cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Glucose requirement for postischemic recovery of perfused working heart.

The quantitative importance of glycolysis in cardiomyocyte reenergization and contractile recovery was examined in postischemic, preload-controlled, isolated working guinea pig hearts. A 25-min global but low-flow ischemia with concurrent norepinephrine infusion to exhaust cellular glycogen stores was followed by a 15-min reperfusion. With 5 mM pyruvate as sole reperfusion substrate, severe contractile failure developed despite normal sarcolemmal pyruvate transport rate and high intracellular pyruvate concentrations near 2 mM. Reperfusion dysfunction was characterized by a low cytosolic phosphorylation potential ([ATP]/([ADP][Pi]) due to accumulations of inorganic phosphate (Pi) and lactate. In contrast, with 5 mM glucose plus pyruvate as substrates, but not with glucose as sole substrate, reperfusion phosphorylation potential and function recovered to near normal. During the critical ischemia-reperfusion transition at 30 s reperfusion the cytosolic creatine kinase appeared displaced from equilibrium, regardless of the substrate supply. When under these conditions glucose and pyruvate were coinfused, glycolytic flux was near maximum, the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase/3-phosphoglycerate kinase reaction was enhanced, accumulation of Pi was attenuated, ATP content was slightly increased, and adenosine release was low. Thus, glucose prevented deterioration of the phosphorylation potential to levels incompatible with reperfusion recovery. Immediate energetic support due to maximum glycolytic ATP production and enhancement of the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase/3-phosphoglycerate kinase reaction appeared to act in concert to prevent detrimental collapse of [ATP]/([ADP][Pi]) during creatine kinase dysfunction in the ischemia-reperfusion transition. Dichloroacetate (2 mM) plus glucose stimulated glycolysis but failed fully to reenergize the reperfused heart; conversely, 10 mM 2-deoxyglucose plus pyruvate inhibited glycolysis and produced virtually instantaneous de-energization during reperfusion. The following conclusions were reached. (1) A functional glycolysis is required to prevent energetic and contractile collapse of the low-flow ischemic or reperfused heart (2). Glucose stabilization of energetics in pyruvate-perfused hearts is due in part to intensification of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase/3-phosphoglycerate kinase activity. (3) 2-Deoxyglucose depletes the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate pool and effects intracellular phosphate fixation in the form of 2-deoxyglucose 6-phosphate, but the cytosolic phosphorylation potential is not increased and reperfusion failure occurs instantly. (4) Consistent correlations exist between cytosolic ATP phosphorylation potential and reperfusion contractile function. The findings depict glycolysis as a highly adaptive emergency mechanism which can prevent deleterious myocyte deenergization during forced ischemia-reperfusion transitions in presence of excess oxidative substrate.
Polychlorinated Biphenyl- and Mercury-Associated Alterations on Benthic Invertebrate Community Structure in a Contaminated Salt Marsh in Southeast Georgia

The community structure of a benthic macroinvertebrate assemblage in a contaminated salt marsh was evaluated as part of an ecological characterization of a former chloralkali production facility in Georgia. Sample locations were chosen based on a gradient of the primary contaminants of concern, total mercury and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), primarily Aroclor 1268. Sediment concentrations of Aroclor 1268 ranged from 2.3 to 150 mg/kg dry weight, while mercury concentrations ranged from 15 to 170 mg/kg dry weight in the study area. Mercury and PCBs were determined to be co-located in the sediments. Total organic carbon composition of the sediments was negatively associated with PCB and mercury concentrations. A total of 29 benthic taxa was identified in 49 samples; replicate samples were taken at each of five sampling locations. Mean infaunal density across all sampling locations was estimated at approximately 61,000 to 234,000 organisms m−2. Overall, polychaetes comprised 57% of the infaunal community with Manayunkia aestuarina as the dominant species. Oligochaetes, nematodes, crustacea, insects, and gastropods comprised 23.0, 18.0, 1.0, 0.7, and 0.2% of the overall benthic community, respectively. Density estimates of individual species between sampling locations showed no consistent patterns in response to pollutants. However, an analysis of higher taxonomic levels revealed some general trends. In uncontaminated areas, the benthic community was dominated by nematodes and oligochaetes, whereas moderate to highly contaminated areas were dominated by polychaetes and a smaller percentage of oligochaetes and nematodes. A trophic analysis of the same data set revealed that the community shifted from an evenly distributed percentage of surface and subsurface feeders in the uncontaminated areas to a community dominated by surface feeders in the more contaminated locations. Carnivores comprised from 0.13 to 0.90% of the trophic structure, with the percentage of carnivores generally decreasing with increasing contamination. Mercury and PCBs were bioaccumulating in representative marsh benthic invertebrates, presenting a potential source of contaminants to marsh consumers. Tissue PCB and tissue mercury concentrations were positively related to sediment PCB and mercury concentrations, respectively. A standard 14-day toxicity test using the amphipod Leptocheirus plumulosus showed no acute toxicity across the sampling locations.
Use of hydrated polyphenylene oxide sulphonate ion exchange membranes for artificial kidneys.

