cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Impact of Body Checking on Youth Ice Hockey Injuries.

Background:Body checking is a common cause of youth ice hockey injuries. Consequently, USA Hockey raised the minimum age at which body checking is permitted from the Pee Wee level (11-12 years old)...
First Metatarsophalangeal Joint Arthrodesis: Does the Addition of a Lag Screw to a Dorsal Locking Plate Influence Union Rate and/or Final Alignment after Fusion

First metatarsophalangeal (MTP-1) joint fusion is a reliable method for the correction of various deformities, including hallux valgus and hallux rigidus. Ideal constructs provide high rates of fusion in the desired alignment. The present study examined the union rates and the change in dorsiflexion angle during the follow-up period in patients who had undergone MTP-1 fusion with a dorsal locking plate and a lag screw compared with patients who had undergone fusion with a dorsal locking plate alone. We performed a retrospective review of 99 feet undergoing MTP-1 fusion. The joints were fused using either a dorsal locking plate alone or a lag screw plus a dorsal locking plate. Union was determined radiographically during the follow-up period. Suspected nonunions were confirmed by computed tomography. The dorsiflexion angles were radiographically measured at the first postoperative visit and at the final follow-up visit. Of the 99 feet, 36 (36.4%) were in the lag screw plus dorsal plate group and 63 (63.6%) in the dorsal plate group. The mean follow-up period was 12.9 (range 12 to 33.5) months. The dorsal plate plus lag screw group had a significantly lower change in the mean dorsiflexion angle (0.57° ± 5.01°) during the postoperative period compared with the dorsal plate group (6.73° ± 7.07°). The addition of a lag screw to a dorsal locking plate for MTP-1 arthrodesis might offer improved stability of the joint in the sagittal plane over time compared with a dorsal plate alone.
Increased Variance in Oral and Gastric Microbiome Correlates With Esophagectomy Anastomotic Leak.

Background Anastomotic leak after esophagectomy remains a significant source of morbidity and mortality. The gastrointestinal (GI) microbiome has been found to play a significant role in tumor oncogenesis and postoperative bowel anastomotic leak. We hypothesized that the GI microbiome could differentiate between esophageal cancer histologies and predict postoperative anastomotic leak. Methods A prospective study of esophagectomy patients was performed from May 2013 to August 2014, with the collection of oral saliva, intraoperative esophageal and gastric mucosa, and samples of postoperative infections (neck swab or sputum). The presence and level for each bacterial probe as end points were used to analyze correlations with tumor histology, tumor stage, and presence of postoperative complications by unequal variances t tests for multiple comparisons and principal coordinate analysis. Results Esophagectomy was successful in 55 of 66 patients who were enrolled. Among those, the diagnosis was adenocarcinoma in 44 (80%) squamous cell carcinoma in (13%), and benign disease in 4 (7%). The 30-day mortality was 1.8% (1 of 55). Complications included anastomotic leak requiring local drainage in 18% (10 of 55) and postoperative pneumonia in 2% (1 of 55). No correlation was noted between GI microbiome flora and tumor histology or tumor stage. A significant difference ( p = 0.015) was found when the variance in bacterial composition between the preoperative oral flora was compared with intraoperative gastric flora in patients who had a leak but not in patients with pneumonia. Conclusions Patients with anastomotic leaks had increased variance in their preoperative oral and gastric flora. Microbiome analysis could help identify patients at higher risk for leak after esophagectomy.
Innovative scheme for high-repetition-rate imaging of CN radical.

We have employed, to the best of our knowledge, a novel excitation scheme to perform the first high-repetition-rate planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) measurements of a CN radical in combustion. The third harmonic of a Nd:YVO4 laser at 355 nm due to its relatively large linewidth overlaps with several R branch transitions in a CN ground electronic state. Therefore, the 355 nm beam was employed to directly excite the CN transitions with good efficiency. The CN measurements were performed in premixed CH4−N2O flames with varying equivalence ratios. A detailed characterization of the high-speed CN PLIF imaging system is presented via its ability to capture statistical and dynamical information in these premixed flames. Single-shot CN PLIF images obtained over a HMX pellet undergoing self-supported deflagration are presented as an example of the imaging system being applied towards characterizing the flame structure of energetic materials.
Now is the Critical Time for Engineered Neuroplasticity.

Recent advances in neuroscience and devices are ushering in a new generation of medical treatments. Engineered biodevices are demonstrating the potential to create long-term changes in neural circuits, termed neuroplasticity. Thus, the approach of engineering neuroplasticity is rapidly expanding, building on recent demonstrations of improved quality of life for people with movement disorders, epilepsy, and spinal cord injury. In addition, discovering the fundamental mechanisms of engineered neuroplasticity by leveraging anatomically well-documented systems like the spinal cord is likely to provide powerful insights into solutions for other neurotraumas, such as stroke and traumatic brain injury, as well as neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson disease, and multiple sclerosis. Now is the time for advancing both the experimental neuroscience, device development, and pioneering human trials to reap the benefits of engineered neuroplasticity as a therapeutic approach for improving quality of life after spinal cord injury.
Communicating Results of Community-Based Participatory Research

The way in which the results of community-based participatory research are presented is extremely important, both for reasons of justice and cultural sensitivity and to ensure that they not unnecessarily badly received. Virtual Mentor is a monthly bioethics journal published by the American Medical Association.
Genetics of stomach and ocular alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase in the mouse.

