cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Acute amygdalar activation induces an upregulation of multiple monoamine G protein coupled pathways in rat hippocampus

A "partial" rodent model for schizophrenia has been used to characterize the regulation of hippocampal genes in response to amygdalar activation. At 96 h after the administration of picrotoxin into the basolateral nucleus, we have observed an increase in the expression of genes associated with 18 different monoamine (ie adrenergic alpha 1, alpha 2 and beta 2, serotonergic 5HT5b and 5HT6, dopamine D4 and muscarinic m1, m2 and m3) and peptide (CCK A and B, angiotensin 1A, mu and kappa opiate, FSH, TSH, LH, GNRH, and neuropeptide Y) G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). These latter receptors are associated with three different G protein signaling pathways (Gq, Gs, and Gi) in which significant changes in gene expression were also noted for adenylate cyclase (AC4), phosphodiesterase (PDE4D), protein kinase A (PKA), and protein kinase C (PKC). Quantitative RT-PCR was used to validate the results and demonstrated that there were predictable increases of three GPCRs selected for this analysis, including the dopamine D4, alpha 1b, and CCK-B receptors. Eight out of the nine monoamine receptors showing these changes have moderate to high affinity for the atypical antipsychotic, clozapine. Taken together, these results suggest that amygdalar activation may play a role in the pathophysiology and treatment of psychosis by regulating the activity of multiple GPCR and metabolic pathways in hippocampal cells.
The Changing Context of K–12 Education Administration: Consequences for Ed.D. Program Design and Delivery

This article explores the changing context of school leadership in our nation, a context that requires education leaders who are skilled and knowledgeable with a new set of dispositions to lead complex, diverse, and innovative institutions. The article also discusses recent critiques of existing leadership preparation programs, with emphasis on what has been said about the Ed.D. and Ph.D. degrees in educational leadership. Data are provided about trends in advanced degree offerings in higher education institutions, and the mission statements of top-ranked graduate programs in education leadership are assessed. Finally, the article discusses the consequences that these trends, critiques, and the changing context of school leadership might have upon the design and delivery of leadership preparation programs for current and aspiring school leaders.
Design guidance for elastic followup

The basic mechanism of elastic followup is discussed in relation to piping design. It is shown how mechanistic insight gained from solutions for a two-bar problem can be used to identify dominant design parameters and to determine appropriate modifications where elastic followup is a potential problem. It is generally recognized that quantitative criteria are needed for elastic followup in the creep range where badly unbalanced lines can pose potential problems. Approaches for criteria development are discussed.
A comparison of the hemodynamic responses to metrizamide and meglumine/sodium diatrizoate in canine renal angiography

Selective renal angiography causes a biphasic change in renal blood flow and vascular resistance. In this study, 5 ml of meglumine/sodium diatrizoate (288 mg I/ml, 1455 mosm/kg), metrizamide (290 mg I/ml, 593 mosm/kg), isontonic saline (287 mosm/kg) and hypertonic saline (1500 mosm/kg) were injected into the renal arteries of seven adult mongrel dogs to determine whether the minimum flow (or maximum resistance) was related to the osmolality of the injected agent. The maximum resistance response was significantly smaller for metrizamide (20 +/- 4%) and isotonic saline (19 +/- 2%) than for diatrizoate (36 +/- 6%) or hypertonic saline (50 +/- 7%). Hypertonic saline produced two distinct types of responses: the typical biphasic response or a severe immediate drop in flow. Thus the maximum resistance response was related to agent osmolality. The "injection artifact," or flow changes occurring during the injection, were different for the four agents, and these differences appeared correlated to agent viscosity. Although both contrast media caused relatively small changes in renal hemodynamics, metrizamide caused significantly smaller changes than meglumine/sodium diatrizoate.
MUTYH exon 7 and 13 mutations associated with colorectal cancer (MAP syndrome) are not commonly associated with sporadic pancreatic cancer.

Background: Biallelic MUTYH exon 7 and 13 mutations are associated with a high frequency of somatic K- ras gene guanine to thymine transversion
Methods for calculating coupling noise in early design: a comparative analysis

In this paper we compare different methods for calculating coupling noise, specially for use in the early design phase of a high performance custom design when all the detailed physical design information is not available. This analysis can be important in the design of functional blocks such as data paths in microprocessors, where if noise avoidance is included in the design planning phase, later changes in the design may be avoided. Thus, reducing the number of design iterations and overall design time. The ideal noise calculation technique should be very fast and reasonably accurate so as to account for all significant parameters that will affect the noise. We consider three different techniques and compare them with an exact analysis using a circuit simulator. It is shown that a lumped model is quite accurate for predicting noise on a variety of wire geometries up to 3 mm in length. We also propose a technique to extend this model to the practically important case when bus wires overlap only partially with neighbors.
Producer perceptions of important challenges currently facing the United States meat-goat industry

