cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES OF WITHIN‐TREE PHENOLOGICAL PATTERNS IN THE FLORIDA STRANGLING FIG, FICUS AUREA (MORACEAE)

The obligate pollinators of figs (Ficus, Moraceae), species-specific agaonid wasps, benefit figs only by transporting pollen between trees; larvae are seed predators. But given the high risk of mortality in flight between trees, adult wasps should prefer to pollinate and oviposit within inflorescences (syconia) at the same tree at which they developed. Flowering within individuals is tightly synchronous in most species, while different trees flower out of phase with each other, suggesting that fig phenology has evolved to assure outcrossing. However, some fig species show distinct within-tree flowering asynchrony. It has been suggested that such asynchrony is an adaptation by which figs in seasonal environments can reduce pollinator mortality, by permitting wasps to persist on individual trees at times when flight would be impossible. We have evaluated and rejected the validity of this Seasonality Hypothesis for the Florida strangling fig, Ficus aurea, near its northern range limit. Crops of individual trees were most, not least, synchronous during the coldest, driest months of 2 years. Maximum asynchrony occurred in seasons that were probably most favorable for wasp transit between trees. However, temporal overlap of the phenological stages that permit wasps to remain on their natal trees was always very rare, implying that consecutive cohorts of developing syconia may be spaced in time to limit this occurrence. We suggest alternative costs and benefits for these phenological traits, as well as the proximate mechanisms that might produce them.
Integrated Disease Investigations and Surveillance planning: a systems approach to strengthening national surveillance and detection of events of public health importance in support of the International Health Regulations.

The international community continues to define common strategic themes of actions to improve global partnership and international collaborations in order to protect our populations. The International Health Regulations (IHR[2005]) offer one of these strategic themes whereby World Health Organization (WHO) Member States and global partners engaged in biosecurity, biosurveillance and public health can define commonalities and leverage their respective missions and resources to optimize interventions. The U.S. Defense Threat Reduction Agency’s Cooperative Biologica Engagement Program (CBEP) works with partner countries across clinical, veterinary, epidemiological, and laboratory communities to enhance national disease surveillance, detection, diagnostic, and reporting capabilities. CBEP, like many other capacity building programs, has wrestled with ways to improve partner country buy-in and ownership and to develop sustainable solutions that impact integrated disease surveillance outcomes. Designing successful implementation strategies represents a complex and challenging exercise and requires robust and transparent collaboration at the country level. To address this challenge, the Laboratory Systems Development Branch of the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and CBEP have partnered to create a set of tools that brings together key leadership of the surveillance system into a deliberate system design process. This process takes into account strengths and limitations of the existing system, how the components inter-connect and relate to one another, and how they can be systematically refined within the local context. The planning tools encourage cross-disciplinary thinking, critical evaluation and analysis of existing capabilities, and discussions across organizational and departmental lines toward a shared course of action and purpose. The underlying concepts and methodology of these tools are presented here.
The Only Thing We Have to Fear Is Fear Itself…and Crime: The Current State of the Fear of Crime Literature and Where It Should Go Next

Researchers have explored the impact of fear of crime for well over 40 years. In that time, the fear of crime literature has undergone a remarkable evolution, with researchers examining it among varied populations, in many contexts, and from different theoretical perspectives. The purpose of the current work is to provide a brief review of the fear of crime literature, with specific focus on how the research has evolved. Particular attention is placed on how the definitions and measures of fear of crime have become more precise over time. In addition, a discussion of the theoretical perspectives and consequences of fear of crime is also included, along with directions for future research.
Characteristics of tuberculosis in children and adolescents

In childhood tuberculosis it is possible to clearly distinguish among three basic stages: exposure infection and disease. The incidence of tuberculosis in children is low compared with that in adults but latent infection is a major concern because children who are exposed to Mycobacterium tuberculosis especially early in childhood are at increased risk of developing the disease. Younger children particularly infants have a high relative risk of miliary or meningeal disease. The clinical manifestations of childhood tuberculosis differ noticeably from those of the disease seen in adults. Adolescents with tuberculosis have different demographic and clinical features from those of adults or children. Tuberculosis in adolescents has become relatively more important as the incidence of infection in childhood has decreased. (Korean J Pediatr 2009;52:513-518
Changing Directions in the Practicum: looking ahead to the 1990s

ABSTRACT Recently reported innovations in the practicum in the United Kingdom, USA, Canada and Australia are discussed in relation to how well they address several obstacles to teacher learning that have been shown to be associated with the practicum. These innovations include the development of thematic teacher education programs, the articulation of an explicit practicum curriculum, the development of closer links between the practicum and specific college courses, extending the practicum to the community domain, locating the practicum in state schools (Professional Development Schools) which have a special role in teacher education, and viewing the practicum as a ‘cognitive apprenticeship’. These curricular reforms are discussed in terms of how they relate to two different conceptions of teaching as reflective practice. Following this analysis of recently reported curriculum reforms, it is argued that the improvement of the practicum in teacher education must involve more attention to the structural an...
Reducing adolescents' involvement with relational aggression: Evaluating the effectiveness of the Creating A Safe School (CASS) intervention

