cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Increasing Equitable Access to Individuals with Disabilities: Participation in Electronic Public Administration Research

Individuals with disabilities (both physical and cognitive) constitute 15% of the global population and 25% of U.S. citizens. However, public administration has not given explicit thought to how current research methods and other data collection processes or tools might exclude individuals with disabilities. This lack of attention to research methods and instruments might impose barriers and limit access to participation for individuals with disabilities who would otherwise meet the requirements for participation within the research design. This omission undermines social equity, a critical pillar of public administration, by systematically excluding individuals with disabilities from the research process. Equitable research ensures that scholars are not excluding participants from the research while obtaining insights from the ‘relevant population.’ Current exclusionary practices raise several questions that are addressed in this essay including: (1) What are the implications of equitable access in electronic research? (2) What are the barriers of access for individuals with disabilities who want to participate in research, like surveys conducted through an electronic delivery system? and (3) What would an equitable data collection and research design look like?
Legislative Deferrals: Statutory Ambiguity, Judicial Power, and American Democracy

Acknowledgements Preface 1. Rethinking judicial policy making in a separation of powers system 2. False victories: labor, congress, and the courts, 1898-1935 3. 'As harmless as an infant': the Erdman Act in Congress and the courts 4. Killing with kindness: legislative ambiguity, judicial policy making, and the Clayton Act 5. The Norris-LaGuardia Act, for once: learning what to learn from the past 6. Legislative deferrals and judicial policy making in the administrative state: a brief look at the Wagner Act 7. Conclusion Reference list References Index.
Geodynamics Laser Ranging System: Performance Simulations And Development Of The EOS Facility

The Geodynamics Laser Ranging System is a NASA provided laser ranging facility for the Earth Observing System. This multicolor laser ranger will be used for studying regional and local scale crustal movements and will provide a capability for height profiling of ice-sheets, land terrains, cloud-tops and other surfaces. Ranging measurements to retroreflector targets will produce intersite distances and relative heights with subcentimeter accuracy over baselines up to several hundred kilometers long. Arrays containing up to a few hundred targets can be surveyed nearly simultaneously. Altimetric profiling can be performed with spatial resolution of 80 m and vertical accuracy of 10 cm with the latter depending on the roughness and slope of the terrain.
A Recursive Data-Driven Approach to Programming Multicore Systems

In this paper, we propose a method to program divide-and-conquer problems on multicore systems that is based on a data-driven recursive programming model. Data intensive programs are difficult to program on multicore architectures because they require efficient utilization of inter-core communication. Models for programming multicore systems available today generally lack the ability to automatically extract concurrency from a sequential style program and map concurrent tasks to efficiently leverage data and temporal locality. For divide-andconquer algorithms, a recursive programming model can address both of these problems. Furthermore, since a recursive function has the same behavior patterns at all granularities of a problem, the same recursive model can be used to implement a multicore program at all of its levels: 1. the operations of a single core, 2. how to distribute tasks among several cores, and 3. in what order to schedule tasks on a multicore system when it is not possible to schedule all of the tasks at the same time. We present a novel selective execution technique that can enable automatic parallelization and task mapping of a recursive program onto a multicore system. To verify the practicality of this approach, we perform a case-study of bitonic sort on the Cell BE processor.
Renal Artery Duplex Ultrasonography

Renal artery duplex ultrasonography (RADUS) is a non-invasive, safe, inexpensive and accurate method for assessing the renal arteries. Common uses for RADUS include diagnosis of renal artery stenosis (RAS) in patients with clinical clues suggestive of the disease; surveillance of patients with known native or transplant artery RAS; following renal artery stent revascularization; and for corroboration after suspicious findings are found by other imaging modalities. The RADUS examination includes spectral Doppler velocities obtained from the abdominal aorta at the level of the renal arteries, throughout the entire renal artery, and in the renal parenchyma. It is noteworthy that as the kidneys are located in the retroperitoneum, imaging of native renal arteries with RADUS requires a high degree of technical skill and extensive training. Due to this and several other inherent limitations, use of other imaging modalities should be considered to corroborate RADUS findings prior to intervention.
Issues in Simulation for Valuing Long-Term Forwards

This paper explores valuing long-term equity forward-contracts or futures where both the underlying volatility and the interest rates are modeled as stochastic random variables. For each future, the underlying is an equity or index with no dividends. A key computational question we wish to understand is the relationship between (1) stochastically modeling the interest rates using different interest rate models while holding the volatility fixed and (2) stochastically modeling the underlying volatility using a volatility model while holding the interest rates fixed. In other words, let a “pure-X model” be a futures model where X varies stochastically while all else is fixed. Given a single future to model, this paper works towards understanding when a pure-interest rate model is equivalent to a pure-volatility model. This paper is focused on simulation and modeling issues and does not offer economic interpretation.
An Introduction to Sleep Studies

