cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Upper Threshholds of Nitrogen Uptake Rates and Associated Nitrogen Fertilizer Efficiencies in Irrigated Rice

Measurements of the N uptake rate of rice (Oryza saliva L.) have usually been conducted over a period of 7 to 14 d. Such a sampling interval may not accurately determine the maximum rate, since information concerning N uptake dynamics during the first week after N topdressing is limited. In this study, N uptake dynamics and fertilizer N recovery efficiency following N topdressing were determined with more frequent samplings. Field experiments were conducted at International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) and at the Philippine Rice Research Institute (PRRI) during the 1995 dry season. Treatments consisted of 0, 50, and 100 kg N ha -1 applied at midtillering (MT) or panicle initiation (PI). Tissue N concentration and N uptake were measured 0, 2, 4, 6, 9, and 14 d after N application. Fertilizer N recovery efficiency was estimated using the difference method. At PI, maximum N uptake rates of 9 to 12 kg ha -1 d -1 were measured over the 4-d period following application of 100 kg N ha -1 , which is up to double the previously reported maximum value of 6 kg ha -1 d -1 . The much larger estimates of maximum N uptake rates in our study probably resulted from more frequent sampling than in previous studies. Nitrogen uptake rates at PI were similar, regardless of N rate at MT. Recovery efficiency of N applied at PI reached 74 to 78%, and was significantly higher than that at MT. Recovery efficiency was relatively insensitive to the amount of N applied at MT and PI, which suggests that high N fertilizer efficiency can be achieved with large rates of applied N when growth conditions are favorable.
Multiple robot / single human interaction: effects on perceived workload

This paper presents results from a user evaluation of a real multiple robot system in which the human's perceived workload and performance were measured. Participants completed tasks with one, two and four real heterogeneous mobile ground-based robots for indoor material transportation tasks. Twelve participants completed four trials of each task over two days. Generally speaking, little difference was found between the one- and two-robot tasks; however, perceived workload significantly increased while performance decreased during the four-robot task. A correlation analysis found that perceived workload increased as the number of commands (in total and by command type) and completion times increased. The highest number of accidents and user errors occurred during the four-robot task. In order to increase the number of robots a single human can supervise, the human must be provided with capabilities that reduce the number of required commands while also optimising the human's interactions with the robots.
Modelling the linkages between flow management and salmon recruitment in rivers

Abstract We developed a simulation model to predict instream flow effects on smolt production for fall chinook salmon ( Oncorhynchus tshawytscha ) in regulated rivers. The principal purpose of this model is to serve as a management tool to evaluate effects on salmon of instream releases from upstream reservoirs. The dramatic decline in chinook salmon in California rivers suggests a need for such a tool. We developed an individual-based and spatially explicit model to simulate the influences of riverine habitat on each lifestage leading to successful outmigration of chinook salmon. Model predictions of development, growth and survival showed good agreement with four years of field data collected on the Tuolumne River, California. Our analysis of parameter sensitivities identified flow-related redd mortality and temperature-related juvenile mortality as limitations on smolt production.
Light diffusion and diffusing-wave spectroscopy in nematic liquid crystals

We present a detailed theoretical, experimental, and numerical study of light diffusion and diffusing-wave spectroscopy in nematic liquid crystals. We report on experiments showing that the transport of light energy is governed by an anisotropic correlation diffusion equation, and we measure the parallel and the perpendicular components of the diffusion tensor and the diffusing-wave spectroscopy temporal decay rate. We derive theoretically the correlation diffusion equations. We then calculate the diffusing-wave spectroscopy temporal decay rate, and we provide explicit approximate, yet accurate, expressions for the components of the light diffusion tensor, which we evaluate numerically as a function of material parameters of nematics. Using the actual scattering cross sections for a nematic, we simulate photon transport and verify that it is described at long times by an anisotropic diffusion equation with diffusion coefficients in excellent agreement with both those obtained experimentally and those obtained from our analytical expressions.
Does ethical theory have a future in bioethics

Although there has long been a successful and stable marriage between philosophical ethical theory and bioethics, the marriage has become shaky as bioethics has become a more interdisciplinary and practical field. A practical price is paid for theoretical generality in philosophy. It is often unclear whether and, if so, how theory is to be brought to bear on dilemmatic problems, public policy, moral controversies, and moral conflict. Three clearly philosophical problems are used to see how philosophers are doing in handling practical problems: Cultural Relativity, and Moral Universality, Moral Justification, and Conceptual Analysis. In each case it is argued that philosophers need to develop theories and methods more closely attuned to practice. The work of philosophers such as Ruth Macklin, Norman Daniels, and Gerald Dworkin is examined. In the writings of each there is major methological gap between philosophical theory (or method) and practical conclusions. The future of philosophical ethics in interdisciplinary bioethics may turn on whether such gaps can be closed. If not, bioethics may justifiably conclude that philosophy is of little value.
The ethics of interrogation--the U.S. military's ongoing use of psychiatrists.

