cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Distribution and mode of occurrence of zinc and lead in glacial soils

Abstract The distribution and mode of occurrence of zinc and lead have been examined in glacial soils developed over a complex Precambrian marble-paragneiss terrain in the Adirondack Mountains of New York. Based on distribution within the soil profiles, zinc is enriched in the B1 horizon of soils sampled over marble and lead is generally enriched in the A horizon, particularly in soils developed over paragneiss. Contrast is calculated using t= [ X A − X B ] S p ( 1 n A + 1 n B ) 1 2 , where X is the mean of nA anomalous and nB background samples, and Sp is the pooled standard deviation) for zinc, lead and cold-extractable heavy metals in soils sampled over marble and paragneiss. The t-values indicate that the B1, soil horizon is the most suitable for sampling on a regular basis, even though lead is most concentrated in the A horizon. The distribution of zinc and lead among exchangeable, organic, iron-manganese oxide, clay, silt and sand fractions of B1 horizons from two anomalous and one background soil indicates that both zinc and lead are tied up principally in iron and manganese oxides. The anomalous samples exhibit zinc enrichment in the Fe-oxide digestion and high Mn/Fe ratios for the Mn-oxide digestion (as well as the total analysis). In terms of total contribution to the sample, significant proportions of zinc in the clastic fraction can be attributed to zinc substitution into clays plus the ineffective removal of Fe-oxides by the ammonium oxalate extraction procedure. Lead, on the other hand, occurs in significant concentrations in clay, silt and sand as well as Fe- and Mn-oxides, probably as a trace constituent in feldspars or adsorbed onto clay surfaces.
The p23 co-chaperone facilitates dioxin receptor signaling in a yeast model system

Hsp90, p23 and other chaperosome proteins are critical for the function of several enzymes and steroid hormone receptors. The dioxin receptor (DR) is an Hsp90-regulated transcription factor that binds numerous toxic ligands, including the environmental contaminant 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo(p)dioxin. We used a yeast model system that expressed human DR and Arnt proteins to test whether p23 affected DR signaling. Deletion of the SBA1 gene (yeast p23 homolog) in this model system reduced ligand-mediated DR signaling by approximately 40% and shifted the EC(50) of the beta-napthoflavone ligand by five-fold in a reporter gene assay. DR signaling was restored in the sba1 strain by a plasmid-borne SBA1 gene, confirming that the signaling defect was due to SBA1. The human p23 protein substituted for yeast Sba1 protein in this model system. These genetic data show that p23 enhances DR signaling.
Care Giving as an Occupational Role in the Dying Process

Being involved in the death and dying process as a professional, family member, friend, or patient means taking on an occupational role that will impact one's life. Types of occupational roles associated with death and dying, and how these roles influence the participants, are explored in relation to concepts presented in the Model of Human Occupation. Also addressed is the potential for a care-giving role to bring on distress in the form of role imbalance or role changes, or because of inability to adequately fulfill the role. Suggestions for seeking relative balance within and among roles are presented.
Holism, medicine and nuclear war.

Holism is taken to mean the principle that a part is understandable only in its relationship to the whole. The part with which this article is concerned is the promotion of health, particularly the prevention of nuclear war, and the whole is the social‐economic‐political‐military complex forming the human environment. Various factors involved in this complex are described and, to understand them and their interrelationship, an interdisciplinary approach is suggested. An appeal is made to the medical profession to become involved in a co‐operative holistic approach to the prevention of nuclear war.
Moral Markets and Moral Managers Revisited

In the wake of recent corporate scandals, this paper examines the claim made by John Boatright that business ethics, as it is currently conceived, “rests on a mistake.” Ethics in business should not be achieved through managerial vision, discretion or responsibility; rather, ethics should shape the design of institutions that regulate business from the outside. What ethicists should advocate for, according to Boatright, are moral markets not moral managers. I explore the empirical and normative dimensions of his claim with special attention paid to the extent to which Boatright’s development of the economic theory of the firm supports his position. I conclude by suggesting some reasons why moral markets and moral management are compatible frameworks for corporate reform.
Out of sight but not out of mind?: Informal networks, communication and media use in global software teams

In an effort to reduce costs and improve staffing options, companies are going offshore to staff software projects. Although advances in communication technologies make it easier to share information, a growing number of studies have highlighted the disadvantages and hidden costs of distributed teams. This paper reports the results of a study that used social network analysis to study the informal communication patterns in three successful global software teams. The results indicated that technical leaders acted as brokers to coordinate work across tasks and sites in self-organizing sub-groups. Personal networks, awareness of tasks and accessibility influenced communication which in turn affected the social climate of the team. We discuss the implications of these results for technologies that support awareness and for management practices, especially in globally distributed work contexts.
Cerebral evoked responses to skin warming recorded from human scalp.

