cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sensor fusion for unmanned aircraft system navigation in an urban environment

When unmanned aircraft systems operate in urban corridors, navigation accuracy is a priority due to proximity of buildings, obstructions, and other infrastructure. In most environments a Global Positioning System (GPS)/inertial measurement unit combination along with an air data system can provide accurate navigation capability. However, this is not possible in urban corridors where GPS has well-documented degradation. Other sensors such as vision-based systems and Long-Term Evolution transceivers have shown to be useful in urban settings, but modeling them individually is difficult without an in-depth understanding of each sensor and the factors dictating its accuracy. This paper proposes a framework to model location-dependent accuracy of navigation and how this changes within the urban environment. Results show that persistent machine vision can provide accurate navigation capability, but LTE with its current measurement delay does not have a noticeable positive effect on navigation accuracy.
A meta-analysis of 3,773 patients treated with percutaneous coronary intervention or surgery for unprotected left main coronary artery stenosis

Objectives: This study sought to understand the total weight of evidence regarding outcomes in coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) versus percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in unprotected ...
Clinical parameters do not adequately predict outcome in necrotizing enterocolitis: a multi-institutional study

Clinical parameters do not adequately predict outcome in necrotizing enterocolitis: a multi-institutional study
Purification and characterization of rat heart and brain catechol methyltransferase

Abstract In an effort to detect the similarities and differences in the properties of rat heart, brain and liver catechol methyltransferase ( S- adenosyl- l -methionine : catechol O-methyltransferase, EC 2.1.1.6), we have determined the cellular distribution of this enzyme activity and extensively purified the soluble and microsomal enzymes present in these tissues. Purification of soluble heart (688-fold) and brain enzymes (240-fold) were achieved using an affinity chromatographic system. The properties of these enzymes were compared with respect to their molecular weights, substrate specificities, inhibitor specificities and immunological properties. The characteristics of the enzyme active sites were investigated using various methyl acceptor substrates and various analogs of S-adenosylmethionine as methyl donors. A series of analogs of S-adenosyl-homocysteine was also evaluated as inhibitors of these enzymes. The immunological properties of the purified soluble and microsomal enzymes from heart and brain were investigated using an antibody isolated from rabbits which had been immunized with the soluble rat liver enzyme. In general the properties of catechol methyltransferases isolated from heart and brain were similar to the properties of the enzyme isolated from liver. Some minor differences in substrate and inhibitor specificities were observed which might suggest slight differences in the active sites of these enzymes.
Developmental Rates of the Hop Vine Borer and Potato Stem Borer (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): Implications for Insecticidal Control

The development of the hop vine borer, Hydraecia immanis (Guenee), and potato stem borer, H. micacea (Esper), was studied simultaneously under controlled laboratory conditions. Developmental thresholds for the egg, larval, and larval and pupal stages combined were determined using simple linear regression. These estimates (°C) for the eggs, larvae, and larvae and pupae combined were 8.45, 4.94, and 4.46, respectively, for H. immanis; and 6.83, 6.86, and 7.78, respectively, for H. micacea . Developmental times, expressed in degree-days above the appropriate threshold, were estimated also. Means for eggs, larvae, and larvae and pupae combined were 100.7, 741.8 and 1,186.8, respectively, for H. immanis; and 133.6, 522.2 and 756.5, respectively, for H. micacea . For both species, larval developmental times of females were significantly ( P ≤ 0.05) longer than for males. A mean H. immanis pupal weight of 567 mg was significantly ( P ≤ 0.01) higher than a mean H. micacea pupal weight of 478 mg. For both species, female pupal weights were significantly ( P ≤ 0.01) higher than male pupal weights.
Characterization of a helper T cell epitope recognized by mice of a low responder major histocompatibility type

Most known helper T cell (Th) epitopes studied have naturally been immunodominant epitopes recognized by T cells from animals of high responder major histocompatibility complex (MHC) haplotype. We have previously found that most such immunodominant Th epitopes tend to be amphipathic alpha helices, that is, helices with hydrophobic residues on one side and hydrophilic residues on the other, and the corresponding peptide can usually elicit a response to the native protein. However, very few epitopes seen by MHC low responder T cells have been identified. Within the CNBr fragment of residues 1–55 of sperm whale myoglobin (SwMb), a Th epitope is known to exist that stimulates T cells from low responder H-2k mice, but it has not yet been localized to a length of 8–12 residues, the usual length of a Th epitope. To determine whether this low responder epitope would have similar properties, we located it using 10 evenly overlapping 15-residue peptides that span the region. Analysis of this region by the computer program predicted the site covered by two peptides (residues 26–40 and 31–45 which overlap by 10 residues) to be the most likely site for a Th epitope. Of the 10 peptides tested experimentally, only one peptide (residues 26–40) was able to stimulate two low responder Th clones that are specific for the 1–55 region. The peptide was able to prime T cells of low responder B10.BR mice in vivo for in vitro response to the native SwMb as well as to the peptide fragment of residues 1–55. Immunization of low responder mice with SwMb showed that, of the 10 overlapping peptides, the major site of response within the 1–55 region is to the identified peptide. Finally, an extended peptide of residues 24–42 was made to increase the amphipathic score. This extended peptide induced greater proliferation of the clones. Thus, this low responder epitope has properties similar to those of immunodominant epitopes recognized by high responders.
Detection and characterization of DNA adducts of 3-methylindole.

