cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Design and synthesis of phenethyl benzo[1,4]oxazine-3-ones as potent inhibitors of PI3Kinaseγ

The Type 1 PI3Kinases comprise a family of enzymes, which primarily phosphorylate PIP2 to give the second messenger PIP3, a key player in many intracellular signaling processes [Science, 2002, 296, 1655; Trends Pharmacol. Sci.2003, 24, 366]. Of the four type 1 PI3Ks, the gamma-isoform, which is expressed almost exclusively in leukocytes [Curr. Biol., 1997, 7, R470], is of particular interest with respect to its role in inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) [Mol. Med. Today, 2000, 6, 347]. Investigation of a series of 4,6-disubstituted-4H-benzo[1,4]oxazin-3-ones has led to the identification of single-digit nanomolar inhibitors of PI3Kgamma, several of which had good cell based activity and were shown to be active in vivo in an aspectic peritonitis model of inflammatory cell migration.
Group Processes in a Teaching Renewal Retreat: Communication Functions and Dialectical Tensions

This study examined group communication processes at a Teaching Renewal Retreat (TRR), an event designed to share ideas and to create a community of teaching scholars. The analysis of questionnaire and interview data used both functional and dialectical perspectives to examine participants' experiences. Regression analysis results for the small groups functioning within the TRR indicated that particular group communication processes, specifically high quality communication and equal participation, predicted participants' ratings of satisfaction and effectiveness of their small groups. In addition, participants had to manage various dialectical tensions, such as inclusion and exclusion, designed and emergent structures, as well as appropriate and inappropriate participation. Overall, the combination of the two perspectives in this study provided insight into communication in these naturally occurring groups with ambiguous goals.
Structural and magnetic properties of thin epitaxial Fe films on (1 1 0) GaAs prepared by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition

Abstract Iron films have been grown on (1 1 0) GaAs substrates by atmospheric pressure metalorganic chemical vapor deposition at substrate temperatures ( T s ) between 135°C and 400°C. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis showed that the Fe films grown at T s between 200°C and 330°C were single crystals. Amorphous films were observed at T s below 200°C and it was not possible to deposit films at T s above 330°C. The full-width at half-maximum of the rocking curves showed that crystalline qualities were improved at T s above 270°C. Single crystalline Fe films grown at different substrate temperature showed different structural behaviors in XRD measurements. Iron films grown at T s between 200°C and 300°C showed bulk α-Fe like behavior regardless of film thickness (100–6400 A). Meanwhile, Fe films grown at 330°C (144 and 300 A) showed a biaxially compressed strain between substrate and epilayer, resulting in an expanded inter-planar spacing along the growth direction. Magnetization measurements showed that Fe films (>200 A) grown at 280°C and 330°C were ferromagnetic with the in-plane easy axis along the [1 1 0] direction. For the thinner Fe films (⩽200 A) regardless of growth temperature, square loops along the [1 0 0] easy axis were very weak and broad.
Objective assessment of image qualityand its implications for system design

We shall review the basic principles of objective (task-based) assessment of image quality, summarize the relevant figures of merit, and discuss the joint optimization of an imaging system and its associated data processing.
Death of White Holes in the Early Universe

A white hole (a compact, long-delayed region of the big bang) cannot exist, because it suffers an exponentially growing instability that converts it into a black hole. Such instabilities might have homogenized the early universe.
Saving Enemy Children: Save the Children's Russian Relief Operation, 1921‐23

When the Russian harvest failed in 1921, the economy had been devastated by years of disasters. Appeals were made to the outside world, and Save the Children was one of the main agencies to respond. Despite reservations about supporting the Soviets, a major advertising campaign was launched, raising large sums of money which were used to open feeding centres in the face of adverse climate and a devastated infrastructure. Facing some critical press coverage, the Fund used advanced media techniques to get its message across. By summer 1923, the famine was over and the Fund had succeeded in feeding up to 675,000 people.
Dynamics of intramyocardial blood volume in the intact animal: evaluation with SPECT

Variations in blood volume in the myocardium through the cardiac cycle have previously been considered constant. More recent studies have indicated a considerably variation from end diastole to end systole. These studies were nearly all performed under non-physiological conditions using muscle preparations or ex situ cardiac preparations. This study was designed to assess the dynamic changes of the intramyocardial blood volume in the intact animal under normal flow conditions using single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). Radiolabeled, 15 micrometers diameter, microspheres were emoblized in the myocardial microcirculation of dogs with subsequent scans in a TRIAD single-photon-emission-computed- tomography scanner. Gated images were obtained at 63 msec intervals encompassing the entire heart. Transmural voxel (equals volume element) brightness was measured in all tomographic images reflecting global and regional count density in the myocardium. There was a significant decrease in the blood volume from end diastole to end systole (10.8 cc/100 mL muscle volume; p < 0.00001). The decrease from diastole (ED) to systole (ES) in image brightness at the apex, mid ventricle, and base were: -5.7% (p < 0.01, apex vs. base), -4.7% (p < 0.01, mid ventricle vs. base) and +2.2%, respectively. Conclusions: (1) respiratory and ECG gated SPECT images allow measurement of intramyocardial blood volume changes throughout the cardiac cycle in the intact animal; (2) myocardial blood content is maximum at ED; (3) these findings progressively diminished in magnitude from apex to base.
Adaptive eye-gaze-guided interfaces: design & performance evaluation

