cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characterization of interacting ferrocene–cyclodextrin systems and their role in mediated biosensors

Inclusion complexes of 1,1'-dimethylferrocene (DMFe) with alpha-, 2-hydroxypropyl-beta- or gamma-cyclodextrins were formed in aqueous systems. For the first time, the interacting DMFe-cyclodextrin systems have been characterized using cyclic voltammetry which enabled the estimation of the complexation order, the formation constant and the diffusivity. Cyclic voltammetry was performed at a stationary electrode, yielding complexation ratios of 1:2 for DMFe with alpha-cyclodextrin and 1:1 with the other two cyclodextrins, as expected from the known cavity dimensions for the cyclodextrins. Formation constants of 4.4 x 10(4) M-2, 1.2 x 10(3) M-1 and 2.9 x 10(2) M-1 were then determined for the complexes between DMFe and the alpha-, beta- and gamma-cyclodextrins, respectively, in relative agreement with the literature. The maximum complexation efficiency, diffusivity and solubility were observed for the DMFe:2-hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin inclusion complex, which, combined with cost factors, resulted in the selection of this form for bioelectrocatalysis studies. The efficiency of the complex as a mediator for the glucose:glucose oxidase system was determined by measuring the rate constant (ks) for reaction of the oxidized DMFe with the reduced enzyme. The ks value decreased from 3.4 x 10(4) M-1 s-1 to 1.9 x 10(4) M-1 s-1 with an increase in 2-hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin concentration from 4 mM to 10 mM. In this range, the ks value is similar to that of free ferrocene, implying a high efficiency of the DMFe:2-hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin inclusion complex.
Human and cattle population changes in upland West Bengal India between 1977-1978 and 1987.

Six villages in upland West Bengal, India were resurveyed in 1987 and the results compared with the data from a larger area studied in 1977–1978. There has been a 6.4% increase in the human population, but the number of households has decreased 1.7%. The cattle population has increased 14.4% with male cattle accounting for the bulk of the increase. A crossbreeding program implemented 8 years ago has had virtually no beneficial effects. Other observations on the general welfare of humans and domestic animals are presented.
Adult Metacomprehension: Judgment Processes and Accuracy Constraints

The objective of this paper is to review and synthesize two interrelated topics in the adult metacomprehension literature: the bases of metacomprehension judgment and the constraints on metacomprehension accuracy. Our review shows that adult readers base their metacomprehension judgments on different types of information, including experiences with current tasks and pre-formed expectations of performance affected by factors such as self-perception of ability. We propose a model that shows the anchoring and adjustment mechanism (Tversky and Kahneman, Science 185:1124–1130, 1974) underlies metacomprehension judgments. Specifically, due to test uncertainty, people may judge future comprehension performance by starting with an anchor such as pre-formed performance expectations and then (insufficiently) adjust away from it based on experiences with current tasks. This anchoring and adjustment model of metacomprehension judgment sheds light on what constrains metacomprehension accuracy. We conclude that two main accuracy constraints are the anchoring effect and the poor diagnostic validity of experiential cues. Based on the review, we discuss avenues for future research that will further our understanding of the mechanisms underlying metacomprehension.
Age-Related Effect of APOE Genotype on Brain Functional Connectivity during Episodic Memory Encoding (P03.084)

Objective: To determine the effect of APOE genotype on task-related connectivity in a sample of healthy individuals with ages spanning adulthood. Background The apolipoprotein E (APOE) e4 allele confers the highest genetic risk for Alzheimer9s disease. Recently, we discovered that healthy individuals carrying this genotype do not show the age-related decrease in medial temporal lobe (MTL) activation with memory tasks found in non carriers (Nichols et al., 2010), raising the speculation that functional connectivity with aging may also differ among APOE genotypes. Design/Methods: Right-handed healthy Caucasian volunteers (n=188) were genotyped and underwent 3T BOLD fMRI during visual scene encoding. β images were analyzed using a psychophysiological interaction (PPI) analysis implemented in SPM5. PPI with the entire brain was obtained from seed regions in the DLPFC, anterior and posterior hippocampi, and parahippocampal gyri of both hemispheres. Only p Results: The three APOE genotype groups studied (e2/3, n=27; e3/3, n=117 and e3/4, n=44) did not differ statistically in age (34±13, 31.6±11, and 32.4±12 years) sex (62, 59, and 59 percent women) or performance. PPI connectivity of the left DLPFC with the left posterior parahippocampus and of the right anterior hippocampus with the right DLPFC increased with aging in the e4 carriers, but not in the other two genotypes. The opposite relationship (fronto-MTL PPI connectivity tending to decrease with aging in the e4 carriers as compared to the other two genotypes) was not found even at a trend level in fronto-temporal networks. Conclusions: Our findings support the hypothesis that e4 carriers have increased fronto-MTL PPI connectivity with aging and are in agreement with studies showing greater resting MTL connectivity in old e4 carriers (Westlye et al., 2011; Filippini et al., 2009). Increased PPI connectivity in the context of adequate task performance may reflect compensation for a less efficient neural substrate in aging e4 carriers. Supported by: Intramural Research Program of the National Institutes of Health. Disclosure: Dr. Masdeu has received personal compensation in an editorial capacity for the Journal of Neuroimaging. Dr. Mattay has nothing to disclose. Dr. Chen has nothing to disclose. Dr. Kohn has nothing to disclose. Dr. Muse has nothing to disclose. Dr. Kolachana has nothing to disclose. Dr. Nichols has nothing to disclose. Dr. Weinberger has nothing to disclose. Dr. Berman has nothing to disclose.
DNA methylation regulates associative reward learning.

