cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Genotype-Phenotype Correlations in Lesch-Nyhan Disease

Lesch-Nyhan disease and its attenuated variants are caused by mutations in the HPRT1 gene, which encodes the purine recycling enzyme hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase. The mutations are heterogeneous, with more than 400 different mutations already documented. Prior efforts to correlate variations in the clinical phenotype with different mutations have suggested that milder phenotypes typically are associated with mutants that permit some residual enzyme function, whereas the most severe phenotype is associated with null mutants. However, multiple exceptions to this concept have been reported. In the current studies 44 HPRT1 mutations associated with a wide spectrum of clinical phenotypes were reconstructed by site-directed mutagenesis, the mutant enzymes were expressed in vitro and purified, and their kinetic properties were examined toward their substrates hypoxanthine, guanine, and phosphoribosylpyrophosphate. The results provide strong evidence for a correlation between disease severity and residual catalytic activity of the enzyme (kcat) toward each of its substrates as well as several mechanisms that result in exceptions to this correlation. There was no correlation between disease severity and the affinity of the enzyme for its substrates (Km). These studies provide a valuable model for understanding general principles of genotype-phenotype correlations in human disease, as the mechanisms involved are applicable to many other disorders.
Studies on the mechanisms by which glucocorticoids inhibit tissue eosinophilia in allergic reactions

The efficacy of glucocorticoids in the treatment of allergic diseases is well established. Among their observed beneficial effects is the ability to reduce the appearance of eosinophils and eosinophil-derived mediators at sites of allergic inflammation. How glucocorticoids prevent eosinophil influx in vivo is not completely understood, but may include effects on various aspects of eosinophil recruitment. Studies examining the effects of glucocorticoids on (1) eosinophil survival, (2) eosinophil and endothelial adhesion responses, (3) the production of endothelial-activating and eosinophil-priming cytokines, and (4) eosinophil chemotactic factor responsiveness, will be reviewed. It is likely that the potent ability of glucocorticoids to prevent eosinophil emigration into tissue sites results from a combination of both direct and indirect effects on the eosinophil, the endothelium, and other cells involved in the production of pro-inflammatory mediators responsible for eosinophil infiltration.
Analysis of Experimental and Quantitative Parameters Employed to Assess the Effects of Novel Gravity Forces on the Amphibian Egg

The amphibian embryo provides a convenient model system for studying a variety of early morphological processes which are affected by novel gravity forces. Suitable descriptions of many of the so called “gravity effects” on amphibian eggs are available. In order to extend those morphological observations to subcellular and molecular levels of investigation, a more thorough understanding of experimental design and measurement methodology is desirable. Accordingly, several of the ground-based techniques, including clinostation and centrifugation are analyzed from both theoretical and practical points of view. The measurements often carried out to quantitate gravity effects are also considered. Analyses of cleavage furrowing and egg cytoplasmic viscosity are presented.
Modelling slurry particle dynamics in the Coriolis erosion tester

Abstract The Coriolis erosion tester consists of a rotor with a diametrical passage in which two flat specimens are located equidistant from the centre. At high rotation speeds, slurry flows outwards from the centre by centrifugal force while the erodent particles are directed towards the specimen surfaces by the Coriolis force. This test mode offers a quick, simple and reproducible means of simulating the wear environment in slurry pumps and cyclones in which particles move rapidly over component surfaces either singly or in a bed, and clearly distinguishes between the erosion performance of different materials. A model is presented to describe particle trajectories and particle impact velocities quantitatively for both dilute slurries and those with relatively high solids concentrations flowing through the Coriolis erosion tester. Experiments using either angular alumina particles or glass beads suspended in water and a range of both coatings and solid specimens have provided information on damage modes and erosion resistance which shows that the predominant particle–test surface interaction in the Coriolis erosion tester is low-angle impact. The influence of rotational speed, particle size, particle density and concentration on impact angle and impact velocity are predicted by the model and these are consistent with observed wear patterns. The erosion resistance of a material depends critically on its elastic deformation, plastic deformation and fracture properties, and this material response is interpreted in terms of contact mechanics.
Slow potential changes in cat brain during classical appetitive conditioning of jaw movements using two levels of reward.

Abstract 1. 1. Slow potential changes (SPCs) were recorded from epidural motor cortex and several subcortical areas in cat brain, during classical appetitive conditioning of jaw movement using two levels of reward. 2. 2. Before conditioning was started a tone, subsequently used as a conditioned stimulus (CS), elicited SPCs from the lateral hypothalamic area, the medial and the lateral amygdala. Tone-evoked SPCs did not occur in motor cortex, ventro-medial hypothalamus and mesencephalic reticular formation. 3. 3. During conditioning CS-evoked negative SPCs from motor cortex became increasingly larger in a group which received a large reward; this did not occur in a small reward nor pseudo-conditioning group. CS-evoked positive SPCs during conditioning became larger in the lateral hypothalamic area in both large and small rewards groups, and these SPCs were larger than those shown by a pseudo-conditioning group. SPCs evoked by the CS and correlated with conditioning did not develop in the mesencephalic reticular formation, ventro-medial hypothalamus, nor in medial and lateral amygdala. 4. 4. After conditioning, positive SPCs were shown to occur as responses to a large reward, but not a small reward, in motor cortex, lateral hypothalamus and medial amygdala. The mesencephalic reticular formation responded to both reward levels with positive SPCs that did not differ significantly in magnitude. SPCs did not occur as responses to reward in lateral amygdala nor ventro-medial hypothalamus. 5. 5. The results were discussed in terms of neuroanatomical specificity in the generation of subcortical SPCs and the motivating conditions necessary for the occurence of SPCs in both cortical and subcortical areas.
PRESSURE VOLUME LOOP ANALYSIS IN PATIENTS WITH SINGLE VENTRICLES: COMPARISON OF PRESSURE-VOLUME LOOP AND NON-INVASIVE MEASURES OF SYSTOLIC FUNCTION

