cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reactions and mass spectra of complex particles using Aerosol CIMS

Abstract Aerosol chemical ionization mass spectrometry (CIMS) is used both on- and off-line for the analysis of complex laboratory-generated and ambient particles. One of the primary advantages of Aerosol CIMS is the low degree of ion fragmentation, making this technique well suited for investigating the reactivity of complex particles. To demonstrate the usefulness of this “soft” ionization, particles generated from meat cooking were reacted with ozone and the composition was monitored as a function of reaction time. Two distinct kinetic regimes were observed with most of the oleic acid in these particles reacting quickly but with 30% appearing to be trapped in the complex mixture. Additionally, detection limits are measured to be sufficiently low (100–200 ng/m 3 ) to detect some of the more abundant constituents in ambient particles, including sulfate, which is measured in real-time at 1.2 μg/m 3 . To better characterize complex aerosols from a variety of sources, a novel off-line collection method was also developed in which non-volatile and semi-volatile organics are desorbed from particles and concentrated in a cold U-tube. Desorption from the U-tube followed by analysis with Aerosol CIMS revealed significant amounts of nicotine in cigarette smoke and levoglucosan in oak and pine smoke, suggesting that this may be a useful technique for monitoring particle tracer species. Additionally, secondary organic aerosol formed from the reaction of ozone with R-limonene and volatile organics from orange peel were analyzed off-line showing large molecular weight products ( m / z > 300 amu) that may indicate the formation of oligomers. Finally, mass spectra of ambient aerosol collected offline reveal a complex mixture of what appears to be highly processed organics, some of which may contain nitrogen.
Assessment of stress intensity factor and aspect ratio variability of surface cracks in bending plates

Abstract In this paper, a closed-form solution for the stress intensity factor ( K ) of semielliptical surface cracks in plates subjected to pure bending, obtained by Newman and Raju using 3D finite elements, is critically evaluated. This solution is compared to a recommended solution by the Society of Experimental Stress Analysis (SESA). It is also compared to photoelastic K measurements. In addition, in this study the aspect-ratio variability of surface cracks under fatigue loading is predicted and compared with experimental data and also with the predictions of other empirical equations proposed by Porten, Kawahara and Kurihara, and lida. Finally, the usefulness of this equation for the prediction of fatigue life of surface cracks is evaluated by a comparison with experimental results.
Global Path Planning on Board the Mars Exploration Rovers

In January 2004, NASA's twin Mars exploration rovers (MERs), spirit and opportunity, began searching the surface of Mars for evidence of past water activity. In order to localize and approach scientifically interesting targets, the rovers employ an on-board navigation system. Given the latency in sending commands from Earth to the Martian rovers (and in receiving return data), a high level of navigational autonomy is desirable. Autonomous navigation with hazard avoidance (AutoNav) is currently performed using a local path planner called GESTALT (grid-based estimation of surface traversability applied to local terrain). GESTALT uses stereo cameras to evaluate terrain safety and avoid obstacles. GESTALT works well to guide the rovers around narrow and isolated hazards, however, it is susceptible to failure when clusters of closely spaced, non-traversable rocks form extended obstacles. In May 2005, a new technology task was initiated at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory to address this limitation. A version of the Carnegie Mellon University Field D* global path planner has been integrated into MER flight software, enabling simultaneous local and global planning during AutoNav. A revised version of AutoNav was uploaded to the rovers during the summer of 2006. This paper describes how global planning was integrated into the MER flight software, and presents results of testing the improved AutoNav system using the MER Surface System TestBed rover.
Simulation of microstructural evolution during directional annealing with variable boundary energy and mobility

Microstructural evolution during directional annealing has been investigated with variable grain boundary energy and mobility. The boundary energy and mobility were expressed as a function of misorientation between grains and incorporated into a front-tracking grain-growth simulation model. Development of columnar grain structure becomes more difficult with anisotropic boundary properties with the proportion of low angle boundaries increasing with increasing hot zone width. The critical hot zone velocity for the propagation of a columnar grain structure in an anisotropic system is expressed as a function of the boundary misorientation angle. The grain aspect ratio is shown to increase and the texture becomes more pronounced with decreasing hot zone velocity.
Differential stringent control of the tandem E. coli ribosomal RNA promoters from the rrnA operon expressed in vivo in multicopy plasmids

The tandem P1, P2 promoter region of the rrnA ribosomal operon has been fused to the t1, t2 terminator region of the rrnB operon in pBR322 plasmid derivatives. This deletes most internal RNA structural elements ordinarily processed out of ribosomal operon transcripts. In vivo as well as in vitro transcripts arising from both promoters terminate predominantly in the t1 terminator region about 40 base pairs beyond the mature rrnB 5S RNA gene. Stringent control of the P1 and P2 promoted transcripts has been assessed in vivo. In these plasmid fusions, the upstream (P1) promoter activity was subject to stringent control, while the downstream (P2) promoter activity was inhibited by amino acid starvation in both stringent and relaxed hosts. A plasmid with an additional deletion of the P2 region also showed stringent regulation of the P1 promoter.
Planning in support of spectrum management

