cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stable Operations in Generalized Cohomology

This chapter deals with the discussion of unstable operations in generalized cohomology. There are three kinds of cohomology operation: stable operations, which form the endomorphism ring E*(E,o) of E ; unstable operations, defined on E n (X) for spaces X and fixed n, which form E*{E n ); and additive unstable operations r on E n (-) (that satisfy r{x+y) = r(x) + r(y)), which form the subset PE*(E n ). In the classical case E = H(Fp), for which E*(E, o) is the Steenrod algebra, it is true that: (a) every additive operation comes from a stable operation; (b) the additive operations generate multiplicatively all the unstable operations. Difficulties stem from the fact that for MU and BP, both (a) and (b) arc false. The chapter proposes to describe completely the algebraic structure that has to be present on an E *-module or E *-algebra to make it an unstable object, with particular attention to the case E = BP. These definition lead to structure theorems.
Towards Disaggregating the SDN Control Plane

Current SDN controllers have been designed based on a monolithic approach that integrates all of services and applications into one single, huge program. The monolithic design of SDN controllers restricts programmers who build management applications to the specific programming interfaces and services that a given SDN controller provides, making application development dependent on the controller, and thereby restricting portability of management applications across controllers. Furthermore, the monolithic approach means an SDN controller must be recompiled whenever a change is made, and does not provide an easy way to add new functionality or scale to handle large networks. To overcome the weaknesses inherent in the monolithic approach, the next generation of SDN controllers must use a distributed, microservice architecture that disaggregates the control plane by dividing the monolithic controller into a set of cooperative microservices. In this paper, we explain the steps that are required to migrate from a monolithic to a microservice architecture and propose two potential architectures to achieve the goal. Finally, the paper reports the results of testbed measurements that we use to evaluate the proposed disaggregated architecture from multiple perspectives, including functionality and performance.
Glaciovolcanism in the Tharsis volcanic province of Mars: Implications for regional geology and hydrology

Abstract The Tharsis region of Mars is a vast volcanic plateau which hosts the immense Tharsis Montes shield volcanoes. The Tharsis region is suggested by multiple lines of morphologic and modeling evidence to have been a site of coincident volcanic and glacial activity throughout the majority of the geologic history of Mars. The prolonged and overlapping histories of volcanism and glaciation within the Tharsis region raise the likelihood of widespread surficial glaciovolcanism, a possibility which is supported by the recognition of glaciovolcanic landforms in the region by past investigations. Given this likelihood, we perform an exploratory study to assess the potential role that surficial glaciovolcanism may have played in the geologic and hydrologic history of the Tharsis region. We first review the history and characteristics of volcanism and glaciation in the Tharsis region, as well as previously documented evidence for past glaciovolcanic activity, in order to outline relevant conditions and parameters. The outlined volcanic and glacial conditions are then used in conjunction with results and predictions from past modeling of surficial glaciovolcanic processes to assess the potential role of glaciovolcanism in the formation of the Tharsis region's major tectonic and hydrologic features. We conclude that surficial glaciovolcanism may plausibly have contributed to the formation of many of the tectonic and fluvial features in the Tharsis region, offering advantages over prior formation models, particularly for the large basin/chaos-sourced outflow channels concentrated in the area. The formation of a range of investigated features in the Tharsis region by surficial glaciovolcanism does not require ambient warm and wet climate conditions therefore suggesting potential consistency between the observed features and a predominantly cold and icy climate. Consequently, this analysis represents an incremental contribution to better understanding the climatic and hydrologic evolution of Mars. However, analyses performed in this work indicate that the glaciovolcanic origin models we considered are unable to viably account for the complete range of explored features, indicating that future work is required to better resolve the processes involved in their formation.
THE DYNAMICS OF CATECHOLAMINE (CA) METABOLISM IN THE INTACT HUMAN SUBJECT WITH ESSENTIAL HYPERTENSION (EH)

ABSTRACT Defective control of the cardiovascular system by the sympathetic nerves continues to be incriminated as the potential primary physiologic defect in EH. Following a one minute injection of D, L-β-3H-norepinephrine (NE) the excretions of labeled and unlabeled CA metabolites were measured in 7 normal subjects and 7 with EH. Those with EH excreted more label per 24 hours, revealed a more rapid decline in specific activities (SA) of the metabolites, increased H2O excretion and lower SA of normetanephrine (NM). These findings suggested an abnormality in the metabolic handling of 3H-NE such as to result in defective conversion to 3H-NM. An assay for measurement of human serum NM was developed.
Holomorphic Embedding Based Continuation Method for Identifying Multiple Power Flow Solutions

In this paper, we propose an efficient continuation method for locating multiple power flow solutions. We adopt the holomorphic embedding technique to represent solution curves as holomorphic functions in the complex plane. The holomorphicity, which provides global information of the curve at any regular point, enables large step sizes in the path-following procedure such that non-singular curve segments can be traversed with very few steps. When approaching singular points, we switch to the traditional predictor-corrector routine to pass through them and switch back afterward to the holomorphic embedding routine. We also propose a warm starter when switching to the predictor-corrector routine, i.e., a large initial step size based on the poles of the Pade approximation of the derived holomorphic function, since these poles reveal the locations of singularities on the curve. The numerical analysis and experiments on many standard IEEE test cases are presented, along with the comparison to the full predictor-corrector routine, confirming the efficiency of the method.
Memory in Head Trauma

