cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Plasmodium pyruvate dehydrogenase activity is only essential for the parasite's progression from liver infection to blood infection

Plasmodium parasites possess a single pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) enzyme complex that is localized to the plastid-like organelle known as the apicoplast. Unlike most eukaryotes, Plasmodium parasites lack a mitochondrial PDH. The PDH complex catalyses the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA, an important precursor for the tricarboxylic acid cycle and type II fatty acid synthesis (FAS II). In this study, using a rodent malaria model, we show that the PDH E1 alpha and E3 subunits colocalize with the FAS II enzyme FabI in the apicoplast of liver stages but are not significantly expressed in blood stages. Deletion of the E1 alpha or E3 subunit genes of Plasmodium yoelii PDH caused no defect in blood stage development, mosquito stage development or early liver stage development. However, the gene deletions completely blocked the ability of the e1 alpha(-) and e3(-) parasites to form exo-erythrocytic merozoites during late liver stage development, thus preventing the initiation of a blood stage infection. This phenotype is similar to that observed for deletions of genes involved in FAS II elongation. The data strongly support the hypothesis that the sole role of PDH is to provide acetyl-CoA for FAS II.
Gender Roles and Women's Achievement-Related Decisions:

Occupational sex segregation continues to exist and the occupational career paths of women and men continue to differ. This article proposes a model to explain these persistent, gender-role linked trends, summarizes evidence to support the proposed mediating psychological mechanisms, and discusses the social experiences that shape gender differences on these mediators. In addition, the article reviews the economic and psychological costs often associated with the traditional female choices and proposes interventions aimed at achieving a more gender—fair social system that does not devalue traditionally female domains. The proposed model links occupational choices to expectations for success and subjective task value, which, in turn, are linked to gender-role socialization, self schemas, and anticipated role and task demands. The importance of subjective task value is stressed, as is the need to study women's achievement-related choices from the women's perspective.
Selective Excitatory Actions of DNQX and CNQX in Rat Thalamic Neurons

The thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN) consists of GABA-containing neurons that form reciprocal synaptic connections with thalamic relay nuclei. Excitatory synaptic innervation of TRN neurons arises ...
Molecular dynamics simulations of plasma crystal formation including wake effects

Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are used to study dusty plasma crystal formation in three dimensions. The grain interaction model includes a spherically symmetric Debye-Huckel potential, an asymmetric wake potential, and a unidirectional external potential representing gravity and the sheath potential. We use a new form for the wake with ion-neutral collisions that reduce the interaction length of the wake. For the parameters considered, we obtain quasi-ordered structures in which the grains align into well-formed strings in the vertical direction and a more amorphous alignment of the strings themselves. Changes in the vertical alignment as a function of the wake parameters are analyzed.
The Pricing Of Thrift Conversions

This paper aims to explore the conversion of Mutual Thrifts to publicly traded savings institutions. Equity and fairness are important in the mutual thrift conversion process since these firms leave the general community control and placed in specific investor control. As a result, an examination of issue size choice (are there variables that show some thrifts were priced low) and underpricing (are there market results that show a thrift was underpriced) are crucial. We find evidence that the price was chosen in a way to benefit insiders and mutual holding companies.
Tumor control probability model for alpha-particle-emitting radionuclides.

Abstract Roeske, J.C. and Stinchcomb, T.G. Tumor Control Probability Model for Alpha-Particle-Emitting Radionuclides. Alpha-particle emitters are currently being evaluated for the treatment of metastatic disease. The dosimetry of α-particle emitters is a challenge, however, because the stochastic patterns of energy deposition within cellular targets must be taken into account. We propose a model for the tumor control probability of α-particle emitters which takes into account these stochastic effects. An expression for cell survival, which is a function of the microdosimetric single-event specific-energy distribution, is multiplied by the number of cells within the tumor cluster. Poisson statistics is used to model the probability of zero surviving cells within the cluster. Based on this analysis, a number of observations have been made: (1) The dose required to eradicate a tumor is nearly a linear function of the cell survival parameter z0. (2) Cells with smaller nuclei will require more dose to achieve ...
Meteotsunami occurrences and causes in Lake Michigan

The occurrence of meteotsunamis in Lake Michigan is quantified at 10 locations from up to 20 years of historical water level records. Meteotsunami height data are fit with Pareto Type 1 and Generalized Pareto Distributions to estimate exceedance probabilities. The annual meteotsunami return level exceeds 0.25 m at all but two stations, with the largest annual return level of 0.62 m at Calumet Harbor. Analysis of radar imagery indicates that Lake Michigan meteotsunamis are associated primarily with convective storm structures, with a considerable contribution from frontal storms as well. Meteotsunami association with convective storm structures is more prevalent in southern Lake Michigan while frontal storm structures have a greater association with meteotsunamis in northern Lake Michigan. Water depths in southern Lake Michigan are conducive to Proudman resonance with convective storms while the northern Lake Michigan is too deep to meet Proudman resonance criteria, suggesting Greenspan edge wave resonance as the likely generation mechanism. Interestingly, meteotsunami events occur primarily in the late spring and early summer, approximately 1 month before the peak convective storm season but after the peak cyclone season. Overall, this statistical analysis provides valuable insight into the spatial and temporal trends in meteotsunami occurrence in Lake Michigan needed to estimate the risk posed by these dangerous coastal hazards.
Pipeline to Engineering Diverse Future in New York City