Non-invasive measurements of systolic function in the single ventricle population are performed using measures whose accuracy and reliability have not been fully assessed. We sought to validate non-invasive measures of systolic function with invasive measures of systolic function derived from
Collisional angular-momentum mixing of Na Rydberg states with Xe

The collisional angular-momentum mixing of the Na nd Rydberg states into states of higher angular momentum with Xe as the collisional partner has been studied in zero field and in the presence of a small electric field. The collisional l-mixing cross section in zero field has been measured for 9 2. Our measurements suggest that the collisionally populated states have predominantly low Vertical Barm/sub l/Vertical Bar values (Vertical Barm/sub l/Vertical Bar< or =2). An application of a low electric field (approx.50 V/cm) substantially reduces the collisional population of the low-Vertical Barm/sub l/Vertical Bar states, thus reducing the total cross section as well.
Use of commercially available cell culture inserts for primary culture and electrophysiologic studies of guinea pig gastric mucous epithelial cells

The adherence, growth, and electrophysiologic properties of guinea pig gastric mucous epithelial cells were investigated using porous membrane filters. We also tested three commercially available Ussing-type chambers that were designed to be used with the various porous membrane supports. Overall, the 0.45-µm Falcon-Cyclopore porous membrane was found to be very favorable for the consistent attachment and growth of our cells. This same filter also gave good results in the detection of periodic acid Schiff-positive mucous glycoprotein and Nile red neutral lipid fluorescence in the gastric mucous cells. Our cells grew poorly on collagen-coated Costar-Snapwells and Millipore Millicell-CM porous filters. For measurement of transepithelial potential difference resistance, and short-circuit current, the Costar-Snapwell with the Costar-Snapwell Diffusion-chamber system was superior in design and operation when compared to the Costar Transwell-COL, Falcon-Cyclopore, or Anotec-Anocell porous inserts used with conventional Ussing-chambers. The gastric mucous cells grew best on ICN-Cellagen membranes, but these filters routinely detached from their plastic holder and therefore could not be used for Ussing-chamber studies. The large 24.5-mm, 0.40-µm pore size Costar-Transwell-COL and the 24.1-mm, 0.45-µm Falcon-Cyclopore membranes gave good results when used in a modified horizontal-chamber for microelectrode analysis of membrane potentials and resistances of the gastric mucous cell monolayers.
American Capitals: A Historical Geography

Christian Montes. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2014. 394 pp., maps, diagrams, tables, figures, notes, references, appendices, index. $65.00 cloth (ISBN 978-0-226-08048-2).When first ap...
The Effect of Intravascular Volume Expansion on Proximal Tubular Reabsorption during Development

AbstractThis study was designed to assess the contribution of the proximal convoluted tubule to the blunted natriuretic response of the newborn to volume expansion. Guinea pigs (n = 17) ranging in age between 1 and 56 days were subjected to similar degrees of vascular volume expansion by infusion of an isoncotic albumin solution. Measurements of TF/P inulin in proximal tubular fluid were made by the recollection technique prior to and following the expansion. A decrease in proximal fractional reabsorption of fluid (P < 0.01) was observed at all ages, but there were no significant differences in TF/P inulin between various age groups under both control and experimental conditions. Whole kidney fractional reabsorption of sodium, which was similar in all groups during control conditions, was significantly lower (P < .001) in the oldest than in the two younger groups of animals during volume expansion. These results demonstrate that the proximal convoluted tubule is not the site responsible for the age relate...
Characterization of thin Nb 3 Sn diffusion layers on Nb(110): Low-energy electron-diffraction and photoemission studies

We have carried out low-energy electron-diffraction and ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy studies of the surface structures formed by annealing Sn overlayers deposited on Nb(110) substrates at room temperature. In addition to the usual ring patterns observed by electron diffraction, we observe a preferred azimuthal orientation with ${\mathrm{Nb}}_{3}$Sn [100] parallel to Nb [111] in the surface plane. The photoemission results show three regimes of Sn coverage extending from submonolayer Sn structures to the limit of thick islands of Sn, the latter being a prerequisite to forming the $A15$, ${\mathrm{Nb}}_{3}$Sn structure. The contribution of the $\mathrm{Sn}4p$ states to the electronic structure is followed as a function of Sn coverage. The evolution of the photoemission spectra as a function of sample annealing shows the trend through the $A15$ structure to the relatively inert $p(1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1)$ phase of Sn on Nb.
1749 AMINOPHYLLINE BUT NOT ENPROFYLLINE REVERSES NEONATAL VENTILATORY DEPRESSION CAUSED BY HYPOXIA AND L-N6-PHENYLISO-PROPYLADENOSINE (PIA)