The head is injured in more than two thirds of all automobile accidents and head injury is the cause of death in about 70% of fatal accidents (Partington, 1960). The National Center for Health Statistics estimated 8 to 9 million new cases of head injuries per year (Karlsberk, 1980). Several small studies that have collected data from well-defined geographic localities provide better and more reliable information on the characteristics of these injuries. One such study, carried out by the University of Virginia, collected prospective data on 1248 head injury patients from a well-defined geographic area. There was an overall incidence of 24 head injuries per 10,000 population. Males comprised twice as many cases as females. The incidence was highest in the age group 15 through 19 with 42 head injuries per 10,000 population. The second highest-risk age group was 75 and over with an incidence of 30 per 10,000. The lowest incidence occurred.in children 5 through 9 years of age. The majority of the injuries from automobile accidents occurred on small two-lane roads and secondary highways. Of all the patients studied, 93% suffered from some period of unconsciousness following head injury. The majority of the patients (54%) were unconscious for a period of 30 min or less. Twenty-five percent of the patients were still comatose at the time of admission to the emergency department, with a score of 8 or less on the Glasgo Coma Scale (GCS). The remaining patients had altered levels of consciousness, with 49% sustaining only minor injuries with scores of 12 or more on the GCS.
Precision Medicine, AI, and the Future of Personalized Health Care

The convergence of artificial intelligence (AI) and precision medicine promises to revolutionize health care. Precision medicine methods identify phenotypes of patients with less-common responses to treatment or unique healthcare needs. AI leverages sophisticated computation and inference to generate insights, enables the system to reason and learn, and empowers clinician decision making through augmented intelligence. Recent literature suggests that translational research exploring this convergence will help solve the most difficult challenges facing precision medicine, especially those in which nongenomic and genomic determinants, combined with information from patient symptoms, clinical history, and lifestyles, will facilitate personalized diagnosis and prognostication.
Thermodynamics and Rheology of Imidazolium-Based Ionic Liquid-Oil Mixtures: A Molecular Simulation Study.

Conventional lubricants decrease the wear and friction between rolling and sliding surfaces while raising environmental concerns. The thermodynamics and flow behavior of lubricants that contain environmentally friendly additives such as ionic liquids (ILs) are of interest to industries that require lubricants with superior tribological properties. Noncorrosive ILs are promising additives for conventional oil that not only further decrease friction but also create a less hazardous alternative to existing lubricants. In this study, thermodynamics, dynamics, and rheology of IL-oil mixtures are studied by using atomistically detailed molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. A combination of different imidazolium-based cations with linear ([CnC1Im]+[NTf2]-, n = 3, 7) and branched chains ([(n - 2)mCn-1C1Im]+, n = 3, 7) and bis[(trifluoroethane)sulfonyl]imide ([NTf2]-) anion are selected as the model IL which is suspended in bulk hexadecane. The effects of IL content, architecture, size of cation, and temperature are examined on the thermorheological and dynamics of the IL-hexadecane mixture. At equilibrium, ILs self-assemble and create clusters with different shapes and sizes and affect the dynamics and rheology of the mixtures. Mixtures show a significant deviation from ideal solutions behavior. Shear and extensional rheology simulations show that mixtures mostly show Newtonian behaviors at low and moderate rates which is followed by a weak thinning behavior at high rates. It is shown that a small addition of ILs (x=2% mole fraction) to oil significantly increases both the shear and extensional viscosity of the mixture by a factor of 3.
Defining and Regulating Virtual Currencies: A Task Solely for Regulators? (Presentation Slides)

It is extremely difficult to regulate what you cannot see or define – however the task is made less arduous when traceability is facilitated. In this digital age, techniques and expertise are pivotal to regulators in their bid to address challenges presented by virtual currencies. As well as highlighting such challenges and their potential impacts on the economy – particularly securities and financial markets, this presentation is aimed at accentuating the role of computer forensic experts in tracing transactions and activities which have been complicated owing to difficulties in ascertaining the form and nature of virtual and crypto currencies.
An Analysis of the Characteristics of Oil-Paper Insulated Bushing with Moisture and X-wax Defects Through Oil Chromatographic and Frequency Domain Spectroscopy

