cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analysis from a Dualist Perspective: “Frühling” from Richard Strauss’s Vier Letzte Lieder

The paper presents an analysis of Richard Strauss’s “Fruhling”, the first of his Last Four Songs composed in 1948. I adopt the harmonic dualism of Moritz Hauptmann and Hugo Riemann—a theoretical perspective which reflects the ideals of German Romanticism. I contrast this approach with Schenkerian and Neo-Riemannian analyses of the song by Richard Kaplan and Richard Cohn. Two features central to my analysis are: 1) the rejection of enharmonic equivalence, and 2) the function of a special type of augmented sixth, a “Fruhling sixth”, which propels the music forward and gives the song its characteristic chromatic sound. Using Riemann’s Schritt/Wechsel system, I chart the large-scale harmonic moves of the piece on a ‘Klangnetz’, showing how the various harmonic transformations articulate certain key areas and reflect the meaning of the song’s text.
Letter-Writing and Emotional Communities in Early Mughal India: A Note on the Badāyi' al-Inshā

This article investigates the letter-writing manual of the physician Muhammad Yusufi Haravi, composed in the 1530s at the court of the Mughal emperor, Humayun. It argues that by prescribing proper ...
Female Veteran Use of Palliative and Hospice Care: A Scoping Review.

Introduction The number of female veterans in the USA in the age range of 55-64 years increased 7-fold from 2000 to 2015. Female veterans are more likely to suffer from certain mental health disorders, respiratory diseases, neurologic diseases, and some forms of cancer when compared to their male counterparts. Veterans Affairs (VA) healthcare providers need to be prepared to care for this growth of female veterans with serious illness. These serious illnesses require appropriate medical management, which often includes palliative care. It is imperative to determine how VA healthcare providers integrate palliative and hospice care for this population. The purpose of our scoping review was to explore the palliative and hospice care literature specific to female veterans to learn: (1) what evidence is available regarding female veterans' use of palliative and hospice care? (2) To meet the needs of this growing population, what gaps exist specific to female veterans' use of palliative and hospice care? Methods A scoping review methodology was employed following the nine-step process described by the Joanna Briggs Institute for conducting scoping reviews. Results Nineteen articles met the inclusion criteria. Fourteen quantitative articles were included which comprised 10 retrospective chart reviews, one randomized controlled trial, one correlation, one quality improvement, and one cross-sectional. The remaining five were qualitative studies. The sample populations within the articles were overwhelmingly male and white. Content analysis of the articles revealed three themes: quality of end of life care, distress, and palliative care consult. Conclusions The female veteran population is increasing and becoming more ethnically diverse. Female veterans are not well represented in the literature. Our review also uncovered a significant gap in the study methodologies. We found that retrospective chart reviews dominated the palliative and hospice care literature specific to veterans. More prospective study designs are needed that explore the veteran and family experience while receiving end of life care. With the rising number of older female veterans and their risk for serious illness, it is imperative that research studies purposefully recruit, retain, analyze, and report female veteran statistics along with their male counterparts. We can no longer afford to disregard the value of the female veterans' perspective.
SCORE-Based Simulated ABSITE Exam Performance as a Predictor of Performance on the ABSITE.

Introduction The American Board of Surgery In-Training Examination (ABSITE) is a crucial, objective assessment of surgical knowledge during training. In 2014, the American Board of Surgery (ABS) announced the alignment of the ABSITE to the SCORE® (Surgical Council on Resident Education) Curriculum Outline for General Surgery Residency. We hypothesized that implementing a pre-ABSITE SCORE-based exam would help identify underperforming residents and provide early guidance to improve performance on the ABSITE. Methods In October 2014, our university-based surgical residency program began administering a yearly comprehensive pre-ABSITE SCORE-based exam consisting of 225 to 250 multiple-choice questions selected from the SCORE question bank to all our general surgery residents, preliminary and categorical. The 4-hour exam addresses both clinical management (80%) and applied sciences (20%). Residents receive reports with their scores (percentage correct). Residents performing at less than 60% meet with the Program Director for discussion and formulation of a study plan. Correlational analysis was performed between resident ABSITE scores, pre-ABSITE SCORE-based exam scores, gender, resident status (preliminary vs. categorical), postgraduate year (PGY), and the United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE) Step 1 and Step 2 scores. Results A total of 244 exam scores (122 pre-ABSITE SCORE-based exams and 122 matched ABSITE) were completed by 51 residents at different PGY levels (32 PGY1, 32 PGY2, 20 PGY3, 19 PGY4, and 18 PGY5). Fifty-seven percent were males, 62% were categorical residents, and 38% were preliminary residents. October pre-ABSITE SCORE-based exam scores were compared to the subsequent January ABSITE scores. Categorical residents completed 101 (83%) of the January exams, while preliminary residents completed 21 (17%) of these paired exams. We found strong correlations between the correct percentage on ABSITE and pre-ABSITE SCORE-based scores (r = 0.637, p Conclusion We found a strong correlation between performance on the pre-ABSITE SCORE-based exam and performance on the ABSITE exam. Surgery residents are encouraged to start studying earlier and to utilize SCORE contents as outlined by the ABS in their study plan.
Imaging features of hypercalcemia: A primer for emergency radiologists.

