cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Correspondence between students' scores on the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-II and Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire-Revised.

The relation between two measures of personality disorders was examined in a nonclinical sample of 113 college students (86 women, 27 men) who completed the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-II and the Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire-Revised. Raw scores for 10 of 11 corresponding scales on the two instruments were significantly correlated (median r = .49). Compared to Millon's inventory, the Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire-Revised designated more subjects as having eccentric personality disorders but fewer as having anxious personality disorders. The significant association between scores on the inventories suggests that they assess personality traits that vary continuously in nonclinical samples. However, the finding that they differ significantly in their assignment of clinical labels shows that they should not be used to diagnose personality disorders in nonclinical populations.
Syntactic Control of Interference and Concurrent Separation Logic

At last year@?s MFPS conference we introduced a revised version of Concurrent Separation Logic in which assertions are tagged with a ''rely set'' of variables assumed to be unmodified by other processes. We showed that this logic is compositional and sound with respect to an action trace semantics. The revision was motivated by a subtle issue concerning soundness of the original version of the logic, discovered by Ian Wehrman and Josh Berdine. The revised logic fixes this problem and also relaxes the Owicki-Gries constraints on variables, allowing shared variables to be protected by multiple resources rather than a single one, but requiring that a process writing to a shared variable must acquire all resources that protect it, while a process reading a shared variable need only acquire one such resource. This generalization brings concurrent separation logic closer in spirit to permission-based logics, although our formulation makes no explicit mention of permissions. At the same conference, Uday Reddy introduced a concurrent separation logic with static permissions for variables, generalizing John Reynolds@?s ideas on syntactic control of interference to a concurrent setting. Here we show that there is an extremely close relationship between these two logics. Essentially, every provable assertion in Reddy@?s logic corresponds to a provable assertion in CSL with the same semantic content; and every provable assertion in CSL corresponds to a multitude of assertions in Reddy@?s logic, differing only in the choice of specific permission values. We show that every derivation in Reddy@?s logic can be transformed into a derivation in CSL, by abstracting away from permission details while retaining the relevant information about protection of variables by resources. And we show how to construct, for a given CSL derivation, a family of corresponding derivations in Reddy@?s logic that differ only in inessential permission choices. These results also imply that one can establish soundness of Reddy@?s logic by appealing to soundness of CSL, leading to a simpler soundness proof than the one given in Reddy@?s original paper, which used an augmented form of action trace semantics.
Context indexing of digital cardiac ultrasound records in PACS

Recent wide adoption of the DICOM 3.0 standard by ultrasound equipment vendors created a need for practical clinical implementations of cardiac imaging study visualization, management and archiving, DICOM 3.0 defines only a logical and physical format for exchanging image data (still images, video, patient and study demographics). All DICOM compliant imaging studies must presently be archived on a 650 Mb recordable compact disk. This is a severe limitation for ultrasound applications where studies of 3 to 10 minutes long are a common practice. In addition, DICOM digital echocardiography objects require physiological signal indexing, content segmentation and characterization. Since DICOM 3.0 is an interchange standard only, it does not define how to database composite video objects. The goal of this research was therefore to address the issues of efficient storage, retrieval and management of DICOM compliant cardiac video studies in a distributed PACS environment. Our Web based implementation has the advantage of accommodating both DICOM defined entity-relation modules (equipment data, patient data, video format, etc.) in standard relational database tables and digital indexed video with its attributes in an object relational database. Object relational data model facilitates content indexing of full motion cardiac imaging studies through bi-directional hyperlink generation that tie searchable video attributes and related objects to individual video frames in the temporal domain. Benefits realized from use of bi-directionally hyperlinked data models in an object relational database include: (1) real time video indexing during image acquisition, (2) random access and frame accurate instant playback of previously recorded full motion imaging data, and (3) time savings from faster and more accurate access to data through multiple navigation mechanisms such as multidimensional queries on an index, queries on a hyperlink attribute, free search and browsing.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Utilizing Disk Shaped Thermistors to Experimentally Determine the Prandtl Number Dependence Ranging From Vapors to Liquids

The current research utilizes disk-shaped thermistors to indirectly measure the convective heat transfer coefficient in the case of natural convection. Thermistors are resistors which have a resistance that is extremely temperature sensitive, so that experiments can be run with exceptional resolution. Not only can the convective heat transfer be indirectly measured, but so can the surface temperature, without the need for external temperature sensors which can interfere with the phenomena itself. Utilizing these themistors, heat transfer data was taken utilizing a variety of fluids from gasses (Pr = 0.72) to heavy oils (Pr ∼ 1000). From the experimental data, it was shown that the classical Nusselt-Rayleigh type correlation does not accurately predict the Prandtl number dependence for this geometry, and a new dimensionless correlation is proposed.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
The Extension of P.D. Thompson' Scheme to Multiple Times

