cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evolutionary and ecological perspectives on carbon acquisition in phytoplankton

Statistically significant differences exist among the major algal and cyanobacterial taxa in the catalytic efficiency of Ribulose-1,5 bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RubisCO)—the rate limiting carboxylase in C-fixation. With the notable exception of the red algae, a comparison of the kinetic properties of RubisCO among phytoplankton of different geological ages suggests that the enzyme has evolved towards higher CO2 affinity in response to decreasing atmospheric CO2/O2 ratios over geological time. Taxonomic differences in the kinetic properties of RubisCO influence the mechanisms of C acquisition among phytoplankton groups. A significant negative correlation exists between the CO2 specificity factor of RubisCO and the capacity of cells to concentrate inorganic C through active uptake mechanisms. Differential resource requirements associated with C acquisition could affect the relative fitness of phytoplankton groups and thus their ecological interactions. I argue that inorganic C may play a more important role in phytoplankton productivity and community ecology than has been previously recognized and highlight some outstanding questions for future research.
Sex, marital status, and self-actualization as factors in the appreciation of sexist jokes.

Summary The study was designed to clarify the role of personality and status in the appreciation of sex-conflict and philosophical humor. As predicted by Priest's intergroup conflict theory, females appreciated antimale humor more than antifemale humor; the opposite was true for males (p < .001). Maslow's concept of distaste for sex-conflict humor among self-actualizers was not supported. Self-actualizers were, however, more profemale in their responses. Married students enjoyed sex-conflict jokes less than philosophical jokes, regardless of target.
Prospective forebrain-midbrain from axolotl neurulae can be reprogrammed to differentiate as mauthner cell-containing medulla

In premetamorphic amphibians, the Mauthner cells (M-cells), a single pair of large neurons, are present in the medulla at ear level. M-cells are easily identified morphologically. Lability of the major axes of the CNS in the axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) through midneural plate stages suggests that regionalization of the CNS does not occur prior to that time. Thus, prospective forebrain-midbrain from early midneurulae was unilaterally substituted for prospective hindbrain in hosts of the same stages. Light microscopic examination of feeding larvae showed that the implanted tissue developed as hindbrain and, in addition, produced an M-cell. Proof that the graft itself differentiated as medulla was obtained through implantation of [3H]-thymidine labeled tissue into unlabeled host embryos and through implantation of pigmented tissue into albinos. The competence of prospective forebrain-midbrain taken from early midneurulae to produce medullae as well as M-cells indicates that specification of spatial pattern in the developing CNS has not yet occurred and that very precise regulating factors from the surrounding host tissues can override the original fate of the graft to bring it into accord with the system as a whole. The data also provide the first unequivocal demonstration of the generation of an identified central neuron from foreign tissue in a vertebrate.
Genetic dissection of collagen-induced arthritis in Chromosome 10 quantitative trait locus speed congenic rats: evidence for more than one regulatory locus and sex influences.

Rat Chromosome 10 (RNO10) harbors Cia5, a non-MHC quantitative trait locus (QTL) that regulates the severity of type II collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in DA×F344 and DA×BN F2 rats. CIA is an animal model with many features that resemble rheumatoid arthritis. To facilitate analysis of Cia5 independently of the other CIA regulatory loci on other chromosomes, DA recombinant QTL speed congenic rats, DA.F344(Cia5), were generated. These QTL congenic rats have a large chromosomal segment containing Cia5 (interval size ≤80.1 cM) from CIA-resistant F344 rats introgressed into their genome. Phenotypic analyses of these rats for susceptibility and severity of CIA confirmed that Cia5 is an important disease-modifying locus. CIA severity was significantly lower in the Cia5 congenic rats than in DA controls. We also generated DA Cia5 speed sub-congenic rats, DA.F344(Cia5a), which had a smaller segment of the F344 genome, Cia5a, comprising only the distal q-telomeric end (interval size ≤22.5 cM) of Cia5, introgressed into their genome. DA.F344(Cia5a) sub-congenic rats also exhibited reduced CIA disease severity compared with the parental DA rats. The regulatory effects in both congenic strains were sex influenced. The disease-ameliorating effect of the larger fragment, Cia5, was greater in males than in females, but the effect of the smaller fragment, Cia5a, was greater in females. We also present an improved genetic linkage map covering the Cia5/Cia5a region, which we have integrated with two rat radiation hybrid maps. Comparative homology analysis of this genomic region with mouse and human chromosomes was also undertaken. Regulatory loci for multiple autoimmune/inflammatory diseases in rats (RNO10), mice (MMU11), and humans (HSA17 and HSA5q23–q31) map to chromosomal segments homologous to Cia5 and Cia5a.
Semantics based verification and synthesis of BPEL4WS abstract processes

We introduce a logic model to formally specify the semantics of workflows and their composite tasks described as BPEL4WS abstract processes. Based on the model, we present a set of inference rules to deduce the strongest postcondition and weakest precondition of a workflow and demonstrate that automatic workflow verification is possible due to the restrictions on data manipulation in an abstract process. We then sketch an algorithm that automatically synthesizes a workflow given its specification and a task library.
Introducing Expert Review of Gastroenterology and Hepatology

