cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
FUNDAMENTAL ECONOMIC STRUCTURE AND STRUCTURAL CHANGE IN REGIONAL ECONOMIES: A METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH

 Abstract: Regional economic structure is defined as the composition and patterns of various components of the regional economy such as: produc- tion, employment, consumption, trade, and gross regional product. Structur- al change is conceptualized as the change in relative importance of the aggregate indicators of the economy. The process of regional development and structural change are intertwined, implying as economic development takes place the strength and direction of intersectoral relationships change leading to shifts in the importance, direction and interaction of economic sectors such as: primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary and quinary sec- tors. The fundamental economic structure (FES) concept implies that selected characteristics of an economy will vary predictably with region size. The identification of FES leads to an improved understanding of the space-time evolution of regional economic activities at different geograph- ical scales. The FES based economic activities are predictable, stable and important. This paper reviews selected themes in manifesting an improved understanding of the relationship among intersectoral transactions and economic size leading to the identification of FES. The following four ques- tions are addressed in this paper: (1) What are the relationships among sector composition and structural change in the process of economic devel- opment? (2) What are the approaches utilized to study structural change analysis? (3) Can a methodology be developed to identify FES for regional economies? (4) Would the identification of FES manifest an improved con- ception of the taxonomy of economies?
MIMO linear precoders with reduced complexity

In this paper, the problem of designing a linear precoder for Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) systems employing Low-Density Parity-Check (LDPC) codes is addressed under the constraint of independent receiving virtual antenna output groups, thus reducing the relevant transmitter and receiver complexities. Our approach constitutes an interesting generalization of Bit-Interleaved Coded Multiple Beamforming (BICMB) which has shown many benefits in MIMO systems. After examining the properties associated with independent output grouping, we proceed to propose an alternative, practical technique, called Per-Group Precoding (PGP), which groups together multiple input symbol streams and corresponding receiving branches in the “virtual” channel domain (after singular value decomposition of the original MIMO channel), and thus results in independent transmitting/receiving streams between groups. We show with numerical results that PGP offers almost optimal performance, albeit with significant reduction both in the precoder optimization and LDPC EXIT chart based decoding complexities.
Multispin errors in the optical control of a spin quantum lattice

We study a spin lattice realized with an array of charged quantum dots and embedded in a cavity. Optically excited polaritons, i.e., exciton-cavity-mixed states, interact with the electron spins in the dots. Linearly polarized excitation induces two-spin and multispin interactions. We discuss how the multispin interaction terms, which represent a source of error for two-qubit quantum gates, can be suppressed using local control of the exciton energy. The exciton spontaneous emission and the photon leakage out of the cavity are taken into account. We show that using detuning conditional phase-shift gates with high fidelity can be obtained. The cavity provides long-range spin coupling and the resulting gate operation time is shorter than the spin decoherence time.
Histochemical Localization of Phosphatases in Mycoplasma gallisepticum

Histochemical studies of adenosine triphosphatase and acid phosphatase activity were performed on Mycoplasma gallisepticum. The adenosine triphosphatase activity appears to be localized in the bleb and infrableb regions exclusively and is associated with the cell membrane; acid phosphatase activity is localized in the infrableb region and does not appear to be membrane-associated. These findings are consistent with data from biochemical studies of Mycoplasma cell fractions but, unlike them, reveal that adenosine triphosphatase activity is restricted to a particular part of the cell membrane.
In-situ ellipsometric measurements of thin film aluminum oxidation

In situ spectroscopic ellipsometry is a useful tool for characterizing the kinetics of aluminum oxide growth. Thin aluminum films were deposited on thermally oxidized silicon wafers and dosed with oxygen. Real-time in situ ellipsometry was used to monitor both natural and UV oxidation processes using different oxygen pressures. The raw data was subsequently fit to an optical multi-layer model. The ellipsometric data was sensitive to changes in the oxide layer thickness of much less than a monolayer. With the time scale of our data acquisition two different growth regimes were seen in the fitted data in agreement with the Mott-Cabrera model of oxidation. The growth rate became larger with the assistance of light from the UV lamp.
Phase diagram and equation of state of praseodymium at high pressures and temperatures

