cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the Effectiveness of the Tarantula Fault Localization Technique for Different Fault Classes

Unlike test generation techniques, spectrum-based fault localization techniques have not been rigorously evaluated for their effectiveness in localizing different classes of faults. In this paper, we evaluate the effectiveness of the Tarantula fault localization technique. We state that the following three properties of a fault affect the effectiveness of localizing it: (1) accessibility, (2) original state failure condition, and (3) impact. Accessibility refers to how easy or hard it is to execute a faulty statement. It is measured by the size of the backward slice of the faulty statement. The original state failure condition is the condition that must be satisfied to create a local failure state upon executing the faulty statement. Impact refers to the fraction of the program that is affected by the execution of the faulty statement, measured by the size of the forward slice of the faulty statement. The results of our evaluation with the Siemens benchmark suite show that (1) original state failure condition based fault classes have no relationship with the effectiveness of localization, and (2) faults that are hard to access and have low impact are most effectively localized. These observations are consistent across random and branch coverage based test suites.
The Effects of Hurricane Camille on the Marshes of the Mississippi River Delta

The active delta of the Mississippi River was sampled in August 1968 to determine plant species composition, plant coverage, and soil and water chemistry. Hurricane Camille struck this area in August 1969, with winds in excess of 200 km/h and tides raging upward to 5.2 m above MSL. The delta was resampled 2 weeks following the hurricane to evaluate the immediate effects on vegetation, soil, and water, and again 1 year after the hurricane to determine the recovery rate of vegetation. The hurricane resulted in a drastic reduction of vegetation. Regrowth was rapid in the delta marshes and after 1 year plant coverage approached pre—hurricane levels of abudance; however, recovery was slower in ponds and lakes. The loss of vegetation was mainly a result of the sweeping action of wind and water, and plants were either uprooted or ripped apart and carried away by the current. Water salinity increased with the hurricane but declined by the following year and appeared to have only slight effect on marsh vegetation. Plant species caried in their response to the hurricane. Bacopa monnieri showed practically no effect, and Phragmites communis and Spartina alterniflora were reduced only slightly. Myriophyllum spicatum, Panicum repens, and Alternanthera philoxeroides were greatly reduced by the storm: and after 1 year, only Alternanthera philoxeroides showed significant recovery.
Maternal experience and territorial behavior in ground squirrels

Abstract I evaluated the effects of age and experience raising young on behaviors associated with defending maternal territories in primiparous yearling, primiparous adult, and multiparous adult Belding's ground squirrels (Urocitellus beldingi). Intensities of vigilant and aggressive behavior were lowest among primiparous yearlings, intermediate among primiparous adults, and highest among multiparous adults, with differences being greatest during gestation and lactation and declining after the 1st emergence of young from the natal burrow. These differences suggest that both age and experience raising young improve territorial behaviors in this species. I also evaluated responses of female U. beldingi to a nonthreatening (caged) conspecific intruder placed in the maternal territory. Investigation of the intruder and aggression directed at the intruder were relatively low among multiparous females throughout the reproductive period, suggesting that these females were able to discern that the intruder did no...
Comparative costs for institutional services and services for selected populations in the community

Deinstitutionalization of large institutions for individuals with mental retardation has been an ongoing process for almost 20 years. Because the process continues and because there are still many concerns about deinstitutionalization, especially for populations with more challenging behaviors, the question of relative costs of institutional services and community services is raised periodically by legislators, bureaucrats, and advocates. This study compares the costs within one institution, Fairview, in Oregon, with the costs of providing community-based services in five small group homes and an apartment complex serving populations with more challenging behaviors. In general, institutional costs are slightly higher than the community-based programs. However, after equalizing salary rates between the two environments, community-based residences that serve individuals with challenging behaviors are more expensive than the institution.
Cell Confluence-dependent Remodeling of Endothelial Membranes Mediated by Cholesterol

The plasma membranes of endothelial cells reaching confluence undergo profound structural and functional modifications, including the formation of adherens junctions, crucial for the regulation of vascular permeability and angiogenesis. Adherens junction formation is accompanied by the tyrosine dephosphorylation of adherens junctions proteins, which has been correlated with the strength and stability of adherens junctions. Here we show that cholesterol is a critical determinant of plasma membrane remodeling in cultures of growing cow pulmonary aortic endothelial cells. Membrane cholesterol increased dramatically at an early stage in the formation of confluent cow pulmonary aortic endothelial cell monolayers, prior to formation of intercellular junctions. This increase was accompanied by the redistribution of caveolin from a high density to a low density membrane compartment, previously shown to require cholesterol, and increased binding of the annexin II-p11 complex to membranes, consistent with other studies indicating cholesterol-dependent binding of annexin II to membranes. Furthermore, partial depletion of cholesterol from confluent cells with methyl-β-cyclodextrin both induced tyrosine phosphorylation of multiple membrane proteins, including adherens junctions proteins, and disrupted adherens junctions. Both effects were dramatically reduced by prior complexing of methyl-β-cyclodextrin with cholesterol. Our results reveal a novel physiological role for cholesterol regulating the formation of adherens junctions and other plasma membrane remodeling events as endothelial cells reach confluence.
The ν2 fundamental vibration-rotation band of T2O

