cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Scope of Photomedicine

Photomedicine is the application of the principles of photobiology to the diagnosis, treatment, and understanding of health and disease. Photobiology is the study of the interactions of nonionizing electromagnetic radiation with biomolecules, and the ensuing biologic responses. Electromagnetic radiation affects living tissue in various ways. Only radiation that is absorbed can result in photochemistry. The energy of photons in the ultraviolet (UV; 200–400 nm) and visible wavelengths is sufficient to cause electronic excitation of specific chromophore molecules, leading to specific chemical reactions. Thus, use of UV and visible radiation offers the possibility of selecting among a wide variety of specific target molecules and causing specific photochemical reactions. Human color vision is an excellent example of how specific and biologically significant such processes may be. Photobiology is concerned predominantly with radiation of wavelengths 200–800 nm and with photochemical alterations in biomolecules that eventually affect the viability or function of living matter.
Brief of Digital Humanities and Law Scholars as Amici Curiae in Authors Guild v. Hathitrust

This Amicus Brief was filed in the United States Court of Appeal for the Second Circuit in the case of Authors Guild v. Hathitrust on June 4, 2013. The case is on Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, No. 11 CV 6351 (Baer, J.) Amici are over 100 professors and scholars who teach, write, and research in computer science, the digital humanities, linguistics or law, and two associations that represent Digital Humanities scholars generally. Mass digitization, especially by libraries, is a key enabler of socially valuable computational and statistical research (often called “data mining” or “text mining”). While the practice of data mining has been used for several decades in traditional scientific disciplines such as astrophysics and in social sciences like economics, it has only recently become technologically and economically feasible within the humanities. This has led to a revolution, dubbed “Digital Humanities,” ranging across subjects like literature and linguistics to history and philosophy. New scholarly endeavors enabled by Digital Humanities advancements are still in their infancy but have enormous potential to contribute to our collective understanding of the cultural, political, and economic relationships among various collections (or corpora) of works – including copyrighted works – and with society. The Court’s ruling in this case on the legality of mass digitization could dramatically affect the future of work in the Digital Humanities. The Amici argue that the Court should affirm the decision of the district court below that library digitization for the purpose of text mining and similar non-expressive uses present no legally cognizable conflict with the statutory rights or interests of the copyright holders. Where, as here, the output of a database – i.e., the data it produces and displays – is noninfringing, this Court should find that the creation and operation of the database itself is likewise noninfringing. The copying required to convert paper library books into a searchable digital database is properly considered a “non-expressive use” because the works are copied for reasons unrelated to their protectable expressive qualities – the copies are intermediate and, as far as is relevant here, unread. The mass digitization of books for text-mining purposes is a form of incidental or “intermediate” copying that enables ultimately non-expressive, non-infringing, and socially beneficial uses without unduly treading on any expressive – i.e., legally cognizable – uses of the works. The Court should find such copying to be fair use.
Immunochemical characterization and quantitation of lipoprotein (a) in baboons. Development of an assay depending on two antigenically distinct proteins.

Abstract We have raised specific antibodies against the protein component of baboon lipoprotein (a) (Lp(a)). Apolipoprotein (apo) Lp(a) is a very large protein which separates into two distinct proteins, apo B and apo (a), when 2-mercaptoethanol is included during sample treatment for sodium dodecyl sulfate-electrophoresis. The antibodies were specific for baboon apo (a) and apo B. The presence of the two distinct antigens in the lipoprotein permitted the development of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay that was specific for Lp(a) particles in serum. The assay could detect less than 1 ng of Lp(a) protein per well and was useful in the range of 1–9 ng. The assay was specific for Lp(a) and did not respond to other lipoproteins, such as low density lipoprotein. Lp(a) could be accurately quantitated in serum frozen at −80 ° C in plastic tubing segments. Using the Lp(a) assay, the mean serum level of 80 unrelated baboons was 4.7 mg/dl, with the distribution skewed toward the lower levels. These data further support the value of the baboon as a model of the atherogenic lipoprotein Lp(a).
BluesSpeak: The Best of the Original Chicago Blues Annual

Reviewed Medium: book Year: 2010 Pages: 192 Publisher: University of Illinois Press ISBN: 978-0-252-03440-4 (hard cover). Prices: $75.00 USD(hard cover).
Computational Science Education: Standards, Learning Outcomes, and Assessment

We have entered a new phase in the growth process of computational science. The first phase (1990-2000), which coincides with the federal high performance computing and communication program, can be named as the recognition phase, at the end of which there was a general agreement to accept computation and computational science as a distinct methodology and discipline. The recognition started at the doctorate level and moved down to at least the baccalaureate level and even to a few high schools. This first decade of growth period saw at least one stand-alone computational department, one stand-alone school at the dean level, and a program to train high school teachers. The second phase (2001-2010), which coincides with the federal information technology program, will witness curriculum standardization at all levels, perhaps accompanied with an accreditation mechanism for future programs. It is important to assess student success in the new programs. In this paper, we will address learning outcomes and assessment techniques, followed by a brief account of research-curriculum integration at our institution. We will also give a brief overview of computational science and engineering.
Accommodating Differences in the Uniformity and Stability of Information Systems Artifacts

