cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reformulation of Consumer Health Queries with Professional Terminology: A Pilot Study

BACKGROUND: The Internet is becoming an increasingly important resource for health-information seekers. However, consumers often do not use effective search strategies. Query reformulation is one potential intervention to improve the effectiveness of consumer searches. OBJECTIVE: We endeavored to answer the research question: "Does reformulating original consumer queries with preferred terminology from the Unified Medical Language System (UMLS) Metathesaurus lead to better search returns?" METHODS: Consumer-generated queries with known goals (n=16) that could be mapped to UMLS Metathesaurus terminology were used as test samples. Reformulated queries were generated by replacing user terms with Metathesaurus-preferred synonyms (n=18). Searches (n=36) were performed using both a consumer information site and a general search engine. Top 30 precision was used as a performance indicator to compare the performance of the original and reformulated queries. RESULTS: Forty-two percent of the searches utilizing reformulated queries yielded better search returns than their associated original queries, 19% yielded worse results, and the results for the remaining 39% did not change. We identified ambiguous lay terms, expansion of acronyms, and arcane professional terms as causes for changes in performance. CONCLUSIONS: We noted a trend towards increased precision when providing substitutions for lay terms, abbreviations, and acronyms. We have found qualitative evidence that reformulating queries with professional terminology may be a promising strategy to improve consumer health-information searches, although we caution that automated reformulation could in fact worsen search performance when the terminology is ill-fitted or arcane. [J Med Internet Res 2004;6(3):e27]
The Enigma of Genetics Etiology of Atherosclerosis in the Post-GWAS Era

Coronary atherosclerosis is a complex heritable trait with an enigmatic genetic etiology. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have successfully led to identification of over 100 different loci for susceptibility to coronary atherosclerosis. Most identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP)s and genes have not been previously implicated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and hence, have modest biological plausibility. The novel discoveries, however, might provide the opportunity for identification of new pathways and consequently novel preventive and therapeutic targets. A notable outcome of GWAS is relatively modest effect sizes of the associated SNPs. Collectively, the identified SNPs account for a relatively small fraction of heritability of coronary atherosclerosis, which raises the question of “missing heritability”. Because GWAS test the common disease–comment variant hypothesis, a plausible explanation might be the presence of uncommon and rare variants in the genome that are untested in GWAS but that might exert large effect sizes on the risk of atherosclerosis. The latter, however, remains an empiric question pending validation through experimentation. Alternative mechanisms, such as transgenerational epigenetics including microRNAs, might in part account for the heritability of coronary atherosclerosis. Collectively, the recent findings are indicative of the etiological complexity of coronary atherosclerosis. Hence, it is expected that genetic etiology of coronary atherosclerosis will remain enigmatic in the foreseeable future.
Single Molecule Optical Recordings of TRPV1 Mobility and Activity

Inflammatory signals increase the excitability of TRPV1-expressing nociceptors, at least in part, by increasing the number TRPV1 channels in the plasma membrane (PM) of nociceptors. However, the dynamics of TRPV1 in the PM have not been studied.Combining TIRF microscopy with whole-cell patch clamp of isolated mouse sensory neurons and HEK293T/17 cells allowed us to image both the localization of single TRPV1 molecules within cells (TRPV1-eGFP) and their activity (capsaicin-activated fluorescent "sparklets" at sites of Ca2+ influx). Our single-molecule approach revealed the following: (1) TRPV1 channels in isolated sensory neurons and in cultured cells exhibit high lateral mobility; (2) sparklet activity elicited by capsaicin in isolated sensory neurons reveal that TRPV1 is free to move laterally in the plasma membrane while conducting Ca2+ into the cytosol; (3) Two-state sparklet fluorescence and photobleaching analysis indicate that TRPV1 activity is not contingent on the formation of higher order structures; (4) the lateral mobility of TRPV1 in the plasma membrane decreased as a function of open duration; and (5) after addition of capsaicin, influx of Ca2+ but not Na+ slowed the ensemble mobility of TRPV1.Although the mechanism by which TRPV1 activity and TRPV1 mobility are coupled and the role of mobility changes in cell signaling remain to be determined, our data demonstrate the power of single-molecule measurements to reveal aspects of signaling not observable in macroscopic experiments. Our data suggest that changes to the dynamic localization of TRPV1 by its activation may constitute a new form of regulation.
Photoreflectance study of GaAs and GaAs/GaAlAs single quantum wells grown on (001) Si substrates

Abstract The optical features associated with biaxially strained bulk GaAs and three GaAs/GaAlAs quantum wells (QWs), with widths of 52 A, 120 A and 200 A, grown on (001) Si have been studied using photoreflectance at 300 K and 77 K. The ordering and/or separation of the light- and heavy-hole quantum transitions in the QWs can be tuned by altering the width of the well.
Statin and ezetimibe combination therapy in cardiovascular disease.

