cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluating mob stocking for beef cattle in a temperate grassland.

Mob stocking is a type of livestock management method where high densities of animals are restricted to a small area of grassland for short periods of time (e.g., 12–24 hr.) before being moved to new forage. Use of mob stocking has generated considerable interest among forage-livestock professionals in recent years, but questions remain about its purported benefits to cattle and forage plants. To address questions about the possible benefits of mob stocking, a 3-yr study (2014–2016) was conducted in Virginia, USA comparing mob, rotational, and continuous stocking methods in a temperate grassland common to that region. The main objective of this study was to evaluate how mob-stocking management affected selected forage variables, cattle performance, and legume/weed abundance. Herbage mass and nutritive value were measured monthly. Cow and calf weights and body condition score (BCS) were used as indicators of animal performance. Legumes (red and white clover) were over-seeded prior to the study, and their abundance along with weeds were evaluated annually thereafter. Mean herbage mass and forage nutritive values were similar across mob, rotational and continuously stocked systems despite extra-long rest periods that allowed grasses to grow tall and over-mature under mob stocking. Cow weights going into winter were lower (P < 0.05) under mob stocking (619 kg) compared with continuous stocking (688 kg) possibly because many tall grasses were trampled and not grazed. Lastly, we found mob stocking can favor establishment of erect-growing red clover (Trifolium pretense L.), but it had no effect on weed abundance. Overall, we found few compelling reasons why mob stocking should be adopted for season-long forage and livestock production over other stocking methods in this environment.
Chapter 24 – General Production Rules in a Second-Best Environment

This chapter concludes our survey of second-best public expenditure theory by exploring some fairly general propositions about government production in an environment made second best because of distorting taxation. A major goal of the chapter is to integrate our previous results on second-best tax theory with second-best public expenditure theory. The chapter presents the Diamond/Mirrlees result that production should be efficient under optimal taxation and Boadway’s analysis of the optimal government production rules under non-optimal distorting taxation. Boadway’s analysis incorporates both efficiency and equity considerations in the design of the optimal production rules. The Diamond/Mirrlees and Boadway papers provide foundational results for applied cost-benefit analysis.
Charting students’ exposure to promising practices of teaching about sustainability across the higher education curriculum

Although policymakers have advocated for infusing sustainability throughout the higher education curriculum, we know little about how to teach students this complex subject matter. Therefore, using...
A conductive metal–organic framework photoanode

We report the development of photosensitizing arrays based on conductive metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) that enable light harvesting and efficient charge separation. Zn2TTFTB (TTFTB = tetrathiafulvalene tetrabenzoate) MOFs are deposited directly onto TiO2 photoanodes and structurally characterized by pXRD and EXAFS measurements. Photoinduced interfacial charge transfer dynamics are investigated by combining time-resolved THz spectroscopy and quantum dynamics simulations. Sub-600 fs electron injection into TiO2 is observed for Zn2TTFTB-TiO2 and is compared to the corresponding dynamics for TTFTB-TiO2 analogues that lack the extended MOF architecture. Rapid electron injection from the MOF into TiO2 is enhanced by facile migration of the hole away from the interfacial region. Holes migrate through strongly coupled HOMO orbitals localized on the tetrathiafulvalene cores of the columnar stacks of the MOF, whereas electrons are less easily transferred through the spiral staircase arrangement of phenyl substituents of the MOF. The reported findings suggest that conductive MOFs could be exploited as novel photosensitizing arrays in applications to slow, and thereby make difficult, photocatalytic reactions such as those required for water-splitting in artificial photosynthesis.
Climate models capture key features of extreme precipitation probabilities across regions

Quantitative simulation of precipitation in current climate has been an ongoing challenge for global climate models. Despite serious biases in correctly simulating probabilities of extreme rainfall events, model simulations under global warming scenarios are routinely used to provide estimates of future changes in these probabilities. To minimize the impact of model biases, past literature tends to evaluate fractional (instead of absolute) changes in probabilities of precipitation extremes under the assumption that fractional changes would be more reliable. However, formal tests for the validity of this assumption have been lacking. Here we evaluate two measures that address properties important to the correct simulation of future fractional probability changes of precipitation extremes, and that can be assessed with current climate data. The first measure tests climate model performance in simulating the characteristic shape of the probability of occurrence of daily precipitation extremes and the second measure tests whether the key parameter governing the scaling of this shape is well reproduced across regions and seasons in current climate. Contrary to concerns regarding the reliability of global models for extreme precipitation assessment, our results show most models lying within the current range of observational uncertainty in these measures. Thus, most models in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 ensemble pass two key tests in current climate that support the usefulness of fractional measures to evaluate future changes in the probability of precipitation extremes.
Hemostasis and cerebral metastases in a model system.

