cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
RelA, p50 and Inhibitor of kappa B alpha are Elevated in Human Metastatic Melanoma Cells and Respond Aberrantly to Ultraviolet Light B

Metastatic melanomas are typically resistant to radiation and chemotherapy. The underlying basis for this phenomenon may result in part from defects in apoptotic pathways. Nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) has been shown to control apoptosis in many cell types and normally functions as an immediate stress response mechanism that is rigorously controlled by multiple inhibitory complexes. We have previously shown that NFκB binding is elevated in metastatic melanoma cells relative to normal melanocytes. In the current study, Western blot analysis showed that, compared with normal melanocytes, melanoma cell lines have higher nuclear levels of the NFκB subunits p50 (7-fold) and RelA (5-10-fold). In response to tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα), both melanocytes and melanoma cells showed increased nuclear p50 and RelA levels, but levels in melanoma cells remained higher than in melanocytes. We also found that melanoma cells expressed higher cytoplasmic levels of RelA, p105/p50 and the inhibitory protein, inhibitor of kappa B alpha (IκBα than melanocytes. To directly test whether RelA expression has an impact on melanoma cell survival, we used antisense RelA phosphorothioate oligonucleotides and found that melanoma cell viability was significantly decreased compared with untreated or control cultures. The constitutive activation of NFκB in metastatic melanoma cell cultures may, therefore, support an inappropriate cell survival pathway that can be therapeutically manipulated.
PET Imaging of Breast Cancer: Beyond Standard FDG Studies

As breast cancer treatment moves toward more individualized, targeted therapy, the ability to characterize the in vivo tumor phenotype will play a key role in the selection of therapy and evaluation of its efficacy. PET imaging is well suited to guide targeted breast cancer therapy by evaluating the presence or absence of specific targets, identifying resistant phenotypes, and measuring early response to treatment. More sophisticated analysis of FDG PET studies, and especially PET using tracers other than FDG, have yielded insights into the in vivo biology of breast cancer in early studies and are likely to contribute to breast cancer care in the future. This review will highlight the biology of breast cancer using recent data of more detailed analysis of FDG PET studies to gain insight into resistant tumors, followed by PET imaging of the breast cancer with other tracers beyond FDG.
Advances in 3-D Inelastic Analysis Methods for hot section components

3-D Inelastic Analysis Methods are described. These methods consist of a series of new computer codes embodying a progression of mathematical models (mechanics of materials, specialty finite element, boundary element) for streamlined analysis of: (1) combustor liners, (2) turbine blades, and (3) turbine vanes. These models address the effects of high temperatures and thermal/mechanical loadings on the local (stress/strain) and global (dynamics, buckling) structural behavior of the three selected components. Three computer codes, referred to as MOMM (Mechanics of Materials Model), MHOST (MARC-Hot Section Technology), and BEST (Boundary Element Stress Technology), have been developed and are briefly described in this paper.
Anti-collimation of ballistic electrons by a potential barrier

Abstract A pair of Quantum Point Contacts separated by a continuous barrier have been fabricated using the surface gate technique. Transport measurements for each component of this system and for various combinations have shown both additive and non-additive behaviour. The results are explained by a combination of reflection by the barrier of electrons collimated by the Quantum Point Contacts and transport by diffusion across the barrier.
Incomplete formulations of the regression of earthquake magnitude with surface fault rupture length

Recently it has been correctly pointed out that because linear regression of two variables is not symmetric, regression of log L on M cannot be used to estimate magnitude ( M ) from fault rupture length ( L ). It must be stated further, however, that least-squares regression treating L as error free is also incorrect. Indeed, to date no completely correct regression analysis of M or log L has been published. Full treatment requires geologists to assess uncertainties and to assign weights to field observations of L .
Relationship of Diet-Health Attitudes and Nutrition Knowledge of Household Meal Planners to the Fat and Fiber Intakes of Meal Planners and Preschoolers

Abstract The relationship of household meal planners’ diet-health attitudes and nutrition knowledge to their fat and fiber intakes and to the intakes of 2- to 5-year-old children in the households was examined using data from the 1989–91 Continuing Survey of Food Intake by Individuals and Diet Health Knowledge Survey (CSFII/DHKS). Selected households (n = 478) provided 24-hour diet recalls and the households’ main meal planners responded to the DHKS. Meal planner attitude variables were defined according to the Health Belief Model and selected CSFII/DHKS questions served as proxy measures. The relationship of meal planners’ attitudes and knowledge to meal planners’ and children's fat and fiber consumption at home and in the total diet was analyzed using multiple regression. Several diet-health attitude variables were significantly related to meal planners’ fat and fiber intakes and relationships were similar for foods eaten at home and for foods eaten in the total diet. Knowledge was significantly related to meal planners’ and children's home fat intake (p
Preparing the Underprepared: Current Academic Library Practices in Developmental Education

