cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Insufficiency of Reason in Plato's Gorgias

rT _HE GORGIAS is unquestionably the most important of Plato's political dialogues prior to the Republic. In this confrontation between Socrates and three rhetoricians two of whom, Gorgias and Polus, teach rhetoric, and a third, Callicles, who wishes to employ it toward the advancement of his political career Plato rails at length against the Sophists and their teaching, while the political implications of this are drawn in full. The connections between oratory and democracy are probed in depth, culminating in Plato's denunciation of the Athenian democracy and the well-known political figures who had made it what it was: Pericles, Themistocles, Miltiades, and Cimon (esp. Gorg 515c if.). Moreover, and more significant for our purposes, in the climactic confrontation of the work between Socrates and Callicles, not only does Plato supply Callicles with a series of powerful arguments which have been described as "the most eloquent statement of the immoralist's case in western literature" (Shorey 1933: 154) but he allows Socrates to counter with strong arguments of his own, which clearly anticipate the main political teaching of the Republic. What interests me in this paper is the relationship between the Gorgias and the political teaching of the Republic. In many respects the connections are both clear and familiar to students of Classical Political Theory. It is hard to deny the similarity between the critical attitude taken toward democracy in the Republic next to tyranny the worst form of state and the direct criticisms of democracy found in the Gorgias. Similarly, the immoralism of Callicles is closely related to the view espoused by Thrasymachos in Republic I (esp. Rep 343b-44c). As Friedlander especially has pointed out, even the basic structure of the Gorgias, three debates in order of ascending seriousness and depth, anticipates the makeup of Republic I (1958-69; II, 244-45). In addition, Socrates' eventual description of the true political art as a molding of soulsl contains in germ the political theory of the Republic. These and other connections have been pointed out many times.2 It seems, however, that not all the ways in which the Gorgias anticipates theRepublic have been recognized. The purpose of this paper is to develop one which has been overlooked. This will be seen to be important, not only
Dioxygen Reactivity Models for Cytochrome C Oxidase: Synthesis and Characterization of Oxo and Hydroxo-Bridged Porphyrin-Iron/Copper Dinuclear Complexes

The synthesis of appropriate transition-metal complexes to model the structural, spectroscopic, and magnetic properties of a metalloprotein active-site provides an opportunity to consider the function and associated mechanism of that metalloprotein at the molecular level. One nice example is the dinuclear cuprous amine-bis-pyridyl complex, which effects arene hydroxylation (albeit of the ligand m-xylyl spacer) using molecular oxygen (O2).1 This extraordinary reaction involves cleavage of the O-O bond and subsequent insertion of an oxygen atom into an arene C-H bond under essentially ambient conditions, to model the function of copper monooxygenases such as tyrosinase. Another excellent example is the generation of dicupric trans-µ-1,2-peroxo complexes from cuprous precursors and O2, reversibly,2–4 to model the oxygen-transport property of the protein hemocyanin, which subsequently was discovered to bind O2 in η2:η2 fashion, as shown in Figure 1.4 The metalloprotein cytochrome c oxidase,5 however, due to its combination of diverse and unusual active-site metal centers, has eluded a convincing model description. As for its function, it probably binds O2 at a dinuclear site comprising heme-iron and histidyl-copper coordination; it then cleaves the O-O bond, via reduction, (vide infra ).5 The structural changes associated with this dinuclear site during turnover, and the intermediates produced therefrom, are by no means clearly understood. In the resting state, the dinuclear site exhibits strong antiferromagnetic coupling (-J =200 cm-1) suggesting the involvement of a bridging ligand, often postulated as µ-sulfido, µ-chloro, or µ-hydroxo. Thus, we have endeavored to synthesize model complexes of this enigmatic dinuclear site.
Experimental biological control of a trematode parasite of bluegill.

Abstract An investigation was begun July 1, 1962, to determine the potential of snails infected with cercariae of Posthodiplostomum minimum to produce infection in bluegills, Lepomis macrochirus. Infected snails, in aluminum wire baskets, were stocked in plastic-lined pools at rates of 1 or 5 per pool. Bluegills of 2 sizes, 1 inch or 3 inches, were stocked in the pools. All bluegills were exposed to cercariae for 24 days at which time the exposure phase of the experiment was terminated. One month later counts were made of the parasites found in each fish. One-inch bluegills contained an average of 20 parasites per fish when exposed to cercariae from 1 infected snail and 37 parasites per fish when exposed to cercariae from 5 infected snails. Three-inch bluegills contained an average of 110 parasites per fish when exposed to cercariae from 1 infected snail and 200 parasites per fish when exposed to cercariae from 5 infected snails. Comparison of treatment means revealed that the intensity of infection was related more to size of the fish than to the number of infected snails to which the bluegills were exposed. An investigation was begun October 10, 1962, to determine the effectiveness of the redear sunfish, L. microlophus, in reducing infection of P. minimum in bluegills through destruction of the snail host by the redear. Infected snails were released in pools at rates of 1, 5, or 10 per pool. Parasite-free snails were also stocked in all of the pools so that each pool contained a combined total of 100 snails. Bluegills were stocked in all of the pools. Some pools were stocked with redear, whereas others received no redear and were held as controls. Half of the pools stocked with redear contained vegetation. All bluegills were exposed to cercariae for 37 days at which time the exposure part of the experiment was terminated. One month later counts were made of the parasites found in each fish. When stocked alone with 1, 5, or 10 infected snails, bluegills averaged 48, 83, and 114 parasites per fish, respectively. In pools stocked with redear, bluegills contained an average of 16, 16, and 48 parasites per fish. In the presence of redear and vegetation, bluegills contained an average of 7, 9, and 32 parasites. Comparison of treatment means revealed that the redear was effective in significantly reducing infection of P. minimum in bluegills, and that the presence of aquatic vegetation did not reduce effectiveness of the redear.
Mini-review: Convection around biofilms