ION exchange membranes of hydrated polyphenylene oxide sulphonate 0.2 mil thick have been used successfully to purify brackish water and other aqueous salt solutions by reverse osmosis1. Water permeabilities ranged from 0.02 to 0.5 galmil/foot2-day-atm., with salt rejections of dissolved salts in the range of 70 to 95%. Water permeability was directly proportional to the water content of the membrane. Preliminary investigations with highly polar organic solute molecules which ionize little in water suggest that permeability of these species also increases with increasing water content of the membrane. As the water content of the membrane decreases, interaction of the solute molecule with the membrane functional group becomes important.
Mullerian glia in dystrophic rodent retinas: an immimocytochemical analysis

Abstract Mullerian glia in retinas of Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) dystrophic rats and retinal degeneration (rd/rd) mice undergo biochemical and morphological alterations concomitant with photoreceptor loss. To follow the fate of Mullerian glia in these degenerating retinas, two Muller cell-specific markers, carbonic anhydrase-C (CAC) and cellular retinaldehyde-binding protein (CRALBP), were examined by light microscopic immunocytochemistry. In retinas of 1-to 12-month-old RCS dystrophic rats, cell bodies in the inner nuclear layer and radial processes were immunostained for CAC, but appeared to diminish with age. In addition, a material in the region of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), representing expansion of Muller cell processes into the subretinal space, was immunolabelled for CAC in retinas of 2-month-old and older RCS rats. The CAC-immunoreactive Muller cells seen in retinas of 12-month-old RCS rats were disorganized, as significant photoreceptor degeneration had occurred by this time. In retinas of 6-week-old RCS rats, Muller cells and their processes were immunolabelled for CRALBP, which spanned from the nerve fiber layer (NFL) through the outer nuclear layer. The density of this immunostaining increased, especially in the subretinal space, with advancing age in RCS rats, seen most prominently in retinas of 9-month-old RCS rats and decreased by 12 months. In retinas of rd/rd mice beginning by day 14, minimal CAC-and CRALBP-immunoreactive material was observed in the subretinal space. By 6 weeks, when a majority of the photoreceptors had degenerated, the CAC-staining pattern appeared significantly reduced and patchy. This study showed that Muller cells in degenerating retinas of RCS rats and rdJ.rd mice ultimately exhibited decreased immunolabelling for CAC and CRALBP at the more advanced stages of retinopathy, which coincided with the loss of photoreceptors. This is in contrast to the progressive increase in glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP), an intermediate filament protein, throughout the retinal dystrophy in both animal models.
Understanding the Impact of a Recent Hurricane on Mobilization Time During a Subsequent Hurricane

It is not uncommon for a region to be affected by multiple hurricanes in a span of a few weeks. The behavior of the evacuees during a subsequent hurricane in the same season is affected by the damage to the infrastructure and to the vehicles and assets belonging to evacuees, as well as by the psychological impact of the preceding hurricane. One such behavioral aspect that affects traffic-loading rates during a hurricane is the evacuation delay or mobilization time. In this study, "mobilization time for an evacuee" is defined as the difference between the time at which the decision to leave is made and the actual time of departure. This paper proposes a methodology that can be used to understand the factors associated with the mobilization time during a subsequent hurricane while accounting for the effects of the preceding hurricane. The effects of the preceding hurricane were accounted for by modeling mobilization times simultaneously with an ordinal variable representing evacuation participation levels d...
Evaluation of XDE‐474 as a soil nitrification inhibitor

Abstract This study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of XDE‐474 as a nitrification inhibitor in two soils that differed significantly in organic carbon (C) and texture. The results were compared with those obtained by using nitrapyrin [N‐Serve: 2‐chloro‐6‐(trichloromethyl)pyridine]. In the first experiment, a 10 g sample of surface soil treated with 1 mL ammonium sulfate [(NH4)2SO4] solution containing 2 mg nitrogen (N) and increasing concentrations of 0.05, 0.10, 0.20, or 0.40 μg active ingredient (AI)/g of the inhibitors was incubated at 20°C for 14 days. In the second experiment, the soil sample treated with (NH4)2SO4 and 0.40 μg AI/g inhibitor was incubated at 10, 20, or 30°C for 14 days. The results showed that application of XDE‐474 to soils induced nitrification of indigenous soil organic N. Nitrification rate decreased significantly as inhibitor concentrations increased. The superiority of XDE‐474 over nitrapyrin in controlling nitrification of (NH4)2SO4 added to soils was clearly demon...
SCF methods for excited states

Algorithms are presented for SCF calculations on several types of excited states. The one-Hamiltonian method can be formulated so that it applies to either particle- or hole-type doublet states or to particle-hole triplet states. The one-Hamiltonian method works for particle-hole singlet states only if they are of different symmetry from the ground state. The sequential orthogonalization method is more restricted since it does not work for hole states. The sequential orthogonalization method, however, does apply to excited singlet states, provided the excitation is from the highest filled orbital.
Relationship between CHAMPS physical activity questionnaire and functional fitness outcomes in older adults.

