cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transient response study of gas flowing through irrigated packing

The transient response of a gas phase as it flows through an irrigated packed column can be interpreted as a distribution of time spent by the elements of gas as they flow through the bed. A step function in helium concentration was introduced in the entering air stream of a column packed with Raschig rings, and the outlet concentration was recorded with time. Water was used as the liquid phase. Size of Raschig rings, depth of bed, water and gas flow rates were the main variables investigated. The response curve for the gas reveals an increasing departure from uniform flow of the gas stream as liquid and gas rates are increased to flooding. The first and second moments of the time distribution give directly the porosity and the axial dispersion of the gas. These quantities have been found to be mainly dependent on liquid flow rates. The skewness which characterizes the weight that the various gas elements have on the dispersion about the average residence time has been found to give a convenient measurement of the uniformity of gas flow through the bed.
Insula response to unpredictable and predictable aversiveness in individuals with panic disorder and comorbid depression

Background Prior studies suggest that hyperactive insula responding to unpredictable aversiveness is a core feature of anxiety disorders. However, no study to date has investigated the neural correlates of unpredictable aversiveness in those with panic disorder (PD) with comorbid major depressive disorder (MDD). The aim of the current study was to examine group differences in neural responses to unpredictable and predictable aversiveness in 41 adults with either 1) current PD with comorbid MDD (PD-MDD), 2) current MDD with no lifetime diagnosis of an anxiety disorder (MDD-only), or 3) no lifetime diagnosis of psychopathology. All participants completed a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scan while viewing temporally predictable or unpredictable negative or neutral images.
Terlipressin in Hepatorenal Syndrome

Objective:To compare the pharmacology, dosing, and adverse reactions of vasopressin and terlipressin for the treatment of hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) and assess the efficacy of the investigational drug terlipressin for HRS.Data Sources:Articles evaluating prospective studies for vasopressin and terlipressin were discussed after being identified through PubMed (1966-November 2010), International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1970-November 2010), and EMBASE (1985-November 2010) with combinations of the following terms: vasopressin, terlipressin, and hepatorenal syndrome. In addition, reference citations from publications identified were reviewed. Thirteen studies were identified for terlipressin, along with 4 meta-analyses and 1 case report. For vasopressin, 2 studies were identified.Study Selection and Data Extraction:Prospective clinical studies directly comparing terlipressin and vasopressin were evaluated, as well as prospective clinical studies and meta-analyses for terlipressin in HRS.Data Synthesis:NO ran...
Clinical Outcomes of Bacteremic Pneumococcal Pneumonia in the Era of Antibiotic Resistance

Limited data are available about the impact of antimicrobial resistance on clinical outcomes in cases of pneumococcal pneumonia. This was studied in 146 persons hospitalized with invasive pneumonia due to Streptococcus pneumoniae (minimum inhibitory concentration of cefotaxime, .25 mg/mL) who were identified through population-based active surveillance for the period of November 1994 through April 1996. Compared with matched control subjects who had infection with more-susceptible S. pneumoniae, the proportion of subjects who died or who were admitted to an intensive care unit did not differ significantly. Multivariable analysis showed no significant contribution of antimicrobial resistance to mortality or the requirement for care in an intensive care unit. The ability to detect an effect of antimicrobial resistance on these important outcome measures may have been influenced by aggressive multidrug empirical therapy in this group of hospitalized patients. Factors other than resistance, such as severity of illness at presentation and advance directive status (“do not resuscitate” orders), appear to have a stronger influence on pneumococcal pneumonia outcomes.
Coordination of Neuronal Activity in Developing Visual Cortex by Gap Junction-Mediated Biochemical Communication

During brain development, endogenously generated coordinated neuronal activity regulates the precision of developing synaptic circuits (Shatz and Stryker, 1988; Weliky and Katz, 1997). In the neonatal neocortex, a form of endogenous coordinated activity is present as locally restricted intercellular calcium waves that are mediated by gap junctions (Yuste et al., 1992). As in other neuronal and non-neuronal systems, these coordinated calcium fluctuations may form the basis of functional cell assemblies (for review, see Warner, 1992; Peinado et al., 1993b). In the present study, we investigated the cellular mechanisms that mediate the activation of neuronal domains and the propagation of intercellular calcium waves in slices from neonatal rat neocortex. The occurrence of neuronal domains did not depend on intercellular propagation of regenerative electrical signals because domains persisted after blockade of sodium and calcium-dependent action potentials. Neuronal domains were elicited by intracellular infusion of inositol trisphosphate (IP3) but not of calcium, indicating the involvement of IP3-related second-messenger systems. Pharmacological stimulation of metabotropic glutamate receptors, which are linked to the production of IP3, elicited similarly coordinated calcium increases, whereas pharmacological blockade of metabotropic glutamate receptors dramatically reduced the number of neuronal domains. Therefore, the propagating cellular signal that causes the occurrence of neuronal domains seems to be inositol trisphosphate but not calcium. Because coordination of neuronal calcium changes by gap junctions is independent of electrical signals, the function of gap junctions between neocortical neurons is probably to synchronize biochemical rather than electrical activity.
Medicare decision making, insulin therapeutic errors, and interdisciplinary care in the NIPC-PBRN