In this paper, spectrum planning is discussed in terms of the impact which it could have on the spectrum management process. Rather than merely attempting to accommodate specific radio service needs within spectrum allocation efforts, planning is seen as a means to improving the spectrum management process itself. Goals which such a planning program should strive to achieve, and the efforts required to do so, are described.
Report lays out initial hazard risk reduction priorities

A new Bush administration report on disaster vulnerability provides an initial set of priorities for natural and technological hazard risk reduction efforts, an overview of hazards facing the U.S., and a review of current mitigation efforts. Among the priorities identified by the 27 August report is that the U.S. should leverage scientific knowledge of natural and technological hazards to help address terrorism events and homeland security goals.
Users' stopping behaviors and estimates of recall

This paper investigates subjects' stopping behaviors and estimates of recall in an interactive information retrieval (IIR) experiment. Subjects completed four recall-oriented search tasks and were asked to estimate how many of the relevant documents they believed they had found after each task. Subjects also responded to an interview question probing their reasons for stopping a search. Results show that most subjects believed they found about 51-60% of the relevant documents and that this estimate was correlated positively with number of documents saved and actual recall, even though subjects' recall estimates were inaccurate. Reasons given for stopping search are also explored.
Aneuploidy Detection in Mixed DNA Samples by Methylation-Sensitive Amplification and Microarray Analysis

Background: Cell-free fetal nucleic acid, believed to be derived from the placenta/trophoblast, is present in the plasma of pregnant women; however, its use for predictive genetic testing has been severely limited because the circulating fetal DNA is present in a small quantity and mixed with a much larger quantity of maternal DNA. Methods for detecting fetal aneuploidy from the cell-free fetal DNA in plasma are highly sought after, but proposed methods must take into account the small quantity and highly contaminated nature of the available fetal DNA. Methods: We developed a method for methylation-sensitive amplification of DNA suitable for use with small (approximately 1 ng) samples. We used this method in conjunction with 2-color microarray analysis with a custom-made array to investigate whether relative amplification, and hence relative methylation, could be evaluated for a large number of genomic loci. Results: Microarray assessment of genomic methylation accurately predicted the degree of methylation measured with bisulfite-conversion PCR and confirmed that DNA from first-trimester trophoblast was generally hypomethylated compared with whole-blood DNA. With a series of 3 samples in which 1 ng of DNA from a trisomic first trimester placenta was mixed with 9 ng of chromosomally normal peripheral blood DNA, we observed that the microarray signal associated with the trisomic chromosome was significantly different from that of the other chromosomes ( P < 0.001). Conclusions: This method has potential to be used for noninvasive detection of fetal aneuploidy.
Monitoring selective logging in tropical evergreen forests using Landsat: Multitemporal regional analyses in Mato Grosso, Brazil

Abstract Selective logging degrades tropical forests. Logging operations vary in timing, location, and intensity. Evidence of this land use is rapidly obscured by forest regeneration and ongoing deforestation. A detailed study of selective logging operations was conducted near Sinop, State of Mato Grosso, Brazil, one of the key Amazonian logging centers. An 11-yr series of annual Lansdat images (1992–2002) was used to detect and track logged forests across the landscape. A semiautomated method was applied and compared to both visual interpretation and field data. Although visual detection provided precise delineation of some logged areas, it missed many areas. The semiautomated technique provided the best estimates of logging extent that are largely independent of potential user bias. Multitemporal analyses allowed the authors to analyze the annual variations in logging and deforestation, as well as the interaction between them. It is shown that, because of both rapid regrowth and deforestation, evidence ...
Hydrodynamic fluctuations and spinodal decomposition in ternary systems

Time correlation functions of concentration fluctuations are obtained from hydrodynamic fluctuation theory extended to ternary systems. The coupling between the concentrations of the different species is accounted for and leads naturally to symmetric correlation functions unlike those previously reported. The time correlation functions of concentration fluctuations incorporating the effect of thermal noise are used to obtain the initial scattering intensity of ternary polymer-polymer-solvent systems undergoing spinodal decomposition. It is shown that the scattering function is represented by a sum of three exponentials. Single exponential growth is predicted under certain conditions which appear to have been met in the limited experimental data available. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Complications of Foley Catheters—Is Infection the Greatest Risk?

Purpose: Foley catheters cause a variety of harms, including infection, pain and trauma. Although symptomatic urinary tract infection and asymptomatic bacteriuria are frequently discussed, genitourinary trauma receives comparatively little attention.Materials and Methods: A dedicated Foley catheter nurse prospectively reviewed the medical records of inpatients with a Foley catheter at the Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Medical Center from August 21, 2008 to December 31, 2009. Daily surveillance included Foley catheter related bacteriuria and trauma. Data were analyzed as the number of event days per 100 Foley catheter days.Results: During 6,513 surveyed Foley catheter days, urinalysis/urine culture was done on 407 (6.3%) days. This testing identified 116 possible urinary tract infection episodes (1.8% of Foley catheter days), of which only 21 (18%) involved clinical manifestations. However, the remaining 95 asymptomatic bacteriuria episodes accounted for 39 (70%) of 56 antimicrobial treated possible urinary...
Improving case definition of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis in electronic medical records using natural language processing: a novel informatics approach.

