cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Phonetics information base and lexicon

In this dissertation, I investigate the linguistic and technological challenges involved in creating a cross-linguistic data set to undertake phonological typology. I then address the question of whether more sophisticated, knowledge-based approaches to data modeling, coupled with a broad cross-linguistic data set, can extend previous typological observations and provide new ways of querying segment inventories. The model that I implement facilitates testing typological observations by aligning data models to questions that typologists wish to ask. The technological infrastructure that I create is conducive to data sharing, extensibility and reproducibility of results. I use the data set and data models in this work to validate and extend previous typological observations. In doing so, I revisit the typological facts proposed in the linguistics literature about the size, shape and composition of segment inventories in the world's languages and find that they remain similar even with a much larger sample of languages. I also show that as the number of segment inventories increases, the number of distinct segments also continues to increase. And when vowel systems grow beyond the basic cardinal vowels, they do so first by length and nasalization, and then diphthongization. Moving beyond segments, I show that distinctive feature sets in general lack the typological representation needed to straightforwardly map sets of features to the segment types found in a broad set of language descriptions. Therefore, I extend a distinctive feature set, devise a method to computationally encode features by combining feature vectors and assigning them to segment types, and create a system in which users can query by feature, by sets of features that define natural classes, or by omitting features in queries to utilize the underspecification of segments. I use this system and reinvestigate proposed descriptive universals about phonological systems and find that some, but not all universals hold up to the more rigorous testing made possible with this larger data set and a graph data model. Lastly, I reevaluate one of the many purported correlations between a non-linguistic factor and language: the claim that there exists a relationship between population size and phoneme inventory size. I show that this finding is actually an artifact of a small data set, which constrains the use of more nuanced statistical approaches that can control for the genealogical relatedness of languages. Thus, in this work I illustrate how researchers can leverage the data set and data models that I have implemented to investigate different aspects of languages' phonological systems, including the possible impact of non-linguistic factors on phonology.
Complementation in vitro between non-allelic drosophila mutants deficient in xanthine dehydrogenase: III. Observations on heat stabilities

1. 1. An analysis of the time course at various temperatures of the complementation reaction in vitro that produces xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH) xanthine: NAD oxidoreductase) in mixtures of extracts from maroon-like and rosy (ma-l and ry) eye color mutants of Drosophila melanogaster indicated that one or more of the components was unusually heat-labile. This proved to be the factor associated with the wild-type gene at the ry locux (ry+); this factor is also extremely sensitive to trypsin. 2. 2. Experiments designed to compare the heat stability of the wild-type XDH with the enzyme produced in the complementation reaction led to the finding that substrates of XDH accelerate its destruction at 50°, but not at 30°. The mechanism of this is obscure. 3. 3. Various naturally occurring compounds can cause the inactivation or stabilization of XDH at 50°. These are now being identified.
Ambiguous Identity in an Unambiguous Sex/Gender Structure: The Case of Bisexual Women

This article explores bisexual identity as an ambiguous social category within the dominant dualistic sex/gender structure. The article documents the stigmatization of the bisexual category in the discourse of both the Religious Right and lesbian feminist communities, then examines the impact of dual stigmatization on bisexual women, who often see bi identity as disrupting the dominant sexual binary. Drawing from interviews with bisexual women, the article argues that bisexual women's discourse on sexual subjectivity does not escape the influence of binary structures, although it does at times reconfigure the binary along the queer/nonqueer and bisexual/monosexual axes. While the bisexual identity category may work as a discursive stabilizing device during the sex/gender crisis provoked by the AIDS epidemic, its politicization by bi feminists also allows the category to be strategically deployed for feminist and queer political projects.
Crohn’s disease: Surgical management

Crohn’s disease is a chronic, unremitting inflammatory ­condition of uncertain etiology that can affect the entirety of the alimentary tract. Appropriate diagnosis and management of the disease requires collaboration among physicians, radio­logists, pathologists, and surgeons who work to safely maintain a satisfactory quality of life in patients who suffer from this incurable disorder. Depending upon the patient age, disease location, disease behavior, and other clinical parameters, the surgeon uses intestinal bypass, strictureplasty, and/or bowel resection to manage disease that is confounded by complications or refractory to conventional medical therapy. Particular care must be taken during surgery to address all areas of symptomatic disease while minimizing the risk for future complications arising from recurrent disease.
Concern for Health and Exercise as Expressed in the Writings of 18th Century Physicians and Informed Laymen (England, France, Switzerland)

Abstract In the 18th century, physicians and informed laymen authored a number of medical and educational treatises which devoted considerable attention to proper regimen and, especially, to the role of exercise and active physical recreations in the attainment, maintenance, and restoration of health. Advances in experimental science and medical theory that had occurred during the previous century led to a growing attempt in the 18th century to apply medical theory to a variety of practical concerns. A new interest in the well being of children was reflected in the growing number of educational treatises which appeared, especially during the last four decades of the 18th century. Medical writings were published in the vernacular with increasing frequency, and those who could and did read such works could scarcely escape their message: active physical exercise, along with proper rest, diet, and similar cares, could be a powerful means for achieving and preserving health and for fostering the proper growth ...
Pseudoriemannian Nilpotent Lie Groups

