cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract B32: Evaluating genetic risk for prostate cancer among Japanese Americans and Latinos: The Multiethnic Cohort Study

Prostate cancer displays dramatic differences in incidence rates across racial/ethnic groups. The genetic basis of prostate cancer may depend in part on race/ethnicity, which may partially account for the variability in prostate cancer rates across racial/ethnic groups. To search for novel risk variants for prostate cancer, within the Multiethnic Cohort Study we conducted a genome-wide association study of men of Japanese and Latino ancestry, two populations that have a lower burden of this disease. In addition, we tested established risk variants for prostate cancer and utilized these variants to develop genetic risk models of prostate cancer. For Japanese Americans (case/controls=1,033/1042), we identified 69 SNPs associated with prostate cancer risk at P < 1.0×10-4 outside of known risk regions. The most notable association was seen with rs1093117 at chromosome 2 (P=1.23×0-7). For 57 of the established risk variants for prostate cancer, 20 variants were significantly associated with prostate cancer in Japanese Americans. The cumulative effect of these risk alleles resulted in a 12% increased risk of disease for each additional allele (P=2.08×10-25), with Japanese American men in the top quartile of the risk allele distribution having a 3.2-fold increased risk of prostate cancer compared to those in the lowest quartile (P = 8.47×10-20). For Latinos (cases/controls=1,043/1,057), outside of known risk regions, 56 SNPs were associated with prostate cancer risk at P < 1.0×10-4 and rs4240731 at chromosome 12 was most strongly associated with disease (P = 2.60×10-6). For the 57 risk variants for prostate cancer, 19 variants were significantly associated with disease in Latinos. The cumulative effect of prostate cancer risk alleles resulted in a 9% increased risk of prostate cancer for each additional risk allele (P=2.67×10-6) and those in the highest risk quartile had a 2.7-fold increased risk of prostate cancer in comparison to men in the lowest risk quartile (P=1.55×10-13). In summary, our findings suggest established risk variants for prostate cancer significantly contribute to disease susceptibility and future work will examine replication of genome-wide association findings in independent panels of Japanese and Latino men. Citation Format: Iona C. Cheng, Daniel O. Stram, Laurence N. Kolonel, Brian E. Henderson, Loic Le Marchand, Christopher A. Haiman, Gary K. Chen, Jing He, Peggy Wan, Xin Sheng, Loreall C. Pooler, Lynne R. Wilkens, Kristine R. Monroe. Evaluating genetic risk for prostate cancer among Japanese Americans and Latinos: The Multiethnic Cohort Study [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Advances in Prostate Cancer Research; 2012 Feb 6-9; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(4 Suppl):Abstract nr B32.
Confirmation: Chromium Levels in Serum, Hair, and Sweat Decline with Age

A study of tissue chromium concentrations measured in 40,872 subjects in the United Kingdom with modern, validated analytical techniques confirms previous reports of the continuous decline in chromium concentrations with age.
Successful Treatment of Klebsiella rhinoscleromatis Bacteremia with Levofloxacin

A 71-year-old Caucasian woman was admitted to the hospital with right-sided weakness and slurred speech. Glioblastoma multiforme was diagnosed, and resection of the tumor was performed. During the patient's hospitalization, blood and urine cultures were obtained after her temperature rose to 103.3 degrees F. Four blood cultures revealed Klebsiella rhinoscleromatis sensitive to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, levofloxacin, cefazolin, gentamicin, and tetracycline, but resistant to ampicillin. The patient had no recent history of foreign travel. After a 3-week course with levofloxacin, the patient was afebrile, and repeat blood cultures were negative. To our knowledge, this was the first case of K. rhinoscleromatis bacteremia in the United States to be treated successfully with levofloxacin.
Cyclooxygenase inhibitory and antioxidant cyanidin glycosides in cherries and berries

Anthocyanins from tart cherries, Prunus cerasus L. (Rosaceae) cv. Balaton and Montmorency; sweet cherries, Prunus avium L. (Rosaceae); bilberries, Vaccinum myrtillus L. (Ericaceae); blackberries, Rubus sp. (Rosaceae); blueberries var. Jersey, Vaccinium corymbosum L. (Ericaceae); cranberries var. Early Black, Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait. (Ericaceae); elderberries, Sambucus canadensis (Caprifoliaceae); raspberries, Rubus idaeus (Rosaceae); and strawberries var. Honeoye, Fragaria x ananassa Duch. (Rosaceae), were investigated for cyclooxygenase inhibitory and antioxidant activities. The presence and levels of cyanidin-3-glucosylrutinoside 1 and cyanidin-3-rutinoside 2 were determined in the fruits using HPLC. The antioxidant activity of anthocyanins from cherries was comparable to the commercial antioxidants, tert-butylhydroquinone, butylated hydroxytoluene and butylated hydroxyanisole, and superior to vitamin E, at a test concentration of 125 microg/ml. Anthocyanins from raspberries and sweet cherries demonstrated 45% and 47% cyclooxygenase-I and cyclooxygenase-II inhibitory activities, respectively, when assayed at 125 microg/ml. The cyclooxygenase inhibitory activities of anthocyanins from these fruits were comparable to those of ibuprofen and naproxen at 10 microM concentrations. Anthocyanins 1 and 2 are present in both cherries and raspberry. The yields of pure anthocyanins 1 and 2 in 100 g Balaton and Montmorency tart cherries, sweet cherries and raspberries were 21, 16.5; 11, 5; 4.95, 21; and 4.65, 13.5 mg, respectively. Fresh blackberries and strawberries contained only anthocyanin 2 in yields of 24 and 22.5 mg/100 g, respectively. Anthocyanins 1 and 2 were not found in bilberries, blueberries, cranberries or elderberries.
Behavior Rule Specification-Based Intrusion Detection for Safety Critical Medical Cyber Physical Systems

