cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Initial impact of a clinical laboratory computer system: themes common to expectations and actualities

A longitudinal study is being conducted of a clinical laboratory computer information system's impact. This paper reports on effects that laboratory directors anticipated prior to installation, and effects reported by laboratory technologists 7 months postimplementation. Primary changes caused by the computer system were increases in the amount of paper work performed by technologists, and improvements in laboratory results reporting. The system generally was well accepted, but laboratory technologists differed in their responses to it. Technologists in some laboratories focused on work increases, whereas in other laboratories they emphasized improved information flow. The paper considers how changes in processes and outcomes of work might affect responses to a computer system. It also considers the implementation process, and suggests some areas where management could benefit from an improved understanding of responses to a computer information system.
Fine‐needle aspiration cytology of islet cell tumors

Islet cell tumors of the pancreas are neuroendocrine neoplasms whose biologic behavior has been well characterized. Frequently, these tumors produce one or more hormones which may strongly affect the patients' clinical presentation. In this study, we have examined fine-needle aspirates (FNA) from 13 islet cell tumors and have summarized their cytomorphologic appearances. The smears prepared from aspirates of the islet cell tumors displayed loose cellular arrangements and numerous single cells, with most cases demonstrating a predominance of single cells over the loose groups. An important diagnostic feature was the uniform appearance of the neoplastic cells. Nuclei were small to moderate in size, always round to oval in shape, and frequently contained small nucleoli. In 11 cases, the nuclear chromatin pattern was finely granular and evenly-distributed while in two cases the chromatin was coarser. Eccentrically located nuclei were commonly found and binucleated cells were seen in one-half of the aspirates. At least a moderate amount of finely granular cytoplasm was always identifiable. Immunocytochemical stains for neuron-specific enolase were positive in all five of our cases in which staining for this marker was attempted and chromogranin was positive in five of six cases. Generally, our cytomorphologic observations were supported by the findings of other investigators as reported in the cytology literature. The cytomorphologic characteristics of islet cell tumors are distinctive, and appropriate ancillary studies can be used to support the FNA diagnosis of this entity.
Halothane and γ-aminobutyric acid in cultured cells of nervous system origin

Abstract C-1300 neuroblastoma and C-6 astrocytoma cells in culture were utilized as models of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) metabolism in neurons and glia, respectively. Both cell lines were exposed to 0, 0.7, 1.0, 1.7, or 3.0% halothane at 37C and pH 7.1 with glucose as substrate. Cellular viability was unaffected by the anesthetic in either cell line. Halothane did not alter cellular content of GABA in C-1300 neuroblastoma cells. However, 0.7 and 1.0% halothane lowered the levels of GABA in C-6 astrocytoma cells which had been provided with fresh medium 18–21 hr prior to anesthetic exposure (fed cells). This response was absent following treatment with 1.7 or 3.0% halothane. Efflux of GABA was decreased by 1% halothane in C-1300 neuroblastoma cells which had not received fresh medium for 48 to 72 hr (starved cells). This response was absent in fed cells. In contrast, starved C-6 astrocytoma cells exhibited an increase in GABA efflux following exposure to all concentrations of halothane. Similar results were observed in fed cells treated with 1% and 3% halothane. These data support the results of previous studies showing an increase in the GABA content of rat brain slices following exposure to halothane; however, they suggest that glia rather than neurons are the major source of the increased levels of GABA.
Impact of Temporary Seaport Closures on Freight Supply Chain Costs

A decision model designed to help stakeholders quantify the productivity impacts of temporary closures of a container seaport on global supply chains is presented. Such closures have many potential causes, including natural disasters, labor disruptions and shortages, and security-related disruptions. Temporary closures result in highly variable product delivery lead times and thus increase supply chain inventory management costs. The decision model is a Markov decision process that determines an optimal inventory management policy and its resultant long-run average cost for a firm operating a supply chain that uses a seaport subject to unexpected closure. Since short port closures typically lead to ships waiting to off-load containers, a simple deterministic queuing approach is used to model port freight processing dynamics. The results of a numerical study indicate that the expected length of a seaport closure more negatively affects supply chain productivity than the probability of closure, for example, causing increases in expected supply chain inventory holding and penalty costs of up to 136%. Furthermore, supply chain firms that do not properly account for port closures during inventory planning can expect significant inventory holding and penalty cost increases, which in some cases eliminate positive operating income. The results indicate the importance of contingency planning and disruption management for all stakeholders, including private firms and public agencies. In addition, results of the study point to the economic importance of investment to increase the processing capabilities of highly utilized seaports immediately following a port closure, when resultant congestion is at its worst levels.
Spectroscopic imaging of the knee with line scan CPMG sequences.