Abstract Hypercalcemia is a marker for a wide variety of underlying etiologies, and its presentation in the emergency setting may be asymptomatic, incidental, or a primary complaint with associated symptoms and physical exam findings. While the workup is initially driven through serum laboratory testing, imaging plays an important role in diagnosis and post-treatment follow up. This review covers multiple common and uncommon etiologies of hypercalcemia, details their underlying mechanisms, and identifies the most important associated imaging findings. It is important for radiologists to be familiar with these etiologies and imaging findings, particularly in the emergency setting since hypercalcemia may represent the only significant laboratory abnormality associated with the presenting condition. Furthermore, the radiologist's interpretation of a study may be directly influenced by knowing about a patient's hypercalcemia.
Partisan Bonds: Political Reputations and Legislative Accountability

1. Introduction 2. Theory 3. Voter learning about parties 4. Party unity and the strength of party preferences 5. Reconciling candidate and party brand names 6. Brand names and party strategy 7. Conclusion.
Carotenoids in Green Vegetables and Health Aspects

The Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2010 recommended increased consumption of vegetables, particularly dark green vegetables, one of the vegetable subgroups. Green vegetables are good sources of vitamins such as A (as precursor carotenoids such as β-carotene), C, K, and folate, and minerals including potassium, magnesium, iron, and calcium. Carotenoids, natural pigments in green vegetables and other foods, may help prevent chronic diseases including heart disease, cancer, and eye diseases such as cataracts and macular degeneration, although some results are inconclusive. In particular, lutein and zeaxanthin, two carotenoid pigments, have been studied for their role in preventing eye disease. Many dark green leafy vegetables, both cultivated and wild, exist worldwide, and people in developing countries may improve their nutrition, food security, and personal livelihood by using wild vegetation. Researchers continue to identify and characterize the components of cultivated and wild greens potentially responsible for their health benefits. To foster increased consumption of vegetables, many multifaceted community-, school-, and/or home-based strategies have shown potential to increase the consumption of vegetables among children and adults.
Carbonmonoxy dopamine beta-hydroxylase. Structural characterization by Fourier transform infrared, fluorescence, and x-ray absorption spectroscopy.

The carbon monoxide complex of ascorbate-reduced dopamine beta-hydroxylase has been prepared and characterized by Fourier transform infrared, fluorescence, and x-ray absorption spectroscopies. CO has previously been shown to be a competitive inhibitor with respect to O2, and binds to only one of the two copper atoms/active site (Blackburn, N. J., Pettingill, T. M., Seagraves, K. S., and Shigeta, R. T. (1990) J. Biol. Chem. 265, 15383-15386). Thus, it acts as an excellent probe of the O2-binding site. A single C-O infrared absorption band is observed at 2089 cm-1, shifting by 46 cm-1 to lower energy on substitution with either 13C16O or 12C18O. The 13C isotope shift is reversed to the position expected for 12CO upon vacuum flushing with 12CO gas, indicating that formation of the CO adduct is a fully reversible process. Binding of the substrate tyramine does not eliminate the infrared peak but causes a 3-cm-1 shift to lower energy. On the other hand, binding of a bifunctional inhibitor which cross-links the substrate and O2-binding site does eliminate the CO peak. These data, in conjunction with the competitive nature of CO binding with respect to O2, identify the CO-binding site as the O2-binding site, and place it in close proximity to the substrate-binding site. CO-dopamine beta-hydroxylase exhibits no luminescence in the visible region, suggesting a structure different from carbonmonoxy hemocyanin, and in all probability mononuclear. Analysis of extended x-ray absorption spectroscopy data is most consistent with an average coordination per Cu of 2-3 histidines, 0.5 CO, and 0.5 S atoms as ligands, and absorption edge comparisons indicates pseudo-4 coordination as the most likely geometry at each Cu(I) center. The results can be interpreted by a model involving inequivalent 4-coordination at each Cu(I) center in the CO adduct with CuAHis3S...CuBHis2CO-X as the coordination most consistent with all of the data.
Future Prospects for High Energy Polarimetry of Gamma-Ray Bursts

The recent detection of linear polarization from GRB120206 has piqued the interest of the community in this relatively unexplored avenue of research. Here, we review the current status and prospects for GRB polarimetry at hard X‐ray and soft γ‐ray energies. After reviewing the most recent results, we present a brief survey of current and planned experiments that are capable of making GRB polarization measurements in the energy range between 30 keV and 30 MeV.
Iatrogenic Causes of Salivary Gland Dysfunction

