cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A 1.3-ns 32-word/spl times/32-bit three-port BiCMOS register file

This paper describes a CMOS multiport static memory cell with which it is possible to use current-switching bipolar peripheral circuits to maintain small voltage swings throughout the read access path while retaining the high density of CMOS memory arrays. An experimental 32-word/spl times/32 bit three-port register file has been designed and implemented using this cell. The register file was fabricated in a 0.6-/spl mu/m BiCMOS technology and operates from a single -3.3-V power supply with ECL-compatible I/O circuits. Under nominal operating conditions at 20/spl deg/C, the measured pin-to-pin access time is 1.3 ns. The minimum write enable pulse width required is less than 1 ns, and the power dissipation, excluding the output buffers, is 650 mW at a clock rate of 100 MHz.
Remedies for the wrongly deported: territoriality, finality, and the significance of departure

In recent years, thousands of longtime legal residents have been deported based on erroneous interpretations of the 1996 amendments to the Immigration and Nationality Act. Their return to the United States is precluded by a pair of Department of Justice regulations barring immigration judges and the Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA) from correcting errors in removal proceedings once a deportee has left the United States. Advocates have begun to take aim at these regulations through litigation and administrative advocacy. This article, the first scholarly work to consider the phenomenon of wrongful deportation and the arguments for and against the “departure bar” on administrative reopening, adds a new dimension to this emerging debate. It argues that repeal or judicial invalidation of the departure bar will not, in itself, provide a meaningful remedy for individuals who have been wrongly deported, as evidenced by recent unpublished decisions in which the BIA has continued to deny relief to deportees even in circuits that have struck down the departure bar. To lay the groundwork for a more comprehensive approach, this Article considers departure from the perspectives of both territoriality and finality, as well as addressing the prudential concerns that the BIA has cited in defense of the departure bar. It draws on a wide range of material within and outside immigration law to argue that neither established doctrine nor prudential concerns justify the Board’s view of departure from the United States as inherently transformative.
Terrestrial Ages of Meteorites

The time since fall of a meteorite is an important parameter in the study of infall rates, meteorite distributions, weathering of meteorites and meteorite concentration mechanisms. Stony meteorites can weather quickly in humid environments, but the large numbers of meteorites found in semi-arid and arid environments suggest much longer survival times. Meteorites can survive in deserts for at least 50 kyr. Similarly, the cold and dry conditions of polar regions such as Antarctica have proved to be great stores of meteorites. Meteorites in Antarctica show an older terrestrial age distribution than for wanner locations. A few types of meteorites have been found in Antarctica with ages of up to 2 Ma. In this paper, I discuss the terrestrial residence times or terrestrial ages of these meteorites. I will also discuss the wide range of terrestrial ages from different environments, which show the effects of local effects on the storage of meteorites.
Torsional Coupling and Earthquake Response of Simple Elastic and Inelastic Systems

The effects are analyzed of torsional coupling on the earthquake response of simple one-story structures in elastic and inelastic ranges of behavior. The structures considered are symmetrical about one principal axis of resistance, resulting in coupling only between lateral displacement along the perpendicular axis and the torsional displacement. Torsional coupling arising only from eccentricity between centers of mass and elastic resistance is considered. Systems with several resisting elements are idealized by a single element model. Response of such a model to a selected earthquake ground motion are presented for a range of the basic structural parameters. The response quantities presented include maximum lateral and torsional deformations of the system as well as maximum deformations of individual columns. The response in the inelastic range of behavior is effected by torsional coupling to generally a lesser degree than elastic response.
Protein–DNA Complex Is the Exclusive Malaria Parasite Component That Activates Dendritic Cells and Triggers Innate Immune Responses

Dendritic cells (DCs) play a crucial role in the development of protective immunity to malaria. However, it remains unclear how malaria parasites trigger immune responses in DCs. In this study, we purified merozoites, food vacuoles, and parasite membrane fragments released during the Plasmodium falciparum schizont burst to homogeneity and tested for the activation of bone marrow-derived DCs from wild-type and TLR2−/−, TLR4−/−, TLR9−/−, and MyD88−/− C57BL/6J mice. The results demonstrate that a protein–DNA complex is the exclusive parasite component that activates DCs by a TLR9-dependent pathway to produce inflammatory cytokines. Complex formation with proteins is essential for the entry of parasite DNA into DCs for TLR9 recognition and, thus, proteins convert inactive DNA into a potent immunostimulatory molecule. Exogenous cationic polymers, polylysine and chitosan, can impart stimulatory activity to parasite DNA, indicating that complex formation involves ionic interactions. Merozoites and DNA–protein complex could also induce inflammatory cytokine responses in human blood DCs. Hemozoin is neither a TLR9 ligand for DCs nor functions as a carrier of DNA into cells. Additionally, although TLR9 is critical for DCs to induce the production of IFN-γ by NK cells, this receptor is not required for NK cells to secret IFN-γ, and cell–cell contact among myeloid DCs, plasmacytoid DCs, and NK cells is required for IFN-γ production. Together, these results contribute substantially toward the understanding of malaria parasite-recognition mechanisms. More importantly, our finding that proteins and carbohydrate polymers are able to confer stimulatory activity to an otherwise inactive parasite DNA have important implications for the development of a vaccine against malaria.
Ab initio screening of metal sorbents for elemental mercury capture in syngas streams

