cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Unauthorized Information Sharing Vs. Hacking: The Moderating Role of Privacy Concern on Trust Found and Lost

This study examines the moderating role of privacy concern (PC) on initial trust and the related trust loss associated with news pertaining to hacking of user information and unauthorized sharing of user information by a website. This study is among the first to study the moderating role of the level of privacy concern on the degree of attribution. The relationships are examined individually for ability, benevolence and integrity based trust. The findings suggest that the users were more punitive of the fact that the company willingly, unethically, and in an unauthorized fashion shared its users’ information for its gain. The study unravels an interesting dual nature of privacy concern and trust. The findings suggest that initial trust leads to bigger integrity based trust drop for high PC people, however, trust propensity cushions the trust drop for low PC users across all three trust types i.e. ability, benevolence and integrity. This paper provides several theoretical and managerial implications.
Individualized texting for adherence building (iTAB) for methamphetamine users living with HIV: A pilot randomized clinical trial.

Abstract Background Methamphetamine (METH) use poses a barrier to antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence. We evaluated the efficacy of the individualized texting for adherence building (iTAB) intervention among persons living with HIV (PLWH) who meet criteria for METH use disorder. We examined daily associations between ART adherence and text-reported METH use and depressed mood. Methods We conducted a single site, 2-arm, 6-week, pilot randomized clinical trial comparing a personalized, bidirectional, text messaging system (iTAB; n = 50) to an active control condition (n = 25). All participants received adherence psychoeducation and daily texts assessing METH use and depressed mood. The iTAB group received personalized daily ART reminder texts. ART adherence was monitored using Medication Event Monitoring System (MEMS) caps. Results Response rates to daily ART reminder texts were high (79%), with good concordance between MEMS-derived and text-reported ART adherence (p Conclusions High text response rates and good concordance between MEMS-derived and text-reported adherence suggests text messaging is a feasible intervention delivery approach that provides a valid indication of ART adherence. Reductions in METH use among iTAB participants suggest daily health reminders may help attenuate substance use. Further research is needed to substantiate daily text messaging as a harm reduction approach.
Energy-linked anion transport. Cloning, sequencing, and characterization of a full length cDNA encoding the rat liver mitochondrial proton/phosphate symporter.

A full length cDNA clone encoding the precursor of the rat liver mitochondrial phosphate transporter (H+/Pi symporter) has been isolated from a cDNA library using a bovine heart partial length phosphate transporter clone as a hybridization probe. The entire clone is 1263 base pairs in length with 5'- and 3'-untranslated regions of 16 and 168 base pairs, respectively. The open reading frame encodes for the mature protein (312 amino acids) preceded by a presequence of 44 amino acids enriched in basic residues. The polypeptide sequence predicted from the DNA sequence was confirmed by analyzing the first 17 amino-terminal amino acids of the pure phosphate transporter protein. The rat liver phosphate transporter differs from the bovine heart transporter in 32 amino acids (i.e. approximately 10%). It contains a region from amino acid 139 to 159 which is 37% identical with the beta-subunit of the liver mitochondrial ATP synthase. Amino acid sequence comparisons of the Pi transporter with Pi binding proteins, other H+-linked symporters, and the human glucose transporter did not reveal significant sequence homology. Analysis of genomic DNA from both rat and S. cerevisiae by Southern blots using the rat liver mitochondrial Pi carrier cDNA as a probe revealed remarkably similar restriction patterns, a finding consistent with the presence in lower and higher eukaryotes of homologous Pi carrier proteins. This is the first report of the isolation, sequencing, and characterization of a full length cDNA coding for a protein involved in energy-coupled Pi transport.
Learning Invariances for Policy Generalization

While recent progress has spawned very powerful machine learning systems, those agents remain extremely specialized and fail to transfer the knowledge they gain to similar yet unseen tasks. In this paper, we study a simple reinforcement learning problem and focus on learning policies that encode the proper invariances for generalization to different settings. We evaluate three potential methods for policy generalization: data augmentation, meta-learning and adversarial training. We find our data augmentation method to be effective, and study the potential of meta-learning and adversarial learning as alternative task-agnostic approaches.
Damning Nicomedia: The Spatial Consequences of Exile

All Christian flights were not created equal. With the aid of pro-Nicene authors, Athanasius of Alexandria9s multiple flights quickly became the standard for an orthodox exile. The charge of cowardice, or worse, heresy, was not so easily dismissed, however. While the famed Athanasius would explain away such charges in his own writings, as did many of his later defenders, not all fleeing bishops could escape a damning verdict. In this article, I explore how the enemies of Nicaea, re-read as the enemies of Athanasius, also found themselves in exile. Their episcopal flights were no testament to their virtue but within pro-Nicene Christian memory of fifth-century ecclesiastical historians, the exiles of anti-Nicene bishops, such as Eusebius of Nicomedia, were remembered as evidence of guilt. To show how this memory-making exercise took place we will turn to the imperial landscape and assess how the space someone was exiled from greatly shaped how exile was deemed either orthodox or heretical.
Water Quality Evaluation on an Urban Stormwater Retention Pond Using Wireless Sensor Networks and Hydrodynamic Modeling

