cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multiple dichotomies of the Anthropocene

Anthropocene has developed a varied set of connotations among scientific and non-scientific advocates. As a result, multiple dichotomies of the Anthropocene exist within various scholarly disciplin...
Flow cytometry and cell sorting.

Flow cytometry has become an important research tool in cytology, genetics, immunology, and microbiology. The information gained from cytometric instruments is quantitative and of high statistical precision, enabling resolution of cell subpopulations.
Ultraschall in der Gefäßchirurgie

Die Ultraschalldiagnostik ist fur Gefaschirurgen von groser Bedeutung. Sie steht im Diagnosepfad bei den meisten Gefaserkrankungen an erster Stelle der apparativen Techniken. Diese Arbeit beschreibt neuere Erkenntnisse auf vier Gebieten der Diagnostik: der Karotisstenose, den peripheren Durchblutungsstorungen einschlieslich Nachkontrollen, den Venenerkrankungen und dem abdominellen Aortenaneurysma. Die Quantifizierung einer Karotisstenose ist zuverlassig, das Plaque-Imaging noch aufwandig. Die Ultraschalluntersuchung sollte der invasiven Diagnostik bei peripheren Durchblutungsstorungen vorangestellt werden. Die routinemasige Nachkontrolle nach infrainguinalem Bypass hat keine evidenzbasierte Begrundung. Bei Erkrankungen des Venensystems (Thrombose oder Insuffizienz) sind die Ultraschallverfahren zur Standardtechnik geworden. Die Diagnostik des abdominellen Aortenaneurysmas ist zuverlassig, Therapieplanung und Nachkontrolle endoluminaler Verfahren aber sehr eingeschrankt.
Analysis of TNF-alpha-Mediated Cerebral Pericyte Remodeling

As well as being a central regulator of inflammatory and immune-mediated events, TNF-α also influences vascular remodeling, resulting in alterations in the structure and function of blood vessels. In addition to endothelial cells, pericytes are another type of vascular cell that significantly contribute to the development, maturation, stabilization, and remodeling of blood vessels. To investigate the regulatory influence of different factors on pericyte behavior, we recently described a novel yet simple approach of isolating and culturing highly pure, high density cultures of mouse brain pericytes. In this chapter, we briefly describe this culture system, as well as methods for examining different aspects of pericyte behavior, including cell adhesion, cell migration, and cell proliferation. These assays can be used to examine the influence of TNF-α or any other factor on pericyte behavior.
Sodium and Chloride Transport Across the Invertebrate Intestine

The genial experiments of Ussing and his collaborators (Ussing and Zerahn 1951) on frog skin in the mid-1950s ushered in the modern era of the study of ion transport across epithelia. These studies defined the nature of the bioelectric potential across isolated epithelia by demonstrating the interrelationship between the bioelectric potential and active ion transport. Another Dane, Skou (1965), molecu-larly defined the Na+ transport process with his brilliant experiments delineating the transport nature of the (Na+ + K+)-stimulated ATPase enzyme. For several years thereafter, Na+ transport across epithelia occupied the collective focus of epithelial transport physiologists with Cl- assuming a secondary role of importance. However, within the last decade there has been a resurrection of interest in Cl- transport, primarily because Cl- has been found to be actively transported in a very wide range of species and cells (Frizzell et al. 1979; Gerencser 1983 a).
Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return

Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection (TAPVC) occurs as a result of embryologic nonunion of the left atrium (LA) and the confluence of pulmonary veins. Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection is a heterogeneous group of anatomic anomalies in which all of the pulmonary veins connect to the right atrium or its tributaries. An obligatory right-to-left shunt, usually in the atria, ensures survival by shunting blood to the left side of the heart to maintain cardiac output. Obstruction to pulmonary venous drainage occurs more commonly with certain anatomic variants that result in pulmonary edema and cardiogenic shock if not promptly treated. The anatomic types that are generally accepted and used are based on the drainage pattern of the pulmonary veins confluence. Type I or supracardiac TAPVC is characterized by drainage of the pulmonary veins confluence to a vertical vein, called the cardinal vein, which eventually drains into the brachiocephalic vein (Fig. 23.1). Another type of supracardiac TAPVC is direct drainage into the superior vena cava. Type I TAPVC is generally not obstructed unless the vertical vein is constricted by an unusual course, which can occur between the pulmonary artery and bronchus. Type II or intracardiac TAPVC is defined by pulmonary venous drainage to the coronary sinus (CS) (Fig. 23.2). This type of TAPVC is rarely obstructive except in the case of a closing patent foramen ovale (PFO). Type III or infracardiac TAPVC is characterized by pulmonary venous connection to the systemic veins by a vertical vein to the inferior vena cava or the portal vein (Fig. 23.3). These types of TAPVC are the most likely to become obstructed by the diaphragm or by the liver sinusoids through which portal vein drainage to the systemic veins must occur. Type IV TAPVC, the so-called mixed type, consists of a combination of pulmonary vein drainage; its repair represents a significant challenge.
Principles and Power

