cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Coupled dynamics of charged macromolecules and counterions mediated by binding enzymes

We investigate the role of active coupling on the transport properties of the macromolecules. The active coupling comes due to bound enzymes with a segment of the macromolecule wherein the enzyme exerts an electrostatic force on the segment of the macromolecule, and eventually, it gets unbound due to the thermal fluctuations. This binding and unbinding process generates active fluctuations in the dynamics of the macromolecule. Starting with segment dynamics and correlations for three dynamical models with active coupling, we obtain the cooperative diffusivity for the realistic charged macromolecules with hydrodynamics. First, we construct the three models by incorporating the features of a real polymer systematically, starting from simple Rouse dynamics with active coupling. We further include segment-segment interactions and in addition, hydrodynamic interactions with active coupling. Our obtained scaling form for segment-segment correlations for the models in terms of the size exponent of the polymer indicating that hydrodynamic and segment-segment interactions along with the active coupling lead to new scaling regimes. We finally study the dynamics of a homogeneously charged flexible polymer in an infinitely dilute solution where enzymes and counterions affect the dynamics of the polymers. We analytically investigate how these active fluctuations affect the coupled dynamics of the polymer and counterions. It turns out that these active fluctuations enhance the effective diffusivity of the polymer. The derived closed-form expression for diffusivity is pertinent to accurate interpretation of light scattering data on multi-component systems with binding-unbinding equilibria.
Phylotranscriptomics reveals discordance in the phylogeny of Hawaiian Drosophila and Scaptomyza (Diptera: Drosophilidae)

Island radiations present natural laboratories for studying the evolutionary process. The Hawaiian Drosophil-idae are one such radiation, with nearly 600 described species and substantial morphological and ecological diversification. These species are largely divided into a few major clades, but the relationship between these clades remains uncertain. Here we present 12 new assembled transcriptomes from across these clades, and use these transcriptomes to resolve the base of the evolutionary radiation. We recover a new hypothesis for the relationship between clades, and demonstrate its support over previously published hypotheses. We then use the evolutionary radiation to explore dynamics of concordance in phylogenetic support, by analyzing the gene and site concordance factors for every possible topological combination of major groups. We show that high bootstrap values mask low evolutionary concordance, and we demonstrate that the most likely topology is distinct from the topology with the highest support across gene trees and from the topology with highest support across sites. We then combine all previously published genetic data for the group to estimate a time-calibrated tree for over 300 species of drosophilids. Finally, we digitize dozens of published Hawaiian Drosophilidae descriptions, and use this to pinpoint probable evolutionary shifts in reproductive ecology as well as body, wing, and egg size. We show that by examining the entire landscape of tree and trait space, we can gain a more complete understanding of how evolutionary dynamics play out across an island radiation.
Connecting the Matrix and Wave Theories

In our chapter on the Gottingen matrix quantum mechanics, we were dealing with the first quantum theory presented. The approach in this theory was initiated by Heisenberg, essentially alone. The fact that this was based on matrices was noticed by Born. Heisenberg had Pauli’s encouragement and Jordan enthusiastically offered his background and talent. The work was finally the product of three minds.
MULTICULTURAL MEDICINE AND ENSURING GOOD HEALTH FOR ALL

This article explores health disparities and the effects of race and ethnicity on health care quality. It emphasizes the importance of cross-cultural training and two areas that can make a difference in delivering health care services to minorities: 1) establishing national guidelines and standards for culturally competent care; and 2) improving the healthcare educational pipeline and incorporating cultural proficiency curriculum into all medical training. Information from this article was presented during Plenary Session 1 of the Fifth Annual Primary Care and Prevention Conference, September 21, 2005.
Metabolic Aberrations Associated with Arginine Deficiency

The significance of dietary arginine deficiency is often unrecognized since growth and nitrogen balance are generally positive. However, inadequate intakes of dietary arginine are typically associated with dramatic alterations in intermediary metabolism in mammals. Most of the symptoms that develop following arginine deprivation can largely be accounted for by a decreased efficiency of ammonia detoxification. However, species differences in the metabolic aberrations associated with arginine deficiency are clearly evident. Therefore, selected animals fed an arginine-deficient diet may serve as a useful model for the study of chronic hyperammonemia. In rats, mice, hamsters, guinea pigs and rabbits, the excretion of citric and orotic acid is a sensitive indicator of arginine availability. Increased orotic acid production is reduced or prevented by inclusion of the urea cycle intermediates arginine, citrulline or ornithine. However, growth in the rat is stimulated only when arginine or citrulline are included in the diet. Increased orotic biosynthesis is observed with increasing ammonia concentrations in rat, mouse and human liver and is reduced by in vitro arginine supplementation. The fatty infiltration of the rat fed an arginine-deficient diet is associated with changes in the ratio of purine to pyrimidine bases and is corrected by the dietary addition of adenine. The arginine-deficient rat should serve as a model for examining the dynamic interrelationship of the urea cycle with pyrimidine and purine biosynthesis.
Advanced High-Field Coil Designs: 20 Tesla

