cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Is minimally invasive parathyroidectomy reasonable in the nonuniversity setting

Abstract Background Minimally invasive parathyroidectomy (MIPX) hinges on accurate preoperative localization and the intraoperative parathyroid hormone (IOPTH) assay to confirm adequate resection. Our goal was to evaluate the results of this technique when applied in a nonuniversity setting. Methods All patients undergoing parathyroidectomy at our institution from August 2000 until June 2005 were retrospectively reviewed. Patients were divided into 2 groups: bilateral cervical exploration versus MIPX based on adequate preoperative localization. Results There were 271 patients who underwent parathyroidectomy during the study period. Of these cases, 204 patients with primary hyperparathyroidism composed our study group. We observed that 136 patients (67%) had unilaterally positive localization studies (group 1), and MIPX was successfully completed in 52% of cases. Conclusions Although nearly all patients with single-gland disease should be candidates for MIPX, we found that adequate preoperative imaging and concurrent thyroid disease limited successful completion of the minimally invasive procedure.
The sequence of ventricular excitation

Abstract This paper briefly summarizes the physicochemical events which underlie the resting and action potentials of cardiac muscle. Conduction between cardiac “cells” is electrical and is facilitated by the fact that the intercalated discs provide a low resistance pathway for the flow of electrical currents between adjacent cells. Ventricular activation may be divided into three major phases: (1) left to right in the septum, (2) from endocardium to epicardium in the myocardium of the free walls and (3) toward the base of the heart in the left wall and septum. These phases are not distinct, and there is a smooth progression from the first to the last. Application of simple volume conductor analysis to the available information about ventricular activation permits us to construct electrocardiograms very similar to those normally recorded in humans.
Reflection of elementary embedding axioms on the L[Vλ+1] hierarchy

Abstract Say that the property Φ(λ) of a cardinal λ strongly implies the property Ψ(λ) . If and only if for every λ,Φ(λ) implies that Ψ(λ) and that for some λ′ . Frequently in the hierarchy of large cardinal axioms, stronger axioms strongly imply weaker ones. Some strong implications are proved between axioms of the form “there is an elementary embedding j:L α [V λ+1 ]→L α [V λ+1 ] with λ= sup n j n ( cr (j)) ”.
ZnWO4/WO3 Composite for Improving Photoelectrochemical Water Oxidation

A rapid screening technique utilizing a modified scanning electrochemical microscope has been used to screen photocatalysts and determine how metal doping affects its photoelectrochemical (PEC) properties. We now extend this rapid screening to the examination of photocatalyst (semiconductor/semiconductor) composites: by examining a variety of ZnWO4/WO3 composites, a 9% Zn/W ratio produced an increased photocurrent over pristine WO3 with both UV and visible irradiation on a spot array electrode. With bulk films of various thickness formed by a drop-casting technique of mixed precursors and a one-step annealing process, the 9 atomic % ZnWO4/WO3 resulted in a 2.5-fold increase in the photocurrent compared to pristine WO3 for both sulfite and water oxidation at +0.7 V vs Ag/AgCl. Thickness optimization of the bulk-film electrodes showed that the optimum oxide thickness was ∼1 μm for both the WO3 and ZnWO4/WO3 electrodes. X-ray diffraction showed the composite nature of the WO3 and ZnWO4 mixtures. The UV/vis a...
An epidemiological study of nonsyndromal craniosynostoses.

Objective: To compare our data with recent studies that have suggested a change in the distribution of the forms of nonsyndromal synostosis in the clinical population, we conducted a retrospective analysis of the diagnoses of children with isolated synostosis examined at a large craniofacial center between 1987 and 2009. This also included the range of nonsyndromal multisuture synostoses. Design: A retrospective chart review of all preoperative patients with nonsyndromal synostosis seen between 1987 and 2009 was performed. Only patients with a radiologically confirmed craniosynostosis were included. Data on patients' sex and laterality in unilateral synostoses were collected. Two temporally distinct subgroups (1996-2000 and 2005-2009) were defined to evaluate changes in the distribution of the most common forms of isolated craniosynostosis using the Fisher exact test. Results: A total of 690 patients met the inclusion criteria. The largest group of patients had sagittal synostosis, with metopic synostosis as the second most common diagnosis, representing one-fourth of the patients, followed closely by unilateral coronal synostosis. All other synostoses encompassed one-eighth of the group. Patients with sagittal or metopic synostosis were overwhelmingly male, whereas those with unilateral coronal synostosis were predominantly female. Patients with unilateral synostoses were affected primarily at the right suture. Conclusions: Data from our patients indicate a much higher incidence of metopic synostosis than has been reported in the traditional clinical literature but is consistent with recent published data. The causes of this are unclear at this point, but the Fisher exact test excludes an increase in the frequency of metopic synostosis. Improved clinical diagnosis or ascertainment bias remains a possibility. Further research is needed to elucidate the answer to this question. Our data also indicate the occurrence of a small number of rare multisuture synostoses of unknown origin.
The fine structure of ascospore formation in Pyronema domesticum.

