cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The use of sparsest cuts to reveal the hierarchical community structure of social networks

Abstract We show that good community structures can be obtained by partitioning a social network in a succession of divisive sparsest cuts. A network flow algorithm based on fundamental principles of graph theory is introduced to identify the sparsest cuts and an underlying hierarchical community structure of the network via maximum concurrent flow. Matula [Matula, David W., 1985. Concurrent flow and concurrent connectivity in graphs. In: Alavi, Y., et al. (Eds.), Graph Theory and its Applications to Algorithms and Computer Science. Wiley, New York, NY, pp. 543–559.] established the maximum concurrent flow problem (MCFP), and papers on divisive vs. agglomerative average-linkage hierarchical clustering [e.g., Matula, David W., 1983. Cluster validity by concurrent chaining. In: Felsenstein, J. (Ed.), Numerical Taxonomy: Proc. of the NATO Adv. Study Inst., vol. 1. Springer-Verlag, New York, pp. 156–166 (Proceedings of NATO ASI Series G); Matula, David W., 1986. Divisive vs. agglomerative average linkage hierarchical clustering. In: Gaul, W., and Schader, M. (Eds.), Classification as a Tool of Research. Elsevier, North-Holland, Amsterdam, pp. 289–301; Thompson, Byron J., 1985. A flow rerouting algorithm for the maximum concurrent flow problem with variable capacities and demands, and its application to cluster analysis. Master Thesis. School of Engineering and Applied Science, Southern Methodist University] provide the basis for partitioning a social network by way of sparsest cuts and/or maximum concurrent flow. The MCFP extends the [Ford Jr., Lester R., Fulkerson, Delbert R., 1956. Maximal flow through a network. Canadian Journal of Mathematics 8, 399–404; Ford Jr., Lester R., Fulkerson, Delbert R., 1962. Flows in Networks. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ] source–sink max-flow problem to all-pairs maximum concurrent flow. The density of an (S, T)-cut is |(S, T)\/(|S|•|T|) where |(S, T)| is the number of edges (equivalently, links or bonds) between communities S and T with |S|•|T| being the maximum number of edges possible. The minimum density cut in the network is the sparsest cut. When the edges are weighted, the density is the average weight of the (S, T)-cut edges, with absent edges treated as edges of zero weight. Sparsest cuts (i.e., minimum density) of the remaining components are iteratively determined via linear programming until a multipartite cut is identified that is more constraining to concurrent flow than any sparsest cut. Empirical results on real-world networks with known hierarchical structures and random networks with embedded communities are used to compare this sparsest-cut community structure criterion to the weighted Girvan–Newman community structure criterion [e.g., Newman, M.E.J., 2004. Analysis of weighted networks. Physical Review E 70, 056131] that is based on edge betweenness centrality. A new measure of accuracy M is defined to evaluate the results of the graph partitionings found by these criteria.
Local Defect in a Magnet with Long-Range Interactions

We investigate a single defect coupling to the square of the order parameter in a nearly critical magnet with long-range spatial interactions of the form ${r}^{\ensuremath{-}(d+\ensuremath{\sigma})}$, focusing on magnetic droplets nucleated at the defect while the bulk system is in the paramagnetic phase. To determine the static droplet profile, we solve a Landau-Ginzburg-Wilson action in the saddle-point approximation. Because of the long-range interaction, the droplet develops a power-law tail which is energetically unfavorable. However, as long as $\ensuremath{\sigma}g0$, the tail contribution to the droplet free energy is subleading in the limit of large droplets; and the free energy becomes identical to the case of short-range interactions. We also consider the effects of fluctuations and find that they do not change the functional form of the droplet as long as the bulk system is noncritical. Finally, we study the droplet quantum dynamics with and without dissipation; and we discuss the consequences of our results for defects in itinerant quantum ferromagnets.
Empirical analysis of contributing factors to heating in lithium-ion cells: Anode entropy versus internal resistance

Abstract Charging a battery beyond its maximum capacity can lead both to cell overheating and to the venting of gasses. A fundamental understanding of cell heating could lead to the development of real-time sensors that anticipate and avert catastrophic battery failure. Joule heating (also called ohmic or resistive heating) from cell internal resistance (Rint) dominates the overall thermal energy (ΔQ) generated during charging. Contrary to prior hypotheses, though, Joule heating does not appear to contribute to venting observed during overcharging. In this manuscript, we examine an alternate hypothesis, that heat released by the entropy change in the anode (ΔSanode) and the concomitant increase in the anode temperature (Tanode) triggers the venting. Using our recently developed non-invasive battery internal temperature (BIT) sensor to monitor Tanode, we separated the contributions of ΔSanode, Rint and the anode resistance (Ranode) to ΔQ. These quantities were tracked during constant current charging of a 18650 Lithium-ion cell, from zero state of charge (SoC) to overcharge. The resulting analysis suggests that anode entropy change is more important than resistive heating resulting from Ranode to the overall thermal energy. Anode entropy measurements, enabled by the BIT sensor, might serve as an alternative or adjunct method for anticipating and avoiding cell venting events.
Finite element modeling of smart composite plates reinforced by NiTi shape memory alloy wires

