cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Correctional Counseling and Rehabilitation

Preface Part One: A Professional Framework for Correctional Counseling Chapter 1: The Process of Correctional Counseling and Treatment Chapter 2: Understanding the Special Challenges Faced by the Correctional Counselor in the Prison Setting Part Two: Historical Foundations of Correctional Counseling and Treatment Chapter 3: Psychoanalytic Therapy Chapter 4: Radical Behavioral Interventions Chapter 5: Early Approaches to Group and Milieu Therapy Part Three: Offender Assessment, Diagnosis, and Classification Chapter 6: Diagnosis and Assessment of Criminal Offenders Chapter 7: An Overview of Offender Classification Systems Part Four: Contemporary Approaches to Correctional Counseling and Treatment Chapter 8: Social Learning Models Chapter 9: Cognitive Therapies Chapter 10: Family Therapy Part Five: Interventions for Special Populations Chapter 11: Treating Sexual Offenders Chapter 12: Treating Substance Abuse in Offender Populations Chapter 13: Treating Severely Antisocial Offenders Chapter 14: Treating Women Offenders Part Six: Putting it all Together in Correctional Policy and at the Desk Chapter 15: Correctional Treatment: Accomplishments and Realities Chapter 16: Case Planning and Case Management
A long-term comparison of protein turnover in subcrestal vs supracrestal fibre tracts in the mouse periodontium.

Abstract An autoradiographic study was performed to evaluate protein turnover in three separate fibre tracts of the mouse periodontium: midroot fibres of the dento-alveolar fibre tract, transseptal fibres and dento-gingival fibre groups I and II. Forty-day-old C57B1 mice were injected with 5μCi/gram body weight [3H]-proline and killed at time intervals of from 1 2 h to 15 wk after injection. Analysis of grain counts obtained over specific areas of each fibre tract, revealed marked differences in the half-lives of labelled protein in the three fibre tracts studied. In the midroot dento-alveolar fibre region the half-life was 5.7 days; in the transseptal fibre region, 8.4 days; and in the dento-gingival region it was estimated to be 25 days based on linear regression analysis of all data. The semi-logarithmic plot of the data for the dento-gingival region, however, was non-linear and could be better represented as a complex curve with three straight line components, suggesting that the dento-gingival fibre tract contains multiple compartments.
THE INABILITY OF EPINEPHRINE OR ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE TO DEPLETE THE ASCORBIC ACID CONTENT OF THE CHICK ADRENAL

It has been demonstrated that the administration of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) results in an almost immediate fall in the cholesterol and ascorbic acid content of the rat and guinea pig adrenal gland (Sayers, Sayers, Fry, White and Long (1944), Sayers, Sayers, Sayers, Liang and Long (1946)). This decrease in cholesterol content reaches a maximum within 4 hours while the decline in ascorbic acid is detectable within twenty minutes and reaches its maximum within an hour after the intravenous injection of ACTH. The decrease in both these substances has been correlated with evidence of adrenal cortical secretion, e.g. increase in liver glycogen and lymphopenia. They have also shown that the exposure of normal animals to various traumatizing procedures (cold, scalding, hemorrhage, the injection of epinephrine, histamine and typhoid vaccine) resulted in a similar decrease in the concentration of cholesterol and ascorbic acid in the adrenal gland. However, in hypophysectomized rats, these procedures caus...
Shelf life and stability traits of traditionally and modified atmosphere packaged ground beef patties treated with lactic acid bacteria, rosemary oleoresin, or both prior to retail display.

Abstract Previous research indicates that lactic acid bacteria (LAB) can inhibit pathogenic bacteria. This research evaluated effects of LAB inclusion on the shelf life of traditionally packaged ground beef patties; as well as the effects and possible interaction of LAB and rosemary oleoresin (RO) on the stability of high oxygen MAP ground beef during display. In both package types, trained and consumer evaluations indicated no effect (P > 0.05) of LAB on lean color and off-odor. Display affected trained and consumer sensory evaluations and indicated declined stability over time. Thiobarbituric acid values were lower for traditionally packaged ground beef with LAB (P
Primary malignant fibrous histiocytoma (fibrous xanthoma) of bone

The probable histiocytic origin of a group of benign and malignant tumors known as histiocytomas or fibrous xanthomas appears to be well established and is based on a combination of conventional light microscopy, tissue culture and ultrastructural studies. Our experience with 23 cases of primary malignant fibrous histiocytoma of bone is presented, together with a review of additional cases documented in the literature. Particular emphasis has been placed on the radiologic aspects of primary malignant fibrous histiocytoma of bone, together with a brief review of its clinical and histologic features. The fact that the skeleton can be involved de novo rather than by direct extension from neighboring soft tissue tumors or by metastatic spread is a relatively new concept.
The Sulfur Passivation Of InP And GaAs Surfaces

