cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spindex (Speech Index) Improves Auditory Menu Acceptance and Navigation Performance

Users interact with mobile devices through menus, which can include many items. Auditory menus have the potential to make those devices more accessible to a wide range of users. However, auditory menus are a relatively new concept, and there are few guidelines that describe how to design them. In this paper, we detail how visual menu concepts may be applied to auditory menus in order to help develop design guidelines. Specifically, we examine how to optimize the designs of a new contextual cue, called “spindex” (i.e., speech index). We developed and evaluated various design alternatives for spindex and iteratively refined the design with sighted users and visually impaired users. As a result, the “attenuated” spindex was the best in terms of preference as well as performance, across user groups. Nevertheless, sighted and visually impaired participants showed slightly different responses and feedback. Results are discussed in terms of acoustical theory, practical display design, and assistive technology design.
Analytical expressions for enthalpy and heat capacity for uranium-- plutonium oxide

Abstract Enthalpy data which have been reported for UO 2 -(20–25)wt% PuO 2 in the range from room temperature to ≈ 3000K were fitted through non-linear regression analysis to an Einstein function modified with a defect formation energy term. An expression for heat capacity was derived by differentiating the enthalpy function with respect to temperature. The fitted parameters in the modified Einstein functions are compared with theoretical values calculated for the UO 2 -PuO 2 lattice. Polynomial temperature functions were determined using the smoothed values for enthalpy and heat capacity given by the Einstein functions, thus providing simpler alternate expressions for these two properties.
Conformational Energies and Unperturbed Chain Dimensions of Polysilane and Poly(dimethylsilylene)

Calcul a l'aide de methodes de mecanique moleculaire. Comparaison avec les resultats de Damewood et West
Performance analysis of a solar-powered/fuel-assisted Rankine cycle with a novel 30 hp turbine

Abstract The subject of this analysis is a novel hybrid steam Rankine cycle, which was designed to drive a conventional open-compressor chiller, but is equally applicable to power generation. Steam is to be generated by the use of solar energy collected at about 100°C, and is then to be superheated to about 600°C in a fossil-fuel fired superheater. The steam is to drive a novel counter-rotating turbine, and most of its exhaust heat is regenerated. A comprehensive computer program developed to analyze the operation and performance of the basic power cycle is described. Each component was defined by a separate subroutine which computes its realistic off-design performance from basic principles. Detailed predicted performance maps of the turbine and the basic power cycle were obtained as a function of turbine speed, inlet pressure, inlet temperature, condensing temperature, steam mass flow rate, and the superheater's fuel consumption rate. Some of the major conclusions are: (1) the turbine's efficiency is quite constant, varying in the range of 68.5–76.5 per cent (75 per cent at design) for all conditions, (2) the efficiency of the basic power cycle is 18.3 per cent at design, more than double as compared to organic fluid cycles operating at similar solar input temperatures, at the expense of adding only 20 per cent non-solar energy. This, combined with the fact that actual organic Rankine cycles operate typically at temperatures above 140°C, predicts that this system would be economically superior by using less than half of the collector area and by also using less expensive collectors.
Information Security Effectiveness: Conceptualization and Validation of a Theory

Taking a sequential qualitative-quantitative methodological approach, we propose and test a theoretical model that includes four variables through which top management can positively influence security effectiveness: user training, security culture, policy relevance, and policy enforcement. During the qualitative phase of the study, we generated the model based on textual responses to a series of questions given to a sample of 220 information security practitioners. During the quantitative phase, we analyzed survey data collected from a sample of 740 information security practitioners. After data collection, we analyzed the survey responses using structural equation modeling and found evidence to support the hypothesized model. We also tested an alternative, higher-order factor version of the original model that demonstrated an improved overall fit and general applicability across the various demographics of the sampled data. We then linked the finding of this study to existing top management support literature, general deterrence theory research, and the theoretical notion of the dilemma of the supervisor.
Waving the flag: National symbolism, social identity, and political engagement

This research examined the psychological underpinnings of concern for national symbols and ritualistic-ceremonial activities or "symbolic involvement." We propose and test a distinction between symbolic and "instrumental" involvement or concern for the functionality of national institutions and their capability to provide instrumental benefits to citizens. Items comprising the two constructs were found to be empirically distinct, evidenced by statistically reliable and orthogonal dimensions in exploratory factor analysis. Moreover, evidence based on divergent patterns of relations with various forms of national membership indicates that symbolic and instrumental involvement are rooted in distinct motivational concerns related to identity expression and object appraisal, respectively. These findings suggest that national symbolism evokes a psychological attachment to the nation as an abstracted social entity, but not as a concrete functional system. Language: en
Desolvation shell of hydrogen bonds in folded proteins, protein complexes and folding pathways.