This is a survey article with a limited list of references (as required by the publisher) which appears in the Encyclopedia of Mathematical Physics, eds. J.-P. Francoise, G.L. Naber and Tsou S.T. Oxford: Elsevier, 2006. vol.4, pp.94--104.
An Early Start for Your Child With Autism: Using Everyday Activities to Help Kids Connect, Communicate, and Learn, by S. J. Rogers, G. Dawson, & L. A. Vismara

Sally J. Rogers, PhD, Professor of Psychiatry at the UC Davis MIND Institute in the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, is a leading researcher in the field of autism and is well-know...
Association Between Method of Cerebral Protection During Neonatal Aortic Arch Surgery and Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Background Neonates undergoing repair of the aortic arch are at risk for adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes, including attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of deep hypothermic circulatory arrest versus regional cerebral perfusion on the long-term outcome of ADHD. Methods This study is a cross-sectional observational study of ADHD in children who underwent neonatal aortic arch surgery. Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder-IV surveys were used to determine the prevalence of ADHD. Review of the medical records was performed to determine the primary method of cerebral protection and to extract related surgical variables. Results Surveys were sent to parents of 134 children, with 57 surveys completed (43%). The percentage of children classified as having ADHD was 44%. Children with a diagnosis of interrupted aortic arch had the highest prevalence of ADHD (85%). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that interrupted aortic arch was associated with an increased ADHD inattention score (p Conclusions Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder is common after neonatal aortic arch surgery and may be primarily related to genetic predisposition. We found insufficient evidence to show that either deep hypothermic circulatory arrest or regional cerebral perfusion decreased the risk of ADHD.
Availability and performance evaluation for automatic protection switching in TDMA wireless system

In this paper, we compare the availability and performance of a wireless TDMA system with and without automatic protection switching. Stochastic reward net models are constructed and solved by SPNP (Stochastic Petri Net Package). Hierarchical decomposition is adopted to simplify the analysis. The optimization of the number of guard channels reserved for the handoff calls is studied. Numerical results prove the accuracy of the decomposition and show the significant improvement of the availability and the performance indexed as the new call blocking probability and handoff call dropping probability, brought by automatic protection switching.
The management of resectable and unresectable liver metastases from colorectal cancer.

Purpose of reviewTo discuss when and who should get liver resection, how to get to resection and what treatments are useful in the pre or postoperative setting.Recent findingsColorectal cancer is a significant problem worldwide, with 49 000 deaths a year in the United States. Sixty percent of patien
Depression screening instruments made good severity measures in a cross-sectional analysis.

Abstract Objective Test equivalence of different survey instruments to diagnose depression and to assess its severity. Where equivalence exists, describe how to convert scores between instruments. Study Design Cross-sectional analysis of six convenience samples consisting of 71 members of a health plan and 107 patients of mental health specialty practices with psychiatric diagnoses were compared using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and one or more of the Primary Care Screener for Affective Disorder, Prime-MD-PHQ, Inventory to Diagnose Depression, the depression subscale of the Psychiatric Diagnostic Screening Questionnaire, and the Mental Health Inventory from the SF-36. Results Correlations between the screening instruments and the BDI ranged from 0.79 to 0.95 and the sensitivity to depression and the specificity against nondepressive mental health diagnoses was equally good or better. We also describe a method for equating severity scores across instruments and labeling the screener-based severity measures with clinically meaningful descriptions comparable to those used for the BDI. Conclusions Screener-based severity measures extensively overlap each other. Good screeners for depression can also be good severity instruments. Exploiting screeners as severity instruments can significantly reduce response burden without sacrificing performance.
The impact of obesity on severely injured children and adolescents.

Abstract Purpose/Background In conjunction with the obesity epidemic in adults, we are starting to see an increase of obesity in children and adolescents. Obesity has been identified as risk factor for poor outcomes in adult trauma patients, but has not been investigated adequately in younger patients. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of obesity on the outcomes of a severely injured population of children and adolescents. Methods Retrospective review of traumatized children (age 6-12) and adolescents (age 13-19) admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) at an urban, level I trauma center from 1998 to 2003. The trauma registry and ICU database were used for data acquisition. Height and weight were recorded for each patient upon admission to the ICU and used to calculate body mass index (BMI). Patients were categorized as either lean (BMI Results There were 316 pediatric and adolescent trauma patients (262 [83%] lean, mean BMI=23 kg/m 2 and 54 [17%] obese, mean BMI=33 kg/m 2 ) admitted to the ICU. The lean and obese groups were similar regarding age, sex, mechanism of injury, admission vitals, injury severity, and operations required. Injury patterns were similar, except obese patients had less severe head injuries. Although there was no difference in mortality among obese (15%) and non-obese (9%) patients ( P = .39), obese children did have more complications (41% vs 22%, P = .04). In addition, obese patients required longer ICU stays (8 ± 9 vs 6 ± 6 days, P = .05) after severe trauma. Conclusions Despite similar admission characteristics and less severe head injuries, obese children and adolescents have more complications and require longer ICU stays than their lean counterparts.
Response of Captive Raptors to Avian Mobbing Calls: the Roles of Mobber Size and Raptor Experience

