cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
State‐Dependent Stimulus Control: Cueing Attributes of Ethanol “Hangover” in Rats

In Experiment 1, twelve Sprague-Dawley rats were trained in a two-choice food-reinforced drug discrimination task (10-min sessions) using the state-dependent interoceptive stimulus attributes of ethan-ol's (ETOH) delayed or rebound effects (EDE) versus “normal” basal homeostasis. Rats were injected with either 4 g/kg ETOH or equivalent volumes of saline (SAL) 18 hr before the sessions. Each rat was injected with an additional 1 ml/kg injection of SAL 15 min before the sessions. EDE training sessions were always followed by a “day off.” SAL sessions were conducted between36–96 hr after an EDE training session. Rats demonstrated>90% discriminative accuracy. Test sessions showed a time-dependent, cyclic, return from the experimental “hangover” state to the “normal” state, by 48 hr. The acute (immediate) effects of ETOH and chlordiazepoxide (0.75 g/kg or 0.18 mg/kg, respectively; 15 min) did not cross-generalize with the “hangover” state. Both these low-dose ETOH and chlordiazepoxide pretreatments blocked the stimulus attributes of “hangover.” All subjects responded on the EDE-appropriate lever at 5.6 mg/kg pentylenetetrazole and exhibited an increase in susceptibility to clonic seizures. In Experiment 2 blood alcohol concentration kinetics functions were quantified in three groups (n = 8/ group) of age-matched cohorts to Experiment 1 subjects (2, 3, and 4 g/kg ETOH) using a head-space gas chromatographic technique. The training stimulus state associated with 4 g/kg, at 18 hr postin-jection intervals, in Experiment 1, did not produce any chromatogram peaks for ETOH or any its active metabolite (acetaldehyde, acetone, nor methanol). The present data demonstrated the saliency and “anxiogenic” dimensionality of experimentally induced “hangover.”
Does gender affect outcome of cardiac surgery in octogenarians

The long-term results of cardiac surgery in 212 consecutive octogenarians (116 men, 96 women) were reviewed retrospectively. Preoperative functional status, Euroscore, and the incidences of hypertension and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease were similar in both sexes. Women had more diabetes mellitus (45% versus 25%; p < 0.05) but less renal dysfunction (16% versus 29%; p < 0.05). Men required emergency procedures more frequently (p < 0.05). Women underwent complete revascularization more often and had more arterial grafts. Hospital mortality was similar (11.5% in women versus 12.9% in men), but women had more complications (76% versus 64%), longer convalescence (24.3 versus 18.5 days), fewer psychiatric disorders (14% versus 23%) and less heart block (9% versus 19%). Men had a slightly better outcome in terms of functional class and Euroqol score during follow-up of up to 114 months. Median survival was longer in women (3.15 versus 2.96 years) but 1-, 3-, and 5-year survival rates and late deaths were similar. Outcomes appear to be equitable for both sexes among octogenarians.
Etiology of sugar maple decline in four Pennsylvania stands

Tree-ring analysis was used to study historical patterns of basal area increment (BAI) by healthy (0–5% dieback) and declined (greater than 30% dieback) overstory sugar maples (Acersaccharum Marsh.) in four stands in Pennsylvania. The objectives were to establish if and when BAI decreased in healthy and declined trees and to identify causal factors associated with decreased BAI. Reduction in BAI of declined compared with healthy trees was first evident following a series of defoliations and summer droughts in the mid-1960s and early 1970s. These stresses were followed by repeated damage by pear thrips (Taeniothripsinconsequens Uzel) in the 1980s and a drought in 1988, during which large reductions in BAI occurred for both declined and healthy trees in all stands. Foliar nutrient analysis of two stands suggested deficiency of Mg and Ca. Other factors hypothesized to be associated with this sugar maple decline as either predisposing or inciting factors include unusually warm winter temperatures in the 1980s...
Predicting Communication Intention in Social Networks

In social networks, where users send messages to each other, the issue of what triggers communication between unrelated users arises: does communication between previously unrelated users depend on friend-of-a-friend type of relationships, common interests, or other factors? In this work, we study the problem of predicting directed communication intention between two users. Link prediction is similar to communication intention in that it uses network structure for prediction. However, these two problems exhibit fundamental differences that originate from their focus. Link prediction uses evidence to predict network structure evolution, whereas our focal point is directed communication initiation between users who are previously not structurally connected. To address this problem, we employ topological evidence in conjunction to transactional information in order to predict communication intention. It is not intuitive whether methods that work well for link prediction would work well in this case. In fact, we show in this work that network or content evidence, when considered separately, are not sufficiently accurate predictors. Our novel approach, which jointly considers local structural properties of users in a social network, in conjunction with their generated content, captures numerous interactions, direct and indirect, social and contextual, which have up to date been considered independently. We performed an empirical study to evaluate our method using an extracted network of directed @-messages sent between users of a corporate micro logging service, which resembles Twitter. We find that our method outperforms state of the art techniques for link prediction. Our findings have implications for a wide range of social web applications, such as contextual expert recommendation for QaA, new friendship relationships creation, and targeted content delivery.
Controlled survival study of the effects of Tisseel or a combination of FloSeal and Tisseel on major vascular injury and major collecting-system injury during partial nephrectomy in a porcine model.