As part of the mid-1990s normalization process, Vietnam and the United States negotiated a bilateral accord settling the outstanding property claims of U.S. citizens and corporations; Vietnam acceded to U.S. demands to fully compensate for expropriated properties owned by U.S. citizens in the pre-1975 years. In contrast, Vietnam granted no such concessions to Vietnamese immigrants, including Vietnamese-Americans. This article finds that the main drivers behind these divergent outcomes are: international legal norms and customs; domestic political considerations in both countries; and the broader negotiating objectives of the two governments.
Simultaneous Heat and Moisture Transfer with Hygrostrain-Stress Formation in Food Undergoing Drying

A method was developed for simulating heat and moisture transfer and hygrostrain-stress formation in food undergoing a drying process. For this, an improved Luikov’s model was coupled with the virtual work principle of elastoplastically deforming body. Sample simulation results are presented.
Phenotypic Variation in Larval Development and Evolution: Polymorphism, Polyphenism, and Developmental Reaction Norms

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overview of the evolutionary causes and consequences of phenotypic variation. The focus is on phenotypic variation in larval forms, especially invertebrates. A phenotypic character may be determined entirely by an individual's genotype. In this case, phenotypic variation in a population arises because of genetic differences among individuals and is called genetic polymorphism. At the other extreme, such as the Pheidologeton ants, an individual may have the capacity to develop along several discretely different trajectories, and its eventual phenotype depends upon external stimuli received during development (polyphenism). At intermediate levels, an individual's developmental trajectory may depend on both genotype and environmental conditions and is described by a developmental reaction norm. The term polyphenism is used to distinguish environmentally induced phenotypic variation from genetic polymorphisms: “the occurrence of several phenotypes in a population, the differences between which are not the result of genetic differences.” The term polyphenism embraces a large number of phenomena, including morphological, physiological, and behavioral variation. Reaction norms explicitly describe the effects of both genotypic and environmental effects on an individual's phenotype. Reaction norms are maps of the developmental response (that is, the phenotype) of genotypes as a function of the environment.
New friction mechanisms revealed by ice crushing-friction tests on high-roughness surfaces

Abstract Ice crushing occurs to varying degrees in many situations including those that involve a sliding frictional component, such as in sports involving ice contact, ice interaction with bridges, piers, ship hulls, vehicle wheels, rock beds under glaciers and ice-on-ice sliding/crushing interaction within glaciers and extraterrestrial ice masses (on Saturn's moon Enceladus). Here results of ice crushing-friction experiments on high-roughness surfaces with regular arrays of small prominences are presented. Friction coefficients were extraordinarily low and were proportional to the ratio of the tangential sliding rate and the normal crushing rate. All of the friction coefficient variation was determined by the fluid dynamics of a slurry that flowed through channels that developed between leeward-facing facets of the prominences and the moving ice. The slurry originated from a highly-lubricating self-generating squeeze film of ice particles and melt located between the encroaching intact ice and the surfaces.
The Andhra Pradesh Microfinance Crisis and American Payday Loans: A Comparative Ethical Study

Microcredit, a non-profit lending approach that is often championed as a source of women’s inclusion and empowerment, has in the past decade been followed by microfinance, a for-profit sibling of a different temperament. Microfinance in India is now in turmoil, precipitated by legislation in the state of Andhra Pradesh that has encouraged withholding of payment that has frozen the market. This presentation surveys the crisis up to the date of the IDEA conference, and suggests why it reached such a state. The crisis has structural parallels to the global financial crisis of 2008: both arose through lending practices that presented misalignments among the interests of lending agents, and both led to a bubble in the valuation of a market that burst when the borrowers could no longer pay. In the case of Andhra Pradesh, the market lies in the ability of poor women to sustain debt, which now averages over a year’s family income spread across ten concurrent loans. The problem is not unique: Microfinance is beginning to show its kinship to exploitative lending practices that have developed in the global north over the past two decades.
Oxygen evolution and phase transformation in LCO cathode: A phase-field modeling study

Abstract Despite the tremendous success of Li-ion battery based upon liquid electrolytes and oxide positive electrodes, their widespread application is limited due to the safety concerns originated from the oxygen release. Consequently, the oxygen release causes phase transformation, which also leads to the mechanical failure of a battery. Thus, this paper presents a detailed multiphase-field model (PFM) to predict chemo-mechanical properties of oxide based battery electrodes. The PFM considers the chemical composition change, the associated phase transformation and the stress generation in the bulk as well as at the surface of the electrode. This model is applied to capture the development and evaluation of phase transformation mechanism, which occurs at elevated temperatures in the partially delithiated Li0.45CoO2 (LCO) material. Our results indicate that the major oxygen concentration change occurs in the narrow region between the phases, and the compressive stress is generated inside the bulk LCO, whereas tensile stress is observed within the LCO-gas phase interface. In addition, an important contribution of this work is the derivation of a new set of thermodynamic and kinetic data of the oxygen release. The modeling results allow for a direct comparison with the in-situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) measurements reported by Sharifi-Asl et al. [Nano Letters, 17(4), 2165, 2017]. Thus, our findings provide new qualitative and quantitative understandings of the LCO phase transformations and the kinetics of oxygen release.
Multivariable loop-shaping control design for stability augmentation and oscillation rejection in wide-area damping using HVDC

