cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Programming language requirements for the next millennium

1 The Problem: The New World Disorder Our technology infrastructure has become so highly evolved that the changes it induces are perceptible daily, subjecting our lives to continuous, often tumultuous change. Change is now so rapid that the decisions that we make to enhance our livelihoods—from education to product development to technology research itself—can become obsolete before they are made. As a result, the software that helps us make these decisions is becoming increasingly performance limited. Moreover, the software itself needs to be quickly evolvable to address the new problems that arise in our increasingly dynamic world. Additionally, the performance of many of these programs is sensitive to the architectural platform and the properties of the data being manipulated, both of which are also changing ever more rapidly. Likewise, better methods for solving these problems are under continual development. Finally, because problems are arising more frequently, less resources are available for solving each problem. In the push for ever greater performance at lower cost, the newest computational systems are being built from locally managed computational resources (e.g., workstations on desks) that are accessible over highspeed enterprise-wide LANS and the Internet. As a consequence of resource sharing and the constraints imposed by local management, an application must dynamically adapt its execution to account for contention in the environment. Similarly, for maximum performance an application must be able to adapt itself to the structure of the data as it evolves throughout the execution of the application.
Reliability-aware platform optimization for 3D chip multi-processors

Three-dimensional (3D) Chip Multiprocessors (CMPs) have the potential to improve communication latency as well as integration density. Nevertheless, the stacked nature of the cores introduces thermal challenges that can have severe reliability consequences. In this work, we introduce a reliability-aware platform that tries to optimize power and reliability. We achieve this by integrating a power management policy that we introduced in Kdouh and El-Rewini (ISCA 22nd International Conference on Computer Applications in Industry and Engineering (CAINE-2009), 4---6 November 2009), along with a thermal management policy, as well as a temperature-aware 3D routing algorithm. The thermal management policy is responsible for respecting different correlations between the cores. As for the temperature-aware 3D routing algorithm, it has the capability to dynamically react to the thermal constraints. Furthermore, we introduce a 3D CMP architecture that accommodates our policies. The proposed platform is evaluated using multi-threaded benchmarks in an integrated power, performance, and temperature full system simulator.
A metastable limit for compressed liquid water

The transformation of liquid water to solid ice is typically a slow process. To cool a sample below the melting point requires some time, as does nucleation from the metastable liquid1, so freezing usually occurs over many seconds2. Freezing conditions can be created much more quickly using isentropic compression techniques, which provide insight into the limiting timescales of the phase transition. Here, we show that water rapidly freezes without a nucleator under sufficient compression, establishing a practical limit for the metastable liquid phase. Above 7 GPa, compressed water completely transforms to a high-pressure phase within a few nanoseconds. The consistent observation of freezing with different samples and container materials suggests that the transition nucleates homogeneously. The observation of complete freezing on these timescales further implies that the liquid reaches a hypercooled state3.
Deposition of diamond films with controlled nucleation and growth using hot filament CVD

Abstract High quality diamond films have been deposited by sequentially switching between high and low oxygen feed to a hot filament CVD system with constant hydrogen and methane flow rates. Since a high oxygen feed is effective in etching non-diamond components in a growing diamond film, a computer can be used to control the switching between a high oxygen-content gas mixture, which is used for etching, and a low oxygen-content gas mixture, which is used for deposition, in order to achieve a higher growth rate of diamond deposition without sacrificing the diamond quality. SEM photographs and Raman spectra show that by decreasing the period of each cycling time, better diamond films are obtained. Using a cycling time of less than one minute, diamond films of the same high quality are deposited at a higher growth rate. A short cycling time is necessary to remove undesirable non-diamond components in time, in order to grow high quality diamond films at high rates by the hot filament CVD method. The high oxygen-content cycle of the CVD process reduces the density of secondary nucleation and leads to diamond films with larger grain sizes and clearer crystal facets.
Cultured retinal pigment epithelial cells from RCS rats express an increased calcium conductance compared with cells from non-dystrophic rats

The Royal College of Surgeon (RCS) rats suffer from a retinal dystrophy that is caused by a malfunction of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). We compared the membrane currents of cultured RPE cells from non-dystrophic and RCS rats by using the whole-cell configuration of the patch-clamp technique. Cultured RPE cells from RCS rats showed voltage-dependent, barium- and 4-aminopyridine-sensitive outward currents, which had characteristics of the delayed-rectifier and voltage-dependent, barium- and 4-aminopyridine-sensitive inward currents, which had characteristics of the inward rectifier. Differences between RPE cells from RCS rats and normal rats were as follows. (a) Cultured RCS rat RPE cells showed a resting potential and an activation threshold for the voltage-dependent outward current significantly more positive than that found in cells from non-dystrophic rats. (b) In the presence of 10 mM barium, the voltage-dependent outward current was reduced in both types of cells; in cells from RCS rats, an additional voltage-dependent inward current was observed, (c) This additional inward current had characteristics of L-type calcium channels and was reduced by verapamil (30 μM) and diltiazem (30 μM). In summary, we conclude that the membrane conductances of RPE cells from normal and RCS rats are dominated by potassium conductances. In contrast to cells from non-dystrophic rats, cells of RCS rats expressed an increased membrane conductance for calcium.
Bimodal septal and cortical triggering and complex propagation patterns of spontaneous waves of activity in the developing mouse cerebral cortex

