cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
PATTERNS OF RESEARCH PRODUCTIVITY AND KNOWLEDGE CREATION AT THE ACCOUNTING REVIEW: 1967 - 1993

This paper presents an analysis of author productivity in The Accounting Review for the period 1967 through 1993. The stratification observed in other disciplines is evident and is associated with a set of “elite” schools. The most productive authors in TAR are dominated by graduates of these schools. It is also the case that these elite authors increasingly rely on other social science disciplines, notably financial economics and cognitive psychology, for producing accounting knowledge. Evidence is also provided which indicates that the process of elite formation at TAR is more consistent with the use of particularistic rather than universal criteria. There is a paradigm consensus in the U.S. academic community, which is contrary to what would be expected in a low-paradigm consensus field like accounting. The possible contribution of the AAA in forcing this consensus is discussed.
Data-Driven Wind Farm Optimization Incorporating Effects of Turbulence Intensity

We demonstrate assimilation of field data from a nacelle-mounted lidar and meteorological tower into a medium-fidelity Reynolds-Averaged Navier Stokes wind farm flow model to better predict the effects of atmospheric stability. Increased predictability under a variety of atmospheric conditions can lead to more effective control design and optimization of a wind farm. In particular, atmospheric stability affects wind turbine wake propagation and, therefore, aspects of wind farm control and performance, such as active wind farm control, layout optimization, and power output. Accurately modeling wakes in different stability conditions remains a persistent challenge. This paper presents an optimization framework that leverages high-fidelity field or simulation data to correct a lower-fidelity flow model. Optimal model corrections are found by solving a regularized, high-dimensional, gradient-based optimization problem using adjoint flowfield information. We validate the trained model against large eddy simulation results, and perform separate gradient-based layout optimizations of a simulated utility-scale wind farm to maximize power. Using the data-driven model corrections, we find that atmospheric stability significantly impacts layout optimization and power production: the optimal layout for stable conditions produced 9.1% more power than the optimal layout for unstable conditions, and the optimal layout for neutral conditions underperformed by 8.5% in unstable conditions.
Civil War Cynthiana: Census Case Study of a Divided Community

Historians have long appreciated the value of the U.S. Census as a source of statistical data for studying nineteenth- and twentieth-century American history. As a primary source document, the cens...
The Effect of Audit Duality on Audit Quality

The Russian regulatory environment offers a unique audit duality situation in which public companies receive two separate financial statement audits by the same audit firm: one based on Russian Acc...
Secondary Aortoduodenal Fistula Following Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Repair

Patient presented with unexplained weight loss, back pain, and anorexia following open repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm. Patient died following repair of aortoduodenal fistula. Management of aortoduodenal fistula following open aortic reconstruction is described.
Textualism and the Duck-Rabbit Illusion

Textualists insist that judges should follow the ordinary meaning of a legal text, and sometimes texts have an ordinary meaning that judges can follow. But sometimes texts have no such thing, in the sense that they are reasonably susceptible to two or more interpretations. Some textualists fall victim to something like the duck-rabbit illusion. They genuinely see a duck; they insist that a duck is the only thing that reasonable people can see. Their perception is automatic, even though it might have been primed, or a product of preconceptions. But reasonable people might well see a rabbit. Various approaches are possible to determine whether we have a duck or a rabbit; most of them do not turn on the text at all.
Use of Environmental Variables to Predict SARS-CoV-2 Spread in the U.S.

BackgroundThe COVID-19 pandemic has challenged even the most robust public health systems world-wide, leaving state and local health departments, hospitals, and physicians with little guidance on planning and resource allocation. Efforts at predicting the virus spread have largely failed to capture the nuances presented by national and local geographic, environmental, and sociological variables. ObjectiveUsing county-level data from the United States, we sought to measure the extent to which these demographic, geographic, and environmental variables correlate with the spread of COVID-19. MethodsUsing demographic data from the US Census Bureaus American Community Survey, weather station data from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), and COVID-19 case data from the Center for Systems Science and Engineering at Johns Hopkins University and the New York State Department of Health, we employed Bayesian hierarchical modeling with zero-inflated Negative Binomial regression to calculate correlations between these variables, COVID-19 case count, and rate of viral spread. Key predictors were identified and measured during two periods of two weeks each: March and June of 2020. The resultant model was then employed to predict case counts and spread rate for early July 2020. ResultsWhile demographic and environmental factors explain viral spread well, our findings challenge earlier conclusions about how these factors related to viral progress. Using these factors alone, we were able to predict spread to within 1% in all but 8 counties (99.9%), and within 0.1% in all but 51 counties (98.4%). The model was subsequently able to predict early July viral spread to within 0.5% in 98% of counties. Contrary to earlier findings, temperature had variable effect; as Spring temperatures warmed, cases decreased, but Summer heat increased cases, likely reflecting movement of populations from indoors to outdoors and back in. States varied little in their case rate relative to the model, and much of the variation could be linked to known "superspreader" events. ConclusionWhile environmental and demographic variables can help predict COVID-19 spread rates, some relationships are variable in ways earlier research failed to identify. Role of Funding SourceThere was no funding supporting this work.
Effects of transglutaminase cross-linking process on printability of gelatin microgel-gelatin solution composite bioink

Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting has emerged as a powerful engineering approach for various tissue engineering applications, particularly for the development of 3D cellular structures with unique mechanical and/or biological properties. For the jammed gelatin microgel-gelatin solution composite bioink, comprising a discrete phase of microgels (enzymatically gelled gelatin microgels) and a cross-linkable continuous gelatin precursor solution-based phase containing transglutaminase (TG), its rheology properties and printability change gradually due to the TG enzyme-induced cross-linking process. The objective of this study is to establish a direct mapping between the printability of the gelatin microgel-gelatin solution based cross-linkable composite bioink and the TG concentration and cross-linking time, respectively. Due to the inclusion of TG in the composite bioink, the bioink starts cross-linking once prepared and is usually prepared right before a printing process. Herein, the bioink printability is evaluated based on the three metrics: injectability, feature formability, and process-induced cell injury. In this study, the rheology properties such as the storage modulus and viscosity have been first systematically investigated and predicted at different TG concentrations and times during the cross-linking process using the first-order cross-linking kinetics model. The storage modulus and viscosity have been satisfactorily modeled as exponential functions of the TG concentration and time with an experimentally calibrated cross-linking kinetic rate constant. Furthermore, the injectability, feature formability, and process-induced cell injury have been successfully correlated to the TG concentration and cross-linking time via the storage modulus, viscosity, and/or process-induced shear stress. By combing the good injectability, good feature formability, and satisfactory cell viability zones, a good printability zone (1.65, 0.61, and 0.31 hours for the composite bioinks with 1.00, 2.00, and 4.00% w/v TG, respectively) has been established during the printing of mouse fibroblast-based 2% gelatin B microgel-3% gelatin B solution composite bioink. This printability zone approach can be extended to the use of other cross-linkable bioinks for bioprinting applications.
Targeting of the site of nonhomologous genetic recombination in brome mosaic virus

The genome of brome mosaic virus (BMV) consists of three positive strand RNA segments that share a high degree of sequence homology in the 3′ noncoding region. The phenomenon of both homologous and nonhomologous intersegment RNA-RNA recombination has been demonstrated within the 3′ noncoding region of BMV RNAs. It has been postulated that nonhomologous crossovers occur at local heteroduplexes formed between the recombining BMV RNA substrates of the same polarity and that the formation of double-stranded regions facilitates strand switching by the replicase. To test the hypothesis of hybridization-mediated recombination in BMV, RNA-3 constructs carrying short antisense RNA1-derived sequences have been used to induce nonhomologous recombination events between RNA-1 and RNA-3 at or near the site of hybridization. We find that both the incidence of recombination and the location of recombinant junctions depends on the structure and the stability of heteroduplexes. Furthermore, our preliminary results demonstrate that mutations in the helicase-like domain of BMV protein la affect the location of recombinant junctions. This provides experimental evidence that BMV replicase protein la participates in recombination.
Adaptive bandwidth share estimation in TCP Westwood

TCP Westwood (TCPW) is a recently proposed sender side modification of TCP congestion control. TCPW relies an bandwidth share estimation techniques to enhance congestion control over high speed and/or wireless networks. The bandwidth share estimation methods turn out to be critical to guarantee both throughput improvement and friendliness towards widely used TCP protocols such as NewReno. In this paper we propose a new bandwidth share estimation technique, called "adaptive bandwidth share estimation", or ABSE. ABSE adapts to changing network congestion level, round trip times, and other relevant network conditions, as well as to the rate at which such changes occur. We compare the throughput gain and friendliness of ABSE with that of NewReno and previous estimation methods used for TCPW. We test the new technique using different simulation scenarios, including RED, to show the benefit of our proposed ABSE estimation method.
Herpes simplex esophagitis: Report of 4 pediatric cases in immunocompetent patients

Although herpetic infection is considered in the differential diagnosis of a patient who is immunocompromised with esophagitis, it is less thought of in the immunocompetent patient. There are few reports of esophagitis caused by herpes simplex virus in immunocompetent children and adolescents. We are reporting four cases in this age group who have been identified to have herpes simplex esophagitis. The first patient was nine-year-old boy who presented with chest pain, fever, and diarrhea. The second patient was a six-year-old boy who presented severe chest pain and had a negative endoscopy four months prior. The third was an 18-year-old young man with history of vomiting, odynophagia, and recent weight loss of 25 lbs. The fourth patient was a six-year-old girl admitted for dehydration and febrile illness three days after tonsillectomy, complaining of chest pain and epigastric abdominal.Their endoscopic findings varied from punched-out ulceration only to erosive esophagitis or both. They were all diagnosed by PCR analysis and not by pathology. All had biopsies suggestive of esophagitis. They all responded well to acyclovir. Based on testing and available follow up, all patients appeared to be immunocompetent, although one case refused HIV testing. Herpes simplex esophagitis in children can have variable presentations. High level of suspicion is warranted even in the immunocompetent patient. This is especially important when the history of acute gastrointestinal symptoms includes a triad of fever, chest pain, and odynophagia, but also even if these symptoms are recurrent. Viral cultures and PCR of the esophageal biopsies should be performed in addition to pathology looking for Cowdry Type A bodies.
Magnetic Properties of Superconductors

