cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of vapor and liquid phase silylation processes of photoresists

Abstract Organosilicon groups can be incorporated into photoresists, rendering them resistant to erosion by oxygen plasmas. This process, known as silylation, can be implemented using either liquid or vapor sources. A comparison of these two methods was performed using mono-,di- and trifunctional organosilicon compounds with reactive Si-N-bonds. Among the four monofunctional compounds studied, hexamethyldisilazane is about 10 times less reactive in silylation of AZ 4110 films at normal pressure (126°C) compared to tetramethyldisilazane or dimethylaminotrimethylsilane. Mixed vapors of difunctional compounds (10% of bis/dimethylamino/methylsilane) and toluene silylate resist films at 111°C at a high rate forming crosslinked materials with an increased stability in O 2 plasmas (etch rate of about 50 A/min after 2 min silylation). Trifunctional compounds (tris/dimethylamino/methylsilane) do not silylate resist films due to the formation of a crosslinked diffusion barrier on the surface. Difunctional silylating agents like bis(dimethylamino)dimethylsilane effectively silylate resist films at 80–85°C in toluene soluyion (which does not contain any diffusion promotors like NMP) without any distortions or thickness loss. The chemistry of silylation is discussed.
Use of Amazonian Forest Fragments by Understory Insectivorous Birds

We sampled understory insectivorous birds in Amazonian forest fragments from before isolation through 9 yr after isolation. We accumulated 3658 mist net captures of 84 insectivorous species in five 1-ha fragments and four 10-ha fragments. Abundance and species richness declined dramatically after isolation, even though fragments were separated from continuous forest by only 70-650 m. Three species of obligate army ant followers disappeared within the first 2 yr after isolation. Mixed-species flocks containing 13 commonly netted species disintegrated within 2-3 yr after isolation, although three species that dropped out of flocks persisted in fragments. Among insectivores not associated with flocks or army ants, only two species of edge specialists were unaffected by frag- mentation. Overall, loss of forest insectivores was not compensated for by an increase in nonforest or previously uncommon species. Secondary vegetation surrounding fragments strongly affected use of fragments after isolation. Fragments surrounded by Vismia, the dominant regrowth where felled forest was burned and temporarily used as cattle pasture, remained depauperate. In contrast, many species returned to fragments by moving through regenerating forest dominated by Cec- ropia, which occurred in areas where the felled forest was not burned. Both 1- and 10-ha fragments surrounded by Cecropia were used by ant followers by 5 yr after isolation. Mixed-species flocks reassembled in 10-ha fragments surrounded by Cecropia by 7-9 yr after isolation, and augmented their group territories by foraging in secondary forest outside fragments. Solitary species were more variable in their responses, although several species returned to 10-ha fragments surrounded by Cecropia. Terrestrial insectivores, such as Scle- rurus leafscrapers and various antbirds, did not return to any fragments, and appear to be the group most vulnerable to fragmentation. Ordination of the insectivore community showed that 1-ha fragments diverged from their pre-isolation communities more than did 10-ha fragments. Communities in 10-ha fragments surrounded by Cecropia were more closely associated with pre-isolation com- munities than those in fragments surrounded by Vismia. Over time, communities in 10-ha fragments surrounded by Cecropia became more like pre-isolation communities, although communities in other fragments generally continued to diverge.
A Micromachined Acoustic Multiplexer for Ultrasound and Photoacoustic Imaging Applications

In this letter, we report the design, fabrication, and testing of a novel micromachined silicon-based acoustic multiplexer. The acoustic multiplexer is capable of selectively transmitting ultrasound signals traveling in multiple acoustic channels one at a time. This makes it possible to send and/or receive multiple channels of ultrasound signals in a serial manner with only one single-element ultrasound transducer, followed by single channel of data acquisition electronics. An eight-channel acoustic multiplexer was constructed and the switching performance of the multiplexer was tested with ultrasound transmission experiment. An excellent signal ON/OFF ratio of 6.5 was achieved between two adjacent acoustic channels. The functionality of acoustic multiplexer in ultrasound imaging system was demonstrated by conducting photoacoustic imaging on an optically absorptive target inside an optical phantom. The micromachined acoustic multiplexer could be a useful component in designing new ultrasound transceiver systems for imaging applications. $[2013\hbox{--}0326]$
New Developments in Laser Diagnostics for Tokamak Plasmas

New types of infrared and far-infrared lasers can be used to make otherwise impossible measurements of plasma parameters in the next generation of large tokamaks. Recent progress in the development of such new diagnostic techniques is reviewed.
Nuclear Data Sheets for A = 230

Abstract The available nuclear structure information from all nuclei with mass number A = 230 is presented. Various decay and reaction data are evaluated and compared. Adopted data, levels, spin, parity, and configuration assignments are given.
A Rader Clutter Model: Average Scattering Coefficients of Land, Snow, and Ice

