cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Design Concurrent Calculation: A CAD- and Data-integrated Approach

Abstract Apart from functional aspects, product design requires increasingly more issues to be taken into consideration. Quality alone cannot suffice to compete in current markets; design for manufacturability, for assembly, for recycling, etc., are well-known concepts. These can largely be reduced to the necessity of design for costs. This paper focuses on a CAD-based approach to design concurrent calculation. It will discuss how well-established tools like feature technology, knowledge-based systems and relational databases can be blended into one coherent concept to achieve an entirely CAD- and data-integrated cost information tool. This system is able to extract data from the CAD system, combine it with company-specific information about manufacturing capabilities, and, subsequently, autonomously evaluate manufacturability aspects and costs of the given CAD model. Within minutes the designer can obtain quantitative information about the major cost sources. Additionally, neural networks and local weigh...
Long-term stability of nutrients in a frozen mixed food control material.

A mixed food homogenate was prepared as a quality control material for two multi-center clinical feeding trials. Approximately 100 kg of homogenized human diet material was prepared under controlled conditions to maintain the stability of lipid components. More than 4800 20-25 g aliquots were prepared and stored at -60 °C in glass jars with Teflon-lined lids. The homogeneity of the composite was validated by analysis of moisture and total fat in aliquots taken throughout the dispensing sequence. A portion of the material was reserved at the National Institute of Standards and Technology and further characterized as SRM 1544-Fatty Acids in Diet Composite. Moisture, protein, ash, total lipid, fatty acids, cholesterol, sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium were assayed as part of routine quality-control analyses. Components were analyzed over a total time period ranging from 29 months (minerals) to 60 months (moisture), and up to 319 values per nutrient were generated. Results for all components assayed were stable over the time period studied. For example, moisture (n = 319; 60 months) ranged from 70.66 to 72.58 g/100 g with a mean, standard deviation (SD), and relative standard deviation (RSD) of 71.90, 0.27, and 0.4%, respectively. The range, mean, SD, and RSD for cholesterol (mg/100 g; n = 98; 49 months) were 13.54-17.96, 15.14, 0.64, and 4%.
Opioid antagonism of cannabinoid effects: differences between marijuana smokers and nonmarijuana smokers.

In non-human animals, opioid antagonists block the reinforcing and discriminative-stimulus effects of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), while in human marijuana smokers, naltrexone (50 mg) enhances the reinforcing and subjective effects of THC. The objective of this study was to test a lower, more opioid-selective dose of naltrexone (12 mg) in combination with THC. The influence of marijuana-use history and sex was also investigated. Naltrexone (0, 12 mg) was administered 30 min before oral THC (0–40 mg) or methadone (0–10 mg) capsules, and subjective effects, task performance, pupillary diameter, and cardiovascular parameters were assessed in marijuana smoking (Study 1; n=22) and in nonmarijuana smoking (Study 2; n=21) men and women. The results show that in marijuana smokers, low-dose naltrexone blunted the intoxicating effects of a low THC dose (20 mg), while increasing ratings of anxiety at a higher THC dose (40 mg). In nonmarijuana smokers, low-dose naltrexone shifted THC's effects in the opposite direction, enhancing the intoxicating effects of a low THC dose (2.5 mg) and decreasing anxiety ratings following a high dose of THC (10 mg). There were no sex differences in these interactions, although among nonmarijuana smokers, men were more sensitive to the effects of THC alone than women. To conclude, a low, opioid-selective dose of naltrexone blunted THC intoxication in marijuana smokers, while in nonmarijuana smokers, naltrexone enhanced THC intoxication. These data demonstrate that the interaction between opioid antagonists and cannabinoid agonists varies as a function of marijuana use history.
Comparison of different methods for eliciting exercise-to-music for clients with Alzheimer's disease.

Many of the noted problems associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) sometimes can be delayed, retarded, or even reversed with proper exercise and interaction with the environment. An overwhelming body of research efforts has revealed that music activity brings about the greatest degree of responsiveness, including exercise, in clients with AD; yet, specific techniques which elicit the greatest amount of physical responses during the music activities remain unidentified. The purpose of this study was two-fold: comparing two methods of intervention and comparing responses to vocal versus instrumental music during exercise and exercise with instruments. In Experiment 1 the authors compared 2 treatment conditions to facilitate exercise during music activities: (a) verbalizing the movement for each task once, one beat before commencing, followed by visual cueing for the remainder of the task; (b) verbal and visual cueing for each revolution or change in rhythm for the duration of the task. Data collection over 38 sessions consisted of recording the participation of each client at 30-second intervals for the duration of each treatment condition, indicating at each interval whether the client was participating in the designated movement (difficult), participating in exercise approximating the designated movement (easy), or not participating. Results indicated that the continuous verbal cueing/easy treatment elicited significantly greater participation than one verbal cue/difficult treatment, p <.05. Furthermore, the approximation/precise response (easy) resulted in significantly greater responses than the precise response (difficult), p < .001. In Experiment 2 the responses to types of music, vocal versus instrumental, during types of activities, exercise with and without instruments, were examined. Data were collected over 26 sessions, 52 activities, in the same 2 assisted living facilities as those in Experiment 1, but one year later Results indicated that both the type of activity and the type of music had some effect on participation. Also, data indicated participation in exercise to instrumental music was significantly greater than exercise with instruments to vocal music, p <.05.
Aerobic and anaerobic power characteristics of competitive cyclists in the United States cycling federation

