cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analysis of lipid components for determining the condition of anchovy larvae, Engraulis mordax

Anchovy larvae, Engraulis mordax, were reared in the laboratory under a variety of food regimes and the triacylglycerol, cholesterol, and polar lipid contents of individual larvae were measured with the Iatroscan thin-layer chromatography/flame ionization detection (TLC/FID) system, as indicators of nutritional condition. The different food levels used in the rearings produced a clear effect on the larvae for each of the three lipid components. A comparison with field-caught larvae, which were otolith-aged and analyzed for lipid content, showed that a “standard” laboratory rearing produced larvae with a much too high lipid content. Larvae could be reared in the laboratory to have a sizespecific lipid content similar to the field individuals, but this required that the food concentration be very much lower. When group of larvae were starved, the triacylglycerol component decreased first, regardless of the size of the store at the onset of starvation. The polar lipid component was not as labile as triacylglycerol, while the cholesterol content remained essentially unchanged during starvation. The cholesterol and polar lipid contents exhibited a good straight-line relationship with the lipid-free weight of the larvae, as would be expected from indicators of larval tissue weight. The results revealed the lipid components to be very good indicators of the condition of the larvae.
Treatment options for unstable trochanteric fractures: Screw or helical proxima femoral nail.

Abstract Purpose To compare treatment outcome of screw proximal femoral nail (PFN) system with that of a helical PFN. Methods The study included 77 patients with closed unstable intertrochanteric fracture classified as AO 31A2 & 31A3, between June 2008 to August 2011. Inclusion criteria were: all mature skeletons above 50 years of age; closed unstable trochanteric fracture classified as AO 31A2 & A3. Exclusion criteria were: immature skeleton, pathological fracture of any cause other than osteoporosis, inability to walk independently prior to injury. Patients were randomized to 2 treatment groups based on admission sequence. Forty patients were treated with screw PFN and thirty seven were treated with helical PFN. Results Both groups were similar in respect of time of surgery, blood loss and functional assessment and duration of hospitalization. In screw PFN group 2 patients had superficial wound infection, 1 patient had persistent hip pain and 1 patient had shortening >1 cm but Conclusion Both screw and helical PFN are very effective implants in osteoporotic and unstable trochanteric fractures even in Indian patients where the bones are narrow and neck diameter is small. It is an implant of choice for osteoporotic and unstable trochanteric fractures.
Trade Dress: An Unsuitable Fit for Product Design in the Fashion Industry

Fashion design is an uneasy fit for intellectual property law. Because trade dress is not clearly defined in the Lanham Act, the courts were able to expand this area of intellectual property to protect product design in the fashion industry. Congress does not concur with this expansion, as demonstrated by the lack of legislative action in the face of multiple opportunities to grant protection to fashion design.Despite Congressional intent, the courts attempted to fit fashion design into various types of intellectual property law, beginning with copyright and patent. After realizing that neither of those was an appropriate fit for fashion design, the courts settled on trademark law and more specifically trade dress.The Supreme Court leaves product design ambiguous as a trade dress category in Two Pesos. Recognizing its mistake, the Supreme Court then tries to clarify product design in Wal-Mart by distinguishing the trade dress at issue in Wal-Mart from Two Pesos, arguing that Two Pesos actually addressed product packaging while Wal-Mart was a product design issue. The Supreme Court in TrafFix further strengthened its warning from Wal-Mart against trade dress expansion. Nonetheless, the Second Circuit Court of Appeals ignored the Supreme Court’s caution and increased trade dress protection in Louboutin, overstepping its boundaries in a way that Congress, the Supreme Court, and public policy do not support.
Color vision of the female stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans.

The stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.), is well known as a farm pest, and the sporadic appearance of this bloodsucking insect along recreational beaches is of increasing importance. My study considers the phototaxic response of S. calcitrans to specific wavelengths of light and the possible role of color vision in the occurrence of this fly along the southern shores of Lake Superior.
Complement-Dependent, Epstein-Barr Virus-Neutralizing Antibody Appearing Early in the Sera of Patients with Infectious Mononucleosis

The first serum specimens obtained after onset of illness and those obtained later from patients with infectious mononucleosis were examined for neutralization of P3HR-1-derived Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Without complement, viral neutralization indices of sera obtained soon after onset were all less than 0.2, and those of sera obtained later were less than 0.5. In contrast, sera from EBV-seropositive, healthy adults had neutralization indices of 0.45-1.0. Sera from EBV-seronegative adults showed no evidence of viral neutralization. The addition of complement from EBV antibody-negative human serum to 31 early and 34 late serum samples from 34 patients with infectious mononucleosis yielded neutralization indices of greater than or equal to 0.95. Complement-dependent neutralizing antibodies were also demonstrated in sera from EBV-seropositive, healthy adults. In contrast, sera from EBV-seronegative adults failed to neutralize EBV after the addition of complement. Heat inactivation destroyed the capacity of complement to induce additional neutralization of EBV by sera from patients with mononucleosis. The early appearance of complement-dependent neutralizing antibodies in the course of mononucleosis is consistent with a role in recovery from acute EBV infection.
Instruments of Knowledge: Music and the Brain