Abstract The primary purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between the four self-reported measures of the Community Healthy Activities Model Program for Seniors (CHAMPS) questionnaire with the performance-based measures of the AAHPERD functional fitness test. Two groups of subjects were recruited for the studyan active-control cohort (n = 16) of older adults that exercised regularly and an experimental group (n = 34) of older adults that began an 8-week community program. The CHAMPS questionnaire and the AAHPERD test were given to both groups before and after the program. Despite improvements in all the AAHPERD parameters, there were no significant changes between pre— and post-measurements of the CHAMPS questionnaire in the experimental group. The results from this investigation revealed that this survey does not appear to be an appropriate tool to measure physical activity changes in shorter community-based physical activity programs for older adults that prescribe a single multi-compon...
The fibrocartilage skeleton and related structures of the ventral pouch of Balaenopterid whales

The mandibular symphysis of rorqual whales, whales of the genera Megaptera and Balaenoptera, is characterized by a Y-shaped fibrocartilage structure that lies in the substance of the muscular ventral pouch of these animals. The stem of the structure joins with the symphysis and is usually indicated externally by an unfurrowed median strip of blubber that has been called the "cutwater" by earlier writers. The arms of the Y pass back and are superficially indicated in all rorqual whales as a ridge running parallel to the rami of the mandibles. This fibrocartilage skeleton of the pouch is most closely related to the mylohyoid muscle. The function of the fibrocartilage Y is probably linked with the jaw mechanics of these whales, but its precise function is otherwise not known.
Interconnect channel characteristics favoring double-edge pulsewidth modulation

M-ary pulsewidth modulation (M-PWM) and double-edge pulsewidth modulation (DPWM) are compared to non-return-to-zero (NRZ) modulation in bandwidth-limited channels. DPWM features spectral characteristics that concentrate energy at lower frequencies compared to NRZ for a given data rate. Here, channel characteristics are studied that favor DPWM transmission. Each modulation format is compared at 10 Gb/s over two different electrical channels to study the signal integrity with respect to a fixed data rate and fixed minimum pulsewidth.
New federalism, intra-governmental relations and co-governance in Mexico

Evidence from six Mexican states is analyzed about changes in government organisation and performance arising from decentralisation and the recasting of federalism structures. Spurred by rising pluralism, greater electoral transparency, alternancia , and willingness of the Centre to ‘let go’, a more genuine structure of shared powers is emerging between the executive (governors), the legislature and the judiciary. The government bureaucracy is undergoing modernisation, and governors are seeking to share power with legislatures as a means of sharing the responsibilities of statecraft. Local congresses are exercising greater ‘checks’ and ‘balances’ vis-a-vis the executive branch. Finally, the judiciary is beginning to be reorganised, particularly at the national (Supreme Court) level, where it is starting to develop jurisprudence relating to inter- and intra-governmental relations.
Psychosocial and Moral Development of PTSD-Diagnosed Combat Veterans.

Two related studies were conducted in order to investigate whether psychosocial and moral development appeared to have been disrupted and arrested in veterans diagnosed as having posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Study 1 was devoted to developing a measure of late adolescence, early adulthood, and adulthood stages of psychosocial development. In Study 2, a sample of 32 PTSD-diagnosed and 32 PTSD-free veterans participated. The PTSD-diagnosed participants presented evidence of arrested psychosocial and moral development.
Review of the latest developments in fast low noise detectors for wavefront sensing in the visible

In this paper we describe the development of fast low noise detectors intended primarily for use in Shack Hartmann wavefront sensors for natural and laser guide star wavefront sensing in the future adaptive optics systems of the Thirty Meter Telescope Project and the Next Generation Adaptive Optics system at the W. M. Keck Observatory. This work results from collaboration among the W. M. Keck Observatory, the Thirty Meter Telescope Project, the Lincoln Laboratory of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and the Starfire Optical Range of the Air Force Research Laboratory. Testing of backside thinned, packaged detectors has been completed and performance results including read noise, readout speed, charge diffusion, dark current, and quantum efficiency will be reported. Proposed developments of readout systems to compliment this detector will be described, and performance compared to alternative detector solutions.
EFFICIENT ALGORITHMS FOR CONSTRUCTING PROPER HIGHER ORDER SPATIAL LAG OPERATORS

. This paper extends the work of Blommestein and Koper (1992)–BK–on the construction of higher-order spatial lag operators without redundant and circular paths. For the case most relevant in spatial econometrics and spatial statistics, i.e., when contiguity between two observations (locations) is defined in a simple binary fashion, some deficiencies of the BK algorithms are outlined, corrected and an improvement suggested. In addition, three new algorithms are introduced and compared in terms of performance for a number of empirical contiguity structures. Particular attention is paid to a graph theoretic perspective on spatial lag operators and to the most efficient data structures for the storage and manipulation of spatial lags. The new forward iterative algorithm which uses a list form rather than a matrix to store the spatial lag information is shown to be several orders of magnitude faster than the BK solution. This allows the computation of proper higher-order spatial lags “on the fly” for even moderately large data sets such as 3,111 contiguous U. S. counties, which is not practical with the other algorithms.
Large eddy simulation of the bubbly ocean: New insights on subsurface bubble distribution and bubble-mediated gas transfer