OBJECTIVE A line scan spectroscopic imaging method providing variable T2-weighted spectra from many small voxels along selected tissue columns was applied to study the chemical composition of hematopoietic and fatty marrow in the knees of adults and children. MATERIALS AND METHODS Line scan Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill (CPMG) spectroscopic imaging sequences were implemented on a 1.5 T clinical scanner. Variable T2-weighted proton spectra from 128 locations along 20 cm long, 5 mm2 columns oriented superiorly to inferiorly through knees were collected from eight healthy adults and eight children. RESULTS In adult yellow marrow, olefinic protons, water, a composite lipid proton peak, and methyl/methylene protons contributed 6.4 +/- 0.4, 4.2 +/- 1.5, 7.2 +/- 0.5, and 82.2 +/- 1.9% (mean +/- SD) to the spectra, respectively. Marrow spectra were largely independent of position along the column. Marrow spectra of normal children showed distinct positional dependences. Epiphyseal marrow spectra of children (8-16 years old) resembled adult spectra but with more water (mean 15 vs. 4%). Metaphyseal marrow had higher, variable water content, reflecting the extent of marrow conversion and generally obscuring the olefinic proton peak. CONCLUSIONS Spectroscopic imaging of columns is a time-efficient method for sampling extensive regions of bone marrow with high spatial resolution. It should prove useful for proton spectroscopic studies of hematologic pathologies and conditions requiring the monitoring of lipid composition.
The “Other America” After Welfare Reform: A View from the Nonprofit Sector

SUMMARY This article examines the experiences of private, nonprofit social service agencies and their role in the “social safety net” following the 1996 welfare reforms. Among other concerns, the research suggests that declining welfare rolls are not indicative of widespread poverty reduction and increased self-sufficiency, as many nonprofits, especially those providing emergency food and shelter services, have experienced increasing demands during this time period. On a positive note, the growing role of nonprofit advocacy work emerged as one mechanism for improving the popular and political response to those living in poverty or near poverty conditions.
The gender marketing of toys: An analysis of color and type of toy on the Disney store website.

The purpose of this study was to examine 1) the extent to which the gender marketing of toys on the Internet replicates findings of previous studies of the gendering of toys, and 2) the extent to which toys for “both boys and girls”, a previously overlooked category of toys, share characteristics, such as color and type of toy, with toys marketed for “boys only” or for “girls only”. The sample consisted of the 410 toys listed for boys and the 208 toys listed for girls, including 91 toys that appeared on both lists, on the English language U.S. Disney Store website. The marketing of toys on the Disney Store website is important not only because of the growth in e-commerce, but also because of this company’s global domination of the children’s entertainment industry. Tabular analysis and chi-square revealed that bold colored toys, predominantly red, black, brown, or gray toys, and those that were action figures, building toys, weapons, or small vehicles typified toys for “boys only” on this U.S. website. Pastel colored toys, predominantly pink or purple toys, and those that were dolls, beauty, cosmetics, jewelry, or domestic-oriented typified toys for “girls only”. A majority of toys for “both boys and girls” were mostly “gender-neutral” in type, but they resembled toys for “boys only” in terms of their color palette, presumably to appeal to boys, who are less likely to cross gender lines than girls. The potential impact of the gendering of toys on individuals as well as limitations of this research and suggestions for future research are discussed.
Scaling perceived saturation

Two psychophysical experiments were conducted at North Carolina State University (NCSU) and Rochester Institute of Technology (RIT) to obtain replicated perceived saturation data from color normal observers on the order of one unit of saturation. The same 37 Munsell sample sheets, including up to four references that had similar perceived saturation but different hue, were used in both experiments. Different assessment methods included presenting either four references simultaneously or only one reference at a time to observers and obtaining judged saturation magnitudes for the given Munsell samples. Four saturation models comprising Sab*, Suv*, CIECAM02, as well as Richter/Lubbe, were tested. CIECAM02 gave the best prediction of saturation for data obtained at NCSU while Sab* outperformed other models for the RIT data. For the combined dataset, Sab*, the Richter/Lubbe, and CIECAM02-based saturation models exhibited comparable performances. The Standardized Residual Sum of Squares index was used to measure the inter- and intra-observer variability and goodness of fit. Inter- and intra-observer variability of assessments was smaller than or comparable to those reported for the typical color difference evaluation experiments.
Slow GABA(A) mediated synaptic transmission in rat visual cortex.

Background Previous reports of inhibition in the neocortex suggest that inhibition is mediated predominantly through GABAA receptors exhibiting fast kinetics. Within the hippocampus, it has been shown that GABAA responses can take the form of either fast or slow response kinetics. Our findings indicate, for the first time, that the neocortex displays synaptic responses with slow GABAA receptor mediated inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs). These IPSCs are kinetically and pharmacologically similar to responses found in the hippocampus, although the anatomical specificity of evoked responses is unique from hippocampus. Spontaneous slow GABAA IPSCs were recorded from both pyramidal and inhibitory neurons in rat visual cortex.
Isolation Rearing Effects on Probabilistic Learning and Cognitive Flexibility in Rats