Activity variants of the stomach and ocular isozyme of aldehyde dehydrogenase (AHD-4) were observed among inbred strains of mice. The phenotypes were inherited in a normal mendelian fashion, with two alleles showing codominant expression at a single locus (Ahd-4). Linkage data indicated that Ahd-4 is localized on chromosome 11 near Hba (alpha hemoglobin locus), and segregated independently of Adh-3, encoding the stomach and ocular isozyme of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH-C/sub 2/). 15 refs., 1 fig.
Raman scattering study of the electron-phonon interaction in M3C60(M=K,Rb)

Temperature (T) -dependent Raman scattering from ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}^{3\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ intramolecular modes and simultaneous electrical resistivity measurements were made on ${\mathrm{Rb}}_{3}$${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ films which exhibited a superconducting transition temperature ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$=28 K. ${\mathrm{K}}_{3}$${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ films were studied for comparison, but at T=300 K only. Weak, or no T dependence in the intramolecular modes is observed through ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$, consistent with the fact that the mode frequencies \ensuremath{\omega}g2\ensuremath{\Delta} (superconducting gap). By comparing the linewidths of the modes in ${\mathit{M}}_{3}$${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ to values in pristine ${\mathit{C}}_{60}$ we have estimated their contributions to the electron-phonon coupling constant \ensuremath{\lambda}. Values of \ensuremath{\lambda} have been found to be 0.6 and 0.5 for ${\mathrm{K}}_{3}$${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ and ${\mathrm{Rb}}_{3}$${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$, respectively, in good agreement with the theoretical value \ensuremath{\lambda}=0.6 obtained previously by Schl\"uter and co-workers. The ${\mathit{H}}_{\mathit{g}}$(2)-derived mode is found to make the dominant contribution to \ensuremath{\lambda}. A line-shape analysis of the ${\mathit{H}}_{\mathit{g}}$(1)-derived mode suggests that this mode is a Breit-Wigner-Fano resonance. The radial ${\mathit{A}}_{\mathit{g}}$(1)-derived mode linewidth in ${\mathrm{Rb}}_{3}$${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ is anomalously narrow (\ensuremath{\sim}0.1 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$), and found to be very sensitive to sample quality, i.e., strongly correlated with the width of the superconducting transition.
Pilgrims and Pilgrimages

This chapter details Mehta’s model of the Pilgrim. The Pilgrim is a model for transcendental subjectivity. Mehta introduces this model because he believes there are implicit, provincial assumptions informing comparative philosophy and comparative philosophy of religion. These comparative enterprises seemingly presuppose that there is a subject position freed of cultural and contextual constraints capable of holding two philosophical positions within a comparative framework. Mehta problematizes such a position insofar as philosophies themselves pretend to such universality and non-partisan commitment. He suggests that this is not possible and so the encounter between cultural others becomes problematic, if not in fact outright colonial. Mehta’s work indicates an awareness that philosophical hermeneutics quite plausibly engages in colonial conquests. This is the nature of the “philosophical” in Gadamer’s hermeneutics. Accordingly, Mehta’s Pilgrim reflects a what I call a “postcolonial hermeneutics.” If philosophical hermeneutics is in the service of edifying, building up (Bildung) the self, then Mehta’s emphasis on the ruptures and displacements of the self in its encounter with the other reflects a postcolonial sensibility. The chapter ends with a consideration of pilgrimage in an age often associated with the “Europeanization of the Earth.”
Mechanisms of viral-mediated trans-activation of transcription.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the features and characteristics of the E1A trans-activation system besides the related details deriving from other relevant viral systems. The studies of herpes virus trans-activation have provided many details both unique and similar to the E1A system. Each of the DNA viruses that replicates in the nucleus of virus infected cells—as well as many of the retroviruses—encodes a trans-activation function. SV40 T antigen, papillomavirus E2 and E7 gene products, hepatitis B virus pX protein, HIV tat gene product, and HTLV I and II tat gene products function to trans-activate transcription of the respective viral genomes. The characteristics of these systems have also been described in the chapter. Given a process of control through the activation of cellular transcription factors as well as evidence that in some cases, this results in the stimulation of specific cellular genes, a role for these proteins in altering cell proliferation control can be imagined.
A Robust Lane Marking Extraction Algorithm for Self-Driving Vehicles

