cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of Clearance on Thick, Single-Lap Bolted Joints Using Through-the-Thickness Measuring Techniques

Composite materials have increasingly become more common in ground transportation. As this occured thicker panels, as compared to composite panels used in aviation, become necessary in order to withstand high impact loads and day to day degradation. The effectiveness of these panels was often limited by the strength of the joint in which the panel was attached to the frame of the vehicle. Investigating methods of reducing strain concentrations within these joints would increase the effectiveness in using composite materials in ground transportation applications by increasing the load necessary for joint failure to occur. In this study, fiber optic strain gages were embedded in a composite panel along the bearing plane of a thick, single-lap, bolted joint. The gages allow for the strain profile above the hole to be determined experimentally. Several clearance values were then implemented in the bolt to determine their effect on the strain concentrations. Strain increased at every gage, by nearly the same proportion, when clearance was increased from zero to three percent. When clearance was further increased to five percent strain only continued to increase at gages three and four, with one and two remaining similar in value to what was seen at three percent clearance. Ultimately, like in thin composite panels, the zero percent clearance condition was the stiffest.
A Method for Evaluating the Light Protection of Amber Glass

(1971). A Method for Evaluating the Light Protection of Amber Glass. Proceedings. Annual meeting - American Society of Brewing Chemists: Vol. 29, Proceedings of the Annual Meeting 1971, pp. 238-245.
How to Be a Pluralist in Substance Ontology

The four principal competing substance ontologies are substratum theory, bundle theory, primitive substance theory, and hylomorphism. Both historically and in the recent literature, most arguments pertaining to these four theories have been developed under the assumption that only one of them can be true. (E.g., substratum theorists typically think that substrata must be real if substances are real at all, and that the other three theories are impossible.) However there is room in this debate for various forms of pluralism: mild pluralism here refers to the view that while only one of these four theories is true of our world, there is at least one other possible world in which a different substance ontology obtains; moderate pluralism refers to the view that while only one of these four theories is true of our world, there is at least one other possible world in which multiple substance ontologies obtain (e.g., a possible world in which some substances are compounds of substrata and properties and other substances consist solely of compresent properties); and extreme pluralism refers to the view that our own actual world contains substances belonging to different substance ontologies. In this paper I lay out a novel argument for a version of extreme pluralism.
Modeling Carbon Dioxide Vibrational Frequencies in Ionic Liquids: IV. Temperature Dependence

In previous papers in the series, the vibrational spectroscopy of CO2 in ionic liquids (ILs) was investigated at ambient conditions. Here, we extend these studies to understand the temperature dependence of the structure, dynamics, and thermodynamics of CO2 in the 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate, [bmim][PF6], IL. Using spectroscopic mapping techniques, the infrared absorption spectrum of the CO2 asymmetric stretch mode is simulated at a number of temperatures, and the results are found to be consistent with similar experimental studies. Structural correlation functions are used to reveal the thermodynamics of complete CO2 solvent cage breakdown. The enthalpy and entropy of activation for solvent cage reorganization are found to be 6.9 and 7.6 (kcal/mol)/K, respectively, and these values are similar to the those for spectral, orientational, and translational diffusion. Caging times for CO2 are calculated, and it is shown that the short time dynamics of CO2 are unaffected by temperature, even though the long-time dynamics are highly sensitive to temperature.
Simultaneous Determination of Biliary and Intestinal Cholesterol Secretion Reveals That CETP (Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein) Alters Elimination Route in Mice.

Objective: Determine the impact of CETP (cholesteryl ester transfer protein) on the route of cholesterol elimination in mice. Approach and Results: We adapted our protocol for biliary cholesterol s...
Sister Mary Joseph nodule: an often overlooked or misdiagnosed entity on imaging

Abstract Sister Mary Joseph nodule (SMJN) is an umbilical nodule representing a metastatic deposit from an intra-abdominal primary malignancy. Most radiologists are unaware of this phenomenon, and cases of SMJN have rarely been described in the radiology literature, to our knowledge. We present an example of a patient with known primary pancreatic adenocarcinoma found to have an umbilical nodule as the first manifestation of metastatic disease after an initial misdiagnosis on computed tomography. In addition, we delineate the importance of maintaining a high index of suspicion and pattern recognition for SMJN during imaging when a patient presents with umbilical pain in the setting of known malignancy, since early diagnosis can alter management.
Humanizing Creativity and the Development of Collegiate Dancers’ Political Identities

Colleges and universities are increasingly called on to prepare students for the demands of democracy. Students’ ability to rise to these challenges depends in part on the development of political ...
Doctoral Colloquium—Enhancing Brain Plasticity and Cognition Utilizing Immersive Technology and Virtual Reality Contexts for Gameplay

This work-in-progress paper examines the effects of immersive virtual experiences on cognition and neuroplasticity. Study 1 examined the separate and combined effects of physically active and cognitively demanding immersive gameplay on executive function and associated neural substrates. Results indicated that cognition and neuroplasticity—the building of new brain connections—increase when learning novel skills via active gameplay. Study 2 devised an experimental design to reproduce Study 1 in virtual reality to examine whether the findings of enhanced cognition and neuroplasticity generalize across virtual contexts and development. Incorporating neuroimaging measures into virtual experiences may identify the underlying mechanisms for behavioral changes in learning.
Vein of Galen Malformation.