Recently, sulfur treatments have been reported which passivate the InP and GaAs surfaces. From the variety of experiments reported on sulfurized surfaces, it is clear that the treatments can improve the electronic properties, however, the chemistry of the surface after the treatments has not been fully explained. We have applied X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to determine the bonding of the InP and GaAs surfaces after a variety of sulfur treatments. Based on these data and that reported in the literature, we propose a model in which the sulfur at low temperature only chemisorbs on the surface and does not break back-bonds or intermix with the substrate. We postulate that thermodynamics does not determine the low temperature surface chemistry. Instead, the wet chemistry processing plays the major role since it determines which species of the substrate atoms will terminate the surface. The GaAs appears to be As terminated and hence As-S chemisorption bonds primarily occur. On InP the S bonds to the surface In atoms.
Thermodynamics of solid electrolytes and related oxide ceramics based on the fluorite structure

Oxides based on the fluorite structure are important as electrolytes in solid oxide fuel cells, thermal barrier coatings, gate dielectrics, catalysts, and nuclear materials. Though the parent fluorite structure is simple, the substitution of trivalent for tetravalent cations, coupled with the presence of charge-balancing oxygen vacancies, leads to a wealth of short-range and long-range ordered structures and complex thermodynamic properties. The location of vacancies and the nature of clusters affect the energetics of mixing in rare earth doped zirconia, hafnia, ceria, urania, and thoria, with systematic trends in energetics as a function of cation radius. High temperature oxide melt solution calorimetry has provided direct measurement of formation enthalpies of these refractory materials. Surface and interfacial energies have also been measured in yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) nanomaterials. Other ionic conductors having perovskite, apatite, and mellilite structures are discussed briefly.
Professional Growth Through Online Mentoring: A Study of Mathematics Mentor Teachers:

This article explores how patterns of engagement and program design impact professional learning and development of mathematics mentor teachers as they participate in an asynchronous mentoring program, e-Mentoring for Student Success (eMSS). In specific, this study: 1) sought to determine if activity level was related to mentors' perceived professional growth; 2) explored the effect of program design on a mentors' perceived growth and over what domains this growth occurred; and 3) sought evidence of the mentor teachers' professional growth in the online dialogue. Results of the study indicate that a mentor's activity level does positively relate to perceived professional growth and that much growth occurs “behind the scenes” and may not be evident in participants' posts. The mentor mathematics teachers reported growth in all assessed domains, particularity in their reflective practices, and attributed their growth to participation in the Content Forum discussion areas more than the other assessed areas.
Conformational energy analysis of retro-all-Dmethionine enkephalin

Empirical conformational energy calculations have been carried out on the molecule retro-all-D-methionine enkephalin. Low-energy conformers were found by energy minimization and conformational search procedures. The lowest energy conformers wee found toi have some stereochemical relationship to the calculated normal met-enkephalin conformers, but they were not retro-all-D-equivalent to the Met-enkephalin structures. The retro-all-D-equivalent conformations were ∼10 kcal/mol higher energy than the low-energy conformers found here. A structural comparison between the retro-all-D-conformers and the met-enkephalin conformers shows hat one cannot rely solely on topochemical analysis to predict biological activity for linear retro-all-D-peptides.
Refolding rate of stability‐enhanced cytochrome c is independent of thermodynamic driving force

N52I iso-2 cytochrome c is a variant of yeast iso-2 cytochrome c in which asparagine substitutes for isoleucine 52 in an alpha helical segment composed of residues 49-56. The N52I substitution results in a significant increase in both stability and cooperativity of equilibrium unfolding, and acts as a "global suppressor" of destabilizing mutations. The equilibrium m-value for denaturant-induced unfolding of N52I iso-2 increases by 30%, a surprisingly large amount for a single residue substitution. The folding/unfolding kinetics for N52I iso-2 have been measured by stopped-flow mixing and by manual mixing, and are compared to the kinetics of folding/unfolding of wild-type protein, iso-2 cytochrome c. The results show that the observable folding rate and the guanidine hydrochloride dependence of the folding rate are the same for iso-2 and N52I iso-2, despite the greater thermodynamic stability of N52I iso-2. Thus, there is no linear free-energy relationship between mutation-induced changes in stability and observable refolding rates. However, for N52I iso-2 the unfolding rate is slower and the guanidine hydrochloride dependence of the unfolding rate is smaller than for iso-2. The differences in the denaturant dependence of the unfolding rates suggest that the N52I substitution decreases the change in the solvent accessible hydrophobic surface between the native state and the transition state. Two aspects of the results are inconsistent with a two-state folding/unfolding mechanism and imply the presence of folding intermediates: (1) observable refolding rate constants calculated from the two-state mechanism by combining equilibrium data and unfolding rate measurements deviate from the observed refolding rate constants; (2) kinetically unresolved signal changes ("burst phase") are observed for both N52I iso-2 and iso-2 refolding. The "burst phase" amplitude is larger for N52I iso-2 than for iso-2, suggesting that the intermediates formed during the "burst phase" are stabilized by the N52I substitution.
The Heterotopically Transplanted Rat Urinary Bladder as a Model for Detection of Tumor-Promoting Urinary Growth Factor(s):