This study examined the effectiveness of a comprehensive, school-based intervention program, Creating A Safe School (CASS; The Ophelia Project) designed to reduce relational aggression (RA) and relational victimization (RV). Sixth-grade students (N = 406) were surveyed before and after the intervention. Program effects were tested using a repeated-measures design. Results revealed significant reductions in RA and RV among students who reported initially high levels of involvement. Findings also showed that decreasing approval of RA accounted for a significant amount of variance in changes in RA between pre- and posttest. These results provide initial evidence of the effectiveness of the CASS intervention model in reducing RA among early adolescents. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Radio-frequency Stark tuning of optically pumped far-infrared lasers

We have directly monitored the rf Stark-field-induced splitting of the gain profile of the 1222-μm 13CH3F optically pumped far-infrared (OPFIR) laser transition. The resulting data are found to be in good agreement with ac Stark theory. Comparison with dc Stark tuning techniques shows that the rf Stark effect possesses a number of attractive attributes for frequency tuning cw OPFIR lasers, including significant increases in the tuning range and straightforward implementation.
Laughing All the Way to Tolerance? Mexican Comedic Telenovelas as Vehicles for Lessons Against Homophobia

The use of telenovelas as didactic tools to educate the viewing public about a variety of social issues, ranging from drug abuse to domestic violence, is not a new phenomenon. In Mexico in particular, telenovelas have been used strategically for several decades to target particular groups with messages intended to curb or in some way alter behavior and attitudes. In recent years, an increasing number of Mexican telenovela productions have adopted a comedic tone and forgone the unrelenting melodrama that has defined the genre during its half century of history. Like their more melodramatic brethren, these comedic telenovelas entertain and, at times, educate the viewing audience about various social issues. Homophobia is a relative newcomer to the list of societal concerns that telenovelas address, and comedic telenovelas have proved to be fertile ground for the inclusion of didactic messages that promote attitudes of tolerance toward homosexuals. This investigation highlights this trend and examines how three telenovelas in particular, La fea mas bella (2006–2007), Yo amo a Juan Querendon (2007–2008) and Las tontas no van al cielo (2008), participate in an evolving popular narrative of tolerance.
Pharmacokinetics of azithromycin and erythromycin in human endometrial epithelial cells and in cells infected with Chlamydia trachomatis

The pharmacokinetics of azithromycin and erythromycin were examined in uninfected and Chlamydia trachomatis infected human endometrial epithelial cells in vitro. Cells which were grown in a polarized orientation showed a three-fold higher quantity of azithromycin uptake than did non-polarized cells. Cellular penetration profiles of azithromycin exceeded erythromycin by as much as eight-fold. In addition, approximately 20% of azithromycin remained cell-associated after 24 h in drug-free medium whereas erythromycin was not retained beyond 3 h. Hormone-responsive primary human endometrial gland epithelial cells, cultured directly after hysterectomy, showed enhanced uptake of both antimicrobials compared with laboratory adapted epithelial cell lines. Cells infected with a genital serovariant of C. trachomatis showed no significant difference in antibiotic uptake during the early stages of the chlamydial developmental cycle, and only a slight decrease in azithromycin uptake in the late stage of infection compared with non-infected cells. Morphological evidence of the bactericidal activity of azithromycin was evident in infected cells at most stages of the chlamydial developmental cycle, whereas the same concentration of erythromycin produced less evidence of marked bactericidal activity as observed by transmission electron microscopy.
Keeping Nursing Home Residents Hydrated

The purpose of this research is to ascertain nursing home (NH) staffs' perspectives of the problem of dehydration in NHs (skilled nursing facilities) and have them identify clinically practical interventions to ensure that NH residents consistently take adequate fluids. Four focus groups with 28 NH staff members in attendance are held in three NHs in metropolitan Los Angeles. The majority of participants are certified nursing assistants; however, licensed vocational nurses, registered nurses, and other NH staff also attend the groups. Content analytic techniques are used to analyze the data. Three themes emerge focusing on residents' reasons for not drinking, signs and symptoms of dehydration, and strategies for improving hydration in NH residents. NH staff members identify the complexity of providing adequate hydration that was influenced by the resident's relationship with family and NH staff and communication between staff members.
Effects of N-acetyl-L-cysteine on adhesive strength between breast cancer cell and extracellular matrix proteins after ionizing radiation.