Although spontaneous electrical discharges in the brains of animals were reported as early as 1875, the first recordings from humans were attributed to Hans Berger in 1929. Over the next decade he wrote a remarkable series of papers confirming previous animal studies and showing that the electrical activity was derived from neuronal tissue, that it responded to sensory stimulation, and that abnormal discharges occurred during epileptic seizures (Berger, 1929; Berger, 1938). He used the term electroencephalogram (EEG) to refer to his recordings of this electrical activity.
Knowledge-Based multiclass support vector machines applied to vertical two-phase flow

We present a knowledge-based linear multi-classification model for vertical two-phase flow regimes in pipes with the transition equations of McQuillan & Whalley [1] used as prior knowledge. Using published experimental data for gas-liquid vertical two-phase flows, and expert domain knowledge of the two-phase flow regime transitions, the goal of the model is to identify the transition region between different flow regimes. The prior knowledge is in the form of polyhedral sets belonging to one or more classes. The resulting formulation leads to a Tikhonov regularization problem that can be solved using matrix or iterative methods.
Prospects for Charm CP Violation Studies in BTeV

The BTeV experiment at Fermilab could reconstruct >10 9 charm decays, three orders of magnitude beyond the largest extant sample. The experiment is likely to run during Tevatron Run II. It will have significant new-physics reach in the areas of charm CP violation, flavor-changing neutral-current and lepton-number-violating decays, and D 0 D 0 mixing, and could observe direct CP violation in Cabibbo-suppressed D decays if it occurs at the level predicted by the Standard Model.
Managing supply chain risks in US-China trade partnership

For the past twenty years, manufacturers have been outsourcing their production to China to take advantage of low labor costs. From years of experience, companies have implemented and redesigned systems to be the most effective and cost efficient, which has led to increased dependence on interconnected supply chains that are vulnerable to associated risks. US companies are recognizing the risks and starting to mitigate the risk as the impact becomes greater and more probable. This paper discusses the outcomes and impacts of the occurrence of major supply chain risks from both a macro and micro point of view. A diagram outlining risks associated with Chinese trade is also included. The macro-level addresses the actions the US government - and the country as a whole - must take to maintain a viable relationship with China. On the micro-level, the analysis is presented on the most relevant risk management options. A risk mitigation prescriptive business model that covers both macro and micro views is also presented. The discussion is limited to the most relevant issues facing the United States when it comes to trading with China. It is also known that information reported on China is not always accurate or representative of reality. To offset this fact, broad research from various sources has been conducted to present an acceptable range of data. This study augments the nascent research on the potential outcomes of risks occurring in the China supply chain, and makes a case that risks are not only probable, but that the outcomes are acute.
Purification and characterization of guanosine diphospho-D-mannose dehydrogenase. A key enzyme in the biosynthesis of alginate by Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Abstract Alginate-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa are usually associated with the cystic fibrosis lung environment and contribute to the high mortality rates observed among these patients. The present paper describes the purification and enzymatic properties of guanosine diphospho-D-mannose dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.132), a key enzyme in alginate biosynthesis by mucoid P. aeruginosa. The enzyme was overproduced using a plasmid vector containing algD (the gene encoding this enzyme) under control of the tac promoter. It was purified from cell-free lysates by lowering the pH to 5.0, heating the extract to 57.5 degrees C for 10 min, and discarding the protein pellet. The enzyme was selectively precipitated from the supernatant fraction with 45% acetone, resuspended in a 100 mM triethanolamine acetate buffer, pH 7.6, and ultimately purified by Bio-Sil TSK-400 gel filtration chromatography. The subunit molecular weight (Mr 48,000) as well as the N-terminal amino acid sequence corresponded to those predicted from the DNA sequence of algD. The native protein migrated as a hexamer of 290,000 molecular weight upon Bio-Gel A-1.5m gel filtration chromatography. Kinetic analysis demonstrated an apparent Km of 14.9 microM for the substrate GDP-D-mannose and 185 microM for the cofactor NAD+. GDP-D-mannuronic acid was identified as the enzyme reaction product. Several compounds (including GMP, ATP, GDP-D-glucose, and maltose) were found to inhibit enzymatic activity. GMP, the most potent of these inhibitors, exhibited competitive inhibition with an apparent Ki of 22.7 microM. Enzyme activity was also sensitive to the sulfhydryl group modifying agents iodoacetamide and p-hydroxymercuribenzoate. The addition of excess dithiothreitol restored enzyme activity, suggesting a possible involvement of cysteine residues in enzymatic activity.
Emptiness, Selflessness, and Transcendence: William James's Reading of Chinese Buddhism

This article investigates William James's reading of the concepts of selflessness and transcendence in relation to the Chan and Pure Land schools of Chinese Buddhism. The divide between Chan and Pure Land Buddhism may be mediated if we attend to aspects of the two traditions that James found particularly meaningful. James is drawn to selflessness as presented in the concept of emptiness in the Chan understanding of meditative experience. He is equally interested in Buddhist devotional practices of Pure Land that claim to open individuals and their communities to the divine. James saw these two aspects as deeply compatible.
Utilizing the structural memory effect of layered double hydroxides for sensing water uptake in organic coatings

