cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Proximal Workspace architecture: A latency-focused approach to supporting context-aware applications

We are developing a new enhanced cloud-based computing architecture, called the Proximal Workspace architecture to allow access and interaction between lightweight devices, and applications that represent a new generation of computation-and-data-intensive programs. We are developing a new system architecture based on supporting workspaces which provide nearby computing power to the users devices and thus mediate between them and the clouds computing resources. Specifically, a workspace provides a set of middleware utilities designed to exploit local resources, and provide specific functions such as rendering of graphics, pre-fetching of data, and combining data from different servers. More generally, the workspace is designed to run any subset of activities that cannot be run on a user's device due to computation speed or storage size, and cannot be run on a cloud server due to network latency.
Preventing Disasters: Public Health Vulnerability Reduction as a Sustainable Adaptation to Climate Change

Global warming could increase the number and severity of extreme weather events. These events are often known to result in public health disasters, but we can lessen the effects of these disasters. By addressing the factors that cause changes in climate, we can mitigate the effects of climate change. By addressing the factors that make society vulnerable to the effects of climate, we can adapt to climate change. To adapt to climate change, a comprehensive approach to disaster risk reduction has been proposed. By reducing human vulnerability to disasters, we can lessen--and at times even prevent--their impact. Human vulnerability is a complex phenomenon that comprises social, economic, health, and cultural factors. Because public health is uniquely placed at the community level, it has the opportunity to lessen human vulnerability to climate-related disasters. At the national and international level, a supportive policy environment can enable local adaptation to disaster events. The purpose of this article is to introduce the basic concept of disaster risk reduction so that it can be applied to preventing and mitigating the negative effects of climate change and to examine the role of community-focused public health as a means for lessening human vulnerability and, as a result, the overall risk of climate-related disasters.
Barcoding the species of Pleurothallis subsection Macrophyllae-Fasciculatae

The long-term goal of this project is to have a genetic “barcode” for the described species in Pleurothallis subsection Macrophyllae-Fasciculatae (syn. Acronia Luer) to facilitate identification, recognition of new species, biodiversity assessment, and conservation of this genus in Mesoamerica and the Andes. To this end, a living collection is being assembled at Colorado College with plants from commercial operations in South America (Ecuagenera; Colomborquideas; Orquideas del Valle) and the U.S. (Andy’s Orchids; Hanging Gardens; J & L Orchids); and private collections in the U.S. (O’Shaughnessy). As these plants flower and identities are confirmed, photos are taken; in the future, herbarium sheets will be prepared and flowers preserved in spirits. For some species, or from some locations such as Central America (private collection of Archila), only leaf samples have been obtained. Between living plants and leaf samples ~100 different species have been assembled, which is approximately 46% of the described species. A genetic barcode for this subsection of Pleurothallis will likely consist of three sequences. While only nrITS has been sequenced for these plants so far, the chloroplast sequences rpoB2, rpoC1, and the 3’ and 5’ ends of ycf1 are currently being investigated to determine which provide greatest variability, perhaps to combine with matK or trnH-psbA as per the CBOL Plant Working Group.
High Levels of Antibody to Panton-Valentine Leukocidin Are Not Associated with Resistance to Staphylococcus aureus—Associated Skin and Soft-Tissue Infection

In the last decade, infection with community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) has increased in both adults and children [1-5]. CA-MRSA causes skin and soft tissue infection (SSTI) and, less commonly, necrotizing pneumonia and other invasive infections in otherwise healthy patients [2, 3, 6, 7]. In the United States, S. aureus type USA 300 accounts for the majority of CA-MRSA, and along with other CA-MRSA types, characteristically produces Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) [6, 8-12]. While purified PVL, composed of proteins LukS and LukF, has clear pore-forming cytotoxic activity on human polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs), its role in pathogenesis remains controversial. Animal studies have indicated a pathogenic role [13-15], no effect [16-18] or even an anti-virulence role [19, 20]. The LukS component, within a multivalent vaccine, is under phase 1 clinical trials in humans [21]. We evaluated the levels of antibody to PVL in uninfected children and in children with MRSA SSTI and invasive infections to determine if cytotoxic-neutralizing antibodies to PVL were associated with resistance to infection.
The internal structure of protein molecules.

1. Die spezifische Konstellation der globularen Eiweismolekule bleibt im Gegensatz zu der Konstellation anderer Fadenmolekule unverandert, wenn das Protein in Wasser gelost, ausgesalzen oder vorsichtig getrocknet wird. Die grose Stabilitat der spezifischen Konstellation wird einer bestimmten inneren Struktur der Proteine zugeschrieben. 2. Die innere Struktur globularer Proteinmolekule wird vor allem durch Salzbrucken zwischen positiv und negativ geladenen Atomgruppen aufrechterhalten, ferner durch H-Bindungen, durch Dithiobrucken, vielleicht auch durch geringgradige Verzweigung der Peptidketten. 3. Denaturierung besteht in einer Anderung der spezifischen inneren Struktur eines Proteins, herbeigefuhrt durch eine Sprengung der Salzbrucken. Denaturierung fuhrt zu einer Entfaltung der im nativen Protein dicht gefalteten Peptidketten. Die Resistenz nativer Proteine und lebender Zellen gegen proteolytische Fermente geht bei Denaturierung verloren, da durch die Entfaltung der Peptidketten Angriffspunkte fur die proteolytischen Fermente freigelegt werden. 4. Der Mechanismus der Bildung der spezifischen Struktur nativer Proteine im lebenden Organismus wird erortert.
Faraday Rotation of Rare-Earth Ions in Ca F 2 . II. Experiments