There is little doubt that music plays an important role in cultures all over the world and is an interconnected piece of every society. More specifically, actively engaging in the music by playing a musical instrument, particularly at a young age, has been a hot topic in neuroscience in recent decades. Playing a musical instrument has been shown to increase cognitive ability through enhanced neuronal communication between the left and right hemispheres of the brain, resulting in positive effects on learning, memory, fine motor skills, verbal and non-verbal reasoning, resulting in an overall more capable brain to apply in a multitude of settings. The current research and results are discussed, ultimately showing the importance of engaging children in instrument lessons of any kind to enhance the network of neuronal connections developing in the brain.
Mesoporous platinum nickel thin films with double gyroid morphology for the oxygen reduction reaction

Abstract Improving both the activity and stability of the cathode catalyst in platinum-based polymer electrolyte fuel cells is a key technical challenge for next-generation sustainable-energy conversion technologies. Here, we synthesize a high surface area supported meso-structured PtxNi alloy thin film with a double gyroid morphology that both exhibits high activity and stability for the oxygen reduction reaction.
Study on diagnosis of benign and malignant intraductal lesions of breast by fiberoptic ductoscopy

OBJECTIVE:To discuss a feasible way of differentiating intraductal lesions by fiberoptic ductoscopy(FDS).METHODS: The diagnosis and ductoscopic appearance of 229 intraductal papilloma and pappilomatosis patients and 50 breast cancer patients confirmed by pathology from October 1, 1998 to December 31, 2003 were analyzed retrospectively.RESULTS: The ductoscopic appearance was classified into solitary polypoid type (Type Ⅰ), multiple polypoid type (Type Ⅱ), superficial type (Type Ⅲ) and combined type (Type Ⅳ). Appearance of intraductal papilloma and pappilomatosis were mostly classified to type Ⅰ and type Ⅱ whereas breast cancer mostly to Type Ⅲ and Type Ⅳ. There was a significant difference on distribution of ductoscopic Types except Type Ⅱ between the two lesions,P0.001. The detective rate of intraductal papilloma and pappilomatosis was 99.6%(228/229) while breast cancer 96.0%(48/50). The diagnostic accuracy of intraductal papilloma and pappilomatosis was 97.8%(224/229) while breast cancer 82.0%(41/50).CONCLUSIONS: The diagnosis of intraductal lesions by FDS is accurate.and valuable to clinic.
Community Characteristics and Species Diversity of Rhodoleia championii Community in Dongguan Yinpingshan Forest Park,Guangdong

On the basis of field investigation of a 1 600m2 plot,We analyzed physiognomy,structure,the floristic composition and species diversity of a Rhodoleia championii community in Donguan Yinpingshan Forest Park,Guangdong.There were 153 vascular species,belonging to 116 genera and 73 families.Trop. Subtrop.elements were the dominant.The community was mainly dominated by Rhodoleia championii.The vertical structure of the community was composed of Tree layer,shrub layer,herb layer and rich interstater plants,and dominated by evergreen plants in Microphanerophytes.According to the Raunkiaer Frequency Law,species in 1-20% occurrence frequency dominated the community,accounting for 67.97% of the total species.Because of the human interference,the number of the Saplings and young Rhodoleia championii trees was less,which indicates the population was on the declining trend.The different diversity indices showed different trend among layers in the community except that the shrub layer had the highest diversity.
Light and nutrient supply mediate intraspecific variation in the nutrient stoichiometry of juvenile fish

Intraspecific variation in the nutrient stoichiometry of animals and their waste products can be substantial, but the factors mediating this variation are unclear. We experimentally manipulated light, nutrient supply, and nutrient ratio (N:P) in a field experiment to generate variation in algal quantity and elemental composition, and assessed the stoichiometric responses of juvenile carnivorous fish (bluegill, Lepomis macrochirus). Algal quantity (primary production) and stoichiometry (ratios of carbon [C], nitrogen [N], and phosphorus [P]) varied greatly in response to manipulations, as did bluegill body and excretion stoichiometry. Algal primary production (PPr) was greatest at high light and high P supply (HL HP). Algal stoichiometry responded in accordance with the light:nutrient hypothesis; that is, C:P ratios were highest at HL LP and lowest at LL HP. Variation in fish body stoichiometry was strongly related to basal resource supply (PPr), while excretion stoichiometry was driven by both PPr and algal stoichiometry. Bluegill growth and body C and N concentrations were highest at HL HN and lowest at LL LN, whereas body P showed the opposite pattern. Thus, bluegill body C:P, C:N, and N:P were highest under HL HN and lowest under LL LN. Per capita excretion rates of bluegill were strongly related to body mass and hence were highest at HL HN, where fish grew largest. However, P excretion rates normalized for body mass increased with phytoplankton P and zooplankton production. In accordance with ecological stoichiometry theory, N:P excretion ratio increased with basal resource (algal) N:P and decreased with estimated bluegill P ingestion. Variation in both body and excretion stoichiometry in this single cohort of fish was comparable to or exceeded variation observed in other studies of bluegill stoichiometry across multiple ecosystems. Our results illustrate the pronounced intraspecific variation in carnivore nutrient stoichiometry as a function of basal resource quantity and quality.
Forecasting state-level premature deaths from alcohol, drugs, and suicides using Google Trends data.