This paper considers the effects of user interface adaptation based on regional eye tracker accuracy to improve user performance and satisfaction in an eye-gaze-guided application. We objectively and subjectively evaluated the differences between an adaptive interface, in which navigational elements were placed in regions of highest accuracy, and its inverted counterpart, in which navigational elements were placed in regions of lowest accuracy. The results indicate that by accounting for regional accuracy the adaptive interface was able to provide a significant improvement in user performance, though this effect had little bearing on user satisfaction.
Criteria for institutional placement of elderly demented persons

This paper discusses guidelines for institutional placement of elderly demented patients. It recognizes that there are both emotional and rational issues involved, for family and professional caregivers alike. Criteria for institutional placement are derived from the condition of the patient as well as the circumstances of the caregiver. A number of options for placement are available in most communities, ranging from generalized assisted living facilities to dementia-specific care units in nursing homes. The paper discusses what caregivers need to do both before initiating placement as well as after placement has been implemented. It is hoped that the availability of such guidelines will diminish the stress associated with decision-making concerning institutional placement.
A surfactant Co(III) chelate containing two tridentate ligands

Abstract A new surfactant Co(III) chelate, trans -( N -dodecyliminodiacetato)(diethylenetriamine)cobalt(III) chloride ( trans -2 ), which contains two tridentate ligands, N -dodecyliminodiacetic acid and diethylenetriamine, was prepared and characterized. Its structure was established by 1 H and 13 C NMR, IR, and UV–vis spectroscopy. The Krafft temperature of trans -2 is 2 O at 23 °C is (1.3 ± 0.1) × 10 −3 M. By cryo-etch high resolution scanning electron microscopy, trans -2 forms aggregates in H 2 O with sizes of up to 400 nm.
Africa in the Post-Cold War Era: Three Strategies for Survival

This paper examines strategies for peaceful coexistence in the African countries, more effective participation of the African economies in the global economy, and sustainable economic growth and development in the new century and beyond. Three strategies are recommended: development in each country of an efficient and self-enforcing constitution; constitutional guarantee of economic freedoms, including the right of individuals to freely engage in exchange and contract; and a change in present trading patterns. Presently, most African countries export raw materials, forest products, minerals, and goods produced with cheap, unskilled and primarily uneducated labor. The paper recommends that African countries move away from specialization in the export of primary commodities towards specialization in the production of knowledge intensive goods using skilled and educated labor services. National policies in these countries should be directed at providing facilities for citizens to acquire the specialized skills and knowledge needed to help these countries switch to knowledge intensive industries.
Iron-laden macrophage in autoimmune disease.

![Figure][1] A 14-year-old African American adolescent boy presented with a 20-lb weight loss, malaise, and arthralgia. Physical examination was unremarkable. CBC showed pancytopenia with a hemoglobin level of 7.9 g/dL, leukocytes 1.2 × 109/L, and platelets 137 × 109/L. Peripheral smear
Dependence of a Plume Heat Budget upon Lateral Advection

Abstract The structure and heat budget of a plume created by a linear heat source is investigated, demonstrating their dependence upon the larger-scale cross-source flow. A large-eddy model simulates individual thermal eddies produced by a source 200 m wide having an average surface temperature flux of 0.20 K m s−1, parameters appropriate to an Arctic lead—that is, to a break in the polar ice field. When the large-scale cross-flow is relatively weak, maximum turbulent development occurs over the source itself and the mean updraft is relatively strong. Thermally induced lateral inflow then concentrates the vertical heat transport over the source, and vertical advection accounts for over half the total heat transfer. Horizontal turbulent heat transport is important throughout the mean updraft. Turbulent vertical heat flux dominates the heat budget only in the near-surface region. With increasing externally forced cross-flow, mean and turbulent vertical velocities are weakened. Transport mechanisms are signi...
Imaging and treatment strategies for children after first urinary tract infection.

