cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of Ionic Strength in Immunocytochemical Detection of the Proliferation Associated Nuclear Antigens p120, PCNA, and the Protein Reacting with Ki-67 Antibody'

This study was aimed at revealing whether or not ionic interactions between the epitope of the antigen detected by Ki-67 antibody, or the proliferation-associated proteins PCNA or p120, and neighboring cellular constituents impede detectability of these antigens in HL-60 cells by indirect immunofluorescence assay. To this end, the ionic strength (NaCl concentration) of the solutions in which cells were suspended during their fixation with 0.5% paraformaldehyde was increased, to up to 1.65 M NaCl, to weaken the intra- and/or intermolecular ionic interactions during the process of crosslinking, and the cells were then immunostained. Fluorescence of cells reacting with Ki-67 antibody was maximally increased after their treatment with 1.15 M NaCl; the average increase was nearly 110% above the level seen with the standard methodology utilizing 0.15 M NaCl. The increase was greater for cells in the G1 phase of the cell cycle compared to cells in S or G2. Fluorescence of cells stained with the PCNA antibody was maximally enhanced after cell treatment with 0.65 M NaCl. The enhancement, however, varied depending on the source of the antibody; it was nearly 200% in the case of the antibody provided by Boehringer and over 100% by DAKO. Detection of the nucleolar antigen p 120 was not significantly affected by 0.65–1.65 M NaCl. The data indicate that ionic interactions between cellular constituents indeed play a role in masking the epitope of PCNA and the antigen detected by Ki-67. These results also suggest that to enhance the detectability of the intracellular proteins, the current immunocytochemical methods should be modified and customized for each particular antigen in terms of selection of the optimal ionic strength during the fixation procedure.
Social Information‐Processing Mechanisms in Reactive and Proactive Aggression

Theories of aggressive behavior and ethological observations in animals and children suggest the existence of distinct forms of reactive (hostile) and proactive (instrumental) aggression. Toward the validation of this distinction, groups of reactive aggressive, proactive aggressive, and nonaggressive children were identified (n = 624 9-12-year-olds). Social information-processing patterns were assessed in these groups by presenting hypothetical vignettes to subjects. 3 hypotheses were tested: (1) only the reactive-aggressive children would demonstrate hostile biases in their attributions of peers' intentions in provocation situations (because such biases are known to lead to reactive anger); (2) only proactive-aggressive children would evaluate aggression and its consequences in relatively positive ways (because proactive aggression is motivated by its expected external outcomes); and (3) proactive-aggressive children would select instrumental social goals rather than relational goals more often than nonaggressive children. All 3 hypotheses were at least partially supported.
Latino Voting Participation: Explaining and Differentiating Latino Voting Turnout

Latinos orHispanics are the distinctive ethnic groups most rapidly increasing in numbers in the United States. Yet, this notably burgeoning population is disproportionately underresearched and unde...
Positron diffusion in solid and liquid metals

We made a systematic study of the diffusion of positrons in several liquid and solid metals with a vertical positron beam. Several interesting effects have been observed by studying the line shape parameter S, the fraction of positronium formed at the surface, and the diffusion length of positrons in liquids. The S parameter and the fraction of positronium created and released at the surface (F parameter) were measured as a function of temperature in the solid and liquid phases of Ga, Bi, Na, Sn, In, and Pb. An appreciable change just below or across the melting point in the S parameter was measured in metals where positron trapping has not been observed (Ga, Bi, and Sn). In metals where positron trapping occurs in the solid phase, there is a small change or none in the S parameter (Pb and In), which indicates that there is only a small change in the nature of the traps. Positron trapping was seen in all the liquid metals, indicating that they have a high density of defectlike sites that trap positrons. The diffusion length of positrons in the liquid was extracted from the experimental data. In Ga, Bi, and Sn, there is a large drop in the diffusion length upon melting; in Pb and In, only a small change or none is seen. In all liquid metals the diffusion length increases as the temperature increases, suggesting that diffusion is related to trapping in temporary fluctuations in the liquid's structure. The positron moves from fluctuation to fluctuation. The size of the traps strongly depends on temperature, and so when it increases, the positron's hopping motion increases. We also measured the reemitted energy spectra of positrons from liquid and solid surfaces. No appreciable change was seen with increasing temperature or when the metals melted.
Alternative splicing of amino-terminal Tau mRNA in rat spinal cord during development and following axonal injury.