Abstract Background Vital statistics on the number of, alcohol-induced death (AICD) drug-induced death (DICD), and suicides at the local-level are only available after a substantial lag of up to two years after the events occur. We (1) investigate how well Google Trends search data explain variation in state-level rates in the US, and (2) use this method to forecast these rates of death for 2015 as official data are not yet available. Methods We tested the degree to which Google Trends data on 27 terms can be fit to CDC data using L1-regularization on AICD, DICD, and suicide. Using Google Trends data, we forecast 2015 AICD, DICD, and suicide rates. Results L1-regularization fit the pre-2015 data much better than the alternative model using state-level unemployment and income variables. Google Trends data account for substantial variation in growth of state-level rates of death: 30.9% for AICD, 23.9% for DICD, and 21.8% for suicide rates. Every state except Hawaii is forecasted to increase in all three of these rates in 2015. Limitations The model predicts state, not local or individual behavior, and is dependent on continued availability of Google Trends data. Conclusions The method predicts state-level AICD, DICD, and suicide rates better than the alternative model. The study findings suggest that this methodology can be developed into a public health surveillance system for behavioral health-related causes of death. State-level predictions could be used to inform state interventions aimed at reducing AICD, DICD, and suicide.
Chapter 14 – Molecular Involvement of the Bone Marrow Microenvironment in Bone Metastasis

Bone metastasis remains a major cause of cancer death. Full understanding of the mechanisms involved in bone metastasis, however, remains elusive. One hypothesis to consider in unraveling the secrets of metastatic disease is that host microenvironment, especially bone marrow microenvironment, actively influences cancer cells, leading to progressive and incurable bone metastasis. Recent studies have revealed that the crosstalk among cancer cells, tumor microenvironment (e.g., hematopoietic cells, osteoblasts, osteoclasts, stromal fibroblasts), and factors produced by these host cells (e.g., growth factors, cytokines, chemokines, microRNAs) plays a crucial role in regulating the bone metastatic cascade. In this review, we will discuss bone metastasis from the perspective of the bone marrow microenvironment and consider potential therapeutic targets. Understanding the mechanisms involved can result in significant improvements in the care and quality of life of patients with bone metastasis.
Chapter 38 – Industry-Sponsored Clinical Research in Academia

The development of new therapies relies on industry-sponsored clinical research (ISCR) and academic health centers should play a role in this process. Here we discuss the challenges involved that arise from different priorities and perceptions. Financial and efficiency forces have resulted in a greater proportion of ISCR being done outside academic health centers, a trend that is likely to continue. We propose a framework that considers the perspectives from industry, academia, academic investigators and patients, and potential models of institutional support that can facilitate the involvement of academia in ISCR.
Mediated Effects of Coping on Mental Health Outcomes of African American Women Exposed to Physical and Psychological Abuse

Few studies have assessed the individual symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as separate mental health consequences of intimate partner abuse (IPA). This study examined the role of coping strategies associated with symptoms of PTSD in a community sample of African American women who have experienced abuse ( N = 128). The results revealed that nonphysical abuse was more prevalent than physical abuse. Specific symptoms of PTSD expressed depended on the type of abuse experienced and the type of coping strategies utilized. The findings have multiple implications on how IPA is studied as well as its clinical screening and treatment processes.
Pathogenic variants that alter protein code often disrupt splicing

The lack of tools to identify causative variants from sequencing data greatly limits the promise of precision medicine. Previous studies suggest that one-third of disease-associated alleles alter splicing. We discovered that the alleles causing splicing defects cluster in disease-associated genes (for example, haploinsufficient genes). We analyzed 4,964 published disease-causing exonic mutations using a massively parallel splicing assay (MaPSy), which showed an 81% concordance rate with splicing in patient tissue. Approximately 10% of exonic mutations altered splicing, mostly by disrupting multiple stages of spliceosome assembly. We present a large-scale characterization of exonic splicing mutations using a new technology that facilitates variant classification and keeps pace with variant discovery.
Tracking Single DNA Nanodevices in Hierarchically Meso-Macroporous Antimony-Doped Tin Oxide Demonstrates Finite Confinement