There is an apparent increase in demand for goat meat in the United States, perhaps because of recent immigrants and population growth. This is driving an increase in meat-goat production. This paper addresses the importance of 11 challenges faced by United States meat-goat producers, with results having implications for research, extension, and teaching efforts by universities, governmental agencies, and industry. A survey of meat-goat producers was conducted. Differences in opinion as to the importance of challenges by industry segment were analyzed using ordered probit models. The 4 items selected by producers as the most important challenges facing producers were high cost of goat production, lack of a clear marketing system for goats, lack of a goat meat processor close by, and internal parasites. Others of note were the lack of a grading system for goats, pasture management problems, diseases, and insufficient government support for the industry.
Adenovirus transcription: V. Quantitation of viral RNA sequences in adenovirus 2-infected and transformed cells

Abstract The concentrations, in copies per cell, of viral RNA sequences complementary to different regions of the genome were determined at 8, 18 and 32 hours after infection of human cells with adenovirus type 2: separated strands of fragments of 32P-labelled adenovirus 2 DNA, generated by cleavage with restriction endonucleases EcoR1, Hpa1 and BamH1, were added to reaction mixtures at sufficient concentrations to drive hybridizations with infected or transformed cell RNA. Under these conditions, the fraction of 32P-labelled DNA entering hybrid is directly proportional to the absolute amount of complementary RNA in the reaction. At 8 hours after infection in the presence of cytosine arabinoside, “early” viral messenger RNA sequences are present at a frequency of 300 to 1000 copies per cell. The abundance of early mRNA sequences in different lines of adenovirus 2-transformed rat cells is markedly lower than their concentration in lytically infected cells. Moreover, the abundance of early mRNA in a given transformed rat cell line reflects the number of copies of its template DNA sequences per diploid quantity of cell DNA. After the onset of the late phase of the lytic cycle, the abundance of one early mRNA species, that coding for a single-stranded DNA binding protein required for viral DNA replication, is amplified. Viral RNA sequences complementary to regions of the genome coding for other early mRNA sequences remain at the level observed at 8 hours after infection. Exclusively “late” viral mRNA sequences are present over a range of concentrations, 500 to 10,000 copies per cell, depending on the region of the genome. By 18 hours after infection, the nucleus contains approximately three times as much total, viral RNA as the cytoplasm. The abundant nuclear, viral RNA sequences at 18 hours are transcribed from a contiguous region, 65% of the genome in length. In some cases, viral RNA sequences complementary to mRNA sequences are very abundant in the nucleus. When cytoplasmic and nuclear fractions are mixed and incubated under annealing conditions, some mRNA sequences will anneal with more abundant, anti-messenger nuclear RNA sequences to form double-stranded RNA. Such annealing of nuclear, viral RNA to early, cytoplasmic mRNA sequences probably accounts for the inability to detect, by filter hybridization, certain classes of early mRNA sequences during the late stage of infection.
Fitting of nonlinear regressions by orthogonalized power series

We outline a procedure that resolves ambiguities in fitting nonlinear data by power series. As is well known, the coefficients in the regression equations depend upon the truncation of the power series. We outline the procedure in which the coefficients of the regression using a power expansion are independent of the degree of the polynomials used. This is achieved by considering mutual regression of descriptors and using residuals as novel variables. The derived regression equations show unusual numerical stability, i.e., the coefficients of the regression equations are constant and independent of the truncation of the power series. The process is illustrated in an example to show all details and facilitate duplicating the process for interested readers. The method described here complements recently outlined procedures for construction of orthogonal descriptors for use in multivariate regression analysis. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
An Update on Breast Cancer Screening and Prevention

The goal of this article is to provide clinical guidance on breast cancer screening and prevention in primary care. The discussion highlights the importance of risk assessment, including screening options and risk-reduction strategies, for women at average and high risk. We review recommendations for breast cancer screening, evaluate current evidence on primary prevention, examine current practice patterns, and consider the impact of recent changes within health care.
Downsizing, Corporate Performance, and Shareholder Wealth

Restructuring events, such as downsizing, can either halt a downward spiral in corporate performance or perpetuate that downward spiral (Lindsley, Brass and Thomas 1995). This dual nature of downsizing is reflected in the mixed results found by prior researchers.We recognize the dual nature of downsizing by categorizing events according to the firm’s financial condition preceding the announcement of the downsizing. We find a significant negative stock price reaction for firms that are financially healthy in the period preceding the announcement of the downsizing, but a statistically smaller reaction for firms that are in financial distress. The results suggest that the stock market views downsizing events consistent with the theory proposed by Lindsley, Brass and Thomas (1995).
Exogenous L-arginine attenuates the effects of angiotensin II on renal hemodynamics and the pressure natriuresis-diuresis relationship.