Responses evoked by warming the glabrous palmar skin were recorded maximally from a contralateral parietal scalp site that approximated the hand projection area of sensorimotor cortex. A smaller and later occurring response was also seen at the corresponding ipsilateral site. The temperature to which the skin was adapted was critical and was maintained at 35 ° C rather than at 30 ° C as it was in an earlier study where no responses were seen. Peak latencies ranged from 280 msec to 356 msec for stimulus intensities of 8 ° C presented at a rate of 19 ° C/sec. This warm evoked response appeared to have its origin in the specifically sensitive primary warm afferents. The presence of an evoked response when warming occurred from the 35 ° C adapting temperature (AT) and its absence at the 30 ° C AT coincide with the greater sensitivity of warm receptors at the higher AT. Comparison of these results with those for evoked responses to skin cooling and tactile tap suggest that the cortical organization of temperature (both warm and cool stimuli) in human is similar to that of touch.
Limited form of Wegener granulomatosis. Eye involvement as a major sign.

Bilateral uveitis was the initial manifestation of a limited form of Wegener granulomatosis in a 47-year-old man. Diagnosis was established by biopsy of a pulmonary nodule. Subsequently, evidence of lesions developed in the patient's central and peripheral nervous systems, but renal lesions were absent. Pulmonary lesions regressed on therapy with azathioprine and prednisone. Blindness ultimately resulted from retinal phlebitis, vitreous hemorrhages, and neovascular glaucoma. (JAMA233:868-871, 1975)
Unipolar politics as usual

This short comment seeks to clarify what unipolar politics as usual is, and how it differs from politics as usual under alternative systemic conditions, especially bipolarity. This is an assessment ‘from within’, accepting Brooks and Wohlforth's description of unipolar politics as well as their central premises that America's lonely superpower status faces no immediate threat and that there is little evidence that powerful states are actively seeking to overthrow the current unipolar system. I suggest that a comparative assessment of how alternative distributions of power create different incentive structures for states yields different conclusions and policy prescriptions than those advanced by Brooks and Wohlforth. Most notably, Brooks and Wohlforth do not fully appreciate how the ‘unipolar politics as usual’ that they describe provides states with few incentives to cooperate with their policy prescription that the US reshape the world's institutional architecture.
Effect of elevated implant temperature on amorphization and activation in as-implanted silicon-on-insulator layers

The ion implantation steps used in fabricating field effect transistors in ultrathin (6 to 30 nm) silicon-on-insulator (UTSOI) substrates present many challenges. Deep source/drain (S/D) implants in UTSOI layers are a particular concern, since it can be difficult to implant the desired dose without amorphizing the entire SOI thickness. In a first study, we investigated the effect of implant temperature (20 to 300 °C) on the sheet resistance (Rs) of 28 nm thick SOI layers implanted with As+ at an energy of 50 keV and a dose of 3 × 1015 /cm2, and found Rs values after activation sharply lower for samples implanted at the highest temperature. In a second study, on 8 nm thick SOI layers implanted with As+ at an energy of 0.75 keV and doses in the range 0.5 to 2 × 1015/cm2, the benefits of the elevated implantation temperature were less clear. Explanations for these effects, supported by microscopy, medium energy ion scattering (MEIS), and optical reflectance data, will be discussed.
Circulating Thyroid Hormones in Domestic Birds

Abstract IT IS now known that at least two natural thyroid hormones are found in vertebrates—thyroxine (T-4) and triiodothyronine (T-4) and triiodothyronine (T-3) (Pitt-Rivers and Tata, 1959). Applying radiochromatography to thyroid gland hydrolysates of birds injected with I131, several workers have identified both T-3 and T-4 in chickens (Shellabarger and Pitt-Rivers, 1958; Vlijm, 1958; Frey and Flock, 1958; Mellen and Wentworth, 1959) and ducks (Tixier-Vidal and Assenmacher, 1958). Published information on the circulating hormones in birds is more scarce, however. Vlijm (1958), in a single experiment, demonstrated the presence of T-4 in chicken serum, but was able to detect T-3 only occasionally. Mellen and Went-worth (1959) were able to detect both radioactive T-3 and T-4 consistently in chicken plasma if the birds were pretreated with thiouracil and a low-iodine diet before I131 injection. They pointed out that hormonal radioactivity in the chicken plasma was weak compared to that in plasma…
Efficient CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Gene Editing in Arabidopsis thaliana and Inheritance of Modified Genes in the T2 and T3 Generations

The newly developed CRISPR/Cas9 system for targeted gene knockout or editing has recently been shown to function in plants in both transient expression systems as well as in primary T1 transgenic plants. However, stable transmission of genes modified by the Cas9/single guide RNA (sgRNA) system to the T2 generation and beyond has not been demonstrated. Here we provide extensive data demonstrating the efficiency of Cas9/sgRNA in causing modification of a chromosomally integrated target reporter gene during early development of transgenic Arabidopsis plants and inheritance of the modified gene in T2 and T3 progeny. Efficient conversion of a nonfunctional, out-of-frame GFP gene to a functional GFP gene was confirmed in T1 plants by the observation of green fluorescent signals in leaf tissues as well as the presence of mutagenized DNA sequences at the sgRNA target site within the GFP gene. All GFP-positive T1 transgenic plants and nearly all GFP-negative plants examined contained mutagenized GFP genes. Analyses of 42 individual T2 generation plants derived from 6 different T1 progenitor plants showed that 50% of T2 plants inherited a single T-DNA insert. The efficiency of the Cas9/sgRNA system and stable inheritance of edited genes point to the promise of this system for facile editing of plant genes.
A culture‐based assessment of the effects of chlorpyrifos on multiple meiobenthic copepods using microcosms of intact estuarine sediments