An SMA material model for use with finite element analysis is presented. Experimental results conducted to demonstrate and verify the concept closely matched the results obtained from FEA. Both one-dimensional and three-dimensional variations of the material models were used in the FE analysis. The one- dimensional SMA model was used to model the active twisting of a beam while the three-dimensional model was used to investigate stresses developed in a SMA reinforced smart composite plate. Surface-to-surface contact algorithms, nonlinear kinematics and nonlinear material model of SMA were used in FE analysis. A two-step approach was developed in order to analyze behavior of smart composite plates reinforced by SMA wires. Results from the analysis of changing the shape of wing prototype are also presented.
Transvaginal radiofrequency thermal ablation: a day-care approach to symptomatic uterine myomas.

Background: In patients with myoma, the traditional surgical treatment of choice is myomectomy for women who wish to retain their uterus. However, myomectomy must be performed under general anaesthesia, and the patient requires a long time to recover. Aims: In the present study, we report our experience with a group of patients who underwent transvaginal radiofrequency (RF) thermal ablation of uterine myomas, with emphasis on the safety and efficacy of this procedure. Methods: Premenopausal women with symptomatic uterine myoma or recently growing myoma were included in this study. The pre- and postoperative myoma volumes were measured by 3D ultrasonography. The impact of the symptoms on health-related quality of life (HRQL) was assessed using the Uterine Fibroids Symptom and Quality of Life questionnaire. Results: The mean initial size of the dominant myoma was 5.3 cm (standard deviation ± 1.58). The reoperation rate was 4.3%. The final reduction rate of the volume of the dominant fibroid was 73%. The symptom scores and HRQL scores showed great improvement after 18 months of myolysis. Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that RF ablation may represent a safe, well-tolerated, and effective day-care alternative to conventional surgery for the treatment of uterine myomas.
Ca-OH Bonding in the C-S-H Gel Phase of Tricalcium Silicate and White Portland Cement Pastes Measured by Inelastic Neutron Scattering

Inelastic neutron spectroscopy (INS) was used to determine the content of Ca-OH bonds in a series of mature tricalcium silicate (3CaO‚SiO2) and white portland cement (WPC) pastes that were decalcified to calcium/silicon molar ratios (Ca/Si) as low as 1. These measurements indicate that the band in the INS data at 41 meV, which originates from lattice modes involving the translational oscillations of OH groups attached to Ca, has intensity contributions from both Ca(OH)2 and C-S-H gel, the main hydration product of cement paste. Quantitative analysis of the INS spectra show that 23% of the Ca in C-S-H gel with Ca/Si ) 1.7 is charge-balanced by OH groups, with the remainder charge-balanced by silicate groups. This substantial concentration of Ca-OH bonds supports the hypothesis that C-S-H gel has a local structure resembling a disordered form of the mineral jennite. On decalcification, the concentration of Ca-OH bonds in C-S-H gel decreases and is eliminated at Ca/Si ratios slightly above 1. The observed trend is shown to be consistent with charge balance calculations and interpretations of recent phase equilibrium findings.
PSEUDOJELLIUM, IDEAL METALS, AND STABILIZED JELLIUM

Two new electron gas models, introduced in the early 1990s, describe the energetics of metals better than the conventional electron gas, jellium. The first, the ``ideal metal,'' was derived by starting with jellium at a specified density and requiring that no forces act on the positive background when the system is cleaved. The second, ``stabilized jellium,'' was derived by starting with the pseudopotential model of metals, requiring that this model yield equilibrium at the specified average electron density and then averaging the potential seen by the electrons to obtain an equivalent electron gas. Even though these derivations are conceptually quite different, their results, the ideal metal and stabilized jellium models, are very nearly identical. We explain their great similarity by deriving both the ideal metal and stabilized jellium in a unified way from pseudojellium---a stabilized electron gas model derived in the middle 1980s that includes the average electron-ion interaction, while maintaining the uniform ground state and computational simplicity of jellium. This derivation explains the near identity of the ideal metal and stabilized jellium and allows us to understand the small differences between them.
Evidence that cyclic GMP regulates membrane potential in rod photoreceptors

CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDES have been proposed as mediators of the decreased Na+ permeability caused by illumination of vertebrate photoreceptors1,2. We show here that cyclic GMP depolarises the rod outer segment (ROS) approximately to the Na+ equilibrium potential within milliseconds after being injected intracellularly, that previous light adaptation antagonises this depolarisation, and that the injection of cyclic GMP without illumination initiates a repolarisation after a time lag which is longer than that following a light flash and proportional to the injection time. The results are interpreted in terms of a model in which cyclic GMP levels are controlled by the resultant of cyclase and phosphodiesterase (PDE) velocities. The PDE velocity of hydrolysis in the dark is increased by prior light adaptation in the presence of increased substrate (cyclic GMP). The data suggest that cyclic GMP is an important factor in the regulation of the membrane potential of the ROS.
THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN DEPARTMENTAL AFFILIATION AND CURRICULAR DECISION MAKING

