cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Accelerated melanoma mortality rates among middle-aged white males with tumors of all thicknesses.

e21029Background: Effective early detection of melanoma remains one of the most crucial strategies in improving patient prognosis, due to the inverse relationship between primary tumor thickness an...
NGOs As Newsmakers: The Changing Landscape of International News

In NGOs as Newsmakers: The Changing Landscape of International News, published as part of the Reuters Institute Global Journalism Series, Matthew Powers offers a compelling case that nongovernmenta...
The Application of Optimal Defaults to Physical Education Courses in College Students: A Simulation Study

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine if automatic enrollment in exercise-promoting courses on a college campus, with a choice to opt out, would increase enrollment. Method: In a simula...
Remaking Television: One Day at a Time’s Digital Delivery and Latina/o Cultural Specificity:

New distribution models have transformed television over the past decade, and Netflix’s One Day at a Time (2017–) stands out not only because it is a remake of a classic Norman Lear sitcom, but bec...
Patient Reported Review of Symptoms in Survivorship Clinic

Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) is a potentially curative treatment for many hematologic malignancies. Survivors of HCT have a variety of side effects from chemotherapy, graft-versus-host disease, as well as late effects including cardiovascular disease, diabetes and osteoporosis. Patient report of symptoms has been demonstrated to be a more accurate measure of health status, and can enhance patient-physician communication. Within our survivorship program, we collect a comprehensive assessment of core symptoms at day 100 and 1 year. These patient reported symptoms presents an opportunity to screen and detect potential complications early. All allogeneic HCT recipients are seen within our survivorship program and asked to complete a systematic and comprehensive screening questionnaire to evaluate a variety of symptoms related to skin, eyes, mouth, gastrointestinal tract, cardio/pulmonary, musculoskeletal, sexual functioning, work, substance use, exercise, cognition and performance status at day 100 and 1-year post HCT. From 2016-2018 161 patients had an allogeneic HCT and 42 patients completed survivorship appointments at day 100 and 1-year.We performed a review of patient assessments of their symptoms. Patients reported more symptoms at 1 year compared to day 100 (Figure). The most common symptoms reported were involving the musculoskeletal system (N=35 at both day 100 and 1-year) and cognitive functioning (N= 29 at day 100 and N=24 at 1 year). Musculoskeletal complaints included tremors and leg weakness, more common at day 100; and numbness, joint stiffness, decreased range of motion and joint pain more commonly at 1-year. Difficulties with memory and having to cut back on activities due to fatigue were prevalent day 100 and 1-year after HCT. Many symptoms reported were related to acute and chronic GVHD (17 developed acute GvHD by day 100 and 21 had chronic GVHD at 1 –year). In summary, this review demonstrates a continued high burden of symptoms in transplant survivors even at 1 year—with persistent or even new symptoms occurring. This emphasizes the need for continued follow up of late-effects and importance of patient self-report. Through our survivorship program, we hope to continue to capture patient-reported outcomes to better measure health status and late effects.
A Robust Iterative Learning Switching Controller for following Virtual Constraints: Application to a Hybrid Neuroprosthesis

Abstract In this paper, a robust iterative learning switching controller that uses optimal virtual constraint is designed for a hybrid walking exoskeleton that uses functional electrical stimulation and a powered exoskeleton. The synthesis of iterative learning control with sliding-mode control improves tracking performance and accuracy. The motivation for designing this switching controller was to obtain joint torques either from functional electrical stimulation or electric motor. A generalized switching controller is utilized to switch based on the stimulated muscle fatigue state. For achieving stability in walking cycle, the controller is used to force the system to follow the designed virtual constraints. The combination of sequential quadratic programming and genetic-particle swarm optimization algorithm is used for deriving the virtual constraints. The effectiveness of the new iterative learning control for output tracking is verified in a simple model of walking (3-link) that has active actuation at the hip joints.
Epidemiology of Chronic Illnesses: Associations with the Aging Population and Future Socioeconomic Implications

It is seen that chronic illnesses are prevalent among elderly individuals. Not only does aging increases the probability of developing chronic illnesses due to deterioration of the body, but it also increases the difficulty in maintaining a healthy lifestyle. As the United States is in the period in which the “baby boomers” are 60+ plus the other one-half billion people around the world, the diseases and injuries among the elderly will certainly grow. Those affected need to be educated on resources to pay back the debt of chronic diseases and learn about the preventive care for lifestyle changes. Many people are unaware how expensive the treatment for chronic illnesses is because there are overlooked factors such as medication, rehabilitation, and the need for variety of healthcare professionals. There are regional program, charities, and local health services that may be able to help families financially, but unfortunately, most bills are paid through health insurances or out of pocket. In this chapter, we will compare the prevalence and incidence of diseases among the population as a whole versus those who are 60 years of age and older. We will go in depth on the top common diseases seeing among the elderly including hypertension, upper respiratory conditions, and arthritis. Without treating this mass issue during the “graying revolution,” it will lead to many significant issues like higher financial cost, more deaths, and raising concerns within families. It is essential to know exactly how these diseases develop, the methods in hindering their progression, and how to potentially manage them better when they do occur.
Functional Interaction among KCa and TRP Channels for Cardiovascular Physiology: Modern Perspectives on Aging and Chronic Disease

