cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Alienhood: Citizenship, exile, and the logic of difference

ALIENHOOD: CITIZENSHIP, EXILE, AND THE LOGIC OF DIFFERENCE By Katarzyna Marciniak, 197 pages. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis 2006. $ 22.50 paper. Alienhood as body regulation and the critique of citizenship as (white Western) privilege stand at core of Katarzyna Marciniak’s book. In the Preface, Marciniak draws on two figurations to highlight the stigmatization through regulation and legalization of the alien body/identity: (i) aliens as human beings and (ii) aliens as cinematic figurations coming from the outer space. Throughout the book, the author positions herself in opposition to those celebratory theories of the exilic self as empowered and transnational, in other words “the cosmopolitan,” “third space,” “hybridity,” “diasporism,” “nomadism,” “borderline identity,” and “flexible citizenship.” She sees the “destitution and trauma” (p. xiv) experienced by less privileged or under-privileged immigrants: “refugees,” “migrants,” and displaced people”; the deported, the stateless, and workers in sweatshops (p. 150). She also criticizes the binary opposition First/Third World professed by much of post-colonial theory/feminism today, a reductionist view that has completely erased the “Second World” – Eastern Europe (and this despite criticism brought to the three-world system theory). The discursive violence with which one nation constructs its categories of alienhood influences its ethnic and racial violence against these “foreign bodies,” Marciniak informs us.
A scheduling and binding heuristic for high-level synthesis of fault-tolerant FPGA applications

Space computing systems commonly use field-programmable gate arrays to provide fault tolerance by applying triple modular redundancy (TMR) to existing register-transfer-level (RTL) code. Although effective, this approach has a 3× area overhead that can be prohibitive for many designs that often allocate resources before considering effects of redundancy. Although a designer could modify existing RTL code to reduce resource usage, such a process is time consuming and error prone. Integrating redundancy into high-level synthesis is a more attractive approach that enables synthesis to rapidly explore different tradeoffs at no cost to the designer. In this paper, we introduce a scheduling and binding heuristic for high-level synthesis that explores tradeoffs between resource usage, latency, and the amount of redundancy. In many cases, an application will not require 100% error correction, which enables significant flexibility for scheduling and binding to reduce resources. Even for applications that require 100% error correction, our heuristic is able to explore solutions that sacrifice latency for reduced resources, and typically save up to 47% when relaxing the latency up to 2×. When the error constraint is reduced to 70%, our heuristic achieves typical resource savings ranging from 18% to 49% when relaxing the latency up to 2×, with a maximum of 77%. Even when comparing with optimized RTL designs, our heuristic uses up to 61% fewer resources than TMR.
Phase Transformation and Creep of Mg‐Al‐Ca Based Die‐Cast Alloys

The microstructure and microstructural stability of die-cast AC53 (Mg-5Al-3Ca) and AXJ530 (Mg-5Al-3Ca-0.15Sr) have been investigated in detail by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Both alloys have an as-cast microstructure of α-Mg with (Mg, Al)2Ca (dihexagonal C36) eutectic at grain boundaries. During aging at 573 K, the C36 phase transforms to Al2Ca (cubic Cl5) phase. These two phases have a crystallographic orientation relationship of (0001)C36//{111}C15 and [2110]C36//[011]C15, and the transformation from C36 to C15 occurs by a shear-assisted process. Despite this change in the phase constitution, the network structure of the intermetallic compound(s) surrounding α-Mg grains is fairly stable, morphologically, even after prolonged exposure at elevated temperature. In the α-Mg matrix phase, precipitation of Al2Ca was observed after aging for 360 ks at 573 K. The precipitates are disc-shaped with a habit plane of {111}C15//(0001)α. AXJ530 shows higher creep resistance than AC53. The dislocation substructure that evolved during creep deformation was investigated in both alloys, and the basal and non-basal slip of a-dislocation and other slip modes of a+c- dislocations were observed. The relationship between creep properties and microstructure is discussed.
An application of radial basis function networks in operation of home appliances

Neural networks (NN) have made a great impact in modeling and synthesizing non-linear mapping of input-output space. In this paper, we describe the design and testing of a particular class of NN, radial basis function networks, for dryness prediction in a clothes dryer. Our objective is to design an improved, robust, accurate, and adaptive system for dryness prediction, leading to a low-cost, energy-efficient, electronically controlled clothes dryer. We synthesize a stepwise radial basis function network to predict clothes moisture content and optimize the number of required sensors, while providing learning capabilities to account for external disturbances. In addition, we quantize clothes moisture content into ``degrees of dryness'', thus enhancing the prediction accuracy. We show that this approach results in a predictor that is superior to non-linear regression and multi-layer perceptron tools.
The Neuropsychology of Justifications and Excuses: Some Cases from Self-Defense, Duress, and Provocation