The research reported in this article examined the relationship between community college faculty members' departmental affiliation and their curricular choices. Data were collected from a random sample ( n =1,000) of community college instructors teaching at Washington State community and technical colleges during the 1999-2000 academic year. Faculty members' departmental affiliations served as the independent variable. The three dependent variables, which measured curricular choices, stemmed from the Conceptual Filters Model (Stark, Lowther, Sossen, & Shaw, 1991). The findings indicated that faculty members teaching in different departments emphasize different types of learning experiences for their students.
Estimation of the determinants of household health care expenditures in Nepal with controls for endogenous illness and provider choice.

This paper uses the Nepal Living Standards Survey, a nationally representative sample of households from 1996, to investigate the determinants of household out-of-pocket health expenditures. The analysis uses a multi-equation joint estimation to control for endogeneity of sickness and provider choice. The results of this analysis indicate several interesting findings. First, common unobserved factors were found to be statistically significant determinants of illness, choice of provider, and health expenditures, and may cause bias to parameter estimates if not controlled. Second, the income elasticity is estimated to be 1.10, with income having both a direct effect on health expenditure, and an indirect effect through likelihood of illness and the type of provider that is chosen. Third, housing and sanitary conditions were found to have a substantial effect on illness, and as a result, out-of-pocket health care expenditures. Fourth, despite the fact that urban, ill individuals who seek care are more likely to utilize care in more expensive settings, average health care expenditure among the urban sample was found to be substantially lower than among the rural sample, partly due to a lower likelihood of reporting illnesses and injuries and of using any type of health care provider.
Examining Relationships Among Dialect Variation and Emergent Literacy Skills

This study examined the relationship between nonmainstream American English (NMAE) dialect use and various emergent literacy skills among typically developing children in prekindergarten. Correlation and regression analyses were used to examine the relationship between children’s production of NMAE forms (i.e., dialect variation [DVAR]) and their alphabet knowledge, name writing, print concepts, and phonological awareness. The sample of 4-year-olds was diverse: 57.6% were African American and 33.3% participated in free and reduced lunch programs. Moderate, negative significant correlations were found between DVAR and all measures, except name writing. However, with the exception of nursery rhyme awareness, DVAR did not independently contribute to children’s performance when it was entered into regression models with related emergent literacy skills as predictor variables. The results suggest an indirect role for NMAE use in emergent literacy achievement and that frequency of spoken NMAE production may be ...
The effect of color in American political campaigns

A wealth of literature in marketing and psychology asserts a relationship between color and personality; yet little information exists on the use and effect of color in political campaigns. The purpose of this research is to determine if certain public relations and social psychology beliefs about color are adaptable to the market conditions of campaigns. A survey incorporating relevant questions on legibility, preference, and remembrance of color patterns was conducted on voting age people. Pertinent demographic and psychological factors were included as well. Tests were employed to establish statistically significant relationships among color and campaign literature. One color combination - black on yellow - was most legible, most preferred, and most remembered; blue ranked high. The harmony of opposites was not valid for campaign signs. Individuals recalled patterns to which they responded positively. Proclamations by marketing researchers that liberal/conservative attitudes or political party preference correlate to color preference were not substantiated; however, some items were significant based on age and sex.
Traumatic infected pseudoaneurysm of the hand

A rare case of ruptured infected pseudoaneurysm of the hand resulting from penetrating trauma is reported. The patient was seen initially with an acute infection of the hand associated with pulsatile bleeding. Diagnostic evaluation should include arteriography as a guide for the operative plan.
Prenatal exposure to ethanol retards the development of kindling in adult rats

The development of kindling was examined in adult rats exposed to ethanol prenatally. Pregnant Wistar rats were fed a liquid diet containing either 6.7% ethanol or pair fed an isocaloric equivalent. At birth, the litters were cross fostered to surrogate mothers. At 80 days of age, a bipolar electrode was placed either in the right basolateral amygdala or the right angular bundle of entorhinal cortex. Kindling stimulations were administered three times a day until each rat had exhibited three class 5 kindled motor seizures. The total number of kindling stimulations required to exhibit class 1 through class 5 motor seizures was significantly greater in the rats exposed to ethanol prenatally. Further, the retardation in kindling development was due to a slower progression from class 0 to class 1 kindled motor seizures. Progression between other stages was not different between the two groups. Similar results were obtained in both amygdala and angular bundle kindling experiments. Kindling is retarded in a similar fashion by partial destruction of the dentate granule cells of the hippocampal formation. Further, the pattern of dentate granule cell axonal projections to hippocampal CA3 pyramidal neurons is altered in rats exposed to ethanol prenatally. Taken together, these data suggest the possibility that a defect in the neuronal circuitry within the hippocampal formation of fetal alcohol rats may underlie a retardation in their kindling progression. This proposed defect may have functional implications related to learning deficiencies in rats and children exposed to ethanol prenatally.
Placement of pericardial drainage tube for the treatment of pneumopericardium in the neonate.

