cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
General Motors Role in Education for Sustainability

Education, both formal and lifelong, shapes an individual’s predisposition and outlook on life, and it can therefore be a powerful tool to help ensure that sustainable practices become the norm by encouraging stakeholder action. Individuals should be taught how to become responsible in the use of resources, what sustainable consumption patterns are, and how their actions impact the environment. Effective sustainable practices must be incorporated into the education system in all relevant areas, including business. Education, therefore, is key to achieving a society that values and upholds sustainable practices.
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation following lung transplantation: indications and survival.

Background Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is employed to rescue patients with early graft dysfunction after lung transplantation (LTx). Rates of post-LTx ECMO and subsequent outcomes have been limited to single-center reports. Methods UNOS registry was queried for LTx recipients from March 2015 to March 2016; 2,001 recipients were identified and stratified by need for post-LTx ECMO. Logistic regression was used to determine variables associated with post-LTx ECMO. Cox proportional hazards modeling identified factors associated with survival. Kaplan-Meier analysis with log-rank testing was employed for survival analysis. Results Of 2,001 recipients identified, 107 required post-LTx ECMO (5.1%). Recipients requiring ECMO were younger (56 vs 60 years, p = 0.007) and had higher body mass index (27.2 vs 25.8, p = 0.012). Recipients requiring post-LTx ECMO were more likely to have required mechanical ventilation before transplant (9.3% vs 4.9%, p = 0.049) and were more likely to have required pre-transplant ECMO (15% vs 3.7%, p p Conclusions In a nationally representative database, ischemic time and pre-transplant ECMO and/or ventilator requirement were associated with need for post-LTx ECMO. Need for post-transplant dialysis was associated with mortality in patients requiring post-LTx ECMO. These data may permit improved prediction of graft dysfunction. Strategies to minimize renal toxicity in the perioperative phase may lead to improved early survival post-LTx.
Charles Lyell in Louisiana

In 1845-1846, Charles Lyell, renowned British geologist and author of the Principles of Geology (London, 1830-1833, et seq. ed.), made a second visit to the United States of America, a geological excursion during which he came to Louisiana to view and study the Mississippi River and its delta. The intent here is to review Lyell's observations on the lower Mississippi River and other geological features in Louisiana and briefly to evaluate his influence on subsequent studies. He was the first qualified earth scientist to visit and comment on the Louisiana area.
Silicon activation volumes for fracture as affected by hydrogen

Abstract Silicon is widely used at the small scale in environments where possible hydrogen can be introduced to the material. In this work, small scale mechanical testing with nanoindentation coupled with thermal gas hydrogen charging are used to determine activation volumes and fracture toughness in material with and without hydrogen charging. Hydrogen is found to increase microcracking in micropillars at the sub-micron scale. Additionally, it lowers and produces a large size dependence in fracture toughness not observed in single-crystal silicon material without hydrogen charging.
Visualizing Mathematics With 3D Printing by Henry Segerman and Pasta by Design by George Legendre

Edited by Jason RosenhouseDepartment of Mathematics and Statistics, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA 22807Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD, 2016. 200 pp., ISBN 9781421420356,...
Towards Comparative Profiling of Parallel Applications with PPerfDB

An abstract of the thesis of Christian Leland Hansen for the Master of Science in Computer Science presented October 30, 2001. Title: Towards Comparative Profiling of Parallel Applications with PPerfDB Due to the complex nature of parallel programming, it is difficult to diagnose and solve performance related problems. Knowledge of program behavior is obtained experimentally, with repeated runs of a slightly modified version of the application or the same code in different environments. In these circumstances, comparative performance analysis can provide meaningful insights into the subtle effects of system and code changes on parallel program behavior by highlighting the difference in performance results across executions. I have designed and implemented modules which extend the PPerfDB performance tool to allow access to existing performance data generated by several commonly used tracing tools. Access occurs from within the experiment management framework provided by PPerfDB for the identification of system parameters, the representation of multiple sets of execution data, and the formulation of data queries. Furthermore, I have designed and implemented an additional module that will generate new data using dynamic instrumentation under the control of PPerfDB. This was done to enable the creation of novel experiments for performance hypothesis testing and to ultimately automate the diagnostic and tuning process. As data from such diverse sources has very different representations, various techniques to allow comparisons are presented. I have generalized the definition of the Performance Difference operator, which automatically detects divergence in multiple data sets, and I have defined an Overlay operation to provide uniform access to both dynamically generated and tracefile based data. The use and application of these new operations along with an indication of some of the issues involved in the creation of a fully automatic comparative profilier is presented via several case studies performed on an IBM SP2 using different versions of an MPI application. CONTENTS
Recurrent Malignant Gliomas Treated with Radiosurgery

