cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Convergent and divergent validity of integrative versus mixed model measures of emotional intelligence

Abstract The construct of emotional intelligence (EI) has garnered increased attention in the popular media and scientific literature. Several competing measures of EI have been developed, including self-report and performance-based instruments. The current study replicates and expands on previous research by examining three competing EI measures (Mayer–Salovey–Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test, MSCEIT; Bar-On Emotion Quotient Inventory, EQ-i; and Self-Rated Emotional Intelligence Scale, SREIS) and their relationships with cognitive functioning (Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence; WASI), Big Five personality traits (NEO-PI-R) and emotional well-being (Beck Depression Inventory, BDI and Positive and Negative Affect Schedule, PANAS). Results indicated that significant variability in the self-report EI measures was accounted for by personality and emotional well-being measures, whereas the MSCEIT was more strongly associated with IQ. Overall, nearly two-thirds (62%) of the variance in EQ-i scores was accounted for by Big Five personality traits, emotional well-being and full scale IQ; whereas only 14% of the variance in MSCEIT scores was accounted for by these same variables. The present findings raise questions regarding the divergent validity of self-report EI measures from existing personality and emotional well-being measures. The implication of these results and directions for future research are discussed.
Cy7PE and Cy7APC: Bright new probes for immunofluorescence

We demonstrate the utility of indotricarbocyanine (Cy7) conjugates of the phycobiliproteins phycoerythrin (PE) and allophycocyanin (APC) in flow cytometry. This is the first demonstration of the use of an APC tandem dye for fluorescence measurements. These resonance energy transfer tandem dyes can be excited by the phycobiliprotein-specific excitation wavelengths and fluoresce at wavelengths above 780 nm. The tandem dyes, when conjugated to antibodies, are suitable for flow cytometry and other immunofluorescence applications. These conjugates are easily detectable above the very low autofluorescence in this part of the spectrum. Indeed, the Cy7-conjugated PE tandem (Cy7PE) has a "brightness" (fluorescence signal over cellular autofluorescence) comparable to that of fluorescein, and the Cy7APC tandem has a "brightness" comparable to that of APC. These tandems are also easily distinguished from other commonly used fluorophores, making them suitable for high-order multiparametric analysis. We show an example of six-color immunofluorescence analysis by flow cytometry, simultaneously measuring fluorescences from fluorescein, PE, Cy5PE, Texas red, APC, and Cy7APC.
Real Time Monitoring of the Electrochemical Transformation of a Ferrocene-Terminated Alkanethiolate Monolayer at Gold via an Adhesion-Based Atomic Force Microscopic Characterization

This paper demonstrates the real time monitoring of the electrochemical transformation of a surface-bound redox species using AFM-based adhesion measurements. The measurements were conducted using a monolayer formed by the chemisorption of 11-mercaptoundecyl ferrocenecarboxylate (FcT) at a Au(111) electrode and a gold-coated probe tip modified with an octadecanethiolate (OT) monolayer. Using this probe tip−sample combination, the one-electron oxidation of the ferrocenyl group of the FcT monolayer results in a decrease in the observed force of adhesion (Fad) at the microcontact formed by the two different surfaces. Using surface tension arguments, this change is attributed to the decrease in the effective miscibility at the microcontact as a consequence of the oxidation of the ferrocenyl group to the ferrocenium ion. Issues related to the underlying changes in the interfacial structure that give rise to the differences in Fad are discussed.
Biosimilars and innovation: an analysis of the possibility of increased competition in biopharmaceuticals

The USA is now developing a process for expedited approval of biosimilars. Biopharmaceuticals are far more complex and costly to develop and produce than chemical drugs. Biosimilars raise greater safety issues owing to possible immune responses, are likely to offer smaller percentage price reductions than chemical generics and will probably obtain smaller market shares. Patents may not be as strong for biopharmaceuticals, which are often made by small firms, suggesting the desirability of greater data exclusivity protection. This article suggests that it is better to err on the side of too much protection than too little, given the uncertainties involved.
Live recombinant vaccinia virus protects chimpanzees against hepatitis B

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is an important human pathogen responsible for over 200 million cases of chronic infection, many of which progress to hepatocellular carcinoma. Although HBV cannot be propagated in tissue culture, highly effective subunit vaccines obtained from the plasma of chronically infected patients have been developed and licensed1–3. Such vaccines are safe but their expense and limited quantities make them unavailable to most Third World countries. Other approaches to vaccine construction, including purification of the HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) from genetically engineered eukaryotic cells4–13 and the synthesis of peptides predicted from the nucleotide sequence of the HBsAg gene14–19, are still under evaluation. Another potential application of recombinant DNA technology to vaccine development is the use of live virus vectors to express foreign genes20–25. An infectious vaccinia virus recombinant that expressed the HBsAg in animal cells and which stimulated the production of antibody to HBsAg (anti-HBs) in rabbits represented a novel candidate vaccine of this class22,23. As a continuation of our earlier study, we now present evidence that chimpanzees vaccinated with a live recombinant vaccinia virus were protected against hepatitis following challenge with HBV.
The impact of changes in firm performance and risk on director turnover