Abstract A method for resolving the life-threatening complication of neonatal pneumopericardium is described. In patients suspected of having this complication, needle aspiration of the pericardial sac should be performed to confirm the diagnosis. Then a tube should be inserted directly into the sac, attached to continuoussuction drainage, and allowed to remain in place until positive end-expiratory pressure is discontinued. The technique has not been associated with morbidity, mortality, or recurrence of pneumopericardium.
Epiligrin is decreased in papulonodular basal cell carcinoma tumor nest basement membranes and the extracellular matrix of transformed human epithelial cells

Patients with anti-epiligrin cicatricial pemphigoid have anti-basement membrane autoantibodies that immunoprecipitate a set of disulfide-linked human keratinocyte polypeptides that co-migrate in sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with the same complex identified by monoclonal anti-epiligrin (P1E1) and monoclonal anti-nicein/kalinin (GB3) antibodies. In an attempt to further compare the reactivity of patient autoantibodies, P1E1 and GB3, these reagents were tested against the tumor nest basement membranes of 7 papulonodular basal cell carcinomas. These studies found that all of these reagents showed markedly decreased or no reactivity against this substrate. Though their concordant lack of reactivity failed to distinguish these antibodies, these studies did identify a significant defect in papulonodular basal cell carcinoma tumor nest basement membranes. Similarly, integrin subunits alpha 6, beta 4, alpha 3, and alpha 2 as well as bullous pemphigoid antigens 1 and 2 (all potential receptors for the extracellular matrix ligands epiligrin and nicein/kalinin) were also reduced in these tumor nest basement membranes. These findings signify an extensive impairment in the lamina lucida of this neoplasm's basement membrane. Related comparative studies of normal human keratinocytes and transformed human epithelial cell lines (specifically, A-431 and HaCat cells) showed that epiligrin production is markedly decreased in the latter. Decreased expression of epiligrin and nicein/kalinin in papulonodular basal cell carcinoma tumor nest basement membranes in vivo and transformed epithelial cells in vitro indicate that this complex is a transformation-sensitive cell adhesion ligand.
Growth Factor Use in Medication-Induced Hematologic Toxicity

Myelosuppression is a dose-limiting adverse effect with antineoplastic therapy and nonchemotherapy medications. Clinicians have data and guidelines to provide direction for the management of neutropenia and thrombocytopenia in patients with malignancies. Clinical situations outside oncology extrapolate these data along with limited data sets for those patients who demonstrate myelosuppressive effects from medications that are not traditionally considered cytotoxic. Pharmacological treatments can be used to help ameliorate the myelosuppressive toxicities. Recombinant technology has provided growth factors to counteract or lessen the degree of toxicity from myelosuppressive medications including chemotherapy. Clinical strategies and future trends on how to mitigate medication-related myelosuppression are discussed.
THE ASSIMILATION BY PLANTS OF VARIOUS FORMS OF NITROGEN

SOME YEARS AGO (1926) the author became interested in the possible effect of hydrogen-ion concentration on the assimilation by plants of nitrogen as ammonia or as nitrate. In an experiment 2 designed to attack this problem, mineral nutrient solutions containing dextrose were prepared in which the nitrogen was furnished as ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulfate, or sodium nitrate, and the hydrogen-ion concentration of the solutions was varied by intervals of 0.2 or 0.3 pH from pH 4.0 to pH 7.6. The organism used, Rhizopus nigricans, grew well at all reactions in the solutions which contained ammonium sulfate or ammonium nitrate (somewhat better in the more alkaline solutions) but not at all in those which contained sodium nitrate. This confirmed earlier reports (Bach, 1927; Ritter, 1909) of the inability of Rhizopus nigricans to assimilate nitrogen as nitrate (at least under ordinary laboratory conditions) and encouraged the writer to plan an investigation of the ability of organisms to use various forms of nitrogen. Circumstances made it impossible to carry out the investigation as planned. Nevertheless, the preliminary work may be of sufficient interest to encourage further investigations in this field. A survey of the literature (space precludes summarizing all the available literature) suggested to the author that organisms may be arranged in four groups 3 according to their ability to assimilate various forms of nitrogen. GROIJP I. NITROGEN-FIXING ORGANISMS. These organisms are capable of assimilating gaseous nitrogen and also nitrates, ammonium salts, and certain organic nitrogenous compounds. Attention should be called to the assumption that everv organism capable of fixing gaseous nitrogen is capable also of assimilating nitrogen in the form of nitrates, ammonium compounds, and 'suitable forms of organic nitrogen. Though the evidence available supports it, this assumption needs further confirmation since considerably more attention has been devoted to the relation to gaseous nitrogen of the organisms generally accepted as nitrogen fixers than to their ability to assimilate combined nitrogen. However, it is generally agreed (Waksman, 1927; Lohnis, 1926; Stephenson, 1930) that Azotobacter can assimilate nitrogen as nitrates, as ammonium salts. and as orgLanic nitrogen (for
Drug-reinforced responding: rapid determination of dose-response functions

