cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
T Cell Recognition and Cytokine Production Elicited by Common and Type-Specific Glycoproteins of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 and Type 2

T cell recognition of common and type-specific herpes simplex virus (HSV) glycoproteins was measured in 72 subjects. T cells were stimulated with whole HSV-2 antigen and glycoproteins gB2, gD2, and gG2. T cell proliferation in response to HSV-2 antigen and gG2 was significantly higher in subjects with HSV-2 infection than in those with HSV-1 infection only; responses to gB2 and gD2 were the same. T helper (Th) type 1 and Th2 cytokine production in response to whole HSV-2 antigen, gB2, and gD2 was evaluated in 33 subjects. Interleukin (IL)-2 and interferon-gamma responses to most antigens were significantly higher among HSV-2-seropositive subjects than among seronegative subjects. IL-4 synthesis was negligible; IL-10 was produced in seronegative and seropositive persons, but HSV-2 antigen responses were significantly higher in HSV-2-seropositive persons. Naturally acquired immunity to HSV involves T cell recognition of common and type-specific glycoproteins, prominent Th1 responses, and discordant Th2 responses with little IL-4 but substantial IL-10 production.
On the history and use of some standard statistical models

This paper tries to tell the story of the general linear model, which saw the light of day 200 years ago, and the assumptions underlying it. We distinguish three principal stages (ignoring earlier more isolated instances). The model was first proposed in the context of astronomical and geodesic observations, where the main source of variation was observational error. This was the main use of the model during the 19th century. In the 1920’s it was developed in a new direction by R.A. Fisher whose principal applications were in agriculture and biology. Finally, beginning in the 1930’s and 40’s it became an important tool for the social sciences. As new areas of applications were added, the assumptions underlying the model tended to become more questionable, and the resulting statistical techniques more prone to misuse.
Reading Your Mind: Interfaces for Wearable Computing

Today's mobile devices have inherited many of the characteristics of desktop computing -- including the assumptions that the user's full attention and dexterity can be focused on the interface. Unfortunately, on-the-go users are impaired by their mobility and often find desktop-style Windows Icon Menu and Pointer (WIMP) interfaces difficult, if not impossible, to use while performing their primary task (walking, having a conversation, fixing a copier, etc.). Instead of having interfaces that consume attention, why can't mobile devices be like a well-trained English butler who needs so little direction to satisfy his client's needs that he seems to read minds? Inspired by this concept, we will demonstrate mobile interfaces that provide valuable services while requiring little effort by the user.
An algorithm to find global optimal routing assignments for a class of PRNs

The problem of determining routing assignments and transmission probabilities to maximize the end-to-end throughput in a slotted ALOHA packet radio network is investigated. Due to interference from the neighbors of a receiver, this optimization problem is inherently nonconvex. By restricting the transmission probability of each node to be the same, it is shown that a global optimal solution can be found by solving a series of linear programs. Dantzig-Wolfe decomposition is applied to solve the LPs. The numerical examples show that the proposed method is effective in determining the network capacity. >
Computer enumeration of polyhexes using the compact naming approach

The enumeration of polyhexes can be easily carried out by utilizing a compact name (CN) approach to code chemical structures. The Fortran program performing generation of benzenoid hydrocarbons with 1–10 rings is presented. The computed structures are divided into various classes according to their cata- or peri- as well and non- or radicaloid character. Use of the additive nodal increments (ANI) approach leads to algorithm producing representative samples of the polyhexes' sets which can be applicable in testing of various topological formulae.
Excited spherical waves in unbounded cold magnetoplasma and applications in radio sounding

[1] The electromagnetic field excited by an arbitrary current source embedded in an unbounded uniform cold magnetoplasma is investigated in this paper. The Green's function method for solving the radiation equation is used, and the derived solution is valid for any cold plasma parameters. There are always two wave modes excited, and in the far field each mode has the form of a spherical wave. A refractive index for spherical waves is introduced to describe the propagation. The properties of these excited spherical waves are discussed in this paper in comparison with the plane wave representation. It is shown that the energy flow of the spherical wave is always in the radial direction, i.e., parallel to the wave normal.
Inclusion of electrorheological fluids in engineering and engineering technology curriculums

It is suggested that graduates from engineering and similar programs need to have a basic understanding of electrorheological fluids. Increased productivity and better product quality through more dependable and responsive automated equipment, including robotics, have the potential to revolutionize power transmission in their lifetime. >
Self-reported hypertension treatment beliefs and practices of primary care physicians in a managed care organization.