Water that flows around a biofilm influences the transport of solutes into and out of the biofilm and applies forces to the biofilm that can cause it to deform and detach. Engineering approaches to quantifying and understanding these phenomena are reviewed in the context of biofilm systems. The slow-moving fluid adjacent to the biofilm acts as an insulator for diffusive exchange. External mass transfer resistance is important because it can exacerbate oxygen or nutrient limitation in biofilms, worsen product inhibition, affect quorum sensing, and contribute to the development of tall, fingerlike biofilm clusters. Measurements of fluid motion around biofilms by particle velocimetry and magnetic resonance imaging indicate that water flows around, but not through biofilm cell clusters. Moving fluid applies forces to biofilms resulting in diverse outcomes including viscoelastic deformation, rolling, development of streamers, oscillatory movement, and material failure or detachment. The primary force applied to the biofilm is a shear force in the main direction of fluid flow, but complex hydrodynamics including eddies, vortex streets, turbulent wakes, and turbulent bursts result in additional force components.
Orthodontists' opinions of factors affecting patients' choice of orthodontic practices.

Introduction There is little valid information about factors that influence a patient's choice of an orthodontic practice. The aim of this study was to determine what orthodontists consider the most important factors for prospective adult patients or parents of prospective adolescent patients when choosing an orthodontic practice. Methods We randomly selected 450 orthodontists from the American Association of Orthodontists' membership list, stratified to represent various regions. They were sent 2 questionnaires: 1 for prospective adult patients (44 questions) and 1 for parents of prospective adolescent patients (51 questions). The orthodontists were asked to answer as they thought their potential patients would. Responses were given on a visual analog scale. Results One hundred twenty-three orthodontists returned the questionnaires. The 3 highest scores were (for adult patients): “a doctor who makes you feel comfortable,” a doctor with a “caring attitude,” and “the doctor's overall reputation.” For the parents of adolescents, orthodontists thought that “a doctor with a caring attitude,” “who makes you feel comfortable,” and “a staff with a caring attitude” were most important. Conclusions Orthodontists thought that the personal characteristics of the doctor and the staff were the most important factors affecting a potential patient's decision in choosing a practice.
Parent caregiver-related predictors of health care service utilization by children with cerebral palsy enrolled in Medicaid.

Abstract Introduction: This study examined the associations between characteristics of the parent caregiver and health care service utilization by children with cerebral palsy enrolled in Medicaid. Methods: A questionnaire was administered to the parents of children with cerebral palsy being treated in a North Carolina hospital, and the responses were linked with health services claims data from Medicaid. Data were available for 93 patients who maintained 1 year of continuous enrollment. The impact of selected demographic variables (race, years the child had the condition, employment, transportation) and behavioral variables (belief the child was receiving appropriate care, willingness to use home nursing and respite services, self-assessment of the severity of the child's condition, and use of orthopedic aids) on the frequency and costs of health care services was explored with use of multiple regression analysis. Results: Parents who were willing to use home nursing and respite services were more likely to utilize these services, as well as inpatient facilities and orthopedic care, for their children (P
Estrogen metabolism in primary kidney cell cultures from Syrian hamsters.

Estrogen metabolism was evaluated in freshly isolated kidney and liver microsomes and in primary kidney cell cultures from Syrian hamsters, a potential experimental model for examining the possible role(s) of estrogens in tumor initiation and development. Initial velocity studies of the conversion of estradiol to 2-hydroxyestradiol, as determined by the 3H2O release assay with the substrate [2-3H]estradiol, resulted in similar apparent Kms of estrogen 2-hydroxylase of 2.85 and 6.25 microM for liver and renal microsomes, respectively. The apparent Vmax for freshly prepared liver microsomes was 0.13 nmol.mg-1.min-1, while that for renal microsomes was 0.040 nmol.mg-1.min-1. Evaluation of estrogen metabolism was also performed in primary cell cultures of hamster kidney cells, consisting of 75% epithelial cells. [6,7-3H]Estradiol (10 microM) was incubated for 0, 24 and 48 h in primary kidney cell cultures, and the organic soluble metabolites analyzed by reverse-phase HPLC. The cultures from untreated, castrated hamsters metabolize [3H]estradiol to yield small quantities of estrone and significant amounts of polar metabolites, while no catechol estrogens were isolated. Estrogen metabolism by diethylstilbestrol-treated (DES-treated) hamster kidney cell cultures also provided small quantities of estrone and no evidence of catechol estrogens. Additionally, larger amounts of additional polar metabolites were isolated in the cultures from DES-treated hamsters. Finally, levels of estrogen 2-hydroxylase were detected in these cultures using the 3H2O release assay. Thus, the short-term primary kidney cell cultures from the Syrian hamster are capable of metabolizing estrogens. Furthermore, the enzymatic processes appear to be available for the conversion of any catechol estrogens formed into more polar metabolites. These investigations in intact cells, capable of performing all biochemical processes, complement both in vivo and subcellular biochemical studies and may aid in elucidating the roles of estrogens and estrogen metabolism in the initiation and development of estrogen-induced, estrogen-dependent kidney tumors in the Syrian hamster.
Two worlds [Point of View]