Jonathan Marks and Dr. M. Gregg Bloche write that the AMA and APA firmly oppose physicians' helping to devise interrogation plans for individual detainees. Yet documents recently provided by the U.S. Army make clear that the Department of Defense still wants doctors to be involved.
Short Term Evaluation of Atenolol in Hospitalised Patients with Chronic Ventricular Arrhythmias

To evaluate the effect of atenolol on suppressing chronic ventricular arrhythmias in a mixed cardiac population, 12 patients (2 female, 10 male; mean age 57 ± 6 years) underwent a 15- day single- blind inpatient trial in a clinical research unit. The first 3 days of placebo were followed by 3 days each of 50mg, then 100mg, then 200mg of atenolol given orally once daily, the final 3 days being placebo. Ambulatory electro- cardiographic (Holter) monitoring was performed on each day of the 15- day study. The study population included patients with a mixed response to previous antiarrhythmic agents. Seven of the 12 patients (58%) with simple ventricular premature complexes had a statistically significant suppression in which 4 had this response at 50 mg/day and 3 at 100 mg/day of atenolol. Five of 7 patients (71%) with ventricular couplets had a significant suppression (4 at 50 mg/day and 1 at 100 mg/day), whereas only 2/5 (40%) of those patients with ventricular tachycardia had significant suppression. Plasma levels of atenolol did not correlate with antiarrhythmic effect and there were no important side effects.
Mtr1, a novel biallelically expressed gene in the center of the mouse distal chromosome 7 imprinting cluster, is a member of the Trp gene family.

We recently described a novel putative Ca 2+ channel gene, MTR1, which shows a high level of homology to the human TRPC7 gene and the melastatin 1 ( MLSN1 ) gene, another Trp ( transient receptor potential protein )-related gene whose transcript was found to be downregulated in metastatic melanomas. It maps to human chromosome band 11p15.5, which is associated with the Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome and predisposition to a variety of neoplasias. Here we report the isolation and characterization of the murine orthologue Mtr1. The chromosomal localization on distal chromosome 7 places it in a cluster of imprinted genes, flanked by the previously described Tapa1 and Kcnq1 genes. The Mtr1 gene encodes a 4.4-kb transcript, present in a variety of fetal and adult tissues. The putative open reading frame consists of 24 exons, encoding 1158 amino acids. Transmembrane prediction algorithms indicate the presence of six membrane-spanning domains in the proposed protein. Imprinting analysis, using RT-PCR on RNA from reciprocal mouse crosses harboring a sequence polymorphism, revealed biallelic expression of Mtr1 transcripts at all stages and tissues examined.
Functional similarities in spatial representations between real and virtual environments

This paper presents results that demonstrate functional similarities in subjects' access to spatial knowledge (or spatial representation) between real and virtual environments. Such representations are important components of the transfer of reasoning ability and knowledge between these two environments. In particular, we present two experiments aimed at investigating similarities in spatial knowledge derived from exploring on foot both physical environments and virtual environments presented through a head-mounted display. In the first experiment, subjects were asked to learn the locations of target objects in the real or virtual environment and then rotate the perspective by either physically locomoting to a new facing direction or imagining moving. The latencies and errors were generally worse after imagining locomoting and for greater degrees of rotation in perspective; they did not differ significantly across knowledge derived from exploring the physical versus virtual environments. In the second experiment, subjects were asked to imagine simple rotations versus simple translations in perspective. The errors and latencies indicated that the to-be-imagined disparity was linearly related after learning the physical and virtual environment. These results demonstrate functional similarities in access to knowledge of new perspective when it is learned by exploring physical environments and virtual renderings of the same environment.
Changes in end-user satisfaction with Computerized Provider Order Entry over time among nurses and providers in intensive care units.

Background Implementation of Computerized Provider Order Entry (CPOE) has many potential advantages. Despite the potential benefits of CPOE, several attempts to implement CPOE systems have failed or met with high levels of user resistance. Implementation of CPOE can fail or meet high levels of user resistance for a variety of reasons, including lack of attention to users’ needs and the significant workflow changes required by CPOE. User satisfaction is a critical factor in information technology implementation. Little is known about how end-user satisfaction with CPOE changes over time. Objective To examine ordering provider and nurse satisfaction with CPOE implementation over time. Methods We conducted a repeated cross-sectional questionnaire survey in four intensive care units of a large hospital. We analyzed the questionnaire data as well as the responses to two open-ended questions about advantages and disadvantages of CPOE. Results Users were moderately satisfied with CPOE and there were interesting differences between user groups: ordering providers and nurses. User satisfaction with CPOE did not change over time for providers, but it did improve significantly for nurses. Results also show that nurses and providers are satisfied with different aspects of CPOE.
AKT Network of Genes and Impaired Myocardial Contractility During Murine Acute Chagasic Myocarditis

