cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Self-determination of Corporate Sustainability Initiatives in Multinational Subsidiaries

Multinational Corporations (MNC) subsidiaries implement corporate sustainability initiatives (CSIs) if they are self- determined to do so (based on intrinsic motivation) or when urged on by circumstances and pressures (based on extrinsic motivation). Such differences in self-determination are derived from underlying corporate psychological needs for competence, autonomy and relatedness; and are manifested in the governance choices of making, allying or buying CSIs. In this study of oil and gas MNC subsidiaries in the developing country context of Trinidad and Tobago, four distinct types of firms are identified based on their levels of self-determination and corporate governance tendencies. These groups are identified as Trail Blazers, Marching Soldiers, Sharp Shooters, and Fire Fighters; and their distinctive characteristics are described. These findings are useful to corporate sustainability strategists seeking to select, design and implement CSIs that satisfy MNC headquarters directives but balance subs...
Princesses and Superheroes: Social‐Cognitive Influences on Early Gender Rigidity

In this article, I review evidence showing that early childhood is a normative time for gender rigidity across many domains, including appearance, play, peer preferences, and intergroup gender attitudes. Gender rigidity can be seen in children's adherence to what society deems appropriate, or avoidance of what society deems inappropriate, for their gender. Many aspects of gender typing show an intriguing curvilinear pattern of increasing rigidity followed by flexibility. I offer an explanation for this pattern, focusing on children's growing awareness, knowledge, and understanding of gender. These developing cognitions are theorized to motivate children to engage in active self-socialization as they strive to adhere to gender norms. I suggest how we can understand variation in early gender rigidity and whether gender rigidity has implications for well-being and achievement in life.
Constitutionalizing the Dispute: Federalism in Hyper-Partisan Times

This article describes how partisan actors during the Obama years have escalated polarization by transforming policy disputes into constitutional contests over the ground rules of the federal system—contests, moreover, in which one bloc of politically like-minded states opposes another. The article examines in particular how Republicans have supported strong claims of state sovereignty, and in some cases resurrected the antebellum doctrine of nullification, to deny to either Congress or the executive branch the authority to reform state health care markets or to limit states’ emissions of greenhouse gases. Democrats have reinforced the partisan divide by declining to debate the constitutionality of their policies, instead invoking supposedly settled judicial precedent; and by enabling President Obama to create new federal policy through direct negotiation with like-minded states, thus circumventing congressional obstruction. Ironically, both parties appear willing to shrink the power and authority of an already diminished Congress, a development with unsettling implications for the future.
A Wide Berth for FRCP 52: Application of the Clearly Erroneous Standard of Review in the Admiralty Law Context

In the Admiralty proceeding Frescati Shipping Co. v. Citgo Asphalt Refining Co., an oil tanker within its final approach of its destination on the Delaware River struck an abandoned ship anchor. The anchor punctured the hull of the ship, allowing 263,000 gallons of crude oil to spill from it. In reviewing the trial court’s decision, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit employed the clearly erroneous standard of review. Using this highly deferential standard, the Third Circuit held that the trial court had failed to find facts specially and state its conclusions of law separately, requirements of Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 52(a)(1). In the highly specialized context of Admiralty law, uniformity and consistency are especially necessary. By employing the clearly erroneous standard of review in the Admiralty context, the Third Circuit adequately served the aim of maintaining uniformity of results within a niche area of law.
McCallen Professional Research and Teaching Leave Report

This end of assignment report for a Professional Research and Teaching (PRT) Leave award includes the attached assessment of success by the host organization, University of California Davis (UCD). The following summarizes the accomplishments and attached are a selection of documented items.
Microwave measurements of dielectrics in free space

The measurement of dielectric properties in the microwave band is usually accomplished by placing the sample in a waveguide or resonant cavity. Free-space methods, while lacking the general versatility of waveguide techniques, exhibit certain advantageous features: the problem of maintaining a precision fit between the sample and the guide is avoided; certain structures, for example, “honeycomb” materials and artificial dielectrics, can not be measured by waveguide methods but can be measured in free space; and at millimeter wavelengths, waveguide procedures become more complicated while free space techniques retain their simplicity.
British Corporate Finance, 1500–1860

Long-distance trade created by the European discoveries of sea routes to Asia and the natural resources of the Americas also created new challenges to traditional forms of organizing trading companies. From the commenda of the Italians to the chartered companies of the Iberians, the British finally imitated the joint-stock company of the Dutch for their own East India trade in 1650. Until 1720, more joint-stock companies arose, all with provision for foreign investors and shareholder governance, which led to an active stock market. After the South Sea bubble in 1720, state support of existing chartered companies and new public utilities continued to provide finance for large-scale enterprises and increasing stock market activity. The success of corporate finance for British railways on a large scale in the 1840s led to legislation that created the world of modern corporate finance by 1860.
Hardware thread reordering to boost OpenCL throughput on FPGAs

