cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bioavailability of zinc in ground beef.

Based on zinc uptake in chick tibia, Zn bioavailability in cooked ground beef was equal to that of Zn in an inorganic standard (ZnSO4), whether Zn supplements were added to a soy-concentrate diet containing phytate or to a phytate-free egg-white diet. With both diet types, total tibia Zn was a linear (P < .01) function of supplemental Zn intake from ZnSO4, but the slope of the linear regression line was twice as great for the egg-white diet as for the soy-concentrate diet that contained phytate. At 10 mg/kg of supplemental Zn, freeze-dried ground beef produced the same tibia Zn concentration (and total Zn content) as that obtained with ZnSO4. The results suggest that the relative bioavailability of Zn in cooked ground beef is as great as that in ZnSO4, whether consumed in diets with or in those without phytate.
Controlling electron and energy transfer paths by selective excitation in a zinc porphyrin-BODIPY-C60 multi-modular triad.

A multi-modular donor-acceptor triad composed of zinc porphyrin, BF2-chelated dipyrromethene (BODIPY), and C60 was newly synthesized, with the BODIPY entity at the central position. Using absorbance and emission spectral, electrochemical redox, and computational optimization results, energy level diagrams for the ZnP-BODIPY dyad and ZnP-BODIPY-C60 triad were constructed to envision the different photochemical events upon selective excitation of the BODIPY and ZnP entities. By transient absorption spectral studies covering a wide femtosecond-to-millisecond time scale, evidence for the different photochemical events and their kinetic information was secured. Efficient singlet-singlet energy transfer from 1BODIPY* to ZnP with a rate constant kENT = 1.7 × 1010 s-1 in toluene was observed in the case of the ZnP-BODIPY dyad. Interestingly, in the case of the ZnP-BODIPY-C60 triad, the selective excitation of ZnP resulted in electron transfer leading to the formation of the ZnP˙+-BODIPY-C60˙- charge-separated state. Owing to the distal separation of the radical cation and radical anion species (edge-to-edge distance of 18.7 A), the radical ion-pair persisted for microseconds. By contrast, the selective excitation of BODIPY resulted in an ultrafast energy transfer to yield ZnP-BODIPY-1C60* as the major product. The 1C60* populated the low-lying 3C60* via intersystem crossing prior to returning to the ground state. The present study successfully demonstrates the importance of supramolecular geometry and selection of excitation wavelength in regulating the different photoprocesses.
A Puzzling Problem: Symbolic annihilation in The New York Times crossword puzzle

This study examines the discourse observed within The New York Times crossword puzzles that, in Gaye Tuchman’s terms, appears to symbolically annihilate people of color, women, and members of the L...
Determination of charge state of tungsten during ultrafast hard x-ray generation

Ultrafast x-rays can be generated by acceleration or deceleration of electrons such as that in synchrotrons, recombination of cations after initial ionization, or fluorescence from electron bombarded neutral targets similar to how x-ray are generated in conventional x-ray tubes. The second scenario, if happens in solid density materials, can result in the production of ultrafast kiloelectronvolt x-rays, used to produce these x-ray pulses for more than a decade. The fluorescence-based methods commonly rely on the use of laser accelerated electron pulses generated outside the target with prepulses or pedestals. The findings suggest that the charge state of tungsten in ultrafast hard x-rays apparatus is zero. The high resolution and high accuracy of ultrafast selected energy x-ray absorption spectroscopy measurements allow the determination of spectral peak positions of x-ray line emission from such a source.
Multiple-Pool Cell Lifespan Model of Hematologic Effects of Anticancer Agents

The leukopenic effects of anticancer agents are described using a semi-physiologic multiple-pool cell lifespan model. The time course of myelosuppression in relation to the drug concentration vs. time profile was characterized using a three pool indirect model. The proliferation and maturation stages of myeloid cells in the bone marrow and cell removal from the circulation were quantitated with a cell life-span concept. Drug effects were assumed to take place in the bone marrow based on irreversible linear or capacity-limited cytotoxicity. Mathematical derivations and computer simulations (Adapt II) were used to examine the properties of the model. Data from the literature were also analyzed. Cell response profiles after therapy typically exhibit a lag period, reduction to a nadir, and return to baseline. The predicted values of the time periods of granulopoiesis were 10-14 days for proliferation, and 1-6 days for maturation of progenitor cells in the bone marrow. The proposed irreversible mechanism of cell killing by anticancer drugs explains previously observed relationships between leukocyte nadir counts and exposure to the drug and/or duration of drug concentrations above some threshold level. The model was applied to literature data for paclitaxel and etoposide effects on leukocyte counts. The predicted value of KC50 for paclitaxel ranged from 0.004 to 0.2 microgram/mL and for etoposide 2 micrograms/mL. The present model accounts for drug-induced leukopenia using a physiologic cell production and loss model and irreversible cytotoxicity in a precursor pool.
Guar-Based Injectable Thermoresponsive Hydrogel as a Scaffold for Bone Cell Growth and Controlled Drug Delivery