Tau is a family of microtubule-associated phosphoproteins in which isoform variation is produced by alternative splicing of a single gene and posttranslational modifications. Tau isoforms that include exon 10 are overexpressed in frontotemporal dementia and progressive supranuclear palsy. Therefore, we examined the expression of tau mRNA splice variants during axonal regeneration and abortive regeneration. Previous work in our laboratory demonstrated that expression of exon 10 tau isoforms during regeneration and abortive regeneration was altered and partially recapitulated the developmental patterns of tau isoform expression. Using RT-PCR, we examined the alternative splicing of exons 2 and 3 in tau during early postnatal development and regeneration in the rat spinal cord. The levels of tau lacking exons 2 and 3 were high on the day of birth and rapidly declined. Conversely, tau isoforms containing exon 2 or exons 2 and 3 first appeared at low levels and steadily increased. During axonal regeneration, the levels of all three tau mRNA isoforms were significantly lower 7 days after injury. In a model of abortive regeneration, all of the tau isoforms were elevated 14 and 42 days postinjury. The relative levels of exon 2 and 3 tau splice variants were not altered during regeneration or abortive regeneration as occurred during development. These results suggest that tau isoform expression following neuronal injury does not recapitulate the developmental pattern and is not independently regulated as in development. Our previous results together with these data suggest that alterations in tau mRNA isoform expression that occur in neurodegeneration are not secondary to axonal injury but may be a more primary event underlying cytoskeletal derangement.
Reply to Ford

Ford’s objections to the ideas advanced in “Statistical Techniques for the Discovery of Artifact Types” appear to revolve around (1) the notion that use of such techniques somehow constitutes a denial of continuous variation of culture in time and space and (2) certain implicit definitions of such terms as “artifact type” and “historical usefulness” which in effect make their use the exclusive prerogative of the archaeologist engaged in inferring chronology by ranking sites or components of sites in order of likeness as judged by relative frequency of attribute combinations. I shall attempt to show that the first objection is a gratuitous error and that the second is no more than a semantic quagmire.
Notebook universities do not have to be expensive

Most notebook universities have a process to provide notebook computers for a large portion of its students. The universities charge each student a notebook fee which is typically around $1,000 per year. Usually, each university owns or leases the computers and tries to replace them every two years. Northwest Missouri State University has implemented a system to provide notebooks to every student living on-campus by increasing residence hall and tuition technology fees for a total cost of about $300 per year. Students living off-campus also have the option to rent a notebook computer at a similar cost.Northwest's model for providing notebooks to students has several key features. First, the notebooks are purchased by the university and the expected life cycle is three years. Second, the notebooks are purchased with a three-year warranty and students are responsible for providing damage and theft insurance. Third, the university owns the computers and utilizes volume independent licenses for most software. Finally with 2,500 student notebooks to support, Northwest has only 2.5 FTE staff positions for maintenance and repair of these units.With Northwest's computing model, higher expectations can be set for freshman academic assignments, since they are required to live on-campus and faculty can depend on students having access to standardized computing resources. Experience has shown that upper-classmen try to stay compatible with the computing model they have used for one or more years.This paper will discuss the challenges and benefits of implementing a low-cost, university-owned notebook computing model.
Computational modeling of wet TiO2 (001) anatase surfaces functionalized by transition metal doping

Titanium dioxide anatase nanostructure is a photocatalyst under UV light. Our objective is to discover proper surface and functionalization, which facilitate the efficiency of photocatalytic water splitting on TiO2 crystals. We set up a periodic model of Ti32O64·8H2O as the neutral structure and expose the (001) crystallographic surface as it is more reactive. Using platinum, cobalt, and ruthenium to dope in the (001) crystallographic surface and get Ti30Me2O64·8H2O, which Me stands for either Pt, Co, or Ru. Based on density functional theory and Perdue Burke Ernzerhof functional (PBE) we calculate and optimize the doped nanostructures using VASP software. Through their density of states, we can analyze the possibility of charge transfer at the crystal surface and compare how the doping elements affect the charge transfer direction. A comparison of the computed absorption spectra and the charge density of the doping nanostructures help us in better understanding of the possibility of the bandgap tuning in photocatalytic energy nanomaterials. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Prediction of plant uptake of toxic metals using a modified dtpa soil extraction

Abstract Toxic metal uptake for freshwater and saltwater marsh plants was studied in the greenhouse. The freshwater plant, Cyperus esculentus , and the saltwater marsh plants, Spartina alterniflora and Distichlis spicata , were grown to maturity in highly contaminated sediments. Plant growth and metal uptake were determined for plants grown under flooded and upland (air-dried) sediment environments. DTPA extractable metals singularly or in combination with one or more sediment parameters were found to give highly significant correlations to plant leaf metal content. Multiple regression equations for metal uptake by plants reflected the influence of sediment redox potential, metal-sulfide-sulfate transformations, metal organic complex decomposition, and metal adsorption by iron and manganese oxides.
Impedimetric estimation of bacterial load in commercial carrageenan

Abstract Impedimetric procedures for estimating total viable bacterial count in commercial carrageenan samples was investigated. The correlation (r) between cfu g-1 and detection time (DT) using conductance was -0·77. A procedure referred to as dilution to extinction, to identify samples with 5000 cfu g-1 or more could not be used impedimetrically, because of excessive frequency of a false-positive response. The primary factor responsible for these drawbacks appeared to be the lag phase which was observed to vary between 2 and 5 h for different samples. A correlation of 0·90 was obtained between cfu g-1 and a three well impedimetric most probable number (MPN). The impedimetric MPN procedure provides an estimate within 16 h as compared to 48 h by the standard plating procedure and it is less labor-intensive.
An Algorithm for Computing the Automorphism Group of Organic Structures with Stereochemistry and a Measure of its Efficiency

