cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Turning “play” into “work” and “work” into “play”: 25 Years of research on intrinsic versus extrinsic motivation

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews some of the major themes that characterize the quarter century of research on intrinsic versus extrinsic motivation. The three major issues examined involve three potential relationships between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. First, the chapter examines the experimental literature that shows that the intrinsic and extrinsic may be opposed to one another—in which the imposition of unnecessarily powerful extrinsic contingencies may undermine prior intrinsic interest. The effects of rewards on subsequent motivation are neither all positive nor all negative; detrimental effects are neither “ubiquitous” nor “mythical.” Instead, the effects depend on the particulars of the situation—the nature of the activity and its initial value to the individual; the timing, informativeness, controllingness, and salience of the reward; the precise contingency between the activity and the reward; and often the larger context in which the reward is provided. Thereafter, the chapter describes the study of “intrinsic versus extrinsic motivation.” It turns to the discussion of some more recent literature that has examined real-world situations in which intrinsic and extrinsic motivation may coexist—in which one may assess independently an individual's levels of “intrinsic and extrinsic motivation.” Finally, it sheds light on the logical possibility—that intrinsic and extrinsic motivation may enhance or complement one another—the case of “intrinsic plus extrinsic motivation.”
Lessons from Inflation and Cold Dark Matter

The progress of research in cosmology has been greatly stimulated by the flow of ideas from the inflation scenario and its simplest implementation in physical cosmology, the cold dark matter theory. I present my list of the major lessons we have learned from the long running debate over the observational viability of this theory.
3D in vivo imaging of rat hearts by high frequency ultrasound and its application in myofiber orientation wrapping

Cardiac ultrasound plays an important role in the imaging of hearts in basic cardiovascular research and clinical examinations. 3D ultrasound imaging can provide the geometry or motion information of the heart. Especially, the wrapping of cardiac fiber orientations to the ultrasound volume could supply useful information on the stress distributions and electric action spreading. However, how to acquire 3D ultrasound volumes of the heart of small animals in vivo for cardiac fiber wrapping is still a challenging problem. In this study, we provide an approach to acquire 3D ultrasound volumes of the rat hearts in vivo. The comparison between both in vivo and ex vivo geometries indicated 90.1% Dice similarity. In this preliminary study, the evaluations of the cardiac fiber orientation wrapping errors were 24.7° for the acute angle error and were 22.4° for the inclination angle error. This 3D ultrasound imaging and fiber orientation estimation technique have potential applications in cardiac imaging.
Derivation and Analysis of the Analytical Structures of the Interval Type-2 Fuzzy-PI and PD Controllers

Research results on type-2 (T2) fuzzy control have started to emerge in the literature over the past several years. None of these results, however, are concerned with the explicit input-output mathematical structure of a T2 fuzzy controller. As the literature on type-1 (T1) fuzzy control has demonstrated, revealing such structure information is important as it will deepen our precise understanding of how and why T2 fuzzy controllers function in the context of control theory and lay a foundation for more rigorous system analysis and design. In this paper, we derive the mathematical structure of two Mamdani interval T2 fuzzy-proportional-integral (PI) controllers that use the following identical elements: two interval T2 triangular input fuzzy sets for each of the two input variables, four singleton T1 output fuzzy sets, a Zadeh and operator, and the center-of-sets type reducer. One controller employs the popular centroid defuzzifier, while the other employs a new defuzzifier that we propose, which is called the average defuzzifier. The advantages of using the latter defuzzifier are given, which include the fact that the derivation method originally developed by us in previous papers for the T1 fuzzy controllers can be directly adopted for the T2 controller, and the results are general with respect to the design parameters. This is not the case for the other T2 controller, for which we have developed a novel derivation approach partially depending on numerical computations. Our derivation results prove explicitly both controllers to be nonlinear PI controllers with variable gains (i.e., the expressions are different). We analyze the gain-variation characteristics and extend these findings to the corresponding T2 fuzzy-proportional-derivative (PD) controllers. Our new results are consistent with the relevant structure results on the T1 fuzzy-PI and PD controllers in the literature and contain them as special cases. We discuss how the new structure information can be utilized to design and tune the T2 controllers, even when the mathematical model of the system to be controlled is unknown. Neither derivation method is restrictive only to the T2 controllers in this paper-they are directly applicable to other T2 controllers with more complex configurations.
Shared cataloging at OCLC

This paper describes the governance, organization, and activities of OCLC. In particular, it reports on the processes and products of OCLC's online shared cataloging system, the online union catalog, as well as training, marketing, and prices related to shared cataloging. The paper also describes the computer‐communications system including general design, hardware, software, telecommunications, and terminals.
Analysis of the time-reversal operator for scatterers of finite size

Recently, it was shown that the time-reversal operator for a single, small spherical scatterer could have up to four distinguishable eigenstates [Chambers and Gautesen, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 109, 2616–2624 (2001)]. In this paper, that analysis is generalized for scatterers of arbitrary shape and larger size. It is shown that the time-reversal operator may have an indefinitely large number of distinguishable eigenstates, with the exact number depending on the nature of the scatterer and the geometry of the time-reversal mirror. In addition, the case of a multiple number of well-separated scatterers is investigated, with the result that the total spectrum is the direct combination of the eigenstates associated with each scatterer. As an example, the singular value spectrum of the time-reversal operator for a linear array is calculated explicitly for bubbles and hard rubber spheres of finite size. Both resonance peaks and apparent crossing points can be observed in the spectrum as the size of the scatterer increases.
Association between a dopamine-4 receptor polymorphism and blood pressure.

