cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SU‐E‐T‐773: Dosimetric and Geometric Evaluation of a Hybrid Strategy of Online Image Guidance and Offline Adaptive Planning for Prostate Cancer Radiotherapy

Purpose: In fractionated radiotherapy of prostate cancer, both online and offline image‐guided strategies have been used to manage uncertainties such as setup errors and organ motions. In general, online image guidance is more effective than offline image guidance and is currently widely implemented. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the dosimetric and geometric benefit of a hybrid strategy of online image guidance and offline adaptive replanning in terms of margin reduction. Methods: A hypofractionated treatment protocol was simulated with 28 patients each having at least 16 helical CT scans. Both low‐risk patient (LRP, CTV=prostate) and intermediate‐risk patient (IRP, CTV=prostate+seminal vesicles) were studied. The hybrid strategy consists of online image guidance and offline adaptive planning. The online positioning correction was simulated by the shift of CTV center‐of‐mass (COM). Two registration methods were performed for IRP: COM shift of entire CTV (Type A) and prostate only (Type B). In offline adaptive planning, the internal target volume was constructed from the CTVs in the first five fractions. Both 3D‐CRT and IMRT were investigated. The dosimetry was evaluated for CTV, bladder and rectum. Results: Compared with online image guidance only, the hybrid strategy improves the target dose coverage significantly for both 3D‐CRT and IMRT at small margin. As margin increase, the magnitude of improvement decreases. Type A registration is better than Type B registration for IRP. The dosimtric margin benefit depended on the criteria and varied from 0 to 1.3 mm. Doses to rectum and bladder were significantly lower in IMRT than in 3D‐CRT, also lower in hybrid than online image guidance. Conclusions: The hybrid strategy can effectively account for the residual and patient‐specific interfractional organ deformation. It can further reduce the margins safely from the online image guidance alone. However, the dosimetric margin is smaller than its geometric counterpart.
Diffusion with discontinuous swelling. V. Type II diffusion into sheets and spheres

Type II diffusion into uniform spheres (radius R) and sheets (thickness 2l) is calculated under the assumption that the glass-gel boundary proceeds at a constant velocity v from the surface towards the interior of the sample, that the diffusion coefficient Dg in the glass is constant and that the diffusion coefficient Dr of the rubbery gel is so much higher than vR or vl that practically no sorbate gradient is needed for the transport through the gel of the sorbate. The diffusion process is completed when this boundary reaches the center of the sample. The concentration profile of the sorbate in the glassy matrix in front of the boundary varies with time and velocity v. It does not, however, influence the boundary propagation velocity. Hence the often observed increase of the rate of the weight gain just at the end of the diffusion process is not considered at all. The relative weight gain of the sample W(t)/W∞ as a function of time is the only quantity usually measured. From the ordinate intercept A and the initial slope B of the plot of W(t)/t1/2W∞ vs. t1/2, one can calculate the characteristic transport properties, i.e., the diffusion coefficient Dg of the glass and the velocity v of the glass–gel boundary.
The application of power MOSFETs at 10MHz

The design and performance of a 10MHz dc/dc converter is discussed. The behavior of the power MOSFET at this frequency, and the integration of device parasitics into the circuit are described. The performance of a 50W converter is compared with the predictions of a detailed simulation. Losses are analysed and shown to be dominated by MOSFET switching.
Alcohol Myopia and Sexual Abdication among Women: Examining the Moderating Effect of Child Sexual Abuse

INTRODUCTION: HIV and other STIs are major public health concerns for women, and risky sexual behaviors increase the risk of transmission. Risky sexual behaviors include sexual abdication, that is, willingness to let a partner decide how far to go sexually. Alcohol intoxication is a risk factor for risky sexual behavior, and the Inhibition Conflict Model of Alcohol Myopia may help explain this relationship. This model suggests that in order for intoxication to influence behavior there must be high conflict, meaning the strength of the instigatory cues and inhibitory cues are both high. Recent research indicates that the degree to which cues are experienced as high in instigation or inhibition is subject to individual difference factors. One individual difference factor associated with alcohol-related sexual risk taking is child sexual abuse (CSA) history. METHODS: The current study examined the influence of acute alcohol intoxication, CSA, and inhibition conflict on sexual abdication with 131 women (mean age 25) randomized into a 2 (alcohol, control)×2 (high conflict, low conflict) experimental design. RESULTS: Regression analyses yielded a significant 3-way interaction, F (1,122)=8.15, R(2)=.14, pCONCLUSION: These results may help explain the association between alcohol and risky sexual decision making among women with CSA. Language: en
Temperature-dependent development of Macrocentrus iridescens (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) as a parasitoid of the obliquebanded leafroller (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae): Implications for field synchrony of parasitoid and host