Coal gasification provides an opportunity to improve the thermal efficiency of energy extraction from coal over traditional pulverized coal technology, but efficiencies are hindered by low temperature removal of mercury and other pollutants. This work screens via density functional theory (DFT) calculations 22 pure metals as potential high-temperature Hg sorbents for coal gasification plants. The DFT enthalpy of amalgamation and oxidation is evaluated for each metal as indicators of their potential to either sorb Hg or oxidize in the gas stream. Our results predict Pd to be the most promising candidate for Hg removal, as it has the highest amalgamation enthalpy of all metals not expected to oxidize. No metals tested are ideal for Hg capture, as we find that amalgamation enthalpies correlate with oxidization enthalpies; thus, pure metals are either poor Hg adsorbers or strong oxidizers. Other chemical classes may be more promising as Hg sorbents; future work may apply the screening procedure discussed here to more complex compounds, such as binary and ternary alloys, oxides, and sulfides.
Variational formulation of electromagnetic boundaryvalue problems involving anisotropic media

A variational formulation is presented for electromagnetic boundaryvalue problems involving anisotropic media. Specific functionals are given, along with a discussion of the property of the resulting numerical system, for general problems involving general anisotropic media, for lossy problems involving anisotropic media having symmetric permittivity and permeability, and for lossless problems involving anisotropic media having Hermitian permittivity and permeability. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Iron oxide coating of geosynthetic fibers for water treatment applications

Polypropylene fibers present favorable physical, hydraulic and specific surface area properties for use as a raw material or substrate in developing a novel iron-oxide-coated medium for the adsorption of heavy metals from drinking water. However, polypropylene fibers have not been explored for their ability to retain iron oxide coating under realistic flow rates for water treatment. This study evaluated the ability of polypropylene to retain its coating under flow rates used in water treatment, through column studies. A full factorial experimental design was used to evaluate the effects of flow rate, packing scheme (in-plane or cross-plane) and location within the column on iron retention. The polypropylene mat achieved an iron density of 86 mg Fe/g medium of material and retained 73% of this coating after being subjected to hydraulic flows in the cross-plane direction several times those used in water treatment. This is substantially higher than the amount of iron retained on sand as reported by previous...
Insights into the Specificity of Lysine Acetyltransferases

Reversible lysine acetylation by protein acetyltransferases is a conserved regulatory mechanism that controls diverse cellular pathways. Gcn5-related N-acetyltransferases (GNATs), named after their founding member, are found in all domains of life. GNATs are known for their role as histone acetyltransferases, but non-histone bacterial protein acetytransferases have been identified. Only structures of GNAT complexes with short histone peptide substrates are available in databases. Given the biological importance of this modification and the abundance of lysine in polypeptides, how specificity is attained for larger protein substrates is central to understanding acetyl-lysine-regulated networks. Here we report the structure of a GNAT in complex with a globular protein substrate solved to 1.9 Å. GNAT binds the protein substrate with extensive surface interactions distinct from those reported for GNAT-peptide complexes. Our data reveal determinants needed for the recognition of a protein substrate and provide insight into the specificity of GNATs.
Oxidation and reduction potentials of 8-vinyladenosine measured by cyclic voltammetry: Implications for photoinduced electron transfer quenching of a fluorescent adenine analog

Abstract 8-Vinyladenosine (8VA) is an adenine analog that effectively base pairs with thymine in duplex DNA. With a red-shifted absorption band centered around 290 nm excited 8VA emits Stokes-shifted fluorescence centered at 370 nm. The fluorescence quantum yield of 8VA* is sensitive to base stacking, making it an effective reporter of DNA structure and dynamics. We have performed cyclic voltammetry (CV) studies on 8VA in aprotic organic solvents to explore the mechanism of fluorescence quenching. Excited state oxidation and reduction potentials were calculated from the experimentally determined ground state one electron redox potentials. The Rehm–Weller equation was used to obtain the free energies of electron transfer for native nucleobase monophosphate oxidation and reduction paired with 8VA*. The magnitude and sign of the free energies have been used to assess whether electron transfer is thermodynamically plausible. The results suggest that electron transfer to or from 8VA* may not be the dominant mechanism of quenching for AMP, CMP, and perhaps GMP. In contrast, TMP may be an effective electron acceptor. Taken together, the results suggest that 8VA* quenching by nucleobase monophosphates in aqueous solution proceeds through a different mechanism than ET.
Down-modulation of an oncogene protein product and reversion of the transformed phenotype by monoclonal antibodies.