Abstract P.D. Thompson devised a scheme to correct imperfect analyses of a conservative quantity at two observation times. His scheme has been extended to include a sequence of observation times. When the times are equally spaced, the governing adjustment equations simplify to an equation in one variable, a weighted average of the conservative property at the various times. The weights are found from Pascal' rule. The primary advantage of adding more observation times is to reduce the mean square error in the analyses. The limiting value of mean square error reduction is ½,⅓¾,…,(k/k for 2,3,4,…k times, respectively. The applicability of this method to adjustment of a sequence of mean temperature (thickness) fields from the VISSR Atmospheric Sounder (VAS) is discussed.
Effect of electrical fatigue on the electromechanical behavior and microstructure of strontium modified lead zirconate titanate ceramics

Abstract The fatigue behavior of strontium doped lead zirconate titanate (PSZT) ceramics is investigated. Different compositions near the antiferroelectric–ferroelectric (AF–F) phase boundary are synthesized by tape casting and sintering route. The influence of electric field-induced AF to F phase transition on piezoelectric and strain behaviors is studied. Very high maximum polarization (∼41 μC/cm2) and ultrahigh strain (0.8%) are seen for some of the PSZT compositions near the morphotropic phase boundary. The samples are subjected to low frequency (30 Hz) electric field up to 107 cycles. Although the maximum polarizations of most of the PSZT ceramics showed fatigue-free behavior (less than 10% degradation), the strains in most of them showed degradation as high as over 50%. Electron microscopy of the fractured surface of the electrically cycled samples showed some intergranular fracture below the electroded surface. Results indicated that diffusion of silver electrode into the PSZT ceramics is responsible for the electro-coloration and degradation in strain response with fatigue cycles. Thermal annealing and removal of the damaged layer under the electrode showed the complete recovery of the strain to its original as-sintered value. X-ray diffraction technique is used before and after the fatigue cycles to investigate the influence of electrical cycles on the changes at the crystal structure level, which are also related to the fatigue-induced changes to electromechanical properties of PSZT ceramics.
Automation of program speed-up on parallel-processor computers

The present paper tries to define automatic procedures for detecting inherent paralellism during the compilation of programs in procedural language for parallel-processor computers. This parallelism should be used on a static and a dynamic basis. During compilation several independent paths are detected, generated and properly identified for parallel execution. Also, a scheme is described for an executive routine in this environment.
Relationship formation on the Internet: What's the big attraction?

We hypothesized that people who can better disclose their “true” or inner self to others on the Internet than in face-to-face settings will be more likely to form close relationships on-line and will tend to bring those virtual relationships into their “real” lives. Study 1, a survey of randomly selected Internet newsgroup posters, showed that those who better express their true self over the Internet were more likely than others to have formed close on-line relationships and moved these friendships to a face-to-face basis. Study 2 revealed that the majority of these close Internet relationships were still intact 2 years later. Finally, a laboratory experiment found that undergraduates liked each other more following an Internet compared to a face-to-face initial meeting.
Oxidized phospholipids as endogenous pattern recognition ligands in innate immunity.

One of the major functions of the innate immune system is the surveillance of host tissues, identifying apoptotic and senescent cells for engulfment and orderly removal by macrophages (1, 2). Macrophage recognition of modified lipoproteins occurs via similar pathways of the innate immune system, involving shared scavenger receptors and molecular pattern recognition ligands (3–6). These critical homeostatic functions of the innate immune system are essential to a diverse array of physiological processes, ranging from embryonic development and tissue remodeling to resolution of inflammation (7, 8). Phagocytic cells express a broad range of receptors that participate in recognition and engulfment of apoptotic and senescent cells, including CD36, a prototypic member of the class B scavenger receptor family (9–14). CD36 recognizes pathogen-associated molecular patterns, including erythrocytes infected with Plasmodium falciparum (15, 16). It also recognizes oxidatively modified lipoproteins, leading to cholesterol accumulation and atherosclerotic plaque development in vivo (17, 18). Recent data support the notion that phospholipid oxidation within cell membranes and lipoproteins exposes similar molecular patterns recognized by CD36 and other receptors of innate immunity. Animal model studies with mice genetically engineered to lack functional CD36 confirm that this prototypic scavenger receptor participates in recognition and engulfment of apoptotic cells (19), senescent cells or cell fragments (20), and oxLDL2 in vivo (18, 21). This review will discuss recent discoveries regarding the structural nature of oxidized phospholipids that serve as high affinity ligands for CD36 in vivo. Also discussed will be the Lipid Whisker Model (22). A revision to the Fluid Mosaic Model (23), the Lipid Whisker Model focuses on phospholipid conformation within oxidized cell membranes and lipoproteins and is derived from recent studies demonstrating the generality of a conformational switch in the structure of many phospholipids within cell membranes that occurs following oxidation. The conformational switch, involving the protrusion of oxidized fatty acids from the hydrophobic membrane interior into the more polar aqueous compartment (22, 24), facilitates physical contact between pattern recognition receptor and molecular pattern ligand. This anatomic positioning of oxidized fatty acids of membrane phospholipids may also underlie the preferential selectivity of some phospholipases for oxidized fatty acids during membrane remodeling.
Sources of errors by capuchin monkeys on delayed response

