cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Weight Perception, Weight Control Intentions, and Dietary Intakes among Adolescents Ages 10–15 Years in the United States

Background: To examine associations of adolescents’ weight status perception and weight control intentions with dietary intakes. Methods: Cross-sectional data from adolescents aged 10–15 in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, 2005–2014 (n = 4940). Adolescents responded to questions regarding weight perception and if they were trying to change their weight. Intakes of calories, protein, carbohydrate, fat, saturated fat, sugar, and fiber were assessed using 24-h dietary recalls. Multivariable linear regression estimated associations of intakes with weight perception and weight control intentions. Results: The majority of adolescents perceived their weight as “about right”; however, 45% and 46% of boys and girls, respectively, reported trying to change their weight. Weight perception was not associated with intakes, with the exception of lower sugar (−13.65 g, 95% CI: −23.06, −4.23) and higher percent calories from protein (1.01%, 95% CI: 0.16, 1.87) in boys with overweight/obesity who perceived themselves as overweight, as well as lower percent calories from saturated fat (−1.04%, 95% CI: −2.24, −0.17) among girls with normal weight who perceived themselves as overweight. Weight control intentions were associated with intakes in boys only. Compared to boys who never tried to lose weight, boys who tried to lose weight consumed fewer calories (−188.34 kcal, 95% CI: −357.67, −19.01), a lower percent of calories from fat (−1.41%, 95% CI: −2.80, −0.02), and a greater percent of calories from protein (1.48%, 95% CI: 0.41, 2.55). Conclusions: Despite perceiving weight as “about right”, many adolescents reported trying to change their weight, which was associated with some dietary intakes. Efforts may be necessary to educate adolescents on healthy nutrition and weight management behaviors.
Photoelectron-Photofragment Coincidence Spectroscopy With Ions Prepared in a Cryogenic Octopole Accumulation Trap: Collisional Excitation and Buffer Gas Cooling.

A cryogenic octopole accumulation trap (COAT) has been coupled to a photoelectron-photofragment coincidence (PPC) spectrometer allowing for improved control over anion vibrational excitation. The anions are heated and cooled via collisions with buffer gas <17 K. Shorter trapping times (500 μs) prevent thermalization and result in anions with high internal excitation while longer trapping times (80 ms) at cryogenic temperatures thermalize the ions to the temperature of the buffer gas. The capabilities of the COAT are demonstrated using PPC spectroscopy of O3- at 388 nm (Ehν = 3.20 eV). Cooling the precursor anions with COAT resulted in the elimination of the autodetachment of vibrationally excited O2- produced by the photodissociation O3- + hν → O + O2- (v ≥ 4). Under heating conditions, a lower limit temperature for the anions was determined to be 1,500 K through Franck-Condon simulations of the photodetachment spectrum of O3- , considering a significant fraction of the ions undergo photodissociation in competition with photodetachment. The ability to cool or heat ions by varying ion injection and trapping duration in COAT provides a new flexibility for studying the spectroscopy of cold ions as well as thermally activated processes.
Investigation of gelatin methacrylate working curves in dynamic optical projection stereolithography of vascular-like constructs

Abstract 3D Bioprinting is continuing to emerge as a promising approach for the manufacturing of 3D vascular constructs by the utilization of a layer-by-layer fabrication methodology. The working curve represents the interaction between the UV and the photocrosslinkable materials, which is of great importance to the printing resolution and quality during dynamic optical projection stereolithography of vascular-like constructs. Two important material optical properties are revealed from the working curve: The depth of UV penetration, Dp, which indicates the depth that projected UV into the bioink can reach, after which there is a reduction in irradiance of 1/e, and the critical energy level, Ec, which indicates the amount of UV energy that is needed in order to initiate the crosslinking of the photopolymer. This study focuses on the working curves of the gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) with different polymer concentrations, photoinitiator concentrations, and degrees of functionalization (DoF). It is found that an increase of the polymer and photoinitiator concentrations results in the slight decrease of the UV penetration depth from 0.61 mm to 0.55 mm while the critical UV energy increases slightly from 48 mJ/cm2 to 61 mJ/cm2. When the GelMA DoF is increased, the UV penetration depth decreases significantly from 1.9 mm to 0.61 mm and the critical UV energy decreases significantly from 1189 mJ/cm2 to 48 mJ/cm2. Finally, the fabrication of a 3D four-branch vascular-like construct with cells encapsulated has been performed by using DMD-based dynamic optical projection stereolithography, and cell viability is evaluated to be 80% after 48-hour incubation.
Capacity Coaching: A Focused Ethnographic Evaluation in Clinical Practice.