This qualitative study examines academic libraries and developmental education. The study was based on semistructured telephone interviews with 31 librarians from 21 states. Interview questions focused on instruction services for developmental students, library collections for developmental students, collaboration with developmental education instructors and learning centers, and professional development related to developmental education. Analysis of the results shows that librarians apply sound pedagogy when infusing basic library skills into developmental education and academic success courses, design assignments with high probability of student success, reduce library anxiety and build student confidence, and develop and promote library collections beneficial to developmental students.
What Makes Care Pastoral

This essay argues for including two principal foci in both research and practice within pastoral theology. These foci include the care of souls (soul care) and care offered against the backdrop of “the Christian story.” The distinctiveness of pastoral care, as compared with other types of care, is also discussed.
The application of melt elasticity to polymer processing

The present state of knowledge of polymer melt elasticity is reviewed together with consideration of the problems that elastic effects cause in polymer processing systems. Two examples of the useful application of melt elasticity are presented, one in melt extrusion the other in polymer melt mixing.
Roles of tRNA in cell wall biosynthesis

Recent research into various aspects of bacterial metabolism such as cell wall and antibiotic synthesis, degradation pathways, cellular stress, and amino acid biosynthesis has elucidated roles of aminoacyl-transfer ribonucleic acid (aa-tRNA) outside of translation. Although the two enzyme families responsible for cell wall modifications, aminoacyl-phosphatidylglycerol synthases (aaPGSs) and Fem, were discovered some time ago, they have recently become of intense interest for their roles in the antimicrobial resistance of pathogenic microorganisms. The addition of positively charged amino acids to phosphatidylglycerol (PG) by aaPGSs neutralizes the lipid bilayer making the bacteria less susceptible to positively charged antimicrobial agents. Fem transferases utilize aa-tRNA to form peptide bridges that link strands of peptidoglycan. These bridges vary among the bacterial species in which they are present and play a role in resistance to antibiotics that target the cell wall. Additionally, the formation of truncated peptides results in shorter peptide bridges and loss of branched linkages which makes bacteria more susceptible to antimicrobials. A greater understanding of the structure and substrate specificity of this diverse enzymatic family is necessary to aid current efforts in designing potential bactericidal agents. These two enzyme families are linked only by the substrate with which they modify the cell wall, aa-tRNA; their structure, cell wall modification processes and the physiological changes they impart on the bacterium differ greatly.
Introduction to the art and science of simulation

This introductory tutorial presents an overview of the process of conducting a simulation study of any discrete system. The basic viewpoint is that conducting such a study requires both art and science. Some of the issues addressed are how to get started, the steps to be followed, the issues to be faced at each step, the potential pitfalls occurring at each step, and the most common causes of failures.
Prototype sampling system for measuring workplace protection factors for gases and vapors.

A prototype sampling system for measuring respirator workplace protection factors (WPFs) was developed. Methods for measuring the concentration of contaminants inside respirators have previously been described; however, these studies have typically involved continuous sampling of aerosols. Our work focuses on developing an intermittent sampling system designed to measure the concentration of gases and vapors during inspiration. This approach addresses two potential problems associated with continuous sampling: biased results due to lower contaminant concentrations and high humidity in exhaled air. The system consists of a pressure transducer circuit designed to activate a pair of personal sampling pumps during inspiration based on differential pressure inside the respirator. One pump draws air from inside the respirator while the second samples the ambient air. Solid granular adsorbent tubes are used to trap the contaminants, making the approach applicable to a large number of gases and vapors. Laboratory...
The Ecocultural Project of Human Development: Why Ethnography and Its Findings Matter

Ethnography produces believable findings that matter both to those we study and to the social sciences. Ethnography is best suited to understanding human development as an adaptive project of individuals and communities—that is, what families and communities are trying to accomplish to meet their goals in their cultural world, and the cultural pathways that are available for children to achieve those goals.
TAPAS: Trustworthy privacy-aware participatory sensing

With the advent of mobile technology, a new class of applications, called participatory sensing (PS), is emerging, with which the ubiquity of mobile devices is exploited to collect data at scale. However, privacy and trust are the two significant barriers to the success of any PS system. First, the participants may not want to associate themselves with the collected data. Second, the validity of the contributed data is not verified, since the intention of the participants is not always clear. In this paper, we formally define the problem of privacy and trust in PS systems and examine its challenges. We propose a trustworthy privacy-aware framework for PS systems dubbed TAPAS, which enables the participation of the users without compromising their privacy while improving the trustworthiness of the collected data. Our experimental evaluations verify the applicability of our proposed approaches and demonstrate their efficiency.
The “Captain of Köpenick” and the Transformation of German Criminal Justice, 1891–1914

Most Germans still know the story. One day in October 1906, the 57-year-old ex-convict Wilhelm Voigt dressed himself in the uniform of a Prussian captain, assembled from several second-hand stores. So equipped, Voigt intercepted two squads of soldiers who were going off duty, and ordered the soldiers to accompany him to the town hall of the Berlin suburb of Kopenick. There, claiming to act on “All-Highest command,” Voigt arrested the mayor and other town officials, and had the town's cash handed over to him in two large sacks. He departed with the money and sent the officials in a car to the police station at Berlin's Neue Wache, guarded by several of the soldiers. Only at the Neue Wache did the officials learn that the “All-Highest” had not in fact ordered their arrest.
Maladaptive perfectionism and ineffective coping as mediators between attachment and future depression: A prospective analysis.