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Type I Superconductors Type II Superconductors Susceptibility Measurements Demagnetizing Effects
Radioactive alpha-particles from Li7+H2

From their disintegration experiments with the separated isotopes of lithium, Rumbaugh and Hafstad (1) concluded that the energy difference of the normal states of Li8 and Be8 had a minimurn value 3 to 4 Mev greater than the tnaximum energy of the beta-rays which are produced when Li7 is bombarded by deuterons and which Crane, Delsasso, Fowler and Lauritsen (2) had attributed to Li8.
A fuzzy discrete event system with self-learning capability for HIV/AIDS treatment regimen selection

Based on the fuzzy discrete event system theory, we originally created, we recently reported the development of an innovative regimen selection system for the first round of highly active antiretroviral therapy of HIV/AIDS patients. The core of the system consisted of fuzzy finite state machine models for treatment regimens and a genetic-algorithm-based optimizer. In the present paper, we studied the inherent self-learning capability of the system. We focused on four historically popular treatment regimens with 32 different associated treatment objectives involving the four most important regimen factors (potency, adherence, adverse effects, and future drug options). Depending on what is to be learned, the highest self-learning accuracy was 100% and the lowest 81% with the average and standard deviation being 93% and 6.3%, respectively. These results establish our approach as a novel supervised learning mechanism. One major advantage of it over the popular neural network learning is that a reasoning chain between input and output of the system is always readily available for humans to understand its decisions. Our approach proves it to be feasible to quantitatively estimate clinical utility of a regimen and compare it with other regimens even before it is available, all with minimal involvement of AIDS experts.
Increased UDP-GlcNAc:Gal beta 1-3GaLNAc-R (GlcNAc to GaLNAc) beta-1, 6-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity in metastatic murine tumor cell lines. Control of polylactosamine synthesis.

Malignant transformation of rodent cell lines by polyoma virus and by activated ras genes is associated with increased UDP-GlcNAc:Man alpha-R beta-1,6-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase V (GlcNAc-transferase V) activity and it product -GlcNAc beta 1-6Man alpha 1-6Man beta 1-branched Asn-linked oligosaccharides. In this report, we have compared beta 1-6GlcNAc branching of core O- and N-linked oligosaccharides in three experimental models of malignancy, namely (a) rat2 fibroblasts and their malignant T24H-ras-transfected counterpart; (b) benign SP1 mammary carcinoma cells and two metastic sublines of SP1; and (c) the metastatic MDAY-D2 lymphoma cell line and its poorly metastatic glycosylation mutant KBL-1. In addition to the previously reported increase in GlcNAc-transferase V activity, UDP-GlcNAc:Gal beta 1-3GalNAc alpha-R (GlcNAc to GalNAc) beta-1,6-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (core 2 GlcNAc-transferase, EC 2.4.1.102) activity was found to be elevated by 70% in the malignant rat2 and SP1 cell lines while several other glycosyltransferase activities were not significantly different. The action of core 2 GlcNAc-transferase followed by beta 1-4Gal-transferase provides an N-acetyllactosamine antenna that can be extended with polylactosamine (i.e. repeating Gal beta 1-4GlcNAc beta 1-3) provided UDP-GlcNAc:Gal beta-R beta 1-3GlcNAc-transferase (GlcNAc-transferase) (i)) activity is present. Polylactosamine content in microsomal membrane glycoproteins was quantitated by labeling the GlcNAc termini resulting from the action of Escherichia freundii endo-beta-galactosidase with bovine galactosyltransferase/UDP-[3H] Gal. Glycopeptidase F- sensitive and -insensitive fractions were measured to assess the N- and O-linked components. In the SP1 tumor model, the metastatic sublines showed increased core 2 GlcNAc-transferase and GlcNAc-transferase V activities but no change in GlcNAc-transferase (i) activity, yet polylactosamine was increased in both O- and N-linked oligosaccharides. In rat2 cells, down-regulation of GlcNAc-transferase (i) following transformation was associated with decreased polyactosamine even though core 2 GlcNAc-transferase and GlcNAc-transferase V were elevated in the cells. Finally, a 3-fold decrease in GlcNAc-transferase V in KBL-1, the glycosylation mutant of MDAY-D2 cells, resulted in complete loss of polylactosamine in N-linked but no change in O-linked polylactosamine content. These results suggest that, provided GlcNAc-transferase (i) is not limiting, the beta 1-6-branching enzymes core 2 GlcNAc-transferase and GlcNAc-transferase V regulate the levels of polyactosamine in O- and N-linked oligosaccharides, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
3D bio-etching of a complex composite-like embryonic tissue.

