cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Micro-analysis of noticing: a lens on prospective teachers’ trajectories of learning to notice

Micro-analysis of noticing is introduced as a method to analyze prospective teacher noticing, one that privileges the high variation exhibited by novice learners. The intent was to understand how prospective teachers’ noticing moments suggest trajectories within and across whole-class discussions. We also focused on how prospective teachers’ responses suggest individual trajectories of noticing in these discussions. We examined prospective teachers’ engagement with a videocase curriculum in a mathematics content course in a teacher preparation program in the US. We contrast prospective teachers’ development of noticing using commonly employed analytic methods in noticing research and discuss the limitations of these methods for characterizing prospective (novice) teacher development of noticing. Findings illustrate how a micro-analysis of noticing as an analytic method illuminates nuanced patterns of prospective teacher noticing in their development of learning to notice in both whole-class and individual scenarios.
AN ANALYTICAL STUDY OF THE CURRENT SITUATION OF THE PRODUCTION OF THE MAIN CITRUS VARIETIES IN EGYPT

citrus is the most Important Fruit in old Lands. The main objective of the research is to shed light on the production of citrus varieties in old lands to meet the limitation of land and water resources. The study showed that the total production of oranges in old lands increased by annual rate 1.24%, that because the increasing in productivity per feddan annually which was than 1% during the period (2010-2012). The study also indicated that production of navel oranges increased in annual rate 2.9%, that’s because of the increasing in both the fruitful area, and the productivity per feddan in annual rate 1.94%, and less than 1% respectively during the same period. This has proven to be statistical significant of this increase. The total cost of production of citrus per feddan in old lands estimated in about L.E 1404 thousand distributed between variable cost 74%, and rent 26% during the period (2010-2012) wages of human labour about represented about 89%, of the cost of agricultural labour which estimated in about L.E 4985 during the same period. Concerning the establishment new of farms of citrus in new lands is very costly which estimated about L.E 20 thousand per feddan . The net returns per feddan of citrus varieties were estimated in addalya lime about L.E9872, and sour lime about L.E 7694 during the period 2010-2012The paper concluded with the following recommendations” 1- Reducing citrus varieties cultivated area which has not achieved the merit of productivity . 2- Expanding the cultivated area of citrus varieties which achieving high profit& ability such as addalya lime governorates Bhera and Kafr-Elsheikh . 3- Reduce the cost of production of citrus per feddan in old lands by replacement machinery labour whith human labour. 4- the establishment new farms of citrus in the new lands ,by providing individual investors with loans from PBDAC or from the social fund for facing the high cost of production with suitable interest rate for increasing the production. 5- Issuing laws by the ministry of agriculture and ministry of irrigation to prevent planting the citrus varieties which achieved losses. because these citrus varieties need a high quantity of water and replacement of other agricultural rotation field crops, such as wheat and maize, and sugar beets which save water use.
Redirected entanglements in the digital supply chain

The supply chain is not just a metaphor for the production of the modern world, it is the very means through which that world is made material. Through the careful coordination of bodies and materi...
Synthesis, Characterization, and Non-Covalent Interactions of Palladium(II)-Amino Acid Complexes

The reaction of palladium(II) acetate with acyclic amino acids in acetone/water yields square planar bis-chelated palladium amino acid complexes that exhibit interesting non-covalent interactions. In all cases, complexes were examined by multiple spectroscopic techniques, especially HRMS (high resolution mass spectrometry), IR (infrared spectroscopy), and 1H NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) spectroscopy. In some cases, suitable crystals for single crystal X-ray diffraction were able to be grown and the molecular structure was obtained. The molecular geometries of the products are discussed. Except for the alanine complex, all complexes incorporate water molecules into the extended lattice and exhibit N-H···O and/or O···(HOH)···O hydrogen bonding interactions. The non-covalent interactions are discussed in terms of the extended lattice structures exhibited by the structures.
Associations of mode of administration on cannabis consumption and subjective intoxication in daily life.

OBJECTIVE As cannabis products are becoming increasingly available and young adults are increasingly using vaporizers to consume cannabis, there is a need to understand how this population is using different modes of administration and the extent to which specific modes are associated with differential cannabis use outcomes. Toward this end, the current study characterized predictors of cannabis mode of administration and examined how consumption levels and subjective intoxication vary as a function of mode of administration in daily life. METHOD Participants were 106 young adult cannabis and heavy alcohol users (51% female) who completed up to 14 daily diaries (n = 1,405 person days). Each day, participants reported whether they used any cannabis and, if any, which mode(s) were used, number of hits used per mode, overall subjective intoxication, and the socio-environmental context in which they used cannabis. RESULTS Across all cannabis use days, Bong-Only and Vape-Only days were the most common, followed by Multimode, Joint-, Pipe-, and Blunt-Only days. Participants reporting a greater proportion of cannabis use days were more likely to report Bong-Only and Multimode days than Vape-Only days. Compared to Vape-Only days, participants reported fewer hits on Bong-Only days and more hits on Blunt-Only, Pipe-Only, and Multimode days. Participants felt more intoxicated on Bong-Only days than Vape-Only days. CONCLUSIONS Mode-specific associations with cannabis consumption and subjective intoxication levels suggest assessing modes of administration may be a meaningful way to guide individual and public health intervention efforts. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
A SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant outbreak on airplane: Vaccinated air passengers are more protected than unvaccinated.