Miobenthos occur at densities of >106/m2 in almost every uncontaminated estuarine sediment of the world, yet few studies have explored their utility for a multiple-species chronic bioassay of sediment contaminant effects. A new approach using laboratory-reared, whole-sediment meiobenthic microcosms was developed to holistically test the sublethal effects of chlorpyrifos on benthic copepod survival, age structure, and reproduction. Entire sediment-dwelling meiofaunal communities from a pristine estuarine preserve were cultured (i.e., net population gains were achieved in controls) for at least a full generation to the known 96-h copepod adult 25% lethal concentration and larval 50% lethal concentration of sediment-associated chlorpyrifos (21–33 μg/kg sediment). As an internal bioassay control, we added and cultured 100 gravid benthic copepods (Amphiascus tenuiremis) in each microcosm to assess the exact rather than relative effects of chlorpyrifos on population growth and dynamics. All but one copepod species reproduced and was cultured successfully for at least 21 d using these techniques. We found no chlorpyrifos effects on total meiobenthic copepod densities, but the predominant naturally occurring copepod Microarthridion littorale, known to be a major prey item of many juvenile fish, was significantly reduced in some chlorpyrifos-spiked microcosms. Other naturally occurring copepods were either unaffected or their growth was enhanced in the presence of chlorpyrifos. Amphiascus tenuiremis, known to be adversely affected at this concentration in 96-h static bioassays, increased dramatically in every microcosm. Species-specific responses of endemic copepods were masked when combined into the more commonly used coarse taxonomic category of total copepods.
Modelling Graph-Based Observation Spaces for Segment-Based Speech Recognition

Most speech recognizers use an observation space which is based on a temporal sequence of spectral “frames.” There is another class of recognizer which further processes these frames to produce a segment-based network, and represents each segment by a fixed-dimensional “feature.” In such feature-based recognizers the observation space takes the form of a temporal graph of feature vectors, so that any single segmentation of an utterance will use a subset of all possible feature vectors. In this work we describe a maximum a posteriori decoding strategy for feature-based recognizers and derive two normalization critera useful for a segment-based Viterbi or A* search. We show how a segment-based recognizer is able to obtain good results on the tasks of phonetic and word recognition.
Host plant trichomes and the advantage of being big: progeny size variation of the pipevine swallowtail

1. Plants possess numerous traits that confer resistance against insect herbivores, and herbivores, in turn, can evolve traits to ameliorate the effectiveness of these traits. The pipevine swallowtail, Battus philenor, is an extreme specialist on plants in the genus Aristolochia. The only host plant available to the California population of B. philenor is A. californica. Aristolochia californica is distinct from most other B. philenor host plants in that it is pubescent. 2. The progeny of B. philenor are larger in California compared with populations examined in Texas. Size differences persist throughout larval development. 3. Regardless of maternal host plant, population differences in progeny size persist, and crosses between California (large progeny) and Texas (small progeny) B. philenor populations resulted in offspring producing intermediate sized progeny, indicating a heritable component to progeny size variation. 4. California neonate caterpillars more easily overcame the trichomes of A. californica compared with Texas neonates. When trichomes were removed from A. californica, time to feeding establishment was reduced for caterpillars from both populations. Texas caterpillars established feeding sites on A. californica with trichomes removed, in the same time required to establish feeding on their non-pubescent host plant, A. erecta. 5. This study shows that plant trichomes might impose selection pressure on progeny size.
Can Voter Identification Laws Increase Electoral Participation in the United States? Probably Not—A Simple Model of the Voting Market

Proponents of voter photographic identification (ID) laws in the United States have argued that such measures can increase overall voter turnout. The implications of this proposition contradict cla...
Biophysical properties of normal and diseased renal glomeruli

The mechanical properties of tissues and cells including renal glomeruli are important determinants of their differentiated state, function, and responses to injury but are not well characterized or understood. Understanding glomerular mechanics is important for understanding renal diseases attributable to abnormal expression or assembly of structural proteins and abnormal hemodynamics. We use atomic force microscopy (AFM) and a new technique, capillary micromechanics, to measure the elastic properties of rat glomeruli. The Young's modulus of glomeruli was 2,500 Pa, and it was reduced to 1,100 Pa by cytochalasin and latunculin, and to 1,400 Pa by blebbistatin. Cytochalasin or latrunculin reduced the F/G actin ratios of glomeruli but did not disrupt their architecture. To assess glomerular biomechanics in disease, we measured the Young's moduli of glomeruli from two mouse models of primary glomerular disease, Col4a3−/− mice (Alport model) and Tg26HIV/nl mice (HIV-associated nephropathy model), at stages where glomerular injury was minimal by histopathology. Col4a3−/− mice express abnormal glomerular basement membrane proteins, and Tg26HIV/nl mouse podocytes have multiple abnormalities in morphology, adhesion, and cytoskeletal structure. In both models, the Young's modulus of the glomeruli was reduced by 30%. We find that glomeruli have specific and quantifiable biomechanical properties that are dependent on the state of the actin cytoskeleton and nonmuscle myosins. These properties may be altered early in disease and represent an important early component of disease. This increased deformability of glomeruli could directly contribute to disease by permitting increased distension with hemodynamic force or represent a mechanically inhospitable environment for glomerular cells.
An exponential growth model with decreasing r captures bottom‐up effects on the population growth of Aphis glycines Matsumura (Hemiptera: Aphididae)