Six capuchin monkeys were trained on a series of indirect, delayed response problems with delay intervals ranging from 0 to 60 sec. Data were analyzed by sequential state theory in order to quantify random and nonrandom components of the subjects’ response sequences. A tendency of the subjects to repeat responses to the position chosen on the previous trial was a significant source of proactive interference even when effective orienting responses were elicited by the predelay cue. Changes in random and nonrandom response components with increasing delays suggested a two-phase process: the first for delays up to 7 sec characterized by increases in random and nonrandom error-producing responses, and the second for delays greater than 7 sec characterized by increases in random responding only.
Epidemiological analysis of alcohol and drug use as risk factors for psychotic experiences.

Clinical and laboratory studies link alcohol and other drug use to the occurrence of psychotic experiences, but epidemiologic evidence has been lacking. In this study, the quantitative relationships between alcohol or other drug use and psychotic experiences were examined by analysis of prospective
Somatic Value in Mechanical Products: Machines as Interactive Media

This paper points out the importance of machines as tangible and substantial media for our customers to interact with the outer world. As the world is getting more and more globalized, diversified and complex, and situations are changing more frequently and extensively, it becomes harder and harder for designers to foresee operating conditions. Therefore design is changing quickly from traditional designer-centric to user-centric. It is a user who can understand the current situation and solve the imminent problem. Thus, the role of a machine is changing from a tool to a partner which helps a user understand the situation and solve the problem together. Although traditional role of machines has been primarily an actuator, its role as a sensing media is quickly increasing. Traditional product development has been one way and it is producer-driven, regarding customers as being very passive and just as consumers or users. But customers are very active and creative. The tangible and substantial feature of mechanical products has advantages in satisfying our customers’ needs for creativity and customization of our products to adapt to their needs and tastes and furthermore in creating experience and stories for them, which will add increased value, if not only product value but also process value is considered. To realize such goals, mechanical engineering should introduce more pragmatic approaches in addition to the current rational approach.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Hypoxia potentiates Notch signaling in breast cancer leading to decreased E-cadherin expression and increased cell migration and invasion

Hypoxia potentiates Notch signaling in breast cancer leading to decreased E-cadherin expression and increased cell migration and invasion
Disaccharidase activities in children: normal values and comparison based on symptoms and histologic changes.

ABSTRACTBackground:The relationship between symptoms, intestinal mucosal histology, and disaccharidase activities is not well defined. An analysis of disaccharidase activities was performed in children grouped by age, symptoms, and intestinal mucosal histology and normal values established.Methods:D
A relaxation/decomposition algorithm for the fixed charged network problem

This article makes use of relaxation in conjunction with decomposition for the solution of a fixed charge network problem. The solution technique exploits the underlying network structure. The solution approach is via the solution of a series of problem relaxation and bound adjustments. Upper bounds on the optimal objective value are obtained by use of a decomposition of the problem based on parametric changes in variable upper bounds. The Lagrangian dual provides a lower bound on the optimal objective as well as an initial allocation for the upper bounding procedure. The algorithm has been tested on 112 randomly generated problems with up to 1500 nodes, 6600 arcs, and 3000 fixed charge arcs
Programmable release of multiple protein drugs from aptamer-functionalized hydrogels via nucleic acid hybridization.

Polymeric delivery systems have been extensively studied to achieve localized and controlled release of protein drugs. However, it is still challenging to control the release of multiple protein drugs in distinct stages according to the progress of disease or treatment. This study successfully demonstrates that multiple protein drugs can be released from aptamer-functionalized hydrogels with adjustable release rates at predetermined time points using complementary sequences (CSs) as biomolecular triggers. Because both aptamer–protein interactions and aptamer–CS hybridization are sequence-specific, aptamer-functionalized hydrogels constitute a promising polymeric delivery system for the programmable release of multiple protein drugs to treat complex human diseases.
Perspectives of Molecular Imaging and Radioimmunotherapy in Lymphoma

Successful treatment of Hodgkin lymphomas and non-Hodgkin lymphomas depends on accurate staging and prognostic estimations, as well as evaluation of response to therapy as early after initiation as possible. We focus on several aspects of molecular imaging and therapy that affect the management of patients who have lymphoma. First, we review prior use of gallium-67 citrate for evaluation of lymphoma patients, mainly from a historical perspective, since it was the mainstream lymphoma functional imaging tracer for decades. Next, we review current clinical uses of 18F Fluoro-2-Deoxyglucose (18F FDG) PET and PET/CT for evaluation of lymphoma patients and use of radioimmunotherapy in lymphoma. Finally, we discuss advances in molecular imaging that may herald the next generation of PET radiotracers after 18F FDG.
NOTCH SIGNALING : DIRECT OR WHAT?