This study shows that associative reward learning produces dynamic experience-dependent alterations in DNA methylation and immediate-early gene expression in ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine neurons and that DNA methylation in the VTA is required for the formation of new reward-related memories.
Synthetic aperture radar tool and libraries

The Synthetic Aperture Radar Tool and Libraries (STARTAL) open-source project provides an extensible software framework for prototyping synthetic aperture radar (SAR) algorithms. It provides an intuitive GUI for specifying and displaying SAR data processing tasks and allows extension of algorithms and SAR data types without modifying the STARTAL core. The project is written using free, cross-platform, and liberally licensed tools and libraries to allow its use in many situations.
Distortion of the Fluorescence Spectrum of Anthracene with Increasing Laser Pulse Excitation Energy

An anthracene solution in cyclohexane was subjected to continuous 354 nm laser pulse excitation under conditions that lead to amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) laser spikes in strongly fluorescent molecules. Instead of ASE spike development, the fluorescence spectrum of anthracene undergoes distortion that becomes increasingly pronounced with increasing excitation laser-pulse energy (0.10−13 mJ/pulse). On the assumption that the distortion is due to absorption of the fluorescence by transient excited states, an effective transient absorption spectrum is derived that is primarily composed of a combination of the known Tn ← T1 and Sn ← S1 anthracene spectra. The filtering of the fluorescence by the Tn ← T1 absorption is prominently expressed in a splitting of the vibronic band at ca. 23 500 cm-1 as predicted earlier [Weber, M. J.; Bass, M. IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 1969, 175−188].
Functionality of vegetable proteins other than soy

In addition to the soybean, many other sources of vegetable protein have potential to provide a broad spectrum of functional properties. Among these sources are cottonseed, peanut, sunflower, and rapeseed. As with soy, the functional characteristics vary with the type of product, e.g., flour, concentrate, or isolate. In this discussion, functionality is defined as the set of properties that contributes to the desired color, flavor, texture, or nutritive value of a product. Utilization of these alternate sources of vegetable proteins will depend upon availability, economics of the product in any given country, and on the uniqueness and desirability of the functional properties of the product.
Quantitative estimation of uncertainties from wavefunction diagnostics

Coupled–cluster calculations with large basis sets are used widely to make predictions of gas–phase thermochemistry. Wavefunction diagnostics are sometimes used to indicate whether or not there is problematic multireference character that may cause errors. Here, we investigate whether existing diagnostics, as well as diagnostics proposed by us, can be used to estimate these errors quantitatively. We calculate the atomization energy of 50 molecules, including known multireference molecules such as CN, C2, O3, ortho-benzyne, formaldehyde oxide, and hydrogen trioxy radical. In addition to the c 0 2 , T1, D1, and %TAE[(T)] diagnostics, we assess the Hartree–Fock HOMO–LUMO gap, maximum occupation number defect, fi rst vertical excitation energy, a direct estimate of multireference effects, and combinations of diagnostics as indicators of errant thermochemistry.
Distribution and feeding in the onuphid polychaete, Diopatra cuprea (Bosc)

Population density of the onuphid polychaete Diopatra cuprea is poorly correlated with particle size distribution of the substratum. It varies directly, however, with current velocity. Measurements of the volume of oxygen drawn through the tube by the inhabitants' rhythmic activities, and the volume consumed under similar conditions, indicate that the rate of oxygen utilization is unusually low; therefore, the influence of current velocity cannot be exerted through its effect on oxygen supply. We suggest that the worm's tube, which protrudes several centimeters above the substratum in the form of an inverted hook, is a food-catching device whose efficiency is governed by the volume of water flowing past. This hypothesis is supported by the identity of many species found both in the gut and on the tube. We also suggest that the tube-irrigating activities permit the animal to test the medium for the presence of chemical stimuli emanating from food caught by the tube; supra-threshold concentrations of these stimuli elicit the feeding response.
The Rise and Fall of the Science Advisor to the President of the United States

