cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On controlling an autothermal fixed-bed reactor at an unstable state—1: Steady-state and dynamic modeling

Abstract Models of distributed chemical reaction systems which are both accurate and wieldy are extremely difficult to obtain. This paper discusses traditional methods for deriving models of fixed-bed reactors, i.e. where the attempt is made to accurately account for steady-state and dynamic characteristics only. It illustrates the development of such models for the complex case of a tubular autothermal reactor with internal countercurrent heat exchange which exhibits multiple steady states for certain ranges of operating conditions. A two-dimensional dynamic model of the reactor is constructed, and then simplified to a linear state-variable form suitable for dynamic analysis by using successively: (i) a double collocation procedure to discretize the equations in both the radial and axial directions; (ii) a linearization technique around a specified steady-state profile; and (iii) the assumption of quasi-steady state for the coolant temperature and for the concentration of the reacting mixture. The dynamic analysis includes evaluation of the eigenproperties of the linearized model. The degree of instability of the reactor is correlated to some design variables and properties of the reaction. The sensitivity of the model to changes in parameters or operating conditions is also investigated. Finally, a shortcoming of the traditional modeling approach with its total emphasis on steady-state and dynamic properties is discussed. It is noted that the internal structure of a model also must be considered carefully if it is to be useful for controller design. A sequel paper discusses this virtually unrecognized point, again using the autothermal reactor system for example purposes.
Recommendations for the reporting of surgically resected specimens of renal cell carcinoma: The Association of Directors of Anatomic and Surgical Pathology

A checklist based approach to reporting the relevant pathologic details of renal cell carcinoma resection specimens improves the completeness of the report. Karyotypic evaluation of renal neoplasms has refined but also complicated their classification. The number of diagnostic possibilities has increased and the importance of distinguishing different tumor types has been underscored by dramatic variation in prognosis and the development of targeted therapies for specific subtypes. The increasing number of recognized renal neoplasms has implications for handling renal resection specimens. Furthermore, the prognostic significance of other features of renal neoplasms related to grade and stage has been demonstrated. This guideline for the handling of renal resection specimens will focus on problem areas in the evolving practice of diagnosis, grading, and staging of renal neoplasms. The accompanying checklist will serve to ensure that all necessary details of the renal resection specimen are included in the surgical pathology report.
Making a Difference: Application of SoTL to Enhance Learning

In this essay, I remind readers of the importance of using SoTL work in a range of ways and settings at different levels to increase our impact on student learning as well as institutional and disciplinary cultures. I briefly discuss and illustrate six strategies already in use on which we can build.
LIQUIDITY PREFERENCE OR LOANABLE FUNDS: INTEREST RATE DETERMINATION IN MARKET DISEQUILIBRIUM

THE purpose of this paper is threefold: (1) to specify a generalized disequilibrium macroeconomic model which explicitly incorporates the concept of spillover in non-tatonnement financial and real markets; (2) to relate the model, and particularly the concept of spillover, to the liquidity preference and loanable funds theories of interest rate determination; and (3) to investigate the implications of these two interest rate theories for the timing of monetary policy. The notion of market spillover is well established in the literature on non-tatonnement market processes. As early as 1952 Patinkin ([17], p.41) recognized that markets in disequilibrium imply a general pattern of 'spillover', which he defined as the market condition in which "...buyers who have not succeeded in spending all they intended to at given prices... redirect part of their unspent income." Clower [2] provided a choicetheoretic basis for the spillover concept by focusing on the individual maximization process in situations of constrained demand. However, it was Grossman [8, 9] who synthesized Patinkin's concept of spillover with the Hahn-Negishi [16] non-tatonnement transaction process and the Clower dual decision hypothesis to develop a non-tatonnement model incorporating spillover. Despite well established micro-foundations for spillover, the important disequilibrium macroeconomic studies of Tucker [19], Feige [3], Laidler [12, 13], and Grossman and Dolde [10] do not explicitly consider the concept. The contribution of this paper is to extend Grossman's discussion of market spillover to a generalized disequilibrium macroeconomic model which also includes gradual adjustment of expectations and demand. The liquidity preference and loanable funds theories of interest rate determination are then shown to represent special cases of the model, and the dynamic implications of these two theories are examined. More specifically, it is shown that the degree to which excess demand for commodities spills over into the bond market creates special cases of the model which conform to the alternative interest rate theories. In addition, the implications of spillover for monetary policy are examined by solving the dynamics of the
In-vivo evaluation of simultaneous administration of incompatible drugs in a central venous catheter with a decreased port to port distance.