Purpose: We report the results of a controlled survival study in a porcine model investigating Tisseel® or a combination of FloSeal® and Tisseel in dealing with vascular and collecting-system injury during partial nephrectomy. Materials and Methods: We performed an open right lower-pole partial nephrectomy on 15 large female pigs. The defect was repaired using standard open techniques (N = 5; controls), Tisseel only (N = 6; group I), or FloSeal followed by Tisseel (N = 4; group II). A Jackson-Pratt drain was placed. Nephrectomy and retrograde pyelography were performed at 1 week. Results: Operative times were shorter in both study groups, achieving statistical significance in group I (P = 0.008). Warm-ischemia times were significantly improved in both study groups (P = 0.029 and P = 0.00005 in groups I and II, respectively). Time to hemostasis was significantly shorter in group II only (P = 0.002) but approached significance in Group I as well (P = 0.09). Estimated blood loss was not significantly differe...
Transition Metal Complexes and the B-to-Z DNA Transition: Investigating the Role of Geometry and Hydration

A combination of charge-charge interactions with the DNA backbone and site-specific hydrogen bonds to phosphates and base pairs accounts for the unusual ability of [Co(NH3)6]3+ to drive the B-to-Z transition. We have used circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy to analyze effects of other stable cobalt, chromium and platinum complexes on the conformation of the DNA copolymer poly[d(G-C)]. We previously reported that a number of octahedral complexes, with hydrogen bonding ligands similar to those in [Co(NH3)6]3+, also induce the transition. Cationic charge plays a major role in determining their effectiveness, with transition midpoints ≤ 10 μM for +3 complexes, but ≥ 500 μM for a +1 complex. A series of new +2 complexes with octahedral or square planar geometry have been tested. The transition midpoint was about 100 μM for the octahedral [Co(NH3)5NO3]2+. However, the square planar [Pt(NH3)4]2+ and [Pt(en)2]2+ failed to induce the transition even at 1500 μM, supporting the hypothesis that hydrogen bonding groups in three mutually cis positions facing the DNA molecule are required. A number of prior studies have highlighted the importance of hydration in the B-Z conformational equilibrium and osmotic stress measurements in our lab and Donald Rau's showed that addition of an osmolyte such as sucrose induced the transition at even lower [Co(NH3)6]3+ concentrations. New results indicate that the transition mediated by [Co(NH3)5Cl]2+ is even more osmotically sensitive. We will continue this line of investigation to explore why more water molecules appear to be displaced by the binding of the +2 complex compared to the +3 complex. Supported by a Towson University Faculty Development and Research Committee grant, a Towson University Undergraduate Research Grant (to B. Ha) and by the Towson University Department of Chemistry.
Settlement, protracted displacement, and repatriation at Mayukwayukwa in western Zambia

In 1967, the Government of the Republic of Zambia (GRZ) began resettling Angolan refugees into independent Zambia’s first official refugee camp, Mayukwayukwa in Kaoma District, Western Province, Zambia. After nearly 40 years living as refugees, Angolans began a process of repatriation – or return – to Angola. By 2010, the prospects of full repatriation from Mayukwayukwa to Angola were limited, forcing the community, the governments, and the international refugee regime to address long-standing appeals for alternative settlement options. This article begins by providing a historical understanding of refugee-hosting in Western Province, Zambia and proceeds to trace the ever-evolving contours of protracted refugee-hosting at Mayukwayukwa Refugee Settlement. I utilize in-depth interviews to assess the Zambian and Angolan perceptions of refugee-hosting, settlement, repatriation, citizenship and identity. Ultimately, the protracted displacement of Angolans in Zambia challenges the discourse that privileges repa...
The Intersection of Organizational Identity, Knowledge, and Practice: Attempting Strategic Change Via Knowledge Grafting

We investigated the attempt of a high-technology R&D organization to transform into a market-oriented organization by “grafting” new, nontechnological knowledge. The intended strategic transformati...
First demonstration of long-haul transmission using silicon microring modulators

We report error-free long-haul transmission of optical data modulated using a silicon microring resonator electro-optic modulator with modulation rates up to 12.5 Gb/s. Using bit-error-rate and power penalty characterizations, we evaluate the performance of this device with varying modulation rates, and perform a comparative analysis using a commercial electro-optic modulator. We then experimentally measure the signal integrity degradation of the high-speed optical data with increasing propagation distances, induced chromatic dispersions, and bandwidth-distance products, showing error-free transmission for propagation distances up to 80 km. These results confirm the functional ubiquity of this silicon modulator, establishing the potential role of silicon photonic interconnects for chip-scale high-performance computing systems and memory access networks, optically-interconnected data centers, as well as high-performance telecommunication networks spanning large distances.
Oral Direct Renin Inhibition: Premise, Promise, and Potential Limitations of a New Antihypertensive Drug

