cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Science Librarianship in Africa

SUMMARY Science librarianship is a relatively new specialty in the library profession in Africa as the bulk of the early librarians had a background in the Arts and Humanities. Unfortunately there is a dearth of science librarians on the continent and the need for science librarians is more crucial to help support meaningful scientific research and development on the continent. Why does the gap exist? What are Library and Information Science (LIS) schools doing to entice, attract, enroll, motivate, and train science librarians? What are the professional associations doing to promote the cause of science librarianship? What are academic and research libraries doing to retain and stop science librarians from invading or migrating to other niches. This paper attempts to provide answers to the above questions with input and insight from across the continent.
Instructional Footprinting and Semantic Preservation in Linda

Linda is a coordination language designed to support process creation and inter-process communication within conventional computational languages. Although the Linda paradigm touts architectural and language independence, it often suffers performance penalties, particularly on local area network platforms. Instructional Footprinting is an optimization technique with the primary goal of enhancing the execution speed of Linda programs. The two main aspects of Instructional Footprinting are instructional decomposition and code motion. This paper addresses the semantic issues encountered when the Linda primitive, IN and RD, are decomposed and moved past other Linda operations. Formal semantics are given as well as results showing significant speedup (as high as 64%) when Instructional Footprinting is used.
On Essential Self-Adjointness of Partial Differential Operators with Positive Coefficients

Soit L=Σ i=1 k Σ j=1 N(i) (−1) j D i j σ ij D i j +σ o ou σ ij >0, σ ij ∈C ∞ (R k ) et Di=∂/∂x i . On suppose σ o ≥e>0. On etudie quand la restriction de L a C o ∞ (R k ) est essentiellement autoadjointe
Mechanisms of Gene-Environment Interaction Effects in the Development of Conduct Disorder:

The gene—environment interaction effect in the development of conduct disorder is one of the most important discoveries of the past decade, but the mechanisms through which this effect operates rem...
Reviving Growth in the Arab World

Abstract Why has growth in the Arab world been so disappointing? Stagnating since 1985, the little growth that does exist is volatile and unstable, and the region has lagged behind both the gains of other developing countries and the region’s own pre‐1985 performance. This article attempts to encourage the revitalization of growth in the Arab world by addressing the following two questions: why has growth been so low, specifically in comparison to the high performers of East Asia, and why has it been so erratic and unstable? I estimate two growth models of the determinants of long‐term growth and the persistence of growth, using global panel data drawn from more than 70 countries. I conclude by describing two strategies and one development constraint important in explaining the growth process specific to the Arab world.
Factors influencing the radial-tangential illusion in haptic perception

According to the radial-tangential illusion, in the horizontal plane, arm movements executed in directions radial to the trunk are sensed to be longer than movements of the same length in the orthogonal direction. It has been suggested that the illusion arises from the fact that radially directed movements are executed more slowly and require more effort. These suggestions were tested in a series of experiments, using a robotically controlled manipulandum. In all of the experiments subjects grasped the handle of the manipulandum, in some cases exploring the virtual boundary of a rectangle, while in others being guided along a rectangular contour by the robot. In a two-alternative forced choice design, subjects reported whether the rectangle was wide or narrow. In a control experiment, subjects manifested the radial-tangential illusion. Contrary to the hypothesis, the magnitude of this illusion was not altered when a resistive force was added in the tangential direction or when the ratio of movement times in the tangential and radial directions was changed. However, when the contour was explored in the counterclockwise direction, the illusion was much smaller than when it was explored in the clockwise direction. A second series of experiments, in which subjects only explored two sides (i.e., an L-shape), demonstrated that this effect arose from distortions induced by the serial ordering of the exploratory movements. The illusion was much smaller when the radial segment was explored first. We suggest that this distortion arises from the serial nature of haptic exploration, in which the length of the initial segment decreases as it is stored in working memory for subsequent comparison.
Size‐Selective Mortality of Inland Silversides: Evidence from Otolith Microstructure

Abstract Size-selective mortality of age-0 inland silversides Menidia beryllina was assessed by using otolith microstructure analysis and the biological intercept back-calculation procedure. Back-calculated size-frequency distributions were compared with the size-frequency distributions of field collections to determine if and when size-selective mortality occurred. These analyses indicated that in both 1990 and 1992, size-selective mortality occurred and was directed at the larger members of the inland silverside cohort. The timing of size-selective mortality varied between the 2 years. In 1990, size-selective mortality occurred during the juvenile stage, whereas in 1992, size-selective mortality occurred during the late larval and early juvenile stages. These results conflict with the prevailing hypothesis that larger individuals have higher survival probabilities than smaller individuals but support our previous finding that juvenile bluefish Pontatoinus saltatrix prefer to prey on the larger members o...
Model of the TVA Receptor Determinants Required for Efficient Infection by Subgroup A Avian Sarcoma and Leukosis Viruses