Recent advanced mirror fusion reactor studies indicate a trend toward using very high-field barrier solenoid coils. Indeed, the MARS and FPD* studies call for solenoid magnet peak fields of 24 and 20 T, respectively. During these studies, most of the investigators and magnet designers felt that only a portion of these fields could be obtained by using superconducting magnets, with the remainder being supplied by inner, copper, resistive coils. Such coils pose many problems in a high-radiation environment. It is therefore desirable to generate as much of the field as possible with superconductors, thus minimizing or eliminating the resistive coil problems by making the coils smaller. The data base on the material properties of superconductors, compiled through 1981, shows that superconducting magnet technology also has problems at high fields. The main factors limiting conceptual superconducting coil designs to peak field values of approximately 15 T are: 1. Low critical current densities in Nb3Sn at fields > 15 T. 2. The increased stabilizer resistivity, due to higher magneto-resistance, requires the use of more stabilizer, thus lowering the overall current density. 3. Large magnets and high fields produce enormous electromagnetic forces, which create prohibitive strains on an unreinforced superconductor. 4. The critical current density of advanced high-field superconductors, such as Nb3Sn, is strain sensitive. This compound is also extremely brittle and fractures at a strain of about 0.8% in a multifilamentary conductor.
Parallel processors and an approach to the development of inference engine

The reliable and fault tolerant computers are key to the success to aerospace, and communication industries where failures of the system can cause a significant economic impact and loss of life. Designing a reliable digital system, and detecting and repairing the faults are challenging tasks in order for the digital system to operate without failures for a given period of time. The paper presents a new and systematic software engineering approach of performing fault diagnosis of digital systems, which have employed multiple processors. The fault diagnosis model is based on the classic PMC model to generate data obtained on the basis of test results performed by the processors. The PMC model poses a tremendous challenge to the user in doing fault analysis on the basis of test results performed by the processors. This paper will perform one fault model for developing software. The effort has been made to preserve the necessary and sufficient.
Capturing Subgrid Physics in DNS of Multiphase Flows

Mass transfer in the liquid phase of gas-liquid multiphase flows usually takes place at a considerably slower rate than the transfer of momentum, so mass flux boundary layers are much thinner than momentum boundary layers. In Direct Numerical Simulations (DNS) the resolution requirement for flows where the Schmidt number (kinematic viscosity divided by mass diffusion) is high are therefore significantly higher than for flow without mass transfer. While it is, in principle, possible to capture the mass transfer using adaptive grid refinement, the structure of the boundary layer is relatively simple and well understood. Here we discuss a multi-scale approach to compute the mass transfer from buoyant bubbles, using a boundary-layer approximation next to the bubble and a relatively coarse grid for the rest of the flow.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Reliability Analysis for Multistate Systems with Multistate Components

Abstract An important problem in reliability theory is to determine the reliability of a complex system given the reliabilities of its components. In real life, the system and its components can be found in a range of states varying from perfect functioning through various levels of performance degradation to complete failure. This paper presents some models and their applications, in terms of reliability analyses, to situations where the system can have a whole range of states and all its components can also have a wide range of multiple states. Properties of the system structure function and computation and approximation of system state probabilities and system reliability measures are given.
Physical processes and sedimentation on a broad, shallow bank

An integrated study of the meteorology, physical oceanography, sedimentationand coastal morphology on the broad, shallow Miskito Bank off the eastern coast of Nicaragua has uncovered systematic interrelationships between driving forces. Bank geometry and sedimentologic environments on the Bank. Extremely high rainfall results from an interaction between meteorological processes over the Bank and topographic effects along the coast. Both acoustic and radio sounding of the lower atmosphere have documented the feedback between convective plumes, inversion layers and the incessant rainfall, which brings three times more freshwater and 15 times more sediment down to a unit length of coast than on the U.S. Atlantic shore. The resultant brackish, turbid coastal water moves as a highly organized band of water parallel to the coast. Seaward of this coastal boundary layer, offshore water from the Caribbean Current rides up on the Bank and provides an environment ideal for carbonate production. A zone of fine-grained terrigenous sediment underlying the coastal boundary current merges abruptly into a smooth carbonate plain covering most of the surface of the Bank. These central Bank carbonates are composed primarily of the disintegration products of prolific calcareous green algae. A trend of high relief, luxuriant coral reef growth is aligned along the steep dropoff at the Bank edge, a zone of observed upwelling of cooler and saltier basin water. A threefold southerly increase in wave energy at the shoreline due to the decreasing width of the shallow shelf results in wave-dominated coastal morphologies in the south compared to fluvial domination in the north and a systematic change from straight, linear bars and beaches in the north to rhythmic topography in the south.
Sequence relationships and expression patterns of zebrafish zic2 and zic5 genes