Notch signaling has been implicated in a wide variety of processes from cell-fate decisions, tissue patterning and morphogenesis to human diseases and cancer. A model for Notch directly regulating gene expression has been proposed and at least two signaling pathways have been identified; however, the molecular mechanism(s) by which Notch signaling produces so many outcomes remains unclear.
Emotional and neurocognitive deficits in fragile X.

We have studied the neurocognitive deficit in premutation and full mutation women as compared to control women and to explore the relationship between those deficits and the incidence of emotional problems. Four groups of women were examined: two fragile X (fra(X)) negative control groups, one of which grew up in fra(X) families and one not; and two DNA positive groups, one with a premutation (CGG repeats 200). All women were assessed using the MMPI-2, the SADS-L, and a battery of neuropsychological tests. Full mutation women had lower scores on composite measures of executive function and nonverbal function. There was no difference between the groups in terms of the lifetime incidence of depressive and anxiety disorders on the SADS-L. Full mutation women displayed Lie scales higher than the other groups on the MMPI-2. Neurocognitive measures were not related to SADS-L diagnoses but were related to the Lie scale on the MMPI-2. Finally, number of CGG repeats was related to the neuropsychological variables and the Lie scale.
The hemodynamic and arterial blood gas response to asphyxiation: a canine model of pulseless electrical activity.

Abstract Objective: Asphyxiation is a time-honored animal model for producing pulseless electrical activity cardiac arrest. To date, there has not been a detailed description of the hemodynamic and arterial blood gas response to asphyxiation in a large number of animals. Our objective was to describe a single laboratory's experience with a standardized canine model of asphyxial pulseless electrical activity arrest. Methods: Design — Data from 4 separate research protocols using a standardized asphyxial model were retrospectively reviewed. Setting — Resuscitation research laboratory. Participants — 169 mixed-breed dogs. Interventions — Each animal was anesthetized and instrumented for hemodynamic monitoring. The endotracheal tube was clamped and hemodynamic data was monitored. Following loss of aortic fluctuations by thoracic aortic catheter, animals remained in pulseless electrical activity for up to 20 min. Hemodynamic data was measured continuously and arterial blood gases were sampled intermittently. Results: Following endotracheal tube clamping, there was a characteristic increase in heart rate and systolic blood pressure. The heart rate peaked at 2–3 min following clamping, while the systolic blood pressure peaked at 7 min. Both heart rate and systolic blood pressure then steadily decreased until loss of aortic fluctuations. Loss of aortic fluctuations occurred 11.4 ± 2.4 min following clamping. Following loss of aortic fluctuations, the heart rate steadily decreased. Arterial blood gases during asphyxiation and pulseless electrical activity arrest showed profound hypoxemia with hypercarbia (pH 7.03 ± 0.07; Pco 2 93 ± 19; Po 2 12 ± 7 at loss of aortic fluctuation). Conclusions: In this canine asphyxial model of pulseless electrical activity, a characteristic hemodynamic pattern of mild tachycardia-hypertension-bradycardia-hypotension was produced. Arterial blood gases reflect a profound hypoxemia and respiratory acidosis.
Current outcomes of simultaneous carotid endarterectomy and coronary artery bypass graft surgery in North America.

Objective Management of patients with concomitant carotid and coronary artery disease has been controversial. Divergent strategies have been employed, including simultaneous carotid endarterectomy and coronary bypass (SCC) versus various staged procedures. Although no strict comparison group is available, this study defines current outcomes of SCC, compared qualitatively to two reference categories.
Mouse NRH:quinone oxidoreductase (NQO2): cloning of cDNA and gene- and tissue-specific expression.

Abstract The mouse NQO2 cDNA and gene with flanking regions were cloned and sequenced. Analysis of the primary structure of the mouse NQO2 protein revealed the presence of glycosylation, myristylation, protein kinase C and caseine kinase II phosphorylation sites. These sites are conserved in the human NQO2 protein. The mouse NQO2 gene promoter contains several important cis-elements, including the antioxidant response element (ARE), the xenobiotic response element (XRE), and an Sp1 binding site. Northern analysis of eight mouse tissues indicated wide variations in the expression of the NQO2 and NQO1 genes. NQO2 gene expression was higher in liver and testis compared with the NQO1 gene, which was highest in the heart. NQO1 gene expression was undetectable in the testis. Mouse kidney showed significantly higher expression levels of NQO1 compared with NQO2. Brain, spleen, lung, and skeletal muscle showed undetectable levels of NQO2 and NQO1 gene expression. NQO2 activity followed a more or less similar pattern of tissue-specific expression as NQO2 RNA. Interestingly, the NQO2 activity remained unchanged in the NQO1−/−mice tissues compared with NQO1+/+ mice, with the exception of the liver. The livers from NQO1−/−mice showed a 45% increase in NQO2 activity compared with the NQO1+/+ mice. The mouse NQO2 cDNA was subcloned into the pMT2 eukaryotic expression vector which, upon transfection in monkey kidney COS1 cells, produced a significant increase in NQO2 activity. Deletion of 54 amino acids from the N-terminus of the mouse NQO2 protein resulted in the loss of NQO2 expression and activity in transfected COS1 cells. This indicates that deletion of exon(s) encoding the N-terminus of NQO2 from the endogenous gene in mouse embryonic (ES) stem cells should result in NQO2-null mice.
Nuclear Magnetic Relaxation by Intermolecular Dipole-Dipole Interactions