Vision-based lane detection for intelligent vehicles is a well-researched problem in the past decades. However, there are still many road conditions in which the lane marking extraction is very challenging. In this paper, a new lane marking extraction algorithm that performs better than the traditional Canny edge detector and Hough transform based techniques is proposed. The proposed system uses bird's eye view image with a 2D Gabor filter for lane marker enhancement followed by a marking extraction approach and a Bezier curve fitting technique. Preliminary test results show that the proposed algorithm works very well on highways and urban roads despite various environmental challenges such as shadows due to trees or bridges, road texture variations, and lighting conditions. In addition, the algorithm can run in real time at a rate of 25 frames per second for images of size $1280\times 720$ pixels. Testing computer has Intel Core i7 processor with 8GB RAM and 3.6GHz frequency.
Keying English Learner Students into Mathematical Content: The Things I Notice Approach

Things I Notice is a 3-phase approach to teaching mathematics. In this approach, teachers engage students in deliberately examining and interrogating features of mathematical representations or problem structures by providing independent noticing/thinking time, partner discussion time, and whole-class discussion time. The chapter includes a vignette of a high school teacher who uses the Things I Notice approach with a group of English Language Learners with varied proficiency levels in English. The authors also provide examples of ways in which Things I Notice can be enacted in a classroom to help English Language Learners engage as members of a community of mathematical discourse while supporting their oral academic language development. Finally, the authors provide practical guidelines for selecting and designing Things I Notice tasks, facilitating the approach, and using students’ responses, both verbal and written, to inform instruction.
Oxide layer reduction and formation of an aluminum nitride surface layer during femtosecond laser surface processing of aluminum in nitrogen-rich gases

Femtosecond laser surface processing (FLSP) is a unique material processing technique that can produce self-organized micro/nanostructures on most materials including metals, semiconductors, and dielectrics. These structures have demonstrated the enhancement of surface properties such as heat transfer and broadband light absorption. The chemical composition and morphology of FLSP structures is highly dependent on processing parameters including background gas composition, pressure, laser fluence, and number of laser pulses. When the laser processing is carried out in open atmosphere, a thick oxide layer forms on the FLSP surface structures due to the high reactivity of the surface with the environmental constituents immediately after laser processing. In this work, N2 and forming gas are used during laser processing in an effort to form a metal nitride on the surface of aluminum. Aluminum nitride is a promising material for enhancing the heat transfer performance of surfaces because of its thermal conductivity, which can be as high as 285 W/m-K, whereas aluminum oxide has a low thermal conductivity (30 W/m-K). Aluminum nitride incorporation into FLSP surfaces has the potential to act as a passivation layer to decrease the oxygen content and increase the thermal conductivity of the surface. Nitrogen incorporation is studied by applying FLSP in air, N2, and a 95% N2/5% H2 mixture. The chemical composition of the FLSP surfaces is determined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Cross-sectional analysis of the FLSP microstructures is performed using ion beam milling.
3D Reconstruction and Texture Optimization Using a Sparse Set of RGB-D Cameras

We contribute a new integrated system designed for high-quality 3D reconstructions. The system consists of a sparse set of commodity RGB-D cameras, which allows for fast and accurate scan of objects with multi-view inputs. We propose a robust and efficient tile-based streaming pipeline for geometry reconstruction with TSDF fusion which minimizes memory overhead and calculation cost. Our multi-grid warping method for texture optimization can address misalignments of both global structures and small details due to the errors in multi-camera registration, optical distortions and imprecise geometries. In addition, we apply a global color correction method to reduce color inconsistency among RGB images caused by variations of camera settings. Finally, we demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed system with detailed experiments of multi-view datasets.
Emotion in cognitive processing therapy for PTSD

Abstract The following chapter examines the role of emotions in cognitive processing therapy (CPT) for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). An overview of CPT is provided, with an emphasis on its application and efficacy in treating PTSD in a variety of populations (e.g., military veterans, community samples, and survivors of interpersonal trauma). Although CPT is primarily based on cognitive theory, the role of emotions and emotional processing in treatment is of particular importance in reducing PTSD symptomatology. In the current literature, CPT is shown to not only reduce PTSD symptoms in these populations but also be effective in reducing associated emotions such as guilt, shame, depression, anxiety, fear, and anger. Findings support CPT’s theoretical rationale that, if maladaptive beliefs about trauma are recalibrated to become more balanced and realistic, the emotional response to these beliefs will also become more balanced. Mechanisms of actions are proposed in relation to CPT’s influence on emotions, and a review of limitations and future directions is provided.
Resolving spatial and energetic distributions of trap states in metal halide perovskite solar cells

