cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Heteropatric speciation in a duck, Anas crecca

Heteropatric differentiation is a mode of speciation with gene flow in which divergence occurs between lineages that are in sympatry and allopatry at different times during cyclic spatial movements. Empirical evidence suggests that heteropatric differentiation may prove to be common among seasonally migratory organisms. We examined genetic differentiation between the sedentary Aleutian Islands population of green-winged teal (Anas crecca-nimia) and its close migratory relative, the Eurasian, or Old World (OW), Anas c. crecca population, a portion of which passes through the range of nimia during its seasonal migrations. We also examined its relationship with the parapatric North American, New World (NW), A. c. carolinensis population. Sequence data from eight nuclear introns and the mtDNA control region showed that the nimia-crecca divergence occurred much more recently than the deeper crecca-carolinensis split (~83 000 years vs. ~1.1 Myr). Despite considerable spatial overlap between crecca and nimia during seasonal migration, three key predictions of heteropatric differentiation are supported: significant genetic divergence (overall mean Φst = 0.07), low gene flow (2Nem ~ 1.8), and an effective population size in nimia that is not especially low (Ne ~ 80 000 individuals). Similar levels of gene flow have come into nimia from carolinensis, but no detectable nuclear gene flow has gone out of nimia into either OW (crecca) or NW (carolinensis) populations. We infer that adaptations of these populations to local optima in different places (e.g. each matching their reproductive effort to different resource blooms) promote genetic isolation and divergence despite periods of sympatry between them, as the heteropatric model predicts.
Segmental distribution and central projectionsof renal afferent fibers in the cat studied by transganglionic transport of horseradish peroxidase

The segmental and central distributions of renal nerve afferents in adults cats and kittens were studied by using retrograde and transganglionic transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Transport of HRP from the central cut ends of the left renal nerves labelled afferent axons in the ipsilateral minor splanchnic nerves and sensory perikarya in the dorsal root ganglia from T12 to L4. The majority of labeled cells (85%) were located between L1 and L3. A few neurons in the contralateral dorsal root ganglia were also labeled. Labeled cells were not confined to any particular region within a dorsal root ganglion. Some examples of bifurcation of the peripheral and central processes within the ganglion were noted. A small number of preganglionic neurons, concentrated in the intermediolateral nucleus, were also identified in some experiments. In addition, many sympathetic postganglionic neurons were labeled in the renal nerve ganglia, the superior mesenteric ganglion, and the ipsilateral paravertebral ganglia from T12 to L3. Transganglionic transport of HRP labeled renal afferent projections to the spinal cord of kittens from T11 to L6, with the greatest concentrations between L1 and L3. These afferents extended rostrocaudally in Lissauer's tract and sent collaterals into lamina I. In the transverse plane, a major lateral projection and a minor medial projection were observed along the outer and inner margins of the dorsal horn, respectively. From the lateral projection many fibers extended medially in laminae V and VI forming dorsal and ventral bundles around Clarke's nucleus. The dorsal bundle was joined by collaterals from the medial afferent projection and crossed to the contralateral side. The ventral bundle extended into lamina VII along the lateroventral border of Clarke's nucleus. Some afferents in the lateral projection could be followed ventrally into the dorsolateral portion of lamina VII in the vicinity of the intermediolateral nucleus. In the contralateral spinal cord, labeled afferent fibers were mainly seen in laminae V and VI. These results provide the first anatomical evidence for sites of central termination of renal afferent axons. Renal inputs to regions (laminae I, V, and VI) containing spinoreticular and spinothalamic tract neurons may be important in the mediation of supraspinal cardiovascular reflexes as well as in the transmission of activity from nociceptors in the kidney. In addition, the identification of a bilateral renal afferent projection in close proximity to the thoracolumbar autonomic nuclei is consistent with the demonstration in physiological experiments of a spinal pathway for the renorenal sympathetic reflexes.
Microbead-guided reconstruction of the 3D osteocyte network during microfluidic perfusion culture

Osteocytes reside as 3-dimensionally networked cells in the lacunocanalicular structure of bones, and function as the master regulators of homeostatic bone remodeling. We report here, for the first time to our best knowledge, the use of a biomimetic approach to reconstruct the 3D osteocyte network with physiological relevant microscale dimensions. In this approach, biphasic calcium phosphate microbeads were assembled with murine early osteocytes (MLO-A5) to provide an initial mechanical framework for 3D network formation and maintenance during long-term perfusion culture in a microfluidic chamber. The microbead size of 20-25 μm was used to: (1) facilitate a single cell to be placed within the interstitial space between the microbeads, (2) mitigate the proliferation of the entrapped cell due to its physical confinement in the interstitial site, and (3) control cell-to-cell distance to be 20-25 μm as observed in murine bones. The entrapped cells formed a 3D cellular network by extending and connecting their processes through openings between the microbeads within 3 days of culture. The entrapped cells produced significant mineralized extracellular matrix to fill up the interstitial spaces, resulting in the formation of a dense tissue structure during the course of 3-week culture. We found that the time-dependent osteocytic transitions of the cells exhibited trends consistent with in vivo observations, particularly with high expression of Sost gene, which is a key osteocyte-specific marker for the mechanotransduction function of osteocytes. In contrast, cells cultured in 2D well-plates did not replicate in vivo trends. These results provide an important new insight in building physiologically relevant in vitro bone tissue models.
Lats1 Deletion Causes Increased Germ Cell Apoptosis and Follicular Cysts in Mouse Ovaries