Morphogenesis involves a complex series of cell signaling, migration and differentiation events that are coordinated as tissues self-assemble during embryonic development. Collective cell movements such as those that occur during morphogenesis have typically been studied in 2D with single layers of cultured cells adhering to rigid substrates such as glass or plastic. In vivo, the intricacies of the 3D microenvironment and complex 3D responses are pivotal in the formation of functional tissues. To study such processes as collective cell movements within 3D multilayered tissues, we developed a microfluidic technique capable of producing complex 3D laminar multicellular structures. We call this technique “3D tissue-etching” because it is analogous to techniques used in the microelectromechanics (MEMS) field where complex 3D structures are built by successively removing material from a monolithic solid through subtractive manufacturing. We use a custom-designed microfluidic control system to deliver a range of tissue etching reagents (detergents, chelators, proteases, etc.) to specific regions of multilayered tissues. These tissues were previously isolated by microsurgical excision from embryos of the African claw-toed frog, Xenopus laevis. The ability to shape the 3D form of multicellular tissues and to control 3D stimulation will have a high impact on tissue engineering and regeneration applications in bioengineering and medicine as well as provide significant improvements in the synthesis of highly complex 3D integrated multicellular biosystems.
Experimental investigation of active control of wind-induced vibration in tall structures

This paper outlines the start of an exploratory study of the active control of wind-induced structural response in tall buildings. The approach combines computer simulations, based on mathematical models, with wind-tunnel experiments on a physical model. To this end we have constructed an experimental platform to investigate the closed-loop performance of different active control strategies for suppression of wind induced vibration. A first study utilizing this platform in conjunction with a simple structural model is described, and the initial results are very encouraging.
Economic lot sizing for an imperfect production system subject to random breakdowns

This article considers an economic manufacturing quantity model for an imperfect production process that is subject to random machine breakdowns. The product is manufactured intermittently in batches to meet a constant demand. During a production run, the system is assumed to deteriorate over time. As a result, a fixed proportion of items produced are defective. The system is also subject to random breakdowns. A no-resumption inventory control policy is adopted. Under this policy, the production run is aborted when a breakdown occurs. Production will be resumed only when all on-hand inventories are depleted. Corrective maintenance is carried out immediately after a breakdown. The time-to-shift and the time-to-breakdown are two random variables following different exponential distributions. The objective is to find an optimal production lot size that minimizes the expected (long-run) total cost per unit time. Several models are investigated and a numerical approach is developed to obtain an optimal product...
P4-10-06: Evaluation of BRCAPro Risk Assessment Model in Patients with Ductal Carcinoma In Situ.

Background: The BRCAPRo model is used to predict a patient9s likelihood to possess a BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene mutation based upon personal and family history. Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is considered a non-invasive condition which can progress to an invasive breast cancer if left untreated. Currently, DCIS is not specifically accounted for in the BRCAPro model, thereby causing DCIS to be weighted in the same manner as an invasive breast cancer diagnosis. Historically, a diagnosis of DCIS has been entered as having developed into an invasive breast cancer ten years later. However, there are no standard guidelines of how DCIS should be entered. We sought to determine if there were any differences in how DCIS was treated in the BRCAPro model to predict the more effective method in calculating the BRCAPro. Methods: Women with pure DCIS, who were referred for genetic counseling and underwent genetic testing, were included in the study. The likelihood of carrying a BRCA mutation was calculated using the BRCAPRO model (Version 5.1). Patient characteristics which were entered into the BRCAPro model include: tumor markers (estrogen receptor-ER and progesterone receptor-PR), history of oophorectomy prior to diagnosis, family history of 1st and 2nd degree relatives with breast and ovarian cancer, race and Ashkenazi Jewish ancestry. Each patient9s BRCAPro risk estimate was calculated and compared by entering DCIS at the presenting age of diagnosis and by adding 10 years to the age of diagnosis. Descriptive statistics and a student9s t-test were used to compare BRCAPro estimates between the two groups. Results: Ninety-five patients with pure DCIS underwent genetic counseling and testing. The average age of DCIS diagnosis was 45 years (range 26–65). Of the 95 DCIS patients included in the study 21% (n=20) tested positive for a BRCA gene mutation (8 BRCA1 and 12 BRCA2), 77% (n=74) test negative and 0.01% (n=1) had a variant of uncertain significance. Overall, DCIS patients who tested positive for a BRCA mutation had a higher BRCAPro (40%) than patients who tested negative (12%) when presenting age of diagnosis was assessed. When 10 years was added, the BRCAPro estimate was still higher amongst BRCA positive patients (28%) than BRCA negative patients (8%). The mean BRCAPro probability when DCIS was entered at presenting age of diagnosis was 18% (0.1−95.4) versus 12% (0.1−89.9) when calculated 10 years later. Conclusion: In our cohort there was no significant difference in BRCAPro probability whether DCIS was entered at the presenting age of diagnosis or 10 years later (p=0.1). However, future studies are needed to determine the most effective method to incorporate DCIS into the BRCAPro model in order to determine those individuals who may or may not be at increase risk to possess a BRCA gene mutation. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2011;71(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P4-10-06.
Auger and ellipsometric studies of ultra-thin PbO growth on lead

