cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On neutrino production of heavy neutral leptons

Production of heavy neutral leptons by p -.type neutrinos is inves tigated in the framework of a strangeness-conserving neutral current model, ati the analysis is applied to the Ramm effect. The failure to observe such heavy leptons in the K-meson decay spectrum is easily understood, but the large charged current coupling strength required in the heavy lepton decay (well above the universal value) casts considerable doubt on the validity of the effect, Confirmation of the effect would suggest the existence of a new direct pion-muon interaction. (Submitted to Physics Letters B,) * Work supported in part by the U. S. Atomic Energy Commission. t Summer visitor in the Theoretical Physics Division. Permanent address: Northern Illinois University, DeKalb , Illinois 60115. The possible production of heavy leptons in high energy interactions has stimulated both theoretical and experimental interest. 132 Heavy charged leptons could be produced in pairs in high energy e + ecolliding beams or in association with their characteristic neutrinos in high energy ynucleus or enucleus interactions. On the other hand, both charged and neutral heavy leptons could be copiously produced in high energy neutrino interactions if they carry the same muon quantum number as the conventional neutrino probe v . I-1 The purpose of this note is to present some theoretical speculations on neutral heavy lepton production by p-type neutrinos. This study is prompted in part by the observations due to Ramm3 of an apparent peak in the 7~+p(npe) invariant mass spectrum produced in the 1967 CERN V~ ($) experiments. The peaks at 425 MeV suggest the production and subsequent decay of a heavy neutral lepton. This so called Ramm effect has not been highly regarded, for overwhelming evidence demonstrates that no such peaks appear in the r-p mass distribuJ tions from KL + 7rp v decays. 4 We can resolve this apparent contradiction, however, by employing a simple model. Although our analysis tends to emphasize the Ramm effect at 425 MeV, the study applies just as well to some other hypothetical heavy lepton; we select a mass of 1.2 CeV by way of example. The apparent processes in question are and VP + P +p+h” P (1) h;,a++p-. (2) The theoretical model we propose for the production process (1) couples the neutral leptons to the nucleon vertex through a weak neutral current interaction. To be sure, the existence of weakly coupled neutral currents has not been 2demonstrated to date; however, we consider the simplest model consistent with the present data as discussed previously by Albright and Oakes:5 the neutral hadron current is taken to be strangeness-conserving and simply the 3rd component of an isospin triplet. In detail, we write down the weak semileptonic Hamiltonian coupling the p -type heavy lepton according to HSL = s % [ ( Jr) ji-) + Jim) jr) + 2 go Ji3)jr) ) 1 , where Jr) (3) represents the Cabibbo current, Jh is the 3rd component of the V A octet current, and the lepton currents coupling the heavy lepton to the ordinary leptons are given by (3)
Grid Binary LOgistic REgression (GLORE): building shared models without sharing data.

Objective The classification of complex or rare patterns in clinical and genomic data requires the availability of a large, labeled patient set. While methods that operate on large, centralized data sources have been extensively used, little attention has been paid to understanding whether models such as binary logistic regression (LR) can be developed in a distributed manner, allowing researchers to share models without necessarily sharing patient data. Material and methods Instead of bringing data to a central repository for computation, we bring computation to the data. The Grid Binary LOgistic REgression (GLORE) model integrates decomposable partial elements or non-privacy sensitive prediction values to obtain model coefficients, the variance-covariance matrix, the goodness-of-fit test statistic, and the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Results We conducted experiments on both simulated and clinically relevant data, and compared the computational costs of GLORE with those of a traditional LR model estimated using the combined data. We showed that our results are the same as those of LR to a 10−15 precision. In addition, GLORE is computationally efficient. Limitation In GLORE, the calculation of coefficient gradients must be synchronized at different sites, which involves some effort to ensure the integrity of communication. Ensuring that the predictors have the same format and meaning across the data sets is necessary. Conclusion The results suggest that GLORE performs as well as LR and allows data to remain protected at their original sites.
Maximum entropy deconvolution of heterogeneity in protein modification: Protein adducts of 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal

Abstract To explore the chemistry of the reactions of the cytotoxic aldehyde trans-4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE) with proteins, we incubated this aldehyde in vitro with beta-lactoglobulin B, a model protein of molecular weight 18,277 Da. Direct characterization of reaction products using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry yielded spectra whose complexity suggested extensive product heterogeneity. Spectra were transformed to a true mass scale using both a conventional transform algorithm and a maximum entropy algorithm. Both transformations demonstrated the formation of aldehyde-protein adducts containing from three to nine aldehyde molecules per molecule of protein. Maximum entropy deconvolution resolved Schiff base adducts and/or dehydration products, differing from the Michael addition adducts by 18 Da. The dominant reaction pathway, however, was Michael addition of the aldehyde to nucleophilic functional groups on the protein. The large number of Michael adducts relative to the one available cysteine requires that other amino acids, such as histidine and lysine, also be modified. The data suggest that methods for analysis of HNE that involve displacement of Schiff base groups from proteins will only recover a small fraction of HNE.
Effect of changing vascular volume on measurement of protein reflection coefficient in ischemic lungs