Purpose of reviewTo highlight recent controversies regarding the rationale and effectiveness of imaging and treatment strategies for children who experience a first urinary tract infection.Recent findingsThe yield of renal ultrasound for children who have had a first urinary tract infection is relat
INFORMATION AND KNOWLEDGE À LA FLORIDI

: Luciano Floridi has impressively applied the concept of information to problems in semantics and epistemology, among other areas. In this essay, I briefly review two areas where I think one may usefully raise questions about some of Floridi's conclusions. One area is in the project to naturalize semantics and Floridi's use of the derived versus nonderived notion of semantic content. The other area is in the logic of information and knowledge and whether knowledge based on information necessarily supports closure, in every instance. I suggest that it does not and, thereby, raise a challenge to Floridi's logic of being informed.
Cyclic deformation behavior of type 304 stainless steel at elevated temperature

Samples of 304 stainless steel were subjected to a variety of deformation histories at 300 and 560°C. The deformation histories included both periods of constant stress amplitude cyclic loading and constant strain rate tensile deformation. It was found that changes in the plastic strain amplitude during cycling were not always correlated with changes in the tensile flow stress. This indicates that a mechanical equation of state based on the flow stress as the only state variable cannot adequately describe the mechanical behavior of 304 stainless steel at these temperatures. Transmission electron microscopy on deformed samples showed that an increase in the plastic strain amplitude during cycling at constant stress amplitude was correlated with the rearrangement of the dislocations into a tight cellular structure. This rearrangement was found to have no effect on the tensile deformation behavior of the material beyond a brief transient. It is suggested that another state variable, in addition to the flow stress, be introduced into the equation of state formulation to allow the description of the observed cyclic behavior. This additional state variable would be associated with the arrangement of the dislocations in the material.
Option Valuation of Claims on Real Assets: The Case of Offshore Petroleum Leases

This paper extends financial option theory by developing a methodology for the valuation of claims on a real asset: an offshore petroleum lease. Several theoretical and practical problems, not present in applying option pricing theory to financial assets, are addressed. Most importantly, we show the necessity of combining option pricing techniques with a model of equilibrium in the market for the underlying asset (petroleum reserves). The advantages of this approach over conventional discounted cash flow techniques are emphasized. The methodological development provides important insights for both company behavior and government policy. Promising empirical results are reported.
Resonance line transfer with partial redistribution. VI. The Ca II K-line in solar-type stars.

Using model atmospheres for solar-type stars based on scaled temperature distributions, the effects of partial frequency redistribution on the Ca ii K- line profiles are discussed. It is shown that the partial redistribution calculations lead to a significantly lower intensity at K$sub 1$ than given by calculations based on the assumption of complete redistribution. This implies that fits to observed fluxes with complete redistribution calculations could tend to underestimate systematically the value of the temperature at the chromospheric temperature minimum. (AIP)
A regulator for reducing the effects of terminal voltage fluctuations in tandem accelerators

Abstract A regulator which reduces the effects of terminal voltage fluctuations has been constructed and installed in an FN tandem accelerator. An error signal derived from momentum analysis of the accelerator beam is transmitted to the terminal by an optical telemetry channel. The signal modulates a voltage applied to either the gas stripper canal or the foil stripper. The system has typically improved the transmission of the beam through the analyzing magnet by 30% and has reduced the spread in the beam energy by as much as 30%.
Outcomes of carotid endarterectomy under general and regional anesthesia from the American College of Surgeons' National Surgical Quality Improvement Program

Objective Despite multiple studies over more than 3 decades, there still is no consensus about the influence of anesthesia type on postoperative outcomes following carotid endarterectomy (CEA). The objective of this study was to investigate whether anesthesia type, either general anesthesia (GA) or regional anesthesia (RA), independently contributes to the risk of postoperative cardiovascular complications or death using the American College of Surgeons' National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS NSQIP) database. Methods Retrospective analysis of elective cases of CEA from 2005 through 2009 was performed. A propensity score model using 45 covariates, including demographic factors, comorbidities, stroke history, measures of general health, and laboratory values, was used to adjust for bias and to determine the independent influence of anesthesia type on postoperative stroke, myocardial infarction (MI), and death. Results Of 26,070 cases listed in the ACS NSQIP database, GA and RA were used in 22,054 (84.6%) and 4016 (15.4%) cases, respectively. Postoperative stroke, MI, and death occurred in 360 (1.63%), 133 (0.6%), and 154 (0.70%) patients of the GA group, respectively, and in 58 (1.44%), 11 (0.27%), and 27 (0.67%) patients of the RA group, respectively. Stratification by propensity score quintile and adjustment for covariates demonstrated GA to be a significant risk factor for postoperative MI with an adjusted odds ratio (OR) and confidence interval (CI) of 2.18 (95% CI, 1.17-4.04), P = .01 in the entire study population. The OR for MI was 5.41 (95% CI, 1.32-22.16; P = .019) in the subgroup of patients with preoperative neurologic symptoms, and 1.44 (95% CI, 0.71-2.90; P = .31) in the subgroup of patients without preoperative neurologic symptoms. Conclusions This analysis of a large, prospectively collected and validated multicenter database indicates that GA for CEA is an independent risk factor for postoperative MI, particularly in patients with preoperative neurologic symptoms.
Efficacy of various methods of confidential unit exclusion in identifying potentially infectious blood donations.

: To determine the efficacy of various methods of confidential unit exclusion (CUE) among donors at increased risk of HIV exposure, we surveyed AABB institutional members on their experience with 3 CUE methods: ballot or barcode, completed at the time of donation, and call-back, performed by the donor after leaving the donor center. From June 1985 to December 1987, 5,049,883 donations at 48 donor centers were evaluable for analysis. The results of this survey suggest that ballot and barcode methods of CUE are important adjuncts to other donor screening procedures in identifying potentially infectious units, and that both of these methods are superior to the call-back system of unit exclusion.
Clinical responses to ingested fungal α-amylase and hemicellulase in persons sensitized to Aspergillus fumigatus?