Purpose of review To summarize the available data regarding the benefits of combination therapy with statins and ezetimibe in patients with cardiovascular disease. Recent findings Extensive evidence, mostly in statin outcome trials, has shown that the magnitude of cardiovascular benefit is directly proportional to the degree of LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) reduction. As such, aggressive target goals for LDL-C levels have been established by guideline committees. Although statins are considered first-line agents in lipid therapy, LDL-C targets are difficult to achieve with statin therapy alone. Ezetimibe, a cholesterol absorption inhibitor, has been shown to be well tolerated and effective in lowering LDL-C. Adding ezetimibe to ongoing statin therapy leads to a substantial additional reduction in LDL-C, facilitating the achievement of target goals. Summary The combination of ezetimibe, a cholesterol absorption inhibitor, and statins has been shown to be well tolerated and effective in lowering LDL-C and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein to target goals. Whether this greater LDL-C reduction translates into reduced cardiovascular events is the subject of ongoing clinical trials. Until such data is available, ezetimibe seems to be a reasonable choice for a second-line, lipid-lowering agent in patients on a potent statin who are not at their LDL-C goal.
The variation of the direct current resistance of lipid bilayers.

Abstract The specific dc resistance of phosphatidyl choline (lecithin) and phosphatidyl serine bilayers in aqueous solutions of various pH values, salt compositions, and salt concentrations was measured. It was found that the resistance of the phospholipid bilayer membrane greatly depends upon the environmental solution. In the solution of 0.1 N sodium chloride, the membrane resistance had a maximum value of about pH 4 for the phosphatidyl choline bilayer and about 3 ∼ 4 for the phosphatidyl serine bilayer. The value of the resistance decreased as the pH of the solution became lower or higher. Adding divalent ions (Ca ++ or Mg ++ ) to the solution changed greatly the behavior of the membrane resistance with respect to pH.
The Impact of Perceived Privacy Breach on Sustainability of Social Networking Sites

The sustainability of social networking sites is critically dependent on information sharing by site users. However practice suggests that privacy is a major concern which affects users' willingness to share personal information on social networking sites. To understand how privacy expectancies affect sustainability we draw on the psychological contract theory. We develop a framework which posits that privacy-related expectancies are inherent to disclosure of private information. Perceptions of a privacy breach trigger the affective experience of a psychological contract violation and undermine trust, which consequently undermine the sustainability of continued information disclosure. We evaluate the framework by surveying 638 Facebook users. We find that SNS users' perceptions of privacy breach attributed to the SNS provider may cause irreparable harm. The experience of psychological contract violations and loss of trust motivate users to reduce information sharing and consider disengaging from the SNS completely.
Computer analysis of a polymer coating exposed to field weather conditions

A heat and moisture transfer model was used to study weathering of polymeric materials, such as paint, asphalt, sealants, plastics, textiles, and polymeric composites. Three damage indices, related to temperature changes, humidity changes, and time of wetness, respectively, were introduced to quantify adverse effects of climate. The variation of these indices was investigated for a hot and humid climate (Miami, FL) and a hot and dry climate (Phoenix, AZ). In addition, the relative effects of solar radiation, surface wetting by rain and dew condensation, and variations in outdoor temperature and relative humidity on the three damage indices were investigated.
On packet processes in interconnected LANs

Devices that interconnect LANs on which the traffic process may be characterized as alternating between trains of packets and idle periods (e.g., token ring, token bus, FDDI, DQDB) are considered. Assuming that the probability that a packet is part of the internetwork traffic is independent of all other packets, the input packet process to the internetwork device, is characterized as an alternating renewal process of trains of packets and idle times. This is the first step in completely characterizing the packet routing through a bridge in an internetworked LAN environment. >
Implantation of the Thoratec Ventricular Assist Device

months of mechanical ventricular support, allowing removal of the VAD. 2 Long-term studies of patients with the Thoratec VAD who recovered and were weaned from the device showed that 1- and 5-year survival rates were essentially identical to VAD patients who received a heart transplant. 3 Long-term outpatient supI)ort with tile Thoratec VAD in end-stage heart failure has been shown to be effective for months to years. 4 As experience is gained and the indications for VADs are evaluated, their application will become even more commonplace. There are numerous surgical possibilities associated with the Tlloratce system, providing flexibility and versatility. The following is a detailed description of the many variations for the surgical placement of the Thoratee VAD. The figures sometimes represent more than one detail and are referred to in the corresi)onding text for the specific point.
Optimal invariant detection of a sinusoid with unknown parameters

A uniformly most-powerful test does not exist for the problem of detecting a sinusoid of unknown amplitude, phase, and frequency in complex white Gaussian noise of unknown variance. The problem is shown to be invariant to scale and modulation transformations. Using invariance principles, it is found that the uniformly most-powerful-invariant (UMPI) test does not exist. A test is derived that is UMPI if it is given that the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is known. For SNR unknown, the derived test can be used as an upper performance bound for any invariant test. Suboptimal tests are typically implemented such as the generalized likelihood ratio and locally most powerful tests, which are also scale and modulation invariant. It is shown analytically that as SNR approaches zero, the locally most-powerful-invariant test performance approaches the UMPI performance bound, and as the SNR becomes large, the generalized likelihood ratio test performance approaches the performance of the UMPI bound. Computer simulation examples indicate that the generalized likelihood ratio test performance is close to the UMPI bound, particularly in the low-probability-of-false-alarm region of the receiver operating characteristic curve.
Average photospheric poloidal and toroidal magnetic field components near solar minimum