A model has been developed for average radar backscatter from terrain based on recent carefully controlled wide-bandwidth measurements of vegetation, snow-covered ground, and sea ice and on a comparison with measurements over North America by the Skylab S-193 scatterometer. The models for the thiree cases take the form ?° dB = A + B? + Cf+ Df?, 20° ? angle of incidence ? 70°, where the constants vary depending on polarization and terrain class. They also differ above and below a critical frequency (6 GHz for general terrain, 8 GHz for sea ice, and between 8 and 12 GHz for snow). For angles of incidence of 0° (vertical) and 10°, the model is of the form ?° dB = M(?) + N(?)f over the range 1 to 18 GHz. Hundreds of thousands of measurements contributed to the general (vegetated terrain) model, and smaller numbers contributed to the snow and sea ice models. Since 1974 all measurements have been made with University of Kansas microwave spectrometers. A brief discussion of fading shows that insufficient data are available to describe the ranges adequately.
Studies of FAD and NADH in the presence of N1-dodecyl-nicotinamide chloride micelles.

Abstract 1. The effects of N1-alkylnicotinamide chloride micelle formation on selected properties of FAD, FMN and NADH were studied. 2. Critical micelle concentrations were determined spectrophotometrically for N1-decyl-, N1-undecyl- and N1-dodecylnicotinamide chlorides. Ionic strength effects were observed in the micellization of the dodecyl derivative. 3. The interaction of FAD with N1-dodecylnicotinamide chloride micelles is accompanied by an enhancement of the FAD fluorescence and an increase in the polarization of FAD fluorescence. FMN fluorescence is unaffected by the presence of these micelles while the fluorescence of NADH is extensively quenched. 4. The rate of FAD-catalyzed oxidation of NADH is increased 3.6-fold through the interactions of these nucleotides with N1-dodecylnicotinamide chloride micelles.
Plateauing: A growing problem for educators and educational organizations

Abstract Plateauing on the job is a phenomenon that is little recognized, but it can have major consequences, particularly for senior teachers and administrators. This article defines and examines the problem, explores costs to the individuals involved and the organizations they serve, and suggests strategies for effectively responding to it.
Finite element analysis of transient strain localization phenomena in frictional solids

Finite elements with embedded shocks are used to investigate transient strain localization phenomena in frictional solids. In particular, we seek to elucidate the effect of rate sensitivity and inertia on the development of shear bands in solids subjected to impulsive loading. As in the static case, our results show that shear banding may induce severe softening of the specimen even as the material steadily hardens. As expected, rate sensitivity retards the onset of structural softening and tends to stabilize the post-peak response. It is verified that the static solution is indeed recovered in the inviscid limit. Under dynamic conditions, shear bands are observed to propagate discontinuously, arresting and resuming propagation repeatedly before linking up with the boundary of the specimen. The direction of the band is equally unsteady. In addition, multiple shear banding, with the development of secondary and even tertiary bands, appears to be a prevalent mechanism at sufficiently high impact velocities.
Influence of position along the medial-lateral axis of the superior colliculus on the topographic targeting and survival of retinal axons.

Abstract Topographic order in the rat retinocollicular projections emerges from an initially diffuse projection during an early postnatal remodeling period that is coincident with the period of naturally occuring ganglion cell death. Here, we examine the relationship between a retinal axon's position along the medial-lateral axis as it enters the superior colliculus (SC) and its ability to form an appropriately positioned arbor and survive the remodeling period. At E18dashE19, prior to map remodelling, axons labeled with focal Dil injections in the periphery of temporal, nasal, superior or inferior retina are widespread along the medial-lateral SC axis. At P12, after remodeling, the distributions of axons remain widespread over the medial-lateral SC axis relative to the positioning of their terminal arborizations, and resemble the distributions labeled at E18-E19, with the exception that the small proportion of axons most widely mispositioned along the medial-lateral SC axis are less frequent. These data indicate that the most widely mispositioned retinal axons are preferentially eliminated, but that a high proportion of retinal axons mispositioned along the medial-lateral axis as they enter the SC can correct their position, form topographically appropriate arbors, and survive the remodeling period.
Noninvasive assessment of cell proliferation in ovarian cancer using [18F] 3′deoxy-3-fluorothymidine positron emission tomography/computed tomography imaging

