cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Model development for spatial variation of PM2.5 emissions from residential wood burning.

Abstract This paper presents a preliminary research result of spatially quantifying and allocating the potential activity of residential wood burning (RWB) by using demographic, hypsographic, climatic and topographic information as independent variables. We also introduce the method for calculating PM2.5 emission from residential wood combustion with the potential activity as primary variable. A linear regression model was generated to describe spatial and temporal distribution of the potential activity of wood burning as primary heating source. In order to improve the estimation, the classifications of urban, suburban and rural were redefined to meet the specifications of this application. Also, a unique way of defining forest accessibility is found useful in estimating the activity potential of RWB. The results suggest that the potential activity of wood burning is mostly determined by elevation of a location, forest accessibility, urban/non-urban position, climatic conditions and several demographic variables. The analysis results were validated using survey data collected through face-to-face and telephone interviews over the study area in central California. The linear regression model can explain approximately 86% of the variation of surveyed wood burning activity potential. The total PM2.5 emitted from woodstoves and fireplaces is analyzed for the study region at county level.
Electronic messaging systems for more effective management

It is shown how electronic messaging can increase productivity within the organization and how it produces changes in time management, managerial effectiveness, and conversational behavior. The effects of using electronic messages to make decisions are also discussed.
A new generation of CTEQ parton distribution functions with uncertainty analysis

The CTEQ6 parton distribution functions are described. The PDF's are constructed by global analysis of data from many experimental collaborations and theoretical calculations based on QCD.
Phase conjugate distortion correction for astronomical adaptive optics based on wavelet ridge extraction

Adaptive Optics (AO) requires three elements: a Shack Hartmann wave- front sensor, Deformable Mirrors (DM) and computer control to compensate or correct for the distortion of the wavefront caused by turbulence in the atmosphere. These methods are limited by their massive scale, comparable expense and hardware constraints relating to the number of mirror element. We are developing a new approach to astronomical AO which uses an interferometric sensor, phase determination based on wavelet ridge extraction, and phase conjugate distortion correction.
A new seismic discriminant for earthquakes and explosions

With the spread of nuclear weapons technology, more regions of the world need to be monitored in order to verify nuclear nonproliferation and limited test-ban treaties. Seismic monitoring is the primary means to remotely sense contained underground explosions “Bolt, 1976; Dahlman and Israelson, 1977”. Both underground explosions and earthquakes generate seismic energy, which propagates through the Earth as elastic waves. The crux of the verification problem is to differentiate between the seismic signatures of explosions and earthquakes. Such identification is most difficult in countries with seismically active areas, where bombs might be detonated to blend in with the region's natural seismicity.
A Method Using Induced Waves to Study Pressure Propagation in Human Arteries

This report describes a method for utilizing externally induced impacts as a means of studying the propagation of pressure waves in intact human arteries. Because it is a new method its description is prefaced by a brief presentation of several factors relevant to wave propagation in living vessels; the description is followed by a critical evaluation.
Magnetic resonance imaging correlates of dementia in multiple sclerosis.

• Thirty-two patients with clinically definite multiple sclerosis were evaluated with neuropsychological procedures and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Neuropsychological evaluation included assessment of language, memory, cognition, visuospatial skills, and depression. Significant impairment in any three areas, compatible with diagnosis of a dementia syndrome, was observed in 28% of these patients, and lesser or no cognitive impairment characterized the remaining patients. Magnetic resonance imaging was used to evaluate the number and distribution of lesions as well as the presence of cerebral atrophy and atrophy of specific anatomic structures such as the corpus callosum. Results suggest that neither the number of lesions, the distribution of lesions, nor the extent of generalized cerebral atrophy was significantly greater in demented compared with non-demented patients. The primary finding was that atrophy of the corpus callosum was significantly more extensive on MRI scans in demented patients. Although the callosum itself may not be implicated directly in the pathogenesis of dementia, the presence of callosal atrophy on MRI scans should alert the physician to the possible occurrence of dementia in patients with multiple sclerosis.
How is young children’s intellectual culture of perceiving nature different from adults’?

How is young children’s intellectual culture of perceiving nature different from adults’? What types of linguistic and gender characteristics appear in that phenomenon? What should be considered in pedagogical practice for young children given this understanding? Based on field‐based vignettes collected from multiple sites and situations that are natural to young children’s living and learning environment, the exploratory paper presents two major social cultural characteristics: (1) there is a pattern of linguistic discourse that presents a mismatch between young children’s and adults’ perceptions of the natural environment; and (2) a stereotypical gender‐doing seems to be prevalent in the process of young children’s knowledge construction about their natural environment.
Utility of acetyldithio-CoA in detecting the influence of active site residues on substrate enolization by 3-hydroxyl-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase.

