cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Scalable and efficient distributed algorithms for defending against malicious internet activity

The threat of malicious Internet activities such as Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks, spam emails or Internet worms/viruses has been increasing in the last several years. The impact and frequency of these malicious activities are expected to grow unless they are properly addressed. Unfortunately, the current Internet does not provide proper defense mechanisms against these malicious activities. In this thesis, we propose to design and evaluate a set of practical and effective protection measures against potential malicious activities in current and future networks. Our research objective is twofold. First, we design the methods to defend against DDoS attacks. Our research focuses on two important issues related to DDoS attack defense mechanisms. One issue is the method to trace the sources of attacking packets, which is known as IP traceback. We propose a novel packet logging based (i.e., hash-based) traceback scheme using only a one-bit marking field in IP header. It reduces processing and storage cost by an order of magnitude than the existing hash-based schemes, and is therefore scalable to much higher link speed (e.g., OC-768). Next, we propose an improved traceback scheme with lower storage overhead by using more marking space in IP header. Another issue in DDoS defense is to investigate protocol-independent techniques for improving the throughput of legitimate traffic during DDoS attacks. We propose a novel technique that can effectively filter out the majority of DDoS traffic, thus improving the overall throughput of the legitimate traffic. Our baseline methodology is to preferentially filter packets that are more likely to come from attackers, based on the location information about the attackers learned using a generalized form of IP traceback. Second, we investigate the problem of distributed network monitoring for early detection of Internet worms/viruses or spam emails. It is often desirable to perform data streaming analysis on the traffic aggregated over hundreds or even thousands of links/nodes, which will provide network operators with a holistic view of the network operation. However, sending raw traffic data to a centralized location (i.e., "raw aggregation") for streaming analysis is clearly not a feasible approach for a large network. We propose a set of novel distributed data streaming algorithms that allow scalable and efficient monitoring of aggregated traffic without the need for raw aggregation. Our algorithms target the specific network monitoring problem of finding common content in traffic traversing several nodes/links across the Internet. These algorithms find applications in network-wide intrusion detection, early warning for fast propagating worms, and detection of hot objects and spam tragic. Simulation results based on real-world network topologies demonstrate that the proposed techniques can be efficiently used for defending against malicious Internet activity. We expect our algorithms and theoretical framework to apply to new applications in the future Internet.
Photoswitchable non-fluorescent thermochromic dye-nanoparticle hybrid probes

Photoswitchable fluorescent proteins with controllable light–dark states and spectral shifts in emission in response to light have led to breakthroughs in the study of cell biology. Nevertheless, conventional photoswitching is not applicable for weakly fluorescent proteins and requires UV light with low depth penetration in bio-tissue. Here we introduce a novel concept of photoswitchable hybrid probes consisting of thermochromic dye and absorbing nanoparticles, in which temperature-sensitive light–dark states and spectral shifts in absorption can be switched through controllable photothermal heating of doped nanoparticles. The proof-of-concept is demonstrated through the use of two different types of temperature-sensitive dyes doped with magnetic nanoparticles and reversibly photoswitched by a near-infrared laser. Photoacoustic imaging revealed the high contrast of these probes, which is sufficient for their visualization in cells and deep tissue. Our results suggest that these new photoswitchable multicolour probes can be used for multimodal cellular diagnostics and potentially for magnetic and photothermal therapy.
SPR4 - the next generation of seat belt pre-tensioners

A newly developed seat belt pre-tensioner from TRW uses a snake-like plastic piston instead of metal components to transfer tensioning torque. The plastic piston is propelled through a tube by a propellant made of green gas and then drives the spool via a pinion. The new concept allows a simpler yet very robust design as well as compact packaging and is lighter in weight.
In-vehicle Hand Gesture Recognition using Hidden Markov models

In this work we explore Hidden Markov models as an approach for modeling and recognizing dynamic hand gestures for the interface of in-vehicle infotainment systems. We train the HMMs on more complex shape descriptors such as HOG and CNN features, unlike typical HMM based approaches. An analysis of the optimal hyperparameters of the HMM for the task has been carried out. Also, dimensionality reduction and data augmentation have been explored as methods for reducing overfitting of the HMMs. Finally we experiment with the CNN-HMM hybrid framework which uses a trained Convolutional Neural Network for estimating the emission probabilities of the HMM. We obtain a mean recognition accuracy of 57.50% on the VIVA hand gesture challenge, which while not the best result on the dataset, shows the feasibility of the approach.
Comment on “Using an ADCP to Estimate Turbulent Kinetic Energy Dissipation Rate in Sheltered Coastal Waters”

AbstractGreene et al. revisit the suggestion that the turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate could be estimated through a “large-eddy estimate,” employing acoustic measurements of velocity fields associated with the largest energy-containing scales of ocean turbulence. While the large-eddy estimate as originally proposed used vertical velocity and a vertical eddy length scale, Greene et al. chose instead to substitute a horizontal length scale for the latter. This comment argues that combining a horizontal scale for length with a vertical velocity scale produces a large-eddy estimate of the dissipation rate that is accurate only if the energy-containing eddies are isotropic, and that this condition is highly unlikely in naturally occurring ocean turbulence, subject as it is to influences of stratification, vertical shear, and/or the presence of horizontal boundaries. The problem is documented using data from a large-eddy simulation of Langmuir supercells.
Chapter 2 – Muscle Structure, Proteins, and Meat Quality