A considerable body of prior literature has examined the adoption and use of a wide variety of information systems artifacts by individuals in organizations. Studies have used both cross-sectional and longitudinal research designs to gather data regarding adoption and use from individuals, either from one organization or pooled from multiple organizations. Two common assumptions are prevalent in this research on adoption and use. Information systems artifacts are generally assumed to be uniform across individuals and organizations as well as stable over time. Despite the insights gained from this literature, these assumptions may not be descriptive of real-world organizational settings due to three factors: innovation extensibility, individual behaviors, and organization routines. Moreover, the lack of attention to the differences in uniformity and stability may limit our understanding of information systems adoption and use. Future studies should explicitly consider the differences in the uniformity and stability of the artifacts in theorizing information systems adoption and use.
Ultrastructure of Nitrobacter agilis Grown Under Autotrophic and Heterotrophic Conditions

Abstract Nitrobacter agilis, grown through seven transfers heterotrophically in the absence of nitrite, was examined in the electron microscope. The ultrastructure of such cells closely resembled that of autotrophically grown N. agilis. It was thus futher established that the organisms growing heterotrophically were indeed N. agilis and, therefore, that N. agilis is a facultative autotroph. Acetate incorporation into poly-β-hydroxybutyrate was confirmed cytologically.
THE EFFECTS OF PREDATION RISK ON MATING SYSTEM EXPRESSION IN A FRESHWATER SNAIL

Environmental effects on mating system expression are central to understanding mating system evolution in nature. Here, I report the results from a quantitative-genetic experiment aimed at understanding the role of predation risk in the expression and evolution of life-history and mating-system traits in a hermaphroditic freshwater snail (Physa acuta). I reared 30 full-sib families in four environments that factorially contrast predation risk and mate availability and measured age/size at first reproduction, growth rate, a morphological defense, and the early survival of outcrossed/selfed eggs that were laid under predator/no-predator conditions. I evaluated the genetic basis of trade-offs among traits and the stability of the G matrix across environments. Mating reduced growth while predation risk increased growth, but the effects of mating were weaker for predator-induced snails and the effects of predation risk were weaker for snails without mates. Predation risk reduced the amount of time that individuals waited before self-fertilizing and reduced inbreeding depression in the offspring. There was a positive among-family relationship between the amount of time that individuals delayed selfing under predation risk and the magnitude of inbreeding depression. These results highlight several potential roles of enemies in mating-system expression and evolution.
The ORNL fast-wave ICRF antenna for Alcator C-MOD

A fast-wave ICRF (ion cyclotron range of frequencies) antenna being designed for Alcator C-MOD is described. The antenna is in many respects prototypical of the baseline launcher design for the Compact Ignition Tokamak (CIT). The C-MOD launcher has a single current strap, with a strap and cavity geometry very similar to one quadrant of the CIT launcher (which has four straps in a 2*2 configuration). The antenna fits entirely within an 8-in-wide by 25-in-long port and is radially movable over a distance of 15 cm. It will operate at a frequency of 80 MHz for pulse lengths up to 1 s, at a maximum power level of 2 MW, corresponding to a power flux of >1.5 kW/cm/sup 2/. The antenna is an end-fed, double-loop configuration in which the current strap is grounded in the middle to provide mechanical support. The design includes a disruption-support system that accommodates thermal expansion of the antenna box while supporting large disruption loads. It also includes a matching system consisting of an external resonant loop with two shunt capacitors serving as tuning/matching elements. >
Accounting for ourselves: Accounting practice and the discourse of ethics

Abstract This essay is a hermeneutical and ethical examination of the activity of giving an account as basic to understanding the moral dimension of accounting practice and research. The author argues that this discursive act is one in which the identity of agents is displayed as intersubjective and constituted by fiduciary relations through time. The essay seeks to show that by rendering an identity so conceived, accounting practice opens corporate forces to ethical evaluation regarding wider human purposes. Thus the essay raises to reflection the activity basic to accounting itself. In doing so, it unfolds the structure and significance of this activity for moral identity.
Prenatal size-age relationships and external morphology in the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus).

