cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lateral distribution of fishes in the main‐channel trough of a large floodplain river: Implications for restoration

Major river channels have been extensively altered worldwide. The development of restoration strategies for those alterations requires fundamental information, including the use of large deep channels by fishes. We trawled within parallel paths distributed across the width of the main-channel trough of the Mississippi River to identify how the lateral distribution of fishes responds to variations in flow ranging from 50% to 200% of the annual median, water temperature ranging from 9 to 29°C and commercial shipping traffic ranging from 0 to 9 vessels per day. Among the species we encountered, only shovelnose sturgeon (Scaphirhynchus platorynchus) were persistent channel residents that remained concentrated along the main-channel centreline regardless of flow, temperature and traffic. Other persistent residents showed no distinct pattern in lateral distribution, concentrated along the deep channel margins or varied in lateral distribution with flow. Surprisingly, large adult bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus), which are conventionally viewed as limnophils, were the second-most abundant species in our samples and became increasingly abundant within the deep channel trough as flow decreased below the annual median. Clearly, those fishes exploit resources contained in the main channel and are, therefore, better viewed as opportunistic limno-rheophils. Our results imply the existence of poorly understood food resources in the main channel. We conjecture that re-creation of free-flowing secondary channels and features that increase the production and transport of invertebrates in channels can help mitigate adverse effects of channel alteration and commercial shipping. Published in 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantitative signature for architectural organization of regulatory factors using intranuclear informatics

Regulatory machinery for replication and gene expression is punctately organized in supramolecular complexes that are compartmentalized in nuclear microenvironments. Quantitative approaches are required to understand the assembly of regulatory machinery within the context of nuclear architecture and to provide a mechanistic link with biological control. We have developed `intranuclear informatics9 to quantify functionally relevant parameters of spatially organized nuclear domains. Using this informatics strategy we have characterized post-mitotic reestablishment of focal subnuclear organization of Runx (AML/Cbfa) transcription factors in progeny cells. By analyzing point mutations that abrogate fidelity of Runx intranuclear targeting, we establish molecular determinants for the spatial order of Runx domains. Our novel approach provides evidence that architectural organization of Runx factors may be fundamental to their tissue-specific regulatory function.
Lymphocyte localization in lymph nodes of pubescent, prepartum, and postpartum sheep

It is generally accepted that lymphocytes associated with the mammary mucosal immune system of non-ruminants may be largely derived from gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT). The relationship between the mammary immune system and the GALT of ruminants has not been clearly defined. To address this question, we examined patterns of lymphocyte localization in sheep by 51Cr-labeled lymphocytes following infusion back into donor ewes. We found that lymphocytes taken from mammary lymph nodes of pubescent ewes returned preferentially to mammary nodes, while in prepartum and postpartum ewes, mammary node cells localized equally well in mammary and mesenteric lymph nodes. In contrast, ileal mesenteric lymph node cells from pubescent ewes localized equally well in mammary and mesenteric nodes, but in prepartum and postpartum ewes, localization in mammary nodes was markedly reduced. Comparison of the homing patterns of mammary, mesenteric, and peripheral lymph node cells indicated that mammary node cells behaved similarly to peripheral, rather than mesenteric node cells. This information may be relevant to the extent of communication between the gut and mammary gland in ruminants.
Cadmium toxicity and distribution in metallothionein-I and -II deficient transgenic mice

Abstract To date, numerous correlative studies have implicated metallothionein in the detoxification of heavy metals and in the regulation of metal distribution within an organism. In the pre sent study cadmium-binding proteins (metallothionein equivalents), cadmium acute toxicity, and cadmium distribution in tissues and subcellular fractions were compared in metalloth-ionein-l and -II deficient (MT−/−) mice and the parental strain carrying intact metalloth ionein genes (MT+/+) to determine if the absence of metallothionein altered any of these parameters. In an uninduced state, MT−/− mice expressed lower levels of cadmium-binding proteins relative to MT+/+ mice in several tissues. Administration of zinc enhanced the levels of cadmium-binding proteins in liver, small intestine, kidney, pancreas, and male sex organs, but not in cecum or brain of MT+/+ mice compared to zinc pretreated MT−/− mice. The cadmium LD50 was similar for MT−/−, MT+/+, and zinc-pretreated MT−/− mice (15-17To date, numerous correlativ...
Localization of aromatase and 5α-reductase to neuronal and non-neuronal cells in the fetal rat hypothalamus

Abstract Experiments were designed to identify the neural cell type(s) responsible for the aromatization and 5α-reduction of androgens in the rat hypothalamus. Primary cultures of fetal rat hypothalamic cells, which had enhanced neuronal morphology, were treated at various times after plating with kainic acid (KA), a neurotoxic agent which selectively destroys neuronal cells. Neuronal morphology was disrupted in a time (0–6 days)- and dose (10−4–10−2 M)-dependent fashion after KA treatment, with no apparent change in the appearance of the flattened, underlying non-neuronal cells. KA treatment for 4 days decreased aromatization by 94% in a dose-dependent fashion (10−4–10−2 M KA), while 5α-reduction declined by no more than 25%. A 6-day time course with 10−3 M KA showed a dramatic decline in aromatization and no alteration in 5α-reduction. In control experiments, substance P, a neuronal peptide, declined after KA treatment while the activity of glutamine synthetase, a glial enzyme, did not change. We conclude from these results that aromatase is localized primarily to neuronal cells in the hypothalamus while 5α-reductase is confined primarily to non-neuronal cells.
Fostering fair and sustainable marketing for social entrepreneurs in the context of subsistence marketplaces