AbstractAn urban stormwater retention pond was instrumented with temperature (T) and dissolved oxygen (DO) sensors connected to wireless sensor networks (WSNs) for providing real-time water quality...
Variation in auxiliary to T movement: evidence from adverbs

Adverb positions have been used to assess whether or not a language undergoes verb movement [e.g. Pollock, Jean-Yves. 1989. Verb movement, universal grammar, and the structure of IP. Linguistic Inq...
Increasing Emergency Department Visits for Mental Health Conditions in the United States

OBJECTIVE The Affordable Care Act (ACA) of 2010 was fully implemented in 2014, expanding access to outpatient mental health services and potentially reducing reliance on emergency (ED) services. This study examined trends and correlates of ED visits for mental health conditions from 2007 to 2016, with attention to changes in ED use after 2014. METHODS Nationally representative samples of ED visits in the United States were assessed using a repeated cross-sectional analysis of National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey data. This study used diagnoses associated with each ED visit to identify changes in proportions in mental health diagnostic categories (psychiatric diagnoses only, substance use-related diagnoses only, or both, based on ICD-9-CM or ICD-10-CM criteria). These trends were further examined by age, sex, race/ethnicity, and insurance status. The statistical significance of temporal patterns was evaluated with multivariate logistic regression analyses. RESULTS Between 2007 and 2016, about 8.4 million (8.3%) of 100.9 million ED visits nationwide were for psychiatric or substance use-related diagnoses. Over the 10-year study period, the proportion of ED visits for mental health diagnoses increased from 6.6% to 10.9% (P < .001). Visits for alcohol and "other" substance use and psychiatric diagnoses classified as "other" accounted for an increasing portion of mental health-related ED visits during this time (P < .001). ED visits in which Medicaid was the primary source of insurance coverage showed the largest increase, nearly doubling from 27.2% in 2007-2008 to 42.8% in 2015-2016 (adjusted odds ratio for linear trends = 1.71; 95% CI, 1.36-2.15). CONCLUSIONS ED utilization for mental health conditions-and especially substance use conditions-significantly increased in the last decade. The increasing use of EDs by patients with mental health conditions may indicate suboptimal delivery of effective or acceptable outpatient mental health care, particularly for substance use-related conditions.
Mosaic Trisomy 16 Associated with Left Lung Agenesis, Abnormal Left Arm, and Right Pulmonary Artery Stenosis: Expanding the Phenotype and Review of the Literature

Trisomy 16 is the most common autosomal trisomy found in spontaneous abortions with mosaic versions seen in survivors. However, surviving children have multiple congenital defects and are at risk of growth and developmental delay. We report an additional case of mosaic trisomy 16 diagnosed by amniocentesis and confirmed after birth. Our patient is the first documented case of living mosaic trisomy 16 with the malformation constellation of lung agenesis, left pulmonary artery agenesis, congenital heart defects, and ipsilateral radial ray and limb abnormalities, expanding the phenotype of this rare condition. Additionally, this individual's unique combination of lung and cardiac defects caused morbidities that were challenging to manage and complicated family counseling as well.
Big bats binge bad bugs: Variation in crop pest consumption by common bat species

Abstract As generalist predators, insectivorous bats exploit fluctuations in prey distribution and abundance. A more nuanced understanding of the influence of bats on arthropod pests requires documentation of the pest species bats consume and of the conditions associated with variation in rates of pest consumption. Here, we used high-throughput metabarcoding of DNA extracted from bat feces to investigate diets of 180 bats representing three Vespertilionidae species common to the southeastern US, a region dominated by agriculture and pine plantations. We detected 23 species of agricultural pests in bat diets, including pests responsible for severe economic damage, such as Helicoverpa zea, Spodoptera frugiperda, Chloridea virescens and Chrysodeixis includens. Incidence of pest consumption was high: 61% of all bats had consumed at least one agricultural pest species, with each bat consuming an average of 1.7 pest species. The likelihood of consumption of pests to row crops and the average size of pests consumed varied by bat species, with a large foliage-roosting species (Lasiurus seminolus) consuming a greater variety of pest species and pest species larger in size than smaller crevice, cavity, and cave roosting bat species (Nycticeus humeralis, Myotis austroriparius). Likelihood of pest consumption also varied among sampling periods (season) and among bats of different sizes (as reflected by wing length and mass). Overall, likelihood of pest consumption was higher in the late summer season than during spring or early summer, and higher among larger bats than smaller bats. Bat characteristics and seasonality were generally more effective than geographic features and weather conditions in predicting pest consumption patterns. Strategies for enhancing pest consumption services by bats in agroecosystems should strive to maintain and enhance diverse bat populations on a landscape scale by protecting and augmenting roost structures appropriate for each species. Our finding of widespread pest consumption by bats contributes to mounting evidence worldwide of the important role bats play in agricultural systems and highlights the value of incorporating bat conservation into integrated pest management programs globally.
Plasma-Induced Catalytic Conversion of Nitrogen and Hydrogen to Ammonia over Zeolitic Imidazolate Frameworks ZIF-8 and ZIF-67.