Embryos from timed matings were studied at days 12–24 of gestation with respect to crown-rump length and external appearance. A linear increase in length was observed from the twelfth (2.5 mm) to the twenty-fourth (27.7 mm) day with the largest increases occurring between days 20 and 21 (3.8 mm) and days 22 and 23 (4.2 mm). The smallest daily increases were observed between days 15 and 16 (1.01 mm) and days 21 and 22 (1.03 mm), while the average daily increment for the remaining days was between 1.5 mm and 2.5 mm. Major changes in external appearance occurred on days 13, 14, 17 and 20 of gestation. Those features which could be observed externally were described for each of the days during the period studied. Late prenatal development in the gerbil resembles that of other myomorph rodents but proceeds at a slower rate than in other species such as the mouse or hamster. This slower rate of development may be of value when precise timing of drug administration and recovery of embryos is necessary.
MYELIN BASIC PROTEIN REACTIVE TH2 T CELLS ARE FOUND IN ACUTE DISSEMINATED ENCEPHALOMYELITIS

Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM), a postinfectious illness of the central nervous system (CNS), is thought to be an autoimmune disease. Here, we characterized the cytokines secreted by myelin-reactive T cells generated from patients with ADEM. The frequency of MBP-reactive T cell lines was ten-fold higher in patients with ADEM compared to patients with encephalitis and normal subjects. Whereas there was no significant IFN-gamma secretion, the predominant cytokine secreted by MBP-reactive T cell lines was IL-4 in patients with ADEM. In contrast, IL-4 secretion was only rarely detected in the controls. The presence of high frequencies of MBP-reactive IL-4 secreting T cells in subjects with ADEM during their recovery phase may be similar to myelin reactive IL-4 secreting T cells observed during the spontaneous recovery of animals with EAE.
Modeling and incorporating cardiac-induced lung tissue motion in a breathing motion model

Purpose: The purpose of this work is to develop a cardiac-induced lung motion model to be integrated into an existing breathing motion model. Methods: The authors’ proposed cardiac-induced lung motion model represents the lung tissue's specific response to the subject's cardiac cycle. The model is mathematically defined as a product of a converging polynomial functionh of the cardiac phase (c) and the maximum displacement γ ⇀ ( X ⇀ 0 ) of each voxel ( X ⇀ 0 ) among all the cardiac phases. The function h(c) was estimated from cardiac-gated MR imaging of ten healthy volunteers using an Akaike Information Criteria optimization algorithm. For each volunteer, a total of 24 short-axis and 18 radial planar views were acquired on a 1.5 T MR scanner during a series of 12–15 s breath-hold maneuvers. Each view contained 30 temporal frames of equal time-duration beginning with the end-diastolic cardiac phase. The frames in each of the planar views were resampled to create a set of three-dimensional (3D) anatomical volumes representing thoracic anatomy at different cardiac phases. A 3D multiresolution optical flow deformable image registration algorithm was used to quantify the difference in tissue position between the end-diastolic cardiac phase and the remaining cardiac phases. To account for image noise, voxel displacements whose maximum values were less than 0.3 mm, were excluded. In addition, the blood vessels were segmented and excluded in order to eliminate registration artifacts caused by blood-flow. Results: The average cardiac-induced lung motions for displacements greater than 0.3 mm were found to be 0.86 ± 0.74 and 0.97 ± 0.93 mm in the left and right lungs, respectively. The average model residual error for the ten healthy volunteers was found to be 0.29 ± 0.08 mm in the left lung and 0.38 ± 0.14 mm in the right lung for tissue displacements greater than 0.3 mm. The relative error decreased with increasing cardiac-induced lung tissue motion. While the relative error was > 60% for submillimeter cardiac-induced lung tissue motion, the relative error decreased to < 5% for cardiac-induced lung tissue motion that exceeded 10 mm in displacement. Conclusions: The authors’ studies implied that modeling and including cardiac-induced lung motion would improve breathing motion model accuracy for tissues with cardiac-induced motion greater than 0.3 mm.
Suicide-bereaved children and adolescents: II. Parental and family functioning.

ABSTRACT Objective The current study extends the authors' earlier examination of suicide-bereaved (SB) children from the Grief Research Study, a longitudinal study of childhood bereavement after parental death, by examining the children's family history of psychopathology and family environment before and after death. Method Twenty-six SB children, aged 5 to 17 years, and their 15 surviving parents were compared with 332 children bereaved from parental death not caused by suicide (NSB) and their 201 surviving parents in interviews 1, 6, 13, and 25 months after the death. Results Suicide completers evidenced more psychopathology than parents who died from reasons other than suicide. Contrary to expectations, surviving SB parents were not more impaired than NSB parents. Before the death, SB families were less stable than NSB families and relationships with the deceased SB parent were compromised. However, no differences were detected between groups in children's relationships with their surviving parents. Likewise, few differences were found in social support or changes in religious beliefs. Conclusions SB children generally come from families with a history of psychopathology and substantial family disruption. However, surviving SB parents do not exhibit higher rates of psychopathology than other bereaved parents and many have positive relationships with their children.
Effects of Steroids on Chrysanthemum in relation to Growth and Flowering