In recent years, in-depth, on-the-ground research has generated many insights into the nature and functioning of subsistence marketplaces and the people who operate in them. Such knowledge is bound to be useful to various companies and organisations, as they seek to engage such marketplaces, particularly for marketing managers, who quite likely have not had education or experience in marketing in such impoverished settings. This paper complements these practical insights with a normative ethical framework, presented in the marketing literature and labelled the integrative justice model (IJM) for impoverished markets, so as to synthesise a new framework for fair and sustainable marketing for social entrepreneurs in the context of subsistence marketplaces.
Morphologic and microbiologic features of Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia in normal hamsters.

Abstract A model of pneumonia due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa was produced in hamsters by an intratracheal bolus instillation of microorganisms. Sequential lung changes from 4 hr through 11 days were studied by morphologic and microbiologic methods. Hamsters inoculated with > 106 pseudomonads survived but consistently had histologic evidence of mild bronchopneumonia 24 hr postinoculation, whereas a severe bronchopneumonia and a 100% mortality were elicited with a 108 inoculum of organisms in 0.5 ml phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). An inoculum of 107 pseudomonads/0.5 ml PBS was then used to define the changes in the bacterial population in Pseudomonas pneumonia and to obtain serial histopathologic observations. Quantitative lung cultures obtained within 1 hr postinoculation demonstrated a mean of 106 colony forming units per lung, and none of the hamsters were bacteremic. However, by 24 hr bacterial counts had increased and all animals were bacteremic. Bacterial proliferation continued through 48 hr; however, the number of bacteremic animals had decreased. By 72 hr, bacterial counts had decreased with total Pseudmonas clearance noted by 120 hr. A striking polymorphonuclear leukocyte-rich alveolar exudate was present by 12 hr. Pseudomonas “vasculitis” was evident by 24 hr. The evolution of this vascular lesion correlated with the bacteremic state of the hamsters. By 11 days, resolution of the pneumonic process was seen. The macroscopic and microscopic features of this hamster model of Pseudomonas pneumonia are very similar to those reported in infected patients.
The effectiveness of four interventions for the prevention of low back pain

Objective. —Low back pain affects 60% to 80% of US adults at some time during their lives. This review evaluates the effectiveness of four strategies to prevent low back pain for asymptomatic individuals: back and aerobic exercises, education, mechanical supports (corsets), and risk factor modification. Data Sources. —The MEDLINE database was searched for all relevant articles published in English between 1966 and 1993. Bibliographies of identified articles were searched to ensure that all pertinent articles had been gathered and back pain specialists reviewed our final bibliography for completeness. Study Selection and Data Extraction. —A total of 190 articles were identified, and the 64 that contained original data about preventing low back pain were reviewed. Studies were graded according to strength of study design. Data Synthesis. —There is limited evidence based on randomized trials and epidemiological studies that exercises to strengthen back or abdominal muscles and to improve overall fitness can decrease the incidence and duration of low back pain episodes. There is minimal evidence to support the use of educational strategies to prevent low back pain and insufficient evidence to recommend about the use of mechanical supports. Although there is no evidence supporting risk factor modification for preventing low back pain (smoking cessation and weight loss), there are other reasons to recommend the interventions. Conclusion. —There is limited evidence to recommend exercise to prevent low back pain in asymptomatic individuals, but there is insufficient evidence to recommend other prevention strategies. These conclusions should be viewed cautiously since they are primarily based on studies conducted in the workplace rather than in clinical settings. (JAMA. 1994;272:1286-1291)
Are Worlds Without Natural Rights Morally Impoverished

Joel Feinberg has defended the moral impoverishment thesis for the better part of his illustrious career.’ Simply put, the thesis is that worlds without “natural rights” are morally impoverished. Like Nowheresville-the world he first described in his seminal essay “The Nature and Value of Rights”-worlds without natural rights have numerous moral deficiencies: chief among them are that individuals have no basis to complain when treated wrongly, that they have no basis for respecting themselves or others, and that they will have servile personalities. The only way to overcome these deficiencies, according to Feinberg, is to introduce natural rights.2 Though Feinberg would have us believe that there is a necessary conceptual connection between rights and claiming, rights and respect, and rights and dignity, I shall argue that these alleged deficiencies are unreal: claiming, respect, and dignity are indeed possible in worlds devoid of natural rights. To prevent a possible misunderstanding, however, let me add that the terms “moral right” and ”natural right” can be used interchangeably if we simply mean rights whose existence is not the product of human design or recognition. In this regard, moral or natural rights are taken to differ from legal and other conventional rights whose existence is the product of human design. While Feinberg prefers the term “moral right” over “natural right,” I prefer the latter and will use it throughout this essay. I prefer it because I want to leave conceptual space for the underrepresented view (which I shall discuss briefly later) that all rights, moral ones included, are a species of institutional rights. Hence, on my view, the term “natural right” marks a peculiar way of accounting for the source of moral rights and is best compared with the idea of a preinstitutional moral right. It is crucial, then, to bear in mind
Single‐dose pharmacokinetics (PK) of ferric gluconate (FG) in iron‐deficient pediatric hemodialysis patients