Background Blood pressure (BP) is controlled to recommended goal in less than one-third of people with hypertension. There has been little recent research on physician beliefs and practices with regard to the treatment of hypertension. Methods In late 1999, we surveyed 104 primary care physicians in the 18 owned clinics of a large staff model, non-profit health maintenance organization. The survey included questions about demographics, BP treatment goals for patients with uncomplicated hypertension, and beliefs about hypertension. Results The reported systolic BP treatment goal was ≤140 mm Hg for 97% and the diastolic BP goal was ≤90 mm Hg for 100%. The systolic BP goal for patients with isolated systolic hypertension was ≤140 mm Hg for 82%, but 34% stated that they would treat to a different goal depending on the diastolic BP. The proportions of physicians who would intensify treatment for BP of 140/90 mm Hg, 150/95 mm Hg, 165/75 mm Hg, and 165/65 mm Hg were 64%, 97%, 89% and 77%, respectively. Although 93% believed that medication was necessary to control BP in most cases, a majority (55%) agreed with the statement that BP could be controlled in most patients with only one drug. Although 42% reported that they often had to change drugs because of side effects, only 16% believed that it was time-consuming to find a well-tolerated drug regimen. Conclusions In this setting, primary care physicians’ self-reported practices were in good agreement with national guidelines put forth in the late 1990s, and their beliefs were favorable to therapy. Our data point to a need for interventions to emphasize that combination drug therapy is frequently required to achieve BP control, and that more aggressive intervention is often warranted for isolated systolic hypertension.
Spinal epidural abscess following glossectomy and neck dissection: A case report

Introduction Spinal epidural abscess is an uncommon but potentially life threatening entity that rarely occurs after otolaryngology procedures.
Pathophysiology and treatment of endometriosis

The pathophysiology of endometriosis and its treatment are discussed. Endometriosis is a gynecological disorder characterized by the growth of the ectopic endometrium. The usual plaque looks like a small blood-filled cyst that is surrounded by a puckering scar. This tissue responds to fluctuating levels of hormones just as the normal endometrium does, and monthly bleeding of the cysts occurs followed by inflammation and scarring. Endometriosis may cause infertility, dyspareunia, dysmenorrhea, pelvic pain, and other menstrual problems. Therapy is chosen based on extent of disease, tolerance of side effects, and desire for pregnancy. Surgery is usually reserved for more extensive cases of the disease or if fertility is no longer desired. Induction of "pseudopregnancy" with estrogen-progesterone combinations has been used frequently; however, weight gain, initial exacerbation of pain, and the possibility of thromboembolism are limiting factors. Pseudomenopause, induced by danazol therapy, is an alternate method of treatment that causes a static endometrium. It offers rapid relief of symptoms to the majority of patients, and its most common side effects of weight gain and edema are reversible. Fertility rates after treatment are difficult to compare, but they appear to be similar for both hormonal therapies. Danazol has emerged as an effective alternative to the estrogen-progesterone combination treatment of endometriosis. Danazol may be prescribed before surgery to reduce lesions, following surgery to ablate any remaining lesions, or as the sole therapy for endometriosis.
Terahertz imaging circuits in CMOS

An 820-GHz 8×8 imaging array of diode-connected NMOS transistor detectors, and 5-, and 10-THz fundamental Schottky diode detectors are demonstrated in a 130-nm bulk CMOS process. Measured mean optical responsivity (Rv) of 2.6kV/W and mean optical NEP of 36pW/Hz1/2 at a modulation frequency of 1MHz are achieved for the 820-GHz imaging array. The NEP is more than 2.5X lower than that of the previously reported NMOS terahertz imaging arrays. The fundamental electronic detection of Far-Infrared radiation up to 9.74THz is also reported. A peak Rv of 383 at 4.92THz and a peak Rv of 14V/W at 9.74THz have been measured using a free electron laser. The Rv at 9.74THz is 14X of that for the previously reported highest frequency electronic detection. The shot noise limited NEP at 4.92 and 9.74THz is ∼0.43 and ∼2nW/VHz, respectively.
Comparison of Properties of a-Si1−x Gex:H and a-Si1−x Gex:H:F

The structural, electrical and optical properties of amorphous Si-Ge alloys prepared either from mixtures of hydrides or of fluorides will be compared. It will be shown that the majority of many properties studied are essentially the same, the major exceptions being the structure of thin films used for TEM investigation, and the photocurrents developed between contacts in a coplanar configuration. Possible explanations for the result of including fluorine in the preparation plasma will be discussed.
Characterization of Microporous Silicon Fabricated by Immersion Scanning

A novel immersion scanning technique for making microporous silicon has been successfully applied to blank and lithographically patterned Si substrates. The advantages of the method lie in its simplicity, speed and adaptability to large and odd-size substrates. The photoluminescence (PL) spectra of microporous Si show a continuous decrease in intensity between 200K and 2K, but are fully reversible. Thermal desorption spectroscopy on microporous Si shows a classic hydrogen desorption spectrum which coincides with a quenching of the PL intensity. Under constant excitation, a degradation of PL Intensity occurs in oxygen and wet nitrogen but is only partially reversible in dry N 2 . Microporous Si PN junctions exhibiting normal I-V characteristics have been successfully fabricated with standard Si VLSI processes. Visible light emission under forward bias is detected which increases linearly In Intensity with Input current. This is the first observation of electroluminescence in the visible region from microporous SI PN junctions.
Supporting Two Households: Unaccompanied Mexican Minors and Their Absences from U.S. Schools.

