cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High-resolution flat-panel head-mounted display: results and conclusions from the combat vehicle crew head-mounted display

The Combat Vehicle Crew (CVC) head-mounted display (HMD) program has built the first high-resolution (1280 X 1024) flat panel head mounted display. The CVC HMD is designed for use by the tank commander of an M1 A2 main battle tank and will show both tactical IVIS information and thermal imagery from the commander's independent thermal viewer. The CVC HMD uses 1280 X 1024 active matrix electroluminescent image sources with 24 micrometers pixels and integrated digital drivers. The use of flat panels in the HMD design has allowed new optical and head integration approaches and has required new approaches to the HMD drive electronics. The integration of the first AMEL image sources has been completed and preliminary photometric and subjective image quality evaluations performed. The preliminary findings from these evaluations will be discussed and conclusions regarding the application of flat-panel HMDs presented.
Norrish Type I and Type II Reactions of Ketones as Photochemical Probes of the Interior of Zeolites

The Norrish type I and type II reactions of alkylbenzoin ethers, alkyldeoxybenzoins and α-alkyldibenzyl ketones included within the microporous structures of zeolites X and Y have been investigated. Product distributions varied significantly from that observed in benzene. In addition, it differed between various alkali-metal cation-exchanged samples. These variations are interpreted to result from the restriction offered by the zeolite micropores on the motions of the adsorbed organic molecule. Although this study is restricted to ketones, the knowledge gained is expected to be of general value
Evaluation by capacitance measurements of antidiuretic hormone induced membrane area changes in toad bladder

A technique for estimating effective transepithelial capacitance in vitro was used to investigate changes in epithelial cell membrane area in response to antidiuretic hormone (ADH) exposure in toad bladder. The results indicate that transepithelial capacitance increases by about 30% within 30 min after serosal ADH addition and decreases with ADH removal. This capacitance change is not blocked by amiloride and occurs whether or not there is a transepithelial osmotic gradient. It is blocked by methohexital, a drug which specifically inhibits the hydro-osmotic response of toad bladder to ADH. We conclude that the hydro-osmotic response of toad bladder to ADH is accompanied by addition of membrane to the plasmalemma of epithelial cells. This new membrane may contain channels that are permeable to water. Stimulation of Na+ transport by ADH is not related to membrane area changes, but appears to reflect activation of Na+ channels already present in the cell membrane before ADH challenge.
Transition Element-Like Chemistry for Potassium Under Pressure

At high pressure the alkali metals potassium, rubidium, and cesium transform to metals that have a d 1 electron configuration, becoming transition metal-like. As a result, compounds were shown to form between potassium and the transition metal nickel. These results demonstrate that the chemical behavior of the alkali metals under pressure is very different from that under ambient conditions, where alkali metals and transition metals do not react because of large differences in size and electronic structure. They also have significant implications for the hypothesis that potassium is incorporated into Earth9s core.
The role of solid state 13C NMR spectroscopy in studies of the nature of native celluloses.

Abstract Published spectroscopic observations pertaining to the crystal structure of native celluloses are reviewed for the purpose of defining our current level of understanding about crystalline polymorphism in these materials. Emphasis is placed on observations from solid state 13 C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), which first led to the postulate that most native, semicrystalline celluloses are composites of two crystalline allomorphs, labeled I α and I β . Historical background is presented, highlighting the structural controversies which mainly arose because different native celluloses were used, each one representing a different mixture of allomorphs. Input from Raman, infrared (IR) and electron diffraction data is included in the discussion of our current understanding of polymorphism in native celluloses. Also noted is the input from more recently studied celluloses (e.g., Halocynthia ) as well as from newer processes that convert the I α to the I β form. On the basis of Raman and IR observations, it is argued that the I α and I β allomorphs differ in hydrogen bonding patterns only and that backbone conformations are nearly identical. Also, the point is made that the absence of correlation field splittings in the Raman spectra calls into question (although it does not disprove) whether the normal two-chain-per-unit-cell, monoclinic I β allomorph really possesses two equivalent chains. Considerable discussion is devoted to the allomorphic composition of cellulose crystallites in higher plants. Published methods of NMR lineshape analysis for the higher plant celluloses are reviewed and critiqued, both from the point of view of lineshape theory and from the point of view of self-consistency of inferences that are based on lineshape analyses for different carbons (particularly C1 and C4). It is concluded that higher plant celluloses most likely possess a minor amount of the I α allomorph where the I α /I β ratio is probably less than 0.25.
What is new in the preoperative evaluation of arteriovenous access operation

It is widely recognized that autogenous arteriovenous access is the preferred dialysis access of choice because of improved patency and low infection rate. It has been shown recently that preoperative ultrasound study to identify available venous conduits can increase the utilization of autogenous arteriovenous access. The article examines the clinical evidence to support this rationale and reviews the available portable ultrasound devices that enable surgeons to perform ultrasound examination in patients undergoing dialysis access operation.
Clinical Misdiagnosis of Squamous Cell Carcinoma In Situ as Seborrheic Keratosis A Prospective Study

