cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evidence for intrusive activity on Mercury from the first MESSENGER flyby

Images from MESSENGER's first flyby of Mercury have shown convincing evidence for surface volcanism. Here we report on evidence in the new data for several features that are characterized by fractures and graben — rare features on a planet dominated by contractional deformation — that may be linked to intrusive activity. These features include: (1) A floor-fractured crater, interpreted to have been the site of laccolith-like sill intrusions; the feature is similar to some floor-fractured craters on the Moon and shows evidence for individual fractured dome-like uplifts on the floor. (2) A concentric complex of graben, observed inside the peak ring on the floor of the ~ 250-km-diameter Raditladi basin and associated with dark plains and possibly embayed by them; the feature may represent an unusual type of floor-fracturing associated with deeper intrusions and related ring dikes or cone sheets, or the graben may instead be the product of non-magmatic uplift of the basin floor. (3) A large radial graben swarm, Pantheon Fossae, located near the center of the Caloris basin, thus far unique on Mercury, and characterized by hundreds of individual graben segments ranging from ~ 5 km to ~ 110 km in length. In the nexus, graben crosscut one another and produce a local polygonal pattern; others curve away from the center as the nexus is approached. Two scales of graben length are observed; the radius of the dense radially symmetric plexus of graben is ~ 175 km, and a few graben extend to greater radial distances to the north and southwest out to distances that intersect with a ring of generally concentric graben around the outer basin floor. Two width scales of graben are observed; a large graben about 8 km wide emerges from the nexus and extends for ~ 100 km; most graben are less than half this width. Some graben walls appear cuspate, with convex-outward wall segments that resemble crater chain segments. One crater chain with distinctive raised rims parallels nearby graben. Locally, some graben appear in en echelon patterns, and smaller graben sometimes show cross-cutting (superposition) relationships. Abundant impact craters, the most prominent being Apollodorus, and secondary crater clusters and chains are superposed on the graben system; there is little evidence that craters greater than 5 km in diameter have been cut by a graben. This relation implies that the graben swarm formed soon after the emplacement of the Caloris floor plains. These graben are interpreted to be the surface expression of a radial dike swarm emanating from a subsurface magma reservoir. Similar features, in which the dikes contribute to a near-surface stress field that favors radial graben, are known on the Earth, Venus, and Mars. The location of Pantheon Fossae in the center of the Caloris basin suggests that formation of the radial graben structure is linked to basin evolution.
P‐112: New Driving Method for the Improvement of an Addressing Characteristics with Low Address Voltage in AC‐PDP

In this paper, new driving method is proposed to solve the problem that a driving margin is decreased when a low voltage of address pulses are applied during address period. In order to understand the principle of the new driving scheme, cell operation was analyzed using Vt closed curve in both cases which conventional waveform and proposed waveform were applied. As a result, the maximum delay time of the addressing discharge is decreased by 40%, even though a low address pulse was applied in 42-inch XGA AC-PDP without decrease of driving margin.
Estimation of gene expression by a bank of particle filters

This paper addresses the problem of joint estimation of time series of gene expressions and identification of the coefficients of gene interactions defining the network. The proposed method exploits a state-space structure describing the system so that a bank of particle filters can be used to efficiently track each of the time series separately. Since each gene interacts with some of the other genes, the individual filters need to exchange information about the states (genes) that they track. The analytical derivation of the posterior distribution of the states given the observed data allows for marginalization of the matrix describing the interactions in the network and for efficient implementation of the method. Computer simulations reveal a promising performance of the proposed approach when compared to the conventional particle filter that attempts to track the time series of all the genes and which, as a result, suffers from the curse-of-dimensionality.
Julien C. Mirivel, The Art of Positive Communication: Theory and Practice

Within the communication discipline, scholars often comment on the ability of communication to solve problems and bring people closer together. However, theoretical explanations of how communicatio...
Increased Mortality from Brain Tumors: A Combined Outcome of Diagnostic Technology and Change of Attitude toward the Elderly

United States national data were used to assess factors responsible for the increase of brain tumor mortality. Between 1968 and 1988, death rates increased 50% among those aged 65-74 years, 200% among those aged 75-84 years, and 800% in the oldest old. Rate of increase and maximum death rate have changed over time. Death rate among the population aged 65-74 years peaked in the mid-1980s, while among those aged 85 years and older it is projected to continue increasing throughout the 1990s. The patterns of rate increases were almost identical in the two sexes, as well as among whites and nonwhites. There was a strong correlation over time of death rates with head diagnostic procedures (r = 0.96) and with the pace of computerized axial tomography installation (r = 0.91). The authors conclude that the reported increase in brain tumor mortality is not genuine, but represents a combination of three factors: availability of more sophisticated, noninvasive diagnostic technology; change in the attitude toward care of the elderly; and introduction of support programs such as Medicare that facilitate diagnostic procedures in the elderly.
Toward Benchmarking in Catalysis Science: Best Practices, Challenges, and Opportunities