Average (over longitude and time) photospheric magnetic field components are derived from 3′ Stanford magnetograms made near the solar minimum of cycle 21. The average magnetograph signal is found to behave as the projection of a vector for measurements made across the disk. The poloidal field exhibits the familiar dipolar structure near the poles, with a measured signal in the line Fe i λ 5250 A of ≈ 1 G. At low latitudes the poloidal field has the polarity of the poles, but is of reduced magnitude (≈ 0.1 G). A net photospheric toroidal field with a broad latitudinal extent is found. The polarity of the toroidal field is opposite in the nothern and southern hemispheres and has the same sense as subsurface flux tubes giving rise to active regions of solar cycle 21.
GOD EMBODIED IN, GOD BODYING FORTH THE WORLD: EMERGENCE AND CHRISTIAN THEOLOGY

. I expand on Philip Clayton's application of emergence—in the context of a metaphysical position he calls emergent monism—to conceiving God's relationship to the world. Like Clayton, I adopt a panentheistic perspective, but in a way that I argue is consistent with classical philosophical theism and its grammatical analysis of Christian discourse about divine transcendence. In order to exploit further the analogical potential of an emergentist account of human mentality and agency, I argue that the standard panentheistic metaphor The world is the body of God should be complemented by the metaphor God is the body of the world.
Attracting students to surgical careers: preclinical surgical experience.

Objectives Along with a decline in interest in general surgery among United States medical school graduates, reports indicate a decrease in the amount of time students are spending on their surgical clerkship. In an effort to offer early exposure to general surgery as well as to equip students with the basic surgical skills that will enhance their third-year clerkship experience, we developed a preclinical surgical experience. Students were surveyed to determine whether the surgical selective changed student level of comfort with basic surgical skills. Study Design Surveys were administered, preexperience and postexperience to the medical students enrolled in the surgery selective. The students were asked to rate their comfort level with 12 unique surgical skills. Comfort with the task was evaluated using a 10-point Likert scale. Analyses were conducted to evaluate the impact of the surgical experience on student comfort levels with the surgical skills. Results The self-reported comfort levels of students increased significantly after the experience in all 12 areas. The greatest change in comfort level (greater than or equal to mean difference of 4) occurred in the surgical technique categories: knot tying (mean difference: 4.9, p Conclusions Our preclinical surgical experience serves as a model of an effective modality providing early exposure to general surgery. The experience provides trainees with basic surgical skills well before they begin their third-year clerkships.
Image degradation due to surface scatter in the presence of aberrations

Image analysis in the presence of surface scatter due to residual optical fabrication errors is often perceived to be complicated, nonintuitive, and achieved only by computationally intensive nonsequential ray tracing with commercial optical analysis codes such as ASAP, Zemax, Code V, TracePro, or FRED. However, we show that surface scatter can be treated very similarly to conventional wavefront aberrations. For multielement imaging systems degraded by both surface scatter and aberrations, the composite point spread function is obtained in explicit analytic form in terms of convolutions of the geometrical point spread function and scaled bidirectional scattering distribution functions of the individual surfaces of the imaging system. The approximations and assumptions in this formulation are discussed, and the result is compared to the irradiance distribution obtained using commercial software for the case of a two-mirror telescope operating at an extreme ultraviolet wavelength. The two results are virtually identical.
Observation of surface corrugation-induced alignment of lamellar microdomains in PS-b-PMMA thin films

We report lateral alignment of lamellar microdomains in thin films of poly(styrene-b-methyl methacrylate) (PS-b-PMMA) on corrugated surfaces where surface energy is controlled as non-selective to PS and PMMA by anchoring polymer brushes of a random copolymer of PS and PMMA. The orientational order determined by Herman's orientation function indicates that the lamellae align perpendicular to the direction of surface corrugation within a window of surface corrugation length scales used in this study. The effect of relative scales of periodicity and film thickness of PS-b-PMMA to those of surface corrugation on the alignment of lamellae is discussed in this paper.
Embryonic salivary gland dysmorphogenesis in Twisted gastrulation deficient mice

Summary Objective Mouse Twisted gastrulation gene ( Twsg1 ) expression is found throughout embryonic development, including substantial levels in the first branchial arch that gives rise to the submandibular salivary gland (SMG). We addressed the proposition that normal Twsg1 expression is critical to normal SMG ontogenesis. Design Utilizing C57BL/6 embryos that were Twsg1 −/− homozygotes, as well as wild type and heterozygote littermates, we investigated SMG development from gestational day 13 to newborn. Results Twsg1 protein is immunodetected in epithelia throughout SMG development. Twsg1 −/− embryos display widely variable craniofacial phenotypes that range from normal to severe holoprosencephaly/agnathia with no mandibular arch or stomodeum. The SMG phenotypes are correlated with the external craniofacial phenotype, ranging from normal to agenesis/aplasia. Conclusions It is evident that normal Twsg1 expression is critical for normal mouse SMG ontogenesis. Twsg1 loss of function is ultimately epistatic to the epigenome under normal physiologic conditions, but not always so. The reduced penetrance and variable expressivity seen in the SMGs of Twsg1 −/− embryos is a challenging enigma.
Review: cognitive and psychological outcomes in pediatric heart transplantation.