Summary Administration of exogenous L-arginine (L-Arg) attenuates angiotensin-II (AngII)-mediated hypertension and kidney disease in rats. The present study assessed renal hemodynamics and pressure diuresis–natriuresis in anaesthetized rats infused with vehicle, AngII (20 ng/kg per min i.v.) or AngII + L-Arg (300 μg/kg per min i.v.). Experiments in isolated aortic rings were carried out to assess L-Arg effects on the vasculature. Increasing renal perfusion pressure (RPP) from ˜100 to 140 mmHg resulted in a nine- to tenfold increase in urine flow and sodium excretion rate in control animals. In comparison, AngII infusion significantly reduced renal blood flow (RBF) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) by 40–42%, and blunted the pressure-dependent increase in urine flow and sodium excretion rate by 54–58% at elevated RPP. Supplementation of L-Arg reversed the vasoconstrictor effects of AngII and restored pressure-dependent diuresis to levels not significantly different from control rats. Dose-dependent contraction to AngII (10−10 mol/L to 10−7 mol/L) was observed with a maximal force equal to 27 ± 3% of the response to 10−5 mol/L phenylephrine. Contraction to 10−7 mol/L AngII was blunted by 75 ± 3% with 10−4 mol/L L-Arg. The influence of L-Arg to blunt AngII-mediated contraction was eliminated by endothelial denudation or incubation with nitric oxide synthase inhibitors. Furthermore, the addition of 10−3 mol/L cationic or neutral amino acids, which compete with L-Arg for cellular uptake, blocked the effect of L-Arg. Anionic amino acids did not influence the effects of L-Arg on AngII-mediated contraction. These studies show that L-Arg blunts AngII-mediated vascular contraction by an endothelial- and nitric oxide synthase-dependent mechanism involving cellular uptake of L-Arg.
Immersive well-path editing: investigating the added value of immersion

The benefits of immersive visualization are primarily anecdotal; there have been few controlled user studies that have attempted to quantify the added value of immersion for problems requiring the manipulation of virtual objects. This research quantifies the added value of immersion for a real-world industrial problem: oil well-path planning. An experiment was designed to compare human performance between an immersive virtual environment (IVE) and a desktop workstation. This work presents the results of sixteen participants who planned the paths of four oil wells. Each participant planned two well-paths on a desktop workstation with a stereoscopic display and two well-paths in a CAVE/spl trade/-like IVE. Fifteen of the participants completed well-path editing tasks faster in the IVE than in the desktop environment. The increased speed was complimented by a statistically significant increase in correct solutions in the IVE. The results suggest that an IVE allows for faster and more accurate problem solving in a complex three-dimensional domain.
Reasons for gateball participation among older Japanese

This article focuses upon a game known as gateball which is popular among older Japanese. The game is described and patterns of social behavior among gateball players are also discussed. Using data collected from an open-ended questionnaire, participant observation on a gateball team, and a series of semi-structured interviews with older people living in a rural region of Japan, some of the reasons behind participation in gateball are explored. These motives are then placed into the context of changing patterns of social interaction between younger and older Japanese and are also discussed in terms of the presence of age grading practices which structure the life course for many Japanese living in rural areas. The data for this article were collected during approximately two years of ethnographic fieldwork in northern Japan.
Modeling and Analysis of Domain Wall Dynamics for Robust and Low-Power Embedded Memory

Non-volatile memories are gaining significant attention for embedded cache application due to low standby power and excellent retention. Domain wall memory (DWM) is one possible candidate due to its ability to store multiple bits/cell in order to break the density barrier. Additionally, it provides low standby power, fast access time, good endurance and good retention. In this paper, we provide a physics-based model of domain wall that comprehends process variations (PV) and Joule heating. The proposed model has been used for circuit simulation. We also propose techniques to mitigate the impact of variability and Joule heating while enabling low-power and high frequency operation.
The Reliability and Validity of Objective Indices of Moral Development.

The present paper addresses three issues sur rounding Rest's Defining Issues Test, an objective test of moral development based on Kohlberg's six- stage theory of moral development. Those issues ar...
Detailed Characterization of the Lipid Composition of Detergent-Resistant Membranes from Photoreceptor Rod Outer Segment Membranes

PURPOSE. In recent years, detergent-resistant membranes (DRMs) have been isolated in in vitro models of lipid rafts, from photoreceptor outer segments (ROS), and the localization of a specific complement of photoreceptor proteins has been demonstrated. However, surprisingly little is known about the lipid composition of these important membrane domains. The present study provides the first characterization of phospholipids and fatty acids from ROS-derived DRMs. METHODS. Bovine ROS membranes were incubated with 1% Triton X-100 at 4°C and subjected to density gradient centrifugation to isolate DRMs from the parent membranes. Lipids of ROS and DRMs were separated by two-dimensional, thin-layer chromatography and converted to methyl esters, and fatty acids were analyzed by gas chromatography. Proteins of ROS and DRMs were analyzed by SDS-PAGE and Western blot analysis. RESULTS. The DRMs represented 8% and 3%, respectively, of total ROS lipid and protein. In general, DRMs were enriched in saturated fatty acids when compared with ROS membranes. Relative to ROS, DRMs were enriched in free fatty acids (FFAs) and a specific phosphatidylcholine (PC) fraction that was almost devoid of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). DRMs contained less phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidylserine (PS). Ceramide (CM) from ROS contained PUFAs but no saturated fatty acids; the converse was true of CM from DRMs. Docosahexaenoic acid was diminished in DRM PS and was not detected in the FFAs, but was equally abundant in ROS and DRM PE. ROS-derived DRMs were dramatically enriched in caveolin-1, contained significant amounts of transducin- and c-Src, and were relatively devoid of arrestin. CONCLUSIONS. The relatively saturated lipid environment observed in DRMs is likely to promote the localization of signaling proteins modified with saturated fatty acyl chains. Based on the lipid composition of DRMs, the authors conclude that they would not efficiently support phototransduction. (Invest Oph
Optical arithmetic processing using improved redundant binary algorithms

