cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characterization of specific [3H]dimethylstaurosporine binding to protein kinase C

The microbial alkaloid staurosporine is a member of a recently described family of protein kinase inhibitors. [N,N-dimethyl-3H]N-dimethylstaurosporine ([3H]DMS) was prepared from staurosporine by methylation with [3H]methyl iodide. Since staurosporine inhibits protein kinase C (PKC) most potently, the binding of [3H]DMS to this enzyme was examined. Unlike [20-3H(N)]phorbol-12,13-dibutyrate ([3H]PDBu) binding to PKC, [3H]DMS binding was not calcium or phosphatidylserine (PS) dependent. Binding was reversible, with a T1/2 of 69 min and a Koff of 0.01/min. Non-specific binding was defined by a 500-fold molar excess of staurosporine and was less than 10% of total [3H]DMS binding. Specific binding of [3H]DMS was consistent with a single class of binding sites with a Kd of 3.8 +/- 0.6 nM and a Bmax of 675 +/- 30 pmol/g tissue. In competition experiments, staurosporine inhibited [3H]DMS binding with a Ki of 4.7 +/- 0.6 nM, indicating that the two alkaloids had a similar potency for PKC. Also, unlabeled DMS and staurosporine inhibited [3H]DMS binding and PKC catalysis with equivalent potencies. Highly purified rat brain PKC bound equimolar amounts of [3H]PDBu and [3H]DMS. In contrast, crude rat brain PKC, which had been proteolysed to generate a PS and Ca2+ independent enzyme (PK-M) retained the ability to bind [3H]DMS, but not [3H]PDBu. In addition, the kinase inhibitors K-252a and H-7 [1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine] inhibited [3H]DMS binding, whereas PDBu did not. These results indicate that [3H]DMS is a useful ligand to identify catalytic inhibitors of kinase activity and to explore their mechanisms of action.
Relational-Cultural Theory as Pedagogy: Preparing Doctoral Student Leaders for the Counselor Education Workforce

A primary purpose of doctoral education in counselor education and supervision is the development of faculty members, leaders, and advocates for the profession. This article describes an experiential educational activity based in relational-cultural theory (RCT) designed to foster doctoral student relational leadership development. An overview of an RCT-based role-play assignment is provided. Discussion of counselor relational leadership development, support for emerging leaders, diversity, and the need for future research are also considered.
The Epistemic Divide

A partir de la dividision metaphysique entre l'esprit et le corps chez Descartes, l'A. examine le phenomene d'insecurite epistemique qui en resulte a l'egard du monde exterieur, dont la connaissance indirecte requiert la justification et l'observation, d'une part, et montre que l'asymetrie entre l'esprit et les faits engendre une division epistemique entre la connaissance mentale et la connaissance du monde, d'autre part.
Six-month and one-year clinical evaluation of a composite resin for class II restorations.

Composite resin and amalgam restorations were compared six months and one year after placement for anatomic form and marginal adaptation. The composite restorations also were compared for changes in color match and marginal discoloration over time. Composite resin and amalgam restorations were placed in pairs of adjacent or contralateral teeth in 69 patients and evaluated after six months and one year. At the end of one year, ratings for anatomic form and marginal adaptation for both types of restorations remained about the same. For composite restorations, color match decreased and marginal discoloration increased with time.
Cardiopulmonary baroreflexes fail to modulate sympathetic responses during isometric exercise in humans: direct evidence from microneurographic studies.

Abstract To further evaluate the reported interaction in animals and humans between cardiopulmonary baroreflexes and the somatic pressor reflex, studies were performed in 16 normal men using direct measurements of efferent sympathetic nerve activity to muscle (microneurography) during sustained isometric handgrip (30% maximal voluntary contraction). Forearm vasoconstrictor (plethysmography) and muscle sympathetic nerve activity responses to sustained handgrip were measured during cardiopulmonary baroreceptor deactivation (lower body negative pressure, n = 8) and activation (volume expansion, n = 8). In addition, responses to posthandgrip muscle ischemia were studied during these perturbations of cardiopulmonary baroreflexes. No evidence of an interaction between these two reflex pathways was found. When handgrip was performed during lower body negative pressure, the percent increase in muscle sympathetic nerve activity (+115 ± 17%) was not different fron the sum of the individual sympathetic responses to handgrip and lower body negative pressure performed separately (+106 ± 19%, p = NS). Likewise, the change in forearm vascular resistance (+3.9 ± 0.8 U) for sustained handgrip performed during lower body negative pressure was not different from the algebraic sum of the responses to handgrip and lower body negative pressure when these were performed separately (+4.7 ± 2.7 U, p = NS). No difference was noted in forearm vasoconstrictor and sympathetic nerve activity responses to posthandgrip muscle ischemia and lower body negative pressure when these were performed alone or in combination. Volume expansion also failed to uncover an inhibitory interaction. Handgrip performed before volume expansion resulted in forearm vascular resistance responses (−1.2 ± 0.9 U) that were not different from the responses when such handgrip was performed after volume infusion (+0.9 ± 0.9 U, p = NS). Rather than producing the predicted inhibition of muscle sympathetic nerve activity responses to sustained handgrip, volume infusion actually increased these responses. During prevolume sustained handgrip, the increase in sympathetic nerve activity (+64.5 ± 15.7%) was significantly less than the increase when handgrip was performed after volume infusion (+105.6 ± 20.1%, p
2 MeV aluminum implantation into silicon: radiation damage