The Hippo signaling pathway is essential for regulating proliferation and apoptosis in mammalian cells. The LATS1 kinase is a core member of the Hippo signaling pathway that phosphorylates and inactivates the transcriptional co-activators YAP1 and WWTR1. Deletion of Lats1 results in low neonate survival and ovarian stromal tumors in surviving adults, but the effects of Lats1 on early follicular development are not understood. Here, the expression of Hippo pathway components including Wwtr1, Stk4, Stk3, Lats2, and Yap1 transcripts were decreased by 50% in mouse ovaries between 2 and 8 days of age while expression was maintained from 8 days to 21 days and after priming with eCG. LATS1, LATS2, and MOB1B were localized to both germ and somatic cells of primordial to antral follicles. Interestingly, YAP1 was predominantly cytoplasmic, whereas WWTR1 was nuclear in oocytes and somatic cells. Deletion of Lats1 caused an increase in germ cell apoptosis from 1.7% in control ovaries to 3.6% in Lats1 mutant ovaries and a 58% and 32% decrease in primordial and activated follicle numbers in cultured mutant ovaries. Surprisingly, there was an increase in Bmp15 but not Gdf9, Figla, Nobox transcripts or the somatic-specific transcripts Amh and Wnt4 in cultured Lats1 mutant ovaries. Last, Lats1 mutant ovaries developed ovarian cysts at a higher frequency (43%) than heterozygous (24%) and control ovaries (8%). Results showed that the Hippo pathway is active in ovarian follicles and that LATS1 is required to maintain the pool of germ cells and primordial follicles.
Modeling of the Perfectly Matched Layer Absorbing Boundaries and Intrinsic Attenuation in Explicit Finite-Element Methods

We present an implementation of the perfectly matched layer (pml) absorbing boundary conditions and modeling of intrinsic attenuation ( Q ) in explicit finite-element simulations of wave propagation. The finite-element method uses one integration point and an hourglass control scheme, which leads to an easy extension of the velocity-stress implementation of pml to the finite-element method. Numerical examples using both regular and irregular elements in the pml region show excellent results: very few reflections are observed from the boundary for both body waves and surface waves—far superior to the classic first-order absorbing boundaries. The one-point integration also gives rise to an easy incorporation of the coarse-grain approach for modeling Q (Day, 1998). We implement the coarse-grain method in a structured finite-element mesh straightforwardly. We also apply the coarse-grain method to a widely used, slightly unstructured finite-element mesh, where unstructured finite elements are only used in the vertical velocity transition zones. A linear combination of eight relaxation mechanisms is used to simulate the target attenuation model over a wide frequency range. The relaxation time and weight of each relaxation mechanism are distributed in a spatially periodic manner to the center of each element. Stress relaxations caused by anelastic material response are calculated from elastic strains in the element and redistributed to the nodal forces of the element. Numerical simulation of anelastic wave propagation in a layered velocity structure with very small Q s using both the structured mesh and the unstructured mesh show excellent agreement with the analytical solutions when the viscoelastic modulus is calculated by a harmonic average over the coarse-grain unit. Our scheme greatly expands the use of pml and the coarse-grain method for modeling Q , so that these methods can be used in a versatile and efficient finite-element formulation.
Expression of bloodstream variant surface glycoproteins in procyclic stage Trypanosoma brucei: role of GPI anchors in secretion

Using transformed procyclic trypanosomes, the synthesis, intracellular transport and secretion of wild-type and mutant variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) is characterized. We find no impediment to the expression of this bloodstream stage protein in insect stage cells. VSG receives a procyclic-type phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C-resistant glycosyl phosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor, dimerizes and is N-glycosylated. It is transported to the plasma membrane with rapid kinetics (t(1/2) approximately 1 h) and then released by a cell surface zinc-dependent metalloendoprotease activity, a possible homolog of leishmanial gp63. Deletion of the C-terminal GPI addition signal generates a soluble form of VSG that is exported with greatly reduced kinetics (t(1/2) approximately 5 h). Fusion of the procyclic acidic repetitive protein (PARP) GPI anchor signal to the C-terminus of the truncated VSG reporter restores both GPI addition and transport competence, suggesting that GPI anchors play a critical role in the folding and/or forward transport of newly synthesized VSG. The VSG-PARP fusion is also processed near the C-terminus by events that do not involve N-linked oligosaccharides and which are consistent with GPI side chain modification. This unexpected result suggests that GPI processing may be influenced by adjacent peptide sequence or conformation.
Distributed integrated circuits: an alternative approach to high-frequency design