Abstract In this paper, we report results demonstrating the structural memory effect of synthetic calcined layered double hydroxide (LDH) Li 2 [Al 2 (OH) 6 ] 2 CO 3 · n H 2 O powder immersed in a bulk electrolyte, exposed to humid air, and embedded in a water-permeable epoxy matrix. Reconstruction of calcined LDH by the structural memory effect can be detected by X-ray diffraction (XRD) leading to a novel approach for remotely and non-destructively detecting water uptake in optically opaque organic coatings. The LDH Li 2 [Al 2 (OH) 6 ] 2 CO 3 · n H 2 O was synthesized by aqueous co-precipitation then calcined in air at temperatures in excess of 220 °C to form a Li–Al mixed hydrated oxide powder. Reconstruction in a matter of days was observed when the calcined mixed oxide was immersed in 0.5M NaCl solution. During exposure to humid air, LDH reconstruction was slower occurring over a matter of weeks, perhaps in a deliquescent electrolyte. Paint-like coatings were made and applied to aluminum alloy 2024-T3 (Al–4.4Cu–1.5Mg–0.6Mn) substrates by adding the calcined LDH at a rate of 10 wt.% to a commercial epoxy. Coated substrates were then exposed to 0.5M NaCl solution and LDH reconstruction progressed over tens of days as the coating absorbed water. During these exposure experiments, XRD and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements were made periodically to track LDH reconstruction and measure uptake of water in the coating via capacitance measurements. LDH reconstruction was tracked using the ratio of the {0 0 3} LDH diffraction peak to the {1 1 1} Al diffraction peak. Using the Brasher–Kingsbury equation, the volume fraction of water in the coating was estimated from capacitance data. Up to the point of apparent coating saturation (about 10 vol. %), the XRD peak height ratio varied linearly with the estimated coating water content. This result suggests that additions of calcined LDH to organic coating may lead to methods for sensing early-stage coating degradation due to water uptake and may give an advance warning of substrate corrosion.
Elastic interactions and stability of clay-filled lamellar phases

High aspect ratio clay particles dispersed in a lamellar matrix composed of a block copolymer or a lyotropic smectic are expected to orient with the lamellae. Under such conditions, the smectic medium transmits elastic forces among particles in addition to the usual forces produced by dispersion and electrostatic interactions. We compute these elastic forces and explore their influence on the thermodynamics of lamellar-clay dispersions. It turns out that the large aspect ratio of the clay implies a long range of interaction at the two particle level. Consequently, virial expansions break down at very low loadings of particles. We examine the thermodynamic behavior of assemblies of flexible and rigid clay plates in both dilute and semidilute concentration regimes. Our results should have implications for the design of nanocomposites formulated with block copolymers and lyotropic liquid crystals.
Go Geezers Go: Leaving the Bench

The dust jacket of David N. Atkinson's Leaving the Bench: Supreme Court Justices at the End has the same picture of Thurgood Marshall on the front and back. The picture, taken by ex-Marshall clerk Deborah Rhode, is a chiaroscuro to a very important person's picture: traditionally a VIP is centered and well lighted, shoulders squared and eyes focused on the public viewers. The Atkinson-Rhode Marshall is literally slipping off the corer of his own picture, overwhelmed by towering rows of Supreme Court Reports. The picture's theme is exhaustion-an undone shirt collar, an unfocused gaze. It is of a man who has had it, as indeed was the case. Marshall was, he brusquely told admiring reporters at a retirement press conference, "old and coming apart" (p. 158).
The fate of wastewater-derived NDMA precursors in the aquatic environment

To assess the stability of precursors of the chloramine disinfection byproduct N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) under conditions expected in effluent-dominated surface waters, effluent samples from four municipal wastewater treatment plants were subjected to chlorination and chloramination followed by incubation in the presence of inocula derived from activated sludge. Samples subjected to free chlorine disinfection showed lower initial concentrations of NDMA precursors than those that were not chlorinated or were disinfected with pre-formed chloramines. For chloraminated and control (unchlorinated) treatments, the concentration of NDMA precursors decreased by an average of 24% over the 30-day incubation in samples from three of the four facilities. At the fourth facility, where samples were collected on three different days, NDMA precursor concentrations decreased by approximately 80% in one sample and decreased by less than 20% in the other two samples. In contrast to the low reactivity of the NDMA precursors, NDMA disappeared within 30 days under the conditions employed in these experiments. These results and measurements made in an effluent-dominated river suggest that although NDMA may be removed after wastewater effluent is discharged, wastewater-derived NDMA precursors could persist long enough to form significant concentrations of NDMA in drinking water treatment plants that use water originating from sources that are subjected to wastewater effluent discharges.
Hemodynamic Consequences of the Injection of Radiopaque Material