The front page photographs of the New York Times last week were a striking study in contrasts. In the 12 August 2009 photograph, a man at a Lebanon, Pennsylvania, healthcare town-hall meeting was angrily shouting at his senator, Arlen Spector. According to the accompanying article, many of the attendees had been alerted of the meeting by e-mail from the Constitutional Organization of Liberty and the Berks County Tea Party. The primary concerns of those who spoke were abortion, euthanasia, coverage of immigrants, and privacy rather than health-care reform [1]. A link on the Berks County Tea Party Web site discusses Liberty Counsel's analysis of the proposed health-care bill, HR 3,200. Some of the verbatim analysis points that do not match their cited HR 3,200 sections.
Idiopathic Ventricular Fibrillation in Out‐of‐Hospital Cardiac Arrest Survivors

This study examined diagnostic and therapeutic roles of electrophysiological testing and long-term clinical outcome after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest due to idiopathic ventricular fibrillation. This is defined as ventricular fibrillation occurring in the absence of detectable underlying heart disease or metabolic or electrolyte disturbance. Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest resulting from idiopathic ventricular fibrillation is uncommon. Records of all patients who underwent electrophysiological testing between June 1979 and June 1992 were reviewed. Patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest due to idiopathic ventricular fibrillation were identified. Follow-up information was obtained by telephone interview in June 1992. Of 194 patients who underwent electrophysiological study after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest not associated with acute myocardial infarction, only six (4 male and 2 female) had idiopathic ventricular fibrillation. It was induced in only two patients by programmed ventricular stimulation. No sustained ventricular arrhythmias were induced in the remaining four patients. Four patients received implantable cardioverter defibrillators, one was treated with a β-adrenergic blocker, and one received no treatment. All patients were alive at a mean follow-up of 50 months. Two of the four patients without inducible sustained ventricular arrhythmias had events during follow-up. Of the two patients with inducible ventricular fibrillation, one experienced a cardiac arrest and documented ventricular fibrillation at 41 months after the index event and the other had had no recurrence at 15-month follow-up. All four patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillators were alive at last follow-up, and two had device discharges. In survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest due to idiopathic ventricular fibrillation: (1) programmed electrical stimulation is of limited value for evaluating cause and guiding therapy; (2) a high rate of recurrent events is observed (50%); and (3) an implantable cardioverter defibrillator is effective for preventing a fatal outcome.
Periodically Estimated Reflection Coefficient Measurement Uncertainties for a Vector Network Analyzer

This paper describes the model and method used to obtain the periodically estimated uncertainties for measurement of the scattering parameters S11 and S22 on a Vector Network Analyzer (VNA). A thru-reflect-line (TRL) method is employed as a second tier calibration to obtain uncertainty estimates using an NIST-calibrated standard. An example of tabulated listings of these uncertainty estimates is presented and the uncertainties obtained for a VNA with 7 mm, 3.5 mm, and type N coaxial interfaces used in our laboratory over several years are summarized.
A static-node assisted adaptive routing protocol in vehicular networks

Vehicular networks have attracted great interest in the research community recently, and multi-hop routing becomes an important issue. To improve data delivery performance, we propose SADV, which utilizes some static nodes at road intersections in a completely mobile vehicular network to help relay data. With the assistance of static nodes at intersections, a packet can be stored in the node for a while and wait until there are vehicles within communication range along the best delivery path to further forward the packet, which reduces the overall data delivery delay. In addition, we let adjacent nodes measure the delay of forwarding data between each other in real time, so that the routing decision can adapt to changing vehicle densities. Our simulation results show that SADV outperforms other multi-hop data dissemination protocols, especially under median or low vehicle density where the network is frequently partitioned.
Atomic-scale studies of silver segregation at MgO/Cu heterophase interfaces

Abstract Atom-probe field-ion microscopy (APFIM) is used to measure quantitatively the absolute values of the Gibbsian interfacial excess of Ag, ΓAg, at semi-coherent {222} MgO Cu(Ag) heterophase interfaces. Atomically clean metal oxide/metal heterophase interfaces were obtained by internal oxidation of a pure ternary Cu(Mg,Ag) single-phase alloy to produce octahedral-shaped MgO precipitates, 10 to 30 nm in diameter, in a single-phase Cu(Ag) matrix. Precipitates are faceted on {222} planes. Random-area APFIM analysis was performed in the 〈111〉 direction of the Cu(Ag) matrix, perpendicular to one pair of {222} facets of every MgO precipitate. For a single precipitate dissected on an atomic scale, segregation levels at both “front” and “rear” interfaces are determined. The average measured value of ΓAg, at 500°C, is (2 ± 0.6) × 1015 atoms cm−2. This corresponds to about one monolayer coverage.
SOME ASPECTS OF THE BIOLOGY OF THE PANCREATIC HORMONES