α-Amylase and hemicellulase, derived from culture of Aspergillus species, are commonly added to flour as improvers during baking. Two cases of women occupationally sensitized to α-amylase who developed allergic symptoms after eating baked bread have been reported. With a randomized, controlled study design, we have investigated whether similar responses occur in those sensitized to Aspergillus species. Seventeen subjects with positive skin prick tests to Aspergillus fumigatus were studied. Symptomatic and physiologic responses after ingestion of bread baked with α-amylase and hemicellulase were compared, in a crossover fashion, with those after ingestion of bread baked without enzymes. No increase in respiratory or other symptoms, lung function, or nonspecific bronchial hyperreactivity was reported after ingestion of the enzyme-containing bread. We conclude that important clinical reactions to α-amylase and hemicellulase in baked bread do not frequently occur in those sensitized to Aspergillus species.
Carbon decomposition in broiler litter-amended soils

Abstract Organic carbon (OC) is generally low in Alabama (U.S.A.) soils and varies considerably with cropping systems. Information on decomposition rates of the added C is a prerequisite to designing strategies that improve C sequestration in farming systems. Different models including exponential models have been used to describe OC mineralization in soils as well as to describe its potential as CO2 to be released into the environment. We investigated the decomposition of broiler litter added to ten non-calcareous soils (Appling, Troup, Cecil, Decatur, Sucarnoochee, Linker, Hartsells, Dothan, Maytag, and Colbert soils). A non-linear regression approach for N mineralization was used to estimate the potentially mineralizable OC pools (Co) and the first-order rate constant (k) in the soil samples. Results showed that the non-amended soils have distinct differences in their ability to release their native OC as CO2 and can be divided into four groups depending on their potentially mineralizable C (Co) and their ability to protect stable organic matter. Sucarnoochee soil represents the first group and contains a moderate amount of OC (11.4 g C kg−1) but had the highest Co (7.30 g C kg−1 soil). The second distinct group of soils has Co varying between 5.50 and 5.00 g C kg−1 soil (Decatur, Hartsells, Dothan, and Maytag). The third group has Co between 5.00 and 4.00 (Appling, Cecil, and Linker). The fourth group has Co less than 4.00 g C kg−1 soil (Troup and Colbert). Half-life of C remaining in non-amended soils varied from 26 days in Maytag soil to 139 days in Cecil soil. The OC in these non-amended soils represents a very stable form of organic C and thus, not easily decomposed by soil microorganisms. In the broiler litter-amended soils, the Co varied from 3.82 g C kg−1 in Appling soil amended with broiler litter 1–7.04 g C kg−1 soil in Maytag amended with broiler litter 2. Decomposition of the added OC proceeded in two phases with less than 31% decomposed in 43 days. Potentially mineralizable organic C (Co) was related to soil organic C (r = 0.661**) and soil C/N ratio (r = 0.819*).
Strategies and cross-modal transfer in monkeys

Thirteen monkeys were given object-discrimination LS training both tactually and visually. Order of training, in the two modalities was varied. Analysis of performance in terms of Levine Hs suggested that Ss transferred systematic modes of response, rather than specific hypotheses, from one modality to another.
The ego activation method: Anin vivo cognitive therapy integrating behavioral and psychodynamic approaches

This article discusses an innovative psychotherapeutic approach, known as the ego activation method, which expedites progress in the treatment of anxiety states and nonbipolar, nonpsychotic, acutely depressed outpatients. The method, readily integrated into approaches of diverse orientations, systematically provides patients with experiences with real problems and risks in the context of the therapy sessions. The sessions consist not simply of a series of “verbal exchanges” but of “verbal exchanges plus actions” with a wide array of specially devised therapeutic tasks — over 200 have been developed. The tasks establish a working alliance between the patient and the therapist, activate ego adaptive processes, and assist the patient in developing mastery and control over his/her problems. The method implements therapeutic success through addressing three active ingredients in the therapeutic process: (1) assisting the patient to assume a more active, assertive role; (2) promoting internal locus of control and self-responsibility; and (3) enhancing the patient's sense of mastery. References to detailed case reports are provided.
Crossmodal transfer of form discrimination in preschool children

Children, three to four years of age, were given crossmodal transfer problems involving presentation of identical form discriminations in the visual and tactual modalities. Transfer, without relevant verbalization, was obtained from vision to touch, but not from touch to vision. This transfer suggests that human beings have nonverbal representation available for problem solving.
The effects of multipath on the measurement of antenna time delays