Abstract Objective To qualitatively evaluate the implementation of Capacity Coaching, an intervention to address the work patients must undertake to manage their conditions, implemented as a quality improvement pilot in 1 of 2 implementing US Department of Veterans Affairs medical centers. Participants and Methods Two Veterans Affairs medical centers in the Midwest sought to implement Capacity Coaching as a quality improvement pilot in their Patient-Aligned Care Teams for 6 months (April 1, 2017, through October 31, 2017). Following the pilot, we conducted a focused ethnographic evaluation (on-site data collection, January 2-4, 2018), including interviews, a focus group, and observations with staff at one site to assess the implementation of capacity coaching. Data were analyzed inductively and findings were cross-referenced with implementation theory. Results We found that implementation was feasible and achieved changes that were aligned with reducing patient work and increasing capacity. We found that the key facilitators for the implementation of this program were in participants making sense of the intervention (coherence) and working collectively to enact the program (collective action). The main challenges for the program were in planning the work of implementation and enrolling a diverse coalition of staff to expand referrals to the program (cognitive participation) and in evaluating the impact of the program on outcomes that upper leadership was interested in (reflexive monitoring). Conclusion Implementation of Capacity Coaching is feasible in clinical practice and may be a promising intervention for the care of chronic conditions. Further research should focus on testing capacity coaching using these lessons learned.
Nubeam-dedup: a fast and RAM-efficient tool to de-duplicate sequencing reads without mapping.

Summary We present Nubeam-dedup, a fast and RAM-efficient tool to de-duplicate sequencing reads without reference genome. Nubeam-dedup represents nucleotides by matrices, transforms reads into products of matrices, and based on which assigns a unique number to a read. Thus, duplicate reads can be efficiently removed by using a collisionless hash function. Compared with other state-of-the-art reference-free tools, Nubeam-dedup uses 50-70% of CPU time and 10-15% of RAM. Availability and implementation Source code in C++ and manual are available at https://github.com/daihang16/nubeamdedup and https://haplotype.org. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Mediators of the association between COVID-19-related stressors and parents’ psychological flexibility and inflexibility: The roles of perceived sleep quality and energy

Abstract Background The COVID-19 pandemic has forced parents across the United States to quickly transition to a new way of living. These transitions present new stressors, including the stress associated with physical health, with the demands of social distancing placed on families, and with the possibility of losing a job or not being able to pay bills. Such stressors have the potential to disrupt basic functioning, such as sleep and daily energy levels. Furthermore, the impact of stress might have repercussions on parents' capacities to be psychologically flexible, thus putting their psychological functioning at risk. Drawing upon a contextual behavioral science perspective, the current study sought to examine links between COVID-19-related stressors and psychological flexibility/inflexibility through such basic processes as parents’ perceived sleep quality and daily energy level. Methods A total of 1003 parents (97% from the US; 74% female; M = 40.9 years old, SD = 8.5) of children (ages 5–18) completed an online survey from the end of March to the end of April of 2020. Results Path analyses suggested that, after controlling health-related stress and the stress of work and parenting demands due to the pandemic directly predicting greater inflexibility and lower inflexibility, two mediation paths emerged. Specifically, higher levels of health-related stress were associated with lower levels of energy, which, in turn predicted lower levels of psychological flexibility. In addition, higher levels of health-related stress were associated with lower perceived sleep quality, which, in turn, was associated with higher levels of psychological inflexibility. In secondary analyses on the specific dimensions of flexibility and inflexibility, results suggested that lower energy levels indirectly linked health-related stress to lower levels of all 6 dimensions of flexibility and poorer sleep quality indirectly linked health-related stress to higher levels of self-as-content, fusion, and inaction. Conclusions The stressors associated with COVID-19 pandemic have the potential to disrupt parents’ perceived sleep quality and daily energy levels, reducing their abilities to respond to difficult or challenging experiences in a flexible manner and instead promoting more reactive and inflexible responses.
An examination of changes in muscle thickness, isometric strength and body water throughout the menstrual cycle.

PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to examine the changes in muscle size and strength throughout the menstrual cycle in females and to compare these values to a control group of time-matched males. METHODS 12 males and 16 females visited the laboratory on four occasions. Measures of muscle thickness (MTH), isometric strength and body water were taken during the menstrual phase, ovulation phase and luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. Males scheduled their visits based on a mock menstrual cycle. In addition, participants were asked to complete 4 sets of biceps curls to volitional failure in one arm to examine swelling during each visit. RESULTS For MTH there was no interaction (p = .73); however, there was a main effect for sex with males having higher MTH values compared to females [4.07 (0.67) versus. 2.73 (0.42) cm, (p < .001)] at all time points. For changes in MTH (swelling) there was no interaction (p = .28). However, there was a main effect for sex, with males demonstrating greater changes in MTH compared to females [0.53(0.11) versus. 0.40 (0.10) cm, (p < .001)]. Similarly, for total body water, there was no interaction (p = .66). However, males had greater total body water compared to females [49.6 (6.8) versus. 32.3(3.9) kg, p < .001)] at all time points. Finally, for isometric strength, there was no interaction (p = .23). However, there was a main effect for sex. Males had higher isometric strength values compared to females [285 (42) versus. 156(36) N (p < .001)]. CONCLUSIONS Phase of the menstrual cycle does not appear to influence MTH, isometric strength or total body water.
Try Graph Theory for a Change.