We propose and analyze a behavior-rule specification-based technique for intrusion detection of medical devices embedded in a medical cyber physical system (MCPS) in which the patient’s safety is of the utmost importance. We propose a methodology to transform behavior rules to a state machine, so that a device that is being monitored for its behavior can easily be checked against the transformed state machine for deviation from its behavior specification. Using vital sign monitor medical devices as an example, we demonstrate that our intrusion detection technique can effectively trade false positives off for a high detection probability to cope with more sophisticated and hidden attackers to support ultra safe and secure MCPS applications. Moreover, through a comparative analysis, we demonstrate that our behavior-rule specification-based IDS technique outperforms two existing anomaly-based techniques for detecting abnormal patient behaviors in pervasive healthcare applications.
Solution of H 2 O in diopside melts: a thermodynamic model

Structural similarities between dry diopside melt and superhydrous albite melt (X w >0.5) — both lack three-dimensional silicate units — suggest that thermodynamic relations may be similar. A model based on that assumption successfully predicts diopside melting relations and H2O solubilities. For the model, the three partial differential equations describing solution of H2O in albite melt for X w >0.5 have been integrated for diopside melt from X w =0 to X w at least as large as 0.76, with two exceptions: an alternative partial differential equation for Henrian solution of H2O in dilute melts was applied for X w <0.20, and an alternative differential equation for the pressure dependence of a w at pressures below 2 kbar was developed. The latter alternative equation yields relatively small ¯Vw's at low pressures rather than the large ¯Vw's calculated from the equation from the albite system. Available experimental solubility data are not precise enough to offer a choice between the small-¯Vw and large-¯Vw equations. Integration of all the partial differential equations was constrained solely by the P and T of a single experimentally-determined point on the H2O-saturated solidus. Solubilities calculated by a Henrian-analogue solution model (a di=X di 2 ) from the experimental H2O saturated solidus lie outside experimental solubility constraints for dilute melts. On the other hand, a Henrian model (a di=Xdi) successfully predicts solubilities in dilute melts. The formulation of the Henrian model and magnitudes of model molar entropies of solution are consistent with the hypothesis that H2O dissolves in diopside melt as an essentially undissociated species with little ordering on melt structural sites. That species could in turn be consistently, if not uniquely, interpreted to be molecular H2O or a hydroxylation (OH−) complex formed from nonbridging oxygens.
Topography and Mechanical Property Mapping of International Simple Glass Surfaces with Atomic Force Microscopy

Quantitative Nanomechanical Peak Force (PF-QNM) TappingModeTM atomic force microscopy measurements are presented for the first time on polished glass surfaces. The PF-QNM technique allows for topography and mechanical property information to be measured simultaneously at each pixel. Results for the international simple glass which represents a simplified version of SON68 glass suggests an average Young s modulus of 78.8 15.1 GPa is within the experimental error of the modulus measured for SON68 glass (83.6 2 GPa) with conventional approaches. Application of the PF-QNM technique will be extended to in situ glass corrosion experiments with the goal of gaining atomic-scale insights into altered layer development by exploiting the mechanical property differences that exist between silica gel (e.g., altered layer) and pristine glass surface.
The influence of ageing on the stability of β-γ/γ′ derived microstructures in Ni-Al-Cr-(Co) alloys

Multiphase Ni-Al-(Fe)-(Cr)-(Co)-based intermetallics with β(B2)-γ (A1)/γ′(L12), β-γ or β-γ′ microstructures can exhibit significant room-temperature tensile ductility. In the case of Ni-Al-Cr-based alloys, microstructural development is complicated by the precipitation of α-Cr, which can supplant the γ-phase during ageing of three-phase β-γ/γ′ microstructures. An investigation of the stability, during ageing, of cast Ni-Al-Cr-(Co) alloys with microstructures derived from β-γ/γ′ is reported. In the as-cast condition, the materials investigated consisted of a dendritic matrix containing L10 type martensite and interdendritic γ/γ′. Extensive intra- and interdendritic α-Cr precipitation was also observed. The stability during ageing of the interdendritic γ/γ′ microstructure is also considered and transformation of the L10 martensite is examined.
Acoustic Limitations in Notebook Thermal Design