The pneumotoxin 3-methylindole is metabolized to the reactive intermediate 3-methyleneindolenine which has been shown to form adducts with glutathione and proteins. Reported here is the synthesis, detection, and characterization of nucleoside adducts of 3-methylindole. Adducted nucleoside standards were synthesized by the reaction of indole-3-carbinol with each of the four nucleosides under slightly acidic conditions, which catalyze the dehydration of indole-3-carbinol to 3-methyleneindolenine. Following solid phase extraction, the individual adducts were infused via an electrospray source into an ion trap mass spectrometer for molecular weight determination and characterization of the fragmentation patterns. The molecular ions and fragmentation of the dGuo, dAdo, and dCyd adducts were consistent with nucleophilic addition of the exocyclic primary amine of the nucleosides to the methylene carbon of 3-methyleneindolenine. The apparent chemical preference of this addition lead primarily to dAdo and dGuo add...
Stuttering, Stressed Syllables, and Word Onsets.

The relationship of syllabic stress, word onsets, and stuttering was examined on selected words within a set of 40 carefully controlled sentences containing bisyllabic words with contrastive stress...
Overcoming the Liability of Foreignness

This study addressed the question of whether firms in a competitive, globally integrated environment face a “liability of foreignness” and to what extent either importing home-country organizational capabilities or copying the practices of successful local firms can help them overcome this liability. Predictions were tested with a paired sample of 24 foreign exchange trading rooms of major Western and Japanese banks in New York and Tokyo. Results support the existence of a liability of foreignness and the role of a firm's administrative heritage in providing competitive advantage to its multinational subunits. They also highlight the difficulty firms face in copying organizational practices from other firms.
Theory of the Magnetic Moment in Iron Pnictides

We show that the combined effects of spin orbit, monoclinic distortion, and $p\mathrm{\text{\ensuremath{-}}}d$ hybridization in tetrahedrally coordinated Fe in LaFeAsO invalidate the naive Hund's rule filling of the Fe $d$ levels. The two highest occupied levels have one electron each, but, as a result of differing $p\mathrm{\text{\ensuremath{-}}}d$ hybridizations, the upper level is more itinerant, while electrons in the lower level are more localized. The resulting magnetic moment is highly anisotropic with an in-plane value of $0.25{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{B}--0.35{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{B}$ per Fe and a $z$ projection of $0.06{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{B}$, both of which are in agreement with experiment.
Luminosity enhancement in relativistic jets and altered luminosity functions for beamed objects

Due to relativistic effects, the observed emission from relativistic jets is quite different from the rest frame emission. Systematic differences between the observed and intrinsic intensities of sources in which jet phenomena are occurring are discussed. Assuming that jets have a power law luminosity function of a slope B, the observed luminosity distribution as a function of the velocity of the jet, the spectral index of the rest frame emission, and the range of angles of the jets relative to our line of sight are calculated. The results is well-approximated by two power laws, the higher luminosity end having the original power law index X and the lower luminosity end having a flattened exponent independent of B and only slightly greater than 1. A model consisting of beamed emission from a jet and unbeamed emission from a stationary central component is investigated. The luminosity functions for these two-component sources are calculated for two ranges of angles. For sources in which beaming is important, the luminosity function is much flatter. Because of this, the relative numbers of ""beamed'' and ""unbeamed'' sources detected on the sky depend strongly on the luminosity at which the comparison is made.
A New Explanation of the Blazhko Effect in RR Lyrae Stars

An interpretation of the modulating Blazhko effect in RR Lyrae stars is presented here, in which turbulent convection inside the hydrogen and helium ionization zones becomes cyclically weakened and strengthened owing to the presence of a transient magnetic field that is generated in situ by either a turbulent or a rotational dynamo mechanism. Successful predictions, both qualitative and quantitative, are made for the small changes of the primary pulsation period, the fluctuations of light and velocity amplitudes, the slow periodicity and irregularity of the Blazhko cycles, the restricted ranges of effective temperature for the RRab and RRc Blazhko variables, and the complex correlations between the primary period change, amplitude change, and mean effective temperature. Characteristic features of the predicted light and velocity curves at high and low amplitudes, even though they are based on radiative stellar models, agree well with the observed features, for the most part. The present theory of the Blazhko effect is simple enough that it does not require any basic change in our current understanding of RRab and RRc stars as being purely fundamental-mode and first-overtone radial pulsators. It also accounts naturally for the observed fact that hotter and cooler classes of periodic variable stars do not exhibit the Blazhko effect.
Seismic reflection data processing of 3D surveys over an EOR CO2 injection