The president’s science advisor was formerly established in the days following the Soviet launch of Sputnik at the height of the Cold War, creating an impression of scientists at the center of presidential power. However, since that time the role of the science advisor has been far more prosaic, with a role that might be more aptly described as a coordinator of budgets and programs, and thus more closely related to the functions of the Office of Management and Budget than the development of presidential policy. This role dramatically enhances the position of the scientific community to argue for its share of federal expenditures. At the same time, scientific and technological expertise permeates every function of government policy and politics, and the science advisor is only rarely involved in wider White House decision making. The actual role of the science advisor as compared to its heady initial days, in the context of an overall rise of governmental expertise, provides ample reason to reconsider the role of the presidential science advisor, and to set our expectations for that role accordingly.
Dermatoglyphic patterns in patients with atopic dermatitis

Fingertip dermatoglyphic patterns of forty-five patients with atopic dermatitis were compared to those of sixty nonatopic derrnatologic patients, twenty-one of whom had hand dermatitis. The average number of digits in which linear grooves were detected was significantly higher in the atopic group than in the nonatopic controls (p
Biological and chemical terrorism scenarios and implications for detection systems needs

Terrorists intent on causing many deaths and severe disruption to our society could, in theory, cause hundreds to tens of thousands of deaths and significant contamination of key urban facilities by using chemical or biological (CB) agents. The attacks that have occurred to date, such as the 1995 Aum Shinrikyo CB attacks and the 2001 anthrax letters, have been very small on the scale of what is possible. In order to defend against and mitigate the impacts of large-scale terrorist attacks, defensive systems for protection of urban areas and high-value facilities from biological and chemical threats have been deployed. This paper reviews analyses of such scenarios and of the efficacy of potential response options, discusses defensive systems that have been deployed and detectors that are being developed, and finally outlines the detection systems that will be needed for improved CB defense in the future. Sandia's collaboration with San Francisco International Airport on CB defense will also be briefly reviewed, including an overview of airport facility defense guidelines produced in collaboration with Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. The analyses that will be discussed were conducted by Sandia National Laboratories' Systems Studies Department in support of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Science and Technology Directorate, and include quantitative analyses utilizing simulation models developed through close collaboration with subject matter experts, such as public health officials in urban areas and biological defense experts.
Retrograde intubation of the trachea

Retrograde tracheal intubation may be of particular use in situations in which orotracheal intubation is technically impossible or contraindicated. The technique can be performed despite the presence of blood or secretions in the upper airway. It is an alternative to cricothyroidotomy in patients with short, obese, or anatomically distorted necks.
Right Ventricle–to–Pulmonary Artery Conduit Longevity: Is it Related to Allograft Size?

Background Cryopreserved valved allografts are routinely oversized to account for somatic growth in children requiring right ventricle–to–pulmonary artery (RV-PA) continuity. The objective of this study is to determine the effect of oversizing on conduit longevity. Methods We reviewed the records of all patients undergoing RV-PA cryopreserved valved allograft placement from 1988 to 2006 for diagnosis, age, allograft type, time to valved conduit explant, and indication for surgery. Conduit size at the time of insertion was compared with pulmonary valve size normalized for body surface area ( z score). Multivariate Cox regression models with cluster analysis were constructed to assess risk of allograft oversizing for conduit failure. Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to obtain median freedom from explantation time. Results A total of 140 cryopreserved valved allografts ( z score, 1.8 ± 1.3; range, –1.5 to 4.9) were implanted in 99 patients (median age, 5.6 years). Reoperation was required in 66 (67%) of 99 patients during the study period. Modeling z scores as a dichotomous variable revealed that risk of allograft explantation increases 113% when allografts with z scores of 2.7 or higher are used compared with those with z scores of less than 2.7 ( p p p = 0.13). Conclusions Cryopreserved valved allograft oversizing (z score ≥2.7) in the pulmonary position results in decreased longevity in children. Presence of branch pulmonary artery stenosis is also associated with earlier conduit explantation.
Performance measures for a local network

Parameters that influence the performance of a local network consisting of three mainframes and an array processor are identified. Performance measures are developed for this network and their significance in the operation and use of the network are discussed. Some aspects of implementing such measures in a local network are examined.
Further evidence against the classical conditioning model of McCollough effects

McCollough effects (MEs) have been portrayed by Murch (1976) as classically conditioned responses which result from the pairing of color (unconditioned stimulus) with line orientation (conditioned stimulus). In the present experiment, we sought evidence that ME characteristics resembled those of undisputed conditioned responses. According to Rescorla (1968) and others, conditioned responses may not develop if the unconditioned stimulus is presented in the absence as well as in the presence of the conditioned stimulus. However, in our experiment, MEs induced by inspection sequences containing presentations of color alone in addition to color/ contour pairs were not weaker than controls. This discrepancy challenges the applicability of the conditioning model to MEs.
Comparison of Long-term Survival of Implants and Endodontically Treated Teeth

The outcomes of both dental implants and endodontically treated teeth have been extensively studied. However, there is still a great controversy over when to keep a natural tooth and when to extract it for a dental implant. This article reviews the benefits and disadvantages of both treatment options and discusses success vs. survival outcomes, as well as the impact of technical advances for modern endodontics and endodontic microsurgery on the long-term prognosis of tooth retention.
How the 2008 stock market crash and seasons affect total and cardiac deaths in Los Angeles County

