cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hypocoprins A-C: new sesquiterpenoids from the coprophilous fungus Hypocopra rostrata.

Studies of the coprophilous fungus Hypocopra rostrata (TTI-0009, NRRL 66178) isolated from a sample of horse dung collected in Texas led to the isolation of three new sesquiterpenoids that we named hypocoprins A–C (1–3), together with the known fungal metabolite helvolic acid. The new metabolites have a distinctive ring system consisting of fused cyclopropane and cyclodecene units not previously reported from a fungal source. Compounds 1 and 3 moderately inhibited growth of Staphylococcus aureus. The structures of these metabolites were assigned mainly by analysis of 2D NMR and HRESITOFMS data. Relative and absolute configurations were assigned by interpretation of NMR J-values and NOESY data and by application of Mosher’s method. These results represent the first report of chemistry from any strain of the genus Hypocopra.
Physical problems and limits in computer logic

Transistorized computer logic has made steady progress toward higher speeds by reducing the dimensions of circuits and devices. However, even though circuit and device speeds have increased by three orders of magnitude, voltage, current, and power levels have remained about the same. Power dissipation at increasingly higher current densities seems to be leading to difficult thermal problems that will eventually limit the progress of logical circuitry toward higher speeds. This article examines these physical problems and limits, and offers the most directly effective solution to the dilemma?lower operating temperature.
ASHP's clinical skills competition: a problem-solving framework.

Each year, ASHP’s Midyear Clinical Meeting is a rewarding but stressful time for senior pharmacy students as they participate in Personnel Placement Service interviews, the residency showcase, poster presentations, and sessions aimed at career development. A team of two students from each of the
Analysis of dose distributions in whole body superficial electron therapy

Abstract Electron depth doses have been measured to study the inhomogeneity of dose in multiple field superficial whole body and large field electron therapy. Single field data were taken on circular phantoms as a function of incident angle for electron energies of 4 and 7 MeV. Multiple field distributions were obtained by addition of appropriate single field data. The relevance of these depth dose distributions to body shape phantoms has been evaluated. Bremsstrahlung dose as a function of the number of fields used has been studied.
Symbiotic chemoautotrophic bacteria in marine invertebrates from sulphide-rich habitats

The primary base of the food chain of the dense animal populations found clustered around deep-sea hydrothermal vents1,2 appears to be chemoautotrophic bacteria, whose energy source is geothermally reduced hydrogen sulphide emitted from the vents3,4. Recently, a symbiotic association has been postulated5 between chemoautotrophic sulphur-oxidizing bacteria and the vent tubeworm, Riftia pachyptila Jones (phylum Pogonophora) on the basis of histological5 and enzymatic6 evidence. Hydrothermal vents thus appear to be a spectacular example of the role of reduced inorganic elements in animal nutrition. Marine muds and salt marsh sediments also produce a continuous supply of reduced sulphur compounds7,8, so the possibility arises that they support similar symbiotic associations5,9. I now present microscopic, enzymatic, and physiological evidence for the occurrence of intracellular sulphur-oxidizing chemoautotrophic bacteria in a bivalve, Solemya velum Say (phylum Mollusca), found in reducing muds of eelgrass beds. Bacterial symbionts were also observed in other animals from a variety of sulphide-rich habitats. It thus seems that symbiotic relationships with bacteria are widespread among sulphide-habitat marine invertebrates, and may have a significant role in their nutrition.
Sustained release of a p38 inhibitor from non-inflammatory microspheres inhibits cardiac dysfunction.

A new polymer is investigated as a drug-delivery vehicle for the treatment of inflammatory diseases, such as cardiac dysfunction. The biocompatibility, neutral degradation products and controlled-release properties of the polyketal microparticles indicate the material’s promising future in inflammation inhibition. Cardiac dysfunction following acute myocardial infarction is a major cause of death in the world and there is a compelling need for new therapeutic strategies. In this report we demonstrate that a direct cardiac injection of drug-loaded microparticles, formulated from the polymer poly(cyclohexane-1,4-diylacetone dimethylene ketal) (PCADK), improves cardiac function following myocardial infarction. Drug-delivery vehicles have great potential to improve the treatment of cardiac dysfunction by sustaining high concentrations of therapeutics within the damaged myocardium. PCADK is unique among currently used polymers in drug delivery in that its hydrolysis generates neutral degradation products. We show here that PCADK causes minimal tissue inflammatory response, thus enabling PCADK for the treatment of inflammatory diseases, such as cardiac dysfunction. PCADK holds great promise for treating myocardial infarction and other inflammatory diseases given its neutral, biocompatible degradation products and its ability to deliver a wide range of therapeutics.
Relationship between Range of Examples and of Instructions and Attention in Concept Attainment

AbstractThe utility of signal detection theory as a framework for the interpretation of concept acquisition was studied in three experiments involving preschool children. In the first two experiments, one group was taught an unfamiliar line angle concept with an example sequence containing minimally different, juxtaposed positive and negative examples and the other group was taught the same concept with a sequence of positive examples. In both experiments, preschoolers taught with the sequence containing positive and negative examples correctly identified significantly more transfer items than the positive only group. In the third experiment, one group was taught an unfamiliar line angle concept with consistent wording from example to example. The other group was taught with instructions that changed from example to example. Subjects in the consistent group identified significantly more posttraining test items but did no better during transfer testing. The results are discussed in terms of signal strength...
The Evaluation of International Development Programs: A View from the Front.