Abstract Introduction Positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) imaging of suspected new and recurrent ovarian carcinoma was performed to assess the relationship between [ 18 F] 3′deoxy-3′fluorothymidine ( 18 FLT) uptake and histopathological tissue markers of cellular proliferation (Ki67) and thymidine kinase-1 ( TK-1 ) expression. Methods Six subjects were included in this pilot study. Subjects were injected with 5 mCi of 18 FLT prior to a planned surgery and then scanned on a GE Discovery-ST PET/CT scanner within an hour of injection. Regions of interest in tumor and control tissue were identified on the diagnostic CT scans and marked for later surgical biopsy. Surgery was performed within 2 days after the scan. At the time of surgery, the regions of interest identified on PET/CT were available to guide the surgeon to the tumor biopsy sites. Tissue from normal ovarian tissue control regions was also sampled. 18 FLT uptake in tumor and control tissue regions was calculated by measuring the maximum standardized uptake values (SUV max ). The excised tumor and normal ovarian tissue control tissues were analyzed by immunohistochemical staining for Ki67 and CD34. TK-1 messenger RNA expression was measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Results 18 FLT uptake (SUV max ) was higher in malignant (mean 4.85/range 1.7–8.8) compared to benign (1.65/range 1.4–1.9) and normal ovarian control tissue (1.12/range 0.6–1.5). Mitotic index, as determined by Ki67 staining, was higher in malignant (18.89/range 11.97–27.19) compared to benign (0.59/range 0.23–0.95) and control tissue (0.45/range 0.06–1.20). TK-1 expression was also higher in malignant (35.52/range 5.21–106.62) compared to benign (8.71/range 4.74–12.67) and control tissue (9.79/range 0.85–39.46). An increasing trend between 18 FLT uptake and Ki67 mitotic index is seen in malignant tissue CD 34 staining between malignant, benign and control tissues was not qualitatively different. Conclusion An increasing trend between 18 FLT uptake and Ki67 mitotic index is seen in malignant tissue. Additional studies will determine whether 18 FLT PET/CT is specific enough to distinguish between cancerous and noncancerous cells and to assess its role in ovarian carcinoma patient management.
Cost-effective parallel processing for H /H∞ controller synthesis

Abstract A distributed version of a homotopy algorithm for solving the H /H∞ mixed-norm controller synthesis problem is presented. The main purpose of the study is to explore the possibility of achieving high performance with low cost. Existing UNIX workstations running PVM (Parallel Virtual Machine) are utilized. Only the jacobian matrix computation is distributed and therefore the modification to the original sequential code is minimal. The same algorithm has also been implemented on an Intel Paragon parallel machine. Our implementation shows that acceptable speed-up is achieved and the larger the problem sizes, the higher the speed-up. Compared with the results from the Intel Paragon, the study concludes that utilizing the existing UNIX workstations can be a very cost-effective approach to shorten computation time. Furthermore, this economical way to achieve high performance computation can easily be realized and incorporated in a practical industrial design environment.
Development and characterization of 21 polymorphic microsatellite markers for the barren-ground shrew, Sorex ugyunak (Mammalia: Sorcidae), through next-generation sequencing, and cross-species amplification in the masked shrew, S. cinereus

We used next generation shotgun sequencing to develop 21 novel microsatellite markers for the barren-ground shrew (Sorex ugyunak), which were polymorphic among individuals from northern Alaska. The loci displayed moderate allelic diversity (averaging 6.81 alleles per locus) and heterozygosity (averaging 70 %). Two loci deviated from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) due to heterozygote deficiency. While the population did not deviate from HWE overall, it showed significant linkage disequilibrium suggesting this population is not in mutation-drift equilibrium. Nineteen of 21 loci were polymorphic in masked shrews (S. cinereus) from interior Alaska and exhibited linkage equilibrium and HWE overall. All loci yielded sufficient variability for use in population studies.
Uncertainty analysis for vector measurands using fiducial inference

This paper presents a method for constructing uncertainty regions for a vector measurand in the presence of both type-A and type-B errors. The method is based on the principle of fiducial inference and generally requires a Monte Carlo approach for computing uncertainty regions. A small simulation study is carried out to evaluate the performance of the proposed method. Computer programs written using public-domain software for computing uncertainty regions are listed. An example, involving complex S-parameter measurements, is used to illustrate the proposed method.
The ultrastructure of tissue attached to telogen hair roots.

Abstract: Most tissues encountered in forensic biology laboratories have been previously characterized with electron microscopy due to their medical importance. Anagen hair root cells, epithelial cells, erythrocytes, neutrophils, osteocytes, and spermatozoa have received considerable research attention at the ultrastructual level. There is no literature indicating that cells attached to removed telogen hair roots have been characterized with transmission electron microscopy. Nonetheless, telogen hairs are a frequent submission item to forensic laboratories for DNA typing. The amount of tissue attached to a telogen hair root usually determines whether that hair is suitable for nuclear DNA typing methods or mitochondrial DNA typing methods. This study used transmission and scanning electron microscopy to characterize the tissues found in three commonly occurring telogen hair root forms. The tissues were found to consist of keratinized remnant follicle, nonnucleated epithelial cells, nucleated epithelial cells, and trichilemmal keratin. These findings were consistent with the known principles of hair follicle regression. The recognition of the root structures that contain these specific tissue types may assist in the DNA typing of telogen hairs inasmuch as the quality of tissue present may be more important than the amounts of tissue present.
Acetaminophen-associated hepatic injury: evaluation of acetaminophen protein adducts in children and adolescents with acetaminophen overdose