The study of the interactions of subgroup A avian sarcoma and leucosis viruses [ASLV(A)] with the TVA receptor required to infect cells offers a powerful experimental model of retroviral entry. Several regions and specific residues in the TVA receptor have previously been identified to be critical determinants of the binding affinity with ASLV(A) envelope glycoproteins and to mediate efficient infection. Two homologs of the TVA receptor have been cloned: the original quail TVA receptor, which has been the basis for most of the initial characterization of the ASLV(A) TVA, and the chicken TVA receptor, which is 65% identical to the quail receptor overall but identical in the region thought to be critical for infection. Our previous work characterized three mutant ASLV(A) isolates that could efficiently bind and infect cells using the chicken TVA receptor homolog but not using the quail TVA receptor homolog, with the infectivity of one mutant virus being >500-fold less with the quail TVA receptor. The mutant viruses contained mutations in the hr1 region of the surface glycoprotein. Using chimeras of the quail and chicken TVA receptors, we have identified new residues of TVA critical for the binding affinity and entry of ASLV(A) using the mutant glycoproteins and viruses to probe the function of those residues. The quail TVA receptor required changes at residues 10, 14, and 31 of the corresponding chicken TVA residues to bind wild-type and mutant ASLV(A) glycoproteins with a high affinity and recover the ability to mediate efficient infection of cells. A model of the TVA determinants critical for interacting with ASLV(A) glycoproteins is proposed. IMPORTANCE A detailed understanding of how retroviruses enter cells, evolve to use new receptors, and maintain efficient entry is crucial for identifying new targets for combating retrovirus infection and pathogenesis, as well as for developing new approaches for targeted gene delivery. Since all retroviruses share an envelope glycoprotein organization, they likely share a mechanism of receptor triggering to begin the entry process. Multiple, noncontiguous interaction determinants located in the receptor and the surface (SU) glycoprotein hypervariable domains are required for binding affinity and to restrict or broaden receptor usage. In this study, further mechanistic details of the entry process were elucidated by characterizing the ASLV(A) glycoprotein interactions with the TVA receptor required for entry. The ASLV(A) envelope glycoproteins are organized into functional domains that allow changes in receptor choice to occur by mutation and/or recombination while maintaining a critical level of receptor binding affinity and an ability to trigger glycoprotein conformational changes.
Thorium phase diagrams

Abstract The binary alloy systems of thorium have received a considerable amount of attention in recent years. Emphasis has been on improvement of the strength and corrosion resistance of thorium as well as the determination of its compatibility with other materials. The phase relationships for those systems of importance to fuel element fabrication or other reactor applications are summarized herein. The USAEC Report IS-1752 has more complete information on phase diagrams of thorium. This paper was prepared in the Ames Laboratory of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission.
SOCIOLINGUISTIC VARIATION AND STYLE SHIFTING IN SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION 1

This paper presents empirical data (collected from nine Thai ESL learners) to support the claim that there is sociolinguistic variation and style shifting in interlanguage phonology, just as there is in the phonology of any natural language. The study addresses several theoretical questions: 1. Is interlanguage more permeable to a superordinate rule system in formal than in informal situations? 2. If it is more permeable, does the native language or the target language act as the superordinate rule system? 3. Does phonological transfer follow the sociolinguistic rules of the native language? 4. Does Monitoring operate on a continuum, increasing in formal contexts, and thereby producing a style shift? The findings are consistent with the point of view that interlanguage becomes permeable to a superordinate rule system in formal situations. In these data, the target language (English) acted as the superordinate rule system when the variable examined had no social meaning in the native language (Thai), but when the variable was in fact strongly marked for social value in Thai, the native language (Thai) was adopted as the superordinate rule system. The latter style shifting involved transfer of a socially appropriate variant. Finally, it was found that monitoring (attention to speech) and conscious Monitoring with a learned phonological rule operated on a sliding scale, increasing in formal contexts, and resulting in a style shift.
Laboratory-based, cue-elicited craving and cue reactivity as predictors of naturally occurring smoking behavior

Cigarette craving, one hallmark sign of nicotine dependence, is often measured in laboratory settings using cue reactivity methods. How lab measures of cue reactivity relate to real world smoking behavior is unclear, particularly among non-treatment seeking smokers. Within a larger study of hormonal effects on cue reactivity (N=78), we examined the predictive relationship of cue reactivity to smoking, each measured in several ways. Results indicated that cue-evoked craving in response to stressful imagery, and to a lesser extent, in vivo smoking cues, significantly predicted smoking behavior during the week following testing. However, this predictive relationship was absent upon controlling for reactivity to neutral cues. Nicotine dependence may moderate the relationship between cue reactivity and actual smoking, such that this predictive relationship is less robust among highly dependent smokers than among smokers low in nicotine dependence. The question of whether cue-elicited craving predicts smoking among smokers not in treatment is best answered with a qualified yes, depending on how craving is manipulated and measured. Our findings highlight important methodological and theoretical considerations for cue reactivity research.
The data center as a grid load stabilizer