Availability of OpenCL for FPGAs has raised new questions about the efficiency of massive thread-level parallelism on FPGAs. The general trend is toward creating deep pipelining and in-order execution of many OpenCL threads across a shared data-path. While this can be a very effective approach for regular kernels, its efficiency significantly diminishes for irregular kernels with runtime-dependent control flow. We need to look for new approaches to improve execution efficiency of FPGAs when targeting irregular OpenCL kernels. This paper proposes a novel solution, called Hardware Thread Reordering (HTR), to boost the throughput of the FPGAs when executing irregular kernels possessing non-deterministic runtime control flow. The key insight of HRT is out-of-order OpenCL thread execution over a shared data-path to achieve significantly higher throughput. The thread reordering is performed at a basic-block level granularity. The synthesized basic-blocks are extended with independent pipeline control signals and context registers to bypass the live values of reordered threads. We demonstrate the efficiency of our proposed solution on three parallel irregular kernels. For the experiments, we utilize the LegUp tool to compare the baseline (in-order) data-path with HTR-enhanced data-path. Our RTL simulation results demonstrate that HTR-enhanced data-path achieves up to 11× increase in kernels throughput at a very low overhead (less than 2× increase in FPGA resources).
Moving Objects in the Workspace

A particularly unusual observation in near stereoscopic viewing is that as objects appear to move away from the observer, they appear to increase in size, and as objects appear to move toward the observer, they appear to decrease in size.
Comparison of lumbo-pelvic kinematics during trunk forward bending and backward return between patients with acute low back pain and asymptomatic controls.

Abstract Background Prior studies have reported differences in lumbo-pelvic kinematics during a trunk forward bending and backward return task between individuals with and without chronic low back pain; yet, the literature on lumbo-pelvic kinematics of patients with acute low back pain is scant. Therefore, the purpose of this study was set to investigate lumbo-pelvic kinematics in this cohort. Methods A case-control study was conducted to investigate the differences in pelvic and thoracic rotation along with lumbar flexion as well as their first and second time derivatives between females with and without acute low back pain. Participants in each group completed one experimental session wherein they performed trunk forward bending and backward return at self-selected and fast paces. Findings Compared to controls, individuals with acute low back pain had larger pelvic range of rotations and smaller lumbar range of flexions. Patients with acute low back pain also adopted a slower pace compared to asymptomatic controls which was reflected in smaller maximum values for angular velocity, deceleration and acceleration of lumbar flexion. Irrespective of participant group, smaller pelvic range of rotation and larger lumbar range of flexion were observed in younger vs. older participants. Interpretation Reduced lumbar range of flexion and slower task pace, observed in patients with acute low back pain, may be the result of a neuromuscular adaptation to reduce the forces and deformation in the lower back tissues and avoid pain aggravation.
Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells

The development of tumor-specific T cell tolerance is largely responsible for tumor escape. Accumulation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) in animal tumor models as well as in cancer patients is involved in tumor-associated T cell tolerance. In recent years, it has become increasingly evident that MDSCs bring about antigen-specific T cell tolerance by various mechanisms, which is the focus of this chapter.
Implementation of an Aggressive Enteral Nutrition Protocol and the Effect on Clinical Outcomes

Background: Macronutrient deficiency in critical illness is associated with worse outcomes. We hypothesized that an aggressive enteral nutrition (EN) protocol would result in higher macronutrient delivery and fewer late infections. Methods: We enrolled adult surgical intensive care unit (ICU) patients receiving >72 hours of EN from July 2012 to June 2014. Our intervention consisted of increasing protein prescription (2.0–2.5 vs 1.5–2.0 g/kg/d) and compensatory feeds for EN interruption. We compared the intervention group with historical controls. To test the association of the aggressive EN protocol with the risk of late infections (defined as occurring >96 hours after ICU admission), we performed a Poisson regression analysis, while controlling for age, sex, body mass index (BMI), Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) score, and exposure to gastrointestinal surgery. Results: The study cohort comprised 213 patients, who were divided into the intervention group (n = 119) and the his...
American Indian Knowledge, Attitudes, and Beliefs About Smokeless Tobacco: A Comparison of Two Focus Group Studies

Though smokeless tobacco (SLT) use has decreased in many communities, concern for American Indian (AI) SLT use remains, as this population continues to be disproportionally affected by SLT-related diseases. Tobacco has cultural significance to many AI tribes, therefore tobacco cessation messages portraying tobacco as entirely negative may be ineffective. As a part of our formative research for an SLT cessation intervention, we sought to gain a better understanding of the knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs about SLT among AI community members. We describe two independent focus group studies conducted in Montana (ten focus groups, 54 participants) and Kansas (six focus groups, 27 participants). Predominant themes emerged from three major topic areas (SLT use, program development, and recreational SLT use) during the discussions from both studies. The formative approach and data from these studies will allow us to more appropriately address SLT-related health disparities across multiple AI communities.
Does autonomy over teacher hiring affect student math and science achievement

This paper examines the causal effects of autonomy over teacher hiring on student math and science achievement using the random student assignment policy implemented in Korea. Under this policy, st...
Relationships among volatile metabolites, quality and sensory parameters of ‘Italia’ table grapes assessed during cold storage in low or high CO2 modified atmospheres