In-fight transmission of SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant could occur on airplane, and close contact is the main mode of transmission. Vaccination still protects against the Delta variant transmission.
An application based comparison of statistical versus deep learning approaches to reciprocating compressor valve condition monitoring

This paper presents a vibration-based condition monitoring approach for early assessment of valve wear in an industrial reciprocating compressor. Valve seat wear is a common fault mode that is caused by repeated impact and accelerated by chatter. Seeded faults consistent with valve seat wear are installed on the head-side discharge valves of a Dresser-Rand ESH-1 industrial reciprocating compressor. Due to the cyclostationary nature of these units a time-frequency analysis is employed where targeted crank angle positions can isolate externally mounted, non-invasive, vibration measurements. A region-of-interest (ROI) is then extracted from the time-frequency analysis and used to train a suitably sized convolutional neural network (CNN). The proposed deep learning method is then compared against a similarly trained discriminant classifier using the same ROIs where features are extracted using texture and shape image statistics. Both methods achieve > 90% success with the CNN classification strategy nearing a perfect result.
Evaluation of maximum-likelihood (ML) and geometric-mean (GM) based planar quantification using patient data

87 Objectives Estimating organ activities is essential in targeted radionuclide therapy treatment planning. We have previously developed the Quantitative Planar (QPlanar) processing method for quantifying organ activities from planar images. This method uses ML activity estimation, but assumes a uniform background and perfect registration of 3D organ VOIs and the planar images. To improve on these assumptions we have developed an extended QPlanar method which estimates multiple background regions from thresholded SPECT images and includes ML-based estimation of VOI registration parameters. In this work, we evaluated this method in comparison to GM-based methods using 10 sets of 111In-Zevalin patient data. Methods For each patient, SPECT/CT (24 hr after administration (AA)) and 5 planar (0, 5, 24, 72 and 144 hr AA) images were acquired. The 3D organ VOIs for heart, lung, liver, kidney and spleen were defined from SPECT/CT images. The region outside these VOIs was defined as the background VOI. The proposed method was applied to estimate organ activities from the 5 planar images. The error in the organ activity estimate from the 24 hr planar images was evaluated for the new and GM-based methods by comparing with activity estimates from quantitative SPECT reconstructions. The truth was not known at other time points, but we compared goodness of fit with the measured projections for standard and the extended QPlanar methods. Results The new method produced smaller errors at the 24 hr time point, with errors less than 6% (heart), 10% (liver) and 12% (spleen) for the ML-based method and 52% (heart), 25% (liver) and 32% (spleen) for the GM-based method. Better fits to the measured data were observed for the new method compared to standard QPlanar. Conclusions These data suggest, using patient data, that the extended QPlanar quantification method is superior and may be a clinically practical alternative to GM-based planar quantification
Multifunctional hierarchical nanocomposite laminates for automotive/aerospace applications

The development of multifunctional hierarchical nanocomposites (MHNs) for automotive and aerospace applications is explained in this chapter. This chapter first explains the developments of nanocomposites (nanoresins) where a matrix material is reinforced by various nanomaterials such as nanoparticles, nanoclays, nanofibers, nanotubes, and/or nanosheets. Second, it explains the developments of hierarchical nanocomposites, where the nanoresins, instead of pure resins, are used for the manufacture of composite materials. Third, it explains the developments of MHNs, where the fiber structure is reinforced by the in situ growth of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) nanoforests on their surfaces. The resulting CNT-grown fibers are used with a resin system to produce MHNs. In this case, alternatively, the CNT nanoforests can also be grown separately on a substrate, be removed from the substrates, and be interleaved in-between the layers of the composite laminates. Finally, multiscale MHNs are explained, where both of the composite constituent materials, i.e., the fiber and the matrix, are reinforced by nanomaterials first and are then combined to produce super-performing nanocomposites. The multifunctionality of the systems is explained in each section.
The Endovascular Treatment of Acute Ischemic Stroke

The treatment of acute ischemic stroke has advanced greatly in the last decade. Currently, intravenous tissue plasminogen activator, intra-arterial recombinant pro-urokinase, and mechanical embolectomy have all been shown to be effective in treating acute ischemic stroke patients. This endovascular treatment remains very complex, and operators need to continuously balance between the drive to achieve rapid recanalization and the risk of intracranial bleeding.
Directing a Clinical Training Program: A Task Analysis