In this issue of Blood, Feinauer et al focus on central nervous system (CNS) metastases generated by embolization of tumor cells into the cortical capillary network in a mouse model, and early thrombotic events that might facilitate metastasis.
An interview with Philip A. Bialer, MD

Philip A. Bialer, MD, received his BA with honors in Biology from the University of Rochester. He went on to earn his M.D. from Ohio State University where he was inducted into the Alpha Omega Alph...
A Hybrid Time-Efficient Modeling Approach for Acoustic Noise Prediction in SRMs

This study presents a computationally cost-effective modeling approach for a switched reluctance machine (SRM) towards predicting vibration and acoustic noise. In the proposed approach, the SRM is modeled using Finite Element (FE) software for capturing magnetic snapshots from static simulations. Using an advanced field reconstruction method (FRM), these snapshots are used to develop basis functions to estimate magnetic fields under any arbitrary stator excitation and at any desired rotor position. This method includes magnetic properties of the machine and can estimate flux density at once instead of partially predicting it. The vibration model is built in FE software while the acoustic noise is predicted using the analytical method. The proposed study can significantly reduce the computational time for vibration and noise analysis with decent accuracy. Dynamic simulation by finite-element analysis (FEA) software and experimental verification have been carried out to verify the effectiveness of the proposed hybrid model.
Misleading FT4 and FT3 Due to Immunoassay Interference from Autoantibodies.

Abstract Background Immunoassays used to measure total and free thyroxine (T4 and FT4) and total and free triiodothyronine (T3 and FT3) can provide inaccurate results due to interference from endogenous autoantibodies. Case Report: A 74-year-old female treated for hypothyroidism with levothyroxine replacement had elevated thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), FT4, and FT3. Due to concern for hyperthyroidism, levothyroxine was discontinued and further workup was initiated. A pituitary MRI revealed a microadenoma but the alpha-subunit was normal. She was given octreotide for suspected TSH secreting pituitary adenoma without improvement in her TSH, FT4, or FT3 levels. She was referred to our clinic, where inaccurate lab values for FT4 and FT3 were suspected. Results Testing via equilibrium dialysis liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method revealed lower levels of FT4 and FT3. Subsequent testing included heterophile blocking tube treatment, polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation, and anti-T3/T4 autoantibody levels. The tests revealed thyroid hormone autoantibodies (THAAs) as the cause of immunoassay interference. Conclusions When thyroid hormones are elevated and TSH is not suppressed, confirmatory testing with another method such as equilibrium dialysis LC-MS/MS, which is not susceptible to interference from autoantibodies, should be considered.
Optimal Control of Hybrid Systems via Hybrid Lagrangian Submanifolds

Abstract We develop a geometric interpretation for solutions to the Bolza problem in optimal control for systems subject to hybrid dynamics. In particular, the idea of a hybrid Lagrangian submanifold is introduced. These submanifolds are invariant under the hybrid Hamiltonian flow arising from the extended maximum principle for hybrid systems. Solutions to the hybrid optimal control problem are characterized from backward propagating these submanifolds under the hybrid Hamiltonian flow. This approach side-steps issues of multi-valuedness and singularities. This paper ends with a brief example of the controlled bouncing ball to illustrate the theory.
Frequency sensitivity in the auditory periphery of male and female black-capped chickadees (Poecile atricapillus)

The black-capped chickadee is a songbird that has been used extensively as a model of animal communication in field and laboratory settings. Although many studies have focused on the complex call and song systems of the black-capped chickadee, relatively fewer studies have focused on chickadee audition. However, we do know from behavioral and molecular work that chickadees (and auditory processing areas in their brains) discriminate between artificially generated tones, between conspecific and heterospecific vocalizations, and among different types of conspecific vocalizations. In this paper we investigate peripheral auditory processing of frequency in the black-capped chickadee and the potential influence of sex on frequency sensitivity using a technique called auditory evoked potentials. We found that male and female black-capped chickadees did not differ in any measure of frequency sensitivity. Both sexes had the greatest sensitivity to frequencies between 2 and 4 kHz. This range of frequencies is well represented in black-capped chickadee song, partially supporting the idea that sender and receiver coevolve. Finally, we suggest that the call and song system of North American parids make them an ideal taxonomic group for comparative work exploring the relationship between call systems and the evolution of auditory processing.
Observations on the adversary system and the role of the forensic scientist: "scientific truth" v. "legal truth"

At the first plenary session of the 24th Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences, discussions were directed to the role of the forensic scientist in the adversary system. The morning Plenary Session of Thursday, March 2, 1972 was entitled “The Adversary System and the Role of the Forensic Scientist.” The evening Special Seminar on “Truth and Consequences in the Court Room or Open Season on the Expert Witness” was followed by a film on “The Murder of Fred Hampton” in which the approach of the criminalist in accumulating scientific data for legal purposes was detailed. In these sessions, the adversary process was often attacked as interfering with or hiding and distor,ing scientific truth as provided by the expertise of the forensic scientist, rather than serving to promote scientific truth and enhancing its exposure and meaningful application to legal issues.
Territorial Integrity and Sovereignty: Climate Change and Security in the Pacific and Beyond