This study used a longitudinal design to examine whether maladaptive perfectionism and ineffective coping served as 2 mediators of the relation between adult attachment and future depression. Data were collected from 372 undergraduates at 2 time points. Results indicated that (a) the impact of attachment on future depression was mediated through future maladaptive perfectionism and ineffective coping, (b) ineffective coping mediated the relation between maladaptive perfectionism and depression, and (c) maladaptive perfectionism and ineffective coping influenced each other at 1 point in time and across time, and, in turn, both variables contributed to depression. A bootstrap procedure was used to estimate the significance of these indirect effects. About 60% of the variance in future depression was explained in the final model. Future research, counseling implications, and limitations of the present study are discussed.
Some pathological changes associated with wuchereria [filaria] bangrofti infection

Abstract 1. 1. Marked pathological changes associated with filarial infection may occur in a person who has never complained of symptoms and who is unaware of the condition. 2. 2. Hyperfilariation may occur quite early in life, i.e., within the first decade. 3. 3. In the infected lymph glands most of the parasites are found in the afferent approaches or cortical sinuses. 4. 4. Evidence is given to confirm LANE'S hypothesis of cyclical parturition of the “periodic” Filaria bancrofti . 5. 5. Additional evidence is available to suggest that parturition of the “periodic” Filaria bancrofti in Porto Rico occurs “about” midday, i.e., within one hour before or after that hour. 6. 6. Advanced pathological changes can occur in filarial infection through the agency of the filarix per se without being in any way influenced by bacterial infection. 7. 7. While probably all phases in the life cycle of the parent filarix and their embryos play a part in “filarial” pathology, it would seem that very active and extensive changes, as seen in this case, are in some way or other associated with aseptic degeneration and absorption of dead adult filarix.
Vesicle recycling and cell-specific function in kidney epithelial cells.

Epithelial cell function depends on the precise delivery of newly synthesized and recycled membrane components to specific plasma membrane domains. The establishment and maintenance of apical and basolateral plasma membrane domains of quite distinct composition enable epithelia to undertake the vectorial transport of fluid, ions, and a variety of other molecules from one compartment to another. In many epithelia this capacity for transepithelial transport can be rapidly and reversibly modulated by prevailing physiological conditions. For example, in the collecting duct of the kidney the two epithelial cell types have both evolved efficient systems that enable such alterations in cell-specific function to occur in response to different stimuli. In both vasopressin-sensitive principal cells and the acid-secreting intercalated cells, specialized membrane patches containing water channels and proton pumps, respectively, are inserted into and removed from plasma membranes on demand and thus dramatically alter the properties of plasma membranes in these cells. Although the basic mechanism in both cells is the recycling of vesicles containing the membrane components of interest, the specific details of the process appear different in the two cell types. In the principal cell vesicle recycling is induced by a specific hormone, vasopressin, and involves clathrin-coated vesicles in the endocytotic step of the cycle. The vesicles that deliver water channels to the cell surface have not yet been identified. In the intercalated cell the transporting vesicles are highly specialized and are coated with the cytoplasmic domains of proton pumps. These vesicles do not have a clathrin coat and therefore represent a distinct class of coated vesicle. As more becomes known about transporting vesicles that are involved in different functions within the cell, it is becoming increasingly clear that it is no longer valid to separate vesicles simply into coated, i.e. clathrin-coated, and smooth vesicles. Three types of coating material have already been described on so-called coated vesicles (1, 14, 24), and it is likely that as our ability to detect the cytoplasmic domains of more proteins involved in intracellular transport increases, we will find that all vesicles are coated, but some are more coated than others. These coating molecules will include the cytoplasmic domains of proteins that are being delivered by the vesicles, as well as specific proteins that are involved in vesicle targeting, vesicle movement, and vesicle fusion or fission.
Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein-5 Binds to Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-I

Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-5 (IGFBP-5) has been shown to bind to the extracellular matrix (ECM) of both fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells. The ECM-IGFBP-5 interaction is mediated in part by binding to heparan sulfate containing proteoglycans. Because proteoglycans may not be the only components of ECM that bind to IGFBP-5, we have determined its ability to bind to other ECM proteins. When a partially purified mixture of the proteins that were present in fibroblast conditioned medium was purified by IGFBP-5 affinity chromatography, a 55-kDa protein was eluted. Amino acid sequencing of the amino terminal 28 amino acids showed that it was human plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1). To determine if this interaction was specific, purified human PAI-1 was incubated with IGFBP-5 and the IGFBP-5/PAI-1 complex immunoprecipitated with anti-PAI-1 antiserum. When the precipitate was analyzed by immunoblotting using anti-IGFBP-5 antiserum, the intensity of the IGFBP-5 band was substantially increased compared with controls that did not contain human PAI-1. A synthetic IGFBP-5 peptide that contained the amino acid sequence between positions 201 and 218 inhibited IGFBP-5/PAI-1 interaction. Coincubation of IGFBP-5 mutants that contained substitutions for specific basic residues located between positions 201 and 218 with PAI-1 indicated that some of these amino acids were important for binding. Two mutants that contained neutral substitutions for specific basic amino acids within the glycosaminoglycan binding domain had reduced binding to PAI-1. In contrast, three other mutants that also had substitutions for charged residues in the same region had no reduction in binding. Heparin and heparan sulfate inhibited the IGFBP-5/PAI-1 interaction; however, several other glycosaminoglycans had no effect. PAI-1 was determined to be an important ECM component for binding because approximately 27% of total ECM binding could be inhibited with anti-PAI-1 antiserum. Competitive binding studies with unlabeled IGFBP-5 showed that the dissociation constant of PAI-1 for IGFBP-5 was 9.1 x 10(-8) M. In summary, IGFBP-5 binds specifically to plasminogen activator inhibitor-1. Because this is present in the extracellular matrix of several cell types, it may be one of the important binding components of ECM. PAI-1 binding partially protects IGFBP-5 from proteolysis, suggesting that it is one of the ECM components that is involved in mediating this effect.
Determination of a transcriptional regulator-like gene involved in biosynthesis of elsinochrome phytotoxin by the citrus scab fungus, Elsinoë fawcettii

Elsinochromes are nonhost-selective, light-activated, polyketide-derived toxins produced by many phytopathogenic Elsinoe species. We recently showed that the polyketide synthase-encoding gene EfPKS1 is essential for elsinochrome biosynthesis in the citrus scab fungus Elsinoe fawcettii. Sequence analysis beyond the EfPKS1 gene identified nine putative ORFs: four genes, designated RDT1, TSF1, PRF1 and ECT1, all encode polypeptides likely to have biosynthetic or efflux functions; five additional genes, OXR1 and EfHP1 to EfHP4, encode hypothetical proteins of unknown function. Northern-blot analysis revealed that expression of these genes in E. fawcettii was not completely correlated with accumulation of elsinochromes under nitrogen limitation, alkaline pH or high concentrations of glucose. Targeted disruption of the TSF1 gene, encoding a putative transcriptional activator, yielded fungal mutants unable to produce elsinochromes, and defective in both conidiation and expression of RDT1, EfPKS1, PRF1 and EfHP1, whereas expression of RDT1, TSF1, PRF1 and ECT1 was nearly abolished in EfPKS1-disrupted mutants. By contrast, expression of OXR1, EfHP2 and EfHP3 was not affected by disrupting either EfPKS1 or TSF1. Taken together, the results indicate that in addition to polyketide synthase, the products of TSF1 and other adjacent genes may also play a crucial role in elsinochrome production.
Estimating Return on Investment in Translational Research: Methods and Protocols

Assessing the value of clinical and translational research funding on accelerating the translation of scientific knowledge is a fundamental issue faced by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and its Clinical and Translational Awards (CTSAs). To address this issue, the authors propose a model for measuring the return on investment (ROI) of one key CTSA program, the clinical research unit (CRU). By estimating the economic and social inputs and outputs of this program, this model produces multiple levels of ROI: investigator, program, and institutional estimates. A methodology, or evaluation protocol, is proposed to assess the value of this CTSA function, with specific objectives, methods, descriptions of the data to be collected, and how data are to be filtered, analyzed, and evaluated. This article provides an approach CTSAs could use to assess the economic and social returns on NIH and institutional investments in these critical activities.
Incidence of canal calcification in the orthodontic patient

References in the endodontic literature specifically warn that orthodontic treatment may initiate the formation of secondary dentin deposition within a tooth to the extent of obstructing the entire root canal. Comparison of forty-six orthodontically treated patients with a control group of age- and sex-matched patients who had not undergone orthodontic treatment revealed two orthodontically treated patients with a total of three teeth that showed evidence of canal calcification. Although this incidence is not statistically significant, the clinical significance of canal calcification in the orthodontic population is discussed.
Strategic SC filter design based on a comparative study of various S- to Z-mappings

A systematic switched-capacitor (SC) filter design method that satisfies a set of frequency specifications and whose implementation requires less total capacitance than the conventional design using bilinear mapping is presented. The design approach is based on the following: (i) a prewarping scheme for different mappings of the 1/s and 1/s/sup 2/ terms of each biquadratic factor forming the transfer function; (ii) strategic addition of zeros at z=-1; (iii) iterative modification of the frequency responses rendering different transfer functions that eventually satisfy the original frequency design specifications. A detailed algorithm is discussed together with examples showing the attractive properties of the proposed method. >
Mortality Among Workers at Oak Ridge National Laboratory

