cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Maudsley Reactive and Nonreactive Strains: A New Perspective

Research on the Maudsley Reactive and Maudsley Nonreactive strains conducted primarily between 1980 and 2001 is reviewed. One line of research, which has found consistent differences between the Harrington derivation of the Maudsley Reactive (MR/Har) and Maudsley Nonreactive (MNRA/Har) strains in conflict situations, appears to support the traditional view of the two strains as representing models of global differences in emotionality. In contrast, comparisons of the two strains in two commonly used tests that involve a component of fear either do not reveal differences between the strains (escape-avoidance conditioning) or are inconsistent in expression (elevated plus maze). Emphasis is placed on the importance of recognizing that most of the phenotypic differences discovered among selected inbred strains, including the Maudsleys, will inevitably be unrelated to the original selection criterion, but that many of these phenotypic differences will have their own intrinsic interest. For example, the fact that, relative to MNRA/Har, two bottle ethanol preference is greater in MR/Har rats and that MR/Har rats exhibit greater exploration of novel stimuli when these are presented in a familiar environment may have little to do with the hypothesized differences in emotionality among the strains. It is suggested the MR/Har drinking pattern in alcohol preference tests, which is characterized by considerable variability, may complement other models of alcoholism, especially in the investigation of environmental influences which contribute to the variability. In the case of strain differences in response to novelty, this may help explain some of the inconsistencies in findings in the elevated plus maze, which, aside from provoking fear, also contains an important element of novelty. Finally, it has been found that alterations in the peripheral sympathetic nervous system (PSNS) are correlated with strain differences in open-field defecation (OFD) in the Maudsley model, and it has been proposed that the lower OFD of MNRA/Har rats is a direct result of sympathetic inhibition of colonic motility. These strain differences in the PSNS are furthermore associated with important alterations in the response of the central noradrenergic system to acute and chronic stress. It is hypothesized that genes may have influenced PSNS tone by altering CNS structures with descending projections. If the link between low levels of OFD and higher peripheral sympathetic tone is supported by additional experiments, this will force reconsideration of OFD as an index of emotionality.
Laparoscopic Radical Cystectomy With Intracorporeal Urinary Diversion

Laparoscopic cystectomy followed by conventional open urinary diversion has been reported by multiple investigators over the past decade (1-5). However, it was not until laparoscopic reconstructive techniques, mainly intracorporeal free-hand suturing experience, matured that laparoscopic radical cystectomy with urinary diversion performed using intracorporeal techniques exclusively was performed (5-10). Surgical steps of the laparoscopic approach follow the already established principles of oncological surgery with an effort to duplicate open conventional technique.
ON CERTAIN SOLUTIONS OF AN INTEGRODIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the solutions of an integrodifferential equation. Instead of inner product conditions, so-called subtangential conditions can be used for the positive invariance of closed sets in spaces more general than Hilbert spaces, that is, in Banach spaces. For ordinary differential equations in Banach spaces, much work has been done on the positive invariance of closed sets and for delay-differential equations. The chapter presents results for so-called positive, or flow, invariance of closed subsets of a state space for a more general class of delay-differential equations, where the state space X is a real Hilbert space.
Testing Process Theories of Intelligence

A dauntingly complex but necessary research strategy follows from two simple beliefs about intelligence. The first belief is that intelligence develops: behavior becomes increasingly complex and abstractly organized with age. The second belief is that individual differences in intelligence are general: people who perform intelligently in one situation are more likely than people who don’t to perform intelligently in another situation. Given that there are specialized forms of knowledge and specialized modes of thought, it is still true that to be termed intelligent a person must behave in generally effective ways. Despite their simplicity, these two beliefs are universally accepted. The developmental character of intelligence is accepted by process and structural theorists alike; it is accepted by continuity and noncontinuity theorists, by those who do and those who do not subscribe to stage theories, as well as by those who accept the antitheoretical view that intelligence is only what IQ tests measure. The belief that intellectual differences are general can be seen in the functionalist argument that intelligence is adaptability, since adaptability amounts to performing well in diverse situations. It can be seen in the Piagetian argument that an instructional experiment cannot be claimed to have influenced intelligence unless it has changed a wide range of uninstructed behaviors as well as the instructed ones. It can be seen in any standardized test of intelligence, since even the factorially purest tests yield composite IQ or MA scores. The research implications of these two beliefs fall on all who would test theories of intelligence.
Introduction, Evolution, and Application of the Van Nuys Prognostic Index in DCIS

Background In general, patients with ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) are offered breast-conserving treatment (lumpectomy with radiation) versus mastectomy. Given the varying presentations of DCIS as well as the broad biologic spectrum of disease, many investigators have, over time, sought to identify subgroups of patients who could potentially have surgical resection alone as the definitive means of treatment, thus sparing the patient from radiation and its associated risks.
Analysis of the structural and mechanical effects of procoagulant agents on neonatal fibrin networks following cardiopulmonary bypass.

