cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Regenerable tethered bilayer lipid membrane arrays for multiplexed label-free analysis of lipid-protein interactions on poly(dimethylsiloxane) microchips using SPR imaging.

We report a microfabrication approach to generate well-defined, addressable, and regenerable lipid membrane arrays in poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) microchips for label-free analysis of lipid−protein interactions with surface plasmon resonance imaging (SPRi). The multiplexed detection is demonstrated with a tethered bilayer membrane array built in parallel microchannels. These channels allow multiple measurements to be carried out simultaneously, showing low deviations for element-to-element variation in quantifiable signal. Lipid-conjugated receptors were utilized as model systems for protein binding analysis, and the feasibility of regenerating the tethering sublayer after binding was investigated. The results show that the lipid membrane can be removed effectively by nonionic surfactant Triton X-100. The small variance in SPR signal for the buildup process, i.e., <4% RSD for 3 cycles of detection, removal, and regeneration, indicates the sensing interface is highly reproducible. A calibration curve was...
Haptic Feedback in Robot-Assisted Minimally Invasive Surgery

Purpose of Review Robot-assisted minimally invasive surgery (RMIS) holds great promise for improving the accuracy and dexterity of a surgeon while minimizing trauma to the patient. However, widespread clinical success with RMIS has been marginal. It is hypothesized that the lack of haptic (force and tactile) feedback presented to the surgeon is a limiting factor. This review explains the technical challenges of creating haptic feedback for robot-assisted surgery and provides recent results that evaluate the effectiveness of haptic feedback in mock surgical tasks.
Semantic Applications Enabling Reasoning in Product Assembly Ontologies—Moving Past Modeling

In this paper, the authors postulate an approach to introduce reasoning capabilities into ontologies in the product assembly domain in order to truly exploit these logic-based and formal representations for product data. A model containing semantic applications with multiple reasoning units in logic reasoning layer of a layered semantic application architecture is proposed. Retrieval specifications and inference rules in SWRL/SQWRL are defined in these reasoning units. Besides, local-based user interfaces have been developed to allow product engineers to submit reasoning tasks and view querying retrievals or inference results. The approach and semantic applications are illustrated with two case studies in the product assembly domain. It is demonstrated that this approach not only enables existing product data to be queried and retrieved but also enables new product data, which is not explicitly expressed in the ontology models, to be derived. It is concluded that the reasoning mechanism exploits and extends the semantic representation made possible through the ontology and thus holds promise for improved knowledge discovery and understanding.
Commentary. Six basic principles in the communication of social identities: the special case of discourses and illness.

The four articles in this special theme issue demonstrate several important general points: that communication practice is finely and systematically structured; that structures in communication serve to identify people as members of some social categories rather than others; that movement among these categories is immanent in the movement of communication practices and structures; that relations among people are negotiated through such structuring of communication and identities; and that these patterns of practice are active in socially occasioned ways, from clinical scenes of interaction to the scenes of routine everyday life. The specific studies presented in this special theme issue explore in focused ways how communication practices are formative sites of identity work. For example, the article by Wilkinson, Gower, Beeke, and Maxim poses the questions: How do people construct turns in conversation? Do variations in the ways turns are constructed identify people at di¤ering stages of recovery? Their analyses explore various discursive practices that go into the construction of a turn-attalk, such as a search for proper wording, repairing errors, extensions to turns-in-progress, and the like. Their analyses demonstrate how variations in these practices of turn construction do indeed occur at di¤erent stages of recovery, and thus provide verbal markers of patients as more or less impaired. In other words, their study shows how communication practices such as word searches, repairs, and extensions are used to identify patients as types of people, from mild to severely impaired. I will elaborate a bit on these general points by drawing attention to each article. I will structure my remarks through six principles that are active within and across these studies. By formulating these principles, I hope to make explicit some of the connections between communication and identity generally, while focusing on those in ‘illness discourse’ in particular.1 Let us start with a first, basic principle:
Terahertz devices and device modeling

In the present paper we review some of the present technologies of interest for terahertz (THz) applications, and the physics and modeling of ultra-high frequency devices such as high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) which have achieved THz frequencies. We present results of full band Cellular Monte Carlo (CMC) physics based simulation of InP and GaN based HEMTs of current interest to industry, and in particular, we address the current limitations in their frequency response in terms of the material and device structure, and the ultimate limits of scaling for such technologies.
Diffractive vector meson production

This is a brief introduction to diffractive vector meson production, both exclusive γ p → V p and large momentum transfer γ p → V X processes. I overview the theoretical basis for the perturbative description and some recent developments.
Rationality and moral autonomy: An essay in moral psychology