The Grove School of Engineering at The City College of New York has developed partnerships with its sister institutions, LaGuardia Community College and Hostos Community College. They serve as a pipeline that strengthens Grove’s commitment to student diversity (women constitute 16.36% and under-represented minorities represent over 40% of its 2008-2009 undergraduate population). As the admissions standards for The Grove School become more selective, the need for access to an engineering education for disadvantaged students, especially recent immigrants with English as a 2 nd language and inner-city secondary school graduates from less academically-rigorous preparatory backgrounds, is critical. These students would face difficulties in securing admission into City College at the freshman level. Instead of steering them away from engineering as a major, these students would now be able to be oriented on the foundations of the major while determining whether it is the right choice. Competition for acceptance into a quality engineering program is becoming increasingly fierce. The price tag for a private education within urban America cost significantly more than the Grove School. These joint/dual degree programs are an opportunity for less-prepared students to develop the skills, knowledge base, and academic/personal preparation at the community college, before gaining formal admissions into Grove’s competitive engineering programs. Community college participants pay lower tuition and are able to work to finance their education. Articulation guarantees that all credits count towards the engineering degree. Exposure to the engineering culture includes taking engineering courses, participating in engineering student activities, and registering at the same time as City College’s students. These programs provide access while facilitating a comprehensive support structure, including dual academic progress monitoring, that empower these students, with the tools and resources, to make more informed decisions. The infrastructure of institutional partnerships that facilitates such development and catalyzes such a mission would encapsulate the strengths of these programs. This paper will present best practices, lessons learned, major challenges, and data which demonstrates the program’s current impact on access to undergraduate engineering education (recruitment/retention) with emphasis on minority and female enrollment , student academic performance , persistence rates, and projected contribution to the graduating class of engineers.
Connecting levels of analysis in entre-preneurship research: a focus on information processing, asymmetric knowledge and networks

This chapter argues that the information processing perspective can be applied across a broad scope of phenomena of interest in the field of entrepreneurship. Employing this perspective, the very same kinds of relationships exhibited and investigated at one level of analysis may also be exhibited and investigated at other levels. The perspective therefore provides a means to distinguish areas of relatedness and possible reconciliation between seemingly incommensurable paradigms that have been relied upon to examine aspects of the entrepreneurship phenomenon at different levels of analysis. It will be shown that information processing can at the same time accommodate other theoretical perspectives, and thus preserve the power of such perspectives to add insight about aspects of entrepreneurship. Thus the information processing perspective presents the possibility to achieve scope, parsimony and generalizability in the field.
Incorporation of glycine-1-14C into liver glutathione in zinc deficient rats.

SummaryWeanling male rats receiving a diet low in zinc for 2-3 weeks had a significant increase of liver nonprotein SH compounds and glutathione over those fed an adequate zinc diet. Deficiency of this trace element caused an increase in the incorporation rate of glycine-1-14C into liver glutathione moiety, but it had no effect on protein synthesis.
EFFICACY AND SAFETY OF VORAPAXAR FOR SECONDARY PREVENTION IN OLDER PATIENTS: OBSERVATIONS FROM TRA 2°P-TIMI 50

Vorapaxar is a first-in-class platelet protease activated receptor (PAR)-1 receptor antagonist available for secondary prevention in patients with stable atherosclerosis without a history of stroke or TIA. In light of increased risk both of thrombotic events and bleeding in elderly patients, the
Cryo-EM techniques to resolve the structure of HSV-1 capsid-associated components

Electron cryo-microscopy has become a routine technique to determine the structure of biochemically purified herpes simplex virus capsid particles. This chapter describes the procedures of specimen preparation by cryopreservation; low dose and low temperature imaging in an electron cryo-microscope; and data processing for reconstruction. This methodology has yielded subnanometer resolution structures of the icosahedral capsid shell where α-helices and β-sheets of individual subunits can be recognized. A relaxation of the symmetry in the reconstruction steps allows us to resolve the DNA packaging protein located at one of the 12 vertices in the capsid.
Analysis of cholera prevalence,prevention and control in Ganluo County of Liangshan area