We have previously shown that aminophylline (A) decreases the amount of hypoxic ventilatory depression in the piglet and have postulated that this effect was due to inhibition of the actions of adenosine (ADO). This study tests the hypothesis that Enprofylline (E), an alkylxanthine with no ADO inhibitory activity, would not reverse ventilatory depression caused by either hypoxia or the systemic administration of PIA, an adenosine, analogue. Saline (SI A, or E was given to three groups of 7 hypoxic piglets <3 days old and the effects on minute ventilation (Ve), heart rate (HR), and blood pressure (BP) were compared. To assess the effect of A and E on ADO induced ventilatory depression we administered PIA to 6 normoxio piglets until Ve was significantly reduced, and then gave A or E. The effects on Ve for the two experiments are shown below. During hypoxia, HR increased and BP decreased, but by 6 minutes BP was not different from baseline. The administration of both A and E caused an increase in HR but had little effect on BP. PIA caused a decrease in HR, BP, and Ve. A but not E reversed the decrease in HR, Bp, and Ve caused by either hypoxia or PIA. These findings suggest that ADO is involved in the hypoxic depression of Ve.
Thoracoscopic segmentectomy compares favorably with thoracoscopic lobectomy for patients with small stage I lung cancer.

Objective As thoracoscopic lobectomy becomes widely applied for treatment of non–small cell lung cancer, thoracoscopic segmentectomy remains controversial for patients with small stage I lung cancers. Questions remain regarding safety, morbidity, mortality, and recurrence rate. This study compared outcomes between thoracoscopic segmentectomy and lobectomy. Methods Retrospective review was undertaken of patients who underwent thoracoscopic segmentectomy or lobectomy for clinical stage I non–small cell lung cancer between January 2002 and February 2008. Indications for segmentectomy were tumor smaller than 3 cm, limited pulmonary reserve, comorbidities, and peripheral tumor location. Results Thirty-one patients underwent segmentectomy and 113 underwent lobectomy. Patients after segmentectomy had worse mean forced expiratory volume in 1 second than after lobectomy (83% vs 92%, P = .04). There were no differences in mean number of nodes (10) and nodal stations (5) resected. Segmentectomy and lobectomy groups had similar median chest tube durations (2 vs 3 days, P = .18), stays (both 4 days), total complications, recurrence rates, and survivals at mean follow-ups of 22 and 21 months, respectively. Lobectomy group had 1 30-day death; segmentectomy group had none. There were 5 (17.2%) recurrences after segmentectomy and 23 (20.4%) after lobectomy ( P = .71), with locoregional recurrence rates of 3.5% and 3.6%, respectively. Conclusion Thoracoscopic segmentectomy is a safe option for experienced thoracoscopic surgeons treating patients with small stage I lung cancers. No significant difference in oncologic outcome was seen between thoracoscopic segmentectomy and thoracoscopic lobectomy. Lymph node dissection could be performed as effectively during segmentectomy as lobectomy.
The variations of polygonum punctatum

This study is based primarily on material in the following herbaria: Cranbrook Institute of Science (BLH); Chicago Natural History Museum (F); Gray Herbarium (GH); Herbario Nacional del Instituto de Biologia de la Universidad Nacional de Mexico (MEXU); Missouri Botanical Garden (MO); New England Botanical Club (NEBC) ; New York Botanical Garden (NY); Oberlin College (OB); Herbarium of the University of Pennsylvania (PENN); University of Texas (TEX); University of California Herbarium (UC); Herbarium of the University of Wisconsin (WIS). Relatively few of the herbarium sheets have been cited; the standard abbreviations given above in parentheses have been used to designate the location of each. The writer wishes to express his appreciation for loans from most of these herbaria. Herbarium material has been augmented by several mass collections, discussed in Part V; most of these were made during travel supported in large part by the Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation. I am also indebted to my colleagues, Prof. C. L. Huskins and Dr. Robert Duncan, for reading the manuscript and making several suggestions. Figure 19 is based on a map prepared by Prof. V. C. -Finch, and the others on Hall's Outline Maps and Graphs, No. 205C. Polygonum punctatum Ell. ( P. acre HBK') is a well-marked species, ranging from southern Canada to Argentina. It shares with P. Hydropiper the characteristic feature of having glandular dots2 on the perianth; it differs from P. Hydropiper primarily in having smooth and shining, rather than roughened and dull, achenes, and in strong. tendencies toward longer internodes, less drooping spikes, and less red coloring in the perianth. In spite of the clarity of these characters, most herbaria have a remarkable assemblage of species under the name P. punctatum or P. acre, including not only P. Hydropiper but such species as P. hydropiperoides, P. lapathifoliuwm, etc. Hybridization within the Persicari# group does not seem to be common, considering the tendency for many closely related species to grow together. Cursory studies of several mass collections, made by taking at random many individuals of all species of the Persicaria group growing in a limited area, have yielded very few individuals not clearly put into one species or another. In the course of annotating material from 5 herbaria, some 1233 sheets were labelled as being some phase of P. punctaturm, while 7 were found to combine the dull achenes of P. Hydropiper with the long internodes of P. punctatum. These collections, presumably representing hybrids between the two species, are as follows: NOVA SCOTIA: Louisberg, Cape Breton Island, July 19, 1889, Macoun 20199 (NY). NEW JERSEY: Watchung, Somerset Co., Aug. 8, 1930, Moldenke 1357, and Sept. 15, 1934, Moldenke 8288 (NY). VIRGINIA: Queens Creek at Capitol Landing, Aug. 22, 1921, Grimes 4306 (GH). WISCONSIN: New London, Sept. 13, 1931, Fassett & Rhodes 13170 (WIS); East Troy, Walworth Co., Aug. 2, 1928, Almon (WIS).
Loss and Recovery