Muscle is a major source of protein consumed by humans. With currently more sufficient food supplies, meat quality and meat tenderness becomes increasingly important to meet consumer’s requirement. Meat tenderness is associated with many factors involving structural changes of muscle, protein degradation, breakdown of high-energy compounds, enzyme activity, pH, temperature, and processing time. It also varies between species and breed, between different muscles, and at different distances from the muscle surface because of temperature gradients during the conversion of muscle to meat. This chapter summarizes skeletal muscle structure and contractile function, protein degradation, enzyme changes, and changes of muscle-associated connective tissues postmortem. Furthermore, examples that discuss their effects on meat tenderness have been given. Although advanced research and technologies have been applied to improve meat quality, some of the mechanisms involved in conversion of muscle to meat still remain to be determined.
Muscle sympathetic nerve activity response to heat stress is attenuated in chronic heart failure patients

Heat stress evokes significant increases in muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) in healthy individuals. The MSNA response to heat stress in chronic heart failure (CHF) is unknown. We hypothesi...
The Development of FLT3 Inhibitors in Acute Myeloid Leukemia

FLT3 mutations, generally associated with a poor prognosis, are found in approximately one-third of patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and represent an attractive therapeutic target. FLT3 inhibitors undergoing clinical evaluation include first-generation relatively non-specific small molecules and second-generation compounds with higher potency and selectivity against mutant FLT3. Recently presented results from a prospective randomized clinical trial will likely lead to a change in the standard of care for younger patients with FLT3-mutated AML: addition of the multi-targeted FLT3 inhibitor midostaurin to standard induction and consolidation chemotherapy. Thus, personalized therapies for this subset of AML will soon be possible.
Sonographic Detection of Renal Artery Dissection Secondary to Stanford Type a Aortic Dissection: Case Report

IntroductionAortic dissections (AD) are a result of the development of a focal intimal tear, most likely caused by medial degeneration. Medial changes occur as a consequence of hemodynamics and oth...
Transformation stress of shape memory alloy CuZnAl: Non-Schmid behavior

Abstract We establish an atomistically-informed model for predicting the non-Schmid behavior of critical stresses for bcc to orthorhombic (L21 to 18R) martensitic transformation in CuZnAl alloys. The interplay between the stacking fault displacements and the applied stress tensor components are shown to be responsible for the variation of the CRSS levels as much as a factor of almost 2.5 (25 MPa–60 MPa) depending on the crystal orientation. The predicted transformation stresses exhibit excellent agreement with the experimental results in this study and the measurements reported in the literature. The possible role of deviations from crystallographic ordering was also investigated illustrating the increase in transformation stress levels upon introduction of local disorder.
The USA and Africa

For much of the history of US foreign relations, Africa has been rather an overlooked entity and sometimes entirely ignored. In this chapter, Oyebade provides a lucid analysis of the historic connections and interactions between the USA and Africa. He focuses on the major historical themes in Africa–USA relations, such as the supposed pre-Colombian American interactions with West Africa, the Eurocentric perception of the continent as ‘dark;’ the Atlantic slave trade, and the establishment of Liberia. The chapter also discusses more contemporary history including: US interest in Africa during the Second World War; Africa in the Cold War era; the dynamics of post-Cold War relations; and US counter-terrorism policy which has led to a progressive militarization of Africa.
Foreign Body in Bladder and Perivesical Inflammation Masquerading as Pelvic Lipomatosis

Inverted teardrop-shaped bladder deformity ofetn is caused by pelvic lipomatosis or perivesical accumulation of extravasated blood or urine, or both. A foreign body (toothpick) lodged in the bladder and resulting in urinary infection and perivesical inflammation also was found to be capable of causing this unusual bladder deformity. The bladder contour returned to normal after removal of the foreign body and treatment of infection.
Population Structure for Small Noise

This chapter extends the expansion method of Chapter 12 to the population structure vector Y t and the reproductive value vector V t As a byproduct of this analysis we get information on the growth rate of population over time, and on the serial correlation structure of populations over time in a varying environment. We learn how the history of environmental perturbations is filtered by population response. The first section below deals with the method itself while later sections consider implications of the results.
Substitutions for arginine at position 780 in triple helical domain of the α1(I) chain alter folding of the type I procollagen molecule and cause osteogenesis imperfecta