Isolation rearing is a neurodevelopmental manipulation that produces neurochemical, structural, and behavioral alterations in rodents that in many ways are consistent with schizophrenia. Symptoms induced by isolation rearing that mirror clinically relevant aspects of schizophrenia, such as cognitive deficits, open up the possibility of testing putative therapeutics in isolation-reared animals prior to clinical development. We investigated what effect isolation rearing would have on cognitive flexibility, a cognitive function characteristically disrupted in schizophrenia. For this purpose, we assessed cognitive flexibility using between- and within-session probabilistic reversal-learning tasks based on clinical tests. Isolation-reared rats required more sessions, though not more task trials, to acquire criterion performance in the reversal phase of the task, and were slower to adjust their task strategy after reward contingencies were switched. Isolation-reared rats also completed fewer trials and exhibited lower levels of overall activity in the probabilistic reversal-learning task than did the socially reared rats. This finding contrasted with the elevated levels of unconditioned investigatory activity and reduced levels of locomotor habituation that isolation-reared rats displayed in the behavioral pattern monitor. Finally, isolation-reared rats also exhibited sensorimotor gating deficits, reflected by decreased prepulse inhibition of the startle response, consistent with previous studies. We concluded that isolation rearing constitutes a valuable, noninvasive manipulation for modeling schizophrenia-like cognitive deficits and assessing putative therapeutics.
A Method for the Rapid Characterization of Combustion Properties of Liquid Fuels Using a Tubular Burner

Knowledge of the combustion and pollutant emission characteristics is important in the application of both existing and newly developed fuels. A technique for the rapid characterization of flame radiation properties and emission characteristics of liquid fuels was developed for this purpose. Liquid fuel was injected into a heated air stream at known rates with a syringe pump; the feed line was heated (temperature of 425°C) to pre-vaporize the fuel before burning, to avoid the effects of evaporation parameters on measurements. Temperatures of the fuel and air were monitored using K-type thermocouples embedded within the feed lines. A laminar methane-air flame was issued from a stainless steel tubular burner (9.5mm inner diameter) and used as the ignition source. The methane supply was shut off after the onset of the burning of the vaporized liquid fuel, in order to eliminate the effects of burning methane in the measurements. Several liquid fuels were tested, including commercially available petroleum-based No. 2 diesel fuel, canola methyl ester (CME B 100) biodiesel, kerosene, methanol, toluene, and selected alkanes. A steady burning flame was achieved for all fuels. Radiative heat flux measurements were made with a high-sensitivity pyrheliometer and the radiant fraction of heat release calculated. The radiant heat fraction served as an indication of sooting tendency of the fuels. NO, CO, and CO2 emission measurements were also made. The measurements demonstrate the feasibility of the current technique for the rapid characterization of combustion properties of liquid fuels, utilizing small fuel quantities.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Assessment of apparent vena caval penetration by the Greenfield filter

Purpose:To examine and elucidate the mechanisms for apparent “penetration” by Greenfield vena caval filters.Methods:Two filters were placed in the inferior venae cavae (IVC) of four immature sheep ...
Automatic infrasound detection and location of sources in the western United States

A catalog that characterizes sources of regional infrasound observed in the western U.S. (1 November 2010 to 31 October 2012) is produced. Data from nine University of Utah Seismograph Stations infrasonic arrays are supplemented by three additional arrays in Nevada, operated by Southern Methodist University. The detection procedure using an adaptive F-detector provides input into the Bayesian Infrasonic Source Location procedure. The catalog consists of 1510 events with indication of repeated events from many locations such as Dugway Testing Ground, Utah Test and Training Range, and New Bomb. We analyzed the relationship between seasonal variations in the event locations and wind conditions using the Ground-to-Space specifications based on publicly available operational numerical weather prediction data analysis products supplement by empirical models above 80 km. There is significant commonality between this study's bulletin and the Western United States Infrasonic Catalog published by Walker et al. (2011). A previous study utilized infrasound signals detected on the USArray Transportable Array seismic stations (2007–2008). Both results document the vast majority of events that occur during working hours, suggesting a human cause. To illustrate the utility of the event bulletin for exploring atmospheric dynamics, propagation paths of an event detected during the equinox period, when the stratospheric wind is low, were generated using a ray-tracing algorithm. We found that the observations contain stratospheric arrivals, not predicted by ray theory, possibly due to gravity waves increasing the effective jet speed.
Cell and tissue culture: potentials for plant breeding

For the plant breeder, one of the objectives of cell culture systems should be their exploitation for the induction and isolation of mutant cells, which can then be regenerated as mutant plants. While a number of mutations have been recognized in plant cells in vitro , few have had any significance for plant breeding. There are currently a number of constraints to the exploitation of this technology, some of which are related to methodological limitations; these are likely to be overcome, but others, which relate to the nature of the attributes that the plant breeder seeks to modify, are much more intractable. There is scope for exploiting cell cutures as genetic tools, as has already been done with animal cell cultures. In contrast, the culture of organized tissues in the form of meristems or small shoots has begun to be useful a technique for plant breeders, and examples of diverse applications will be discussed. Most exploit the rapid rates of multiplication, and the assured health status of the propagules, that can be attained in culture; there is also the possibility of manipulating the genotype of these tissues. Finally, organ culture, and it is the culture of embryos that is of most interest to the plant breeder in this context, is considered; the value of embryo cultuie as a means of producing novel interspecific and intergeneric hybrids is well recognized. In addition, cultured embryos can be used as experimental systems for studying the biochemistry and molecular biology of storage product synthesis and accumulation.
Synthesis and characterization of osmium(II) trispyrazolylborate complexes.