Abstract Damage accumulation by 2 MeV Al implantation into Si at temperatures between 140 and 450 K and in a dose range of 8 × 1012−1 × 1017 al/cm2 is studied by optical reflectivity depth profiling. For a wide range of doses and target temperatures the dose dependence of damage is compared to that observed after MeV implantation into Si for different ion species (Si [1], N [2], Ni [3]). It is shown that the dose dependence of damage can be described by a common model. Investigations for a temperature of 350 K indicate that amorphous volumina produced at the depth of nuclear stopping power maximum act as sinks for point defects in the profile wings. For temperatures of 400 K and above, damage profiles for doses of 5 × 1016 Al/cm2 and above show a reduction of damage at the depth of former damage maximum. This can be ascribed to a defect transformation into extended defects. Wavelength dependent measurements point to an accumulation of Al in the depth region of these defects. An impeding effect of implanted Al on the amorphization of si is evident from a comparison of critical doses with those of 2 MeV Si ions.
The theory of sediment volumes of compressible, particulate structures

Specific sediment volume or its reciprocal, average volume fraction of solids, plays a significant role in determining the state of particle aggregation in a suspension. It is determined by the properties of the rising sediment (or cake) in a batch setting tube. A close relations exists between the sediment volume and sedimentation characteristics involved in design of thickeners and clarifiers. Qualitatively, the average porosity of a particulate bed is shown to be principally a function of particle size, shape, and state of aggregation. Slurry concentration, mechanical agitation, and vibration also affects the state of the sediment. Assuming that porosity is a function of the buoyed weight of solids (effective pressure) and the initial porosity of unstressed sediment, formulas are developed which give the average specific sediment volume as a function of height and bed compressibility. For highly compressible materials, the value of the specific sediment volume changes rapidly with height. The limiting value of the specific sediment volume for a cake with differential thickness or the value of the volume fraction of solids epsilon/sub s0/ for an unstressed bed is probably the best assessing the state of aggregation of a suspension. Two experimental methods are presented for its determination. Inmore » the first method, the volume of particulates is plotted as a function of thickness; and the limiting slope for a cake of zero thickness is obtained. In the second method, the initial rates of fall and rise, respectively, of the upper particle-supernatant boundary and the sediment are experimentally measured; and epsilon/sub s0/ is obtained through a material balance. 31 references, 12 figures, 3 tables.« less
Mutations affecting ligand specificity of the G-protein-coupled receptor for the Saccharomyces cerevisiae tridecapeptide pheromone

Random mutations were generated in the G-protein-coupled receptor (Ste2p) for the tridecapeptide pheromone (alpha-factor) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. These mutants were screened for variants that responded to antagonists. Because multiple mutations were detected in each mutant receptor recovered from the screen, site-directed mutagenesis was used to create single-site mutant receptors. Three receptors containing mutations F55V, S219P, and S259P were analyzed for their biological responses to various alpha-factor analogs and for their ligand binding profiles. Cells expressing each of the mutant receptors responded to alpha-factor as well as or better than wild-type cells in a growth arrest assay. In contrast, the binding of alpha-factor to the F55V and S219P mutant receptors was at least 10-fold reduced in comparison to wild-type receptor indicating a complex non-linear correlation between binding affinity and biological activity. Cells expressing mutant receptors responded to some normally inactive analogs in biological assays, despite the fact that these analogs had a low affinity for Ste2p. The analysis of these mutant receptors confirms previous findings that the first and sixth transmembrane regions of Ste2p are important for ligand interaction, ligand specificity, and/or receptor activation to initiate the signal transduction pathway. Changes in binding affinity of pheromone analogs to wild-type and mutant receptors indicate that residue 55 of Ste2p is involved with both ligand binding and signal transduction.
Interaction of Shiga Toxin with the A-domains and Multimers of von Willebrand Factor

Shiga toxin (Stx) produced by enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli causes diarrhea-associated hemolytic-uremic syndrome (DHUS), a severe renal thrombotic microangiopathy. We investigated the interaction between Stx and von Willebrand Factor (VWF), a multimeric plasma glycoprotein that mediates platelet adhesion, activation, and aggregation. Stx bound to ultra-large VWF (ULVWF) secreted from and anchored to stimulated human umbilical vein endothelial cells, as well as to immobilized VWF-rich human umbilical vein endothelial cell supernatant. This Stx binding was localized to the A1 and A2 domain of VWF monomeric subunits and reduced the rate of ADAMTS-13-mediated cleavage of the Tyr1605-Met1606 peptide bond in the A2 domain. Stx-VWF interaction and the associated delay in ADAMTS-13-mediated cleavage of VWF may contribute to the pathophysiology of DHUS.
Evidence for Geomagnetic Imprinting and Magnetic Navigation in the Natal Homing of Sea Turtles