Abstract Obliquebanded leafroller (OBLR), Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), is widely distributed in North America where it causes damage to several fruit and nut crops. Macrocentrus iridescens (French) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) parasitizes OBLR in California pistachio orchards, but to date there is little published information on its biology or effectiveness. To determine its potential as a biological control agent, development of M. iridescens was evaluated at eight constant temperatures, ranging from 12.6 to 36.8 °C. Results show development times, from egg to adult eclosion, ranged from 115.8 to 36.5 days at 13.9 and 31.0 °C, respectively, the lowest and highest temperatures tested that permitted complete development. Fitting the data to a nonlinear model provided estimates of M. iridescens lower (9.8 °C), upper (34.3 °C), and optimal (23.7 °C) development temperatures. M. iridescens requires 625 degree-days to develop from egg to adult stage. To complement laboratory studies, OBLR and M. iridescens season-long field population dynamics were monitored in pistachio orchards, including overwintering behaviors. M. iridescens overwinters in the OBLR larva and produces one generation for each generation of the host.
Anti-receptor Antibodies Mimic the Effect of Insulin to Down-Regulate Insulin Receptors in Cultured Human Lymphoblastoid (IM-9) Cells

Autoantibodies directed against the insulin receptor mimicked the effect of insulin to down-regulate insulin receptors in IM-9 cells. This down-regulation occurred at 37 C, but not at 15 or 22 C. As with insulin itself, antireceptor antibodies caused down-regulation by accelerating the rate of receptor degradation. Down-regulation induced by antireceptor antibody may play a role in desensitizing target cells to the effects of insulin.
Hierarchy in Food Colorants Absorbtion on Selected Crystalline Powders

Three food colorants, namely FD&C Blue No. 1, Red No. 40, and Yellow No. 5, were absorbed on glass beads and reabsorbed on powdered citric acid, malic acid, sucrose, and sodium chloride. At water activities below 0.58, the migration pattern of the pigment from the original host to a fresh carrier, of the same or different chemical species, served as a measure of the relative surface affinity between the pigment and the host powder. The pigments showed maximum affinity to citric acid and to a somewhat lesser extent to malic acid and sucrose. Their affinity to sodium chloride was the least intensive. Small particle size increased the interparticle affinity of dry powders. At water activities higher than a critical water-activity region (between 0.33–0.58), all pigment migration practically came to a halt, probably as a result of stabilization of the pigment-carrier agglomerates by liquid bridges.
Large-angle elastic scattering of deuterons from hydrogen: Tk = 433, 362 and 291 MeV

Abstract The elastic scattering cross section of deuterons on hydrogen (dσ/dΩ)c.m., is measured in the proton's c.m. angular range θp = 115°–170° at bombarding energies of 433, 362 and 291 MeV. The results at 291 MeV agree with earlier measurements at 140 MeV proton bombarding energy. The differential cross section at 180° obtained by extrapolation of the data to θp = π decreases rapidly with increasing energy as predicted by a nucleon-exchange mechanism. Furtherevidence that nucleon-exchange dominates is found in the behavior of (dσ/dΩ)c.m. at large angles. In this energy range, as well as at higher bombarding energies (equivalent to 632 MeV deuterons), (dσ/dΩ)c.m. is universally dependent on the momentum-transfer variable of the nucleon-exchange mechanism [Δ = ( 9 4 cos Θ p + 1 2 t f ) 1 2 ] (tf is the four-momentum tra for elastic scattering). The purpose of the experiment has been to determine the D-state probability PD through the medium of the neutron-exchange mechanism. Preliminary calculations not reported here suggest that the differential cross section between 1 and 2 fm−1 is quite sensitive to PD.
Genetic linkage: Sampling issues and multipoint mapping

Abstract Genetic linkage is an important tool in determining the genetic contribution to the etiology of behavior disorders and psychiatric disease. Successful linkage studies employ large sample sizes. It is of particular relevance in psychiatric diseases, where the clinical workup is so extensive, to evaluate sample requirements critically. Recent studies indicate that extensive sampling, out to second-degree relatives, will not assist in identifying linkages although it may inflate the sample size considerably. The impact of the assumption about the mode of inheritance of the psychiatric trait and the effect of reduced penetrance are discussed. Multipoint mapping has the added advantage of using information from many markers simultaneously. This is helpful both in identifying individuals at risk to develop disease and in locating a gene with sufficient precision to determine the gene product. There are complications in applying multipoint mapping but these are generally of a technical nature and soluble. Recent suggestions for handling complications for multipoint mapping are evaluated. The correct design of the sampling procedure for selecting families and for selecting marker loci to use will greatly reduce the volume of work required for linkage studies and enhance the chances for success.
Who's Ambivalent and Who's Not? Social Welfare Ambivalence Across Ideology

This study uses a fresh approach to measure social welfare ambivalence, addressing the question of who is more ambivalent about such policies— liberals or conservatives. The findings presented here challenge previous assertions that liberals are typically more ambivalent. I argue that conservatives are now more ambivalent than liberals because a change in the tone of elite discourse altered the priming of the potential sources of such ambivalence. The models of ambivalence presented suggest that these primed sources are conflicting thoughts or beliefs (cognitive conflict), conflicting feelings (affective conflict), or beliefs in conflict with feelings (cognitive—affective conflict). The implications of these findings are discussed.
Radiative heat transfer in fibrous insulations—Part I: Analytical study

