cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Computational modeling to detect software sabotage: A discussion of technical challenges and a demonstration of innovative technology

Stealing secrets from a smartphone, damaging a nuclear reactor and bringing down a power grid are disasters easily within the reach of today's cyber attackers. A mobile phone, a car, a nuclear reactor, a missile, a power grid, in fact anything that contains sophisticated software can be a target for these attacks. Catastrophe is all but inevitable if cyber security measures fail to match the sophistication of saboteurs.
Hemilaryngeal transplantation in the canine model: Technique and implications

Purpose: There is no ideal method for reconstruction of hemilaryngeal defects because there is no autologous flap or graft that can reproduce the unique structural properties of the larynx. In this article, the technique, potential research, and clinical applications of hemilaryngeal transplantation are addressed. Materials and Methods: In a canine model, transplantation of a hemilarynx was performed. The thyroarytenoid muscle was reinnervated, and an arytenoid adduction was performed to ensure a competent larynx during the early postoperative period. Results: The canine tolerated the procedure well and the transplanted larynx remained healthy and well vascularized during the postoperative period. Electromyography of the transplanted thyroarytenoid muscle verified reinnervation 2 months after the procedure. During induced phonation, vibration was symmetrical with a normal-appearing laryngeal geometry. Conclusions: Preliminary experience indicates that this technique has unique advantages compared with other available techniques for laryngeal reconstruction. Only with additional progress in transplantation medicine could this procedure be considered an option for reconstruction of human partial laryngeal defects.
Zeros of the functions f(n) = Σi=0(−1)i(in−2i)

Abstract The main result of this paper is the following: the only zeros of the title function are at n = 3 and n = 12. This is achieved by means of the recursion function for f ( n ), viz. F ( x ) = x 3 − x − 1 which has only one real root w . This turns out to be the fundamental unit of Q ( w ). From the norm equation of the units, N ( w ) = x 3 + y 3 + z 3 − 3 xyz + 2 x 2 z + xz 2 − xy 2 − yz 2 = 1, and the negative powers of w which are of binary form, the result follows. The paper concludes with two remarkable combinatorial identities.
Studies on engineering and economic aspects of a new iron mortar material for reactor shielding.

Abstract This paper presents the results of experimental physical and nuclear tests, shield calculations, and a cost analysis on a recently developed iron mortar shielding material, which were performed at Purdue University. Measurements taken after heating at 300°F for 7 days indicated no significant change in either physical properties or neutron-attenuating characteristics. After a second heating at 600°F test results indicated about a 3% weight loss (due to loss of water content), a slight color change, and a 4% increase in the neutron transmission through 12 inches of the material. Rupture tests performed on one control block and one heated block indicated a marked loss of strength as a result of heating. The shield calculations performed, both using the ANISN computer code and by hand, were comparative studies using the iron mortar material in the sacrificial shield of a boiling water reactor, in place of ordinary concrete, the material presently designed into these shields. Results of this investigation indicated that an iron mortar and steel shield 18.5 inches thick is equivalent to an ordinary concrete and steel shield 27.75 inches thick, a savings of about 1 3 the concrete shield thickness. A cost comparative analysis-performed on this shield indicated that the iron-mortar shield is not only less costly, but also that the potential savings in capital costs because of the smaller overall size of the shield is many millions of dollars.
Prospects for Non-Rare Earth Permanent Magnets for Traction Motors and Generators

With the advent of high-flux density permanent magnets based on rare earth elements such as neodymium (Nd) in the 1980s, permanent magnet-based electric machines had a clear performance and cost advantage over induction machines when weight and size were factors such as in hybrid electric vehicles and wind turbines. However, the advantages of the permanent magnet-based electric machines may be overshadowed by supply constraints and high prices of their key constituents, rare earth elements, which have seen nearly a 10-fold increase in price in the last 5 years and the imposition of export limits by the major producing country, China, since 2010. We outline the challenges, prospects, and pitfalls for several potential alloys that could replace Nd-based permanent magnets with more abundant and less strategically important elements.
Caveat Designare: A Case Study in the Realities of Copyright Issues.

While instructional developers usually think of "copyright problems" in terms of reproducing and using materials produced by others in their instructional systems, there is another aspect of the "copyright problem" that is perhaps more important to the developer in his/her own professional career. The copyright problem is "who holds the copyright on materials developed jointly by a subject matter expert and an instructional developer." The concern of most developers is "how can I protect my rights as joint author and joint copyright holder of the materials?" This paper presents a case study that illustrates what can happen if the developer is not aware of how the copyright law affects him/her. It then discusses some key elements of the new copyright law. It concludes with some practical suggestions for instructional developers pertaining to procedures they can follow to protect themselves in the critical area of copyright.
A METHOD FOR DETERMINING LEFT VENTRICULAR MASS IN MAN.