Publisher Summary This chapter provides a detailed task analysis of the directors of clinical training (or DCTs) position. DCTs oversee the development, implementation, and evaluation of a systematic educational program designed to educate clinical psychologists. Usually these programs are housed either in a department of psychology or in a free-standing or university-based professional school setting, and offer either a doctor of philosophy or doctor of psychology degree. DCTs plan and oversee faculty recruitment and retention; graduate student recruitment, retention, advising, and tracking; accreditation site visits and reports; and program and curriculum development and evaluation. They are also responsible for materials that describe the program, such as catalog descriptions and recruitment materials. Often they are responsible for producing or revising a graduate student handbook, which describes the program, its policies, and procedures in detail. Some DCTs manage budgets related to the training program and secure clinical placements for students. They also handle student problems and advise graduate students who are having difficulty in the program. Most DCTs have staff reporting to them who assist in the day-to-day administrative tasks of the program.
Alkaline phosphatases of the chicken duodenum: II. Enzymic dissociation of a large phosphatase complex predominant in the duodenum before hatching

Abstract 1. 1.|The duodenal alkaline phosphatase (orthophosphoric monoester phosphohydrolase, EC 3.1.3.1) of the chicken is extracted by n-butanol in the form of a large, butanol-resistant complex (S) and two smaller forms (F1 and F2) that differ in surface sialic acid content. The S-phosphatase can be dissociated into 2 F-like components by trypsin and possibly other proteases. The F-phosphatases thus released appear to be equivalent to native F1 and F2 in electrophoretic mobilities, apparent molecular size, neuraminidase sensitivity, various catalytic properties and heat stability. The results suggest that the S-complex comprises F-phosphatase molecules bound together by a protease-digestible material that may be instrumental in integrating the enzyme into the microvillus membrane. 2. 2.|Embryonic duodenum yields the greater part of its butanol-extractable phosphatase as S-complex, but the reverse is true for the adult. This situation might reflect a difference in proportions of S and F pre-existing in vivo; or it might result from abundant hydrolases in the adult intestine acting to dissociate S-complex in the course of preparation of the tissue. To examine this question, embryonic and adult duodenal fragments were homogenized and/or extracted in combination. The proportion of F-phosphatase appearing in the combined extracts was close to the arithmetical average of the proportions in the component extracts.
An MHC-defined primate model reveals significant rejection of bone marrow after mixed-chimerism induction despite full MHC matching

In murine models, mixed hematopoietic chimerism induction leads to robust immune tolerance. However, translation to primates and to patients has been difficult. In this study, we used a novel MHC-defined rhesus macaque model to examine the impact of MHC matching on the stability of costimulation blockade-/sirolimus-mediated chimerism, and to probe possible mechanisms of bone marrow rejection after nonmyeloablative transplant. Using busulfan-based pretransplant preparation and maintenance immunosuppression with sirolimus, as well as CD28 and CD154 blockade, all recipients demonstrated donor engraftment after transplant. However, the mixed chimerism that resulted was compartmentalized, with recipients demonstrating significantly higher whole blood chimerism compared to T cell chimerism. Thus, the vast majority of T cells presenting posttransplant were recipient—rather than donor-derived. Surprisingly, even in MHC-matched transplants, rejection of donor hematopoiesis predominated after immunosuppression withdrawal. Weaning of immunosuppression was associated with a surge of antigen-experienced T cells, and transplant rejection was associated with the acquisition of donor-directed T cell alloreactivity. These results suggest that a reservoir of alloreactive cells was present despite prior costimulation blockade and sirolimus, and that the postimmunosuppression lymphocytic rebound may have lead to a phenotypic shift in these recipient T cells towards an activated, antigen-experienced phenotype, and ultimately, to transplant rejection.
Scattering of light by coated spheres.

Treatment of the scattering of radiation by a spherical concentric core–shell system as a problem of multiple scattering by two spheres leads to a fuller understanding of the physical processes that produce the scattered fields of such a particle. The problem of scattering from a sphere containing multiple spherical inhomogeneities must, as a special case, be reducible to the problem considered here. Such a reduction leads to an expression of the scattering coefficients of coated spheres solely in terms of the scattering coefficients associated with a homogeneous host and with an isolated core, in agreement with the multiple scattering treatment.
Magnetic studies on the changes in the iron environment in Chromatium ferricytochrome c