The fan is responsible for the majority of platform cooling in all but the lowest power notebook computers, and is also a major noise source. Fan performance is acoustically limited, and sufficient airflow must be provided within some acoustic target. Data from fan vendors is inadequate for designing a notebook thermal solution since it reflects neither the degradation in performance due to inlet restriction nor the associated noise increase which occurs when installed in the system. Constant sound power, or iso-acoustic, fan curves can be used to properly size the thermal solution, and are shown to correspond to actual system sound power levels. Operator position sound pressure as a function of flow for several systems indicates a wide range of performance among designs, and it is recommended that system impedance be kept as low as possible to maximize flow at a given noise limit.
Behaviour problems in children with new-onset epilepsy

Behaviour problems are common in children with epilepsy and it is not known when these problems begin. Some suggest that behaviour problems are caused by a neurological condition that also causes the seizures. Behaviour problems were investigated in 42 youths (23 girls and 19 boys) over a 4-month period beginning at the time of the initial seizure. Subjects were aged 4-15 years (mean, M = 8.4). Approximately 57% had partial seizure(s) and 43% had generalized seizure(s). The large majority (71%) were diagnosed with epilepsy. As a part of a larger study, parents rated their children's behaviour on the Child Behaviour Checklist immediately prior to the first seizure (time 1), and at 4 months after the first seizure (time 2). Seizure severity was rated as follows: high = 20%, moderate = 39%, and low = 41%. At time 1, 24% already had behaviour problems. Behaviour problems significantly decreased from time 1 to time 2 (P < 0.001) for the whole group. Within the epilepsy group (n = 40), differences were found in behaviour problems based on seizure severity from time 1 to time 2 as follows: low, time 1: M = 55, time 2: M = 45; moderate, time 1: M = 55, time 2: M = 51; and high, time 1: M = 61, time 2: M = 55. Results indicate that children should be assessed for behaviour problems at the time of the first seizure.
On Certain Permutation Representations of Mapping Class Groups

(a 1, bl, ..., ag, bg; (al, bl)'..(ag, bg)= 1), where (al, bl)=ai bi ai-lbi -1. The mapping class group of the surface, Mg, has an algebraic characterization as a subgroup of the outer automorphism group of Hg. (Out (Hg) = Aut (Hg)/Inn (Hg).) Only those automorphism classes which are induced by free automorphisms on at,..., bg mapping (al, bl)..-(ag, bg) to a conjugate of itself rather than its inverse are permitted. In [2, p. 67] the question of whether Mg/M'g is trivial or of order 2 for g>2 is raised and the study of certain representations of Mg is suggested. In this paper we study some of these representations which we now describe. Let G and Q be arbitrary groups. We call N a Q-defining subgroup of G if N< G and G/N_~ Q. Aut (G) acts as a group of permutations on all Q-defining subgroups of G. Since Inn(G) acts trivially, Out(G) acts as a group of permutations on Q-defining subgroups of G/If, further, G is finitely generated and Q is finite we obtain a homomorphism from Out(G) to some 27 k (the symmetric group on k symbols). Letting G=Hg, we obtain permutation representations of MgcOUt(Hg). It is easily seen that if we choose for Q an abelian group, the representation obtained factors through the well known representation p: Mg--,PSp2g(7Z), the projective symplectic group, obtained by considering the action of Aut(Hg) on Hg/H'g and then factoring by the center. This is proved in Lemma 2 for the case Q=2~,, where it is shown that the action of Mg on 7Zn-defining subgroups is PSp2g(7Zn) as a permutation group on points of projective (2g-1)-space over 2g,. The main result of this paper is a description of the representation when Q =Dp, the dihedral group of order 2p, p an odd prime. The result holds true for De, where q is any square free odd integer, but for simplicity we limit our discussion to the case of odd primes. We will prove the following theorem. Theorem. The action of Mg on Dp-defining subgroups of Hg, for p an odd prime, is isomorphic to the full wreath product
Composition operators induced by symbols defined on a polydisk

Abstract Suppose φ is a holomorphic mapping from the polydisk D m into the polydisk D n , or from the polydisk D m into the unit ball B n , we consider the action of the associated composition operator C φ on Hardy and weighted Bergman spaces of D n or B n . We first find the optimal range spaces and then characterize compactness. As a special case, we show that if φ ( z ) = ( φ 1 ( z ) , … , φ n ( z ) ) , z = ( z 1 , … , z n ) , is a holomorphic self-map of the polydisk D n , then C φ maps A α p ( D n ) boundedly into A β p ( D n ) , the weight β = n ( 2 + α ) − 2 is best possible, and the operator C φ : A α p ( D n ) → A β p ( D n ) is compact if and only if the function [ ∏ k = 1 n ( 1 − | z k | 2 ) n ] / [ ∏ k = 1 n ( 1 − | φ k ( z ) | 2 ) ] tends to 0 as z approaches the full boundary of D n . This settles an outstanding problem concerning composition operators on the polydisk.
Electron glass: Intervalley transitions and the hopping conduction noise