The first oral direct renin inhibitor, aliskiren, recently received approval for the treatment of hypertension. This article addresses the premise, promise, and potential limitations of this new class of renin-angiotensin system inhibitor. Although aliskiren adds to a list of more than 100 drugs approved for the treatment of hypertension, its introduction into clinical medicine is of particular interest because of the novel mechanism of action: inhibition of renin's catalytic activity, the most proximal and rate-limiting step in renin-angiotensin system activation. By producing more complete renin-angiotensin system inhibition than with existing agents, direct renin inhibitors may afford greater protection from hypertensive complications. Other potential advantages include additional blood pressure reduction when used in combination therapy, a placebo-like side-effect profile, avid renal concentration, and long duration of action. Potential limitations include modest levels of blood pressure reduction that are equivalent to but not greater than angiotensin receptor blockers, reduced gastrointestinal absorption with a high-fat meal, and large reactive increases in renin secretion--the functional importance of which is under intense investigation. The results of outcomes trials are eagerly awaited.
A version of the projection-iterative method for systems of linear differential equations with delay of neutral type and restrictions

We establish consistency conditions for systems of linear differential equations with constant delay of neutral type and restrictions. The applicability of the projection-iterative method to these problems is justified.
The concept and correlates of computer anxiety

Abstract The introduction of computers into the lives and workplaces of many individuals represents a dramatic change. Zuboff has used the term ‘computer-mediated’ work to describe how the increasingly intellectual nature of work and the availability of computers is creating a revolution in the workplace. There is a real concern about how individuals react both cognitively and emotionally to the introduction of computer technology. The growth of the end-user computing phenomenon has made this concern more acute. Although many individuals have little difficulty using computers, there remains a far larger population of users who experience considerable difficulty learning how to use computer systems. Computer anxiety is a widely occurring phenomenon for this group of users, whose job performance and success may depend on their interaction with computers. Reviewing the literature, this paper describes the nature and correlates of computer anxiety and assesses training as a mechanism for reducing the impact o...
Characterization of LWIR diodes on InAs/GaSb Type-II superlattice material

Abstract Long wavelength infrared (LWIR) focal plane arrays (FPAs) built on Type-II strained layer InAs/GaSb superlattice materials are emerging as an alternative to LWIR HgCdTe. We have made progress in the development of this technology in a collaborative effort between Raytheon Vision Systems and Jet Propulsion Laboratory, resulting in successful devices with LWIR cutoff wavelengths. We report here two investigations related to wafer processing and superlattice material characteristics. The critical interface between the superlattice and the silicon dioxide passivation was examined at the atomic scale by high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), showing a conformal coating on an InAs/GaSb mesa sidewall, which undulates with the superlattice periodicity due to differential etching. Electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) showed that oxides of the superlattice elements were present but minimal, and some occasional arsenic precipitates were observed at the passivation interface. Our previous analysis of the current–voltage curves was extended further to reveal the minority carrier lifetimes responsible for producing the generation–recombination (GR) and the diffusion dark currents. Lifetimes at 78 K were found to be 6 and 20 ns in the GR and diffusion processes, respectively. Lifetimes from both mechanisms track together with temperature. A HgCdTe diode was analyzed in the same manner for comparison.
The bcl-2 Protein Is Inserted into the Outer Membrane but Not into the Inner Membrane of Rat Liver Mitochondria in Vitro

The bcl-2 gene encodes a 26 kDa protein, overexpression of which blocks cell apoptosis. Since conflicting data have been reported concerning the localization of the Bcl-2 protein with mitochondrial inner and outer membranes, we analyzed in vitro import of the human Bcl-2 protein into isolated rat liver mitochondria. The Bcl-2 protein translated in rabbit reticulocyte lysate was efficiently inserted into the mitochondrial outer rather than the inner membrane in a membrane potential-independent manner. The carboxyl-terminal hydrophobic stretch is essential for the Bcl-2 protein to integrate into the outer membrane. Binding of the Bcl-2 protein to the mitochondria was not affected by pretreatment of the mitochondria with trypsin, indicating that the Bcl-2 protein does not require protease-sensitive mitochondrial surface components for its membrane insertion.
Computational Aerodynamics Goes To School: A Course in CFD for Undergraduate Students