Abstract The ν 2 fundamental vibration-rotation band of T 2 O vapor has been measured at grating resolution, and the rotational structure has been analyzed. The band center and the values of the rotational constants A , B , and C for the ground state and excited state have been determined. These values are consistent with the data for J through 6, and with extrapolation from H 2 O and D 2 O.
BARHL2 Differentially Regulates the Development of Retinal Amacrine and Ganglion Neurons

Through transcriptional regulations, the BarH family of homeodomain proteins play essential roles in cell fate specification, cell differentiation, migration, and survival. Barhl2, a member of the Barh gene family, is expressed in retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), amacrine cells (ACs), and horizontal cells. Here, to investigate the role of Barhl2 in retinal development, Barhl2-deficient mice were generated. Analysis of AC subtypes in Barhl2-deficient retinas suggests that Barhl2 plays a critical role in AC subtype determination. A significant reduction of glycinergic and GABAergic ACs with a substantial increase in the number of cholinergic ACs was observed in Barhl2-null retinas. Barhl2 is also critical for the development of a normal complement of RGCs. Barhl2 deficiency resulted in a 35% increase in RGCs undergoing apoptosis during development. Genetic analysis revealed that Barhl2 functions downstream of the Atoh7-Pou4f3 regulatory pathway and regulates the maturation and/or survival of RGCs. Thus, BARHL2 appears to have numerous roles in retinal development, including regulating neuronal subtype specification, differentiation, and survival.
Material symbols and the interpretation of cultural change.

Summary Changes in economic patterns, such as in subsistence practices, settlement organization, and trade, are accompanied by changes in people's view of their world and their place in it. In contexts for which the economic bases and social configurations are fairly well understood, it should be possible to identify and interpret changes in symbolic systems. The case presented involves transformations in the character and decoration of ceramic vessels of the European Late Bronze and Early Iron Ages. This line of inquiry can provide insight into shifts in attitudes and perceptions that came about as the result of newly developing economic and political configurations.
3D analysis of a LiCoO2–Li(Ni1/3Mn1/3Co1/3)O2 Li-ion battery positive electrode using x-ray nano-tomography

Abstract A full-field high-resolution x-ray nano-tomography technique, transmission x-ray microscopy (TXM), was used to reveal the 3D morphology of the lithium ion battery composite positive electrode: LiCoO 2 (LCO)–Li(Ni 1/3 Mn 1/3 Co 1/3 )O 2 (NMC). The TXM method allowed the unambiguous chemical identification of oxide particles by tuning the x-ray energy relative to the transition-metal absorption edges. The NMC particles have a much rougher surface compared to the LCO particles. Cracks due to processing exist in both LCO and NMC particles but the NMC particles exhibit more severe cracking and also tend to have internal pores in addition to radial cracks. Further, the carbon-based phases including the binder and the conductive carbon were identified using Zernike phase contrast imaging.
Structural analysis of the prolactin gene suggests a separate origin for its 5' end.

Prolactin, growth hormone (GH) and placental lactogen constitute a family of polypeptide hormones which share certain structural1–7 and functional8 features. The prolactin and GH genes evolved from a gene duplication about 400 million years ago9 and, in humans, segregated onto chromosomes 6 and 17 respectively10,11. We expand here previous reports12,13 on the general organization of the rat prolactin gene, rPRL, assign its haploid gene number and extend its DNA sequence analysis. We postulate that a direct repeat flanking exon I may be the remnant of an insertional event.
Gas-Phase Ozonolysis of Alkenes: Formation of OH from Anti Carbonyl Oxides

Gas-phase ozone−alkene reactions are known to produce the hydroxyl radical (OH) in high yields. Most mechanistic studies to date have focused on the role of syn carbonyl oxides; however, OH production from ethene ozonolysis indicates a second, poorly understood OH-forming channel, which may contribute to OH production in the ozonolysis of substituted alkenes as well. Using laser-induced fluorescence, we have measured OH and OD yields from the ozonolysis of two partially deuterated alkenes, cis- and trans-3-hexene-3,4-d2. OD is formed from both alkenes, indicating a pathway of hydroxyl-radical formation involving vinylic hydrogens, accounting for one-third of total OH formation from cis-3-hexene. The lack of a significant kinetic isotope effect suggests this pathway is the “hot acid” channel, arising from rearrangement of anti carbonyl oxides. Measured yields also allow for the estimation of syn:anti carbonyl oxide ratios, ∼50:50 for trans-3-hexene and ∼20:80 for cis-3-hexene, qualitatively consistent with...
Can soot primary particle size be determined using laser-induced incandescence?