Although there are many variations on the theme, so much is made of the good of moral autonomy that it is difficult not to suppose that there is everything to be said for being morally autonomous and nothing at all to be said for being morally nonautonomous. However, this view of moral autonomy cannot be made to square with the well-received fact that most people are morally nonautonomous — not, at any rate, unless one is prepared to maintain that most people are irrational in this respect. I am not. Thus, I reject what I take to be the prevailing view of moral autonomy. I argue that it is false that (1) moral autonomy is such that it is rational for every person to prefer being morally autonomous to being morally nonautonomous, but true that (2) moral autonomy is such that if anyone is morally autonomous, then it is rational for him to prefer being morally autonomous to being morally nonautonomous.
A Stratocumulus Model with an Internal Circulation

Abstract An updraft and downdraft circulation model based on a mass flux representation of convective fluxes is incorporated into a classic cloud-topped, mixed layer model. The convective mass flux is assumed to be proportional to the convective velocity scale. The closure is obtained by assuming that the turbulent kinetic energy consumption due to entrainment is a small portion of its production due to buoyancy. The model is used to study how cloud-top entrainment instability, partitioning or radiative cooling, and drizzle affect the boundary layer, and the stratocumulus circulation. The results obtained with the model indicate that the intensity of the internal circulation may be critical in regulating the structure of stratocumulus clouds so that the cloud-top entrainment instability as it is presently used is not sufficient to define the breakup of stratocumulus. The vertical distribution of radiative cooling in the mixed layer is found to decrease the amplitude of the diurnal cycle of the cloud thick...
Development of proteolytic activities during barley malting and their localization in the green malt kernel

Abstract The water-insoluble storage proteins of barley seeds reside in the starchy endosperm tissue. This tissue, when expressed from germinating barley, has a pH of 4·8. The hydrolysis of storage proteins during germination (malting) occurs mainly in the endosperm, so proteinases that are located in endosperm and are active at pH 4·8 are probably important to the storage protein hydrolytic process. This study reports our continued investigations of the endoproteinases of germinating barley (Hordeum vulgare L., cv. Morex) with a two-dimensional gel separation method that uses isoelectric focusing (IEF) and non-denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) in gels containing incorporated substrate protein. We identified the endoproteinases that were active at pH 4·8 and determined when they appeared during germination and where they were located in 4-day germinated barley (green malt). A total of nine cysteine, four aspartic, and two serine class proteolytic activities that were active at pH 4·8 were extracted from the endosperm tissue of green malt. It seems probable that some or all of these endosperm endoproteinases, especially proteinases C7, C8, C11, D3, E3 and E4, are the ones most intimately involved in hydrolyzing the storage proteins during malting.
Green investment: Trends and determinants

Abstract This paper fills a gap in the macroeconomic literature on renewable sources of energy. It offers a definition of green investment and analyzes the trends and determinants of this investment over the last decade for 35 advanced and emerging countries. We use a new multi-country historical dataset and find that green investment has become a key driver of the energy sector and that its rapid growth is now mostly driven by China. Our econometric results suggest that green investment is boosted by economic growth, a sound financial system conducive to low interest rates, and high fuel prices. We also find that some policy interventions, such as the introduction of carbon pricing schemes or “feed-in-tariffs,” which require use of “green” energy, have a positive and significant impact on green investment. Other interventions, such as biofuel support, do not appear to be associated with higher green investment.
Dominguez et al. reply

Replying to D. J. Lacks, J. A. Van Orman & C. E. Lesher , (2012) Lacks et al.1 argue that our model of isotopic fractionation in thermal gradients in silicate melts2 does not agree with measurements of the ratio of diffusivities seen in silicate melts. This statement is based on an over-interpretation of our model into non-steady-state applications, such as chemical fractionation, because the model we presented treats the quantized energy levels of the transition state as being equal to each other (the partition function Z(TS) = 1). This was warranted, as our main interest was in finding the steady-state solution to isotopic fractionation in a closed system (which is insensitive to the transition state). The potential importance of the transition state in determining the ratios of diffusivities of He isotopes in a geologic system has previously been noted3, and future work will need to clarify the importance of the transition state for kinetic isotopic fractionation in silicate systems, particularly the ratio of diffusivities.
Predicting returns on Canadian exchange rates with artificial neural networks and EGARCH-M models

This paper investigates the problem of predicting daily returns based on five Canadian exchange rates using artificial neural networks and EGARCH-M models. First, the statistical properties of five daily exchange rate series (US Dollar, German Mark, French Franc, Japanese Yen and British Pound) are analysed. EGARCH-M models on the Generalised Error Distribution (GED) are fitted to the return series, and serve as comparison standards, along with random walk models. Second, backpropagation networks (BPN) using lagged returns as inputs are trained and tested. Estimated volatilities from the EGARCH-M models are used also as inputs to see if performance is affected. The question of spillovers in interrelated markets is investigated with networks of multiple inputs and outputs. In addition, Elman-type recurrent networks are also trained and tested. Comparison of the various methods suggests that, despite their simplicity, neural networks are similar to the EGARCH-M class of nonlinear models, but superior to random walk models, in terms of insample fit and out-of-sample prediction performance.
Ideologizing institutions: Laski, Hayek, Keynes and the creation of contemporary politics