Summary Exposure of neu -oncogene-transformed NIH 3T3 cells to monoclonal antibodies reactive with the neu gene product, p185, results in the rapid and reversible loss of both cell-surface and total cellular p185. Although not directly cytotoxic, monoclonal anti-p185 antibody treatment causes neu-transformed NIH 3T3 cells to revert to a nontransformed phenotype, as determined by anchorage-independent growth. Isotype matched control antibodies of an unrelated specificity do not affect p185 levels or colony formation in soft agar by neu -transformed NIH 3T3 cells. Soft agar colony formation by NIH 3T3 cells transformed by ras oncogenes is not affected by anti-p185 antibody treatment. Anchorage-independent growth of cells from the ethyl nitrosourea-induced rat neuroblastoma line in which neu was originally detected by DNA transfection is also inhibited in the presence of anti-p185 monoclonal antibodies. Collectively, these results suggest that p185 is required to maintain transformation induced by the neu oncogene.
NMR probe for the simultaneous acquisition of multiple samples.

A dual channel probe for the simultaneous acquisition of NMR data from multiple samples has been developed. This multiplex probe consists of two noninteracting sample coils that are each capable of detecting NMR signals at the same resonant frequency with good sensitivity and resolution. 13C free induction decays for the two samples, methanol (13C, 99%) and carbon tetrachloride (13C, 99%), were acquired simultaneously at 75.44 MHz using a single transmitter pulse and separate NMR receivers. S/N measurements are comparable to those observed using single coils. No evidence of cross talk is evident in the spectra even after considerable signal averaging. The probe demonstrates the feasibility of significant parallelism in NMR, which will be of interest in situations where high throughput analysis is desired.
Territorial nationalism in spatial rivalries: An institutionalist account of the Argentine-Chilean rivalry

The rivalry concept explored in the conflict literature during the past decade offers considerable potential for theory building in international relations. This paper explores one possible avenue to this end by applying insights from historical institutionalism to a case of spatial rivalry in order to explain many of the findings from the quantitative literature. As I demonstrate in this paper, the focus on issues is a good start at explaining rivalry, yet it masks important underlying domestic processes that initiate, maintain, and terminate rivalries. I explain how the “issue” of territory came to be fused with national identity in the case of Argentina‐Chile resulting in a history of conflict and classification as an enduring rivalry. I draw on this case to argue that territorial nationalism may explain why seemingly disparate territorial conflicts separated by time and space can be considered linked to form a spatial rivalry.
New Lower Bounds on the Multicolor Ramsey Numbers rk(C4)

The multicolor Ramsey number rk(C4) is the smallest integer n for which any k-coloring of the edges of the complete graph Kn must produce a monochromatic 4-cycle. It was proved earlier that rk(C4)?k2?k+2 for k?1 being a prime power. In this note we establish rk(C4)?k2+2 for k being an odd prime power.
Derivation of the Equations of Motion of a Gyroscope from the Quantum Theory of Gravitation

Previous work on the gravitational two-body problem is surveyed. Next, we present a new approach, which we consider to be simpler and more transparent than the usual methods because it is based on a gravitational potential energy. This enables us to carry out our calculations using only the familiar tools of Newtonian mechanics and the Euler-Lagrange equations. Starting from a gravitational potential energy derived from Gupta's quantum theory of gravitation, the classical motion of a spherical gyroscope in the gravitational field of a much larger mass with a quadrupole moment is found. The results of the precession of the spin are compared with those of Schiff, and a detailed derivation of the results of O'Connell for the effect of a quadrupole moment (and higher moments) on the precession of the spin is presented. In addition, we present some new results. First, we show that the quadrupole moment manifests its presence in another way, which also contributes to the precession of the gyroscope a term that is about ten times larger than what could be detected. Second, with regard to the precession of the orbit, in addition to the usual contributions, our results include the effects of the spin of both particles (which enables us to calculate the effect of the rotation of Mercury on the precession of its perihelion).
Tn5 mutagenesis of chinese Rhizobium fredii for siderophore overproduction

Abstract In the midwestem United States, members of USDA Bradyrhizobium japonicum serogroup 135 dominate in alkaline soils for nodulation of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], whereas members of USDA serogroup 123 dominate in non-alkaline soils. A possible explanation for the dominance of 135 in alkaline soils is that native 135 strains can produce siderophores that assist in acquiring iron. Our objectives were to test six reference strains (three slow-growing B. japonicum and three fast-growing Rhizobium fredii) for siderophore production and to evaluate mutants of R.fredii (developed by Tn 5 -insertion for overproduction of siderophores) for their competitive abilities in an alkaline soil. B. japonicum reference strains USDA 110, 123 and 135 were tested for siderophore production in liquid culture by using Neilands' CAS Assay Solution. Mutants were developed for siderophore overproduction by introducing transposon Tn 5 (Kmr) into a siderophore-producing Chinese R. fredii strain. Two siderophore overproducing mutants that produced mature and pink nodules on soybean in growth pouches were examined for the presence of Tn 5 by Southern hybridization with a Tn 5 probe. The Tn 5 -carrying mutants were further tested in the greenhouse for their competitiveness against native strains present in an alkaline soil of Iowa and for their symbiotic effectivity. Among the three slow-growing bradyrhizobia tested for siderophore production, USDA 135 was the only strain producing siderophore in a liquid medium low in iron. Nodule occupancies in the greenhouse by the two siderophore overproducing mutants of R. fredii were 3 and 4%, compared with 19% for the wild-type strain. Thus, either the wild-type was acquiring all the iron needed for maximum growth and nodulation, or the insertion of Tn 5 and the overproduction of siderophore resulted in less competitive strains.
Modeling continuous noise sources in digital simulations