THE PANCREAS is a compound tubular gland arising as an outgrowth from the alimentary tract. In nearly all the vertebrates it is made up of two parts, an acinar portion and one containing the islands of Langerhans. Although ther6le of the pancreas as an aid to digestive processes was obvious at a very early date, knowledge as to its r6le as an organ of internal secretion i s of relatively recent origin, and mainly the result of intensive search for the cause of diabetes mellitus. In 1788 Cawley (1) first recorded a case in which diabetes mellitus was definitely associated with a morphological change in the pancreas; in 1877 Lancereaux(2) propounded the theory that pancreatic disease was the cause of this clinicalsyndrome, and in 1890 Von Mering and Minkowski (3) ex-perimentally established the validity of this theory by demonstrating that the removal of the pancreas from the dog results
Quantitative Analysis of Toremifene Metabolites in Biological Specimens Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography

Abstract Toremifene is a triphenylethylene derivatiye that is currently undergoing Phase I-III clinical trials for antineoplastic activity. Toremifene has also shown chemosensitizing activity in multidrug resistant cancer cells. In the present study, we developed a modified HPLC assay which allows for separation, and quantification of toremifene metabolites in biological specimens. Plasma samples containing various quantities of toremifene metabolites were spiked with an internal standard (nafoxidine), extracted with 2% butanol in hexane, and irradiated with high intensity ultraviolet light (254 nm). Aliquots of the extracted plasma components were injected onto a C18 reverse phase column and eleuted isocratically with a mobile phase of 7% water and 0.18% triethylamine in methanol. Fluorescence of toremifene metabolites, and internal standard was measured at an excitation wavelength of 266nm. The sensitivity of this assay was approximately 20 ng/mL for each metabolite. Linearity was achieved for all the c...
"I Want to Live, Until I don't Want to Live Anymore": Involving Children With Life-Threatening and Life-Shortening Illnesses in Decision Making About Care and Treatment

Pediatric societies in North America and in the United Kingdom and Europe take the position that children should be part of the decision-making process. Less clear, however, is how that should be accomplished. This article outlines what needs to be considered when taking on the challenge of involving children with life-threatening and life-limiting illnesses in decision making regarding care and treatment and suggests an approach to involving children that recognizes their abilities, vulnerabilities, and relationships with others while at the same time ensuring an ethical and meaningful role for children.
MICROWAVE MOLECULAR STRUCTURE MEASUREMENTS FOR TETRACARBONYLDIHYDROOSMIUM,A CLASSICAL DIHYDRIDE

Microwave rotational spectra for six isotopomers of H2Os(CO)4 were measured in the 4−12 GHz range using a Flygare-Balle-type spectrometer. The 18 rotational constants from these isotopomers were us...
Current concepts in the antimicrobial therapy of community-acquired pneumonia.

The majority of community-acquired pneumonias (CAPs) are caused by typical bacterial pathogens, i.e., S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae or M. catarrhalis. Atypical pneumonias, i.e., legionnaires' disease, C. pneumoniae pneumonia and M. pneumoniae pneumonia are less common in frequency than typical bacterial pathogens, but are of considerable public health and therapeutic importance. The newest therapeutic considerations in CAP are related to monotherapy versus combination therapy, parenteral versus oral therapy, minimizing the emergence of penicillin-resistant pneumococci and an appreciation that comorbid factors in antibiotic selection are unimportant. Monotherapy using a respiratory quinolone or doxycycline covers both typical and atypical causes of CAPs and is equally efficacious and less expensive than double drug therapy. Except in patients unable to take oral medications/those in CCUs, patients with CAP may be started on i.v. antibiotic therapy, but should be switched to oral therapy after 48 hours/clinical defervescence. The combination of 2 days of i.v. therapy plus 12 days of oral therapy has been shown to be as effective as 14 days of i.v. therapy. The use of doxycycline or respiratory quinolones may forestall or eliminate the emergence of highly penicillin-resistant pneumococci, and, for this reason, these agents probably should be used preferentially over beta-lactam antibiotics to treat CAPs. The status of the host's immune system, particularly intact splenic function, and the underlying condition of the cardiorespiratory system are the critical factors in predicting mortality, morbidity, complications and hospital stay. However, antibiotic selection is not affected by comorbidities, and antibiotics should not be changed or added to the usual therapy of CAP because of comorbid factors. Multiple drug therapy does not improve the outcome, which is a function of underlying host factors.
Selection and Validation of Reference Genes for Gene Expression Analysis in Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) Using Quantitative Real-Time RT-PCR

Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) has received a lot of attention as a forage and bioenergy crop during the past few years. Gene expression studies are in progress to improve new traits and develop new cultivars. Quantitative real time PCR (qRT-PCR) has emerged as an important technique to study gene expression analysis. For accurate and reliable results, normalization of data with reference genes is essential. In this work, we evaluate the stability of expression of genes to use as reference for qRT-PCR in the grass P. virgatum. Eleven candidate reference genes, including eEF-1α, UBQ6, ACT12, TUB6, eIF-4a, GAPDH, SAMDC, TUA6, CYP5, U2AF, and FTSH4, were validated for qRT-PCR normalization in different plant tissues and under different stress conditions. The expression stability of these genes was verified by the use of two distinct algorithms, geNorm and NormFinder. Differences were observed after comparison of the ranking of the candidate reference genes identified by both programs but eEF-1α, eIF-4a, CYP5 and U2AF are ranked as the most stable genes in the samples sets under study. Both programs discard the use of SAMDC and TUA6 for normalization. Validation of the reference genes proposed by geNorm and NormFinder were performed by normalization of transcript abundance of a group of target genes in different samples. Results show similar expression patterns when the best reference genes selected by both programs were used but differences were detected in the transcript abundance of the target genes. Based on the above research, we recommend the use of different statistical algorithms to identify the best reference genes for expression data normalization. The best genes selected in this study will help to improve the quality of gene expression data in a wide variety of samples in switchgrass.
Renal handling of calcium in the early newborn period.

Renal handling of calcium in the early newborn period. Urinary calcium excretion was studied in two matched groups of 28 clinically–well preterm and fullterm infants between 24 and 48 hours of life. In the developmental period from 28 to 40 weeks gestation, urinary calcium excretion was positively correlated to the gestational age (r = 0.583, P 2.5% for sodium. Serum calcium levels were positively correlated with gestational age (r = 0.803, P
Kinetic Growth Rate after Portal Vein Embolization Predicts Posthepatectomy Outcomes: Toward Zero Liver-Related Mortality in Patients with Colorectal Liver Metastases and Small Future Liver Remnant

Background Standardized future liver remnant (sFLR) volume and degree of hypertrophy after portal vein embolization (PVE) have been recognized as important predictors of surgical outcomes after major liver resection. However, the regeneration rate of the FLR after PVE varies among individuals and its clinical significance is unknown. Study Design Kinetic growth rate (KGR) is defined as the degree of hypertrophy at initial volume assessment divided by number of weeks elapsed after PVE. In 107 consecutive patients who underwent liver resection for colorectal liver metastases with an sFLR volume >20%, the ability of the KGR to predict overall and liver-specific postoperative morbidity and mortality was compared with sFLR volume and degree of hypertrophy. Results Using receiver operating characteristic analysis, the best cutoff values for sFLR volume, degree of hypertrophy, and KGR for predicting postoperative hepatic insufficiency were estimated as 29.6%, 7.5%, and 2.0% per week, respectively. Among these, KGR was the most accurate predictor (area under the curve 0.830 [95% CI, 0.736–0.923]; asymptotic significance, 0.002). A KGR of Conclusions Kinetic growth rate is a better predictor of postoperative morbidity and mortality after liver resection for small FLR than conventional measured volume parameters (ie, sFLR volume and degree of hypertrophy).
Five-year survival of patients with malignant hypertension treated with antihypertensive agents.

In this article, Freis and Mohler, a medical student at Georgetown University, reported the findings of their five-year study on the survival rate among patients with malignant hypertension. They concluded that treatment with antihypertensive agents prior to renal failure greatly enhanced a patient's chances for survival, and even proved to provide a greater chance for patients who also had advanced atherosclerosis as a result of prolonged high blood pressure. Freis and Mohler also noted that African American patients who received treatment lived almost as long as white patients in the study.
A 100 Gb/s transimpedance amplifier in 65 nm CMOS technology for optical communications

A 100 Gb/s CMOS transimpedance amplifier (TIA) for high speed optical communication receivers is presented in this paper. The TIA is based on a differential architecture and composed of a regulated cascode block and a differential amplifier with active feedback. It adopts peaking inductors and a capacitive degeneration scheme to increase the bandwidth. The TIA is designed and laid out in CMOS 65 nm CMOS technology. Post layout simulation results show that the TIA achieves 70 GHz bandwidth, 40 dBO transimpedance gain, ±4.36 ps of the group delay variation, and 31 pA/√Hz of the input referred noise current, and it dissipates 24 mW under 1.2V supply. The proposed TIA increases the bandwidth by more than two times when compared with other existing CMOS TIAs, while achieving comparable performance in other performance metrics.
Hand Wringing in Paradise: Scholarly Communication and the Intimate Twinges of Conscience

ABSTRACT Scholarly communication today is in the midst of a healthy and long running crisis that has been good for libraries, good for scholars and good for publishers. It is a reflection of a hypercompetitive academic environment and a ruthless academic winnowing and reward system. Large commercial publishers have successfully manipulated this system with the complicity of library consortia, which has led in turn to the birth of the expensive and at times counter-productive open access movement that later reached its nadir with the problematic SCOAP (Sponsoring Consortium for Open Access Publishing in Particle Physics) episode. In our obsession with navel gazing we have forgotten the decisive role that China will play in future developments in scholarly communication. This article originally published in Journal of Library Administration, Vol. 51, Issues 5–6, pages 415–431, 2011. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01930826.2011.589335.
Importance of changes in plasma HCO3− on regulation of CSF HCO3− in respiratory alkalosis☆

