cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mixing Measurements on an Equatorial Ocean Mooring

Vaned, internally recording instruments that measure temperature fluctuations using FP07 thermistors, including fluctuations in the turbulence wavenumber band, have been built, tested, and deployed on a Tropical Atmosphere Ocean (TAO) mooring at 08, 1408W. These were supplemented with motion packages that measure linear accelerations, from which an assessment of cable displacement and speed was made. Motions due to vortex-induced vibrations caused by interaction of the mean flow with the cable are small (rms , 0.15 cable diameters) and unlikely to affect estimates of the temperature variance dissipation rate xT. Surface wave‐induced cable motions are significant, commonly resulting in vertical displacements of 6 1m and vertical speeds of 60.5 m s 21 on 2‐10-s periods. These motions produce an enhancement to the measurement of temperature gradient in the surface wave band herein that is equal to the product of the vertical cable speedand the vertical temperature gradient(i.e.,dT/dt ;wcdT/dz). However,the temperature gradient spectrum is largely unaltered at higher and lower frequencies; in particular, there exists a clear scale separation between frequencies contaminated by surface waves and the turbulence subrange. The effect of cable motions on spectral estimates of xT is evaluated and determined to result in acceptably small uncertainties (, a factor of two 95% of the time, based on 60-s averages). Time series of xT and the inferred turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate e are consistent with historical data from the same equatorial location.
Regurgitant Volume Estimation in Patients with Mitral Regurgitation: Initial Studies Using the Color Doppler “Proximal Isovelocity Surface Area” Method

Doppler color flow mapping of a proximal isovelocity surface area (PISA), calculated from a blue-red aliasing radius, has been shown in vitro to be accurate for estimating volume flow rate across a narrowed orifice. Volume flow rate (in cm3/sec) can be calculated as PISA (in cm2) x aliasing velocity (in cm/sec). This method has advantages over other color Doppler approaches in that PISA-derived volume flow rate calculations appear to be independent of machine parameter settings and orifice shape. We evaluated the clinical applicability of the PISA method in 49 patients with native valve mitral regurgitation (MR). Color Doppler flow mapping was performed at color aliasing velocities of 54–72 cm/sec. Twenty-four patients were excluded because a color aliasing radius was not clearly seen: 20 of these 24 patients had mild MR. In the remaining 25 patients, the ratio of maximum regurgitant jet area-to-left atrial area, as well as the regurgitant stroke volume estimated using the time-velocity integral method, were compared to regurgitant stroke volume calculated from the PISA method. Maximum PISA was calculated using a formula derived from previous in vitro studies: PISA = 8.05 × r2, where r is the maximum color Doppler aliasing radius in the apical four-chamber view. Regurgitant stroke volume using the PISA method was calculated as 8.05 × r2× V × MRTVI/MRPFV, where V is the aliasing velocity, MRTVI is the time-velocity integral of the MR jet from continuous-wave Doppler, and MRPFV is the peak velocity of the MR jet on the continuous-wave Doppler recording. Calculated regurgitant stroke volume using the PISA method correlated well with the ratio of maximum MR jet area-to-left atrial area (r = 0.84, P < 0.01), and fairly well with the regurgitant stroke volume calculated using the time-velocity integral method (r = 0.77, P < 0.05). We conclude that in patients with moderate or severe native valve MR, the color Doppler PISA method is useful for estimating regurgitant stroke volume.
Finding Questions to Your Answers

We present our recent work on building an information access system that finds questions to a given document. The paper provides the detailed design of our inverse question answering system, and analyses the challenges and issues faced during implementation.
Perspectives and Projections in Counseling Research: An Interview with Garry R. Walz.

Throughout the past 30 years, the counseling profession has been greatly assisted in establishing its knowledge base by the Educational Resources Information Center—Counseling and Student Services (ERIC/CASS) section. During that time, Garry R. Walz has directed the efforts of ERIC/CASS and has been a leading spokesperson about research and development issues. This article is a summary of an interview with Walz in which he reflected on past efforts to establish a sound knowledge base and discussed future challenges for the counseling profession.
Changes in Hemostasis and Lipid Metabolism in Postmenopausal Women Receiving Hormone Replacement Therapy: Effects of Natural and Synthetic Progestogens

