cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Predicate transformers for infinite-state automata in NuPRL type theory

This paper has two goals. The first is to present a formalization in Nuprl type theory of a very general methodology for system description, specification and verification. The method is especially suitable for describing distributed systems, and is based on a modification of the I/O automata of Lynch & Tuttle. By using infinite extendible records as the state spaces of automata we gain a key inheritance property that make modular verification tractible. The second goal is to show how we can state and prove meta-theorems about the method in Nuprl by a reflection procedure whereby we define syntax and semantics for both system descriptions and specifications within Nuprl type theory. We can then define a syntactic predicate transformation algorithm that generates syntactic verification conditions, and then prove the meta-theorem that shows that the truth of (the meanings of) the verification conditions implies that (the meaning of) the description satisfies (the meaning of) the specification.
Predicting School Readiness The Validity of Developmental Age

The present study is an examination of the predictive validity of the Gesell School Readiness Screening Test. Test results obtained by certified examiners of 84 kindergarten-age children were compared with subsequent school successes or “special needs” designations. The study found that the Gesell procedure is effective in predicting child success or failure in Kindergarten and that within the range of 4 to 6 years the chronological age of children entering Kindergarten is unrelated to eventual success or failure in kindergarten. Developmental age, as measured by the Gesell Examination, provides a useful predictive measurement of later school performance.
Infection and Arthritis

A number of bacteria and viruses can cause arthritis. Fungal arthritis usually occurs only in immunocompromised patients. Lyme disease (see below) is caused by a spirochaete.
Collective Identities, the Catholic Temperance Movement,and Father Mathew: The Social History of a Teacup

Symbols found on various objects signify and express group identity. They reflect the larger history or collective social relations and e x p e r i e n c e s o f a p a r t i c u l a r g ro u p . Archeological study linking objects, decorative types, and symbols is especially significant in socio-historical contexts that involve the exile and migration of people from their homeland and their subsequent alienation in the new place of settlement. The structure of group formation consists of the people's memory (real or imaginary) of their homeland, their worldview, and their current experiences of injustice. The symbolism conveys the meaning of injustice and hope. The 19th century was a dynamic and contentious period in Irish immigrant history in the United States. The large numbers of Irish Catholics arriving daily to the United States caused fear and mistrust among the non-Irish, American-born Protestants. In this manuscript, I address the materialization of 19th-century class and religious conflict and the negotiation between the Irish immigrant community and mainstream native-born Americans in New York City by exploring the meaning embedded within a refined white earthenware teacup decorated with the image of Father Theobald Mathew. The cup was discovered during the excavation of a midto late-19th-century, predominantly Irish immigrant section of New York City known as the Five Points (fig. 1). The cup was recovered from a privy deposit dating between 1850-1870. The privy is associated with a tenement housing Irish immigrant families and boarders at 472 Pearl Street. The image of Father Mathew and the accompanying symbols provide a unique insight into the social history of and relations between Irish Catholic immigrants and mainstream Americans. To the Irish immigrant community, this image reflects social relations within the Catholic community, perceptions of temperance, and various paths towards acceptance in American society.
SPECIFIC HETEROLOGOUS ENHANCEMENT OF IMMUNE RESPONSES IV. SPECIFIC GENERATION OF A THYMuS-DERIVED ENHANCING FACTOR*

In short-term cultures of thymocytes from tetanus toxoid-immunized mice, the addition of 1 ng of toxoid generated the release of a soluble factor which was capable of enhancing the immune response to a heterologous immunogen. The addition of supernatants from such cultures to assay cultures of sheep erythrocyte-stimulated normal spleen cells produced a significant augmentation of the hemolytic plaque response. Culture fluid from similar cultures of normal thymocytes or primed thymocytes cultured without the priming antigen were inactive. The enhancing factor was nondialyzable, heat stable (56°C, 30 min), resistant to DNAse and RNAse, but was inactivated by protease. A factor produced by specifically stimulated primed spleen cells had similar characteristics. In toxoid-stimulated, mixed cell cultures containing primed thymocytes or spleen cells and normal spleen cells, tenfold fewer thymocytes than spleen cells were needed to produce a comparable degree of enhancement of the anti-sheep erythrocyte plaque-forming cell response.
Social Movements and Organizational Form: Cooperative Alternatives to Corporations in the American Insurance, Dairy, and Grain Industries