As aerodynamics education has evolved over the past decades, a slow transition from important analytic methods to increasingly powerful computational methods has taken place. While a basic understanding of theoretical aerodynamics should always be included in coursework, the realities of modern design practices make the usefulness of the traditional approach less and less practical. A new undergraduate course in computational aerodynamics has been developed that attempts to give students experience with the modern computational tools of aerodynamics, primarily from an applications perspective. While introducing students to the important computational topics of accuracy and stability, the course stresses the practical tools that computational aerodynamics requires: importance of understanding the physical problem, developing a good grid, checking results for convergence and accuracy, and computing unsteady, turbulent flows. A number of “lessons learned” have resulted from teaching the course, including the importance of providing appropriate background instruction in computer systems and command languages, providing tutorials for obtaining skill in grid generation and flow visualization, and giving students individual attention for learning the “gray” skills of computational aerodynamics. Provided appropriate attention and support is available, we believe that undergraduate students can be taught computational aerodynamics at a level that will make them intelligent users of modern computational tools.
A detailed analysis of SOI MOSFETs for SOC design

In this paper, we present a physics based R/sub out/ model for the bulk and SOI MOSFETs operating at high frequencies, where the AC kink effect is supressed. The model is verified with Silvaco 2-D simulator. Analog performance in terms of intrinsic gain and f/sub t/ of the bulk and SOI MOSFETs is compared using these models.
Diagnostic and Prognostic Value of Cell-cycle Regulatory Genes in Malignant Thyroid Neoplasms

Approximately 30% of patients with thyroid nodules have indeterminate or suspicious fine-needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy results. Because their risk of cancer is approximately 20%, these patients undergo thyroidectomy. We hypothesized that genes that regulate cell-cycle progression would be differentially expressed in malignant versus benign thyroid nodules and could serve as diagnostic markers and markers of disease aggressiveness. We used a cDNA array with 96 cell-cycle regulatory genes to identify differentially expressed genes in pooled benign versus malignant thyroid neoplasms. Genes up- or down-regulated by more than 2-fold in malignant thyroid neoplasms were further evaluated by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in 95 patients with hyperplastic nodules (n = 19), follicular adenoma (n = 19), follicular thyroid cancer (n = 19), the follicular variant of papillary thyroid cancer (n = 19), and papillary thyroid cancer (n = 19). cDNA array analysis showed that cyclin B1, MCM5, MCM7, RAD9, ubiquitin C, CDK6, SKP2, and APAF1 were up-regulated in malignant thyroid neoplasms. Real-time quantitative PCR showed that MCM5, MCM7, and RAD9 mRNA expression were significantly higher in malignant than in benign thyroid neoplasms (≤0.0012). The combined use of MCM5, MCM7, and RAD9 mRNA expression had a sensitivity of 98.2% and a specificity of 65.7%. The level of MCM7 mRNA expression was higher in T4 than in T1, T2, and T3 differentiated thyroid cancers (P < 0.0127). MCM5, MCM7, and RAD9 are overexpressed in malignant thyroid neoplasms of follicular cell origin. These genes may be useful markers of malignant thyroid neoplasms as an adjunct to FNA biopsy. MCM7 mRNA expression is higher in locally invasive differentiated thyroid cancer.
Hip arthroscopy: from the beginning to the future—an innovator’s perspective

Hip arthroscopy is one of the fastest-growing areas of orthopaedic surgery. There are many reasons for this, including a better understanding of the pathophysiology of damage to the hip joint, improvements in imaging and technology advancements in arthroscopic instrumentation. This manuscript documents the historical development of hip arthroscopy, in general, as well as advances and ideas that have led to common techniques with regard to portal placement, traction and instrumentation. These advances have led to expanding indications for hip arthroscopy. This manuscript ends with some thoughts about the future of hip arthroscopy from the perspective of one of the leaders who helped shape hip arthroscopy, as it is performed today.
Different radiant heat intensities differentiate intracerebroventricular morphine-from β-endorphin-induced inhibition of the tail-flick response in the mouse

Abstract The antinociceptive effects of morphine and β-endorphin given intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) or intrathecally (i.t.) were evaluated by inhibition of the tail-flick and hot-plate paw-licking responses evoked by three different intensities of heat stimulation (low, intermediate and high) in male ICR mice. Morphine given i.c.v. was more potent in inhibiting the tail-flick response evoked by low than high intensity of heat stimulus. β-Endorphin given i.c.v., on the other hand, was equally potent in inhibiting the tail-flick response evoked by different intensities of heat. This differential effect of morphine and β-endorphin was not shown when morphine and β-endorphin were given i.t. Morphine and β-endorphin given i.c.v. or i.t. were equally potent in inhibiting the paw-licking response at different intensities of hot-plate temperature. Our results suggest that morphine given i.c.v. may inhibit high intensity heat-evoked tail-flick response spinally and inhibits low intensity heat-evoked tail-flick response supraspinally. Our results also provide additional evidence for different neural mechanisms of antinociceptive action of morphine and β-endorphin.
Symmetrical path-cycle covers of a graph and polygonal graphs