We report the profiling of spatial and energetic distributions of trap states in metal halide perovskite single-crystalline and polycrystalline solar cells. The trap densities in single crystals varied by five orders of magnitude, with a lowest value of 2 × 1011 per cubic centimeter and most of the deep traps located at crystal surfaces. The charge trap densities of all depths of the interfaces of the polycrystalline films were one to two orders of magnitude greater than that of the film interior, and the trap density at the film interior was still two to three orders of magnitude greater than that in high-quality single crystals. Suprisingly, after surface passivation, most deep traps were detected near the interface of perovskites and hole transport layers, where a large density of nanocrystals were embedded, limiting the efficiency of solar cells.
Abstract ES12-1: Clinical indications of PARP1 inhibitors and other targets

Two PARP1 inhibitors, olaparib and talazoparib, garnered regulatory approvals for the treatment of advanced HER2-negative breast cancer associated with a germline BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation in 2018. The approvals were based on a prolongation of progression-free survival with PARP inhibitor monotherapy compared to non-DNA damaging single agent chemotherapy in the 1st - 4th line metastatic setting. While the availability of these therapies has increased therapeutic options for this group of patients, median progression-free survival ranged from 7 - 8.6 months and no overall survival advantage has been observed to date. While response rates with PARP inhibitor monotherapy are high, development of resistance remains a significant clinical problem. Further, how PARP inhibitor monotherapy compares with platinum-based chemotherapy in this group of patients has been unclear. The recently reported phase III BROCADE 3 clinical trial examining carboplatin and paclitaxel with the addition of veliparib or placebo added important insights. This was the first phase III trial in patients with advanced germline BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation-associated HER2-negative breast cancer that examined the use of a PARP inhibitor combined with DNA damaging chemotherapy in the 1st-3rd line setting followed by blinded monotherapy after discontinuation of chemotherapy. The median progression-free survival was significantly prolonged with the addition of veliparib (14.5 versus 12.6 months) with 26% of patients in the veliparib arm remaining progression-free at 36 months. Median overall survival was 33.5 months in the veliparib arm compared to 28.2 months in placebo with 44% of patients in the placebo arm crossing over to receive veliparib after disease progression. While important differences exist between these three trials, BROCADE 3 has reported the longest progression-free and overall survival to date with PARP inhibitor therapy in advanced germline BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation-associated breast cancer. Beyond BRCA1 and BRCA2, PARP inhibitors are also being investigated in homologous recombination deficient advanced breast cancer in a number of clinical trials. In the Talazoparib Beyond BRCA study, high clinical activity was noted in germline PALB2 mutation carriers. The Olaparib Expanded trial is ongoing. Citation Format: ML Telli. Clinical indications of PARP1 inhibitors and other targets [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2019 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2019 Dec 10-14; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(4 Suppl):Abstract nr ES12-1.
Global Health Learning Outcomes in Pharmacy Students Completing International Advanced Pharmacy Practice Experiences

Objective. To examine the global health learning outcomes of Doctor of Pharmacy (PharmD) students from three US schools who participated in international advanced pharmacy practice experiences (APPEs). Methods. A mixed-methods, prospective study was used to assess fourth-year PharmD students at three US pharmacy schools who participated in an international APPE during the 2017-2018 academic year and a matched cohort (control group) of PharmD students who did not participate in an international APPE. To evaluate students' self-perceived growth in the Consortium of Universities for Global Health (CUGH) competencies, all students completed a 13-item retrospective pre-post instrument using a five-point Likert scale. The students who had completed an international APPE were invited to participate in a focus group (N=22). Paired and independent t tests and multiple linear regression were used to analyze data. Qualitative open-ended questions and focus group data were mapped to knowledge, skills, and attitudes themes. Results. The students who completed an international APPE (N=81) showed significantly more growth in CUGH competencies than students who did not (mean improvement in total score of 10.3 [7.0] vs 2.4 [6.0]). International APPE participation was the only significant predictor of growth in CUGH competencies. The international APPE students reported improvements in cultural awareness and appreciation, communication skills, problem-solving skills, adaptability, self-awareness, personal and professional outlook, and global health perspective. Conclusion. Pharmacy students' participation in international APPEs led to significant improvement in all CUGH competencies. The CUGH competency framework appears to be a suitable instrument to assess pharmacy students' global health learning outcomes.
A non-intrusive optical (NIO) approach to characterize heliostats in utility-scale power tower plants: Methodology and in-situ validation

Abstract No reliable in-situ optical characterization tool is available that can efficiently and accurately measure various optical errors of individual heliostats in a utility-scale power-tower plant. Here, an innovative non-intrusive optical (NIO) approach is proposed to measure mirror surface slope error, mirror facet canting error, and heliostat tracking error based on reflection images using the natural target—the tower—in a heliostat field. The NIO approach adopts various techniques in photogrammetry, reflectometry, and geometrical optics to first determine the camera position and the actual tower position with respect to the heliostat. Then, Snell’s law is applied to find the surface normal at the reflection point or line of a reflection image and derive the surface slope error, mirror facet canting error, and heliostat tracking error accordingly. In addition, an in-situ validation is performed to demonstrate the feasibility of the NIO approach. Analysis with multiple sets of reflection images on one single heliostat of interest demonstrates that the NIO method can achieve a measurement uncertainty of 0.22 mrad for mirror facet slope error (root-mean-square) at the given test conditions. The sensitivity of measurement uncertainty to various parameters will be presented in a separate work. In the future, state-of-the-art unmanned aerial systems (UAS) are planned to perform the efficient image collection with a goal to complete the survey across a utility-scale field of over 10,000 heliostats within one or a few days depending on the number of UASs. The development of the NIO approach is expected to fill the critical gap for successful solar-field operation and maintenance, which is necessary for the global growth of the solar power-tower technology. The NIO approach can also be applied to any relevant industry requiring high-precision mirror surface shape characterization.
Energy allocation in dual-hop communication system: Comparative study