provided by the light microscope. In this report I attempt to show the relationships between the light- and electron-microscopic data, based on evidence obtained from electron micrographs. Light microscopists have provided us with four strikingly different methods of ascospore delimitation. Gjurasin (1893) reported that the divisions of the nuclei in the ascus were karyokinetic and that asters were associated with the division process. In the 8-nucleate stage of the ascus he described the folding of the rays of the aster around the individual nuclei. Harper (1897, 1899, 1900) expanded these observations of nuclear behavior and described "free cell-formation," a unique
Scanning Electron Microanalysis and Analytical Challenges of Mapping Elements in Urban Atmospheric Particles

Elemental mapping with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) associated with scanning electron microscopy is highly useful for studying internally mixed atmospheric particles. Presented is a study of individual particles from urban airsheds and the analytical challenges in qualitatively determining the composition and origin of heterogeneous urban-air particles from high-resolution elemental maps. Coarse-mode particles were taken from samples collected in three U.S. cities: Atlanta, Los Angeles, and Seattle. Elemental maps distinguished particles with heterogeneously mixed phases from those with homogeneously mixed phases that also contained inclusions or surface adducts. Elemental mapping at low and high beam energies, along with imaging at an oblique angle helped to classify particles by origin. The impact of particle shape on X-ray microanalysis was demonstrated by having the beam enter the particle at ≥52° from normal. Potential misinterpretations of particle composition due to artifacts in the e...
Animal Models of Alcoholic Liver Disease

Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is a multifactorial lifestyle disease with enormous medical, economic, and social burdens to the world. Like other debilitating chronic inflammatory diseases, only a fraction of affected individuals develops advanced disease such as chronic alcoholic steatohepatitis, alcoholic neutrophilic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and liver cancer. Obviously, animal models that exhibit transitions to these pathologic spectra are most desired as they serve to help identify underlying mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets. With the use of different animal models, the ALD field has witnessed lasting disputes over the nutritional vs. hepatotoxic basis of ALD pathogenesis since 1930. In the past two decades, the rodent models recapitulating the common lifestyle conditions in ALD patients generated the findings which point to the importance of sustained heavy ethanol intake, superimposing binge, and secondary risk factors in reproducing advanced ALD spectra. This review will cover conceptual requirements for optimal ALD animal models, historical perspective on the topic, commonly used rodent models, their advantages vs. disadvantages, clinical relevance, and future potential.
Sustainability and Environmental Sociology: Putting the Economy in its Place and Moving Toward an Integrative Socio-Ecology

The vague, yet undoubtedly desirable, notion of sustainability has been discussed and debated by many natural and social scientists. We argue that mainstream conceptions of sustainability, and the related concept of sustainable development, are mired in a “pre-analytic vision” that naturalizes capitalist social relations, closes off important questions regarding economic growth, and thus limits the potential for an integrative socio-ecological analysis. Theoretical and empirical research within environmental sociology provides key insights to overcome the aforementioned problems, whereby the social, historical, and environmental relationships associated with the tendencies and qualities of the dominant economic system are analyzed. We highlight how several environmental sociology perspectives—such as human ecology, the treadmill of production, and metabolic analysis—can serve as the basis for a more integrative socio-ecological conception and can help advance the field of sustainability science.
Suppliers of Agricultural Means of Production in System of Commercialized Services for Agriculture:Difficulties and Solutions

Suppliers of agricultural means of production are the important marketing participants in the system of commercialized services for agriculture.They provide access for the agricultural producers to getting means of agricultural production,and more convenience in agrotechnical information consultation and guidance as well.However,in the competitive market of agricultural means of production,grass-root suppliers are faced with lots of problems like slow funds turnover,weak capability to withstand risks,difficulty to improve professional knowledge and management level,and so on.Luckily,many successful cases provide useful experiences and lessons for them to get rid of embarrassment,such as signing credit notes to avoid default in payment;promoting sale by service;organizing or participating in association of agricultural means of production;joining in farmer professional cooperatives;joining in supply and marketing network dominated by supply and marketing cooperatives,etc.
Immunity status of hepatitis B vaccine immunized population and influence factors in anti-HBs declined group

[Objective] To detect cellular immunity status of hepatitis B vaccine immunized population and explore influence factors in anti-HBs declined group. [Methods] By multi-stage randomized sampling method we selected 600 immunized cases from Luwan and Songjiang districts,of which 293 cases with anti-HBs lower than 10 mIU/mL were as anti-HBs declined group and 307 cases with anti-HBs higher than 10 mIU/mL as control.Then we used multivariate unconditional Logistic regression to analyze the database.We selected 30 cases from anti-HBs declined group and 30 cases from control whose sex and age were the same with those of anti-HBs declined group.Then we detected their cytokine interferon-gamma and IL-4. [Results] Multivariate unconditional Logistic regressive analysis showed that immune years(OR=2.01)dentistry treatment(OR=1.55)and marriage(OR=13.17)were influence factors in anti-HBs declined group.Cytokine detection showed IFN-γ positive percentage and IL-4 positive percentage of experimental group were significantly lower than those in control group. [Conclusion] Cellular immunity to eliminate HBV may be as weak as humoral immunity in anti-HBs declined population.Therefore,we should carry out enhanced immunization program as focus to prevent and control hepatitis B in future in Shanghai.
Epidemiological analysis of heart of tumors in the heart petients underwent cardiac surgical treatment