1Given the complexity of enrolling in Medicare Part D, the authors’ goal was to determine factors important to Medicare-eligible but as-yetnonenrolled patients’ decisions regarding future enrollment. Ten patients took part in one-on-one focused interviews. The major factors included cost of premiums, the possibility of premiums costing more than if patients were taking generic medications, and lack of coverage for patients’ medications in a specific plan. The complexity of various plans also was described as an “overwhelming” barrier, as was the potential for hitting the doughnut hole. Families and friends were most likely to influence patients’ decisions. Implications. Although almost 90% of Medicare Part D–eligible patients are enrolled, patients often are overwhelmed by various factors when considering the optimal personal plan. Insulin therapeutic errors Diabetes is a chronic disease that is treated almost exclusively in the outpatient setting, except for medical emergencies. Spiller et al. 2
Fragmentation, grazing and the species–area relationship

Habitat loss is one of the greatest threats to species persistence. Gauging the scale of this problem requires quantitative methods that can predict the number of extinctions resulting from habitat loss. For the past three decades, the species – area relationship, an empirical relationship between the number of species present in an area and the size of that area, has been this tool. However, it fails to incorporate threats to species aside from habitat loss and the heterogeneous distribution of these threats across habitats. Recent studies have improved species – area predictions by incorporating not only direct eff ects of area on richness, but also indirect eff ects of area (through area-mediated predator abundance), on prey species richness. We extend this work to test the hypotheses that the indirect eff ects of the multiple threats of grazing and trampling in addition to fragmentation will amplify the eff ect of area on species richness and that this eff ect will be greatest in zones closest to the fragment edge. Further, we test for species and population level eff ects of fragmentation and grazing, including the non-random pattern of species loss and the decline in population sizes. We test our hypotheses with a fi eld study of land snail richness in fragments with and without the additional threats of grazing and trampling. Our study supports the hypotheses that fragments with multiple threats in addition to habitat loss harbour fewer species than fragments without these threats, and that this eff ect is non-uniform across fragments, populations and species.
Relaxin Suppresses Atrial Fibrillation by Reversing Fibrosis and Myocyte Hypertrophy, and Increasing Conduction Velocity and Sodium Current in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat Hearts

Rationale: Atrial fibrillation (AF) contributes significantly to morbidity and mortality in elderly and hypertensive patients and has been correlated to enhanced atrial fibrosis. Despite a lack of direct evidence that fibrosis causes AF, reversal of fibrosis is considered as a plausible therapy. Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of the anti-fibrotic hormone relaxin (RLX) at suppressing AF in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Methods and Results: Normotensive Wistar Kyoto (WKY) and SHR were treated for 2-weeks with vehicle (WKY+V and SHR+V), or RLX (0.4mg/kg/day, SHR+RLX) using implantable mini-pumps. Hearts were perfused, mapped optically to analyze action potential durations (APDs), intracellular Ca 2+ -transients, restitution kinetics (RK) and tested for AF vulnerability. SHR hearts had slower conduction velocity (CV) ( p p p 90 , increased CV ( p p + -current density, I Na (~2-fold in 48-hours) in human cardiomyocytes derived from iPSCs (n=18/18, p<0.01). Conclusions: RLX-treatment suppressed AF in SHR hearts by increasing CV from a combination of reversal of fibrosis and hypertrophy and increasing INa. The study provides compelling evidence that RLX may provide a novel therapy to manage AF in humans by reversing fibrosis, and hypertrophy and modulating cardiac ionic currents.
Steroid Hormone Transforming Aldo-Keto Reductases and Cancer

Prostate and breast cancer are hormone-dependent malignancies of the aging male and female and require the local production of androgens and estrogens to stimulate cell proliferation. Aldo-keto reductases (AKR) play key roles in this process. In the prostate, AKR1C3 (type 5 17beta-HSD) reduces Delta(4)-androstene-3,17-dione to yield testosterone while AKR1C2 (type 3 3alpha-HSD) eliminates 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (5alpha-DHT), and AKR1C1 forms 3beta-androstanediol (a ligand for ERbeta). In the breast, AKR1C3 forms testosterone, which is converted to 17beta-estradiol by aromatase or reduces estrone to 17beta-estradiol directly. AKR1C3 also acts as a prostaglandin (PG) F synthase and forms PGF(2alpha) and 11beta-PGF(2alpha), which stimulate the FP receptor and prevent the activation of PPARgamma by PGJ(2) ligands. This proproliferative signaling may stimulate the growth of hormone-dependent and -independent prostate and breast cancer.
Routine Activity Theory and the Determinants of High Cybercrime Countries