Abstract Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA synthase-catalyzed condensation of acetyl-CoA with acetoacetyl-CoA requires enolization/carbanion formation from the acetyl C-2 methyl group prior to formation of a new carbon-carbon bond. Acetyldithio-CoA, a readily enolizable analog of acetyl-CoA, was an effective competitive inhibitor of avian hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA synthase (Ki = 28 μm). In the absence of cosubstrate, enzyme catalyzed the enolization/proton exchange from the C-2 methyl group of acetyldithio-CoA. Mutant enzymes that exhibited impaired formation of the covalent acetyl-S-enzyme reaction intermediate exhibited diminished (D159A and D203A) or undetectable (C129S) rates of enolization of acetyldithio-CoA. The results suggest that covalent thioacetylation of protein, which has not been detected previously for other enzymes that enolize this analog, occurs with hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA synthase. Enzyme catalyzed the transfer of the thioacetyl group of this analog to 3′-dephospho-CoA suggesting the intermediacy of a covalent thioacetyl-S-enzyme species, which appears to be important for proton abstraction from C-2 of the thioacetyl group. Avian enzyme glutamate 95 is crucial to substrate condensation to form a new carboncarbon bond. Mutations of this invariant residue (avian enzyme E95A and E95Q; Staphylococcus aureus enzyme E79Q) correlated with diminished ability to catalyze enolization of acetyldithio-CoA. Enolization by E95Q was not stimulated in the presence of acetoacetyl-CoA. These observations suggest either a direct (proton abstraction) or indirect (solvent polarization) role for this active site glutamate.
Weight suppression predicts weight change over 5 years in bulimia nervosa.

Abstract Recent studies suggest that weight suppression (WS), defined as the discrepancy between current and highest past weight, predicts short-term weight gain in bulimia nervosa (BN) during treatment. The current study was designed to build on this preliminary work by examining the relation between WS and long-term weight change in BN. Treatment-seeking women (N = 97) with DSM-IV BN participated in a naturalistic longitudinal follow-up study of eating disorders. At intake, height and weight were measured and highest past weight was assessed. Self-reported weights were collected every 6 months for 5 years. Hierarchical Linear Modeling (HLM) estimated growth curves for weight change over time. Significant inter-person variability was detected for intercepts and slopes (P
Repeat induced abortion: single, married and divorced women

This examination of the effects of marital status on repeat abortion assesses, by multiple classification analysis, the importance of a set of predictors of repeat abortion (age, education, occupation, residence, religion, social support for the abortion, attitudes towards abortion, ambivalence to the abortion, source of idea of the abortion, referral source, contraceptive use) in a clinic sample of 984 single, married and divorced women. The different results for the three categories of women demonstrate the centrality of man–woman relations for an understanding of repeat abortion behaviour, and the need to orient future work on repeat abortion away from a predominant concern with contraception. Abortion can be understood only in terms of the cultural values and social practices which regulate different couple relations.
An indoor system for the study of biological aerosols in open air conditions

An indoor system designed for the study of survival of airborne micro-organisms in closed conditions has been successfully modified to allow the effect of open air to be measured. It was found that the unidentified open-air factors which are toxic for many species of microbes and rapidly lost when enclosed in conventional laboratory apparatus could be retained in the system by continuous ventilation at an adequate rate. The rate required allowed examination of Escherichia coli in aerosols generated from small amounts of material because of the short periods of ventilation required for appreciable viable decay to occur.The validity of the system was tested by comparing the survival of E. coli in true aerosols with its survival when the droplets were held on microthread. An investigation of the role of relative humidity in open-air toxicity was included.
Decadal-Timescale Estuarine Geomorphic Change Under Future Scenarios of Climate and Sediment Supply

Future estuarine geomorphic change, in response to climate change, sea-level rise, and watershed sediment supply, may govern ecological function, navigation, and water quality. We estimated geomorphic changes in Suisun Bay, CA, under four scenarios using a tidal-timescale hydrodynamic/sediment transport model. Computational expense and data needs were reduced using the morphological hydrograph concept and the morphological acceleration factor. The four scenarios included (1) present-day conditions; (2) sea-level rise and freshwater flow changes of 2030; (3) sea-level rise and decreased watershed sediment supply of 2030; and (4) sea-level rise, freshwater flow changes, and decreased watershed sediment supply of 2030. Sea-level rise increased water levels thereby reducing wave-induced bottom shear stress and sediment redistribution during the wind-wave season. Decreased watershed sediment supply reduced net deposition within the estuary, while minor changes in freshwater flow timing and magnitude induced the smallest overall effect. In all future scenarios, net deposition in the entire estuary and in the shallowest areas did not keep pace with sea-level rise, suggesting that intertidal and wetland areas may struggle to maintain elevation. Tidal-timescale simulations using future conditions were also used to infer changes in optical depth: though sea-level rise acts to decrease mean light irradiance, decreased suspended-sediment concentrations increase irradiance, yielding small changes in optical depth. The modeling results also assisted with the development of a dimensionless estuarine geomorphic number representing the ratio of potential sediment import forces to sediment export forces; we found the number to be linearly related to relative geomorphic change in Suisun Bay. The methods implemented here are widely applicable to evaluating future scenarios of estuarine change over decadal timescales.
Interface investigation and engineering – achieving high performance polymer photovoltaic devices