Abstract Two high-voltage DC (HVDC) transmission lines known as the Pacific DC Intertie and Intermountain DC line operate in the western North American Power System. These HVDC lines have the potential to be capable actuators in both single-input, single-output (SISO) and multivariable wide-area damping controllers. Implementation of a multivariable design is investigated and compared to two SISO controllers implemented simultaneously using these actuators. Control synthesis is executed using a robust multivariable auto-synthesis methods with modifications based on closed-loop behavior. Sensitivity weighting functions which result in controllers that emphasize feedback at troublesome frequencies while meeting prescribed bandwidth restrictions are applied. Performance criteria include transient responses to large contingency events and disturbance rejection. A forced oscillation is used to perturb the system at an eigenfrequency of interest to determine the effectiveness of each controller in rejecting oscillatory disturbances system-wide.
Bio-impedance spectroscopy (BIS) measurement system for wearable devices

This paper presents a bio-impedance spectroscopy device for capturing various physiological signals for wearable applications. The system consists of an analog front-end, ADC, and digital signal processing to accurately measure small bio-impedance in the range of 1–120 Ω from the upper arm with an RMSE of 0.07 Ω. The bio-impedance is measured for a wide frequency range, 4 kHz to 120 kHz, in only 150 ms to allow continuous monitoring of rapid physiological activity.
Prevalence, Time Trends, and Utilization Patterns of Psychotropic Polypharmacy Among Pediatric Medicaid Beneficiaries, 1999-2010.

Objectives:This study estimated the prevalence, time trends, and state-level variation of same- and multiclass psychotropic polypharmacy among youths in Medicaid fee-for-service plans.Methods:Using...
Parallel Implementation of the Integral Transport Equation-Based Radiography Simulation Code

An integral transport equation-based industrial radiography simulation code is parallelized using the Message Passing Interface standard on computers with both distributed- and shared-memory architectures. The algorithm involves partitioning of the problem domain into regions that are connected to each other through interface conditions. This results in a simultaneous set of integral transport equations. Each equation in the set is assigned to a different processor in the platform. The new algorithm is subjected to scalability tests in both cluster and shared-memory architectures for a varying number of processors with different problem domain partition strategies. The results show a high level of scalability with favorable results in both architectures.
BAC Use in the Study of the CNS

Functional analyses of the mammalian central nervous system require tools to readily manipulate its individual elements, from genes and cells to neural circuits and behavior. Because many aspects of brain function can be manifested only in the living organism, it is critically important to be able to experimentally manipulate individual brain elements in the intact organism. Recent advances in mouse molecular genetics provide a powerful set of tools to manipulate the mouse genome, and applications of such tools provide unprecedented opportunities to address the roles of individual genes, cells, and circuits in normal brain function and in the pathogenesis and treatment of brain disorders. One such emerging powerful genetic tool is the bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC)-mediated transgenesis in mice. BAC transgenesis has numerous advantages over the more traditional transgenic approaches of using a smaller genomic DNA construct or the yeast artificial chromosome constructs. The BAC approach is also suitable for large-scale transgenic studies. A myriad of applications have been developed based on BAC transgenesis, and they hold tremendous potential to accelerate understanding of the biology and disease of the mammalian brain.
Grammatical Meaning and the Old French Subjunctive

The meaning of the French subjunctive and its relationship to the indicative have given rise to many proposals, those which addressed schematic descriptions, the breadth of specific uses, and, less frequently, the development over time. Harris (1978) provides a three-way typology of these proposals: (1) those that posit a range of meanings, (2) those suggesting one meaning overall, and (3) those which insist on its purely formal status or meaninglessness. The majority of the studies of all three sorts are based on Modern French data. Relatively few look at uses in Old French or, diachronically, an inventory of Latin, Old French, and Modern French triggers. There is, overall, little attention to broad questions of the evolution of meaning. The present chapter has as its goal to examine a number of proposals for the meaning(s) of the subjunctive, testing them on the data of Old French and theories of change.
Molecular basis of Mycoplasma surface antigenic variation: a novel set of divergent genes undergo spontaneous mutation of periodic coding regions and 5' regulatory sequences.