Chagasic disease is associated with high morbidity in Latin America. Acute Chagasic myocarditis is consistently found in acute infections, but little is known about its contribution to chronic cardiomyopathy. The aim of the study was to phenotypically characterize two strains of mice with differential Chagas infection susceptibility and correlate strain myocarditis phenotypes with heart tissue gene expression. C57BL/6J and Balb/c mice were injected intraperitoneally with 0 or 150-200 tissue-derived trypomastigotes (Tulahuen strain). Echocardiograms, brain natriuretic peptide, and troponin were measured. Heart tissue was harvested for histopathological analysis and gene expression profiling on microarrays. Genes differently expressed between infected Balb/c and C57BL/6J mice were identified. Echocardiograms showed differences in Balb/c versus C57BL/6J infected mice in heart rate (413 versus 476 beats per minute; P = 0.0001), stroke volume (31.9 ± 9.3 versus 39.2 ± 5.5 μL; P = 0.03), and cardiac output (13.1 ± 3.5 versus 18.7 ± 3.2 μL/min; P = 0.002). Gene expression at 4 weeks analysis showed 32 statistically significant (q value < 0.05) differentially expressed genes between infected Balb/c and C57BL/6J mice that were enriched for genes related to the protein kinase B (AKT) pathway. These specific phenotypic features of cardiac response during acute Chagasic myocarditis may, in part, be related to host AKT network regulation.
Edmund Burke and Reason of State

Etude de la conception de la raison d'Etat developpee par Burke dans le cadre de sa theorie politique internationale. S'inscrivant dans la tradition moderne du droit naturel heritee de Grotius et Vattel, l'A. montre que Burke reste un defenseur de l'anglicanisme contre l'atheisme de la Revolution francaise.
Centrosome and spindle function of the Drosophila Ncd microtubule motor visualized in live embryos using Ncd-GFP fusion proteins

The Ncd microtubule motor protein is required for meiotic and early mitotic chromosome distribution in Drosophila. Null mutant females expressing the Ncd motor fused to the Aequorea victoria green fluorescent protein (GFP), regulated by the wild-type ncd promoter, are rescued for chromosome segregation and embryo viability. Analysis of mitosis in live embryos shows cell cycle-dependent localization of Ncd-GFP to centrosomes and spindles. The distribution of Ncd-GFP in spindles during metaphase differs strikingly from that of tubulin: the tubulin staining is excluded by the chromosomes at the metaphase plate; in contrast, Ncd-GFP forms filaments along the spindle microtubules that extend across the chromosomes. The existence of Ncd-GFP fibers that cross the metaphase plate suggests that Ncd interacts functionally with chromosomes in metaphase. Differences are no longer observed in anaphase when the chromosomes have moved off the metaphase plate. A mutant form of Ncd fused to GFP also localizes to spindles in live embryos. Mutant embryos show frequent centrosome and spindle abnormalities, including free centrosomes that dissociate from interphase nuclei, precociously split centrosomes, and spindles with microtubule spurs or bridges to nearby spindles. The precociously split and free centrosomes indicate that the Ncd motor acts in cleavage stage embryos to maintain centrosome integrity and attachment to nuclei. The frequent spindle spurs of mutant embryos are associated with mis-segregating chromosomes that partially detach from the spindle in metaphase, but can be recaptured in early anaphase. This implies that the Ncd motor functions to prevent chromosome loss by maintaining chromosome attachment to the spindle in metaphase, consistent with the Ncd-GFP fibers that across the metaphase plate.
Aspect-oriented programming with Jiazzi

We present aspect-oriented programming in Jiazzi. Jiazzi enhances Java with separately compiled, externally linked code modules called units. Units can act as effective "aspect" constructs with the ability to separate crosscutting concern code in a non-invasive and safe way. Unit linking provides a convenient way for programmers to explicitly control the inclusion and configuration of code that implements a concern, while separate compilation of units enhances the independent development and deployment of the concern. The expressiveness of concern separation is enhanced by units in two ways. First, classes can be made open to the addition of new behavior, fields, and methods after they are initially defined, which enables the direct modularization of concerns whose code crosscut object boundaries. Second, the signatures of methods and classes can also be made open to refinement, which permits more aggressive modularization by isolating the naming and calling requirements of a concern implementation.
Assembly of cytoskeletal proteins into cleavage furrows of tissue culture cells.

We review results obtained after fluorescent actin and myosin II probes were microinjected into interphase and prophase PtK2 and LLC-PK tissue culture cells to follow the changing distribution of these cytoskeletal proteins in the live cells during division. The fluorescent probes first begin to assemble into the future furrow region during mid-anaphase before any sign of initial contractions. The total concentrations of F-actin and myosin in the cleavage furrow begin to decrease a few minutes after the onset of furrow contraction. The cell's shape and the position of its mitotic spindle affect the deposition of cytoskeletal proteins in the forming cleavage furrow. In cells with two spindles, contractile proteins were recruited not only to the cortex bordering the former metaphase plates but also to the cortex midway between each pair of adjacent non-daughter poles or centrosomes. The furrowing between adjacent poles seen in these cultured cells are similar to the furrows observed by Rappaport ((1961) J Exp Zool 148:81- 89) when echinoderm eggs were manipulated into a torus shape so that the poles of two mitotic spindles were adjacent to one another. These observations on injected tissue culture cells suggest that vertebrate cells share common mechanisms for the establishment of the cleavage furrow with echinoderm cells. Microsc. Res. Tech. 49:190 -201, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Capital‐Labour Tensions and Liberal Economic Thought