Saliva is important for maintaining oral health and function. There are instances when medical therapy is intended to decrease salivary flow, such as during general anesthesia, but most instances of iatrogenic salivary gland dysfunction represent untoward or unavoidable side-effects. The clinical expression of the salivary dysfunction can range from very minor transient alteration in saliva flow to a total loss of salivary function. The most common forms of therapy that interfere with salivation are drug therapies, cancer therapies (radiation or chemotherapy), and surgical therapy. These therapies can affect salivation by a number of different mechanisms that include: disruption of autonomic nerve function related to salivation, interference with acinar or ductal cell functions related to salivation, cytotoxicity, indirect effects (vasoconstriction/dilation, fluid and electrolyte balance, etc.), and physical trauma to salivary glands and nerves. A wide variety of drugs is capable of increasing or decreasing salivary flow by mimicking autonomic nervous system actions or by directly acting on cellular processes necessary for salivation: drugs can also indirectly affect salivation by altering fluid and electrolyte balance or by affecting blood flow to the glands. Ionizing radiation can cause permanent damage to salivary glands, damage that is manifest as acinar cell destruction with subsequent atrophy and fibrosis of the glands. Cancer chemotherapy can cause changes in salivation, but the changes are usually much less severe and only transient. Finally, surgical and traumatic injuries interfere with salivation because of either disruption of gland innervation or gross physical damage (or removal) of glandular tissue (including ducts).
Tolerating malicious device drivers in Linux

This paper presents SUD, a system for running existing Linux device drivers as untrusted user-space processes. Even if the device driver is controlled by a malicious adversary, it cannot compromise the rest of the system. One significant challenge of fully isolating a driver is to confine the actions of its hardware device. SUD relies on IOMMU hardware, PCI express bridges, and messagesignaled interrupts to confine hardware devices. SUD runs unmodified Linux device drivers, by emulating a Linux kernel environment in user-space. A prototype of SUD runs drivers for Gigabit Ethernet, 802.11 wireless, sound cards, USB host controllers, and USB devices, and it is easy to add a new device class. SUD achieves the same performance as an in-kernel driver on networking benchmarks, and can saturate a Gigabit Ethernet link. SUD incurs a CPU overhead comparable to existing runtime driver isolation techniques, while providing much stronger isolation guarantees for untrusted drivers. Finally, SUD requires minimal changes to the kernel--just two kernel modules comprising 4,000 lines of code--which may at last allow the adoption of these ideas in practice.
Minimum Distance Estimators

The practice of obtaining estimators of parameters by minimizing a certain distance between some functions of observations and parameters has long been present in statistics. The classical examples of this method are the Least Square and the minimum Chi Square estimators.
Revisiting nutrient utilization in the glacial Antarctic: Evidence from a new method for diatom-bound N isotopic analysis

Holocene in the Indian sector is smaller than in previous measurements. These data suggest no change in the degree of nitrate utilization in the Atlantic sector and at most a 20% increase (from 25 to 45%) in the Indian sector. The new measurements suggest that, during the last ice age in the Atlantic sector of the Antarctic, the atmospheric source of biologically available iron was not so great as to become significant relative to the iron supply from below. Given the apparent spatial variability in the degree of nitrate drawdown, more work is required to develop an adequate picture of the glacial Antarctic nutrient field. INDEX TERMS: 4806 Oceanography: Biological and Chemical: Carbon cycling; 4845 Oceanography: Biological and Chemical: Nutrients and nutrient cycling; 4894 Oceanography: Biological and Chemical: Instruments and techniques; 9310 Information Related to Geographic Region: Antarctica;
Biochemistry of Coxiella burnetti: 6-Phosphogluconic Acid Dehydrogenase

Purified preparations of the rickettsial agent, Coxiella burnetii, have been examined for their ability to decarboxylate 6-phosphogluconate. The enzyme 6-phosphogluconic acid dehydrogenase [6-phospho-d-gluconate: NADP (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) oxidoreductase (decarboxylating), EC 1.1.1.44] was detected in extracts, but not in whole-cell preparations of C. burnetii. Both extracts and whole cells were shown to be free from contaminating host enzyme activity. Partial characterization of the enzyme has shown that it is substrate-dependent, specific for NADP, and requires magnesium for activity. The pH optimum of the rickettsial enzyme is 8.0.
The use of short cycle test chips to accelerate yield learning during the start up of a 150 mm fabrication facility

A set of electrically tested, short cycle test chips and a methodology were developed to derive yield improvement during the transfer of 1.0 mu m and 0.8 mu m CMOS technologies from high-volume 100-mm facilities to a 150-mm fabrication facility. This resulted in a rapid drop of defect density and the correction of many systematic yield problems before full process lots were affected. The design of the test devices and the methodology is important to the success of the effort utilizing simple, statistically valid, large-scale arrays in the test chips, and a Pareto-driven, brutal focus analysis and improvement methodology. An analysis of shortcomings of using electrically tested structures only was done and possible improvements using optical defect detection equipment were identified. >
An Extended Schema Model for Scientific Data

The absence of a uniform and comprehensive representation for complex scientific data makes the adaptation of database technology to multidisciplinary research projects difficult. In this paper, we clarify the taxonomy of data representations required for scientific database systems. Then, based on our proposed scientific database environment, we present a scientific data abstraction at the conceptual level, a schema model for scientific data. This schema model allows us to store and manipulate scientific data in a uniform way independent of the implementation data model. We believe that more information has to be maintained as metadata for scientific data analysis than in statistical and commercial databases. Clearly, metadata constitutes an important part of our schema model. As part of the schema model, we provide an operational definition for metadata. This definition enables us to focus on the complex relationship between data and metadata.
The fine structure of gingivitis in the beagle. 3. Plasma cell infiltration of the subepithelial connective tissue.