An analytical expression is presented for calculating the effects of multipath on group delay. The expression was experimentally verified by the tests made at the Telecommunications Development Laboratory of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory using the Mariner Venus/Mercury 1973 radio frequency subsystem, block 3 receiver, and the Mu 1 ranging machine. The motivation for the research is explained, and the results are put in the context of other applications to antenna and time-delay measurements. >
Interaction between the effects of stress and morphine on body temperature in rats

Abstract The relation between stress-induced and morphine-induced body temperature changes was examined in rats. Three groups of eight animals thoroughly habituated to handling and rectal probing, and three groups of eight experimentally naive animals were injected intraperitoneally with either 1, 5, or 30 mg/kg morphine sulphate on each of six consecutive days. Differences in temperature readings from the pre-injection baseline showed that on Day 1 of the experiment stress acted to effectively increase the potency of morphine, causing slightly increased hyperthermia at the lowest dose and greatly increased hypothermia at the highest dose. Thus for habituated animals the dose-response curve for morphine was shifted to the right. By Day 6, after repeated morphine injections, all animals showed a hyperthermic response to morphine and the differences between habituated and unhabituated animals had disappeared. These findings were discussed in terms of the interaction between the temperature changes produced by endogenous opioids in stressed animals and the actions of exogenously administered morphine.
Pain symptoms and stooling patterns do not drive diagnostic costs for children with functional abdominal pain and irritable bowel syndrome in primary or tertiary care.

OBJECTIVE. The objectives of this study were to (1) compare the cost of medical evaluation for children with functional abdominal pain or irritable bowel syndrome brought to a pediatric gastroenterologist versus children who remained in the care of their pediatrician, (2) compare symptom characteristics for the children in primary versus tertiary care, and (3) examine if symptom characteristics predicted the cost of medical evaluation. METHODS. Eighty-nine children aged 7 to 10 years with functional abdominal pain or irritable bowel syndrome seen by a gastroenterologist (n = 46) or seen only by a pediatrician (n = 43) completed daily pain and stool diaries for 2 weeks. Mothers provided retrospective reports of their children9s symptoms in the previous year. Cost of medical evaluation was calculated via chart review of diagnostic tests and application of prices as if the patients were self-pay. RESULTS. Child-reported diary data reflected no significant group differences with respect to pain, interference with activities, or stool characteristics. In contrast, mothers of children evaluated by a gastroenterologist viewed their children as having higher maximum pain intensity in the previous year. Excluding endoscopy costs, cost of medical evaluation was fivefold higher for children evaluated by a gastroenterologist, with higher cost across blood work, stool studies, breath testing, and diagnostic imaging. Symptom characteristics did not predict cost of care for either group. CONCLUSIONS. Despite the lack of difference in symptom characteristics between children in primary and tertiary care, a notable differential in cost of evaluation exists in accordance with level of care. Symptom characteristics do not seem to drive diagnostic evaluation in either primary or tertiary care. Given the lack of differences in child-reported symptoms and the maternal perspective that children evaluated by a gastroenterologist had more severe pain, we speculate that parent perception of child symptoms may be a primary factor in seeking tertiary care.
Coupled nonlinear Schrödinger equations for interfacial fluids with a free surface

For interfacial fluids with a free surface, we derive a new system of coupled nonlinear Schrodinger equations in the small amplitude, quasimonochromatic limit. The derivation uses a recently derived nonlocal formulation of interfacial fluids bounded by a free surface.
The Standard Model hierarchy, fine-tuning, and negativity of the Higgs mass squared

I discuss standard motivation for the new physics at the 1 TeV scale. Although the arguments for new exotic phenomena seem to be very supportive I argue that the Standard Model still might offer a good description far beyond this energy scale. I analyze three Standard Model cases with specific boundary conditions at the lowest energies. These conditions essentially eliminate the hierarchy and fine-tuning problems. In the first model where quartic scalar interactions are required to decouple the Higgs is predicted to weigh around 39 GeV. In the second model with composite Higgs the top Yukawa coupling is required to be one (by hand, i.e. reflecting the assumed ground state) and the Higgs mass of about 138 GeV is favored. The third model has condensation mechanism embedded in two dimensions. The top Yukawa coupling being one comes about as prediction rather then requirement, i.e. gt = 3g 2 2 r
PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF AFLATOXIN B2a‐HEMIGLUTARATE AND ITS USE FOR THE PRODUCTION OF ANTIBODY AGAINST AFLATOXIN B1

Hemisuccinate (HS) and hemiglutarate (HG) of aflatoxin B2a (afla B2a) were prepared by refluxing afla B2a with the corresponding anhydride and 4-N, N-dimethylaminopyridine in tetrahydrofuran. Two epimers of the respective HS or HG which show different chromatographic behavior and physiochemical properties were isolated and characterized. Afla B2a-HS hydrolyzes very rapidly in aqueous solution and was not used for further study. Afla B2a-HG hydrolyzes at a much slower rate and was selected for the coupling to protein. Using the mixed anhydride method, as much as 12 moles of afla B2a-HG were conjugated to each mole of bovine serum albumin (BSA). The antibody obtained from rabbits immunized with afla B2a-HG BSA is most specific to afla B1 and shows little cross reaction with afla G1 and aflatoxicol. The lower limit for detection of afla B1 by radioimmunoassay using this antibody is in the range of 30–50 pg per assay.
Evaluation of immunohistochemical fine sectioning for sentinel lymph node biopsy in oral squamous cell carcinoma.