Microporous crystals have emerged as highly appealing catalytic materials for the plasma catalytic synthesis of ammonia. Herein, we demonstrate that zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs) can be employed as efficient catalysts for the cold plasma ammonia synthesis using an atmospheric dielectric barrier discharge reactor. We studied two prototypical ZIFs denoted as ZIF-8 and ZIF-67, with a uniform window pore aperture of 3.4 A. The resultant ZIFs displayed ammonia synthesis rates as high as 42.16 μmol NH3/min gcat. ZIF-8 displayed remarkable stability upon recycling. The dipole-dipole interactions between the polar ammonia molecules and the polar walls of the studied ZIFs led to relatively low ammonia uptakes, low storage capacity, and high observed ammonia synthesis rates. Both ZIFs outperform other microporous crystals including zeolites and conventional oxides in terms of ammonia production. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the addition of argon to the reactor chamber can be an effective strategy to improve the plasma environment. Specifically, the presence of argon helped to improve the plasma uniformity, making the reaction system more energy efficient by operating at a low specific energy input range allowing abundant formation of nitrogen vibrational species.
Biomechanical Comparison of Ulnar Collateral Ligament Reconstruction with and without Internal Bracing

Objectives:A common concern associated with elbow ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) reconstruction surgery is the amount of time required for recovery and rehabilitation. For example, the average tim...
Platelets contribute to disease severity in COVID-19.

OBJECTIVE: Heightened inflammation, dysregulated immunity, and thrombotic events are characteristic of hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Given that platelets are key regulators of thrombosis, inflammation, and immunity they represent prime candidates as mediators of COVID-19-associated pathogenesis. The objective of this study was to understand the contribution of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) to the platelet phenotype via phenotypic (activation, aggregation) and transcriptomic characterization. APPROACH AND RESULTS: In a cohort of 3915 hospitalized COVID-19 patients, we analyzed blood platelet indices collected at hospital admission. Following adjustment for demographics, clinical risk factors, medication, and biomarkers of inflammation and thrombosis, we find platelet count, size, and immaturity are associated with increased critical illness and all-cause mortality. Bone marrow, lung tissue, and blood from COVID-19 patients revealed the presence of SARS-CoV-2 virions in megakaryocytes and platelets. Characterization of COVID-19 platelets found them to be hyperreactive (increased aggregation, and expression of P-selectin and CD40) and to have a distinct transcriptomic profile characteristic of prothrombotic large and immature platelets. In vitro mechanistic studies highlight that the interaction of SARS-CoV-2 with megakaryocytes alters the platelet transcriptome, and its effects are distinct from the coronavirus responsible for the common cold (CoV-OC43). CONCLUSIONS: Platelet count, size, and maturity associate with increased critical illness and all-cause mortality among hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Profiling tissues and blood from COVID-19 patients revealed that SARS-CoV-2 virions enter megakaryocytes and platelets and associate with alterations to the platelet transcriptome and activation profile.
Quantitative Studies in the Balance of Power An Historians Reaction

Quantitative studies in the history of international relations have become increasingly prominent in recent years, yet have been largely ignored by diplomatic historians. The author, a diplomatic historian, examines a recent, promising effort to test balance of power theory through a quantitative analysis of the events of European diplomatic history, 1870–1881, as recorded by historians. He concludes that though the research involved is impressive and the conclusions reached both sensible and provocative, the project appears to ignore certain inherent limitations in its historical materials and certain complexities of international relations in its efforts to achieve objective ratings of cooperation vs. conflict, activity vs. passivity, and alignment vs. opposition. In addition, the objective indices for power and status seem inadequate and misleading in important respects.
Caseworkers' assessment of welfare reform : Report from the front lines

SUMMARY This qualitative study focuses on the experiences of 17 caseworkers, supervisors, and administrative personnel from three agencies in San Antonio, Texas, in implementing welfare reform. In general, caseworkers interviewed supported the goals of welfare reform but cited a number of barriers to its successful implementation, including high caseloads, numerous policy changes, lack of coordination between the two agencies responsible for mandated services to TANF clients, and harder-to-serve clients. Further, two tensions emerged regarding client motivation and a functional definition of “self-sufficiency” as “not on TANF.” These tensions raise questions about the underlying policy of welfare reform.
Increasing diagnosis of subclinical thyroid cancers leads to spurious improvements in survival rates.