Vein of Galen Malformation A neonate born at 37 weeks of gestation had respiratory distress 3 hours after birth. A chest radiograph and an echocardiogram showed signs of cardiac failure. Cranial ul...
Mass of 31 S

A high-resolution study of the $^{32}\mathrm{S}(p,d)^{31}\mathrm{S}$ reaction shows a discrepancy with the current table of mass values. The $^{32}\mathrm{S}(p,d)^{31}\mathrm{S}$ reaction $Q$ value is found to be - 12 817.8 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 1.5 keV, 45.6 keV more positive than the published value, which carried an 11-keV uncertainty. Similar studies of the ($p,d$) reaction on $^{23}\mathrm{Na}$, $^{27}\mathrm{Al}$, $^{33}\mathrm{S}$, $^{34}\mathrm{S}$, $^{35}\mathrm{Cl}$, and $^{37}\mathrm{Cl}$ indicate no discrepancies with the $Q$ values (of 1- to 2-keV accuracy) tabulated for these nuclei. Possible sources for the sulfur discrepancy are discussed.
Peripherally restricted cannabinoid type 1 receptor (CB1R) antagonist, AM6545, potentiates stress-induced hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activation via a non-CB1R mechanism

The cannabinoid type 1 receptor (CB1R) inverse agonist, rimonabant, had several beneficial effects in individuals with metabolic disorder, but exacerbated anxiety and depressive symptoms in susceptible individuals and was removed from clinical use [1]. Since the psychiatric adverse effects of rimonabant are likely mediated centrally, the peripherally-restricted CB1R neutral antagonist, AM6545, was developed with the hopes of avoiding psychiatric side effects. In rodents, AM6545 shares the beneficial cardiometabolic properties of rimonabant, but lacks effects in CNS-mediated assays for anxiety, food palatability, cannabinoid tetrad, or withdrawal [2–8]. Considerable evidence has accumulated demonstrating that endogenous activation of the CB1R in several brain regions dampens stress-induced hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis activation [9]. In particular, rimonabant has been shown to increase basal and stress-induced HPA axis activation [10] and inhibit recovery of the axis to baseline following stress [11]. A peripherally restricted drug, such as AM6545, should not accumulate in higher brain regions and, therefore, should not share the effects of rimonabant to potentiate HPA axis activity unless there is another site of action. The purpose of these studies was to determine whether AM6545 affects stress-induced HPA axis activation and to explore the role of the CB1R in the effect.
Appendix: Tactical Operations—Active Shooter

This chapter will discuss the role of EMS in the warm zone and how to safely navigate an active shooter situation in collaboration with law enforcement.
Pulse Arterial Tonometry Evaluation of Reliability study.

Citation:Allam JS, Ioachimescu OC. Pulse Arterial Tonometry Evaluation of Reliability study. J Clin Sleep Med. 2021;17(6):1331–1332.
668 Utilizing Risk Score Assessment to Maximize Sleep Research Participant Safety During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Introduction: Research study recruitment has been profoundly affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, demonstrated by significant delays or pauses. Various guidelines pertaining to in-person visits have applied to research. Some call for exclusion of participants that the CDC has labeled “at increased risk”.1 For obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) studies, these guidelines have caused a sharp decrease in the number of new participants. This decrease is due to high rates of OSA comorbidities including obesity and diabetes. New evidence-based risk scores have been developed using individual- and communitylevel factors. The use of more refined COVID-19 risk scores can help protect patient safety while allowing research to continue. Methods: The risk score assessment used for this study (COVID- 19 Mortality Risk Calculator;Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD)2 is evidence-based and uses a set of risk factors and community-level pandemic dynamics in the state of residence.3,4 It was compared to the list of CDC medical conditions that are considered to put an individual “at increased risk.” Both measures were calculated retrospectively on current participants to determine how many could safely attend in-person visits based on each risk assessment method. Results: Sample characteristics of the 110 participants were: mean age: 49.5±13.7(24-76);mean BMI: 32.3±5.3(20.9-46.1);mean AHI: 24.3±21.4(5.1-110). Mortality Risk Calculator scores were: 91(82.7%) close to/lower than average [Level 1];12(10.9%) moderately elevated;6(5.5%) substantially elevated;1(0.9%) high;and 0(0%) very high [Level 5]. Using CDC guidance, 63 (57.3%) had at least one at-risk condition and 47 (42.7%) had 0. Using only Level 1 of the Risk Calculator would allow an additional 28 (25%) participants to attend in-person visits;using Levels 1 and 2 would allow an additional 40 (37%) participants. Conclusion: Policies based on CDC at-risk conditions resulted in higher levels of participant exclusion in research during the COVID- 19 pandemic than use of an evidence-based Mortality Risk Calculator. This analysis shows that researchers can use risk-adjusted scores to make informed decisions about study participation that balances both participant safety and research study progress.
Brief of Amici Curiae Consumer Bankruptcy and Student Loan Academics in Support of Petitioner