Benchmarking is a community-based and (preferably) community-driven activity involving consensus-based decisions on how to make reproducible, fair, and relevant assessments. In catalysis science, important catalyst performance metrics include activity, selectivity, and the deactivation profile, which enable comparisons between new and standard catalysts. Benchmarking also requires careful documentation, archiving, and sharing of methods and measurements, to ensure that the full value of research data can be realized. Beyond these goals, benchmarking presents unique opportunities to advance and accelerate understanding of complex reaction systems by combining and comparing experimental information from multiple, in situ and operando techniques with theoretical insights derived from calculations characterizing model systems. This Perspective describes the origins and uses of benchmarking and its applications in computational catalysis, heterogeneous catalysis, molecular catalysis, and electrocatalysis. It a...
Planform Optimization of a Flying Wing with a Solid Homogeneous Structure

Trapezoidal flying wing gliders were optimized for maximum payload and lift to drag ratio, subject to trim and flight-worthiness constraints. Aeroelastic analysis was included for the solid homogeneous structure, in which the structural properties of the wing are directly determined by the airfoil shape. As payload weight increased, the optimum wings became larger, sleeker, and heavier in order to maximize lift to drag ratio while meeting the constraints. The smaller wings were constrained by the material ultimate stress limit, while the heavier wings were constrained by stall speed. The resulting Pareto frontier presents a large amount of knowledge of the design space that can help a designer select the best wing in the conceptual design phase.
Characterization of a yeast infection in the german cockroach (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae)

A lethal yeast infection was characterized from laboratory colonies of the German cockroach, Blattella germanica (L.). External manifestations of infection included: shortened and curled antennal flagella, uneven wings. darkened and flaccid cadavers, Paralytic posture of cadavers, and a putrefied odor. The yeast cells (3 by 8 µm), examined with light and transmission electron microscopy, had thick cell walls and budding typical of the Eumycota. A definitive identification of the yeast was not made. Histopathological studies revealed emulsified fat bodies and high numbers of yeast cells (104–107CellS/µl)in the hemolymph of infected cockroaches. Infected cockroaches lost antennal flagellomeres; the number of flagellomeres present was directly related to the yeast cell density and the percentage of yeast cells that budded in the hemolymph. Yeast density increased and percent budding decreased as the infection progressed. The syndrome developed over 20 days and death occurred within ca. 30 days postinfection.
Stories East, Stories West: Philosophy and Narrative in Hegel and Schelling

The paper contrasts Hegel's often quite negative treatment of Eastern thought with the generally more positive treatment by W. F. J. Schelling. Especially significant for Schelling's treatment are (1) the exceptional importance of female deities in Eastern myths and systems of thought and (2) the positive role played by storytelling and mythology in the East.
Conceptual Phase Diagrams and Their Applications to Itinerant Electron Magnetism

An adequate description of the magnetic properties of a solid requires not only a knowledge of the relative energies of the atomic outer-electron states, but also the location of a given electron state within a conceptual phase diagram of electronic properties. In the last few years the physical ideas essential to this task have been identified. My intent in this paper is to review briefly these ideas and to illustrate their usefulness. First, I develop the phase diagrams. Then I review briefly some complex magnetic and crystallographic properties exhibited by several metallic compounds and show how their magnetic order and the magnitudes of the observed atomic moments can be derived in terms of the phase diagrams, known variations across the Periodic Table, and qualitative arguments about the energy bands. These examples illustrate how, from a small set of physical ideas and the phase diagrams, it is possible to develop experimental strategies for controlled modification of known magnetic materials and for a search for new magnetic materials. Although development of fruitful experimental strategies is adequate justification for inclusion of a qualitative discussion in a theoretical conference, my hope is that a heightened confidence in the sufficiency of the physical ideas discussed will also aid the theorists’ search for simplified techniques with which to calculate the observed properties from first principles.
9.06 – Plate Tectonics through Time

