NCT02952508. Legal entity responsible for the study Cellectar Biosciences, Inc. Funding National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute. Disclosure J. Longcor: Full / Part-time employment: Cellectar Biosciences, Inc. K. Oliver: Full / Part-time employment: Cellectar Biosciences Inc. J. Friend: Full / Part-time employment, Formerly: Cellectar Biosciences Inc. All other authors have declared no conflicts of interest.
WJEC’s Paris Syndicate Program: Discussions Advance Global Journalism Education:

The World Journalism Education Congress (WJEC) holds global conferences every 3 years offering a unique opportunity for attendees: access to its Syndicate Program. The program gives participants th...
Chapter 14 – Monopoly

Monopoly behavior is defined. The behavioral objective for a monopolist producing a single final product is presented with emphasis on monopoly marginal revenue. Outcomes from monopoly behavior are described geometrically and via calculus, including the inverse elasticity and Lerner Index interpretations. The effects of changes in marginal cost are explored. Inefficiency of monopoly behavior is presented. Subsidies and price caps are explained as tools to regulate monopoly behavior. Monopoly behavior is described when the monopolist has information to impose first, second, and third degree price discrimination.
ODE/PDE Analysis of Multiple Myeloma: Programming in R

Multiple myeloma is a form of bone cancer. Specifically, it is a cancer of the plasma cells found in bone marrow (bone soft tissue). Normal plasma cells are an important part of the immune system. Mathematical models for multiple myeloma based on ordinary and partial differential equations (ODE/PDEs) are presented in this book, starting with a basic ODE model in Chapter 1, and concluding with a detailed ODE/PDE model in Chapter 4 that gives the spatiotemporal distribution of four dependent variable components in the bone marrow and peripheral blood: (1) protein produced by multiple myeloma cells, termed the M protein, (2) cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), (3) natural killer (NK) cells, and (4) regulatory T cells (Tregs). The computer-based implementation of the example models is presented through routines coded (programmed) in R, a quality, open-source scientific computing system that is readily available from the Internet. Formal mathematics is minimized, e.g., no theorems and proofs. Rather, the presentation is through detailed examples that the reader/researcher/analyst can execute on modest computers using the R routines that are available through a download. The PDE analysis is based on the method of lines (MOL), an established general algorithm for PDEs, implemented with finite differences.
Preformulation Characterization and the Effect of Ionic Excipients on the Stability of a Novel DB Fusion Protein.

Abstract Shigella ssp cause bacillary dysentery (shigellosis) which has high global morbidity in young children and the elderly. The virulence of Shigella relies upon a type III secretion system (T3SS) which injects host altering effector proteins into targeted intestinal cells. The Shigella T3SS contains two components, invasion plasmid antigen D (IpaD) and invasion plasmid antigen B (IpaB), that were previously identified as broadly protective antigens. When IpaD and IpaB were co-expressed to give the DB fusion (DBF) protein, vaccine efficacy was further improved. Biophysical characterization under various pH conditions showed that DBF is most stable at pH 7 and 8 and loses its conformational integrity at 48 and 50 °C respectively. Forced degradation studies revealed significant effects on the secondary structure, tertiary structure and conformational stability of DBF. In the presence of phosphate buffers as well as other anionic excipients, DBF demonstrated a concentration dependent conformational stabilization. Molecular docking revealed potential polyanion binding sites in DBF that may interact with phytic acid. These sites can be exploited to stabilize the DBF protein. This work highlights potential destabilizing and stabilizing factors, which not only improves our understanding of the DBF protein but helps in future development of a stable Shigella vaccine.
Controlling phonon lifetimes via sublattice disordering in Ag Bi Se 2

Due to their ability to convert thermal gradients into useful electrical energy, thermoelectrics are promising for energy efficiency uses. Thermoelectric conversion rates are driven by the ratio of electrical to thermal conductivity in the material, thus substantial research focuses on balancing these competing mechanisms. Here the authors use state-of-the-art neutron scattering and computational modeling to investigate the temperature dependence of the crystal structure, phonon dispersions, and phonon lifetimes to provide new microscopic insight to thermal conductivity suppression in AgBiSe2, a thermoelectric exhibiting a cationic sublattice disordering at high temperature. These combined efforts enable the authors to definitively describe contributions to the thermal conductivity arising from a step-like change in phonon scattering rates directly originating from the combined effects of mass and force-constant disorder due to cation disorder at the structural phase transition. This study highlights the potential of tunable microstructures to control phonon scattering rates in real materials, a necessary component for rational material design, particularly for thermoelectrics.
A simultaneous [11C]raclopride positron emission tomography and functional magnetic resonance imaging investigation of striatal dopamine binding in autism.

