cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Technology in the Montessori Classroom: Teachers’ Beliefs and Technology Use

As technology becomes ubiquitous in society, there is increasing momentum to incorporate it into education. Montessori education is not immune to this push for technology integration. This qualitative study investigates four Upper Elementary Montessori teachers’ attitudes toward technology and technology integration in a public school setting. Interviews and observations were used to understand the teachers’ thoughts and actions regarding technology in the classroom. Both the school context and teacher background played important roles in teachers’ beliefs and actions. Teachers in this study expressed positive views of technology in general, exhibiting high technology efficacy and valuing the development of technology skills in their students. However, all four teachers struggled to include instructional technology in ways that are consistent with a Montessori paradigm. Although individual student use of adaptive tutoring software was the most common use of technology, the teachers varied greatly in both the amount of student time spent on computers and the roles that technology played in their classrooms.
Political Action and Your Library Association

Political action. Libraries. The two seem to intersect more often than one might expect (unless one is a library worker, supporter, or patron; in which case it doesn’t seem terribly unusual). People in our line of work are often called upon to assume the mantle of library-worker-activists. These calls to action affect us in our various roles as professionals, as private citizens, and as members of the Oregon Library Association. Our association supports Oregon libraries, the people who work in them, and the communities we serve. That commitment casts a wide net in a large state full of people with diverse backgrounds and different political ideas on both local and national levels. We may have a spectrum of personal political beliefs, but we have a unifying body of core values as library workers. The people in leadership positions in the association, such as the president, vice president, and other executive board members are elected to serve you, the OLA members. We all work hard to speak up and stand up for Oregon libraries. That’s definitely a team effort. This work is ongoing, and we have guiding principles to direct us when issues appear murky.
The Cost-Effectiveness of Surgical Fixation of Distal Radial Fractures: A Computer Model-Based Evaluation of Three Operative Modalities.

Background There is no consensus on the optimal fixation method for patients who require a surgical procedure for distal radial fractures. We used cost-effectiveness analyses to determine which of 3 modalities offers the best value: closed reduction and percutaneous pinning, open reduction and internal fixation, or external fixation. Methods We developed a Markov model that projected short-term and long-term health benefits and costs in patients undergoing a surgical procedure for a distal radial fracture. Simulations began at the patient age of 50 years and were run over the patient's lifetime. The analysis was conducted from health-care payer and societal perspectives. We estimated transition probabilities and quality-of-life values from the literature and determined costs from Medicare reimbursement schedules in 2016 U.S. dollars. Suboptimal postoperative outcomes were determined by rates of reduction loss (4% for closed reduction and percutaneous pinning, 1% for open reduction and internal fixation, and 11% for external fixation) and rates of orthopaedic complications. Procedural costs were $7,638 for closed reduction and percutaneous pinning, $10,170 for open reduction and internal fixation, and $9,886 for external fixation. Outputs were total costs and quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs), discounted at 3% per year. We considered willingness-to-pay thresholds of $50,000 and $100,000. We conducted deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses to evaluate the impact of data uncertainty. Results From the health-care payer perspective, closed reduction and percutaneous pinning dominated (i.e., produced greater QALYs at lower costs than) open reduction and internal fixation and dominated external fixation. From the societal perspective, the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio for closed reduction and percutaneous pinning compared with open reduction and internal fixation was $21,058 per QALY and external fixation was dominated. In probabilistic sensitivity analysis, open reduction and internal fixation was cost-effective roughly 50% of the time compared with roughly 45% for closed reduction and percutaneous pinning. Conclusions When considering data uncertainty, there is only a 5% to 10% difference in the frequency of probability combinations that find open reduction and internal fixation to be more cost-effective. The current degree of uncertainty in the data produces difficulty in distinguishing either strategy as being more cost-effective overall and thus it may be left to surgeon and patient shared decision-making. Level of evidence Economic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Altered expression of genes involved in ganglioside biosynthesis in substantia nigra neurons in Parkinson's disease.

Reduced expression of GM1 and other major brain gangliosides GD1a, GD1b and GT1b have been reported in Parkinson’s disease (PD) brain. Mechanisms underlying these changes are unclear but may be due to a deficit in the ganglioside biosynthetic process. The present study examined the extent to which deficits in gene expression of key biosynthetic enzymes involved in synthesis of GM1 and GD1b (B3galt4) and GD1a and GT1b (St3gal2) exist in neuromelanin-containing neurons in the PD substantia nigra (SN). In situ hybridization histochemistry was used to examine gene expression of B3GALT4 and ST3GAL2 in neuromelanin-containing neurons in the SN in 8 normal controls (61–92 yrs.) and 7 PD subjects (77–95 yrs). There was a significant decrease in both B3GALT4 and ST3GAL2 gene expression in residual neuromelanin-containing cells in the SN of PD patients compared to age-matched neurologically normal controls. These changes appeared to be cell-type specific as abundant B3GALT4 and ST3GAL2 gene expression was observed in non-neuromelanin containing neurons located outside of the SN in the PD brain. These data show that residual neuromelanin-containing neurons in the PD SN have decreased expression of the ganglioside biosynthetic genes B3GALT4 and ST3GAL2, consistent with previous reports of decreased levels of gangliosides GM1, GD1a, GD1b and GT1b in the PD SN. These changes may increase the vulnerability of these neurons to degeneration in response to a variety of potential stressors.
Euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide: a non-consensus reformed reflection