The tectonic mechanisms of heat escape have evolved over time as the Earth's interior cooled. The Earth condensed from rock vapor to liquid magma in a few t-housand years following the Moon-forming impact, ∼4.5 billion years ago. The liquid magma convected vigorously and cooled rapidly, cooling the Earth in a few million years to mostly solid mush-capped solid rock. This ‘mush ocean’ eventually evolved into modern plate tectonics. About a billion years in the future, the Earth's interior will become too cold for plate tectonics. Then the Earth will become a one-plate planet like Mars. Current geodynamical understanding of the modern Earth provides only shopping lists of and qualitative inferences on plausible tectonic mechanisms within the early Earth. Plate processes are complex and involve poorly understood mechanical properties of partly molten rock and faults. Poor geological preservation cloaks tectonic processes on the early Earth. A few detrital zircons indicate chemically isolated continent-like reservoirs by ∼4.5 Ga shortly after the Moon-forming impact and survival of some zircons by ∼4.4 Ga. Clusters and gaps in detrital zircon age populations indicate periods of activity and stability, like on the modern Earth. The gaps are comparable ∼108 years to those in modern active regions. Plate-like processes became evident as soon as there was a geological record that might have preserved them. Transform faults, oceanic crust, rifting, continents with thick chemically buoyant lithosphere, and subduction were all present in the Archean. As on the modern Earth, vertical tectonic processes dominated in many Archean regions. The high temperature of the interior allowed for broad regions of hot mobile continental crust. Other differences between modern and Archean plate processes are less clear. The thermal history of the interior may not even have been monotonic, that is, plate tectonics may have been unable to vent the heat supplied by radioactive decay. Physically, thick oceanic crust produced above hot mantle is difficult to subduct into mantle asthenosphere, like with modern oceanic plateaus. Periods of sluggish plate tectonics with the interior heating up may have alternated with vigorous cooling by short-lived mush oceans. Alternatively, the tectonics evolved gradually from basaltic plates above mush oceans to standard plates with mantle lithosphere throughout the Archean. The geological record after 3.0 Ga is well enough preserved to relate to modern processes. Still the cooling rate of the Earth's interior and the rate of plate motions are only modestly constrained. Overall, the life span of oceanic crust after 3.0 Ga was comparable to that of the present. However, limited data indicate short-lived episodes of rapid plate motion in the Archean.
Dietary Quality of Diverse, Rural Adolescents Using the Healthy Eating Index - 2010.

Objective We report baseline dietary intake using the Healthy Eating Index (HEI) - 2010 in rural, diverse adolescents from Minnesota. Methods In 2013-2014, 9th-10th graders who reported eating breakfast less than 3 or fewer times per week were recruited from 16 rural schools. Data included computer-based survey results, measured height and weight, and 24-hour dietary recalls. Schools provided student data on free/reduced meal status. The HEI-2010 was calculated from 24-hour dietary recalls. Regression models assessed demographic differences in HEI-2010. Results The sample mean HEI-2010 score was 52 out of 100 (N = 732 adolescents). Boys (mean HEI-2010=50.1) were statistically significantly lower than girls (mean HEI-2010=53.4). There was no significant difference by free/reduced price lunch or white versus students of color. Conclusion Rural adolescent breakfast skippers report poor dietary intake quality.
Adapting a Psychosocial Intervention for Smartphone Delivery to Middle-Aged and Older Adults with Serious Mental Illness

Objective To describe the process of adapting an integrated medical and psychiatric self-management intervention to a smartphone application for middle-aged and older adults with serious mental illness using an adaptive systems engineering framework and user-centered design. Methods First, we determined the technical abilities and needs of middle-aged and older adults with serious mental illnesses using smartphones. Then, we developed smartphone content through principles of user-centered design and modified an existing smartphone platform. Finally, we conducted a usability test using "think aloud" and verbal probing. Results We adapted a psychosocial self-management intervention to a smartphone application and tested its usability. Ten participants (mean age: 55.3 years, SD: 6.2 years) with serious mental illness and comorbid chronic health conditions reported a high level of usability and satisfaction with the smartphone application. Conclusions Middle-aged and older adults with serious mental illness and limited technical abilities were able to participate in a process involving user-centered design and adaptation of a self-management intervention to be delivered by a smartphone. High usability ratings suggest that middle-aged and older adults with serious mental illness have the potential to use tailored smartphone interventions. Future research is indicated to establish effectiveness and to determine the type and intensity of clinical support needed to successfully implement smartphone applications as a component of community-based services for older adults with psychiatric and medical conditions.
Incidence of and Risk Factors for Skin Cancer in Organ Transplant Recipients in the United States.