THE physiology of flower initiation has been much investigated for more than half a century. It is now established that in conditions of inductive day length the leaves produce a hormone which induces differentiation in the apical meristem. The chemical nature of the hormone has not yet been definitely established. There have been many investigations of the effect of different organic compounds on plants in relation to flowering. The primary motive has been to look for compounds that could possess “florigenic” activity. Some workers have used various antimetabolites in an attempt to determine whether any of them block the synthesis of the floral stimulus, which could provide some indirect indications as to the nature of the hormone. Antimetabolite investigation has suggested that the flowering hormone may be a steroid or an isoprenoid-like compound1. Work on a strawberry variety has shown that unsaponifiable lipid fractions from flowering plants promote flowering in the vegetative ones2. The active substance may include vitamin E and certain unidentified sterols. This communication reports the effects of steroids on flowering of chrysanthemum plants in non-inductive conditions.
Species recognition in wild-caught, laboratory-reared and cross-fostered Peromyscus californicus and Peromyscus eremicus (Rodentia, Cricetidae)

Abstract Experiments were performed to compare homospecific and heterospecific species choice in two closely related species of white-footed mice, Peromyscus californicus and P. eremicus . Both species significantly chose the homospecific stimulus animal. Significant homospecific choice was made by mice from sympatric but not from allopatric populations. Reciprocal cross-fostering between the two species resulted in significant choice for the heterospecific (foster) species by P. eremicus , and random choice by cross-fostered P. californicus . Laboratory-reared controls chose significantly for the homospecific chamber. No significant difference in choice performance was demonstrated between males and females, even when the oestrus stages of the females (both stimulus and test animals) were statistically controlled. A comparison of different test durations and temporal regimes of data collection was performed and 90 min was found to be the most efficient experiment duration with our apparatus.
Scene-adaptive motion interpolation structures based on temporal masking in human visual perception

In this paper we present a novel technique to dynamically adapt motion interpolation structures by temporal segmentation. The interval between two reference frames is adjusted according to the temporal variation of the input video. The difficulty of bit rate control for this dynamic group of pictures (GOP) structure is resolved by taking advantage of temporal masking in human vision. Six different frame types are used for efficient bit rate control, and telescopic search is used for fast motion estimation because frame distances between reference frames are dynamically varying. Constant picture quality can be obtained by variable bit rate coding using this approach and the statistical bit rate behavior of the coder is discussed. Advantages for low bit rate coding and storage media applications and implications for HDTV coding are discussed. Simulations on test video including HDTV sequences are presented for various GOP structures and different bit rates, and the results compare favorably with those for conventional fixed GOP structures.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The weight of cell identity

Recent studies involving molecular modification of adult somatic cells have pointed to a remarkable plasticity in cell identity. In this issue of the JCI, Koh and colleagues assessed whether bone marrow–derived cells could alter their fate under circumstances conducive to adipocyte generation in vivo (see the related article beginning on page 3684). These cells remained true to their roots, indicating how difficult it will be to exploit cell plasticity for therapeutic purposes.
Co-operative binding of histones to DNA

Abstract The interaction of certain components of chromatin was studied in a model system. It was found that when calf thymus histones were mixed with sonicated phage DNA and the macromolecules made to interact by lowering the ionic strength, a mixture of complexes was formed, each separable by velocity sedimentation and characterized by unique thermal stability properties and histone contents. The binding of histones to sonicated DNA was, therefore, co-operative. This co-operative binding also occurs when histones are made to interact with high molecular-weight DNA as manifested in the stoichiometry of binding and in the electron microscopic appearance of the complexes, which directly shows that histone is distributed non-uniformly when it binds to DNA. However, complexes of histones with high molecular-weight DNA can form structures that are not formed with low molecular-weight DNA. The thermal stability, viscosity and electron microscopic appearance of these model DNA/histone complexes were compared to the same parameters already known in native chromatin. It was found that these characteristics are similar, supporting the validity of this model system for investigating chromatin structure. Furthermore, the data showing that histones bind co-operatively to DNA suggest how certain features of chromatin structure may be generated.
The essential materials paradigms for regenerative medicine

Medical technology is changing rapidly. Several disease states can now be treated very effectively by implantable devices that restore mechanical and physical functionality, such as replacement of hip joints or restoration of heart rhythms by pacemakers. These techniques, however, are rather limited, and no biological functionality can be restored through the use of inert materials and devices. This paper explores the role of new types of biomaterials within the emerging area of regenerative medicine, where they are able to play a powerful role in persuading the human body to regenerate itself.
Radiation-induced DNA-strand breakage and repair in the marine polychaete, Neanthes arenaceodentata