Treatment of H2OsBr6 with excess 1,5-cyclooctadiene (cod) in boiling tert-butyl alcohol affords the polymer [OsBr2(cod)]x (1), which reacts with acetonitrile to form the mononuclear adduct OsBr2(cod)(CH3CN)2 (2). Polymer 1 reacts with potassium trispyrazolylborate (KTp) in ethanol to afford the hydride TpOs(cod)H (3) and the bromide complex TpOs(cod)Br (4). Bromide complex 4 reacts with sodium methoxide in methanol to afford TpOs(cod)OMe (5), which has been structurally characterized. Treatment of hydride 3 with methyl trifluoromethanesulfonate (MeOTf) in diethyl ether results in loss of methane and formation of the triflate complex TpOs(cod)OTf (6), which reacts with MgMe2 to give the methyl complex TpOs(cod)Me (7). The addition of bis(dimethylphosphino)methane (dmpm) to the known compound TpOs(PPh3)2Cl yields a mixture of the substitution products TpOs(η1-dmpm)(PPh3)Cl (8) and TpOs(η2-dmpm)Cl (9); the latter reacts with methyllithium to generate the methyl compound TpOs(dmpm)Me (10). NMR and IR data for...
Life-style and substance use among male African American urban adolescents: A cluster analytic approach

University of Maryland Baltimore County Cluster analyzed four variables: school attendance, employment, church attendance, and delinquency, to develop life-style profiles. Data from 218 African-American urban adolescents were used in the study. Five meaningful clusters were retained and subjected to criterion validity analyses using measures of spirituality, participation in a voluntary organization, self-esteem, and friend's substance use. The five clusters were then compared on cigarette, alcohol, marijuana, and hard drug use. The results suggest that a life-style that includes an adaptive compensatory behavior component may be more adaptive than a life-style that does not include compensatory behavior. For example, youths who left high school before graduation but were involved in church reported less alcohol and substance use than youths who left school and were not involved in any meaningful instrumental activity. Implications for intervention and future research on high-risk behaviors are discussed.
Reversals of signal-posterior monotonicity for any bounded prior ☆

Abstract Paul Milgrom [Milgrom, P.R., 1981. Goods news and bad news: representation theorems and applications. The Bell Journal of Economics 12, 380–391] showed that if the strict monotone likelihood ratio property (MLRP) does not hold for a conditional distribution then there exists some non-degenerate prior and pair of signals where the higher-signal posterior does not stochastically dominate the lower-signal posterior. We show that for any non-degenerate prior with bounded support there exists a conditional distribution (satisfying several natural properties) and pair of signals such that the lower signal’s posterior stochastically dominates that of the higher signal. Thus, for every bounded prior, higher signals may represent strictly “worse” news.
The nature and fate of natural resins in the geosphere—IV. Middle and Upper Cretaceous amber from the Taimyr Peninsula, Siberia—evidence for a new form of polylabdanoid of resinite and revision of the classification of Class I resinites☆

Abstract Analysis of three amber (resinite) samples collected from Middle and Upper Cretaceous sediments in the Taimyr Peninsula, Siberia, indicates that these materials are based on copolymers of biformene (I) and communol (II). These resinites represent a previously undescribed form of Class I (polylabdanoid) resinite. Definitions of the sub-classes of Class I resinites have been revised (generalized) to recognize the general relation between these samples and other Class Ib resinites, and to facilitate classification of polylabdanoid resinites which do not necessarily incorporate communic (or ozic) acids.
A Study of Heat and Moisture Budgets in the Intense Winter Monsoon over the Warm Ocean Current

Abstract The large-scale sensible and latent beat budgets in the intense winter monsoon over the Kuroshio region are studied with the AMTEX 74 and 75 observations. Energy variables involved in the sensible heat balance and latent beat balance are computed and examined from the surface to 100 mb. They are also compared with the sensible and latent heat supplies from the sea surface, which are independently estimated. The large-scale vertical and horizontal transport processes are important in the local balance of sensible and latent heat. The adiabatic conversion term is also significant in the balance of sensible heat. The boundary layer of the atmosphere appears to be a persistent source of sensible and latent beat. The existence of the apparent sensible and latent heat sources above the boundary layer seems to be related to the prevailing synoptic pattern and existing meso-convective systems. When the winter monsoon dominates over the warm sea, considerable heat energy is transferred from the sea surfac...
Surface Texture and Microstructure Extraction from Multiple Aerial Images