The heterotopically transplanted rat urinary bladder (HTB) was developed in our laboratory as a model to study the role of urine in urinary bladder carcinogenesis. With this model, normal urine was found to enhance urinary bladder carcinogenesis initiated by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea or N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine. Two crude urinary components (Fractions I and II) were obtained by gel filtration chromatography; they stimulated ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) in a test bladder carcinoma cell line 804G, and promoted carcinogenesis in the HTB system. Fraction I was found to stimulate growth of 804G cells in vitro. Preliminary data indicate that Fraction I contains at least one, and possibly two heat-stable ODC-inducible and mitogenic components. Further characterization of these components is in progress. The HTB system has been demonstrated to be useful for other investigations; for example, α-difluoromethylornithine, an enzyme-activated irreversible inhibitor of ODC, when instilled repeatedly to the b...
The fate of the acromioclavicular joint in athletic injuries

Of 164 acromioclavicular joint injuries to midshipmen at the US Naval Academy between July 1973 and November 1978, 99 were Type 1, 52 were Type 2, and 13 were Type 3. Follow-up examinations revealed that 36% of Type 1, 48% of Type 2, and 69% of Type 3 patients had residual symptoms. Positive physical findings were present in 43% of Type 1, 77% of Type 2, and 100% of Type 3 injuries. Roentgenographic changes were noted in 70% of Type 1, 75% of Type 2, and 100% of Type 3 patients. This evaluation suggests aggressive treatment and rehabilitation are indicated in acute acromioclavicular injuries. Residual problems from Types 1 and 2 injuries are much more frequent than indicated in the literature. Symptoms in Type 1, but not in Type 2, injuries are directly related to the presence of positive physical findings. Roentgenographic changes are extremely common and are not correlated with symptoms. Treatment of Type 2 injuries with the acromioclavicular immobilizer resulted in fewer complications than symptomatic treatment.
Analytical metabolomics: Nutritional opportunities for personalized health

Nutrition is the cornerstone of health; survival depends on acquiring essential nutrients, and dietary components can both prevent and promote disease. Metabolomics, the study of all small molecule metabolic products in a system, has been shown to provide a detailed snapshot of the body's processes at any particular point in time, opening up the possibility of monitoring health and disease, prevention and treatment. Metabolomics has the potential to fundamentally change clinical chemistry and, by extension, the fields of nutrition, toxicology and medicine. Technological advances, combined with new knowledge of the human genome and gut microbiome, have made and will continue to make possible earlier, more accurate, less invasive diagnoses, all while enhancing our understanding of the root causes of disease and leading to a generation of dietary recommendations that enable optimal health. This article reviews the recent contributions of metabolomics to the fields of nutrition, toxicology and medicine. It is expected that these fields will eventually blend together through development of new technologies in metabolomics and genomics into a new area of clinical chemistry: personalized medicine.
Surface integral equation method for the analysis of an obliquely stratified half-space

The radiation of a source in the presence of an obliquely stratified half-space is studied using the surface integral equation method. A generalized extinction theorem for the obliquely stratified half-space problem is derived, which gives eight surface integral equations for the fields. The Green's functions for the stratified media are found by a semianalytical method. These surface integral equations can be used to solve the rather complicated two-dimensional problem by the one-dimensional finite element method (FEM), which saves computer memory and computation time compared to the conventional two-dimensional FEM. for some special cases, the results obtained by this method are compared with those obtained by the numerical mode matching method and the Fourier integral technique. Excellent agreement has been observed between them. This method is general for any obliquely stratified half-space with arbitrarily many layers in each region. >
fleN, a Gene That Regulates Flagellar Number in Pseudomonas aeruginosa

The single polar flagellum of Pseudomonas aeruginosa plays an important role in the pathogenesis of infection by this organism. However, regulation of the assembly of this organelle has not been delineated. In analyzing the sequence available at the Pseudomonas genome database, an open reading frame (ORF), flanked by flagellar genes flhF and fliA, that coded for a protein (280 amino acids) with an ATP-binding motif at its N terminus was found. The ORF was inactivated by inserting a gentamicin cassette in P. aeruginosa PAK and PAO1. The resulting mutants were nonmotile on motility agar plates, but under a light microscope they exhibited random movement and tumbling behavior. Electron microscopic studies of the wild-type and mutant strains revealed that the mutants were multiflagellate, with three to six polar flagella per bacterium as rather than one as in the wild type, indicating that this ORF was involved in regulating the number of flagella and chemotactic motility in P. aeruginosa. The ORF was named fleN. An intact copy of fleN on a plasmid complemented the mutant by restoring motility and monoflagellate status. The beta-galactosidase activities of eight flagellar operon or gene promoters in the wild-type and fleN mutant strains revealed a direct correlation between six promoters that were upregulated in the fleN mutant (fliLMNOPQ, flgBCDE, fliEFG, fliDS orf126, fleSR, and fliC) and positive regulation by FleQ, an NtrC-like transcriptional regulator for flagellar genes. Based on these results, we propose a model where FleN influences FleQ activity (directly or indirectly) in regulating flagellar number in P. aeruginosa.
Modeling effects of diabetes and obesity co-morbidities in endometrial cancer development and progression