BACKGROUND. Seborrheic keratoses have on rare occasion been reported to undergo malignant transformation. OBJECTIVE. Our purpose was to examine the incidence and distribution of squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) in situ arising in clinically banal-appearing seborrheic keratoses. METHODS. We prospectively selected such cases over a 6-month period of time from routinely accessioned specimens to a dermatopathology service. RESULTS. We found 1.4% of clinically diagnosed seborrheic keratoses to be SCCs in situ. These lesions were more common in elderly persons and were more likely to occur on the head and neck, suggesting the role of cumulative sun damage in the transformation of such lesions. CONCLUSION. Malignant transformation of seborrheic keratoses, although rare, appears to occur more frequently in the elderly on the head and neck. Because this change is not necessarily accompanied by clinically discernable changes, more careful scrutiny of such lesions may be of therapeutic rather than cosmetic significance in this population.
Contributions to singing ability by the posterior portion of the superior temporal gyrus of the non-language-dominant hemisphere: first evidence from subdural cortical stimulation, Wada testing, and fMRI.

Abstract Introduction Although the substrates that mediate singing abilities in the human brain are not well understood, invasive brain mapping techniques used for clinical decision making such as intracranial electro-cortical testing and Wada testing offer a rare opportunity to examine music-related function in a select group of subjects, affording exceptional spatial and temporal specificity. Methods We studied eight patients with medically refractory epilepsy undergoing indwelling subdural electrode seizure focus localization. All patients underwent Wada testing for language lateralization. Functional assessment of language and music tasks was done by electrode grid cortical stimulation. One patient was also tested non-invasively with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Functional organization of singing ability compared to language ability was determined based on four regions-of-interest (ROIs): left and right inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), and left and right posterior superior temporal gyrus (pSTG). Results In some subjects, electrical stimulation of dominant pSTG can interfere with speech and not singing, whereas stimulation of non-dominant pSTG area can interfere with singing and not speech. Stimulation of the dominant IFG tends to interfere with both musical and language expression, while non-dominant IFG stimulation was often observed to cause no interference with either task; and finally, that stimulation of areas adjacent to but not within non-dominant pSTG typically does not affect either ability. Functional fMRI mappings of one subject revealed similar music/language dissociation with respect to activation asymmetry within the ROIs. Conclusion Despite inherent limitations with respect to strictly research objectives, invasive clinical techniques offer a rare opportunity to probe musical and language cognitive processes of the brain in a select group of patients.
Preparing Graduate Students in Economics for Teaching: Survey Findings and Recommendations

Survey data from PhD-granting economics departments are used to assess the teaching preparation of graduate students in economics. The results show that relatively few departments require graduate student instructors to take a credit course in teaching before teaching their own course or leading a recitation section. Although more graduate student instructors are required to take a noncredit course in teaching before serving as an instructor or recitation leader, the value of such noncredit courses may be limited. The assessment of teaching preparation by department chairs shows mixed responses, with about three-fifths rating it as very good or good and about two-fifths considering it to be only adequate or poor. Recommendations are offered for improving the teaching preparation of graduate student instructors in economics.
Down-regulation of plasma intrinsic protein1 aquaporin in poplar trees is detrimental to recovery from embolism.

During their lifecycles, trees encounter multiple events of water stress that often result in embolism formation and temporal decreases in xylem transport capacity. The restoration of xylem transport capacity requires changes in cell metabolic activity and gene expression. Specifically, in poplar (Populus spp.), the formation of xylem embolisms leads to a clear up-regulation of plasma membrane protein1 (PIP1) aquaporin genes. To determine their role in poplar response to water stress, transgenic Populus tremula × Populus alba plants characterized by the strong down-regulation of multiple isoforms belonging to the PIP1 subfamily were used. Transgenic lines showed that they are more vulnerable to embolism, with 50% percent loss of conductance occurring 0.3 MPa earlier than in wild-type plants, and that they also have a reduced capacity to restore xylem conductance during recovery. Transgenic plants also show symptoms of a reduced capacity to control percent loss of conductance through stomatal conductance in response to drought, because they have a much narrower vulnerability safety margin. Finally, a delay in stomatal conductance recovery during the period of stress relief was observed. The presented results suggest that PIP1 genes are involved in the maintenance of xylem transport system capacity, in the promotion of recovery from stress, and in contribution to a plant’s control of stomatal conductance under water stress.
Function of the master energy regulator adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase in stroke

Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is an evolutionarily conserved signaling molecule that is emerging as one of the most important energy sensors in the body. AMPK monitors cellular energy status and is activated via phosphorylation when energy stores are low. This allows for maintenance of energy homeostasis by promoting catabolic pathways for ATP production and limiting processes that consume ATP. Growing number of stimuli have been shown to activate AMPK, and AMPK has been implicated in many diverse biological processes, including cell polarity, autophagy, and senescence. The effect of AMPK activation and its biological functions are extremely diverse and depend on both the overall energy "milieu" and the location and duration of activation. AMPK has tissue- and isoform-specific functions in the brain vs. periphery. These functions and the pathways activated also appear to differ by cell location (hypothalamus vs. cortex), cell type (astrocyte vs. neuron), and duration of exposure. Short bursts of AMPK activation have been found to be involved in ischemic preconditioning and neuronal survival; however, prolonged AMPK activity during ischemia leads to neuronal cell death. AMPK may also underlie some of the beneficial effects of hypothermia, a potential therapy for ischemic brain injury. This review discusses the role of AMPK in ischemic stroke, a condition of severe energy depletion.
Visualization of a proteasome-independent intermediate during restriction of HIV-1 by rhesus TRIM5α

TRIM5 proteins constitute a class of restriction factors that prevent host cell infection by retroviruses from different species. TRIM5α restricts retroviral infection early after viral entry, before the generation of viral reverse transcription products. However, the underlying restriction mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we show that during rhesus macaque TRIM5α (rhTRIM5α)–mediated restriction of HIV-1 infection, cytoplasmic HIV-1 viral complexes can associate with concentrations of TRIM5α protein termed cytoplasmic bodies. We observe a dynamic interaction between rhTRIM5α and cytoplasmic HIV-1 viral complexes, including the de novo formation of rhTRIM5α cytoplasmic body–like structures around viral complexes. We observe that proteasome inhibition allows HIV-1 to remain stably sequestered into large rhTRIM5α cytoplasmic bodies, preventing the clearance of HIV-1 viral complexes from the cytoplasm and revealing an intermediate in the restriction process. Furthermore, we can measure no loss of capsid protein from viral complexes arrested at this intermediate step in restriction, suggesting that any rhTRIM5α-mediated loss of capsid protein requires proteasome activity.
Health care utilization in Ecuador: a multilevel analysis of socio-economic determinants and inequality issues

This article examines socio-economic determinants and inequality of health care utilization in Ecuador. Despite health reform efforts in Latin America, drastic socio-economic inequalities persist across the region, including Ecuador. Almost a third of Ecuador's population lack regular access to health services, while more than two-thirds have no health insurance and insufficient resources to pay for health care services. Using Andersen's model of health care utilization behaviour, relevant variables were selected from the 2004 National Demographic and Maternal & Child Health Survey (ENDEMAIN) household survey. Four outcomes were assessed: use of preventive services, number of curative visits, hospitalization, and use of antiparasitic medicines. Adjusting for various predisposing, enabling and need factors, a significant negative relationship was found between household economic status (as measured by assets and consumption quintiles) and utilization of preventive and curative services. The same was true for use of antiparasitic medicines. Further, indigenous ethnicity was found to be a significant negative predictor of health care utilization, regardless of economic status. These socio-economic inequalities in the use of health care services suggest the need for health care reform in Ecuador to address these issues more systematically. It is necessary for public health authorities to move forward on a reform that will expand coverage, particularly to indigenous and low- and middle-income households.
Rice varietal differences in bioactive bran components for inhibition of colorectal cancer cell growth

Rice bran chemical profiles differ across rice varieties and have not yet been analysed for differential chemopreventive bioactivity. A diverse panel of seven rice bran varieties was analysed for growth inhibition of human colorectal cancer (CRC) cells. Inhibition varied from 0% to 99%, depending on the variety of bran used. Across varieties, total lipid content ranged 5-16%, individual fatty acids had 1.4- to 1.9-fold differences, vitamin E isoforms (α-, γ-, δ-tocotrienols, and tocopherols) showed 1.3- to 15.2-fold differences, and differences in γ-oryzanol and total phenolics ranged between 100-275ng/mg and 57-146ngGAE/mg, respectively. Spearman correlation analysis was used to identify bioactive compounds implicated in CRC cell growth inhibitory activity. Total phenolics and γ-tocotrienol were positively correlated with reduced CRC cell growth (p<0.05). Stoichiometric variation in rice bran components and differential effects on CRC viability merit further evaluation elucidate their role in dietary CRC chemoprevention.
TD-DFT and structural investigation of natural photosensitive phenanthroperylene quinone derivatives