Relationships whose loss triggers grief are termed “relationships of attachment.” These relationships are pair-bond relationships, parental attachments to children, transference relationships to helpers, and persisting childlike attachments to parents. Because these relationships share significant characteristics, it is proposed that they are developments of a single socio-emotional system—the attachment system of children. This point of view permits a unified treatment of a number of topics, including the threats that elicit attachment emotions and behaviors, the impact of loss, the nature and course of recovery from loss, impediments to recovery, and the forms taken by failures to recover.
Critical surgical techniques for radical perineal prostatectomy.

ABSTRACTPurpose: Radical perineal prostatectomy was historically the surgical treatment of choice for localized adenocarcinoma of the prostate until the 1980s when radical retropubic prostatectomy began to gain popularity. Nevertheless, the perineal approach possesses advantages that prompt resurgence in the interest of this classic operation. We review the relevant anatomy and our modified technique of performing a successful radical perineal prostatectomy.Materials and Methods: The English literature pertaining to the different surgical approaches to radical perineal prostatectomy was reviewed through PubMed. Attention was paid to its indications, anatomical significance and various surgical techniques.Results: Studies demonstrate no difference in the incidence of positive surgical margins and biochemical recurrence between radical retropubic and perineal prostatectomies. Furthermore, the perineal approach avoids the dorsal venous complex and better facilitates the vesicourethral anastomosis in the face...
Capillary supercritical fluid chromatography/negative ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry of trichothecenes

A capillary supercritical fluid chromatography/mass spectrometry interface incorporating a heated frit restrictor is described. The trichothecene mycotoxins T-2 toxin, deoxynivalenol and roridin A were used to evaluate the effect of restrictor temperature and carbon dioxide mobile phase on the negative ion chemical ionization (CI) spectra of these compounds under electron capture, proton abstraction and chloride attachment conditions. Restrictor temperatures less than 100 degrees C above the melting point of the samples retarded sample transfer into the mass spectrometer, but neither restrictor temperature nor carbon dioxide mobile phase significantly affected negative ion CI conditions.
Oxygen reduction reaction activity and surface properties of nanostructured nitrogen-containing carbon

Abstract Nitrogen-containing carbon nanostructures were prepared from the decomposition of acetonitrile at 900 °C over silica and magnesia supports impregnated with Fe, Co, or Ni. For the carbon grown from supported Fe and Co particles, compartmentalized fibers with a stacked cup structure predominantly formed, while mostly broken multi-walled nanotubes formed from Ni particles. The fibers were purified from the support by removing silica with 1 M KOH, or removing metal particles and magnesia with 1 M HCl. Surface analysis was performed with XPS and hydrophobicity comparisons. Surface properties were related to nanostructure and edge plane exposure. Activity for the ORR was highest over CNx fibers grown from supported Fe and Co particles, which may also be related to edge plane exposure, and not necessarily to the presence of metal contamination. The most active materials were generally the most selective catalysts as well. Moreover, from Tafel plot slopes a trend was observed depending on the precursor metal used to prepare the CNx. The magnitude of the Tafel slope was smallest for the samples prepared from Fe or Co precursors. Compared to a state-of-the-art platinum catalyst, the most active alternative non-noble metal catalysts had less than 100 mV potential drop difference, high selectivity for complete oxygen reduction, a similar Tafel slope, and good electrical conductivity.
Abstract LB-392: Ethnic/racial differences in bladder cancer risk: the Multiethnic Cohort