Argues against the growing acceptance of euthanasia in modern society. Offers both medical and theological reasons for affirming the dignity of the person, and claims that the church ought to take a firm stand against the "culture of death."
A prospective, randomised controlled trial evaluating the effectiveness of the fluid immersion simulation system vs an air‐fluidised bed system in the acute postoperative management of pressure ulcers: A midpoint study analysis

The use of pressure-offloading support surfaces is considered the standard of care for pressure ulcers (PUs) by most surgeons. The fluid immersion simulation system (FIS) has shown significant results in previous studies. We compared it, for the first time, with a representative air-fluidised bed (AFB) for outcomes related to post-surgical flap closures. This trial was performed over 25 months, in which 40 subjects between 18 and 85 years of age with ≤2 PUs and history of <3 surgical closures underwent reconstruction by one surgeon. Subjects were randomly assigned to either treatment group for 2 weeks after closure. The primary endpoint was success of closure after the study period. Secondary endpoints included incidence of complications and nursing and patient acceptability of the device. The FIS group included 19 subjects, and the AFB group included 21. Flap failure rate was similar between groups (15% vs 17%; P = .99). The Minor complications rate, particularly dehiscence, was higher in the FIS group (66.7% vs 15%; P = .02). Nurse and patient self-reported acceptability had better mean numeric scores in the FIS compared with AFB (nurse: 1.5 vs 1.9; P = .12; patient: 1.9 vs 2.2; P = .14). Further analysis will be conducted to gain better insight on the FIS as an alternative treatment for PUs.
A Grounded Theory of Computing Professional Identity Formation

Computing professional identity formation is critical for curriculum decision-making, workforce development, and retaining students in computing degree programs. However, we have limited knowledge of how computing professional identity develops. My research focuses on filling this gap by empirically understanding how undergraduate computing students form their professional identity through their negotiations in formal and informal learning environments. The end goal is to generate and test a theory, grounded in data, which can help Computer Science departments to design interventions for fostering computing professional identity formation.
Faculty writing retreats in the library: Creative approaches to relationship building

At William & Mary (W&M) Libraries, we often feel this way, and we hear from our teaching faculty colleagues that they feel the same. But can this common challenge present a unique opportunity? Can we, as a library, fill this need and accomplish our goals of building relationships and connections with faculty? We determined that we can. As we consider time-intensive library events, partnerships, and outreach, we have learned that focusing on high-impact relationship-building opportunities is the best way to spend our time.
The future leading mobility protocol: mobile IPv4 OR Mobile IPv6?

Mobile computing has become an important area of computer networking and is expected to play a fundamental role in the ubiquitous access of Internet resources in the future. In recent years, we have seen increasing demand from end-users to access network resources from anywhere and at anytime from all kinds of devices. A greater degree of connectivity is almost becoming mandatory in todays business world. In addition, mobility of end-users is placing further requirements on network systems and protocols to provide uninterrupted services. Mobile network protocol such as Mobile IPv4 has emerged as one of the promising solutions capable of providing uninterrupted connectivity. It allows the users to roam beyond their home network while still maintain their own home IP address. Similarly, Mobile IPv6 is the protocol that deals with the mobility for the IPv6 nodes. This protocol allows an IPv6 node to be mobile, and arbitrarily change its location on the IPv6 Internet while still maintaining its existing connections.We have done a study of the MobileIP technology, and the components that support this technology. We investigated the impact of mobility on the performance of voice and video conferencing applications over Mobile IPv4 and Mobile IPv6. Through this paper, we have made an attempt to identify the strengths and weaknesses of the two mobility protocols and discover which protocol leads the future generation Internet.This paper is organized as follows. The first part briefly overviews the two mobility protocols (Mobile IPv4 and IPv6). The second part describes the basic scenarios of the network model that are required to conduct such evaluation, followed by the results of the simulation. Final part describes the conclusion of our study.
Feasibility, Safety and Durability of Porcine Atrial Ablation using a Lattice‐Tip Temperature‐Controlled Radiofrequency Ablation Catheter