Various stressors trigger cardiac death. The objective was to investigate a possible relation between a stock market crash and cardiac death in a large population within the United States. We obtained daily stock market data (Dow Jones Industrial Average Index), death certificate data for daily deaths in Los Angeles County (LA), and annual LA population estimates for 2005 through 2008. The 4 years death rate curves (2005 through 2008) were averaged into a single curve to illustrate annual trends. Data were "deseasonalized" by subtracting from the daily observed value the average value for that day of year. There was marked seasonal variation in total and cardiac death rates. Even in the mild LA climate, death rates were higher in winter versus summer including total death (+17%), circulatory death (+24%), coronary heart disease death (+28%), and myocardial infarction death (+38%) rates (p <0.0001 for each). Absolute coronary heart disease death rates have decreased since 1985. After accounting for seasonal variation, the large stock market crash in October 2008 did not affect death rates in LA. Death rates remained at or below seasonal averages during the stock market crash. In conclusion, after correcting for seasonal variation, the stock market crash in October 2008 was not associated with an increase in total or cardiac death in LA. Annual coronary heart disease death rates continue to decrease. However, seasonal variation (specifically winter) remains a trigger for death and coronary heart disease death even in LA where winters are mild.
Knowledge and Support for the Criminal Justice System

The purpose of the study was to examine public knowledge about the criminal justice system and the relationship between knowledge and support for the police, courts, and the correctional system. A questionnaire was given to samples of the public (N = 1149) and of professionals within the criminal justice system (N = 292) in the state of Washington. Contrary to expectation, the data indicated that the public had the most knowledge about the corectional system followed by the courts and police. The same was true for the sample of criminal justice professionls. The public was significantly less knowledgeable than the professionals concerning the courts and corrections, but not on items concerning the police. With few exceptions, the data displayed little association between socioemographic and experience variables and knowledge about the criminal justice system. In terms of support, the public rated the police much higher than either the courts or corrections. Finally, a relatively weak relationship existed ...
Quality selection for Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP with Scalable Video Coding

Video streaming on the Internet is increasingly using Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (DASH), which allows a client to dynamically adjust its video quality by choosing the appropriate quality level for each segment based on the current download rate. In this paper we examine the impact of Scalable Video Coding (SVC) on the client's quality selection policy. Given a variable download rate, when should the client try to maximize the current segment's video quality, and when should it instead play it safe and ensure a minimum level of quality for future segments? We use a combination of analysis, dynamic programming, and simulation to show that a client should use a diagonal quality selection policy, which combines prefetching with backfilling to balance both of these concerns. We also illustrate the conditions that affect the slope of the diagonal policy.
Using enstrophy advection as a diagnostic to identify blocking‐regime transition

This article proposes a method to identify blocking onset and decay by means of two stability indicators: enstrophy advection and its integral. The key to this technique is the use of local Lyapunov exponents for the barotropic vorticity equation, which can be approximated by the integral of enstrophy (IRE) over a fixed, finite region. The IRE can then be viewed as a measure of stability. However, by differentiating the IRE with respect to time, two measures of stability can be derived to assess blocking onset and decay: (i) the integral of enstrophy advection (DIRE), for which a time series is used to assess stability, and (ii) enstrophy advection, for which contours are plotted in conjunction with 500 hPa heights to locate blocking. One year's worth of Northern Hemisphere blocking events from July 2011–July 2012 are studied to demonstrate that the integral of enstrophy advection is a useful diagnostic. In particular, time series of IRE and DIRE for four of the blocking cases are presented, while contour plots of enstrophy advection for one case are presented. In all cases studied, the diagnostics were seen to detect the instability in an incipient blocking event and in its decay.
Clinical predictors of successful magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound (MRgFUS) for uterine leiomyoma

Magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound (MRgFUS) is a relatively new minimally invasive treatment, approved by the US Food and Drug Administration in 2004 for treatments of symptomatic uterine leiomyomas (fibroids). The purpose of this work is to present retrospective cohort analysis of women that underwent commercial MRgFUS treatment between 2005 and 2009 at a single center, to identify baseline patient characteristics that predict successful MRgFUS fibroid treatment. Identifying these clinical predictors of MRgFUS would be helpful to clinicians choosing the optimal patient for this treatment modality. One hundred thirty women with symptomatic uterine leiomyomas who underwent MRgFUS were followed up with a mean length of follow up of 17.4 ± 10.3 months. The main outcome measure of the follow-up was to identify patients who required additional fibroid treatment due to continued fibroid symptoms. Additionally, patient medical history and radiological findings obtained prior to MRgFUS were reviewed, and statistical analysis was performed to identify factors associated with reduced risk of having additional fibroid treatment. Twenty-nine patients (22.3%) underwent additional fibroid treatment due to continued or recurrent fibroid symptoms during the follow up. Cumulative incidence of additional fibroid treatment was 9.7%, 29.3%, and 44.7% at 1, 2, and 3 years following MRgFUS, respectively. In multivariable Cox proportional hazard regression analyses, older age (hazard ratio (HR) 0.54 per 5-year increase in age, 95% confidence interval 0.39 to 0.76, p < 0.001), greater number of fibroids (HR 0.19 for more than three vs. one fibroid, 95% CI 0.05 to 0.67, p = 0.033), and greater fibroid volume (HR 0.70 per doubling in volume, 95% CI 0.51 to 0.96, p = 0.025) were significantly associated with less risk of having additional fibroid treatment. Older age at treatment and having multiple fibroids with larger volume are associated with a lower risk of additional intervention following MRgFUS treatment for uterine fibroids.
Central acetylcholinesterase inhibition improves hemodynamic counterregulation to severe blood loss in alcohol-intoxicated rats.