The subepithelial connective tissues of chronically inflamed gingiva were infiltrated by numerous well developed plasma cells. These cells were usually grouped together forming islands of cells which exhibited similar degrees of cytoplasmic differentiation. Young plasma cells contained well developed Golgi areas and an abundant system of granular endoplasmic reticulum, in the form of parallel stacks of flattened cisternae. In more mature plasma cells the cisternae of the granular endoplasmic reticulum were usually dilated by an accumulation of granular material Occasional plasma cells contained extremely large elements of endoplasmic reticulum (Russell bodies) while others contained crystalloid deposits within the cistemae of the reticulum. The degeneration of plasma cells with a consequent release of their cytoplasmic contents was frequently observed. Such cells were usually located near the sulcular epithelium while most of the normal plasma cells were usually located within the deeper connective tissue. These observations suggest that the liberation of antibody in the region of the inflamed sulcular epithelium may proceed via the degeneration of mature plasma cells.
Estimation and imaging of breast lesions using a two-layer tissue structure by ultrasound-guided optical tomography

A new two-step estimation and imaging method is developed for a two-layer breast tissue structure consisting of a breast tissue layer and a chest wall underneath. First, a smaller probe with shorter distance source-detector pairs was used to collect the reflected light mainly from the breast tissue layer. Then, a larger probe with 9×14 source-detector pairs and a centrally located ultrasound transducer was used to collect reflected light from the two-layer tissue structure. The data collected from the smaller probe were used to estimate breast tissue optical properties. With more accurate estimation of the average breast tissue properties, the second layer properties can be assessed from data obtained from the larger probe. Using this approach, the unknown variables have been reduced from four to two and the estimated bulk tissue optical properties are more accurate and robust. In addition, a two-step reconstruction using a genetic algorithm and conjugate gradient method is implemented to simultaneously reconstruct the absorption and reduced scattering maps of targets inside a two-layer tissue structure. Simulations and phantom experiments have been performed to validate the new reconstruction method, and a clinical example is given to demonstrate the feasibility of this approach.
Effects of messages from a media campaign to increase public awareness of childhood obesity.

Objective To examine how video messages from a recent media campaign affected public attitudes about obesity prevention and weight-based stigma toward obese children. Design and Methods A survey-embedded experiment in May-June 2012 with nationally representative sample (N = 1,677) was conducted. Participants were randomized to view one of three messages of children recounting struggles with obesity, or to a control group. It was examined whether message exposure affected attitudes about: 1) the seriousness of childhood obesity and its consequences; 2) responsibility for addressing obesity; 3) support for prevention policies, and 4) stigma toward obese children. Results Participants viewing the messages attributed greater responsibility for addressing childhood obesity to the food and beverage industry, schools, and the government, compared to those in the control group. Overweight and female respondents viewing the messages reported lower weight-based stigma compared with overweight and female respondents in the control group, but messages had no effect on healthy weight and male respondents. Messages did not affect attitudes about the seriousness of childhood obesity, its consequences, or support for obesity prevention policies. Conclusions It will be critical to assess on an ongoing basis how communication campaigns addressing childhood obesity shape public attitudes about obesity prevention.
Intra-articular hyaluronan (hyaluronic acid) and hylans for the treatment of osteoarthritis: mechanisms of action

Although the predominant mechanism of intra-articular hyaluronan (hyaluronic acid) (HA) and hylans for the treatment of pain associated with knee osteoarthritis (OA) is unknown, in vivo, in vitro, and clinical studies demonstrate various physiological effects of exogenous HA. HA can reduce nerve impulses and nerve sensitivity associated with the pain of OA. In experimental OA, this glycosaminoglycan has protective effects on cartilage, which may be mediated by its molecular and cellular effects observed in vitro. Exogenous HA enhances chondrocyte HA and proteoglycan synthesis, reduces the production and activity of proinflammatory mediators and matrix metalloproteinases, and alters the behavior of immune cells. Many of the physiological effects of exogenous HA may be a function of its molecular weight. Several physiological effects probably contribute to the mechanisms by which HA and hylans exert their clinical effects in knee OA.
An Ascending Music Stimulus Program and Hyperactive Children.