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to show that director turnover varies in predictable and intuitive ways with director incentives.Design/methodology/approach – The paper uses a sample of 51,388 observations pertaining to 13,084 directors who served 1,065 firms during the period 1997‐2004. The data are obtained from RiskMetrics, Compustat, Execu‐Comp, CRSP, IBES, and the Corporate Library databases. Portfolio analysis, logit, and GLIMMIX regression analysis are used for the tests.Findings – The paper provides evidence that directors are more likely to leave when firm performance deteriorates and the firm becomes riskier. While turnover increasing as firm performance deteriorates is consistent with involuntary turnover, directors are also more likely to leave in advance of deteriorating performance. The latter is consistent with directors having inside information and acting on that information to protect their wealth and reputation. When inside and outside director turnover is contrasted, the associa...
Landscape change in the Calakmul Biosphere Reserve, Mexico: Modeling the driving forces of smallholder deforestation in land parcels

Abstract This article uses remote sensing and spatial modeling to quantify and analyze land change in Mexico's largest protected area, the Calakmul Biosphere Reserve. Change trajectories are identified within distinct property regimes and between the Reserve's core and buffer zones. A parcel-level spatial econometric model identifies the driving forces of land use change in two communities located along the eastern edge of the Reserve, the locus of increased deforestation in 1987–1996. The study assesses the role of biophysical variables, locational context, household socioeconomics and institutional factors in driving deforestation. The results address the effectiveness of reserves and other state policy instruments in protecting forests.
Cubic-zirconia-based fiber optic pressure sensor for high-temperature environment

Pressure measurement in ultra high temperature is very important in a wide array of industries. Optical fiber-based sensing instrumentation is particularly attractive for the measurement of a wide variety of physical and chemical parameters due to their inherent characteristic. Conventional quartz glass fiber-optic sensors show excellent performance in pressure measurement, applications, but they cannot be used for contact measurement at temperatures above 800 °C. Single-crystal sapphire has been extensively used for high temperature measurement over 1000 °C, but very little data was reported for pressure measurement. In order to extend the operating temperature of fiber-optic pressure sensors, a fiber optic pressure sensor utilizing single crystal cubic zirconia as a structure material has been developed. The pressure response of the sensor has been measured from 0 to 1700Psi. Additional experimental results from 23 °C to 1026 °C show that cubic zirconia could be used for pressure sensor at temperatures over 1000°C. This study demonstrated the general functionality of the single crystal cubic zirconia sensor for pressure measurement at high temperatures.
Consequences of wave function orthogonality for medium energy nuclear reactions

In the usual models of high-energy bound-state to continuum transitions no account is taken of the orthogonality of the bound and continuum wave functions. This orthogonality induces considerable cancellations in the overlap integrals expressing the transition amplitudes for reactions such as (e,e'p), (..gamma..,p), and (..pi..,N), which are simply not included in the distorted-wave Born-approximation calculations which to date remain the only computationally feasible heirarchy of approximations. The object of this paper is to present a new formulation of the bound-state to continuum transition problem, based upon flux conservation, in which the orthogonality of wave functions is taken into account ab initio. The new formulation, while exact if exact wave functions are used, offers the possibility of using approximate wave functions for the continuum states without doing violence to the cancellations induced by orthogonality. The method is applied to single-particle states obeying the Schroedinger and Dirac equations, as well as to a coupled-channel model in which absorptive processes can be described in a fully consistent manner. Several types of absorption vertex are considered, and in the (..pi..,N) case the equivalence of pseudoscalar and pseudovector ..pi..NN coupling is seen to follow directly from wave function orthogonality.
Saddle-point variational method for relativistic excited states.

The saddle-point variational (SPV) method is applied to the n=2 excited states of the Dirac equation for a Coulomb potential. The variational energies agree well with the exact energy for quite large coupling strength (\ensuremath{\lambda}=0.4 and 0.8). Fine-structure differences are also well reproduced. An extended SPV method gives better results than explicit orthogonalization of the variational states.
Surgical Technique for Spinal Cord Delivery of Therapies: Demonstration of Procedure in Gottingen Minipigs

This is a compact visual description of a combination of surgical technique and device for the delivery of (gene and cell) therapies into the spinal cord. While the technique is demonstrated in the animal, the procedure is FDA-approved and currently being used for stem cell transplantation into the spinal cords of patients with ALS. While the FDA has recognized proof-of-principle data on therapeutic efficacy in highly characterized rodent models, the use of large animals is considered critical for validating the combination of a surgical procedure, a device, and the safety of a final therapy for human use. The size, anatomy, and general vulnerability of the spine and spinal cord of the swine are recognized to better model the human. Moreover, the surgical process of exposing and manipulating the spinal cord as well as closing the wound in the pig is virtually indistinguishable from the human. We believe that the healthy pig model represents a critical first step in the study of procedural safety.
CO poisoning of catalytic ethylene hydrogenation on the Pt(1 1 1) surface studied by surface sum frequency generation