Introduction Pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) using standard radiofrequency (RF) catheters is limited by incomplete contiguity and prolonged procedural times. A novel, 9-mm lattice-tip irrigated RF catheter can create wide lesions rapidly in swine atria. Methods In five swine, temperature limited (75°C) irrigated RF for 5 seconds/ablation was selected, to isolate seven pulmonary veins (PVs; five right superior and two inferior commons) and create five right atrial lines. After 4 weeks, repeat mapping and additional ablation to create atrial isthmus lesions were performed. The chronic lesions were submitted for histology. This was compared with right superior PVI data using standard 3.5-mm irrigated tip ablation in six swine. Results All targeted PVs (seven of seven, 100%) were acutely isolated. Durable isolation was observed in all six of six PVs treated with 5-second applications, but not in one PV inadvertently treated with 4-second applications. For the durably isolated PVs, the mean lesion count/PV and total RF time/PV was 16.3 ± 5.2 applications and 81.3 ± 25.9 seconds for the right superior and 14.5 ± 0.7 applications and 71.1 ± 5.5 seconds for the inferior common PV. Right atrial linear ablation was performed with a lesion count of 12 ± 2.3 applications and RF times of 59.5 ± 12.5 seconds. Cavotricuspid and mitral isthmus linear ablations were transmural along their entire length. All 53 of 53 (100%) sections were transmural on histology. Conclusion Rapid and durable PVI and linear atrial ablation is feasible with this novel 9-mm lattice-tip catheter.
Abstract B38: Impact of nongenetic intratumor heterogeneity on phenotypic characteristics and ongoing evolutionary dynamics in lung tumors

Impacts of genetic and nongenetic intratumor heterogeneity (ITH) on tumor phenotypes and evolvability remain debated. We analyzed ITH in lung squamous cell carcinoma at the levels of genome, transcriptome, tumor-immune interactions, and histopathologic characteristics by multiregion bulk and single-cell sequencing. Genomic heterogeneity alone was a weak indicator of intratumor nongenetic heterogeneity at immune and transcriptomic levels that impacted multiple cancer-related pathways, including those related to proliferation and inflammation, which in turn contributed to intratumor regional differences in histopathology and subtype classification. Tumor subclones had substantial differences in proliferation score, suggestive of non-neutral clonal dynamics. Proliferation and other cancer-related pathways also showed intratumor regional differences, sometimes even within the same subclones. Neoepitope burden negatively correlated with immune infiltration, indicating immune-mediated purifying selection on somatic mutations. Taken together, our observations suggest that nongenetic heterogeneity is a major determinant of heterogeneity in histopathologic characteristics and impacts evolutionary dynamics in lung cancer. Note: This abstract was not presented at the conference. Citation Format: Anchal Sharma, Elise Merritt, Xiaoju Hu, Angelique Cruz, Jyoti Malhotra, Greogory Riedlinger, Subhajyoti De. Impact of nongenetic intratumor heterogeneity on phenotypic characteristics and ongoing evolutionary dynamics in lung tumors [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on the Evolving Landscape of Cancer Modeling; 2020 Mar 2-5; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(11 Suppl):Abstract nr B38.
Predictors of Health Insurance, Life Insurance, and Retirement Savings Among NYC's Immigrant Taxi and For-Hire Vehicle Drivers.

Taxi and for-hire vehicle (FHV) drivers are a predominantly immigrant population facing a range of occupational stressors, including lack of workplace benefits and increasing financial strain from tumultuous industry changes and now COVID-19's devastating impact. Bilingual research staff surveyed 422 New York City taxi/FHV drivers using a stratified sampling approach in driver-frequented locations to examine drivers' health and financial planning behaviors for the first time. Drivers lacked health insurance at double the NYC rate (20% vs. 10%). Life insurance and retirement savings rates were lower than U.S. averages (20% vs. 60%, 25% vs. 58%, respectively). Vehicle ownership was a significant predictor of health insurance, life insurance, and retirement savings. Compared to South Asian drivers, Sub-Saharan African drivers were significantly less likely to have health insurance and North African, and Middle Eastern drivers were significantly less likely to have retirement savings. Although most drivers indicated the importance of insurance and benefits, < 50% understood how to use them. Drivers felt primary care coverage to be most important followed by other health-related coverage, retirement benefits, and life insurance. Results reveal compelling addressable gaps in insurance and benefits coverage and the need to implement accessible financial literacy with navigation and advising services and programs.
Advancement of a Positive-Pressure Dry Powder Inhaler for Children: Use of a Vertical Aerosolization Chamber and Three-Dimensional Rod Array Interface

Available dry powder inhalers (DPIs) have very poor lung delivery efficiencies in children. The objective of this study was to advance and experimentally test a positive-pressure air-jet DPI for children based on the use of a vertical aerosolization chamber and new patient interfaces that contain a three-dimensional (3D) rod array structure. Aerosolization performance of different air-jet DPI designs was first evaluated based on a 10 mg powder fill mass of a spray-dried excipient enhanced growth (EEG) formulation. Devices were actuated with positive pressure using flow rate (10–20 L/min) and inhaled volume (750 ml) conditions consistent with a 5-year-old child. Devices with best performance were connected to different mouthpiece designs to determine the effect on aerosolization and tested for aerosol penetration through a realistic pediatric in vitro mouth-throat model. Use of the new vertical aerosolization chamber resulted in high quality aerosol formation. Inclusion of a 3D rod array structure in the mouthpiece further reduced aerosol size by approximately 20% compared to conditions without a rod array, and effectively dissipated the turbulent jet leaving the device. Best case device and mouthpiece combinations produced 70% lung delivery efficiency based on loaded dose. In conclusion, use of a 3D rod array in the MP of a positive-pressure air-jet DPI was found to reduce aerosol size by 20%, not significantly increase MP depositional loss, reduce mouth-throat deposition by 6.4-fold and enable lung delivery efficiency as high as 73.4% of loaded dose based on pediatric test conditions.
‘Dear Mrs Brown’: social purity, sex education and the Women’s Christian Temperance Union in early twentieth-century South Africa