Background Dopamine receptor genes are candidates for hypertension susceptibility. Locally released dopamine increases renal sodium excretion, and defective renal dopamine receptor signaling has been shown to play a role in hypertension. Dopamine-4 receptors are expressed in juxtaglomerular and cortical collecting cells, where dopamine activation could alter sodium and water metabolism and affect blood pressure (BP). The dopamine-4 receptor (DRD4) gene has a 16 amino acid (48 base pairs [bp]) repeat polymorphism located in exon 3 where a G-protein binding area is encoded. The long allele (defined as at least one 7 to 10 repeat) has been associated with the personality trait Novelty Seeking and with substance abuse, but associations between dopamine-4 receptor polymorphisms and BP have not been reported. Methods We genotyped 479 female and 385 male subjects of white ethnicity at the DRD4 repeat polymorphism site and classified each subject as having either the long or short genotype. Results We found associations between the DRD4 long allele and increased systolic BP (P = .031), diastolic BP (P = .034), and a history of regular alcohol use (P = .008). Furthermore, for systolic BP (P = .009) and pulse pressure (P = .002), we found evidence for an interaction between dopamine-4 receptor alleles and age, indicating that the effects of dopamine-4 receptor variants on BP increase with age. Conclusion In this white population, the long variant of the DRD4 gene is associated with a 3–mm Hg higher systolic and 2–mm Hg higher diastolic BP.
Differentiation of intercalated cells in culture.

The renal collecting duct is a heterogenous epithelium consisting of intercalated cells (ICCs) and principal cells (PCs). To test the hypothesis that the two cell types might originate from one another and to determine which one of the two is a stem cell, β-ICCs and PCs were isolated by fluorescence-activated cell sorting and grown on permeable supports. Cultures of sorted PCs maintained their PC phenotype [electrogenic sodium (Na+) reabsorption and potassium (K+) secretion and expression of PC-specific antigens]. In contrast, cultures of sorted β-ICCs acquired α-ICC-specific functions (e.g. proton secretion) and gradually expressed functions specific for PCs (amiloride-blockable Na+ current and K+ secretion). Most cells in cultures of sorted β-ICCs also acquired a central cilium, a characteristic feature of PCs. Dual-staining of β-ICC cultures with cell-specific antibodies against surface antigens revealed that approximately 45% of the cells expressed only ICC-specific antigens and approximately 20% expressed only PC antigens. The remainder of the cells were ICC/PC “hybrids” and stained for both markers. Such hybrid cells were also observed in situ, albeit with a lower frequency, on kidney sections dualstained with cell type-specific markers. The proliferation rate of the two cell types, assessed by pulse labeling cells in S-phase with bromodeoxyuridine or staining with an antibody against a proliferation antigen (KI-67), revealed a significantly higher proliferation rate among β-ICCs than PCs. In aggregate, these data suggest that β-ICCs in culture are capable of differentiating into α-ICCs and PCs and raise the possibility that β-ICC is the stem cell of the collecting duct.
Tectonic framework and Late Cenozoic tectonic history of the northern part of Cyprus: implications for earthquake hazards and regional tectonics

Abstract Located near the triple junction of the African, Arabia, and Eurasian Plate, Cyprus has had an active and complex neotectonic history, which includes devastating historical earthquakes. Investigations into the tectonic framework of the northern part of Cyprus provide important insights into regional tectonism of the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East. The northern part of Cyprus is divided into two tectono-stratigraphic terranes, the boundary of which is the Ovgos fault zone. In the Middle Miocene, the Ovgos fault zone was a marine platform margin, which separated open-marine platform carbonates from deep-marine turbidites. Transpressive movement along easterly and northeasterly trending structures dominated the Late Miocene; deposition and preservation of Messinian evaporites occurred in grabens at intersections of these trends. N–S compression began in the Early Pliocene and produced contractional tectonism along east–west trends, including major thrusting of allochthonous rocks in the Kyrenia Range. Quaternary deformation has been dominated by strike-slip faults along northeast and northwest trends; movement during the Pleistocene occurred on several of these faults; Holocene movement is documented on one of these faults. A seismic hazard is implied for the Nicosia area because its proximity to the Quaternary faults. Since the Miocene, Cyprus has been continuously uplifted, but the tectonic setting is controversial, as some researchers invoke a subduction zone setting and others ascribe to a regime of strike-slip tectonics. Our neotectonic framework is consistent with a restraining bend model for Cyprus in a regional strike-slip regime.
The regulation of galanin gene expression in gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons

In rats, galanin modulates luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion, and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons provide a possible source of this galanin. To understand galanin's physiological role in GnRH neurons, we used double-label in situ hybridization and computerized image analysis to examine the regulation of galanin message in GnRH neurons. We found that galanin gene expression in GnRH neurons is regulated by sex steroids, induced coincident with the LH surge, and persists well after the completion of the LH surge, and that the induction of galanin message in GnRH neurons coincident with the LH surge is sexually differentiated neonatally. We postulate that the rise in galanin gene expression in GnRH neurons at the time of the LH surge serves to replenish galanin released with GnRH that is needed for the production of the LH surge, or that galanin is involved in physiological events that occur subsequent to the LH surge.
The Relationship of Aggression to Suicidal Behavior in Depressed Patients With a History of Alcoholism

Background Alcoholism and depression are often comorbid. Studies suggest that depressed subjects with alcoholism have more chronic impairment and suicidal behavior than individuals with either diagnosis alone. The reason for higher rate of suicide and suicide attempts in comorbid subjects is uncertain. We explored clinical characteristics that may be associated with this increased suicidality. Methods In all, 219 depressed subjects (n=62 males and n=157 females) without a history of any alcohol or substance use disorder and 129 (n=49 males and n=80 females) depressed individuals with a prior history of alcohol use disorder participated in the study. Demographic and clinical parameters were assessed and recorded. Results Depressed subjects with a history of alcoholism had higher lifetime aggression and impulsivity, and were more likely to report a history of childhood abuse, suicide attempts, and tobacco smoking. Depressed suicide ideators with a history of alcoholism had higher suicide ideation scores than depressed suicide ideators without a history of alcoholism. Subjects with a history of alcoholism were younger at the time of the first depressive episode and first hospitalization than those without a history of alcoholism. Logistic regression analysis indicated that alcoholism was significantly associated with smoking and aggression. Suicidal behavior and higher suicidal ideation in depressed subjects with a history of alcoholism might be attributed to higher aggression scores in this group. Conclusion The greater frequency of suicidal behavior and severity of suicidal ideation in major depression with comorbid alcoholism appears related to associated aggressive traits. Alcoholism, aggression, smoking, and suicide may have a common biological causal substrate.
Space and time aliasing structure in monthly mean polar-orbiting satellite data

Monthly mean wind fields from the European Remote Sensing Satellite (ERS1) scatterometer are presented. A banded structure which resembles the satellite subtrack is clearly and consistently apparent in the isotachs as well as the u and v components of the routinely produced fields. The structure also appears in the means of data from other polar-orbiting satellites and instruments. An experiment is designed to trace the cause of the banded structure. The European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecast (ECMWF) gridded surface wind analyses are used as a control set. These analyses are also sampled with the ERS1 temporal-spatial samplig pattern to form a simulated scatterometer wind set. Both sets are used to create monthly averages. The banded structures appear in the monthly mean simulated data but do not appear in the control set. It is concluded that the source of the banded structure lies in the spatial and temporal sampling of the polar-orbiting satellite which results in undersampling. The problem involves multiple timescales and space scales, oversampling and under-sampling in space, aliasing in the time and space domains, and preferentially sampled variability. It is shown that commonly used spatial smoothers (or filters), while producing visually pleasing results, also significantly bias the true mean. A three-dimensional spatial-temporal interpolator is designed and used to determine the mean field. It is found to produce satisfactory monthly means from both simulated and real ERS1 data. The implications to climate studies involving polar-orbiting satellite data are discussed.
Endoperoxides and thromboxanes structural determinants for platelet aggregation and vasoconstriction

Abstract Structural requirements of prostaglandin endoperoxides for conversion to thromboxanes and for inducing platelet aggregation were compared utilizing five endoperoxides: prostaglandin H 2 which aggregates platelets and forms a potent vasoconstrictor thromboxane A 2 ; prostaglandin H 3 which does not aggregate but does form thromboxane A 3 ; prostaglandin H 1 which neither induces aggregation nor forms vasoactive thromboxane A 1 ; and two endoperoxides, one from fatty acid C 19:4 which induces aggregation but does not form a vasoactive thromboxane, and the other from fatty acid C 19:3 with actions similar to prostaglandin H 1 . Utilizing these endoperoxides, receptor sites for aggregation and for thromboxane vasoconstriction have been distinguished by their structural requirements as well as their biological consequences. The aggregating receptor site requires an endoperoxide molecule with a c 6 or C 7 alkyl α-chain containing a double bond two carbons from the ring. An additional recognition factor involves the ω-chain since aggregation does not occur if this chain contains additional Unsaturation at C 17 (prostaglandin H 3 ). In contrast, the thromboxane synthetase enzyme can utilize an endoperoxide substrate molecule only if it contains a C 7 alkyl α-chain with a double bond two carbons from the ring. Additional unsaturation at n -3 (prostaglandin H 3 ) does not affect thromboxane formation. The results indicate that certain unique structural features of prostaglandin endoperoxides and not their conversion to thromboxanes are responsible for their pro-aggregatory activity. Thus thromboxane formation does not appear to be an essential process in endoperoxide-induced platelet aggregation. Finally the potent vasoconstrictor property of some thromboxanes can be dissociated from their capacity to cause platelet aggregation.
The Economic Costs of Diabetes: Is It Time for a New Treatment Paradigm?