International program evaluation is a booming business, with important and challenging evaluations of development programs being conducted in almost every country in the developing world. However, many U.S. domestic evaluation practitioners are not yet familiar with this field. Evaluators of international development programs normally must operate in a very different environment than one would expect to find when evaluating U.S. programs. These differences are discussed and a number of promising developments and methodological approaches are described here. I conclude by suggesting a number of areas in which a closer exchange of experiences between U.S. evaluation practitioners and their colleagues from developing countries could be mutually beneficial.
Complications of gamma knife surgery for Parkinson disease.

Background: Many medical centers throughout the world offer radiosurgery with the gamma knife (GK) for pallidotomy and thalamotomy as a safe and effective alternative to radiofrequency ablative surgery and deep brain stimulation for Parkinson disease (PD). The reported incidence of significant complications varies considerably, and the long-term complication rate remains unknown. Design: We describe 8 patients seen during an 8-month period referred for complications of GK surgery for PD. Results: Of the 8 patients, 1 died as a result of complications, including dysphagia and aspiration pneumonia. Other complications included hemiplegia, homonymous visual field deficit, hand weakness, dysarthria, hypophonia, aphasia, arm and face numbness, and pseudobulbar laughter. In all patients, lesions were significantly off target. Conclusions: The 8 patients with PD seen in referral at our center for complications of GK surgery highlight a spectrum of potential problems associated with this procedure. These include lesion accuracy and size and the delayed development of neurological complications secondary to radiation necrosis. Gamma knife surgery may have a higher complication rate than has been previously appreciated due to delayed onset and underreporting. We believe that the risk-benefit ratio of the GK will require further scrutiny when considering pallidotomy or thalamotomy in patients with PD. Physicians using this technique should carefully follow up patients postoperatively for delayed complications, and fully inform patients of these potential risks.
Structural Basis of DNA Recognition by the Alternative Sigma-Factor, σ54

Abstract The σ subunit of bacterial RNA polymerase (RNAP) regulates gene expression by directing RNAP to specific promoters. Unlike σ 70 -type proteins, the alternative σ factor, σ 54 , requires interaction with an ATPase to open DNA. We present the solution structure of the C-terminal domain of σ 54 bound to the −24 promoter element, in which the conserved RpoN box motif inserts into the major groove of the DNA. This structure elucidates the basis for sequence specific recognition of the −24 element, orients σ 54 on the promoter, and suggests how the C-terminal domain of σ 54 interacts with RNAP.
Self-Excited Shear-Layer Oscillations in a Multi-Cavity Channel With a Steady Mean Velocity

Etude par analyse de Fourier du signal de sondes a film chaud des frequences d'apparition d'oscillations coherentes de la couche cisaillee
Programming and controlling self-folding robots

This paper describes a robot in the form of a self-folding sheet that is capable of origami-style autonomous folding. We describe the hardware device we designed and fabricated. The device is a sheet with a box-pleated pattern and an integrated electronic substrate and actuators. The sheet is programmed and controlled to achieve different shapes using an idea called sticker programming. We describe the sticker controller and its instantiation. We also describe the algorithms for programming and controlling a given sheet to self-fold into a desired shape. Finally we present experiments with a 4×4 hardware device and an 8×8 hardware device.
Differential control during maximal concentric and eccentric loading revealed by characteristics of the electromyogram

Abstract Maximal eccentric loading has been associated with higher levels of spindle afferent activity but lower levels of integrated EMG as compared to maximal concentric loading. Elbow flexor EMG was recorded from 17 subjects during concentric (CONC) and eccentric (ECC) elbow flexion at 70° s −1 using a Kin-Com dynamometer. We hypothesized that peak EMG amplitude would be more sensitive to fluctuations in facilitation by the spindle primary afferents via the segmental stretch reflex pathway, and that the mean EMG would be more reflective of the ongoing level of muscle activation. A ratio of peak to mean EMG (P/M EMG ratio) was predicted to be larger during maximal eccentric loading than maximal concentric loading. The peak EMG ( P P
Interdisciplinary research training in a school of nursing.