How do social movements promote diversity and alternative organizational forms? We address this question by analyzing how cooperative enterprise was affected by the Grange—a leading anticorporate movement in the United States during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. State-level analyses across three industries yield three findings. First, the Grange had positive effects on cooperatives and mutuals during the nineteenth-century populist struggles over corporate capitalism. Second, these effects were stronger where corporations counter-mobilized to block challengers' political efforts. Grangers pursued economic organization as an alternative to politics and in response to blocked political access. Third, the Grange continued to foster cooperatives even as populist revolts waned. It did so, however, by buffering cooperatives from problems of group heterogeneity and population change, rendering them less dependent on supportive communities and specific economic conditions. These findings advance research at the movements/organizations interface by documenting movement effects and by isolating different causal pathways through which mobilization, counter- mobilization, and political opportunity shape economic organization. The results also provide economic sociology with new evidence on how social structure moderates economic forces, and help revise institutional analyses of American capitalism by showing how cooperatives emerged as significant, rather than aberrant, elements of the U.S. economy.
Precision and Accuracy Studies of Impaction-Electrothermal Atomization Atomic Spectrometry

Abstract The precision of aqueous solutions of cadmium, copper, and manganese introduced as an aerosol by an pneumatic nebulizer and electrothermal vaporizer to an impaction-electrothermal atomization atomic absorption spectrometeric system was in the range of 1–3% which was similar to that obtained by manual introduction of similar concentrations of aqueous solutions of cadmium, copper, and manganese to the electrothermal atomizer and atomic absorption spectrometry. The precision of a laboratory air sample was 7.6–9.9%. Accuracy was assessed by comparison to conventional methods of sampling air by collection on a filter followed by digestion of the filter and analysis by flame atomic absorption spectrometry The levels were found to be 59–69% compared to the conventional method.
Investigational drugs for endometriosis.

Endometriosis is an enigmatic disease found in as many as 30% of reproductive age women. The symptoms for women who suffer from this malady vary but may include subfertility or chronic pelvic pain. Because endometriosis lesions rely on estradiol for growth, most of the existing drug regimens work by creating hypoestrogenism. Unfortunately, this leads to untoward side effects and alterations in ovulation and, subsequently, fertility potential. Newer drugs are currently under investigation that either create hypoestrogenemia more efficaciously or do not alter ovulation but still affect the growth of endometriosis. They target some of the pathophysiological pathways that are only now being elucidated, and include gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonists, aromatase inhibitors, selective progesterone receptor modulators, angiogenesis inhibitors, matrix metalloprotease inhibitors, estrogen receptor β-agonists and immune modulators.
Simulation of helix association in membranes: modeling the glycophorin A transmembrane domain

A study to predict the transmembrane structure of glycophorin A (GpA), a dimeric membrane protein is presented. The authors have developed a method to study the stability, structure, and energetics of a large number of conformations of pairs of helical proteins. The method employs molecular dynamics simulation to study the association of two helices in vacuum using an automated procedure and can be applied to any amino-acid sequence. The calculations found three conformations of the helical dimer located inside the membrane that form local energy minima of the interaction energy of the helices. Only one of the three conformations, a right-handed supercoil, is compatible with mutagenesis data. Simulations inside a lipid bilayer were performed to further refine the structure of the transmembrane region. The work shows that a combined approach of modeling and mutagenesis can be used to reveal structural information about a protein with known secondary structure. >
Differences between left and right ventricular chamber geometry affect cardiac vulnerability to electric shocks

Although effects of shock strength and waveform on cardiac vulnerability to electric shocks have been extensively documented, the contribution of ventricular anatomy to shock-induced polarization and postshock propagation and thus, to shock outcome, has never been quantified; this is caused by lack of experimental methodology capable of mapping 3-D electrical activity. The goal of this study was to use optical imaging experiments and 3-D bidomain simulations to investigate the role of structural differences between left and right ventricles in vulnerability to electric shocks in rabbit hearts. The ventricles were paced apically, and uniform-field, truncated-exponential, monophasic shocks of reversed polarity were applied over a range of coupling intervals (CIs) in experiment and model. Experiments and simulations revealed that reversing the direction of externally-applied field (RV- or LV- shocks) alters the shape of the vulnerability area (VA), the 2-D grid encompassing episodes of arrhythmia induction. For RV- shocks, VA was nearly rectangular indicating little dependence of postshock arrhythmogenesis on CI. For LV- shocks, the probability of arrhythmia induction was higher for longer than for shorter CIs. The 3-D simulations demonstrated that these effects stem from the fact that reversal of field direction results in relocation of the main postshock excitable area from LV wall (RV- shocks) to septum (LV- shocks). Furthermore, the effect of septal (but not LV) excitable area in postshock propagation was found to strongly depend on preshock state. Knowledge regarding the location of the main postshock excitable area within the 3-D ventricular volume could be important for improving defibrillation efficacy.
Experimental design in the Earth sciences