Natural product derivatives of phenanthro[1,10,9,8-opqra]perylene-7,14-dione (PPD) are important potential agents in photodynamic therapy. Density functional theory (DFT) optimized geometries and time-dependent DFT (TD-DFT) vertical transitions of fringelite D (a pigment from an extinct species of sea lily), hypericin (an active component of Saint John's wort), stentorin C (Stentor coeruleus), blepharismin C (Blepharisma japonicum) and amethystin (Stentor amethystinus) are in good agreement with experimental structural, IR and UV-Vis data. The structure of the newly isolated amethystin has not been fully determined, but comparisons between the experimental and DFT IR frequencies suggest that this compound most likely adopts an orthoester structure. The π → π* excitations in the molecules are traceable to the PPD core, and are bathochromically shifted due to the peri –OH substituents with a smaller effect from the molecular twist induced by bay –Me and/or –OH groups. Hydrogen bonding between the peri –OH groups and the carbonyls is important to the ability of these species to photochemically generate singlet oxygen and superoxide ions.
A performance comparison of the binary quadratic residue codes with the 1/2-rate convolutional codes

The 1/2-rate binary quadratic residue (QR) codes, using binary phase-shift keyed (BPSK) modulation and hard decoding, are presented as an efficient system for reliable communication. Performance results of error correction are obtained both theoretically and by means of computer calculations for a number of binary QR codes. These results are compared with the commonly used 1/2-rate convolutional codes with constraint lengths from 3 to 7 for the hard-decision case. The binary QR codes of different lengths are shown to be equivalent in error-correction performance to some 1/2-rate convolutional codes, each of which has a constraint length K that corresponds to the error-control rate d/n and the minimum distance d of the QR codes. >
Visual Analytics for Converging-Business-Ecosystem Intelligence

Visual analytics (VA)-the fusion of analytical reasoning and computational data analysis with rich, interactive visual representations-promises to provide many relevant techniques for business-ecosystem-intelligence systems. However, the effectiveness of such systems requires the careful curation of complex, heterogeneous, and distributed data; an in-depth understanding of the business ecosystem context and end-user domain; and the corresponding design of relevant visualizations and metrics.
Impacts of land use change due to biofuel crops on carbon balance, bioenergy production, and agricultural yield, in the conterminous United States

Growing concerns about energy and the environment have led to worldwide use of bioenergy. Switching from food crops to biofuel crops is an option to meet the fast-growing need for biofuel feedstocks. This land use change consequently affects the ecosystem carbon balance. In this study, we used a biogeochemistry model, the Terrestrial Ecosystem Model, to evaluate the impacts of this change on the carbon balance, bioenergy production, and agricultural yield, assuming that several land use change scenarios from corn, soybean, and wheat to biofuel crops of switchgrass and Miscanthus will occur. We found that biofuel crops have much higher net primary production (NPP) than soybean and wheat crops. When food crops from current agricultural lands were changed to different biofuel crops, the national total NPP increased in all cases by a range of 0.14–0.88 Pg Cy r � 1 , except while switching from corn to switchgrass when a decrease of 14% was observed. Miscanthus is more productive than switchgrass, producing about 2.5 times the NPP of switchgrass. The net carbon loss ranges from 1.0 to 6.3 Tg C yr � 1 if food crops are changed to switchgrass, and from 0.4 to 6.7 Tg C yr � 1 if changed to Miscanthus. The largest loss was observed when soybean crops were replaced with biofuel crops. Soil organic carbon increased significantly when land use changed, reaching 100 Mg C ha � 1 in biofuel crop ecosystems. When switching from food crops to Miscanthus, the per unit area croplands produced a larger amount of ethanol than that of original food crops. In comparison, the land use change from wheat to Miscanthus produced more biomass and sequestrated more carbon. Our study suggests that Miscanthus could better serve as an energy crop than food crops or switchgrass, considering both economic and environmental benefits.
Leukaemia incidence among workers in the shoe and boot manufacturing industry: a case-control study

Background Previous reports have indicated an excess of leukaemia in Broome County, New York, particularly in the Town of Union. Surveillance of cancer incidence data indicates that a large proportion of these cases occurred among males ages 65 and older. Shoe and boot manufacturing has been the largest single industry in this area throughout much of the past century. Occupational studies from Europe suggest a link between leukaemia and employment in the shoe and boot manufacturing industry. However, researchers have not found a positive association between leukaemia and employment in the shoe industry among workers in the United States.
Address terms in the service of other actions: The case of news interview talk:

In broadcast news interviews, interviewees will occasionally address the interviewer by name. As a method of establishing the directionality of talk, address terms are redundant in this institutional context because the normative question/answer activity structure and associated participation framework make the direction of address transparent and knowable in advance. But address terms can be deployed in the service of a variety of actions beyond addressing per se. Some of these involve disaligning actions such as topic shifts, non-conforming responses, and disagreements. Others involve the presentation of views as particularly significant or sincere. Address terms are thus a resource for managing certain expressive properties of talk, as well as its disalignment from prior talk.
Accuracy of 131I Tumor Quantification in Radioimmunotherapy Using SPECT Imaging with an Ultra-High-Energy Collimator: Monte Carlo Study

