cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Scanning behavior by larvae of the predacious diving beetle, Thermonectus marmoratus (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae) enlarges visual field prior to prey capture.

Larvae of the predaceous diving beetle Thermonectus marmoratus bear six stemmata on each side of their head, two of which form relatively long tubes with linear retinas at their proximal ends. The physical organization of these eyes results in extremely narrow visual fields that extend only laterally in the horizontal body plane. There are other examples of animals possessing eyes with predominantly linear retinas, or with linear arrangements of specific receptor types. In these animals, the eyes, or parts of the eyes, are movable and perform scanning movements to increase the visual field. Based on anatomical data and observations of relatively transparent, immobilized young larvae, we report here that T. marmoratus larvae are incapable of moving their eyes or any part of their eyes within the head capsule. However, they do perform a series of bodily dorso-ventral pivots prior to prey capture, behaviorally extending the vertical visual field from 2° to up to 50°. Frame-by-frame analysis shows that such behavior is performed within a characteristic distance to the prey. These data provide first insights into the function of the very peculiar anatomical eye organization of T. marmoratus larvae.
Carbon dioxide monitoring during laparoscopic-assisted bariatric surgery in severely obese patients: transcutaneous versus end-tidal techniques

Various factors including severe obesity or increases in intra-abdominal pressure during laparoscopy can lead to inaccuracies in end-tidal carbon dioxide (PETCO2) monitoring. The current study prospectively compares ET and transcutaneous (TC) CO2 monitoring in severely obese adolescents and young adults during laparoscopic-assisted bariatric surgery. Carbon dioxide was measured with both ET and TC devices during insufflation and laparoscopic bariatric surgery. The differences between each measure (PETCO2 and TC-CO2) and the PaCO2 were compared using a non-paired t test, Fisher's exact test, and a Bland-Altman analysis. The study cohort included 25 adolescents with a mean body mass index of 50.2 kg/m2 undergoing laparoscopic bariatric surgery. There was no difference in the absolute difference between the TC-CO2 and PaCO2 (3.2±3.0 mmHg) and the absolute difference between the PETCO2 and PaCO2 (3.7±2.5 mmHg). The bias and precision were 0.3 and 4.3 mmHg for TC monitoring versus PaCO2 and 3.2 and 3.2 mmHg for ET monitoring versus PaCO2. In the young severely obese population both TC and PETCO2 monitoring can be used to effectively estimate PaCO2. The correlation of PaCO2 to TC-CO2 is good, and similar to the correlation of PaCO2 to PETCO2. In this population, both of these non-invasive measures of PaCO2 can be used to monitor ventilation and minimize arterial blood gas sampling.
A comparative study of ATP analogs for phosphorylation-dependent kinase-substrate crosslinking.

Kinase-catalyzed protein phosphorylation is an important post-translational modification that regulates a variety of cellular functions. Identification of the many substrates of a specific kinase is critical to fully characterize cell biology. Unfortunately, kinase–substrate interactions are often transient, which makes their identification challenging. Here, the transient kinase–substrate complex was stabilized by covalent crosslinking using γ-phosphate modified ATP analogs. Building upon prior use of an ATP-aryl azide photocrosslinking analog, we report here the creation of an ATP-benzophenone photocrosslinking analog. ATP-benzophenone displayed a higher conversion percentage but more diffuse crosslinking compared to the ATP-aryl azide analog. A docking study was also performed to rationalize the conversion and crosslinking data. In total, the photocrosslinking ATP analogs produced stable kinase–substrate complexes that are suitable for future applications characterizing cell signaling pathways.
Long-term splinting of maxillary incisor with intra-alveolar root fracture.

Abstract This case report describes the treatment of a maxillary right central incisor with an intra-alveolar horizontal root fracture in the coronal one-third of the root. Repositioning and immobilization of the coronal fragment were carried out. After 2 months the clinical examination revealed the pulp in the coronal fragment to be necrotic. Radiographically, a small periapical radiolucency was seen. Endodontic therapy was initiated and the pulp in the apical fragment proved to be necrotic as well. Instrumentation of the root canal through the fracture line and long-term calcium hydroxide treatment were carried out. One year later the radiograph indicated repair of the fracture with hard tissue. The tooth was then obturated with guttapercha and Grossman's sealer and restored with an acid–etch resin technique. At the 12-month follow-up examination the tooth was functionally and esthetically normal. Radiographically, the fracture line was not discernible and repair of the apical periodontitis had taken place.
Internal hernia after gastrectomy for cancer with Roux-Y reconstruction.