The complex rotatory power of several rare-earth ions in the Ca${\mathrm{F}}_{2}$ lattice has been observed. Measurements on anomalous rotatory dispersion and concomitant circular dichroism about some spectral lines in Ca${\mathrm{F}}_{2}$:${\mathrm{Nd}}^{3+}$ and Ca${\mathrm{F}}_{2}$:${\mathrm{Er}}^{3+}$ crystals agree well with the theory of the preceding paper. The rotatory power of ${\mathrm{Gd}}^{3+}$ in Ca${\mathrm{F}}_{2}$ in the visible range is very small. By contrast, the rotation in (${\mathrm{Eu}}^{2+}$, ${\mathrm{Eu}}^{3+}$) doped Ca${\mathrm{F}}_{2}$ crystals is very large and stems from the ${\mathrm{Eu}}^{2+}$ ions. The rotatory dispersion measurements show that the strong absorption lines and bands of ${\mathrm{Eu}}^{2+}$ in the visible region are responsible for the large optical rotatory power of ${\mathrm{Eu}}^{2+}$. ${\mathrm{Gd}}^{3+}$ and ${\mathrm{Eu}}^{2+}$ are isoelectronic in structure, but the difference in their optical spectra gives rise to a significant difference in their optical rotatory power. This assertion is supported by experimental observations.
Linking hydrothermal geochemistry to organismal physiology: Physiological versatility in Riftia pachyptila from sedimented and basalt-hosted vents

Much of what is known regarding Riftia pachyptila physiology is based on the wealth of studies of tubeworms living at diffuse flows along the fast-spreading, basalt-hosted East Pacific Rise (EPR). These studies have collectively suggested that Riftia pachyptila and its chemoautotrophic symbionts are physiologically specialized, highly productive associations relying on hydrogen sulfide and oxygen to generate energy for carbon fixation, and the symbiont's nitrate reduction to ammonia for energy and biosynthesis. However, Riftia also flourish in sediment-hosted vents, which are markedly different in geochemistry than basalt-hosted systems. Here we present data from shipboard physiological studies and global quantitative proteomic analyses of Riftia pachyptila trophosome tissue recovered from tubeworms residing in the EPR and the Guaymas basin, a sedimented, hydrothermal vent field. We observed marked differences in symbiont nitrogen metabolism in both the respirometric and proteomic data. The proteomic data further suggest that Riftia associations in Guaymas may utilize different sulfur compounds for energy generation, may have an increased capacity for energy storage, and may play a role in degrading exogenous organic carbon. Together these data reveal that Riftia symbionts are far more physiologically plastic than previously considered, and that -contrary to previous assertions- Riftia do assimilate reduced nitrogen in some habitats. These observations raise new hypotheses regarding adaptations to the geochemical diversity of habitats occupied by Riftia, and the degree to which the environment influences symbiont physiology and evolution.
Evolutionary Constructivist Psychology

In this article, I outline the benefits of knowledge integration as they pertain to Being Human: Human Being. Manifesto for a New Psychology (Cromwell, 2010). My goal is to provide an outline of additional tools beyond the material appearing in the book to individuals who use constructivism in order to understand human nature. I briefly assess arguments for relativism and identify that the subjective filters through which we perceive the world are relative to the environments in which humans evolved. Understanding evolution may provide a solution to Cromwell's thesis that there is no science or theory that can adequately explain human functioning.
Detection of transmembrane linkages between immunoglobulin or complement receptors and the neutrophil's cortical microfilaments by resonance energy transfer microscopy.

By exploiting the 1r4 (where r is the separation distance between fluorochromes) dependence of energy transfer between parallel lamellae we have observed transmembrane energy transfer between membrane receptors and cortical microfilaments. Receptors were labeled with donor- or acceptor-conjugated Fab fragments whereas microfilaments were labeled with acceptor- or donor-conjugated phalloidin reagents. Energy transfer was imaged by optical microscopy.We report that cell surface receptors can be constitutively unlinked, linked or inducibly linked to microfilaments.
Helping engineering students develop skills in content-based problem solving workshops outside classrooms

This paper describes practices of the Supplementary Instruction (SI) Problem-Solving Workshop in helping entering engineering students develop the concept of problem solving and obtain the necessary knowledge and skills required to succeed in their courses.
Duality in fuzzy linear systems

