cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An optimization algorithm for structured design systems

Structured design systems are systems which may be represented by generally nonlinear equality and inequality constraints, each of which contains few of the variables in the system. Assuming the existence of an automatic capabity to derive and modify as needed effective solution procedures for sets of structured equality constraints, a two-step strategy for optimizing design systems is presented in the form of two algorithms. An earlier paper presented an algorithm for locating a first feasible point, and this paper presents a companion algorithm based on the strategy known as restriction to optimize the system once feasible. This companion algorithm divides the set of inequality constraints into three sets: the set of those currently being held as equality constraints, the set currently released but being used as search coordinates, and the set of all remaining constraints which are not currently part of the problem. Solution procedures are modified as inequality constraints and are moved from one set to another. Added constraints in the set being held tend to aid the optimization process by reducing the dimension of search space for what is usually a marginal added burden in solving an enlarged set of (structured) equations. The strategy has proved remarkably effective on three relatively simple examples, including a nonlinear 31 constraint, 10 variable alkylation problem.
Formation of Secondary Porosity in Sandstones: How Important is It and What are Controlling Factors?: ABSTRACT

Secondary porosity in sandstones may form by chemical dissolution of grains or cements. Care must be taken to distinguish between local dissolution and reprecipitation which do not increase the net porosity, and leaching which produces a net increase in the porosity, requiring a throughflow of large volumes of undersaturated pore water to remove the reaction products in solution. Such undersaturated pore water may be derived from: (1) meteoric water driven by a hydrostatic head; (2) subsurface pore water made acid by the release of CO2 from maturing kerogen; and (3) clay mineral reactions involving transformation of kaolinite and smectite to illite and dissolution of feldspar and carbonate--(Al2Si2O5(OH)4 + KAlSiO8 = KAl3Si3O10(OH)2 + 2SiO2 + H2O). In the Jurassic sandstones of the North Sea (Statfjord field), secondary porosity is formed during early diagenesis from meteoric water dissolving feldspar. However, the kaolinite formed as a product of the leaching may form aggregates of pore-filling cement, reducing porosity and especially permeability. Petrographic examination and microprobe analyses show that clastic feldspar is rimmed by authigenic feldspar indicating that leaching was not important in creating secondary porosity End_Page 549------------------------------ during deeper burial. Calculations of the total amounts of CO2 released by kerogen in sedimentary basins suggest that secondary porosity is favored by high contents of humic kerogen, but that the CO2 produced and/or pore-water flow in many types of basins are too small to create significant amounts of secondary porosity. Reactions with clay minerals may, however, provide additional sources of acid. End_of_Article - Last_Page 550------------
Direct spot transfer technique for multiple thin layer chromatography

Abstract A procedure for the direct transfer of steroids from one TLC to another is described. This method eliminates solvent elution and evaporation between successive chromatographies. As a result, the recovery of certain steroids is improved and less time is required for repeated TLC of a large number of samples.
Taming the War on Poverty: Memphis as a Case Study

President Johnson’s War on Poverty encountered significant opposition in southern states where impoverishment and race served to reinforce both social and economic systems. In Memphis, the War on Poverty underwent political attacks primarily aimed at neighborhood organizing. However, two agencies used Volunteers in Service to America (VISTA) recruits to implement significant antipoverty initiatives. VISTAs developed a prisoner release–mentoring program and a pretrial release for indigent detainees who could not post bail. The Metropolitan Inter Faith Association recruited savvy local residents to design VISTA services for the poor. The latter drew on local volunteers and reflected a paternalistic approach rather than one that reflected the voice of the poor.
Is the medical community ready for worker notification

Although the potential for early detection of disease has been of central importance in the evolution of worker notification policy and practice, it is not the only positive outcome of medical intervention. The provider-patient encounter also creates an important opportunity for patient-centered risk communication that may result in workplace modifications as well as lifestyle changes to reduce the likelihood of subsequent illness and injury--both work and nonwork related. At the same time, it may signal the beginning of a series of social, legal, and political actions that may have positive or negative consequences for notified workers. This article identifies several important roles for members of the medical community relating to worker and community notification programs and explores the readiness of health care professionals in assuming these roles. It is suggested that health care providers lack both the training and sociopolitical sensitivity needed for meaningful participation in the notification process. This article addresses possible short-term and long-term approaches to enhancing the readiness of health care providers and suggests that effective intervention with notified workers requires a willingness to step beyond the confines of the medical model.
Production, Transportation, and Distribution Planning in a Multi-Commodity Tri-Echelon System

To achieve high productivity in manufacturing plants and warehouses, an orderly and flexible flow of materials is essential. The interaction between the manufacturing plants and warehouses and issues related to distribution of multiple commodities to customers from warehouses represents a crucial step toward an integrated and systematic facilities' design. In this paper we develop a mixed integer programming model for the plant and warehouse location problem where the objective is to minimize the total transportation and distribution costs and the fixed costs for opening and operating plants and warehouses. We employ Lagrangian relaxation to the model, and also present a heuristic to produce an effective feasible solution for the problem. This problem has resulted from a study conducted by the authors for a large company manufacturing health-care products. The paper reports on the development of a model structure that can be used to predict the performance of the company.
Transient Flow Patterns and Pressures Characteristics in a Hydrostatic Pocket