The contact between the polymer active layer and the electrode is one the most critical interfaces in polymer solar cells. In this article, we report the progress of interface engineering in polymer solar cell research, where the multiple functions of the interfacial materials will be discussed. The vertical composition profile in polymer:fullerene blends is an emerging topic, and the interlayer effect on the vertical phase separation and device performance will be highlighted. We also discuss the energy level alignment at the bulk heterojunction (BHJ) interface, with the aim of providing a better understanding towards the route of high efficiency polymer solar cells.
Ultra-sensitive atomic magnetometers and their applications

In this paper, a new type of high-sensitivity magnetometer that can surpass SQUID magnetometers operating in liquid-helium in sensitivity and spatial resolution is discussed. The sensitivity of atomic magnetometers is determined by the electron spin relaxation time and the number of alkali-metal atoms. The relaxation time is usually limited by spin-exchange collisions between atoms and drops at higher alkali-metal density. Spin-exchange collisions preserve the total spin of the atoms, but can change their hyperfine state, which reverses the direction of spin precession in the magnetic field. Thus, spin-exchange collisions usually cause spin decoherence. However, this relaxation process can be suppressed if the spin precession frequency is much smaller than the rate of spin-exchange collisions. These conditions lead to 'motional narrowing', where the spin precession angle between the collisions is so small that the atoms do not lose coherence. A magnetometer operating near zero magnetic field can simultaneously achieve high alkali-metal density and long spin-relaxation time, resulting in very high sensitivity.
EFFECTS OF FUTURE CROP TREE FLAGGING AND SKID TRAIL PLANNING ON CONVENTIONAL DIAMETER-LIMIT LOGGING IN A BOLIVIAN TROPICAL FOREST

Abstract Sustainable natural forest management initiatives in the lowland tropical forests of Bolivia require that cost-effective measures be identified to help maintain timber stand quality and reduce damage to advance regeneration during logging operations. This study considered the potential costs and benefits of including two ‘best’ management practices—the pre-harvest flagging of future crop trees (FCTs) and improved planning of skid trails—in adjacent 45 ha plots, in conjunction with conventional planned diameter-limit logging in a lowland tropical forest in the Department of Santa Cruz, Bolivia. The study also included a general assessment of FCT damage and timber waste associated with standard felling operations. The additional costs of flagging FCTs ≥30 cm DBH were estimated to be US$ 0.38/ha. FCT flagging significantly reduced damage by 20% in felling gaps and by 10% along skid trails that received 2–10 skidder passes. A mean directional error of ±35° per tree felled was observed for felling operations, indicating that damage to FCTs during felling could be reduced through implementation of directional felling techniques. Improved felling techniques could increase mean timber utilization by as much as 0.16 m3 or US$ 3.20 per tree felled through reduced wood waste associated with stump pull, a common problem observed during felling operations. Pre-harvest skid trail planning increased costs an estimated US$ 1.46/ha, but reduced mean skidder “search times” (min/m3 harvested) by 23% and unnecessary skid trails by 96%. Compared to normal harvesting operations, overall operational efficiency increased by approximately US$ 3.00/ha. Pre-harvest skid trail planning significantly reduced FCT damage along skid trails that received 2–10 skidder passes. The results of this study indicate that pre-harvest skid trail planning and improved timber felling techniques yield short-term financial gains relative to conventional management as well as potential long-term gains through FCT conservation and, therefore, warrant implementation. Forest certification groups should consider FCT flagging for inclusion in timber certification criteria for the region given its low cost and proven utility for maintaining timber stand quality.
Reflectarrays of Rectangular Microstrip Patches for Dual-Polarization Dual-Beam Radar Interferometers

Microstrip re∞ectarrays consisting of rectangular patches are investigated for application in space-based dual-polarized dual- beam radar interferometers. For nadir looking beams the angle of incidence of feed radiation in each patch is nominally 45 - . In such an application, square-patch re∞ectarrays can be designed for only one polarization with a sacriflce in performance in the other whereas re∞ectarrays consisting of rectangular patches may be designed for both polarizations, thereby improving their radiation performance. Piecewise planar parabolic re∞ectarrays consisting of square patches exhibit poor scan performance in tilted conflguration. It is shown that with the use of rectangular patches in such a re∞ectarray one can design two beams of difierent polarizations for two ofiset feeds, thereby providing signiflcant improvement in bandwidth and radiation performance.
The Effects of Crop Yield Insurance Designs on Farmer Participation and Welfare