Abstract Cytochrome c ′, a heme protein isolated from photosynthetic and denitrifying bacteria, has previously been shown to have unusual chemical and physical properties. EPR and magnetic susceptibility measurements reported here indicate that in the pH range 1–11, the oxidized form of the protein can exist in four magnetically distinguishable states. Reversible transitions between these states can be induced by changing the pH of the protein solution. The two protein states which exist at physiological pH have magnetic properties unlike any other known heme protein. We show that these unique magnetic properties can best be explained by postulating iron electronic states which are quantum mechanical admixtures of an intermediate spin state and a high spin state. The suggestion, previously made, that the unusual magnetic properties of the protein are due to a thermal mixture of high and low spin states, is shown to be inconsistent with the magnetic data. The protein states at pH 1 and 11, though slightly dissimilar in symmetry at the iron site, are both typical ferric high spin states, quite similar in magnetic properties to the acid forms of metmyoglobin and methemoglobin. In the pH range 1–11 small anions are unable to bind to the iron site, indicating the presence of a strong hydrophobic region in the vicinity of the heme. Possible ligand-iron configurations corresponding to the four different protein states are discussed.
Multiple variable factors, demand uncertainty, and the cooperative firm

Abstract It has been shown that the risk averse, cooperative firm producing its output with labor as the only variable input and selling this output in a competitive market will produce more than the cooperative firm operating under condition of certainty. This letter proves that this result may not apply to the case of the cooperative firm facing a stochastic demand and/or employing more than one variable input.
Expected resolution and detectability of adenocarcinoma tumors within human breast in time-resolved images

The prospects for time-resolved optical mammography rests on the ability to detect adenocarcinoma within the breast with sufficient resolution and specificity to compete with X-ray mammography. We characterized the optical properties of an unusually large (6 cm diameter) fresh adenocarcinoma and normal breast tissue (determined by histology to be predominantly adipose tissue) obtained from a patient undergoing mastectomy. Large specimens (5 mm thick and 3 cm wide) allowed the determination of absorption and scattering coefficients and their spatial heterogeneity as probed with a 1 mm diameter laser beam at 633 nm and 800 nm utilizing total reflectance and transmittance measure with integrating spheres. The difference between scattering coefficients of the malignant tumor and those of normal (principally adipose) breast tissue at 633 nm was much greater than the heterogeneity within each sample. This scattering difference is the principal source of contrast, particularly in time-resolved images. However, the high scattering coefficient of normal breast tissue at 633 nm limits the practicality of time-resolved mammography of a human breast compressed to 5 cm. Although the scattering coefficient of the normal breast tissue decreases at 800 nm, the differences between the optical properties of normal and abnormal breast tissue also are reduced. We used these empirical results in theoretical expressions obtained from random walk theory to quantify the expected resolution, contrast, and the detected intensity of 3, 6, and 9 mm tumors within otherwise homogeneous human breasts as a function of the gating-time of time-resolved optical mammography.
A Nonsense Mutation in MSX1 Causes Witkop Syndrome

Witkop syndrome, also known as tooth and nail syndrome (TNS), is a rare autosomal dominant disorder. Affected individuals have nail dysplasia and several congenitally missing teeth. To identify the gene responsible for TNS, we used candidate-gene linkage analysis in a three-generation family affected by the disorder. We found linkage between TNS and polymorphic markers surrounding the MSX1 locus. Direct sequencing and restriction-enzyme analysis revealed that a heterozygous stop mutation in the homeodomain of MSX1 cosegregated with the phenotype. In addition, histological analysis of Msx1-knockout mice, combined with a finding of Msx1 expression in mesenchyme of developing nail beds, revealed that not only was tooth development disrupted in these mice, but nail development was affected as well. Nail plates in Msx1-null mice were defective and were thinner than those of their wild-type littermates. The resemblance between the tooth and nail phenotype in the human family and that of Msx1-knockout mice strongly supports the conclusions that a nonsense mutation in MSX1 causes TNS and that Msx1 is critical for both tooth and nail development.
Multiple disc gel bands of mitochondrial creatine and adenylate kinases.

— The activities and electrophoretic patterns of creatine and adenylate kinases in the mitochondrial and high speed supernatant fractions of adult mouse brain were determined. Approximately 22 per cent of the activities of both kinases is firmly bound to the mitochondria. On acrylamide gel electrophoresis of creatine kinase, in addition to the major band previously described, there were several other bands found. Although present in both the mitochondrial and supernatant fractions these additional protein bands with creatine kinase activity were significantly more intense in the mitochondrial fraction. There was only onesecondary band of adenylate kinase activity in the mitochondrial fraction but additional bands were found in the soluble fraction.
Effects of pressure and ambient species on the orientational ordering in solid C60.