The phase diagram for praseodymium (Pr) has been determined for pressures between 5 and 60 GPa and temperatures between 295 and 830 K using both in situ energy- and angle-dispersive x-ray diffraction with externally heated diamond-anvil cells. Mineral oil and argon were alternatively used as pressure media in order to compare conflicting results in the literature and to ensure the validity of mineral oil as an inert medium. Evidence for the presence of an, as yet, unidentified phase (denoted Pr-VI) above 675 K has been observed, whereas no compelling evidence has been observed for the existence of the recently reported monoclinic phase (Pr-V). The new constraints of the phase diagram, therefore, suggest that the phase transitions occur as Pr-I(dhcp)\ensuremath{\rightarrow}Pr-II(fcc)\ensuremath{\rightarrow}Pr-V$\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{I}}$Pr-IV(\ensuremath{\alpha}-U) above approximately 700 K. Additionally, there is a Pr-III(distorted fcc), Pr-VI, and Pr-IV triple point at approximately 675 K and 23.8 GPa. Temperature-dependent equations of state have been determined, allowing the temperature-dependent volume collapse at the transition between Pr-III and Pr-IV to be calculated. We report a linear decrease of the volume collapse along the Pr-III to Pr-IV boundary with temperature, $\ensuremath{\Delta}V/V$ $(%)=16.235\ensuremath{-}0.0156[T(\mathrm{K})];$ the extrapolation indicates that the volume collapse should vanish well below the melting point. With the temperature-dependent equation of state data and new phase diagram we demonstrate that the volume collapse can be accounted for by a change in the multiplicity of Pr atoms as the f electrons go from localized to itinerant.
The Flare in Serum Alkaline Phosphatase Activity After Orchiectomy: A Valuable Negative Prognostic Index for Progression-Free Survival in Prostatic Carcinoma

AbstractPurpose: We determined whether an early flare in serum alkaline phosphatase activity after orchiectomy was of prognostic value for progression-free survival in patients with advanced prostatic carcinoma.Materials and Methods: A retrospective analysis of a data base from a Dutch multicenter study on prostatic carcinoma was done to determine the prognostic value of a flare in alkaline phosphatase activity after orchiectomy in 112 patients with metastatic (75 percent) or locally advanced (25 percent) disease. Cox's proportional hazards models and Kaplan-Meier survival curves were used.Results: Of the patients 50 percent had initially increased alkaline phosphatase levels and a flare in activity was demonstrated in 87 percent 2 to 4 weeks after orchiectomy. The prostate specific antigen nadir (cutoff 4 ng./ml.) 6 months after orchiectomy was of significant prognostic value for progression-free survival. A flare in alkaline phosphatase activity after orchiectomy demonstrated an early significant progno...
Optimal combined detection and estimation

We offer a novel framework for composite hypothesis testing problems for deciding among multiple hypotheses, where each hypothesis involves some unknown parameters that obtaining their estimates is also of interest. This frameworks, unlike the precedent literature, jointly solves the detection and estimation tasks in composite hypothesis testing. Moreover, it has the flexibility that one can strike any desired balance between the detection and estimation qualities. By exploiting this flexibility, depending on the application in hand this framework offers the freedom to put the appropriate emphasis on each of the detection and estimation performances. In this framework we define an estimation cost, which is a function of a parameter and its estimate, and minimize this cost subject to assuring a tolerable level of type-I and type-II detection errors. The results are provided for a binary hypothesis setup and can be easily extended to the general case of any arbitrary number of hypotheses.
Stories Lived and Stories Told: The Narrative Structure of Late Adolescent Moral Development

The ongoing debate about how to describe and explain late adolescent moral development is highlighted most clearly in the contrast between the work of Kohlberg and Perry. This paper addresses this deb
Grand canonical Brownian dynamics simulation of colloidal adsorption

A dynamic simulation of colloidal adsorption has been developed to probe the effects of colloidal interactions on the kinetics and extent of adsorption. The simulation accounts for diffusion by Brownian dynamics to a homogeneous planar adsorption surface from a region of constant chemical potential. A grand canonical Monte Carlo routine is used periodically to re-equilibrate this region. Particle motion in the plane of the surface is subject to either unrestricted diffusion or zero diffusion. Deryaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek pair potentials are used to characterize both particle–particle and particle–surface interactions. The pair potential parameters were chosen to mimic (separately) polystyrene latex microspheres and small globular proteins, two classes of charged colloidal particles for which experimental adsorption data exist. The simulation qualitatively captures the variation in adsorptive capacity with ionic strength distinct to each system: fractional coverage increases for polystyrene latex adsor...
Polycaprolactone coated porous tricalcium phosphate scaffolds for controlled release of protein for tissue engineering

Polycaprolactone (PCL) was coated on porous tricalcium phosphate (TCP) scaffolds to achieve controlled protein delivery. Porous TCP scaffolds were fabricated using reticulated polyurethane foam as sacrificial scaffold with a porosity of 70-90 vol %. PCL was coated on sintered porous TCP scaffolds by dipping-drying process. The compressive strength of TCP scaffolds increased significantly after PCL coating. The highest strength of 2.41 MPa at a porosity of 70% was obtained for the TCP scaffold coated with 5% PCL solution. Model protein bovine serum albumin (BSA) was encapsulated efficiently within the PCL coating. The amount of BSA encapsulation was controlled by varying proteins' composition in the PCL coating. The FTIR analysis confirmed that BSA retained its structural conformation and did not show significant denaturization during PCL coating. The release kinetics in phosphate buffer solution indicated that the protein release was controlled and sustained, and primarily dependant on protein concentration encapsulated in the PCL coating.
Mechanical behavior of Ti-6Al-4V at high and moderate temperatures-Part II: constitutive modeling