Abstract The CO poisoning effect on the catalytic ethylene hydrogenation reaction on the Pt(1 1 1) surface has been studied by surface vibrational sum frequency generation (SFG) technique. It was found that a monolayer of CO prevented the adsorption of ethylene on the Pt(1 1 1) surface in the presence of high pressure ethylene (up to 35 Torr). In contrast, CO can adsorb on the ethylene pretreated Pt(1 1 1) surface by increasing the CO pressure. However, the coadsorbed ethylidyne molecules weakened CO bonding, which was evidenced by the red-shift in the vibrational frequency. In the presence of high pressure CO (>0.1 Torr), the catalytic ethylene hydrogenation was poisoned due to the site blocking effect of CO adsorption. No catalytic reactivity was observed at temperatures lower than the CO desorption temperature (400 K). The measured apparent activation energy of the CO poisoned ethylene hydrogenation reaction was about 20.5 kcal/mole.
Grazing experiments and model simulations of the role of zooplankton in Phaeocystis food webs

Abstract A combined empirical and modelling study was conducted to further examine the potential importance of grazing by zooplankton in pelagic food webs in which Phaeocystis is a significant or dominant component. Laboratory experiments were designed to measure ingestion of Phaeocystis and other potential prey items which co-occur with Phaeocystis. Grazers included copepods and ciliates, and prey included Phaeocystis colonies and solitary cells, diatoms, ciliates, bacteria, and detritus. These data were expressed in the model currency of nitrogen units, and fit to hyperbolic tangent equations which included minimum prey thresholds. These equations and literature data were used to constrain a food web model whose purpose was to investigate trophic interactions rather than to mimic actual events. Nevertheless, the model output was similar to the general pattern and magnitude of development of Phaeocystis–diatom communities in some environments where they occur, e.g. north Norwegian waters. The model included three forms of nitrogen, three phytoplankton groups, bacteria, two zooplankton groups, and detritus, with detailed flows between compartments. An important component of the model was inclusion of variable prey preferences for zooplankton. The experiments and model simulations suggest several salient conclusions. Phaeocystis globosa colonies were eaten by a medium-sized copepod species, but ingestion appeared to be strongly dependent upon a proper size match between grazer and prey. If not, colonies were eaten little if at all. Phaeocystis solitary cells were ingested rapidly by ciliate microzooplankton, in agreement with prior literature observations. In contrast, detritus was eaten comparatively slowly by both ciliates and copepods. Both types of zooplankton exhibited apparent minimum prey thresholds below which grazing did not occur or was inconsequential. Model simulations implied that transitions between life cycle stages of Phaeocystis may potentially be important to phytoplankton–zooplankton interactions, and that relative rates of ingestion of Phaeocystis by various zooplankton may have significant impacts upon material fluxes through and out of Phaeocystis–diatom ecosystems. Indirect effects of trophic interactions appear to be equally significant as direct effects.
Tractable stochastic analysis in high dimensions via robust optimization

Modern probability theory, whose foundation is based on the axioms set forth by Kolmogorov, is currently the major tool for performance analysis in stochastic systems. While it offers insights in understanding such systems, probability theory, in contrast to optimization, has not been developed with computational tractability as an objective when the dimension increases. Correspondingly, some of its major areas of application remain unsolved when the underlying systems become multidimensional: Queueing networks, auction design in multi-item, multi-bidder auctions, network information theory, pricing multi-dimensional options, among others. We propose a new approach to analyze stochastic systems based on robust optimization. The key idea is to replace the Kolmogorov axioms and the concept of random variables as primitives of probability theory, with uncertainty sets that are derived from some of the asymptotic implications of probability theory like the central limit theorem. In addition, we observe that several desired system properties such as incentive compatibility and individual rationality in auction design are naturally expressed in the language of robust optimization. In this way, the performance analysis questions become highly structured optimization problems (linear, semidefinite, mixed integer) for which there exist efficient, practical algorithms that are capable of solving problems in high dimensions. We demonstrate that the proposed approach achieves computationally tractable methods for (a) analyzing queueing networks, (b) designing multi-item, multi-bidder auctions with budget constraints, and (c) pricing multi-dimensional options.
A comparison of the dielectric dispersion behavior of corn amylose and amylopectin acetates