Spontaneous waves of activity that propagate across large structures during specific developmental stages play central roles in CNS development. To understand the genesis and functions of these waves, it is critical to understand the spatial and temporal patterns of their propagation. We recently reported that spontaneous waves in the neonatal cerebral cortex originate from a ventrolateral pacemaker region. We have now analyzed a large number of spontaneous waves using calcium imaging over the entire area of coronal slices from E18-P1 mouse brains. In all waves, the first cortical region active is this ventrolateral pacemaker. In half of the waves, however, the cortical pacemaker activity is itself triggered by preceding activity in the septal nuclei. Most waves are restricted to the septum and/or ventral cortex, with only some invading the dorsal cortex or the contralateral hemisphere. Waves fail to propagate at very stereotyped locations at the boundary between ventral and dorsal cortex and at the dorsal midline. Waves that cross these boundaries pause at these same locations. Waves at these stages are blocked by both picrotoxin and CNQX, indicating that both GABAA and AMPA receptors are involved in spontaneous activity. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 70: 679–692, 2010
The Methanol · Ar Complex: Apparent Reduction of the Methyl Group Internal Rotation Barrier

Abstract The rotational spectra of the methanol · Ar complex and five of its isotopomers were reinvestigated by Fourier transform microwave spectroscopy. New E internal rotation state transitions were measured and fit to determine the potential barrier that hinders the methyl group internal rotation for all the species. A dramatic reduction of this torsional barrier height determined using the conventional internal rotation Hamiltonian (from 373 cm −1 in bare methanol to about 68.5 cm −1 in CH 3 OH · Ar) was observed. It was proposed that this apparent reduction arises from neglect of the large amplitude hydroxyl hydrogen wagging motion (or its hindered internal rotation) relative to argon. Assuming that the methyl group torsional barrier does not change upon complexation, an estimate for the hydroxyl torsional barrier of about 130 cm −1 was obtained. The rotational constants obtained for various isotopomers of the complex were also used to obtain an improved structure of the complex. The structure and potential function calculations suggest that the hydroxyl hydrogen is oriented toward the argon as if weakly hydrogen bonding to the electron-rich rare gas atom.
Test Plan for the Technology Maturation of Supersonic Inflatable Aerodynamic Decelerators

Supersonic inflatable aerodynamic decelerators (IADs) are drag devices intended to be deployed at high Mach numbers. In the application considered here they assist in the descent and landing of spacecraft on Mars. Although promising, present IAD technology is not yet sufficiently mature for use in the near future. This paper describes a technology maturation plan for tension cone IADs using subscale test articles to reduce development costs. As envisioned, the proposed test plan includes three phases: wind tunnel tests (subsonic), unpowered high-altitude flight tests (transonic), and powered high-altitude tests (supersonic). This test plan is based on a building block approach in which successful completion of each phase adds to the understanding of the behavior of IADs and reduces the risk of the subsequent, more expensive phases. By properly scaling the IADs, test articles of the same size and nearly the same construction can be used for all three phases. The final phase is a dynamically scaled flight test with IAD deployment at the same Mach number as the full-scale vehicle on Mars. Two full-scale example cases are presented: one for a single-stage system (15 m dia. IAD to subsonic retropropulsion), and another for a two-stage system (10.5 m dia. IAD to subsonic parachute). Using scale factors of 0.333 and 0.476 yield subscale test IADs of 5 m dia. The dynamically scaled powered flight test starts at Mach 4 and an altitude of 33.5 km. Existing balloons and rocket motors are shown to be adequate to meet the required test conditions.
The reality of prosecutorial discretion: comments on a german monograph

Prosecutorial discretion no longer reigns supreme in American criminal justice: increasingly demands are made that discretion be confined. In search of inspiration for reform some Americans have turned their views to continental Europe, attracted by reports that prosecutors there are closely supervised in their charging decisions. Of special interest was the puzzling information that, in some European countries, prosecutors are legally bound to prosecute all serious crimes that come to their attention. This system of mandatory prosecution has been studied in its West German variant more than any other (the so-called Legalitatsprinzip) but no consensus arose as to its practical effect on the charging process. As so often happens when one looks through the transforming screen separating different legal cultures, not only does information vary with different cross-cultural reports but the same information is differently interpreted. The Legalitttsprinzip is sometimes assigned to the level of the symbolic and the exhorative, other times to the sphere of the "operational." While some claim that tight control over German public prosecutors is a "myth," others maintain that the idea of mandatory prosecution is reflected in actual practice, signaling an important difference betwen the two systems of criminal justice.l In some aspects the ensuing controversy is reminiscent of the lively debates about what counts as reality conducted between Don Quixote, over-aware of the loftier sides of things, and Sancho Panza, sensitized to the practical. Weigend's is an engaging and instructive book on the freedom the West German prosecutor has in the charging process, written by a German lawyer with considerable American experience. While addressing himself to the German audience, he is aware of Ameri-
Interrelation between Fault Zone Structures and Earthquake Processes