How sea turtles return to nest on theirnatal beaches after long migrations hasremained enigmatic. Brothers andLohmann report a relationship betweensea turtle nesting density and smallchanges in Earth’s magnetic ﬁeld.Results imply that turtles usegeomagnetic cues to ﬁnd nesting areasand may imprint on the magnetic ﬁeld ofthe natal beach.
Annual Legumes for Forage Systems in the United States Gulf Coast Region

Forage-livestock systems in the U.S. Gulf Coast are based on perennial C 4 grasses. System productivity often is predicated on significant inputs ofN fertilizer, but rapidly escalating fertilizer prices raise questions about the sustainability of these systems and provide impetus for legume research. There are few successful forage legumes in the region, suggesting that alternative species merit evaluation. The objective of this study was to determine the productivity and nutritive value in North Florida of adapted legumes whose primary use is not forage. Species tested included soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.], and pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.]. Legumes were grown in field plots during 3 yr and sampled biweekly until the recommended maturity stage for harvest as forage. At the recommended maturity stages for harvest as forage, soybean, and pigeonpea had greater (P < 0.01) herbage mass than cowpea. Leaf-to-stem ratio decreased with maturity and was greater for cowpea than the other legumes from 10 through 14 weeks after planting (WAP). At the recommended maturity for harvest as forage, pigeonpea, soybean, and cowpea had crude protein (CP) concentrations of 121, 176, and 188 g kg -1 , respectively; neutral detergent fiber (NDF) concentrations of 695, 423, and 447 g kg -1 , respectively; and in vitro true dry matter (DM) digestibility (IVTD) of 351, 729, and 689 g kg -1 , respectively. Of the three legumes studied, soybean and cowpea had the greatest potential to provide forage with the highest nutritive value for livestock in North Florida, but soybean provided greater N yield.
Prospects for understanding avirulence gene function

Avirulence genes are originally defined by their negative impact on the ability of a pathogen to infect their host plant. Many avirulence genes are now known to represent a subset of virulence factors involved in the mediation of the host-pathogen interaction. Characterization of avirulence genes has revealed that they encode an amazing assortment of proteins and belong to several gene families. Although the biochemical functions of the avirulence gene products are unknown, studies are beginning to reveal the features and interesting relationships between the avirulence and virulence activities of the proteins. Identification of critical virulence factors and elucidation of their functions promises to provide insight into plant defense mechanisms, and new and improved strategies for the control of plant disease.
Mechanical properties and adhesion of hydrated glass surface layers

Abstract This paper reviews results for interfacial adhesion and fracture of silicate glasses that demonstrate the effect of hydrated glass surface layers on the mechanical properties of glass. First, it is shown how the generation of hydrated surface layers formed on alkali borosilicate glasses can control crack propagation rates. Crack growth data, solution analysis and surface stress measurements are used to support a fracture model that involves the generation of surface stress on the crack walls behind the crack tip. A fracture mechanics based model is used to show that stressed layers can contribute to the crack tip stress intensity in a way that either increases or decreases the rate of crack propagation. In the case of alkali containing silicate glasses, tensile stresses formed on the crack walls increase the crack tip stress and contribute to the formation of a low velocity plateau in the stress intensity vs. crack velocity curve. Second, fracture mechanics test techniques are used to examine the adhesive bond formed between hydrated surface layers and bulk silicate glass. The adhesive bonds formed by sol-gel precursors composed of colloidal silica, hydrolyzed organosilanes and alkali silicate solutions are compared to determine the mechanism of interfacial bonding to dense silica substrates. The formation of siloxane bonds across the interface depends upon the nature of the silicate polyanions in solution. For the case of soluble alkali silicate derived films, heat treatments at temperatures as low as 200°C can result interferfacial adhesion energies as large as the fracture energy of silica glass. These results have important implications to the aging and repair of surface damage in glass as well as the adhesion of sol-gel derived thin films.
A polyploid species complex of Spirogyra communis (Chlorophyta) occurring in nature

Investigations were conducted to determine whether ploidal changes found in laboratory cultures of Spirogyra also occur in nature. In an earlier study filament types identifiable as three different species (Spirogyra singu-laris Nordstedt, S. communis (Hassall)Kutz., S. fragilis Jao) arose from an original clonal culture through vegetative growth and sexual reproduction. These three “species” or filament groups differed in filament width, chloroplast number, zygospore size, and chromosome number. The differences in chromosome number represented a polyploid series of diploid (S. communis), triploid (S. fragilis), and tetraploid (S. singularis) forms in which width increased with ploidal level. The three width groups constituted a “species complex.” Five years after isolation of the original strain in this species complex, filaments corresponding to two of the width groups (S. singularis and S. communis) were found at the original collection site in the Santa Catalina Mountains in southern Arizona. The two field-collected groups were indistinguishable from the laboratory species complex in morphology and chromosome number. Homothallic conjugation within the two field width groups yielded progeny similar to those from homothallic conjugation of groups in the laboratory species complex. Filament widths of progeny were generally within the width limits of respective parental groups. The four possible intergroup crosses between the two laboratory and two field width groups yielded progeny similar to the wider parent (S. singularis) or the parent of intermediate width (S. fragilis). Progeny characteristics were determined by the width groups of parents, regardless of whether parents came from the laboratory or field. The similarities in morphology, chromosome numbers, and reproductive behavior of laboratory and field width groups imply that the laboratory species complex of S. communis has a natural counterpart in the field.
A Socio-cognitive Approach to Modeling Policies in Open Environments