In June 2009 the United Nations General Assembly acknowledged, with resolution A/64/281, that climate change may have implications for security (chap. 33 by Kurtz). The small island states were among the main drivers behind the resolution because of their concerns regarding the impacts of climate change. Two years earlier, in April 2007, several countries had mentioned during the debate at the United Nations Security Council that the small island states are those which are particularly threatened by climate change (UNSC 2007).
Optimization of the Sensitization Process and Stability of Octadentate Eu(III) 1,2-HOPO Complexes

The synthesis of a series of octadentate ligands containing the 1-hydroxypyridin-2-one (1,2-HOPO) group in complex with europium(III) is reported. Within this series, the central bridge connecting two diethylenetriamine units linked to two 1,2-HOPO chromophores at the extremities (5-LIN-1,2-HOPO) is varied from a short ethylene chain (H(2,2)-1,2-HOPO) to a long pentaethylene oxide chain (H(17O5,2)-1,2-HOPO). The thermodynamic stability of the europium complexes has been studied and reveals these complexes may be effective for biological measurements. Extension of the central bridge results in exclusion of the inner-sphere water molecule observed for [Eu(H(2,2)-1,2-HOPO)](-) going from a nonacoordinated to an octacoordinated Eu(III) ion. With the longer chain length ligands, the complexes display increased luminescence properties in aqueous medium with an optimum of 20% luminescence quantum yield for the [Eu(H(17O5,2)-1,2-HOPO)](-) complex. The luminescence properties for [Eu(H(14O4,2)-1,2-HOPO)](-) and [Eu(H(17O5,2)-1,2-HOPO)](-) are better than that of the model bis-tetradentate [Eu(5LIN(Me)-1,2-HOPO)2](-) complex, suggesting a different geometry around the metal center despite the geometric freedom allowed by the longer central chain in the H(mOn,2) scaffold. These differences are also evidenced by examining the luminescence spectra at room temperature and at 77 K and by calculating the luminescence kinetic parameters of the europium complexes.
Which Sounds are Significant? Towards a Rhetoric of Closed Captioning

This article offers a way of thinking about closed captioning that goes beyond quality (narrowly defined in current style guides in terms of visual design) to consider captioning as a rhetorical and interpretative practice that warrants further analysis and criticism from scholars in the humanities and social sciences. A rhetorical perspective recasts quality in terms of how genre, audience, context, and purpose shape the captioning act. Drawing on a range of Hollywood movies and television shows, this article addresses a set of topics that are central to an understanding of the effectiveness, significance, and reception of captions: overcaptioning, undercaptioning, subtitles vs. captions, the manipulation of time, non-speech information, series awareness, and the backchannel.
GLAND CELL PROSOPLASIA (ADENOSIS) OF VAGINA.

Abstract Five cases of adenosis of the vagina are reported and assessed particularly in respect to the pathogenesis. The authors consider the disease to be a form of gland cell prosoplasia characterized by multiple foci of glandular epithelium, usually muciferous, replacing or growing from the stratified squamous mucosa. In 1 of the cases the lesions also involved the vulva. The natural course of the disease appears to be one of gradual healing by squamous overgrowth with the restoration of the vagina to normal. The healing process may be accelerated by cauterization of the lesions. Etiologic factors include local inflammatory change and pregnancy in patients conditioned by an altered hormonal and/or metabolic status; the lesions must be distinguished from heterotopic endocervical tissue and should not be mistaken for either primary or the metastatic gland cell carcinoma.
Fine Structure in Multi-Phase Zr8Ni21-Zr7Ni10-Zr2Ni7 Alloy Revealed by Transmission Electron Microscope

The microstructure of an annealed alloy with a Zr₈Ni21 composition was studied by both scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The presence of three phases, Zr₈Ni21, Zr₂Ni₇, and Zr₇Ni10, was confirmed by SEM/X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy compositional mapping and TEM electron diffraction. Distribution of the phases and their morphology can be linked to a multi-phase structure formed by a sequence of reactions: (1) L → Zr₂Ni₇ + L'; (2) peritectic Zr₂Ni₇ + L' → Zr₂Ni₇ + Zr₈Ni21 + L"; (3) eutectic L" → Zr₈Ni21 + Zr₇Ni10. The effect of annealing at 960 °C, which was intended to convert a cast structure into a single-phase Zr₈Ni21 structure, was only moderate and the resulting alloy was still multi-phased. TEM and crystallographic analysis of the Zr₂Ni₇ phase show a high density of planar (001) defects that were explained as low-energy boundaries between rotational variants and stacking faults. The crystallographic features arise from the pseudo-hexagonal structure of Zr₂Ni₇. This highly defective Zr₂Ni₇ phase was identified as the source of the broad X-ray diffraction peaks at around 38.4° and 44.6° when a Cu-K was used as the radiation source.
Polynomial and Rational Evaluation and Interpolation (with Structured Matrices)