Carry-free parallel arithmetic computing using redundant binary number representation is exploited. Based on the original two-step algorithm, several improved algorithms including modified two-step, one- step, canonical, and three-input algorithms are proposed to increase processing speed and simplify the implementation system. The symbolic substitution rules for redundant binary addition are represented by binary logic operations and realized using optical space-variant binary logic gates. The proposed optical architecture is suitable for realizing both binary logic and arithmetic operations.
Flexible thin film electrode arrays for minimally-invasive neurological monitoring

We present approaches for using thin film polymeric electrode arrays for use in applications of minimally invasive neurological monitoring. The flexibility and unique surface properties of the thin-film polyimide substrate in combination with a compact device platform make them amenable to a variety of surgical implantation procedures. Using a rapid-prototyping and fabrication technique, arrays of various geometries can be fabricated within a week. In this paper we test two different approaches for deploying electrode arrays through small cranial openings.
Examples of design curves for multirow arrays used with time-shift compensation

The effect of 1.75-D array element height on time-shift compensation is analyzed using a two-dimensional array system and a distributed aberration phantom. The analysis uses hydrophone measurements of transmit beams. The results indicate that, for imaging at 3 MHz through aberration representative of the abdominal wall, similar focus compensation performance can be expected from arrays with element pitches less than or equal to 3.0 mm.
Perpendicular recording model of medium and head field saturation effects

A previously developed micromagnetic recording model is extended here for perpendicular recording media with a soft under layer. Write head field saturation effects are examined and shown to have a severely detrimental effect on the quality of recorded transitions. An extension of the model to account for a source of medium switching field distribution is used to study the degradation of amplitude and medium SNR with increasing linear density.
Prospect theory on the brain? Toward a cognitive neuroscience of decision under risk

Most decisions must be made without advance knowledge of their consequences. Economists and psychologists have devoted much attention to modeling decisions made under conditions of risk in which options can be characterized by a known probability distribution over possible outcomes. The descriptive shortcomings of classical economic models motivated the development of prospect theory (D. Kahneman, A. Tversky, Prospect theory: An analysis of decision under risk. Econometrica, 4 (1979) 263-291; A. Tversky, D. Kahneman, Advances in prospect theory: Cumulative representation of uncertainty. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 5 (4) (1992) 297-323) the most successful behavioral model of decision under risk. In the prospect theory, subjective value is modeled by a value function that is concave for gains, convex for losses, and steeper for losses than for gains; the impact of probabilities are characterized by a weighting function that overweights low probabilities and underweights moderate to high probabilities. We outline the possible neural bases of the components of prospect theory, surveying evidence from human imaging, lesion, and neuropharmacology studies as well as animal neurophysiology studies. These results provide preliminary suggestions concerning the neural bases of prospect theory that include a broad set of brain regions and neuromodulatory systems. These data suggest that focused studies of decision making in the context of quantitative models may provide substantial leverage towards a fuller understanding of the cognitive neuroscience of decision making.
Establishment of an Immortalized Fetal Intrapulmonary Artery Endothelial Cell Line • 131

The endothelium plays a critical role in the growth and function of the developing pulmonary circulation. Studies of pulmonary endothelial cell gene expression and function have been limited by the requirement for early-passage primary cells due to senescence beyond passage 6-8. The purpose of the present study was to establish an immortalized fetal intrapulmonary artery endothelial cell line. As an example of a functionally-relevant phenotype, the conservation of acute endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activation by estradiol was characterized by measuring 3H-L-arginine conversion to3 H-L-citrulline in intact cells. Ovine fetal intrapulmonary artery endothelial cells (PAEC) were sorted at passage 3 based on acetylated LDL uptake and transfected with a recombinant retroviral construct containing the E6 and E7 open reading frames of human papillomavirus type 16. These DNA viral genes inactivate host proteins involved in cell cycle control. Following selection, immortalized cells were propagated and studied at passages 18, 23, and 28, and compared to primary PAEC at passages 4-6. Acetylated LDL uptake and eNOS expression, indicative of an endothelial cell phenotype, were conserved in the immortalized cells. In addition, eNOS was acutely activated by 10-8 M estradiol in the immortalized cells, yielding NOS activity which was 346%, 279%, and 277% above basal at passage 18, 23, and 28, respectively. This level of activation was comparable to the 251% increase observed in primary cells. Acetylcholine (10-6M)-mediated eNOS activation was also demonstrable, yielding NOS activity that was 255%, 218%, and 285% above basal at passage 18, 23, and 28, respectively, compared to 221% in primary PAEC. The expression of estrogen receptor (ER) alpha, which mediates the acute response in primary PAEC, was also evident in the immortalized cells. These results indicate that fetal PAEC transfected with E6 and E7 show no signs of senescence with long-term passage, and that eNOS expression and ER-dependent acute activation of eNOS are conserved in these cells. The resulting cell line will provide an excellent model for further studies of eNOS regulation and other investigations of pulmonary endothelial cell gene expression and function.
Feature based similarity search with application to speedpath analysis