To interpret the open-ended phrase “undue hardship,” courts must look not just to the goals of the nondischargeability provision in isolation, but also to the broader purposes of Title IV of the Higher Education Act (HEA), the statutory scheme governing federal student loans. Over 90 percent of outstanding student loans were made under Title IV programs, nondischargeability was originally adopted as an amendment to the HEA, and the Brunner test itself purports to be based on the “purposes of the guaranteed student loan program.” In re Brunner, 46 B.R. 752, 756 (S.D.N.Y. 1985), aff’d, 831 F.2d 395 (2d Cir. 1987). Overly stingy application of the undue-hardship provision undermines the expressly articulated overarching goals of the federal student loan programs. Fear of debt and student debt itself deter students, particularly low-income students, from starting and completing higher education. Unmanageable debt discourages borrowers from using their education for the economic benefit of society because their earnings simply go to creditors. Fear of financial distress distorts students’ career choices. Many student loans are harmful to borrowers, who would have been better off never borrowing for higher education. By denying borrowers escape from debts they cannot repay, nondischargeability exacerbates all these effects, each of which undermines a goal of Title IV. The Brunner decision imagines a harsh “quid pro quo” in which the federal government “exacts” a price of near-total nondischargeability in exchange for making student loans. Brunner, 46 B.R. at 756. Although the Brunner opinion asserts that this arrangement advances the purposes of the student loan programs, it cites no evidence of the programs’ aims and ignores their true goals. The same is true of the Fifth Circuit’s decisions adopting and applying Brunner. These decisions are thus fundamentally flawed. To be sure, Congress did limit the dischargeability of student loans, despite the tension between nondischargeability and the goals of the student loan programs. It thought doing so would combat abuse and enhance repayment. But the limit on dischargeability contains an “undue hardship” exception of uncertain scope. In applying that exception, courts should act not just to fight abuse and recover money but also to advance the education-promoting goals of the overall statutory scheme.
The Associations Between Visitation, Social Media Use, and Search and Rescue in United States National Parks.

Introduction Search and rescue (SAR) is vital for visitor safety in US national parks, which are popular destinations for tourists. Previous studies have described SAR and seasonal visitation patterns, but not in the context of overall visitation. In addition, studies on the association between SAR and developed park areas remain limited. Concurrently, social media can be valuable for sharing information about conservation awareness and the joy of being outdoors. However, social media can potentially be an avenue for users to share risky and dangerous behaviors performed during attempts to obtain photos and videos. The associations between SAR and social media have not been discussed in existing literature. Methods Variables included recreational visits, developed site stay visits, backcountry visits, SAR incidents, and tweets. Data from 2017 were obtained from National Park Service visitor use statistics, the SAR incident dashboard, and the University of California, Irvine, Cloudberry application. Correlation analysis was performed using nonparametric Kendall rank correlation coefficients. Results Recreational visits were correlated with SAR incidents (rτ=0.415, P Conclusions Our findings demonstrate associations between national park visitation, SAR incidents, fatalities, and Twitter use and provides a concept framework for future prospective studies to further investigate the relationships between visitation, SAR, and social media.
Book Review: Diagnostic Endoscopy

Haishan Zeng, 272 pages, ISBN: 13:978-1-4200-8346-0, CRC Press, New York (2013) $99.95, hardcover. Reviewed by Lingyan Shi, research assistant and PhD candidate, Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of the City University of New York Diagnostic Endoscopy, edited by Haishan Zeng, is a new book recently published by CRC Press. This book is clearly organized and incorporates both well-established and new theories and principles of endoscopy that are used in laboratory and clinical practice. It will help enlighten the medical community to unlock the value of applying spectroscopy to medicine, and to educate undergraduate and graduate students in the field of biomedical optics.
Radioxenon spiked air

Four of the radioactive xenon isotopes ((131m)Xe, (133m)Xe, (133)Xe and (135)Xe) with half-lives ranging from 9 h to 12 days are produced from nuclear fission and can be detected from days to weeks following their production and release. Being inert gases, they are readily transported through the atmosphere. Sources for release of radioactive xenon isotopes include operating nuclear reactors via leaks in fuel rods, medical isotope production facilities, and nuclear weapons' detonations. They are not normally released from fuel reprocessing due to the short half-lives. The Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty has led to creation of the International Monitoring System. The International Monitoring System, when fully implemented, will consist of one component with 40 stations monitoring radioactive xenon around the globe. Monitoring these radioactive xenon isotopes is important to the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty in determining whether a seismically detected event is or is not a nuclear detonation. A variety of radioactive xenon quality control check standards, quantitatively spiked into various gas matrices, could be used to demonstrate that these stations are operating on the same basis in order to bolster defensibility of data across the International Monitoring System. This paper focuses on Idaho National Laboratory's capability to produce three of the xenon isotopes in pure form and the use of the four xenon isotopes in various combinations to produce radioactive xenon spiked air samples that could be subsequently distributed to participating facilities.
From promise to practice. The role of synthetic biology in green chemistry.