Effective delivery of oxygen and essential nutrients to vital organs and tissues throughout the body requires adequate blood flow supplied through resistance vessels. The intimate relationship between intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) and regulation of membrane potential (Vm) is indispensable for maintaining blood flow regulation. In particular, Ca2+-activated K+ (KCa) channels were ascertained as transducers of elevated [Ca2+]i signals into hyperpolarization of Vm as a pathway for decreasing vascular resistance, thereby enhancing blood flow. Recent evidence also supports the reverse role for KCa channels, in which they facilitate Ca2+ influx into the cell interior through open non-selective cation (e.g., transient receptor potential; TRP) channels in accord with robust electrical (hyperpolarization) and concentration (~20,000-fold) transmembrane gradients for Ca2+. Such an arrangement supports a feed-forward activation of Vm hyperpolarization while potentially boosting production of nitric oxide. Furthermore, in vascular types expressing TRP channels but deficient in functional KCa channels (e.g., collecting lymphatic endothelium), there are profound alterations such as downstream depolarizing ionic fluxes and the absence of dynamic hyperpolarizing events. Altogether, this review is a refined set of evidence-based perspectives focused on the role of the endothelial KCa and TRP channels throughout multiple experimental animal models and vascular types. We discuss the diverse interactions among KCa and TRP channels to integrate Ca2+, oxidative, and electrical signaling in the context of cardiovascular physiology and pathology. Building from a foundation of cellular biophysical data throughout a wide and diverse compilation of significant discoveries, a translational narrative is provided for readers toward the treatment and prevention of chronic, age-related cardiovascular disease.
5 – South Asia

South Asia, including the Indian subcontinent, Sri Lanka, and the Maldives, exhibits lower levels of e-government than does most of Asia. In India, numerous programs involving telekiosks have helped to ameliorate rural poverty by providing farmers with access to crop prices and land registration deeds. Pakistan's e-government efforts have been half-hearted and hampered by corruption. Bangladesh has taken several hesitant steps but still has far to go. Sri Lanka and the Maldives, in contrast, offer healthy models of e-government designed to improve daily life.
Adverse-Yaw Control During Roll for a Class of Optimal Lift Distributions

Lifting-line theory has formed the basis of wing-design understanding for nearly a century. This theory has previously been used to develop a class of optimal lift distributions that minimize induc...
The Procedural Foundations of I̶n̶t̶e̶l̶l̶e̶c̶t̶u̶a̶l̶ ̶P̶r̶o̶p̶e̶r̶t̶y̶ Information Regulation

In the academy, legal scholarship on intellectual property, or “IP,” abounds, most of it focusing on the substance of IP. Far less, however, is written about the procedural aspects of IP. This Article focuses on the often-ignored procedural foundations of IP and suggests—at a minimum—that procedure so thoroughly pervades IP that IP’s true foundations might be in procedure rather than substance. Considering “IP as procedure” may further allow us to recognize that IP procedures may need to be reconceptualized within a broader field of information regulation procedures.
Passive daytime radiative cooling: Principle, application, and economic analysis

Passive daytime radiative cooling (PDRC) is an electricity-free method for cooling terrestrial entities. In PDRC, a surface has a solar reflectance of nearly 1 to avoid solar heating and a high emittance close to 1 in the long-wavelength infrared (LWIR) transparent window of the atmosphere (wavelength λ = 8–13 μm) for radiating heat to the cold sky. This allows the surface to passively achieve sub-ambient cooling. PDRC requires careful tuning of optical reflectance in the wide optical spectrum, and various strategies have been proposed in the last decade, some of which are under commercialization. PDRC can be used in a variety of applications, such as building envelopes, containers, and vehicles. This perspective describes the principle and applications of various PDRC strategies and analyzes the cost, and economic and environmental consequences. Potential challenges and possible future directions are also discussed.
Environmental Pollution and the Developmental Origins of Childhood Liver Disease

Environmental hepatology is an emerging field focused on the environmental contribution to liver health and disease. Although lifestyle choices such as drugs, alcohol, diet and exercise are major environmental influences; the potential contribution of chemical pollutants is less clear. Nonetheless, accumulating evidence suggests that these exposures may increase liver disease risk, with the greatest evidence occurring for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).
Efficient Zygotic Genome Editing via RAD51-Enhanced Interhomolog Repair