The zinc finger motif forms a DNA binding domain that is found in a wide variety of proteins. Among them, the members of the zic gene family are highly conserved throughout metazoans. We report here the isolation of two new members of this gene family in zebrafish, zic2.2 and zic5, isolated during random screening for tissue-specific genes. Zic2.2 is closely related to the previously reported zic2 gene, which we propose to rename zic2.1; these two genes form a subfamily with other vertebrate zic2 genes. We compare here the expression patterns of zic2.1, zic2.2, and zic5. All three genes showed dynamic expression patterns starting after the initiation of zygotic transcription, predominantly in the developing neural tube. Compared to zic2.1, zic2.2 was expressed in a similar but distinct manner during early development, particularly in the retina and the forming somites. A zic2.2 ortholog has not been identified in other vertebrate species, suggesting that the zic2.1/zic2.2 pair resulted from a genome duplication event during the evolution of the zebrafish lineage.
Short- and Long-Term Influence of Brush Canopy Cover on Northern Bobwhite Demography in Southern Texas

Abstract Extensive research has been devoted to quantifying the habitat needs and selection of many wildlife species. However, how habitat selection affects the long-term demographic performance of a species largely has been ignored. We used northern bobwhite ( Colinus virginianus ) and brush canopy coverage—an important habitat component for quail—to evaluate the influence of habitat on short- and long-term demographic performance of this species. We used data from a 5-yr (2001–2005) radiotelemetry study of northern bobwhite in southern Texas to obtain estimates of bobwhite density, survival, and production on three study areas with 5%, 11%, and 32% brush canopy cover. Our objectives were to compare these demographic variables individually among brush canopy cover classes and then simulate their cumulative effect on demographic performance using a simulation model. All demographic parameters were similar among the three brush canopy cover classes. However, simulation modeling indicated that long-term demographic performance was greater on the 11% and 32% brush canopy cover classes. Simulated bobwhite populations were 2–3 times higher in these two cover classes than the 5% brush canopy cover class. In addition, the probability of population persistence was greater in the 11% (0.91) and 32% (1.00) brush canopy cover classes than the 5% cover class (0.54) using a quasi-extinction criterion of ≤ 40 birds (≤ 0.05 birds · ha -1 ). Our study highlights the shortcoming of considering only short-term effects when comparing habitat given that short- and long-term effects of habitat on demographic performance can differ.
Analysis of short-pulse laser photon transport through tissues for optical tomography.

We describe a method for analyzing short-pulse laser propagation through tissues for the detection of tumors and inhomogeneities in tissues with the goal of developing a time-resolved optical tomography system. Traditional methods for analyzing photon transport in tissues usually involve the parabolic or diffusion approximation, which implies infinite speed of propagation of the optical signal. To overcome such limitations we calculate the transmitted and reflected intensity distributions, using the damped-wave hyperbolic P1 and the discrete-ordinates methods, for a wide range of laser, tissue, and tumor parameters. The results are compared with the parabolic diffusion P1 approximation.
Validation of the summary ROC for diagnostic test meta-analysis: a Monte Carlo simulation.

Abstract Rationale and Objectives The author performed this study to test a technique for validating the logit regression method for summary receiver operating characteristic (ROC) meta-analysis, perform initial validation studies, and identify areas for further investigation. Materials and Methods Monte Carlo simulation was performed by using a custom macro program for a personal computer spreadsheet. The program creates simulated data sets based on user-specified parameters, performs a meta-analysis on the data sets, and logs the results so the accuracy and variability of the method can be measured. The program can also be used to measure the effects of changes in study design and meta-analysis parameters. Results For the base case of a small meta-analysis (10 studies) of small trials (mean, 50 patients), the meta-analysis results closely matched the input sensitivity and specificity when they were less than 80%. Systematic errors, if any, were small. At sensitivities and specificities greater than 80%, the true sensitivity or specificity was underestimated by up to 2% in the meta-analysis. Confidence intervals calculated with the summary ROC curve were reasonably conservative, although they too fell below the true results when sensitivity or specificity was greater than 80%. The underestimation was eliminated when the simulation was repeated for a much larger trial (mean, 1,000 cases per study)\Meven with a sensitivity and specificity of 98%. Conclusion The Littenberg-Moses method for summary ROC meta-analysis is effective for obtaining an accurate summary estimate of diagnostic test performance, although the continuity correction introduces a small downward bias in the meta-analysis of small trials.
Effect of Bilirubin on Brainstem Auditory Evoked Potentials in the Asphyxiated Rat

ABSTRACT: We measured brainstem auditory evoked responses (BAER) in four groups of paralyzed, ventilated, adult rats. Group A (n = 2) received intravenous albumin; group B (n = 5) received bilirubin in albumin; group C (n = 7) was asphyxiated and then received albumin; and group D (n = 19) was asphyxiated and received bilirubin in albumin. When compared with control values, no changes in BAER occurred in groups A or B and only slight changes were found in group C. In group D, seven rats died and seven suffered a marked secondary deterioration of the BAER following recovery, a phenomenon that did not occur in group C (p = 0.02). Bilirubin toxicity appears to be responsible for the changes in BAER but prior asphyxia was necessary for this effect to occur. Because the changes that occurred in group D involved all four major waves, it is not possible to separate out a toxic effect of bilirubin, localized to the auditory nerve and the auditory pathway, from a generalized systemic effect which could cause attenuation of the entire response. The BAER may be useful, however, as a noninvasive means of identifying bilirubin toxicity in the newborn.
Researching the “Un-Digital” Amish Community: Methodological and Ethical Reconsiderations for Human Subjects Research