In ischemic organs, the protein reflection coefficient (ς) can be estimated by measuring blood hematocrit (Hct) and protein after increasing static vascular pressure (Pv). Our original equation for...
Parallel Particle Simulations of Thin-Film Deposition

Thin-film growth by sputter deposition is a manufacturing process that is well suited for study by particle simulation methods. The authors report on the development of a high performance, parallel, molecular-dynamics software package that simulates atomic metal systems under sputter deposition conditions. The package combines advanced techniques for parallel molecular dynamics with specialized schemes for the simulation of sputtered atoms impinging on thin films and substrates. The features of the package include asynchronous message passing, dynamic load balancing, mechanisms for data caching, and efficient memory management. For classical, semiempirical force calculations, the authors employ a modified version of the embedded-atom method with improved efficiency. Enhancements for the simulation of sputter deposition include an adjustable temperature control algorithm, the detection and ray tracing of emitted particles, and a Langevin localization procedure that restricts the dynamics computations to regions undergoing kinetic energy transfer. The authors describe in detail the features of the package, discuss its performance behavior, and also present some results from sputter deposition simulations.
Ginga-NCL: the declarative environment of the Brazilian digital TV system

As in all main terrestrial DTV Systems, the Brazilian middleware, named Ginga, supports both declarative applications (through its presentation, or declarative, environment Ginga-NCL) and procedural applications (through its execution, or procedural, environment Ginga-J). Since hybrid applications are common, either type of Ginga application may make use of facilities of both presentation and execution application environments. This paper focuses on the presentation environment Ginga-NCL. The main Brazilian inovations are then presented, regarding the Ginga architecture, the declarative NCL language specification, the editing commands for live application production, and the transport data structure.
Predicting the potential invasive distributions of four alien plant species in North America

Abstract Ecological niche modeling, a new methodology for predicting the geographic course of species' invasions, was tested based on four invasive plant species (garlic mustard, sericea lespedeza, Russian olive, and hydrilla) in North America. Models of ecological niches and geographic distributions on native distributional areas (Europe and Asia) were highly statistically significant. Projections for each species to North America—effectively predictions of invasive potential—were highly coincident with areas of known invasions. Hence, in each case, the geographic invasive potential was well summarized in a predictive sense; this methodology holds promise for development of control and eradication strategies and for risk assessment for species' invasions. Nomenclature: Hydrilla, Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle HYLLI; Russian olive, Elaeagnus angustifolia L. ELGAN; sericea lespedeza, Lespedeza cuneata (Dum.-Cours.) G. Don LESCU; garlic mustard, Alliaria petiolata (Bieb) Cavara & Grande ALAPE.
The Consensus Effect on Shared Treatment Experience in Online Healthcare Communities

Online healthcare communities have become increasingly popular among patients, enabling them to access massive health-related information and to connect to a large population of patients who suffer from similar health problems. Extant research has demonstrated the important role that others’ shared opinions play in the decision-making process of individuals. In this paper, we are therefore interested in investigating how other patients’ inconsistency of treatment experience affects patients’ perceived treatment effectiveness. By viewing consensus as the exploratory cost for patients to find diversified health information and by controlling individual heterogeneity and the inhomogeneous weighting function of social influence on patients, we find that consensus has a positive impact on patients’ perceived treatment effectiveness. We also find that this effect is moderated by the discussion volume, the scope of discussed issues, and patients’ social connectedness. Because perceived treatment effectiveness is closely related to patients’ medical decisions about treatments, we provide a discussion of the implications of these findings on pharmaceutical marketing and public policies.
Late preterm neonatal morbidity in hypertensive versus normotensive women

ABSTRACTObjective: We estimated risks of late preterm (LP, 34°/7–366/7 weeks) delivery and neonatal respiratory and non-respiratory morbidity in women with mild and severe hypertension, in both low-risk and high-risk (history of chronic hypertension, preeclampsia (PE), or insulin-dependent diabetes in current pregnancy) cohorts. Study Design: This is a secondary analysis of two Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units Network randomized trials of aspirin to prevent PE. Women with non-anomalous singleton gestations delivered at ≥34 weeks were divided into three groups: normotensive, mild PE/gestational hypertension (GH), and severe PE/GH. Primary outcomes were respiratory (respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), or intubation) and non-respiratory (intraventricular hemorrhage, retinopathy of prematurity, small for gestational age (SGA) <10%, neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) admission, perinatal death, pulmonary hypertension, seizures, and 5 min Apgar <5) morbidity. Associations betwee...
IS THERE A DIFFERENCE IN TACHYCARDIA CYCLE LENGTH DURING SUPRAVENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA IN CHILDREN WITH ATRIO-VENTRICULAR RECIPROCATING TACHYCARDIA AND ATRIO-VENTRICULAR NODAL RE-ENTRY TACHYCARDIA?