Physical systems often contain subsystems that are "best" model ed as continuous random processes. When these processes are included in digital simulations, the statistics of the random num ber generator used in the simulation must be selected such that the continuous random process is modeled faithfully. In general the statistics of the random number generator will be drastically different from the statistics of the continuous random process. This paper presents the functional relationship between the sta tistics of the random number generator and the statistics of the continuous random process for simulations using two commonly employed integration methods.
Percutaneous cardiopulmonary bypass for the treatment of hypothermic circulatory collapse.

Abstract Environmentally induced hypothermia has a very high mortality. Cardiopulmonary bypass affords the best chance of survival from hypothermia but can be timeconsuming to institute. We have utilized percutaneous cardiopulmonary bypass with recently developed bypass catheters to resuscitate a patient with profound hypothermia complicated by circulatory collapse. Percutaneous cardiopulmonary bypass appears to be the treatment of choice for profound hypothermia.
Medical students' experiences with medical errors: an analysis of medical student essays.

OBJECTIVE This study aimed to examine medical students' experiences with medical errors. METHODS In 2001 and 2002, 172 fourth-year medical students wrote an anonymous description of a significant medical error they had witnessed or committed during their clinical clerkships. The assignment represented part of a required medical ethics course. We analysed 147 of these essays using thematic content analysis. RESULTS Many medical students made or observed significant errors. In either situation, some students experienced distress that seemingly went unaddressed. Furthermore, this distress was sometimes severe and persisted after the initial event. Some students also experienced considerable uncertainty as to whether an error had occurred and how to prevent future errors. Many errors may not have been disclosed to patients, and some students who desired to discuss or disclose errors were apparently discouraged from doing so by senior doctors. Some students criticised senior doctors who attempted to hide errors or avoid responsibility. By contrast, students who witnessed senior doctors take responsibility for errors and candidly disclose errors to patients appeared to recognise the importance of honesty and integrity and said they aspired to these standards. CONCLUSIONS There are many missed opportunities to teach students how to respond to and learn from errors. Some faculty members and housestaff may at times respond to errors in ways that appear to contradict professional standards. Medical educators should increase exposure to exemplary responses to errors and help students to learn from and cope with errors.
New directions for futures research —setting the stage

Abstract Futures research is currently in a state of abeyance and may well be approaching a critical crossroad. In order to survive it needs to dispense with its tendency to be ‘all things to all people’, dealing with almost any activity that involves the future, and define for itself a unique and synthesizing role within a larger forecasting and planning framework. The primary focus of futures research in the next decade should be in the public sector where the need is greater, however a clear separation must be maintained between its advocacy (value-driven) activities and those that are conceptual and analytical.
NAEP and Policy: Chasing the Tail of the Assessment Tiger.

This paper grabs hold of the “assessment tiger” by considering the history of the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) Arts Report Cards for the visual arts, which were constructed and have been administered four times within thirty-five years. Two purposes of the NAEP have persisted since its founding: (1) measuring learning and (2) developing expectations for change and reform in education from a national platform. These purposes provided the basis for a functional analysis derived from Efland (1976) that looked closely at the NAEP's collaborative context, consensus building, and block content. Hamblen's 1995 critical theory analysis exemplar also serves as a means for reviewing the politics of assessment, influences on policy directions, and curricular emphases within a subject area. Using Persky's 2004 critical evaluation of the 1997 NAEP Arts Assessment, this article considers recommendations she derived from the 1997 NAEP Arts Report Card that guided the 2008 NAEP construction and admi...
Quantification of hydrogen peroxide in plant extracts by the chemiluminescence reaction with luminol

Abstract The chemiluminescence of luminol (3-aminophthalhydrazide) with H 2 O 2 has been used to quantify endogenous amounts of H 2 O 2 in plant tissues. The reaction is linear over at least three orders of magnitude between 10 −5 and 10 −2 M H 2 O 2 . Interference by coloured compounds in the crude extract is calibrated by a purification step with Dowex AG 1-X8. The extract is calibrated with an internal H 2 O 2 standard, and the specificity verified by H 2 O 2 purging with catalase. The minimum delectability for H 2 O 2 of this assay is at least 1 ng, corresponding to 0.1–1 g fresh material. Data are presented for the levels of H 2 O 2 in potatoes after treatment with oxygen and ethylene, in tomatoes before and after ripening and in untreated germinating castor beans as well as in beans treated with aminotriazol to inhibit catalase activity. Though data using the titanium test are generally confirmed, the method presented here has the advantage of higher sensitivity and specificity.
Absence of learning and memory deficits in the vasopressin-deficient rat (Brattleboro strain)