The performance of individual farm yield and area yield crop insurance programs is evaluated for a representative Iowa corn farm using numerical optimization of expected utility and simulation techniques. Several different contract design features are studied, including the nature of the yield index which triggers insurance payouts, alternative restrictions on coverage levels, and alternative pricing structures. Performance is evaluated in terms of impacts on farmer participation and welfare and is examined in a portfolio setting where futures and options are also available to farmers. The relative performance of different crop insurance designs is found to be particularly sensitive to restrictions on coverage levels, the size of premium loadings, and the degree to which individual farm yields are correlated with area yields.
Novel blue light receptors with an F-box: their direct control of the circadian clock and the flowering timing in Arabidopsis

Most plants sense their environmental changes such as photoperiod by using an endogenous circadian clock to regulate their developmental phases. The core oscillator of the clock has been reported to be composed of a negative feed back loop of transcription. Meanwhile, recent biochemical studies have been shedding light on the importance of post- translational regulations for the circadian mechanisms. ZEITLUPE (ZTL) family members are unique proteins which have three characteristic domains; a LIGHT, OXYGEN AND VOLTAGE domain, an F-box domain and six kelch repeats. Recently, two of the three family members, ZTL and FLAVIN-BINDING, KELCH REPEAT, F-BOX 1 were reported to be novel types of blue light receptors which post-translationaly regulate the circadian clock and photoperiodic flowering, respectively. In this review, studies about ZTL family members making substantial progress are summarized and discussed.
On finite frequency selective surfaces

It is customary to approximate finite periodic structures by considering infinite surfaces. While this approach works under many circumstances, there are cases where strong surface waves are excited that cannot be accounted for by the infinite array approach An explanation of this phenomenon is shown.
Anthropological film: a scientific and humanistic resource.

More than a scientific endeavor but not strictly one of the humanities either, anthropology stands between these basic kinds of intellectual pursuit, bridging and contributing to both. Not limited to natural history, anthropology touches art, historical process, and human values, drawing from the materials and approaches of both science and humanities. This professional interest in a broad understanding of the human condition has led anthropologists to adapt and use modern cameras and films to inquire further into the variety of ways of life of mankind and to develop method and theory to prepare anthropological film as a permanent scientific and humanistic resource. Until quite recently the evolution of human culture and organization has diverged in the hitherto isolated regions of the world. Now this divergence has virtually ceased; we are witnessing an unprecedented period in human history—one where cultural divergence has turned to cultural convergence and where the varieties of independently evolved expressions of basic human potential are giving way to a single system of modern communications, transport, commerce, and manufacturing technology. Before the varieties of ways of life of the world disappear, they can be preserved in facsimile in anthropological films. As primary, undifferentiated visual information, these films facilitate that early step in the creation of new knowledge which is sometimes called humanistic and without which scientific application lies dormant, lacking an idea to test. In keeping with the two scholarly faces of anthropology, humanistic and scientific, anthropological films may provide material permitting both humanistic insight and the more controlled formulations of science. The lightweight filming equipment recently developed has been adapted by anthropologists as a tool of scholarly visual inquiry; methods of retrieving visual data from changing and vanishing ways of life have been developed; and new ways to reveal human beings to one another by using such visual resources have been explored. As a result, not only can anthropological film records permit continued reexamination of the past human conditions from which the present was shaped, but they also facilitate an ongoing public and scientific review of the dynamics of the human behavioral and social repertoire in relation to the contemporary conditions which pattern human responses and adaptation. How man fits into and copes with the changing world is of vital interest and concern. Visual data provide otherwise unobtainable information on human potential, behavior, and social organization. Such information, fed into the public media, facilitates informed consideration of alternative possibilities. By contributing to a better informed society, such films will help make our future more human and more humane.
String Quartets: A Research and Information Guide

Preface Part 1. General References Musicological: Basic Reference Sources Chamber Music: Basic Reference Sources Bibliographies and Catalogues: Chamber Music Bibliographies and Catalogues: String Quartets Part 2. Histories Definition, Concept, and Origins General Histories and Overviews Period Histories (and Multiple Composer Studies) Part 3. Individual Composers Part 4. Aspects of Performance Rehearsal Techniques and Advice Performance Practice and Interpretation Performing Groups Performing Groups: Miscellaneous Part 5. Facsimiles and Critical Editions Part 6. Miscellaneous Topics Subject Index Author Index
A novel modulation strategy to increase stimulation duration in neuromuscular electrical stimulation.