The purpose of this work is to develop models for predicting the radiant heat flux in lightweight fibrous insulations (LWFI). The radiative transport process is modeled by the two-flux solution and the linear anisotropic scattering solution of the equation of transfer. The radiative properties of LWFI consistent with these solutions have been determined based on extinction of electromagnetic radiation by the fibers. Their dependence on the physical characteristics of fibrous insulations has been investigated. It has been found that the radiant heat flux can be minimized by making the mean radius of the fibers close to that which yields the maximum extinction coefficient. The results obtained in this study are useful to those concerned with the design and application of LWFI.
WING MICROEVOLUTION IN THE HOUSE SPARROW PREDICTED BY MODEL OF OPTIMIZED WING LOADING

Abstract Wing loading, defined as the ratio of body mass to wing area, is a critical phenotype affecting flight. In the House Sparrow (Passer domesticus), wing loading is optimized, and both the mean and variation in body mass are inverse functions of ambient temperature. Combined, these relationships predict that climatically induced changes in body mass under optimized wing loading must be countered by directional and variance selection on wing area. Measuring multiple North American House Sparrow populations sampled throughout the 20th century, I show that observed sex-specific changes in the mean and variation in wing length (a close proxy of wing area) are related to changes in winter temperature and quantitatively predicted from a model where wing loading is optimized.
Development of a database for chemical mechanism assignments for volatile organic emissions

The development of a database for making model species assignments when preparing total organic gas (TOG) emissions input for atmospheric models is described. This database currently has assignments of model species for 12 different gas-phase chemical mechanisms for over 1700 chemical compounds and covers over 3000 chemical categories used in five different anthropogenic TOG profile databases or output by two different biogenic emissions models. This involved developing a unified chemical classification system, assigning compounds to mixtures, assigning model species for the mechanisms to the compounds, and making assignments for unknown, unassigned, and nonvolatile mass. The comprehensiveness of the assignments, the contributions of various types of speciation categories to current profile and total emissions data, inconsistencies with existing undocumented model species assignments, and remaining speciation issues and areas of needed work are also discussed. The use of the system to prepare input for SM...
Optimization of wet-surface heat exchangers

Abstract Wet-surface heat exchangers are analyzed in order to determine the configuration that optimizes the performance. The objective is to cool a stream of air to a temperature lower than the inlet wet-bulb temperature by the evaporation of water. Three laboratory models and a commercial prototype were analyzed. They are a unidirectional, a counter-flow, a counter-flow closed-loop configuration and a cross-flow closed-loop commercial unit, respectively. It was found that dry-bulb temperatures considerably lower than the inlet wet-bulb temperature can be easily achieved. In fact, the inlet dew-point temperature can be approached with moderate flow rates and simple geometries.
Electronic data interchange and inventories

Abstract Several studies have been undertaken to examine the impact of EDI on business corporations from various vantage points. Most of these studies have focused on the impact of EDI as a strategic business tool aimed at creating competitive advantage. However, one of the major findings of these studies has been that the reduction in the level of inventories constitutes a major benefit of EDI systems. The only study to-date on this issue has been a short analysis by Hill et al. (1989). Our study quantifies the impact of EDI on inventories by considering the impact of EDI systems on; (1) reduced lead time, (2) reduced uncertainty during lead time, and (3) reduced ordering cost. We will show, analytically, that as a result of EDI, the total inventory management cost of the firm will be reduced. Furthermore, we will quantify the level of savings as a function of the demand pattern for the ordering firm. Finally, we will examine the connection between EDI and JIT inventory systems and explain how EDI will facilitate the implementation of JIT procedures.
Activated glucocorticoid receptor interacts with the INHAT component Set/TAF-Iβ and releases it from a glucocorticoid-responsive gene promoter, relieving repression: Implications for the pathogenesis of glucocorticoid resistance in acute undifferentiated leukemia with Set-Can translocation