In order to develop capabilities for predicting earthquake processes on the basis of known fault zone structures and stress conditions, we need to find relations between seismogenic structures and processes. In the present paper we search for the scale dependence in various earthquake phenomena with the hope to find some structures in the earth that may control the earthquake processes. Among these phenomena, we shall focus on (1) geologic structures which play some role in nucleation and stopping of earthquake fault rupture, (2) depth ranges of the brittle seismogenic zone, (3) asperities and barriers distributed over a fault plane, (4) source-controlled f max effect, (5) nonfractal behavior of creep events, and (6) temporal correlation between coda Q -1 and seismicity of earthquakes with magnitude characteristic to a given area. Our review of various scale-dependent phenomena leads us to propose a working hypothesis that the temporal change in coda Q -1 may reflect the activity of creep fractures near the brittle-ductile transition zone.
Selection explanations of token traits.

Abstract The “negative view” is the claim that natural selection cannot explain why a particular individual has one trait, rather than another. Here, I modify an example from Lewens (2001) to show that this claim is sometimes false. I then advance a variation on the negative view. It is the claim that selection at the organism level within a lineage cannot explain why a particular individual in that lineage has one allele, rather than another. This formulation better describes the explanatory role of selection.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease self-management activation research trial (COPD-SMART): design and methods.

Abstract Background Treatment of COPD requires multiple pharmacological and non-pharmacological intervention strategies. One target is physical inactivity because it leads to disability and contributes to poor physical and mental health. Unfortunately, less than 1% of eligible patients have access to gold-standard pulmonary rehabilitation. Methods A single-site parallel group randomized trial was designed to determine if a self-management lifestyle physical activity intervention would improve physical functioning and dyspnea. During the first six weeks after enrollment patients receive COPD self-management education delivered by a health coach using a workbook and weekly telephone calls. Patients are then randomized to usual care or the physical activity intervention. The 20 week physical activity intervention is delivered by the health coach using a workbook supported by alternating one-on-one telephone counseling and computer assisted telephone calls. Theoretical foundations include social cognitive theory and the transtheoretical model. Results Primary outcomes include change in Chronic Respiratory Questionnaire (CRQ) dyspnea domain and 6-minute walk distance measured at 6-, 12-, and 18-months after randomization. Secondary outcomes include other CRQ domains (fatigue, emotion, and mastery), SF-12, and health care utilization. Other measures include process outcomes and clinical characteristics. Conclusions This theory driven self-management lifestyle physical activity intervention is designed to reach patients unable to complete center-based pulmonary rehabilitation. Results will advance knowledge and methods for dissemination of a potentially cost-effective program for patients with COPD.
Recent advances in coal characterization by 13C and 1H n.m.r.

Abstract Ultralarge magic-angle spinning (MAS) systems (2.4–6.5 cm3) provide a sufficiently large increase in signal-to-noise ratio that 13C MAS experiments without cross-polarization (CP), as well as time-domain 13C CP/MAS studies, can be carried out expeditiously. The non-CP approach allows one to circumvent the uncertainties in quantitation by 13C CP/MAS techniques; however, a more direct determination of TH1ϱ values than by variable contact-time experiments yields promising results on 13C spin counting in coal. The 1H combined rotation/multiple-pulse spectroscopy technique, based on multiple-pulse dipolar line narrowing and MAS, provides a useful complement to 13C MAS techniques, typically yielding poorly resolved 1HCsp2 and 1HCsp3 peaks from which deconvolution nevertheless provides at least a semiquantitative assessment of amounts. A dipolar-dephasing approach and imbibing with perdeutero-pyridine, employed either separately or together, dramatically improve resolution and provide strategies for examining the mobilities of individual coal components.
The lost correspondence of Francis Crick

Alexander Gann and Jan Witkowski unveil newly found letters between key players in the DNA story. Strained relationships and vivid personalities leap off the pages.
Retinol-Binding Protein, Transthyretin, and C-Reactive Protein in Extremely Low Birth Weight (ELBW) Infants

Retinol-Binding Protein, Transthyretin, and C-Reactive Protein in Extremely Low Birth Weight (ELBW) Infants
Interaction of holes in a Hubbard antiferromagnet and high-temperature superconductivity