Abstract Table grapes (cv. Italia) were stored at 5 °C in air or in modified atmosphere with low O 2 (1%) and low (0.03–10%) or high (>20%) CO 2 . Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) associated with quality (respiration rate, acetaldehyde and ethanol, water status of rachis) and sensory parameters (visual quality, rachis browning, characteristic odour and flavour, off-odour and off-flavour) were evaluated. Low CO 2 preserved the quality and sensory parameters, whereas high CO 2 caused a fermentative metabolism. A total of 126 VOCs were identified by HS-SPME/GC–MS analysis. Principal component analysis (PCA) identified ( Z )-2-hexenal and (E,Z)-2,4-hexadienal as potential marker of freshness; whereas, acetaldehyde, ethanol, 1-butanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol, 1-octanol and 1-nonanol were correlated to fermentation processes. Partial least-square regression analysis (PLSR) was used to identify (R 2 = 0.95) the main predictors of off-odour as ethanol and ethyl acetate (+) and hexanal and β-linalool (−).
Electrostatic theory of viral self-assembly

Abstract Viruses self-assemble from identical capsid proteins and their genome consisting, for example, of a long single stranded (ss) RNA. For a big class of T=3 viruses, capsid proteins have long positive N-terminal tails. We explore the role played by the Coulomb interaction between the brush of positive N-terminal tails rooted at the inner surface of the capsid and the negative ss RNA molecule. We show that viruses are most stable when the total contour length of ss RNA is close to the total length of the tails. For such a structure the absolute value of the total RNA charge is approximately twice as large as the charge of the capsid. This conclusion agrees with structural data.
Differential Equation Solution to Circuit Problems

In this chapter we use analytic differential equations to solve for currents and voltages in various circuits. For simpler circuits we end up with differential equations of first order, where only initial conditions are needed; and for more complicated circuits we end up with differential equations of second order where both initial conditions and derivatives thereof are needed. We decompose the solution in terms of a homogeneous one and a particular one. Equivalently we decompose the solution into a transient one and a steady state one. The applied stimuli included sine, unit step, and a pulse. We study the 2nd order RLC problem and examine the three damping conditions: critically damped, over damped, and under damped cases. We compare to SPICE and observe excellent match.
Molecular structure and assembly of peptide-derived nanomaterials

Peptides in nanomaterials assembly allow powerful control over shape development, surface functionalization, and hierarchical 3D organization for many applications. Monitoring and imaging of the flexible biomolecules in experiment remains a major challenge and limits the design of tailor-made peptide nanomaterials. We highlight recent developments in understanding peptide-surface interactions on the basis of experimental data and simulation data for silica, apatites, carbon nanomaterials, and mica. Quantitative insights into molecular recognition mechanisms and structure–function relationships are described, including binding and unbinding, basic sequence design principles, and impacts on nanoparticle shape and crystal growth. In particular, findings from the combination of measurements and molecular dynamics simulations are surveyed that satisfy the growing demand for control down to the atomic level. Design principles remain specific for a given materials type due to large differences in surface chemistry and surface energies. Opportunities for future directions are described.
Isolated Myocyte Mechanics and Calcium Transients

Studies of contraction and relaxation of myocardium in isolated heart and cardiac muscle strips can be complicated by coronary circulation (whole heart), chamber geometry (whole heart), extracellular matrix, and neurohumoral factors. Measurement of [Ca2+];transients in intact myocardium preparations can be complicated because fluorescence measurements can be affected by dye loading into cells other than myocytes, motion artifact, inner filter effects, and unstable background fluorescence 1-2. Dissociated cardiac myocytes provide an experimental model that is devoid of the complicating factors mentioned above. In addition, isolated myocytes allow application of single cell voltage-clamp technique to study cardiac ion channels and transporters and of confocal microscopy. The study of isolated myocyte mechanics and [Ca2]; transients has proved to be an especially important tool in the investigation of cardiac physiology and pathophysiology in genetically engineered mice (3-11) and this chapter will focus on the methods that are employed.
Genomic biodiversity, phylogenetics, and coevolution in proteins

Comprehensive sampling of genomic biodiversity is fast becoming a reality for some genomic regions and complete organelle genomes. Genomic biodiversity is defined as large genomic sequences from many species, and here some recent work is reviewed that demonstrates the potential benefits of genomic biodiversity for molecular evolutionary analysis and phylogenetic reconstruction. This work shows that using likelihood-based approaches, taxon addition can dramatically improve phylogenetic reconstruction. Features or dynamics of the evolutionary process are much more easily inferred with large numbers of taxa, and large numbers are essential for discriminating differences in evolutionary patterns between sites. Accurate prediction of site-specific patterns can improve phylogenetic reconstruction by an amount equivalent to quadrupling sequence length. Genomic biodiversity is particularly central to research relating patterns of evolution, adaptation and coevolution to structural and functional features of proteins. Research on detecting coevolution between amino acid residues in proteins demonstrates a clear need for much greater numbers of closely related taxa to better discriminate site-specific patterns of interaction, and to allow more detailed analysis of coevolutionary interactions between subunits in protein complexes. It is argued that parsing out coevolutionary and other context-dependent substitution probabilities is essential for discriminating between coevolution and adaptation, and for more realistically modelling the evolution of proteins. Also reviewed is research that argues for increasing the efficiency of acquiring genomic biodiversity, and suggests that this might be done by simultaneously shotgun cloning and sequencing genomic mixtures from many species. Increased efficiency is a prerequisite if genomic biodiversity levels are to rapidly increase by orders of magnitude, and thus lead to dramatically improved understanding of interactions between protein structure, function and sequence evolution.
Atomic and Molecular Structure