The purpose of this study was to characterize the aerobic and anaerobic capabilities of United States Cycling Federation cyclists in different categories. To determine aerobic and anaerobic power, 38 competitive road cyclists (32 males, 6 females) performed a VO2max test and a Wingate anaerobic test, respectively. Male cyclists in category II had the highest VO2max, both in absolute and relative terms. Their VO2max was 6% and 10% higher than category III and IV cyclists, respectively (4.98 +/- 0.14 vs 4.72 +/- 0.15 vs 4.54 +/- 0.12 l/min). A significant difference existed between category II and IV male cyclists (p < 0.05). VO2max for female cyclists (3.37 +/- 0.13 l/min) was significantly (p < 0.05) lower than those for males. The Wingate anaerobic test revealed that male cyclists in category II also had the highest anaerobic power output. The peak power output in category II, III and IV was 13.86 +/- 0.23, 13.55 +/- 0.25, and 12.80 +/- 0.41 W/kg, respectively. The mean power output in category II, III, and IV was 11.22 +/- 0.18, 11.06 +/- 0.15, and 10.40 +/- 0.30 W/kg, respectively. The difference in the mean power output between category II and IV was significant (p < 0.05). Female cyclists recorded significantly less peak and mean power output than their male counterparts (p < 0.05). However, when expressed relative to lean body mass, anaerobic power was similar for both sexes. No inter-correlation was found in any measurement between the aerobic and anaerobic power values. On the whole, category II male cyclists were characterized by higher aerobic and anaerobic power outputs.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Results for a two-component Doppler global velocimeter

A two-component Doppler global velocimeter (DGV) system is described, and velocity measurements obtained to quantify its accuracy are presented. Molecular iodine vapor cells are used as frequency discriminating e lters to determine the Doppler shift of laser light that is scattered off of seed particles in a e ow, from which velocity is determined. Results are presented for velocity distributions over the surface of a rotating wheel, a fully developed pipe e ow, and a freejet. For the rotating wheel DGV results, rms noise levels display standard deviations of § 1 m/s, whereas total velocity range errors are between § 1 and 2 m/s out of 59 m/s. The rms error is dominated by residual errors in the e at-e eld correction, and the 8-bit camera resolution, whereas velocity range errors are largely ine uenced by iodine cell calibration accuracy. Measurements for fully developed turbulent pipe e ow and axisymmetric jet e ow show good agreement with pitot-static probe data. A random velocity offset error due to iodine cell side arm temperature variations of about 4 ‐5 m/s has been found to be the dominant error source in the present DGV system. A reference tab has been used to record the zero velocity signals in the pipe and jet e ows.
Silicon photonics: applications, recent results, and integration challenges as they relate to CMOS processing--an industry perspective

Silicon photonics, especially that based on silicon-on-insulator (SOI), has recently attracted a great deal of attention. The mature industrial infrastructure of CMOS fabrication offers an opportunity for low cost silicon based opto-electronic solutions for applications ranging from telecommunications to chip-to-chip interconnects. The high volume and high performance manufacturing disciplines are advantageous to electro-optics application development and fabrication. However, many technical hurdles still need to be addressed. This paper will give an overview of these opportunities as well as discuss some practical issues and challenges concerning processing silicon photonic devices in a high volume CMOS manufacturing environment.
Genetic Targeting of Relaxin and Insulin-Like Factor 3 Receptors in Mice

Relaxin (RLN) is a small peptide hormone that affects a variety of biological processes. Rln1 knockout mice exhibit abnormal nipple development, prolonged parturition, agerelated pulmonary fibrosis, and abnormalities in the testes and prostate. We describe here RLN receptor Lgr7-deficient mice. Mutant females have grossly underdeveloped nipples and are unable to feed their progeny. Some Lgr7−/− females were unable to deliver their pups. Histological analysis of Lgr7 mutant lung tissues demonstrates increased collagen accumulation and fibrosis surrounding the bronchioles and the vascular bundles, absent in wild-type animals. However, Lgr7-deficient males do not exhibit abnormalities in the testes or prostate as seen in Rln1 knockout mice. Lgr7-deficient females with additional deletion of Lgr8 (Great), another putative receptor for RLN, are fertile and have normal-sized litters. Double mutant males have normal-sized prostate and testes, suggesting that Lgr8 does not account for differences in Rln1−/− and L...
Purification and characterization of the estrogen-induced protein (IP) of the rat uterus