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between an ascending music stimulus program and hyperactive children. Thirteen males, ages five to eight years, in public school assessed as hyperactive by their teachers using the Conners's Teaching Rating Scale, were rated on activity prior to, during, and after the test period, using the Motor Activity Rating Scale (MARS). It was hypothesized that they would become less active during, rather than before or after, the ascending music stimulus. Analysis of variance revealed a statistically significant increase in activity during the music program, thus rejecting the hypothesis.
Highly Conducting Transmembrane Pores Formed by Aromatic Oligoamide Macrocycles

Oligoamide macrocycles 1d and 1e, which carry membrane-compatible side chains and contain a hydrophilic, noncollapsible cavity, were found to mediate high ion flux across a lipid bilayer, as demonstrated by results from 23Na NMR and planar bilayer conductance measurements. The measured transmembrane single channel currents are very high, rivaling those typically associated with pore-forming protein toxins. The obtained results have demonstrated the promise of developing large, highly conducting channels based on nanopores formed by oligoamide macrocycles.
Robust navigation control and synchronization of networked robots

In an environment where a large number of networked robots are actively providing service, the navigation control and synchronization between the robots become a very important factor in terms of time it takes for the robots to complete tasks they are given especially in physically large-scale areas. The large-scale environment needs to be divided into multiple cells, each of which covers a specific area within the service area to ensure a proper communication link with robots. Using a relay functionality of the each cell, a centralized system can seamlessly control robots navigation. We assume that the path information for robots, called as segment in this paper, is given from a separate path planning system. The path is divided into two types: one without deadline constraint and one with deadline constraint. Due to randomness of events that prevent uninterrupted navigation, the robots can rarely navigate to the target position with a uniform speed. This severely affects the path planning system for choosing the most optimal robot and for planning a path for it while attempting to meet the service deadline constraints. In this paper, we make an attempt to minimize (1) the difference between the actual navigation time and the time that the system identifies, (2) the difference between the deadline to complete a segment and the time that the robot navigates the segment through, and (3) to seamlessly navigate robots from one cell to another.
A Dissimilar Effect of Folic Acid Upon Growth of the Rat Kidney and Small Bowel

SummaryThe effect of folic acid upon cell proliferation in the gut and in the kidney was investigated. The growth-inducing effect of folic acid upon the kidney was confirmed, but there was no evidence of increased cell proliferation or villus hypertrophy in the gut. These findings suggest that the effect of folic acid upon renal growth is not due to a direct pteridine-induced stimulus but rather to a renal injury akin to ureteral obstruction.
Glutathione S-transferases in human and rodent skin: multiple forms and species-specific expression.

Abstract The glutathione S-transferases (GST) are a family of widely distributed multifunctional detoxification enzymes that catalyze the reaction between reduced glutathione and a variety of electrophiles. Of interest is the fact that several extracutaneous tissues exhibit a distinct spectrum of isozymes that are expressed in a highly controlled fashion. Despite the fact that the skin is continuously exposed to numerous injurious agents, little is known about the expression of GST isozymes and their role in metabolism of physiologic and xenobiotic substrates in cutaneous tissue. Using specific polyclonal antibodies to the Alpha, Mu, and Pi classes of GST, we identified their expression in rat, mouse, and human skin cytosol. In each species, GST isozymes expressed activities towards 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene, benzo(a)pyrene 4,5-oxide, styrene 7,8-oxide, leukotriene A 4 , and ethacrynic acid, but not towards bromosulfophthalein and cumene hydroperoxide. Western blot analysis indicated the predominant expression of Pi isozyme in all three species. Alpha class of isozyme(s) was present only in human skin, whereas Mu class of isozyme(s) was detected only in rat and mouse skin. Similarly, in normal and transformed cultured human keratinocytes Pi was the predominant isozyme. In situ localization studies using immunohistochemical techniques confirmed the observations of Western blotting. In mouse skin, Pi and Mu isozyme(s) were found to be predominantly localized in sebaceous glands, whereas no reactivity was observed with the Alpha class of isozymes. Our data show that multiple forms of GST exist in rodent and human skin and that GST Pi is the predominant isozyme in each species. Furthermore, cutaneous GST can metabolize both endogenous substrates and foreign compounds.
Further study on chimerism in tolerant mice.

SummaryBy inoculation of 40 × 106 (A × T6)F1 spleen cells intraperitoneaUy into newborn A strain mice incomplete tolerance of varying duration was established to skin grafts of the spleen donor strain. Three long-term incompletely tolerant A mice were cellular lymphoid chimeras with 2.3% of T6 positive donor cells in their spleens when sacrificed at 116 days after skin grafting. Lymphoid cells (30 × 1016) from 3 comparable animals sacrificed at 130 days produced fatal homologous disease when injected into sublethally irradiated (A × T6)F1 hybrids. The F1 hybrids succumbed after a longer latent period (19-78 days) than after injection of lymphoid cells (30 × 106) from control strain A mice (10-26 days).Seven strain A mice with short-term tolerance (15 to 55 days), did not immediately regain their immunological reactivity. A second test graft of the same origin placed after rejection of the first graft survived for periods remarkably similar to those for the first graft. When 2 comparable short-term toleran...
Sonic effervescence: A tutorial on acoustic cavitation

This article on acoustic cavitation is a revision of a tutorial lecture presented at the Acoustical Society of America meeting in Austin, Texas, on 28 November 1994. The general approach adopted here differs from a review article in stressing the overarching themes that come under the category of acoustic cavitation, rather than being an encyclopedic reference on the topic. When possible, specific order-of-magnitude estimates have been given so that the reader can better understand the particular phenomena being described. The basic physics is discussed, and applications are reviewed with the goal of putting them in a useful context.
Kinematics and Dynamics of Elastic Rods