Abstract Although interdisciplinarity has become a favored model of scholarly inquiry, the assumption that interdisciplinary work is intuitive and can be performed without training is short-sighted. This article describes the implementation of an interdisciplinary research training program within a school of nursing. We describe the key elements of the program and the challenges we encountered. From 2007-2010, eleven trainees from 6 disciplines have been accepted into the program and 7 have completed the program; the trainees have published 12 manuscripts and presented at 10 regional or national meetings. The major challenge has been to sustain and “push the envelope” toward interdisciplinary thinking among the trainees and their mentors, and to assure that they do not revert to their “safer” disciplinary silos. This training program, funded by National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR), has become well-established within the school of nursing and across the entire University campus, and is recognized as a high quality research training program across disciplines, as exemplified by excellent applicants from a number of disciplines.
Control of a passively steered rover using 3-D kinematics

This paper describes and evaluates a 3-D kinematic controller for passively-steered rovers. Passively-steered rovers have no steering motors, but rely on differential wheel velocities to change the axle steer angles. This passive steering design is reliable and efficient but more challenging to control than powered steering designs, especially when driving on rough terrain. A controller based on 2-D kinematics fails to accurately maintain the desired trajectory when traversing obstacles. The presented 3-D kinematic controller uses inertial and proprioceptive sensing to modify commanded steer angles and wheel velocities, greatly improving steering accuracy. Validation in simulation and physical experiments is presented. These results are significant because they establish the viability of the passive-steering configuration for precise navigation.
A Short Introduction to Learning to Rank

Learning to rank refers to machine learning techniques for training the model in a ranking task. Learning to rank is useful for many applications in Information Retrieval, Natural Language Processing, and Data Mining. Intensive studies have been conducted on the problem and significant progress has been made[1],[2]. This short paper gives an introduction to learning to rank, and it specifically explains the fundamental problems, existing approaches, and future work of learning to rank. Several learning to rank methods using SVM techniques are described in details.
Esaki Diode Logic Circuits

The Esaki diode is a potentially low-cost, high-speed two-terminal device exhibiting a short-circuit-stable negative resistance over a portion of its volt-ampere characteristic. By proper biasing and loading, it can be used to perform power amplification and memory functions. In this paper, a variety of digital computer circuits (a result of an early exploratory program) is described which utilizes the above properties. In particular, shift registers, triggers, and counters are presented. The following shift registers are described: 1) A register which consists of one Esaki diode and one conventional diode per stage. Shifting is accomplished with a two-phase square-wave drive. The Esaki diode provides memory and power gain, and the conventional diode provides a unilateral flow of information. 2) A register which combines Esaki diodes with square-loop ferromagnetic cores. Again the Esaki diode provides memory and power gain. Upon application of a single-phase drive, the cores perform a gating operation depending upon the state of the diodes. 3) With the use of Esaki diode-transistor combinations, high-speed circuits are obtained which depend upon the Esaki diodes primarily for memory and the transistors for power gain and unilateral flow of information. The flip-flop and counter circuits to be presented are the following: 1) A binary counter using Esaki diodes with magnetic cores; 2) high-speed flipflops using Esaki diode-transistor combinations.
Hairy cell leukemia variant developing in a background of polycythemia vera.

Abstract We report a case of hairy cell leukemia variant developing in a background of polycythemia vera in a 77-year-old man who presented with lymphocytosis and splenomegaly. Classic hairy cell leukemia in a patient with polycythemia vera has been reported previously, but hairy cell leukemia variant arising in a patient with polycythemia vera has never been described to the best of our knowledge. Initial testing of the peripheral blood showed circulating medium to large leukemic cells with large, centrally placed nuclei, each containing a prominent nucleolus, and some cells showed cytoplasmic projections. A bone marrow biopsy had marked myeloid and erythroid hyperplasia and interstitially distributed cells with a fried-egg appearance. We verified a monoclonal B-cell population by flow cytometric analysis, which revealed expression of bright CD11c, CD22, and CD103 expression, and a lack of CD25 expression. The patient received a 5-day course of cladribine and subsequently had a complete remission. Approx...
Herbicide Dissipation Studies in Southern Forest Ecosystems

Results of research on the movement of bexazinone, imuapyr, picloram, and sulfomet- uron in first-order watersheds in the southern United States are presented. Herbicides contaminate surface waters to varying degrees, depending on application rate, method of application, product formulation, and site-spezific characteristics. Highest concentrations are observed in streams in ephem- eral pulses during the first three storm events after application. Stre+mside management zones greatly reduce the amount of herbicide entering streams from forestry applications. Soil persistence of her- bicides is highly variable and a function of many site characteristics. Plant residues have been mon- itored and found to dissipate rapidly, with half-lives ~40 d.
Improved viscoelastic zein-starch doughs for leavened gluten-free breads: Their rheology and microstructure