Distributed integrated circuits are presented as a methodology to design high-frequency communication building blocks. Distributed circuits operate based on multiple parallel signal paths working in synchronization that can be used to enhance the frequency of operation, combine power, and enhance the robustness of the design. These multiple signal paths usually result in strong couplings inside the circuit that necessitate a treatment spanning architecture, circuits, devices, and electromagnetic levels of abstraction.
Quantification of coronary artery calcium using ultrafast computed tomography

Ultrafast computed tomography was used to detect and quantify coronary artery calcium levels in 584 subjects (mean age 48 +/- 10 years) with (n = 109) and without (n = 475) clinical coronary artery disease. Fifty patients who underwent fluoroscopy and ultrafast computed tomography were also evaluated. Twenty contiguous 3 mm slices were obtained of the proximal coronary arteries. Total calcium scores were calculated based on the number, areas and peak Hounsfield computed tomographic numbers of the calcific lesions detected. In 88 subjects scored by two readers independently, interobserver agreement was excellent with identical total scores obtained in 70. Ultrafast computed tomography was more sensitive than fluoroscopy, detecting coronary calcium in 90% versus 52% of patients. There were significant differences (p less than 0.0001) in mean total calcium scores for those with versus those without clinical coronary artery disease by decade: 5 versus 132, age 30 to 39 years; 27 versus 291, age 40 to 49 years; 83 versus 462, age 50 to 59 years; and 187 versus 786, age 60 to 69 years. Sensitivity, specificity and predictive values for clinical coronary artery disease were calculated for several total calcium scores in each decade. For age groups 40 to 49 and 50 to 59 years, a total score of 50 resulted in a sensitivity of 71% and 74% and a specificity of 91% and 70%, respectively. For age group 60 to 69 years, a total score of 300 gave a sensitivity of 74% and a specificity of 81%. The negative predictive value of a 0 score was 98%, 94% and 100% for age groups 40 to 49, 50 to 59 and 60 to 69 years, respectively. Ultrafast computed tomography is an excellent tool for detecting and quantifying coronary artery calcium.
Friendship Networks of Mobile Adolescents

Data from almost 13,000 respondents to the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) are used to examine the impact of residential and school mobility on the structure of adolescents' friendship networks and the degree to which parents know their children's friends and the parents of those friends. Recent movers or school changers tend to have small, dense networks, and to occupy less central and less prestigious positions in their networks, and the parents of mobile adolescents are less knowledgeable about members of their children's networks. These effects appear to persist for several years. The level of mobility in the school often has an independent impact on the character of adolescents' friendship networks; students in high-mobility schools have smaller networks and receive comparatively few friendship nominations, and their parents are less likely to know their children's friends and those friends' parents. The negative impact of individual mobility on some dimensions of adolescents' friendship networks is attenuated by high levels of mobility in the adolescents' schools. The impact of mobility on some network characteristics is especially pronounced among older adolescents and among girls.
Sodium NMR imaging of lung water in rats.

Coronal proton and sodium images of control rats and rats with either increased permeability edema produced by intravenous alloxan (300 mg/kg) or increased pressure edema produced by saline infusion (2 ml/min) were obtained. Axial chest CT images were used to monitor the development of pulmonary edema. Immediately after the imaging session compartmental lung water was measured gravimetrically. The sodium and proton imaging were done sequentially in a 31-cm-bore 1.9-T magnet without moving the animal. The anatomical boundaries of the lung on the proton images were transferred to the sodium images for calculation of the average sodium signal intensity which was determined by extrapolating the mean values from five echoes to time zero. The sodium signal intensity was correlated (r = 0.7) with the total water fraction. There was poor correlation (r = 0.56) with the extravascular water due to confounding by the sodium vascular signal. © 1988 Academic Press, Inc.
Comparative Evaluation of Thermal Interface Materials for Improving the Thermal Contact between an Operating Computer Microprocessor and Its Heat Sink

Testing of the relative effectiveness of various thermal interface materials for improving the thermal contact between the well-aligned mating surfaces of an operating computer microprocessor (with an integrated heat spreader) and its heat sink shows that carbon black paste, whether by itself or as a coating on aluminum or flexible graphite, is more effective than silver paste (Arctic Silver), but is comparable in effectiveness to aluminum paste (Shin-Etsu). The carbon black paste by itself is as effective as the Shin-Etsu paste coated aluminum. The Shin-Etsu paste is more effective than Arctic Silver, whether by itself or as a coating. The relative performance is mostly consistent with that assessed by measuring the thermal contact conductance. The correlation is particularly strong for conductance below 3×104 W/m2·°C. The discrepancy is attributed to the difference in surface roughness between computer and guarded hot plate surfaces. In the case in which the mating surfaces of microprocessor and heat sink are not well aligned, Shin-Etsu and Arctic Silver are more effective than carbon black.
Collective Electron Driven Linac for High Energy Physics