BACKGROUND Survival rates are commonly used to measure success in treating cancer, but can be misleading. Modern diagnostic practices can lead to the appearance of improving cancer survival, as tumors are diagnosed earlier (lead-time bias) or as an increasing proportion are slow-growing (length bias), whereas the actual burden of cancer deaths is unchanged. Increasingly, more subclinical thyroid cancers are being diagnosed. The objective of the current study was to determine whether thyroid cancer survival rates have been affected by this phenomenon. METHODS The authors analyzed survival data from patients with thyroid cancer who were treated at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) from 1950 to 2005, and United States population-based incidence, prevalence, and survival data from 1973 to 2009 in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results data set. RESULTS US thyroid cancer incidence has increased 3-fold from 1975 to 2009. Over time, the proportion of thyroid cancers that are subcentimeter in size has increased from 23% (1983) to 36% (2009). At MSKCC, this percentage rose from 20% (1950) to 35% (2005). The incidence rates of large tumors (>6 cm) and distant metastasis have not changed. In the United States, 10-year relative survival improved from 95.4% to 98.6% (1983-1999). At MSKCC, 10-year disease-specific survival improved from 91.1% to 96.1% (1950-2005). However, when stratified by tumor size and stage, no changes in survival outcomes were observed. US thyroid cancer mortality rates have remained stable (1975-2009). CONCLUSIONS Modern medical practices increasingly uncover small, asymptomatic thyroid cancers. Survival rates appear improved, but this finding is spurious, attributable instead to shifts in the characteristics of disease being diagnosed. Relying on survival rates to measure success in treating thyroid cancer may reinforce inappropriately aggressive management. Treatment decisions in thyroid cancer should be made based on mortality, not survival data. Cancer 2015;121:1793–1799. © 2015 American Cancer Society.
Elements of Moral Cognition: Rawls' Linguistic Analogy and the Cognitive Science of Moral and Legal Judgment

Part I. Theory: 1. The question presented 2. A new framework for the theory of moral cognition 3. The basic elements of Rawls' linguistic analogy Part II. Empirical Adequacy: 4. The problem of descriptive adequacy 5. The moral grammar hypothesis 6. Moral grammar and intuitive jurisprudence: a formal model Part III. Objections and Replies: 7. R. M. Hare and the distinction between empirical and normative adequacy 8. Thomas Nagel and the competence-performance distinction 9. Ronald Dworkin and the distinction between I-morality and E-morality Part IV. Conclusion: 10. Toward a universal moral grammar.
Drosophila α- and β-Spectrin Mutations Disrupt Presynaptic Neurotransmitter Release

Spectrins are plasma membrane-associated cytoskeletal proteins implicated in several aspects of synaptic development and function, including presynaptic vesicle tethering and postsynaptic receptor aggregation. To test these hypotheses, we characterized Drosophila mutants lacking either α- or β-spectrin. The Drosophila genome contains only one α- spectrin and one conventional β- spectrin gene, making it an ideal system to genetically manipulate spectrin levels and examine the resulting synaptic alterations. Both spectrin proteins are strongly expressed in the Drosophila neuromusculature and highly enriched at the glutamatergic neuromuscular junction. Protein null α- and β-spectrin mutants are embryonic lethal and display severely disrupted neurotransmission without altered morphological synaptogenesis. Contrary to current models, the absence of spectrins does not alter postsynaptic glutamate receptor field function or the ultrastructural localization of presynaptic vesicles. However, the subcellular localization of numerous synaptic proteins is disrupted, suggesting that the defects in presynaptic neurotransmitter release may be attributable to inappropriate assembly, transport, or localization of proteins required for synaptic function.
Sparse PCA: Convex Relaxations, Algorithms and Applications

Given a sample covariance matrix, we examine the problem of maximizing the variance explained by a linear combination of the input variables while constraining the number of nonzero coefficients in this combination. This is known as sparse principal component analysis and has a wide array of applications in machine learning and engineering. Unfortunately, this problem is also combinatorially hard and we discuss convex relaxation techniques that efficiently produce good approximate solutions. We then describe several algorithms solving these relaxations as well as greedy algorithms that iteratively improve the solution quality. Finally, we illustrate sparse PCA in several applications, ranging from senate voting and finance to news data.
Assessing spatial variability in El Niño–Southern Oscillation event detection skill using coral geochemistry

[1] The El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) drives interannual climate variability, but evidence of its preinstrumental expression is limited to proxy data and model inference. We develop a skill assessment technique using instrumental records of sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface salinity (SSS) and apply it to a suite of 23 coral δ18O records, a common ENSO proxy. We compare coral proxy skill with pseudoproxy records constructed from instrumental data to establish the expected proxy response to ENSO events and constrain proxy sensitivity. The central Pacific has a balanced response toward ENSO events, the Western Pacific Warm Pool favors El Nino expression, and the South Pacific Convergence Zone preferentially records La Nina events. However, all three regions display high sensitivity to ENSO variability, presenting promising targets for future coral paleoclimate reconstructions. Eastern Pacific coral records display surprisingly low ENSO sensitivity despite the presence of large ENSO-related SST anomalies, suggesting nonclimatic influences. Comparisons between the pseudoproxy and coral skill ratings provide a test to highlight where these nonclimatic impacts that may affect coral record skill. Networks of proxy data skill ratings may better delineate the spatial structure of the SST and SSS response to ENSO variability, a feature of the climate system that is currently poorly reproduced in climate models.
The effect of silicon particle size on the nitriding behaviour of reaction bonded Si3N4 compacts