Abstract Recent advances in genome editing have greatly improved knock-in (KI) efficiency1–9. Searching for factors to further improve KI efficiency for therapeutic use and generation of non-human primate (NHP) models, we found that the strand exchange protein RAD51 can significantly increase homozygous KI using CRISPR/Cas9 in mouse embryos through an interhomolog repair (IHR) mechanism. IHR is well-described in the context of meiosis10, but only occurs at low frequencies in mitotic cells11,12 and its existence in zygotes is controversial. Using a variety of approaches, we provide evidence for an endogenous IHR mechanism in zygotes that can be enhanced by RAD51. We show that this process can be harnessed for generating homozygous KI animals from wildtype zygotes based on exogenous donors and for converting heterozygous alleles into homozygous alleles without exogenous templates. Furthermore, we elucidate additional factors that contribute to zygotic IHR and identify a RAD51 mutant capable of insertion-deletion (indel)-free stimulation of IHR. Thus, our study provides conclusive evidence for the existence of zygotic IHR and demonstrates methods to enhance IHR for potential use in gene drives, gene therapy, and biotechnology.
Emerging Technologies in Cardiac Pacing From Leadless Pacers to Stem Cells

Modern pacemakers can sense and pace multiple chambers of the heart. These pacemakers have different modes and features to optimize atrioventricular synchrony and promote intrinsic conduction. Despite recent advancements, current pacemakers have several drawbacks that limit their feasibility. In this review article, we discuss several of these limitations and detail several emerging technologies in cardiac pacing aimed to solve some of these limitations. We present several technological advancements in cardiac pacing, including the use of leadless pacemakers, physiologic pacing, battery improvements, and bioartificial pacemakers. More research still needs to be done in testing the safety and efficacy of these new developments.
CDK2 limits the highly energetic secretory program of mature β cells by restricting PEP cycle-dependent KATP channel closure

Hallmarks of mature β cells are restricted proliferation and a highly energetic secretory state. Paradoxically, cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) is synthesized throughout adulthood, its cytosolic localization raising the likelihood of cell cycle-independent functions. In the absence of any changes in β cell mass, maturity, or proliferation, genetic deletion of Cdk2 in adult β cells enhanced insulin secretion from isolated islets and improved glucose tolerance in vivo. At the single β cell level, CDK2 restricts insulin secretion by increasing KATP conductance, raising the set point for membrane depolarization in response to activation of the phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) cycle with mitochondrial fuels. In parallel with reduced β cell recruitment, CDK2 restricts oxidative glucose metabolism while promoting glucose-dependent amplification of insulin secretion. This study provides evidence of essential, non-canonical functions of CDK2 in the secretory pathways of quiescent β cells.
The missing capital: The case for psychological capital in entrepreneurship research

Abstract Psychological capital has received limited attention in entrepreneurship research despite growing interest in its subconstructs – self-efficacy, hope, optimism, and resilience. We build a case for incorporating psychological capital into entrepreneurship research broadly and then specifically describe how psychological capital could impact opportunity evaluation research. Finally, we highlight how entrepreneurship research can provide new insights into psychological capital.
Electron paramagnetic resonance studies of carotenoids.

Publisher Summary Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) detection of carotenoid triplet states is an important spectroscopic tool for the elucidation of the mechanism of triplet state formation, the determination of carotenoid structures in vivo, and the specification of carotenoid molecular geometries. Pulse radiolysis and flash photolysis optical spectroscopic experiments have been used to determine triplet–triplet absorption spectra of carotenoids, quantum yields of carotenoid triplet formation, and relative triplet state energies. EPR detection of carotenoid triplet states provides information about three other important factors. These factors include (1) the mechanism of carotenoid triplet state formation, (2) the structure of the carotenoid, and the geometry of the carotenoid molecule relative to other chromophores. This chapter illustrates how each of these three factors can be addressed and illustrates examples from the photosynthetic literature, which is now replete with carotenoid triplet state electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopic observations.
A CONSTRUCTION OF A QUASI-METRIC SOUSLIN SPACE WITH A POINT-COUNTABLE BASE

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses a construction of a quasi-metric Souslin space with a point-countable base. A Souslin space is a linearly ordered topological space L such that L is not separable but L does have the countable chain condition. The existence of a Souslin space is independent of Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory including the axiom of choice. Any Souslin space would clearly be a regular, hereditarily Lindelof space that would be nonmetrizable. If every open cover of the linearly ordered topological space X has a point-countable refining open cover, then every open cover has a star-finite refining open cover. The refinement can be chosen so that no member of it intersects more than two other members. If a linearly ordered topological space has a point-countable base, then it has a point-countable base each of whose elements is an open interval.
Benefits and risks of contralateral prophylactic mastectomy in women undergoing treatment for sporadic unilateral breast cancer: a decision analysis.