A method for determining left ventricular mass by the use of biplane angiocardiography is described. This method was tested on 23 postmortem human hearts with left ventricular weights of 121 to 453 Gm. The left ventricular chambers of these hearts were distended with known volumes of contrast material and biplane x-rays were recorded over an 80- to 300-ml. range of volumes. Values for left ventricular mass were calculated from the biplane x-ray films and were demonstrated to agree closely with directly measured left ventricular weights. The standard error of estimate was 23 Gm. In six patients, left ventricular weights were calculated from angiocardiograms performed during life and compared with postmortem left ventricular weights. There was close agreement between the calculated and measured values for ventricular weight in all but one subject. This subject had marked right ventricular hypertrophy which resulted in an erroneously large calculated value of left ventricular mass.
Electronic noise compensation in iterative x-ray CT reconstruction

Electronic noise compensation can be important for low-dose x-ray CT applications where severe photon starvation occurs. For clinical x-ray CT systems utilizing energy-integrating detectors, it has been shown that the detected x-ray intensity is compound Poisson distributed, instead of the Poisson distribution that is often studied in the literature. We model the electronic noise contaminated signal Z as the sum of a compound Poisson distributed random variable (r.v.) Y and a Gaussian distributed electronic noise N with known mean and variance. We formulate the iterative x-ray CT reconstruction problem with electronic noise compensation as a maximum-likelihood reconstruction problem. However the likelihood function of Z is not analytically trackable; instead of working with it directly, we formulate the problem in the expectation-maximization (EM) framework, and iteratively maximize the conditional expectation of the complete log-likelihood of Y . We further demonstrate that the conditional expectation of the surrogate function of the complete log-likelihood is a legitimate surrogate for the incomplete surrogate. Under certain linearity conditions on the surrogate function, a reconstruction algorithm with electronic noise compensation can be obtained by some modification of one previously derived without electronic noise considerations; the change incurred is simply replacing the unavailable, uncontaminated measurement Y by its conditional expectation E ( Y | Z ). The calculation of E ( Y | Z ) depends on the model of Y , N , and Z . We propose two methods for calculating this conditional expectation when Y follows a special compound Poisson distribution - the exponential dispersion model (ED). Our methods can be regarded as an extension of similar approaches using the Poisson model to the compound Poisson model.
Cyst of gastro-colic omentum

Because of its rarity, an enteric cyst of the gastrocolic omentum is reported, having been discovered at autopsy. This should be considered in the differential diagnosis when a patient is presented with a mass in the upper abdomen. The author is indebted to Dr. Lawrence W. Smith for assistance in histologic diagnosis.
Adaptive wireless thin-client model for mobile computing

The thin-client computing model has the potential to significantly increase the performance of mobile computing environments. By delivering any application through a single, small-footprint client (called a thin client) implemented on a mobile device, it is possible to optimize application performance without the need for building wireless application gateways. We thus present two significant contributions in the area of wireless thin-client computing. Firstly, a mathematical performance model is derived for wireless thin-client system. This model identifies factors that affect the performance of the system and supports derivation and analysis of adaptation strategies to maintain a user-specified quality of service (QoS). Secondly, a proxy-based adaptation framework is developed for wireless thin-client systems, which dynamically optimizes performance of a wireless thin client via dynamically discovered context. This is implemented with rule-based fuzzy logic that responds to variations in wireless link bandwidth and client processing power. Our fuzzy inference engine uses contextual data to dynamically optimize tradeoffs among different quality of service parameters offered to the end users. Additionally, our adaptation framework uses highly scalable wavelet-based image coding to provide scalable QoS that can degrade gracefully. Our thin-client adaptation framework shields the user from ill effects of highly variable wireless network quality and mobile device resources. This improves performance of active applications, in which the display changes frequently. Further, active application behaviour may produce high transmission latency for screen updates, which can adversely affect user perception of QoS, resulting in poor interactivity. We report measured adaptive performance under realistic mobile device and network conditions for several different clients and servers. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Muscle-Specific Deletion of Carnitine Acetyltransferase Compromises Glucose Tolerance and Metabolic Flexibility

The concept of "metabolic inflexibility" was first introduced to describe the failure of insulin-resistant human subjects to appropriately adjust mitochondrial fuel selection in response to nutritional cues. This phenomenon has since gained increasing recognition as a core component of the metabolic syndrome, but the underlying mechanisms have remained elusive. Here, we identify an essential role for the mitochondrial matrix enzyme, carnitine acetyltransferase (CrAT), in regulating substrate switching and glucose tolerance. By converting acetyl-CoA to its membrane permeant acetylcarnitine ester, CrAT regulates mitochondrial and intracellular carbon trafficking. Studies in muscle-specific Crat knockout mice, primary human skeletal myocytes, and human subjects undergoing L-carnitine supplementation support a model wherein CrAT combats nutrient stress, promotes metabolic flexibility, and enhances insulin action by permitting mitochondrial efflux of excess acetyl moieties that otherwise inhibit key regulatory enzymes such as pyruvate dehydrogenase. These findings offer therapeutically relevant insights into the molecular basis of metabolic inflexibility.
Structure and magnetic properties of rapidly-solidified iron-platinum and iron-palladium alloys