Silicon compacts, with green densities of 1680 and 1750 kgm−3, were injection molded using a variety of silicon powders. These compacts were nitrided under identical conditions. The nitriding results show that powders with high surface areas and fine particle sizes are more difficult to nitride than powders with low surface areas and larger particle sizes. The nitriding rate of the compacts was shown to affect the nitriding behaviour. Lower nitriding rates resulted in more complete nitridation.
City and Energy Infrastructures between Economic Processes and Urban Planning

The paper deals with the issues related to the relationship between city, energy, economic factors and city planning. These issues are analyzed from a theoretical point of view and are placed in a logical path based on three assumptions. The first considers the city as an intelligent system constantly evolving. The second considers the city as a system where economic processes come out at their highest level affecting other aspects of social and urban structure. The third considers the planning as the weak link in the process of urban development, one of the most exposed to economic and social pressures. Energy production has experienced a great progress since steam and electricity were discovered. Each stage of this evolution has affected city and territory introducing significant physical signs, changing the ways of carrying out functions and creating new needs and new activities. The energy revolution, based on sustainable sources and on skillful management of the networks, will strongly affect the city and the way of organizing the activities, their location, dimension, and the shape of the spaces. The paper explores some of the issues related to the relationship between urban system and energy. The first section analyzes the meaning of the intelligent city as an entity that is constantly changing and constantly adapting. The second section analyzes the role of the energy systems in the evolution of the activities and of the city’s image. The last section investigates the role of the economic factors in the evolution of the shape and meaning of city, pointing out that the way towards smart and green urban systems will largely depend on their economic advantage.
Hollow Nanocrystals through the Nanoscale Kirkendall Effect

Colloidal hollow nanocrystals with controlled hollow interior and shell thickness represent a class of important nanostructured materials, because of their promising applications for nanoreactors, drug delivery, and catalysis. Since the first report in 2004 on the synthesis of CoS and CoO hollow nanocrystals by sulfidation and oxidation of Co nanocrystals, several different kinds of hollow nanocrystals have been prepared by a similar approach that involves the nanoscale Kirkendall effect. In this review, we introduce the application of this well-known classical phenomenon in metallurgy in the synthesis of hollow nanocrystals. We start with a brief introduction to the synthesis of hollow nanocrystals, then discuss the concepts and applications of nanoscale Kirkendall effect for the synthesis of hollow nanocrystals, and finally touch on the extension of the process to the formation of nanotubes. We conclude with a summary and our personal perspectives on the directions in which future work on this field mig...
ARCHAEOMETRY AT THE UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI RESEARCH REACTOR AND THE PROVENANCE OF OBSIDIAN ARTEFACTS IN NORTH AMERICA

Descriptions of the history of the Archaeometry Laboratory at the University of Missouri Research Reactor and the procedures used for instrumental neutron activation analysis of archaeological materials are presented. The laboratory was established in 1988 to support students and faculty from the University of Missouri and other universities who were interested in archaeological research involving compositional analysis. The results obtained from the analysis of obsidian sources and artefacts from locations in the continental USA are presented for illustration.
Metals and DNA: molecular left-handed complements

Chiral metal complexes provide unique molecular probes for DNA. Chiral reagents that "recognize" different local structures along the DNA strand have been designed by a process in which the asymmetry in shape and size of the complex is matched to that of the DNA helical groove. As a result, the chiral metal complexes provide very sensitive probes for local helical structure, both left- and right-handed. Direct coordination of chiral complexes to the DNA bases adds an element of sequence selectivity to the probe design. With a suitable reactive metal center, reagents that target chemically specific sites along the strand may be developed. One such chiral reagent, which cleaves left-handed DNA sites with photoactivation, has been useful in mapping this distinct conformation and examining its biological role. The conformation-specific molecular cleaver, much like a DNA-binding enzyme, recognizes and reacts at discrete sites along the DNA strand. These site-specific chiral metal complexes provide exciting new tools for probing the local variations in DNA structure and its role in the regulation of gene expression.
Exploring the Political Economy of Resource Systems through Coltan, Fish, Food, and Timber

Faced with the option of wild-caught Chilean sea bass or farmed shrimp, which should you select if you are worried about how your consumption might impact ocean ecosystems? Are the minerals in the circuit board of your cell phone fueling war and violence? Framing their books with these kinds of questions, the authors contributing to Polity’s “Resources” series suggest that most consumers lack knowledge of the natural and human conditions that provide basic human needs and luxury goods.1 Clapp argues that this gap arises because, while the components of “resource systems”—including resource production, exchange, consumption, and regulation—are increasingly complex and globalized, “the global political and economic dimensions of those systems are often left unpacked, are only partially examined, or are ignored altogether” (p. 5). The objective of each book is to offer a descriptive overview of one resource system, summarizing (1) its present and projected resource-use trends and associated environmental and socioeconomic outcomes, (2) the processes and institutions that determine how the resource enters and circulates through local and global economies, and (3) options for reducing or mitigating harmful dimensions of the resource system. Overall, the authors steer away from conceptual and theoretical engagement in favor of offering a clear and accessible de-
Synthesis and absolute configuration of polypropionate metabolites of siphonaria australis

Abstract An enantioselective synthesis of a C 17 metabolite from Siphonaria australis has been accomplished. This has led to the assignment of the absolute configuration of two metabolites in this series through the use of the exciton chirality method.
Participation and crowd out: assessing the effects of parental Medicaid expansions.