A linac design is presented in which an intense ultrarelativistic electron bunch is used to excite fields in a series of cavities and accelerate charged particles. The intense electron bunch is generated in a simple storage ring to have the required transverse and longitudinal dimensions. The bunch is then transferred to the linac. The linac structure can be inexpensively constructed of spacers and washers. The fields in the cells resulting from the bunch passage are calculated using the program BCI. The results show that certain particles within the driving bunch and also trailing particles of any sign charge can be accelerated. With existing electron storage rings, accelerating gradients greater than 16 MV/m are possible. Examples of two accelerators are given: 1) A 30 GeV electron/positron accelerator useful as an injector for a high energy storage ring and 2) a 110 GeV per beam electron-positron collider.
On optimal parametric field estimation in sensor networks

We develop a framework for field estimation using wireless sensor networks, subject to network power and communication channel constraints. Each field snapshot is described by a real-valued parameter vector and the sensor measurements are assumed independent and identically distributed, conditioned on the parameter values. The nodes communicate appropriate local statistics to a fusion center over a wireless multiple access channel (MAC). If the node statistics satisfy a critical mean condition, a simple uncoded communication strategy yields the optimal (centralized) 1/k squared-error parameter distortion scaling with the number of nodes (k) even with finite total network power. If an additional additive property is satisfied, and the network power grows unbounded (sub-linearly) with the number of nodes, then the uncoded strategy achieves the Cramer-Rao lower bound on distortion. Motivated by these general results, we propose a universal parameter estimation framework based on local type/histogram statistics that satisfies both optimality conditions for arbitrary finite alphabet measurements. It is shown that phase coherent transmission of type statistics achieves the optimal power-distortion scaling even over a fading MAC. When reliable phase synchronization is not possible, a simple coded strategy is proposed that achieves logarithmic distortion reduction with total network power
The endocrinology of sexual arousal

The relevance of testosterone, oestradiol and certain pep- tides (oxytocin (OT), -endorphin and prolactin (PRL)) to sexual arousal in humans is reviewed. In addition to behavioural studies, evidence of distribution of gonadal steroid receptors in the brain and the limited evidence from brain imaging are also considered. Testosterone plays a key role in the adult male, with clear, consistent evidence from studies of hypogonadal and eugonadal men. The roles of testosterone in the development of sexual arousability, and in the aging male, are less clear. The relevance of aromatization and of non-sexual effects of testosterone which might indirectly influence sexual arousal are not well understood. Testosterone in the female presents a more complex, less consistent picture. One possible explanation is a much greater variability across women in responsiveness to testosterone. A 'desensitiza- tion hypothesis' to account for the striking gender differ- ences is offered. There is limited evidence of a direct effect of oestradiol on sexual arousability in women. The extent to which testosterone in women acts by conversion to oestradiol or by increase of free oestradiol is not yet clear. The role of peptides in sexual arousal remains uncertain, partly because of the multiple roles and sites of action of most peptides. OT and -endorphin appear to have both excitatory and inhibitory effects. PRL has been proposed as an inhibitory factor via direct inhibition of dopaminergic activity, but the evidence for this is inconclusive. Whereas the traditional concept of 'hormone' continues to apply to the role of testosterone and oestradiol in sexual arousal, peptides present a more complex role.
National interests and cultural exchange in French and American educational travel, 1914–1970

In contrast to much recent scholarship focusing on the intent of the USA to exercise ‘informal American empire' through student exchanges, this study analyses both intentions and outcomes in educational exchanges between France and the USA from 1914 to 1970. Archival research, oral interviews, and published works in both countries reveal that study abroad served national interests because American students became advocates for France as well as thoughtful nationalists by experiencing a transformative cultural exchange through learning and living in France. Thus, study abroad served both national interests and internationalism.
Evidence of Chaos in “Controlled” and “Uncontrolled” Experiments

Chapter 8 outlined the details behind the theory of phase-space reconstruction and the estimation of the various relevant exponents. The development of the theory and the various techniques were verified via well-defined low-dimensional mathematical dynamical systems. The next step was to see whether chaotic behavior is found in physical systems. The next best thing to mathematical dynamical systems would be a “controlled” physical system where only a small number of variables and parameters are important (controlled in the sense that the parameters that dictate the evolution of the system can be held fairly constant). To this end many intelligent experiments were set up, and the search for evidence of chaos in the laboratory was begun. Several classic controlled experiments will now be discussed in detail.
Tissue-Specific Contributions of Paternally Expressed Gene 3 in Lactation and Maternal Care of Mus musculus.