Temporally resolved laser-induced incandescence (LII) signals are obtained from different size primary particles produced by the diffusion flames of methane, ethane, ethylene, and acetylene. These results represent the first direct comparison between primary particle sizes based on optical measurements and those directly measured through transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Analysis of the data at different detected wavelengths as suggested by theory reveals a nonmonotonic relation with primary particle size as measured by TEM. Two alternative measures of the temporal decay of the signal at a single detected wavelength reveal a correlation with primary particle size within soot aggregates produced by the different flames. Comparison between predicted primary particle size based on the calibrations using the temporal analysis of the LII signal and TEM measurements reveals agreement within the growth region (low axial heights) and very late in the oxidation region (high axial heights) within an ethylene gas-jet diffusion flame. Significant differences exist at intermediate positions. These differences are interpreted as representing the effects of cluster-cluster aggregation within the oxidation region.
An Embarrassment of Riches: Video Games and the Recession

In May 1999, the video and computer games industry had an image problem. The previous month, in Littleton, Colorado, two teenagers, Dylan Klebold and Eric Harris, had gunned down 12 students and a ...
Rapid adaptation of vagal baroreflexes in humans

Abstract We evaluated the time course of carotid baroreflex adaptation to arterial pressure elevations induced by phenylephrine infusion (1 μg/kg per min) in 13 normotensive volunteers. Vagally-mediated carotid baroreceptor-cardiac reflex responses were assessed serially with a staircase pressure/suction sequence delivered to a neck chamber. Carotid baroreflex stimulus-response relations shifted up the response (R-R interval) axis and to the right on the stimulus (pressure) axis (determined as the carotid distending pressure at saturation) within 90–120 s (time between measurements) during the first 10 min. The shifts in position of the reflex relation were sustained throughout the infusion. The position of operational point pressure, relative to carotid distending pressure at saturation, was unchanged throughout the infusion period. These data suggest that human carotid baroreceptor reflex relations change within minutes to retain beat-to-beat pressure regulation as the prevailing pressure increases.
Synthesis of Heteroleptic Uranium (μ−η6:η6-C6H6)2− Sandwich Complexes via Facile Displacement of (η5-C5Me5)1− by Ligands of Lower Hapticity and Their Conversion to Heteroleptic Bis(imido) Compounds

Reactivity studies on the sterically crowded [(C(5)Me(5))(2)U](2)(mu-eta(6):eta(6)-C(6)H(6)), 1, have revealed that eta(1)-ligands can displace one of the normally inert (eta(5)-C(5)Me(5))(1-) ligands in each metallocene unit to form a series of heteroleptic bimetallic sandwich complexes of nonplanar (C(6)H(6))(2-), namely, [(C(5)Me(5))(X)U](2)(mu-eta(6):eta(6)-C(6)H(6)), where X = N(SiMe(3))(2), OC(6)H(2)(CMe(3))(2)-2,6-Me-4, and CH(SiMe(3))(2). Displacement by an amidinate is also possible, that is, X = (i)PrNC(Me)N(i)Pr. This allows the multielectron reactivity of the (mu-eta(6):eta(6)-C(6)H(6))(2-) sandwich complexes to be studied as a function of ancillary ligands. Specifically, the reaction of 1 with K[N(SiMe(3))(2)], previously found to form {(C(5)Me(5))[(Me(3)Si)(2)N]U}(2)(C(6)H(6)), 2, also occurs with K[OC(6)H(2)(CMe(3))(2)-2,6-Me-4], Li[CH(SiMe(3))(2)], and Li[(i)PrNC(Me)N(i)Pr] to form {(C(5)Me(5))[4-Me-2,6-(Me(3)C)(2)C(6)H(2)O]U}(2)(C(6)H(6)), 3, {(C(5)Me(5))[(Me(3)Si)(2)CH]U}(2)(C(6)H(6)), 4, and {(C(5)Me(5))[(i)PrNC(Me)N(i)Pr]U}(2)(C(6)H(6)), 5, respectively. The reactivity of 2-5 vis-a-vis 1 has been compared with the substrates 1,3,5,7-cyclooctatetraene (C(8)H(8)) and 1-azidoadamantane (AdN(3)). Complex 1 acts as a six electron reductant to convert three equiv of C(8)H(8) to [(C(5)Me(5))(C(8)H(8))U](2)(mu-eta(3)-eta(3)-C(8)H(8)), whereas the sterically less crowded 2-5 provide only four electrons to reduce two equiv of C(8)H(8) generating U(4+) products of formula (C(5)Me(5))(X)U(C(8)H(8)). With AdN(3), complexes 1, 2, and 5 react similarly to form bis(imido) U(6+) complexes, (C(5)Me(5))(X)U(=NAd)(2). Complexes 2 and 5 also form the ligand redistribution product, (C(5)Me(5))(2)U(=NAd)(2). The reaction of 4 with AdN(3) generates at least three imido complexes: (C(5)Me(5))(2)U(=NAd)(2) from reduction and ligand redistribution, (C(5)Me(5))[AdN(3)CH(SiMe(3))(2)-kappa(2)N(1,2)]U(=NAd)(2), from reduction and insertion, and (C(5)Me(5))(eta(5):kappaNu-C(5)Me(4)CH(2)NAd)U(=NAd), from reduction, ligand redistribution, metalation, and insertion.
Rapid gene repression triggered by interleukin-6 at the onset of monocyte differentiation.