OI is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous disorder characterized by bone fragility. More than 90% of patients are heterozygous for mutations in type I collagen genes, COL1A1 and COL1A2, and a common mutation is substitution for an obligatory glycine in the triple helical Gly-X-Y repeats. Few non-glycine substitutions in the triple helical domain have been reported; most result in Y-position substitutions of arginine by cysteine. Here, we investigated leucine and cysteine substitutions for one Y-position arginine, p.Arg958 (Arg780 in the triple helical domain) of proα1(I) chains that cause mild OI. We compared their effects with two substitutions for glycine located in close proximity. Like substitutions for glycine, those for arginine reduced the denaturation temperature of the whole molecule and caused asymmetric posttranslational overmodification of the chains. Circular dichroism and increased susceptibility to cleavage by MMP1, MMP2 and catalytic domain of MMP1 revealed significant destabilization of the triple helix near the collagenase cleavage site. On a cellular level, we observed slower triple helix folding and intracellular collagen retention, which disturbed the Endoplasmic Reticulum function and affected matrix deposition. Molecular dynamic modeling suggested that Arg780 substitutions disrupt the triple helix structure and folding by eliminating hydrogen bonds of arginine side chains, in addition to preventing HSP47 binding. The pathogenic effects of these non-glycine substitutions in bone are probably caused mostly by procollagen misfolding and its downstream effects.
Ultrasound Features of Rudimentary Horn Ectopic Pregnancies.

Rudimentary horn ectopic pregnancies are uncommonly encountered in women with mullerian duct anomalies. The clinical presentation of this entity is nonspecific, giving ultrasound a critical role in making the diagnosis. Timely diagnosis and management of rudimentary horn ectopic pregnancies are pivotal in reducing the high rates of uterine rupture and maternal mortality historically associated with this condition.
Avenues toward Interdisciplinarity in the Classroom

This work-in-progress paper in the research category presents a case study conducted in an advanced undergraduate course that is part of an interdisciplinary minor in innovation. Our study investigates student collaborations in a cross-disciplinary course spanning engineering, business, and industrial design approaches to creativity and innovation in commercializing technologies. We examine whether instructor methods, course structure, and curriculum contribute to interdisciplinary collaboration. Our study included faculty and student interviews to present multiple perspectives regarding interdisciplinarity and creativity.
Computer-Aided Manufacturing

In this chapter we present a methodology for statistical process control of VLSI fabrication processes. We formally introduce a general framework for a Computer Aided Manufacturing system that can be used to monitor, diagnose and control IC manufacturing. We formulate the task of process control as one of profit maximization and develop the associated objective function and the constraints for a number of manufacturing scenarios.
The Effects of Radiation and Sex Differences on Adaptive Functioning in Adult Survivors of Pediatric Posterior Fossa Brain Tumors.

Objective Radiation therapy (RT) improves rates of survival of patients with childhood brain tumors but increases deficits in cognition and independent living skills. Previous literature has studied difficulties in basic cognitive processes, but few explore impairment in higher-order skills such as adaptive functioning. Some studies identify females as at risk for cognitive deficits due to RT, but few investigate sex differences in adaptive functioning. It was hypothesized that females would exhibit poorer long-term independent living skills and core cognitive skills relative to males following RT. Methods Forty-five adult survivors of posterior fossa childhood brain tumors (24 females) completed the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (WASI-II), Wechsler Memory Scale, Third Edition (WMS-III) Digit Span Forward (DSF) and Backward (DSB), and Oral Symbol Digit Modalities Test (OSDMT). Informants completed the Scales of Independent Behavior-Revised (SIB-R). Results DSF and OSDMT were positively correlated with all five SIB-R domains, full-scale IQ (FSIQ) was positively correlated with four SIB-R domains, and DSB was positively correlated with three SIB-R domains. There was an interaction between sex and RT for OSDMT and community living skills with trend level interactions for personal living skills and broad independent living skills, where females without RT had higher scores than females with RT. Conclusions Female survivors were more affected by RT than males across the community living skills domain of adaptive functioning as well as processing speed. Processing speed deficits may have a cascading impact on daily living skills. Future studies should investigate how clinical and biological factors may contribute to personalized treatment plans between sexes. (JINS, 2019, 25, 729-739).
The Rise of Citizen Science in Health and Biomedical Research

Citizen science models of public participation in scientific research represent a growing area of opportunity for health and biomedical research, as well as new impetus for more collaborative forms...
Multiplexed, bioorthogonal labeling of multicomponent, biomolecular complexes using genomically encoded, non-canonical amino acids

Stunning advances in the structural biology of multicomponent biomolecular complexes (MBCs) have ushered in an era of intense, structure-guided mechanistic and functional studies of these complexes. Nonetheless, existing methods to site-specifically conjugate MBCs with biochemical and biophysical labels are notoriously impracticable and/or significantly perturb MBC assembly and function. To overcome these limitations, we have developed a general, multiplexed method in which we genomically encode non-canonical amino acids (ncAAs) into multiple, structure-informed, individual sites within a target MBC; select for ncAA-containing MBC variants that assemble and function like the wildtype MBC; and site-specifically conjugate biochemical or biophysical labels to these ncAAs. As a proof-of-principle, we have used this method to generate unique single-molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer (smFRET) signals reporting on ribosome structural dynamics that have thus far remained inaccessible to smFRET studies of translation.
Parameters monitored during the pelleting process and their relationship to xylanase activity loss