The dielectric constants and loss factors of disks of corn amylose and amylopectin triacetates, unplasticized and plasticized with 15% by weight of dioctyl phthalate, dimethyl phthalate, and diphenyl were measured at ten frequencies throughout the range 102 to 105 c.p.s. over the temperature interval of −78 to 80°C. A two-terminal dielectric cell constructed from stainless steel and Teflon is described which may be thermostated by direct immersion into liquid baths. The values of ΔE*, ΔS*, and ΔF* for the dielectric relaxation processes occurring in each of the eight systems were calculated from the variation with frequency of the temperature at which the maximum values of the loss factors are found. The similarities and differences which are present in the dielectric dispersion data are discussed in terms of the molecular structures of amylose and amylopectin acetates, and possible mechanisms are suggested to explain the observed behavior.
The Effects of Ionic Strength on Un-ionized Ammonia Concentration

Abstract Ionic strength affects the ionization of ammonia and the resulting un-ionized ammonia (NH3) concentration. The error introduced by failure to account for this effect can be substantial in marine or brackish water. We present a simple method for correcting the calculation of the NH3 fraction in an ammonia solution for ionic strength.
Linear complementarity problems with an invariant number of solutions

This paper studies the class INS of all realn × n matricesM for which the linear complementarity problem (q, M) has exactlyk solutions—k depending only onM—for all realn-vectorsq interior to the coneK(M) of vectors for which (q, M) has any solution at all. This generalizes the results in Cottle and Stone (1983) which deal with the subclassU in INS wherek equals one.
Retarded Green's function of a Vainshtein system and Galileon waves

Motivated by the desire to test modified gravity theories exhibiting the Vainshtein mechanism, we solve in various physically relevant limits, the retarded Galileon Green's function (for the cubic theory) about a background sourced by a massive spherically symmetric static body. The static limit of our result will aid us, in a forthcoming paper, in understanding the impact of Galileon fields on the problem of motion in the solar system. In this paper, we employ this retarded Green's function to investigate the emission of Galileon radiation generated by the motion of matter lying deep within the Vainshtein radius ${r}_{v}$ of the central object: acoustic waves vibrating on its surface, and the motion of compact bodies gravitationally bound to it. If $\ensuremath{\lambda}$ is the typical wavelength of the emitted radiation, and ${r}_{0}$ is the typical distance of the source from the central mass, with ${r}_{0}\ensuremath{\ll}{r}_{v}$, then, compared to its noninteracting massless scalar counterpart, we find that the Galileon radiation rate is suppressed by the ratio $({r}_{v}/\ensuremath{\lambda}{)}^{\ensuremath{-}3/2}$ at the monopole and dipole orders at high frequencies ${r}_{v}/\ensuremath{\lambda}\ensuremath{\gg}1$. However, at high enough multipole order, the radiation rate is enhanced by powers of ${r}_{v}/{r}_{0}$. At low frequencies ${r}_{v}/\ensuremath{\lambda}\ensuremath{\ll}1$, and when the motion is nonrelativistic, Galileon waves yield a comparable rate for the monopole and dipole terms, and are amplified by powers of the ratio ${r}_{v}/{r}_{0}$ for the higher multipoles.
Charge neutral counterflow transport at filling factor 1 in GaAs hole bilayers

Abstract Interacting bilayers placed in perpendicular magnetic field exhibit a peculiar quantum Hall state (QHS) at total filling factor ν = 1 , owing to the carrier–carrier interaction in the two layers. The physics of the ν = 1 QHS is similar to that of the many-particle ground state of a superconductor. Unlike conventional superconductors, however, in the ν = 1 QHS carriers in one layer pair with vacancies in the opposite layer forming charge neutral particles which flow without dissipation at the lowest temperatures. Here we review the experimental evidence supporting this picture, with an emphasis on magnetotransport in interacting GaAs hole bilayers in a configuration where equal and opposite currents are passed in the two layers.
Pathophysiology of heart failure update: the role of neurohumoral activation in the progression of heart failure.

Abstract Understanding the pathophysiologic mechanisms responsible for producing heart failure is necessary before effective treatments can be developed that increase survival and improve quality of life. Recent advances in the treatment of heart failure can be traced directly to improved appreciation of the role of neurohumoral activation in the pathophysiology of heart failure. Initially adaptive, neurohumoral activation ultimately results in a series of overadjustments that actively participate in the progression of heart failure. In this article, the role of neurohumoral activation, ventricular remodeling, and various peripheral vascular abnormalities in the pathophysiology of heart failure are explored.
A finite element method for potential aerodynamics around complex configurations

A general formulation for steady and oscillatory, subsonic and supersonic, potential linearized aerodynamic flow around complex configurations is presented. A linear integral equation relating the unknown potential on the surface of the body to the known downwash is used. The formulation is applied to the analysis of the flow field around wings and wing-body combinations. The surface is divided into small quadrilateral elements which are approximated with a hyperboloidal surface. The potential is assumed to be constant within each element. This yields a set of linear algebraic equations. The coefficients are evaluated analytically. Numerical results for steady and oscillatory, subsonic and supersonic flows indicate that the method, intrinsically general and flexible, is also fast, accurate and in excellent agreement with existing results.
Influence of Drought on Salamander Occupancy of Isolated Wetlands on the Southeastern Coastal Plain of the United States