In this study, an injectable thermoresponsive hydroxypropyl guar-graft-poly(N-vinylcaprolactam) (HPG-g-PNVCL) copolymer was synthesized by graft polymerization. The reaction parameters such as temperature, time, monomer, and initiator concentrations were varied. In addition, the HPG-g-PNVCL copolymer was modified with nano-hydroxyapatite (n-HA) by in situ covalent cross-linking using divinyl sulfone (DVS) cross-linker to obtain HPG-g-PNVCL/n-HA/DVS composite material. Grafted copolymer and composite materials were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H NMR), and differential scanning calorimetry. The morphology of the grafted copolymer (HPG-g-PNVCL) and the composite (HPG-g-PNVCL/n-HA/DVS) was examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), which showed interconnected porous honeycomb-like structures. Using Ultraviolet−visible spectroscopy, low critical solution temperature for HPG-g-PNVCL was observed ...
Can He Apply His Knowledge

Not what the pupil knows but what he can do with what he knows, should be the test of successful learning.
Using Dewey's Conception of Democracy to Problematize the Notion of Disability in Public Education

In this paper I examine ways in which students with disabilities have the capacity to be full, contributing citizens within a participatory, communicative, and pluralistic democracy. In many instances, institutions such as schools provide barriers that disallow and dissuade students with disabilities from full participation in society and their education, which prevents them from becoming co-creators of their educational experience. I argue that in a Deweyan democracy, all students must have not just the right, but be allowed to grow in their capacity to develop into fully participating, contributing citizens. My hope is that by situating disability and special education within the Deweyan democratic discourse it will be possible to render that discourse more genuinely inclusive of all students, so that the needs of all are met and the unique contributions of each become a part of the educational process.
Interstitial brachytherapy treatment for oligodendrogliomas

Abstract Brain brachytherapy has been used for many years to treat patients with primary brain tumors and brain metastases. Different brachytherapy treatment modalities have been utilized using different radioactive isotopes. Data regarding efficacy and safety of brain brachytherapy for both adult and pediatric glioma patients is encouraging. However, its current use has been declining and is limited to few centers. Brain brachytherapy could be an appealing alternative for patients with gliomas in an eloquent brain location where surgery cannot be safely done, as results have shown comparable outcomes to surgically resected gliomas. It may also have a role as salvage therapy for a selected group of patients with recurrent lesions. Data regarding oligodendroglioma specific patients is limited as this pathology presents its own unique outcomes. Further prospective studies using clinical and survival endpoints, including quality of life measurements are warranted to study brain brachytherapy.
Resource Based View of Social Entrepreneurship: Putting the Pieces Together

The primary motivation for social enterprises arises from the persistency of problems in society related to poverty and persons living in marginalized communities. Social entrepreneurs seek to address externalities by adopting the role of change agents who recognize and pursue opportunities to create and sustain unique solutions to social problems. Over the years, social entrepreneurship has emerged as a distinctive context and area of business practice and research. However, current research lacks a cohesive and integrated conceptual framework. The purpose of this paper is to review and extend the current literature by developing an integrated model of social entrepreneurship.
On the completeness of theLamé potentials

An aid to the solution of the displacement equations of motion in the linear theory of homogeneous and isotropic elastic solids is the decomposition of the displacement field into a rotational and irrotational part, the so-calledLame scalar and vector potentials. Previous works have required the vector potential to be divergence free in order to insure completeness of this representation of the displacement field. The purpose of the present paper is to broaden the class of functions that define displacement fields that are complete to include all displacement fields defined in terms of theLame potentials, requiring only that theLame potentials satisfy the two wave equations resulting from the displacement equations of motion.
Hydrodynamic confirmation of quasi-similarity theory and its application to weak blast wave motion generated by ultrashort pulse laser breakdown in quiescent air

Abstract The dynamics of the blast waves generated by ultrashort pulse laser breakdown can provide information on the energy and the dynamics of both the breakdown region and the laser pulse which created it. For conditions relevant to femtosecond laser breakdown in air, we show that the evolution of the blast waves can be described by quasi-similarity theory. By analyzing the motion of these weak blast waves, we calculate the energy deposited into the gas during the laser breakdown process. This technique can be applied to any set of blast waves where the back pressure cannot be neglected, and the blast waves propagate with an initial Mach number between 2 and 1.15. We calculate a non-dimensional curve describing the blast wave position in time which depends solely on the deposited energy and the ambient density using similarity parameters and multiple fluid dynamic simulations. The deposited energy can then be calculated by fitting experimental data to this generalized curve. This procedure is applied to two sets of experimental data and it is found that the calculated amounts of deposited energy agree with literature values. In addition, a very simple and novel Flux Corrected Transport (FCT) procedure is applied to the fluid solver to extend Boris and Books 1D algorithm to multiple dimensions.
Automatic Feature-Based Point Cloud Alignment and Inspection