The ${\mathrm{CuO}}_{2}$ planes in the high-temperature superconductors are described by a two-dimensional Hubbard model. The model is investigated for an infinite system with one and two electrons less than half filling. The method used is to diagonalize the Hamiltonian exactly within a retained portion of the Hilbert space. A single hole is found not to be localized by a string potential that increases linearly with distance, although it does have a large effective mass. A pair of holes, which naively should be quite mobile, is found instead to be extremely heavy due to a previously unappreciated frustration effect that impedes their motion. This lack of mobility increases the energy of the pair so that they do not bind, contrary to some recently published results using mean field theory or intuitive arguments. The energy of one- and two-hole states is calculated as a function of wavevector k. The comparative energy of different angular momentum channels and magnetic polaron effects are discussed.
Chl1 DNA Helicase Regulates Scc2 Deposition Specifically during DNA-Replication in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The conserved family of cohesin proteins that mediate sister chromatid cohesion requires Scc2, Scc4 for chromatin-association and Eco1/Ctf7 for conversion to a tethering competent state. A popular model, based on the notion that cohesins form huge ring-like structures, is that Scc2, Scc4 function is essential only during G1 such that sister chromatid cohesion results simply from DNA replisome passage through pre-loaded cohesin rings. In such a scenario, cohesin deposition during G1 is temporally uncoupled from Eco1-dependent establishment reactions that occur during S-phase. Chl1 DNA helicase (homolog of human ChlR1/DDX11 and BACH1/BRIP1/FANCJ helicases implicated in Fanconi anemia, breast and ovarian cancer and Warsaw Breakage Syndrome) plays a critical role in sister chromatid cohesion, however, the mechanism through which Chl1 promotes cohesion remains poorly understood. Here, we report that Chl1 promotes Scc2 loading unto DNA such that both Scc2 and cohesin enrichment to chromatin are defective in chl1 mutant cells. The results further show that both Chl1 expression and chromatin-recruitment are tightly regulated through the cell cycle, peaking during S-phase. Importantly, kinetic ChIP studies reveals that Chl1 is required for Scc2 chromatin-association specifically during S-phase, but not during G1. Despite normal chromatin enrichment of both Scc2 and cohesin during G1, chl1 mutant cells exhibit severe chromosome segregation and cohesion defects – revealing that G1-loaded cohesins is insufficient to promote cohesion. Based on these findings, we propose a new model wherein S-phase cohesin loading occurs during DNA replication and in concert with both cohesion establishment and chromatin assembly reactions - challenging the notion that DNA replication fork navigates through or around pre-loaded cohesin rings.
Engendering Attitudes Toward Immigration Policy: The Impact of Justice and Care

Scholars have debated the existence of, difference between, and impact of gendered ethics based on either a rights framework or an ethic of care. This study utilizes original national survey data. Scales are constructed to test for and explore how the uses of different ethical frameworks lead to divergent opinions and policy prescriptions regarding immigration policies in the United States. The final discussion explores implications for understandings of gendered ethics and public opinion formation.
T-Tube drainage of infected penile corporeal chambers

Insertion of semirigid penile prosthesis is a surgical option to correct male erectile dysfunction. Postoperative infection of penile prosthesis necessitates removal and drainage of corporeal chambers. We describe a technique to drain infected corporeal cavities with T-tubes.
Negotiating War Legacies and Postwar Democracy in Japan

Abstract This article surveys the ongoing struggles over legacies of World War II within Japan's postwar history. As in Europe, different types of responsibility for the wartime past manifested themselves in changing international and domestic contexts and continuously redefined the relationships between victors, perpetrators of crimes, survivors, and a growing population for whom the war — and increasingly the postwar past — registered only as memory. Under the Allied occupation, Japan's criminal past loomed large in war crimes trials, political reforms, and intellectual discourse but contributed mightily to the deep divisions that have characterized Japan's political landscape ever since. Struggles over Japan's militarist past animated these domestic political divisions through the 1970s over questions of history textbooks, commemorations of the war dead, social relations, as well as Japan's compromised position within Cold War Asia. Globalisation processes beginning in the 1980s brought Japan's colonia...
Scraping the bottom of the barrel: greenhouse gas emission consequences of a transition to low-quality and synthetic petroleum resources

We investigate uncertainties about conventional petroleum resources and substitutes for conventional petroleum, focusing on the impact of these uncertainties on future greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. We use examples from the IPCC Special Report on Emissions Scenarios as a baseline for comparison. The studied uncertainties include, (1) uncertainty in emissions factors for petroleum substitutes, (2) uncertainties resulting from poor knowledge of the amount of remaining conventional petroleum, and (3) uncertainties about the amount of production of petroleum substitutes from natural gas and coal feedstocks. We find that the potential effects of a transition to petroleum substitutes on GHG emissions are significant. A transition to low-quality and synthetic petroleum resources such as tar sands or coal-to-liquids synfuels could raise upstream GHG emissions by several gigatonnes of carbon (GtC) per year by mid-century unless mitigation steps are taken.
Effect of repeat unit flexibility on dendrimer conformation as studied by atomistic molecular dynamics simulations