Introduction—Prior studies identifying patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) utilizing administrative codes have yielded inconsistent results. Our objective was to develop a robust electronic medical record (EMR) based model for classification of IBD leveraging the combination of codified data and information from clinical text notes using natural language processing (NLP). Methods—Using the EMR of 2 large academic centers, we created data marts for Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) comprising patients with ≥ 1 ICD-9 code for each disease. We utilized codified (i.e. ICD9 codes, electronic prescriptions) and narrative data from clinical notes to develop our classification model. Model development and validation was performed in a training set of 600 randomly selected patients for each disease with medical record review as the gold standard. Logistic regression with the adaptive LASSO penalty was used to select informative variables. Results—We confirmed 399 (67%) CD cases in the CD training set and 378 (63%) UC cases in the UC training set. For both, a combined model including narrative and codified data had better accuracy (area under the curve (AUC) for CD 0.95; UC 0.94) than models utilizing only disease
Safety in the workplace of 1904

Today the issue of safety in the workplace is accepted. There are texts, photographs and films emphasizing the goal of a safer work environment. An appreciation of the lack of workplace safety in 1904 is difficult when the available materials are limited to texts and pictures. However, industrial films were made 1904 and they are now available on the Internet. These films show the practices of the period.
Robust detection of skewed symmetries

An affine-invariant feature vector, which captures local and semi-local features, has been used in the detection of skewed symmetries. Here, the problem of symmetry axes detection has been formulated as a line detection problem, with known orientations within a local similarity matrix computed for a shape. Moreover, our technique allows all the local reflection-symmetries within an object to be detected. Experiments on detecting skewed symmetries of self-symmetric objects and generalized objects, under noise and occlusions, have demonstrated the effectiveness of this method.
ROLE OF G PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTOR KINASES ON THE AGONIST-INDUCED PHOSPHORYLATION AND INTERNALIZATION OF THE FOLLITROPIN RECEPTOR

The experiments presented herein were designed to identify members of the G protein-coupled receptor kinase (GRK) family that participate in the agonist-induced phosphorylation and internalization of the rat FSH receptor (rFSHR). Western blots of human kidney 293 cells (the cell line used in transfection experiments) and MSC-1 cells (a cell line derived from Sertoli cells that displays many of the differentiated functions of their normal counterparts) reveal the presence of GRK2 and GRK6 in both cell lines as well as GRK4 in MSC-1 cells. Cotransfection of 293 cells with the rFSHR and GRK2, GRK4α, or GRK6 resulted in an increase in the agonist-induced phosphorylation of the rFSHR. Cotransfections of the rFSHR with GRKs or arrestin-3 enhanced the agonist-induced internalization of the rFHSR, and combinations of GRKs and arrestin-3 were more effective than the individual components. To characterize the involvement of endogenous GRKs on phosphorylation and internalization, we inhibited endogenous GRK2 by over...
Relationship of transcription of Drosophila melanogaster gene CG11327 and the gene for a thrombospondin homologue (DTSP).

Because of the close proximity of D. melanogaster gene CG11327 and the gene for a thrombospondin homologue (DTSP), the relationship between transcription of the two genes has been investigated. As part of this study, the cDNA sequence of gene CG11327 was determined, and structural features of the encoded protein were characterized. The CG11327 open reading frame specifies a polypeptide of 475 amino acid residues, molecular weight 53,666. The highly acidic protein has an aspartic acid+glutamic acid content of 23.2%. Weak similarities to other proteins suggest that it may function as a transcription factor or structural protein of the cell cycle. The existence of overlapping transcripts was found to be a significant feature of transcription of gene CG11327 and the DTSP gene. The 3′ end of the DTSP gene overlaps the 5′ end of gene CG11327 by at least 177 bp, and the region of overlap includes exon 13 and the 3′ UTR of the DTSP gene.
Multiple Sclerosis Beginning in Infancy

The clinical and autopsy findings on a 6-year-old child presenting with 11 episodes of relapsing neurological symptoms since age 10 months are reported. The brain showed multiple and irregular demyelinative lesions in the cerebral and cerebellar white matter as well as in the tegmentum and base of the brain stem. This case reconfirms the existence of typical multiple sclerosis (MS) in childhood, beginning even in infancy. In addition, elevated Epstein-Barr virus antibody titers during the clinical course of this patient raise an interesting but still speculative etiological possibility for MS. (J Child Neurol 1987;2:252-256).
Changes of flavonoid content and antioxidant capacity in blueberries after illumination with UV-C.