Cybercrime and the threat it creates are growing in its reach, in accordance with similar growth in information technology. Some countries account for more of the variation in cybercrime activity than others, which affects less criminally involved nations as well, considering that cybercrime does not respect national borders over the Internet. Routine activity theory (RAT) has been used to explain cybercrime at the individual level, but not at the national level. Much research has focused on high cybercrime countries, but this research is often conducted by cybersecurity firms and is exclusively descriptive, making no inferences. This research sought to determine what characteristics predict whether a nation is high in either spamming activity or phishing activity. In a sample of 132 countries, it was found that wealthier nations with more Internet users per capita had higher cybercrime activity. Unemployment was also found to interact with Internet users such that the effect of the proportion of Internet users on spam was strongest in nations with higher unemployment. The implications these findings have for policy and suggestions for future research are discussed.
Photorealistic scene presentation: virtual video camera

This paper presents a low cost alternative for presenting photo-realistic imagery during the final approach, which often is a peak workload phase of flight. The method capitalizes on `a priori' information. It accesses out-the-window `snapshots' from a mass storage device, selecting the snapshots that deliver the best match for a given aircraft position and runway scene. It then warps the snapshots to align them more closely with the current viewpoint. The individual snapshots, stored as highly compressed images, are decompressed and interpolated to produce a `clear-day' video stream. The paper shows how this warping, when combined with other compression methods, saves considerable amounts of storage; compression factors from 1000 to 3000 were achieved. Thus, a CD-ROM today can store reference snapshots for thousands of different runways. Dynamic scene elements not present in the snapshot database can be inserted as separate symbolic or pictorial images. When underpinned by an appropriate suite of sensor technologies, the methods discussed indicate an all-weather virtual video camera is possible.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
An introductory biology lab that uses enzyme histochemistry to teach students about skeletal muscle fiber types

One important goal of introductory biology laboratory experiences is to engage students directly in all steps in the process of scientific discovery. Even when laboratory experiences are built on principles discussed in the classroom, students often do not adequately apply this background to interpretation of results they obtain in lab. This disconnect has been described at the level of medical education (4), so it should not be surprising that educators have struggled with this same phenomenon at the undergraduate level. We describe a new introductory biology lab that challenges students to make these connections. The lab utilizes enzyme histochemistry and morphological observations to draw conclusions about the composition of functionally different types of muscle fibers present in skeletal muscle. We report that students were not only successful at making these observations on a specific skeletal muscle, the gastrocnemius of the frog Rana pipiens, but that they were able to connect their results to the principles of fiber type differences that exist in skeletal muscles in all vertebrates.
A Keynes-Robinson Controversy: A Methodological Matter

This paper examines a minor methodological foray by Keynes: his 1941 reaction to what is now a well-known conclusion of price theory, the so-called “below-capacity theorem” first advanced by Joan Robinson’s 1933 Economics of Imperfect Competition. By the graphical analysis that has now become universal, the theorem “proves” that any profit-maximizing firm faced with a downward-sloping demand curve will produce to the left of the average cost curve’s lowest point, the difference between this lowest-cost output and the output determined by MC=MR being a measure of excess capacity. The paper will conclude that Keynes’ denigration of the theorem is wholly due to his different cast of mind, to a methodology that preferred observation and history over deductive methods.
Understanding transformation in cyber-human systems

Cyber-human systems support the increasingly complex and coupled relationships between humans and machines. This paper demonstrates that within a state based behavioral view that supports state refinement, the addition of event refinement is a natural way to define complex behavior in these systems. The paper provides a meta-model of terms and relationships which the systems analyst can use to create a behavior model that supports both state and event refinement. The use of extended state tables with this behavior model helps in the discovery of undesirable non-determinism. Allen's Theory of Temporal Intervals is used with the proposed behavioral model to discover temporal relationships and analyze for unwanted situations.
Palliative Care Communication Issues

Difficult conversations for patients and families can be challenging for physicians and other healthcare providers as well. Optimal preparation for conversations about bad news, prognosis, goals of care, and hospice can make them more effective and less of a burden. The SPIKES strategy can assist in preparing and implementing these difficult conversations with patients and families. Effective communication can be made a priority by addressing issues proactively with colleagues.
The Ways of Normality

I contrast two approaches to the interpretation of generics such as 'ravens are black': majority-based views, on which they are about what is the case most of the time, and inquiry-based views, on which they are about a feature we focus on in inquiry - an inductive target. I argue that while majority-based views are preferable based on the most basic data about generics, only inquiry-based views can account for a systematic class of sentences: generics with logically complex predicates, such as 'cats are black, white, and ginger'. Thus, inquiry-based views should carry the day. I then go on to sketch a theory of inductive targets.
Hybridization following recent secondary contact results in asymmetric genotypic and phenotypic introgression between island species of Myzomela honeyeaters