The inability to control malignant glioma results in a high incidence of local failure and poor survival. Focal therapy such as radiosurgery permits delivery of a high dose of radiation with moderate toxicity. This report summarizes the outcome of patients with recurrent malignant glioma treated with radiosurgery at University of Wisconsin Hospital, between January 1989 and December 1997, when 30 patients were treated radiosurgically. All patients had undergone and failed external beam radiotherapy (median dose of 59.4 Gy) prior to radiosurgery. All recurrences were detected by clinical deterioration and confirmed by radiographic progression. No patient was treated for radiographic progression only in the context of a screening protocol. Eight out of 30 patients underwent subtotal resection prior to radiosurgery and 3 received chemotherapy along with radiosurgery. Radiosurgery was delivered in a single fraction using a modified linear accelerator. The median tumor volume was 7.2 cm3 (range 0.42–35.1 cm3) and the median minimal tumor dose was 12 Gy at the 50–80% isodose line. Median follow-up is 70 months. The median overall survival is 8 months; the 1- and 2-year survival rates are 20% and 9%, respectively. For patients with an initial diagnosis of non-glioblastoma, the median survival is 11 months and for those with glioblastoma the median survival is 7 months. The median progression-free survival is 4 months for the entire cohort, 5 months for nonglioblastoma, and 3 months for glioblastoma. The 1-year actuarial reoperation rate after radio-surgery is 7.6%. Radiosurgery for recurrent malignant glioma may improve short-term survival for selected patients with a lower reoperation rate than brachytherapy.
One ovary or two: differences in ovulation induction, estradiol levels, and follicular development in a program for in vitro fertilization

The choice of clomiphene citrate (CC) and human menopausal gonadotropin (hMG) protocols for stimulation of ovarian follicular maturation has traditionally not been made with regard to the anatomic status of the pelvis. To evaluate whether hormone production and/or follicular development vary based on the number of ovaries and/or the method of stimulation, 117 cycles were reviewed. Forty-five women received CC, 29 with two ovaries and 16 with one ovary. Seventy-two women received hMG, 50 with two ovaries and 22 with one ovary. Among women receiving CC, those with two ovaries tended to have higher initial estradiol levels and a greater number of large (greater than or equal to 15 mm) follicles. Among women receiving hMG, those with two ovaries tended to have higher estradiol levels, but the number of large follicles (greater than or equal to 15 mm) was similar. With either stimulation protocol, women with two ovaries developed a higher total number of follicles than women with one ovary. The total number of follicles in women with one ovary was similar for hMG and CC stimulations. The number of oocytes recovered at laparoscopy was greater in women with two ovaries who received hMG in comparison with CC, but did not significantly vary between women with one or two ovaries who received CC nor between women with one or two ovaries who received hMG. The number of oocytes was also similar for the women with one ovary regardless of stimulation protocol.
Cytochrome c Oxidase Components

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses cytochrome oxide components. The two of the major unsolved problems in the area of electron transport are: (1) the mechanism by which the electrons are passed on to reduce oxygen and (2) the chemical mechanism by which energy is captured in biological oxidation and transformed into a utilizable chemical form. A study of the hemins present in a cytochrome oxidase preparation showed that both hemin a and cryptohemin a were extracted from the preparation. The cryptohemin a would appear to be present in the starting hemoprotein preparation bound to protein. The spectral properties of hemin a and cryptohemin a are so closely related that either could have been the prosthetic group of either cytochrome a or a3. When a cytochrome oxidase preparation is allowed to stand at 4°C for a prolonged period, it loses its enzymic activity.
Randomized feasibility study of temozolomide chronotherapy for high grade glioma.

e14035Background: High grade glioma (HGG) (Glioblastoma is the most common type) is the most frequent primary CNS malignancy in adults. Treatment involves maximal safe resection, followed by concur...
Differential Diagnosis of Epidermotropism

The presence of atypical lymphocytes within the epidermis is the characteristic histopathologic feature of mycosis fungoides, the most common type of skin lymphoma. However, other entities (both indolent and aggressive) may exhibit epidermotropism. Clinical pathologic correlation and/or immunophenotyping is necessary to correctly classify cutaneous lymphoproliferative disorders.
A compactification of the moduli space of marked vertical lines in $\mathbb{C}^2$

For $r \geq 1$ and $\mathbf{n} \in \mathbb{Z}_{\geq0}^r\setminus\{\mathbf{0}\}$, we construct a proper complex variety $\overline{2M}_{\mathbf{n}}$. $\overline{2M}_{\mathbf{n}}$ is locally toric, and it is equipped with a forgetful map $\overline{2M}_{\mathbf{n}} \to \overline M_{0,r+1}$. This space is a compactification of $2M_{\mathbf{n}}$, the configuration space of marked vertical lines in $\mathbb{C}^2$ up to translations and dilations. In the appendices, we give several examples and show how the stratification of $\overline{2M}_{\mathbf{n}}$ can be used to recursively compute its virtual Poincare polynomial.
Nitric Oxide-Dependent Protein Post-Translational Modifications Impair Mitochondrial Function and Metabolism to Contribute to Neurodegenerative Diseases