This article argues that methodologies for studying community literacy must be reexamined in light of advancements in technology and the research community’s relationship to those technologies. Based on her ethnographic study of an Amish community in southeast Ohio, the author offers a counterpoint to discussions of literacy and digital tools by showing how differing perspectives on technology led to complications during the data collection process. Furthermore, Adkins argues that methodologies cannot always be dictated by a template or by “best practice” and that researchers and IRBs should be more flexible in their thinking about how to treat research communities ethically.
Structural changes upon sorption and desorption of Xe from Cd-exchanged zeolite rho: a real-time synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction study☆

Abstract Xe has been trapped and controllably released from Cd-exchanged zeolite rho. The competitive sorption of H 2 O into the Xe-loaded sample has been followed in real time using synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction and a position-sensitive detector. Rietveld refinement shows that upon exposure to the atmosphere, Xe is lost in two steps involving desorption firstly from the double 8-rings (D8R) and then single 6-rings (S6R). Essentially all the Xe is lost from the D8R in the first hour.
A Comparison of Some Aspects of the Aqueous Coordination Chemistry of Aluminum(III) and Iron(III)

Abstract The aqueous coordination chemistry of Al3+ and Fe3+ is compared. The differences in electronegativities (Xm ), ionic radii (ri ) and electron configuration (dn ) for the two ions are shown to influence trends in aquo ion structure and reactivity, hydrolysis, and metal complex stability. Similarities in coordination chemistry result in similarities in distribution and modes of transport for Al3+ and Fe3+ in a biological system.
A METHOD FOR ELIMINATING WATER MARKS FROM TABLEWARE1

Water marks are eliminated from decorated tableware by washing in a solution (1 part to 4000) of Saponin as it comes from the “decal” machines, or by adding a defoaming agent such as turkey red oil to the saponin solution in the machine tank.
Vitamin D Insufficiency is Associated with Reduced Parasympathetic Nerve Fiber Function in Type 2 Diabetes.

OBJECTIVE Vitamin D insufficiency is prevalent in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and is associated with peripheral neuropathy. However, there are little data regarding vitamin D status in patients with cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy. Our objective was to evaluate the association of cardiovascular autonomic function, 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) insufficiency (i.e., levels <30 ng/mL), and multiple metabolic parameters in subjects with T2DM. METHODS We examined 50 individuals with T2DM. Cardiovascular autonomic function (i.e., parasympathetic function) was assessed by RR-variation during deep breathing (i.e., mean circular resultant [MCR] and expiration/inspiration [E/I] ratio). Metabolic parameters included measures of adiposity, glycemic control, insulin resistance, calcium metabolism, and 25(OH)D. RESULTS Participants with 25(OH)D insufficiency (n = 26) were younger (66 ± 9 vs. 60 ± 10 years, P<.05), more insulin resistant, had a higher body mass index (BMI) and lower adiponectin levels. The MCR (39.5 ± 26.3 vs. 27.6 ± 17.2, P<.01) and E/I ratio (1.21 ± 0.17 vs. 1.15 ± 0.09, P<.01) were lower for those with 25(OH)D insufficiency after controlling for age. A stepwise selection procedure regressing MCR and E/I ratio on a number of metabolic parameters resulted in a model identifying age and 25(OH)D insufficiency as significant determinants for both measures. The interaction of age x 25(OH)D insufficiency was also included (MCR model, R2 = 0.491, P<.001; E/I ratio, R2 = 0.455, P<.001). Neither glycemic control nor other metabolic parameters were selected. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that 25(OH)D insufficiency is associated with reduced parasympathetic function, with a stronger association in younger persons with T2DM. Studies are needed to determine if vitamin D supplementation into the sufficient range could prevent or delay the onset of cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction.
Defining and Measuring Recreational Shopper Identity

The concept of recreational shopper identity, a dimension of the consumer—s self-concept, is contrasted with simple shopping enjoyment, which has characterized most past research on recreational shopping. Two survey studies investigate recreational shopper identity in a clothing shopping context. In Study 1, the Recreational Shopper Identity (RSI) Scale is validated with a sample of 561 adult consumers, demonstrating that recreational shopping is experienced as a true leisure activity. In Study 2, involving 354 adult consumers, the RSI Scale is used to identify three groups of shoppers who differ in the degree to which they incorporate recreational shopping into their self-concepts. Recreational shopping enthusiasts are found to engage more extensively in a range of retail shopping behaviors, to spend more money shopping (i.e., they are not just browsers), and are more “multi-channel” than other shoppers, reporting higher levels of Internet, catalog, and TV home shopping as well as traditional “brick-and-mortar” shopping.
LGBT Community, Social Network Characteristics, and Smoking Behaviors in Young Sexual Minority Women