Rapid solidification techniques and systematic heat treatment have been employed to vary the microstructure of equiatomic Fe-Pt and Fe-Pd alloys to gain a better understanding of the fundamental processes controlling the magnetic properties in this genre of alloy. Preliminary results on the Fe-Pd alloy indicate that the magnetically hardened material is fully ordered and exhibits a well-developed polytwinned state. Melt-spinning resulted in an increase in coercivity in the Fe-Pd alloy over the bulk material by a factor of about two. It is suggested that this enhanced magnetic hardness stems from microstructural refinement within the polytwinned state. Prolonged aging of both melt-spun and bulk Fe-Pd alloys leads to very little change of coercivity. This is suggested to be related to the behavior of the polytwinned state during prolonged aging in which the twin cluster size essentially remains constant. The initial results on the Fe-Pt alloy indicate that the details of the mechanism of hardening in this alloy may be somewhat different from those in the Fe-Pd system, although both develop the polytwinned state after prolonged aging. >
Multiple Proton Confinement in the M2 Channel from the Influenza A Virus.

The tetrameric M2 protein bundle of the influenza A virus is the proton channel responsible for the acidification of the viral interior, a key step in the infection cycle. Selective proton transport is achieved by successive protonation of the conserved histidine amino acids at position 37. A recent X-ray structure of the tetrameric transmembrane (TM) domain of the M2 protein (residues 22-46) resolved several water clusters (entry, bridging, and exit) in the channel lumen, which suggests possible involvement in the proton pathways to the His37 residues. To explore this hypothesis, we have carried out molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of a cation traveling towards the entry cluster and His37 side chains using classical and quantum force fields. A methyl ammonium cation diffusing through the first half of the channel towards the water clusters explores several local free-energy minima. Moreover, surrounding water molecules and peptide carbonyls are oriented to electrostatically stabilize the presence of such a positive charge in the pore. Quantum mechanical MD simulations of a proton placed in the entry cluster show that it can move to one of the acceptor His37 in a nearly barrierless fashion. Water molecules of the entry cluster, although confined in the M2 pore and restricted in their motions, can conduct protons with a rate very similar to that of bulk water.
Coagulation of symmetric and asymmetric bipolar aerosols

Coagulation of charged aerosols is investigated by developing a sectional numerical model for both particle size and charge distributions and accounting for electrostatic dispersion. Symmetric bipolar charging increases the coagulation rate when particles are highly charged. Asymmetric bipolar charging results in a faster decrease in the particle number concentration, but does not actually result in larger particles as the decrease in number concentration is dominated by the electrostatic dispersion and not by the coagulation of particles. The performance of a simpler model in the literature is evaluated by comparing its predictions against those of the above sectional model. The simple model is most accurate for initially mildly asymmetric bipolar aerosols at short residence times.
Improving the effectiveness of public–private R&D collaboration: case studies at a US weapons laboratory

Abstract This paper presents the results of the first systematic case studies of Cooperative Research and Development Agreements (CRADAs) between private firms and one of the large US weapons laboratories, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL). These cases cover a diverse array of technologies, and include firms with very different characteristics (participant firms differ, for example, in their size and internal RD (2) ensuring a high degree of commitment by the collaborating parties and continuous interaction between the research teams; (3) improving laboratory researchers' familiarity with user needs; and (4) developing sufficient internal R&D and technical expertise within the collaborating firm(s) to absorb and apply the results of collaboration. Evaluations of CRADAs that rely on quantitative estimates of the direct benefits of these projects in the immediate aftermath of their completion also appear to be unreliable and distorted.
Multiple pathways transmit neuroprotective effects of gonadal steroids.

Numerous preclinical studies suggest that gonadal steroids, particularly estrogen, may be neuroprotective against insult or disease progression. This paper reviews the mechanisms contributing to estrogen-mediated neuroprotection. Rapid signaling pathways, such as MAPK, P13K, Akt, and PKC, are required for estrogen's ability to provide neuroprotection. These rapid signaling pathways converge on genomic pathways to modulate transcription of E2-responsive genes via ERE-dependent and ERE-independent mechanisms. It is clear that both rapid signaling and transcription are important for estrogen's neuroprotective effects. A mechanistic understanding of estrogen-mediated neuroprotection is crucial for the development of therapeutic interventions that enhance quality of life withou deleterious side effects.
Defective Dietary Induction of Uncoupling Protein 3 in Skeletal Muscle of Obesity‐Prone Rats