Significance: Most brains affected by neurodegenerative diseases manifest mitochondrial dysfunction as well as elevated production of reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species (RNS), contributing to synapse loss and neuronal injury. Recent Advances: Excessive production of RNS triggers nitric oxide (NO)-mediated post-translational modifications of proteins, such as S-nitrosylation of cysteine residues and nitration of tyrosine residues. Proteins thus affected impair mitochondrial metabolism, mitochondrial dynamics, and mitophagy in the nervous system. Critical Issues: Identification and better characterization of underlying molecular mechanisms for NO-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction will provide important insights into the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders. In this review, we highlight recent discoveries concerning S-nitrosylation of the tricarboxylic acid cycle enzymes, mitochondrial fission GTPase dynamin-related protein 1, and mitophagy-related proteins Parkin and phosphatase and tensin homolog-induced putative kinase protein 1. We delineate signaling cascades affected by pathologically S-nitrosylated proteins that diminish mitochondrial function in neurodegenerative diseases. Future Directions: Further elucidation of the pathological events resulting from aberrant S-nitrosothiol or nitrotyrosine formation may lead to new therapeutic approaches to ameliorate neurodegenerative disorders.
Function of the Olfactory Cortex

Synopsis The olfactory cortex includes all regions of the brain receiving direct input from the olfactory bulb, and includes the piriform cortex as largest component. The olfactory cortex contributes to all aspects of odor perception including odor intensity and quality coding, odor hedonics, and odor memory. Many of the functions of piriform cortex require neural plasticity, including formation of experience-dependent, distributed ensembles of neurons responsive to a particular odor. Finally, the reliance on plasticity processes for basic perceptual functions makes the piriform cortex, and odor perception, susceptible to disorders such as Alzheimer's disease.
Intravenous ketorolac is associated with reduced mortality and morbidity after open abdominal aortic aneurysm repair.

ObjectivesThe role of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in aortic aneurysm disease has been debated. Animal studies demonstrated that intrathecal ketorolac reduces the inflammatory response ass...
Relationship between negative emotions and perceived support among parents of hospitalized, critically ill children.

Objectives The purpose of this study was to describe relationships between negative emotions and perceived emotional support in parents of children admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). Methods This cross-sectional descriptive study conducted face-to-face interviews between January 2019 and January 2020. Study variables included depression (PHQ-9 Scale), anxiety (Emotional Distress-Anxiety-Short Form 8a), anger (Emotional Distress-Anger-Short Form 5a), fear (Fear-Affect Computerized Adaptive Test), somatic fear (Fear-Somatic Arousal-Fixed Form), loneliness (Revised 20-item UCLA Loneliness Scale), and perceived emotional support (Emotional Support-Fixed Form). Results Eighty parents reported symptoms of depression 8.00(4.00, 13.75), anxiety (23.43 ± 7.80), anger (13.40 ± 5.46), fear (72.81 ± 27.26), somatic fear 9.00(6.00, 12.75), loneliness (39.35 ± 12.00), and low perceived emotional support (32.14 ± 8.06). Parents who were young, single, low-income, and with limited-post secondary education reported greater loneliness and lower perceived emotional support. Fear correlated with depression (r = 0.737, P < 0.01) and anxiety (r=0.900, P < 0.01). Inverse relationships were discovered between perceived emotional support and loneliness (r = -0.767, P < 0.01), anger (r=-0.401, P < 0.01), and depression (r = -0.334, P < 0.01). Conclusions The cluster of negative emotions identified will serve as potential targets for future interventions designed to enhance support for parents of critically ill children.
A Novel Bilateral Fuzzy Adaptive Unscented Kalman Filter and its Implementation to Nonlinear Systems with Additive Noise

This paper introduces a novel approach, called a bilateral fuzzy adaptive unscented Kalman filter (BFAUKF), for fault detection in nonlinear systems. This algorithm uses a Mamdani fuzzy logic in the determination of the measurement noise covariance which is needed in the implementation of the unscented Kalman filter (UKF). By doing so, we can achieve better accuracy and shorter computation time in the detection of fault when it is compared with the stand alone UKF estimation method. To show the effectiveness of this algorithm, a fault detection design based on the proposed approach is developed for an inverted pendulum system. The simulation results show a significant improvement of 65% on fault detection accuracy and 30% on computation time in comparison with the conventional UKF algorithm.
SOX factors as cell-state regulators in the mammary gland and breast cancer

Emerging evidence has shown that several SOX family transcription factors are key regulators of stem/progenitor cell fates in the mammary gland. These cell-fate regulators are often upregulated in breast cancer and contribute to tumor initiation and progression. They induce lineage plasticity and the epithelial-mesenchymal transition, which promotes tumor invasion, metastasis, and therapeutic resistance. SOX factors act through modulating multiple oncogenic signaling pathways in breast cancer. In addition to the cell-autonomous functions, new evidence suggests they can shape the tumor immune microenvironment. Here, we will review the molecular and functional evidence linking SOX factors with mammary gland development and discuss how these cell-fate regulators are co-opted in breast cancer.
Sue The Fed: The Case for Privately Enforceable Statutory Constraints on Federal Reserve Emergency Lending