Introduction: Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) has been shown to be an effective treatment for mus- cular dysfunction. Yet, a fundamental barrier to NMES treat- ments is the rapid onset of muscle fatigue. The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of feedback-based frequency modulation on the closed-loop performance of the quadriceps during repeated dynamic contractions. Methods: In the first experiment, subjects completed four different frequency modu- lation NMES protocols utilizing the same amplitude modulation control to compare the successful run times (SRTs). A second experiment was performed to determine the change in muscle response to high- and low-frequency stimulation. Results: Com- pared with constant-frequency stimulation, results indicate that using an error-driven strategy to vary the stimulation frequency during amplitude modulation increases the number of success- ful contractions during non-isometric conditions. Conclusion: Simultaneous frequency and amplitude modulation increases the SRT during closed-loop NMES control. Muscle Nerve 44: 382-387, 2011
Evolution and behavioural responses to human-induced rapid environmental change.

Almost all organisms live in environments that have been altered, to some degree, by human activities. Because behaviour mediates interactions between an individual and its environment, the ability of organisms to behave appropriately under these new conditions is crucial for determining their immediate success or failure in these modified environments. While hundreds of species are suffering dramatically from these environmental changes, others, such as urbanized and pest species, are doing better than ever. Our goal is to provide insights into explaining such variation. We first summarize the responses of some species to novel situations, including novel risks and resources, habitat loss/fragmentation, pollutants and climate change. Using a sensory ecology approach, we present a mechanistic framework for predicting variation in behavioural responses to environmental change, drawing from models of decision-making processes and an understanding of the selective background against which they evolved. Where immediate behavioural responses are inadequate, learning or evolutionary adaptation may prove useful, although these mechanisms are also constrained by evolutionary history. Although predicting the responses of species to environmental change is difficult, we highlight the need for a better understanding of the role of evolutionary history in shaping individuals’ responses to their environment and provide suggestion for future work.
Hyponatremia: Current Treatment Strategies and the Role of Vasopressin Antagonists

Objective:Hyponatremia is a complex electrolyte disorder that results mainly from dysregulation of arginine vasopressin (AVP) by osmotic and nonosmotic mechanisms. Several populations, including the elderly, are at risk for the development of hyponatremia, and awareness of such risk factors can lead to an overall improvement in patient care. AVP receptor antagonists are promising new therapeutic options whose safety and efficacy have been clinically established for some forms of hyponatremia.Data Sources:A search of MEDLINE (1967–March 2007) was conducted, using the search terms aquaporins, AVP, AVP receptor antagonists, conivaptan, hyponatremia, lixivaptan, and tolvaptan. Additionally, data were obtained from manufacturers' prescribing information.Study Selection and Data Extraction:All articles identified from the reference search and data sources were evaluated. Material was included in this review if it was relevant to the pathophysiology and management of euvolemic and hypervolemic hyponatremia in ho...
General dentists, endodontists, and other dental specialists make different treatment recommendations depending on dental specialty status when presented with varying clinical scenarios involving endodontically involved teeth.

Article Title and Bibliographic Information Differences in clinical decision making: a comparison between specialists and general dentists. Bigras BR, Johnson BR, BeGole EA, Wenckus CS. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2008;106(1):139-44. Reviewer Brian Laurence, DDS, PhD Purpose/Question When faced with different clinical scenarios of varying difficulty involving endodontically involved teeth, do treatment choices vary according to dental specialty status? Source of Funding Information not available Type of Study/Design Cross-sectional study Level of Evidence Level 2: Limited-quality, patient-oriented evidence Strength of Recommendation Grade Grade C: Consensus, disease-oriented evidence, usual practice, expert opinion, or case series for studies of diagnosis, treatment, prevention, or screening.
Contacts of retreatment tuberculosis cases with a prior poor treatment outcome are at increased risk of latent tuberculosis infection.

Summary Objectives To estimate the prevalence of and risk factors for latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) among contacts of index patients with tuberculosis (TB) with a prior history of active TB disease and TB treatment (retreatment cases). Methods A cross-sectional population-based study was conducted using data from the national TB contact surveillance program in the country of Georgia. Contacts of retreatment cases were investigated and tuberculin skin testing was offered. Bivariate and multivariable analyses were performed to calculate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals for risk of LTBI among contacts. Results The prevalence of LTBI was significantly higher among contacts whose index TB patient had had a prior unfavorable treatment outcome compared to those who had had a favorable outcome (OR 3.14). Contacts whose index TB case had previously failed therapy (OR 6.43), was lost to follow-up (OR 5.63), or had completed treatment (OR 3.33) had a significantly higher prevalence of LTBI compared to contacts of previously cured TB cases. Conclusions Among contacts of active TB retreatment cases, the risk of LTBI was related to the outcome of the index case's previous TB treatment. Efforts aimed at reducing treatment loss to follow-up should be emphasized to enhance TB control efforts and may also decrease LTBI and active TB among contacts.
New Developments in FT Spectrometer Design