Objective: To review empirical literature investigating the cognitive and psychological effects of pediatric heart transplantation. Methods: Electronic and library searches were used to identify empirical studies examining the cognitive and psychological effects of pediatric heart transplantation. Only studies investigating cognitive or psychological outcomes, either prospectively or cross-sectionally, were reviewed. Results: Preliminary findings suggest that children and adolescents generally functioned within the normal range on most measures of cognitive functioning post-transplant. However, a complicated transplant course caused by infections or rejections may place these recipients at increased risk for cognitive difficulties post-transplant. Studies also suggested that approximately 20%–24% of pediatric heart transplant recipients experienced significant symptoms of psychological distress (e.g., anxiety, depression, behavior problems) during the first year post-transplant. Conclusions: Research suggests that some recipients are at risk for cognitive and psychological difficulties post-transplant and may require additional academic remediation and/or psychological intervention to address these challenges. Given the limited number of empirical studies available at this time, continued research investigating cognitive and psychological outcomes following pediatric heart transplantation is needed.
EPITHELIAL REPAIR IN RECOVERY FROM VITAMIN A DEFICIENCY : AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY.

1. In vitamin A deficiency, the replacement stratified keratinizing epithelium is morphologically identical in all locations. 2. All cells of the lowermost layer of the replacement epithelium have proliferative power as in the stratum germinativum of epidermis. 3. In recovery, in spite of the complete morphological masking, the epithelium in each region returns to its normal type. 4. The important histological features of repair involve removal of the layers of cells irreversibly differentiated towards keratinization and direct differentiation of the stratum germinativum into the normal type. These take place simultaneously. 5. The histological sequences observed in the removal of cells above the stratum germinativum indicate that autolysis as shown by vacuolar degeneration and heterolysis as shown by leucocytic infiltration are involved. 6. The cycle of A deficiency metaplasia and recovery affords an experimental method available for the correlation of nuclear chromatin and types of cytoplasmic activities.
Effect of Surface Saturation on Transfer of Water in Saturated Ceramic Bodies

The surface condition of saturated clay-based ceramic bodies is important in the transport of water. Only pure concentration diffusion can occur in bodies with saturated surfaces, whereas transport is enhanced by capillary forces in those with unsaturated surfaces. It is suggested that the transfer of water in a saturated ceramic body is controlled by both concentration and pressure diffusion. A pressure gradient results from capillary forces caused by menisci formed at an unsaturated surface.
Percutaneous Closure of Perimembranous Ventricular Septal Defects Using the Second-Generation Amplatzer Vascular Occluders

Earlier attempts at percutaneous closure of perimembranous ventricular septal defects (Pm VSDs) were abandoned because of incidence of heart block likely as a result of device rigidity and/or oversizing. This is retrospective review and data reporting of patients who underwent percutaneous closure using the softer second-generation Amplatzer vascular occluders; namely the Amplatzer vascular plug, second generation, (AVP II) and the Amplatzer duct occluder, second generation (ADO II) in our institution. A total of 20 patients were identified; AVP II was used in 9 patients and ADO II in 11 patients. Median weight was 13.45 kg (range 6.5 to 76); age 28.5 months (range 11 to 352). After procedure, 4 were noted to have aortic insufficiency; trivial in 3 and mild in 1 (unrelated to the device). Mild tricuspid regurgitation possibly device or procedure related was seen in 4. Residual flow through the device was common after procedure and disappeared in all but 3, graded as trivial in 1, small in 2. Average follow-up period was 7.54 months ± 7.5 (1 day to 25 months). There was no incidence of heart block, bacterial endocarditis, hemolysis, device embolization, or fracture. The aortic insufficiency resolved in 1 patient and was estimated to be trivial in the remaining 3 patients. In conclusion, percutaneous closure of Pm VSDs using the softer new generation devices as the AVP II and the ADO II is feasible and safe. Longer follow-up and larger series are needed.
The Cardiopulmonary System and Movement Dysfunction

Physical therapy primarily involves the identification and treatment of problems related to movement. Movement dysfunction usually is attributed to impairments of the neuromuscular and musculoskeletal systems. The cardiopulmonary system plays an important role in movement because of its function of transporting oxygen to skeletal muscle. Abnormalities of the cardiovascular and pulmonary systems can produce limitations in physical function. The purposes of this article are to describe the steps involved in the transfer of oxygen from atmospheric air to skeletal muscles and to provide examples of problems that can occur with each step of the process. Common signs and symptoms of potential problems involving the cardiovascular and pulmonary systems also will be discussed.
Conditional Knockout of Myocyte Focal Adhesion Kinase Abrogates Ischemic Preconditioning in Adult Murine Hearts