Writing in 1984, Professor Greenawalt described cases on the excuse/justification border as “perplexing.” He concluded that two of the most frequently articulated reasons for distinguishing between justifications and excuses - warranted versus unwarranted conduct, objective and general versus subjective and individual - are not as descriptively clean as they sometimes purport to be. The “conceptual fuzziness” that Greenawalt documents is inherent in the nature of the acts themselves; they are neurobiologically indistinct. Justifications and excuses in the boundary cases trigger both our emotional and cognitive processing areas almost simultaneously. The emotions tend precede the cognitive but only long enough to focus attention on the immediate threat. The conceptual blur will continue as long as our jurisprudence categorizes rigidly conduct that exists only on a continuum. This is not a new problem. The law tends to break down into categories - guilty or not guilty, for example. But the world is not binary; it is continuous and categorical thinking tends to distort our view of the world. The drafters of the Model Penal Code’s mens rea provisions, which divide into four categories and which the drafters concede exist only on a continuum and cannot be rationally determinate without question-begging, constitute implicit recognition of the way in which our control functions actually operate. It is time to acknowledge that these problematic excuse/justification cases defy categorization and thereby eliminate the confusion by adopting an advertently hybrid defense.
Rule-base guided adaptation for mode detection in process control

The paper deals with the problem of control of systems with multiple operating modes. We expand the concept of rule-based guided adaptation to the case of dynamic systems. An algorithm that dynamically summarizes the models, which successfully approximate plant dynamics, is developed. A dynamic model bank that is used to guide and re-initialize the adaptive control is proposed.
Verbal Self-Monitoring and Solution Flexibility in Rule Induction

Abstract This study examined developmental effects of verbalizing one's own solution processes while attempting the types of number-series completion items that appear on aptitude tests. In addition, the influence of alternating problem demands was assessed by comparing series presented randomly with series blocked according to solution rule. Sixty-four subjects from Grades 3 and 6 were assigned to four conditions according to self-verbalization requirements and presentation order. Older subjects solved significantly more items than younger ones. In addition, an interaction between age and verbalization condition indicated that older subjects correctly completed more series when required to self-verbalize, but younger subjects were impeded by self-verbalization. Effects of verbal self-monitoring appear to depend on an individual's level of verbal development and the nature of the task being attempted. Presentation order exerted no significant effect, possibly due to the small number of items per block and...
Shrub establishment under experimental global changes in a California grassland

Accelerating invasion of grasslands by woody species is a widespread global phenomenon. The native shrub Baccharis pilularis has recently increased in abundance in some California grasslands, with large local community and ecosystem effects. I investigated potential contributions of (1) future global climate and atmospheric changes and (2) variation in moisture and nutrient availability to increased Baccharis germination and early establishment rates. I examined responses of Baccharis seeds and seedlings to simulated warming (+ 1−2 °C) and elevated CO2 (+ 300 ppm) in a 2-year field experiment. Warming and CO2 treatments were applied at ambient and increased water and nitrogen levels chosen to simulate future increases in precipitation (+ 50%) and N deposition (+ 7 gN m−2 y−1). Elevated CO2 and water addition each increased or accelerated germination. Herbivory strongly reduced seedling populations during the winter wet season; drought further reduced seedling survival in the spring. Overall Baccharis survivorship was extremely low (<0.1%) across all treatments, complicating the interpretation of global change effects.
Impact of Estimated Genetic Correlations on International Evaluations to Predict Milk Traits

The Interbull procedure for combining dairy bull evaluations uses estimated genetic correlations between countries. It is important to know whether the resulting difficulties from differences in ranking in each country are justified by improved accuracy relative to a system assuming unity correlations. Data submitted for the May 2001 yield and somatic cell score (SCS) Interbull evaluations were processed once with the usual estimated genetic correlations (E01) and again assuming these correlations to be essentially unity (0.995; U01). The 2 sets of resulting evaluations were compared with August 2004 national evaluations (N04) for bulls not having local evaluations used in the 2001 evaluations. Thus, the examination was of Interbull evaluations from foreign data in predicting national evaluations. Countries in the study for yield were Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Great Britain, Ireland, Italy, The Netherlands, New Zealand, and the United States. Countries included for SCS were Canada, France, Germany, Great Britain, The Netherlands, and the United States. For most countries' evaluations, standard deviations of differences between E01 or U01 and N04 were smaller for E01 by about 5 to 7% and correlations between E01 and N04 were higher by 0.01 or the same as for U01 and N04. Although use of estimated correlations tended to improve prediction, the advantage was small. A previous study had concluded no difference in accuracy for yield but did not include Australia and New Zealand, countries with the lowest correlations with other countries. Excluding bulls from those countries produced results for the other 8 countries more like the previous study, but still favoring E01 slightly. Those 2 countries were not in the SCS data. Estimated genetic correlations improved the prediction of future national evaluations slightly in most countries but more substantially for the evaluations and bulls of Australia and New Zealand.
Position of a light chain tyrosyl residue in the combining site of a rabbit anti-p-azobenzoate antibody.