Smoking rates among young sexual minority women (YSMW) are disproportionately high as compared to heterosexual populations. While this disparity has commonly been attributed to the sexual minority stress process, little empirical work has explored what may protect YSMW from high rates of smoking. Using data (N = 471) from a cross-sectional study designed to investigate YSMW's (age 18-24) smoking behaviors and correlates; we explore the relationship of LGBT community connections, YSMW's social network characteristics, and stress to smoking behaviors (i.e., status, frequency, amount). Through this analysis, we find support for LGBT community connection as well as friendships with other sexual minorities as protective in relation to YSMW's smoking behaviors. We discuss the implications of our results, highlighting the need for future longitudinal research and interventions designed to bolster YSMW's connections to the LGBT community and their social networks.
Effect of low temperatures (-18 to +5°C) on the texture of beef lean.

Abstract The textural properties of beef over the temperature range −18 to +5 °C were measured using Warner Bratzler (WB) and tensile techniques. In addition, the effects of rapid radio frequency (RF) tempering and slower conventional air tempering on texture were compared. Temperature showed a significant effect ( P P ⩾ 0.05) on the textural properties measured. In light of the rapid nature of RF tempering, these findings will be of interest to the meat industry.
Theoretical investigation of native defects, impurities, and complexes in aluminum nitride

We have performed density-functional pseudopotential calculations to investigate the electronic structure, atomic configurations, and formation energies of native point defects and impurities in AlN. For the native defects, the nitrogen vacancy has the lowest formation energy in p-type material and the aluminum vacancy has the lowest formation energy in n-type material. Under n-type conditions the formation energy of the nitrogen vacancy is high, indicating that it will not occur in high concentrations. We find that the nitrogen vacancy exhibits a different behavior in the zinc-blende and wurtzite structures with respect to the higher-lying defect-induced level: in zinc-blende materials, this level is a resonance in the conduction band causing the vacancy to act as a shallow donor, while in wurtzite the level lies well below the conduction-band edge causing the vacancy to act as a deep donor. In the zinc-blende structure we find, in addition, that the aluminum interstitial has a low formation energy in p-type material. The results indicate that these defects could be important compensation centers; we discuss this in relation to the dopant impurities O, Si, and Mg. We also investigate MgO and ${\mathrm{Mg}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ impurity complexes. A comparison between results obtained using the local-density approximation and the generalized-gradient approximation for the exchange-correlation functional shows that the results are qualitatively very similar.
Habitat saturation and communal breeding in the acorn woodpecker

Abstract The acorn woodpecker (Melanerpes formicivorus) typically lives in social groups that breed communally: all group members help to feed the young of a single nest. The behaviour of acorn woodpeckers was compared in two locations (New Mexico and California) to test the hypothesis that saturation of the habitat by established groups may lead to more than a single male-female pair living in groups during reproduction. Several lines of evidence indicated that the habitat was less saturated in New Mexico. This difference was reflected in a lower tendency for juveniles and adults to remain in groups, higher reproductive rates and, most important, smaller group sizes. These results suggest that habitat saturation plays an important role in communal breeding in this species.
Implantation of transvenous nonthoracotomy cardioverter-defibrillator systems in patients with permanent endocardial pacemakers

Among 177 patients in whom a nonthoracotomy approach was initially used to implant a cardioverter-defibrillator system, 11 (6%) patients also received a separately implanted permanent pacemaker. The main problem encountered in these patients were previously implanted unipolar pacemakers (n = 3) and ventricular pacing leads positioned at the right ventricular apex, the latter interfering with optimal placement of the tripolar implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) lead (n = 9). The approaches used to solve these problems were individualized and included placement of the ICD sensing lead at the right ventricular outflow tract (n = 3), initial placement (n = 1) or subsequent repositioning (n = 2) of the right ventricular pacing lead at the outflow tract, upgrade from unipolar to bipolar systems (n = 2), reprogramming from the DDD to AAI mode (n = 2), inactivation of the pacemaker (n = 1), and simultaneous placement of a single-chamber atrial pacemaker with the ICD lead (n = 2). These revisions fulfilled the pacing needs in each patient and prevented unfavorable sensing interaction between the two systems.
Factors Contributing to Intimate Partner Violence among Men in Kerala, India

Kerala is one of the most progressive states in India in terms of women’s opportunities for higher education and employment. Despite these advancements in gender equality, intimate partner violence (IPV) against women remains high, with some studies finding increased rates of IPV in Kerala relative to other states. This study examines contributing factors to male-to-female IPV in Kerala. One hundred and thirty-four men were surveyed on perceived marital power, early exposure to violence, drinking habits, depression, and marital satisfaction in relation to current IPV. Forty percent of participants reported incidents of IPV in the past year. Batterers scored significantly higher on childhood abuse, drinking, depression, and marital dissatisfaction. These four predictor variables were all significantly correlated with male-to-female IPV, but perceived marital power was only partially correlated with IPV. Abuse in childhood emerged as the strongest predictor of current IPV. Implications and suggestions for further research are discussed.
Information processing techniques in planning: An investigation of preferences of executive planners