The levels of flavonoids in blueberries (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) were found to increase after illumination with UV-C. Phytochemicals affected included resveratrol, myricetin-3-arabinoside, quercetin-3-galactoside, quercetin-3-glucoside, kaempferol-3-glucuronide, delphinidin-3-galactoside, cyanidin-3-galactoside, delphinidin-3-arabinoside, petunidin-3-galactoside, petunidin-3-glucoside, petunidin-3-arabinoside, malvidin-3-galactoside, malvidin-3-arabinoside, and chlorogenic acid as analyzed by HPLC. Significantly higher antioxidant capacity was detected in fruit treated with 2.15, 4.30, or 6.45 kJ m � 2
Weibull extensions of the Freund and Marshall-Olkin bivariate exponential models

The physical motivation for the bivariate extensions of the exponential distribution due to Freund (1961) and Marshall-Olkin (1957) is common in engineering applications. The author extends their models to the case where the failure rate of one component changes upon the failure of the other and Poisson fatal shocks cause simultaneous failures of both components in order to derive bivariate extensions of the Weibull distribution. Some special cases, such as bivariate extensions of the linear hazard rate and minimum type distributions, are discussed. >
Frequency-resolved absorption tomography with tunable diode lasers

A tunable diode laser was used for absorption tomography in an axisymmetric atmospheric pressure flat-flame burner. A rapid tomographic inversion algorithm was used to facilitate the many reconstructions at a relatively sparse set of projections typical of laser absorption tomography. Profiles of temperature and CO2 mole fraction were measured simultaneously in methane–air flames. Absorption measurements were made near the R-branch bandhead at 4.17 μm to minimize interferences with other species, while providing good temperature and concentration sensitivity at flame conditions. The procedure showed the advantage of reconstructing detailed spectra at each radial node.
An upper and a lower bound for tick synchronization

The tick synchronization problem is defined and studied in the semisynchronous complete network with n processes. An algorithm for the tick synchronization problem enables each process to make an estimate of real time close enough to those of other processes. It is assumed that the (real) time for message delivery is at most d and the time between any two consecutive signs of any process is in the interval (c, 1), where 0 >
Energy Dissipation and Photoinhibition in Douglas-Fir Needles with a Fungal-Mediated Reduction in Photosynthetic Rates

The dissipation of absorbed light and potential for photooxidative damage was explored in Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii ) seedlings with and without Phaeocryptopus gaeumannii infection. The presence of P. gaeumannii significantly reduced net CO2 assimilation rates from ca. 6 lmol/m 2 /s to 1.5 lmol/m 2 /s, without any significant impact on chloroplast pigments. The partitioning of absorbed light-energy to photochemistry or thermal dissipation was determined from chlorophyll fluorescence measurements. Maximum thermal dissipation for both control and infected needles was ca. 80%, consistent with the similar xanthophyll pool sizes in the two treatments. At high photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD), when thermal dissipation was maximized, the lower photochemical utilization in infected needles resulted in greater amounts of excess absorbed light (ca. 20 and 10% for the infected and control needles, respectively). A second experiment, monitoring changes in photosystem II (PSII) efficiency (Fv=Fm) in response to a 1 h high light treatment (PPFD ¼ 2000 lmol/m 2 /s) also suggests that infected needles absorb greater amounts of excess light. In this experiment, declines in Fv=Fm were 1.5 times greater in infected needles, despite the similar xanthophyll pool sizes. Furthermore, increases in minimum fluorescence (178 and 122% of initial values for the infected and control needles, respectively) suggest that the reduction in PSII efficiency is largely attributable to photooxidative damage. Finally, reductions in PSII efficiency under high light conditions provide a plausible explanation for the greater pathogenicity (e.g. premature needle abscission) of P. gaeumannii in sun-exposed foliage.
A Regional Assessment of Medicaid Access to Outpatient Orthopaedic Care: The Influence of Population Density and Proximity to Academic Medical Centers on Patient Access

Background: Access to care is limited for patients with Medicaid with many conditions, but data investigating this relationship in the orthopaedic literature are limited. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between health insurance status and access to care for a diverse group of adult orthopaedic patients, specifically if access to orthopaedic care is influenced by population density or distance from academic teaching hospitals. Methods: Two hundred and three orthopaedic practices within the state of North Carolina were randomly selected and were contacted on two different occasions separated by three weeks. An appointment was requested for a fictitious adult orthopaedic patient with a potential surgical problem. Injury scenarios included patients with acute rotator cuff tears, zone-II flexor tendon lacerations, and acute lumbar disc herniations. Insurance status was reported as Medicaid at the time of the first request and private insurance at the time of the second request. County population density and the distance from each practice to the nearest academic hospital were recorded. Results: Of the 203 practices, 119 (59%) offered the patient with Medicaid an appointment within two weeks, and 160 (79%) offered the patient with private insurance an appointment within this time period (p < 0.001). Practices in rural counties were more likely to offer patients with Medicaid an appointment as compared with practices in urban counties (odds ratio, 2.25 [95% confidence interval, 1.16 to 4.34]; p = 0.016). Practices more than sixty miles from academic hospitals were more likely to accept patients with Medicaid than practices closer to academic hospitals (odds ratio, 3.35 [95% confidence interval, 1.44 to 7.83]; p = 0.005). Conclusions: Access to orthopaedic care was significantly decreased for patients with Medicaid. Practices in less populous areas were more likely to offer an appointment to patients with Medicaid than practices in more populous areas. Practices that were farther from academic hospitals were more likely to offer an appointment to patients with Medicaid than practices closer to academic hospitals. Clinical Relevance: This study illustrates the barriers to timely outpatient orthopaedic care that patients with Medicaid face. The findings from our study imply that patients with Medicaid in more populous areas and in areas closer to academic medical centers are less likely to obtain an outpatient orthopaedic appointment than patients with Medicaid in less populous areas and in areas more distant from academic medical centers. A shift in policy to enhance access to orthopaedic care for patients with Medicaid, especially those in urban areas and areas close to academic medical centers, will become increasingly important as more patients become eligible for Medicaid through the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010.
1.9 μm-Fiber-Pumped Cr:ZnSe Laser