The South African Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) was a significant source of sex education for white youth in particular, and encouraged adults to equip their children with the informati...
Nutraceutical Properties of Lipids

Nutraceutical have emerged as beneficial health products obtained from food, herbal, and pharmaceutical manufacturing industries. Nutraceuticals have gained worldwide popularity and defined as purified or concentrated food and food products with health-promoting and/or disease-preventing properties beyond their basic nutritional function (Gunther et al. 2004). The significance of nutraceuticals has been associated with the treatment of many disorders such as obesity, cancer, metabolic problems, cold and cough, depression, coronary heart disease, osteoporosis, diabetes, cardiovascular problems, delayed gastrointestinal emptying, and other degenerative diseases (Kaur et al. 2015). Nutraceutical has led to the new era of medicine and health, in which the food industry has become a research-oriented sector. Although the use of nutraceuticals by people has a long history, recently it has been scientifically supported by nutritional and medical evidence that has allowed nutraceuticals to emerge as being potentially effective (Dillard and German 2000).
The Association Between Discriminatory Experiences and Self-Reported Health Status among Asian Americans and Its Subethnic Group Variations.

Purpose Using distinct measures for racial microaggressions and discrimination, this article explored the association between discriminatory experiences and self-reported health status among Asian populations in the USA and its subethnic group variation. Methods This article investigated 4393 Asian American adults from the 2016 Post-Election National Asian American Survey (NAAS). Binary measure of self-reported health (not good/good) was accounted for. Two measures of racial microaggressions included (1) verbal microaggression and (2) behavioral microaggression. Two measures of discrimination encompassed (1) workplace discrimination and (2) institutional racism. Ethic groups were classified to (1) East Asian (n=1491), (2) Southeast Asian (n=1758), or (3) South Asian (n=1144). Results Findings from logistic regression analyses showed that increased workplace discrimination and institutional racism yielded decreased odds of reporting good health status. The association between racial microaggressions, discrimination, and self-reported health status varied across ethnic subgroup, indicating that the verbal aggression score was more predictive for the East Asian group while institutional racism was most harmful to Southeast Asians. Discussion Findings highlighted the racialized interpretation and its variations in self-reported health status among Asian populations. Relating to variations in experiences of racialization and attainment of socioeconomic status, disproportionate relationships of discriminatory experiences and health among Asian populations were further discussed.
A Preliminary Framework for Understanding Suicide Risk in LGBTQ Refugees and Asylum Seekers

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and queer/questioning (LGBTQ) individuals continue to experience pervasive violence and victimisation, which has been associated with a host of negative mental health problems, including suicide. However, there is a gap in knowledge about LGBTQ refugees and asylum seekers, an especially vulnerable subgroup of both the LGBTQ and refugee/asylum seeker population. The aim of this study was therefore to develop a preliminary theoretical framework to identify factors that may contribute to suicide risk among LGBTQ refugees and asylum seekers, and those that may buffer this risk. We conducted a review of literature on the lived experiences of LGBTQ refugees and asylum seekers. We then used cumulative disadvantage and minority stress theories to conceptualise their risk for suicide and queer migration theory to highlight protective factors. Finally, this review provides practice implications for supporting the psychosocial and mental health needs of LGBTQ refugees and asylum seekers.
Heat and mass transfer during a sudden loss of vacuum in a liquid helium cooled tube - Part III: Heat deposition in He II

Abstract A sudden loss of vacuum can be catastrophic for superconducting particle accelerators. In such an event, air leaks into the liquid-helium-cooled accelerator beamline tube and condenses on its inner surface, causing rapid boiling of the helium and dangerous pressure build-up. Understanding the coupled heat and mass transfer processes is important for the design of the beamline cryogenic system. Our past experimental study on nitrogen gas propagating in a copper tube cooled by normal liquid helium (He I) has revealed a nearly exponential slowing down of the gas front. A theoretical model that accounts for the interplay of the gas dynamics and the condensation was developed, which successfully reproduced various key observations. However, since many accelerator beamlines are actually cooled by superfluid helium (He II) in which the heat transfer is via a non-classical thermal counterflow mode, we need to extend our work to the He II cooled tube. This paper reports our systematic measurements using He II and the numerical simulations based on a modified model that accounts for the He II heat-transfer characteristics. By tuning the He II peak heat-flux parameter in our model, we have reproduced the observed gas dynamics in all experimental runs. The fine-tuned model is then utilized to reliably evaluate the heat deposition in He II. This work not only advances our understanding of condensing gas dynamics but also has practical implications to the design codes for beamline safety.
A ROLE FOR CORTICAL DOPAMINE IN THE PARADOXICAL CALMING EFFECTS OF PSYCHOSTIMULANTS