Abstract Antigenic diversity is generated in the wall-less pathogen Mycoplasma hyorhinis by combinatorial expression and phase variation of multiple, size-variant membrane surface lipoproteins (Vlps). The unusual structural basis for Vlp variation was revealed in a cluster of related but divergent vlp genes, vlpA, vlpB and vlpC, which occur as single chromosomal copies. These encode conserved N-terminal domains for membrane insertion and lipoprotein processing, but divergent external domains undergoing size variation by loss or gain of repetitive intragenic coding sequences while retaining a motif with distinctive charge distribution. Genetic analysis of phenotypically switched isogenic lineages representing ON or OFF expression states of Vlp products ruled out chromosomal rearrangement or frameshift mutations as mechanisms for Vlp phase variation. However, highly conserved vlp promoter regions contain a tract of contiguous A residues immediately upstream of the -10 box which is subject to frequent mutations altering its length in exact correspondence with the ON and OFF phase states of specific genes. This suggests a mechanism of transcriptional control regulating high frequency phase variation and random combinatorial expression of Vlps. The multiple levels of diversity embodied in the vlp gene cluster represents a novel adaptive capability particularly suited for this class of wall-less microbe.
Global Stratospheric Effects of Supersonic Transports

SST’s emit pollutants, such as particulates, water vapor and nitrogen oxides. Since their residence time in the stable stratospheric layers is measured in years, appreciable concentrations can build up, comparable to naturally occurring concentrations. Effects of these pollutants are judged to be small as well as reversible. The major unresolved problem relates to whether appreciable amounts of stratospheric ozone are destroyed. A research program to settle outstanding questions is now underway.
Influence of the Agricultural Conservation Easement Program wetland practices on winter occupancy of Passerellidae sparrows and avian species richness

Wetlands enrolled in the Agricultural Conservation Easement Program (ACEP) are established as a means of restoring wetland ecosystems and wildlife habitat on private, agricultural land. In West Virginia, USA, ACEP wetlands have never been evaluated to determine how they function as wildlife habitat in comparison to other available wetland habitat in the state. We measured the wintering occupancy of Passerellidae species and apparent avian species richness on ACEP wetlands and a set of reference wetlands located on public land in West Virginia to evaluate if ACEP wetlands are being used similarly by avian species to other available wetland habitat in the state. Apparent avian species richness and the occupancy probability of four Passerellidae species-song sparrows (Melospiza melodia), dark-eyed juncos (Junco hyemalis), swamp sparrows (Melospiza georgiana), and white-throated sparrows (Zonotrichia albicollis)-did not differ between ACEP and reference sites. In addition to other vegetative and habitat associations for each species, dark-eyed junco occupancy was negatively correlated with wetland size while swamp sparrow occupancy and apparent avian species richness were positively associated with wetland size. These results indicate that ACEP wetlands are providing winter avian habitat as well as another source of wetland habitat in the state. Maintaining and expanding ACEP wetlands in West Virginia would continue to provide wetland systems in areas that are otherwise lacking these habitats.
Discussion of Jouvet’s Paper

Alexander H. Friedman, Dept. of Pharmacology, Loyola University Medical Center. I would like to throw in another candidate to the monoamine game for Dr. Jouvet. I refer in particular to the work of Professor Monnier (1969) who reported a waking action for histamine. I refer also to some of our own work (Friedman and Walker, 1968) demonstrating certain circadian rhythms in which histamine levels are peaking during the period when the animal is alert and are 180 degrees out of phase with serotonine levels. And I also refer to the actions of antihistamines as sedatives. And to some of the work of Carl Pfeiffers group (1969) on histamine levels in individuals suffering from manic or depressive psychoses. So I think perhaps histamine might be incorporated into this monoamine game, and I would like to hear Dr. Jouvets comments.
John Carter’s ABC for Book Collectors , 9th edition. Nicholas Barker and Simran Thadani, eds. and Sidney E. Berger. The Dictionary of the Book: A Glossary for Book Collectors, Booksellers, Librarians, and Others .

Dictionaries and encyclopedias represent bundles of choices. No book is large enough to address every aspect of its topic. Space is always at a premium. There are always more terms or variants that could be included. Publication due dates always limit how much more time one could devote to a project. The choices made by authors of these two books listing terms describing books shape the works, of course, but also provide the basis for judging them together. There is merit in a head-to-head comparison.
Sleep Problems, Daily Napping Behavior, and Social-Emotional Functioning among Young Children from Families Referred to Child Protective Services

Insufficient and/or poor-quality sleep may contribute to poor social-emotional well-being, and vice versa, among young children who have experienced maltreatment. This study examined longitudinal a...
Neurosurgery and Acquired Brain Injury

An integrated neuro-rehabilitation approach toward the treatment of acquired brain injuries begins with a fundamental understanding of neurosurgical pathologies. Improvements in the neurosurgical knowledge of not only the neuro-rehabilitation team but also the patient family unit allow more cohesive participation and improvements in patient’s outcomes. The purpose of this chapter is to provide a framework for the epidemiology, symptoms, diagnoses, treatment paradigm, and outcomes of the most frequently encountered operative neurosurgical pathologies in the contemporary era. This chapter will seek to illustrate the symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes from ABI as a result of traumatic brain injury (concussion, epidural hematoma, subdural hematoma, and penetrating injury) or nontraumatic brain injury (spontaneous intracranial hemorrhage, malignant cerebral infraction, brain tumor, and aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage). It is expected that this information can be utilized by the integrated neuro-rehabilitation team and family unit to improve patient outcomes.
Critical Legal Theory Today