[1] The evolution of bubbles in a turbulent oceanic boundary layer is simulated using a multi-size multi-gas bubble model coupled with a Large Eddy Simulation model. Bubbles injected by breaking waves are brought into the boundary layer by episodic bubble plumes, and they form near-surface streaks in the convergence zone of Langmuir circulations. The equilibrium bubble distribution decays exponentially with depth and is a manifestation of intermittent bubble plumes whose bubble number density is at least one order of magnitude higher than the mean bubble number density. Bubble distribution in the injection zone is influenced by injection, turbulent transport, and dissolution. Bubble distribution below the injection zone is determined by the strength of turbulence and dissolution. For a given sea state, bubble e-folding depth increases linearly with friction velocity. Wave age is an additional governing parameter for bubble e-folding depth. The buoyancy of bubbles weakens both Langmuir circulations and near-surface turbulent kinetic energy dissipation. The buoyancy effect increases with wind speed. Gas flux through bubbles depends on both wind speed and wave age. For a given sea state, the bubble flux increases with wind speed to the fifth power.
Evolution of an artificial neural network based autonomous land vehicle controller

This paper presents an evolutionary method for creating an artificial neural network based autonomous land vehicle controller. The evolved controllers perform better in unseen situations than those trained with an error backpropagation learning algorithm designed for this task. In this paper, an overview of the previous connectionist based approaches to this task is given, and the evolutionary algorithms used in this study are described in detail. Methods for reducing the high computational costs of training artificial neural networks with evolutionary algorithms are explored. Error metrics specific to the task of autonomous vehicle control are introduced; the evolutionary algorithms guided by these error metrics reveal improved performance over those guided by the standard sum-squared error metric. Finally, techniques for integrating evolutionary search and error backpropagation are presented. The evolved networks are designed to control Carnegie Mellon University's NAVLAB vehicles in road following tasks.
Detecting Clusters and Outliers for Multi-dimensional Data

Nowadays many data mining algorithms focus on clustering methods. There are also a lot of approaches designed for outlier detection. We observe that, in many situations, clusters and outliers are concepts whose meanings are inseparable to each other, especially for those data sets with noise. Thus, it is necessary to treat clusters and outliers as concepts of the same importance in data analysis. In this paper, we present a cluster-outlier iterative detection algorithm, tending to detect the clusters and outliers in another perspective for noisy data sets. In this algorithm, clusters are detected and adjusted according to the intra-relationship within clusters and the inter-relationship between clusters and outliers, and vice versa. The adjustment and modification of the clusters and outliers are performed iteratively until a certain termination condition is reached. This data processing algorithm can be applied in many fields such as pattern recognition, data clustering and signal processing.
Atomistic Modeling of {311} Defects and Dislocation Ribbons

Ab-initio calculations of dislocation and {311} defect structures in silicon were performed in order to investigate the formation energies as functions of geometry, including the effects of applied strain, with a simple model. Predictions were made concerning the size at which a {311} defect becomes less favorable than a dislocation loop, and it was shown that this is affected by applied strain.
Towards an understanding of the structural and functional properties of MscL, a mechanosensitive channel in bacteria

Whether it be to sense a touch, arterial pressure, or an osmotic gradient across a cell membrane, essentially all living organisms require the capability of detecting mechanical force. Electrophysiological evidence has suggested that mechanosensitive ion channels play a major role in many systems where mechanical force is detected. But, despite their biological importance, determination of the most basic structural and functional features of mechanosensitive channels has only recently become possible. A gene called mscL, which was isolated from Escherichia coli, was the first gene shown to encode a mechanosensitive channel activity. This channel directly responds to tension in the membrane; no other proteins are required. MscL appears to be a homohexamer of a 136 amino acid polypeptide that is highly alpha helical, contains two transmembrane domains, and has both the amino and carboxyl termini in the cytoplasm. The study of the MscL protein remains, to date, one of the most viable options for understanding the structural and functional characteristics of a mechanosensitive channel.
A subjective measure of environmental facilitators and barriers to participation for people with mobility limitations.