Abstract In this paper, we investigate the optimum energy allocation of dual-hop communication systems with AF protocol where we consider both coherent and differential transmission schemes. First, we demonstrate the performance of dual-hop communication systems in terms of symbol error rate (SER). Then, we carry out the optimum energy allocation which minimizes the error rate. Based on the optimized energy allocation, its effects on system performance are analyzed, and these results are compared with DF-based systems. We also compare the performance of AF-based systems depending on the transmission scheme.
The politics of punctualization and depunctualization in the Digital Advertising Alliance

ABSTRACTDrawing on actor-network theory (ANT), this essay explores the politics of punctualization and depunctualization by closely examining the Digital Advertising Alliance (DAA), an online advertising and marketing trade consortium. I deploy two concepts from actor-network theory, punctualization and depunctualization, as key lenses through which to see the shifting contours of the Digital Advertising Association as it confronts other actor-networks.
Updating search strategies for literature reviews with OUR2D2: an open-source computer application

Background : While writing a scoping review, we needed to update our search strategy. We wanted to capture articles generated by our additional search terms and articles published since our original search. Simultaneously, we strove to optimize project resources by not rescreening articles that had been captured in our original results. Case presentation : In response, we created Open Update Re-run Deduplicate (OUR2D2), a computer application that allows the user to compare search results from a variety of library databases. OUR2D2 supports extensible markup language (XML) files from EndNote and comma-separated values (CSV) files using article titles for comparisons. We conducted unit tests to ensure appropriate functionality as well as accurate data extraction and analysis. We tested OUR2D2 by comparing original and updated search results from PubMed, Embase, Clarivate Web of Science, CINAHL, Scopus, ProQuest Dissertation and Theses, and Lens and estimate that this application saved twenty-one hours of work during the screening process. Conclusions: OUR2D2 could be useful for individuals seeking to update literature review strategies across fields without rescreening articles from previous searches. Because the OUR2D2 source code is freely available with a permissive license, we recommend this application for researchers conducting literature reviews who need to update their search results over time, want a powerful and flexible analysis framework, and may not have access to paid subscription tools.
Nondestructive Evaluation of Fatigue Damage Using Magnetic Measurement Techniques

Fatigue is responsible for most of the mechanically-induced service failures of structural components encountered in industry. Therefore there is a pressing need for the development of nondestructive evaluation (NDE) methods to detect the development of fatigue damage, to monitor its progress and to predict impending failure of components as they come close to the end of their fatigue lives. Magnetic measurements offer promising techniques for these purposes, since the magnetic properties of ferromagnetic materials are sensitive to the microstructural changes caused by fatigue damage [1].
Digital Gaming and Pediatric Obesity: At the Intersection of Science and Social Policy

Children and adolescents in developed countries are heavily immersed in digital media, creating an inexpensive, far-reaching marketing opportunity for the food industry and the gaming industry. However, exposure to nonnutritious food and beverage advertisements combined with the use of stationary media create a conflict between entertainment and public health. Using the popular digital gaming platforms advergames (online games that market branded products) and exergames (video games that involves gross motor activity for play) as exemplars, the following article provides an analysis of the negative and positive health impacts of digital gaming as they relate specifically to overweight and obesity outcomes for children and adolescents. Theoretical explanations including the food marketing defense model, persuasion knowledge model, and social cognitive theory are used to explain the influence of gaming on young players' health. Throughout the article, we discuss the role of public policy to encourage the development and use of health-promoting digital games as an innovative, effective tool to combat the pediatric obesity crisis.
Sleep at High Altitudes

Many physiologic changes occur during ascent to high altitudes, affecting sleep quality directly or indirectly. Periodic breathing during sleep, and sometimes during wakefulness, is the most common ventilatory disturbance that affects normal persons at altitudes greater than 2500 m and contributes in part to sleep fragmentation. Periodic breathing has been reported to correlate with altitude and likely with duration of acclimatization, although there is variability in response between lowlanders and highlanders. The ventilatory disturbances at high altitude could certainly lead to poor sleep quality and impaired daytime performance but it is not always associated with the development of high-altitude illnesses such as acute mountain sickness or pulmonary edema.
Life History, Neuroendocrinology, and Behavior in Fish