The interaction of oxygen with initially-clean lead surfaces was studied using Auger electron spectroscopy to determine the oxygen uptake and ellipsometric measurements to monitor the resultant oxide fila thickness. The results from both techniques were in very close agreement and indicated that a true oxidation process was operative over the pressure range investigated (5 × 10−8 to 5 × 10−6 Torr O2) at room temperature. The thickness of the growing oxide was closely proportional to the oxygen exposure (i.e., the pressure-time product) until a limiting value of 6.3 ± 0.2A was reached, regardless of pressure. The refractive index of the film was 2.8 at gl = 5461A, characteristic of the orthorhombic PbO crystal structure.
Robust Design of High-Performance Transparent Solar Cell Structure Considering Natural Sunlight Illumination

Transparent organic solar cells have recently attracted extensive interest considering their potential application for the power-generating window. By allowing the transmission of visible light while converting ultraviolet and near infrared light in the solar spectrum into electricity, transparent solar cells integrated into building facade provide a smart solution to the energy dilemma in urban area. However, current works mainly optimize the performance of solar cells for very limited incident condition, such as only considering normal incidence, which results in impractical designs for real applications. In this paper, we propose a robust design approach to achieve high-performance transparent solar cell based on a non-periodic photonic structure considering a broad range of incident conditions representing natural sunlight illumination. Statistical performances are used in the robust design formulation and efficient sampling techniques are further employed to improve the computational efficiency. The Pareto-optimal solutions are obtained according to the multicriteria preference with respect to maximizing the expected cell transparency and the expected energy conversion efficiency, and minimizing the performance variance due to the incidence variation. As one example of the optimized design, the absorbing efficiency of the solar cell could be up to 85% that of its opaque counterpart with 32% visible light transmission and 0.13% variation coefficient of transparency under the actual solar illumination and incident angles from 9am to 3pm. By using this design methodology, practically efficient cell structure is achieved based on the location and installation orientation of the solar window.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Metabolically Programmed Polyamine Analogue Antidiarrheals

The design, synthesis, and testing of a novel class of antidiarrheal drugs based on a tetraamine pharmacophore are reported. While N1,N14-diethylhomospermine (DEHSPM) (5 mg/kg) completely prevents diarrhea in rodents, tissue distribution studies demonstrated that the principal metabolite of DEHSPM, homospermine (HSPM), accumulates and persists in tissues for a protracted period of time. This accumulation accounts for a large part of the chronic toxicity of DEHSPM. Thus a major objective was to develop a metabolically labile analogue of DEHSPM which retained the desirable biological properties of the parent drug. Hydroxyl groups, sites vulnerable to further metabolic transformation, were introduced into the external aminobutyl segments providing N1,N14-diethyl-(3R),(12R)-dihydroxyhomospermine [(HO)2DEHSPM]. The design concept was assisted by molecular modeling, which predicted that (HO)2DEHSPM would have a Ki for polyamine transport essentially identical with that of DEHSPM. The experimentally measured Ki ...
Apoptosis and oncogenesis: give and take in the BCL-2 family

The mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis constitutes one of the main safeguards against tumorigenesis. The BCL-2 family includes the central players of this pathway that regulate cell fate through the control of mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP), and important progress has been made in understanding the dynamic interactions between pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic BCL-2 proteins. In particular, recent studies have delineated a stepwise model for the induction of MOMP. BCL-2 proteins are often dysregulated in cancer, leading to increased survival of abnormal cells; however, recent studies have paradoxically shown that apoptosis induction can under some circumstances drive tumor formation, perhaps by inducing compensatory proliferation under conditions of cellular stress. These observations underline the complexity of BCL-2 protein function in oncogenesis.
Multilevel Latent Class Analysis: An Application of Adolescent Smoking Typologies with Individual and Contextual Predictors

Latent Class Analysis (LCA) is a statistical method used to identify subtypes of related cases using a set of categorical and/or continuous observed variables. Traditional LCA assumes that observations are independent. However, multilevel data structures are common in social and behavioral research and alternative strategies are needed. In this paper, a new methodology, multilevel latent class analysis (MLCA), is described and an applied example is presented. Latent classes of cigarette smoking among 10,772 European American females in 9th grade who live in one of 206 rural communities across the U.S. are considered. A parametric and non-parametric approach for estimating a MLCA are presented and both individual and contextual predictors of the smoking typologies are assessed. Both latent class and indicator-specific random effects models are explored. The best model was comprised of three Level 1 latent smoking classes (heavy smokers, moderate smokers, non-smokers), two random effects to account for variation in the probability of Level 1 latent class membership across communities, and a random factor for the indicator-specific Level 2 variances. Several covariates at the individual and contextual level were useful in predicting latent classes of cigarette smoking as well as the individual indicators of the latent class model. This paper will assist researchers in estimating similar models with their own data.
IC-processed electrostatic synchronous micromotors