It is with great enthusiasm that I welcome you to the first issue of an exciting new journal: Expert Review of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. The journal will appear bimonthly to begin with, and ...
Predator learning, experimental psychology and novel predictions for mimicry dynamics

The evolution of warning coloration and defensive mimicry is driven by predator avoidance learning and behaviour. Behavioural ecologists who study the evolution of warning signals have recognized the significance of predator learning and memory; however, empirical work on animal learning from experimental psychology can further inform our predictions of predator behaviour. This paper explores how information from experimental psychology can improve our conceptualization of predator learning and memory. I consider how relevant findings in animal learning, particularly the importance of contextual cues in mediating behaviour, may provide new insight for the evolutionary and ecological dynamics of defensive mimicry. Specifically, work in animal learning psychology predicts that (1) a Batesian mimic will be less disadvantageous for the model species than previously assumed, (2) contextual cues will be a selective agent in behaviour and/or distribution of model and mimic individuals and (3) multimodal signals will contribute to context specificity in model and mimic species, particularly in species with no opportunity for unique ecological cues. These predictions may help to explain ecological/behavioural empirical evidence currently considered incongruous with predictions from mimicry theory.
CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY TO LIVER IN PATIENTS WITH ALCOHOLIC HEPATITIS

Abstract Mononuclear-cell responses to liver extracts were studied by a migration- inhibition assay in patients with alcoholic liver disease, viral hepatitis, chronic alcoholism without evidence of liver disease, and in healthy individuals. Patients with acute alcoholic hepatitis demonstrated liver-antigen-induced inhibition of migration (migration index [M.I.]=0·58±0·08, mean±S.D.), while patients with cirrhosis, alcoholism, and acute viral hepatitis, as well as healthy volunteers, did not demonstrate such a response (M.I. 0·92±0·13, 0·90±0·10, 0·86±0·18, 0·99±0·04, respectively). It is concluded that cell-mediated immunity to normal or damaged liver tissue may act to perpetuate alcoholic hepatitis and thereby contribute to the development of cirrhosis.
Role of Yoga in Preventing and Controlling Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Yoga has been suggested as a complementary and alternative treatment for type 2 diabetes mellitus. The purpose of this study was to review studies using yoga in preventing or controlling diabetes. Inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) conducted between 1993 and September 2011; (2) published in the English language; (3) used yoga asanas, pranayama, or dhyana as intervention; (4) involved diabetic patients and healthy volunteers, with insulin or glucose levels as outcomes, or individuals at risk for diabetes; (5) used any quantitative design; and (6) had biochemical, physiological, anthropometric, or clinical outcomes. A total of 17 studies met the inclusion criteria. Of these studies, 15 used yoga asanas, 12 used pranayama, and 1 each used shatkriyas (cleansing exercises) and yoga nidra (relaxation). Of the 11 studies that measured changes in fasting blood glucose, 9 showed significant decrease. Limitations include lack of theory-based approach, small sample sizes, and inability to gauge adherence.
A 1.5GHz 890μW digital MDLL with 400fs rms integrated jitter, −55.6dBc reference spur and 20fs/mV supply-noise sensitivity using 1b TDC

Highly digital clock generator architectures, most commonly implemented using digital phase-locked loops (DPLLs), are evolving as the preferred means for synthesizing on-chip clocks. Their main benefits include small area, reduced sensitivity to analog circuit imperfections, and easier scalability to newer processes. However, conflicting bandwidth requirements to simultaneously suppress TDC quantization error and oscillator phase noise poses several design challenges. For instance, a lower bandwidth suppresses TDC quantization error but cannot adequately suppress oscillator phase noise and vice versa. Consequently, either a high-resolution TDC or a low-noise oscillator is needed to achieve low jitter at the expense of large power dissipation and area [1]. Jitter is also degraded by supply noise in the oscillator, which often limits the overall jitter performance of a DPLL embedded in a large SoC. A low-dropout regulator is commonly used to shield the oscillator from supply noise at the expense of additional area, power, and voltage headroom [2]. Since the worst-case jitter sensitivity occurs in the vicinity of the DPLL bandwidth, the regulator bandwidth should be many times the DPLL bandwidth [2]. Furthermore, the peaking caused by the limit cycle behavior of the DPLL further exacerbates supply sensitivity.
Preparation and properties of crystalline 5-methyl tetrahydrofolate and related compounds☆

Abstract 5-Methyl tetrahydrofolate (I) has been prepared by the methods of Sakami and Ukstins and Keresztesy and Donaldson (i.e., admixing HCHO with tetrahydrofolate followed by reduction with KBH 4 ), purified by chromatography, and crystallized as both the barium salt and the free acid. Oxidation of (I) with H 2 O 2 in the presence of peroxidase yielded a dihydro compound, presumably 5-methyl-5,6-dihydrofolate (II); reduction of (II) with borohydride or mercaptoethanol regenerated (I). 10-Methyl folate (III) was prepared by alkaline hydrolysis of 4-amino-10-methyl folate (Methotrexate); reduction of (III) with hydrosulfite yielded 10-methyl-7,8-dihydrofolate (IV) as the crystalline acid, while hydrogenation of (III) over PtO 2 produced the oxygen-labile, amorphous 10-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate (V). Compounds I–V were further characterized by elemental analyses, melting points, absorption spectra at pH 1, 7, and 13, and R f values.
Modeling Tower Crane Operator Visibility to Minimize the Risk of Limited Situational Awareness