Abstract The central institutions of our society, the government and the economy, have become, in contemporary politics, objects of ideology. The ideologized versions of these institutions ascribe uniform and predictable qualities to what are in fact complex and variable entities. This ideologizing of institutions utilizes the work of Harold Laski, Friedrich Hayek and Maynard Keynes. Harold Laski argued for a democratically responsive state that would replace capitalism with a socialized economy. Hayek celebrated the market and depreciated governmental regulation. Maynard Keynes thought that intelligent policy‐makers could bring the two institutions into harmony and rescue them from the ‘stupidity’ of the less enlightened. This article uses a methodology termed identity analysis to explore the links between identity development, ideological formation, and political appeal. The objective is to note links between developmental conflicts and social challenges, and to see how these links relate to the generat...
Interference of nonlinear ferromagnetic pipeline on magnetic field produced by power lines

The investigation of the magnetic field produced by power lines has drawn a lot of attention from researchers. Since sharing space by buried power lines and pipelines has become commonplace, it is of interest to investigate the influence of the pipeline. In this paper, we study the change of the magnetic field produced by buried cables, due to an additional steel pipe nearby. A Fourier series technique is used to calculate the magnetic field. An iterative procedure is employed to handle the nonlinear characteristics of the steel pipe and to determine the varying permeability in it. The calculated results of the magnetic field are compared with those produced by buried cables without the additional pipe. The comparison shows that the steel pipe close to buried cables may significantly alter the magnetic field.
Hyperosmolar nonketotic coma with hyperglycemia: abnormalities of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism.

Abstract Severe hyperglycemia may occur without ketosis and may lead to dehydration, coma, and death in patients with mild diabetes mellitus. To elucidate the biochemical mechanisms, measurements of plasma insulin, free fatty acid, and growth hormone were made before treatment in 15 comatose hyperglycemic patients without ketosis. Fatty acids, markedly elevated and the source of ketones in ketoacidosis, were normal in nonketotic coma. Lack of mobilization of fat seems not to be related to growth hormone secretion since the plasma levels of this hormone ranged from very low to high and did not correlate with glucose or acetone. Plasma insulin, which is reported to be almost absent in ketoacidosis, was found at levels thought to be capable of suppressing lipolysis without preventing hyperglycemia. Dehydration and hyperglycemia probably play a secondary role in prevention of fat mobilization and ketone production.
Effects of sustained ethanol intoxication and optimal nutrition on free amino acid levels in plasma, liver and muscle of the rat

Abstract The increased plasma levels of αamino-n-butyric acid (AANB) and branched chain amino acids (BCA) are commonly observed after chronic ethanol consumption. These changes are respectively attributed to enhanced turnover of hepatic glutathione (GSH) and increased muscle protein catabolism. On the other hand, the ethanol-induced decrease in plasma level of alanine (ALA) is thought to be caused by enhanced hepatic production of lactate. The objective of this study was to investigate how these alterations can be exhibited in rats subjected to sustained ethanol intoxication and concomitant optimal nutrition. Plasma lactate levels and content of free amino acids in the liver and gastroenemius muscle were also determined to facilitate better understanding of factors involved in the aforementioned changes. Male Wistar rats were intragastrically infused with liquid diet plus ethanol or isocaloric glucose for 30 days. This regimen resulted in sustained blood alcohol levels and optimal nutrition as indicated by similar weight gains of ethanol or pair-fed animals to that of chow-fed rats. Hepatic content and plasma concentrations of ALA were not decreased in the ethanol-fed group, and the plasma lactate levels in these animals were not different from those in the controls. Levels of BCA (valine, isoleucine, leucine) were increased by 42–44% in plasma and 15–23% in the muscle of the ethanol-fed rats. AANB concentrations were significantly increased by 5-fold in the muscle and by 4-fold in plasma with only a 2-fold increase in the liver. These data indicate that the reported ethanol-induced depression in the plasma level and liver content of ALA can be prevented by optimal nutrition. Furthermore, the increased plasma levels of AANB seem to be associated more closely with increased protein turnover in the muscle than with the enhanced GSH metabolism in the liver. The elevated BCA levels in plasma are also likely to be specific effects of ethanol stimulating the muscle protein turnover.
Life-span age differences in visual perception.

16 perceptual measures were administered to 20 males at each of 5 age levels. Analyses of variance indicated significant age differences on 13 of the 16 variables. The young (10–13 yr.) and old (60...
Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) pseudogene expression in endometrial cancer: A conserved regulatory mechanism important in tumorigenesis?