Abstract 3D scanning is a non-contact geometric inspection technique that has potential applications in many industrial sectors. Compared to coordinate measuring machines, 3D scanning is able to acquire high-density sampling of an entire part in a relatively short time without fixturing. In practice, point clouds, which are the output of 3D scanning, must be aligned with the base-truth CAD model before calculating the point-wise deviation. Existing methods accomplish this task by determining the optimal transformation that maximizes the overlap between the point cloud and base-truth CAD model. However, these methods do not consider the problem from a geometric dimensioning and tolerancing (GD&T) perspective. Specifically, dimensional errors are not quantified in reference to the established datum features. In this work, a new scheme is proposed to automatically align the datum features of 2D shapes based on point clouds via a polar coordinate representation. From the result of the new alignment scheme, the point-wise deviation is evaluated through the deviation distribution to differentiate manufacturing and measurement errors. The proposed scheme is applied in three case studies, in which the sample shapes to be inspected are generated by adding random errors to their nominal models to mimic measurement errors in physical experiments. The result illustrates the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed scheme in automatic shape alignment based on datum features and in subsequent detection of point-wise deviation.
Endoscopic full-thickness resection using a clip non-exposed method for gastrointestinal tract lesions: a meta-analysis.

Background and study aims Endoscopic full-thickness resection (EFTR) allows for treatment of epithelial and sub-epithelial lesions (SELs) unsuitable to conventional resection techniques. This meta-analysis aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of clip-assisted method for non-exposed EFTR using FTRD or over-the-scope clip of gastrointestinal tumors. Methods A comprehensive literature search was performed. The primary outcome of interest was the rate of histologic complete resection (R0). Secondary outcomes of interest were the rate of enbloc resection, FTR, adverse events, and post-EFTR surgery. Random-effects model was used to calculate pooled estimates and generate forest plots. Results Eighteen studies with 730 patients and 733 lesions were included in the analyses. Indications for EFTR were difficult/residual colorectal adenoma, adenoma at a diverticulum or appendiceal orifice and early cancer (n = 634), colorectal SELs (n = 42), and upper gastrointestinal lesions (n = 51), other colonic lesions (n = 6). Median size of lesions was 13.5 mm. There were 22 failed EFTR attempts. Pooled overall R0 resection rate was 82 % (95 % CI: 75, 89). The pooled overall FTR rate was 83 % (95 % CI: 77, 89). The pooled overall enbloc resection rate was 95 (95 % CI: 92, 96). The pooled estimates for perforation and bleeding were Conclusions EFTR appears to be safe and effective for gastrointestinal lesions that are not amenable to conventional endoscopic resection. This technique should be considered as an alternative to surgery in selected cases.
E-035 Treatment outcomes of unruptured cerebral aneurysms in septuagenarians and octogenarians- a single center experience

Introduction Elective aneurysm treatment in elderly patients may be associated with a higher risk of complications due to frailty, atherosclerosis, and tortuosity. Because of these concerns, observation is often favored. However, with a growing elderly population, many of whom are in good health, endovascular management of elective aneurysms could be considered. The aim of this study is to analyze clinical outcomes in patients older than 70 years with unruptured cerebral aneurysms treated electively. Methodology All patients over 70 years of age who were treated electively for unruptured cerebral aneurysms between Jan 2017-Feb 2019 at Westchester Medical Center were included in the study. A retrospective chart review was performed. Demographics, presentation, aneurysm location, clinical complications, and modified Rankin score (mRS) at 30 days were noted. Good outcomes were defined as mRS 2 or rehab placement. To compare pre-existing comorbidities, the Charlston Comorbidity Index (CCI) was used. Results A total of 22 patients were included with a mean age of 76.8 years (range 71–86 years). The male:female ratio was 1:6. 78% of the procedures involved flow diversion using the Pipeline Flex device; the remaining 22% involved coil embolization. There were no neurological complications in our series. Groin complications were seen in 2 patients. The mean CCI for the entire group was 6 and for those with complications was 7. Good outcomes were seen in 95.4% (21/22) of the patients included in this study. Conclusion Contrary to popular assumption, good outcomes were seen in more than 95% of patients above 70 years of age who undergo elective treatment of unruptured cerebral aneurysms. The rate of neurological complications was 0% in our series. The 2 groin complications noted in this series may be associated with atherosclerotic vasculature and use of dual antiplatelet agents for flow diversion. Given the overall safety and the probability of good outcomes, these findings suggest that patients above 70 years with high-risk unruptured aneurysms should not be denied elective aneurysmal treatment. Disclosures G. Kaur: None. J. Cooper: None. L. Melathe: None. F. Al-Mufti: None. C. Gandhi: None. J. Santarelli: None.
1736-P: Insulin Resistance and Mitochondrial Dysfunction Mediated by Nat1 Deficiency

Insulin resistance (IR) is fundamental to the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Therapeutic options for IR are limited, reinforcing the need to understand IR pathways with an aim to develop IR-specific medications. We previously identified human N-acetyl transferase 2 (NAT2) as a novel insulin sensitivity gene. In vitro and in vivo studies demonstrated an association of mouse Nat1 (ortholog of human NAT2) deficiency with both IR and mitochondrial dysfunction. However, the underlying mechanism of how Nat1 deficiency causes IR and mitochondrial dysfunction is unknown. Using engineered ascorbate peroxidase-proximity labeling in cells followed by mass spectrometry-based proteomic analysis, we are mapping Nat1 endogenous targets and Nat1 interacting proteins. Verification of the interacting proteins and functional validation will be achieved by co-immunoprecipitation, siRNA knockdown, glucose uptake and lipolysis assays, and mitochondrial functional assays in mouse liver cells and adipocytes. We have also created a liver specific Nat1-deficient mouse model and will determine whether this is sufficient to cause whole body changes in insulin sensitivity. Collectively, these studies will shed light on mechanism of how the novel IR gene Nat1 participates in the pathophysiology of IR, which is a necessary step for the development of new treatments for T2D and CVD. Disclosure P. Sangwung: None. M. Fathzadeh: None. J. Knowles: None. Funding American Diabetes Association (1-19-JDF-108 to J.K.); U.S. Public Health Service; National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK107437, R01DK106236, P30DK116074, 1R01DK116750 to J.K.)
Let's Let Accounting Educators Teach More: An Economic and Ethical Approach to Reducing the Cost of Education