Polynomial and rational interpolation and multipoint evaluation are classical subjects, which remain central for the theory and practice of algebraic and numerical computing and have extensive applications to sciences, engineering and signal and image processing. In spite of long and intensive study of these subjects, several major problems remained open. We achieve substantial progress, based on our new matrix representations of the problems with the use of node polynomials. In particular: 1. We show strong correlation between rational and polynomial problems as well as between evaluation and interpolation, which enables our unified algorithmic treatment of all these subjects. 2. In applications of real polynomial evaluation and interpolation to sciences, engineering, and signal and image processing, most important is the case where input/output is represented in Chebyshev bases. In this case we rely on fast cosine/sine transforms (FCT/FST) to decrease the arithmetic cost of the known solutions from order of n to O(log2 n) per node point. 3. In the general complex case, we devise new effective approximation algorithms for polynomial and rational evaluation and interpolation, for all input polynomials of degree n - 1 and all sets of n nodes. The algorithms support the arithmetic complexity bounds of O(log n) per node point for approximate solution of these classical problems within the output error bound Ɛ = 2-b, log b = O(log n), taken relative to the specified input parameters. This substantially improved the known estimate of O(log2 n) per point. Our algorithms supporting the cited complexity bounds allow their NC and work optimal parallelization. Our results also include new exact solution algorithms with arithmetic cost O(log2 n) per node point for a) Trummer's problem of rational evaluation, which (unlike Gerasoulis algorithm) is interpolation-free, and b) rational interpolation with unknown poles, which exploits the matrix structure instead of the customary reduction to Euclidean algorithm. Technically, we exploit correlation among various problems of polynomial and rational interpolation, their matrix representations and transformations (mappings) into each other of both problems and the associated structured matrices.
Lead-Bismuth Eutectic as a High Temperature Heat-Transport Fluid for Thermal Solar Power

In order to increase the thermal efficiency and produce process heat for hydrogen production, the operating temperature of the heat-transfer fluid in thermal solar plants needs to increase, but to increase the operating temperature, new heat-transport liquids need to be evaluated. Liquid metals have been proposed as heat-transport fluids because of the large temperature ranges over which they remain liquid. One of the most studied liquid metals for non-solar applications has been lead-bismuth eutectic alloy (LBE), for the nuclear industry. The main challenge with using LBE as a coolant is that the major constituents of structural steels have high solubility in LBE. In this work, the challenges of using LBE as a high temperature heat-transport fluid are discussed, as well as initial results of high-temperature static corrosion tests of structural steels to evaluate their potential use in a thermal solar power plant.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Edge-effects correction in depth profiles obtained by ion-beam sputtering

Abstract The edge effects in depth-profiles obtained by sputtering with a static and non-uniform ion beam are corrected by a numerical integration procedure based upon a theoretical analysis of the crater geometry. The parameters of the beam and the detector are derived from the depth-profile of a standard sharp interface, e.g. a SiO 2 film on silicon. These parameters are then used to correct subsequent depth-profiles of unknown interfaces sputtered by the same beam. This approach eliminates the need for a priori knowledge of the beam intensity distribution. Examples of corrections performed on experimental depth-profiles obtained by the sputter-induced optical emission and SIMS techniques are given to illustrate its general applicability.
Damage Based Formability Analysis of Sheet Metal with LS-DYNA

This papers presents a damage mechanics model, which was proposed recently by the authors for predicting the localized necking and final failure of sheet metals. It is generalized to take into account the continuous directional change of principal strain plane and damage plane, and their hysteretic effect on damage evolution. The generalization is a critical requirement to predict accurately the forming limit strains, as most stamped components are subjected to multistage forming process. This type of forming process produces non-proportional stamping force/load and a complex strain history in the stamped part causing directional change of principal strain plane and damage plane. The damage model is implemented into the large-scale finite element package LS-DYNA that then was applied to predict the forming limit strain and fracture limit strain of VDIF under non-proportional loading condition. Satisfactory predictions have been achieved for several case examples where the complex strain histories are pres...
Optimizing feedback from a designated level 1 trauma/burn center to referring hospitals.

Background The American College of Surgeons Committee on Trauma (ACS-COT) is dedicated to improving the quality of care for severely injured patients. The ACS-COT charges designated centers with providing feedback to referring hospitals. There are no guidelines or recommendations as to what should be included in the feedback or how it should be used. Study Design The objectives of this study were to evaluate current feedback efforts regarding patients transferred to Harborview Medical Center (HMC), a regional level 1 trauma and burn center, to better understand how the feedback is used, and to evaluate what types of feedback are most useful to the referring hospitals. An analysis of U-link (password-protected access to patient's electronic medical record) and other forms of feedback was performed. A survey was sent to 82 Washington State hospitals in the regionalized trauma system to evaluate the current feedback process and its utility. Results During 1 year, HMC admitted 5,988 trauma and 763 burn patients; 54.8% of trauma and 66.5% of burn admissions were transferred from referring hospitals. Currently, 90 different referring hospitals have acquired a U-link account to follow their patients. Discharge summaries were the primary source of information used. When hospitals were asked how this information is used, education (100%), systems analysis (98.5%), and quality assurance (92%) were most common. Conclusions There is significant interest on the part of referring hospitals to receive feedback from a designated level 1 trauma/burn center to improve quality of care. A system like U-link can allow secure access to review patient charts for quality improvement and feedback purposes, in a manner that is efficient for the referring and receiving hospitals.
Alterations in the molecular response to DNA damage during cellular aging of cultured fibroblasts: reduced AP-1 activation and collagenase gene expression.