Abstract In this paper, we examine the effects of recent parental Medicaid eligibility expansions on Medicaid participation and private insurance coverage. We present a new approach for estimating these policy effects that explicitly models the particular policy instrument over which legislators have control–income eligibility thresholds. Our approach circumvents estimation problems stemming from misclassification or measurement error. Moreover, it allows us to assess how the policy effects may vary at different initial threshold levels. Using data from the Survey of Income and Program Participation, we find three main results. First, the eligibility expansions result in significant increases in Medicaid participation; a “typical” expansion increases Medicaid participation by about four percent of baseline coverage rates. Second, the participation effect is larger for lower initial thresholds and the effect decreases as Medicaid thresholds increase. Third, we find no statistically significant evidence of crowd out regardless of initial threshold level.
An evaluation of gentle teaching and visual screening in the reduction of stereotypy.

Abstract Gentle teaching and visual screening techniques have been used to control severe behavior problems in persons with mental retardation. An alternating treatments design was used to compare gentle teaching, visual screening, and a task-training condition in the reduction of the high-level stereotypy of 3 persons with mental retardation. Following a baseline phase, a task-training condition using standard behavioral techniques was implemented to establish the effects of training the subjects on the tasks. Results showed a modest decrease in stereotypy. This phase was followed by an alternating treatments phase in which visual screening, gentle teaching, and baseline conditions were compared. Both procedures were superior to the control condition in reducing stereotypic behavior, with visual screening being more effective than gentle teaching. When compared with data from the prior phase, gentle teaching was found to be more effective than task training for 2 subjects but less effective for the 3rd, whose stereotypy increased during gentle teaching. Two succeeding phases in which visual screening was implemented across two and then all three daily conditions reduced stereotypy further to near-zero levels. An additional phase with 1 subject demonstrated that the treatment effects of visual screening were easily replicated across therapists. Mixed and idiosyncratic changes in collateral behaviors occurred. For example, "bonding," the goal of gentle teaching, occurred at the same low levels under both treatments, contrary to the predictions of gentle teaching's proponents. The results indicate that gentle teaching may not be the universal treatment of choice for stereotypy its proponents suggest, and that it requires further empirical evaluation.
Involvement of a binuclear species with the Re-C(O)O-Re moiety in CO2 reduction catalyzed by tricarbonyl rhenium(I) complexes with diimine ligands: strikingly slow formation of the Re-Re and Re-C(O)O-Re species from Re(dmb)(CO)3S (dmb = 4,4'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine, S = solvent).

Excited-state properties of fac-[Re(dmb)(CO)3(CH3CN)]PF6, [Re(dmb)(CO)3]2 (where dmb = 4,4‘-dimethyl-2,2‘-bipyridine), and other tricarbonyl rhenium(I) complexes were investigated by transient FTIR and UV−vis spectroscopy in CH3CN or THF. The one-electron reduced monomer, Re(dmb)(CO)3S (S = CH3CN or THF), can be prepared either by reductive quenching of the excited states of fac-[Re(dmb)(CO)3(CH3CN)]PF6 or by homolysis of [Re(dmb)(CO)3]2. In the reduced monomer's ground state, the odd electron resides on the dmb ligand rather than on the metal center. Re(dmb)(CO)3S dimerizes slowly in THF, kd = 40 ± 5 M-1 s-1. This rate constant is much smaller than those of other organometallic radicals which are typically 109 M-1 s-1. The slower rate suggests that the equilibrium between the ligand-centered and metal-centered radicals is very unfavorable (K ≈ 10-4). The reaction of Re(dmb)(CO)3S with CO2 is slow and competes with the dimerization. Photolysis of [Re(dmb)(CO)3]2 in the presence of CO2 produces CO with a 2...
Expanded application of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in a pediatric surgery practice.

Objective To examine the breadth of application and resulting outcomes in a university-based extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) program directed by pediatric surgeons. Background Data Several randomized control trials have supported the use of ECMO in neonates with respiratory failure. No comparable data exist for older children and young adults who may be afflicted with a variety of uncommon conditions. The indications for ECMO in these patients remain controversial. Methods Patient data were recorded prospectively and reported to the Extracorporeal Life Support Organization. These data were analyzed by indications and outcomes on all patients treated since the inception of the program. Results Two hundred sixteen patients were treated with 225 courses of ECMO. Neonates (188 [87%]) outnumbered 28 older patients (aged 6 weeks to 22 years). Overall, 174 patients survived (81%). Sixty-four of 65 (98.5%) neonates with meconium aspiration syndrome survived. ECMO support after heart (3), lung (2), heart-lung (1), and liver (1) transplant yielded a 57% survival to discharge. ECMO also resulted in survival of patients with uncommon conditions, including severe asthma (1), hydrocarbon aspiration (1/2), congestive heart failure due to a cerebral arteriovenous malformation (1), tracheal occlusion incurred during endoscopic stent manipulation (2), meningitis (1), and viral pneumonia (3/5). Conclusions ECMO can potentially eliminate mortality for meconium aspiration syndrome. Survival for other causes of respiratory failure in neonates and older children, while not as dramatic, still surpasses that anticipated with conventional therapy. Moreover, survival of transplant patients has been comparable to that achieved in other children.
Disulfide bond formation and eukaryotic secretory productivity