Active and passive avoidance behavior was compared between vasopressin (ADH)-deficient rats of the Brattleboro strain and normal Long-Evans rats. In retention of a passive avoidance task across three levels of footshock (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 mA) the ADH-deficient rats exhibited a slight but overall superior passive avoidance performance. In a one-way avoidance task, diabetes insipidus (D.I.) and normal rats had closely comparable performance; whereas, in a shuttle-box avoidance task the D.I. rats made significantly more avoidance response than the Long-Evans rats. Flinch-jump testing indicated that the D.I. rats had a small but statistically significant lowered jump threshold. These findings, which add to an increasingly conflicting literature regarding the role of ADH in learning and memory processes, indicated that ADH per se is not critical for normal learning and memory. Possibly, variations in breeding procedures for the D.I. rat have resulted in variations in behavioral reactivity with interact with learning tasks to enhance or impair performance.
Quasi-optimal pricing and the structure of urban transportation

Abstract This paper investigates a set of causes for the divergence of the actual (poor) position of urban transit from its optimal (pervasive) structure. The causes all involve a constraint on a transit agency to cover costs from revenues. In the context of a simple spatial model, quasi-optimal (Ramsey) prices, investment and service levels are computed for various organizational forms of a transit agency. It appears that it is not the revenue constraint, but rather a jurisdictional problem that disables transit; moreover, it may in consequence be best to rely on the private car alone to provide urban transport if that problem cannot be solved. Nonetheless, it is obviously worthwhile to try and identify organizational structures which would allow the optima derived here to be realized.
Letters bearing on symposium

James B. MaceIwane, S.J., Director, Department of Geophysics, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri (April 14, 1931)—I regret very much that my illness and a comparatively slow recovery with the consequent interruption of classes has made it impossible for me to prepare a paper or to get away from the University for the meeting of the Union. I should have liked very much to be present and to take part in the discussion, particularly of the project of more frequent broadcasting of time-signals for seismographic records. The difficulties in the way of reception and the comparatively large cost might prove insuperable obstacles to routine broadcasting of minute-to-minute signals. If the difficulties could be overcome minute-to-minute signals would be the ideal. It would be a great step forward if we could have hourly time-signals of precise character. Cost of these would not be so great and it would permit the placing of a sufficient number of precise time-marks on each record to permit the construction of a comparatively exact correction-curve and would synchronize rather effectively all the records over the country.
PolyQ-dependent RNA–protein assemblies control symmetry breaking

Dendritic growth in fungi and neurons requires that multiple axes of polarity are established and maintained within the same cytoplasm. We have discovered that transcripts encoding key polarity factors including a formin, Bni1, and a polarisome scaffold, Spa2, are nonrandomly clustered in the cytosol to initiate and maintain sites of polarized growth in the fungus Ashbya gossypii. This asymmetric distribution requires the mRNAs to interact with a polyQ-containing protein, Whi3, and a Pumilio protein with a low-complexity sequence, Puf2. Cells lacking Whi3 or Puf2 had severe defects in establishing new sites of polarity and failed to localize Bni1 protein. Interaction of mRNAs with Whi3 and Puf2 promotes enrichment of transcripts at established sites of polarized growth and clustering of polarity transcripts throughout the cell body. Thus, aggregation-prone proteins make functional assemblies to position polarity transcripts, and nonrandom positioning of transcripts is required for symmetry-breaking events. This reveals a physiological function for polyQ-driven assemblies in regulating cell polarity.
Information Technology and Emergency Medical Care during Disasters

Disaster response to mass-casualty incidents represents one of the greatest challenges to a community's emergency response system. Rescuers, field medical personnel, and regional emergency departments and hospitals must often provide care to large numbers of casualties in a setting of limited resources, inadequate communication, misinformation, damaged infrastructure, and great personal risk. Emergency care providers and incident managers attempt to procure and coordinate resources and personnel, often with inaccurate data regarding the true nature of the incident, needs, and ongoing response. In this chaotic environment, new technologies in communications, the Internet, computer miniaturization, and advanced "smart devices" have the potential to vastly improve the emergency medical response to such mass-casualty incident disasters. In particular, next-generation wireless Internet and geopositioning technologies may have the greatest impact on improving communications, information management, and overall disaster response and emergency medical care. These technologies have applications in terms of enhancing mass-casualty field care, provider safety, field incident command, resource management, informatics support, and regional emergency department and hospital care of disaster victims.
Effectiveness of prostaglandin F2α in restoration of HMG-HCG induced ovulation in indomethacin-treated rhesus monkeys