Objective. To determine the level of sentinel lymph node sectioning necessary to accurately detect nodal micrometastasis.Study Design. Cross-sectional.Setting. Tertiary care university medical center.Subjects and Methods. Fine sections of oral squamous cell carcinoma sentinel lymph nodes previously sectioned at 2-mm intervals in a prospective clinical trial were reexamined. The results yielded from prior hematoxylin and eosin and immunohistochemical staining were compared with results following exhaustive serial sectioning at 150-µm intervals using identical staining methods. These experimental findings were compared with pathologic results of immediate completion selective neck dissection, previously recorded prospectively.Results. Reexamination of 35 sentinel nodes at 150-µm intervals has not revealed any missed micrometastatic disease at 2-mm intervals used initially. Both comparisons of 150-µm sectioning analysis to the original 2-mm section samples and to the neck dissection pathology reports demonst...
The Iranian Left and the “Woman Question” in the Revolution of 1978–79

The relationship between feminism and socialism in both the theoretical and practical realms has been marked with difficulty and “unhappiness.” Feminists have criticized leftists for their lack of attention to sexual domination, and many socialists, in turn, have looked at women's liberation movements as a bourgeois deviation or, worse yet, a conspiracy against the workers' struggle. In 19th-century social democratic movements in Europe, conflicts between feminist-socialist advocates of women's rights such as Clara Zetkin and “proletarian anti-feminism” among workers and communists were constant. Eventually, guided by the theoretical insights of a number of socialist leaders such as Bebel, Engels, and Zetkin, socialist parties of the First and Second Internationals came to realize that the cause of the women's movement was just and to accept autonomous women's organizations. The Third International, or Comintern, although it initially claimed to liberate women “not only on paper, but in reality, in actual fact,” treated the inequality of women as a secondary consideration. Focusing on production and labor conflict, the Comintern paid attention only to women's exploitation by capital to the extent that “by the end of the 1920s, any special emphasis on women's social subordination in communist propaganda or campaigning came to be regarded as a capitulation to bourgeois feminism.” Leftist women activists lost their organizational autonomy and had to work under the supervision of their national communist party.
Evaluation of serologic methods for the detection of antibodies to encephalomyocarditis virus in swine fetal thoracic fluids.

Hemagglutination inhibition (HI) and agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) tests were compared to the serum neutralization (SN) test to evaluate their ability to detect antibodies to encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV). Swine fetal thoracic fluids of known EMCV SN antibody titers (200 samples 2 1:2, 100 samples < 1: 2) were selected from a collection of field cases. The thoracic fluids were tested for EMCV antibodies by HI and AGID, and the results were compared to those of the SN test. Of 200 SN antibody-positive samples, 183 (9 1.5%) and 173 (86.5%) were positive in HI and AGID tests, respectively. Of 100 SN-negative samples, 81 (8 1%) and 94 (94%) were negative in HI and AGID tests, respectively. Agreement between the tests was analyzed by calculating Kappa values. The values were 0.73 between SN and HI tests and 0.77 between SN and AGID tests, indicating very good to excellent agreement for HI and AGID tests with the SN test. Of 200 SN-positive samples, 19 samples with low SN titers (1:2-1:16) were further tested by Western immunoblotting, and all were confirmed as positive. Interpretation of the present results suggests that both HI and AGID tests can be used as alternatives to the SN test.
Quality of life and mental health related to timing, frequency and dose of hemodialysis

The perceived quality of life (QOL) and mental health of dialysis patients can have a significant impact on clinical outcomes in the end-stage renal disease (ESRD) population. There is growing interest in increasing dialysis frequency, dose and duration to achieve more adequate dialysis clearance, particularly of middle molecules. Over the past decade, there has been an interest in earlier initiation of dialysis; however, the results of the IDEAL study call this practice into question, and showed no difference in QOL scores between the early-start and later start dialysis patients. There are inconsistent results regarding the impact of increased dialysis frequency and dose on patients' perceived health-related QOL (HRQOL). Some studies of daily nocturnal dialysis patients show a positive impact on QOL, while others show no significant difference. The disparate outcomes may be partly related to differences in the demographic characteristics of the study populations and the specific questionnaires used to measure HRQOL. Additional research is necessary to determine whether changes in dialysis frequency, timing, and dose can positively or negatively impact patients' perceptions of their QOL and mental health.
Quaternionic periodicity transform: an algebraic solution to the tandem repeat detection problem