There is ample evidence that the life history and population dynamics of aphids are closely linked to plant phenology. Based on life table studies, it has been pro- posed that the growth of aphid populations could be modeled with an exponential growth model, with r decreasing linearly with time. This model has never been tested under field conditions. 2 The soybean aphid Aphis glycines is a new invasive pest to soybean production in the U.S.A. In the present study, we present five datasets on the growth of colo- nies of A. glycines , monitored during population growth and decline under preda- tor-free conditions in three soybean fields, from 2003 to 2006. 3 We demonstrate that an exponential growth model, with r decreasing linearly with time, gives a much better description of A. glycines dynamics for all data- sets ( R 2 = 0.94 - 0.99) than the exponential ( R 2 = 0.42 - 0.98) or logistic growth models ( R 2 = 0.77 - 0.99). Furthermore, it is shown by cross-validation that the exponential model with decreasing r can be used to make population predictions, as shown by the coefficient of prediction, Rpred 2 ranging from 0.55 to 0.97. An im- proved fit of the model was obtained using both aphid ( 0.79) R pred 2 > and soybean ( 0.86) pred 2 R > degree-days scales, indicating temperature effects on the phenologi- cal time scale for the decrease in r . 4 Our model suggests important bottom-up control of A. glycines population growth, which may interact with other mortality factors. The generality and po- tential applications of these results are discussed.
The Scientific Revolution and the Problem of Periodization

Because of its clear-cut and logical narrative structure, the story of the Scientific Revolution from Copernicus to Newton is essential to an understanding of the shape of sixteenth- and seventeenth-century European History. Moreover, the crucial role of scientific discovery in helping to bring about the victory of the ‘moderns’ over the ‘ancients’ in the late seventeenth century provides a central reason for marking this period as the end of the age of the Renaissance. Regardless of problems of definition, therefore, the Scientific Revolution is of crucial importance to the enterprise of organizing the past into distinct and coherent periods.
Scenario Planning and Collection Development

The author presents the reader with an interesting discussion on scenario driven planning and describes its use in collection development planning
The effect of acute administration of Vitamin D on micro vascular endothelial function in Caucasians and South Asian Indians

Background Vitamin D is a modulator of the immune system. There is some limited evidence that it also increases local blood flow in response to stress. Material and methods In the present study, we examined 20 age matched subjects; 10 whom were from India and 10 Caucasians from the United States. Subjects were administered 4000 IU of Vitamin D3 for 3 weeks at breakfast. The function of the endothelial cells was evaluated in 2 ways; first, the response to 4 minutes of vascular occlusion was measured with a laser Doppler flow meter and second, the blood flow response to local heat at 42°C for 6 minutes. Results The results of the experiments showed that, as reported previously, the endothelial function in people from India was less than their Caucasian counterparts. The blood flow response to heat was reduced after 3 weeks administration of vitamin D in both groups and the response to vascular occlusion in the Caucasian group. But there was only a 20% reduction in the blood flow response to heat in the Caucasian group and a 50% reduction in the group from India. Conclusions Thus acute doses of vitamin D may increase vascular tone and reduce blood flow to tissue during stressors. Dosages administered for a longer duration may have beneficial effects on endothelial function but this was not examined here.
Asymmetric catalepsy after right hemisphere stroke

We describe the appearance of left hemineglect and striking cataleptic posturing, more prominent in left-sided extremities, in a patient without psychiatric illness. Neuroimaging demonstrated a large posterior right hemisphere infarct involving the parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes, the insula, and caudate. Additional movement abnormalities that comprise the full catatonia syndrome were absent, including stereotypy, mannerisms, ambitendency, automatic obedience, mutism, negativism, and echopraxia. Catatonia has been reported to be produced by lesions of diverse etiology affecting the frontal lobe, limbic system, diencephalon, or basal ganglia. In these cases, catalepsy has been manifest only rarely, and motor signs that are present are generally bilateral. This case demonstrates that asymmetric catalepsy can be produced by right hemisphere stroke, and provides partial support for earlier clinical literature relating catalepsy and the parietal lobe.
Vaccines Targeting Tumor Blood Vessel Antigens Promote CD8+ T Cell-Dependent Tumor Eradication or Dormancy in HLA-A2 Transgenic Mice