Acute alcohol intoxication results in impaired hemodynamic counterregulation to blood loss and is associated with an attenuated hemorrhage-induced release of catecholamines and AVP. We speculated that restoration of the neuroendocrine response to hemorrhage would improve mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) recovery during acute alcohol intoxication. Previously, we demonstrated that intracerebroventricular (ICV) choline, a precursor of acetylcholine, transiently increases sympathetic nervous system (SNS) outflow but is not capable of improving neuroendocrine and hemodynamic compensation to hemorrhage in alcohol-treated rats. We hypothesized that prolongation of the observed effect via ICV neostigmine, an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, would enhance SNS outflow, restore the neuroendocrine response, and in turn improve hemodynamic responses to hemorrhage during acute alcohol intoxication. ICV neostigmine (1 μg) increased MABP, catecholamines, and AVP within 5 min and reversed hypotension due to 40% hemorrhage and intragastric alcohol (30% wt/vol, 2.5 g/kg) administration in chronically catheterized male Sprague-Dawley rats (225–250 g body wt). Acute alcohol intoxication before 50% hemorrhage decreased basal MABP, accentuated hypotension midhemorrhage, suppressed the hemorrhage-induced release of norepinephrine and AVP, and prevented restoration of MABP to basal levels after fluid resuscitation with lactated Ringer solution. ICV neostigmine (0.5 μg) produced a sustained increase in MABP beginning at 30 min of hemorrhage that persisted throughout fluid resuscitation in control and alcohol-treated animals. ICV neostigmine enhanced epinephrine responses and restored the hemorrhage-induced release of norepinephrine and AVP in alcohol-treated rats. These results demonstrate that inhibition of acetylcholinesterase in the central nervous system enhances SNS outflow, restores the neuroendocrine response to severe blood loss, and thereby improves hemodynamic counterregulation during acute alcohol intoxication. This study provides evidence for a central (and not peripheral) role of alcohol in impairing hemodynamic stability during hemorrhagic shock.
Swimming Pool Hygiene: Self-Monitoring, Task Clarification, and Performance Feedback Increase Lifeguard Cleaning Behaviors

The effects of task clarification, self-monitoring, and performance feedback on cleaning behaviors of 9 lifeguards in 3 performance areas (vacuuming, lobby tidying, and pool deck maintenance) were investigated using an ABA reversal design at a county swim complex. A specific task in each performance area was used as a behavioral control. Following a task clarification meeting, the percentage of closing tasks completed each night was self-monitored through ratings by lifeguards and managers. Researchers conducted independent ratings of these completed tasks after the staff had left the building. Feedback data were posted daily using line graphs that displayed the percentage of tasks completed correctly from both self-report and researchers' data. Overall performance increased from an average of 45.1% correct behaviors during baseline to an average of 76.9% during intervention then reversed to baseline during follow-up to an average performance of 45.05%.
Enhanced rate performance and cyclic stability of Fe3O4–graphene nanocomposites for Li ion battery anodes

Monodispersed Fe3O4 nanoparticles of size ∼10 nm were processed by a simple ultrasonic assisted co-precipitation method, mechanically mixed with graphene oxide, and thermally reduced to form a magnetite–graphene composite. Electrochemical characterization of the Fe3O4–graphene nanocomposites showed excellent capacity in excess of 1200 mA h g−1, and exceptional stability during high current cycling for at least 1000 cycles.
Glutaredoxin 2 prevents H2O2-induced cell apoptosis by protecting complex I activity in the mitochondria