Abstract One of the earliest responses of the rat uterus to estrogen is increased synthesis of a specific cytosol protein (IP). This synthesis is detectable within 40 min and is dependent on an even earlier actinomycin D-sensitive function. IP has now been purified to homogeneity as determined by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS PAGE). The procedure was complicated by a tendency of the more homogeneous and concentrated material to aggregate. Purification consisted of sequential chromatography, in the presence of 0.1% triton X-100, via DEAE-cellulose (2X), hydroxylapatite and agarose-acrylamide. These were followed by preparative PAGE and finally SDS PAGE. Molecular weight determination by Ferguson plot analysis yielded an apparent molecular weight of 45 000. On final SDS PAGE, the material consisted of two major bands: the 45 000 molecular weight IP band and a band with an estimated molecular weight of 80 000. This second band displayed an elevated synthesis in E 2 -stimulated uteri similar to IP and appeared to consist of some form of aggregated IP. Carbohydrate determination on SDS gels using periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) stain was negative. Co-purification of labeled cytosol proteins from uteri of control and E 2 -stimulated rats revealed that IP is synthesized to some extent in the unstimulated animal as well as the stimulated.
Extractive foraging and the evolution of primate intelligence

One of the two major theories regarding the evolution of intelligence in primates is that feeding strategies determine mental development. Evidence for this theory is reviewed and related to extractive foraging, which is the act of locating and/or processing embedded foods such as underground roots and insects or hard-shelled nuts and fruits. It is shown that, although only cebus monkeys and chimpanzees in the wild use tools in extractive foraging, many other species of mammals (including primates) and birds are capable of extracting embedded foods without tools. Extractive foraging by primates is compared to extractive foraging by other mammals and birds to assess whether: 1) extractive foraging involves cognition, and 2) extractive foraging by primates is unique in a way that may mean it played a role in the development of intelligence among primates. This comparison reveals that some acts of extractive foraging by nonprimates are equally sophisticated as those of primates. It is suggested that extractive foraging played no significant role in the evolution of primate intelligence. Hypotheses for testing precise differences in extractive foraging ability across taxa are offered, and the roles of olfactory cues, manual dexterity, and strength in extractive foraging are evaluated. In conclusion, the hominization process is briefly reviewed in relation to foraging behavior. A «package» of traits that, in combination, is unique to hominids is discussed: tool-aided extractive foraging, division of labor by sex with food exchange, and feeding of juveniles.
The influence of gait pattern on signs of knee osteoarthritis in older adults over a 5–11 year follow-up period: A case study analysis

Abstract There is evidence that joint load is a factor in the development of osteoarthritis (OA) and, while altered gait profiles have been linked with OA, it is unknown if abnormal gait is a cause or effect of the disease. While the knee's adduction moment has been implicated in the development and progression of knee OA, it is also known that shearing forces are detrimental to the health of cartilage. The purpose of this pilot study was to examine the adduction moment and gait shear forces to determine if they may lead to signs of knee OA in older adults as they age. Knee gait kinetics, standardized radiographs and a questionnaire were collected on 28 older adults (M:13) during an initial visit, and 5 to 11 years later. Radiographic score increased (knees became more osteoarthritic in 15 of 28 subjects) over time. However, gait time–distance measures remained constant in disease free participants. Two returning participants developed symptoms and radiographic evidence of knee OA. The subject with the largest adduction moment developed signs of medial OA while the subject with the smallest adduction moment developed signs of lateral OA. In addition, there was a strong correlation between the magnitudes of the adduction moment and lateral–medial shear force that needs to be investigated further. Results suggest that gait can remain stable over time in older adults. Also, the medial and lateral OA case study findings suggest that the extreme gait profiles seen in these two participants may be important in explaining cartilage breakdown and the development of OA. This longitudinal study would suggest that perhaps it is the abnormal gait pattern that leads to the development of OA, although a much larger study would be needed to confirm this finding.
Symbolic and numeric computations of the Barnes function

This paper discusses some theoretical aspects and algorithms for high-precision computation of the Barnes gamma function.
Pakistan's Forgotten Genocide—A Review Essay

In The Blood Telegram: Nixon, Kissinger, and a Forgotten Genocide, Gary Bass convincingly argues that the Nixon administration did little to rein in its ally Pakistan from perpetuating genocide against its own population largely because of Islamabad's vital role in facilitating U.S. diplomatic contact with the People's Republic of China. He also shows how the low strategic significance of South Asia for much of the global community, combined with an inordinate regard for the norm of sovereignty, led to a lack of support for the principle of humanitarian intervention. The Blood Telegram partially affirms the proposition that acts of genocide can stem from the choices of a handful of individuals who are determined to achieve a political goal using all available means.
Multilocus phylogenetic analyses of Hispaniolan and Bahamian trunk anoles (distichus species group)