In this project three 3-D reflection seismic surveys were analyzed with respect to pre and post stack reflection processing steps that resulted in the identification of a possible pre-stack seismic attribute proxy for subsurface supercritical CO2. The project was part of the Bureau of Economic Geology collaboration with the National Energy Technology Laboratory of the United States Department of Energy and the Bureau of Economic Geology as part of a Southwest Regional CO2 Sequestration Partnership. A variety of processing techniques were used to calculate seismic attributes and invert the seismic post stack seismic data to determine acoustic impedance. Methodologies for acoustic impedance inversion included Model-based inversion, bandwidth limited inversion, colored inversion, sparse spike, and neural network. In addition, pre-stack amplitude variation with offset (AVO) analysis was completed using second order polynomial, third order polynomial, Shuey 2-term, Shuey 3-term, linear, Verm-Hilterman, Aki-Richards 2-term and Aki-Richards 3-term methods. Using a combination of Shuey 3-term coefficients we believe that we have identified a useful proxy for monitoring subsurface CO2. In our analysis the attribute anomaly variation proxy is spatially located above brine fluid, flat bottomed and appears to be pore-phase variation. It follows reasonable trapping geometries and appears to be linked with possible earlier CO2 injection sites.
The future role of expert systems in manufacturing

Abstract Expert Systems is an AI technique that is getting a lot of attention in the technical press. The number of articles seems to far exceed the number of functional systems. It is this author's opinion that a very long, rough road lies ahead before Expert Systems will be functional on the factory floor. However, there are tremendous values possible if the technology can be applied.
Generating gaits for snake robots by annealed chain fitting and Keyframe wave extraction

Snake robots have many degrees of freedom, which makes them both extremely versatile and complex to control. In this paper, we address this complexity by introducing two algorithms. Annealed chain fitting efficiently maps a continuous backbone curve to a set of joint angles for a snake robot. Keyframe wave extraction takes joint angles fit to a sequence of backbone curves, and identifies parameterized periodic functions which produce those sequences. Together, they allow a designer to conceive a gait in terms three-dimensional shapes and translate them into easily manipulated wave functions. We validate the algorithms by using them to produce rolling gaits for crawling and climbing.
Salivary contribution to enamel maturation and caries resistance

The teeth of laboratory animals have been shown to deteriorate rapidly after the surgical removal of the major salivary glands.1'4 In order to explain fully this observation, it is necessary to seek more exact experimental information regard­ ing the physiologic interrelationships be­ tween the saliva, the enamel, the dentin and the internal blood supply o f the teeth. As an indirect approach to this problem, two experiments have been conducted to determine whether the normal exposure o f the molar teeth of rats to saliva for various periods o f time after eruption into the oral cavity would materially affect the subsequent caries resistance of the teeth.
Uneven land reform and urban sprawl in China: the case of Beijing

Urban sprawl has been at the center of current debate on urban structure. Compared to the rich literature on urban sprawl in Western cities, relatively little is known about whether Chinese urban expansion is excessive or inefficient. This paper provides an integrated analysis of two seemingly contradictory phenomena in China’s urban development in recent two decades, namely development zones and semi-urbanized villages, and presents Beijing as a case study. Both types of urban expansion cannot be easily explained by traditional theories of either normal suburbanization or excessive urban expansion in the West. First, Chinese local governments have set up a large number of ‘development zones’ that are often so large and discontinuous from cities, especially when considering the mass transportation mode in China, that they can best be characterized as leapfrog development at macro-level. Despite their fancy titles, the boasted impact of these development zones on the local economy is doubtful and large amount of land inside these development zones remains vacant. The second type of urban expansion is the expansion of urban population, especially migrant workers and temporary urban residents such as students, and accompanying ‘illegal’ construction into rural villages on the urban fringe that gradually become ghetto-like, sprawling migrant enclaves. While these places still physically look like rural villages and lack urban infrastructure and services, most of their residents work in cities and have an urban lifestyle. Population growth in these villages is not accommodated by new development but rather by crowding of
THE DANGER OF MISGUIDED CONCLUSIONS

Abstract Empirical research investigating perceptions of lifestyle preferences can provide meaningful information regarding the desires of research participants. The contrary issue is that preferences should not be interpreted or relied upon as facts. Reports, such as Bernardi's, indicate that female professional accountants at the beginning of their careers are significantly influenced by the cultural norms of our society, including those regarding the expected life roles of men and women. This information can be valuable if appropriately utilized and dangerous if misused. Those in positions to make decisions need to be clearly informed that the results of perception research do not necessarily predict future behavior, and that observation of actions and demographics provide a better basis for prediction. The positive side of the perceptions displayed in Bernardi's study is that young women currently perceive a broader set of desirable lifestyle options than was reported in prior research.
Dynamical control of a chaotic laser: Experimental stabilization of a globally coupled system.