Purpose. The aim of this paper is to describe the development and psychometric properties of a self-report survey of environmental facilitators and barriers to participation by people with mobility...
Using integrated diagnostics on automatic test equipment

The author addresses the use of integrated diagnostic tools and techniques as applied to automatic test equipment (ATE) and test program sets (TPSs). The use of the tools provided as part of the integrated diagnostic support system (IDSS), namely, the weapon system testability analyzer (WSTA), the adaptive diagnostic system (ADS), and the use of electronic data delivery for technical documentation, is addressed. >
Multiple vascular anomalies in a paediatric kidney transplant recipient

Keywords: abdominal aorta laterally deviated;paediatric kidney transplantation; persistent leftsuperior vena cava; volume rendering reconstruction;radiographic techniques; vascular anatomyA 9-year-old girl with end-stage kidney diseasesecondary to right renal agenesis, and left hydrone-phrosis due to severe vesicoureteral reflux complicatedby recurrent urinary tract infections, was referred toour hospital, to be considered for renal transplanta-tion. Significant past surgical history included surgicalcorrection of oesophageal atresia, imperforate anusand bladder augmentation.Pre-operative work-up included renal ultrasonog-raphy and renal scintigraphy, as well as echocardio-graphy, which were reported normal. Because ofworsening of kidney function, the patient was con-sidered for haemodialysis treatment and then under-went permanent dialysis catheter placement. Theapparent left-sided position of the right atrium,on the post-procedure chest X-ray, was noted to beunusual. Following the X-ray, a chest and anabdominal CT scan were performed to evaluatevascular anatomy.Vascular reconstruction obtained with endovenouscontrast CT demonstrated:(i) a missing fusion of left innominate vein (in yellow,comprised of left internal jugular vein and leftsubclavian vein) with superior vena cava (in red).The superior vena cava drains the right innomi-nate vein and the left external jugular vein. A thinanastomotic branch between the left innominatevein and the superior vena cava can be seen(Figure 1). The left innominate vein trunk runslaterally to the left of the mediastinum andempties directly into the right atrium [1].(ii) An abnormal aortic-iliac anatomy with abdom-inal aorta laterally deviated to the left side, andthe left iliac artery deviating from the median line,running posterior to the rectum.(iii) The left ureter passed far from the aorta, laterallyto the left colon and entered anteriorly into thebladder.After CT scan evaluation, patient began haemo-dialysis treatment without any problems. Nine monthslater, the patient underwent cadaveric paediatrickidney transplantation with intra abdominalimplantation of the graft [2]. The anatomy of the
Continuous light may induce photosynthetic downregulation in onion – consequences for growth and biomass partitioning

Abbreviations – Amax, photosynthetic capacity at saturating light level (1500 mmol m 2 s 1 PPFD) and saturating atmospheric CO2 (Ca of 80 Pa CO2 )( mmol CO2 m 2 s 1 ); Asat, net photosynthesis at saturating irradiance (1500 mmol m 2 s 1 PPFD) and Ca of 37 Pa CO2 (mmol CO2 m 2 s 1 ); Ca, atmospheric CO2 partial pressure (Pa); Ci, intercellular CO2 partial pressure (Pa); Jmax, maximum rate of electron transport (mmol m 2 s 1 ); Ls, relative stomatal limitation to photosynthesis (%); Qcomp, photosynthetic light compensation point (mmol m 2 s 1 ); Qsat, photosynthetic light saturation point (mmol m 2 s 1 ); Vcmax, maximum rate of Rubisco carboxylation (mmol m 2 s 1 ).
A Case of Pedagogical Failure—My Own

A nontextual form of case study based on an instructor's own teaching is described. A shared experience between the teacher and students becomes the raw material from which a case is crafted. Instead of giving students descriptions of events they have not experienced, the teacher educator and students recount events they have both experienced—albeit from different perspectives—in a collaborative process that promotes the development of a more complex, reality-based view of teaching. From this experience, it is hoped that students come to view teaching as an object of in quiry that they can analyze and ponder from multiple perspectives.
Subjective Quantification of Perceptual Interactions among some 2D Scientific Visualization Methods

We present an evaluation of a parameterized set of 2D icon-based visualization methods where we quantified how perceptual interactions among visual elements affect effective data exploration. During the experiment, subjects quantified three different design factors for each method: the spatial resolution it could represent, the number of data values it could display at each point, and the degree to which it is visually linear. The class of visualization methods includes Poisson-disk distributed icons where icon size, icon spacing, and icon brightness can be set to a constant or coupled to data values from a 2D scalar field. By only coupling one of those visual components to data, we measured filtering interference for all three design factors. Filtering interference characterizes how different levels of the constant visual elements affect the evaluation of the data-coupled element. Our novel experimental methodology allowed us to generalize this perceptual information, gathered using ad-hoc artificial datasets, onto quantitative rules for visualizing real scientific datasets. This work also provides a framework for evaluating visualizations of multi-valued data that incorporate additional visual cues, such as icon orientation or color
Ethnic Differences in Geriatric Conditions and Diabetes Complications Among Older, Insured Adults With Diabetes: The Diabetes and Aging Study.