The distichus species group includes six species and 21 subspecies of trunk ecomorph anoles distributed across Hispaniola and its satellite islands as well as the northern Bahamas. Although this group has long served as a model system for studies of reproductive character displacement, adaptation, behavior and speciation, it has never been the subject of a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis. Our goal here is to generate a multilocus phylogenetic dataset (one mitochondrial and seven nuclear loci) and to use this dataset to infer phylogenetic relationships among the majority of the taxa assigned to the distichus species group. We use these phylogenetic trees to address three topics about the group’s evolution. First, we consider longstanding taxonomic controversies about the status of several species and subspecies assigned to the distichus species group. Second, we investigate the biogeographic history of the group and specifically test the hypotheses that historical division of Hispaniola into two paleo-islands contributed to the group’s diversification and that Bahamian and Hispaniolan satellite island populations are derived from colonists from the main Hispaniolan landmass. Finally, third, we use comparative phylogenetic analyses to test the hypothesis that divergence between pale yellow and darkly pigmented orange or red dewlap coloration has occurred repeatedly across the distichus species group.
The Determination of the Tensile Strength of Fluid Food Materials

SUMMARY The tensile strength of fluid food materials is a rheological property which is rarely considered, although it may play a role in texture and coating behavior in certain eases. It is possible to measure the tensile strength of the fluid by forcing it slowly downward through a vertical tube which is less than the critical diameter. The fluid column will break when the weight of the column divided by the cross-sectional area of the column equals the tensile strength of the fluid. The tensile strength of ketchup, tomato paste, and mayonnaise was measured and found to be about twice the shear strength. Tube diameter had no effect on measured tensile strength provided it was less than the critical diameter.
Zero-sound measurements near the pair-breaking edge in low pressure 3He-B

Zero-sound measurements have been performed in 3He-B for P < 5 bar. An attenuation peak near Tc has been completely resolved for P < 2 bar and is greater than the theoretical predictions for the pair-breaking contribution. In addition, while cφ remains constant until hv ∼ 2δ (T), vg is observed to decrease by ≈ 35%.
Brain ionized magnesium and calcium levels during magnesium supplementation and deficiency in female Long-Evans rats

Objective To examine the effect of changes in the state of magnesium balance on ionized magnesium and ionized calcium in serum and brain tissue of female rats. Methods Forty-two mature rats were used in the study. To induce hypermagnesemia, 12 rats received 270 mg/kg of magnesium sulfate intraperitoneally, followed every 20 minutes for 2 hours with 27 mg/kg magnesium sulfate. Ten control rats received an equal volume of saline. To induce hypomagnesemia, ten rats were placed on a magnesiumdeficient diet for 4 ( n = 5) or 8 ( n = 5) days. Ten control rats were placed on basal diets of equal duration. Following treatment, rats were euthanized and serum and brain tissue were analyzed for ionized magnesium and calcium content. Results Hypermagnesemia produced a significant increase in serum ionized magnesium ( P P P P P P Conclusion During peripheral magnesium deficiency, brain levels of ionized magnesium and ionized calcium are tightly regulated and appear unaffected. However, central levels of these electrolytes are altered under hypermagnesemic conditions. Thus, magnesium administration may change biologically active portions of magnesium and calcium in the brain.
Efficacy of splenectomy for patients with mantle cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.

The purpose of this study was to define the role of splenectomy in patients (pts) with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) with regard to improving cytopenias and symptoms of splenomegaly. 26 pts with MCL underwent splenectomy between January 1987 and October 1999 and were followed prospectively for hematologic response and operative morbidity and mortality. A positive response was defined at 1 month of follow-up as: a hemoglobin of > or = 1.0 g/dl in a pt with a preoperative value or = 100 x 10(9)/L in a pt with a preoperative value 13 months after splenectomy. These results suggest that splenectomy may provide durable remission in selected pts with refractory cytopenias or symptoms related to splenomegaly in pts with MCL. There is a subset of pts that have prolonged disease stabilization without the requirement for immediate chemotherapy after splenectomy.
Analytic solution of the box diffusion model for a global ocean

The paper presents an analytic solution for the temperature of the mixed layer for a box diffusion model of a global ocean. It is shown that the exact solution approaches the appropriate limits of a mixed layer ocean model and of a diffusive ocean without a mixed layer on top. It is also shown that, over a large range of parameters of the box diffusion model, the difference between the temperature calculated using a box diffusion model and the temperature calculated using a purely diffusive ocean is buried in the noise.
A 60 GHz linear wideband power amplifier using cascode neutralization in 28 nm CMOS

The rapid scaling of CMOS technology in the last decade has enabled the design of high speed and efficient digital CMOS circuits. However, the design of RF and mm-wave systems has become more challenging due to inaccuracies in modeling and increased losses in the active and passive devices. This paper presents the design of a 60 GHz linear wideband power amplifier (PA) in deeply scaled 28 nm CMOS technology. The PA utilizes cascode drain-source neutralization to improve stability and low-k transformer techniques to achieve high bandwidth. Using transmission line power combining, the PA delivers a saturated output power of 16.5 dBm with a peak power added efficiency (PAE) of 12.6%. The three stage PA achieves an overall bandwidth of 11 GHz with a peak gain of 24.4 dB.
Adsorption isotherms and isosteric heats of adsorption for ethane, propane, and n-butane on polystyrene