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) affects young children and manifests symptoms such as hyperactivity, impulsivity and cognitive disabilities. Psychostimulants, which are the primary treatment for ADHD, target monoamine transporters and have a paradoxical calming effect, but their mechanism of action, is unclear. Studies using the dopamine (DA) transporter (DAT) knockout mice, which have elevated striatal DA levels and are considered an animal model of ADHD, have suggested that the paradoxical calming effect of psychostimulants might be through the actions on serotonin neurotransmission. On the other hand, newer non-stimulant class of drugs such as atomoxetine and Intuniv suggest that targeting the norepinephrine (NE) system in the PFC might explain this paradoxical calming effect. We sought to decipher the mechanism of this paradoxical effect of psychostimulants through an integrated approach using ex vivo monoamine efflux experiments, monoamine transporter knockout mice, drug infusions and behavior. Our ex vivo efflux experiments reveal that NE transporter (NET) blocker desipramine elevates both norepinephrine and dopamine but not serotonin levels, in PFC tissue slices from wild-type and DAT-KO but not NET KO mice. However, serotonin (5-HT) transporter (SERT) inhibitor fluoxetine elevates only serotonin in all three genotypes. Systemic administration of both desipramine and fluoxetine but local PFC infusion of only desipramine and not fluoxetine inhibits hyperactivity in the DAT-KO mice. In contrast, pharmacological norepinephrine depletion but dopamine elevation using Nepicastat also inhibits hyperactivity in DATKO mice. Together, these data suggest that elevation of PFC dopamine and not norepinephrine or serotonin as a convergent mechanism for the paradoxical psychostimulant effects observe in ADHD therapy.
Conversion of Military R&D

Throughout the Cold War the United States and the Soviet Union, along with a number of other industrialized countries, expended large resources for military research and development (R&D). National security was invoked to justify the expenditures, which yielded ever more technologically complex and lethal weapons on both sides. But now the Cold War is over, and the security landscape in Europe has been transformed by the dissolution of the Warsaw Treaty Organization and the breakup of the Soviet Union. There is an opportunity in all countries to reappraise the benefits and costs of military R&D, to consider the extent to which the laboratories and other institutions engaged in military R&D are still needed, and to plan for conversion to civilian uses of the resources that are being released by the decreases in military spending.
Reverse Transformation of Chinese Hamster Cells by Cyclic AMP and Hormones

Treatment with cyclic AMP agents causes morphological conversion of spontaneous transformed epithelioid-like Chinese hamster ovary cells to a fibroblast-like shape. The morphological transformation is accompanied by the reversal of various transformed characteristics to the normal ones, such as the reorientation of the cytoplasmic microtubule-microfilament system through the action of cAMP-dependent protein kinase.
The Ultimate Ecosystem Engineers

How did human societies initially domesticate plants and animals, and what were the keys to success?
A Multistrategy Approach to Classifier Learning from Time Series

We present an approach to inductive concept learning using multiple models for time series. Our objective is to improve the efficiency and accuracy of concept learning by decomposing learning tasks that admit multiple types of learning architectures and mixture estimation methods. The decomposition method adapts attribute subset selection and constructive induction (cluster definition) to define new subproblems. To these problem definitions, we can apply metric-based model selection to select from a database of learning components, thereby producing a specification for supervised learning using a mixture model. We report positive learning results using temporal artificial neural networks (ANNs), on a synthetic, multiattribute learning problem and on a real-world time series monitoring application.
Online scheduling for delayed mobile offloading

WiFi offloading, where mobile users opportunistically obtain data through WiFi rather than through cellular networks, is a promising technique to greatly improve spectrum efficiency and reduce cellular network congestion. We consider a system where the service provider deploys multiple WiFi hotspots to offload mobile traffic, and study the scheduling policy to maximize the amount of offloaded data. Since the movements of users are unpredictable, we focus on online scheduling policy where APs do not have any knowledge about the users' mobility patterns. We study performance of online policies by comparing against the optimal offline policy. We prove that any work-conserving policy is able to offload at least half as much data as the offline policy, and then propose an online policy that can offload (e−1)/e as much data as the offline policy. We further study the case where the service provider can increase the capacity of WiFi so as to provide guarantees on the amount of offloaded data. We propose a simple online policy and prove that our policy only needs half as much capacity as current mechanism to provide the same performance guarantee.
STUDIES OF THE NERVE GROWTH FACTOR IN SUBMANDIBULAR GLANDS OF FEMALE MICE TREATED WITH TESTOSTERONE.