The contribution of intermolecular dipole-dipole interactions to the nuclear magnetic relaxation of identical spin-\textonehalf{} nuclei at equivalent positions in spherical molecules in a liquid is calculated. The assumptions made are that: (1), the effect of cross correlations of different dipole-dipole interactions is negligible, so that the relaxations of the longitudinal and transverse components of the nuclear magnetization are simple exponential decays with relaxation times ${T}_{1}$ and ${T}_{2}$, respectively; (2), the motions of the molecules can be considered to be translational and rotational diffusion; and (3), the correlation time ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{0}\ensuremath{\equiv}(\frac{2{a}^{2}}{D})$, where $a$ is the radius of a molecule and $D$ is the translational diffusion coefficient, is sufficiently short that ${({\ensuremath{\omega}}_{0}{\ensuremath{\tau}}_{0})}^{2}\ensuremath{\ll}1$, where ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{0}$ is the Larmor frequency of the nuclei. As a result of the short correlation time assumption (3), the contributions of the intermolecular interactions to ($\frac{1}{{T}_{1}}$) and ($\frac{1}{{T}_{2}}$) are found to be the same and are given by an infinite series, the first three terms of which are ${\left(\frac{1}{{T}_{1}}\right)}^{\ensuremath{'}\ensuremath{'}}={\left(\frac{1}{{T}_{2}}\right)}^{\ensuremath{'}\ensuremath{'}}=\frac{n\ensuremath{\pi}{\ensuremath{\gamma}}^{4}{\ensuremath{\hbar}}^{2}}{5aD}\left[1+0.233{\left(\frac{b}{a}\right)}^{2}+0.15{\left(\frac{b}{a}\right)}^{4}+\ensuremath{\cdots}\right],$ where $n$ is the number of spins per unit volume, $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ is the gyromagnetic ratio of each nucleus, and $b$ is the distance of each nucleus from the center of the molecule in which it is contained. The first term in the series is the result obtained in previous calculations in which the effect of the rotations of the molecules was neglected. In a typical case in which $(\frac{b}{a})\ensuremath{\approx}\frac{1}{2}$, the second and third terms are 6.8% of the first term.
Spectroscopic characterization of peroxynitrous acid in cis-perp configurations.

This paper presents experimental evidence, supported by two-dimensional theoretical calculations, that HOONO can be observed in cis−perp (cp) configurations in a pulsed supersonic expansion. The spectral properties (transition frequency, rotational constants, and transition type) of OH overtone transitions originating from a state with predominately cp character are predicted theoretically and compared with those associated with a weak feature at 6996.2 cm-1 observed experimentally using infrared action spectroscopy. This spectral feature is attributed to HOONO in cp configurations based on its vibrational frequency, rotational band contour, and resultant OH product state distribution.
Development of CdZnTe energy selective arrays for industrial and medical radiation imaging

Abstract Recent advances in the production of CdZnTe using the high pressure Bridgman growth process now make it possible to design and fabricate complex X-ray sensor arrays on large monolithic substrates. These solid state ionization devices have the advantages of improved spatial and energy resolution, and produce significantly higher signals than competitive scintillator-photodiode systems. We have fabricated a number of linear and areal monolithic arrays in our laboratory using vacuum deposited contacts on such material with good success. These arrays operate in a pulse counting mode using hybrid and surface mount circuitry mounted in close proximity to the arrays. Linear devices with pitches of less than 0.8 mm and with 32 elements per substrate have been used for very wide dynamic range radioscopy with excellent results. Images are presented which demonstrate dynamic range in excess of 500:1 and Nyquist limited resolution at diagnostic X-ray energies for a wide variety of samples. Preliminary results demonstrate that the arrays can be used for energy selective radioscopy permitting the identification of differing materials within the image by approximate atomic number. Systems using areal arrays also have been evaluated as radiation cameras and demonstrate good spatial and energy resolution. Examples of data taken with a pin-hole collimator show the ability to distinguish source distributions by energy as well as location and intensity. Ongoing work in the improvement of spatial and energy resolution and the fabrication of larger arrays is discussed.
Remodeling characteristics and collagen distribution in synthetic mesh materials explanted from human subjects after abdominal wall reconstruction: an analysis of remodeling characteristics by patient risk factors and surgical site classifications.