Objective To analyze the prevalent features and factors of cholera in Ganluo County,and to offer scientific basis for making available preventing and curing measures.Methods The data of epidemic outbreak of chol- era in Ganluo County in 1999,as well as on-the-spot investigation and laboratory data from 2000 to 2006 were statis- tically analyzed using Excel.Results 317 cholera cases were reported in Ganluo County in 1999,including 3 dead ca- ses(0.95%).The incidence of cholera was 10.77‰.The pathogenic bacterium was confirmed to be V.cholerae EL- Tor biotype,ogawa serotype,which was sensitive to norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin.People were generally susceptible to cholera;young peasants and fluid population were more susceptible.The pestilence was characteristic of epidemic outbreak.Two prevalence peaks of the epidemic outbreak occurred in the 1st ten days in August and the last ten days in September.74.13% of cases occurred in the town of Aer, Xinshiba,Puchang and Shihai.Water and the outer en- vironment were severely polluted.All cases onset after 3rd August.After extensive health education,strict food medical inspection,improving health condition and health habits,no case of cholera or sample polluted by V.cholerae was reported from 2000 and 2006.Conclusion Bad health habits and poor health condition are main reasons of chol- era epidemic in Ganluo County,while the ill customs,hiding the truth of pestilence,arranging large scale funeral matters,and dining together greatly enhance the outbreak of cholera.Improving health condition, keeping healthy habit,and establishing easy,smooth report system are available measures to prevent onset and prevalence of choler- a.
Enhance viscosity reduction of heavy oil by using reservoir minerals and chemical agents in aquathermolysis

Through laboratory experiments with samples from Daqing and Liaohe oilfields,the effects of reservoir mineral,NiSO4 and tetrahydronaphthalene(THN) on the aquathermolysis(AT) of heavy oil were investigated.The results indicate that,in contrast with simple AT,the addition of reservoir minerals leads to lower average molecular weight,higher contents of saturated and aromatic hydrocarbon fractions and lower contents of resin and asphaltene fractions,and the viscosity reduction ratio of the two oil samples increases from 7.41% and 12.95% to 16.05% and 25.29% respectively,which means that reservoir minerals can catalyze the AT of heavy oil.With the addition of NiSO4 and THN into the reaction system,the average molecular weight of the reaction products decreases further,the contents of saturated and aromatic hydrocarbon fractions increase and the contents of resin and asphaltene fractions decrease further,the viscosity decreases greatly with a reduction ratio as high as 84.39%.
Functional evaluation of penile arteries with duplex ultrasound in vasodilator-induced erection.

SUMMARY In 657 impotent patients in whom erection was induced by intracavernous injection of papaverine, we evaluated changes in the pulsation, diameter, and blood flow velocity of the penile arteries by duplex sonography and pulsed Doppler spectrum analysis. An additional 18 patients who were proved to have good erection by nocturnal tumescence testing were used as controls. All patients were studied before achieving full erection after papaverine injection. In the flaccid state, the inner diameter of the deep penile arteries averaged 0.51 mm, and blood flow velocity was rarely measurable. The normal arterial reaction to papaverine was an initial increase in the inner diameter of the scanned segment of the cavernous artery, with good concentric pulsations and a mean peak blood flow velocity of 34.8 cm per second and a mean diameter of 0.89 mm. With this technique, we assessed the functional capability of each deep and dorsal artery. Arterial and erectile response allowed indirect evaluation of the venous system. Of the 657 patients, 48 had neurogenic or psychogenic impotence or both. In 97, impotence could be ascribed to venogenic causes, in 210 to arteriogenic causes, and to mixed arteriogenic and venogenic causes in 282 patients. The exact cause of impotence in the remaining 20 patients could not be determined. Statistically, patients who were older or had diabetes mellitus or coronary artery disease tended to have smaller penile arteries and lower peak blood flow velocity after papaverine injection.
Host Resistance and Immune Aging

Human immune system aging results in impaired responses to pathogens or vaccines. In the innate immune system, which mediates the earliest pro-inflammatory responses to immunologic challenge, processes ranging from Toll-like Receptor function to Neutrophil Extracellular Trap formation are generally diminished in older adults. Dysregulated, enhanced basal inflammation with age reflecting activation by endogenous damage-associated ligands contributes to impaired innate immune responses. In the adaptive immune system, T and B cell subsets and function alter with age. The control of cytomegalovirus infection, particularly in the T lineage, plays a dominant role in the differentiation and diversity of the T cell compartment.
Radiculitis Distress as a Mimic of Renal Pain

AbstractIt is the experience of the urological author that radiculitis secondary to costovertebral joint derangement is the most common cause of lower abdominal pain. However, this pain is sometimes made worse when the patient is subjected to a flank incision for presumed renal disease, since the aftermath of a flank incision may be a downward pull on a rib owing to detachments of muscles attached to its superior surface. Emotional problems, too, befall many patients with radiculitis—despondency over delayed diagnoses or sensitivity at having been told their complaints are psychosomatic. Most often these difficulties disappear spontaneously once the pain is relieved. Definitive diagnosis requires orthopedic techniques. Unfortunately, few orthopedists are well versed or interested in the syndrome of renal pain. When they are, erroneous diagnosis can be corrected and a course of conservative or surgical treatment prescribed, with excellent results.
Sustainable inspiratory pressures over varying flows, volumes, and duty cycles.