The ‘move on’ hypothesis for avian mobbing proposes that mobbing induces stress in potential predators, thereby provoking them into moving elsewhere. We tested whether mobbing is stress inducing by subjecting captive owls, hawks, and falcons to the mobbing calls of four species of co-occurring passerine birds that vary considerably in body size. Test subjects comprised 15 individuals of seven species of birds of prey that were housed at a wildlife rehabilitation center in northwestern Pennsylvania, USA. Playback treatments included mobbing calls of the black-capped chickadee (Poecile atricapillus), blue-headed vireo (Vireo solitarius), blue jay (Cyanocitta cristata), and American crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos), which vary in size from 12 g (chickadee) to 500 g (crow). A non-mobbing vocalization (song of the black-capped chickadee) was included in the playback treatments as a control. Playback treatment produced pronounced effects on three behavioral indicators of probable stress: head orientation toward the playback speaker, raising of feathers or spreading of wings, and changing of perch positions. Test subjects responded more vigorously to mobbing calls of the large passerines (jays and crows) than to those of the smaller passerines (chickadees and vireos). In addition, raptors that had entered the rehabilitation facility as adults generally responded more vigorously to the mobbing calls of jays and crows than did naive individuals that had entered the facility as fledglings or young juveniles. Our results are therefore consistent with the ‘move on’ hypothesis and suggest (1) that the mobbing calls of large passerines are more effective in provoking stress and altering the behavior of potential predators than are the mobbing calls of small passerines and (2) that a raptor's previous experience with mobbing in the wild can exaggerate the strength of its response, particularly to the mobbing calls of large passerines.
Porosity formation and prevention in pulsed laser welding

Porosity has been frequently observed in solidified, deep penetration pulsed laser welds. Porosity is detrimental to weld quality. Our previous study shows that porosity formation in laser welding is associated with the weld pool dynamics, keyhole collapse, and solidification processes. The objective of this paper is to use mathematical models to systematically investigate the transport phenomena leading to the formation of porosity and to find possible solutions to reduce or eliminate porosity formation in laser welding. The results indicate that the formation of porosity in pulsed laser welding is caused by two competing factors: one is the solidification rate of the molten metal and the other is the backfilling speed of the molten metal during the keyhole collapse process. Porosity will be formed in the final weld if the solidification rate of the molten metal exceeds the backfilling speed of liquid metal during the keyhole collapse and solidification processes. Porosity formation was found to be strongly related with the depth-to-width aspect ratio of the keyhole. The larger the ratio, the easier porosity will be formed, and the larger the size of the voids. Based on these studies, controlling the laser pulse profile is proposed to prevent/eliminate porosity formation in laser welding. Its effectiveness and limitations are demonstrated in the current studies. The model predictions are qualitatively consistent with reported experimental results.
Effect of Cystone® on urinary composition and stone formation over a one year period.

Kidney stones are a common problem for which inadequate prevention exists. We recruited ten recurrent kidney stone formers with documented calcium oxalate stones into a two phased study to assess safety and effectiveness of Cystone®, an herbal treatment for prevention of kidney stones. The first phase was a randomized double-blinded 12 week cross over study assessing the effect of Cystone® vs. placebo on urinary supersaturation. The second phase was an open label one year study of Cystone® to determine if renal stone burden decreased, as assessed by quantitative and subjective assessment of CT. Results revealed no statistically significant effect of Cystone® on urinary composition short (6 weeks) or long (52 weeks) term. Average renal stone burden increased rather than decreased on Cystone®. Therefore, this study does not support the efficacy of Cystone® to treat calcium oxalate stone formers. Future studies will be needed to assess effects on stone passage, or on other stone types.
Aggregation of Lead Phthalocyanine in Blends with Polycarbonate

The blends of a nonlinear optical dye with polycarbonate are described and comparisons are made with solutions of the dye in chloroform. Absorption spectra of blends with up to 1 wt % lead tetracumylphenoxy phtha- locyanine showed the dye to be primarily in the monomer form. The monomer absorption spectrum and the measured extinction coefficient replicated those in chloroform solu- tion. As the dye concentration increased to 20 wt %, the monomer intensity decreased and new spectral features characteristic of the dimer appeared. The spectra were resolved into contributions of monomer and dimer, and the concentration effect was analyzed according to the mono- mer/dimer equilibrium. Much higher monomer concentra- tions were achieved in polycarbonate blends compared to chloroform solutions. It was concluded that when the blends were quenched from the melt, the equilibrium established at the melt temperature was preserved in the solid state glass. Quenching the blend from different melt temperatures confirmed this interpretation. Extrapolation of the tempera- ture dependent equilibrium constant to 258C yielded a value close to that reported for chloroform solution at 258C. 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 104: 464-469, 2007
The prevalence of arrhythmias, predictors for arrhythmias, and safety of exercise stress testing in children.