According to fuzzy arithmetic, dual fuzzy linear system can not be replaced by a fuzzy linear system. In this paper we investigate the existence of a solution of duality fuzzy linear equation systems. Two necessary and sufficient conditions for the solution existence are given.
Stimulation of prostaglandin production in bone by phorbol diesters and melittin

Abstract The production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and bone resorption were studied in neonatal mouse calvaria in organ culture. Two tumor promoters 12- O -tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) and phorbol-12, 13-di-decanoate, but not the non-tumor promoters 4α-phorbol-12,13-didecanoate and phorbol, stimulated both PGE2 synthesis in bone and bone resorption. The effect of TPA was maximum at about 25 ng/ml, and half-maximum stimulation occurred at about 8 ng/ml TPA. The effects of TPA on the production of PGE2 and bone resorption were inhibited completely by indomethacin (5.6 × 10−8 to 5.6 × 10−7 M). The bee venom toxin, melittin, was also a potent stimulator of prostaglandin synthesis in bone and bone resorption. The effect of melittin was maximum at about 25 ng/ml, and the dose-response curve was biphasic. The effects of melittin on the production of PGE2 and bone resorption were also inhibited by indomethacin. Indomethacin did not inhibit the bone resorption-stimulating activity of exogenously added PGE2. We conclude that phorbol diesters, which have irritant and tumor-promoting activity in mouse skin, and the polypeptide melittin can act directly on bone to stimulate resorption by a mechanism involving the local production of PGE2 or possibly other indomethacin-inhibited metabolites of arachidonic acid.
Ureteral intussusception caused by fibrous ureteral polyp.

Fibrous ureteral polyps are rare benign tumors of the ureter. They may cause ureteral intussusception, demonstrable preoperatively on intravenous urography. Ureteral intussusception seems a reliable sign of the benign nature of a ureteral tumor.
Rhenium(I) carbonyl complexes of 2,4,6-tris(2-pyridyl)-1,3,5-triazine (TPT). Rhenium(I)-promoted methoxylation of the triazine ring carbon atom in dinuclear rhenium complexes.

2,4,6-Tris(2-pyridyl)-1,3,5-triazine (TPT) bridged dinuclear rhenium(I) tricarbonyl halide complexes with the composition (μ-TPT)[ReX(CO)3]2 (3, X = Cl; 4, X = Br) can be made either by one-pot reaction of TPT with 2 equiv of [ReX(CO)5] (X = Cl and Br) in chloroform or by reacting mononuclear [ReX(CO)3(TPT)] 2 (1, X = Cl; 2, X = Br) with an excess amount of [ReX(CO)5]. Crystal data are as follows. 1: monoclinic, P21/c, a = 11.751(1) A, b = 11.376(1) A, c = 15.562(2) A, β = 103.584(2)°, V = 2022.0(4) A3, Z = 4. 2: monoclinic, P21/c, a = 11.896(1) A, b = 11.396(1) A, c = 15.655(1) A, β = 104.474(2)°, V = 2054.9(3) A3, Z = 4. 3: triclinic, P1, a = 11.541(2) A, b = 12.119(2) A, c = 13.199(2) A, α = 80.377(2)°, β = 76.204(3)°, γ = 66.826(2)°, V = 1642.5(4) A3, Z = 2. Crystals of 4 crystallized from acetone: triclinic, P1, a = 11.586(5) A, b = 12.144(5) A, c = 13.364(6) A, α = 80.599(7)°, β = 76.271(8)°, γ = 67.158(8)°, V = 1678.0(12) A3, Z = 2. Crystals of 4‘ are obtained from CH2Cl2−pentane solution: mo...
Microscale Resolution of Moisture Content in Dried Sugar Matrices

Currently many methods of drying are under investigation for the anhydrous preservation of mammalian cells, including convective drying (Bhowmick et al., 2003), vacuum drying (Elliott et al., 2002), room temperature desiccation cabinet drying (Acker et al., 2002), and freeze-drying (Wolkers et al., 2001). Independent of the drying method, cells are typically in an aqueous suspension at the onset. Generally the change in ‘system’ weight (cells and extracellular solution) is measured gravimetrically and this moisture loss in the system is assumed to equate to the loss of moisture within the suspended cells. This approach assumes that the intra- and extra cellular water contents are equivalent and that the dried sample is homogenous. These assumptions are not always valid. Oftentimes cells are seen to pool towards the middle of a droplet and macroscopic heterogeneities of moisture content within the droplet are sometimes visible by eye. Although important advances in mammalian cell preservation have been made using this approach, a convenient method of determining localized water content within such samples would advance the state-of-the-art in drying technologies. Because sugars are a common excipient used in drying, the current study investigates the spatial distribution of moisture content in dried sugar matrices using pyranine as a fluorescent probe of the local water environment. The pyranine molecule has two fluorescent states, emitting at 511 nm (green) and 440 nm (blue). Using calibration curves based on ratiometric measurements of blue to green pyranine fluorescence emissions the effect of drying substrate on moisture content uniformity is explored in pyranine-doped sucrose solutions.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
A Simultaneous Analysis of Food Industry Conduct