This study identifies the influence of flow (0.5-2.0 l/s), duty cycle (0.29-0.57), and tidal volume (1.08-2.16 liters) on sustainable inspiratory muscle pressure (Pmus) and transdiaphragmatic pressure (Pdi) development. Six normal humans performed endurance tests using an isoflow method, which allowed for measurements of maximum dynamic Pmus and Pdi, with controlled lung inflation. The subjects repeated maximum dynamic voluntary inspirations for 10 min. Pressures dropped exponentially from initial measurements at rest (Pmusi or Pdi) to sustainable values (Pmus or Pdis). As flow and tidal volume increased, maximum initial and sustainable pressures decreased significantly. However, at a constant duty cycle, the sustainable dynamic pressures remained predictable fractions of initial dynamic pressures (i.e., Pmuss/Pmusi or Pdis/Pdii), regardless of changes in flow and tidal volume. In contrast, as duty cycle increased, the sustainable fractions significantly decreased for both Pdi and Pmus. For example, at a duty cycle of 0.29, Pmuss/Pmusi was approximately 0.71, and at a duty cycle of 0.57, Pmuss/Pmusi was approximately 0.62. Calculated sustainable pressure-time indexes varied significantly between 0.16 to 0.32 for Pmus and 0.11 to 0.22 for Pdi over the breathing patterns studied. We conclude that 1) the maximum dynamic pressure that can be sustained at a given duty cycle is a predictable fraction of the maximum dynamic pressure that can be generated at rest when measured under the same conditions of inspiration and 2) the sustainable fraction of initial dynamic pressure significantly decreases with increasing duty cycle.
Microwave interactions with laser-generated air plasma filaments and acoustic shocks

We present recent NRL experiments that show long-lived (∼20 microseconds), efficient microwave reflection from an intense laser-air interaction region. This phenomenon is distinct from the short-lived response (∼10ns) that is typically observed for laser-produced air-plasmas and represents a thousand-fold increase in the duration of the reflection. Analysis suggests that the intense laser creates a fully ionized (1019 cm−3), high temperature (∼eV) plasma region in air. Long after the laser pulse has left, the region expands hydrodynamically while maintaining a sufficiently high plasma density (>1013 cm−3) to reflect incoming microwave radiation. To inform the ongoing experiments, we simulate the dynamics of laser-generated air plasmas using the SPARC simulation developed at NRL. SPARC is a three-dimensional, multi-species hydrodynamic simulation with user-defined rate law kinetics. The simulations capture the evolution of the air-plasma and shock waves in the presence of a high-power microwave field.
Treatment of Status Epilepticus with Nonsedating Antiepileptic Drugs

The treatment of status epilepticus (SE) has evolved considerably over the last 20 years. The recognition of the many patients who have nonconvulsive SE (NCSE) and nonconvulsive seizures (NCS) and the availability of newer antiepileptic drugs (AED) have prompted this evolution of the treatment paradigm. This chapter will provide a brief overview of the various definitions of SE, how the definition of status has evolved over the years, and how this impacts the approach to treatment. The difference between NCSE and NCS will be discussed in terms of their classification and how this impacts the aggressiveness of treatment. This chapter will focus on treatment with nonsedating (AEDs); sedating AEDs will be discussed elsewhere.
Overview and Current Recommendations for the Treatment of Bacterial Endophthalmitis

Endophthalmitis is a severe infection involving the entire globe and its contents. It can be caused by exogenous or endogenous bacteria, fungus, or parasites. Exogenous endophthalmitis typically occurs in the setting of recent intraocular surgery or trauma. Endogenous endophthalmitis occurs when there is intraocular seeding of an infectious nidus originating from a distant source. Affected patients generally present with pain, decreased vision, and ocular injection. Diagnosis can be made from a combination of physical examination findings, B-scan ultrasonography, and vitreous tap. Intravitreal antibiotics are the mainstay of treatment, and early vitrectomy is recommended in advanced cases. Unfortunately, endophthalmitis is generally associated with poor prognosis. Thus, prevention and early recognition of endophthalmitis are critical. While most cases of endophthalmitis are responsive to medical or surgical therapy, progression of infection to the surrounding orbital structures can rarely occur. This results in a devastating condition called panophthalmitis which may require evisceration or enucleation.
Cascading Failure Attacks in the Power System: A Stochastic Game Perspective