In a series of rigorous and exhaustive descriptive cost analyses conducted over the past decade, the American Diabetes Association (ADA) has documented an inexorable increase in the cost of diabetes in the U.S. and its detrimental impact on productivity (1–3). For the 2012 study, the ADA estimated that there were 22.3 million Americans diagnosed with diabetes (3). These patients incurred $306 billion in direct medical costs, more than 1 of 5 dollars spent on medical care in the U.S. (3). The direct medical costs attributed to diabetes, that is, the costs of medical care for people with diabetes in excess of those that would be expected in the absence of diabetes, were $176 billion or approximately 1 of 8 dollars spent on medical care in the U.S. (3). Americans with diagnosed diabetes have annual medical expenditures that are $7,900 or approximately 2.3 times higher than they would be in the absence of diabetes ($13,700 vs. $5,800) (3). Americans with diabetes also incur $69 billion in costs related to absenteeism, reduced productivity while at work or at home, diabetes-related disability, and premature mortality (3). The increasing economic burden of diabetes is due in large part to the increase in the number of people with diagnosed diabetes. The estimated number of Americans with diagnosed diabetes increased from 12.1 million in 2002 to 17.5 million in 2007 to …
Pathways of Interdisciplinary Cognition

In this article, I propose that at the juncture of disciplines, the mind is involved in at least 3 cognitive activities: overcoming internal monologism or monodisciplinarity, attaining provisional integration, and questioning the integration as necessarily partial. This claim is supported by interview data I collected primarily from faculty involved in the development and teaching of interdisciplinary courses in programs including the University of Pennsylvania's Center for Bioethics, Swarthmore College's Interpretation Theory, and the NEXA Program at San Francisco State University. I suggest that interdisciplinary thinking is fundamentally similar to dialogical exchanges occurring in language and in collaborative activities in which epistemological positions are bartered. Bakhtin's (1981) theory of dialogic understanding and subsequent linguistic theories of conceptual metaphor and blending serve as a constructive theoretical framework for the understanding of interdisciplinary cognition. Viewing discipl...
Fortification of Bread with Potato Products

The supplementarity of potatoes for cereal proteins which are poor in lysine is attested by the historical fact that bread and potatoes have sustained people through adverse nutritional circumstances such as the two World Wars. This review summarizes the state of the art of breadmaking with potato products. Traditionally used bread additives such as cooked potatoes, potato starch, potato flour, potato flakes, potato water, etc. as well as unconventional ones such as potato protein concentrates recovered from potato processing plant wastes are discussed. Anreicherung von Brot mil Kartoffelprodukten. Die Eignung von Kartoffeln zur Erganzung von Getreideproteinen mil niedrigem Lysingehalt ist durch die geschichtliche Tatsache erwiesen, das Brot und Kartoffeln die Menschen uber unzureichende Ernahrungssituationen wie in den beiden Weltkriegen hinweggeholfen haben. Die vorliegende Ubersichtsarbeit fast den Kenntnisstand uber die Brotherstellung mil Kartoffelprodukten zusammen. Traditionelle Brotzusatze, wie gekochte Kartoffeln, Kartoffelstarke, Kartoffelmehl, Kartoffelflocken, Kartoffelwasser usw., sowie unkonventionelle Zusatze, wie Kartoffelproteinkonzentrate aus dem Abwasser der Kartoffelfabrikation, werden behandelt.
Moment relationships for queues with Poisson input

This paper presents new relationships between the higher-order moments of the FIFO and LIFO disciplines. These relationships hold over a class of queueing models that includeM/G/1 queues with exceptional first service,M/G/1 queues with server vacations, andM/G/1 priority models. The results also generalize to a class of service disciplines that includes FIFO and LIFO as special cases.
mRNA abundance changes during flagellar regeneration in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

Flagellar amputation in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii induces the accumulation of a specific set of RNAs, many of which encode flagellar proteins. We prepared a cDNA clone bank from RNA isolated from cells undergoing flagellar regeneration. From this bank, we selected clones that contain RNA sequences that display several different patterns of abundance regulation. Based on quantitation of the relative amounts of labeled, cloned cDNAs hybridizing to dots of RNA on nitrocellulose filters, the cloned sequences were divided into five regulatory classes: class I RNAs remain at constant abundance during flagellar regeneration; classes II, III, and IV begin to increase in abundance within a few minutes after deflagellation, reach maximal abundance at successively later times during regeneration, and return to control cell levels within 2 to 3 h; and class V RNA abundance decreases during flagellar regeneration. Alpha- and beta-tubulin mRNAs are included in regulatory class IV. The abundance kinetics of alpha-tubulin mRNAs differ slightly from those of beta-tubulin mRNAs. The availability of these clones makes possible studies on the mechanisms controlling the abundance of a wide variety of different RNA species during flagellar regeneration in Chlamydomonas.
The cellular response of JC virus T-antigen-induced brain tumor implants to a Murine intra-ocular model