The flow in an open lid, shear flow driven cavity with a jet penetrating at its bottom is described by a mathematical model that uses the Navier-Stokes equations written in terms of the primary variables, u, v, and p. Using a time dependent conservative formulation, a finite difference method is applied through a staggered grid. The power law scheme is used in the treatment of the convective terms for this highly recirculating flow. The time dependent numerical experiments use both geometric (α = d/l, λ = c/l and γ = b/l), and dynamic similarity parameters [Reynolds number (R) and jet strength (F)] to study the development of the flow patterns, velocities, pressures and shear forces when the top plate impulsively entrains the cavity driving shear layer. The experiments are performed in two-dimensional cavities of square geometry (α = 1). The discussion pertaining to the convergence of the numerical scheme and the computational error shows that the strict convergence criteria applied to both velocities and pressures were successfully satisfied.
The Sherif-Dear simple (SDS) Theorem in number theory

Abstract We put forward a theorem in number theory called the SDS Theorem, prove it by enumeration, and cite some relevant applications.
Characterization of Clinac-18 electron-beam energy using a magnetic analysis method

Clinac-18 electron-beam energies and spectral energy distributions were measured by a magnetic analysis method to verify results obtained by the standard range method. A comparison of these measurements with nominal energies quoted by the manufacturer indicates that electron-beam measured by both methods are in agreement with the manufacturer's specifications to +/- 0.6 MeV. Spectral energy distribution of the electron beam was measured to be approximately 1 MeV (FWHM) at all energies.
Effect of vegetation management on autumn dispersal of Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) from tomato

Autumn dispersal of twospotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch) from tomato to overwintering host plants was studied in field experiments during 2004-2006. Three vegetation management strategies (herbicide, cultivation and no vegetation control) were established around mite-infested, senescing tomato plants. Tetranychus urticae dispersal was monitored using trap plants of common chickweed (Stellaria media) at 2, 6 and 12 m from the tomatoes within each vegetation management plot. Chickweed plants were sampled in the autumn and spring from 2004 to 2006. Sticky traps were placed next to trap plants in the autumn of 2005 to monitor aerial dispersal of mites. Mite populations infesting chickweed were low, and autumn dispersal of mites from tomatoes to the chickweed plots was considered to be short range. The vegetation management strategies had no effect on mite densities found in the chickweed, but the capture of mites on sticky traps indicated that aerial dispersal was also a means of dispersal to overwintering hosts.
Design and Fabrication of Nitride Based High Power Devices

We modeled the breakdown voltage, critical current density and maximum operating frequency of several GaN and GaN/AlN based high power and high temperature electronic devices. Important model parameters which influence device design and performance are minority carrier recombination lifetime and critical field for electric breakdown. GaN Schottky devices have been fabricated in the planar geometry. Current-voltage measurements indicated the importance of the vertical geometry for achieving large breakdown voltages. The minority carrier (hole) recombination lifetimes have been measured by electron beam induced currents (EBIC). The measured hole lifetime of 7 ns and estimate for the critical field indicate the possibility of GaN/AlGaN thyristor switch devices operating at 5KV with current densities approximately equal to 200 A/cm2 and at frequencies above 2MHz. The GaN structural and optical materials quality and processing requirement for etching is discussed.
Distribution and nutrient status of haplotypes of the marsh grassPhragmites australis along the Rappahannock River in Virginia

We compared the distribution and nutrient status of native haplotype F ofPhragmites australis along the freshwater to mesohaline tidal marsh gradient of the Rappahannock River, Virginia, for comparison with the nonnative, invasive haploty M. Using GIS analysis of aerial photography and GPS-based ground truthing, we identified 55 separate clones of native haplotype F comprising a total of 3.68 ha (range 0.002–0.734 ha), all found in tidal wetlands where surface water salinity was 0 psu. We identified 219 separate clones of the invasive haplotype M covering 68.3 ha along the same stretch of river (range 0.004–11.86 ha), found in wetlands where salinity ranged from 0 to 11 psu. From 15 separate clones for each haplotype, average carbon content in leaves of the native was significantly higher than the invasive (43.90±0.08% versus 42.82±0.15%, F1,28=20.938, p<0.01), and nitrogen content was significantly lower (2.22±0.03% versus 2.58±0.07%, F1,28=11.972, p<0.01). The average C:N:P ratio for leaf tissue was 1100∶48∶1 for haplotype F and 1084∶56∶1 for haplotype M. Relative to the native, the invasive haplotype forms larger stands distributed throughout a broader estuarine reach and incorporates more nitrogen in leaf tissue. From a management standpoint, nativePhragmites protection should focus on deterring nonnative haplotype invasion through the minimization of both adjacent upland disturbance and nutrient enrichment in tidal freshwater marshes.
Torsional stability of intramedullary compression nails: tibial osteotomy model.