Multilumen catheters are commonly used in critically ill children.Their use, however, is associated with significant morbidity. We studied thesimultaneous administration of incompatible drugs using a new triple-lumencatheter with decreased length and port to port distances. Ten domestic swine, 10–20 kg in weight, were divided into twogroups of five. Total parenteral nutrition was administered through the distalport and phenytoin was administered as a bolus and as an infusion in eachgroup. Samples were taken from two sites during the bolus and at 1, 5, and15 min during phenytoin infusion. Histograms were generated for particle sizeand concentration. Samples were also examined under the microscope forparticles. Histograms of particle size did not show any alteration of thehistogram that would suggest particle size > 2 μm in diameter in thestudy or control samples. No particles were identified by phase microscope,light microscope, or Wright stain smear. The use of a triple-lumen catheter with a distance of 0.4cmbetween the proximal port and the medial port and 1.3 cm between the medial portand the distal port, for the in vivo simultaneous administration ofincompatible solutions does not result in precipitates large enough to causeadverse clinical effects.
Statistical methods for evaluating the effect of operators on energy efficiency of mining machines

Research has recognised operators' skill as important factors affecting performance and energy efficiency of mining equipment. Modern monitoring tools generate large, highly variable, and, often, skewed energy efficiency data sets. Well-conceived statistical tests should be used to assess the effect of operators on energy efficiency in such situations. However, in many cases in the mining literature, the choice of statistical tests to evaluate operator effects has not been systematic and rigorous and, often, the underlying assumptions of these tests have not been examined before their use. This work provides a systematic method, synthesised from the statistical literature, to rigorously evaluate the effect of operators on energy efficiency of mining equipment. Mine engineers and managers can use this method to evaluate whether differences exist in energy efficiency of their operators given sample data and focus on operator training, if they find cause to improve operator performance.
Corrigendum to “Regulating SR Protein Phosphorylation through Regions Outside the Kinase Domain of SRPK1” [J. Mol. Biol. 410/1 (2011) 131–145]

Corrigendum to “Regulating SR Protein Phosphorylation through Regions Outside the Kinase Domain of SRPK1” [J. Mol. Biol. 410/1 (2011) 131–145] Ryan M. Plocinik , Sheng Li , Tong Liu , Kendra L. Hailey , Jennifer Whitesides , Chen-Ting Ma, Xiang-Dong Fu , Gourisankar Ghosh , Virgil L. Woods Jr., Patricia A. Jennings 3 and Joseph A. Adams⁎ Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
Internal energy effects in collision induced dissociation spectra

The effect of the precursor ion internal energy on the branching ratios obtained from collision induced dissociation fragmentation patterns was examined for [NH3]+ and [C2H4N]+. The ion internal energy was changed by varying both the chemical ionization reagent gas and the ion source pressure. Effects observed in the collision induced dissociation fragmentation patterns as a function of the ion source pressure are explained by the reaction exothermicities and by collisional deactivation of internally excited ions (at high pressure).
Simulations of the contractile cycle in cell migration using a bio-chemical-mechanical model.

Cell migration relies on traction forces in order to propel a cell. Several computational models have been developed that help explain the trajectory that cells take during migration, but little attention has been placed on traction forces during this process. Here, we investigated the spatiotemporal dynamics of cell migration by using a bio-chemical–mechanical contractility model that incorporates the first steps of cell migration on an array of posts. In the model, formation of a new adhesion causes a reactivation of stress fibre assembly within a cell. The model was able to predict the spatial distribution of traction forces observed with previous experiments. Moreover, the model found that the strain energy exerted by the traction forces of a migrating cell underwent a cyclic relationship that rose with the formation of a new adhesion and fell with the release of an adhesion at its rear.
The structural determination of phosphosulfolactate synthase from Methanococcus jannaschii at 1.7-A resolution: an enolase that is not an enolase

Members of the enolase mechanistically diverse superfamily catalyze a wide variety of chemical reactions that are related by a common mechanistic feature, the abstraction of a proton adjacent to a carboxylate group. Recent investigations into the function and mechanism of the phosphosulfolactate synthase encoded by the ComA gene in Methanococcus jannaschii have suggested that ComA, which catalyzes the stereospecific Michael addition of sulfite to phosphoenolpyruvate to form phosphosulfolactate, may be a member of the enolase superfamily. The ComA-catalyzed reaction, the first step in the coenzyme M biosynthetic pathway, likely proceeds via a Mg2+ ion-stabilized enolate intermediate in a manner similar to that observed for members of the enolase superfamily. ComA, however, has no significant sequence similarity to any known enolase. Here we report the x-ray crystal structure of ComA to 1.7-A resolution. The overall fold for ComA is an (alpha/beta)8 barrel that assembles with two other ComA molecules to form a trimer in which three active sites are created at the subunit interfaces. From the positions of two ordered sulfate ions in the active site, a model for the binding of phosphoenolpyruvate and sulfite is proposed. Despite its mechanistic similarity to the enolase superfamily, the overall structure and active site architecture of ComA are unlike any member of the enolase superfamily, which suggests that ComA is not a member of the enolase superfamily but instead acquired an enolase-type mechanism through convergent evolution.
Multi-time-scale modeling and analysis of energy storage in power system operations