This paper presents an investigation on the characteristics of damping and X-wax defects of oil-paper insulated bushing, with a combination of oil chromatograph and Frequency Domain Spectroscopy (FDS) and disintegration analysis. Firstly, based on the disintegration analysis and oil chromatography analysis of five 500 kV bushings with different service periods, the difference of dissolved gas component content in the bushing oil were obtained and were related to damping and X-wax defects. The results show that in the bushing suffering X-wax defect the oil contains a large amount of hydrogen (over $10000\ \mu\mathrm{L}/\mathrm{L}$ ) and methane, and that shall be acted as a significant characteristic of the X-wax defect. Nevertheless, the content of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), acetylene (C2H2), ethylene (C2H4) and moisture in the oil of the bushing suffering damping defect is clearly higher than that in the defective bushings with X-wax. Secondly, the frequency domain dielectric spectrum (FDS) analysis of 5 bushings in service and 1 new bushing was conducted. It shows that the FDS is sensitive to moisture and x-wax defects of the bushings. In addition, the moisture mainly affects the dielectric loss of low frequency band (1mHz∼10mHz) of FDS curves. The X-wax defect has little effect on the low frequency band (1mHz∼10mHz) of FDS curves, but mainly affects the dielectric loss of 0.1Hz∼10Hz frequency band of FDS curves.
PRECAD: Privacy-Preserving and Robust Federated Learning via Crypto-Aided Differential Privacy.

Federated Learning (FL) allows multiple participating clients to train machine learning models collaboratively by keeping their datasets local and only exchanging model updates. Existing FL protocol designs have been shown to be vulnerable to attacks that aim to compromise data privacy and/or model robustness. Recently proposed defenses focused on ensuring either privacy or robustness, but not both. In this paper, we develop a framework called PRECAD, which simultaneously achieves differential privacy (DP) and enhances robustness against model poisoning attacks with the help of cryptography. Using secure multi-party computation (MPC) techniques (e.g., secret sharing), noise is added to the model updates by the honest-but-curious server(s) (instead of each client) without revealing clients' inputs, which achieves the benefit of centralized DP in terms of providing a better privacy-utility tradeoff than local DP based solutions. Meanwhile, a crypto-aided secure validation protocol is designed to verify that the contribution of model update from each client is bounded without leaking privacy. We show analytically that the noise added to ensure DP also provides enhanced robustness against malicious model submissions. We experimentally demonstrate that our PRECAD framework achieves higher privacy-utility tradeoff and enhances robustness for the trained models.
Why genomics is more than genomes

A report on the 2004 meeting on Molecular Genetics of Bacteria and Bacteriophages, Cold Spring Harbor, USA, 25-29 August 2004.
Australia and education in the Pacific: What is relevant and who decides?

Education plays an essential role in defining national culture. Therefore, aid donors' involvement in recipients’ national education systems is always likely to be controversial. In the case of the Pacific Island Countries, this sensitivity is increased by the fact that there are significant divisions of opinion within the countries, notably between those who emphasise the role of education in preparation for participation in the global economy and those who are fighting to preserve their local cultures from extinction. Whilst optimists argue that it is possible to do both by creating global citizens who are deeply grounded in their own cultures, realists suggest that with very small groups this is simply not possible. Both sides accept the statistical evidence that the small group cultures of Melanesia have failed in delivering even basic literacy to all as compared with the nationwide cultures of Polynesia. Meanwhile, Australia pursues an explicit neoliberal agenda of providing education to the islanders to make them employable across the globe. This paper explores some of the issues in this debate, including differences of approach between AusAID and NZAID.
INTERACTIONS OF HYDROGEN ISOTOPES AND OXIDES WITH METAL TUBES

Understanding and accounting for interaction of hydrogen isotopes and their oxides with metal surfaces is important for persons working with tritium systems. Reported data from several investigators have shown that the processes of oxidation, adsorption, absorption, and permeation are all coupled and interactive. A computer model has been developed for predicting the interaction of hydrogen isotopes and their corresponding oxides in a flowing carrier gas stream with the walls of a metallic tube, particularly at low hydrogen concentrations. An experiment has been constructed to validate the predictive model. Predictions from modeling lead to unexpected experiment results.
Twitter earthquake detection: earthquake monitoring in a social world

The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) is investigating how the social networking site Twitter, a popular service for sending and receiving short, public text messages, can augment USGS earthquake response products and the delivery of hazard information. Rapid detection and qualitative assessment of shaking events are possible because people begin sending public Twitter messages (tweets) with in tens of seconds after feeling shaking. Here we present and evaluate an earthquake detection procedure that relies solely on Twitter data. A tweet-frequency time series constructed from tweets containing the word “earthquake” clearly shows large peaks correlated with the origin times of widely felt events. To identify possible earthquakes, we use a short-term-average, long-term-average algorithm. When tuned to a moderate sensitivity, the detector finds 48 globally-distributed earthquakes with only two false triggers in five months of data. The number of detections is small compared to the 5,175 earthquakes in the USGS global earthquake catalog for the same five-month time period, and no accurate location or magnitude can be assigned based on tweet data alone. However, Twitter earthquake detections are not without merit. The detections are generally caused by widely felt events that are of more immediate interest than those with no human impact. The detections are also fast; about 75% occur within two minutes of the origin time. This is considerably faster than seismographic detections in poorly instrumented regions of the world. The tweets triggering the detections also provided very short first-impression narratives from people who experienced the shaking.
Molecular cloning of the rat proteinase-activated receptor 4 (PAR4)