Motivation: One of the main tasks of DNA sequence analysis is identification of repetitive patterns. DNA symbol repetitions play a key role in a number of applications, including prediction of gene and exon locations, identification of diseases, reconstruction of human evolutionary history and DNA forensics. Results: A new approach towards identification of tandem repeats in DNA sequences is proposed. The approach is a refinement of previously considered method, based on the complex periodicity transform. The refinement is obtained, among others, by mapping of DNA symbols to pure quaternions. This mapping results in an enhanced, symbol-balanced sensitivity of the transform to DNA patterns, and an unambiguous threshold selection criterion. Computational efficiency of the transform is further improved, and coupling of the computation with the period value is removed, thereby facilitating parallel implementation of the algorithm. Additionally, a post-processing stage is inserted into the algorithm, enabling unambiguous display of results in a convenient graphical format. Comparison of the quaternionic periodicity transform with two well-known pattern detection techniques shows that the new approach is competitive with these two techniques in detection of exact and approximate repeats. Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Harmonic mitigation techniques for the improvement of power quality of adjustable speed drives (ASDs)

Information is provided on some of the latest harmonic mitigation techniques for the improvement of the power quality of adjustable speed drives (ASD). Background information about motor drives such as the most common drive methods and about motor drive loads is given. An electronic motor drive classification based on the motor type is provided. Included are circuit configurations, a table of features of the main ASD, and a list of benefits of ASD. A brief review of some of the harmonic effects and an overview of some harmonic mitigation techniques are given. >
Coupled oceanic‐atmospheric variability and U.S. streamflow

Received 22 June 2005; revised 5 August 2005; accepted 23 September 2005; published 6 December 2005. (1) A study of the influence of interdecadal, decadal, and interannual oceanic- atmospheric influences on streamflow in the United States is presented. Unimpaired streamflow was identified for 639 stations in the United States for the period 1951-2002. The phases (cold/negative or warm/positive) of Pacific Ocean (El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO)) and Atlantic Ocean (Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) and North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO)) oceanic- atmospheric influences were identified for the year prior to the streamflow year (i.e., long lead time). Statistical significance testing of streamflow, based on the interdecadal, decadal, and interannual oceanic-atmospheric phase (warm/positive or cold/negative), was performed by applying the nonparametric rank-sum test. The results show that in addition to the well-established ENSO signal the PDO, AMO, and NAO influence streamflow variability in the United States. The warm phase of the PDO is associated with increased streamflow in the central and southwest United States, while the warm phase of the AMO is associated with reduced streamflow in these regions. The positive phase of the NAO and the cold phase of the AMO are associated with increased streamflow in the central United States. Additionally, the coupled effects of the oceanic-atmospheric influences were evaluated on the basis of the long-term phase (cold/negative or warm/ positive) of the interdecadal (PDO and AMO) and decadal (NAO) influences and ENSO. Streamflow regions in the United States were identified that respond to these climatic couplings. The results show that the AMO may influence La Nina impacts in the Southeast, while the NAO may influence La Nina impacts in the Midwest. By utilizing the streamflow water year and the long lead time for the oceanic-atmospheric variables, useful information can be provided to streamflow forecasters and water managers.
Correlates of Treatment Patterns Among Youth With Type 2 Diabetes

Aims To describe treatment regimens in youth with type 2 diabetes, and examine associations between regimens, demographic and clinical characteristics, and glycemic control. Methods This report includes 474 youth with a clinical diagnosis of type 2 diabetes who completed a SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth study visit. Diabetes treatment regimen was categorized as lifestyle alone; metformin monotherapy; any oral hypoglycemic agent (OHA) other than metformin, or two or more OHAs; insulin monotherapy; and insulin plus any OHA(s). Association of treatment with demographic and clinical characteristics (fasting C-peptide [FCP], diabetes duration and self-monitoring of blood glucose [SMBG]), and glycated hemoglobin (A1C) were assessed by chi-square and analysis of variance. Multiple linear regression models were used to evaluate independent associations of treatment regimens and A1C, adjusting for demographics, diabetes duration, FCP and SMBG. Results Over 50% of participants reported treatment with metformin alone or lifestyle. Of the auto-antibody negative youth, 40% were on metformin alone, while 33% were on insulin-containing regimens. Participants on metformin alone had a lower A1C (7.0%+2.0, 53mmol/mol+22) than those on insulin alone (9.2% ± 2.7%.7, 77mmol/mol+30) or insulin plus OHA (8.6% ± 2.6, 70mmol/mol+28) (p Conclusions About half of youth with type 2 diabetes were managed with lifestyle or metformin alone, and had better glycemic control than individuals using other therapies. Those with longer diabetes duration in particular commonly experience treatment failures and more effective management strategies are needed.
Photo‐initiated vapor‐phase grafting of acrylic monomers onto fibrous substrates in the presence of biacetyl