Publisher Summary The rapid diversification of advanced fishes has been associated with the ability in the fishes to express a wide range of sexual phenotypes. These phenotypes can be generated by genetic change over time, or the expression of phenotypic variants in response to environmental or social input. Differences between sexual morphs extend to almost all levels of biological organization, and can include behavior, coloration, signalling structures, brain chemistry and anatomy, endocrinology, body size, gonad size and anatomy, accessory gonadal structures, and external genitalia. Many or most of these traits are expressed as a suite of characters that are typical of a given sex or sexual morph, and transitions between the morphs involve orderly transitions of the host of associated traits. More generally, there appears to be a high degree of neurochemical and neuroendocrinological conservation associated with the production of sexual polymorphism across the vertebrate taxa.
Molecular Testing in Multiple Synchronous Lung Adenocarcinomas Case Report and Literature Review

Discovery of driver mutations in pulmonary adenocarcinoma has revolutionized the field of thoracic oncology with major impact on therapy and diagnosis. Testing for EGFR, ALK, and KRAS mutations has become part of everyday practice. We report a case with multiple synchronous primary pulmonary adenocarcinomas in a 72-year-old female with previous history of smoking. The patient presented with cough and bilateral lung ground glass opacities. A positron emission tomography/computed tomography scan showed no activity in mediastinal lymph nodes. She underwent a left upper lobe biopsy and a right upper lobe wedge resection. Pathology revealed 4 morphologically distinct adenocarcinoma foci, suggestive of synchronous primary lung tumors. Molecular testing demonstrated no mutation in the left tumor. Three different driver mutations were present in the right lung tumors: KRAS codon 12 G12D and G12V and EGFR exon 21 L858R mutation, confirming the initial histologic impression. Subsequently, left upper lobe lobectomy showed 3 additional foci of adenocarcinoma with different morphologies, suggestive of synchronous primaries as well. No additional molecular testing was performed. Synchronous pulmonary adenocarcinomas are not uncommon; however, 4 or more synchronous tumors are rare. Distinguishing multiple primary tumors from intrapulmonary metastases is a common problem in thoracic oncology with major implications for staging, prognosis, and treatment. Lung adenocarcinoma subclassification based on predominant and coexisting histologic patterns can greatly facilitate differentiation between intrapulmonary metastases and multiple synchronous tumors. Use of molecular profiling is recommended since it further increases confidence in the diagnostic workup of multiple pulmonary adenocarcinomas and helps guiding therapy.
Elastic Lateral Buckling of Steel Beams

A general numerical procedure for the determination of lateral-torsional critical buckling loads for elastic beams of singly symmetric I-section is presented. The procedure mades use of finite element techniques, and is applicable to beams with arbitrary vertical and lateral supports and arbitrary loading. Expressions for elastic and geometric stiffnesses are developed, the solution of the eigenvalue problem is considered, and examples are presented. The method can be extended to the inelastic case.
The intelligibility of synthesized speech in data inquiry systems

Recent improvements in speech technology have made synthetic speech a viable form of system feedback. However, little is known about the effects of various speech parameters on speech intelligibility and system performance. Experiment 1 examined the effect of situational context clues and speech rate on synthesized speech intelligibility. Subjects who received pragmatic context information prior to each message had transcription error rates 50% lower than those who received no context information. Speech rates of 250 words per minute (wpm) yielded significantly more transcription errors and longer response latencies than rates of 180 wpm. In Experiment 2 the effects of speech rate, message repetition, and location of information in a message were examined. Transcription accuracy was best for messages spoken at 150 or 180 wpm and for messages repeated either twice or three times. Words at the end of messages were transcribed more accurately than words at the beginning of messages. Subjective ratings indica...
Implications of the giant planets for the formation and evolution of Planetary Systems

The giant planet region in our Solar System appears to be bounded inside by the limit of water condensation, suggesting that the most abundant astrophysical condensate plays an important role in giant planet formation. Indeed, Jupiter and Saturn exhibit evidence for rock and/or ice cores or central concentrations that probably accumulated first, acting as nuclei for subsequent gas accumulation. This is a "planetary" accumulation process, distinct from the stellar formation process, even though most of Jupiter has a similar composition to the primordial Sun. Uranus and Neptune are more complicated and imperfectly understood, but appear to exhibit evidence of an important role for giant impacts in their structure and evolution. Despite some interesting systematics among the four major planets and their satellites, no simple picture emerges for the temperature structure of the solar nebula from observations alone. However, it seems likely that Jupiter is the key to our planetary system and a similar planet could be expected for other systems. The data and inferences of these data are summarized for the entire known Solar System beyond the asteroid belt.
Minimizing deviation from service curve in forward link of DS-CDMA network