The federal government’s economic response to the COVID-19 epidemic has principally been one in which the Federal Reserve has set up extraordinary lending facilities in partnership with the Treasury Department. These facilities were modeled on multi-trillion-dollar lending facilities set up by the Federal Reserve in 2008 in response to the prior economic crisis. These Federal Reserve lending facilities are extraordinary in size but also extraordinary because they involve lending to firms that are not banks. Federal Reserve lending over the first hundred years of its history was almost exclusively limited to banks. Congress put in place statutory limits on this extraordinary lending authority in the Dodd-Frank Act of 2010 to limit the Federal Reserve’s discretion and minimize the risk that generous lending by the Federal Reserve would encourage excessive risk taking. Those limits prohibit the Fed from supporting insolvent firms, from propping up individual firms like it did with AIG in 2008, includes a number of other prescriptive measures to ensure the Federal Reserve takes reasonable risk management practices even in extraordinary times. This paper argues that those limits have not proven enforceable nor constraining on the Fed’s discretion, and this paper instead argues that a private right of action to enforce them would better fulfill Congress’ objective in the Dodd-Frank Act to limit Federal Reserve discretion in lending to non-banks.
Pregnancy-Related Information Seeking in Online Health Communities: A Qualitative Study

Pregnancy often imposes risks on women’s health. Consumers are increasingly turning to online resources (e.g., online health communities) to look for pregnancy-related information for better care management. To inform design opportunities for online support interventions, it is critical to thoroughly understand consumers’ information needs throughout the entire course of pregnancy including three main stages: pre-pregnancy, during-pregnancy, and postpartum. In this study, we present a content analysis of pregnancy-related question posts on Yahoo! Answers to examine how they formulated their inquiries, and the types of replies that information seekers received. This analysis revealed 14 main types of information needs, most of which were “stage-based”. We also found that peers from online health communities provided a variety of support, including affirmation of pregnancy, opinions or suggestions, health information, personal experience, and reference to health providers’ service. Insights derived from the findings are drawn to discuss design opportunities for tailoring informatics interventions to support consumers’ information needs at different pregnancy stages.
Preclinical characterization of immunogenicity and efficacy against diarrhea from mecvax, a multivalent enterotoxigenic e. coli vaccine candidate

There are no vaccines licensed for enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC), a leading cause of diarrhea for children in developing countries and international travelers. Virulence heterogeneity among strains and difficulties identifying safe antigens for protective antibodies against STa, a potent but poorly immunogenic heat-stable toxin which plays a key role in ETEC diarrhea, are challenges in ETEC vaccine development. To overcome these challenges, we applied a toxoid fusion strategy and a novel epitope- and structure-based multiepitope fusion antigen (MEFA) vaccinology platform to construct two chimeric multivalent proteins, toxoid fusion 3xSTaN12S-mnLTR192G/L211A and adhesin CFA/I/II/IV MEFA, and demonstrated that the proteins induced protective antibodies against STa and heat-labile toxin (LT) produced by all ETEC strains or the seven most important ETEC adhesins (CFA/I and CS1 to CS6) expressed by the ETEC strains causing 60 to 70% of diarrheal cases and moderate to severe cases. Combining two proteins, we prepared a protein-based multivalent ETEC vaccine, MecVax. MecVax was broadly immunogenic; mice and pigs intramuscularly immunized with MecVax developed no apparent adverse effects but had robust antibody responses to the target toxins and adhesins. Importantly, MecVax-induced antibodies were broadly protective, demonstrated by significant adherence inhibition against E. coli bacteria producing any of the seven adhesins and neutralization of STa and cholera toxin (CT) enterotoxicity. Moreover, MecVax protected against watery diarrhea and provided over 70% and 90% protection against any diarrhea from an STa-positive or an LT-positive ETEC strain in a pig challenge model. These results indicated that MecVax induces broadly protective antibodies and prevents diarrhea preclinically, signifying that MecVax is potentially an effective injectable vaccine for ETEC. IMPORTANCE Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) bacteria are a top cause of children's diarrhea and travelers' diarrhea and are responsible for over 220 million diarrheal cases and more than 100,000 deaths annually. A safe and effective ETEC vaccine can significantly improve public health, particularly in developing countries. Data from this preclinical study showed that MecVax induces broadly protective antiadhesin and antitoxin antibodies, becoming the first ETEC vaccine candidate to induce protective antibodies inhibiting adherence of the seven most important ETEC adhesins and neutralizing the enterotoxicity of not only LT but also STa toxin. More importantly, MecVax is shown to protect against clinical diarrhea from STa-positive or LT-positive ETEC infection in a pig challenge model, recording protection from antibodies induced by the protein-based, injectable, subunit vaccine MecVax against ETEC diarrhea and perhaps the possibility of intramuscularly administered protein vaccines for protection against intestinal mucosal infection.
3DIC Design Challenges, Early Solutions and Future Recommendations