Importance Skin cancer is the most common malignancy occurring after organ transplantation. Although previous research has reported an increased risk of skin cancer in solid organ transplant recipients (OTRs), no study has estimated the posttransplant population–based incidence in the United States. Objective To determine the incidence and evaluate the risk factors for posttransplant skin cancer, including squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), melanoma (MM), and Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) in a cohort of US OTRs receiving a primary organ transplant in 2003 or 2008. Design, Setting, and Participants This multicenter retrospective cohort study examined 10 649 adult recipients of a primary transplant performed at 26 centers across the United States in the Transplant Skin Cancer Network during 1 of 2 calendar years (either 2003 or 2008) identified through the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network (OPTN) database. Recipients of all organs except intestine were included, and the follow-up periods were 5 and 10 years. Main Outcomes and Measures Incident skin cancer was determined through detailed medical record review. Data on predictors were obtained from the OPTN database. The incidence rates for posttransplant skin cancer overall and for SCC, MM, and MCC were calculated per 100 000 person-years. Potential risk factors for posttransplant skin cancer were tested using multivariate Cox regression analysis to yield adjusted hazard ratios (HR). Results Overall, 10 649 organ transplant recipients (mean [SD] age, 51 [12] years; 3873 women [36%] and 6776 men [64%]) contributed 59 923 years of follow-up. The incidence rates for posttransplant skin cancer was 1437 per 100 000 person-years. Specific subtype rates for SCC, MM, and MCC were 812, 75, and 2 per 100 000 person-years, respectively. Statistically significant risk factors for posttransplant skin cancer included pretransplant skin cancer (HR, 4.69; 95% CI, 3.26-6.73), male sex (HR, 1.56; 95% CI, 1.34-1.81), white race (HR, 9.04; 95% CI, 6.20-13.18), age at transplant 50 years or older (HR, 2.77; 95% CI, 2.20-3.48), and being transplanted in 2008 vs 2003 (HR, 1.53; 95% CI, 1.22-1.94). Conclusions and Relevance Posttransplant skin cancer is common, with elevated risk imparted by increased age, white race, male sex, and thoracic organ transplantation. A temporal cohort effect was present. Understanding the risk factors and trends in posttransplant skin cancer is fundamental to targeted screening and prevention in this population.
Gaseous electron multiplier gain characteristics using low-pressure Ar/CO 2

Gaseous Electron Multiplier detectors, or GEMs, show promise for use on space-based X-ray missions. Operating pressure strongly affects the gain of the detector and must be optimized for best performance. We have measured the gain characteristics of a GEM detector at various pressures below atmosphere using a mixture of Ar:CO2 with the goal of maximizing gain to push GEM capabilities to the lowest energies possible. This paper discusses our tests, results, and their implications for choosing a detector pressure. We found that at any operating pressure the detector voltage can be adjusted to achieve roughly the same maximum gain prior to the onset of electrical discharges. We also find that the gain varies substantially by spatial location across the detector, but this variation is insensitive to changes in pressure allowing it to be calibrated and corrected if necessary. The detector pressure can therefore be optimized in the interest of other performance parameters such as leak rate, window stress, power requirements, or quantum efficiency without concern for negatively affecting the gain. These results can inform the choice of operating pressure and voltage for GEMs used onboard future space missions.
Maintaining Personal Resiliency: Lessons Learned from Evangelical Protestant Clergy

Despite the prominence of clergy in providing human services, and the work-related stressors they experience, clergy health and coping responses have rarely been the focus of psychological research...
Deterministic droplet-based co-encapsulation and pairing of microparticles via active sorting and downstream merging

Co-encapsulation of two distinct particles within microfluidic droplets provides the means to achieve various high-throughput single-cell assays, such as biochemical reactions and cell-cell interactions in small isolated volumes. However, limited by the Poisson statistics, the co-encapsulation rate of the conventional co-flow approach is low even under optimal conditions. Only up to 13.5% of droplets precisely contain a pair of two distinct particles, while the rest, either being empty or encapsulating unpaired particles become wastes. Thus, the low co-encapsulation efficiency makes droplet-based assays impractical in biological applications involving low abundant bioparticles. In this paper, we present a highly promising droplet merging strategy to increase the co-encapsulation efficiency. Our method first enriches droplets exactly encapsulating a single particle via fluorescence or scattering-light activated sorting. Then, two droplets, each with a distinct particle, are precisely one-to-one paired and merged in a novel microwell device. This deterministic approach overcomes the Poisson statistics limitation facing conventional stochastic methods, yielding an up to 90% post-sorting particle capture rate and an overall 88.1% co-encapsulation rate. With its superior single-particle pairing performance, our system provides a promising technological platform to enable highly efficient microdroplet assays.
Speciation of CuCl and CuCl2 Thiol-Amine Solutions and Characterization of Resulting Films: Implications for Semiconductor Device Fabrication

Thiol-amine mixtures are an attractive medium for the solution processing of semiconducting thin films because of their remarkable ability to dissolve a variety of metals, metal chalcogenides, metal salts, and chalcogens. However, very little is known about their dissolution chemistry. Electrospray ionization high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry and X-ray absorption spectroscopy were employed to identify the species formed upon dissolution of CuCl and CuCl2 in 1-propanethiol and n-butylamine. Copper was found to be present exclusively in the 1+ oxidation state for both solutions. The copper complexes detected include copper chlorides, copper thiolates, and copper thiolate chlorides. No complexes of copper with amines were observed. Additionally, alkylammonium ions and alkylammonium chloride adducts were observed. These findings suggest that the dissolution is initiated by proton transfer from the thiol to the amine, followed by coordination of the thiolate anions with copper cations. Interestingly, th...
Effective χ (2) in a Rb-Filled Hollow-Core Photonic Bandgap Fiber for Coherent Photon Conversion

We demonstrate a large effective χ(2) in a rubidium-filled photonic bandgap fiber by an spontaneous parametric down conversion process. This system can be used for the coherent photon conversion scheme in quantum information processing.
Medical Records Flag for Suicide Risk: Predictors and Subsequent Use of Care Among Veterans With Substance Use Disorders.