DO YOU need some fresh ideas to use in the classroom? Have you reached the point where both you and your students are tired of the day-by-day, topic-by-topic routine of mathematics presentation? Try graph theory for a change! Include a day or two of graph theory in a geometry course, in a senior mathematics course, or in any class you wish?just for something a little different. One of the beauties of
DEAH-Box RNA Helicases in Pre-mRNA Splicing

In eukaryotic cells, pre-mRNA splicing is catalyzed by the spliceosome, a highly dynamic molecular machinery that undergoes dramatic conformational and compositional rearrangements throughout the splicing cycle. These crucial rearrangements are largely driven by eight DExD/H-box RNA helicases. Interestingly, the four helicases participating in the late stages of splicing are all DEAH-box helicases that share structural similarities. This review aims to provide an overview of the structure and function of these DEAH-box helicases, including new information provided by recent cryo-electron microscopy structures of the spliceosomal complexes.
Examining Civic Outcomes Between 2- and 4-Year Colleges: A Case Study of Two Postsecondary Institutions:

While postsecondary education appears to promote civic mindedness and engagement, relatively little is known about the association between civic outcomes and types of postsecondary education, as we...
Robust barrier option pricing by frame projection under exponential Lévy dynamics

We present an efficient method for robustly pricing discretely monitored barrier and occupation time derivatives under exponential LA©vy models. This includes ordinary barrier options, as well as (resetting) Parisian options, delayed barrier options (also known as cumulative Parisian or Parasian options), fader options and step options (soft-barriers), all with single and double barriers, which have yet to be priced with more general LA©vy processes, including KoBoL (CGMY), Mertonâs jump diffusion and NIG. The methodâs efficiency is derived in part from the use of frame-projected transition densities, which transform the problem into the Fourier domain and accelerate the convergence of intermediate expectations. Moreover, these expectations are approximated by Toeplitz matrix-vector multiplications, resulting in a fast implementation. We devise an augmentation approach that contributes to the methodâs robustness, adding protection against mis-specifying a proper truncation support of the transition density. Theoretical convergence is verified by a series of numerical experiments which demonstrate the methodâs efficiency and accuracy.
Management Control Using Non-Binding Budgetary Announcements

We use an experiment to investigate the efficacy of a non-binding budgetary announcement made by an owner in order to mitigate a management control problem induced by asymmetric information. The owner's announcement indicates how much funding she will provide for each possible cost report by the manager regarding an investment opportunity. The manager has private knowledge of the cost, incentive to overstate it, and the ability to do so undetected by the owner. The experiment consists of three treatments: (1) the owner fully commits to honor her announcement regarding how she will use the manager's cost report, (2) the owner makes no announcement at all, and (3) the owner makes a non-binding announcement regarding how she will use the manager's cost report. The first two treatments establish empirical benchmarks to gauge the effectiveness of the non-binding announcement. There are three main results. First, owners in the non-binding announcement treatment significantly outperform those in the no announcement treatment throughout the experiment. Second, owners appear to use the non-binding announcement as a bluff in an attempt to convince managers that they will reject a profitable project more often than they intend. This strategy appears to be particularly effective for the owners in the first half of the experiment. Third, the difference in owner welfare between the non-binding announcement and binding announcement treatments is much less than the prediction made from standard game-theoretic assumptions. The third result suggests that, to the extent that commitment is costly, an optimal control system might not employ commitment.
Readiness of SNAP-Ed Implementers to Incorporate Policy, Systems, and Environmental Approaches into Programming.

Abstract Objective To identify the readiness of Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program Education (SNAP-Ed) implementers to facilitate policy, systems, and environmental (PSE) changes in conjunction with delivering direct nutrition education. Design Qualitative study using semistructured interviews. Setting A southeastern state. Participants Purposive sample of SNAP-Ed staff (n = 19) from state implementing agencies (n = 3) in 1 state. Phenomenon of Interest Readiness using the validated framework: readiness equals motivation coupled with general-capacities and innovation-specific capacities (R = MC2). Analysis Interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. Transcripts were analyzed using an iterative approach to the analysis via emergent coding and constant comparison. Results Although a general sense of motivation is present among implementers to meet the new federal guidelines, nutrition education is still prioritized. General capacity for SNAP-Ed implementers, comprised communication, training, and funding and staffing, was limited. Innovation-specific capacities around the implementation of PSEs revealed limited knowledge, experience, and resources among most implementers. Conclusions and Implications Identifying the nuanced and interrelated aspects of motivation and capacity of SNAP-Ed implementers to incorporate PSEs into their direct education interventions could inform tailored strategies for increasing readiness, such as through training, reallocation of resources, or program restructuring.
Anglo-America and its Discontents : Civilizational Identities beyond West and East