Synthetic biology has the potential to profoundly change the way we produce many chemicals, as well as to reduce the environmental impact of the chemical industry.
Diazepam metabolism during chronic medication unbound fraction in plasma, erythrocytes and urine.

Abstract The metabolism of diazepam was studied in a group of patients receiving 4 t 60 mg of the drug pro die for periods of time ranging from 2 days to 106 weeks. Chronic administration of high therapeutic doses may result in a considerable accumulation of the drug in blood; following administration of 60 mg pro die for an II-week period, plasma levels as high as 194 μg% of diazepam and 267 μg% of demethyldiazepam were detected in one patient. In the major of cases, the plateau level attained after a few weeks of medication remained constant during the following months of therapy. In four cases, an increasing accumulation of the drug in plasma was observed during the course of treatment; in tow patients, the plasma level of unmetabolized drug increased, thoughout a period of several months, to twice the value attained after the first weeks of medication. Demethyldiazepam was the major metabolite detected in plasma. The two hydroxylated metabolites, oxazepam and 3-hydroxydiazepam, were present in the majority of samples irrespective of the length of treatment. Adsorption of diazepam and demethyldiazepma by the erythrocytes occurred after II or more weeks of therapy. Upon discontinuance of the treatment, diazepam compounds disappeared from the plasma more rapidly than from the erythrocytes. Free forms of diazepam and metabolites appeared in the urine following a few weeks of medication. Ninety minutes after ingestion of 2- to 20-mg dose, the plasma levels of unmetabolized diazepma encountered in the samples analyzed ranged from 9 to 194 μg%. The concentration of the metabolites varied as follows: demethyldiazepam, 3–275 μg%; oxazepam, 0–29 μg%; 3-hydroxydiazepam, 0–18 μg%. The average plasma concentration of diazepam and demethyldiazepam in each group of patients receiving identical dosages (total 52 samples) reflected the amount of drug administered in a 24-h period as well as the dosage interval. The unpredictable accumulation of the drug in blood during long-term therapy and the excessive concentration attained after administration of high doses illustrate the necessity of evaluating plasma levels as a guide to administration of diazepam during chronic medication. Specific anaylytical procedures were developed for the simultaneous determination of the four compounds and for the isolation of each metabolite by fractiona-
3. Getting “Wrong” Right

and the devastating effects of garlic on magnets), making these “errors” yield up broader epistemological truths. The reader is immediately warned against taking for granted too much uniformity between “scientific” cultures, and particularly against assuming a one-to-one correspondence between an observer’s truth and things that are actually present in the world. This search for difference, for Lehoux, lies at the heart of the enterprise of history of science: “we could have done it differently. Indeed, on one way of looking at it, the history of the sciences is virtually a catalogue of different ways of doing it…” (Lehoux 2012, 1) Estrangement of Roman thought, and of ancient science more generally, is a crucial part of Lehoux’s strategy for allowing his reader to see Roman scientific thought through new eyes. Each chapter is structured around a particular problem and an exemplary text or two: Seneca’s Natural Questions informs a discussion of the extent to which a judicial system which relied on rhetoric influenced the exploration of nature in the early Empire; Ptolemy’s Tetrabiblos and Manilius’s Astronomica yield a spectrum of possible models underlying Roman beliefs in astrology; and so on. The final two chapters are completely dedicated to the problems a “realist” standpoint creates for the history of science, and to alternative theories of truth and their explanatory power for both modern problems in scientific epistemology and the now-familiar Roman problems explored elsewhere in the book. Where possible, Lehoux links the discourse in the ancient texts to persistent puzzles in epistemology and philosophy of science: the importance of witnessing, the validity of analogical models, the requirements for “laws” in nature, and so forth. What Did the Romans Know? is not exactly a book about the history of Roman science, not even if this history is defined broadly in sociological and material terms as well as those of more traditional intellectual history. It is rather about the philosophical, linguistic, and rhetorical terms of the discourse of epistemology as it evolved around a series of particular problems. The book is grounded not so much in Roman social realia or scientific or textual practices, as in a set of philosophical “worldviews” which differ more or less radically from our own, though they operate on familiar objects (which Lehoux exemplifies at the book’s end as “walls and eyeballs,
Filterability of erythrocytes from vitamin E-deficient lead-poisoned rats.