The effects of hydrostatic pressure on the orientational ordering transition in solid C[sub 60] were investigated using helium, nitrogen, and a 50/50 (by volume) mixture of normal and isopentanes as pressure-transmitting media. The different observed responses in these media and for different samples, as well as some irreversible pressure cycling effects, have provided much insight into the ordering process. Highlights of the work include the following: (1) Lattice compression hinders the librational motion of the C[sub 60] molecules in the low-temperature simple cubic (sc) phase, thereby increasing [ital T][sub [ital c]] and stabilizing the sc phase; the effect is large; (2) the pressure dependence of [ital T][sub [ital c]], along with the accurately known volume change at the transition, yield 1.7 kcal/mole and 6.5 cal/K mole for the latent heat and discontinuous change in entropy, respectively, associated with the transition; (3) [ital T][sub [ital c]] and its pressure dependence are influenced by the presence of ambient species in the interstitial lattice sites. Helium appears to diffuse readily into the lattice, whereas N[sub 2] (and O[sub 2]) diffuse less rapidly and occupy octahedral sites; (4) a two-peak structure in differential thermal analysis spectra (also reported in specific-heat measurements) was observed andmore » is believed to be due to the partial occupation of the octahedral sites by species such as N[sub 2] or O[sub 2]; (5) solid C[sub 60] reacts'' with pentane at pressures [ge] 14 kbar and temperatures [gt]475 K to yield an irreversible C[sub 60]/pentane complex similar to that obtained by the cocrystallization of C[sub 60] and normal pentane at 1 bar. These results are discussed in terms of proposed models.« less
Hybridization between Triodanis perfoliata and Triodanis biflora (Campanulaceae)

Experimental hybridizations betweenTriodanis biflora (Ruiz & Pavon) Greene andT. perfoliata (L.) Nieuwland result in vigorous offspring in the F1 and F2 generations as well as in backcrosses. Field studies of natural populations indicate a gradient between the two taxa with many individuals resembling the experimental hybrids. A partial isolating mechanism due to cleistogamy inT. biflora enables plants of that morph to be easily identified.Triodanis biflora is reduced toT. perfoliata var.biflora (Ruiz & Pavon) Bradley, comb. nov.
Quantitative assay of erythrocyte "free" and zinc-protoporphyrin: clinical and genetic studies.

Abstract 1. 1. Two new procedures are described for the quantitative assay of “free” and zinc-protoporphyrin in red blood cells. 2. 2. Major clinical findings have included the following: (i) An average of about 10% of the total erythrocyte protoporphyrin is “free” in normal humans, but about one-third or more is usually “free” in blood of normal cows, rats and rabbits, (ii) In addition to human and bovine protoporphyria, “free” protoporphyrin was increased in (a) genetic carriers (clinically normal) of bovine protoporphyria, (b) acute Pb poisoning, and (c) some patients undergoing dialysis, (iii) Significant amounts of zinc-coproporphyrin were found in the blood of several dialyzed patients and in some “normal” cows.
Recognition of spatial dynamics for predicting social interaction

We present a user study and dataset designed and collected to analyze how humans use space in face-to-face interactions. In a proof-of-concept investigation into human spatial dynamics, a Hidden Markov Model (HMM) was trained over a subset of features to recognize each of three interaction cues - initiation, acceptance, and termination - in both dyadic and triadic scenarios; these cues are useful in predicting transitions into, during, and out of multi-party social encounters. It is shown that the HMM approach performed twice as well as a weighted random classifier, supporting the feasibility of recognizing and predicting social behavior based on spatial features.
Orthopaedic fellowship selection criteria: a survey of fellowship directors.

Background: The pursuit of a fellowship has become increasingly popular over the past several years, with >90% of graduating orthopaedic residents applying for a fellowship position. Despite the ample literature available pertaining to the selection of orthopaedic residents, there is no similar research for the selection of fellows. Methods: Four hundred and fifteen of 475 orthopaedic fellowship program directors in the United States were surveyed on selection criteria used to choose fellows. The survey asked fellowship directors to rank the importance of various criteria on a Likert scale of 1 through 5 points (with 1 point denoting most important and 5 points denoting least important). Results: The overall response rate was 193 (46.5%) of 415 orthopaedic fellowship program directors. The most important criteria in selecting an applicant for an interview were a letter of recommendation from subspecialty faculty (1.38 points), quality of residency program (2.02 points), and a letter of recommendation from the residency program director (2.12 points). The most important criteria in completing the rank order list following the interview were the interview (1.17 points), a letter of recommendation from subspecialty faculty (1.46 points), a letter of recommendation from the residency program director (2.16 points), and expressed interest in program (2.16 points).
Low-chirp cascaded multiple quantum well vertical light modulator