Background Our laboratory has previously demonstrated the importance of a cytoskeletal-based survival signaling pathway using in vitro models of ischemia/reperfusion (IR). However, the importance of this pathway in mediating stress-elicited survival signaling in vivo is unknown. Methods and Results The essential cytoskeletal signaling pathway member focal adhesion kinase (FAK) was selectively deleted in adult cardiac myocytes using a tamoxifen-inducible Cre-Lox system (α-MHC-MerCreMer). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Western blot were performed to confirm FAK knockout (KO). All mice were subjected to a 40-minute coronary occlusion followed by 24 hours of reperfusion. Ischemic preconditioning (IP) was performed using a standard protocol. Control groups included wild-type (WT) and tamoxifen-treated α-MHC-MerCreMer+/−/FAKWT/WT (experimental control) mice. Infarct size was expressed as a percentage of the risk region. In WT mice IP significantly enhanced the expression of activated/phosphorylated FAK by 36.3% compared to WT mice subjected to a sham experimental protocol ( P ≤0.05; n=6 hearts [sham], n=4 hearts [IP]). IP significantly reduced infarct size in both WT and experimental control mice (43.7% versus 19.8%; P ≤0.001; 44.7% versus 17.5%; P ≤0.001, respectively). No difference in infarct size was observed between preconditioned FAK KO and nonpreconditioned controls (37.1% versus 43.7% versus 44.7%; FAK KO versus WT versus experimental control; P =NS). IP elicited a 67.2%/88.8% increase in activated phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) p85/activated Akt expression in WT mice, but failed to enhance the expression of either in preconditioned FAK KO mice. Conclusions Our results indicate that FAK is an essential mediator of IP-elicited cardioprotection and provide further support for the hypothesis that cytoskeletal-based signaling is an important component of stress-elicited survival signaling.
Local Anesthesia for Circumcision: Which Technique Is Most Effective?

Background and Objectives: Circumcision is the most commonly performed surgical procedure in the United States, and it is painful. Several investigators have independently documented the reliability and safety of local anesthesia in eliminating the pain associated with circumcision. Investigations have not, however, been conducted to determine which technique is most effective in reducing the pain of the procedure. This study compares the techniques of local anesthesia for circumcision to determine which technique most safely and reliably reduces pain. Methods: Fifty-six infants being circumcised were randomly assigned to one of three groups according to anesthesia technique: (I) distal branch block, (2) root block, and (3) subpubic block. Change in heart rate and oxygen saturation, as well as cry response, were recorded. Heart rate and oxygen saturation differences were analyzed utilizing Student's t test, whereas cry response was analyzed using the chi-square test. Results: We discontinued using the distal branch block technique during the study because we were concerned about possible untoward outcomes. As a result, only data from the circumcisions of the 42 infants who were assigned to the root block and subpubic block groups were analyzed. The dorsal penile nerve root block more reliably reduced the pain of circumcision than did the subpubic technique (P = 0.05). There were no serious complications with any of the techniques in this study. Conclusions: Compared with distal branch block and subpubic block techniques, nerve block at the penile root most reliably and safely eliminated the pain of circumcision (J Am Board Fam Pract 1997;10:13-9).
Taxonomic Revision of the Vachellia acuifera Species Group (Fabaceae: Mimosoideae) in the Carribean

Abstract Twelve Caribbean species of Vachellia (formerly Acacia subgenus Acacia) are formally monographed with taxonomic, habitat, geographic distribution descriptions, and lists of representative specimens examined. The species treated here are all part of the informal Vachellia acuifera group, which is characterized by generally enlarged stipular spines borne in clusters on the stems, 1–3 pairs of pinnae per leaf, and 20–50 stamens. Ordination analyses of vegetative characters show that these species form discrete groups in two- and three-dimensional plots. Vachellia baessleria Clarke, Seigler, & Ebinger, endemic to Guantanamo and Las Tunas, Cuba, is newly described. Vachellia acuifera is wide ranging, occurring from the Bahamas to Cuba. The other species are highly restricted in their distribution and ecological setting. Four of the species are only known from Hispaniola (V. barahonensis, V. caurina, V. cucuyo, and V. oviedoensis) and six only from Cuba (V. baessleria, V. belairioides, V. bucheri, V. d...
EGF-R dependent regulation of keratinocyte survival