Because so much of the chemistry of atoms and molecules is related to their structures, the study of descriptive chemistry begins with a consideration of these topics. The reasons for this are simple and straightforward. For example, many of the chemical characteristics of nitrogen are attributable to the structure of the N 2 molecule, : N ≡ N : . The triple bond in the N 2 molecule is very strong, and that bond strength is responsible for many chemical properties of nitrogen (such as it being a relatively unreactive gas). Likewise, to understand the basis for the enormous difference in the chemical behavior of SF 4 and SF 6 it is necessary to understand the difference between the structures of these molecules, which can be shown as Figure options Download full-size image Download as PowerPoint slide
Cystathionine γ-lyase-hydrogen sulfide (H2S) deficiency downregulates muscle myokine Fndc5 / Irisin and glucose metabolism in C2C12 myotubes and gastrocnemius muscle of HFD-fed mice

Cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE) produces hydrogen sulfide (H2S) by using L-cysteine (LC) as a substrate and is involved in glucose and lipid homeostasis. Irisin is a novel myokine secreted following proteolytic cleavage of its precursor fibronectin type III domain containing 5 (Fndc5) and can regulate glucose homeostasis. Diabetes and obesity are associated with low blood levels of Irisin, H2S, and LC. We examined the hypothesis that CSE-deficiency decreases the level of H2S, which can lead to decreased Fndc5 and thereby alter glucose metabolism. High-fat-diet-fed (16 weeks) mice exhibited elevated blood glucose, and decreased CSE, H2S, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ-coactivator-1α (PGC-1α), with reduced Fndc5/Irisin and increased oxidative stress in the muscle (p
Fundamentals of Audio Signals and Systems

The study of audio forensics is based on the foundation of acoustics and audio engineering. There are shelves of books and entire college-level courses devoted to the details of acoustics, so the following description of several important principles barely scratches the surface of the underlying physics and engineering. Nonetheless, it is important to have an introduction to the terminology and key features in order to appreciate the fascinating field of acoustics as applied to audio forensics.
The Case for Reviving the Four-Year Deal

The four-year deal is dead. It was quietly killed by the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), which now mandates that the only permissible athletic scholarship is a one-year deal renewable scholarship at the sole discretion of the school. The legal premise of this Essay is that the mandate for a one-year deal violates section 1 of the Sherman Act. The policy position taken is that a successful attack upon the “one-year renewable” will be beneficial to the overall health of big time intercollegiate sports. Part II of the Essay tells the story of how the once customary four-year deal was killed and replaced by the mandatory one-year renewable. Part III lays out the not-so-hypothetical facts of a potential plaintiff — a student-athlete “run off ” either because he or she suffered a performance-reducing injury or just simply did not “pan out” as the coaches had hoped. In this Part, the student-athlete’s section 1 claim is examined, and a result favorable to the plaintiff is anticipated. Part IV explores the likely consequences of such a finding, concluding that a successful attack on the four-year deal will have positive effects on intercollegiate sports.
Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma: Moving Toward Targeted Therapies

Therapeutic advances for peripheral T-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (PTCL) have lagged behind their B-cell NHL counterparts in part because novel agents to treat PTCL have been developed empirically. The recent clinical success of brentuximab-vedotin suggests that novel therapies for PTCL can significantly improve outcomes when properly targeted. Aberrancies in T-cell receptor, Jak/STAT, and DNA methylation pathways play critical roles in T-NHL pathogenesis based on genomic studies and preclinical experimental validation. New strategies targeting these pathways in patients with PTCL are underway, and this clinical trial experience will possibly contribute to additional improvements in outcome for patients with these diseases.
Ankylosis of the Temporomandibular Joint in Pediatric Patients.