To accommodate the increasing presence of volatile and intermittent renewable energy sources in power generation, independent system operators (ISO) offer opportunities for demand side regulation service (RS) so as to stabilize the grid load. These power market features allow the demand side to earn monetary credits by modulating its power consumption dynamically following an RS signal broadcast by ISO. This paper studies the capacities and benefits of a major potential demand side, the data center, to provide RS. We propose a dynamic control policy that modulates the data center power consumption in response to ISO requests by leveraging server power capping techniques and various server power states. Results demonstrate that using our policy, data centers can provide fast reserves in quantities that are substantial proportions (around 50%) of their average energy consumption, with no major deterioration in quality of service (QoS). By doing so, data centers decrease their energy costs around 50%, while providing the ISOs and the society in general with cost effective demand side reserves that render massive renewable generation adoption affordable.
Systematization of the thermodynamics of gas adsorption phenomena

Abstract A systematic derivation of theoretical expressions which permit the determination of the molar enthalpies and entropies, of physically adsorbed species, from a variety of experimental data is presented. A method is also developed for expressing various heats of adsorption in terms of the thermodynamic properties of the gas and of the adsorbate.
Medical ethics and informed consent in invasive medical procedures

Abstract The issue of what is required of physicians in communicating to patients the risks involved in invasive medical procedures is discussed from the perspectives of the court, the ethicist, and the patient. Courts in the United States judge the adequacy of this communication on the basis of information disclosure, although they differ as to whether physicians must meet the professional standard or the reasonable-person standard. Ethicists emphasize a patient-centered standard, as well as the concept of substantial understanding. A study designed to elicit the patient’s perspective found that most patients prefer that decision-making be shared by physician and patient, that patients want risk information, and that the largest number of patients prefer that physicians use words rather than numbers to describe risk. However, the very wide range in patient understanding of such terms as probable or possible raises the question of whether using such terms achieves substantial patient understanding of risk.
Are Tender Points Associated With Cervical Radiculopathy

Abstract Letchuman R, Gay RE, Shelerud RA, VanOstrand LA. Are tender points associated with cervical radiculopathy? Objective To determine if there is an association between cervical radiculopathy and tender spots in the neck and upper extremity on the side of radiculopathy. Design Prospective cross-sectional study. Setting Outpatient spine clinic within an academic institution. Participants Convenience sample of 16 subjects with unilateral cervical radiculopathy. Twelve subjects had C7 radiculopathy and 4 had C6 or C8 radiculopathy. Intervention Bilateral pain-pressure threshold measurement (14 muscles) of the neck and upper extremity. Main Outcome Measure Side-to-side difference in pain-pressure threshold. Results Differences in frequency of tender spots were found only in the deltoid and flexor carpi radialis. Overall, more tender spots were found on the side of radiculopathy (75 vs 34, P P P >0.1) were considered. Conclusions Cervical radiculopathy was associated with increased tender spots on the side of radiculopathy, with predilection toward muscles innervated by the involved nerve root.
Identification of a presumptive morphogenetic determinant from the amphibian oocyte germinal vesicle nucleus

Abstract The nucleoplasm of the amphibian oocyte germinal vesicle has been demonstrated to contain a substance which can serve as a morphogenetic determinant. A biological assay system has been devised which facilitated the preliminary characterization of the active component and served as a guide for its purification.
Automatic controls for facilities and Mercury ion thrusters in durability testing.

Mercury ion thrusters and facilities automatic controls durability testing, discussing vacuum chamber systems, unattended operation and control
The structural border array

The border and parameterized border (p-border) arrays are data structures used in pattern matching applications for traditional strings from the constant alphabet @S, and parameterized strings (p-strings) from the constant alphabet @S and the parameter alphabet @P. In this work, we introduce the structural border array (s-border) as defined for an n-length structural string (s-string) T. The s-string is a p-string with the existence of symbol complements in some alphabet @C. These different alphabets add to both the intricacies and capabilities of pattern matching. For example, the s-string can handle the Watson-Crick base pairings in biological sequences and thus, assists in applications that deal with efficient pattern matching between RNA strands that share similar secondary structures. Initially, we provide a construction that executes in O(n^2) time to build the s-border array. The paper establishes theory to improve the result to O(n) by proving particular properties of the s-border data structure. This result is significant because of the generalization of the s-string, which is a step beyond the p-string. Using the same construction algorithm, we show how to modify the s-string alphabets to also construct the p-border and the traditional border arrays in linear time. The generality of the s-border construction algorithm motivates us to devise pattern matching algorithms for s-matching, p-matching, and traditional matching. Our pattern matching algorithms are ultimately used to address the p-match problem with run-length encoded strings.
Electronic Health Records: Eliciting Behavioral Health Providers’ Beliefs