Methods The effects of insulin and insulin like growth factors 1 and 2 (IGF1 and 2) on proliferation were measured in primary cultures of human endometrial cells using a cytotoxicity assay, while transformation was measured by soft agar colony formation and histologic evaluation of and organotypic model of endometrial carcinogenesis and chemoprevetion [1]. Akt phosphorylation status was measured by Western blot. Levels of leptin, adiponectin adipsin, c-peptide, tumor necrosis factor a (TNFa) chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2, also called monocyte chemotactic protein-1 or MCP-1), Interleukin (IL)-1b, IL10, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and insulin in serum from 84 endometrial cancer patients were measured using multiplex magnetic bead assays (BioRad and Millipore). Glucose was measured using a kit (Cayman), and HOMA Scores were calculated. These biomarkers were compared with tumor stage, grade, recurrence of disease and age at diagnosis using Spearman Correlation. Results Insulin, IGF1 and IGF2 caused dose-responsive induction of endometrial cell proliferation, which surprisingly was associated with loss of Akt phosphorylation on Ser473. Insulin treatment as a single agent induced anchorageindependent colony formation in the soft agar assay and histologic features of transformed cells in organotypic cultures. Insulin also enhanced these transformation measures induced by 7,12-Dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) carcinogen. Elevated CCL2 in serum of endometrial cancer patients was significantly associated with worse stage of disease (r=0.262, p=0.018). Reduced serum TNFa was significantly associated with increased age at diagnosis (r=0.332, p=0.048). No other associations between biomarkers and patient characteristics were noted.
JEM content to be deposited automatically in PubMed Central

![Graphic][1] ©cartoonbank.com. All Rights Reserved. The Rockefeller University Press is pleased to announce that, as of December 2007, all of the content of the Journal of Experimental Medicine will be deposited in PubMed Central. The content will be mirrored on the UK PubMed
'Legacy' as managerial/magical discourse in contemporary Olympic affairs.

This article critically explores the semantics and pragmatics of legacy discourse among central administrative players in today's ‘Olympic Family’. Through an ethnography of Olympic speech focused on the IOC administration, candidate city committees, and transnational consultants, I show how legacy discourse generates a perception of common and laudable purpose while flattening standards of expertise and reinforcing the IOC administration's preferred model of franchiser/franchisee relations with other Olympic bodies. This case study indicates the significance of discursive routines in furthering the transnational managerial revolution in Olympic affairs, sometimes at the expense of the Olympic movement.
Professional socialization to a research role: Interest in research among graduate students in nursing

This study was conducted to determine whether graduate coursework in research methods and statistics resulted in socializing graduate students in nursing into a research role. Two cohorts, each of about 60 female graduate students in nursing, completed self-administration questionnaires at three different times during their 6 month coursework in research methods and statistics. Subjects indicated significantly more interest in research methods than in statistics (p less than .01), although they rated statistics as valuable to nursing. At the beginning of graduate work, subjects with more work experience in nursing were significantly more interested (p less than .05) in conducting research. Graduate coursework in research methods and statistics produced no significant change in students' interest in doing research in their future nursing careers.
Novel Model for Multispecies Biofilms That Uses Rigid Gas-Permeable Lenses

Oral biofilms comprise complex multispecies consortia aided by specific inter- and intraspecies interactions occurring among commensals and pathogenic bacterial species. Oral biofilms are primary initiating factors of periodontal disease, although complex multifactorial biological influences, including host cell responses, contribute to the individual outcome of the disease. To provide a system to study initial stages of interaction between oral biofilms and the host cells that contribute to the disease process, we developed a novel in vitro model system to grow biofilms on rigid gas-permeable contact lenses (RGPLs), which enable oxygen to permeate through the lens material. Bacterial species belonging to early- and late-colonizing groups were successfully established as single- or three-species biofilms, with each group comprising Streptococcus gordonii, Streptococcus oralis, and Streptococcus sanguinis; S. gordonii, Actinomyces naeslundii, and Fusobacterium nucleatum; or S. gordonii, F. nucleatum, and Porphyromonas gingivalis. Quantification of biofilm numbers by quantitative PCR (qPCR) revealed substantial differences in the magnitude of bacterial numbers in single-species and multispecies biofilms. We evaluated cell-permeable conventional nucleic acid stains acridine orange, hexidium iodide, and Hoechst 33258 and novel SYTO red, blue, and green fluorochromes for their effect on bacterial viability and fluorescence yield to allow visualization of the aggregates of individual bacterial species by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Substantial differences in the quantity and distribution of the species in the multispecies biofilms were identified. The specific features of these biofilms may help us better understand the role of various bacteria in local challenge of oral tissues.
Renal cell carcinoma metastasis to the cerebellopontine cistern: intraoperative Onyx embolization via direct needle puncture

We report a rare case of a renal cell carcinoma (RCC) metastasis occupying the cerebellopontine and cerebellomedullary cisterns, and describe an alternative strategy for embolizing hypervascular intracranial tumors. A middle aged patient with a distant history of RCC presented with headaches, nausea, and vomiting, and was found to have an enhancing mass in the left cerebellopontine and cerebellopontine cisterns. The initial surgical resection was aborted due to excessive bleeding. After an unsuccessful attempt at intra-arterial embolization, the patient returned to the operating room and the tumor was devascularized by direct needle puncture Onyx embolization under biplane fluoroscopy. The devascularized tumor was then successfully dissected from the brainstem and adherent lower cranial nerves. In properly selected cases, open surgical direct needle puncture embolization of intracranial vascular tumors under biplane fluoroscopy is a viable alternative devascularization method.
Challenging Cases, Match Wits with the Masters.