Many Earth phenomena involve simultaneous change of several variables usually not directly under man's control. Isolation of certain phenomena permits controlled laboratory experimentation, but there is also need for study of simultaneous natural variation in several factors, which in this context supplements rather than competes with laboratory experimentation. Statistical design provides a technique adapted to both laboratory experimentation and the observation of the effects of natural variations. The present paper reviews the application of some statistical methods to the Earth sciences, with special reference to the design of experiments for analysis of variance. Consideration is given to the nature of distributions encountered in Earth science data, to sampling problems, and to some principles of experimental design. Geological examples are used, but parallels are drawn from other Earth science fields. The use of probabilistic models in developing Earth process theories is touched upon briefly.
Managed care and access to substance abuse treatment services

Using nationally representative data from 1995 and 2000, this study examined how managed care penetration and other organizational characteristics were related to accessibility to outpatient substance abuse treatment. At an organizational level, access was measured as the percentage of clients unable to pay for services; the percentage of clients receiving a reduced fee; and the percentage of clients with shortened treatment because of their inability to pay. Treatment units with both relatively low and relatively high managed care penetration were more likely to support access to care; these units provided care to higher percentages of clients unable to pay and were less likely to shorten treatment because of client inability to pay. Treatment units with midrange managed care penetration were least likely to support access to care. The complexity of managing in an environment of conflicting incentives may reduce the organization's ability to serve those with limited financial means.
Periodic solutions of a planar delay equation

We study the planar delay differential equation x′(t) = −x(t) + αF(x(t − 1)), for α > 0. An existence theorem for nonconstant periodic solutions is achieved for a certain class of maps F, for α > some α0. Besides a condition of nondegeneracy at x = 0, we assume F is bounded and satisfies a kind of planar negative feedback condition. The nonconstant periodic solutions are associated with nontrivial fixed points of a certain operator defined by the flow in the plase space C([−l, 0], R2). In our approach, the existence of such fixed points depends on the ejectivity of O ϵ C([−1, 0], R2) with respect to that operator. Relaxing the boundedness condition on F, we show the existence of a sequence of values of α, α0 < α1 <…, where a Hopf bifurcation occurs.
Diplomatic Theory of International Relations: Rogue state diplomacy

The diplomatic tradition of international thought suggests that how international societies are configured and might best be configured matters less than how relations are conducted in the midst of the arguments to which these questions give rise. This seems at once to be a big claim that relegates a great deal of international theorizing to the background, and one that does not seem to let us say a great deal. Relations of separateness require special skills. Peoples absorbed and driven by the content of those relations will be unlikely to exercise those skills. Hence, diplomacy and diplomats, or at least people equipped with a diplomatic understanding, are needed to make the world, any plural world, run more smoothly. Often, it will do so if peoples, or their representatives, keep talking and do not worry if the talks do not seem to be getting anywhere. Anyone who has read this far might be forgiven for thinking these insights dearly purchased and not particularly useful. They may seem at best platitudinous, mere exhortations for people to be good and wise in unspecified ways. And at worst, they may seem harmful, promoting a complacent and unwarranted quietism that aggravates those who see the existing order of things as threatening and those who see it threatened in equal measure. Accordingly, in this final section of the book, my argument shifts from what a diplomatic understanding can tell us about international societies and how we might live in them, to what diplomatic thinking can tell us about particular international problems and issues that worry people.
Apical Control in the Management of Severe Early-Onset Scoliosis

The three-dimensional apical deformity of scoliosis, comprised of apical vertebral rotation and translation into the convex hemithorax, is believed to be an important anatomic factor responsible for respiratory morbidity associated with poorly controlled EOS. Current “growth-friendly” techniques, such as distraction-based spine constructs, are known to have limited ability to control or correct this apical deformity by virtue of spine anchors being limited to end-vertebral segments only and the biomechanical limitations of pure distraction on a three-dimensional deformity. As a result, methods to improve apical control of EOS (e.g., growth-guidance methods [Shilla, modern trolley]) are now more commonly part of the treatment armamentarium.
Compressibility Effects of Extended Formation Flight

Aircraft own in formations may realize signi cant reductions in induced drag by ying in regions of wake upwash. However, most transports y at transonic speeds and compressibility e ects in formation ight are not well understood. This study uses an Euler solver to analyze the inviscid aerodynamic forces and moments of transonic wing/body con gurations ying in a 2-aircraft formation. We consider formations with large streamwise separation distances (10-50 wingspans) in an arrangement we term extended formation ight. Compressibility-related drag penalties in formation ight may be eliminated by slowing 2-3% below the nominal out-of-formation drag divergence Mach number, at xed lift coe cient or xed altitude. The latter option has the additional bene t that the aerodynamic performance of the formation improves slightly at higher lift coe cients. Optimal in-formation lift coe cients are not nearly as high as those estimated by incompressible analyses, but if not limited by engine performance, modest increases in altitude can yield further improvements in aerodynamic e ciency. Increasing the lateral separation of the aircraft can allow for slightly higher cruise speeds in exchange for higher induced drag. For the con gurations examined here, a 1-2% reduction in Mach number combined with a lateral spacing increase of 5% span achieves a total formation drag savings of about 10%.
Quantitation of Thmm-Horsfall Protein Binding to Uropathogenic Escherichia coli and Lectins