Abstract The isolation and characterization of chymotryptic peptides containing a tyrosyl residue from the combining site of a rabbit anti-p-azobenzoate antibody preparation of restricted heterogeneity has been achieved by the paired-iodination procedure. The sequence of the first 38 residues from the N-terminus of the light chain was determined and the combining site tyrosyl residue is shown to be at position 30 of the light chain, i.e. in the first hypervariable region.
Schizosaccharomyces pombe Aps1, a Diadenosine 5‘,5‘ ‘‘-P1,P6-Hexaphosphate Hydrolase That Is a Member of the Nudix (MutT) Family of Hydrolases: Cloning of the Gene and Characterization of the Purified Enzyme†,‡

The fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe contains a gene on chromosome I that encodes a hypothetical nudix hydrolase, YA9E. The gene, designated aps1, has been cloned and the protein has been purified from Escherichia coli with a yield of 10 mg of Aps1/L of culture. Aps1, composed of 210 amino acids with a calculated molecular mass of 23 724 Da, behaves as a monomer with a sedimentation coefficient of 1.92 S as determined by analytical ultracentrifugation. The effective hydrodynamic radius is about 29 A as determined by both analytical ultracentrifugation and gel-filtration chromatography. Aps1, whose expression was detected in S. pombe by Western blotting, is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of dinucleoside oligophosphates, with Ap6A and Ap5A being the preferred substrates. The major reaction products are ADP and p4A from Ap6A and ADP and ATP from Ap5A. Values of Km for Ap6A and Ap5A are 19 μM and 22 μM, respectively, and the corresponding values of kcat are 2.0 s-1 and 1.7 s-1, respectively. T...
The Application of a Boundary Integral Equation Method to the Prediction of Ducted Fan Engine Noise

The prediction of ducted fan engine noise using a boundary integral equation method (BIEM) is considered. Governing equations for the BIEM are based on linearized acoustics and describe the scattering of incident sound by a thin, finite-length cylindrical duct in the presence of a uniform axial inflow. A classical boundary value problem (BVP) is derived that includes an axisymmetric, locally reacting liner on the duct interior. Using potential theory, the BVP is recast as a system of hypersingular boundary integral equations with subsidiary conditions. We describe the integral equation derivation and solution procedure in detail. The development of the computationally efficient ducted fan noise prediction program TBIEM3D, which implements the BIEM, and its utility in conducting parametric noise reduction studies are discussed. Unlike prediction methods based on spinning mode eigenfunction expansions, the BIEM does not require the decomposition of the interior acoustic field into its radial and axial components which, for the liner case, avoids the solution of a difficult complex eigenvalue problem. Numerical spectral studies are presented to illustrate the nexus between the eigenfunction expansion representation and BIEM results. We demonstrate BIEM liner capability by examining radiation patterns for several cases of practical interest.
ArF halftone PSM cleaning process optimization for next-generation lithography

ArF lithography which is expected for the next generation optical lithography is adapted for 0.13 micrometers design-rule and beyond. ArF half-tone phase shift mask (HT PSM) will be applied as 1st generation of ArF lithography. Also ArF PSM cleaning demands by means of tighter controls related to phase angle, transmittance and contamination on the masks. Phase angle on ArF HT PSM should be controlled within at least +/- 3 degree and transmittance controlled within at least +/- 3 percent after cleaning process and pelliclization. In the cleaning process of HT PSM, requires not only the remove the particle on mask, but also control to half-tone material for metamorphosis. Contamination defects on the Qz of half tone type PSM is not easy to remove on the photomask surface. New technology and methods of cleaning will be developed in near future, but we try to get out for limit contamination on the mask, without variation of phase angle and transmittance after cleaning process.
The emergence of present perfect verb forms: semantic influences on selective imitation.

This study investigates forms and functions of the perfect in 22 preschool children. Children retold and re-enacted two-sentence stories which modelled the perfect. Although the perfect appeared to be emerging in imitative speech, including certain ungrammatical forms, children varied in the extent to which they used it and appreciated its meaning of current relevance. Three factors were found to influence children's selective imitation and paraphrasing of the perfect: form of the verb (present perfect versus perfect progressive), semantic sense of the perfect, and duration of the lexical verb. Children's performance demonstrates the need to consider not only the developmental frequency of advanced, optional verb forms but the generality of their use and their relation to the child's lexicon.
The effect of frequency on the plasma polymerization of ethane

The plasma polymerization of ethane has been studied in the frequency range of from 50 Hz to 13.56 MHz. The rate of polymer deposition is strongly dependent on frequency, with significantly higher rates being observed at frequencies below 6 MHz. The effects of frequency can be interpreted in terms of a mechanism that assumes that polymer is formed by the reaction of surface free radicals, created by the bombardment of the growing polymer by charged species, with gas phase free radicals, formed by collisions of energetic electrons with monomer molecules.
Transient State Kinetics of Transcription Elongation by T7 RNA Polymerase