Background The purpose of this study was to evaluate the associations between patient characteristics or surgical site classifications and the histologic remodeling scores of synthetic meshes biopsied from their abdominal wall repair sites in the first attempt to generate a multivariable risk prediction model of non-constructive remodeling.
Personal trauma and risk behaviors among youth entering residential treatment

The focus of this study was to determine the prevalence and types of traumas experienced by adolescents prior to admission to long term mental health residential care and the impact of these traumas on their risk behaviors. The research was conducted at a state-supported residential mental health treatment facility functioning under the authority of the Department of State Health Services. Client level data was extracted from social assessment forms (N = 457) in case records of clients. Results confirmed that exposure to trauma was pervasive among adolescents admitted to the facility. Findings also revealed a link between trauma and risk behaviors among youth entering residential treatment facilities. Increased trauma exposure significantly impacted the risk behaviors of youths entering the residential treatment facility. The results indicate that the total number of traumas experienced was a greater predictor of risk behaviors among these youth than the specific traumas experienced. Internalizing behaviors such as self-harm and suicide attempts also increased with the number of traumas experienced by the adolescent. The study demonstrates the need for further exploration of the complex relationship between personal trauma, mental health, and social development in adolescents.
Long-term echocardiographic evaluation of cardiac size and function in patients with Kawasaki disease.

Abstract The long-term effects of Kawasaki disease on the cardiac function were evaluated in 67 patients. Serial M-mode echocardiograms were obtained at the time of the initial diagnosis, 1 to 3 months, at 3 to 12 months, and at > 12 months following the diagnosis. Left ventricular and left atrial dimensions, shortening fraction, left and right ventricular systolic time interval ratios, and computer analysis of digitized echoes of the left ventricular chamber and posterior wall were obtained. The left atrial and left ventricular dimensions were abnormal in half of the patients throughout the study periods. The shortening fraction was abnormal initially but became normal by the end of 3 months. The peak rates of emptying of the left ventricle and thickening of the posterior wall were significantly reduced in all evaluation periods. In addition, the peak rate of diastolic thinning of the posterior wall was reduced, although the peak rate of filling remained normal. Finally, more than 30% of patients studied beyond 12 months had a prolonged major filling and thinning period. There was no difference between patients with or without coronary artery aneurysms. All other systolic and diastolic phase intervals and rates of changes were normal. Contrary to previously published reports, we conclude that patients with Kawasaki disease who do not have demonstrable coronary artery disease, exhibit abnormalities of cardiac chamber size and function long after their acute illness.
Another look at CISK in polar oceanic air masses

Some further theoretical results concerning conditional instability of the second kind (CISK) are derived from Bratseth's model and verified for a more general non-Boussinesq model with a z-dependent heating function. In particular, the minimum threshold moisture content required for the instability, is shown to depend only upon environmental stratification and the vertical distribution of latent heat, while the preferred marginally unstable wavelength, in addition to being dependent on the stratification and the heating distribution, is also proportional to the inverse of the Coriolis parameter. A CISK index, which is defined as the ratio of a characteristic boundary layer specific humidity to the minimum threshold specific humidity of CISK, is used for assessing the relative potential for the CISK development in the Atlantic and the Pacific polar oceanic air masses, compared with that in a tropical oceanic air mass. The limitation arising from use of a constant heating profile in the interpretation of the short wave cut-off is demonstrated. The criterion for short wave blow-up is analogous to that of convective instability. The necessary and sufficient condition for the presence of short wave cut-off and wave selection is that the threshold moisture content at the shortest wave exceeds the minimum threshold moisture content. The treatment of the unconditional heating intensity is also discussed. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0870.1987.tb00299.x
Activated CD4+CD25+ T cells selectively kill B lymphocytes

The suppressive capacity of naturally occurring mouse CD4+CD25+ T cells on T-cell activation has been well documented. The present study is focused on the interaction of CD4+CD25+ T cells and B cells. By coculturing preactivated CD4+CD25+ T cells with B cells in the presence of polyclonal B-cell activators, we found that B-cell proliferation was significantly suppressed. The suppression of B-cell proliferation was due to increased cell death caused by the CD4+CD25+ T cells in a cell-contact–dependent manner. The induction of B-cell death is not mediated by Fas–Fas ligand pathway, but surprisingly, depends on the up-regulation of perforin and granzymes in the CD4+CD25+ T cells. Furthermore, activated CD4+CD25+ T cells preferentially killed antigen-presenting but not bystander B cells. Our results demonstrate that CD4+CD25+ T cells can act directly on B cells and suggest that the prevention of autoimmunity by CD4+CD25+ T cells can be explained, at least in part, by the direct regulation of B-cell function.
Design of low-cost photonic crystal based three-dimensional invisibility cloak

In this paper, we investigated the design of a photonic-crystal based three-dimensional (3D) cloaking structure with low-cost and improved performance. The carpet cloaking structure with truly 3D geometry is designed at optical frequencies. Compared with microwave cloaks where materials with large anisotropy are needed, the designed 3D cloak can be constructed using isotropic dielectric materials with small material parameter variations, which makes it suitable for practical implementation. By applying two-layer phase mask based holographic lithography, the designed cloaking structures can be fabricated rapidly and at low-cost, which will pave the way towards the mass production of invisibility cloak.
Dissolution of uranium metal without hydride formation or hydrogen gas generation