It was typical in nineteenth century economic thought to view the tensions between the interests of capital and labour as critical to industrial society. Yet later economic thought has generally reduced these tensions to those captured in contract theory. Explores how this narrowing of focus has cast an important source of contemporary social dynamics into the shadows. A broad survey is made of the various ways in which capital‐labour tensions are manifested in today′s advanced industrial economies, with special attention given to the case of the USA. Concludes with a discussion of how intensified international competitiveness, combined with our increasing distance from the threat of material privation, may force societies to restructure their economies so as to eliminate the source of capital‐labour tensions. The task facing liberal economic thought is to expand its scope to better provide guidance for meeting this challenge.
Study of series resistances in high-shear rotary ultrafiltration

A parametric waste-specific study was conducted to determine the relationship between permeate flux, transmembrane pressure, membrane rotational speed, and feed concentration in the high-shear rotary ultrafiltration (HSRUF) of a synthetic metal working (MW) fluid. The interactions between permeate flux and operating parameters were described using the resistance-in-series (RIS) approach to flux modeling. Eighteen discrete experiments were conducted at constant MW fluid concentration/membrane rotational speed combinations at applied pressures ranging from 103 to 517 kPa (15 to 75 psig). The fouling layer resistance, Rf, was only 12% of the total membrane resistance, R 0 , and it was determined that Rf and R 0 were independent of feed concentration and membrane rotational speed. The polarization layer resistance, Rp, was the predominant rate controlling resistance in the HSRUF of the synthetic MW fluid; however, membrane rotation induced hydraulic turbulence was effective in minimizing Rp by reducing the accumulation of solute molecules on the membrane surface. An explicit form of the resistance index, , was postulated based upon observations of interactions between , feed MW fluid concentration, and membrane rotational speed. The RIS model was then modified with a specific form of to further describe the specific interactions between flux and operating parameters. The modified model adequately predicted flux‐pressure data over the range of experimental variables examined in this study. Additionally, a set-point operating pressure was determined as a function of membrane rotational speed and feed oil concentration such that the resistances R 0 and Rp were minimized. # 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Assessing the improved performance of freestanding, flexible graphene and carbon nanotube hybrid foams for lithium ion battery anodes

We demonstrate the fabrication of three-dimensional freestanding foams of hybrid graphene–single-walled carbon nanotube nanomanufactured materials with reversible capacities of 2640 mA h g−1 at 0.186 A g−1 and 236 mA h g−1 at 27.9 A g−1. The Li storage behavior of this material is compared against other nanostructures in similar flexible foam platforms including graphene, ultra-thin graphite, and single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs), and we elucidate the improved hybrid material performance due to the decoupling of lithium storage reaction energetics dictated by the SWNTs from the total storage capacity of the hybrid material. This work demonstrates a route to develop mechanically robust all-carbon electrodes with the potential for reversible Li-ion storage capacity approaching silicon, power capability of the best supercapacitors, and based on a material simultaneously usable as a charge collector and anode.
Interpolation techniques for noisy spectral data

A technique for interpolating noisy frequency domain data is presented. It is based on rational function interpolation with the least square error method. Compared to traditional Lagrange interpolation, the method is shown to be more robust. Results for simulated data with additive white Gaussian noise and measured data are presented to demonstrate the validity of the interpolation technique. >
Phase II Study of Cisplatin Plus Epirubicin Salvage Chemotherapy in Refractory Germ Cell Tumors

Purpose Initial cisplatin (CIS) combination chemotherapy will cure 70% of patients with disseminated testicular cancer. This phase II clinical trial evaluated the combination of CIS plus epirubicin (CIS-EPI) in patients with metastatic germ cell tumors (GCT) not amenable to cure with standard salvage therapy. Patients and Methods Between March 2001 and August 2005, 30 patients with GCT, who had received at least one previous CIS-based regimen, were enrolled. All patients were males, with median age 36 (range, 24 to 45 years). Twenty-one patients (70%) had experienced late relapses (> 2 years). Patients received EPI 90 mg/m2 on day 1 and CIS 20 mg/m2 on days 1 to 5 every 3 weeks for maximum of four cycles. Results Nineteen (63%) of 30 patients received all four cycles. Toxicity was primarily hematologic: grade 3/4 neutropenia, four patients (one neutropenic fever); two patients had grade 3 thrombocytopenia, and five patients had grade 3/4 anemia. Nonhematologic toxicity was grade 3 acute renal failure in t...
On the hardware implementation of a multi-processor environment for several DSP applications

A laboratory for the multi-processor environment is described herein where more than one DSP application can be implemented at different times by hardware reconfiguration through host software commands. This environment has evolved from the development of several real-time applications on our research signal processors. The applications involve from one to five processors, a host, a bulk storage display device, and also analog hardware for analog signal interaction. All applications are loadable from the host, with host control required for the loading of programs and the initialization of data. However, no host intervention is usually required during the operation of most real-time applications. Examples of one-processor to five-processor applications in several DSP areas (speech, image processing, spectral analysis, and modems) are presented with emphasis on the flexibility of the hardware configuration.
Cognition and health in African American men.