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC Few studies have examined differences in bladder cancer risk among ethnic groups in the United States. We investigated racial/ethnic differences in bladder cancer risk and cancer stage and risk factors for bladder cancer among 189,998 African-American, Japanese-American, Latino, Native Hawaiian, and White men and women in the Multiethnic Cohort Study. We included 880 incident cases of bladder cancer (685 males and 195 females) identified in the cohort over an 11-year period, between baseline (1993 through 1996) and 2004. Data on known/potential risk factors for bladder cancer were obtained from the baseline questionnaire. Among many potential risk factors examined, only cigarette smoking-related variables (e.g. cigarette dose, years of smoking, pack-years, and years since quitting) were significantly associated with risk of bladder cancer in both men and women; the associations were observed in all five racial/ethnic groups. Racial/ethnic differences in bladder cancer risk were observed in men (P<0.0001) and women (P=0.001). Whites, by far, had the highest risk of bladder cancer compared to other racial/ethnic groups; the relative risks (RRs) (vs. Whites) were 0.65 [95% confidence intervals (CI): 0.53, 0.80] for African Americans, 0.63 (95%CI: 0.46, 0.86) for Native Hawaiians, 0.59 (95%CI: 0.49, 0.69) for Japanese, and 0.41 (95%CI: 0.33, 0.50) for Latinos. After adjustment for cigarette dose, the RRs were 0.69 (95%CI: 0.56, 0.85) for African Americans, 0.65 (95%CI: 0.47, 0.89) for Native Hawaiians, 0.62 (95%CI: 0.52, 0.73) for Japanese, and 0.48 (95%CI: 0.38, 0.59) for Latinos. Similar results were obtained when other smoking variables were considered for adjustment. Although Whites had the highest risk of developing bladder cancer, African-American (P=0.007) and Latino (P=0.008) women were more likely to be diagnosed with advanced disease. Among current and former cigarette smokers, regardless of their smoking dose, Whites were more susceptible to bladder cancer than African Americans, Hawaiians, Japanese, and Latinos. Results from this study suggest that differences in self-reported smoking characteristics among men and women of different races/ethnicities do not fully explain interethnic differences in bladder cancer risk. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-392.
Immune-To-Brain Signaling: How Important are the Blood–Brain Barrier-independent Pathways?

A conceptual obstacle for understanding immune-to-brain signaling is the issue of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). In the last 30 years, several pathways have been investigated to address the question of how peripheral immune signals are transmitted into the brain. These pathways can be categorized into two types: BBB-dependent pathways and BBB-independent pathways. BBB-dependent pathways involve the BBB as a relay station or porous barrier, whereas BBB-independent pathways use neuronal routes that bypass the BBB. Recently, a complete BBB-dependent ascending pathway for immune-to-brain signaling has been described. Details of BBB-independent pathways are still under construction. In this review, I will summarize the current progress in unraveling immune-to-brain signaling pathways. In addition, I will provide a critical analysis of the literature to point to areas where our knowledge of the immunological afferent signaling to the central nervous system is still sorely lacking.
Chrna7 genotype is linked with alpha7 nicotinic receptor expression but not alpha7 RNA levels.

Abstract Studies using the radio-labeled nicotinic receptor antagonist [125I]-α-bungarotoxin, which binds to α7 subunit containing nicotinic receptors, have demonstrated that mouse strains vary considerably in the number of α7-containing nicotinic receptors in brain. In addition, brain region specific differences in α-bungarotoxin binding between the mouse strains C3H/Ibg and DBA/2 have been linked to polymorphisms in Chrna7, the gene that encodes the α7 subunit. In the studies described here, we evaluated whether the relationship between Chrna7 genotype and individual differences in α-bungarotoxin binding levels in adult brain might be due to an effect of Chrna7 genotype on α7 RNA levels. Quantitative autoradiography of coronal brain slices from F2 mice derived from the parental strains C3H/Ibg and DBA/2 demonstrate that Chrna7 genotype is not linked to α7 RNA levels. In contrast, quantitative autoradiography confirmed the linkage of Chrna7 genotype with α-bungarotoxin binding levels in hippocampus, striatum, and more precisely defined areas within these brain regions where Chrna7 genotype is associated with the level of α-bungarotoxin binding. The fact that Chrna7 genotype is linked to individual differences in α-bungarotoxin binding, but not α7 RNA levels, suggests that the observed linkage between Chrna7 genotype and α-bungarotoxin levels may be due to genetic influences on the post-transcriptional regulation of α7 nicotinic receptor expression.
Microbial Reduction of Arsenate in the Presence of Ferrihydrite

Increased mobilization of As under anaerobic conditions is of great concern in As contaminated soils and sediments. The identification of important release mechanisms may assist in designing safe and effective remediation strategies. In this study we investigated the effect of microbial reduction of aqueous arsenate (As(V)) on the solubilization of As(V) sorbed to ferrihydrite, in the absence of reductive dissolution of the Fe(III)-oxide solid phase. The addition of 0.1, 1.0, and 5.0 mM As(V) to serum bottles containing 10 mmol L-1 Fe(III) as ferrihydrite resulted in the sorption of 98, 75, and 20% of the applied As(V), respectively. Inoculation with an As(V) reducing, glucose fermenting microorganism (CN8) was followed by complete reduction of aqueous As(V) to As(III) at nontoxic As concentrations (up to 1.0 mM), but no reduction or dissolution of the Fe(III) solid phase was observed. Despite rapid reduction of aqueous As(V) to As(III), sorbed phase As remained primarily as As(V), and desorption of As(V)...
Statistical comparison of four effect sizes for single-subject designs.