A multimode, autonomously chaotic solid-state laser system has been controlled by the technique of occassional proportional feedback, related to the control scheme of Ott, Grebogi, and Yorke. We show that complex periodic wave forms can be stabilized in the laser output intensity. A detailed model of the system is not necessary. Our results indicate that this control technique may be widely applicable to autonomous, higher-dimensional chaotic systems, including globally coupled arrays of nonlinear oscillators.
Faculty Development in Rural Community Colleges.

This chapter describes results from a national study of community college faculty development programs. Findings highlight how the challenges faced by rural colleges differ from those at urban institutions, which often have dedicated faculty development centers.
Comparative and Elite Politics

U NTIL the mid-ig6o's, American studies on German politics tended to ignore developments within the German Democratic Republic (G.D.R.). In large degree, this neglect could be traced back to the fact that few American scholars knew enough about the G.D.R. to justify extended analytical treatment.' The absence of an American commitment to the study of the G.D.R. was reflected in two areas of the discipline. Students of communist politics in Eastern Europe tended to exclude East Germany under the intellectually tenuous proposition that the G.D.R. was a "special case." Without saying so explicitly, this group appeared to support the creation of a new stratum of scholars that would somehow de-mystify the subject of East German politics, thereby making it a legitimate field of inquiry for other specialists. Students of Western European affairs, on the other hand, tended to keep East Germany at arm's length chiefly because they considered the Federal Republic to be their area of critical attention.2 Starting with Arthur M. Hanhardt's The German Democratic Republic (Johns Hopkins Press, i968) and extending through the recent publication of Politics in the German Democratic Republic (Praeger, 1975) by John Starrels and Anita Mallinckrodt, American scholars have finally begun to move away from their previously one-sided emphasis in the field of German affairs. The publication in the United States of two works dealing with aspects of elite recruitment in the G.D.R. represents a most important phase in the evolution of research on East German politics going on in this country. The Changing Party Elite in East Germany, a longdelayed translation of Partejelite im Wandel (Cologne and Opladen, i968), examines the evolution of political recruitment by the G.D.R.'s
Isography and structure in the music of Boulez

Neither the full context surrounding Pierre Boulez's multiplication operation nor its repercussions in terms of the structure of the music have been well understood. Boulez's multiplication operations are tied to specific transpositional schemes. These transpositional schemes are contextual and depend on the intervallic configuration of the factors of the multiplication. Thus, they create important isomorphic relationships that cut across different levels of musical structure. This article presents examples from two pieces by Boulez: Structures II and Troisieme Sonate. The examples demonstrate that, because of the trajectories that Boulez chooses to move through his precompositional tables and the specific ways that the multiplication products are realized on the musical surface, the isomorphic relationships that are essential to the tables are also key determinants of structure in this music.
Evaluation of systems for quantitation of autoradiograms.

Automated systems for the evaluation of autoradiograms were compared with the traditional method of manual counting. The automated systems included televison image analysis systems, reflectance/densitometric systems, and semiautomatic digitizing pad systems. Highly automated analysis systems were considered applicable for quantitation of autoradiograms when the subcellular location of the radioactivity is not an important consideration, when background is low, and when operator interaction with the system can be kept at a minimum. In many cases the relationship between silver grains and cell compartments is important for interpretation of the results. Under these conditions, the most rapid, reproducible and reliable method would combine measurement of cellular dimensions with a digitizing pad and manual counting of silver grains by the observer. Such a system should be connected to a computer for formatting and statistical evaluation of the data. Initial testing of a quantitative autoradiographic technique indicated that the autoradiographic slide is a reliable estimator of the radioactivity present in the tissue of experimental animals injected with tritium labeled compounds. Accuracy in counting was lost when silver grains became coincident. Thus, a system for the quantitation of silver grains in relation to cellular morphology requires careful selection of exposure time, computer assisted measurement of cellular dimensions, operator evaluation of silver grains and computerized statistical analysis of the data.
Paradox in Public Relations: Why Managing Relating Makes More Sense Than Managing Relationships

This article applies research on paradox, semantics, and theories of groups and logical types to public relations, particularly the concept of relationship management. Paradoxes create tension and are often produced by semantic disturbances resulting from errors in logical typing. Communication is inherently paradoxical. The article contends that progress in public relations practice and scholarship has been inhibited by a failure to recognize or reconcile paradoxes associated with popular concepts, such as relationship management, mutually beneficial relationships, and symmetrical communication. Such concepts breach levels of communication to create logical fallacies and place practitioners into a double bind of promising more than they can deliver without resorting to coercion and manipulation. The article introduces Group Theory and the Theory of Logical Types, and suggests that public relations reframe relationship management with relating management, a practices more consistent with Kant's humanity i...
Dissolved oxygen levels and the in vivo stability of gramicidin S synthetase