This paper explores a modeling framework necessary for analyzing the impact of energy storage on power system operations. We first develop a unifying definition of energy storage as an abstraction of many heterogenous energy storage options, including flexible demand response. Then we develop, a multi-time-scale model of energy storage tailored for temporal hierarchies of power systems. Based on this model, the impact of energy storage in primary control, secondary frequency regulation, and economic dispatch can be pinpointed and analyzed explicitly. We then propose a simple scalar performance index for quantifying the value of energy storage over different horizons in competitive electricity markets. This performance index provides a value-based criteria for operating energy storage over different time horizons. Numerical case studies are conducted in a modified IEEE 14-bus system, which includes flywheel and battery energy storage.
Blue photoluminescence activated by surface states in GaN grown by molecular beam epitaxy

We have studied the broad blue band, which emerges in the photoluminescence (PL) spectrum of c-plane GaN layers after etching in hot H3PO4 and subsequent exposure to air. This band exhibited a 100 meV blueshift with increasing excitation intensity and a thermal quenching with activation energies of 12 and 100 meV. These observations led us to suggest that surface states may be formed on etched surfaces and cause bandbending, which leads to a shift in transition energy with excitation. The blue PL is related to transitions from the shallow donors filled with nonequilibrium electrons to the surface states, which capture the photogenerated holes. The observed irreversible bleaching of the blue luminescence may be attributed to the metastable nature of the surface states or to the oxygen desorption.
Chronic exposure to everyday discrimination and sleep in a multiethnic sample of middle-aged women.

OBJECTIVE Researchers have suggested that poor sleep may play a role in the association between discrimination and health, but studies linking experiences of discrimination to sleep are limited. The authors examined associations between reports of everyday discrimination over 4 years (chronic everyday discrimination) and subjective and objective indicators of poor sleep. METHOD Participants were 368 African American, Caucasian, and Chinese women from the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation Sleep Study. Everyday discrimination was assessed each year from baseline through the third follow-up exam via questionnaire with the Everyday Discrimination Scale (intraclass correlation coefficient over 4 years = .90). Subjective sleep complaints were measured beginning in Year 5 with the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Objective indices of sleep continuity, duration, and architecture were assessed via in-home polysomnography, beginning in Year 5. RESULTS In linear regression analyses adjusted for age, race/ethnicity, and financial strain, chronic everyday discrimination was associated with more subjective sleep complaints (Estimate = 1.52, p < .001) and polysomnography-assessed wakefulness after sleep onset (Estimate = .19, p < .02), a marker of sleep continuity. Findings did not differ by race/ethnicity and remained significant after adjusting for menopausal status, body mass index, medication use, and depressive symptoms. CONCLUSION Experiences of chronic everyday discrimination are independently associated with both subjective and objective indices of poor sleep. Findings add to the growing literature linking discrimination to key markers of biobehavioral health.
Extrachromosomal MicroDNAs and Chromosomal Microdeletions in Normal Tissues

We have identified tens of thousands of short extrachromosomal circular DNAs (microDNA) in mouse tissues as well as mouse and human cell lines. These microDNAs are 200 to 400 base pairs long, are derived from unique nonrepetitive sequence, and are enriched in the 5'-untranslated regions of genes, exons, and CpG islands. Chromosomal loci that are enriched sources of microDNA in the adult brain are somatically mosaic for microdeletions that appear to arise from the excision of microDNAs. Germline microdeletions identified by the "Thousand Genomes" project may also arise from the excision of microDNAs in the germline lineage. We have thus identified a previously unknown DNA entity in mammalian cells and provide evidence that their generation leaves behind deletions in different genomic loci.
From Soldiers to Children: Developmental Sciences Transform the Construct of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder.

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was first included in the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders in 1980. Long used to describe the reactions of soldiers affected by stress in combat situations, PTSD is now recognised as a disorder affecting abused and neglected infants and children, survivors of assault and domestic violence, and disaster victims of all ages. How did a construct so distinctly associated with the experiences of adult combat veterans come to describe behaviours seen in children, and even infants? This transformation can be understood by examining the way clinical researchers have applied the developmental sciences (child and adolescent development, neuroscience, and cognitive science) to the study of trauma. Each of the developmental sciences has contributed to our understanding of children's reactions to traumatic situations, and each plays an integral part in the effort to understand PTSD as a disorder of children as well as adults.
Lineshape extraction from MeV He + backscattering energy spectra: Aluminum oxide on silicon

Channeling effects in a crystal underlying a thin amorphous film lead to a simple technique for line- shape generation from energy spectra of MeV He+ backscattered particles. The technique is demonstrated for the analysis of aluminum oxide films on silicon.
Improving emergency department time to provider, left-without-treatment rates, and average length of stay.