Objective:To investigate the incidence of cardiac and pericardium tumors and epidemiological characteristics.Method:The data of 250 cases of cardiac and pericardium tumors among all the patients accepted heart operation from 1996 to 2005 were analyzed.Result:Two hundred and forty-two cases of primary and 8 cases of secondary heart and pericardium tumors were discovered,revealing an prevalence of 0.75% in general. The incidence of benign neoplasm (88.0%) was higher than malignant masses (11.2%)( P 0.01). The prevalence rates of cardiac tumors were quite different among age groups with the highest(30%)in age group 40 to 49,followed by(26.8%) in age group 50 to 59.The number of female patients with myxoma was higher than that in male( P 0.01).Conclusions:The incidence of cardiac and tumors was 0.75% among the patients underwent cardiac surgical treatment.The benign neoplasm was much more common than the malignant masses.
An alternative approach for auditory attention tracking using single-trial EEG

Auditory selective attention plays a central role in the human capacity to reliably process complex sounds in multi-source environments. Stimulus reconstruction has been widely used for the investigation of selective auditory attention using multichannel electroencephalogra-phy (EEG). In particular, the influence of attention on sound representations in the brain has been modeled by linear time-variant filters and have been used to track the attentional state of individuals in multi-source environments. Detection of auditory attention is of interest and is important in the study of attention-related disorders and has potential application in the hearing aid and advertising industries. In analogy with the rake receiver from wireless communications, we propose a new strategy, adapting principles from minimum variance beamforming, to reconstruct stimuli for decoding the at-tentional state of listeners in a competing speaker environment. We show through experiments with real electrophysiological data how decoding accuracies can be improved using our proposed scheme.
An example of7BeΛ decaying by π− emission

A uniquely identified example of the decay of7BeA is presented. The mere fact that this species can exist has important consequences relating to the multiplet structure of the mass number 7 hypernuclei. The average binding obtained from the present event together with that of ref. (4) isB Λ=(4.9±0.5)MeV.
Cognition, Corpora, and Computing: Triangulating Research in Usage-Based Language Learning.

Usage-based approaches explore how we learn language from our experience of language. Related research thus involves the analysis of the usage from which learners learn and of learner usage as it develops. This program involves considerable data recording, transcription, and analysis, using a variety of corpus and computational techniques, many of them specially devised for learner language. This article surveys relevant developments across the psychology of learning, first and second language acquisition, psycholinguistics, corpus linguistics, and computational linguistics and identifies challenges and future priorities relating to the following issues: (1) analyzing the distributional characteristics of linguistic constructions and their meanings in large collections of language that are representative of the language that learners experience, (2) the longitudinal analysis of learner language, and (3) Natural Language Processing analyses of the dimensions of language complexity.
The Other Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell: Adultery Under the Uniform Code of Military Justice after Lawrence v. Texas

In Lawrence v. Texas, the U.S. Supreme Court held that a state cannot exact criminal sanctions on adults engaged in consensual sexual conduct without it violating the individual's liberty interest under the Due Process Clause. The Court explicitly excluded any situation where coercion or unequal power led to the sexual conduct or where minors are involved. The implication for laws beyond those prohibiting homosexual sodomy is that any statute or regulation designed to enforce the views of a majority as to what constitutes good moral behavior is constitutionally circumspect. The Lawrence decision questions whether the U.S. military's enforcement of adultery under the Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ) is now constitutionally circumspect. The application of Lawrence was first raised in a sodomy case in United States v. Marcum. In a fact specific opinion, the court declined to apply Lawrence. The Marcum decision has subsequently been read by lower military courts as mandating a case by case evaluation of adultery and sodomy prosecutions under the UCMJ pursuant to Lawrence. This article argues that this should not be the case. Marcum should be read for what it is: a side step of the issue presented in Lawrence. Accordingly, in light of the Supreme Court's decision in Lawrence v. Texas, prosecuting a member of the United States Armed Forces for adultery, in and of itself, is constitutionally circumspect.
Present-day sympatry belies the evolutionary origin of a high-order polyploid.