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate ethnic differences in burden of prevalent geriatric conditions and diabetic complications among older, insured adults with diabetes. Method: An obse...
Carotid stenting or surgical carotid endarterectomy to prevent strokes

Evaluation of: Brott TG, Hobson RW 2nd, Howard G et al.; the CREST Investigators. Stenting versus endarterectomy for treatment of carotid-artery stenosis (CREST trial). N. Engl. J. Med. 363(1), 11–23 (2010).Stroke has a high incidence and is associated with a dramatic degree of morbidity and mortality. Carotid stenosis is responsible for approximately 20% of strokes in all patient populations, and is especially prevalent in elderly patients. Therapies to decrease the risk of stroke are urgently warranted. The first established therapy was surgical endarterectomy. Over the last few years, however, carotid artery stenting has evolved as a less invasive approach. Hitherto, the paper under evaluation (the North American Carotid Revascularization Endarterectomy versus Stenting Trial [CREST]) is the largest and most important study comparing these two treatment modalitites. The study demonstrates comparable effectiveness for carotid stenting and carotid artertectomy to reduce the risk for future strokes.
Mirroring, Mindreading, and Simulation

What is the connection between mirror processes and mindreading? The paper begins with definitions of mindreading and of mirroring processes. It then advances four theses: (T1) mirroring processes in themselves do not constitute mindreading; (T2) some types of mindreading (‘low-level’ mindreading) are based on mirroring processes; (T3) not all types of mindreading are based on mirroring (‘high-level’ mindreading); and (T4) simulation-based mindreading includes but is broader than mirroring-based mindreading. Evidence for the causal role of mirroring in mindreading is drawn from intention attribution, emotion attribution, and pain attribution. Arguments for the limits of mirroring-based mindreading are drawn from neuroanatomy, from the lesser liability to error of mirror-based mindreading, from the role of imagination in some types of mindreading, and from the restricted range of mental states involved in mirroring. ‘High-level’ simulational mindreading is based on enactment imagination, perspective shifts or self-projection, which are found in activities like prospection and memory as well as theory of mind. The role of cortical midline structures in executing these activities is examined.
The dynamics of murine LINE-1 subfamily amplification.

Abstract We have examined the dynamics of replication of the mouse LINE-1 retrotransposon within a single large expanding LINE-1 family found in a particular population of Mus spretus . This family has reached thousands of copies per haploid genome within 0·1 0·2 Myr and accounts for most, if not all, LINE-1 replication since 0·4 Myr ago. The family shows only one split into two clades during this time. From these data we propose a model that links the evolution of LINE-1 to the dynamics of its migration among mouse populations. We hypothesize that selected LINE-1 elements, referred to as master sequences, each amplify s subfamily within a distinct mouse population before migrating into the global mouse population. When these master sequences come in contact with each other by migration, generally one continues to expand at the expense of the other. We further discuss potential tests of this model.
Scale-Driven Iterative Optimization for Brain Extraction and Registration

We present a novel framework to automatically separate brain region from other non-brain regions in head images. The idea of the proposed method is to estimate larger scale patterns in an image and then correct the boundaries iteratively. The scale estimation is based on the recently proposed total variation (TV) regularized L^1 functional. An iterative optimization method is used to refine non-convex and acute angle boundaries. The final algorithm is able to extract large scale patterns with arbitrary shapes, which is particularly suitable for brain extraction. In order to reduce the computation overhead in 3D data, a multi-level technique is proposed to exponentially improve the speed of the brain extraction process. Based on accurate results of brain extraction, a non-rigid brain registration algorithm is proposed to improve accuracy and consistency of existing registration methods. Experimental results on real 3D brain MR images demonstrate that the proposed methods outperform existing solutions. In addition, results are provided to show that the proposed algorithm can also be used to segment large scale patterns in general images.
Recruitment of International Students to U.S. Hospitality Graduate Programs: Students' Perceptions

The number of hospitality graduate programs and international students enrolled in these programs increased dramatically in the last two decades. A study of international students was undertaken to explore the major reasons (direct and indirect) that influence international students in selecting their respective hospitality graduate program. The present study looked at the sources of information and the reasons why students chose their respective academic programs. The findings suggest that “friends” was the primary information source and “program reputation” was the major direct reason influencing international students' hospitality program selection. “Safe community” emerged as the leading indirect reason for international students in choosing their respective graduate programs.
Comparison of blood-culture contamination rates in a pediatric emergency room: newly inserted intravenous catheters versus venipuncture

We compared contamination rates of blood cultures obtained either from newly inserted intravenous catheters or via venipuncture. Of 2,431 blood cultures, the overall contamination rate was 2.7% (intravenous catheter, 3.4%; venipuncture, 2.0%; P=.043). The site of lowest contamination was the antecubital fossa, making this the optimal choice for blood-culture sampling.
Room-specific characteristics of suburban homes as predictors of indoor allergen concentrations