Set/template-activating factor (TAF)-Ibeta, part of the Set-Can oncogene product found in acute undifferentiated leukemia, is a component of the inhibitor of acetyltransferases (INHAT) complex. Set/TAF-Ibeta interacted with the DNA-binding domain of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) in yeast two-hybrid screening, and repressed GR-induced transcriptional activity of a chromatin-integrated glucocorticoid-responsive and a natural promoter. Set/TAF-Ibeta was co-precipitated with glucocorticoid response elements (GREs) of these promoters in the absence of dexamethasone, while addition of the hormone caused dissociation of Set/TAF-Ibeta from and attraction of the p160-type coactivator GRIP1 to the promoter GREs. Set-Can fusion protein, on the other hand, did not interact with GR, was constitutively co-precipitated with GREs and suppressed GRIP1-induced enhancement of GR transcriptional activity and histone acetylation. Thus, Set/TAF-Ibeta acts as a ligand-activated GR-responsive transcriptional repressor, while Set-Can does not retain physiologic responsiveness to ligand-bound GR, possibly contributing to the poor responsiveness of Set-Can-harboring leukemic cells to glucocorticoids.
Gene expression in TUNEL-positive neurons in human immunodeficiency virus-infected brain.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection of the central nervous system (CNS) results in neuronal damage and apoptosis, and both in vitro models and pathological studies suggest that a variety of neurotoxins released by HIV-infected and -activated macrophages/microglia selectively damage susceptible subsets of neurons. Confirmation of in vitro findings of mechanisms of neurodegeneration and neuronal cell dysfunction in vivo has been approached through detailed pathological analysis of regional structural damage, immunohistochemical detection of selected antigens in damaged cells, and, more recently, analysis of gene expression in whole tissue blocks or pooled populations (hundreds/thousands) of microdissected cells. Recently developed techniques of gene expression analysis through antisense mRNA amplification (aRNA) at the single-cell level may offer the potential to study pathways of neuronal cell death and to determine patterns of coordinated gene expression that may more specifically identify susceptible neuronal subclasses in vivo. Utilizing this unique technique, the authors have demonstrated, for the first time, RNA amplification and gene expression profiling in individual deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL)-reactive neurons microdissected from fixed, archival human brain tissue. RNA amplification was successful in >80% of TUNEL-positive neurons, and quantitative aRNA/cDNA hybridization slot-blot analysis demonstrated similar levels of actin RNA but significant differences in caspase-2 RNA expression between TUNEL-reactive and -nonreactive neurons. Reliable quantitative comparisons were achieved with modest numbers of sampled neurons (∼10). These studies suggest that analysis of coordinated gene expression in individual damaged neurons in vivo can be reliably used to identify neuronal subclasses that express certain susceptibility- or survival-promoting genes that may be targeted for more specific neuroprotective strategies against HIV.
In vitro activity of PD 117596-2, a broad-spectrum difluoroquinolone.

The activity of PD 117596-2, a novel quinolone, was compared to that of other quinolones, ceftazidime, imipenem and gentamicin. PD 117596-2 inhibited mostEnterobacteriaceae at concentrations 16 µg/ml, was 0.25 µg/ml. PD 117596-2 was more active than ciprofloxacin againstPseudomonas cepacia andPseudomonas maltophilia, and it inhibitedNeisseria gonorrhoeae andHaemophilus influenzae at < 0.03 µg/ml. PD 117596-2 inhibited staphylococci at 0.5 µg/ml, being 2-fold superior to other quinolones, and with an MIC of 0.25 µg/ml was more active against group A, B, C and G streptococci andStreptococcus pneumoniae. MICs forBacteroides spp. were 2 µg/ml compared to 8–32 µg/ml for other agents. The frequency of spontaneous resistance was low (< 10−10). Differences in MICs and MBCs were within one dilution, and there was a minimal effect of inoculum size. Although PD 117596-2 was less active at pH 5.5, MICs were < 0.5 µg/ml.
Expression and localization of Na+/H+ exchangers in rat central nervous system

Abstract Neurons in the central nervous system regulate their intracellular pH using particular membrane proteins of which two, namely the Na+-dependent Cl−/HCO3− exchanger and the Na+/H+ exchanger, are essential. In this study we examined messenger RNA expression and distribution of Na+/H+ exchanger in the newborn rat central nervous system and with maturation using Northern blot analysis and in situ hybridization. Our study clearly shows that each Na+/H+ exchanger has a different expression pattern in the rat central nervous system. As in non-excitable tissues, Na+/H+ exchanger 1 is by far the most abundant of all Na+/H+ exchangers in the rat central nervous system. Its expression is ubiquitous although its messenger RNA appears at higher levels in the hippocampus, in the 2nd/3rd layers of periamygdaloid cortex and in the cerebellum. The low level of messenger RNAs encoding Na+/H+ exchanger 2 and 4 is mainly expressed in the cerebral cortex and in the brainstem-diencephalon, while Na+/H+ exchanger 3 transcripts are found only in the cerebellar Purkinje cells. From a developmental point of view, Na+/H+ exchanger 1, 2 and 4 showed an increased level in their transcripts in the cerebral cortex while an opposite trend existed in the cerebellum from postnatal day 0 to postnatal day 30. The messenger RNA for Na+/H+ exchanger 3, however, increased its level with age in cerebellum. From our data we conclude that: i) the expression of the Na+/H+ exchanger is age-, region-, and subtype-specific, with Na+/H+ exchanger 1 being the most prevalent in the rat central nervous system; ii) specialization of groups of neurons with respect to the type of Na+/H+ exchanger is clearly illustrated by Na+/H+ exchanger 3 which is almost totally localized in cerebellar Purkinje cells; and iii) the developmental increase in the messenger RNA for Na+/H+ exchanger 1 in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus is consistent with our previous studies on intracellular pH physiology in neonatal and mature neurons. Together this study indicates that expression of each Na+/H+ exchanger messenger RNA is differentially regulated both during development and in the different regions of rat central nervous system.
Oligosaccharide microscale analysis by circular dichroic spectroscopy: reference spectra for chromophoric D-fructofuranoside derivatives.