Abstract Background Emergency Department (ED) overcrowding and ensuing concern about patients who leave without treatment have become a mounting national concern. In addition, the Centers for Medicaid and Medicare Services released regulatory standards for EDs requiring reporting of time from initial triage to decision to admit, as well as actual time of admission. Objectives To implement an improved ED patient flow process. Methods We performed a comparative, pre- and post-intervention ED redesign study evaluating three primary end points between two similar, seasonal time periods. Results Despite an 11% increase in daily patient volume in 2010, analysis of time to provider pre-ED redesign and post-ED redesign implementation revealed a mean of 126.7 min in 2009 (SD 37.03) vs. a mean of 26.3 min in 2010 (SD 1.17). The p -value was significant at p -value was significant at p p Conclusion Our study demonstrated that a tailored ED redesign process can dramatically decrease the time to provider, ALOS, and LWOT rates.
AUTOCRINE OVER EXPRESSION OF FIBRONECTIN BY HUMAN TRANSITIONAL CARCINOMA CELLS IMPAIRS BACILLUS CALMETTE-GUERIN ADHERENCE AND SIGNALING

ABSTRACTPurpose: Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) binds to the tumor cell as a result of mycobacterial receptors for fibronectin (FN). Cell surface bound FN serves as a bridge through which BCG attaches to the tumor cell. Despite the importance of FN studies have demonstrated an idiosyncratic decrease in BCG adherence in response to exogenous FN. We evaluated the effect of exogenous and autocrine FN on the ability of BCG to adhere to the tumor cell surface and initiate cellular signaling.Materials and Methods: BCG adherence to parental 253J and FN over expressing 253JTGFβ1–8 cells as well as to the intrinsic FN expressing cell line 647V was quantified using green fluorescent protein-BCG. Experiments were performed to assess the effect of FN on BCG initiated signal transduction through nuclear factor κB and AP1. Finally, the integrity of the BCG activated signaling pathway in transforming growth factor-β1/FN over expressors was assessed using antibody mediated cross-linking of the FN receptor.Results: BCG ad...
Folded and unfolded scaling from preferential paired comparisons

Abstract A stochastic folding model is developed as a natural parametric extension of Greenberg's 1965 Successive Cumulations Method for constructing an unfolded scale from paired comparison preference judgments. This extension provides least squares estimates of the unfolded scale values from the transforms of ( 2 n ) pairwise proportions. The stochastic folding model is a special case of a response biased preference model involving the observation of 2( 2 n ) ordered pairwise proportions. A least squares analysis is also employed in estimating the parameters of this general model. Illustrative data bearing upon each of the two models are analyzed by means of the procedures developed in the paper.
Ancestral Myf5 gene activity in periocular connective tissue identifies a subset of fibro/adipogenic progenitors but does not connote a myogenic origin.

Extraocular muscles (EOM) represent a unique muscle group that controls eye movements and originates from head mesoderm, while the more typically studied body and limb muscles are somite-derived. Aiming to investigate myogenic progenitors (satellite cells) in EOM versus limb and diaphragm of adult mice, we have been using flow cytometry in combination with myogenic-specific Cre-loxP lineage marking for cell isolation. While analyzing cells from the EOM of mice that harbor Myf5Cre-driven GFP expression, we identified in addition to the expected GFP+ myogenic cells (presumably satellite cells), a second dominant GFP+ population distinguished as being Sca1+, non-myogenic, and exhibiting a fibro/adipogenic potential. This unexpected population was not only unique to EOM compared to the other muscles but also specific to the Myf5Cre-driven reporter when compared to the MyoDCre driver. Histological studies of periocular tissue preparations demonstrated the presence of Myf5Cre-driven GFP+ cells in connective tissue locations adjacent to the muscle masses, including cells in the vasculature wall. These vasculature-associated GFP+ cells were further identified as mural cells based on the presence of the specific XLacZ4 transgene. Unlike the EOM satellite cells that originate from a Pax3-negative lineage, these non-myogenic Myf5Cre-driven GFP+ cells appear to be related to cells of a Pax3-expressing origin, presumably derived from the neural crest. In all, our lineage tracing based on multiple reporter lines has demonstrated that regardless of common ancestral expression of Myf5, there is a clear distinction between periocular myogenic and non-myogenic cell lineages according to their mutually exclusive antecedence of MyoD and Pax3 gene activity.
Large Optical Generator

The University of Arizona has initiated the construction of a precision generator for larger diameter optical surfaces (large optical generator). This LOG machine will be capable of generating a rotationally symmetric primary mirror of up to 7.3 meters diameter, and segments of mirrors to 10 meters and larger diameters. Initially the machine will be used for generation of molds for a sub-millimeter telescope array, but is eventually intended for wide application mirrors of visual wavelength accuracy.
Use of Micellar-Enhanced Ultrafiltration at Low Surfactant Concentrations and with Anionic–Nonionic Surfactant Mixtures☆