Atrio-ventricular reciprocating tachycardia (AVRT) and Atrio-ventricular nodal re-entry tachycardia (AVNRT) are the two most common forms of Supraventricular Tachycardia (SVT) in children. There is limited adult data suggesting the tachycardia cycle length (TCL) of AVRT is shorter than AVNRT, though
A Semi-Analytical Simulation Model for Capacitor Based E-O Modulators

We introduce a semi-analytical model of capacitor-based electro-optical modulators. By applying this model, the performance dependence on the primary device parameters can be analyzed and a set of design rules has been developed.
Donor to recipient sizing in thoracic organ transplantation

Donor-to-recipient organ size matching is a critical aspect of thoracic transplantation. In the United States potential recipients for lung transplant and heart transplant are listed with limitations on donor height and weight ranges, respectively. Height is used as a surrogate for lung size and weight is used as a surrogate for heart size. While these measures are important predictors of organ size, they are crude surrogates that fail to incorporate the influence of sex on organ size. Independent of other measures, a man's thoracic organs are approximately 20% larger than a woman's. Lung size can be better estimated using the predicted total lung capacity, which is derived from regression equations correcting for height, sex and age. Similarly, heart size can be better estimated using the predicted heart mass, which adjusts for sex, age, height, and weight. These refined organ sizing measures perform better than current sizing practice for the prediction of outcomes after transplantation, and largely explain the outcome differences observed after sex-mismatch transplantation. An undersized allograft is associated with worse outcomes. In this review we examine current data pertaining to size-matching in thoracic transplantation. We advocate for a change in the thoracic allocation mechanism from a height-or-weight-based strategy to a size-matching process that utilizes refined estimates of organ size. We believe that a size-matching approach based on refined estimates of organ size would optimize outcomes in thoracic transplantation without restricting or precluding patients from thoracic transplantation.
Determinants of in vitro binding of barbiturates by rat hepatic subcellular fractions.

SummaryStudies of in vitro binding of barbiturates by rat hepatic subcellular fractions were performed to relate differences in substrate-protein interaction to alterations in drug metabolism. Binding of pentobarbital and phenobarbital by the microsomal fraction was tenfold greater than that of barbital. The microsomal fraction also exhibited an age dependent increase in binding per unit of protein, but no differences were found between sexes, or following phenobarbital pre-treatment.
Incorporation and conversion of lysine-2-C14 in rat biopsy-connective tissue.

Summary1. C14-labeled lysine administered intraperitoneally into the rat is incorporated within hours into the saline-soluble and -insoluble non-collagenous protein and collagen of biopsy-connective tissue. Radioactivity is confined to lysine in all fractions of connective tissue except for a portion which is converted to hydroxylysine in the collagen. 2. Following appearance of radioactivity in all fractions of connective tissue, decay occurs rapidly in saline-insoluble non-collagenous protein and saline-soluble protein and slowly in the collagen fraction. Thirty days after injection of labeled lysine approximately 10% of maximum activity remained in the saline protein fractions while 30% remained in collagen. 3. Incorporation of labeled lysine into the non-collagenous protein of connective tissue is not influenced by tissue age while its incorporation into the collagen appears to decrease with tissue age. 4. Specific activity of labeled hydroxylysine from a 300-day old tissue of a female rat was approxi...
A nonlinear anisotropic inverse method for computational dissection of inhomogeneous planar tissues

Quantification of the mechanical behavior of soft tissues is challenging due to their anisotropic, heterogeneous, and nonlinear nature. We present a method for the 'computational dissection' of a tissue, by which we mean the use of computational tools both to identify and to analyze regions within a tissue sample that have different mechanical properties. The approach employs an inverse technique applied to a series of planar biaxial experimental protocols. The aggregated data from multiple protocols provide the basis for (1) segmentation of the tissue into regions of similar properties, (2) linear analysis for the small-strain behavior, assuming uniform, linear, anisotropic behavior within each region, (3) subsequent nonlinear analysis following each individual experimental protocol path and using local linear properties, and (4) construction of a strain energy data set W(E) at every point in the material by integrating the differential stress-strain functions along each strain path. The approach has been applied to simulated data and captures not only the general nonlinear behavior but also the regional differences introduced into the simulated tissue sample.
Strong CMB constraint on P-wave annihilating dark matter

We consider a dark sector consisting of dark matter that is a Dirac fermion and a scalar mediator. This model has been extensively studied in the past. If the scalar couples to the dark matter in a parity conserving manner then dark matter annihilation to two mediators is dominated by the P-wave channel and hence is suppressed at very low momentum. The indirect detection constraint from the anisotropy of the Cosmic Microwave Background is usually thought to be absent in the model because of this suppression. In this letter we show that dark matter annihilation via bound state formation occurs through the S-wave and hence there is a constraint on the parameter space of the model from the Cosmic Microwave Background.
Instrumentation and measurement for power systems in european projects