Abstract The microscale analytical method that is being developed in this group for the structure determination of oligosaccharides yields monosaccharide derivatives bearing two types of chromophores suitable for exciton-coupling, namely, 4-bromobenzoate (λ max 245 nm) and 4-methoxycinnamate (λ max 311 nm). Comparison of the circular dichroic (CD) curves of these subunits to those in the reference library allows for the determination of the sugar identities, linkage positions, and the absolute configurations. The 32 possible derivatives of methyl α- and β- d -fructofuranosides bearing four chromophores were prepared and their CD spectra recorded. These data serve to extend the CD library, which already encompasses pyranoside derivatives with the gluco -, galacto -, and manno -configurations, and extend the utility of this methodology to the analysis of fructose-containing oligosaccharides.
Plio-Pleistocene marine-continental correlation using habitat indicators from Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania

Reconstructions of Plio-Pleistocene habitats and lake levels from a brief interval (∼200,000 yr) of hominid-bearing sediments from Bed I and lower Bed II, Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania, are for the first time integrated with climatic data from the deep-sea in order to examine the effect of largescale climatic events in East Africa. The period of densely vegetated habitats and wet conditions at Olduval at ∼1.82 myr shows a best fit with a period of northern hemisphere warming as evidenced by oxygen isotopes from deep-sea core V28-239 from the western Pacific. This environmental response is similar to that witnessed in East Africa during the period of warming climates associated with deglaciation at ∼10,000–8,000 yr.
Is Neural Noise Just a Nuisance

The electrical activity of neurons triggered by a stimulus is characterized by a large component of noise. In his Perspective, Ferster discusses new results which reveal that, in the cortex of the brain, noise is not just noise at all, but contains information reflecting the activity in other parts of the brain. Optical imaging of cortical neurons by Arieli et al ., reported in this week9s issue (p. 1868), provides this new conclusion about neural noise.
Ink sick: tattoo ink hypersensitivity vasculitis.

This case describes a rare cause of vasculitis due to a hypersensitivity reaction to tattoo ink in a young man. This 21-year-old male sailor with no medical problems received a new tattoo on his right calf 2 weeks before presentation. He complained of a painful, pruritic rash on his legs for 1 week, most pronounced around the site of the tattoo. He also reported chills, arthralgias, and myalgias for the preceding 3 days. Despite treatment with loratadine and prednisone for presumed contact dermatitis by his primary care manager, the patient developed significant edema of his left hand and right ankle as well as rigors, prompting his presentation to the emergency department. The purpuric eruption was limited to his lower extremities (Figs. 1-3). His history and physical examination were unremarkable except where noted above. Although vasculitis is relatively common, tattoo ink hypersensitivity vasculitis is extremely rare. The most common complication of tattooing is cellulitis. Punch biopsy of this patient revealed leukocytoclastic vasculitis, which is consistent with previously published tattoo ink vasculidites [1,2]. The most common ink color precipitating cutaneous reactions to tattoos is red, as seen in this tattoo. Interestingly, the patient had previously received other less colorful tattoos without adverse effect. This presentation is similar to a case published by Hermida et al [3], which was the first of its kind. Our patient was admitted to the hospital and treated with systemic corticosteroids for 4 days. He was discharged with ☆ There was no financial support or grant for this paper. ☆☆ The views expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the Department of the Navy, Department of Defense, or the United States Government. ★ Government or non–copyright protected forum. I am a military service member. This work was prepared as part of my official duties. Title 17 USC 105 provides that “Copyright protection under this title is not available for any work of the United States Government.” Title 17 USC 101 defines a United States Government work as a work prepared by a military service member or employee of the United States Government as part of that person's official duties.—MJH 0735-6757/$ – see front matter © 2011 Published by Elsevier Inc. prednisone and colchicine. Although his skin manifestations and arthralgias improved, he required crutches for ambulation 4 weeks after initial presentation. Fig. 2 Bilateral lower extremity purpuric lesions. Fig. 3 Close up of right ankle lesions. 1237.e4 Case Report Mary Josephine Hessert DO John Devlin MD Department of Emergency Medicine Naval Medical Center Portsmouth Portsmouth, VA USA E-mail address: maryjo.hessert@med.navy.mil doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2010.08.030
Pesticide resistance in Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera : Tenebrionidae) and Rhyzopertha dominica (Coleoptera : Bostrichidae) in wheat

Eight strains of red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), and 21 of the lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica (F.), collected from wheat stored on farms in Oklahoma were tested for resistance to malathion, chlorpyrifos-methyI, and phosphine. Results of discriminating dose tests of the red flour beetle indicated that all strains were resistant to malathion, one strain was resistant to phosphine, and none was resistant to chlorpyrifos-methyl. Similar discriminating dose tests for the lesser grain borer indicated that all strains were resistant to malathion, dichlorovs, and to chlorpyrifos-methyl, and 8 of 21 strains were resistant to phosphine.
The appearance, density and distribution of melanocytes in human embryonic and fetal skin revealed by the anti-melanoma monoclonal antibody, HMB-45.