Abstract Background Studies comparing intramedullary compression nailing to conventional dynamized intramedullary nailing contend that better clinical outcomes of intramedullary compression techniques result from greater rotational stability of fracture or osteotomy sites. However, there appears to be no experimental evidence that rotational stability is improved with intramedullary nail compression. This study evaluated the effect of intramedullary nail compression on cadaveric and composite tibial fragment rotation above and below a mid-tibial transverse osteotomy. Methods Twelve composite and four matched pairs of human cadaveric tibiae were randomized into either a compression group or a non-compressed dynamized group. A bi-axial servo-hydraulic testing machine applied 5 N m of internal and external torque (2 N m/s) under constant axial loads of 375 N and 750 N. Rotation along each tibia and at the osteotomy site was recorded from the trajectories of infrared emitting diodes rigidly attached along the tibial shaft. Findings In comparison to dynamized nails, intramedullary nail compression significantly reduced the rotation at the osteotomy site in both human (8.9° reduction; P = 0.007) and composite tibiae (2.5° reduction; P = 0.039) under 750 N of axial load. A similar result was noted for simulated half-body weight loads (375 N) for both composite (3.0° reduction; P = 0.009) and human tibiae (10.5° reduction; P = 0.003). Interpretation Intramedullary nail compression more effectively reduced tibial fragment rotation about a mid-tibial osteotomy than conventional dynamized intramedullary nails because intramedullary nails created more osteotomy site compression than the application of body weight to tibiae instrumented with dynamized intramedullary nails.
Estimating cumulative incidence functions when the life distributions are constrained

In competing risks studies, the Kaplan-Meier estimators of the distribution functions (DFs) of lifetimes and the corresponding estimators of cumulative incidence functions (CIFs) are used widely when no prior information is available for these distributions. In some cases better estimators of the DFs of lifetimes are available when they obey some inequality constraints, e.g., if two lifetimes are stochastically or uniformly stochastically ordered, or some functional of a DF obeys an inequality in an empirical likelihood estimation procedure. If the restricted estimator of a lifetime differs from the unrestricted one, then the usual estimators of the CIFs will not add up to the lifetime estimator. In this paper we show how to estimate the CIFs in this case. These estimators are shown to be strongly uniformly consistent. In all cases we consider, when the inequality constraints are strict the asymptotic properties of the restricted and the unrestricted estimators are the same, thus providing the asymptotic properties of the restricted estimators essentially ''free of charge''. We give an example to illustrate our procedure.
Handedness in patients with intractable epilepsy: Correlations with side of temporal lobectomy and gender

Abstract Handedness for writing, gender, and side of lobectomy were studied in 69 consecutive patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) who underwent temporal lobectomy (TL). Significantly more women were left-handed than sex-matched controls ( p = 0.019), as were men undergoing left TL ( p = 0.043) as compared with sex-matched controls. These results suggest that language networks are more lateralized to the left temporal lobe in men with TLE than in women with TLE.
Lack of correlation between clinic and 24 hour ambulatory blood pressure in subjects participating in a therapeutic drug trial.

Although previous studies document that blood pressure measured in the clinic may differ significantly from blood pressure recorded over 24 hours, the impact of these differences on patient selection for therapeutic drug trials is unknown. A placebo controlled double-blind evaluation of an experimental antihypertensive agent was conducted. Of 30 patients entered, 21 were admitted to the active drug phase of the protocol on the basis of a clinic supine diastolic blood pressure ⩾ 95 mmHg; 9 subjects with lower levels of diastolic blood pressure were dropped. Noninvasive ambulatory blood pressure monitoring was performed during the placebo period. Comparison of the two subgroups demonstrated similar levels of 24 hour blood pressure (142 ± 13/86 ± 7 vs 137 ± 10/82 ± 10). Analysis of individual patient data showed that 24 hour mean diastolic blood pressure was apparently normal (\80 mmHg) in 5/21 (24%) “admitted” and 39 (33%) “dropped” subjects. Circadian blood pressure pattern were similar in the two subgroups. A statistically large difference was noted between clinic and 24 hour blood pressures in the “admitted” subgroup (20 ± 18/13 ± 7 vs 7 ± 12/4 ± 6, p < 0.08/p < 0.001), suggesting that patients exhibiting a marked blood pressure rise in the clinic setting were preferentially selected.
The Effects of Leader–Member Exchange and Organizational Identification on Performance and Turnover Among Salespeople

Sales force performance and turnover are two of the most critical issues encountered by organizations. This study tested a model examining the effects of leader–member exchange (LMX) and organizati...
Abstract 2032: A novel function of WW domain binding protein 2 (WBP2) in regulating cytoskeletal function and cellular division through binding to co-chaperone BAG3