Intense advertising and new product introduction are substitute forms of entry-deterring conduct practiced by producers of more differentiable food products. A simultaneous equation model is estimated to explain the relationship between these alternate forms of conduct and product class structure and performance. The results support the view that advertising is a barrier to entry rather than information that would facilitate entry. The extent of government-imposed identity standards within a product class is inversely related to advertising intensity and the rate of new product introduction but may artificially fill the product space, making entry more difficult.
Popular politics and the English Reformation

This book is a study of popular responses to the English Reformation. It takes as its subject not the conversion of English subjects to a new religion but rather their political responses to a Reformation perceived as an act of state and hence, like all early modern acts of state, negotiated between government and people. These responses included not only resistance but also significant levels of accommodation, co-operation and collaboration as people attempted to co-opt state power for their own purposes. This study argues, then, that the English Reformation was not done to people, it was done with them in a dynamic process of engagement between government and people. As such, it answers the twenty-year-old scholarly dilemma of how the English Reformation could have succeeded despite the inherent conservatism of the English people, and it presents a genuinely post-revisionist account of one of the central events of English history.
Benny Goodman's Famous 1938 Carnegie Hall Jazz Concert

Benny Goodman's Carnegie Hall concert on 16 January 1938 can fairly be described as a routine performance by an experienced and well-polished swing orchestra. For the most part, the band played the...
GENDER, ETHNICITY, AND GRADE DIFFERENCES IN PERCEPTIONS OF SCHOOL EXPERIENCES AMONG ADOLESCENTS

Abstract Data from the Health Behavior in School-Aged Children Study (Currie, Samdal, Boyce, & Smith, 2001) were used to analyze the differences in perceptions of educational experiences among over 10,000 sixth to tenth graders of different grades, genders, races and ethnicities. The relationships between students’ evaluations of their school experiences and their perceptions of their achievement were also examined. The results indicated that older students tended to feel more negative about their educational experience than younger students. Male students tended to have more negative attitudes than female students. African American students reported more negative evaluations of their school environment, but tended to report liking school more. Perceptions of achievement were associated significantly with liking of school and with perceptions of teacher caring.
Evaluation of virulence test procedures for Yersinia enterocolitica recovered from foods.

Recently a heat stable toxin (ST) and the vw factors of the plague bacteria were identified in Yersinia enterocolitica recovered from human infections. The vw factors were reported to be associated with a plasmid of 42-46 M Daltons in size and were essential for the expression of virulence. With this knowledge virulence tests were developed which allowed us to assess the virulence potential of food-borne Y. enterocolitica regardless of biotypes or serotypes. The tests evaluated were: (1) rapid presumptive test for the virulence plasmid; (2) gel electrophoretic confirmation of the virulence plasmid; (3) Laird's qualitative oral feeding test with thirst stressed mice; (4) quantitative LD50 determination by i.p. injection of the mouse lethal (i.e. serotype 0:8) strains in saline; (5) quantitative LD50 determination of mouse non-lethal (i.e. serotype 0:3) strains by i.p. injection of these strains suspended in 1 ml of 10% iron dextran saline solution for virulence enhancement. These tests were evaluated with the serotypes 0:3 and 0:8 strains associated with human infections with and without the virulence plasmid with reproducible results. Then the virulence tests procedures were applied to 79 food isolates. The virulence plasmid was detected only in the Nilehn biotype 2, 3 and 4 strains, but it was absent in Nilehn biotype 1 or the atypical strains that ferment rhamnose. The virulence of food and clinical isolates of Y. enterocolitica can be assayed fairly accurately with the above tests.
Operator equations and weighted shifts

(The symbolic functional notation will be used in all that follows, regardless of whether or not the elements of H2(w) are actually functions.) The linear operator U may be extended to a closed, densely defined linear transformation U, on H2(w). It is a well known fact (see Halmos [3, p. 491) that lJ, is bounded iff +%+1/%1&0 is a bounded sequence. In this case, U,,, is unitarily equivalent to a unilateral weighted shift, and all such weighted shifts arise in this fashion. The condition that {w,+r/wS, 2 0 be bounded will be tacitly assumed in all that follows. Let Z be any Hilbert space, and let T be a bounded linear operator on 2. In Section 2, we study the operator equation ALI;, = TA. Given a solution A of the algebraic equation AU = TA, let A(1) = x. It is shown that A extends to a bounded solution of the equation AU, = TA iff ~ . Moreover, A is a Hilbert-Schmidt operator iff (1 zT)-l x is strongly square-summable relative to w-l.
Generating facets for finite master cyclic group polyhedra using n-step mixed integer rounding functions

The n-step mixed integer rounding (MIR) functions generate n-step MIR inequalities for MIP problems and are facets for the infinite group problems. We show that the n-step MIR functions also directly generate facets for the finite master cyclic group polyhedra especially in many cases where the breakpoints of the n-step MIR function are not necessarily at the elements of the group (hence the linear interpolation of the facet coefficients obtained has more than two slopes).
Safety and tolerability of a new low-dose contraceptive patch in obese and nonobese women