In the course of our studies on the oxidative inactivation of gramicidin S (GS) synthetase in vivo, we examined the involvement of dissolved oxygen (D.O.) levels in agitated and aerated cell suspensions. The previously discovered retardation of synthetase inactivation in the presence of glycerol, which is normally accompanied by lower D.O. than in glycerol-free controls, was also observed when D.O. was forcibly maintained at control levels. Stabilization of synthetase in cell suspensions supplemented with amino acid substrates was accompanied by similar levels of D.O. as in unsupplemented controls. These experiments show that carbon source-mediated retardation of synthetase inactivation is not brought about by decreased D.O. and that low D.O. is not necessary for stabilization of the enzyme. However, D.O. concentrations constantly maintained at or above 100% air saturation do accelerate in vivo inactivation of GS synthetase.
Degradation phenomena in PEM fuel cell with dead-ended anode

Abstract To improve the performance and durability of a dead-ended anode (DEA) fuel cell, it is important to understand and characterize the degradation associated with the DEA operation. To this end, the multiple degradation phenomena in DEA operation were investigated via systematic experiments. Three lifetime degradation tests were conducted with different cell temperatures and cathode relative humidities, during which the temporal evolutions of cell voltage and high frequency resistance (HFR) were recorded. When the cathode supply was fully humidified and the cell temperature was mild, the cathode carbon corrosion was the predominant degradation observed from scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) of postmortem samples. The catalyst layer and membrane thickness were measured at multiple locations across the cell active area in order to map the degradation patterns. These observations confirm a strong correlation between the cathode carbon corrosion and the anode fuel starvation occurring near the cell outlet. When the cathode supply RH reduced to 50%, membrane pin-hole failures terminated the degradation test. Postmortem analysis showed membrane cracks and delamination in the inlet region where membrane water content was the lowest.
Asphalt Pavement Aging and Temperature Dependent Properties through a Functionally Graded Viscoelastic Model, Part-II: Applications

This is the second article in a series of two papers describing simulation of functionally graded viscoelastic properties in asphalt concrete pavements. The techniques developed are applicable to other viscoelastic material systems with continuous, spatial grading of material properties. A full-depth asphalt concrete pavement has been simulated to demonstrate the applicability and importance of the graded viscoelastic analysis method. Based on the graded finite elements developed by Kim and Paulino[1], Buttlar et al. [2] used graded finite elements to determine typical responses to tire loading for an aged asphalt concrete pavement. In the current study, a similar pavement section is studied using the viscoelastic graded analysis (rather than elastic). Graded, layered and homogeneous material variations were used for a series of simulations, and the results from different approaches were compared.
Human body radiography simulations : development of a virtual radiography environment

A simulation program for x-ray methods is discussed. Computational algorithms for definition of x-ray sources, interactions of x-rays with complex objects and formation of images are developed from first principles. Subject geometries can be accessed from CAD definitions or from CT sets. The principles underlying the image formation process are introduced and images in industrial and medical x-ray applications are displayed.
Chinese rock and pop music: a semiotic perspective

This paper provides a detailed semiotic analysis of Chinese rock and pop music in the past 30 years. To support this analysis, an historical account of Chinese music from the third millennium B.C. to the Mao period is offered to explain how semiotics and music in China have been highly interrelated and how rebellious rock and pop was born in China. Chinese rock and pop was shaped by historical events. This paper does not only focus on popular music and its symbols, but also on the tools for the application of semiotic concepts in rock and pop music analysis and on the need for understanding and differentiating areas and relevant points of view.
Microbiota-immune system interaction: an uneasy alliance.

An estimated 100 trillion microbes colonize human beings, with the majority of organisms residing in the intestines. This microbiota impacts host nutrition, protection, and gut development. Alterations in microbiota composition are associated with susceptibility to various infectious and inflammatory gut diseases. The mucosal surface is not a static barrier that simply prevents microbial invasion but a critical interface for microbiota–immune system interactions. Recent work suggests that dynamic interactions between microbes and the host immune system at the mucosal surface inform immune responses both locally and systemically. This review focuses on intestinal microbiota–immune interactions leading to intestinal homeostasis, and show that these interactions at the GI mucosal surface are critical for driving both protective and pathological immune responses systemically.
Spanish in Brazil: Language Policy, Business, and Cultural Propaganda

The purpose of this article is to describe and analyze the policies designed and implemented since the early nineties by Spanish government agencies in order to promote Spanish as a valuable international language. In particular, we focus on its promotion in Brazil and on the strategies used to legitimize not only the presence of the language in various domains (e.g. the educational system) but also the active participation of Spanish institutions in its spread. Through a detailed analysis of a corpus of relevant texts, (a) we critically examine the cultural, economic, and political roots of these policies, as well as the rhetoric used to provide them with legitimacy; (b) we explore their connection to national language and global language ideologies; and (c), on the basis of our findings and related work done by other scholars, we argue for the need to develop a comparative strand in the analysis of the international promotion of languages.
Some relations of hydrogen peroxide to oxygen consumption by Clostridium perfringens.