The effect of repeat unit structure on the shape and internal organization of various dendrimers was probed using atomistic molecular dynamics simulations. In this technique, care was taken to ensure complete structural equilibration by implementing a high temperature dynamics/simulated annealing protocol prior to evaluation of the molecular structure and dynamics. Both flexible and stiff repeat units that have been employed previously in the synthesis of dendrimers were considered. Flexible-unit dendrimers were found to be globular but not completely spherical. In contrast, stiff-unit dendrimers had a more eccentric, disk-like shape. For all dendrimers, the different generations within each molecule were found to be radially distributed throughout its interior. This appearance could be attributed to back-folding of some of the repeat units in the flexible case and to a branching angle effect in the stiff case. This distribution, however, did not preclude a molecular surface composed of a substantial portion of the topologically terminal groups.
The Struggle for Ka-band: NASA's Gradual Move Towards Using 32-GHz Ka-band for Deep Space Missions

32-GHz Ka-band was first considered for deep-space use in 1976. In 1979, 1 GHz of spectrum at 32-GHz Ka-band was allocated for deep space use. Since then NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) has been developing technologies and architectures necessary to support Ka-band planetary missions. This paper is a survey of JPL's effort. This survey includes a summary of early paper studies done in the 1980's and 1990's, development of the 34-m beam waveguide (BWG) antennas at the deep space network (DSN), and Ka-band experiments on Mars Observer, Mars Global Surveyor, Deep Space 1, Cassini and Mars reconnaissance orbiter spacecraft. The focus of this paper is on the technological and architectural challenges that 32-GHz Ka-band operations have presented throughout this long history. These include challenges presented by the weather and tighter pointing requirements for the spacecraft as well as the need to use multiple data rates during a pass.
H. pylori eradication: new role for the pharmacist?

Abstract The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (ASHP) has published therapeutic position statements on a select group of disease states. The ASHP directors created an advisory body called the Commission on Therapeutics to be concerned with societal drug use and therapeutic issues. The ASHP therapeutic position statement on the identification and treatment of Helicobacter pylori-associated peptic ulcer disease in adults was developed by this organization after an extensive review of the available literature and consensus panel guidelines. The purpose of the article is to summarize testing options for identifying H. pylori infection, effective treatment regimens for eradicating H. pylori infection, and the role and impact of antimicrobial resistance, and to stress the importance of pharmacists’ involvement in identifying and treating patients with H. pylori-associated disease. The complexity of treatment regimens heightens the importance of patient education and monitoring to ensure compliance and optimal response to therapy. The article is divided into several sections, beginning with an informative background review of H. pylori infection including incidence, complications, and relationship to peptic ulcer disease. The first major topic addressed is testing for H. pylori infection. This section is followed by a review of six treatment regimens. The last two sections include a review of the impact of antimicrobial resistance and the role of the pharmacist as a resource in managing the H. pylori-infected patient.
Sequential Activation of Inflammatory Signaling Pathways During Graft-versus-Host Disease (GVHD): Early Role for STAT1 and STAT3

Abstract The aim of this study was to delineate the temporal and spatial sequence of STAT1 and STAT3 activation during development of GVHD following fully Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)-mismatched allogeneic Bone Marrow Transplantation (BMT). Activation of inflammatory signaling pathways in GVHD target organs was assessed by western blotting, phospho-flow cytometry and electromobility shift assays (EMSA). Development of GVHD was associated with significant expansion of phospho[p]-STAT1 and p-STAT3 expressing CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells. GVHD-specific STAT3/STAT1 activation preceded activation of Nuclear Factor-κB (NF-κB) and Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) and was associated with subsequent induction of STAT1 or STAT3-dependent inflammatory gene-expression programs (e.g. expression of IRF-1, SOCS1, IL-17). Our studies may help to establish a functional hierarchy of the signaling events leading to the development of GVHD and could be helpful in designing new molecularly targeted treatment approaches for GVHD.
Using Social Marketing Principles to Guide the Development of a Nutrition Education Initiative for Preschool-Aged Children

Within the field of nutrition education, social marketing has become a promising framework to systematically approach problems related to nutrition behavior. In 1997, the Colorado Nutrition Network began developing a social marketing campaign to promote healthful food choices among low-income Coloradans. A multifaceted formative evaluation plan that included focus groups, campaign concept pretesting, and a food frequency questionnaire was used to segment and scrutinize the target audience. The resulting pilot program was a blend of educational and marketing strategies targeting preschoolers that was implemented in Head Start classrooms. The 12-week intervention contained a narrow, behavior-based "try new foods" message, multiple nutrition education activities, and repeated opportunities to taste 13 novel foods. Key strategies used and findings from the formative evaluation process are presented herein in an effort to provide insight for nutrition educators interested in developing similar interventions.
Influence of deformed-nucleus level densities on statistical model calculations for high-spin fission