Transcriptional activation of c-fos in response to both serum stimulation and DNA damage requires the serum response element. The inability of in vitro aged or senescent fibroblasts to proliferate in response to serum has been shown to be associated with repressed c-fos expression and reduced AP-1 binding activity. In contrast, we have observed similar levels of c-fos mRNA and protein expression in young (early passage) and old (late passage) cells following their treatment with ultraviolet (UV) irradiation or methyl methanesulfonate (MMS). Thus, the early events in the signal transduction pathway leading to transcriptional activation of c-fos following DNA damage are distinct from those mediating the gene's expression in response to mitogenic stimulation. Despite normal levels of c-fos expression, we observed a reduced level of AP-1 binding activity in old cells relative to young cells treated with UV irradiation or MMS. Reduced AP-1 binding activity is associated with reduced expression of the AP-1-dependent gene, collagenase, in old cells treated with DNA damaging agents. Since other DNA damage-inducible genes also contain an AP-1 regulatory element presumed to play a role in their expression, reduced AP-1 binding activity is likely to have a major impact on the old cell's ability to respond appropriately to DNA damage. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A Bijective Proof of Infinite Variated Good′s Inversion

Abstract We use the theory of colored species to prove the plethystic Lagrange inversion formula and infinite variated Good′s inversion formula. These inversion formulas are shown to be equivalent to transfer formulas in the infinite variated umbral calculus.
Inaccuracy and expense of the leukocyte count in making urgent clinical decisions.

The care of 172 patients with abnormal white blood count (WBC) results was examined by chart review and physician interview. Neither the total leukocyte count, the neutrophil count, nor the band count reliably distinguished between bacterial, nonbacterial, and noninfectious disease. The positive predictive value for bacterial disease of a WBC ⩾ 12,500/mm 3 was only 26%, with either a neutrophil count ⩾ 10,000/mm 3 or a band count ⩾500/mm 3 , the positive predictive value was only 33%. Of WBCs, 21% were ordered by mistake when another (or no) test was desired. Only 18 abnormal WBCs of 172 (10.4%) (of the total 860 obtained) had any impact on the patient's clinical management, and only ten caused impact judged to be neutral or beneficial. Based on a WBC and differential costs of $23.50, obtaining an abnormal result that had a clearly beneficial impact on patient care would cost $10,105 in unneeded tests. The WBC does not in itself reliably predict severity or cause of disease in acutely ill adults, and its widespread use as a screening test in this setting probably should be abandoned.
Tourmaline in a low grade clastic metasedimentary rock: an example of the petrogenetic potential of tourmaline

Detrital tourmaline grains and their associated tourmaline overgrowths provide a means to unravel the provenance and petrogenetic history of low grade clastic metasedimentary rocks. Evidence derives from tourmaline grains found in a lithic wacke metamorphosed to chlorite zone conditions. The detrital tourmaline cores are diagnostic indicators of the source rocks of the sediment whereas the overgrowths record both diagenetic and metamorphic reactions in the rock. Tourmaline grains consist of a detrital core surrounded by asymmetric overgrowths comprised of inner and outer rims. Abrupt chemical discontinuities between each of these zones implies that volume diffusion within tourmaline was minor under the conditions of formation. Compositions of the detrital cores vary widely, yet can be correlated with source rock types that are consistent with lithic fragments recognizable in the metawacke. At either the analogous or antilogous pole, inner rim compositions proximal to the detrital cores converge, despite the substrate tourmaline composition, indicating an approach to chemical equilibrium. However, significant dufferences in Al and X-site vacancies at the expense of Mg, Na and Ti between the analogous and antilogous poles of the inner rims demonstrate the presence of significant amounts of compositional polarity. Outer rim compositions at either pole also converge but compositional polarity between the analogous and antilogous poles persists. The presence of the inner and outer rims separated by a compositional discontinuity suggests punctuated evolution of the overgrowth. This implies that boron was sporadically available during diagenesis and metamorphism. Based on boron contents of minerals, this may correspond to a mechanism such as boron release due to polytypic change of illite or consumption of illite and/or muscovite. As such, tourmaline growth stages may serve as a monitor of chemical reactions in low grade metamorphic rocks.
Gas Turbine Testing During US Navy Trials for LHD-8 USS Makin Island