Objective: Despite high rates of poor health outcomes, little attention has been focused on associations between prominent health factors and cognitive function in African American men, exclusively...
Has Riverboat Gambling Reduced State Lottery Revenue

Over the past decade, most states have introduced lotteries, and many now license casinos. To what extent does the presence of licensed casinos cannibalize revenues from state-sponsored lotteries? To what extent does pari-mutuel betting cannibalize revenues from state-sponsored lotteries? Based on pooled cross-section data for the period from 1989 to 1995, this research reveals significant cannibalization of lottery revenues by both casinos and pari-mutuel betting. Nevertheless, states, in general, gain by having both lotteries and casinos. In the case of pari-mutuel betting, however, the substitution is so severe that, at existing effective tax rates, lost lottery revenues outweigh states’ receipts from pari-mutuel betting.
Worthwhile Concept or Old Wine? A Review of Employee Engagement and Related Constructs

Employee engagement is still in its infancy as a concept. Scholars are still trying to unravel inconsistencies concerning its conceptualization and measurement. At the same time, the concept is said to overlap with other well- known and established constructs such as commitment, job satisfaction, organizational citizenship behavior and job involvement, to the point where the concept may be redundant. Unless more extensive studies are conducted to discriminate the concept of engagement from those established psychological constructs it risk being continuously criticized and may continue to be seen as "old wine in a new bottle". Future studies must therefore focus on elucidating the value of engagement in impacting outcomes beyond the above-mentioned established constructs.
Effect of apple extracts on NF-κB activation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells

The mechanisms by which foods, such as fruit, are able to reduce the risk of chronic disease are still unclear. Several fruit products, including apples and apple juice, that are flavonoid-rich are...
Research and Emulation on Non-uniform Information Dissemination for Grid Resource Discovery

Effective use of computational grids requires up-to-date information about widely distributed resources within it-a challenging problem given the scale of the grid,and the continuously changing state of the resources.The article proposes non-uniform information dissemination protocols to efficiently propagate information to distributed repositories,without requiring flooding or centralized approaches.Capitalizing on the observation that grid resources are of more interest to nearby users,we disseminate resource information with a frequency and resolution inversely proportional to the distance from the resource.Results indicate a significant reduction in the overhead compared to uniform dissemination to all repositories.
An Updated Systematic Review of Neuroimaging Studies of Children and Adolescents with Perinatally Acquired HIV

A recent review of neuroimaging studies related to perinatally acquired human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection by Hoare and colleagues (Metabolic Brain Disease 29:221–229, 2014) included studies published between 1995 and 2012, with all but two studies being published in or before 2006. Although the review synthesized the extant research available at the time, the findings may not be relevant to the current population of children and adolescents who are HIV positive due to more recent advances in antiretroviral medication and new medication guidelines. As such, the purpose of this paper was to extend the findings of Hoare and colleagues by reviewing the imaging literature that has been published since 2012 and to compare the more recent studies to the earlier ones. The results were that 11 articles met criteria for inclusion in this review. The majority of studies were cross-sectional and analyzed MRI data.. Samples included children and adolescents of nearly all ages. Studies differed widely on the inclusion and reporting of clinical variables. Imaging was focused primarily on white matter, and white matter issues such as lesions, poor tract integrity, and reduced volume were found in samples of children and adolescents of various age ranges. Two studies compared the cognitive functioning of children with HIV to controls, and both found that children with HIV perform more poorly than their non-infected peers on various cognitive tasks. Based on the findings of this review, recommendations for future imaging research are made.
A historical review of dental and facial skeletal trauma

It is only in the past 100 years that dentists have embraced the concept of occlusion as the guide for reducing and stabilizing fractures involving the jaws. Through early history and into the middle ages, there were two schools of thought regarding the management of jaw fractures. Often overlooked is the influence wars have had on the evolution of treatment of maxillofacial injuries.
“The first of a new genus —”: Mary Wollstonecraft, Mary Hays, and The Analytical Review

On 7 November 1787 Mary Wollstonecraft, the 28-year-old former proprietor of an only temporarily successful girls’ school and author of a treatise on education, who had recently been discharged from her position as governess with the family of an Irish peer, wrote to her sister Everina: “Mr Johnson […] assures me that if I exert my talents in writing, I may support myself in a comfortable way. I am then going to be the first of a new genus — I tremble at the attempt.”1 When she wrote this, Wollstonecraft was well aware she was not the first woman to try to support herself through writing. Only recently arrived in London, she had not yet made the acquaintance of the numerous women writers who were to be a part of her circle in the coming years. Still, she had read sufficient educational literature, conduct books, novels, and poetry by women to realize that some women were earning income by writing. In publications by women writers prefaces apologizing on the grounds of financial need for the transgressive immodesty of going public had become common enough to seem almost a cliche. In fact, Wollstonecraft had herself recently turned author to ease financial embarrassments that resulted when she tried to set to rights a family headed by her profligate and inept father. What she recognized as unique about her new relationship with bookseller Joseph Johnson was the nature of the business arrangement.
Introduction: Strategic Bargaining and Economic Adjustment in the Third World