Abstract To date, the majority of characterized extracellular ligand-induced rapid changes in gene expression involve upregulation. Hence, rapid gene repression is either less common or less well studied. To study rapid gene repression during cytokine-initiated differentiation programs, we used the mRNA subtractive hybridization technique of representational difference analysis to isolate repressed genes. Cultures of the myeloid leukemia cell line M1 were induced to terminally differentiate by treatment with interleukin-6 (IL-6). The repressed genes identified in our subtraction products include the genes encoding the growth factor receptor Flt3/Flk2/STK-1 (CD135) and the costimulatory protein CD24 [heat-stable antigen] and the c-myb oncogene. Following 4 h of IL-6 treatment, mRNA levels of these genes are decreased by 45–65% relative to controls and after 8 h by 65–80%. Lipopolysaccharide also triggers the repression of these genes. Protein synthesis inhibitors do not block the IL-6-stimulated repression of c-myb, or c-myc, mRNA, yet they do block the repression of flt3 and CD24 mRNA, demonstrating the existence of both protein synthesis-independent and -dependent mechanisms of cytokine-triggered rapid gene repression during differentiation.
Foam rubber modeling of topographic and Dam interaction effects at Pacoima Dam

A study of the topographic and dam interaction effects was made using a 3- D foam rubber model of the actual topography around the Pacoima Dam accelerograph which recorded over 1 g high-frequency horizontal ground accelerations during the 1971 San Fernando earthquake. Scaling of frequency from the model to the earth depends on the average value of shear-wave velocity in the upper few hundred meters. Assuming βe = 2 km/sec, for vertically incident SH waves, the spectral ratio of the ground acceleration on the ridge to the free field (flat surface) indicates an amplification of about 60 per cent around 6.5 Hz on the N76°W component. Topography has little effect upon the motion recorded on the S14°W component. Motion on the ridge is lower than the free-field motion on both horizontal components for frequencies above 9 Hz. Amplification peaks shift to higher or lower frequencies depending on the assumed shear-wave velocity in the upper few hundred meters. Results from nonvertically incident SH waves show that the topographic effect is dependent on the direction of approach of the seismic energy. The effect is either de-amplification (in part by shadowing) or amplification (relative to the case where no topography is present), depending on whether the canyon is on the ray path or not. The Fourier spectrum of the ground motion at the dam crest shows peak frequencies at about 5 Hz and 10 Hz (resonance), which correspond to the normal modes of the dam. A study of dynamic interaction between the Pacoima Dam and the ridge shows that the coupling is less than 2 per cent at about 10 Hz and less than 12 percent at about 5 Hz.
A fault location algorithm based on distributed neutral-to-ground current sensor measurements

This paper presents a study of a multi-grounded three-phase four-wire distribution system and discusses a line-to-ground fault location algorithm based on real time monitoring of current levels in the neutral-to-ground path at several locations throughout the primary feeder. The measurement technique, combined with a triangulation algorithm based on an exponential curve fitting approach, suggests a fault location accuracy of approximately +/- 5 poles.
The effects of partial and total interosseous membrane transection on load sharing in the cadaver forearm.

Abstract This study was performed to examine the effects of partial and total transection of the interosseous membrane (IOM) on load transfer in the forearm. Twenty fresh frozen forearms were instrumented with custom designed load cells placed in the proximal radius and distal ulna. Simultaneous measurements of load cell forces, radial head displacement relative to the capitellum, and local tension within the central band of the IOM were made as the wrist was loaded to 134 N with the forearm at 90° of elbow flexion and in neutral pronation supination. For valgus elbow alignment (radial head contacting the capitellum), mean force carried by the distal ulna was 7.1% of the applied wrist force and mean force transferred from radius to ulna through the IOM was 4.4%. For varus elbow alignment (mean 2.0 mm gap between the radial head and capitellum), mean distal ulna force was 28% and mean IOM force was 51%. Section of the proximal and distal one-thirds of the IOM had no significant effect upon mean distal ulnar force or mean IOM force. Total IOM section significantly increased mean distal ulnar force for varus elbow alignment in all wrist positions tested. The mean level of applied wrist force necessary to close the varus gap (89 N) decreased significantly after both partial IOM section (71 N) and total IOM section (25 N). The IOM became loaded only when the radius displaced proximally relative to the ulna, closing the gap between the radius and capitellum. As the radius displaced proximally, the wrist becomes increasingly ulnar positive, which in turn leads to direct loading of the distal ulna. This shift of force to the distal ulna could present clinically as ulnar sided wrist pain or as ulnar impaction after IOM injury.
Developing Response Surface Based Wing Weight Equations for Conceptual Morphing Air craft Sizing

Accurate weight equations developed for morphing aircraft components have the potential to better substantiate the sizing results for various types of mo rphing aircraft. This paper will discuss a general strategy to develop parametric morphing wing weight equations usi ng response surface methods. A simple morphing wing concept will be used to demonstrate the se strategies . A design of experiments (DOE) b ased on the wing’s geometric parameters will be used to define a range of planforms that will be structurally optimized; the designs considered here include the face -centered central composite design and a D optimal set of experiments. Two finite element -based structural optimization methods will be described and implemented to obtain the empirical structural weight for the various wing geometries. The acquired data will be used to approximate the weight equation using a conventional weight equation form and a full quadratic polynomial; both equations will be shown to provide adequate wing weight prediction.
A Simple Reservation Scheme for Multicarrier Channel Aware Aloha