Abstract A physically-based model for the deformation of Ti–6%–Al-4%V is proposed. The various deformation mechanisms active in this material over the whole range of temperatures of industrial interest are discussed, and a strategy by which the relevant strengthening effects are captured in the model is proposed. The flow stress contains a thermal and an athermal component. The thermally activated processes are modeled based on the Kocks–Mecking formalism, while the athermal processes are simulated using an internal state variable. The deformation of the α-and β-phases is captured separately. The model is calibrated based on experimental results obtained from tests performed in the temperature range (77–1400 K) and at strain rates between 10 −3 and 10 s −1 . The model predictions are extrapolated to strain rates as high as 2000 s −1 . The experimental findings are presented in the companion paper.
Presumed Behavior: Modification of the Ideal‐Real Dichotomy

Anthropologists have long been aware of the difference between the ideal pattern in society (what people think should or should not be done) and real behavior (what actually is done). This article calls attention to the importance of a third element, presumed behavior, or what people think is being done in the society. Since people tend to act on the basis of what they think others are doing (which may not coincide at all with what people are actually doing, or with the ideal pattern) knowledge of the presumed behavior is highly significant in understanding and predicting social behavior.
Application of high resolution-ICP-MS (sector field-ICP-MS) to the fast and sensitive quality control of process chemicals in semiconductor manufacturing

For fast routine analysis of process chemicals used in semiconductor technology such as tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH), ammonium fluoride/hydrofluoric acid mixtures, phosphoric, sulphuric or peroxodisulphuric acid (PDSA) low blanks are the paramount requirement for reliable sector field ICP-MS ultratrace analysis. When solutions containing a high amount of dissolved solids e.g. seawater samples have been analysed before, a thorough cleaning procedure and an adapted element menu is essential to lower the instrument blanks where possible or to achieve sufficient limits of detection (LoD) even at high blank levels. Due to its improved transmission and its ability to resolve spectral interferences inductively coupled plasma-sector field mass spectrometry is capable of detecting 1 ng/g of all metal impurities even K, Ca, and Fe in every matrix used for semiconductor production. LoDs range from < 1 to 30 pg/mL in diluted chemicals corresponding to 5 to 800 pg/mL in the original. This work describes the experiences with instrument cleaning and maintenance, sample preparation and introduction. The interface region between torch and lenses was seen to be the main source of blanks for elements such as Na. All sample manipulation has to be carried out under clean room conditions. The use of an inert sample introduction system (ISIS), platinum cones and at least medium resolution for elements between 24 and 80 amu creates a very robust method. High efficiency sample introduction systems such as USN and MCN have been studied alternatively.
An invariant manifold approach to nonlinear normal modes of oscillation

A method for determining the amplitude-dependent mode shapes and the corresponding modal dynamics of weakly nonlinear vibratory systems is described. The method is a combination of a Galerkin projection and invariant manifold techniques and is applied to a class of distributed parameter vibratory systems. In this paper the general theory for a class of conservative systems is outlined and applied to determine the nonlinear mode shapes and modal dynamics of a linear Euler-Bernoulli team attached to a nonlinear elastic foundation.
Human estrogen receptor beta-specific monoclonal antibodies: Characterization and use in studies of estrogen receptor beta protein expression in reproductive tissues

Investigation of the role of the second, more recently described estrogen receptor, denoted ERbeta, will be critical in understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying tissue-specific gene regulation by estrogens. Expression of ERbeta in a variety of tissues has been examined predominantly at the mRNA level, and there is little information regarding the cellular localization and size of the endogenous ERbeta protein, due, in part, to the limited availability of human ERbeta-specific antibodies. Thus, our aim was to generate specific antibodies to human ERbeta and use them to determine the tissue-specific distribution and size(s) of the ERbeta protein. To this end, we have cloned three different hybridoma cell lines that produce monoclonal antibodies specific for the hormone-binding domain of human ERbeta. The antibodies, made in mice against human ERbeta amino acids 256-505 (hormone binding domain lacking the F domain), are designated CFK-E12 (E12), CMK-A9 (A9) and CWK-F12 (F12) and were determined to be the IgG gamma1 isotype for E12, and IgG gamma2b for A9 and F12. All three monoclonal antibodies could be used to detect in vitro translated, baculovirus expressed, and cell transfected and expressed ERbeta protein by Western blot analyses, and all failed to detect ERalpha. A9 and F12 were able to immunoprecipitate efficiently the native form of ERbeta protein in the presence and absence of estradiol. Epitope mapping studies indicate that the E12 and F12 antibodies recognize overlapping peptide sequences in the N-terminal region of the hormone-binding domain, a region that is highly conserved among species. Immunocytochemical studies with these antibodies reveal nuclear-specific localization of the ERbeta protein in granulosa cells of the rat ovary. Nuclear ERbeta is also specifically localized in epithelial and some stromal cells of mouse and rat epididymis. Western blot analysis with protein extracts from ovarian granulosa cells of human, rat, mouse, and pig showed a ca. 52 kDa and an additional ca. 62-64 kDa band in these species. These results indicate the presence of two predominant molecular size forms of the ERbeta protein in ovarian granulosa cells and demonstrate the utility of these antibodies for detection of ERbeta in the human and in several other mammalian species.
Asymptotic structure of laminar diffusion flames at high pressure