Background The incidence of internal hernia (IH) after gastrectomy for cancer with Roux-Y reconstruction has not been well-defined. This study aimed to define the true incidence of IH after gastrectomy for cancer with Roux-Y reconstruction; to describe the presentation, timing, and management of this complication; and to identify factors associated with IH. Methods Clinical and follow-up information were reviewed for all patients who underwent open or laparoscopic gastrectomy with Roux-Y reconstruction for cancer at a single institution from January 2005 through April 2012. Results A total of 298 patients underwent gastrectomy for cancer with Roux-Y reconstruction. At a median follow-up of 22.4 months, we identified 16 patients (5%) who underwent subsequent reoperation for IH. No patient who had closure of mesenteric defects developed IH. IH occurred in 1 of 99 patients after open subtotal gastrectomy (1%), 10 of 165 after open total gastrectomy (6%), 1 of 16 after laparoscopic subtotal gastrectomy (6%), and 4 of 18 after laparoscopic total gastrectomy (22%; P Conclusion IH after gastrectomy with Roux-Y reconstruction is likely underreported. A high degree of suspicion for IH should be maintained in patients presenting with emesis or abdominal pain after gastrectomy with Roux-Y reconstruction, especially after laparoscopic or total gastrectomy. Closure of mesenteric defects after laparoscopic and total gastrectomy should be considered when technically feasible.
Abstract 5188: Altering cell attachment to growth substrate up-regulates growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) expression

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL Cell attachment to the extracellular environment is critical in determining cell fate. When normal cells lose attachment, they undergo anoikis. Cancer cells develop resistance to anoikis which results in metastasis. While there are many known genes alterations that can alter cell adhesion, less is known about how such a loss of cell adhesion may influence gene expression. We believe that a change in cell adhesion could trigger changes to gene expression, and the resulting changes play an important role in prostate cancer metastasis. Using prostate cancer cell lines, we examined gene expression changes in cancer cells brought about by loss of attachment to their growth substrate through chemical and physical means and how these changes play a role in prostate cancer. Microarray analysis was performed on LNCaP cells treated with latrunculin B, an actin cytoskeleton disrupting agent for 8 hours. Using quantitative real time PCR and immunoblot analysis, a member of the tumor growth factor beta superfamily, GDF15 was found to be consistently up-regulated when the cells were treated with either latrunculin B or other drugs that disrupt the actin cytoskeleton. These findings were observed not only in LNCaP but in PC3 and DU145 as well. GDF15 expression was rapidly increased in these three cell lines when cells were prevented from attaching to tissue culture plastic and the levels of GDF15 expression could be maintained as long as the cells were not allowed to re-attach. This up-regulation was reversed when cells were allowed to re-attach to growth substrate, or by regaining cell shape when the drugs were removed. GDF15 has been shown to be associated with metastatic prostate cancer as well as contributing to disease associated cachexia. In our study, we demonstrated that loss of cell adhesion was sufficient to increase GDF15 expression in a rapid and sustainable manner. This finding is novel and different from other reports that increased GDF15 led to altered cell shape and adhesion. We believe that our findings may provide a picture of the initial stages in metastasis when a cancer cell loses adhesion to the extracellular environment. Furthermore, our results reinforce the potential utility of GDF15 as a prognostic marker in prostate cancer, as well as the intricate relationship between the cell and the physical environment in cancer. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5188. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-5188
Homing of immunologically committed lymph node cells to germinal centres in rabbits.

IT is well established that B-lymphocytes are the precursors of antibody forming cells1,2. Germinal centres of peripheral lymphoid tissues are considered to represent foci of proliferating B-lymphocytes arising in response to antigen injection, particularly since neonatal bursectomy but not thymectomy results in an absence of these centres in adult chickens3.
Being a Female Veteran: A Grounded Theory of Coping With Transitions.

Female veterans, the fastest growing segment in the military, have unique pre-military histories and military experiences that are associated with post-military physical and mental health service needs. Successful treatment is contingent on a clearer understanding of the processes underlying these experiences. Data from 20 female veterans who served post–Gulf War were analyzed to generate a substantive theory of the process of women who entered, served in, and transitioned out of the military. Coping with transitions emerged as the basic psychosocial process used by female veterans. The Coping with transitions process is comprised of seven categories: Choosing the Military, Adapting to the Military, Being in the Military, Being a Female in the Military, Departing the Military, Experiencing Stressors of Being a Civilian, and Making Meaning of Being a Veteran-Civilian. The results of this study provide a theoretical description of the process female veterans experience when transitioning from a civilian identity, through military life stressors and adaptations, toward gaining a dual identity of being a veteran-civilian.
A quantum cascade laser-based water vapor isotope analyzer for environmental monitoring

A field-deployable mid-infrared quantum cascade laser-based spectrometer was designed and developed for measurements of H216O and H218O at 7.12 μm. H216O and H218O absorption features at 1390.52 cm−1 and 1389.91 cm−1, respectively, accessible within current tuning range of the laser, were targeted. The target lines were carefully selected to assure similar absorption levels and similar temperature sensitivities of the line strength due to comparable lower state energies. A real-time spectral fitting algorithm was implemented for isotopic concentration retrieval. Detection limits for H216O and H218O of 2.2 ppm and 7.0 ppb, respectively, were achieved at a dew point of 14 °C (volume mixing ratio of 15 766 ppm) in 1 s integration time, which resulted in a δ18O isotopic ratio measurement precision of 0.25‰. The ultimate minimum detection limits obtained after 160 s integration time for H216O and H218O, and δ18O measurements were 0.6 ppm, 1.7 ppb, and 0.05‰, respectively.
Schistosoma mansoni: pulmonary phase of schistosomule migration studied by electron microscopy.