Objective: The goal of this study was to determine whether differential induction of skeletal muscle uncoupling protein 3 (UCP3) contributes to the development of diet-induced obesity (DIO) or resistance to the development of obesity (DR) when rats are placed on a moderate fat (31%) high energy (HE) diet. Research Methods and Procedures: Gastrocnemius muscle was obtained from Sprague-Dawley rats that were identified as DIO-prone (n = 5) or DR (n = 5) on the basis of urinary norepinephrine excretion while consuming a chow diet. Muscle was also obtained from animals in the top tertile of weight gain (DIOHE, n = 5) and the bottom tertile of weight gain (DRHE, n = 5) after 2 weeks on the HE diet. UCP3 and actin mRNA levels were measured in all muscle samples by Northern analysis. To distinguish the effect of dietary energy content from the effect of obesity itself, we studied additional DIO and DR animals that had been returned to a chow diet for 10 weeks after consuming a HE diet for 10 weeks. Results: The muscle UCP3/actin mRNA ratio in animals that resisted the development of obesity during 2 weeks on the HE diet was 3-fold higher than in the other groups (DRHE = 3.24 ± 0.83, DIOHE = 0.91 ± 0.20, DIO-prone = 0.72 ± 0.15, DR = 0.63 ± 0.15; p = 0.002). However, there was no difference in muscle UCP3/actin mRNA ratios between DIO animals and DR animals that had been fed the HE diet for 10 weeks and then returned to either an ad libitum chow diet for 10 weeks (DIO = 13.8 ± 3.53, DR = 11.1 ± 3.43, p = NS) or to a restricted chow diet for 10 weeks (DIO = 11.0 ± 2.85, DR = 10.6 ± 2.20, p = NS) despite significantly greater body weight of the DIO animals. Discussion: DR animals may initially resist weight gain when placed on a HE diet through a greater induction of muscle UCP3. This induction is transient and is related more closely to dietary fat content than to body fat stores. DIO animals show no initial induction of muscle UCP3, which may contribute to their increased metabolic efficiency soon after exposure to a HE diet.
Local convergence analysis for partitioned quasi-Newton updates

This paper considers local convergence properties of inexact partitioned quasi-Newton algorithms for the solution of certain non-linear equations and, in particular, the optimization of partially separable objective functions. Using the bounded deterioration principle, one obtains local and linear convergence, which impliesQ-superlinear convergence under the usual conditions on the quasi-Newton updates. For the optimization case, these conditions are shown to be satisfied by any sequence of updates within the convex Broyden class, even if some Hessians are singular at the minimizer. Finally, local andQ-superlinear convergence is established for an inexact partitioned variable metric method under mild assumptions on the initial Hessian approximations.
Long-Term Follow-Up of Patients With Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver

Background & Aims Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) encompasses a wide spectrum of conditions ranging from simple hepatic steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) convincingly. NASH is the only subtype of NAFLD that has been shown to progress relatively, although these findings were reported from studies with short follow-up periods. We assessed the long-term outcomes of a NAFLD cohort. Methods Patients with NAFLD established by biopsy were identified in databases and categorized as NASH or non-NASH. Mortality data and causes of death were obtained from National Death Index Plus. The nonparametric Kaplan–Meier method with log-rank test and multivariate analyses with a Cox proportional hazard model were used to compare different NAFLD subtypes and to identify independent predictors of overall and liver-related mortality. Results Of 173 NAFLD patients (age at biopsy, 50.2 ± 14.5 y; 39.9% male; 80.8% Caucasian; 28.9% with type II diabetes), 72 (41.6%) had NASH and 101 (58.4%) had non-NASH NAFLD. Over the follow-up period, the most common causes of death were coronary artery disease, malignancy, and liver-related death. Although overall mortality did not differ between the NAFLD subtypes, liver-related mortality was higher in patients with NASH ( P P Conclusions This long-term follow-up evaluation of NAFLD patients confirms that NASH patients have increased liver-related mortality compared with non-NASH patients. In addition, patients with NAFLD and type II diabetes are especially at risk for liver-related mortality.
Thiamin biosynthesis in Escherichia coli. Identification of ThiS thiocarboxylate as the immediate sulfur donor in the thiazole formation.

ThiFSGH and ThiI are required for the biosynthesis of the thiazole moiety of thiamin in Escherichia coli. The overproduction, purification, and characterization of ThiFS and the identification of two of the early steps in the biosynthesis of the thiazole moiety of thiamin are described here. ThiS isolated from E. coli thiI+ is post-translationally modified by converting the carboxylic acid group of the carboxyl-terminal glycine into a thiocarboxylate. ThethiI gene plays an essential role in the formation of the thiocarboxylate because ThiS isolated from athiI− strain does not contain this modification. ThiF catalyzes the adenylation by ATP of the carboxyl-terminal glycine of ThiS. This reaction is likely to be involved in the activation of ThiS for sulfur transfer from cysteine or from a cysteine-derived sulfur donor.
Component choice for managing risk in engineered systems with generalized risk/cost functions

Abstract The constrained optimization of resource allocation to minimize the probability of failure of an engineered system relies on a probabilistic risk analysis of that system, and on ‘risk/cost functions’. These functions describe, for each possible improvement of the system's robustness, the corresponding gain of reliability given the considered component or management factor to be upgraded. These improvements can include, for example, the choice of components of different robustness levels (at different costs), addition of redundancies, or changes in operating and maintenance procedures. The optimization model is generally constrained by a maximum budget, a schedule deadline, or a maximum number of qualified personnel. A key question is thus the nature of the risk/cost function linking the costs involved and the corresponding failure-risk reduction. Most of the methods proposed in the past have relied on continuous, convex risk/cost functions reflecting decreasing marginal returns. In reality, the risk/cost functions can be simple step functions (e.g. a discrete choice among possible components), discontinuous functions characterized by continuous segments between points of discontinuity (e.g. a discrete choice among components that can be of continuously increasing levels of robustness), or continuous functions (e.g. exponentially decreasing failure risk with added resources). This paper describes a general method for the optimization of the robustness of a complex engineered system in which all three risk/cost function types may be relevant. We illustrate the method with a satellite design problem. We conclude with a discussion of the complexity of the resolution of this general type of optimization problem given the number and the types of variables involved.
Phenomenological modeling of ferromagnetic shape memory alloys