I am proud and delighted to present the third issue of case studies for Cardiac Electrophysiology Clinics. We are indeed fortunate to have contributing authors who are both expert electrophysiologists and superb teachers. I am also indebted to the Section Editors for their tireless work and diligence. I am happy that the case presentation format allows the reader to match wits with the experts and remains an important and exciting educational tool. I hope the readers agree, and I
Outcomes of Federal Court Decisions on Sexual Harassment

This study examined the influence of nine case characteristics on the outcomes of federal court cases involving sexual harassment. Case characteristics that were related to the courts' decisions we...
Fluid filled cracks and seismic anisotropy: An experimental study

Summary Seismic characterization of subsurface fractures has important applications in reservoir assessment. Recent studies have also shown that azimuthal anisotropy can not only help delineate orientation and intensity of fractures, but also indicate the fluid infill of these cracks. To explore the influence of different fluids on seismic response in a transversely isotropic background medium, a physical modeling study using vertically aligned and grooved plexiglass material embedded in isotropic resin was conducted. The theoretical motivation for this experimental study is the Hudson and Thomsen theories for pennyshaped cracks. The composite model was designed to simulate a single set of aligned vertical cracks (HTI symmetry) filled with fluids. In a series of ultrasonic and scaled seismic experiments, the model is initially filled with air (gas-saturated) and fluids are gradually injected into the composite material to simulate different rates of fluid saturation. Porosity in our assembled cracked media is 2.5% and crack density is estimated as 14%. Our results show changes in ultrasonic compressional and shear wave velocities ranging from 1% to 15% in different directions as a function of brine saturation. Most significant velocity change is observed in vertically propagating P-waves. We also detect changes in delay between fast and slow split shear waves with saturation. NMO velocity measured from scaled ultrasonic response shows not only changes in velocity values on saturation, but also a difference in the trend of NMO velocities as a function of source-receiver azimuth. Computed stiffness coefficient changes ranged from 3% to 30%. Anisotropic parameters also varied with different levels of saturation. Our experiments show that
Potassium disorders: Hypokalemia and hyperkalemia

Hypokalemia and hyperkalemia are common electrolyte disorders caused by changes in potassium intake, altered excretion, or transcellular shifts. Diuretic use and gastrointestinal losses are common causes of hypokalemia, whereas kidney disease, hyperglycemia, and medication use are common causes of hyperkalemia. When severe, potassium disorders can lead to life-threatening cardiac conduction disturbances and neuromuscular dysfunction. Therefore, a first priority is determining the need for urgent treatment through a combination of history, physical examination, laboratory, and electrocardiography findings. Indications for urgent treatment include severe or symptomatic hypokalemia or hyperkalemia; abrupt changes in potassium levels; electrocardiography changes; or the presence of certain comorbid conditions. Hypokalemia is treated with oral or intravenous potassium. To prevent cardiac conduction disturbances, intravenous calcium is administered to patients with hyperkalemic electrocardiography changes. Insulin, usually with concomitant glucose, and albuterol are preferred to lower serum potassium levels in the acute setting; sodium polystyrene sulfonate is reserved for subacute treatment. For both disorders, it is important to consider potential causes of transcellular shifts because patients are at increased risk of rebound potassium disturbances.
G495(P) Trends in long-stay patients in paediatric intensive care unit

Background and aims Long-stay patients in paediatric intensive care units (PICU) are associated with disproportionately high healthcare resource utilisation and unfavourable outcomes. Increase in long-stay admissions and bed-occupancy have been reported elsewhere but not in the UK. Methods We performed a retrospective analysis of PICU admissions over the last 19 years. Long-stay admissions [length of stay ≥ 28 days] were analysed over 4 different study-periods [1996–2000, 2001–2005, 2006–2010 and 2011–2014]. Chi-square test for trends used for significance tests for trends in proportions. Results 22,059 admission episodes accounted for 108,522 bed-days. 521 long-stay episodes accounted for 30,052 bed-days. Proportion of long-stay admissions and bed-days increased from 1.2% and 19% respectively in 1996–2000, to 3.6% and 36% in 2011–2014 [p Conclusions We found an increasing trend in proportion of long stay patients and bed occupancy. If nationwide figures confirm this trend, PICU capacity planning for the future should take this into account.
“Making It Worse than What Really Happened”: Social Chaos and Preparedness as Problematic Mythologies in Disaster Communication