Textures and microstructures on the surfaces of cultural objects, such as buildings and parking lots, provide important information for many military and civilian applications. The extraction of this information from aerial imagery is difficult due to problems arising from perspective distortion, data deficiency, and corruption caused by shadows and occlusions. In this paper we present a generic surface texture and microstructure extraction system to deal with these problems, under the assumption that an initial 3-D geometric site model is given and sufficient camera and light source information is known. The infrastructure of the system is an orthographic facet image library that systematically collects surface intensities from multiple aerial images into a database, eliminates the effects of shadows and occlusions, and forms a complete and consistent surface intensity representation. A robust, local intensity based image analysis module is designed to symbolically extract surface microstructures with rectilinear and repetitive patterns. The paper shows successful applications of the system to extractions of both 2-D and 3-D microstructures. The system is typically useful for urban site model refinement and visualization.
Studies in the Metabolism of Crassulacean Plants: The Behavior of Excised Leaves of Bryophyllum calycinum During Culture in Water.

A fundamental problem in experimental work with living tissues is the selection of samples in such a way that differences in composition which result from the treatment to which the material is exposed shall represent the effects of the treatment alone. There should be no opportunity for other processes to intervene and obscure the results. Complete isolation of the system under study can be effected, in the case of leaf tissue, only by excision from the plant. This has the disadvantage that the leaves are then merely "surviving organs" and soon begin to undergo changes that are ultimately lethal. Nevertheless, for a reasonable length of time, such leaves can be assumed to behave in a manner that reflects the normal course of metabolic events.
The Serotonin Transporter Promoter Polymorphism Is Associated with Cortisol Response to Psychosocial Stress

Background Across multiple mental health-related measures, a polymorphism (5-HTTLPR) within the promoter of the serotonin transporter gene has been associated with differential psychological sensitivity to stressful experiences. Yet, the specific mechanisms by which this polymorphism contributes to risk for psychological dysfunction is unclear. Therefore, we investigated cortisol reactivity to psychosocial stress as a potential intermediate phenotype that might predispose to such risk. Methods A psychologically healthy sample of 182 young adults were genotyped for the 5-HTTLPR. Each participant delivered a speech and performed mental arithmetic in one of three audience conditions: a critical evaluative audience, a supportive evaluative audience, or no audience. Salivary cortisol was sampled at baseline and at 20, 40, and 75 min after stressor onset. Results The two evaluative audience conditions elicited similar, significant increases in cortisol that were significantly greater than in the no audience control. Together, the evaluative audience conditions revealed a significant relationship between cortisol reactivity and the 5-HTTLPR, with the short/short genotype showing the greatest reactivity. Internal analyses revealed that the 5-HTTLPR was significantly associated with cortisol reactivity in the negative audience condition only, suggesting that short/short individuals might be especially vulnerable to social threat. Conclusions The short/short genotype of the 5-HTTLPR is associated with greater cortisol reactivity to social threat. When short/short individuals experience stressful life events, they might be at greater risk for the adverse psychological and physical health consequences associated with heightened cortisol exposure.
Stochastic Measure of Fatigue Crack Damage for Health Monitoring of Ductile Alloy Structures

This paper models a stochastic measure of fatigue crack damage in ductile alloys that are commonly encountered in structures and machinery components of complex mechanical systems such as land, air, ocean, and space vehicles. The constitutive equations of the damage measure are built upon the physics of fracture mechanics and are substantiated by Karhunen-Loeve decomposition of fatigue test data where statistical orthogonality of the estimated measure and the resulting estimation error is demonstrated in a Hilbert space setting. The non-stationary probability distribution (PDF) function of the damage estimate is generated in a closed form without numerically solving stochastic differential equations in the Wiener integral or It ^ o integral setting. The model of crack damage measure allows real-time execution of decision algorithms for health monitoring, risk assessment, and life prediction of mechanical structures on inexpensive platforms such as a Pentium processor. The stochastic model of fatigue crack damage measure is in good agreement with experimental data sets for 2024-T3 and 7075-T6 aluminum alloys.
The Effect of Alum Addition on Microbial Communities in Poultry Litter

Abstract Alum [Al2(SO4)3·14H2 O] is a common poultry litter amendment used to decrease water-soluble phosphorus or reduce ammonia volatilization, or both. Although the physiochemical effects of alum addition have been well researched, little attention has been given to the poultry litter microbial communities. The goal of this study was to use molecular biological methods [denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), community cloning, and quantitative real-time PCR] to characterize general, group-specific and pathogenic microbial communities in alum (10% wt/wt) and non-alum-treated litter. According to quantitative real-time PCR analyses, alum addition to the poultry litter resulted in significant reductions in both Campylobacter jejuni and Escherichia coli concentrations by the end of the first month of the experiment (3 log and 2 log, respectively). The concentrations of Salmonella spp. were below detection (
5‐in‐1 biodiesel: an approach to combining five biodiesel gas chromatographic methods on a single instrument