This paper presents an overview of instrumentation and measurement (I&M) topics in power systems as they appear in recently completed and current projects funded by the European Commission. An overview helps to identify the evolutions to be expected in this technical area, which are considered critical to European competitiveness in the global landscape. In particular, this is achieved by exploiting I&M for securing the present and future sustainable energy supply, which will unlock markets (especially markets of services) to new and existing businesses. The projects referenced here are funded, for the most part under two large programs. One is the Seventh Programme for Research and Development (2007-2013) called FP-7 [1], where the latest projects are in their last year right now. The other one is the new H2020 (2014-2020) [2] program, the largest European research program ever with its 80 billion euro. Some projects in particular are funded through initiatives for Small and Medium Enterprises (SME) within these larger programs. Also, one particularly large project referenced here is funded by the EU Future Internet Public- Private Partnership (FI-PPP). The complete database of EU projects can be found at [3]. The structure of the programs and funding is fairly articulated. The power system measurement and monitoring activities are predominantly funded within ICT and Energy calls. The projects cover all technology readiness levels, with emphasis though on field demonstrations of significantly large scale.
Elements of Complex Analysis

It is frustrating that there is no \(x\in {\mathbb R}\) for which \(x^2=-1\). In this chapter we will introduce a structure that provides an extension of the real numbers in which this equation has solutions.
Design for Manufacturing and the Life Cycle

This paper describes “Design for Manufacturing and the Life-Cycle” and why such a research program is needed. The architecture of a design workstation that has the capability of performing concurrent design functions is described. The architecture of a larger system, a Manufacturing Commodity Exchange System, is also defined to illustrate the concept of unified life-cycle engineering. Various research thrusts into design technologies, manufacturing related applications, and information technologies are outlined. This topic is one of six topics that cover the Design program at the National Science Foundation. Comments are given on those NSF grants that fall into the area of design for manufacturing.
Preschool Teachers’ Facilitation of Gender-Typed and Gender- Neutral Activities during Free Play

Understanding how preschool teachers facilitate children’s engagement in gender-typed and gender-neutral activities is important given that engagement in gender-typed activities is differentially linked to the development of skills connected to later academic achievement. Thus, facilitation of children’s engagement in gender-typed activities may contribute to emergence of gender differences in later educational outcomes. The current study used a teacher-focal observational coding system to investigate research questions about the frequency with which teachers facilitated feminine, masculine, and gender-neutral activities with same- and mixed-gender groups during free-play. Participants were 37 female teachers of Head Start classrooms in the U.S. Southwest (M years teaching preschool = 10.57, SD = 6.85, range = 2–27; 75.6 % completed at least a bachelor’s degree). Results revealed that feminine activities were facilitated less often than were masculine and gender- neutral activities during free play. Results also revealed variability in teachers’ facilitation of feminine, masculine, and gender-neutral activities, depending on the gender composition of the students with whom teachers were interacting (i.e., boys-only, girls-only, and mixed-gender). Implications for educational, developmental, and gender research are discussed.
Representation and Governance in International Organizations

What does representation mean when applied to international organizations? While many scholars working on normative questions related to global governance often make use of the concept of representation, few have addressed specifics of applying the concept to the rules and practices by which IOs operate. This article examines representation as a fundamental, albeit often neglected, norm of governance which, if perceived to be deficient or unfair, can interfere with other components of governance, as well as with performance of an organization’s core tasks by undermining legitimacy. We argue that the concept of representation has been neglected in the ongoing debates about good governance and democratic deficits within IOs. We aim to correct this by drawing on insights from normative political theory considerations of representation. The article then applies theoretical aspects of representation to the governance of the International Monetary Fund. We determine that subjecting IOs to this kind of conceptual scrutiny highlights important deficiencies in representational practices in global politics. Finally, our conclusion argues scholars of global governance need to address the normative and empirical implications of conceptualizing representation at the supranational level.
UAS Pilot Evaluations of Suggestive Guidance on Detect-and-Avoid Displays

Minimum display requirements for Detect-and-Avoid (DAA) systems are being developed in order to support the expansion of Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) into the National Airspace System (NAS). The present study examines UAS pilots' subjective assessments of four DAA display configurations with varying forms of maneuver guidance. For each configuration, pilots rated the intuitiveness of the display and how well it supported their ability to perform the DAA task. Responses revealed a clear preference for the DAA displays that presented suggestive maneuver guidance in the form of "banding" compared to an Information Only display, which lacked any maneuver guidance. Implications on DAA display requirements, as well as the relation between the subjective evaluations and the objective performance data from previous studies are discussed.
A Novel Microdevice for In Situ Study of Mechano-Electrochemical Behavior with Controlled Temperature