Inappropriate formulations for nuclear level densities, based in part on an assumption of spherical symmetry, have often been employed in statistical model calculations of the competition between decay modes of nuclei at high spin and excitation. We investigate the influence on such calculations of nuclear deformation effects in the level densities, at both the saddle-point shapes relevant to fission and the most probable shapes reached in particle evaporation. The deformation effects are included in a Fermi-gas formalism in two stages, first assuming complete independence of rotational and intrinsic degrees of freedom, and subsequently allowing for a deformation-dependent cutoff with increasing temperature in the collective enhancement of the level densities. The latter effect gives rise, in the absence of shell and pairing corrections, to a progressive increase with increasing temperature in the most probable daughter-nucleus deformation for particle emission. The most significant effects of the deformed-nucleus level densities on calculated decay properties for /sup 6/Li+/sup 197/Au..-->../sup 203/Pb, at several bombarding energies, are an increase in the cross section and a decrease in the anisotropy for fission fragments. Ambiguities in the details of the collective cutoff yield a sizable uncertainty in the quantitative extent of the fission enhancement. Relative measurements for differentmore » entrance channels to the same compound nucleus which may be sensitive to the collective cutoff are illustrated by calculations for /sup 22/Ne+/sup 180/Hf vs /sup 6/Li+/sup 197/Au fusion-fission.« less
The racemization of free and peptide-bound serine and aspartic acid at 100°C as a function of pH: Implications for in vivo racemization

Abstract The relative racemization rates of free and peptide-bound serine and aspartic acid have been studied as a function of pH at 100°C. These results have been used to explain the observed relative in vivo racemization rates of serine and aspartic acid in human tooth dentin and human ocular lens proteins.
Determination and Quantification of Amino Acids in the Urine of BALB/c Mice Infected with Echinostoma caproni by High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography-Densitometry

Abstract High-performance thin-layer chromatography was used to examine the amino acid profile of the urine of Echinostoma caproni infected mice versus that of uninfected controls from 1–35 days post infection. Amino acids were extracted from urine with ethanol-water (70:30) and determined on silica gel and cellulose layers developed with either 2-butanol-pyridine-glacial acetic acid-deionized water (39:34:10:26) or 2-butanol-pyridine-25% ammonia-deionized water (39:34:10:26). Separated zones were detected by postchromatographic derivitization with ninhydrin and quantified by visible mode slit-scanning densitometry at 610 nm. Taurine, alanine, threonine, and lysine were identified in mouse urine sample chromatograms. A comparison of chromatograms from the urine of infected and uninfected mice showed both qualitative and quantitative differences in alanine and taurine suggesting that these compounds may serve as biological markers for infections of mice with this trematode.
PE-Cy5.5 conjugates bind to the cells expressing mouse DEC205/CD205.

Abstract DEC205/CD205, an endocytic receptor of C-type multilectin, is expressed highly in dendritic cells (DCs). DEC205 was shown to efficiently deliver vaccine antigens in surrogate ligands to the antigen processing and presentation machinery of DCs, which resulted in the development of DC-targeted vaccines employing anti-DC monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). During our studies to characterize a variety of anti-DC mAbs including anti-DEC205 by flow cytometric analysis, we discovered that a secondary anti-immunoglobulin antibody conjugated with PE-Cy5.5 bound strongly to the cells expressing mouse DEC205 (mDEC205) without incubation of a primary anti-mDEC205 mAb. In the present study we demonstrate that various antibodies and streptavidin conjugated with PE-Cy5.5 bind to the mDEC205-expressing cells including CHO, KIT6, and HEK293 cells. The interaction between the PE-Cy5.5 conjugates and the cells expressing mDEC205 appears distinctive, since none of the PE-Cy5.5 conjugates bind to the cells that express human DEC205 on surface. Besides, only PE-Cy5.5 conjugates bind strongly to mDEC205-expressing cells; PerCP-Cy5.5, APC-Cy5.5, and Cy5.5 conjugates bind weakly; PE, PE-Cy5, Cy5, FITC, or Alexa488 conjugates do not bind to mDEC205‐expressing cells. Therefore the use of PE-Cy5.5 conjugates, widely utilized in multicolor flow cytometry, requires precaution against nonspecific binding to mDEC205-positive cells.
The City in a Shoe: redefining urban Africa through Sebago footwear consumption

In Dakar, footwear and clothing markets are unstoppable forces of urbanism and modernity They are packed with merchandise, and they sprawl beyond the official boundaries set by the municipality. For better or for worse, footwear and apparel keep the city in motion, give it life, and keep it current with global trends. The movement of traders and transmigrants through Dakar and globally-dispersed Senegalese communities informs style and taste at “home” and “abroad.” This paper examines the production, exchange and consumption trajectory of a particular commodity, Sebago shoes, as a means to highlight the spatial dimensions of Dakar clothing markets and the city itself. The “social life” of Sebago and its various symbolic meanings assigned by Senegalese in Dakar and New York illustrates: 1) the complex nature of global flows and 2) that the city and its transmigrant communities share a continuous social space. This picture of complex flows and exchanges suggests the redefinition of city and market boundaries. [Dakar, transmigrant communities, commodity chains, Sebago shoes]
Late Miocene—early Pliocene planktonic foraminiferal biostratigraphy and paleoceanography of low-latitude marine sequences