Abstract Six mature female rhesus monkeys were treated with HMG-HCG in control cycles at doses adjusted to induce ovulation while avoiding superovulation. Occurrence of ovulation was determined by observation of fresh ovulation points at laparotomy 48 to 120 hours following HCG. In subsequent cycles animals were treated with indomethacin (treatment days 4 through 10) together with the established dose of HMG-HCG. In 8 cycles indomethacin 5 mg/kg was given i.m. once daily; in 9 cycles 10 mg/kg i.m. was administered in 2 divided doses. Following this, PGF 2 α (3 mg t.i.d. s.c.) was administered for 3 days together with indomethacin 10 mg/kg and HMG-HCG, beginning on the day prior to HCG. Determinations of progesterone were performed by RIA on treatment days 4, 7, 10, and 11. Eleven of the 13 control cycles were ovulatory. With indomethacin 5 mg/kg/day, 5 of 8 cycles were ovulatory but ovulation was delayed in 2 instances. Of 9 cycles using indomethacin 10 mg/kg/day only 1 was ovulatory. When PGF 2 α was administered in subsequent cycles along with indomethacin (10 mg/kg) and HMG-HCG, ovulation occurred in 13 of 19 cycles. These data suggest that local ovarian PGF 2 α may be essential in the mechanics of follicle rupture in gonadotropin-treated rhesus monkeys.
Expression of insulin-like growth factor-I and transforming growth factor-β in hypokalemic nephropathy in the rat

Expression of insulin-like growth factor-I and transforming growth factor-β in hypokalemic nephropathy in the rat. Background Potassium deficiency (KD) in the rat retards body growth but stimulates renal enlargement caused by cellular hypertrophy and hyperplasia, which is most marked in the outer medulla. If hypokalemia persists, interstitial infiltrates appear and eventually fibrosis. Since early in KD insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) levels in the kidney are elevated, suggesting that it may be an early mediator of the exaggerated renal growth, and as transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) promotes cellular hypertrophy and fibrosis, we examined the renal expression of these growth factors in prolonged KD. Methods Rats were given a K-deficient diet or were pair fed or ad libitum fed a K-replete diet for 21 days. Growth factor mRNA levels were measured in whole kidney and protein expression localized by immunohistochemistry. Results KD rats weighed less than pair-fed controls, while the kidneys were 49% larger. Their serum IGF-I and kidney IGF-I protein levels were depressed, as were their IGF-I mRNA levels in liver, kidney, and muscle. These changes can largely be attributed to decreased food intake. In contrast, kidney IGF binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1) mRNA and TGF-β mRNA levels were increased significantly. Histology of outer medulla revealed marked hypertrophy and adenomatous hyperplasia of the collecting ducts and hypertrophy of the thick ascending limbs of Henle with cellular infiltrates in the interstitium. Both nephron segments immunostained strongly for IGF-I and IGFBP-1, but only the nonhyperplastic enlarged thick ascending Henle limb cells immunostained for TGF-β, which was strongly positive. Prominent interstitial infiltrates with ED1 immunostained monocytes/macrophages were present. Conclusions These findings are consistent with a sustained role for IGF-I in promoting the exaggerated renal growth of KD and appear to be mediated through local trapping of IGF-I by the overexpressed IGFBP-1, which together with IGF-I can promote renal growth. The selective localization of TGF-β to hypertrophied nonhyperplastic nephron segments containing IGF-I raises the possibility that TGF-β may be serving to convert the mitogenic action of IGF-I into a hypertrophic response in these segments. It is also conceivable that TGF-β may be a cause of the tubulointerstitial infiltrate. Finally, the low circulating IGF-I levels likely contribute to the impaired body growth.
Case study: application of isometric progressive resistance oropharyngeal therapy using the Madison Oral Strengthening Therapeutic device.

Purpose: Isometric progressive resistance oropharyngeal (I-PRO) therapy improves swallowing function; however, current devices utilize a single sensor that provides limited information or are prohi...
Eye Fixations Of Drivers In Night Driving With Three Headlamp Beams

EYE FIXATIONS OF DRIVERS IN NIGHTDRIVING WITH THREE HEADLAMP BEAMSRudolf G. Mortimer & Craig M. JorgesonHighway Safety Research InstituteThe University of MichiganAnn Arbor, Mich.AbstractTwo drivers drove an automobileover a 15 mile two -lane course in thedaytime and at night using American andEuropean low beam headlamps and a midbeam. The eye fixations of the driverswere measured, using a silicon diodeTV camera and light reflection fromthe cornea as the recording device.Comparisons between the eye fixationsused in daytime and at night, suggestedthat dwell time was longer when look-ing straight ahead at night than in thedaytime, and there was a reduction inthe proportion of the viewing timedevoted to the left lane at night thanin the day, when there was no oncomingvehicle. Drivers looked at approach-ing vehicles in both day and night con-ditions with glance durations of inter-mediate length, which increased in fre-quency as the separation distancebetween the vehicles decreased. Atnight preview distances were less thanin the day.The characteristic shift of theeye fixations in the direction takenby the road was found in this study,in both day and night driving. Atnight the eye fixations were influencedby the characteristics of the beampattern being used. On left curvesthe American and European low beamsprovided eye fixations which mostclosely resembled those used in day-time, whereas on straight sections andparticularly on right curves the midbeam provided the most compatible dis-tribution of glances. A revised com-posite mid beam, incorporating somecharacteristics of the European lowbeam was suggested as an improvedmeeting beam.
Strabismus surgery on the elderly and the effects on disability