In test and diagnosis, one often runs into the situation that after analyzing a set of samples, a few of these samples are identified as being “special”. Then, in a large population of samples one desires to identify all samples that are “similar” to the special samples. The process is called a similarity search. This paper presents a feature based similarity search approach and discusses three potential methods to implement this approach. These methods are (1) building a model to capture the characteristics of the non-special samples, (2) building a model to capture the characteristics of the special samples, and (3) searching for the hypotheses to explain individually why each sample is special. We apply similarity search to the speedpath analysis problem where special samples are special paths that limit the performance of silicon chips. The goal is to identify more paths in the design with similar characteristics to the speedpaths. The effectivenesses of the three methods are analyzed based on speedpath data collected from a high-performance microprocessor.
The efficacy of motivational interviewing: a meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials.

A meta-analysis was conducted on controlled clinical trials investigating adaptations of motivational interviewing (AMIs), a promising approach to treating problem behaviors. AMIs were equivalent to other active treatments and yielded moderate effects (from .25 to .57) compared with no treatment and/or placebo for problems involving alcohol, drugs, and diet and exercise. Results did not support the efficacy of AMIs for smoking or HIV-risk behaviors. AMIs showed clinical impact, with 51% improvement rates, a 56% reduction in client drinking, and moderate effect sizes on social impact measures (d=0.47). Potential moderators (comparative dose, AMI format, and problem area) were identified using both homogeneity analyses and exploratory multiple regression. Results are compared with other review results and suggestions for future research are offered.
Malignant Lymphomas Involving Lung and Pleura

Primary malignant lymphomas represent approximately 0.5 % of all primary neoplasms of the lung. By contrast, secondary involvement of the lung in patients with systemic lymphoma is common. Most of the primary malignant lymphomas are non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas of B-cell lineage and, overall, extranodal marginal zone lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT lymphoma) is the most common type. The second most frequent lymphoma of the lung is diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), some of them representing large cell transformation of a previous MALT lymphoma. Hodgkin’s lymphoma rarely occurs in extranodal sites. Other malignant lymphomas that involve lung and pleura are also discussed including distinct entities such as lymphomatoid granulomatosis, primary effusion lymphomas (PEL), and DLBCL associated with chronic inflammation, also known as pyothorax-associated lymphoma (PAL).
The D1 family dopamine receptor, DopR, potentiates hind leg grooming behavior in Drosophila

Drosophila groom away debris and pathogens from the body using their legs in a stereotyped sequence of innate motor behaviors. Here, we investigated one aspect of the grooming repertoire by characterizing the D1 family dopamine receptor, DopR. Removal of DopR results in decreased hind leg grooming, as substantiated by quantitation of dye remaining on mutant and RNAi animals vs. controls and direct scoring of behavioral events. These data are also supported by pharmacological results that D1 receptor agonists fail to potentiate grooming behaviors in headless DopR flies. DopR protein is broadly expressed in the neuropil of the thoracic ganglion and overlaps with TH-positive dopaminergic neurons. Broad neuronal expression of dopamine receptor in mutant animals restored normal grooming behaviors. These data provide evidence for the role of DopR in potentiating hind leg grooming behaviors in the thoracic ganglion of adult Drosophila. This is a remarkable juxtaposition to the considerable role of D1 family dopamine receptors in rodent grooming, and future investigations of evolutionary relationships of circuitry may be warranted.
Smart Materials-Based Structural Vibration Isolation for Minimizing Product Quality Variation Using H∞-Based Optimal Control

An H∞ -Based optimal vibration isolation system using patch-type piezoelectric actuators and sensors, suitable for application on high-precision manufacturing equipment that is being affected by external disturbances, has been designed. Reductions of the force transmitted through the structure range from approximately 5 to 30 dB in the frequency band of interest. Robust stability, nominal performance and robust performance have all been verified using the structured singular value, μ, and simulation testing for the set of plants within a derived uncertainty set. In addition, the H∞ controller is compared to an LQG-optimal controller designed for the same structure. The LQG controller, while achieving nominal performance comparable to the H∞ controller and being of significantly lower order, was shown to be unstable via μ-analysis and simulation testing. Thus, the LQG design should not be applied to a machine where there is significant in-band model uncertainty. Use of light-weight patch-type piezoelectric actuators and sensors provides a low-cost, easily-installable way of applying this technique to manufacturing equipment requiring isolation from low-frequency disturbances.© 2002 ASME
The Economics and Ideology of American Fair Trade: Louis Brandeis and Open Price Associations, 1911-1919