Laser fringes have long been used to establish the x-axis in interferometric spectrometry, but solutions for the intensity axis have been far less satisfactory. Now we are seeing the rapid commercial development of low-cost, medium speed sigma-delta analog-to-digital converters, developed for stereo audio applications. A single chip provides two channels of 20-bit precision at 50 kHz, a significant improvement over many current systems of much greater cost and complexity. However, while the laser works in the spatial domain, this converter operates strictly in the time domain; it cannot be triggered. We have developed a bridge between these two domains: the adaptive digital filter (ADF), which not only permits us to use this converter to obtain measurements at arbitrary times, but as a bonus shows us how to move much of the complexity of an interferometric control and data acquisition system from hardware to software. For example, flexible subdivision (to increase the free spectral range) is easily obtained via a simple and efficient algorithm, free of laser ghosts. Compensation for drive velocity variability is also possible, requiring only a modest amount of computer memory.
Writing Engaging, Realistic, and Balanced Appellate Advocacy Problems

Any professor who has been responsible for creating an appellate advocacy problem will agree that it can be very time consuming and perhaps even daunting. The topic for the problem needs to be selected, followed by thorough research to gather relevant authority. But even more importantly, the problem must hold pedagogical value for the students. Specifically, the problem should be engaging and challenging for the students, yet it must also be manageable for them so they don't become frustrated. Moreover, the problem should give the students a realistic portrayal of the appellate process so the students are not surprised when they enter law practice and run into aspects of the appellate process for which their appellate advocacy experience did not prepare them.This article contains a discussion of methods that are effective for writing an appellate advocacy problem that achieves the pedagogical objectives mentioned above.
Adhesion Enabling Technology for Reliable Metallization and Patterning of Glass Interposers

In this study a thin-film adhesive metal oxide layer is described that forms chemical bonds with glass, and mechanically anchors to copper to create strong, reliable adhesion between the glass subs...
A generalized system performance model for object-oriented database applications

Although relational database systems have met many needs in traditional business applications, such technology is inadequate for non-traditional applications such as computer-aided design, computer-aided software engineering, and knowledge bases. Object-oriented database systems (OODB) enhance the data modeling power and performance of database management systems for these applications. Response time is an important issue facing OODB. However, standard measures of on-line transaction processing are irrelevant for OODB. Benchmarks compare alternative implementations of OODB system software, running a constant application workload. Few attempts have been made to characterize performance implications of OODB application design, given a fixed OODB and operating system platform. In this study, design features of the OO7 Benchmark database application (Carey, DeWitt, and Naughton, 1993) were varied to explore the impact on response time to perform database operations. Sensitivity to the degree of aggregation and to the degree of inheritance in the application were measured. Variability in response times also was measured, using a sequence of database operations to simulate a user transaction workload. Degree of aggregation was defined as the number of relationship objects processed during a database operation. Response time was linear with the degree of aggregation. The size of the database segment processed, compared to the size of available memory, affected the coefficients of the regression line. Degree of inheritance was defined as the Number of Children (Chidamber and Kemerer, 1994) in the application class definitions, and as the extent to which run-time polymorphism was implemented. In this study, increased inheritance caused a statistically significant increase in response time for the OO7 Traversall only, although this difference was not meaningful. In the simulated transaction workload of nine OO7 operations, response times were highly variable. Response times per operation depended on the number of objects processed and the effect of preceding operations on memory contents. Operations that used disparate physical segments or had large working sets relative to the size of memory caused large increases in response time. Average response times and variability were reduced by removing these operations from the sequence (equivalent to scheduling these transactions at some time when the impact would be minimized).
Design and Analysis of Multichannel Slotted ALOHA for Machine-to-Machine Communication

In machine-to-machine (M2M) communication, a massive number of machine devices may transmit simultaneously in response to an event occurring in the system. Supporting massive device transmission while maintaining low congestion and low access delay is a challenging problem. This paper proposes a new transmission control scheme based on slotted ALOHA, with a practical consideration of partial information available at the data aggregator about the system. The proposed approximate maximum likelihood estimation ALOHA (AMLE-ALOHA) scheme incorporates an approximate ML estimation of the (unknown) number of active machines in the system. We apply the drift analysis to show the stability of the proposed control scheme. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed AMLE- ALOHA outperforms an existing scheme in terms of the access delay and reaction time under bursty traffic with the same partial information, and compares favorably to the optimal control scheme with oracle knowledge of the number of active machines in the system.
Abstract 4600: The role of COUP transcription factors in Tamoxifen resistant breast cancer cells