While the 1970s can be considered the decade of rapid debt accumulation and the 1980s that of economic deterioration in the Third World, the 1990s will be the decade of intense debt management negotiations between international creditors and debtor states and economic adjustment negotiations between the state and its domestic constituents. Arising from these negotiations are both a paradox and a dilemma for Third World states as they seek to work their way through the maze of indebtedness. The paradox for debtors concerns the nature and role of state power during this period of economic decline. On the one hand, state capabilities are considered weak and ineffective in combating political instability, social disunity, and scarcity of economic resources. Yet, the state in the Third World has shown remarkable resiliency in extending and developing its bureaucratic and administrative powers. Is the state, in indebted societies, withering away, losing its control over members of its society as well as foreign interests? Or, has the state been able to adapt to changing circumstances which may permit it some degree of freedom in its negotiations with internal and external interests?
A Comprehensive Assessment of Toxicities in Patients with Central Nervous System Lymphoma Undergoing Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation Using Thiotepa, Busulfan, and Cyclophosphamide Conditioning

Abstract High-dose therapy and autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) with thiotepa, busulfan, and cyclophosphamide (TBC) conditioning has emerged as an effective postinduction treatment strategy for patients with primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) or secondary central nervous system lymphoma (SCNSL), but it is associated with considerable toxicity and transplantation-related mortality (TRM) in the modern era. Forty-three adult patients with chemosensitive PCNSL or SCNSL underwent TBC-conditioned ASCT between 2006 and 2015. Twenty-eight of these patients received pharmacokinetically (PK)-targeted busulfan dosing. The median number of clinically relevant individual grade ≥3 nonhematologic toxicities per patient was 5. We found no association between pretransplantation patient characteristics and the presence of more than 5 grade ≥3 nonhematologic toxicities. Patients with elevated first-dose busulfan area under the curve values did not experience more toxicity. Paradoxically, patients treated with more than 2 regimens before undergoing ASCT had lower first-dose busulfan AUC values. With a median follow-up among survivors of 20 months, 1-year progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) from the time of ASCT were 83% and 87%, respectively. Although this study reaffirms the favorable PFS and OS associated with TBC-conditioned ASCT for PCNSL or SCNSL, this treatment strategy carries a large toxicity burden.
HetSDN: Exploiting SDN for intelligent network usage in heterogeneous wireless networks

Mobile devices nowadays can find multiple wireless networks, such as WiFi, 4G/LTE and relay through devices. These networks have different characteristics in terms of coverage, data rate, and price. Meanwhile, mobile applications (and even different TCP/UDP connections) often have diverse and time-variant network needs. Thus, to better use all wireless network resources, it would be ideal to enable a TCP/UDP connection to 1) select the most appropriate network dynamically and 2) migrate between networks transparently. However, existing methods fail to provide both functions in a systematic and efficient way at the TCP/UDP connection level. In this paper, we adopt Software-Defined Networking (SDN) to realize such a feature. We use the features of SDN to realize intelligent network selection that is adaptive to time-variant application needs, network availability, and scheduling commands. To support transparent migration, an intelligent home agent (HA) is designed with the SDN to anchor packets from the mobile device. It can intelligently determine which wireless network a TCP/UDP connection is running over. Finally, our implementation demonstrates the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed system.
High-Dimensional Regression with Binary Coefficients. Estimating Squared Error and a Phase Transition

We consider a sparse linear regression model Y=X\beta^{*}+W where X has a Gaussian entries, W is the noise vector with mean zero Gaussian entries, and \beta^{*} is a binary vector with support size (sparsity) k. Using a novel conditional second moment method we obtain a tight up to a multiplicative constant approximation of the optimal squared error \min_{\beta}\|Y-X\beta\|_{2}, where the minimization is over all k-sparse binary vectors \beta. The approximation reveals interesting structural properties of the underlying regression problem. In particular, a) We establish that n^*=2k\log p/\log (2k/\sigma^{2}+1) is a phase transition point with the following "all-or-nothing" property. When n exceeds n^{*}, (2k)^{-1}\|\beta_{2}-\beta^*\|_0\approx 0, and when n is below n^{*}, (2k)^{-1}\|\beta_{2}-\beta^*\|_0\approx 1, where \beta_2 is the optimal solution achieving the smallest squared error. With this we prove that n^{*} is the asymptotic threshold for recovering \beta^* information theoretically. b) We compute the squared error for an intermediate problem \min_{\beta}\|Y-X\beta\|_{2} where minimization is restricted to vectors \beta with \|\beta-\beta^{*}\|_0=2k \zeta, for \zeta\in [0,1]. We show that a lower bound part \Gamma(\zeta) of the estimate, which corresponds to the estimate based on the first moment method, undergoes a phase transition at three different thresholds, namely n_{\text{inf,1}}=\sigma^2\log p, which is information theoretic bound for recovering \beta^* when k=1 and \sigma is large, then at n^{*} and finally at n_{\text{LASSO/CS}}. c) We establish a certain Overlap Gap Property (OGP) on the space of all binary vectors \beta when n\le ck\log p for sufficiently small constant c. We conjecture that OGP is the source of algorithmic hardness of solving the minimization problem \min_{\beta}\|Y-X\beta\|_{2} in the regime n<n_{\text{LASSO/CS}}.
Hypertension in the Pregnant Teenager