A few backbone hydrogen bonds (HBs) in native protein folds are poorly protected from water attack: their desolvation shell contains an inordinately low number of hydrophobic residues. Thus, an approach by solvent-structuring moieties of a binding partner should contribute significantly to enhance their stability. This effect represents an important factor in the site specificity inherent to protein binding, as inferred from a strong correlation between poorly desolvated HBs and binding sites. The desolvation shells were also examined in a dynamic context: except for a few singular under-protected bonds, the size of desolvation shells is preserved along the folding trajectory.
Using the Neurofibromatosis Tumor Predisposition Syndromes to Understand Normal Nervous System Development

Development is a tightly regulated process that involves stem cell self-renewal, differentiation, cell-to-cell communication, apoptosis, and blood vessel formation. These coordinated processes ensure that tissues maintain a size and architecture that is appropriate for normal tissue function. As such, tumors arise when cells acquire genetic mutations that allow them to escape the normal growth constraints. In this regard, the study of tumor predisposition syndromes affords a unique platform to better understand normal development and the process by which normal cells transform into cancers. Herein, we review the processes governing normal brain development, discuss how brain cancer represents a disruption of these normal processes, and highlight insights into both normal development and cancer made possible by the study of tumor predisposition syndromes.
Comparing measures of urban land use mix

Abstract We review a variety of common measures of urban land use mix in order to understand their differences and to identify their strengths and limitations. We then apply these measures to data from a Monte Carlo simulation to ascertain statistical relationships among them, finding that they can be placed into four groups where measures within each group produce highly consistent results: Percentage and Exposure Index; all varieties of the Atkinson Index; Balance, Entropy, and Herfindahl–Hirschman indices; and the Dissimilarity and Gini indices. We find that when analyzing two dimensions of land use, generally both the Balance Index and the Dissimilarity Index should be used, and that the Dissimilarity Index should be tested at multiple scales. We provide a number of other practical recommendations about which mixed use measure to apply given the contextual information available to a researcher or analyst.
Kinetics of Metal-Ceramic Composite Formation by Reactive Penetration of Silicates with Molten Aluminum

Wetting and reactions between molten Al and silicate substrates (particularly mullite) are studied to determine both how substrate tensity and p(O2) influence wetting behavior, reaction rates, composition, and reaction product microstructure and what key steps control penetration kinetics. Guidelines are provided for using reactive penetration or infiltration when fabricating metal/ceramic composites. For dense substrates, a reactive penetration process occurs. For a certain range, the chemical reaction between Al and the ceramic is a limiting kinetic step resulting in fast reaction rates. Maximum dense mullite substrate reaction rates are between 1000° and 1200°C independent of p(O2), unlike fused silica, which has faster penetration rates at higher temperatures. For mullite, reaction layer microstructure evolution halts reaction at higher temperatures. For porous substrates, reactive infiltration alone occurs. Either a critical temperature or p(O2) must be reached before infiltration starts.
A radioimmunoassay for cortisol in human plasma.

Abstract Low molecular weight molecules covalently bound to larger, naturally antigenic substances can be utilized to produce very specific antibodies to the smaller molecule which consequently can be employed as the basis of a radioimmunoassay for the smaller moiety. A radioimmunoassay for cortisol has been developed using a cortisol-21-succinyl-bovine serum albumin conjugate injected into rabbits to produce anti-cortisol antibodies. The specificity of these antibodies was determined by measuring the cross-reactivity of several other steroidal hormones to these antibodies. No steroid tested yielded greater than 0.05% interference. The assay was physiologically validated by determining the resting plasma cortisol levels in 38 normal adult males. Values of from 5 to 35 μg% were found with a mean of 17.33 ± 0.78 (SEM) μg%. Additionally, diurnal cycles of plasma cortisol levels similar to those previously reported were observed using this assay technique.
Teaching medical physics to general audiences

By judiciously selecting topics and reading materials, one can teach a full semester course on medical physics appropriate for college students not majoring in the natural sciences. This interdisciplinary field offers an opportunity to teach a great deal of basic physics at the freshman level in the context of explaining modern medical technologies such as ultrasound imaging, laser surgery, and positron emission tomography. This article describes one such course which combines lectures, outside visitors, varied readings, and laboratories to convey a select subset of physical principles and quantitative problem-solving skills. These resources are also valuable for enriching the standard freshman physics sequence for premedical students.
Analytical and experimental study of the vibration of bonded beams with a lap joint

A theoretical model to study the flexural vibration of a bonded lap joint system is described in this paper. First, equations of motion at the joint region are derived using a differential element approach. The transverse displacements of the upper and lower beam are considered to be different. The adhesive is assumed to be linearly viscoelastic and the widely used Kelvin-Voight model is used to represent the viscoelastic behavior of the adhesive. The shear force at the interface between the adhesive and the beam is obtained from the simple bending motion equations of the two beams. The resulting equations of motion are combined with the equations of transverse vibration of the beams in the unjointed regions. These are later solved as a boundary value problem to obtain the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the system. The model can be used to predict the natural frequencies, modal damping ratios, and mode shapes of the system for free vibration. Good agreement between numerical and experimental results was obtained for a system of graphite epoxy beams lap-jointed by an epoxy adhesive.
Chlamydia pamphlets: Enhancing teen appeal