In the first decades of the twentieth century, a widespread trend emerged in the Western world that questioned the basic assumption of classical economic theory, that economic competition fostered the common good. Propelled by the First World War and the rise of “institutionalist” economics, leading American scholars and public intellectuals initiated a movement for “new competition” that embraced inter-firm cooperation to stabilize and standardize market processes and prices. This experiment in “managed competition” allowed trade association combinations to determine prices, allocate markets, and facilitate ongoing consultation among members. The American Fair Trade League (AFTL), one of the most prominent and persistent supporters of the “new competition,” advocated the liberalization of antitrust laws to promote inter-firm cooperation, rather than consolidation, and to foster market stability by eliminating “cut-throat competition” and “over-production.” The “institutionalist” school provided necessary fodder for the AFTL and other trade organizations by explaining the viable, if not preferable, alternatives to pure market competition. The influence of this intellectual movement in economics and management has been largely excluded from the secondary literature explaining interwar competition policy.
Electron capture decay of 58-min U 92 229 and levels in Pa 91 229

Electron capture decay of $^{229}\mathrm{U}$ is investigated by measuring the $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray and conversion electron spectra of mass-separated and unseparated $^{229}\mathrm{U}$ sources with high-resolution germanium and silicon detectors, respectively. Gamma-gamma coincidence measurements are also performed using germanium detectors. These studies provide level energies and level ordering in $^{229}\mathrm{Pa}$. Single-particle assignments are given to these levels which are in agreement with the systematics in this region and also with theory. In a previous study, we report the observation of a 5/${2}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}$ parity doublet in the $^{229}\mathrm{Pa}$ ground state, which is a signature of octupole deformation. The present analysis of the data still shows a splitting of $60\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}50$ eV, but with this large uncertainty the existence of the doublet is not certain.
Immunologic responses of mice fed diets supplemented with selenite selenium.

SummaryThese experiments indicate that dietary Se at levels above that generally accepted as nutritionally adequate (0.1 ppm) enhances the primary immune response in mice as measured by the PFC test and by hemagglutination.
Effects of cholesteryl ester transfer protein inhibitors on human lipoprotein metabolism: why have they failed in lowering coronary heart disease risk?

PURPOSE OF REVIEW To examine the recent advances in our knowledge of cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) inhibitors, heart disease risk reduction, and human lipoprotein metabolism. RECENT FINDINGS CETP inhibitors block the transfer of cholesteryl ester from HDLs to triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRLs), thereby raising HDL cholesterol and lowering TRL cholesterol, and in some cases LDL cholesterol. Two CETP inhibitors, dalcetrapib and torcetrapib, have been tested in large clinical trials in statin-treated coronary heart disease patients and have shown no clinical benefit compared to placebo. Anacetrapib and evacetrapib, two potent CETP inhibitors, are now being tested in large clinical trials. Torcetrapib has been shown to decrease the fractional catabolic rate (FCR) of HDL apolipoproteins (apo) A-I and A-II, enhance the FCR of TRL apoB-100 and apoE, and decrease TRL apoB-48 production, but has no significant effects on fecal cholesterol excretion in humans. Anacetrapib also delays the FCR of HDL apoA-I. SUMMARY CETP inhibitors form a complex between themselves, CETP, and HDL particles, which may interfere with the many physiologic functions of HDL, including reverse cholesterol transport. Available data would suggest that CETP inhibitors will fail as lipid-altering medications to reduce coronary heart disease risk because of interference with normal human HDL metabolism.
Excitation patterns of two auditory models applied for noise induced hearing loss assessment

Noise induced hearing loss (NIHL) as one of major avoidable occupational related health issues has been studied for decades. In order to accurately evaluate NIHL, several metrics that are based on the response of human auditory system have been developed. Excitation pattern (EP), as the responses of basilar membrane (BM) in cochlea, is correlated with auditory fatigue, which is considered as one fundamental mechanism of NIHL. Therefore, research on understanding EP of BM and its effect on human hearing loss is needed. In this study, two EP based models, referring as loudness EP and velocity EP, are proposed based on applying two typical auditory filters, rounded-exponential (ROEX) filter and dual resonant nonlinear (DRNL) filter, respectively. Moreover, two EP based noise metrics are developed to evaluate the hazardous caused by different types of noises (i.e., Gaussian and impact noises). The results show that both EP models can reflect the BM response to the input noise. For the assessment of Gaussian noise, two EP models are comparable, whereas the velocity EP is more accurate than the loudness EP on analysis of impact noise. The loudness EP may underestimate the hazardous caused by impact noise at high frequency.
231 UTILIZATION AND TIMING OF TRANSTHORACIC ECHOCARDIOGRAM IN HEMODYNAMICALLY STABLE PATIENTS WITH PENETRATING TRAUMA TO THE CHEST.