Abstract Micromotors having rotors with a diameter of 120 μm have been fabricated and driven electrostatically to continuous rotation. These motors are built using processes derived from IC micro-circuit fabrication techniques. Initial tests on the motors show that friction plays a dominant role in their dynamic behavior. Observed rotational speeds have thus far been limited to several hundred rpm, which is a small fraction of what should be achievable if only natural frequency were to limit the response. Experimental starting voltages (60 V at minimum and above 100 V for some structures) are at least an order of magnitude larger than had been expected. Continuous motor motion has been observed for as long as one minute under three-phase bias at 200 V. Observations of reverse as well as forward rotor rotation with respect to the driving fields can be explained in terms of the torque/rotor-angle characteristics and friction for the motors.
Improved Cooking Yields of Meat Batters Formulated with Potassium Sorbate and Reduced Levels of NaCl

The influence of varying NaCl levels (0.8, 1.2, 1.6, 2.0, and 2.4%) on the cooking yield and composition of comminuted meat (beef-pork) products (frankfurters and cans) was tested in the absence and presence of 0.26% potassium sorbate. Parameters measured included frankfurter smokehouse yields and consumer cook losses; product losses in cans; and, moisture and fat contents of the cooked products. Reducing the NaCl level resulted in increased product losses during cooking. Potassium sorbate decreased these losses. Cooking yields at most NaCl levels (≦ 1.6%) tested were improved (P<0.01) with the addition of potassium sorbate. The positive influence of sorbate on product binding could not be attributed to pH or ionic strength changes, but potential mechanisms of sorbate action are discussed.
Genetic Dissection of Retinal Inputs to Brainstem Nuclei Controlling Image Stabilization

When the head rotates, the image of the visual world slips across the retina. A dedicated set of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and brainstem visual nuclei termed the “accessory optic system” (AOS) generate slip-compensating eye movements that stabilize visual images on the retina and improve visual performance. Which types of RGCs project to each of the various AOS nuclei remain unresolved. Here we report a new transgenic mouse line, Hoxd10–GFP, in which the RGCs projecting to all the AOS nuclei are fluorescently labeled. Electrophysiological recordings of Hoxd10–GFP RGCs revealed that they include all three subtypes of On direction-selective RGCs (On–DSGCs), responding to upward, downward, or forward motion. Hoxd10–GFP RGCs also include one subtype of On–Off DSGCs tuned for forward motion. Retrograde circuit mapping with modified rabies viruses revealed that the On–DSGCs project to the brainstem centers involved in both horizontal and vertical retinal slip compensation. In contrast, the On–Off DSGCs labeled in Hoxd10–GFP mice projected to AOS nuclei controlling horizontal but not vertical image stabilization. Moreover, the forward tuned On–Off DSGCs appear physiologically and molecularly distinct from all previously genetically identified On–Off DSGCs. These data begin to clarify the cell types and circuits underlying image stabilization during self-motion, and they support an unexpected diversity of DSGC subtypes.
General Principles of Antimicrobial Therapy

Antimicrobial agents are some of the most widely, and often injudiciously, used therapeutic drugs worldwide. Important considerations when prescribing antimicrobial therapy include obtaining an accurate diagnosis of infection; understanding the difference between empiric and definitive therapy; identifying opportunities to switch to narrow-spectrum, cost-effective oral agents for the shortest duration necessary; understanding drug characteristics that are peculiar to antimicrobial agents (such as pharmacodynamics and efficacy at the site of infection); accounting for host characteristics that influence antimicrobial activity; and in turn, recognizing the adverse effects of antimicrobial agents on the host. It is also important to understand the importance of antimicrobial stewardship, to know when to consult infectious disease specialists for guidance, and to be able to identify situations when antimicrobial therapy is not needed. By following these general principles, all practicing physicians should be able to use antimicrobial agents in a responsible manner that benefits both the individual patient and the community.
Oxidative Metabolism and Puparium Formation in the Ebony Mutant of Drosophila melanogaster

WE have recently reported1 differences between the oxidative metabolism of the wild type and the ebony mutant of Drosophila melanogaster. (The latter has a paler and softer puparium than the wild type.) As it was found earlier2 that dehydrogenase activity of homogenates of prepupae at the time of pupation is 26 per cent higher in ebony than in the wild type (reciprocal values of the average decoloration time, given by homogenates of 10 prepupae in 0.2 ml. 0.02 per cent methylene blue: 0.0469 for ebony, 0.0346 for wild), while the oxygen consumption of intact prepupae at the same stage is only 18 per cent higher in ebony than in the wild type (average oxygen uptake per hour per 1 mgm. dry weight, 4.52 µl. for ebony, 3.71 µl. for wild type; measurements made by Miss Mary Hartman) it was inferred that during pupation the redox potential is lower in ebony than in the wild type.
DMXB, an α7 nicotinic agonist, normalizes auditory gating in isolation-reared rats

