cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SALTY SOLUTIONS: THEIR EFFECTS ON THERMAL SET POINTS IN BEHAVIORAL REPERTOIRES OF ALBINO RATS '""

Summary.-Salt (sodium chloride) has been linked to increased blood pressure and a rise in core body temperature. The objective of this study was to investigate the role played by salt in altering behavioral thermoregulation in albino rats. Different doses of sodium chloride were administered (ip) prior to fixed-interval 2-min. schedules of microwave reinforcement in rats tested in a cold Skinner Box. Three SpragueDawley rats were conditioned to regulate their thermal environment with 5-sec. exposures of MW reinforcement in a repeated-measures reversal design. Friedman's nonparametric test showed significant differences among sodium chloride doses and physiologically normal sahne. Post hoc sign tests showed that all doses of NaCl suppressed operant behavior for heat except 60 m&g. The hypothesis that sodium chloride lowers hypothalamic set point for heat was partially supported.
Lessons for Managers: England's Human Resource Dilemmas

Educating the current and future workforce is an extremely important issue. Historically, the UK has not been concerned with educating and training the masses. In the 1990s, talent will be short in the UK and within the European Community (EC). By 1992, the trade barriers will be lifted for the 12 member nations of the EC. Companies that are creative and open to utilizing avenues to train present and potential workers are going to be more competitive in the EC. If the UK continues to produce an unskilled work force, it will not survive the competition. Business leaders realize the need to develop a work force that is equally or better equipped than the work force that is available to their competitors. core lessons learned from the international visit include (1) HRD is not a “perk,” (2) the changing work force is real, (3) quality is the key to competitiveness, and (4) managers need to stick to the basics of human resource management.
Designing FET's and MOST's into A-M radios

The electrical characteristics of unipolar field-effect transistors (FET's) and metal-oxide semiconductor transistors (MOST's) are analogous to those of vacuum tubes. Such characteristics suggest using these devices in the r-f stage of an a-m automobile radio to reduce age power requirements and to obtain better cross-modulation performance than is possible with r-f stages using bipolar junction transistors. FET's and MOST's are particularly attractive compared to vacuum tubes because they share with bipolar junction transistors the favorable advantages of small size and low power requirements. It is likely that these or similar devices will eventually be mass-produced for use in automobile radios and other consumer products, particularly since they are readily incorporated into integrated circuits which are becoming inexpensive enough to be attractive in entertainment applications.
Altered distribution of small-conductance calcium-activated potassium channel SK3 in Hirschsprung's disease.

Abstract Purpose SK3 channels are voltage-independent Ca 2+ -dependent K + channels that play a key role in regulating smooth muscle membrane potential during purinergic inhibitory neurotransmission in the colon. Dysmotility problems are common after a properly performed pull-through operation for Hirschsprung's disease (HSCR). We hypothesised that ganglionic bowel just proximal to the transition zone is abnormal and designed this study to investigate SK3 channel expression in HSCR. Methods Entire resected bowel specimens were collected at the time of pull-through surgery for HSCR (n=6). Control colonic specimens were obtained at the time of colostomy closure in patients following anorectoplasty (n=6). SK3 protein expression was assessed qualitatively using immunofluorescence with confocal microscopy and quantitatively using western blot (WB) analysis. Results Positive SK3 immunofluorescence was seen in the mucosa and in all three smooth muscle layers and the myenteric plexus in control specimens. SK3 immunofluorescence co-localised with PDGFRα. A band was detected at ~70kDa on WB. SK3 protein expression was barely detectable in aganglionic tissue and markedly reduced in the ganglionic bowel of 3 patients with HSCR compared to controls. Conclusion Decreased SK3 expression in ganglionic bowel may explain the basis of persistent bowel symptoms in some patients following a properly performed pull-through operation for HSCR.
Stochastic approximation—A powerful method for solving deterministic numerical problems

Abstract The stochastic approximation method of Robbins and Monro, after some modifications, is shown to be a powerful technique for obtaining numerical solutions of deterministic problems. Both algebraic equations and two point boundary value problems in ordinary differential equations are solved. The convergence rate is shown to be reasonably fast and results are surprisingly accurate. Our proposed procedure is more general than the original approach. Deterministic problems with multiple roots can be solved whereas the original Robbins-Monro method is restricted to a monotone increasing regression function with a single root.
Solution of a Fab (26-10)/digoxin complex by generalized molecular replacement

The structures of a Fab fragment of a monoclonal murine antidigoxin antibody (26-10) complexed with digoxin and of a mutant of the Fab itself have been solved by molecular replacement. The solution strategy employed a generalization of molecular replacement. Prior to translation searches, a large number of the highest rotation-function peaks were subjected to a rigid-body refinement against the linear correlation coefficient between intensities of observed and calculated structure factors in which first the overall orientation of the model and then the orientations and translations of the individual domains (VH, VL, CH1 and CL) were refined. This procedure clearly identified the correct orientation of the search model. Furthermore, it produced a significant and unambiguous solution for the translation search. After rigid-body refinement, the R factor was in the low forties at 8–2.5 and 8–2.7 A resolution for the Fab mutant and the Fab/digoxin complex, respectively. One round of simulated annealing refinement of all atomic positions reduced the R factor to the low twenties in both cases.
Perioperative β blockade: guidelines do not reflect the problems with the evidence from the DECREASE trials.