The rate of contralateral prophylactic mastectomy (CPM) is rising rapidly, despite limited evidence about the procedure’s relative benefits and harms. The objective of this study is to examine the impact of CPM on life expectancy (LE) and quality-adjusted life expectancy (QALE) in women with sporadic unilateral breast cancer. A Markov model was developed to compare 18 hypothetical cohorts of 45-year-old women with newly diagnosed unilateral, sporadic breast cancer treated with or without CPM. The probability of developing distant metastases by American Joint Committee on Cancer stage and molecular subtype was derived from British Columbia Cancer Agency data. Additional model parameters were identified from the medical literature. Sensitivity analyses were performed to examine the impact of plausible variations in key model parameters on results. CPM improved LE in all cohorts (range 0.06–0.54 years). Stage had more effect on LE than subtype (stage I mean, 0.44 years, stage III mean, 0.11 years). However, after adjusting for quality-of-life, No CPM was favored in all cohorts. Univariate sensitivity analysis demonstrated that the most influential model parameter was the post-CPM health state utility. The preferred strategy shifted from No CPM to CPM when the post-CPM utility exceeded 0.83 (base case value 0.81). PSA indicated that LE gains and QALE decreases were stable in all cohorts. The primary determinant of survival after unilateral breast cancer is stage at diagnosis. Our results suggest that routine CPM would not improve quality-adjusted survival for the majority of women with unilateral sporadic breast cancer.
A note on the support of a Sobolev function on a k-cell

It is shown that a k-cell (the homeomorphic image of a closed ball in R k ) in R n , 1 [k+1/2], the greatest integer in (k + 1)/2.
A generative model for probabilistic label fusion of multimodal data

The maturity of registration methods, in combination with the increasing processing power of computers, has made multi-atlas segmentation methods practical. The problem of merging the deformed label maps from the atlases is known as label fusion. Even though label fusion has been well studied for intramodality scenarios, it remains relatively unexplored when the nature of the target data is multimodal or when its modality is different from that of the atlases. In this paper, we review the literature on label fusion methods and also present an extension of our previously published algorithm to the general case in which the target data are multimodal. The method is based on a generative model that exploits the consistency of voxel intensities within the target scan based on the current estimate of the segmentation. Using brain MRI scans acquired with a multiecho FLASH sequence, we compare the method with majority voting, statistical-atlas-based segmentation, the popular package FreeSurfer and an adaptive local multi-atlas segmentation method. The results show that our approach produces highly accurate segmentations (Dice 86.3% across 22 brain structures of interest), outperforming the competing methods.
Candace Ward. Desire and disorder: fevers, fictions, and feeling in English Georgian culture Lewisburg: Bucknell University Press, 2007. 297 pp.

Eighteenth-century novels of sensibility almost invariably include an illness narrative, which establishes the hero or heroine either as a sufferer or as the sympathetic friend of one whose body has been disordered. Episodes of illness bring grief and tears to the sentimental novel in cases of loss, or relief and joy in instances of recovery. Investigations by critics in the last two decades have shed new light on the social significance of these illnesses by connecting them to the eighteenth-century interest in nerve theory, according to which either an excessively delicate sensibility or a desire to indulge the passions can lead to a fatal bodily disorder. Until now, however, there has been little discussion of the means through which desire becomes disorder in these novels—that is, of the specific febrile illnesses typically associated with desires rooted in poverty, love, ambition, imprisonment and slavery. By examining the medical literature of the period not with an eye toward nerve theory but rather toward the several types of fevers commonly described by both medical writers and novelists, Candace Ward supplies the link between desire and disorder, showing that accounts of illnesses were social documents that can be used to explain the ways that class, race, gender and ideology contribute to the disordering of the body. Ward’s strategy, across her five chapters, is to identify in the first half of each chapter the texts of several medical writers (invariably male) who discourse upon a specific febrile illness, while revealing in themselves a desire to control and direct the ways in which the patients, the illnesses, and the doctors who treat them are socially perceived. In the second half of each chapter, Ward applies those constructions of illness to a literary text in which the illness is depicted. Thus, in the first chapter, Sir Richard Manningham’s treatise on hysteria (1746) addresses the “nervous fever” to which women were believed to be especially vulnerable. Being a prominent man-midwife rather than a physician, Manningham played a mediating role between women and their doctors, empowering his female readers by alerting them to the warning signs of oncoming fever but also advising them to give authority over their bodies to physicians in order to effect a cure. Ward pairs this medical text with Frances Sheridan’s Memoirs of Miss Sidney Biddulph, in which Sheridan appears to share Manningham’s assumptions about female vulnerability by allowing Sidney to be victimized J Med Humanit (2011) 32:65–67 DOI 10.1007/s10912-010-9128-y
Carving-out mental health benefits to Medicaid beneficiaries: A shift toward managed care

Several states have designed and implemented innovative programs for Medicaid beneficiaries that carve-out the provision of mental health from general health care. This paper describes several such programs and outlines the choices states face in designing these services. Major decisions include the selection of a public or private agency, how that agency is chosen, reimbursement schemes, eligibility criteria, and benefits to be covered. While carve-out programs have yielded initial savings, more research is needed on their effect on quality of care and general health care costs.
CHANGE IN CYLEX SCORES PREDICTS RISK FOR INFECTION IN THE FIRST YEAR FOLLOWING HEART TRANSPLANTATION

The average Cylex score (CS) is lower in heart transplant (HTx) patients (pts) prior to infectious episodes, but the impact of a change in CS on the risk of subsequent infection is not known. The purpose of this study was to determine if a change in CS in HTx pts would impact the risk of subsequent
Functional Consequences of Polyamine Synthesis Inhibition by l-α-Difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) CELLULAR MECHANISMS FOR DFMO-MEDIATED OTOTOXICITY