Introduction While surgical interventions for temporomandibular joint (TMJ) ankylosis are well-documented, there is lack of consensus regarding the ideal approach in pediatric patients. Surgical interventions include gap arthroplasty, interpositional arthroplasty, or total joint reconstruction. Methods A systematic review of PubMed (Jan 1, 1990-Jan 1, 2017) and Scopus (Jan 1, 1990-Jan 1, 2017) was performed and included studies in English with at least one patient under the age of 18 diagnosed with TMJ ankylosis who underwent surgical correction. Primary outcomes of interest included surgical modality, preoperative maximum interincisal opening (MIO) (MIOpreop), postoperative MIO (MIOpostop), ΔMIO (ΔMIO = MIOpostop - MIOpreop), and complications. Results Twenty-four case series/reports with 176 patients and 227 joints were included. By independent sample t tests MIOpostop (mm) was greater for gap arthroplasty (30.18) compared to reconstruction (27.47) (t = 4.9, P = 0.043), interpositional arthroplasty (32.87) compared to reconstruction (t = 3.25, P = 0.002), but not for gap compared to interpositional (t = -1.9, P = 0.054). ΔMIO (mm) was greater for gap arthroplasty (28.67) compared to reconstruction (22.24) (t = 4.2, P = 0.001), interpositional arthroplasty (28.33) compared to reconstruction (t = 3.27, P = 0.002), but not for interpositional compared to gap (t = 0.29, P = 0.33). Weighted-average follow-up time was 28.37 months (N = 164). 4 of 176 (2.27%) patients reported development of re-ankylosis. There was no significant difference in occurrence of re-ankylosis between interventions. Conclusions Given the technical ease of gap arthroplasty and nonsignificant differences in ΔMIO, MIOpostop, or occurrence of re-ankylosis between gap and interpositional arthroplasty, gap arthroplasty should be considered for primary ankylosis repair in pediatric patients, with emphasis on postoperative physiotherapy to prevent recurrent-ankylosis.
Cognitive Function in Liver Transplantation

Liver transplantation (LT) remains the only way to cure patients with severe liver diseases. Important questions about neurological sequelae and quality of life after LT have emerged. In this review, we discuss the neurocognitive changes associated with LT and we conclude with recommendations in this regard for patients, caregivers, and physicians. Compared with other solid organ recipients, LT patients tend to have a higher incidence (up to 30%) of neurological complications post-LT. Even in absence of previous episodes of hepatic encephalopathy (HE), some patients display new onset of neurological symptoms post-LT, raising the concern about the role of other factors that may have a direct impact on cognitive function. Different mechanisms have been postulated to explain these postoperative neurological symptoms. They include sequelae of HE, persistent impairment of cognitive function due to cirrhosis, or postoperative decompensation of an unknown or undiagnosed neurodegenerative disorder.
Substrate Type Affects Scent-Trailing Behavior of Newborn Timber Rattlesnakes (Crotalus horridus)

Animals can obtain social information from monitoring chemical cues in their environment left behind by conspecifics, competitors, predators, or prey. Whereas many studies have addressed the ability of snakes to trail scents in the laboratory along a homogeneous substrate (i.e., butcher paper), our objective was to determine if the scent-trailing behavior of a snake was affected by changes in substrate type (paper, sand, leaf litter, and burnt leaf litter). We brought five pregnant Timber Rattlesnakes (Crotalus horridus) into the laboratory where each gave birth to an average of nine newborns. After each newborn shed, we conducted Y-maze trials. The scent of the mother was applied down one arm of the Y-maze. Each newborn was tested on each substrate. Newborns non-randomly chose the arm with the mother's scent 87% of the time when tested on paper (P < 0.001). Thus, substrate affected the ability of newborns to scent-trail their mother. In a natural setting, the heterogeneity of substrates may facilitate scent-trailing behavior as more conducive substrates may be present among substrates that impede scent-trailing behavior. However, as prescribed fire becomes a more popular forest management tool, care should be taken in where this tool is applied.
Empirically Examining the Individual-Level Determinants of Job-Searching Outcomes: A Nonlinear Analysis Under the Case of Chile

This paper empirically examines the determinants that can help job searchers successfully find jobs. We acquire individual-level data from the 2009 National Employment Survey of Chile, and use an innovative non-linear estimation which examines the influences of two individual-level factors: job searchers’ searching efforts and their previous work experience. It is found that whether one searcher is actively searching and whether the searcher has been employed before both significantly affect the job searching outcomes. To be specific, actively searching for jobs with resumes, social networks, as well as public assistance, provides more opportunities to successfully find a job. Similar consequences may occur for someone without previous work experience. Furthermore, the disparities in the job searching results are also affected by multiple individual characteristics, such as age, gender, and education level. For example, active searching only significantly helps men but not women, and those people with average instead of higher education backgrounds find jobs, while previous work experience can help women or those who receive higher education find jobs more easily. Relevant policy implications are also discussed.
Exploring dotcom failure: A mediator modeling approach

In this research, the vital factors responsible for the demise of many dotcoms are identified and investigated. A mediator model is presented to explore possible relationships among the exogenous and endogenous variables in accordance with business and technology strategies. Two major analyses are conducted to examine the primary causes for dotcom failure. The first analysis examines the relationships between exogenous and endogenous variables based on the quasi-empirical findings from 50 failed dotcoms. The second analysis conducts a non-parametric correlation analysis of the variables. The results indicate that exogenous variables, fund and competition, influence the endogenous variables, staff, front-end operation, back-end operation, and business strategy. The practical implication of this study is to provide current and future dotcoms with another angle of view for assessing and adjusting their strategic position by evaluating those critical determinants and their inter-relationships so that a robust business model can be implemented.
Tapirs as Living Fossils