The presence, densities, and patterns of distribution of melanocytes in the epidermis of human embryos and fetuses, ranging in age from 40 d to 140 d estimated gestational age (EGA), were studied using the HMB-45 monoclonal antibody that recognizes an antigen in melanoma cells and fetal melanocytes. Immunostained sections of skin and epidermal sheets revealed dendritic melanocytes within the basal or intermediate layers of 50 d EGA and older skin. Melanocytes could not be identified by immunostaining or electron microscopy in younger (40–50 d EGA) epidermis or in cultured epidermal cells from these specimens. However, skin from a 45 d EGA embryo grown in organ culture for 11 d stained positively with HMB-45, suggesting that melanocytes are present at that age either in the epidermis or dermis of the explant. Double-labeling experiments using ATPase and HMB-45 confirmed the specificity of HMB-45 for melanocytes and demonstrated that melanocytes and Langerhans cells are nonoverlapping populations. Melanocytes were present in the embryonic epidermis in relatively high numbers (mean value of ∼1050 cells/mm2); they increased in density to ∼2300 cells/mm2 during the late first trimester and early second trimester, then declined during later stages of development to a density of ∼800 cells/mm2, within the range of values for the newborn child and young adult. Equivalent numbers of melanocytes were recognized by silver staining and with the HMB-45 antibody in an 87 d EGA test sample, indicating that HMB-45 reacted with the total melanocytic population. Melanocytes appeared to be distributed in epidermal sheets in a regular pattern. Statistical tests used to evaluate the randomness of a population revealed a tendency toward a non-random distribution in specimens younger than 80 d EGA, just prior to appendage formation and epidermal stratification into multiple layers, however there was variability in the degree of randomness for any given age. The results of this study have closed the gap in timing between the conclusion of neural crest formation and migration (around 6 weeks) and the appearance of melanocytes in the skin between 40–50 d EGA.
Sociotechnical Studies of Cyberinfrastructure and e-Research: Current Themes and Future Trajectories

Cyberinfrastructure (CI), eScience and eInfrastructure are the current terms of art for the networked information technologies supporting scientifi cr esearch activities such as collaboration, data sharing and dissemination of findings. These are the computational infrastructures that enable, for instance, global climate modelers to compile heterogeneous information sources in order to understand environmental change or the tools that make the massive quantitative data emerging from the Large Hadron Collider into tractable scientific visualizations. Within the US and Europe these ventures have garnered significant momentum in terms of funding and technological development. The greater funding of CI for the physical and biological sciences has led to a proliferation of CI studies in those areas (a bias reflected in our own special issue) with CI studies of humanities, arts, and social sciences growing more slowly. Cyberinfrastructure is heralded as a transformative force, enabling new forms of investigation and cross-disciplinary collaboration. The six articles in this special issue are dedicated to the detailed empirical exploration of CI systems, their development, and the changes that are emerging at the intersection of novel information technologies and everyday research practice. The emphasis in the sciences on large-scale and long-term support for collaboration is gaining momentum. The field of Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW), with its historical emphasis on workplace studies and Dedication We dedicate this special issue to the memory of Susan Leigh Star. The influence of her work, and particularly her conceptualization of infrastructure, has been very influential in this growing research area. Almost all of the articles in this special issue cite her work or cite other works that were influenced by her own. Less apparent to others but strongly present in our lives was Leigh’s role as a mentor, colleague and inspiration as she fostered the study of infrastructure. Her pioneering work demonstrated the important role of embedded social scientists that subsequently created openings to the field sites and funding sources that made much of this research possible. Leigh, you will be greatly missed. Computer Supported Cooperative Work (2010) 19:231–244
President's page: fighting terrorism: our role as physicians.

In the days immediately after the September 11 attacks on the U.S., we witnessed the ability of a country, its citizens, and its friends to pitch in during the most difficult of times. We all continue to be moved by acts of extraordinary heroism in New York City and Washington, D.C., and now in
Review and Critique of Research on the Use of Tactile and Kinesthetic Stimulation with Premature Infants

Forty-four published sources concerning tactile and kinesthetic stimulation were evaluated for internal and external validity. Analysis of the seven valid research sources and contributions from expository sources were applied to the discussion of the elements of an intervention protocol using tactile and kinesthetic stimulation with premature infants. Intervention considerations were derived from valid literature and suggestions for future clinical research, necessary to the development of a specific protocol, were discussed.
A numerical investigation of natural convection heat transfer within horizontal spent-fuel assemblies

Natural convection heat transfer is experimentally investigated in an enclosed horizontal rod bundle, which characterizes a spent-fuel assembly during transport and some dry storage scenarios. The objective of this experimental study is to obtain convection correlations that can be used to easily incorporate convective effects into analytical models of horizontal spent-fuel systems and also to investigate the physical nature of natural convection in enclosed horizontal rod bundles in general. The resulting data consist of correlations of convective Nusselt number, which are defined in terms of the maximum and average assembly temperatures. The correlations have been corrected for radiation heat transfer using a numerical technique. The data suggest the presence of conduction and convection regimes, distinguished by a critical Rayleigh number. The correlation of the convection regime suggests turbulent flow conditions. Predictions of maximum assembly temperature using the presented correlations are compared with additional experimental data obtained in a horizontal enclosed rod bundle. Further comparisons are made with predictions from the widely used Wooten-Epstein equation and a recently developed theoretical approach based on an effective thermal conductivity model. Favorable results are obtained, especially for thermal conditions that favor natural convection, such as relatively low enclosure temperatures and above-standard atmospheric pressure.
Harding Iceland spar: A new δ18O−δ13C carbonate standard for hydrothermal minerals