We used a dynamic method to measure the adsorption isotherms for the gases ethane, propane, and n -butane on polystyrene at 273, 298, and 303 K. Concentrations were in the range from 500 to 10,000 ppm in a helium carrier. The isotherms can be represented by either Freundlich or Chakravarti-Dhar types. The exponent in the Freundlich isotherm increases with temperature for all three gases. The coefficient in the Freundlich isotherm increases with temperature for propane and n -butane, but decreases with increasing temperature for ethane. The isosteric heats of adsorption show a strong dependence on surface coverage. The isosteric heats were extracted in three ways: (1) from the calculated isosteres, (2) from the adsorption capacities, and (3) from the adsorption potential. The first two methods agree at all measured concentrations. Values derived from the adsorption potentials at 298 K show more variation. The characteristic curves at the three temperatures are superimposable as a single curve for each gas, but polystyrene does not show a single characteristic curve for all three gases.
How Does Your Garden Grow? Early Conceptualization of Seeds and Their Place in the Plant Growth Cycle

Although an increasing body of research supports the view that preschoolers hold theory-like conceptions in the biological domain, most studies concerned have focused exclusively on early conceptions of animals and humans. As a complement to such research, the present studies examined 4-year-olds' conceptualization of seeds, a key stage of plant growth, itself a critical biological process. Study 1 examined judgments about seed origins and growth preconditions, in order to tap early understanding of causal mechanisms pertaining to plant growth. Studies 2 and 3 examined specific understandings of the relations that hold among the distinct stages of growth (seed, plant, flower, fruit). Overall, children demonstrated an impressive grasp of seeds and their place in the growth cycle. By age 4 1/2 years, children realised that natural causal mechanisms and not other sorts (e.g., human intervention) underlie growth, appreciated the unique relation of seeds to the plant domain, and demonstrated an emerging grasp of growth's cyclical nature. Together, these findings suggest that preschoolers may hold theory-like understandings of plants similar to those they hold of animals and humans
Imaging simulations of optimized overlay marks with deep sub-resolution features

Bright field imaging based metrology performance enhancement is essential in the quest to meet lithography process control requirements below 65 nm half pitch. Recent work has shown that, in parallel to the lithographic processes themselves, the metrology tools are able to continue to perform despite the fact that the size of the features under test are often below the classical Rayleigh resolution limit of the optical system. Full electromagnetic simulation is a mandatory tool in the investigation and optimization of advanced metrology tool and metrology target architectures. In this paper we report on imaging simulations of overlay marks. We benchmark different simulation platforms and methods, focusing in particular on the challenges associated with bright-field imaging overlay metrology of marks with feature sizes below the resolution limit. In particular, we study the dependence of overlay mark contrast and information content on overlay mark pitch and feature size.
Filament Kinking and Its Implications for Eruption and Re-formation

Solar filaments exhibit a range of eruptive-like dynamic activity from the full, or partial, eruption of the filament mass and surrounding magnetic structure, as a CME, to a fully confined dynamic evolution or “failed” eruption, sometimes producing a flare but no CME. Additionally, observations of erupting filaments often show a clear helical structure, indicating the presence of a magnetic flux rope. Dynamic helical structures, in addition to being twisted, frequently show evidence of being kinked, with the axis of the flux rope exhibiting a large-scale writhe. Motivated by the fact that kinking motions are also detected in filaments that fail to erupt, we investigate the possible relationship between the kinking of a filament and its success or failure to erupt. We present an analysis of kinking in filaments and its implications for other filament phenomena such as the nature of the eruption, eruptive acceleration, and post-eruptive re-formation. We elucidate the relationship between kinking and the various filament phenomena via a simple physical picture of the forces involved in kinking together with specific definitions of the types of filament eruption. The present study offers results directly applicable to observations, allowing a thorough exploration of the implications of the observational relationship between kinking and filament phenomena and provides new insight for modelers of CME initiation.
A new error analysis for discontinuous finite element methods for linear elliptic problems

The standard a priori error analysis of discontinuous Galerkin methods requires additional regularity on the solution of the elliptic boundary value problem in order to justify the Galerkin orthogonality and to handle the normal derivative on element interfaces that appear in the discrete energy norm. In this paper, a new error analysis of discontinuous Galerkin methods is developed using only the H k weak formulation of a boundary value problem of order 2k. This is accomplished by replacing the Galerkin orthogonality with estimates borrowed from a posteriori error analysis and by using a discrete energy norm that is well defined for functions in H k .
Preservation of color integrity in multistage photography.

