cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Initial studies toward real-time transmission path rating

Demand continues to increase while transmission line construction is being constrained by multiple factors—economic, environmental, and political. Effective and efficient utilization of transmission lines is thus of great importance in an open access environment. Large blocks of power are transferred from areas with inexpensive generation to heavy load demand areas or areas with high generation costs. This results in some transmission paths being loaded closer to their path ratings, which limits further power transfer between areas. Traditionally, rating of important paths was determined off line by assuming the worst-case study scenario; once determined, it could be used for years. With increasing uncertainty arising from rapid growth of renewable energy and smart technologies, path rating studies are needed in near-real time to account for the latest system status and support a reliable and economic power grid. This paper adopts a simplified procedure based on standards of the North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) to determine total transfer capability (TTC) or transfer limit for the purpose of demonstrating the benefits and necessity of real-time path rating. Initial studies are conducted to compute TTC of a two-area test system and a 39-bus test system. Results indicate that path rating can be significantly affected by loading conditions, generator schedules, system topology and other factors.
Disparate release of prolactin and growth hormone from the tilapia pituitary in response to osmotic stimulation

Abstract In most teleost fishes, prolactin (PRL) plays a key role in freshwater (FW) adaptation, whereas growth hormone (GH) is involved in seawater (SW) adaptation in salmonids and certain euryhaline species including the tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus . Consistent with its osmoregulatory activity, PRL release increases in response to physiologically relevant reductions in extracellular osmolality. When dispersed PRL and GH cells from FW-acclimatized fish were incubated in media of varying osmolalities, PRL release increased significantly in response to a 12% reduction in medium osmolality during 1 and 4 h of exposure. By contrast, cells from SW-acclimatized fish responded only to a 24% reduction in osmolality. Growth hormone release on the other hand increased whether medium osmolality was reduced or raised. Cell volume increased together with PRL release during the perifusion of dispersed PRL cells in direct proportion to the reduction in medium osmolality. Growth hormone release increased whether GH cell volume increased or decreased. In in vivo studies, circulating PRL levels increased as early as 1 h after the transfer of fish from SW to FW, whereas GH levels remained unchanged during 24 h of acclimatization. These results indicate that while PRL and GH cells are osmosensitive, the PRL cells respond to reductions in extracellular osmolality in a manner that is consistent with PRL’s physiological role in the tilapia. While the rise in GH release following the reduction in osmolality is of uncertain physiological significance, the rise in GH release with the elevation of medium osmolality may be connected to its role in SW adaptation.
Viscosity studies of crown ether-containing polymers in solutions of alkali salts. Intra- versus intermolecular crown-cation complexes

Abstract The complexation of cations to poly(vinylbenzocrown ethers) strongly affects the viscosity of the polymers. In mixtures of THF-MeOH the reduced viscosities of the polymer-salt solutions at constant polymer concentration pass through a maximum, their values depending on the cation-to-crown ratio and the binding constant of the cations to the poly(crown ethers). Crosslinking and abnormally high viscosities are found when a cation can complex simultaneously with two crown ligands, e.g. in mixtures of potassium salts with styrene copolymers containing pendent benzo-15-crown-5 moieties. In such systems competition exists between the formation of inter- and intramolecular 2:1 crown-cation complexes, and their relative importance depends on the crown content of the copolymer. Spectrophotometric measurements in THF mixtures of styrene-vinylbenzo-15-crown-5 copolymers and potassium picrate reveal that at low crown concentration, intramolecular complexes can form when crown ligands are separated, on the average, by less than four styrene units. The data, in combination with calculations on the distribution of crown ligands along a chain as a function of crown content, can be used to rationalize the viscosity behaviour of these polymer solutions.
Oil prices and exchange rates in oil-exporting countries: evidence from TAR and M-TAR models

The paper studies the long-run relation and short-run dynamics between real oil prices and real exchange rates in a sample of 13 oil-exporting countries. The purpose of the study is to examine the possibility of Dutch disease in these countries. Tests of cointegration using threshold and momentum-threshold autoregressive (TAR and M-TAR) models suggest the possibility of the disease in 3-out-of 13 countries—Bolivia, Mexico and Norway. For these countries, we also find that (a) oil prices have a long-run effect on the exchange rates; and (b) exchange rates adjust faster to positive deviations from the equilibrium; and (c) there is no evidence of short-run causality between real exchange rates and real oil prices in either direction. Over all, these findings suggest a weak link between oil prices and real exchange rates and thus limited evidence in favor of the Dutch disease.
Inter-Situational Transfer in the Ant Formica Schaufussi as Tested in a Two-Phase Single Choice-Point Maze