Purpose:Limited information exists on the use of any intravenous iron preparation in pediatric HD patients. This study was designed to describe the PK parameters of FG, now approved for use in children on HD. Methods:Iron-deficient pediatric HD pts (≤15 yr) were randomized to 2 doses of FG. Blood samples taken during a 1 hr infusion and at intervals over 48 hrs were analyzed for total iron, transferrin-bound iron (TBI), and FG-bound iron (FGI). Results:49% of pts were male, 88% white, 57% age 6–12 yr, wt 16.3–63.2 Kg, ht 100–177.5 cm. Mean serum iron concentrations (total iron and FGI) rapidly increased in a dose-dependent manner, approximately proportional to the FG dose administered. A rapid rise in total serum iron was followed by a slower, less prominent rise in TBI. Single-dose PK of FGI was adequately described using non-compartmental analytical methods. A standard 2-compartment NONMEM model successfully fit the data and accurately described the time-course of FGI concentrations. Pharmacokinetic Parameter 1.5 mg/kg FG (n = 22) 3.0 mg/kg FG (n = 26) Cmax(mean ± SD, mcg/dL) 1287 ± 285 2283 ± 637 AUC0–48(mean ± SD, mcg·hr/dL) 9327 ± 4038 16,830 ± 6526 AUC0–∞(mean ± SD, mcg·hr/dL) 9499 ± 4089 17,087 ± 6776 Tmax(mean ± SD, hrs) 1.1 ± 0.23 1.1 ± 0.19 t1/2(mean ± SD, hrs) 2.0 ± 0.7 2.5 ± 1.8 Kel(mean ± SD, hr−1) 0.43 ± 0.30 0.39 ± 0.27 Cl (mean ± SD, L/hr) 0.69 ± 0.50 0.66 ± 0.52 Vd(mean ± SD, L) 1.6 ± 0.6 1.9 ± 1.1 Conclusions:Cmax values in pediatric HD population were similar to Cmax values previously reported with similar FG doses in healthy iron-deficient adults (Ferrlecit® prescribing information). In contrast, mean AUC0−∞ values were approximately 2 times greater, and mean Cl rates were 5.4 times slower in pediatric pts.
Lesion segmentation and manual warping to a reference brain: Intra‐ and interobserver reliability

The study of subjects with acquired brain damage has been an invaluable tool for exploring human brain function, and the description of lesion locations within and across subjects is an important component of this method. Such descriptions usually involve the separation of lesioned from nonlesioned tissue (lesion segmentation) and the description of the lesion location in terms of a standard anatomical reference space (lesion warping). The objectives of this study were to determine the sources and magnitude of variability involved in lesion segmentation and warping using the MAP-3 approach. Each of two observers segmented the lesion volume in ten brain-damaged subjects twice, so as to permit pairwise comparisons of both intra- and interobserver agreement. The segmented volumes were then warped to a reference brain using both a manual (MAP-3) and an automated (AIR-3) technique. Observer agreement between segmented and warped volumes was analyzed using four measures: volume size, distance between the volume surfaces, percentage of nonoverlapping voxels, and percentage of highly discrepant voxels. The techniques for segmentation and warping produced high agreement within and between observers. For example, in most instances, the warped volume surfaces created by different observers were separated by less than 3 mm. The performance of the automated warping technique compared favorably to the manual technique in most subjects, although important exceptions were found. Overall, these results establish benchmark parameters for expert and automated lesion transfer, and indicate that a high degree of confidence can be placed in the detailed anatomical interpretation of focal brain damage based upon the MAP-3 technique.
Neutron Reflectivity and Atomic Force Microscopy Studies of a Lipid Bilayer in Water Adsorbed to the Surface of a Silicon Single Crystal

Specular reflection of neutrons has been used to characterize the structure of single lipid bilayers adsorbed to a planar silicon surface from aqueous solution. We used a novel experimental setup which significantly decreased the incoherent background scattering and allowed us to measure neutron reflectivities as low as 5 × 10-7. Thicknesses and neutron scattering length densities were determined by a fitting procedure using (i) randomly generated smooth functions represented by parametric B-splines and (ii) stepped functions based on the theoretical lipid composition. The size of lipid domains at the surface and the degree of surface coverage were determined by atomic force microscopy. Chain-protonated and -deuterated dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) bilayers were investigated in 2H2O and a mixture of 2H2O and H2O which matches the scattering density of silicon. Also, one measurement on a distearoylphosphatidylcholine bilayer which has longer acyl chains was performed for comparison. The lipid adsor...
Effect of Microstructure on Pit-to-Crack Transition of 7075-T6 Aluminum Alloy