A near-polygonal graph is a graph @C which has a set C of m-cycles for some positive integer m such that each 2-path of @C is contained in exactly one cycle in C. If m is the girth of @C then the graph is called polygonal. We introduce a method for constructing near-polygonal graphs with 2-arc transitive automorphism groups. As special cases, we obtain several new infinite families of polygonal graphs.
Principle component analysis of myocardial strain to quantify left ventricular dyssynchrony

Background Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) is effective for selected heart failure (HF) patients, but is associated with a 30-40% nonresponse rate. Identification of CRT responders may be improved with myocardial strain imaging. The circumferential uniformity ratio estimate (CURE ) measures mechanical dyssynchrony by Fourier series fitting of myocardial strains over space, but requires user interaction to define a range of cardiac phases over which CURE is calculated (time dependence). We hypothesize that principal component analysis (PCA) can quantify dyssynchrony in myocardial strain in a data-driven, time-independent manner that does not require any subjective user assessments of strain data.
Palmitoylation by DHHC5/8 Targets GRIP1 to Dendritic Endosomes to Regulate AMPA-R Trafficking

Palmitoylation, a key regulatory mechanism controlling protein targeting, is catalyzed by DHHC-family palmitoyl acyltransferases (PATs). Impaired PAT activity is linked to neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders, suggesting critical roles for palmitoylation in neuronal function. However, few substrates for specific PATs are known, and functional consequences of palmitoylation events are frequently uncharacterized. Here, we identify the closely related PATs DHHC5 and DHHC8 as specific regulators of the PDZ domain protein GRIP1b. Binding, palmitoylation, and dendritic targeting of GRIP1b require a PDZ ligand unique to DHHC5/8. Palmitoylated GRIP1b is targeted to trafficking endosomes and may link endosomes to kinesin motors. Consistent with this trafficking role, GRIP1b's palmitoylation turnover rate approaches the highest of all reported proteins, and palmitoylation increases GRIP1b's ability to accelerate AMPA-R recycling. To our knowledge, these findings identify the first neuronal DHHC5/8 substrate, define novel mechanisms controlling palmitoylation specificity, and suggest further links between dysregulated palmitoylation and neuropathological conditions.
Inelastic Scattering of 42-MeV Alpha Particles by Mg 24

Angular distributions for elastic and inelastic scattering of 42-MeV $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ particles by ${\mathrm{Mg}}^{24}$ have been measured in the range $\ensuremath{\theta}(\mathrm{lab})={10}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}\ensuremath{-}{60}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}$. Eight inelastic $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ groups were identified with the following \char22{}$Q$ values: 1.37, 4.16 (doublet), 5.22, 6.005, 6.44, 7.35, 7.62, and 8.37 MeV. Two theoretical models, the distorted-wave Born-approximation version of the extended optical model and the smoothed Fraunhofer inelastic diffraction model, have comparable degrees of success in fitting the observed angular distributions. Further, extracted values of the deformation distances ${\ensuremath{\delta}}_{\ensuremath{\lambda}}\ensuremath{\equiv}{\ensuremath{\beta}}_{\ensuremath{\lambda}}{R}_{0}$, which parametrize the nuclear matrix elements, show good agreement between the two methods of analysis for low $Q$ values and angular momentum transfer; as these quantities increase, however, the smoothed Fraunhofer model tends to underestimate ${\ensuremath{\delta}}_{\ensuremath{\lambda}}$ by as much as 30%. The present results on the nature and strength of the transitions to the positive-parity levels at 1.37, 4.16 (doublet), 5.22, 6.005, 6.44, and 7.35 MeV are in agreement with the broad features of the rotational-vibrational collective-model predictions for these levels, but not with its literal interpretation in terms of macroscopic quadrupole surface excitations of the nuclear intrinsic states. The present results indicate the presence of the two ${3}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ levels, strongly collective in nature, at 7.62 and 8.37 MeV. Comparisons are made with other experiments of similar nature on the ${\mathrm{Mg}}^{24}$ nucleus.
Predictive and prognostic value of the 21-gene recurrence score in hormone receptor-positive, node-positive breast cancer.

The addition of adjuvant chemotherapy to hormonal therapy is recommended for patients with estrogen receptor–positive (ER+), node-positive (N+) early breast cancer (EBC). Some of these patients, however, are not likely to benefit from treatment and may, therefore, be overtreated while also incurring unnecessary treatment-related adverse events and health care costs. The 21-gene Recurrence Score assay has been clinically validated and recommended for use in patients with ER+, node-negative (N0) EBC to assess the 10-year risk of distant disease recurrence and predict the likelihood of response to adjuvant chemotherapy. A growing body of evidence from several large phase III clinical trials reports similar findings in patients with ER+, N+ EBC. A systematic review of published literature from key clinical trials that have used the 21-gene breast cancer assay in patients with ER+, N+ EBC was performed. The Recurrence Score has been shown to be an independent predictor of disease-free survival, overall survival, and distant recurrence-free interval in patients with ER+, N+ EBC. Outcomes from decision impact and health economics studies further indicate that the Recurrence Score affects physician treatment recommendations equally in patients with N+ or N0 disease. It also indicates that a reduction in Recurrence Score–directed chemotherapy is cost-effective. There is a large body of evidence to support the use of the 21-gene assay Recurrence Score in patients with N+ EBC. Use of this assay could help guide treatment decisions for patients who are most likely to receive benefit from chemotherapy.
The effect of washing lymphocytes after in vivo treatment with streptonigrin on the yield of chromosome and chromatid aberrations in blood cultures