Abstract Schistosoma mansoni in mouse lung tissue was studied by electron microscopy. Migration of the larva through the alveolar wall was associated with marked tissue destruction and inflammation. The integument of the parasite, during this stage of migration, seemed to be a complex series of superficial enfoldings. These enfoldings were interpretated as a sequence of transformations appearing to “pinch-off,” incorporate, and degrade surrounding host tissue. Within these enfolds, host tissue appeared as a formless homogenate appearing to be released into the interior of the parasite by formation of a pore in the lower portion of the integument. These observations suggest an absorptive function for the schistosome integument during the pulmonary phase of migration and suggest the occurrence of processes such as pinocytosis and phagocytosis.
An efficient algorithm for waveform analysis using the correlation coefficient.

Abstract The correlation coefficient is very useful in the analysis of biomedical signals. It has been utilized both for template matching and the time alignment of waveforms. For on-line applications, which require repeated calculation of a correlation coefficient, the computational burden of the correlation technique has severely restricted its use. This paper presents an algorithm for efficient calculation of the correlation coefficient, particularly when using correlation for waveform time alignment or with multiple templates.
Dynamic Disorder in Quasi-Equilibrium Enzymatic Systems

Conformations and catalytic rates of enzymes fluctuate over a wide range of timescales. Despite these fluctuations, there exist some limiting cases in which the enzymatic catalytic rate follows the macroscopic rate equation such as the Michaelis-Menten law. In this paper we investigate the applicability of macroscopic rate laws for fluctuating enzyme systems in which catalytic transitions are slower than ligand binding-dissociation reactions. In this quasi-equilibrium limit, for an arbitrary reaction scheme we show that the catalytic rate has the same dependence on ligand concentrations as obtained from mass-action kinetics even in the presence of slow conformational fluctuations. These results indicate that the timescale of conformational dynamics – no matter how slow – will not affect the enzymatic rate in quasi-equilibrium limit. Our numerical results for two enzyme-catalyzed reaction schemes involving multiple substrates and inhibitors further support our general theory.
Strong Medicine and Unintended Consequences

Essays, opinions, and professional judgments are welcome in this section of EP. Forum articles speak to and about the philosophical and ethical dilemmas of our profession. Authors are invited to express their views to encourage constructive dia logue centered on issues. To keep the dialogue substantive, other articles motivated by previous Forum presentations should have independent titles and themes. Items labeled "Comments on ..." and "Rejoinder to ..." will not be published inForum—such responses, and those not of article length or nature, are welcome and encouraged in theIn Responsesection of EP. Standard citations and reference lists should acknowledge and identify earlier contributions and viewpoints. Manuscripts should not exceed 10 double-spaced typewritten pages in length.
Does health reform affect self-employment? Evidence from Massachusetts

This paper evaluates whether the implementation of the 2006 Massachusetts health reform law affected the decision of taxpayers to be self-employed, using both difference-in-differences and synthetic control methods on a panel of tax returns that spans 1999–2010. Though tenuous, our results suggest that the reform led to a decline in the rate of taxpayers earning a majority of income from self-employment. In addition, it appears to have had a positive impact on earning some self-employment income among joint filers and earning the majority of income from self-employment among older taxpayers, but these were offset by negative impacts on single filers and taxpayers age 35–49.
On the need for a life-span approach to health campaign evaluation

Campaign evaluation researchers should investigate age not just as an audience segmentation variable but also as a potentially valuable moderator of measure validity and campaign effects. Although researchers interested in physician–patient interaction and family communication have long considered aging dynamics, media campaign evaluation research has insufficiently addressed changes over the life span. In this article, I summarize some examples illustrating the importance of such work and propose additional theoretical possibilities.
Private protected areas in Australia: current status and future directions

Despite the recognised importance of private land for biodiversity conservation, there has been little research into systems of private protected areas at a country-wide level. Here I look at definitions, legislation, ownership, management approaches and effectiveness, distribution and incentives provided to private pro tected areas in Australia. The term ‘private protected areas’, although increasingly used, still suffers from a lack of a clear and concise definition in Australia. Australian states and territories have legislation enabling the application of conservation covenants over private land; covenants being the primary mechanism to secure conservation intent on the title of the land in perpetuity. If considering all ‘in perpetuity’ conservation covenants under a dedicated program to be private protected areas and land owned by non-government organisations and managed for the purpose of biodiversity conservation, there were approximately 5,000 terrestrial properties that could be considered private protected areas in Australia covering 8,913,000 ha as at September 2013. This comprises almost 4,900 conservation covenants covering over 4,450,000 ha and approximately 140 properties owned by private land trusts covering approximately 4,594,120 ha. Most conservation covenanting programs now seek to complement the comprehensiveness, adequacy and representativeness of the public reserve system, either stating so explicitly or by aiming to protect the highest priority ecosystems on private land. There are a range of incentives offered for private land conservation and requirements of owners of private protected areas to report on their activities vary in Australia. However, there are a number of key policy challenges that need to be addressed if private protected areas are to achieve their full potential in Australia, including managing broad-scale ecosystem processes, protection and tenure reform, improved financial incentives, and access to emerging ecosystem service markets.
Draft genome of a novel chlorobi member assembled by tetranucleotide binning of a hot spring metagenome.