We report a Cr2+:ZnSe face-cooled disk laser pumped by a 1.9 μm Tm fiber laser. Direct modulation of the fiber laser permitted operation of the Cr laser at repetition rates from true CW to 1 kHz, with slope efficiencies up to 28% and thresholds as low as 200 mW, performance comparable to the case of Q-switched pumping.
A log-linear closed loop power control model

We introduce a new model for a closed loop power control system for cellular CDMA communications that transforms the standard closed loop model into an analytically tractable log-linear model. From it, we obtain all first and second order received power statistics. The correlation of the received power offers insight into the burst error nature of the closed loop power control channel and can be used to specify interleaver and coding requirements. The impact of simplification of the model is studied by comparing the analytical results with a detailed simulation of the actual model. We find that the linearized model is more effective in predicting the shape of the correlation function than in predicting the actual magnitudes.
Occurrence of fecal indicator bacteria in surface waters and the subsurface aquifer in Key Largo, Florida.

Sewage waste disposal facilities in the Florida Keys include septic tanks and individual package plants in place of municipal collection facilities in most locations. In Key Largo, both facilities discharge into the extremely porous Key Largo limestone. To determine whether there was potential contamination of the subsurface aquifer and nearby coastal surface waters by such waste disposal practices, we examined the presence of microbial indicators commonly found in sewage (fecal coliforms, Clostridium perfringens, and enterococci) and aquatic microbial parameters (viral direct counts, bacterial direct counts, chlorophyll a, and marine vibriophage) in injection well effluent, monitoring wells that followed a transect from onshore to offshore, and surface waters above these wells in two separate locations in Key Largo in August 1993 and March 1994. Effluent and waters from onshore shallow monitoring wells (1.8- to 3.7-m depth) contained two or all three of the fecal indicators in all three samples taken, whereas deeper wells (10.7- to 12.2-m depth) at these same sites contained few or none. The presence of fecal indicators was found in two of five nearshore wells (i.e., those that were or = 2.1 to 5.7 miles [< or = 3.4 to 9.2 km] from shore) showed little sign of contamination. Indicators were also found in surface waters in a canal in Key Largo and in offshore surface waters in March but not in August. Collectively, these results suggest that fecal contamination of the shallow onshore aquifer, parts of the nearshore aquifer, and certain surface waters has occurred.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Physiological Properties of Unmyelinated Fiber Projection to the Spinal Cord

Sixty per cent of the cells in the spinocervical tract responding monosynaptically to stimulation of peripheral myelinated fibers were found to respond also to stimulation of peripheral unmyelinated fibers. The length of discharge produced by unmyelinated fiber stimulation unlike that produced by myelinated fiber stimulation increased with each subsequent stimulation if the repetition rate was greater than one per 2 to 3 sec. This was called the windup. The discharge produced by unmyelinated fiber stimulation was more susceptible to inhibition by barbiturate and touching the inhibitory receptive fields than was the discharge produced by myelinated fiber stimulation. Volleys in contralateral A fibers inhibited the discharge in units of the spinocervical tract produced by ipsilateral C fiber stimulation. Natural stimulation studies revealed that units with both an A and C fiber input discharged more rapidly as pressure on the receptive field increased. The more intense firing consisted mainly of slower adaptation. These units were said to have a wide dynamic range of response. Units with only an A fiber input gave the same quickly adapting response to both light touch and heavy pressure on skin of their receptive fields. These units were said to have a narrow dynamic range of response. It was suggested that the C fiber input produced the increase in dynamic range and that this accounted for the involvement of unmyelinated fibers in high threshold phenomena (e.g., pain).
Inpatient Cardiology Consultation Service: Transitioning Fellows-in-Training to Independent Cardiovascular Consultants

Rounds are an integral part of a physician’s life. Efficient conduct of rounds on the inpatient service is an important skill that trainees must harness as they transition from being physicians-in-training to becoming independent practitioners. Rounds are not only critical for learning the science
Pragmatism, Knowledge, Copyright