Background The proteinase-activated receptor 4 (PAR4) is a G-protein-coupled receptor activated by proteases such as thrombin and trypsin. Although activation of PAR4 has been shown to modulate rat gastrointestinal motility, the rat PAR4 sequence was unknown until now. This study aimed to identify the rat PAR4 cDNA.
Improved Particle Trajectory Calculations Through Turbomachinery Affected by Coal Ash Particles

Trajectories of small coal ash particles encountered in coal-fired gas turbines are calculated with an improved computer analysis currently under development. The analysis uses an improved numerical grid and mathematical spline-fitting techniques to account for three-dimensional gradients in the flow field and blade geometry. The greater accuracy thus achieved in flow field definition improves the trajectory calculations over previous two-dimensional models by allowing the small particles to react to radial variations in the flow properties. A greater accuracy thus achieved in the geometry definition permits particle rebounding in a direction perpendicular to the blade and flow path surfaces rather than in a two-dimensional plane. The improved method also accounts for radial variations in airfoil chord, stagger, and blade thickness when computing particle impact at a blade location.Copyright © 1981 by ASME
Effect of ethanol on dopamine synthesis and release from rat corpus striatum.

Abstract The effect of ethanol upon dopamine (DA) synthesis and release from dopaminergic terminals was studied. Slices from rat corpus striatum were incubated in freshly oxygenated Krebs-Ringer phosphate (KRP) media of variable ionic composition containing l -tyrosine- 14 C (U) as dopamine precursor and in the presence and absence of ethanol (0.1 to 0.8%, w/v). The addition of ethanol directly to normal KRP media produced no effect on the conversion of 14 C-tyrosine to 14 C-DA. As reported previously, tne absence of Ca 2+ from the incubation media markedly increased the formation of 14 C-DA. The presence of ethanol in this media was not able either to block or to potentiate the Ca 2+ -free induced formation of 14 C-DA. The presence of K + (55 mM) in the incubation media also increased about 2-fold the formation of 14 C-DA. Ethanol (0.2 to 0.8%, w/v) added directly to the KRP-high K + markedly blocked the K + -induced formation of newly synthesized 14 C-DA. The presence of ethanol did not modify the amount of 14 C-tyrosine taken up by striatal slices incubated either in normal KRP or KRP-high K + media. A superfusion system was used to study both spontaneous and K + -induced release of labeled DA from striatal slices. The addition of ethanol (0.4 to 0.8%, w/v) to the superfusion system was not able either to block or to potentiate the K + -induced release of 3 H-DA previously taken up by the slices nor the K + -induced release of newly synthesized 3 H-DA. The results reported in this work, as well as others recently reported by Murrin et al . ( Pharmacologist 16 , 128, 1974), suggest the existence of another regulatory mechanism of DA synthesis besides the commonly accepted one of feedback inhibition exerted by DA upon the rate-limiting enzyme, tyrosine hydroxylase. The possibility is also raised that the inhibitory effect of ethanol described in this paper might play a role in the intoxicating effect of ethanol in vivo .
The Social History of Satan, Part Three: John of Patmos and Ignatius of Antioch: Contrasting Visions of “God's People”

At the climactic moment of the cosmic drama in the book of Revelation, the seer tells how two great portents appeared in heaven, the first a woman “clothed with the sun”(12:1). Asin a dream, the scene changes, and he sees her pregnant, “crying out in the agony of giving birth,” being menaced by a “great red dragon with seven heads and ten horns, and seven crowns on each of its heads” (12:3); thus the seer pictures Israel in danger, confronting her enemies, the foreign oppressors.
Integration of a Real-Time Remote Experiment Into a Multi-Player Game Laboratory Environment

While real-time remote experiments have been used in engineering and science education for over a decade, more recently virtual learning environments based on game systems have been explored for their potential usage in educational laboratories. However, combining the advantages of both these approaches and integrating them into an effective learning environment has not been reported yet. One of the challenges in creating such a combination is to overcome the barriers between real and virtual systems, i.e. to select compatible platforms, to achieve an efficient mapping between the real world and the virtual environment and to arrange for efficient communications between the different system components.This paper will present a pilot implementation of a multi-player game-based virtual laboratory environment that is linked to the remote experimental setup of an air flow rig. This system is designed for a junior-level mechanical engineering laboratory on fluid mechanics. In order to integrate this remote laboratory setup into the virtual laboratory environment, an existing remote laboratory architecture had to be redesigned. The integrated virtual laboratory platform consists of two main parts, namely an actual physical experimental device controlled by a remote controller and a virtual laboratory environment that was implemented using the ‘Source’ game engine, which forms the basis of the commercially available computer game ‘Half-Life 2’ in conjunction with ‘Garry’s Mod’ (GM). The system implemented involves a local device controller that exchanges data in the form of shared variables and Dynamical Link Library (DLL) files with the virtual laboratory environment, thus establishing the control of real physical experiments from inside the virtual laboratory environment. The application of a combination of C++ code, Lua scripts [1] and LabVIEW Virtual Instruments makes the platform very flexible and expandable. This paper will present the architecture of this platform and discuss the general benefits of virtual environments that are linked with real physical devices.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
P.U.R.E. (purposeful, unambiguous, respectful, and effective) Conversations and electronic fetal monitoring: gaining consensus and collaboration