Acetaminophen protein adducts (APAP adducts) were quantified in 157 adolescents and children presenting at eight pediatric hospitals with the chief complaint of APAP overdose. Two of the patients required liver transplantation, whereas all the others recovered spontaneously. Peak APAP adducts correlated with peak hepatic transaminase values, time-to-treatment with N-acetylcysteine (NAC), and risk determination per the Rumack-Matthews nomogram. A population pharmacokinetic analysis (NONMEM) was performed with post hoc empiric Bayesian estimates determined for the elimination rate constants (k(e)), elimination half-lives (t(1/2)), and maximum concentration of adducts (C(max)) of the subjects. The mean (+/-SD)k(e) and half-life were 0.486 +/- 0.084 days(-1) and 1.47+/- 0.30 days, respectively, and the C(max) was 1.2 (+/-2.92) nmol/ml serum. The model-derived, predicted adduct value at 48 h (Adduct 48) correlated with adductC(max), adduct T(max), Rumack-Matthews risk determination, peak aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and peak alanine aminotransferase (ALT). The pharmacokinetics and clinical correlates of APAP adducts in pediatric and adolescent patients with APAP overdose support the need for a further examination of the role of APAP adducts as clinically relevant and specific biomarkers of APAP toxicity.
Reporting to the police by Hispanic victims of violence

Though reporting violence to the police has been extensively investigated, the nature of Hispanic reporting of victimization has not. This is surprising because Hispanics are the fastest growing and largest ethnic group in the United States. Using over a decade of data from the National Crime Victimization Survey, this article investigates Hispanic reporting of victimization relative to non-Hispanic Whites, Blacks, American Indians, and Asians. Findings show that Hispanics are significantly less likely to report the most serious of violence compared to non-Hispanic Whites, but are more likely than non-Hispanic Whites to report simple assaults. Few reporting differences between Hispanics and other victim groups were observed. In addition, analyses indicate a positive relationship between educational attainment and reporting by Hispanics-a predictor not shared by any other group.
Comparison of L-hyoscyamine, glucagon, and placebo for air-contrast upper gastrointestinal series.

Previous studies have compared the use of anticholinergic drugs and glucagon for upper gastrointestinal (UGI) radiography. Many radiologists prefer glucagon because these comparisons showed it to have a shorter duration of action with fewer side effects.l-Hyoscyamine is the levo-rotatory form of atropine with minor adverse side effects. This study compared the effects of glucagon (N=48),l-hyoscyamine (N=43), and placebo (N=45) on gastric and duodenal distension, mucosal coating, and patient tolerance.l-Hyoscyamine provided gastric and duodenal images equal in quality to glucagon. Except for the more frequent reporting of dry mouth withl-hyoscyamine, side effects were not different among the groups.l-Hyoscyamine is an economical alternative to glucagon for hypotonic gastrointestinal radiography.
Secure encounter-based social networks: requirements, challenges, and designs

In this paper we outline requirements, challenges, and designs for encounter-based mobile social networks, where relationships are based on a temporarily shared location. To illustrate the challenges we examine a recently proposed design, SMILE, against a set of functional and security requirements. We show that SMILE is vulnerable to several attacks such as impersonation, collusion, and privacy breaching, even though it was built with the explicit goal of resisting some of those attacks. With this in mind, we construct a flexible framework for secure mobile social networks, and describe how to use it in order to construct several networks which offer somewhat different security properties. Each of the designs is then examined against the ideal requirements where some are shown to outperform previous work.
Animal models of epidermolysis bullosa--targets for gene therapy.

The tremendous progress made over the past decade in understanding the molecular basis of various heritable skin disorders has clearly made an impact by providing refined, molecularly based classifications, improved prognostication, and premises for prenatal diagnosis (Uitto et al, 2002). There has, however, been relatively little impact on treatment of these conditions. One of the areas under active development of treatment modalities for genodermatoses is gene therapy, a potentially powerful way of correcting the consequences of mutations in these conditions at the genetic level.
A correlated light and electron microscopic study of the early phase of growth in vitro of human fetal cerebellar and cerebral cortex.

Cerebellar and cerebral cortex from human fetuses of 12–20 weeks' gestation removed for the purpose of terminating pregnancy were studied in vitro and in tissue blocks by light and electron microscopy. In cultures, the morphologic features characterising the first three weeks of growth were examined. By use of multiple criteria, immature neurons and astrocytes and their processes could be identified with reasonable certainty. In cerebellar cultures, migrating immature neurons were similar to cells of the external granular layer observed in tissue blocks; whereas migrating young neurons in cerebral cultures were similar to cells of the cortical plate. Immature astrocytes developed abundant 100 A filaments in vitro . Similar cells with abundant filaments were not observed in tissue blocks of either cerebellar or cerebral cortex. This study demonstrated not only the capacity of immature neurons of both human cerebellar and cerebral cortex to migrate in vitro , but also a consistent pattern of outgrowth of cells from explants during the first three weeks of growth in culture. Immature astrocytes first emerged from an explant followed by neuritic processes and subsequently by cell bodies of immature neurons from which the neurites arose. In addition to making contacts with other young neurons, intimate relationships were observed by light microscopy (i) between endings of neurites and the cytoplasm of astrocytes, and (ii) between cell bodies of migrating immature neurons and migrating immature astrocytes. The close relationship between migrating neurons and astrocytes was a particularly striking characteristic of the early outgrowth.
82 THE NINE MONTH OLD'S EXPANDING WORLD: PEOPLE, PLACES, AND THINGS