Electric power systems are critical infrastructure and are vulnerable to contingencies including natural disasters, system errors, malicious attacks, etc. These contingencies can affect the world’s economy and cause great inconvenience to our daily lives. Therefore, security of power systems has received enormous attention for decades. Recently, the development of the Internet of Things (IoT) enables power systems to support various network functions throughout the generation, transmission, distribution, and consumption of energy with IoT devices (such as sensors, smart meters, etc.). On the other hand, it also incurs many more security threats. Cascading failures, one of the most serious problems in power systems, can result in catastrophic impacts such as massive blackouts. More importantly, it can be taken advantage by malicious attackers to launch physical or cyber attacks on the power system. In this paper, we propose and investigate cascading failure attacks (CFAs) from a stochastic game perspective. In particular, we formulate a zero-sum stochastic attack/defense game for CFAs while considering the attack/defense costs, budget constraints, diverse load shedding costs, and dynamic states in the system. Then, we develop a Q-CFA learning algorithm that works efficiently in power systems without any a priori information. We also formally prove that the convergence of the proposed algorithm achieves a Nash equilibrium. Simulation results validate the efficacy and efficiency of the proposed scheme by comparisons with other state-of-the-art approaches.
Remote State Estimation with Data-Driven Communication and Guaranteed Stability

Ahstract- This paper deals with the problem of remote state estimation with limited communication resources. We propose an online data-driven communication scheme based on cumulative innovation and derive the corresponding minimum mean square error (MMSE) estimator. The communication scheme allows to achieve a trade-off between communication costs and estimation performance. The remote estimator can improve the estimation performance based on the fact that no transmission of data indicates a small cumulative innovation. Further, it is proved that the estimator has guaranteed stability-the expected norm of the mean square error (MSE) matrix is bounded and an upper bound is given. We also derive the conditional probability of a future transmission. A simulation example is provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Patterns of recurrence in primary central nervous system lymphoma: Mechanistic inferences.

e19051Background: Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is a highly chemo-sensitive tumor. High response rates can be achieved with first-line high dose methotrexate (HD-MTX) based regime...
Multitasking with Play Write, a Mobile Microproductivity Tool

Mobile devices offer people the opportunity to get useful tasks done during time previously thought to be unusable. Because mobile devices have small screens and are often used in divided attention scenarios, people are limited to using them for short, simple tasks; complex tasks like editing a document present significant challenges in this environment. In this paper we demonstrate how a complex task requiring focused attention can be adapted to the fragmented way people work while mobile by decomposing the task into smaller, simpler microtasks. We introduce Play Write, a microproductivity tool that allows people to edit Word documents from their phones via such microtasks. When participants used Play Write while simultaneously watching a video, we found that they strongly preferred its microtask-based editing approach to the traditional editing experience offered by Mobile Word. Play Write made participants feel more productive and less stressed, and they completed more edits with it. Our findings suggest microproductivity tools like Play Write can help people be productive in divided attention scenarios.
Coming of Age in the Shadow of the Taliban: Adolescents' and Parents' Views Toward Interpersonal Violence and Harmful Traditional Practices in Afghanistan.

Objectives. To understand Afghan adolescents’ and parents’ attitudes toward interpersonal violence.Methods. We used a 2-stage sampling method in 6 provinces during 2016; we included 916 adolescents...
Risk Factors That Matter: Textual Analysis of Risk Disclosures for the Cross-Section of Returns

I exploit unsupervised machine learning and natural language processing techniques to elicit the risk factors that firms themselves identify in their annual reports. I quantify the firms' exposure to each identified risk and construct factor mimicking portfolios that proxy for each undiversifiable source of risk. The portfolios are priced in the cross-section and contain information above and beyond the commonly used multi-factor representations. A model that uses only firm identified risk factors (FIRFs) performs at least as well as traditional factor models, despite not using any information from past prices or returns.
Principled Utility Discounting Under Risk

Austrian Science Foundation (FWF, under research grant W 1256-G15 (Doctoral Programme Climate Change—Uncertainties,Thresholds and Coping Strategies))
Experimental Studies of Inter-Rater Agreement in Traditional Chinese Medicine: A Systematic Review.

Abstract Objectives: It has been recommended that clinical trials of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) would be more ecologically valid if its characteristic mode of diagnostic reasoning were inte...
Differences in movement and dynamic resource selection between breeders and floaters revealed with an Ornstein-Uhlenbeck space use model