Accreditation rules and university policy limit the amount of time that professors can spend in the classroom. This limitation reduces efficiency, increases the cost of providing a college education and violates the right to work. The author calls for lifting the rules that restrict limits on teaching.
Predicting the Leadership Mindset of Wildland Firefighters

Leadership behaviors of wildland firefighting teams engaged in firefighting activities are “shared” despite the existence of a highly bureaucratic and hierarchical organizational structure. This paradoxical type of leadership appears to be based on individual perceptions of the effectiveness of shared leadership in a high reliability organization and identified in this research as Mindful Leadership. Mindful Leadership in this study is conceptualized as a higher-order construct (HOC) that explains the leadership behavior of the team members. The study empirically validates the construct and related measures. Several directions for future studies are proposed. Smart-PLS 3.3.2 was used to execute partial least square path modeling analysis of the hierarchical component model. Internal and external predictive validity metrics were established, including PLSpredict.
Copper Content Optimization for Warpage Minimization of Substrates with an Asymmetric Cross-Section by Genetic Algorithm

Higher density semiconductor packaging is demanded for greater computation required for AI applications. 2.5D packaging solutions using an inactive Si substrate have been commercialized. However, due to its limited scalability and the high cost, 2.1D packaging technology using organic substrates is also pursued in the semiconductor industry. To archive a higher density circuity in the organic substrate, layer stacking processes consisting of both thin films and thin conductors on a conventional organic substrate have been reported. However, since these technologies result in an asymmetric substrate, a new substrate design method needs to be established in order to control the substrate thermal deformation induced by CTE mismatch of the constituent materials. In this work, a genetic algorithm is introduced to demonstrate the minimization of the thermal warpage of a substrate by optimizing the copper content in the conductor layers. A conventional asymmetric FR4 printed circuit board is investigated for demonstration. As the result, it is confirmed that the genetic algorithm can provide the optimal copper content value on each conductor layer with a practical computation time. This paper introduces and discusses the details of the algorithm, the technique that is logical to physical mapping required to execute and the results obtained.
Dynamic Risk Prediction for Hospital-Acquired Pressure Injury in Adult Critical Care Patients.

Accurately measuring the risk of pressure injury remains the most important step for effective prevention and intervention. Time-dependent risk factors for pressure injury development in the adult intensive care unit setting are not well understood. OBJECTIVES To develop and validate a dynamic risk prediction model to estimate the risk of developing a hospital-acquired pressure injury among adult ICU patients. DESIGN ICU admission data were split into training and validation sets. With death as a competing event, both static and dynamic Fine-Gray models were developed to predict hospital-acquired pressure injury development less than 24, 72, and 168 hours postadmission. Model performance was evaluated using Wolbers' concordance index, Brier score, net reclassification improvement, and integrated discrimination improvement. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS We performed a retrospective cohort study of ICU patients in a tertiary care hospital located in San Francisco, CA, from November 2013 to August 2017. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Data were extracted from electronic medical records of 18,019 ICU patients (age ≥ 18 yr; 21,220 encounters). Record of hospital-acquired pressure injury data was captured in our institution's incident reporting system. The information is periodically reviewed by our wound care team. Presence of hospital-acquired pressure injury during an encounter and hospital-acquired pressure injury diagnosis date were provided. RESULTS The dynamic model predicting hospital-acquired pressure injury more than 24 hours postadmission, including predictors age, body mass index, lactate serum, Braden scale score, and use of vasopressor and antifungal medications, had adequate discrimination ability within 6 days from time of prediction (c = 0.73). All dynamic models produced more accurate risk estimates than static models within 26 days postadmission. There were no significant differences in Brier scores between dynamic and static models. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE A dynamic risk prediction model predicting hospital-acquired pressure injury development less than 24 hours postadmission in ICU patients for up to 7 days postadmission was developed and validated using a large dataset of clinical variables readily available in the electronic medical record.
Katsa Baba: Humorous Dramas

Katsa Baba: Humorous Dramas. 1999. 28 minutes, color. video by Marcelo Fiorini. For more information, contact Marcelo Fionni, Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Hofstra University, 104 Heger Hall, Hempstead, NY 11549, Tel. (516)463-2423.
Just War Theory