Tapirs belong to the family Tapiridae of the order Perissodactyla (odd-toed ungulates). This order also includes the families Equidae (horses) and Rhinocerotidae (rhinos) among its extant members. Living tapirs are found primarily in forested areas in Central and South America and in southeast Asia. They comprise a single genus, Tapirus, with four species, three of which are American and one Asian. They are medium-sized perissodactyls, with a body weight of around 300 kg, and are apparently “primitive” among ungulates in various aspects of their morphology and behavior. Superficially, they resemble suoid artiodactyls in the degree of modification of their skeleton from the basic therian mammalian condition, with the general ungulate trend for adaptation to increasing body size and cursorial specialization.
Additive Roles for MCP-1 and MCP-3 in CCR2-Mediated Recruitment of Inflammatory Monocytes during Listeria monocytogenes Infection

Chemokine receptor-mediated recruitment of inflammatory cells is essential for innate immune defense against microbial infection. Recruitment of Ly6C(high) inflammatory monocytes from bone marrow to sites of microbial infection is dependent on CCR2, a chemokine receptor that responds to MCP-1 and MCP-3. Although CCR2(-/-) mice are markedly more susceptible to Listeria monocytogenes infection than are wild-type mice, MCP-1(-/-) mice have an intermediate phenotype, suggesting that other CCR2 ligands contribute to antimicrobial defense. Herein, we show that L. monocytogenes infection rapidly induces MCP-3 in tissue culture macrophages and in serum, spleen, liver, and kidney following in vivo infection. Only cytosol invasive L. monocytogenes induce MCP-3, suggesting that cytosolic innate immune detection mechanisms trigger chemokine production. MCP-3(-/-) mice clear bacteria less effectively from the spleen than do wild-type mice, a defect that correlates with diminished inflammatory monocyte recruitment. MCP-3(-/-) mice have significantly fewer Ly6C(high) monocytes in the spleen and bloodstream, and increased monocyte numbers in bone marrow. MCP-3(-/-) mice, like MCP-1(-/-) mice, have fewer TNF- and inducible NO synthase-producing dendritic cells (Tip-DCs) in the spleen following L. monocytogenes infection. Our data demonstrate that MCP-3 and MCP-1 provide parallel contributions to CCR2-mediated inflammatory monocyte recruitment and that both chemokines are required for optimal innate immune defense against L. monocytogenes infection.
Crisis Prevention and Crisis ManagementThe Role of Regulatory Governance

Good regulatory governance in the financial system is a critical component of financial stability. Research on the topic has not been very systematic and deep. This paper first defines four key components of regulatory governanceindependence, accountability, transparency, and integrity. It explores the quality of regulatory governance based on the financial system evaluations under the Financial Sector Assessment Programs (FSAPs), which are the first and most comprehensive effort to analyze regulatory governance issues. In terms of independence, banking supervisors are ahead of the others, while securities regulators perform better on transparency. Insurance regulators are weak in all the regulatory governance components. On the whole, regulators still have a long way to go in terms of practicing good governance. The paper also discusses governance issues specific to crisis management and concludes with an agenda for further research.
Structure and breakup of flocs subjected to fluid stresses: III. Converging flow

Abstract The breakup of flocs flowing through an abrupt contraction was monitored by small-angle light scattering. For an orifice of radius c and volumetric flowrate Q, the average number of particles per floc varied as 〈N〉 ∝ E−1.0 with E = Q πc 3 . The radius of gyration, however, varied little, possibly reflecting a change in shape from predominantly spherical to elongated. A numerical analysis of the converging flow demonstrates the complicated spectrum of flow histories for flocs following different streamlines, with higher stresses near the corners than at the centerline.
Home and Homeland: The Dialogics of Tribal and National Identities in Jordan

Home and Homeland: The Dialogics of Tribal and National Identities in Jordan. Linda L. Layne. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994. 188 pp.
From records to streams: merging library and publisher metadata

This article announces the availability of a crosswalk between ONIX 2.1 and MARC 21 developed by OCLC and illustrates how it is used in the OCLC Metadata for Services Publishers project. To accomplish the goal of merging library and publisher metadata and anticipating the need to mine MARC records for other purposes, the design of the crosswalk, the corresponding software, and the application take records apart and process the fields individually, creating data streams that match the intended use of the ONIX standard. Though this design works well enough to support commercial-grade processes, problems arise with mappings between physical descriptions in the two standards, which need to be more rigorously modeled or closely aligned. Nevertheless, the RDA/ONIX Framework, which is reviewed here, promises to reduce this obstacle.
BART IN OPERATION--INNOVATIONS IN RAPID TRANSIT

The San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit System is the first completely new full-scale urban mass transportation system to be completed in the United States in approximately 70 yr. As such, it offered engineers an unusual opportunity to develop new technology in vehicle performance, use of electronics for automatic train controls and fare collection, esthetics, multiple use of transportation corridors, passenger station design, subway construction, and other aspects of rapid transit planning and construction. These features are described in this article, along with “start-up” problems encountered, early patronage, and the significance of the system to the economic well-being of the Bay Area.
HEAT SHOCK INDUCED METAMORPHOSIS OF THE QUEEN CONCH, STROMBUS GIGAS: COMPARISON WITH INDUCTION BY ALGAL ASSOCIATED CUES