Essentials The standard of care (SOC) for treating neonatal bleeding is transfusion of adult blood products. We compared neonatal clots formed with cryoprecipitate (SOC) to two procoagulant therapies. The current SOC resulted in clots with increased stiffness and decreased fibrinolytic properties. Procoagulant therapies may be a viable alternative to SOC treatment for neonatal bleeding. SUMMARY: Background Bleeding is a serious complication of neonates undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. Bleeding is addressed through the transfusion of adult blood products, including platelets and cryoprecipitate. However, significant differences exist between neonatal and adult clotting components, specifically fibrinogen. Our recent ex vivo studies have shown that neonatal fibrinogen does not fully integrate with adult fibrinogen, leading to decreased susceptibility to fibrinolysis. These differences may contribute to ineffective clot formation and/or an increased risk of thrombosis. A need exists to identify more effective and safer methods to promote clotting in neonates. Objectives Procoagulant agents, such as prothrombin complex concentrates (PCCs) and recombinant activated factor VII (rFVIIa), are being used off-label to treat excessive bleeding in neonates after CPB. Because these agents stimulate endogenous fibrin formation, we hypothesize that their addition to post-CPB neonatal plasma will better recapitulate native clot properties than cryoprecipitate. Methods We analyze the structural, mechanical and degradation properties of fibrin matrices formed by neonatal plasma collected after CPB in the presence of an activated four-factor (F) PCC (FEIBA), rFVIIa, or cryoprecipitate using confocal microscopy, atomic force microscopy and a fluidics-based degradation assay. Results The ex vivo addition of FEIBA and rFVIIa to post-CPB neonatal plasma resulted in enhanced clot networks with differences in fibrin alignment, mechanics and degradation properties. Conclusions Our results suggest that these procoagulant agents could be used as an alternative to the transfusion of adult fibrinogen for the treatment of bleeding after CPB in neonates.
Ultraviolet photodissociation dynamics of 1-pentyl radical

The ultraviolet (UV) photodissociation of jet-cooled 1-pentyl radical is investigated in the wavelength region of 236−254 nm using the high-n Rydberg-atom time-of-flight (HRTOF) technique. The H-atom photofragment yield spectrum of the 1-pentyl radical shows a broad UV absorption feature peaking near 245 nm, similar to the 2pz →3s absorption bands of ethyl and n-propyl. The center-of-mass translational energy distribution, P (ET), of the H+C5H10 product channel is bimodal, with a slow peak at ~5 kcal/mol and a fast peak at ~50 kcal/mol. The fraction of the average translational energy release in the total available energy, ⟨fT⟩, is 0.30, with those of the slow and fast components being 0.13 and 0.58, respectively. The slow component has an isotropic product angular distribution, while the fast component is anisotropic with an anisotropy parameter ~0.4. The bimodal translational energy and angular distributions of the H+C5H10 products indicate two H-atom elimination channels in the photodissociation of 1-pentyl: (i) a direct, prompt dissociation from the electronic excited state and/or the repulsive part of the ground electronic state potential energy surface; and (ii) a unimolecular dissociation of internally hot radical in the ground electronic state after internal conversion from the electronic excited state.
Rehabilitating Old Archaeology Collections with GIS

Archaeological collections are valuable, often irreplaceable scientific resources important in many ways to researchers, the institutions that hold them, and the public they serve. Many older colle...
Tasting Ceylon Tea: aesthetic judgment beyond “good taste”

Tea production comprises concerted acts of discernment—from plucking and processing tealeaves, to tasting, blending, and valuing tea—the outcome of which ranges from the ordinary to the singular. T...
Exploring safety of food truck products in a developed country

Abstract There is limited research on food safety practices of street foods, particularly food trucks in developed countries. Given this gap, this study explores the safety and sanitation status of food trucks in the highly developed tourist destination of Orlando, Florida, in the United States. A sample of 30 raw and cooked ready-to-eat foods was collected from 24 food trucks located in residential and touristic sites located in Orlando and then held for microbiological analyses (E. coli and Salmonella enterica spp.) to determine pathogen populations of the final products. In addition to lab analyses for coliform bacteria, food safety practices of vendors were evaluated. Although developed countries are believed to have strict safety and quality measures in place, our study results reveal that food prepared in and sold from food trucks can be potential vehicles of clinically relevant E. coli and Salmonella carrying intestinal pathogenic virulence factors or antibiotic resistance genes, which might create a public health hazard or more specifically foodborne illnesses and outbreak. To minimize foodborne illnesses and infection risks, food inspections and monitoring processes should be carefully revised by municipal, county, and state health departments. This is one of the first studies to explore safety of food truck products in the context of a developed country.
A survey of antimicrobial use practices of Tennessee beef producers.