BAG3, a BAG co-chaperone family member, co-localizes with actin microfilaments and influences processes that involve actin function, including adhesion and migration. Because actin function regulates cell division, we hypothesized that the BAG3 WW-domain regulates cellular division through its cytoskeletal association. We show that BAG3 co-localizes with leading lamellipodia exclusively during G2 and mitosis phases. Co-immunoprecipitation of BAG3 and pulldown of GST-tagged BAG3 WW-domain confirmed that BAG3 WW-domain association with actin increased during G2 and mitosis relative to asynchronous cells. Deletion of the BAG3 WW-domain caused an abnormal cellular morphology, degenerate F-actin organization, longer doubling time (p Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2032. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-2032
Low lying fermion modes, topology and light hadrons in quenched QCD

We explore the properties of low lying eigenmodes of fermions in the quenched approximation of lattice QCD. The fermion action is a recently proposed overlap action and has exact chiral symmetry. We find that chiral zero-eigenvalue modes are localized in space and their positions correlate strongly with the locations (as defined through the density of pure gauge observables) of instantons of the appropriate charge. Nonchiral modes are also localized with peaks that are strongly correlated with the positions of both charges of instantons. These correlations slowly die away as the fermion eigenvalue rises. Correlators made of quark propagators restricted to these modes closely reproduce ordinary hadron correlators at small quark mass in many channels. Our results are in qualitative agreement with the expectations of instanton liquid models.
THE FINE STRUCTURE OF DIPLOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE

The fine structure of an unencapsulated strain of Diplococcus pneumoniae is described. A striking feature of these bacteria is an intracytoplasmic membrane system which appears to be an extension of septa of dividing bacteria. The possible function of these structures and their relationship to the plasma membrane and other types of intracytoplasmic membranes found in pneumococcus is discussed.
Minding Minding God: A Response to Spezio and Bielfeldt

. Michael Spezio and Dennis Bielfeldt have each raised important issues with regard to my positions in Minding God: Theology and the Cognitive Sciences. In this article I respond to several of their criticisms, including issues of the nature of theology, my stance on epistemology and realism, and issues of physicalism, freedom, and determinism.
Near-resonant excitation and propagation of eccentric density waves by external forcing

An overview is presented of the astronomical evidence that relatively massive, distended, gaseous disks form as a natural by-product of the process of star formation, and also the numerical evidence that SLING-amplified eccentric modes in the outer parts of such disks can drive one-armed spiral density waves in the inner parts by near-resonant excitation and propagation. An ordinary differential equation (ODE) of the second order that approximately governs the nonlocalized forcing of waves in a disk satisfying Lindblad resonance almost everywhere is derived. When transformed and appended with an extra model term, this ODE implies, for free waves, the usual asymptotic results of the WKBJ dispersion relationship and the propagation Goldreich-Tremaine (1978) formula for the resonant torque exerted on a localized Lindblad resonance. An analytical solution is given for the rate of energy and angular momentum transfer by nonlocalized near-resonant forcing in the case when the disk has power-law dependences on the radius of the surface density and temperature.
Gas-phase Reactions of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Anions with Molecules of Interstellar Relevance

We have studied reactions of small dehydrogenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon anions with neutral species of interstellar relevance. Reaction rate constants are measured at 300?K for the reactions of phenide (C6H? 5), naphthalenide (C10H? 7), and anthracenide (C14H? 9) with atomic H, H2, and D2 using a flowing afterglow-selected ion flow tube instrument. Reaction rate constants of phenide with neutral molecules (CO, O2, CO2, N2O, C2H2, CH3OH, CH3CN, (CH3)2CO, CH3CHO, CH3Cl, and (CH3CH2)2O) are also measured under the same conditions. Experimental measurements are accompanied by ab initio calculations to provide insight into reaction pathways and enthalpies. Our measured reaction rate constants should prove useful in the modeling of astrophysical environments, particularly when applied to dense regions of the interstellar and circumstellar medium.
Stephen Jay Gould, Jack Sepkoski, and the ‘Quantitative Revolution’ in American Paleobiology

During the 1970s, a “revolution” in American paleobiology took place. It came about in part because a group of mostly young, ambitious paleontologists adapted many of the quantitative methodologies and techniques developed in fields including biology and ecology over the previous several decades to their own discipline. Stephen Jay Gould, who was then just beginning his career, joined others in articulating a singular vision for transforming paleontology from an isolated and often ignored science to a “nomothetic discipline” that could sit at evolution’s “high table.” Over the course of a single decade, between 1970 and 1980, this transformation had in large part been accomplished. Among those most centrally involved in this process were Gould, Thomas Schopf, David Raup, and Gould’s graduate student Jack Sepkoski, all of whom made major contributions in theoretical and quantitative analysis of the fossil record and evolutionary history. Recognizing that an ideological agenda was not enough, Gould and others developed and promoted new outlets, technologies, and pedagogical strategies to nurture their new discipline. This paper describes this process of transformation, and presents Sepkoski’s education and participation as exemplary of the “new model paleontologist”, which Gould hoped to produce.
The rhetoric of resistance: Confrontation with the Warmakers Washington, D.C., October, 1967

(1968). The rhetoric of resistance: Confrontation with the Warmakers Washington, D.C., October, 1967. Today's Speech: Vol. 16, No. 3, pp. 35-42.
Do Mothers' Educational Expectations Differ by Race and Ethnicity, or Socioeconomic Status?.