Housing bio-nano guest devices based on DNA nanostructures within porous, conducting, inorganic host materials promise valuable applications in solar energy conversion, chemical catalysis, and analyte sensing. Herein, we report a single-template synthetic development of hierarchically porous, transparent conductive metal oxide coatings whose pores are freely accessible by large biomacromolecules. Their hierarchal pore structure is bimodal with a larger number of closely packed open macropores (∼200 nm) at the higher rank and with the remaining space being filled with a gel network of antimony-doped tin oxide (ATO) nanoparticles that is highly porous with a broad size range of textual pores mainly from 20–100 nm at the lower rank. The employed carbon black template not only creates the large open macropores but also retains the highly structured gel network as holey pore walls. Single molecule fluorescence microscopic studies with fluorophore-labeled DNA nanotweezers reveal a detailed view of multimodal di...
EFFECT OF WAVE-CURRENT INTERACTION ON WAVES AND CIRCULATION OVER GEORGES BANK DURING STORM EVENTS

The coupled spectral wave and circulation model SWAN+ADCIRC was applied to investigate the wave-current interaction during storm events over Georges Bank, a large shallow submarine bank on the eastern seaboard of North America that separates Gulf of Maine from the North Atlantic Ocean. The current over the Georges Bank displays a rotary feature over a tidal cycle. The wave-induced current is in the same order as the wind-driven current and generally in the same direction as the depth-averaged tidal current, indicating strong nonlinear wave-current interaction. The magnitude of wave-induced current reaches 0.07 m/s at low tide and 0.2 m/s at the other three tidal phases. The effect of wave-current interaction on waves at the four tidal phases is also analyzed. The role of Georges Bank in dissipating wave energy is most significant at rising mid-tide and high tide, which is close to the storm peak. At rising mid-tide, the wave height is decreased by 0.3 m to 0.5 m over the majority of the bank when the wave propagates in the same direction as the current. At falling-mid tide, the wave height is increased by 0.5 m at the southern flank and decreased by 0.5 m at the northern flank of the bank.
Crystal structures of the three closely related compounds: bis-[(1H-tetra-zol-5-yl)meth-yl]nitramide, tri-amino-guanidinium 5-({[(1H-tetra-zol-5-yl)meth-yl](nitro)-amino}-meth-yl)tetra-zol-1-ide, and di-ammonium bis-[(tetra-zol-1-id-5-yl)meth-yl]nitramide monohydrate.

In the mol­ecule of neutral bis­[(1H-tetra­zol-5-yl)meth­yl]nitramide, (I), C4H6N10O2, there are two intra­molecular N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds. In the crystal, N—H⋯N hydrogen bonds link mol­ecules, forming a two-dimensional network parallel to (-201) and weak C—H⋯O, C—H⋯N hydrogen bonds, and inter­molecular π–π stacking completes the three-dimensional network. The anion in the molecular salt, tri­amino­guanidinium 5-({[(1H-tetra­zol-5-yl)meth­yl](nitro)­amino}­meth­yl)tetra­zol-1-ide, (II), CH9N6+·C4H5N10O2−, displays intra­molecular π–π stacking and in the crystal, N—H⋯N and N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds link the components of the structure, forming a three-dimensional network. In the crystal of di­ammonium bis­[(tetra­zol-1-id-5-yl)meth­yl]nitramide monohydrate, (III), 2NH4+·C4H4N10O22−·H2O, O—H⋯N, N—H⋯N, and N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds link the components of the structure into a three-dimensional network. In addition, there is inter­molecular π–π stacking. In all three structures, the central N atom of the nitramide is mainly sp2-hybridized. Bond lengths indicate delocalization of charges on the tetra­zole rings for all three compounds. Compound (II) was found to be a non-merohedral twin and was solved and refined in the major component.
Dorsal/NF-κB exhibits a Dorsal-to-Ventral Mobility Gradient in the Drosophila Embryo

Morphogen-mediated patterning is a highly dynamic developmental process. To obtain an accurate understanding of morphogen gradients, biophysical parameters such as protein diffusivities must be quantified in vivo. The dorsal-ventral (DV) patterning of early Drosophila embryos by the NF-κB homolog Dorsal (Dl) is an excellent system for understanding morphogen gradient formation. Dl gradient formation is controlled by the inhibitor Cactus/IκB (Cact), which regulates the nuclear import and diffusion of Dl protein. However, quantitative measurements of spatiotemporal Dl movement are currently lacking. Here, we use scanning fluorescence correlation spectroscopy to quantify the mobility of Dl. We find that the diffusivity of Dl varies along the DV axis, with lowest diffusivities on the ventral side, and the DV asymmetry in diffusivity is exclusive to the nuclei. Moreover, we also observe that nuclear export rates are lower in the ventral and lateral regions of the embryo. Both cross correlation spectroscopy measurements and a computational model of Dl/DNA binding suggest that DNA binding of Dl, which is more prevalent on the ventral side of the embryo, is correlated to a lower diffusivity and nuclear export rate. We propose that the variation in Dl/DNA binding along the DV axis is dependent on Cact binding Dl, which prevents Dl from binding DNA in dorsal and lateral regions of the embryo. Thus, our results highlight the complexity of morphogen gradient dynamics and the need for quantitative measurements of biophysical interactions in such systems.
Consumer and Brand Factors that Influence Perceptions of Green Brand Extensions