Summary Objective In this study, we evaluated hemostatic factors related to cardiovascular disease in postmenopausal women receiving estrogen or combined progestogen replacement therapy. We further compared the effects of natural and synthetic progestogens on lipid profiles and hemostatic factors. Materials and Methods Of the 60 subjects, 20 who had undergone a hysterectomy used conjugated equine estrogen (CEE; 0.625 mg/day) alone (group I); the other 40 used CEE (0.625 mg/day for 21 days) plus either micronized progesterone (200 mg/day; group II; n = 20) or medroxyprogesterone acetate (10 mg/day; group III; n = 20) for the final 10 days. The effects on lipid profiles and hemostatic parameters were evaluated at baseline and after 6 and 12 months of treatment. Results Only group I patients showed a significant reduction in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and the atherogenic ratios of total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and LDL-C/HDL-C, as well as an increase in triglycerides. Tissue plasminogen activator levels decreased significantly in group I but did not change in groups II or III. Antithrombin III and protein S levels decreased significantly in group I but increased in groups II and III. Group I patients showed a stronger increase in protein C than those in either group II or III. There were no significant differences in hemostatic parameters between groups II and III. Conclusion Estrogen replacement therapy may have beneficial effects on lipid profile and fibrinolytic factors in postmenopausal women. Both natural and synthetic progestogens attenuated the effects of estrogen. The 1-year effects of hormone replacement therapy on factors related to venous thromboembolism were positive. Micronized progesterone was not superior to medroxyprogesterone acetate.
Ways of Writing: Linguistic Analysis of Self-Assessment and Traditional Assignments

Scholars of teaching and learning have endorsed self-assessment assignments as a way to encourage greater reflection by students. However, no studies to date have compared writing in self-assessment with traditional academic assignments. We performed a quantitative text analysis of students' language in self-assessment versus traditional assignments from 3 courses. Self-assessment assignments included more references to cognitive words (i.e., words related to insight) than traditional academic assignments. In addition, self-assessments included more emotion words and pronouns and were linguistically simpler than traditional academic assignments. We conclude that self-assessment assignments encourage students to become more reflective, a goal of the American Psychological Association (2007) curricular guidelines.
Factors Related to Intentions to Report a Rape

Approximately 100 women in each of four ethnic groups (Asian, Black, Hispanic and White) completed a questionnaire in which they indicated (a) intentions to report having been raped to each of 10 potential report recipients; (b) perceived outcomes of reporting to each report recipient; and (c) perceived normative expectations to report held by family, friends, etc. It was found that (1) intentions to report varied substantially according to ethnic group membership; (2) subject-by-subject analyses indicated that normative expectations were typically better predictors of intentions to report than were perceived outcomes; and (3) with certain exceptions, ethnic differences existed with regard to the specific perceived outcomes that were most closely related to behavioral intentions, while the specific normative expectations that best predicted behavioral intentions tended to be the same for all four groups. Language: en
Hot spots in mortality from drug poisoning in the United States, 2007-2009.

Over the past several years, the death rate associated with drug poisoning has increased by over 300% in the U.S. Drug poisoning mortality varies widely by state, but geographic variation at the substate level has largely not been explored. National mortality data (2007–2009) and small area estimation methods were used to predict age-adjusted death rates due to drug poisoning at the county level, which were then mapped in order to explore: whether drug poisoning mortality clusters by county, and where hot and cold spots occur (i.e., groups of counties that evidence extremely high or low age-adjusted death rates due to drug poisoning). Results highlight several regions of the U.S. where the burden of drug poisoning mortality is especially high. Findings may help inform efforts to address the growing problem of drug poisoning mortality by indicating where the epidemic is concentrated geographically.
Embracing quality and safety education for the 21st century: Building interprofessional education

The education of health professions students is rooted historically in time-honored and silo-bound traditions of pedagogy and content not easily influenced by outside forces. However, the quality chasm work of the Institute of Medicine, Institute of Healthcare Improvement, Quality and Safety Education for Nurses, and other groups has led to a remarkable willingness to change at one academic health sciences university. This article describes one university's strategies, challenges, and successes in delivering interprofessional educational programs. Four interprofessional learning activities, developed using a plan-do-study-act model and focused on teamwork, quality, and safety, are presented. Challenges and successes encountered are described as well as a curricular framework to enhance sustainability.
MANAGERIAL OWNERSHIP, TAKEOVER DEFENSES, AND DEBT FINANCING

We examine the effect of agency conflicts on debt financing and show that managerial ownership and its interaction with takeover defenses affect these decisions. We find that (1) the relation between leverage and takeover defenses becomes insignificant when we control for the interaction of these defenses with managerial ownership, and (2) firms with large managerial ownership operate at high debt levels unless they have a large number of takeover defenses. Therefore, a two-dimensional aspect of governance that includes the interaction between managerial ownership and takeover defenses is useful in understanding the effect of agency conflicts on firms' debt financing decisions.
Indications and patient selection for mechanical ventricular assistance

Cardiac assist devices have become an important component of transplantation programs as they successfully bridge unsalvageable patients who would otherwise die. The indications for a device can still be classified into short-term and long-term situations. The short-term indications have expanded into areas such as postcardiotomy failure, high-risk cardiac operations, and acute myocardial infarction with results that were not previously possible in the absence of a well-established mechanical assistance program. Appropriate patient selection remains challenging and perhaps the most important attribute of a successful ventricular assist program. Although few exact criteria can define patients who are not eligible, several considerations and screening scales can help determine a particular patient's suitability. Specific attention must be given to right heart function, neurologic status, existing infections, renal function, and transplantation suitability. The future of this field will not only be in technological advances with devices but in optimization of patient selection and expanding indications such as permanent replacement therapy.
Lift on an Oscillating Body of Revolution