The trials underpinning initiation of perioperative β blockers in patients with ischaemic heart disease having high risk surgery have largely been discredited, and the remaining evidence points to an increased risk of death. However, changes to the European guidelines have been slow. Graham Cole and Darrel Francis call for improvements to permit guideline experts to perform rapid amendments when required Vigorous efforts have been made across Europe to promote use of protocols to reduce perioperative deaths. Since 2009 the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) guidelines have recommended the initiation of perioperative β blockade for patients with ischaemic heart disease or positive preoperative stress test results who are having high risk surgery.1 This involves giving a short course of oral β blockers from shortly before surgery until a few days or weeks after surgery and is distinct from the long term use of β blockers in heart failure, for which safety and efficacy are well proved. The aim is to reduce perioperative mortality by preventing myocardial infarction. Until 31 July 2014, the recommendation was at the strongest level, class I, which should mean that there is “evidence and/or general agreement that a given treatment or procedure is beneficial, useful, and effective.”1 The principal support for the recommendation comes from two of the DECREASE (Dutch Echocardiographic Cardiac Risk Evaluation Applying Stress Echocardiography) family of trials, which were discredited in 2011 because of misconduct.2 Our 2013 meta-analysis of the remaining 11 credible randomised controlled trials indicates that perioperative initation of β blockade increases mortality by 27% (P=0.04, 95% confidence interval 1% to 60%).3 The ESC did not alter its guidance as soon as the DECREASE trials were discredited in 2011 or after the publication of our meta-analysis reporting an increased risk of death, and in January 2014 we published …
The influence of burial heating on the (U–Th)/He system in apatite: Grand Canyon case study

Article history: Thermochronological data can constrain the cooling paths of rocks exhumed through the uppermost 1-2 km of earth's crust, and have thus been pivotal in illuminating topographic development over timescales >0.1 Ma. However, in some cases, different methods have led to conflicting conclusions about timing of valley-scale exhumation. Here, we investigate the case of Western Grand Canyon, USA, where different thermochronological datasets have been interpreted to record very different timings of canyon incision (∼70 Ma versus ∼5 Ma). We present a method to assess key assumptions in these constraints and demonstrate that burial heating conditions of basement rocks in the Mesozoic can result in incomplete annealing of radiation damage in apatite. In turn, this has a dramatic effect on the temperature sensitivity of the apatite (U-Th)/He system and its ability to record post-burial exhumation. The possibility of incomplete annealing resolves the apparent conflict in time-temperature paths inferred over the last 70 Ma, although it requires temperatures during burial that are lower than predicted by apatite fission track data. A refinement of parameters that prescribe the kinetics of damage annealing and related control on 4 He diffusivity in apatite would account for this discrepancy, specifically if alpha recoil damage anneals at a lower rate than fission tracks at a given temperature. These effects will be important for any application of the apatite (U-Th)/He system in geologic settings that experienced prolonged residence (>10 Ma) between 50-150 ◦ C; the approaches developed here provide means to assess these effects.
Sterol and steryl ester regulation of phospholipase A2 from the mosquito parasiteLagenidium giganteum

Lagenidium giganteum, a facultative parasite of mosquito larvae, cannot synthesize sterols, and requires an exogenous source of these lipids in order to enter its reproductive cycle. This parasite grows vegetatively in the absence of sterols, but requires cholesterol or structurally related compounds to produce motile zoospores, which are the only stage capable of infecting mosquitoes. Sterols structurally related to cholesterol and some steryl esters inhibited the activity of L. giganteum phospholipase A2 (PLA2), an enzyme that hydrolyzes fatty acids from the sn-2 position of glycerophospholipids. Sterols that induce reproduction inhibited L. giganteum PLA2 activity, while sterols and steroids that do not support sporulation had minimal effect. Most steryl esters had no effect on enzyme activity, but cholesteryl arachidonate (CA) was a potent inhibitor of parasite PLA2. Not all enzymes partly purified using a DEAE-Sephacel column were affected by these lipids, demonstrating selective inhibition of specific enzymes. Potency was enhanced by up to several orders of magnitude if epoxy fatty acids were esterified to the cholesterol nucleus. The steryl ester pool was dynamic during morphogenesis, and the fatty acid composition of the steryl esters did not mimic total cell or membrane (glycerophospholipid) fatty acid composition as L. giganteum proceeded through its growth cycle. Synthesis of CA and monoepoxy CA by the parasite was confirmed using electrospray mass spectrometry and collision-induced dissociation. Steryl derivatives selectively inhibited PLA2 enzymes from bovine pancreas, snake venom, and human cytoplasmic 85-kDa PLA2.
A QUANTITATIVE GENETIC ANALYSIS OF THERMAL SENSITIVITY IN THE LOCOMOTOR PERFORMANCE CURVE OF APHIDIUS ERVI.