In a direct sequence code division multiple access (DS-CDMA) based cellular network, meeting the diverse quality of service (QoS) needs of mobile hosts (MHs) is a challenge because of the fluctuations in the quality of the wireless channel. The QoS needs of the MHs application are modelled using a service curve. Furthermore, a notion of deviation is introduced as a measure of meeting the service curve. The paper describes a forward link scheme whose primary objective is to minimize system deviation from the service curve and the secondary objective is to maximize the system throughput. The solution includes constraints on the transmit power of the base station (BS), number of spreading codes and target signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) for the MHs.
The Glazing of Vacuum‐Evaporated Gold‐Chromium Films with a Lead‐Containing Glass at 775°C

The glazing of vacuum‐evaporated gold‐chromium duplex films on alumina substrates at 775°C using a lead‐containing glass has been investigated. This process forms a part in the construction of a multilayer hybrid circuit. A detailed examination of a unique glazing defect using electron beam analytical facilities has led to the identification of a fine needlelike deposit associated with the defect as single crystals of the compound .Examination of the other characteristic features of the defect, a central black spot and a porous gold film, has involved a study of the thermal stability of gold‐chromium duplex films under nonglazing and glazing conditions. From the nonglazing experiments it is concluded that the chromium content of the needlelike deposit results from grain boundary diffusion of chromium through the gold film to be followed by oxidation at the gold/air interface during the heating cycle of the glazing schedule. The resistivity changes observed to occur in films at 400°C appear qualitatively consistent with this view. The cohesion and adhesion of gold chromium films of various thickness ratios were found to be maintained or improved after heating at 775° C for 2 hr. Glazing the as‐deposited film gives rise to attack of the gold film by the lead constituent of the glass causing the black spot and a porous gold film.
A theoretical study of the chelation complex comprising formate ions, calcium ion and water of hydration

Abstract Ab initio calculations at the STO-3G level have been performed on the binding of Ca(H) ion to two formate ions. Two logical chelation structures have been studied with and without water of solvation. Differential solvation effects are found to be sufficiently large to invert the order of energetically favored structures.
Epicardial Origin of Cardiac CFU-Fs

The epicardium has been recognized as a source of cardiovascular progenitors during embryogenesis and postnatal life. In this issue of Cell Stem Cell, Chong et al. (2011) identify cardiac CFU-Fs as cardiac-resident cells of epicardial origin with broad multilineage differentiation potential.
The incubation period of cholera: a systematic review

Summary Objectives Recent large cholera outbreaks highlight the need for improved understanding of the pathogenesis and epidemiology of cholera. The incubation period of cholera has important implications for clinical and public health decision-making, yet statements of the incubation period of cholera are often imprecise. Here we characterize the distribution of cholera's incubation period. Methods We conducted a systematic review of the literature for statements of the incubation period of cholera and data that might aid in its estimation. We extracted individual-level data, parametrically estimated the distribution of toxigenic cholera's incubation period, and evaluated evidence for differences between strains. Results The incubation period did not differ by a clinically significant margin between strains (except O1 El Tor Ogawa). We estimate the median incubation period of toxigenic cholera to be 1.4 days (95% CI, 1.3–1.6). Five percent of cholera cases will develop symptoms by 0.5 days (95% CI 0.4–0.5), and 95% by 4.4 days (95% CI 3.9–5.0) after infection. Conclusions We recommend that cholera investigations use a recall period of at least five days to capture relevant exposures; significantly longer than recent risk factor studies from the Haitian epidemic. This characterization of cholera's incubation period can help improve clinical and public health practice and advance epidemiologic research.
The effects of combined nerve resection and cavity preparation and restoration on response dentine formation in rabbit incisors

Abstract This study was carried out to determine the effects of nerve resection and cavity preparation with restoration (CPR) on the formation of response dentine in continually developing rabbit incisor teeth. Resections of the inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) and/or the superior cervical ganglion (SCG) were performed on the right side of 42 adult New Zealand rabbits. Fifteen days were allowed for neural degeneration, after which uniform CPR were placed in both resected and adjacent normal incisors. Half of the operated animals were killed 14 days after CPR placement and the second half, 35 days after. Both radiographic and histological evidence revealed a dramatic increase in dentine deposition following IAN and IAN-SCG with CPR both 14 and 35 days after cavity preparation. The pulps of these neural-resected and CPR incisors were small and limited to the growing end of the tooth. Most of the newly formed dentine appeared regular and without defects; however, the dentine found at the apex was distorted with the appearance of osteodentine. At 14 and 35 days after CPR, the SCG-resected incisors showed no more response dentine formation than adjacent non-resected teeth. Radiographic and histologic appearance of CPR treated incisors indicated they were comparable in size and morphology to the controls.
Surveillance of the Health and Nutritional Status of Rohingya Refugees in Bangladesh