Summary Disentangling the evolutionary histories of polyploids, especially those with high ploidies, can reveal fundamental processes in speciation. Despite occurring frequently during evolution, the origins of many extant polyploid plant species remain largely unknown. By integrating linkage mapping, polyploid phylogeny and sex-determining region (SDR) in a unified framework, we statistically evaluated evolutionary hypotheses concerning the origin of a recently recognized decaploid strawberry (Fragaria cascadensis). The maximum-likelihood phylogenies and topology tests across homeologous groups consistently rejected the seemingly parsimonious hypothesis of ‘contemporary sympatric speciation’ via hybridization between octoploid and diploid congeners. Instead, most chromosomes supported ‘ancient hybrid speciation’ between a maternal octoploid progenitor ancestral to extant octoploid strawberries and a paternal, extinct Fragaria iinumae-like diploid progenitor, probably in Beringia during the Pleistocene. The absence of a shared SDR between the decaploid and other Fragaria is also consistent with an older origin rather than a recent hybrid origin in situ. Our study reveals a long evolutionary history of the decaploid despite its recent discovery, and highlights the pitfalls of inferring polyploid origins from niche/range alone or combined with morphology. It can serve as an exemplary starting step towards building much-needed model systems of established polyploids that have been, and remain to be, recognized.
Predictors of age-related and individual variability in autobiographical memory in childhood.

Development of autobiographical memory is as a gradual process beginning in early childhood and continuing through late adolescence. Substantial attention has been paid to early childhood when firs...
Experimental Design: A Chemometric Approach

(1989). Experimental Design: A Chemometric Approach. Journal of Quality Technology: Vol. 21, No. 3, pp. 218-219.
Generation of Mouse for Conditional Expression of Forkhead Box A2

Forkhead box A2 (FOXA2) is a pioneer transcription factor involved in organ development, function, and cancer. In the uterus, FOXA2 is essential for pregnancy and expressed specifically in the glands of the endometrium. Loss of FOXA2 function occurs during development of endometrial cancer in humans. The current study describes the development of a mouse model for conditional expression of mouse FOXA2. Using a system consisting of a minigene located at the Rosa26 locus, we generated a CAG-S-mFOXA2 allele in embryonic stem cells and subsequently in mice; before activation, the minigene is silent because of a floxed stop cassette inserted between the promoter and the transgene. To validate functionality, mice with the CAG-S-mFOXA2 allele were crossed with progesterone receptor (Pgr)-Cre mice and lactotransferrin (Ltf)-iCre mice that express Cre in the immature and adult uterus, respectively. In immature Pgr-Cre-CAG-S-mFoxa2 mice, FOXA2 protein was expressed in the luminal epithelium (LE), glandular epithelium (GE), stroma, and inner layer of the myometrium. Interestingly, FOXA2 protein was not observed in most of the LE of uteri from adult Pgr-Cre-CAG-S-mFoxa2 mice, although FOXA2 was maintained in the stroma, GE, and myometrium. The adult Pgr-Cre-CAG-S-mFoxa2 females were completely infertile. In contrast, Ltf-iCre-CAG-S-mFoxa2 mice were fertile with no detectable histological differences in the uterus. The adult uterus of Pgr-Cre-CAG-S-mFoxa2 mice was smaller, contained few endometrial glands, and displayed areas of partially stratified LE and GE. This transgenic mouse line is a valuable resource to elucidating and exploring FOXA2 function.
Exposure Assessment Using Secondary Data Sources in Unconventional Natural Gas Development and Health Studies

Studies of unconventional natural gas development (UNGD) and health have ranked participants along a gradient of geographic information system (GIS)-based activity that incorporated the distance between participants’ home addresses and unconventional natural gas wells. However, studies have used different activity metrics, making result comparisons across the studies difficult. The existing studies have only incorporated wells, without accounting for other components of development (e.g., compressors, impoundments, and flaring events), for which it is often difficult to obtain reliable data but may have relevance to health. Our aims were to (1) describe, in space and time, UNGD-related compressors, impoundments, and flaring events; (2) evaluate whether and how to incorporate these into UNGD activity assessment; and (3) evaluate associations of these different approaches with mild asthma exacerbations. We identified 361 compressor stations, 1218 impoundments, and 216 locations with flaring events. A princi...
High-pressure-assisted X-ray-induced Damage as a New Route for Chemical and Structural Synthesis

X-ray induced damage has been known for decades and has largely been viewed as a tremendous nuisance. We, on the other hand, harness the highly ionizing and penetrating properties of hard X-rays to initiate novel decomposition and synthetic chemistry. Here, we show that powdered cesium oxalate monohydrate pressurized to ≤0.5 GPa and irradiated with X-rays of energies near the cesium K-edge undergoes molecular and structural transformations with one of the final products exhibiting a new type of bcc crystal structure that has previously not been observed. Additionally, based on cascades of ultrafast electronic relaxation steps triggered by the absorption of one X-ray photon, we propose a model explaining the X-ray induced damage of multitype bounded matter. As X-rays are ubiquitous, these results show promise in the preparation of novel compounds and novel structures that are inaccessible via conventional methods. They may offer insight into the formation of complex organic compounds in outer space.
Multi-modal multi-task learning for joint prediction of clinical scores in Alzheimer's disease