ABSTRACT The genome of a member of the phylum Chlorobi was assembled from a shotgun metagenomic sequence of a hot spring in Mammoth Lakes, CA. This organism appears to be a novel, aerobic, photosynthetic Chlorobi member, expanding the knowledge of this underrepresented phylum.
Applying to College

This article suggests that unlike their well-off counterparts who apply to college in the fall and know they will go somewhere when the applications have been sent, low-income students face unique challenges that extend the process in a manner entirely different from the wealthy. The notion that college-going is a cultural interpretation is circumscribed by constantly shifting forces rather than a rational choice. The author offers portraits of three 17-year-old male Latino youth who attend the same school to demonstrate how different their stances are toward college. The purpose is to move away from the essentialized notions of student identity. Even with three seemingly similar students the manner in which they interpret how to go about applying for college differs. The narrative strategy works from a standpoint that has sought to understand the meanings of applying to college from the perspectives of the three youth with whom the author has worked.
Calcium silicates: A new class of highly regenerative sorbents for hot gas desulfurization

A thermodynamic and kinetic study on the use of calcium silicates and silica-supported lime as regenerative sorbents for desulfurization of hot combustion gases showed that, except for ..gamma..-Ca/sub 2/SiO/sub 4/ and Ca/sub 3/SiO/sub 5/, all the calcium silicates and the silica-supported calcium oxide were as reactive as, or more reactive than, calcium oxide. The regeneration rates of these sorbents were substantially higher than that of calcium oxide, the rate of thermal decomposition of the sulfated mono- and dicalcium silicates being about 15 times higher than that of calcium sulfate. Sulfation rates of CaSiO/sub 3/ and Ca/sub 2/SiO/sub 4/ were first order with respect to sulfur dioxide only for partial pressure of sulfur dioxide Vertical Bar3; 3000 ppm. The silica-supported calcium oxide after heat treatment at 1075/sup 0/C had ..beta..-CaSiO/sub 3/ on its surface.
Ipsilateral and contralateral masking of duration.

Judgments of the durations of test tones that were preceded or followed by a masking tone were elicited; the test tones and masks were presented either to the same ear or to different ears of the listeners. On both forward- and backward-masking trials, percentages correct increased with increases in the silent interstimulus interval (ISI) between the test tone and mask, an effect that did not depend on whether the mask was presented ipsilaterally or contralaterally. In addition, with increases in the ISI and with increases in the mask duration, there was an increasing tendency for listeners to respond “long” to the test tone, irrespective of the actual duration of the test tone. These biases were generally greater on trials in which the mask was presented ipsilaterally. 1t is suggested that, when stimuli occur in close temporal proximity, the decreased percentages correct at short ISIs may reflect misassignment of pulses generated by an internal clock. In contrast, the biases that result from manipulations of lSI and mask duration may be due to later operations, such as those that occur at the level of very-short-term memory.
The Laurence-Moon-Biedl Syndrome Case Report With Complete Autopsy

FOR MANY YEARS the etiology of the Laurence MoonBiedl syndrome has been a question of very unsatisfactory debate. Its establishment as a diagnostic entity, however, is quite secure with over ioo cases recorded in the literature. In 1866, Laurence and Moon (1) reported 4 cases of retinitis pigmentosa occurring in the same family, associated with other unusual abnormalities including hypogenitalism, obesity, mental deficiency, and dwarfism. The symptom complex, although observed occasionally by clinicians in the interim, was not recognized as a disease entity until 1920 when Bardet (2) reported an isolated case of polydactyly, adiposogenitalism, and retinitis pigmentosa. French authors are naturally inclined to associate his name with the syndrome. Biedl (3), in 1922, reported 2 cases in the same family, and he considered that the syndrome in its complete form would include any of such congenital malformations as polydactylism, ret’ initis pigmentosa, skull deformities, and atresia ani, as well as mental de...
You scratch my back and i'll scratch yours: combating email overload collaboratively

Email is no longer perceived as a communication marvel, but rather as a constant source of information overload. Several studies have shown that accessing, managing, and archiving email threatens to affect users' productivity. While several strategies and tools have been proposed to assuage this burden, none have attempted to empower users to fight the overload collaboratively. We hypothesize that despite differences in email management practices and frequencies of filing among users, there is some degree of similarity in the end-product of the organizational structures reached by those working in close cooperative roles (e.g. members of a research group, employees of an organization). In this paper, we describe a system that enables collaborators to share their filing strategies among themselves. Tags applied by one user are suggested to other recipients of the same email, thereby amortizing the cost of tagging and email management across all stakeholders. We wish to examine if such system support for semi-automated tagging reduces email overload for all users, and whether it leads to overall time savings for an entire enterprise as network effects propagate over time.
Parameterizing Inequality Constraints on Unique Variances in Linear Structural Models.