Abstract : A theoretical and experimental investigation of the lift and moment on an 8/1 ellipsoid of revo lution performing small oscillations in a direc tion normal to the free stream has been carried out. The maximum circulatory lift coefficient measured is 0.035, about half the value obtained in steady flow at the same maximum angle of attack and Reynolds number. Furthermore, a phase lag of 20 degrees in the build-up of the lift was observed. The maximum pitching moment is reduced by 16 percent from the value predicted by potential theory. The circulatory lift was predicted theoretically by calculating the net vorticity discharged into the main body of the fluid from the boundary layer at any instant of time. By means of a generalization of the Kutta-Joukowski theorem, the component of lift caused by a vector circulation on a control surface surrounding the body and its wake was then computed. The total lift is obtained by adding to the circulatory lift two additional components which depend on acceleration and are associated with the 'apparent mass' of the body. (Author)
Hypoelliptic heat kernel inequalities on the Heisenberg group

We study the existence of “L p -type”gradient estimates for the heat kernel of the natural hypoelliptic “Laplacian”on the real three-dimensional Heisenberg Lie group. Using Malliavin calculus methods, we verify that these estimates hold in the case
Viscoelastic studies of human subscapularis tendon: Relaxation test and a Wiechert model

Numerical techniques such as the finite element method employ the material constitutive laws for their analysis. With regards to finite element analysis involving viscoelastic solids, the Generalized Standard Linear Solid (Wiechert) model has been a popular choice among available constitutive laws. Although numerous models have been developed to specifically describe the viscoelastic behavior of tendons and ligaments, most of them have not been implemented in commercial finite element packages. This paper describes a stress relaxation test on the human subscapularis tendon, and then presents an approach for obtaining constitutive parameters of a Wiechert model for the human subscapularis tendon using experimental data from the aforementioned relaxation test. The approach is general and thus, can be applied to other tendons and ligaments, as well as any linear viscoelastic solid materials. The Wiechert model is required if finite element analysis using the commercial finite element package ANSYS is to be performed for a biomechanic structure composed of tendons and/or ligaments.
Pineal melatonin rhythms in the lizard Anolis carolinensis: II. Photoreceptive inputs.

The pineal organ of the lizard Anolis carolinensis acts as a transducer of photoperiodic information, since light can affect the pineal melatonin rhythm (PMR). The synthesis and secretion of melatonin may be a major mechanism whereby a circadian pacemaker within the pineal can control circadian clocks located elsewhere. An investigation into potential routes by which light could affect the PMR showed that (1) removal of the photosensory parietal eye did not affect the PMR as compared to controls under either a light-dark (LD) 12:12 cycle and a constant temperature (32°C) or an LD 12:12 cycle and a daily temperature cycle (32°C/ 20°C); (2) removal of both the parietal eye and the lateral eyes did not affect the PRM of anoles held in LD 12:12 (constant 32°C); (3) the PMR of blinded anoles re-entrained to a 10- hr shift in the phase of the LD cycle as rapidly as that of sighted anoles; (4) blocking light penetration to the brains of anoles, but leaving the lateral eyes exposed, blocked the ability of anoles ...
Multicultural-Social Justice Leadership Strategies: Counseling and Advocacy with Immigrants

Immigration in the United States has been steadily increasing. Accompanying the largest influx of migrants into the U.S. during the past 20 years have been stereotypes and myths about immigrant populations. Growing concern about the shifting demographics has resulted in political debates on immigration, discrimination, hate crimes, and escalating controversy about undocumented people, all of which has caused strong proponents for and strong opponents against stringent migrant policies and legislation. Changing demographics, policies, and falsehoods about migrants have led to increased mental health concerns within the migrant groups that require counselors and psychologists to understand and effectively work with the unique needs of migrants in culturally responsive ways. This article dispels some of the myths about immigrants and provides examples of culturally responsive interventions specifically targeting the distinctive experiences of migrant populations. Recommendations on advocacy activities and strategies for this group are also provided.
Family Timeidae Topsent, 1928

Timeidae Topsent (Demospongiae, Hadromerida) now contains only Timea because Diplastrella was moved to the Spirastrellidae. These sponges are thin, colorful (mostly red) crusts with choanosomal tylostyles arranged in vague tracts, ectosomal tylostyles in bouquet arrangement. Euasters occur throughout the body and form a dense layer at the surface. Species are cryptic and are found in shaded habitats of warm-temperate to tropical shallow-water environments.
Stroke prevention: recent achievements and new challenges