1. The West as Anglo-America Peter J Katzenstein Part I 2. The Project for a New Anglo Century: Race, Space and Global Order Duncan Bell 3. Anglo-America as a Global Suburbia: The Political Economy of Land and Endogenous Multiculturalism Herman Schwartz Part II 4. The Imperial Self: A Perspective on Anglo-America from South Africa, India and Ireland Audie Klotz 5. The Search for Liberal Anglo-America: From Racial Supremacy to Multicultural Politics Srdjan Vucetic Part III 6. Negotiating Anglo-America: Australia, Canada and the United States Lous W Pauly and Chris Reus-Smit 7. Diplomatic Cultures: Multiple Wests and Identities in US-Canada and US-Mexico Relations Brian Bow and Arturo Santa-Cruz 8. Special Relationships: Australia and New Zealand in the Anglo-American World David MacDonald and Brendon O'Connor Part IV 9. Many Wests and Polymorphic Globalism Peter J Katzenstein
Music as Catechesis and Cultural Transformation in the East African Revival

The song “Tukutendereza Yesu” defines the East African Revival; the majority of revival accounts mention this hymn, sung at every gathering. Despite its prominence as well as the role of singing in general, little scholarly research explores the music and worship of this movement. I first provide a brief look at the origins of the Revival, which is usually traced to a meeting in 1929 between a young British medical doctor, Joe Church, and an African government worker, Simeoni Nsibambi. They begin with their prayers, preaching and evangelism. The revival spread throughout East Africa and lasted three generations. It is significant that theirs was a partnership of black and white, since the revival itself relied on both cultures. The themes displayed an African enculturation of nineteenth century British and American revival theology. I delve more specifically into the music of the revival, looking first at the role and function of singing and second at its style and origins. The songs, mostly translations of hymns from nineteenth century American and British revivals, quickly became indigenized, reflecting their African context more than their Western origins. Hymn singing informally became a primary vehicle for catechesis, spreading the doctrinal foci of the movement to a largely illiterate population. The second takes a close look at some of the songs; songs that became central to the East African Revival reflect the main focus of the revival itself: confession/repentance, the centrality of Jesus and his blood, the Holy Spirit and mission. This music not only reflected but also helped propagate these themes, perhaps partially explaining the movement’s longevity and legacy and how it transformed the cultural expression of Christianity in East Africa.
New England's Crises and Cultural Memory: A cloud of blood: King Philip's War

The apocalyptic literary legacy of King Philip's War extends farther forward than currently recognized, to writers as different as Robert Lowell and Bharati Mukherjee. “The Park Street Cemetery,” the lead poem of Lowell's first book of poetry, immerses the reader in the “dusty leaves” and near forgotten spiritual/political pretensions of Boston's long-buried dead, culminating in the avenging depersonalizing question “What are Sam Adams or Cotton Mather?” When Lowell expanded this “graveyard” poem for inclusion in Lord Weary's Castle , he retitled it “At the Indian Killer's Grave,” thereby suggesting that the prevailing motivation of the Puritans had been, not salvation but domination, not king-killing but Indian-killing. The poem's narrator, clearly Lowell himself, discovers upon a visit to King's Chapel Burial Ground that the cracked gravestones of Boston's sanctified progenitors cannot hide a half-covered well in a ruined garden. Through the well, the narrator catches glimpses of the underworld fashioned by the Puritans' descendants, a mechanic hell where the screechings of the Green Line subway literally undermine the virtues that the blackened gravestones strove to commemorate. The “Indian Killer” of the poem's title turns out to be an unnamed composite figure made up of Lowell's first American ancestors (John and Mary Winslow, whose cenotaph is in the cemetery), John's nephew Josiah Winslow (governor of Plymouth and commander of New England's army during King Philip's War) and Benjamin Church, the war hero who captured King Philip.
Microarray Data Analysis of Survival Times of Patients with Lung Adenocarcinomas Using ADC and K-Medians Clustering

We experiment with two types of clustering, K-medians and a dimensionreduction technique known as approximate distance clustering (ADC) [Cowen and Priebe 1997], for classifying lung adenocarcinomas into high-risk and low-risk groups according to gene expression values from microarray data. The microarrays were Affymetrix oligonucleotide arrays used in studies at Michigan and Harvard, with 12,600 and 7129 probesets respectively. We show that we can obtain accurate classification based on a reduced set of genes obtained by nearest shrunken mean (NSM) [Tibshirani et al. 2002] or a combination of a variance-based approach with hierarchical clustering. The quality of the clustering is measured by using the p-values from log-rank tests, and the results are confirmed using cross-validation and by using the reduced set of genes obtained from one dataset to cluster the other.
A class of synchronization systems that permit the use of large atomic blocks

This paper revisits the formal justification of a common practice used in formal and informal reasoning about distributed systems: considering certain sections of code to be implicitly atomic. This practice is extremely useful as it allows distributed and concurrent programs to be developed, tested, and verified with large atomic blocks, yet executed with a much finer granularity of parallelism for efficiency. We expose the elements on which this practice is based and characterize the synchronization systems for which this practice is valid. Unlike previous justifications for this practice, our approach is based on a weakest precondition semantics. Owing to the generality of our model of computation, the result is applicable to both distributed-memory and shared-memory systems.
Nighttime O2 and O3 profiles measured by MSX/UVISI using stellar occultation techniques