The single subunit DNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RNAP) from bacteriophage T7 catalyzes both promoter-dependent transcription initiation and promoter-independent elongation. Using a promoter-free substrate, we have dissected the kinetic pathway of single nucleotide incorporation during elongation. We show that T7 RNAP undergoes a slow conformational change (0.01-0.03 s(-1)) to form an elongation competent complex with the promoter-free substrate (dissociation constant (Kd) of 96 nM). The complex binds to a correct NTP (Kd of 80 microM) and incorporates the nucleoside monophosphate (NMP) into RNA primer very efficiently (220 s(-1) at 25 degrees C). An overall free energy change (-5.5 kcal/mol) and internal free energy change (-3.7 kcal/mol) of single NMP incorporation was calculated from the measured equilibrium constants. In the presence of inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi), the elongation complex catalyzes the reverse pyrophosphorolysis reaction at a maximum rate of 0.8 s(-1) with PPi Kd of 1.2 mM. Several experiments were designed to investigate the rate-limiting step in the pathway of single nucleotide addition. Acid-quench and pulse-chase kinetics indicated that an isomerization step before chemistry is rate-limiting. The very similar rate constants of sequential incorporation of two nucleotides indicated that the steps after chemistry are fast. Based on available data, we propose that the preinsertion to insertion isomerization of NTP observed in the crystallographic studies of T7 RNAP is a likely candidate for the rate-limiting step. The studies here provide a kinetic framework to investigate structure-function and fidelity of RNA synthesis and to further explore the role of the conformational change in nucleotide selection during RNA synthesis.
Concurrent multipath routing over bounded paths: Minimizing delay variance

In this paper we consider the problem of minimizing delay variance amongst paths utilized for concurrent multi-path routing. We will assume that we are provided with a polynomial size set of paths. Minimizing the variance in the delay will reduce out-of-sequence packets and hence reduce jitter in the received stream. We assume a network with edge delays as well as edge capacities. The edge delays are modelled using constant, affine (including linear) and queueing delays. We show that the problem is NP-hard (even in the case when polynomial-size paths are given and there is no capacity constraint). We also propose a practical heuristic approach and present experimental results on network topologies mimicking large backbone networks.
Electrical and magnetic properties of R2Mo2O7 (R Nd, Sm, Gd, Tb, Y)☆

Abstract Electrical and magnetic properties of rare earth molybdenum pyrochlores (R 2 Mo 2 O 7 , R  Nd , Sm , Gd , Tb and Y ) have been investigated using electrical resistivity and a.c. susceptibility measurements. For R  Nd , Sm , Gd and Tb , the magnetic ordering is observed at 96 K, 80 K, 57 K and 28 K respectively. The a.c. susceptibility data for R  Nd , Sm and Gd exhibit some very unusual behavior in comparison with earlier d.c. susceptibility results. A Kondo-type minimum is observed in the resistivity of the pyrochlores for R  Nd , Sm and Gd at 25 K , 20 K and 34 K respectively. The Kondo behavior is quite consistent with the a.c. susceptibility data. We have clearly observed a magnetic ordering at 28 K for Tb 2 Mo 2 O 7 . The resistivity data for Y 2 Mo 2 O 7 and Tb 2 Mo 2 O 7 show a semiconducting behavior as seen by earlier authors.
Antibiotic Susceptibilities of Periodontal Bacteria: In Vitro Susceptibilities to Eight Antimicrobial Agents.

In vitro susceptibilities of 369 to 966 bacterial isolates from periodontal lesions to eight antibiotics were determined by agar dilution technique as a means of determining which antimicrobial agents were inhibitory for bacteria frequently associated with destructive periodontal diseases. Although most bacteria were relatively susceptible to the penicillins, greater activity was generally noted with amoxicillin than with either penicillin or ampicillin with the exception of Selenomonas sputigena and Peptostreptococcus. Antibacterial activities obtained with minocycline were significantly higher than with tetracycline for Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and Streptococcus but comparable for most other taxa. Clindamycin and metronidazole both demonstrated excellent activity against the anaerobic Gram-negative rods but were less effective against some of the capnophilic and facultative organisms. Eikenella corrodens was exceptionally resistant to both of these drugs; and A. actinomycetemcomitans was gen...
Oligomerization of Cysteine String Protein alpha mutants causing adult neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis.

Abstract Cysteine String Protein alpha (CSPα) is a palmitoylated, synaptic vesicle co-chaperone that is essential for neuroprotection. Two mutations in CSPα — L115R and L116Δ — cause adult neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (ANCL), a dominantly-inherited neurodegenerative disease. To elucidate the pathogenesis of ANCL, the intrinsic biochemical properties of human wildtype (WT) and disease mutant CSPα were examined. Mutant proteins purified from Escherichia coli exhibited high potency to oligomerize in a concentration, temperature, and time dependent manner, with L115R possessing the greatest potency. When freshly purified, ANCL mutant proteins displayed normal co-chaperone activity and substrate recognition similar to WT. However, co-chaperone activity was impaired for both CSPα mutants upon oligomerization. When WT and mutant CSPα were mixed together they co-oligomerized leading to an overall decrease of co-chaperone activity. The oligomerization properties of ANCL mutants were faithfully replicated in HEK 293T cells. Interestingly, the oligomers were covalently tagged by ubiquitination instead of palmitoylation. Taken together, ANCL mutations result in both a gain and partial loss-of-function.
An investment in AGU—A comment from a federal scientist