Abstract Research has linked parents’ educational expectations to children's educational attainment, but findings are inconsistent regarding differences in educational expectations by race and ethnicity. In addition, existing studies have focused on school-age children and their parents. In this study, we use a state representative sample to examine educational expectations among mothers of newborn children. Bivariate association tests for individual racial groups and logistic regressions for the full sample are conducted (weighted N = 2567). These investigate variation in mothers’ educational expectations by race and ethnicity and socioeconomic status. The study finds that non-Hispanic Whites hold higher educational expectations for their children than do African Americans, American Indians, and Hispanics. However, these differences by race and ethnicity disappear when the models control for demographic and socioeconomic measures. Among the economic measures, financial assets and health insurance coverage are significantly associated with maternal educational expectations. Implications for research and policy are discussed.
Conformational Heterogeneity about Pipecolic Acid Peptide Bonds: Conformational, Thermodynamic, and Kinetic Aspects

Cis−trans isomerization about pipecolic peptide bonds has been studied using a set of designed tetrapeptides of the sequence acetyl-Gly-X-Pip-Gly-carboxamide (GXPipG), where X = A, F, Y, W, or cyclohexylalanine (Cha). The substitution of a pipecolic residue for a proline leads to (1) a significant increase of the population of the cis conformer, (2) a reduction in the Van’t Hoff enthalpy for isomerism, and (3) acceleration of the rates of isomerization. GAPipG and GChaPipG are unstructured, and isomerization is controlled by local steric effects between the α and e positions of the pipecolic ring and the α position of the preceding residue. The fraction of the cis isomer is the same for these two peptides, indicating that the bulk of the preceding amino acid does not play a significant role in influencing the equilibrium. In the trans form of the aromatic containing peptides, an i to i + 2 aromatic−amide interaction is observed, and in the cis form a stabilizing interaction between the aromatic residue an...
Influence of Heavy Water (Deuterium Oxide) on Plaque Size of Western Equine Encephalitis Virus

THE influence of deuterium oxide (D2O) on virus replication in tissue culture cells is variable. When poliomyelitis virus (a small, RNA virus) is grown in 20–30 per cent D2O its proliferation is enhanced1–3, whereas simian virus 40 (a DNA virus) does not replicate as well in deuterated medium as it does in protonated medium4. In an attempt to ascertain whether the size of a virus or its nucleic acid composition may be correlated with the D2O effect, we have examined the effects on the replication of western equine encephalitis (WEE), a relatively large, RNA-containing virus.
Hedging the smirk

Abstract This article presents a simple “model-free” method for inferring deltas and gammas from implicit volatility patterns. An illustration indicates that Black–Scholes deltas and gammas are substantially biased in the presence of the sort of smirks and smiles evident in stock index options.
Threat assessment: are we using the wrong nets?

This is an opinion piece, of sorts. Opinion pieces usually are calls to action, focused on doing. In a sense, this piece intends to encourage readers to consider doing less. Specifically, this piece is directed at college counseling center professionals were now, or soon may become, a member of the campus threat assessment team. At this time, when mass violence has become commonplace in literally every region of the world, how could any reasonable person contend that we may be doing too much, in our efforts to stop horrific acts of violence? Could it be possible to be constructive to do any less than we do now, of any preventive measure? At the onset let me be clear: I am not necessarily suggesting eliminating campus threat assessment teams. Public funding does not seem adequate to differ this function to law enforcement, and so colleges and universities will likely need to address threats of on-campus violence. The question becomes one of composition, activities, and functions of these teams. Language: en
Analysis of brain abscess after penetrating craniocerebral injuries in Vietnam

A population of 1221 patients from the Vietnam War with penetrating craniocerebral trauma was analyzed. Thirty-seven cases of brain abscess were documented (incidence 3%). This sequela occurred more frequently in association with extensive, deep penetrating injuries; deep, prolonged coma; cerebrospinal fluid fistulas; wound infections; facio-orbital cranial/air sinus injuries; and retained bone fragments. The mortality rate was 54%, and, of the patients who survived, 82% had significant morbidity. This is the last large population study of brain abscess after penetrating craniocerebral trauma before the availability of computed tomographic scanning and more comprehensive coma care. It should serve as base line data against which we can measure improvement.
Intermediate species and kinetics of lithium imide decomposition