In order to define the immunologic response to central nervous system tumors in a controlled fashion, we compared xenogeneic, allogeneic and syngeneic transplants of JC virus-induced neural tumor cell aggregates implanted into anterior ocular chambers of mice. Semiquantitative assessment of the level of leukocyte common antigen (CD45) of the transplants by immunohistochemistry was used to gauge rejection. Reticulin staining was used to monitor vascularization. Immunoreactivity to the viral oncoprotein, T-antigen, was confirmed by immunohistochemistry and immunoprecipitation/Western blot analysis. The results demonstrated that transplants were viable at all time-points and developed vascularization as early as three days after transplantation. Xenotransplants, 13-days post-transplantation, and allogeneic transplants, 25 days post-transplantation were infiltrated with polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Fewer CD45 positive cells were demonstrated in syngeneic transplants. High levels of JCV T-antigen stimulated rejection in syngeneic transplants. These results establish a model for further investigation of the natural and induced immunologic response to central nervous system tumors.
Interferon-tau in bovine blastocysts following parthenogenetic activation of oocytes: pattern of secretion and polymorphism in expressed mRNA sequences.

A series of experiments were conducted to examine the pattern of production and secretion of interferon-tau (IFN-tau) by blastocysts following parthenogenetic activation of bovine oocytes. In the first experiment, 36.8, 24.1, and 33.2% of IVF-derived and parthenogenetically activated oocytes cultured in the presence or absence of a monolayer of buffalo rat liver cells, respectively, reached the blastocyst stage. Following individual culture of blastocysts, IFN-tau concentration in medium droplets was similar among the three groups, although IVF-derived blastocysts contained significantly more cells. In the second experiment, 156 IVF-derived blastocysts were sexed by PCR with 75 and 81, respectively, being male and female. IFN-tau secretion of these was compared to that of 70 parthenogenetic blastocysts. Female and parthenogenetic blastocysts produced significantly more IFN-tau than their male counterparts. In the third experiment, the ability of hatched blastocysts to form outgrowths and the pattern of their IFN-tau secretion were examined. Of the 48 IVF-derived blastocysts, 44 formed outgrowths compared to 41 of the 42 hatched parthenotes. Parthenogenetic outgrowths were significantly larger after 7 days, but this difference had disappeared after 14 days. IFN-tau secretion did not differ between the two groups. Lastly, sequence analyses of expressed mRNA from individual parthenogenetic blastocyst outgrowths showed four different transcript types which, based on their predicted amino acid sequence, belong to two subgroups, IFN-tau1 and IFN-tau3. In addition, one new transcript sequence was identified, encoding a new protein isoform.
Properties of a CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid: glycoprotein sialyltransferase in human serum and erythrocyte membranes.

Abstract A glycosyltransferase, CMP- N -acetylneuraminic acid:glycoprotein sialyltransferase, was found both in human serum and in erythrocycte membranes. The kinetic properties of this enzyme in serum and in erythrocyte membranes were similar although the erythrocyte membrane-bound enzyme required detergents for optimal activity and was unaffected by EDTA, unlike the soluble enzyme in the serum. Serum enzyme activity rose significantly as early as 1 h after the whole blood was allowed to stand at room temperature suggesting that a main source for the sialyltransferase in serum may be blood cells.
Parotid lymph node metastases from squamous cell carcinoma of the skin

Nineteen parotid lymph node metastases from squamous cell carcinoma of the skin were treated, seven with irradiation and 12 with surgery and postoperative irradiation. In the group treated with combined therapy, size of nodal metastasis and extent were strong predictors of relapse. Further postoperative irradiation with 60 Gy is not adequate to control extensive parotid nodal disease. Finally, elective treatment of clinically negative parotid nodes is not necessary in patients who can be closely followed, since early nodal disease can be controlled readily.
The Choice to Access Outdoor Areas Affects the Behavior of Great Apes

Outdoor access is often cited as a critical component of appropriate housing for great apes in captivity, and although studies have shown that offering primates choices can improve welfare, choice to access specific areas has been empirically neglected. Behavioral data were collected on chimpanzees and gorillas housed in naturalistic enclosures while (a) restricted to an indoor enclosure and (b) permitted free access to an adjacent outdoor area. To isolate the factor of choice, only the sessions in which apes remained indoors were compared. With choice, chimpanzees showed more frequent social, F(1, 5) = 20.526, p = .006, and self-directed behaviors, F(1, 5) = 13.507, p = .014, and lower inactivity levels, F(1, 5) = 9.239, p = .029. Gorillas were more frequently inactive, F(1, 8) = 22.259, p = .002, and produced lower levels of object manipulation, F(1, 8) = 8.243, p = .021, and feeding, F(1, 8) = 5.407, p = .049. Results are consistent with an association between choice and the expression of species-typical and arousal behaviors in chimpanzees. The effects are less evident in gorillas, but this outcome may be buffered by the species' lower motivation to utilize the outdoor spaces. Findings highlight species-specific reactions to access to choice that may offer insight for enclosure design, management, and nonhuman animal welfare.
Heat shock protein 70 overexpression protects LLC-PK1 tubular cells from heat shock but not hypoxia.