Paternally Expressed Gene 3 (Peg3) is an imprinted gene that controls milk letdown and maternal-caring behaviors. In this study, a conditional knockout allele has been developed in Mus musculus to further characterize these known functions of Peg3 in a tissue-specific manner. The mutant line was first crossed with a germline Cre. The progeny of this cross displayed growth retardation phenotypes. This is consistent with those seen in the previous mutant lines of Peg3, confirming the usefulness of the new mutant allele. The mutant line was subsequently crossed individually with MMTV- and Nkx2.1-Cre lines to test Peg3’s roles in the mammary gland and hypothalamus, respectively. According to the results, the milk letdown process was impaired in the nursing females with the Peg3 mutation in the mammary gland, but not in the hypothalamus. This suggests that Peg3’s roles in the milk letdown process are more critical in the mammary gland than in the hypothalamus. In contrast, one of the maternal-caring behaviors, nest-building, was interrupted in the females with the mutation in both MMTV- and Nkx2.1-driven lines. Overall, this is the first study to introduce a conditional knockout allele of Peg3 and to further dissect its contribution to mammalian reproduction in a tissue-specific manner.
Modeling of Dynamic Systems using MATLAB and SIMULINK

The Matlab environment, which allows one to integrate user-friendly tools with great computational capabilities, is found to be one of the most useful tools available to model complex dynamic systems, design control algorithms, optimize systems, accomplish data analysis and visualization, perform hardware-in-the-loop simulation, and deploy the developed control laws through generation of C-code using advanced microcontrollers and digital signal processors (DSPs). A family of application-specific toolboxes, with a specialized collection of m-files for solving different problems commonly encountered in engineering practice, provides comprehensiveness in linear and nonlinear analysis and design, system optimization, and synthesis. A great number of books in Matlab and Simulink are available. In addition to the demonstrations and viable help available, the Math-Works educational website can be used for references; see http://education.mathworks.com and http://www.mathworks.com. This section is in-tended to help the designer to use Matlab efficiently, and the author does not intend to substitute the Matlab books available. Only the most basic features will be demonstrated to introduce Matlab and Simulink as well as to show how they can be applied.
Restorative planning ethics: The therapeutic imagination and planning in public institutions

How should planners in public institutions restore relationships after they have done things that cause harm to communities? This manuscript examines how Sandercock’s therapeutic imagination in pla...
Correlations Between Optical Transmission and Magnetic Properties of Doped and Undoped GaMnN

Ferromagnetism (FM) in GaMnN was found to be related to the position of the Fermi level relative to the Mn deep-level band. The location of the Fermi level can be altered by doping GaMnN with Si (n-type) and Mg (p-type) dopants, resulting in a ferromagnetic to paramagnetic transformation. We have found that this manipulation of the Fermi level also can affect the optical properties of GaMnN, GaMnN: Mg and GaMnN: Si. The major optical absorption bands were found either to be enhanced or diminished depending on the level and nature of the doping elements. Therefore, a correlation between optical properties and saturation magnetization of GaMnN can be established.
Quando uma queixa comum revela um diagnóstico incomum - Síndroma de Eagle

Introduction: The Eagle syndrome is characterized by the elongation of styloid process. This provides attachment for many important neurovascular structures and can lead to a broad spectrum of symptoms. The most common symptoms include odynophagia and a sensation of a foreign body. It can also cause dysphagia, headache, syncope, or even transient ischemic attacks. The diagnosis is difficult as the symptoms may be attributed to other diseases. Case report: We describe the case of a 35-year-old female with persistent odynophagia for 8 months, with multiple consultations with her family doctor and the local emergency department. Physical examination revealed oropharyngeal erythema. Endoscopy and pharyngeal exudate were normal. The patient was referred to an otolaryngology consultation, but no cause was found. With persistent odynophagia and anxiety due to a lack of a diagnosis, computerized tomography of the pharynx was requested. This revealed asymmetry of the styloid process and the Eagle syndrome was diagnosed. Conservative management was suggested, but due to refractory symptoms, the patient was referred to stomatology. After consultation in hospital, the complaints of pain improved with anti-inflammatory therapy. The patient is currently followed in hospital with annual monitoring. Comment: Although the Eagle syndrome is rare, it should be considered in patients with chronic cervicofacial pain, especially when this is refractory to treatment. Otherwise, it may lead to incorrect diagnosis, to consumption of health resources, and to physical and emotional stress for the patient. The family doctor has a role to play in recognition this syndrome since the symptoms are commonly encountered in daily clinical practice.
Relationship Quality and Its Causal Link to Service Value, Satisfaction, and Word-of-Mouth

ABSTRACTThis study investigates the structural nature of relationship quality and its influence on service value, customer satisfaction, and word-of-mouth (WOM) behavior. The results indicate several important implications. Confirmatory factor analysis results identified a relationship quality construct as a second-order model, which consists of six first-order factors. Structural equation modeling results indicate that relationship quality has a significant positive effect on WOM intention directly and indirectly via satisfaction. Service value meanwhile significantly affects satisfaction, whereas satisfaction has a significant positive influence on WOM behavior. Research also indicates that relationship quality and service value share a coeffect.
The Austrians’ Role and Allied Planning during the Second World War