AbstractMany construction fatalities involving cranes and ground workers are caused by contact with objects and equipment, in particular being struck by crane loads and parts. One of the main risks in operating a tower crane is the limited visibility of the crane operator. An approach is presented that aims at increasing the situational awareness of a tower crane operator by aligning enhanced understanding of construction site layout with increased operator visibility of ground level operations. The developed method uses sensors to collect two data types, as follows: (1) a laser scanner measures the as-built conditions and geometry of a construction site, and (2) real-time location-tracking technology gathers the mostly dynamic location of workers on the ground. Several algorithms are presented to (1) identify blind spaces from the collected point cloud data that limit the visibility of a crane operator, (2) process real-time location-tracking data of workers on the ground, and (3) fuse the resulting data...
Manganese superoxide dismutase polymorphism and risk of skin cancer (United States).

We assessed whether the functional V16A polymorphism in the MnSOD gene is associated with skin cancer risk. We conducted a nested case–control study (219 melanoma, 286 squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and 300 basal cell carcinoma (BCC) cases, and 873 matched controls) within the Nurses’ Health Study. Genotyping was performed by the 5′ nuclease assay (TaqMan®). We used logistic regression to model the association between the genotype and skin cancer risk. Overall, there was no significant association between this polymorphism and the risk of each type of skin cancer. No significant interaction was observed between this polymorphism and sunburn history and constitutional susceptibility on skin cancer risk. For interactions between intakes of α-carotene and β-carotene and the MnSOD polymorphism on SCC, the inverse association of intake of either carotene with SCC risk was limited to the Val carriers, whereas no association was observed among women with the AA genotype. We observed an interaction between total vitamin C intake and the MnSOD polymorphism on melanoma risk. No interaction was observed for the intakes of other carotenoids, vitamin E, and vitamin A. Further research is needed to confirm these possible associations.
Characteristics and device applications of erbium doped III–V semiconductors grown by molecular beam epitaxy

We have studied the properties of molecular beam epitaxially (MBE)-grown Erdoped III-V semiconductors for optoelectronic applications. Optically excited Er3+ in insulating materials exhibits optical emission chiefly around 1.54 μm, in the range of minimum loss in silica fiber. It was thought, therefore, that an electrically pumped Er-doped semiconductor laser would find great applicability in fiber-optic communication systems. Exhaustive photoluminescence (PL) characterization was conducted on several of As-based III-V semiconductors doped with Er, on bulk as well as quantum-well structures. We did not observe any Errelated PL emission at 1.54 μm for any of the materials/structures studied, a phenomenon which renders impractical the realization of an Er-doped III-V semiconductor laser. Deep level transient spectroscopy studies were performed on GaAs and AlGaAs co-doped with Er and Si to investigate the presence of any Er-related deep levels. The lack of band-edge luminescence in the GaAs:Er films led us to perform carrier-lifetime measurements by electro-optic sampling of photoconductive transients generated in these films. We discovered lifetimes in the picosecond regime, tunable by varying the Er concentration in the films. We also found the films to be highly resistive, the resistivity increasing with increasing Er-concentration. Intensive structural characterization (double-crys-tal x-ray and transmission electron microscopy) performed by us on GaAs:Er epilayers indicates the presence of high-density nanometer-sized ErAs precipitates in MBE-grown GaAs:Er. These metallic nanoprecipitates probably form internal Schottky barriers within the GaAs matrix, which give rise to Shockley-Read-Hall recombination centers, thus accounting for both the high resistivities and the ultrashort carrier lifetimes. Optoelectronic devices fabricated included novel tunable (in terms of speed and responsivity) high-speed metal-semiconductor-metal (MSM) photodiodes made with GaAs:Er. Pseudomorphic AlGaAs/ InGaAs modulation doped field effect transistors (MODFETs) (for high-speed MSM-FET monolithically integrated optical photoreceivers) were also fabricated using a GaAs:Er buffer layer which substantially reduced backgating effects in these devices.
Algae: the world’s most important “plants”—an introduction

Early in the history of life, algae changed the planet’s atmosphere by producing oxygen, thus paving the way for the evolution of eukaryotic organisms. In an era in which the consumption of fossil fuels is a prime topic of concern, few people realize that the oil we currently exploit comes mostly from Cretaceous deposits of marine algae. Moving from ancient times to the present, the algae remain more important than most people realize. Today, the production of oxygen by algae (ca. 50% of all oxygen production) is another reason for saying “our lives depend on algae.” Those who love seafood should thank the algae because algae are the primary producers upon which aquatic ecosystems depend. Thanks should come from all who are vegetarians or omnivores, because all land plants derive from a freshwater class of green algae and all land-animals—including the cows that provide the steaks for meat-lovers—depend directly or indirectly on land plants for food and often for shelter as well. As we use up the oil deposits provided by the ancient algae, we are turning to the modern algae for help. Given the photosynthetic abilities of the algae, they are one of the major focuses for sustainable biofuel production and CO2 consumption. Finally, the algae that give us the air we breathe, the food we eat, and the fuel for our cars (past and, perhaps, future), are also a source of active pharmaceutical compounds that can be used against drug-resistant bacterial strains, viruses (including Herpes Simplex and AIDS), and cancers. Roses are pretty and oak trees are impressive, but no other groups of “plants” have done so much, for so long, and, for so many as have the algae!
FutureGrid Image Repository: A Generic Catalog and Storage System for Heterogeneous Virtual Machine Images