Abstract A DPNH peroxidase has been shown in cell-free extracts of Clostridium perfringens , strain BP6K. This enzyme, together with a non-enzymic reaction between H 2 O 2 and pyruvate, apparently accounts for the failure of H 2 O 2 to accumulate during glucose respiration by this microorganism. Upon aging of the extracts the peroxidase activity declines. Under these circumstances an oxidase, which accumulates H 2 O 2 rapidly from DPNH or HDP, can be demonstrated.
The development and psychometric testing of the Supportive Needs of Adolescents Breastfeeding Scale.

Aim To report the development and psychometric testing of the Supportive Needs of Adolescents Breastfeeding Scale. Background Nurses worldwide can influence adolescent mothers' decisions to initiate and continue breastfeeding through understanding their social support needs in the early postpartum. Review of the literature reveals a lack of instruments that measure adolescents' perceptions of supportive nursing behaviours when initiating breastfeeding. Method An instrument development and psychometric evaluation study was conducted. In phase 1, scale items were developed from the literature using social support theory. Eight lactation consultants evaluated the scale's content validity in phase 2. During phase 3, the psychometric properties of the scale were tested using item analysis, scale reliability, and exploratory factor analysis. A convenience sample of 101 adolescents, aged 15–20 years old, was recruited during their postpartum stay at three hospitals in the USA between July 2009–July 2010. Results Content validity index was 0·82. Alpha estimate of internal consistency was 0·83. Principal components analysis resulted in a 3 factor scale that explained 48% of the total variance: Practical support, Informational support and Miscellaneous. Conclusion The findings suggest evidence of the scale's adequate internal consistency. The factor analysis suggests two clear underlying dimensions of support: instrumental/emotional/appraisal and informational/emotional/appraisal, and a third miscellaneous dimension related to immediate skin-to-skin care and mothers' support persons. Further exploration of the possible global implications of the scale's dimensions is needed.
Evaluation of a new compact spirometer for determining vital capacity.

A comparison of the vital capacities of 100 patients determined by a Collins 9 liter spirometer and a recently marketed compact spirometer demonstrated a rather low degree of correlation between the two methods (r=0.62). The latter instrument usually gave lower values. Variability on serial determinations and structural unsuitability for forced vital capacity measurements were additional disadvantages of the compact model. Despite the appeal of such a simple, easily portable apparatus, the compact spirometer cannot be recommended for the evaluation and management of patients with pulmonary diseases.
Calculation of EM power deposition for operator exposure to RF induction heaters

Calculations are presented for electromagnetic power deposition (specific absorption rates, or SARs) in an anatomically realistic model of the human torso for spatially varying leakage magnetic fields due to a 450 kHz RF induction heater. A previously described impedance method that neglects the effects of the operator's body on the source, because of weak coupling, is used for the calculations. SARs on the order of a few mu W/Kg are found for magnetic fields on the order of 1.8 A/m at the central plane of the model. This implies that fairly low SARs result from leakage magnetic fields on the order of 1-20 A/m that are typical of RF induction heaters. >
Management of non–ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction

Non–ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) is a major cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the United States. It represents the highest risk category of non–ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes (NSTEACS), for which timely diagnosis and appropriate therapy are paramount to improve outcomes. Evidence-based treatment, with combination of antiplatelet and anticoagulant therapy, and with serious consideration of early coronary angiography and revascularization along with anti-ischemic medical therapy, is the mainstay of management for NSTEMI. Aggressive risk-factor control after the acute event is imperative for secondary prevention of cardiovascular events. Applying in practice the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) guideline recommendations results in improved outcomes.
A call for recognizing, legitimizing, and treating chronic visceral pain syndromes

Interstitial cystitis (IC) shares many features with other chronic nonmalignant visceral pain syndromes. In clinical practice, much emphasis has been placed on finding a specific etiology and specific pathological markers for the disease and on identifying specific events that precipitated IC. This conceptualization has influenced clinical treatment approaches for IC and has not resulted in significant progress in this area so far. An additional approach is suggested, based on the conceptualization of three hypotheses: (1) a spectrum of different insults can lead to chronic visceral pain in patients suffering from IC, (2) different underlying pathogenic pain mechanisms may require different pain treatment strategies for patients diagnosed with IC, and (3) multiple different pathogenic pain mechanisms may coexist in the same patient requiring several different pain treatment strategies (perhaps concomitantly) to successfully treat chronic visceral pain associated with IC. This concept is likely to lead to new insights into the pathophysiological mechanisms of IC and to novel treatment avenues for patients suffering from IC and—in a broader view—also for patients with other chronic visceral pain syndromes.
An analysis of the binding of warfarin by human serum albumin: the relative contribution of the two binding sites