Interviews with 32 community behavioral health providers elicited perceived benefits and barriers of using electronic health records. Themes identified were (a) quality of care, (b) privacy and security, and (c) delivery of services. Benefits to quality of care were mentioned by 100% of the providers, and barriers by 59% of providers. Barriers involving privacy and security concerns were mentioned by 100% of providers, and benefits by 22%. Barriers to delivery of services were mentioned by 97% of providers, and benefits by 66%. Most providers (81%) expressed overall positive support for electronic behavioral health records.
Free amino acids of the haemolymph of the southwestern corn borer and the European corn borer in relation to their diapause

The titres of free amino acids present in the haemolymph of diapausing larvae of the southwestern corn borer, Diatraea grandiosella and the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis, were examined. High titres of serine were found in the haemolymph of both species. Serine may serve as a storage form of compounds that are required for the synthesis of uric acid and other purines. The high titres of proline found in the haemolymph of O. nubilalis during the fall and winter may contribute to the freezing tolerance of this species. Alanine accumulated in the haemolymph of both species during the winter.
Stochastic mixed integer nonlinear programming using rank filter and ordinal optimization

A rank filter algorithm is developed to cope with the computational-difficulty in solving stochastic mixed integer nonlinear programming (SMINLP) problems. The proposed approximation method estimates the expected performance values, whose relative rank forms a subset of good solutions with high probability. Suboptimal solutions are obtained by searching the subset using the accurate performances. High-computational efficiency is achieved, because the accurate performance is limited to a small subset of the search space. Three benchmark problems show that the rank filter algorithm can reduce computational expense by several orders of magnitude without significant loss of precision. The rank filter algorithm presents an efficient approach for solving the large-scale SMINLP problems that are nonconvex, highly combinatorial, and strongly nonlinear. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2009
Male faculty mentors in black and white

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore the phenomenon of mentoring in higher education between Black and White male faculty and Black students at a highly selective, predominantly White institution (PWI) of higher education in the USA. The study aims to elucidate the cross‐racial aspects of mentorship and the impact of gender on mentoring relationships.Design/methodology/approach – The paper consists of a phenomenological study utilising theories of cross‐racial and cross‐gender mentoring, and included eight participants, twice interviewed in depth about their formative experiences and mentoring practices regarding Black students. The data were analysed using a cross‐sectional code‐and‐retrieve method.Findings – The paper provides insights about how Black men leveraged experiences parallel to those confronted by their Black proteges, while White men accessed proximal experiences of difference to relate to Black mentees – and additionally utilized interpersonal networks to enhance their mentorsh...
Endoplasmic reticulum reorganizations and Ca2+ signaling in maturing and fertilized oocytes of marine protostome worms: the roles of MAPKs and MPF.

Before a proper Ca 2 + response is produced at fertilization, oocytes typically undergo a maturation process during which their endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is restructured. In marine protostome worms belonging to the phylum Nemertea, the ER of maturing oocytes forms numerous distinct clusters that are about 5 μm in diameter. After fertilization, mature oocytes with such aggregates generate a normal series of Ca 2 + oscillations and eventually disassemble their ER clusters at around the time that the oscillations cease. Immature oocytes, however, lack prominent ER clusters and fail to exhibit repetitive Ca 2 + oscillations upon insemination, collectively suggesting that cell cycle-related changes in ER structure may play a role in Ca 2 + signaling. To assess the effects of meiotic regulators on the morphology of the ER and the type of Ca 2 + response that is produced at fertilization, nemertean oocytes were treated with pharmacological modulators of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) or maturation-promoting factor (MPF) prior to confocal microscopic analyses. Based on such imaging studies and correlative assays of kinase activities, MAPKs of the ERK½ type (extracellular signal regulated kinases ½) do not seem to be essential for either structural reorganizations of the ER or repetitive Ca 2 + signaling at fertilization. Conversely, MPF levels appear to modulate both ER structure and the capacity to produce normal Ca 2 + oscillations. The significance of these findings is discussed with respect to other reports on ER structure, MPF cycling and Ca 2 + signaling in oocytes of deuterostome animals.
Scheduling, revenue management, and fairness in an academic-hospital radiology division.