This essay, written for a book on jurisprudence in America today, asks what the critical tradition in American jurisprudence means today in the light of the events of the past 30 years.Critical theories ask how law legitimates power in both senses of the word: how it shapes, channels and restrains power and how it mystifies, disguises, and apologizes for it. In addition, a critical theory studies how the very acts of making, interpreting and applying law produce and proliferate ever new forms of power, both just and unjust.Critical theory features an ambivalent conception of law rather than a pejorative conception: it recognizes law's partial but incomplete autonomy from other forms of power in social life. It sees both law's limitations in the face of power and its possibilities as a means of articulating ideals of human association, channeling and restraining arbitrary power and preventing its most serious injustices.Critical theory of law looks different today than it appeared thirty years ago because the world itself looks very different. In the world of the 1970s, critical theory pointed out how law failed when it was not supported by a robust politics; in doing so it deemphasized and marginalized positive features of law and legal culture implicit in an ambivalent conception. But in a world of executive arrogance, authoritarian posturing, and blatant disregard for rule of law values, recognizing those positive elements should also be part of a critical account of law. Critical scholars have prided themselves on their deconstructive acumen: their ability to elucidate the hidden and marginalized values and assumptions that bodies of legal doctrine deemphasize but on which they secretly depend. We should apply those same deconstructive insights to critical legal theory itself.
Affordances and Constraints of Learning Progression Designs in Supporting Formative Assessment

Learning progressions, or representations of how student ideas develop in particular science domains, have been argued to be important supports for teachers’ formative assessment design and enactment. While many learning progressions have been developed in recent years, they have various design features and span wide ranges of grade levels. This paper examines how six teacher learning communities drew upon different learning progressions in high school physics, chemistry, and biology to support their processes of formative assessment task design, interpretation of student ideas, and planning for feedback over the course of one academic year. Our analyses of field notes, artifacts, and teacher interviews indicate that learning progressions were used unevenly across the process of formative assessment design, with more emphasis in exploring student ideas and setting learning goals than in designing the actual task or using the progressions to sort and interpret student ideas and identify next instructional steps. However, using assessment items linked to progressions seemed to support conversations with more direct instructional action. Results are framed in the context of the potential and challenges associated with widespread use of learning progressions to support teachers’ classroom practices.
Lieb Concavity and Lieb–Ruskai Strong Subadditivity Theorems, IV: Aujla–Hansen–Uhlmann Proof

In this chapter we’ll prove a generalization of Lieb Concavity (which was already in his original paper).
Comparative effectiveness of surgery versus external beam radiation with/without brachytherapy in high-risk localized prostate cancer.

Background It remains controversial if radical prostatectomy or definitive radiation therapy produces equivalent outcomes in high-risk localized prostate cancer. Methods We queried The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database for those who received upfront surgery or who were recommended for surgery but instead received radiation. Inverse probability of treatment weighing was used to adjust for covariate imbalance and the weighted Cox proportional hazards model was used to estimate the effects of treatment groups on survival. A meta-analysis was performed to pool estimates from published studies. Results Among eligible 62 533 patients, 59 540 had upfront surgery and 2993 patients had upfront radiotherapy. EBRT + BT was associated with a superior cancer-specific survival (CSS) compared with surgery or EBRT alone (HR, 0.55, 95% CI, 0.3-1.0; HR, 0.49, 95% CI, 0.24-0.98, respectively), whereas EBRT was associated with an inferior overall survival (OS) compared with surgery (HR, 1.46, 95% CI, 1.16-1.8). Radiotherapy (EBRT ± BT) was inferior to surgery by OS (HR, 1.63, 95% CI, 1.13-2.34) in patients ≤ 65 years, and was superior to surgery by CSS in patients > 65 years (HR, 0.69, 95% CI, 0.49-0.97). The meta-analysis showed consistent results. Conclusion EBRT + BT was associated with a significantly better prostate CSS compared with surgery or EBRT. EBRT alone was inferior to surgery by OS.
Push-Dose Vasopressin for Hypotension in Septic Shock.

Abstract Background Peri-intubation cardiac arrest and hypotension in patients with septic shock occur often in the emergency department (ED) and ultimately lead to worse clinical outcomes. In recent years, the use of push-dose, or bolus-dose, vasopressors in the ED have become common practice for transient hypotension and bridging to continuous infusion vasopressors. Push-dose epinephrine and phenylephrine are the agents used most frequently in this scenario. Case Report A 63-year-old woman who was apneic and pulseless presented to our ED. After 4 min of cardiopulmonary resuscitation, spontaneous circulation was achieved, and the patient was intubated for airway protection. She became hypotensive with a blood pressure of 55/36 mm Hg. After receiving a 1-L bolus of lactated Ringer solution, she remained hypotensive with blood pressure of 80/51 mm Hg and a pulse of 129 beats/min. One unit of intravenous vasopressin push bolus was administered. Within 1 min, her hemodynamics improved to a blood pressure of 141/102 mm Hg and pulse of 120 beats/min. Over the next 2 h, her mean arterial pressure slowly and progressively declined from 120 to 80. No further vasoactive medications were required for approximately 120 min until norepinephrine and vasopressin was initiated for septic shock. Why Should an Emergency Physician be Aware of This? This case report discusses the use of push-dose vasopressin as an alternate vasoactive medication to improve hemodynamics in a patient with vasodilatory septic shock.
The Structure of Commutative Semigroupswith the Ideal Retraction Property