Abstract 1. Warfarin is bound by serum albumin at two different sets of binding sites. 2. The amount of drug bound to each of the two sites and the amount of free drug was computed for various concentrations of the drug in plasma by use of a computer program developed for this purpose. 3. The effect of changing the albumin concentration, association constant, and binding capacity was included in the analysis to study how such changes would affect the binding pattern.
Photomultiplier Single-Electron Statistics

Our measurements of the amplitude distribution of photomultiplier anode pulses due to the emission of single-electrons from the cathode consistently show a peak. It is significant that the peak position agrees with that of a calculated distribution based on a Poisson distribution of secondary electrons at each dynode. The integral distribution, obtained by counting single-electron pulses, tends to show a plateau. In low-light-level counting applications, one can set the discriminator so that a majority of photomultiplier single-electron pulses will be counted. Further increase in the sensitivity will eventually increase the noise rate faster than the counting efficiency. The techniques for measuring photomultiplier single-electron statistics are useful for obtaining comparative collection efficiencies. By single-electron measurements, one can adjust focusing-electrode potentials to maximize overall collection efficiency. It is believed that there is some correlation be. tween the amplitude and time distributions. Further work is necessary to show the extent of the correlation.
Analysis of Biological Samples Using Paper Spray Mass Spectrometry: An Investigation of Impacts by the Substrates, Solvents and Elution Methods

Paper spray has been developed as a fast sampling ionization method for direct analysis of raw biological and chemical samples using mass spectrometry (MS). Quantitation of therapeutic drugs in blood samples at high accuracy has also been achieved using paper spray MS without traditional sample preparation or chromatographic separation. The paper spray ionization is a process integrated with a fast extraction of the analyte from the raw sample by a solvent, the transport of the extracted analytes on the paper, and a spray ionization at the tip of the paper substrate with a high voltage applied. In this study, the influence on the analytical performance by the solvent-substrate systems and the selection of the elution methods was investigated. The protein hemoglobin could be observed from fresh blood samples on silanized paper or from dried blood spots on silica-coated paper. The on-paper separation of the chemicals during the paper spray was characterized through the analysis of a mixture of the methyl violet 2B and methylene blue. The mode of applying the spray solvent was found to have a significant impact on the separation. The results in this study led to a better understanding of the analyte elution, on-paper separation, as well as the ionization processes of the paper spray. This study also help to establish a guideline for optimizing the analytical performance of paper spray for direct analysis of target analytes using mass spectrometry.
Diffusion of glucose and glucitol in microporous and mesoporous silicate/aluminosilicate catalysts

The effective diffusivities of glucose and its linear analog glucitol were measured by a liquid chromatographic technique at 30 °C within water-filled silica and aluminosilicate catalysts of mean pore size ranging from 7.4 to 116 A. For glucose, the effective diffusivity decreased from 1.08 × 10-6 to 1.77 × 10-9 cm2/s as the mean pore size decreased from 116 to 7.4 A. All values were significantly lower than the molecular diffusivity of 7.02 × 10-6 cm2/s. The effective diffusivities for glucitol were three times lower than those for glucose over the same pore size range due to differences in solute size, structure, and solute−adsorbent interactions. The 8.6 A glucose molecule was able to diffuse into the 7.4 A Y-zeolite pore, possibly as its acyclic form. However, the 9.7 A glucitol molecule could not diffuse into the Y-zeolite pore. The reduced diffusivity was correlated to the reduced pore diameter using the Ternan model.
Urban economic base as a catalyst for movements in real estate prices

Abstract We examine the relation between housing prices in an MSA and its urban economic base. We create and employ new forward-looking employment growth indices that measure the urban economic strength of an MSA and find that it accounts for a significant and sizeable portion of the house price movements in that MSA. We argue that the forward looking measure is an indicator of future agglomeration growth for the MSAs. We further partition the urban economic growth into growth by various industries and track the attribution of their growth to housing prices over time. We find that for some MSAs, home prices are driven by the same set of industries over time, whereas for others, home prices are driven by a totally new set of industries in the later quarters, due to the birth of new industries. We also analyze the impact of the diversification of an urban economic base on home price volatility and observe that diversification decreases home price volatility. The result has larger implications for urban policymakers in selecting the appropriate type of industries relative to their existing mix of industries.
Advanced performance structural ceramics and ceramic composites: A technological and applications progress report