Stroke remains a major health problem despite the great effor ts made worldwide to fight against it. Despite therapeutic achievements to treat ischemic stroke patients in stroke units with tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), prevention remains the most powerful strategy to cure this complex disease. Stroke is a heterogeneous and multi-factorial disease caused by the combination of vascular risk factors, environment, and genetic factors. These risk factors can be subdivided into non-modifiable (age, sex, race-ethnicity, genetic variations and predispositions) and modifiable (hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, atrial fibrillation, carotid artery stenosis, smoking, poor diet, physical inactivity and obesity). The metabolic syndrome, a cluster of metabolic risk factors within an individual, has been recognized as and important factor associated with an increased risk of stroke. Recently, a great emphasis has been given to the investigations of genetic factors and stroke risk, which may lead to the discovery of new biomarkers for prevention, diagnosis and to the alternative strategies for stroke treatment. In this review we sought to discuss the main risk factors for stroke and the current strategies of stroke prevention.
A Partial Order Approach

This chapter deals with the question of how independence of events in concurrent systems contributes to the state explosion problem, and how a partially ordered representation can avoid this problem.
Potentiation of responses to adrenergic nerve stimulation in isolated rat atria during chronic tricyclic antidepressant administration.

Several weeks of tricyclic antidepressant administration are required to effectively reverse depression. To determine whether there are adaptive changes in andrenergic nerve function which correspond to the clinical onset of antidepressant action, the endogenous norepinephrine content, [3H]norepinephrine uptake and retention, responses to exogenous norepinephrine and the release of norepinephrine during field stimulation were studied using left atrial strips isolated from rats treated with either acutely or chronically with tricyclic antidepressants. Desipramine, nortriptyline, chlorimipramine and iprindole were administered to rats, 10 mg/kg i.p., twice daily. After 14 days of drug administration, the responses to field stimulation were potentiated markedly by all four tricyclics. In contrast, 1 day of tricyclic treatment had only slight potentiating effects. When phenoxybenzamine, 10(-7) M, was added to the organ bath in order to block the inhibitory presynaptic alpha receptor, the responses of control atria and atria from rats treated for 1 day with desipramine were potentiated but those of atria treated for 21 days with desipramine were not potentiated. The development of presynaptic alpha receptor subsensitivity during chronic tricyclic administration would explain these findings. Other possible explanations were also investigated. The uptake and retention of [3H]norepinephrine was markedly inhibited to a similar degree of either 1 or 14 days of desipramine or nortriptyline administration. One day of chlorimipramine treatment decreased the amount of [3H]norepinephrine taken up and retained by left atrial strips, and after 14 days of treatment decreased the amount further. In contrast, neither 1 nor 14 days of iprindole administration had any effect on the uptake and retention of [3H]norepinephrine. These data indicate that the potentiation of the responses to field stimulation cannot be explained by the inhibition of norepinephrine uptake. The inotropic response to exogenous norepinephrine was not altered by any duration of administration of any of the four tricyclics studied. Furthermore, the endogenous norepinephrine content of atria did not change after as many as 21 days of desipramine administration. The present results indicate that the potentiation of the effects of adrenergic nerve transmission during chronic tricyclic administration is the result of an increase in norepinephrine release which occurs due to the development of presynaptic alpha receptor subsensitivity. The time course of development of presynaptic receptor subsensitivity corresponds well with the onset of clinical activity of these drugs.
Critical Current and AC Loss of Coevaporated Nb3Sn Superconductors

Stanford University has a program devoted to gaining an understanding of the material parameters of type II superconductors that are important for the achievement of high critical currents and minimum ac losses in the low magnetic fields encountered in superconducting power transmission lines. To that end, electron beam deposited Nb3Sn has been investigated. This method of fabrication is attractive because of the ease by which samples of differing grain size, thickness, and multiple components (layered samples) can be made. The present stage of this work has dealt mainly with tubular samples because this geometry is convenient for making induced critical current [1,2] and electronic ac loss measurements as described in more detail in a companion paper[3]. However, this configuration somewhat complicates the sample preparation process, as deposition is done on a heated, rotating tube, rather than a flat substrate. This paper provides observations on the film growth morphologies encountered in this process and relates them to the measured superconducting properties.
The efficacy of current prognostic models in predicting outcome of patients with myelodysplastic syndromes at the time of hypomethylating agent failure

Several prognostic scoring systems have been developed to risk stratify patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) in order to serve as clinical decision tools. Such models include: the International Prognostic Scoring System (IPSS),[1][1] the World Health Organization (WHO) classification-based
Presentation of the Distinguished Public Service Award of the Mineralogical Society of America for 2015 to J. Alexander Speer