This study shows that metallic uranium will cleanly dissolve in carbonate-peroxide solution without generation of hydrogen gas or uranium hydride. Metallic uranium shot, 0.5 to 1 mm diameter, were reacted with ammonium carbonate - hydrogen peroxide solution ranging in concentration from 0.13M to 1.0M carbonate and 0.50M to 2.0M peroxide. The uranium beads were weighed before and after reacting with the etch solution, and from the weights of the beads, their diameters were calculated, before and after the etch. The etch rate on the beads was then calculated from the reduction in bead diameter, and independently by uranium analysis of the solution. The calculated etch rate ranged from about 4 x 10-4 to 8 x 10-4 cm per hour, dependent primarily on the peroxide concentration. A hydrogen analysis of the etched beads showed that no detectable hydrogen was introduced into the uranium metal by the etching process.
Standardizing the d-dimer Assay: Proposing the d-dimer International Managed Ratio

To the Editor: The d-dimer assay currently lacks standardization, since each manufacturer uses a different cutoff to define an abnormal value. The existence of at least 6 commonly used assays—all with differing units and cutoffs—leads to confusion among practitioners. For instance, at our hospital, the point-of-care laboratory uses an assay with an abnormal cutoff of 230 ng/mL, but the central laboratory uses a d-dimer assay with a cutoff of 400 ng/mL. A second emergency department staffed by the same physicians uses a cutoff of 0.5 mg/L. Further, some laboratories report fibrinogen-equivalent units instead of d-dimers, resulting in a value approximately twice that of the d-dimer. Recent literature has demonstrated that the “standard” threshold of 500 ng/mL may be adjusted depending on patient-specific factors, enhancing the d-dimer's diagnostic specificity in evaluation of suspected venous thromboembolism in older or pregnant patients (1, 2). Variable cutoffs hamper the implementation of these adjustments, confusing practitioners when local assays do not correspond to internationally published values. In our experience, this frustrates practitioners and increases their motivation to skip d-dimer testing and proceed directly to pulmonary vascular …
Injection and stabilization of mesophase pitch in the fabrication of carbon-carbon composites. Part III: Mesophase stabilization at low temperatures and elevated oxidation pressures

Abstract Micrography and infrared spectroscopy were applied to explore microstructural stabilization of mesophase pitch at oxidation temperatures as low as 130 °C. AR mesophase pitch synthesized from naphthalene was drawn to rods and thick filaments with fine fibrous microstructures that coarsen upon carbonization without adequate stabilization. At 270 °C, the stabilization front advances rapidly to a depth of about 7 μm, after which no further growth is perceptible. At low temperatures, there is a time lag before a stabilized layer can be observed near the surface, but thereafter the stabilization front advances relatively rapidly. For longer oxidation times, the low-temperature stabilization depths can exceed those attained at higher temperatures. FTIR spectra confirmed chemical reactivity and the formation of oxygen-bearing functional groups even at the low oxidation temperatures. Oxidation under a moderate pressure of 0.7 MPa can be effective in raising the oxygen uptake and increasing the stabilization depths significantly. All evidences point to the advantageous use of lower oxidative temperatures: more effective penetration of stabilization depth, lessen destructive effects of over-oxidation, and potentially shorter processing times.
Acyclovir-induced renal failure in an obese patient.

Purpose. A case of acyclovir-induced acute renal failure in an obese patient is described. Summary. A 60-year-old white man arrived at the emergency department complaining of confusion and disorientation. He was 5 ft 7 in tall and weighed 108.9 kg. His medical and surgical histories included chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), sleep apnea not requiring biphasic positive airway pressure, obesity, oxygen supplementation, and appendectomy. He also had a history of cyst drainage on the back of his neck, with recent drainage emitting a foul odor, and suffered recurrent herpes cold sores on his chin. A lumbar puncture revealed abnormal cerebral spinal fluid. A diagnosis of herpes encephalitis was considered, and the patient was empirically treated with i.v. acyclovir 1 g over 60 minutes every eight hours, with the dosage based on actual body weight. He was also given moxifloxacin 400 mg i.v. daily for possible COPD exacerbation and doxycycline 100 mg i.v. twice daily for possible leptospirosis meningitis. On hospital day 3, his serum creatinine (SCr) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) concentrations rose to 2.8 g/dL and 32 mg/dL, respectively. Acyclovir was subsequently discontinued, as were all i.v. antibiotics. On day 7, hydration therapy was initiated, as was therapy to alkalinize the urine, and his neurologic status began to improve. At discharge, the patient’s SCr and BUN levels were 3.1 g/dL and 38 mg/dL, respectively. His discharge diagnoses included encephalitis with possible viral origin and acyclovir-induced nephrotoxicity. Conclusion. An obese man receiving excessive doses of i.v. acyclovir developed acute but reversible renal failure.
Differential effects of insulin resistance on leucine and glucose kinetics in obesity