The effect of testosterone propionate administration on the quantity and localization of a nerve growth protein was studied in the submandibular glands of adult female Swiss mice. Testosterone treatment for 14 to 24 days resulted in an increase in the quantity of a nerve growth-promoting protein approaching those levels found in normal untreated adult male Swiss mice. The nerve growth-promoting protein was localized by immunofluorescent techniques in the cytoplasm surrounding the zymogenic granules of the serous tubular portions of the submandibular glands in both control and treated animals. The role played by the submandibular gland in the synthesis or storage of this factor is discussed.
Evidence-based medicine for consumers: a role for the Cochrane Collaboration

Quality of health information on the Internet has been a concern since health information first began appearing on the Web. Evidence-based medicine tools, traditionally intended for physicians, may benefit consumers as they participate in making health care decisions. This article describes a rationale for Cochrane reviews as an evidence-based medicine tool for consumers. The Cochrane Collaboration, a global force for systematic literature reviews, has strict procedures for developing literature reviews. Criteria for Cochrane reviews are compared with critical evaluation skills commonly taught to consumers regarding the use of Websites. The Cochrane Collaboration's Consumer Network has established a separate Website, with review synopses written for an audience of consumers. Suggestions for further research into consumer use of the Cochrane Library and consumer involvement with the Cochrane Collaboration are discussed.
A theoretical study of information transmission in the auditory system using signal detection theory: frequency discrimination by normal and impaired systems

We have investigated the differences between normal and impaired auditory processing for a frequency discrimination task by analyzing the responses of a computational auditory model using signal detection theory. Two detectors, one using all of the information in the signal, the other using only the number of neural responses, were implemented. An evaluation of the performance differences between the two theoretical detectors and experimental data may provide insight into quantifying the type of information present in the auditory system as well as whether the human auditory system uses this information efficiently. Results support previous hypotheses that, for lowand mid-range frequencies, the auditory system is able to use temporal information to perform frequency discrimination (see Moore, B.C.J., J. Acoust. Soc. Am., vol.54, p.610-19, 1973). The results also suggest that some temporal information is represented in the neural spike train, even at high frequencies However, the ability of the auditory system to use this information deteriorates at higher frequencies.
Positioning Strategies for Social Cause Organizations: A Multivariate Analysis of Dimensions and Ideals

The purpose of this article is to provide a framework for exploring positioning strategies for social cause organizations (SCO) in an attempt to better utilize their distinguishable nature and ability to foster aspects of desired change. Although much research has been considered regarding SCOs and their ability to attract understandable interest and passion, limited work has investigated their unique positioning strategies. Statistical positioning tools will provide an analytical perspective of the attributes these organizations possess and what influences they may have on individual perceptions. Published marketing materials from select SCOs will be examined. Analysis will reveal perceptual maps based upon respondent attribute ratings. “Ideal” SCOs will then be identified with multivariate regression. Results will be further tested to discern the predictive capabilities of the maps. Last, theoretical and managerial implications will be forwarded for discussion.
Nonconformist Populations and Planning Sexuality and Space: Nonconformist Populations and Planning Practice:

The gay, lesbian, and queer population is a marginalized group, but its concerns are not marginal to planning. It is a sizable group, heterogeneous (not least in income), and growing in visibility....
Restoration of vegetation cover in the eastern Amazon

Abstract Development activities in Altamira, Para, Brazil began with the construction of the Transamazon Highway in 1970. In the early years land use emphasized annual crops, followed by pasture development. During the second decade of settlement, land cover in the region shifted from ‘degraded pastures’ or early stages of secondary successional vegetation to increased dominance of intermediate and late secondary succession. This finding is a result of recent research using Landsat TM satellite data and detailed field studies of vegetation stand structure. Close to 40% of the forest had been removed by 1985, but between 1985 and 1991 there is clear evidence for twice as much regrowth as there is new deforestation. Land use has a significant effect on the vegetation's total height, stem height, and basal area. The use of satellite data in combination with detailed studies of vegetation stand structure and land use histories gathered from households provide a multilevel approach that allows integration of local, regional, and global patterns of secondary succession in agricultural areas, and informs restoration strategies for Amazonia.
Training of flight nurses on fixed-wing air ambulance services