The benefits of administering antioxidants during radiation therapy have been the subject of much controversy. It is known that both ionizing radiation (IR) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) alter the adhesive affinity between tumor cells and extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins and that IR induces production of ROS. We therefore evaluated the effect of N-acetyl-L-cysteine (LNAC), a common ROS scavenger, on the adhesive affinity between MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells and extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins after IR. We focused mainly on fibronectin, a representative ECM protein. Our results using static cell adhesion assays indicated that continuously treating the breast cancer cells with LNAC (10 mM) for 24 h, starting immediately after IR (20 Gy), could inhibit IR-induced cell adhesion to ECM proteins at 24 h post-IR. Analyses of intracellular levels of ROS by the fluorescence dye carboxy- 2,7-dichlorodihydrofluorescin diacetate and activated integrin β1 by flow cytometry revealed that the reduction of cell adhesive affinity was correlated with a down-regulation of IR-induced ROS production and surface expression of activated integrin β1. In addition to cell adhesion, treatment with LNAC inhibited IR-induced expression of vimentin, an epithelial mesenchymal transition marker (EMT). Interestingly, when the cells were pretreated for 1 h, the inhibitory effects of LNAC were found to be either reduced or completely abrogated followed by 24 h or 2 h treatments, respectively. Our results demonstrated that the time and duration of LNAC treatment is critical for regulating IR-induced adhesive affinity, and thus metastatic potential, as well as EMT process of breast cancer cells.
INDOMETHACIN DOES NOT ALTER THE EFFECT OF PENTAGASTRIN ON RAT GASTRIC DEFENSE MECHANISMS

Abstract We studied the effect of the prostaglandin synthesis inhibitor, indomethacin, on pentagastrin-associated enhancements of gastric mucosal defense mechanisms, using a microfluorometric technique in which mucus gel thickness, intracellular pH (pH i ), gastric mucosal blood flow, and acid secretion were measured simultaneously in vivo. Intravenous infusion with pentagastrin (80 μg/kg/h) increased mucus gel thickness, induced a hyperemic response to luminal acid, and enhanced pH i homeostasis during acid superfusion. Indomethacin, (5 mg/kg, IP) did not alter the effects of pentagastrin on acid output, mucus gel thickness, mucosal blood flow, and pH i homeostasis. Indomethacin alone did not affect any of these measures. We conclude that the enhancement of gastric defense mechanisms due to pentagastrin is independent of prostaglandin synthesis.
Transactions Cost and Interest Rate Rules

This paper evaluates quantitatively the effect of real money balances in a New Keynesian framework. Money in our model facilitates transactions and is introduced through a transactions cost technology. This technology acts like a distortionary consumption tax which varies endogenously with the nominal interest rate. In this setup the resultant Phillips curve becomes a function of the nominal interest rate. Our analysis has important policy implications. First, we find, unlike Woodford (2003), accounting for realbalance effects does not result in the policy maker's loss function having an interest rate smoothing term. Second, we show that in the case of a temporary shock to productivity the optimal policy response under discretion is to allow for a trade-off between inflation and the output gap. This trade-off arises endogenously in our model. The quantitative effects on the macroeconomic variables are found to be significant.
Differential projections of B and C sympathetic axons in peripheral nerves of the bullfrog.

Accumulating evidence indicates that electrophysiologically distinct subsets of sympathetic neurons selectively innervate different classes of targets. The organization of this system may therefore be reflected in the sympathetic fiber contents of peripheral nerves. To test this possibility, we have mapped the pathways followed by three groups of postganglionic sympathetic axons in the bullfrog by recording compound action potentials and by retrograde tracing with horseradish peroxidase (HRP). The axons that were studied arise from fast B, slow B, and C-type neurons in ganglia 9 and 10 at the lumbar end of the paravertebral sympathetic chain. They project to peripheral targets primarily by way of the sciatic nerve and can be distinguished by the velocities with which they conduct action potentials. Action potentials were recorded with suction electrodes from isolated preparations composed of paravertebral chain ganglia 7–10, the sciatic nerve, and branches of the sciatic nerve that supply striated muscles, skin, and the bladder. Preganglionic B fibers were selectively activated by stimulating the paravertebral chain rostral to ganglion 7, and preganglionic C fibers were selectively activated by stimulating spinal nerves 7 and 8 at points central to their rami communicantes. Compound action potentials recorded from the sciatic, peroneal, tibial, and sural nerves and from the primary trunk of the pelvic nerve were each found to contain three components produced, respectively, by fast B, slow B, and C-type sympathetic axons. Similarly, action potentials recorded from cutaneous branches of the sciatic tree were found to contain three sympathetic components. By contrast, when compound action potentials were recorded from branches of the sciatic tree that directly enter and innervate striated muscles and also the bladder, the sympathetic responses were found to arise solely from C-type axons. HRP was used to label the sympathetic neurons that project to the sartorius muscle and into the cutaneous lateral crural nerve. Retrograde transport of HRP from the sartorius muscle labeled 17 ± 4 (mean ± s.d.) sympathetic neurons and 27 ± 3 spinal motoneurons while transport from the lateral crural nerve labeled 68 ± 47 sympathetic neurons but no spinal neurons. The average somatic diameter of ganglion cells projecting to the sartorius muscle was significantly smaller than that of cells projecting to the lateral crural nerve. The electrophysiological results indicate that fast B and slow B sympathetic axons in the sciatic trunk and its primary branches project selectively into cutaneous nerves while sympathetic C axons project into all peripheral nerves. The HRP data support these findings given that C cells are, on average, smaller than B cells. Together the results provide an anatomical basis for the hypothesis that B and C neurons serve different physiological functions.
“Riding the Bull at Gilley's”: Convicted Rapists Describe the Rewards of Rape