The relationship between disulfide bond formation and the exit of proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum may prove critical to maximizing the productivity of eukaryotic expression systems. During the past year, manipulation of redox active foldase enzymes, global inhibition of disulfide formation with dithiothreitol, and removal of specific disulfides via site-directed mutagenesis have all been shown to result in surprising effects on the rate and efficiency of protein secretion in eukaryotic hosts.
Speech rate reduction and "nasality" in normal speakers.

This study explored the effects of reduced speech rate on nasal/voice accelerometric measures and nasality ratings. Nasal/voice accelerometric measures were obtained from normal adults for various ...
Measurement of fatty amine ethoxylate surfactants using electrochemiluminescence

Abstract Direct incorporation of fatty amine ethoxylate surfactants (trade names Ethomeen T/15 and Ethomeen T/25) into an electrochemiluminescence (ECL) reaction sequence is reported. A linear relationship between ECL intensity and concentration of surfactants exists using Ru(bpy)32+ (bpy: 2,2′-bipyridine) as the light emitting molecule. Detection limits of 0.7 ppm (mg/l) and 0.9 ppm have been observed for Ethomeen T/15 in aqueous buffer and seawater, respectively. Detection limits of 1.1 ppm have been achieved for Ethomeen T/25. ECL intensity versus electrochemical potential profiles show that emission occurs at potentials corresponding to the oxidation of both Ethomeen and Ru(bpy)32+. The ECL emission is also pH dependent, with maximum intensities observed at pH ∼8. These results parallel those observed when tri-n-propylamine is substituted for Ethomeen T/15 or T/25 and indicate a possible mechanism for ECL generation.
Web-based health care agents; the case of reminders and todos, too (R2Do2)

This paper describes efforts to develop and field an agent-based, healthcare middleware framework that securely connects practice rule sets to patient records to anticipate health todo items and to remind and alert users about these items over the web. Reminders and todos, too (R2Do2) is an example of merging data- and document-centric architectures, and of integrating agents into patient-provider collaboration environments. A test of this capability verifies that R2Do2 is progressing toward its two goals: (1) an open standards framework for middleware in the healthcare field; and (2) an implementation of the 'principle of optimality' to derive the best possible health plans for each user. This paper concludes with lessons learned to date.
Applications of dual-doppler HF radar measurements of ocean surface currents

Abstract HF Doppler radar measurements of near-shore sea-surface currents is a relatively new technique. It has the advantage of covering a wide area of the sea surface simultaneously while being shore-based. In this paper, we compute the M 2 , K 1 , and mean currents over an area of the easter Strait of Juan de Fuca from HF radar measurements made during the summer of 1979. From these components, we computed trajectories of simulated continuous leaks from a proposed oil pipeline in this area. By computing the trajectory over one day, we estimated the shoreline locations that would be impacted by the oil.
The Cysteine Residue Responsible for the Release of Fibroblast Growth Factor-1 Resides in a Domain Independent of the Domain for Phosphatidylserine Binding

Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-1 lacks a classical signal sequence to direct its secretion yet utilizes high affinity cell surface receptors to signal its heparin-dependent angiogenic and neurotrophic activities. We have previously reported that FGF-1 is released in response to temperature stress as a latent homodimer through a pathway that is potentiated by the Golgi inhibitor, brefeldin A (Jackson, A., Tarantini, F., Gamble, S., Friedman, S., and Maciag, T.(1995) J. Biol. Chem. 270, 33-36). In an attempt to further characterize this unconventional secretion mechanism, we sought to define the Cys residue(s) critical for FGF-1 dimer formation and release and to determine whether FGF-1 can associate with known phospholipid components of organelle or plasma membranes, which may be disturbed by brefeldin A. Utilizing FGF-1 Cys mutants, we were able to demonstrate that residue Cys30 is critical for FGF-1 release in response to heat shock. In addition, using solid phase phospholipid binding assays we demonstrate that FGF-1 is able to specifically associate with phosphatidylserine (PS). Heparin inhibits the association between FGF-1 and PS, and synthetic peptide competition assays suggest that the PS-binding domain of FGF-1 lies between residues 114 and 137. These observations indicate that FGF-1 may be able to associate with the PS component of organelle and/or plasma membranes and that the domains responsible for FGF-1 homodimer formation and PS binding are structurally distinct.
Characterization and properties of matrices with generalized symmetry or skew symmetry