Abstract Exogenous enzymes have been regularly used in broiler diets to improve the value of raw ingredients by enhancing their digestibility. Broiler feed has also been most commonly pelleted, which has exposed mixer-added exogenous enzymes to pressure and heat. These conditions have often resulted in mixer-added exogenous enzyme denaturation and inactivation. The present experiment was intended to define the relationship between parameters monitored during the pelleting process, such as change in temperature between hot pellets and conditioned mash (ΔT), pellet durability index (PDI), and pellet mill energy consumption (PMEC) and the stability of a mixer-added xylanase throughout the pelleting process. To generate a range in values for ΔT, PDI, and PMEC, diets were pelleted with varying concentrations of fat and degrees of saturation of fat through two pellet mill dies with varying length-to-diameter ratios at a constant temperature of 82 °C. It was determined that as ΔT, PDI, and PMEC increased, xylanase recovery in pellets relative to unconditioned and conditioned mash decreased (P = 0.001). When select parameters monitored during the pelleting process were combined with select controlled factors, a multiple regression model was generated (P = 0.001; R2 = 0.84). These data indicated that practices implemented to improve PDI may negatively affect the stability of heat sensitive mixer-added exogenous enzymes during the pelleting process and that predictive models could be generated to better predict the impact of implementing feed manufacturing practices to improve pellet durability on enzyme thermostability.
Journal of School Choice Special Issue Call for Manuscripts, Due June 15, 2020: Elitism, Populism, and School Choice

In modern times, loyalty to the nation state, particularly a relatively universal nation-state able to assimilate diverse groups like the U.S., what Amy Chua (2018) calls a “super-group,” tended to...
A fully discrete boundary integral method based on embedding into a periodic box

This paper shows how numerical methods on a regular grid in a box can be used to generate numerical schemes for problems in general smooth domains contained in the box with no need for a domain specific discretization (other than a list of points on it). The focus is mainly on spectral discretizations due to their ability to accurately resolve the interaction of finite order distributions (generalized functions) and smooth functions. Mimicking the analytical structure of the relevant (pseudodifferential) operators leads to viable and accurate numerical representations and algorithms. An important byproduct of the structural insights gained in the process is the introduction of smooth kernels (at the discrete level) to replace classical singular kernels which are typically used in the (numerical) representations of the solution. The new kernel representations yield enhanced numerical resolution.
Chlorophyll absorption and phytoplankton size information inferred from hyperspectral particulate beam attenuation

Electromagnetic theory predicts spectral dependencies in extinction efficiency near a narrow absorption band for a particle with an index of refraction close to that of the medium in which it is immersed. These absorption band effects are anticipated in oceanographic beam-attenuation (beam-c) spectra, primarily due to the narrow red peak in absorption produced by the phytoplankton photopigment, chlorophyll a (Chl a). Here we present a method to obtain Chl a absorption and size information by analyzing an eigendecomposition of hyperspectral beam-c residuals measured in marine surface waters by an automatic underway system. We find that three principal modes capture more than 99% of the variance in beam-c residuals at wavelengths near the Chl a red absorption peak. The spectral shapes of the eigenvectors resemble extinction efficiency residuals attributed to the absorption band effects. Projection of the eigenvectors onto the beam-c residuals produces a time series of amplitude functions with absolute values that are strongly correlated to concurrent Chl a absorption line height (aLH) measurements (r values of 0.59 to 0.83) and hence provide a method to estimate Chl a absorption. Multiple linear regression of aLH on the amplitude functions enables an independent estimate of aLH, with RMSE of 3.19⋅10-3m-1 (3.3%) or log10-RMSE of 18.6%, and a raw-scale R2 value of 0.90 based on the Tara Oceans Expedition data. Relationships between the amplitude functions and the beam-c exponential slopes are in agreement with theory relating beam-c to the particle size distribution. Compared to multispectral analysis of beam-c slope, hyperspectral analysis of absorption band effects is anticipated to be relatively insensitive to the addition of nonpigmented particles and to monodispersion.
Incidence of cure and residual obstructive sleep apnea in obese children after tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy stratified by age group.

Abstract Objectives Current clinical guidelines by the American Academy of Pediatrics recommends adenotonsillectomy (TA z-score 2.79, 2.36, and 2.45 (P = 0.026), tonsil size 3.17, 3.15, and 3.23 (P = 0.898), adenoid size 2.42, 2.05, and 1.77 (P = 0.015), time between the preoperative and postoperative PSG 179, 240, and 202 days (P = 0.481), and time from surgery to postoperative PSG 126, 170, and 127 days (P = 0.544). The average preoperative oAHI was 52.56, 41.23, and 43.49 (P = 0.732), post-operative oAHI was 1.94, 4.79, and 4.44 (P=.417); and change in oAHI was 50.62, 36.44, and 39.25 (P = 0.617). When comparing the age group of 0-6-year-olds to the older remaining patients, the post-operative oAHI was the only variable to show a significant difference between the two-groups with a P value of 0.038. The percentage of patients with post-operative resolution of OSA (oAHI Conclusion We found that despite having the highest rates of obesity and the most severe OSA, obese patients under 7 years old performed better following T&A, with greater cure rate, overall reduction of oAHI, and decreased need for post-surgical nighttime airway support.
Portable Magnetic Resonance Imaging for ICU Patients