Hybridization and introgression can have important evolutionary consequences for speciation, especially during early stages of secondary contact when reproductive barriers may be weak. Few studies, however, have quantified dynamics of hybridization and introgression in systems in which recent natural dispersal across a geographic barrier resulted in secondary contact. We investigated patterns of hybridization and introgression between two Myzomela honeyeaters (M. tristrami and M. cardinalis) that recently achieved secondary contact on Makira in the Solomon Islands. Hybridization in this system was hypothesized to be a byproduct of conspecific mate scarcity during early stages of colonization. Our research, however, provides evidence of ongoing hybridization more than a century after secondary contact. Mitochondrial sequencing revealed strongly asymmetric reproductive isolation that is most likely driven by postzygotic incompatibilities rather than prezygotic behavioral barriers. Nuclear introgression was observed from the native species (M. tristrami) to the colonizing species (M. cardinalis). Nuclear introgression in the reverse direction is almost exclusively limited to birds that are phenotypically M. tristrami but possess M. cardinalis mitochondrial haplotypes, consistent with introgression of plumage-related alleles into the genomic background of M. cardinalis. These results provide unique insight into the dynamics and consequences of hybridization and introgression during early stages of secondary contact.
ChiralSU 3×SU3 algebra and approximateSU 2×SU2 symmetry

The implications of the validity of chiralSU3×SU3 current algebra and the assumption that the chiral-symmetry breaking term transforms according to the (3,3*)+(3*, 3) representation ofSU3×SU3 are investigated. It is argued that approximateSU2×SU2 symmetry is expected on the grounds of the smallness of the pion mass together with some reasonably smooth behavior for matrix elements which involve a pion. The PCAC hypothesis, in its pole-dominance form, is applied to the π, K and ν cases in a step-by-step manner. Some results are obtained for the Kl3 form factors, includingf+(0)=1. Except for the equal-time commutation relations,SU3 symmetry is not invoked even approximately. Sum rules involvingfπ,fK,fν and the pseudoscalar-meson masses are derived, some of which differ significantly from those obtained by authors using approximateSU3 symmetry. In particular, an expression forfK/fπ is inferred which involves pseudoscalar-meson masses alone.
On the Threshold of a Dream.

Standard work for sepsis employing a bundled treatment approach emphasizes the need to keep an eye on the clock (1). Like trauma, there also exists a ‘golden hour’ for sepsis resuscitation (2). Accordingly time to initial fluid administration (3, 4) and time to administration of appropriate antimicrobials (5, 6) represent key elements of early sepsis resuscitation that are associated with improved patient outcomes. However, before sepsis can be treated, it must be recognized. Sepsis recognition and verification must occur in order to initiate implementation of the sepsis bundle. However, this process may be complicated. As one example, it has been reported that emergency physicians may underestimated likelihood of serious bacterial infection among young children with fever, resulting in under treatment with antibiotics. Conversely 20% of such children without bacterial infection were prescribed antibiotics. There is a real need for sensitive and specific, real time diagnosis of bacterial infection (7). Existing culture-based microbe identification is slow and unreliable. Particularly in the intensive care unit, false negative cultures are problematic, and are often likely associated with concurrent antibiotic treatment. Mean while, missed or delayed sepsis diagnosis is a quality issue. In this regard the article by Vincent and colleagues is intriguing to both researchers and clinicians alike (8).
Postemergence effects of two insect growth regulators on the mosquito Culex tarsalis (Diptera: Culicidae).

After treating 4th-instar larvae of Culex tarsalis Coquillett at 0.1 and 1 ppb of Altosid™ [Isopropyl (2E,4E)-11-methoxy-3,7,11,-trimethyl-2,4-dodecadienoate] and 0.1 and 0.4 ppb of TH-6040 [1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3(2,6-difluorobenzoyl) urea], the adult mortality, fecundity, and egg viability of the resulting adults were assessed and compared with the checks. There was no significant difference in mortality of adults resulting from any of the treatments and that of checks except in the 0.4 ppb TH-6040 treatment where postemergence adult mortality was significantly greater than that in the checks and the other treatments. Adults resulting from 4th-instar larvae treated at 0.4 ppb of TH-6040 produced 43% fewer eggs/female than did the controls, but the greater adult mortality from this concentration was the main reason for this occurrence. When the number of eggs/female-day was calculated, it was found that adults resulting from the 0.4 ppb TH-6040-treated population did not produce fewer eggs/female-day than the controls. However, a 25% reduction in number of eggs/female-day was noted in the 1.0 ppb Altosid treatment relative to the untreated females. As a whole there was a 5% and 14% reduction in number of egg rafts resulting from the 0.1 and 1 ppb Altosid treatments, respectively. There was also a 12% increase and a 40% decrease in number of egg rafts in the 0.1 and 0.4 ppb TH-6040 treatments, respectively. Egg viability was affected at the higher rate (1 ppb) of Altosid, where 30% reduction was obtained. Mosquitoes treated with 0.1 ppb Altosid, 0.1 and 0.4 ppb TH-6040 showed no appreciable difference in percentage of egg hatch. The yield of progeny of adults from the higher rates of both insect growth regulators was depressed in the order of 36–38% in the treatments, as compared to the progeny in the control populations.
C-H oxidation by H2O2 and O2 catalyzed by a non-heme iron complex with a sterically encumbered tetradentate N-donor ligand.