In the southeastern U.S., changes in temperature and precipitation over the last three decades have been the most dramatic in winter and spring seasons. Continuation of these trends could negatively impact pond-breeding amphibians, especially those that rely on winter and spring rains to fill seasonal wetlands, trigger breeding, and ensure reproductive success. From 2009 to 2012, we monitored Spring and Fall presence of aquatic stages (larval and paedomorphic, gilled adult) of a winter-breeding amphibian (the mole salamander, Ambystoma talpoideum) and used multi-season models to estimate occupancy, local colonization and extinction. Seasonal estimates of occupancy, corrected for imperfect detection, declined from 22.3 % of ponds in Spring 2009 to 9.9 % in Fall 2012. Our best supported model suggested that changes in occupancy were driven by increased rates of extinction that corresponded with drought-related drying of ponds. Based on uncertainty in climate change projections for the Southeast, we present a conceptual model of predicted changes in wetland hydroperiods across a landscape with projected decreases and increases in future precipitation. Such precipitation changes could alter wetland hydroperiods, facilitate extinctions of species adapted to short, intermediate or long hydroperiod environments and, ultimately, modify the composition of amphibian communities within freshwater wetland ecosystems.
601 STATE REPORTING OF LIVE NEWBORNS WEIGHING LESS THAN 500 GRAMS AT BIRTH

In 1981 there was large variation in state reported incidence of live births of newborns weighing less than 500 grams at birth (.3 to 2.4 per 1,000 live births). The states with the lowest neonatal mortality rate (NMR) have the lowest incidence of birth weights less than 500 grams (rho=.70). Assuming that mortality for this weight category is 100%, there is marked variation (5 to 24%) in the contribution of this weight cohort to a state's total NMR. Major deficiencies in reporting may exist. For example, Alaska, Arizona and North Dakota report no Native American live births with weights less than 500 grams. Reporting may also depend on the definition of live birth. The American Academy of Pediatrics and American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Guidelines for Perinatal Care uses the World Health Organization (WHO) definition of live birth as a baby with signs of life “irrespective of duration of pregnancy”. Standard obstetric and pediatric textbooks offer guidance on this issue varying from adherence to the WHO definition to describing a live birth as greater than 500 grams. Thirty-six states officially use the WHO definition of live birth and nine states have definitions without gestational criteria. Four states have no definition of live birth including Vermont which has the nation's lowest NMR. There is evidence to suggest inconsistency in reporting the births of previable newborns which potentially affects national neonatal mortality statistics.
Automated fall detection on privacy-enhanced video

A privacy-enhanced video obscures the appearance of a person in the video. We consider four privacy enhancements: blurring of the person, silhouetting of the person, covering the person with a graphical box, and covering the person with a graphical oval. We demonstrate that an automated video-based fall detection algorithm can be as accurate on privacy-enhanced video as on raw video. The algorithm operated on video from a stationary in-home camera, using a foreground-background segmentation algorithm to extract a minimum bounding rectangle (MBR) around the motion in the video, and using time series shapelet analysis on the height and width of the rectangle to detect falls. We report accuracy applying fall detection on 23 scenarios depicted as raw video and privacy-enhanced videos involving a sole actor portraying normal activities and various falls. We found that fall detection on privacy-enhanced video, except for the common approach of blurring of the person, was competitive with raw video, and in particular that the graphical oval privacy enhancement yielded the same accuracy as raw video, namely 0.91 sensitivity and 0.92 specificity.
Spatio-temporal population genetic structure and mating system of red king crab (Paralithodes camtschaticus) in Alaska

Red king crab, Paralithodes camtschaticus Tilesius, 1815, an economically and culturally important species in the state of Alaska, experienced drastic reductions in abundance over large portions of their Alaskan range by 1980. Abundance of crabs in some of the most important historical fishing areas have failed to rebound, some even in the absence of fishing, highlighting the need for additional research to infer genetic structure and reproductive biology of the species that can then be used to inform management efforts. Red king crab samples were collected from eleven locations throughout Alaska ( n = 845 ), of these, six locations were sampled at least one generation apart. Results of this study suggest moderate rates of gene flow within the Gulf of Alaska/Western Alaska region. Levels of genetic differentiation among populations within Southeast Alaska were higher than seen elsewhere, and there was strong evidence of multiple distinct populations. Red king crab in Bristol Bay and in two areas in Southeast Alaska show signs of recent population bottlenecks and shifts in allele frequencies not observed in previous studies that used less polymorphic genetic markers. In addition to population genetic structure analyses, 24 female red king crab and their broods were collected for purposes of inferring mating system. There was no evidence of multiple paternity in any brood. The results of this study support continued management of distinct geographic groups within the Gulf of Alaska/Western Alaska region and suggest that finer-scale management may be beneficial in Southeast Alaska.
Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Study of Oxidized B820 Complexes