In this paper we argue that the popular image of rape, a nonutilitarian act committed by a few "sick" men, is too limited a view of sexual violence because it excludes culture and social structure as pre-disposing factors. Our data come from interviews with 114 convicted, incarcerated rapists. Looking at rape from the perspective of rapists, we attempt to discover the function of sexual violence in their lives; what their behavior gained for them in a society seeming prone to rape. Our analysis reveals that a number of rapists used sexual violence as a method of revenge and/or punishment while others used it as a means of gaining access to unwilling or unavailable women. In some cases, rape was just a bonus added to burglary or robbery. Rape was also a recreational activity and described as an "adventure" and an "exciting" form of impersonal sex which gained the offender power over his victim(s).
Sensing and actuation: A new paradigm in teaching

Sensors and actuators are the basis of almost all electrical systems, especially if one views them as generalized inputs and outputs. But the approach to teaching them has been ad-hoc, based almost entirely on an encyclopedic enumeration of their properties and applications. This approach is also evident in textbooks available. They are either specialized research monographs on a class of devices or are handbooks that describe many devices, sometimes exhaustively. A rational approach to teaching should be based on principles rather than on descriptions of functioning of the devices and should cover all or at least the main principles of sensing and actuation. But therein lies the problem. Sensors and actuators are based on numerous physical principles that cover all disciplines. To understand their operation and eventually to design sensors and sensor systems requires a broad knowledge in almost all areas of science and engineering. This requires a broadening of the base of instruction to include material science, physics, chemistry and related subjects such as optics, nuclear engineering, fabrication, packaging and others. Instead of specialization, the study of sensors and actuators favors diversification and by so doing it stands in contrast with most other topics in the engineering curriculum.
An electron-microscopic study of the starch-containing plastids in the fern Todea barbara.

SUMMARY Gametophytes of Todea barbara grown in vitro have two types of starch-containing plastids. The first type are chloroplasts having well-developed grana regions connected by intervening membranes and little deposition of starch. The other type are amyloplasts usually containing abundant starch deposits and stacks of membranes which resemble the grana of the chloroplast but are not connected. Even when little starch is present, the latter type has very few internal membranes. Membrane spacing and gross organization of the mature plastid of both types suggests similar morphological development. However, when and where in this development known physiological differences arise is not yet known.
Just How Hostile Is Our Universe to the Development and Survival of Life Forms

In the present book, in addition to taking advantage of my professional background as a neuroscientist to take on the difficult task of discussing how I believe alien nervous systems might be able to develop on other worlds in the universe, I also wanted to tackle the complex issues related to how difficult it might be for any possible life forms to survive in what we now believe is a universe that has frequently been characterized in the popular and scientific literature as either “life friendly” or, at other times, “unfriendly or hostile” to the existence of any known forms of life. This is, without any doubt, quite problematic to the story I am trying to present in the present book. What I would like to do is focus on how different kinds of life in different parts of the universe are affected by their own local environmental conditions. However, since I have knowledge of only one kind of life on only one kind of planet, I will have to limit my discussion to what our scientists currently believe they know about how our world may have, in the past, or could, in the future, host physical events that could support or impede the development of life right here under our own noses.
Shome, Raka. Diana and beyond: White Femininity, National Identity, and Contemporary Media Culture

Raka Shome’s Diana and Beyond: White Femininity, National Identity, and Contemporary Media Culture is an insightful critical reading of the relationship between White femininity and national identi...
LPM: Concurrency-Driven Layered Performance Matching

Data access has become the preeminent performance bottleneck of computing. In this study, a Layered Performance Matching (LPM) model and its associated algorithm are proposed to match the request and reply speed for each layer of a memory hierarchy to improve memory performance. The rationale of LPM is that the performance of each layer of a memory hierarchy should and can be optimized to closely match the request of the layer directly above it. The LPM model simultaneously considers both data access concurrency and locality. It reveals the fact that increasing the effective overlapping between hits and misses of the higher layer will alleviate the performance impact of the lower layer. The terms pure miss and pure miss penalty are introduced to measure the effectiveness of such hit-miss overlapping. By distinguishing between (general) miss and pure miss, we have made LPM optimization practical and feasible. Our evaluation shows the data stall time can be reduced significantly with an optimized hardware configuration. We also have achieved noticeable performance improvement by simply adopting smart LPM scheduling without changing the underlying hardware configurations. Analysis and experimental results show LPM is feasible and effective. It provides a novel and efficient way to cope with the ever-widening memory wall problem, and to optimize the vital memory system design.
A New Method of Collecting Bats