Abstract Rhesus monkeys were conditioned to press on levers and receive intravenous infusions of cocaine or ketamine. Experimental conditions provided several different doses of drug during each of two daily 130 min sessions; as a result, a doseresponse curve relating rate of responding to dose/injection for self-administered drug was obtained within each session. Relative rate-maintaining effects of nomifensine and cocaine in monkeys on baseline conditions of cocaine self-administration, and rate-maintaining effects of ketamine, phencyclidine and MK-801 in monkeys on baseline conditions of ketamine self-administration, compared favorably with relative rate-maintaining effects of these substances obtained in more traditional paradigms.
Knowledge-based aerial photo interpretation☆

Abstract This paper presents an overview of work in two areas that are crucial towards the development of automated tools for aerial photo interpretation: large-scale spatial databases, and rule-based systems for photo interpretation. First, we present a description of models for spatial database systems and outline requirements for database support for knowledge-based photo interpretation. Next we present a brief description of the organization of MAPS, the Map-Assisted Photo interpretation System. MAPS is a large integrated database system containing high-resolution aerial photographs, terrain, digitized maps and other cartographic products, combined with detailed 3D descriptions of manmade and natural features in the Washington D.C. area. Finally, we discuss recent work in the area of rule-based systems for photo interpretation. The system, SPAM, consists of three major components, an image/map database, a collection of image processing tools, and a rule-based system whose domain of expertise is commercial airports. ∗
Career Opportunities for Teachers of Technical Writing: A Survey of Programs in Technical Communication:

In response to a mail survey of the career opportunities they offer teachers of technical writing, twenty-four programs that prepare students for careers as technical writers and editors indicated ...
Interventional radiology for restoration of vascular patency in the postoperative patient--case reports.

The postoperative patient may present with one or more of a variety of prob lems amenable to management by interventional radiologic techniques, which may be curative by themselves or may, in addition, require or allow successful surgical intervention.To optimize patient care, a good working relationship between the vascular surgeon and the interventional radiologist is essential. Consideration should be given to the patient's presenting signs and symptoms, the surgical history with its alteration of anatomy, the results of available noninvasive studies, and knowledge of various therapeutic alternatives.Vascular radiologic interventions include angioplasty, thrombolytic therapy, a combination of both angioplasty and thrombolysis, and newer techniques such as percutaneous valvectomy. In this report, examples of some of the experience at Indiana University are presented. Emphasis is placed on the appropriate approach to the patient.
James Mark Baldwin on the Origins of Right- and Left-Handedness: The Story of an Experiment That Mattered.

After many years of neglect, the work of the American philosopherpsychologist James Mark Baldwin (1861-1934) has finally begun to arouse interest among developmental psychologists. To date, however, attention has been focused on Baldwin's theoretical and philosophical contributions, while his empirical work, including studies of infancy and early childhood and laboratory investigations of adult memory and reaction time, has won only passing mention (e.g., Broughton & Freeman-Moir, 1982). This is understandable, since these studies occupied Baldwin only briefly early in his career (1889-1896) and are regarded to have been of negligible value in their own right. As Boring said, "Baldwin's genius did not lie in experimentation. He was a philosopher at heart, a theorist" (1957, p. 532). That verdict continues to stand (e.g., Mueller, 1976). I do not question this judgment, although Baldwin's investigations of infancy and early childhood are worth examination, given their critical role in the formation of his thinking about development (see Wozniak, 1982). At least one of these early investigations, however, proved to be important in its own right-a study of the development of hand preference in the infant (Baldwin, 1890a), which was completed during Baldwin's brief tenure at the University of Toronto (18891893).1
Deposition and forest canopy interactions of airborne sulfur: Results from the integrated forest study

The Integrated Forest Study (IFS) was a long-term research project designed to determine the effects of atmospheric deposition on forest nutrient cycles. Concentrations and fluxes of airborne sulfur compounds were determined for several years at the 13 IFS research forests in North America and Europe using a standard set of protocols. Annual mean air concentrations of sulfur ranged from ∼1.5 to 8 μgSm−3 and were generally dominated by SO2 (∼60% of total sulfur on the average). Atmospheric deposition of sulfate at these forests was highest at the high elevation (∼ 1000–2000 eq ha−1yr−1) and at the southeastern U.S. sites (∼800–1000 eq ha−1yr−1), and lowest in the Pacific northwest (∼300 eq ha−1yr−1). Cloud water contributed significantly to the sulfur flux at the mountain sites (45–50%), and dry deposition was comparable to wet at the drier southeastern sites (>40% of total). Deposited sulfur appeared to behave more or less conservatively in these canopies, showing little net uptake (ofSO2) and minor foliar leaching (of soil-derived, internal SO42−) relative to the total atmospheric flux. The estimated fluxes in total deposition were generally within 15% of the measured fluxes in throughfall plus stemflow, indicating that useful estimates of total atmospheric deposition of sulfur can be derived from measurements of throughfall.
a -simple lens power calculation program for the HP-67 and HP-97 calculators