Objective The safety and tolerability of a new low-dose levonorgestrel/ethinyl estradiol (LNG/EE) contraceptive patch was compared with 2 combination oral contraceptives in 2 clinical studies in which approximately 30% of enrolled participants were obese. Study Design Two phase 3, open-label, randomized, parallel-group, multicenter trials compared the LNG/EE contraceptive patch (n = 1579) with combination oral contraceptives (n = 581) in healthy women 17–40 years of age. Combination oral contraceptives were LNG 100 μg per EE 20 μg (combination oral contraceptive 20; n = 375) or LNG 150 μg per EE 30 μg (combination oral contraceptive 30; n = 206). Safety and tolerability data from the 2 trials were evaluated in integrated safety analyses. Results Treatment-emergent adverse events of 2% or greater in the LNG/EE contraceptive patch were nasopharyngitis (5.2%), nausea (4.1%), upper respiratory infection (3.5%), headache (3.4%), sinusitis (2.9%), cervical dysplasia (2.3%), and urinary tract infection (2.1%). Including skin reaction–related treatment-emergent adverse events, the proportion of women who experienced any treatment-emergent adverse event was similar among women randomized to the contraceptive patch (47.5%), the combination oral contraceptive 20 (47.4%), or the combination oral contraceptive 30 (46.8%). The incidence of treatment-emergent adverse events was similar in obese vs nonobese participants in all groups. Serious adverse events occurred in less than 1% of participants in any of the treatment groups. Conclusion The LNG/EE contraceptive patch and combination oral contraceptives were well tolerated and associated with similar treatment-emergent adverse event incidences in obese and nonobese women.
Comparing exposure metrics for classifying 'dangerous heat' in heat wave and health warning systems

Abstract Heat waves have been linked to excess mortality and morbidity, and are projected to increase in frequency and intensity with a warming climate. This study compares exposure metrics to trigger heat wave and health warning systems (HHWS), and introduces a novel multi-level hybrid clustering method to identify potential dangerously hot days. Two-level and three-level hybrid clustering analysis as well as common indices used to trigger HHWS, including spatial synoptic classification (SSC), and the 90th, 95th, and 99th percentiles of minimum and relative minimum temperature (using a 10 day reference period), were calculated using a summertime weather dataset in Detroit from 1976 to 2006. The days classified as ‘hot’ with hybrid clustering analysis, SSC, minimum and relative minimum temperature methods differed by method type. SSC tended to include the days with, on average, 2.5 °C lower daily minimum temperature and 5.3 °C lower dew point than days identified by other methods. These metrics were evaluated by comparing their performance in predicting excess daily mortality. The 99th percentile of minimum temperature was generally the most predictive, followed by the three-level hybrid clustering method, the 95th percentile of minimum temperature, SSC and others. Our proposed clustering framework has more flexibility and requires less substantial meteorological prior information than the synoptic classification methods. Comparison of these metrics in predicting excess daily mortality suggests that metrics thought to better characterize physiological heat stress by considering several weather conditions simultaneously may not be the same metrics that are better at predicting heat-related mortality, which has significant implications in HHWSs.
Impact shock frequency components and attenuation in rearfoot and forefoot running

Abstract Background The forefoot running footfall pattern has been suggested to reduce the risk of developing running related overuse injuries due to a reduction of impact related variables compared with the rearfoot running footfall pattern. However, only time-domain impact variables have been compared between footfall patterns. The frequency content of the impact shock and the degree to which it is attenuated may be of greater importance for injury risk and prevention than time-domain variables. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the differences in head and tibial acceleration signal power and shock attenuation between rearfoot and forefoot running. Methods Nineteen habitual rearfoot runners and 19 habitual forefoot runners ran on a treadmill at 3.5 m/s using their preferred footfall patterns while tibial and head acceleration data were collected. The magnitude of the first and second head acceleration peaks, and peak positive tibial acceleration were calculated. The power spectral density of each signal was calculated to transform the head and tibial accelerations in the frequency domain. Shock attenuation was calculated by a transfer function of the head signal relative to the tibia. Results Peak positive tibial acceleration and signal power in the lower and higher ranges were significantly greater during rearfoot than forefoot running ( p p > 0.05). Rearfoot running resulted in significantly greater shock attenuation for the lower and higher frequency ranges as a result of greater tibial acceleration ( p Conclusion The difference in impact shock frequency content between footfall patterns suggests that the primary mechanisms for attenuation may differ. The relationship between shock attenuation mechanisms and injury is not clear but given the differences in impact frequency content, neither footfall pattern may be more beneficial for injury, rather the type of injury sustained may vary with footfall pattern preference.
The social group dynamics of partisan evaluations