Abstract Glutaredoxin 2 (Grx2) belongs to the oxidoreductase family and is an isozyme of glutaredoxin 1 (Grx1) present in the mitochondria, however its function is not well understood. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the potential anti-apoptotic function of Grx2 by examining its ability to protect complex I in the mitochondrial electron transport system using human lens epithelial cells as a model. We found that cells treated with 200 μM hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) for 24 h exhibited decreased viability and became apoptotic with corresponding Bax up-regulation, Bcl-2 down-regulation, caspase 3 activation and mitochondrial cytochrome c leakage. Grx2 over-expression (OE) could protect cells against H 2 O 2 -induced damage while Grx2 knockdown (KD) showed the opposite effect. Under the same conditions, H 2 O 2 treatment caused 50% inactivation of complex I activity in control cells (vector only), 75% in Grx2 KD cells but only 20% in Grx2 OE cells. Furthermore, the inactivated complex I in the H 2 O 2 -treated cells could be protected mostly by importing the purified nascent Grx2 protein, but not the Grx2 protein mutated at the active site with C70S, or C73S, or with C70S plus C73S. Immunoprecipitation study also revealed that Grx2 co-precipitated with complex I, but not complex II, in the mitochondrial lysate. Thus, the mechanism of Grx2 protection against H 2 O 2 -induced apoptosis is likely associated with its ability to preserve complex I.
Long-Term Developmental Outcomes in Patients With Deformational Plagiocephaly

Objectives. To determine whether there was an increased rate of later developmental delay in school-aged children who presented as infants with deformational plagiocephaly without obvious signs of delay at the time of initial evaluation. Methods. A retrospective medical record review of 254 patients evaluated at the Craniofacial Center of the Children9s Hospital and Regional Medical Center in Seattle, Washington, from 1980 through 1991 was completed. Consenting patient families were interviewed via telelphone to determine what, if any, special medical or educational problems had occurred for the children who had had plagiocephaly in infancy or their siblings with normal head shapes. Results. A total of 181 families from the medical record review could be notified about the study and 63 families agreed to participate in a telephone interview. The sample of participants for the telephone interview was random to and representative of the group as a whole. The families reported that 25 of the 63 children (39.7%) with persistent deformational plagiocephaly had received special help in primary school including: special education assistance, physical therapy, occupational therapy, speech therapy generally through an Individual Education Plan. Only 7 of 91 siblings (7.7%), serving as controls, required similar services (χ 2 = 21.24). Delays could not be specifically anticipated at the time of the diagnosis of deformational plagiocephaly from any simple set of factors including treatment with helmet therapy, although effected males with reported uterine constraint were at the highest risk for subsequent school problems. Conclusions. Infants with deformational plagiocephaly comprise a high-risk group for developmental difficulties presenting as subtle problems of cerebral dysfunction during the school-age years. There is a need for additional research on the long-term developmental problems in infants with deformational plagiocephaly. plagiocephaly, facial asymmetry, torticollis, developmental delay.
A reconstructive approach to automated design synthesis

Derivational Analogy is a technique used to adapt a previous design plan to solve a new problem. However, derivational analogy requires that this design plan be saved at the time of design. Design plans are generally not available unless design occurred with an automated design assistant, which could capture the details of the design process. Some design assistants do not have this ability, and many designs exist which were developed without an automated assistant. A method is proposed for recreating a design plan for a design, using design rationale information. Rationales are used to choose from possible design decisions, and to bias the design plan towards the new problem. This method enables the use of a design in derivational analogy even when the design plan is not available and demonstrates a significant potential for rationales in automated design. The authors discuss in detail the knowledge required and techniques applied for automated reconstruction of deviational histories. >
Methyl (E)‐2‐cyano‐3‐(1H‐indol‐3‐yl)acrylate

In the title compound, C13H10N2O2, the indole ring system is planar and the acrylate double bond adopts the E stereochemistry. The mol­ecules are linked by inter­molecular N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds.
The Prevention of Eating Disorders: Empirical, Methodological, and Conceptual Considerations

Recent studies suggest that the prevalence of eating disorders in young women is increasing and that the number of preadolescent girts who engage in weight loss efforts is on the rise. Greater efforts directed toward the prevention of eating disorders are needed to reverse this trend. Although prevention research is still in its formative years, much is known about risk factors in the development of eating disorders. Several prevention studies have been empirically tested; however, only minimal results have been obtained. This review examines and critically evaluates risk factor research and prevention programs. Suggestions for future research include clearer definitions and standardization of terms related to the level of risk and type of prevention; an empirical foundation to support the use of proposed risk factors and intervention methods; the exclusion of participants with any diagnosable eating disorder from preventive interventions; more sustained, stepwise research analyzing the component parts of prevention; and further research into innovative, creative, and rigorous programs that have sufficiently large sample sizes and lengthy follow-up periods in which to detect effects.
Extinction risk and tradeoffs in reserve site selection for species of different body sizes

Designing reserve networks often requires a tradeoff between maximizing patch sizes to decrease local extinction rates and clustering patches to increase colonization rates. Here we use stochastic metapopulation models to evaluate how this tradeoff affects landscape-wide extinction risk for idealized terrestrial mammals with body sizes from 10 g to 100 kg. In simple two-patch networks, clustering patches decreases extinction risk only when inter-patch distances are within 0.5–1.25 times a species’ maximum observed dispersal distance. In an empirical landscape in which a fixed total area can be protected, this finding accurately predicts that, relative to a network that maximizes mean patch area, clustering patches most decreases extinction risk for intermediate-sized species. These results demonstrate that there is no globally optimal level of patch clustering that will best protect all species and highlight rules of thumb for reserve network design based on the interaction of species’ body size and landscape scale.
Wakefulness (Not Sleep) Promotes Generalization of Word Learning in 2.5-Year-Old Children.