A new cascaded multiple quantum well (MQW) vertical light modulator with low output phase shift characteristics is proposed. In the proposed structure, one of the cascaded MQW modulator is used as a light switch and the other MQW modulator is used as a phase compensator to offset output phase shift. We modeled the performance of the proposed modulator in which GaAs/AlGaAs MQW waveguide segments were positioned outside the main waveguide composed of AlGaAs material. Calculations based on beam propagation method (BPM) show that the proposed modulator has an output phase shift as low as 0.35 radian for 15 dB attenuation with a total device length as short as 300 micrometers for TE single-mode operation at wavelength of 800 nm.
Octamolybdate subunits as building blocks in the hydrothermal synthesis of organically templated mixed metal oxides: the synthesis and X-ray characterization of [Cu2Mo4O13(3,3'-bipy)2].H2O, [CuMo4O13(Hdipyreth)], and [Cu(dpp)]2[Cu2(α-Mo8O26)(dpp)2].2H2O (3,3'-bipy = 3,3'-bipyridine;dipyreth = 1,2-bis(2-pyridyl)ethylene; dpp = 4,4'-trimethylenedipyridine)

Abstract The hydrothermal reactions of MoO3, an appropriate Cu(II) source, and a dipodal nitrogen donor ligand yielded a series of bimetallic oxides [Cu2Mo4O13(3,3′-bipy)2]·H2O (1·H2O), [CuMo4O13(Hdipyreth)] (2), and [Cu(dpp)]2[Cu2(α-Mo8O26)(dpp)2]·2H2O (3·2H2O). (3,3′-bipy=3,3′-bipyridine; dipyreth=1,2-bis(2-pyridyl)ethylene; dpp=4,4′-trimethylenedipyridine). The materials 1·H2O and 2 are constructed from octamolybdate clusters linked through copper-ligand subunits, while 3·2H2O exhibits fused octamolybdate building blocks in a two-dimensional molybdate chain.
Articulatory and phonological aspects of consonant substitutions in apraxia of speech.

Summary The articulatory and distinctive features in 825 consonant substitutions produced by nine subjects with apraxia of speech were analyzed. The articulatory and distinctive features of the target consonants were retained beyond chance levels. The substitution patterns observed were very systematic in that more substitutions were made in the initial word position and stops, alveolars, and voiced consonants were used most often as substitutes for target consonants. The retention and usage of the features in the substitutions were closely related to the phonological markedness of the features. Most of the markedness changes were from marked-to-unmarked. The relationships between distinctive features and their markedness suggest that apraxia of speech is primarily a phonological disorder that is manifested in articulatoriy changes. It appears therefore that speakers with apraxia of speech systematically reduce linguistic complexity and simplify the production of consonants. In addition, the substitutions made in apraxia of speech are similar to those made by children.
No Gain, No Pain: Ethics and the Genomic Revolution:

The mapping of the human genome and scientific discoveries regarding genetic contributions to disease hold great promise for the prevention and treatment of an array of conditions. Social workers and other professionals must keep abreast of these developments and the ethical dimensions of such progress. Familiar ethical provisions such as confidentiality, informed consent, self-determination, and social justice take on new meaning in light of innovations in genetic science. This article reviews ethical issues and practice implications emerging from advances in genetics knowledge, and it suggests mechanisms for continuing professional development and involvement in this important area.
Transport of a passive solute by surfactant-driven flows

Abstract A localized insoluble monolayer of nonuniform concentration on the free surface of a thin viscous fluid layer will, through the generation of surface-tension gradients, drive a shear flow causing the monolayer to spread and inducing large deformations of the free surface of the liquid layer. An existing model of surfactant-driven flows, based on lubrication theory, is extended here to incorporate the transport of a passive solute and absorption of the solute at the wall beneath the liquid layer. A combination of numerical and averaging techniques are employed, appropriate to a wide range of solute diffusivities, time scales and absorption rates. It is shown that diffusion of the solute across the liquid layer causes the solute to be advected on average more slowly than the surfactant, because the solute is carried into regions moving more slowly than the surfactant, because the solute is carried into regions moving more slowly than the fluid at the free surface; diffusion along the layer may overwhelm advection in certain circumstances, however. Because of the flow-induced deformation of the liquid layer depth, absorption at the lower boundary, if it occurs, does so in a spatially nonuniform manner. The results have implications for techniques of pulmonary drug delivery and flow visualization.
Nanoscale heat transfer: Single hot contacts.

Measurements of heat transport across polished nanoscale contacts formed between the tip of a scanning thermal microscope and a surface support the notion that their true contact area consists of discrete atomic contact points.
The Efficiency of Half-mouth Examinations in Estimating the Prevalence of Periodontal Disease

Several studies, including the NIDR 1985 national survey of working adults, have used periodontal examinations of only two quadrants of the mouth to estimate the prevalence of periodontal conditions. To investigate the efficiency of half-mouth periodontal examinations, I compared the results from the examination of all teeth in a sample of 477 dentate elderly people with scores that would have been obtained if randomly selected pairs of quadrants had been examined instead. In this elderly dentate population, relatively little information would have been lost if diagonal half-mouth or same-side half-mouth scores instead of whole-mouth scores had been used to estimate the number or proportion of teeth with periodontal conditions. However, the proportion of people with the less prevalent conditions, i.e., deep pocketing and mobility, was underestimated slightly. Slightly less efficiency was also noted for the less prevalent conditions. These findings suggest that half-mouth recording may be useful for preval...
A New Kind of Beer Bottle Mouth Defect Recognition Method Based on Vision