In our country, progress in the geophysical sciences has been closely interwoven with progress of the many geophysical activities within the federal government. Substantial numbers of geophysicists traditionally have found their life's work in the ranks of the federal service, where they pursue scientific advancement in their field of work, in laboratory research, and in the management of geophysical science programs. To this large body of scientists the American Geophysical Union has always been a helpful and needed scientific organization. Access to high-quality journals is undoubtedly 1985 the most useful and cherished AGU benefit provided to the federal employees. Next in importance may be the many, many benefits that come by participation in the AGU scientific meetings. This is followed by opportunities afforded federal scientists to serve in policy and administrative roles on the committees and council of the Union. These AGU benefits, and many more not enumerated here, can bring an abundance of national recognition, intellectual maturity, and self-esteem to federal scientists, thus encouraging us to become better scientists and more proficient employees.
Path-integral Monte Carlo study of the hard-disk solid

We present a study of the properties of the quantum two-dimensional hard-disk solid at finite temperatures using path-integral Monte Carlo simulations. We performed extensive simulations on systems with 64, 144, 256, 576, and 1024 disks. We used the image approximation for the high-temperature density matrix and ignored exchange effects. Despite the discontinuous nature of the hard-disk interaction, a long-wavelength harmonic theory provided a good model for the solid. This theory was used as a guide to study the long-range translational and orientational order of the solid at low but finite temperatures where the zero-point motion and finite-temperature excitations are both important. The properties we have computed include the particle displacements, structure factor, angular order, and density of topological defects. We compare these properties with those of the same system in the classical regime and at absolute zero, thus gaining some understanding for the crossover from classical to quantum behavior.
Changes in concentrations of free amino acids in larval stages of the trematode, Himasthla quissetensis and its intermediate host, Nassarius obsoletus

Abstract 1. 1. The first intermediate host, Nassarius obsoletus , reacted to salinity changes in a similar fashion whether parasitized or nonparasitized. 2. 2. The primary amino acids involved with salinity stress in the host were taurine, glutarnic acid, aspartic acid, and proline. 3. 3. The major amino acid functioning as an osmotic effector in the rediae and cercariae of Himasthla quissetensis was proline. 4. 4. The proline concentration apparently drops to one half of its original value as the trematode develops from the redial to the cercarial stage in its complex life cycle.
An Empirical Evaluation of a Fair Employment Standard

-There is considerable ambiguity surrounding the choice of an appropriate standard for evaluating employers' fair employment behavior. Unfortunately, the courts and compliance agencies have provided little clarification. This paper evaluates the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission's employment behavior as a possible standard for firms to emulate. Evidence suggests that the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission is overrepresented by blacks and underrepresented by whites when compared against two common evduation standards. It is recommended that EEOC employment behavior not be emulated.
Genetic evidence for selective transport of opsin and arrestin by kinesin-II in mammalian photoreceptors.

Abstract To test whether kinesin-II is important for transport in the mammalian photoreceptor cilium, and to identify its potential cargoes, we used Cre-loxP mutagenesis to remove the kinesin-II subunit, KIF3A, specifically from photoreceptors. Complete loss of KIF3A caused large accumulations of opsin, arrestin, and membranes within the photoreceptor inner segment, while the localization of α-transducin was unaffected. Other membrane, organelle, and transport markers, as well as opsin processing appeared normal. Loss of KIF3A ultimately caused apoptotic photoreceptor cell death similar to a known opsin transport mutant. The data suggest that kinesin-II is required to transport opsin and arrestin from the inner to the outer segment and that blocks in this transport pathway lead to photoreceptor cell death as found in retinitis pigmentosa.
Idiopathic laryngotracheal stenosis and its management

We describe idiopathic laryngotracheal and upper tracheal stenosis in 49 patients with no other cause for their stenosis. Traumatic, iatrogenic, infectious, and specific inflammatory processes were excluded. Histopathologically dense fibrosis of keloidal type thickened the lamina propria and choked the ducts of mucous glands but did not destroy cartilage. Thirty-five patients were treated by single-stage resection and reconstruction: 29 by laryngotracheal resection with laryngotracheoplasty and 6 by cricotracheal segmental resection. Thirty-two patients achieved good or excellent results in respiration and voice, 2 needed annual dilations, and 1 required permanent tracheostomy.
The ontogeny of phencyclidine-induced wall climbing and locomotor activity.

Wall climbing behavior is an age-specific behavior that is elicited during postnatal Days 7 through 17 by various stimuli that include heat, odors, shock, and the catecholaminergic agonists apomorphine, amphetamine, and clonidine. In a previous study, a significant amount of wall climbing behavior was observed during ataxia and activity testing following phencyclidine (PCP) administration in Day 19 but not Day 40 rat pups. The present study describes the ontogeny of PCP-induced wall climbing behavior and locomotor activity. Frequency and duration of wall climbing bouts and locomotor activity were recorded on Days 5, 12, 19, 26, 33, or 40 following PCP treatment. On Day 12, all doses of PCP induced significant amounts of wall climbing behavior. A similar pattern of results was observed on Day 5 although these effects were not statistically significant. After Day 12, PCP-induced wall climbing behavior declined precipitously. PCP increased locomotor activity at all ages tested with maximum activities observed on Day 19. These results demonstrate that PCP-elicited wall climbing behavior follows an ontogenetic profile similar to that previously reported for other stimuli and that there are robust ontogenetic differences in the locomotor response to PCP. © 1992 Wiley & sons. Inc.
Reciprocal Relations in Irreversible Processes. II.