Sleep enhances generalization in adults, but this has not been examined in toddlers. This study examined the impact of napping versus wakefulness on the generalization of word learning in toddlers when the contextual background changes during learning. Thirty 2.5-year-old children (M = 32.94, SE = 0.46) learned labels for novel categories of objects, presented on different contextual backgrounds, and were tested on their ability to generalize the labels to new exemplars after a 4-hr delay with or without a nap. The results demonstrated that only children who did not nap were able to generalize learning. These findings have critical implications for the functions of sleep versus wakefulness in generalization, implicating a role for forgetting during wakefulness in generalization.
How Do Principal-Agent Effects in Delegated Portfolio Management Affect Asset Prices?

We investigate the impact of delegated portfolio management on asset prices in a noisy rational equilibrium model. Asset prices in our model are linear in fund managers’ private signals and in realized supply shocks. We show that equilibrium expected returns 1) decrease as the proportion of fund managers increase in the economy; 2) decrease as the precision of fund managers’ signals increase’ and 3) increase as the fund managers’ contingent fees increase.
Prophylaxis of Hemodialysis Graft Thrombosis with Fish Oil: Double-Blind, Randomized, Prospective Trial

Diets enriched with fish oil may favorably affect the vascular perturbations underlying synthetic graft thrombosis. Therefore, these studies were designed to test the hypothesis that diets enriched with fish oil would decrease the incidence of thrombosis in newly constructed polytetrafluorethylene grafts. A double-blind, randomized trial was conducted. Twenty-four patients were randomized to receive 4000 mg of fish oil or 4000 mg of control oil. Both preparations were enriched with antioxidants and deodorized with peppermint. Patients began therapy within 2 wk after graft placement and were monitored for 12 mo or until thrombosis developed. With a permuted-block randomization schedule, 12 patients received fish oil and 12 patients received control oil. The primary patency rates at 365 d were 14.9% for the control group and 75.6% for the fish oil-treated group. Survival analysis revealed a significant difference between fish oil-treated and untreated patients (P or =50 yr, gender, race, body weight, diabetes mellitus, bleeding times, and lipid profiles, indicated that this effect occurred principally as a result of fish oil administration. Importantly, fish oil treatment also decreased venous outflow resistance and systemic BP, compared with control values. Fish oils possess unique biologic properties that favorably affect the incidence of polytetrafluorethylene graft thrombosis, and they thus represent a potential treatment strategy for the prevention of access thrombosis.
High Productivity Languages for Parallel Programming Compared to MPI

Two new high productivity parallel programming languages, Chapel (Cray) and X10 (IBM), are compared to the message passing interface (MPI) parallel programming environment. The study qualitatively compares language features used to develop a prototype publication/subscription system. Our results show that the global partitioned address space (GPAS) and support for other parallel processing abstractions, employed by each of the new languages, increases productivity and reduces time to solution for parallel program development.
Fermentation patterns of poorly fermenting cabbage hybrids.

Thirteen varieties of cabbage, including five commonly used commercial varieties and eight newly developed hybrids, were analyzed for their ability to undergo lactic acid fermentations. The rates of fermentation, total quantities of acids produced, and chemical analyses indicate that 11 of the 13 selections could support adequate fermentation at any of the three stages of maturation. However, two varieties G27 × G51 (105) and G60 × W-1 (106), harvested during the earlier phases of the 1967 and 1968 growing seasons, failed to undergo proper fermentations and consistently resulted in producing putrid products. These hybrids when harvested at the late stage of maturation were capable of producing total titratable acidities comparable to the acceptable varieties. However the resulting sauerkrauts were judged to be of poor quality. The inability of these varieties to support adequate fermentations may be due to growth inhibitory substances or the lack of inherent maturation-dependent growth factor(s) essential for the growth of lactic acid bacteria.
Novel low delay slew rate control I/Os

As technology is shrinking to sub 100nm, the sensitivity of circuits towards Process, Temperature, Voltage (PTV) and load variations is limiting circuit performance and yield [1–3]. For example in the specific case of IOs, it is difficult to meet various specifications like the rise and fall times, current drive strength, jitter, power and ground bounce across the wide range of I/O operating condition. Driver circuits are oversized to meet performance goals at slow corners. However, this leads to high current and Simultaneous Switching Noise (SSN) at fast corners. [1]. Further, high output edge switching rates lead to EMI issues [4]. In this paper, we propose a technique which can address the EMI and noise concerns without compromising the I/O performance. Our results show that the proposed scheme offers advantage over various PTV compensation schemes which do not target load compensation. The proposed scheme also offers advantage over the traditional slew rate control schemes which target PTV as well as load compensation but require a performance - noise tradeoff.
Stratigraphic Reference Section for Georges Bank Basin—Depositional Model for New England Passive Margin