Tissue organization and maintenance within multicellular organisms is in part dependent on the ability of cells to undergo programmed cell death or apoptosis. Conversely, disruption of cell death pathways often is associated with tumor development. At present, the molecular control of apoptosis in epithelial cells is poorly understood. Here we describe evidence linking epidermal growth factor-receptor (EGF-R) activation to survival of normal human keratinocytes in culture. Inhibition of EGF-R activation by an anti-EGF-R antagonistic monoclonal antibody (mAb 425), followed by detachment of keratinocytes from the substratum, induced extensive death with several features of apoptosis in keratinocyte cultures. Other, non-epithelial normal human cells including melanocytes and fibroblasts, did not show this effect. Similar to EGF-R blockade by mAb 425, inhibition of the EGF-R tyrosine kinase activity using tyrphostin AG1478 resulted in lack of attachment and extensive cell death upon passaging. Attachment to keratinocyte-derived ECM partially resuced mAb 425-treated keratinocytes from cell death, indicating that adhesion-dependent and EGF-R-dependent signal transduction pathways serve partially overlapping but not redundant roles in supporting keratinocyte survival.
Idiopathic Paroxysmal Tonic Upward Gaze

A case of paroxysmal tonic upward gaze with neck flexion in a 14-month-old boy is reported from a Department of Neurology in Izmir, Turkey.
Option Value Created and Destroyed by the Big Bang in the Berlin Housing Market, 1978-2007

This paper adds the option substantially renovate or rebuild to a standard hedonic regression model. It shows that the unrealized renovation potential can be measured and included as an additional hedonic variable. A new dataset for West Berlin suggests that the events surrounding the fall of the Wall in 1989 and the return of the federal government to Berlin in 1992 produced a boom and then a prolonged decline in the housing market. This paper demonstrates that, when the housing market is booming (declining), the value of the renovation option can add (subtract) significantly to growth in house value. Change in option value accounted for about 17.3 % of the change in house value from about 1985 until the peak of the boom. But, option value played a much bigger role in the decline: the elimination of option value after 1994 accounted for about 53.6 % of the decline from 1994-2007, and most of this occurred abruptly towards the beginning of the period. Moreover, our data suggest that a hedonic model omitting option value can produce coefficient estimates that differ by as much as 40% from those with option value included, and the direction of the differences is predicted by real option theory.
When Avoiding Federal Questions Should not Evade Federal Review: Michigan v. Long Meets, and Trumps, Ashwander v. TVA

The principle that courts should construe statutes to avoid constitutional problems that might require their invalidation has been conventionally accepted by both state and federal courts at least since Justice Brandeis set out this prudential requirement in Ashwander v. Tennessee Valley Authority in 1936. Almost 50 years later in Michigan v. Long, the United States Supreme Court adopted a bright line standard to determine when it was appropriate for the Court to review state court decisions that discussed both state and federal law in resolving an issue. The Court held that it would be free to review all such cases in the future unless the state court’s opinion included 'a plain statement' that it was based on an 'independent' and 'adequate' state law ground. Left open is the question of how these long accepted rules of constitutional adjudication fit together? What if the state court does not look to federal constitutional law to resolve the merits of a constitutional claim, but instead discusses federal constitutional law as a basis for giving a challenged state statute a narrow construction to avoid having to reach the federal constitutional question. To what extent, if any, should the Supreme Court be able to review such state court decisions under the authority of Michigan v. Long? In reconciling these doctrines in this article, we suggest that both the Ashwander avoidance principle and the presumption favoring Supreme Court review in Michigan v. Long are both best understood as judicial attempts to respond to concerns about political accountability. Further, we argue that the plain statement requirement of Michigan v. Long more effectively furthers political accountability goals than does Ashwander’s emphasis on the narrow construction of statutes to avoid constitutional conflicts. Building on this foundation, we provide a framework by which the Supreme Court might apply the Michigan v. Long requirement to state court decisions in which state law is interpreted to minimize the risk of federal constitutional violations.
The charm bracelet problem and its applications

The necklace problem has proved to be both a sound pedagogical device in teaching enumeration theory and a valuable counting tool with several graphical applications. In this paper we solve the more general charm bracelet problem and provide two applications for which the necklace problem in not sufficient.
Planting Mode of Rice-rice-green manure(Forage) for Winter Fallow Fields in Southern Hunan and Its Economic Benefit

2008~2009,the rotation mode of rice-rice-green manure(forage) for winter fallow fields in double-season rice planting area in Southern Hunan was adopted to study the relationship between returning amount of nutrients and enhancing crop yield and economic benefits.The results showed that the average amount of dry matter in Astragalus sinicus,Triticale wittmack and Brassica campestris L.was 7 091.8,2 887.7 and 843.1 kg/hm2,respectively;the returning amount of N,P and K respectively was 51.9,5.4 and 24.0 kg/hm2 in Astragalus sinicus planting area,32.9,5.7 and 45.0 kg/hm2 in Triticale wittmack planting area,54.3,6.0 and 42.8 kg/hm2 in Brassica campestris L.planting area;the yield of early rice and late rice in green manure planting area in 2008 was averagely 47.6% and 45.2% higher than that in control area;the yield of early rice and late rice in green manure planting area in 2009 was averagely 20.9% and 73.4% higher than that in control area with a significant difference.Among the green manures planting areas,the rice yield was the highest in Astragalus sinicus planting area,the second high in Triticale wittmack planting area,and the lowest in Brassica campestris L.planting area.In comparison with control,the average annual economic benefit was 38 637 yuan/hm2 in the mode of rice-rice-Astragalus sinicus which increased by 285.4%,25 984.5 yuan/hm2 in the mode of rice-rice-Triticale wittmack which increased by 159.6%,21 370.5 yuan/hm2 in the mode of rice-rice-Brassica campestris L.which increased by 111.7%.Therefore,among these three planting modes,the economic benefit of them ordered as rice-rice-Astragalus sinicusrice-rice-Triticale wittmackrice-rice-Brassica campestris L.with a significant difference.
Current Status and Development Trend on Capacity Credit of Photovoltaic Generation