The compound N,N′-dineopentyl-N,N′-bis(2-pyridylmethyl)-1,2-ethanediamine (dnbpn) and its ferrous complex [Fe(dnbpn)(OTf)2] were synthesized. The Fe(II) complex was used to catalyze the oxidation of hydrocarbons by H2O2 and O2. Although the catalyzed alkane oxidation by H2O2 displays a higher preference for secondary over tertiary carbons than those associated with most previously reported nonheme iron catalysts, the catalytic activity is markedly inferior. In addition to directing the catalyzed oxidation toward the less sterically congested C–H bonds of the substrates, the neopentyl groups destabilize the metal-based oxidants generated from H2O2 and the Fe(II) complex. The presence of benzylic substrates with weak C–H bonds stabilizes an intermediate which we have tentatively assigned as a high-spin ferric hydroperoxide species. The oxidant generated from O2 reacts with allylic and benzylic C–H bonds in the absence of a sacrificial reductant; less substrate dehydrogenation is observed than with related p...
From the Editor-in-Chief: Questions of Gender Equity in the Undergraduate Biology Classroom.

This editorial describes recent research about the perception of peer achievement in the undergraduate biology classroom. The research, along with statistical data about female retention, provides insight into gender disparities and provides opportunities to address gender bias in the classroom.
Favor reciprocation theory in education: New corruption typology

Abstract Embedded in a systemic and chronic process, corruption in education is a pervasive element that exacerbates developing countries’ efforts to educate their citizens. Understanding the cumulative impact rests upon exposing key features of educational corruption and bringing to light the varied forms in which corruption emerges within institutions of higher education. Classifying educational corruption may be elusive in the developing settings due to the acceptability and prevalence of the phenomenon; yet, it is imperative that more attention is focused on this area. Based on the empirical research conducted in Bosnia and Herzegovina’s higher education, this paper broadens current understanding of typologies of educational corruption by incorporating the novel forms emerging in the post-war and developing environment of Bosnia and Herzegovina. In particular, the study surprisingly finds that elites gravitate towards and benefit from non-pecuniary corruption while the poor tend to bribe. The study places the onus on the lack of accountability of elite power maneuvers and aims to aid in creating further awareness to combat corruption.
The Effects of Mepivacaine Hydrochloride on Antimicrobial Activity and Mechanical Nociceptive Threshold During Amikacin Sulfate Regional Limb Perfusion in the Horse.

Objective To determine the effect of intravenous regional limb perfusion (IVRLP) with a combination of mepivacaine hydrochloride and amikacin sulfate on synovial fluid amikacin sulfate concentration, antimicrobial activity, and mechanical nociceptive threshold (MNT). Study Design Experimental study. Animals Healthy adult horses (n=9). Methods One IVRLP treatment was randomly administered by cephalic vein of each limb: amikacin alone (1 g amikacin in 60 mL saline) or amikacin with mepivacaine (1 g amikacin and 500 mg mepivacaine in 60 mL saline). Opposite treatments were repeated after a 24 hour wash-out period. Amikacin concentration and antimicrobial activity were determined for synovial fluid from middle carpal joints at tourniquet removal and 30 minutes following. Zone of inhibition was determined for Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. MNT was determined at 3 dorsal metacarpal locations prior to and after sedation, after Esmarch tourniquet application, and 30 minutes after IVRLP prior to and after tourniquet removal. Results Two limbs from each treatment group were removed because of undetectable amikacin concentrations for a total of 14 data sets analyzed. Synovial fluid amikacin concentrations and zone of inhibition were not significantly different between treatments at any time point. MNT were significantly increased 30 minutes after IVRLP prior to and following tourniquet removal using amikacin and mepivacaine (median, range; 40.0 µg/mL, 38.7–40.0 and 40.0, 25.8–40.0, respectively) compared to amikacin alone (19.5 µg/mL, 18.7–25.6 and 15.3, 13.2–20.5, respectively). Conclusion Addition of mepivacaine to amikacin for IVRLP in the horse as a means of providing analgesia without decreasing antimicrobial activity.
Adaptive Control of Linear Time-Varying Plants

Abstract In this paper we consider the model reference adaptive control (MRAC) problem of a class of linear time-varying (LTV) plants. The plant parameters are assumed to be smooth, bounded functions of time which satisfy the usual assumptions of MRAC for time-invariant plants, at each frozen time instant. We first show that if the plant parameters are sufficiently slowly-varying with time, a control parameter vector with smooth elements exists, such that the closed loop plant behaves almost like a linear time invariant reference model. We then use the robust adaptive law proposed in Ioannou and Tsakalis (1985) to adjust the controller parameters and establish boundedness for all signals in the adaptive loop for any bounded initial conditions. The bound for the residual tracking error depends on the speed of the plant parameter variations in such a way that as these parameters become constant the bound reduces to zero.
“Being Unseminared”: Pleasure, Instruction, and Playing the Queen in Anthony and Cleopatra