Workers of the ant Formica schaufussi did not transfer a specific choice-point response of right- or left-turning (learned on entrance runs in which an opposed-turns alley sequence led to the choice-point) to an equivalent free-turns situation traversed on returns from the food-box to the nest. Variable behavior, however, was evident in both phases of the maze run after the choice-point alternatives had been reversed experimentally. This behavior is attributed to the general excitatory effects of the situational change. The outcome of this study supports previous results for these ants in complex mazes and in single choice-point U-approach mazes. The conclusion is confirmed that choice-point learning in these ants is bound to the situation in which it is established, evidently through a specificity of response to the sensory aspects and the organic conditions peculiar to action in that situation.
An existence and uniqueness result of a nonlinear two-dimensional elliptic boundary value problem

We consider a boundary value problem for the generalized two-dimensional flow equation Δφ = Δφ · h for h a Cα vector field, where the speed is prescribed on a part of the boundary. By using Bers theory combined with elliptic operator theory in nonsmooth domains, we show existence and uniqueness of a C2,α solution with nonvanishing gradient, and we find positive lower and upper bounds for |Δφ| along with C2,α estimates of φ, in terms of the Cα and L∞ norms of h. ©1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Dynamics of Lettuce Drop Incidence and Sclerotinia minor Inoculum Under Varied Crop Rotations

Field experiments were conducted to determine the population dynamics of Sclerotinia minor and incidence of lettuce drop at two sites during 1995 to 1998. Rotation treatments at the Spence site, which had a low density of inoculum ( 7 sclerotia per 100 cm3 of soil) that was distributed uniformly, included: continuous lettuce (LLLL), alternate crops of broccoli and lettuce (BLBL), continuous broccoli or lettuce (BBLL), and fallow-lettuce-fallow-lettuce (FLFL). Under continuous lettuce cropping (LLLL) at the Hartnell site, a progressively aggregated spatial pattern of inoculum distribution developed, despite the initial uniform distribution of high inoculum density. In the fallow treatment (FLFL), the spatial pattern tended to be aggregated following a lettuce crop and less aggregated or random when left fallow. In contrast to these two treatments, treatments involving rotations with broccoli (BLBL and BBLL) exhibited consistently random spatial patterns of inoculum regardless of the crop in the field. The marginal increases in the number of sclerotia contributed by the few diseased lettuce plants were offset by the significant reductions in the number of sclerotia by the broccoli residue. Spatial patterns of disease incidence reflected the pattern of inoculum distribution in the soil at the Hartnell site. Higher inoculum density coupled with an aggregated distribution was associated with an aggregation in disease incidence. At Spence, this correlation was poor in most seasons because of progressive decline in the lettuce drop incidence and lack of treatment differences. In greenhouse experiments, the competence volume for S. minor sclerotia was quantified, which was calculated to be 25 3 for 100% infection and 200 cm3 for 50% infection. Thus, in 100 cm3 of soil, a minimum of four to five sclerotia are needed for 100% of infection, explaining the high correlation between inoculum density and disease incidence.
Utility of subjective-effects measurements in assessing abuse liability of drugs in humans.

The abuse drug self-administration pardigm is an extension of the animal model developed in the 1960s. The paradigm can be used to investigate the determinants and correlates of drug-seeking and drug-taking behavior and has proven useful in the development of medications for treating drug dependence
Management of Cervical Injuries in Athletes: Timing of Treatment

Cervical spine injuries are devastating occurrences for those participating in athletic events. Two of the most common transient neurologic conditions that can occur in athletes participating in contact sports are burner syndrome and cervical cord neurapraxia. More than 50% of athletes who participate in contact sports have reported at least 1 such episode. In both these phenomena, underlying cervical disc herniation with associated foraminal or central canal stenosis has been implicated. Initial evaluation and management of athletes with any type of spine injury begins on the sideline with detailed attention to mechanism of injury, distribution and duration of symptoms, palpation for muscle spasms, evaluation of cervical range of motion, localized bony tenderness, and a thorough neurologic examination. Every athlete should be assessed as though an unstable cervical spine injury is present. Initial management of athletes with cervical disc herniation should be nonoperative unless there is radiographic evidence of cord compression with signal change in the cord. Surgical intervention is reserved for athletes with worsening symptoms or persistent symptoms for greater than 6 weeks. Surgical options are based on the size and location of the disc herniation as well as intentions of the athlete to return to sports. Options include cervical fusion, cervical disc arthroplasty, and posterior laminoforaminotomy. Return-to-play guidelines exist but are based on individual experiences and small case series and decisions for returning to play must be individually tailored for each specific athlete.
Steel Closets: Voices of Gay, Lesbian, and Transgender Steelworkers . By Anne Balay.

In a time when so many in the mainstream LGBT community are arguing that “it gets better,” Anne Balay offers Steel Closets, an honest and intimate window into the lives of hard-working, queer steel...
Environment, glucocorticoids, and the timing of reproduction.