James D. McCurry and Wesley Norman report on a new technology developed at Agilent Technologies. A small external, isothermal, capillary-column oven is used to isolate a polar wax column from a high-temperature column on a single gas chromatograph (GC). This allows five different biodiesel methods to reside on the same GC which would otherwise require two separate instruments. The isothermal biodiesel methods are used to test the external column oven performance and demonstrate the ability to combine these methods on a single GC. © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Synthesis of the {Co[(6-amino-6-(4-aminobenzyl)-1,4,8,11-tetra-azacyclotetradecane)]-[PO4]}, a potential phosphate-binding site for molecular recognition

Abstract The preparation of Co(NH3)5(PO4) and Co(L0)(PO4) [L0: 6-amino-6-(4-aminobenzyl)-1,4,8,11-tetra-azacyclotetradecane] is reported. 31P NMR resonances for the two complexes are pH dependent, and are shifted downfield compared to that of unbound phosphate at the same pH. Co(NH3)5(PO4): pH 12.0, δP 8.17 ppm; pH 7.2, δP 7.50 ppm; Co(L0)(PO4): pH 7.2, δP 7.20 ppm. Co(L0)(PO4) is a remarkable robust complex. Over a period of five weeks at 25°C, pH 7.2, less than 1% hydrolysis (aquation) occurred, so that k1
A mechanism for rich-medium inhibition of the repair of daughter-strand gaps in the deoxyribonucleic acid of UV-irradiated Escherichia coli K12 uvrA

Abstract Ultraviolet-irradiated Escherichia coli K12 uvrA(B,C) cells show higher survival if plated on minimal growth medium (MM) rather than on rich growth medium (RM). This phenomenon has been referred to as ‘minimal medium recovery’ (MMR). UV-irradiated (4 J/m 2 ) uvrA cells showed a similar rate of protein synthesis, whether incubated in MM or RM, however, they showed a severe depression in DNA synthesis when incubated in MM that lasted for about 30 min, and the normal rate of DNA synthesis was not reestablished until about 60 min after irradiation. When a sample of these same cells was switched to RM immediately after UV-irradiation, there was only a slight slowing of DNA synthesis, and the normal rate of synthesis was reestablished by 60 min. An additional mmrA mutation or growth retardation by valine blocked both this extra DNA synthesis in RM, and the inhibitory effect of RM on survival. These findings suggest that the absence of a marked delay in DNA synthesis observed in RM may be responsible for the inhibitory effect of RM on the survival of UV-irradiated excision-deficient cells. Two hypotheses, which are not mutually exclusive, are propose and supported by data to explain why a fast rate of DNA synthesis after UV-irradiation partially inhibits postreplication repair and enhances cell lethality.
Using chemical tracers in hillslope soils to estimate the importance of chemical denudation under conditions of downslope sediment transport

[1] We present a model of hillslope soils that couples the evolution of topography, soil thickness, and the concentration of constituent soil phases, defined as unique components of the soil with collective mass equal to the total soil mass. The model includes both sediment transport and chemical denudation. A simplified two-phase model is developed; the two phases are a chemically immobile phase, which has far lower solubility than the bulk soil and is not removed through chemical weathering (for example, zircon grains), and a chemically mobile phase that may be removed from the system through chemical weathering. Chemical denudation rates in hillslope soils can be measured using the concentration of immobile elements, but the enrichment of these immobile elements is influenced by spatial variations in chemical denudation rates and spatial variations in the chemical composition of a soil’s parent material. These considerations cloud the use of elemental depletion factors and cosmogenic nuclide-based total denudation rates used to identify the relationship between physical erosion and chemical weathering if these techniques do not account for downslope sediment transport. On hillslopes where chemical denudation rates vary in space, estimates of chemical denudation using techniques that do not account for downslope sediment transport and spatial variations in chemical denudation rates may be adequate where the chemical denudation rate is a significant fraction of the total denudation rate but are inadequate in regions where chemical weathering rates are small compared to the total denudation rate. We also examine relationships between transient mechanical and chemical denudation rates. Soil particle residence times may affect chemical weathering rates, and the relationship between total landscape-lowering rates and soil particle residence times can thus be quantified.
Vaginal extraction of the intact specimen following laparoscopic radical nephrectomy.

Purpose: We report the detailed technique and results of transvaginal extraction of the intact laparoscopic radical nephrectomy specimen.Materials and Methods: Since June 2000, 10 select female patients with a median age of 67 years underwent transvaginal extraction of the intact specimen after laparoscopic radical nephrectomy. In 5 patients open surgery had previously been performed on the uterus, including transabdominal hysterectomy in 2 and cesarean section in 3. Laparoscopic nephrectomy was performed via the transperitoneal and retroperitoneal approach in 5 cases each. After completion of the primary laparoscopic procedure a sponge stick was externally inserted into the sterile prepared vagina and tautly positioned in the posterior fornix. Laparoscopically a transverse posterior colpotomy was created at the apex of the tented up posterior fornix and the drawstring of the entrapped specimen was delivered into the vagina. After laparoscopic exit was completed the patient was placed in the supine lithot...
Personality and depressive symptoms: a multi-dimensional analysis