Variable temperature electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) measurements were performed on B820 complexes oxidized with potassium ferricyanide. The EPR signals were assigned to radical cations of the bacteriochlorophyll a (BChla) molecules present in the B820 complexes. In the 80−250 K range, the spectral shape and width corresponded to that of monomeric BChla.+. At temperatures higher than 250 K, the line width exhibited a rapid decrease. We attribute the EPR line narrowing to the activated transport of electrons between the B820 BChlas. The parameters governing the charge transport process were extracted from spectral simulations. The simulations incorporated an electron-transfer model that accounts for the effects of glass transitions in the medium. The results of the B820 experiments and simulations are discussed in relation to the EPR characteristics of oxidized light-harvesting 1 (LH1) antenna complexes and photosynthetic reaction centers (RC).
Urothelial carcinoma: stem cells on the edge.

Tumors are heterogeneous collections of cells with highly variable abilities to survive, grow, and metastasize. This variability likely stems from epigenetic and genetic influences, either stochastic or hardwired by cell type-specific lineage programs. That differentiation underlies tumor cell heterogeneity was elegantly demonstrated in hematopoietic tumors, in which rare primitive cells (cancer stem cells (CSCs)) resembling normal hematopoietic stem cells are ultimately responsible for tumor growth and viability. Because of the compelling clinical implications CSCs pose—across the entire spectrum of cancers—investigators applied the CSC model to cancers arising in tissues with crudely understood differentiation programs. Instead of relying on differentiation, these studies used empirically selected markers and statistical arguments to identify CSCs. The empirical approach has stimulated important questions about “stemness” in cancer cells as well as the validity and stoichiometry of CSC assays. The recent identification of urothelial differentiation programs in urothelial carcinomas (UroCas) supports the idea that solid epithelial cancers (carcinomas) develop and differentiate analogously to normal epithelia and provides new insights about the spatial localization and molecular makeup of carcinoma CSCs. Importantly, CSCs from invasive UroCas (UroCSCs) appear well situated to exchange important signals with adjacent stroma, to escape immune surveillance, and to survive cytotoxic therapy. These signals have potential roles in treatment resistance and many participate in druggable cellular pathways. In this review, we discuss the implications of these findings in understanding CSCs and in better understanding how UroCas form, progress, and should be treated.
On the nature of morphophonemic alternations

Abstract This paper attempts to define the relationship which may exist in linguistic systems between morphophonemic alternations and grammatical oppositions. The definition is based on evidence provided by the evolution of certain alternations in the verbal system of one of the Slavic languages.
Accelerating implementation of biomedical research advances: critical elements of a successful 10 year Cystic Fibrosis Foundation healthcare delivery improvement initiative

Context: Scientific and therapeutic advances Remarkable biomedical research advances have led to innovative and increasingly effective therapies. We highlight several scientific milestones in elucidating the pathophysiology of cystic fibrosis (CF) and review the therapies that have become available over the past 20 years. Impact of the quality improvement initiative In 2002, the CF Foundation launched a multifaceted quality improvement initiative to accelerate improvement in CF care. We present evidence of substantial improvement in process measures, such as more consistent outpatient follow-up, and key medical outcomes, including survival, pulmonary function and nutritional status. Critical success factors We offer our perspective on factors critical to the success of the quality improvement initiative, including a compelling strategic plan and the commitment of the CF Foundation to its implementation; the investment in building improvement capacity at CF care centres; the engagement of people with CF and their families as partners; and the integration of quality improvement into the existing CF care framework. Directions for the next decade In addition to a continued investment in building and sustaining improvement capacity at CF care centres, and deeper patient engagement, we will address the oppressive treatment burden. We will also complement the measurement of clinical outcomes with patient reported outcomes and healthcare costs for a balanced assessment of the quality and value of care. Conclusions Major advances in basic science and therapeutic development coupled with improvements in healthcare delivery have resulted in striking gains in medical outcomes for people with CF.
A Hyperband Antenna to Launch and Focus Fast High-Voltage Pulses Onto Biological Targets

This paper briefly reviews the design of a prolate-spheroidal impulse-radiating hyperband antenna system to launch and focus fast (100 ps) high-voltage ( >; 100 kV) pulses onto biological targets. Design and experiments on a graded five-layer dielectric lens, designed to match the pulses into the target medium, are outlined. The design and numerical simulations of a switch system to launch high-voltage spherical TEM pulses are also presented.
Randomized trial of one versus two adjuvant hyperthermia treatments per week in patients with superficial tumours.