A revised nomenclature regarding electronic fetal heart rate monitoring was accepted at a National Institute of Child Health and Human Development consensus conference in 2008. At the heart of patient safety are communication strategies that enhance teamwork and collaboration between health care professionals. Communications is a complex 2-way process that involves more than transfer of factual information. P.U.R.E. (purposeful, unambiguous, respectful, and effective) Conversations in Obstetrics is an acronym that helps facilitate this communication process in perinatal care. P.U.R.E. stands for purposeful, unambiguous, respectful, and effective. The P.U.R.E. Conversations approach involves refinement of the mental processes associated with delivering the message, delivery of the message with data, accuracy, and direct requests for action, attention to relationships and behaviors between the communicating parties, and real-time assessment of the effectiveness of the communication. When the new electronic monitoring nomenclature is combined with an effective communication tool, one could expect to see a reduction in communication failures that could lead to adverse perinatal outcomes.
A Pharmacologic Study of Combinations of Antihistaminic Substances

Abstract A preliminary pharmacologic study of some antihistaminic combinations has been conducted. Sixty-two mixtures prepared from ten compounds were screened for their antiasthmatic activity. Because of their high antiastbmatic activity eleven combinations were selected for further study. Two binary mixtures, both containing Pyribenzamine® Hydrochloride and Thephorin® Tartrate, were found to possess a supra-additive antihistaminic activity, which may offer certain clinical advantages. The acute toxicity of the mixtures, as determined in the guinea pig was shown to be only additive in effect.
Exploring biomedical databases with BioNav

We demonstrate the BioNav system, a novel search interface for biomedical databases, such as PubMed. BioNav enables users to navigate large number of query results by categorizing them using MeSH; a comprehensive concept hierarchy used by PubMed. Once the query results are organized into a navigation tree, BioNav reveals only a small subset of the concept nodes at each step, selected such that the expected user navigation cost is minimized. In contrast, previous works expand the hierarchy in a predefined static manner, without navigation cost modeling. BioNav is available at http://db.cse.buffalo.edu/bionav.
Edema of the Corneal Stroma Induced by Cold in Trigeminal Neuropathy

A patient with a left sensorimotor trigeminal neuropathy was found to have edema of the corneal stroma induced by cold. Examination at room temperature demonstrated an anesthetic left cornea with minimal injection of the left eye and multiple punctate epithelial erosions. Corneal thickness, mean endothelial cell size, coefficient of variation of cell size, endothelial permeability to fluorescein, and aqueous humor flow rate, measured at room temperature were similar in the two eyes. After 47 minutes in a cold room at 4 C, the corneal thickness in the left eye increased from 0.55 to 0.65 mm, whereas that of the right eye remained at 0.55 mm. During the period of maximum swelling, the left cornea had clinical stromal edema with folds in Descemet's membrane but no epithelial edema. After return to room temperature there was a gradual return to normal corneal thickness over three hours. Fluorophotometry showed no evidence of increased endothelial permeability during corneal swelling in the left eye. Specular microscopy after 15 minutes of cold exposure demonstrated many swollen and irregular endothelial cells with darkened areas between cells in the left eye. Sensory nerve deficiency in the human cornea can produce an abnormal sensitivity to cold, resulting in defective control of corneal hydration. This study suggests that this effect may be on the endothelium.
Anatomy and nonsurgical correction of the tear trough deformity.

Summary:The development of dark circles under the eyes is one of the early signs of periorbital aging, lending a fatigued and aged appearance to the face. Loeb, in 1961, used the term “nasojugal groove” to describe the concavity at the border of the eyelid and the cheek medially. Flowers, in 1969, f
Effect of acoustics on auditory and visual autokinesis

An experiment measured visual and auditory autokinesis under two acoustical conditions. The visual stimulus was a 2-mm light source, the auditory stimulus a 2,000-Hz sine wave. Both stimuli were presented singly and simultaneously in a reverberation room and in an anechoic room. More visual than auditory movement was reported, and statistical analysis showed a significant interaction between mode of stLnulus presentation and kind of environment: visual autokinesis was greater in the anechoic room, but auditory autokinesis was greater in the reverberation room. The interaction was interpreted within frame-of-reference theory.
Synergistic cytotoxic effects of zoledronic acid and radiation in human prostate cancer and myeloma cell lines.