Advanced performance ceramics have shown dramatic accomplishments during the past ten to fifteen years. Many new exciting properties and applications have developed. Fundamentally new material properties and behaviors have resulted with a number of exciting new applications. Expectations exceeded realistic evaluations of progress during the past decade although many of the target properties of elevated temperature performance, strength, toughness and non-catastrophic failure have been realized. The commercialization of advanced structural ceramics leads the general rate of economic growth, and appears to have a bright future as current stress on commercialization drives not just further materials development, but also standards of design and material selection.
Plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition of hydrogenated amorphous silicon at atmospheric pressure

Amorphous hydrogenated silicon films were grown using an atmospheric pressure helium and hydrogen plasma with silane added downstream of the source. A maximum deposition rate of 120±12 A min−1 was recorded at a substrate temperature of 450°C, 6.3 Torr H2, 0.3 Torr SiH4, 778 Torr He, 32.8 W cm−3, and an electrode-to-substrate spacing of 6.0 mm. The deposition rate increased rapidly with the silane and hydrogen partial pressures, up to 0.1 and 7.0 Torr, respectively, then remained constant thereafter. By contrast, the deposition rate decreased exponentially as the electrode-to-substrate distance was increased from 5.0 to 10.5 mm. The total hydrogen content of the films ranged from 2.5 to 8.0± 1.0 at%. These results together with a model of the plasma chemistry indicate that H atoms and SiH3 radicals play an important role in the deposition process.
Draba Henrici (Brassicaceae), a New Species from Northern New Mexico

Abstract Draba henrici, a new species from New Mexico, is described and illustrated. It resembles widespread D. aurea and the Colorado-endemic D. streptobrachia in habit, foliage, and fruits but is readily distinguished from them by the smaller white vs. yellow flowers, shorter (1–2(-3) vs. 3–20 mm) fruiting pedicels, and several aspects of indumentum discussed below.
Europa Explorer---An Exceptional Mission Using Existing Technology

A mission to Europa has been identified as a high priority by the science community for several years. The difficulty of an orbital mission - due primarily to the propulsive requirements and Jupiter's trapped radiation - led to many studies that investigated various approaches to meeting the science goals. The Europa Orbiter Mission studied in the late 1990s only met the most fundamental science objectives. The science objectives have evolved with the discoveries from the Galileo mission. JPL studied one concept-Europa Explorer - for a Europa orbiting mission that could meet a much - expanded set of science objectives. A study science group was formed to verify that the science objectives and goals were being adequately met by the resulting mission design concept. The Europa Explorer design emerged primarily from two key self-imposed constraints: (1) Meet the full set of identified non-lander science objectives. (2) Use only existing technology. Though other design concepts are viable for alternate program constraint sets, this paper will only discuss the results of this concept study. The Europa Explorer conducts a multi-year study of the Jupiter system, relies on existing technologies, and returns considerably more science data than previously examined conventional-propulsion mission concepts. In this mission concept, a single orbiter would traverse to Jupiter by means of a gravity assist trajectory and reach Jupiter ~6 years after launch, followed by an ~1frac12 year tour of the Galilean satellites, before entering Europa orbit. The Europa Prime Mission would be 90 days, with the expectation of being operational for upwards of a year. The flight system would return approximately three year's worth of Cassini data (~3 Tbit) during the first 90 days in Europa orbit. During this Europa Prime Mission, the flight system would orbit Europa more than 1000 times and provide three orders of magnitude more close (<5000-km altitude) Europa observing time than Galileo. The initial portion of this study resulted in a highly robust science mission as summarized above. Subsequent discussions with the Outer Planets Assessment Group (OPAG, November 2006) led to the definition of a more modest reference mission. This reference mission is also described.
The Influence of Spirituality and Religion on Coping for Combat-Deployed Military Personnel

A paucity of research exists examining the role of spirituality/religion (S/R) as a protective factor for combat-deployed military personnel. The purpose of this study is to (a) define the underlying structure of items from an author-developed instrument measuring coping, beliefs, and support; and (b) examine how S/R affiliation, activities, and practices affect coping responses for 279 combat-deployed military personnel. Significant predictors of coping included support, age, Christian affiliation, and frequency of S/R practices. The authors found that beliefs, S/R practices prior to deployment, previous combat deployments, and first deployment were not significant predictors of coping. Implications for counselors and future research are addressed.
Self-stabilizing mutual exclusion using tokens in mobile ad hoc networks

In this paper, we propose a self-stabilizing mutual exclusion algorithm using tokens for mobile ad hoc networks. Our algorithm is based on dynamic virtual rings formed by circulating tokens. We require the topology to be static while the algorithm is converging. But after it has converged, under a restricted mobility assumption, it guarantees both the safety and liveness properties of mutual exclusion; under arbitrary mobility, it cannot guarantee the liveness property, but it does guarantee the safety property.