I am working on a series of papers that asks whether pragmatism provides a useful perspective on copyright policy. Drawing on C. S. Peirce's theory of concepts, this paper focuses on two relations. The first is between rhetoric and doctrine, and the second is whether doctrine demands factual investigation or makes it unnecessary. As to rhetoric, I argue that most scholars and judges employ the vocabulary of utilitarianism as the basic language of copyright. That vocabulary is good to the extent it demands looking at both sides of problems but bad to the extent it tends to lean heavily on introspection and disguise normative claims in positive language. There is no shortage of rights-talk in such debates, of course, nor is there a shortage of basic moral assertions. These vocabularies have the opposite strengths and weaknesses of utilitarian rhetoric. The use of introspection or moral assertion implies a relatively wide array of views on any given topic. In contrast, I assert, facts (again in Peirce's sense of the term) constrain the variety of views. Debate is therefore more likely to achieve consensus in proportion to the fraction of the discussion that can be grounded in factual assertions. As the construction of networks or components may be said to influence behavior, so the construction of doctrine affects knowledge of conduct the doctrine governs. Doctrine may or may not require parties to adduce facts that could make more concrete the concepts used to discuss policy. As examples, I suggest Mattel v. Walking Mountain Productions, Perfect 10 v. Visa, Grokster, and Sony as fact-minimizing opinions. Information necessary to discover facts is costly, of course, so information minimization may be desirable. Where information cannot be obtained, demanding it is pointless. American Geophysical Union v. Texaco and the market-effect portion of Perfect 10 v. Google exemplify this point. Thus the ultimate question presented by this analysis is how to think in a practical about the costs and benefits of doctrinal construction relative to inquiry. I offer reasons to believe my first class of cases should opt more for inquiry than moralism, and offer more tentative suggestions for the necessarily more formal analysis in my second class of cases. I conclude by describing some possible objections to my thesis and responding to them.
Adaptability of marine teleost renal inorganic sulfate excretion: evidence for glucocorticoid involvement

The marine winter flounder, Pseudopleuronectes americanus, ingests seawater (SW) and excretes most of the resultant divalent ion load by renal tubule secretion. The site of secretion is generally thought to be the proximal tubule. Although sulfate clearance ratios (C ratio-sulfate clearance/polyethylene glycol clearance) have been reported as high as 12 in SW-acclimated animals, the present study shows that net secretion ceases after acclimation to 10% SW (SO4 free). Intravenous infusion of sulfate into the latter induced net secretion within 5 h (C ratio increased from 0.83 +/- 0.23 to 2.12 +/- 0.33). Increased sulfate secretion coincided with an increase in the magnitude of HCO3-SO4 exchange in brush-border membrane vesicles (BBMV) isolated from flounder renal tubules. Treatment of 10% SW-acclimated flounder with 60 micrograms dexamethasone/100 g body wt also caused an increase in the HCO3-SO4 exchange in BBMV to a level comparable to that of BBMV from SW fish. The glucocorticoid effect was further tested in flounder renal tubule primary monolayer cultures. Measurement of unidirectional sulfate fluxes (J) showed that in the presence of cortisol net secretion (serosal-to-mucosal flux) dominated (Js----m = 111 +/- 6.5, Jm----s = 9 +/- 4.3, Jnet = 102 +/- 2.2 nmol.h-1.cm-2). Removal of cortisol from the culture medium significantly reduced net sulfate secretion to one-third of control (Js----m = 39 +/- 13.9, Jm----s = 6 +/- 1.0, Jnet = 33 +/- 14.1 nmol.h-1.cm-2).
Rapid Column-Chromatographic Measurement of Orotic Acid

A rapid anion-exchange column-chromatographic method for measuring orotic acid is described. The method is of value in screening or quantitating abnormal amounts of this compound, but cannot be used to measure the small amounts normally present in urine.
Fostering academic and social growth in a primary literacy workshop classroom: "Restorying" students with negative reputations

AbstractIn most classrooms, there are students who have academic, behavioral, and/or interpersonal challenges that can disrupt the classroom community. In some cases, these challenges can build momentum, leading to a negative reputation or “story” that can follow the student throughout school. This academic, yearlong case study focused on Mae Graham, an exemplary teacher, and the cases of two students who began second grade with negative behavioral, emotional, and academic reputations from previous years in school. We describe how Mae “restoried” the students through personalized instruction and attention, classroom structure and curriculum, and social interactions in the classroom. We base restorying on theory and research in social identification, effective teaching, culturally responsive/relevant pedagogy, and the ethic of care.
Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease at 100: a review of evidence-based treatment.