The primary aim of just war theory is to put restraints on war. To achieve its aim, the theory places a series of barriers in the form of principles in front of those who contemplate going to war. It asks, Do you have a just cause (a very good reason such as that you are a victim of aggression) for going to war? It also asks a series of other questions, including the following: Have you done whatever you can to avoid going to war? If a war comes to pass, it asks such questions as the following: Have you done all you can to avoid harming civilians?
THE RELATIONSHIPS OF PALMER'S DROUGHT INDICES TO RIVER STAGE IN WESTERN TENNESSEE

Palmer's drought indices are compared to stage data from two gaging stations on the Hatchie River in western Tennessee. The Hatchie River is one of the few non-channelized and unimpounded streams in the region and has a greater than fifty year daily stage record. The slower responding drought indices (PDSI, PHDI) are shown to be better indicators of river stage than the faster responding drought index (ZINX); concurrent values of all indices correlate better with stage than precipitation. Overall, lagged indices are more weakly correlated with river stage than concurrent values. Moderate to strong relationships are found between the indices and flooding frequency, but only during the winter and spring. [Key words: river stage, Palmer drought indices, flooding, Tennessee.]
Can approximation circumvent gibbard-satterthwaite?

The Gibbard-Satterthwaite Theorem asserts that any reasonable voting rule cannot be strategyproof. A large body of research in AI deals with circumventing this theorem via computational considerations; the goal is to design voting rules that are computationally hard, in the worst-case, to manipulate. However, recent work indicates that the prominent voting rules are usually easy to manipulate. In this paper, we suggest a new CS-oriented approach to circumventing Gibbard-Satterthwaite, using randomization and approximation. Specifically, we wish to design strategyproof randomized voting rules that are close, in a standard approximation sense, to prominent score-based (deterministic) voting rules. We give tight lower and upper bounds on the approximation ratio achievable via strategyproof randomized rules with respect to positional scoring rules, Copeland, and Maximin.
The Weight Enumerator of the Code of the Projective Plane of Order 5

We outline the determination of the weight enumerator of the code of the projective plane of order 5 by hand. The main tools used are a version of Gleason's theorem on the enumerators of self-dual codes and geometric descriptions of codewords of low weight. This paper is in part a condensation of the companion paper (Nota di Mat.) that contains full details.
Collisional Effects in the Multiple-Photon Infrared Laser Pumping of Polyatomic Molecules

The effects of collisions on the multiple-infrared-photon absorption process have been considered by many groups (see Ref. 1 and references cited therein). Some studies consider the effect of increasing the pressure of the irradiated molecule, while others consider the effect of increasing the number density of a nonabsorbing buffer gas. The results reported here are of the latter type.
Opening Minds: interpretation and conservation

(2004). Opening Minds: interpretation and conservation. Museum International: Vol. 56, No. 3, pp. 85-93.
Evaluating the effectiveness of orientation indicators with an awareness of individual differences

Understanding how users perceive 3D geometric objects can provide a basis for creating more effective tools for visualization in applications such as CAD or medical imaging. This article examines how orientation indicators affect users' accuracy in perceiving the shape of a 3D object shown as multiple views. Multiple views force users to infer the orientation of an object and recognize corresponding features between distinct vantage points. These are difficult tasks, and not all users are able to carry them out accurately. We use a cognitive experimental paradigm to evaluate the effectiveness of two types of orientation indicators on a person's ability to compare views of objects presented in different orientations. The orientation indicators implemented were colocated, which shared a center-point with the 3D object, or noncolocated with (displaced from) the 3D object. The study accounts for additional factors including object complexity, axis of rotation, and users' individual differences in spatial abilities. Our results show that an orientation indicator helps users in comparing multiple views, and that the effect is influenced by the type of aid, a person's spatial ability, and the difficulty of the task. In addition to establishing an effect of an orientation indicator, this article helps demonstrate the application of a particular experimental paradigm and analysis, as well as the importance of considering individual differences when designing interface aids.
Electron drift velocities and electron mobilities in fast room-temperature dielectric liquids and their corresponding vapors

Abstract The drift velocity, w , of excess electrons as a function of the applied uniform electric field, E , in liquid tetramethylsilane (TMS), 2,2,4,4-tetramethylpentane (TMP), tetramethyltin (TMT), and in mixtures of TMS with TMP (molar ratio, M = 1.31/1) and n-pentane ( M = 102/1; 17/1; 5.6/1) has been measured up to E -values of ∼ 10 5 V cm −1 or density ( N )-reduced ele ctric held E / N -values of ∼ 3 × 10 −17 V cm 2 . The maximum w attained for these liquids, and the corresponding values of E are: 7.2 × 10 6 cm s −1 at 125 kV cm −1 for TMS, 6.0 × 10 6 cm s −1 at 75 kV cm −1 for TMS, 2.6 × 10 6 cm s −1 at 115 kV cm −1 for TMP, 3.2 × 10 6 cm s −1 at 105 kV cm −1 for TMS/TMP ( M = 1.31/1), 6.8 × 10 6 cm s −1 at 105 kV cm −1 for TMS/n-pentane ( M = 102/1), 6.8 × 10 6 cm s −1 at 145 kV cm −1 for TMS/n-pentane ( M = 17/1), and 4.9 × 10 6 cm s −1 at 145 kV cm −1 for TMS/n-pentane ( M = 5.6/1). The thermal-electron mobilities in the above liquid media are respectively 119.3, 85.7, 31.8, 39.1, 118, 85, and 47.6 cm 2 s −1 V −1 . Also, w was measured as a function of E / N for TMS, TMP, and neopentane vapors at room temperature and is compared with that in the corresponding liquids. Properties of these media which make them desirable for radiation detectors are discussed.
Slave Rebellion in Brazil: The Muslim Uprising of 1835 in Bahia