Accuracy of 131I tumor quantification after radioimmunotherapy (RIT) was investigated for SPECT imaging with an ultra-high-energy (UHE) collimator designed for imaging 511-keV photons. METHODS: First, measurements and Monte Carlo simulations were carried out to compare the UHE collimator with a conventionally used, high-energy collimator. On the basis of this comparison, the UHE collimator was selected for this investigation, which was carried out by simulation of spherical tumors in a phantom. Reconstruction was by an expectation-maximization algorithm that included scatter and attenuation correction. Keeping the tumor activity constant, simulations were carried out to assess how volume-of-interest (VOI) counts vary with background activity, radius of rotation (ROR), tumor location, and size. The constant calibration factor for quantification was determined from VOI counts corresponding to a 3.63-cm-radius sphere of known activity. Tight VOIs corresponding to the physical size of the spheres or tumors were used. RESULTS: Use of the UHE collimator resulted in a large reduction in 131I penetration, which is especially significant in RIT where background uptake is high. With the UHE collimator, typical patient images showed an improvement in contrast. Considering the desired geometric events, sensitivity was reduced, but only by a factor of 1.6. Simulation results for a 3.63-cm-radius tumor showed that VOI counts vary with background, location, and ROR by less than 3.2%, 3%, and 5.3%, respectively. The variation with tumor size was more significant and was a function of the background. Good quantification accuracy (<6.5% error) was achieved when tumor size was the same as the sphere size used in the calibration, irrespective of the other parameters. For smaller tumors, activities were underestimated by up to -15% for the 2.88-cm-radius sphere, -23% for the 2.29-cm-radius sphere, and -47% for the 1.68-cm-radius sphere. CONCLUSION: Reasonable accuracy can be achieved for VOI quantification of 131I using SPECT with an UHE collimator and a constant calibration factor. Difference in tumor size relative to the size of the calibration sphere had the biggest effect on accuracy, and recovery coefficients are needed to improve quantification of small tumors.
Discriminating Down Syndrome and Fragile X Syndrome based on language ability

This study compared the receptive and expressive language profiles of verbally expressive children and adolescents with Down Syndrome (DS) and those with Fragile X syndrome (FXS) and examined the extent to which these profiles reliably differentiate the diagnostic groups. A total of twenty-four verbal participants with DS (mean age: 12 years), twenty-two verbal participants with FXS (mean age: 12 years), and twenty-seven participants with typical development (TD; mean age=4 years) completed standardized measures of receptive and expressive vocabulary and grammar, as well as a conversational language sample. Study results indicate that there are distinct DS and FXS language profiles, which are characterized by differences in grammatical ability. The diagnostic groups were not differentiated based on vocabulary performance. This study supports the existence of unique language profiles associated with DS and FXS.
On the use of random limited-scan to improve at-speed random pattern testing of scan circuits

A method is proposed for improving the fault coverage that can be achieved by random patterns for circuits with scan. Under the test application scheme considered, primary input sequences are applied at-speed between scan operations. The proposed method uses limited scan operations to improve the fault coverage. Under a limited scan operation, the circuit state is shifted by a number of positions which may be smaller than the number of state variables. Limited scan operations are inserted randomly to ensure that the complete test set can be generated by a random pattern generator. Experimental results show that complete fault coverage is achieved by the proposed method, i.e., the proposed method detects all the detectable circuit faults, for all the benchmark circuits considered.
The Moroccan Media Field: An Analysis of Elite Hybridity in Television and Film Institutions

This study shows that Moroccan media elites allow for a continued influence of the French ex-colonial power in the television industry while making sure that the state's cultural agenda is preserved through censorship. I argue that elites' desire to reaffirm their position of power within Moroccan society, as well as international pressure toward democratization, makes them gravitate toward a specific type of French-Moroccan hybridity. The study unveils how the French media model is retrieved and readapted to provide possibilities for censorship, and allow for the government's control of the local media.
“Was it all smoke and mirrors?”: Applying the relational turbulence model to adult children’s experience of late-life parental divorce

The present study utilizes the relational turbulence model (RTM) to illuminate adult children’s experiences of relational uncertainty and interference from partners following late-life parental divorce (LLPD). In-depth, semi-structured interviews with 25 adult children who had experienced parental divorce later in life revealed that adult children grappled with four broad themes of relational uncertainty: (a) parent–adult child relationship uncertainty, (b) parent as individual uncertainty, (c) divorce-related uncertainty, and (d) being a family uncertainty. Interference from partners was couched within adult children’s experiences of feeling caught and manifested as (a) disruptions to normative developmental stressors and (b) disruptions to maintaining family ties. The discussion highlights the theoretical implications of our results for the RTM and the larger divorce literature, along with practical recommendations to assist those grappling with LLPD.
Signed languages and sociopolitical formation: The case of “contributing to society” through Hồ Chí Minh City Sign Language