Abstract l-α-Difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) is a chemopreventive agent for colon cancer in clinical trials. Yet, the drug produces an across-frequency elevation of the hearing threshold, suggesting that DFMO may affect a common trait along the cochlear spiral. The mechanism for the ototoxic effects of DFMO remains uncertain. The cochlear duct is exclusively endowed with endocochlear potential (EP). EP is a requisite for normal sound transduction, as it provides the electromotive force that determines the magnitude of the receptor potential of hair cells. EP is generated by the high throughput of K+ across cells of the stria vascularis, conferred partly by the activity of Kir4.1 channels. Here, we show that the ototoxicity of DFMO may be mediated by alteration of the inward rectification of Kir4.1 channels, resulting in a marked reduction in EP. These findings are surprising given that the present model for EP generation asserts that Kir4.1 confers the outflow of K+ in the stria vascularis. We have proposed an alternative model. These findings should also enable the rational design of new pharmaceuticals devoid of the untoward effect of DFMO.
Lymphadenectomy prior to rat hind limb allotransplantation prevents graft-versus-host disease in chimeric hosts

In previous rat studies, the use of mixed allogeneic chimerism (MAC) to induce host tolerance to hind limb allografts has resulted in severe graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). The purpose of this study was to determine if immunocompetent cells in bone marrow (BM) and/or lymph nodes (LNs) of transplanted limbs were responsible for inducing GVHD in mixed chimeric hosts. [ACI→Wistar Furth] chimeric rats received ACI hind limbs that were non-irradiated, irradiated (1050 cGy) or lymphadenectomized. Rejection, GVHD and donor chimerism was assessed. Chimeric hosts rejected none of their limbs. However, hosts of non-irradiated hind limbs succumbed to GVHD 22.4±0.8 days after transplantation. In contrast, chimeras that received irradiated or lymphadenectomized ACI hind limbs showed no clinical or histological signs of GVHD at 5 months. We conclude that mixed chimeric hosts are susceptible to GVHD due to the immunocompetent cell load provided by the LNs, not the BM, of hind limb allografts.
Analysis of double‐substrate limited growth

Summary Mathematical models which relate the growth rate of a microorganism to a single limiting substrate concentration have long been established. In recent years, it has become apparent that, under certain conditions, the growth rate of an organism may be simultaneously limited by two or more substrates. Mathematical models of double-substrate limitation fall into two categories: interactive and noninteractive models. A discussion of both types of models is presented in both conceptual and mathematical terms. An analogous case of an enzyme which requires two different substrates to produce a single product is presented. This enzyme analog indicates that both types of double-substrate limitation models appear to be feasible under certain conditions. Based upon stoichiometry and specific growth rate-substrate concentration contour plots, a method for determining the operational conditions which will lead to double-substrate limitation is presented.
Improved Pediatric Patient Flow in a General Emergency Department by Altering Triage Criteria

Objective:To evaluate the effect of altering pediatric triage criteria on ED triage scoring and patient flow. Methods: A prospective observational study of a pediatric triage modification was performed. Data for all pediatric patients presenting to an urban general ED during a six-month study period were collected. After the first three months, pediatric triage criteria were altered by elevating the acuity of several historical items and specifically listing abnormal signs and symptoms. Outcome measures included triage score assignment, criteria making the patient emergent, proportion of emergent or urgent triage assignments, and times to examination, disposition, and admission. Results: Altering pediatric triage criteria resulted in a significant (p < 0.05) increase in the number of patients triaged as emergent (2% vs 15%) or urgent (48% vs 55%). In addition, for emergent and urgent patients there was a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in the mean times to ED examination (50 vs 44 min), floor admission (355 vs 245 min), and intensive care unit admission (221 vs 132 min). The triage changes that had a significant impact on these results were a history of color change, decreased activity, and prematurity with complications. Conclusions: A significant improvement in pediatric patient flow occurred after posting age-specific abnormal signs and symptoms as well as elevating triage acuity for specific historical clues.
Cerebellar inhibition and ICSS from stimulation in the area of the nucleus locus coeruleus

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) and the long-lasting inhibition (LLI) of cerebellar Purkinje cells which are produced by stimulation around the dorsal pontine nucleus locus coeruleus (LC). No strong correlation was found between the dorsal pontine sites which produced LLI and those sites which yielded ICSS. Moreover, ICSS sites were no more effective than non-ICSS sites in producing LLI. LLI of Purkinje cells was produced most effectively by stimulation of an area dorsolateral to the LC where axons arising from the LC collect to ascend to the cerebellum. The LLI produced by stimulation of this dorsolateral region was less often associated with short latency excitations, compared to the LLI produced by stimulation of the cerebellar white matter. This characteristic may be useful as an indication of LC-produced LLI. Sites yielding ICSS were scattered around the LC but were most consistent ventrolateral to the LC. These results indicate that ICSS and LLI of Purkinje cells appear to be independent phenomena which depend on different mechanisms.
THE BIOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE OF U.V.‐INDUCED DNA‐PROTEIN CROSS‐LINKING IN VIVO AND ITS PROBABLE CHEMICAL MECHANISM*