Current computer programs for analyzing linear structural models will apparently handle only two types of constraints: fixed parameters, and equality of parameters. An important constraint not handled is inequality; this is particularly crucial for preventing negative variance estimates. In this paper, a method is described for imposing several kinds of inequality constraints in models, without the necessity for having computer programs which explicitly allow such constraints. The examples discussed include the prevention of Heywood cases, extension to inequalities of parameters to be greater than a specified value, and imposing ordered inequalities.
Collaborative Sensemaking Tools for Task Forces

Our work addresses the needs of multiple information workers collaborating on joint projects, which typically require finding, analyzing, and synthesizing information from heterogeneous sources. We report on iterative design, implementation, and assessment of collaborative tools for sensemaking tasks. Our goal is flexible, lightweight tools that both facilitate the activities done individually and lower the costs of effective collaboration. We suggest several approaches to enhance such collaborative sensemaking tools. These approaches include explicit representation of multiple team activities, integrated support for synchronous communication, and views of collected information that are tuned to both the reading and organizing phases of sensemaking. We present an integrated pair of tools, ContextBar and ContextBook, which illustrate these approaches, and describe the results from a formative evaluation of these tools.
The loss of Gnai2 and Gnai3 in B cells eliminates B lymphocyte compartments and leads to a hyper-IgM like syndrome

B lymphocytes are compartmentalized within lymphoid organs. The organization of these compartments depends upon signaling initiated by G-protein linked chemoattractant receptors. To address the importance of the G-proteins Gαi2 and Gαi3 in chemoattractant signaling we created mice lacking both proteins in their B lymphocytes. While bone marrow B cell development and egress is grossly intact; mucosal sites, splenic marginal zones, and lymph nodes essentially lack B cells. There is a partial block in splenic follicular B cell development and a 50-60% reduction in splenic B cells, yet normal numbers of splenic T cells. The absence of Gαi2 and Gαi3 in B cells profoundly disturbs the architecture of lymphoid organs with loss of B cell compartments in the spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, and gastrointestinal tract. This results in a severe disruption of B cell function and a hyper-IgM like syndrome. Beyond the pro-B cell stage, B cells are refractory to chemokine stimulation, and splenic B cells are poorly responsive to antigen receptor engagement. Gαi2 and Gαi3 are therefore critical for B cell chemoattractant receptor signaling and for normal B cell function. These mice provide a worst case scenario of the consequences of losing chemoattractant receptor signaling in B cells.
The role of surgery in the management of gastric lymphoma

With the development of more effective combination chemotherapy and radiation, the role of surgical resection in the management of gastric lymphoma is reappraised. A retrospective review of 32 patients with gastric lymphoma, diagnosed and treated during the period between 1966-1979, is presented in an attempt to evaluate the relative effectiveness of the various modalities of diagnosis and treatment. Preoperative gastric barium x-ray studies were abnormal in 28 patients but were infrequently diagnostic of lymphoma. Endoscopy was employed in 15 patients with washings and biopsy. The biopsies were reported: four nondiagnostic; three suspicious of tumor; three carcinomas; and in only five patients was a clear diagnosis of lymphoma established. Fifteen patients were treated on the basis of biopsy via gastroscopy, or were explored and not resected and were treated with chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy. Fourteen of the nonresected patients have died with disease; one patient is surviving with disease at 20 months. Surgical resection was accomplished in 17 of the 32 cases, with seven patients (41%) surviving from 2-12 years. Aggressive primary chemotherapy with four-drug combination (CAOP) without surgical resection has resulted in massive upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage in four of five patients thus treated. This required emergency surgery for patients with depressed leukocyte and platelet counts. No perforation of the stomach was seen with primary chemotherapy as reported by other authors. In this series surgical exploration was necessary to establish a definite histologic diagnosis in 27 of the 32 patients. Exploration was an essential step in establishing the extent of disease to plan therapy. The only long-term survivors free of tumor were those which had been surgically resected. Resection of the gastric lymphoma prevented the complication of hemorrhage and perforation associated with chemotherapy and radiation therapy.
Dynamics of dendritic growth

Abstract A theory of dendritic growth is reviewed, which accounts, in principle, for the growth rate and shape of dendrites in solidification, electrochemical deposition, and two-phase fluid flow. A variety of different growth forms is possible, depending upon both the degree of anisotropy and the deviation from equilibrium of the system. The possible morphologies have been explored in both fluid systems, which are an analogue for solidification, and electrochemical deposition. Speculation as to how dendritic growth in batteries can be controlled is briefly mentioned.
Baerveldt implant surgery in the treatment of advanced childhood glaucoma.