In this paper, we present a simple reservation scheme for multicarrier networks employing channel aware Aloha. We consider the effect of channel measurement errors in the existing channel aware Aloha scheme with collision resolution and show that any uncertainty in channel conditions, however small it may be, leads to zero asymptotic throughput. We then describe a simple reservation scheme specially suited for multicarrier networks and show how multicarrier diversity can be effectively used to offset degradation in the throughput performance of channel aware Aloha operating with channel uncertainties.
Revised stratigraphy of the Cookson Group in eastern Maine and southwestern New Brunswick: an alternate view

Fossil evidence reported by Fyffe and Riva (1990) requires inversion of the stratigraphic succession originally proposed for the St. Croix Terrane (Ludman, 1987). Other suggested revisions, however, are not in accord with structural and sedimentologic data in eastern Maine. Comparison of structural histories indicates that the Pocomoonshine Lake and Digdeguash formations are more appropriately part of the Frederic ton Belt than of the St Croix Terrane as suggested by fyffe and Riva(1990). An alternate view of the stratigraphic and tectonic relationships between the St Croix Terrane and Fredericton Belt includes the following changes: the Pocomoonshine Lake Formation, originally assigned to the St Croix Terrane, is now considered to be the oldest unit of the Fredericton Belt, lying conformably below the Digdeguash Formation; a late Acadian thrust fault is thought to have transported the St Croix Terrane westward over the Fredericton Belt; subsequent high-angle dip-slip and strike-slip faulting have obscured original relationships—these faults now form the boundary between the two terranes in southeastern Maine. RESUME Le temoignage apporte par les fossiles qu'ont signaled Fyffe et Riva (1991) necessite une inversion de la sequence stratigraphique proposee a l'origine pour la Laniere de St Croix (Ludman, 1987). Cependant, les autres revisions, ayant ete suggerees sont en contradiction avec les donnees stiucturales et seclimentologiques en provenance du Maine oriental. La comparaison des antecedents structuraux indique qu'il est plus adequat d'incorporer les formations de Pocomoonshine Lake et de Digdeguash a la Ceinture de Fredericton qu'a la Laniere de St. Croix comme l'ont suggere Fyffe et Riva (1991). Une conception de rechange ayant trait aux relations stratigraphiques et tectoniques entre la Laniere de St Croix et la Ceinture de Fredericton englobe les changements suivants: la Formation de Pocomoonshine Lake, rattachee a l'origine a la Laniere de St Croix, est maintenant tenue pour etant la plus vieille unite au sein de la Ceinture de Fredericton, recouverte en concordance par la Formation de Digdeguash; un chevauchement tardi-acadien est envisage comme ayant transporte la Laniere de St Croix vers l'ouest par-dessus la Ceinture de Fredericton; le jeu subsequent de decrochements et de failles a rejet selon leur pendage, tous fortement inclines, a obscurci les rapports originaux—ces failles constituent maintenant la frontiere entre ces deux lanieres dans le sud-est du Maine. [Traduit par le journal]
Morning Employees are Better: Employees’ Start Times Influence Supervisor Performance Ratings

In this research, we draw from the stereotyping literature to suggest that supervisor ratings of job performance are affected by employees’ start times – the time of day they first arrive at work. ...
Mesopelagic Cephalopods Switch between Transparency and Pigmentation to Optimize Camouflage in the Deep

Summary Animals in the lower mesopelagic zone (600–1,000 m depth) of the oceans have converged on two major strategies for camouflage: transparency and red or black pigmentation [1]. Transparency conveys excellent camouflage under ambient light conditions, greatly reducing the conspicuousness of the animal's silhouette [1, 2]. Transparent tissues are seldom perfectly so, resulting in unavoidable internal light scattering [2]. Under directed light, such as that emitted from photophores thought to function as searchlights [3–8], the scattered light returning to a viewer will be brighter than the background, rendering the animal conspicuous [2, 4]. At depths where bioluminescence becomes the dominant source of light, most animals are pigmented red or black, thereby reflecting little light at wavelengths generally associated with photophore emissions and visual sensitivities [3, 9–14]. However, pigmented animals are susceptible to being detected via their silhouettes [5, 9–11]. Here we show evidence for rapid switching between transparency and pigmentation under changing optical conditions in two mesopelagic cephalopods, Japetella heathi and Onychoteuthis banksii . Reflectance measurements of Japetella show that transparent tissue reflects twice as much light as pigmented tissue under direct light. This is consistent with a dynamic strategy to optimize camouflage under ambient and searchlight conditions.
A STUDY OF THE STIMULATING EFFECT OF THE TESTICULAR SUBSTANCE ON SUGAR METABOLISM

There are reported in the literature contradictory results on the effect of castration on metabolism. Loewy and Richter (1), for example, found that the removal of the ovaries decreased oxygen consumption and that the administration of dried ovaries to these castrates increased it, while Luthje (2) on the contrary found that castration in dogs of both sexes had no influence on metabolism. Mitchell finds that castration of cockerels lowers their basal metabolism (3). It is recognized that castration produces a profound change in the activity of an animal. A very active, unruly and pugnacious animal, such as a bull or stallion for example, becomes very subdued and easily managed after castration. Hoskins (4) found that castration greatly decreased voluntary activity and that testicle grafts failed to bring about any significant improvement in activity. Increased activity is always accompanied by an increase in metabolism, and since the animal derives most of its energy from the metabolism or oxidation of su...
On the impact of loss and delay variation on Internet packet audio transmission