Abstract Glucocorticoids mediate glucose availability under stressful and non-stressful conditions and, therefore, are essential for life. However, data across taxa demonstrate that chronic or elevated secretion of corticosterone or cortisol (CORT) can have negative effects at many levels and can trigger physiological or behavioral responses that may delay or, even halt reproduction. We present a brief overview of the effects that glucocorticoids, primarily the avian form, corticosterone, can have on the reproductive axis. Considerable data have demonstrated that environmental perturbations can result in elevated CORT levels that alter a bird’s investment in current reproduction. Studies in our laboratory have shown a link between CORT and timing of reproduction in Florida scrub-jays: in “bad” years, clutch initiation dates are positively correlated with baseline CORT levels of female breeders. Also, population-level differences in CORT levels may explain timing of reproduction as lower CORT levels in suburban-dwelling jays are coupled with early breeding. Most research on stress and CORT concentrates on transient effects of CORT secretion. However, developmental CORT exposure, either from the yolk or embryo, may have long-term effects upon adult phenotype. For example, CORT levels in nestling scrub-jays predicts later ‘personality,’ as levels were highly correlated ( r 2 = 0.84) with fearfulness at 7 months of age. One can imagine that such ‘personality’ traits might also translate into differential success in gaining a territory or a mate. While speculative, it may be that early CORT exposure effectively programs adult behaviors that have wide ranging effects, including upon reproduction.
Components of desensitization at the frog neuromuscular junction and the effect of metabolic inhibitors

1. The physiological responses to many hormones and neurotransmitters decrement with time in the continued presence of the agonist. 2. This process, variously termed desensitization, tachyphylaxis and receptor inactivation, has been demonstrated to occur at many receptors but remains poorly understood. 3. The effect of the application of metabolic inhibitors on the rate of desensitization at the neuromuscular junction of the frog has been investigated to test the possible role of intracellular calcium (Ca i ) in the desensitization mechanism. 4. Desensitization curves recorded under voltage clamp in response to the cholinergic agonist carbachol have been found to display two time constants. 5. The application of metabolic inhibitors decreased the slow time constant but not the fast one. 6. Treatment of the muscles with metabolic inhibitors also decreased the degree of recovery from desensitization. 7. The data are consistent with a role of Ca i in the desensitization process.
Optimal negative electrodes for poly(3-hexylthiophene): [6,6]-phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl ester bulk heterojunction photovoltaic devices

The role of the work function and interfacial chemistry on organic device performance was investigated by using a series of contact materials. The active layer was a standard blend of poly(3-hexylthiophene) and [6-6]-phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl ester. Over 100 devices were fabricated and measured to obtain good statistics. Ba∕Al and Ca∕Al electrodes performed best, with similar open-circuit voltages and power conversion efficiencies. Device stability studies showed devices with these two electrodes remained similar after six weeks with degradation of 11%–16% in net conversion efficiency observed. The incorporation of silver into the electrodes led to considerably more degradation than other electrode types.
Proton scattering and the optical model differences between 40Ca and 48Ca

Abstract Elastic proton scattering from 48Ca and 40Ca has been measured at 25, 30, 35 and 40 MeV. The rms radius determined by the optical model is 0.15 fm larger for 48Ca than for 40Ca, consistent with the A 1 3 law.
Understanding gauge coupling unification in string theory: A review

In this talk I give a short non-technical review of various ways in which the apparent unification of gauge couplings within the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model can be understood within string theory. Special emphasis will be placed on recent developments concerning string GUT models. This talk is a highly condensed version of a recent review article (Ref. [1]), which in turn is partially based on work done in collaboration with A. Faraggi and J. March-Russell.
Telemetry of arterial flow in man with a Doppler ultrasonic flowmeter

Abstract 1. 1. Transcutaneous measurements of brachial artery flow velocity with the Doppler ultrasonic flowmeter were made in 82 subjects, of whom 24 were normal and 58 had heart disease. 2. 2. Aortic stenosis was associated with low peak flow velocity, prolonged ascending limb of the primary wave and decreased retrograde wave. Aortic insufficiency was recognized by the presence of a large secondary wave thought to represent retrograde flow. Subaortic stenosis altered the flow waveform in a characteristic manner. 3. 3. The technic was also found to be useful in the study of cardiac arrhythmias, Valsalva maneuvers and in the study of drugs with primary effect on the peripheral circulation. 4. 4. Although more experience is needed with its use in man, it appears that it may become a useful technic for monitoring patients in intensive care units.
Exploring the Relationship Between Literacy Coaching and Student Reading Achievement in Grades K–1

This study explored the relationship between literacy coaching and student reading achievement in grades K-1 in a school district that received a Reading First grant. The study analyzed how literacy coaches spent their time and explored the relationship between the amount and content of coaching and student reading achievement at the teacher level as well as the grade level. Data collection included weekly coaching logs that documented the coaches' activities and fall and spring test scores for students on the Illinois Snapshot of Early Literacy. Descriptive statistics, hierarchical linear modeling (HLM 6.04), and multiple linear regressions were used to analyze data. Findings indicated that coaches spent an average of 53% of their time with teachers and 47% completing other tasks. In addition, findings concluded that the amount of time literacy coaches spent observing in classrooms predicted student achievement gains.
Patients with symptoms and signs of stroke presenting to a rural chiropractic practice.