The richness of today's electronic communications mirrors physical world: activities such as shopping, business and scientific collaboration are conducted online. Current interactions have become a form of social exchange where participants must deal with complexity, uncertainty and risk. We propose a policy specification approach that combines social sciences and trust theory to facilitate ad-hoc interactions of self-interested parties in open environments. Our socio-cognitive approach allows us to reason about uncertainty and risk involved in a transaction, and automatically calculate the minimum trust threshold needed to mitigate the vulnerabilities. The trust threshold comprises the core of security policies that govern the interactions. The threshold calculation is based on balancing objective and subjective trust components, which together predict that a transaction will result in an acceptable outcome. We propose to apply the prospect theory (D. Kahneman and A. Tversky, 1979) to specify policies that determine a set of acceptable outcomes. We present the trust threshold negotiation primitives.
Hope and challenges in the management of advanced renal cell carcinoma.

The management of clinically localized renal cell carcinoma (RCC) has been grounded in surgical extirpation for many decades now, and remains the only consistent approach to offer a cure for patients with this disease. For many years, therapy for advanced disease had been frustrated by its resistance to conventional cytotoxic chemotherapy. Cytokine-based approaches formed the mainstay of our armamentarium and offered response rates on the order of 10–20%, with modest improvements in survival and long-term disease-free survival in less than 5%. Clearly, new approaches were needed. Within the last several years, new advances have begun to revolutionize the management of advanced RCC and offer hope where before the outlook was often bleak. These included a more accurate and proven role for aggressive surgical resection of the primary lesion and, in selected cases, metastectomy as well as refinements in cytokine-based therapy. In carefully selected patients, the possibility of allogeneic, hematopoietic, stem-cell transplantation has been explored. The ability to risk stratify patients accurately has substantially improved and current approaches to the molecular classification of renal neoplasms offer newfound opportunities, not only in predicting an individual person’s prognosis, but also potential new targets for therapy. It is not too farfetched to envision, in the not-so-distant future, individualized, targeted therapy based on the molecular defects in an individual’s particular tumor. Perhaps the most profound change, however, has come out of the work on the molecular biology of RCC. In particular, the elucidation of the central role played by aberrations of the von Hippel Lindau gene/protein and its downstream consequences in clear cell (conventional) carcinoma. These insights have led to a series of exciting new approaches, so-called “Targeted Therapy”, that have revolutionized how we approach advanced RCC. The articles in this special issue will address many of these changing paradigms in the management of RCC, and highlight how far we have come and how far we still need to go. The war against RCC has not been won yet, but as a research and therapeutic community, we are starting to win some of the smaller battles, one at a time. The key to future progress depends on an ongoing commitment to enrollment in carefully designed and executed clinical trials, the courage of the patients who participate in them, and continued dedication on the part of clinicians and scientists who work on this difficult and challenging disease.
A theory of platform-dependent low-level software

The C language definition leaves the sizes and layouts of types partially unspecified. When a C program makes assumptions about type layout, its semantics is defined only on platforms (C compilers and the underlying hardware) on which those assumptions hold. Previous work on formalizing C-like languages has ignored this issue, either by assuming that programs do not make such assumptions or by assuming that all valid programs target only one platform. In the latter case, the platform's choices are hard-wired in the language semantics.In this paper, we present a practically-motivated model for a C-like language in which the memory layouts of types are left largely unspecified. The dynamic semantics is parameterized by a platform's layout policy and makes manifest the consequence of platform-dependent (i.e., unspecified) steps. A type-and-effect system produces a layout constraint: a logic formula encoding layout conditions under which the program is memory-safe. We prove that if a program type-checks, it is memory-safe on all platforms satisfying its constraint.Based on our theory, we have implemented a tool that discovers unportable layout assumptions in C programs. Our approach should generalize to other kinds of platform-dependent assumptions.
Central corneal thickness in Northwestern American Indians/Alaskan Natives and comparison with White and African-American persons.