We analyze the structure of laminar diffusion flames at high pressure in the limit of large activation energy for the particular configuration of a steady flame in counterflow. We consider a dense fluid in which normal Fickian diffusion of the fuel is limited, and thermal diffusion, i.e., the Soret effect, is the dominant mechanism for fuel mass transport. Temperature and species profiles, as well as flame temperature and location, are determined as a function of Damkohler number and Soret diffusion coefficient. In particular, we find that oxidant is entirely consumed by the flame, while some fuel leaks through. For light fuels, the fuel profile is found to have a local peak on the oxidant side as a result of thermal diffusion. Our analysis includes a description of extinction phenomena, including explicit criteria in terms of the Soret diffusion coefficient, ratio of temperature of the two streams, and the Damkohler number at extinction.
The Meaning of Party Images

PARTY Identification is a concept which political scientists have studied in great detail over the past several decades. But one aspect of party identification which has not received much attention has been the meaning of party images to people. When individuals think of the Democratic or Republican parties, what images come into their minds? How do these images form? And what relationship, if any, do these images have with the issue positions which people have? Two previous studies looked briefly at this issue. Trilling (1976), in his book, Party Image and Electoral Behavior, traces the meaning of party from 1952 to 1972. He classifies people as to whether or not they see parties in terms of people in the party, as managers of government, broad philosophy, or domestic or foreign policy positions. He found that there was only a limited effect of "short term political issues" on the images that people held. This, he argues, reflects "the failure of political parties to polarize the electorate around these issues" (p. 88). Thus, issues such as race or Vietnam may have short-term impact on the images of parties, but they have not penetrated more deeply. (Chapter 4 of the book discusses the meaning of party images.) Similarly, Wattenberg (1986), in The Decline of American Political Parties, 1952-1984, discusses changes in the images of the parties between the 1950s and the 1980s. His conclusion is that the major change has been a decline in any kind of image for either party. He writes: "In sum, neither party now has a very firmly entrenched positive or negative public image on such issues [as economic/welfare policy] compared to two decades ago" (p. 69). Craig (1985, 1987), however, has challenged these conclusions. He argues that the decline of party is better attributed to a negative view of the two parties rather than the growing neutrality cited by Wattenberg. The purpose of this paper is to take this discussion further. The content of people's opinions about politics is an important, but overlooked area of study. As shown below, the images that people have of the parties affects the ability of the parties to structure political conflict. A change or decline in such images has, therefore, strong implications for the way we interpret the trends in partisanship. And the evidence offered below supports Wattenberg's interpretation of party decline. In order to understand fully the decline of partisanship and what it implies, we need to
Feedlots of the Sea: Movement Frames and Activist Claims in the Protest over Salmon Farming in the Pacific Northwest

In the face of declining oceanic fisheries throughout the world, industrial aquaculture and corporate fish farming have become the fastest growing sector of the global food industry, accounting for nearly half of all the fish and shellfish consumed by humans today. Despite its contribution to food production, however, the rapid growth of aquaculture has launched an anti-fish farming movement composed of scientists, environmental NGOs, fishers, native peoples, and coastal residents who oppose the industry's negative socio-environmental effects on marine habitats, indigenous fish stocks and cultures, as well as commercial and recreational fisheries. This article examines the growing environmental controversy over the collapse of wild salmon populations and the rise of salmon farming production in the Pacific Northwest, as well as the negative impacts of the aquaculture industry on the region. Drawing on movement literature and documents, as well as interviews with local stakeholder activists in Washington S...
Thermal behavior of elastomers at high rates of tensile straining

The results of high strain-rate tensile straining of a variety of elastomers at a number of temperatures are reported. Temperature increases, ΔT, occurring within the sample were measured during the deformation; i.e., the technique of adiabatic stretching was applied. The use of well characterized rubbers of different tendencies to crystallize upon elongation gave information on the changes in molecular packing, of the contribution from entanglements to the effective crosslink density, and of the effect of chemical and structural factors on mechanical behavior during rapid extension. An analysis of the effect of frictional heating, of deformational energy conversion, and of the anticipated enthalpy of crystallization was performed. The experimentally obtained temperature increases, the magnitude of the above three main factors which contribute to ΔT, and the amount of strain-induced crystallization found are in agreement with theoretical considerations.
Naturalness and arbitrariness

Rejetant la critique de la theorie des proprietes naturelles de D. Lewis developpee par P. Forrest et D. M. Armstrong, l'A. presente et defend sa propre version du nominalisme primitiviste des classes attribue a Lewis (PCN). L'A. montre qu'un autre argument de l'arbitraire remet en cause la solution que Lewis apporte au probleme du contenu de la pensee souleve par Kripke et Wittgenstein
Labeling of bovine rod outer segment surface proteins with 125I.