The hemodynamic changes resulting from injection of radiopaque material into the left heart in a series of patients undergong cineangiographic studies have been reported. The hypertonicity of radiopaque materials appears to be responsible for much of the observed reaction. The mechanism whereby hypertonic solutions produce the observed physiologic changes remains unknown. Changes observed in patients could be reproduced in experimental animals. The combined experimental and clinical data show that left atrial pressure increases, left atrial pulse contour alters, stroke output increases, heart rate is much unchanged, peripheral artery pressure falls, hematocrit level falls, and myocardial contractile force decreases mildly and transiently. The difference between the physiologic effects of injecting hypertonic media into the right and left sides of the circulation is discussed. Because the pressure changes are easy to monitor and parallel the other features of the hemodynamic reaction, it is good to wait un...
Design of tungsten complex gratings for thermophotovoltaic radiators

The concept of a kind of complex grating based on superposition of two simple binary gratings is described for potential application as thermophotovoltaic (TPV) radiators. The grating with one-dimensional microstructured surface is relatively easy to fabricate and the predicted directional-spectral emittance exhibits apparent enhancement over simple grating structures. Specifically, the emittance of the complex grating has a wider peak in the spectral region where the quantum efficiency of TPV cells is high. This enhancement can be explained by the excitation of surface plasmon polaritons coupled with the grating microstructures. At longer wavelengths, the emittance remains low to reduce the radiative heat transfer from the radiator to the TPV cells by low-energy photons that do not produce any photocurrent. Calculations using the rigorous coupled-wave analysis demonstrate that the emittance peak is insensitive to the direction, suggesting that the proposed structure may be well suitable for TPV applications.
Probing the [CoC2H6]+ potential energy surface: A detailed guided-ion beam study

The potential energy surface for the CoC2H6+ system is probed by using a guided-ion beam tandem mass spectrometer in conjunction with a dc discharge/flow tube ion source. Bimolecular reactions of Co+ + C2H6, Co+(C2H4) + H2 (D2), and CoCH2+ + CH4 (CD4) are examined, as well as threshold collisional activation of Co+(C2H6) and Co+(C2H4) with Xe. The results allow details of the [CoC2H6]+ potential energy surface (PES) to be elucidated. Key features of the PES include barrier heights of 1.04 ± 0.11 eV (0.29 ± 0.09 eV in excess of the endothermicity) for the reaction of Co+ with ethane to form CoCH2+ + CH4 and of 0.32 ± 0.12 eV for the exothermic reaction to form Co+(C2H4) + H2. From the collisional activation studies, we determine 0 K bond dissociation energies for Co+−C2H4 and Co+−C2H6 complexes of 1.86 ± 0.07 and 1.04 ± 0.05 eV, respectively, in good agreement with literature values. D0(DCo+−C2H4) = 1.13 ± 0.16 eV is also determined although it is somewhat more speculative.
Fault Tolerant ICAP Controller for High-Reliable Internal Scrubbing

High reliable reconfigurable applications today require system platforms that can easily and quickly detect and correct single event upsets. This capability, however, can be costly for FPGAs. This paper demonstrates a technique for detecting and repairing SEUs within the configuration memory of a Xilinx Virtex-4 FPGA using the ICAP interface. The internal configuration access port (ICAP) provides a port internal to the FPGA for configuring the FPGA device. An application note demonstrates how this port can be used for both error injection and scrubbing (L. Jones, 2007). We have extended this work to create a fault tolerant ICAP scrubber by triplicating the internal ICAP circuit using TMR and block memory scrubbing. This paper will describe the costs, benefits, and reliability of this fault-tolerant ICAP controller.
Mössbauer studies of Fe2+ in aggregated and anhydrated sickle cell hemoglobin.

Abstract A comparison study of the Mossbauer spectra of deoxygenated sickle cell hemoglobin and normal human hemoglobin has been completed over the temperature range 80 °K to 250 °K. The only difference observed between the sickle cell hemoglobin and normal hemoglobin samples was that the Mossbauer spectra of aggregated sickle cell hemoglobin samples showed a weak ferrous low spin (S  O) doublet with about 10% of the total absorption intensity. The presence of low spin ions in sickle cell hemoglobin was found to depend on the concentration and initial temperature of the sample before quick freezing. This result is discussed in terms of the partial anhydration induced by the hydrophobic aggregation of sickle cell hemoglobin molecules.
Deception in computer-mediated communication

An integrated model of interpersonal deception, focusing on the particular characteristics and impacts of computer-mediated modalities, is derived and presented. Although there is a wealth of research investigating both mediated communication and deception, there has been relatively little empirical work at the intersection. Our purpose is to provide a model that spans these areas, to summarize relevant literature, and to advance a set of empirically testable propositions to guide future work.
Exotic massive hadrons and ultrahigh energy cosmic rays

We investigate the proposal that primary cosmic rays of energy above the Greisen-Zatsepin-Kuzmin cutoff are exotic massive strongly interacting particles (uhecrons). We study the properties of air showers produced by uhecrons and find that masses in excess of about 50 GeV are inconsistent with the highest energy event observed. We also estimate that with sufficient statistics a uhecron of mass as low as 10 GeV may be distinguished from a proton. {copyright} {ital 1998} {ital The American Physical Society}
Efficient colon wall flattening by improved conformal mapping methodologies for computed tomography colonography