The notational algorithm in SYNCHEM2 deals with constructing a unique connection matrix for a molecule. In addition, it identifies constitutionally equivalent and stereochemically equivalent atoms within a molecule. For molecules with centers of asymmetry, it also identifies whether or not a molecule is chiral. This algorithm has recently been extended to produce all the maps of an organic structure to itself, with and without stereochemical considerations. In addition, an efficiency measure has been introduced for such algorithms. The algorithm was fairly efficient; for example, all the maps of buckminsterfullerane to itself were obtained under 225 s of execution time on a 75 MHz Pentium computer with an efficiency rating of 3.125%.
Accessibility of archives

Abstract It now seems feasible to set up fully-automated biomedical archives with open access to scientists and statisticians. An experimental system has proved to have satisfactory performance by most of the yardsticks proposed for accessibility. In particular it provides a simple, step-by-step, procedure which can be used by persons with no special knowledge of computers to obtain answers to statistical questions about the material in the archive. The prototype still has a number of deficiencies and limitations which have to be removed before it is suitable for routine operations. However, even in its present form, its performance is good enough to encourage the setting up of open access biomedical archives for bodies of data of lasting value.
Myofibrillar ATPase activity in human muscle fast-twitch subtypes.

Under local anesthesia, a muscle biopsy was removed from an individual with a high percentage of type II subtypes. The muscle sample was assayed for myofibrillar ATPase activity using various acid preincubation pH values. Subtle differences were found to exist in the acid-lability of ATPase activity among the type II fibers. These observations suggest different ratios of II A/II B myosis and may reflect a gradual transformation between type II A and II B fibers.
Oxidation and reduction reactions responsible for galvanic corrosion of ferrous and reactive metals in the presence of a perfluoropolyether lubricant: Fomblin Z-DOL

Abstract We recently reported unambiguous evidence for galvanic corrosion involving a perfluoropolyether (PFPE) lubricant, Fomblin Z-DOL, and a commercial Al alloy. Here, we extend these measurements to a series of high-purity metals: Al, Ti, Cr, Fe, Co, and Ni where freshly abraded metal electrodes are paired with thermally oxidized electrodes. By comparing the electrochemical potentials of the various electrode combinations, we can assign the oxidizing half reactions in cells with freshly abraded Fe, Co, and Ni to the oxidation of the metal to its highest normal oxidation state. The electrochemical potentials for cells containing Al, Cr, and Ti are consistent with the oxidation of partially oxidized species (Ti 2+ →Ti 3+ + e − in the case of Ti) at the anode. The continuous oxide films that form on the reactive metals (Al, Cr, and Ti) apparently prevent the oxidation of the underlying metal. Nevertheless, partially oxidized species are available for further oxidation. In contrast, the less reactive metals (Fe, Co, and Ni) do not form continuous oxide layers, leaving bare metal exposed to the electrolyte and thus available for oxidation. The reduction potentials measured with thermally oxidized Al cathodes are consistent with the electrolytic release of F − ions from the surface. Similar reactions are expected at the other oxide cathodes. Implications with respect to hard drive lubrication with Fomblin Z-DOL and possible corrosion/degradation mechanisms are discussed.
Inflammatory cell infiltration of tumors : Jekyll or Hyde

Inflammatory cell infiltration of tumors contributes either positively or negatively to tumor invasion, growth, metastasis, and patient outcomes, creating a Dr. Jekyll or Mr. Hyde conundrum when examining mechanisms of action. This is due to tumor heterogeneity and the diversity of the inflammatory cell phenotypes that infiltrate primary and metastatic lesions. Tumor infiltration by macrophages is generally associated with neoangiogenesis and negative outcomes, whereas dendritic cell (DC) infiltration is typically associated with a positive clinical outcome in association with their ability to present tumor antigens (Ags) and induce Ag-specific T cell responses. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) also infiltrate tumors, inhibiting immune responses and facilitating tumor growth and metastasis. In contrast, T cell infiltration of tumors provides a positive prognostic surrogate, although subset analyses suggest that not all infiltrating T cells predict a positive outcome. In general, infiltration by CD8+ T cells predicts a positive outcome, while CD4+ cells predict a negative outcome. Therefore, the analysis of cellular phenotypes and potentially spatial distribution of infiltrating cells are critical for an accurate assessment of outcome. Similarly, cellular infiltration of metastatic foci is also a critical parameter for inducing therapeutic responses, as well as establishing tumor dormancy. Current strategies for cellular, gene, and molecular therapies are focused on the manipulation of infiltrating cellular populations. Within this review, we discuss the role of tumor infiltrating, myeloid-monocytic cells, and T lymphocytes, as well as their potential for tumor control, immunosuppression, and facilitation of metastasis.
A SIMPLIFIED APPROACH FOR DEVELOPING A MULTI-MODAL TRAVEL PLANNER