Exercise testing is commonly performed in children for evaluation of cardiac disease. Few data exist, however, on the prevalence, types of arrhythmias, predictors for arrhythmias, and safety of exercise testing in children. A retrospective review of all patients ≤21 years undergoing exercise testing at our center from 2008 to 2012 was performed. Patients with clinically relevant arrhythmias were compared to those not experiencing a significant arrhythmia. 1,037 tests were performed in 916 patients. The mean age was 14 ± 4 years, 537 (55 %) were male, 281 (27 %) had congenital heart disease, 178 (17 %) had a history of a prior arrhythmia, and 17 (2 %) had a pacemaker or ICD. 291 (28 %) patients had a rhythm disturbance during the procedure. Clinically important arrhythmias were noted in 34 (3 %) patients and included: 19 (1.8 %) increasing ectopy with exercise, 5 (0.5 %) VT, 5 (0.5 %) second degree AV block, 3 (0.3 %) SVT, and 2 (0.2 %) AFIB. On multivariate logistic regression, variables associated with the development of clinically relevant arrhythmias included severe left ventricular (LV) dysfunction on echo (OR 1.99, CI 1.20–3.30) and prior history of a documented arrhythmia (OR 2.94, CI 1.25–6.88). There were no adverse events related to testing with no patient requiring cardioversion, defibrillation, or acute anti-arrhythmic therapy. A total of 28 % of children developed a rhythm disturbance during exercise testing and 3 % were clinically important. Severe LV dysfunction and a history of documented arrhythmia were associated with the development of a clinically important arrhythmia.
Subcritical Crack Growth along Ceramic‐Metal Interfaces

Environmentally assisted subcritical crack growth along glass/copper interfaces is examined in ambient-temperature gas environments as a function of humidity. Resulting interfacial crack velocities (v), characterised in terms of the crack extension force (G) and approximate solutions for the linear elastic stress intensity factor (K), show ν-K curve behavior typical of (bulk) ceramics. Subcritical crack growth rates are found to be initially highly sensitive to K for G) and to show evidence of a threshold stress intensity between 0.1 and 0.25 Mp a°m1/2 (region I). At higher crack velocities typically between °10–5 and 10–4 m/s, growth rates display a plateau and tend to become K independent (region II). Although specimen-to-specimen scatter is large in region I, interfacial crack velocities in moist environments far exceed those in dry environments and are over 3 orders of magnitude faster (at fixed K) than reported rat's for (bulk) soda-lime glass.
Approximate stroke sequence string matching algorithm for character recognition and analysis

Given two character images, we would like to measure their similarity or difference. Such a similarity or difference measure facilitates the solution to character recognition and handwriting analysis problems. There is, however, no universal definition for similarity measure satisfying a wide range of characteristics such as the slant, deformation or other invariant constraints. For this reason, we propose a new definition for the character similarity measure. First, the proposed method converts a two-dimensional image into a one-dimensional string. Next, it computes the edit distance by the modified approximate string matching algorithm. We describe how to extract the string information and compute the distance and then present the details of applications in handwriting analysis and both online and offline character recognition.
Inactivation of Escherichia coli JM109, DH5α, and O157:H7 Suspended in Butterfield's Phosphate Buffer by Gamma Irradiation

Food irradiation is a safe and effective method for inactivation of pathogenic bacteria, including Escherichia coli O157:H7, in meat, leafy greens, and complex ready-to-eat foods without affecting food product quality. Determining the radiation dose needed to inactivate E. coli O157:H7 in foods and the validation of new irradiation technologies are often performed through inoculation of model systems or food products with cocktails of the target bacterium, or use of single well-characterized isolates. In this study, the radiation resistance of 4 E. coli strains, 2 DNA repair deficient strains used for cloning and recombinant DNA technology (JM109 and DH5alpha) and 2 strains of serotype O157:H7 (C9490 and ATCC 35150), were determined. The D-10 values for C9490, ATCC 35150, JM109, and DH5alpha stationary phase cells suspended in Butterfield's Phosphate Buffer and irradiated at 4 degrees C were 229 (+/- 9.00), 257 (+/- 7.00), 61.2 (+/- 10.4), and 51.2 (+/- 8.82) Gy, respectively. The results of this study indicate that the extreme radiation sensitivity of JM109 and DH5alpha makes them unsuitable for use as surrogate microorganisms for pathogenic E. coli in the field of food irradiation research. Use of E. coli JM109 and DH5alpha, which carry mutations of the recA and gyrA genes required for efficient DNA repair and replication, is not appropriate for determination of radiation inactivation kinetics and validation of radiation processing equipment.
Charge Transfer State Versus Hot Exciton Dissociation in Polymer−Fullerene Blended Solar Cells