Rationale and Objectives Physician staff of academic hospitals today practice in several geographic locations including their main hospital. This is referred to as the extended campus. With extended campuses expanding, the growing complexity of a single division's schedule means that a naive approach to scheduling compromises revenue. Moreover, it may provide an unfair allocation of individual revenue, desirable or burdensome assignments, and the extent to which the preferences of each individual are met. This has adverse consequences on incentivization and employee satisfaction and is simply against business policy. Materials and Methods We identify the daily scheduling of physicians in this context as an operational problem that incorporates scheduling, revenue management, and fairness. Noting previous success of operations research and optimization in each of these disciplines, we propose a simple unified optimization formulation of this scheduling problem using mixed-integer optimization. Results Through a study of implementing the approach at the Division of Angiography and Interventional Radiology at the Brigham and Women's Hospital, which is directed by one of the authors, we exemplify the flexibility of the model to adapt to specific applications, the tractability of solving the model in practical settings, and the significant impact of the approach, most notably in increasing revenue by 8.2% over previous operating revenue while adhering strictly to a codified fairness and objectivity. Conclusions We found that the investment in implementing such a system is far outweighed by the large potential revenue increase and the other benefits outlined.
Antimonide type-II “W” lasers: growth studies and guided-mode leakage into substrate

Abstract The lasing characteristics of mid-IR type-II “W” [InAs/GaInSb/InAs/AlAsSb] structures are found to correlate strongly with the growth conditions and low-temperature photoluminescence (PL) properties. The highest PL intensities and narrowest PL lines are obtained when the wafers are grown at ≈480–510°C with mixed interface bonds. A number of structures grown at a non-optimal lower temperature (≈425°C) nonetheless yielded lower lasing thresholds, lower internal losses, and longer Shockley-Read lifetimes than any grown previously on the present Riber 32P MBE system. All of the laser spectra display regularly-spaced multiple peaks that are consistent with periodic modulation of the cavity loss due to mode-leakage into the GaSb substrate.
Trembling hand perfection for mixed quantal/best response equilibria

The quantal response equilibrium (QRE) is a powerful alternative to full rationality equilibrium concepts. At a QRE, all joint moves have non-zero probability. However in “mixed scenarios”, where some players use quantal response and some use best response, equilibrium strategy profiles can have joint moves with zero probability. This raises the question of applying the trembling hand refinement to such mixed scenarios. To address this I first show how to reformulate the QRE as a “best response” equilibrium where expected utilities are replaced by more general objective functions. I then show that under this reformulation the two popular types of trembling hand perfection can differ when some players use quantal response and some use best response. I end by showing that one of those types of trembling hand perfection cannot be used to remove certain troubling kinds of equilibrium in such mixed scenarios, while the other type can. The conclusion is that only the one type of trembling hand perfection should be applied when we allow some players to be quantal response and some to be best response.
360-degree Feedback: Possibilities for Assessment of the ACGME Core Competencies for Emergency Medicine Residents

The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) has challenged residency programs to provide documentation via outcomes assessment that all residents have successfully mastered the six core competencies. A variety of assessment "tools" has been identified by the ACGME for outcomes assessment determination. Although rarely cited in the medical literature, 360-degree feedback is currently in widespread use in the business sector. This tool provides timely, consolidated feedback from sources in the resident's sphere of influence (emergency medicine faculty, emergency medicine residents, off-service residents and faculty, nurses, ancillary personnel, patients, out-of-hospital care providers, and a self-assessment). This is a significant deviation from both the peer review process and the resident review process that almost exclusively use physicians as raters. Because of its relative lack of development, utilization, and validation as a method of resident assessment in graduate medical education, a great opportunity exists to develop the 360-degree feedback tool for resident assessment.
Design of an implant for first metatarsophalangeal hemi-arthroplasty

This study was designed to examine the three-dimensional geometry of the head of the first metatarsal bone of the foot. Ninety-seven adult first metatarsal head (MTH1) bones were scanned using a laser scanner at 400 dpi. A best-fit ellipsoid was obtained from the articular surfaces of MTH1 for each size group using nonlinear unconstrained optimisation. Average root mean square errors between the articulating surfaces and the optimal fit surfaces of the bone specimens were between 0.29 and 0.42 mm. After classification based on sex and size groups, the profile provided a good fit to individual bones. Consideration of the thickness of cartilage overlying the metatarsal head (MTH) may further improve the fit. The proposed approach provides the basis for a design of an MTH hemi-arthroplasty that has good anatomical congruence with the native joint.
Transformation of 15-hete to 14,15-dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acid and 11,14,15- and 13,14,15-trihydroxyeicosatrienoic acid

Abstract The erythro and threo 13,14-epoxides of 15(S)-HETE were transformed to 14,15-dihydroxyeicostrienoic acid (14,15-DHET) by regiospecific reduction and to a mixture of 11,14,15- and 13,14,15-trihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids (THET) by hydrolysis.
Novel beamformers for Multiple Correlated brain source localization and reconstruction