Abstract Background: The efficacy of Baerveldt implant (Pharmacia & Upjohn, Inc., Kalamazoo, Mich.) surgery in the treatment of advanced childhood glaucoma is unknown. Methods: We reviewed the results of 23 consecutive 350 mm Baerveldt implants in 20 eyes of 17 children. Results were classified as follows: (1) success; no further reoperation, no decrease in vision, and intraocular pressure at last follow-up less than 21 mm Hg with no medications; (2) qualified success; medication necessary to bring intraocular pressure to less than 21 mm Hg or complication not associated with tube failure; and (3) failure; intraocular pressure >20 mm Hg, tube failure complication or reoperation causing tube removal, phthisis, or enucleation. Results: Original glaucoma types were bilateral aphakic (five), unilateral aphakic or persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous (four), primary infantile (four), juvenile (three), secondary (two), Peter syndrome (one), and Lowe syndrome (one). Patients had undergone a mean of 2.8 previous intraocular procedures. Mean preoperative intraocular pressure was 33.6 mm Hg; average number of preoperative glaucoma medications was 3.0. Mean follow-up was 19 months (range, 6 to 32 months). Eight procedures were considered successful (mean intraocular pressure 15.5 mm Hg), six were qualified successes (mean number of medications 0.8; mean intraocular pressure 16 mm Hg), and nine failed. Two eyes in the qualified success group do not have useful vision as a result of complications. Complications included retinal detachment (five), corneal decompensation (five), corneal graft rejection in five of six grafts; dislocated tubes (three), and recurrent uveitis (two). One of these eyes is phthisic and one has been enucleated. Only two of nine procedures in eyeswith a history of one or no previous intraocular operations failed, whereas seven of 13 procedures in eyes with a history of three or more previous procedures failed. Only seven of 13 procedures in aphakic eyes were successes or qualified successes, whereas seven of 10 procedures in phakic eyes had good results. Conclusion: Baerveldt implants can produce good short-term results, especially in phakic eyes. Aphakic eyes and eyes that have undergone multiple procedures are at a much higher risk for devastating complications.
Use of Assisted Reading to Improve Reading Rate, Word Accuracy, and Comprehension with ESL Spanish-Speaking Students

The present experiment examined the effectiveness of an assisted reading program on reading rates and comprehension of three Spanish-speaking students learning English. The effects of assisted reading on reading rate, word accuracy, and comprehension were examined using a multiple-baseline design across individuals. Increases in words read correctly per minute with repeated readings of the passage and on new passages, decreases in errors per minute, and increases in comprehension were noted.
Kanamycin promotes morphogenesis of plant tissues

Abstract Low levels of the aminoglycoside antibiotic kanamycin enhanced shoot differentiation of protoplast-derived microcalli of tobacco, leaf sections of two tobacco cultivars and callus cultures of several carrot cultivars. Morphogenesis by one carrot cultivar occurred only in the presence of kanamycin. The aminoglycoside antibiotic streptomycin also enhanced morphogenesis, but chloramphenicol, sparsomycin or cycloheximide did not.
Regional variation in distal esophagus distensibility assessed using the functional luminal imaging probe (FLIP).

Background This study aimed to evaluate the spatial variation in esophageal distensibility in normal subjects using a novel multichannel functional luminal imaging probe (FLIP). Methods Ten healthy subjects (four men, age 21–49 years) were evaluated during endoscopy with a high-resolution impedance planimetry probe (FLIP) positioned through the esophagogastric junction (EGJ) and distal 10 cm of the esophageal body. Stepwise bag distensions using 5-mL increments from 0 to 60 mL were conducted, and simultaneous measurements of cross-sectional area (CSA) and the associated intrabag pressure from each subject were analyzed using a customized MATLAB™ program. The distensibility along the esophagus was determined and compared between the EGJ and interval locations at 2–5 cm and 6–10 cm above the EGJ. Key Results The pressure–CSA relationship was nearly linear among sites at lower pressures (0 to 7.5 mmHg) and reached a distension plateau at pressures ranging from 8 to 24 mmHg. The location of greatest distensibility was 4 cm above the EGJ. Although the CSAs of individual recording loci were not significantly different, there was a significant difference between the mean CSAs when comparing the region 2 to 5 cm proximal to EGJ with that 6 to 10 cm proximal to the EGJ. Conclusions & Inferences There were significant regional differences in distensibility along the distal esophagus with lower values in the proximal part compared with more distal part. The greatest distensibility was noted to occur at about 4 cm above the EGJ in close proximity to the location of the contractile deceleration point and phrenic ampulla.
Evidence for kinetic inhomogeneity in the curing of epoxy using the near-infrared multispectral imaging technique.