Nanostructured electrodes have shown great potential in the development of Li-ion batteries with higher energy and power densities and longer cycle life. A fundamental understanding of the mechano-electrochemical behavior during charging/discharging cycles is essential for optimal and reliable design. Previous work has utilized in situ experimental techniques in an electron microscope to directly visualize material response during the reaction cycles. Unfortunately, the present in situ test methods are limited to room temperature and, as a result, the effect of temperature on charging/discharging cycles is not well understood. These electrochemical processes are intrinsically temperature sensitive, particularly for nanostructured electrodes. Here we present a novel microdevice that allows high resolution in situ observation of mechano-electrochemical response of nanomaterials in a scanning electron microscope with controlled temperature. The microdevice consists of built-in microcircuits for concurrent heating and temperature measurement during in situ experiments. To demonstrate these unique capabilities, we present the design, microfabrication and thermal characterization of this new class of microdevice.
Management Strategy for Childhood Encephalitis

Researchers at the Children’s Hospital, University of Oxford, and Alder Hey Children’s NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK review the literature on encephalitis and suggest a management strategy.
Beyond panic: variation in the legislative activity for sex offender registration and notification laws across states over time

Nationwide moral panic has long served as a primary explanation for sex offense laws. These laws, however, remain primarily left to state legislatures, which implies potential variation in their co...
Synthesis of Carbide Ceramics via Reduction of Adsorbed Anions on an Activated Carbon Matrix

Current commercial processes for producing ceramic carbides require temperatures of 1400–2000 °C and often use extensive milling operations to produce a powder product. A process that could reduce the energy requirements of commercial carbide production could allow for these materials to be implemented in a greater number of applications. In this study, tungstate (WO4 2−) and silicate (SiO3 2−) anions were adsorbed onto activated carbon and converted into silicon carbide (SiC) whiskers and a mixture of tungsten and tungsten carbide (W/WC) crystals via carbothermal reduction using inert and reducing gas atmospheres at temperatures much lower than what is required by current commercial processes (950 °C for W/WC/W2C and 1200 °C for SiC). The adsorption process was statistically-optimized via a central composite response surface analysis using DesignExpert 9. Inductive coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) was used to measure, and optimize, adsorption efficiency while the carburization products were characterized using X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy.
Equilibrium position of screw dislocation near circular inhomogeneity at the tip of an elastic wedge

The image force on a screw dislocation at the distance $$\rho =\alpha a\,(\alpha >1)$$ from the tip of an isotropic wedge of shear modulus G with a circular inhomogeneity of radius a and shear modulus $$G'$$ at its end is determined by the method of image dislocations. If the wedge angle is $$\pi /n$$ , for an integer $$n\ge 1$$ , $$4n-1$$ image dislocations are needed to achieve the required traction-free boundary conditions and the interface continuity conditions. It is shown that for the positive values of the inhomogeneity parameter $$\kappa =(G'-G)/(G'+G)$$ , there is an equilibrium position of the dislocation along the plane of symmetry of the wedge, specified by the parameter $$\alpha _\mathrm{eq}=\left[ 2n\kappa +\left( 1+4n^2\kappa ^2\right) ^{1/2}\right] ^{1/2n}$$ . The equilibrium position is stable relative to disturbances of the dislocation position along the plane of symmetry, but unstable for other disturbances. If the edges of the wedge and the inhomogeneity are fixed, rather than traction free, the equilibrium position of the dislocation along the plane of symmetry is specified by $$\alpha _\mathrm{eq}=\left[ 1-4n\kappa /(2n-1)\right] ^{1/4n}$$ , provided that the inhomogeneity is softer than the matrix material ( $$\kappa <0$$ ). The equilibrium position is unstable relative to disturbances of the dislocation position along the plane of symmetry. In the case of homogeneous wedges ( $$\kappa =0$$ ), the image force in the plane of symmetry for a wedge with fixed edges depends on the wedge angle and is given by $$f=(2n-1)k/2\rho$$ (away from the tip), while for a wedge with free edges the image force is independent of the wedge angle ( $$f=-k/2\rho$$ ).
Packing the meeting summarization knapsack.

Despite considerable work in automatic meeting summarization over the last few years, comparing results remains difficult due to varied task conditions and evaluations. To address this issue, we present a method for determining the best possible extractive summary given an evaluation metric like ROUGE. Our oracle system is based on a knapsack-packing framework, and though NP-Hard, can be solved nearly optimally by a genetic algorithm. To frame new research results in a meaningful context, we suggest presenting our oracle results alongside two simple baselines. We show oracle and baseline results for a variety of evaluation scenarios that have recently appeared in this field.
Serpentinites and serpentinites: Variety of origins and emplacement mechanisms of serpentinite bodies in the California Cordillera