A semigroup is said to have the ideal retraction property when each of its ideals is a homomorphic retraction of the whole semigroup. This paper presents a complete characterization of the commutative semigroups that enjoy this property. The fundamental building blocks of these semigroups are the 2-cores and the semilattice of idempotents. Structure for semilattices with the ideal retraction property was discussed in an earlier paper and the structure of the 2-core is described in detail within this paper.
Echocardiographic Imaging of the Epicardial Adipose Tissue

Epicardial fat (EAT) can be visualized and measured using standard two-dimensional echocardiography. Standard parasternal long-axis and short-axis views permit the most accurate measurement of EAT thickness overlying the right ventricle. EAT thickness is generally identified as the echo-free space between the outer wall of the myocardium and the visceral layer of pericardium and is measured perpendicularly on the free wall of the right ventricle at end-systole. Echocardiographic EAT thickness ranges from a minimum of 1 mm to a maximum of almost 25 mm. EAT thickness clearly reflects visceral adiposity rather than general obesity. Echocardiographic EAT measurement in both clinical and research scenarios has several advantages, including its low cost, easy accessibility, rapid applicability, and good reproducibility.
Introduction: Topics in Musical Interpretation

A telling feature of modern musical education is the well-established schism between theory and practice. This dichotomy is most directly observed in the two currently prevailing institutions for m...
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

This chapter describes the pathophysiology of type 1 diabetes and key diagnostic criteria. Components of the management plan are discussed, including triage tips and expectations for long-term care.
Estimating asphalt binder fatigue at multiple temperatures using a simplified pseudo-strain energy analysis approach in the LAS test

Abstract The linear amplitude sweep (LAS) test is considered an effective tool for evaluating the fatigue behavior of asphalt binders. However, because of the inherent viscoelastic nature of binders their fatigue life varies with temperatures. This leads to a challenge of selecting the LAS testing temperature for screening binders. Recently, an idea of incorporating the time–temperature superposition into the simplified viscoelastic continuum damage (S-VECD) model based on the pseudo-strain energy (PSE) concept is suggested as an opportunity for predicting the fatigue behavior at other temperatures of interest. This study investigates the temperature dependency of the material integrity-damage intensity (C-Damage Intensity) curves derived from the PSE analysis. The results show that the time–temperature superposition is not always applicable for the C-Damage Intensity curves in the PSE analysis. It is however found that those curves at various temperatures have their inherent correlation, allowing the prediction of fatigue behavior at other temperatures. A simplified approach is introduced in this study in which the shift factors measured from frequency sweep portion of LAS tests are used to predict the C-Damage Intensity curves and calculate the fatigue life at other temperatures. The results from this approach is found to correlate very well with the measured fatigue life of asphalt binders.
Chemical Anthropomorphism: Acting Out General Chemistry Concepts in Social Media Videos Facilitates Student-Centered Learning and Public Engagement

This article describes the educational and public engagement outcomes of an activity called the “ChemClout Challenge” that was implemented in a general chemistry course at UC Riverside. Students worked in groups to make chemistry-themed videos, posted them to social media platforms, then voted on their favorite videos. The majority of students elected to make videos where they anthropomorphized general chemistry concepts, physically acting out principles such as ideal gas law relationships and electrolyte solubility. Students reported enjoying these anthropomorphized videos most. These types of videos received over one million views worldwide within the first month of posting on the social media platform, TikTok. After the course was over, 75 students completed voluntary Likert scale surveys to assess the educational and outreach impact of the ChemClout Challenge. Eighty-eight percent of students reported that the activity made chemistry more relatable, whereas 76% of students noted that the activity helped them retain course concepts two months after the course was completed, indicating the activity benefitted student learning. Moreover, 84% of students reported that their friends and family members outside of UC Riverside watched the videos, with 72% of students reporting that they explained the chemical concepts of their videos to their friends. These studies indicate that student-created social media videos that anthropomorphize chemistry are highly effective vectors for student-centered learning and public engagement in chemical concepts. This activity may find particular utility for educators during the COVID-19 pandemic, as it is compatible with distance learning.
COVID-19 impact on the Northern Gulf of Mexico soundscapes