This paper introduces unique aspects of 3D SoC design and presents key challenges faced by 3DIC design teams. An overview of a proposed innovative 3DIC design eco-system for efficient 3DIC early prototyping, implementation, and analysis is presented, followed by a description of specific modules of the 3DIC design eco-system. Features required in each of the modules, and their availability from the EDA tool vendors is presented. The application of the proposed 3DIC design ecosystem to a specific project highlights the efficacy of the 3DIC design framework. Based on the experience of this work, several necessary enhancements had been identified, which are the key for future 3DIC design enablement and efficiency.
Non-GAAP EPS Denominator Choices

SEC guidance about non-GAAP EPS denominator choices leads to a diversity in practice, which could reflect low-cost attempts to inflate reported EPS or corrections for deficiencies in how GAAP diluted EPS measures earnings available to claimants. We compare the denominator of non-GAAP EPS to that of GAAP diluted EPS, which differs based on whether firms report GAAP losses or GAAP profits. For firms that report GAAP losses and non-GAAP profits (loss converting firms), denominator adjustments are common and increase the number of shares (and reduce non-GAAP EPS) to mimic how the GAAP denominator calculation would be applied to profitable non-GAAP earnings. These adjustments improve the measurement of the number of future claimants and the explanatory power of EPS for the price of common equity. Loss converting firms that do not adjust the denominator, and exclude potential claims, appear to do so to maximize non-GAAP EPS. For firms that report both GAAP and non-GAAP profits (profit-profit firms), denominator adjustments are uncommon but generally increase the number of shares beyond that required under GAAP (and reduce non-GAAP EPS) and improve the explanatory power of EPS for the price of common equity. Overall, non-GAAP denominator adjustments provide useful information to investors; opportunistic denominator choices are concentrated in loss converting firms that do not adjust from the denominator of GAAP diluted EPS.
Validation of the Tesla-Z Stability Analysis Framework by its Application to Experimental TWTS *

We present results of our extensive validation study for the recently developed frequency-domain stability analysis framework 1 , which is based on an extended algorithm of the NRL 2D large-signal code TESLA-Z 2 and used to determine stability of the given Vacuum Electronic Device (VED). The used in the stability framework approach is based on the idea of finding gain matrix G for the given circuit and then performing analysis of its eigenvalues g on the complex plane to find critical solution g ≥ 1, which indicates on instability of the device according to the Nyquist net encirclement criteria.
Section 230’s Application to States’ Regulation of Social Media

This is my written testimony from the California Senate Judiciary Committee Informational Hearing entitled “State of Social Media Regulation: Misinformation, Exploitation, Harassment, and Radicalization.” I discuss how 47 USC 230 limits state regulation of liability for third-party content online, what regulatory areas Section 230 leaves open, and some possible regulatory alternatives.
The role of the gut–brain axis in alcohol use disorders

Neuroimmune and inflammatory processes have been locally associated with the amygdala in alcohol exposure and withdrawal. We and others have suggested that this inflammation in the amygdala may cause disturbance of neural function observed as anxiety and autonomic distress in withdrawal. Despite the potential importance of the robust neuroinflammatory response, the mechanisms contributing to this response are not well understood. We review literature that suggests the effects of alcohol, and other substances of abuse, cause dysbiosis of the gut microbiome. This peripheral response may modulate neuroprotective vagal afferent signaling that permits and exacerbates a neuroinflammatory response in the amygdala. We will examine the mounting evidence that suggests that (1) gut dysbiosis contributes to neuroinflammation, especially in the context of alcohol exposure and withdrawal, (2) the neuroinflammation in the amygdala involves the microglia and astrocytes and their effect on neural cells, and (3) amygdala neuroinflammation itself contributes directly to withdrawal behavior and symptoms. The contribution of the gut to an anxiogenic response is a promising therapeutic target for patients suffering with withdrawal symptoms given the safe and well-established methods of modulating the gut microbiome.
The effect of habitat and body size on the evolution of vocal displays in Thraupidae (tanagers), the largest family of songbirds

Animals rely on auditory cues to relay important information between individuals regarding territoriality, mating status, and individual condition. The efficacy of acoustic signals can depend on many factors, including the transmitter, the receiver, and the signalling environment. In the present study, we evaluate the effect of body size and habitat on the evolution of learned vocal displays across the tanagers (Aves: Thraupidae), a group that comprises nearly 10% of all songbird species. We find that body size affects tanager vocalizations, such that nine out of ten song characters and scores from two principal component axes were correlated with mass. More specifically, larger tanagers tended to produce slower-paced, lower-pitched vocal displays within narrower bandwidths. In contrast, habitat was correlated with only three out of ten song characters, and only one of these characters corroborated the directional predictions of the acoustic adaptation hypothesis. Thus, morphological characters, such as body mass, may play a more important role than variation among signalling environments in the evolution of avian vocal displays. © 2015 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2015, 114, 538–551.
Intergenerational transmission of welfare dependency: The effects of length of exposure