Background: Chlamydia trachomatis is common among sexually active adolescents and young adults and is frequently asymptomatic. Young people have demonstrated a lack of knowledge about Chlamydia with regard to symptoms, testing methods, and treatment and have expressed an interest in having access to more information about Chlamydia. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore the availability and type of Chlamydia patient educational materials available in clinics serving adolescents and to elicit teen reactions, attitudes, and opinions toward existing pamphlets. Methods: Following IRB approval, the study was conducted in 2 phases. Phase 1: A one-page community survey about availability, location, and topics of patient education materials was administered to nine clinics providing family planning, sexually transmitted diseases or general adolescent health services in a large city in the Northeast. Chlamydia pamphlets were also requested from each clinic. Phase 2: A representative sample of ten pamphlets was chosen for use in an audio taped focus group interview conducted with nine 15 to 17 year old members of a youth center teen action group. A semi-structured interview guide was used to elicit teen reactions to the Chlamydia pamphlets. The audiotape was transcribed verbatim and textual data were categorized using qualitative content analysis techniques. Data were coded by two investigators into categories of responses based on research questions and spontaneously offered participant comments. Inter-coder agreement was calculated at 81%. Results: Phase 1: All but one clinic provided a Chlamydia pamphlet; however, only one clinic had pamphlets freely accessible to patients. In most clinics, information was provided to patients only if specifically requested or at the discretion of providers. Phase 2: Overall, the Chlamydia pamphlets did not appeal to the adolescents involved in the focus group interview. Favorable features included: up-to-date styling and colors; the word “teen” on the front cover; smaller pamphlet size; use of a large font with a minimum of text; bulleted or question and answer format rather than paragraph form; pictures and diagrams. Additionally, use of the back cover to provide succinct testing site information was recommended by teens. Conclusions: In this study, ready access to Chlamydia information at clinics serving adolescent patients was limited, and existing pamphlets lacked many features appealing to teens. Teens in this study offered many ideas about ways to make pamphlets more interesting to other teens. Creation of pamphlets designed by teens and targeting teens may motivate more at-risk youth to take advantage of Chlamydia screening services. However, widespread access to these pamphlets will also be necessary if they are to be of any benefit. Support: Commonwealth Medicine Mini Grant and NIH 1 K23 AI01750. PII: S1054-139X(04)00377-5 EATING DISORDERS, DISORDERED EATING AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
Concurrent Expression of Hyaluronan Biosynthetic and Processing Enzymes Promotes Growth and Vascularization of Prostate Tumors in Mice

Aggressive cells in prostate cancer secrete extracellular hyaluronan (HA) as a result of up-regulated HA synthase enzymes HAS2 and HAS3. Combined detection of HA and the HA processing hyaluronidase enzyme Hyal1 in prostate tumors correlates with poor outcome. HA oligomers produced by hyaluronidases are potent angiogenic stimuli. We investigated the respective roles of HAS2 and Hyal1 using 22Rv1 human prostate tumor cells that lack both enzyme activities. Stable transfectants were selected for overexpression of Hyal1 or HAS2 and for coexpression of Hyal1 and HAS2. HAS2 overexpression elevated HA production and excess pericellular HA retention. However, HAS2-transfected tumor cell growth in culture was dramatically slowed. Coexpression of Hyal1 with HAS2 diminished HA retention but restored growth kinetics, supporting a possible combined role for excess HA synthesis and processing in maximizing unrestricted growth of prostate cancer cells. In mice, overexpression of HAS2 increased subcutaneous tumor size. Excess activity of either Hyal1 or HAS2 enhanced angiogenesis, but the most significant tumorigenic potential was realized by coexpression of both Hyal1 and HAS2 enzymes. Thus, HA production by tumor cells in prostate cancer may enhance the aggressive potential of the cells by increasing Hyal1-dependent autocrine proliferation and potentiating vascular development.
Pattern Does Not Equal Process: Exactly When Is Sex Environmentally Determined?