Controversy exists regarding appropriate methods for summarizing treatment outcomes for single-subject designs. Nonregression- and regression-based methods have been proposed to summarize the efficacy of single-subject interventions with proponents of both methods arguing for the superiority of their respective approaches. To compare findings for different single-subject effect sizes, 117 articles that targeted the reduction of problematic behaviors in 181 individuals diagnosed with autism were examined. Four effect sizes were calculated for each article: mean baseline reduction (MBLR), percentage of nonoverlapping data (PND), percentage of zero data (PZD), and one regression-based d statistic. Although each effect size indicated that behavioral treatment was effective, moderating variables were detected by the PZD effect size only. Pearson product-moment correlations indicated that effect sizes differed in statistical relationships to one another. In the present review, the regression-based d effect size...
Adsorption of H, CH3, CH2 and C2H2 on 2 × 1 restructured diamond (100)

Abstract Surface properties of clean and hydrogenated diamond (100) have been calculated using the atom superposition and electron delocalization molecular orbital (ASED-MO) and ASED-band methods. For the clean surface, dimerization and 2 × 1 restructuring are predicted. The monohydrogenated surface maintains the 2 × 1 structure but with elongated surface CC dimer bonds. The dihydrogenated surface takes a 1 × 1 structure but, because of steric crowding, is not as stable. These findings support the interpretations of recently obtained experimental results of Hamza et al. They are also analogous to the well established properties of clean and hydrogenated Si(100). CH3 and CH2 migration energy barriers in the presence of H vacancies on the monohydrogenated surface are calculated to be high for CH3 but low enough for CH2 that surface migration might occur under low pressure diamond growth conditions. Because of electron promotion to the π∗ orbital, acetylene does not form a strong bond to a surface radical site, but it can bind strongly by bridging two adjacent hydrogen vacancy sites on the monohydrogenated surface. This structure is not likely to be involved in the growth mechanism.
Incidence of Late-Onset Bleb-Related Complications Following Trabeculectomy With Mitomycin

Objectives To determine the incidence of late-onset bleb-related complications following trabeculectomy with mitomycin and to report the management and outcome of bleb leaks following trabeculectomy with mitomycin. Methods A retrospective medical record review of all patients who underwent trabeculectomy with mitomycin from June 1, 1991, through April 30, 1998, at our institution was performed. The Kaplan-Meier survival method was used to estimate the probability of (1) endophthalmitis, (2) blebitis, (3) a bleb leak, and (4) the combined outcome (the first occurrence of a bleb leak, blebitis, or endophthalmitis). This survival analysis included only the first trabeculectomy in an eye, with at least 3 months of follow-up during the study period. A separate description of bleb leak management and outcome was performed. Results Two hundred thirty-nine eyes of 198 patients were included in the survival analysis. The average follow-up was 2.7 (range, 0.3-7.3) years. Twenty eyes(8%) from 19 patients experienced a bleb leak; the adjusted incidence was 3.2% per patient-year. Five eyes (2%) had an episode of blebitis. Eight eyes(3%) experienced an episode of endophthalmitis; the follow-up adjusted incidence(number of events per patient-year) was 1.3%. Twenty-seven eyes (11%) from 26 patients had at least 1 of the complications of a bleb leak, blebitis, or endophthalmitis; the adjusted incidence was 4.4% per patient-year. A Kaplan-Meier analysis estimated the 5-year probability of developing a bleb leak, blebitis, or endophthalmitis to be 17.9%, 6.3%, and 7.5%, respectively. Two hundred fifty-eight trabeculectomies in 242 eyes of 198 patients were included in the description of bleb leak management and outcome. Bleb leaks occurred in 22 eyes (9% of the 258 trabeculectomies). Seventeen eyes were successfully treated with office-based measures, and 4 ultimately underwent surgical bleb revision. One eye without infection continued to leak after 11 months of office-based therapy. Conclusions There is significant morbidity associated with a trabeculectomy with mitomycin. The incidence of a bleb leak or an infection continues at a fairly constant rate over time, such that at 5 years, up to 23% of all patients might develop one of these complications. An isolated bleb leak seems to be a relatively benign condition, as three quarters resolve with office-based methods.
Transplantation for CML: 2010

In this issue of Blood, Saussele and colleagues from the German CML study group present data obtained from an interim safety analysis of a prospective multiarm trial in which allogeneic stem cell transplantation was used up front in selected low-risk CML patients, up front in patients presenting with advanced disease, or as planned second-line therapy after imatinib failure.1
Preventing Obesity in Infants and Toddlers in Child Care: Results from a Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial

Few interventions have focused on very young children for obesity prevention. This study evaluated a pilot intervention to improve the nutrition and physical activity environments of child care centers serving infants and toddlers. This randomized controlled trial took place in 32 centers in Boston, Massachusetts. The intervention aimed to improve policies and practices related to nutrition and physical activity within the center. For the outcome, observers assessed center environments using the Environment and Policy Assessment and Observation (EPAO) instrument (range 0-320 points) at baseline and the 6-month follow-up. We fit linear regression models with change in EPAO score from baseline to follow-up, controlling for potential confounders for total score, nutrition sub-score, and physical activity sub-score. Intervention centers had a mean (SD) of 98.2 (144.8) children enrolled, while control centers had 59.2 (34.5). In intervention centers, 47.5% of children were white, compared to 46.2% in controls. Fewer intervention centers had outdoor play areas on site (75 vs. 100%) but more had indoor play space (67 vs. 25%). At baseline, intervention centers had a mean (SD) EPAO score of 134.5 (7.0) points and controls had 146.8 (4.8) points. Compared with controls, intervention centers improved their EPAO scores at follow-up by 18.5 points (95% CI 0.1, 37.0; p = 0.049), chiefly through greater improvement in physical activity (12.2; 95% CI -1.6, 26.0; p = 0.075) and not nutrition (6.4; 95% CI -7.1, 19.8; p = 0.385). The pilot showed promise as an intervention to improve center environments, but future studies should include child-level outcomes.
Fibre type regionalization of forelimb muscles in two mammalian species, Galea musteloides (Rodentia, Caviidae) and Tupaia belangeri (Scandentia, Tupaiidae), with comments on postnatal myogenesis