ABSTRACTThis article illustrates simultaneous household participation in the lives of undocumented, unaccompanied Mexican teenage minors in New York City and its impact on their school attendance. Emigrating without parents, some Mexican youths arrive to enter into the labor market, not school. Unable to assume monetary dependence, these youths’ absences from New York classrooms is driven by financial participation in their natal households in Mexico and current New York City households. Drawing from fifty-three interviews with Mexican teenagers in Mexico and New York City, this article explores how these youth laborers learn to, understand and fulfill monetary obligations to two households.
The polarization of the judiciary

The polarization of political parties in the United States is a well-documented phenomenon. This paper considers polarization of the judicial branch and relates it to the evolution of the parties. ...
Do electronic health records improve processes and outcomes of preventive care

Electronic health records (EHRs) are thought to be valuable tools to prompt physicians to provide preventive services. How strong is the evidence that EHRs can improve processes and outcomes of preventive care?
Ribonucleic Acid Polymerase Activity in Liver Nuclei from Rats Pretreated with 3-Methylcholanthrene

The intraperitoneal administration of 3-methylcholanthrene is attended by an increase in RNA polymerase activity in the liver nuclei. The maximal increase is reached between 6 and 12 hr after administration of the agent; enzyme activity returns to control values by 48 hr. The administration of actinomycin D or cycloheximide prevents the rise in nuclear RNA polymerase activity. No increase is apparent when the enzyme is assayed at high salt concentrations, i.e., 0.7 M ammonium sulfate. These data suggest that 3-methylcholanthrene may cause the synthesis of or activate a "derepressor" substance that allows for an increased template activity of the liver chromatin in transcription. ACKNOWLEDGMENT These studies were supported by a grant from the American Cancer Society (E 373).
Distributed detection filter design for intruder identification

We consider the problem of simultaneously identifying m intruders in a network consisting of n cooperative agents. Our approach consists of identifying attacks through a distributed scheme that uses detection filters. It is shown that the problem of identifying multiple attackers can be formulated as a spectral assignment problem and that the filter gains can be obtained through a carefully constructed linear system of equations. Necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of the solution to the linear system are provided in terms of the network topology. The approach is highlighted through an illustrative example.
Chemotherapy and radiation components of neoadjuvant treatment of pancreatic head adenocarcinoma: Impact on perioperative mortality and long-term survival.

Abstract Background We compared outcomes of neoadjuvant therapy delivered as chemotherapy-only (Chemo) versus concurrent chemoradiation (ChemoRT) versus chemotherapy followed by radiation (Chemo–ChemoRT) among pancreatic head adenocarcinoma patients receiving pancreaticoduodenectomy. Methods National Cancer Data Base cases diagnosed 2006–2011 treated by neoadjuvant therapy and pancreaticoduodenectomy. Results 1163 pts received neoadjuvant treatment with Chemo (n = 309; 26.6%), ChemoRT (n = 626; 53.8%), or Chemo–ChemoRT (n = 228; 19.6%). Odds of 30-day and 90-day mortality were not influenced by delivery of any neoadjuvant therapy type. Median overall survival for Chemo, ChemoRT, and Chemo–ChemoRT groups were 25.6 (95% confidence interval 23.1–28.7), 22.9 (21.4–24.8), and 26.9 (23.7–29.4) months, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference between Chemo and Chemo–ChemoRT groups (log rank test p = 0.854), while there was significant difference of ChemoRT (p = 0.017 versus Chemo; p = 0.021 versus Chemo–ChemoRT). Multivariate model suggests delivery of concurrent ChemoRT as opposed to neoadjuvant therapy with full dose systemic chemotherapy is associated with shortened survival (aHR = 1.311, p = 0.001). Conclusions There is no detectable difference in early outcomes (30-day and 90-day postsurgical mortality) among pancreaticoduodenectomy patients treated with various types of neoadjuvant therapy. Overall survival appears better among patients exposed preoperatively to full dose systemic chemotherapy rather than concurrent chemoradiation only. Further studies with more detailed data sources are needed.
“What if I do nothing?” The natural history of operable cancer of the alimentary tract

Abstract Introduction “Natural history”, or anticipated survival without treatment, is critical for patients weighing risks and benefits of cancer surgery. Current estimates concerning the natural history of cancer includes patients whose poor health precludes treatment; a cohort whose fate is likely distinctly worse than those eligible for surgery (“operable”). The study objective was to evaluate survival among patients recommended for cancer surgery but went untreated, to determine the natural history of “operable” alimentary tract cancer. Methods The NCDB was queried for untreated patients with clinical stage I–III esophageal, gastric, colon, and rectal cancer diagnosed between 2003 and 2009. Untreated patients who were recommended for surgery were considered “operable,” while patients coded as surgically ineligible for health reasons were “inoperable.” Results 5-year survival of untreated, “operable” alimentary tract cancers varied by clinical stage: esophageal cI = 10.0%, cII = 9.8%, cIII = 4.6%; gastric cI = 9.2%, cII = 5.8%, cIII = 4.3%; colon cI = 18.4%, cII = 5.0%, cIII = 10.4; and rectal cI = 17.1%, cII = 14.0%, cIII = 19.9%. At every timepoint, stage-specific survival of “operable” patients was superior to inoperable patients (p Conclusion Natural history of patients with “operable” alimentary tract cancer is superior to that of “inoperable” patients. Preoperative counseling should be refined to reflect this distinction.
Shift Invariant Subspaces, Passivity, Reproducing Kernels and H∞-Optimization