Inappropriate antimicrobial use (AMU) is a key modifiable factor that leads to the development of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). The objectives of this study were to determine the following among Tennessee beef cattle producers: (1) the opinions on factors driving AMU (2) opinions on alternatives to antimicrobials, (3) the knowledge and perceptions regarding AMU and AMR, and (4) the preferred avenues for receiving information on prudent AMU. A survey questionnaire was made available to participants both in print and online from January 26, 2018 through May 11, 2018. The questions targeted the producers’ demographics and their AMU practices; factors driving producer’s choice of antimicrobials; perceptions, opinions and concerns about AMU and AMR in cattle production. Ordinal logistic regression was used to test for associations between the captured demographic information and producers’ degree of concern about AMR. Overall, 231 beef producers responded to all or some of the survey questions. More than 60% of the participants mentioned that they kept up-to-date written records on antimicrobial purchases and AMU. Regarding extra-label use, 169 (84.1%) of the 201 respondents did not practice extra-label AMU. Profitability of the beef operation was a key factor influencing the decisions of many producers to use antimicrobials for disease management and prevention on their farms. Of the 228 producers who completed the question on the rating of their degree of concern about AMR, 50 (21.9%) reported that they were very concerned about AMR, 133 (58.3%) were moderately concerned, and 36 (15.8%) reported that they were not concerned about AMR. Nine producers (4%) did not rate their degree of concern about AMR because they were not familiar with what antimicrobial resistance meant. The inferential analyses suggested that younger beef producers were significantly less concerned about AMR when compared to the older ones (P = 0.019). Regarding avenues for receiving information on prudent AMU, no single medium was most preferred by all the respondents. There is a need to promote the use of written antimicrobial treatment protocols among beef producers in Tennessee. Continued training for beef producers on infection prevention and control and prudent AMU is needed.
Potential Density of Rational Points on Algebraic Varieties

Let K be a number field and consider a collection of equations \({{\rm{f}}_{\rm{1}}}({{\rm{x}}_{\rm{1}}}, \ldots ,{\rm{ }}{{\rm{x}}_n}) = {\rm{ }}{{\rm{f}}_{\rm{2}}}({{\rm{x}}_{\rm{1}}}, \ldots ,{\rm{ }}{{\rm{x}}_{\rm{n}}}) = \ldots = {\rm{ }}{{\rm{f}}_{\rm{r}}}\left( {{{\rm{x}}_{\rm{1}}}, \ldots ,{\rm{ }}{{\rm{x}}_{\rm{n}}}} \right){\rm{ }} = {\rm{ }}0\) where the f j are polynomials with coefficients in K. What are the solutions to these equations over K? Sometimes, every solution (a 1,…,a n ) ∈ K n necessarily satisfies further equations which are not algebraic consequences of our original collection. For instance, every solution over ℚ to x 1 3 + x 2 3 = 1 satisfies the additional equation x1x2 = 0. Of course, solutions over extensions L/K may fail to satisfy these further equations, e.g., the solution (-1, \(\sqrt[3]{2}\)) to the Fermat equation.
Historical Institutionalism the Cognitive Foundations of Cooperation

This essay argues that in order to understand how institutions shape political choices and history we should go further toward understanding the interactive relationships between institutions and t...
Uncertainty in Multicommodity Routing Networks: When Does It Help?

We study the equilibrium behavior in a multicommodity selfish routing game with uncertain users, where each user over- or underestimates their congestion costs by a multiplicative factor. Surprisingly, we find that uncertainties in different directions have qualitatively distinct impacts on equilibria. Namely, contrary to the usual notion that uncertainty increases inefficiencies, network congestion decreases when users overestimate their costs. On the other hand, underestimation of costs leads to increased congestion. We apply these results to urban transportation networks, where drivers have different estimates about the cost of congestion. In light of the dynamic pricing policies aimed at tackling congestion, our results indicate that users' perception of these prices can significantly impact the policy's efficacy, and “caution in the face of uncertainty” leads to favorable network conditions.
Multi-phase computer modeling and laboratory study of dust capture by an inertial Vortecone scrubber

Abstract Dust generated in mining and tunneling activities is hazardous to health of persons and safety of operations. These projects employ pick-milling machines to extract minerals and rock by mechanical breakage. The machines are equipped with flooded-bed scrubbers that encase dust particles within fine water films as particles encounter a flooded wire-mesh screen. A major disadvantage is that the screen gets clogged when particles become trapped within the wire mesh, reducing airflow through the scrubber and increasing ambient dust concentrations. Thus, the system requires frequent maintenance or replacement. The application of a Vortecone scrubber as an improved alternative to conventional fibrous type scrubbers is investigated. A Vortecone forces dust-laden air and water to follow a complex, rapidly swirling motion. The momentum drives dust particles towards the periphery where they are captured by the water film. The operating characteristics of a reduced-scale physical model of a Vortecone, with its primary axis mounted in the horizontal orientation, was analyzed numerically and experimentally. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models depicting the spraying action and multi-phase air/water flows using the volume of fraction (VOF) approach, are presented. Experimental results, utilizing an optical particle counting technique to establish the dust-cleaning capabilities of the model, are also described.
Dyrk1b is a key Regulatory Kinase Integrating Fgf, Shh and mTORC1 signaling in Skeletal Muscle Development and Homeostasis