Abstract An isotopically homogeneous calcite, Harding Iceland Spar (HIS), having 6180 = +11.78 ± 0.07‰ (= +22.15‰ for CO2) and δ13C = −4.80 ± 0.02‰, has been prepared in quantities suitable for use as a working standard in mass spectrometric analysis. The isotopic values are well-suited for analysis of minerals of hydrothermal origin.
Ear size as a predictor of chronological age

It is generally observed that older people have bigger ears and noses. Cartilage is known to alter in structure with age. We conducted a cross sectional study to verify the trend between age and the size of two cartilaginous structures, ear and nose. A total of 100 young individuals were compared to older individuals with respect to their ear and nose sizes. We found that the greatest correlation coefficient of age was with ear circumference, and the linear regression equation being: Ear circumference = 88.1 + (0.51 x subject's age). Except for the ear tragus, which correlated insignificantly with age, anatomical variables of the ear had higher correlation with age than anatomical variables of the nose. This study supports the view that as people age, their ears get larger, particularly the ear circumference, which increases on average 0.51 mm per year. This enlargement is likely associated with aging changes of collagen. The knowledge from this study allows us to calculate the age of an individual based on ear size: Subject's age = 1.96 x (Ear circumference in millimeters - 88.1).
Use of sedation and ropivacaine‐morphine epidural for femoral head and neck ostectomy in a dog

A five-year-old male German shepherd dog presented with traumatic craniodorsal luxation of the right coxofemoral joint with pre-existing moderate hip dysplasia. A femoral head and neck ostectomy was performed. The patient was sedated with acepromazine and morphine administered intramuscularly. A lumbosacral epidural was performed using a combination of morphine and ropivacaine. Intraoperatively, an infusion of medetomidine, morphine, lidocaine, and ketamine was administered intravenously, and oxygen was administered via facemask. Heart rate, respiratory rate and oscillometric arterial blood pressures were monitored. Postoperatively, carprofen was administered once subcutaneously. On the day of hospital discharge, carprofen and tramadol were administered orally every 12 hours. Twenty-one days later, the dog was doing well and the surgical staples were removed. Sedation with acepromazine and morphine, administration of an epidural containing morphine and ropivacaine, and intraoperative sedation with medetomidine, morphine, lidocaine and ketamine were suitable for femoral head and neck ostectomy.
Memory from the dynamics of intrinsic membrane currents.

Almost all theoretical and experimental studies of the mechanisms underlying learning and memory focus on synaptic efficacy and make the implicit assumption that changes in synaptic efficacy are both necessary and sufficient to account for learning and memory. However, network dynamics depends on the complex interaction between intrinsic membrane properties and synaptic strengths and time courses. Furthermore, neuronal activity itself modifies not only synaptic efficacy but also the intrinsic membrane properties of neurons. This paper presents examples demonstrating that neurons with complex temporal dynamics can provide short-term “memory” mechanisms that rely solely on intrinsic neuronal properties. Additionally, we discuss the potential role that activity may play in long-term modification of intrinsic neuronal properties. While not replacing synaptic plasticity as a powerful learning mechanism, these examples suggest that memory in networks results from an ongoing interplay between changes in synaptic efficacy and intrinsic membrane properties.
Diepoxybutane forms a monoadduct with B-form (dG-dC) n .(dG-dC) n and a crosslinked diadduct with the left-handed Z-form

The characteristics of the reactions of DL-diepoxybutane (DEB) with (dG-dC)n.(dG-dC)n in the right-handed B-form or the left-handed Z-form were investigated. DEB does react with right-handed B-DNA since less salt is required to convert the modified B-form to Z-form than for the unmodified DNA. However, the product appears to be a monoadduct rather than the crosslinked diadduct formed with the Z-form. The modified B-form can be isolated, converted to a Z-form with l mM MnCl2, and then this activated complex further reacts intramolecularly to give the crosslinked Z-product. This modified Z-form cannot be reverted to the B-form unless the crosslink is cleaved with periodate. Only MnCl2, and to a lesser extent ZnCl2, was effective in facilitating the intramolecular conversion of the B-DNA monoadduct to the Z-DNA diadduct; lmM MgCl2 and 4M NaCl were ineffective suggesting that somewhat different types of modified left-handed conformations were generated by the different salts. DEB also cleaves DNA under our reaction conditions thus precluding studies with supercoiled recombinant plasmids harboring segments that adopt Z-structures.
Algebraic type of solutions for singular integral equations of the form (S + T) x = x0 in banach spaces