Purpose To determine the demographic factors associated with central corneal thickness (CCT) in Northwestern American Indians/Alaskan Natives (AI/ANs) and to compare these CCT measurements with those of White and African-American persons. Design Cross-sectional comparative, observational study. Methods We performed ultrasonic pachymetry (DGH-500 Pachette; DGH Technologies, Exton, Pennsylvania, USA) on a random sample of AI/AN subjects from three randomly selected AI/AN tribes in the Northwest United States (n = 429). Pachymetry also was performed on a convenience sample of White (n = 46) and African-American (n = 33) persons. Our main outcome measure was the average of right and left eye CCT. Results Average AI/AN CCT was 554.8 ± 33.9 μm. AI/AN CCT was found to be thicker than that of African Americans (528.5 ± 33.2 μm) but similar to that of White persons (551.9 ± 28.3 μm). CCT was greater in AI/AN females than in AI/AN males (557.6 ± 33.3 μm vs 550.1 ± 34.5 μm; P = .03). We found no difference in CCT based on percent AI/AN heritage, age, and keratometry readings. We found no significant differences in mean CCT between AI/ANs with glaucoma (556.2 μm) and those who did not have glaucoma (556.6 μm). Conclusions CCT measurements for the Northwest AI/AN population are similar to those of White persons but thicker than those of African-American persons. Although glaucoma is common in AI/ANs, we did not find an association with thin CCT. We need future studies to explore the risk factors for glaucoma in AI/ANs.
Market and Infrastructure Analysis of Future Air Cargo Demand in China

The authors would like to thank Mr. Boxue Wang at Aviation Industry Development Research Center of China for providing some 2002 CAAC data and R. Dixon Speas Fellowship for partially supporting the research.
Magnetization process in a 2-D array of small magnetic particles

Abstract A model system of a regular square lattice of epitaxial garnet particles was used to investigate the magnetization process in two dimensions. Switching statistics of particles are treated in terms of the classical Preisach model of magnetic hysteresis. The dispersion of the coercivity, controlled by the technology of preparation of the medium, and the distribution of the magnetostatic interaction fields of the system of particles determine the hysteresis loop. However, the interaction fields depend on the magnetization distribution itself, i.e. on the actual information in a recording medium, and the non-ellipsoidal shape and size of the particles have a strong effect on the switching process.
Cell transcytosing poly-arginine coated magnetic nanovector for safe and effective siRNA delivery.

Lack of safe and effective carriers for delivery of RNA therapeutics remains a barrier to its broad clinical application. We report the development of a cell tanscytosing magnetic nanovector engineered as an siRNA carrier. Iron oxide nanoparticles were modified with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), small interfering RNA (siRNA), and a catinionic polymer layer. Three nanovector formulations with cationic polymer coatings of poly arginine (pArg), polylysine (pLys), and polyethylimine (PEI), respectively, were prepared. The three nanovector formulations where evaluated for safety and ability to promote gene silencing in three types of cancer cells C6/GFP+, MCF7/GFP+, and TC2/GFP+, mimicing human cancers of the brain, breast, and prostate respectively. Cell viability and fluoresence quantification assays revealed that pArg-coated nanovectors were most effective in promoting gene-knockdown and least toxic of the three nanovector formulations tested. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) imaging of nanovector treated cell further demonstrated that pArg-coated nanovectors enter cells through cell transcytosis, while pLys and PEI coated nanovectors enter cells endocytosis. Our findings suggest that NPs engineered to exploit the cell transcytosis intracellular trafficking pathway may offer a more safe and efficient route for siRNA delivery.
Poly(3-alkylthiophenes): optimising conductivity as a function of regioregularity, dopant and casting solvent

Thiophene and 3-methylthiophene as casting solvents are shown to improve the conductivity of cast films of regioregular and regiorandom poly(3-octylthiophenes). The trend is observed from same batch samples using different dopants.
Antineoplastic agents in the management of ovarian cancer: current status and emerging therapeutic strategies

The intent of this review is to critically examine the status of the current chemotherapeutic management of ovarian cancer and possible future directions. Standard systemic chemotherapy includes a platinum agent (cisplatin or carboplatin) and a taxane (paclitaxel or docetaxel), a strategy that has not changed in more than a decade. Phase-III-trial data have revealed the superior efficacy of intraperitoneal cisplatin, compared with systemic platinum delivery, in small-volume residual advanced ovarian cancer, but in general this approach is associated with greater toxicity. Several regimens have been shown to be active in recurrent and platinum-resistant ovarian cancer, but an optimal management strategy has not been defined. Although ‘targeted therapeutic approaches' are currently being explored in this disease, with the important exception of anti-angiogeneic agents, to date, limited biological and clinical activity have been demonstrated.
Ethanol from lignocellulosic biomass: Technology, economics, and opportunities

Abstract Production of ethanol from agriculutural and forestry residues, municipal solid waste, energy crops, and other forms of lignocellulosic biomass could improve energy security, reduce trade deficits, decrease urban air pollution, and contribute little, if any, net carbon dioxide accumulation to the atmosphere. Dilute acid can open up the biomass structure for subsequent processing. The simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) process is favored for producing ethanol from the major fraction of lignocellulosic biomass, cellulose, because of its low cost potential. Technology has also been developed for converting the second largest biomass fraction, hemicellulose, into ethanol. The remaining fraction, containing mostly lignin, can be burned as boiler fuel to power the conversion process and generate extra electricity to export. Developments in conversion technology have reduced the projected gate price of ethanol from about US$0.95/liter (US$3.60/gallon) in 1980 to only about US$0.32/liter (US$1.22/gallon) in 1994. Technical targets have been identified to bring the selling price down to about US$0.18/liter (US$0.67/gallon), a level that is competitive when oil prices exceed US$25/barrel. However, at current projected costs, ethanol from biomass could be competitive with ethanol from corn, particularly if lower cost feedstocks or other niche markets are capitalized upon.
Aerosol Effects on Simulated Storm Electrification and Precipitation in a Two-Moment Bulk Microphysics Model