In quantitative experiments using ELISA, binding of Tamm-Horsfall protein (THP) to uropathogenic Escherichia coli was studied with monoclonal antibody to THP. Adherence to E. coli bearing type 1 fimbriae was proportional to THP concentration and size of the bacterial inoculum. Type 1 fimbriae-bearing E. coli bound 50 times more THP than did non-type 1-fimbriated or P-fimbriated strains. Concanavalin A and wheat germ agglutinin bound THP in a dose-dependent fashion, whereas pokeweed mitogen and Vicia villosa B4 isolectin did not. Addition of mannose and N-acetylglucosamine reduced adherence of THP to concanavalin A and wheat germ agglutinin by 50%-80%. Sugar inhibition studies suggested that the fimbrial receptor site for THP has lectin-like properties and that THP binds to fimbriae via its mannose side chains. This quantitative assay is useful for studying the interaction between THP, uroepithelial cells, and bacteria in vitro.
NATURAL GAS RESOURCE STATUS AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT CONSIDERATION OF SICHUAN BASIN

After discoursing upon the natural gas strata distribution,explore area distribution, quality characteristics and coalbed methane distribution, the authors analysis natural gas resource status and exploration of Sichuan basin. The authors point out that there has a lot of natural gas and coalbed methane in Sichuan basin,but the exploration degree is lower, in the strata and exploration areas, there still have exploration potential, especially,the coalbed methane exploration and development. The Sichuan economics will increase in the stable situation, and the energy source consumption will also increase. In order to guarantee the natural gas supply ability can support such big energy consumption and the Sichuan economics increase in the coming years, some sustainable development considerations of natural gas industry in Sichuan basin have been advanced in the paper.
The Formation of Galaxies

The presently fashionable ideas for galaxy formation are reviewed briefly, and it is concluded that the standard isothermal heirarchy fits the available data best. A simple infall picture is presented which explains many of the observed properties of disk galaxies.
Hubble Space Telescope Observations of Extragalactic Jets

The study of the optical counterparts to the radio jets has been the subject of a number of observing programs with the Hubble Space Telescope (HST). We know that these jets play a fundamental role in transporting energy from the central source to the extended radio lobes. Observations at optical and ultraviolet wavelengths with the HST are essential to obtain spatial resolutions similar to, or better than, those achieved in the radio band and, thus, provide the possibility of directly comparing the sites and mechanisms responsible for the emission at these different wavelengths.
Vertical Combdrive Actuator: Design and Fabrication for Micromirror Applications

This chapter will focus on the design of electrostatic actuators as critical elements in the design of dynamic elements in optical microsystems. Electrostatic actuators are typically preferred over other actuation mechanisms because they can be fabricated in established silicon IC processes, generate large forces and can be easily integrated with electronic components.
PV-array sizing in hybrid diesel/PV/battery microgrids under uncertainty

Levels of electricity access in sub-Saharan Africa are low with large populations living far from existing electricity infrastructure. This has led to interest in decentralized electrification solutions like microgrids, which can reach remote communities more quickly. To address a lack of capital to deploy these projects, governments have sought private investment in the sector. Studies have found that hybrid microgrids using both conventional and renewable generators provide electricity at lower cost than diesel powered systems. These studies focus on metrics such as levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) and life cycle cost (LCC) and do not account explicitly for investment risk. This paper employs a stochastic techno-economic model to examine the impact of PV array sizing in microgrids on debt and equity investment metrics like debt service coverage ratio (DSCR) and net present value (NPV) using a risk based approach. Results indicate that high levels of PV penetration mitigate fuel price risks when low-cost capital is available.
HSP70 dependence in rhabdomyosarcoma: Seed or soil?

Cells employ multiple mechanisms to maintain a delicate balance of protein synthesis, folding, and degradation, collectively termed proteostasis.1 Disrupting proteostasis through proteasome inhibit...
A Model for the pH-Dependent Selectivity of the Oxygen Reduction Reaction Electrocatalyzed by N-Doped Graphitic Carbon

Nitrogen-doped graphitic carbon materials have been extensively studied as potential replacements for Pt-based electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). However, little is known about the catalytic mechanisms, including the parameters that determine the selectivity of the reaction. By comparing theoretical calculations of the ORR selectivity at a well-defined graphene nanostructure with experimental results, we propose a model based on interfacial solvation to explain the observed preference for the four-electron pathway in alkaline electrolytes. The hydrophobic environment around the active sites, as in enzymatic catalysis, restricts the access of water and destabilizes small ionic species such as peroxide, the product of the two-electron pathway. This model, when applied to acidic electrolytes, shows the ORR preferring the two-electron pathway, consistent with the well-known pH-dependent ORR selectivity catalyzed by graphitic carbon materials. Because of the similarity between more compl...
A study of scientific visualization on heterogeneous processors using Legion