The social motivation hypothesis of autism posits that autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is characterized by impaired motivation to seek out social experience early in life that interferes with the development of social functioning. This framework suggests that impaired mesolimbic dopamine function underlies compromised responses to social rewards in ASD. Although this hypothesis is supported by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies, no molecular imaging study has evaluated striatal dopamine functioning in response to rewards in ASD. Here, we examined striatal functioning during monetary incentive processing in ASD and controls using simultaneous positron emission tomography (PET) and fMRI. Using a bolus + infusion protocol with the D2/D3 dopamine receptor antagonist [11C]raclopride, voxel-wise binding potential (BPND) was compared between groups (controls = 12, ASD = 10) in the striatum. Striatal clusters showing significant between-group BPND differences were used as seeds in whole-brain fMRI general functional connectivity analyses. Relative to controls, the ASD group demonstrated decreased phasic dopamine release to incentives in the bilateral putamen and left caudate, as well as increased functional connectivity between a PET-derived right putamen seed and the precuneus and insula. Within the ASD group, decreased phasic dopamine release in the putamen was related to poorer theory-of-mind skills. Our findings that ASD is characterized by impaired striatal phasic dopamine release to incentives provide support for the social motivation hypothesis of autism. PET-fMRI may be a suitable tool to evaluate novel ASD therapeutics targeting the striatal dopamine system.
Value Creation and Corporate Diversification: The Case of Sears, Roebuck and Co.

We provide a clinical perspective on corporate governance, shareholder activism and corporate restructuring by studying Sears, Roebuck & Co. In particular we focus on Sears' diversification into financial services during the 1980's, the poor performance that followed, and the ensuing shareholder activism aimed at pressuring management to enhance shareholder value. Ultimately the firm divested its financial services operations and refocused on retail. We estimate that the gain to Sears' shareholders over the entire diversification-refocusing period was some $1.5 billion, with approximately $1.113 billion resulting from the announced breakup of the firm. However, comparing Sears' performance to that of a homemade diversification strategy suggests that the firm's corporate diversification resulted in a significant opportunity loss for shareholders. Sears' governance structure appears to have contributed to the firm's performance problems.
In recurrent C difficile infection, oral FMT capsules have a pooled cure rate of 82% (low-quality evidence).

SOURCE CITATION Du C, Luo Y, Walsh S, Grinspan A. Oral fecal microbiota transplant capsules are safe and effective for recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2021;55:300-8. 33471490.
Los Angeles International Airport Runway Incursion Studies: Phase III, Center-Taxiway Simulation

Phase III of the Los Angeles International Airport Runway Incursion Studies was conducted, under an agreement with HNTB Corporation, at the NASA Ames FutureFlight Central (FFC) facility in June 2003. The objective of the study was the evaluation of a new center-taxiway concept at LAX. This study is an extension of the Phase I and Phase II studies previously conducted at FFC. This report presents results from Phase III of the study, in which a center-taxiway concept between runways 25L and 25R was simulated and evaluated. Phase III data were compared objectively against the Baseline data. Subjective evaluations by participating LAX controllers were obtained with regard to workload, efficiency, and safety criteria. To facilitate a valid comparison between Baseline and Phase III data, the same scenarios were used for Phase III that were tested during Phases I and II. This required briefing participating controllers on differences in airport and airline operations between 2001 and today.
Kepler's Discovery of Elliptical Orbits

Undercooked and the spice last year's, But the serving girl not bad And a slap causes her to leap Over the bench, but smiling, With a giggle that says slap me Again and the lace of her bodice Just becoming bedraggled, the bow Already undone and for the change in my pocket No doubt a room could be rented with her in it, Laughing and spicy and all the energy Of a fresh horse whipped, and whip I might. Whip, and she goes over The table, her wonderful two-hands rear In a plate of hash, dusted off with the backs Of her fingers. A man might be pressed To last an hour with her, or even Three men: a woman who never winds down, Water rushing from the mountains at flood, Yesterday's bread crumbs in her hair and stew On the last of her arms and nothing about her Held firmly in place, but strong, All the strength and the understanding of what With a gentleman or any man or the boy Taken by the inn to draw the water, She could do, a citizen needing Only a solid bed, good flooring, Air in great bites and an earth Immobile.