The quality of audio in IP telephony is significantly influenced by various factors, including type of encoder, delay, delay variation, rate and distribution of packet loss, and type of error concealment. Hence, the performance of IP telephony systems is highly dependent on understanding the contribution of these factors to audio quality, and their impact on adaptive transport mechanisms such as error and buffer control. We conducted a large-scale audio transmission experiment over the Internet in a 12-month-period in order to evaluate the effects and the correlation of such parameters on audio transmission over IP. We have noticed that the correlation of loss and delay is not linear, but stronger correlation is observed as the delay approaches certain thresholds. We have made a number of new observations on various delay thresholds that are significant for loss prediction for adaptive audio transmission over IP networks. We also have made new observations to assess the audio quality of PCM @m-law and G.728 codecs under different loss and delay conditions. The paper provides a number of recommendations for implementing efficient adaptive FEC mechanisms based on our measurement observations and analysis.
Hepatitis C Virus RNA in Dried Serum Spotted onto Filter Paper Is Stable at Room Temperature

To overcome the instability of viral RNA, we carried out hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA detection in dried serum spotted onto filter paper. The spotted serum samples were stored at room temperature and then processed for PCR assay at intervals of 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks. The results showed that serum HCV RNA is stable in a dried condition, as it was detectable in spotted serum samples stored for 4 weeks at room temperature. Furthermore, although the HCV RNA titer showed an ∼10-fold reduction in virus yield in dried serum stored at room temperature for 4 weeks, the PCR results of frozen serum samples and dried serum samples matched completely. This storage method facilitates transport and analysis by nucleic acid amplification techniques even when freezing conditions are not available.
Trust in Government: A By-Product of NGO Intervention in Public Policy

Abstract This article develops a theoretical rationale for the role of the rising number of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), acting as independent agents, in influencing the risk exposure of governments to the loss of trust. In this article, trust is based on government performance consistent with citizen expectations. This performance-expectation connection is a concept in theories of democracy, trust, responsive government, and good governance. A role of the NGO in influencing trust in government is proposed centered on bringing government performance and citizen expectations into alignment.
The 'one animal in all creation about which man knows the least'.

Biologists today absorb evolutionary perspectives in worlds very different from that inhabited by Charles Darwin while he was writing The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex (1871). Women then did not attend universities or participate in formal scientific meetings. It was 1945 before a
Fused polycationic peptide mediates delivery of diphtheria toxin A chain to the cytosol in the presence of anthrax protective antigen.

Abstract The lethal factor (LF) and edema factor (EF) of anthrax toxin bind by means of their amino-terminal domains to protective antigen (PA) on the surface of toxin-sensitive cells and are translocated to the cytosol, where they act on intracellular targets. Genetically fusing the amino-terminal domain of LF (LFN; residues 1-255) to certain heterologous proteins has been shown to potentiate these proteins for PA-dependent delivery to the cytosol. We report here that short tracts of lysine, arginine, or histidine residues can also potentiate a protein for such PA-dependent delivery. Fusion of these polycationic tracts to the amino terminus of the enzymic A chain of diphtheria toxin (DTA; residues 1-193) enabled it to be translocated to the cytosol by PA and inhibit protein synthesis. The efficiency of translocation was dependent on tract length: (LFN > Lys8 > Lys6 > Lys3). Lys6 was approximately 100-fold more active than Arg6 or His6, whereas Glu6 and (SerSerGly)2 were inactive. Arg6DTA was partially degraded in cell culture, which may explain its low activity relative to that of Lys6DTA. The polycationic tracts may bind to anionic sites at the cell surface (possibly on PA), allowing the fusion proteins to be coendocytosed with PA and delivered to the endosome, where translocation to the cytosol occurs. Excess free LFN blocked the action of LFNDTA, but not of Lys6DTA. This implies that binding to the LF/EF site is not an obligatory step in translocation and suggests that the polycationic tag binds to a different site. Besides elucidating the process of translocation in anthrax toxin, these findings may aid in developing systems to deliver heterologous proteins and peptides to the cytoplasm of mammalian cells.
Transfusion of platelet concentrates prepared from acidified platelet-rich plasma.

With the use of Aster's and excess ACD solutions, the recovery of chromium51-labeled platelets was greater, and the sequestration phenomenon decreased in patients without hematologic disease, compared with preparations collected in the normal amounts of ACD as the anticoagulant. Analysis of platelet counts following transfusions of platelet concentrates demonstrated a significant increase of platelets in transfused leukemic patients using acidified preparations as compared with those collected in normal amounts of ACD. The use of additional ACD solution which is routinely available in the blood bank appears to be a satisfactory method to prepare the acidified platelet concentrates.
The Attempt to Author the World: How Intellectualism Denies the Individual