Of prime importance in evolutionary biology are the description of pattern and explanations of process. Frequently, however, multiple processes can explain a given pattern. Such cases require experimental protocols or research criteria to distinguish among alternatives so pattern can be critically assigned to process. Noteworthy examples of this approach include evaluating adaptations and identifying character displacement (Gould and Lewontin 1979; Schluter and McPhail 1992). The field of vertebrate sex determination similarly requires such criteria. The sex of organisms is determined by two distinct mechanisms. In genotypic sex determination (GSD), sex is determined at conception by genes usually contained in sex chromosomes. In environmental sex determination (ESD), sex is determined permanently after fertilization by environmental factors (Bull 1983). In ESD (unlike in GSD), there is little if any genetic difference between the sexes (Solari 1994), so sex cannot be predicted by zygotic genotype (Bull 1983). In many ESD vertebrates, sex is determined after fertilization by incubation temperature (TSD). Though ESD’s biological significance seems clear for various taxa (Bull 1983; Conover 1984; Michaud et al. 1999), TSD evolution in vertebrates remains unexplained (Shine 1999). To complicate matters, temperature can influence sex ratios in a multitude of ways other than TSD.
Beyond the benzene dimer : An investigation of the additivity of π-π interactions

The benzene dimer is the simplest prototype of π−π interactions and has been used to understand the fundamental physics of these interactions as they are observed in more complex systems. In biological systems, however, aromatic rings are rarely found in isolated pairs; thus, it is important to understand whether aromatic pairs remain a good model of π−π interactions in clusters. In this study, ab initio methods are used to compute the binding energies of several benzene trimers and tetramers, most of them in 1D stacked configurations. The two-body terms change only slightly relative to the dimer, and except for the cyclic trimer, the three- and four-body terms are negligible. This indicates that aromatic clusters do not feature any large nonadditive effects in their binding energies, and polarization effects in benzene clusters do not greatly change the binding that would be anticipated from unperturbed benzene−benzene interactions, at least for the 1D stacked systems considered. Three-body effects are l...
Time-resolved carrier relaxation in solid C60 thin films.

The time dependence of the carrier relaxation in undoped solid ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ thin films has been studied by monitoring changes in the optical transmission upon photoexcitation at the HOMO-LUMO band edge. The relaxation closely follows a Kohlrausch-Williams-Watts decay with an exponent of \ensuremath{\beta}=0.4. This functional form is typical of carrier relaxation associated with states of localized rather than extended character. In addition, we observe this relaxation behavior to be independent of temperature, which indicates that a hopping mechanism may be important in the carrier recombination process in solid ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$.
Differential distribution of different classes of Necturus retinal ganglion cells.

Summary The responses of Necturus retinal ganglion cells were recorded extracellularly. Each cell was characterized by its response type and the distance between its receptive field center and the center of the optic disc. There was a statistically reliable difference between the locations of sustained-ON cells and the locations of sustained-OFF and ON-OFF cells. Thus, the different classes of Necturus retinal ganglion cells are differentially distributed across the surface of the retina.
Estimating Aggregated Gravitational Attractions by an Algebraic Simplification

This paper estimates endogenous nodal attractions with exogenous nodal spatial interaction and impedance data with a specific unconstrained gravity model. An algebraic simplification method is developed to use minimum inter-nodal interaction data to derive satisfactory nodal attraction estimates. As applied to a 5x5 origin-destination case, the method can potentially be used for large-scale spatial interaction analyses in which obtaining a complete inter-nodal interaction matrix is impossible or a reduction of computation is necessary.
Small reduction of neurokinin-1 receptor-expressing neurons in the pre-Bötzinger complex area induces abnormal breathing periods in awake goats.

In awake rats, >80% bilateral reduction of neurokinin-1 receptor (NK1R)-expressing neurons in the pre-Botzinger complex (pre-BotzC) resulted in hypoventilation and an “ataxic” breathing pattern (Gr...
Cutaneous nerve activity in response to noxious stimuli

Abstract Cutaneous nerve activity was recorded in response to noxious stimuli. An analog cross-correlator was used to quantify the activity occurring in the A, alpha-beta; A, delta-gamma; and C fiber groups. By comparing various noxious stimuli with non-noxious stimuli it was shown that the amount of small myelinated fiber activity responding to noxious stimuli can be accounted for by the mechanical deformation of the skin. It was clearly demonstrated that C fiber activity is greatly increased by noxious stimuli with burning, which produced the most tissue damage, giving the largest amount of activity. The technique can not distinguish between the presence of specific C fiber receptors for pain or an increased firing of mechanoreceptors innervated by C fibers. However, it can be stated definitely that in the cat, noxious stimuli are associated with an increase in C fiber activity with no detectable change in delta fiber activity.
Defect detection in multilayered, plasma-sprayed zirconia by time-resolved infrared radiometry: a comparison between analytical and experimental methods