As infants solidify emotional attachments with their mothers during the second half of their first year, they become increasingly interested in their environment. To study this developmental process during a pediatric interview, we videotaped 45 healthy normal 9 month olds while they sat on their mothers' lap facing a pediatrician. An object (rubber duck, spoon, or eyeglasses) lay on the desk within the infants' reach. In reviewing the videotapes, we focused on the infants' interest in these novel stimuli (object or pediatrician) or familiar stimulus (mother) using looking rates (frequency/unit time) during specific phases of the session. Throughout (mean length=12.3 minutes), the infants' rates of looking at the pediatrician were significantly higher (p<.05) than rates of looking at their mother. Peak interest in the object occurred prior to object pickup (mean latency to pickup=59.9 seconds). This was the only time the looking rate at the pediatrician was significantly lower (p<.05) than the rate of looking at the object. Although the infants' interest in both the pediatrician and the object decreased over time, rates of looking at their mothers remained stable. Gender and type of object made no significant difference on any of the looking rates. Our study suggests that normal 9 month olds, with their mothers as a secure base, show distinct looking patterns with novel stimuli and that pediatricians can use this paradigm in making behavioral observations during a well baby visit.
Use of internal urethrotomy to reverse upper renal tract dilatation in children with neurogenic bladder dysfunction.

Summary— Internal urethrotomy was used to treat 12 patients, aged 1 month to 10 years, with upper renal tract dilatation secondary to a congenital neurogenic bladder. A satisfactory response was achieved in 8, with the best and most consistent results in patients under 4 years of age. It is concluded that internal urethrotomy has a limited but useful role to play in the management of the neurogenic bladder.
Unions and the share economy

Abstract This paper contrasts share bargaining and wage bargaining in the context of a “monopoly” model of union bargaining. In the example considered here, employment levels are identical under wage and share systems, but total compensation is higher under share bargaining than under wage bargaining, underscoring the importance of the broader ontext within which a share system is introduced.
A VARIATIONAL FORMULATION FOR A LEVEL SET REPRESENTATION OF MULTIPHASE FLOW AND AREA PRESERVING CURVATURE FLOW

Variational descriptions for various multiphase level set formulations involving cur- vature flow are discussed. A representation of n phases using ni1 level set functions is introduced having the advantage that constraints preventing overlaps or vacuum are not needed. The repre- sentation is then used in conjunction with our variational formulation to deduce a novel level set based algorithm for multiphase flow. In addition, a similar variational formulation is applied to area preserving curvature flow. In this flow, the area (or volume in 3D) enclosed by each level set is preserved. Each algorithm has been implemented numerically and the results of such computations are shown.
The IPCC energy assessment

The author discusses three major policy insights : timing of emission reductions, international cooperation in controlling emissions, hedging against low probability high consequence climate events and three underlying technical issues : top-down versus bottom-up modeling, revenue recycling and the control of R and D as a climate change policy option
Resonance in Uranium and Thorium Disintegrations and the Phenomenon of Nuclear Fission

Publisher Summary From considerations of statistical mechanics analogous to those applied to the evaporation-like nuclear disintegrations, it follows that the probability of occurrence of fission becomes comparable to that of ordinary nuclear reactions when, with increasing nuclear charge, the deformation energy concerned has decreased to values of the same order of magnitude as that demanded for the escape of a single particle. This chapter shows how such considerations would seem to offer a simple interpretation of the peculiar variation with neutron velocity of the cross sections of the different transmutation processes of uranium and thorium observed by Meitner, Hahn and Strassmann. In the light of the new discoveries, the great variety of processes obtained that could not be disentangled on the ordinary ideas of nuclear disintegrations, would seem, to be reduced to only two types of transmutations. Of these, the one consists in an ordinary radiative capture of the incident neutron, resulting in the formation of the normal state of the compound nucleus that is subsequently transmuted by β-ray emission into a stable nucleus. The other consists in the fission of the excited compound nucleus that may take place in a large number of different ways, in which a wide range of mass and charge numbers of the fragments may occur.
Trace Metals Analysis of Legal and Counterfeit Cigarette Tobacco Samples Using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry and Cold Vapor Atomic Absorption Spectrometry

ABSTRACT A closed-vessel microwave-digestion method was developed for the determination of trace amounts of Be, V, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Mo, Cd, Sb, Ba, Tl, and Pb by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and Hg by cold-vapor atomic absorption spectrometry in cigarette tobacco samples. In order to gauge the effectiveness of the digestion procedure, recovery studies were conducted using solutions prepared from National Institute of Standards and Technology Standard Reference Material 1573a Trace Elements in Tomato Leaves and Polish Certified Reference Material Virginia Tobacco Leaves. Limits of detection were below 1 µg g−1 for all elements studied. Samples from two genuine-brand and three counterfeit packs were analyzed. The mean amounts of Be, As, Mo, Cd, Sb, Tl, Pb, and Hg were higher in counterfeit cigarettes, while the amounts of V, Cr, Mn, Co, Cu, Zn, Se, and Ba were comparable among legal and counterfeit cigarettes; the amount of Ni was higher in the legal cigarettes. Evaluation of ...
The Relation of Parental Employment and Contextual Variables with Sexual Permissiveness and Gender Role Attitudes of Rural Early Adolescents