The effects of insulin resistance on glucose and amino acid metabolism were studied in obese nondiabetic women (body mass index [BMI], (32.8 +/- 2) and in lean controls. Glucose disposal rate, hepatic glucose production, and leucine carbon flux and oxidation were simultaneously measured during the postabsorptive state and during euglycemic hyperinsulinemia, by means of primed, constant infusions of D-[6,6-2H2]glucose and L-[1-13C]leucine. Each subject participated in two insulin clamp studies on separate days, at infusion rates of 10 and 40 mU (m2.min)-1, producing plasma insulin levels of 20 to 25 and 70 to 80 microU/mL, respectively. Fat-free mass (FFM) was calculated from underwater weighing measurements. Insulin-mediated glucose disposal rate was significantly slower in the obese group: 2.05 +/- 0.05 versus 3.84 +/- 0.18 mg (kg.min)-1 in controls during the 10-mU insulin clamp, and 3.80 +/- 0.23 versus 9.16 +/- 0.47 mg (kg.min)-1 during the 40-mU clamp. The insulin-induced decrease in plasma levels of branched chain amino acids was also significantly blunted in the obese group. Baseline leucine flux was similar in lean and obese subjects (78 +/- 3 and 71 +/- 2 mumol (kg.h)-1, respectively), and its decline in response to insulin infusion was also comparable (8% and 10% during the 10-mU/m2 clamp, and of 17% and 18% during the 40-mU/m2 clamp in lean and obese, respectively). Basal leucine carbon oxidation (from [13C]leucine and [13C]alpha ketoisocaproate [alpha-KIC] plasma enrichments) was also similar in lean and obese, and did not change significantly with insulin infusion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The activation of motility in quiescent hamster sperm from the epididymis by calcium and cyclic nucleotides.

Abstract Control is exerted on the movement of mammalian spermatozoa at ejaculation and at capacitation. Here the activation of motility in motionless pre-ejaculated sperm was investigated. This was done by isolating quiescent caudal epididymal sperm from the hamster and observing that the addition of either calcium cAMP, cGMP, or cUMP conferred full motility upon them. Other salts, nucleotides, caffeine, sugars, or oxygen did not. Epididymal fluid which contains phosphodiesterase had too little calcium to activate the sperm while seminal plasma had more than enough. The cAMP content of quiescent sperm was low, but ATP levels were high. At the activation of motility, sperm cAMP synthesis became very rapid. It thus appears that sperm are quiescent on the male because they lack cAMP, and that calcium, supplied at ejaculation, initiates rapid cAMP synthesis to produce motility.
Effect of voice quality on perceived height of English vowels

Across a variety of languages, phonation type and vocal-tract shape systematically covary in vowel production. Breathy phonation tends to accompany vowels produced with a raised tongue body and/or advanced tongue root. A potential explanation for this regularity, based on a hypothesized interaction between the acoustic effects of vocal-tract shape and phonation type, is evaluated. It is suggested that increased spectral tilt and first-harmonic amplitude resulting from breathy phonation interact with the lower-frequency first formant resulting from a raised tongue body to produce a perceptually 'higher' vowel. To test this hypothesis, breathy and modal versions of vowel series modelled after male and female productions of English vowel pairs /i/ and /i/, /u/ and /[symbol: see text]/, and /lamda/ and /a/ were synthesized. Results indicate that for most cases, breathy voice quality led to more tokens being identified as the higher vowel (i.e. /i/, /u/, /lamda/). In addition, the effect of voice quality is greater for vowels modelled after female productions. These results are consistent with a hypothesized perceptual explanation for the covariation of phonation type and tongue-root advancement in West African languages. The findings may also be relevant to gender differences in phonation type.
An Evolutionary Strategy for Implementing a Decision Support System

This paper investigates two alternative strategies for implementing Decision Support Systems DSS: evolutionary and traditional. The evolutionary approach utilizes judgement modeling boot strapping as a means to create felt need, to provide insight into the decision process and the implied weighting of decision variables, and to establish a learning-based, participatory implementation strategy. In contrast, the traditional approach is characterized by a problem solving orientation wherein the DSS is portrayed as providing a valuable "product" that can be theoretically justified. Decision making in a simulated production environment is used to test the alternative strategies. Decision style is also included in the experimental design. Results indicate significantly higher utilization of the DSS with the evolutionary approach. Decision style findings are consistent with reported research.
We stand upon the shoulders of giants

I feel very fortunate and privileged to have been selected as the 19 President of the Pituitary Society. When such a thing happens, it makes one realize how much we depend upon all of the work and knowledge obtained by others previously. The history of neuroendocrinology and pituitary disease is a rich one, if relatively short. Some date this back to the initial description of Acromegaly by Pierre Marie in 1886, but other dates could suffice as well. To help keep the history of neuroendocrinology and the study of pituitary disease alive, I have elected to create a quiz, highlighting some of the major discoveries and persons in this field. Because of space and time constraints, the number of questions and answers necessarily has to be limited and idiosyncratic, and many other advances and important investigators have, unfortunately, been omitted. So, you other important investigators please do not be too miffed that I have not cited you here. Well, let’s see how you do.