We have recently shown that effective cytokine gene therapy of solid tumors in HLA-A2 transgenic (HHD) mice lacking murine MHC class I molecule expression results in the generation of HLA-A2-restricted CD8(+) T effector cells selectively recognizing tumor blood vessel-associated pericytes and/or vascular endothelial cells. Using an HHD model in which HLA-A2(neg) tumor (MC38 colon carcinoma or B16 melanoma) cells are not recognized by the CD8(+) T cell repertoire, we now show that vaccines on the basis of tumor-associated blood vessel Ags (TBVA) elicit protective Tc1-dependent immunity capable of mediating tumor regression or extending overall survival. Vaccine efficacy was not observed if (HLA-A2(neg)) wild-type C57BL/6 mice were instead used as recipient animals. In the HHD model, effective vaccination resulted in profound infiltration of tumor lesions by CD8(+) (but not CD4(+)) T cells, in a coordinate reduction of CD31(+) blood vessels in the tumor microenvironment, and in the "spreading" of CD8(+) T cell responses to alternate TBVA that were not intrinsic to the vaccine. Protective Tc1-mediated immunity was durable and directly recognized pericytes and/or vascular endothelial cells flow-sorted from tumor tissue but not from tumor-uninvolved normal kidneys harvested from these same animals. Strikingly, the depletion of CD8(+), but not CD4(+), T cells at late time points after effective therapy frequently resulted in the recurrence of disease at the site of the regressed primary lesion. This suggests that the vaccine-induced anti-TBVA T cell repertoire can mediate the clinically preferred outcomes of either effectively eradicating tumors or policing a state of (occult) tumor dormancy.
Design, Synthesis, and Characterization of a High-Affinity Trivalent System Derived from Vancomycin and l-Lys-d-Ala-d-Ala

A trivalent derivative of vancomycin, tris(vancomycin carboxamide), [C6H3-1,3,5-(CONHC6H4-4-CH2NHCOV)3 (RtV3; V = vancomycin)], binds an analogous trivalent derivative of d-Ala-d-Ala, R‘tL‘3, (C6H3-1,3,5-[CONeH(Nα-Ac)-l-Lys-d-Ala-d-Ala]3) in water with a dissociation constant that is approximately 4 × 10-17 M, as estimated by HPLC using a competitive assay against Nα,e-diacetyl-l-Lys-d-Ala-d-Ala (L). This binding is one of the tightest known for low molecular weight organic species. The dissociation of RtV3·R‘tL‘3 in the presence of an excess of L could be followed by HPLC. The kinetics of dissociation are quite different from those of monovalent tight-binding systems such as avidin and biotin. In particular, the rate of dissociation of the aggregate RtV3·R‘tL‘3 is rapid in the presence of monovalent L at concentrations greater than the value of the dissociation constant for the complex of L with V; by contrast, the rate of dissociation of biotin·avidin is independent of the concentration of biotin. Two m...
Very large-scale neighborhood search techniques in timetabling problems

We describe the use of very large-scale neighborhood search (VLSN) techniques in examination timetabling problems.We detail three applications of VLSN algorithms that illustrate the versatility and potential of such algorithms in timetabling. The first of these uses cyclic exchange neighborhoods, in which an ordered subset of exams in disjoint time slots are swapped cyclically such that each exam moves to the time slot of the exam following it in the order. The neighborhood of all such cyclic exchanges may be searched effectively for an improving set of moves, making this technique computationally reasonable in practice. We next describe the idea of optimized crossover in genetic algorithms, where the parent solutions used in the genetic algorithm perform an optimization routine to produce the 'most fit' of their children under the crossover operation. This technique can be viewed as a form of multivariate large-scale neighborhood search, and it has been applied successfully in several areas outside timetabling. The final topic we discuss is functional annealing, which gives a method of incorporating neighborhood search techniques into simulated annealing algorithms. Under this technique, the objective function is perturbed slightly to avoid stopping at local optima, while neighborhood search techniques help provide an effective search of the feasible space.
Study of bite angle effects in hydroformylation

Abstract Hydroformylation of alkenes to form aldehydes is one of the most important homogeneously catalyzed industrial processes. Products such as n-butyraldehyde are important in the manufacture of plasticizer alcohols, as well as for alcohol solvents such as n-butanol. Typically, the linear (n) aldehyde products are more valuable than the branched (i) products. There are a number of catalytic systems responsible for this reaction. Unfortunately, these systems are not yet fully understood. Significant progress has been made, both experimentally and theoretically, on the study of such systems. In one important system, the catalyst is a rhodium metal atom bound to two phosphines and one carbonyl. More recent versions utilize a chelating bis-phosphine ligand. It has often been found that tying ligands together improves catalyst stability. The resultant bidentate ligands possess certain bite angles. When an α-olefin is used as feedstock, the product may be either a linear (n) or a branched (i) aldehyde. The groups of Casey and van Leeuwen found that these bite angles affect the activity and the regioselectivity of the catalyst. They proposed that the regioselectivity is determined by relative stabilities of the transition states of alkene insertion. Alkene coordination precedes a five-coordinate trigonal bipyramidal intermediate. In that intermediate, the bidentate ligand may be coordinated in either an equatorial–equatorial (ee) or an equatorial–axial (ea) fashion. Cundari’s group proposed that those two intermediates may form three possible transition states, each of which shows a slightly different insertion barrier. In this study, we examine those three pathways using catalysts that contain bidentate ligands. The work specifically addresses the effect of the bite angle on transition state stabilities. Experimental data are interpreted in light of these results.
MARHS: mobility assessment system with remote healthcare functionality for movement disorders