On the night of January 24, 1835, hundreds of African Muslim slaves poured into the streets of Salvador, capital of the Brazilian province of Bahia, to confront soldiers and armed civilians. Nearly 70 slaves were killed. More than 500 were sentenced to death, prison, whipping or deportation. Although the rebel slaves failed to win their freedom, the repercussions of their actions were felt throughout the nation, making this the most important urban slave rebellion in the Americas, and the only one in which Islam played a major role. In this history of the 1835 uprising, Joao Jose Reis draws on hundreds of police and trial records in which Africans, despite obvious intimidation, spoke out about their cultural, social, economic, religious and domestic lives in Salvador. Now available in this revised and expanded English edition, "Slave Rebellion in Brazil" is a portrait of the conditions of urban slabery and an absorbing account of conspiracy, uprising and punishment.
Discriminating between Capacitative and Arachidonate-activated Ca2+ Entry Pathways in HEK293 Cells

We have recently questioned whether the capacitative or store-operated model for receptor-activated Ca2+ entry can account for the influx of Ca2+ seen at low agonist concentrations, such a those typically producing [Ca2+]ioscillations. Instead, we have identified an arachidonic acid-regulated, noncapacitative Ca2+ entry mechanism that appears to be specifically responsible for the receptor-activated entry of Ca2+ under these conditions. However, it is unclear whether these two systems reflect the activity of distinct entry pathways or simply different mechanisms of regulating a common pathway. We therefore used the known selectivity of the Ca2+-stimulated type VIII adenylyl cyclase for Ca2+ entry occurring via the capacitative pathway (Fagan, K. A., Mahey, R., and Cooper, D. M. F. (1996)J. Biol. Chem. 271, 12438–12444) to attempt to discriminate between these two entry mechanisms in HEK293 cells. Consistent with the earlier reports, we found that thapsigargin induced an approximate 3-fold increase in adenylyl cyclase activity that was unrelated to global changes in [Ca2+]i or to the release of Ca2+ from internal stores but was specifically dependent on the induced capacitative entry of Ca2+. In marked contrast, the arachidonate-induced entry of Ca2+ completely failed to affect adenylyl cyclase activity despite producing a substantially greater rate of entry than that induced by thapsigargin. These data demonstrate that the arachidonate-activated entry of Ca2+occurs via an entirely distinct influx pathway.
Prevention and treatment of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy.

Purpose The prevention and treatment of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) are reviewed. Summary A number of agents, including amifostine, glutathione, and vitamin E, were evaluated as prevention strategies for CIPN, with no agent demonstrating efficacy. Calcium and magnesium are effective for the prevention of CIPN; however, concerns regarding reduced chemotherapy efficacy linger. Venlafaxine, a serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI), was evaluated for the prevention of neuropathy in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled Phase III trial of patients receiving an oxaliplatin-based regimens every two weeks and demonstrated significantly less acute neurotoxicity compared with the control group. Treatment options for CIPN include reducing the dosage of the chemotherapy, changing the chemotherapy, and treating CIPN with adjunct therapy. Adjunct therapy with topical agents, tricyclic antidepressants, and anticonvulsants, such as pregabalin and gabapentin, have shown limited efficacy. However, a randomized, double-blind, crossover, Phase III trial of duloxetine versus placebo for the treatment of CIPN caused by paclitaxel or oxaliplatin found that patients treated with duloxetine 60 mg daily had a larger average decrease in pain score than those receiving placebo, regardless of the chemotherapy used. Conclusion Calcium and magnesium infusions and venlafaxine are effective in preventing CIPN but are not routinely used because of concerns related to decreased chemotherapy efficacy. Adjunct treatment options for CIPN include a topical analgesic, a tricyclic antidepressant, an anticonvulsant, or an SNRI. Duloxetine is more effective than placebo in treating oxaliplatin- or paclitaxel-induced CIPN, is well tolerated, and should be considered to be a first-line treatment option for CIPN.
Alcohol Effects on TRH-Induced Prolactin Response in Lactating Rats: In Vivo and In Vitro Studies