It is widely believed that strabismus surgery in elderly adults has low value and is of limited benefit. In this study, consecutive patients older than 65 years of age who had undergone strabismus surgery were asked to complete a telephone questionnaire rating their before-surgery and after-surgery severity of various problems, including specific health, daily functioning, social interactions, concerns about the future, self-image, and job-related problems. Of the 56 patients identified, 37 completed the survey. Problem ratings improved significantly on all 5 of 6 items after surgery, with specific health and daily tasks yielding the greatest improvement. For all items, the number of patients who indicated an improvement was greater than the number of patients who indicated no change or deterioration with surgery. This study further details the benefits of strabismus surgery in the elderly.
Japanese Beetles: Extracts from Neem Tree Seeds as Feeding Deterrents

In both laboratory and field tests over a 3-yr period, solvent extracts from seeds of the neem tree, Azadirachta indica A. Juss., successfully deterred Popillia japonica Newman from feeding on sassafras leaves, Sassafras albidum (Nutt.), and soybeans, Glycine max (L.). In most instances, untreated foliage was completely destroyed, whereas leaves protected with the neem extracts remained untouched or, at worst, were only slightly damaged.
Running in the horizontal plane with a multi-modal dynamical robot

As the use of mobile robots expands to more diverse and challenging environments, improved mobility methods are required to provide these platforms with the ability to reliably negotiate these terrains. In this paper, we investigate SCARAB, a quadrupedal platform designed to rapidly traverse level, vertical, and inclined surfaces. This study extends previous work in which SCARAB's climbing performance was analyzed to demonstrate its ability to run effectively on level ground. We detail several modifications made to the platform to improve its capacity to both climb and run. This updated platform was used to investigate the influence of leg configuration and leg phasing on running performance and shows that SCARAB is able to run at speeds upward of 40cms-1. Furthermore, analysis of the dynamic characteristics shows similarity between those of the robot and the Lateral Leg Spring model, particularly for configurations that produce the highest running speeds. These results make SCARAB the first platform to effectively demonstrate horizontal plane dynamics quantitatively similar to this model, as well as the first to utilize two distinct dynamical locomotion modalities.
Structural fluctuations in small particles

Abstract We present a theoretical analysis of a phenomenon recently observed by high-resolution electron microscopy that involves rapid structural fluctuations in small f.c.c. particles below 10 nm in size. The different energy contributions to the total energy of the particle and the magnitude of the potential energy barrier between different shapes is evaluated and compared with the available energy during particle-beam interactions. The results indicate that the activation energy barrier existing between different shapes is only a few electron volts, whilst a rough estimate indicates that during electron-beam irradiation the available energy may be as much as 100–1000eV.
Impact of tazobactam pharmacokinetics on the antimicrobial effect of piperacillin-tazobactam combinations.

Abstract Pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic (PK–PD) modelling was used to study the impact of the pharmacokinetics of tazobactam on the antimicrobial effect of piperacillin–tazobactam combinations. An in vitro experiment using a novel dilution system was performed to compare the effects of two conditions of the combination therapy against Escherichia coli ATCC35218, a β-lactamase producing bacterium. Both conditions simulated the same initial concentrations of piperacillin and tazobactam, but different elimination half-lives for tazobactam. The killing and regrowth kinetics of E. coli clearly indicated that there is a difference in the antimicrobial effects when there is a difference in the pharmacokinetics of tazobactam in the combination therapy. The results show that for equal piperacillin exposure, different tazobactam half-lives will have a significant effect on antimicrobial outcome.
Alkenylcuprate reagents from arenesulfonylhydrazones

Abstract The use of ketone 2,4,6-triisopropylbenzenesulfonylhydrazones to generate alkenylcuprate reagents that add in 1,4-fashion to enones is described.
Synthesis of proline by fat body of the tsetse fly (Glossina morsitans): metabolic pathways

Abstract Fat body from the tsetse fly is capable of synthesising proline from lipid and amino acid raw materials, and the metabolic pathways involved have been identified. Maximum rates of proline synthesis, at levels of about 1.1 μmoles proline/hr/mg non-fatty dry weight, are achieved with alanine and lipid as substrates. The use of alanine as a dominant raw material establishes a close relationship between flight muscle and fat body metabolism, and the system as a whole is seen to constitute a special mechanism for the oxidation of lipid reserves.
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist-induced differences in granulosa cell cycle kinetics are associated with alterations in follicular fluid müllerian-inhibiting substance and androgen content.