Conformal mapping provides a unique way to flatten the three-dimensional (3D) colon wall. Visualizing the flattened colon wall supplies an alternative means for the task of detecting abnormality as compared to the conventional endoscopic views. In addition to the visualization, the flattened colon wall carries supplementary geometry and texture information for computer aided detection of abnormality. It is hypothesized that utilizing both the original and the flattened 3D colon walls shall improve the detection capacity of currently available computed tomography colonography. Two major challenges exist for the conformal mapping: (1) accuracy in preserving the essential geometry and (2) efficiency in computing the mapping. This paper describes an improved conformal mapping algorithm over our previous work to accelerate the computing speed and increase the calculation accuracy. Starting from a segmented colon wall, a centerline-based search strategy is applied to remove outliers or topological noise on the segmented colon wall. The de-noised wall is then flattened by the improved conformal mapping algorithm. The algorithm was tested by patient datasets with comparison to our previous algorithm. By a PC platform of 3.0GHz CPU and 8.0 GB ROM memory, the speed was accelerated from more than 70 minutes to less than 5 minutes. In addition to the gain in speed, improvement in accuracy is observed. The gained speed and accuracy are crucially important because of the current challenges in detecting small polyps in the desired high sensitivity and efficiency for screening purpose.
Effects of humic acids derived from cattle, food and paper-waste vermicomposts on growth of greenhouse plantsThe 7th international symposium on earthworm ecology · Cardiff · Wales · 2002

Summary Humic acids were extracted from cattle, food and paper-waste vermicomposts using an alkali/acid fractionation procedure which produced 1 g dry wt humates from 400 g vermicompost. They were applied to a soilless growth medium, Metro-Mix 360 (MM360), at rates of 0, 250 or 500 mg humates kg–1 dry wt of container medium, to young marigold, pepper, and strawberry plants grown in pots in the greenhouse. A range of 0, 20, 100, 150, 200, 250, 500, 1000, 2000, 4000 mg of humates kg–1 of container medium was used for tomatoes. Effects of the humic acids on the plant heights, leaf areas, shoot dry weights, root dry weights of peppers, tomatoes and marigolds and numbers of fruits of strawberries were assessed. Substitution of humates ranging from 250–1000 mg kg–1 MM360 increased root growth of marigolds and peppers, and increased root growth and numbers of fruits of strawberries significantly (P ≤ 0.05). Leaf areas, plant heights and above-ground dry matter weights increased considerably in plants grown in pots containing humic acids but they were not significantly different from those grown in MM360 only (P ≤ 0.05).
Destructive processing of the 45-S ribosomal precursor in the presence of 5-azacytidine.

Abstract The base analogue 5-azacytidine causes aberrant processing of ribosomal RNA precursor. Radioactivity in the 45-S precursor molecule decreases, but the products of cleavage are found in greatly reduced quantities. It appears that most of the 45-S material is degraded.
Distributed agreement in the presence of processor and communication faults

A model of distributed computation is proposed in which processes may fail by not sending or receiving the message specified by a protocol. The solution to the Byzantine generals problem for this model is presented. The algorithm exhibits early stopping under conditions of less than maximum failure and is as efficient as the algorithm developed for the more restrictive crash-fault model in terms of time, message, and bit complexity. The authors show extant models to underestimate resiliency when faults in the communication medium are considered; the model outlined here is more accurate in this regard.
Partial signal extraction for mobile media players

Audio signal properties can provide a media player with highly descriptive feature sets in order to intelligently select similar songs for a music stream. A well-known problem among researchers in music information retrieval, however, is that extracting signal properties requires a significant amount of computational resources, thus making it impractical for even the most advanced mobile media players. Although other approaches to retrieving data are possible, local extraction still has unique benefits. Using a combination of machine learning and profiling techniques, this paper presents an initial evaluation of partial signal extraction, which reduces resource requirements by locally collecting signals from parts of a song rather than all. Our preliminary experiments suggest that this idea can offer significantly lower resource requirements while losing marginal song information.
Increased cholinesterase activity of intact cells caused by snake venoms

Abstract Cottonmouth moccasin and Eastern diamondback rattlesnake venom increase the cholinesterase (ChE) activity observed in intact squid and lobster nerves and single electroplax. Cottonmouth was more effective than rattlesnake venom in lobster nerve and electroplax. Neither venom increased the activity of rabbit cerebral cortex slices or of a partially purified preparation of electroplax ChE. Both venoms are free of ChE activity. Strong permeability barriers are present in homogenized electroplax: they can be most effectively reduced by the use of the venoms. The venoms cause a reduction in the wet and dry weights of electroplax cells. They also depolarize and block electrical activity in concentrations of 50–100 μg/ml. Venoms may be useful in studies where it is necessary to measure the total ChE activity in intact cell preparations containing permeability barriers to the substrate normally employed in this enzyme assay.
A MATRIX INVARIANT OF CURVES IN S2