The Navy’s newest and last WASP class Amphibious Assault Ship, LHD 8 USS MAKIN ISLAND, is undergoing sea testing for the first time November 2008 before an expected delivery to the US Navy in early 2009. Rather than the two steam propulsion plants used by other ships in the WASP class, LHD 8 utilizes a gas turbine/electric drive hybrid propulsion system developing a combined 70,000 horsepower that will drive the 42,800-ton ship to speeds in excess of 20 knots. The paper will discuss the testing used to prepare the LM2500+ installation on LHD 8, the first of its kind in a military application, for entry into service. This will include details on engine light-off and the testing performed both dockside and at-sea. The paper will discuss the results of the at-sea test data as it compares to the initial predictions used to provide the rationale for funding the ship’s construction project.© 2009 ASME
Women, Possession Trance Cults, and the Extended Nutrient‐Deficiency Hypothesis

(1977) has shown more clearly than I did, in Egypt and elsewhere where it occurs this cult is often associated with the embourgoisement of men and women--involving a curtailment of the latter's freedom (see also Ferchiou 1972:66; Lewis, forthcoming). Finally, while I have no quarrel with Kehoe and Giletti's characterization of my interpretation of possession cults as "political," I have never advocated a monocausal explanation of such protean phenomena. By the same token and contrary to their assertions, I have explicitly pointed out (Lewis 1966:325) that in this context the concepts "center" and "periphery" are relative and ambiguous. If authors choose to recycle the reductionist "explanations" of Marvin Harris and his school, they might at least take the trouble to get their facts right.
Fear of repeated injections in children younger than 4 years receiving subcutaneous allergy immunotherapy

Abstract Background Allergy immunotherapy during early childhood may have potential benefits for the prevention of asthma and allergy morbidity. However, subcutaneous immunotherapy has not yet been prospectively researched in children younger than 4 years, primarily because of safety concerns, including the fear and psychological distress young children may experience with repeated needle injections. Objective To quantify fear in atopic children younger than 4 years with a history of wheezing who are receiving subcutaneous immunotherapy. Methods Fear of injection was graded during a total of 788 immunotherapy injection visits in 18 children (age, 37 months; SD, 9 months) receiving subcutaneous allergy immunotherapy. The parent and the injection nurse assigned fear scores on a scale of 0 to 10 after each injection visit. Results At the time of analysis, children had a median of 49 injection visits (range, 12-88) during a median study period of 81.5 weeks (range, 15-165 weeks). Fifteen children (83%) lost their fear of injections during the study. A fear score of 0 was achieved after a mean of 8.4 visits (SD, 7.4). The more injection visits were missed, the more likely children were to retain fear of injections (hazard ratio, 0.13; 95% confidence interval, 0.02-1.02; P =.05). Age, adverse events, number of injections at each visit, and change of injection personnel were not associated with increased fear. Conclusion Our analysis suggests that most children receiving weekly subcutaneous immunotherapy lose their fear of injections during the treatment course. Children with increased intervals between visits may be at higher risk of experiencing fear of injections. Clinical Trial Registration clinicaltrial.gov identifier NCT01028560
Interaction of synthetic Alzheimer beta-protein-derived analogs with aqueous aluminum: a low-field 27Al NMR investigation.

Synthetic peptides corresponding to the soluble Alzheimerβ-protein, i.e., β1–40 and β6-25, were utilized to investigate the association of aluminum using low-field27Al nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). Addition of β1-40 or β6-25 to aqueous Al3+ gives rise to a27Al NMR signal corresponding to the association of Al3+ with the peptides; this effect is not easily reversed by EDTA. Based on the relative intensity of the Al3+-peptide signal between pH 4 and 6, there are at least 4 Al3+ ions associated with each peptide molecule. Microheterogeneity is observed with RP-HPLC on incubating solutions of Al3+ with β1-40 and β6-25. The27Al NMR spectra of chromatographically pure fractions of β1-40 and β6-25 indicate that the peptide-associated Al3+ is released below pH 3.5. We propose that soluble β1-40 provides an anchor for Al3+ to bind, eventually leading to an increased deposition of amyloid in the Alzheimer brain.
Comparison of a Chromogenic Medium with Thiosulfate‐Citrate‐Bile Salts‐Sucrose Agar for Detecting Vibrio parahaemolyticus

: The widely used most probable number (MPN) method for detecting Vibrio parahaemolyticus cannot differentiate growth of V. parahaemolyticus from Vibrio vulnificus or Vibrio mimicus on the thiosulfate-citrate-bile salts-sucrose agar (TCBS). Presumptive positive colonies grown onTCBS need to be confirmed with lengthy biochemical tests. This study compared a chromogenic medium, Bio-Chrome Vibrio medium (BCVM), with TCBS for detecting V. parahaemolyticus in seawater, sediment, and oysters using a 3-tube MPN method. Among the 296 samples tested, 136 and 92 samples produced presumptive positive results on TCBS and BCVM, respectively. Biochemical tests and a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay confirmed 74 of 83 samples that were presumptive positive on both TCBS and BVCM as V. parahaemolyticus. Although false-positive results were reported when either medium was used, there were 62 reported for TCBS whereas only 15 were reported for BCVM. The specificities of TCBS and BCVM for V. parahaemolyticus detection were determined to be 77% and 94%, respectively. The accuracies of detecting V. parahaemolyticus were 54% for TCBS and 84% for BCVM. The Bio-Chrome Vibrio medium can be used in the MPN method to reduce the number of biochemical tests needed for V. parahaemolyticus confirmation.
Myoglobin synthesis in cell cultures of red and white muscle