A general reciprocal relation, applicable to transport processes such as the conduction of heat and electricity, and diffusion, is derived from the assumption of microscopic reversibility. In the derivation, certain average products of fluctuations are considered. As a consequence of the general relation $S=k logW$ between entropy and probability, different (coupled) irreversible processes must be compared in terms of entropy changes. If the displacement from thermodynamic equilibrium is described by a set of variables ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{1},\ensuremath{\cdots},{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{n}$, and the relations between the rates ${\stackrel{\ifmmode \dot{}\else \.{}\fi{}}{\ensuremath{\alpha}}}_{1},\ensuremath{\cdots},{\stackrel{\ifmmode \dot{}\else \.{}\fi{}}{\ensuremath{\alpha}}}_{n}$ and the "forces" $\frac{\ensuremath{\partial}S}{d{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{1}},\ensuremath{\cdots},\frac{\ensuremath{\partial}S}{d{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{n}}$ are linear, there exists a quadratic dissipation-function, $2\ensuremath{\Phi}(\stackrel{\ifmmode \dot{}\else \.{}\fi{}}{\ensuremath{\alpha}},\stackrel{\ifmmode \dot{}\else \.{}\fi{}}{\ensuremath{\alpha}})\ensuremath{\equiv}\ensuremath{\Sigma}{\ensuremath{\rho}}_{j}{\stackrel{\ifmmode \dot{}\else \.{}\fi{}}{\ensuremath{\alpha}}}_{\mathrm{ij}}{\stackrel{\ifmmode \dot{}\else \.{}\fi{}}{\ensuremath{\alpha}}}_{i}=\frac{\mathrm{dS}}{\mathrm{dt}}=\stackrel{\ifmmode \dot{}\else \.{}\fi{}}{S}(\ensuremath{\alpha},\stackrel{\ifmmode \dot{}\else \.{}\fi{}}{\ensuremath{\alpha}})\ensuremath{\equiv}\ensuremath{\Sigma}(\frac{\ensuremath{\partial}S}{d{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{j}}){\stackrel{\ifmmode \dot{}\else \.{}\fi{}}{\ensuremath{\alpha}}}_{j}$ (denoting definition by $\ensuremath{\equiv}$). The symmetry conditions demanded by microscopic reversibility are equivalent to the variation-principle $\stackrel{\ifmmode \dot{}\else \.{}\fi{}}{S}(\ensuremath{\alpha},\stackrel{\ifmmode \dot{}\else \.{}\fi{}}{\ensuremath{\alpha}})\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\Phi}(\stackrel{\ifmmode \dot{}\else \.{}\fi{}}{\ensuremath{\alpha}},\stackrel{\ifmmode \dot{}\else \.{}\fi{}}{\ensuremath{\alpha}})=\mathrm{maximum},$ which determines ${\stackrel{\ifmmode \dot{}\else \.{}\fi{}}{\ensuremath{\alpha}}}_{1},\ensuremath{\cdots},{\stackrel{\ifmmode \dot{}\else \.{}\fi{}}{\ensuremath{\alpha}}}_{n}$ for prescribed ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{1},\ensuremath{\cdots},{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{n}$. The dissipation-function has a statistical significance similar to that of the entropy. External magnetic fields, and also Coriolis forces, destroy the symmetry in past and future; reciprocal relations involving reversal of the field are formulated.
Purification, quantification and mechanical hatching of eggs of the tapeworm, Hymenolepis diminuta.

Eggs of Hymenolepis diminuta were separated from host's feces using a combination of NaCl flotation, filtration through nylon monofilament screen cloths, and centrifugation. The resulting purified egg preparations (PEPs) were verified microscopically to be virtually free of contaminating debris. The relationship of absorbance (500 nm) of PEPs and 'number of eggs per unit volume' was linear, and such measurements provided a rapid, reproducible method for quantifying PEPs. The average wet and dry weights of individual eggs were 2.86 x 10(-7) and 0.458 x 10(-7) g, respectively. Eggs were mechanically hatched using a Dounce homogenizer with pestle 'A'. This technique caused no detectable damage to larvae and resulted in a high percentage of 'activated' (i.e. motile) larvae.
Fast high-resolution appearance editing using superimposed projections

We present a system that superimposes multiple projections onto an object of arbitrary shape and color to produce high-resolution appearance changes. Our system produces appearances at an improved resolution compared to prior works and can change appearances at near interactive rates. Three main components are central to our system. First, the problem of computing compensation images is formulated as a constrained optimization which yields high-resolution appearances. Second, decomposition of the target appearance into base and scale images enables fast swapping of appearances on the object by requiring the constrained optimization to be computed only once per object. Finally, to make high-quality appearance edits practical, an elliptical Gaussian is used to model projector pixels and their interaction between projectors. To the best of our knowledge, we build the first system that achieves high-resolution and high-quality appearance edits using multiple superimposed projectors on complex nonplanar colored objects. We demonstrate several appearance edits including specular lighting, subsurface scattering, inter-reflections, and color, texture, and geometry changes on objects with different shapes and colors.
SIMULATION OF THE RENAL EFFECTS OF ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE (ADH) IN MAN