A simple macroscopic theory of elastic rods is presented in which all assumptions but one are consistent with both Newtonian mechanics and special relativity. The one distinguishing assumption is the inertial equivalence of energy. While invariance of the theory under Lorentz transformations is proved, all physical consequences—including the stress and velocity dependence of the length and inertial mass of a rod as well as the velocities of sound through it—are derived and can be tested in any one inertial frame. Exact wave solutions of the basic equations are obtained for an idealized elastic material in which the velocity of sound is independent of amplitude. These solutions are used to account for the kinematics and dynamics of accelerated rods, including the time‐dependent processes which result in their overall Lorentz contraction.
The psychotherapy curriculum in the age of biological psychiatry : mixing oil with water?

The field of psychiatry is characterized by tensions and philosophical differences. These tensions are described as a set of dilemmas facing the training director when designing the psychotherapy curriculum for residents. A solution to these dilemmas is presented. As a concrete example, the recently developed psychotherapy training program at the University of Washington in Seattle is described.
Scanning electron microscopy of ascospores of Debaryomyces and Saccharomyces

Ascospores from species of Debaryomyces and the Torulaspora-group of Saccharomyces were examined by scanning electron microscopy. Ornamentation on ascospores of D. hansenii varied from short to long interconnected ridges or broad based, elongated conical protuberances. A spiral ridge system was detected on the ascospores of D. marama, but wart-like protuberances occurred on those of D. cantarellii, D. castellii, D. coudertii, D. formicarius, D. phaffii, D. vanriji and D. yarrowii. Ascospores of D. halotolerans did not have protuberances and the species appears to be identical with Pichia farinosa. Wart-like protuberances also were found on ascospores of S. delbrueckii, S. microellipsodes, S. rosei, S. inconspicuus, S. fermentati, S. montanus and S. vafer, but the ascospore surface of S. pretoriensis was covered by fine ridges. Short tapered ridges covered the ascospores of S. kloeckerianus.
Theoretical Analysis of Cobalt Hangman Porphyrins: Ligand Dearomatization and Mechanistic Implications for Hydrogen Evolution

The design of molecular electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution has been targeted as a strategy for the conversion of solar energy to chemical fuels. In cobalt hangman porphyrins, a carboxylic acid group on a xanthene backbone is positioned over a metalloporphyrin to serve as a proton relay. A key proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) step along the hydrogen evolution pathway occurs via a sequential ET-PT mechanism in which electron transfer (ET) is followed by proton transfer (PT). Herein theoretical calculations are employed to investigate the mechanistic pathways of these hangman metalloporphyrins. The calculations confirm the ET-PT mechanism by illustrating that the calculated reduction potentials for this mechanism are consistent with experimental data. Under strong-acid conditions, the calculations indicate that this catalyst evolves H2 by protonation of a formally Co(II) hydride intermediate, as suggested by previous experiments. Under weak-acid conditions, however, the calculations reveal a mech...
Raman Spectroscopy of Thin Polymer Films Using Integrated Optical Techniques

Raman spectroscopy of polymer films using integrated optics has been shown to be a general technique applicable to films with thicknesses as small as 1 μ. With this technique no apparent interference from spectral features due to the substrate has been observed. It has been shown that compared to a bulk sample the scattering volume in the thin film has increased by 1 to 2 orders of magnitude which results in a Raman spectrum with considerably higher signal/noise ratio.
A Material Framework for Beyond-CMOS Devices

Beyond-CMOS devices concepts are greatly dependent on new functional materials to provide inspiration and innovation beyond the silicon status quo. Here, we propose a material framework specifically for beyond-CMOS devices. In doing so, material system examples and data points presented are taken from the Center on Functional Accelerated Nanomaterials Engineering, the STARnet Center of Excellence.
Brain metastases from undiagnosed systemic neoplasms

• Fifty-six patients presenting with symptomatic brain metastasis but undiagnosed primary neoplasm were retrospectively studied. Metastases were almost equally solitary (57%) as multiple (43%), and 30% were cerebellar. Cerebral metastases were most often parietal (67%). Underlying cancers were diagnosed in 84% of patients, usually before death, with the remainder having equivocal or unknown primary cancers. Lung cancer was most common (68%), especially adenocarcinoma or small ("oat")–cell types, followed by gastrointestinal primary cancers (9%), cancers of the bladder and thyroid (2% each), melanoma (2%), and lymphoma (2%). Breast cancer was remarkably absent, perhaps due to its greater systemic Involvement prior to brain metastasis, or Its earlier detection on physical examination. Overall group survival rates were 55% (6 months) and 13% (12 months), and cerebellar and noncerebellar metastases had the same survival rate at 12 months. The diagnostic evaluation of these patients, often extensive and costly, should be individually tailored, as 23% had complaints or findings indicative of their underlying primary cancer. Overall, chest roentgenograms and computed tomograms of the chest were the tests of greatest yield, followed by computed tomograms of the abdomen and pelvis. A rationale for evaluation is presented. (Arch Intern Med. 1989;149:1076-1080)
Abnormal intestinal motility in diabetics with the gastroparesis syndrome.