The focus of this research was to gain an increased understanding of how microstructure influences pit growth, pit-to-crack transition, and critical crack propagation to fracture. Two thicknesses of 7075-T6 aluminum alloy were etched and subjected to corrosion fatigue in a 3.5% sodium chloride environment. 7075-T6 aluminum alloy is of particular interest to the aging aircraft community, as this alloy has been used extensively on wing and fuselage structures for both military and commercial aircraft in the past. Testing was interrupted at various intervals to obtain information on pit generation, growth, and potential cracking. Results indicated that microstructure has a significant influence on pit-to-crack transition and fatigue crack propagation. Short cracks (
Aerosol fast flow reactor for laboratory studies of new particle formation

Abstract Understanding the fundamental mechanisms of new particle formation and growth (NPFG) is critical to the development of accurate quantitative models of atmospheric particulate matter. Challenges to elucidating the chemistry of these processes include accessing a variety of well-controlled experimental conditions approaching the point of new particle formation, and having an inexpensive system which can be reproducibly maintained with low levels of contaminants from previous runs and other sources. We describe here the design and characterization of a flow tube reactor for such studies, and its initial application to NPFG from the reaction of the gas phase precursors methanesulfonic acid and trimethylamine in the absence or presence of added water vapor. Insights into some of the fundamental processes involved in NPFG that could not be obtained in earlier studies using our large volume, slow flow system are described.
Ninjurin1, a target of p53, regulates p53 expression and p53-dependent cell survival, senescence, and radiation-induced mortality

The tumor suppressor protein p53 plays a crucial role in coordinating cellular processes, such as cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and senescence. The nerve injury-induced protein 1 (Ninjurin1, Ninj1) is a homophilic adhesion molecule and involved in nerve regeneration. Interestingly, Ninj1 is found to be overexpressed in human cancer, but its role in tumorigenesis is not clear. Here, we found that Ninj1 is transcriptionally regulated by p53 and can be induced by DNA damage in a p53-dependent manner. We also found that knockout or knockdown of Ninj1 increases p53 expression potentially through enhanced p53 mRNA translation. In addition, we found that Ninj1 deficiency suppresses cell proliferation but enhances apoptosis and premature senescence in a p53-dependent manner. Consistent with this, we found that mice heterozygous in ninj1 are hypersensitive to ionizing radiation-induced lethality, along with increased expression of p53 in thymus. Taken together, we provided evidence that Ninj1 is a p53 target and modulates p53 mRNA translation and p53-dependent premature senescence, cell proliferation, apoptosis, and radiation-induced mortality in vitro and in vivo. Thus, we postulate that as a membrane adhesion molecule, Ninj1 is an ideal target to regulate p53 activity via the p53-Ninj1 loop.
Delus: a new variety of potato, immune from the common races of the late blight fungus, high in percentage total solids, and adapted to growing conditions in delaware

Delus (B 73–18) is resistant to late blight. It is less susceptible to scab than Katahdin and Irish Cobbler. In comparative trials in Delaware it yields as well as if not somewhat higher on the average than the two standard varieties Katahdin and Irish Cobbler. It ranks high in market and cooking qualities. In Maine it compares favorably in yield with Katahdin and Irish Cobbler and is usually higher in dry-matter content. In Delaware it developed internal mahogany browning after 6 months of storage at temperatures ranging from 34° to 38°F. It kept well in storage at Beltsville, Maryland, where the storage temperature averaged 40° during the winter months.
Novel Vitrified Liquid Crystals and Potential Applications

An overview is presented for a generic approach to low molar mass liquid crystalline materials capable of vitrification into morphologically stable, optically anisotropic thin films. Potential applications as polarization control devices, optical notch filters, and luminescent elements will be explored. Preliminary data for defect formation and annihilation will also be presented to illustrate an advantage of low molar mass materials over polymer analogs.
LAS PREGUNTAS DEL TIEMPO Y LAS CONFESIONES: CARACOL Y OTROS CUENTOS

Postmodern discourse is central to Panamanian writer Enrique Jaramillo Levis´ work. Its usage illustrates the need to regard conscience as the receptive agent of a plural experience of temporality such as that of a deep psychological scope, or one which is purely perceptive, another one rooted in the imaginative process, one other spiritual, as well as a confessional dimension of time guided by the unpredictability of memory in search of universal meaning and the introspective power of art. On the other hand, Jaramillo Levis´ original approach to time is inseparable from the metaphysical questions underlying the intersection of writing and writer emerging from the act of creation. In this essay, I study both dimensions in his work Caracol y otros cuentos.
French Accent through Video Analysis.