One recent interest in computer-aided diagnosis of neurological diseases is to predict the clinical scores from brain images. Most existing methods usually estimate multiple clinical variables separately, without considering the useful correlation information among them. On the other hand, nearly all methods use only one modality of data (mostly structural MRI) for regression, and thus ignore the complementary information among different modalities. To address these issues, in this paper, we present a general methodology, namely Multi-Modal Multi-Task (M3T) learning, to jointly predict multiple variables from multi-modal data. Our method contains three major subsequent steps: (1) a multi-task feature selection which selects the common subset of relevant features for the related multiple clinical variables from each modality; (2) a kernel-based multimodal data fusion which fuses the above-selected features from all modalities; (3) a support vector regression which predicts multiple clinical variables based on the previously learnt mixed kernel. Experimental results on ADNI dataset with both imaging modalities (MRI and PET) and biological modality (CSF) validate the efficacy of the proposed M3T learning method.
Risk Perceptions and Risk Taking in the Presence of Multiple Risks

Individuals often confront situations in which they are exposed to several (uncorrelated) risks at the same time. Examples can be provided in the areas of consumer product risks, and occupational safety risks. Neoclassical economic theory predicts that an individual's decision to bear a particular risk will be unaffected by the presence of familiar risks. Yet, the evidence from individual behavior is mixed [Smith and Desvousges, 1987; Gerking et al., 1988] and it is also apparent that policy makers are not immune to the phenomenon of focussing on pre-existing risks [Mendeloff, 1989]. There is a need for a better understanding of decision making in the presence of multiple risks. In this paper we begin such a process.
The Present as Future: The Problem of Translation in Corporate Science Projects

The paper reviews a set of research projects intended to plan for the future. It uses an actor-network construct from Latour(s work on science practice, translation. The paper contrasts normal science practice with science in a corporate context. Both situations occur in actor networks, require translation and contain arbitrary decisions. The corporate context can be more problematic because of the greater diversity of actors and agendas. The longer the work goes on, the more actors there are. Research per se is a sustained effort toward emergent goals; in the context of fluid corporate networks, these goals can become lost in mis-translation from one phase to the next. Results that would otherwise build up science findings miss their mark, are delayed, or are overtaken by other developments. The findings exist, but the outcomes for which they were intended may not materialize.
Cooperating Teachers’ Perceptions of Hosting and Mentoring Music Student Teachers:

Researchers have demonstrated the importance of professional development experiences for in-service music educators that are content-specific and that cultivate meaningful partnerships with higher ...
Exploring the Relationship between Effective Parenting, Self-Control, and Adherence to the Police Code of Silence

Prior research has established that low self-control is significantly related to negative police behavior, but no known study has investigated the development of self-control in those individuals w...
Augmented Apollo Powered Descent Guidance

The Apollo powered descent guidance (APDG) paradigm, developed over 50 years ago for the Apollo Lunar Module, is beautifully simple and elegant. Still, the limitations of APDG have become increasin...
Report of Committee on Infiltration, 1940–41

During the past year there has been a very great increase of interest in the subject of infiltration and considerable activity, both in the application and investigative phases of it. The activity of several governmental agencies which are concerned with national flood-control problems has been extensive and included both infiltration-surveys of watersheds and extensive analyses of hydrographs which were particularly applicable to the problem at hand. As so often is the case, it has been difficult to keep the investigative phases abreast of the very real needs of the various action agencies. Nevertheless, there were certain very definite accomplishments in the research phases of the problem. The present program includes four papers on infiltration, namely, those of L. K. Sherman, H. G. Wilm, Hubberty and Pillsbury, and J. G. Montes. Work reported elsewhere by Moore indicates that the effect of temperature on infiltration is much more complex than is generally supposed and leads to the very important point that temperature may have certain effects upon the soil as well as upon the viscosity of water. It would seem likely that under certain conditions a rise in temperature, decreasing the viscosity of water might be compensated in whole or part by dispersing effects upon soil-structure or even by increased viscosity due to increased solvent power of the water. The seasonal curve is very similar to that reported for Edwardsville, Illinois, by Horner and Lloyd. As noted in the last report of this Committee and as confirmed by work of the present year, high summer temperatures are normally correlated with low soil-moisture so that the seasonal-variation curve (if we assume that yet other factors are not large) quite probably is the resultant of two variables which are negatively correlated with each other.
PROBABILISTIC MODELING OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES

The model is compatible with the finite element analysis and therefore useful in parametric studies involving pertinent strength variables and in analysis and design of concrete structural systems. Specifically, a probabilistic model of spatial variation of concrete strength is considered and the corresponding statistical size effect is analyzed. The same model of concrete strength is also used in a failure analysis: (1) to illustrate the fact that the locations of crack initiation and the minimum load associated with it are statistically different from specimen to specimen; and (2) to reproduce, with the aid of the digital simulation technique, these locations and minimum loads. Finally, a method of digital simulation of multivariate-multidimensional random functions is described, demonstrating its usefulness in a structural concrete problem with the aid of numerical examples.
Targeting separate specific learning parameters underlying cognitive behavioral therapy can improve perceptual judgments of anger.