Abstract Planning situations differ according to environmental volatility, system adaptation, and planning level. Differences in planning situations should influence the extent of planners' information search and the type of information processing techniques that will be appropriate. The literature identifies eight information processing tools as aids in planning. Each aid should be more appropriate for use in some planning situations than in others. This study examines whether planners in a specific situation prefer the planning aid(s) prescribed for that situation. The results suggest that preference does not correspond closely to one theory but that some other form of implicit theory may be operating.
The regimes of the east-west and the radial anisotropies of cosmic rays in the heliosphere

Observations dating back to 1957 are used to show that there are two distinct physical states of the heliosphere. From 1957-1970 the diurnal anisotropy consisted of the azimuthal component only. This period is defined as the regime of the east-west anisotropy. The period 1971-1979 is characterized by the appearance of a radial anisotropy which attained a maximum amplitude in 1976, when the solar activity was minimum. It is suggested that there is an inverse correlation between the amplitude of the radial anisotropy and solar activity. The physical state of the heliosphere is very stable during the regime of east-west anisotropy and extremely dynamic during the radial anisotropy regime. It is suggested that the heliosphere switches from one physical state to another following the onset of the solar polar field reversal.
Modeling of the Generation and Collapse of Aqueous Foams

Drainage of the continuous phase liquid from a foam plays a pivotal role in determining its stability to collapse. A theoretical model for the drainage of the liquid during generation of a foam by bubbling and its subsequent collapse is presented. The model accounts for drainage in the films as well as in the plateau border channels. Drainage of the films is modeled using Reynold's equation for the flow between parallel flat circular disks under the influence of van der Waals, electrical double-layer, and plateau border suction forces with film rupture occurring when the film thickness attains a certain critical value. Since this model accounts for collapse at the foam/gas interface during generation, it is able to predict the steady state height attained by pneumatic foams. The model is also able to predict the establishment of a drainage equilibrium when the opposing forces of gravity and plateau border suction gradient balance each other. The effect of various parameters such as superficial gas velocit...
Novel solvent-resistant hydrophilic hollow fiber membranes for efficient membrane solvent back extraction

Abstract The advantages of employing hydrophilic hollow fiber membranes for efficient membrane solvent back extraction are explored via novel solvent-resistant hydrophilic hollow fiber membranes. The mass transfer rate of solute in membrane-based solvent extraction is controlled by boundary layer resistances and the membrane resistance. The membrane resistance can be reduced by preferentially filling the membrane pores with the phase preferred by the solute. In membrane solvent back extraction (MSBE) reactive or otherwise, it is preferable to have the pores of the membrane filled with aqueous phase. There are almost no solvent resistant hydrophilic membranes available having the required pore sizes to provide stable aqueous–organic interface at higher organic phase pressures. To that end, Nylon 6 hydrophilic porous hollow fiber membranes were coated on the inner diameter (i.d.) via insolubilization of polyethylenimine (PEI) by crosslinking to reduce the pore size. The coating provided a stable immobilized organic–aqueous interface over a reasonable range of breakthrough pressures. Back extraction of acetic acid from methyl isobutyl ketone into water was used as a model system for non-reactive extraction. Back extraction of phenol from methyl isobutyl ketone into caustic solutions was used as a model system for reactive extraction. Transport rates of phenol and acetic acid in coated hydrophilic fibers have been compared with those in hydrophobic microporous polypropylene and non-coated hydrophilic hollow fiber membranes. The novel solvent-resistant hydrophilic membranes provided better performance for nondispersive MSBE. This study also illustrated the enhancement of mass transfer coefficients in membrane solvent back extraction when the membrane pores are filled with aqueous phase.
A summary of the treatment of periodontal diseases

S IN the therapy of any disease, periodontal treatment must be based on A a correct diagnosis. This necessitates an understanding of the pathologic changes going on in the periodontium and their correla.tion to the clinical symptoms. This knowledge combined with an understanding of the etiologic factors that are responsible for the disease, will aid the dentist in selecting a method of periodontal therapy which will best remove the exciting causes. The treatment of periodontal diseases consists of three phases: (1) The removal of the etiologic factors, (2) the correction of the symptoms, and (3) the institution of procedures for the maintenance of health.
Spin-current order in anisotropic triangular antiferromagnets.