Abstract Cytogenetic analyses of cultured blood lymphocytes from streptonigrin-treated female rabbits demonstrated that the yield of chemically-induced chromatid aberrations, especially exchanges, is influenced by the method of blood handling before in vitro culture. When blood cells from treated animals were washed with tissue-culture medium before culture, chromatid breaks were observed at the same level as in the controls, and no chromatid exchanges were found. However, when duplicate aliquots of blood were inoculated directly into culture medium, without washing, elevated levels of chromatid breaks were observed and chromatid exchanges were found. These findings indicate that the clastogen, streptonigrin, was carried into the culture medium with the blood-cell inoculum.
On the flux of heat through laminar wavy liquid layers

Dynamically passive transfer of heat across a layer of liquid supporting a progressive, periodic surface wave is approached from a Lagrangian viewpoint. The model layer considered is the region between two constant pressure surfaces of a Gerstner wave and the thermal boundary conditions are that the average temperature of any surface particle remains constant and that there is horizontal homogeneity of the average temperature field. It is shown that fluctuations in the temperature of any particle are negligibly small for ordinary liquids and a uniformly valid approximation to the average temperature of each particle is presented. The extent to which the flux of heat through the layer is augmented is computed for typical cases and it is shown to be at most doubled. Indication is given of extensions of the method to other kinds of progressive waves and to situations in which the boundary conditions are unsteady and spatially inhomogeneous.
Land Allotment and the Decline of American Indian Farming

The Dawes Act of 1887 empowered the President of the United States to institute a massive land reform designed, in part, to induce American Indians to become farmers by giving each family title to a 160-acre parcel of land.’ The reformers who fervently worked for the passage of the Dawes Act believed that the property right created by the allotment of existing reservations would provide the incentives and the environment needed to make Indians into farmers. By all accounts this program was a dismal failure: Indians did not become farmers and the years which followed the passage of the Dawes Act saw a steady decline in the land base owned by Indians and available for future development. The origins of this failure, however, have not been examined by economic historians. Did Indians simply refuse to become farmers, despite inducements to do so, or were they in fact responding to economic incentives? The conclusion reached in this paper is that the allotment system itself dis- couraged Indian farmers; given the appropriate incentives some Indians did make progress as farmers. The sections which follow begin with a brief historical sketch of the origins of the allotment policy and a discussion of the nature of Indian property rights before and after allotment. This characterization of Indian property rights is then used to develop a model of the impact of allotment on Indian farmers. The concluding sections consider whether this model
The Value of Annual Egg Records in Breeding Poultry for High Fecundity

Abstract MANY criteria are employed in the selection of breeding stock for high fecundity. Jull (1934a) concluded that the dam’s annual egg record could not be used as a criterion of her breeding ability and that the mean egg production of a group of full sisters was no indication of the breeding potentiality of any of the full sisters. Jull (1934b) states that, when a minimum first-year record of 200 eggs was used as the basis of selecting breeding stock, the actual number of eggs laid by any bird did not indicate the breeding ability of that bird nor did the egg production of the sire’s dam serve as an index to the breeding ability of the sire. The egg records of the three nearest female ancestors of sires or dams had no significant relation to the production of the progeny. However, when the three nearest female ancestors of sires and . . .
Convergence of the Nosanow cluster expansion assuming the Wu-Krumhansl correlation function

We consider the convergence and energy-bounding properties of the Nosanow cluster expansion in combination with the pair correlation function employed by Wu and Krumhansl. We employ the transfer-integral method and one-dimensional model quantum solid developed by Trickey and Nuttall. The results of our investigation differ somewhat from those of Wu and Krumhansl. Their correlation function yields a minimum value of the cluster approximation to the cohesive energy for the model system which is significantly different from the rigorous variational result. The cluster approximation gives a substantially different best value of the pair function variation parameter than that determined by the transfer integral. The cluster-expansion convergence rates reflect these difficulties. Restriction of the variation of the single-particle functions to a parametrized Gaussian eliminates these discrepancies. Such nonphysical behavior is a priori possible with any choice of pair function.
A symmetry group for the matrix Riccati equation

We describe a symmetry group for the matrix Riccati differential equation, and prove a reduction theorem which simplifies the calculation of the elements of this group. We also find necessary and sufficient conditions for two equilibrium points to be symmetry equivalent.
Additional notes on Melinaea Hübner (Lepidoptera: Ithomiidae)