Due to the global trend of aging societies with increasing demand for low cost and high quality healthcare services, there has been extensive research and development directed toward wireless and remote healthcare technology that considers age-associated ailments. In this paper, we introduce Mobility Assessment and Remote Healthcare System (MARHS) that utilizes a force sensor in order to provide quantitative assessment of the mobility level of patients with movement disorder ailment, which is one common age-associated ailment. The proposed system also enables the remote healthcare services that allow patients to receive diagnoses from clinical experts without his/her presence. MARHS also contains a data analysis unit in order to provide information that summarizes the characteristics of symptoms of a group of patients (e.g., patients with a certain type of ailment) using a combination of feature ranking, feature selection, and classification algorithms. The results of the analyses on the data from a clinical trial show that the examination results of the proposed system can accurately recognize various groups of patients, such as, patients with (i) chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, (ii) hypertension, and (iii) cerebral vascular accident with an average accuracy of 90.05%, 82.60%, and 93.54%, respectively.
Distinct Roles for PECAM-1, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1 in Recruitment of Neutrophils and Eosinophils to the Cornea in Ocular Onchocerciasis (River Blindness)

Infiltration of granulocytes into the transparent mammalian cornea can result in loss of corneal clarity and severe visual impairment. Since the cornea is an avascular tissue, recruitment of granulocytes such as neutrophils and eosinophils into the corneal stroma is initiated from peripheral (limbal) vessels. To determine the role of vascular adhesion molecules in this process, expression of platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1 (PECAM-1), ICAM-1, and VCAM-1 on limbal vessels was determined in a murine model of ocular onchocerciasis in which Ags from the parasitic worm Onchocerca volvulus are injected into the corneal stroma. Expression of each of these molecules was elevated after injection of parasite Ags; however, PECAM-1 and ICAM-1 expression remained elevated from 12 h after injection until 7 days, whereas VCAM-1 expression was more transient, with peak expression at 72 h. Subconjunctival injection of Ab to PECAM-1 significantly inhibited neutrophil recruitment to the cornea compared with eyes injected with control Ab (p = 0.012). Consistent with this finding, corneal opacification was significantly diminished (p < 0.0001). There was no significant reduction in eosinophils. Conversely, subconjunctival injection of Ab to ICAM-1 did not impair neutrophil recruitment, but significantly inhibited eosinophil recruitment (p = 0.0032). Injection of Ab to VCAM-1 did not significantly inhibit infiltration of either cell type to the cornea. Taken together, these results demonstrate important regulatory roles for PECAM-1 and ICAM-1 in recruitment of neutrophils and eosinophils, respectively, to the cornea, and may indicate a selective approach to immune intervention.
Combining artificial neural networks and symbolic processing for autonomous robot guidance

Abstract Artificial neural networks are capable of performing the reactive aspects of autonomous driving, such as staying on the road and avoiding obstacles. This paper describes an efficient technique for training individual networks to perform these reactive driving tasks. But driving requires more than a collection of isolated capabilities. To achieve true autonomy, a system must determine which capabilities should be employed in the current situation to achieve its objectives. Such goal-directed behavior is difficult to implement in an entirely connectionist system. This paper describes a rule-based technique for combining multiple artificial neural networks with map-based symbolic reasoning to achieve high-level behaviors. The resulting system is not only able to stay on the road, it is able to follow a route to a predetermined destination, turning appropriately at intersections and stopping when it has reached its goal.
The neuropathology of organ transplantation: Comparison and contrast in 500 patients1

Summary The main objective of this report is to compare and contrast the type and frequency of neuropathological findings following liver, heart, lung, heart-lung, kidney and bone marrow transplantation and to provide an overview of the major systemic complications in patients that received allografts. This is a retrospective analysis of the complete autopsy records and clinical histories of 500 adults who underwent organ transplantation at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center during the interval of March, 1981 through July, 1997. This study is based on the neuropathological and systemic findings among 225 liver, 101 heart, 40 lung, 28 heart-lung, 74 kidney and 32 bone marrow transplants. Clinico-pathological correlations were made. All patients received base-line immunosuppressive therapy with one or more of the following drugs: cyclosporine, corticosteroids and azathioprine. Since August, 1989, the primary immunosuppressive agent is FK-506 (Tacrolimus). Some patients received antilymphocyte globulin (OKT3), when acute rejection was imminent. Light microscopic examination of tissue sections, stained with hematoxylin and eosin and in some cases with special stains were made. Ultrastructural evaluation were also performed in selected cases. All of the studies were carried out at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Department of Pathology, Neuropathology Division. Cerebrovascular complications were the most frequent and were seen in 51% of the liver, 59% of the heart, 58% of the lung, 50% of the heart-lung, 49% of he kidney and 44% of the bone marrow allografts. Aspergillus sp. infection was the most common of all CNS infections followed by viral, bacterial and protozoal. Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma (PCNSL) was seen in 2% of the liver, and 2% of the heart recipients. Post transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) involving the brain was seen in 2% of the liver allografts, 3% of the heart, and 7% of the heart-lung recipients. PTLD systemically was seen in 6% of the liver, 7% of the heart, 5% of the lung, II% of the heartlung and 4% of the kidney allografts. Graft-versus-host disease was seen only in 41 % of the bone marrow recipients. There was no statistically significant difference between the incidence of the total CNS complications among the different organ transplant groups (p value > 0.10), but there was a statistically significant difference in the systemic complications among the organ transplant groups (p value In conclusion that immunocompromised patients with impaired cellular and humoral immunity are at risk for the development of opportunistic infections and hematologic abnormalities. PTLD appears to be different in its pathogenesis from that of PCNSL which occurs anew in the brain of these patients. The neurological complications may be reduced by earlier recognition and better understanding of their etiopathogenesis.
Sea Level on the U.S. East Coast: Decadal Variability Caused by Open Ocean Wind-Curl Forcing