While making a survey of the mammals of the Big Bend area in Brewster County, Texas, I discovered what appears to be a new method of obtaining bats for study purposes. During the spring of 1937, while encamped at 3500 feet elevation at the east base of Burro Mesa, effort was made to obtain specimens of each species of bat present. During the first two evenings two bats were taken; since camp was in the bottom of a canyon it was soon too dark to shoot. After dark I could see and hear many bats as they came to drink from a large open water tank. I realized that undoubtedly several species that I had not obtained were coming to the tank after dark, and I endeavored to contrive some method of obtaining specimens of the late-flying species. I had always heard that bats had a remarkable ability to avoid all objects, but watching the free-tailed bats skim the water at a high rate of speed, I wondered if they would be able to avoid fine wires. With a feeling that all of my earlier training was being ignored, I stretched two fine wires across the tank about four inches above the water, and awaited results. A few bats ticked the wires and continued on their way, but shortly a Mexican free-tailed bat hit one of the wires with force and dropped into the water. This one was followed by others, but only Mexican free-tails; the slower flying species avoided the wires or merely touched them. Some experimentation showed that lack of greater success was due to improper height and spacing of the wires. I found that the majority of bats were coming to the tank in line with the main axis of the canyon, and I therefore placed five wires across the tank at a right angle to the axis of the canyon, and another one parallel to the canyon. The tank was 32 feet in diameter and the cross wires were therefore about five feet apart and were lowered to within one and one-half inches of the water. This height and arrangement of wires brought effective results. Each evening between 8 and 10 P.M. from 20 to 50 bats were obtained. One night I stayed at the tank until 11 P.M. and 93 bats were taken. On April 10, Dr. Karl P. Schmidt and Mr. Leon L. Walters of the Field Museum, Chicago, and Dr. Alfred E. Emerson of the University of Chicago, assisted in the operation of the bat trap. On this evening, by 9:30 P.M., 36 bats of five species were obtained. During six evenings, 286 bats were trapped, comprising 241 Mexican freetailed bats, Tadarida mexicana: 7 desert pallid bats, Antrozous pallidus pallidus; 1 pale brown bat, Eptesicus fuscus pallidus; 5 black-nosed bats, Myotis subulatus melanorhinus; and 32 canyon bats, Pipistrellus hesperus maximus. The large proportion of Mexican free-tailed bats was due to the fact that this species was by far the most abundant in the region, and also to their 478
Selective Toxicity of Carbophenothion and Trichlorfon to the Honey Bee and the Alfalfa Leafcutting Bee

Selective toxicity of carbophenothion and trichlorfon to the honey bee, A pis mellifera L., and the alfalfa leafcutting bee, Megachile rotllndata F., was established in dosage-mortality studies using the topical drop method. LD30 values of trichlorfon for the honey bee, the male leafcutting bee, and the female leafcutting bee were 28.5, 250.0, and 515.0 μg/g, respectively. LD30 values for carbophenothion were 12.6, 4.3, and 6.2 μg/g. Trichlorfon was 18–34 times more toxic to the honey bee than to the female leafcutter at LD30 and LD95. Carbophenothion was 2–3 times more toxic to the leafcutting bee at both dosage levels. The differential toxicity of trichlorfon may be related to pH of the body fluid, which was 6.0 for the honey bee and 6.8 for the leafcutting bee. Trichlorfon is known to be highly unstable at neutral or higher pH levels. Trichlorfon at the topical LD50 levels was a stronger acetylcholinesterase inhibitor than carbophcnothion to both test insects.
The First Spectrum of Ytterbium (Yb i).

Wavelengths and estimated intensities for 1791 lines of neutral ytterbium in the region 2155 to 31 308 A are reported. The Zeeman effect has been investigated for 249 of these lines. Analysis of the data has resulted in classification of 787 lines as transitions between 102 even and 77 odd levels. Even levels have been assigned to the electron configurations 4f146s2 (the ground state), 4f146sns, 4f146snd, 4f136s26p, 4f146p2, 4f145d2, and 4f135d6s6p. Odd levels have been assigned to 4f146snp, 4f146snf, and 4f135d6s2. Many odd levels are still unassigned, but the majority undoubtedly belong to the configuration 4f135d26s.
David Oliver: Good medical leaders

I welcome the growing recognition of the importance of medical leadership for quality services for patients.1 2 3 Still, serial critics question medical leaders’ visibility, approaches, and independence. During the current contract dispute, for example, aggrieved junior doctors have castigated those in senior roles for being too timid or status conscious to risk speaking out. Senior medical leaders themselves have joined in. Mark Newbold criticised what he considered a failure of collective, constructive leadership.4 Peter Lees highlighted a tendency to “pitch professional against politician” and of doctors not to engage with the …
Quantitative Assessment of the Impact of Fluorine Substitution on P-Glycoprotein (P-gp) Mediated Efflux, Permeability, Lipophilicity, and Metabolic Stability