— The increased sensitivity of Escherichia coli to killing by u.v. while frozen and the changes in sensitivity as a function of temperature during irradiation have been correlated with the increased production of DN A-protein cross-links and have been shown not to be related to thymine dimer production. These results provide yet another example where thymine dimers make little contribution to the u.v. inactivation of a biological system (but does not detract from the biological importance of thymine dimers in other systems). We have reported that uracil and cysteine can combine to form 5-S-cysteine, 6-hydrouracil when a solution of these two compounds is irradiated with u.v. (2357 A). This led us to offer this compound as a model for the mechanism by which DNA and protein are cross–linked in vivo. We have now extended our studies to the kinetics of the photochemical addition of 35S-cysteine to various polynucleotides and to DNA. Selected rate constants for cysteine addition (μM cysteine/μM nucleotide involved /erg/mm2× 108) are as follows: The rate constants for native and heat-denaturated DNA can be accounted for by the summation of the rate constants for the appropriate polynucleotides. The addition of cysteine to RNA shows a biphasic response probably related to the amount of single-stranded regions present. Preliminary results indicate that tyrosine and serine also add photochemically to DNA. RESUMEN La pronunciada sensibilidad del Escherichia coli al ser irradiado por luz u.v. cuando esta congelado y los cambios en la sensibilidad con la temperatura durante la radiacion han sido relacionados con el aumento en la produccion de uniones ADN-proleina y se ha demostrado no tener relacion con la formacion de dimeros de la timina. Los resultados aqui presentados proveen otro ejemplo para ilustrar que los dimeros de la timina practicamente no contribyen a la inactivacion con luz u.v. de un sistema biologico (pero no niega la importancia biologica de los dimeros de la timina en otros sistemas). Hemos reportado que el uracilo y la cisteina pueden combinarse para formar 5-S-cisteina. 6-hidrouracilo cuando una solucion de estos dos componentes es irradiada con luz u.v. (2537 A). Esto nos conduce a presentar a este compuesto para explicar el mecanismo por el cual el ADN y la proteina se unen in vivo. En la actualidad hemos extendido nuestros estudios a la cinetica de la adicion fotoquimica de 35S-cisteina a varios polinucleotidos y al ADN. Las constantes de velocidad para la adicion de cisteina en (μM de cisteina/μM de nucleotido/erg/mm2× 108) son las siguientes: Las constantes de velocidad para el ADN nativo y desnaturalizado por el calor pueden obtenerse sumando las constantes de velocidad de los polinucleotidos correspondientes. Algunos resultados preliminares indican que la tirosina y la senna tambien se adicionan fotoquimicamente al ADN.
OBSERVED K$beta$ ENERGY SHIFT IN Cu AND Ni.

The characteristic $K\ensuremath{\beta}$ x rays produced by 15.0-MeV oxygen (${\mathrm{O}}^{4+}$) ions on Ni are found to shift in the spectrum by 112\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}15 eV relative to the energies produced by x-ray and proton excitation in Ni. Similarly, in Cu an energy shift of 97 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 15 eV is observed. The observed shift is possibly due to the larger $K\ensuremath{\beta}$ energies of the multiply ionized Ni or Cu produced in ${\mathrm{O}}^{4+}$ bombardments as opposed to the singly ionized Cu or Ni $K\ensuremath{\beta}$ x rays.
Uncooled Infrared Detectors Using Gallium Nitride on Silicon Micromechanical Resonators

This paper presents the analysis, design, fabrication, and the first measured results demonstrating the use of gallium nitride (GaN)-based micromechanical resonator arrays as high-sensitivity, low-noise infrared (IR) detectors. The IR sensing mechanism is based on monitoring the change in the resonance frequency of the resonators upon near IR radiation. The resonators are characterized for their RF and thermal performance and exhibit a radiant responsivity of 1.68%/W, thermal time constant on the order of 556 μs, and an average IR responsivity of -1.5% when compared with a reference resonator, for a 100 mK radiation-induced temperature rise. An analysis of the design of the devices is presented as a path toward better design, specifically, for low thermal noise equivalent temperature difference in the long wavelength IR spectrum.
Robust Estimation of Three-Dimensional Motion Parameters from a Sequence of Image Frames Using Regularization

In this paper, we look at the issue of accurate estimation of the three-dimensional motion parameters of a rigid body from a sequence of synthetic images, and relate the effect of some parameters to the shape of an error function. We first consider the case where only a small set of corresponding points is identified and suggest that a technique called regularization improves the quality and stability of a solution. We then observe that, if more pairs of corresponding points are available, the error function becomes smooth and the solution stable. Finally, we try to improve the quality of estimation by considering more than two consecutive frames for a moving camera looking at a stationary scene, and summing the error functions obtained for any two consecutive frames. Surprisingly enough, this technique does not improve stability unless we use regularization again.
Who has a stake? How stakeholder processes influence partnership sustainability