In populations of many taxa, a large fraction of sexually mature individuals do not breed but are attempting to enter the breeding population. Such individuals, often referred to as 99floaters99 play critical roles in determining dynamics and stability of these populations. Floaters are difficult to study, however, so we lack data on the roles they play in population ecology and conservation status of many species. Here, we paired satellite telemetry and a new mechanistic space use model based on an Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process to study the differential habitat selection and space use of floater and territorial golden eagles Aquila chrysaetos. Our sample consisted of 49 individuals tracked over complete breeding seasons across four years, totalling 104 eagle breeding seasons. Modeling these data with the new mechanistic approach was required to parse key differences in movement and separate aspects of resource selection from central place behavior. We found that floaters generally had more expansive space use patterns and larger home ranges, partitioning space with territorial individuals seemingly on fine scales through differential habitat and resource selection. Floater and territorial eagle home ranges overlapped markedly, suggesting floaters use the interstices between territories. Further, floater and territorial eagles differed in how they selected for uplift variables, key components of soaring birds9 energy landscape, with territorial eagles apparently better able to find and use thermal uplift. We also found relatively low individual heterogeneity in resource selection, especially among territorial individuals, suggesting a narrow realized niche for breeding individuals. This work furthers our understanding of floaters9 potential roles in population ecology of territorial species, as well as suggests that conserving landscapes occupied by territorial eagles also protects floaters.
Automated Recording and Semantics-Aware Replaying of High-Speed Eye Tracking and Interaction Data to Support Cognitive Studies of Software Engineering Tasks

The paper introduces a fundamental technological problem with collecting high-speed eye tracking data while studying software engineering tasks in an integrated development environment. The use of eye trackers is quickly becoming an important means to study software developers and how they comprehend source code and locate bugs. High quality eye trackers can record upwards of 120 to 300 gaze points per second. However, it is not possible to map each of these points to a line and column position in a source code file (in the presence of scrolling and file switching) in real time at data rates over 60 gaze points per second without data loss. Unfortunately, higher data rates are more desirable as they allow for finer granularity and more accurate study analyses. To alleviate this technological problem, a novel method for eye tracking data collection is presented. Instead of performing gaze analysis in real time, all telemetry (keystrokes, mouse movements, and eye tracker output) data during a study is recorded as it happens. Sessions are then replayed at a much slower speed allowing for ample time to map gaze point positions to the appropriate file, line, and column to perform additional analysis. A description of the method and corresponding tool, Deja Vu, is presented. An evaluation of the method and tool is conducted using three different eye trackers running at four different speeds (60Hz, 120Hz, 150Hz, and 300 Hz). This timing evaluation is performed in Visual Studio and Eclipse IDEs. Results show that Deja Vu can playback 100% of the data recordings, correctly mapping the gaze to corresponding elements, making it a well-founded and suitable post processing step for future eye tracking studies in software engineering.
How Section 230 Enhances the First Amendment

This Issue Brief explores how Section 230 interacts with the First Amendment. It begins by discussing Section 230’s substantive benefits, then discusses its procedural benefits, and concludes by arguing that proposals to eliminate Section 230 would create critical gaps in the law that the First Amendment would not adequately back-fill. Losing Section 230 would substantially reshape the Internet for the worse. Yet, shockingly, that is exactly the direction so many of our political leaders apparently think we should go.
Who pays for marine conservation? Processes and narratives that influence marine funding

Abstract Marine conservation initiatives are implemented by a variety of programs and projects, and can utilize a suite of tools to offset human impacts on marine environments. Insufficient funding has been identified as a factor hindering their ability to achieve conservation goals. However, there is limited research investigating why and how marine conservation funding is allocated. This study expands scholarship on funding for marine conservation by exploring three aspects of marine funding: (1) the processes of marine funding allocation; (2) the role of perceptions in funding decisions; and (3) strategies for strengthening funding proposals. To do so, we apply the Narrative Policy Framework (NPF), a framework that emphasizes decision-making theory and facilitates an empirical analysis of the decision-making processes by focusing researcher attention on internal characteristics, contextual events, how those events are perceived as narratives with characters, and how those narratives influence decision-making. Leveraging qualitative interviews and survey data, we investigate the relationship between these NPF components and marine funding decisions in the state of Oregon. Notable findings suggest that higher funding amounts were allocated to proposals that highlight the initiative's ease of success and ability to create lasting impacts. Additionally, funders that value equity are more likely to fund projects that directly interact with human communities. Finally, results are synthesized into 5 applied recommendations that marine conservation initiatives may find useful in strengthening their funding proposals.
Pulsed broad-spectrum UV light effectively inactivates SARS-CoV-2 on multiple surfaces

Abstract The ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has resulted in an increased need for technologies capable of efficiently disinfecting public spaces as well as personal protective equipment. UV light disinfection is a well-established method for inactivating respiratory viruses. Here, we have determined that broad-spectrum, pulsed UV light is effective at inactivating SARS-CoV-2 on multiple surfaces. For hard, non-porous surfaces we observed that SARS-CoV-2 was inactivated to undetectable levels on plastic and glass with a UV dose of 34.9 mJ/cm2 and stainless steel with a dose of 52.5 mJ/cm2. We also observed that broad-spectrum, pulsed UV light is effective at reducing SARS-CoV-2 on N95 respirator material to undetectable levels with a dose of 103 mJ/cm2. We included UV dosimeter cards that provide a colorimetric readout of UV dose and demonstrated their utility as a means to confirm desired levels of exposure were reached. Together, the results present here demonstrate that broad-spectrum, pulsed UV light is an effective technology for the inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 on multiple surfaces.
ExNav: An Interactive Big Data Exploration Framework for Big Unstructured Data