Multistage color photography without the usual attendant loss of color integrity is described. The technique was evolved for fabricating a four-color, patterned transparency requiring a high degree of pattern precision and close control of color characteristics. The necessary accuracy is achieved through an enlargement–reduction multistage photographic process. Color integrity is maintained through the several processing stages by means of multiple exposure through filters spectrally compatible with the film and the painted pattern.
Coulomb effects on the electron scattering radiation tail.

We carry out a distorted wave calculation of the radiation tail accompanying relativistic elastic electron scattering from the atomic nucleus using recently developed techniques for evaluating the radial matrix elements entering the calculation. The difficulty of calculating the high multipole components of the bremsstrahlung cross section is avoided by introducing a distortion factor that can be evaluated within the required accuracy with about 20 photon multipoles. The calculation still requires extensive computational time, so we compare our distorted wave results to an ad hoc technique of including distortion in the Bethe-Heitler result that is widely used. Surprisingly, we find that the ad hoc technique is very good for energy losses less than about 70% of the incident electron energy.
From SAR to comparative QSAR: role of hydrophobicity in the design of 4-hydroxy-5,6-dihydropyran-2-ones HIV-1 protease inhibitors.

Abstract Role of hydrophobicity in the design of 4-hydroxy-5,6-dihydropyran-2-ones—a new class of emerging HIV-1 protease inhibitors (HIV-PI) was investigated by using comparative QSAR. These studies show that most of the data points in the individual dataset studied fall either on positive or negative side of the optimum value of Clog P . This is why, we observe either a positive or negative Clog P term in the QSAR. To observe the optimum value of Clog P for these inhibitors, a sufficient spread in the data is required. It is hoped that the results of this study would help in optimizing substituents for better binding at enzyme pockets and guide in the design of more effective HIV-PI of this class.
Corrosion and Degradation of High-Strength Steel Bridge Wire

Abstract Effects of atmospheric corrosion on the degradation of low-carbon, high-strength steel bridge wires were simulated by cyclic corrosion tests. Both galvanized and ungalvanized wires were an...
Modulation of α7-integrin-mediated adhesion and expression by platelet-derived growth factor in vascular smooth muscle cells

We showed previously that the expression of α7-integrin in aortic vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) is enhanced in a rat model of atherosclerosis. In the present study, we investigated the effects of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) on α7-integrin expression and VSMC adhesion and migration. Expression of the α7-integrin gene was determined by real-time RT-PCR, whereas protein levels were determined by fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis. PDGF increased α7 cell surface protein expression (12 and 24 h: 3.3 ± 0.8- and 3.6 ± 0.4-fold, P < 0.05 vs. control) and mRNA levels (24 h: 3.1-fold, P < 0.05 vs. control) in a time-dependent manner. Actinomycin D and cycloheximide attenuated PDGF-induced increases in α7-integrin, indicating the involvement of de novo mRNA and protein synthesis. Treatment with the MAPK inhibitors PD-98059, SP-600125, and SB-203580 attenuated PDGF-induced increases in mRNA. In contrast, PD-98059 and SP-600125, but not SB-203580, attenuated PDGF-induced increases in cell sur...
Carbon dioxide assimilation efficiency of four spring wheat cultivars grown under low and high nitrogen 1

Abstract Little is known about varietal differences in carbon dioxide (CO2) assimilation efficiency of leaves during the grain filling period under nitrogen (N) stress. The objective of this study was to compare four cultivars of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown in the growth chamber under high and low soil N regimes for their CO2 assimilation efficiency indices (AEI), CO2 exchange rate (CER), leaf N concentration (NL) and spike grain yield and its components. The cuitivars used in the study had different characteristics. Nesma is an older cultivar, but adapted to a large range of environments in northern Africa, Merchouch 8 is a newer cultivar adapted to the semi arid and arid areas, 5/70–32 is adapted to more favorable conditions (high moisture), and Saada was used because it has high tillering capacity and resists Hessian fly (Maeytiola destructor Say.). Measurements were taken at stem elongation, boot and dough stages on the last well developed leaf for AEI, CER, and NL and at physiological m...
Microinjection of Urediospore Germlings of Uromyces appendiculatus

Abstract Correa, A., Jr., and Hoch, H. C. 1993. Microinjection of urediospore germlings of Uromyces appendiculatus. Experimental Mycology 17, 253-273. Urediospore germlings of Uromyces appendiculatus were microinjected with a variety of materials to assess the applicability of microinjection methodologies for studying fungal cell growth and development. Until now, hyphal cells have not been successfully microinjected without first being pretreated with osmotica to lower the turgor pressures of the cells. We describe the development of a hydraulicly actuated system and protocols for successfully microinjecting Uromyces cells on a routine basis. Synthetic fluorocarbon and silicone fluids, various fluorophore-conjugated dextrans, rhodamine-conjugated phalloidin, rhodamine 123, cyclic AMP, and cytochalasin E were all microinjected into living urediospore germlings that grew or responded in ways consistent with expected pharmacological effects of the injected material. Germlings that were microinjected with synthetic fluids maintained the ability to sense and respond to inductive topographies for the formation of appressoria. Materials were injected at volumes of ≤0.5 to ≤400 fl. The results of this investigation indicate that fungal cells can be successfully microinjected with a variety of materials and, importantly, continue to function as normal cells.
Structural Characterization of Two Alternate Conformations in a Calbindin D9k-Based Molecular Switch