Let k: S1 → S2 be a generic immersion with n double points. We present an algorithm that assigns to k a partitioned n × n matrix over Z/2Z, and show that k gives rise to an orthogonal decomposition of (Z/2Z)n. We discuss a connection between this decomposition and the trip matrix of an alternating knot diagram produced from k.
Folding a strip of stamps

Abstract This paper answers the problem of determining how many ways a strip of N stamps can be folded along the perforations so that the stamps are piled one on top of the other without destroying the continuity of the strip. Using combinatorial arguments, the problem is first solved by an inductive formula for N odd. Part of the computations involved are seen to yield an answer to the case when N is even. Three cases are considered: (1) both, (2) one of, (3) neither, the left end and top of the strip are labeled. If P(N) is the number of folds for a strip of N stamps of type (1), then 1/2P(N) and 1/4P(N)+1/4S(N) yields formulas for the number of folds for a strip of N stamps of types (2) and (3), where S(N) is the number of symmetric folds of the strip. P(N) also equals the number of ways of joining N dots on a circle by chords of alternating blue and red color without having any chords of the same color intersect. The formulas for P(N) and S(N) are too complicated to give here. However, the first few values are listed by computer as: N P(N) S(N) N P(N) S(N) 3 6 2 10 14060 48 4 16 4 11 46310 178 5 50 6 12 146376 132 6 144 8 13 485914 574 7 462 18 14 1557892 348 8 1392 20 15 5202690 1870 9 4536 56 16 16861984 1008
What Is Sociology’s Contribution Beyond the Humanities and Other Social Sciences?

Invitation to Sociology makes known that sociology is a coherent and value-added academic discipline. In exploring the continuing relevance of Invitation to Sociology, the time is ripe to reconsider sociology as a value-added intellectual enterprise. This paper answers this question: What does sociology have to offer beyond what the humanities and its sister social sciences already provide? This paper answers this question by identifying the four elements that compose the sociological tradition. These elements are social action; embeddedness; social problems; and social construction. I argue that these elements are more pronounced in sociology than in any other academic discipline, and hence contribute to the value-added character of sociology.
Acute ablation of survivin uncovers p53-dependent mitotic checkpoint functions and control of mitochondrial apoptosis.

Survivin is a member of the Inhibitor of Apoptosis gene family that has been implicated in cell division and suppression of apoptosis. Here, we show that preferential ablation of the nuclear pool of survivin by RNA interference produces a mitotic arrest followed by re-entry into the cell cycle and polyploidy. Survivin ablation causes multiple centrosomal defects, aberrant multipolar spindle formation, and chromatin missegregation, and these phenotypes are exacerbated by loss of the cell cycle regulator, p21Waf1/Cip1 in p21-/- cells. The mitotic checkpoint activated by loss of survivin is mediated by induction of p53 and associated with increased expression of its downstream target, p21Waf1/Cip1. Accordingly, p53-/- cells exhibit reduced mitotic arrest and enhanced polyploidy upon survivin ablation as compared with their p53+/+ counterparts. Partial reduction of the cytosolic pool of survivin by RNA interference sensitizes cells to ultraviolet B-mediated apoptosis and results in enhanced caspase-9 proteolytic cleavage, whereas complete ablation of cytosolic survivin causes loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and spontaneous apoptosis. These data demonstrate that survivin has separable checkpoint functions at multiple phases of mitosis and in the control of mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis.
Differentiation of Gram-Negative Bacterial Aerosol Exposure Using Detected Markers in Bronchial-Alveolar Lavage Fluid

The identification of biosignatures of aerosol exposure to pathogens has the potential to provide useful diagnostic information. In particular, markers of exposure to different types of respiratory pathogens may yield diverse sets of markers that can be used to differentiate exposure. We examine a mouse model of aerosol exposure to known Gram negative bacterial pathogens, Francisella tularensis novicida and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Mice were subjected to either a pathogen or control exposure and bronchial alveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was collected at four and twenty four hours post exposure. Small protein and peptide markers within the BALF were detected by matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry (MS) and analyzed using both exploratory and predictive data analysis methods; principle component analysis and degree of association. The markers detected were successfully used to accurately identify the four hour exposed samples from the control samples. This report demonstrates the potential for small protein and peptide marker profiles to identify aerosol exposure in a short post-exposure time frame.
Low-Molecular-Mass Metal Complexes in the Mouse Brain