This paper introduces two novel beamforming algorithms, namely the Region Constrained and Multiple Correlated Source Model beamformers, designed to localize and to reconstruct highly correlated brain sources from noisy EEG data. Multiple correlated source simulations have been performed to evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithms, using a realistic 176 × 240 × 256 finite difference head model. Our simulation results show that the Region Constrained-Multiple Correlated Source Model beamformer, obtained by combining the above two beamformers, allows us to localize three perfectly correlated brain sources with very high localization accuracy. Finally, the eigenspace version of this beamformer can be used to reconstruct three correlated brain source signals correctly from simulated noisy EEG data.
A theory of organizational choice Interest groups and parties as substitutable influence mechanisms

This article argues that niche party formation is only one of several substitutable strategies for niche activists seeking policy influence. Other organizational mechanisms are argued to be superior to political parties under certain institutional conditions. I introduce a formal model of how activists achieve policy influence by choosing to support the formation of whichever type of organization will optimally send a signal of electoral threat to mainstream politicians. Institutions determine the different access costs for the various organizational mechanisms that can be used to send this signal, and also determine the associated response costs to mainstream politicians of making concessions to different organizational mechanisms. Therefore under particular institutional circumstances that affect these two cost parameters, interest group entry may surpass party entry as the optimal strategy for activists. The predictions of the model are assessed via a nested logit model using cross-national survey data...
Topographic control of asynchronous glacial advances: A case study from Annapurna, Nepal

[1] Differences in the timing of glacial advances, which are commonly attributed to climatic changes, can be due to variations in valley topography. Cosmogenic 10Be dates from 24 glacial moraine boulders in 5 valleys define two age populations, late-glacial and early Holocene. Moraine ages correlate with paleoglacier valley hypsometries. Moraines in valleys with lower maximum altitudes date to the late-glacial, whereas those in valleys with higher maximum altitudes are early Holocene. Two valleys with similar equilibrium-line altitudes (ELAs), but contrasting ages, are <5 km apart and share the same aspect, such that spatial differences in climate can be excluded. A glacial mass-balance cellular automata model of these two neighboring valleys predicts that change from a cooler-drier to warmer-wetter climate (as at the Holocene onset) would lead to the glacier in the higher altitude catchment advancing, while the lower one retreats or disappears, even though the ELA only shifted by ∼120 m.
Presidential Address Applying a Total Error Perspective for Improving Research Quality in the Social, Behavioral, and Marketing Sciences

The topic about which I am speaking today is very special to me, and I have been looking forward to making a presentation such as this for a long time. But please know that the ideas about which I will be speaking continue to evolve for me, and what I would have said about this topic twenty years ago, or even ten years ago, would not have been as �developed� as it is for me today (cf. Lavrakas 2012, 2013). I would like to begin by noting the three major premises that underlie the views I will be expressing. These come from my nearly forty years as a researcher, during which I have encountered a great many and wide variety of social, behavioral, and marketing research studies, both quantitative and qualitative in nature. First, I believe that many of these studies were conceptualized poorly, executed poorly, and/or interpreted poorly. Second, I believe that the quality of most of these studies could have been improved with few, if any, cost implications. And third, I believe that using the Total Error framework, about which I am speaking today, can help bring about a meaningful improvement in research quality. Many in the audience already are familiar with the Total Survey Error (TSE) approach (cf. Groves 1989; Fuchs 2008). But I sense that many more are not familiar with it. Furthermore, from what I have observed in the past twenty-plus years, few appear to apply the approach broadly to the diverse realms of social, behavioral, and marketing research. And yet, it is what I call the �Total Error� perspective that underlies the TSE perspective. I am not sure why this is the case, but my goal today is to demonstrate why thinking broadly about a Total Error (TE) approach, not merely �
The concentration and variability of selenium and mercury measured in vacuum-packed tuna fish

Methylmercury (meHg) is a known toxin commonly found in fish. Fish is also a rich source of the trace nutrient selenium which has been hypothesized to modify the toxicity of meHg. We analyzed 28 samples of commercially packaged albacore and light tuna fish for selenium and mercury using standard comparator instrumental neutron activation analysis. Significant differences in the concentration of mercury and selenium were associated with the type of fish, brand and batch. Fish consumers should vary the brand of tuna fish to avoid routine consumption of a brand high in mercury.
An application-aware heterogeneous prioritization framework for NoC based chip multiprocessors