We present a study of scientific visualization on heterogeneous processors using the Legion runtime system. We describe the main functions in our approach to conduct scientific visualization that can consist of multiple operations with different data requirements. Our approach can help users simplify programming on the data partition, data organization and data movement for distributed-memory heterogeneous architectures, thereby facilitating a simultaneous execution of multiple operations on modern and future supercomputers. We demonstrate the scalable performance and the easy usage of our approach by a hybrid data partitioning and distribution scheme for different data types using both CPUs and GPUs on a heterogeneous system.
INFLUENCE OF THIRD BODY LONG PERIODS PERTURBATIONS ON THE SECULAR RATES DUE TO EARTH OBLATENESS

Equations for long period and secular perturbations due to the Moon, Sun and the Earth potential field are applied to equations expressing the influence of both the Moon and Sun long period and secular perturbations on the secular rates due to the Earth potential field. Usual Keplerian elements are used. No singularities are present in the equations neither in the final integrated variables.
Smart City Service Acceleration on FPGAs

Today's cyber-physical systems (CPS) for the emerging Smart cities includes hardware and software with intelligent sensing and controls. In Smart cities, the use of high definition images, videos, and context information has become a requirement for urban street data collection and processing. Field Programmable Gate Array enabled data centers and processing shows the great potential for its high computation needs. In this paper, we developed embedded controls, and FPGA design accelerating many Smart city server side programs. Those CPS futuristic applications includes illegal dumping detection, pedestrian detection and car plate recognition and performed an Urban Information Systems project for the Smart City of San Jose.
Prolactin and growth hormone secretion in stress.

Prolactin (PRL) has long been recognized to be an essential hormone for the regulation of milk production in many species of animals. Even the earliest bioassays of this hormone were sensitive enough to demonstrate that secretion was increased after suckling, and that this effect was mediated through a specific neurogenic reflex (1,2). Reflex suckling-induced PRL release is readily illustrated in normal post partum women (Fig.1.).
Impact of Depression on Patient-Reported Outcome Measures After Lumbar Spine Decompression.

Study Design.A retrospective cohort study.Objective.The aim of this study was to investigate the effect depression has on the improvement of patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) following lumbar decompression.Summary of Background Data.Decompression without fusion is a viable treatment option f
Research Ethics in Behavioral Interventions Among Special Populations: Lessons From the Peer Approaches to Lupus Self-Management Study

Abstract Background Research involving a homogenous cohort of participants belonging to a special population must make considerations to recruit and protect the subjects. This study analyses the ethical considerations made in the peer approaches to lupus self-management project which pilot tested a peer mentoring intervention for African American women with systemic lupus erythematosus. Methods Considerations made at the outset of the project are described and their justifications and reasoning are given. Through analysis of feedback from a postintervention focus group and mentors' logs, implications on program outcomes and participant satisfaction are discussed. Results Feedback indicated the importance of recruiting and training capable mentors, consistent contact from study staff to avert adverse events and avert fear or mistrust and careful consideration that must go into the pairing of mentors and mentees. Participant feedback also indicated that sensitive topics must be addressed carefully to prevent distress and dissatisfaction. Conclusions Applying the lessons learned from this work as well as the considerations that proved successful may improve the contextualization and ethical conduct of behavioral interventions in special populations resulting in improved tailoring and acceptability toward historically underserved individuals.
Therapeutic Targets for the Multi-system Pathophysiology of Heart Failure: Exercise Training

Adult chronic heart failure (HF) is a terminal syndrome. While the HF phenotype is inhomogeneous across the ejection fraction spectrum, exercise intolerance remains a cardinal feature of all HF patients. Impairment of a single organ system cannot independently account for exercise intolerance in HF. Thus, the multi-system integrative pathophysiology of HF leads to challenges in identifying an effective medical therapy aimed at targeting a single mechanism to improve exercise tolerance. This unresolved medical care approach raises a number of points for discussion in this field as it is well-recognized that exercise intolerance is accompanied by increased hospitalizations and mortality across the HF spectrum. Practitioner-guided individualized exercise training represents an intrinsic multi-level therapeutic approach that inclusively “targets” integrated physiological systems. A rapidly evolving body of evidence provides firm support that structured exercise therapy is safe while leading to improved exercise tolerance (peak oxygen uptake [VO2]) followed by reduced hospitalizations and cardiovascular mortality across the HF spectrum. The benefits of guided exercise therapy in HF have been directly attributed to integrative improvements in peak VO2, skeletal muscle strength, cardiac function, micro- to macro-vascular function, circulation/organ perfusion, and nervous system function, among others. Despite the sound clinical evidence in support of exercise-based medical care, there remains an appreciable gap in translation of current scientific evidence and implementation of this therapeutic paradigm into routine clinical practice as well as universal insurance coverage for HF patients. In the following review, the theme of discussion is framed in a manner that carries a sense of urgency for the need to increase awareness of the up-to-date evidence-based support for the clinical implementation of structured exercise therapy as a necessary routine component of primary medical care practices for reducing hospitalizations, morbidity, and mortality in all HF patients.
"Firm Ownership, Employee Education, and Firm Performance in Transition Economy"