Abstract Background and objectives Anxiety disorders are characterized by biased perceptual judgment. An experimental model using simple verbal instruction to target specific decision parameters that influence perceptual judgment was developed to test if it could influence anger perception, and to examine differences between individuals with social anxiety disorder (SAD) relative to generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) or non-psychiatric controls. Methods Anger perception was decomposed into three decision parameters (perceptual similarity of angry vs. not-angry facial expressions, base rate of encountering angry vs. not-angry expressions, payoff for correct vs. incorrect categorization of face stimuli) using a signal detection framework. Participants with SAD (n = 97), GAD (n = 90), and controls (n = 98) were assigned an instruction condition emphasizing one of the three decision parameters. Anger perception pre-vs. post-instruction and its interaction with diagnosis were examined. Results For all participants, base rate instructions impacted response bias over and above practice effects, supporting the validity of this instructional task-based approach to altering response bias. We failed to find a similarity or payoff instruction effect, nor a diagnosis interaction. Limitations Future instructional tasks may need to more closely target core cognitive and perceptual biases in anxiety disorders to identify specific deficits and how to optimally influence them. Conclusions This study demonstrates that specific decision parameters underlying perceptual judgment can be experimentally manipulated. Although our study failed to show diagnosis specific effects, it suggests that individual parameter “estimation” deficits may be experimentally isolated and potentially targeted, with the ultimate goal of developing an objective approach to personalized intervention targeting biased perceptual judgments in anxiety disorders.
Experimental Research Methods

The contents of this book are based largely on data. In most reports of empirical research, the author introduces the topic area of inquiry, describes the method used to test hypotheses, and then presents and interprets the major findings of interest. A similar, though more expanded, approach will be adopted in this monograph. Rather than report the results of one or two studies, we shall discuss in subsequent chapters the major findings uncovered in the burgeoning area of entrapment research. Following journal format, we will now describe the various experimental methodologies that researchers have employed. This chapter, then, is a collective method section, in which the different experimental procedures will be described in some detail.
Self-other overlap: A unique predictor of willingness to work with people with disability as part of one's career.

Background People with disability (PWD) often rely on others, both for direct support and for the creation of enabling environments to meet their needs. This need makes it crucial for professionals to be willing to work with PWD, and for people to pursue careers that focus on supporting PWD. Objectives To explore self-other overlap as a unique predictor of willingness to work with PWD as part of one’s career, using three studies. Methods Studies 1 and 2 used cross-sectional surveys of college undergraduates to explore: 1. whether an association between self-other overlap and willingness to work with PWD exists, and 2. whether self-other overlap is a unique predictor, controlling for attitudes and empathy. Study 3 investigated whether self-other overlap is associated with the groups with whom the students indicated they want (and do not want) to work as part of their career. Results Across the three studies, self-other overlap was uniquely associated with students’ willingness to work with PWD as part of one’s profession, even when controlling for attitudes and empathy. Conclusions Self-other overlap may be an important additional factor to take into consideration when developing interventions targeted toward promoting working with PWD.
Coupled Mode Analysis for 3D Stress-Free Elastic Acoustic Waveguide

Acoustic sensors and acoustic measurements receive much attention in various applications. Because waveguides are commonly used in sensor design, theoretical means to study acoustic propagation and interaction in waveguides are necessary. However, current methods for elastic wave coupling, including the transfer matrix method and coupled mode theory in planar 2D waveguides, are not satisfactory. In this work, a coupled mode analysis for acoustic waves in 3D stress-free elastic waveguides is proposed. Similar to the coupled mode theory in optical waveguides, the analysis is presented by the evolution of modal amplitudes. It can solve various modal conversion and scattering problems in elastic waveguides with small changes of cross sections and stress-free boundaries. To demonstrate the practicability, the coupled mode analysis is used to calculate the reflection spectrum of the newly proposed structure, the acoustic fiber Bragg grating. In a notch-based grating fabricated on a thin cylindrical waveguide, the results from coupled mode analysis are in good agreement with those from the transfer matrix method, which has been already validated experimentally. The coupled mode analysis is a promising method to solve various scattering problems.
Examining Middle School Students’ Engineering Design Processes in a Design Workshop