Analytical and experimental methods were used to study a series of test specimens consisting of plasma sprayed layers of NiCrA1Y/ZrO{sub 2} of various compositions.The coatings were seeded with artificial defects and were sprayed on steel disks. Two types of defects were used: flat bottomed holes drilled in the steel substrate and patches of room temperature vulcanizing silicone within the coatings. Defect sizes ranged from 0.1 to 10 mm and were at depths below the coating surface from 0.6 to 3.6 min. The method of time resolved infrared radiometry was used with two different heat sources, an acetylene torch and a high intensity lamp, to inspect the coatings. The torch allowed excellent sensitivity at depths of less than 2 mm and the lamp revealed flaws through the full coating thickness. Two analytical models were developed to study beat flow in the test specimens: a finite element model and an electrical analog model. Results from the two models were compared to check consistency and the finite element model results were compared with experimental results. The finite element code was chosen for further development due to its greater flexibility and ease of use.
A simple and inexpensive computer-compatible shock circuit

A circuit for computer control of shock stimulation that uses an optically isolated triac is described.
Why Study Music

Cognitive neuroscience is identifying neural networks in the brain that support multiple ways of knowing. This notion is also supported by evidence from psychology, anthropology, sociology, and other related disciplines. These human knowledge systems provide a means for sharing, expressing, understanding, knowing, and gaining insights into one’s inner and outer worlds. Considered alongside other knowledge systems such as language and mathematics, what unique contributions can music make? Music provides unique and invaluable insights into the human condition. Music allows us to know, discover, understand, experience, share, or express such aspects of the human condition as feelings, aesthetic experiences, the ineffable, thoughts, structure, time and space, self-knowledge, self-identity, group identity, and healing and wholeness. If the purpose of an education is to systematically develop the mind and capabilities of every child, it is clear that music has a unique and necessary role to play.
Source of polarized ions for a tandem accelerator

Abstract A source of polarized negative hydrogen ions for a tandem accelerator is described. It consists of a conventional source of polarized protons or deuterons producing a beam of 0.15 μA. Negative ions are formed by charge exchange in a thin carbon foil. Under suitable conditions the beam can be accelerated without depolarization. The polarization of the proton beam after acceleration is 47%. The beam intensity passing through a 0.3 cm diameter aperture into a target chamber is 10 8 particles per second.
Surveillance of Pesticide-related Illness in the Developing World: Putting the Data to Work

With PLAGSALUD support, pesticide illness surveillance has extended to all seven Central American countries, producing 7,000 poisoning reports in 2000, but governments' use of the surveillance data has been limited by inadequacies of data management, interpretation, and reporting and an influential pesticide industry in weak economies. Overrepresented reports of suicides minimize occupational hazards. In six countries, 32,245 questionnaire responses indicated 98% underreporting of pesticide poisonings and a regional estimate of 400,000 poisonings per year (1.9% of the population), 76% work-related. A potentially far-reaching measure to come out of this surveillance is an agreement of the ministers of health of Central America and the Dominican Republic (RESSCAD 2000) for a harmonized list of banned and restricted pesticides, including the 12 most frequently reported. The RESSCAD agreement has met considerable resistance from industry. Its achievement versus failure will disclose the ability of Central American governments to prioritize protection of human health against commercial corporate interests. Surveillance data have potential for policy reform, but a more aggressive health sector is needed, linked with the environmental sector, grass-roots organizations, and universities.
Differential effects of human L1CAM mutations on complementing guidance and synaptic defects in Drosophila melanogaster.

A large number of different pathological L1CAM mutations have been identified that result in a broad spectrum of neurological and non-neurological phenotypes. While many of these mutations have been characterized for their effects on homophilic and heterophilic interactions, as well as expression levels in vitro, there are only few studies on their biological consequences in vivo. The single L1-type CAM gene in Drosophila, neuroglian (nrg), has distinct functions during axon guidance and synapse formation and the phenotypes of nrg mutants can be rescued by the expression of human L1CAM. We previously showed that the highly conserved intracellular FIGQY Ankyrin-binding motif is required for L1CAM-mediated synapse formation, but not for neurite outgrowth or axon guidance of the Drosophila giant fiber (GF) neuron. Here, we use the GF as a model neuron to characterize the pathogenic L120V, Y1070C, C264Y, H210Q, E309K and R184Q extracellular L1CAM missense mutations and a L1CAM protein with a disrupted ezrin–moesin–radixin (ERM) binding site to investigate the signaling requirements for neuronal development. We report that different L1CAM mutations have distinct effects on axon guidance and synapse formation. Furthermore, L1CAM homophilic binding and signaling via the ERM motif is essential for axon guidance in Drosophila. In addition, the human pathological H210Q, R184Q and Y1070C, but not the E309K and L120V L1CAM mutations affect outside-in signaling via the FIGQY Ankyrin binding domain which is required for synapse formation. Thus, the pathological phenotypes observed in humans are likely to be caused by the disruption of signaling required for both, guidance and synaptogenesis.
50 Gbit/s wavelength division multiplexing using silicon microring modulators