It is well documented that a positive correlation exists between receiving welfare as a child and depending on welfare as an adult. However, previous studies have not been able to explore many aspects of this relationship. This paper uses a unique administrative dataset for California, which follows welfare recipients since their teenage years until early adulthood, to study the causal effects of different lengths of welfare exposure as a child (conditional on welfare receipt) on future welfare dependency as a young adult. The econometric analyses in this paper use a recently developed method from the program evaluation literature, based on the estimation of a generalized propensity score (GPS). As in the binary-treatment case the GPS permits removing the biases associated with differences in the observed characteristics of individuals. In addition, for some analyses, family-level unobserved heterogeneity is controlled for by relying on pairs of siblings exposed to different lengths of exposure. The results show that there is no causal effect of length of exposure on future welfare dependency, nor on teenage childbearing. Conditional on teenage childbearing, there are no effects of length of exposure on adult welfare dependency either, but this dependency is almost three times larger for teenage mothers than for non-mothers. All results hold when controlling for unobserved heterogeneity. The results indicate that policies like time-limits are not likely to reduce the intergenerational correlation of welfare dependency.
Insights into kidney function during recovery from anoxia in the painted turtle (1099.2)

Western painted turtles (Chrysemys picta bellii) are well-known for being able to survive anoxia for 120 days at 3°C and tolerate plasma lactate concentrations approaching 200 mM. Given that the turtle becomes hyperglycemic and accumulates lactate during anoxia, the potential to exceed the renal transport maxima for these metabolites exists. Here we assessed the role of the kidney during six hours of anoxia at 20°C and 39 hours of recovery from anoxia. Turtles received both subclavian artery and cloacal catheters for continual monitoring of plasma and urine metabolites. Our hypothesis that kidney function would decline in tandem with arterial PO2 was supported, as urinary flow rate decreased significantly by more than 90%. During the first half of recovery, there was significant appearance of lactate and glucose in the urine; the renal transport maxima for these metabolites were likely exceeded. The excretion of lactate during recovery, though energetically wasteful, may help to relieve the lactic acidosi...
Bilingual Women: Anthropological Approaches to Second Language Use.; Gender Articulated: Language and the Socially Constructed Self.; Feminist Stylistics.

Bilingual Women: Anthropological Approaches to Second Language Use. Pauline Burton. Ketaki Kushari Dyson and Shirley Ardener. eds. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 1994. 198 pp. Gender Articulated: Language and the Socially Constructed Self. Kira Hall and Mary Bucholtz. eds. New York: Routledge, 1995. 512 pp. Feminist Stylistics. Sara Mills. New York: Routledge, 1995. 230 pp.
An Evolutionary Focus Improves Students’ Understanding of All Biology

“Can we stop talking about evolution already and get to the real biology?” That student comment—not prevalent but not atypical in the author’s Principles of Biology course— sends shivers down the spine, not so much because it demonstrates opposition to evolutionary thinking but because it reveals genuine ignorance of the truly unifying theme of all real biology. How can this be? How can (primarily first-year) students in this mixed group of biology majors and non-majors fail to recognize the primacy of evolution? On Day One students are asked if they have taken a previous biology course; the usual result is that all have done so, making the point that such a course should not really be considered introductory: each student has had one or more years of secondary school biology. How, then, can they not see the crucial role evolution plays?
Factors Associated With Truancy: Emerging Adults’ Recollections of Skipping School

Although truancy has been studied extensively, less attention has been given to the actual voices of the truants themselves. The current study helps fill that gap by examining recollections from a ...
CONSENT, CONVERSION, AND MORAL FORMATION: Stoic Elements in Jonathan Edwards's Ethics

The contemporary revival of virtue ethics has focused primarily on retrieving central moral commitments of Aristotle, Thomas Aquinas, and the Neoplatonist traditions. Christian virtue ethicists would do well to expand this retrieval further to include the writings of the Roman Stoics. This essay argues that the ethics of Jonathan Edwards exemplifies major Stoic themes and explores three noteworthy points of intersection between Stoic ethics and Edwards's thought: a conception of virtue as consent to a benevolent providence, the identification of virtue as a singular and transformative good, and an account of moral formation as simultaneously self-directed and received. Common ground between Edwards and the Stoics illustrates the value of recognizing Stoic moral thought as a philosophical framework that can enhance and undergird Christian ethicists' understandings of moral development and the nature of virtue.
The campus as a public space in the American college town

Abstract With its concert halls, museums, sports stadiums, landscaped grounds, and busy calendars of events, the college campus is a hub of activities that serves not only students and staff, but the larger population of a town and region. As such, the campus serves as both an environment for learning and a public space. This is especially true of campuses located outside big cities, because metropolitan institutions often face significant security concerns and demand for their facilities. Campuses in small cities, in contrast, tend to be open and inviting, and help to make the college town a distinctive type of urban place. This study will examine the multifaceted role of the campus, using the University of Oklahoma campus as an example, as a way to demonstrate the centrality of the campus to college town life.
Ends of maps, II