Companies commonly demonstrate their commitment to the environment and compete in the green marketplace by leveraging their brand equity and introducing green brand extensions. Brand extensions allow well-known brands with a loyal customer base to engage in new sustainability efforts with less assumed risk.
Knowledge Transfer Using Neural Network Based Approach for Handwritten Text Recognition

The goal of a writer adaptive handwriting recognition system is to build a model that improves the recognition of a generic recognition model for a specific author. In this work, we show how structural representation learned from a generic writer-independent handwriting recognition model can be customized to individual authors. Convolutional Neural Network has shown outstanding performance in learning image-based representation that was used for classification. Additionally, they have been used along with Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) or its variations like, LSTM and GRU layers to analyze and understand sequences in handwriting recognition, sentence analysis, voice recognition etc. In most cases, the CNNs serve as a feature extractor instead of low-level hand-designed features that were used previously for the above-mentioned classification tasks. We design a method to reuse weights from layers trained on the IAM offline handwritten dataset to compute mid-level image representation for text in the Washington and Moore dataset. We show that despite differences in the writing style, fonts across these datasets, the transferred representation is able to capture a spatio-temporal representation leading to significantly improved recognition results. We hypothesize that the performance is solely not dependent on the number of samples and the model is evaluated with varying amount of fine-tuning samples showing promising results backing the hypothesis.
Temperament Development to 30 Months of Age in Discordant Twin Pairs

Twins within pairs often have different weights at birth. A difference of 15% or greater is defined as discordance for weight and is considered to place one or both infants at risk. Temperament differences had been found in the neonatal period for full-term discordant cotwins, but not for preterm discordant cotwins, suggesting that continued gestation for discordant twins was a risk variable for early behavior. 30 pairs of fullterm and 17 pairs of preterm discordant pairs were followed at 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, and 30 months of age. Group differences were observed for the longitudinal maintenance of cotwin discordance in physical measures, with preterm cotwins becoming more like each other. In laboratory assessments, temperament differences no longer were observed between the larger and smaller cotwins. Questionnaires indicated that mothers generally did not differentiate between their larger and smaller cotwin children in temperament ratings, except for ratings of mood for the fullterm pairs. Thus, emotionality was the only temperament dimension that differentiated between the fullterm discordant twins both in the neonatal period and at later ages. In the main, it was concluded that the fullterm discordant twins overcame the adverse in-utero influences on early behavioral development.
Interactive Audio-Graphics for Speech and Image Characterization

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on interactive audio-graphics for speech and image characterization. The use of an interactive system allows human inspection of intermediate steps in algorithm development, easy modification of parameters, and immediate examination of the results. The graphics portion of the system uses a keyboard, joystick, opaque and transparent image scanners, and control panel for data input, and has access to a Tektronix 611 memory scope, an electrostatic printer/plotter, a Calcomp plotter, and a high-resolution CRT with a camera attachment for data output. As many as three different files may be processed concurrently and may be stored either on magnetic tape or disc. A history file which maintains a record of all or selected operations, may be viewed directly or on hardcopy. In a research environment in which the number of experimenters is small and the noise conditions controllable, the addition of even a simple audio input link, with perhaps only half a dozen commands, can contribute considerably to the ease of operation.
Cryogenic Processing of Biomaterials for Improved Surface Integrity and Product Sustainability

Improved functional performance and longer service life of biomedical products offer great sustainability benefits. Surface integrity, which can be modified by severe plastic deformation (SPD) processes, affects the functional performance of materials. Two SPD processes – burnishing and machining – were studied under cryogenic conditions. Cryogenic burnishing of a Co-Cr-Mo biomedical alloy using a novel burnishing tool led to significant grain refinement and 80% greater surface microhardness relative to the bulk. Cryogenic burnishing of AZ31 Mg alloy led to a more than 2 mm thick SPD surface layer with remarkably refined microstructure (grains <300 nm), where hardness was increased 95%. The SPD layer formed on AZ31 Mg alloy after cryogenic machining was about 60% harder than the bulk material. Furthermore, this layer enhanced corrosion resistance during incubation in simulated body fluid. The present results demonstrate significant surface and subsurface property improvement due to cryogenic processes of both alloys, thus providing improved sustainability.
Physical restraint of non-domestic pets.

The accuracy of a veterinarian's diagnosis and therefore the success of the therapy regimen based on that diagnosis depend upon adequate restraint of the patient in order that a revealing physical examination can be performed and necessary treatment can be accomplished. This is no less true in the case of exotic or wild animal pets than it is in the case of domestic species with which veterinarians are more familiar. It is axiomatic that the least restraint be used that is still...
Social reward processing: A biomarker for predicting psychosis risk?