Abstract Recent research indicates that abiotic environmental factors, including temperature, may be as important as chemical cues in controlling the induction of metamorphosis of marine invertebrate larvae. In this study, the effects of elevated temperature or heat shock on the induction of metamorphosis in the tropical marine gastropod, Strombus gigas, are examined. Elevations in temperature above culture temperatures (28°C to 29°C) to 37°C to 38°C induced high levels of metamorphosis (77% to 100%), equivalent to those induced by a known algal associated inducer, an extract of Laurencia poitei. The age for competency to metamorphosis and the exposure time needed to induce this process were similar for heat shock and for the algal-associated cue. Understanding the interaction between abiotic and biotic factors during metamorphosis may help to better predict recruitment patterns for this commercially important species.
Stable isotopic biogeochemistry of carbon and nitrogen in a perennially ice-covered Antarctic lake

Lake Hoare (77 degrees 38' S, 162 degrees 53' E) is an amictic, oligotrophic, 34-m-deep, closed-basin lake in Taylor Valley, Antarctica. Its perennial ice cover minimizes wind-generated currents and reduces light penetration, as well as restricts sediment deposition into the lake and the exchange of atmospheric gases between the water column and the atmosphere. The biological community of Lake Hoare consists solely of microorganisms -- both planktonic populations and benthic microbial mats. Lake Hoare is one of several perennially ice-covered lakes in the McMurdo Dry Valleys that represent the end-member conditions of cold desert and saline lakes. The dry valley lakes provide a unique opportunity to examine lacustrine processes that operate at all latitudes, but under an extreme set of environmental conditions. The dry valley lakes may also offer a valuable record of catchment and global changes in the past and present. Furthermore, these lakes are modern-day equivalents of periglacial lakes that are likely to have been common during periods of glacial maxima at temperate latitudes. We have analyzed the dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) of Lake Hoare for delta 13C and the organic matter of the sediments and sediment-trap material for delta 13C and delta 15N. The delta 13C of the DIC indicates that 12C is differentially removed in the shallow, oxic portions of the lake via photosynthesis. In the anoxic portions of the lake (27-34 m) a net addition of 12C to the DIC pool occurs via organic matter decomposition. The dissolution of CaCO3 at depth also contributes to the DIC pool. Except near the Canada Glacier where a substantial amount of allochthonous organic matter enters the lake, the organic carbon being deposited on the lake bottom at different sites is isotopically similar, suggesting an autochthonous source for the organic carbon. Preliminary inorganic carbon flux calculations suggest that a high percentage of the organic carbon fixed in the water column is remineralized as it falls through the water column. At nearby Lake Fryxell, the substantial (relative to Lake Hoare) glacial meltstream input overprints Fryxell's shallow-water biological delta 13C signal with delta 13C-depleted DIC. In contrast, Lake Hoare is not significantly affected by surface-water input and mixing, and therefore the delta 13C patterns observed arise primarily from biological dynamics within the lake. Organic matter in Lake Hoare is depleted in 15N, which we suggest is partially the result of the addition of relatively light inorganic nitrogen into the lake system from terrestrial sources.
Oral immunization with recombinant Salmonella typhimurium expressing surface protein antigen A of Streptococcus sobrinus: persistence and induction of humoral responses in rats.

Recombinant Salmonella typhimurium has been used as an oral vaccine for various microbial pathogens. Here we report immune responses in Fischer rats orally immunized with a recombinant S. typhimurium strain encoding surface protein antigen A (SpaA) of Streptococcus sobrinus. The attenuated S. typhimurium chi 4072 delta cya delta crp delta asd mutant used in this study contains the Asd+ plasmid pYA2905 expressing a fragment of the SpaA protein. Salmonella cells were cleared from spleens by 7 days and from Peyer's patches by 14 days in rats receiving a single oral immunization of 10(9) CFU of chi 4072. In animals receiving multiple (i.e., days 0 and 7 or days 0, 7, and 21) immunizations, Salmonella cells were cleared from the Peyer's patches by 25 days following the initial immunization. Antigen-specific systemic and mucosal antibody responses were greater in rats receiving multiple immunizations than in those receiving a single immunization. Serum anti-Salmonella activity was potentiated following boosting on day 21. Mucosal immunoglobulin A antibody responses were also greater in rats receiving multiple immunizations than in rats receiving a single immunization. Anti-Salmonella and anti-Streptococcus immunoglobulin A activity persisted longer in rats boosted on day 21 than in rats immunized on days 0 and 7. These data indicate that oral immunization of rats with the recombinant S. typhimurium chi 4072(pYA2905) vaccine induces systemic as well as mucosal antibody responses specific to the Salmonella cells and to the cloned SpaA protein. This is the first report of the use of an attenuated mutant of the murine pathogen S. typhimurium as an oral vaccine in rats.
IDENTIFICATION OF SEROTONIN WITHIN VITAL‐STAINED NEURONS FROM LEECH GANGLIA