Background The year 2010 is the 100th anniversary of the publication of the first 3 reports describing Legg- Calve-Perthes disease (LCPD). This paper summarizes available evidence previously published and discussed at the several world conferences honoring the occasion. Methods Relevant articles with evidence-based data regarding the efficacy of treatment methods for LCPD were reviewed by the author. Results The reviewed studies noted 3 factors related to outcome in patients treated for LCPD as follows: the age at onset, the classification of severity of femoral head involvement, and the type of treatment. In patients over age 8 at onset, surgical treatment with femoral varus osteotomy or Salter innominate osteotomy was associated with improved Stulberg outcomes compared with nonoperative treatment, in those who had lateral pillar B or B/C border class involvement. In the Wiig et al study, patients over age 6 with Catterall 3, 4 classification had better outcomes with these surgical treatment methods compared with nonoperative methods. Children under age 6 at onset had a good prognosis except for a small number of patients between age 4 and 6 years with lateral pillar C involvement. Conclusions There is valid evidence of an association between surgical treatment of certain patients with LCPD and improved radiographic outcome.
Adapting an Infectious Diseases Course for "Engaged Citizen" Themes.

This article describes philosophies and perspectives underpinning scientific citizenship–focused curricular changes implemented into a pre-existing undergraduate infectious diseases course. Impetus for the curricular changes was a novel, campus-wide, multidisciplinary “Engaged Citizen” theme for the general education curriculum. The first half of the article describes the larger contexts from which the curricular changes were borne and the resulting instructional model. The second half of the article shares both student and instructor perspectives on the curricular changes and potential application of the model to other science courses.
Phosphoramidate prodrugs of (-)-β-D-(2R,4R)-dioxolane-thymine (DOT) as potent anti-HIV agents.

Background Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) are an effective class of agents that has played a vital role in the treatment of HIV infections. (-)-β-D-(2R,4R)-dioxolane-thymine (DOT) is a thymidine analogue that is active against wild-type and NRTI-resistant HIV-1 mutants. It has been shown that the anti-HIV activity of DOT is limited due to poor monophosphorylation. Methods To further enhance the anti-HIV activity of DOT, an extensive structure-activity relationship analysis of phosphoramidate prodrugs of DOT monophosphate was undertaken. These prodrugs were evaluated for anti-HIV activity using Hela CD4 β-gal reporter cells (P4-CCR5 luc cells). Results Among the synthesized prodrugs, the 4-bromophenyl benzyloxy l-alanyl phosphate derivative of DOT was the most potent, with a 50% effective concentration of 0.089 μM corresponding to a 75-fold increase in activity relative to the parent nucleoside DOT with no increased cytotoxicity. The metabolic stability of a selected number of potent DOT phosphoramidates was also evaluated in simulated gastric fluid, simulated intestinal fluid, human plasma and liver S9 fractions. Conclusions A series of new phosphoramidate prodrugs of DOT were prepared and evaluated as inhibitors of HIV replication in vitro. Metabolic stability studies indicated that these DOT phosphoramidate derivatives have the potential to show acceptable stability in the gastrointestinal tract, but they metabolize rapidly in the liver.
Efficacy, Feasibility, and Acceptability of Perinatal Yoga on Women's Mental Health and Well-Being: A Systematic Literature Review.

Introduction: Perinatal major depressive disorder affects 20% of women, while perinatal anxiety affects 10% of women. Although pharmacological treatment has shown effectiveness, many pregnant women are concerned about potential adverse effects on the fetus, maternal–infant bonding, and child development. Approximately 38% of American adults use complementary and alternative medicine, including yoga and other mind–body strategies. Although complementary and alternative medicine has been less studied in the perinatal population, it potentially offers women and their providers alternatives to traditional medication for treatment of perinatal depression and anxiety. Thus, the purpose of this systematic review was to examine existing empirical literature on yoga and its effects on women’s health and well-being during the perinatal period. Method: Following PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines for systemic literature reviews, literature searches using relevant s...
STUDY OF THE STABILITY OF BRCLO3 ISOMERS

The structures, vibrational frequencies, and rotational constants have been determined using ab initio methods of isomers of BrClO3. The BrOCl(O)O structural form is found to be the most stable. Th...
Logistical barriers to career development in academic cardiovascular multimodality imaging-challenges for future mentors.

OBJECTIVES To define the practical logistics involved in the training, maintenance of technical proficiency, credentialing, and board certification for academic multimodality cardiovascular imaging specialists. BACKGROUND Trends in cardiovascular imaging reflect a new paradigm emphasizing expertise in all four major modalities. In order to become a faculty member responsible for educating fellows-in-training, academic imagers face a daunting process with a shortage of senior mentors. METHODS Detailed information describing fellowship training, the aggregate monthly volume of publications, credentialing, continuing medical education requirements, and board certification were obtained for each subspecialty area of cardiovascular medicine from various online sources. RESULTS Compared with other subspecialty areas of cardiovascular medicine, multimodality imaging requires more reading (44% more pages of publications), more continuing medical education hours (300-467% more), and additional board certification (three boards instead of one or two). CONCLUSIONS Achieving competency in multimodality imaging is difficult and expensive in 2009, but still possible. To advance the career development of current academic faculty in this area, future emphasis should be on streamlining training, accreditation, and board certification requirements while focusing on research proving the value of integrated imaging in cardiovascular disease.
Epidemiological characteristics and control strategy of measles in Xi County of Henan Province from 2009-2010