This paper presents a simplified approach for developing a system that would have the ability to coordinate and integrate the diverse sources of information to provide the user with useful information that would not only assist him in planning individual trips, but would aid the user in planning a sequence of daily travel activities. This integrated system would provide the users with a wider range of travel mode, route, destinations, and scheduling options. It will aid its user in planning his daily itinerary by arranging the sequence of stops, suggesting and possibly selecting stop locations, providing transit route and schedule information, and suggesting travel routes. The formulation should consider time constraints, activity needs, real transit service parameters and the actual roadway system. This paper addresses the travel itinerary planning concept which is a variant of the traveling salesman problem.
Overlay similarity: a new overlay index for metrology tool and scanner overlay fingerprint methodology

For different CD metrologies like average CD from CD SEM and optical CD (OCD) from scatterometry, CD point-to-point R 2 has been well adopted as the CD correlation index. For different overlay metrologies like image-based box-in-box overlay and scatterometry-based overlay, we propose the cosine similarity as the correlation index of overlay. The cosine similarity is a measure of similarity between two vectors of n dimensions by finding the cosine of the angle between them, often used to compare documents in text mining. It has been widely used in web and document search engines and can be used as the similarity index of overlay tool-to-tool matching and scanner tool-to-tool or day-to-day fingerprint. In this paper, we demonstrate that the cosine similarity has a very high sensitivity to the overly tool performance. We compared the similarities of three generations (A 1 , A 2 , A 3 ) of the overlay tools of venders A and B and found that after target re-training and TIS correction on each tool A 1 , similarity to A 3 can be improved from 0.9837 to 0.9951. Overlay point-to-point matching with A 3 vs. A 1 can be reduced from 4.8 to 2.1 nm. The tool precision similarities, i.e. tool self best similarity, for A,, A 2, A 3 and B are 0.9986, 0.9990, 0.9995, and 0.9994 respectively. From this table, we demonstrate that we can use old-generation overlay tool with suitable hardware maintenance, to match to the latest-generation overlay tool.
Neurocircuits underlying cognition-emotion interaction in a social decision making context

Decision making (DM) in the context of others often entails complex cognition-emotion interaction. While the literature suggests that the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), striatum, and amygdala are involved in valuation-based DM and hippocampus in context processing, how these neural mechanisms subserve the integration of cognitive and emotional values in a social context remains unclear. In this study we addressed this gap by systematically manipulating cognition-emotion interaction in a social DM context, when the participants played a card game with a hypothetical opponent in a behavioral study (n=73) and a functional magnetic-resonance-imaging study (n=16). We observed that payoff-based behavioral choices were influenced by emotional values carried by face pictures and identified neurocircuits involved in cognitive valuation, emotional valuation, and concurrent cognition-emotion value integration. Specifically, while the vmPFC, amygdala, and ventral striatum were all involved in both cognitive and emotional domains of valuation, these regions played dissociable roles in social DM. The payoff-dependent responses in vmPFC and amygdala, but not ventral striatum, were moderated by the social context. Furthermore, the vmPFC, but not amygdala, not only encoded the opponent's gains as if self's losses, but also represented a "final common currency" during valuation-based decisions. The extent to which emotional input influenced choices was associated with the functional connectivity between the value-signaling amygdala and value integrating vmPFC, and also with the functional connectivity between the context-setting hippocampus and value-signaling amygdala and ventral striatum. These results identify brain pathways through which emotion shapes subjective values in a social DM context.
Experimental approach to the determination of the demand for public goods

Abstract The paper proposes a new method of estimating the demand for public goods in view of the ‘free rider’ problem. The idea is to establish an experimental setting in which only a random sample of the population is investigated. Alternative experiments are then proposed with the intent of discovering the true individual demand. First a statistical method is proposed to estimate the bias in response. Then, a random environment is created and it is shown under what conditions a successful elicitation of the demand is possible.
Science Librarians Analysis of the 2012 Nobel Prize in Chemistry: The Work of Robert Lefkowitz and Brian Kobilka

The 2012 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to two researchers to honor their work studying a family of receptors in the body now known as G protein-coupled receptors. The research of Robert Lefkowitz and Brian Kobilka not only helped confirm the existence of these important receptors but also shed light on their structure and function. Increased knowledge of how G protein-coupled receptors work allows drug therapies to become more targeted and, thus, more effective.
ACT-R: A higher-level account of processing capacity

We present an account of processing capacity in the ACT-R theory. At the symbolic level, the number of chunks in the current goal provides a measure of relational complexity. At the subsymbolic level, limits on spreading activation, measured by the attentional parameter W, provide a theory of processing capacity, which has been applied to performance, learning and individual differences data.
Analysis of the proteins of calf and cow trabecular meshwork: development of a model system to study aging effects and glaucoma.