Abstract We used an alkaline unwinding assay, which provides an index of DNA-strand breakage and repair, to study the genotoxic effects of gamma radiation in adult Neanthes arenaceodentata . To determine radiation-induced DNA-strand damage, we exposed the worms to radiation levels from 3·13 to 100 Gy. Significant DNA-strand damage was found at exposures ≥3·13 Gy. To determine the repair of radiation-induced DNA-strand damage, we irradiated worms at 100 Gy and then harvested and analyzed their DNA on days 0, 2, 5 and 14 post-irradiation. A significant increase in DNA-strand breaks was found to exist between control and radiation-exposed groups on days 0–5. By day 14 post-irradiation, however, no significant relationship was found between control and radiation-exposed groups.
The plutonium - uranium system☆

Abstract The plutonium-uranium phase diagram has been constructed from thermal, dilatometric, metallographic and X-ray diffraction data. All alloys solidify as a body-centered cubic solid solution, the phase resulting from the complete mutual solid solubility of epsilon plutonium and gamma uranium. Epsilon plutonium is the only plutonium allotrope in which uranium is appreciably soluble, whereas alpha uranium dissolves a maximum of 15 at % plutonium, and beta uranium dissolves about 20 at % plutonium. Two intermediate phases, both having wide homogeneity ranges, exist in this alloy system, and one of them is stable at elevated temperatures only.
Scaled-rated meaningfulness of 319 CVCVC words and paralogs previously assessed for associative reaction time

CVCVC (319) words and paralogs previously assessed for associative reaction time (RT) by Taylor and Kimble were assessed for rated frequency ( a ′) and scaled rated meaningfulness ( m ′) following procedures used by Noble. Reliability of the a ′ scale, based on three intergroup correlations, resulted in r s of .92, .90 and .89. Reliability of the m ′ scale, based on an internal consistency test resulted in a mean discrepancy between the 128 empirical proportions and their corresponding theoretical proportions of 2.4; that is, the average error of reproducing all the original data from m ′ scaled values was 2.4%. The r between m ′ and RT was .71.
Connected moments expansion for the ground-state energy of systems described by nonlinear Hamiltonians.

An extension of the connected moments expansion to nonlinear Hamiltonians is presented. The new method enables construction of rapidly convergent series for the ground-state energy which requires a relatively small amount of numerical effort.
Double Electron Transitions in X-Ray Spectra

Elementary processes are considered, in which simultaneous transitions of an inner and an outer atomic electron result in the emission of one single light quantum. Considering the nuclear distance of the inner electron as small compared to that of the outer electron, formulae are developed for the probability of double transitions by dipole radiation. The occurrence of the $\mathrm{Cu} K{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{3}$ satellite is given as a possible illustration of the case, where the inner transition alone occurs by dipole emission; a special consideration applies in this connection to the probability of simultaneous inner ionization and outer excitation. For the case of a forbidden inner transition, the simultaneous emission of a light quantum and an outer electron (radiative Auger effect) is discussed.
A subcortical, pigment-containing structure in Xenopus eggs with contractile properties.

An accumulation of insoluble, finely granular material has been observed under the pigmented surface of Xenopus eggs by a specialized “dry fracture” technique and scanning electron microscopy. Cortical granules and pigment granules can be recognized with the techniques and can be seen to be embedded in the material. Thin sections show that the region also contains mitochondria and membranous vesicles or reticula. Yolk platelets are largely excluded from the heaviest accumulations of the material. The substance is most dense just under the cortex and grades off gradually into the more diffuse, yolk-containing network of the endoplasm. The accumulation of material is much thicker in the animal hemisphere of the egg than in the vegetal hemisphere, and the pigment embedded in it defines the pigmented area of the animal hemisphere. In the pigmented area the material excludes yolk for a thickness of 3–7+ μm from the surface. In the vegetal hemisphere there is no such accumulation and yolk platelets can be found almost touching the plasmalemma. Cortical contractions have been experimentally induced in eggs. Their relative strength correlates with the relative thickness of the finely granular, subcortical material. During contraction the material accumulates to much greater thicknesses, excluding yolk from thicknesses of 15–30+ μm from the surface. The contracting entity is, or is in, the finely granular material. Injection of cytochalasins into the eggs inhibits cleavage furrow operation but does not inhibit the induced cortical contractions. The induced contractions thus do not seem to be dependent on actin microfilamentogenesis as is the operation of the contractile ring of the cleavage furrow. The differential sensitivity to cytochalasins of the contractile ring and the system responding in the induced cortical contractions, suggests a two-component system for cortical contractions in the egg. A model is presented which accomodates the available data.
Calcium phosphate solid phase induction by dioleoylphosphatidate liposomes

Abstract The effect of phospholipid liposomes on solid phase induction from metastable calcium phosphate solutions was evaluated. Dioleoylphosphatidate liposomes catalyzed formation of apatite in the presence of carbonate and octacalcium phosphate when carbonate was absent. Dioleoylphosphatidylglycerol liposomes did not induce solid phase formation. The phosphatidate molecules had to be packed into an extended lamellar phase in order to function as a catalyst. The study indicates that the dioleoylphosphatidate bilayer presents an electrostatic grid in which Ca2+ binding and subsequent Ca·PO4 ion pairing provide nidi for crystal formation and growth. Acidic phospholipid microdomains in situ could provide similar catalytic sites.
Laparoscopic evaluation of penetrating thoracoabdominal traumatic injuries