The thermal sensitivity of locomotor performance in Aphidius ervi, a parasitic hymenopteran, conforms to the "jack-of-all-trades is master of none" model of specialist-generalist trade-offs. Performance breadth and maximal performance at the phenotypic level are negatively correlated in both sexes. A strong, negative genetic correlation was found for males, but not for females. In males, the broad-sense heritability of performance breadth was about 0.16, and that of maximum walking velocity was about 0.29. Neither heritability was significantly different from zero in females. The broad-sense heritability of body mass was about 0.3 in females and 0.6 in males, with a strong negative genetic correlation between size and maximum velocity in males only. These data provide the first quantitative genetic analysis of performance curves in eukaryotic animals, and one of the few demonstrations of the specialist-generalist trade-off that underlies much theory in evolutionary ecology.
Osmotic Emergency Purifier of Sea Water

WHEN a hypertonic solution is separated from a hypotonic one by a semipermeable membrane, solvent will flow from the hypotonic to the hypertonic system until equilibrium is established. Sea water is essentially a 0.6 N solution of polar solutes in water. A membrane which would, under certain conditions, reject sodium and larger ions and allow migration of water free of solutes can be obtained1. Cellulose acetate, for example, fulfils the condition of rejection of sodium chloride2. A semi-permeable membrane system for concentrating beverages was conceived some 30 years ago3, but practical development has awaited the advent of appropriate membranes.
The optical–optical double resonance spectrum of 7Li2 excited by a single tunable cw laser

The two‐photon excitation spectrum of 7Li2 produced by a single tunable cw dye laser operating between 570 and 650 nm has been observed using ultraviolet fluorescence detection. The spectrum arises from optical–optical double resonance transitions from the X 1Σg+ ground electronic state to the F 1Σg+ and G 1Πg excited states via the A 1Σu+ intermediate state, in which vibrational and rotational relaxation also take place. Using the known molecular constants for these states, a theoretically predicted spectrum was found from which the prominent lines in the experimental spectrum could be assigned. The multiphoton ionization spectrum of Li2, previously observed and interpreted in terms of bound–free–bound triplet absorption bands, can be explained as OODR transitions among the above states followed by photoionization.
An in vitro analysis of a sustained release system for the treatment of denture stomatitis.

This study investigated the feasibility of a sustained-release delivery system for the treatment of denture stomatitis using four antifungal agents (chlorhexidine, clotrimazole, fluconazole, and nystatin) incorporated into a tissue conditioner (Lynal®) at zero (control), low, medium, and high concentrations. Hardness of all experimental groups increased with both concentration and time, but remained within the range of clinical acceptability (Shore A ≤ 49). Mean tensile strength increased in all experimental groups and was significantly stronger than the control for at least one concentration level of each drug, p ≤ 0.05. All failures for tensile-strength testing were characterized as cohesive. All drugs demonstrated release from the tissue conditioner matrix and inhibition of growth of C. albicans that was either total, dose-related, or related to incubation time prior to inoculation. All controls supported growth.
Reproduction, juvenile survival and retention in an urban fox squirrel population

Fox squirrels in an urban environment had an average litter size of 2.83 (95% CI 2.5, 3.16) which was similar to rural populations. Nonetheless, the proportion of squirrels reproductively active during the summer/fall breeding season (0.73) and annually (spring + summer/fall) was higher (1.23) than previously recorded for non-manipulated rural populations. The average monthly survival rate ( $$\mathop S\limits^ \wedge = 0.960$$ ) of urban juvenile fox squirrels during the first 14 weeks of life was higher than reported for adult populations in the area. High rates of reproduction and juvenile survival yielded high juvenile to adult ratios (juveniles/adults) averaging 0.44. Retention of juveniles after 6 months (15%) was significantly less (χ 2 = 7.24, p = 0.0071) than adults/subadults (40%). Results suggest that the urban environment provides quality habitat for fox squirrels and fox squirrels in urban environments have the potential to be a source population for surrounding suburban and rural environments.
On the simulation size and the convergence of the Monte Carlo EM algorithm via likelihood-based distances

When the conditional expectation of a complete-data likelihood in an EM algorithm is analytically intractable, Monte Carlo integration is often used to approximate the E-step. While the resulting Monte Carlo EM algorithm (MCEM) is flexible, assessing convergence of the algorithm is a more difficult task than the original EM algorithm, because of the uncertainty involved in the Monte Carlo approximation. In this note, we propose a convergence criterion using a likelihood-based distance. Because the likelihood is approximated by Monte Carlo integration, we make the distance small with a large probability by selecting the Monte Carlo sample size adaptively at each step of the MCEM algorithm. We implement the proposed convergence criterion along with the simulation size selection in a one-way random effects model. The result shows that our MCEM iterations match the exact EM iterations closely.
Deficiencies of clinical trials of alcohol withdrawal.