The advent of human genetics has provided unprecedented opportunities for discovery of novel disease pathways. Mutations in DYRK1B have been associated with metabolic syndrome and sarcopenic obesity in humans, underscoring the critical role of the encoded protein in skeletal muscle development and homeostasis. By the novel creation of Dyrk1b knockout zebrafish models we demonstrate that Dyrk1b kinase activity is critical for specification of the paraxial myoD. Mechanistically, Dyrk1b mediates and amplifies Fgf signaling in the paraxial domain by the transcriptional suppression of its negative feedback inhibitor sprouty1. In the adaxial myoD domain, Dyrk1b amplifies Shh signaling and partially rescues defects caused by its disruption. The investigations of C2C12 terminal differentiation revealed that Dyrk1b also plays a critical role in myofiber fusion. Combined biochemical and proteomic analysis of C2C12 myoblasts undergoing differentiation showed that Dyrk1b kinase activation is induced by shh inhibition, and triggers differentiation by inhibiting mTOR, subsequent upregulation of 4e-bp1 and induction of autophagy. In conclusion, we demonstrate that Dyrk1b plays a critical role in sustaining myocyte specification and differentiation by integrating Fgf, Shh and mTORC1 signaling pathways.
High-throughput in vitro specificity profiling of natural and high-fidelity CRISPR-Cas9 variants

Cas9 is an RNA-guided endonuclease in the bacterial CRISPR-Cas immune system and a popular tool for genome editing. The most commonly used Cas9 variant, Streptococcus pyogenes Cas9 (SpCas9), is relatively non-specific and prone to off-target genome editing. Other Cas9 orthologs and engineered variants of SpCas9 have been reported to be more specific than wild-type (WT) SpCas9. However, systematic comparisons of the cleavage activities of these Cas9 variants have not been reported. In this study, we employed our high-throughput in vitro cleavage assay to compare cleavage activities and specificities of two natural Cas9 variants (SpCas9 and Staphylococcus aureus Cas9) and three engineered SpCas9 variants (SpCas9 HF1, HypaCas9, and HiFi Cas9). We observed that all Cas9s tested were able to cleave target sequences with up to five mismatches. However, the rate of cleavage of both on-target and off-target sequences varied based on the target sequence and Cas9 variant. For targets with multiple mismatches, SaCas9 and engineered SpCas9 variants are more prone to nicking, while WT SpCas9 creates double-strand breaks (DSB). These differences in cleavage rates and DSB formation may account for the varied specificities observed in genome editing studies. Our analysis reveals mismatch position-dependent, off-target nicking activity of Cas9 variants which have been underreported in previous in vivo studies.
Development of a circulating tumor cell-based RNA classifier for patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer: CTC-PCS/PAM50.

e17509Background: Genomic profiling has strongly impacted the contemporary understanding of prostate cancer (PCa). Clinical trials are now testing the utility of genomic classifiers such as the PCS...
Decision Support for Complex Systems: Building Capacity for Coordinated Action Among Public Health Organizations

The design and delivery of public health services is currently performed by a loosely connected set of organizations and actors that operate under a mix of federal, state, county, and local governmental policies and procedures with widely varying ranges of funding, experience in practice, and access to current knowledge and training regarding emerging public health threats. Recent challenges to the public health system (PHS), such as the anthrax threats using the public postal service in September/October 2001, the global threat of infectious diseases such as SARS in 2002, avian flu in 2005, H1N1 flu in 2009, or damage to the existing public health infrastructure following Hurricane Katrina revealed the fragility of the public health system in its ability to recognize threats and mobilize action effectively to reduce and respond to risk. Understanding the complex set of interactions involved in delivering public health services in the widely varying mix of metropolitan and rural communities that characterize the PHS strains human cognition beyond its normal range of operating capacity. This operational environment is characterized by "distributed cognition" in which multiple actors, agents, and institutions contribute partial information that needs to be integrated into a coherent assessment of risk to support action at individual, organizational, and system levels of performance. Distributed cognition depends on the design of a set of technical instruments and organizational processes to support the assessment and changing status of risk that inform coordinated action in urgent, dynamic environments. The need for such research is imperative to enable the PHS to allocate its resources and adjust its actions adaptively to meet the changing needs of an increasingly global public health environment. This paper draws upon the concepts of distributed cognition in both social and technical environments to design a socio-technical inquiry into decision making in complex environments. It examines specifically the task of building resilience to public health threats through collaborative preparedness and response capacity among multiple agencies engaged in providing public health services. Using the potential threat of a continuing outbreak of H1N1 flu as an infectious disease that could spread world-wide, we examine the current status of the public health system in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania as a field study in the capacity of local public health systems to recognize risk and re-allocate time, attention, and resources to manage the risk appropriately and efficiently.
Does helping a patient find a job violate professional boundaries

Networking with a friend to help a patient gain employment is not unethical as long as confidentiality is maintained and the patient grants his or her doctor permission to discuss the situation with the friend.
Bias, Identity and M&A