The site of action of alcohol in inhibiting suckling-induced prolactin release in lactating rats was examined by in vivo and in vitro studies. In vivo, sulpiride- and thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)-induced prolactin release was studied in lactating rats separated from their litter. On day 7, dams were implanted with an atrial catheter. On day 10, pups were removed from dams at 0800 h and, after 5 h, an extension was attached to the catheter. An hour later, a baseline blood sample was removed and was followed by sulpiride (40 micrograms/kg) administration. Additional blood samples were withdrawn over 1 h. After the 60-min sample, sulpiride-administered rats were infused with 0.0, 1.0, or 2.0 g/kg b.wt. alcohol. Following alcohol, a postinfusion blood sample was removed, TRH (4.0 micrograms/kg) was administered, and subsequent blood samples were obtained 5, 10, 20, and 30 min after TRH. For in vitro studies, cells from lactating rats in midlactation were enzymatically dissociated, plated, and on culture day 5 were exposed to 0 or 10 nM TRH. Each set of cells were additionally exposed to 0, 100, or 300 mg% alcohol and media harvested after 4 h. In a subsequent study, plated cells were exposed to increasing doses of TRH in the presence of 0, 100, or 300 mg% alcohol and media harvested as above. Prolactin in plasma (in vivo studies) and medium (in vitro studies) was measured by RIA.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Physiology of feeding-preference patterns of female black blowflies (Phormia regina Meigen): Modification in responsiveness to salts subsequent to salt feeding

Abstract Behavioural experimentation on Phormia regina shows that females previously fed only sucrose, and thus in a state of yeast preference, will ingest single-salt-sucrose mixtures in volumes similar to that of 10% yeast (Rachman et al., 1982). In particular, females will ingest NaCl 0.1 M in 0.2 M sucrose in volumes not statistically different from 10% yeast. In the experiments reported here, groups of females were given ad libitum access to both 0.2 M sucrose and NaCl 0.1 M in 0.2 M sucrose from days 0–4 after eclosion. Potassium and sodium salts were added to 0.2 M sucrose over a spectrum of concentrations and presented to the flies on day 6. The flies rejected all single-salt-sucrose mixtures offered. Even when the pre-test sodium salt was changed to a potassium salt during days 0–4, the flies still rejected the single-salt-sucrose mixtures offered subsequently. However, when sodium and potassium salts were mixed together in 0.2 M sucrose, females ingested the solutions in amounts similar to 10% yeast. Several different concentrations of the double-salt-sucrose solutions were ingested in volumes not statistically different from 10% yeast. Results support the underlying hypothesis that activity in the salt-sensitive chemosensory neurones is involved in protein preference.
Comparative acute nephrotoxicity of salicylic acid, 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid, and 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid in young and middle aged Fischer 344 rats

Abstract Experimental evidence suggests that the oxidative metabolites 2,3- and 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DIOH) may be responsible for the nephrotoxicity of salicylic acid (SAL). In the present study, enzymuria in conjunction with glucose (GLU) and protein (PRO) excretion were used as endpoints to compare the relative nephrotoxicity of SAL with 2,3- and 2,5-DIOH. In addition, the effect of age on enzymuria and GLU and PRO excretion following treatment with SAL or 2,3- and 2,5-DIOH was investigated because the elderly are at greater risk for SAL-induced nephrotoxicity. Three and 12-month male Fischer 344 rats were administered either no treatment, vehicle, SAL, 2,3-DIOH, or 2,5-DIOH at 500 mg/kg p.o. in 5 ml/kg corn oil/DMSO (5:1). Effects of these treatments on functional integrity of renal tissue was assessed from 0–72 h after dosing by measurement of urinary creatinine, GLU, and PRO, as well as excretion of proximal and distal tubular renal enzymes. Enzymes measured as indicators of proximal tubular damage were N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase (NAG), gamma glutamyltransferase (GGT), alanine aminotransferase (ALT). and alkaline phosphatase (AP), while urinary lactate dehydrogenase (LD) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were measured as indicators of distal tubular damage. In comparison to 3-month vehicle-treated rats, 2,3- and 2,5-DIOH caused a significant increase between 0–8 h in excretion of urinary GLU and activities of AST, NAG, and LD, with peak effects occurring between 4–8 h. Toxic effects of either metabolite were not evident beyond 24 h, and toxicity of 2,5-DIOH was significantly greater in comparison to 2,3-DIOH. SAL treatment resulted in similar effects on enzymuria as well as GLU and PRO excretion, but peak effects did not occur until 16–24 h, and often persisted until 72 h after dosing. Maximal enzymuria in response to SAL treatment was significantly greater in 12- vs. 3-month rats for AST, NAG, and LD. In response to 2,3-DIOH treatment, the maximal response was significantly greater in 12- vs. 3-month rats for LD and AST, and for NAG in response to 2,5-DIOH treatment. The results of this study suggest that both 2,3- and 2,5-DIOH are nephrotoxic metabolites of SAL, but implicate 2,5-DIOH as the more potent
Long-term compression effects on elastomeric O-ring behavior

This paper discusses the results of testing performed on elastomeric seal materials that had been under compression for extended periods of time. Elastomeric seals used in the Space Shuttle redesigned solid rocket motors can experience compression times of up to six months. These seals must be capable of sealing internal motor pressure upon ignition. The tests described herein were performed in order to verify that the seals, which had experienced long-term compression could seal throughout motor operation. Testing was divided into two phases: (1) dynamic high pressure testing, and (2) resiliency testing. Dynamic testing was performed using specialized test fixtures that allowed simulation of the field joint movements during initial motor operation along with high pressure gas. Resiliency testing was performed using specialized test fixtures that also simulated field joint movements and also had the ability to measure the sealing force of the O-ring. Results from all testing indicated that the current elastomeric seals used in the redesigned solid rocket motors will seal during motor operations in the currently defined launch environments.
Accelerating adaptive background subtraction with GPU and CBEA architecture