One of the puzzling features of sea level on the east coast of the United States is the decedal-scale variability; the fluctuations are 10‐15 cm, peak to peak, at periods longer than a few years. The authors find that this variability, in the frequency band treated with the model, is largely caused by a deep-sea signal generated by the wind stress curl over the North Atlantic. A simple forced long Rossby wave model of the response of the thermocline to wind forcing is used, computing long-wave speeds from observed hydrographic data. The authors model the response of the ocean at periods longer than 3 years for the full width of the Atlantic and for the north‐south extent of the main anticyclonic gyre, 188‐388N. The model output in deep water shows remarkably good agreement with tide gauges, both at Bermuda (328N) and Puerto Rico (188N), as well as with dynamic height fluctuations of ;20 cm peak to peak. Once these fluctuations reach the western side of the ocean, the authors estimate coastal sea level by constructing a complementary coastal model. The coastal model is geostrophic and conserves mass within a nearshore region that encompasses the Gulf Stream. By extending this nearshore region as far south as 148‐188N and using only the oceanic fluctuations to force the variability in the stream, between 80% and 90% of the variance of sea level at coastal tide gauges can be explained. Sea level along the coast is used to test the model assumptions. The basic results, however, seem important because they are constrained only by open ocean wind forcing and not by input boundary conditions.
Structuring Talk About Teaching and Learning: The Use of Evidence in Protocol-Based Conversation

Chapter Overview In this chapter Judith Warren Little and Marnie Curry critique a conversation among secondary teachers in a critical friends group in the USA. The conversation is driven by a problem of professional practice using artifacts of teaching and learning with the discussion guided by specifically designed protocols. These conditions both promoted opportunities for them to learn while at the same time limiting that learning. Through the discussion some teachers recognized and revealed their tenuous grasp of important aspects of discipline content knowledge but the protocols did not provide for this unexpected development. The authors raise the important issue of expertise in facilitation if such protocols are not to take on a formulaic or ritual character that limits rather than enhances professional learning.
Abstract 202: Sex Differences In Ischemic Stroke: The Role Of Genetic Sex

Background/Purpose— Ischemic stroke is now recognized as a sexually dimorphic disease with women enjoying lower stroke incidence relative to men until an advanced age. This has largely been attributed to the neuroprotective effects of estrogen in females. However, recent failure of estrogen supplementation clinical trials and in vitro studies showing differences in ischemic sensitivity in sex steroid depleted media, suggest that factors other than hormones may shape this dichotomy. Since the sex chromosomal complement differs in men (XY) and women (XX), this may contribute to the underlying etiology of sex differences. The objective of this study was to investigate the genetic sex contributions to the etiology of sex differences in cerebral ischemia. Since it is extremely difficult to dissect the effects of sex chromosomes from hormones, we used a four core genotype (FCG) mouse model in this study where, Sry, the testis determining gene is deleted from the Y chromosome and inserted on an autosome in XY - SryMale(XYM). The four different genotypes, XXM(XX male), XYM(XY male), XXF(XX female) and XYF(XY female) derived by a cross between XXF and XYM can be compared to study the influence of sex chromosome(XX/XY) or sex(Sry/hormones) in stroke sensitivity. Methods— Stroke was induced by 90 minutes MCAO in FCG mice. Histological assessment was performed at 24 and 72 hours after stroke using cresyl violet staining. Sry PCR was done on brain samples from these mice. Results— At 24 hrs after MCAO, XXF’s(18.7±1.6%) and XYF’s(15.6±4%) had significantly smaller total hemispheric infarcts compared to either XYM’s(35±6.8%) or XXM’s(28±6.5%). ANOVA revealed a main effect of sex, F(1,12)=4.9,p Hemispheric infarcts at 72 hours post stroke show a similar trend, with XXF’s(22±3.2%) and XYF’s(21±1%) having smaller hemispheric infarcts vs. XYM’s(35±7%) or XXM’s(30±2%). Sry mRNA expression was seen in brains of XXM’s and XYM’s. Conclusions- We found a sex effect in this study as all mice with Sry gene(XXM, XYM) had higher injury. It remains possible that these effects were secondary to the protective effects of estrogen (in XXF and XYF). However, this is unlikely as our preliminary studies have shown that XYF’s have very low estrogen levels (equivalent to males). Thus, we conclude that these differences may be due to the detrimental effects of Sry gene in the male brain. It is speculated that Sry may be the missing piece of puzzle that mediates sex specific cell death after stroke. Studies in gonadectomized FCG mice to further dissociate hormonal effects from direct effects of Sry are ongoing.
APPLICATION OF MARKER-ASSISTED SELECTION IN RICE BREEDING