Background Workers employed at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) were potentially exposed to a range of chemical and physical hazards, many of which are poorly characterized. We compared the observed deaths among workers to expectations based upon US mortality rates. Methods The cohort included 22,831 workers hired between January 1, 1943 and December 31, 1984. Vital status and cause of death information were ascertained through December 31, 2008. Standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) were computed separately for males and females using US and Tennessee mortality rates; SMRs for men were tabulated separately for monthly-, weekly-, and hourly-paid workers. Results Hourly-paid males had more deaths due to cancer of the pleura (SMR = 12.09, 95% CI: 4.44, 26.32), cancer of the bladder (SMR = 1.89, 95% CI: 1.26, 2.71), and leukemia (SMR = 1.33, 95% CI: 0.87, 1.93) than expected based on US mortality rates. Female workers also had more deaths than expected from cancer of the bladder (SMR = 2.20, 95% CI: 1.20, 3.69) and leukemia (SMR = 1.64, 95% CI: 1.09, 2.36). The pleural cancer excess has only appeared since the 1980s, approximately 40 years after the start of operations. The bladder cancer excess was larger among workers who also had worked at other Oak Ridge nuclear weapons facilities, while the leukemia excess was among people who had not worked at other DOE facilities. Conclusions Occupational hazards including asbestos and ionizing radiation may contribute to these excesses. Am. J. Ind. Med. 56:725–732, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Electromagnetically Induced Transport for Soil/Groundwater Remediation

AbstractThis paper studies the effect of electromagnetic (EM) waves—with minimal heat generation—on transport mechanisms to improve soil/groundwater cleanup. This effect was experimentally examined for the transport of a nonreactive dye in water. The setup was tested at frequencies between 50 and 200 MHz. EM waves’ electric field component was numerically simulated and then validated against an experimentally measured electric field. Dielectrophoretic forces were then computed by using the simulated electric field data. The dye flow was observed to be in the same direction as the numerically simulated, dielectrophoretic forces. Recorded temperature variations within the medium showed similar trends (<1°C increase during EM stimulation) for all frequencies; however, only at the specific frequencies of 65 and 75 MHz was the dye flow controlled by EM waves. This observation suggests that EM waves—and not thermal effects—controlled the dye transport.
Sonder- und Strassenfahrzeuge

Die Strassenfahrzeuge dieser Gruppe (Trolleybus, Oberleitungsbus oder O-Bus) gehoren nicht in das Gebiet der Bahnen. Da sie jedoch grundsatzlich die gleiche elektrische Ausrustung wie ein elektrisches Schienenfahrzeug aufweisen und auf die gleiche Art zu steuern sind, sollen sie hier erwahnt werden.
Group cognitive behavior therapy for children with high‐functioning autism spectrum disorders and anxiety: a randomized trial

Background: Children with high-functioning autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are at high risk for developing significant anxiety. Anxiety can adversely impact functioning across school, home and community environments. Cognitive behavioral therapies (CBT) are frequently used with success for children with anxiety symptoms. Modified CBT interventions for anxiety in children with ASD have also yielded promising results. Methods: Fifty children with high-functioning ASD and anxiety were randomized to group CBT or treatment-as-usual (TAU) for 12 weeks. Independent clinical evaluators, blind to condition, completed structured interviews (Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule – Parent Version; ADIS-P) pre- and post-intervention condition. Results: Forty-seven children completed either the CBT or TAU condition. Results indicated markedly better outcomes for the CBT group. Significant differences by group were noted in Clinician Severity Ratings, diagnostic status, and clinician ratings of global improvement. In the intent-to-treat sample, 10 of 20 children (50%) in the CBT group had a clinically meaningful positive treatment response, compared to 2 of 23 children (8.7%) in the TAU group. Conclusions: Initial results from this randomized, designed treatment study suggest that a group CBT intervention specifically developed for children with ASD may be effective in decreasing anxiety. Limitations of this study include small sample size, lack of an attention control group, and use of outcome measures normed with typically developing children.
Symbolic reachability analysis of lazy linear hybrid automata

Lazy linear hybrid automata (LLHA) model the discrete time behavior of control systems containing finite-precision sensors and actuators interacting with their environment under bounded inertial delays. In this paper, we present a symbolic technique for reachability analysis of lazy linear hybrid automata. The model permits invariants and guards to be nonlinear predicates but requires flow values to be constants. Assuming finite precision, flows represented by uniform linear predicates can be reduced to those containing values from a finite set of constants. We present an abstraction hierarchy for LLHA. Our verification technique is based on bounded model checking and k-induction for reachability analysis at different levels of the abstraction hierarchy within an abstraction-refinement framework. The counterexamples obtained during BMC are used to construct refinements in each iteration. Our technique is practical and compares favorably with state-of-the-art tools, as demonstrated on examples that include the Air Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System (TCAS).
John William Hardy, 1930–2012