AbstractThe effects of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) concentrations are found to strongly affect the microphysical and electrical evolution of a numerically simulated small multicell storm. The simulations reproduce the well-known effects of updraft invigoration and delay of precipitation formation as increasing CCN from low to intermediate concentrations causes droplet sizes to decrease. Peak updrafts increased from 16 m s−1 at the lowest CCN to a maximum of 21–22 m s−1 at moderate CCN, where condensation latent heating is maximized. The transition from low to high CCN first maximizes warm-rain production before switching over to the ice process as the dominant precipitation mechanism. Average graupel density stays fairly high and constant at lower CCN, but then drops monotonically at higher CCN concentration, although high CCN also foster the appearance of small regions of larger, high-density graupel with high simulated radar reflectivity.Graupel production increases monotonically as CCN concentratio...
Inelastic collisions induced by intense optical radiation

A large cross section for inelastic collision is induced by an incident laser tuned to the frequency of the interatomic energy defect. We study energy transfer from the Sr $5p^{1}P^{\ensuremath{\circ}}$ level to the Ca $4d^{1}D$ level and measure a cross section for inelastic collision of 3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}16}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ at a laser power density of 8.6\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{6}$ W/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ and a wavelength of 6409.0 \AA{}.
Do channel members value supportive retail services? Why?

Abstract When a manufacturer opens an online channel to compete with its retailer, how can the channel conflict be resolved and the relationship between channel members be improved? Our research proposes supportive retail services as an effective incentive to coordinate the dual-channel distribution and govern the relationship between channel members. We use a profit-maximization model to show that supportive retail services can be utilized to alleviate dual-channel competition and achieve a Pareto result for all channel members. As product compatibility with the web changes, the manufacturer's financial support for retail services also changes. When the product is more compatible with the web, the manufacturer would like to offer more financial support as an effective incentive to the retailer to improve its retail services. However, the value of supportive retail services always increases for the manufacturer but first increases and then decreases for the retailer as product compatibility with the web increases.
Quantitative study of bacterial colonization of dental casts

Abstract Statement of problem. Contamination of dental casts can occur if the record bases are improperly disinfected or inadvertently not disinfected during fabrication of a prosthesis. It is essential to develop an effective means of disinfecting dental casts from professional, medical, and legal points of view. Purpose. This study determined whether: (1) saliva contamination on the surface of the dental cast contributed to bacterial growth over time and (2) cleaning or disinfecting of dental casts can minimize bacterial growth. Material and methods. Five dental casts were contaminated with saliva. Each cast was divided into six areas and swabbed at 15, 30, 60, 120, 180, and 240 minutes. Sheep blood agar plates were inoculated and incubated at 37° C for 72 hours. Standardized dental stone cylinders were contaminated with 25 μl of saliva and treated by rinsing in tap water, scrubbing with soap and tap water, soaking in 2% glutaraldehyde, or as controls with and without saliva contamination ( n = 12). The treated dental stone cylinders were placed in individual test tubes containing 2.5 ml of sterile phosphate-buffered solution and a final dilution of 10 −4 was achieved. Sheep blood agar plates were inoculated and incubated at 37° C for 24 hours. Results. Contamination of dental casts did not decrease, even when allowed to sit 4 hours before handling. Results also demonstrated that rinsing saliva-treated stone cylinders for 20 seconds significantly diminished bacterial contamination. Scrubbing with soap and tap water or soaking in 2% glutaraldehyde significantly reduced the bacterial contamination of saliva-treated stone cylinders when compared with rinsing with tap water. Conclusion. Bacterial contamination of dental casts can occur and requires an effective method of disinfecting. (J Prosthet Dent 1997;78:518-21.)
Analysis of sample-level properties along a paleoenvironmental gradient: The behavior of evenness as a function of sample size

Abstract The assessment of fossil biodiversity is influenced by a range of sampling effects such as sample size, evenness and lithological character. Many paleontologists have worked to understand and mitigate for such biasing effects, generating standardized assessments of local, regional and global biodiversity. However, when assessing biodiversity among individual communities with small sample sizes, such as those from lithified Paleozoic samples, it is important to understand how these properties relate to one another qualitatively and quantitatively. Here, the properties of richness and evenness were investigated at the sample level along an ecological gradient within a stratigraphically and geographically constrained interval, the Fulton submember of the Kope Formation (Upper Ordovician) of Kentucky and Ohio. Using a replicate subsampling procedure analogous to rarefaction, evenness values were generated using four metrics (J, PIE, Ess and Essmin). Simulations using real and simulated data revealed that the PIE metric generates the most stable assessments of evenness at very small sample sizes, and relative evenness can be assessed at any sample size, provided that replicate subsampling is performed. Comparisons of richness, evenness and lithology revealed no directional trend along the ecological gradient, but two distinct groups of samples were identified by differences in evenness as well as the number of sampled individuals. Such differences in abundance structure influence perceptions of biodiversity when samples from low-evenness and high-evenness assemblages are aggregated. Increasing the sampling intensity in low-evenness communities may help to mitigate for these differences and more thoroughly capture the richness contained within small samples.
Ionization band profile analysis in valence photoelectron spectroscopy