We have demonstrated that calbindin D(9k) can be converted into a calcium-sensing switch (calbindin-AFF) by duplicating the C-terminal half of the protein (residues 44-75) and appending it to the N-terminus (creating residues 44'-75'). This re-engineering results in a ligand-driven interconversion between two native folds: the wild-type structure (N) and a circularly permuted form (N'). The switch between N and N' is predicted to involve exchange of the 44-75 and 44'-75' segments, possibly linked to their respective folding and unfolding. Here we present direct structural evidence supporting the existence of N and N'. To isolate the N' and N conformations, we introduced the knockdown Ca(2+) binding mutation Glu → Gln at position 65 (E65Q mutant) or at the analogous position 65' (E65'Q mutant). E65Q and E65'Q are therefore expected to adopt conformations N' and N, respectively, in the presence of calcium. Though the amino acid sequences of E65Q and E65'Q differ at only these two positions, nuclear magnetic resonance resonance assignments, chemical shifts, and paramagnetic relaxation enhancement data reveal that they take on separate structures when bound to calcium. Both proteins are comprised of a well-folded domain and a disordered region. However, the segment that is disordered in E65Q (residues 44-75) is folded in E65'Q, and the region that is disordered in E65'Q (residues 44'-75') is structured in E65Q. The results demonstrate that the N' N' conformational change is mediated by a mutually exclusive folding reaction in which folding of one segment of the protein is coupled to unfolding of another segment, and vice versa.
Healthy public policy in Canada: a survey of ontario health professionals.

"Healthy public policy" has become a catchphrase of the "new" health promotion. The concept, however, remains vague and lacking in practice. A survey of Ontario public health workers was conducted in June 1988, using the World Health Organization's Second Health Promotion Conference Declaration on Healthy Public Policy as a source of policy statements and action areas. Results are constrained by a low response rate (22.5%, N = 180), but indicate a high degree of support for healthy public policy concepts by senior level public health workers. Social environment policy issues (notably child poverty and unaffordable housing) are highest ranked priority issues, although physical environment (pollution) ranked most important when respondents were asked to choose a single issue. Lifestyle health issues are relatively low-ranked, although they remain priorities for action by respondents and their employers. The Canadian and Ontario Public Health Associations are thought to have the best analyses of healthy public policies, but are not seen as prominent policy actors. Government and media are considered weakest in their analysis of healthy public policy. Respondents' comments indicate a willingness to strengthen their role, and that of their health associations, in advocacy for healthy public policies.
Intensive Care Unit Insulin Delivery Algorithms: Why So Many? How to Choose?:

OBJECTIVE: Studies showing improved outcomes with tight glycemic control in the intensive care unit (ICU) have resulted in a substantial number of new insulin delivery algorithms being proposed. The present study highlights mechanisms used in the better-known approaches, examines what might be critical differences among them, and uses systems theory to characterize the conditions under which each can be expected to perform best. METHODS: Algorithm dose (DeltaI/DeltaG) and step (response to a persistent elevation in glucose) response curves were calculated for written instruction algorithms, developed at the Providence Heart and Vascular Institute (Portland [P] protocol), the University of Washington (UW), and Yale University (Y), together with similar curves for the Glucommander (GM) and proportional integral derivative (PID) computer algorithms. From the simulated curves, different mechanisms used to adjust insulin delivery were identified. RESULTS: All algorithms increased insulin delivery in response to persistent hyperglycemia, but the mechanism used altered the algorithm's sensitivity to glucose, or gain, in the GM, UW, and Y protocols, while leaving it unchanged for the P protocol and PID algorithm. CONCLUSIONS: The increase in insulin delivery in response to persistent hyperglycemia observed with all the algorithms can be expected to bring subjects who respond to insulin to targeted glucose ranges. However, because the PID and P protocols did not alter the insulin delivery response curves, these algorithms can be expected to take longer to achieve target glucose levels in individuals who are insulin resistant and/or are exposed to increased carbohydrate loads (e.g., glucose infusions). By contrast, the GM, UW, and Y algorithms can be expected to adapt to the insulin resistance such that the time to achieve target levels is unchanged if the time for insulin to act does not change. If the insulin resistance is accompanied by a longer time for insulin to act, the UW, Y, and GM algorithms may increase the risk of hypoglycemia. Under these conditions, the longer time required for the PID and P protocols to achieve a target glucose level may be a reasonable trade-off for no increase in the risk of hypoglycemia.
Protein Kinase Target Discovery From Genome-Wide Messenger RNA Expression Profiling