Stellar occultation techniques are a powerful means of remotely sensing the Earth's atmosphere from space. In this paper, we show that a unique combination of extinctive and refractive stellar occultation methods can be used to retrieve atmospheric composition from the lower thermosphere down to the upper troposphere. The extinction measurements provide the composition information, while the refraction data are used to infer the total density, pressure, and temperature profiles in the lower atmosphere. Precise, simultaneous measurement of the total density profile in particular allows both Rayleigh scattering and refraction effects to be accurately accounted for in the interpretation of the lower atmosphere extinction measurements and also provides for direct calculation of mixing ratios. This combined technique has been successfully demonstrated using stellar occultation data obtained by the Ultraviolet and Visible Imagers and Spectrographic Imagers (UVISI) on the Midcourse Space Experiment (MSX) satellite. To illustrate the potential of the method, we present O 2 and O 3 profiles retrieved from two example occultations observed by MSX/UVISI in the polar vortex region during formation of the seasonal ozone hole in October 1996.
Rational transfer matrices with FIR inverses

We present a simple extension for rational transfer matrices of known results characterizing the invariant factors of causal FIR matrices with FIR inverses. This includes and generalizes previous characterizations of causal FIR multirate filter banks with anticausal FIR inverses, the so-called cafacafi systems. In particular, we extend (to the rational case) the result that G(z) is a square cafacafi system if and only if its determinantal degree is equal to its McMillan degree.
Intelligence in embedded controls - a case study

This paper presents a framework for the realization of intelligent embedded systems for control applications. Requirements on system intelligence are translated into requirements on the system hardware and software. The hardware and software components of the design and their impact on system performance are discussed. Software and hardware architectures are presented that enable the realization of these requirements. Recent trends in the hardware-software co-design and hardware reconfiguration are utilized to design systems that are fault-tolerant and have higher reliability under all operating conditions. The design approach is validated by means of a case study.
Flow of a non-Newtonian fluid past a wedge

A pseudo-similarity solution has been obtained for the flow of an incompressible fluid of second grade past a wedge. The numerical method developed for this purpose enables computation of the flow characteristics for any value of the parametersK anda, whereK is the dimensionless normal stress modulus of the fluid, anda is related to the wedge angle. Results computed forKx wa varying from 0 to 200 show a marked decrease or increase in wall shear, depending upon the wedge angle, asx −2a /K increases from 0 to about 1; thereafter the change in wall shear stress is small. The present results match exactly with those from an earlier perturbation analysis forKx 2a ≦0.01 but differ significantly asKx 2a increases.
The Helium Stockpile : A Collaboration in Mathematical Folding Sculpture

Abstract The Helium Stockpile is a manipulable folding structure of hundreds of wooden blocks, representing the transformation between surface and solid through a foldable one-dimensional chain. The sculpture grew out of an unexpected collaboration between a sculptor and two mathematicians, giving the structure a mathematical basis through which it is guaranteed to be foldable into essentially any three-dimensional shape.
Preferred orientations of His64 in human carbonic anhydrase II.

Histidine at position 64 (His64) in human carbonic anhydrase II (HCA II) is believed to be the proton acceptor in the hydration direction and the proton donor in the dehydration direction for the rate-limiting proton transfer (PT) event. Although the biochemical effect of histidine at position 64 has been thoroughly investigated, the role of its orientation in the PT event is a topic of considerable debate. X-ray data of HCA II suggests that His64 can adopt either an “in” or “out” orientation. The “in” orientation is believed to be favored for the hydration direction PT event because the Nδ of His64 is closer to the catalytic zinc. This orientation allows for smaller water bridges, which are postulated to be more conducive to PT. In the present work, classical molecular dynamics simulations have been conducted to elucidate the role that the His64 orientation may play in its ability to act as a proton donor/acceptor in HCA II. The free energy profile for the orientation of His64 suggests that the histidine...
Effect of pregnancy on thymic T cell development

PROBLEM: The thymus gland decreases in size during pregnancy. The significance of this alteration is not known. METHOD: In this report, we examined thymic function by evaluating the development of T lymphocytes in the thymus of pregnant Balb/c mice at 15 and 20 days gestation using multi-color flow cytometry. Comparative analysis was made with non-pregnant mice, postpartum lactating mice, and postpartum non-lactating mice. RESULTS: Progressive reduction of thymic size and cellularity during pregnancy was observed. All of the CD4 and CD8 defined subsets were reduced, with a disproportionate loss of CD4+, CD8+ double positive cells. Examination of the CD4-, CD8- double negative compartment revealed a predominance of TCR α,β+ double negative cells, and a striking loss of precursor cells. The CD3-, CD4-, CD8- triple negative thymic subset was composed almost entirely of the earliest population (CD44+, CD25-), with the remaining maturational stages (CD44+, CD25+; CD44-, CD25+; and CD44-, CD25-) depleted. At 2 weeks postpartum, the subset ratios normalized, and the total cell count showed recovery. CONCLUSION: T cell development is blocked at the precursor level during the mouse pregnancy. These effects are transient, and gradual recovery is observed in the postpartum period.
Mechanism of the SIMS matrix effect