Micellar-enhanced ultrafiltration is a separation technique which can be used to remove metal ions or dissolved organics from water. Metal ions bind to the surface of negatively charged micelles of an anionic surfactant while organic solutes tend to dissolve or solubilized within the micelles. The mixture is then forced through an ultrafiltration membrane with pore sizes small enough to block passage of the micelles and associated metal ions and/or dissolved organics. Monomeric or unassociated surfactant passes through the membrane and does not contribute to the separation. This paper considers advantages of addition of small concentrations of nonionic surfactant to an anionic surfactant; the resulting anionic-nonionic mixed micelles exhibit negative deviation from ideality of mixing which leads to a smaller fraction of the surfactant being present as monomer and a subsequently larger fraction present in the micellar form. The addition of nonionic surfactant improved the separation of divalent zinc substantially at total concentrations above the critical micelle concentration (cmc) of the anionic surfactant. Both zinc and tert-butylphenol (a nonionic organic solute) show unexpected rejection at surfactant concentrations moderately below the cmc, where micelles are absent. This is considered as due to a higher surfactant concentration in the gel layer adjacent to the membrane where micelles are present. Reduction of this rejection at lower transmembrane pressure drops supports this mechanism. Some rejection of zinc was observed in the absence of surfactant but not of tert-butylphenol, indicating an additional effect of membrane charge for ionic solutes. Copyright 1999 Academic Press.
A Roundabout Way to the Niche

A new player in hematopoietic stem cell (HSC)-niche interactions is introduced in this issue of Cell Stem Cell. Smith-Berdan et al. (2010) demonstrate that Robo4 is involved in HSC engraftment and mobilization and does so in cooperation with Cxcr4 to guide stem cells to and secure them in the niche.
Glucocorticoids blunt neutrophil CD11b surface glycoprotein upregulation during cardiopulmonary bypass in humans.

Neutrophil-endothelial adhesion is the initiating event in neutrophil migration to areas of infection or injury. The binding of neutrophils to endothelium depends upon adhesive glycoproteins, of which the CD11/CD18 glycoproteins are the most important. Because of known upregulation of one of these a
Electrical properties of Al x Ga 1-x N materials for UV photodetector applications

In this paper, recent developments in the electrical characterization and doping of Al x Ga 1-x N will be reviewed. The properties important for the development of solar-blind UV photodetectors will be stressed. For many of the military and commercial applications of UV photodetectors, the photodetectors must be solar-blind with cutoff wavelengths of less than about 280 nm. This means that for devices is that for devices based on the Al x Ga 1-x N system, the aluminum mole fraction for the active region is nearly 40 percent. One of the implications for devices is that as the energy gap is increased, doping becomes much more difficult. Therefore, one of the main thrusts of this paper will be the p-type and n-type doping of Al x Ga 1-x N. In addition to the study of the doping of bulk-like Al x Ga 1-x N, the use of Al x Ga 1-x N based superlattices to reduce the dopant ionization energy will be presented. Because GaN is likely to be used for contact layers in solar-blind devices and as an active layer in visible-blind devices, the electrical properties of this better studied binary material will be reported. The role of electrically active defects and unintentional dopants will also be discussed.
Neuroanatomical organization of perceptual memory: an fMRI study of picture priming.

Neuroanatomical organization of perceptual representation in human memory system is unclear primarily because it has been studied using paradigms that have both, perceptual and conceptual components (e.g., word stem completion and word fragment completion). In the present experiment, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) technique was used to examine the pattern of cortical activation in a picture identification test in which subjects were asked to identify subliminally presented primed and novel pictures. This test is a modification of the word identification test that is considered a "pure" form of perceptual priming. Results indicate that perceptual priming is associated with reduced activation in the extrastriate cortex and that the memory for subliminally presented stimuli is processed by the same brain areas that process adequate stimuli. The activation pattern observed in picture identification test is different from that reported in the experiments of conceptual priming, suggesting that perceptual and conceptual representation of memory are supported by separate brain mechanisms.
Snapshot From Superstorm Sandy: American Red Cross Mental Health Risk Surveillance in Lower New York State

Study objective Disasters often cause psychological injury, as well as dramatic physical damage. Epidemiologic research has identified a set of disaster experiences and predisposing characteristics that place survivors at risk for post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and anxiety. Rapid triage of at-risk survivors could have benefits for individual and population-level outcomes. We examine American Red Cross mental health risk surveillance data collected from October 29 to November 20, 2012, immediately after Hurricane Sandy in 8 lower New York State counties to evaluate the feasibility and utility of collecting these data. Methods PsySTART, an evidence-based disaster mental health triage tool, was used to record survivor-reported risk factors after each survivor contact. Red Cross disaster mental health volunteers interfaced with survivors at disaster operation sites, including shelters, emergency aid stations, and mobile feeding and community outreach centers. Risk data were called into the operations center each day and reported by county. Results PsySTART risk surveillance data for 18,823 disaster mental health contacts are presented for adults and children. A total of 17,979 risk factors were reported. Overall levels of risk per contact were statistically different (χ 2 (1, N=6,045) =248.1; P Conclusion Aggregated PsySTART data in Superstorm Sandy indicate substantial population-level impact suggestive of risk for disorders that may persist chronically without treatment. Mental health triage has the potential to improve care of individual disaster survivors, as well as inform disaster management, local health providers, and public health officials.
CBCT is valuable for diagnosis of tooth fracture

PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, CNKI and SIGLE databases. Two reviewers independently selected studies. Studies examining the diagnostic accuracy of CBCT for tooth fractures in vivo were considered. Only studies with a minimum of ten participants using a reference test of surgical exploration or extractions to establish the diagnosis of tooth fractures were included. Data abstraction was carried out independently by two reviewers and study quality assessed using the Quality Assessment of Studies of Diagnostic Accuracy-2 (QUADAS-2) tool. The main study outcomes were sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio (LR), negative LR and summary receiver operating characteristic (SROC). Twelve studies were included in a meta-analysis. The pooled sensitivity was 0.92 (95% CI=0.89–0.94) and pooled specificity 0.85 (95% CI=0.75–0.92). The pooled positive and negative likelihood ratios were 5.68 (95% CI=3.42–9.45) and 0.13 (95% CI=0.09–0.18) respectively. The summary receiver operating characteristic was 0.94 (95% CI=0.90–0.98). The pooled prevalence of tooth fractures in patients with clinically suspected but periapical-radiography-undetected tooth fractures was 91% (95% CI = 83%-97%). Positive and negative predictive values were 0.98 and 0.43 (subgroup analysis: 0.98 and 0.28 for endodontically treated teeth; 0.99 and 0.77 for non endodontically treated teeth). We suggest that CBCT has a high diagnostic accuracy for tooth fractures and could be used in clinical settings. We can be very confident with positive test results but should be very cautious with negative test results. For patients with negative results, close follow-ups are recommended. The diagnostic accuracy of CBCT is similar among different types of tooth fractures, which should be interpreted with caution due to unavailability of data for subgroup analysis on horizontal and oblique tooth fractures.
Solution strategies and heat transfer calculations for three-dimensional configurations at hypersonic speeds

A procedure which reduces the memory requirements for computing the viscous flow over a modified Orbiter geometry at a hypersonic flight condition is presented. The Langley Aerothermodynamic Upwind Relaxation Algorithm (LAURA) code which incorporates a thermochemical nonequilibrium chemistry model, a finite rate catalytic wall boundary condition and wall temperature distribution based on radiation equilibrium is used in this study. In addition, the effect of choice of 'min mod' function, eigenvalue limiter and grid density on surface heating is investigated. The surface heating from a flowfield calculation at Mach number 22, altitude of 230,000 ft and 40 deg angle of attack is compared with flight data from three Orbiter flights.
Dynamic Control of N-Systems with Many Servers: Asymptotic Optimality of a Static Priority Policy in Heavy Traffic

We consider a class of parallel server systems that are known as N-systems. In an N-system, there are two customer classes that are catered by servers in two pools. Servers in one of the pools are cross-trained and can serve customers from both classes, whereas all of the servers in the other pool can serve only one of the customer classes. A customer reneges from his queue if his waiting time in the queue exceeds his patience. Our objective is to minimize the total cost that includes a linear holding cost and a reneging cost. We prove that, when the service speed is pool dependent, but not class dependent, a cμ-type greedy policy is asymptotically optimal in many-server heavy traffic.
Test for Planetary Influences on Solar Activity

A method due to Schuster is used to test the hypothesis that solar activity is influenced by tides raised in the sun's atmosphere by planets. We calculate the distribution in longitude of over 1000 flares occurring in a 6 1/2 yr segment of solar cycle 19, referring the longitude system in turn to the orbital positions of Jupiter and Venus. The resulting distributions show no evidence for a tidal effect.
Renal collecting system growth and function depend upon embryonic γ1 laminin expression

In order to understand the functions of laminins in the renal collecting system, the Lamc1 gene was inactivated in the developing mouse ureteric bud (UB). Embryos bearing null alleles exhibited laminin deficiency prior to mesenchymal tubular induction and either failed to develop a UB with involution of the mesenchyme, or developed small kidneys with decreased proliferation and branching, delayed renal vesicle formation and postnatal emergence of a water transport deficit. Embryonic day 12.5 kidneys revealed an almost complete absence of basement membrane proteins and reduced levels of α6 integrin and FGF2. mRNA levels for fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) and mediators of the GDNF/RET and WNT11 signaling pathway were also decreased. Furthermore, collecting duct cells derived from laminin-deficient kidneys and grown in collagen gels were found to proliferate and branch slowly. The laminin-deficient cells exhibited decreased activation of growth factor- and integrin-dependent pathways, whereas heparin lyase-treated and β1 integrin-null cells exhibited more selective decreases. Collectively, these data support a requirement of γ1 laminins for assembly of the collecting duct system basement membrane, in which immobilized ligands act as solid-phase agonists to promote branching morphogenesis, growth and water transport functions.
Native American technology access: the Gates Foundation in Four Corners