This study examined the relationships between parental employment variables, mediating contextual variables, early adolescent's permissive sexual attitudes and behaviors, and gender role traditionalism among 128 rural adolescents. Permissive sexual attitudes were related to permissive sexual behavior, but neither was related to gender role traditionalism. No relationship was found between mothers' employment and adolescents' sexual attitudes and behaviors. Similarly, the sexual attitudes, sexual behaviors, and traditionalism of the adolescents in this sample were not related to the employment variables of their parents, regardless of whether these variables were examined in bivariate or multivariate fashion. Adolescents' ages and perceptions of peer pressure were both positively related to sexual permissiveness, although these relationships appeared to be mediated by general parent-adolescent communication and parentadolescent communication about human sexuality. The only communication variable related to...
Strategies of marxist cultural interpretation

This essay distinguishes ten approaches to the methodology for the interpretation of cultural texts and messages within the terrain of Marxist theory. By analyzing concrete exemplars of each position, the essay presents each approach as a strategic response to two issues: the nature of significance, and the relationship between culture (signifying practices) and society (structures of power and domination).
On-Line Scanning Of Fringe Data And MTF Computation

The system to be described was conceived, designed and assembled to enable Perkin-Elmer to quickly evaluate production optics and systems by the reduction of interferometric data from which Optical Transfer Functions (OTF) may be calculated.© (1974) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Turbidity as a control on phytoplankton biomass and productivity in estuaries

Abstract In many coastal plain estuaries light attenuation by suspended sediments confines the photic zone to a small fraction of the water column, such that light limitation is a major control on phytoplankon production and turnover rate. For a variety of estuarine systems (e.g. San Francisco Bay, Puget Sound, Delaware Bay, Hudson River plume), photic-zone productivity can be estimated as a function of phytoplankton biomass times mean irradiance of the photic zone. Net water column productivity also varies with light availability, and in San Francisco Bay net productivity is zero (estimated respiratory loss of phytoplankton balances photosynthesis) when the ratio of photic depth ( Z p ) to mixed depth ( Z m ) is less than about 0.2. Thus whenever Z p : Z m Much of the spatial and temporal variability of phytoplankton biomass or productivity in estuaries is explained by variations in the ratio of photic depth to mixed depth. For example, phytoplankton blooms often coincide with stratification events that reduce the depth of the surface mixed layer (increase Z p : Z m ). Shallow estuarine embayments (high Z p : Z m ) are often characterized by high phytoplankton biomass relative to adjacent channels (low Z p : Z m ). Many estuaries have longitudinal gradients in productivity that mirror the distribution of suspended sediments: productivity is low near the riverine source of sediments (low Z p : Z m ) and increases toward the estuary mouth where turbidity decreases. Some of these generalizations are qualitative in nature, and detailed understanding of the interaction between turbidity and estuarine phytoplankton dynamics requires improved understanding of vertical mixing rates and phytoplankton respiration.
Friedreich's disease IV. Reduced mitochondrial malic enzyme activity in heterozygotes

Friedreich9s disease (FD) obligate heterozygotes have reduced mitochondrial malic enzyme (MEm) activity in cultured fibroblasts. This indicates that the MEm deficiency in homozygous affected patients is genetically determined. Heterozygote MEm activity was only 20% of the control mean activity, lower than the 50% expected in an autosomal-recessive disorder. This may result from negative interactions between mutant and normal subunits in the tetrameric enzyme. These data support the idea that MEm deficiency causes FD, but further studies are required to prove this hypothesis.
FRANKFURTERS SUPPLEMENTED WITH CORN GERM PROTEIN: SENSORY CHARACTERISTICS, PROXIMATE ANALYSIS AND AMINO ACID COMPOSITION

Defatted corn germ protein (CGP) has been studied as a functional or substitute ingredient of frankfurters. The proximate composition (protein, fat, moisture, ash) and amino acid content of hexane- and supercritical-CO2-defatted CGP and frankfurters containing CGP were determined. CGP was incorporated in frankfurters as in a powder, slurry form and as a stabilizer of emulsions. Proximate analysis showed significantly lower fat content of CGP processed by a modified procedure and a reduction of fat content in meats containing CGP. Levels of essential amino acids in CGP compared favorably to those in sodium caseinate, hen's egg protein, and soybean protein. Except for isoleucine, CGP meets or exceeds a FAO provisional amino acid pattern recommended for human consumption. No significant differences were found in amino acid composition of hexane- or supercritical-CO2-defatted CGP. Amino acid composition of frankfurters was not greatly altered by the addition of CGP at the levels studied. An acceptable, weak corny aroma and taste could be detected at 2.4 and 3.5% levels of added CGP. Defatted CGP with its high protein content and amino acid pattern combined with relatively low cost has potential as an extender, fortifier, and binding agent in frankfurters and other comminuted meats.
Metabolism of 1-nitropyrene in mice: transport across the placenta and mammary tissues.