This perspective piece explores both social chaos and disaster preparedness as mythologies that are a persistent part of problems with disaster communication. It argues that while extant scholarship acknowledges disaster myths that advance the belief that social chaos and, for example, looting is common is problematic, there has not been much done to mitigate this in practice. Furthermore, the continued focus on social disorder in institutional efforts does not recognize inherent skills and capabilities of citizens both at risk for and affected by disaster. Here I argue, the concept of preparedness is an expectation that dichotomizes human behavior and is a form of social control. Those who are not prepared according to institutional norms have the potential to be unruly. The management of large emergencies must mitigate myths and advance more accurate understandings of pro-sociality in disasters. To this end, the status quo communicates bad information about human behavior in crisis that perpetuates a paternalistic institutional approach that stagnates equitable disaster management. Here, I pose a call for new directions in disaster research given such issues.
Gangliocytoma and Ganglioglioma

• Gangliocytomas originating in the posterior pituitary are rare [ 1 ]. • The majority of gangliocytomas of the neurohypophysis are actually a composite tumor with gangliocytic and pituitary adenomatous elements, forming so-called mixed gangliocytoma-pituitary adenomas [ 1 ]. • The term “pituitary adenoma with adenohypophyseal neuronal choristoma” (PANCH) has also been used by some investigators [ 2 ], but it is discouraged by the current WHO classifi cation [ 1 ]. • Clinically, gangliocytomas present with hormonal oversecretion syndromes in 74 % of reported cases [ 5 ]. These tumors are associated with neuroendocrine disorders, mainly acromegaly, although fewer cases with Cushing’s disease and hyperprolactinemia have been described [ 1 ]. • Hypothalamic factors such as growth hormone (GH)– releasing hormone (GHRH) and corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) are often secreted, resulting in clinical syndromes such as acromegaly or Cushing’s syndrome [ 6 – 8 ]. • They are associated with pituitary adenomas in 65 % of cases [ 5 , 7 , 9 ]. • Intrasellar gangliocytoma is more closely associated with coexisting pituitary adenomas, whereas suprasellar gangliocytomas are more closely associated with pituitary hyperplasia [ 5 ]. • Secretion of hypothalamic hormones is thought to play a major role in the growth of the coexisting adenoma [ 5 ]. • According to major series, gangliocytomas comprise approximately 0.3–0.5 % of all sellar lesions treated via a transsphenoidal approach [ 3 , 10 ]. • Mixed gangliocytoma-pituitary adenomas are estimated to correspond to 0.5–1.25 % of all sellar region tumors [ 3 , 4 ].
Microbial phenomics information extractor (MicroPIE): a natural language processing tool for the automated acquisition of prokaryotic phenotypic characters from text sources

The large-scale analysis of phenomic data (i.e., full phenotypic traits of an organism, such as shape, metabolic substrates, and growth conditions) in microbial bioinformatics has been hampered by the lack of tools to rapidly and accurately extract phenotypic data from existing legacy text in the field of microbiology. To quickly obtain knowledge on the distribution and evolution of microbial traits, an information extraction system needed to be developed to extract phenotypic characters from large numbers of taxonomic descriptions so they can be used as input to existing phylogenetic analysis software packages. We report the development and evaluation of Microbial Phenomics Information Extractor (MicroPIE, version 0.1.0). MicroPIE is a natural language processing application that uses a robust supervised classification algorithm (Support Vector Machine) to identify characters from sentences in prokaryotic taxonomic descriptions, followed by a combination of algorithms applying linguistic rules with groups of known terms to extract characters as well as character states. The input to MicroPIE is a set of taxonomic descriptions (clean text). The output is a taxon-by-character matrix—with taxa in the rows and a set of 42 pre-defined characters (e.g., optimum growth temperature) in the columns. The performance of MicroPIE was evaluated against a gold standard matrix and another student-made matrix. Results show that, compared to the gold standard, MicroPIE extracted 21 characters (50%) with a Relaxed F1 score > 0.80 and 16 characters (38%) with Relaxed F1 scores ranging between 0.50 and 0.80. Inclusion of a character prediction component (SVM) improved the overall performance of MicroPIE, notably the precision. Evaluated against the same gold standard, MicroPIE performed significantly better than the undergraduate students. MicroPIE is a promising new tool for the rapid and efficient extraction of phenotypic character information from prokaryotic taxonomic descriptions. However, further development, including incorporation of ontologies, will be necessary to improve the performance of the extraction for some character types.
Social Goals Impact Adolescent Substance Use through Influencing Adolescents' Connectedness to Their Schools.

Although developmental models of risk behavior highlight the role of school connectedness in the etiology of adolescent substance use, no studies to our knowledge have assessed longitudinal mediational models examining how adolescents form bonds to their school, and how the quality of those bonds relate to substance use. To address this gap, the current study used four waves of data, spanning ages 11–16 (grades 5–11), to examine the association between individual differences in agentic (Dominance/Power) and communal (Nurturance/Affiliation) social goals and school connectedness, and in turn, whether levels of school connectedness are associated with substance use. The community sample (N = 387, 55% female) was assessed annually and included non-Hispanic Caucasian (83.1%), African American (9.1%), Hispanic (2.1%), and Asian (1.0%), as well as youth of mixed ethnicity (4.7%). The results supported a mediational pathway whereby agentic goals were associated with low levels of school connectedness, which, in turn, were associated with high levels of substance use. Counter to our hypotheses, no association was found between communal goals and school connectedness. These findings provided initial evidence for the important role social goals play in shaping an adolescent’s connectedness to their school and risk for substance use.
The Platonic Forehand and Backhand of Cybernetic Architecture