The properties of the electron glass ground state and of those low-energy metastable states (valleys), in which the Coulomb potential at any occupied impurity is lower than that at any empty one, are studied by computer simulation. The transitions between just these states are expected to determine the low-frequency stochastic dynamics of the electron glass at low temperatures. The variation of the number of valleys, N{sub v}, in samples with the same number of impurities, N{sub D}, but different arrangements, the shift of the N{sub v} distribution to greater numbers with growing N{sub D}, the energy range of the valleys, the differences between the electron arrangements in different valleys in the same sample, and the activation energies for intervalley transitions are found. The energy range of the valleys is, at any N{sub D}, on the order of the characteristic Coulomb energy at the mean distance between impurities. Since the number of valleys grows with N{sub D} the mean distance between adjacent valley energies drops with N{sub D}. Despite the small differences between the valley energies the valleys are separated by energy barriers that, in samples with high number of N{sub D} and N{sub v}, are distributed within a wide range.more » The width of this range grows with the size of the sample (N{sub D}) and with the number of valleys in it. This is an argument in favor of the idea that just the intervalley transitions are the source of low-frequency hopping conduction noise with the 1/f spectrum in lightly doped semiconductors at low temperatures. {copyright} {ital 1998} {ital The American Physical Society}« less
Self-assembly of tunable and highly uniform tungsten nanogratings induced by a femtosecond laser with nanojoule energy

Tunable and highly uniform tungsten nanogratings on sapphires are demonstrated by scanning a 400 nm femtosecond-pulsed laser with pulse energy less than half of a nanojoule during laser-induced chemical vapor deposition. These gratings possess very good uniformity in both the grating period (standard deviation less than 1.5%) and the tooth length (less than 4%), and can be tuned by controlling the laser power and scanning speed. We show that nanogratings can be easily fabricated on non-planar substrates such as glass optical fibers, and can be turned into larger-area one-dimensional gratings by an appropriate offset during multiple scans. A model based on local field enhancement and interference between the incident light and plasmon radiation is proposed to explain the anisotropic shape and the periodic appearance of the observed tungsten nanogratings.
Asymptotics of the trajectory of an interval that contains the preimage of a periodic point

We consider dynamical systems defined by continuous maps of an interval I of the real axis into itself. We prove that if an interval J in I contains the preimage of a periodic point of period p of a map f ∈ C 0(I, I), then the sequence of intervals f 2pn (J), n= 0, 1, 2,…, is convergent.
Modulation of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in vivo: A new mechanism for the anti-fibrotic effect of renin-angiotensin inhibition

Modulation of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in vivo: A new mechanism for the anti-fibrotic effect of renin-angiotensin inhibition. We examined the potential of in vivo linkage of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and angiotensin II (Ang II) in the setting of endothelial injury and sclerosis following radiation injury in the rat. PAI-1 is a major physiological inhibitor of the plasminogen activator (PA)/plasmin system, a key regulator of fibrinolysis and extracellular matrix (ECM) turnover. PAI-1 mRNA expression in the kidney was markedly increased (9-fold) at 12 weeks after irradiation (P
Exploring contributions of public resources in social bookmarking systems

Our study examines whether users' contributions of public resources to social bookmarking sites are circumstantial (a side effect of bookmarking for oneself), or motivational (intentional bookmarking for others). We develop a research model based on these two explanations and test it using survey data from users of two bookmarking sites. Our results suggest that public contributions are mainly driven by intentional bookmarking of resources for other users. In addition, we found that users deliberately bookmark resources for others when they believe that their bookmarks are valuable to other users and when they perceive that other users are contributing as well.
Identification of Chromosomal Bands Replicating Early in the S Phase of Normal Human Fibroblasts

Abstract Normal human fibroblasts (NHF1) were released from confluence arrest (G 0 ) and replated in medium containing bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) and aphidicolin. Despite severe reduction in the rate of DNA synthesis by aphidicolin, cells reentering the cell cycle incorporated BrdU at regions of the human genome that replicated very early in S phase. After removal of aphidicolin and BrdU from the tissue culture medium, cells were collected in mitosis. Q-banding with 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole/actinomycin D was used to identify metaphase chromosomes. A monoclonal anti-BrdU antibody and a fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-conjugated goat anti-mouse antibody were used to identify the BrdU-labeled sites. The criterion for scoring DNA replication sites was the detection of FITC fluorescence at homologous regions of both sister chromatids. Early replicating regions mapped within R-bands, but not all R-bands incorporated BrdU. Chromosomal bands 1p36.1, 8q24.1, 12q13, 15q15, 15q22, and 22q13 were labeled in 53% or more of the copies of these chromosomes in the data set, suggesting that these sites replicated very early in S phase. Chromosomal band 15q22 was the most frequently labeled site (64%), which indicates that it contains some of the earliest replicating sequences in normal human fibroblasts.
Chloro and azido diruthenium complexes bearing electron-rich N,N',N''-triphenylguanidinate ligands.