The proteins from the trabecular meshwork (TM) of calf and cow eyes were analysed to determine if differences in composition were present and to examine whether this tissue could be used as a framework for the study of glaucoma. Differences in polypeptide composition or amount of protein could be detected with extractions using either acetic acid, neutral buffers and urea, or guanidine hydrocholoride. In general, the results suggest that an aggregation of proteins may be occurring with aging. The acid-soluble fraction of both calf and cow TM resembled older human TM specimens with the most prominent protein around 68 kD. To test the utility of the bovine TM system, a mixed function oxidation system was used to determine how the proteins of the TM would react to oxidative stress. Aggregation of the aggregation seen in the cow TM as well as actin could be demonstrated, consistent with the idea that the aggregation seen in the cow TM might be the result of oxidation of this tissue. The present study lays a foundation for future work on bovine TM and is consistent with the hypothesis that aging changes in this tissue might be a result of oxidative processes.
AEM Investigation of Tetrahedrally Coordinated Ti4+ in Nickel-Titanate Spinel

Stoichiometry and site distribution of metastable nickel-titanate spinel was studied with AEM. Results of EDXS and EELS agree that the metastable spinel is nonstoichiometric and titanium-deficient relative to its hypothetical endmember composition, ``Ni{sub 2}TiO{sub 4}``. The titanium deficiency has been determined by EELS to be {Delta} = 0.025 {plus_minus} 0.005. Channeling-enhanced microanalysis and ELNES studies indicate that the Ti{sup 4+} and Ni{sup 2+} cations are in tetrahedral and octahedral coordination, respectively, so that the metastable spinel has the normal cation distribution: Ti{sub l-{Delta}}[Ni{sub 2(1+{Delta})}]O{sub 4}. This is consistent with neutron powder-diffraction studies and SiO{sub 2}-solubility measurements of similar equilibrated and quenched spinel-containing specimens. Metastable nickel-titanate spinel therefore contrasts with stable stoichiometric spinels which tend to the inverse cation distribution, Me[MeTi]O{sub 4}.
The Active Citizen's Information Media Repertoire: An Exploration of Community News Habits During the Digital Age

Digital technologies have reconfigured how active community members know about local news. Sampling one Midwest community's most engaged citizens—collectively, a “community of practice”—this research formalizes one emerging media-information repertoire around the issue of homelessness. Components of this repertoire include motivations, structuring conditions, norms of usage, and perceived consequences for media-source selection. Commenting, sharing, and other information exchange become “acts of news” for individuals involved in communities of practice. Through shared information-exchange practices, citizens can not only advocate their social causes but also reinvigorate their own affiliations to the community of practice and to the city itself. The use of this media repertoire by these individuals reconstitutes and amplifies their role in the pursuit of fostering a civil society focused on homelessness. The findings illuminate the process of how community activists work as an informal organizational form...
Socialization and Immigrant Students' Learning in Adult Education Programs.

In the field of adult education, the context of immigration as it influences the learning experiences of foreign-born learners has received scant attention. This chapter examines the influence of early formal and informal socialization on the learning behavior of immigrants and second language learners in U.S. adult education.
Chemical, Electrochemical, and Theoretical Investigations of [(Cp)Ru(CO)3]+ and [(Ind)Ru(CO)3]+

The complexes [(Cp)Ru(CO)3]+ and [(Ind)Ru(CO)3]+ were subjected to chemical, electrochemical, and spectroelectrochemical investigations in an attempt to gauge their similarity to [(Cp)Fe(CO)3]+ and [(Ind)Fe(CO)3]+. While the Fe complexes exhibited reversible electrochemical behavior—the indene analogue exhibiting a so-called “inverse indenyl effect”—the Ru complexes exhibited limited electrochemical reversibility, even at −30 °C and higher scan rates. The formation of the hydride complexes [(Cp)Ru(CO)2H] and [(Ind)Ru(CO)2H] was observed via 1H NMR and IR. The X-ray crystal structure of [(Ind)Ru(CO)3]+ is presented here for the first time.
2,7‐Bis(trimethylsilyl)fluorenylmethyl Chloroformate

[136453-62-8] C21H27ClO2Si2 (MW 403.06) InChI = 1S/C21H27ClO2Si2/c1-25(2,3)14-7-9-16-17-10-8-15(26(4,5)6)12-19(17)20(18(16)11-14)13-24-21(22)23/h7-12,20H,13H2,1-6H3 InChIKey = OQYBDUDMTQOYAI-UHFFFAOYSA-N (reagent for the introduction of a more soluble Fmoc protecting group for amines and alcohols) Alternate Name: 2,7-bis(trimethylsilyl)fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl chloride; Bts-Fmoc-Cl. Physical Data: mp 64–66 °C, colorless crystals.1 Solubility: soluble in CH2Cl2, CHCl3, and THF. Analysis of Reagent Purity: 1H NMR, IR, elemental analysis.1 Preparative Methods: the title compound 1 is obtained by the action of phosgene on 2,7-bis(trimethylsilyl)-9-fluorenylmethanol 6. This alcohol can be obtained from 9,9-bis(trimethylsilyl)fluorene 22 which, on treatment with NBS/HBr, is converted to the corresponding 2,7-dibromo compound 3. Silylation with Me3SiCl followed by selective protodesilylation at the 9-position effected by KOH/EtOH, leads to the 2,7-bis(trimethylsilyl)fluorene 5. Reaction of 5 with n-BuLi and formaldehyde then generates the required alcohol (eq 1).1 (1) Purification: recrystallization from Skelly F (saturated hydrocarbon solvent, bp range 30–60 °C).1 Handling, Storage, and Precautions: moisture sensitive; protect from heat. Prolonged storage of the reagent can lead to extrusion of CO2, causing pressure to develop inside the bottle. Converted to the Fmoc function itself upon treatment with trifluoroacetic acid. Probably toxic. Use in a well-ventilated fumehood.
Commentary on "Defining and predicting surgeon utilization at Forward Surgical Teams in Afghanistan".