Abstract There is much research that reveals an important influence of social groups on political attitudes and behaviour. Little attention, however, has been devoted to investigating the role of social groups in structuring partisan and candidate evaluations. Proposed in this paper is a reference group theory of partisan evaluations that explains change in party and electoral coalitions. According to the theory, social groups are perceived to be connected, with varying degrees of intensity, to different political parties, and individuals' evaluations of those groups influence their orientations toward the political parties and candidates. Analyses using surveys of the American electorate reveal that social groups provide important cues that influence both how citizens think about politics and the electoral choices they make. Moreover, the research suggests that public perceptions of the connections between parties and groups and the relative saliency of those connections reflect the behaviour of political leaders. The emphasis political leaders place on groups appears to affect both the structure of party-group connections and the degree to which the evaluations of groups impact on partisan and candidate preferences.
Bifurcation in alumina plates produced by a phase transformation in central, alumina/zirconia thin layers

Abstract Alumina plates with a center, thin layer composed of Al 2 O 3 and ZrO 2 (equal volume fractions) have been produced by sequential slip casting. Central layers as thin as 4 μm were fabricated using a low solid content slurry, but were observed to segregate the two oxides due to segregation of the consolidated layers during slip casting. Thicker layers were homogenous. The ZrO 2 tetragonal to monoclinic transformation generated residual, compressive stresses in the thin, center layer. Edge cracking and crack bifurcation was observed when the compressive layer thickness was ⩾ 25 μm.
The 15N CP/MAS NMR Characterization of the Isocyanate Adhesive Bondline for Cellulosic Substrates

Abstract A 99% 15 5N-labeled polymeric diphenylmethane diisocyanate (pMDI) resin with desirable adhesive properties was synthesized. This adhesive was used to make a series of cellulose/15N-labeled pMDI composites at various cellulose precure moisture contents. Cure chemistry and bondline morphology were monitored using 15N CP/MAS NMR. Biuret-type structures were identified as the predominant chemical moieties at low precure moisture conditions, while urea linkages were predominant at higher precure moisture. Significant amounts of urethane were not detected, however low amounts could be obscured by signal overlap. Relaxation studies using variable contact times were complicated by excessively long cross-polarization rates for nonprotonated nitrogens. Experiments using variable spin lock times prior to fixed contact periods suggest that the cured resin is homogeneous. The utility of 15N CP/MAS for elucidating fine structural and morphological information from complex isocyanate-cured composites is clearly...
A risk-based prospective payment system that integrates patient, hospital and national costs

We suggest that a desirable form for prospective payment for inpatient care is hospital average cost plus a linear combination of individual patient and national average cost. When the coefficients are chosen to minimize mean squared error loss between payment and costs, the payment has efficiency and access incentives. The coefficient multiplying patient costs is a hospital specific measure of financial risk of the patient. Access is promoted since providers receive higher reimbursements for risky, high cost patients. Historical cost data can be used to obtain estimates of payment parameters. The method is applied to Medicare data on psychiatric inpatients.
The CESR and CLEO III upgrades

The symmetric e+e− collider CESR is undergoing a series of upgrades to provide luminosity in excess of 20×1032 cm−1 s−1. CLEO III, a major upgrade of the current CLEO 11.5 detector, is being prepared to take full advantage of this luminosity. In this paper we discuss the principal physics goals of the project, which include precision measurements of standard model parameters and searches for CP violation and standard model violations in rare B decays. We also report the plans and status of major CLEO III components including a new silicon vertex detector and a new drift chamber. The CLEO III ring imaging Cerenkov Detector (RICH) is described in a separate paper in these proceedings.
RELATIONSHIP OF pH AND TEMPERATURE TO DISRUPTION OF SPECIFIC MUSCLE PROTEINS AND ACTIVITY OF LYSOSOMAL PROTEASES

From a review of the literature, and from specific data presented in this paper, it was concluded that both postmortem temperature and pH have effects on meat tenderness and on disruption of specific myofibrillar proteins. Increased postmortem temperature porduces more tender muscles and increases the disruption of troponin-T, myosin, Z-lines, connectin and gap filaments. Elevated postmortem temperature also increases the activity of enzymes which cause the disruption of myofibrillar proteins. Higher ultimate postmortem pH (above 6.0) produces more tender muscle, but also produces dark-cutting meat Except for one experiment, lower pH in the first few hours postmortem (in muscle with normal ultimate pH; i.e., 5.8 or below) improves meat tenderness. High pH increases the activity of CAF and low pH increases the activity of lsosomal cathepsins. Both high and low pH increase the degradation of troponin-T, Z-lines, gap filaments and connectin, but the degradation of these proteins (except for Z-lines) is greater at a low pH. Low pH increases the degradation of myosin; conversely, high pH retards it degradation.
Gait biomechanics and the evolution of total joint replacement

Abstract The history and evolution of total knee and total hip replacement has been influenced substantially by the knowledge obtained from gait analysis studies. Many of the mechanical problems associated with these devices have been analyzed and evaluated in terms of the mechanics of walking. The magnitude and pattern of the forces at the hip and knee joints derived from gait analysis studies have provided valuable input into the design criteria of both total hip and total knee replacements. Information generated from the gait analysis of patients with total joint replacements has provided objective criteria for assessing functional recovery following this procedure. In addition to providing a basis for design evaluation, the key to the analysis of function following joint replacement is the ability to identify functional adaptations specific to design features. Gait analysis provides a unique opportunity to obtain objective information that cannot be obtained through other clinical means and provides a means for evaluating current designs and future design modifications.
Identification of left pulmonary vein ostia using centerline tracking