We examine the significance of hot exciton dissociation in two archetypical polymer−fullerene blend solar cells. Rather than evolving through a bound charge transfer state, hot processes are proposed to convert excitons directly into free charges. But we find that the internal quantum yields of carrier photogeneration are similar for both excitons and direct excitation of charge transfer states. The internal quantum yield, together with the temperature dependence of the current−voltage characteristics, is consistent with negligible impact from hot exciton dissociation.
Adopting Best Practices from Team Science in a Healthcare Improvement Research Network: The Impact on Dissemination and Implementation

Healthcare is a complex adaptive system, and efforts to improve through the implementation of best practice are well served by various interacting disciplines within the system. As a transdisciplinary model is new to clinicians, an infrastructure that creates academic-practice partnerships and builds capacity for scientific collaboration is necessary to test, spread, and implement improvement strategies. This paper describes the adoption of best practices from the science of team science in a healthcare improvement research network and the impact on conducting a large-scale network study. Key components of the research network infrastructure were mapped to a team science framework and evaluated in terms of their effectiveness and impact on a national study of nursing operations. Results from this study revealed an effective integration of the team science principles which facilitated the rapid collection of a large dataset. Implications of this study support a collaborative model for improvement research and stress a need for future research and funding to further evaluate the impact on dissemination and implementation.
An Integrating Framework for Research in Business and Society: A Step Toward the Elusive Paradigm?

According to some authors, the field of business and society has suffered because it apparently lacks a dominant paradigm. This paper (1) concludes that such a paradigm is unlikely to emerge soon and (2) offers an “integrating framework” based on an interpenetrating systems model and focusing on the social control of business. This framework may serve as a unifying mechanism for existing research in the field as well as an agenda for future research.
The Subversive Stitch: Female craft, culture, and ecriture

By making an embroiderer her central narrative voice and embroidery both the structural and the thematic focus of her most recent novel (Le Passe empiete [The Back Stitch]), Marie Cardinal complements Rozsika Parker's efforts (The Subversive Stitch: Embroidery and the Making of the Feminine) to trace the parallel histories of embroidery and femininity through the novel. For both Parker and Cardinal, embroidery figures the creative tension between conformity and subversion that Cardinal posits as common to all women and that results in Le Passe empiete in a complex reevaluation not only of the female artist herself but of both the traditional and the feminist critical context within which she currently creates. In particular, Cardinal explores the relationship between women's traditional domestic tasks and their artistic production, and she uses the specific qualities of embroidery to rethink common assumptions about literary influence and authority, the writing process, and the mythic tradition.
Prophylactic indomethacin: factors determining permanent ductus arteriosus closure.

Abstract Background: Permanent closure of the ductus arteriosus (DA) requires both effective muscular constriction to block luminal blood flow and anatomic remodeling to prevent later reopening. Objective: We examined the role of prophylactic indomethacin in producing permanent DA closure and the mechanism by which this occurs. Methods: We studied 2 separate approaches to managing a patent DA in 257 preterm infants (gestation 24 to 27 weeks): (1) prophylactic indomethacin (all infants treated during the first 15 hours after birth) or (2) symptomatic treatment (infants in this group received indomethacin only if clinical symptoms appeared; infants whose ductus closed spontaneously and never received indomethacin were included in this group). Echocardiography was performed 24 to 36 hours after the last dose of indomethacin was administered or by age 5 days if spontaneous closure occurred. Infants were monitored for the development of ductus reopening. Results: The prophylactic treatment group had a greater degree of initial ductus constriction, a higher rate of permanent anatomic closure, and a decreased need for surgical ligation than did the symptomatic treatment group. The degree of initial ductus constriction was the most important factor determining the rate of ductus reopening. Post-treatment echocardiography proved to be the best test for predicting eventual reopening. Conclusion: Prophylactic indomethacin improved the rate of permanent ductus closure by increasing the degree of initial constriction. Prophylactic indomethacin did not affect the remodeling process, nor did it alter the inverse relationship between infant maturity and subsequent reopening. Even when managed with prophylactic indomethacin, the rate of ductus reopening remained unacceptably high in the most immature infants. (J Pediatr 2000;136:330-7)
The Conditions of Racial Violence in American Cities: A Developmental Synthesis

This article analyzes the social and political conditions associated with the incidence of racial violence in a sample of 119 American cities. Data on the incidence of racial disorders are drawn from newspaper accounts compiled by the Lemberg Center for the Study of Violence during the period 1967–1969. A total of 334 disorders are analyzed.Two alternative hypotheses are examined. The first assumes that the causes of the black urban riots are rooted largely in the disorganized environment of socially marginal individuals. The second attempts to locate the outbreak of rioting primarily within a closed and unresponsive political system. Paradoxically, the results tend to provide empirical support for both theoretical perspectives. At the same time, the data suggest the need to reformulate and revise conventional interpretations of the black urban riots. This is done by synthesizing and testing a developmental model which implies a curvilinear relationship between the incidence of racial violence on the one hand, and black political development on the other.
Altering the Response to Radiation: Sensitizers and Protectors ☆ ☆☆