Mr. President, Honorees, Members of MSA: Twenty years ago, our Society confronted an array of challenges. The severity of the situation can best be described by reference to that illustrious American philosopher, Donald Rumsfeld. We faced the “known knowns”—the challenges we knew we knew. These included a plunge in membership from a high of 2900 in the early 1980s down to 2200 in the mid-1990s—a 25% reduction. Next, the Society faced the known unknowns. In 1995, the financial prospects for MSA were murky. Our endowment was recovering from a steep recession, but income from membership fees and journal subscriptions was steadily dropping. Finally, MSA faced the unknown unknowns—the challenges we didn’t know we didn’t know. Could any of us at that time have imagined that the internet would allow people to download MSA’s intellectual property with the click of a mouse? The good news—or more accurately—the great news, is that we found someone to navigate our way past these obstacles. We hired J. Alexander Speer—Alex to everybody. Alex …
The Effects of Display Layout on Monitoring and Updating System States

Information-display issues are described in the context of a complex memory-updating task similar to Yntema's (1963). Subjects performed the updating task with two types of graphic interfaces. In o...
Orbital atherectomy as an adjunct to debulk difficult calcified lesions prior to mesenteric artery stenting

PurposeTo describe a technique in which percutaneous orbital atherectomy is used to debulk heavily calcified superior mesenteric artery (SMA) occlusions as an adjunct in patients undergoing angioplasty and stenting.TechniqueThe technique is demonstrated in a 62-year-old woman with a replaced right hepatic artery originating from an SMA occluded by densely calcified lesions. Via a left transbrachial approach, a 7-F MPA guide catheter was used to engage the ostium of the SMA, which was crossed using a catheter and guidewire. The calcified lesion was debulked using the 2-mm Diamondback 360° orbital atherectomy system. The wire was exchanged for a 0.014-inch filter wire and 0.018-inch guidewire. Using a 2-guidewire technique, the SMA was stented with a self-expanding stent for the distal lesion that crossed side branches and a balloon-expandable stent at the ostium. A 0.014-inch guidewire was placed into the replaced hepatic artery through a cell of the self-expanding stent, followed by deployment of a small ...
Rock Mechanical Properties According to Hardness and Plasticity Coefficient of Rock Cuttings

It is important to know about the formation mechanical properties during the process of oil drilling and exploitation.The relevant relations between hardness and plasticity coefficient of rock cuttings and drilling rock capability,compressive strength and grinding are described based on the data of the experimenta on the rock cuttings from the Xinjiang Oil field.With the relevant relations,the mechanical properties of rock in the drilling formation can be gained.
Present Moment Contact and Nonjudgment: Pilot Data on Dismantling Mindful Awareness in Trauma-Related Symptomatology

Conventional views purport that mindfulness includes two components: present moment contact (PMC) and nonjudgment. While mindfulness-based interventions that target a broad spectrum of psychopathology, including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), emphasize “being present” as a key mechanism toward wellness, researchers have struggled to measure PMC and assess its clinical utility. Is there any inherent value in PMC or is its clinical utility contingent upon simultaneously engaging in nonjudgment? This pilot study introduces an experimental paradigm designed to dismantle mindfulness and examine the utility of these two components. Forty women with interpersonal victimization histories were assigned to either a nonjudgment condition or a control condition. Next, participants recalled their trauma and then wrote down whatever information was present in their awareness. PMC was measured in both conditions by assessing the frequency of present tense verbs used within these written protocols. As predicted, in the absence of nonjudgment, PMC was related to high negative affect and low positive affect, though unrelated to trauma intrusion frequency. In the nonjudgment condition, PMC was no longer related to state affect and inversely related to trauma intrusion frequency. These pilot data suggest that isolating PMC from nonjudgment may be unhelpful and perhaps iatrogenic.
WATER IN PLANTS: THE PHENOMENON OF FROST SURVIVAL

Many plants freeze and survive. This is unusual in living systems, as most organisms are killed if frozen, including most higher plants if frozen in summer. However, in winter many plants ”cold acclimate” and survive freezing and exposure to +4°R. Often when freezing injury occurs, it is associated with a general lysis of the tissue cells; the lysing takes place after brief exposure below the killing temperature. In some cases the general cell lysis occurs at temperatures well below the freezing of most of the tissue water and long after the tissue water has frozen. In other cases a freezing event terminating deep undercooling is associated with cell lysis. In this review the freezing of plant water and the associated membrane changes leading to cell lysis are discussed.
Co-Optimizing Battery Storage for the Frequency Regulation and Energy Arbitrage Using Multi-Scale Dynamic Programming

We are interested in optimizing the use of battery storage for multiple applications, in particular energy arbitrage and frequency regulation. The nature of this problem requires the battery to make charging and discharging decisions at different time scales while accounting for the stochastic information such as load demand, electricity prices, and regulation signals. Solving the problem for even a single-day operation would be computationally intractable due to the large state space and the number of time steps. We propose a dynamic programming approach that takes advantage of the nested structure of the problem by solving smaller subproblems with reduced state spaces, over different time scales.
Embracing e-Service

The successful companies and organizations are the ones that look for changing trends in the way customers, consumers, and citizens wish to do business. Governments and businesses that do not embrace services on the Internet will be destined to have dissatisfied citizens and consumers.
Introduction to the Congenital Heart Defects: Anatomy of the Conduction System

The position and course of the conduction system in congenital heart disease are intricately tied to the underlying congenital malformation. Although only subtle differences exist between the anatomy of the conduction axis for simple congenital heart lesions and normal anatomy, almost every patient with congenital heart disease harbors some important anatomic variation. This article summarizes the body of literature by retaining original classical concepts and by attempting to translate the available knowledge into useful points for the congenital heart disease specialist. This discussion spans the entire spectrum of simple to complex congenital heart disease.
A review of the role of immune cells in acute kidney injury.