Quantization of ion microprobe mass spectrometric analyses has been complicated by the variation in the ion yield of an element contained in different matrices. This work demonstrates that, for O− and Cs+ bombardment, these ion‐yield variations are solely attributable to variations in the matrix sputtering yield. It is argued that the matrix sputtering yield determines the near‐surface concentration of the ion‐yield‐enhancing species O and Cs.
Life history and biology of Hormosianoetus mallotae (Fashing) (Histiostomatidae: Astigmata), an obligatory inhabitant of water-filled treeholes

ABSTRACT Water-filled treeholes are in reality tiny ponds in the woodland ecosystem and provide a unique habitat for a number of different organisms that make up the treehole community. The community is a detritus based system that relies primarily on decomposing leaves from the autumn leaf drop as an energy source. Among the arthropod inquilines is a histiostomatid mite, Hormosianoetus mallotae (Fashing), an obligate inhabitant that filters microorganisms and other organic matter from the fluid. Dispersal is accomplished by a heteromorphic deutonymphal stage (= hypopus). While larvae, protonymphs, tritonymphs and adults are found in the treeholes throughout the year, deutonymphs are present only in May and June when conditions are optimal for population growth by the treehole residents. Deutonymphs therefore do not form in response to adverse conditions, but rather to serve purely as dispersal agents for colonizing new treeholes and for out-crossing among populations. Deutonymphs are phoretic on adults o...
Small covering designs by branch-and-cut

A Branch-and-Cut algorithm for finding covering designs is presented. Its originality resides in the use of isomorphism pruning of the enumeration tree. A proof that no 4-(10, 5, 1)-covering design with less than 51 sets exists is obtained together with all non isomorphic 4-(10, 5, 1)-covering designs with 51 sets.
Relationship between dietary components and aspects of sleep.

Strmmary.-To test the hypothesis that major dietary constituents we related to quantity or quality of sleep, 27 adult volunteers participated in a Eive-day study. Subjects completed detailed dietary logs each day, and each morning completed the St. Mary's Hospital Sleep Questionnaire. Dietary data were converted to seven major nutritional constituents and these were averaged over the 5-day period. None of the 98 correlations between diet and sleep were significant. These findings provide no support for a link between sleep and diet in adults. Compelling physiological reasons exist to suggest that diet should influence sleep. Food provides the amino acids from which neurotransmitters are manufactured (Fernstrom & Wurtman, 1971, 1972; Wurtman, 1982); neurotransmitters play key roles in regulation of sleep cycles (Gaillard, 1985; Nicholson & Pascoe, 1990). Few studies have directly examined the relation between diet and sleep in human subjects. Lucero and Hicks (1990) asked a group of undergraduate college students who were either short- (~6.5 hr.) or long-sleepers (>8.0 hr.) to maintain a diary of all food that they consumed for a 21-day period. Food intake was analyzed for major dietary constituents using a computer program. Long- and short-sleepers were not significantly different in terms of number of calories, % protein, % carbohydrates, or % fat consumed. It was hypothesized in the present study that relationships between diet and sleep would emerge if a sufficiently large number of dietary components were examined against several objectively measured sleep parameters (e.g., duration, latency, quality). Participants in this study were 27 male and female public school teachers in St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana. All were between the ages of 23 and 53 years (M = 38.4 yr.). Subjects who had sleep disorders, were pregnant, or were taking medication had been excluded from the study. Teachers were selected because they were adults who worked fixed weekly schedules. Each subject maintained a log of all foods and the quantity of each food item consumed during the day for a five-day period from Monday through Friday. Upon arising on Tuesday through Saturday mornings each subject completed a copy of the St. Mary's Hospital Sleep Questionnaire (Ellis, Johns,
A Case Study: Linking Students across Geographical and Cultural Distances

A case study of creating community through distance learning is examined, focusing on the use of low-cost technology to link students across six time zones, the interdisciplinary approaches used, and the implications for national and global community building.
Physical activity as a strategy for maintaining tobacco abstinence: A randomized trial

Objectives For smoking cessation, physical activity (PA) may help manage withdrawal symptoms, mood, stress, and weight; yet studies of PA as an aid for smoking cessation have been mixed. This study examined: (1) the impact of an extended relapse prevention program on increasing moderate to vigorous PA (MVPA) in adults enrolled in a tobacco cessation treatment trial; (2) whether changes in MVPA were associated with sustained abstinence from smoking; and (3) mechanisms by which MVPA may support sustained abstinence from smoking.
Sedimentology and Depositional History of Neogene Gravel Deposits in Lower Tornillo Creek Area of Big Bend National Park, Texas: ABSTRACT