As universities attempt to expand their relevance by engaging with local and regional societal challenges, various kinds of partnerships are emerging. A broad range of stakeholders, from both the university and the community, are typically engaged in and influence the development, implementation and perpetuation of these partnerships. This paper juxtaposes analysis of three community-university partnerships in Worcester, Massachusetts, USA, paying particular attention to the partnerships’ stakeholders, and to their relative importance. This research builds upon current understandings of critical factors in partnership sustainability, as these three partnerships have different goals, involve different university and community stakeholders, and are at different points in their organisational history. The fact that they share the same context – the same city – offers a unique opportunity for comparative case study analysis. The theory of stakeholder salience is used to explain findings about partnership sustainability and to make suggestions for strengthening existing partnerships. Specifically, we argue that stakeholder power and legitimacy, along with stakeholder urgency, are key factors in sustaining community-university partnerships. Keywords Community-university partnerships; economic development; community development; stakeholder salience
Using the lenses of critically reflective teaching in the community college classroom

Critically reflective teaching asks community college teachers to discover and research the assumptions they make about teaching and learning by using the four lenses available to them: students’ eyes, colleagues’ perceptions, educational literature, and teachers’ autobiographical experiences as learners. Viewing classroom practice through these four lenses helps teachers make more informed judgments and take more informed actions, in community college classrooms.
Teaching the Evolution of Morality: Status and Resources

Recent studies now provide a relatively robust explanation of how moral behavior evolved, perhaps not just in humans. An analysis of current biology textbooks shows that they fail to address this critical topic fully. Here, I survey resources—books, images, and videos—that can guide educators in meeting the challenge of teaching the biology of morality.
Treatment Outcomes of Overweight Children and Parents in the Medical Home

OBJECTIVE: To test in the primary care setting the short- and long-term efficacy of a behavioral intervention that simultaneously targeted an overweight child and parent versus an information control (IC) targeting weight control only in the child. METHODS: Two- to 5-year-old children who had BMI ≥85th percentile and an overweight parent (BMI >25 kg/m 2 ) were randomized to Intervention or IC, both receiving diet and activity education over 12 months (13 sessions) followed by 12-month follow-up (3 sessions). Parents in the Intervention group were also targeted for weight control and received behavioral intervention. Pediatricians in 4 practices enrolled their patients with the assistance of embedded recruiters (Practice Enhancement Assistants) who assisted with treatment too. RESULTS: A total of 96 of the 105 children randomized (Intervention n = 46; IC n = 50) started the program and had data at baseline. Children in the Intervention experienced greater reductions in percent over BMI (group × months; P = .002) and z -BMI (group × months; P 0.001) compared with IC throughout treatment and follow-up. Greater BMI reduction was observed over time for parents in the Intervention compared with IC ( P P P = .03). CONCLUSIONS: Concurrently targeting preschool-aged overweight and obese youth and their parents in primary care with behavioral intervention results in greater decreases in child percent over BMI, z-BMI, and parent BMI compared with IC. The difference between Intervention and IC persists after 12 months of follow-up.
Perceptual dimensions of tactile surface texture: A multidimensional scaling analysis

The purpose of this study was to examine the subjective dimensionality of tactile surface texture perception. Seventeen tactile stimuli, such as wood, sandpaper, and velvet, were moved across the index finger of the subject, who sorted them into categories on the basis of perceived similarity. Multidimensional scaling (MDS) techniques were then used to position the stimuli in a perceptual space on the basis of combined data of 20 subjects. A three-dimensional space was judged to give a satisfactory representation of the data. Subjects’ ratings of each stimulus on five scales representing putative dimensions of perceived surface texture were then fitted by regression analysis into the MDS space. Roughness-smoothness and hardness-softness were found to be robust and orthogonal dimensions; the third dimension did not correspond closely with any of the rating scales used, but post hoc inspection of the data suggested that it may reflect the compressional elasticity (“springiness”) of the surface.
Electric dipole moments do not require the CP violating phases of supersymmetry to be small

We report the first fully general numerical calculation of the neutron and electron dipole moments, including the seven significant phases. We find that there are major regions in the parameter space where none of the phases are required to be small, contrary to the conventional wisdom. The electric dipole moments (EDM's) do provide useful constraints, allowing other regions of parameter space to be carved away. We keep all superpartner masses light so agreement with experimental limits arises purely from interesting relations among soft breaking parameters.
Parental input and weight concerns among elementary school children.