A thermodynamically consistent phenomenological model is presented which captures the ferromagnetic shape memory effect, i. e. the large macroscopically observable shape change of magnetic shape memory materials under the application of external magnetic fields. In its most general form the model includes the influence of the microstructure for both the volume fraction of different martensitic variants and magnetic domains on the described macroscopic constitutive behavior. A phase diagram based approach is taken to postulate functions governing the onset and termination of the reorientation process. A numerical example is given for an experiment on a NiMnGa single crystal specimen reported in the literature, for which the model is reduced to a two-dimensional case of an assumed magnetic domain structure.
The Growth of International Student Enrollment at Community Colleges and Implications

An emerging trend today is the increased enrollment of international students at community colleges. International students look to American community colleges as a steppingstone to achieving an education that might otherwise be beyond their reach. They are attracted to the community college by the lower tuition costs, opportunities for guaranteed transfer to a four-year university, and the opportunity to study at a variety of geographical locations throughout the United States. The purpose of this qualitative study was to examine the reasons that international students choose to study at community colleges and to consider the implications for community colleges at a time when funding, services, and growth opportunities have been severely restricted. Suggestions for further research are also included.
Review of the Routledge Handbook of Sports Coaching

Routledge Handbook of Sports Coaching, edited by Paul Potrac, Wade Gilbert and Jim Denison, Abingdon, Routledge, 2012, xi+510 pp., $225.00 (Hardback), ISBN -0-415-78222-7In this poly-vocal book rev...
Life-supporting pig-to-baboon renal transplantation using GalT knockout donors: Benefit of cotransplanting a vascularized donor thymic graft

The use of animal organs for human transplantation could potentially alleviate the worldwide critical shortage of donor organs, and thus has stimulated investigation of novel strategies directed at making xenotransplantation applicable to the clinic. The latter will likely require overcoming barriers of rejection through strategies utilizing either immune suppression or tolerance induction, or a combination of the two. We have previously reported that vascularized donor thymic tissue grafts, transplanted either as composite thymokidneys or vascularized thymic lobe grafts, induced tolerance across fully allogeneic barriers in miniature swine. Recently, we have applied the strategy of vascularized thymic lobe transplantation in a model of hDAF pig-to-baboon xenotransplantation and demonstrated that these grafts induced donor-specific unresponsiveness for up to 2 to 3 months following transplantation, at which time the grafts were lost from apparent humoral rejection. We have now extended these studies using cloned α-1,3-galactosyltransferase (GalT) knockout pigs as donors. We report here our initial experience in a preclinical model of pig-to-baboon xenotransplantation. This abstract presents clinical data on recipients of GalT knockout kidneys, especially focusing on four long-term recipients of GalT knockout kidney plus thymus transplantation in detail. Briefly, these four baboons receiving either xeno-thymokidneys or vascularized thymic lobe plus kidney maintained longer than 2 months. Three of four long-term survivors maintained normal plasma creatinine levels for 56, 68, and 83 days, respectively, before expiring from unexpected causes (anesthetic complication during surgery to replace an infected intravenous catheter (day 68), and myocardial infarction, possibly drug-induced on days 56 and an arterial catheter trouble on day 83. Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte assays on day 78 in one long-term acceptor showed that the baboon maintained anti-allo cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses but lost antipig cyctotoxic T-lymphocyte responses, indicating donor-specific unresponsiveness. The fourth baboon experienced an apparent rejection crisis between days 53 and 65, which reversed with anti-T-cell rejection therapy; subsequently the animal expired on day 81 from pneumonia. Neither hyperacute nor accelerated acute rejection was observed in any animal. Use of GalT knockout donors markedly extends the survival of vascularized thymus plus renal xenografts in baboons. Although the induction regimen still needs to be modified to reduce complications, these initial results are encouraging with regard to the potential of cotransplanting vascularized thymic tissue with organ xenografts as a means of achieving long-term tolerance across pig-to-primate barriers.
Signals of unconventional E(6) models at $e^{+} e^{-}$ colliders