SYNOPSIS The status and composition of several of the species of Melinaea in the British Museum (Nat. Hist.) are discussed. A new subspecies of M. comma, from the Rothschild collection, is described, and neotypes are designated for four names for which the original types are missing.
Diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis (nonspecific vaginitis): Role of the laboratory

Summary Direct immediate tests available in the clinic can be used to accurately diagnose BV. Gram-stained vaginal smears can also be used to detect BV when the direct tests have not been performed. Presently, if BV is incidentally found on a Gram-stained smear, therapy should be directed only towards symptomatic women. Cultures for G. vaginalis may reduce rather than improve diagnostic accuracy because a large number of normal women without vaginal abnormalities or BV have the organism. Except for research and quality control purposes quantitative anaerobic cultures and GLC and TLC methods need not be used to diagnose BV.
Documenting Disappearing Spaces: Erasure and Remembrance in Two High School Closures

As school closures are on the rise across the nation, it becomes important to study these disappearing spaces. We frame the recent rash of school closings and their impact on communities through the concept of erasure, which we see as the uprooting of a particular space to make room for innovation. In this article, we consider such examples of erasure, ghosts of institutional memory, and remembrance in disappearing or reconstituted sites: specifically, 2 high schools. We discuss commonalities and differences in the ways in which these concepts manifest across these 2 sites, the first taking place in the Northeast in the mid-1990s as reflective of community-led activism and teacher union collaboration and the second in the Midwest 10 years into federal and state school accountability reform efforts, where school closure is one of several interventions for schools struggling academically. Both sites were informed by methods that have participatory elements, an action orientation, and a deeply critical and historical lens. Influenced by Apfelbaum’s (2000) discussion of the obligation of remembrance and Fullilove’s (2004) reflection on “root shock” in urban renewal processes, we understand erasure as a deeply psychological response to failure and conflict. We conclude by reexamining the notion of productive conflict as a necessary element in educational change.
Experimentation on Magnetically Driven Shock Waves

This experiment uses a relatively simple physical phenomenon to produce shock waves of an ionized gas. If two wires carry currents in opposite directions, they repel one another, due to the mutually coupled magnetic field. In this experiment, the "two wires" consisted of a stream of ionized gas and a fixed conductor. The stream of ionized gas was produced in an evacuated tube by discharging a bank of capacitors; it then was accelerated down the tube by the "push" exerted by the magnetic field. The magnetic field, created by the current flow in the circuit, can be determined from measurements of this current. Three independent techniques for the measurement of current agree within 25 per cent of one another. The velocity of the shock wave was measured, using two photo-multiplier tubes to sense the emitted light of the moving plasma at two positions along the shock tube. The velocity was around 10 cm/?sec, or 300 times the speed of sound. To minimize the inherent complexity of the experiment, the pressure in the tube was held constant. The magnitude of the pressure was derived both by measiring the gas conductivity and by using a calibrated thermocouple vacuum gauge. The gas used was air at a pressure of 0.7 mm of mercury.
Optimum design of spectrometer in FD-OCT

Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography (FDOCT) has attained popularity due to its static parts, high imaging speed[1], and high sensitivity[2]. FDOCT makes use of spectral interferometry and collects data in the spectral domain, either using a spectrometer with a detector array or by a single point detector with a wavelength-swept light source[3]. The axial resolution depends on the bandwidth of the spectrum. The spectral response of the spectrometer is always desired to be flat in order to have the best axial resolution corresponding to the light source spectrum. Unfortunately, the optics consisting of the spectrometer usually shape the spectrum. The optimum optics design and alignment will minimize the spectral shaping. The frequency response simulation by advanced optical design software displays a clear picture for our design and system alignment. The axial imaging range of FDOCT according to the Fourier transform relationship is ultimately limited by a fringe visibility degrading curve with increasing imaging depth due to the spectral sampling spacing called the fall-off [4]. This limitation is significant for applications of spectrometer-based FDOCT where a long imaging range is desirable (e.g the anterior segment of the eye), especially when imaging uses 1.3 mm light because large pixel-count arrays are not currently commercially available. Although resolving complex-conjugate ambiguity[5] and Sub-pixel shifting[6] have extended the image range, the imaging range of FDOCT is still limited by the fall-off, which is a primary concern in the design of a spectrometer-based FDOCT system. A mathematical model of spectrometer-based FDOCT can aid in understanding of signal formation, including fall-off [ref OL].
Phonon Green's function.