Eighty-one therapeutic trials of alcohol withdrawal were found that have been published in English since 1954; controls were randomized in 29 (RCTs). Two thousand three hundred thirteen patients were randomized. Variable pretreatment description prevented estimates of delirium tremens and convulsion prevalence, but only four deaths were reported. Endpoints were thus entirely subjective in these moderately ill patients. Protocol quality of the RCTs was graded by a previously developed system for evaluating adequacy of descriptions, blinding, and essential measurements. Mean score obtained was .49 +/- .03 (1 SE). (A perfect paper would score 1.00.) Data presentations and statistical analyses scored .18 +/- .03. There was little evidence of improvement of scores over time. Papers lacked confidence intervals, proper handling of dropouts, and adequate details of side effects. In five RCTs, six comparisons showed that benzodiazepines are clearly superior to placebo (p less than .001), but conclusions about comparisons with other drugs were not possible. In none of eight "negative" comparisons was the probability of a type II error (beta) considered. Discovery of more effective symptomatic agents or methods of reducing the death rate will require more rigid protocols and analyses as well as larger studies to allow the use of more critical endpoints such as occurrence of delirium tremens, convulsions, or death.
Multimodal Plasmonic Nanosensor for the Detection of Pathogenic Bacteria

Multi-modal sensing scheme significantly improves the detection accuracy but can also introduce extra complexity in the overall design of the sensor. We overcome this difficulty by utilizing the plasmonic properties of metallic nanoparticles. In this study, we will present a simple dual optical sensing mechanism which harvests signals of the resonantly excited metallic nanostructure in the form of surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) and resonant Rayleigh scattering. Silver and gold nanoparticles labeled with appropriate antibodies act as signal transduction units and upon exposure to the targeted pathogen render the targeted species optically active. We demonstrate that detection of a single pathogen cell is easily attainable with the dual detection scheme. Furthermore, we explore the markedly different SERS intensity observed from the use of two very different antibody recognition units during the pathogen labeling process.
Distant metastasis in p16-positive oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma: A critical analysis of patterns and outcomes

Summary Objective With good loco-regional control, disease failure in p16-positive oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) mainly results from distant metastasis (DM). Our objective was to characterize the patterns and clinical outcomes of DM in p16-positive OPSCC and compare these to patients with p16-negative disease. Methods Primary OPSCC patients who developed DM after completing surgical or non-surgical treatment were identified and p16 status was evaluated. Patterns of DM and post-DM progression-free (PFS) and disease-specific survival (DSS) were assessed. Results Forty-one of the 66 (62%) patients with DM were p16-positive. DM patterns were not statistically different by p16 status. However, p16-positive patients developed DM later in their course and had longer survival. All p16-negative patients either had progression or died within 24 months of DM detection whereas the 2-year post-DM PFS in the p16-positive group was 20% (95% CI: 8–32.5%, p = 0.003). The 3-year post-DM disease-specific survival (DSS) estimate in the p16-positive patients was 16% (95% CI: 7–18%) while all p16-negative patients died within 34 months ( p Conclusions The DM pattern did not differ remarkably between p16-positive and negative OPSCC patients in our practice. In p16-positive OPSCC with pulmonary oligometastatic disease, curative intent treatment and optimized locoregional control for the index primary prolonged survival.
Competition between the charge-density-wave and singlet-superconducting phases in a quasi-one-dimensional system

The competition between the charge-density-wave and singlet-superconducting phases is investigated for a strong-coupling quasi-one-dimensional system. For a half-filled band each phase appears separately, while for a quarter-filled band a coexistence region is found.
Unconformities and Depositional Sequences During Transgression and Regression of Continental Shelf: ABSTRACT

Major transgressions and regressions are recognized on the basis of vertical sedimentary sequence between major unconformities in the stratigraphic record. The more laterally continuous an unconformity is, the more time significance it is interpreted to have. Studies of transgressions and regressions during the Holocene and Pleistocene provide new insights into the character of unconformities and the interpretation of depositional sequences. In addition, these studies indicate that extensive regressive deposits do not develop during falling sea level. During transgressions, the base of the transgressive depositional sequence is marked by a subaerially eroded unconformity at the top of the pretransgression deposits. The deposits just above the basal surface are usually back-barrier lagoon or estuarine sediments. Three types of basal contacts can develop depending upon the material directly overlying the unconformity: fringing marsh, distal lagoon, or lagoonal beach sediment. The processes which develop these lithosomes also serve to make the contact lithologically indistinct. In fact, with lagoonal beach and distal lagoon the contact can become gradational owing to erosion and bioturbation, respectively. Considerable topographic relief is present on this surface, whereas paleosoil is rarely preserved. The most lithologically distinc contact developed during the transgression is the ravinement surface caused by shoreface retreat. This contact is also the most laterally continuous and has the least topographic relief; it is underlain by back-barrier lagoonal deposits and overlain by nearshore marine deposits. During many transgressions and regressions, such as have occurred in the Quaternary, the sequence of back-barrier lagoon, truncated by the ravinement surface and overlain by nearshore marine deposits may be repeated several times in one vertical section. When the ravinement surface is mistaken for a major unconformity and the commonly obscured contact at the base of the lagoonal lithosome is taken as a gradational facies change, the vertical sequence is interpreted as prograding (regressive) shoreline deposits with nearshore marine overlain by lagoon. Each such sequence is interpreted to be separated by a transgressive surface. When the ravinement surface and the basal contact are recognized as such, the section is interpreted as a set of transgressive sequences with lagoon truncated y the ravinement surface, overlain by transgressive nearshore marine deposits. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1660------------
Radio Facsimile Newspapers of the 1930s and 40s: Electronic Publishing in the Pre-Digital Era