Abstract Osmotically intact purified bovine rod outer segments (ROS) were labeled with 125 I by lactoperoxidase-catalyzed iodination. Molecular weights of Coomassie-stained and 125 I-labeled polypeptides were estimated by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and autoradiography. Only four 125 I-labeled proteins were consistently detected, although 13 Coomassie-stained bands were resolved. Rhodopsin was labeled, in addition to proteins having average apparent molecular weights of 226 000 (226 K), 110 000 (110 K) and 66 000 (66 K). The high molecular weight labeled proteins (226 K and 110 K) did not comigrate with Coomassie-stained bands. The 226 K band was much more heavily labeled than the 110 K and 66 K proteins or rhodopsin. Mild trypsin digestion of intact labeled ROS resulted in degradation of the 226 K labeled band, but did not alter the electrophoretic mobility of any of the other labeled bands, or of the Coomassie-stained bands. None of the labeled proteins were extracted from pelletable ROS membranes by 10 m m Tris-Cl, 0·5 m -KCl, 8 m urea or digitonin at 0·5 mg/mg of ROS protein. Sucrose density gradient analysis showed that the labeled proteins were not associated with gradient fractions other than those containing ROS. These results suggest that the 226 K and 110 K proteins are components of the ROS plasma membrane, and support previous reports that rhodopsin is a component of this membrane.
Comparative study of erythema response to UVA radiation in guinea pigs and humans.

— Cutaneous erythema resulting from UVB radiation has been extensively studied in both humans and experimental animals; however, although there have been several investigations defining UVA erythema in humans, there have been no comprehensive reports using an animal model. Accordingly, studies were designed to assess UVA erythema in terms of time of onset; time of maximum reaction; and fluence-response relationships in albino guinea pigs and to compare these with similar studies in humans. Two high intensity Hg vapor lamps containing iron and gallium halides were used as UVA light sources. Both have sufficient fiuence rates (190 to 260 W m−2) so as to allow convenient exposure times for delivery of UVA erythemogenic fluences. UVA fluences of 20 times 104, 40 times 104 and 60 times 104 J m−2 were administered to 58 humans and 51 Hartley-strain albino guinea pigs. Data obtained in humans indicate that UVA erythema develops immediately after irradiance with a maximum erythema peak occurring in 6 to 12 h and markedly diminishing by 24 h. The minimal fiuence required to elicit erythema responses in Type I and Type II individuals was found to be approximately 40 times 104 J m−2 of UVA when observed at 6 h, a fiuence about 1000 times greater than that used to elicit UVB erythema. Studies in 51 guinea pigs demonstrated erythema immediately after irradiance, with a peak between 8 to 12 h, and a marked decrease in 48 h. The fiuence of UVA required to elicit erythema was similar to that required in humans. The two different light sources provided comparable data per unit exposure and were essentially similar to a Xe lamp. These data from both humans and guinea pigs strongly support the concept that UVA erythema can be assayed in guinea pigs and correlated with humans.
Cysts of the pericardium.

Abstract Cystic conditions affecting the pericadium have been discussed in general. The literature has been carefully reviewed, and the differential points and diagnostic procedures to be evaluated in a case presenting a lesion of this type are illustrated in a reported case. Possible modes of genesis have been summarized.
The effect of instructions on potential slide-out failures during portable extension ladder angular positioning.

Accidents involving portable ladders are a common cause of serious occupational and non-occupational injuries throughout the industrialized world. Many of these injuries could be prevented with better instruction on the proper usage of portable ladders. Research is reported that focused on both the human factors and engineering aspects of portable extension ladder usage based on common ladder setup procedures. Results of the human factors experiment revealed evidence of unsafe acts that could lead to catastrophic ladder slide-out accidents in real-life situations. Six different ladder setup methods were evaluated for safety and stability based on placement angles: the basic, 75 degree, stand-reach, L sticker, 4:1, and bubble level methods. Ideally, ladder users would set the ladder up at 75.5 degrees to achieve the consensus industry standard safest angle. Setup methods varied in complexity and nature of instruction. The level method produced the most accurate and the least variable results. The engineering analysis determined the coefficient of friction of a variety of clean and contaminated surfaces commonly used with ladders. This analysis determined the total number of slide-out failures that would likely have occurred in the data obtained in each of the ladder setup methods tested in the human factors experiment. Based on test participants' setup angles, the average calculated ladder slide-out failure rate was 8.7 percent for ladders positioned on a surface with the lowest measured coefficient of friction. When broken down by ladder setup method, the 4:1 method had a failure rate of 18.8 percent, the 75 degree method had a failure rate of 15.2 percent, and the basic method had a failure rate of 9.8 percent. The stand-reach and L sticker methods had identical failure rates at 3.3 percent and the level method was best at 1.1 percent. The level method provided the lowest error, least variability, and setup closest to the target angle of 75.5 degrees. Analysis of the overall results revealed the need for additional user training and clearer instructions affixed to ladders. This research is unique in that it combines an analysis and comparison of human factors and engineering in the same study. Language: en
First Experimentally Determined Thermodynamic Values of Francium: Hydration Energy, Energy of Partitioning, and Thermodynamic Radius