This study examines how firm performance in transition economies can be impacted by firm ownership structure and education level of employees. Ownership structure is measured by three dummy variabl...
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Maxilla

Malignant lesions of the maxilla are rare and often result from direct tumor extension from adjacent structures such as gingiva, mucosa of the upper lip, maxillary sinuses, or nasal cavity. PET/MR imaging is excellent in detecting maxillary cancer with lymph node metastases, and reliable in detecting bone marrow invasion, intracranial invasion, invasion of deep tongue muscle, and perineural spread.
Regenerative multi-tone injection locking for linewidth enhancement and repetition rate stabilization of a PIC mode-locked laser

We report the stabilization of a 10 GHz monolithic passively mode-locked laser using a novel combination of multitone injection locking and regenerative mode-locking via optoelectronic loop. Comb-teeth linewidths are narrowed by 4000x and repetition rate is stabilized to better than 10−10/τ at 1 second.
Alzheimer's disease neuroimaging

Purpose of reviewThe aim of this study was to discuss the contribution of neuroimaging studies to our understanding of Alzheimer's disease. We now have the capability of measuring both tau and beta-amyloid (Aβ) proteins in the brain, which together with more traditional neuroimaging modalities, has
The Education of Barrington Moore, Jr.

Barrington Moore, Jr., the distinguished author of a great many books, graduated in 1936 from Williams College in Williamstown, Massachusetts.1 This essay examines some of the educational roots of his intellectual orien tations and remarkable intellectual productivity. Williams College was chartered by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in 1793 on an extension of a 1755 bequest of $9,297 from Colonel Ephraim Williams. Williams, the commander of a Massachusetts militia unit, paused at Albany on his way to his death at the Battle of Lake George during the French and Indian War in order to write his last will and testament. Williams
Assessing Preference Using Eye Gaze Technology for Individuals with Significant Intellectual and Physical Disabilities

The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of an eye gaze preference assessment using eye gaze technology to identify reinforcers for three adolescents with severe intellectual and physical disabilities. Preference was measured in a paired-choice preference assessment using eye gaze technology to determine stimulus selection. A subsequent reinforcer assessment using an ABCACB design to test the effects of high- and low-preference stimuli was implemented to determine the accuracy of eye gaze technology in identifying preferences. The results demonstrate that the preference assessment using eye gaze technology was effective in identifying reinforcers for all three participants.
Enantioselective Divergent Synthesis of C19-Oxo Eburnane Alkaloids via Palladium-Catalyzed Asymmetric Allylic Alkylation of an N-Alkyl-α,β-unsaturated Lactam.

The C19-oxo-functionalized eburnane alkaloids display unique chemical structure and interesting biological activity. Herein, we report a divergent enantioselective strategy to access these alkaloid...
Billing I-AIM: a novel framework for ultrasound billing

Point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) has an ever-growing footprint in medicine. With this growth POCUS billing and reimbursement has become an area gaining quite a bit of attention as a means of funding and sustaining quality and education programs. Standardization across providers is needed to improve the financial viability of POCUS. We created an institutional collaborative which developed a framework to identify critical POCUS billing and reimbursement checkpoints. The framework, Billing I-AIM, provides a feasible structure to enhance provider-based reimbursement and perform quality improvement efforts across variable POCUS environments. POCUS billing using the Billing I-AIM technique allows administrative oversight, quality assurance, and educational functions as well. A discussion of the framework and respective application is provided.
Approaches for Fake Content Detection: Strengths and Weaknesses to Adversarial Attacks

In the last few years, we have witnessed an explosive growth of fake content on the Internet which has significantly affected the veracity of information on many social platforms. Much of this disruption has been caused by the proliferation of advanced machine and deep learning methods. In turn, social platforms have been using the same technological methods in order to detect fake content. However, there is understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of these detection methods. In this article, we describe examples of machine and deep learning approaches that can be used to detect different types of fake content. We also discuss the characteristics and the potential for adversarial attacks on these methods that could reduce the accuracy of fake content detection. Finally, we identify and discuss some future research challenges in this area.
Treatment of suspected sepsis and septic shock in children with chronic disease seen in the pediatric emergency department.