Background: The relationship of temperamental aspects of personality to symptoms of depression in a community-based sample of 804 individuals was examined using a multi-dimensional approach to account for heterogeneity in symptom patterns. Method: The Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) was used to assess personality and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale (CES-D) was used to measure depressive symptoms. Canonical correlation analysis was used to relate CES-D item combinations to temperament traits in multiple dimensions. The relationships between temperament and various conditions correlated with depression were examined using logistic regression. Results: Temperamental aspects of personality are related not only to total CES-D score, but also to the patterns of CES-D items endorsed by subjects. High Harm Avoidance is related to total CES-D score; high Reward Dependence combined with high Persistence is associated with restless sleep and subjective symptoms; high Reward Dependence combined with low Persistence is negatively associated with appetite loss and low energy; high Novelty Seeking is related to maintenance of positive affect and inability to concentrate. High Novelty Seeking is also associated with past suicide attempts, after adjusting for total CES-D score. Limitations: Cross-sectional data prevent analysis of causation; the severest cases of clinical depression may not be represented in a general population sample. Depressive symptoms are self-reported. Conclusion: Substantial differences in level of symptoms and in symptom patterns exist among individuals in a continuum of depressed states and those differences are partially explained by temperament traits.
Changes in the noninvasive, in vivo electrical impedance of three xenografts during the necrotic cell-response sequence.

Abstract Purpose: To investigate the noninvasive, in vivo use of electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) as a method for observing the real-time, cellular-level responses of a volume of tissue to therapies. Here, we studied the EIS response during the development and progression of hyperthermia-induced coagulative necrosis in three diverse human xenografts. Methods and Materials: A necrotic cell response sequence was selectively induced in three types of subcutaneously-grown human tumor xenografts by applying hyperthermia at 44.5°C. The electrical impedance of the tumors was measured from 100 Hz to 10 MHZ, noninvasively, in vivo during the treatments. From the full spectrum EIS, ratios between resistivities at selected frequencies (ρ-ratios) were used as indicators of the changes in the electrical impedance spectra of each tumor’s cell population. Results: The ρ-ratios consistently demonstrated characteristic, early, rapid increases which coincided with cell and organelle swelling typical of early necrosis. These increases subsequently slowed, but no decrease began before the end of treatment, unlike previous, similarly treated, thermo-sensitive EMT6 mouse tumors. This was consistent with the xenograft histology, which revealed ubiquitous, early-stage coagulative necrosis, with no gross plasma membrane damage at the end of treatment. The extent of both the necrosis and ρ-ratio changes were similar to those seen early in the EMT6 tumor treatment. Within several days after treatment, the xenograft volumes regressed nearly completely, suggesting completion of the cell populations’ necrotic response (lysing) during this period. Consistent with this, extended EIS measurements over a 24-h posttreatment period allowed tracking of the necrotic response sequence through this lysing phase for one type of xenograft. Conclusion: The change in the electrical impedance of a volume of tumor tissue which occurs during and/or after a hyperthermia treatment can be correlated with the extent of necrosis observed histologically in the cell population.
Adrenergic-cholinergic balance and the treatment of affective disorders.

Abstract 1. 1.Centrally acting cholinomimetic drugs cause anergia, behavioral inhibition and depression. 2. 2. Centrally acting cholinomimetic drugs have antimanic properties. 3. 3. Combinations of acetylcholine precursors and centrally active cholinomimetic agents may cause augmented muscarinic effects, as may a combination of an antiadrenergic and cholinomimetic drugs. 4. 4. Centrally active anticholinergic agents may exert antidepressant effects. 5. 5. Affective disorder patients may show hyperreactivity to cholinomimetic agents, a phenomena which may have diagnostic significance.
Patch clamp analysis of a partially purified ion channel from rat liver mitochondria.

Summary A protein fraction isolated from detergent-solubilized mitochondrial membranes by affinity chromatography on immobilized quinine was reconstituted into phospholipid vesicles by detergent dialysis. Vesicles were fused to a diameter of 10 μm or larger by dehydration and rehydration. Patch clamp recordings carried out in detached mode with a symmetrical solution of 150 mM KCI, 5 mM HEPES, and 0.1 mM CaCl 2 revealed conductance increments of 140 pS. Transitions of 40 pS were less frequently observed. Control vesicles which lacked protein showed no channel activity. The probability for the 140 pS channel to be open increased with increasing voltage in the range from 20 to 80 mV (positive potentials relative to what was the vesicle interior prior to excision), while the single channel conductance remained essentially constant. The 140 pS channel did not open at negative voltages. The voltage dependence suggests asymmetric incorporation of the 140 pS channel into vesicle membranes during reconstitution.
Membrane filtration of natural organic matter: comparison of flux decline, NOM rejection, and foulants during filtration with three UF membranes