The kinetics of curing of an epoxy resin by amine was studied using a near-infrared (NIR) multispectral imaging spectrometer. This imaging spectrometer is capable of sensitively and rapidly recording NIR spectral images of a sample because it was constructed with an acousto-optic tunable filter and an InGaAs focal plane array NIR camera. The high sensitivity and fast scanning ability of the spectrometer make it suitable for kinetic determination of fast reactions. Additionally, it has features that conventional NIR spectrometers cannot offer, namely, its ability to provide kinetic information at different positions within a sample. Furthermore, the high spatial resolution and sensitivity of the InGaAs camera make it possible to determine the kinetics from data collected by a single pixel in the camera. The kinetics of curing of epoxy by amine, determined by this multispectral imaging instrument, show that the reaction rates within the sample are very inhomogeneous. Because of this kinetic inhomogeneity, d...
Effects of Retirement on Supply of Accounting Educators During the 1990s

Abstract The demand for accounting educators has exceeded the supply of accounting educators for many years. The purpose of this research is to examine the planned retirement pattern of accounting educators. The “exit end” may have as much to do with the imbalance problem as the supply side. This information should prove helpful to administrators trying to meet their staffing needs during the 1990s. This article is based on the responses to a questionnaire from 1,254 accounting educators. The rate of retirement is accelerating and erratic. This unexpected result is caused by two factors. There is a trend for accounting educators to retire earlier in life, and accounting professors are not evenly distributed on the basis of age. Our findings indicate that the imbalance will continue; however, some teaching specialities will become easier to fill and other specialties will continue to experience a shortage of qualified accounting professors. Differences in teaching preferences between retiring professors an...
Undercounting of large trucks in federal and state crash databases: Extent of problem and how to improve accuracy of truck classifications

ABSTRACTObjective: Prior research suggested that single-unit trucks are undercounted when using vehicle body codes in the Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS). This study explored the extent of the misclassification and undercounting problem for crashes in FARS and state crash databases.Methods: Truck misclassifications for fatal crashes were explored by comparing the Trucks Involved in Fatal Accidents (TIFA) database with FARS. TIFA used vehicle identification numbers (VINs) and survey information to classify large trucks. This study used VINs to improve the accuracy of large truck classifications in state crash databases from 5 states (Delaware, Maryland, Minnesota, Nebraska, and Utah).Results: The vehicle body type codes resulted in a 19% undercount of single-unit trucks in FARS and a 23% undercount of single-unit trucks in state databases. Tractor-trailers were misclassified less often. Misclassifications occurred most frequently among single-unit trucks in the weight classes of 10,001–14,000 pou...
Report of the ALCTS CaMMS Catalog Management Interest Group Meeting, American Library Association Annual Conference, New Orleans, June 2011

The ALCTS CaMMS Catalog Management Interest Group program at ALA's 2011 Annual Conference featured four presentations. Katia Strieck, Head of Cataloging and Metadata, and Beth Picknally Camden, Dir...
The effect of calcium ion on the urea denaturation of immobilized bovine trypsin.

Abstract The effect of calcium ion on the urea denaturation of trypsin has been investigated. By using trypsin immobilized on glass beads, all possibilities of autolysis occurring during the denaturation process are eliminated. It was found that in 8 M urea calcium ion markedly decreases the denaturation rate of the immobilized trypsin. Conversely, the presence of calcium ion markedly accelerates the rate of renaturation of denatured immobilized trypsin. Calcium may exert its stabilizing effect on the tertiary structure of the protein by coordination to the side chains of Asp 194, Ser 190 and the carbonyl group of Ser 139 (using the chymotryptic numbering system).
Cultivar effects on nitrogen fixation in peas and lentils

Increasing nitrogen fixation in legume crops could increase cropping productivity and reduce nitrogen fertilizer use. Studies have found that crop genotype, rhizobial strain, and occasionally genotype-specific interactions affect N fixation, but this knowledge has not yet been used to evaluate or breed for greater N fixation in US crops. In this study five USDA varieties of lentils (Lens culinaris Medik.) and five varieties of peas (Pisum sativum L.) were tested with 13 to 15 commercially available strains of Rhizobium leguminoserum bv. viciae to identify the better N fixing rhizobial strains, crop varieties, and specific pairings. Peas and lentils inoculated with individual strains were grown in growth chambers for 6 week. Plants received (15NH4)2 SO4 (5 at.%) starter fertilizer to measure N fixation by isotope dilution. Below- and above-ground biomass, numbers of nodules, and the proportion of plant N supplied by fixation (PNF) were determined. The percent of N fixed was significantly affected by crop variety and significantly correlated with number of nodules in both lentils and peas. This implies that one strategy for enhancing crop N fixation is developing varieties that have higher rhizobium infection rates. Total N fixation in lentils was significantly influenced by both crop variety and rhizobial strain. Eston variety lentil and Shawnee variety pea had the highest PNF of 80.8% and 91.3%, respectively. The different strains of R. leguminoserum affected PNF in lentils but not in peas. These findings suggest that N fixation improvement in lentils and peas may be addressed most effectively by breeding crops for greater N fixation hosting capacity.
Eosinophilic meningitis among children in Hawaii

An eosinophilic meningitis suspected to be caused by a rat lungworm, Angiostrongyluscantonensis (Chen), is described in 5 children from the Hawaiian Islands ranging in age from 11 months to 14 years. Present knowledge of the life cycle of A. cantonensis and the epidemiology of suspected human infections with this parasite are briefly reviewed. Other causes of an eosinophilic pleocytosis are also considered.
Practical Reasoning and Practical Reasons in Hume