Evaluating a student's accent in a foreign language is a complex process. Although it is obvious to the instructor whether or not the sound is correct, it is difficult for students both to hear the incorrect sound and to correct it. Too often the instructor merely tells the students that they have spoken incorrectly, expresses the sound properly, and then tries, often without lasting success, to have the students imitate. In a phonetically oriented course, diagrams are used as visual aids to teach correct articulation; but, especially at lower levels, it is difficult and often uninspiring for students to identify their speech production with such text figures. In a new method an improvised television “studio” captures the individual student's speech in an easily reviewable, permanent form on videotape. This visual, personal approach can make spectacular improvement in pronunciation, and the technique appears to be adaptable to any level of language learning.
High-temperature transformations of gelatin

Abstract Detection of the possible melting of gelatin in the temperature range 150°–250° is complicated by losses of residual, tightly-bound moisture from specimens and by the occurrence of chemical decomposition. The results of a differential thermal analytical and thermogravimetric analytical investigation of various dehydrated gelatins under an atmosphere of nitrogen have been combined with other auxiliary measurements; these have shown that non-oxidative pyrolysis sets in above 200° when the heating rate is between 1° and 10°/min. At 230° ± 3°, gelatin begins to undergo a profound endothermic transformation which reaches its peak at 241° ± 4°; this transformation, even though resembling melting, is clearly accompanied by irreversible chemical deterioration. Below 200°, this protein can be studied at convenient heating rates without loss of its distinctive chemical nature. The results obtained have been found to be insensitive to the source of gelatin and to several other features of a conventional preparative treatment. It appears, therefore, that the thermal behaviour of gelatin in the range 150°–250° is, to a first approximation, characteristic of a unique macromolecular substance in the undiluted (bulk) state.
Hierarchical Test Compression for SoC Designs

Capitalizing on the larger capacity of today's ICs, designers are using yesterday's chips as modules in today's chips. DFT methodologies, which usually work on a large, flat design, must begin to take this reuse into account. This article shows how to use the X-compact compression technique in a hierarchical environment.
Primary transcription of the influenza virus genome in permissive cells.

Abstract The primary transcription of the RNA genome of influenza A 0 WSN was followed by infecting chick embryo cells with 32 P-labeled virus and monitoring the conversion of the labeled virion RNA into a ribonuclease resistant form before and after annealing. Annealing tests showed that unlabeled WSN RNA could successfully compete with at least 75% of the 32 P-labeled nucleic acid fraction extracted from infected cells. In vivo transcription was first detected proceeding at a relatively low rate after 40–60 min of incubation and accelerated rapidly thereafter between 90 and 120 min. The presence of cycloheximide allowed primary transcription to proceed at the same initial rate as in untreated cells but prevented its later amplification. No transcription could be demonstrated by the method employed in infected cells treated with either actinomycin D or interferon.
Comparison of headspace-SPME-GC–MS and LC–MS for the detection and quantification of coumarin, vanillin, and ethyl vanillin in vanilla extract products

Abstract A headspace-solid phase micro-extraction (HS-SPME) GC–MS method has been developed for the determination of coumarin, vanillin and ethyl vanillin in vanilla products. Limits of detection ranged from 1.33 to 13.2 ng mL−1. Accuracy and precision data for the method were measured and compared to those obtained using LC-ESI-MS. A survey of 24 commercially available vanilla products was completed using both techniques. No coumarin was detected in any of the samples. Examination of the GC–MS chromatograms revealed the presence of 18 other flavor related compounds in the samples. The method validation and sample analysis data using HS-SPME-GC–MS were comparable to those obtained using the LC–MS method. Because the two methods are conceptually different from one another, both methods would not be subject to the same interferences. This would allow them to be used as confirmatory methods for each other.
Factors involved in the synthesis of cyclopropane fatty acids by Streptococcus faecalis.

Factors affecting the synthesis of cyclopropane fatty acids in Streptococcus faecalis (ATCC 8043) were investigated. The cellular content of cyclopropanes reached the maximum level at the beginning of stationary phase. The concentration of lactobacillic acid increased with higher growth temperatures. The final percentage of lactobacillic acid in cells grown at 27, 37 and 47 °C was 15.9, 22.6 and 36.4%, respectively. There were greater proportions of higher melting point fatty acids when the growth temperature was increased. Strains of S. faecalis resistant to amethopterin contained no detectable cyclopropanes. There was a corresponding rise in the immediate precursor, cis-vaccenic acid. The content of cyclopropanes in the parent strain could be decreased by growing it in limiting quantities of methionine, folic acid, or thymidine. Cyclopropanes were synthesized in normal quantities in the absence of folic acid, provided optimum levels of thymidine were present. The addition of 25 μg amethopterin per ml to the thymidine-grown cultures did not decrease cyclopropane synthesis. The incorporation of [Me-14C]methionine into the cyclopropanes was determined in cells grown in the presence and absence of folic acid. The average relative specific activity was 105 and 101 for the folate-grown and the thymidinegrown cells, respectively. In order to accentuate a possible folic acid-related pathway of cyclopropane synthesis, cultures were grown with limiting methionine and increased amounts of serine, sodium formate, betaine, choline and optimum levels of folic acid. There was no increase in the cyclopropane content of those cultures when compared to the low-methionine control. It is concluded that folic acid is not a direct one-carbon donor for the synthesis of cyclopropane fatty acids in S. faecalis.
Explanation for the Unusual Phase Behavior of Polystyrene-b-poly(n-alkyl methacrylate) Diblock Copolymers: Specific Interactions