According to the beer bottle mouth defect recognition problem on modern production line, a new recognition method based on the combination the Hough Transform and the Midpoint circle algorithm was put forward. Firstly, extract edge pixels on beer bottle mouth mage and transform them into Hough space, which was to draw circles at each pixel location with bottle mouth radius. According to the circular symmetry, only 1/8 circle pixels were needed to draw circles, which were worked out by the Midpoint Circle Algorithm. The circles there overlapped each other to vote. Secondly, took the position with the highest votes as the center of bottle mouth and determined the bottle circular area. Divided the area into regions. Finally, count out the number of image pixels in each region and recognition beer bottle defect. In this paper detailed implementation steps with detection results were given. Experiments and its analysis shows: the algorithm can recognition beer bottle mouth defect correctly and quickly.
Reply regarding Starreveld scoring method and constipation

Sir, We thank Prof. Wiwanitkit for his comments on our article “Starreveld scoring method in diagnosing paediatric constipation”. Regarding the first question we indeed used strict criteria to diagnose children with functional constipation (Iowa criteria) and made an effort to distinguish these children from those who have functional nonretentive faecal incontinence (FNRFI) and functional abdominal pain (FAP), using the at that time valid Rome II criteria [1]. According to the Rome II criteria, constipation in these conditions (FNRFI and FAP) is ruled out and therefore their abdominal radiographs were used as controls [2]. Regarding the second question we indeed used four observers. Although in most reports three raters are used we used four raters to cover the complete range of experience in rating abdominal radiographs (student, radiology fellow, radiologist and paediatric radiologist). We are not aware of statistical hurdles in this respect. Differences in experience do indeed result in different repeated scoring; however in our investigation, to our surprise, the student did best. The student was trained to apply the Starreveld score on two occasions; the other raters used the score on a basis “as described”. Finally, regarding the third question, Prof. Wiwanitkit could be right; however, our groups will become too small to give a statistically sound and definite answer.
Optimal functional forms for estimation of missing precipitation data.

A fixed functional set genetic algorithm method (FFSGAM) is proposed and is investigated in the current study to obtain optimal functional forms for estimating missing precipitation data. The FFSGAM provides functional forms with optimal combination of parameters of surrogate and actual measures of strength of correlation among observations for estimating missing data. The method uses genetic algorithms and a nonlinear optimization formulation to obtain optimal functional forms and coefficients, respectively. Historical daily precipitation data available from 15 rain gaging stations from the state of Kentucky, USA, are used to test the functional forms and derive conclusions about the efficacy of the proposed method for estimating missing precipitation data. The tests of FFSGAM at two rainfall gaging stations in Kentucky, using multiple error and performance indices, indicate that better estimates of precipitation can be obtained compared to those from a traditional inverse distance weighting technique. Also, results from the use of the method confirm its robustness when only six rain gaging stations out of 14 were used for estimating missing data.
Conference Report: Better Understanding Your Users

Purpose – To describe new features covered in the earlier papers of the Special Libraries Association joint conference and reach a larger interested constituency. Design/methodology/approach – Details of the poster sessions with meaningful discussion. Findings – Informs readers in an entirely web‐based format for presentation the chemistry, physics, astronomy, mathematics and science/technology divisions of the Special Libraries Association joint conference that updated papers presented a year before at the Annual Conference. Originality/value – Provides information of value to professional librarians who probably did not attend original session. Great impact for new members.
Medicolegal liability in laboratory medicine

The laboratory testing process, including the preanalytic, analytic, and postanalytic phases, is an area where errors frequently occur. These errors may impair the diagnostic process and compromise patient safety. Delay in diagnosis and failure to diagnose are common reasons for a medicolegal action. It is estimated that over 70% of medical decisions are made using laboratory data. For this reason, the laboratory is often involved either directly or indirectly in medical liability cases. The laboratory and hospital need to design systems that reduce the possibility of error and to rapidly identify and resolve the errors that do occur. Because the pre- and postanalytic processes extend into the clinical operations of the hospital, the laboratory can play an important role in promoting patient safety by assisting clinicians with test ordering, communicating test results appropriately, and aiding in the interpretation of results.
Sweet and sour preferences during childhood : role of early experiences