Gluten-free bread was prepared from commercial zein (20 g), maize starch (80 g), water (75 g), saccharose, NaCl and dry yeast by mixing above zein's glass transition temperature (Tg) at 40°C. Addition of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC, 2 g) significantly improved quality, and the resulting bread resembled wheat bread having a regular, fine crumb grain, a round top and good aeration (specific volume 3.2 ml/g). In model studies, HPMC stabilized gas bubbles well. Additionally, laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM) revealed finer zein strands in the dough when HPMC was present, while dynamic oscillatory tests showed that HPMC rendered gluten-like hydrated zein above its Tg softer (i.e. |G*| was significantly lower). LSCM revealed that cooling below Tg alone did not destroy the zein strands; however, upon mechanical impact below Tg, they shattered into small pieces. When such dough was heated above Tg and then remixed, zein strands did not reform, and this dough lacked resistance in uniaxial extension tests. When within the breadmaking process, dough was cooled below Tg and subsequently reheated, breads had large void spaces under the crust. Likely, expanding gas bubbles broke zein strands below Tg resulting in structural weakness.
Neuroplasticity, axonal guidance and micro-RNA genes are associated with morphine self-administration behavior

Neuroadaptations in the ventral striatum (VS) and ventral midbrain (VMB) following chronic opioid administration are thought to contribute to the pathogenesis and persistence of opiate addiction. In order to identify candidate genes involved in these neuroadaptations, we utilized a behavior-genetics strategy designed to associate contingent intravenous drug self-administration with specific patterns of gene expression in inbred mice differentially predisposed to the rewarding effects of morphine. In a Yoked-control paradigm, C57BL/6J mice showed clear morphine-reinforced behavior, whereas DBA/2J mice did not. Moreover, the Yoked-control paradigm revealed the powerful consequences of self-administration versus passive administration at the level of gene expression. Morphine self-administration in the C57BL/6J mice uniquely up- or down-regulated 237 genes in the VS and 131 genes in the VMB. Interestingly, only a handful of the C57BL/6J self-administration genes (<3%) exhibited a similar expression pattern in the DBA/2J mice. Hence, specific sets of genes could be confidently assigned to regional effects of morphine in a contingent- and genotype-dependent manner. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that neuroplasticity, axonal guidance and micro-RNAs (miRNAs) were among the key themes associated with drug self-administration. Noteworthy were the primary miRNA genes H19 and micro-RNA containing gene (Mirg), processed, respectively, to mature miRNAs miR-675 and miR-154, because they are prime candidates to mediate network-like changes in responses to chronic drug administration. These miRNAs have postulated roles in dopaminergic neuron differentiation and mu-opioid receptor regulation. The strategic approach designed to focus on reinforcement-associated genes provides new insight into the role of neuroplasticity pathways and miRNAs in drug addiction.
A Geographic Information Science (GISci) Approach to Evaluating Airboat use in the Florida Everglades

The Florida Everglades are subtropical marshlands located in the southern portion of the United States state of Florida. Over the past few decades, municipal encroachment has impacted the ecosystem through numerous recreational activities. One particular activity involves ecotourism and the use of airboats to transport customers to unique locations. This study considered the impact of airboat use created by such transportation activities. Remote Sensing, Geographic Information Systems and Global Positioning Systems where used to analyze the impact of airboat use. The total length of airboat trails and total length based on width where compared with total area of vegetation. Comparisons among percent area of vegetation and the average total length of airboat trails by region, along with the difference between the percent vegetation near and far where all analyzed. A significant positive correlation was found between airboat trails ges 10 meters (m) wide and total area of cattail and between airboat trails ges 10m wide and airboat trails ges3m wide.
Underground Movement in a Missionary Church: The Baha'i Faith in British Cameroons, 1952–1962

Today about one million Baha'is live in Africa. The Baha'i Faith was introduced to the British Cameroons in the early 1950s and spread as a new movement within the networks of the Basel Mission, a Swiss Presbyterian missionary society. Enoch Olinga, an educated African convert from Uganda, was able to act at the centre of the movement without outside supervision and invent new forms of Baha'i identity. His successes are examined, as well as the responses of European missionaries and lay African Christians. African traditional religious practices may have also contributed to rapid Baha'i conversions.
TREATMENT OF HIV INFECTION AND ITS COMPLICATIONS

Because the AIDS epidemic continues to grow, there is a sense of urgency to develop new treatment strategies, both for HIV infection and for AIDS-related illnesses. The rapid gathering of basic information related to HIV type 1 biology and opportunistic infections has led to an explosion in physicians' ability to diagnose, prevent, and treat HIV disease and its associated complications. Research in this rapidly evolving field is likely to lead to further advances in the months and years that follow.
High plasma neurotensin levels in children with Prader-Willi syndrome.