During the 1930s and 40s, dozens of newspapers and broadcasters experimented with the technology of “radio facsimile.” This form of broadcasting transmitted condensed, tabloid-like newspapers over the airwaves to specially designed facsimile printers. Radio stations operated by newspapers were the most enthusiastic proponents of the technology, though some publishers worried that the emerging medium represented an economic threat. This study examines FCC files on the subject, and outlines the rise and fall of radio-faxpapers as a precursor to later electronic methods for delivering news.
Taxonomic affinities of the immature hominid crania from Hadar and Taung

The description1 of the AL 333-105 cranium from the East African Pliocene provides a new opportunity to re-examine the suggestion2–4 that the Taung child may be a robust rather than a gracile form of early hominid. Comparisons of these two crania with the skulls of living and fossil hominoids indicate that AL 333-105 possesses autapomorphic features associated with paranthropine masticatory hypertrophy, and provide additional evidence for the existence of this lineage in the Hadar Formation. Here, I report a study of the facial morphology of the Taung specimen which, together with recent observations on its dentition5, provides strong evidence against the allocation of the Taung child to the Paranthropus clade. The identity of the specimen is recognized as being in the Homo lineage.
Distribution and activity of bacteria in the headwaters of the Rhode River Estuary, Maryland, USA.

A transect along the axis of the headwaters of a tidal estuary was sampled for microbial, nutrient, and physical parameters. Chlorophylla averaged 42μg 1−1 and phytoplankton comprised an estimated 80% of the total microbial biomass as determined by adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Bacterial concentrations ranged from 0.3–53.9×106 cells ml−1 and comprised about 4% of the total living microbial biomass. Bacterial production, determined by3H-methyl-thymidine incorporation was about 0.05–2.09× 109 cells 1−1 h−1, with specific growth rates of 0.26–1.69 d−1. Most bacterial production was retained on 0.2μm pore size filters, but passed through 1.0μm filters. Significant positive correlations were found between all biomass measures and most nutrient measures with the exception of dissolved inorganic nitrogen nutrients where correlations were negative. Seasonal variability was evident in all parameters and variability among the stations was evident in most. The results suggest that bacterial production requires a significant carbon input, likely derived from autotrophic production, and that microbial trophic interactions are important.
A class of truncated sequential nonparametric tests with constant boundaries: design and performance

Abstract We consider the design and performance of a class of truncated sequential nonparametric tests with two constant thresholds for testing a shift in the alternative. The design involves calculation of the thresholds and the truncation point. We propose to use the Asymptotic Relative Efficiency (ARE) for this. First, the ARE of these tests with respect to the corresponding fixed-sample-size (FSS) tests is obtained as a function of the ratio of the two thresholds, as well as the error probabilities. Given the desired error probabilities, the threshold ratio can be optimally chosen. Then, with this optimal choice and other associated constants, the thresholds can be calculated. Results show that the asymptotic performances of these test are significantly better than the corresponding FSS nonparametric tests. A sequential sign test is used as an example to demonstrate the design procedure and to show non-asymptotic performance, which agrees well with asymptotic results.
On shear flow localization with traction-controlled boundries

Abstract The interactive roles of inertia and material viscosity as regards the evolution of inhomogeneous plastic flow are analyzed. The analysis is presented in the context of the dynamic, one-dimensional simple shear of a thermo-viscoplastic material subjected to traction-controlled boundaries. Existence and uniqueness questions of an exact homogeneous solution for this initial boundary-value problem are investigated. The breakdown of the so-called quasi-static homogeneous solution is related to the onset of localization. We introduce a dimensionless number, called the deformation number, and denoted by R D , as the ratio of inertial to viscous stresses. Characterization of a given deformation as being dynamic is shown to be related to large values of R D instead of simply high rates of applied loading. A model problem is formulated in order to illustrate the basic features of solutions for this class of deformations. An exact solution is derived for the model problem as well as a solution based on matched asymptotic expansions. It is shown, based on the model problem and fully non-linear finite difference solutions, that plastic deformation localizes within narrow bands in the neighborhood of the boundaries. The shear band thickness is inversely proportional to the square root of the deformation number. The role of material viscosity concerning the introduction of a length scale to dynamic deformations of rate-dependent solids is illustrated.
State wetlands and riparian area protection programs