Claims about signed languages present a unique resource for examining sociopolitical formation and change. Examining three claims drawn from original ethnographic data on Hồ Chi Minh City Sign Language, analysis centers on the ways language practices and language ideologies reflect, respond to, and impact sociopolitical formation in Việt Nam, particularly in connection to state restructuring of deaf education during the political reform period (1986 to present). Signer narratives evaluate such circumstances in relation to notions of citizenship, national development, and social participation to posit signed language as the basis for Deaf people's contributions to national development and broader social change. Articulations between signed language and sociopolitical formation have been largely ignored within mainstream social science disciplines and global disability-oriented development, hindering theoretical and practical projects. This article aims to expand the theoretical scope of language-centered inquiry by demonstrating how ethnographic research on signed languages contributes to examination of sociopolitical formation. (Signed language, Việt Nam, deaf education, sociopolitical, citizenship)*
Micronutrient deficiencies in pregnancy worldwide: health effects and prevention

Micronutrients, vitamins and minerals accessible from the diet, are essential for biologic activity. Micronutrient status varies widely throughout pregnancy and across populations. Women in low-income countries often enter pregnancy malnourished, and the demands of gestation can exacerbate micronutrient deficiencies with health consequences for the fetus. Examples of efficacious single micronutrient interventions include folic acid to prevent neural tube defects, iodine to prevent cretinism, zinc to reduce risk of preterm birth, and iron to reduce the risk of low birth weight. Folic acid and vitamin D might also increase birth weight. While extensive mechanistic and association research links multiple antenatal micronutrients with plausible materno-fetal health advantages, hypothesized benefits have often been absent, minimal or unexpected in trials. These findings suggest a role for population context in determining health responses and filling extensive gaps in knowledge. Multiple micronutrient supplements reduce the risks of being born with low birth weight, small for gestational age or stillborn in undernourished settings, and justify micronutrient interventions with antenatal care. Measurable health effects of gestational micronutrient exposure might persist into childhood but few data exists on potential long-term benefits. In this Review, we discuss micronutrient intake recommendations, risks and consequences of deficiencies, and the effects of interventions with a particular emphasis on offspring.
Retrospective analysis of the therapeutic efficacy of four chemotherapy regimens for newly diagnosed smear-positive outpatients with pulmonary tuberculosis in Shijingshan District of Beijing during 1985-2008

Objective To evaluate the effect of directly observed chemotherapy on newly diagnosed smear-positive outpatients with pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) in Shijingshan District, Beijing, during 1985-2008. Methods Totally 1133 newly diagnosed smearpositive pulmonary TB outpatients in Shijingshan District during 1985-2008 were given 4 chemotherapy regimens, one-year course of standard chemotherapy regimen, short-course (half a year) intermittent chemotherapy regimen 1, short-course (half a year) intermittent chemotherapy regimen 2 and short-course daily chemotherapy regimen. The treatment success rates, incidence of adverse reactions and the three-year recurrence rates of the different treatment groups were compared and analyzed. Results The treatment success rate was the highest in short-course daily chemotherapy regimen group (97.2%) and the lowest in standard chemotherapy regimen group (84.3%). The three-year recurrence rates and adverse reaction rates were the lowest in short-course daily chemotherapy regimen group and short-course intermittent chemotherapy regimen 1 group. Conclusion To take the treatment success rates, three-year recurrence rates and adverse reaction rates into account, shortcourse daily chemotherapy regimen is superior to short-course intermittent chemotherapy regimens and standard chemotherapy regimen.
High Resolution Real-Time Ultrasonography in the Localization of the Undescended Testis

AbstractIn a prospective study ultrasound was compared to palpation in 41 instances in which a testis was not present in the scrotum. A testis was palpable in 20 of these instances and not palpated in 21. Of 20 palpable undescended testes 14 (70 per cent) were identified by ultrasound. Of the 21 instances in which a testis was not palpated 3 intra-abdominal and 5 inguinal testes were identified at exploration. One of these organs (an inguinal testis) was identified by ultrasound. Two false positive sonograms in which a gubernacular structure mimicked an undescended testis occurred. Sonography cannot satisfactorily stand alone as a screening modality in the management of the undescended testis.
Case Study 4. Predicting the Drug Interaction Potential for Inhibition of CYP2C8 by Montelukast

Predicting Drug-Drug Interactions (DDIs) from in vitro data is made difficult by not knowing concentrations of substrate and inhibitor at the target site. For in vivo targets, this is understandable, since intracellular concentrations can differ from extracellular concentrations. More vexing is that the concentration of the drug at the target for some in vitro assays can also be unknown. This uncertainty has resulted in standard in vitro practices that cannot accurately predict human pharmacokinetics. This case study highlights the impact of drug distribution, both in vitro and in vivo, with the example of the drug interaction potential of montelukast.
Substance Use Trajectories From Early Adolescence Through the Transition to College.