Objectives The PTEN pseudogene, PTENP1, was recently shown to play a role in cell proliferation in a prostate cancer model. In the present study, we sought to determine whether PTENP1 is expressed in endometrial cancer (EMCA) cell lines and primary tumors along with the microRNAs (miRNAs) that are predicted to regulate PTEN and PTENP1 transcript levels.
Physical model for breakdown structures in solid dielectrics.

A quantitative physical model is presented for the breakdown of solids by void or channel discharges. It is found that fractal treelike structures only occur when the ``fields'' at the growth tips are allowed to fluctuate about their Laplace values. By treating the local-field enhancement factor as a white noise produced by the breakdown mechanism itself, it is shown that the amount of branching depends only on the range of fluctuations allowed.
On the intensity of the light reflected from or transmitted through a pile of plates.

A review of the history of the theory of the reflection of light from a pile of plates is given. The presence of incorrect formulae in some current text and reference books is noted. The formulae for a pile of absorbing plates are derived by a method different from that used by Stokes, giving the results in a form different from his. The equivalence of the two forms is proven. An upper bound to the error caused by assuming an infinite instead of a finite number of multiple reflections is derived in the Appendix.
Quadratic polynomials and unique factorization

1. K. Ball, E. A. Carlen, and E. H. Lieb, Sharp uniform convexity and smoothness inequalities for trace norms, Invent. Math. 115 (1994) 463-482. 2. 0. Hanner, On the uniform convexity of LP and 1P, Ark. Mat. 3 (1955) 239-244. 3. J. B. Hiriart-Urruty and C. Lemar6chal, Convex analysis and minimization algorithms L Fundamentals, Grundlehren der Mathematischen Wissenschaften, 305, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1993. 4. J. L. Jensen, Sur les fonctions convexes et les in6galit6s entre les valeurs moyennes, Acta Math. 30 (1906) 175-193. 5. H. Konig, A simple proof of the Minkowski inequality, Internat. Ser. Numer Math. 103 (1992) 469. 6. E. H. Lieb and M. Loss, Analysis, American Mathematical Society, Providence, 1996. 7. L. Maligranda, A simple proof of the Holder and the Minkowski inequality, Amer. Math. Monthly 102 (1995) 256-259.
A simplicial formula and bound for the Euler class

LetG be the discrete group of orientation preserving diffeomorphisms of the circle. An explicit simplicial formula on the level of the bar construction is given for the Euler Class of a circle bundle with structure groupG. An upper bound for the Euler Class is obtained which, when the base space of the bundle is a closed orientable surface, reduces to that of J. Wood. An invariant of circle bundles, complexity, is defined which “detects” the upper bound.
Prevalence of mural thrombi and systemic embolization with left ventricular aneurysm. Effect of anticoagulation therapy.

Fifty-eight consecutive post-myocardial infarction (MI) patients undergoing surgery for left ventricular (LV) aneurysm were studied retrospectively to assess the frequency, characteristics, and complications of mural thrombi found at surgery, and to determine what effect chronic anticoagulation might have had upon the clinical course of these patients. Mural thrombi at surgery were found in 66 percent (38/58). Of these, only 10 (26 percent) were prospectively identified by LV angiography; conversely, LV angiography misidentified the presence of mural thrombi in 10 percent (2/20) who had no thrombus at surgery. Patients with mural thrombi were not different from those without thrombi in terms of time elapsed since their MI (28 ± 7 vs 24 ± 10 mos), LV end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) (18 2 vs 18 ± 2 mm Hg), ejection fraction (22 ± 1 vs 25 ± 2%), or angiographic scar size (33 ± 2 vs 29 ± 3%). Of 17 patients receiving long-term therapy with warfarin sodium preoperatively for anticoagulation, nine had mural thrombi, whereas eight did not (NS). There were only two patients in the total group (2/58=3 percent) with a preoperative event compatible with systemic arterial embolization—one of these was anticoagulated. Thus, in postmyocardial patients having LV aneurysmectomy; (1) the prevalence of mural thrombus is high but cannot be reliably identified prospectively by LV angiography or predicted by time since their MI, angiographic scar size, ejection fraction, or LVEDP; (2) the occurrence of preoperative systemic arterial embolization is very low; and (3) chronic anticoagulation has no apparent effect on the frequency of preoperative systemic arterial embolization or the prevalence of LV mural thrombus at surgery.
Linearization of the Hamiltonian

A procedure is presented for factoring the quadratic Hamiltonian into two terms that are linear in the Hamiltonian. The resulting matrix equations are solved and it is shown that particular solutions lead to the Feshbach-Villars and Dirac equations, as expected. Since there are more matrix equations than unknowns, it would appear that these were the only solutions. However it is shown that there is a continuous set of additional quantum wave equations that have linear Hamiltonians.
The Solid-state Polymerization of Styryl Monomers: A Structural Perspective

Styryl monomers p-acetamidostyrene 1, p-benzamidostyrene 2 and p-vinylbenzoic acid 3 polymerize upon heating, or under γ- or UV-irradiation. The crystal structures of 1–3 (including two polymorphs ...
Career Decision-Making Skills of High School Students in The Bahamas:

The purpose of the study was to examine the confidence level in career decision-making of Bahamian adolescents in the high schools in Nassau, Bahamas, investigating factors that influence one's level of confidence in career decision-making. The Career Decision Scale along with a demographic survey were administered to 385 11th and 12th graders to examine six factors which measured the effects and/or interaction effects of influences on confidence in career decision-making. Two MANOVAs and the appropriate follow-up statistics (Tukey's Honestly Significant Difference post hoc tests) were used to determine differences and interaction effects among the variables measuring the level of career decision-making skills. Based on the findings of the study the researcher concluded that for Bahamian adolescents, the type of school, the grade level, and a visit to the school guidance office were significant factors that influenced one's level of confidence in career decision-making.
Museum tours in genogram construction: A technique for facilitating recall of negative affect

Anger museums, hurt museums, and loss museums are presented as a technique for facilitating recall whenever clients appear to have difficulty remembering family relationships and the affect with which these relationships were invested. The purpose of the recall is to facilitate the process of differentiation. Museum tours are presented as a technique for helping individuals re-enter and re-view their own history within the context of the functioning and relationships of the family of origin. Museum tours in genogram construction are an attempt to achieve what Bowen referred to as discrimination between the emotions and intellect, i.e. the process of differentiation.
Thyroid hormones and methylmercury toxicity

Thyroid hormones are essential for cellular metabolism, growth, and development. In particular, an adequate supply of thyroid hormones is critical for fetal neurodevelopment. Thyroid hormone tissue activation and inactivation in brain, liver, and other tissues is controlled by the deiodinases through the removal of iodine atoms. Selenium, an essential element critical for deiodinase activity, is sensitive to mercury and, therefore, when its availability is reduced, brain development might be altered. This review addresses the possibility that high exposures to the organometal, methylmercury (MeHg), may perturb neurodevelopmental processes by selectively affecting thyroid hormone homeostasis and function.
Physical Properties of the Complexes Formed between Heptakis(2,6-di-O-methyl)-β-cyclodextrin, β-Cyclodextrin, and Chlorambucil

The solid complex of chlorambucil (CHL) and heptakis-(2,6-di-O-methyl)-beta-cyclodextrin (DIMEB) has been isolated from ethanol and analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and powder X-ray diffractometry. The carbonyl stretching band of the complex, observed in the FTIR spectrum, was shifted to higher frequency, suggesting that intermolecular hydrogen bonds between CHL molecules are broken when the complex is formed. Since no melting endotherm was observed for CHL when the DSC thermogram of the complex was obtained, the crystal lattice of the compound must be disrupted upon complexation. X-ray diffraction patterns of the inclusion complex were different from those of the physical mixture and contained no peaks corresponding to free CHL, thus indicating the formation of a new crystalline material. The 1:1 CHL:beta-cyclodextrin (beta-CD) complex was isolated from aqueous solution at 3 degrees C. Results of analyses using FTIR and DSC were similar to those obtained with the CHL:DIMEB complex. The X-ray diffraction patterns of the complex suggest that its degree of crystallinity is higher than that of the CHL:DIMEB complex.
Ambient Oxygen Promotes Tumorigenesis

Oxygen serves as an essential factor for oxidative stress, and it has been shown to be a mutagen in bacteria. While it is well established that ambient oxygen can also cause genomic instability in cultured mammalian cells, its effect on de novo tumorigenesis at the organismal level is unclear. Herein, by decreasing ambient oxygen exposure, we report a ∼50% increase in the median tumor-free survival time of p53−/− mice. In the thymus, reducing oxygen exposure decreased the levels of oxidative DNA damage and RAG recombinase, both of which are known to promote lymphomagenesis in p53−/− mice. Oxygen is further shown to be associated with genomic instability in two additional cancer models involving the APC tumor suppressor gene and chemical carcinogenesis. Together, these observations represent the first report directly testing the effect of ambient oxygen on de novo tumorigenesis and provide important physiologic evidence demonstrating its critical role in increasing genomic instability in vivo.
Chronic inflammation of the salivary glands with or without calculi

THE symptoms and the clinical picture of chronic inflammation of the salivary glands are sometimes not recognized by either internist or surgeon, with the result that mistakes in diagnosis and treatment are often made. The disease does not necessarily have to be associated with the presence of a stone in the gland or duct, and the stone, if present, is not always demonstrable by the roentgenogram. We are reporting here 110 cases of nonspecific inflammation of the salivary glands, in 70 of which salivary calculi were present also. We have excluded from this group all cases in which tuberculosis, syphilis, and actinomycosis were the etiologic factors, also cases of acute and postoperative parotitis and cases in which there were malignant lesions about the mouth or face.
A probabilistic ellipsoid algorithm for linear optimization problems with uncertain LMI constraints