We demonstrate 50 Gbit/s modulation using four silicon microring modulators within a footprint of 500 µm2. This is the highest total modulation capacity shown in silicon using compact micro-ring modulators.
Envisioning an Adult Learning Graduate Program for the Early 21st Century A Developmental Action Inquiry Study

The rapid pace of social and technological change in the early 21st century leaves many adults scrambling to meet the complexities that characterize their daily lives. Adult learners are faced with multiple, often competing, demands from work, education, family, and leisure, which requires adult education graduate programs to carefully consider how best to meet these changing needs of today’s students. Using a developmental action inquiry approach, the authors collected data using multiple rounds of mutual inquiry from diverse groups of stakeholders in adult education. We asked each group to explore the question, “How does adult education as a profession, field, and practice help adults, organizations, and society meet the demands of 21st century life?” The combined results indicate that responsive, dynamic graduate programs in adult education for the 21st century should support the cultivation of critical and timely reflection, create online learning environments predicated on intentional community and m...
Intimate partner violence: screening and intervention in the health care setting.

BACKGROUND:The prevalence of intimate partner violence (IPV) has been documented in numerous populations and cultures. IPV is a universal social problem that affects individuals, families, and communities throughout the world. Research supports the idea that victims of IPV view health care providers as a source of help. However, nurses report feelings of inadequacy in their ability to screen for IPV. METHODS:This quality improvement project was undertaken to increase awareness of IPV by educating nursing staff working in the health care setting. The educational program was evaluated through pretests and posttests. A universal I PV screening question was added to the hospital admission intake procedure. Through retrospective chart reviews before and after the educational session, screening for IPV by the nursing staff was evaluated by examination of disclosure rates and referral data. Populations served or affected include nurses and ultimately victims of IPV. RESULTS:The findings support the idea that an educational program can increase nurses' confidence and competency in screening for IPV. The results of chart review will determine whether there is a significant change in behavior relative to the increase in knowledge. CONCLUSION: Additional measures may be needed to enhance nurses' screening and interventional work with patients regarding IPV victimization. Language: en
Blending two cones with Dupin cyclides

Abstract This paper presents a complete theory of blending cones with Dupin cyclides and consists of four major contributions. First, a necessary and sufficient condition for two cones to have a blending Dupin cyclide is established. Second, based on the intersection structure of the cones, finer characterization results are obtained. Third, a new construction algorithm that establishes a correspondence between points on one or two coplanar lines and all constructed blending Dupin cyclides makes the construction easy and well-organized. Fourth, the completeness of the construction algorithm is proved. Consequently, all blending Dupin cyclides are organized into one to four one-parameter families, each of which is “parameterized” by points on a special line. It is also shown that each family contains an infinite number of ring cyclides, ensuring the existence of singularity free blending surfaces.
Designing information savvy societies: an introduction to assessability

This paper provides first steps toward an empirically grounded design vocabulary for assessable design as an HCI response to the global need for better information literacy skills. We present a framework for synthesizing literatures called the Interdisciplinary Literacy Framework and use it to highlight gaps in our understanding of information literacy that HCI as a field is particularly well suited to fill. We report on two studies that lay a foundation for developing guidelines for assessable information system design. The first is a study of Wikipedians', librarians', and laypersons' information assessment practices from which we derive two important features of assessable designs: information provenance and stewardship. The second is an experimental study in which we operationalize these concepts in designs and test them using Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk).
Best possible heuristics for the bottleneck wandering salesperson and bottleneck vehicle routing problem

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to present heuristics for the bottleneck wandering salesperson problem and the bottleneck vehicle routing problem with the triangle inequality that are guaranteed to produce solutions that have a cost no more than twice the optimum. These heuristics are all best possible in the sense that the existence of a heuristic that guarantees a better ratio would imply that P P = NP, and this is widely believed to be false.
Global diets link environmental sustainability and human health

Diets link environmental and human health. Rising incomes and urbanization are driving a global dietary transition in which traditional diets are replaced by diets higher in refined sugars, refined fats, oils and meats. By 2050 these dietary trends, if unchecked, would be a major contributor to an estimated 80 per cent increase in global agricultural greenhouse gas emissions from food production and to global land clearing. Moreover, these dietary shifts are greatly increasing the incidence of type II diabetes, coronary heart disease and other chronic non-communicable diseases that lower global life expectancies. Alternative diets that offer substantial health benefits could, if widely adopted, reduce global agricultural greenhouse gas emissions, reduce land clearing and resultant species extinctions, and help prevent such diet-related chronic non-communicable diseases. The implementation of dietary solutions to the tightly linked diet–environment– health trilemma is a global challenge, and opportunity, of great environmental and public health importance.
Wirability of knock-knee layouts with 45 degrees wires