The Gibbs energy of partitioning of Fr+ ion between water and nitrobenzene has been determined to be 14.5 ± 0.6 kJ/mol at 25 °C, the first ever Gibbs energy of partitioning for francium in particular and the first ever solution thermodynamic quantity for francium in general. This value enabled the ionic radius and standard Gibbs energy of hydration for Fr+ to be estimated as 173 pm and −251 kJ/mol, respectively, the former value being significantly smaller than previously thought. A new experimental method was established using a cesium dicarbollide as a cation-exchange agent, overcoming problems inherent to the trace-level concentrations of francium. The methodology opens the door to the study of the partitioning behavior of francium to other water-immiscible solvents and the determination of complexation constants for francium binding by receptor molecules.
Fluorimetric determination of Samarium

A fluorimetric method for parts per billion concentrations of Samarium in the presence of other rare earth ions has been developed. The method utilizes a charge transfer complex between 1,1,1,5,5,5-hexafluoro-2,4-pentanedione and samarium in absolute ethanol. This complex shows a fluorescence emission maximum characteristic of the Samarium, which accounts for the selectivity of the method.
Newer nanoparticles in hyperthermia treatment and thermometry

Heating tumors by nanoparticles and resistance in hypoxic tumor cells to a high temperature is emerging as an effective tool in therapeutic oncology as nanomedicine tool. The art of imaging temperature in a tumor at various locations is emerging as the selective approach of hyperthermia to monitor temperature and treat the tumor. However, thermometry and tumor cell interaction with nanoparticles may monitor and evaluate the tumor cell survival after exposure to high physiological temperatures. The application of 10–100 nanometer sized nanoparticles in tumor hyperthermia has emerged as an effective monitoring tool as magnetic resonance (MR) thermal mapping. The temperature and nanoparticle magnetic moment relationship is specific. Furthermore, there are two main issues that are unsolved as of yet. First issue is the relationship of tumor energy changes due to tumor magnetization; linear attenuation after magnetic field and X-ray exposure with tissue temperature increase. The second issue is the undefined behavior of the nanoparticle inside the tumor as diamagnetic or paramagnetic can be therapeutic and it depends on the tumor tissue temperature. In vivo imaging such as MR thermometry mapping of different hypoxic tumor locations solves these issues to some extent. The art of the nanoparticle-induced hyperthermia does have a great impact on public health as alternative therapeutic oncology.
power and knowledge: discourse and ideological transformation among the Shuar

Language is constitutive of social reality through the constant articulation and reinforcement of significant linguistic concepts, which give meaning to social relations. Among the Shuar of southeastern Ecuador, discourses on power and knowledge validate the traditional ideological structure and create a new ideological structure through the mobilization of meaning in political speech that legitimates relations of domination. Ideological transformation is assisted by a cultural predisposition to seek non-Shuar sources of technical and symbolic knowledge in the acquisition of power.
c-AMP and the cell cycle: Inhibition of growth stimulation☆

Abstract This paper attempts to elucidate the role of fluctuating intracellular cyclic AMP levels in the cell cycle. Insulin- and serum-induced growth stimulation is inhibited by low doses of c-AMP administered together with the stimulator. The degree of inhibition is dependent upon the concentration of this nucleotide and can be detected first as inhibition of DNA synthesis. Controls with other cyclic nucleotides, butyric acid, and 5′-AMP confirm the unique role of c-AMP. Although dbc-AMP blocks protease-induced stimulation of growth, it has no effect on the surface alterations induced by proteases, indicating that alterations in intracellular levels of this cyclic nucleotide may be a consequence of the surface alteration and may be instrumental in governing the cell cycle. A tentative working model is presented, which considers how c-AMP levels may fluctuate and influence the cell cycle.
The preparation and characterization of potassiumtriisobutyldialuminum and tripotassiumdecaisobutylpentaaluminum

Abstract The reaction between Al2iBu4 and K results in the formation of KiBu and KAl2iBu3. The latter reacts with additional K to produce K3Al5iBu10. The oxidation states of aluminum, associated with these reduced aluminum compounds, have been determined by oxidative hydrolyses. Spectroscopic characterization included infrared and NMR data; 1H,13C,27Al, and 39K.
Do older women use estrogen replacement? Data from the Duke Established Populations for Epidemiologic Studies of the Elderly (EPESE)