. Gastroparesis syndrome is a recognized complication of longstanding diabetes mellitus and is attributed to reduced gastric contractility due to ‘autovagotomy’. However, motor abnormalities associated with this syndrome may not be limited to the stomach. To test this hypothesis we have studied the fasting and fed manometric profiles of the proximal small intestine of fourteen patients with the clinical diagnosis of gastroparesis. Abnormal intestinal manometric patterns were observed in twelve out of the fourteen patients. In four patients there was reduced duodenojejunal phasic pressure activity, whereas in nine there were non-propagated long bursts of powerful contractions. Furthermore, while the majority of patients (eleven out of fourteen) exhibited the expected reduction in antral pressure activity and gastric phase III, a small subgroup of three patients exhibited a peculiar continuous 3 min-1 antral contractile activity. Our findings show that the small intestine is frequently affected in patients with diabetic gastroparesis, and that the motility disorder both in the stomach and the small bowel is not invariably of a ‘paretic’ type. The occurrence of incoordinated intestinal long bursts and continuous antral activity suggests that disturbed sympathetic innervation participates in the aetiopathogenesis of their upper-gut dysfunction.
Design, synthesis and biological activity of protaxols.

TAXOL1–6 is a product isolated from the Pacific yew tree (Taxus brevifolia) and is a potent microtubule-stabilizing agent which has recently been approved for treatment of otherwise intractable ovarian cancer. Despite taxol's therapeutic promise, its aqueous insolubility (<0.004 mg ml −1) hampers its clinical application. Here we report the design, synthesis and biological activity of a series of taxol-releasing compounds (protaxols) with improved pharmacological properties. These prodrugs were designed to increase their aqueous solubility and allow for taxol release under basic or physiological conditions. We demonstrate the stability of these prodrugs at pH⩽7 and their ability to release taxol in a basic medium. Taxol-like microtubule-stabilizing activity7–9 appears after the release of taxol. In vitro these prodrugs have cytotoxic properties against tumour cell lines comparable to those of taxol; moreover, human plasma catalyses the release of active taxol. These protaxols have greater potential as anticancer agents than the parent compounds taxol and taxotere (Fig. 1a).
Heavy-ion physics at the LHC with CMS

The CMS detector is an excellent tool for measuring high mass and low-x phenomena in heavy-ion collisions. Its exceptional acceptance and resolution combined with a fast and sophisticated trigger offer the potential for unexpected discoveries.
New filter media development for effective control of trimethysilanol (TMS) and related low molecular weight silicon containing organic species in the photobay ambient

The authors present results of extensive studies on the chemical behavior of low molecular weight silicon-containing species (LMWS) and associated challenges of their analytical determination and control to prevent adverse influence on critical optical elements of exposure tools. In their paper the authors describe a non-traditional approach to the creation of a TMS gaseous source for filter media development and an engineering solution to the challenge of controlling LMWS - a solution that shows a significant advantage over currently existing approaches.
What ER radiologists need to know about radiation risks.

The annual per capita medical dose in the US is currently 3 mSv, and has increased by about 600% since the early 1980s. Medical doses now account for approximately 50% of the total US population dose, and will likely continue to increase for the foreseeable future. An average patient at a Level 1 trauma center, with an Injury Severity Score of 14, is expected to undergo imaging procedures that will result in an effective dose of approximately 40 mSv. The median age of a trauma patient in the ER setting is about 30 years, and the male cancer incidence from this amount of radiation is estimated to be ~0.3%, with the female risk being ~55% higher. For radiation protection purposes, scientific radiation protection authorities consider that the available evidence shows the linear no threshold (LNT) model to be the most prudent one for radiation protection purposes. Accepting that diagnostic examinations are associated with finite radiation risks requires policies that protect patients from unnecessary radiation. Clinical practice should therefore ensure that: (a) tests should only be ordered when the results are expected to affect patient management; (b) non-ionizing alternatives (i.e., US and MR) be considered, particularly for pediatric patients; (c) only indicated exams should be performed where the patient benefit is judged to exceed any radiation risk; and (d) for indicated examinations, all radiation exposures are kept As Low As Reasonably Achievable (ALARA).
Implementation of a moving-target indicator by bucket-brigade circuits

The application of charge-transfer structures to signal processing is currently generating considerable interest. In this letter, the implementation of a moving-target indicator by means of bucket-brigade delay lines is described, and some experimental results are presented.
Internal Azomethine Ylide Cycloaddition Methodology for Access to the Substitution Pattern of Aziridinomitosene A