Various notions of passivity are introduced for a lossless circuit, or equivalently, for a rational matrix function θ which is J-unitary on the unit circle. These notions, as well as how they are related to each other, are analyzed from several points of view: energy bookkeeping in the circuit, analytic conditions on θ and on the associated scattering matrix U, geometry of shift invariant subspaces, positive definiteness conditions on associated reproducing kernel functions, connections with classical interpolation problems, and state space representations. This gives a circuit theoretic interpretation for several modern approaches to interpolation such as the geometric one of Ball-Helton.
Facilitator Models of Weak Binding in Protein-Protein Interactions

Pairwise interactions are intuitive to our understanding on protein-ligand binding; however in vivo this is rarely true. Most intracellular proteins operate in a highly cooperative manner to perform tasks ranging from metabolic turnover to intricate signaling regulation. In some cases, one substrate needs to simultaneously interact with more than one binding partner to carry out faithful signal transductions. While one of these binding partners is the determinant of such signal transduction, it can share very similar tertiary structure with the other but might differ in functional role and abundance. Motivated by this observation, we explore the physical consequences of the mere steric presence of a non-specific ligand, the “competitor”, crowding the surface of a “target” ligand. The specific interaction occurs between the protein and the “target” ligand, which explores the same surface as well, albeit for its unique binding site. A simple lattice model incorporating these elements along with the natural rules of exclusion and hopping reveals the regimes for when recruitment (turnover) or residence (transition state stabilization) are favored. Exploration of the search dynamics of the two ligands along the protein surface provides further insight.
A Closed-Form Solution for Mapping General Distributions to Minimal PH Distributions

Approximating general distributions by phase-type (PH) distributions is a popular technique in queueing analysis, since the Markovian property of PH distributions often allows analytical tractability. This paper proposes an algorithm for mapping a general distribution G to a PH distribution where the goal is to find a PH distribution which matches the first three moments of G. Since efficiency of the algorithm is of primary importance, we first define a particular subset of the PH distributions, which we refer to as EC distributions. The class of EC distributions has very few free parameters, which narrows down the search space, making the algorithm efficient – In fact we provide a closed-form solution for the parameters of the EC distribution. Our solution is general in that it applies to any distribution whose first three moments can be matched by a PH distribution. Also, our resulting EC distribution requires a nearly minimal number of phases, always within one of the minimal number of phases required by any acyclic PH distribution. Lastly, we discuss numerical stability of our solution.
An Experimental Study of Chlorine Incorporation In Amphibole Synthesized Along the Pargasite–Ferro-Pargasite Join

Abstract Understanding how chlorine partitions between calcium amphiboles and an ambient fluid can be used to deduce the chlorine content of fluids involved in a wide range of geological processes, such as in high-grade metamorphism, deposition of economic minerals, chlorine metasomatism, and seawater-oceanic crust interactions. One of the most common correlations that is observed in calcium amphiboles is the increase in chlorine concentration with increasing Fe 2+ /(Fe 2+ + Mg) (= Fe#). To quantify this dependence, amphiboles with intended compositions along the pargasite–ferro-pargasite [NaCa 2 (Mg 4 Al)(Al 2 Si 6 )O 22 (Cl,OH) 2 –NaCa 2 (Fe 4 Al)(Al 2 Si 6 )O 22 (Cl,OH) 2 ] join were synthesized in the presence of NaCl brines ranging in concentration from 1 molal ( m ) NaCl to halite saturation. Syntheses were made over the range 700–950 °C and 0.2–0.5 GPa at oxygen fugacities ( f O 2 ) near the Co-CoO buffer and for durations of 46–576 h. The observed amphibole compositions varied between pargasite and hastingsite with increasing Fe# for an assumed constant Fe 3+ /(Fe 2+ + Fe 3+ ) ratio of 0.18. The most common additional phases were plagioclase and Ca-rich clinopyroxene with minor davyne in some syntheses. At any given bulk composition, amphiboles increase in Cl content with increasing brine concentrations, reaching a plateau in brines of about 0.1–0.2 mole fraction of NaCl ( X NaCl , or 5–15 m NaCl). Amphiboles synthesized in brines below halite saturation showed a fairly linear increase in Cl content from essentially 0.0 to 0.11 atoms per formula unit ( apfu ) with increasing Fe content. Syntheses in brines above halite saturation showed a distinct jump in Cl contents up to 0.14–0.30 apfu for the two most Fe-rich bulk compositions. Isopleths of constant NaCl concentration have been fitted to all of the data, and a thermochemical analysis of the dependence of the Cl/OH ratio of amphibole to the activity ratio of H 2 O/HCl in the brine has been offered for amphiboles synthesized in the 1 m NaCl brines. Comparison of the Cl contents of synthetic amphiboles made here with natural pargasitic amphiboles shows that even the highest Cl contents observed here are only about 20% of the maximum Cl contents found in amphiboles from some localities. The main implication of this study is that there is very limited Cl uptake in amphiboles made in this chemical system in the presence of aqueous brines of highly variable concentrations, even for the most Fe-rich amphiboles. The high Cl contents observed in natural assemblages are likely controlled by brine, or perhaps halide or silicate melt chemistry, or crystal-chemical factors ( e.g ., K content) that exert a stronger effect than just the Fe# of the amphibole.
Social and Environmental Justice in the Chemistry Classroom