Purpose The clinical use of the potent bisphosphonate zoledronic acid has increased recently, especially for the treatment of bone metastases. Synergistic effects with chemotherapeutic agents (e.g., doxorubicin, paclitaxel) have been shown. It is not known whether similar synergistic effects exist with radiation. Methods and materials IM-9 myeloma cells and C4-2 prostate cancer cells were treated with up to 200 μM concentrations of zoledronic acid, irradiated with single doses of up to 1,000 cGy, or exposed to combinations of both treatments. Cell viability was then determined via yellow dye 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide assay and the affected fractions analyzed using the median effect principal, a method developed and validated by Chou and Talalay. Results A statistically significant synergistic cytotoxic effect of the combination of zoledronic acid and radiation was documented. The extent of the effect was cell type–dependent, with the C4-2 cells showing a greater synergistic effect than the IM-9 cells. Conclusions The combined use of zoledronic acid and radiotherapy shows enhanced in vitro cytotoxicity for two human prostate and myeloma cancer cell lines over that expected for a simple additive effect from each treatment alone. A clinical trial is under way to test this combination therapy.
Transformation of vector magnetograms and the problems associated with the effects of perspective and the azimuthal ambiguity

Off-center vector magnetograms which use all three components of the measured field provide the maximum information content from the photospheric field and can provide the most consistent potential field independent of the viewing angle by defining the normal component of the field. The required transformations of the magnetic field vector and the geometric mapping of the observed field in the image plane into the heliographic plane have been described. Here we discuss the total transformation of specific vector magnetograms to detail the problems and procedures that one should be aware of in analyzing observational magnetograms. The effect of the 180-deg ambiguity of the observed transverse field is considered as well as the effect of curvature of the photosphere. Specific results for active regions AR 2684 (September 23, 1980) and AR 4474 (April 26, 1984) from the Marshall Space Flight Center Vector magnetograph are described which point to the need for the heliographic projection in determining the field structure of an active region.
Synaptic transmission and modulation in the olfactory bulb

Recent work in molecular biology and synaptic physiology has significantly increased our understanding of inhibitory and excitatory mechanisms in the olfactory bulb. Multiple subtypes of amino acid receptors with different functional and neuromodulatory properties are likely to play key roles in processing odor information transduced and relayed to the olfactory bulb by the olfactory sensory neurons, and in modulating that information during olfactory learning.
Abstract B43: Alisertib (MLN8237), an Aurora Kinase A inhibitor, enhances Docetaxel-induced cell death in Upper Gastrointestinal Adenocarcinoma cells

Upper gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas (UGCs) respond poorly to current chemotherapeutic regimes. We and others have previously reported frequent AURKA gene amplification and mRNA and protein overexpression in UGCs. It has been shown that AURKA can induce chemotherapeutic resistance and regulate several key signaling pathways in cancer cells, suggesting its role as a central node in cancer cell signaling. The DCF (docetaxel, cisplatin and 5-FU) regimen is the most promising chemotherapeutic regimen against UGC. However, AURKA overexpression can mediate resistance to both Taxol and cisplatin. These findings provide a credible rationale for targeting AURKA. In this study we have reported therapeutic response of the recently developed AURKA selective inhibitor MLN8237 as a single agent and in combination with docetaxel. Our findings provide a foundation for a promising new approach of future targeted therapy in UGCs. Using AGS, FLO-1 and OE33 UGC cell lines, with constitutive AURKA overexpression and variable-p53 status, we observed inhibition of cancer cell survival with 0.5μM MLN8237 (p
Cleavage of a 100 kDa membrane protein (aggregin) during thrombin-induced platelet aggregation is mediated by the high affinity thrombin receptors

Abstract Thrombin-induced platelet aggregation is accompanied by cleavage of aggregin, a surface membrane protein (Mr = 100 kDa), and is mediated by the intracellular activation of calpain. We now find that agents that increase intracellular levels of platelet cAMP by stimulating adenylate cyclase, also inhibit thrombin binding and platelet activation by destabilizing thrombin receptors on the platelet surface. Iloprost (a stable analog of PGI2) and forskolin each completely inhibited platelet aggregation by 2 nM thrombin and markedly decreased cleavage of aggregin. Thrombin inactivated by D-phenylalanine-L-prolyl-L-arginine chloromethyl ketone (PPACK-thrombin) binds to the highest affinity site for thrombin on the platelet surface, but thrombin modified by Nα-tosyl-L-lysine chloromethylketone (TLCK-thrombin) does not. We now demonstrate that preincubation of platelets with PPACK-thrombin blocked platelet aggregation and cleavage of aggregin induced by 2 nM thrombin. In contrast, TLCK-thrombin neither blocked platelet aggregation nor the cleavage of aggregin. These results show that a) platelet aggregation and cleavage of aggregin by thrombin (2nm) involves the occupancy of high affinity α-thrombin receptors on the platelet surface, and b) stimulators of adenylate cyclase which increase cAMP, inhibit thrombin-induced platelet aggregation and cleavage of aggregin by mechanisms which include inhibiting the binding of thrombin to its receptors.
Sensitivity of the proton and ion transport mechanisms of corn roots to injury