Generation-dependent discrete symmetries often appear in models derived from superstring theories. In particular, in the framework of ${\mathrm{E}}_{6}$ models the presence of such symmetries is required in order to allow for the radiative generation of naturally small neutrino masses. Recently it was shown that by imposing suitable generation-dependent discrete symmetries, a class of models can be consistently constructed in which the three sets of known fermions in each generation do not have the same assignments with respect to the 27 representation of ${\mathrm{E}}_{6}$. In this scenario, the different embedding in the gauge group of the three generations implies in particular that the known charged leptons couple in a nonuniversal way to the new neutral gauge bosons (${\mathit{Z}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\beta}}}$) present in these models. We exploit this fact to study the signature of this class of models at present and future ${\mathit{e}}^{+}$${\mathit{e}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ colliders. We show that some signals of deviation from lepton universality as well as some other discrepancies with the standard model predictions which have been observed at the KEK TRISTAN collider in the production rate of \ensuremath{\mu} and \ensuremath{\tau}, can be accounted for if the ${\mathit{Z}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\beta}}}$ mass is not much heavier than 300 GeV. We also study the discovery limits for lepton universality violation of this type at CERN LEP 2 and at the 500 GeV ${\mathit{e}}^{+}$${\mathit{e}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ Next Linear Collider (NLC). We show that models predicting unconventional assignments for the leptons will give an unmistakable signature, when the ${\mathit{Z}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\beta}}}$ mass is as heavy as \ensuremath{\sim}800 GeV (LEP 2) and \ensuremath{\sim}2 TeV (NLC).
A High-Frequency Resonant Converter Based on the Class Phi2 Inverter for Wireless Power Transfer

This paper presents the design and implementation of high frequency resonant converter based on the Class F/sub 2/ inverter for inductive power transfer. MHz frequency operation can allow for higher power density than conventional switching frequencies. The converter is based on the Class F/sub 2/ inverter, reducing the voltage stress across the switch compared to other resonant topologies. A prototype of converter and a few cm airgap inductive coupling system with resistive load was implemented. We will demonstrate a greater than hundred Watt push-pull resonant converter for inductive power transfer at 13.56MHz.
Soluble cytochrome b5 reductase from human erythrocytes

SUMMARY I. An enzyme that catalyzes the reduction of erythrocyte cytochrome b 5 has been isolated from the supernatant fraction of erythrocyte hemolysates by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, Amberlite CG-5 o, and Bio-Gel P-6o. 2. Erythrocyte cytochrome b 5 reductase has been shown to contain FAD. Incubation of the reductase in the absence of EDTA results in both the appearance of flavin fluorescence and the loss of enzymatic activity with time. 3. The reductase catalyzes the reduction of erythrocyte cytochrome b 5 5o times faster with NADH than with NADPH. The apparent Km of NADH was calculated to be 1.6. IO -~ M and the turnover number is 128o moles of cytochrome b 5 per min per mole of flavin. The reduction of electron acceptors proceeded in the following decreasing order of rate: K~Fe(CN)6, 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol (DCIP), cytochrome b 5, methylene blue, cytochrome c, 03, oxidized glutathione, and methemoglobin. 4- The FAD prosthetic group, the substrate specificity, and the effect of ionic strength, pH, and EDTA on activity suggest that the reductase is the same enzyme as NADH dehydrogenase I, the enzyme lacking in many cases of congenital methemoglobinemia. The properties of the reductase, including its molecular weight, are very similar to those of the cytochrome b 5 reductases solubilized from microsomes and mitochondria of other tissues.
Cell cycle parameters and DNA ploidy in colorectal carcinomas.

Abstract Seven patients with colorectal adenocarcinoma and one with squamous cell carcinoma of anorectal region were infused preoperatively with iododeoxyuridine (IUdR) and bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) in sequence (100 mg/m 2 × 1 hr each with 1-hr interval in between) to label S-phase cells. The tumor biopsy specimens were embedded in glycolmethacrylate and 2-μm thick sections were treated with two monoclonal antibodies which permitted the identification of cells which incorporated IUdR only, BrdU only, both IUdR and BrdU, or neither IUdR or BrdU. The labeling index of tumors varied from 17.3 to 35.6% (mean = 25.78 ± 6.162), duration of S-phase ranged from 14.0 to 23.9 hr (mean = 18.73 ± 3.712), and total cell cycle time ranged from 39.4 to 123.4 hr (mean = 76.78 ± 24.165). The architecture of the tumor was well preserved and a variable number of DNA synthesizing mononuclear cells were identified within and around the tumor. Image analysis of Feulgen-stained smears of the tumors was done to measure the DNA content of seven tumor samples. Each tumor was found to be hyperdiploid with multiple modal values. The studies described here demonstrate the feasibility of performing cell cycle kinetic measurements on gastrointestinal tumors which have been labeled in vivo . The ability to perform these measurements on tumor biopsies allows the avoidance of artifacts introduced when solid tumors are disaggregated in vitro for study.
The stress heat‐flow paradox and thermal results from Cajon Pass