We have previously shown that the proliferative index (PI), as determined by flow cytometry of luteinized granulosa cells obtained at oocyte retrieval, is greater in ovulation induction regimens which include the GnRH analog (GnRH-a) leuprolide acetate than those using human menopausal gonadotropin (hMG) only. Specific growth factors or intrafollicular hormones may contribute to this leuprolide acetate-induced difference in cell cycle kinetics. We examined whether differences in the PI of these granulosa cells are associated with the alterations of follicular fluid content of Mullerian-inhibiting substance (MIS) and other intrafollicular hormones including FSH, estradiol, progesterone, androstenedione, and testosterone. The control group consisted of follicular fluid obtained from 18 follicles from 4 women receiving hMG alone. The GnRH-a treated group consisted of follicular fluids obtained from 55 follicles aspirated from 18 women receiving GnRH-a in addition to hMG. One-way analysis of variance using lo...
QSAR for the cytotoxicity of 2-alkyl or 2,6-dialkyl, 4-X-phenols: the nature of the radical reaction

In a continuation of studies on the radical mediated toxicity of phenols to leukemia cells, a set of di- and tri- substituted phenols with mostly alkyl substituents in the ortho position were examined. These analogs are similar in structure to the commercial antioxidants BHA and BHT. A QSAR analysis of their growth inhibitory constants led to the formulation of this simple but unusual equation based on 18 congeners:ES-2 is the Taft steric parameter for the larger of the two ortho substituents while ER is Otsu's radical parameter, which was originally defined to correlate radical reactions.
Architecture approaching the atomic scale

Both bottom-up and top-down techniques have been used to fabricate assemblies of devices and interconnect where key, density-defining feature sizes are on the order of ten atoms wide. We show how complete computing architectures can be constructed from these new techniques and building blocks despite high defect rates, extreme regularity requirements, and statistical assembly. We further highlight the paradigm shifts in integrated circuit design and architecture which appear necessary to accommodate these atomic-scale effects. Our estimates suggest a 10 nm full-pitch FPGA-like design can achieve one to two orders of magnitude greater logic density than ideal, defect-free lithographic scaling to 22 nm.
Putting the giant resonance under the electron microscope

Abstract The recent availability of high duty factor electron accelerators has added a new dimension to the study of nuclear giant resonances. By exciting the resonances with electron scattering and detecting particle emission in coincidence, we are able to study the decay to different final states, separate contributions from different multipoles, and measure the phase between longitudinal and transverse multipole amplitudes.
Endocrine therapies for symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia

Abstract Objective . To provide a comprehensive overview of the various endocrine therapies being developed and investigated for the treatment of symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Methods . Peer-reviewed reports in the medical and urologic literature were examined for pertinent information relating to the role of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) agonists, antiandrogens, 5a-reductase inhibitors, and aromatase inhibitors in the management of BPH. Special attention was given to the scientific rationale and clinical results for each therapy. Results . LHRH agonists, antiandrogens, and 5a-reductase inhibitors all reduce the androgenic stimulation to the prostate gland. In doing so, they decrease prostate size by 25 percent, but cause a modest improvement in symptom score (3–4 points) and peak urinary flow rate (approximately 2.5 mUsec). All of these therapies cause a significant decrease in the serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) concentration, and an effect is maintained as long as the treatment is continued. Side effects are most pronounced for the LHRH agonists, in which impotency and decreased libido are universal phenomena, and least significant for the 5a-reductase inhibitors. Aromatase inhibitors eliminate the estrogenic stimulation to the prostate gland. Although substantial evidence exists to support the role of estrogens in the development and maintenance of BPH, no data from large-scale randomized clinical trials are available to document the clinical usefulness of aromatase inhibitors in the treatment of symptomatic BPH. Conclusions . Medications that produce a state of androgen deprivation can reduce the static component of BPH. Of these agents, the 5α-reductase inhibitors have the greatest promise because of their low toxicity profile. The role of the aromatase inhibitors in the treatment of BPH remains to be determined.
A genetics course for advanced clinical nursing practice.

PURPOSE To describe a genetics course for advanced clinical nursing practice. BACKGROUND The Human Genome Project is yielding new discoveries in genetics. The sheer volume of new information threatens to overwhelm healthcare providers as they must find ways to interpret and use these discoveries. DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT The course was developed in recognition of the fact that graduate nursing students in advanced practice programs need to understand and apply genetic information in the care of their patients. The course builds on core competencies identified by the National Coalition for Health Professional Education in Genetics and the International Society of Nurses in Genetics. OUTCOMES Students demonstrate that they can access, evaluate, and synthesize current information on a genetic condition and develop a comprehensive plan of care for patients with the selected condition. INTERPRETATION/CONCLUSION Students learn basic and applied genetic concepts and skills. They are able to utilize resources appropriately to identify patient care needs and develop strategies for meeting those needs. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE The need to remain current in understanding emerging technologies and genetic information will continue to grow as scientific discoveries are made that affect greater numbers of the public. Nurses in advanced practice are in a position to support patients and their families as they deal with the significance of these discoveries for their current and future health.
Different manifestations of hyperphalangism

Hyperphalangism, characterized by an extra phalanx between the phalanges of a finger is a rare congenital anomaly. Five cases show some of the different manifestations of this rare congenital anomaly. Brachyhyperphalangism can be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait with good penetrance, but can also simply be one manifestation of a group of congenital abnormalities.