To investigate structural differences between propulsory and antigravity muscles, the spatial distribution of slow (type I) and fast (type II) muscle fibres in forelimb muscles of two species of small mammals was studied, Galea musteloides and Tupaia belangeri. Serial sections through complete forelimbs were prepared. Following histochemical fibre typing, the forelimbs were reconstructed three-dimensionally using product design software. Most forelimb muscles of both species showed a homogenous distribution of type I fibres. In the supraspinatus and triceps brachii (capita longum et laterale) muscles, however, a segregation of fibre types into ”fast” superficial areas and ”slow” deep regions was observed. Slow regions contained at least 60% type I fibres and were positioned along intramuscular extensions of the tendons of insertion. The functional implications of fibre type regionalization are discussed. An analysis of intramuscular fibre type distribution during postnatal myogenesis revealed no significant differences in muscle fibre differentiation between altricial and precocial juveniles. Differences in locomotor ability probably arise from heterochronic development of connective tissue components (endo- and perimysium).
Designing new input modalities for wearables & digitized home

There is a common phenomenon in the development of wearable computers and digitized home system. The computing of these technologies has been developed expeditiously, but they still adopt conventional input methods. The wearable computer uses screen-touch or button and in-home digital objects incorporate switches or remote controllers for input methods. Although a vision based input method has been proposed, it cannot replace previous practices due to occlusion and space constraints. We propose new input modalities which can improve the physical/cognitive cost of interacting with upcoming technologies as well as the social acceptability to lower the barrier of using proposed approach.
Updating the singular value decomposition

LetA be anmA—n matrix with known singular value decomposition. The computation of the singular value decomposition of a matrixAƒ is considered, whereAƒ is obtained by appending a row or a column toA whenmÂ?n or by deleting a row or a column fromA whenm>n. An algorithm is also presented for solving the updated least squares problemAƒ yÂ?bÂ?, obtained from the least squares problemAxÂ?b by appending an equation, deleting an equation, appending an unknown, or deleting an unknown.
Correlation between α-amylase gene expression and seedling vigor in rice

This report examines the relationship between seedling vigor, α-amylase enzyme activity and α-amylase mRNA accumulation in ten varieties of rice (Oryza sativa L.) grown at two temperatures (15°C and 30°C). A significant, positive correlation was observed between seedling vigor, α-amylase enzyme activity, and the accumulation of mRNA from one rice α-amylase gene (RAmy1A) at both temperature regimens. The results of this study support previous experiments which have correlated α-amylase enzyme activity to seedling vigor. We have extended this correlation to the expression of one of ten genes that comprise the rice α-amylase multigene family. These results suggest that the expression of α-amylase gene RAmy1A is an important, and possibly rate-limiting factor in determining seedling vigor in rice.
Erratum to: A new view of radiation-induced cancer: integrating short- and long-term processes. Parts I and II

We wish to correct some minor errors in A New View of Radiation-Induced Cancer: Integrating Shortand LongTerm Processes, Parts I and II, which appeared in Radiation and Environmental Biophysics (Shuryak et al. 2009a, b). The Results and Figures remain unchanged. Likewise, the conclusion of the two papers, that this mechanistically based formalism provides a practical methodology for predicting radiation-induced cancer risks at radiotherapeutic doses, still stands. 1. There was an error in Eq. (22) of the Appendix of Shuryak et al. (2009a), which we would like to correct. Details are given here and in the Revised Appendix (Supplementary Material for this Erratum): The Appendix in Shuryak et al. (2009a) derived the probability, F(k), that a cell initiated by a kth radiation dose fraction produces a clone that survives all subsequent dose fractions. The incorrect equation for this quantity appeared as Eq. (22) of the Appendix and was repeated on page 269 of Shuryak et al. (2009a). In both the locations, it should be replaced with the following formula:
Health disparities in Chinese Americans with hypertension: A review

Abstract Hypertension is a leading risk factor for stroke and cardiovascular disease in the United States. Chinese Americans have poorer control of high blood pressure than Caucasian Americans and are at higher risk for hypertension. This review presents and discusses the factors known to be associated with health disparities affecting Chinese Americans with hypertension, including biological, genetic, sociocultural and environmental factors, as well as health behaviors, and health literacy. Culturally appropriate interventions are needed to decrease racial and ethnic health disparities.
Experimental Demonstration of Entrance/Exit Effects on the Permeability Measurements of Porous Materials

The pressure drops were measured on metallic foams having uniform structure and different thicknesses, densities and pore sizes. Results indicated that entrance/exit effects can be a significant contributor to the pressure drop when the thickness of the specimens is small. Above a critical thickness, the contribution of the entrance effect on the total pressure drop becomes insignificant and classical models can be applied.
Spontaneous and uniquantal‐evoked endplate currents in normal frogs are indistinguishable.