[Objective]To understand the epidemiological characteristics of measles in Xi County of Henan Province from 2009-2010,and explore the strategy for its control and elimination. [Methods]Descriptive epidemiological analysis was performed on the measles cases reported by measles surveillance system from 2009-2010. [Results]Measles cases were reported in 90% villages and towns of Xi County,the reported incidence in 2009 and 2010 was 11.31/100 000 and 1.18/100 000,without death cases.The incidence in 2009 increased significantly compared with that in 2007 and 2008,most cases appeared in spring,with peak incidence in April.The infants 8 months had the maximum of measles cases among age groups from 2009-2010,59.54% were children under 3 years old.The ratio of male to female was 2.20∶1,the 2-years-ld accounted for 80.85% of cases without immunization history.The reported vaccination rate of township school-age children was above 95% during the campaign of MMR vaccine emergency vaccination in March 2010.The incidence of measles was controlled well and it decreased to a low level in 2010. [Conclusion]The measles patients constitution has changed(the small-month-old groups and older age groups) which relates with immunization gaps,fetal transfer of antibodies insufficient and nosocomial infections.The enhancement of measles vaccination among school-age children and focus groups,improvement of vaccination rates and quality of measles surveillance,and strict nosocomial infections control are the main measures for measles control.
E-015 does the choice of intermediate catheter matter?

Background Intermediate catheters are increasingly used in neuroendovascular procedures to provide increased stability while trying to obtain distal access or negotiating complicated proximal vascular anatomy. It is currently unclear if any one of these catheters is consistently safer or more efficient than the others. Herein, we report the results of a retrospective study comparing the efficacy and safety of different intermediate catheters that are currently available. Methods We did a retrospective review of our prospectively maintained endovascular procedure database to identify those intracranial trans-arterial neurointerventional procedures in the period between March 2012 and March 2015 where an intermediate catheter was used as part of the procedure. In addition to noting the type of intermediate catheter used in each procedure, data was also gathered on patient demographics, type of anesthesia used, type of procedure and lesion of interest, anatomy of internal carotid artery if applicable, type of intermediate and microcatheter used, distal most location of microcatheter tip, incidence of intermediate catheter failure, intermediate catheter associated spasm and procedural complications if any. A multivariate statistical analysis of variance was then performed to identify if there was a difference in the safety and efficacy of the performance of different intermediate catheters when confounding variables such as choices of microcatheter and arterial anatomy are accounted for. Results We found 136 instances of intermediate catheter use in 115 discrete procedures on 85 patients. There were 53 Navien 058, 33 DAC 044, 28 DAC 038, and 30 Sofia catheters used. There were 21 instances when the intermediate catheter failed to provide adequate distal support to the microcatheter, failed to navigate tortuous proximal anatomy or caused severe vasospasm, these were documented as instances of intermediate catheter failure. Such failure was noted in 8 instances (28%) with DAC 038, 4 instances (12%) with DAC 044, 78 instances (13%) with Navien 058 and 0 instances (0%) with the Sofia catheter (p Conclusion A comparison of the performance of intermediate catheters during intracranial Neurointerventional procedures reveals a wide range in their efficacy and safety making thoughtful intermediate catheter selection a significant consideration. Disclosures D. Sandhu: None. C. Vasquez: None. H. Zacharatos: None. A. Grande: None. R. Tummala: None. B. Jagadeesan: None.
Simulating smallmouth bass reproductive success in reservoirs subject to water level fluctuations

An individual-based model of nesting smallmouth bass, Micropterus dolomieu, is used to predict the effects of water level fluctuations on reproductive success. The model simulates daily nest site selection, spawning, nest guarding, and development and survival of eggs, embryos, and larvae until dispersal. The model was configured for Brownlee Reservoir, Idaho-Oregon. Each reservoir bank is represented as a rectangular grid of cells, with each cell characterized by an assigned slope, substrate, and elevation, and by a water depth that varied daily. Nest site (cell) selection is determined from a habitat suitability index (HSI) based on substrate, slope, and depth. Development of young is temperature-dependent. Mortality of young occurs via attrition, abandonment by the guarding male, and probabilistic whole-nest catastrophe. Simulations were performed that used observed data for 1991 to 1996. Model predicted nest habitat selection and egg-to-dispersal survival rates were similar to observed values. Additional model simulations showed that: (1) nest habitat selection was best predicted when depth, slope, and substrate were considered together rather than singly, (2) egg-to-dispersal survival was related to the magnitude of water level fluctuations during the peak spawning period, (3) relating mortality to HSI values resulted in lower survival, while relating growth to HSI values resulted in higher survival, and (4) spawning habitat is not limiting in Brownlee Reservoir. Suggestions for future monitoring of reservoir-based smallmouth bass populations are discussed.