Impaired auditory gating is common in schizophrenic patients. Evidence suggests that this deficit is related to a reduced number of α7 nicotinic receptors and therefore treatment with α7 nicotinic agonists may improve this condition. 3-(2,4)-Dimethoxybenzylidine anabaseine (DMXB; also known as GTS-21) is such an agonist and has shown efficacy in mice both orally and intraperitoneally. Rats reared in social isolation post weaning have demonstrated a deficit in auditory gating similar to that seen in schizophrenia patients. The current study determined the effects of DMXB on auditory gating in awake, freely moving rats, comparing a group born and raised in-house and reared in isolation post-weaning (isolation reared) with a group shipped from the supplier as adults and housed in groups prior to surgery (controls). Ten unmedicated, baseline recordings were obtained following surgical implantation of a recording electrode. All control group rats and the isolation-reared rats that showed deficient gating at baseline were treated with 1.0, 3.33, 10 or 33 mg/kg DMXB, IP, to determine the drug's impact on auditory gating. Isolation-reared rats had significantly improved auditory gating at the 3.33, 10 and 33 mg/kg doses, while control rats had a significant impairment in their auditory gating at the 33 mg/kg dose. DMXB improved the auditory gating deficit seen in isolation-reared rats. As previously observed in another model, the change was produced through a decrease in the test amplitude in isolation-reared animals. Control animals had a significant reduction in conditioning amplitude at the high dose, which produced the loss of auditory gating. The results in the isolation-reared rats are in concert with previous studies which found similar improvement in auditory gating following administration of DMXB to DBA mice, the only differences being in the duration of the effect.
Autoregulation of the MisR/MisS Two-Component Signal Transduction System in Neisseria meningitidis

Two-component regulatory systems are involved in processes important for bacterial pathogenesis. The proposed misR/misS (or phoP/phoQ) system is one of four two-component systems of the obligate human pathogen Neisseria meningitidis. Inactivation of this system results in loss of phosphorylation of the lipooligosaccharide inner core and causes attenuation in a mouse model of meningococcal infection. MisR and the cytoplasmic domain of MisS were purified as His6 and maltose binding protein fusion proteins, respectively. The MisS fusion was shown to be autophosphorylated in the presence of ATP, and the phosphoryl group was subsequently transferred to MisR. The phosphotransfer reaction was halted with a MisR/D52A mutation, while a MisS/H246A mutation prevented autophosphorylation. Specific interaction of phosphorylated MisR (MisR approximately P) and MisR with the misR promoter was demonstrated by gel mobility shift assays, where MisR approximately P exhibited higher affinity than did the nonphosphorylated protein. The transcriptional start site of the misRS operon was mapped, and DNase I protection assays revealed that MisR interacted with a 15-bp region upstream of the transcriptional start site that shared no similarity to binding motifs of other two-component systems. Transcriptional reporter studies suggested that MisR phosphorylation is critical for the autoinduction of the misRS operon. Limited Mg2+ concentration failed to induce expression of the misRS operon, which is the only operon now proven to be under the direct control of the MisRS two-component system. Thus, these results indicate that the meningococcal MisRS system constitutes a functional signal transduction circuit and that both components are critical in the autoregulation of their expression.
Realizability and automatic realizability of Galois groups of order 32

This article provides necessary and sufficient conditions for each group of order 32 to be realizable as a Galois group over an arbitrary field. These conditions, given in terms of the number of square classes of the field and the triviality of specific elements in related Brauer groups, are used to derive a variety of automatic realizability results.
Neurocognitive predictors of performance-based functional capacity in bipolar disorder.

Neurocognitive impairment can predict functional capacity in individuals with bipolar disorder, though little research has examined whether different neurocognitive domains impact specific types of tasks. This study examined the relationship between several neurocognitive variables and the UCSD Performance-Based Skills Assessment (UPSA; Patterson et al., 2011) to identify the domains and tests that best predict the performance across the subscales. Forty-seven euthymic participants who were diagnosed with either Bipolar I or Bipolar II were recruited and assessed on a battery of neuropsychological measures and the UPSA. Correlational and regression analyses were run to identify neurocognitive predictors of UPSA subscales. Per the literature, verbal learning and memory and executive function composites were first examined. Verbal learning and memory predicted the Communication subscale and Total score variables above and beyond the estimated FSIQ and symptom rating scales. In a secondary exploratory analysis, the Benton Judgment of Line Orientation subtest predicted the Finance subscale while the California Verbal Learning Test predicted the UPSA total score. Verbal learning and memory emerged as the strongest predictor of functional capacity, suggesting that this domain should be investigated in future mediational and longitudinal studies with the UPSA.
The physical framework of the dependence between channel flow hydrographs and drainage network morphometry

