cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The neurons in the gelatinosal complex (Laminae II and III) of the monkey (Macaca mulatta): a Golgi study.

The nerve cells of the gelatinosal complex (laminae II and III) were examined in various planes of section in Golgi and Nissl preparations of the lumbosacral spinal cord of the adult monkey. An attempt was made to characterize the neurons based on morphological variations and establish criteria for consolidation or separation of laminae II and III. In Nissl preparations the laminae essentially conform to Rexed's ('52) description for the cat. In Golgi preparations impregnated neurons of the gelatinosal complex show a spectrum of morphological variation. These variations, however, are not restricted by Rexed's border between laminae II and III. In either lamina the cells vary in size from small (12 µm × 8 µm) to medium (30 µm × 25 µm) and in shape from fusiform to polygonal. Polygonal neurons are prevalent in the dorsal part of lamina II (Rexed's outer zone) and some have craggy contours. Axons of the cells of the gelatinosal complex vary in diameter, but most measure around 1.0 µm with some up to 2.0 µm. Their course is often a meandering one which cannot be followed. Those from cells in the outer zone of lamina II are different. They issue collaterals to lamina I then immediately enter the overlying white matter. Golgi type II (short axoned) cells were not definitively demonstrated. Nonetheless, the neurons of the gelationosal complex display stalked dendritic appendages and axon-like processes which are similar to those described on Golgi type II interneurons elsewhere in the central nervous system. For this reason, in spite of the long axons and relatively large dimensions of the neurons of the gelationosal complex, their circuitry is suspected to be similar to that of local circuit interneurons. The dendritic arbor of the cells of the gelatinosal complex, as viewed in horizontal sections, generally extends longitudinally with little mediolateral spread. In sagittal sections a stratified pattern of dendritic arborization divides the gelatinosal complex into three regions: (1) an outer region which corresponds to Rexed's ('52) outer zone of lamina II, (2) a middle region composed of the remainder of lamina II and the dorsal portion of lamina III, and (3) an inner region or ventral part of lamina III. A large portion of the dendritic arbors of cells in the outer region spread ventrally at oblique angles while those from the inner region spread dorsally. Dendrites arising from cells in the middle region, on the other hand, extend almost exclusively in the longitudinal plane, are often of considerable lengths, and give rise to unique recurrent branches. The dendritic arborization is discussed in relation to the primary afferents to the gelatinosal complex.
TU‐C‐BRD‐02: Applications of Millimeter Precision Small Animal Radiation

Recent technical advances in small animal radiation devices allow laboratory irradiation of rodents under cone‐beam CT guidance with, in some cases, sub‐millimeter precision. This provides the opportunity for novel avenues of radiobiological research. Examples include radiation‐enhanced immunotherapy, normal tissue radiation response modeling, and localized radiation ablation of neural stem cell populations. Highlights from recent experiments will be reviewed and future proposed technical developments will be discussed.
The Ethical Roots of the Public Forum: Pragmatism, Expressive Freedom, and Grenville Clark

The public forum has been connected to the functioning of democracy, expressive freedom, and the media's role in society. While the public forum's legal contours have been examined, the ethical foundation of the public forum has not. Relying on archival research, this article argues that ideas about the public forum can be traced to the pragmatism of Grenville Clark, who influenced ideas about the public forum through his work on the American Bar Association's Bill of Rights Committee.
Amine, Amido, and Imido Complexes of Tantalum Supported by a Pyridine-Linked Bis(phenolate) Pincer Ligand: Ta−N π-Bonding Influences Pincer Ligand Geometry

A series of tantalum imido and amido complexes supported by a pyridine-linked bis(phenolate) ligand has been synthesized. Characterization of these complexes via X-ray crystallography reveals both C_s and C_2 binding modes of the bis(phenolate)pyridine ligand, with complexes containing two or fewer strong π-donor interactions from ancillary ligands giving C_s symmetry, whereas three strong π-donor interactions (e.g., three amido ligands or one amido ligand and one imido ligand) give C_2-symmetric binding of the bis(phenolate)pyridine ligand. DFT calculations and molecular orbital analyses of the complexes have revealed that the preference for C_s-symmetric ligand binding is a result of tantalum−phenolate π-bonding, whereas in cases where tantalum−phenolate π-bonding is overridden by stronger Ta−N π-bonding, C_2-symmetric ligand binding is preferred, likely because conformationally this is the lowest-energy arrangement. This electronically driven change in geometry indicates that, unlike analogous metallocene systems, the bis(phenolate)pyridine pincer ligand is not a strong enough π-donor to exert dominant control over the electronic and geometric properties of the complex.
Realistic assessments of ecotoxicity using traditional and novel approaches