The problem of wiring an arbitrary knock-knee layout (in a square grid with an arbitrary number of modules) in three and two layers using a small number of vias is investigated. A technique is proposed for transforming a knock-knee layout into a three-layer wirable layout by replacing knock-knees with 45 degrees wires. A 45 degrees replacing algorithm to achieve three-layer wirability is introduced. An efficient stretching technique to ensure two-layer wirability using 45 degrees wires is described. Conversion of an abstract layout into a corresponding physical layout is discussed. Experimental results are presented. >
Election predictions: Reply

Contrary to Aubert's claim, my paper on election predictions does not seek to draw empirical conclusions from mathematical premisses alone. The empirical premiss, approximated by the continuity assumption, is that sufficiently small changes in the predicted vote will cause only small changes in the actual vote. The technical criticisms by Ofsti and Osterberg of the reaction function are answered by specifying the function's domain. Other criticisms are also answered, and the reply concludes by placing the election prediction theorem in the context of other theorizing about human expectations and outguessing phenomena.
Distinct mechanisms of E2F regulation by Drosophila RBF1 and RBF2

RBF1, a Drosophila pRB family homolog, is required for cell cycle arrest and the regulation of E2F-dependent transcription. Here, we describe the properties of RBF2, a second family member. RBF2 represses E2F transcription and is present at E2F-regulated promoters. Analysis of in vivo protein complexes reveals that RBF1 and RBF2 interact with different subsets of E2F proteins. dE2F1, a potent transcriptional activator, is regulated specifically by RBF1. In contrast, RBF2 binds exclusively to dE2F2, a form of E2F that functions as a transcriptional repressor. We find that RBF2-mediated repression requires dE2F2. More over, RBF2 and dE2F2 act synergistically to antagonize dE2F1-mediated activation, and they co-operate to block S phase progression in transgenic animals. The network of interactions between RBF1 or RBF2 and dE2F1 or dE2F2 reveals how the activities of these proteins are integrated. These results suggest that there is a remarkable degree of symmetry in the arrangement of E2F and RB family members in mammalian cells and in Drosophila.
The Production of Electrolytic Copper

IN a note on the production of electrolytic copper, on p. 371 of NATURE of February 15, it is stated that “Mr. S. Cowper-Coles has hit upon anew plan, in which the copper is deposited on a vertical mandril, which is caused to rotate at a very rapid rate..... As a consequence, a smooth and dense deposit has been obtained with current densities approaching 200 amperes per square foot.” In reference to this I should like to point out that the idea of rotating the kathode with a view to obtaining greater rates of disposition is an old one. We have had in use at the Owens College for the last seven years a copper depositing tank in which the kathode consists of a vertical mandril 9 inches long and 3 inches diameter kept in rapid rotation, and capable of receiving a good copper deposit with a current of 100 amperes. The arrangement was devised by Mr. Henry Wilde, F.R.S., to illustrate the working of his patent, No. 4515, of 1875, and differs little from that used by Mr. Cowper-Coles. The mandril is driven from above, so that a stuffing-box in the bottom of the tank is unnecessary.
Retinotopic and chronotopic organization of goldfish retinal ganglion cell axons throughout the optic nerve

The organization of the retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons within the goldfish optic nerve head and optic nerve was established by labeling select groups of axons either autoradiographically or with cobaltous lysine. In the optic nerve head, the axons are organized eccentrically with respect to their time of development. Axons of older RGCs are located dorsally and those of younger RGCs are located ventrally. The retinal sectors map across the rostrocaudal axis of the optic nerve head, resulting in four dorsoventrally oriented columns that contain, from rostral to caudal, the axons of ventronasal, dorsonasal, dorsotemporal, and ventrotemporal RGCs. Thus, the optic nerve head is organized into orthogonally oriented laminae. One dimension maps the age of the axons and the other maps the retinal sector of the axons' origin. The optic nerve is organized virtually in the same fashion as the optic nerve head. However, glial septa that invade the optic nerve severely distort, but do not eliminate, the columnar organization of the retinal sectors. These septa deflect many RGC axons and disrupt nearest-neighbor relationships. The distortions produced by the glial septa include folding of the columns and distortion of the chronological lamination. However, the glial septa do not extend into the optic foramen. Therefore, a virtually undistorted columnar organization reappears in the optic foramen. Several roles for the glial septa are discussed.
Evaluating the Contributions of ADHD, OCD, and Tic Symptoms in Predicting Functional Competence in Children with Tic Disorders

Children with chronic tic disorders (CTD), including Tourette’s Disorder (TD), demonstrate a higher incidence of comorbid conditions, including attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD). The relative contributions of tics versus ADHD and OCD symptoms for predicting impaired functioning in children with TD is unknown and existing studies on the topic are inconsistent. This study evaluated the unique contributions of tic severity, ADHD diagnostic status, and OCD symptom severity in predicting competence scores on the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) in a sample of children with CTD. Results of a hierarchical regression analysis show that both ADHD and OCD symptoms predicted decreased CBCL competence scores. When tic complexity was added, however, only ADHD and tic complexity continued to predict CBCL competence scores. These findings begin to resolve inconsistencies in existing literature and have important implications for understanding and treating children with CTD.
Function and structure of a prokaryotic formylglycine-generating enzyme.