Photovoltaic(PV) generation is still considered to be an energy-replacement rather than capacity-replacement source and absent from power balance because of its fluctuating and intermittent nature.PV output is proven to have strong relationship with load and plays peak-shaving role in most cases,as such ignoring its capacity value will lead to serious waste of resources.As the PV penetration increases rapidly in recent years,evaluation of PV capacity credit is becoming one of the hottest issues in power system planning.Firstly,the evaluation metrics and methods of PV capacity credit are summarized.Evaluation metrics are classified by their characteristics and a recommended metric is given according to the results of comparison;evaluation methods are discussed in detail,including the research hotspots and developing directions.Secondly,improvement measures of PV capacity credit are proposed from aspects of PV power station,grid side and demand side.Furthermore,the feasibility,prospects and related technology are analyzed.Finally,the safeguard measures of PV capacity credit from the point of power system flexibility are explored.
On the reliability of peptide nonplanarity seen in ultra-high resolution crystal structures.

Ultra-high resolution protein crystal structures have been considered as relatively reliable sources for defining details of protein geometry, such as the extent to which the peptide unit deviates from planarity. Chellapa and Rose (Proteins 2015; 83:1687) recently called this into question, reporting that for a dozen representative protein structures determined at ∼ 1 A resolution, the diffraction data could be equally well fit with models restrained to have highly planar peptides, i.e. having a standard deviation of the ω torsion angles of only ∼ 1° instead of the typically observed value of ∼ 6°. Here, we document both conceptual and practical shortcomings of that study and show that the more tightly restrained models are demonstrably incorrect and do not fit the diffraction data equally well. We emphasize the importance of inspecting electron density maps when investigating the agreement between a model and its experimental data. Overall, this report reinforces that modern standard refinement protocols have been well-conceived and that ultra-high resolution protein crystal structures, when evaluated carefully and used with an awareness of their levels of coordinate uncertainty, are powerful sources of information for providing reliable information about the details of protein geometry.
Paget’s Disease of the Scrotum Presenting as an Inguinal Lymph Node

Abstract Extramammary Paget’s disease is a rare malignant entity. A case with a unique clinical presentation is described and emphasis is placed on the need for early biopsy of skin lesions in the genital area.
CMOS is dead … long live CMOS!

This article consists of a collection of slides from the author's conference presentation on the future of CMOS technologies. Some of the specific topics discussed include: the market for CMOS scaling; design considerations for materials plus CMOS scaling; the future that considers devices plus materials plus CMOS scaling; and new areas of future chip development.
Gender and Sexuality in Modern Chinese History: Conclusion: Gender, sexuality, and citizenship

Of course, there are some men and women who, for the sake of idle pleasures, are unwilling to take on the responsibility of having children; such people should be educated in socialist morals, to make them understand that bringing up children is a parental responsibility, and is also every citizen's duty to the state. Zhongguo funu (Women of China), 1955 (Evans 1995:368) Sex is a critical site where the normalizations of cultural citizenship are being reformulated. If the passion to pursue the meaningfulness of sexual desire propels Chinese men into transnational networks, it also lies at the heart of cultural citizenship. Cultural citizenship, perhaps more so than legal subjectivity or theories of psychological personality, establishes proper and improper sex in postsocialist China. Lisa Rofel (2007:95) Citizens of the People's Republic of China, no longer subjects of the old imperial regime, embody notions of gender and sexuality with deep roots in the past. Even in the gay community that has grown in major urban centers, powerful affinities for family and kinship continue to dominate nascent sexual identities. The most important link that embodied citizens share with their late imperial ancestors lies in the connection between childrearing and loyalty to the government. The Qing government installed Mencian Confucianism as the prevailing orthodoxy, and it was Mencius who declared that not having a son was the most unfilial act of all. A son's foremost obligation to his parents was to have a son of his own to continue the family line. Similarly, to “seek a loyal subject in a filial son” was a maxim of late imperial governance, and the Qing court campaigned relentlessly to anchor all male subjects firmly in families in which they could be properly socialized as orderly subjects. China's Communist government remains firmly committed to family-based citizenship, particularly in the post-Mao era. In a family-based polity, childbearing and childrearing are the tasks of mothers, whose privileged role was vaunted and protected by late imperial policies. The Qing court bestowed honorific titles on mothers and grandmothers of successful officials. Literati memoirs never failed to pay homage to the guidance and sacrifice of mothers. And the vast medical corpus devoted to “women's medicine” elaborated the formulae and protocols for conceiving, carrying, and delivering healthy babies, especially boys (Yi-Li Wu 2010). A mother's moral character as well as her education shaped her ability to nurture a fetus, as detailed prescriptions for taijiao (fetal instruction) show. In that sense, a woman's fidelity to her husband's family was an integral part of her pledge of loyalty to the government. It bound her to bear and rear the offspring of the next generation, to carry on the family line and supply subjects loyal to the state – or, failing that, to supply her husband with a concubine who would bear sons for her, or see to the adoption of an heir in the event of her husband's untimely death.
Alcohol, Tannins, and Mannoprotein and their Interactions Influence the Sensory Properties of Selected Commercial Merlot Wines: A Preliminary Study