Abstract Plate reorganization and development of polar glaciation are closely associated with the changing climatic conditions of the Cenozoic. The planktonic foraminiferal fauna in three low-latitude DSDP sites (224, Ninety East Ridge; 317B, Manihiki Plateau; 366A, Sierra Leone Rise) has been examined to determine how these regions responded to the late Miocene climatic cooling that has been previously observed in high-latitude regions. It has been proposed that an expansion of Antarctic glaciation and a resultant eustatic regression are associated with this cooling, with the latter being at least partially responsible for the Messinian “salinity crisis” in the Mediterranean. Only one of the sites, 366A, shows any significant faunal change during the late Miocene and early Pliocene (approximately 8-3 Ma). During the late Miocene, there is a decrease in the abundance of species considered to be tropical-subtropical, suggesting the incursion of a cool water mass into the Sierra Leone Rise region during this time. The lack of any major faunal changes at Sites 214 and 317B indicates that the water masses of the low-latitude regions of the Indo-Pacific were relatively unaffected by this cooling in the late Miocene. The three sites also show no evidence for a change in the level of the CCD between the late Miocene and early Pliocene; however, this is most likely due to their equatorial position and shallow water depth. Higher-latitude sites from both the Atlantic and the Pacific reveal a definite shoaling of the CCD during the late Miocene.
Modelling the cumulative risk for a false-positive under repeated screening events.

Screening examinations are widely utilized in detecting the presence of medical disorders, for instance, screening mammograms and clinical breast examinations for detection of breast cancer. Such procedures are invaluable in enabling early treatment but produce the possibilities of false-positive and false-negative diagnoses. Focusing on false-positive results, with increasing number of screening events, it is clear that the risk of a false-positive increases. The objective of this paper is to quantify the cumulative risk associated with repeated screening. We provide a very general framework within which to investigate this risk, both at the population and the individual level. The latter allows incorporation of evolving patient medical history to permit individualized assessment of risk. We model cumulative risk in terms of the number of screening events until first false-positive. We develop models which are essentially familiar actuarial models for life table data adding a Cox regression to enable individual level modelling. Because it offers several advantages, we employ a Bayesian inference framework and apply our modelling to the analysis of 9773 screening mammograms collected from 2227 women at an HMO serving nearly 300000 adults in and around Boston, MA.
Parental Representations in the Play of Preschool Aged Witnesses of Marital Violence

The play of young children has long been used clinically to understand children’s experiences and inner feelings. More recently, children’s play has been examined quantitatively to understand differences due to varying backgrounds, family relationships, etc. Forty preschool children (21 girls and 19 boys) aged 27 to 71 months from families with histories of domestic violence were observed using a play interview, The MacArthur Story Stem Battery, to determine if severity of violence, frequency of visitation with their previously violent fathers, and mother-child relationship functioning impacted how parents were represented in play. Overall, girls represented their parents more positively regardless of other family circumstances. Boys, especially those who did not visit regularly with their fathers, had negative representations of their mothers. Severity of violence did not predict negative parental representations in the sample.
CTL recognition of a novel HLA-A*0201-binding peptide derived from glioblastoma multiforme tumor cells

Genetic instability of tumor cells can result in translation of proteins that are out of frame, resulting in expression of neopeptides. These neopeptides are not self-proteins and therefore should be immunogenic. By eluting peptides from human glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) tumor cell surfaces and subjecting them to tandem mass spectrometry, we identified a novel peptide (KLWGLTPKVTPS) corresponding to a frameshift in the 3′ beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 7 (HSD3B7) gene. HLA-binding algorithms predicted that a 9-amino acid sequence embedded in this peptide would bind to HLA-A*0201. We confirmed this prediction using an HLA-A*0201 refolding assay followed by live cell relative affinity assays, but also showed that the 12-mer binds to HLA-A*0201. Based on the 9-mer sequence, optimized peptide ligands (OPL) were designed and tested for their affinities to HLA-A*0201 and their abilities to elicit anti-peptide and CTL capable of killing GBM in vitro. Wild-type peptides as well as OPL induced anti-peptide CTL as measured by IFN-γ ELISPOTS. These CTL also killed GBM tumor cells in chromium-51 release assays. This study reports a new CTL target in GBM and further substantiates the concept that rational design and testing of multiple peptides for the same T-cell epitope elicits a broader response among different individuals than single peptide immunization.
Globalization, Structural Reform, and Labour Politics in China

To analyze the relationship between globalization and labour protest, this paper compares labour politics in three regions: the highly globalized southeast ‘sunbelt’, the relatively less ‘reformed’, barely globalized, and decaying Manchurian rustbelt, and the broadly ‘reformed’ but only partially globalized and still largely domestically-oriented areas that make up most of the rest of the country, represented in this chapter by the city of Tianjin, the site of the author’s field research. For each, we will identify key dimensions of labour politics. This political configuration forms our explanandum, which is fleshed out region by region. The paper then seeks the explanans of these salient similarities and differences, focusing on the key question of resistance.
Structure, Connectivity, and Configurational Entropy of GexSe100−x Glasses: Results from 77Se MAS NMR Spectroscopy