Abstract The desire to obtain social rewards (e.g. positive feedback) features prominently in our lives and relationships, and is relevant to understanding psychopathology – where behavior is often impaired. Investigating social rewards within the psychosis-spectrum offers an especially useful opportunity, given the high rates of impaired social functioning and social isolation. The goal of this study was to investigate hedonic experience associated with social reward processing as a potential biomarker for psychosis risk. This study used a task-based functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) paradigm in adolescents at clinical high-risk for the development of psychosis (CHR, n = 19) and healthy unaffected peers (healthy controls – HC, n = 20). Regional activation and connectivity of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex and ventral striatum were examined in response to receiving positive social feedback relative to an ambiguous feedback condition. Expectations of impaired hedonic processes in CHR youth were generally not supported, as there were no group differences in neural response or task-based connectivity. Although interesting relationships were found linking neural reward response and connectivity with social, anticipatory, and consummatory anhedonia in the CHR group, results are difficult to interpret in light of task limitations. We discuss potential implications for future study designs that seek to investigate social reward processing as a biomarker for psychosis risk.
Targeted Metabolic Profiling Indicates Apple Rootstock Genotype-Specific Differences in Primary and Secondary Metabolite Production and Validate Quantitative Contribution From Vegetative Growth

Previous reports regarding rhizodeposits from apple roots are limited, and complicated by microbes, which readily colonize root systems and contribute to modify rhizodeposit metabolite composition. This study delineates methods for collection of apple rhizodeposits under axenic conditions, indicates rootstock genotype-specific differences and validates the contributions of vegetative activity to rhizodeposit quantity. Primary and phenolic rhizodeposit metabolites collected from two apple rootstock genotypes, G935 and M26, were delineated 2 months after root initiation by utilizing gas chromatography/liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/LC-MS), respectively. Twenty-one identified phenolic compounds and 29 sugars, organic acids, and amino acids, as well as compounds tentatively identified as triterpenoids were present in the rhizodeposits. When adjusted for whole plant mass, hexose, erythrose, galactose, phloridzin, kaempferol-3-glucoside, as well as glycerol, and glyceric acid differed between the genotypes. Phloridzin, phloretin, epicatechin, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, and chlorogenic acid were among the phenolic compounds found in higher relative concentration in rhizodeposits, as assessed by LC-MS. Among primary metabolites assessed by GC-MS, amino acids, organic acids, and sugar alcohols found in relatively higher concentration in the rhizodeposits included L-asparagine, L-cysteine, malic acid, succinic acid, and sorbitol. In addition, putative ursane triterprenoids, identified based on accurate mass comparison to previously reported triterpenoids from apple peel, were present in rhizodeposits in high abundance relative to phenolic compounds assessed via the same extraction/instrumental method. Validation of metabolite production to tree vegetative activity was conducted using a separate set of micropropagated trees (genotype MM106) which were treated with a toxic volatile compound (butyrolactone) to inhibit activity/kill leaves and vegetative growth. This treatment resulted in a reduction of total collected rhizodeposits relative to an untreated control, indicating active vegetative growth contributes to rhizodeposit metabolites. Culture-based assays indicated an absence of bacterial or fungal endophytes in roots of micropropagated G935 and M26 plants. However, the use of fungi-specific primers in qPCR indicated the presence of fungal DNA in 30% of the samples, thus the contribution of endophytes to rhizodeposits cannot be fully eliminated. This study provides fundamental information for continued research and application of rhizosphere ecology driven by apple rootstock genotype specific rhizodeposition.
Self-Control, Opportunity, and College Students' Bystander Intervention in Sexually Coercive Situations.

This study examines students’ bystander intervention opportunities and behaviors using survey data from a convenience sample of 226 college students from a university in the United States. We appro...
The Khrushchev Crises: Lessons in Leader-Based Reputation for Resolve

Both scholars and policy makers alike suggest that state reputation for resolve can have important consequences for state behavior and international conflict. Other scholars assert that leaders are also important actors in international relations, exerting influence on international conflict. I bridge these two literatures by examining if and how leaders may acquire reputations for resolve. This paper proposes a theory as to how leaders develop reputations for resolve vis-a-vis other leaders. I test my theory against what is considered to be the quintessential example of interstate bargaining and brinkmanship – the US-USSR crises under Khrushchev. I show that leaders can and do develop reputations for resolve and that they do so in previously unexpected ways.
Office-Based Anesthesia: A Comprehensive Review and 2019 Update.

Over the last 25 years, with an exponential growth in the complexity of patients and procedures in the office-based setting, the topic of patient safety is becoming more fundamental. Current research efforts focus on the implementation of customizable safety checklists for both the patient and provider, and an emergency manual specifically adapted to guide providers though challenging and unexpected emergencies in this unique setting. Additional efforts are focusing on legislative changes and accreditation to standardize and ensure increased accountability and patient safety.
Effect of piscivorous and omnivorous colonial birds’ activity on structure, abundance and diversity of soil free-living nematodes. Preliminary results from a study of the impact of avifauna on soil biota in Israel’s Mediterranean Coastal Plain