The observed variation in the nature of the order−disorder transition (lower vs upper temperature phase diagram) with the length of the n-alkyl side group in polystyrene-b-poly(n-alkyl methacrylate) diblock copolymers [PS-b-P(nAMA)] by Mayes, Russell, and their co-workers (Macromolecules 1998, 31, 8509) is explained using a simple version of the lattice cluster theory that distinguishes between specific interactions of different united atom groups and that determines the temperature-independent portion of the effective Flory interaction parameter χ solely from the monomer molecular structures without employing adjustable parameters. The presence of this temperature independent part of χ provides the entropic driving force for the lower disorder−order transition in systems with negative enthalpic χ. The only adjustable parameters of the theory are three independent combinations of the specific interaction energies. The theory is developed for arbitrary monomer structures of the two block components (or alt...
The response of an elastic half‐space under a momentary shear line impulse

The response of an ideal elastic half-space to a line-concentrated impulsive vector shear force applied momentarily is obtained by an analytical–numerical computational method based on the theory of characteristics in conjunction with kinematical relations derived across surfaces of strong discontinuities. The shear force is concentrated along an infinite line, drawn on the surface of the half-space, while being normal to that line as well as to the axis of symmetry of the half-space. An exact loading model is introduced and built into the computational method for this shear force. With this model, a compatibility exists among the prescribed applied force, the geometric decay of the shear stress component at the precursor shear wave, and the boundary conditions of the half-space; in this sense, the source configuration is exact. For the transient boundary-value problem described above, a wave characteristics formulation is presented, where its differential equations are extended to allow for strong discontinuities which occur in the material motion of the half-space. A numerical integration of these extended differential equations is then carried out in a three-dimensional spatiotemporal wavegrid formed by the Cartesian bicharacteristic curves of the wave characteristics formulation. This work is devoted to the construction of the computational method and to the concepts involved therein, whereas the interpretation of the resultant transient deformation of the half-space is presented in a subsequent paper. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rare earth element diffusion in natural enstatite

Abstract Chemical diffusion coefficients of La, Nd, Eu, Gd, and Yb in natural enstatite have been measured at 850–1250 °C and 1 atm. Anhydrous diffusion experiments were run in Pt capsules in air, or in sealed silica glass capsules under an iron–wustite (IW) solid buffer. The sources of diffusant were pre-reacted mixtures of synthetic enstatite powder and microcrystalline rare-earth aluminate garnet. Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry (RBS) was used to measure diffusion profiles. For Gd diffusion in air over the temperature range 1000–1250 °C, the following Arrhenius relation is found for diffusion normal to (210): D Gd,air = 2.55 × 10 - 9 exp ( 321 ± 85 kJ mol - 1 / RT ) m 2 s - 1 . There is no significant difference between Gd diffusion in air and under IW-buffered conditions. Behavior similar to Gd is also noted for Nd. The Arrhenius relationship for Eu diffusion in enstatite, normal to (210) and at 850–1150 °C and IW-buffered conditions, is D Eu,IW = 6.93 × 10 - 6 exp ( - 384 ± 29 kJ mol - 1 / RT ) m 2 s - 1 . For Eu diffusion in air over the temperature range 1000–1200 °C for the same orientation, the following Arrhenius relation is found: D Eu,air = 1.70 × 10 - 8 exp ( - 350 ± 42 kJ mol - 1 / RT ) m 2 s - 1 . For Eu diffusion under IW-buffered conditions and for experiments run in air, diffusivities normal to (001) are similar to those for diffusion normal to (210). Eu diffusion under IW-buffered conditions is more than an order of magnitude faster than Eu diffusion in air. It is likely that majority of Eu is in the divalent state for diffusion under IW-buffered conditions, but Eu is in the trivalent state for diffusion in air. In the case of Nd and Gd, where valence state does not change under the investigated fO2 conditions, diffusivities measured for experiments run both in air and under IW-buffered conditions are comparable to those obtained for trivalent Eu. Further, measurements of La, Nd, Eu+3, Gd, and Yb diffusion suggest that diffusion of trivalent REE in enstatite is not sensitive to ionic size, in contrast to that observed for REE diffusion in diopside [Van Orman, J.A., Grove, T.L., Shimizu, N., 2001. Rare earth element diffusion in diopside; influence of temperature, pressure, and ionic radius, and an elastic model for diffusion in silicates. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 141, 687–703]. These differences in diffusive behavior of REE between diopside and enstatite, as well as Eu2+ and Eu3+ in enstatite, can result in significant REE fractionation between coexisting pyroxenes during partial melting, melt migration, and subsolidus reequilibration processes in the Earth’s mantle and that of the Moon.
Applications Of Monolithic Detectors

The integration of monolithic microwave and millimeter-wave integrated circuits with optoelectronic components is crucial to the implementation of compact, light weight, multigigabit signal transmission and processing systems for future airborne and space borne applications. Recently, a number of authors have reported the integration of detector/amplifier combinations onto common semi-insulating GaAs substrates. Applications of these receiver arrays in linear and two dimensional integrated topologies are discussed.
Family-supportive organizations and supervisors: how do they influence employee outcomes and for whom?