Abstract A biomathematical model incorporating the actions of antidiuretic hormone on urine flow and composition is presented. Body compartments representing intracellular and interstitial fluid as well as plasma, red cells and respiratory volume are simulated. Urine formation, including concentration ratios produced by the kidney through glomerular and tubular functions, is treated via a compartment separated from the body by an active membrane. The composition and rate of urine flow are influenced both by the level of antidiuretic hormone in plasma and by the chemical reactions within and between body compartments, including urine. During dynamic response to stress, the current antidiuretic hormone level in the model is established by the previous history of hormone production, by excretion and destruction, and by the current plasma volume. The validity of the model was tested by simulating rapid ingestion of large amounts of water. The transient responses of the model compare favorably with results obtained in human subjects given a water load.
Subband spectroscopy by surface channel tunneling

Abstract Surface channel tunnel junctions (SCTJ) can be fabricated by replacing the usual degenerate n-type source contact on a weakly p-type substrate by a highly degenerate p-type source. In the presence of a gate voltage strong enough to produce a surface inversion layer, a tunnel junction connecting the three-dimensional p + source and the quasi-two-dimensional n-type surface channel can occur. The I - V characteristics of this SCTJ will yield valuable information about the subband splittings and other electronic properties of the surface inversion layer.
Cyclic saturation and fatigue fracture of tungsten monofilament-reinforced multicrystalline copper composites

Abstract Studies on cyclic saturation and fatigue fracture behavior have been conducted on tungsten monofilament-reinforced multicrystalline copper composites. A model was proposed to link the cyclic stress–strain response of the multicrystalline composites to those of monolithic single crystals and fibers. The results calculated by the model show very good agreement with the experimental data at all applied strain amplitudes by which the composites were fatigued. The fatigue fracture mechanism of the composites highly depends on applied plastic strain amplitudes. Most cracks initiate at grain boundaries in the matrix, and propagate toward and break the fiber at low and intermediate plastic strain amplitudes. At a high plastic strain amplitude, fatigue cracks initiate at the fiber even before surface cracks become pronounced, and propagates from inside outwards at a high growth rate.
CCR5 Mimicry by Sulfated Human Anti-HIV-1 Antibodies

HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein interaction with a principal coreceptor, CCR5, requires sulfated tyrosines on the CCR5 amino terminus. In this issue of Cell, Choe et al. identified tyrosine-sulfated, neutralizing antibodies against HIV-1 that apparently mimic CCR5. The results demonstrate for the first time that a natural posttranslational modification of an antibody can contribute substantially to antigen recognition.
The Effect of Gossypolone on the Growth and Development of Helicoverpa zea (Boddie)

The pigment glands of the cotton plant (Gossypium) produce a group of structurally related terpenoid aldehydes that protect the plant from herbivorous insects. Of these terpenoids, the most extensively studied is gossypol. Gossypolone, a compound closely related to gossypol, has been reported in the pigment glands but its activity against bollworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), has not been reported. We report the effect on bollworm fed gossypol and gossypolone at concentrations of 0.06, 0.08, and 0.12% in an artificial diet. In previous studies, gossypol showed a hormetic effect when fed to tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (Fabricius), or Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner); in the present study gossypol also showed a hormetic effect when fed to bollworm. Gossypolone did not exhibit a hormetic effect at the concentrations tested, but pupae from larvae fed 0.12% gossypolone were significantly smaller than those fed the check diet or any of the diets with gossypol. Gossypol at the concentrations tested did not delay days to pupation, but in an earlier study gossypol at 0.16% delayed days to pupation from 13.9 ± 0.5 to 22.6 ± 1.0. In this study, gossypolone also delayed days to pupation but at a lower concentration [i.e., gossypolone at 0.12% delayed days to pupation from 13.3 ± 0.1 for the check to 20.8 ± 0.7 days]. A delay in days to pupation will reduce the number of generations that develop during a growing season, and may reduce larval survival. The biosynthesis of gossypolone may be due to a single gene. If so, increased expression of the gene could provide an overall increase in resistance to Heliothines pests of cotton.
Marked decrease of LSD-induced stimulus control in serotonin transporter knockout mice

Abstract Rationale Based upon extensive studies in the rat, it has been suggested that stimulus control by LSD is mediated by 5-HT2A receptors, with serotonergic receptors of the 5-HT1A and 5-HT2C subtypes playing modulatory roles. In genetically modified mice lacking the serotonin transporter (SERT), 5-HT2A receptor density is decreased and, at a functional level, the head-twitch response following the administration of DOI, an index of activation of 5-HT2A receptors, is reduced. Taken together, these studies led us to hypothesize that the efficacy of LSD in establishing stimulus control is diminished or abolished in mice lacking the serotonin transporter. Objective Determine the efficacy of LSD for establishing stimulus control in SERT knockout (KO) mice. Methods SERT KO mice and wildtype (WT) littermates were trained in a visual discrimination on a progressive fixed ratio (FR) water-reinforced task and subsequently trained on a FR10 schedule with LSD (0.17 or 0.30 mg/kg) or vehicle. To control for general deficiencies in drug discrimination, mice were trained with pentobarbital (15 or 30 mg/kg) or vehicle. Results The visual stimulus exerted control in both genotypes. LSD-induced stimulus control in 90% of WT mice but only 31% of SERT KO mice. In contrast, pentobarbital-induced stimulus control in 80% of WT mice and 54% of knockout mice. Conclusions Although SERT KO mice exhibited stimulus control by the non-serotonergic drug, pentobarbital, the efficacy of LSD in these animals was markedly decreased, suggesting that reduced density of 5-HT1A and/or 5-HT2A receptors underlies the absence of stimulus control by LSD.
Modeling and analysis of a web-based collaborative enterprise using Petri nets