Objectives Patients in ICUs often require neuroimaging to rule out a wide variety of intracranial problems. CT may be available in the ICU itself, but MRI has greater sensitivity for many conditions that affect the brain. However, transporting patients who are on ventilators and other life-sustaining devices is a labor-intensive process and involves placing the patient at risk for adverse events. This is a report of portable MRI in a clinical setting. Design This is a prospective, nonrandomized, observational study at one institution, utilizing a 0.064-T, self-shielding, portable MRI in ventilated patients in an ICU setting. Setting Academic medical center. Patients Nineteen patients with laboratory-confirmed severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection. Patients selected for imaging had any of the following: 1) unexplained encephalopathy or coma, 2) seizures, 3) focal neurologic deficit, or 4) abnormal head CT. Imaging was performed in each patient's ICU room with a portable, self-shielding, 0.064-T MRI. Interventions None. Measurements and main results Among 19 patients, 20 MRI scans in seven ICUs were acquired between April 13, 2020, and April 23, 2020. No adverse events to patients or staff from MRI acquisition were reported. In 12 patients, abnormal findings were seen, which included increased fluid attenuated inversion recovery signal (n = 12), hemorrhage (n = 3), and diffusion-weighted imaging positivity (n =3). Imaging led to changes in clinical management in five patients. Conclusions In this case series of patients, use of portable MRI has been found to be safe, feasible, and led to changes in clinical management based on imaging results. However, future studies comparing results with other imaging modalities are required to understand fully the extent of its clinical utility.
Comparison of Diagnostic Accuracy for Lower-Extremity Amputation Codes During the ICD-9 and ICD-10 Eras in a High-Risk Population of Patients With Diabetes.

In fiscal year (FY) 2016, the U.S. transitioned to the ICD-10, which includes eight times more amputation procedure codes than the ICD-9. To evaluate trends over time, researchers need assurance that differences over time are not influenced by a change in the coding system. Thus, we aimed to compare the diagnostic accuracy for ascertaining amputations performed during the ICD-9 era compared with during the ICD-10 era, using medical record review as a gold standard. This information will be valuable for others who use electronic health records to study lower-extremity amputation and whose data span this transition. The source population was veterans who had a procedure code (ICD or Current Procedural Terminology [CPT]) for an initial toe or ray amputation (hereafter referred to as toe amputations) between FY 2005 and FY 2016 and a diagnosis of diabetes or prescription for a diabetes medication in the year prior to their toe amputation (1). We randomly sampled 150 veterans from the parent study (1) who had initial toe amputations in FY 2014 and follow-up through the end of FY 2015 (during the ICD-9 era) and 150 veterans who had initial toe amputations in FY 2016 (during the ICD-10 era). The outcome of interest was an ipsilateral amputation (at any level) in the year after the toe amputation. Procedure codes were extracted from the Veterans Affairs (VA) Corporate Data Warehouse, which includes data from the VA electronic medical record. To maximize sensitivity for the parent study, we relied on both ICD and CPT codes for identification …
Auroral Energy Flux and Joule Heating Derived From Global Maps of Field-Aligned Currents.

We calculate auroral energy flux and Joule heating in the high-latitude ionosphere for 27 geomagnetically active days using two-dimensional maps of field-aligned currents determined by the Active Magnetosphere and Planetary Response Experiment. The energy input to the ionosphere due to Joule heating increases more rapidly with geomagnetic activity than that due to precipitating particles. The energy flux varies more smoothly with time than Joule heating, which is impulsive in nature on time scales from minutes to tens of minutes. These impulsive events correlate well with recoveries in the Sym-H index, with the maximum correlation when compared to Sym-H recoveries 70 min later. Because of prior studies that have associated transient recoveries of Sym-H with substorm expansions, the delay found here suggests that dissipation of energy in the ionosphere occurs during the substorm growth phase prior to the release of magnetic energy caused by diversion of tail currents.
A Comparison of the United States and Austrian Healthcare Needs and Systems.