Hypertension occurs in approximately 15–20 % of pregnancies and is associated with significant maternal and fetal morbidity. Most importantly, it results in preterm delivery and is associated with other conditions in the spectrum of placental ischemic disease such as intrauterine growth retardation and placental abruption. Chronic hypertension increases the risk for gestational hypertension and preeclampsia. Hypertension during pregnancy is also associated with increased future cardiovascular risk in the mother and her offspring. Topics to be discussed in this chapter include the classification of hypertensive orders in pregnancy, normal blood pressure patterns during pregnancy, the pathophysiology of gestational hypertension and preeclampsia, features unique to the pregnant adolescent, the epidemiology and outcome of hypertension during pregnancy, and treatment guidelines.
New global electron density observations from GPS-RO in the D- and E-Region ionosphere

A novel retrieval technique is developed for electron density (Ne) in the D- and E-region (80–120 km) using the high-quality 50-Hz GPS radio occultation (GPS-RO) phase measurements. The new algorithm assumes a slow, linear variation in the F-region background when the GPS-RO passes through the D- and E-region, and extracts the Ne profiles at 80–130 km from the phase advance signal caused by Ne. Unlike the conventional Abel function, the new approach produces a sharp Ne weighting function in the lower ionosphere, and the Ne retrievals are in good agreement with the IRI (International Reference Ionosphere) model in terms of monthly maps, zonal means and diurnal variations. The daytime GPS-RO Ne profiles can be well characterized by the α-Chapman function of three parameters (NmE, hmE and H), showing that the bottom of E-region is deepening and sharpening towards the summer pole. At high latitudes the monthly GPS-RO Ne maps at 80–120 km reveal clear enhancement in the auroral zones, more prominent at night, as a result of energetic electron precipitation (EEP) from the outer radiation belt. The D-/E-region auroral Ne is strongly correlated with Kp on a daily basis. The new Ne data allow further comprehensive analyses of the sporadic E (Es) phenomena in connection with the background Ne in the E-region. The layered (2–10 km) and fluctuated (<2 km) Es components, namely Ne_Layer than Ne_Pert, are extracted with respect to the background Ne_Region on a profile-by-profile basis. The Ne_Layer component has a strong but highly-refined peak at ∼105 km, with an amplitude smaller than Ne_Region approximately by an order of magnitude. The Ne_Pert component, which was studied extensively in the past, is ∼2 orders of magnitude weaker than Ne_Layer. Both Ne_Layer and Ne_Pert are subject to significant diurnal and semidiurnal variations, showing downward progression with local time in amplitude. The 11-year solar cycle dominates the Ne interannual variations, showing larger Ne_Region and Ne_Layer but smaller Ne_Pert amplitudes in the solar maximum years. Enhanced Ne profiles are often observed in the polar winter, showing good correlation with solar proton events (SPEs) and geomagnetic activity. The new methodology offers great potential for retrieving low Ne in the D-region, where radio propagation and communication blackouts can occur due to enhanced ionization. For space weather applications it is recommended for GPS-RO operations to raise the top of high-rate data acquisition to ∼140 km in the future.
Improving Rhinology Skills with Simulation

The convergence of technology and medicine has led to many advances in surgical training. Novel surgical simulators have led to significantly improved skills of graduating surgeons, leading to decreased time to proficiency, improved efficiency, decreased errors, and improvement in patient safety. Endoscopic sinus surgery poses a steep learning curve given the complex 3-dimensional anatomy of the nasal and paranasal cavities, and the necessary visual-spatial motor skills and bimanual dexterity. This article focuses on surgical simulation in rhinological training and how innovative high-fidelity and low-fidelity simulators can maximize resident training and improve procedural skills before operating in the live environment.
Formalizing evidence type definitions for drug-drug interaction studies to improve evidence base curation

In this research we aim to demonstrate that an ontology-based system can categorize potential drug-drug interaction (PDDI) evidence items into complex types based on a small set of simple questions. Such a method could increase the transparency and reliability of PDDI evidence evaluation, while also reducing the variations in content and seriousness ratings present in PDDI knowledge bases. We extended the DIDEO ontology with 44 formal evidence type definitions. We then manually annotated the evidence types of 30 evidence items. We tested an RDF/OWL representation of answers to a small number of simple questions about each of these 30 evidence items and showed that automatic inference can determine the detailed evidence types based on this small number of simpler questions. These results show proof-of-concept for a decision support infrastructure that frees the evidence evaluator from mastering relatively complex written evidence type definitions.
Reliability and validity of the revised Gibson Test of Cognitive Skills, a computer-based test battery for assessing cognition across the lifespan.