Neogene gravel deposits in the lower Tornillo Creek area of Big Bend National Park, Texas, record the filling of a small structural basin formed during Basin and Range tectonism. Four lithofacies are recognized in the Late Miocene La Noria member (informal name): (1) a medial braided-stream lithofacies consisting of upward-fining packages End_Page 534------------------------------ of cross-bedded gravel, sandstone, and siltstone; (2) a distal braided-stream lithofacies consisting of poorly-defined upward-fining packages of fine gravel, sandstone, and mudstone; (3) a calcrete-rich gravel and sandstone lithofacies representing strike-valley and alluvial-fan deposition, and (4) and ephemeral lake-plain lithofacies consisting of massive and burrowed mudstones with sheet-like sandstone interbeds. Upward-fining packages in the braided-stream lithofacies represent the lateral migration and avulsion of the stream tract across the basin; together with the strike-valley and alluvial-fan deposits, these record the initial stages of basin filling. Provenance studies show that much of this sediment was derived from northern Mexico. Overlying ephemeral-lake deposits record the structural tilting and closing of the downstream (north) end of the basin. Gravels and minor sandstones of the Pleistocene Estufa member (informal name) represent basinward progradation of alluvial fans. Deposition of the Estufa member resulted from: (1) Quaternary tectonic activity in the Chisos Mountains area; (2) lowering of local base level by post-Miocene development of the Rio Grande drainage through the area; and (3) Pleistocene pluvial-period climatic changes. Subsequent Quaternary faulting has caused minor deformation of the deposits. End_of_Article - Last_Page 535------------
Evidence for Paternal Age-Related Alterations in Meiotic Chromosome Dynamics in the Mouse

Increasing age in a woman is a well-documented risk factor for meiotic errors, but the effect of paternal age is less clear. Although it is generally agreed that spermatogenesis declines with age, the mechanisms that account for this remain unclear. Because meiosis involves a complex and tightly regulated series of processes that include DNA replication, DNA repair, and cell cycle regulation, we postulated that the effects of age might be evident as an increase in the frequency of meiotic errors. Accordingly, we analyzed spermatogenesis in male mice of different ages, examining meiotic chromosome dynamics in spermatocytes at prophase, at metaphase I, and at metaphase II. Our analyses demonstrate that recombination levels are reduced in the first wave of spermatogenesis in juvenile mice but increase in older males. We also observed age-dependent increases in XY chromosome pairing failure at pachytene and in the frequency of prematurely separated autosomal homologs at metaphase I. However, we found no evidence of an age-related increase in aneuploidy at metaphase II, indicating that cells harboring meiotic errors are eliminated by cycle checkpoint mechanisms, regardless of paternal age. Taken together, our data suggest that advancing paternal age affects pairing, synapsis, and recombination between homologous chromosomes—and likely results in reduced sperm counts due to germ cell loss—but is not an important contributor to aneuploidy.
Relaxation rate distribution and decay profile : one fracton emission

The relaxation rate of a localized electronic state interacting with localized vibrational states (fractons, localized phonons) is calculated for the one-vibrational quantum case. Care is taken to deal with the statistics of finding the localized vibration of appropriate energy position which can relax a given electronic state. The one quantum relaxation rate probability distribution is calculated. The time dependence of the relaxation profile is slower than exponential, but faster than any power law Calcul du taux de relaxation d'un etat electronique localise interagissant avec des etats vibrationnels localises (fractons, phonons localises) pour le cas a un quantum de vibration. Etude detaillee de la statistique des etats vibrationnels, d'energie et position appropriees, qui peuvent participer a la relaxation d'un etat electronique donne. Calcul de la distribution de probabilite du taux de relaxation a un quantum. Obtention d'une variation temporelle du profil de relaxation plus lente qu'une decroissance exponentielle, mais plus rapide que toute decroissance en loi de puissance
Legal personality and the processes of slave liberty in early-modern New Spain

This article examines several court cases in which slaves in seventeenth-century Mexico litigated to gain their liberty. Revisiting the Tannenbaum thesis regarding slave moral and legality personality, the article seeks to understand how litigation actually worked and what effects it can be seen to have had in individual slaves' lives. Historians have often referred to the outcomes of legal proceedings, or used court records as libraries of historical detail about the lives of plaintiffs, defendants and witnesses. Less commonly have such documents been read as contingent legal processes driven by procedure and by the decisions and actions of participants. By careful attention to the specifically legal aspects of cases before three different Mexico City tribunals, the chapter proposes a methodological approach that sees outcomes explicitly in terms of the tortuous procedural paths that led to them. The bulk of the article involves a series of close readings of cases in which slave litigants succeeded, fail...
In vitro wear of various orthotic device materials.