Abstract Analytical descriptions of partially resolved and unresolved vibrational progressions in valence photoelectron ionization bands are discussed. The 2 T 2g valence ionization of Cr(CO) 6 is examined as an example of a partially resolved vibrational progression, and the Jahn-Teller split 2 E ′ and 2 E ″ valence ionizations of Fe(CO) 5 are examined as examples of overlapping ionizations with unresolved vibrational progressions. Asymmetric Gaussian band shapes are obtained when vibrational broadening is responsible for the overall contour of the molecular ionization. Attempts to model the valence ionizations with symmetric Gaussian peak models can lead to serious misrepresentations of the ionization bands. This is found to be particularly important for overlapping ionizations such as the Jahn-Teller split bands of Fe(CO) 5 , where attempts to model the contours with symmetric Gaussian peak shapes lead to physically unreasonable band positions, relative amplitudes, halfwidths and band areas. The treatment of ionizations with resolved vibrational fine structure is also addressed with the 2 A 1 g ionization of osmocene. A series of related Gaussian components are used to model the resolved vibrational progressions. The goodness of fit between the model and the data is discussed in each case. Advantages and limitations in the analytical representation of valence photoelectron data are addressed.
Age and progression of volcanism, Wrangell volcanic field, Alaska

The Wrangell volcanic field covers more than 10 000 km2 in southern Alaska and extends uninterrupted into northwest. Yukon Territory. Lavas in the field exhibit medium-K, calc-alkaline affinities, typical of continental volcanic arcs along convergent plate margins. Eleven major eruptive centers are recognized in the Alaskan part of the field. More than 90 K-Ar age determinations in the field show a northwesterly progression of eruptive activity from 26 Ma, near the Alaska-Yukon border, to about 0.2 Ma at the northwest end of the field. A few age determinations in the southeast extension of the field in Yukon Territory, Canada, range from 11 to 25 Ma. The ages indicate that the progression of volcanism in the Alaska part of the field increased from about 0.8 km/Ma, at 25 Ma, to more than 20 km/MA during the past 2 Ma. The progression of volcanic activity and its increased rate of migration with time is attributed to changes in the rate and angle of Pacific plate convergence and the progressive decoupling of the Yakutat terrane from North America. Subduction of Yakutat terrane-Pacific plate and Wrangell volcanic activity ceased about 200 000 years age when Pacific plate motion was taken up by strike-slip faulting and thrusting.
Lorentz-Dirac equation and energy conservation for radiating electrons

Abstract Lorentz-Dirac equation and Lienard-Wiechert potentials for interacting radiating charges do conserve energy contrary to a recent assertion of Comay.
The non-catalytic aqueous reactions of 1,10-phenanthroline with ammonium hexachloroiridate(III)☆

Abstract Reflux of acidified aqueous solutions of 1,10-phenanthroline(L) and (NH4)3IrCl6 for 10 min to 2 hr gives variable products containing mixtures of the species [IrLCl4]−and [IrL(OH)Cl3]−. After 2 weeks of reflux the compound [IrL2Cl2]Cl·2H2O and the corresponding adduct [IrL2Cl2] NO3·2H2O·HNO3 have been isolated. The presence of a cis cation in these latter two products is suggested by recent findings of others and is supported by i.r. spectra.
Brief Limiting zero distribution of sampled systems

In this paper, we consider the sampling of a continuous time system with possibly a non-rational transfer function. Limiting zero distribution of the sampled system represented by an FIR model is derived. It is shown that the zeros of the FIR sampled system converge evenly to the unit circle or to the unit disk plus unstable roots of the reciprocal polynomials depending on assumptions.
An Institutional Autopsy of St. Augustine Junior College

Institutional autopsies can teach much about why learning centers fail the test of time. St. Augustine Junior College in north Florida, the brainchild of Dr. George Apel, was begun in 1942 and ended seven years later in 1949. The purposes of the short-lived college are identified for discussion in this paper. Also identified are the reasons for the demise of this rather bold, but woefully over-extended, attempt at higher education in “the Ancient City.”
A MODEL-BASED APPROACH TO MEASURING COGNITIVE GROWTH IN PRE-READING AND READING SKILLS DURING THE KINDERGARTEN YEAR

This study has two primary purposes. The first is to outline a model-based measurement approach that relies on multiple criterion-referenced points to identify different patterns of student growth in reading during kindergarten. The second purpose is to demonstrate how applied practitioners might use the model-based measurement approach to address policy questions dealing with gender and school sector differences in reading growth during kindergarten. In addition, the study shows that the more traditional approaches to measuring change with respect to these policy questions may yield uninformative if not incorrect results.
In vitro color stability of double-layer veneers after accelerated aging.