Austria and the United States have very different healthcare systems with Austria following a social insurance model and the United States following an out of pocket model however;gross domestic pr...
Orientalism in war and peace: the politics of academic scholarship during the long twentieth century

In this paper I explore the relationship between Orientalism, empire-building and the development of the social sciences in the US during the long twentieth century. I focus on the construction of ...
Materials for PICs

The materials technology for integrated optics is complex and thus this chapter examines the optical properties, the electronic properties, the fabrication, and pattering of a set of the most common materials. These include polymers, crystalline silicon, epitaxial three-five thin films, and doped titanium dioxide. In the discussion, the relative importance of each material is described.
Persistent DNA Repair Signaling and DNA Polymerase Theta Promote Broken Chromosome Segregation

Abstract Cycling cells must respond to double-strand breaks (DSBs) to avoid genome instability. Mis-segregation of chromosomes with DSBs during mitosis results in micronuclei, aberrant structures linked to disease. How cells respond to DSBs during mitosis is incompletely understood. We previously showed that Drosophila papillar cells lack DSB checkpoints (as observed in many cancer cells). Here, we show that papillar cells still recruit early-acting repair machinery (Mre11 and RPA3) to DSBs. This machinery persists as foci on DSBs as cells enter mitosis. Repair foci are resolved in a step-wise manner during mitosis. Repair signaling kinetics at DSBs depends on both monoubiquitination of the Fanconi Anemia (FA) protein Fancd2 and the alternative end-joining protein DNA Polymerase Theta. Disruption of either or both of these factors causes micronuclei after DNA damage, which disrupts intestinal organogenesis. This study reveals a mechanism for how cells with inactive DSB checkpoints can respond to DNA damage that persists into mitosis. Summary Clay et. al. show that cells with DNA breaks that persist into mitosis activate sustained DNA repair signaling, regulated by Fanconi Anemia proteins and the alternative end-joining repair protein DNA Polymerase Theta. This signaling enables broken chromosome segregation and prevents micronuclei.
Reply to: "The Impact of Donor Liver Fibrosis on Early Allograft Dysfunction and Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury."

We thank Bekki et al. for their insightful comments on our published paper in Hepatology, in which we demonstrated the impact of donor occult fibrosis on liver transplant (LT) outcomes including ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) and early allograft dysfunction (EAD).
Self-Ascribed Occupational Status and Beauty Salon Patronage: A Focus on Employed Women

The present research extends the work of others who have studied the relationship between women’s occupational self-perception and consumption patterns and behavior. Its purpose was to focus on employed women and study differences, if any, among three occupational self-perception groups (homemakers, working women, and career women) in terms of beauty salon patronage variables. Areas of potential differences which were investigated included: (1) decision factors influencing beauty salon selection, (2) information source importance in beauty salon selection, and (3) behavioral variables. Implications of the findings are discussed and ideas for future research are suggested.
Asymmetric Oxidation of Achiral Selenides to Optically Active Selenoxides.

Abstract Asymmetric oxidation of methyl phenyl selenide ( 3 ), under anhydrous conditions, by chiral 2-sulfonyloxaziridines, 1–2 , gives optically active methyl phenyl selenoxide (8.1–9.3% ee). The stereochemistry of the selenoxide is determined by the configuration of the oxaziridine three membered ring with non-bonded steric interactions responsible for the chiral recognition. Asymmetric oxidation of E-phenyl cinnamyl selenide ( 7 ) by 1–2 affords optically active l-phenylallyl alcohol ( 9 ). A concerted [2,3] sigmatropic rearrangement via an exo transition state is proposed.
On the Complexity of Approximating and Illuminating Three-Dimensional Convex Polyhedra (Preliminary Version)

We show that several well-known computational geometry problems involving 3-dimensional convex polyhedra are NP-hard or NP-complete. One of the techniques we employ is a linear-time method for realizing a planar 3-connected triangulation as a convex polyhedron.
Innovations in teaching creative engineering at the freshmen level

The complexity of modern engineering systems calls for an integrated design approach in the industry today. A careful review of the educational approach to design indicates that there is not enough design integration in the engineering curriculum, resulting in intensive retraining of graduates once they enter the work force. It is advantageous to start integration of design into the engineering curriculum at the freshman level, where engineering creativity can be effectively introduced. The second course of a two-semester freshmen Creative Engineering sequence is the focus of the freshmen design plans presented in this paper. This course sequence was the result of a NSF funded project on "Development of a Freshman Engineering Curriculum" at Prairie View A&M University. A successfully tested innovative approach for teaching design at the freshmen level is discussed. The ability of freshmen to design, fabricate and test simple engineering systems is also discussed and demonstrated. The result of this strategy is that the students are able to work in teams on integrated projects (such as the Sunrayce, FutureCar Challenge and Hybrid Vehicle projects) required in the senior year. This experience makes the student highly successful in the modern design environment.
General Mode Structure and Resonant Frequencies for Ferrite-Loaded Circularly Cylindrical Cavity Resonators

Some particular solutions have been reported for the mode structure and eigenvalues of cavities partly filled with ferrite. Further results are presented for the general mode structure and eigenvalues for circularly cylindrical cavities partly or completely filled with ferrite magnetized in the axial direction. Numerical results and representations are given for some typical cases.
Functional characterization of a rat dopamine D-2 receptor cDNA expressed in a mammalian cell line