Highly substituted, tethered alkyne dipolarophiles participate in the internal 2 + 3 cycloaddition with azomethine ylides generated by treatment of oxazolium salts with cyanide ion. Starting from oxazole 26, a sequence of N-methylation, cyanide addition, and electrocyclic ring opening of a 4-oxazoline intermediate affords the indoloquinone 31 in a one-pot process. A similar reaction from the protected alkynol derivative 25 affords the sensitive, but isolable, enone 32, and subsequent oxidation affords 31 and the deprotected quinone alcohol 34. Related azomethine cycloaddition methodology via intramolecular oxazolium salt formation from 43 or 46 is also demonstrated and allows the synthesis of quinone 45 and derived structures having the substitution pattern of aziridinomitosene A. Removal of the N-trityl protecting group could not be achieved without aziridine cleavage.
Ovol1 represses its own transcription by competing with transcription activator c-Myb and by recruiting histone deacetylase activity

Ovol1 belongs to a family of evolutionarily conserved zinc finger proteins that act downstream of key developmental signaling pathways such as Wnt and TGF-β/BMP. It plays important roles in epithelial and germ cell development, particularly by repressing c-Myc and Id2 genes and modulating the balance between proliferation and differentiation of progenitor cells. In this study, we show that Ovol1 negatively regulates its own expression by binding to and repressing the activity of its promoter. We further demonstrate that Ovol1 uses both passive and active repression mechanisms to auto-repress: (1) it antagonizes transcriptional activation of c-Myb, a known positive regulator of proliferation, by competing for DNA binding; (2) it recruits histone deacetylase activity to the promoter via an N-terminal SNAG repressor domain. At Ovol1 cognate sites in the endogenous Ovol1 promoter, c-Myb binding correlates with increased histone acetylation, whereas the expression of Ovol1 correlates with a displacement of c-Myb from the DNA and decreased histone acetylation. Collectively, our data suggest that Ovol1 restricts its own expression by counteracting c-Myb activation and histone acetylation of the Ovol1 promoter.
Effect of pressure on induced ferromagnetism in Pr3Se4

Abstract The pressure dependence to 9.4 kbar of the magnetization of the induced ferromagnet, Pr 3 Se 4 , is presented. Two ferromagnetic transitions near 15 K are identified. The magnetic component associated with one decreases rapidly with increasing pressure and the high field moment increases. The results are compared to recent work on Pr 3 Tl.
Characterization of organic thin films for OLEDs using spectroscopic ellipsometry

We report the optical characterization of thin, evaporated organic films used in fabrication of organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs): N,N'-diphenyl-N,N'-bis(3-methyl-phenyl)-l,l'biphenyl-4,4'diamine,or TPD,andtris(8-hydroxy)quinolato aluminum, or Alq3. In particular, we have obtained and analyzed spectroscopic eliipsometry (SE) data using a multi-sample approach, to determine the optical constants for Alq3 and TPD films over the wavelength range 250-850 nm. We show that bi-layer Alq3/TPD films on Si can be analyzed for individual layer thicknesses, even though the refractive index is nearly identical for these films in the visible region. Simulations of in situ monitoring are also presented, which show sub-nm thickness resolution for organic layer growth on a Si monitor wafer. SE has great utility for process control, either by ex situ or in situ thickness measurement.
LONG-TERM RESULTS OF BALLOON VALVULOPLASTY OF THE PULMONARY VALVE

The long-term efficacy of transluminal balloon valvuloplasty (val) was evaluated in 7 children (age 1.5-9.9 yrs) with pulmonary stenosis 1 yr post-val. Prior to, immediately (Imm) post-val and at 1 yr post-val, the following parameters were evaluated at cath: pulmonary artery (PA), right ventricular (RV) and aortic pressures, heart rate (HR), pulmonary blood flow (PBF) and pulmonary valve area (PVA); ECG, vectorcardiogram (VCG) and doppler echocardiogram were performed. One yr post-val, RV-PA gradient and R V press decreased further from Imm post-val values in 6/7 pts. In addition, there was also an increase in both PBF and PVA over Imm post-val values. Although the ECG only mildly improved 1 yr post-val (R in V1 decreased from 13±2 to 11±4 mm), the VCG significantly improved with a decrease in right maximal spatial voltage (2.0±.9 to 1.1±.4 mV, p<.05) and a loss of the clockwise horizontal loop in all pts. Pulmonary regurgitation was present at 1 yr post-val (auscultation 2/7; doppler 6/7). Inferior vena cava thrombosis occurred in 1 pt. Balloon val appears to be an effective, safe method for producing long term relief of valvar pulmonary stenosis.
A Brief History of Lipid Oxidation

The history of our understanding of fat oxidation is reviewed from the early observations that oxygen was involved to the discovery of the role of singlet oxygen. It includes the debate about relative importance of triglyceride hydrolysis and oxidation; the search for tests that correlated with oxidized flavor; the evidence that oxidation involved the formation of hydroperoxides; the development of tests for hydroperoxides; and the work on the chemistry, mechanism, and kinetics of oxidation by the British Rubber Producers Research Association. The review ends with the effort to isolate and determine the structure of the oxidation products of the common unsaturated fatty acids, their relative rate of oxidation, and the role of singlet oxygen and metals in initiation.