Abstract The decomposition of lithium imide (Li 2 NH) is an important step for hydrogen storage in Li 3 N. In this paper, the decomposition of Li 2 NH was investigated by using temperature-programmed decomposition (TPD) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. It was found that the decomposition of Li 2 NH produced Li, N 2 and H 2 via two steps: Li 2 NH into an intermediate species—Li 4 NH and then into Li. The kinetic analysis of Li 2 NH decomposition showed that the activation energies are 533.6 kJ/mol for the first step and 754.2 kJ/mol for the second step. Furthermore, XRD demonstrated that the Li 4 NH, which was generated in the decomposition of Li 2 NH, formed a solid solution with Li 2 NH. In the solid solution, Li 4 NH possesses a similar cubic structure as Li 2 NH. The lattice parameter of the cubic Li 4 NH is 0.5033 nm.
Verbal Fluency in Bilingual Spanish/English Alzheimer's Disease Patients

Studies have demonstrated that in verbal fluency tests, monolinguals with Alzheimer's disease (AD) show greater difficulties retrieving words based on semantic rather than phonemic rules. The present study aimed to determine whether this difficulty was reproduced in both languages of Spanish/English bilinguals with mild to moderate AD whose primary language was Spanish. Performance on semantic and phonemic verbal fluency of 11 bilingual AD patients was compared to the performance of 11 cognitively normal, elderly bilingual individuals matched for gender, age, level of education, and degree of bilingualism. Cognitively normal subjects retrieved significantly more items under the semantic condition compared to the phonemic, whereas the performance of AD patients was similar under both conditions, suggesting greater decline in semantic verbal fluency tests. This pattern was produced in both languages, implying a related semantic decline in both languages. Results from this study should be considered preliminary because of the small sample size.
Establishing a baseline for text entry for a multi-touch virtual keyboard

Multi-touch, which has been heralded as a revolution in human-computer interaction, provides features such as gestural interaction, tangible interfaces, pen-based computing, and interface customization-features embraced by an increasingly tech-savvy public. However, multi-touch platforms have not been adopted as ''everyday'' computer interaction devices that support important text entry intensive applications such as word processing and spreadsheets. In this paper, we present two studies that begin to explore user performance and experience with entering text using a multi-touch input. The first study establishes a benchmark for text entry performance on a multi-touch platform across input modes that compare uppercase-only to mixed-case, single-touch to multi-touch and copy to memorization tasks. The second study includes mouse style interaction for formatting rich text to simulate a word processing task using multi-touch input. As expected, our results show that users do not perform as well in terms of text entry efficiency and speed using a multi-touch interface as with a traditional keyboard. Not as expected was the result that degradation in performance was significantly less for memorization versus copy tasks, and consequently willingness to use multi-touch was substantially higher (50% versus 26%) in the former case. Our results, which include preferred input styles of participants, also provide a baseline for further research to explore techniques for improving text entry performance on multi-touch systems.
Greater trochanteric fracture with occult intertrochanteric extension

Proximal femoral fractures are frequently encountered in the emergency department (ED). Prompt diagnosis is paramount as delay will exacerbate the already poor outcomes associated with these injuries. In cases where radiography is negative but clinical suspicion remains high, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the study of choice as it has the capability to depict fractures which are occult on other imaging modalities. Awareness of a particular subset of proximal femoral fractures, namely greater trochanteric fractures, is vital for both radiologists and clinicians since it has been well documented that they invariably have an intertrochanteric component which may require surgical management. The detection of intertrochanteric or cervical extension of greater trochanteric fractures has been described utilizing MRI but is underestimated with both computed tomography (CT) and bone scan. Therefore, if MRI is unavailable or contraindicated, the diagnosis of an isolated greater trochanteric fracture should be met with caution. The importance of avoiding this potential pitfall is demonstrated in the following case of an elderly woman with hip pain and CT demonstrating an isolated greater trochanteric fracture who subsequently returned to the ED with a displaced intertrochanteric fracture.
Pre-mRNA splicing is facilitated by an optimal RNA polymerase II elongation rate

Alternative splicing modulates expression of most human genes. The kinetic model of cotranscriptional splicing suggests that slow elongation expands and that fast elongation compresses the “window of opportunity” for recognition of upstream splice sites, thereby increasing or decreasing inclusion of alternative exons. We tested the model using RNA polymerase II mutants that change average elongation rates genome-wide. Slow and fast elongation affected constitutive and alternative splicing, frequently altering exon inclusion and intron retention in ways not predicted by the model. Cassette exons included by slow and excluded by fast elongation (type I) have weaker splice sites, shorter flanking introns, and distinct sequence motifs relative to “slow-excluded” and “fast-included” exons (type II). Many rate-sensitive exons are misspliced in tumors. Unexpectedly, slow and fast elongation often both increased or both decreased inclusion of a particular exon or retained intron. These results suggest that an optimal rate of transcriptional elongation is required for normal cotranscriptional pre-mRNA splicing.
Coexistence of the core excited states in 58Ni

Abstract In a shell model calculation of the low-lying states in 58Ni, 3p-1h and 4p-2h configurations are taken into account together With the two particle configurations in the 1p 3 2 , 0f 5 2 and 1p 1 2 orbits outside the 56Ni core. In order to truncate the three particle and four particle configurations, we employ the pseudo SU(3) coupling scheme which is supposed to be suitable for the description of the collective rotational character. To explain the enhanced E2 transition from the first 2+ state to the ground state, a nucleon effective charge of 1.05e is needed, which is consistent with the value calculated based using perturbation theory. The spectroscopic factors of the α-transfer reaction are also calculated and compared with the recent observed values.
Effect of 36-hour period of pteroylglutamic acid deficiency on fetal development in the rat.