Although primarily known as a feminist scholar and author of such works as She Came to Stay and The Second Sex, Simone de Beauvoir contributed heavily to French existential thought. The two writings upon which this paper focuses, The Ethics of Ambiguity and The Woman Destroyed, deal with the existential issues involved in human interactions and personal relationships. The Ethics of Ambiguity, famous as an exploration of the ethical code created by existential theory, begins with a criticism of Marxism and the ways in which it deviates from existentialism. Similarly, the first of the three short stories that make up de Beauvoir’s fictional work The Woman Destroyed follows the French intelligentsia and their similarities and digressions from Marxist and existential thought. In this paper, I seek to analyze Simone de Beauvoir’s criticism of Marxist theory in The Ethics of Ambiguity and its transformation into the critique of intellectualism found twenty years later in The Woman Destroyed. I will investigate Marxism’s alleged attempts to constrain the group it wishes to lead and the motivation behind these actions. Finally, I conclude with a discussion of the efficacy of fiction as a medium for de Beauvoir’s philosophy.
An FPGA Implementation of a Fully Verified Double Precision IEEE Floating-Point Adder

We report on the full gate-level verification and FPGA implementation of a highly optimized double precision IEEE floating-point adder. The proposed adder design incorporates many optimizations like a nonstandard separation into two paths, a simple rounding algorithm, unification of rounding cases for addition and subtraction, sign-magnitude computation of a difference based on one's complement subtraction, compound adders, and fast circuits for approximate counting of leading zeros from borrow-save representation. We formally verify a gate-level specification of the algorithm using theorem proving techniques in PVS. The PVS specification was then used to automatically generate a gate-level implementation that was synthesized using Altera Quartus II. The resulting implementation has a total latency of 13.6 ns on an Altera Stratix II device.We have partitioned the design into a 2 stage pipeline running at a frequency of 147 Mhz.
Psychophysical studies of the itch sensation and itchy skin ("alloknesis") produced by intracutaneous injection of histamine.

Psychophysical measurements of itch and itchy skin (“alloknesis”—itch produced by innocuous mechanical stimulation) were obtained in human volunteers following intracutaneous or subcutaneous inject...
Female affiliative preference depends on reproductive state in the African cichlid fish, Astatotilapia burtoni

preferentially associated with T males, whereas non-gravid females showed no preference. To discover whether gravid females use male size independent of dominance status as a cue for their choice, gravid females were given a choice between territorial males of different sizes. Gravid females preferred the smaller of two T males, but the smaller T males were significantly more active. Our results show that associative change could be an important behavioral mediator between hormonal cues and reproductive success, and that females use a hierarchy of cues in decision-making, preferring to affiliate with T over NT males and, among T males, preferring more active animals. Key words: cichlid, mate choice, reproductive behavior, social status, visual preference. [Behav Ecol]
Toward a Theory of Agentic Orientation: Rhetoric and Agency in Run Lola Run

In this essay, we explicate the nature and function of agentic orientation, a pattern of interaction that predisposes an individual to a particular enactment of agency. We use the film Run Lola Run to explicate three agentic orientations—victim, supplicant, and director—each with a different interpretation of structure, a different response to that interpretation, and a different outcome. Resume Dans cet article, nous expliquons la nature et la fonction de l‘orientation d’agent (agentic orientation), un type d‘interaction qui predispose un individu a une forme particuliere de mise en acte de l’agence. Nous utilisons le film Cours, Lola, cours pour expliquer trois orientations d′agent (victime, suppliant et dirigeant), chacune refletant une interpretation differente de la structure, une reponse differente a cette interpretation et un denouement different. Abstract In diesem Artikel explizieren wir das Wesen und die Funktion einer selbstbestimmt handelnden Ausrichtung als ein Muster der Interaktion, welches eine Person a priori auf eine bestimmte Art der Ausubung von Selbstbestimmtheit festlegt. Am Beispiel des Films Lola rennt werden drei Ausrichtungen dargestellt: Opfer, Bittsteller und Direktor – jeweils mit einer unterschiedlichen Auslegung der Struktur, unterschiedlichen Reaktionen auf diese Interpretation und unterschiedlichen Folgen. Resumen En este ensayo, explicamos la naturaleza y la funcion de la orientacion del agente, una pauta de interaccion que predispone a un individuo hacia una forma particular de representacion de la agencia. Usamos el film Corre Lola Corre para explicar tres orientaciones del agente—victima, pedido, y director—cada uno con una interpretacion diferente de la estructura, una respuesta diferente a esa interpretacion, y un resultado diferente. ZhaiYao Yo yak
Effects of postnatal reserpine administration on sympatho-adrenal development in the rat.