In the present study, we examine a model which seeks to specify the process through which work-family supportive organizations and supervisors influence important organizational outcomes, including commitment and performance. Findings indicated that family-supportive organization perceptions are best conceptualized as influencing family-supportive supervisor behaviors, which in turn influence subordinate self-efficacy, subordinate affective commitment to the organization and subordinate perceptions of supervisor work effort. Subordinate self-efficacy and affective commitment were also both found to independently mediate the relationship between family-supportive supervisor behaviors and self-rated performance. Interestingly, the model functioned similarly for employees with and without dependent care responsibilities, indicating that work-family policies and support are important for all employees, regardless of their familial status. Theoretical and practical implications, limitations and future research...
The properties of superconductor - semimetal (or semiconductor) systems

Abstract Properties of the superconductor-non-metal systems are considered. The change of the phonon spectrum and the proximity effect cause the maximum value of the critical temperature (TC) to occur when the thickness of the non-metal film (LB) is on the order of the atomic distance. The size quantization leads to additional oscillations of TC(LB) and to the possibility of observing peculiar charge density waves. The experimental data are discussed.
Annerossella knorri, a new species of mite on water lettuce from Thailand (Acari: Homocaligidae)

Abstract A new species of mite, Annerossella knorri collected on the water weed Pistia striatotes Linn., near Bangkok, Thailand, is described.
Carbonate-shale cycles in the Middle Devonian of New York: An evaluation of models for the origin of limestones in terrigenous shelf sequences

Thin, widespread carbonate beds in the predominantly siliciclastic Hamilton Group (Middle Devonian) of New York appear to represent biogenic accumulations of winnowed, shallow (normal to storm wave base) shelf areas, rather than products of transgression-induced sediment starvation, as frequently assumed. In western New York, these fossiliferous limestones form the centers of subsymmetrical marine cyclothems. Carbonates are overlain and underlain by calcareous, gray to black, laminated shales, and they grade laterally into siltstones or sandstones that cap upward-coarsening sequences in central New York. Thus, the limestones appear to represent shallow-water facies of regressive hemicycles, instead of transgressive maxima, as argued by earlier workers.
Lithium and chlorpromazine: a controlled crossover study of hyperactive severely disturbed young children.

A controlled crossover study of lithium and chlorpromazine involving 10 severely disturbed children, 3 to 6 years of age, of which 6 were schizophrenic and 1 autistic, is reported in detail. Patients were matched for motor activity (hyper- and hypoactivity) and prognosis. More symptoms diminished on chlorpromazine than on lithium. However, improvements were only slight on both, except in one child whose autoaggressiveness and explosiveness practically ceased on lithium (nonblind evaluations). Blind ratings indicated no statistically significant difference between the two drugs as well as absence of statistically significant change from baseline to treatment with either. Lithium diminished the severity of individual symptoms, though not statistically significant, such as explosiveness, hyperactivity, aggressiveness, and psychotic speech. Its effect in adult schizophrenia is compared to responses of schizophrenic children. Also discussed is the relationship of EEG to clinical improvement and toxicity, and effect of lithium on hyperactivity and aggressiveness. It is suggested that lithium may prove of some value in treatment of severe psychiatric disorders in childhood involving aggressiveness, explosive affect and hyperactivity.
Methods for Estimating the Intrinsic Dimsnionality of High-Dimensional Point Sets

In recent years the characterization of fractals, strange attractors, dynamical chaos has received much attention. A particularly attractive measure is the fractal dimensionality of the dynamical system trajectory. This is a (generally noninteger) number that characterizes the trajectory (viewed as a collection of causally connected discrete points that are embedded in a D-dimensional space, such that d ≤ D). Depending on its definition, it may reflect purely geometrical aspects (capacity), but also probabilistic, information-type features of the system. For practical purposes the Balatoni-Renyi generalized dimension [1] dq, q ≥ 0, subsumes all currently used definitions of d (see however, [2]). A number of algorithms have been proposed to determine d [3–10]; they are reasonably successful, but only for d ≤ 3.
QPIAD: Query Processing over Incomplete Autonomous Databases

Incompleteness due to missing attribute values (aka "null values") is very common in autonomous Web databases, on which user accesses are usually supported through mediators. Traditional query processing techniques that focus on the strict soundness of answer tuples often ignore tuples with critical missing attributes, even if they wind up being relevant to a user query. Ideally we would like the mediator to retrieve such relevant uncertain answers and gauge their relevance by accessing their likelihood of being relevant answers to the query. However, the autonomous nature of the databases poses several challenges, such as the restricted access privileges, limited query patterns, and sensitivity of database and network resource consumption in the Web environment. We introduce a novel query rewriting and optimization framework QPIAD that tackles these challenges to retrieve relevant uncertain answers. Our technique involves reformulating the user query based on approximate functional dependencies (AFDs) among the database attributes and ranking these queries using value distributions learned from naive Bayes classifiers. Empirical studies demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach in retrieving relevant uncertain answers with high precision, high recall and manageable cost.
Structural stability of coprecipitated natural organic matter and ferric iron under reducing conditions