Changes in the Gulf of Mexico soundscapes due to COVID-19 are investigated. Baseline ambient noise recordings from five Environmental Acoustic Recording System buoys in the Mississippi Valley/Canyon region between May 2018 and June 2020, collected as a part of the collaborative efforts funded by BOEM, are analyzed. The statistical data processing is based on the standards developed for the previous large-scale ocean ambient noise monitoring projects; extracted acoustic metrics are directly comparable to the levels reported in the Baltic Sea, the North Atlantic, and the North Sea . The monthly medians of 1/3-octave band Sound Pressure Levels (SPLs) vary up to 15 dB re 1 μPa across sites depending on surrounding anthropogenic activities and local propagation conditions that makes it challenging to recognize the variations due to the pandemic. Overall, the deepest site appears to have the highest SPLs at the low frequency bands and the lowest SPLs at the mid-frequency bands. The mid-frequency band highest SPLs are observed at the shallow site and the site outside the canyon. Exploration surveys and industrial activities were present across all COVID-19 impacted months. More subtle changes in ambient levels due to the pandemic impact will be discussed in the presentation.
Intraoperative Considerations to Prevent Postoperative Acute Kidney Injury

The diagnosis of perioperative acute kidney injury (AKI) carries with it an increased risk for significant morbidity and mortality. Once a patient has been identified as high risk for postoperative AKI, careful planning to include hemodynamic optimization, relief of anemia, and avoidance of nephrotoxic drugs should be undertaken along with consideration of employing minimally invasive surgical techniques. During the intraoperative period, most of the management of the patient at risk for AKI revolves around providing an adequate hemodynamic state. This can be achieved by monitoring various indices of cardiac performance, which can guide the selection and proper balance of fluids and vasoactive medications to achieve a goal-directed therapy. Strategies aimed at avoiding blood loss, with careful use of antifibrinolytics and blood salvage techniques, could be beneficial. Intraoperative exposure to known nephrotoxic agents should be avoided in those patients at higher risk of AKI.
Solubilization and phase equilibria of water-in-oil microemulsions. II: Effects of alcohols, oils, and salinity on single-chain surfactant systems

Abstract The solubilization and phase equilibria of water-in-oil (w/o) microemulsions have been studied to elucidate how the molecular structure of various components of microemulsions and salinity influence two interfacial parameters of the system, namely the spontaneous curvature and elasticity of interfacial films. Most solubilization and phase equilibria data presented are explained by the change of these two parameters. It is indicated that oil can influence the property of an interfacial film by a solvation effect. Oil molecules with small molecular volume or high aromaticity produce a strong solvation effect and consequently lead to a greater penetration of oil molecules into the surfactant chain layer, thus increasing the rigidity and curvature of the interface. The addition of alcohol exhibits strong effects on the elasticity and spontaneous curvature of an interface. Decreasing alcohol chain length can increase the fluidity of the interfacial film and hence increase the attractive interdroplet interaction. On the other hand, increasing alcohol chain length often increases the rigidity and curvature of an interface. For alcohols which increase the interfacial fluidity, increasing alcohol partitioning at the interface will increase the fluidity and natural radius of the interface. The addition of electrolytes results in tighter molecular packing at the interface and a decrease in the natural radius and interfacial fluidity. There often exists an optimal salinity for a given w/o microemulsion system at which a maximum brine solubilization occurs. The maximum solubilization is interpreted as a result of counteracting effects of attractive interdroplet interaction of fluid interfaces and the bending stress of rigid interfaces. As a result of this study, phenomenological guidelines for the formulation of microemulsions have been proposed. It is inferred that the addition of a small amount of alcohol at optimal salinity together with the condition of chain length compatibility can result in the largest possible brine solubilization in a given w/o microemulsion.
Interaction Physics for Megajoule Laser Fusion Targets

Some little-explored interaction phenomena for targets irradiated with megajoule lasers are considered. Simple estimates show that the laser plasma interaction then occurs in a hot (multi-keV) plasma with density much less than the critical density. In such plasmas, Raman and Brillouin scattering into the forward hemisphere are potentially significant. A simple model shows that Raman forward scattering can be saturated at low levels by ponderomotive detuning. Calculations also illustrate a suppression of ponderomotive filamentation by plasma-induced beam smoothing.
Child Labor, Openness, Human Capital and Technology: A Panel Data Approach

I explore the link between openness to trade, investments in human capital and technology, credit market constraints, and child labor in a panel of 101 countries from 1980 to 2004. In a cross-country setting, Neumayer and De Soysa (2005) and Edmonds and Pavcnik (2006) find that countries that trade more and have a higher stock of FDI have less child labor. Here, I provide stronger support for their findings and extend their analysis by addressing the simultaneity issue that their cross-country approach might have. I employ a Fixed Effects Instrumental Variables (FE-IV) panel data model that is robust to the correlation between unobserved heterogeneity μ(sub i) and regressors X(sub it). I also account for the endogeneity of child labor and individual-country-specific effects by using IVs when necessary. I find that trade openness, investments in human capital and technology, and financial development are associated with a reduction of child labor. For instance, a one-standard-deviation increase in trade volume is associated with a reduction of child labor of 0.62 to 0.91 percentage points. A one-standard-deviation increase in public spending on education is associated with a reduction of child labor of 0.31 to 0.56 percentage points. Finally, a one-standard-deviation improvement in the credit constraints measure is associated with a reduction of child labor of 0.63 to 0.94 percentage points.
Processing Instruction and Second Language Grammar Acquisition