Heat shock protein 70 overexpression protects LLC-PK 1 tubular cells from heat shock but not hypoxia. Background Overexpression of the 70kDa heat shock protein (Hsp70) protects myocytes and neural cells from hypoxic injury. In contrast, Hsp70 induction in the kidney after ischemic or thermal preconditioning does not correlate well with protection from hypoxic injury. Herein, we directly tested if Hsp70 overexpression protects LLC-PK 1 porcine tubular epithelial cells from hypoxic or thermal injury. Methods LLC-PK 1 cells were either cotransfected with an Hsp70 and a luciferase expression vector or singly transfected with the luciferase expression vector. Loss of intracellular luciferase activity was used to assess injury after exposure to hypoxia or hyperthermia and after recovery under normal growth conditions. Results Overexpression of Hsp70 decreased loss of and improved restoration of intracellular luciferase activity in LLC-PK 1 cells exposed to hyperthermia. In contrast, Hsp70 overexpression did not decrease the loss of or improve restoration of luciferase activity in cells exposed to hypoxia. Conclusions These results suggest that Hsp70 overexpression is sufficient to protect LLC-PK 1 proximal tubular cells from hyperthermia but is not sufficient for protection from hypoxia.
In emergency situations, should serum creatinine be checked in all patients before performing second contrast CT examinations within 24 hours?

Objective The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) in patients undergoing repeat contrast-enhanced computed tomographic (CT) examinations within 24 hours, as well as associated risk factors. Materials and Methods Through a search of medical and radiologic records, patients who underwent 2 contrast-enhanced CT examinations within 24 hours during a 4-year period (2003-2006), with available serum creatinine measurements before and after CT imaging were included. Medical records were reviewed for demographic data, risk factors, renal status, and CT contrast volume. The frequency of CIN was calculated, and odds ratios of risk factors were determined. Results There were 164 patients (90 men, 74 women; mean age, 56.3 years), with an average baseline serum creatinine level of 1.02 ± 0.73 mg/dL (range, 0.3-6.6 mg/dL). Three hundred twenty-eight CT examinations were performed: 2 in each patient, at an average interval of 11.4 hours. The mean doses of contrast medium used for the first and second CT examinations were 126.2 and 123.4 mL, respectively. Twenty-one patients (12.8%) developed CIN. Comparing patients with and without CIN, the only statistically significant risk factor for CIN was an increase in serum creatinine between the first and second CT examinations, with an odds ratio of 18 ( P Conclusion The incidence of CIN in patients who underwent repeat contrast-enhanced CT examinations was 12.8%. An increase in serum creatinine between the first and second CT examinations was highly associated with CIN and may serve as a risk factor for developing CIN.
Elevation of pericardial fluid sugar in a patient with idiopathic cholesterol pericarditis

Abstract A patient with a pericardial effusion containing high levels of cholesterol and sugar has been reported. No evidence of underlying systemic disease was found.
Heat transfer coefficients and other performance parameters for variously positioned and supported thermal loads in ovens with/without water-filled or empty blockages

An in-depth experimental study of heat transfer in ovens has provided basic data that is directly applicable to design. Heat transfer coefficients were measured for thermal loads having either black or highly reflective surface finishes. Approximately 100 different data runs were carried out. These heat transfer coefficients enabled the separation of the heat transfer into convective and radiative components, with radiation being the dominant transfer mechanism for blackened loads. The thermal response of the load to the presence of blockages situated either below or above the load was quantified. This response was only slightly affected by the blockages when they were empty of water, but major effects were observed when the blockages were water filled. Major effects were also encountered when the load was supported from below by cookie sheets. On the other hand, extensive investigation of various positions throughout the oven indicated a very weak effect of load position on the thermal response.
Cocaine Dependence Treatment Data: Methods for Measurement Error Problems With Predictors Derived From Stationary Stochastic Processes

In a cocaine dependence treatment study, we use linear and nonlinear regression models to model posttreatment cocaine craving scores and first cocaine relapse time. A subset of the covariates are summary statistics derived from baseline daily cocaine use trajectories, such as baseline cocaine use frequency and average daily use amount. These summary statistics are subject to estimation error and can therefore cause biased estimators for the regression coefficients. Unlike classical measurement error problems, the error we encounter here is heteroscedastic with an unknown distribution, and there are no replicates for the error-prone variables or instrumental variables. We propose two robust methods to correct for the bias: a computationally efficient method-of-moments-based method for linear regression models and a subsampling extrapolation method that is generally applicable to both linear and nonlinear regression models. Simulations and an application to the cocaine dependence treatment data are used to ...
Segregation control in Czochralski pulling of InSb single crystals