With the increasing popularity of cardiac ablation therapy, studies of the procedural effects on left atrial and pulmonary vein morphology are becoming more important. Of particular interest is evaluation of atrial and pulmonary vein remodeling following ablation therapy using structural imaging. One challenge that arises when comparing pulmonary vein morphology across subjects is defining the ostial location. Strategies for defining this important anatomical location include volume renderings from multiple angles, or drawing lines in cross-sectional images. Drawbacks of these techniques include subjectivity between raters as well as limited use of three dimensional volumetric information. In this work, we describe a method for automatically identifying the pulmonary vein ostia from CT images using a single user selected seedpoint. The technique makes use of the full three dimensional volumetric information, by computing a centerline along each pulmonary vein and defining the ostium using oblique cross-sectional image planes along the curve axis. The ostium is defined as the point at which there is a spike in the oblique cross-sectional area. The method is demonstrated on each of the four pulmonary veins in four patient datasets, for a total of sixteen applications of the algorithm. The results are compared against manual delineations of the pulmonary vein ostia, with overall mean distances ranging from approximately 1.5 to 5.0 mm. In conclusion, although the pulmonary veins exhibit variable anatomic shapes and orientations across different patient datasets, our proposed automated method produces results comparable to manual delineation of the ostia.
A subcortical pathway links sensory and limbic systems of the forebrain

The subcortical afferents and cortical projections of the lateral dorsal nucleus of the thalamus were investigated using anterograde and retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). The lateral dorsal nucleus receives afferent projections from several nuclei of the pretectal complex, and sends efferent projections to several subdivisions of limbic cortex. These connections constitute a two stage pathway that could convey visual and somatosensory information to the limbic system.
Issues Concerning Androgen Replacement Therapy in Postmenopausal Women

A decrease in blood androgen levels is well documented in women who experience natural or surgical menopause. This change may be associated with various negative effects on bone metabolism in addition to psychosocial and sexuality aspects of life. A review of published information on androgen replacement therapy shows that major benefits may be achieved; unfortunately, only minimal quality information is available to help clinicians make decisions about this type of therapy. In this review, we point out the potential benefits and risks to bone, lipid and carbo-hydrate metabolism, and sexuality; in addition, we discuss potential risks of neoplasms and virilizing somatic changes. Long-term, physiologic, and well-designed androgen replacement studies should be performed to obtain the knowledge needed to guide therapy in this important area.
State Control of Television News in 1990s Lebanon

Since the official end of the war in 1990, Lebanese news media have been affected by several regulatory, political, and economic factors. This article analyzes state attempts to control television news and political programs in postwar Lebanon. Internal factors motivating control include media regulation and political struggles between the regime and its opponents, and between government branches. External factors include the strategic position of Lebanon's media in the Arab world, Lebanon's political and economic dependence on some Arab regimes, and the advent of pan-Arab satellite broadcasting. Direct and indirect forms of control are discussed.
The Secret of Smart Paper

This activity introduces students to a technology called microencapsulation. In the activity, students learn about special papers that use microencapsulation—such as grocery store receipts, carbonl...
Causal attributions for interactional behaviors in married couples

The present study investigated the causal attributions offered by 13 distressed and 14 nondistressed married couples for partner behaviors that occurred during laboratory problem-solving interactions. Attributions were assessed utilizing an indirect probe as well as direct ratings on standard attributional dimensions, subjects engaged in more attributional activity for negative partner behavior than for positive relationship events. Examination of attributional content on the indirect probe showed that “relationship-enhancing” attributions were most likely to occur in response to positive partner actions, while “distress-maintaining” attributions were most likely to follow negative acts. Group differences in the content of attributions offered were found on two dimensions examined with the rating scales. Relative to nondistressed couples, distressed spouses were significantly more likely to view negative partner behavior as global and stable, and positive partner behavior as less global and stable.
NRC review of U.S. advanced reactors

Abstract NRC currently has several activities underway involving the review of Advanced Reactors. These activities are associated with the review of standardized reactor designs and are ultimately in support of Design Certification of these designs. Current emphasis in the reviews is on identification and resolution of key safety issues.
Structure and dynamics of the fatty acid binding cavity in apo rat intestinal fatty acid binding protein