Abstract Cutting solution-grown corn (Zea mays L.) roots into segments causes a rapid reduction in K+ (86Rb) influx, 36Cl− influx, and net H+ efflux. The reduction in K+ influx is a function of segment length; other injuries, such as a brief exposure to ice temperatures or low pH, will also reduce K+ influx. Washing the segments in dilute, aerated CaCl2 solutions produces recovery of the fluxes. In contrast, cutting does not reduce phosphate (32P) influx, although after a lag period there is a small enhancement of influx of the type previously reported. Estimations of actual H+ efflux (net H+ efflux plus anion influx) show that H+ efflux recovers more rapidly than K+ influx. It is proposed that injuries signal a partial collapse of an electrogenic H+/K+-ATPase of the plasmalemma, and washing restores it.
Problems and conceptual issues in neuropsychological research in aging and dementia

Neuropsychological investigation of old age and dementia faces all the problems associated with more general gerontological study. In addition, some specific difficulties in attempting to infer cerebral status from behavioral observation arise. These include uncertainty about the nature and course of normal aging, about the influence of disease and affective disturbance on performance, and about the significance of diverse interactive effects. Further, the concept of dementia requires clarification. These issues are addressed and their clinical implications discussed.
THE CROSS-AGED LITERACY PROGRAM: DEVELOPING MEDIATIONAL ACTIVITY TO ASSIST NINTH-GRADE AFRICAN-AMERICAN STUDENTS WHO STRUGGLE WITH LITERACY LEARNING AND SCHOOLING

In this article, I discuss the Cross-Aged Literacy Program as a mediational agent to assist adolescents who struggle with reading, writing, and schooling. Grounded within mediation theory, procedures and activities enabled ninth grade students to take the responsibility for the learning of younger children and thus themselves. Mediational strategies and activities were interwoven in the two major components of the program the preparation seminar and the cross-aged literary discussion groups. The two components entailed oral and written language strategies that heightened the social interactions within the program and focused on students' strengths to inform curriculum development.
A placebo-controlled trial shows no effect of vasopressin on recovery from closed head injury.

Vasopressin and its analogues have been claimed to benefit patients with posttraumatic amnesia. To test this hypothesis a double-blind, placebo-controlled, prospective trial of vasopressin was carried out in the chronic (rehabilitation) phase of recovery from closed head injury. Seven patients who received vasopressin and 6 who received a placbo were comparable in age, sex, and degree of disability upon entry into the study. Both groups inproved at the same rate in mental status, neurological status, and activities of daily living.
Poisonous Properties of Larkspur ( Delphinium spp.)

Alguns membres de la tribu Delphineae Warming son emprats com a farratge per a bestiar de pastura o com a font de medicaments per a l'home. Tanmateix, sota determinades circumstancies, el seu consum esdeve intoxicacio. aparentment per causa d'alcaloides norditerpenics. Al menys 150 alcaloides diterpenics han estat identificats en Delphinium. En aquest treball es discuteixen els factors que influeixen en el contingut alcaloidic, i, per tant, en la toxicitat de la planla. Es reporten els canvis relatius en el contingut de vuit alcaloides en Quatre estadis de creixement de Delphinium accidentale (Watson) Watson. Els alcaloides dominants en nou especies de Delphinium es presenten en una llista. La toxicitat de vuit especies es comparada en estadi de floracio, emprant assaigs en rata. D. batbeyi (Huth) Huth es unes Quatre vegades mes toxic Que D. gkmcescens Rydb. o D. geyen Greene, i unes deu vegades mes toxic que un cultivar de Consolida. D. occidentale o Aconitum columbianum var. columbianum Nutt. (en estadi vegetatiu). L'stress causat per infestacio d'afids o per una baixa disponibilitat d'aigua tenen un minim efecte, sien tenen, sobre la toxicitat de D. barbeyi i D. Occidentale. respectivament. A parti r d'analisis quimiques de D. barbeyi previament assajades en bestiar. la DL50 per a una unica dosi intraruminal de metillicaconitina, ha estat estimada com a inferior a 6.3 mg/kg de pes.
Qualitative stability and ambiguity in model ecosystems.

Abstract: Qualitative analysis of stability in model ecosystems has previously been limited to determining whether a community matrix is sign stable or not with little analytical means to assess the impact of complexity on system stability. Systems are seen as either unconditionally or conditionally stable with little distinction and therefore much ambiguity in the likelihood of stability. First, we reexamine Hurwitz’s principal theorem for stability and propose two “Hurwitz criteria” that address different aspects of instability: positive feedback and insufficient lower‐level feedback. Second, we derive two qualitative metrics based on these criteria: weighted feedback (wFn) and weighted determinants (wΔn). Third, we test the utility of these qualitative metrics through quantitative simulations in a random and evenly distributed parameter space in models of various sizes and complexities. Taken together they provide a practical means to assess the relative degree to which ambiguity has entered into calcu...
Summary of Presentations from the 11th Targeted Therapies for Lung Cancer Meeting; Radiation Oncology

Although one of the latter sections, a number of interesting concepts and ideas came out of the radiation oncology talks at IASLC 2011 in Santa Monica. The session was chaired by Everett Vokes of the University of Chicago and by Dr. David Johnson of UT Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas. The four speakers in order were Hak Choy of UT Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Michael O’Reilly from UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Walter Curran of Emory University Medical Center, and Everett Vokes of the University of Chicago. The following summaries highlight the main themes of each talk and attempt to provide a framework for their critical importance to the clinical and biologic aspects of radiation oncology.
Role of the environment in the transmission of Clostridium difficile in health care facilities