We analyze instabilities of the collinear up-up-down state of a two-dimensional quantum spin-$S$ spatially anisotropic triangular lattice antiferromagnet in a magnetic field. We find, within the large-$S$ approximation, that near the end point of the plateau, the collinear state becomes unstable due to the condensation of two-magnon bound pairs rather than single magnons. The two-magnon instability leads to a novel two-dimensional vector chiral phase with alternating spin currents but no magnetic order in the direction transverse to the field. This phase breaks a discrete ${Z}_{2}$ symmetry but preserves a continuous $U(1)$ one of rotations about the field axis. It possesses orbital antiferromagnetism and displays a magnetoelectric effect.
River Flows for Alternative Conditions of Water Resources Development

The Texas water availability modeling (WAM) system consists of the water rights analysis package (WRAP) river/reservoir system simulation model, which is generalized for application any place in the world, and WRAP input data sets for all of the river basins of Texas. The WRAP/WAM system combines historical natural river basin hydrology with specified scenarios of water resources development, management, and use. Multiple-year sequences of monthly river flows for natural and alternative conditions of development are simulated. The paper compares flow-frequency statistics for nine major Texas rivers under natural and current conditions. The WRAP modeling system was recently expanded to provide flexible additional capabilities to develop stream flows representing various other user-specified conditions. An investigation of the Brazos River Basin demonstrates the new methodologies for adjusting river flows to reflect specified water management scenarios of interest.
Cardiovascular mortality in children and young adults with end-stage kidney disease.

Abstract Objective: To analyze cardiovascular death in a national end-stage renal disease (ESRD) population. Study design: This retrospective, observational study with data from the US Renal Data Systems analyzed 1380 deaths from 1990 to 1996 among patients who started ESRD therapy as children and died before 30 years of age. Results: Percentage of cardiac deaths (n = 311) varied by age and was higher among black patients (0-4 years, 36%; 5-9 years, 18%; 10-14 years, 35%; 15-19 years, 22%; 20-30 years, 32%) than white patients (18%, 12%, 17%, 14%, and 23%, respectively). Among black patients, cardiac deaths occurred in 11% of transplant recipients, 34% of dialysis patients, and among white patients 9% and 25%, respectively. Black patients were 1.6 times more likely to die of a cardiac death ( P P =.0001). The cardiac death rate among dialysis patients was 21.4 per 1000 patient-years in black patients compared with 20.5 in white patients. Transplantation cardiac death rates were lower in black patients, 2.1 per 1000 patient-years, and 1.3 in white patients. Conclusions: Cardiovascular death accounts for 23% of pediatric and young adult ESRD deaths. Black patients and dialysis patients are at higher risk of a cardiac death compared with white patients and transplant recipients. Further studies are needed to identify risk factors associated with cardiovascular death in patients with ESRD. (J Pediatr 2002;141:191-7)
Connecting recombination, nucleotide diversity and species divergence in Drosophila

The association between recombination rate and nucleotide diversity provides compelling evidence for the action of natural selection across much of the Drosophila melanogaster genome. This conclusion is further supported by the lack of association between recombination rate and nucleotide divergence between species. However, studies of other species, including other Drosophila, have not always yielded the same results. Our recent study measured these parameters within the D. pseudoobscura species group using next-generation sequencing and high-throughput genotyping technologies. We documented fine-scale variation in crossover rate within D. pseudoobscura, and we observed that crossover variation was strongly associated with nucleotide diversity only when measured at a fine-scale. We also observed associations between crossover rate and sequence differences between D. pseudoobscura and its close relatives. These latter associations could have been driven in part by mutagenic effects associated with double-strand break repair, but we cannot exclude the possibility that it results primarily from shared ancestral polymorphisms. Overall, this work strongly underscores the importance of scale in testing for associations of recombination rate with other parameters, and it brings us one small step closer to understanding the role of natural selection and other evolutionary forces in shaping divergence among genomes.
Motherhood and Work–Life Balance in the National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I Setting: Mentors and the Female Athletic Trainer

Context: One of the greatest catalysts for turnover among female athletic trainers (ATs) is motherhood, especially if employed at the National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I level. The ...
Construction of a bacterial autoinducer detection system in mammalian cells

Quorum sensing (QS) is a cell density-dependent signaling system used by bacteria to coordinate gene expression within a population. QS systems in Gram negative bacteria consist of transcription factors of the LuxR family and their acyl homoserine lactone (AHL) ligands. We describe here a method for examining QS signaling systems in mammalian cells that uses engineered LuxR-type proteins from the opportunistic pathogen, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which can function as AHL-dependent transcription factors. The engineered proteins respond to their cognate ligands and display sequence specific DNA binding properties. This system has several potential biotechnological and biological applications. It may be used to characterize any LuxR-type protein, screen animal and plant cell extracts or exudates for compounds that mimic or interfere with AHL signaling or to screen different cell types for AHL inactivating activities.
Working women and state policies in Taiwan : a study in political economy

List of Tables List of Figures Acknowledgements List of Abbreviations Introduction Theoretical Perspectives Family and Gender Ideology Capitalist Development and the Female Labour Force Women's Movements and Women in Policy-making System Social Welfare and State Policies The Emergence of the Gender Equal Employment Bill Conclusion: Towards a Theoretical Historical Account of Gender Inequality in Taiwan Appendices Notes Bibliography Index
Design Professions and Earthquake Policy