Objective:The U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) health care system established policies to include patient record flags (PRFs) for high suicide risk in the electronic medical record to alert...
The Use of Non-reversed Saphenous Veins

Preparation and use of non-reversed saphenous vein grafts that offer better hemodynamics and longer patency.
The 1981 American Medical Research Expedition to Mt. Everest

In recent years, much has been learned about the body’s responses to severe hypoxia by making measurements at extreme altitudes. Exceptional opportunities for new knowledge were generated by the American Medical Research Expedition to Everest which took place in 1981. Laboratories were set up at altitudes of 17,700 ft.(5400 m), 20,700 ft.(6300 m) and 26,400 ft.(8050 m) while a few measurements were even obtained on the summit, the highest point on earth at 29,028 ft.(8848 m).
Incoherent infrared spatial interferometry

By adapting the principles of interferometry first developed by Michelson, we have built a simple incoherent interferometer which operates efficiently from 2 to 20 microns The design and performance of this instrument will be discussed More than 12 stars have been at least partially resolved at one or more wavelengths and, in several cases, their sizes and shapes have been determined A number of objects in the solar system have also been studied and useful studies of extragalactic nuclei are now possible. With the development of the new Multiple Mirror Telescope both the resolution and the sensitivity of this instrument will soon be extended.
Brief Psychiatric History and Mental Status Examination

A comprehensive medical evaluation includes a thorough history, physical examination, and appropriate laboratory, imaging and other studies. An important portion of the history in a primary care evaluation is the psychiatric history and the mental status examination. When evaluating a patient for mental or emotional disorders, history is truly everything. Often, the practitioner must ask specific questions to assess the presence of common mental disorders in order to supplement other information or because the patient does not recognize or does not volunteer the symptoms. Casting ones net for the symptoms of common mental disorders, including the category of anxiety disorders, is extremely helpful to fully assess a patient’s emotional and physical status. Disorders that comorbidly occur may further complicate matters, especially if common symptoms are shared. For example, shared symptoms of both generalized anxiety disorder and major depressive disorder include worrying, poor concentration, insomnia, fatigue, irritability, and somatic concerns. An appropriate diagnosis and treatment plan can be instituted only after the clinical symptoms and signs are fully recognized and evaluated. The information in this book is applicable to evaluations of adult patients, age 18 years or older, although sections may be applicable to younger patients. The information is based on scholarly information supported by research and practical suggestions based on cumulative clinical experiences of the authors.
Stranger Responses to Visually Impaired Infants: Sequence and Content.

The parents of a visually impaired child are given a physical diagnosis of their child's condition but most construct their own social diagnosis. One important way they learn how their child is see...
Plastic yielding through a two-material interface from cracks under antiplane deformation

The antiplane deformation problem of two bonded ductile half planes containing a crack with associated plastic zones at its tips and lying normal to the interface is considered. The analysis utilizes the approximate Gauss-Chebyshev integration of bounded distribution functions to obtain the magnitude of plastic strain or slip at the crack tips and the growth of plastic zones. The boundedness condition together with single valuedness of displacements in the far field is shown to provide the necessary additional conditions to locate the ends of the crack. For the case of a crack located entirely in one material, numerical examples are provided showing how the plastic zone spreads out from the crack tip with increased loading, eventually penetrating the interface and moving into the adjacent material.
Innovation Held Hostage: Has Federal Intervention Stifled Efforts to Reform the Child Welfare System?