Objective:The transition to college is an important developmental period for the development of alcohol, marijuana, and hard drug (cocaine, opiates, inhalants, stimulants, hallucinogens, Ecstasy, club drugs) use. The current study explored specific changes in substance use patterns during and after the transition to college through the use of trajectory analyses.Method:Participants were 526 students who reported retrospectively and prospectively on their substance use from age 13 through the junior year of college. Group-based trajectory modeling was used to estimate developmental trajectory groups for alcohol, marijuana, and hard drug use during this period.Results:Results supported a five-group model of alcohol use, a four-group model of marijuana use, and a four-group model of hard drug use. Although three of the five alcohol trajectories indicated high escalation throughout adolescence, one of these groups decreased in alcohol use dramatically during the freshman and sophomore years, a trend also foun...
Street Smarts and a Scalpel: Emotional Intelligence in Surgical Education.

Objective To evaluate trends of emotional intelligence (EI) in surgical education and to compare the incorporation of EI in surgical education to other fields of graduate medical education. Design A MEDLINE search was performed for publications containing both "surgery" and "emotional intelligence" with at least one term present in the title. Articles were included if the authors deemed EI in surgical education to be a significant focus. A separate series of MEDLINE searches were performed with the phrase "emotional intelligence" in any field and either "surg*," "internal medicine," "pediatric," "neurology," "obstetric," "gynecology," "OBGYN," "emergency," or "psychiat*" in the title. Articles were included if they discussed resident education as the primary subject. Next, a qualitative analysis of the articles was performed, with important themes from each article noted. Setting Lehigh Valley Health Network in Allentown, PA. Results Eight articles addressed surgical resident education and satisfied inclusion criteria with 0, 1, and 7 articles published between 2001 and 2005, 2005 and 2010, and 2010 and 2015, respectively. The comparative data for articles on EI and resident education showed the following : 8 in surgery, 2 in internal medicine, 2 in pediatrics, 0 in neurology, 0 in OBGYN, 1 in emergency medicine, and 3 in psychiatry. Conclusions Integration of EI principles is a growing trend within surgical education. A prominent theme is quantitative assessment of EI in residents and residency applicants. Further study is warranted on the integration process of EI in surgical education and its effect on patient outcomes and long-term job satisfaction.
Considering health and family dynamics: how is home temperature decided?

The primary position of this research is to delineate design considerations for building a home energy management system that understands the dynamic nature of household structures; a system that can interact with situational variants and assist in temperature decision making, relieving user of added stressors during times of familial changes. This research discusses implications for building a home energy management system that considers household structures: changing needs when faced with a new heath situation or simply when life changes established routines. Home energy systems should be built to assist in decision making including how to set home temperature in order to maximize personal comfort and alleviate stress.
Comparison of Single and Multiple Stage Sieve Samplers for Airborne Microorganisms 1, 3

Single and multiple stage air samplers were evaluated under commercial conditions for enumerating airborne microbial particles in a plant in which swine were slaughtered and pork was further processed. Three volumes of air, 0.014, 0.028, (1 ft3), and 0.057 cu M were sampled in duplicate on each of 2 days (for airborne molds, yeasts, coliforms, and aerobic bacteria) in eight rooms where pork carcasses were handled and further processed. Unexpectedly, the microbial counts were low during this winter sampling. The single and multiple samplers yielded mean (log10) counts (n = 94) of 0.15 and 0.42; -0.23 and -0.36; 1.18 and 1.29; and -0.63 and -0.91 per 0.028 cm M; for molds, yeasts, aerobes and coliforms, respectively. The multiple sampler detected slightly greater numbers of molds and aerobic bacteria, but did not define the differences in aerobic bacterial numbers from among the various processing rooms as readily as the single stage sampler. Counts of coliforms were higher from the single than from the multiple stage sampler. The single stage sampler required only one petri dish per sample, as compared with six for the multiple stage sampler, so it required less medium and time for evaluating air for microorganisms.
The Pathophysiology of Alcoholic Liver Disease

This review of the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease (ALD) will cover various mechanisms involved. The roles of oxidative stress, innate immunity, the inflammasome, compliment, osteopontin, macrophages CD163, hypoxia, 4HNE adducts, nutrition, and epigenetic changes are reviewed. Alcoholic steatohepatitis becomes manifested when liver cells undergo balloon degeneration as a result of loss of proteasome protein quality control and an increase in inhibition of liver cell regeneration by multiple factors involve in cell cycle arrest. Liver fibrosis leading to cirrhosis includes a switch where liver cells change into bile ducts (bile duct metaplasia) induced by Tweak and FN14 expression to activate stellate cells. The importance of high blood levels [blood alcohol level (BAL)] in the progression to cirrhosis as the explanation why rodents fed alcohol ad lib do not develop liver fibrosis. A proposal was made how to prevent ALD by ingesting betaine with alcohol, which keeps BAL below 200 mg%.
Postoperative Fractionated Stereotactic Radiosurgery to the Tumor Bed for Surgically Resected Brain Metastases.