M&A transactions are often the most fundamental corporate actions taken by companies. Corporate executives, especially CEOs, play a pivotal role in crafting, negotiating, and closing deals. They are also the chief seller or “cheerleader” of the deal to shareholders and other stakeholders. The actions of executives in M&A deals are aided and monitored by other corporate actors, including the board of directors. Research on executives’ decisions to move forward on M&A deals suggests that their decision-making is often tainted. The behavioral corporate finance literature has delved deeply into the question of whether behavioral biases and the identity of management impact decision-making in M&A. This research suggests that CEOs, the vast majority of whom are men, are overconfident and driven by peer effects in making M&A decisions, that male CEOs exhibit more overconfidence than women CEOs and that gender diversity on the board can help check CEO overconfidence. This Essay, written for the New Realism in Business Law and Economics symposium, examines whether existing corporate governance mechanisms, such as fiduciary duty litigation, board independence and greater disclosure, are well-suited for addressing officer accountability, especially if gender plays a significant role in officer biases. It posits that, designing solutions to address bias and identity requires a much deeper evaluation of the interplay between these factors and M&A transactions. The Essay then raises research questions that can help unpack the complicated relationship between bias and identity in M&A. Further analysis into how executives actually experience and execute M&A deals on the ground is vital for us to understand the root causes of behavioral biases and the role that identity plays in perpetuating behavioral biases, and to be able to design solutions that address these root causes.
Cyano-Isocyanide Iridium(III) Complexes with Pure Blue Phosphorescence

In this paper, we report a series of six neutral, blue-phosphorescent cyclometalated iridium complexes of the type Ir(C^Y)2(CNAr)(CN). The cyclometalating ligands in these compounds (C^Y) are either aryl-substituted 1,2,4-triazole or NHC ligands, known to produce complexes with blue phosphorescence. These cyclometalating ligands are paired with π-acidic, strongly σ-donating cyano and aryl isocyanide (CNAr) ancillary ligands, the hypothesis being that these ancillary ligands would destabilize the higher-lying ligand-field (d-d) excited states, allowing efficient blue photoluminescence. The compounds are prepared by substituting the cyanide ancillary ligand onto a chloride precursor and are characterized by NMR, mass spectrometry, infrared spectroscopy, and, for five of the compounds, by X-ray crystallography. Cyclic voltammetry establishes that these compounds have large HOMO-LUMO gaps. The mixed cyano-isocyanide compounds are weakly luminescent in solution, but they phosphoresce with moderate to good efficiency when doped into poly(methyl methacrylate) films, with Commission Internationale de L'Eclairage coordinates that indicate deep blue emission for five of the six compounds. The photophysical studies show that the photoluminescence quantum yields are greatly enhanced in the cyano complexes relative to the chloride precursors, affirming the benefit of strong-field ancillary ligands in the design of blue-phosphorescent complexes. Density functional theory calculations confirm that this enhancement arises from a significant destabilization of the higher-energy ligand-field states in the cyanide complexes relative to the chloride precursors.
Monocyte and macrophage subpopulations in epithelial ovarian cancer

1259 Monocytes and macrophages (MO/MA) are a heterogeneous population of cells along a differentiation continuum. Functions of certain MO/MA, such as antibody-dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and phagocytosis, may depend on phenotypic expression of certain cell surface antigens. MO/MA subpopulations may shift toward more differentiated phenotypes in certain cancers and may be important contributors to the immunopathobiology of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). Therefore, characterization of the immunophenotype and function of MO/MA subpopulations will be important in understanding the immunopathobiology of EOC and in developing optimal immunotherapy. We hypothesized that peripheral blood and ascitic MO/MA in EOC patients would show a more differentiated surface phenotype. We therefore compared MO/MA subpopulation proportions in whole peripheral blood of healthy subjects (n=9) and EOC patients (n=7), and in ascites of EOC patients (n=6) by three-color flow cytometry. MO/MA were identified by characteristic size and granularity and by CD14 positivity. Gated MO/MA subpopulations were further identified by intensity of CD14 (lipopolysaccharide receptor) expression, as well as the presence of cell surface antigens CD16 (FcγRIII, involved in ADCC and phagocytosis) and HLA-DR (MHC-II receptor, involved in antigen presentation). Proportions were calculated based on 100% equaling total CD14+ MO/MA (i.e. CD14bright plus CD14dim). Proportions of CD14brightCD16−HLA-DR+ MO/MA in peripheral blood of EOC patients (57%) were less than in healthy subjects (88%; p
Suicide, law, and community in early modern Sweden: by Riikka Miettinen, Cham, Palgrave Macmillan, 2019, 346 pp, €71,68 (hbk), ISBN 978-3030118440

Riikka Miettinen's fine first book strikes a powerful blow to the ‘myth of early modern strong states’ (9). In legal historical circles, the early modern era is best known for its Judicial Revoluti...
Boy or Girl: Who Gets to Decide? Gender-Nonconforming Children in Child Custody Cases