Driven by the increasing gap between the exponential growth of data and the limited human ability to comprehend them, recently, a novel interactive data exploration approach called Explore-by-Examples has generated a lot of attention for its capabilities to bridge this gap and to help the user obtain high-value content from the data that are often hidden using the traditional search methods. However, despite their effectiveness in extracting valuable information, existing Explore-by-Examples systems focus solely on structured data, which represents a small portion of the data available today. In this work, we present a novel data exploration framework, namely ExNav (Exploration Navigator), which enables the user to effortlessly explore the world of unstructured data for insights that are often unreachable from traditional search and exploration methods. In particular, we exploit the space of advanced machine learning, data embedding, and active learning algorithms to design effective exploration and space pruning approaches tailored for unstructured datasets. Our experimental evaluation using multiple real-world unstructured datasets (i.e., text, image, and graph) show that ExNav can reduce users’ effort by up to 9x while still achieving the same accuracy as the state-of-the-art alternative. Moreover, ExNav is also able to identify relevant data items that are often undetectable by current techniques, even when a large number of samples are explored.
A comprehensive review of template-synthesized multi-component nanowires: From interfacial design to sensing and actuation applications

Abstract Nanowires are one of the most promising nano-building blocks for many applications, including sensors/biosensors, electronics, photonics, energy conversion and storage devices, MEMS and NEMS, biotechnology and nanomedicine. With the growing demands of multi-purpose and multi-functional materials in these fields, different types of multi-component nanowires with complex structures have been designed and fabricated. Among various fabrication methods, porous anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) and polycarbonate (PC) membranes are well-established hard templates that have been used for synthesizing a variety of nanowires and nanowire structures. In this article, a comprehensive review of template-synthesized multi-component nanowire structures has been given, including multi-segmented, core-shell and multi-element nanowires, which can be synthesized by using these hard templates in a sequential or parallel way. Besides, the assembly and integration of different functions and properties into smaller and lighter devices require careful interfacial design and synthesis of multi-component nanowires. The interfacial structure and properties, such as interface uniformity, intermetallic compound formation and surface oxidation, have significant impact on the electrical and thermal conductivity, mechanical strength, functionality, stability and reliability of nanowire-based electronics and devices. A rational interfacial design is crucially important to improve these properties of nanowire devices for emerging multi-functional sensors and actuators, due in fact that sensors and actuators are among the most important components in many electronics and products. Multi-component nanowire based sensors and actuators have potential applications in a wide range of mechanical, electrical, thermal, and biomedical devices.
Probability Forecast Combination Via Entropy Regularized Wasserstein Distance

We propose probability and density forecast combination methods that are defined using the entropy regularized Wasserstein distance. First, we provide a theoretical characterization of the combined density forecast based on the regularized Wasserstein distance under the Gaus-sian assumption. Second, we show how this type of regularization can improve the predictive power of the resulting combined density. Third, we provide a method for choosing the tuning parameter that governs the strength of regularization. Lastly, we apply our proposed method to the U.S. inflation rate density forecasting, and illustrate how the entropy regularization can improve the quality of predictive density relative to its unregularized counterpart.
Augmenting Neurogenesis Rescues Memory Impairments in Alzheimer's Disease by Restoring the Engram

It is unknown whether adult-born hippocampal neurons play a role in memory deficits in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Here we show that significantly less new granule neurons, but a similar number of mature neurons, were recruited into contextual memory engram ensemble in a mouse model of AD compared to wild type. Augmentation of neurogenesis in AD mice increased the number of new neurons recruited into the engram and restored memory. The number of new neurons in the engram significantly correlated with the strength of contextual memory. Chemogenetic inactivation of new neurons following enhanced neurogenesis in AD, reversed mouse performance and diminished memory. Collectively, these observations suggest that new neurons play an integral role in memory engram. Insufficient numbers of new neurons recruited into the engram in AD leads to memory deficits. Augmenting hippocampal neurogenesis restores memory impairments by increasing the number of new neurons incorporated in the memory circuit.
Role of volume in small abdominal aortic aneurysm surveillance.