The protection of wetlands and riparian areas has emerged as an important environmental planning issue. In the United States, several federal and state laws have been enacted to protect wetlands and riparian areas. Specifically, the federal Clean Water Act includes protection requirements in Sections 301 and 303 for state water quality standards, Section 401 for state certification of federal actions (projects, permits, and licenses), and Section 404 for dredge and fill permits. The Section 401 water quality state certification element has been called the “sleeping giant” of wetlands protection because it empowers state officials to veto or condition federally permitted or licensed activities that do not comply with state water quality standards. State officials have used this power infrequently. The purpose of this research was to analyze the effectiveness of state wetland and riparian programs. Contacts were established with officials in each state and in the national and regional offices of key federal agencies. Based on interviews and on a review of federal and state laws, state program effectiveness was analyzed. From this analysis, several problems and opportunities facing state wetland protection efforts are presented.
A Search for Microflaring Activity on DME Flare Stars. II. Observations of YZ Canis Minoris

We report on time-series photometric observations of the dM4.5e flare star YZ Canis Minoris obtained in 1993 November with the High Speed Photometer on board the Hubble Space Telescope. The data consist of five 30 minute time sequences with a sampling rate of 0.01 s that were taken through the F240W filter (centered at 240 nm with an 80 nm width). At these wavelengths the stellar photospheric background is small, so relatively small flares can be detected. The observations show a stellar background of 120 counts s-1 on which are superposed 54 flare events ranging in integrated flux from 2.0 × 1028 to 3.0 × 1030 ergs, as well as longer term variations with an amplitude of up to 50% of the average continuum intensity and timescales ranging from several minutes to hours. A statistical analysis of this background suggests that it may be composed of unresolved microflaring activity that has an energy distribution considerably steeper than that deduced for the larger flare events. This is consistent with previous observations as well as the self-organized criticality and reconnecting current sheet flare theories. These results are compared with data from the dM8e flare star CN Leonis, which was obtained earlier with the same experimental setup. CN Leo has both a smaller stellar background and a lower flare occurrence rate than YZ CMi. The fact that CN Leo also has a quiescent X-ray flux that is less than 10% of the YZ CMi emission suggests a link between chromospheric and coronal heating.
A direct approach to linear programming bounds for codes and tms-nets

Based on a self-contained account of the classical linear programming bounds for codes and orthogonal arrays we give a simplified description of the linear programming bounds for ordered codes, ordered orthogonal arrays (OOA) and tms-nets. The main result is a description in terms of a family of polynomials which generalize the Kravchouk polynomials of coding theory. The Plotkin bound and the sphere packing bound for ordered codes are consequences. We also derive a quadratic bound and illustrate by giving some improvements for bounds on the parameters of tms-nets.
Altered TGF-β Signaling in a Subpopulation of Human Stromal Cells Promotes Prostatic Carcinogenesis

Carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAF) play a critical role in malignant progression. Loss of TGF-β receptor II (TGFβR2) in the prostate stroma is correlated with prostatic tumorigenesis. To determine the mechanisms by which stromal heterogeneity because of loss of TGFβR2 might contribute to cancer progression, we attenuated transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) signaling in a subpopulation of immortalized human prostate fibroblasts in a model of tumor progression. In a tissue recombination model, loss of TGFβR2 function in 50% of the stromal cell population resulted in malignant transformation of the nontumorigenic human prostate epithelial cell line BPH1. Mixing fibroblasts expressing the empty vector and dominant negative TGFβR2 increased the expression of markers of myofibroblast differentiation [coexpression of vimentin and alpha smooth muscle actin (αSMA)] through elevation of TGF-β1 and activation of the Akt pathway. In combination, these two populations of stromal cells recapitulated the tumor inductive activity of CAFs. TGFβR2 activity in mixed stromal cell populations cultured in vitro caused secretion of factors that are known to promote tumor progression, including TGF-β1, SDF1/CXCL12, and members of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) families. In vivo, tissue recombination of fibroblasts overexpressing TGF-β1 and SDF1/CXCL12 not only induced transformation of BPH1 cells, but also promoted a robust growth of highly invasive cells, similar to effects produced by CAFs. While the precise nature and/or origin of the particular stromal cell populations in vivo remain unknown, these findings strongly link heterogeneity in TGF-β signaling to tumor promotion by tumor stromal cells.
Wave velocities in hydrocarbon-saturated rocks: Experimental results

This paper contains laboratory measurements of the temperature dependence of velocities, determined by ultrasonic pulse transmission methods, in hydrocarbon liquids and rock samples saturated by the liquids. The samples discussed include 26 hydrocarbons of varying molecular weight, nine mixtures of these hydrocarbons, four heavy oils (tar), three saturated sandstones, and a saturated sand. The data provide encouragement that high‐frequency, high‐resolution seismic techniques may infer formation temperature changes, thereby detecting the progress of thermal enhanced oil recovery processes.
Loss of Transcription Factor KLF5 in the Context of p53 Ablation Drives Invasive Progression of Human Squamous Cell Cancer