In chip multiprocessor (CMP) systems with multi-application workloads, communication and memory access both play an important role in influencing system performance. Intelligently prioritizing network packets and memory requests can notably improve system throughput. But with increasing workload diversity in CMPs, applying the same request prioritization rules across the chip can lead to sub-optimal results. In this paper, we propose a novel heterogeneous prioritization framework for CMPs in which two different packet prioritization approaches are proposed and applied to network-on-chip (NoC) routers. A new ranking scheme for classifying an application's criticality is also proposed. We evaluate our framework using a detailed cycle-accurate full system event-driven simulator. Our experimental results show that the proposed framework outperforms fair prioritization techniques by up to 12.6% as well as other application-specific techniques from prior literature by up to 6.9% for various multi-application workloads.
Theoretical determination of the current density distributions in human vertebral bodies during electrical stimulation

Maxwell's equations are solved for voltage and current density values at nodal points in a three-dimensional, anatomically based, finite-element grid model of the human trunk constructed from T/sub 5/ to L/sub 5/. Based on the dose response results from the castrated Sprague Dawley breeder rat experiment of C.P. Luessenhop et al. (1987) and the authors' theoretical determination, the magnitude of the input current to the electrodes necessary to induce a response in the human vertebral body is determined. Four different electrode systems in current clinical use are evaluated, and the optimal input current determined. In addition, the effect of subcutaneous fat is studied. >
Lunar production of space photovoltaic arrays

The advantages of manufacturing solar cells for use in space on the Moon rather than on Earth are discussed. It is shown how solar cells manufactured on the moon could significantly reduce the cost of transportation of power systems to space destinations, including the Moon, Mars, Earth orbit, and transfer orbits. Silicon is abundant on the moon, and refining processes are demonstrated which do not depend on extensive use of reactants imported from Earth. Because of the lower requirements for refined silicon, the amorphous silicon process is preferred, despite lower efficiencies. Calculations show that the specific power of amorphous silicon cells can be adequate for most uses. >
Reduction in reproductive lifespan of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP-1)-deficient female mice

Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP-1) is a multifunctional protein expressed in the ovary and uterus of females of several species including mice, rats and humans. Mice deficient in TIMP-1 protein display altered reproductive parameters, which include reduced serum progesterone concentrations and abnormal uterine morphology. As these abnormalities could lead to altered reproductive performance, the objective of this study was to examine whether TIMP-1 deficiency is associated with a reduction in the reproductive lifespan of female mice in which the TIMP-1 gene is disrupted. Wild-type (n = 50) and TIMP-1 null mice (n = 90) were mated with males of proven fertility from the same genotype for 12 months during which the number of litters delivered and the number of pups per litter were determined. Significantly fewer TIMP-1 null females achieved pregnancy (47 of 90 or 52%) compared with the wild-type mice (39 of 50 or 78%; P < 0.05). TIMP-1-deficient female mice that achieved and maintained pregnancy had significantly fewer litters during the 12 months (2.9 +/- 0.8 versus 3.5 +/- 0.8; P < 0.01) and significantly fewer pups per litter (5.7 +/- 1.3 versus 4.7 +/- 1.1; P < 0.05) than did wild-type mice. Females of both genotypes produced two consecutive litters, after which significantly fewer TIMP-1 null mice became pregnant. Mating of females with males of proven fertility from the other genotype confirmed that these abnormalities were not due to the inability of TIMP-1 null males to produce offspring. These data indicate that the absence of TIMP-1 is associated with a reduction in the reproductive lifespan of female mice, which may be manifested at the ovary, uterus or both organs.
Oxygen enhances lethal effect of high‐intensity, ultrashort electrical pulses

The study explored the effect of ambient oxygen on mammalian cell survival after exposure to 10 ns duration, high voltage electrical pulses (nsEP, 80-90 or 120-130 kV/cm; 200-400 pulses per exposure). Cell samples were equilibrated with pure nitrogen, atmospheric air, or pure oxygen prior to the nsEP treatment and were returned to the incubator (air + 5% CO2) shortly after the exposure. The experiments established that survival of hypoxic Jurkat and U937 cells exceeded that of air-equilibrated controls about twofold (P < .01). Conversely, saturation of the medium with oxygen prior to exposure decreased Jurkat cell survival about 1.5 times, P < .01. Attenuation of the cytotoxic effect under hypoxic conditions resembled a well-known effect of oxygen on cell killing by sparsely ionizing radiations and may be indicative of the similarity of underlying cell damage mechanisms.
Design of a rehabilitation device based on a mechanical link system

Realizing an ideal impedance control system in lower extremity rehabilitation systems is challenged by mechanical impedance of robot hardware. Although some studies in the field of control systems have been helpful in reducing the mechanical impedance of actuators, they have not been able to remove the inertia of robot hardware. This paper introduces an alternative design in which mechanical links are utilized. The mechanical links are driven by one actuator without any complicated servo systems. The design parameters are optimized for the link system to generate the normal walking motion. The simulation data shows that the normal gait patterns are realized successfully. The device is connected to a patient using elastic components, and therefore the inertia of the robot is not directly imposed on the patient. The patient's legs are guided to follow the motion of the robot with the forces generated by the elastic components.
Cardiovascular manifestations of human immunodeficiency virus infection in infants and children