The annexation of Austria by Nazi Germany in 1938, came about as the result of a complex mix of domestic and international factors and was a decisive event on Europe’s path to war. Austria’s role during the Second World War was highly ambiguous. A majority of Austrians welcomed the German invasion and numerous perpetrators from the Ostmark participated eagerly in Hitler’s war of extermination. A minority of Austrians were shocked about the demise of their country and resisted the Hitler regime. The Austrian economy and society were modernized and rationalized due to the German presence during the war. The Allies’ plans for postwar Austria emerged slowly during the course of the war. The British were leading the planning effort and initiated the Moscow Declaration which promised to re-establish an independent Austria. They decided early on not to demand reparations from postwar Austria. The Soviets were determined to make the Austrians pay for their participation in Hitler’s barbaric war but never intended to include postwar Austria in their Eastern European sphere of security. In order to understand the Cold War Soviet economic depredations in Austria, Austria’s wartime status and the role of Austrians in Nazi Germany needs to be understood. Most of the great-power postwar disagreements over the country were rooted in wartime actions.
The Employment Screening Interview: An Organizational Assimilation and Communication Perspective

(1984). The Employment Screening Interview: An Organizational Assimilation and Communication Perspective. Annals of the International Communication Association: Vol. 8, Communication Yearbook 8, pp. 137-163.
Measuring the Degree of Monopoly and Competition

AN analysis of the problem of measuring monopoly and competition 1 should start from definitions, so that it may be clear from the first what it is whose measurement is being discussed. As a part of the intensive theoretical study of this field in recent years a number of new definitions of monopoly have appeared, and I should like to make clear from the beginning that I do not accept any of them. Dr. Triffin, after discussing some of these new definitions, comments that ‘Professor Chamberlin seems to be the only one who has kept without a particle of change the old traditional definition of monopoly as control over supply ’.2 This is what monopoly has always meant, and I see no reason to change it.
Applications of Bayesian Methods to Medical Device Trials

The fundamental idea in the Bayesian approach is that one’s uncertainty about an unknown quantity of interest is represented by probabilities for possible values of that quantity. For instance, unknown quantities of interest in device trials are the parameters of the clinical safety and effectiveness distribution for the treated and control groups.
Accessing Mitochondrial Targets Using NanoCargos

Mitochondria are membrane bound organelles that play essential roles for cell life, including energy production, apoptosis, redox balance, and regulation of calcium. Mitochondrial dysfunction is a hallmark for various diseases ranging from well-known diseases like cancer to rare genetic disorders like Barth’s syndrome. Accordingly, mitochondria have been identified as key targets for therapeutic intervention. Mitochondria targeting strategies using nanocargos are rapidly growing tools for delivery of therapeutic and/or diagnostic payloads to mitochondria. In this chapter, we will highlight specific mitochondrial targets for nanotechnology-based delivery vehicles, NanoCargos, and discuss intracellular uptake mechanisms for NanoCargos, as well as technological methods for investigating mechanism for NanoCargo internalization into mitochondria.
Structures and ultrafast dynamics of interfacial water assemblies on smooth hydrophobic surfaces

Abstract Using time-averaged and ultrafast electron diffraction, structures and ultrafast dynamics of interfacial water assemblies on smooth hydrophobic surfaces are reported. The lack of hydrophilic interaction and topographical template effect from the support surface leads to the formation of small, mostly randomly-oriented, ice crystallites with the cubic structure. Dynamically, following the substrate photoexcitation, interfacial water assemblies undergo four stages of changes—ultrafast melting, nonequilibrium isotropic phase transformation, annealing, and restructuring—which are closely correlated with the substrate dynamics. The connectivity and cooperative nature of the hydrogen-bonded network is considered crucial for water assemblies to withstand large structural motions without sublimation on ultrashort times.
Relation between Carotid Intima-Media Thickness and diastolic augmentation index in Chinese population

Both atherosclerosis measured by carotid intimamedia thickness (CIMT) and arterial stiffness measured by diastolic augmentation index (DAI) are risk factors of cardiovascular disease. We studied the relationship between CIMT and DAI in Chinese population. 65 outpatients (26 males and 39 females) aged 24–78 years (51±19 years) recruited from carotid ultrasound examination room were taken into the study. We used a tonometric device (IIM-2010A to measure DAI, pules wave velocity (PWV) and augmentation index (AI), and a Sonosite Micromax ultrasound unit to measure CIMT. CIMT was negatively correlated with DAI (r=−0.636, P<0.01), and positively relevant with PWV and AI (r=0.396 and r=0.596, P<0.01 for both). DAI was negatively related to AI (r=−0.522 and P<0.001). Age, PWV and DAI were independent predictors of CIMT, while age, CIMT and central blood pressure were independent predictors of DAI. CIMT was age-dependent and significantly related to DAI besides other parameters for arterial stiffness including PWV and AI.
Automation and skill: New directions