Abstract Three ultrafiltration membranes [thin-film composite, polyethersulfone (PES), and sulfonated PES] which have different chemistries and nominal relative molecular mass cut-offs (MWCO), were compared in terms of their characteristics of flux decline, rejection of natural organic matter (NOM), and the adsorbed foulants, with two very different (relatively hydrophilic and hydrophobic) NOM-containing source waters. To facilitate comparison, the ratio ( J o k ) of the initial pure water flux Jo to the estimated boundary layer mass transfer coefficient k was used to define similar initial hydrodynamic operating conditions for the three different membranes. The membranes showed differences in NOM rejection when filtering hydrophilic NOM-source water, and also exhibited differences in flux decline with the hydrophobic NOM-source water. Flux decline and NOM rejection were quantified using a resistances-in-series model and effective molecular mass cut-off, respectively. Non-charged NOM fractions (hydrophilic and hydrophobic neutrals/bases) were found to be significant foulants for these negatively charged membranes.
A computational approach for fatigue life prediction in shot peened welded specimens

We describe a computationally efficient approach for predicting residual stresses induced by the shot peening process on welded specimens with simple geometry. Using this approach, we are able to simulate impact between tens of thousands of rigid shots and a deformable workpiece, which to the best of our knowledge goes significantly beyond the work reported so far in previous simulation efforts by others. Simulations of Almen strip peening show very good correlation with prior experimental and analytical works, validating the soundness of our numerical approach. Furthermore, we show that using this approach, it is relatively straightforward to incorporate pre-existing residual stresses from welding, and using a numerical approach rooted in fracture mechanics, we make the ultimate connection between residual stresses and the growth life of fatigue cracks in these specimens. We conclude our paper by contrasting model predictions with experimentally observed fatigue data.
Control of an aircraft in downbursts

Guidance schemes are designed to approximate the optimal survival and optimal performance paths through downbursts, which were determined in the previous paper. Specifically, climb-rate command following is used to achieve performance, and altitude command following is used to enhance survivability. Nonlinear simulations are conducted to investigate the effects of the climb-rate command and altitude command. Takeoff flight is considered and full thrust is assumed. In a mild to moderate downburst, an aircraft can follow a constant, smaller-than-nominal climb rate without stall. Better survival capability is achieved by climbing at a lower rate accompanied by lower altitude, and vice versa. In a severe downbursts, the aircraft must descend to avoid stall. The farther it descends, the higher the survival capability, but the poorer the performance. If the downburst is very severe, the best strategy is to descend immediately to the lowest safe altitude. Since the intensity of a downbursts is hard to evaluate prior to penetration, it is advisable to keep a high airspeed. Therefore, use of the survival strategy is recommended that employs maximum thrust and allows the aircraft to descend to a safe minimum altitude immediately upon entering a downburst on takeoff.
Lower genital tract metastases of placental site trophoblastic tumor: case report and review of the literature.

OBJECTIVES We present a case of metastatic placental site trophoblastic tumor (PSTT) and review the English literature on this entity. MATERIALS AND METHODS In addition to the case presentation, literature review describes 23 additional cases with differing treatments and length of survival. RESULTS The patient is free of disease more than 5 years after diagnosis. She received multimodality treatment including surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. Eleven other patients survived the disease from 12 to 36 months after initial diagnosis. CONCLUSION Metastatic PSTT has a poor prognosis and requires aggressive treatment. ▪.
Ptychographic wavefront sensor for high-NA EUV inspection and exposure tools

We present a novel approach for wavefront sensing based on scanning diffraction imaging suitable for high-NA optics inspection, where common metrology techniques show limitations. This approach employs ptychography, whereby a well-characterized object is scanned at the focus of the aberrated test optic, and the resulting scat tered light is captured on a CCD. Under the Fresnel approximation, the diffraction patterns are processed in an iterative algorithm to reconstruct the test optic aberrations. We discuss the applicability of this wavefront metrology, present numerical simulations that validate the reconstruction, and show first experimental results from an optical prototype.
Replication and amplification of the small mitochondrial DNAs in a cell suspension of Black Mexican Sweet maize

The mitochondrial genome of Black Mexican Sweet (BMS) maize includes the principal genome and two transcriptionally active minicircular DNAs of 1913 and 1445 bp. A cell suspension of this line was used to study the biology and replication of the minicircular DNAs. Synthesis of the DNAs was measured by (32)P incorporation; all mitochondrial DNAs (mtDNAs) were synthesized rapidly during logarithmic growth phases, whereas no synthesis could be detected in stationary phase. When stationary phase cultures were placed in fresh medium and incorporation was measured over time, the 1.9-kb minicircle renewed (32)P incorporation prior to incorporation into the 1.4-kb minicircle, the principal mitochondrial genome, or the nuclear genome. Interestingly, plastid DNA renewed incorporation at the same time as the 1.9-kb minicircle. The early replication of the 1.9-kb minicircle relative to the other DNAs increased the copy number of this DNA relative to the other mitochondrial DNAs. The copy number of the minicircular DNAs also varied between leaf cells and the cell suspension. This indicates that components of the mitochondrial genome exhibit differential replication. The ability to follow replication of individual mitochondrial components makes this system valuable for studies of DNA replication.