Andrew Brown argues that in Anthony and Cleopatra Shakespeare draws upon humoral psychophysiology to present characters who are defined by radically expansive and generative forms of conscious experience. Perhaps more than any other play, Anthony and Cleopatra embeds its characters in networks of dramatic practice to problematize the distinction between inward reflection and the physical world. Brown illustrates this embeddedness by focusing on Mardian the eunuch and the boy actor who must have played him. Starting with the image of the eunuch’s mutilated body, he parallels the training of boy actors in the early modern professional theater with the actor’s need to assume identity and ties both to the somatic embodiment of consciousness and the distributed cognition required by early modern theatrical practice.
Malignant Lymphoma of Small Cleaved Lymphocytes of the Follicular Mantle Zone

We describe a highly unusual lymphocytic lymphoma. It appeared to originate in the mantle zones of hyperplastic follicles that had large reactive centers. The tumor cells in the mantle zone were small lymphocytes with cleaved or very irregular nuclei. They had coarse and abundant IgM, kappa surface immunoglobulin markers, and receptors for complement. The tumor involvement was generalized at the time of discovery. The diagnosis of a malignant lymphoma was initially made with difficulty because of the presence of reactive follicular centers as well as a polyclonal hypergammaglobulinemia and large numbers of interfollicular plasma cells and plasmacytoid lymphocytes containing all classes of immunoglobulin. However, 2 yr later, the follicular centers were replaced by tumor nodules composed of lymphocytes identical in appearance and immunologic type to those seen originally. This case illustrates that not all nodular lymphomas are follicular center cell (FCC) neoplasms and that morphological transformation from small round to small cleaved lymphocytes and a corresponding increase in surface immunoglobulins may take place in the follicular mantle zone. The patient had a high titer of antibody to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and a poor lymphocyte response to concanavalin A, but neither the tumor cells nor the plasmacytoid lymphocytes contained EBV DNA.
The effects of women's education on maternal health: Evidence from Peru

Abstract This article examines the causal effect of women's education on maternal health in Peru, a country where maternal mortality has declined by more than 70% in the last two and a half decades. To isolate the effects of education, the author employs an instrumented regression discontinuity that takes advantage of an exogenous source of variation—an amendment to compulsory schooling laws in 1993. The results indicate that extending women's years of schooling reduced the probability of several maternal health complications at last pregnancy/birth, sometimes by as much as 29%. Underlying these effects, increasing women's education is found to decrease the probability of short birth intervals and unwanted pregnancies (which may result in unsafe abortions) and to increase antenatal healthcare use, potentially owing to changes in women's cognitive skills, economic resources, and autonomy. These findings underscore the influential role of education in reducing maternal morbidity and highlight the contributions of women's education to population health and health transitions.
Defining and Achieving Student Success at Non-Elite Schools

ABSTRACTEnsuring student success has become an increasingly loud conversation for business schools. Unfortunately, most of the solutions offered within the literature tend to be proffered by those at elite institutions, and their advice unconsciously reflects that worldview. However, the vast majority of us do not work at elite institutions, even those residing in the, by definition, limited and prestigious universe of Assocation to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business International (AACSB)-accredited schools. Subsequently, the elites’ problems do not match our non-elite realities and, even worse, often push our issues into the background. This article seeks to explore three student success concerns that are more relevant, yet typically undiscussed, to those of us at non-elite AACSB-accredited institutions. These are the ways we collect and use data, an overemphasis on process without a firm outcomes perspective, and the increased emphasis on efficiency-based measures of performance. By identifying and ...
An agent-based framework for agricultural knowledge based systems

Abstract This paper proposes an architecture for cooperative problem solving utilizing features from both knowledge-based systems technology and intelligent agents technology. By redefining knowledge-based systems as individual autonomous agents with well-defined capabilities, tremendous flexibility can be achieved. Complex problem solvers can be assembled from individual agents. These problem solvers would have capabilities that far exceed the sum of the capabilities of the individual agents. By thinking of the agents in terms of their advertised capabilities regardless of their physical location, this approach enables the use of geographically dispersed agents to cooperatively solve complex problems.
Semantic change through the discursive strategy of justification: The grammaticalization of the Japanese connective datte

Abstract This study examines the process of subjectification by focusing on discursive strategy in the grammaticalization of the Japanese connective datte ‘but/because’. It is found that datte shifted its meaning from ‘but’ to ‘because’ because it increasingly came to be used with justifications in new contexts of argumentative discourse. In the course of its development, the co-occurrence of an explanatory expression, such as – kara ‘because’, also increased, which further contributed to the entrenchment of the explanatory meaning. It is argued that the preference organization of conversation, which leads participants of conversation to avoid or mitigate face-threatening actions, motivated the semantic change from concessivity to causality.
Psychological and Psychiatric Consequences of Alcohol

This chapter reviews the effects of chronic heavy alcohol consumption on psychiatric, neuropsychological, and psychological functioning. Most research reviewed herein was conducted with samples of “alcoholics,” defined variously by participation in inpatient or outpatient treatment, the presence of alcohol problems, or a diagnosis of alcohol dependence. We use the broad phrase “chronic heavy drinkers” to capture the heterogeneous nature of the samples studied in this research area.
Voted Co-training for bootstrapping sense classifiers

This paper introduces voted co-training, a bootstrapping method that combines co-training with majority voting, with the effect of smoothing the learning curves, and improving the average performance. Voted co-training was evaluated on a word sense classification problem, with significant improvements observed over basic co-training algorithms. Various empirical parameter selection methods for co-training are investigated, with various degrees of error reduction.
Genomic Prostate Score, PI-RADS™ version 2 and Progression in Men with Prostate Cancer on Active Surveillance.