The skill requirements for the effective implementation of new technologies are often not well understood. This paper reviews the history of efforts to generalize about these requirements, and identifies a succession of schools of thought. The most recent trends in research, emerging simultaneously in several countries, appear to support an upgrading – as opposed to deskilling – proposition: in general, effective implementation of automation seems to enhance, rather than replace, human skills. This diagnosis requires us to broaden our concept of skill to include broader forms of responsibility, more procedural expertise, and the social skills required for teamwork. It also calls on us to revise traditional notions of the automation process of "transferring" skills to machines. The associated prognosis has implications both at the level of machine design and broader social policy.
Culturally Diverse Elders and Their Families: Examining the Need for Culturally Competent Services

Demographic shifts among the aging population of the United States call for a re-examination of our understanding of the needs of these individuals, especially when race, ethnicity, family composit...
ES4-4: Circuit design techniques for fully integrated voltage regulator using switched capacitors

• Clear need to have efficient integrated power supply • SC DC-DC converter is a good candidate for both high power density and high efficiency • SC Converter design techniques • Multiphase interleaving for smaller output ripple • More converter topologies • Efficient switch drivers • Parasitics reduction for integrated capacitors • Feedback and regulation • System techniques • More power converter design innovations coming
Benefit of Surgical Resection of the Primary Tumor in Patients Undergoing Chemotherapy for Stage IV Colorectal Cancer with Unresected Metastasis

Resection of the primary tumor in patients with unresected metastatic colorectal cancer is controversial, and often performed only for palliation of symptoms. Our goal was to determine if resection of the primary tumor in this patient population is associated with improved survival. This is a retrospective cohort study of the National Cancer Data Base from 2004 to 2012. The study population included all patients with synchronous metastatic colorectal adenocarcinoma who were treated with systemic chemotherapy. The study groups were patients who underwent definitive surgery for the primary tumor and those who did not. Patients were excluded if they had surgical intervention on the sites of metastasis or pathology other than adenocarcinoma. Primary outcome was overall survival. Of the 65,543 patients with unresected stage IV colorectal adenocarcinoma undergoing chemotherapy, 55% underwent surgical resection of the primary site. Patients who underwent surgical resection of the primary tumor had improved median survival compared to patients treated with chemotherapy alone (22 vs 13 months, p < .0001). The surgical survival benefit was present for patients who were treated with either multi-agent or single-agent chemotherapy (23 vs 14 months, p < 0.001; 19 vs 9 months, p < 0.001). Surgical resection of the primary tumor was also associated with improved survival when using multivariate analysis with propensity score matching (OR = 0.863; 95% CI [0.805–.924]; HR = 0.914; 95% CI [0.888–0.942]). Our results show that in patients with synchronous unresected stage IV colorectal adenocarcinoma undergoing single- or multi-agent chemotherapy, after adjusting for confounding variables, definitive resection of the primary site was associated with improved overall survival. Large randomized controlled trials are needed to determine if there is a causal relationship between surgery and increased overall survival in this patient population.
Policy Making: How the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices Reached Recent Decisions:

With the rapid pace of immunologic research, it is more important than ever for readers to understand rational immunodiagnosis, immunoprophylaxis, and immunotherapy. This column is intended to help...
Physical Activity, Sedentary Behavior, and Retirement: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis.

Introduction Physical activity and sedentary behavior are major risk factors for chronic disease. These behaviors may change at retirement, with implications for health in later life. The study objective was to describe longitudinal patterns of moderate to vigorous and domain-specific physical activity and TV watching by retirement status. Methods Participants in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (n=6,814) were recruited from six U.S. communities and were aged 45–84 years at baseline. Retirement status and frequency and duration of domain-specific physical activity (recreational walking, transport walking, non-walking leisure activity, caregiving, household, occupational/volunteer) and TV watching were self-reported at four study exams (2000 to 2012). Fixed effect linear regression models were used to describe longitudinal patterns in physical activity and TV watching by retirement status overall and stratified by socioeconomic position. Analyses were conducted in 2017. Results Of 4,091 Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis participants not retired at baseline, 1,012 (25%) retired during a median of 9 years follow-up. Retirement was associated with a 10% decrease (95% CI= –15%, –5%) in moderate to vigorous physical activity and increases of 13% to 29% in recreational walking, household activity, and TV watching. Among people of low socioeconomic position, the magnitude of association was larger for moderate to vigorous physical activity. Among people of high socioeconomic position, the magnitude of association was larger for non-walking leisure and household activity. Conclusions The retirement transition was associated with changes in physical activity and TV watching. To inform intervention development, future research is needed on the determinants of behavior change after retirement, particularly among individuals of low socioeconomic position.
Sustained overexpression of FoxM1B which increases liver regenerative capacity may have minimal effects on hepatocellular carcinoma development