Abstract The soil biota, including soil microorganisms and free-living nematodes, was investigated in the nesting and roosting habitats of the following piscivorous and omnivorous colonial birds: black kite (Milvus migrans), great cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo), black-crowned night heron (Nycticorax nycticorax) and little egret (Egretta garzetta), in Israel’s Mediterranean region. Abiotic variables, abundance, trophic structure, sex ratio and genus diversity of soil free-living nematodes, and total abundance of bacteria and fungi, were measured during the hottest period of 2016. The impact of the birds’ activity on the soil biota was most notable in the upper soil layer and weaker in the lower soil layer. Soil properties such as alkalinity (pH) and conductivity, along with contents of ammonium, nitrate and phosphorus were found to be among the main drivers influencing prey–predator relationships in the observed soil habitat by altering the predation success of soil free-living nematodes. The observed nematode species were affected by the birds’ nesting and roosting activity, as reflected by an increasing proportion of common nematodes and the disappearance of rare species in the colonial birds’ habitats. The applied ecological indices showed that the different species of colonial birds can have different (stimulatory or inhibitory) impacts on the abundance and diversity of the soil biota, affecting the structure of soil free-living nematodes at the generic, trophic and sexual levels. Moreover, the soil ecosystem in the area of bird activity had a less complex food web, but with higher concentrations of nutrients than the uninhabited control area.
Liquid deposition through evaporation

This paper is associated with a poster winner of a 2018 APS/DFD Gallery of Fluid Motion Award for work presented at the DFD Gallery of Fluid Motion. The original poster is available online at the Gallery of Fluid Motion, https://doi.org/10.1103/APS.DFD.2018.GFM.P0056
FDG dose reduction for PET/MR examinations in patients with Crohn's disease- how low can you go?

166 Introduction: PET/MR is a promising hybrid imaging modality for the evaluation of disease activity in Crohn9s disease. It combines both PET metabolic information, using state-of-the-art high sensitivity digital PET detectors, and MRI high soft tissue contrast resolution, which can be useful in distinguishing fibrotic and inflammatory strictures to help guide treatment. The aim of this study is to determine if reduced-dose PET acquisitions, simulated by a short PET acquisition time, would provide similar diagnostic information to a 5-minute image acquisition. Methods: Twenty patients with Crohn9s disease had PET/MR exams (Signa PET/MR, GE Healthcare) of the abdomen to evaluate bowel disease. Exams were performed using 5mCi (+/- 10%) of FDG and standard PET/MR bowel technique. Simulated low-dose acquisitions of 1, 2, 3 and 4 minutes were reviewed in a random order and compared to a 5-minute image. Two nuclear medicine readers were blinded to the length of each image, and rated the image quality of the bowel and bone marrow using the 5-minute image as the standard reference, using the scale: 1=image quality equal to the 5-minute image; 2=slightly reduced image quality; 3=significantly reduced image quality; 4=non-diagnostic. A score of 1 & 2 indicated image quality was adequate for image interpretation. Results: Nearly all the 3 and 4 minute images were considered to have adequate quality for image interpretation relative to the standard reference 5-minute image (Bowel rated a 1 or 2: (Reader 1: 20/20; Reader 2: 20/20). Bone marrow: (Reader 1: 20/20; Reader 2: 19/20). Ratings for the image quality of the 2-minute images were much lower compared to the standard: Bowel score of 1 or 2: (Reader 1: 7/20; Reader 2: 7/20) Bowel score of 3: (Reader 1: 12/20; Reader 2: 13/20). Bone marrow score of 1 or 2: (Reader 1: 8/20; Reader 2: 8/20). Most ratings for the 1-minute images were considered non-diagnostic for bowel or bone marrow evaluation: Bowel score 4: (Reader 1: 20/20; Reader 2: 19/20). Bone marrow score 4: (Reader 1: 19/20; Reader 2: 18/20). There was a significant difference in the bowel image quality when the 3 and 4 minute acquisitions were compared to the 2-minute acquisitions (p
Dual language programs: questions of access in the state of Arizona

Public schools across the country are increasingly working with children who enter schools speaking a language other than English. Using a case study methodology, the authors examined Dual Language Program (DLP) implementation in Arizona, which by law supports English-only education. Several benefits (bilingualism, bi-literacy, biculturalism, globalization) and challenges (curriculum, teachers, state policy, funding, and lack of access to DLPs for minority language students) are highlighted from stakeholder perspectives. Participants in this study described the paradox of excluding ELLs from dual language programs as inefficient, unnecessary, and wrong. Taking Interest Convergence as a theoretical framework to understand the Arizona context regarding English-only education, this study raises implications for research and practice.
Regulating Generic Ophthalmologic Drug Bioequivalence-Envisioning Accessibility for Patients.