The past thirty years have been marked by an increased federalization of child welfare law, which, like other areas of family law, traditionally remained within the sole purview of state legislatures. Despite increased oversight by the federal government, outcomes for foster children remain unacceptably poor. The number of children in foster care has more than doubled over the past twenty-five years and reports of suspected maltreatment have skyrocketed. Children continue to stay too long in care and have too many placements. Case workers assigned to work with families and attorneys representing parents and children are overwhelmed and rarely provide meaningful assistance. State courts face pressures to move cases through a busy docket rather than spend the time needed to make informed decisions about individual children. Many child welfare systems are or have been subject to court monitoring after evidence that the systems violated the constitutional and statutory rights of families. This Article explores the unintended consequences of federal involvement in child welfare policy and argues that federal involvement in dictating the substance of child welfare policy must be minimized to spark the vigorous debate and innovation needed to reform child welfare systems. The Article first explores the significant growth in federal laws affecting the foster care system over the past thirty years. Then, it discusses the unintended consequences of this growth, primarily its impact on stifling much needed innovative approaches and rigorous debate in the area. Finally, the Article proposes that the federal government's role in child protection issues should be limited to four areas: 1) supporting, not supplanting, the states' responsibility to design systems to meet the needs of their families; 2) ensuring that states protect the constitutional rights of parents and children; 3) resolving interstate issues affecting children that cannot be adequately addressed by individual states and 4) providing research and technical assistance to states as they design their policies.
Political Economy and the Public Sphere

This essay traces the arc of the twin-born notions of political economy and the public sphere. It explores how history trespassed the boundaries that were supposed to separate them, which provoked thinkers and writers to consider the mutual dependency of both spheres and the tension over strict disciplinary divides. Instead of seeing political economy and the public sphere as basically devoted to the understanding of two separate domains of modern human activity, this essay stresses the mutual dependence and tense entanglement of the two. If political economy privatized ideas of the self and turned homo economicus into an autonomous agent, the inequities and risks of market life spawned outrage and opposition that invited writers and publicists to occupy the public sphere as a terrain of battle over capitalist legitimacy. Questions about personal accumulation and public opinion were never as divisible as the disciplinary guardians proclaimed. The essay also calls attention to the global conditions for conceptualizing market integration and the public opinion. Global integration was not something that got added to the categories and models of private wants and public good with the dawn of our globalization. Global integration fired public debate from the start. Both political economy and the public sphere were, this essay will show, the effects of global integration, whose dynamics ensured that the lines separating the two fields were never solid.
Use of fertilization for production of calves from involuntary cull cows

The main purpose of the study was to assess the feasibility of a combined system for in vitro maturation of oocytes, in vitro fertilization, and in vitro culture of embryos for production of calves from cows that have to be removed prematurely from production units.
Left out in the rain: Comparing productivity of two associated species exposes a leak in the umbrella species concept

Abstract Multi-species approaches to wildlife management have become commonplace and purport to benefit entire biological communities. These strategies aim to manage different, often taxonomically distant species under a single regime based on shared habitat associations and/or co-occurrence in the landscape. We tested the efficacy of multi-species management in the context of creating and maintaining early-successional forest cover types using two species of migratory birds that breed in eastern North America and are each the focus of intensive, concurrent, and overlapping management. American woodcock (Scolopax minor) and golden-winged warblers (Vermivora chrysoptera) breed in similar diverse-forest landscapes. Each species purportedly benefits from management for the other species and both are often used as flagship species for the creation of young forest and the conservation of associated avian communities. However, the landscape-species relationships that drive reproductive success and population stability in these species have not been explicitly compared. Here, we use previously published spatially-explicit models of productivity (the number of juveniles raised to a biologically significant milestone) to identify the relationship(s) between productivity of American woodcock and golden-winged warblers across a shared landscape. We found productivity to be negatively associated between these species on the same landscape at all spatial scales we modelled (1 m2–100 ha). Our results suggest that, with regards to productivity, American woodcock and golden-winged warblers have opposing relationships with the composition of the landscapes in which they coexist and therefore should not be assumed to benefit similarly from any individual management action at any relevant spatial scale.
Caring for Others Cares for the Self: An Experimental Test of Brief Downward Social Comparison, Loving-Kindness, and Interconnectedness Contemplations

Several strategies for decreasing anxiety and increasing subjective well-being have been tested and found to be useful, such as downward social comparison, loving-kindness contemplations, and interconnectedness contemplations. These, however, have not often been directly compared. Emerging adults contemplated one technique for 12 min while walking around a building. Those who wished others well (loving-kindness) had lower anxiety, greater happiness, greater empathy, and higher feelings of caring and connectedness than those in a control condition. The Interconnectedness condition resulted only in beneficial effects on social connection. Although social comparison theory suggests that downward social comparison should improve mood, this study found that it had no beneficial effects relative to the control condition and was significantly worse than the loving-kindness condition. This brief loving-kindness contemplation worked equally well across several measured individual differences, and is a simple intervention that can be used to reduce anxiety, increase happiness, empathy, and feelings of social connection.
Implementation in IVHS

The rapid evolution of IVHS technologies presents more and more specific requirements for dynamic network modeling. Conversely, implementation of dynamic models is becoming more and more important for the design and evaluation of IVHS. In Section 17.1, several applications of dynamic models to IVHS components are discussed. We mainly investigate the technical aspects of applying these models. Subsequently, we discuss various data requirements for implementing these dynamic models in Section 17.2.
Mental Health Risk Factors and Parole Decisions: Does Inmate Mental Health Status Affect Who Gets Released.