Despite advances in active learning pedagogy and other methods designed to increase student engagement in the chemistry classroom, retention and engagement issues still persist, particularly with respect to women and minorities underrepresented in STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) programs. Relevancy also remains elusive in the chemistry classroom, where real-world issues of social justice, health, and the environment are largely missing from chemistry curricula. As a result, students struggle to understand their role as change agents and global citizens with leadership responsibility toward developing solutions to these justice issues, particularly as they relate to chemistry and manufacturing industries. Green chemistry curriculum developed by groups such as the Molecular Design Research Network, Beyond Benign, Greener Education Materials for Chemists, and others is available for faculty to seamlessly integrate topics of social, health, and environmental justice problem-solving in...
Catalyst-particle configurations: From nanowires to carbon nanotubes

Surface-energy minimization is used to study capillary effects that determine the stable configurations of (liquid or solid) particles atop tubes or wires. The results give allowable ranges for the volume (V_{c}) of the particles as a function of the inner and outer radii of the tubes, R_{I} and R_{o}, respectively. When R_{I}/R_{o}=0, the object is a nanowire. When R_{I}/R_{o}=1, it is a single-wall carbon nanotube. When 0<R_{I}/R_{o}<1, it can be thought of as a multiwall carbon nanotube. Moreover, the transition paths among different configurations are studied. These results suggest possible mechanisms for the reshaping of the "pear-like" catalyst particles in carbon nanotubes that oscillate across local energy-maximum points with respect to the position of the lower interface in the inner wall.
Sexual Communication Skills Training: A Necessary Component of Aftercare for Substance Abusers

While there has been considerable literature devoted to identifying relationship and sexual problems among chemically dependent persons and their partners (De Leon and Wexler, 1963; Gay and Shepherd, 1973; Le Mere and Smith, 1973; Schoener, 1973; Briddell and Wilson, 1973; Simmons, 1977), there has been an obvious lack of treatment programming to meet this need. The purpose of this paper is to briefly describe the goals, philosophy, program format and content of an aftercare program, Sexual Relationship Enhancement Program (SREP) designed to enhance sexual relationships of couples in which one or both partners are chemically dependent.
How Do English Language Learners Interact with Different Content Types in MOOC Videos

English Language Learners (ELLs) are a substantial portion of the students who enroll in MOOCs. In order to fulfill the promise of MOOCs – i.e., making higher education accessible to everyone with an internet connection – appropriate interventions should be offered to students who struggle with the language of course content. Through the analysis of clickstream log data gathered from two MOOC courses deployed on Coursera, Introduction to Psychology and Statistical Thermodynamics, we show that compared to native English speakers, ELL students have distinct behavioral patterns in how they engage with MOOC content including increased interaction with content that contains text, increased seeking away from content without visual support, and decreased video play rates. These patterns are expressed differently in response to different types of course content and domains. Our findings not only suggest more fine-grained methods for automatically identifying students who need language interventions, but also have further implications for the design of language support interventions and MOOC videos.
Re-examination of the Jurassic Mammaliaform Docodon victor by Computed Tomography and Occlusal Functional Analysis

Docodon was the first described docodont, and has long featured prominently in the comparative and functional morphology of mammaliaform mandibles and teeth. We have now re-examined the dental and mandibular fossils of Docodon from Yale Quarry 9 at the Como Bluff site in the Late Jurassic Morrison Formation, using Computed Tomography (CT) scans and 3D image analyses. Our CT study revealed that some features used to distinguish the several Docodon “species” in historical studies many decades ago were based on incorrect manual restoration of mandibles, and on variable features of deciduous premolars, which are replaced in typical mammaliaform fashion. This supports a long-held notion that the multiple species of Docodon from the same quarry of the Morrison Formation are over-split and should be synonymized. We formally propose that the specimens examined in this study be synonymized under Docodon victor. Our new Occlusal Fingerprint Analysis (OFA) of Docodon molars supports the hypothesis that Docodon had a consistent dorso-posterior or palinal component in chewing in the disto-distolingual to distolingual direction. This helps to resolve the controversial historical alternative hypotheses postulated for tooth occlusion in the taxon. The Docodon occlusal pattern is likely a derived feature, evolved within Docodonta. A posterior component in the occlusal trajectory is a functional convergence of Docodon on unrelated traversodontid cynodonts.
Leporipoviruses and Suipoxviruses