Abstract Background Research demonstrates that timely recognition and treatment of sepsis can significantly improve pediatric patient outcomes, especially regarding time to intravenous fluid (IVF) and antibiotic administration. Further research suggests that underlying chronic disease in a septic pediatric patient puts them at higher risk for poor outcomes. Objective To compare treatment time for suspected sepsis and septic shock in pediatric patients with chronic disease versus those without chronic disease seen in the Pediatric Emergency Department (PED). Methods We reviewed patient data from a pediatric sepsis outcomes dataset collected at two tertiary care pediatric hospital sites from January 2017–December 2018. Patients were stratified into two groups: those with and without chronic disease, defined as any patient with at least one of eight chronic health conditions. Inclusion criteria: patients seen in the PED ultimately diagnosed with sepsis or septic shock, patient age 0 to 20 years and time zero for identification of sepsis in the PED. Exclusion criteria: time zero unavailable, inability to determine time of first IVF or antibiotic administration or patient death within the PED. Primary analysis included comparison of time zero to first IVF and antibiotic administration between each group. Results 312 patients met inclusion criteria. 169 individuals had chronic disease and 143 did not. Median time to antibiotics in those with chronic disease was 41.9 min versus 43.0 min in patients without chronic disease (p = 0.181). Time to first IVF in those with chronic disease was 22.0 min versus 12.0 min in those without (p = 0.010). Those with an indwelling line/catheter (n = 40) received IVF slower than those without (n = 272), with no significant difference in time to antibiotic administration by indwelling catheter status (p = 0.063). There were no significant differences in the mode of identification of suspected sepsis or septic shock between those with versus without chronic disease (p = 0.27). Conclusions Study findings suggest pediatric patients with chronic disease with suspected sepsis or septic shock in the PED have a slower time to IVF administration but equivocal use of sepsis recognition tools compared to patients without chronic disease.
A Deep Residual Learning Network for Practical Voxel Dosimetry in Radionuclide Therapy

Current standard methods for voxel-level dosimetry in radionuclide therapy suffers from a tradeoff between accuracy and computational efficiency. Monte Carlo (MC) radiation transport algorithms are considered as the gold standard, but are associated with long computation time, while fast voxel dose kernel (VDK) based methods can be inaccurate in the presence of tissue density heterogeneities. This paper investigates a deep residual Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) approach that learns the difference between the MC and the VDK dose-rate maps to address the speed-accuracy trade-off issue. As with MC and VDK-based dosimetry, the input to the CNN was the patient's SPECT activity map and CT-based density map. MC dosimetry was used only during the training process to generate ground truth training labels. Furthermore, to potentially account for the degradation of dose-rate maps due to poor SPECT spatial resolution, we trained the CNN using dose-rate maps directly corresponding to phantom activity/density maps that were generated from patient's PET scans. The test data consisted of phantom simulations and one patient who underwent 177Lu DOTATATE therapy for neuroendocrine tumors. In phantom cases, the lesion/organ mean dose-rates from ground truth (GT) agreed better with the CNN dose-rates compared to VDK with density scaling, with an average of 60% improvement for lesions and 55%, 63% improvement for left/right kidney, respectively. For all regions, the normalized root mean square error (NRMSE) relative to GT was substantially lower with CNN than with VDK and MC, i.e., an average of 23%, 22% improvement for lesion, respectively. Using a GPU, the CNN took only about 2.0 seconds to generate a patient's 512×512×130 absorbed dose-rate map while the same calculation took about 40 minutes using our fast in-house Dose Planning Method (DPM) MC algorithm that runs on a CPU. In conclusion, the proposed CNN approach demonstrated consistently higher accuracy than VDK-density scaling and comparable accuracy versus MC and is fast enough to be used clinically.
Mechanisms of Injury Among the Amish Population in Central Pennsylvania.

BACKGROUND Individuals presenting with traumatic injury in rural populations have significantly different injury patterns than those in urban environments. With an increasing Amish population, totaling over 33 000 in our catchment area, their unique way of life poses additional factors for injury. This study aims to evaluate differences in mechanism of injury, location of injury, and demographic patterns within the Amish population. We hypothesize that there will be an increased incidence of agriculture-related mechanisms of injury. METHODS All Amish trauma patients presenting to our level I trauma center over 20 years (1/2000-4/2020) were retrospectively analyzed. Mechanism and geographic location of injury were collected. Demographic and clinical variables were compared between the age groups. RESULTS There were 1740 patients included in the study with 36.4% (n = 634) ≤ 14 years. Only 10% (n = 174) were ≥ 65 years. The most common mechanism across all ages was falls. However, when separating out the pediatric population ( ≤ 14 years), 27.8% (n = 60) fell from a height on average > 8-10 feet. The most common geographic location of injury was at home in all age groups, except for the 15-24 year group, which was roadways. DISCUSSION The Amish population poses a unique set of mechanisms of injury and thus injury patterns to rural trauma centers. We have found the most common injuries to be falls, buggy accidents, animal-related injuries, and farming accidents across all age groups. Future research and collaboration with other rural trauma centers treating large Amish populations would be beneficial to maximize injury prevention in this population. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 3a, epidemiological.
Fulton’s Missing Question: Religious Adoption Agencies and the Establishment Clause