Colenbrander's formula l for calculating lens implant power was first modified for use with the Hewlett-Packard HP-65 programmable calculator by Hoffer in 1974.2 Input of axial length (A.L.), intraocular lens (IOL) power, anterior chamber depth (CAr) and average keratometry (K) reading could be used to calculate: (1) the refractive error produced by any IOL power, (2) the refractive error of an aphakic eye, (3) emmetropic lens power, (4) lens power needed for a specific ametropia, (5) iseikonic
A Working Memory Buffer in Parahippocampal Regions: Evidence from a Load Effect during the Delay Period

Computational models have proposed that the entorhinal cortex (EC) is well suited for maintaining multiple items in working memory (WM). Evidence from animal recording and human neuroimaging studies show that medial temporal lobe areas including the perirhinal (PrC), EC, and CA1 hippocampal subfield may contribute to active maintenance during WM. Previous neuroimaging work also suggests CA1 may be recruited transiently when encoding novel information, and EC and CA1 may be involved in maintaining multiple items in WM. In this study, we tested the prediction that a putative WM buffer would demonstrate a load-dependent effect during a WM delay. Using high-resolution fMRI, we examined whether activity within the hippocampus (CA3/DG, CA1, and subiculum) and surrounding medial temporal cortices (PrC, EC, and parahippocampal cortex-PHC) is modulated in a load-dependent manner. We employed a delayed matching-to-sample task with novel scenes at 2 different WM loads. A contrast between high- and low-WM load showed greater activity within CA1 and subiculum during the encoding phase, and greater EC, PrC, and PHC activity during WM maintenance. These results are consistent with computational models and suggest that EC/PrC and PHC act as a WM buffer by actively maintaining novel information in a capacity-dependent manner.
Reduction to the magnetic pole using a fast fourier series algorithm

Abstract An algorithm is developed for making magnetic field “reduction-to-the-pole” computations using two-dimensional Fourier series. A significant saving in computer time is achieved by using a “look-up table” to reduce the number of trigonometric functions to be evaluated. The algorithm is incorporated into an efficient FORTRAN program, RPOLE, for processing magnetic anomalies caused solely by induction in the earth's field.
Stable alterations of CD44 isoform expression in prostate cancer cells decrease invasion and growth and alter ligand binding and chemosensitivity.

Background: Dysregulated CD44 expression characterizes most human cancers, including prostate cancer (PCa). PCa loses expression of CD44 standard (CD44s) that is present in benign epithelium, and overexpresses the novel splice variant isoform, CD44v7-10. Methods: Using retroviral gene delivery to PC-3M PCa cells, we expressed luciferase-only, enforced CD44s reexpression as a fusion protein with luciferase at its C-terminus or as a protein separate from luciferase, or knocked down CD44v7-10 by RNAi. Invasion, migration, proliferation, soft agar colony formation, adhesion, Docetaxel sensitivity, and xenograft growth assays were carried out. Expression responses of merlin, a CD44 binding partner, and growth-permissive phospho-merlin, were assessed by western blot. Results: Compared to luciferase-only PC-3M cells, all three treatments reduced invasion and migration. Growth and soft agar colony formation were reduced only by re-expression of CD44s as a separate or fusion protein but not CD44v7-10 RNAi. Hyaluronan and osteopontin binding were greatly strengthened by CD44s expression as a separate protein, but not a fusion protein. CD44v7-10 RNAi in PC-3M cells caused marked sensitization to Docetaxel; the two CD44s re-expression approaches caused minimal sensitization. In limited numbers of mouse subcutaneous xenografts, all three alterations produced only nonsignificant trends toward slower growth compared with luciferase-only controls. The expression of CD44s as a separate protein, but not a fusion protein, caused emergence of a strongly-expressed, hypophosphorylated species of phospho-merlin. Conclusion: Stable re-expression of CD44s reduces PCa growth and invasion in vitro, and possibly in vivo, suggesting CD44 alterations have potential as gene therapy. When the C-terminus of CD44s is fused to another protein, most phenotypic effects are lessened, particularly hyaluronan adhesion. Finally, CD44v7-10, although it was not functionally significant for growth, may be a target for chemosensitization. Background About 30% of cases of prostate cancer (PCa) undergo transition from quiescent to aggressive. In this transition, altered expression of adhesion glycoproteins such as CD44 occurs allowing tumor cells to detach, interact with proteins that digest stromal matrix, migrate through matrix, and intravasate into lymphovascular channels. CD44 is a transmembrane molecule encoded by an alternately spliced gene. The standard (CD44s) isoform is ubiquitous, but inclusion of one or more of 10 variant (v) exons lengthens the extracellular stem, producing tissue-specific (CD44v) isoforms. CD44 is involved in multiple cellular functions. Its N-terminus enables cell-cell adhesion and binds hyaluronan and other matrix ligands, while the C-terminus links the cell’s membrane to actin and ankyrin in the cytoskeleton, modulating shape and motility. In prior work, we isolated RNA from clinical PCa tissues and discovered that expression of CD44v7-10
Psychiatric family history and urinary MHPG in healthy control subjects.