Purpose:The OncotypeDx® GPS (Genomic Prostate Score®) is a 17-gene RNA expression assay intended to help guide treatment decisions in men diagnosed with prostate cancer. The PI-RADS™ (Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System) version 2 was developed to standardize the risk stratification of lesions identified on multiparametric prostate magnetic resonance imaging. We sought to determine whether these tests are associated with an increased risk of biopsy upgrading in men on active surveillance.Materials and Methods:We identified all patients on active surveillance at the University of California-San Francisco who had low/intermediate risk prostate cancer (prostate specific antigen 20 ng/ml or less and clinical stage T1/T2) and Gleason score 6 disease who underwent multiple biopsies and had a GPS available and/or had undergone multiparametric prostate magnetic resonance imaging with an available PI-RADS version 2 score. The primary study outcome was biopsy upgrading, defined as an increase in the Gleason ...
Efficacy of Halauxifen-Methyl on Glyphosate-Resistant Horseweed (Erigeron canadensis)

Halauxifen-methyl is a new synthetic auxin herbicide for control of broadleaf weeds, including preplant applications for corn (Zea mays L.) or soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. The objective of this study was to investigate the efficacy of halauxifen-methyl in comparison to the current auxin standards, 2,4-D and dicamba, on glyphosate-resistant (GR) horseweed (Erigeron canadensis L.) at different plant heights. In field experiments, a foliar application of halauxifen-methyl at the recommended use rate of 5 g ae ha-1 resulted in 81% control. Dicamba applied at 280 g ae ha-1 provided a comparable level of efficacy of 80%, while 2,4-D at 560 g ae ha-1 resulted in 49% control. The addition of glyphosate improved GR E. canadensis control with 2,4-D more than with halauxifen-methyl or dicamba, possibly due to the higher level of control observed with halauxifen-methyl or dicamba alone. Even though applied at 50 to 100 times lower application rates, the efficacy of halauxifen-methyl on E. canadensis was similar to dicamba and greater than 2,4-D. Thus, halauxifen-methyl should be an effective tool for management of GR E. canadensis before planting both conventional and herbicide-resistant soybean varieties, and it precludes the extended preplant application interval required for dicamba in some soybean management systems.
Local anesthetics in dentistry

Since the advent of their use over a hundred years ago, local anesthetics have continued to shape the field of dentistry and its specialties by providing the means with which to accomplish a multitude of procedures in an office setting without the need for a general anesthetic. In oral and maxillofacial surgery, local anesthetics have the added benefit of providing hemostasis to the surgical field, resulting in increased visualization and attenuation of blood loss. In addition, long-acting local anesthetics have become increasingly popular for the control of postoperative pain, mitigating the need for the prescription of narcotic pain medication. A variety of agents, both for topical use and for injection, are available on the market in the United States. While the mechanism of action of these local anesthetic agents is similar, each drug offers its own unique characteristics, allowing the practitioner to tailor his or her selection of local anesthetic to the needs of the patient and the demands of the procedure. The aim of this chapter will be to introduce the basic pharmacology of local anesthetic agents and to familiarize the reader with the variety of drugs currently available on the market, their unique properties, and potential risks and complications associated with their use.
Assessment of total, ligand-induced peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ ligand activity in serum

Humans are exposed to a complex mixture of environmental chemicals that impact bone and metabolic health, and traditional exposure assessments struggle to capture these exposure scenarios. Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ) is an essential regulator of metabolic and bone homeostasis, and its inappropriate activation by environmental chemicals can set the stage for adverse health effects. Here, we present the development of the Serum PPARγ Activity Assay (SPAA), a simple and cost-effective method to measure total ligand activity in small volumes of serum. First, we determined essential components of the bioassay. Cos-7 cells were transfected with combinations of expression vectors for human PPARγ and RXRα, the obligate DNA-binding partner of PPARγ, along with PPRE (DR1)-driven luciferase and control eGFP reporter constructs. Transfected cells were treated with rosiglitazone, a synthetic PPARγ ligand and/or LG100268, a synthetic RXR ligand, to characterize the dose response and determine the simplest and most efficacious format. Following optimization of the bioassay, we assessed the cumulative activation of PPARγ by ligands in serum from mice treated with a PPARγ ligand and commercial human serum samples. Cos-7 cells endogenously express sufficient RXR to support efficacious activation of transfected PPARγ. Co-transfection of an RXR expression vector with the PPARγ expression vector did not increase PPRE transcriptional activity induced by rosiglitazone. Treatment with an RXR ligand marginally increased PPRE transcriptional activity in the presence of transfected PPARγ, and co-treatment with an RXR ligand reduced rosiglitazone-induced PPRE transcriptional activity. Therefore, the final bioassay protocol consists of transfecting Cos-7 cells with a PPARγ expression vector along with the reporter vectors, applying rosiglitazone standards and/or 10 μL of serum, and measuring luminescence and fluorescence after a 24 h incubation. Sera from mice dosed with rosiglitazone induced PPRE transcriptional activity in the SPAA in a dose-dependent and PPARγ-dependent manner. Additionally, human serum from commercial sources induced a range of PPRE transcriptional activities in a PPARγ-dependent manner, demonstrating the ability of the bioassay to detect potentially low levels of ligands. The SPAA can reliably measure total PPRE transcriptional activity in small volumes of serum. This system provides a sensitive, straightforward assay that can be reproduced in any cell culture laboratory.
Monitoring and analysis of infectious diseases at frontier ports in China.