The objective was to assess the interaction of Fe coprecipitated with dissolved organic matter (DOM) and its effect on Fe (hydr)oxide crystallinity and DOM retention under abiotic reducing conditions. A Febased coagulant was reacted with DOM from an agricultural drain and the resulting precipitate (floc) was exposed to S(-II) and Fe(II). Solution concentrations of Fe(II/III) and DOM were monitored, floc crystallinity was determined using X-ray diffraction, and the composition and distribution of functional groups were assessed using scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM) and near edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy. Results indicate coprecipitation of Fe(III) with DOM forms a non-crystalline floc that withstands crystallization regardless of change in pH, Fe:DOM ratio and type of reductant added. There was no evidence that exposure to reducing conditions led to release of DOM from the floc, indicating that coprecipitation with complex natural DOM in aquatic environments may stabilize Fe (hydr)oxides against crystallization upon reaction with reduced species and lead to long term sequestration of the DOM. STXM analysis identified spatially distinct regions with remarkable functional group purity, contrary to the model of DOM as a relatively uniform complex polymer lacking identifiable organic compounds. Polysaccharide-like OM was strongly and directly correlated with the presence of Fe but showed different Fe binding strength depending on the presence of carboxylic acid functional groups, whereas amide and aromatic functional groups were inversely correlated with Fe content.
A treecode for accurate force calculations

A novel algorithm for computing forces in N-body simulations is presented. This algorithm constructs a hierarchical tree data structure and uses multipole expansions for the inverse square law. It can be considered as a multipole-based variant of Barnes-Hut algorithm [2]. The key idea here is the representation of forces (gravitational or electrostatic) through a multipole series by using the relationship between ultraspherical and Legendre polynomials. The primary advantage of this algorithm is the accuracy it offers along with the ease of coding. This method can be used in the simulation of star clusters in astrophysical applications in which higher order moments are expensive and difficult to construct. This method can also be used in molecular dynamics simulations as an alternative to particle-mesh and Ewald Summation methods which suffer from large errors due to various differentiation schemes. Our algorithm has O(p3Nlog N) complexity where p is typically a small constant.
Wetting and Prewetting on Ceramic Surfaces

The stabilization of nanoscale surficial amorphous films (SAFs) for Bi2O3 on ZnO, VOx on TiO2, SiOx on Si, and several other oxide systems provides evidence for the existence of prewetting phenomena with analogies in water and other simple systems, as well as the stabilization of intergranular amorphous films in ceramics. Experimental results show that in the subeutectic regime, the equilibrium film thickness decreases monotonically with decreasing temperature until it vanishes at a dewetting (prewetting) temperature. With increasing temperatures, nanometer-thick SAFs persist into a solid-liquid coexistence regime, in equilibrium with partial-wetting drops, with a gradual decrease in the macroscopic contact angle upon heating. The presence of an attractive dispersion force can significantly delay or inhibit the (otherwise expected) occurrence of complete wetting at higher temperatures. The equilibrium thickness of SAFs is explained from a balance between several interfacial interactions, including dispers...
Paleoenvironmental and Paleoclimatic Interpretations of the Late Paleocene Goler Formation, Southern California, U.S.A., Based On Paleosol Geochemistry

The Paleocene was characterized by high global temperatures and elevated concentrations of atmospheric CO2. Paleoclimate records of this epoch are of particular interest to understanding the effects of anthropogenic climate forcing as well as linkages between the Paleocene climate and major tectonic and evolutionary events. However, terrestrial paleoclimatic records of the Paleocene are limited in their spatial extent, and few such records are known from western North America. In this study, paleosols from two members in the late Paleocene Goler Formation of Southern California were used to investigate local paleoclimatic conditions. The paleosols were described in detail and analyzed for morphology, clay mineralogy, and bulk geochemistry. Carbonate nodules present in paleosols from the upper member (member 4a) were characterized using petrographic and cathodoluminescence microscopy and were analyzed for carbon and oxygen stable-isotope composition. Enrichment and retention of soluble elements (Ca, Mg, and Na) and the mobilization of Fe and Mn in the paleosol profiles suggest a climate with strongly seasonal precipitation. This interpretation is further supported by the presence of pedogenic slickensides and the clay minerals smectite and illite. The appearance of pedogenic carbonate nodules in paleosols from the upper member is suggestive of a shift to more arid or more seasonal conditions that is coincident with a prominent change in sediment provenance and an inferred increase in sedimentation rate. Uplift of the ancestral Sierra Nevada during the late Paleocene was likely an important control on regional paleoclimate due to the effects of elevated topography on mean annual precipitation and seasonal distribution of precipitation. The correlation of a shift in pedogenic processes with changes in provenance and sedimentation rate suggests that the evolution of regional tectonic activity was an important control on these processes during the deposition of the Goler Formation.
Urinary urgency following administration of thyrotropin releasing hormone during simultaneous urethrocystometry.

Abstract To study the pathophysiology of urinary urgency frequently reported on administration of thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH), simultaneous urethrocystometry was performed in 10 women before and after administration of 500 hg of TRH. Nine women in the control group received normal saline in place of TRH. The TRH group demonstrated a significant drop in urethral closure pressure (p