The time required for red blood cells (RBC) from vitamin E-deficient lead-poisoned (-E + Pb) rats to pass through polycarbonate filters after incubation in vitro was much greater than that of RBC from vitamin E-supplemented non-poisoned rats. Vitamin E deficiency per se (i.e., in non-poisoned rats) often increased filtration times, but in all such experiments the RBC from -E + Pb groups had even longer filtration times. Administration of lead to rats supplemented with vitamin E had little effect on the filtration rate of RBC. N,N'-diphenyl-p-phenylenediamine (DPPD) prevented the increased filtration times characteristic of RBC from -E + Pb rats, but replacement of the lard in the vitamin E-deficient basal diet by more highly polyunsaturated fats did not exacerbate the increased filtration times of RBC from -E + Pb rats. The increased filtration time of RBC from -E + Pb rats appeared to be related to the extent of RBC lipid peroxidation. Decreasing the pH of the RBC incubation medium from 7.4 to 6.6, an acidity typical of the spleen, markedly increased the filtration times of RBC from -E + Pb rats. Addition of lead in vitro increased filtration times of RBC from both vitamin E-deficient and supplemented non-poisoned rats, but filtration times tended to be longer in the deficient group. These results suggest that vitamin E deficiency and lead toxicity act synergistically to alter the deformability of the RBC thereby rendering it vulnerable to sequestration in the spleen.
Psychological Approaches to Values in Organizations and Organizational Behavior Management

Researchers studying individual and organizational value congruence are concerned with the degree to which the values of the employee and the organization for which he or she works agree and the affective outcomes that more or less agreement might predict. While a robust area of research, the applications following from it are somewhat limited. This paper reviews the concepts and research findings concerning value congruence, discusses various behavioral interpretations of the values construct, applies those interpretations to the organizational level, and offers recommendations for how these interpretations might point to more successful organizational change initiatives.
Regulation of IL-1-induced gingival collagenase gene expression by activator protein-1 (c-Fos/c-Jun).

Matrix metalloproteinase-1 is probably involved in the progression of periodontal disease. The aim of this study was to investigate whether IL-1beta stimulates the expression of the activator protein 1 (AP-1) transcription factor and, consequently, if the AP-1 transcription factor participates in the regulation of collagenase gene expression in human gingival fibroblast cells. In this study, we demonstrate that the concentration of the protein components of AP-1 transcription factor, c-Fos and c-Jun, is enhanced by IL-1beta both at mRNA and protein levels, utilizing Northern blot analysis, electrophoretic mobility gel shift assay and Western blot analysis. The IL-1beta stimulated the collagenase-CAT and AP-1-CAT activities in a dose dependent manner with respect to the amount of DNA used in transfections. Further, overexpression of c-Fos and c-Jun proteins revealed a dose-dependent transcriptional activation of the collagenase promoter. These findings, coupled with the existence of AP-1 consensus DNA binding sites on the collagenase gene promoter, show that regulation of collagenase gene expression by IL-1beta involves the transcription factor AP-1 in gingival fibroblasts.
Activation of NF-κB by RANK Requires Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor-associated Factor (TRAF) 6 and NF-κB-inducing Kinase IDENTIFICATION OF A NOVEL TRAF6 INTERACTION MOTIF

Various members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor superfamily activate nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathways through their interaction with TNF receptor-associated factors (TRAFs) and NF-κB-inducing kinase (NIK). We have previously shown that the cytoplasmic domain of receptor activator of NF-κB (RANK) interacts with TRAF2, TRAF5, and TRAF6 and that its overexpression activates NF-κB and JNK pathways. Through a detailed mutational analysis of the cytoplasmic domain of RANK, we demonstrate that TRAF2 and TRAF5 bind to consensus TRAF binding motifs located in the C terminus at positions 565–568 and 606–611, respectively. In contrast, TRAF6 interacts with a novel motif located between residues 340 and 358 of RANK. Furthermore, transfection experiments with RANK and its deletion mutants in human embryonic 293 cells revealed that the TRAF6-binding region (340–358), but not the TRAF2 or TRAF5-binding region, is necessary and sufficient for RANK-induced NF-κB activation. Moreover, a kinase mutant of NIK (NIK-KM) inhibited RANK-induced NF-κB activation. However, RANK-mediated JNK activation required a distal portion (427–603) of RANK containing the TRAF2-binding domain. Thus, our results indicate that RANK interacts with various TRAFs through distinct motifs and activates NF-κB via a novel TRAF6 interaction motif, which then activates NIK, thus leading to NF-κB activation, whereas RANK most likely activates JNK through a TRAF2-interacting region in RANK.
Influences of body mass, temperature, oxygen tension, and salinity on respiratory oxygen consumption of cyprinodontoid fishes of three families