Parole decision—the decision to release an incarcerated individual from prison conditionally—is one of the most critical decisions across justice systems around the world. The decision carries with it significant consequences: for the freedom of the individual awaiting release (the parolee); for the safety of the community in which they will return; and for the correctional system overall, especially its organizational capacity. The current study attempts to add to the parole decision-making literature by specifically analyzing the role that mental health factors may play in explaining parole decisions. Research to date is inconclusive on whether or not mental illness is a risk factor for criminal behavior; despite this, individuals with mental health problems generally fare worse on risk assessment tools employed in justice decisions. The study relies on a 1000+ representative sample of parole-eligible individuals in Pennsylvania, United States. To increase reliability, the analyses test for several mental health factors based on information from different sources (i.e., self-reported mental health history; risk assessment tool employed by the Parole Board; and risk assessment tool employed by the Department of Corrections). To address validity concerns, the study controls for other potential correlates of parole decisions. Although the multivariate models explained a considerable amount of variance in parole decisions, the inclusion of mental health variables added relatively little to model fit. The results provide insights into an understudied area of justice decision making, suggesting that despite the stigmatization of mental illness among criminal justice populations, parole board members in Pennsylvania, United States, appear to follow official guidelines rather than to consider more subjective notions that poor mental health should negate parole release.
Omnichannel Operations: Challenges, Opportunities, and Models

In this chapter, we discuss the operational challenges and opportunities in omnichannel retail, specifically with respect to fulfillment, pricing, and inventory management. We provide a historical perspective of the evolution of omnichannel operations and the challenges associated with the different stages of this evolution. We also provide an overview of three mathematical models: managing split shipments in fulfillment optimization, jointly optimizing markdown and fulfillment, and inventory optimization in the presence of demand spillover.
Suicide Risk Assessment in Youth and Young Adults With Type 1 Diabetes

OBJECTIVE To describe sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of youth and young adults with type 1 diabetes who endorsed suicidal ideations as part of routine depression screening and the results of their suicide risk assessments. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS The Patient Health Questionnaire–9 was used to assess depressive symptoms and suicide/death ideation in 550 youth and young adults with type 1 diabetes ages 10–24 years. Only individuals who endorsed suicidal/death ideations (n = 49) completed a standardized suicide risk assessment protocol and safety planning. RESULTS Nine percent of individuals endorsed suicidal/death ideation and of those, 83.4% reported clinically elevated depressive symptoms; 16% made a previous suicide attempt. No youth (n = 39) or young adults (n = 11) disclosed current plans or preparations for suicide, but five who expressed suicidal ideation acknowledged the lethality of insulin for an attempt. Three previously used insulin to attempt suicide. The overwhelming majority of individuals were classified as being low risk for future suicide attempt/completion. None were hospitalized as a part of the suicide risk assessment, and no suicide completions have occurred. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study provide initial insight into the behaviors and cognitions of youth and young adults with type 1 diabetes who experience suicidal and death ideations. Comprehensive suicide risk assessment and safety planning are feasible during routine type 1 diabetes clinic appointments.
Chapter 4 – Implicit Theism

Publisher Summary Human beings are implicit dualists who distinguish between bodies and minds, are biased toward detecting agency in the world around us, have difficulty imagining a future in which physical death brings psychological death, view the natural world as created for a purpose, and find it easy to imagine an omniscient deity. Successful religions provide frameworks for understanding the world which both imbue it with meaning and are immune to falsification. This chapter tackles the fascinating topic of the universality of religion from an implicit motivation and cognitive framework. Evidence is analyzed for two classes of empirically supported psychological contributors: cognitive defaults and existential needs. Both of these sets of variables exert a profound yet largely implicit influence on the development, content, transmission, and maintenance of religious faith. Theistic cognition is so deeply ingrained that even atheists, agnostics, and less religious people display implicit responses consistent with religious beliefs. Much of the specific content of religious beliefs varies widely from one culture to another. The development, spread, and maintenance of theistic beliefs are by necessity closely tied to basic psychological processes. The nearly universal belief in God and the afterlife appears an inevitable consequence of the natural grooves of human cognition and motivation.
8.16 – Fosamax