Squamous cell cancers account for more than half of all human cancers, and esophageal cancer is the sixth leading cause of cancer death worldwide. The majority of esophageal squamous cell carcinomas have identifiable p53 mutations, yet the same p53 mutations are found at comparable frequencies in precancerous dysplasia, indicating that transformation requires additional somatic changes yet to be defined. Here, we show that the zinc finger transcription factor Kruppel-like factor 5 (KLF5) transactivates NOTCH1 in the context of p53 mutation or loss. KLF5 loss limited NOTCH1 activity and was sufficient on its own to transform primary human keratinocytes harboring mutant p53, leading to the formation of invasive tumors. Restoration of NOTCH1 blocked transformation of KLF5-deficient and p53-mutant keratinocytes. Although human dysplastic epithelia accumulated KLF5, KLF5 expression was lost concurrently with NOTCH1 in squamous cell cancers. Taken together, these results define KLF5 loss as a critical event in squamous cell transformation and invasion. Our findings suggest that KLF5 may be a useful diagnostic and therapeutic target in esophageal squamous carcinomas and possibly more generally in other cancers associated with p53 loss of function.
Green’s functions extraction and surface-wave tomography from microseisms in southern California

We use crosscorrelations of seismic noise data from 151 stations in southern California to extract the group velocities of surface waves between the station pairs for the purpose of determining the surface-wave velocity structure. We developed an automated procedure for estimating the Green’s functions and subsequent tomographic inversion from the 11,325 station pairs based on the characteristics of the noise field. We eliminate specific events by a procedure that does not introduce any spurious spectral distortion in the band of interest, 0.05–0.2 Hz. Further, we only used the emerging arrival structure above a threshold signal-to-noise ratio. The result is that mostly station pairs with their axes oriented toward the sea are used, consistent with the noise having a microseism origin. Finally, it is the time derivative of the correlation function that is actually related to the Green’s function. The emergence of the time-domain Green’s function is proportional to the square root of the recording time and inversely proportional to the square root of the distance between stations. The tomographic inversion yields a surface-wave velocity map that compares favorably with more conventional and elaborate experimental procedures.
The Cik1/Kar3 Motor Complex is Required for the Proper Kinetochore-microtubule Interaction After Stressful DNA Replication

In budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, kinetochores are attached by microtubules during most of the cell cycle, but the duplication of centromeric DNA disassembles kinetochores, which results in a brief dissociation of chromosomes from microtubules. Kinetochore assembly is delayed in the presence of hydroxyurea, a DNA synthesis inhibitor, presumably due to the longer time required for centromeric DNA duplication. Some kinetochore mutants are sensitive to stressful DNA replication as these kinetochore proteins become essential for the establishment of the kinetochore–microtubule interaction after treatment with hydroxyurea. To identify more genes required for the efficient kinetochore–microtubule interaction under stressful DNA replication conditions, we carried out a genome-wide screen for yeast mutants sensitive to hydroxyurea. From this screen, cik1 and kar3 mutants were isolated. Kar3 is the minus-end-directed motor protein; Cik1 binds to Kar3 and is required for its motor function. After exposure to hydroxyurea, cik1 and kar3 mutant cells exhibit normal DNA synthesis kinetics, but they display a significant anaphase entry delay. Our results indicate that cik1 cells exhibit a defect in the establishment of chromosome bipolar attachment in the presence of hydroxyurea. Since Kar3 has been shown to drive the poleward chromosome movement along microtubules, our data support the possibility that this chromosome movement promotes chromosome bipolar attachment after stressful DNA replication.
Anatomic and Clinical Pathology of Cognitive Impairment and Dementia

Progressive cognitive impairment and its clinical culmination in dementia loom as a major public health problem in the coming generation of older adults, and this fact compels investigation to develop interventions that prevent, delay, or cure. The tools of anatomic pathology have provided key insights into the complex convergence of multiple diseases that commonly contribute to the dementia syndrome and its prodrome in the community setting, and they have suggested some exposures that may modulate disease burden. The tools of clinical pathology, in combination with neuroimaging, have revolutionized the approach to clinical investigation of Alzheimer's disease and are now doing the same with Lewy body disease and vascular brain injury. The tools of anatomic and clinical pathology will continue to contribute to our understanding of these diseases as we advance toward effective interventions for the diseases that commonly cause cognitive impairment and dementia in older adults.
Light driven seasonal patterns of chlorophyll and nitrate in the lower euphotic zone of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre

The euphotic zone below the deep chlorophyll maximum layer (DCML) at Station ALOHA (a long-term oligotrophic habitat assessment; 228459N, 1588009W) transects the nearly permanently stratified upper thermocline. Hence, seasonal changes in solar radiation control the balance between photosynthesis and respiration in this lightlimited region. Combining profiles of radiance reflectance, algal pigments, and inorganic nutrients collected between January 1998 and December 2000, we explore the relationships between photosynthetically available radiation (PAR), phytoplankton biomass (chlorophyll a), and the position of the upper nitracline in the lower euphotic zone. Seasonal variations in the water-column PAR attenuation coefficient displace the 1% sea-surface PAR depth from approximately 105 m in winter to 121 m in summer. However, the seasonal depth displacement of isolumes (constant daily integrated photon flux strata) increases to 31 m due to the added effect of changes in sea-surface PAR. This variation induces a significant deepening of the DCML during summertime with a concomitant increase in chlorophyll a and the removal of 36 mmol m 22 inorganic nitrogen [NO 1 NO ] in the 90‐200-m depth range, 22 32 equivalent to approximately 34% of the annual flux of particulate nitrogen collected in sediment traps placed at 150 m. We conclude that in this oceanic region the annual light cycle at the base of the euphotic zone induces an increase in the phototrophic biomass analogous to a spring bloom event.
Application of massively parallel processors to real time processing of high speed images

This paper demonstrates that the real-time utilization of image sequences, at frame rates far above what is currently possible, can now be achieved with an optically interconnected massively parallel processor. A focal plane processing chip with an on-chip array of sigma-delta analog to digital converter front ends under each pixel is presented. This two layer chip is a scaleable high frame rate image capture building block, however it requires a third layer of data processing to filter the sigma-delta front end data to obtain images. The use of an array of optically connected processors beneath the chip proves to be the best solution to this challenging data processing task.
Complex Inequalities: The Case of Muslim Americans After 9/11

The terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, have redefined the meaning of religious minority identity for Muslim Americans. When religious identities are central to U.S. political conflicts, they shift from supporting adaptation to American society to facilitating inequality. Using newspaper articles published in the northeastern region of the United States and The Washington Post between May 2002 and May 2003, the following analysis investigates how Muslim religious identity comes to mimic the inequality of race identity via essentialist images of Islam, government policies, and experiences of discrimination. Benign markers of difference no longer exist in American society; instead, any identity that designates a group boundary can be used to organize social inequality. The religious minority identity of Muslim Americans following 9/11 signals the complexity of social inequality and, therefore, the difficulty of achieving social justice.
Vectorial Metabolism and the Evolution of Transport Systems

Early concepts of transport suggested that enzymes and transporters are evolutionarily related. In this brief minireview, evidence is presented suggesting that, contrary to this view, transport proteins and enzymes evolved independently of each other as two distinct classes of proteins from
A Preliminary Study of the Literacy Experiences of Adolescents With Severe Disabilities

Seventy-five literacy activities of eight middle and high school students with severe disabilities were analyzed in terms of the literacy content, materials used, student engagement, and contexts, including location and instructional arrangement. Coded observations, review of teaching materials, and follow-up teacher interviews and questionnaires revealed that students spent a disproportionate amount of time passively engaged in reading activities (i.e., listening without the opportunity to respond) in one-to-one instructional arrangements located in self-contained classes. Active engagement in written and spoken expressive communication was underemphasized. Worksheets and picture symbols were the most often-used materials. Activities rarely occurred in the natural setting for use of the literacy skill, or with the materials that would be used under natural circumstances. Findings are discussed in relationship to research-based practices.
Cooperative Spectrum Sensing with Beamforming in Cognitive Radio Networks

This letter presents a cooperative spectrum sensing scheme with beamforming for cognitive radio networks. Here, secondary users report spectrum measurements to a fusion center simultaneously with assigned beamforming weights. Under correlated log-normal shadowing, optimal beamforming weights are derived to maximize the global detection probability subject to a global transmit power constraint. Global detection performance with optimal beamforming weights is then evaluated. The analysis is tested on a linear, equi-distant network where secondary users have identical channel gains to the fusion center. Results show that more secondary users improve detection performance.
A GLRT-based spread-spectrum receiver for joint channel estimation and interference suppression

The author considers the problem of demodulating a direct-sequence (DS) spread-spectrum signal in the presence of narrowband interference and multipath. A receiver is considered that is based on the generalized likelihood-ratio test (GLRT), in which the interferer is modeled as an Nth-order circular Gaussian autoregressive (AR) process and the multipath channel is represented by a tapped-delay line. The maximum-likelihood joint estimator for the channel coefficients and interferer AR parameters is then derived. Analytical expressions for bit-error rate are presented for GLRT receiver, under the assumption of perfect estimates of the channel and interferer parameters. The performance of the GLRT receiver is compared to that of a DS receiver using a transversal equalizer. It is shown that the GLRT receiver consistently outperforms the equalizer-based receiver by 2-3 dB. The performance of an adaptive GLRT receiver is evaluated where the recursive least-squares algorithm is used to jointly estimate the interferer and channel parameters. >