A recently developed segregation control method was applied to Czochralski pulling of InSb single crystals. This method is unique in that the floating crucible has a very long melt passageway to suppress dopant diffusion between the growth zone and the bulk melt. Cd-doped InSb single crystals were grown using floating crucibles of graphite and quartz. The Cd concentrations were very uniform in these crystals.
Propeller Cavitation Breakdown Analysis

A Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes computational model of homogeneous multiphase flow is presented. Cavitation driven thrust and torque breakdown over a wide range of advance ratios is modeled for an open propeller. Computational results are presented as a form of validation against water tunnel measured thrust and torque breakdown for the propeller. Successful validation of the computational model is achieved. Additional observations are made with regards to cavity size and shape as well as cavitation breakdown behavior.
Subpixel abundance estimates in mixture-tuned matched filtering classifications of leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula L.).

Two demonstration sites in southeast Idaho, USA were used to extend remote sensing of leafy spurge research to fine-scale detection for abundance mapping using matched filtering (MF) scores. Linear regression analysis was used to quantify the relationship between MF estimates and calibrated ground estimates of leafy spurge abundance. The two sites had r 2 values of 0.46 and 0.64. Both the slope of the regressions and the scaling behaviour of MF scores indicate that the technique consistently underestimated true abundance (defined here as percentage canopy cover) by roughly one-third. This underestimation may be influenced by field estimation bias and algorithm confusion between target and background signal. Further results indicate that MF exhibits linear scaling behaviour in six locations containing dense, uniform infestations. At these locations, where canopy cover was held relatively constant, high spatial resolution (3 m) estimates were not significantly different from coarser spatial resolution estim...
Evaluation of the post-initiation effects of oltipraz on aflatoxin B1-induced preneoplastic foci in a rat model of hepatic tumorigenesis

Previous studies have demonstrated that ingestion of 5-(2-pyrazinyl)-4-methyl-1,2-dithiole-3-thione (oltipraz) during the aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) treatment phase completely prevented hepatic cancer. In this study we evaluated the effect of feeding oltipraz during the post-AFB1 treatment phase. Fifty-five male F344 rats were divided into five groups. All rats were gavaged with 25 micrograms AFB1/rat, five times a week for two successive weeks. The rats were fed the oltipraz-supplemented diet according to three different feeding regimes: during the AFB1 treatment phase (1 week prior to, during and 1 week after the last gavage with AFB1); during the post-treatment phase; or throughout the entire time of the experiment. Phenobarbital-supplemented diet was fed during post-treatment phase to one group and this was used as a positive control for the promotion of AFB1-induced focal growth. The burden of putative, preneoplastic, hepatic glutathione S-transferase P-positive foci was evaluated at 13 weeks after the AFB1 treatment phase. As seen previously, oltipraz fed during the AFB1 treatment phase significantly inhibited focal development, i.e. the volume percent of the liver occupied with foci was reduced by 87%. Oltipraz when fed during the post-treatment phase neither inhibited nor enhanced focal development.
Optimization of Quadriceps Force Distribution for Minimization of Patellofemoral Contact Pressure During a Squat

Patellofemoral Pain (PFP) syndrome is a very common knee disorder. A possible cause may be excessive lateral force applied by the quadriceps and the patellar tendon producing an abnormal distribution of force and pressure within the patellofemoral joint [1]. EMG and in-vivo studies have been conducted to understand the function of the quadriceps and its relationship with PFP [2,3]. These studies suggest a strong relationship between muscle forces and PFP which originates from high lateral retropatellar contact forces. A dynamic computational model of the knee was developed which includes the quadriceps muscles Rectus Femoris (RF), Vastus Intermedius (VI), Vastus Lateralis (VL), and Vastus Medialis (VM) represented as force vectors. The model can predict retro-patellar contact pressures and the action of the individual quadriceps muscles based on the predicted pressures. The objective of this study was to develop a control system which could optimize the distribution of quadriceps muscle forces to minimize contact pressure between the patella and the femur of the knee during a squat.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Hydrogenation kinetics and surface compositions of ErT2 systems (T ≡ Mn, Fe, Co, Ni)

Abstract The kinetics of absorption of hydrogen by intermetallic compounds is an important factor with regard to the use of these materials for hydrogen storage. The results of previous work in the field have suggested that the kinetics of absorption of hydrogen are more rapid for manganese and iron intermetallic compounds than for cobalt- and nickel-containing systems. To ascertain whether this trend is indeed correct, hydrogen absorption kinetic studies were performed on the intermetallic series ErT 2 with T ≡ Mn, Fe, Co, Ni. The rate of absorption follows the trend ErMn 2 > ErFe 2 > ErCo 2 > ErNi 2 with the rates differing by about a factor of 500. The kinetics results are correlated with the observed surface compositions determined by Auger electron spectroscopy. The surface enrichment by the d transition metal is greatest for ErMn 2 and least for ErNi 2 , but the difference is insufficient to account for the variation in kinetic behavior.
Effects of extremely high x-ray intensities and dosages on mice.