A multichannel seismic reflection profile (U.S. Geological Survey line 19), calibrated with the COST G-1, COST G-2, and Shell Mohican I-100 wells, and seismic-sequence analysis shows that the chronostratigraphic and lithostratigraphic units and depositional history of the Georges Bank basin are similar to those of the Scotian basin. Carbonate rocks of the Iroquois and Abenaki Formations, as much as 16,000 ft (4,800 m) thick, dominated the eastern half of the Georges Bank basin during the Jurassic. As much as 7,500 ft (2,300 m) of the coeval terrigenous clastic deposits of the Mohican, Mohawk, and Mic Mac Formations accumulated updip (westward) in sublittoral, paralic, and nonmarine environments. Siliciclastic deposition, as much as 6,000 ft (1,800 m), dominated the entire basin throughout the Cretaceous and Cenozoic, and it was punctuated briefly by carbonate deposition during the Hauterivian and Paleogene. Tentative correlation between the Georges Bank basin sequences and those of the adjacent, deep North American basin suggests that the deep-sea facies were strongly influenced by depositional events on the shelf. Deposition in both areas has been sensitive to changes in sea level and to paleoclimatic cycles.
Two-Dimensional van der Waals Epitaxy Kinetics in a Three-Dimensional Perovskite Halide

The exploration of emerging materials physics and prospective applications of two-dimensional materials greatly relies on the growth control of their thickness, phases, morphologies, and film–substrate interactions. Though substantial progress has been made for the development of two-dimensional films from conventional layered bulky materials, particular challenges remain for obtaining ultrathin, single crystalline, dislocation-free films from intrinsically non-van der Waals-type three-dimensional materials. In this report, with the successful demonstration of single crystalline ultrathin large-scale perovskite halide material, we reveal and identify the favorable role of weak van der Waals film–substrate interaction on the nucleation and growth of the two-dimensional morphology out of nonlayered materials compared to conventional epitaxy. We also show how the bonding nature of the three-dimensional material itself affects the kinetic energy landscape of ultrathin film growth. By studying the formation of...
The End of an Era? Understanding the Contradictions of Criminal Justice Reform:

Recent drops in the U.S. rate of incarceration have triggered much discussion regarding the fate of mass incarceration. Some observers suggest that the political consensus in favor of getting tough on crime has been shattered and replaced by a new consensus that the prison population must be downsized. In this article, we explore the possibility that neither legislation nor public discourse around crime and punishment has shifted so dramatically, and that the cultural dynamics surrounding reform efforts may undermine the prospects of comprehensive sentencing reform. To assess these hypotheses, we analyze trends in criminal justice policy reform from 2000 to 2013 and newspaper stories and editorials on criminal justice reform since 2008. While we do find important examples of changing rhetoric and policy, we suggest that these changes do not constitute a “paradigm shift.” Rather, they are indicative of a more subtle, complex, and contradictory modification of the way punishment is conceived, discussed, and...
A Synopsis of the Genus Hapalophragmium (Uredinales)

H. and P. Sydow erected Hapalophragnmium in 1901 on the type species, H. derridis H. & P. Syd. Hapalophragmium is closely related to Triphragmiun Link and Sphaerophragmlium Magnus but differs in the position of teliospore pedicel. In Triphragmniul and Sphaerophragmliumn, teliospores are 3-celled and the pedicel is associated with only one cell. Hapalophragmnium teliospores are 3-celled and the pedicel is oriented between two proximal cells. The third teliospore cell is distal to the proximal cells. In 1904 the Sydows transferred Triphragmium setllosum Pat. to Hapalophragmiumiz on the basis of the teliospore pedicel position. Sydow, Sydow, and Butler (1912) described H. ponderosiiut as the third species. Baccarini (1916) described H. acaciae as the fourth species. Since 1916, 11 species have been added: H. pulchlrum (Rac.) Syd., H. kawakamii Hirat. & Hash., H. mlillettiae Syd., H. tandonii Mitter, H. anamalaiensis T. S. & K. Ramakrishnan, H. mzysorense Thirum., H. millettiae-rhodanthae Vienn.-Bour., H. deightonii Cumm., H. angylocalycis Vienn.-Bour., H. ornatwut Cumm., and H. pieningii Cumm. Thirumalachar (1950) transferred Hapalophraguiiutlz ponderosum to Hapalophragmliopsis because it produced subepidermal spermogonia. He suggested that H. acaciae may belong to Hapalophragmtiopsis but could not decide because it lacks spermogonia. Venkatarayan (1951) reported that the creation of the rust genus Hapalophraygmiopsis by Thirumalachar (1950) was in violation of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature. He reported that "the ending -opsis, though often used in generic names of fungi, is contrary to Recommendations