John William Hardy, Elective Member of the AOU since 1964 and Fellow since 1971, died in Gainesville, Florida, on October 1, 2012, at 82 years of age. Like many ornithologists, Bill Hardy was a boy birdwatcher, collecting Fuertes cards from his mother’s Arm & Hammer baking soda packages, finding a Summer Tanager nest in the backyard when he was four years old, and at seven helping his uncle install a Purple Martin house in the yard. He would go on to pioneer the creation, collection, and distribution of sound recordings that are now considered as important as study skins and skeletons in many museums’ bird collections. Bill was born on January 12, 1930, in Murphysboro, Illinois, a small town 50 miles north of the junction of the Ohio and Mississippi rivers. His biology teacher at Murphysboro Township High School, E. Esther Smith, was an important influence. She had a strong interest in natural history, and The Auk was among the journals and books available in her laboratory. She joined the AOU in 1949 and remained a member at least until 1985. Through the school’s Audubon Biology Club, which Ms. Smith began, students were encouraged to prepare projects for yearly state science fairs sponsored by the Illinois Academy of Science. These were often small research projects based on original data. One of Bill’s projects, with two other students, was a study of the seasonal occurrence of birds in the state’s seven southernmost counties. Although not publicly distributed, this was the first checklist of the birds of southern Illinois. While in high school, Bill spent a few hours a day closely observing martins, putting into practice the outline for a life-history study in Joseph J. Hickey’s (1943) Guide to Bird Watching. Years later, in 1962, Bill and Richard Johnston, his graduate advisor at the University of Kansas, coauthored a paper based mainly on a Kansas martin colony but including Bill’s Illinois observations from the 1946 season, when a few pairs had double brooded. From 1948 to 1952, Bill continued his education at Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, less than 10 miles from home. He majored in zoology, worked part-time in the Cooperative Fisheries laboratory, and founded the Southern Illinois Bird Club, which held a few meetings but did not survive his graduation. For graduate work, Bill moved out of state, taking a teaching assistantship at Michigan State College (soon, University) in East Lansing. His advisor was George W. Wallace, a fine ornithologist who was at that time working on the first college ornithology textbook, An Introduction to Ornithology (Macmillan 1955). When Bill wrote Wallace’s memorial for The Auk, he noted that Wallace had ‘‘nurtured my qualities and gently began the process of sharpening me for the tough road ahead.’’ The two years in Michigan provided good experiences beyond the connections with Wallace and fellow MSU JOHN WILLIAM HARDY in Florida in 1985. Photo credit: Thomas A. Webber
Intermediate DNA Repair Activity Associated with the 322delG Allele of the Fanconi Anemia Complementation Group C Gene

Fanconi anemia (FA) is an autosomal recessive disorder associated with pancytopenia and cancer susceptibility. The disorder is heterogenous, with at least nine complementation groups having been identified. Several recent studies have suggested that defective plasmid DNA end-joining is a consistent feature of FA cells. It was therefore surprising to discover a strain of fibroblasts from an FA patient that possessed wild-type plasmid DNA end-joining activity. Unlike other FA strains, these fibroblasts have wild-type levels of homologous DNA recombination activity and are relatively insensitive to restriction endonuclease-induced death. Interestingly, while end-joining in a number of FA fibroblast strains belonging to complementation groups A, C, and D2 was approximately 70% precise, end-joining in this latter strain of fibroblasts was more than 95% imprecise. Analysis revealed that these latter cells harbored an allele of the FA C gene, referred to as 322delG, that encodes an amino-terminal truncated protein. The relative rarity of this allele precluded the analysis of other FA fibroblast strains; however, studies revealed that overexpression of this allele in normal cells recapitulated the DNA end-joining phenotype seen in the 322delG FA fibroblast strain. These results indicate that DNA end-joining in fibroblasts expressing the 322delG allele of the FA-C gene in fibroblasts is highly imprecise; however, the DNA repair efficiency of these cells is more normal than that commonly associated with FA fibroblasts. This conclusion is intriguing, since a number of reports have suggested that patients harboring this allele exhibit a milder clinical course than do individuals with other alleles of the FA-C gene.
Form-specific visual priming in the right cerebral hemisphere.

Results of 4 experiments indicate that both within-modality and case-specific visual priming for words are greater when test stimuli are presented initially to the right cerebral hemisphere (RH). In contrast, neither within-modality nor case-specific explicit memory for words is greater when stimuli are presented initially to the RH. Priming is measured using word-stem completion, and explicit memory is measured using word-stem cued recall. In both cases, Ss first rate how much they like words, and then word stems are presented briefly to the RH (in the left visual field) or to the left hemisphere (in the right visual field). Results suggest that at least 2 separate systems encode the visual representations that produce priming. The system that is more effective in the RH is better at representing form-specific information, whereas another system that is not more effective in the RH does not distinguish among distinct instances of word forms. Language: en
Sociobiology as a Strategy in Science