This review evaluates the current state of knowledge of influences of body mass, ambient temperature, PO2, and salinity on routine metabolic rates of members of three families, Fundulidae, Cyprinodontidae, and Poeciliidae, belonging to the order Cyprinodontiformes. The study was motivated by Winberg’s (Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Translation Series No. 194. Distributed by the Fisheries Research Board of Canada Biological Station, Nanaimo, BC, 1960) conclusion that the Cyprinodontiformes (Winberg included only live-bearing poeciliids) generally have lower metabolic rates that do other fishes. Based on available information Winberg’s conclusion was borne out that live-bearing freshwater poeciliids show lower than average routine metabolic rates compared to other freshwater fish groups. This is also true of poeciliids from saline waters, and of both freshwater and saline-water members of the related families Fundulidae and Cyprinodontidae. However, considerable variation in metabolic patterns was noted within and among these three families. There were geographic variations between subspecies of some species. Some island groups/species showed lower routine metabolic rates than did allied mainland groups/species. Thermal responses (Q10 values) in routine metabolic rates of these fishes showed variations with geographic location, PO2, salinity and size. Values of PO2crit were altered among species by temperature, body size/age, and possibly salinity. Influences of ambient salinity on routine metabolic rates of these cyprinodontoid fishes also showed variations with temperature and size/age of individuals. The patterns of metabolic responses in these cyprinodontoid fishes to environmental conditions were generally similar to those of other species. Unfortunately, the available information on these fishes lacks the uniformity that would allow for critical and quantitative comparisons between and among the cyprinodontoids and with other species.
Visualization of whole mantle propagation of seismic shear energy using normal mode summation

Correct representation of seismic waveforms propagating through the mantle from a 600 km deep earthquake is presented using graphic interpolation between synthetic seismograms computed across a grid of mantle depths and distances. All torsional normal modes with periods above 12 s are summed to create 72,846 seismograms at depths between the surface and the core-mantle boundary. The resulting time snapshots show the manner by which seismic shear energy propagates around the core away from the source.
The precision implant 9000 beam line

Abstract The Precision Implant 9000 Ion Implanter employs a mass analysis geometry where the ribbon beam extracted from a Freeman type ion source has the long axis of the ion source extraction slot in the dispersion plane of the magnetic analysis system. This allows the ion source and its associated extraction system to be placed close to the analysing magnet. This means that the length of the extraction slot no longer determines the pole gap necessary for the analysing magnet as would be the case for conventional isotope separator optics. This geometry allows extraction from a long and wide extraction slot or multiple extraction slots. In the latter case each beam sees the same dispersion plane geometry. The above features, together with an extraction system employing a generous acceleration/deceleration ratio results in a system which will deliver high beam currents from a compact beam line with particularly advantageous extraction gap electrical breakdown characteristics. The design of the mass analysis system incorporates a number of features aimed at minimising cross-contamination caused by sputtering. The postacceleration system incorporates a five gap acceleration geometry which gives the flexibility necessary to provide the wide beam energy and current capability. The dosimetry system uses both electrostatic and magnetic suppression.
Linear polarization measurements

Abstract The use of the Compton polarimeter is discussed for the measurement of linear polarizations of gamma rays from aligned nuclear excited states. A set of formulas is given for calculating the polarization-correlation of any member of a multiple gamma-ray cascade and for calculating the Compton scattering asymmetry expected from a polarization measurement. Corrections for the finite geometry of the polarimeter are discussed and simple approximate formulas are given for calculating the geometrical correction coefficients. The results of exact numerical computer calculations for one sample geometry are compared with the results of the approximate formulas. The mechanical construction and electronic circuitry for a typical Compton polarimeter and the shape of the pulse height spectrum obtained by summing the pulses from the scattering and absorbing detectors are discussed.
Seasonal and interannual variations in Antarctic backscatter signature from 2000 to 2006 as observed by QuikSCAT

Time-series analysis of Antarctic QuikSCAT data reveals several trends. An annual seasonal cycle in which backscatter power increases during the Austral winter and decreases during the Austral summer, is observed over most of the continent, with varying magnitude. Several areas also show a large ( ~ 10dB) decrease in average backscatter during the Austral summer, suggesting melt events. As expected, seasonal variations are strongly dependent on latitude; the southernmost observable portion of the continent is much less seasonably variable than the coasts. Interanual trends show strong long-term trends superimposed on seasonal cycles in much of the continent. Along the coast of most of the continent, backscatter has consistently increased, on the order of 0.5 dB/year, during the seven-year study period. Other regions, mostly in the West-Antarctic interior show the opposite trend, with average backscatter decreasing on the order of 0.5 dB/year.
Normal and cancer-related functions of the p160 steroid receptor co-activator (SRC) family

The three homologous members of the p160 SRC family (SRC1, SRC2 and SRC3) mediate the transcriptional functions of nuclear receptors and other transcription factors, and are the most studied of all the transcriptional co-activators. Recent work has indicated that the SRCgenes are subject to amplification and overexpression in various human cancers. Some of the molecular mechanisms responsible for SRC overexpression, along with the mechanisms by which SRCs promote breast and prostate cancer cell proliferation and survival, have been identified, as have the specific contributions of individual SRC family members to spontaneous breast and prostate carcinogenesis in genetically manipulated mouse models. These studies have identified new challenges for cancer research and therapy.
Public perceptions of public relations