A number of agents are used clinically to enhance the efficacy of radiotherapy today, many of which are cytotoxic chemotherapies. Agents that enhance radiation induced tumor cell killing or protect normal tissues from the deleterious effects of ionizing radiation are collectively termed radiation modifiers. A significant effort in radiobiological research is geared towards describing and testing radiation modifiers with the intent of enhancing the therapeutic effects of radiation while minimizing normal tissue toxicity. In this review, we discuss the characteristics of these agents, the testing required to translate these agents into clinical trials, and highlight some challenges in these efforts.
INACTIVATION OF SOUTHERN BEAN MOSAIC VIRUS BY ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT.

Abstract Inactivation of Southern bean mosaic virus by ultraviolet light (wavelength 253.7 mμ) was found to follow the course of a first-order reaction for at least 3 log units. The rate of inactivation was dependent upon the initial concentration of virus, being 3.7 times as fast for a solution containing 0.1 mg/ml of virus as for one containing 1.0 mg/ml. Evidence was obtained that the inactivating effect of ultraviolet light could be partially reversed by visible light; the rate of inactivation of a solution containing 1.0 mg/ml of virus was 1.5 times as fast when assay plants were kept for a few hours in darkness immediately after they were inoculated as when the assay plants were kept in the light for the first few hours after inoculation.
Bioconjugation by Copper(I)-Catalyzed Azide-Alkyne [3 + 2] Cycloaddition

The copper-catalyzed cycloaddition reaction between azides and alkynes functions efficiently in aqueous solution in the presence of a tris(triazolyl)amine ligand. The process has been employed to make rapid and reliable covalent connections to micromolar concentrations of protein decorated with either of the reactive moieties. The chelating ligand plays a crucial role in stabilizing the Cu(I) oxidation state and protecting the protein from Cu(triazole)-induced denaturation. Because the azide and alkyne groups themselves are unreactive with protein residues or other biomolecules, their ligation is of potential utility as a general bioconjugation method.
The role of social support and stressors for mothers and infants.

Summary This correlational study of mothers and their 6-month-old infants examined the importance of social support and stressors for parenting and infant development. Mothers (n= 79) were primarily White, married, and ranged in socio-economic status from low to high. All data were collected in mothers' homes when infants were 6 months old. Diversity of sources of social support and diversity of father support were positively related to parenting (quality of stimulation in the home). Diversity of sources of social support buffered the negative relationship of maternal fatigue (stressor) to parenting. Parenting was related to social, hearing-speech, locomotor, and general development. Additionally, social support and aggravation (people in the mother's said network who make life difficult) were related to infant development, independent of parenting.
HACCP Implementation and Research Issues

Abstract HACCP was implemented in the U.S. in December, 1997. A survey from the FDA Office of Seafood, after the first 6 months, showed mixed results regarding successful implementation. Four major issues have developed from the initial FDA inspections. They include: parasites in seafood, histamine monitoring, lethality of cook, and Clostridium botulinum in vacuum packed containers. This paper will summarize these issues focusing on presentations and discussions from the Seafood Hazard Analysis HACCP Research Meeting held in Astoria, OR, September 23-24, 1998.
Decision rules in local economic development

This research explores the nature of local economic development decision making. A central theoretical issue common to all types of urban research is the extent of independence and rationality that public decision makers exhibit during the policymaking process. The author argues that local political decisions do matter in the economic development arena; in other words, cities are not totally constrained by external forces but make certain bounded choices. However, the data indicate that economic development policies are not likely to be the result of rational, systematic weighing of costs and benefits. Rather, economic development policy largely is driven by professional decision rules emanating from economic development professionals.
MEASUREMENT OF REACTION KINETICS BY A PRESSURE RISE METHOD

Decomposition of urea nitrate in an initially evacuated system gave sigmoidal pressurevs. time curves. The experimental kinetic data fit the growing nuclei model with a measured enthalpy of activation of 142±12.5 kJ/mole as compared to 115±11.3 kJ/mole obtained thermogravimetrically. This higher value ofΔH‡ is explained on the basis of two factors: 1) the inhibitory effect of the product gases and 2) self heating, whose extent increasedΔH‡ by about 12.5 kJ/mole.
Suggested origin of the anomalous line-reversal temperatures in the reaction zone of hydrocarbon flames