The reaction of Ru2(OAc)4Cl with N,N′,N′′-triphenylguanidine (HTPG) produces one of two different compounds depending on the reaction conditions. In acetone in the presence of triethyl amine, the r...
Evidence for the Participation of a Cytosolic NADP+‐Dependent Oxidoreductase in the Catabolism of γ‐Hydroxybutyrate In Vivo

The concentration of gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) in brain, kidney, and muscle as well as the clearance of [1-14C]GHB in plasma have been found to be altered by the administration of a number of metabolic intermediates and drugs that inhibit the NADP+-dependent oxidoreductase, "GHB dehydrogenase," an enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of GHB to succinic semialdehyde. Administration of valproate, salicylate, and phenylacetate, all inhibitors of GHB dehydrogenase, significantly increased the concentration of GHB in brain; salicylate increased GHB concentration in kidney, and alpha-ketoisocaproate increased GHB levels in kidney and muscle. The half-life of [1-14C]GHB in plasma was decreased by D-glucuronate, a compound that stimulates the oxidation of GHB by this enzyme and was increased by a competitive substrate of the enzyme, L-gulonate. The results of these experiments suggest a role for GHB dehydrogenase in the regulation of tissue levels of endogenous GHB.
Overall and internal dynamics of DNA as monitored by five-atom-tethered spin labels.

Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra of the two-atom-tethered six-membered ring thymidylate spin label (DUMTA) incorporated into duplexes of different sizes were found to display a helix length dependence and a local-order parameter S=0.32 +/- 0.01 for B-DNA based on the dynamic cylinder model (Keyes, R. S., and A. M. Bobst. 1995. Detection of internal and overall dynamics of a two-atom-tethered spin-labeled DNA. Biochemistry. 34:9265–9276). This sensitivity to size, which reflects global tumbling, is now reported for the more flexible five-atom-tethered five-membered ring thymidylate spin label (DUAP) that can be readily incorporated enzymatically and sequence specifically into nucleic acids of different sizes. The DUAPs containing B-DNA systems were simulated with the same dynamic cylinder model, giving S=0.20 +/- 0.01 for the more flexibly tethered spin label. This shows that S is dependent on tether length but not on global motion. An analysis with the same motional model of the B-Z transition in a (dG-dC)n polymer containing the five-atom-tethered six-membered ring cytidylate spin label (DCAT) (Strobel, O. K., R. S. Keyes, and A. M. Bobst. 1990b. Base dynamics of local Z-DNA conformations as detected by electron paramagnetic resonance with spin-labeled deoxycytidine analogues. Biochemistry. 29:8522–8528) revealed an increase in S from 0.15 +/- 0.01 to 0.26 +/- 0.01 in response to the B- to Z-DNA transition. This indicates that S is not only sensitive to tether length, but also to conformational changes in DNA. Both the DUAP- and the DCAT-labeled systems were also simulated with a base disk model. From the DUAP spectral series, the perpendicular component of the correlation time tau perpendicular describing the spin-labeled base diffusion was found to be sensitive to global tumbling, confirming earlier results obtained with DUMTA. The DCAT polymer results demonstrated that tau perpendicular monitors a conformational change from B- to Z-DNA, indicating that tau perpendicular is also sensitive to local base dynamics. These results confirm that the dynamics of five-atom-tethered nitroxides are coupled to the nucleic acid dynamics and, as with two-atom-tethered spin labels, can be characterized by S and tau perpendicular. The analyses of both spin-labeled systems provide good evidence for spin-labeled base motions within double-stranded DNA occurring on the nanosecond time scale, and establish that both labels can be used to monitor changes in global tumbling and local order parameter due to variations in DNA conformation and protein-DNA interactions.
The Dragon Episode in Morkinskinna

(2007). The Dragon Episode in Morkinskinna. ANQ: A Quarterly Journal of Short Articles, Notes and Reviews: Vol. 20, No. 3, pp. 65-68.
Playing violent video games, desensitization, and moral evaluation in children

Relationships between short- and long-term exposure to violent video games and desensitization, as measured through components of moral evaluation, were examined. Sixty-six children aged 5–12 years old completed questionnaires assessing video game experience and preferences and empathy and attitudes toward violence. The children played a violent or nonviolent video game and then responded to vignettes about everyday occurrences. Vignette responses were coded for aggression and empathy. Preexisting empathy and attitudes towards violence were positively related to the corresponding vignette scores. Long-term exposure to violent video games contributed to lower empathy vignette scores. Playing a violent versus a nonviolent game did not affect vignette responses. Results suggest that long-term exposure to violent video games may be associated with desensitization as reflected in lower empathy, although the direction of causality remains unclear.
Modeling, optimization, and control of magnetostrictive high force-to-mass ratio reaction mass actuators

A magnetostrictive reaction mass actuator possessing a large force to weight ratio has recently been developed at SatCon Technology Corporation. Achieving such high performance requires adequate modeling of this multidisciplinary device. The developed models allow performance optimization to be accomplished through parameter selection and control design. At the 1996 smart materials conference, the modeling and design issues associated with this actuator were discussed. Since that time, additional experiments and optimization have been performed that validate the proposed modeling. These experiments include validation of the thermal modeling and dynamic model validation through control experimentation. In addition to these results, a discussion of the trade-offs in terms of eddy current, controller, and thermal requirements, will be presented.
Anomalous fast ion losses at high β on the tokamak fusion test reactor