Abstract Introduction: The purpose of this study was to determine the background of fixed-wing air ambulance nurses, what level of training they receive before assignment as a flight nurse, and how closely supervised these fixed-wing air ambulance programs are by their medical directors. Methods: In 1993, a retrospective statistical questionnaire was sent to 113 fixed-wing air ambulance programs. Chief flight nurses for all 113 fixed-wing air ambulance transport companies were requested to complete a written survey consisting of 17 multiple choice and fill-in-the-blank questions about previous experience, flight nurse qualifications, and content covered in their initial training program. Results: Of 113 surveys, 72 (64%) responded. The majority (87%) of the flight crew were 30 to 39 years of age. The crew mix is RN/EMT-P in 49%, RN/RN in 25%, and RN/RT in 25%. Experience before flying showed emergency department/intensive care unit in 87% with 13% specialized to a specific type of patient care. The initial training in classroom hours was less than 21 hours in 50% of programs. Training programs were taught by the chief flight nurse in 75%, the medical directors in 74%, and outside organizations in 30%. Fifty-five percent of programs use pilots or other flight crew members to supplement initial training. Only eight of the programs did not have yearly refresher classes. Programs providing more extensive training appear to be affiliated with hospital-based services. Medical directors were involved with the everyday running of air medical transports in 35 of the pro grams (50%), 20 medical directors (28%) did monthly chart reviews only, and 12 (17%) were not involved with their programs. There were three responses to “Other” and two with no responses. Conclusions: Although fixed-wing flight nurses appear to be medically experienced personnel with previous intensive care unit or emergency department experience, this survey would suggest that fixed-wing flight programs are variable in the amount of initial training, level of instructors, ongoing medical education, and involvement of the medical director. This survey indicates the need for increased standardization of continuing education, as well as increased involvement of medical directorship in fixed-wing air ambulance services.
Gold nanoparticle-aided brachytherapy with vascular dose painting: Estimation of dose enhancement to the tumor endothelial cell nucleus

Purpose: Theoretical microdosimetry at the subcellular level is employed in this study to estimate the dose enhancement to tumor endothelial cell nuclei, caused by radiation-induced photo/Auger electrons originating from goldnanoparticles (AuNPs) targeting the tumor endothelium, during brachytherapy. Methods: A tumor vascular endothelial cell (EC) is modeled as a slab of 2 μm (thickness) × 10 μm (length) × 10 μm (width). The EC contains a nucleus of 5 μm diameter and thickness of 0.5–1 μm, corresponding to nucleus size 5%–10% of cellular volume, respectively. Analytic calculations based on the electron energy loss formula of Cole were carried out to estimate the dose enhancement to the nucleus caused by photo/Auger electrons from AuNPs attached to the exterior surface of the EC. The nucleus dose enhancement factor (nDEF), representing the ratio of the dose to the nucleus with and without the presence of goldnanoparticles was calculated for different AuNP local concentrations. The investigated concentration range considers the potential for significantly higher local concentration near the EC due to preferential accumulation of AuNP in the tumor vasculature. Four brachytherapy sources: I-125, Pd-103, Yb-169, and 50 kVp x-rays were investigated. Results: For nucleus size of 10% of the cellular volume and AuNP concentrations ranging from 7 to 140 mg/g, brachytherapy sources Pd-103, I-125, 50 kVp, and Yb-169 yielded nDEF values of 5.6–73, 4.8–58.3, 4.7–56.6, and 3.2–25.8, respectively. Meanwhile, for nucleus size 5% of the cellular volume in the same concentration range, Pd-103, I-125, 50 kVp, and Yb-169 yielded nDEF values of 6.9–79.2, 5.1–63.2, 5.0–61.5, and 3.3–28.3, respectively. Conclusions: The results predict that a substantial dose boost to the nucleus of endothelial cells can be achieved by applying tumor vasculature-targeted AuNPs in combination with brachytherapy. Such vascular dose boosts could induce tumor vascular shutdown, prompting extensive tumorcell death.
IO Versus IV Access While Wearing Personal Protective Equipment in a HazMat Scenario

Objective. Determine the time difference obtaining intraosseous (IO) versus intravenous (IV) access while wearing personal protective equipment (PPE) in simulated HazMat scenarios. Methods. Twenty-two EMT-P providers established anterior tibial IO access using the EZ-IO® system androutine antecubital IV access in three mannequin andPPE HazMat scenarios: 1) provider andmannequin not in PPE, 2) only provider in Level C PPE, and3) provider andmannequin both wearing Level C PPE. Primary outcome measures were the average time in seconds for skin access, vascular access, andfluid infusion with each method in these configurations. Results For the provider andmannequin not in PPE condition, needle to skin time favored the IV (6.2 vs. 9.3 seconds; p < 0.001). whereas vascular access time (12.8 vs. 36.3 seconds; p < 0.001) andfluid infusion time (26.2 vs. 36.5 seconds; p = 0.02) favored the IO approach. For the provider in PPE andmannequin not in PPE condition, needle to skin times were similar for IO andIV (10.4 v...
Modified Copper Soap Solvent Extraction Method for Measuring Free Fatty Acids in Milk