Conventional friction models predict a substantial thermal anomaly associated with active traces of strike-slip faults, but no such anomaly is observed from over 100 heat-flow determinations along 1,000 km of the San Andreas fault. The Cajon Pass well is being drilled to bring deep heat-flow and stress data to bear on this paradox. Preliminary heat flows to 1.7 km in the neighboring Arkoma well indicated a positive anomaly of about 30% as would be expected if frictional resistance of the fault were 50 MPa or so, but the Pliocene and Pleistocene history of the Transverse Ranges, particularly high rates of uplift and erosion, could also explain the anomaly. Preliminary stress results from Cajon Pass and a new interpretation of regional data by Mark D. Zoback and colleagues suggests that the maximum compressive stress near the fault is almost normal to the trace, and hence the resolved shear stress is low and the fault, weak. Although this is consistent with long-standing evidence from low heat flow, vexing questions remain regarding the physics of strike-slip faulting. The heat-flow data show large variability with depth, probably from three-dimensional structure, and an overall decrease from over 90 mW/m² in the upper kilometer to less than 80 mW/m² in the lower 300 m with no evidence of advective heat transfer. Whether this decreasing trend is significant and whether it continues downward to the background value (∼70 mW/m² less the radiogenic heat from overlying rocks) as expected for a weak fault must be verified with data from greater depth.
An analytical approach to gravitational lensing by an ensemble of axisymmetric lenses

The problem of gravitational lensing by an ensemble of identical axisymmetric lenses randomly distributed on a single lens plane is considered and a formal expression is derived for the joint probability density of finding shear and convergence at a random point on the plane. The amplification probability for a source can be accurately estimated from the distribution in shear and convergence. This method is applied to two cases: lensing by an ensemble of point masses and by an ensemble of objects with Gaussian surface mass density. There is no convergence for point masses whereas shear is negligible for wide Gaussian lenses.
Radiohalogen targetry at the university of wisconsin

Abstract Over the last two years, the University of Wisconsin has developed new target systems for the production of fluorine-18, bromine-76 and iodine-124. These new systems include the successful replacement of a double-foiled silver water target for the production of [ 18 F]–F − with a niobium body, isolated from the cyclotron vacuum by a single grid supported entrance foil. This manuscript highlights the success of our 18 F-fluoride target over its two years of maintenance free operation. A new solid target system for the production of long-lived halogens, with specific reference to iodine-124, is also introduced.
Measurements in a two-dimensional thermal plume along a vertical adiabatic wall

Mean velocities and temperatures were measured in a turbulent plume above a line heat source at the base of a vertical adiabatic wall. Various values of the buoyancy flux and distances above the source in the weakly buoyant regime of the flow were considered. Correlating expressions for the data were determined by assuming streamwise similarity of mean flow quantities, and a fixed entrainment constant and local skin-friction coefficient. The results yielded an entrainment constant based on the average velocity of 0·095±0·005. This value of the entrainment constant is in fair agreement with earlier work on wall plumes, but is less than half the value reported for free line plumes. Local flow properties are only weakly dependent upon the value of the skin-friction coefficient, with variations of 0-0·01 causing only a 3% change in the mean velocity and weight density defect. The results suggest that the presence of a wall, as opposed to a plane of symmetry, has a strong influence on entrainment, although the specific drag characteristics of the wall are of less importance. The reduced entrainment causes higher velocities and higher values of the weight density defect in a wall plume than in a comparable free plume.
An electron transfer series of octahedral chromium complexes containing a redox non-innocent α-diimine ligand.

An electron-transfer series of octahedral α-diimine complexes [(HLCy)3Cr]n+(BARF)n (n = 2, 1, 0) has been synthesized and crystallographically characterized. Cyclic voltammetry indicated additional formation of [(HLCy)3Cr]3+. The molecular structures suggested that all redox processes were ligand-based. Magnetic moments were consistent with spin ground states of S = 0 for [HLCy3Cr]0, S = 1/2 for [HLCy3Cr]+1, and S = 1 for [HLCy3Cr]+2. The experimental data is consistent with chromium maintaining the +III oxidation state throughout, while being coordinated by varying numbers of neutral diimines (HLCy) and diimine radical anions (HLCy˙−).
Effect of Formulation and Process Variables on Bioequivalency of Nitrofurantoin II: In Vivo-In Vitro Correlation

Based on preliminary in vitro evaluation, six formulations presenting a broad range of dissolution rates were selected for bioequivalency determination in a randomized complete block crossover. In vitro-in vivo correlations were developed relating cumulative percent dissolved to cumulative percent excreted. These correlations appear to be useful for comparing different formulations as well as different batches of the same formulation.
STUDIES ON THE ONTOGENY OF FETAL HEPATOCYTE (FH) PROLIFERATION DURING LATE GESTATION IN THE RAT. |[dagger]| 341