Prader–Willi syndrome (PWS) is an obesity-related genetic condition, most commonly due to a paternal deletion of the chromosome 15q11-q13 region. PWS is characterized by growth hormone deficiency, infantile hypotonia and feeding problems, hypogenitalism/hypogonadism, increased pain threshold and thermal instability, decreased gastric motility, and hyperphagia in childhood leading to severe obesity. Neuro-endocrine peptides are known to influence gastric function and pain sensation which led us to measure a specific peptide that may be involved [i.e., neurotensin (NT)] in PWS and compared with unrelated control siblings. Overnight fasting plasma NT levels were obtained from 23 children with confirmed PWS (age: 8.2 ± 2.0 years; range: 5–11 years) and 18 unaffected, unrelated siblings (age: 8.2 ± 2.3 years; range: 5–11 years) and measured using Multiplex sandwich immunoassays with the Luminex magnetic-bead based platform. Plasma NT levels were natural log-transformed and analyzed by ANOVA with adjustments for age, gender, and body mass index (BMI). No difference was found in plasma NT levels for gender, age or BMI or significant correlations seen with age or BMI. Higher plasma NT levels (P < 0.001) were seen in PWS children (mean of 626 ± 238 pg/ml) compared with unaffected, unrelated siblings (mean of 371 ± 236 pg/ml). Plasma levels were also higher in children with maternal disomy 15 (736 ± 182 pg/ml) compared with those having the deletion subtype (548 ± 247 pg/ml, P < 0.04). Although no measures for pain threshold, thermal instability or gastric motility were performed in our study participants, higher plasma NT levels were found in PWS children. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Low recombination frequency for markers very near the origin in conjugation in E. coli

By performing matings using various Hfr strains having different origins of transfer, it has been observed that male chromosomal markers located very near the origin of transfer in conjugation in E. coli appear in recombinants with a lower frequency than expected from an extrapolation of the transfer gradient. The effect is greatest for markers closest to the origin, and becomes negligible for markers transferred more than 4–5 min. after the origin. The results suggest that in the zygote a random cross-over between male and female genomes is necessary somewhere between the origin and any male marker in order for that marker to appear in a viable recombinant. It was also deduced that the entry time for the origin itself occurs after a 3–5 min. delay after mixing male and female cells together.
Designing Infrastructures: Dilemmas of Design and the Reliability of Critical Infrastructures

Critical infrastructures (CIs) are ‘balky systems’ of highly diverse, networked components with such high performance variations among them that there are few modal behaviors that characterize these infrastructures as whole systems. Consequently, they are under-determined with respect to design principles and the control variables available to operators. These features raise significant reliability challenges in the management of CIs. In particular, formal design strategies increasingly applied to these infrastructures threaten to undermine the skills and cognitive capacities of control operators and middle-level ‘reliability professionals’ to manage them reliably and safely. We investigate these challenges and propose new design principles to protect and enhance high reliability management in CIs.
Inclusive Attitudes, Strengths, and Weaknesses of Pre-service General Educators Enrolled in a Curriculum Infusion Teacher Preparation Program

The inclusive attitudes of 181 undergraduate preservice general educators were measured using modified versions of the Opinions Relative to Integration of Students with Disabilities scale. A series...
Reduction of phase noise in passively mode-locked lasers

The phase noise of a colliding-pulse mode-locked ring dye laser and a coupled-cavity mode-locked color-center laser has been reduced by up to two orders of magnitude in the 50-500 Hz range by referencing the cavity frequency of the optical resonators to that of an electronic oscillator. Using this technique a common reference is available to provide a direct electronic signal to the deflection electronics of a synchroscan streak camera so that real-time phase error detection can be achieved. >
Competing discourses of nature in exurbia

This paper explores different ways that the category of nature is used in addressing landscape changes associated with exurbia and exurbanization. Nature is an important category in the practices and representations that residents and planners use to construct and maintain exurban landscapes. However, common ways of mobilizing nature in exurban planning discourses often obstruct better discussion, rather than facilitate it. Invoking nature can make planning processes more difficult by providing a means for naturalizing planning decisions and also by exacerbating struggles over whose nature will be managed in what ways. More explicitly framing what is meant by nature in exurban planning may improve discussion of landscape problems associated with sprawl. The goal of this paper is to contribute to creating a framework for more actively contextualizing how “nature” is used in discourses relating to exurbanization. I suggest that such a framework would need to consider—and make explicit—themes such as the four that I discuss in this paper: (1) the centrality of the production of nature to exurban landscapes; (2) multiple meanings of nature that are often confused; (3) ways that normative statements about nature tend to be unquestioned in exurban planning; and (4) the simultaneous difficulty and usefulness of critiquing and “denaturalizing” both material and discursive nature. Explicit conversations about the role and representation of nature within residents’ and managers’ land-use practices and ideologies could create opportunities for dialogue between residents, planners, and academics about the valuation of and preferences for constructing particular landscapes, especially in addressing problematic aspects of the phenomena of “amenity migration” and “sprawl.”
Inducible sustained ventricular tachycardia refractory to individual class I drugs: effect of adding a second class I drug.