Purpose The purpose of the current study is to evaluate the validity and reliability of the revised Gibson Test of Cognitive Skills, a computer-based battery of tests measuring short-term memory, long-term memory, processing speed, logic and reasoning, visual processing, as well as auditory processing and word attack skills. Methods This study included 2,737 participants aged 5-85 years. A series of studies was conducted to examine the validity and reliability using the test performance of the entire norming group and several subgroups. The evaluation of the technical properties of the test battery included content validation by subject matter experts, item analysis and coefficient alpha, test-retest reliability, split-half reliability, and analysis of concurrent validity with the Woodcock Johnson III Tests of Cognitive Abilities and Tests of Achievement. Results Results indicated strong sources of evidence of validity and reliability for the test, including internal consistency reliability coefficients ranging from 0.87 to 0.98, test-retest reliability coefficients ranging from 0.69 to 0.91, split-half reliability coefficients ranging from 0.87 to 0.91, and concurrent validity coefficients ranging from 0.53 to 0.93. Conclusion The Gibson Test of Cognitive Skills-2 is a reliable and valid tool for assessing cognition in the general population across the lifespan.
Photochemistry, Photophysics, and Photoredox Reactions of Ru(bpy) 3 2+ and Related Complexes

The photochemistry of the tris(bipyridine) ruthenium(II) dication, Ru(bpy) 3 2+ , is discussed in a separate chapter because of the pivotal role that this complex has played in the development of inorganic photochemistry, and also because of the continuing role that the complex still plays in the field. The importance of this complex is the result of its having both a rich photophysics and photochemistry. The importance of Ru(bpy) 3 2+ is in the way that the photophysics and the photochemistry have developed, this because of discoveries made in the other. A key finding that has spurred much of this development was the initial observation of an orange triplet emission from the complex, an emission that can be observed at ambient temperature. The discovery of such a feature in a stable metal complex has since led to a considerable interest being generated in explaining the nature of this observation, and in exploiting this discovery to develop new photochemical reactions and photoinduced catalytic processes. From the discovery of this emissive property has resulted both a better understanding of the structure of the excited state, and of the photochemistry resulting from it. Well over 1000 papers have been written concerning the chemistry of Ru(bpy) 3 2+ and its congeners, and much of the details of this research has been reviewed.(1–20)
Cellular Biology and Biochemistry of the Retinoids

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the cellular biology and biochemistry of the retinoids. In isolated 9-day-old rat embryos, retinoic acid prevents the formation of the pharyngeal arches, which are derived from cephalic mesenchyme; these structures later form the maxilla and the mandible. Another mesenchymal derivative, whose formation is markedly suppressed by retinoic acid in rat embryos, is the yolk sac circulation. Retinoids can exert a powerful influence on cell differentiation in many different types of epithelia. The effects of retinoids on differentiation of epithelia in organ culture result from a combination of complex cellular responses and interactions of different cell types in the explant. One of the most illuminating examples of the ability of retinoids to promote differentiation is the effect of retinoids on mouse embryonal carcinoma cells. These undifferentiated stem cells of teratocarcinomas are multipotential, that is, they can differentiate into a multiplicity of somatic cell types. Another example of the ability of retinoic acid to promote terminal differentiation of neoplastic cells to nonneoplastic cell types is the effect of retinoic acid on human promyelocytic leukemia cells.
Electronic Structure, Lattice Dynamics, and Electron-Phonon Interaction in High Tc Superconductors

Density functional calculations within the local density theory (LDA) have successfully predicted and reproduced electronic, structural, and vibrational properties of high Tc superconductors. Successful predictions include Fermi surfaces, phonon frequencies, structural instabilities, etc. If Fermi liquid theory is not applicable to high Tc superconductors, it is difficult to explain why first-principles calculations within the LDA give as good agreement with properties of the metallic high Tc oxides as is found in other metals. This is not to say that the antiferromagnetic insulator relatives of the high Tc superconductors can be quantitatively described within the local spin density approximation (LSDA). It appears, however, that the doped metals are represented well by conventional band theory. Experiments have now demonstrated strong electron-phonon coupling in the high Tc superconductors. The question now is not whether the electron-phonon interaction is strong in the high Tc superconductors, but whether it is strong enough to give Tc’s above 100K in itself. The electron-phonon interaction is enhanced in the high Tc oxides by poor screening and ionicity that leads to strong non-local electron-lattice interactions. We also find evidence of strong anharmonicity. Calculations support the possibility that the electron-phonon interaction may be responsible for high Tc.