This paper describes experiments carried out on the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor (TFTR) [R. J. Hawryluk et al., Plasma Phys. Controlled Fusion 33, 1509 (1991)] to investigate the dependence of β-limiting disruption characteristics on toroidal field strength. The hard disruptions found at the β-limit in high field plasmas were not found at low field, even for β's 50% higher than the empirical β-limit of βn ≈ 2 at high field. Comparisons of experimentally measured β's to TRANSP simulations suggest anomalous loss of up to half of the beam fast ions in the highest β, low field shots. The anomalous transport responsible for the fast ion losses may at the same time broaden the pressure profile. Toroidal Alfven eigenmodes, fishbone instabilities, and Geodesic Acoustic Modes are investigated as possible causes of the enhanced losses. Here, we present the first observations of high frequency fishbones [F. Zonca et al., Nucl. Fusion 49, 085009 (2009)] on TFTR. The interpretation of Axi-symmetric Beam-driven Modes as Geodesic Acoustic Modes and their possible correlation with transport barrier formation are also presented.
The mass spectra of small-ring hetero-cycles—II. Aziridinones (α-lactams)†

The mass spectra of six aziridinones (α-lactams) are presented. The six aziridinones exhibit the same general fragmentation pattern, the primary processes being loss of the N-t-butyl group, loss of carbon monoxide and loss of t-butyl isocyanate. Several additional rearrangement or fragmentation processes are observed with specific α-lactams.
Practice Expectations and Attitudes: A Survey of College-Level Music Teachers and Students

Two independent groups, one consisting of college-level studio music teachers (n = 127) and the other of music majors (n = 134), completed a written survey containing 10 questions about attitudes and expectations for practicing music. The questionnaire was designed to address four major areas of interest: (1) attitudes about specific music skills, (2) expectations concerning use of practice time, (3) expectations for routines and strategies for practicing, and (4) attitudes toward practice in general. Results indicated that teachers expected more weekly practice time to be taking place than was actually reported by students. Additionally, most teachers expected that students should follow a specific practice routine, but 55% of students indicated that they do not do so; and although nearly all teachers in the survey stated that they discussed practice strategies with students, 67% of students reported that practice strategies were not discussed in their studio lessons. Finally, teachers and students had w...
A nonfunctional protein in human leukemia cells reacts with antiserum to dihydrofolate reductase from L1210 leukemia cells.

Abstract Antiserum raised in chickens to dihydrofolate reductase purified from L1210 leukemia cells by affinity chromatography inhibited the catalytic activity and the binding of methotrexate by the enzyme. Lysates of human chronic myelogenous leukemia cells, which had neither catalytic activity for dihydrofolate reductase nor binding of methotrexate, blocked the inhibiting effect of the antiserum on the function of the enzyme in L1210 cell lysates. In double immunodiffusion, these human leukemia cell lysates formed a single precipitin line against the antiserum. These findings indicate that nonfunctional dihydrofolate reductase in human leukemia cells share an antigenic determinant(s) with a functional form of the enzyme from L1210 murine leukemia cells.
THE PLAY OF EDUCATION: VOLUNTEER TEACHERS IN EXPERIMENTAL UNIVERSITY CLASSES

This paper describes an Experimental academic program at Kent State University in which a volunteer, nonprofessional mode of teaching seems to have produced positive results. The phenomenon of volunteerism is puzzling, but the data collected from this Experimental program suggest that people like to teach and do it well when they are part of a “divergent” system of openness and continued growth. In any case, this program's idealistic objectives of self-directed learning and a strong sense of community have been implemented by using volunteers.
Home Dehydrators For Food Preservation

A method for drying and storing foods for home use is described. A study of convection and forced-air dehydrators disclosed that the forced-air type has the ability to dry faster and is the more efficient dryer at little extra cost. Safe food storage is assured with the use of humidity indicating cards. These cards, which contain a variety of absorbed cobalt chloride solutions, indicate a varied range of relative humidities (8-80 percent). The card readings were successfully correlated with water activity.
Empirical discriminability of two models for stochastic relationship between additive components of response time

Abstract Dzhafarov (1992, J. Math. Psych. 36 , 235–268) analyzed additive decompositions of simple response time (RT) into two random variables: a signal-independent component and a component stochastically decreasing and vanishing as signal magnitude increases. The asymptotic behavior of RT (the dependence of RT of a given quantile rank on signal magnitude in the region of sufficiently large signals) was shown to be different under different models of stochastic relationship between the two RT components. As a simple alternative to the more traditional stochastic independence model, according to which the two RT components have stochastically independent sources of random variability, Dzhafarov proposed a single-variate RT decomposition model (SVRT) according to which the two components are increasing functions of a single common source of random variability. The two models predict distinctly different patterns of the asymptotic RT behavior on a population level. Our computer simulations show, however, that if Dzhafarov's test based on this difference is applied to RT samples generated according to the stochastic independence model, the results can sometimes mimic the asymptotic predictions of the SVRT model. This happens because of the uncertainty in determining the range of signals that are “sufficiently large” to warrant asymptotic approximations. This difficulty can be overcome if instead of choosing a fixed range of large signals one repeatedly applies the test to a sequence of nested regions of large signals. Our computer simulations show that with this approach the two models can be reliably discriminated on realistically sized RT samples
Food intake in baboons: Effects of d-amphetamine and fenfluramine