The significance of input, namely meaning-bearing linguistic instances of the target language (TL) (VanPatten, 1996), in accounting for how learners create second language (L2) grammars has long been established (Gass, 1997). Krashen (1985), in his Input Hypothesis, even argues that the sheer provision of abundant comprehensible input would be “necessary and sufficient” for second language acquisition (SLA). In light of such characteristics as “lack of success” and “the importance of instruction” in Bley-Vroman’s (1989) Fundamental Difference Hypothesis vis-a-vis adult L2 learners, however, it appears that manipulating aspects of learning conditions may facilitate L2 grammar acquisition. Some researchers (e.g., Sanz and Morgan-Short, 2005) suggest that external manipulation of input through textual (Jourdenais, Ota, Stauffer, Boyson, & Doughty, 1995) or prosodic (Leeman, 2003) enhancement, or even input flood (Trahey & White, 1993) might induce internal processing, considering that the target forms are made more salient and are thus more likely to be detected by the learner. Others, while acknowledging the difficulty of controlling and measuring L2 processing, still see value in theorizing about the learner’s internal language acquisition mechanism to make sense of the manner input processing (IP) works.
αvβ3 and macrophage colony‐stimulating factor: partners in osteoclast biology

Osteoclasts, the sole bone-resorbing cells, arise by fusion and differentiation of monocyte/macrophage precursors. Matrix degradation requires adhesion of the osteoclast to bone, an integrin alphavbeta3-mediated event that also stimulates signals which polarize the cell and secrete resorptive molecules such as hydrochloric acid and acidic proteases. Two cytokines are necessary and sufficient for osteoclastogenesis, receptor activator of nuclear factor kappaB ligand (RANKL) and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), both produced by mesenchymal cells in the bone marrow environment. M-CSF promotes survival and proliferation of osteoclast precursors. It also contributes to their differentiation and regulates the cytoskeletal changes that accompany bone resorption. Binding of M-CSF to c-Fms, its receptor, recruits adapter proteins and cytosolic kinases, thereby activating a variety of intracellular signals. We herein review how alphavbeta3 and M-CSF, alone and in concert, impact production, survival, and function of the osteoclast, thereby controlling skeletal mass. Signals from alphavbeta3 and/or c-Fms activate Syk and Vav3, originally defined by their function in lymphoid cells. Genetic depletion of either protein generates a strong bone phenotype, underscoring the promise of osteoimmunobiology.
Population genetic structure, gene flow and recombination of Cochliobolus miyabeanus on cultivated wildrice (Zizania palustris)

A collection of 168 Cochliobolus miyabeanus isolates was made from cultivated wildrice (Zizania palustris) paddies in Minnesota, USA, during 2007 and 2008. Analysis of 26 polymorphic amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers generated with three primer-pair combinations indicated a moderate average gene diversity () of 0·283. Genotypic diversity was high in all collection areas with the exception of a paddy in Itasca County. Significant population subdivision by collection site was found with amova tests using both the entire fungal population data (FST = 0·29, P < 0·001) and the clone-corrected data (FST = 0·08, P < 0·001), and with a Markov chain Monte Carlo approach. Abundant immigrants, shared haplotypes and admixed genotypes were found in paddies in central-eastern areas. Although indirect tests did not support the hypothesis of random mating at the subpopulation level, sexual recombination nevertheless may be possible in areas where both mating type idiomorphs, MAT1-1 and MAT1-2, were found. These results may have implications in breeding for resistance and disease management.
Plans to end the Great Depression from the American public

Thousands of letters proposing economic recovery plans were written by workers and by the public in general to the Roosevelt administration. A survey of the recovery plan letters indicates that almost all of the letters make sense from an economic point of view and that a large proportion made suggestions that had the possibility of having a positive effect on economic recovery. The content of the letters shows creativity and real human feeling that a classification of the plans by economic content alone does not capture, and suggests that a search for justice and fairness is the common theme that links almost all the proposals.
Artificially-layered and metastable thin-film materials development utilizing pulsed-laser deposition

Abstract Pulsed-laser deposition has been utilized to grow metastable and artificially-layered copper oxide thin-film materials. Single-crystal thin films of Ca 1 − x Sr x CuO 2 , the ‘infinite layer’ parent compound for the high temperature superconductors, have been grown over the composition range 0.15 ≤ x ≤ 1.0 utilizing a single-target co-deposition growth scheme. These Ca 1 − x Sr x CuO 2 thin films are very high-quality single crystals of the tetragonal, infinite layer phase with extremely narrow diffraction peaks, complete in-plane crystalline alignment with the (100) SrTiO 3 substrate, and virtually no impurity phases present. In addition, superlattice structures, consisting of SrCuO 2 and (Sr,Ca)CuO 2 layers in the tetragonal, ‘infinite layer’ crystal structure, have been grown by pulsed-laser deposition. These results greatly enhance the possibility of developing new, artificially-layered high temperature superconducting phases via pulsed-laser deposition.