OBJECTIVES: The primary purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of current and past estrogen use among older, community-dwelling, postmenopausal women. The secondary purpose was to describe factors associated with estrogen use in this population. DESIGN: A survey. SETTING: The Piedmont region of North Carolina. PARTICIPANTS: The sample included 2602 community-dwelling women over the age of 65 who were interviewed for the Duke Established Populations for Epidemiologic Studies of the Elderly (EPESE). MEASUREMENTS: Current and past use of estrogen. RESULTS: Of the women surveyed, 6.1% reported current estrogen use, and 18.5% reported past use. Approximately half of the participants reported using estrogen for more than 2 years. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that current estrogen users were younger, more affluent, had smaller families, and were more likely to be white and to live in an urban area than were never users. Current users were also more likely to drink alcohol and to take calcium supplements; and compared with past estrogen users, they were more likely to be white, have smaller families, and to drink alcohol. CONCLUSION: Estrogen replacement therapy is used by a small minority of older women, especially blacks. Moreover, although women with some risk factors for osteoporosis are more likely to use estrogen, the chief determinants of estrogen utilization are socioeconomic. J Am Geriatr Soc 44:1–6, 1996.
Sulfur‐containing derivatives of β‐phenethylamine: Methanesulfonamides

N-Methanesulfonyl derivatives of β-phenethylamine, (+)-amphetamine, β-4-aminophenethylamine, and 4-(2-trifluoro-acetamidoethyl)aniline have been prepared. N-Trifluoroacetyl-1-(4-methanesulfonamidophenyl)-2-ethylamine significantly lowered blood pressure in hypertensive rats, and the methanesulfonamide of (+)-amphetamine lowered blood pressure in the dog.
Analysis of human stepping dynamics using a wii balance board with a webcam: a comparison study

This paper demonstrates the assembly and verification of an inexpensive and straightforward stepping dynamics assessment system capable of simultaneously recording human lower limb motions, vertical ground reaction forces (GRF), and two dimensional foot center of pressures (COP) during the gait stance phase. This proposed system uses a single webcam video camera for motion analysis in the sagittal (side) plane. A color detection image processing Python script enables the webcam to track distinctly colored marker tape placed on the ankle and knee joint while stepping on and over a Nintendo® Wii Balance Board (WBB). The WBB is used to measure vertical GRF and foot COP. Marker positions and COP are used to construct a foot roll-over shape (ROS), the effective rocker shape that a lower limb system conforms to during a step. The accuracy of our WBB-webcam system is evaluated by the comparing marker motion, GRF, COP, and derived ROS measurements to a commercial force plate (FP) and eight-camera infrared motion capture (IRMC) system.
Limited Knowledge of Concussion Symptoms in College Athletes

Concussions are common in athletes and often go unreported. A likely contributor to underreporting of concussions in athletes is lack of knowledge of concussion-related symptoms. The current study assessed concussion symptom knowledge in 382 Division I athletes and 230 nonathletes. Participants were asked to identify potential symptoms following a concussion from a list of both real symptoms and distractors. Student-athletes expected significantly more total symptoms following a concussion than did nonathletes, and they correctly identified symptoms such as nausea and/or vomiting and being easily upset by loud noises more frequently than controls. However, many student-athletes failed to identify possible emotional symptoms resulting from a concussion, and approximately 70% of student-athletes endorsed the distracter item "forgetting names or faces of people you know well" as being a symptom of concussion. These current findings suggest that student-athletes may have an incomplete understanding of concussion-related symptoms, and future studies are needed to determine whether formal education sessions can improve knowledge for this high-risk population.
Social support buffering of acculturative stress: a study of mental health symptoms among Korean international students.

Abstract The relationship between acculturative stress and mental health symptoms and the role of social support as a moderator of this relationship was studied among Korean international students ( N =74) living in the Pittsburgh area. Findings included: (1) acculturative stress was strongly correlated with mental health symptoms; (2) social support moderated and buffered the effect of stress on symptoms. Students with high levels of social support were significantly less likely to report symptoms with increasing levels of acculturative stress, compared to students reporting low levels of social support; and (3) the buffering effect of support was mainly or exclusively present when there was a high level of acculturation to American language and interpersonal associations. Granting limitations imposed by the small convenience sample, the study supports the theoretical buffering role for social support in the context of acculturative processes and suggests the need for facilitating the support systems of international students, particularly as they become more acculturated.
Archaeal Tetraether Free Standing Lipid Membranes in a PDMS and PCB based Fluidic Platform

The polar lipid fraction E (PLFE) isolated from the thermoacidophilic archaeon Sulfolobus acidocaldarius contains exclusively bipolar tetraether lipids, which are able to form extraordinarily stable vesicular membranes against a number of chemical, physical and mechanical stressors. In this study, we demonstrated that PLFE can also form free-standing “planar” membranes on micro-pores (∼100 micrometer) of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) thin films embedded in printed circuit board (PCB)-based fluidics. Using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), we found that the dielectric properties of PLFE planar membranes suspended on the PDMS films are distinctly different from those obtained from diester lipid and triblock copolymer membranes. In addition to resistance (R) and capacitance (C) that were seen in all the membranes examined, PLFE planar membranes showed an inductance (L) component. Furthermore, PLFE planar membranes displayed a relatively large membrane resistance, suggesting that, among the membranes examined, PLFE planar membrane would be a better matrix for studying channel proteins and transmembrane events. PLFE planar membranes also exhibited a sharp decrease in phase angle with the frequency of the input AC signal at ∼1 MHz, which could be utilized to develop sensors for monitoring PLFE membrane integrity in fluidics. Since the stability of free-standing planar lipid membranes increases with increasing membrane packing tightness and PLFE lipid membranes are more tightly packed than those made of diester lipids, PLFE free-standing planar membranes are expected to be considerably stable. All these salient features make PLFE planar membranes particularly attractive for model studies of channel proteins and transmembrane events and for high-throughput drug screening.
A Mouse Gene Encoding an Oocyte Antigen Associated with Autoimmune Premature Ovarian Failure