Abstract Public relations has been portrayed in the media in a consistently negative manner over several decades, providing images that may become part of public perceptions. Perceptions about public relations affect the perceived credibility of the profession and influence whether people see public relations as valuable to society. Second-level agenda setting and cultivation theories purport that mass media contribute to beliefs about social reality by creating a cumulative, general consciousness upon which assumptions and judgments are based, suggesting that public perceptions about public relations would match media portrayal. Results of a telephone survey found public relations is perceived more positively than media portrayal would suggest. Respondents viewed public relations as an important activity that benefits society by providing information and disagree that it is damage control, an attempt to hide or disguise something, or a non-substantive activity. However, public relations is associated with publicity, media relations, and the attempt of an organization to advance its own agenda.
NORMAL AND ABERRANT B-CELL DIFFERENTIATION IN BONE MARROW

The first member of the B-cell series is a large lymphoid cell (pre-B) with cytoplasmic but undetectable surface(s) IgM. Pre-B and sIg+ cells were examined in marrow and blood from 6 normals and 18 patients with Ig deficiencies or blood disorders. Of normal nucleated marrow cells, 0.6±0.5% were pre-B and 2.1±1.4% were sIgM+ B cells. 9 boys with infantile agammaglobulinemia were deficient in sIgM+ cells in blood and marrow but had normal proportions of marrow pre-B cells (0.6±0.5%). Marrow-cell cultures from 2 of these boys failed to generate B cells with or without addition of theophylline or dibutyryl cAMP. Both pre-B and B cells were absent in marrow from 2 men with thymoma and hypogammaglobulinemia; both also lacked eosinophils. A normal frequency of pre-B cells was found in 5 hypogammaglobulinemic patients with normal circulating B cells. Frequency of pre-B cells was increased (4.0 and 4.6%) in 2 boys' marrow after histocompatible marrow transplantation for aplastic anemia or leukemia. Pre-B cells were not found in blood(7), spleen(2), or lymph nodes(2). Our results (i) strengthen the idea that B cells are derived from sIg- pre-B cells resident in bone marrow, (ii) indicate that pre-B to B-cell conversion is consistently defective in infantile agammaglobulinemia, (iii) provide more evidence for defective stem cell differentiation in immunodeficiency associated with thymoma, and (iv) suggest that regulation of B-cell generation in bone marrow can be experimentally modulated in man.
Production of fumonisins by Fusarium moniliforme cultures isolated from jimsonweed in Mississippi

Eight Fusarium spp. were isolated from greenhouse-grown jimsonweed (Datura stramonium L.) in Mississippi in 1990. Four isolates of Fusarium moniliforme were obtained and when grown on autoclaved rice, produced 115 to 3,200 mg/kg fumonisin B1, (FB1). Other fumonisin-related compounds, such as FB2, FB3 and FB4 were also produced at levels of 240, 210 and 160 mg/kg, respectively. F. semitectum (1 isolates) was negative for production of fumonisin and other phyto-toxins. F. oxysporutn (1 isolate) produced only 3.5 g/kg moniliformin. This is the first report of production of fumonisins by F. moniliforme isolated from weeds such as jimsonweed.
Mucosal immune responses

The host gastrointestinal tract is exposed to countless numbers of foreign antigens and has embedded a unique and complex network of immunological and non-immunological mechanisms, often termed the gastrointestinal 'mucosal barrier', to protect the host from potentially harmful pathogens while at the same time 'tolerating' other resident microbes to allow absorption and utilization of nutrients. Of the many important roles of this barrier, it is the distinct responsibility of the mucosal immune system to sample and discriminate between harmful and beneficial antigens and to prevent entry of food-borne pathogens through the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. This system comprises an immunological network termed the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) that consists of unique arrangements of B cells, T cells and phagocytes which sample luminal antigens through specialized epithelia termed the follicle associated epithelia (FAE) and orchestrate co-ordinated molecular responses between immune cells and other components of the mucosal barrier. Certain pathogens have developed ways to bypass and/or withstand defence by the mucosal immune system to establish disease in the host. Some 'opportunistic' pathogens (such as Clostridium difficile) take advantage of host or other factors (diet, stress, antibiotic use) which may alter or weaken the response of the immune system. Other pathogens have developed mechanisms for invading gastrointestinal epithelium and evading phagocytosis/destruction by immune system defences. Once cellular invasion occurs, host responses are activated to limit local mucosal damage and repel the foreign influence. Some pathogens (Shigella spp, parasites and viruses) primarily establish localized disease while others (Salmonella, Yersinia, Listeria) use the lymphatic system to enter organs or the bloodstream and cause more systemic illness. In some cases, pathogens (Helicobacter pylori and Salmonella typhi) colonize the GI tract or associated lymphoid structures for extended periods of time and these persistent pathogens may also be potential triggers for other chronic or inflammatory diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease and malignancies. The ability of certain pathogens to avoid or withstand the host's immune assault and/or utilize these host responses to their own advantage (i.e. enhance further colonization) will dictate the pathogen's success in promoting illness and furthering its own survival.
Alcohol exposure regulates heat shock transcription factor binding and heat shock proteins 70 and 90 in monocytes and macrophages: implication for TNF-α regulation