Hume's discussion of the role of reason in the practical sphere is often read to imply two broad, negative claims: first, that passions and actions can (at most) only be regarded as responsive to reasons in so far as they are either in agreement with or contrary to the instrumental implications of other passions or desires. And second, that there is no properly practical form of inference or reasoning. I argue that Hume's general understanding of practical reason does not support either of these claims. Rather, Hume's explicit discussion of these issues—like his discussion of the nature of probable inference—is intended to lay the foundation for a naturalist account of practical thought that we would today regard as embodying a substantive, non-instrumentalist theory of practical rationality. This account will, indeed, make reason the "slave of the passions," but in a very different sense than the one familiar from most contemporary discussions of Hume.
The effect of user engagement on system success: a meta-analytical integration of research findings

The effect of user involvement on system success is an important topic yet empirical results have been controversial. Many methodological and theoretical differences among prior studies have been suggested as possible causes for inconsistent findings. This research is an attempt to resolve inconsistent data despite differences that may exist in prior studies. Data from 25 studies were meta-analyzed to test the separate effects of user participation and user involvement on six system success variables. Results showed that user participation had a moderate positive correlation with four success measures: system quality, use, user satisfaction, and organizational impact. The correlation between user participation and individual impact was minimum. User involvement generally had a larger correlation with system success than did user participation. Overall, these findings indicate that both user involvement and user participation are beneficial, but the magnitude of these benefits much depends on how involvement and its effect are defined.
Effect of high-salt diet on NO release and superoxide production in rat aorta.

Sprague-Dawley rats were fed either a high-salt (HS) diet (4.0% NaCl) or a low-salt (LS) diet (0.4% NaCl) for 3 days. Nitric oxide (NO) and superoxide production were assessed in the thoracic aorta...
Dietary Sodium Content, Mortality, and Risk for Cardiovascular Events in Older Adults: The Health, Aging, and Body Composition (Health ABC) Study

Importance Additional information is needed about the role of dietary sodium on health outcomes in older adults. Objective To examine the association between dietary sodium intake and mortality, incident cardiovascular disease (CVD), and incident heart failure (HF) in older adults. Design, Setting, and Participants We analyzed 10-year follow-up data from 2642 older adults (age range, 71-80 years) participating in a community-based, prospective cohort study (inception between April 1, 1997, and July 31, 1998). Exposures Dietary sodium intake at baseline was assessed by a food frequency questionnaire. We examined sodium intake as a continuous variable and as a categorical variable at the following levels: less than 1500 mg/d (291 participants [11.0%]), 1500 to 2300 mg/d (779 participants [29.5%]), and greater than 2300 mg/d (1572 participants [59.5%]). Main Outcomes and Measures Adjudicated death, incident CVD, and incident HF during 10 follow-up years. Analysis of incident CVD was restricted to 1981 participants without prevalent CVD at baseline. Results The mean (SD) age of participants was 73.6 (2.9) years, 51.2% were female, 61.7% were of white race, and 38.3% were black. After 10 years, 881 participants had died, 572 had developed CVD, and 398 had developed HF. In adjusted Cox proportional hazards regression models, sodium intake was not associated with mortality (hazard ratio [HR] per 1 g, 1.03; 95% CI, 0.98-1.09; P = .27). Ten-year mortality was nonsignificantly lower in the group receiving 1500 to 2300 mg/d (30.7%) than in the group receiving less than 1500 mg/d (33.8%) and the group receiving greater than 2300 mg/d (35.2%) ( P = .07). Sodium intake of greater than 2300 mg/d was associated with nonsignificantly higher mortality in adjusted models (HR vs 1500-2300 mg/d, 1.15; 95% CI, 0.99-1.35; P = .07). Indexing sodium intake for caloric intake and body mass index did not materially affect the results. Adjusted HRs for mortality were 1.20 (95% CI, 0.93-1.54; P = .16) per milligram per kilocalorie and 1.11 (95% CI, 0.96-1.28; P = .17) per 100 mg/kg/m 2 of daily sodium intake. In adjusted models accounting for the competing risk for death, sodium intake was not associated with risk for CVD (subHR per 1 g, 1.03; 95% CI, 0.95-1.11; P = .47) or HF (subHR per 1 g, 1.00; 95% CI, 0.92-1.08; P = .92). No consistent interactions with sex, race, or hypertensive status were observed for any outcome. Conclusions and Relevance In older adults, food frequency questionnaire–assessed sodium intake was not associated with 10-year mortality, incident CVD, or incident HF, and consuming greater than 2300 mg/d of sodium was associated with nonsignificantly higher mortality in adjusted models.
A VLSI based microprogramming evaluation system to support an instructional laboratory

A new low-cost VLSI based microprogrammable computer system is described. This system is an ideal candidate for use in student microprogramming laboratories. The authors describe their experiences in using this computer.