Background Room characteristics predicting indoor allergen exposure in suburban homes have not been clearly identified. Objective To examine relationships between room characteristics and concentrations of indoor allergens in homes of suburban asthmatic patients. Methods The homes of 339 asthmatic children ages 6 to 17 years were studied. Home inspections were conducted by a trained technician, and dust samples were analyzed for indoor allergen content. A high allergen concentration was defined as 8 μg (U)/g or more of fine dust. Results Infrequent sheet washing and wall-to-wall carpet were risk factors for high bedroom dust mite concentrations. Infrequent sheet washing was also a risk factor for high Fel d 1 concentrations. Food remains in the bedroom was a risk factor for high bedroom Bla g 1 levels, and exposed food, leaks, and dirty pots were all risk factors for high kitchen Bla g 1 levels. The combination of lack of mattress or pillow encasements, infrequent sheet washing, and carpeting was associated with a 24-fold increase in odds of a high dust mite concentration (odds ratio [OR], 24.1; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.2-181.4). Among non-cat owners, the combination of stuffed toys on the bed, lack of mattress or pillow encasements, and infrequent sheet washing was associated with a 49-fold increase in odds of a high Fel d 1 level (OR, 49.4; 95% CI, 2.8-887.3). The combination of leaks, exposed food, and dirty pots was associated with a high kitchen Bla g 1 concentration (OR, 10.6; 95% CI, 2.8-40.5). Conclusions Specific room characteristics predict high indoor allergen exposure among children with asthma, and a combination of these characteristics may further increase the risk of high allergen exposure.
A Method of Automated Nonparametric Content Analysis for Social Science

The increasing availability of digitized text presents enormous opportunities for social scientists. Yet hand coding many blogs, speeches, government records, newspapers, or other sources of unstructured text is infeasible. Although computer scientists have methods for automated content analysis, most are optimized to classify individual documents, whereas social scientists instead want generalizations about the population of documents, such as the proportion in a given category. Unfortunately, even a method with a high percent of individual documents correctly classified can be hugely biased when estimating category proportions. By directly optimizing for this social science goal, we develop a method that gives approximately unbiased estimates of category proportions even when the optimal classifier performs poorly. We illustrate with diverse data sets, including the daily expressed opinions of thousands of people about the U.S. presidency. We also make available software that implements our methods and large corpora of text for further analysis.
Social capital, rent seeking and community-based interest groups *

While there is now a large literature on the negative aspects of social capital, recent discussions of social capital within the public choice literature have tended to focus on the positive role of social capital in solving collective action problems and promoting political accountability. Consequently, two areas of inquiry remain underexplored: (1) the role social capital plays in facilitating rent seeking, and (2) the availability of rents can cause community- based groups to re-orient their stocks of social capital away from productive ends and toward rent seeking. This article examines the relationship between social capital and rent seeking in the post-Katrina recovery in New Orleans.
Liver Autolysis in the Peritoneal Cavity of the Dog

Conclusions1. Anaerobic bacteria or their toxic products cause death in autolysis of dog's liver in vivo. 2. No toxic product was found in the liver responsible for death which was inherent to live...
Effect of interferon on secretion of proteins by various murine cell lines

The interferons (IFNs) have been shown to be antagonistic to the growth stimulatory effects of mitogens on cultured cells. A report of the interactions of IFN-β and platelet-derived growth factor on BALB/c-3T3 mouse cells established that IFN itself induced the secretion of a limited number of proteins from this cell line. The present work was undertaken to determine if other murine cell lines treated with homologous IFN-β also secreted new or additional protein(s) in response to this agent and if this response correlated with other phenotypic properties of the cells. The cell lines examined included L929 cells and two derivatives of this line (GM347 and WDIFN), CAK-TK-, Swiss-3T3, and BALB/c-3T3. Each line was exposed to [35S]methionine in the absence and in the presence of IFN-β, the supernatant fluids collected, and the radioactive, secreted proteins examined by fluorography after electrophoresis through SDS-containing polyacrylamide gels. Two cell lines (GM347 and Swiss-3T3) did not appear to secrete ...
Standardizing Marketing Strategies Internationally: A Model of the Issues and a Look at the Future

The degree to which international marketers should standardize their marketing mix rather than adapting it to individual country markets continues to be widely debated in the business literature. This paper considers the factors determining the degree of standardization and notes that our perspective on global competition has subtly shifted in the 1980’s. The paper discusses the further effects of economic and political trends on the decision to standardize and suggests implications of this issue for international marketing and researchers.
Factors influencing the hydrodynamics of waterjet propellers

This paper discusses the influences of different design parameters on the efficiency of waterjet propellers.Our aim was to determine the most important parameters for improving the hydrodynamics of waterjet propulsion.A three dimensional mathematical model of waterjet propellers with guide blades was established using the CFD method.The hydrodynamics of waterjet propellers under given conditions were investigated and the relationships between flow volume,head,power,and efficiency were analyzed.The influence of the number of blades,blade angle,and hub ratio on waterjet propulsion performance was also studied.The calculation results show that optimal choices of these parameters improve the hydrodynamic performance of waterjet propellers.
Sacred Language and Soteriology

In her work on the history of linguistics, Julia Kristeva makes an interesting assertion: if the Renaissance replaced the cult of an almighty God with a new cult of man, a new revolution in our era is replacing the Renaissance cult of man with that of language.1 From her perspective, into the complex and imprecise sphere of human activities, a science is introduced because language lends itself to scientific analysis. An important form of language that suggests the possibility of scientific analysis for Eliade is myth, a phenomenon that attracted the attention of many thinkers prior to Eliade’s important contributions to the subject.
The ghosts of place