The physical basis of the linkage between magnitude and timing of channel flow hydrographs and drainage network morphometry is reviewed. Small Hortonian and structurally Hortonian networks are analysed using numerical runoff simulation. For Hortonian networks the variability of the geometry of individual channels and subcatchments within each Strahler order has generally little effect upon the overall character of the hydrograph in channels of higher order. If the network is also structurally Hortonian, the analysis of the simultaneous formation, travel, and concentration of the hydrographs in all channels of the network can be simplified to a sequence of one representative hydrograph per channel order. This approach is used in this study. Three major runoff processes control the flow hydrograph characteristics: the overland flow process which determines the water supply to the drainage network; the channel flow process which translates the hydrograph in space and time; and the drainage network process which concentrates and magnifies the flow at the junctions of the drainage network. Functional relations for the hydrograph peak, timing, and flow velocity are presented. For a given uniform rainfall and infiltration rate, the peak of the channel flow hydrograph is shown to increase geometrically with channel order, and its magnitude is directly related to the bifurcation ratio. The travel time of the peak also increases geometrically with channel order, and it is directly related to the channel length ratio over velocity ratio. The flow velocity of the peak changes in a downstream direction as a function of the bifurcation and slope ratio. It was also found that for negligible channel storage the channel flow and drainage network processes do not contribute significantly to the observed nonlinear response of a watershed to precipitation.
CD45 expression by bone marrow plasma cells in multiple myeloma: clinical and biological correlations

Multiple myeloma (MM) is characterized by accumulation of clonal plasma cells (PCs). CD45, a key regulator of antigen-mediated signaling and activation in lymphocytes, is present in early stages of PCs development. We studied CD45 expression on MM PCs by flow cytometry, correlating it to important biological disease characteristics. Additionally, we examined the expression of various adhesion molecules on PCs. A total of 75 patients with untreated MM (29), relapsed MM (17), smoldering MM (12), and monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) (17) were studied. The proportion of PCs expressing CD45 was higher among those with early disease (MGUS or smoldering MM) compared to those with advanced disease (new or relapsed MM) (43 vs 22%; P=0.005). Among those with advanced disease, patients with bone lesions had a lower percentage of CD45-positive (CD45+) PCs; 14 vs 34% (P=0.02). Patients with high-grade angiogenesis had a lower percentage of CD45+ PCs; 13 vs 31% (P=0.03). The median overall survival for the CD45+ group (>20% PCs positive) was 39 vs 18 months for the CD45-negative (CD45-) group (P=0.07). The expression of CD138, CD56 and CD54 were higher among the CD45- PCs. This study demonstrates important biological correlates of CD45 expression on myeloma cells.
A Galerkin/least-square finite element formulation for nearly incompressible elasticity/stokes flow

Abstract A Galerkin/least-square finite element formulation (GLS) is used to study mixed displacement-pressure formulation of nearly incompressible elasticity. In order to fully incorporate the effect of the residual-based stabilized term to the weak form, the second derivatives of shape functions were also derived and accounted, which can accurately discretize the residual term and improve the GLS method as well as the Petrov–Galerkin method. The numerical studies show that improved stabilized method can effectively remove volumetric locking problem for incompressible elasticity and stabilize the pressure field for stokes flow. When apply GLS to study material nonlinearity, the derivative of tangent modulus at the integration point will be required. Both advantage and disadvantage of using GLS method for nearly incompressible elasticity/stokes flow were demonstrated.
Binary vector dissimilarity measures for handwriting identification

Several dissimilarity measures for binary vectors are formulated and examined for their recognition capability in handwriting identification for which the binary micro-features are used to characterize handwritten character shapes. Pertaining to eight dissimilarity measures, i.e., Jaccard-Needham, Dice, Correlation, Yule, Russell-Rao, Sokal-Michener, Rogers-Tanmoto and Kulzinsky, the discriminary power of ten individual characters and their combination is exhaustively studied. Conclusions are made on how to choose a dissimilarity measure and how to combine hybrid features.
Fabrication of the micro accelerator platform for x-ray applications

With recent advances in nanotechnology, traditionally bulky systems such as particle accelerators can be scaled down to portable sizes. Here we present a prototype micro accelerator platform which is a laser powered optical structure made of dielectric materials. As the drive laser impinges, the electric field can build up in the resonant gap between the dielectric slabs to as high as 1GV/m and electrons travelling through the gap are accelerated. Fabrication of the device involves advanced lithography, various thin film depositions, as well as fine surface finishing. In this report, we first present simulation results on the resonance and acceleration of the optical structure. Next we discuss the detailed fabrication techniques, and a prototype device will be presented. Finally, the acceleration test setup will be introduced, and some preliminary beam test results will be presented. This micro-sized structure can be used for electron acceleration and to produce X-ray radiation, in a compact device