Abstract In respiratory alkalosis the fall in CSF bicarbonate is in part due to increased CSF lactate. The rest of CSF HCO3− fall may be actively regulated or as more recent evidence suggests is dependent on plasma HCO3− fall. Therefore, the relationship between plasma and CSF HCO3− changes was studied during 4 hours of respiratory alkalosis (PaCO2 = 20 mm Hg) in anesthetized dogs when plasma HCO3−: (1) fell normally, (2) kept 'normal' by NaHCO3 infusion, (3) increased by infusing more NaHCO3, and (4) reduced by infusing HCl. In respiratory alkalosis plasma and CSF HCO3− fell 4.6 and 3.8 mEq/L, respectively. In hypocapnia and ‘normal’ plasma HCO3− CSF HCO3− fell 2 mEq/L and lactate increased 1.33 mEq/L. In hypocapnia and metabolic alkalosis plasma HCO3− increased 6.5 mEq/L and CSF HCO3− remained unchanged and lactate increased 2.12 mEq/L. In combined hypocapnia and metabolic acidosis plasma HCO3− fall 10.5 mEq/L but CSF HCO3− fell 3.1 mEq/L and CSF pH returned to normal at 4 hours. Therefore CSF HCO3− fall in hypocapnia is primarily and critically dependent on the simultaneous fall in plasma HCO3− content, with a minimal contribution from CNS lactate increase. When CSF pH has returned to normal, however, CSF HCO3− fall is stopped despite further falls in plasma HCO3−.
Environmental Hazards and Mitigation Measures for Oil and Gas Field Operations Located in Urban Settings

This paper presents a methodology for evaluating the environmental hazards posed by gas migration from oil and gas reservoirs, or underground natural gas storage facilities, into the near-surface environment. Faults, fractured zones, and improperly completed or abandoned wellbores (e.g., due to poor cementing practices) are described as the primary pathways by which the gas can reach the surface. Furthermore, the gas migration problem can be exacerbated by subsidence, earthquake activity, and well corrosion. Soil gas monitoring, geochemical gas fingerprinting, and geological profiling are used in order to identify the magnitude and location of the environmental risks. Shallow and deep soil probes are used in order to define the near-surface hydrology, and to identify possible collector zones where gas concentrations can build up to dangerous levels. These techniques have proven to be important in the planning for and design of mitigation systems necessary to protect residential and commercial properties from the migrating gases. For example, some jurisdictions have imposed regulatory controls and design requirements regarding the installation of gas mitigation systems. Safe operating procedures must be established for the operation of oil and gas fields, and underground natural gas storage facilities. A number of case histories are discussed here that have been used by the authors to validate the methodology, and to illustrate the seriousness of the problem. A clear case is made for the need to perform ongoing monitoring for these conditions, especially in an urban setting.
THE STRUCTURE OF PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA PHAGES B3, E79, AND F116.

Studies of three bacteriophages, two temperate and one virulent, infectious for Pseudomonas aeruginosa have shown each to have an individual structure. The virulent phage E79 resembles the T-even coliphages in structure, particularly with regard to the tail and attachment mechanism. Certain aspects of the variations in structure of these phage are reflected in their other properties.
Recovery of photosynthesis in sunflower after a period of low leaf water potential.

Photosynthesis was studied in sunflower plants subjected to 1 to 2 days of desiccation and then permitted to recover. The leaf water potential to which leaves returned after rewatering was dependent on the severity of desiccation and the evaporative conditions. Under moderately evaporative conditions, leaf water potential returned to predesiccation levels after 3 to 5 hours when desiccation was slight. Leaf water potentials remained below predesiccation levels for several days after rewatering when leaf water potentials decreased to -13 to -19 bars during desiccation. Leaf water potential showed no sign of recovery when leaf water potentials decreased to -20 bars or below during desiccation. The lack of full recovery of leaf water potential was attributable to increased resistance to water transport in the roots and stem. The resistance ultimately became large enough to result in death of the leaves because net water loss continued even after the soil had been rewatered.Measurements of photosynthesis were made at high light intensities, where stomatal aperture often affects photosynthesis, and at low light intensities, where the photochemical activity of the leaves limits photosynthesis. Providing leaf water potentials remained above -12 bars during the desiccation period and returned to predesiccation levels during recovery, photosynthesis under both low and high light paralleled the recovery in leaf water potential after rewatering. After desiccation to leaf water potentials below -12 bars, recovery was incomplete under high light and could be attributed to lack of full stomatal opening. Lack of full opening persisted for 3 days and showed no sign of eventual recovery even though leaf water potentials recovered fully. Under low light, however, recovery in photochemical activity was complete within 15 hours after desiccation to leaf water potentials as low as -17 bars.
Asset Allocation in a Crisis

The market crisis of 2007 and 2008 shattered many investors’ notions of the efficiency and stability of markets. It also likely shattered a lot of investors’ confidence in asset allocation schemes. Some advisors thought they were following sound strategies, only to have severely adverse results. In our view, the financial crisis of 2007 and 2008 also created a crisis in asset allocation. However, we believe that it was the implementation, and not the essence, of asset allocation that failed. In our assessment, there are three main lessons from the market crisis of 2007 and 2008: (1) Strategic asset allocation is not static asset allocation; (2) An awareness of economic and market conditions should inform portfolio allocations; (3) Risk management goes beyond “checking the box” of size and style exposure. Other factors, like sectors, countries, and liquidity, also matter.
Fullerene–epoxy nanocomposites-enhanced mechanical properties at low nanofiller loading