Abstract The formulae of the algebraic type for the solutions of the singular integral equations with non-vanishing indices, by applying the analytic formulae of Buraczewski for the determinant systems, are obtained
THE EFFECTS OF SODIUM IODIDE, 6-PROPYLTHIOURACIL, AND l-METHYL-2-MERCAPTOIMIDAZOLE DURING RADIOIODINE THERAPY OF HYPERTHYROIDISM*†

RADIOACTIVE iodine (I131) is now well established as an agent in the therapy of Graves' disease (1—6). One disadvantage in its use has been a latent period of four to eight weeks between administration of the isotope and consequent clinical effect. The need for a study of the usefulness of antithyroid agents in obtaining earlier control over toxicity during this interval has been indicated from the work of others (2, 3, 7, 8). The present report deals with the results from sodium iodide, 6-propylthiouracil, and l-methyl-2-mercaptoimidazole1 given for a short period following I131 therapy. METHODS Eighty adult patients with unquestioned toxic diffuse goiter, selected at random, were treated by one of four methods: Group I received only radioiodine, I131, in therapeutic doses; Group II, the isotope and sodium iodide; Group III, the isotope and 6-propylthiouracil; Group IV, the isotope and l-methyl-2-mercaptoimidazole. Radioiodine dosage was determined by one of us (S.C.W.) for all patients. Essentially, the...
Phase transitions, dielectric piezoelectric and pyroelectric properties of barium titanium germanate Ba2TiGe2O8 single crystals

Measurement of the dielectric permittivity e33, the pyroelectric coefficient p3 and the piezoelectric planar coupling kp and frequency constant Np in single crystal Ba2TiGe2O8 show clear evidence of a heretofore unobserved first order phase change which occurs at - 50°C on cooling and near 0°C on heating. The balance of evidence suggests that the transition is to a reorientable but irreversible ferroelectric phase, involving a tilt of the prototypic polar c axis. The inversion of the sign of the pyroelectric effect reported earlier near 135°C is confirmed and is attributed to the changing balance between primary and secondary components in the pyroelectric coefficient.
Scaling of two-phase flow transients using reduced pressure system and simulant fluid

Abstract Scaling criteria for a natural circulation loop under single-phase and two-phase flow conditions are derived. Based on these criteria, practical applications for designing a scaled-down model are considered. Particular emphasis is placed on scaling a test model at reduced pressure levels compared to a prototype and on fluid-to-fluid scaling. The large number of similarity groups which are to be matched between model and prototype makes the design of a scale model a challenging task. The present study demonstrates a new approach to this classical problem using two-phase flow scaling parameters. It indicates that a real time scaling is not a practical solution and a scaled-down model should have an accelerated (shortened) time scale. An important result is the proposed new scaling methodology for simulating pressure transients. It is obtained by considering the changes of the fluid property groups which appear within the two-phase similarity parameters and the single-phase to two-phase flow transition parameters. Sample calculations are performed for modeling two-phase flow transients of a high-pressure water system by a low-pressure water system or a Freon system. It is shown that modeling is possible for both cases for simulating pressure transients. However, simulation of phase change transitions is not possible by a reduced pressure water system without distortion in either power or time.
Focal penicillin scizure3m̄otor activity and cellular physiology and morphology

Abstract Two types of intracellular activity have been found in neurons in the cortical penicillin Scizure focus during an interjetai spike; a prolonged depolarization (PDS) followed by hyperpolarization or predominantly hyperpolarization. In the present study of a penicillin focus we have correlated the penicillin focus location with motor behavior and the cellular physiology with cellular morphology and location. Penicillin injection at the same location in the anterior sigmoid gyms invariably resulted in focal Scizures involving the contralateral shoulder. From the locations of the myoclonus and the focus, the character of the movements and the route of Scizure spread we conclude that the same pathways mediate movement produced by penicillin Scizures or by electrically stimulating the same motor cortex. Intracellular recordings and dye-marking of cells in and around the Scizure focus revealed that PDS neurons were located within a 3 mm radius from the site of penicillin injection. All PDS neurons either lacked well filled processess or had abnormal dendrites. Inhibited neurons were all pyramidal neurons with normal dendrites. The dendritic abnormalities observed could be important in the genesis of the PDS.
Philosophical Requirements of a Comprehensive D.I. System

This paper revisits the concept of dialectical inquiry (DI) from the perspective of collaborative modeling for collaboration engineering. It does so by integrating the recent literature with its theoretical and philosophical sources. The connection of DI and the problem framing paradigm is clarified. The paper also establishes the general requirements or desired features of an up-to-date DI system, and evaluates some current systems in light of these criteria.
Reliability and Validity of Oral Reading Fluency Median and Mean Scores among Middle Grade Readers when Using Equated Texts.

We evaluated the reliability and validity of two oral reading fluency scores for one-minute equated passages: median score and mean score. These scores were calculated from measures of reading fluency administered up to five times over the school year to students in grades 6-8 (n = 1,317). Both scores were highly reliable with strong convergent validity for adequately developing and struggling middle grade readers. These results support the use of either the median or mean score for oral reading fluency assessments for middle grade readers.