One test for thermotolerance development in a clinical situation is to evaluate the effects of altering the hyperthermia fractionation interval on tumour response to thermo-radiotherapy. Between 1983 and 1990 44 evaluable advanced superficial tumours of miscellaneous origin in 41 patients were randomized to receive either once-weekly or twice-weekly external microwave hyperthermia treatments combined with radiation therapy. The mean age of patients was 62 years, and 85% had failed previous therapy. All lesions were less than 8×8×4 cm (L×W×D) and were heated by external 915 MHz microwaves. The mean radiation dose was 44 ±3 Gy (mean ± SE) in the once-weekly group and 46±3 Gy in the twice-weekly group =0.64). The mean volume of the lesions heated once weekly was 17 ± 6 versus 23 × 5 cm3 for those heated twice weekly (p=0.45). Hyperthermia was administered once weekly for 4.6±0-2 sessions (range 3-7) or twice weekly for 8 1 ± 0 3 sessions (range 4-10). Thermometry was performed using 3–4 ± 0.2 catheters and 5...
Distributed and provably efficient algorithms for joint channel-assignment, scheduling, and routing in multichannel ad hoc wireless networks

The capacity of ad hoc wireless networks can be substantially increased by equipping each network node with multiple radio interfaces that can operate on multiple nonoverlapping channels. However, new scheduling, channel-assignment, and routing algorithms are required to fully utilize the increased bandwidth in multichannel multiradio ad hoc networks. In this paper, we develop fully distributed algorithms that jointly solve the channel-assignment, scheduling, and routing problem. Our algorithms are online algorithms, i.e., they do not require prior information on the offered load to the network, and can adapt automatically to the changes in the network topology and offered load. We show that our algorithms are provably efficient. That is, even compared with the optimal centralized and offline algorithm, our proposed distributed algorithms can achieve a provable fraction of the maximum system capacity. Furthermore, the achievable fraction that we can guarantee is larger than that of some other comparable algorithms in the literature.
Multichannel random access protocol for multihop cellular systems

A stabilised multichannel random-access protocol based on slotted ALOHA for multihop cellular systems is proposed. The fundamental contribution is a mathematical formula for an optimal partition ratio of shared random access channels between a base station and a relay station. Numerical results show that the proposed protocol can guarantee the required utilisation or delay even if the offered load is higher than the threshold, which otherwise can cause the bistable problem of slotted ALOHA.
Resource allocation in a dynamically partitionable bus network using a graph coloring algorithm

An efficient dynamic graph traversal algorithm is used to identify nonconflicting requests and to allocate network resources in a dynamically partitionable bus network (DPBN). In centralized network control a special processor receives from the control computer of a partitionable bus network an adjacency matrix which indicates conflicts among requests. It applies the dynamic graph traversal algorithm and returns the identified nonconflicting requests to the control computer. The control computer then physically partitions the network into a number of subnetworks for processing the nonconflicting requests in parallel. In distributed control, each station determines conflicts and sets the switches. The results of performance evaluation show a 40% decrease of network delay as compared with a fully utilized, but unpartitioned local area network. >
Consistent time-frequency representations

The paper develops nonnegative, high-resolution time-frequency representations (TFRs) that correspond with intuitive notions of energy distribution. These so-called consistent TFRs require the desired representation to be consistent with a set of spectrogram-based energy measurements. By formulating the desired representation as the solution to a constrained optimization problem, it can be solved using a gradient-projection technique. The consistent TFR demonstrates superior performance compared to existing techniques on a variety of test signals and biological data. The result is a high-resolution, nonnegative, intuitively-satisfying TFR that should prove to be an excellent tool for exploratory data analysis.
Chromosome Reconstruction from Physical Maps Using a Cluster of Workstations

Ordering clones from a genomic library into physical maps of whole chromosomes presents a central computational problem in genetics. Chromosome reconstruction via clone ordering is shown to be isomorphic to the classical NP-complete Optimal Linear Arrangement problem. Parallel algorithms for simulated annealing and microcanonical annealig based on Markov chain decomposition are proposed and applied to the problem of chromosome reconstruction via clone ordering. These algorithms are implemented on a cluster of UNIX workstations using the Parallel Virtual Machine (PVM) system. PVM is a software system that permits a heterogeneous collection of networked computers to be viewed by a user‘s program as a single monolithic parallel computing resource. The parallel algorithms are implemented and tested on clonal data derived from Chromosome IV of the fungus Asperigillus nidulans Perturbation methods and problem-specific annealing heuristics for the parallel simulated annealing and parallel microcanonical annealing algorithms are proposed and described. Convergence, speedup and scalability characteristics of the various parallel algorithms are analyzed and discussed.
Performance evaluation of uniaxial- and biaxial-strained In (x) Ga (1−x) As NMOS DGFETs

For the first time, the performance of uniaxial- and biaxial- strained InxGa1-xAs NMOS double gate FETs (DGFET) with (111) and (001) orientations are thoroughly investigated under ballistic transport, taking into account non-parabolic full band structure, quantum effects, band-to-band tunneling (BTBT) and short-channel effects (SCE). The real and complex band structures for different composition, uniaxial and biaxial (tensile and compressive) strain are calculated using the local empirical pseudo-potential method (LEPM). In this paper, by varying strain conditions and orientations for the different materials, the best performing strained InxGa1-xAs materials are identified.
A Telehealth Architecture for Networked Embedded Systems: A Case Study in In Vivo Health Monitoring