Versions of the finiteness obstruction and simple homotopy theory “within e overX” are developed. This provides a setting for obstructions to the map analogs of the end ands-cobordism theorems for manifolds. These are applied to study equivariant mapping cylinder neighborhoods in topological group actions, triangulations of locally triangulable spaces, and block bundle structures on approximate fibrations.
Stark effect in GaAs- Al x Ga 1 − x As quantum wells: Light scattering by intersubband transitions

The electric field dependence of ${c}_{0}$\ensuremath{\rightarrow}${c}_{1}$ intersubband transitions of photoexcited electrons has been studied in a 264-A\r{} GaAs-${\mathrm{Al}}_{0.3}$${\mathrm{Ga}}_{0.7}$As quantum-well structure using Raman spectroscopy. Experimental results for the Stark shifts are in very good agreement with theoretical predictions. The intensity of the intersubband peak increases rapidly with applied field due to parity mixing. In contrast to the enhanced broadening shown by exciton resonances, the width of ${c}_{0}$\ensuremath{\rightarrow}${c}_{1}$ is nearly independent of the field. This feature is attributed to effects of structural disorder.
Further Evidence for the Basal Divergence of Cheiromeles (Chiroptera: Molossidae)

The earliest diverging lineages in the subfamily Molossinae have not been well established. The genera Cheiromeles and Mormopterus have been found in separate studies to be the oldest lineage, however no previous studies using a molecular approach have included an analysis of sequence data from Cheiromeles and Mormopterus together in the same study. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that recombination activating gene 2 (Rag2) sequence data support the basal divergence of Cheiromeles in the Molossinae subfamily. Bayesian and Maximum Likelihood analyses of Rag2 sequences from 64 molossid bats (representing 13 genera, 31 species) and five outgroup taxa (Antrozous pallidus, Myotis daubentoni, M. velifer, M. yumanensis, and Natalus stramineus) obtained from GenBank resulted in the placement of Cheiromeles as the most basal lineage within a monophyletic Molossinae. Mormopterus was placed as sister to the rest of Molossinae (excluding Cheiromeles).
Continuous-Wave Operation of Pure Blue AlGaN-Cladding-Free Nonpolar InGaN/GaN Laser Diodes

We present the first reported continuous-wave (CW) operation of pure blue AlGaN-cladding-free (ACF) nonpolar m-plane InGaN/GaN laser diodes (LDs). CW lasing was achieved at a wavelength of 461 nm and a threshold current density of 4.1 kA/cm2 for LDs with an InGaN-based separate confinement heterostructure (SCH) waveguide design. The devices showed a 9 nm/decade blue-shift of spontaneous emission wavelength with increasing current density, a characteristic temperature of 156 K, a red-shift with increasing stage temperature of 0.05 nm/K, and an estimated thermal impedance of 60 K/W.
A note on uniform laws of averages for dependent processes

Abstract If for a ‘permissible’ family of functions F and an i.i.d. process {Xi}∞i=0, lim n→∞ sup f∈ F |( 1 n )Σ n−1 i=0 f(X i )−Ef(X 0 )| = 0 with probability one, then the same holds for away absolutely regular (weakly Bernoulli) process having the same marginal distribution. In particular, for any class of sets C having finite V-C dimension and any absolutely regular process {Xi}∞i=0, lim n→∞ sup C∈ C |( 1/ n )Σ n−1 i=0 I C (X i )− P {X 0 ∈ C}| = 0 with probability one.
Interactions of inhibitors at the coenzyme binding site of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase.

Abstract Yeast 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase was observed to be inhibited in a coenzymecompetitive fashion by a variety of nucleotides showing some degree of structural analogy to NADP + . The presence of a phosphate group at the 2′-position of the ribose moiety of a number of nucleoside derivatives studied provided a greater than expected stabilization of the binding of such compounds to this enzyme. N 1 -Alkylnicotinamide chlorides, as structural analogs of the pyridinium moiety of NADP + , were not effective inhibitors of this enzyme. Studies of the inactivation of yeast 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase by N -alkylmaleimides of varying chainlength indicated no positive chainlength effects in this inactivation process. The substrate, 6-phosphogluconate, protected the enzyme against inactivation by N -ethylmaleimide and this protection could be significantly increased by ternary complex formation with coenzyme or a coenzyme analog.
Current Knowledge and Future Directions on Aging and HIV Research

In 2012, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Office of AIDS Research, through the HIV and Aging Working Group developed a document entitled HIV and Aging: State Of Knowledge and Areas of Critic...
An epidemiological model for the dynamics of Chagas' disease

Abstract A model for the transmission dynamics of Chagas' disease is presented. The structure of the model is similar to that of the Ross-Macdonald model for malaria but includes an extra infectious compartment (chronically ill individuals) which is characteristic of Chagas' disease. In Chagas' disease there are two main forms of transmission, by blood transfusion and by vector biting. The former is more common in urban environments and the latter is characteristic of rural settings. The characteristic long chronic (frequently asymptomatic) stage of Chagas' disease is potentially a risk factor that could enhance disease transmission by blood transfusion. The model evaluates the relative importance of both transmission modes in populations of constant size. The main results indicate that there is a strong tendency of the disease to reach an asymptotically stable endemic equilibrium point. also, the magnitude of the basic reproductive number is very sensitive to the length of the chronic stage of the disease and hence it follows that early detection of cases (reducing the length of this stage) is important for the eventual eradication of the disease.
Thermal convection in a nonhomogeneous aquifer