Strategic replacement of one or more hydrogen atoms with fluorine atom(s) is a common tactic to improve potency at a given target and/or to modulate parameters such as metabolic stability and pKa. Molecular weight (MW) is a key parameter in design, and incorporation of fluorine is associated with a disproportionate increase in MW considering the van der Waals radius of fluorine versus hydrogen. Herein we examine a large compound data set to understand the effect of introducing fluorine on the risk of encountering P-glycoprotein mediated efflux (as measured by MDR efflux ratio), passive permeability, lipophilicity, and metabolic stability. Statistical modeling of the MDR ER data demonstrated that an increase in MW as a result of introducing fluorine atoms does not lead to higher risk of P-gp mediated efflux. Fluorine-corrected molecular weight (MWFC), where the molecular weight of fluorine has been subtracted, was found to be a more relevant descriptor.
Cell-free passive transfer of delayed hypersensitivity to chemicals in guinea pigs.

Delayed-type cutaneous reactivity to 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene and 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene in guinea pigs was transferred passively by fluids in which leukocytes from sensitive animals were incubated. Cells from peritoneal exudates, lymph nodes, and alveolar washings were employed. The cell-free transfer material was dialyzable, of small molecular size, and stable to 56 C for 30 min and −65 C for at least 9 weeks. It gave a ratio at 280 to 260 nm of 0.71. The relationships between temperature, pH, and cellular release of the transfer material were studied.
The Rule of Law in the Real World

In The Rule of Law in the Real World, Paul Gowder defends a new conception of the rule of law as the coordinated control of power and demonstrates that the rule of law, thus understood, creates and preserves social equality in a state. In a highly engaging, interdisciplinary text that moves seamlessly from theory to reality, using examples ranging from Ancient Greece through the present, Gowder sheds light on how societies have achieved the rule of law, how they have sustained it in the face of political upheaval, and how it may be measured and developed in the future. The Rule of Law in the Real World is an essential work for scholars, students, policymakers, and anyone else who believes the rule of law is critical to the proper functioning of society.
OP0155 Development of A JAK3 Specific Inhibitor Clinical Candidate: Functional Differentiation of JAK3 Selective Inhibition over PAN-JAK or JAK1 Selective Inhibition

Background Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors targeting multiple JAK isoforms, JAK1 and 2, or selective against JAK1 are currently utilized in clinical practice or being developed for the treatment of various inflammatory and oncological diseases. No truly JAK3-selective inhibitor has reached the clinic. JAK3 signal in pairs with JAK1 to transduce signal elicited from six known cytokines (IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, IL-15 & IL-21) binding to the gamma-common (g-c) chain cytokine receptors. JAK1 in addition to be required for g-c chain cytokine receptors signaling can also signal in pair with JAK2 or TYK2 and is required for other cytokine receptors signaling such as type I and II interferons and IL-6 and IL-10 families of cytokines. Other cytokines such as IL-12 and IL-23 are signaling via JAK2 and TYK2. Additionally, hematopoietic cytokines such as EPO and TPO as well as cytokines such as IL-3 and IL-5 signal via homodimers of JAK2. Objectives Develop a JAK3 selective inhibitor that will inhibit signaling from the g-c chain cytokine receptors at therapeutic dosing without inhibiting signaling by other cytokines such as hematopoietic cytokines, type I and II interferons and IL-6, IL-12 and IL-10 families of cytokines. Methods A JAK3-specific covalent ATP competitive inhibitor was assessed functionally in vitro and in vivo . Functional differentiation of JAK3 selective inhibition as compare to pan-JAK inhibition (tofacitinib) or JAK1 selective inhibition was also assessed. Results The inhibitor showed JAK3 selective inhibition in biochemical and cellular assays. It inhibits Th1 and Th17 cell differentiation and function. Importantly, sparing JAK1 inhibition, through the selectivity of this inhibitor, preserved anti-inflammatory functions such as the differentiation of alternatively activated M2a macrophages. Unlike pan-JAK or JAK1-selective inhibitors, JAK3 selective inhibition also preserved IL-10-dependent suppression of the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines following LPS treatment in macrophages while maintaining the suppression of TNF and IL-1 responses in IL-27-primed macrophages. Further characterization of this compound in the rat adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA) demonstrated efficacy at reducing disease pathology. Conclusions We have identified the first trully selective JAK3 inhibitor with potency and properties that make it suitable for further clinical development. Disclosure of Interest J.-B. Telliez Employee of: Pfizer, L. Wang Employee of: Pfizer, J. Jussif Employee of: Pfizer, T. Lin Employee of: Pfizer, L. Li Employee of: Pfizer, E. Moy Employee of: Pfizer, W. Li Employee of: Pfizer, Y. Zhao Employee of: Pfizer, K. Crouse Employee of: Pfizer, P. Symanowicz Employee of: Pfizer, M. Hegen Employee of: Pfizer, M. E. Banker Employee of: Pfizer, F. Vincent Employee of: Pfizer, J. Clark Employee of: Pfizer, A. Thorarensen Employee of: Pfizer
Effect of partial PEGylation on particle uptake by macrophages