Future Grid (FG) is an experimental, high-performance test bed that supports HPC, cloud and grid computing experiments for both application and computer scientist. Future Grid includes the use of virtualization technology to allow the support of a wide range of operating systems in order to include a test bed for various cloud computing infrastructure as a service frameworks. Therefore, efficient management of a variety of virtual machine images becomes a key issue. Current cloud frameworks do not provide a way to manage images for different IaaS frameworks. They typically provide their own image repositories, but in general they do not allow us to store the needed metadata to handle other IaaS images. We present a generic catalog and image repository to store images of any type. Our image repository has a convenient interface that distinguishes image types. Therefore, it is not only useful for Future Grid, but also for any application that needs to manage images.
Adjuvant Chemotherapy for Invasive Bladder Cancer: A 2013 Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials

Abstract Context The role of adjuvant chemotherapy remains poorly defined for the management of muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). The last meta-analysis evaluating adjuvant chemotherapy, conducted in 2005, had limited power to fully support its use. Objective To update the current evidence of the benefit of postoperative adjuvant cisplatin-based chemotherapy compared with control (ie, surgery alone) in patients with MIBC. Evidence acquisition A comprehensive literature review was performed to identify all randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing adjuvant cisplatin-based chemotherapy with control for patients with MIBC. The search included the Medline, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases, and abstracts from the American Society of Clinical Oncology meetings up to May 2013. An updated systematic review and meta-analysis was performed. Evidence synthesis A total of 945 patients included in nine RCTs (five previously analyzed, one updated, and three new) were examined. For overall survival, the pooled hazard ratio (HR) across all nine trials was 0.77 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.59–0.99; p =0.049). For disease-free survival, the pooled HR across seven trials reporting this outcome was 0.66 (95% CI, 0.45–0.91; p =0.014). This disease-free survival benefit was more apparent among those with positive nodal involvement ( p =0.010). Conclusions This updated and improved meta-analysis of randomized trials provides further evidence of an overall survival and disease-free survival benefit in patients with MIBC receiving adjuvant cisplatin-based chemotherapy after radical cystectomy.
Application of a Lumped-Inertia Technique to Vibrational Analysis of the Torsional-Twisting Modes of Low Molecular Weight Polyphenylenes and Polyethynylphenylenes

The vibrational dynamics of nanosystem components are likely to play a critical role in both nanomechanical and nanoelectronic systems. We demonstrate that vibrational analysis with a lumped-inerti...
Provider perceptions of patient psychosocial needs after orofacial injury.

Purpose Vulnerable populations are at particular risk for developing psychosocial sequelae after they experience orofacial injury. To enhance understanding of awareness, perspectives, and beliefs regarding attendant psychosocial issues, surgeons who provide orofacial injury care to indigent patients were surveyed. Materials and Methods We surveyed 26 oral and maxillofacial surgeons and 15 otolaryngology surgeons at a large, urban, Level 1 trauma center. The survey, which measured providers’ perceptions of pertinent contextual elements and patients’ psychosocial needs after assaultive orofacial injury, was based on semistructured interviews with 15 oral and maxillofacial surgeons. The overall survey response rate was 85.4% (35 of 41). Results Respondents ranked interpersonal violence as the dominant cause of orofacial injury among patients. Anxiety (eg, post-traumatic stress), depression, and legal issues were the most significant psychosocial sequelae identified by respondents. Alcohol abuse, drug abuse, and homelessness were identified as the most important contributors to orofacial reinjury and patient noncompliance with postsurgical instructions. Less than half of respondents (44.7%) believed that patients’ problems with depression, anxiety, or substance abuse were currently addressed in an adequate way in the hospital. The vast majority (94.7%) believed that a psychosocial aftercare program was needed, and most agreed that such a program would decrease the risk of reinjury and would promote patient compliance with aftercare instructions and return for scheduled follow-up care. Respondents identified the specialty mental health service in their hospital or a community-based setting as the preferred locations for such a program, and they indicated that lack of financial resources and trained personnel were the most significant barriers to implementation of such a program within the setting of trauma services. Conclusions Surgeons who provide care to indigent patients with orofacial injury perceive a great need for psychosocial aftercare programs for patients, and they believe that such programs could reduce the risk of reinjury and promote patient compliance.
Statistical scales of order in DNA