Six-year-old Bradley was diagnosed with gender identity disorder in children: Bradley was assigned male at birth and identifies as a girl. However, Bradley’s treatment plan prohibits her from playing with Barbie or Polly Pocket dolls, dressing as Dorothy from The Wizard of Oz, or playing with girls. With these restrictions, Bradley is clingy, is sent into crying fits by the smallest provocation, sneaks away and hides to play with dolls, and “really struggles with the color pink.” Bradley’s mother reported, “[H]e’s like an addict. He’s like, ‘Mommy, don’t take me there! Close my eyes! Cover my eyes! I can’t see that stuff; it’s all pink!’” Also consider Marty, who is biologically female and identifies as male. When breast buds first appeared, Marty exclaimed, “Mommy, feel this lump! You have to do something!” It is easy to see that Bradley and Marty’s struggles with gender identity are difficult to endure when Bradley is not allowed to perform her gender identity and Marty begins to develop physically into the gender he rejects. As a transgender adult woman described her experience as a gender-nonconforming child,
Who pays for work-related traumatic injuries? Payer distribution in Washington State by ethnicity, injury severity, and year (1998-2008)

BACKGROUND: Acute work-related trauma is a leading cause of death and disability for U.S. workers but it is difficult to obtain information about injured workers not covered by workers' compensation (WC). This study aimed to: (1) describe trends in expected payer and linkage to WC claims, (2) compare characteristics of injured workers who did and did not have a linked WC claim, and (3) describe variation in expected payer and linkage to WC claims by ethnicity and injury severity. METHODS: Data for injuries occurring from 1998 through 2008 were obtained from the Washington State Trauma Registry and linked to WC claims. RESULTS: We found that 27% of work-related traumatic injuries did not have WC listed as a payer, while 37% did not link to a WC claim. Among those with WC listed as a payer, the odds of having a linked WC claim were 57% lower for workers with other non-WC insurance compared with the otherwise uninsured. Latinos were more likely to have a linked WC claim compared with non-Latinos, but there was no significant difference after partially controlling for WC-covered employment and other insurance. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated the importance of considering differential access to other insurance coverage and adaptation by health care settings to financial pressures when assessing trends in occupational injury incidence and reporting, especially when using WC as a proxy for work-relatedness. The addition of occupation, industry, and work status to trauma registries and hospital discharge databases would improve surveillance, research, policy and prevention efforts. Am. J. Ind. Med. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Language: en
Interacting With Information

In a workshop on formal specifications it is important to look carefully at the purpose of those specifications and to challenge some of their assumptions. This is not to discount the value of a formal approach but rather to expand the range of ideas that should be considered. This paper is not so much a report of research as it is an informal challenge to the community and a sketch of a potential direction of research.
Reduced sulfhydryl groups are required for activation of uterine progesterone receptor. Possible involvement of an inhibitor of activation.

The dependence of uterine progesterone receptor activation on sulfhydryl groups was studied using binding to DNA-cellulose as a measure of activated receptor. Dithiothreitol, thioglycerol, or other sulfhydryl reducing reagents stimulated receptor activation 2- to 3-fold. This effect was produced under mild conditions, i.e. after a 22-h incubation at 0-3 degrees C with 50 mM dithiothreitol. Other characteristics of the sulfhydryl-dependent stimulation of receptor activation, such as pH-dependence and sensitivity to the sulfhydryl blocking agent iodoacetamide, suggest that the sulfhydryl groups essential for receptor activation are different from those involved in steroid binding. Progesterone receptor activation by sulfhydryl reduction was a reversible process, dependent on addition or removal (by dialysis) of the reducing agent. Optimal receptor activation (up to 75% of total receptor) occurred when cytosol was diluted with buffer in the presence of dithiothreitol, suggesting that dissociation of either a receptor subunit or an inhibitory factor present in cytosol may also be involved in the activation process. This putative inhibitor appears to have a Mr greater than or equal to 30,000 since it is not removed from cytosol by dialysis or gel filtration. These results emphasize the importance of sulfhydryl groups or a disulfide bridge, perhaps associated with the DNA-binding domain of the receptor, in a key regulatory step in the mechanism of steroid hormone action: activation and subsequent binding of the steroid-receptor complex to DNA or chromatin.
The Quality Circle Approach and School Psychological Services

The "Quality Circle Approach" is presented as a means of involving public school psychologists in clarifying and resolving work-related problems. The Approach involves a group of school psychologists-the Quality Circle-in a range of data gathering, intervention, and evaluation activities during a school year. These activities are engaged in by the Quality Circle members following their participation in a training progam. The purpose, nature, and scope of the Quality Circle Approach and the training program are described. In addition, results are reported of the application of the Approach with school psychologists of a large urban public school district in the Northeastern United States. Results of this case investigation suggest that the Approach can be implemented successfully and that important work-related problems can be clarified, and resolved. Advantages and limitations of the Approach are also discussed.
Epigallocatechin-3-gallate enhances clearance of phosphorylated tau in primary neurons.