Controlling the internalization of synthetic particles by immune cells remains a grand challenge for developing successful drug carrier systems. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) is frequently used as a protective coating on particles to evade immune clearance, but it also hinders the interactions of particles with their intended target cells. In this study, we investigate a spatial decoupling strategy, in which PEGs are coated on only one hemisphere of particles, so that the other hemisphere is available for functionalization of cell-targeting ligands without the hindrance effect from the PEGs. The partial coating of PEGs is realized by creating two-faced Janus particles with different surface chemistries on opposite sides. We show that a half-coating of PEGs reduces the macrophage uptake of particles as effectively as a complete coating. Owing to the surface asymmetry, Janus particles that are internalized enter macrophage cells via a combination of ligand-guided phagocytosis and macropinocytosis. By spatially segregating PEGs and ligands for targeting T cells on Janus particles, we demonstrate that the Janus particles bind T cells uni-directionally from the ligand-coated side, bypassing the hindrance from the PEGs on the other hemisphere. The results reveal a new mechanistic understanding on how a spatial coating of PEGs on particles changes the phagocytosis of particles. This study also suggests a new design principle for therapeutic particles – the spatial decoupling of PEGs and cell-targeting moieties reduces the interference between the two functions while attaining the protective effect of PEGs for macrophage evasion.
Ultrasonic Model for Solid State Weld Evaluation

Ultrasonic techniques have classified good and poor solid state welds in several studies [1,2,3]. A number of different types of solid state welds such as pinch welds, inertia welds, and diffusion bonds, have been evaluated with various ultrasonic feature extraction and pattern recognition techniques. The results of these studies have presented trends in the features needed to determine bond quality, but there is no physical explanation as to why certain features of the ultrasonic wave forms are influenced by the bond quality. An appropriate physical model that complements the experimental results would help explain the acoustic interactions measured. One model for the solid state weld is that the acoustic interaction with the bond line is controlled by the effective compliance of the interface. We have designed an experiment to examine this model. In our experiment, two blocks made from a high glass transition temperature (Tg) epoxy are joined together with a thin, lower Tg epoxy interlayer. If the temperature of the specimen is held below the Tg of the low temperature epoxy, then the interlayer compliance ratio across the interface can be changed by varying the temperature. Ultrasonic data are acquired at each temperature and, thus, each compliance ratio. This ultrasonic data can be compared with theoretical predictions from the compliance model.
T lymphocytes dominate local leukocyte infiltration in response to intradermal injection of functionalized graphene-based nanomaterial.

Graphene-based nanomaterials (GBN) have many potential biomedical applications. However, information regarding their biological properties and interactions with cells and/or soluble factors within a complex tissue is limited. The objective of this study was to use the growing feather (GF) of chickens as a minimally invasive cutaneous test-site to assess and monitor leukocyte recruitment in response to intradermal GBN injection. Specifically, the dermis of 20 GFs per chicken was injected with 10 μl of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)-vehicle or 10 μl of 300 μg ml−1 oxygen-functionalized (f) GBN (6 chickens/treatment). GFs were collected before- (0) and at 0.25, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 7 days post-injection and used for leukocyte-population analysis of immunofluorescently stained pulp cell suspensions or histological examination. Based on flow-cytometric cell population analysis, lymphocytes and macrophages were the major leukocyte-populations infiltrating GFs in response to f-GBN presence. Compared with PBS-controls, levels of T cells (γδ-, αβ-, CD4- and CD8-T cells) were greatly elevated in f-GBN-injected GFs within 6 h and remained elevated throughout the 7-day examination period. f-GBN's effects on local tissue leukocyte recruitment were not reflected in the blood, except for a higher percentage of lymphocytes on 7 days. These observations together with a visual examination of f-GBN-injected GF tissue-sections suggest a delayed-type hypersensitivity-like, inflammatory cell-mediated response to the non-biodegradable f-GBN. The GF ‘in vivo test-tube‘system together with blood sampling provided unique insight into the time-course, qualitative, and quantitative aspects of immune system activities initiated by the presence of f-GBN in a complex tissue of a living animal. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. StartCopTextCopyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Advances in real time and sparse reconstructed radar imaging through multilayered walls

This paper gives an overview of the authors' works on two techniques that address some of the challenges in Through-the-Wall Radar Imaging. The first technique utilizes Diffraction Tomography (DT) to achieve near real-time and high resolution 2D and 3D imaging of targets behind multilayered walls when full collected data is available, whereas the second technique addresses the long data acquisition issue associated with most TWRI scenarios by using the concept of Compressive Sensing (CS) to significantly reduce the number of transmitting and/or receiving antennas and collected frequency points in a SAR or MIMO based TWRI system. Both techniques fully incorporate all wall effects on electromagnetic wave propagation and result in accurate geolocation and high resolution imaging. In addition, we discuss estimation of a multi-layered wall's thickness, dielectric constants and conductivities, when radar data at a limited number of frequency points are available.
Multimodal Images of Acute Central Retinal Artery Occlusion