Abstract As class I drugs often fail to control ventricular tachycardia when used individually, two such drugs may be combined in an attempt to increase efficacy. The effect of combinations of class I drugs was tested in nine patients undergoing electrophysiologic study for documented ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation, in whom single class I drugs failed to prevent the induction of sustained ventricular tachycardia. By study design, all patients had inducible ventricular tachycardia during the control study, after receiving intravenous procainamide, 1306 ± 243 mg alone, oral quinidine, 1600 ± 0 mg alone, and in five patients, oral disopyramide, 1200 ± 0 mg alone. After oral quinidine and (on a subsequent day) oral disopyramide were found to be ineffective, intravenous procainamide was added and the study was repeated. All patients continued to have inducible sustained ventricular tachycardia despite the addition of procainamide. All showed an increase in tachycardia cycle length; quinidine alone vs qunidine plus procainamide, 351 ± 61 vs 499 ± 65 msec, p p
Rare Coding Variation and Risk of Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Background and Purpose—Intracerebral hemorrhage has a substantial genetic component. We performed a preliminary search for rare coding variants associated with intracerebral hemorrhage. Methods—A total of 757 cases and 795 controls were genotyped using the Illumina HumanExome Beadchip (Illumina, Inc, San Diego, CA). Meta-analyses of single-variant and gene-based association were computed. Results—No rare coding variants were associated with intracerebral hemorrhage. Three common variants on chromosome 19q13 at an established susceptibility locus, encompassing TOMM40, APOE, and APOC1, met genome-wide significance (P<5e−08). After adjusting for the APOE epsilon alleles, this locus was no longer convincingly associated with intracerebral hemorrhage. No gene reached genome-wide significance level in gene-based association testing. Conclusions—Although no coding variants of large effect were detected, this study further underscores a major challenge for the study of genetic susceptibility loci; large sample si...
Source Monitoring Reduces the Suggestibility of Preschool Children

The relation between source monitoring and suggestibility was examined among preschool children. Thirty-two 3- to 5-year-olds were simultaneously presented with a brief story in two different modalities, as a silent video vignette and a spoken narrative. Each modality presented unique information about the story, but the information in the two versions was mutually compatible. The children were then asked a series of questions, including questions about the source (modality) of story details, and leading questions about story details (to assess suggestibility). Performance on the source-monitoring questions was highly correlated with the ability to resist suggestion. In addition, children who were asked source-monitoring questions prior to leading questioning were less susceptible to suggestion than were those who were asked the leading questions first. This study provides evidence that source monitoring can play a causal role in reducing the suggestibility of preschool children.
Nanoporous, hypercrosslinked polypyrroles: effect of crosslinking moiety on pore size and selective gas adsorption

Nanoporous, hypercrosslinked polypyrroles with surface areas of up to 720 m2 g−1 have been prepared; their pore sizes and gas adsorption selectivities were controlled by varying the size of the crosslinking units.
What’s Downstream? A Set of Classroom Exercises to Help Students Understand Recessive Epistasis

Undergraduate students in genetics and developmental biology courses often struggle with the concept of epistasis because they are unaware that the logic of gene interactions differs between enzymatic pathways and signaling pathways. If students try to develop and memorize a single simple rule for predicting epistatic relationships without taking into account the nature of the pathway under consideration, they can become confused by cases where the rule does not apply. To remedy this problem, we developed a short pre-/post-test, an in-class activity for small groups, and a series of clicker questions about recessive epistasis in the context of a signaling pathway that intersects with an enzymatic pathway. We also developed a series of homework problems that provide deliberate practice in applying concepts in epistasis to different pathways and experimental situations. Students show significant improvement from pretest to posttest, and perform well on homework and exam questions following this activity. Here we describe these materials, as well as the formative and summative assessment results from one group of students to show how the activities impact student learning.
Judicial Perceptions of Media Portrayals of Offenders with High Functioning Autistic Spectrum Disorders

In recent years, sensational media reporting focusing on crimes committed by those diagnosed with or thought to have High Functioning Autistic Spectrum Disorders (hfASDs) has caused societal speculation that there is a link between the disorder and violent criminality. No research exists on how and if the judiciary understands and is affected by this coverage. Therefore this study aims to examine how judges perceive and are influenced by media attention surrounding hfASDs and criminality. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 21 California Superior Court Judges, including questions on media portrayal. Judges perceived general media portrayals of hfASDs in both positive and negative ways. However, almost all judges who had experienced media coverage surrounding hfASDs and criminality identified it as misleading and harmful to public perceptions of the disorder. These findings suggest judges are not exempt from media attention surrounding violence and hfASDs, and they recognize the potential adverse effects of this negative coverage. Although judges' report their opinions are not affected, the results demonstrate that judges are worried that the public and potentially other criminal justice actors are adversely affected and will continue to be moving forward.
Analyzing Stakeholders Using Fuzzy Cognitive Mapping