High-resolution 77Se MAS NMR spectroscopy has been conducted at 11.7 T to investigate the short-and intermediate- range structure and chemical order in binary GexSe100−x glasses with 5 ≤ x ≤ 33.33. Four distinct Se environments are observed for the first time, corresponding to Se−Se−Se and Ge−Se−Se linkages as well as Ge−Se−Ge sites where the Se atom is shared by two GeSe4 tetrahedra in either corner-sharing or edge-sharing configuration. Assignments of corner and edge-shared tetrahedra were made based on the 77Se MAS NMR spectrum of crystalline β-GeSe2. Analysis of the compositional variation of the relative concentrations of these Se sites indicates that the structure of GexSe100−x glasses in this composition range can be described as a randomly interconnected network of GeSe4 tetrahedra and chains of Se atoms. The implications of this structural model are discussed in relation to the composition dependence of the glass-forming ability and kinetic fragility of the corresponding parent liquids.
Development of a derivative singular element for application to crack propagation problems

Abstract An eight-noded isoparametric element, which has derivative singularity at a node movable along an edge of the element, has been developed for application to the crack propagation problem. The element can have any order of singularity at the movable node, and it is compatible with surrounding non-singular elements. The element can also represent rigid body motions and constant strain fields.
Viscous regularization and r-adaptive remeshing for finite element analysis of lipid membrane mechanics

As two-dimensional fluid shells, lipid bilayer membranes resist bending and stretching but are unable to sustain shear stresses. This property gives membranes the ability to adopt dramatic shape changes. In this paper, a finite element model is developed to study static equilibrium mechanics of membranes. In particular, a viscous regularization method is proposed to stabilize tangential mesh deformations and improve the convergence rate of nonlinear solvers. The augmented Lagrangian method is used to enforce global constraints on area and volume during membrane deformations. As a validation of the method, equilibrium shapes for a shape-phase diagram of lipid bilayer vesicle are calculated. These numerical techniques are also shown to be useful for simulations of three-dimensional large deformation problems: the formation of tethers (long tube-like extensions); and Ginzburg-Landau phase separation of a two lipid-component vesicle. To deal with the large mesh distortions of the two-phase model, modification of viscous regularization is explored to achieve r-adaptive mesh optimization.
Diffuse Pacific–North American plate boundary: 1000 km of dextral shear inferred from modeling geodetic data

Geodetic measurements tell us that the eastern part of the Basin and Range Province expands in an east-west direction relative to stable North America, whereas the western part of the province moves to the northwest. We develop three-dimensional finite element representations of the western United States lithosphere in an effort to understand the global positioning system (GPS) signal. The models are constrained by known bounding-block velocities and topography, and Basin and Range Province deformation is represented by simple plastic (thermal creep) rheology. We show that active Basin and Range spreading by gravity collapse is expected to have a strong southward component that does not match the GPS signal. We can reconcile the gravitational component of displacement with observed velocity vectors if the Pacific plate applies northwest-directed shear stress to the Basin and Range via the Sierra Nevada block. This effect reaches at least 1000 km east of the San Andreas fault in our models.
Modeling and Characterization of Dielectrophoretic Assembly Process for Nanobelts

Robust manufacturing methods are needed for nanocomponent assembly, and one must understand the physics to optimize the processing and to develop control schemes to deal with the inherent uncertainty. We are studying field induced assembly of a new class of semiconducting metal oxides — nanobelts — that have been demonstrated for chemical sensing. We have demonstrated the integration of nanobelts with electrodes to make sensors by dielectrophoresis (DEP). The SnO2 nanobelts (width ~ 100–300 nm, thickness ~ 30–40 nm) were suspended in ethanol and introduced into a microchannel, and were assembled across the electrodes. Modeling suggests that attraction should occur at all frequencies over this range. Targeted experiments were performed to quantify surface and material properties for input to the modeling, and FEMLAB simulations were performed to validate the model. The goal of the modeling is to optimize the assembly of nanostructures in a manufacturing process at the wafer-scale.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Degree-Day Model for Development of Calocoris norvegicus (Hemiptera: Miridae) and Timing of Management Strategies

A degree-day model for Calocoris norvegicus (Gmelin) has been developed that uses the first-observed, first-instar nymph as a biofix and predicts the time of development to each stage. This model is useful for timing control tactics in pistachios before Calocoris disperses from surrounding host plants. Based on laboratory studies at five different temperatures, the lower developmental threshold was estimated at 6.39°C. Development from newly emerged nymph to the fourth instar required a mean of 142 degree-days (DO). Seasonal phenology data from a pistachio orchard in the Sacramento Valley in 1987 and 1988 indicated that the degree-day interval to peak levels of fourth-instar nymphs was 122 and 159 DD after the first instar. Before field implementation, final validation of the degree-day model will require extensive phenology data in multiple locations. Timing of insecticide applications before the dispersal of Calocoris in the ground cover bordering the pistachio orchard significantly reduced the level of epicarp lesion damage.