Myoglobin synthesis was compared in cell cultures of leg (red) and breast (white) muscle of chick embryos. In leg muscle cultures a rapidly increasing amino acid incorporation into myoglobin begins two days after muscle cell fusion; in breast muscle cultures no comparable increase was observed. This qualitative difference in cultures of the two muscle cell types provides possibilities for the further study of the mechanism of myoglobin synthesis.
United States government audiovisuals

The National Audiovisual Center, a division of the National Archives and Records Service, General Services Administration, was created to provide a central clearinghouse for United States Government produced audiovisual materials. Previously these materials had only been available from various individual Federal agencies or their divisions and offices. Today the Center has over 12,000 titles in 24 distinct subject headings. The information Branch maintains a Master Data File of the entire collection from which the Center provides information on sales, rentals, previews and loan sources of Government media. Additional titles are added to the collection on a daily baais. The Reference Section has a large number of catalogs, information lists, flyers and brochures which will be provided upon your request. Various audiovisual formats, motion pictures, videotapes, slide sets, audiotapes, and multimedia kits, are available for sale through our Distribution Branch. A number of 16mm motion picture films are available for rent or limited free loan.
On well-posedness of the Papoulis generalized sampling expansion

K.F. Cheung and R.J. Marks (ibid., vol.CAS-32, no.5 p.481-4, 1985) have shown that if at least one of the interpolation functions used in the generalized sampling expansion of A. Papoulis (1977) is not square-integrable, then the problem is ill-posed in the sense that the variance of the reconstruction error is unbounded when noisy samples are used. It is shown that if all the interpolation functions are square-integrable, then the generalized sampling problem is well posed, essentially a converse of the Cheung-Marks result. A useful alternative sufficient condition for well-posedness that depends only on the transfer characteristics of the channels and does not require explicit calculation of the interpolation functions is developed. Several examples illustrating the results are given; in particular, the important nonuniform sampling strategy of J.L. Yen (IRE Trans. Circuits Theory, vol. CT-3, p.251-7, Dec. 1956) using bunched samples is shown to be well posed. >
Discrete structural models of organization in free recall

Abstract A method is developed for expressing and testing organizational hypotheses which account for patterns of co-occurrence among to-be-recalled items. Each organizational hypothesis may be represented as a system of structural equations. A model defined by such a system reflects a hypothetical organization of the items into higher-order memory units or “chunks.” One set of model parameters characterizes the internal structure of each chunk. Another set characterizes the processing of each chunk as a molar unit. An iterative procedure is described for obtaining maximum likelihood estimates of model parameters and a test of the model's goodness of fit.
Hypervelocity cratering and disruption of porous pumice targets: Implications for crater production, catastrophic disruption, and momentum transfer on porous asteroids

Abstract Most asteroids for which porosities have been inferred have porosities from 20% to>50%. To investigate the effects of target porosity on cratering, impact disruption, and momentum transfer we performed a series of 17 hypervelocity impact experiments on high-porosity (60% to 85% porous), terrestrial, pumice targets impacted at speeds ranging from 3.5 to 5.2 km/s at the NASA Ames Vertical Gun Range. Eleven disruptions demonstrated that pumice targets are significantly stronger, i.e., they require more impactor kinetic energy per unit target mass to produce an equivalent disruption, than non-porous targets. The threshold collisional specific energy, Q D ⁎ , for this pumice is ~2380 J/kg, more than 60% greater than the value previously determined for ordinary chondrite meteorites having ~10% porosity, and more than three times the literature value for non-porous terrestrial basalt. As a result, in the same impactor environment non-porous asteroids, with properties similar to terrestrial basalt, and highly porous asteroids with the properties of this pumice are equally likely to be disrupted, possibly explaining the survival of asteroids with moderate or high porosity. The six cratering events produced steep-walled, roughly cylindrical craters, with depth/diameter ratios of ~1 to ~2.7, rather than the bowl-shaped craters with depth/diameter ~0.5 produced in non-porous targets. Computed microtomography shows little or no damage to the pumice outside the excavated crater volume even for impactor energies of approximately one-half Q D ⁎ , an energy shown to produce global damage in non-porous targets. Two large, overlapping craters were produced by successive hypervelocity impacts into one pumice target, a result consistent with the interpretation of the large, overlapping craters on the asteroid 253 Mathilde being a result of its high (>50%) porosity. We measured the post-impact momentum of a pumice target, showing that the recoil from the crater ejecta exceeded the direct momentum transferred by absorption of the projectile by ~30%.
Evaluation of ACI 318 and AISC (LRFD) strength provisions for composite beam-columns

Abstract The development of an interactive computer program for modeling biaxial bending of encased composite steel-concrete columns and its application to design are presented. Included is a description of an analytical procedure for modeling inelastic behavior based on the fiber element method. Results of fiber element analyses are used to evaluate nominal uni- and biaxial bending strengths of composite columns calculated according to the ACI-318 and AISC-LRFD specifications. Slender column behavior and the effect of residual stresses and built-in forces (resulting from the construction sequence) in the steel sections are included. In addition to providing insight into behavior and assessing current design provisions for composite columns, the implementation of the fiber element method demonstrates the feasibility of using inelastic simulation programs in design.
Discrimination as a key mediator of the relationship between posttraumatic stress and HIV treatment adherence among African American men.