In this study, we characterized the mechanical properties of fullerence (C60) epoxy nanocomposites at various weight fractions of fullerene additives in the epoxy matrix. The mechanical properties measured were the Young’s modulus, ultimate tensile strength, fracture toughness, fracture energy, and the material’s resistance to fatigue crack propagation. All of the above properties of the epoxy polymer were significantly enhanced by the fullerene additives at relatively low nanofiller loading fractions (~0.1 to 1% of the epoxy matrix weight). By contrast, other forms of nanoparticle fillers such as silica, alumina, and titania nanoparticles require up to an order of magnitude higher weight fraction to achieve comparable enhancement in properties.
A direct search for time-optimal control in stochastic systems †

A feedback control policy is formulated for minimization of the expected length of time required for the state of a stochastic dynamic system to first reach a desired terminal region. The control variables are constrained and it is assumed that noise-free observations of the system state are available at all times. Dynamic programming leads to a non-linear partial differential equation that is very difficult to solve. Instead the difference between the stochastic and the more tractable deterministic equations for the switching hyperplane is represented by a truncated power series, and the optimal switching hyperplane for a ‘ bang-bang ’ controller is then computed through a search on the power series coefficients using repetitive simulations. Numerical results for the location of the stochastic switching curves for a specific second-order system with additive gaussian white noise are presented and discussed.
Protease-activated Receptors 1 and 4 Are Shut Off with Distinct Kinetics after Activation by Thrombin

Protease-activated receptors 1 and 4 (PAR1 and PAR4) mediate thrombin signaling in human platelets. Whether these receptors are redundant, interact, or serve only partially overlapping functions is unknown. We report that PAR1 and PAR4 signal with distinct tempos. In transfected fibroblasts, PAR4 triggered substantially more phosphoinositide hydrolysis per activated receptor than PAR1 and was shut off more slowly than PAR1. Shutoff and internalization of PAR1 depends upon phosphorylation of its carboxyl tail upon receptor activation. In contrast to PAR1, phosphorylation of PAR4 was undetectable, and activation-dependent internalization of PAR4 was much slower than that seen for PAR1. Mutation of potential phosphorylation sites in the carboxyl tail of PAR1 enhanced PAR1 signaling, whereas analogous mutations in PAR4 had no effect. Thus PAR4 signaling is shut off less rapidly than PAR1, probably due to differences in receptor phosphorylation. PAR1 and PAR4 also signaled with distinct tempos in platelets. PAR1 triggered a rapid and transient increase in intracellular calcium, whereas PAR4 triggered a more prolonged response. Together, the tempo of these responses accounted for that triggered by thrombin. Thus differences in the rates at which PAR1 and PAR4 are shut off allow thrombin to trigger intracellular signaling with distinct temporal characteristics.
Surface area and porosity of acid hydrolyzed cellulose nanowhiskers and cellulose produced by Gluconacetobacter xylinus

The physical parameters of cellulose such as surface area and porosity are important in the development of cellulose composites which may contain valuable additives which bind to cellulose. In this area, the use of acid hydrolyzed nano-dimensional cellulose nanowhiskers (CNWs) has attracted significant interest, yet the surface area and porosity of these materials have not been explored experimentally. The objective of this work was to characterize the surface area and porosity of CNWs from different origins (plant cotton/bacterium Gluconacetobacter xylinus) and different acid treatments (H2SO4/HCl) by N2 adsorption; as well as to compare surface area and porosity of bacterial cellulose synthesized by static and agitated cultures. Our results showed that CNWs produced from H2SO4/HCl exhibited significantly increased surface area and porosity relative to starting material cotton fiber CF11. Micropores were generated in HCl hydrolyzed CNWs but not in H2SO4 hydrolyzed CNWs. Bacterial CNWs exhibited larger surface area and porosity compared to plant CNWs. Cellulose synthesized by G. xylinus ATCC 700178 from agitated cultures also exhibited less surface area and porosity than those from static cultures.
Thermodynamics of the hydrolysis reactions of α-d-galactose 1-phosphate, sn-glycerol 3-phosphate, 4-nitrophenyl phosphate, phosphocreatine, and 3-phospho-d-glycerate