The objective of this study was to assess the influence of the interaction among alcohol, tannins, and mannoproteins on the aroma, flavor, taste, and mouthfeel characteristics of selected commercial Merlot wines. Merlot wines (n = 61) were characterized for wine chemistry parameters, including pH, titratable acidity, alcohol, glucose, fructose, tannin profile, total proteins, and mannoprotein content. Agglomerative clustering of these physicochemical characteristics revealed 6 groups of wines. Two wines were selected from each group (n = 12) and profiled by a trained sensory evaluation panel. One wine from each group was evaluated using the electronic tongue (e-tongue). Sensory evaluation results showed complex effects among tannins, alcohol, and mannoproteins on the perception of most aromas, flavors, tastes, and mouthfeel attributes (P 0.930) were reported between the e-tongue and sensory perception of sweet, sour, bitter, burning, astringent, and metallic. This study showed that interactions among wine matrix components influence the resulting sensory perceptions. The strong correlation between the e-tongue and trained panel evaluations indicated the e-tongue can complement sensory evaluations to improve wine quality assessment.
Role of Algebraic Instability In Transition and Turbulence

One of the major challenges in turbulence research has been to explain how the turbulence is created and to describe and analyze the space-time behavior of the turbulent eddies. For wallbounded shear flows the pioneering experiments by Kline and his group (Kline et al. 1967, Kim et al., 1971) and by Corino and Brodkey (1969) brought out the special significance of the strongly intermittent processes in the near-wall region during turbulent bursting and identified alternating low- and high-speed flow regions, “streaks”, to be the predominant flow structures there. The oscillations and lift-up of a low-speed streak were seen to initiate a rapid outflow (ejection) of fluid from the wall region and a subsequent breakup of the streak.
Ataxia with Vitamin E Deficiency

Vitamin E adminstration (100 U/kg daily) resulted in improvements in ataxia, motor strength, and mobility in 2 siblings of a consanguineous Bedouin family with Friedreich ataxia and low serum vitamin E levels treated at Soroka Medical Center, Beer Sheva, Israel.
A Cross-Cultural Examination of Family Communication Patterns, Parent-Child Closeness, and Conflict Styles in the United States, China, and Saudi Arabia

The current study was designed to examine the impacts of family communication patterns (FCP), relational closeness, and culture on adult children’s conflict styles with their parents. Participants ...
Myth-Free Space Advocacy Part II: The Myth of the Space Frontier

ABSTRACTSpace advocates commonly compare the settling of the “space frontier” to the settling of the “western frontier” in the United States, arguing that space settlement will realize the same benefits purportedly realized by the western expansion of the United States: the generation of new cultures; the development of new technologies; and the empowerment of democratic governance. However, much of the reasoning here is based on a faulty understanding of history and on an overly optimistic view of what it will be like to live in a space settlement. Thus, I argue that ardent faith in the promises of settling the space frontier is a mythological belief, rather than a well-confirmed one.
High αv Integrin Level of Cancer Cells Is Associated with Development of Brain Metastasis in Athymic Rats.

Background/aim Brain metastases commonly occur in patients with malignant skin, lung and breast cancers resulting in high morbidity and poor prognosis. Integrins containing an αv subunit are cell adhesion proteins that contribute to cancer cell migration and cancer progression. We hypothesized that high expression of αv integrin cell adhesion protein promoted metastatic phenotypes in cancer cells. Materials and methods Cancer cells from different origins were used and studied regarding their metastatic ability and intetumumab, anti-αv integrin mAb, sensitivity using in vitro cell migration assay and in vivo brain metastases animal models. Results The number of brain metastases and the rate of occurrence were positively correlated with cancer cell αv integrin levels. High αv integrin-expressing cancer cells showed significantly faster cell migration rate in vitro than low αv integrin-expressing cells. Intetumumab significantly inhibited cancer cell migration in vitro regardless of αv integrin expression level. Overexpression of αv integrin in cancer cells with low αv integrin level accelerated cell migration in vitro and increased the occurrence of brain metastases in vivo. Conclusion αv integrin promotes brain metastases in cancer cells and may mediate early steps in the metastatic cascade, such as adhesion to brain vasculature. Targeting αv integrin with intetumumab could provide clinical benefit in treating cancer patients who develop metastases.