Background General surgeons’ recent familiarity with advanced laparoscopic techniques have rendered laparoscopy feasible safely in the trauma setting. Traditionally high rates of nontherapeutic laparotomies also contribute to this increased interest. This study was undertaken to determine the predictive value and accuracy of diagnostic laparoscopy (DL) in evaluation of penetrating thoracoabdominal trauma.
Evidence for frames of reference based on pursuit eye movements

Lighted points that moved as if located on the rim of a rolling wheel were displayed to subjects whose task was to describe the pattern they perceived. The perceived patterns could be classified into one of four categories ranging from cycloidal to circular motion. Pursuit eye movements were controlled by having subjects track a fixation point that moved in the direction of the rolling wheel on a path just above the wheel’s rim. With respect to the translatory velocity of the rolling wheel, the velocity of the fixation point was 100%, 67%, 33%, or 0% (i.e., stationary). The patterns traced out by the points on the wheel were perceived to become increasingly circular as pursuit eye movements more closely matched the translatory speed of the rolling wheel. This is taken to support Stoper’s hypothesis that pursuit eye movements can establish a frame of reference for motion analysis.
Ferrihydrite modification by boron doping

Modification of ferrihydrite nanoparticles with boron is investigated using Mossbauer spectroscopy and powdered X-ray diffraction. These materials were heated to temperatures up to 600°C. The addition of the boron in the fabrication of ferrihydrite nanoparticles raises the transition temperature of the phase transformation of ferrihydrite to hematite. Evidence is that the boron does not penetrate the iron oxihydroxide structure, but attaches itself to the surface of the particles.
Artificial neural networks and image interpretation: A ghost in the machine

The artificial neural network (ANN) is a non-algorithmic parallel processing device modeled after human cerebral architecture. ANNs can be readily simulated on a digital computer and have the potential for significant diagnostic application in both image- and non-image-based medical diagnosis. This paper briefly discusses the operation of ANNs, differences between these and more traditional problem solving methods, and some diagnostic imaging problems amenable to their application.
Higher adiposity in infancy associated with recurrent wheeze in a prospective cohort of children

Background Few prospective data link early childhood adiposity with asthma-related symptoms. Objective We sought to examine the associations of weight-for-length (WFL) at age 6 months with incidence of wheezing by age 3 years. Methods We studied 932 children in a prospective cohort of children. The main outcome was recurrent wheezing , which was defined as parents' report of wheezing between 2 and 3 years of age plus wheezing in either year 1 or 2 of life. Secondary outcomes included any wheezing from 6 months to 3 years and current asthma. We used multiple logistic regression to examine associations of 6-month WFL z scores with these outcomes. Results At 6 months, the infants' mean WFL z score was 0.68 (SD, 0.94; range −2.96 to 3.24). By age 3 years, 14% of children had recurrent wheezing. After adjustment for a variety of potential confounders, we found that each 1-unit increment in 6-month WFL z score was associated with greater odds of recurrent wheezing (odds ratio [OR], 1.46; 95% CI, 1.11-1.91) and any wheezing (OR, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.03-1.48). We observed a weaker association between 6-month WFL z score and current asthma (OR, 1.22; 95% CI, 0.94-1.59). Conclusion Infants with higher WFL z scores at 6 months of age had a greater risk of recurrent wheezing by age 3 years. It is unclear whether the relationship of infant adiposity and early-life wheeze extends to allergic asthma or wheeze that can persist into later childhood. Our findings suggest that early interventions to prevent excess infant adiposity might help reduce children's risk of asthma-related symptoms.
INSTITUTIONAL FRAMING : SOME EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE

Abstract Recommendations for broadening experimental analyses to include institutional frames are occurring more frequently in the literature. We report the results of a simple two-stage institutional framing experiment. First, cooperatives and entrepreneur business-strategy frames are generated. Second, same sex groups play a public good provision game. The results suggest that cooperative or non-cooperative solutions may be elicited via institutional frames which implicate business standards of teamwork or autonomy, respectively. Additionally, differences in mean responses between males and females under each business strategy frame were insignificant. Finally, possible motivational factors were examined using regression analysis.
Stabilizer subsystem codes with spatially local generators