Immunomodulatory effects of alcohol use involve regulation of innate immune cell function leading to liver disease. Alteration of inflammatory responses by alcohol is linked to dysregulated TNF-alpha production. Alcohol-induced oxidative stress also contributes to alterations in inflammatory cell activity. Heat shock proteins (hsps) and the heat shock transcription factor-1 (HSF-1) induced by oxidative stress regulate NF-kappaB activation and TNF-alpha gene expression in monocytes and macrophages. Here, we report that in vitro alcohol treatment induced and augmented LPS-induced HSF-1 nuclear translocation and DNA-binding activity in monocytes and macrophages. Supershift analysis revealed that alcohol regulated HSF-1- and not HSF-2-binding activity. Hsp70, a target gene induced by HSF-1, was transiently increased within 24 h by alcohol, but extended alcohol exposure decreased hsp70 in macrophages. The alcohol-induced alteration of hsp70 correlated with a concomitant change in hsp70 promoter activity. Hsp90, another HSF-1 target gene, was decreased during short-term alcohol but increased after prolonged alcohol exposure. Decreased hsp90-HSF-1 complexes after short-term alcohol indicated dissociation of HSF-1 from hsp90. On the other hand, hsp90 interacted with client protein IkappaB kinase beta, a signaling intermediate of the LPS pathway, followed by IkappaBalpha degradation and increased NF-kappaB activity after chronic alcohol exposure, indicating that hsp90 plays an important role in supporting inflammatory cytokine production. Inhibition of hsp90 using geldanamycin prevented prolonged alcohol-induced elevation in LPS-induced NF-kappaB and TNF-alpha production. These results suggest that alcohol exposure differentially regulates hsp70 and hsp90 via HSF-1 activation. Further, hsp90 regulates TNF-alpha production in macrophages contributing to alcohol-induced inflammation.
Binding of human high density lipoproteins to membranes of luteinized rat ovaries.

Abstract Highly luteinized ovaries of immature PMS-hCG primed rats treated with 4-aminopyrazolopyrimidine to reduce endogenous lipoprotein levels accumulated 125I-labeled human HDL administered intravenously. Ovarian uptake of labeled HDL was reduced by prior treatment of rats with a bolus of unlabeled human HDL but not by injection of human LDL. Membranes prepared from the ovaries were found to possess saturable binding sites for the 125I-labeled HDL. Scatchard analysis revealed an apparent single class of binding sites with half maximal binding occurring at an HDL concentration of 56 μg protein/ml. Human and rat HDL competed for binding of 125I-labeled HDL to the ovarian membranes whereas human LDL was much less effective in this regard. Bovine serum albumin, lutropin and follitropin had no marked effects upon 125I-labeled HDL binding. Specific 125I-labeled HDL binding to rat adrenal membranes, and to a lesser extent, liver membranes was observed under similar assay conditions, but rat erythrocytes exhibited no specific HDL binding. Unlike the binding of LDL to its receptor, binding of human 125I-labeled HDL to ovarian membranes did not require divalent cations. Heparin, which releases LDL from its receptor, did not displace 125I-labeled HDL bound to the ovarian membranes. We conclude that luteinized rat ovaries have specific binding sites from HDL. These binding sites probably facilitate the uptake of blood cholesterol for steroidogenesis.
Funding a research project.

In prior columns published in JANAC , attention has been given to how research projects evolve—where ideas come from and how studies might be designed. Once someone has an idea for a project and formulates an approach, it will be necessary to consider how the project will be funded. This column will consider funding strategies for research projects.
Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome after a molar pregnancy evacuation

Objective To increase awareness of the development of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) days after a molar pregnancy evacuation. Design Case report. Setting Community hospital. Patient(s) A 23-year-old woman with severe OHSS. Intervention(s) Supportive management and observation in the hospital. Main Outcome Measure(s) Regression of the symptoms and physical signs of OHSS in a woman who developed severe OHSS 3 days after a molar pregnancy evacuation. Result(s) The patient improved and was discharged home. Conclusion(s) This case reinforces, besides the occurrence of OHSS after spontaneous pregnancy, the fact that the syndrome can present days after the usual curative dilatation and evacuation of a molar pregnancy, and that OHSS should be considered in the differential diagnosis.
The effects of depression and anxiety on memory performance

The effects of depression and anxiety, as assessed by MMPI D and Pt scales, on memory performance was examined in 3999 veterans who completed the California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT). Depressive symptoms (without anxiety) had an adverse effect on immediate recall of new information and the total amount (but not rate) of acquisition; however, retrieval and retention were unaffected. On the other hand, high levels of anxiety did not have significant detrimental effects on any aspect of memory functioning assessed including immediate recall, total amount acquired, retention, and retrieval of novel information. However, when depression was compounded by anxiety, there was not only an adverse effect on immediate recall and amount (but not rate) of acquisition, but also on the retrieval of newly learned information. We conclude that the presence of comorbid anxiety may, in part, account for the variability in previous research findings regarding the effects of depression on memory functioning.