Abstract A modified copper soap method was developed to provide a sensitive, rapid method for determining the free fatty acids in milk and estimating the intensity of lipolyzed flavor. The modification is simpler and more rapid than the original copper soap method. Only a small sample (.5 ml) of milk is needed for this colorimetric test, so it would be feasible to take aliquots from a universal sample. The method can be semiautomatic with an automatic sampler and spectrophotometer with a flow-through cell to test up to 200 samples per hour. It would take approximately 2 days to run the equivalent number by the Bureau of Dairy Industry method. The coefficients of correlation between copper soap measures and flavor for nonhomogenized and homogenized milk were .83 and .82. The corresponding coefficients between Bureau of Dairy Industry measures and flavor were .67 and .78. Correlation between copper soap and Bureau of Dairy Industry milliequivalents per liter for 124 nonhomogenized milk samples was .90. The corresponding correlation for 109 homogenized samples was .88. A comparison of nonhomogenized and homogenized milk revealed that the availability of free fatty acids is less in homogenized milk. Fewer free fatty acids are recovered from homogenized milk by solvent extraction, and they have a lower sensory impact. Presumably some of the free fatty acids in homogenized milk are bound or entrapped.
Comparison of Backscatter Ultraviolet (BUV) and ground-based total ozone fields for December 1970

For the period December 1970, comparison is made between the monthly average analyses (mapped fields) of the Backscatter Ultraviolet (BUV) total ozone data and the ground-based observations. In particular, significant differences of over 50 Dobson units are noted over the region of the North Atlantic Ocean with the BUV of greater magnitude than the ground-based data. As part of the overall verification program, both analyses are compared against the 100 mb height fields. The results indicate that the BUV analysis in the region of question is the more consistent of the two.
An eocene dredge haul from the Taumotu ridge

Abstract Middle- and Upper-Eocene boulders representing shallow- and deep-water facies were dredged from the southwest flank of the Tuamotu Ridge at 14° 29°S and 150° 10′W. The dredging suggests that rapid subsidence occurred during upper Middle Eocene time in this portion of the Ridge. Lithification and the presence of bore holes caused by littoral organism in the Upper-Eocene boulders further indicate that uplift took place in post-Eocene time.
Wind Energy - A Utility Perspective

Of all the renewable energy systems, wind turbine generators (WTG's) are likely to make the earliest significant cost-effective' contribution to the utility grid. In order to accelerate the commercial deployment of WTG's, several issues must be addressed in a timely manner. This paper presents some of the ' issues facing the utility industry as they relate to implementation of an effective wind energy program. In addition, the Southern California Edison Company's wind energy program is presented, which is designed to provide pertinent answers to the technical, economic and environmental issues concerning WTG installations and their commercial viability as a future generation resource
A simulation model of Mexican long-nosed bat (Leptonycteris nivalis) migration

Abstract We (1) describe a model that simulates migration of the Mexican long-nosed bat (Leptonycteris nivalis) based on the flowering phenology (nectar–pollen production) of agaves (Agavaceae) and hypothesized ‘rules’ governing bat movements; (2) evaluate the model by comparing simulated seasonal and spatial patterns of nectar production and consumption, and bat movements and densities, to patterns observed in the field; and (3) use the model to examine various hypotheses concerning factors that control migration. A nectar production sub-model represents the flowering phenology of agaves in terms of the daily availability of nectar within each of four latitudinal intervals between 18 and 29°N. A bat migration sub-model represents the number of bats present within each latitudinal interval each day, with bat movements from one site to another depending on availability of nectar and season. Simulated patterns of nectar consumption are similar to observed patterns of nectar production based on the number of flowering plant species present at different latitudes. Simulated patterns of bat movements are similar to general patterns observed in the field for Leptonycteris curasoae and L. nivalis. Simulated fluctuations of bat density at the southernmost latitude exhibit the same general annual cycle observed at a southern roost of L. curasoae. The seasonal representation of nectar production in the model corresponds well with patterns of nectar production observed over a 2-year period at a site in northern Mexico, although nectar production in the model begins somewhat earlier. Simulations examining factors hypothesized to control migration indicate that predicted migration patterns correspond well with field observations only when model rules assume that both food availability and season limit migration, and that all bats with access to sufficient energy during the correct season migrate.
Developing privacy guidelines for social location disclosure applications and services

In this article, we describe the design process of Reno, a location-enhanced, mobile coordination tool and person finder. The design process included three field experiments: a formative Experience Sampling Method (ESM) study, a pilot deployment and an extended user study. These studies were targeted at the significant personal security, privacy and data protection concerns caused by this application. We distil this experience into a small set of guidelines for designers of social mobile applications and show how these guidelines can be applied to a different application, called Boise. These guidelines cover issues pertaining to personal boundary definition, control, deception and denial, and group vs. individual communication. We also report on lessons learned from our evaluation experience, which might help practitioners in designing novel mobile applications, including the choice and characterization of users for testing security and privacy features of designs, the length of learning curves and their effect on evaluation and the impact of peculiar deployment circumstances on the results of these finely tuned user studies.
Production of high-energy muons in gamma showers

Abstract We have calculated the number of high-energy muons in gamma showers generated by photoproduction and by muon pair creation. The prompt muons have flatter energy spectrum than the muons, which come from photoproduction and contribute significant fraction of the total muon rates for E μ ⩾ 1 TeV. The total rate of high-energy muons in gamma showers is, however, very low.