The improvement in processor performance through continuous breakthroughs in transistor technology has resulted in the proliferation of lightweight embedded systems. Advances in wireless technology and embedded systems have enabled remote healthcare and telemedicine. While medical examinations could previously extract only localized symptoms through snapshots, now continuous monitoring can discretely analyze how a patient's lifestyle affects his/her physiological conditions and if additional symptoms occur under various stimuli. We demonstrate how medical applications in particular benefit from a hierarchical networking scheme that will improve the quantity and quality of ubiquitous data collection. Our Telehealth networking infrastructure provides flexibility in terms of functionality and the type of applications that it supports. We specifically present a case study that demonstrates the effectiveness of our networked embedded infrastructure in an in vivo pressure application. Experimental results of the in vivo system demonstrate how it can wirelessly transmit pressure readings measuring from 0 to 1.5 lbf/in2 with an accuracy of 0.02 lbf/in2. The challenges in biocompatible packaging, transducer drift, power management, and in vivo signal transmission are also discussed. This research brings researchers a step closer to continuous, real-time systemic monitoring that will allow one to analyze the dynamic human physiology.
The Death Penalty in Catholic Teaching and Medicine: Intersections and Places for Dialogue

Current debate on the death penalty in public and professional spheres is seen as divisive in nature, disallowing the possibility of common agreement. The history of views of the death penalty within the Catholic Church illustrates centuries of tensions and ambiguities as well as a current posture that manages to hold these tensions while advocating a strong position. That history of church views itself contains allusions to and intersections with medicine. There is something tangible to be gained in understanding religious views on the death penalty, in the debates both within medicine and in the public sphere. An argument is made for sufficient overlap of contemporary purpose between the goals of church and medicine to warrant further dialogue in enhanced and deliberative democratic processes.
Aerosol analysis with the Coastal Zone Color Scanner: a simple method for including multiple scattering effects

A method for studying aerosols over the ocean using Nimbus-7 CZCS data is proposed which circumvents having to perform radiative transfer computations involving the aerosol properties. The method is applied to the CZCS band 4 at 670 nm, and yields the total radiance (L sub t) backscattered from the top of a stratified atmosphere containing both stratospheric and tropospheric aerosols and the the Rayleigh scattered radiance (L sub r). The radiance which the aerosol would produce in the single scattering approximation is retrieved from (L sub t) - (L sub r) with an error of not greater than 5-7 percent.
Correlation of Ratios of Drug Metabolism by Microsomal Subfractions with Partition Coefficients

A strong correlation between ratios of drug metabolism by microsomal subfractions with 1-octanol/water partition coefficient was found. Explanation for the spread of ratios is presented.
Formation Flight Test Results for UAV Research Aircraft Models

This paper presents experimental results for a research program using research UAVs built and developed at West Virginia University. The main objective of this effort was to provide a flight demonstration of a formation control scheme using three YF-22 research aircraft models. For several years formation flight research has been an important topic for the aerospace community. The benefits of formation flight and development of formation control problems have been investigated and well documented. A detailed mathematical model was obtained using parameter identification techniques from previously recorded flight data of the WVU YF-22 aircraft. From this data, a Simulink® based simulation environment was developed and used to test the formation control laws. Simulation results used this mathematical model to design and refine a set of control laws to maintain desired formation geometry during maneuvered flight. The formation control law consists of a set of inner and outer loop control schemes executed by an on-board computer system on the “Follower” aircraft. Performance of the “Follower” inner-loop control laws has been assessed through a series of flight tests. Flight-testing activities focusing on the formation control laws initially used a “virtual leader” scenario. Results of the “virtual leader” testing validated the overall design of the formation controller and confirmed the performance of the on-board computer system. Formation flight with two aircraft was then performed during the 2004 flight season. This paper will first describe the UAV models along with their customized electronic computer systems. Next, the aircraft mathematical model as well as the formation control schemes will be presented. The overall control design process, with emphasis on the controller implementation on the on-board computer, will also be described. Finally, the flight-testing operations and experimental results obtained to date will be presented and discussed.
Implementing a Change to a Learner-Centered Philosophy in a School of Nursing: Faculty Perceptions

Abstract This qualitative study explores faculty experiences with their school of nursing's change to a learner-centered teaching philosophy. The primary research goals were to determine what change conditions faculty perceived as significant and how they viewed overall faculty progress and unity in adopting the philosophy. Nine nurse faculty members from a four-year public university were interviewed and also responded to two narrative questionnaires over a period of three months. Thematic analysis revealed five categories with a total of 20 themes. Certain conditions were found to be important to the process, such as availability of time and resources. Other conditions were found to be of lesser importance, such as dissatisfaction with the status quo and participation in the decision to make the change. This study provides an in-depth understanding of how one nursing faculty group experienced the implementation of change to a learner-centered philosophy.