We derive new tradeoffs for reliable quantum information storage in a 2D local architecture based on subsystem quantum codes. Our results apply to stabilizer subsystem codes, that is, stabilizer codes in which part of the logical qubits does not encode any information. A stabilizer subsystem code can be specified by its gauge group — a subgroup of the Pauli group that includes the stabilizers and the logical operators on the unused logical qubits. We assume that the physical qubits are arranged on a two-dimensional grid and the gauge group has spatially local generators such that each generator acts only on a few qubits located close to each other. Our main result is an upper bound kd = O(n), where k is the number of encoded qubits, d is the minimal distance, and n is the number of physical qubits. In the special case when both gauge group and the stabilizer group have spatially local generators, we derive a stronger bound kd2 = O(n) which is tight up to a constant factor.
Shame and discipline: The practice and discourse of a “Confucian model” of management in a family firm in China

At the height of economic globalization since the 1990s, neoliberal capitalism has been declared as the only game in town. Against the spread of the neoliberal capitalism from the West to the rest ...
Sulfur isotope effects associated with oxidation of sulfide by O2 in aqueous solution

Normal sulfur isotope effects averaging epsilon = -5.2 +/- 1.4% (s.d.) were consistently observed for the oxidation of sulfide in aqueous solution. Reaction products were sulfate, thiosulfate and sulfite at pH 10.8-11 in distilled water; S0 was formed in two experiments with synthetic seawater at pH 8-9.5. Because the -5.2% normal isotope effect differs significantly from the previously measured +2% inverse effect associated with anaerobic oxidation of sulfide by photosynthetic bacteria, stable sulfur isotopic measurements are potentially useful for distinguishing aerobic vs. anaerobic sulfide oxidation in marine and freshwater sulfureta.
Individual differences in working memory strategies for reading expository text

This study investigated whether individual differences in working memory (WM) span are associated with different WM management strategies during the reading of expository text. In Experiment 1, probe questions were presented on line during reading to determine whether thematic information was maintained in WM throughout comprehension. The data indicated that readers across the range of WM span maintained thematic information in WM throughout the reading of a given passage. In Experiment 2, sentence reading times and accuracy for both topic and detail questions were measured in two conditions: when topic sentences were present and when topic sentences were absent. Subjects performed similarly across the range of WM span in the topic-present condition, but lower span subjects performed more poorly on detail questions in the topic-absent condition. In Experiment 3, the topic-present condition of the second experiment was replicated, except that subjects expected to receive questions about details only. Thematic processing and retention of topic and detail information all increased with span. Taken together, these results suggest that, for more difficult text processing tasks, high- and low-span subjects adopt different WM management strategies and these strategies influence what is learned from reading the text.
Pre-service teachers’ perceptions of middle school students

This report shares a study that explored the perceptions pre-service teachers have of middle school students. Participants were asked to complete the Adjective Checklist (ACL) by endorsing the words they considered most characteristic of a typical middle school student. Items most frequently endorsed indicated a predominantly negative perception (e.g. “awkward”, “confused” and “emotional”). Implications for pre-service teacher training are discussed.
Multi-fluid code simulation of DIII-D filterscope data including reflection of light from plasma-facing surfaces

A comparison is made between solutions of the UEDGE multi-fluid edge code and the full array of 24 poloidal and tangential D α and C III filterscope views available in DIII-D for a lower single null L-mode discharge. Wall reflections are included using measured graphite tile reflection data together with a 3D ray tracing code. It is found that divertor view chords are relatively unperturbed by reflections, while main chamber views can be dominated by reflected light. Main chamber view chords are shown to be important in distinguishing between different radial transport models: a hybrid model including both convection and diffusion is found to match measured main chamber D α brightnesses well, while a pure diffusive model gives brightnesses which are of order 100× too small.
Radiation and breast cancer.

To the Editor.— We found the observations in Simon's article, "Breast Cancer Induced by Radiation" (237:789-790, 1977), to be quite interesting. Unfortunately his conclusions are not supported by the data. Specifically we would point out the following: The article ignores basic statistical and epidemiologic concepts in attributing breast cancer in 16 patients to prior irradiation for acne. We are not provided any denominator data to determine a population at risk, ie, those patients treated by irradiation for acne. Important questions are raised. From how large a breast cancer population were the 16 study cases extracted in this retrospective review, and how did they compare with the expected age-adjusted number of breast cancers in this group? How many women with acne were treated with chest irradiation, and how many breast cancers arose in that group, as compared with the nonirradiated group with acne? In other words, how many women treated
Propagation of a Gaussian beam through a stack of positive and negative refractive index materials

Propagation of a monochromatic Gaussian beam through a stack of alternating layers of positive-refractive-index dielectrics and negative-refractive-index metamaterials is analyzed using paraxial ray-optics approach. Expressions for the change of the spot-size of the Gaussian beam are derived. Sensors for measuring parameters that affect the thickness or refractive index of the metamaterials can be developed based on the change of the spot-size.
Landau theory of the martensitic transition in A − 15 compounds