In this paper, a probabilistic algorithm based on the deep cut ellipsoid method is proposed to solve a linear optimization problem subject to an uncertain linear matrix inequality (LMI). First, a deep cut ellipsoid algorithm is introduced to address probabilistic feasibility of the uncertain LMI. Objective cuts are then defined to search for the optimal solution. The final probabilistic ellipsoid algorithm is a combination of feasibility cuts and objective cuts. It is shown that in a finite number of iterations, the ellipsoid algorithm either returns a suboptimal probabilistically feasible solution with a high confidence level or finds the problem infeasible. Furthermore, the bounds of the suboptimal value are provided with probabilistic guarantees.
Instructional Design Expertise: A Cognitive Model of Design

This paper presents the results of a qualitative study of problem solving in the domain of instructional design. The study was conducted in two phases: Phase 1 consisted of a “think-aloud” design task with nine instructional designers, five experts and four novices. The results of Phase 2 are reported in this paper. The design task consisted of presenting the subjects with a description of a fictitious piece of equipment (a simulation of a diesel Cummins engine) and audio and video taping the participants while they produced a lesson for training subjects to trouble shoot a diesel engine simulator. Protocols were then coded using a coding scheme adapted from the work of Greeno et al. (1990). This coding scheme considers three aspects of the problem solving process involved in the development of training: subproblems, types of knowledge used, and problem solving operators. Quantitative and qualitative analysis of the “think aloud” protocols yielded a picture of common problem solving strategies and general features used by “experts” and “novices” during the design process. More importantly, the data showed that experts and novices use divergent design models. These design models differ with respect to the problem solving strategies used by the experts and novices. Experts are more apt to use more design principles and rely on a variety of knowledge sources than novices. Experts spend more time in frontend-analysis or planning and trying to understand the domain than novices, while novices immediately begin to consider in detail numerous design strategies. Expert design models can be characterized by breadth first with considerable elaboration between interconnections while novices' design models are depth first processing with few interconnecting linkages. Moreover, the expert design model is one of integrating, reiterating and cycling through the design process. The expert design process is not a deterministic linear activity, but rather an iterative activity that requires creativity as well as logic.
Beliefs versus values: Salient beliefs in designing a persuasive message

Argumentation theorists have long depended on the concept of “values” in analyzing audiences and formulating persuasive messages. The authors argue that values are both inappropriate and impractical in audience analysis and persuasive message formation when a specific behavior change (action) is desired. Using Ajzen and Fishbein's Theory of Reasoned Action (1980), four belief strategies for designing persuasive arguments are proposed, and a five‐step process for designing a persuasive message leading to action is presented.
Morbidity, mortality, mean survival, and the impact of histology on survival after pleurectomy in 64 patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma

Abstract Aim The survival of patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) who do not seek treatment ranges from 4 to 12 months. To date, the optimal procedure for resection of malignant pleural mesothelioma is controversial, extrapleural pneumonectomy has been most consistently associated with long-term survival and has provided the most radical cytoreduction; but, unfortunately, not all patients qualify for this invasive surgical approach. Methods Between 1992 and 2000, 64 patients underwent pleurectomy as a palliative treatment for MPM. This retrospective study evaluates the operative outcome and the impact of some prognostic factors on patients' survival. Preoperative evaluation included chest X-ray, CT and/or MRI. Diagnosis was made by pleural biopsy via needle, open, or VATS biopsy. The Kaplan–Meier curve and the Log-Rank test were used to analyze the data. Results The median age of the study group was 65 (with a range of 29–84 years). Thirty-six patients had epithelial histology, and 28 patients had sarcomatoid or mixed type (e.g., epithelial+spindle, epithelial+sarcomatoid). The 30-day mortality rate was 3.1%. The overall survival rate was 43%, 28%, and 10% at 1, 2, and 3 years, respectively. The overall median survival was 9.4 months (ranging from 1.15 to 52.7 months). The overall median survival with epithelial histology ( n =36, 56%) was 21.7 months (with a range of 1.4–52.7 months) versus 5.8 months (with a range of 1.15–18.3 months) for the sarcomatoid or mixed type ( n =28, 44%), p =0.0001. The morbidity included atrial fibrillation ( n =5), wound infection ( n =2), prolonged intubation (longer than 24h, n =8), reintubation for respiratory failure ( n =2), pulmonary emboli ( n =1), UTI ( n =16), DVT ( n =5), MI ( n =4), and postoperative bleeding ( n =7). Univariant analysis demonstrated that the only prognostic factors influencing survival in our series was the histologic type. Age, gender, and the affected side of the lung did not affect the median survival. Conclusion Our results show that pleurectomy can be performed as a means of palliation for advanced-stage disease with a low mortality rate and may, in fact, improve survival in patients with epithelial subtype as compared with historical controls in the literature with no surgical intervention.
A Synthetic Nickel Electrocatalyst with a Turnover Frequency Above 100,000 s−1 for H2 Production