Since the 1960s, the field of digital architecture has been grounded on a computational practice of design, which has been inseparable from cybernetic constructions of architectural issues. The res...
What Is the Blockchain

Blockchain is a new technology, based on hashing, which is at the foundation of the platforms for trading cryptocurrencies and executing smart contracts. This article reviews the basic ideas of this technology and provides a sample minimalist implementation in Python.
Mixed Mandates: Issues Concerning Organizational and Statutory Definitions of Terrorism in the United States

Defining terrorism continues to be a problematic task for scholars, politicians, and government officials. Research has shown that developing a single definition of terrorism is not only unlikely, ...
Nonclinical assessments of the potential biosimilar PF-06439535 and bevacizumab.

Bevacizumab, a recombinant humanized monoclonal antibody targeting vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), is approved for treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer, nonsquamous non-small-cell lung cancer, metastatic kidney cancer, and glioblastoma. To support clinical development of the potential bevacizumab biosimilar PF-06439535, nonclinical studies evaluated structural, functional, toxicological, and toxicokinetic similarity to bevacizumab sourced from the European Union (bevacizumab-EU) and United States (bevacizumab-US). Peptide mapping demonstrated the amino acid sequence of PF-06439535 was identical to bevacizumab-EU and bevacizumab-US. Biologic activity, measured via inhibition of VEGF-induced cell proliferation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells and binding to VEGF isoforms, was similar across the three drugs. In vivo similarity was demonstrated in cynomolgus monkeys administered intravenous PF-06439535 or bevacizumab-EU (0 or 10 mg/kg/dose twice weekly for 1 month; total of nine doses). Systemic exposure appeared similar and test article-related effects were limited to physeal dysplasia of the distal femur. The potential for non-target-mediated toxicity of PF-06439535 was evaluated in rats administered intravenous PF-06439535 (15 or 150 mg/kg/dose twice weekly for 15 days; total of five doses). Nonadverse higher liver weights and minimal sinusoidal cell hyperplasia were observed. Collectively, these studies demonstrated similarity of PF-06439535 to bevacizumab, supporting entry into clinical development.
"Oh, Why Can't You Remain Like This Forever!": Children's Literature, Growth, and Disability

One of the foundational gestures of the disability rights movement was the rejection of the common description of people who live with physical or mental impairments as "eternal children." This paper argues that the contradictions inherent in applying this trope to adults amplify the contradictions inherent in applying it to children themselves. From its heyday in in the 19th-century "Golden Age" of children's literature to its afterlife in 20th-century disabling rhetoric, the fantasy of childhood as stasis requires denying the fact of growth.
FogStore: A Geo-Distributed Key-Value Store Guaranteeing Low Latency for Strongly Consistent Access

We design Fogstore, a key-value store for event-based systems, that exploits the concept of relevance to guarantee low-latency access to relevant data with strong consistency guarantees, while providing tolerance from geographically correlated failures. Distributed event-based processing pipelines are envisioned to utilize the resources of densely geo-distributed infrastructures for low-latency responses - enabling real-time applications. Increasing complexity of such applications results in higher dependence on state, which has driven the incorporation of state-management as a core functionality of contemporary stream processing engines a la Apache Flink and Samza. Processing components executing under the same context (like location) often produce information that may be relevant to others, thereby necessitating shared state and an out-of-band globally-accessible data-store. Efficient access to application state is critical for overall performance, thus centralized data-stores are not a viable option due to the high-latency of network traversals. On the other hand, a highly geo-distributed datastore with low-latency implemented with current key-value stores would necessitate degrading client expectation of consistency as per the PACELC theorem. In this paper we exploit the notion of contextual relevance of events (data) in situation-awareness applications - and offer differential consistency guarantees for clients based on their context. We highlight important systems concerns that may arise with a highly geo-distributed system and show how Fogstore's design tackles them. We present, in detail, a prototype implementation of Fogstore's mechanisms on Apache Cassandra and a performance evaluation. Our evaluations show that Fogstore is able to achieve the throughput of eventually consistent configurations while serving data with strong consistency to the contextually relevant clients.
Can NMR diffusion-weighted imaging provide quantitative information on tumor interstital pO2?

Oxygenation (pO2) is a major variable in many types of cancer treatment. This includes radiation therapy1–6, photodynamic therapy7–9 and certain chemotherapeutic agents10–17. The pO2 level can affect the response of tumors to therapy, especially in the critical range below 10 mmHg, where increasing hypoxia results in increased resistance to radiotherapy18. If it were possible to measure pO2 in tumors, then it might be possible to optimize the type and timing of treatment.
Die Checkliste qualitätsrelevanter Prozessmerkmale für das Peer-Review-Verfahren der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Schlafforschung und Schlafmedizin (DGSM) zur Sicherung der Prozessqualität im akkreditierten Schlaflabor