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a systemic disease occurring commonly in patients who are critically ill. Etiologies of AKI can be septic or aseptic (nephrotoxic, or ischemia–reperfusion injury). Recent evidence reveals that innate and adaptive immune responses are involved in mediating damage to renal tubular cells and in recovery from AKI. Dendritic cells, monocytes/macrophages, neutrophils, T lymphocytes, and B lymphocytes all contribute to kidney injury. Conversely, M2 macrophages and regulatory T cells are essential in suppressing inflammation, tissue remodeling and repair following kidney injury. AKI itself confers an increased risk for developing infection owing to increased production and decreased clearance of cytokines, in addition to dysfunction of immune cells themselves. Neutrophils are the predominant cell type rendered dysfunctional by AKI. In this review, we describe the bi-directional interplay between the immune system and AKI and summarize recent developments in this field of research.
Stories Matter: Contextualizing the Black German American Adoptee Experience(s)

The aim of Chapter 9 is to bring into focus the complex mosaic of historical, political, and social systems within which the post-World War II cohort of dual-heritage German African American adoptees have negotiated their individual identities. As a member of this subject group, an adoption scholar, and the founding president of the Black German Heritage and Research Association (BGHRA), for nearly two decades the writer has represented the interests of the Black German American adoptees to a multidisciplinary, international public. No ethnography is available yet, and life narratives from adult adoptees are just beginning to appear in multidisciplinary scholarly discourses. A collective experience situates this adoptive cohort both apart from and within the context of a broader transnational/transracial adoption experience. Exploration of their collective experiences and concerns will contribute to a more nuanced look at the constructs of race, nation, and culture—key topics in the intersectional discourses in Childhood, Adoption, Migration, and Black German Studies. Black German adoptees indeed share a sociopolitical history that is specific to their cohort, along with the ubiquitous emotional challenges inherent in transnational adoption. There is, however, no overarching narrative or monolithic Black German American adoption experience. The chapter proposes a view that Black Germans are also transracial adoptees, since many comment that as foreign-born, biracial children coming of age in 1960s’ America, they experienced race and racism differently in the United States than did their African American generational peers. Adoptee testimonies suggest this difference impacts identity and one’s sense of cultural belonging.
MOLECULAR SURVEILLANCE FOR BARTONELLA, BORRELIA, AND RICKETTSIA SPECIES IN TICKS FROM DESERT BIGHORN SHEEP (OVIS CANADENSIS) AND MULE DEER (ODOCOILEUS HEMIONUS) IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA, USA

ABSTRACT: Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) were collected from 44 desert bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) and 10 mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) in southern California, US during health inspections in 2015–16. Specimens were identified and screened by PCR analysis to determine the presence and prevalence of Bartonella, Borrelia, and Rickettsia species in ticks associated with these wild ruminants. None of the 60 Dermacentor hunteri and 15 Dermacentor albipictus ticks tested yielded positive PCR results. Additional tick specimens should be collected and tested to determine the prevalence of these confirmed or suspected tickborne pathogens within ruminant populations.
Stochastic over-subscription planning using hierarchies of MDPs

In over-subscription planning (OSP), the set of goals is not achievable jointly, and the task is to find a plan that attains the best feasible subset of goals given resource constraints. Recent classical OSP algorithms ignore the uncertainty inherent in many natural application domains where OSPs arise. And while modeling stochastic OSP problems as MDPs is easy, the resulting models are too large for standard solution approaches. Fortunately OSP problems have a natural two-tiered hierarchy, and in this paper we adapt and extend tools developed in the hierarchical reinforcement learning community in order to effectively exploit this hierarchy and obtain compact, factored policies. Typically, such policies are sub-optimal, but under certain assumptions that hold in our planetary exploration domain, our factored solution is, in fact, optimal. Our algorithms work by repeatedly solving a number of smaller MDPs, while propagating information between them. We evaluate a number of variants of this approach on a set of stochastic instances of a planetary rover domain, showing substantial performance gains.
Maximizing the value of genomics in the drug discovery and development process.