Abstract Objective The purpose of this article was to present a retrospective case series of patients with symptoms and signs suggesting a stroke or prodrome and discuss the potential for health education and promotion initiatives in chiropractic that might affect this serious disease. Methods A database and hand search of records from a rural Mississippi chiropractic practice was performed to identify all cases of patients presenting with symptoms and signs of stroke during the past 4 years, as well as stroke mortality among active patients during the same period. Results Six subjects met inclusion criteria of about 500 active patients during any given year of the 4-year study period, including patients who had stroke symptoms or signs (n = 4) or who died as a result of stroke without presenting to the office (n = 2). Records and magnetic resonance angiograms were obtained after referral was made for a 77-year-old white female, 71-year-old white male, 59-year-old white male, and 24-year-old Hispanic female. Three of the 4 surviving patients were eventually diagnosed with stroke, and one with seizure disorder. Common presenting complaints were unilateral arm weakness and slurred speech; other complaints included episodic loss of vision, dysphagia, dysphonia, and same-sided leg weakness. Conclusions Patients with symptoms and signs of stroke may infrequently present to chiropractic physicians for evaluation and treatment. Prevention, screening, early identification of stroke symptoms and signs, and referral for prompt treatment are cornerstones of the national stroke policy as espoused by the Centers for Disease Control. Chiropractic physicians have opportunities for practice-related health education initiatives focusing on the role of health and wellness in stroke prevention and for prompt lifesaving referral of emergency presentations.
Analysis and optimization of thermal issues in high-performance VLSI

This paper provides an overview of various thermal issues in high-performance VLSI with especial attention to their implications for performance and reliability. More specifically, it examines the impact of thermal effects on both interconnect design and electromigration reliability and discusses their impact on the allowable current density limits. Furthermore, it also discusses how thermal and reliability constrained current density limits may conflict with those obtained through purely performance based criterion. Additionally, it is shown that chip level thermal effects can have a significant impact on large-scale circuit optimization techniques, including the clock-skew minimization scheme, and can influence other physical design problem formulations. Finally, high-current interconnect design rules for ESD and I/O circuits are also examined.
Low-Complexity Energy-Efficient OFDMA

Energy efficient communications in wireless communications is very important as mobile devices are battery-constrained. For mobile devices in a cellular system, uplink power consumption dominates the wireless power budget, due to the RF power requirements for reliable communications over long distances. Our previous work in this area demonstrated significant energy savings in uplink cellular OFDMA transmissions, with iterative approaches maximizing the instantaneous bits-per-Joule energy efficiency. In this paper, we use a time-averaged bits-per-Joule metric to develop low-complexity schemes. Specifically, we obtain closed-form solutions for energy-efficient link adaptation in frequency-selective channels. We also derive closed-form approaches for the maximum arithmetic and geometric mean energy-efficient schedulers. Simulation results show that the proposed schemes not only have low complexity but also perform close to the globally optimum solutions.
Deficiency of the Bax gene attenuates denervation-induced apoptosis

Apoptosis has been implicated in mediating denervation-induced muscle wasting. In this study we determined the effect of interference of apoptosis on muscle wasting during denervation by using mice genetically deficient in pro-apoptotic Bax. After denervation, muscle wasting was evident in both wild-type and Bax−/− muscles but reduction of muscle weight was attenuated in Bax−/− mice. Apoptotic DNA fragmentation increased in wild-type denervated muscles whereas there was no statistical increase in DNA fragmentation in denervated muscles from Bax−/− mice. Mitochondrial AIF and Smac/DIABLO releases and Bcl-2, p53 and HSP27 increased whereas XIAP and MnSOD decreased to a similar extent in muscles from wild-type and Bax−/− mice following denervation. Mitochondrial cytochrome c release was elevated in denervated muscles from wild-type mice but the increase was suppressed in muscles from Bax−/− mice. Increases in caspase-3 and -9 activities and oxidative stress markers H2O2, MDA/4-HAE and nitrotyrosine were all evident in denervated muscles from wild-type mice but these changes were absent in muscles from Bax−/− mice. Moreover, ARC increased exclusively in denervated Bax−/− muscle. Our data indicate that under conditions of denervation, pro-apoptotic signalling is suppressed and muscle wasting is attenuated when the Bax gene is lacking. These findings suggest that interventions targeting apoptosis may be valuable in ameliorating denervation-associated pathologic muscle wasting in certain neuromuscular disorders that involve partial or full denervation.
Tissue Softness Evaluation by Mechanical Stylus Scanning

A mechanical stylus surface analyzer (MSSA) system and the corresponding software were used to conduct standard surface analysis procedures. The MSSA instrumentation measures surface characteristic...
The genetics of antiepileptic drug-induced skin reactions.