As a member of the nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates (N-BPs), alendronate (ALN), marketed as Fosamax (alendronate sodium trihydrate), was the first potent and highly effective nonhormonal antiosteoporotic agent available for clinical use. The high potency of ALN (70 mg, by month once weekly), which comes despite its very low bioavailability (<1%), can partly be attributed to its specific targeting to the osteoclast on bone. At the time of its introduction, the bioavailability and targeting of ALN were established, although the exact molecular mechanism was still an unknown. Modern drug discovery involves the identification of a ‘druggable’ target, enzyme, or receptor, involved in the disease process. Selection and dosing of function-altering ligands for clinical development is based on the therapeutic window between efficacy and safety. Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination (ADME) play key roles in establishing this window for each compound. For ALN the discovery process established efficacy and safety prior to and during clinical testing. Only several years after its introduction did we make significant progress in elucidating ALN's molecular mechanism of action as an inhibitor of the isoprenoid biosynthetic enzyme, farnesyl diphosphate synthase. This chapter will discuss briefly the nature of osteoporosis and the utility of ALN as an effective antifracture, antiosteoporotic agent. The greater part will focus on the mechanism of action of ALN and how this mechanism was discovered.
The effect of oceanographic variability on the distribution of larval fishes of the northern Bering and Chukchi seas

Abstract We investigated the pelagic habitat requirements of Arctic larval fish and the effects of interannual variability of ocean conditions on their distribution. We examined the distribution of larval Arctic cod, Bering flounder, yellowfin sole and capelin in the Chukchi and northern Bering seas during two years with different oceanographic conditions. We found that despite marked changes in water mass distribution, the distributions of larval fishes were not significantly different between the two years. In both years, Arctic cod and Bering flounder were found in cold, high salinity shelf waters advected from the south and influenced by winter cooling (Chukchi Winter Water and Anadyr Water mix). Yellowfin sole and capelin distributions were also similar from year-to-year but they were only found in warm, low salinity Alaska Coastal Water. The cold, high salinity water masses had elevated large copepod biomass, and the Alaska Coastal Water had elevated small copepod biomass. Thus, we propose that these water masses provided different but nonetheless potentially profitable foraging habitat for the four species of larval fishes. We conclude by suggesting that the timing and location of spawning of these species has evolved such that larval offspring are distributed in suitable foraging habitat despite interannual variability in ocean conditions. This study provides a baseline of Arctic larval fish distribution and insight into the degree of climate variability that might be expected to impact early life history stages of larval fish. Our results also increase the knowledge of the mechanistic links between oceanography and the early life history of fish. Because growth and survival of early life stages of fish often drives population change, our results contribute to the understanding of the impacts of climate change on Arctic fish populations.
Reflections on Transitioning to Online General Chemistry in Southern Appalachia

In Spring 2020, East Tennessee State University, along with colleges and universities around the world, was forced to abruptly transition from face-to-face, on-campus courses to online courses in r...
US Treasury primacy in monetary policy signalling: a public choice perspective

This note reviews the signalling models presented in the monetary economics literature, and offers a supplementary interpretation regarding the observed US Treasury primacy in signalling. It is argued here that the legal authority given to the US Treasury, under the Gold Reserve Act of 1934, for managing the exchange value of the dollar in international markets provides an avenue for the Treasury, and thus the Administration (i.e., the Executive Branch), to use foreign exchange intervention policy to reduce the credibility of the Federal Reserve's monetary policy. This legal relationship is likely the source of much tension between the two institutions, especially during periods for which the Administration and the Federal Reserve are at odds regarding the proper direction for monetary policy. Given that the Federal Reserve is aware of this implicit power of the Treasury, it should not be surprising that monetary policy signals from that quarter have been found to have a dominant influence on monetary policy.
Spatiotemporal Population Distribution Method for Emergency Evacuation: Case Study of New Orleans, Louisiana

Knowing where people are is important in emergency management. This study presents a spatiotemporal method to estimate population distribution by time of day, day of the week, and season of the year. Population is broken into six groups: residents, workers, students, stay-at-homes, shoppers, and tourists. The last two groups have usually been neglected in studies. However, these groups can be significant portions of the population in certain environments and display unique variations. In this study, population is distributed by using dasymetric mapping; the distribution of the population is based on land use. However, two modifications are made. First, preprocessing of coarse land use categories with residential density and employee data allows the distinction between resident, worker, shopper, and tourist in the distribution process. Second, the relationship between population and land use is based on regression of existing data instead of on subjective judgment or sampling as in current dasymetric methods. The method is demonstrated in an application to downtown New Orleans, Louisiana, to evaluate the population affected by a hypothetical chemical spill. In one case, the spill is assumed to occur on a weekday afternoon during a local festival. About 83,000 people are estimated to be affected, with most being workers and tourists. In the other case, the same spill is considered to occur over the weekend at night during a period when no festival is in progress. In this case, 39,000 people are estimated to be affected, most of them residents and tourists spread throughout the area within the plume.
Resolving Wicked Problems through Collaboration

Wicked problems yield to collaboration more than authoritarianism or competition. Significant new tools are available in the Internet to help. Included here with permission from IGI Global Publishers, from Handbook of Research on Socio-Technial Design and Social Networking Systems