Members of the genera Leporipoxvirus and Suipoxvirus are poxviruses that infect a relatively narrow range of vertebrate host species, namely leporids and swine, respectively. All cause benign, self-limiting dermal infections in their native host species, except for myxoma virus, which causes a lethal disease called myxomatosis in the European rabbit. The replication of these large DNA viruses occurs in the cytoplasm of infected cells, similar to that of other poxviruses. All of these viruses express approximately 150 viral proteins, a substantial fraction of which mediate host tropism, pathogenesis, and immunomodulation. Myxoma virus virulence factors have been studied extensively, and have been shown to inhibit a variety of host immune molecules, such as tumor necrosis factor and interferon. Secreted anti-immune proteins from myxoma virus have shown efficacy as novel biotherapeutics to treat inflammatory diseases. The extreme pathogenicity of myxoma virus in European rabbits and its narrow host range were major factors in the decision to deliberately release myxoma virus in the attempt to control feral rabbit populations in Australia in the 1950s. Myxoma virus can also infect and kill human cancer cells and is under preclinical analysis as a novel oncolytic therapy to treat cancer.
A contribution to full-scale high fidelity aircraft progressive dynamic damage modelling for certification by analysis

The era of powered flight began with the introduction of the first flying machine in 1903. Sadly, less than two years later, the first fatal accident in a powered aircraft occurred. Motivated in pa...
Low Temperature and Macroscopic Quantization: Tools for Experimental Physicists

It is a great pleasure for me to be here to celebrate Professor Lars Onsager’s 70th birthday and an honor to be asked to present a paper on this occasion. It was my privilege to finish my graduate training at Yale University under C. T. Lane in the building next to Professor Onsager’s office. This was just after World War II when the excitement of superfluid helium was just beginning to be felt in the United States. Professor Onsager was deeply interested in this subject and was a constant visitor to our laboratory. He was a particular inspiration to me. He has had a deep influence on my research career and on the progress of low temperature physics in general. I would like to begin my talk by recalling some of the major inputs Lars Onsager has made to low temperature physics and to my research in particular.
Development of a fuzzy-nets based adapted surface roughness control (FNASRC) system in end-milling operations

A fuzzy-nets based in-process adaptive surface roughness control (FNASRC) system was developed in this research. The FNASRC system was able to adapt cutting parameters in-process and in a real time fashion to improve the surface roughness of machined parts when the surface roughness quality was not meeting customer requirements in the end milling operations. The FNASRC system was comprised of two sub-systems: (a) in-process surface roughness recognition (IPSRR); and (b) fuzzy-nets adaptive feed rate control (FNAFRC). Two IPSRR sub-systems with different theories were developed and evaluated in this study. First, a multiple linear regression based in-process surface roughness recognition system (MLR-IPSRR) was developed; it had approximately 90% accuracy with 30 testing data sets. Secondly, a fiizzy-nets based in-process surface roughness recognition (FN-IPSRR) sub-system was also developed and had 94% accuracy in predicting surface roughness while the machining process was taking place using similar testing data sets. Due to superior accuracy, the FN-IPSRR sub-system was implemented into the FNASRC system along with the FNAFRC sub-system. Furthermore, the FNAFRC sub-system was developed using a fuzzy nets theory to adapt a proper feed rate, which could produce the desired surface roughness when the original surface roughness could not meet customer requirements. Integrating the above-mentioned two sub-systems, the FNASRC system was developed and tested. To test the system, while the machining process was taking place, the FN-IPSRR system predicted the surface roughness, which was then compared to the desired
Approximations for Multiple Scan Statistics

In this article Poisson-type and compound Poisson approximations are discussed for a multiple scan statistic for Binomial and Poisson data in one and two dimensions. Numerical results are presented to evaluate the performance of these approximations. Direction for future research and open problems are also stated.
Stochastic bilinear models and estimators with nonlinear observation feedback

An overview is presented on modelling and state estimation of a significant class of nonlinear stochastic processes. This includes certain bilinear systems with observation feedback. Appropriate applications include immunology, nuclear power generation, heat transfer and track signal processing.
Undecidability and initial segments of the wtt-degrees ≤0′

We have now shown that every non-zero degree below deg wtt (G) coincides with deg(Gρ) for some ρ e Πn. Since all of the positive requirements have been satisfied, we see that the lattice Πn has been embedded as an initial segment of the Δ 2 0 wtt-degrees above a minimal degree. In fact the embedding is in the wtt-degrees ≤wtt 0′. To see that this is true, we need only check that there is a recursive function b(x) such that |{s:Gs+1(x)≠G s (x)}|≤b(x). But this is the case because of the nesting of the trees. Only action taken for the sake of satisfying P0 can change G s (0). This can happen at most twice. The only possible actions which can change G(x) are taken for the sake of satisfying some P e where e ≤ x, or improving the e-state of some T e,s (σ), where e+|σ|≤x. A simple induction shows that this is bounded by (2+n+|E n |+2)2x+1−1.
LASER INTERFEROMETRY APPLIED TO MIDDLE EAR DIAGNOSIS