In psychiatric research, measurement of biological substances is often made in control groups. Controls are given the same biological tests as are the psychiatric patients to determine whether the patiems have an gonormality of the tested substance. Oftentimes, differences in biological measurements between ill subjects and healthy con~'ols ~'e not ~eat, ~ d ~.,er!ap of v~ues usually exists. In trying to ascertain whether a certain biological variable is associated with a particular disease condition, it is important that the control grouF be carefully screened. In one study, an advertisement was used to golicit pgychiatrically healthy subjects (Coryell and Zim~erman 1987). Telephone screening of the 128 people who responded to the ad eliminated 59 individuals with a history of psychiatric problems.In spite of tiffs, 25 (36%) of the remaining 69 subjects gave a history of psychiatric problems when interviewed with a detailed diagnostic questionnaire. Even for carefully screened control subjects there is still the issue of w~ether a positive fan~., ~!y histo~ of psychiatric illness m i ~ influence yalues for certain biological substances. Sedvall et al. (1980) r epor~ ~at control sub]ect~ wi~, deviant cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) neurotrans-
Serum-Soluble B7x Is Elevated in Renal Cell Carcinoma Patients and Is Associated with Advanced Stage

B7x is the newest member of the B7-CD28 family and is thought to dampen immune responses via negative costimulation. Tumor expression of B7x was recently described in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and was associated with poor outcome. We developed an assay to detect serum-soluble B7x (sB7x) and investigated 101 patients with clear cell RCC who underwent nephrectomy between 2003 and 2007. For controls, we obtained serum from 101 sex-matched blood donors within the same age range. Following an ELISA for sB7x, detectable levels (>0.1 ng/mL) of sB7x were observed in 53 RCC patients compared with 18 controls (P
Complexity metrics for manufacturing control architectures based on software and information flow

A number of architectures can be used to integrate different components of a manufacturing enterprise such as machine tools, robots, and guided vehicles. The choice of architecture has a significant impact on system complexity, which in turn determines properties such as scalability, flexibility, fault-tolerance and modifiability. There is a need to develop metrics that quantify the complexity of a system that can serve as a means for comparing alternative architecture at the design stage. In this paper, we propose metrics used in software engineering to characterize the complexity of manufacturing systems. These metrics have been applied for measuring the complexity of two software systems: material delivery system and distributed scheduling.
Misinterpretation of Instructions in an Aftereffect Task

Some subjects in studies of kinesthetic aftereffect erroneously believe the task is to show the width of the aftereffect inducing rather than the standard stimulus. Although such subjects may be encountered rarely, the errors they make are very large. Precautionary steps are indicated.
Emerging Infectious Agents: Do They Pose a Risk to the Safety of Transfused Blood and Blood Products?

The blood supply is safer than it has been at any other time in recent history, and, in the context of other health care-related adverse events, the risks associated with blood transfusion are extremely small. The current high level of safety is the result of successive refinements and improvements in how blood is collected, tested, processed, and transfused; nonetheless, blood and plasma products remain vulnerable to newly identified or reemerging infections. In recent years, numerous infectious agents-including several newly discovered hepatitis viruses, the agents of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, and tickborne pathogens-have been identified as potential threats to the safety of blood and plasma. Continued vigilance is critical to protect the blood supply from known pathogens and to monitor for the emergence of new infectious agents. Recent terrorist activities in the United States add new considerations to maintaining the safety and supply of blood. Education of clinicians and patients regarding the benefits and risks associated with the judicious use of blood and blood products can assist in informed decision making.
A Physics-Based Three-Dimensional Analytical Model for RDF-Induced Threshold Voltage Variations

In this paper, a 3-D analytical model is proposed to capture the threshold voltage, surface potential, and electric field variations induced by random dopant fluctuations in the channel region of metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors. The 3-D model treats the effect of each dopant separately and is based on fundamental laws of physics. The proposed approach enables determination of transistor threshold voltage variations with both very low computational cost and high accuracy. Using the developed model, we performed statistical analysis, simulating more than 100 000 transistor samples. Interestingly, the results showed that, although the distribution of the threshold voltage for large-channel transistors is Gaussian, for scaled transistors, it is non-Gaussian. Furthermore, the proposed model predicts known formulas, which are proven for 1-D analysis and large transistors, simply by setting the appropriate transistor size. As a consequence, this model is a logical extension of the theory of large transistors to nanoscaled devices.
Determination of Free Formaldehyde in Durable Press Fabric: Comparison of Cold Sulfite Method with Headspace Gas Chromatography:

Comparison of free formaldehyde contents obtained by the cold sulfite and headspace gas chromatography methods at 25°C indicates surprisingly good agreement at low formaldehyde concentrations (<500...
Supergravity gauge theory correspondence and the matrix model