The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation’s Native American Access to Technology Program (NAATP) was designed to provide computer and Internet access to Native peoples in the Four Corners area of the USA. Through this multi‐year effort, complex packages of hardware, software, installation and training have been made available to 43 tribes in 161 settings. An intensive, collaborative process resulted in a package carefully designed to fit tribal interests, circumstances and political arrangements, including multimedia (graphics‐intensive) equipment, language preservation software, and satellite connections to the Internet as necessary. This interim assessment concludes that the program has substantially increased tribal access to computing and information and has often fostered creative use of the technologies. Deeply embedded economic and political realities and their legacies remain, however, with substantial immediate and long‐term consequences.
A video recording and analysis system used to sample intertidal communities

Abstract A quantitative method for monitoring and analysing intertidal communities is presented. 60 quadrats from an intertidal field experiment on the effects of predation by Stramonita haemastoma (L.) were used as an example to describe the method. Camcorder recordings were quick, included audio descriptions and identifications, and gave results that could be reviewed in the field. Individual video frames of quadrats were selected, digitized, and analysed using digital image processing. A color montage of the processed quadrat files demonstrate how digital image segmentation can be used to obtain direct area estimates of cover and help visualize results. Although faster, less direct point estimates undersample, resulting in significantly higher total cover values ( α = 0.05). Images can be compactly stored on optical disk and monitoring programs using this technique could serve as data archives similar to those now used for satellite images.
One Capital Indivisible Under God The IMF and Reparation for in a Time of Globalized Wealth

Considering the demand for reparation for slavery by African people, the transference of Special Drawing Rights (SDRs)—the international currency issued by the International Monetary Fund—from responsible core nations to African nations and people in the diaspora could provide a uniquely flexible solution to restitution. From a historical perspective, slavery helped create the accumulation of financial and human capital, the wealth, underlying the productivity of the globalized production system. This wealth is indivisible while control over it is divisible. Restitution through SDR redistribution could return a rightful share of control over existing social productive capacity to African people.
Family and friend closeness to adolescent sexual partners in relationship to condom use

Abstract Purpose The role of closeness of sexual partners to family and friends (i.e., how well the participant’s family and friends knew their primary sexual partner) to a variety of relationship and sexual behavior measures was explored. Methods A sample of 151 adolescent females (aged 14–17 years) was assessed. Areas assessed include family and friend closeness, relationship intimacy, length of sexual relationship, and condom use. Results Bivariate correlations indicated that the integration of the sexual partner into the family and friend networks was related to greater relationship intimacy. Lowered condom use was related to a number of measures, including increased relationship intimacy and increased family closeness. A path analysis was conducted to assess for direct and indirect effects of family closeness, friend closeness, relationship length, and relationship intimacy on condom use. Social network closeness in family and friend networks was implicated in lowered condom use through higher relationship intimacy within adolescent dyads. Conclusions Social network theory is useful in understanding adolescent health-related behavior. In particular, the integration of adolescent sexual partners into both family and friend networks is related to the expression of adolescent sexual behavior.
π-bonded chain structure for Ge on Si(111)

Abstract Using pseudopotential total-energy and force methods, we have studied the atomic and electronic structure of substitutional monolayer coverage of Ge on the cleaved Si(111) surface. Our results indicate that Ge atoms form a π-chain with an energy benefit of 0.32 eV /(surface atom) relative to the ideal substitutional configuration. The π-chain structure is semiconducting, and the resulting band structure is readily distinguishable from the Seiwatz chain model.
High-Temperature Heterogeneous Reaction Kinetics of Tungsten Oxidation by CO2, CO, and O2

The high-temperature heterogeneous reaction rates of bulk tungsten are studied using thermogravimetric analysis in oxygen (O 2 ), as well as carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and carbon monoxide (CO) atmospheres. Isothermal reaction rates were determined at temperatures ranging from 1300 to 1700°C. Constant system pressures of 1 atm were employed; however, O 2 and CO 2 partial pressures ranged from 0.152 to 3.8 torr and 7.6 to 64.6 torr, respectively. Using Arrhenius reaction rate kinetics, activation energies of the W―O 2 and W―CO 2 reactions were found to be 23.5 and 64 kcal/mol, whereas pressure exponents were determined to be 0.89 and 0.6, respectively. Oxidation rates were higher for O 2 than CO 2 under constant partial pressure conditions. Increasing CO concentration in the presence of constant CO 2 partial pressure was found to reduce reaction rates significantly, emphasizing the impact gas mixtures may have on heterogeneous reaction rates. The results imply chemical erosion rates of nozzles may be altered significantly by small perturbations in propellant formulations, and O 2 may play a nonnegligible role, even in very small quantities present in rocket motors.
Sex, War (and Ecology)