Background Penetrating cardiac injuries are among the most lethal of all injuries to the chest. Management of these injuries has significantly evolved over the past 15 years, with increased utilization of noninvasive diagnostic tests. Bedside echocardiography can provide immediate and accurate information regarding the heart and pericardium and the need for immediate surgery. It is standard of care to perform transthoracic cardiac ultrasonography in these cases. In some medical centers either echocardiogram technicians or cardiology fellows are required to come in after hours and perform the echocardiography. We sought to retrospectively study the utility of urgent echocardiography in the setting of hemodynamically stable patients with penetrating chest trauma in our institution to provide better resource utilization for this patient population. Methods Between January 2003 and June 2006, 49 hemodynamically stable patients with penetrating trauma to the chest were evaluated with an emergent echocardiogram in our emergency department. Data were collected from chart review and echocardiogram results. Results Of the 49 patients reviewed, 80% were male. The average age was 32 years (17-75), presenting systolic blood pressure (BP) was 131 mm Hg (97-188), diastolic BP was 77 mm Hg (43-106), and heart rate was 100 bpm (65-130). Forty of the 49 patients had no pericardial effusion on echocardiogram. Nine echocardiograms revealed small effusions. One showed anterior effusion versus adipose tissue, which led to a subcostal pericardial window, with serous fluid removed. Ten patients had a pneumothorax or hemothorax. One patient with no effusion on transthoracic echocardiogram was confirmed to have bullet pellets in the intraventricular septum on transesophageal echocardiogram but had no further testing or surgery. Conclusion In reviewing the current trauma and emergency medicine literature it is standard of care to obtain two chest radiographs in a span of 6 hours and an echocardiogram to evaluate for possible hemopericardium in any hemodynamically stable patient with penetrating trauma to the chest. However, our review found that in this patient population an urgent echocardiogram has very low yield and did not change patient care. We suggest that in this patient population an echocardiogram after hours may not be necessary
Creation and Brand Building of the Journal of Seed Industry

The Journal of Seed Industry founded on the special bloom period of Chinese seed industry,while facing the competition of sci-tech periodicals.The current status of the journal is analyzed in this paper,and the foundation concepts and experiences of public welfare with sci-tech property,the establishment of characteristic columns,and the exploration and practice on brand construction are described.
Test research of phosphate flotation from calcite containing phosphosiderite

In this paper,phosphate mineral flotation tests were conducted on magnetic tailings from a phosphosiderite mine in China.The samples had higher levels of calcite minerals.Calcite and apatite have the similar surface properties and the smaller floatability difference and are difficult to separated in flotation.A calcite inhibitor S-716 was used in the tests.The inhibitor was more effective on the calcite mineral and less effective on the phosphate mineral.As a result,the effective flotation separation of apatite and calcite were made.Tests by one time direct flotation,two times roughing and cleaning in open circuits and the 27.01% P2O5 phosphate concentrate was produced with recovery of 71.06% P2O5.
Host Defense Failure: The Role of Phagocyte Dysfunction

The prototype of bactericidal dysfunction syndromes is chronic granulomatous disease; recent research has made it clear that the classic form is but one of many inherited disorders in which phagocytosis proceeds normally but cells cannot kill the ingested bacteria. In some patients with recurrent infections and normal immunoglobulins, assays of cellular bactericidal capability may open the way to effective therapy.
Perineural glands in normal and hyperplastic prostates.

AbstractSerial sections from 1 block of either a normal or hyperplastic prostate demonstrated at least 2 foci of perineural invasion in 7 of 8 consecutive autopsies. In addition to the perineural invasion a close relationship was found among nerves, glandular epithelium and vascular structures in all 8 autopsies.Although there are differences between the epithelium in perineural invasion in carcinoma and in normal or hyperplastic prostates perineural invasion can no longer be regarded as unequivocal evidence of malignancy.
Rehabilitation of motor dysfunction in primary brain tumor patients

In 2010 it was estimated that >688 000 Americans were living with a primary brain tumor (PBT) corresponding to a U.S. prevalence rate of approximately 221.8 per 100 000 people. Five-year survival is 96.1% in nonmalignant PBTs, 34% in malignant PBTs for all ages, and 71% in children [1985-2005]. Case fatality rates have decreased in the U.S. since the 1970's for nonmalignant PBTs and for medulloblastoma, oligodendroglioma, and astrocytoma. Statistics of increasing survival highlight the importance of rehabilitation interventions to improve function and quality of life in survivors. PBT motor dysfunction is multifactorial, occurring as a result of direct effects of tumor and/or swelling or as a result of treatments; etiologies include encephalopathy, myopathy, neuropathy, infection, poor nutrition, metabolic factors, emotional factors, impaired perception/vision/cognition and complications of immobility. Motor dysfunction may lead to: impaired mobility, impaired activities of daily living, risk for complications of immobility, falls, pain, anxiety/depression, and loss of functional independence and quality of life. Rehabilitation treatment strategies target specific causes of motor dysfunction to improve functional independence and quality of life. This article reviews current knowledge and controversy regarding the role of rehabilitation for motor disorders in PBT patients.
An improved spreadsheet for calculating limb length discrepancy and epiphysiodesis timing using the multiplier method