New, brand-name, ophthalmology drug products are developed, investigated, and submitted for marketing approval through premarket interactions with the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). These drug applications for novel drugs are reviewed by FDA for safety and effectiveness before being allowed on the market. Many brand-name drugs are allowed a period of marketing exclusivity and/or have patent protections that can delay generic competition. When these exclusivity periods or patents expire or are challenged (in the case of patents), generic competitors may then market equivalent products, as allowed by U.S. law (eg, Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act, often referred to as "the Hatch-Waxman Act"). To be approved as a therapeutic equivalent, a generic product must demonstrate that it is both pharmaceutically equivalent and bioequivalent to the brand-name drug product, which can involve innovative analytical methods and study designs. To facilitate generic drug assessment and approval, the FDA has negotiated the Generic Drug User Fee Amendments (GDUFA) program that funds a rigorous generic drug development program that includes pre-Abbreviated New Drug Application (pre-ANDA) correspondence and meetings, targeted bioequivalence research, and publication of product-specific guidances (PSGs) to support generic drug research and development for manufacturers interested in developing generic drugs for the U.S. market. FDA's regulatory practices include the monitoring of quality and postapproval adverse events of all marketed products, including those for use in and around the eyes.
Genetic complexity of chronic myelomonocytic leukemia.

In recent years CMML has received increased attention as the most commonly observed MDS/MPN overlap syndrome. Renewed interest has occurred in part due to widespread adoption of next-generation seq...
Develando el Currículo Integrado. Representaciones Sociales que en relación al Currículo Integrado habitan en profesores y profesoras de una escuela que practica la integración curricular.

La presente experiencia de investigacion tuvo como objetivo develar las representaciones sociales que existen en el conjunto de profesores de una escuela que practica estrategias y disenos de un Curriculo Integrado. Se trata de un estudio de caso que pretende significar el esfuerzo de una comunidad por construir aprendizajes que asuman visiones de complejidad y globalidad y no una mirada parcelada de la realidad. En la busqueda de comprender el sentido colectivo que tiene la Integracion Curricular se instala como diseno metodologico el analisis relacional de los resultados de un grupo de discusion, las opiniones derivadas de entrevistas semiestructuradas con el hacer practico que vive la unidad educativa investigada. Los principales hallazgos aportan al tema en discusion, la debilidad del sustento teorico de quienes emprenden la tarea de integrar y el origen intuitivo de su base argumentativa. De igual forma, se evidencia como resultado las motivaciones que hacen perseverar en esta dinamica de trabajo frente a las resistencias que la cultura escolar sigue imponiendo a practicas pedagogicas emancipado
Impact analysis of traffic loading on pavement performance using support vector regression model

This study aims to use traditional regression model and machine learning method to analyse the impact of traffic loading on pavement performance. Pavement condition data were obtained from pavement...
On the Virtue of Categoricity

A formal theory is categorical if any two of its models are isomorphic, that is, there is a structure-preserving bijection between them. It is natural to think that whether or not categoricity is a virtuous feature of a theory depends on whether we have some antecedent belief that the theory in question describes a unique structure. In this paper, I put forth a purpose-relative framework for assessing the virtuousness of a metamathematical property. According to this framework, whether categoricity (or any other property) is virtuous depends more deeply on what we take the purpose or function of formal theories to be. I then develop one important purpose we would like theories to serve which I call the instrumentalist conception of formal theories. I argue that given this instrumentalist conception, categoricity is best understood as having somewhat limited virtue, and that, in contrast, uncountable categoricity is highly virtuous.
Turning the lights on to keep them in the fold: How governments preempt secession attempts:

There are many regions that meet the necessary conditions for sovereign governance in the world, but few secessionist conflicts. I argue that this relative paucity of secessionist violence is the r...
Left Ventricular Outflow Tract: Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome

Hypoplastic left heart syndrome includes various lesions that ultimately result in a small left ventricle along with the underdeveloped aortic and mitral valves, as such the left ventricle cannot handle systemic circulation. It is a severe form of congenital heart defect with 100% fatality without treatment in the neonatal period. Multidisciplinary team-based approaches along with technical advances in staged surgeries to achieve single ventricular circulation have improved survival for this otherwise lethal condition. Knowledge of unique hemodynamics associated with Fontan physiology is necessary for appropriate management of this population and to address potential complications. Cardiac CT is being increasingly used after single-ventricle palliation in patients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome.
Examining the Neurocognitive Basis of Applied Creativity in Entrepreneurs and Managers

Creativity and innovation lie at the heart of design thinking. Understanding how creativity is manifested in the brain is perhaps one of the most significant challenges of the twenty-first century. However, most of the previous research in understanding the neural basis of creativity has been limited to examining the neurocognitive basis of creative potential (or ability). Little is known about applied creativity in business (i.e., entrepreneurial creativity). At its core, entrepreneurship requires harnessing the power of a creative idea through discovery, evaluation, organization, and management to a final product/business. A design thinking mindset has been considered an essential component of successful entrepreneurship. In this study, we aim to better understand the cognitive basis of applied creativity in business by examining differences in entrepreneurs’ neuropsychological profile as compared to that of matched (on age, gender, and socioeconomic status) administrators/managers. Our ongoing work could have a broad impact on the fields of academia and industry. The knowledge generated from this project may provide a cornerstone in how we train (or design) the next generation of entrepreneurs and managers.