Abstract The distribution and metabolism of the environmental pollutant 1-nitropyrene was studied in C57B1/6N mice following oral or intraperitoneal dosing. When administered by gavage, 1-nitropyrene and its metabolites demonstrated biphasic elimination kinetics from the blood, with half-lives of 0.3 and 1.8 days and a distribution volume of 74 ml. Intraperitoneal administration resulted in similar biphasic elimination, with half-lives of 0.5 and 3 days and a distribution volume of 98 ml. Treating pregnant C57B1/6N (C 2 H sire) mice by gavage resulted in similar absorption and elimination kinetics of 1-nitropyrene and metabolites, except that the distribution volume increased to 123 ml. 1-Nitropyrene and/or its metabolites (0.7% of the administered dose) crossed the placenta and accumulated in the fetuses and amniotic fluid, with both C-oxidized and nitroreduced metabolites being detected. Suckling neonates accumulated 1-nitropyrene and its metabolites when their dams were administered 1-nitropyrene by gavage. Each neonate received approximately 0.1% of the administered dose and demonstrated the presence of both C-oxidized and nitroreduced metabolites. These results demonstrate that this environmental pollutant is capable of crossing the placenta or mammary tissues to expose the offspring to a potentially genotoxic compound.
Gel filtration of Vitamin B12 binders and intrinsic factor from human gastric juice on sephadex columns

Normal gastric juice-bound Vitamin B12 was excluded from all Sephadex columns, including G-200. Fractions excluded from the G-75, G-100, and G-200 column, exhibited intrinsic-factor activity on urinary excretion test.
The management of small choroidal melanomas

There are a number of unresolved questions regarding small choroidal melanomas. At what stage in the natural history of these tumors do they develop the capacity to metastasize? What are the effects of various therapeutic modalities on the incidence of metastatic disease? Clinicopathologic studies suggest that patients with small choroidal melanomas (less than 10 mm in diameter and 3 mm in height) have an excellent prognosis. In patients with small choroidal melanomas with clear ocular media and no clinical retinal detachment, it is reasonable to do serial examinations without therapeutic intervention until growth is documented. In patients with small choroidal melanomas in which growth is documented, enucleation or alternate modes of therapy, including photocoagulation or radiation, are reasonable methods of treatment. Only by conducting prospective studies can we obtain a better understanding of the natural history of choroidal melanomas, determine at what stage these small lesions develop a metastatic potential, and evaluate the relative efficacy of various treatment modalities in preventing the development of metastatic disease.
Determination of silicate, phosphate, and sulfate by calcium atomization inhibition titration

Abstract The anion-inhibition effects on calcium flame emission can be employed to allow the determination of silicate, phosphate, and sulfate and their mixtures by a simple titration procedure. Direct correlations are made between features of the titration curves and sample anion concentrations. These correlations are used to analyze a variety of samples for the anions mentioned. Refractory particulates produced during these inhibition titration are collected and analyzed. The compositional changes of the particles collected from different regions of the titration are correlated with observed signals to describe a mechanism for the flame droplet chemical processes.
Book reviews - Digital integrated electronics

This book represents the third generation of textbooks coauthored by H. Taub covering the general topics of pulse,switching, digital, and integrated circuits. The progression to the present book started in 1956 with Pulse and Digital Circuits, a textreating digital and switching circuits almost exclusively with vacuum-tube devices. A decade later the highly acclaimed and well-recognized book, Pulse.Digital, and Switching Woveforms, was issued in the second generation. In this volume, the importance of the transistor was emphasized and vacuum-tube circuits were presented only incidentally.
P04.31. Determining attitudes and use of complementary and alternative medicine and integrative medicine amongst undergraduates

Purpose The purpose of this study was to determine the perceptions, attitudes, and use of Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) and Integrative Medicine (IM) in UC Irvine undergraduate students to better understand the current opinion trends and use of CAM/IM amongst students. It was expected that there would be an overall positive outlook, perception, use, and interest in CAM/IM in the current undergraduate population.
Synthesis of dolichols via asymmetric hydrogenation of plant polyprenols

Abstract (S)-Dolichols can be prepared from polyprenols extracted from Ginkgo biloba leaves by asymmetric hydrogenation. The dolichols are obtained in high yield and > 95% optical purity.
Intervalley interference and lattice relaxation in DX centers

Abstract We present a model of the DX center in Ga 1- x Al x As linking lattice relaxation to electronic intervalley interference among conduction-band L-minima. This accounts for both the electronic characteristics of the DX center and the barriers for electron emission/recapture, as functions of the alloy concentration. Accurate calculations (initially on the unrelaxed electronic system) with the recursion method are suggested, along with experiments on peculiar Ga 1- x Al x As quantum wells and superlattices; these may reveal suppression and regeneration of the DX center by varying the Ga 1- x Al x As well thickness, hence interchanging the Γ- and L-states through quantum confinement.
Breeding, paternal behavior, and their interruption inBetta splendens