Let R∈Cn×n be a nontrivial involution; i.e., R=R−1≠±I. We say that A∈Cn×n is R-symmetric (R-skew symmetric) if RAR=A (RAR=−A). There are positive integers r and s with r+s=n and matrices P∈Cn×r and Q∈Cn×s such that P∗P=Ir, Q∗Q=Is, RP=P, and RQ=−Q. We give an explicit representation of an arbitrary R-symmetric matrix A in terms of P and Q, and show that solving Az=w and the eigenvalue problem for A reduce to the corresponding problems for matrices APP∈Cr×r and AQQ∈Cs×s. We also express A−1 in terms of APP−1 and AQQ−1. Under the additional assumption that R∗=R, we show that Moore–Penrose inversion and singular value decomposition of A reduce to the corresponding problems for APP and AQQ. We give similar results for R-skew symmetric matrices. These results are known for the case where R=J=(δi,n−j+1)i,j=1n; however, our proofs are simpler even in this case. We say that A∈Cn×n is R-conjugate if RAR=A where R∈Rn×n and R=R−1≠±I. In this case R(A) is R-symmetric and I(A) is R-skew symmetric, so our results provide explicit representations for R-conjugate matrices in terms of P and Q, which are now in Rn×r and Rn×s respectively. We show that solving Az=w, inverting A, and the eigenvalue problem for A reduce to the corresponding problems for a related matrix S∈Rn×n. If RT=R this is also true for Moore–Penrose inversion and singular value decomposition of A.
The Importance of Design in Affordable Housing: Lessons From Mutual Self-Help Housing in California

We focus on three nonprofit organizations developing mutual self-help housing and analyze their projects to examine how they are addressing cost increases. We find that instead of using simpler designs, they are developing more elaborate homes through intricate financing. We are critical of this evolution. First, we suggest that the original modest house design of mutual self-help housing allowed for more affordable housing through post-occupancy improvements and de facto incremental development. Second, after the modest design was replaced with a larger model, development costs increased. Despite financial innovations, including longer loan terms and secondary financing, participation by poor households dropped. Third, we urge a return to the modest housing idea. Fourth, we call for policymakers to better integrate design-based thinking in housing policy.
Mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation in autosomal dominant optic atrophy

Background Autosomal dominant optic atrophy (ADOA), a form of progressive bilateral blindness due to loss of retinal ganglion cells and optic nerve deterioration, arises predominantly from mutations in the nuclear gene for the mitochondrial GTPase, OPA1. OPA1 localizes to mitochondrial cristae in the inner membrane where electron transport chain complexes are enriched. While OPA1 has been characterized for its role in mitochondrial cristae structure and organelle fusion, possible effects of OPA1 on mitochondrial function have not been determined.
The Bezold—Jarisch reflex: Possible role in limiting myocardial ischemia†

A patient with a 5-year history of nonexertional episodic chest discomfort terminating in nausea presented with recurrent periods of marked ST elevations. Each observed episode terminated in the triad of bradycardia, hypotension, and nausea. ST elevation normalized almost immediately when this triad supervened. It is hypothesized that this represented activation of the Bezold-Jarisch reflex. Resolution may have been due to reflexly mediated parasympathetic coronary vasodilation. An episode of ST elevation occurred 24 h after admission which did not result in activation of the Bezold-Jarisch reflex. Following this latter episode, Q waves and enzymatic evidence of myocardial infarction were documented.
Recalling the Origins of DLTS.

This paper recalls the events leading up to the author's 1973 discovery of Deep Level Transient Spectroscopy (DLTS). It discusses the status of junction capacitance techniques in the late 1960s and points out why the typical capacitance instrumentation of that era would not have lead the author to the DLTS discovery. This discovery is discussed in the context of the novel NMR-inspired instrumentation used by the author to study fast capacitance transients of the ZnO center in GaP LEDs. Finally, the author makes some general comments about the innovation process.
Photochemistry of η5 cylclopentadienylcobalt) tricarbonyl, tris(η5-cyclopentadienylcobalt monocarbonyl) and tetra(η5-cyclopentadienylcobalt) dicarbonyl*

Abstract The photolysis of η 5 -C 5 H 5 Co(CO) 2 (XIII) has been found to produce a new, reactive binuclear complex (η 5 -C 5 H 5 ) 2 (CO) 3 as a primary photoproduct; this material has been assigned structure XVII. The material is very liable thermally and decomposes in solution at ambient temperature, releasing a molecule of XIII and forming trinuclear complex (η 5 -C 5 H 5 CoCO) 3 (XVIII). This molecule is also thermally unstable, and once again decomposes (130°C) with extrusion of XIII, leading in this case to tetranuclear complex (η 5 -C 5 H 5 ) 4 Co 4 (CO) 2 (XIX). It is produced that the driving force or cluster complex decomposition arises from the expulsion of a molecule of relatively stable mononuclear metal carbonyl, leaving behind a coordinately unsaturated intermediate which (in the absence of other reagents) oligomerizes to form a higher, coordinatively saturated cluster. This suggests that in the presence of organic ligands, such decompositions might give rise to active catalysts; in agreement with this idea primarily studies have shown that complexes XVII and XVIII catalyze acetylene trimerization reactions at temperatures much lower than that required factor catalysis by XIII.