Abstract Geothermal activity creates destabilizing temperature gradients in groundwater. Very often stabilizing salinity gradients also exist in the aquifer. The combination of temperature and salinity distributions in the aquifer may induce various kinds of hydrodynamic instability. Such instabilities are possible mainly in thick aquifers, which usually consist of various nonhomogeneous formations. In this study we investigate the effect of the aquifer nonhomogeneity on the stability of the flow field as well as on heat and salinity transport through the aquifer. By Galerkin expansion the criteria of the flow field stability were identified and calculated quantitatively. It was found that the point of instability is demonstrated by marginal stability or overstability. The nonhomogeneity of the aquifer leads to asymmetry of the convection cells.
Temperature control of a bone cement by addition of a crystalline monomer

The peak temperature reached during the polymerization of a bone cement was reduced by addition of solid N-vinylcarboazole to the powder component. It was also necessary to saturate the liquid component with N-vinylcarbazole to prevent dissolution from the modified powder component on mixing. It is believed that this technique is generally applicable and opens up the possibility of achieving temperature control of bone cements with choice from a range of crystalline monomers.
Finite-amplitude instability in growth step trains with overlapping step supply fields

We have expanded our numerical model of coupled bulk transport in solution and interfacial kinetics in crystal growth [Vekilov, Lin, and Rosenberger, Phys. Rev. E 55, 3202 (1997)] by explicitly including adsorption on and desorption from terraces between growth steps, surface diffusion, and incorporation into steps. At the steps, the surface (adsorption layer) concentration ${C}_{s}$ is assumed to be either continuous, i.e., have the same values at the top and bottom of a step, or to be discontinuous, i.e., to take on different, respective terrace-width-dependent values. In order to maximize spatial resolution about individual steps, we use a mesoscale grid at the solution-crystal interface, which moves with the step positions and adjusts to the changing terrace widths during the simulation. This model was evaluated with transport and kinetics parameters characteristic for the growth of lysozyme crystals from aqueous solutions. With continuous ${C}_{s}$ at steps, the simulations reproduced the results of our previous model in which the step supply field overlap was only indirectly accounted for by a step-density-dependent deceleration parameter in the step velocity. When discontinuities in ${C}_{s}$ were allowed, significantly higher bunching instability resulted. More importantly, we found that step bunching may or may not occur, depending on the specific step-density perturbation (magnitude, sign and rate of step-density change). This is why linear stability analyses do not predict the unsteady growth behavior observed in our experiments and obtained in our simulations.
Energy storage during inelastic deformation of glassy polymers

Abstract In this paper, aspects of the microstructural state of glassy polymers that evolve during physical ageing and inelastic deformation were studied. Differential scanning calorimetric (d.s.c.) measurements were performed on specimens of three glassy polymers: polystyrene (PS), polycarbonate (PC) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). Materials were subjected to both a quenched and a well annealed heat treatment and subsequently deformed in compression to various levels of strain. Stress-strain curves and companion d.s.c. scans were compared. The well known enthalpy overshoot at Tg was observed for the annealed samples, showing that ageing is accompanied by enthalpy relaxation. The annealed material was also found to require a higher stress to yield, and the additional work required to strain-soften the annealed polymer to the flow stress level of its quenched companion was found to correlate well with the area of the enthalpy overshoot of the annealed specimen. Inelastic deformation was found to increase the specific enthalpy of both annealed and quenched specimens. In the annealed material, the enthalpy overshoot at Tg was found to decrease with inelastic strain and was completely erased by about −20% strain. Simultaneously, a pre-Tg exotherm was observed to develop with inelastic strain over a wide range of temperature. The pre-Tg exotherm was found to evolve until essentially reaching a steady-state profile at approximately −25% strain. This evolution coincided with the strain-softening phenomenon observed in the corresponding stress-strain results. A pre-Tg exotherm was also found to evolve with straining of the quenched material. Furthermore, the steady-state exotherms of the quenched and annealed materials were found to be nearly identical, as were their corresponding flow stress values after strain softening. Finally, a second, post-Tg exotherm was found to develop with further straining beyond strains of −25%. This exotherm was found to increase with inelastic strain and coincided with the occurrence of strain hardening (due to chain orientation) in the materials. The presence of two distinct and separately evolving exotherms in the inelastically deformed polymers indicates the existence of two separate deformation resistances in glassy polymers, one related to the initial yield and strain-softening behaviour, and the other to the orientation-induced strain hardening of the material. The observation that the pre-Tg exotherm is spread over a wide temperature range reflects the distributed nature of the structural state and may be quantified using a distribution in activation energy for the local rearrangements. The results therefore provide valuable information about the processes that must be accounted for in the development of accurate constitutive models of mechanical behaviour.