In the present paper we examine the statistics of occurrence of A-T and C-G base pairs in DNA. We focus on the net base composition in blocks of base pairs of various sizes. This paper extends our previous work on randomness and order in DNA sequences and examines order on various scales. For structure on the local scale (10(0)-10(1) bp) we have seen that the net base composition in given block sizes is fitted very accurately by the discrete binomial distribution for a random system. If the statistics were random for larger block sizes then the appropriate distribution would be the standard normal (Gaussian) distribution which is the continuous analog of the discrete binomial distribution. However, we have found that at the intermediate scale (10(2)-10(4) bp) the composition distribution is not fit by a standard normal distribution but rather by a modified normal distribution with a standard deviation that is a marked nonrandom function of block size. In particular, the standard deviation accurately follows a power law with a characteristic exponent. This behavior can be interpreted in terms of a random walk model due to Mandelbrot that is characterized by a tendency for the walk to persist in direction. The DNA analog of the walk model is the tendency of blocks of base pairs with a given net composition to be followed by blocks of a similar composition (persistence of composition). A model based on a generating function constructed from a matrix of conditional probabilities (incorporating persistence) explains the overall order in a given genome at the intermediate scale. In the present paper we examine the block statistics in DNA using the genomes of two organisms, namely Bacillus anthracis and Escherichia coli both of which have a chain length of slightly over five million base pairs. We find that the distributions in B. anthracis are well fit by a Mandelbrot-like distribution. On the other hand, the distributions in E. coli are not so well fit by this distribution which is based on two moments. Using the maximum-entropy method we construct an improved distribution for E. coli based on four moments. Finally we look at the order on the scale of the entire molecule (global scale). Applying the model of a random walk to the complete DNA genome we find that the Mandelbrot distribution on an intermediate level cannot explain the global character of the random walk, there being structure to the walk with features on the scale of the total length of the molecule (10(5)-10(7) bp). To understand the three scales of order (local, intermediate and global) we construct a model sequence based on the incorporation of Mandelbrot-type order on the intermediate scale in a single size block. We then find that the character of the order on the local and global scales follows naturally from this single feature. Thus all three scales of order in DNA are incorporated into our model sequence.
The role of altered [Ca2+]i regulation in apoptosis, oncosis, and necrosis

Understanding the processes and events that occur when a cell undergoes a prelethal injury or that lead the cell to death following a lethal injury has been the aim of our research for a number of years. Throughout this period much has been learned, recently at rapid rates, not only by us but by many other investigators as well. Based on the data gathered, we proposed a working hypothesis over a decade ago and have since continually updated it as new experimentation is performed. Our laboratory has focused particularly on the role of cytoplasmic ionized calcium ([Ca2+]i) and the effects of its deregulation on prelethal events, including oncosis and apoptosis, and lethal events (necrosis) following cell death. [Ca2+]i appears to be a major link and signalling event. Understanding the mechanisms involved by using a variety of in vivo and in vitro models, coupled with state-of-the-art methodologies, should now allow us to prevent cell death by killing cells when necessary through gene therapy and cancer chemotherapy.
Fluorine isoelectronic sequence

Energy levels and wavelengths of lines of the fluorine isoelectronic sequence are given for the ions K xi through Co xix. The energy levels are derived from spectra obtained by use of a grazing-incidence 3-m spectrograph with a low-inductance vacuum spark as a source. The experimental results are compared with theoretical values obtained by Hartree–Fock-type computations.
Oscillatory oxidation of H2 over a Pt catalyst

Abstract Oscillatory oxidation of hydrogen over a polycrystalline platinum wire has been systematically studied near atmospheric pressure in a clean flow reactor. Oscillations in the temperature of the catalyst and the composition of the exit gas stream were observed for inlet gas compositions, 1.5% ≤ P H 2 P O 2 ≤ 15%, where P H 2 and P O 2 are the respective partial pressures of hydrogen and oxygen in the gas stream. The oscillations occurred for gas temperatures from 106 to 190 °C. Waveforms, which had up to several peaks per cycle, varied in shape from the relaxation type to nearly sinusoidal. Their behavior as a function of time, gas flow rate, and gas temperature is characterized for different ranges of P H 2 P O 2 . Changes in oscillatory behavior were seen after the catalyst was reetched.
The association of class I HLA alleles and antibody levels after a single dose of measles vaccine

Abstract Despite the success of the current measles vaccine in controlling disease in industrialized countries, the importance of vaccine failure has become increasingly apparent. Our objective was to determine if associations exist between seronegativity after measles vaccination and class I human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles. We undertook a cross-sectional observational study in Rochester, Minnesota, with 242 school-age children previously recruited from a communitywide seroprevalence study. We studied two groups of subjects: 72 were seronegative (EIA ≤0.8 after a single dose of measles vaccine) and 170 were seropositive (enzyme immunoassy [EIA] ≥1.0 after one dose). We used the resources of Mayo Clinic’s tissue typing laboratory for serotyping class I HLA-A and HLA-B alleles via microlymphocytotoxicity assays. We found no statistically significant associations with class I HLA-A but did find associations with class I HLA-B, which includes alleles associated with seronegativity (B8, B13, and B44) and those associated with seropositivity (B7 and B51). Elucidation of the specific peptide-HLA complex interactions that lead to varying or failed immune responses may provide fertile groundwork for improved vaccines that can overcome limitations of the current live, attenuated measles vaccine.
Poly(N-vinylguanidine): Characterization, and catalytic and bactericidal properties