Sex and War How Biology Explains Warfare and Terrorism and Offers a Path to a Safer World by Malcolm Potts and Thomas Hayden BenBella, Dallas, 2008. 463 pp. $24.95, C$29. ISBN 9781933771571. Potts and Hayden argue that human aggression is primarily a male behavior rooted in the evolutionary advantages violence once provided but that empowering women can help overcome the biology of war.
The Emerging Role of Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors in Treating T-cell Lymphomas

T-cell lymphomas are an uncommon and heterogeneous group of non-Hodgkin lymphomas. Historically, therapies for these diseases have been borrowed from treatments for other lymphomas. More recently, efforts have be made to identify novel agents for their activity specifically in T-cell lymphomas. A primary example of new agents with specific activity in T-cell lymphomas is the novel class of drug, histone deacetylase inhibitors. The potential activity of histone deacetylase inhibitors was discovered somewhat serendipitously, but these early discoveries were followed by some larger and more rigorous studies in T-cell lymphomas. Two compounds, vorinostat and romidepsin, are currently approved and are in clinical use for the treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphomas. Other drugs are in development, and a large study of romidepsin in peripheral T-cell lymphoma has recently been completed. This review covers data on the use of histone deacetylase inhibitors in T-cell lymphomas, as well as early attempts, just beginning, to combine these agents with other novel therapies.
Application of Formohydroxamic Acid in Nuclear Processing: Synthesis and Complexation With Technetium-99

Acetohydroxamic acid (AHA) is an organic ligand planned for use in the Uranium Extraction (UREX) process. It reduces neptunium and plutonium, and the resultant hydrophilic complexes are separated from uranium by extraction with tributyl phosphate (TBP) in a hydrocarbon diluent. AHA undergoes hydrolysis to acetic acid which will impede the recycling of nitric acid. During recent discussions of the UREX process, it has been proposed to replace AHA by formohydroxamic acid (FHA). FHA will undergo hydrolysis to formic acid which is volatile, thus allowing the recycling of nitric acid. The reported reduction potentials of AHA and pertechnetate (TcO4−) indicated that it may be possible for AHA to reduce technetium, altering its fate in the fuel cycle. At UNLV, it has been demonstrated that TcO4− undergoes reductive nitrosylation by AHA under a variety of conditions. The resulting divalent technetium is complexed by AHA to form the pseudo-octahedral trans-aquonitrosyl (diacetohydroxamic)-technetium(II) complex ([TcII (NO)(AHA)2 H2 O]+ ). In this paper, we are reporting the synthesis of FHA and its complex formation with technetium along with the characterization of FHA crystals achieved by NMR and IR spectroscopy. Two experiments were conducted to investigate the complexation of FHA with Tc and the results were compared with previous data on AHA. The first experiment involved the elution of Tc from a Reillex HP anion exchange resin, and the second one monitored the complexation of technetium with FHA by UV-visible spectrophotometry.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Characterization of postoperative fevers after hemispherotomy

Objective Patients who have undergone hemispherotomy for intractable epilepsy tend to develop postoperative fevers, which can be severe and/or prolonged, for unclear reasons. The purpose of this paper is to characterize postoperative fever curves after hemispherotomy based on factors including seizure etiology, perioperative blood loss, and the presence or absence of ventricular drainage.
Computerized tomography guided radio frequency ablation of a renal cell carcinoma within a renal allograft.

Percutaneous application of radio frequency ablation (RFA) is used in a variety of surgical fields. Its use in the treatment of renal carcinoma is evolving into an efficacious treatment modality for select patients with contrast enhancing renal lesions. We report the successful application of computerized tomography (CT) guided RFA in a contrast enhancing lesion, with biopsy proved renal cell carcinoma, within a renal allograft.
Information support for control of hazardous materials movement

Abstract The development of a prototype hazardous materials movement information system is discussed. Especially noted are the problems encountered in developing data capture and sampling procedures. Recommendations for sampling, inference and modeling as well as for data and policy analysis are provided.
Photodegradation of polyimides. I. A spectral, viscometric, chromatographic, and weight loss investigation of polyimides based on a hexafluorinated dianhydride

Abstract : The photodegradation of aromatic dianhydride based polyimide films with perfluorinated chromophores in the dianhydride moiety is characterized by significant weight loss and chain cleavage. A conventional polyimide film based on pyromellitic dianhydride yields little decomposition under similar conditions of photolysis. Emission changes on photolysis of polyimide solutions demonstrates and efficient rearrangement to a yield a highly fluorescent species which can be used as an effective tool for following the degradation process.