Early in 1992, Bangladesh experienced an influx of Burmese refugees, reaching a total of 263,000 by May. As the health and nutritional status of the refugee population was reportedly poor, a need was felt to collect dependable data through epidemiological surveillance, on which interventions could be based. The nutritional and health status of children was dramatically poor in all camps surveyed and a deterioration was expected in the coming monsoon. Several problem areas could be identified. Based on these findings it was possible to undertake appropriate action and to avert threatening calamities. Epidemiological surveillance is an important monitoring tool to provide reliable data on the health and nutritional status of refugee populations and to help the organizations involved to prioritize and evaluate their actions.
Survey Of High Speed Test Techniques

The emerging technologies for the characterization and production testing of high-speed devices and integrated circuits are reviewed. The continuing progress in the field of semiconductor technologies will, in the near future, demand test techniques to test 10ps to lOOps gate delays, 10 GHz to 100 GHz analog functions and 10,000 to 100,000 gates on a single chip. Clearly, no single test technique would provide a cost-effective answer to all the above demands. A divide-and-conquer approach based on a judicial selection of parametric, functional and high-speed tests will be required. In addition, design-for-test methods need to be pursued which will include on-chip test electronics as well as circuit techniques that minimize the circuit performance sensitivity to allowable process variations. The electron and laser beam based test technologies look very promising and may provide the much needed solutions to not only the high-speed test problem but also to the need for high levels of fault coverage during functional testing.
Comments Concerning ''Equilibrium Phase Diagram of the Ternary 2-Nitrobenzoic Acid + 3-Nitrobenzoic Acid + Acetone System at 283.15 and 313.15 K''

In a recent paper published in this journal Zhao et al. reported the equilibria phase diagram of the ternary 2-nitrobenzoic acid (1) + 3-nitrobenzoic acid (3) + acetone (3) system at both 283.15 and 313.15 K. Schreinemaker’s wet residue method was used to determine the concentrations of the liquid and solid phases. The experimental methodology involved filtering the wet solid residue from an equilibrated saturated solution (the authors state aqueous solution, which I believe should read acetone solution) and then analyzing the collected liquid and solid phases by high-performance liquid chromatography. The authors reported the concentrations as mass% for the ‘‘wet’’ solid phase. The purpose of the present communication is to point to errors that go undetected when experimental data is reported on the ‘‘wet’’ solid phase basis. In Tables 1 and 2, I have reproduced the authors’ experimental solubility data for the ternary 2-nitrobenzoic acid (1) + 3-nitrobenzoic acid (2) + acetone (3) system measured at 283.15 and at 313.15 K. For the third experimental data point in Table 1, the composition of the ‘‘wet’’ solid phase is reported to be 2.55 mass% of 2-nitrobenzoic acid and 70.39 mass% of 3-nitrobenzoic acid, respectively. The remaining 27.06 mass% would be acetone that would have been adsorbed onto the filtered solid residue from the saturated solution. The solid residue was analyzed ‘‘wet,’’ and the chromatographically measured concentrations would include the amounts of 2-nitrobenzoic acid and 3-nitrobenzoic acid absorbed onto the solid residue along with acetone. Through mass balance concentrations, it is possible to subtract the amount of 2-nitrobenzoic acid and 3-nitrobenzoic that would have been absorbed onto the solid residue along with the 27.06 mass% of acetone. For mathematical convenience, I have assumed 100 g total of each phase, so that the mass percentages become the mass of each chemical.
Dynamic multicomponent engineered tissue reorganization and matrix deposition measured with an integrated nonlinear optical microscopy–optical coherence microscopy system

Multicomponent tissue models are viable tools to better understand cell responses in complex environments, but present challenges when investigated with live cell microscopy noninvasively. In this study, integrated nonlinear optical microscopy-optical coherence microscopy (NLOM-OCM) was used to characterize cell interactions within three-dimensional (3-D), multicomponent extracellular matrices. In fibrin-collagen mixtures, 3T3 fibroblasts were observed to recruit both fibrin and collagen fibers while remodeling matrices. Also, NLOM-OCM was used to observe collagen deposition by neonatal human dermal fibroblasts within originally fibrin matrices over an extended time. It was observed that preferentially aligned collagen deposition could be achieved with aligned fibroblasts but that cell alignment could be achieved without aligning the extant extracellular matrix. In summary, this multimodel imaging system has potential for both real-time and longitudinal imaging of living 3-D cultures, which is particularly important for evaluating cell microenvironments in composite scaffolds or serial characterization of engineered tissue constructs during culture.
Isoforms of the phosphorylatable myosin light chain in arterial smooth muscle

Abstract Two isoforms of the phosphorylation myosin light chain of arterial smooth muscle have been identified, at proportions of 15 and 85%. The isoforms have similar tryptic peptide maps and can be mono-, di- and phosphorylated. In intact or homogenized muscle, monophosphorylation and, to a small degree, diphosphorylation occur, whereas in isolated actomyosin diphosphorylation and triphosphorylation are manifested. Serine and threonine residues are phosphorylated in all three systems, but the ratio of phosphothreonine to phosphoserine is much higher in actomyosin than in muscle.