Two illustrative cases of acute central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) are presented with multimodal imaging, including fluorescein angiography (FA) and commercially available optical coherence tomography angiography (OCT-A). In both patients, retinal ischemia was imaged well using both FA and OCT-A, and the two imaging studies provided comparable pictures. OCT-A provides useful information for the diagnosis and management of patients with acute CRAO, without the need for dye injection.
DEM correction and mean surface displacement rate retrieval from a stack of wrapped multi-temporal DInSAR interferograms

In this work, a new technique for the correction of a digital elevation models (DEM) and the retrieval of the ground mean displacement rate of an investigated area, which relies on the analysis of a sequence of wrapped multi-master differential SAR interferograms, is presented. The method consists in finding the solution of a non-linear optimization problem that does not require the preliminary execution of any phase unwrapping operation. Therefore, the achievable estimates are not disturbed by phase unwrapping (PhU) errors. Noteworthy, the estimation of the ground displacement rate may reveal (in most cases) particularly suitable for retrieving geophysical information on the sources responsible for the observed deformations. Furthermore, the estimates of the DEM errors and the ground displacement rate can be used within advanced DInSAR processing chains for the retrieval of surface deformation time-series, with the aim to facilitate phase unwrapping operations and discriminate the desired signals (due to deformation) from residual phase artifacts. The first experimental results, carried out by applying the proposed method to stacks of simulated interferograms, demonstrate the validity of the proposed approach.
What's trending tomorrow, today: Using early adopters to discover popular posts on Tumblr

How well can we predict which posts on social media platforms will eventually become popular? What approaches should we use to accomplish this task? In an era where human attention has become a commodity, the early detection of trending posts in online social media platforms is a problem of special importance, with applications ranging from business marketing to political campaigns and beyond. In this work we provide new insight towards tackling this problem by performing in-depth experiments on discovering trending posts on the popular mixed-media microblogging platform Tumblr. Inspired by prior art, our approach involves examining the key traits of the early adopters of online posts and utilizes a variety of network and temporal features to assist in performing classification. We obtain the complete data coverage of Tumblr for two consecutive months in order to study the characteristics and emerging patterns of popular posts. Based on the data, we investigate the interplay between the observation window of early adopters, the performance of individual classifiers, and the importance of various features. We find consistent trends where the importance of network features increases as the observation window increases, while the importance of content and temporal features decreases. To the best of our knowledge, this work is the first attempt to carry out a large-scale study on the early detection of trending posts on Tumblr.
Curiosity, Exploration, and Children’s Understanding of Learning

Children’s curiosity often manifests in their exploration—actions that are intended to reveal novel information. In this chapter, we argue that in order to understand how exploration can guide children’s learning, they must first develop an understanding of what learning is and when it occurs in others, as well as a more metacognitive understanding of how their own learning takes place. This knowledge allows children to recognize when they do not know particular pieces of information and strategically generate actions that can close those knowledge gaps. We present evidence that children’s understanding of learning and their ability to reflect on their own learning both develop during the early elementary school years, and synthesize these findings with previous research on exploratory behavior.
Arab Americans and Gender

Gender roles and expectations in which the behaviors of women hold substantially more meaning than those of men have enormous importance for Arab Americans. Gender ideas inform a multiplicity of matters of appropriateness, including public behavior, social relationships, education, occupation, health, marriage, and divorce. Nonetheless, as predicted by segmented assimilation theory, not all families are the same and gendered norms may be treated more flexibly in some families and more strictly in others depending on family resources (social class), the social capital (relationships and community) they build in the United States, and their interpretations and management of interactions with the host society. At the same time, assumptions commonly held in American society—such as that wearing hijab (modest clothing, headscarf) symbolizes submission to men or lack of education—ignore the complexities of social belonging and women’s agency that exist around veiling. Gender notions also have a range of implications for the health care status of Arab Americans, while discrimination and prejudice common to the post-9/11 era have exacerbated feelings of marginalization and disempowerment for some Arab Americans. Nonetheless, Arab American men and women surpass the overall American population on a range of measures of success, including educational attainment, median incomes, and occupational prestige, revealing some of the positive impacts of strong family and selective acculturation. Practitioners will be well served by adopting an informed and nuanced approach to Arab American clients.
Cardiac anatomy and electrophysiology

Since its development in the early 1900s by Einthoven, the electrocardiogram (usually referred to by its acronym, ECG) has become an important tool for evaluating the heart. During the last twenty years, our understanding of the basic electrophysiology of the heart has dramatically increased, which has provided further insight into the physiologic basis of the electrocardiogram. In this first chapter basic electrophysiology and cardiac anatomy will be reviewed. Although these principles can be difficult to understand, they provide an important foundation for understanding the physiologic and pathophysiologic basis for the ECG. In this way, rather than evaluating the ECG using “pattern recognition,” the mechanisms for ECG changes can be understood and hopefully more easily remembered. Readers are encouraged to refer back to this chapter as they read about specific conditions observed in an ECG in later chapters.