The Supreme Court recently decided one of the most anticipated free exercise cases in recent decades. In Fulton v. City of Philadelphia, the Court held that the City of Philadelphia could not cancel its contract with a Catholic adoption agency over the agency’s refusal to work with same-sex couples wishing to foster children. The decision has been hailed as a monumental victory for religious freedom by some—to others, it is a narrow and temporary triumph that leaves religion vulnerable. But one critique that is missing in the heated debate over the merits of the decision is that the Court wholly ignored the other of the two religion clauses of the First Amendment—the Establishment Clause—in its analysis. The Court’s embrace of the adoption agency’s religious status—a necessary premise of the Free Exercise violation—gives rise to the possibility that the scheme endorsed by the Court violates an overlooked aspect of the Establishment Clause: its prohibition against delegating government functions to religious entities.
On the Validation of Computer Science Theories

We address normatively the demarcation problem for Computer Science: How can Computer Science research be conducted scientifically? First we attempt to delimit the subject matter of Computer Science, and conclude that it is not computers but programs. Since programs are not physical objects, it is difficult to see how they can be studied empirically. The rest of the paper is devoted to an explanation of how this can be done. This method is first illustrated by a hypothesis of narrow scope, analogous to a physical law. Next it is illustrated by a theory of wide scope — the Turing Machine model of computers. The approach is summarized in the conclusions.
Global TIES: Ten Years of Engineering for Humanity

Founded in 2004, Global TIES – Teams in Engineering Service at the University of California, San Diego is a nationally recognized humanitarian engineering and social innovation program. In Global TIES, student-led, faculty-advised, interdisciplinary teams of undergraduate students earn academic credit for designing engineering and technology solutions in partnership with local and global nonprofit organizations. Data suggest that participation in Global TIES has a positive impact on students on a number of academic and developmental variables, including many of the professional and technical skills recommended by the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology. These findings, as well as the program’s history, mission, and curriculum, are described. Best practices developed and lessons learned over the program’s first decade are also discussed.
FORCED CONVECTION BOILING IN TUBES

Local heat transfer coefficients and pressure gradients have been measured for bulk boiling of water in forced flow (vertically upward) in round tubes with internal diameters ranging from 0.1162 to...
Flowfield simulation about the stratospheric observatory for infrared astronomy

The Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations have been applied to stratospheric observatory for infrared astronomy (SOFIA) configurations. Comparisons between numerical and experimental results are made in two dimensions for free shear layers and a rectangular cavity, and in three dimensions for simplified SOFIA geometries. Dominant acoustic behavior of the cavity flows compare well with experiment. The sensitivity of the solutions to changes in grid cell size and artificial dissipation levels are shown. Furthermore, optical path distortion due to the flowfield is modeled using geometrical constructs. The results demonstrate the viability and usefulness of the present computational method for this class of unsteady applications.
Changing definitions of women's health: implications for health care and policy.

Objectives: To present an overview of how and why normative conceptions of women's health are changing and to discuss some implications of definitional shifts in the context of the changing U.S. health care system. Method: The paper describes the historical development of views of women's health and health care, contrasts the biomedical and biopsychosocial perspectives on women's health, and presents some evidence of challenges and opportunities for change in health care and policy. Results: While women's health has generally been equated with reproductive functions, expanded definitions focus on health through the life span and in the context of women's multiple roles and diverse social circumstances. This expanded view highlights the limitations of health services and policy based on narrower conceptions and program mandates and the need for strategies for integrated, continuous care. There is evidence of change in women's health care, including in Title V programs. Conclusions: New understandings of women's health are particularly relevant to maternal and child health programs, which are positioned to provide model approaches for improving women's health care.
Fading Models From Spherically Invariant Processes

We advocate the use of the exceedingly general class of spherically invariant random processes to model fading in wireless communications. These processes encompass most of the models in practical use. After summarizing their main properties: 1) we prove that they are differential-entropy maximizers; 2) we describe a mathematical technique, based on Mellin transforms, useful to evaluate the performance of digital communication over a channel affected by spherically invariant fading; 3) We show how sharp upper and lower bounds to system performance can be derived when only a limited knowledge of the fading process statistics is available; and 4) we derive the spherically invariant fading distributions yielding the best and worst performance for a given signal-to-noise ratio.