Lately, web-based collaborative enterprises concepts have been applied in numerous information systems and have become a key focus for many organizations. The well structured, modeled and analyzed architectural framework of the system is a very important part of the process when developing applications, since these applications are subject to frequent change and increased complexity. This paper discusses three essential phases of designing a web-based collaborative enterprise: framework, modeling and analysis. First, the paper proposes an application oriented web-based collaborative system architecture. Second, the modeling and simulation of the selected application are shown. Third, some analysis of the application using Stochastic Petri nets is discussed. We contend that following these phases will help to develop and analyze the web-based collaborative enterprise systems. Finally, this approach can be used in a variety of collaborative enterprise systems which form the basis of our future work and further development.
Science Signaling Podcast: 11 June 2013

This Podcast features an interview with Brian Button, author of a Research Article that appears in the 11 June 2013 issue of Science Signaling , about a mechanism that helps maintain proper hydration of airway mucus. Airways are protected by a layer of mucus that traps pathogens and toxins and is propelled out of the airways by beating cilia present on the surface of the airway epithelial cells. The consistency of mucus is important for its proper entrapment functions and for efficient clearance from the airways. Button et al . have identified a feedback mechanism whereby epithelial cells maintain airway mucus at an optimal concentration for efficient clearance.
Effect of light degradation on nanosecond photoluminescence decay in a-Si:H

We have used a fast analog technique to resolve radiative decays in device quality a-Si:H films. The photoluminescence decay curves obtained at different temperatures and emission energies are fitted with a sum of exponentials. The PL decay of annealed a-Si:H sample measured at 1.46 eV and 1.55 eV consists of three components with the decay times of 1.2±0.1 ns, 3.4±0.2 ns and 9±1 ns at 25 K. These decay times decrease with increasing temperature because of thermally enhanced non-radiative processes. After the sample is exposed to 500 mW/cm 2 white light for 24 hours, the decay times of the two short components are reduced to 0.9±0.1 ns and 2.8±0.2 ns respectively, whereas the long component is unaffected. This change may be due to an increase in non-radiative recombination occuring at light induced dangling bonds. The long component is intrinsic to the material and is unrelated to defects that quench the photoluminescence.
Leadership communication styles: a descriptive analysis of health care professionals

The study of leadership in health care is important to examine for many reasons. Health care leaders will inevitably have an impact on the lives of many people, as individuals rely on physicians and nurses during some of the most critical moments in their lives. This paper presents a broad overview of a research study conducted over the past year and highlights its general conclusions. In this study, I examined the leadership styles of health care administrators and those of physicians and nurses
Sequential versus Simultaneous Combination Antiretroviral Regimens for the Treatment of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection In Vitro

Two-, three-, and four-drug antiretroviral combinations in either simultaneous or sequential regimens were evaluated for their ability to suppress human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 replication in vitro. Zidovudine, lamivudine, saquinavir, and nevirapine were used at IC(90)s, IC(99)s, or IC(> or = 99)s in a CD4-positive human lymphoblastoid cell line (H9 cells) acutely infected with HIV-1. In sequential regimens, drugs were added at weekly intervals. In simultaneous regimens, all drugs were added on day 0. Increasing the number of drugs in a combination regimen both increased the degree of viral inhibition and delayed the time of breakthrough viral replication. Simultaneous regimens provided more profound and earlier viral inhibition than did sequential regimens. However, sequential addition provided relatively more durable viral inhibition than did simultaneous regimens when drug concentrations were low. The relative effectiveness of different HIV-1 therapeutic strategies depends on both the numbers and concentrations of the drugs used.
Asthma Care Practices, Perceptions, and Beliefs of Chicago-Area Primary-Care Physicians

Methods In 1997, a self-administeredsurvey was mailed to a randomly selected 10% sample of Chicago-areageneral pediatricians, internists, and family practitioners. Results Surveys were returned by 244 of the 405eligible Chicago-area primary-care physicians (60.2%) in the sample. Of these, 66 (27.6%) were pediatricians, 83 (34.7%) were generalinternists, and 90 (37.7%) were family practitioners. Physiciansreported that 54.6 ± 2.7% (mean ± SE) of patients withnewly diagnosed asthma have spirometry performed as part of theirinitial evaluation. For patients with moderate persistentasthma, prescribing of inhaled corticosteroids varied by patientage, with 60.5% of physicians routinely prescribing them for patients Conclusion Several aspects of the NAEPP guidelines appearto have been incorporated into clinical practice by Chicago-areaprimary-care physicians, whereas other recommendations do not appear tohave been readily adopted. This information suggests areas forinterventions to improve primary care for asthma in the Chicagoarea.