The presence of labile low-molecular-mass (LMM, defined as <10 kDa) metal complexes in cells and super-cellular structures such as the brain has been inferred from chelation studies, but direct evidence is lacking. To evaluate the presence of LMM metal complexes in the brain, supernatant fractions of fresh mouse brain homogenates were passed through a 10 kDa cutoff membrane and subjected to size-exclusion liquid chromatography under anaerobic refrigerated conditions. Fractions were monitored for Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, Zn, Mo, S and P using an on-line ICP-MS. At least 30 different LMM metal complexes were detected along with numerous P- and S- containing species. Reproducibility was assessed by performing the experiment 13 times, using different buffers, and by examining whether complexes changed with time. Eleven Co, 2 Cu, 5 Mn, 4 Mo, 3 Fe and 2 Zn complexes with molecular masses <4 kDa were detected. One LMM Mo complex comigrated with the molybdopterin cofactor. Most Cu and Zn complexes appeared to be protein-bound with masses ranging from 4–20 kDa. Co was the only metal for which the “free” or aqueous complex was reproducibly observed. Aqueous Co may be sufficiently stable in this environment due to its relatively slow water-exchange kinetics. Attempts were made to assign some of these complexes, but further efforts will be required to identify them unambiguously and to determine their functions. This is among the first studies to detect low-molecular-mass transition metal complexes in the mouse brain using LC-ICP-MS.
Neuroscience: Imprinting in the brain

A gene is considered to be imprinted if only the copy inherited from the mother or from the father is expressed throughout life. But one imprinted gene, Dlk1, disobeys this rule during postnatal neurodevelopment. See Letter p.381 Life-long neurogenesis is known to occur in some areas of the mammalian adult brain, including in the subventricular zone (SVZ), where interaction between neural precursor cells and resident astrocytes can produced migratory neuroblasts. Here, Anne Ferguson-Smith and colleagues reveal a differential role for the same developmental gene, Dlk1, in neural precursor cells and astrocytes. The gene product, the Notch ligand DLK1, has two isoforms. One is an inductive niche factor secreted by astrocytes, and the other is a membrane-bound isoform required by the neural stem cells themselves to respond to secreted DLK1. Selective changes of imprinting with age modulate the role of Dlk1 in each cell type in mice, regulating neurogenesis when establishing the adult neurogenic niche. The modulation of genomic imprinting in a stem-cell environment adds a previously unrecognized element to epigenetic regulation.
The Right Heart and Its Distinct Mechanisms of Development, Function, and Failure

Congestive heart failure is the most common cause of hospitalization in the United States for people over the age of sixty-five. As the population ages, the morbidity and mortality from heart failure will become more prevalent. Left heart failure has been, and continues to be, extensively studied. However, a recent report from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute suggests that the right heart has been relatively under-investigated, and unfortunately, most of the basic mechanisms of intracellular signaling within the right heart still remain poorly understood. Right heart failure is now being increasingly recognized as distinctly different from left heart failure, and an important mediator of overall cardiovascular collapse. The purpose of this review, therefore, is to discuss the current understanding of right heart cellular development, physiology, and pathophysiology, as well as to review therapeutic interventions that are both currently available and under investigation.
Noble gas binary mixtures for gas-cooled reactor power plants

Abstract This paper examines the effects of using noble gases and binary mixtures as reactor coolants and direct closed Brayton cycle (CBC) working fluids on the performance of terrestrial nuclear power plants and the size of the turbo-machines. While pure helium has the best transport properties and lowest pumping power requirement of all noble gases and binary mixtures, its low molecular weight increases the number of stages of the turbo-machines. The heat transfer coefficient for a He–Xe binary mixture having a molecular weight of 15 g/mole is 7% higher than that of helium, and the number of stages in the turbo-machines is 24–30% of those for He working fluid. However, for the same piping and heat exchange components design, the loop pressure losses with He–Xe are ∼3 times those with He. Consequently, for the same reactor exit temperature and pressure losses in piping and heat exchange components, the higher pressure losses in the nuclear reactor decrease the net peak efficiency of the plant with He–Xe working fluid (15 g/mole) by a little more than ∼2% points, at higher cycle compression ratio than with He working fluid.
Analytical Description of Pseudoinvariant Features

Invariant features are needed for atmospheric normalization of image pairs. Powerful statistical approaches now exist, which are designed to isolate unchanged pixels based on quantitatively evaluating the spectral correlation of pixels in image pairs. This suggests that it should be possible to obtain similar results following an analytical path, and our hypothesis is that the derivation of an analytical procedure will yield some physical insight that is not directly accessible with a stochastic approach. In this paper, we derive an analytical formula that relates pseudoinvariant features (PIFs) to the radiometric properties of the scenes. The formula is then inverted to yield an estimate of the ratio of transmission spectra of the two images given the path radiance for each scene and a set of invariant features, The normalized spectral transmission ratio proved to be quite stable over the 700-1800 nm but was less reproducible outside of that range. The absolute (nonnormalized) values of the transmission ratio implied a disparity in the spectral transmission suggesting that the September sky was clearer in visible light, whereas the August sky was clearer in the infrared. This leads to a discussion of the sensitivity of PIF reflectance to the viewing and illumination angles, suggesting that there may be an inherent uncertainty related to the bidirectional reflectance distribution function of the targets comprising the PIF pixels.
Age and exercise training alter signaling through reactive oxygen species in the endothelium of skeletal muscle arterioles

Exercise training ameliorates age-related impairments in endothelium-dependent vasodilation in skeletal muscle arterioles. Additionally, exercise training is associated with increased superoxide pr...
A mass and momentum flux-form high-order discontinuous Galerkin shallow water model on the cubed-sphere