OBJECTIVE Current management of small abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) primarily involves serial imaging surveillance of maximum transverse diameter (MTD) to estimate rupture risk. Other measurements, such as volume and tortuosity, are less well-studied and may help characterize and predict AAA progression. This study evaluated predictors of AAA volume growth and discusses the role of volume in clinical practice. METHODS Subjects from the Non-invasive Treatment of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Clinical Trial (baseline AAA MTD, 3.5-5.0 cm) with ≥2 computed tomography scans were included in this study (n = 250). Computed tomography scans were conducted approximately every 6 months over 2 years. MTD, volume, and tortuosity were used to model growth. Univariable and multivariable backwards elimination least squares regressions assessed associations with volume growth. RESULTS Baseline MTD accounted for 43% of baseline volume variance (P < .0001). Mean volume growth rate was 10.4 cm3/year (standard deviation, 8.8 cm3/year) (mean volume change +10.4%). Baseline volume accounted for 30% of volume growth variance; MTD accounted for 13% of volume growth variance. More tortuous aneurysms at baseline had significantly larger volume growth rates (difference, 32.8 cm3/year; P < .0001). Univariable analysis identified angiotensin II receptor blocker use (difference, -3.4 cm3/year; P = .02) and history of diabetes mellitus (difference, -2.8 cm3/year; P = .04) to be associated with lower rates of volume growth. Baseline volume, tortuosity index, current tobacco use, and absence of diabetes mellitus remained significantly associated with volume growth in multivariable analysis. AAAs that reached the MTD threshold for repair had a wide range of volumes: 102 cm3 to 142 cm3 in female patients (n = 5) and 105 cm3 to 229 cm3 in male patients (n = 20). CONCLUSIONS Baseline AAA volume and MTD were found to be moderately correlated. On average, AAA volume grows about 10% annually. Baseline volume, tortuosity, MTD, current tobacco use, angiotensin II receptor blocker use, and history of diabetes mellitus were predictive of volume growth over time.
The Role of Emotion in Constitutional Theory

Although the role of emotion in law has become a major field of scholarship, there has been very little attention paid to the role of emotion in constitutional theory. This Article seeks to fill that gap by providing an integrated account of the role of emotion within the individual, how emotion affects constitutional culture, and how constitutional culture, properly understood, should affect our evaluation of major constitutional theories. The Article begins by reconstructing one of the most important and influential accounts of emotion in the philosophical literature: that of Thomas Aquinas. Because Aquinas’s description of the nature of emotion accords with modern science and the insights of many law-and-emotion theorists, it provides a firm foundation for an analysis of emotion in constitutional theory. Having laid that foundation, the Article examines the role of emotion in constitutional culture, the subset of national culture concerned with a constitution. Constitutional culture combines a society’s ideas about, and emotional attachments to, its constitution. Here, the Article develops a novel synthesis between Aquinas’s model of emotion and Edmund Burke’s sophisticated exploration of the importance of emotion in constitutional culture. Burke argues that theories of constitutional legitimacy shape constitutional culture and must accord with it. If a theory of legitimacy is at odds with a society’s constitutional culture, the society risks the instability of the regime. This insight—which is consistent with Aquinas’s model of emotion—is the primary basis for understanding the role of emotion in constitutional theory. Finally, the Article turns its attention to constitutional theory. Observing that popular sovereignty is the theory of legitimacy endorsed by our constitutional culture, the Article argues—based on the synthesis of the Thomistic and Burkean accounts—that emotion should play an important role in evaluating the contours and viability of theories of legitimacy. Theories of legitimacy that accord with popular sovereignty have a stronger argument in their favor because they reinforce the emotional attachments that lend stability to our constitution. Theories of legitimacy that reject popular sovereignty, by contrast, must be modified or abandoned or, alternatively, must explain why attempts to change our constitutional culture will avoid the instability that the Thomistic and Burkean accounts would predict. The Article therefore has particular relevance to assessing radical constitutional theories—whether from the political right or the political left—that are critical of American constitutional culture. The Article concludes by exploring the implications of emotion for constitutional doctrine, focusing on stare decisis and the examples of Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113 (1973), and Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966).
Current Status of Plant-Made Vaccines: Challenges and Opportunities

Vaccine plays a very important role in human and domestic animal life for combating infectious diseases. Existing and traditional methods of manufacturing vaccines in bulk to the required level of purity and quality are stretched to capacity and will soon become limiting in vaccine manufacturing. Moreover, traditional method of vaccine production is very expensive and is currently unaffordable by majority of the consumers. Plant-made vaccines (PMVs), on the other hand, offers unique opportunities to reduce cost significantly due to minimal investment requirement, ease and economy of scale-up, lack of risk of contamination with human pathogens, etc. There is a substantial and increasing worldwide demand for vaccines. Specialized plant-based gene-expression technologies are ready to provide an alternative manufacturing platform that can help meet the demand and thus overcome the perceived ―bottleneck‖ in vaccine production; and taken together, these situations make a strong case for commercial development of PMVs. A particularly attractive feature of the PMV is its potential to provide opportunities for both the agricultural sector and the biotechnology business sector simultaneously. Several Plant Biotechnology companies are already actively working in this area and worldwide many PMVs are at different stages of discovery through human clinical trials. PMV is currently an exciting and expanding area of plant biotechnology with great potentials to offer affordable vaccines to underprivileged population of the world. A large variety of host plants and expression systems have already been developed to deliver PMVs. However, there are concerns of low transgene expression, transgene escape, dose optimization and need for minor processing before oral delivery. The current status of achievements, challenges and opportunities will be covered in this review.