Abstract Poly( N -vinylguanidine) (PVG) is one of the simplest guanidine-bearing polyelectrolytes, but is virtually unknown in the scientific literature. An efficient synthetic route for poly( N -vinylguanidine) (PVG) is described that involves free-radical polymerization of N -vinylformamide (NVF) followed by basic hydrolysis of the PNVF and guanidinylation of the resulting polyvinylamine (PVAm). The molecular weights can be varied by altering the initial NVF/azo initiator ratio. Characterization of the PVG by 1 H and 13 C NMR, FTIR and FT-Raman spectroscopy methods supports the PVG structure. The PVG possesses an average p K a of 13.4 and is an active hydrolyzing species for diisopropyl fluorophosphate (DFP), an organophosphate mimic for combat nerve agents. The second-order rate constant of the DFP hydrolysis by PVG at pH 7.8 and 25 °C was measured to be 3.9 × 10 −3 M −1 s −1 , expressed per concentration of the catalytic amino or imino moieties in each PVG monomer. The hydrolysis occurs via the general S N 2 mechanism of base catalysis. The guanidinylation of PVAm affords PVG with 10- to 40-fold lower minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) when tested against four Gram-positive and four Gram-negative bacteria relative to the PVAm itself. Hence, the PVG is effective both as a hydrolyzing agent against toxic organophosphates and as a bactericide, thus exhibiting potential as a material for use in chemical and biological defense as well as a disinfectant in clinical and industrial applications.
Moderators of Response to Motivational Interviewing for Partner-violent Men

Careful attention to motivation for change may enhance the effects of interventions for partner-violent men. The present study tested predictions about differential response to a two-session motivational intake (MI) for partner-violent men, which was compared to a structured intake (SI) control. For those who were initially reluctant to change, MI produced greater forward movement in stage of change. For those who claimed to have already solved their problems with partner abuse, MI produced greater backward movement in stage of change and greater homework compliance in subsequent group cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT). MI led to a stronger collaborative working alliance for those high in contemplation of change, and greater group session attendance for those with high trait anger. Contrary to hypotheses, analyses of post-CBT partner assault revealed a differentially greater benefit of MI for participants with lower levels of pretreatment contemplation and trait anger. The findings provide qualified support for the expectation that MI has the greatest beneficial effects on those who appear initially reluctant to change.
DNA restriction endonuclease analysis for localization of human beta- and delta-globin genes on chromosome 11.

Abstract DNA from a clone of a mouse-human hybrid that retained a human chromosome consisting of the major part of chromosome 11 and region q25-26-qter of the X chromosome was digested with various restriction endonucleases, subjected to electrophoresis in agarose gels, and transferred to nitrocellulose filters. The restriction digest pattern of the clone, when hybridized with a 32P-labeled plasmid fragment containing human beta-globin gene sequences, was a composite of the normal human and mouse (A9) patterns. When back-selected in 6-thioguanine to eliminate the 11 translocation chromosome, the hybrid cells showed only the A9 restriction pattern. These results substantiate the localization of beta- and delta-globin genes to human chromosome 11 and exclude the region 11q23-qter as the site.
Is clavicular fracture protective against brachial plexus palsy

PALSY? ROBERT ALLEN, MICHELE DONITHAN, PATRICIA MOORE, SHAWN STALLINGS, SCOTT PETERSEN, LEORA ALLEN, EDITH GUREWITSCH, Johns Hopkins University, Biomed Eng, Baltimore, MD Johns Hopkins University, Epidemiology, Baltimore, MD Johns Hopkins University, Gyn/Ob, Baltimore, MD Shands Hospital, Ob/Gyn, Gainesville, FL Johns Hopkins University, Nursing, Baltimore, MD OBJECTIVE: To determine, among vaginal deliveries resulting in clavicle fracture (Fx) and/or brachial plexus palsy (BPP), whether Fx is protective against BPP. STUDY DESIGN: With IRB approval, vaginal deliveries associated with Fx and/or BPP were identified from 3 databases: (1) all shoulder dystocia (SD) cases resulting in BPP (1994-1997) from a single institution; (2) all vaginal deliveries complicated by Fx and/or BPP (1993-2003) from a single institution; and (3) litigated cases of permanent BPP with or without SD frommultiple U.S. institutions. BPPs were considered severe if permanent and were complete (C5C8/T1) or involved at least one nerve root avulsion. Mild BPPs were either temporary or permanent without being severe. Cases of isolated Fx and/or mild BPP were compared with severe BPP for associated Fx using chi-square, with significance set at P < 0.05. A stepwise linear regression analysis was performed to control for potential confounding variables and generate odds ratios for predicting BPP. RESULTS: Of 350 vaginal deliveries complicated by Fx and/or BPP, there were 70 isolated Fx, 21 concomitant Fx and BPP, 212 mild BPP, and 68 severe BPP (Table). After controlling for maternal obesity, birth weight, shoulder dystocia and operative vaginal delivery in the regression model, clavicle fracture was negatively associated with BPP (OR 0.1, CI: 0.03-0.57). CONCLUSION: Among vaginal deliveries associated with clavicular fracture and/or brachial plexus palsy, fracture is associated more often with no or mild BPP, whereas infants with severe BPP rarely sustain a concomitant fracture. This may reflect a protective effect of clavicle fracture against brachial plexus palsy.
Efficacy of a protein kinase C inhibitor (tamoxifen) in the treatment of acute mania: a pilot study.