Recent data demonstrate that the contaminated hospital surface environment plays a key role in the transmission of Clostridium difficile. Enhanced environmental cleaning of rooms housing Clostridium difficile-infected patients is warranted, and, if additional studies demonstrate a benefit of "no-touch" methods (eg, ultraviolet irradiation, hydrogen peroxide systems), their routine use should be considered.
Hypo-phosphorylation of the retinoblastoma protein (pRb) by cyclin D:Cdk4/6 complexes results in active pRb

In cycling cells, the retinoblastoma protein (pRb) is un- and/or hypo-phosphorylated in early G1 and becomes hyper-phosphorylated in late G1. The role of hypo-phosphorylation and identity of the relevant kinase(s) remains unknown. We show here that hypo-phosphorylated pRb associates with E2F in vivo and is therefore active. Increasing the intracellular concentration of the Cdk4/6 specific inhibitor p15INK4b by transforming growth factor β treatment of keratinocytes results in G1 arrest and loss of hypo-phosphorylated pRb with an increase in unphosphorylated pRb. Conversely, p15INK4b-independent transforming growth factor β-mediated G1 arrest of hepatocellular carcinoma cells results in loss of Cdk2 kinase activity with continued Cdk6 kinase activity and pRb remains only hypo-phosphorylated. Introduction of the Cdk4/6 inhibitor p16INK4a protein into cells by fusion to a protein transduction domain also prevents pRb hypo-phosphorylation with an increase in unphosphorylated pRb. We conclude that cyclin D:Cdk4/6 complexes hypo-phosphorylate pRb in early G1 allowing continued E2F binding.
The significance of drug interactions with human TBGg and CBG under physiological conditions: A new approach

Abstract We have studied the binding of a variety of drugs to testosterone-binding globulin (TeBG) and corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG) in vitro under equilibrium conditions at physiological pH and temperature using a solid phase method. Using a mass action law model of steroid transport, we have computed the binding of these drugs to TeBG and CBG in vivo. and the consequence of this binding on the transport of the endogenous steroids. Most of the synthetic steroids examined bound to TeBG or CBG in vitro. Moreover, many of these drugs are administered in doses which result in plasma concentrations sufficient to alter the transport of the endogenous steroids by displacing them from their TeBG or CBG binding sites. These results indicate that drug interactions with steroid hormone transport should be considered an additional mechanism of drug action in vivo.
Evidence-based practice in psychology: Implications for research and research training

In this article, the author discusses the implications of evidence-based practice (EBP) for research and research training in clinical psychology. It is argued that EBP provides a useful framework for addressing some heretofore ignored problems in clinical research. Advancing evidence-based psychological practice will require educators to inject significant new content into research, design, and methodology courses and to further integrate research and practicum training. The author believes this to be an exciting opportunity for the field, not only because it will further psychologists' integration into the interdisciplinary health care and research environment, but also because it will provide new tools to educate students for capable, not just competent professional activity.
AGU journals should ask authors to publish results

The title of this Forum is meant to sound paradoxical: Isn't the publication of results what AGU journals are for? I argue that in some ways they aren't, and suggest how to fix this. Explaining this apparent paradox requires that we look at the structure of a published paper and of the research project that produced it. Any project involves many steps; for those using data to examine some problem the first step (step A) is for researchers to collect the relevant raw data. Next (step B), they analyze these data to learn about some phenomenon of interest; this analysis is very often purely computational. Then (step C), the researchers (we can now call them “the authors”) arrange the results of this analysis in a way that shows the reader the evidence for the conclusions of the paper. Sometimes these results appear as a table, but more often they are shown pictorially, as, for example, a plot of a time series, a map, a correlation plot, or a cross-section. Finally (step D), the authors state the conclusions to be drawn from the results presented.
Changing Practice Locations for Upper Urinary Tract Stone Disease

Purpose: Complex surgical procedures are migrating out of hospitals and into ambulatory surgery centers. We evaluated the extent to which surgery for urolithiasis could be a candidate for such migration.Materials and Methods: Patients undergoing stone surgery in Florida (107,417) between 1998 and 2004 were included in the study. Poisson models were fit to assess temporal changes in the setting (inpatient, outpatient and ambulatory surgery center) and type (open, percutaneous, extracorporeal, ureteroscopy and stenting) of stone surgery. For inpatient procedures secular trends in comorbidity burden (0 or 1 diagnoses vs 2 or more) and procedure acuity (elective vs emergency) were also assessed. Admission requirements and mortality rates were measured according to the surgery setting.Results: Of the 107,417 discharges from 1998 to 2004 surgery rates per 100,000 increased from 35.5 to 38.2 for inpatients (p <0.05), 84.2 to 104.7 for hospital outpatients (p <0.01) and 9.4 to 26.9 for ambulatory surgery centers ...