Abstract Measurements of electron concentrations by the method of cyclotron resonance, and of non-thermal iron line intensities in emission, as a function of composition and dilution in the reaction zone of low-pressure acetylene-oxygen-argon mixtures, reveal a marked similarity in behaviour of these two quantities. On this and other circumstantial evidence, the possible causes of the anomalous line reversals can be narrowed down to two, neither of which can, however, be considered objection-free until further experimental evidence reveals in even more detail the nature of certain of the reaction steps proposed. One of these schemes involves postulating the bimolecular production of an excited species Y ∗ by the mechanism also responsible for electron production. Species Y ∗ must be sufficiently energetic, and be present in sufficient quantity, to produce excited metal atom M ∗ by energy transfer with M . The other—a more specific scheme—involves reaction between M + and e − to produce M ∗ the emitted radiation being discrete. Although there is experimental evidence for all the important steps involved in this second scheme, this scheme, too, can fail if the cross sections for capture of e − by M + prove to be too small. Schemes so far postulated involving termolecular reactions are eliminated as not satisfying the experimental observations presented.
Control of Membrane Fusion in Exocytosis

"Molecular Mechanism of Synchronous Neurotransmitter Release"Synchronous transmitter release enables neural circuits to keep pace, and results when docked synaptic vesicles are rapidly triggered to fuse with the pre-synaptic plasma membrane by calcium ions entering the nerve terminal. Membrane fusion in the nerve terminal and elsewhere is mediated by SNARE proteins which assemble between the vesicle and plasma membrane. Biochemical studies have recently established that only two additional synapse-specific proteins - synaptotagmin and complexin - are needed to synchronize release by SNAREs and to add calcium dependence. Complexin cross-links assembling SNAREs into a highly co-operative array, freezing the frame of vesicle fusion to synchronize the readily-releasable pool. Upon binding calcium, Synaptotagmin releases the frozen SNAREs enabling them to rapidly complete assembly and release transmitter at the right time and place.
Incorporation of the purine moieties of guanosine and inosine analogs into nucleotide pools of human erythrocytes.

Abstract The metabolism of several purine ribonucleoside analogs in human erythrocytes was studied. When suspensions of erythrocytes were incubated with 6-thioguanosine (6-TGR) in the presence of dithiothreitol, the 5′-mono, di- and triphosphate ribonucleotides of 6-thioguanosine were synthesized. Although the formation of the monophosphate nucleotide occurred quite early in the incubation period, the di- and triphosphate nucleotides appeared only after more prolonged incubation. When 6-TGR was present at 1.0 mM in the incubation medium, the quantities of nucleotides produced were approximately 0.23 μmole 6-thioGMP, 0.05 μmole 6-thioGDP and 0.17 μmole 6-thioGTP/ml of erythrocytes after 2 hr of incubation. In contrast to the findings with 6-thioguanosine, incubation of erythrocytes with 6-thioinosine (6-mercaptopurine ribonucleoside. 6-MPR) or 6-selenoguanosine (6-SeGR) led to the formation of only the respective 5′-monophosphate ribonucleotides. The triphosphate derivatives were not formed even after incubation of as long as 24 hr. The quantities of the analog ribonucleotides/ml of erythrocytes produced during 2 hr of incubation were 0.66 μmole 6-thioinosine-5′-monophosphate (6-thioIMP)and 0.33 μmole 6-selenoguanosine-5′-monosphate (6-SeGMP). It is proposed that the analog nucleosides are first split by purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNPasc), liberating the corresponding free base, which then reacts with 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate (PRPP) and the salvage enzyme, hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRTase) to form analog monophosphate nucleotides.
Characterization of a Model of Chronic Orofacial Hyperalgesia in the Rat: Contribution of NAV 1.8

Abstract The purpose of this study was to develop and characterize a model of orofacial inflammatory hyperalgesia. Injection of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) into the upper lip/whisker pad of the rat produced significant and long-lasting thermal (≥14 days) and mechanical (≥28 days) hyperalgesia in the area of CFA injection. Both indomethacin and morphine, given systemically, significantly attenuated thermal hyperalgesia; the effect of morphine was shown to be opioid receptor-mediated. We also examined the contribution of the tetrodotoxin-resistant voltage-gated sodium channel Na v 1.8 in CFA-produced orofacial mechanical hypersensitivity. Na v 1.8 mRNA was increased ≥2.5-fold in trigeminal ganglion neurons 1 and 2 weeks after CFA treatment, and Na v 1.8 protein was increased in the infraorbital nerve over a similar time course. The changes observed were time-dependent and had returned to baseline when examined 2 months after inflammation; there were no changes in Na v 1.9 mRNA in trigeminal ganglion neurons after CFA treatment. In support of this, Na v 1.8 antisense oligodeoxynucleotide treatment significantly attenuated CFA-produced mechanical hypersensitivity. These results document development of a model of inflammatory orofacial hyperalgesia, which, consistent with other reports, indicate a contribution of tetrodotoxin-resistant, voltage-gated sodium channel Na v 1.8. Perspective Orofacial hypersensitivity develops postoperatively as a routine course of orofacial surgery, and mechanical allodynia is characteristic of temporomandibular joint disorder. The results described in this report are novel with respect to the duration of orofacial hypersensitivity produced and suggest that pharmacological targeting of the voltage-gated sodium channel Na v 1.8 may be useful in managing hypersensitivity.
Regularized minimum I-divergence methods for the inverse blackbody radiation problem