Food intake of four adult male baboons (Papio c. anubis) was monitored during daily experimental sessions lasting 22 hours. Food was available under a two-component operant schedule. Following completion of the first "procurement component" response requirement, access to food, i.e., a meal, became available under the second "consumption component" during which each response produced a one-g food pellet. After a 10-minute interval in which no response occurred, the consumption component was terminated. The effects of oral d-amphetamine (AMPH: 0.03-1.0 mg/kg) and fenfluramine (FEN: 0.25-2.0 mg/kg) were determined by having the baboons drink a dose on Tuesdays and Fridays 45 to 60 min before the daily session. Dose-dependent decreases in food intake were observed with AMPH being four times as potent as FEN. Although both drugs were equally efficacious in decreasing food intake, they had dissimilar effects on the topography of feeding behavior. AMPH decreased food intake by increasing the latency to the first meal, decreasing the size of the first meal, and decreasing the number of meals within a session. FEN, in contrast, had no significant effect on latency to the first meal or size of the first meal, but decreased the number of meals within a session. In addition, the drugs had different effects on the patterning of responding within the first meal. Finally, at the doses tested, there was no evidence of nonspecific motor deficits disrupting food intake. Although there are some differences between these results and the previously reported effects of these drugs, it is clear that AMPH and FEN influence feeding behavior in different ways.
Calcium Currents in a Pituitary Cell Line (AtT-20): Differential Roles in Stimulus-Secretion Coupling

The purpose of the present investigation was to identify voltage-dependent calcium channel subtypes that control the release of ACTH in AtT-20 cells, a clonal mouse pituitary cell line. Using the perforated patch-clamp technique, we identified dihydropyridine (nimodipine)-, omega-Agatoxin IVA-, and omega-Conotoxin MVIIC-sensitive calcium currents. No omega-Conotoxin GVIA-sensitive currents are present in these cells. There also existed a considerable resistant component to the recorded inward current that was inhibited by cadmium, a nonselective calcium channel antagonist. Using RIA, we examined the contributions of each of the pharmacologically distinct calcium channel populations to CRH- or potassium chloride (KCI)-stimulated release of ACTH at various time intervals (10 sec to 60 min). We found that nimodipine markedly inhibited ACTH release at all intervals tested, whereas omega-Agatoxin IVA, omega-Conotoxin MVIIC, and omega-Conotoxin GVIA had no significant effect. Moreover, the inhibition by nimodipine was comparable to that seen after cadmium application, and the effects of these two antagonists were not additive. These data suggest that although AtT-20 cells possess dihydropyridine-, omega-Agatoxin IVA-, and omega-Conotoxin MVIIC-sensitive calcium channels as well as a considerable toxin-resistant current, only the dihydropyridine-sensitive calcium channels appear to be coupled to CRH- or KCI-induced ACTH release.
A new concept for characterizing peptides and proteins using a modified mass spectrometric approach

Abstract A new concept of mass spectrometry is described in which individual ions are characterized with respect to mass and structure. The concept allows flexibility in ion source design by removing the need for high ion currents. It greatly simplifies the required ion optical scheme by removing the need for magnetic or r.f. fields. No pulsed excitation for pulsed voltages is required. Time-of-flight measurements are made but without requiring knowledge or use of the time of ion creation. The technique provides MS-MS type information, promises high mass resolution, and very high absolute sensitivity. Instrumentation based upon this concept should be ideally suited to the high sensitivity detection and sequencing of peptides and proteins.
Direct Fuel Injector Power Drive System Optimization

Abstract : The objective of this study is to optimize the injector power drive system for improved fuel injection quantity and timing control. The power drive system was optimized for improved injection repeatability under different operating conditions such as fuel supply pressures. A coupled simulation of injector electromagnetic, pintle (needle) rigid body motion and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model was employed to generate the optimal values of the 1st stage current, the 1st stage on-time and the 2nd stage current. The simulation results were validated against the experimental data measured with a photo detector measurement system.
Cooling of stacks of plates shielded by porous screens

Abstract This paper addresses the question of how to cool a stack of parallel, heat-generating boards when the flow is impeded by electromagnetic screens placed upstream and downstream of the stack. Four separate designs are considered: (1) forced convection cooling of a stack with board-to-board spacing selected to minimize the stack-coolant thermal resistance; (2) forced convection cooling of stack with fixed board-to-board spacing; (3) natural convection cooling of a vertical stack with spacing selected to minimize the overall thermal resistance; and (4) natural convection cooling of a vertical stack with fixed spacing. The optimal spacings in designs (1) and (3) are determined by intersecting the known asymptotic solutions for stacks with small spacings and stacks with large spacings. The results of parts (1) and (2) are extended to applications where the stack is cooled by immersion in a free stream. We show that the effect of the screen is controlled by a single dimensionless group, which is identified for each class of designs; namely, forced versus natural convection, and high- versus low-screen Reynolds number. Engineering results are reported for the design of screens made of wire meshes, or perforated plate with square (sharp) edges.
Factors determining survival in patients with cardiac arrest.