Type I sulfatases require an unusual co- or post-translational modification for their activity in hydrolyzing sulfate esters. In eukaryotic sulfatases, an active site cysteine residue is oxidized to the aldehyde-containing Cα-formylglycine residue by the formylglycine-generating enzyme (FGE). The machinery responsible for sulfatase activation is poorly understood in prokaryotes. Here we describe the identification of a prokaryotic FGE from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In addition, we solved the crystal structure of the Streptomyces coelicolor FGE homolog to 2.1A resolution. The prokaryotic homolog exhibits remarkable structural similarity to human FGE, including the position of catalytic cysteine residues. Both biochemical and structural data indicate the presence of an oxidized cysteine modification in the active site that may be relevant to catalysis. In addition, we generated a mutant M. tuberculosis strain lacking FGE. Although global sulfatase activity was reduced in the mutant, a significant amount of residual sulfatase activity suggests the presence of FGE-independent sulfatases in this organism.
Interactions of triethyltin bromide with components of the red cell.

Abstract Triethyltin bromide interacts with the cat hemoglobin and increases its oxygen affinity. The bound complex was visualized by isoelectric focusing on acrylamide gels. Human and trout hemoglobins showed no evidence of interaction with the reagent when examined in the same way. Triethyltin bromide was found, however, to cause hemolysis of trout, cat, and human red cells at physiological temperatures. The hemolytic effect was associated with inhibition of glycolysis as well as of membrane ATPase. Inhibition of glycolysis was identified with selective inhibition of hexokinase. Thus, in addition to cat hemoglobin, hexokinase and membrane ATPase are identified as red cell components that demonstrate functional consequences of interaction with triethyltin bromide. These three proteins are among the few that are known to bind the reagent.
Chemical Reactivity of Singlet Sigma Oxygen (b1Σg+) in Solution

Spectroscopic data are presented to indicate that, in solution, chemical reactions of singlet sigma oxygen, O2(b1Σg+), do not compete effectively with the physical deactivation channels that produce O2(a1Δg).
Use of cardiac enyzmes in the evaluation of acute chest pain

Diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) rests upon detailed clinical evaluation of the patient, careful examination of the ECG, and utilization of cardiac enzymes only in those patients admitted to rule out this diagnosis. Any tendency by physicians to diminish emphasis on either of these first two diagnostic criteria, or to inappropriately utilize cardiac enzymes as a screening device, contributes to costly and inefficient errors in diagnosis and disposition of patients with chest pain. Utilization of recently developed mathematical models may prove effective in enhancing clinical judgment and presenting such errors.
Alterations in mRNA levels of D2 receptors and neuropeptides in striatonigral and striatopallidal neurons of rats with neuroleptic-induced dyskinesias

Chronic neuroleptic treatment in rat produces vacuous chewing movements (VCMs), analogous to TD in humans. We hypothesized that these hyperkinetic movements were due to alterations in striatonigral and striatopallidal GABAergic spiny II neurons. Rats were treated for 36 weeks with haloperidol decanoate and withdrawn for 28 weeks. Striatonigral and striatopallidal neurons were assessed using in situ hybridization histochemistry for mRNA levels of D1 and D2 dopamine receptors, preproenkephalin (ENK), prodynorphin (DYN), protachykinin (substance P), and glutamate decarboxylase (GAD67) in the dorsolateral and ventromedial striatum as well as the nucleus accumbens. Rats that did not develop VCMs (-VCM) had increased D2 receptor and DYN mRNA, and reduced substance P mRNA in the dorsolateral striatum. Rats with persistent VCMs (+VCM) had increased D2 receptor, ENK, and DYN mRNA in both striatal regions, and increased ENK and DYN mRNA in the nucleus accumbens, compared with controls. Relative to -VCM rats, however, +VCM rats only had increased ENK mRNA in the nucleus accumbens. Considering the overall pattern of mRNA changes, the data suggest that alterations in both the D1-mediated striatonigral and the D2-mediated striatopallidal pathways play a role in the expression of the VCM syndrome. To the extent that gene expression parallels changes in neuronal activity, this implies that the VCM syndrome is associated with increased activity in both pathways.
On decoupling energy and GNP growth

Abstract This paper presents an energy demand model for the U.S. which involves four classes of variables: population, per capita GNP, lifestyle and technology. The model is implemented on a computer with an interactive graphics terminal. This allows a user to describe future scenarios in terms of the four parameters and to immediately see the resulting energy implications. It is a structural, not a predictive, model which is intended to demonstrate the sensitivity of energy demand to each of these parameters.