Some antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) may cause allergic cutaneous reactions with significant morbidity and mortality, including Stevens–Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN). Many epilepsy treatment decisions, including the selection of a treatment agent, and how it is initiated, are influenced by the risk of these rare conditions. Consequently, identification of the genetic factors that predict occurrence of SJS and TEN has altered the medical treatment of epilepsy and increased its safety. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2011) 89 6, 908–910. doi:10.1038/clpt.2010.357
One Perturbation of the Mother Cell Gene Regulatory Network Suppresses the Effects of Another during Sporulation of Bacillus subtilis

In the mother cell of sporulating Bacillus subtilis, a regulatory network functions to control gene expression. Four transcription factors act sequentially in the order σE, SpoIIID, σK, GerE. σE and σK direct RNA polymerase to transcribe different regulons. SpoIIID and GerE are DNA-binding proteins that activate or repress transcription of many genes. Several negative regulatory loops add complexity to the network. First, transcriptionally active σK RNA polymerase inhibits early sporulation gene expression, resulting in reduced accumulation of σE and SpoIIID late during sporulation. Second, GerE represses sigK transcription, reducing σK accumulation about twofold. Third, SpoIIID represses cotC, which encodes a spore coat protein, delaying its transcription by σK RNA polymerase. Partially circumventing the first feedback loop, by engineering cells to maintain the SpoIIID level late during sporulation, causes spore defects. Here, the effects of circumventing the second feedback loop, by mutating the GerE binding sites in the sigK promoter region, are reported. Accumulation of pro-σK and σK was increased, but no spore defects were detected. Expression of σK-dependent reporter fusions was altered, increasing the expression of gerE-lacZ and cotC-lacZ and decreasing the expression of cotD-lacZ. Because these effects on gene expression were opposite those observed when the SpoIIID level was maintained late during sporulation, cells were engineered to both maintain the SpoIIID level and have elevated sigK expression late during sporulation. This restored the expression of σK-dependent reporters to wild-type levels, and no spore defects were observed. Hence, circumventing the second feedback loop suppressed the effects of perturbing the first feedback loop. By feeding information back into the network, these two loops appear to optimize target gene expression and increase network robustness. Circumventing the third regulatory loop, by engineering cells to express cotC about 2 h earlier than normal, did not cause a detectable spore defect.
Global solutions of Hartree-Fock theory and their consequences for strongly correlated quantum systems

We present a density matrix approach for computing global solutions of Hartree-Fock theory, based on semidefinite programming (SDP), that gives upper and lower bounds on the Hartree-Fock energy of quantum systems. Equality of the upper- and lower-bound energies guarantees that the computed solution is the globally optimal solution of Hartree-Fock theory. For strongly correlated systems the SDP approach provides an alternative to the locally optimized Hartree-Fock energies and densities from the standard solution of the Euler-Lagrange equations. Applications are made to the potential energy curves of the H${}_{4}$ dimer and the N${}_{2}$ molecule.
Optimal Environmental Health Regulations with Heterogeneous Populations: Treatment versus “Tagging”

Abstract In this paper, we develop a model of population level environmental health risk with individuals that are heterogeneous in their susceptibility to environmental toxins. This framework allows us to determine when it is optimal to target vulnerable subgroups of the population with special exposure-reducing treatments. Our analytic results show that the potential economic gains from targeted policies will depend critically on the quality of existing capital, the degree of returns to scale in treatment technologies, and the size and sensitivity of the vulnerable population. An empirical application of the model is extended to the case of cryptosporidium in drinking water supplies.
Altered Chromatin Occupancy of Master Regulators Underlies Evolutionary Divergence in the Transcriptional Landscape of Erythroid Differentiation

Erythropoiesis is one of the best understood examples of cellular differentiation. Morphologically, erythroid differentiation proceeds in a nearly identical fashion between humans and mice, but recent evidence has shown that networks of gene expression governing this process are divergent between species. We undertook a systematic comparative analysis of six histone modifications and four transcriptional master regulators in primary proerythroblasts and erythroid cell lines to better understand the underlying basis of these transcriptional differences. Our analyses suggest that while chromatin structure across orthologous promoters is strongly conserved, subtle differences are associated with transcriptional divergence between species. Many transcription factor (TF) occupancy sites were poorly conserved across species (∼25% for GATA1, TAL1, and NFE2) but were more conserved between proerythroblasts and cell lines derived from the same species. We found that certain cis-regulatory modules co-occupied by GATA1, TAL1, and KLF1 are under strict evolutionary constraint and localize to genes necessary for erythroid cell identity. More generally, we show that conserved TF occupancy sites are indicative of active regulatory regions and strong gene expression that is sustained during maturation. Our results suggest that evolutionary turnover of TF binding sites associates with changes in the underlying chromatin structure, driving transcriptional divergence. We provide examples of how this framework can be applied to understand epigenomic variation in specific regulatory regions, such as the β-globin gene locus. Our findings have important implications for understanding epigenomic changes that mediate variation in cellular differentiation across species, while also providing a valuable resource for studies of hematopoiesis.
Handbetätigte hydraulische Werkstückspanner

Der Aufbau einer Spanneinrichtung mit Massefullung (Abb. 11) ist besonders einfach. Sie besteht im wesentlichen aus dem Vorrichtungskorper, einem oder mehreren Spannkolben, der plastischen Masse, der Druckschraube, dem Druckkolben, dem Kanalsystem und dem Widerlager.
Rethinking Big Science. Modest, mezzo, grand science and the development of the Bevalac, 1971-1993.