Objectives: Considerable preclinical biochemical and behavioral data suggest that protein kinase C inhibition would bring about antimanic effects. Notably, the structurally highly dissimilar antimanic agents lithium and valproate, when administered in therapeutically relevant paradigms, attenuate protein kinase C inhibition function. There is currently only one relatively selective protein kinase C inhibitor that crosses the blood–brain barrier available for human use – tamoxifen. Our group recently conducted a single-blind study with tamoxifen in acute mania and found that it significantly decreased manic symptoms within a short period of time (3–7 days). In this study, we investigated whether antimanic effects can be achieved with a protein kinase C inhibitor in subjects with mania. Methods: In a double-blind, placebo-controlled study, 16 subjects with bipolar disorder, manic or mixed, with or without psychotic features, were randomly assigned to receive tamoxifen (20–140 mg/day; n = 8) or placebo (n = 8) for three weeks. Primary efficacy was assessed by the Young Mania Rating Scale. Results: Subjects on tamoxifen showed significant improvement in mania compared to placebo as early as five days, an effect that remained significant throughout the three-week trial. The effect size for the drug difference was very large (d = 1.08, 95% confidence interval 0.45–1.71) after three weeks (p = 0.001). At study endpoint, response rates were 63% for tamoxifen and 13% for placebo (p = 0.12). Conclusions: Antimanic effects resulted from a protein kinase C inhibitor; onset occurred within five days. Large, controlled studies with selective protein kinase C inhibitors in acute mania are warranted.
Policy Change and Learning in Response to Extreme Flood Events in Hungary: An Advocacy Coalition Approach

In an analysis of the 200‐year history of flood management in Hungary, I use the advocacy coalition framework and the focusing event literature to examine what policy change occurs and what is learned as a result of experiencing extreme and damaging flood events. By analyzing the policy response to a series of extreme floods (1998-2001) in this newly democratizing nation, I attempt to identify the factors that influenced the occurrence of policy change and policy‐oriented learning. In 2003, Hungary enacted a comprehensive flood management program that included economic development and environmental protection goals, a distinct departure from Hungary's historical structural approach to flood management. However, it is less clear that long‐lasting changes in belief systems about how floods should be managed have occurred. In this analysis, I argue that processes external to the flood policy subsystem (e.g., process of democratization and Hungary's accession to the European Union), along with the occurrence of the extreme flood events, enabled a coalition of individuals and organizations to press for policy change.
Distributed-period structures for suppression of spurious modes in 1-3 piezocomposites

Design of periodic 1–3 piezocomposite transducers requires that the period be made small enough to shift the spurious (band-edge) modes to frequencies well above the desired thickness mode. Modelling of one-dimensional composites indicates that band-edge modes can be modified by using multiple-period dicing in the fabrication process. Experimental data confirming this theoretical prediction, and showing that distributed-period dicing is more effective in suppressing spurious modes, are presented for two-dimensionally piezocomposite transducers.
Respiratory care year in review 2010: part 1. asthma, COPD, pulmonary function testing, ventilator-associated pneumonia

The purpose of this paper is to review the recent literature related to asthma, COPD, pulmonary function testing, and ventilator-associated pneumonia. Topics covered related to asthma include genetics and epigenetics; exposures; viruses; diet, obesity and exercise; exhaled nitric oxide; and drug therapy (β agonists, macrolides, tiotropium and monteleukast). Topics covered related to COPD include childhood disadvantage factors and COPD; vitamin D deficiency and COPD; β-blockers and COPD; corticosteroid therapy during COPD exacerbations; oxygen administration during pre-hospital transport of patients with COPD exacerbation; and prognosis of patients admitted to the hospital for COPD exacerbation. Topics related to pulmonary function testing include methods and techniques; predicted values; natural history, pulmonary function in health and disease; and the COPD controversy. Finally, the paper includes the following topics related to ventilator-associated pneumonia: the tube, the intubation route, and the cuff; mechanical ventilation; the bundle; and cost. These topics were chosen and reviewed in a manner that is most likely to have interest to the readers of Respiratory Care.
Computational on-chip imaging toward telemedicine applications

We review our recent work on computational on-chip imaging and its applications to telemedicine and high-throughput microscopy, including wide-field imaging of individual viruses on a chip.
2‐Butanone Ethylene Acetal