Objectives: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by intracellular accumulations of phosphorylated forms of the microtubule binding protein tau. This study aimed to explore a novel mechanism for enhancing the clearance of these pathological tau species using the green tea flavonoid epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG). EGCG is a potent antioxidant and an activator of the Nrf2 transcriptional pathway. Nrf2 activators including EGCG have shown promise in mitigating amyloid pathology in vitro and in vivo. This study assessed whether EGCG could also alter tau clearance.Methods: Rat primary cortical neuron cultures were treated on day in vitro 8 with EGCG and analyzed for changes in gene and protein expression using luciferase assay, q-PCR, and western blotting.Results: EGCG treatment led to a significant decrease in the protein levels of three AD-relevant phospho-tau epitopes. Unexpectedly, EGCG does not appear to be facilitating this effect through the Nrf2 pathway or by increas...
Discrete pressure equations in incompressible flow problems

Consistent integration of flow divergence and pressure gradient terms over interlocking mesh boxes preserves properties that enhance stability and convergence of discretized Navier-Stokes equations over regions partitioned with isoparametric quadrilaterals.
Pulmonary Gas Exchange and Plasma Lactate in Horses with Gastrointestinal Disease Undergoing Emergency Exploratory Laparotomy: A Comparison with an Elective Surgery Horse Population

Objective: To characterize pulmonary gas exchange and arterial lactate in horses with gastrointestinal disease undergoing anesthesia, compared with elective surgical horses, and to correlate these variables with postoperative complications and mortality. Study Design: Prospective clinical study. Animals: Horses undergoing emergency laparotomy for acute intestinal disease (n=50) and healthy horses undergoing elective surgery in dorsal recumbency (n=20). Methods: Arterial blood gas analysis was performed at predetermined intervals on horses undergoing a standardized anesthetic protocol. Alveolar–arterial oxygen gradient was calculated. Predictive factors for postoperative complications and death in colic horses were determined. Results: Arterial oxygen tension (PaO2) varied widely among horses in both groups. PaO2 significantly increased in the colic group after exteriorization of the ascending colon. PaO2 and alveolar–arterial oxygen gradient were not significantly different between groups, and neither were correlated with horse outcome. Arterial lactate in recovery ≥5 mmol/L was associated with a 2.25 times greater relative risk of complications and lactate ≥7 mmol/L was associated with a 10.5 times higher relative risk of death. Conclusion: Colic horses in this population were not more likely to be hypoxemic than elective horses, nor was gas exchange impaired to a greater degree in colic horses relative to controls. Arterial lactate sampled immediately after anesthetic recovery was predictive for postoperative complications and death.
Estimating the Firm’s Demand for Human Resource Management Practices

This paper makes three innovative contributions to the field of human resource management. First, an HRM frequency distribution is presented that depicts the key empirical facts that form the center of research in the field; second, a new microeconomics-based model is presented that develops a new theoretical and empirical tool - the HRM demand function - and uses this tool to predict the performance maximizing level of HRM expenditure; and third, a unique data set is used to estimate the parameters of the HRM input demand function for several American hundred companies. A variety of new insights and implications emerge.
Combinatorial Motor Training Results in Functional Reorganization of Remaining Motor Cortex after Controlled Cortical Impact in Rats.

Abstract Cortical reorganization subsequent to post-stroke motor rehabilitative training (RT) has been extensively examined in animal models and humans. However, similar studies focused on the effects of motor training after traumatic brain injury (TBI) are lacking. We previously reported that after a moderate/severe TBI in adult male rats, functional improvements in forelimb use were accomplished only with a combination of skilled forelimb reach training and aerobic exercise, with or without nonimpaired forelimb constraint. Thus, the current study was designed to examine the relationship between functional motor cortical map reorganization after experimental TBI and the behavioral improvements resulting from this combinatorial rehabilitative regime. Adult male rats were trained to proficiency on a skilled reaching task, received a unilateral controlled cortical impact (CCI) over the forelimb area of the caudal motor cortex (CMC). Three days post-CCI, animals began RT (n = 13) or no rehabilitative trainin...
XPC inhibits NSCLC cell proliferation and migration by enhancing E-Cadherin expression

Xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group C (XPC) protein is an important DNA damage recognition factor in nucleotide excision repair. Deletion of XPC is associated with early stages of human lung carcinogenesis, and reduced XPC mRNA levels predict poor patient outcome for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, the mechanisms linking loss of XPC expression and poor prognosis in lung cancer are still unclear. Here, we report evidence that XPC silencing drives proliferation and migration of NSCLC cells by down-regulating E-Cadherin. XPC knockdown enhanced proliferation and migration while decreasing E-Cadherin expression in NSCLC cells with an epithelial phenotype. Restoration of E-Cadherin in these cells suppressed XPC knockdown-induced cell growth both in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistic studies showed that the loss of XPC repressed E-Cadherin expression by activating the ERK pathway and upregulating Snail expression. Our findings indicate that XPC silencing-induced reduction of E-Cadherin expression contributes, at least in part, to the poor outcome of NSCLC patients with low XPC expression.
Design of adaptive dead-zone inverse for non-minimum phase plants