Abstract Historians of science have tended to focus exclusively on scale in investigations of large‐scale research, perhaps because it has been easy to assume that comprehending a phenomenon dubbed “Big Science” hinges on an understanding of bigness. A close look at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory’s Bevalac, a medium‐scale “mezzo science” project formed by uniting two preexisting machines—the modest SuperHILAC and the grand Bevatron—shows what can be gained by overcoming this preoccupation with bigness. The Bevalac story reveals how interconnections, connections, and disconnections ultimately led to the development of a new kind of science that transformed the landscape of large‐scale research in the United States. Important lessons in historiography also emerge: the value of framing discussions in terms of networks, the necessity of constantly expanding and refining methodology, and the importance of avoiding the rhetoric of participants and instead finding words to tell our own stories.
Effect of Brooding Density on Broiler Performance

Abstract A study was conducted to determine whether broiler performance is adversely affected when chicks are brooded under limited-area brooding densities or on a wire floor and then transferred and grown on a litter floor. Results showed that brooding broilers for the first 14 or 21 days at densities of 186 and 287 cm2, either on wire or litter, and then allowed a growing density of 697 cm2 on litter did not adversely affect the body weight at 14, 21, or 49 days, feed efficiency at 49 days, breast blisters at 49 days, or deformed legs at 49 days when compared to broilers brooded and reared on litter at a density of 697 cm2. At 186 cm2, the density is comparable with that of one-fourth house brooding; at 287 cm2, the density is comparable with that of one-third house brooding.
Benchmarking study of EUV resists for NXE:3300B

EUV lithographers have continued to reduce the barriers to high Volume Manufacturing (HVM) introduction. Tool, mask and photoresist manufacturers have made excellent progress on several fronts, including resolution of many EUV source related issues, resists for early imaging characterization, and defect inspection tooling. In this discussion, we will focus on photoresist development. For many years, the team at SUNY Polytechnic Institute (SUNY Poly) has provided results from a neutral photoresist benchmarking study, which has been quite useful in establishing the limits of currently available photoresist systems [1-5]. New photoresist systems are being developed with improving resolution, but they also have lower coated thicknesses. In an effort to continue to point out potential lithographic problem areas, SUNY Poly has been evaluating the ‘etch compatibility’ of the best performing photoresists available in order to determine if the decreasing aspect ratios would prove a detriment to etch performance. In this paper, we will show data from our most recent benchmark study. We will also include smoothing process results, as well as some post-etch results obtained using the NXE:3300B resident on the SUNY Poly campus.
Nanotechnology Meets Biology: Peptide-based Methods for the Fabrication of Functional Materials

Nature exploits sustainable methods for the creation of inorganic materials on the nanoscale for a variety of applications. To achieve such capabilities, biomolecules such as peptides and proteins have been developed that recognize and bind the different compositions of materials. While a diverse set of materials binding sequences are present in the biosphere, biocombinatorial techniques have been used to rapidly identify peptides that facilitate the formation of new materials of technological importance. Interestingly, the binding motif of the peptides at the inorganic surface is likely to control the size, structure, composition, shape, and functionality of the final materials. In order to advance these intriguing new biomimetic approaches, a complete understanding of this biotic/abiotic interface is required. In this Perspective, we highlight recent advances in the biofunctionalization of nanoparticles with potential applications ranging from catalysis and energy storage to plasmonics and biosensing. We specifically focus on the physical characterization of the peptide-based surface from which specificity and activity are likely embedded.
Effects of an elliptic end-cap on the ullage bubble stability in the Gravity Probe-B satellite

An axisymmetric ullage bubble in the Gravity Probe-B main helium tank places the center of mass of the liquid on the spin axis of the vehicle. An off-axis center of mass from an asymmetric bubble will cause wobble and could degrade the extreme low-g environment created for the experiment. The radial acceleration field generated by the rotating tank causes the ullage bubble to rest upon the post located at the center of the tank. The post houses the relativity experiment and causes the vapor bubble to exist in either spherical or toroidal topologies. Simulations of 3D equilibrium free surface shapes are performed to determine the bubble topology at different spin rates. This is performed for a bubble which is in contact with the center post and one of the tank end-caps. (Author)
Identification of destabilizing and stabilizing mutations of Ste2p, a G protein-coupled receptor in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