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC Breast cancer affects 180,000 women in the United States every year, killing over 40,000 of them. The most common type of breast cancer, which expresses the Estrogen Receptor (ER+), has been clinically treated with the antiestrogen Tamoxifen (TAM) for decades. However, up to 35% of patients taking TAM may develop resistance to the drug. This may be related to the fact that ER+ breast cancers are divided into Invasive Lobular Carcinomas (ILC) and Invasive Ductal Carcinomas (IDC), which may have different mechanisms for TAM resistance. Thus, TAM resistance represents a formidable challenge in the treatment of breast cancer. TAM is an antagonist of estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha), and prevents estrogen-dependent growth signaling in breast tissues. We have published that overexpression of the orphan nuclear receptor, estrogen related receptor gamma (ERRgamma), leads to TAM resistance in ER+ breast cancer cell lines derived from ILC. We have recently found that ERRgamma is also overexpressed in the IDC-derived RR TAM resistant cell line (but not in other models of TAM resistance). This leads us to hypothesize that other orphan nuclear receptors may have been overlooked in prior studies of TAM resistance, and that different members of the nuclear receptor superfamily play unique roles in ILC- and IDC-derived TAM resistant breast cancer. To test this hypothesis, we profiled mRNA expression of the nuclear receptor superfamily in two pairs of TAM sensitive and resistant cells: the IDC-derived MCF7 and RR, and the ILC-derived MDA-MB-134VI and TAM-R. Expression of two members of the COUP transcription factor family was significantly changed. NR2F1 (COUP-TFI) was highly overexpressed in RR cells, and NR2F2 (COUP-TFII) was highly overexpressed in both RR and TAM-R cells relative to sensitive controls. These findings are highly significant as COUP transcription factors have been implicated in embryonic stem cell pluripotency, and NR2F1 has been previously shown to interact with and enhance ERalpha activity through increasing its phosphorylation by MAPK. Therefore, overexpression of NR2F1 (and possibly NR2F2) may counteract the antagonistic effects of TAM and represent a novel pathway for TAM resistance in lobular and ductal ER+ breast cancers. Ongoing studies include gel electrophoresis to determine whether this overexpression is observed at the protein level and siRNA knockdown experiments to determine the impact of NR2F1 and NR2F2 on ERalpha phosphorylation and activity, TAM resistance, cell death, and overall survival. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4600.
Hydrogen Production Using Nickel Electrocatalysts with Pendant Amines: Ligand Effects on Rates and Overpotentials

A Ni-based electrocatalyst for H2 production, [Ni(8PPh2NC6H4Br)2](BF4)2, featuring eight-membered cyclic diphosphine ligands incorporating a single amine base, 1-para-bromophenyl-3,7-triphenyl-1-aza-3,7-diphosphacycloheptane (8PPh2NC6H4Br) has been synthesized and characterized. X-ray diffraction studies reveal that the cation of [Ni(8PPh2NC6H4Br)2(CH3CN)](BF4)2 has a distorted trigonal bipyramidal geometry. In CH3CN, [Ni(8PPh2NC6H4Br)2]2+ is an electrocatalyst for reduction of protons, and it has a maximum turnover frequency for H2 production of 800 s–1 with a 700 mV overpotential (at Ecat/2) when using [(DMF)H]OTf as the acid. Addition of H2O to acidic CH3CN solutions of [Ni(8PPh2NC6H4Br)2]2+ results in an increase in the turnover frequency for H2 production to a maximum of 3300 s–1 with an overpotential of 760 mV at Ecat/2. Computational studies carried out on [Ni(8PPh2NC6H4Br)2]2+ indicate the observed catalytic rate is limited by formation of nonproductive protonated isomers, diverting active catalys...
Dark Carriers, Trapping, and Activation Control of Carrier Recombination in Neat P3HT and P3HT:PCBM Blends

Using flash photolysis, time-resolved microwave conductivity we report the sub-200 ns photoconductivity transients for neat poly(3-hexylthiophene), P3HT, and four associated blends containing 1%, 5%, 20%, and 50%, by weight, of the soluble fullerene, [6,6]-phenyl-c61-butyric acid methyl ester, PCBM. We propose a detailed kinetic scheme that when solved numerically is consistent with all the data recorded as a function of excitation density and that describes the fate of mobile and trapped carriers in the system. In the neat polymer, mobile holes are the only contributor to the photoconductance transients, which decay according to first-order kinetics at all light intensities due to the presence of a large concentration of dark carriers present in the polymer. The signal decays with a characteristic rate constant (∼1 × 107 s–1) that describes the re-equilibration of trapped and mobile holes. In all four blends, the microwave absorption contains a significant contribution due to electrons in the PCBM cluste...
Progress and Challenges in Sensitivity Computation of Chaotic Fluid Flow Simulations

We describe an algorithm designed for sensitivity computation of computational simulations exhibiting chaotic dynamics. Two examples of chaotic dynamical systems are used. The rst is the Lorenz attractor, a simple model of Rayleigh-Benard convection. The second example is Aperiodic vortex shedding over a stalled NACA 0012 airfoil at 20 angle of attack is used as an example. We compute sensitivity derivatives of long time averaged quantities of interest, e.g. heat ux and aerodynamic forces, to parameters of a ow simulation, e.g. Rayleigh number or angle of attack.
IN-SITU SENSOR-BASED DAMAGE DETECTION OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS FOR STRUCTURAL HEALTH MONITORING

Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) denotes a system with the ability to detect and interpret adverse “changes” in a structure in order to improve reliability and reduce life-cycle costs. The greatest challenge in designing a SHM system is knowing what “changes” to look for and how to identify them. The characteristics of damage in a particular structure plays a key role in defining the architecture of the SHM system. The resulting “changes,” or damage signature, will dictate the type of sensors that are required, which in-turn determines the requirements for the rest of the components in the system. The present research project focuses on the relationship between various sensors and their ability to detect “changes” in a structure’s behavior. This paper presents part of an experimental and analytical survey of candidate methods for in-situ damage detection of composite materials using piezoceramic sensors (PZT). Results are presented for the application of modal analysis, Lamb wave, acoustic emission and strain monitoring techniques to quasi-isotropic graphite/epoxy specimens containing representative damage modes, including delamination, transverse ply cracks and through-holes.
The cohune palm (Orbignya cohune, Arecaceae) in Belize: A survey of uses

Although common throughout Belize in lowland forests and agricultural systems, the cohune palm,Orbignya cohune is relatively little used compared with its historic importance, according to a 1992 survey discussed here. Among uses found to persist are leaves for thatch, fruits for oil, and palm heart as food. Exploitation required only simple technology and was most notable at socio-economic extremes. Areas from which cohunes were exploited rarely coincided with high-density stands of the species. Alternatives exist for all cohune products. It seems unlikely that this palm will be the basis of a large-scale industry in Belize, primarily because of the uncertainty of wild yields and the widespread availability of alternatives.
Applications of Sensor Networks

A wireless sensor network (WSN) consisting of a large number of randomly deployed sensor nodes (SNs) was initially introduced for intrusion detection for tactical applications, and a scheme determining type and number of talks in a battlefield is shown in Fig. 2.1.
Performance Analysis of an I/O-Intensive Workflow Executing on Google Cloud and Amazon Web Services

Scientific workflows have become the mainstream to conduct large-scale scientific research. In the meantime, cloud computing has emerged as an alternative computing paradigm. In this paper, we conduct an analysis of the performance of an I/O-intensive real scientific workflow on cloud environments using makespan (the turnaround time for a workflow to complete its execution) as the key performance metric. In particular, we assess the impact of varying the storage configurations on workflow performance when executing on Google Cloud and Amazon Web Services. We aim to understand the performance bottlenecks of the popular cloud-based execution environments. Experimental results show significant differences in application performance for different configurations. They also reveal that Amazon Web Services outperforms Google Cloud with equivalent application and system configurations. We then investigate the root cause of these results using provenance data and by benchmarking disk and network I/O on both infrastructures. Lastly, we also suggest modifications in the standard cloud storage APIs, which will reduce the makespan for I/O-intensive workflows.
Magnetic Measurements of AC Loss in Short Multifilamentary Tapes

The vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) in conjunction with an iron-cored electromagnet is suitable for magnetic AC loss measurement within a field-sweep-rate range of typically zero (point-by-point) to 4 T/min (or 0~10 mHz). In that it is capable of measuring eddy current loss over that very low range of frequencies, the VSM can be regarded as spanning the gap between the “pick-up-coil regime” and the DC limit represented by the SQUID- and extraction-type magnetometers. Presented here is an example of the use of the VSM in the measurement of low frequency AC loss. Samples for measurement are two sets of multifilamentary (MF) NbTi-base strands, with different filament numbers, that have been flattened to several aspect ratios. It is shown that for the densely filamented strands the eddy-current-measured effective transverse matrix resistivity, P⊥, agrees well after shape-factor correction, with the standard effective-medium model. Not so for the coarsely filamented tapes which yield anomalously high apparent p⊥s. The discrepancy is explained in terms of a reduced “eddy current activation volume” in the latter class of tape. The study demonstrates that when interpreting the results of the AC loss measurement of non-round MF strands, consideration must be given both to extemal-shape-govemed demagnetization and to intemal strand architecture.
Social Movement Theory and the Prospects for Climate Change Activism in the United States

The issue of climate change poses something of a puzzle. For all the attention accorded the issue, climate change/global warming has spawned surprisingly little grassroots activism in the contemporary United States. Drawing on social movement theory, the author seeks to explain this puzzle. The prevailing consensus among movement scholars is that the prospect for movement emergence is facilitated by the confluence of three factors: the expansion of political opportunities, the availability of mobilizing structures, and cognitive and affective mobilization through framing processes. The author then applies each of these factors to the case of climate change, arguing that (a) awareness of the issue developed during an especially inopportune period in American politics, (b) the organizations that arose to address the issue were ill suited to the kind of grassroots mobilization characteristic of successful movements, and (c) the amorphous nature of the issue played havoc with efforts at strategic framing.