Abstract Microcalorimetry, high-performance liquid chromatography (h.p.l.c.), and an enzymatic assay have been used to conduct a thermodynamic investigation of five phosphate hydrolysis reactions: {α- d -galactose 1-phosphate(aq) + H2O(l) = d -galactose(aq) + orthophosphate(aq)} (1), {sn-glycerol 3-phosphate(aq) + H2O(l) = glycerol(aq) + orthophosphate(aq)} (2), {4-nitrophenyl phosphate(aq) + H2O(l) = 4-nitrophenol(aq) + orthophosphate(aq)} (3), {phosphocreatine(aq) + H2O(l) = creatine(aq) + orthophosphate(aq)} (4), and {3-phospho- d -glycerate(aq) + H2O(l) = d -glycerate(aq) + orthophosphate(aq)} (5). Calorimetrically determined enthalpies of reaction ΔrH(cal) were measured for reactions (1)–(5) and the apparent equilibrium constant K′ was measured for reaction (2). The pKs and standard enthalpies of reaction Δ r H ∘ for the H+ and Mg2+ binding reactions of the reactants and products in the aforementioned reactions were obtained either from the literature or by estimation. A chemical equilibrium model was then used to calculate standard equilibrium constants K and standard enthalpies of reaction Δ r H ∘ for chemical reference reactions that correspond to the overall biochemical reactions that were studied experimentally. Property values from the literature and thermodynamic network calculations were used to obtain values of the equilibrium constants for the chemical reference reactions that correspond to the overall biochemical reactions (1). These values were compared with other results from the literature and also correlated with structural features. The results obtained in this study can be used in the chemical equilibrium model to calculate values of K′, the standard apparent Gibbs free energy changes Δ r G ′ ∘ , the standard apparent enthalpy changes Δ r H ′ ∘ , changes in binding of the proton ΔrN(H+), and the position of equilibrium for the overall biochemical reactions considered in this study over a reasonably wide range of temperature, pH, pMg [−log10{m(Mg2+)/m°}], and ionic strength I. Values of K′ and ΔrG′° under approximately physiological conditions (T = 310.15 K, pH 7.0, pMg = 3.0, and Im = 0.25 mol · kg−1) have been calculated.
Isolation and characterization of induced ceruloplasmin from chicken serum.

Abstract Stree-induced ceruloplasmin was isolated from the serum of chicks infected with Salmonella gallinarum. The purified protein had a molecular weight of 158 000, a ratio of absorbance (A160mμ/A280mμ) of 0.072, and contained 0.20% copper. This indicates 5 atoms of copper per mole of enzyme. Amino acid composition and electrophoretic mobility were similar to those reported for human ceruplasmin. Kinetic studies with p-phenylenediamine as the substrate indicated a Km value of 1.1 mM.
Finite element modeling of dislocation in solids and its applications to the analysis of GaN nanostructures

Abstract Dislocation is a very important defect in solids and its mechanical behavior could be influenced by the surrounding environment such as surfaces or interfaces. This work introduces an easy and flexible model of implementing the screw dislocation in the finite element analysis, and it could be easily extended to incorporate the surface stress to refine the analysis of nanostructures. Applications to a complete analysis of dislocation dissipation by the image force in GaN nanorods are investigated in this work. Various shaped nanorods are studied, including top chopped nanorods that have not been studied in other literatures. This work demonstrates the dislocation is dissipated towards the free surfaces more effectively in the cap region of nanorods. This dislocation dissipation mechanism agrees well with the phenomena observed in the experiments carried out in this work. Image forces are compared for different shaped nanorods. It is proposed to incorporate surface stress into the current model to refine the stress calculation as it is crucial for nanostructures with dimensions less than 10 nm. This work could contribute to nanostructure design and provide guidance for the fabrication of dislocation-free nanostructures.
Effects of surface diffusion on high temperature selective emitters

Using morphological and optical simulations of 1D tantalum photonic crystals at 1200K, surface diffusion was determined to gradually reduce the efficiency of selective emitters. This was attributed to shifting resonance peaks and declining emissivity caused by changes to the cavity dimensions and the aperture width. Decreasing the structure’s curvature through larger periods and smaller cavity widths, as well as generating smoother transitions in curvature through the introduction of rounded cavities, was found to alleviate this degradation. An optimized structure, that shows both high efficiency selective emissivity and resistance to surface diffusion, was presented.
Einstein Gravity as a Symmetry Breaking Effect in Quantum Field Theory

This article gives a pedagogical review of recent work in which the Einstein-Hilbert gravitational action is obtained as a symmetry-breaking effect in quantum field theory. Particular emphasis is placed on the case of renormalizable field theories with dynamical scale-invariance breaking, in which the induced gravitational effective action is finite and calculable. A functional integral formulation is used throughout, and a detailed analysis is given of the role of dimensional regularization in extracting finite answers from formally quadratically divergent integrals. Expressions are derived for the induced gravitational constant, for the induced cosmological constant, and for quantized matter theories on a background manifold, and a strategy is outlined for computing the induced constants in the case of an SU(n) gauge theory. By use of the background field method, the formalism is extended to the case in which the metric is also quantized, yielding a derivation of the semiclassical Einstein equations as an approximation to quantum gravity, as well as general formulas for the induced (or renormalized) gravitational and cosmological constants.
Harmonizing Bibliographic Control of Serials in the Digital Age

ABSTRACT Two forces acting on the bibliographic control of serials are described: the desire to harmonize international standards and practices, and the impact of electronic serials. By breaking out of traditional publishing patterns, electronic serials have called into question current cataloging rules definitions (including the very definition of “serial”), and practices. Three key standards that affect bibliographic control of serials are currently undergoing revision: AACR2, ISBD(S), and ISSN rules. Areas where harmonization of these rules and standards would be of most benefit to the cataloging and information communities are discussed.