The isolation of mutations affecting the stabilities of transmembrane proteins is useful for enhancing the suitability of proteins for structural characterization and identification of determinants of membrane protein stability. We have pursued a strategy for the identification of stabilized variants of the yeast α-factor receptor Ste2p. Because it was not possible to screen directly for mutations providing thermal stabilization, we first isolated a battery of destabilized temperature-sensitive variants, based on loss of signaling function and decreased levels of binding of the fluorescent ligand, and then screened for intragenic second-site suppressors of these phenotypes. The initial screens recovered singly and multiply substituted mutations conferring temperature sensitivity throughout the predicted transmembrane helices of the receptor. All of the singly substituted variants exhibit decreases in cell-surface expression. We then screened randomly mutagenized libraries of clones expressing temperature-...
Combining Flipped Learning with Gamification to Improve Student Performance in a Data Structures Course (Abstract Only)

Data Structures is one of the fundamental computing courses but also among those with the highest rate of drops and failures. Its importance for a timely completion of Computer Science college programs implies the need of employing innovative instructional methods and technologies to improve student engagement and performance. This poster presents an instructional method that leverages strategies from both flipped learning and gamification. The flipped classroom has been shown to effectively support active learning activities. Moreover, flipping a Data Structures classroom allows introducing programming labs in class, which is not typical for the standard way of teaching the course. However, the success of flipped learning depends crucially on the proper engagement of students in and outside of class. Here gamification can help. Gamification, defined as the use of game design elements in non-game contexts, has shown promises in shaping user behavior in desirable directions, which can be used to increase students' motivation and engagement in the learning process. The poster describes a gamified flipped learning approach and the author's experience and findings in using it in a Data Structures course at a minority university. In the proposed method, the in-class work features group problem solving and pair-programming labs. The employed gamification elements include accruing points, virtual currency, rapid feedback, unlocking content, freedom to fail, and social engagement. The measures used in assessing the effectiveness of the proposed approach include students' grades, information about class attendance and submission of lab assignments, and an attitudinal survey.
A Tentative Study of Technology Innovation by Enterprises in the Age of Meager Profit

It is a rule that market competition would result in the decrease of product profit.The so called "Zero Profit Principle" shows that the best an enterprise can do to meet the age of meager profit is for itself to take an active attitude and to make innovations all the time,so that the enterprise can win in servere competitions.
Inferring Social Disposition by Sound and Surface Appearance in Infancy

ABSTRACTAdults automatically infer a person’s social disposition and future behavior based on the many properties they observe about how they look and sound. The goal of the current study is to explore the developmental origins of this bias. We tested whether 12-month-old infants automatically infer a character’s social disposition (e.g., whether they are likely to “help” or “hinder” another character’s goal) based on the sounds and visual features those characters display. Infants were habituated to 2 characters, 1 that possessed more positive properties (e.g., a soft, fluffy appearance and a happy-sounding laugh) or more negative properties (e.g., a sharp, pointy appearance and a deep, ominous laugh). During test trials, we observed that infants looked longer at events that involved characters engaging in social actions toward another that were inconsistent rather than consistent with the valence of how they looked and sounded during habituation. Two control conditions support the interpretation that in...
Organizational Concepts in the Central Motor Networks of Invertebrates

Motor behavior is produced by central networks of neurons that can operate without the aid of sensory feedback. Such networks contain at least four classes of nerve cells; command, oscillator, coordinating and motor neurons. The properties of each of these classes are reviewed briefly.
Stochastic resource auctions for renewable energy integration

Among the many challenges of integrating renewable energy sources into the the existing grid, is the challenge of integrating renewable energy generators into the power systems economy. Electric markets currently are run in a way that participating generators must supply contracted amounts. And yet, renewable energy generators such as wind power generators cannot supply contracted amounts with certainty. Thus, alternative market architectures must be considered where there are “aggregator” entities who participate in the electricity market by buying power from the renewable energy generators, and assuming risk of any shortfall from contracted amounts. In this paper, we propose auction mechanisms that can be used by the aggregators for procuring stochastic resources, such as wind power. The nature of stochastic resources is different from classical resources in that such a resource is only available stochastically. The distribution of the generation is private information, and the system objective is to truthfully elicit such information. We introduce a variant of the VCG mechanism for this problem. We also propose a non-VCG mechanism with a contracted-payment-plus-penalty payoff structure. We show generalization of the mechanisms to general objective functions, as well as multiple winners. We then consider the setting where the generators need to fulfill any shortfall from the contracted amount by buying from the spot market.
Characterization and Enterotoxigenicity of Staphylococci Isolated from Mastitic Ovine Milk in Spain.