We review the assumptions and the logic underlying the derivation of DLCQ matrix models. In particular we try to clarify what remains valid at finite N, the role of the non-renormalization theorems and higher order terms in the supergravity expansion. The relation to Maldacena{close_quote}s conjecture is also discussed. In particular the compactification of the matrix model on T{sub 3} is compared to the AdS{sub 5}{times}S{sub 5} N=4 super Yang-Mills duality, and the different role of the branes in the two cases is discussed. {copyright} {ital 1999} {ital The American Physical Society}
A cost minimization approach to human behavior recognition

This paper presents a cost minimization approach to the problem of human behavior recognition. Using full-body motion capture data acquired from human subjects, our system recognizes the behaviors that a human subject is performing from a set of military maneuvers, based on the subject's motion type and proximity to landmarks. Low-level motion classification is performed using support vector machines (SVMs) and a hidden Markov Model (HMM); output from the classifier is used as an input feature for the behavior recognizer. Given the dynamic and highly reactive nature of the domain, our system must handle behavior sequences that are frequently interrupted and often interleaved. To recognize such behavior sequences, we employ dynamic programming in conjunction with a behavior transition cost function to efficiently select the most parsimonious explanation for the human's actions. We demonstrate that our system is robust to action classification errors and deviations by the human subject from the expected set of behaviors. Our approach is well suited for incorporation into synthetic agents that cooperate or compete against human subjects in virtual reality training environments.
Independence of radial localization from refractive error

Localization of single stimuli presented individually on the circumference of an imaginary circle was determined with and without three diopters of refractive error introduced by spherical lenses. The presence of blur had no effect on localization accuracy.
A little spin on the side: solvent and temperature dependent paramagnetism in [RuII(bpy)2(phendione)]2+

Solvent and temperature dependent paramagnetism is reported for the complex [RuII(bpy)2(phendione)](PF6)2 (bpy = 2,2′-bipyridine, phendione = 1,10-phenanthroline-5,6-dione), 1. Magnetometry, 1H-NMR, EPR and substituent effects confirm that the paramagnetic character is localized on the phendione ligand, and arises due to mixing of the MLCT excited state with an open shell triplet state on the phendione moiety, a process that is most likely driven by aromatization. The stabilized open shell phendione structure, in which the triplet lies lower in energy than the singlet, can then be thermally populated from the ground state of the complex. This process is facilitated by admixture of singlet character from the MLCT state. Paramagnetic behavior is absent in the free phendione ligand, and disappears in the presence of Lewis acids and in the presence of water due to hydrogen bonding (or hydrate formation at sufficient water concentrations). Control experiments rule out the presence of monoradicals such as semiquinone anions. Implications for spin filtering, sensing, and other electronic applications using such structures are discussed.
On the optimality of the proper orthogonal decomposition and balanced truncation

The proper orthogonal decomposition (POD), also known as Karhunen-Loeve decomposition or principal component analysis, and balanced truncation, are shown to be optimal in the sense of distance minimizations in spaces of Hilbert-Schmidt or trace-class 2 integral operators. Both POD and balanced truncation are shown to be optimal approximations by finite rank operators in the Hilbert-Schmidt norm. Optimality of balanced truncation seems to have been overlooked in the literature, and in fact, it is commonly thought to be non-optimal in any sense. The role of POD and balanced truncation in minimizing different n-widths of specific compact operators is discussed. The n-widths quantify inherent and representation errors due to lack of data or inaccurate measurements and loss of information.
Chronic Necrotizing Pulmonary Aspergillosis: Pathologic Outcome After Itraconazole Therapy

Objective To characterize chronic necrotizing pulmonary aspergillosis (CNPA) clinically, radiographically, and pathologically and to describe its response to treatment. Material and Methods We present three cases of well-documented CNPA and detail the long-term clinical and pathologic responses to the new antifungal triazole, itraconazole. Results Although all three patients had an appreciable clinical response to itraconazole therapy, tissue obtained at the time of operation or autopsy revealed residual CNPA despite 5 to 12 months of treatment. Even though pathologic resolution of the CNPA did not occur, patient prognosis was determined solely by comorbid illness. Conclusion Itraconazole seems to be effective in CNPA when used in a suppressive (rather than curative) role in patients with limited life expectancy.
Flexible Speech Translation Systems

Speech translation research has made significant progress over the years with many high-visibility efforts showing that translation of spontaneously spoken speech from and to diverse languages is possible and applicable in a variety of domains. As language and domains continue to expand, practical concerns such as portability and reconfigurability of speech come into play: system maintenance becomes a key issue and data is never sufficient to cover the changing domains over varying languages. In this paper, we discuss strategies to overcome the limits of today's speech translation systems. In the first part, we describe our layered system architecture that allows for easy component integration, resource sharing across components, comparison of alternative approaches, and the migration toward hybrid desktop/PDA or stand-alone PDA systems. In the second part, we show how flexibility and reconfigurability is implemented by more radically relying on learning approaches and use our English–Thai two-way speech translation system as a concrete example.