Abstract Statement of problem. Porcelain laminates made from thin alumina shells veneered with feldspathic porcelain could be a promising alternative to conventional veneers. Long-term shade stability is critical for esthetics. Purpose. This study compared changes in CIE L*a*b* color coordinates of simulated veneers made from aluminum oxide core material veneered with feldspathic porcelain after 300 hours of accelerated photothermal aging (weathering). Material and methods. Fifteen aluminum oxide disks (Procera) were divided into 3 groups. Each of the 5 disks was veneered with All-Ceram porcelain of the Vita shades A1 and B4, respectively. Five disks remained unfinished as controls. The disks were bonded to composite substrates simulating stained teeth. The color of the specimens was measured with a colorimeter. All specimens were subjected to 300 hours of accelerated aging under light exposure and thermocycling. Color measurements were repeated, and the data were statistically evaluated with multiple paired t tests. Results. Color changes in the test groups involved an increase in lightness and a decrease in chroma. The calculated total color differences were not statistically significant compared with a level of 3 ΔE units. Conclusion. This simulation of double-layer veneers appears to demonstrate acceptable color stability for this type of restoration. Clinical research is necessary to substantiate these in vitro findings. (J Prosthet Dent 2001;85:551-7.)
V-2 range control technique

With the relaxation of military restrictions, information now is available concerning much enemy equipment including the German-developed V-2 rocket which was employed in the bombardment of England. Range control of the V-2 was provided by an integrating accelerometer which, under proper conditions, can be made to give a measure of the velocity at any given instant. By presetting this device and controlling the angle of the missile with respect to zenith, reasonably accurate guidance can be accomplished.
Sex Difference in Testosterone Response to a Video Game Contest

Abstract Testosterone (T) and cortisol (C) were assayed from saliva samples given by young men ( n = 28) and women ( n = 32) before, during, and after competing with a same-sex partner in a video game. The T response to the competition is different in each sex; the C response is the same. Male results confirm prior reports of a precontest rise in testosterone. Male results did not confirm previous findings that, after a contest, the testosterone of winners is higher than that of losers, perhaps because the video game contest produced little mood difference between male winners and losers. Unlike male testosterone, female testosterone generally decreased throughout the experiment. Trends in T and C are parallel in women but not in men. Apparently T works differently in competition between men than between women.
Graph-based filtering of urban LiDAR data

A graph-based approach for modeling and solving the LiDAR filtering problem in urban areas is established. Our method consists of three steps. In the first step we construct a graph-based representation of the LiDAR data, Delaunay triangulation or the KNN graph can be used in this step. An algorithm is introduced to label the edges of this graph. In this second step, we defined criteria to eliminate some of the graph edges, then we used a connected components algorithm to separate the graph representation into different components. Finally, these components are classified into terrain or objects. Different datasets with different characteristics have been used to analyze the performance of our method.
Not as a Stranger: Rooting for the Home Team in Invictus and The Infidel

Two recent movies, Invictus and The Infidel, concern finding ways to negotiate coexistence between intensely opposed subcultures and are used to expand the meaning of multiculturalism. New, emergent cultures that are universalistic, practical, and accommodative are among the many cultures that are given place amid the diversity of modern complex societies. Although purity of culture is often held up as a goal, the blending of cultures in search of daily survival and convenience remains valuable to modern people looking to define their identities.
The Angle Between Subspaces of a Hilbert Space

This is a mainly expository paper concerning two different definitions of the angle between a pair of subspaces of a Hilbert space, certain basic results which hold for these angles, and a few of the many applications of these notions. The latter include the rate of convergence of the method of cyclic projections, existence and uniqueness of abstract splines, and the product of operators with closed range.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Counseling and Testing Program in the Prenatal Setting

Objective:The objectives ofthis studywere to ascertain the acceptance rate ofhuman immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) testing in a high-prevalence area and to describe the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of seropositive women diagnosed in the prenatal setting. Methods: A retrospective review was carried out of the prenatal HIV-1 counseling and testing program at University Hospital, Newark, NJ (1989-1990). Results: Sixty-seven percent (741/1,114) ofthewomen offeredHIV-1 counseling services accepted testing and 40 (40/741:5.3%) new cases were identified. Heterosexual contact was the primary exposure (17:52%) of these women, ofwhom 13 (73%) had negative syphilis serologies. Sixty-four percent were asymptomatic. The mean absolute CD4 lymphocyte count in seropositive women was 514 305 cells/mm3. Severe immunosuppression was seen in 7/32 (22%) patients. Seventythree percent (24/33) depended on public-assistance programs for their health-care services. Conclusions:A voluntary HIV-1 counseling and testing program is well accepted in the prenatal setting. It can provide early identification of asymptomatic seropositive women and infants at risk and lead to early intervention and therapy. (C) 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.