Autoimmune premature ovarian failure causes young women to develop menopausal symptoms and infertility. A similar syndrome appears in mice with postthymectomy autoimmune premature ovarian failure. We demonstrate that these mice develop antibodies against a 125-kDa protein located in the oocyte cytoplasm (ooplasm). By screening a mouse ovarian complementary DNA expression library with autoimmune serum, we have identified a novel mouse gene with a 3.75-kb ovarian transcript, the expression of which is restricted to the oocyte. The longest open reading frame (3333 bp) encodes an oocyte-specific protein, designated OP1 (ooplasm-specific protein 1). The protein is composed of 1111 amino acids with a predicted molecular mass of 125,502 Da. Based on its primary structure, it appears to be novel and has no motifs to suggest a localization other than in the cytoplasm. The ability of immune serum from mice with ovarian autoimmunity to react specifically with recombinant OP1 raises the possibility that OP1 as an antigen may play a role in murine autoimmune premature ovarian failure. (Endocrinology 140: 3720 ‐3726, 1999)
Fast volumetric CSG modeling using standard graphics system

CSG modeling using volumetric techniques is a new and promising approach. Due to the need for large volume data processing, however, it is difficult to perform interactive volumetric CSG modeling without special hardware systems. In this paper, we present a fast volumetric CSG modeling technique using standard graphics hardware. The algorithm builds a new pipeline for volume modeling by slice sweeping, and is a significant improvement over our earlier work on CSG model voxelization. To achieve interactive volumetric CSG modeling, this algorithm makes use of standard OpenGL features to apply hardware acceleration to object slicing and other graphics operations. Two optimization techniques, the slice stack and volume scene tree pruning, are presented to provide speed up and memory saving in the modeling process.
A construction of unimodular equiangular tight frames from resolvable Steiner systems

ABSTRACT An equiangular tight frame (ETF) is an M N matrix which has orthogonal equal norm rows, equal normcolumns, and the inner products of all pairs of columns have the same modulus. In this paper we studyETFs in which all of the entries are unimodular, and in particular pth roots of unity. A new constructionof unimodular ETFs based on resolvable Steiner systems is presented. This construction gives many newexamples of unimodular ETFs. In particular, an new in nite class of ETFs with entries in f1; 1g ispresented.Keywords: tight frames, equiangular, Hadamard matrices, Steiner systems, resolvable 1. INTRODUCTION Let F be an M N matrix with real or complex entries. If there exists A > 0 such that FF = AI , where Iis the identity matrix, then F is called a tight frame . If F F has constant diagonal and all of the o -diagonalentries have the same modulus, then F is called equiangular. If all of the entries of F have modulus 1 thenwe call F unimodular . If all of the entries of F are pth roots of unity, then we call F unimodular of degree p.This article is concerned with equiangular tight frames (ETFs) which are unimodular of degree p. Inparticular, we are concerned with nding unimodular ETFs of degree 2, which we shall also refer to asHadamard ETFs. Note that in the usual de nition of ETFs the columns are taken to have norm 1. However,since we are concerned with unimodular ETFs we will avoid normalizing, thus the columns of an M Nunimodular ETF have norm M .The paper is organized as follows. In Section 2 we present some necessary conditions on the existence ofunimodular ETFs. In Section 3 we review the construction of harmonic ETFs, which is an important classof ETFs that also happen to be unimodular. In Section 4 we review the construction of the Steiner ETFs ofFickus, Mixon, and Tremain,
Correlation of Placental Erythrocyte Morphology and Gestational Age

A series of uncomplicated pregnancies presenting during the first trimester for elective termination was assigned a gestational age using accepted ultrasonographic nomograms. Following termination by suction curettage, the proportion of nucleated erythrocytes (NRBC) and anucleated erythrocytes (RBC) present in the placental circulation was estimated from hematoxylin and eosin-stained slides of the chorion frondosum using a 10 point scale. The score correlated tightly with sonographically assigned gestational age assessment between 15 and 45 cm crown-rump length (CRL) (48 and 83 days of gestation). These findings suggest the following: (1) the maturation of RBCs follows a course that is tightly correlated with gestational age; (2) an assessment of RBC morphology and, thus, an estimate of gestational age can be provided using routine histopathologic techniques and study of the placenta only; (3) this method may prove to be particularly useful in cases of unexplained spontaneous losses as a means of investig...