Im Bestreben die Qualitat der medizinischen Versorgung im Schlaflabor kontinuierlich weiterzuentwickeln, wurde von der Deutschen Gesellschaft fur Schlafforschung und Schlafmedizin (DGSM) die „Kommission Prozess- und Ergebnisqualitat” eingerichtet. Diese interdisziplinar besetzte Kommission entwickelte ein Programm zur Sicherung der Prozessqualitat, dessen Kernstuck eine im Verlauf von Konsensuskonferenzen entstandene „Checkliste qualitatsrelevanter Prozessmerkmale” ist. Zusammen mit einem entsprechenden Manual, das Kriterien fur die Beurteilung der Qualitat mit Hilfe vorgegebener Kategorien enthalt, werden so erste Qualitatsstandards fur den Prozessablauf etabliert. Auf dieser Grundlage soll im Rahmen eines Peer-Review-Verfahrens die Prozessqualitat in den bei der DGSM akkreditierten Schlaflaboratorien uberpruft werden. Die Auswertung der Begutachtungsergebnisse soll dann nicht nur Aufschluss uber den Status Quo der Prozessqualitat in der deutschen Schlafmedizin geben, sondern auch als Basis fur eine weitere Evaluation der Qualitatsstandards dienen. Sowohl Checkliste und Manual als auch die methodische Vorgehensweise des Qualitatssicherungsprogramms werden hier dargestellt.
Improved survival among children and adolescent and young adults with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) treated at specialized cancer centers in California.

10502Background: We previously demonstrated that adolescent and young adult (AYA) patients who received induction treatment at specialized cancer centers (SCC; versus community hospitals) had lower...
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings of Term and Preterm Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy: A Review of Relevant Animal Models and Correlation to Human Imaging.

Background Neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy is brain injury caused by decreased perfusion and oxygen delivery that most commonly occurs in the context of delivery complications such as umbilical cord compression or placental abruption. Imaging is a key component for guiding treatment and prediction of prognosis, and the most sensitive clinical imaging modality for the brain injury patterns seen in hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy is magnetic resonance imaging. Objective The goal of this review is to compare magnetic resonance imaging findings demonstrated in the available animal models of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy to those found in preterm (≤ 36 weeks) and term (>36 weeks) human neonates with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, with special attention to the strengths and weaknesses of each model. Methods A structured literature search was performed independently by two authors and the results of the searches were compiled. Animal model, human brain age equivalency, mechanism of injury, and area of brain injury were recorded for comparison to imaging findings in preterm and term human neonates with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Conclusion Numerous animal models have been developed to better elicit the expected findings that occur after HIE by allowing investigators to control many of the clinical variables that result in injury. Although modeling the same disease process, magnetic resonance imaging findings in the animal models vary with the species and methods used to induce hypoxia and ischemia. The further development of animal models of HIE should include a focus on comparing imaging findings, and not just pathologic findings, to human studies.
Pore Engineering for Enhanced Mass Transport in Encapsulin Nanocompartments.

Encapsulins are robust and engineerable proteins that form hollow, nanosized, icosahedral capsids, making them attractive vehicles for drug delivery, scaffolds for synthetic bionanoreactors, and artificial organelles. A major limitation of native encapsulins is the small size of pores in the protein shell. At 3 A diameter, these pores impose significant restrictions on the molecular weight and diffusion rate of potential substrates. By redesigning the pore-forming loop region in encapsulin from Thermotoga maritima, we successfully enlarged pore diameter up to an estimated 11 A and increased mass transport rates by 7-fold as measured by lanthanide ion diffusion assay. Our study demonstrates the high tolerance of encapsulin for protein engineering and has created a set of novel, functionally improved scaffolds for applications as bionanoreactors.
Northward expansion of southern pine beetle generates significant alterations to forest structure and composition of globally rare Pinus rigida forests

Abstract Southern pine beetle (SPB; Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmerman), a native insect that has historically affected pine (Pinus spp.) ecosystems in the southeastern U.S., has recently expanded northward causing extensive tree mortality in pitch pine (P. rigida) and pitch pine-oak (Quercus spp.) forests of eastern Long Island, NY. Given the historic lack of SPB within this region, little is known regarding its potential impacts. This study examined the immediate effects of SPB-induced tree mortality and management (i.e., cut-and leave suppression) on the structure and composition of affected forest communities to inform management recommendations and projections of future forest conditions. Overstory pine basal area declined significantly following SPB infestation and management (67–100% mortality), although management partly mitigated these effects. There was no immediate impact of SPB or management on seedling and sapling density or composition, with hardwood species making up the majority of this layer and pine representing
A conditional proof of Legendre's Conjecture and Andrica's conjecture

The Legendre conjecture has resisted analysis over a century, even under assumption of the Riemann Hypothesis. We present, a significant improvement on previous results by greatly reducing the assumption to a more modest statement called the Parity conjecture. Let $p_n$ and $p_{n+1}$ be two consecutive odd primes, let $m$ be their midpoint fixed once for all. Conjecture: The largest multiple of $p_n$ not exceeding ${m_i}^2$ is odd for every integer $m_i$ in the interval $(p_n, m]$. Main result: We prove that the Parity conjecture implies Legendre's conjecture and Andrica's conjecture.