This paper proposes iterative methods for estimating the area temperature distribution of a blackbody from its total radiated power spectrum measurements. This is called the inverse blackbody radiation problem. This problem is inherently ill-posed due to the characteristics of the kernel in the underlying integral equation given by Planck's law. The functions involved in the problem are all non-negative. Csiszar's I-divergence is an information-theoretic discrepancy measure between two non-negative functions. We derive iterative methods for minimizing Csiszar's I-divergence between the measured power spectrum and the power spectrum arising from the estimate according to the integral equation. Due to the ill-posedness of the problem, unconstrained algorithms often produce poor estimates, especially when the measurements are corrupted by noise. To alleviate this difficulty, we apply regularization methods to our algorithms. Penalties based on Shannon's entropy, the L1-norm and Good's roughness are chosen to suppress the undesirable artefacts. When a penalty is applied, the pertinent optimization that needs to be performed at each iteration is no longer trivial. In particular, Good's roughness causes couplings between estimate components. To handle this issue, we adapt Green's one-step-late method. This choice is based on the important fact that our minimum I-divergence algorithms can be interpreted as asymptotic forms of certain expectation-maximization algorithms. The effectiveness of our methods is illustrated via various numerical experiments.
Heterosis in a Broad Range of Alfalfa Germplasm

Crosses between Medicago sativa L. subsp. sativa and subsp. falcata (L.) Arcing. produce progeny exhibiting heterosis for biomass yield. The purpose of this study was to determine which subsp. falcata germplasm produced the best hybrids in testcrosses with elite subsp. sativa material to guide future breeding efforts. Over 100 falcata genotypes from 40 populations were test crossed to four elite sativa populations. Testcross progeny and parental clones were grown for 2 yr in two locations and harvested three times per year to determine biomass yield. A broad range of testcross performance was observed, with mean heterosis values approximately zero. The highest yielding sativa-falcata hybrids were derived from European falcata germplasm. North American semi-improved falcata germplasm performed well in hybrid testcrosses. Preselection of parental falcata genotypes for autumn growth was associated with higher yielding testcross progeny. Positive heterosis was seen during the first harvest, but negative heterosis was often observed during second and, to a smaller extent, third harvests. Superior sativa-falcata hybrids were observed that showed good biomass yield and heterosis during all three harvests. Parental yield was least predictive of hybrid progeny yield during first harvest (h 2 = 0.12). Heritability increased during second and third harvest to 031 and 033, respectively. Expected genetic gain per selection cycle is greater from progeny testing compared with simple recurrent phenotypic selection.
CLOSTRIPAIN-CATALYZED RE-FORMATION OF A PEPTIDE BOND IN A CYTOCHROME C FRAGMENT COMPLEX*

Enzymatically-catalyzed condensation of cytochrome c fragments, ferrous heme fragment (1-38) and apofragment (39-104), has allowed the back-conversion of cytochrome c complex to native cytochrome c. The conversion was accomplished in 90% (v/v) glycerol, a solvent which has been shown to decrease the ionization of the terminal alpha-carboxyl group liberated during hydrolysis of a peptide bond. The effect on the pK is probably the main reason the thermodynamic obstacle to re-synthesis is minimized. A 30% conversion to cytochrome c was obtained. The cytochrome c product was distinguished from the non-covalent complex and separated fragments by molecular weight analysis with sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, by elution from Sephadex G-50 and sulfopropyl-Sephadex in the presence of denaturant, by amino acid analysis of the product purified under complex-dissociation conditions, and by spectral analysis of the absorption bands of the heme. This method provides an opportunity to study the covalent rather than the complex form of cytochrome c analogs.
The phytochrome family: dissection of functional roles and signalling pathways among family members

There is considerable evidence that individual members of the five-membered phytochrome family of photoreceptors in Arabidopsis have differential functional roles in controlling plant photomorphogenesis. Emerging genetic evidence suggests that this differential activity may involve initially separate signalling pathway branches specific to individual family members.
Salt and water balance in the polychaete Nereis virens

Abstract 1. 1. Nereis virens is a large and common estuarine and coastal nereid polychaete of the North Atlantic Ocean, frequently used in physiological experiments. 2. 2. N. virens is euryhaline, surviving from about 5%o (15% SW) to over 100% SW. 3. 3. N. virens is slightly hyperosmotic at all salinities, with a modest increment in coelomic fluid hyperosmoticity when adapted to salinities below 25% SW. 4. 4. There is only very limited hyperregulation of Na+ and Cl+ in worms adapted to low salinities; K+ is strongly hyperionic at all salinities. 5. 5. pH of coelomic fluid increases as the salinity of the medium declines. 6. 6. Volume regulation is moderately well developed, but declines in animals maintained in salinities below 25% SW.