The structure and dynamics of the fatty acid binding cavity in I-FABP (rat intestinal fatty acid binding protein) were analyzed. In the crystal structure of apo I-FABP, the probe occupied cavity volume and surface are 539+/-8 A3 and 428 A2, respectively (1.4 A probe). A total of 31 residues contact the cavity with their side chains. The side-chain cavity surface is partitioned according to the residue type as follows: 36-39% hydrophobic, 21-25% hydrophilic, and 37-43% neutral or ambivalent. Thus, the cavity surface is neither like a typical protein interior core, nor is like a typical protein external surface. All hydrophilic residues that contact the cavity-with the exception of Asp74-are clustered on the one side of the cavity. The cavity appears to expand its hydrophobic surface upon fatty acid binding on the side opposite to this hydrophilic patch. In holo I-FABP the fatty acid chain interactions with the hydrophilic side chains are mediated by water molecules. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation of fully solvated apo I-FABP showed global conformational changes of I-FABP, which resulted in a large, but seemingly transient, exposure of the cavity to the external solvent. The packing density of the side chains lining the cavity, studied by Voronoi volumes, showed the presence of two distinctive small hydrophobic cores. The MD simulation predicts significant structural perturbations of the cavity on the subnanosecond time scale, which are capable of facilitating exchange of I-FABP internal water.
The paradox in Kierkegaard's religiousness A

To be religious in the sense which Kierkegaard calls ‘religiousness A’ involves one, according to him, in a paradox. If we take the terms in which he describes this paradox in ordinary senses, it is not clear what this paradox consists of. If we take the terms in a technical sense, the description of being religious involves a paradox. But the paradox is of such a nature that it is now logically impossible that anyone should be religious. If we attach a slightly different meaning to Kierkegaard's terms, being religious is possible but does not involve a paradox. Also on this interpretation, religious conduct becomes indistinguishable from non‐religious conduct.
An Electrochemical and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopic Study of the Aqueous Oxidation of Quadricyclane and Nortricyclanol

The aqueous redox chemistry of quadricyclo(2.2.1.0 2,6 .0 3,5 )heptane, commonly known as quadricyclane, and its environmentally important hydrolysis product, nortricyclanol, was investigated through the use of cyclic voltammetry, chronocoulometry, and rotating disk electrochemical methods. Oxidation of both compounds in aqueous environments yields polymeric films that rapidly foul the working electrode. A novel experimental approach was developed to circumvent the problems associated with the formation of the fouling films, which were further characterized using attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy.
Network support for application-oriented QoS

Addresses a dilemma raised by recent advances in networking technology, which provide support both for a rich variety of qualities of service (QoSs) and for applications that connect many end-points. Together these features encourage the development of complex multi-party applications that use a diverse set of data types. This raises a two-fold problem: how do application designers choose and specify the many QoS parameters that drive the ultimate performance of their applications; and how does the network efficiently manage its resources to support such a rich application mix? Our approach to this problem is to allow applications to be built around value-added services that encapsulate a variety of simpler resources. This enables both the specification of QoS in terms meaningful to applications, and global optimization of resource allocation across multiple streams and data types. We present a network architecture and a preliminary implementation that explicitly support the notion of application-oriented QoS for complex network services. The key concept is that of service brokers, which applications and service providers use to identify the network resources needed to meet QoS and cost objectives. Service brokers can incorporate a detailed understanding of an application domain, allowing them to make intelligent tradeoffs and to interact with applications and service providers at a high level. They can be hierarchical, in the sense that one broker can invoke the services of another broker. Finally, they provide the ability to deal with heterogeneous networks and hierarchical resource management.
A reliable multicast framework for light-weight sessions and application level framing

This paper describes SRM (Scalable Reliable Multicast), a reliable multicast framework for application level framing and light-weight sessions. The algorithms of this framework are efficient, robust, and scale well to both very large networks and very large sessions. The framework has been prototyped in wb, a distributed whiteboard application, and has been extensively tested on a global scale with sessions ranging from a few to more than 1000 participants. The paper describes the principles that have guided our design, including the IP multicast group delivery model, an end-to-end, receiver-based model of reliability, and the application level framing protocol model. As with unicast communications, the performance of a reliable multicast delivery algorithm depends on the underlying topology and operational environment. We investigate that dependence via analysis and simulation, and demonstrate an adaptive algorithm that uses the results of previous loss recovery events to adapt the control parameters used for future loss recovery. With the adaptive algorithm, our reliable multicast delivery algorithm provides good performance over a wide range of underlying topologies.
Responsive Listening in Long-Married Couples: A Psycholinguistic Perspective

Positive and responsive listening behavior benefits marital satisfaction, but previous reports have examined emotionally positive behavior confounded with responsive behavior, and focused primarily on younger marriages. Psycholinguistic views of listening suggest that responsive listening is distinct from emotionally positive listening. The former may change with an aging relationship, while the latter is unlikely to do so. Long-married couples share extensive common ground about recurrent conflicts, reducing the need for some listening behaviors. We observed 79 younger and older married couples, happily and unhappily married, discussing conflicts. We coded listening behaviors indicative of attention and comprehension (responsiveness) as well as those expressing emotions. We expected that older married couples would display lower frequencies of responsive listening behaviors than middle-aged couples. Results provide conditional support for this hypothesis. Implications for research on marital communication and aging are discussed.
PHARMACEUTICAL INVESTIGATION OF SELECTED ALBERTA BENTONITES. III. CATION EXCHANGE DETERMINATION.

Abstract Previously reported data established that anomolous behavior of Alberta ben-tonites could not be explained on the basis of official limit tests. Results of a cation exchange study of these clays are discussed.