Objective This study examined the relative contributions of mother's and father's direct comments about child's weight and modeling of weight concerns through their own behavior on child's body esteem, weight-related concerns, and weight loss attempts. Method Parents, 131 mothers and 89 fathers, of fourth and fifth grade boys and girls completed a brief survey which included measures of their own dieting attempts, concerns about their own shape, complaints about their own shape, and beliefs about calorie-restrictive dieting as well as the frequency of their comments to their child about the child's weight. Children were surveyed using the Body Esteem Scale as well as questions about their weight-related concerns and weight loss attempts. Results Direct parental comments, especially by the mother, seemed to be more powerful influences than parental modeling of weight and shape concerns, although parental modeling did affect the child's beliefs and behaviors. Girls appeared to be more affected than did boys. Discussion Parental comments and modeling do appear to affect elementary school children's weight and shape-related attitudes and behaviors. Such parental behavior may be an appropriate target in prevention programs. © 1999 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 25: 263–271, 1999.
Monolithic integrated circuits

A single-crystal chip of silicon contains both active and passive elements. Parasitic capacitance introduced during monolithic construction and circuit performance can now be analyzed Monolithic integrated circuits derive their name from the fact that the entire integrated circuit is formed in a single-crystal chip of silicon semiconductor. The single-crystal chip technique is a main factor distinguishing between monolithic integrated circuits and thin-film circuits.
Geochemical modeling of CO2 sequestration in deep, saline, dolomitic-limestone aquifers: Critical evaluation of thermodynamic sub-models

Abstract Geochemical modeling is a common tool to estimate the potential for storing supercritical CO2 in deep saline aquifers, and to predict the effects thereof. Geochemical models necessarily rely on thermodynamic relationships or “sub-models” to estimate quantities such as chemical solubility, activity, and fugacity. In this paper, we compare three proposed models for the fugacity of supercritical CO2, four proposed models for the activity coefficient of dissolved (aqueous) CO2, and four proposed models for the solubility of CO2 in aquifer brine. We examine the conditions under which estimates from these different proposed thermodynamic sub-models agree or disagree. Also, we develop a geochemical model that predicts the effects of injecting CO2 into a deep, saline, dolomitic-limestone aquifer; specifically, we predict the change in brine pH, the mineral precipitation/dissolution, and the potential solubility trapping of injected CO2 in response to the CO2 injection. We test nine different versions of the model, utilizing different combinations of the thermodynamic sub-models listed above. This allows us to quantify how key geochemical predictions depend upon the selection of thermodynamic sub-models. We find that different combinations of thermodynamic sub-models yield similar estimates for equilibrium pH and for quantities of mineral precipitation/dissolution, but that agreement is worse when predicting the equilibrium CO2 concentration in brine and/or the solubility trapping of CO2. These results indicate that the predicted equilibrium pH and mineral precipitation/dissolution are not very sensitive to the underlying thermodynamic sub-models, whereas estimates for the CO2 concentration in brine and potential solubility trapping are. Overall, the geochemical predictions are least sensitive to the choice of CO2 activity coefficient sub-model, are moderately sensitive to the choice of CO2 solubility sub-model, and are most sensitive to the choice of CO2 fugacity coefficient sub-model.
A novel printed monopole antenna for future ultra-wideband communication systems

In this letter, a novel microstrip line-fed printed monopole antenna for ultra-wideband (UWB) short-range wireless communications is proposed. The proposed antenna consists of a trapezoidal-shaped patch with two elliptical-shaped cuts from its edge forming a bell-shaped cut. Experimental results shows that the designed antenna operates over impedance bandwidth 3.2–11.4 GHz for return loss S11 < −10 dB, which almost covering the UWB frequency bandwidth. Moreover, the antenna has a good omnidirectional radiation patterns in the H-plane with good gain flatness over the frequency range of interest. The antenna transmission characteristics at different receiving angles are also measured. By embedding a simple narrow U-shaped slot in the radiating microstrip patch, a notch in the frequency band of 5.0–6.0 GHz is obtained. The proposed antenna is considered a good candidate for UWB short-range wireless communication systems avoiding the interference of the existing wireless systems. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett, 2011; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.26113
An Unusual Case of Pacemaker Malfunction

An unusual case of pacemaker malfunction is presented and the correct interpretation of the problem is discussed.
Why Was There a Crisis of Historicism

Book reviewed in this article: Heidegger, Dilthey, and the Crisis of Historicism By Charles R. Bambach
Rhodopsin photointermediates in two-dimensional crystals at physiological temperatures.

Bovine rhodopsin photointermediates formed in two-dimensional (2D) rhodopsin crystal suspensions were studied by measuring the time-dependent absorbance changes produced after excitation with 7 ns laser pulses at 15, 25, and 35 °C. The crystalline environment favored the Meta I480 photointermediate, with its formation from Lumi beginning faster than it does in rhodopsin membrane suspensions at 35 °C and its decay to a 380 nm absorbing species being less complete than it is in the native membrane at all temperatures. Measurements performed at pH 5.5 in 2D crystals showed that the 380 nm absorbing product of Meta I480 decay did not display the anomalous pH dependence characteristic of classical Meta II in the native disk membrane. Crystal suspensions bleached at 35 °C and quenched to 19 °C showed that a rapid equilibrium existed on the ∼1 s time scale, which suggests that the unprotonated predecessor of Meta II in the native membrane environment (sometimes called MIIa) forms in 2D rhodopsin crystals but tha...