Most serpentinitized peridotite in orogenic belts is derived from oceanic lithosphere, but the emplacement mechanisms of these rocks vary greatly, as illustrated by the nature of these rock bodies and their contacts. The diverse emplacement mechanisms have important implications for connecting ophiolitic rock occurrences to large-scale orogenic processes. In the California Cordillera, the largest bodies of ultramafic rocks are parts of ophiolite sheets, such as the Coast Range ophiolite (CRO), that were part of the upper plate of an oceanic subduction system. Such units differ from smaller bodies within subduction complexes such as the Franciscan Complex that were transferred from the subducting plate to the subduction complex during accretion. Some intra-subduction complex ultramafic rocks occur as nearly block-free sheets within the Franciscan Complex, and as a part of mafic–ultramafic imbricates or broken formations within the Shoo Fly Complex of the northern Sierra Nevada. Franciscan Complex serpentinite also occurs as sedimentary serpentinite melange that was partly subducted after deposition in the trench via submarine sliding. Such melanges include blocks that record older and higher grade metamorphism than the matrix. Sedimentary serpentinite melange that includes high-pressure metamorphic blocks is also found in the basal Great Valley Group forearc basin deposits depositionally overlie the CRO. Distinguishing the different serpentinite origins is difficult in the California Cordillera even though a terminal continental collision did not affect this orogenic belt. In more typical orogenic belts with greater post-subduction disruption, distinction between the types of serpentinite occurrences presents a greater challenge.
Beyond the usual suspects: on intellectual networks in the early modern world

ABSTRACTThis essay argues that any real and convincing form of ‘global’ intellectual history must necessarily be more than the familiar western European intellectual history writ large. Further, the purpose of bringing other parts of the world into the discussion cannot be simply to use them as a foil for a reflection on Europe, by looking for example at whether the Chinese courtiers who encountered the Jesuits in the Qing court of Kangxi (1661–1722) failed or succeeded in grasping the opportunities that were offered to them. Using the idea of geographical scale flexibly, the essay focuses on the idea of ‘intellectual networks’, drawing largely on examples from central and western Eurasia, and above all the Islamic world. The variety of sources in different genres that can be used, notably biographical dictionaries (or tazkiras), gives the exercise a particular richness in the world from the eastern Mediterranean to South Asia.
Arthroscopic Debridement for Primary Degenerative Osteoarthritis of the Elbow Leads to Significant Improvement in Range of Motion and Clinical Outcomes: A Systematic Review.

Purpose The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether arthroscopic debridement of primary elbow osteoarthritis results in statistically significant and clinically relevant improvement in (1) elbow range of motion and (2) clinical outcomes with (3) low complication and reoperation rates. Methods A systematic review was registered with PROSPERO and performed using PRISMA guidelines. Databases were searched for studies that investigated the outcomes of arthroscopic debridement for the treatment of primary osteoarthritis of the elbow in adult human patients. Study methodological quality was analyzed. Studies that included post-traumatic arthritis were excluded. Elbow motion and all elbow-specific patient-reported outcome scores were eligible for analysis. Comparisons between preoperative and postoperative values from each study were made using 2-sample Z -tests (http://in-silico.net/tools/statistics/ztest) using a P value Results Nine articles (209 subjects, 213 elbows, 187 males, 22 females, mean age 45.7 ± 7.1 years, mean follow-up 41.7 ± 16.3. months; 75% right, 25% left; 79% dominant elbow, 21% nondominant) were analyzed. Elbow extension (23.4°-10.7°, Δ 12.7°), flexion (115.9°-128.7°, Δ 12.8°), and global arc of motion (94.5°-117.6°, Δ 23.1°) had statistically significant and clinically relevant improvement following arthroscopic debridement ( P P Conclusions Elbow arthroscopic debridement for primary degenerative osteoarthritis results in statistically significant and clinically relevant improvement in elbow range of motion and clinical outcomes with low complication and reoperation rates. Level of Evidence Systematic review of level IV studies.
Longitudinal train dynamics model for a rail transit simulation system

Abstract The paper develops a longitudinal train dynamics model in support of microscopic railway transportation simulation. The model can be calibrated without any mechanical data making it ideal for implementation in transportation simulators. The calibration and validation work is based on data collected from the Portland light rail train fleet. The calibration procedure is mathematically formulated as a constrained non-linear optimization problem. The validity of the model is assessed by comparing instantaneous model predictions against field observations, and also evaluated in the domains of acceleration/deceleration versus speed and acceleration/deceleration versus distance. A test is conducted to investigate the adequacy of the model in simulation implementation. The results demonstrate that the proposed model can adequately capture instantaneous train dynamics, and provides good performance in the simulation test. The model provides a simple theoretical foundation for microscopic simulators and will significantly support the planning, management and control of railway transportation systems.
Harry Kalven: Scholar and Friend