Seven experiments examined the reproductive activities of Siamese fighting fish (Betta splendens). Spawning occurred after heterosexual pairs were together for about 24 h, and males cared for eggs, nest, and fry thereafter. The visual cues provided by an intruder male, but not a female, stimulated aggression in the male breeder, and these agonistic behaviors competed with breeding to cause a decrement in reproductive efficiency. Males were found to protect eggs and fry by preventing the growth of a fungus lethal to their offspring.
The effects of system failure error on predictions

Abstract While Brunswik's conception of ecological validity has been widely discussed, his conception of ecological unreliability, or error in the data on which inferences or predictions are based, has been largely ignored. Further, when psychologists discuss error in continuous data, that error has, perhaps because of the impact of classical psychometric theory, been thought of as Gaussian, and labeled measurement error. The present paper reports a two-cue MCPL experiment in which there are multiple observations of each cue on each trial; these observations make the data error, or ecological unreliability, highly salient. In one condition both cues were degraded only by measurement error, i.e., the five observations varied randomly around the true cue value. In the second condition both cues were degraded by measurement error, while one of the two cues was also degraded by a form of error we call System Failure (SF) error on 30% of the trials. SF error refers to the form of error which we associate with technological rather than biological systems, in that any given observation may be irrelevant to what is supposed to be measured. The SF condition was significantly more predictable than the measurement error only condition, yet subjects had significantly lower achievement.
Proteoglycans in the mouse interphotoreceptor matrix. III. Changes during photoreceptor development and degeneration in the rds mutant

Abstract The distribution of sulfated proteoglycans in the interphotoreceptor matrix (IPM) was examined during development and degeneration of photoreceptors in the rds mouse with electron microscopy after staining with the cationic dye Cupromeronic Blue (CmB). Three distinct CmB-positive filaments types were observed: type A (45–55 nm long and around 5 nm in diameter), type B (up to 0·5 μm long and 5–10 nm in diameter), and type C filaments (up to 1 μm long and 15–25 nm in diameter. During early postnatal development, before degenerative changes occur in photoreceptors, CmB-positive filaments were virtually identical in morphology and pattern of development as those recently reported for the normal mouse IPM ( Tawara, Varner and Hollyfield, 1989 Exp. Eye Res. 48 , 815-39). From 10 days to 1 year of age, during the period of progressive degeneration and loss of photoreceptor cells, numerous type B and type C filaments were present in the IPM. Type B filaments were distributed throughout the IPM, whereas type C were predominantly located around the apical termination of photoreceptor inner segments and between the pigment epithelial microvilli. Type A filaments were located principally in the apical cytoplasm of the pigment epithelial cells and in the proximal IPM. In the 20-month-old rds mouse, a time when virtually no photoreceptor cells remain, only minimal CmB staining was evident at the interface between the pigment epithelium and retina. Pretreatment with chondroitinase AC eliminated most CmB-positive filaments from the 18-day-old and 20-month-old mouse IPM. These findings suggest that there are no major differences in structural type or early postnatal development of chondroitin sulfate-type proteoglycans in the IPM between rds and normal mice. Any differences in distribution of chondroitin sulfate-type proteoglycans between rds and normal mice can be accounted for by the absence of photoreceptor outer segments and progressive loss of photoreceptor cells in this mutant. The disappearance of these IPM proteoglycans following photoreceptor degeneration suggests that photoreceptors may be critically involved in the maintenance of these matrix components.
Excessive daytime sleepiness, central sleep apnea and myotonic dystrophy

Two cases of myotonic dystrophy with excessive daytime somnolence are described. All-night polysomnographic studies were performed revealing high number of central sleep apnea which triggered micro-arousals and awakenings leading to decrease of sleep efficiency as well as of stage 3, 4 and REM. Obstructive and mixed apneas were found in the normal range. Hypoxia was not present in both recordings. Central sleep apneas and its secondary excessive daytime sleepiness may indicate early signs of the central nervous system impairment related to myotonic dystrophy, as a multi-organ disease.
Science and technology of laser glass

Abstract There is an interplay between developments in glass technology leading to advances in lasers and the application of lasers to expand our knowledge and understanding of glass science. The current status and future prospects of various ions and host glasses for lasers and the extent to which laser parameters can be tailored by changing the chemical composition of the glass are surveyed first. The interplay between glass science and technology is illustrated further by considering the spectroscopic properties of rare earths in fused silica, where additions of co-dopants and ion clustering have large effects on local fields and optical spectra, and the operation of laser-pumped fiber lasers, where selective excitation due to site-to-site variations in the local field at the lasing ion can affect lasing characteristics. Current requirements for glasses for high power lasers, such as those used for inertial confinement fusion research, are also reviewed.