Introduction Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) is increasingly used as an alternative to whole brain radiotherapy (WBRT) following surgical resection of brain metastases. We analyzed the outcomes of postoperative frameless fractionated stereotactic radiosurgery (fSRS) cases for surgically resected brain metastases at our institution. Materials and Methods We performed a retrospective review of 85 patients who underwent fSRS to 87 resection beds from 2006 - 2014 with a median follow-up of 6.4 months. Clinically relevant outcomes were assessed with analysis to determine predictors of these outcomes. Results The median target volume was 9.8 cm-3 (1.1 - 43.1 cm-3). The most frequently used fractionation scheme was 3,000 cGy in five fractions. The rates of local control (LC), distant brain failure (DBF), and overall survival (OS) at one-year were 87%, 52%, and 52%, respectively. Five patients (5.9%) experienced Grade >2 toxicity related to fSRS, including seizures (two), symptomatic radionecrosis (two), and potential treatment-related death (one). A multivariable analysis revealed that tumor volume (p < 0.001) and number of fractions (p < 0.001) were associated with LC, while recursive partitioning analysis (RPA) class (p < .0001), tumor volume (p = .0181), and the number of fractions (p = .0181) were associated with OS. Conclusions Postoperative fSRS for surgically resected brain metastases is well-tolerated and achieves durable LC. Further studies are needed to determine the optimal dose and fractionation for fSRS as well as to compare outcomes with WBRT.
Structural Basis for Substrate Helix Remodeling and Cleavage Loop Activation in the Varkud Satellite Ribozyme.

The Varkud satellite (VS) ribozyme catalyzes site-specific RNA cleavage and ligation reactions. Recognition of the substrate involves a kissing loop interaction between the substrate and the catalytic domain of the ribozyme, resulting in a rearrangement of the substrate helix register into a so-called “shifted” conformation that is critical for substrate binding and activation. We report a 3.3 A crystal structure of the complete ribozyme that reveals the active, shifted conformation of the substrate, docked into the catalytic domain of the ribozyme. Comparison to previous NMR structures of isolated, inactive substrates provides a physical description of substrate remodeling, and implicates roles for tertiary interactions in catalytic activation of the cleavage loop. Similarities to the hairpin ribozyme cleavage loop activation suggest general strategies to enhance fidelity in RNA folding and ribozyme cleavage.
On the Road with Donne: An Idiosyncratic Pilgrimage

A poet’s meditative journey through the erotics of Donne’s syntax with readings of selected Holy Sonnets and lines of his own poetry.
An Online Appendix to 'Depreciating Licenses'

This is the online appendix for "Depreciating Licenses." The main text can be found here: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2744810
Understanding issues of control in top-down management pedagogies:

There exist societal problems of control deep within the consciousness of humanity. These problems often surface in schooling as forms of top-down management pedagogies. This article seeks to bette...
From Pathology to Precision Medicine in Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma Expressing Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase (ALK+ ALCL)

Anaplastic large cell lymphoma expressing anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK+ ALCL) is a distinct subtype of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. In this review, we discuss the historical findings that led to its classification as a unique disease, despite its varied clinical presentation and histology. We discuss the molecular mechanisms underlying ALK+ ALCL pathology and the questions that remain in the field. Finally, we visit how decades of ALK+ ALCL research has yielded more precise drugs that hold promise for the future.
Maternal and paternal emotional contributions to children's distress tolerance: Relations to child depressive symptoms.

Abstract In recent years, empirical studies have shown that the inability to tolerate distress is associated with a wide range of negative outcomes including eating addiction, drug abuse, alcohol use, and antisocial behavior in adults. However, few studies have examined family correlates of this ability in children. Also, past literature on child emotional competencies has mainly focused on documenting the linkages between mother and child and has neglected the role of fathers. Children (N = 54, M age = 10.15 years, SD = 1.02; 55.6% males) and their parents participated. Parents reported on their emotion regulation strategies and children reported on their depressive symptoms. Distress tolerance (DT) was assessed using the computerized distress tolerance task, the Behavioral Indicator of Resiliency to Distress. Children who were able to complete the BIRD had lower levels of depression. Analyses examining relations among father and mother emotion regulation and children's DT showed children's DT is more closely related to their mothers’ than fathers’ emotion regulation styles. These findings suggest that DT is an important construct in understanding children's psychopathology, but also that maternal emotion regulation is associated with children's distress tolerance.
On the bounds of the thickness of a steady shock wave

Following the reasoning of von Mises, the author attempts to answer the question, “Does the use of higher order Burnett terms from the solution of the Boltzmann equation in the von Mises approach improve the bounds of the thickness of steady shock?” The answer is a negative one.