Abstract The concepts of source and quantum action principle are used to produce the phonon Green's function appropriate for an initial phonon vacuum state. An application to the Mossbauer effect is presented.
Integrating transcriptional controls for plant cell expansion

The plant hormones auxin and brassinosteroid promote cell expansion by regulating gene expression. In addition to independent transcriptional responses generated by the two signals, recent microarray analyses indicate that auxin and brassinosteroid also coordinate the expression of a set of shared target genes.
Dynamic Asset Pricing in a System of Local Housing Markets

For most people , buying a house is one of the most significant investment decisions of their lifetimes. Economists have mainly focused on the consumption aspects of this process. For example , a typical model in urban economics might frame the decision of where to live as a discrete choice over a bundle of housing and neighborhood attributes such as location , square footage , schooling options, and crime levels. The investment side of the problem has received considerably less atten tion , a surprising omission since housing assets constitute approximately two-thirds of the aver age American household’s financial portfolio , serve an important role in saving for retirement and, as has become increasingly apparent , can be quite risky. This paper views housing markets from an asset-pricing perspective, using finance theory to relate the risk premium of a housing asset (the difference between its expected return and the return for a risk-free investment) to its exposure to risk. As usual in finance, what matters for the risk premium of a housing asset is its exposure to systematic risk, not idiosyncratic risk. In our model, there are two forms of systematic risk to which housing assets are exposed: national risk (which is common to houses everywhere) and local risk (which affects all houses within a given metropolitan area, but nowhere else). Houses are said to be of the same type h if they are located in the same metropolitan area and have the same exposure to systematic risk. Our main conclusions are that (1) houses of every type face a common set of risk prices (λ * for the national risk and λ m for the local risk specific to
Transfusion in the age of molecular diagnostics

DNA-based tests are increasingly being used to predict a blood group phenotype to improve transfusion medicine. This is possible because genes encoding 29 of the 30 blood group systems have been cloned and sequenced, and the molecular bases associated with most antigens have been determined. RBCs carrying a particular antigen, if introduced into the circulation of an individual who lacks that antigen (through transfusion or pregnancy), can elicit an immune response. It is the antibody from such an immune response that causes problems in clinical practice and the reason why antigen-negative blood is required for safe transfusion. The classical method of testing for blood group antigens and antibodies is hemagglutination; however, it has certain limitations, some of which can be overcome by testing DNA. Such testing allows conservation of antibodies for confirmation by hemagglutination of predicted antigen-negativity. High-throughput platforms provide a means to test relatively large numbers of donors, thereby opening the door to change the way antigen-negative blood is provided to patients and to prevent immunization. This review summarizes how molecular approaches, in conjunction with conventional hemagglutination, can be applied in transfusion medicine.
Impact of deep submicron technology on dependability of VLSI circuits

Advances in semiconductor technology have led to impressive performance gains of VLSI circuits, in general, and microprocessors, in particular. However, smaller transistor and interconnect dimensions, lower power voltages, and higher operating frequencies have contributed to increased rates of occurrence of transient and intermittent faults. We address the impact of deep submicron technology on permanent, transient and intermittent classes of faults, and discuss the main trends in circuit dependability. Two case studies exemplify this analysis. The first one deals with intermittent faults induced by manufacturing residuals. The second case study shows that transients generated by timing violations are capable of silently corrupting data. It is concluded that the semiconductor industry is approaching a new stage in the design and manufacturing of VLSI circuits. Fault-tolerance features, specific to custom designed computers, have to be integrated into commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) VLSI systems in the future, in order to preserve data integrity and limit the impact of transient and intermittent faults.
Simulation of flat fading using MATLAB for classroom instruction

An approach to demonstrate flat fading in communication systems is presented here, wherein the basic concepts are reinforced by means of a series of MATLAB (Mathworks, Inc., Natick, MA 01760-2098 USA) simulations. Following a brief introduction to fading in general, models for flat fading are developed and simulated using MATLAB. The concept of outage is also demonstrated using MATLAB. The authors suggest that the use of MATLAB exercises will assist the students in gaining a better understanding of the various nuances of flat fading.
Spectrogram screening of adult EEGs is sensitive and efficient

Objective: Quantitatively evaluate whether screening with compressed spectral arrays (CSAs) is a practical and time-effective protocol for assisting expert review of continuous EEG (cEEG) studies in hospitalized adults. Methods: Three neurophysiologists reviewed the reported findings of the first 30 minutes of 118 cEEGs, then used CSA to guide subsequent review (“CSA-guided review” protocol). Reviewers viewed 120 seconds of raw EEG data surrounding suspicious CSA segments. The same neurophysiologists performed independent page-by-page visual interpretation (“conventional review”) of all cEEGs. Independent conventional review by 2 additional, more experienced neurophysiologists served as a gold standard. We compared review times and detection rates for seizures and other pathologic patterns relative to conventional review. Results: A total of 2,092 hours of cEEG data were reviewed. Average times to review 24 hours of cEEG data were 8 (±4) minutes for CSA-guided review vs 38 (±17) minutes for conventional review ( p p Conclusions: CSA-guided review reduces cEEG review time by 78% with minimal loss of sensitivity compared with conventional review. Classification of evidence: This study provides Class IV evidence that screening of cEEG with CSAs efficiently and accurately identifies seizures and other EEG abnormalities as compared with standard cEEG visual interpretation.