1. A recent paper concludes that the shapes of spontaneous and uniquantal-evoked signals are different. The signals were recorded with extracellular electrodes, often in the presence of neostigmine. Differences were reported between the voltage-time integrals, and between the decay times of spontaneous and evoked signals. 2. These results disagree with earlier studies using the two-electrode voltage clamp technique. 3. We recorded miniature-endplate currents (MEPCs) and uniquantal-endplate currents (u-EPCs) in a low-Mg(2+)-Ca2+ solution, sometimes with neostigmine present. Evoked quantal outputs were estimated by the method of failures, so we could reject the appropriate number of the largest evoked releases. The twenty-nine experiments showed that there were no consistent differences between the current-time integrals or half-decay times (t1/2), regardless of whether or not neostigmine was present. 4. When recording simultaneously with intracellular and extracellular electrodes, on average about 25% of the miniatures were seen in both recordings. On average, 63% of the endplate potentials were also seen in both recordings. Extracellular recording may not give the precise localization generally assumed. 5. We again conclude that quanta released by nerve stimulation and spontaneously are indistinguishable at normal frog neuromuscular junctions.
An ex vivo rat retinal preparation for excitotoxicity studies.

Although the isolated chicken embryo retina has been a very useful in vitro preparation for studying mechanisms of excitotoxicity, it is an avian rather than mammalian tissue and its embryonic age makes it unsuitable for a full range of developmental and aging studies. Therefore, we have explored the feasibility of using the rat retina at various ages for in vitro excitotoxicity studies. In this model, retinal segments were isolated in artificial cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) at 5°C then incubated under various conditions at 30°C and assessed histologically for signs of neurodegenerative changes. Retinal segments from 7-, 30-, 120- and 660-day-old rats incubated in CSF for 3 h and from 30-day-old rats incubated for 24 h retained a normal histological appearance. Thus, this preparation is suitable for in vitro studies pertaining to either acute or delayed excitotoxic phenomena in the mammalian CNS at any age from infancy to old age. Excitotoxin agonist experiments in the 30-day-old rat retina revealed the surprising result that the non-NMDA agonists, kainate and AMPA, at a low concentration (100 μM) damaged a much larger number of retinal neurons than NMDA did at a very high concentration (10 mM).
WE‐A‐213CD‐01: Molecular Imaging of the Breast

Molecular imaging of the breast using either SPECT or PET based radiopharmaceuticals is a relatively new area of focus for nuclear medicine and has grown in importance over the last few years with the development of specialized small field of view gamma cameras and small PETsystems designed to provide high resolution functional images of the breast. Molecular Breast Imaging (MBI) / Breast Specific Gamma imaging (BSGI): MBI and BSGI are currently performed with Tc‐99m sestamibi and have shown a high sensitivity for the detection of small breast lesions, with reported sensitivities of ∼90%. Sensitivity is lowest for tumors < 5 mm in size. This talk will review the technology behind both MBI and BSGI and the primary clinical applications. It will also review the potential use of MBI as a screening technique. Recent studies have shown that it may be considerably more sensitive than mammography in women with dense breast tissue. A significant issue with MBI / BSGI is radiation burden and this talk will review efforts to increase the sensitivity of these technologies to allow a reduction in the administered dose of radiopharmaceutical, and thereby achieve a comparable radiation burden to mammography. Positron Emission Mammography(PEM):PEM is currently performed on a dual detector system incorporating 2 scanning arrays of BGO crystals providing limited angle tomographic imaging. Studies using F‐18 FDG have shown PEM to have comparable sensitivity to MRI for the detection of breast cancer. It is a useful tool in the preoperative assessment of disease extent and in evaluating response to neoadjuvant therapy. As with single photon systems, sensitivity is lowest for tumors < 5 mm in size. Current systems employ doses of 10 mCi F‐18 FDG. Recent technical developments have seen the emergence of systems using small ring detectors or rotating planar detectors that provide full tomographic views of the breast. Clinical studies are expected to show improvements in spatial resolution and a reduction in the administered dose of F‐18 required. COI: The author and Mayo Clinic receive royalties from patents licensed to Gamma Medica Ideas, a manufacturer of MBI systems. Learning Objective:1) Understand the different technologies (PEM ,MBI, BSGI) and detector configurations now available for molecular imaging of the breast. 2) Understand the potential applications for molecular imaging of the breast in both the diagnostic and screening environments. 3) Compare the strengths and weakness of molecular imaging techniques with other breast imaging modalities. 4) Appreciate the potential future applications of this technology in the understanding of breast disease. 5) Demonstrate understanding of the radiationdose implications of current radiopharmaceuticals and how the dose can be reduced with new technologies and radiopharmaceuticals.