As I write this tribute to Harry Kalven, my mind is a kaleidoscope of intimate memories from the years we spent together on the Torts casebook. Of course I also recall Harry in my 1935-36 Torts class, but only faintly, as having been one of the first students in the Great Books course given by Hutchins and Adler. Years later something came up about our professor/student relationship a generation or so earlier, and Harry said, "Don't worry, Charlie, you gave me an A in Torts." I couldn't remember; but you can imagine my relief. After the war, in 1945, Harry became a member of the Law School faculty; we were colleagues until I left in 1949 to teach at the University of Virginia Law School. It was then that Harry took over the course in Torts at Chicago. About two years later we began to plan our casebook in Torts. Collaborating on a sizeable law book, we naturally came to know each other extremely well, even though most of the time we were almost a thousand miles apart. We would arrange our schedules so that periodically I would spend two weeks in Chicago and Harry would be with me for two weeks in Charlottesville, staying in each other's homes. Harry had many ideas for revolutionizing the course in Torts. While the approach we adopted was inspired to some extent by the older book of Shulman and James, through our casebook Harry has had a tremendous influence on legal writing, teaching, and developments in the law. Harry felt strongly that Torts students must become familiar with the law of damages as well as with insurance and its impact on the law of negligence. Indeed, it was the advent of insurance and its analogues-indirect taxation through the price mechanism, products liability, and direct taxation itself-that has been largely responsible for the great changes in the law concerning liability for unintended harm. One of my students at Virginia once accused Harry and me of being Robin Hoods-"taking it from the rich and giving it to the poor." Harry's reply to this was "Robin Hoods, hell!"-a remark borne out by the writing he and Walter Blum did on developments in no-fault automobile accident law.
Trying the Trial

Lawyers routinely make strategic advocacy choices that reflect directly, if inferentially, on the credibility of their clients’ claims and defenses. But courts have historically been reluctant to admit evidence of litigation conduct, sometimes even expressing hostility at the very notion of doing so. This Article deconstructs that reluctance. It argues not only that litigation conduct has probative value, but also that there is social utility in subjecting lawyer behavior to juror scrutiny. The primary goal of trial is, of course, uncovering “truth.” But judges routinely conceal from jurors evidence of litigation conduct — inconsistent pleadings, abusive discovery, and evidence-selection choices — even though that conduct can be compelling evidence that would assist jurors in the quest for truthful factfinding. At the same time, there is almost universal consensus that litigation misconduct has become pervasive because it is profitable. And there is also consensus that it goes largely unchecked. Judges refuse to permit jurors to evaluate litigation conduct for a variety of reasons, most of which stem from misguided notions of institutional competence — that judges, not juries, are in a better position to manage the trial process and to regulate the profession. But this Article shows that admitting evidence of litigation conduct would have twin benefits: it would preserve the jury’s historic power to evaluate relevant circumstantial evidence, and it would provide much-needed disincentives for the sort of misconduct that has come to permeate our justice system.
Extending the Passive-Sensing Toolbox: Using Smart-Home Technology in Psychological Science:

New smart-home devices provide the opportunity to advance psychological science and theory through novel research opportunities in home environments. These technologies extend the in vivo research and intervention capabilities afforded by other assessment techniques such as Ecological Momentary Assessment methods as well as mobile and wearable devices. Smart-home devices contain a multitude of sensors capable of continuously and unobtrusively collecting multimodal data within home contexts. These devices have some complementary strengths and limitations compared with other assessment methods. This article (a) briefly reviews data collection methods in home environments, (b) discusses the unique advantages of smart-home devices, (c) describes the extant smart-home literature, (d) explores how these devices may advance evaluation and refinement of psychological theories, (e) describes examples of psychological processes that are potential targets for smart-home assessment and intervention, (f) considers methodological challenges and barriers, (g) discusses ethical considerations, and (h) concludes with a discussion of future directions for research and the merging of passive-sensing technologies with active self-report methods. This article aims to highlight the potential utility of smart-home devices within psychological research to evaluate psychological theories related to behavior within the home context.
Agency Costs and Dividends in Presence of Dividend Taxes: Evidence from Seos

We examine the interaction of dividends, agency costs and taxes on SEO valuations using the 2003 dividend tax cut as a natural experiment. We find the difference in SEO announcement-day returns between dividend- and non-dividend-paying firms disappears after the tax cut evidencing dividend status dependent revaluations. Incorporation of agency costs reveals the marginal impact of excess cash flows on stock prices increases for high-growth, non-dividend-paying firms after the tax cut. Simultaneously, book leverage for non-dividend-paying firms decreases suggesting the shareholders expect to corner a greater proportion of returns in future. Overall, our findings support that dividend payouts lower agency costs.
Cerebral Perfusion Pressure Directed-Therapy Modulates Cardiac Dysfunction After Traumatic Brain Injury to Influence Cerebral Autoregulation in Pigs