An adaptive control scheme is developed for plants with an unknown dead-zone at the input of a known but possibly non-minimum phase linear dynamics. The proposed controller structure consists of an adaptive dead-zone inverse to cancel the effect of the unknown dead-zone and a fixed linear feedback to place the closed-loop poles. Extensive simulation results show that the adaptive dead-zone inverse controller leads to significant system performance improvements.
LOW SELF-CONTROL, RATIONAL CHOICE, AND STUDENT TEST CHEATING

Using scenario-based survey data from a sample of 330 university students, this study examined the effects of low self-control, rational choice variables, and control measures on intentions to cheat on a college exam. A moderate bivariate association was observed between low self-control and cheating intentions. However, a series of multivariate regression equations showed that low selfcontrol did not have a significant effect on intentions to cheat once the influence of other variables, especially anticipated shame, were controlled. Furthermore, findings supported the rational choice framework in explaining student decisions to cheat. Implications regarding these findings are discussed.
Dedicated mechanical subcooling design strategies for supermarket applications

Abstract Dedicated mechanical subcooling cycles utilize a small mechanical vapour-compression cycle, coupled to the main cycle at the exit of the condenser, to provide subcooling to the main refrigeration cycle. The amount of subcooling, the thermal lift of the subcooling cycle, and consequently the performance of the overall cycle, can be directly related to the temperature of the subcooling cycle evaporator. In this paper, the optimum value of the subcooling evaporator temperature is predicted using an ideal dedicated subcooling cycle. These results are then compared with those generated from a property-dependent model. The consideration of this optimum subcooling evaporator temperature leads to a design rule for the optimum distribution of heat exchange area for the dedicated subcooling cycle.
Stress Ulcer Prophylaxis: Gastrointestinal Bleeding and Nosocomial Pneumonia Best Evidence Synthesis

Purpose: To examine the effect of stress ulcer prophylaxis on gastrointestinal bleeding, pneumonia, and mortality. Methods: Computerized search of published and unpublished research, bibliographies, pharmaceutical and personal files and abstract reports. Independent review of 257 articles identified 71 relevant randomized trials for inclusion. We made independent, duplicate assessment of the methodologic quality, population, intervention and outcomes of each trial. Results: This overview demonstrates that prophylaxis with histamine-2-receptor antagonists decreases the incidence of overt gastrointestinal bleeding (odds ratio 0.29 [95% CI 0.17–0.45]) and clinically important bleeding (odds ratio 0.35 [95% CI 0.15–0.76]). There is a trend to decreased overt bleeding when antacids are compared with no therapy (odds ratio 0.35 [95% CI 0.08–1.33]). Although sucralfate, antacids, and histamine-2-receptor antagonists are equivalent in reducing clinically important bleeding, sucralfate decreases the incidence of n...
The IDS Project: promoting library excellence through community and technology

Purpose – This paper aims to report on the IDS Project, a volunteer-driven library cooperative known for its technological innovations, to describe how the project has evolved, and to review some of the technological innovations it has spawned and the benefits those innovations have brought to both members and non-members. Design/methodology/approach – The authors use a case study approach to highlight some of the major accomplishments of the IDS Project. Findings – Although the IDS Project is typically known for its technological innovations, those innovations are really an outward manifestation of the community of trust and mutual support that members have carefully nurtured from the project ' s beginning. Originality/value – Readers will gain an understanding of the IDS Project, how its community of trust and support contribute to its ongoing successes, and how that trust and support might be scaled up to benefit the entire resource sharing community.
Formulation of Habitat Suitability Models for Stream Fish Guilds: Do the Standard Methods Work?

Abstract Habitat suitability index (HSI) models for seven fish guilds in two segments of the upper Roanoke River drainage, Virginia, were formulated for the summer seasons of 1989 and 1990. We considered five habitat variables as potential limiting factors: depth, average and demersal velocities, average substratum size, and percent cover. These physical variables were modeled both separately and as composite HSI indices. Composite models were built from linear regression equations (both simple and multiple) in which the observed guild density in quadrats was regressed against physical microhabitat variables or individual suitability indices (SIs = predicted fish densities). There were five major findings. First, habitat variables were used independently by most fish guilds, as statistical interactions were weak and inconsistent for regression models predicting guild densities from physical variables. That is, fish-microhabitat relations for target habitat variables were typically unaffected by the condit...
Dual-Channel Injection-Locked Quadrature LO Generation for a 4-GHz Instantaneous Bandwidth Receiver at 21-GHz Center Frequency

This paper presents a local oscillator (LO) generation scheme for a 21-GHz center-frequency 4-GHz instantaneous bandwidth channelized receiver. A single 1.33-GHz reference source is used to simultaneously generate 20- and 22-GHz LOs with quadrature outputs. Injection locking is used instead of conventional phase-locked loop techniques allowing low-power quadrature generation. A harmonic-rich signal, containing both even and odd harmonics of the input reference signal, is generated using a digital pulse slimmer. Two injection-locked oscillator chains are used to lock on to the 10th and 11th harmonics of the reference signal generating the 20- and 22-GHz quadrature LOs, respectively. The prototype design is implemented in IBM's 130-nm CMOS process, draws 110 mA from a 1.2-V supply, and occupies an active area of 1.8 mm2.