ABSTRACT An instrument is described which measures submicroscopic displacements of the eardrum by laser interferometry. From these measurements the condition of the middle ear can be diagnosed.
Review of Diffusional Creep of A{l_2}{O_3}

The diffusional creep mechanisms are reviewed including the extensions of the theories for application to ceramic materials. The creep data for \( A{l_2}{O_3} \) are critically analysed to show the relative conditions where normal and dislocation controlled diffusional creep are important. The behavior at intermediate stresses, when both slip and diffusional creep occur is also discussed.
Neurocognitive Pathways in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and White Matter Microstructure

Abstract Background This study sought to identify attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) abnormalities in relationships between brain white matter structure and individual differences in several types of impulsive behavior. Methods Adolescents, n = 67 with ADHD combined subtype and n = 68 without ADHD, were given neuropsychological tests and underwent diffusion tensor imaging scans. Principal component analysis reduced test scores into factors representing different types of impulsive behavior. Tract-based spatial statistics quantified white matter integrity in relationship to components of impulsive behavior. ADHD versus non-ADHD differences in the strength and nature of linear relationships between regional white matter and three impulsivity components were examined using multiple regression. Results Principal component analysis found three separate impulsivity-related factors that were interpreted as motor response inhibition, impulsive choice, and delay aversion. Relationships between regional fractional anisotropy and response inhibition or impulsive choice did not differ between ADHD and non-ADHD groups. There was a significant interaction between diagnostic group and delay aversion test performance relationships with regional fractional anisotropy. For youths without ADHD, greater anisotropy in numerous tracts predicted better delay aversion test performance. In contrast, anisotropy in regions including the corpus callosum, corona radiata, internal capsule, and corticospinal tracts had either a negative or no relationship with delay aversion test performance in ADHD. Conclusions The results provide additional support that different proposed etiological pathways to ADHD have discretely different neurobiological features. Large disorganization of white matter microstructure appears to contribute to reward-based ADHD pathways rather than motor inhibition.
Catalytic enantioselective synthesis of quaternary all-carbon stereogenic centers. Preparation of alpha,alpha'-disubstituted beta,gamma-unsaturated esters through Cu-catalyzed asymmetric allylic alkylations.

Peptide-based chiral ligands, readily prepared from commercially available materials, are used to promote Cu-catalyzed asymmetric allylic alkylations of α,β-unsaturated esters bearing a γ-phosphate with various alkylzinc reagents. These transformations lead to the formation of α,α‘-dialkyl-β,γ-unsaturated esters in high yields as well as high regio- (re) and enantioselectivities (ee).
Sex Differences in the Effect of Alcohol Drinking on Myelinated Axons in the Anterior Cingulate Cortex of Adolescent Rats

Cognitive deficits associated with teenage drinking may be due to disrupted myelination of prefrontal circuits. To better understand how alcohol affects myelination, male and female Wistar rats (n = 7–9/sex/treatment) underwent two weeks of intermittent operant self-administration of sweetened alcohol or sweetened water early in adolescence (postnatal days 28–42) and we tested for macro- and microstructural changes to myelin. We previously reported data from the males of this study showing that alcohol drinking reduced myelinated fiber density in layers II–V of the anterior cingulate division of the medial prefrontal cortex (Cg1); herein, we show that myelinated fiber density was not significantly altered by alcohol in females. Alcohol drinking patterns were similar in both sexes, but males were in a pre-pubertal state for a larger proportion of the alcohol exposure period, which may have contributed to the differential effects on myelinated fiber density. To gain more insight into how alcohol impacts myelinated axons, brain sections from a subset of these animals (n = 6/sex/treatment) were used for microstructural analyses of the nodes of Ranvier. Confocal analysis of nodal domains, flanked by immunofluorescent-labeled contactin-associated protein (Caspr) clusters, indicated that alcohol drinking reduced nodal length-to-width ratios in layers II/III of the Cg1 in both sexes. Despite sex differences in the underlying cause (larger diameter axons after alcohol in males vs. shorter nodal lengths after alcohol in females), reduced nodal ratios could have important implications for the speed and integrity of neural transmission along these axons in both males and females. Alcohol-induced changes to myelinated axonal populations in the Cg1 may contribute to long-lasting changes in prefrontal function associated with early onset drinking.
Recurrent Saliency Transformation Network for Tiny Target Segmentation in Abdominal CT Scans