Abstract This article addresses the role of the design professions in enhancing seismic safety as evidenced by interviews with design professionals in the Pacific Northwest. Key policy issues of relevance to this discussion concern the role of codes and other regulatory efforts in influencing design practices. The findings indicate seismic design practices are driven by seismic codes and related norms of “good” engineering and seismic design. Economic and liability considerations constrain practices beyond those of code provisions. As a consequence, policy reforms for seismic risk reduction are highly dependent upon seismic code revision. Variation in seismic design practice is reduced through professional educational efforts, professional licensing and registration requirements, and code enforcement. These findings serve as qualified endorsement of the current federal “limited regulatory” strategy in working with private code‐setting authorities to improve seismic code provisions. The qualifications conc...
PR39 Inhibits Apoptosis in Hypoxic Endothelial Cells Role of Inhibitor Apoptosis Protein-2

Background— PR39 is a proline- and arginine-rich peptide implicated in wound healing and myocardial ischemia protection. To determine the potential mechanisms of PR39 in ischemia, we examined the role of PR39 in hypoxia-induced apoptosis in vascular endothelial cells. Methods and Results— Hypoxia results in an increase of apoptosis in bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAECs), as determined by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase–mediated dUTP biotin nick-end labeling (TUNEL) analysis and caspase-3 activity. Hypoxia induced 66.2±2.7% TUNEL-positive cells, whereas in the presence of synthesized PR39 peptide, TUNEL-positive cells were reduced to 29.6±1.9% (P<0.05). After 24 hours of hypoxia, the addition of PR39 reduced caspase-3 activity to 3.17±0.47 pMol/min from 10.52±0.55 pMol/min in hypoxic BAECs. Moreover, PR39 increased inhibitor of apoptosis protein-2 (IAP-2) gene and protein expression by 3-fold in a time- and dose-dependent manner. The induction of IAP-2 by PR39 conferred an increase in IAP-2 gene ...
Cyst wall synthase: N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase activity is induced to form the novel N-acetylgalactosamine polysaccharide in the Giardia cyst wall.

Uridine-5′-diphospho-N-acetylgalactosamine (UDP-GalNAc) is required in the formation of the outer filamentous wall of Giardia and is synthesized by inducible enzymes in the cytosol of encysting trophozoites. In this study, an inducible enzyme activity that is associated with a particle population isolated from encysting Giardia is reported, and this activity exclusively incorporates [1-14C]GalNAc (from UDP-[14C]GalNAc) into an ethanol precipitate with the same properties as the filamentous cyst wall of Giardia. This ethanol precipitate exhibits characteristics of Giardia cyst wall filaments in that both contain GalNAc as the only sugar moieties and are SDS-insoluble, proteinase- and alkali-resistant and acid-hydrolysable. However, since the precise chemical nature of the ethanol precipitate remains unknown, this enzyme activity is referred to tentatively as cyst wall synthase (CWS). CWS activity peaks in cells between 24 and 36 h of encystment and exhibits a high affinity and marked specificity for UDP-GalNAc as its substrate. UDP-N-acetylglucosamine, UDP-glucose, UDP-galactose, d-glucosamine and d-galactosamine were not incorporated into the ethanol precipitate. Partially purified CWS activity exhibits an apparent K m of 0·048 mM for UDP-GalNAc, a V max of 0·70 nmol min−1 (mg protein)−1 and a requirement for divalent cations in the following order of preference: Ca2+, Mg2+>Co2+>>>Mn2+, Zn2+. EDTA inhibits CWS activity.
Evaluation of mutagenic and carcinogenic properties of brominated and chlorinated acetonitriles: by-products of chlorination

The present study was undertaken to determine if chlorinated and brominated acetonitriles formed during the chlorination of drinking water possess mutagenic and/or carcinogenic properties. Chloroacetonitrile (CAN), dichloroacetonitrile (DCAN), trichloroacetonitrile (TCAN), bromochloroacetonitrile (BCAN), and dibromoacetonitrile (DBAN) were tested for their ability (1) to produce point mutations in the Salmonella/microsome assay, (2) to induce sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells in vitro, (3) to produce micronuclei in polychromatic erythrocytes in CD-1 mice, and (4) to act as tumor initiators in the skin of Sencar mice. DCAN and BCAN were found to be direct-acting mutagens in Salmonella. All five haloacetonitriles induced SCE in CHO cells in vitro. This activity paralleled the extent of chlorine substitution and was further enhanced in the dihaloacetonitrile series when bromine was substituted for chlorine. None of the haloacetonitriles showed evidence of activity in the mouse micronucleus assay. DBAN, BCAN, and CAN initiated tumors in the mouse skin with topical applications followed by a 20-week promotion schedule of 12-O tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate applications (p < 0.02). These data indicate that the haloacetonitriles do display mutagenic and carcinogenic properties in some test systems and the hazard associated with their occurrence in drinking water and production within the gastrointestinal tract require further evaluation.