Genome-wide messenger RNA profiling provides a snapshot of the global state of the cell under different experimental conditions such as diseased versus normal cellular states. However, because measurements are in the form of quantitative changes in messenger RNA levels, such experimental data does not provide direct understanding of the regulatory molecular mechanisms responsible for the observed changes. Identifying potential cell signaling regulatory mechanisms responsible for changes in gene expression under different experimental conditions or in different tissues has been the focus of many computational systems biology studies. Most popular approaches include promoter analysis, gene ontology, or pathway enrichment analysis, as well as reverse engineering of networks from messenger RNA expression data. Here we present a rational approach for identifying and ranking protein kinases that are likely responsible for observed changes in gene expression. By combining promoter analysis; data from various chromatin immunoprecipitation studies such as chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing, chromatin immunoprecipitation coupled with paired-end ditag, and chromatin immunoprecipitation-on-chip; protein-protein interactions; and kinase-protein phosphorylation reactions collected from the literature, we can identify and rank candidate protein kinases for knock-down, or other types of functional validations, based on genome-wide changes in gene expression. We describe how protein kinase candidate identification and ranking can be made robust by cross-validation with phosphoproteomics data as well as through a literature-based text-mining approach. In conclusion, data integration can produce robust candidate rankings for understanding cell regulation through identification of protein kinases responsible for gene expression changes, and thus rapidly advancing drug target discovery and unraveling drug mechanisms of action.
On the beam selection and convergence in the Bloch wave method

Abstract Bloch-wave theory has been a popular tool for simulating electron diffraction patterns for quantitative analysis, such as determination of atomic positions and structure factors. However, up to now no investigations have been published concerning the convergence of this method. In particular it is quite unclear how many and which beams should be included in simulations. Beams are often manually selected in a rather subjective manner. In this paper, three simple criteria for selecting the beams automatically are examined. These criteria can easily be incorporated into existing Bloch-wave programs. Some examples showing the power of this technique are given. Computation experience shows that these three parameters can be manipulated independently to achieve convergence.
Altered in vitro and in vivo flumazenil binding in human epileptogenic neocortex.

In vitro and in vivo parameters of flumazenil (FMZ) binding were measured in spiking and nonspiking neocortex identified by intraoperative elcctrocorticography in epileptic patients who underwent c...
Nonepithelial tumors of the nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses and nasopharynx: a clinicopathologic study. X. Malignant lymphomas.

In our series of 256 nonepithelial tumors involving the nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses and nasopharynx, 21 were apparently primary malignant lymphomas, including 17 ordinary lymphomas and 4 cases of “midline malignant reticulosis.” Of the 15 patients who had ordinary lymphomas and had adequate follow-up, 8 died of lymphoma, 4 were living with disseminated disease, 1 died of other causes with persistent lymphoma and only 2 (13%) had no evidence of recurrence at 8 and 9 years after diagnosis. The tumor was controlled in its primary site by radiotherapy in 13 of 14 patients; however, all but 2 of these patients eventually developed disseminated disease. Of the 3 patients who had midline malignant reticulosis (MMR) and had adequate follow-up, all died of disease. MMR represents an unusual variant of malignant lymphoma and often produces the clinical picture of lethal midline granuloma. Cancer 43:611–621, 1979.
The ADP-ribosyltransferase PARP10/ARTD10 Interacts with Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA) and Is Required for DNA Damage Tolerance

All cells rely on genomic stability mechanisms to protect against DNA alterations. PCNA is a master regulator of DNA replication and S-phase-coupled repair. PCNA post-translational modifications by ubiquitination and SUMOylation dictate how cells stabilize and re-start replication forks stalled at sites of damaged DNA. PCNA mono-ubiquitination recruits low fidelity DNA polymerases to promote error-prone replication across DNA lesions. Here, we identify the mono-ADP-ribosyltransferase PARP10/ARTD10 as a novel PCNA binding partner. PARP10 knockdown results in genomic instability and DNA damage hypersensitivity. Importantly, we show that PARP10 binding to PCNA is required for translesion DNA synthesis. Our work identifies a novel PCNA-linked mechanism for genome protection, centered on post-translational modification by mono-ADP-ribosylation.
On the creep behavior of uranium dioxide

The creep data for stoichiometric polycrystalline uranium dioxide (UO2) obtained in several compression investigations are analyzed using the Dorn equation together with deformation mapping, and it is shown that the data are divisible into three regions of deformation, depending on the value of the normalized stress. At high normalized stresses (σ/G > 10−3 where σ is the applied stress and G is the shear modulus), the stress exponent is greater than 5 and the creep behavior seems to be consistent with the breakdown of the creep power law. At intermediate normalized stresses (5 × 10−4 < σ/G < 10−3), the stress exponent is about 4.5 and the creep behavior is in accord with that attributed to dislocation creep. At low normalized stresses (σ/G < 5 × 10−4), the stress exponent is about 1, but the creep characteristics are not entirely compatible with the Nabarro-Herring process as originally documented in the literature on creep.