Genomics and all the associated technologies it has spawned have fundamentally changed the way research and development organizations carry out the work they do in the early stages of discovery. However, successful organizations must move from product concept through to registration as efficiently as possible. In order to achieve this, the early “basic” science must be combined with the clinical perspective from the start. Furthermore, since the genomics industry was first established in the early 1990s it has evolved from tool and data suppliers to drug development companies. It is therefore likely that we will see technology advances in genomics become more limited in the years ahead.
Service Entrance Hosting Capacity

A large share of DER, particularly residential solar photovoltaics systems, are being connected at the customer’s service entrance. While extensive work has been performed to determine hosting capacity upstream of the distribution service transformer, less emphasis has been given on how to consider the impact when DER is interconnected downstream. This paper takes initial steps to determine service entrance hosting capacity. The hosting capacity of three real North American residential services is analyzed. The underlying sensitivities are examined in detail. Moreover, the impact of the individual customer load variability and split-phase transformer unbalance is studied.
A Real-Time Multiplex PCR Assay for Detection of Elizabethkingia Species and Differentiation between Elizabethkingia anophelis and E. meningoseptica.

ABSTRACT Nosocomial infections of Elizabethkingia species can have fatal outcomes if not identified and treated properly. The current diagnostic tools available require culture and isolation, which can extend the reporting time and delay treatment. Using comparative genomics, we developed an efficient multiplex real-time PCR for the simultaneous detection of all known species of Elizabethkingia, as well as differentiating the two most commonly reported species, Elizabethkingia anophelis and Elizabethkingia meningoseptica.
Disentangling Microbial Mediators of Malnutrition: Modeling Environmental Enteric Dysfunction

Environmental enteric dysfunction (EED) (also referred to as environmental enteropathy) is a subclinical chronic intestinal disorder that is an emerging contributor to early childhood malnutrition. EED is common in resource-limited settings, and is postulated to consist of small intestinal injury, dysfunctional nutrient absorption, and chronic inflammation that results in impaired early child growth attainment. Although there is emerging interest in the hypothetical potential for chemical toxins in the environmental exposome to contribute to EED, the propensity of published data, and hence the focus of this review, implicates a critical role of environmental microbes. Early childhood malnutrition and EED are most prevalent in resource-limited settings where food is limited, and inadequate access to clean water and sanitation results in frequent gastrointestinal pathogen exposures. Even as overt diarrhea rates in these settings decline, silent enteric infections and faltering growth persist. Furthermore, beyond restricted physical growth, EED and/or enteric pathogens also associate with impaired oral vaccine responses, impaired cognitive development, and may even accelerate metabolic syndrome and its cardiovascular consequences. As these potentially costly long-term consequences of early childhood enteric infections increasingly are appreciated, novel therapeutic strategies that reverse damage resulting from nutritional deficiencies and microbial insults in the developing small intestine are needed. Given the inherent limitations in investigating how specific intestinal pathogens directly injure the small intestine in children, animal models provide an affordable and controlled opportunity to elucidate causal sequelae of specific enteric infections, to differentiate consequences of defined nutrient deprivation alone from co-incident enteropathogen insults, and to correlate the resulting gut pathologies with their functional impact during vulnerable early life windows.
Malignant: Esophageal Cancers

Worldwide, the incidence of new esophageal cancers is 440,000, and new deaths are 442,000 making esophageal cancer ranked ninth and sixth as the most common cancer and most frequent cancer-related cause of death, respectively. Esophageal carcinoma can be squamous cell carcinoma or adenocarcinoma, the latter increasing in frequency is North America and Europe. Obesity and reflux disease have been attributed to the cause.
Measurement of Object Relations : A Review

Although object relations theories are increasingly prominent in the psychoanalytic and psychotherapeutic literature, efforts to study these phenomena empirically remain in their infancy. Researchers interested in studying intrapsychic processes have nonetheless attempted to assess levels of object relatedness, and several reports have documented both construct and predictive validity. This literature is reviewed, with special emphasis on the difficulties involved in the development of assessment instruments. The author summarizes reliability and validity data on the most widely used instruments in an effort to provide general guidelines for researchers interested in developing strategies for measuring object relations.
Euler characteristic of analogues of a Deligne–Lusztig variety for GLn

Abstract We give a combinatorial formula to calculate the Euler characteristic of an analogue of a Deligne–Lusztig variety, denoted Y w , g , which is attached to an element w in the Weyl group of G L n and g ∈ G L n . The main theorem of this paper states that the Euler characteristic of Y w , g only depends on the unipotent part of the Jordan decomposition of g and the conjugacy class of w. It generalizes the formula of the Euler characteristic of Springer fibers for type A.
MEMS and Microfluidic Devices for Chemical and Biosensing

There has been a tremendous growth in the use of MEMS technology for physical sensing, enabled by low cost sensors and resonators for widespread use in smart phones and wearable electronic devices for health and fitness. MEMS technology is now being applied to chemical and biosensing in combination with microfluidic devices. Microfluidic devices provide integrated liquid handling for assays and cell cultures. The detection of volatile organic compounds with micro-gas chromatography is another area where miniaturization can provide lower cost and portable instruments with widespread applications. These topics are areas for technical papers presented at the upcoming IMCS meeting in Montreal in May 2020.
General Relativity, Geometrodynamics and Ontology