* Corresponding author. Department of Surg Tel/fax: þ1 612 625 7911. E-mail address: beilm001@umn.edu. 0022-4804/$ e see front matter Published by http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2012.10.030 In a recently published paper in the Journal of Surgical Research, Remick et al. [1] discuss contrasts between two Forward Surgical Teams deployed to Afghanistan during Operation Enduring Freedom during two separate time periods. Forward Surgical Teams are currently the smallest unit available to the US Army to provide resuscitative surgery in the field. These units, and variations, have been pushed farther afield in an effort to provide far-forward resuscitative capacity for our injured service members in the conflict in the Middle East. Unsurprisingly, for two different units deployed in two different areas during two different time periods, the authors noted a different utilization of surgical resources in terms of both life-saving interventions and lifeand limb-sparing surgery (LLSS). However, in both cases, the rates of injury requiring immediate surgical intervention (LLSS) were low: about 2 procedures/mo. Importantly, the authors confirm the durable findings that tachycardia and elevated lactate levels are findings predicting a more seriously injured patient likely to require surgery. They report outstanding survival rates (approximately 95%) for patients cared for in both units. The more important point raised by this work is the determination of appropriate disposition of medical assets for the
Secular trends in small-bowel obstruction and adhesiolysis in the United States: 1988-2007.

Abstract Background Postoperative adhesions are common after surgery and can cause small-bowel obstruction (SBO) and require adhesiolysis. The impact that laparoscopy and other surgical advances have had on rates of SBO and adhesiolysis remains controversial. This study examines trends in discharges from US hospitals for SBO and adhesiolysis from 1988 to 2007. Methods We performed an analysis of secular trends for SBO and adhesiolysis, using the National Hospital Discharge Survey. Spearman correlation coefficients were calculated to assess trends over time. Results Rates of SBO were stable over time (ρ = .140; P = .28). Adhesiolysis rates were stable over time (ρ = −.18; P = .17), although there were significant downward trends in patients older than age 65 (ρ = −.55; P = .01) and age 15 to 44 (ρ = −.84; P Conclusions There has been no significant change in overall rates of SBO or adhesiolysis from 1988 to 2007. For adhesiolysis, there were decreasing trends when stratified by age. Further research is required to understand the factors associated with adhesion-related complications.
Superwide-angle one-way wave propagator and its application in imaging steep salt flanks

One-way wave propagators have been used extensively in forward and inverse problems. The advantages of one-way wave propagators are the fast speed of computation and the large savings in computer resources. However, regular one-way wave propagators have inherent angle limitation to within 90° of the preferred direction (e.g., z -direction). We propose to overcome the limitation by a superwide-angle one-way method, which combines and interpolates two orthogonally propagated one-way wavefields in the 2D case. A weight function determined by the propagation angle is employed to combine the two one-way wavefields. In the current implementation, we use the wavefield gradient to estimate the propagation angle. Numerical experiments show that the proposed method has accurate superwide-angle (>90°) propagation and can model turning waves well. By applying the superwide-angle one-way wave propagator on several synthetic model data sets, we can demonstrate the validity of the method in imaging steep and overhanging...
How to leak a secret from multiple sources

A (t, n) threshold ring signature, introduced by Bresson et al., allows a group of t members to leak a secret anonymously. Threshold ring signature schemes are desirable for ad-hoc groups such as mobile ad-hoc networks. In this paper, we first point out that the construction of threshold ring signature is very inefficient when t is small comparing to n. Next, a generalized (t, n) threshold signature scheme is first proposed in literature through a linear equation system with t equations but n variables. The proposed generalized threshold signature is linkable and convertible. Our generalized construction is unconditionally signer-ambiguous, provable secure in random oracle model and exceptionally efficient.
Scalar waves in the mixmaster universe. I. The Helmholtz equation in a fixed background

Solutions to the scalar wave equation in a fixed mixmaster background are presented. Separability conditions on the Laplace-Beltrami equation are related to the complete sets of invariant operators of the symmetry group S${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$. Solutions to the Helmholtz equation are equivalent to the quantum-mechanical problem of asymmetric rotors. The wave functions in the mixmaster space are the asymmetric-top wave functions. In Euler angle variables, they are expanded in terms of the symmetric-top wave functions (the wave functions in Taub space) possessing definite ($J, K, M$) symmetries, with a coupling in the intrinsic magnetic quantum number $K$; the case with $M=0$ can be expressed as a product of the Lam\'e functions in elliptic coordinates. Invariance of the mixmaster space under the four - group characterizes the wave functions into four symmetry species and causes the factorization of the energy matrix into four submatrices. Eigenvalues and expansion coefficients for the wave functions are calculated for some low-lying levels.
Treatment of postpartum rhesus monkeys with progestogen: Appearance in milk and effects on lactation