SummaryFetal development in the rat was severely affected by a 36-hour period of pteroylglutamic acid deficiency when instituted early in the second week of pregnancy. The incidence of fetal death or abnormality was higher when the vitamin-deficient diet was started on the 8th day of pregnancy than on the 7 th day but decreased rapidly thereafter with increasing fetal age.
Raman-scattering observation of the rutile-to-CaCl 2 phase transition in RuO 2

Using a diamond-anvil cell, we have probed the pressure-induced rutile-to-CaCl{sub 2} ferroelastic phase transition in RuO{sub 2} with Raman spectroscopy. The transition is marked by a splitting of the degenerate E{sub g} mode of the rutile phase into two nondegenerate components and by an abrupt change in the Gr{umlt u}neisen parameters for all the phonons. The behavior of this splitting shows good agreement with Landau{close_quote}s theory for a second-order phase transition, application of which yields a transition pressure of 11.8{plus_minus}0.3 GPa. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
UV-induced signaling pathways associated with corneal epithelial cell apoptosis.

PURPOSE. IN-C irradiation of corneal epithelial cells elicits K + channel activation, which in turn causes them to undergo apoptosis. In the present study, the intermediary role played by mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways in mediating this response was investigated. METHODS. Western blot and kinase assays were used to measure UV-induced activation (i.e., phosphorylation) of c-Jun NH 2 -terminal kinase (JNK)/SEK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), and p38. Corneal epithelial apoptosis was determined by measuring caspase 3 activity. RESULTS. [UV-irradiation-induced increases in cell membrane K + channel activity resulted in activations of JNK, SEK upstream of JNK, and caspase 3 downstream of JNK. Suppression of K + channel activity with specific K + channel blockers significantly inhibited UV-irradiation-induced activation of JNK cascades. However, suppression of K + channel activity did not prevent hyperosmotic-stress-induced JNK activation. In addition, UV-irradiation-induced SEK/JNK activation was unaffected by removal of extracellular free Ca 2+ with EGTA. CONCLUSIONS. UV-irradiation-induced corneal epithelial cell apoptosis is mediated through activation of the SEK/JNK signaling pathway. Such activation is dependent on increases in K + channel activity, which play an important role in the early events that result in activation of this pathway.
Solubilization of Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes by Supramolecular Encapsulation of Helical Amylose

We have developed a simple, efficient process for solubilization of single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) with amylose in aqueous DMSO. This process requires two important conditions, presonication of SWNTs and subsequent amylose treatment in an optimum mixture of DMSO/H2O. The former step separates SWNT bundles, and the latter step provides a maximum cooperative interaction of SWNTs with amylose, leading to the immediate and complete solubilization. The best solvent condition for this is around 10−20% DMSO, in which amylose assumes a random conformation or an interrupted helix. This indicates that the amylose helix is not the prerequisite for encapsulation of SWNTs. The SEM and AFM images of the encapsulated SWNTs manifest loosely twisted ribbons wrapping around SWNTs, which are locally intertwined as a multiple twist, but no clumps of the host amylose are seen on SWNT capsules.
Incorporating nuclear chemistry as an education tool in the undergraduate chemistry curriculum: A description of the curriculum project

Although many areas of major national need depend critically on professionals trained in nuclear and radiochemistry, educational opportunities and student interest in this area have declined steadily for the last twenty years. One major contributing factor to the lack of student interest is that most students in science and chemistry courses are never introduced to these topics. This deficiency in science curricula, coupled with the negative public perception towards all things “nuclear”, has resulted in a serious shortage of individuals with a background in this area. We propose to address this problem by “educating the educators” — providing faculty from two- and four-year colleges and high school science teachers with the curriculum materials, training, and motivation to incorporate these topics on a continuing basis in their curricula. Two advantages of this approach are: (1) it will generate scientists with a basic understanding of this field and (2) as teachers incorporate nuclear topics, many students will have the opportunity to reflect on the role of science in a technological society.
The architecture of life

NASA: The role of tensegrity in the architecture of organic structures is examined. Topics include a definition of tensegrity, principles of tensegrity applied to the skeleton and cytoskeleton, mechanics in biochemistry, self-assembly of organic structures, geodesic forms in cellular structure, and the universality of the geodesic form.
Sialoendoscopy in the diagnosis and management of obstructive sialadenitis.