Background subtraction is an important problem in computer vision and is a fundamental task for many applications. In the past, background subtraction has been limited by the amount of computing power available. The task was performed on small frames and, in the case of adaptive algorithms, with relatively small models to achieve real-time performance. With the introduction of multi- and many-core chip-multiprocessors (CMP), more computing resources are available to handle this important task. The advent of specialized CMP, such as NVIDIA's Compute Unified Device Architecture (CUDA) and IBM's Cell Broadband Engine Architecture (CBEA), provides new opportunities to accelerate real-time video applications. In this paper, we evaluate the acceleration of background subtraction with these two different chip-multiprocessor (CMP) architectures (CUDA and CBEA), such that larger image frames can be processed with more models while still achieving real-time performance. Our analysis results show impressive performance improvement over a baseline implementation that uses a multi-threaded dual-core CPU. Specifically, the CUDA implementation and CBEA implementation can achieve up to 17.82X and 2.77X improvement, respectively.
Protein Disulfide Isomerase Serves as a Molecular Chaperone to Maintain Estrogen Receptor α Structure and Function

The effects of the steroid hormone 17beta-estradiol are mediated through its interaction with the nuclear estrogen receptor (ER). Upon binding 17beta-estradiol, the ER initiates changes in gene expression through its interaction with specific DNA sequences, estrogen response elements (EREs), and recruits coregulatory proteins that influence gene expression. To better understand how estrogen-responsive genes are regulated, we have isolated and identified proteins associated with ERalpha when it is bound to the consensus ERE. One of these proteins, protein disulfide isomerase (PDI), has two distinct functions: acting as a molecular chaperone to maintain properly folded proteins and regulating the redox state of proteins by catalyzing the thiol-disulfide exchange reaction through two thioredoxin-like domains. Using a battery of biochemical and molecular techniques, we have demonstrated that PDI colocalizes with ERalpha in MCF-7 nuclei, alters ERalpha conformation, enhances the ERalpha-ERE interaction in the absence and presence of an oxidizing agent, influences the ability of ERalpha to mediate changes in gene expression, and associates with promoter regions of two endogenous estrogen-responsive genes. Our studies suggest that PDI plays a critical role in estrogen responsiveness by functioning as a molecular chaperone and assisting the receptor in differentially regulating target gene expression.
A developmental investigation of ERP auditory rhyming effects

In a simple auditory rhyming paradigm requiring a button-press response (rhyme/nonrhyme) to the second word (target) of each spoken stimulus pair, both the early (P50, N120, P200, N240) and late (CNV, N400, P300) components of the ERP waveform evidenced considerable change from middle childhood to adulthood. In addition, behavioral accuracy and reaction time improved with increasing age. In contrast, the size, distribution and latency of each of several rhyming effects (including the posterior N400 rhyming effect, a left hemisphere anterior rhyming effect, and early rhyming effects on P50 latency, N120 latency and P200 amplitude) remained constant from age 7 to adulthood. These results indicate that the neurocognitive networks involved in processing auditory rhyme information, as indexed by the present task, are well established and have an adult-like organization at least by the age of 7.
The Image Tetrahedron in Man Determined by Reciprocal Stimulation of a Tridimensional Esophageal Electrode

The anatomic apices of a tetrahedron were located on the image surface of living man by reciprocal stimulation of an electrode placed in the esophagus at the assumed electric center of the heart. The rectilinear components of the three-dimensional electrode were not oriented with respect to the axes of the body. Therefore, it was possible to determine the shape of the image tetrahedron but not its orientation in the body. The method is applicable to living man with the electrode placed at any assumed electric center of the heart.
A Comparative Examination of Homicides Perpetrated by Far-Right Extremists:

The current study comparatively examines homicide events perpetrated by far-right extremists and “average” homicide events in the United States. Recent violence has highlighted the threat that far-...
Analysis of Disopyramide by HPLC with Uv Detection

Abstract A simple and sensitive method has been developed for the determination of disopyramide employing reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography with UV detection. p-Chlorodisopyramide was used as an internal standard. The retention times of disopyramide and the internal standard at an elution rate of 1.8 ml/min were 6.28 and 8.78 min, respectively.
Roads to Poverty: Exploring the Impacts of Economic Integration on Socioeconomic Conditions and Land Use in Northern Guatemala

This article examines socioeconomic and land use changes associated with the ongoing, rapid economic integration of Peten, Guatemala, which has resulted mainly through road improvements. The study is based primarily on fieldwork conducted by the author before (1998) and after (2005) access roads were paved, greatly reducing travel times to and from the region. Peten's farmers now must compete with larger, more efficient, and often subsidized producers elsewhere in the country and beyond, whereas large-scale commercial farmers and ranchers are flocking to the region because of its improved access and other factors. Household survey data from one agriculturally important area indicate that most households have become poorer and their farming systems less diverse and that the concentration of land and wealth is intensifying. Results suggest that infrastructure aimed at enhancing economic integration can marginalize the majority in a previously remote region, particularly when little is done to support reside...