We have found that late gestation rat FHs can proliferate in vitro in the absence of added mitogens or serum. However, this capacity varies with the gestational age at which the FHs are isolated: A gradual decline occurs as term approaches such that term FHs are non-proliferative in culture under these mitogen-free conditions. The present studies were undertaken to characterize the FH growth arrest which occurs at term. Primary cultures of FHs from day 19 of gestation (E19) showed a gradual decline in DNA synthesis (3H-thymidine incorporation) from very high levels during the first 24 hr in culture to low levels by 72 hr. In contrast, term (E21) FHs synthesized little DNA over the first 24 hr and showed a marked increase by 48 to 72 hr. In addition, E21 FH DNA synthesis was potentiated by Transforming Growth Factor α (TGFα) whereas E19 FH DNA synthesis was not. These findings correlated with immunocytochemical staining for Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA). E19 FHs were PCNA positive immediately after plating and this persisted over 48 hr. E21 FHs showed a synchronized pattern of PCNA staining which was cytoplasmic at 12 hr and nucleolar at 24 to 48 hr. Intense, diffuse nuclear expression appeared for a brief period at 60 hr. Additional studies showed that: (a) E21 fetal liver has a high level of c-myc expression even though the cells are not proliferating; (b) The mitogenic Jun kinase signaling pathway is equally active at E19 and E21; (c) The cell cycle kinase, cdc2, is expressed at term but its inactive forms predominate. These results indicate that E21 FHs are growth arrested in vivo and that culturing releases them from inhibitory influences, resulting in synchronized proliferation in vitro.
Tiny dinosaurs: are they fully grown?

ABSTRACT Newly discovered tiny fabrosaurid ornithopods from the Late Jurassic Morrison Formation of western Colorado, a related tiny ornithopod Hypsilophodon foxii, two tiny coelurosaurian theropods, Compsognathus longipes and C. corralestris, and Archaeopteryx lithographica are analyzed to determine their probable ontogenetic stage. Based on models of growth of selected living precocial, cursorial birds and on the proportional expression of bone sizes and degree of their ossification, it is suggested that these tiny dinosaurs were subadult to adult and probably grew no larger than domestic chickens (except Hypsilophodon which probably grew to the size of a domestic turkey).
General method for dispersing and disaggregating particulate samples for quantitative SEM optical microscopic studies

Abstract : The eutectic composition of 60 wt % camphor and 40 wt % naphthalene (C-N) was found to be an ideal medium for preparation of uniform dispersions of a variety of inorganic materials. Particular advantages to the medium include: A melting point of 32C allowing easy storing and handling; The solid rapidly sublimes completely in vacuum leaving no residue to interfere with microscopic observations; The C-N is unreactive with most inorganic powders; In its solid form the C-N is a gently abrasive medium for mechanically breaking down agglomerates and light aggregates; The viscosity of the C-N liquid near the melting point is enough to prevent most materials from fractionating by sedimentation during normal handling times. So far this technique has been found quite satisfactory for dispersing powder samples of alumina, portland cement, tungsten, coal mine dust, bariumtitanate, and rutile. (Author)
Biological properties of a presumptive morphogenetic determinant from the amphibian oocyte germinal vesicle nucleus.

Abstract Microinjection of the contents of the germinal vesicle into recipient frog blastulae results in the development of enlarged axial structures and cement glands. The active component (ASD) was found to be present, in increasing amounts, in all sizes of developing oocytes. Various species of amphibia were examined and oocytes from each were found to contain ASD. Interspecies injections revealed that the effect of ASD on the increase in size of neural structures can be separated from the effects on the size of the cement gland. Correction of the ultraviolet irradiation induced diminution of neural and cement gland structures by ASD also revealed differences which suggest that ASD may consist of more than one active component.
Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation from m-Xylene in the Absence of NOx

Formation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) from m-xylene photoxidation in the absence of NOx was investigated in a series of smog chamber experiments. Experiments were performed in dry air and in the absence of seed aerosol with H2O2 photolysis providing a stable hydroxyl radical (OH radical) source. SOA formation from this study is exceptionally higher than experiments with existence of NOx. The experiments with elevated HO2 levels indicate that organic hydroperoxide compounds should contribute to SOA formation. Nitrogen oxide (NO) is shown to reduce aerosol formation; the constant aerosol formation rate obtained before addition of NO and after consumption of NO strongly suggests that aerosol formation is mainly through reactions with OH and HO2 radicals. In addition, a density of 1.40 ± 0.1 g cm-3 for the SOA from the photooxidation of m-xylene in the absence of NOx has been measured, which is significantly higher than the currently used unit density.
Anisotropic Credit Scheme for Municipal Revenue Bonds

The author presents an original scheme to assess the creditworthiness of municipal revenue bonds and to track their credit progress before maturity. Prior studies have attempted to solve this matter from observed yield spreads of municipal bonds over riskless Treasury debt. In this article, the author assembles an analytical approach to directly appraise default probabilities from the prescheduled milestones and the feasible credit events of the underlying funded project. He derives various merits of the anisotropic random walk as the basic framework of his analysis and demonstrates them over a genuine scenario. The proposed model assists municipal investors as well as external and internal raters.
The changing landscape of supply chain management, marketing channels of distribution, logistics and purchasing

Purpose – The paper seeks to examine the changing landscape of supply chain management, marketing channels of distribution, logistics and purchasing.Design/methodology/approach – The authors examine and take stock of the changing nature and landscape surrounding the related disciplines of supply chain management, marketing channels of distribution, logistics and purchasing. This examination highlights the considerable evolution and significant advances occurring within and between these disciplines.Findings – The authors find that this new landscape provides both opportunities and challenges for future scholarship and practice in these related disciplines.Originality/value – The examination and findings should be of value to those attempting to understand the evolving nature and interrelationship of these fields, and those who currently practise within them.