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is an important contributor to morbidity and mortality. Low cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP, mean arterial pressure [MAP] minus intracranial pressure) after TBI is associated with cerebral ischemia, impaired cerebral autoregulation, and poor outcomes. Normalization of CPP and limitation of cerebral autoregulation impairment is a key therapeutic goal. However, some vasoactive agents used to elevate MAP such as phenylephrine (Phe) improve outcome in females but not male piglets after TBI while dopamine (DA) does so in both sexes. Clinical evidence has implicated neurological injuries as a cause of cardiac dysfunction, and we recently described cardiac dysfunction after TBI. Cardiac dysfunction may, in turn, influence brain health. One mechanism of myocyte injury may involve catecholamine excess. We therefore tested the hypothesis that TBI caused cardiac dysfunction and catecholamine excess which may reciprocally be modulated by vasoactive agent choice to normalize CPP and prevent impairment of cerebral autoregulation after injury. TBI was produced in anesthetized pigs equipped with a closed cranial window, and Phe or DA administered to normalize CPP. Plasma cardiac enzymes troponin and creatine kinase and catecholamines epinephrine and norepinephrine were elevated by TBI, such release potentiated by Phe in males but blocked in female piglets and blocked in both sexes after DA. Cerebral autoregulation was impaired after TBI, worsened by Phe in males but protected in females and males treated with DA. Papaverine-induced dilation was unchanged by fluid percussion brain injury, DA, and Phe. These data indicate that pressor choice in elevation of CPP is important in limiting cardiac dysfunction and suggest that DA protects cerebral autoregulation in both sexes via reduction of cardiac biomarkers of injury and catecholamines released after TBI.
Abnormal elastin and collagen deposition is present in extracranial arteriovenous malformations: A comparison to intracranial disease.

Background. Vascular malformations are characterized by anomalous vascular channels with fragile walls and a propensity to bleed. Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) in particular have disorganized vascular spaces with intervening fibrosis. Characterization of the structural abnormalities of these vessels has not been comprehensively evaluated. We hypothesize that AVMs are likely to demonstrate altered elastic and collagen fiber organization and distribution, reflecting their fragility, vascular instability, and abnormal development. Methods. Fifteen AVMs were histologically evaluated by H&E, elastin and trichrome staining. To identify potential differences between extracranial and intracranial AVMs, 5 AVMs were harvested from the brain (n=5) and 10 from extracranial sites involving the skin and deep soft tissue (n=10). Results. The elastin staining demonstrated reduplication, fragmentation and disruption of internal elastic lamina as well as irregular thickness, and inconsistent vascular density of all AVM specimens. Trichrome staining revealed thickening of the intimal layers of AVM arteries and demonstrated an irregular thickness of venous walls within the malformation and some areas of medial degeneration. Intracranial AVMs are characterized by more intramural inflammation with predominant neutrophil and lymphocyte infiltration. In contrast, extracranial AVMs display more extravascular inflammation with mast cell and neutrophil infiltration. Microvascular proliferations intervening between larger blood vessels were also noted in both types of AVMs, but more obvious in extracranial AVMs. Conclusion. These observed histologic anomalies of AVMs demonstrate disorganized deposition of elastin and collagen that point to the clinically observed vascular instability and fragility of these lesions.
Using randomised controlled trials in education

Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) have accorded themselves limelight status as the new orthodoxy in the evidence-based and “What Works” movements, with thousands of RCTs coming into the public do...
Race and ethnicity: Not factors in the prescribing of hydrocodone and codeine-containing products in two pediatric emergency departments.

Objective: To describe the prescription of hydrocodone-containing products (HCPs) and codeine-containing products (CCPs) by patient and provider race and ethnicity at two pediatric emergency departments (EDs) before and after the US Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) rescheduling of HCPs in 2014. Design and setting: The authors performed a secondary analysis of data describing the prescription of HCPs and CCPs for 6 months before and after the DEA rescheduling of HCPs in two academic, urban pediatric EDs. Patients, participants: The authors included all children for whom race and ethnicity data were available and who were prescribed HCPs or CCPs at the time of discharge from the ED during a 12-month period (n = 1,246). The authors sent a three-question survey soliciting name, race, and ethnicity to all providers who prescribed an HCP or a CCP during the study period. Main outcome measures: Chi-square comparisons were made between the number of HCP and CCP prescriptions for primary ED diagnosis and patient ethnicity or race. The number of HCP and CCP prescriptions before and after the DEA rescheduling were compared to patient and provider race and ethnicity using the Breslow-Day test for homogeneity. Results: There were no significant differences in the number of HCP and CCP prescriptions between the pre- and post-DEA rescheduling periods across all racial and ethnic groups. When comparing the number of HCP and CCP prescriptions to patient race, Caucasian patients (84.4 percent) were prescribed more HCPs and CCPs than African Americans (15.6 percent) for abdominal pain (p value = 0.02). Non-Hispanic providers prescribed CCPs more often (n = 38, 55.2 percent) than Hispanic providers (n = 0, 0.0 percent) after DEA rescheduling (Breslow-Day p value = 0.01). Providers of all races wrote similar numbers of HCP and CCP prescriptions before and after the DEA rescheduling (Breslow-Day p value = 0.99). Conclusions: Pediatric patients of all races and ethnicities received fewer HCP prescriptions after the 2014 DEA rescheduling of HCPs. However, Caucasian patients were prescribed HCPs and CCPs for abdominal pain more frequently than African American patients. There were no significant differences in the number of prescriptions of HCPs and CCPs by provider race.