We recently cloned a complementary DNA for the rat dopamine D-2 receptor, making it possible to create cell lines expressing this receptor. A cell line (LZR1) was created by transfecting the D-2 cDNA (RGB-2) into mouse fibroblast Ltk- cells. LZR1 cells, previously described as L-RGB2Zem-1 cells, express a high density of D-2 receptors, whereas the wild-type cells do not. A number of agonists competitively and stereoselectively inhibited the binding of [3H]spiroperidol to the expressed D-2 receptors in a GTP-sensitive manner. The potency of dopamine was decreased by the addition of GTP. NaCl and GTP together caused a further decrease in potency and increased the Hill slope for inhibition of radioligand binding by dopamine almost to 1.0. Pretreatment of cells with pertussis toxin inhibited high affinity binding of dopamine and prevented further inhibition of binding by GTP. The NaCl-induced decrease in affinity was not prevented by pertussis toxin treatment. Dopamine reduced forskolin-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity by 27% in membranes prepared from LZR1 cells. Inhibition by dopamine was blocked by (+)-butaclamol or prior treatment of intact cells with pertussis toxin. Other dopamine receptor agonists stereoselectively inhibited adenylate cyclase activity. These data indicate that the RGB-2 cDNA directs the expression of a dopamine D-2 receptor capable of interacting with guanine nucleotide-binding proteins and inhibiting adenylate cyclase activity. Furthermore, the RGB-2 cDNA provides a means of creating many cell lines that will be useful tools for the biochemical and pharmacological characterization of dopamine D-2 receptors.
A 160 MeV Bounce Model of The Big Bang

To propel the farthest galaxies at 0.5c, the big bang required a core energy of 160MeV. Its baryon-photon ratio becomes $\eta=87.6\Omega_Bh^2$ which is comparable to a supernova. Accretion photons emitted during the prior contraction supplied the CMBR planck spectrum. The finding of primordial 2^H levels varying by an order of magnitude is evidence of large scale structure during nuclesynthesis. Rotating black holes from the primordial shell were the density fluctuations for galaxy formation. Sufficient baryonic matter was recaptured during the expansion to increase the universe scale factor and allow supernovae Ia to occur in a closed universe. A low energy bounce model with zeroing of the stress-energy tensor can solve the hot big bang problems.
CONSISTENT FIRST-RETURN RIEMANN SUMS FOR LEBESGUE INTEGRALS

U. B. Darji and M. J. Evans [1] showed previously that it is possible to obtain the integral of a Lebesgue integrable function on the interval [0,1] via a Riemann type process, where one chooses the selected point in each partition interval using a first-return algorithm based on a sequence {x n} which is dense in [0,1]. Here we show that if the same is true for every rearrangement of {x n}, then the function must be equal almost everywhere to a Riemann integrable function.
Performance Comparison of Top- and Bottom-emitting Long Wave Infrared Light Emitting Diode Devices

Electroluminescence in the range of 5-10 μm with peak emission at 8 μm from an Sb-based type II interband quantum cascade structure is reported. We used both top- and flip-chip-mount bottom-emitting long wave infrared (LWIR) light emitting diode (LED) devices. An increase in light emission was observed by thinning the GaSb substrate material for both top- and bottom-emitting devices. For a similar GaSb substrate thickness, a flip-chip-mount bottom-emitting LED device had higher light emission intensity than a top-emitting device. Higher emission intensity for the bottom-emitting device was attributed to better cooling and to reflection of light from the anode metal surface in the LED mesa area.
Composition and in vitro digestibility of fibrous substrates placed in deep-stacked broiler litter

Effects of mixing urea (0 or 5.4% of broiler litter dry matter) with broiler litter (1.1 m high) on composition and digestibility of various fibrous substrates in dacron bags placed for 3 or 9 weeks at 36 or 72 cm from the surface of deep-stacks open or covered with plastic were determined with a 5 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Urea increased ammonia concentration in broiler litter, but markedly so only when the deep-stack was covered. Overall, urea decreased neutral detergent fiber (NDF) concentration in bermudagrass, wheat straw and rice straw, with small or nonsignificant changes noted for rice hulls and pine shavings. In vitro NDF digestibility at 48 h was increased (P < 0.05) by urea for bermudagrass (58.9% vs. 46.4%) and wheat straw (42.1% vs. 33.3%); greater (P < 0.05) at 9 than at 3 weeks (43.0% vs. 24.2%) for rice straw; and greater (P < 0.05) at 9 than at 3 weeks (10.4% vs. 6.9%) for pine shavings. In summary, covering broiler litter deep-stacked without added urea did not appreciably affect nutritive value of fibrous substrates. Urea increased 48-h in vitro NDF digestibility for bermudagrass and wheat straw regardless of other deep-stack conditions. In conclusion, these results suggest potential to improve nutritive value for ruminants of some fibrous substrates added to broiler litter with urea before deep-stacking.
Anomalous lattice expansion of coherently strained SrTiO 3 thin films grown on Si ( 001 ) by kinetically controlled sequential deposition

X-ray diffraction has been used to study the epitaxy and lattice expansion of thin films grown coherently on by kinetically controlled sequential deposition. The coherent growth of on Si produces films with greater in-plane compressive strain than previously attained, %. The measured expansion of the out-of-plane lattice constant exceeds the prediction of the bulk elastic constants of by nearly 100%. This expansion agrees with recent theoretical predictions and experimental findings of room-temperature ferroelectricity in films under epitaxial mismatch strain. Our first principles density functional calculations determine an energetically favorable interfacial-defect and surface-charge structure that allows the ferroelectric polarization in these ultrathin films.
Do Recent PhD Economists Feel Prepared to Teach Economics