For nearly two decades before 1972, Professor John Wheeler pursued a research program in physics that was predicated on a monistic ontology which W. K. Clifford had envisioned in 1870 and which Wheeler (1962b, p. 225) epitomized in the following words: “There is nothing in the world except empty curved space. Matter, charge, electromagnetism, and other fields are only manifestations of the bending of space. Physics is geometry.” In an address to a 1960 Philosophy Congress (Wheeler, 1962a), he began with a qualitative synopsis of the protean role of curvature in endowing the one presumed ultimate substance, empty curved space, with a sufficient plurality of attributes to account for the observed diversity of the world. Said he (1962a): … Is space-time only an arena within which fields and particles move about as ‘physical’ and ‘foreign’ entities? Or is the four-dimensional continuum all there is? Is curved empty geometry a kind of magic building material out of which everything in the physical world is made: (1) slow curvature in one region of space describes a gravitational field; (2) a rippled geometry with a different type of curvature somewhere else describes an electromagnetic field; (3) a knotted-up region of high curvature describes a concentration of charge and mass-energy that moves like a particle? Are fields and particles foreign entities immersed in geometry, or are they nothing but geometry? It would be difficult to name any issue more central to the plan of physics than this: whether space-time is only an arena, or whether it is everything (p. 361).
Ultraviolet Radiation Exposure, Risk, and Protection in Military and Outdoor Athletes

Overexposure to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) from the sun is associated with deleterious health effects including, but not limited to, increased risk of skin cancers. Military personnel and those who participate in outdoor exercise or sports represent two potential populations at elevated risk of negative health consequences of UVR exposure due to large amounts of time spent outdoors, often in harsh UVR environments. Despite exposure to high and/or frequent doses of UVR in recreational and tactical athletes, adequate sun-protection practices are often disregarded or not well understood by many within these at-risk populations, resulting in heightened risk of negative UVR effects. The focus of this review is to examine the available literature regarding UVR exposure, risk of adverse health effects of UVR exposure, and sun protection practices in outdoor exercisers, athletes, and military personnel.
Neutrophil calprotectin identifies severe pulmonary disease in COVID-19

Severe cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are regularly complicated by respiratory failure. While it has been suggested that elevated levels of blood neutrophils associate with worsening oxygenation in COVID-19, it is unknown whether neutrophils are drivers of the thrombo-inflammatory storm or simple bystanders. To better understand the potential role of neutrophils in COVID-19, we measured levels of the neutrophil activation marker S100A8/A9 (calprotectin) in hospitalized patients and determined its relationship to severity of illness and respiratory status. Patients with COVID-19 (n=172) had markedly elevated levels of calprotectin in their blood. Calprotectin tracked with other acute phase reactants including C-reactive protein, ferritin, lactate dehydrogenase, and absolute neutrophil count, but was superior in identifying patients requiring mechanical ventilation. In longitudinal samples, calprotectin rose as oxygenation worsened. When tested on day 1 or 2 of hospitalization (n=94 patients), calprotectin levels were significantly higher in patients who progressed to severe COVID-19 requiring mechanical ventilation (8039 +/- 7031 ng/ml, n=32) as compared to those who remained free of intubation (3365 +/- 3146, p<0.0001). In summary, serum calprotectin levels track closely with current and future COVID-19 severity, implicating neutrophils as potential perpetuators of inflammation and respiratory compromise in COVID-19.
Substantive Rights in a Constitutional Technocracy

There are two deep puzzles in American constitutional law, particularly related to individual substantive rights, that have persisted across generations: First, why do courts apply a double standard of judicial review, giving strict scrutiny to noneconomic liberties but mere rational basis review to economic ones? Second, why does American constitutional law take the common law baseline as the free and natural state that needs to be protected? This Article proposes a technocratic vision of substantive rights to explain and justify both of those puzzles. The central idea is that modern substantive rights — the rights to speech, religion, association, reproduction, and parenting — protect a discrete set of markets that is characterized by unusually high degrees of economic and moral uncertainty. The Article identifies three sources of economic uncertainty (hedonic centrality, uncertain valence of value, and long/fat tailed distributions) and two sources of moral uncertainty (deep dissensus and pluralism/ambivalence) that are prevalent in all five protected markets. In the presence of those kinds of uncertainty, all theories for distributional success that are relevant in a representative democracy necessarily fail, and from a societal perspective, all distributions of goods within uncertain markets are, as far as we can tell, equally good and equally bad. As a result, regulators cannot hope to improve market distributions from the common law baseline and ought not to try. That said, the modern doctrinal formulation for strict scrutiny allows regulators to intervene when they can identify discrete market failures or moral consensuses within protected markets (when they can write a “narrowly tailored” intervention to serve a “compelling state interest”), further demonstrating that the harm rights seek to avoid is fruitless regulatory tinkering in the face of uncertain costs and benefits.