Abstract Thirty-one pediatric patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection were prospectively evaluated using 2-dimensional and M-mode echocardiography, Doppler cardiography, electrocardiography and Holter monitoring. Left ventricular shape, wall motion and valve morphology were evaluated with 2-dimensional echocardiography. Valve function was assessed using Doppler cardiography. Left ventricular performance was evaluated with shortening fraction, afterload with end-systolic wall stress and contractility with the end-systolic wall stress and rate-corrected velocity of shortening relation. Although left ventricular performance, afterload and contractility varied widely, 2 patterns of left ventricular function abnormalities were noted. Hyperdynamic left ventricular performance, generally with enhanced contractility and reduced afterload, was the most common echocardiographic finding (63%). Diminished contractility was noted in 8 patients (26%), including 4 patients with symptomatic dilated cardiomyopathy. Serial echocardiographic evaluation revealed changes from the original level (elevated, normal or depressed) of left ventricular function, afterload or contractility in 89%. Pericardial effusion without tamponade was seen in 8 patients (26%). Mononuclear pericarditis, myocarditis and inflammation of the intracardiac conduction tissue as well as peripheral nerve were seen in autopsy specimens, yet histologic or culture evidence of myocardial infection with opportunistic organisms was lacking. High grade atrial (1 patient) and ventricular (3 patients) ectopy, as well as second-degree atrioventricular block, were observed. Cardiac abnormalities, detectable by noninvasive methods but often clinically inapparent, appear to be common in children with human immunodeficiency virus infection and may cause symptoms or even death. Due to the marked variation in ventricular loading conditions in these patients, a load-independent index of contractility must be used. Routine serial noninvasive assessment of this population is strongly recommended because significant, but often occult, cardiac abnormalities are common.
Differences in the Tumor Microenvironment between African-American and European-American Breast Cancer Patients

Background: African-American breast cancer patients experience higher mortality rates than European-American patients despite having a lower incidence of the disease. We tested the hypothesis that intrinsic differences in the tumor biology may contribute to this cancer health disparity. Methods and Results: Using laser capture microdissection, we examined genome-wide mRNA expression specific to tumor epithelium and tumor stroma in 18 African-American and 17 European-American patients. Numerous genes were differentially expressed between these two patient groups and a two-gene signature in the tumor epithelium distinguished between them. To identify the biological processes in tumors that are different by race/ethnicity, Gene Ontology and disease association analyses were performed. Several biological processes were identified which may contribute to enhanced disease aggressiveness in African-American patients, including angiogenesis and chemotaxis. African-American tumors also contained a prominent interferon signature. The role of angiogenesis in the tumor biology of African-Americans was further investigated by examining the extent of vascularization and macrophage infiltration in an expanded set of 248 breast tumors. Immunohistochemistry revealed that microvessel density and macrophage infiltration is higher in tumors of African-Americans than in tumors of European-Americans. Lastly, using an in silico approach, we explored the potential of tailored treatment options for African-American patients based on their gene expression profile. This exploratory approach generated lists of therapeutics that may have specific antagonistic activity against tumors of African-American patients, e.g., sirolimus, resveratrol, and chlorpromazine in estrogen receptor-negative tumors. Conclusions: The gene expression profiles of breast tumors indicate that differences in tumor biology may exist between African-American and European-American patients beyond the knowledge of current markers. Notably, pathways related to tumor angiogenesis and chemotaxis could be functionally different in these two patient groups.
Passive sampling devices enable capacity building and characterization of bioavailable pesticide along the Niger, Senegal and Bani Rivers of Africa

It is difficult to assess pollution in remote areas of less-developed regions owing to the limited availability of energy, equipment, technology, trained personnel and other key resources. Passive sampling devices (PSDs) are technologically simple analytical tools that sequester and concentrate bioavailable organic contaminants from the environment. Scientists from Oregon State University and the Centre Regional de Recherches en Ecotoxicologie et de Securite Environnementale (CERES) in Senegal developed a partnership to build capacity at CERES and to develop a pesticide-monitoring project using PSDs. This engagement resulted in the development of a dynamic training process applicable to capacity-building programmes. The project culminated in a field and laboratory study where paired PSD samples were simultaneously analysed in African and US laboratories with quality control evaluation and traceability. The joint study included sampling from 63 sites across six western African countries, generating a 9000 data point pesticide database with virtual access to all study participants.
Permeation of Hydrogen, Trapping, and Damage in Spheroidized AISI 1090 Steel

Abstract Spheroidized AISI 1090 steel was electrolytically charged with hydrogen from a 1 normal sulfuric acid solution containing a recombination poison. Permeation, trapping and damage effects we...