What I am describing is not some lamentable lapse of the scientific mentality of our age, some last remnant of superstition that we need to root out of fallible minds. What I am describing is, I believe, a common feature of the human experience of place, for both modern and traditional peoples. The point of this essay is to argue that ghosts that is, the sense of the presence of those who are not physically there are a ubiquitous aspect of the phenomenology of place. Although the cultural language of modernity usually prevents us from speaking about their presence, we constitute a place in large measure by the ghosts we sense inhabit and possess it. The meaning of a place, its genius loci, depends upon the geniuses we locate there.
Truth and Reconciliation

Victims, survivors and their families deserve respect and need reparation, but, first, they have a right to know the truth. The perpetrators usually take great pains to hide their crimes, to deny that they have been committed, and, if the crimes are discovered, to deny that they have any degree of responsibility for them. Corpses are burned, buried or dropped into lakes or seas, evidence is tampered with, dispersed or destroyed, witnesses are threatened or killed, massacres are changed into isolated or unfortunate incidents, propaganda disguises exactions under a veil of patriotism or ideology, history is carefully revised to distort the reality and protect the leaders. Confident that they will not be prosecuted in their country, nor extradited from another country where they took refuge, the perpetrators often live a peaceful, comfortable life, without remorse.
Apoptotic markers in vasospasm after an experimental subarachnoid haemorrhage

Vasospasm remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in relation to subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH). This study examined the role of apoptosis in vasospasm at 24 and 72 h. The main proteins of the caspase dependent, independent and mitochondrial pathways were examined in this study. Adult rats were divided into three groups: sham (n=21), non-treatment (SAH + DMSO) (n=42) and treatment (SAH + PFT-α) (n=42) groups. Each animal in the SAH group had a SAH induced and the basilar artery was examined at 24 and 72 h for analysis. Severe vasospasm was found at the 24 and 72 h time points. The neurological outcome and mortality score improved by 72 h. p53 was shown to play an important role in the development of vasospasm. In addition, the markers of apoptosis decreased by 72 h. The findings of this paper indicate that apoptosis may play a key role in the aetiology of vasospasm.
Activation Analysis with Neutron Generators

(1975). Activation Analysis with Neutron Generators. Nuclear Science and Engineering: Vol. 58, No. 1, pp. 104-105.
Jazz Italian Style: From its Origins in New Orleans to Fascist Italy and Sinatra

Jazz Italian Style explores a complex era in music history, when politics and popular culture collided with national identity and technology. When jazz arrived in Italy at the conclusion of World War I, it quickly became part of the local music culture. In Italy, thanks to the gramophone and radio, many Italian listeners paid little attention to a performer's national and ethnic identity. Nick LaRocca (Italian-American), Gorni Kramer (Italian), the Trio Lescano (Jewish-Dutch), and Louis Armstrong (African-American), to name a few, all found equal footing in the Italian soundscape. The book reveals how Italians made jazz their own, and how, by the mid-1930s, a genre of jazz distinguishable from American varieties and supported by Mussolini began to flourish in northern Italy and in its turn influenced Italian-American musicians. Most importantly, the book recovers a lost repertoire and an array of musicians whose stories and performances are compelling and well worth remembering.
International Terrorism Financing

This paper posits that understanding international terrorist funding processes, specifically by looking at intergovernmental orders and relations under the structure of the global economic system, will help determine a method of early prevention of terrorist attacks. Through the assessment of the process terrorists use to acquire money for reaching their aims, it can be surmised that it is difficult to track international funding channels that may be a pathway for terrorist funding. The Al Qaeda attack on the World Trade Center will function as the platform for looking at how the terrorists used the global economic system to execute the 9/11 attacks. Ultimately, the goal of this research is to suggest that law enforcement agencies who investigate international terrorism can succeed by reaching out to international money organizations to track fiscal terrorist activities; thus, by doing so, these agencies can enforce early-detection and prevent terrorist attacks.
Marketing: The Next 40,000 Years

This invited commentary is a reflection on and response to an essay on “The Long Macro View”, by Robert Lusch, who articulated key themes of human, societal and marketing evolution, and challenges ...
Liquid phase stabilization versus bubble formation at a nanoscale curved interface.

We investigate the nature of vapor bubble formation near a nanoscale-curved convex liquid-solid interface using two models: an equilibrium Gibbs model for homogenous nucleation, and a nonequilibrium dynamic van der Waals--diffuse-interface model for phase change in an initially cool liquid. Vapor bubble formation is shown to occur for sufficiently large radius of curvature and is suppressed for smaller radii. Solid-fluid interactions are accounted for and it is shown that liquid-vapor interfacial energy, and hence Laplace pressure, has limited influence over bubble formation. The dominant factor is the energetic cost of creating the solid-vapor interface from the existing solid-liquid interface, as demonstrated via both equilibrium and nonequilibrium arguments.