Abstract Stakeholder analysis was first explored as a methodology to assist business leaders with their strategic management functions. Stakeholder analysis has since expanded beyond the corporate arena. Stakeholders are a vital element in all complex systems problems; they are the customers, users, clients, suppliers, employees, regulators, and team members of a system. They fund a system, design it, build it, operate it, maintain it, and dispose of it. Each stakeholder contributes their own value-added perspective, as described by the systems principle known as complementarity. While many approaches exist for classifying and determining their attitudes, these approaches stop short of evaluating stakeholders in a holistic and dynamic manner. This paper closes this research gap by discussing an approach to managing stakeholders using fuzzy cognitive mapping, an approach which allows for qualitative and quantitative evaluation of stakeholders on a given problem. The developed approach extends previous work by the author to showcase how stakeholders may be mapped holistically and dynamically.
Water Dissociation on CeO2(100) and CeO2(111) Thin Films

This study reports and compares the adsorption and dissociation of water on oxidized and reduced CeO2(100) and CeO2(111) thin films. Water adsorbs dissociatively on both surfaces. On fully oxidized...
Integrating Rule-Based Systems and Data Analytics Tools Using Open Standard PMML

Rule-based expert systems such as CLIPS (C Language Integrated Production System) are 1) based on inductive (if-then) rules to elicit domain knowledge and 2) designed to reason new knowledge based on existing knowledge and given inputs. Recently, data mining techniques have been advocated for discovering knowledge from massive historical or real-time sensor data. Combining top-down expert-driven rule models with bottom-up data-driven prediction models facilitates enrichment and improvement of the predefined knowledge in an expert system with data-driven insights. However, combining is possible only if there is a common and formal representation of these models so that they are capable of being exchanged, reused, and orchestrated among different authoring tools. This paper investigates the open standard PMML (Predictive Model Mockup Language) in integrating rule-based expert systems with data analytics tools, so that a decision maker would have access to powerful tools in dealing with both reasoning-intensive tasks and data-intensive tasks. We present a process planning use case in the manufacturing domain, which is originally implemented as a CLIPS-based expert system. Different paradigms in interpreting expert system facts and rules as PMML models (and vice versa), as well as challenges in representing and composing these models, have been explored. They will be discussed in detail.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Ideology, Status, and Power in Board-Executive Relationships

Many social workers have long been aware of notable differences in the status, power, and welfare ideology of board mem bers and executives in voluntary agencies. At the same time, the professional literature has usually regarded the board-executive relationship as a partnership in which both have equal status. Interdependence is stressed, rather than domination of one by the other. Conflict is rarely acknowledged and, instead, a harmony of interests and goals is usually regarded as enabling the board and executive to engage in joint decision-making to achieve agency objec tives.1
Pituitary Basophile Hyperplasia and Crooke's Hyaline Changes in Man After ACTH Therapy:

SummaryThe administration of ACTH appears to have produced morphologic changes in the anterior pituitary of two patients. These changes consisted of an increase in the total number of basophiles, Crooke's hyaline cytoplasmic changes in these cells and basophilic stippling of many of the chromophobes. It is possible that these changes reflect the storage of endogenous ACTH following stimulation of the adrenal cortex by the therapeutic administration of this hormone.
Flow Characterization in an ESP Pump Using Conductivity Measurements

Electrical Submersible Pumps (ESPs) are used in upstream petroleum industry for pumping liquid-gas mixtures. The presence of gas in the flow reduces the efficiency of ESPs. To investigate the effect of gas in the flow medium, Electrical Resistance Tomography (ERT) is performed on the two diffuser stages in a three-stage ESP which was manufactured by Baker Hughes Company. In an ERT system, the relative conductivity of the two-phase fluid mixture in comparison with the conductivity of pure liquid is measured which is used to obtain the Gas Volume Fraction (GVF) and mixture concentration. The measured GVF and concentration is used to characterize the flow for different flow rates of water and air, inlet pressures and rotating speeds.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Interaction of BODIPY dyes with bovine serum albumin: a case study on the aggregation of a click-BODIPY dye

The fluorescence of BODIPY and click-BODIPY dyes was found to substantially increase in the presence of bovine serum albumin (BSA). BSA acted as a solubilizer for dye aggregates, in addition to being a conventional binding scaffold for the click-BODIPY dyes, indicating that disaggregation of fluorophores should be considered when evaluating dye–protein interactions.
Dad’s Last Week

I had intended to spend our spring break week in Montana with my kids and my dad, going to parks and museums together. Instead, I spent the week in the hospital, helping my dad make end-of-life choices and learning more about the importance of communication in health care settings and the preciousness of close relationships in life. I am a better person and a better physician because my dad trusted me to be there while he was dying. During his last week, I was grateful to have spent years studying medicine and years getting to know my dad. This combination of professional and personal knowledge enabled me to help him choose his own end-of-life path. As someone who does not like hospitals, I have always wondered why I became a doctor; now I know.
Beta-2-Microglobulins as a Differentiation Marker in Bladder Cancer