Abstract Reserpine (2.5 or 5 mg/kg, s.c.) was administered to neonatal rats and the adrenals were analyzed for catecholamines (CA), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine β-hydroxylase (DBH) activities and for the ability of isolated storage vesicles to incorporate [ 3 H]epinephrine. Four hr after reserpine administration, an acute depletion of CA was observed, and by 24 hr CA fell to 10–20 per cent of controls; recovery required 2 weeks. Pretreatment of neonates with chlorisondamine (10 mg/kg, s.c.) did not prevent acute (4 hr) CA depletion by reserpine, but did block the decline observed in adult rats, indicating that the acute depletion in neonates is not due to neurogenic stimulation via the splanchnic nerve. At no time after the administration of reserpine to neonates was a change in TH observed, and only a small increment in DBH activity was obtained. In contrast, adult rats given reserpine showed marked increases in both TH and DBH, and depletion of CA was less marked and of shorter duration. Administration of reserpine to rats of different ages demonstrated that an “adult” pattern of response (TH induction) was obtained only after 8 days of age. On the other hand, nicotine (10 mg/kg, s.c.) given to neonates did evoke TH induction, indicating that at birth the tissue is capable of induction if stimulated directly. Inhibition of [ 3 H]epinephrine uptake by reserpine in vitro (10 −7 M) was lower in vesicles from neonates than that observed in vesicles from adults, but drug administration in vivo produced marked inhibition in both adults and neonates by 4 hr. with recovery occurring by 4 days post-injection. These data show that the administration of reserpine to neonatal rats produces an acute depletion of CA which is not dependent on either blockade of vesicular uptake or on reflex actions of the drug, and which is not accompanied by TH induction. These differences from the adult may account for the more intense and longer-lasting effects of the drug in neonates. The lack of functional connections between the central nervous system and the neonatal adrenal medulla may be responsible for the immature response pattern.
Production of 13N Via Inertial Electrostatic Confinement Fusion

This paper describes a proof of principle experiment to produce 13N using an inertial electrostatic confinement (IEC) fusion device. This radioisotope is often used in positron emission tomography ...
Chemically Mediated Strategies to Counter Predation

Predator-prey interactions govern the evolution of many behavioral and morphological traits of aquatic animals. In aquatic environments, chemical cues reliably allow prey to assess and avoid predation risk. In this chapter, I review the classes of chemical cues involved in a predation event and ways in which these cues mediate predator-prey interactions. Predators release signature odors that prey use to detect risk of predation. Prey release several types of cues. Chemical deterrents are noxious substances that are either synthesized de novo or acquired from the diet. Disturbance cues are released by startled but noninjured prey. Alarm cues are chemicals released by damaged tissue injured by a predator’s attack, or after passage through the digestive system of a predator (dietary alarm cues). Prey species are adept at detecting the odor of predators. Experience plays a role in allowing prey to learn to associate risk with visual and chemical correlates of predation risk. Prey respond to chemical cues of predation risk by adopting antipredator behaviors, shifting foraging and reproductive behaviors in a risksensitive fashion, producing morphological defences, and by shifting life-history traits. Future work should be directed at a more precise knowledge of the mechanisms of chemical communication (the chemical nature of the cues and the physiology of olfactory receptors) and better understanding of the role of chemical cues in shaping multispecies ecosystems, preferably from field experiments.
Good News in Inclusive String Music Education: Adaptive Strategies for the Classroom.

There has been a paradigm shift in the field of string instrument instruction and working with students with disabilities over the past 25 years. The previously reported lack of educational prepara...
Assessing the Role of Olfactory Cues in the Early Life History of Coral Reef Fish: Current Methods and Future Directions

For coral reef fishes, the transition from planktonic larvae to benthic-dwelling juvenile (i.e., the settlement phase) represents a critical point in their life cycle with subsequent survival and fitness largely dependent on behavioral decisions made during this time. Olfactory cues often mediate these behaviors, both pre- and post-settlement. For instance, odors are often used to locate and orientate towards settlement habitats, while olfactory cues also provide an important learning tool for newly settled fish. Most research in this area has examined the role of odors in the behavioral ecology of young coral reef fishes, and almost nothing is known of the chemical nature of relevant odors. A greater emphasis is needed on isolating exactly what odor molecules are used as cues and their origin and concentration, as well as determining how these odors influence behavior over multiple spatial scales.
Inertial Particle Dispersion in the Lagrangian Wake of a Square Cylinder

A numerical investigation is presented into the relation between finite sized, inertial particle transport and Lagrangian Coherent Structures (LCS) identified with recent Lagrangian visualization techniques in the vortex-dominated flow over a square cylinder placed in a channel at two blockage ratios. The square cylinder flow is computed with Fluent’s incompressible, viscous flow solver at a Reynolds number of 150 yielding a periodic Karman vortex street in the cylinder’s wake. Traces of fluid and inertial particles are determined with Fluent’s Discrete Phase Model that models finite sized particles as points. The MANGEN software is used to determine contours of the Finite Time Lyapunov Exponent (FTLE) in the fluid particle flow using the time-dependent flow field data computed with Fluent as input. Fluid particle transport barriers that repel fluid particles, as visualized by maxima in the FTLE field determined in forward time, form lobes in front of the cylinder that entrain fluid particles into the near wake behind the square. Inertial particles having a delayed response to the fluid do not entrain into the near wake for particle response times greater than ten percent of the characteristic flow time defined by the ratio of the square width to the bulk inflow velocity. Inertial particles closely follow the attracting transport barriers, as visualized by maxima in the FTLE field determined in backward time, for Stokes numbers smaller than unity. At a Stokes number of unity particles align with the transport barriers. If the particle response time is comparable to the shedding period, particles are entrained in between large coherent vortex structures in the far wake. With increased blockage, transport barriers form of the walls into the flow that interact with the structures in the wake of the cylinder. The fluid and inertial particles that closely follow these separated transport barriers experience an enhanced mixing with increased blockage.