The martensitic phase transition in the A-15 compounds is treated by expanding the free energy in terms of the order parameters and its spatial gradients. The model used is a modified version of that recently proposed by Gorkov. The predictions for a wide range of physical properties are in good agreement with experimental results for V/sub 3/Si and Nb/sub 3/Sn lending support to the veracity of the model. 25 refs.
Food and Environmental Aspects of Infant Botulism in California

In an effort to identify vehicles by which Clostridium botulinum spores might have reached the intestine of patients with infant botulism, 555 samples of foods, drugs, and environmental specimens were examined. Of the food items, C. botulinum was only found in nine of 90 (10%) honey specimens. Five patients had been exposed to honey that contained C. botulinum, and ingestion of honey was found to be a significant risk factor for type B infant botulism (P = 0.005). In addition, C. botulinum was isolated from five samples of soil (three from case homes, two from control homes) and from vacuum cleaner dust from one case home. In every instance in which C. botulinum was isolated from a specimen of honey, soil, or dust associated with a case of infant botulism, the type of toxin (A or B) in the honey, soil, or dust isolate matched the type of toxin of the organism recovered from the infant. Isolation of C. botulinum from the soil of homes of control infants emphasizes the ubiquitous distribution of and exposure to this organism and suggests that host factors are important in the development of illness. Prevention of infant botulism will depend on the identification of these host factors, as well as on the identification of other vehicles
Induction of a chloride conductance in gastric vesicles by limited trypsin or chymotrypsin digestion or ageing.

Abstract Transport activity of the hog gastric (H+ + K+)-ATPase system was measured either as the formation of a proton gradient using the dye probe acridine orange or as the formation of a proton diffusion potential using the cyanine dye 3,3′-diethyloxdicarbocyanine iodide in the presence of the protonophore tetrachlorosalicylanilide. The development of these gradients has been compared in K+ media in the presence of either Cl− or SO42− as the anionic species. This comparison of proton diffusion potential formation to proton gradient formation has been used to demonstrate that a Cl− conductance in this vesicular system results from limited enzymic digestion with either trypsin or α-chymotrypsin and from the ageing process itself. The possible significance of this finding is discussed.
Observations on the Use of Seprafilm® on the Brachial Plexus in 249 Operations for Neurogenic Thoracic Outlet Syndrome

Purpose Seprafilm® was initially used successfully as a membrane to reduce abdominal adhesions. Subsequently it was tried in a number of other areas to reduce postoperative scarring. Seprafilm® was employed in this study to see if it would reduce postoperative scarring after supraclavicular thoracic outlet decompression for neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome (NTOS).
Sequencing and expression of the rne gene of Escherichia coli

Abstract RNase E is a major endonucleolytic RNA processing enzyme in Escherichia coli. We have sequenced a 3.2 kb EcoRI-BamHI fragment encoding the rne gene, and identified its reading frame. Upstream from the gene, there are appropriate consensus sequences for a putative promoter and a ribosome binding site. We have translated this gene using a T7 RNA polymerase/promoter system. We determined 25 amino acids from the N-terminal of the translated product and they are in full agreement with the DNA sequence. The translated product of the rne gene migrates in SDS containing polyacrylamide gels as a 110,000 Da polypeptide, but the open reading frame found in the sequenced DNA indicates a much smaller protein. The entity that migrates as a 110,000 Da contains RNA, which could account, at least partially, for the migration of the rne gene product in SDS containing polyacrylamide gels.
Automatic model generation

The Facility Analysis and Simulation Technique (FAST) is a product which has been developed by the Electronics Automation Application Center (EAAC) of the General Electric Company. Currently in version 2.0, FAST has been developed to analyze electronics facilities resource requirements by utilizing years of EAAC expertise in this environment. The part of FAST which is discussed in this paper is the use of the SIMAN model generator. This part of FAST produces complete SIMAN models and allows various configurations. There are two primary benefits of the automatic model generator. First, that the modeling task can concentrate on collecting and verifying the data instead of spending large amounts of time validating simulation code. Second, good models are constructed with no SIMAN programming. The primary aim of this paper is to introduce the reader to FAST and then go into greater detail in explaining the automatic model generator of FAST.
Data mining of protein-binding profiling data identifies structural modifications that distinguish selective and promiscuous compounds.

Activity profiling of compound collections across multiple targets is increasingly being used in probe and drug discovery. Herein, we discuss an approach to systematically analyzing the structure–activity relationships of a large screening profile data with emphasis on identifying structural changes that have a significant impact on the number of proteins to which a compound binds. As a case study, we analyzed a recently released public data set of more than 15 000 compounds screened across 100 sequence-unrelated proteins. The screened compounds have different origins and include natural products, synthetic molecules from academic groups, and commercial compounds. Similar synthetic structures from academic groups showed, overall, greater promiscuity differences than do natural products and commercial compounds. The method implemented in this work readily identified structural changes that differentiated highly specific from promiscuous compounds. This approach is general and can be applied to analyze any ...