On the basis of glucose fermentation and lysostaphin sensitivity, 71 gram-positive, catalase-positive cocci, isolated from mastitic ovine milk in Spain, were classified as members of the genus Staphylococcus . Identification at the species level was accomplished by complete characterization of the staphylococcal strains. Fifty-nine of the isolates were classified as S. aureus , 1 as S. simulans , 5 as S. epidermidis , a as S. haemolyticus and 5 could not be classified as any accepted or newly proposed species. The number of strains lysed by phages of S. aureus of human and bovine origin was 8 and 40, respectively. The phage pattern most frequently found was 78 (34 strains). Fifty of the S. aureus strains belonged to biotype C. Forty-nine of the S. aureus strains and 2 of the unclassified ones produced enterotoxin: 46 produced enterotoxin C, 2 produced enterotoxin A, 1 produced enterotoxin D and 2 produced both enterotoxins A and C. Forty-one of the 46 enterotoxin C producers belonged to biotype C, and 31 of these were lysed by phage 78.
Improved Outcome with Busulfan, Melphalan, and Thiotepa Conditioning (BuMelTt) in Autologous Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation for Relapsed/Refractory Hodgkin Lymphoma

Abstract 3110 High-dose therapy followed by autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) is standard therapy for patients with relapsed or refractory Hodgkin Lymphoma (HL), although the optimal conditioning regimen remains uncertain. The three drug alkylating agent regimen, BuMelTt, has been established as our institutional regimen. We performed a retrospective review of outcomes obtained with BuMelTt compared to those achieved with other standard conditioning regimens. 133 patients with relapsed/refractory HL who underwent ASCT between January 1990 and December 2009 were analyzed. 62 patients received BuMelTt and 71 patients received other standard preparative regimens (Standard) consisting of CBV (44), CyVp16TBI (20), BEAM (4), CyTBI (2), and Mel (1). The median follow-up (range) was 4.3 years (0.01–14.24) in BuMelTt and 3.9 years (0.07–20.21) in Standard. The two groups (BuMelTt vs Standard) were balanced for gender (65% male vs 65% male), median age (29 vs 33), median number of prior regimens (2 vs 2), and pre-transplant disease status. Disease status was categorized as PR2/CR2 (48% vs 42%), primary induction failure sensitive (16% vs 17%), and Other which included PIF-refractory, 1st relapse refractory, and greater than 1st relapse (35% vs 41%). The 5 year overall survival (OS) was superior for patient who received BuMelTt conditioning (74% vs 54%, p = 0.03). There was also a trend for improved 5 year event free survival (EFS) for BuMelTt at 56% vs 39% for Standard (p=0.07). Other risk factors for outcome after ASCT were also analyzed and included disease status, more than 2 chemotherapy regimens before ASCT, Karnofsky score 40 years. By univariate analysis, >2 chemotherapy regimens before ASCT (HR 1.7, p=0.05) and disease status of Other (HR 2.8, p 2 chemotherapy regimens lost significance (p=0.22). For EFS, disease status of PIF-sensitive or Other were prognostic in univariate analysis (HR 2.1 or 2.3, p=0.02 or There was no significant difference in 100 day non-relapse related mortality for BuMelTt vs Standard conditioning (5% vs 3%, p=0.88). More patients developed NCI CTCAE grade 3/4 mucositis with BuMelTt than Standard (89% vs 61%, p Our results suggest that BuMelTt may improve OS and EFS compared to standard conditioning regimens with increased but manageable toxicity. A case matched control study is planned. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
The Problem of Tragedy and the Protective Frame

We explore the classical philosophical problem of the “paradox of tragedy”—the problem of accounting for our apparent pleasure in feeling pity and terror as audiences of staged tragedies. After out...
Patient, caregiver and clinician use of comparative effectiveness research findings in care decisions: results from a national study.

Aim: To assess awareness, use and attitudes concerning comparative effectiveness research (CER) findings. Materials & methods: Online surveys of patients and caregivers managing rare (n = 560 patients, n = 609 caregivers) or chronic conditions (n = 762 patients, n = 776 caregivers), and practicing clinicians (n = 638). Results: Less than half of patients and caregivers reported exposure to any type of CER findings in the past 12 months. Of those, over half identify healthcare professionals as the information source, yet only 10% of clinicians indicated they were ‘very familiar’ with CER. Clinicians were concerned about the time required to find relevant evidence and the appropriateness of comparisons in available health research. Conclusion: Clinicians, patients and caregivers indicate unmet need for incorporating CER research findings into clinical decision-making.
The salutary effect of an integrated system on the rate of repeat CT scanning in transferred trauma patients: Improved costs and efficiencies

Abstract Background Duplication of Computed Tomography (CT) scanning in trauma patients has been a source of quality waste in healthcare and potential harm for patients. Integrated and regional health systems have been shown to promote opportunities for efficiencies, cost savings and increased safety. Methods This study evaluated traumatically injured patients who required transfer to a Level One Trauma Center (TC) from either within a vertically integrated healthcare system (IN) or from an out-of-network (OON) hospital. Results We found the rate of repeat CT scanning, radiology costs and total costs for day one of hospitalization to be significantly lower for trauma patients transferred from an IN hospital as compared to those patients transferred from OON hospitals. Conclusion The inefficiencies and waste often associated with transferred patients can be mitigated and strategies to do so are necessary to reduce costs in the current healthcare environment.
Preparing for bundled payments in urology: Defining episodes, evaluating variations in care, and demonstrating improved value.

11Background: As payors introduce APMs, there is little guidance on how episodes will be defined in subspecialty areas. We set out to define clinically relevant episodes of care, develop standardiz...