Abstract Purpose The multiplier method is a technique to predict limb length discrepancy (LLD) at maturity in pediatric patients. Various tools have been developed for performing the multiplier calculations to predict LLD and timing of epiphysiodesis. These include multiplier/growth applications (apps) and a spreadsheet which have helped to facilitate LLC calculations in an efficient and easy manner. We have updated the spreadsheet to improve features for making LLD calculations and facilitate pasting data into electronic medical records (EMRs). Methods Tools currently in use were critically examined for features that limited their function, created possible sources of error or could be more user-friendly. These features were modified and recreated in an improved Excel spreadsheet that uses patient age, sex, limb lengths, and previous lengthening surgeries as inputs to predict LLD at maturity and offer options for timing of epiphysiodesis for both congenital and developmental LLD. Our multiplier spreadshe...
High Resolution Conjugate Filters for Hyperbolic Conservation Laws

A new realization of the conjugate filter oscillation (CFOR) scheme based on the Hermite kernel is proposed for hyperbolic conservation laws. Such a realization is found to give a nearly optimal resolution and a better approximation to the low-pass fitter than the previous kernels. Typical one- and two-dimensional numerical examples, with or without shocks, are employed to explore the utility, test the resolution and examine the stability of the present CFOR-Hermite scheme. Small ratio of point-per-wavelength (PPW) is achieved in advancing a wavepacket and in resolving the interaction of shock/entropy wave. The present results for the advection of an isotropic vortex compare very favorably to those in the literature.
Body position and technique effects on displacement in the dyno maneuver in rock climbing

AbstractThis study compared vertical displacement of rock climbers performing a dyno maneuver using a squat jump (SJ) and a counter-movement (CM) technique. These techniques were tested at three different starting positions, varying in distance between hand and foot holds. Thirteen recreational rock climbers performed two SJ and two CM dynos at each starting position. Vertical displacement was measured through video analysis. Results showed that there were no significant differences in vertical displacement of the hand (VDH) between jump techniques (p > 0.05). There was, however, a significant improvement in VDH as the subjects moved from the low-to-medium and medium-to-high starting positions (p < 0.05). Therefore, a climber should base their technique on preference or experience while leaving a sufficient amount of space between the hands and feet if possible.
A Critical Discourse Analysis of Engineering Course Syllabi and Recommendations for Increasing Engagement among Women in STEM

Men outnumber women in the enrollment of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) undergraduate majors. Course syllabi are distributed to students during open enrollment and provide key insights into the courses. A critical discourse analysis of introductory engineering syllabi at a 4-year public university revealed limited to no inclusion of: student learning course outcomes, connections to topics outside of engineering, encouragement of faculty-student or peer relationships, personal growth and societal impacts, or acknowledgement of the underrepresentation of women in STEM. Syllabi should incorporate multicultural engagement factors to help reduce the gender gap and promote the increased involvement of women in STEM fields.
Nation-Building: Nation-States Versus Empire

This chapter depicts the transformation of the American state, its territorial expansion, and its imperial conflicts, and the consequent overall impact on citizenship rights and privileges. The American empire has always been justified with the notion of Manifest Destiny, but for the most part it has flourished and has been sustained in denial as the powers exercised to manipulate markets and political leadership in various countries were clandestine rather than overt. Historically, with each territorial acquisition, the power of the state has grown not only outward but also inward, changing many citizenship rights, simultaneously expanding some and contracting others, all the while maintaining the logical inconsistencies in American values on both the domestic and global fronts.
Chapter 11 – Assessment of Heart Failure by Invasive Methods

Abstract Hemodynamic evaluation (measurement of cardiac output, pressures, and resistances) by right and left heart catheterization has been the gold standard for assessment of patients with heart failure. However, as noninvasive assessment techniques have evolved, the role for invasive assessment has changed. Echocardiographic and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging have generated a host of noninvasive metrics, some of which produce information parallel to that measured in a catheterization (e.g., cardiac output by MRI), while others assess other aspects of myocardial function without clear analogues in the catheterization laboratory (e.g., strain or tissue Doppler). To date, there have been little data to suggest that titrating therapy to specific pressure measurements improves outcome with heart failure therapy. Complicating matters, there are no evidence-based guidelines for the use of invasive assessment in children and young adults. However, heart catheterization remains useful to resolve diagnostic uncertainty in patients without a clear diagnosis (with special utility in patients with congenital heart disease), differentiating between restrictive cardiomyopathy and constrictive pericarditis, and also for identification of pulmonary arterial hypertension. Invasive assessment also may provide a means to assess for suitability of novel therapies and to guide these therapies.