Abstract Statement of problem Orthotic devices are advocated to decrease occlusal attrition caused by bruxism but tend to wear with time. Purpose This study investigated the wear rate of various materials used to fabricate orthotic devices. Material and methods Five experimental groups (n=8) were studied: Splint Biocryl autopolymerized (SBA), Splint Biocryl autopolymerized plus additional heat and pressure (SBHP), Forestacryl autopolymerized (FA), Forestacryl autopolymerized plus additional heat and pressure (FHP), and Quick Splint 15-minute (QS), light-polymerized composite. Specimens were mounted to the base of a universal testing machine. A wear device using steatite balls and a load of 9.1 kg was positioned against the specimens, submerged in a 37°C water bath and subjected to 2500 reciprocal cycles. Wear, in micrometers, was calculated as the maximum peak to valley measurement (R y ) using profilometry. Data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's HSD (α=.05). Results Mean acrylic wear in micrometers was as follows: FA 6.8 ±3.0; FHP 7.1 ± 1.8; SBA 20.4 ± 5.6; SBHP 23.7 ± 7.8; and QS 23.8 ± 6.9. One-way ANOVA detected significant differences between groups ( P P =.007). Conclusion Differences in in vitro wear resistance among various orthotic device materials exist. The in vitro wear resistance among other autopolymerizing materials appears to be related to proprietary differences.
Real Time Monitoring of Vehicle/Track Interaction

ENSCO, Inc. has developed the next generation of real time Vehicle Track Interaction (V/TI) Monitoring system. The system provides continuous measurement of car body, truck motions and axle impacts. Software detects various acceleration events, tag them with GPS time and location information, and deliver the data to a central processing system through the latest Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) wireless communication network. Upon delivery, the information is automatically tagged with milepost and subdivision or other geographic reference and loaded into an enterprise database management system. The data is available in near real time via the web on maps of the track and track infrastructure where users have the option of generating tabular reports or viewing the actual waveform of the acceleration event. In addition, the system offers real time pager and email notifications of predefined user events. This system automatically provides real time monitoring and detection of track profile and alignment problems, battered joints, rail-end mismatch, misaligned switches and damaged frogs. The information generated by this system helps railroads prioritize maintenance for these track anomalies that can cause equipment or lading damage. The location information picked up by the system allows railroads to navigate back to the track areas for follow up remedial actions or enhance track maintenance planning decisions. There are over 60 systems in operation on passenger and freight railroads. This paper will address the technology behind the monitoring, the events detected in the field, and how the system can be used to supplement traditional track inspection technologies.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Octupole weak coupling states in 55Mn

Abstract The inelastic scattering of 17.5 MeV protons from 55Mn reveals a multiplet of states exhibiting the same angular distribution as is seen for the collective octupole state of 56Fe. The magnitudes of the cross section are in agreement with the predictions of the weak-coupling model.
Sex Is Like Jelly Beans: Educating Students on the Risks of Oral Sex

This study provides a description of an innovative workshop that educated college students about the risks of unprotected sexual behavior, particularly oral sex, and methods of risk reduction using a metaphor of “sharing and eating jelly beans.” Intervention development was guided by the Information-Motivation-Behavioral Skills model. Ninety-five students attended this workshop, with 69 (73%) participating in a workshop assessment in the form of a one-group pretest-posttest design with no control group. The surveys obtained information about participants’ demographics, sexual experience, protective sexual behaviors, perception of risk, motivation to engage in protective behaviors, and response to the workshop. Most participants rated the workshop as “very useful,” and many reported the jelly bean metaphor specifically interesting and effective. Motivation to use condoms during oral sex significantly increased after the workshop, as did motivation to use condoms during vaginal and anal sex. Most participan...
The Normative Requirement of Means-End Rationality and Modest Bootstrapping

“Myth theorists” have recently called the normative requirement of means-end rationality into question. I show that we can accept certain lessons from the Myth Theorists and also salvage our intuition that there is a normative requirement of means-end rationality. I argue that any appeal to a requirement to make our attitudes coherent as such is superfluous and unnecessary in order to vindicate the requirement of means-end rationality and also avoid the problematic conclusion that persons ought to take the means to whatever ends they happen to intend.
Failure of navy coating systems 1: chemical depth profiling of artificially and naturally weathered high-solids aliphatic poly(ester-urethane) military coating systems

A variety of weathering protocols are in use in industry and research laboratories to both replicate and accelerate the effects of weathering on coating systems. This work focuses on the use of two artificial and one natural weathering protocol (QUV, GM9540P, Florida beach exposure) in combination with spatially resolved transmission-mode Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy for the purpose of chemically depth-profiling highly opaque high solids multi-layer poly(ester-urethane) coatings employed by the U.S. Department of Defense. Samples were prepared via subjection to 6/12-week GM9540P exposure, 7/13/25-week Florida beach exposure, or 6-/18-week QUV protocol. Thin (3 μm) cross-section samples were prepared via microtomy and depth-dependant trends in chemical evolutions were analyzed using transmission-mode micro-FT-IR. Scanning electron/energy-dispersive microscopy (SEM/EDS) was conducted on 10 μm cross-sections and spatial distribution/chemical makeup of inorganic constituents were analyzed. An apparent synergistic relationship between weathering protocols was found. It was theorized that a combination of chemistry and morphology of the inorganic fillers was primarily responsible for greater-than-expected photooxidative modification of the polymeric binder.