One hundred and fifty documented episodes of cardiac arrest were reviewed in 137 unselected patients hospitalized in a general hospital. Mental confusion (87 percent) and tachypnea (55 percent) were early warning signs. In 18 percent of patients, respiratory arrest preceded cardiac arrest. Ventricular fibrillation and cardiac standstill were the most common electrocardiographic mechanisms of arrest but none of the patients with ventricular asystole ultimately survived. Although 48 padents were successfully resuscitated after the first episode of cardiac arrest, only 14 (10 percent) were permanent survivors. There were no permanent survivors after resuscitation in patients who had a second episode of cardiac arrest.
Preschoolers' delay of gratification predicts their body mass 30 years later.

Objective To assess whether preschoolers' performance on a delay of gratification task would predict their body mass index (BMI) 30 years later. Study design In the late 1960s/early 1970s, 4-year-olds from a university-affiliated preschool completed the classic delay of gratification task. As part of a longitudinal study, a subset (n = 164; 57% women) were followed up approximately 30 years later and self-reported their height and weight. Data were analyzed using hierarchical regression. Results Performance on the delay of gratification task accounted for a significant portion of variance in BMI (4%; P Conclusion Longer delay of gratification at age 4 years was associated with a lower BMI 3 decades later. Because this study is correlational, it is not possible to make causal inferences regarding the relationship between delay duration and BMI. Identifying children with greater difficulty in delaying gratification could help detect children at risk of becoming overweight or obese. Interventions that improve self-control in young children have been developed and might reduce children's risk of becoming overweight and also have positive effects on other outcomes important to society.
Putting Electrospun Nanofibers to Work for Biomedical Research

Electrospinning has been exploited for almost one century to process polymers and related materials into nanofibers with controllable compositions, diameters, porosities, and porous structures for a variety of applications. Owing to its high porosity and large surface area, a non-woven mat of electrospun nanofibers can serve as an ideal scaffold to mimic the extracellular matrix for cell attachment and nutrient transportation. The nanofiber itself can also be functionalized through encapsulation or attachment of bioactive species such as extracellular matrix proteins, enzymes, and growth factors. In addition, the nanofibers can be further assembled into a variety of arrays or architectures by manipulating their alignment, stacking, or folding. All these attributes make electrospinning a powerful tool for generating nanostructured materials for a range of biomedical applications that include controlled release, drug delivery, and tissue engineering.
The 2000 Nemuro-Hanto-Oki earthquake, off eastern Hokkaido, Japan, and the high intraslab seismic activity in the southwestern Kuril Trench

[1] The 2000 Nemuro-Hanto-Oki earthquake (Mw6.8) occurred in the southwestern part of the Kuril Trench. The hypocenter was located close to the aftershock region of the great 1994 Kuril earthquake (Mw8.3), named “the 1994 Hokkaido-Toho-Oki earthquake” by the Japan Meteorological Agency, for which the fault plane is still in debate. Analysis of the 2000 event provides a clue to resolve the fault plane issue for the 1994 event. The hypocenters of the 2000 main shock and aftershocks are determined using arrival times from a combination of nearby inland and submarine seismic networks with an improved azimuthal coverage. They clearly show that the 2000 event was an intraslab event occurring on a shallow-dipping fault plane between 55 and 65 km in depth. The well-focused aftershock distribution of the 2000 event, the relative location of the 1994 event with respect to the 2000 event, and the similarity between their focal mechanisms strongly suggest that the faulting of the great 1994 earthquake also occurred on a shallow-dipping fault plane in the subducting slab. The recent hypocenter distribution around the 1994 aftershock region also supports this result. Large intraslab earthquakes occurring to the southeast of Hokkaido may occur due to a strong coupling on the plate boundary, which generates relatively large stress field within the subducting Pacific plate.
The vocational rehabilitation continuum: Maximizing outcomes through bridging the gap from hospital to community-based services

Objective: To describe and examine the effects of a specialized brain injury vocational service delivery model on vocational outcome for individuals with traumatic or other acquired brain injury. Design: A prospective case series was used. Setting: Inpatient and outpatient rehabilitation departments at a large midwest regional trauma center. Participants: Eighty adults with traumatic or other acquired brain injury were residents of the state of Minnesota, did not have a primary psychiatric or substance abuse diagnosis, and did not live in a residential care facility. Main Outcome Measures: Vocational Outcome Scale (VOS), Client Satisfaction Survey, and data on participant's level of independent living, job type and setting, rate of pay, and number of hours worked per week. Results: Through emphasizing early vocational intervention, closely integrating this with medical rehabilitative treatment, and providing a smooth transition from medical to community-based services, 40% of project participants were placed in a job within the first 3 months of project participation; about 70% were placed within 12 months of project participation. Those placed have an average rate of pay of $7.70 per hour and a 90-day job retention rate of 100%. Conclusions: Results indicate that this system of specialized brain injury vocational service delivery is effective.