Design thinking has an important role in STEM education. However, there has been limited research on how students engage in various modalities throughout the design process in hands-on design tasks. To promote middle school students’ engineering literacy, it is necessary to examine the use of design modalities during design. Using a case study approach, we examine middle school students’ design stages and modalities during design activities. We also identify the patterns of design processes in the teams with different design outcomes. Drawing on theories in design thinking and embodied interaction, we proposed a framework and devised a video analysis protocol to examine students’ design stages and modalities. Middle school students attending a design workshop engaged in two design activities in teams of 3–4 people. The design sessions were video recorded and analyzed using the video analysis protocol. The teams engaged in the stages of planning, building, and testing, while employing the verbal, the visual, and the physical modalities. The teams that varied in design outcomes exhibited different patterns in the use of multiple modalities during the design stages. This study contributes to research on design thinking by proposing a framework for analyzing middle school students’ multimodal design processes and presenting data visualization methods to identify patterns in design stages and modalities. The findings suggest the necessity to examine students’ use of design modalities in the context of design stages and imply the potential benefits of using multiple modalities during design. The implications for future research and education practices are also discussed.
Atomic Layer Deposition of Tin Monosulfide Using Vapor from Liquid Bis(N,N′-diisopropylformamidinato)tin(II) and H2S

The oxide and sulfide of divalent tin show considerable promise for sustainable thin-film optoelectronics, as transparent conducting and light absorbing p-type layers, respectively. Chemical vapor ...
Mass ratio, the hills mechanism, and the Galactic Centre S-stars

The Galactic centre contains several young populations within its central parsec: a disk between $\sim$0.05 and 0.5 pc from the centre, and the isotropic S-star cluster extending an order of magnitude further inwards in radius. Recent observations (i.e. spectroscopy and hypervelocity stars) suggest that some S-stars originate in the disk. In particular, the S-stars may be remnants of tidally disrupted disk binaries. However, there is an apparent inconsistency in this scenario: the disk contains massive O and Wolf--Rayet stars while the S-stars are lower mass, B stars. We explore two different explanations for this apparent discrepancy: (i) a built-in bias in binary disruptions, where the primary star remains closer in energy to the centre-of-mass orbit than the secondary and (ii) selective tidal disruption of massive stars within the S-star cluster. The first explanation is plausible. On the other hand, tidal disruptions have not strongly affected the mass distribution of the S-stars over the last several Myr.
Analysis of the Rigid Motion of a Developable Conical Mechanism

Abstract We demonstrate analytically that it is possible to construct a developable mechanism on a cone that has rigid motion. We solve for the paths of rigid motion and analyze the properties of this motion. In particular, we provide an analytical method for predicting the behavior of the mechanism with respect to the conical surface. Moreover, we observe that the conical developable mechanisms specified in this paper have motion paths that necessarily contain bifurcation points which lead to an unbounded array of motion paths in the parameterization plane.
Sirtuin 3 Alleviates Diabetic Cardiomyopathy by Regulating TIGAR and Cardiomyocyte Metabolism.

Background Impairment of glycolytic metabolism is suggested to contribute to diabetic cardiomyopathy. In this study, we explored the roles of SIRT3 (Sirtuin 3) on cardiomyocyte glucose metabolism a...
A two-stage framework for automated operational modal identification

Automated operational modal analysis (OMA) is attractive and has been extensively used to replace traditional OMA, which requires much empirical observation and engineers’ judgment. Still, the unce...
Can portfolio risk be described with estimates of financial risk tolerance calibration

Abstract The purpose of the study was to analyze the degree to which categories of financial risk-tolerance miscalibration are associated with portfolio choices made by financial decision-makers. A differential prediction model was applied to investment risk tolerance data from 2017 to 2018 to assess the presence of miscalibration. Results from Tobit regressions showed that some survey respondents did engage in the miscalibration of their financial risk tolerance. Although results varied by sub-samples, those who systematically under-estimated their financial risk tolerance were observed to hold portfolios that were less risky than those who were able to match their self-assessed risk tolerance to their psychometrically reliable score. No clear pattern of portfolio choice for those who over-estimated their financial risk tolerance was noted. Being female and between the age of 55 to 64, having an income of $100,000 or more, and working with a financial advisor were found to be more consistent descriptors of portfolio risk compared to risk-tolerance miscalibration.
Xist spatially amplifies SHARP recruitment to balance chromosome-wide silencing and specificity to the X chromosome

Although thousands of lncRNAs are encoded in mammalian genomes, their mechanisms of action are largely uncharacterized because they are often expressed at significantly lower levels than their proposed targets. One such lncRNA is Xist, which mediates chromosome-wide gene silencing on one of the two X chromosomes to achieve gene expression balance between males and females. How a limited number of Xist molecules can mediate robust silencing of a significantly larger number of target genes (∼1 Xist RNA: 10 gene targets) while maintaining specificity to genes on the X within each cell is unknown. Here, we show that Xist drives non-stoichiometric recruitment of the essential silencing protein SHARP (also called Spen) to amplify its abundance across the inactive X, including at regions not directly occupied by Xist. This amplification is achieved through concentration-dependent homotypic assemblies of SHARP on the X and is required for chromosome-wide silencing. We find that expressing Xist at higher levels leads to increased localization at autosomal regions, demonstrating that low levels of Xist are critical for ensuring its specificity to the X chromosome. We show that Xist (through SHARP) acts to suppress production of its own RNA which may act to constrain overall RNA levels and restrict its ability to spread beyond the X. Together, our results demonstrate a spatial amplification mechanism that allows Xist to achieve two essential but countervailing regulatory objectives: chromosome-wide gene silencing and specificity to the X. Our results suggest that this spatial amplification mechanism may be a more general mechanism by which other low abundance lncRNAs can balance specificity to, and robust control of, their regulatory targets.
Enhanced wettability in ultrasonic-assisted soldering to glass substrates