A survey of recent economics PhDs who graduated from U.S. PhD programs and are now teaching in either the United States or Canada revealed that only half of the respondents who taught a stand-alone course during their doctoral program had any teacher preparation training. Those who did have training only felt “adequately” prepared for teaching. However, as a general rule, the respondents felt that they were well-prepared for teaching at the completion of their graduate program. The authors did not find significant differences in the responses of those who did complete formal pedagogical training during their doctoral program and those who did not. Those who completed training during their doctoral program appear to currently be more enthusiastic about training.
Stabilization of papain from papaya peels / Estabilización de la papaína de la cáscara de papaya

Crude papain in papaya peels was stabilized before drying by the addition of various chemicals (ascorbic acid, sodium ascorbate, erythorbic acid, sodium erythorbate, sodium metabisulfite, sodium te...
Linear inverse problems on Erdős-Rényi graphs: Information-theoretic limits and efficient recovery

This paper considers the inverse problem with observed variables Y = BGX ⊕Z, where BG is the incidence matrix of a graph G, X is the vector of unknown vertex variables with a uniform prior, and Z is a noise vector with Bernoulli(e) i.i.d. entries. All variables and operations are Boolean. This model is motivated by coding, synchronization, and community detection problems. In particular, it corresponds to a stochastic block model or a correlation clustering problem with two communities and censored edges. Without noise, exact recovery of X is possible if and only the graph G is connected, with a sharp threshold at the edge probability log(n)/n for Erdős-Renyi random graphs. The first goal of this paper is to determine how the edge probability p needs to scale to allow exact recovery in the presence of noise. Defining the degree (oversampling) rate of the graph by α = np/ log(n), it is shown that exact recovery is possible if and only if α > 2/(1−2e)+o(1/(1−2e)). In other words, 2/(1−2e) is the information theoretic threshold for exact recovery at lowSNR. In addition, an efficient recovery algorithm based on semidefinite programming is proposed and shown to succeed in the threshold regime up to twice the optimal rate. Full version available in [1].
Preoperative Evaluation with Differential Pulmonary Function

Abstract Twenty patients in whom the determination of right and left lung function was advisable for management of their pulmonary disease underwent lateral position testing, quantitative ventilation/perfusion radionuclide studies, and bronchospirometry. An excellent correlation existed between the radionuclide perfusion study and the differential oxygen uptake measured by bronchospirometry. Similarly, there was excellent correlation between the radionuclide single-breath ventilation study and vital capacity measured by bronchospirometry. The lateral position test was statistically inferior in both areas. There was no difference between the lateral position test and the radionuclide rebreathing ventilation study in predicting differential minute ventilation. The routine use of quantitative radionuclide studies along with preoperative pulmonary function studies in patients with marginal pulmonary reserve is encouraged since it provides a simple, accurate method of determining differential pulmonary function and is well accepted by the patient.
Successful management of thrombocytopenia, microangiopathic anemia, and acute renal failure by plasmapheresis.

We report on the outcome of six consecutive adult patients who presented with microangiopathic anemia and thrombocytopenia. Clinical parameters on admission included platelet counts less than 45,000/mm 3 , microangiopathic red blood cell morphology, mental status abnormalities, and in three, rapidly progressive azotemia requiring dialysis. All patients underwent plasma exchange therapy as part of their treatments. Patients with renal failure underwent plasma exchange with a hollow fiber plasma separator, while those without renal failure were treated with a cytocentrifuge. All received fresh frozen plasma as replacement solution and were treated with glucocorticoids as well. For all six patients, plasmapheresis and conventional drug therapy resulted in remission that has lasted for 16 ± 5 months (range 8 to 24 months). Early cessation of plasmapheresis in two patients resulted in rapid relapse. Patients who required dialysis now have a mean creatinine of 2.0 ± 0.9 mg/dL (range 1.2 to 3.5). With similar volumes of exchange, and the same number of treatments, less fresh frozen plasma was used in the three patients treated with the hollow fiber separator than in patients treated with the cytocentrifuge (6.3 ± 3.7 v 14.8 ± 4.3 U/exchange, P
The Library that Cried Wolf: Outcomes of a Banned Book Hoax on Facebook

In fall 2012, the Mansfield University library created a Facebook hoax banning a book from the library. Attention was quickly drawn to the book and the library. Ending a few short days later, the hoax left many unanswered questions. Through interviews with individuals on different sides of the hoax, a review of Facebook statistics and comments, and other relevant data, this paper explores the impact on the people involved, the learning outcomes achieved, and the impact on the reputation and credibility of the library and university. The information collected reveals a complex picture of feeling, perceptions, and intentions. While successful at gaining attention, the hoax strategy as employed produced a negative response warranting concern. The paper concludes with suggestions for those contemplating a hoax strategy.