We investigated the effects of early experience on sweet and sour preferences in children. Eighty-three children were divided into four groups based on the type of formula fed during infancy and age. By using a forced-choice, sip-and-swallow procedure, we determined the level of sweetness and sourness preferred in juice. Children who were fed protein hydrolysate formulas, which have a distinctive sour and bitter taste and unpleasant odor, preferred higher levels of citric acid in juice when compared to older children who were fed similar formulas. No such difference was observed between the groups for sweet preference. However, the level of sweetness preferred in juice was related to the sugar content of the child's favorite cereal and whether the mother routinely added sugar to their foods. These data illustrate the wide variety of experiential factors that can influence flavor preferences during childhood.
Laparoscopic antireflux surgery in the elderly

Background: Laparoscopic antireflux surgery is frequently denied to older patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) because of a perceived higher operative complication rate, a decreased impact of the intervention on quality of life, and decreased cost effectiveness. This study compares disease severity, surgical outcomes, and impact on quality of life between elderly and young patients with GERD. Methods: Patients were selected from a prospectively maintained database of 1100 patients who underwent various laparoscopic esophageal procedures at our institution. Only patients having chronic intractable GERD and a minimum 6 months' follow-up were included in the study. Thirty elderly patients with a mean age of 71.2 years (SD ± 5.6) were compared with a group of 30 younger patients (mean age, 43.9 ± 12.8 years). Comparisons were made between subjective and objective outcomes, operative results, and health-related quality of life (HQRL) scores using SF-36 instruments. Results: The preoperative symptom assessment scores (representing frequency of symptoms on a 0-4 scale), and preoperative pH and manometry data were comparable in the two groups. Elderly patients had significantly higher ASA (American Society of Anesthesiologists) scores. Each group demonstrated a significant improvement in the postoperative symptom assessment scores and the esophageal functional studies (p<0.05). However, no significant differences were found in terms of postoperative complications, postoperative hospital stay, postoperative symptom scores, Demeester scores, or the HRQL data. Conclusion: Laparoscopic antireflux surgery in elderly patients improves acid reflux and appears to be safe and effective as measured by postoperative testing in elderly and young patients.
Linking nutrient enrichment and streamflow to macrophytes in agricultural streams

Efforts to limit plant growth in streams by reducing nutrients would benefit from an understanding of the relative influences of nutrients, streamflow, light, and other potentially important factors. We measured macrophytes, benthic algae, nutrients in water and sediment, discharge, and shading from 30 spring-fed or runoff-influenced streams in the upper Snake River basin, ID, USA. We hypothesized that in hydrologically stable, spring-fed streams with clear water, macrophyte and benthic algae biomass would be a function of bioavailable nutrients in water or sediments, whereas in hydrologically dynamic, runoff-influenced streams, macrophyte and benthic algae biomass would further be constrained by flow disturbance and light. These hypotheses were only partly supported. Nitrogen, both in sediment and water, was positively correlated with macrophyte biomass, as was loosely sorbed phosphorus (P) in sediment. However, P in water was not. Factors other than nutrient enrichment had the strongest influences on macrophyte species composition. Benthic algal biomass was positively correlated with loosely sorbed sediment P, lack of shade, antecedent water temperatures, and bicarbonate. These findings support the measurement of bioavailable P fractions in sediment and flow histories in streams, but caution against relying on macrophyte species composition or P in water in nutrient management strategies for macrophytes in streams.
Progress in Speech Decoding from the Electrocorticogram

Recent advances in neuroimaging methods have improved our ability to explore the neurological processes underlying speech and language. As a result of these investigations, it is now possible to decode aspects of speech directly from neural activity toward the development of neuroprosthetic devices for individuals with severe neuromuscular and communication disorders. Much of what is known about the neural correlates of speech articulation and perception is based on lesion and cortical electrical stimulation studies, as well as modern non-invasive neuroimaging. Though extremely important to the current understanding of brain function, traditional neuroimaging methods are primarily limited by the spatial and temporal resolution of the imaging technique. Electrical activity measured from the cortex, or electrocorticography (ECoG), offers several advantages over other neuroimaging modalities for characterization and real-time decoding of brain activity. Specifically, ECoG is well-suited for the study of speech and language owing to its unique spatial and temporal resolution capabilities that allow it to accurately capture the fast-changing dynamics of the large cortical networks underlying speech processing. This review presents the current progress of ECoG-based speech characterization and decoding studies, including an overview of prior neuroimaging studies, ECoG representations of speech production and perception, and a discussion of future directions.
Evidence indicates that cochlear implantation in children with auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder results in favorable outcomes; however, the quality of evidence is weak

This review provides a summary and appraisal commentary on the treatment review by Humphriss, R., Hall, A., Maddocks, J., Macleod, J., Sawaya, K., & Midgley, E. (2013). Does cochlear implantation improve speech recognition in children with auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder? A systematic review. International Journal of Audiology, 52, 442–454.Source of funding and declaration of interests: Authors (RH, JM, and EM) declared association within a cochlear implant program in the United Kingdom.