A well-balanced discontinuous Galerkin (DG) flux-form shallow-water (SW) model on the sphere is developed and compared with a nodal DG SW model cast in the vector-invariant form for accuracy and conservation properties. A second-order diffusion scheme based on the local discontinuous Galerkin (LDG) method is added to the viscous version of the SW model and tested for conservation behaviors. The inviscid flux-form SW model is found to have better conservation of total energy and zonal angular momentum while the vector-invariant form provides better ability of conserving potential enstrophy. The inviscid flux-form tends to generate spurious vorticity but the LDG scheme combined with a well-balanced treatment can effectively eliminate the small-scale noise and generate smooth and accurate results.
The great taboo of non-infarct-related artery revascularization during primary percutaneous coronary intervention.

In patients presenting with acute coronary syndromes, particularly ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), 30% to 60% have multiple significant coronary lesions, with a substantial increase in the incidence of cardiovascular morbidity andmortality, when compared with patients with single vessel disease. The pathophysiology of this increased risk is not clear but is attributed to a significant difference in the function of the non-infarct zone. The normal compensatory mechanism is for the noninfarct zone to become hyperkinetic in the absence of a significant stenosis but with multivessel disease it can remain hypokinetic or even dyskinetic. This is not only due to restricted blood flowwhen the stenosis is severe but also due to a reduction inmicrovascular flow as shownby a decrease in coronary flow reserve in the non-infarct territory. In the study by van de Hoef this decrease was shown to be a strong predictor of long-termmortality. The mechanism is likely due to enhanced systemic inflammatory response and vasospasm, resulting in less reserve and lower ejection fraction, thereby increasing the vulnerability for recurrent events. Moreover, multivessel disease is in itself amarker for extensive atherosclerosis. In addition, the long-term risks are attributable to both angiographically mild as well as angiographically significant stenosis since plaque rupture can occur in either setting. While aggressive medical management is beneficial to stabilize non-culprit lesions, data on revascularization of significant non-culprit lesion are scant, with somewhat limited guidance from major national and international guidelines. The 2013 American College of Cardiology Foundation/ American Heart Association (ACCF/AHA) STEMI guidelines give a class III (level B) recommendation (harm) for percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) of a non–infarctrelated artery (IRA) at the time of primary PCI in patients without hemodynamic compromise. However, this recommendation is entirely based on weaker evidence from observational studies suggesting worse outcome with non
Starch and amylose degradation by 60Co γ-irradiation

The effects of γ-irradiation (0.02–4.0 Mrad absorbed dose and 1.2 Mrad/hr dose rate) on depolymerization and selected physical properties of corn starch and amylose (both dry solid and solution forms) were investigated under conditions used to make graft polymers. Radiation introduces an alkali-sensitive structure, most likely β-alkoxycarbonyl, having a G value of 2.8. A dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)-acetic acid-water solvent for intrinsic viscosity was developed that degraded irradiated amylose less than did aqueous 90% DMSO. The G (scission) value of 1.3 for solid amylose irradiated at 0°C under nitrogen is lower than most literature values for either amylose or other polysaccharides. The protection of amylose against irradiation degradation in water by additions of DMSO is noteworthy. The G (scission) for amylose irradiated in 99.8% DMSO is 2.3; whereas, in water it is 30.
Inflammation-Mediated Hyperexcitability of Sensory Neurons

One of the most prominent signs of tissue injury and inflammation is pain and pain continues to be the primary reason people seek medical attention. Inflammatory pain reflects, at least in part, an increase in the excitability, or sensitization, of subpopulations of primary afferent neurons. While the sensitization of high threshold afferents was observed almost 40 years ago, the basis for this phenomenon continues to be an active and fertile area of research today. This review will summarize recent advances in our mechanistic understanding of sensitization, focusing on four general areas where re search has been most active or productive. These include: (1) the characterization of second messenger pathways underlying inflammation-induced changes in afferent excitability; (2) the impact of previous injury on the afferent response to subsequent inflammation; (3) the impact of target of innervation on the specific afferent response to inflammation, and (4) the impact of sex hormones on the sensitization of high threshold afferents. Work in these areas highlights how much has been learned about this process as well as how much there is yet to learn.
Upper bounds for constant weight error correcting codes

In earlier papers the author has developed upper bounds for A(n, d), the maximum number of binary words of length n, each pair of words being at a Hamming distance of at least d apart. These sphere packing bounds for A(n, d) depend directly on a related bound for constant weight codes where each word has the same number of 1's. Improving bounds on constant weight codes would therefore improve the bounds on A(n, d). This was the motivation of the present study, but constant weight codes are interesting in their own right. By combining special techniques from several sources, a new upper bound for constant weight codes is developed which often gives significantly improved results.
Acoustic correlates of pathologic voice types.

Listeners classified 49 samples of vowels /a/ and /i/ on the basis of four voice types: hoarse, breathy, strained, and normal. The vowels were analyzed acoustically for mean harmonic/noise differen...