5056 FoxM1B is a member of the Forkhead box (Fox) transcription factor family whose members play important roles in regulating embryogenesis, cellular proliferation, cellular differentiation and longevity. Expression of FoxM1B correlates with cell proliferation; it is present in rapidly dividing embryonic tissues but is poorly expressed in nonproliferating, differentiated adult tissues. In aged, adult mice, increased hepatic expression of FoxM1B accelerates hepatocyte proliferation after partial hepatectomy, while in hepatocytes in intact liver the transgenic protein is inactive and has no effect on proliferation. This has lead to the suggestion that artificial enrichment of FoxM1B in the liver may be feasible as a gene therapy approach to treatment of liver dysfunction due to aging. To investigate the influence of FoxM1B on liver tumor formation we examined the effect of sustained enrichment of FoxM1B in the hepatocytes of mice treated with a diethylnitrosamine(DEN)/phenobarbital tumor induction protocol. Transgenic enrichment of FoxM1B in hepatocytes did not increase the proliferation rate in normal liver tissue even when the protein was localized to the nucleus. However, it did cause an increase in the proliferation rate and size of preneoplastic and early neoplastic lesions though having no effect on the total numbers of these lesions. As tumors progressed to hepatocellular carcinomas the additional transgenic FoxM1B protein had no effect on cell proliferation, and there was no increase in tumor burden compared to wild type animals. This suggests that the artificial enrichment of FoxM1B in the liver may not be tumorigenic in that organ.
New Synthetic Route, Characterization, and Electrocatalytic Activity of Nanosized Manganite

Nanosized γ-MnOOH (manganite) has been synthesized by a new route via the reduction of KMnO4 with sucrose and MnSO4 in acidic medium under refluxing conditions for 4 and 6 h. Characterization of these manganite materials using XRD, FESEM, TEM, TGA, and IR were carried out. The obtained manganite samples using the new route were compared against a conventionally prepared one where synthesis involved the oxidation of MnSO4 with a H2O2 solution in a basic medium. Two new synthetic methods were developed, one involving addition of KMnO4 into a solution of both sucrose and MnSO4 while the other involved addition of KMnO4 solution into sucrose only followed by addition of MnSO4 (s). The latter method yielded smaller particles (up to 30 nm) than the former method (up to 80 nm) and the conventionally prepared manganite (up to 50 nm). The synthesized manganite materials exhibited promising characteristics when tested as electrocatalysts in the reduction of O2. The larger particles gave higher peak currents in CV. ...
Challenges and Suggestions Toward Developing Full-Scale Commercialization of Transportation Biofuels Within the United States

The potential for transportation biofuels to displace petroleum fuels is recognized. Biofuels are produced from either cultured or waste biomass. This potential has spurred a tremendous amount of research and development. Yet, past commercialization efforts have not been particularly successful with many efforts outright failing (other than corn-based ethanol). While the potential is there, better holistic, non-biased due-diligence efforts are needed to ensure future investments are sound. Example key due diligence evaluative factors are presented along with suggestions to perform thorough techno-economic analyses and utilize non-food-based feedstocks.
The Ideal Worker Norm: Why It Is More Difficult for Women to Be Perceived as Highly Promotable

The literature on gender differences in promotions has yet to explain why women tend to be promoted at a slower rate than men. Although past research has focused on performance evaluations as an ex...
Experimental Evidence Extraction System in Data Science with Hybrid Table Features and Ensemble Learning

Data Science has been one of the most popular fields in higher education and research activities. It takes tons of time to read the experimental section of thousands of papers and figure out the performance of the data science techniques. In this work, we build an experimental evidence extraction system to automate the integration of tables (in the paper PDFs) into a database of experimental results. First, it crops the tables and recognizes the templates. Second, it classifies the column names and row names into “method”, “dataset”, or “evaluation metric”, and then unified all the table cells into (method, dataset, metric, score)-quadruples. We propose hybrid features including structural and semantic table features as well as an ensemble learning approach for column/row name classification and table unification. SQL statements can be used to answer questions such as whether a method is the state-of-the-art or whether the reported numbers are conflicting.
Combining Universal Design for Learning and Self-Regulated Strategy Development to Bolster Writing Instruction:

Students with disabilities encounter persistent barriers in writing, which manifest within all phases of the writing process. These challenges can involve both higher order processes (e.g., organiz...
A Fourth Grade Experience

“We’ve been trying to tell you you’re wrong!” With this reprimand, a nine-year old girl, hand on hip, expressed the class’ exasperation with the slowwitted mathematics professor who couldn’t understand the obvious. That morning I got a lesson about whether the creative-like behavior of children reflects creativity or an inability to discriminate.
Understanding Determinants for STEM Major Choice Among Students Beginning Community College

Objective:This study explored how high school and postsecondary academic parameters may relate to the choice of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) major for students beginning...