Abstract R-2323 (13-ethyl-17α-ethinyl-17-hydroxy-gona-4,9,11-trien-3-one) was administered to four lactating rhesus monkeys ( Macaca mulatta ) by subdermal Silastic® capsules for 3 months beginning 48 hours after parturition. During this experiment the dosage of R-2323 obtained from the implants was approximately 150 μg/24 hr per animal. A control group of four monkeys were implanted with capsules containing magnesium silicate. Blood and milk samples were collected from the mothers of both groups at weekly intervals for 12 weeks. Blood samples were obtained from the infants of both groups at 4, 8, 12 and 16 weeks of age. Serum and milk levels of R-2323, measured by radioimmunoassay, were 0.88 ± 0.30 and 0.83 ± 0.45 ng/ml (mean ± S.E.), respectively, two days after insertion of the implants. The serum and milk levels then declined to 0.65 ± 0.19 and 0.28 ± 0.12 ng/ml, respectively, at the 13th week postpartum. R-2323 was barely detectable in the infants' serum. R-2323 treatment, in this dose and mode, had no effect on milk yield, proteins, fats and lactose or on the infants' growth. The drug did not raise serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) and glutamic oxalacetic transaminase (GOT) concentrations of mothers, nor was there any effect on serum sodium and potassium concentrations of the mothers and infants.
Vitamin E and age-related cataract in a randomized trial of women.

Objective To investigate whether vitamin E supplementation decreases the risk of age-related cataract in women. Design Randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled trial. Participants Thirty-nine thousand eight hundred seventy-six apparently healthy female health professionals aged 45 years or older. Intervention Participants were assigned randomly to receive either 600 IU natural-source vitamin E on alternate days or placebo and were followed up for presence of cataract for an average of 9.7 years. Main Outcome Measure Age-related cataract defined as an incident, age-related lens opacity, responsible for a reduction in best-corrected visual acuity to 20/30 or worse, based on self-report and confirmed by medical record review. Results There was no significant difference between the vitamin E and placebo groups in the incidence of cataract (1159 vs. 1217 cases; relative risk [RR], 0.96; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.88–1.04). In subgroup analyses of subtypes, there were no significant effects of vitamin E on the incidence of nuclear (1056 vs. 1127 cases; RR, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.87–1.02), cortical (426 vs. 461 cases; RR, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.81–1.06), or posterior subcapsular cataract (357 vs. 359 cases; RR, 1.00; 95% CI, 0.86–1.16). Results were similar for extraction of cataract and subtypes. There was no modification of the lack of effect of vitamin E on cataract by baseline categories of age, cigarette smoking, multivitamin use, or several other possible risk factors for cataract. Conclusions These data from a large trial of apparently healthy female health professionals with 9.7 years of treatment and follow-up indicate that 600 IU natural-source vitamin E taken every other day provides no benefit for age-related cataract or subtypes.
The CRTC and Canadian content regulation

(1973). The CRTC and Canadian content regulation. Journal of Broadcasting: Vol. 17, No. 4, pp. 465-474.
Thermal Dependence of Air Convection Requirement and Blood Gases in the Snake Coluber constrictor

In this report I discuss ventilatory and circulatory adjustments that prov for increased O2transport associated with increased body temperature in the snake Coluber constrictor . Also included is the effect of temperature upon acid-base status. Minute ventilation increases with rising body temperature but does not keep pace with the increment in resting O2 consumption. The decrease in air convection requirement ( i.e. , ventilation ÷ oxygen consumption) causes lung pO2 and arterial oxygen contentto fall and lung pCO2 to rise. With the rise in lung pCO2, systemic arterial pCO2 and H+; concentration increase while plasma bicarbonate concentration does not change. The effect of temperature upon air convection requirement, arterial pCO2, and pH are most pronounced at body temperatures above about 27°C where Coluber behaves approximately as an alphastat pH regulator. Despite the inverse relationship between temperature and lung pO2, systemic arterial pO2 is about 80 torr lower at 15°C than at 35°C. This decline in arterial pO2 as temperature falls is explained by left shifting the oxygen dissociation curve in the presence of aconstant right-to-left intracardiac shunt.
The use of splines to calculate jerk for a lifting task involving chronic lower back pain patients

Motion differences in a repetitive lifting task have been described previously using differences in the timing of body angle changes during the lift. These timing changes relied on small differences of motion and are difficult to measure. The purpose of this study was to evaluate shoulder jerk (rate of change of acceleration) in a repetitive lifting task as an alternative parameter to detect differences of motion between controls and chronic lower back pain (CLBP) patients and to measure the impact of a rehabilitation program on jerk. The jerk calculation was a noisy measure, since jerk is the third derivative of position; consequently a simulation was performed to evaluate smoothing methods. Woltring's generalized cross-validation spline produced the best estimates of the third derivative and was fit to subject data. The root mean square (rms) amplitude of jerk was used for comparison. Significant group differences were found. CLBP patients performed lifts with lower jerk values than controls and, as the task progressed, both groups increased jerk. After completion of a rehabilitation program, CLBP patients performed lifts with greater rms jerk. In general, patients performed lifts with lower jerk values than controls, suggesting that pain impacts lifting style.
Response to Open Peer Commentaries on "The Ethics of Advertising for Health Care Services"