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is relatively common among people living with HIV/AIDS (PLHA) and may be associated with antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence. We examined the relationship between PTSD symptom severity and adherence among 214 African American males. Because PLHA may experience discrimination, potentially in the form of traumatic stress (e.g., hate crimes), we also examined whether perceived discrimination (related to race, HIV status, sexual orientation) is an explanatory variable in the relationship between PTSD and adherence. Adherence, monitored electronically over 6 months, was negatively correlated with PTSD total and re-experiencing symptom severity; all 3 discrimination types were positively correlated with PTSD symptoms and negatively correlated with adherence. Each discrimination type separately mediated the relationship between PTSD and adherence; when both PTSD and discrimination were included in the model, discrimination was the sole predictor of adherence. Findings highlight the critical role that discrimination plays in adherence among African American men experiencing posttraumatic stress.
Application of SSM/I satellite data to a hurricane simulation

The impact of Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I) data on simulations of hurricane Danny is assessed. The assimilation of SSM/I data is found to increase the atmospheric moisture content over the Gulf of Mexico, strengthen the low-level cyclonic circulation, shorten the model spin-up time, and significantly improve the simulation of the storm's intensity. Two different approaches for assimilating SSM/I data, namely assimilating retrieved products and assimilating raw measurements, are further compared. The data-assimilation analyses from these two approaches give different moisture distributions in both the horizontal and vertical directions in the storm's vicinity, which may potentially affect the simulated storm's development; however, the simulated storm intensities are considered comparable for the Danny case. From sensitivity tests performed in this study, it is also found that the choice of the observational error variances could be potentially important to the model simulations. Copyright © 2004 Royal Meteorological Society.
Nitrogen-15 magnetic resonance spectroscopy XVI—natural-abundance spectra of aromatic amines†‡

The ^(15)N chemical shifts of aniline, the toluidines, xylidines, and several halogen and oxygen substituted anilines have been measured at the natural abundance level of ^(15)N. Substituent parameters obtained by multiple regression analysis show that the methyl group induces comparable upfield shifts at the ortho and para positions (2·37 and 2·55 ppm/methyl, respectively) and a small (0·77 ppm/methyl) upfield shift at the meta position. The chemical shifts correlate reasonably well with ^(19)F shifts of similarly substituted fluorobenzenes, with C-1 of the anilines themselves and with Hammett sigma values. While the shifts of C-methyl substituted anilines do not correlate with the methyl resonances of corresponding polymethylbenzenes, those of the halo- and alkoxyanilines show a reasonable parallelism with corresponding ^(13)C-methyl shifts. The results are interpreted in terms of possible modes of transmission of electron density in an alternating and additive manner through the sigma framework.
l-Cysteine supplementation lowers blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin, CRP, MCP-1, and oxidative stress and inhibits NF-κB activation in the livers of Zucker diabetic rats

This study examined the hypothesis that l-cysteine supplementation can lower insulin resistance, glycemia, oxidative stress, and markers of vascular inflammation in type 2 diabetes using Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats as a model. Starting at the age of 6 weeks, ZDF rats were supplemented orally (daily gavage, 8 weeks) with saline placebo (D) or l-cysteine (LC; 1 mg/kg bw) and fed a high-calorie diet. Six-week-old rats without any supplementation were considered baseline (BL) rats. D rats showed elevated fasting blood glucose, glycated Hb, CRP, and MCP-1 compared with BL rats in which there was no onset of diabetes. LC supplementation significantly lowered blood levels of glucose (18%, p= 0.05), glycated Hb (8%, p= 0.02), CRP (23%, p= 0.02), MCP-1 (32%, p= 0.01), and insulin resistance (25%) compared with levels seen in saline-supplemented D rats. There was a decrease in plasma protein oxidation levels (p< 0.01); however, GSH levels were similar in LC and D groups. Although LC did not change blood hematocrit or levels of transaminases, it did lower alkaline phosphatase (29%, p= 0.01) levels in comparison to D. Western blotting analyses of liver showed increased activation of NF-kappaB and Akt (50% pNF-kappaB and 20% pAkt) in D compared with BL rats. LC supplementation inhibited these effects (17% pAkt, 18% pNF-kappaB). This is the first report showing that l-cysteine supplementation can lower glycemia and markers of vascular inflammation in diabetes apparently by preventing NF-kappaB activation in a diabetic animal model.