The effects of extremely high x ray dose rates and dosages on mice irradiated at normal and subnormal body temperatures were studied. Considerable lengthening of survival time is obtained when body temperature is lowered during irradiation. A slight elevation of body temperature during irradiation was noticed. (auth)
Laser Optical Displacement System

The current quality of our nations bridges is on a decline. There are roughly half a million highway bridges in the United States and out of the half a million more than 200,000 are deficient. With catastrophic failure of bridges causing the loss of life and property, the need for bridge inspection and maintenance is evident. When the Silver Bridge that crossed the Ohio River collapsed in December 1967, 46 people were killed. The failure to prevent the disaster was attributed to the poor inspection techniques used by the bridge inspectors. Current inspection techniques depend on humans being able to recognize structural imperfections without the aid of instrumentation. The Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1968 mandated both national bridge inspection standards and training for bridge inspectors. This act has encouraged the development of instruments that would allow inspectors to perform more complete inspections of bridges. To improve the quality of inspection and data, there is a great need for proven methods and instruments used to acquire data. The Laser Optical Displacement System (L.O.D.S.) developed at New Mexico State University by the Optical and Materials Science Lab is such a device. The L.O.D.S. has been tested and proven in both laboratory situations and in the field. This paper describes some of the methods that are now being used to measure deflections in bridges. Then, a description of the development and application of the L.O.D.S. unit is given.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Behavioral correlates of denervation and reinnervation of the hippocampal formation of the rat: Recovery of alternation performance following unilateral entorhinal cortex lesions

Abstract Following unilateral lesions of the entorhinal cortex (E.C.) of the rat, cells in the dentate gyrus which have been deprived of their normal ipsilateral input are reinnervated in part by axons from the contralateral E.C. The proliferation of this crossed projection occurs largely between 8 and 12 days postlesion. The present experiments analyze changes in alternation behavior which occur during this period of afferent proliferation. Rats were trained to alternate responses (L-R) in a T-maze for food reward. Bilateral E.C. lesions resulted in a persistent deficit in alternation performance which did not recover after over 50 days of postoperative testing. Unilateral E.C. lesions, however, resulted in a transient deficit in alternation which recovered over time to preoperative levels. For example, animals permitted a 10-day recovery before the initiation of postlesion testing exhibited no more of a performance deficit than following a 10-day no-training period alone. However, animals permitted only a 3-day postoperative recovery were impaired in the alternation task until 10–12 days postlesion, despite daily training. Thus, recovery of performance following unilateral lesions was dependent on postlesion time rather than the amount of testing/retraining. Since bilateral lesions resulted in a persistent performance deficit while unilateral lesions resulted in a deficit with recovery, we hypothesize that behavioral recovery might be related to the reinnervation of the dentate gyrus by the contralateral E.C. To test this hypothesis, secondary lesions were placed in operated-recovered animals. Secondary lesions of the surviving E.C. resulted in a deficit in alternation performance similar to that following one stage bilateral lesions. In addition, secondary lesions of the dorsal psalterium (the fiber tract which carries the crossed E.C.-dentate projections) also disrupted performance in operated-recovered animals. Primary lesions of the dorsal psalterium alone had only slight and transient effects on alternation performance, however. Thus, the time course of the recovery, the results following bilateral lesions, and the results of secondary lesions are all consistent with the hypothesis that recovery of alternation performance following unilateral E.C. lesions may depend upon the reinnervation of the dentate gyrus by the contralateral E.C.
Valid tests of whether technical inefficiency depends on firm characteristics

Abstract We wish to test whether technical inefficiency depends on observable characteristics of the firm. We consider a two-step procedure in which the second step is a regression of estimated inefficiency on firm characteristics. A valid test of the hypothesis of no effect requires an adjustment to the variance matrix of the estimates. Unfortunately the adjustment is not distribution-free. We show that this test is the LM test in the exponential case. We also consider tests based on nonlinear least squares, which do not require a distributional assumption. The size and power of these tests are examined in simulations.
Strength and microstructure of diffusion bonded titanium using silver and copper interlayers

Abstract Commercially pure Ti has been diffusion bonded using silver and copper interlayers and without any interlayer. The microstructure of the bonded zone is affected by the bonding temperature, bonding time and interlayer type. With a silver (Ag) interlayer at 980 °C for 10 h, the diffusion zone consisted of a solid solution of Ag at the center and a zone of AgTi intermetallics on both sides of it. As the temperature and time increased (1030 °C, 30 h), AgTi with small amount of dispersed AgTi 2 formed at the center of the diffusion zone and next to it a eutectoid mixture of Ti solid solution and AgTi appeared. When Cu was used as an interlayer at 900 °C for 10 h, Cu–Ti solid solution, a zone of different intermetallics, and Ti–Cu solid solution formed in the bonded zone. However, at 1000 °C or higher temperatures, no continuous zone of intermetallics was found in the bonded region, only eutectic mixtures and Ti–Cu solid solutions appeared. The maximum tensile strengths achieved were 160 MPa, 502 MPa, and 382 MPa when Ag, Cu and no interlayers were used, respectively.