— We have measured serotonin (5-HT) within large and small neurosomata which are vitally stained by Neutral Red dye. A micro-radioenzymatic technique which is sensitive to 50fmol of 5-HT was employed on intact ganglia, 75 μm Retzius Cells (RZ) and a 10 μm ventro-lateral cell (VL) taken from the leech Macrobdella decora. The stain does not affect the levels of 5-HT in either ganglia or RZ. The VL cell body contains 5-HT at concentrations of at least 100 mm. Microspectrofluorometry of all the ganglionic neurosomata which fluoresce following the Falck-Hillarp formaldehyde condensation reaction detected rapidly-fading emission peaks of 509–523 nanometers. We conclude that all seven fluorescent neurons in the leech ganglion very probably contain serotonin.
Hepatic pathology associated with Hodgkin's disease.

Liver biopsies obtained during staging laparotomy for Hodgkin's disease from 103 untreated and 25 previously treated patients were reviewed. No significant differences were noted between the two groups as to the incidence of Hodgkin's disease, epithelioid cell granulomata, and non-specific inflammation. There appeared to be some increase (not statistically significant) in fatty infiltration and hemosiderosis in the treated patients. Patients with elevated alkaline phosphatase demonstrated Hodgkin's disease, non-specific hepatic lesions, or no pathologic findings. Biopsies from 5 Hodgkin's disease patients with hepatitis-associated antigen revealed varied hepatic pathologic findings. In 70 patients with both wedge and deep needle biopsies, the needle biopsy did not demonstrate additional lesions than those observed in the wedge specimen. The importance of careful examination of the liver surface during laparotomy was emphasized. Cancer 33:1564–1571, 1974.
Nicotine enhancement of contextual fear conditioning.

Abstract Nicotine has been suggested to have cognitive enhancing effects. The present study examined the effects of nicotine and the nicotinic antagonist mecamylamine on contextual fear conditioning in C57BL/6 mice. The fear conditioning task was chosen because the task examines two types of learning: contextual learning, and conditioned stimulus (CS)–unconditioned stimulus (US) learning. Multiple doses of nicotine were tested and 0.5 mg/kg nicotine, given on both training and testing days, improved contextual learning but had no effect on formation of an auditory CS–US association. No effect was found at lower doses or when nicotine was given on training day only, or testing day only. The nicotinic receptor antagonist mecamylamine (1 and 2 mg/kg) did not alter contextual fear conditioning but mecamylamine did prevent the nicotine-associated increase in contextual learning. A higher dose of nicotine (1 mg/kg, training day only) interfered with contextual conditioning when the context was paired with both the CS and US, but had no effect on the auditory CS–US association. This effect of 1 mg/kg nicotine on contextual learning disappeared when mice were trained without the CS. The present results indicate that nicotine enhancement of contextual fear conditioning is dose-dependent, but the presence of nicotine is required both during training and testing.
Age dependence of metals in hair in a selected U.S. population

Concentrations of 28 metals were determined in hair samples from 199 children (age less than or equal to 12 years) and 322 adults (age 13-73) years. Levels of calcium, barium, magnesium zinc, and strontium all show a similar age-dependent increase up to about 12-14 years; levels of aluminum show a decrease with age. Relationships of elemental concentrations with age were examined by using correlation, linear regression, t tests, and discriminant analysis. Statistically significant differences in mean concentration values between children and adults were shown for these metals. Discriminant analysis gave about 95% accuracy in classifying a test data set into the categories of children and adults. A hypothesis suggested by the data is that there is an age-dependent excretion in hair of alkali metals during skeletal growth and development. The observed decrease in aluminum is largely unexplained at this time.
Perfect crystal grasers

Abstract We discuss the advantages obtained in the conditions for γ-ray lasing (grasing) by utilizing a crystalline sample rather than an amorphous needle. We show that, for emitters of multipole M1 or higher, the favored grasing mode will be a Borrmann channel at the largest available Bragg angle. Further, we give necessary conditions on the population inversion density to determine a practical pulsed laser. The same gain factors, and thus the same advantages of crystalline over amorphous samples, occur in the equations describing both steady state and pulsed lasers, as well as superradiators. Finally, we indicate that, for any practical system, the predominant mode of de-excitation will be superradiance, rather than stimulated emission.
Flat Band Variation of n-Cadmium Chalcogenides in Aqueous Cyanide

Flatband potential, Vfb, measurements of n-CdSe in alkaline ferrocyanide electrolytes substantiate trends observed for photoelectrochemical open circuit voltage, Voc, with dissolved cyanide. Similar trends comprising a negative shift of Vfb and an increase in Voc with increasing concentration of cyanide are also observed for an n-CdTe alkaline ferrocyanide photoelectrochemical cell, PEC. Modification of an alkaline ferro/ferricyanide electrolyte with KCN, in an n-CdSe or n-CdTe PEC, stabilizes the photocurrent, and increases the Voc by several hundred millivolts. In the approach to the high cyanide concentration limit, Vfb for both n-CdSe and n-CdTe in alkaline ferrocyanide approaches a single limiting value of −1.2 V vs ferro/ferricyanide.