We aim at segmenting a wide variety of organs, including tiny targets (e.g., adrenal gland), and neoplasms (e.g., pancreatic cyst), from abdominal CT scans. This is a challenging task in two aspects. First, some organs (e.g., the pancreas), are highly variable in both anatomy and geometry, and thus very difficult to depict. Second, the neoplasms often vary a lot in its size, shape, as well as its location within the organ. Third, the targets (organs and neoplasms) can be considerably small compared to the human body, and so standard deep networks for segmentation are often less sensitive to these targets and thus predict less accurately especially around their boundaries. In this paper, we present an end-to-end framework named recurrent saliency transformation network (RSTN) for segmenting tiny and/or variable targets. The RSTN is a coarse-to-fine approach that uses prediction from the first (coarse) stage to shrink the input region for the second (fine) stage. A saliency transformation module is inserted between these two stages so that 1) the coarse-scaled segmentation mask can be transferred as spatial weights and applied to the fine stage and 2) the gradients can be back-propagated from the loss layer to the entire network so that the two stages are optimized in a joint manner. In the testing stage, we perform segmentation iteratively to improve accuracy. In this extended journal paper, we allow a gradual optimization to improve the stability of the RSTN, and introduce a hierarchical version named H-RSTN to segment tiny and variable neoplasms such as pancreatic cysts. Experiments are performed on several CT datasets including a public pancreas segmentation dataset, our own multi-organ dataset, and a cystic pancreas dataset. In all these cases, the RSTN outperforms the baseline (a stage-wise coarse-to-fine approach) significantly. Confirmed by the radiologists in our team, these promising segmentation results can help early diagnosis of pancreatic cancer. The code and pre-trained models of our project were made available at https://github.com/198808xc/OrganSegRSTN .
Thermopower determination using pyrolytic graphite and aluminum thermocouple

Abstract High temperature processes of metal casting require the use of specialized instruments for measurements. A thermocouple is one such instrument frequently used due to its many advantages of low cost, high accuracy and ease of access. With aluminum being one of the most widely used metals in the metallurgical and automobile industries, there is the need for a custom thermocouple for use in these sectors. In this research work, a custom thermocouple designed from pyrolytic graphite (PG) and aluminum is developed. The research effort is then concentrated on determining the Seebeck coefficient of our instrument. A near-linear response was obtained for our instrument on a voltage-temperature graph. A thermopower/Seebeck coefficient of 14.4 μ V / ℃ was obtained for the heating experiment while the cooling experiment produced a sensitivity of 14.7 μ V / ℃ .
Metastatic Lung Cancer Presenting as Monocular Blindness and Panhypopituitarism Secondary to a Pituitary Metastasis

BACKGROUND Sellar masses are most commonly pituitary adenomas, however, about 1% of surgical resected pituitary lesions are found to be metastatic disease. It is hard to distinguish pituitary adenomas from metastatic disease. The most common primary sources for pituitary metastases are breast and lung cancer. CASE REPORT In this paper, we report the case of a woman who presented with right-sided vision loss who was found to have a sellar mass and panhypopituitarism. Subsequent imaging showed a large mass in her left upper lung with additional lesions in the spleen and adrenal glands. Neurosurgery performed an urgent transsphenoidal resection, with pathology confirming lung adenocarcinoma. CONCLUSIONS This is an unusual presentation of metastatic lung cancer, with the patient's primary symptoms being related to her pituitary metastasis and panhypopituitarism. Pituitary metastases are most commonly asymptomatic, although they can present with visual disturbances, diabetes insipidus, or panhypopituitarism. Pituitary metastases should be on the differential for sellar masses, particularly with specific radiographic findings, visual disturbances, and/or the presence of diabetes insipidus.
E-Mobility – Voltage classes, challenges and technical solutions

The CO2 limitation decided by the European Commission challenges the Automotive OEM’s to further improve the conventional powertrain with regard to CO2 Emission reduction. Thermal Engine concepts alone need to be supported by alternative propul-sion solutions in order to meet the fleet average CO2 limits in order to get benefits from the utilization of the transient driving conditions in term of electrical boost and break recuperation. Most of the current hybrid vehicles in the market match these requirements technically. From a commercial point of view there is the need to further attractiveness – means price improvements. Besides the value add for the Battery the additional cost of hybrids are mainly influenced by the implementation of HighVoltage systems that need extensive technologies for electrical safety requirements. The new 48 Volt Voltage level could be a solid solution to improve CO2 emissions aligned with cost optimization within hybridization. Technically the application of various different voltage levels within a vehicle needs investigation from an electrical systems and component point of view. The presentation explains the technical challenges and offers an overview on possible solutions and gives a comprehensive insight to hybridization.
Joint Power Allocation for Multicarrier Radar and Communication Coexistence

This paper examines the coexistence of radar and communication systems on a common frequency band using multicarrier waveforms. We consider a radar-centric sharing scenario where the radar needs to meet a minimum performance constraint, measured by the signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR). A heuristic solution can be developed using a greedy search (GS) method, which lets the radar transmit peak power on its best subcarrier to meet the SINR constraint, and then assigns the rest subcarriers to the communication system to maximize its throughput. The GS method is a subcarrier-allocation based solution. We propose herein a sharing based approach, which allows the radar and communication systems to occupy the same subcarrier, but controls the mutual interference through joint power allocation. This leads to a non-convex problem that maximizes the communication throughput under a radar SINR constraint, as well as total and per-subcarrier power constraints for both the radar and communication systems. The problem is solved by an alternating optimization and sequential convex programming algorithm. Simulation results show the proposed sharing based approach significantly outperforms the GS method in various interference scenarios.