A great deal has been written during the past decade about the subject of sociobiology. The appearance of E. O. Wilson's massive text, Sociobiology: The New Synthesis,l set off interdisciplinary tremors whose vibrations are still being felt in such exotic parts of the academic world as philosophy. Yet despite all the attention directed toward sociobiology within and beyond the university by both its admirers and detractors, some very basic issues pertain ing to the subject remain notably obscure. For example, one of the most basic questions one could ask about sociobiology concerns its proper description. Despite all the attention the subject has received it is not at all clear exactly what sociobiology is. Some of its most ardent proponents have declared that sociobiology is a fresh and revolutionary new scientific discipline which has seminal implications for the social sciences, political theory and ethics. On the other hand, many of sociobiology's most committed critics argue that sociobiology is nothing more than prescriptive political ideology dressed up in the technical accoutre ments of the language of natural science. Nor has anything even vaguely resembling a consensus emerged among philosophers and other methodologists as to the conceptual status that ought to be accorded to sociobiology. In their eagerness to either pronounce the subject stillborn or to hail its arrival as a new beginning for social science, political theory and moral psychology, very little has been said, from a methodological point of view, about sociobiology's conceptual structure and theoretical status.
Estimation of Numerical Error for 3D Inviscid Flows on Cartesian Grids

The two primary sources of numerical error in CFD simulations are iterative error and discretization error. These errors are examined for inviscid aerodynamic computations of a slender missile configuration using Cartesian grids. A new iterative error estimator is proposed which incorporates both exponential and oscillatory convergence behavior. This iterative error estimator is discussed in detail and used to estimate the iterative error in the yaw and drag force histories. Discretization errors are analyzed using uniform grid refinement and Richardson extrapolation. Methods for assessing the uniformity of the grid refinement with Cartesian grid methods are presented and the convergence behavior of the aerodynamic forces and moments is discussed. While the forces and moments do not converge at the formal order of accuracy of two, conservative discretization error estimates show that the forces are reasonably well converged with generally less than 5% error, the pitching moments are converged to within 20%, and rolling moment gives error estimates as high as a factor of three.
Encapsulated Copper Wire and Copper Mesh Capacitive Sensing for 3-D Printing Applications

Advances in the field of extrusion based 3-D printing have recently allowed the incorporation of embedded electronics and interconnects, in order to increase the functionality of these structures. This paper builds on previous work in the area of fine-pitch copper mesh and embedded copper wire capacitive sensors encapsulated within a 3-D printed structure. Three varieties of sensors were fabricated and tested, including a small area wire sensor (320-μm width), a large area mesh sensor (2 cm 2 ), and a fully embedded demonstration model. In order to test and characterize these sensors, three distinct tests were explored. Specifically, the capacitive sensors were able to distinguish between three metallic materials and distinguish salt water from distilled water. These capacitive sensors have many potential sensing applications, such as biomedical sensing, human interface devices, material sensing, electronics characterization, and environmental sensing. As such, this paper also characterizes the capacitive sensors for an active microfluidic mixer.
A Compact Verilog-A Model of Silicon Carrier-Injection Ring Modulators for Optical Interconnect Transceiver Circuit Design

Optical interconnect system efficiency is dependent on the ability to optimize the transceiver circuitry for low-power and high-bandwidth operation, motivating co-simulation environments with compact optical device simulation models. This paper presents a compact Verilog-A silicon carrier-injection ring modulator model, which accurately captures both non-linear electrical and optical dynamics. The device's electrical behavior is described by a p-i-n diode SPICE model, while the optical response is captured with a dynamic ring resonator model, which considers the ring's cumulative phase shift. Experimental verification of the model is performed both at 8 Gb/s with symmetric drive signals to study the impact of pre-emphasis pulse duration, pulse depth, and dc bias, and at 9 Gb/s with a 65 nm CMOS driver capable of asymmetric pre-emphasis pulse duration. The potential for 15 Gb/s operation is shown by utilizing the presented model for optimization of the asymmetric pre-emphasis signal waveform.
Antipyrine clearance in homozygous β-thalassemia.

Serum half-lives for antipyrine were normal or shorter than normal in 19 subjects between 7 and 23 yr of age with beta-thalassemia major. The mean antipyrine serum half life (+/-SE) for the group as a whole was 8.5 +/- 0.6 hr. The mean antipyrine half-lives (t1/2) for the younger subjects were within the range reported for normal children, while the mean t1/2 for the older males approached the values reported for normal adult males. The mean t1/2 for the older females was shorter than has been reported for normal adult females. The mean apparent volume of distribution for antipyrine (+/-SE) in the subjects with thalassemia was 0.69 +/- 0.01 L/kg. Thus, total body water appears to be increased in thalassemia. The mean metabolic clearance rate for antipyrine (+/-SE) in the group as a whole (1.07 +/- 0.08 ml/min/kg) is substantially higher than the metabolic clearance rates for antipyrine reported in normal adults. Thus, the relatively short t1/2s of antipyrine in subjects with thalassemia are attributable to rapid rates of clearance of the drug. The data indicate that antipyrine clearance is unimpaired in patients with thalassemia despite evidence of liver damage and iron overload. Our study supports the proposition that hepatic microsomal hemoprotein synthesis is not adversely affected in homozygous beta-thalassemia.
OCD: where the serotonin selectivity story begins.