[126-39-6] C6H12O2 (MW 116.16) InChI = 1S/C6H12O2/c1-3-6(2)7-4-5-8-6/h3-5H2,1-2H3 InChIKey = UPZFLZYXYGBAPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N (reagent for production of cyclic acetals by acid-catalyzed transacetalization1) Alternate Names: 2-methyl-2-ethyldioxolane; MED. Physical Data: bp 116–117 °C; d 0.929 g cm−3. Solubility: miscible with organic solvents. Form Supplied in: colorless liquid. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: the reagent is a flammable liquid; it is an irritant.
Benefits of Early Versus Delayed Palliative Care to Informal Family Caregivers of Patients With Advanced Cancer: Outcomes From the ENABLE III Randomized Controlled Trial

Purpose To determine the effect of early versus delayed initiation of a palliative care intervention for family caregivers (CGs) of patients with advanced cancer. Patients and Methods Between October 2010 and March 2013, CGs of patients with advanced cancer were randomly assigned to receive three structured weekly telephone coaching sessions, monthly follow-up, and a bereavement call either early after enrollment or 3 months later. CGs of patients with advanced cancer were recruited from a National Cancer Institute cancer center, a Veterans Administration Medical Center, and two community outreach clinics. Outcomes were quality of life (QOL), depression, and burden (objective, stress, and demand).
Green technologies for building material business

Technology assessment is one aspect of the technology acquisition process. This process provides a framework that helps companies thoroughly understand their necessities and capabilities in order to select appropriate emerging technologies from the right sources for the companies at the right time. With rapid changes in technology and boundless customer needs in our globalization era, these implications significantly impact the companies' ability to move forward and to maintain their competitive advantages, in order to remain superior to their rivals. Thus, it is necessary to acquire the right technology to enhance their ability to create tremendously successful business results in the long run. The aim of this research is to develop a technology assessment model for evaluating green technologies to build business materials, drawing on a Thai company case study. A variety of tools needs to be applied this framework. In addition to the assessment of technology, various perspectives included technological, organizational, and market perspectives. The results of this research will reveal the most appropriate technology for building business materials, regarding technology advances and new product development. Overall, the research will develop a highly successful framework to be applied to technology assessment, with a unique focus on other building materials businesses.
Ti/Au Die Backside Metallization for Flip Chip Heat Spreader Attachment

In this paper, a heat spreader attachment with indium solder for high-power flip chip-in-package application was investigated. The Cu heat spreader was metallized with Ni/Au and the flip chip die backside metallization was Ti/Au. A low voiding attachment process was achieved with vacuum soldering. The Au thin film was converted into AuIn2 completely after initial soldering, but no intermetallic compund (IMC) formation between Ti and In was observed. The attachment had good mechanical strength as measured by shear testing. The shear strength was not degraded significantly after multiple lead free solder reflows or with thermal aging at 120°C. For thermal shock cycle test (-40°C to 85°C), die with Ti/Au (2000 A? of Au) metallization had early partial delamination. The effect of Au thickness on mechanical strength was further evaluated. Assemblies (Cu on Si) with Ti/Au (2000 A?) die had lower shear strength compared with Ti/Au (3000 A?) and Ti/Au (4000 A? ) die. The pull strength (Si on Si) increased with increasing gold thickness. Thermal shock testing (-40°C to 85°C) for assemblies with Ti/Au 3000 A? along with Ti/Ni/Au (control) did not show early delamination and had similar performance after 2000 cycles.
Taxing Hotel Room Rentals In The U.S

Previous findings that the hotel room tax can be passed on are contradicted in this re-examination of the tax. Tax incidence analysis is used to illustrate the extent to which hotel operators can pass on the tax, and evidence is presented that tourists are moreprice sensitive than previously believed. The suggestion is made that earmarking the tax funds to develop the tourist industry may help overcome negative effects.
Greater Tenofovir-Associated Renal Function Decline with Protease Inhibitor-Based versus Nonnucleoside Reverse-Transcriptase Inhibitor-Based Therapy

Background Plasma concentrations of tenofovir increase when the drug is coadministered with some ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitors (PI/r). We hypothesized that tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF)-treated patients taking PI/r-based regimens would have a greater decline in renal function than patients receiving nonnucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI)-based therapy. Methods We compared the estimated decline in renal function among 146 human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected patients receiving a TDF+PI/r- (n = 51), TDF+NNRTI- (n = 29), or non-TDF-containing (n = 66) regimen. Plasma tenofovir concentrations were measured at study week 2, and rates of creatinine clearance (CrCl) were estimated using the Cockcroft-Gault (C-G) and Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) equations. Mixed-effects models were used to analyze regimen type and tenofovir concentration as predictors of change in CrCl from baseline to weeks 24 and 48. Results Decreases in C-G estimates of CrCl were not significantly different among the 3 groups during the first 24 weeks of therapy. However, in adjusted analyses, patients receiving TDF+PI/r had a greater rate of decline in CrCl than did the TDF+NNRTI group (for C-G, -13.9 vs. -6.2 mL/min/year [P = .03]; for MDRD, -14.7 vs. -4.5 mL/min/1.73 m(2)/year [P = .02]). Among TDF-treated patients, tenofovir plasma concentration was not associated with CrCl over time. Conclusions Treatment with TDF and PI/r was associated with greater declines in renal function over 48 weeks compared with TDF+NNRTI-based regimens.