Reduction of acids to molecular hydrogen as a means of storing energy is catalyzed by platinum, but its low abundance and high cost are problematic. Precisely controlled delivery of protons is critical in hydrogenase enzymes in nature that catalyze hydrogen (H(2)) production using earth-abundant metals (iron and nickel). Here, we report that a synthetic nickel complex, [Ni(P(Ph)(2)N(Ph))(2)](BF(4))(2), (P(Ph)(2)N(Ph) = 1,3,6-triphenyl-1-aza-3,6-diphosphacycloheptane), catalyzes the production of H(2) using protonated dimethylformamide as the proton source, with turnover frequencies of 33,000 per second (s(-1)) in dry acetonitrile and 106,000 s(-1) in the presence of 1.2 M of water, at a potential of -1.13 volt (versus the ferrocenium/ferrocene couple). The mechanistic implications of these remarkably fast catalysts point to a key role of pendant amines that function as proton relays.
What retains water in living cells

Three types of evidence are presented showing that the retention of cell water does not necessarily depend on the possession of an intact cell membrane. The data agree with the concept that water retention in cells is due to multilayer adsorption on proteins and that the maintenance of the normal state of water relies on the presence of adenosine triphosphate as a cardinal adsorbent, controlling the protein conformations.
Concurrent generation of binary and nonnormal continuous data through fifth-order power polynomials

ABSTRACTData collection process in most observational and experimental studies yield different types of variables, leading to the use of joint models that are capable of handling multiple data types. Evaluation of various statistical techniques that have been developed for mixed data in simulated environments requires concurrent generation of multiple variables. In this article, I present an important augmentation to a unified framework proposed in our previously published work for simultaneously generating binary and nonnormal continuous data given the marginal characteristics and correlation structure, via fifth-order power polynomials that are known to extend the area covered in the skewness-elongation plane and to provide a better approximation to the probability density function of the continuous variables. I evaluate how well the improved methodology performs in comparison to the original one, in a simulated setting with illustrations of algorithmic steps. Although the relative gains for the associa...
Synthesis and Antidepressant Activity of 5- (4-Dimethylaminobenzyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione

5-(4-Dimethylaminobenzyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione was prepared by catalytic hydrogenation of the corresponding benzylidene compound. Antidepressant testing in mice indicated that its ED50 values for antagonism of tetrabenazine-induced ptosis and potentiation of levodopa-induced behavioral changes were 42 and 17 mg/kg po, respectively. In vitro neurochemical studies demonstrated that this compound did not inhibit the uptake of selected biogenic amines into crude synaptosomes of mouse whole brain, and it did not have significant monoamine oxidase inhibitory activity in vivo and in vitro. Thus, this compound possesses potential antidepressant activity with a mechanism different from that of the tricyclic antidepressants and monoamine oxidase inhibitors.
The commercial production of specific-pathogen-free eggs and chickens: the evolution of an industry.

Chicken embryos were first used to study viruses in 1911 by Rous and Murphy (21). However, years elapsed before the use of the embryo was recognized for its great potential in virus research when Woodruff and Goodpasture (34) used chicken embryos to study fowl poxvirus. The early workers did not consider that chicken embryos could carry unwanted organisms, which could compromise the integrity of experiments. In 1946, Beveridge and Burnet (4) stated, "There is no well authenticated report of a chick embryo being a natural carrier of any virus, and the technical problem of preventing entry of unwanted viruses to it is immensely simpler than with any type of free-living animal."
HABITAT ARCHITECTURE AND THE ABUNDANCE AND BODY-SIZE-DEPENDENT HABITAT SELECTION OF A PHYTAL AMPHIPOD'

Field and laboratory experiments were conducted on the effect of habitat architecture (the number, size, shape, and arrangement of habitable spaces and structures) created by benthic algae on the habitat selection of an abundant mobile amphipod, Gam- marellus angulosus, on the central coast of Maine. Amphipod population density and body size were determined in algae of different morphologies that provided amphipods with different habitat architectures. The two primary components of habitat architecture in this system were spatial (the number and size of spaces between fronds) and structural (the number, length, and width of fronds). These were measured for algae of specific mor- phologies and for artificial plants that mimicked these morphologies. Field experiments using algae and algal mimic counterparts showed that there were significantly higher den- sities of amphipods in algae with branched and filamentous morphologies than in those algae with foliose and leathery macrophyte morphologies. There was also a significant correspondence between the body size of amphipods and both components of habitat architecture. Laboratory experiments using algae and algal mimics excluded food value, predation, competition, and physical disruption in experimental treatments. When these processes were excluded, patterns of abundance and body-size scaling to habitat dimensions were the same as those in the field. It appears, through the use of algal mimics, that the spatial component (space between fronds) is an important factor in determining amphipod demographic patterns in algae. Algal mimics of different surface rugosity and color indicate that tenacity and crypsis are also important components in habitat selection of amphipods.
Towards a Transnational Lesbian Cinema