AbstractThe transformation of a normal cell through dysplasia to the malignant state usually is associated with changes at the molecular level within the nucleus, cytoplasm and cell surface. These changes can be monitored by the loss of normal cell surface antigens, such as the blood group antigen ABO(H) and major histocompatibility complex antigens, which in the human correlate with the histocompatibility locus antigens. A group of patients with bladder biopsy and diagnosis ranging from normal through severe dysplasia to papillary transitional cell carcinoma, invasive transitional cell carcinoma and carcinoma in situ were evaluated for the presence or absence of beta-2-microglobulin. This 11,000 molecular weight protein was used as an indirect marker for the major histocompatibility complex antigens on the cell surface. With immunoperoxidase as a marker, the presence of beta-2-microglobulin was seen in all patients with normal epithelium as well as benign disease. However, with progression through dyspla...
Fixing the Number of Factors: The Scientific Model

Before proceeding to the art of rotation, which gives the unique resolution ultimately needed as the solution to a factorial investigation, we need to return to base and tidy up some by-passed technical details of the factor extraction process itself. One may hope that the reader has, through the combined algebraic and geometrical approaches, got the conception of a factor as a common source and direction of variance contributing to the observed covariation of several psychological measures. He has, further, become acquainted with the computational process of extracting a series of successively smaller factor variances from the R matrix. The general outline has thus been given for the extraction process but there still remains thorny practical technique details about how we decide the number of factors, how we guess (or, to use a better term “estimate”) the communalities, like those inserted in Table 2.1 and how we finally get to the most accurate form of the unrotated factor matrix. Also we need to note the slight distinctions between the factors from weighted and unweighted summation methods.
A Micro Stenciling Process for Wafer Scale Metallization of Plastic Substrates

In this work, the fabrication of micro stencils for metal patterning on non-conventional substrates was demonstrated. Stencil feature sizes ranging from 10 µm to 270 µm with aspect ratios in the range of less than 1:1 to 15:1 were fabricated using ICP etching of silicon. The stenciling process was demonstrated for the deposition of Ti / Al, Ti / Cu, Ti / Au onto silicon, glass, polyethylene, polycarbonate, polystyrene, polyimide, PMMA, and other materials interesting for micro fluidic system development. The results demonstrated some dependency of the deposition rate on the stencil feature size and aspect ratio (stencil feature height : width). The characteristics of the deposited metal features are described. Adhesion studies were performed using the Scotch Tape test.
Seven Ways to Make Prisons Work

Prisons are often portrayed as inherently inhumane and criminogenic and the explanation proceeds along these lines: prisons’ inhumanity stems from the very nature of total institutions (Goffman 1961); it is not natural for humans to be caged, and enforcing conformity will inevitably lead to coercion (Zimbardo 2007) and use of the “hole,” if not physical brutality (Rothman 1980) and psychic manipulation (Foucault 1977). The omnipresent pains of imprisonment will result in adaptations in which inmates bind closer together to resist their subjugation, creating an oppositional culture that only deepens offenders’ commitment to crime (Sykes 1958). In this context, the noble goal of rehabilitation—of correcting prisoners—will be unreachable, as discretionary enforced therapy will become yet another futile tool in the effort to achieve inmate compliance (Martinson 1974; Rothman 1980). Except for the small number of truly predatory criminals for which incapacitation is the only option, imposing a prison sentence has no moral or practical justification. The fact that prisons drain the public treasury, especially when employed on a massive scale, is yet another compelling reason to avoid their use.
Association between chronotype and nonrestorative sleep in a college population

ABSTRACTNonrestorative sleep (NRS), characterized by a lack of refreshment upon awakening, has received little attention in the sleep literature even though it can occur and cause impairment apart from other sleep difficulties associated with insomnia. The Restorative Sleep Questionnaire (RSQ) is one of the first validated self-report instruments for investigating NRS severity, presenting new opportunities to explore what factors predict and perhaps contribute to unrefreshing sleep. The present study sought to determine whether inherent circadian preference for morning or evening activity, known as chronotype, predicted restorative sleep in 164 college undergraduates who completed daily RSQs over 2 weeks. The participants who endorsed greater orientation to evening activity on the morningness–eveningness questionnaire reported significantly less average restorative sleep across their full sampling period, and this association was maintained after accounting for demographic factors, number of sleep-relevan...
High-Resolution STEM and Related Imaging Techniques

Advances in electron optics have made it possible to form electron beams of sub-nanometer diameters, and these beams have enabled high-resolution imaging methods with incoherent scattering at high angles. The origin of this incoherence is discussed. Some practical issues of high-angle annular dark field imaging are presented, and the fortunate effect of electron channeling along ion cores is explained. One of the enabling technologies for this work is an aberration correction system. Methods of Cs correction are described, one in detail. The various higher-order aberrations are classified and enumerated. Some examples of atomic-scale imaging and chemical analysis of individual atoms are shown, with comments on future directions.