Abstract Ultrasonic-assisted soldering (UAS) creates an enhanced metal-to-glass bond that is linked to the increased wettability of the solder line. Precision experiments are performed using an automated UAS system, with precise control over a large number of experimental parameters, to investigate the wetting properties of solder to glass. Results show that wettability is increased with (i) increasing ultrasonic power and (ii) decreasing solder tip height above substrate, both of which are linked to the acoustic radiation pressure delivered by the vibrating solder tip to the liquid solder melt. Surface tension forces dominate the mechanics and a capillary shape equation is derived that includes the effect of acoustic radiation pressure. Numerical solutions to the capillary shape equation compare well with experimental observations, suggesting the solder bead geometry can be predicted a priori from the model.
Mask Use Experiences, COVID-19, and Adults with Asthma: A Mixed Methods Approach

Abstract Background While masks are recommended for those with asthma in the era of COVID-19, there is limited research exploring the extent of and problems related to mask use in adults with asthma. Objective We sought to describe in adults with asthma: 1) the extent masks are worn and attitudes and beliefs about wearing masks; (2) participant characteristics associated with problems experienced while wearing a mask, and (3) participant experiences and recommendations regarding masks. Methods The Mask Use in Adults with Asthma online survey was conducted with 501 adults with asthma primarily (96.6%) from the United States. A Mask Effects Scale (MES) was compiled from items addressing problems experienced wearing a mask with higher total scores indicating more problems. Open-ended questions explored factors considered when choosing a mask, problems experienced while wearing a mask, and recommendations to others with asthma. Survey data were analyzed descriptively and via multiple regression. Themes were generated from open-ended items. Results Almost all participants (98.4%) indicated wearing a mask in public and most (67.4%) wore a mask ≤3 hours per day. Poorer asthma control and wearing a mask longer were significantly associated with higher MES scores (P≤.001 & .005, respectively). Participant recommendations included “Just wear it”, use a comfortable, well-fitting mask, take mask breaks, and carry your inhaler. Conclusions Wearing a mask in public was almost uniformly adhered to by participants, despite reporting problematic effects. Implementing recommendations, such as planned mask breaks, can support and enhance the experience of wearing a mask for adults with asthma.
A Mechanism of Subunit Recruitment in Human Small Heat Shock Protein Oligomers.

Small heat shock proteins (sHSPs) make up a class of molecular chaperones broadly observed across organisms. Many sHSPs form large oligomers that undergo dynamic subunit exchange that is thought to play a role in chaperone function. Though remarkably heterogeneous, sHSP oligomers share three types of intermolecular interactions that involve all three defined regions of a sHSP: the N-terminal region (NTR), the conserved α-crystallin domain (ACD), and a C-terminal region (CTR). Here we define the structural interactions involved in incorporation of a subunit into a sHSP oligomer. We demonstrate that a minimal ACD dimer of the human sHSP, HSPB5, interacts with an HSPB5 oligomer through two types of interactions: (1) interactions with CTRs in the oligomer and (2) via exchange into and out of the dimer interface composed of two ACDs. Unexpectedly, although dimers are thought to be the fundamental building block for sHSP oligomers, our results clearly indicate that subunit exchange into and out of oligomers occ...
Discussion of Behavioral Changes and 5-Hydroxytryptamine Turnover in Animals

Publisher Summary Two major reasons for conducting animal isolation studies have been (1) to study the social interactions of such animals and (2) to determine whether any biochemical changes occur, which can be correlated with the behavior noted. The method used to measure the 5-HT turnover rate requires that the monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity be completely inhibited and the blockade maintained throughout the period of study. The turnover rate measure is a metabolic turnover rate because it actually measures the rate of 5-HIAA loss, which is assumed equal to the rate of 5-HT synthesis. Formation of 5-HIAA in brain is a presynaptic process, and the 5-HT acted upon by MAO probably comes from three sources (1) 5-HT that may be released from vesicles within the presynaptic nerve endings, (2) 5-HT taken up from the synaptic cleft after release, and (3) 5-HT that is newly synthesized but not yet bound in vesicles (5-HTP decarboxylase is a soluble enzyme). Three important factors considered in neurochemical behavioral work: (1) measuring biochemical parameters in brain parts rather than whole brain, (2) the measure of behavior used, and (3) the need to examine more than one biochemical system (such as cholinergic, serotonergic, and noradrenergic).