It has been shown that the combination of marker-assisted selection with traditional breeding technology could enhance breeding efficiency.This paper reviewed major progresses achieved in the application of marker-assisted selection in rice breeding,and the problems encountered were discussed and the measurements to be taken were proposed.
FAMILIAL BENIGN RECURRENT VERTIGO AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO MIGRAINE: CLINICAL DESCRIPTIONS OF EIGHT FAMILIES

Objective Migraine is a disease of chronic headaches that is associated with a spectrum of signs and symptoms often including vertigo, or an illusory sensation of spinning. Familial benign recurrent vertigo (BRV) is a genetic condition displaying autosomal dominant inheritance. Although migraine may accompany BRV, BRV typically occurs independently of migraine. In this study, it was hypothesized that BRV is a migraine-associated disorder. Method Thirty-two BRV patients from eight different families were assessed for symptoms via telephone interviews using standardized questionnaires. The patients were then compared in terms of specific symptoms such as onset age, duration, and frequency of vertigo attacks as well as the relationship of vertigo to migraine. Results The majority of patients experienced a frequency of vertigo attacks of once per month to once per year with a typical duration of minutes to hours. The average age of vertigo onset ranged from the late teens to late thirties, with a majority in the mid to late twenties. A significant percentage of all BRV patients experienced migraine as well, including headache and visual aura. Furthermore, imbalance, nausea, and ear or head pressure/stuffiness typically accompanied vertigo attacks, and hearing loss and tinnitus were the most common associated neurological conditions in this group of patients. Conclusions BRV is strongly associated with migraine in these families and patients experienced similar symptoms with their dizziness. Each family, however, varied in specific phenotypes suggesting multiple genetic syndromes.
SQUAD: a spectrum-based quality adaptation for dynamic adaptive streaming over HTTP

The application-layer based control loops of dynamic adaptive streaming over HTTP (DASH) make video bitrate selection a complex problem. In this work, we review and present new insights into the challenges of DASH rate adaptation. We identify several critical issues that contribute to the degradation of DASH performance with respect to the rate control loops of DASH and TCP. We then introduce a novel DASH quality adaptation algorithm SQUAD, which is specifically designed to ensure high quality of experience (QoE). We implement and test our algorithm together with a number of state-of-the-art quality adaptation algorithms. Through extensive experiments on both testbed and cross-Atlantic Internet scenarios, we show that by sacrificing little to none in average quality bitrate, SQUAD provides significantly better QoE in terms of number and magnitude of quality switches.
Apoptotic Proteolytic Cleavage of the Presenilins by Caspases

Familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD) is a genetically heterogeneous disorder that is caused by defects in at least three early onset genes (age of onset:<60 yr.): presenilin 2 (PS2) on chromosome 1 (1), presenilin 1 (PS1) on chromosome 14 (2), and amyloid protein precursor (APP) on chromosome 21 (3,4). Mutations within the APP gene are responsible for only a small portion (<2%) of reported cases of FAD (5), whereas up to half of all early onset FAD cases are caused by mutations in the PSEN1 and PSEN2 genes (6,7).
Some new developments in the rheology of bone1

Bone has been shown to be a viscoelastic material which is thermorheologically complex. This implies that multiple mechanisms determine the viscoelastic response of bone. New calculations of the contribution of fluid flow to the viscoelastic behavior of bone have been made. The calculation of the relaxation time was based on Biot's model for the relaxation of fluid flow in porous materials while the relaxation strength was estimated from simple composite models. These models together with recent measurements of the permeability of bone predict that part of the relaxation due to fluid flow will occur at fairly high frequencies, perhaps above 10 kHz for in vitro samples. Measurements of ultrasonic wave propagation and attenuation in wet bone have been performed from 0.5 MHz to 15 MHz and the mechanical damping was measured from 100 Hz to 1 kHz with fluid viscosities ranging from 10(-3) to 5 X 10(-2) (MKS). However, a complete understanding of the rheological properties of bone will require additional experiments to bridge the gap between the low frequency measurements and the ultrasonic measurements.
Right-Extremist Parties

Unification of the two Germanys in 1990 produced a momentary euphoria among eastern and western Germans. At last, after forty-one years of painful separation the two sovereign states merged, accompanied by significant changes in the party spectrum. This chapter deals primarily with the development since 1990 of the three major right-extremist parties. It examines their leadership, membership, electoral results, programs, and impact on public policies. Such an overview should provide answers to several questions. Were these parties able to mobilize the dissatisfied youth and their elders? Did their programmatic positions have an impact upon the democratic parties’ positions on current affairs? Did their activities represent a threat to the democratic order comparable to the NSDAP during the Weimar era?