This article explores the relationship between lesbian independent cinema and transnational cinema in Europe. The first part of the article outlines two main directions—one thematic and the other aesthetic—in which independent lesbian films in Europe utilize aspects of transnational cinema. The next section considers how these films articulate lesbian desire in relation to new discourses of sexual citizenship and immigration in Europe. The third part of the article examines lesbian independent films that seek to underscore the violence of immigration controls in Fortress Europe. What is significant about this group of films is that they encourage us to rethink the issue of sexual citizenship from a transnational perspective.
220GHz f T and 400GHz f max in 40-nm GaN DH-HEMTs with re-grown ohmic

We report record RF performance in 40nm-gate GaN-HEMT technology. Through vertical scaling in an AlN/GaN/AlGaN double heterojunction (DH) HEMT structure and reduction of access resistance using MBE re-growth of n+-GaN ohmic contacts, fully-passivated 40-nm devices exhibited excellent DC characteristics, such as an R on of 0.81Ω·mm, an I dmax of 1.61A/mm, a BV off of 42V, and a peak extrinsic g m of 723mS/mm, resulting in a peak f T of 220GHz and a peak f max of 400GHz. The measured f T and f max are the highest ever reported in a GaN-HEMT technology. Small signal model and delay time analysis showed that the parasitic charging time was only 10% of total delay time and the gate transit time scaled with the gate length (L g ) down to 40nm, demonstrating high scalability of the new technology.
Effects of compost, coal ash, and straw amendments on restoring the quality of eroded Palouse soil

Ridgetops in the dryland farming region of eastern Washington suffer from low productivity and poor soil quality from years of erosion. Two studies investigated the effectiveness of soil amendments in restoring soil quality. Study 1 treatments were two rates of compost and a control. Study 2 treatments were compost, coal ash, wheat straw, three rates of inorganic N, and a control. A wide array of soil biological, chemical and physical parameters were measured from 1995 to 1997 and yield of spring barley, spring pea, and winter wheat were measured in different years from 1995 though 1998. In study 1, compost plus N increased barley yield and soil pH. Compost without N in study 2 increased total soil C and continued to immobilize soil N 2 years after incorporation because of the high C:N ratio of the compost. Total soil N, available P and K, some micronutrients, and cation exchange capacity were increased by the compost. Compost reduced soil bulk density and soil impedance, while increasing water-stable aggregates and improving infiltration. Coal ash slightly suppressed phosphatase activity, while tending to increase pH and soil B, and improving infiltration. Straw decreased soil bulk density and microbial activity in 1996 only. Barley grain trace element uptake, barley yield, and pea yield were uninfluenced by amendments. In 1998, 3 years after application of the amendments, winter wheat yield was significantly higher from the compost application than from any other treatments. Compost had the greatest benefit to improving soil quality and crop yield.
Accelerator-driven subcritical fission in molten salt core: Closing the nuclear fuel cycle for green nuclear energy

A technology for accelerator-driven subcritical fission in a molten salt core (ADSMS) is being developed as a basis for the destruction of the transuranics in used nuclear fuel. The molten salt fuel is a eutectic mixture of NaCl and the chlorides of the transuranics and fission products. The core is driven by proton beams from a strong-focusing cyclotron stack. This approach uniquely provides an intrinsically safe means to drive a core fueled only with transuranics, thereby eliminating competing breeding terms.
Transesophageal Echocardiographic Diagnosis of Pulmonary Arteriovenous Malformation: Role of Contrast and Pulsed Doppler Echocardiography

Contrast echocardiography produced by peripheral injection of agitated saline solution is widely used for detecting intracardiac and intrathoracic extracardiac shunts, like pulmonary arteriovenous malformation (PAVM). Currently, localization of PAVM requires pulmonary angiography even after detection by computed tomography of the chest. Pulsed Doppler along with contrast echocardiography of the pulmonary veins performed during transesophageal echocardiography may aid in the localization of PAVM and in its diagnosis.
A priori entailment and conceptual analysis: Making room for type-C physicalism 1

One strategy for blocking Chalmers's overall case against physicalism has been to deny his claim that showing that phenomenal properties are in some sense physical requires an a priori entailment of the phenomenal truths from the physical ones. Here I avoid this well-trodden ground and argue instead that an a priori entailment of the phenomenal truths from the physical ones does not require an analysis in the Jackson/Chalmers sense. This is to sever the dualist's link between conceptual analysis and a priori entailment by showing that the lack of the former does not imply the absence of the latter. Moreover, given the role of the argument from conceptual analysis in Chalmers's overall case for dualism, undermining that argument effectively undermines that case as a whole in a way that, I'll argue, undermining the conceivability arguments as stand-alone arguments does not.