We appreciate the breadth of thoughtful comments on our article, “The Ethics of Advertising for Health Care Services” (Schenker, Arnold, and London 2014). Most commentators agreed with our assertio...
Skill Gap: Quantifying Violent Content in Video Game Play Between Variably Skilled Users

This study investigated the effect of individuals’ self-reported skill levels on generated violent content. After playing a violent video game, participants (N = 68) completed a questionnaire determining skill level with measures modified from previous game studies. The resulting 4,023 instances of violence were analyzed using techniques adapted from prior video game content analyses and the National Television Violence Study. Findings indicated a significant difference in the amount and context of violent acts between higher skilled and lower skilled players. Those who reported being higher skilled generated more instances of violence, were more often the perpetrators rather than the targets of violence, experienced greater consequences (graphicness) of violence, and experienced more on-screen and up-close violence.
A novel endocytic pathway induced by clustering endothelial ICAM-1 or PECAM-1

Antibody conjugates directed against intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM-1) or platelet-endothelial cell adhesion molecule (PECAM-1) have formed the basis for drug delivery vehicles that are specifically recognized and internalized by endothelial cells. There is increasing evidence that ICAM-1 and PECAM-1 may also play a role in cell scavenger functions and pathogen entry. To define the mechanisms that regulate ICAM-1 and PECAM-1 internalization, we examined the uptake of anti-PECAM-1 and anti-ICAM-1 conjugates by endothelial cells. We found that the conjugates must be multimeric, because monomeric anti-ICAM-1 and anti-PECAM-1 are not internalized. Newly internalized anti-ICAM-1 and anti-PECAM-1 conjugates did not colocalize with either clathrin or caveolin, and immunoconjugate internalization was not reduced by inhibitors of clathrin-mediated or caveolar endocytosis, suggesting that this is a novel endocytic pathway. Amiloride and protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitors, agents known to inhibit macropinocytosis, reduced the internalization of clustered ICAM-1 and PECAM-1. However, expression of dominant-negative dynamin-2 constructs inhibited uptake of clustered ICAM-1. Binding of anti-ICAM-1 conjugates stimulated the formation of actin stress fibers by human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). Latrunculin, radicicol and Y27632 also inhibited internalization of clustered ICAM-1, suggesting that actin rearrangements requiring Src kinase and Rho kinase (ROCK) were required for internalization. Interestingly, these kinases are part of the signal transduction pathways that are activated when circulating leukocytes engage endothelial cell adhesion molecules, suggesting the possibility that CAM-mediated endocytosis is regulated using comparable signaling pathways.
Gray-tailed voles do not move to avoid exposure to the insecticide Guthion® 2S

We used the gray-tailed vole, Microtus canicaudus, as an experimental model species to test an assumption of the quotient method that nontarget wildlife do not move out of a contaminated area to avoid exposure to potentially harmful agricultural chemicals. In May 1997, we placed voles into 12 0.2-ha enclosures planted with a mixture of pasture grasses. In late July, we applied 1.5 kg/ha of the insecticide Guthion® 2S (azinphos-methyl), in three treatments; full spray (all of the habitat sprayed with Guthion 2S), half spray (one half of the habitat sprayed with Guthion 2S and one half sprayed with water), and a control (all of the habitat sprayed with water). Five replicates were used for the half spray and control, and two replicates were used for the full spray. We radio-tracked 44 female and three male voles before and after the spray treatment. None of the 47 animals moved out of their established home ranges after treatment and no animals moved from the contaminated to uncontaminated areas. Additionally, no biologically meaningful differences occurred in home range size, mean maximum distance moved, or average distance between two successive radio locations. Reproducing adult voles were relatively sedentary and did not leave their established home ranges in response to insecticide exposure. These results suggest that small mammals are not likely to reduce exposure by moving from the contaminated area, which supports the assumption of the quotient method that exposure of small mammals is a function of the spray application. However, behavioral responses such as avoidance of contamination may be specific to the chemical, species, and habitat.
3D multiple-source Werner deconvolution for magnetic data

Werner deconvolution has been widely used for at least 30 years for rapid interpretation of magnetic data. Since 1993, a multiple-source generalization of the method has been known, and at least two implementations of the algorithm are in use. Recently, Werner deconvolution has been extended to three dimensions through the use of generalized Hilbert transforms. In this paper, a multiple-source extension of the 3D Werner algorithm is developed which also generalizes the 2D multiple-source algorithm. The implementation of this algorithm is tested on both 3D multiple-source synthetic data, for which good agreement with the model is obtained, and on complex data from the Albuquerque basin, which yields results corresponding well with other interpretations and with known geology.