[Objective]Through the epidemiological analysis of patients with infectious diseases at frontier ports in China,learn about the epidemic status and characteristics of infectious diseases at frontier ports,and provide the basis and recommendation for infectious diseases control and prevention at frontier ports. [Methods]The monitoring data of infectious diseases of entry-exit people and staff working at ports of frontier ports in China from June 2009 to May 2010 were analyzed by descriptive epidemiological method. [Results]The first 5 international ports with the highest detection rate were Tibet(55.41%),Yunnan(5.62%),Zhuhai(4.00%),Tianjin(3.64%) and Qinghai(3.20%).The majority of overseas patients with infectious diseases came from East Asia and South-east Asia,and most of patients working at ports were young middle male.The top 3 occupations of high detection rate in Chinese patients were driver(3.88%),people who marry with foreigners(1.95%) and businessman(1.68%).The top 3 occupations of high detection rate in foreigners with infectious diseases were seaman(4.20%),people living at the frontiers(3.71%),service worker(2.31%). [Conclusion]It is necessary to strengthen the surveillance in high risk population and education of knowledge about infectious diseases prevention,in order to effectively prevent the spread of infectious diseases through international ports.
It starts at the top: An analysis of female representation in academic medical oncology (MO), radiation oncology (RO), and surgical oncology (SO) program leadership positions.

10520Background: Female underrepresentation in academic medicine leadership is well-documented; however, oncology specific data are scarce. This study evaluates female leadership representation in ...
Predictors of In-Hospital Mortality after Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation.

The development of aortic valve stenosis is strongly associated with older adults. Patients who undergo transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) for severe aortic stenosis frequently have heart failure (HF). We investigated the predictors of mortality after TAVI according to the presence of HF, and specifically HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) versus HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). Patients were identified from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample registry from January 2011 to September 2015 using the ICD-9 codes. Patients with HF who underwent TAVI were classified according to whether they were diagnosed with HFrEF or HFpEF. The principal outcome of interest was in-hospital mortality. Multivariable analysis was used to adjust for potential baseline confounders. Among 11,609 patients undergoing TAVI, 6,368 (54.9%) had baseline HF, including 4,290 (67.4%) with HFpEF and 2,078 (32.6%) with HFrEF. In TAVI patients with HF, in-hospital mortality was also not significantly different in those with HFrEF compared with HFpEF (3.66% vs 3.17%, respectively; adjusted odds ratio 1.14, 95% confidence interval 0.84 to 1.53; p = 0.38). Polyvalvular heart disease was an additional independent predictor of in-hospital mortality in HFrEF, whereas age, liver disease, and the absence of depression and anemia were additional independent predictors of mortality in HFpEF. In conclusion, baseline HF in patients undergoing TAVI is prevalent and is more commonly due to HFpEF than HFrEF. Mortality is similar in those with HFrEF and HFpEF. Knowledge of the specific predictors of mortality after TAVI in HF patients may be useful for patient selection and prognostic guidance.
¿Después del desarrollismo y la globalización, qué?

El siglo XX ha sido periodo de ensayos y errores en lo que se refiere a la busqueda de una solucion al atraso economico de los paises de sur. Fue asi como surgio una de las corrientes intelectuales mas fuertes de la economia posterior de la segunda posguerra y la descolonizacion: el desarrollismo. Se trataba, en otras palabras, de alcanzar el desarrollo a partir de las propias economias de estos paises y no como una imposicion proveniente de las metropolis del mundo “pan-europeo”. Sin embargo, a partir de los anos setenta, y en conjuncion con el shock petrolero, se produce un desgaste de este modelo y una arremetida simultanea de los teoricos del libre mercado y de la apertura capitalista. El paradigma se desarrollo cambio entonces, una vez mas, en 180o. Solo a fines de los 90, y producto de la crisis de los mercados asiaticos, quedaron a la vista las fisuras de la nueva Globalizacion, dando espacio para que un nuevo movimiento social, representando en el espiritu del Foro Social Mundial, tomara el relevo de la representacion de los intereses de los paises del sur. Las estrategias y alcances de esta nueva corriente estan en pleno desarrollo y debieran, al menos, aprender de la experiencia historica y los esfuerzos anteriores.