A novel vapor-phase process has been developed for grafting relatively volatile acrylic monomers onto various polymeric substrates, using photo-initiation by near ultraviolet irradiation in the presence of biacetyl vapors. With it, very even graft polymerizations on the substrates, with minimum amounts of homopolymerization, were found. Furthermore, there were essentially no changes in the tensile or aesthetic properties of the treated surfaces. The degree of photografting is dependent upon the chemical composition and porosity of the substrate, the volatility and reactivity of the monomers, prewetting of the substrate with a suitable wetting agent, and the conditions of irradiation used. The effects of various reaction parameters on the photo-induced grafting of methyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, and acrylonitrile on wool keratin are studied in detail. Increasing biacetyl and monomer flow rates and flow times, irradiation times, and moisture content of the wool all caused progressive increases in the amount of polymer grafted to the wool, up to limiting values dependent on the reaction parameters involved and monomer used. In all instances, the amount of homopolymer found on the fiber was limited and remained essentially constant over the range of conditions studied. A series of acrylic monomers of different volatilities and reactivities including methyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, butyl acrylate, acrylic acid, acrylamide, acrylonitrile, N,N-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate, and 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl methacrylate was successfully grafted onto several hydrophilic and hydrophobic textile fibers (wool, cotton, rayon, nylon, acrylics, polyester, and polypropylene) and other polymeric surfaces such as filter paper, cellophane, and acetate film by this process. The wetting agents used included water, methyl and n-propyl alcohol, N,N-dimethylformamide, dimethylsulfoxide, benzene, and chlorinated hydrocarbon solvents.
User-Tailored Plan Presentation

This paper discusses plan presentation, the second phase in user-tailored advice giving. Its main task is to determine what knowledge must be provided to ascertain that the user comprehends the plan and is able to perform it, even if he detects unexpected obstacles. Plan presentation is guided by a model of the user's knowledge and of his capabilities to perform actions in the domain. Finally we describe how to bias the plan generation process to prefer plans that contain as little information unfamiliar to the user as possible.
Inference and Computation Mobility with Jinni

We introduce Jinni (Java INference engine and Networked Interactor), a lightweight, multi-threaded, logic programming language, intended to be used as a flexible scripting tool for gluing together knowledge processing components and Java objects in networked client/server applications, as well as through applets over the Web.
Systemic inflammation and the brain: novel roles of genetic, molecular, and environmental cues as drivers of neurodegeneration.

The nervous and immune systems have evolved in parallel from the early bilaterians, in which innate immunity and a central nervous system coexisted for the first time, to jawed vertebrates and the appearance of adaptive immunity. The central nervous system (CNS) feeds from, and integrates efferent signals in response to, somatic and autonomic sensory information. The CNS receives input also from the periphery about inflammation and infection. Cytokines, chemokines, damage-associated soluble mediators of systemic inflammation can also gain access to the CNS via blood flow. In response to systemic inflammation, those soluble mediators can access directly through the circumventricular organs, as well as open the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The resulting translocation of inflammatory mediators can interfere with neuronal and glial well-being, leading to a break of balance in brain homeostasis. This in turn results in cognitive and behavioral manifestations commonly present during acute infections -including anorexia, malaise, depression, and decreased physical activity- collectively known as the sickness behavior (SB). While SB manifestations are transient and self-limited, under states of persistent systemic inflammatory response the cognitive and behavioral changes can become permanent. For example, cognitive decline is almost universal in sepsis survivors, and a common finding in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Here, we review recent genetic evidence suggesting an association between neurodegenerative disorders and persistent immune activation; clinical and experimental evidence indicating previously unidentified immune-mediated pathways of neurodegeneration; and novel immunomodulatory targets and their potential relevance for neurodegenerative disorders.
Conclusions and Recommendations for Assessing Environmental and Health Risks

The first half of this book introduced the reader to several principal issues related to assessing risks to the environment and human health, and to the role of different actors in that process. The second half of the book focused on the identification and assessment of radioactive contamination risk for two specific cases — Chernobyl and the Russian Far North. Taken as a complete work, the volume points to the complex nature of environmental and health risk assessment in the modern world and the important roles that scientists can play in the identification and assessment of risk.
The Foot and Ankle: Acquired Disorders

Injuries to the pediatric ankle and foot are common and increasing due to the popularity of organized youth sports. Fracture and dislocation patterns vary based on skeletal maturity, position of the ankle and foot at the time of injury, and direction of force. Ankle fractures unique to children, such as triplane and juvenile Tillaux, are addressed initially. Fractures of the foot are then presented based on their position within the hindfoot, midfoot, and forefoot. Discussions of osteochondritis dissecans of the talar dome and the various osteochondroses of the mid- and forefoot follow, and the chapter concludes with a brief review of ankle impingement syndromes.
Health Professionals as Contributors to Attitudes Toward Persons with Disabilities A Special Communication

Negative attitudes toward persons with disabilities are common in our society. Although these attitudes are not voiced readily, they are expressed in a variety of ways and serve as barriers to the full realization of human potential. Health care professionals hold attitudes toward persons with disabilities that are similar to those of society as a whole, and they may be actual perpetuators of this limiting practice. This article explores possible origins of negative stereotypes of persons with disabilities and how these stereotypes are reinforced through the media. Health care professionals play a special role in continuing them. Change can occur through increased awareness and a humanitarian desire to reach beyond labels.