Since concomitant anxiety is frequent and prominent, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is classified as an anxiety disorder. However, effective antidepressant and anxiolytic agents that are nonserotonin-selective are generally ineffective in significantly reducing OCD symptoms, while the potent serotonin reuptake inhibitor, the tricyclic clomipramine, and several serotonin selective reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are efficacious. These results suggest that serotonergic transmission may be important in achieving significant antiobsessive efficacy. Although no significant differences in efficacy between SRIs and SSRIs have been demonstrated in the treatment of OCD, there are important differences in side-effect profiles-and pharmacokinetic factors. Further research in the treatment of OCD is required on comparative efficacy of SRIs, the choice of SRI agents following initial nonresponse, and effects resulting from the long-term use of SRIs.
Anisotropy characteristics of coal shrinkage/swelling and its impact on coal permeability evolution with CO2 injection

Coal deforms with gas depletion during coal bed methane (CBM) primary recovery and CO2 storage for purposes of sequestration or enhanced recovery. The sorption-induced deformation associated with gas adsorption and desorption has been experimentally and theoretically studied and is considered to be a unique feature of coal. The results of a series of experimental measurements of coal deformation with gas injection and depletion using helium, methane, CO2, and various mixtures of methane and CO2 revealed that the coal sorption-induced deformation exhibits anisotropy, with larger deformation in direction perpendicular to bedding than those parallel to the bedding planes. Furthermore, the deformation of coal is reversible for helium and methane with injection/depletion, but not for CO2. Aiming at improving the understanding of enhanced CBM process, a coal deformation experimental study on methane displacement with CO2 was performed as well, where incremental swelling was measured for each CO2 displacement step. The total induced swelling strain (1.68%) with CO2 saturation was less than that for pure CO2 injection-induced strain (1.87%) at same pressure of 5.9 MPa (850 psi). The measured deformation with CO2 injection was applied to a constant-volume based analytical coal permeability model, which is capable of accommodating the anisotropic sorption-induced deformation. Based on the modeling results, it was found that application of isotropic deformation in permeability model can overestimate the permeability loss compared to anisotropic deformation. This demonstrates that the anisotropic coal deformation should be considered to predict the permeability behavior of CBM as well as CO2 sequestration/ECBM projects. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Failsafe/Diagnosable Multiprocessor System for Robotics Applications

Multiprocessors are used in Robotic applications to obtain high speeds and error free computations. Fail-safe realization is one approach to highly reliable system design. In this paper we discuss a distributed technique for diagnosing a distributed-shared memory multiprocessor system for robotic applications, graph model and issues encountered in creating fault-tolerant system, i.e., self-checking computer design, use of natural redundancy available in a multiprocessor with minimum degration in performance, employing multilevel redundancy, and external fault recovery management with high reliability.
Women's rights: the second decolonization?

In April 1994, mile-long lines stretched outside South Africa's polling stations as black and white voters waited, often for more than six or seven hours, to cast ballots in the country's first democratic election. Political activist Albertina Sisulu told her daughter-in-law, “The excitement was unbelievable – going to jail, being forced to leave my children – it was all worth it to live to see this day.” As an antiapartheid campaigner and wife of prominent nationalist leader Walter Sisulu, she had suffered frequent arrests and imprisonment, solitary confinement, and years of banning, when her movements and social contacts were severely restricted. Amid the excitement over this remarkable transformation, commentators rarely noted that the elections were an extraordinary step not only toward racial equality, but also toward equality between women and men. Only a few years earlier, Albie Sachs, a prominent legal figure in the antiapartheid movement, had called patriarchy one of few established nonracial institutions in South Africa. Until the 1980s, black women were legal minors and white women, once married, came under their husbands’ protection. Regardless of race, women had no right to open bank accounts, take out mortgages, or sign official documents in their own names; for many years, teachers who married had to give up their jobs. Transcending this history of legalized subordination, after the 1994 election, women won 106 of the 400 seats in the new National Assembly and South Africa jumped from 141st to 7th place worldwide in the representation of women in the national legislature. Two years later the country adopted one of the most egalitarian, gender-sensitive constitutions in the world, a document that prohibits discrimination not only on the grounds of gender and race, but also on the basis of sexual orientation, motherhood, pregnancy, ethnicity, age, and disability. Acting quickly and creatively as a follow-up to their electoral success, women activists grappled with a number of key issues. Anxious to establish a strong voice in government without ghettoizing and marginalizing women's concerns, they recommended against creating a separate women's cabinet position. Instead they adopted a policy of “gender mainstreaming,” which mandated that all government agencies diversify their personnel and establish gender-sensitive programs. Directly confronting the country's high level of social conservatism, women also pushed through a new law in 1996 affirming a woman's right to reproductive choice, seeking to end the country's estimated 300,000 backstreet abortions each year.