Objective: Sialoendoscopy is a new technology being used at a limited number of institutions for the diagnosis and management of obstructive sialadenitis. This technique is promising for its superior diagnostic potential as well as its decreased morbidity compared to traditional more invasive techniques for managing obstruction. Our objective is to review the sialoendoscopy experience at our institution to identify successes, areas of improvement, and to provide guidance to other programs that may be interested in sialoendoscopy. Study Design: We did a retrospective review of all diagnostic and interventional sialoendoscopies performed at this institution from 2007 to 2009. Methods: Charts were reviewed for epidemiologic and clinical data, as well as procedural techniques, findings, and outcomes. Results: We attempted 37 parotid and submandibular sialoendoscopies, with successful endoscopic canalization of the duct in 36 of these cases. Twenty of 25 stones were removed from 18 patients. Stones that were larger than 5 mm were more difficult to dislodge and remove without fragmentation. Other abnormal findings included strictures, scars, and mucoid debris. There were two failures of technique, and two patients had postoperative purulent sialadenitis that resolved after antibiotics. Conclusions: As an institution that recently began performing sialoendoscopies, we show similar success rates compared to other programs. Obstacles included the initial cost of acquiring equipment and the associated learning curve of using a new technique. Similar to other programs, successful extraction of sialoliths was limited with larger stones. In the future, we hope to use laser lithotripsy for fragmentation, a technique already being trialed at some institutions.
Protocol of a randomized controlled trial of hearing protection interventions for farm operators

Background Hearing loss and tinnitus are prevalent in America, and noise-induced hearing loss is a leading cause of hearing loss. Noise-induced hearing loss has negative impact on quality of life, physical and emotional functioning, social life, and employment. In addition, noise-induced hearing loss results in heavy social and economic burdens on families and communities from all ethnic and socioeconomic groups. Farmers are a group that is particularly high risk for noise-induced hearing loss, and is underserved by programs designed to limit that risk. They are among the most noise-exposed group of workers, and experience the second highest prevalence of noise-induced hearing loss among all occupational categories. In agriculture, 1.5 million workers (43.3%) report exposure to hazardous noise. Although use of hearing protection devices (HPDs) would protect them from noise-induced hearing loss, use among farmers is low.
Ethnic differences in the perception of prayer and consideration of joint arthroplasty.

Context. Ethnic differences in utilization of arthroplasty may reflect differences in health-related attitudes and beliefs.Objective. To examine ethnic differences in the perception and use of prayer in the treatment of arthritis and its role in patients’ decision making toward surgery.Design. A cro
Human plasma-mediated hypoxic activation of indolequinone-based naloxone pro-drugs.

Abstract Hypoxia is known to occur in tissues in response to narcotic analgesic therapy using as a result of respiratory depression. The aim of this study was to synthesize a narcotic antagonist pro-drug that can be activated by tissue hypoxia to prevent the damage associated with respiratory depression. We synthesized three different pro-drugs of the narcotic antagonist naloxone utilizing indolequinone as the hypoxia-sensitive moiety. The indolequinone structure in the pro-drugs was designed to have an open reactive point at the N-1 position offering the possibility of further conjugation with macromolecules to modify the bio-availability of these pro-drugs in vivo. A pro-drug (labeled 1 ) where naloxone and the indolequinone moiety were linked through a carbonate bond was rapidly hydrolyzed in phosphate buffered saline. However, two additional pro-drugs (labeled 2 and 3 ) having carbamate linkers were stable in phosphate buffered saline for 24 h. The reductive release of naloxone from the pro-drugs was achieved in the presence of the bio-reductive enzyme DT-Diaphorase, with about 80% release occurring from the two pro-drugs in 24 h. More than 99% of naloxone was released from pro-drug 2 in 30% human plasma, however the release only occurred under hypoxic conditions. This system provides a potential means for feedback control to counter critical respiratory depression induced by narcotic analgesics.
Drosophila melanogaster Methoprene-tolerant (Met) gene homologs from three mosquito species : Members of PAS transcriptional factor family

The Methoprene-tolerant (Met) gene in Drosophila melanogaster has been shown to function in juvenile hormone (JH) action. Met homologs were isolated from three mosquito species, Culex pipiens, Aedes aegypti and Anopheles gambiae. Sequence similarity was found to be high in bHLH and PAS conserved domains, and the majority of the 7–9 introns in AaMet and AgMet are located in either identical or similar positions, indicating evolutionary relatedness. Sequence comparison with Met and the similar germ-cell expressed (gce) gene in D. melanogaster showed that the mosquito genes are more similar to gce than to Met. Moreover, the multiple introns in AgMet and AaMet are more similar in number with the 7 introns in Dmgce than to the single intron in DmMet; in fact, six intron positions in AaMet and AgMet are similar to those in Dmgce. Efforts to identify a second homologous gene in mosquitoes were unsuccessful, suggesting a single gene in lower Diptera, consistent with the single gene uncovered in genomic sequencing of Ae. aegypti and An. gambiae. These results suggest that a gene duplication occurred during the evolution of higher Diptera, resulting in Met and gce.