Abstract The science of ecotoxicology has made exciting advances during the past few years. Recent advances in the use of sensitive subcellular biomarkers, bioaccumulation and food web models, ultra-trace level detection of contaminants, and contaminant partitioning and bioavailability factors have allowed ecotoxicologists to better define contaminant exposures. These advances, when integrated with more traditional approaches (e.g. standardized laboratory toxicity testing, population/community structure characterization) can provide meaningful assessments of ecosystem perturbations. Despite these advances, there is still a limited understanding or application of the complex fate and effect interactions of multiple stressors and receptors in assessments of ecosystem contamination. This reality raises uncertainties which cannot be ignored when using traditional, short-term approaches of assessment. The integrated use of newer in situ assessments of multi-stressor exposures, coupled with more traditional lab...
Dissolution of the Rare‐Earth Mineral Bastnaesite by Acidic Amide Ionic Liquid for Recovery of Critical Materials

Rare-earth elements provide the cornerstones to clean sustainable energy and modern technologies such as computers, communications, and transportation. As such, the recovery of rare earths (REs) from minerals such as bastnaesite remains important for modern times. As the light lanthanides (La–Nd) constitute the majority (typically >98.7 %) of the REs in bastnaesite with the heavy REs (Sm–Lu) contributing the remainder (approximately 1.3 %), an enrichment of heavier REs may serve as an effective means of assisting rare-earth recovery. Such an extractive metallurgy process involving ionic liquids (ILs) leads to an enrichment of heavy REs by nearly an order of magnitude. The acidic IL N,N-dimethylacetamidium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (DMAH+NTf2–) in the IL 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (BMIM+NTf2–) dissolves froth flotation bastnaesite, synthetic bastnaesite analogues (RECO3F), RE2O3, and RE2(CO3)3 minerals. An overall reaction for the dissolution of bastnaesite is proposed for this IL system. This IL system may provide the initial stages of a greater RE separation scheme for bastnaesite froth flotation concentrates.
Cytoskeletal Role in the Transition From Compensated to Decompensated Hypertrophy During Adult Canine Left Ventricular Pressure Overloading

Increased microtubule density causes cardiocyte contractile dysfunction in right ventricular (RV) pressure-overload hypertrophy, and these linked phenotypic and contractile abnormalities persist and progress during the transition to failure. Although more severe in cells from failing than hypertrophied RVs, the mechanical defects are normalized in each case by microtubule depolymerization. To define the role of increased microtubule density in left ventricular (LV) pressure-overload hypertrophy and failure, in a given LV we examined ventricular mechanics, sarcomere mechanics, and free tubulin and microtubule levels in control dogs and in dogs with aortic stenosis both with LV hypertrophy alone and with initially compensated hypertrophy that had progressed to LV muscle failure. In comparing initial values with those at study 8 weeks later, dogs with hypertrophy alone had a very substantial increase in LV mass but preservation of a normal ejection fraction and mean systolic wall stress. Dogs with hypertrophy and associated failure had a substantial but lesser increase in LV mass and a reduction in ejection fraction, as well as a marked increase in mean systolic wall stress. Cardiocyte contractile function was equivalent, and unaffected by microtubule depolymerization, in cells from control LVs and those with compensated hypertrophy. In contrast, cardiocyte contractile function in cells from failing LVs was quite depressed but was normalized by microtubule depolymerization. Microtubules were increased only in failing LVs. These contractile and cytoskeletal changes, when assayed longitudinally in a given dog by biopsy, appeared in failing ventricles only when wall stress began to increase and function began to decrease. Thus, the microtubule-based cardiocyte contractile dysfunction characteristic of pressure-hypertrophied myocardium, originally described in the RV, obtains equally in the LV but is shown here to have a specific association with increased wall stress.
FeedWinnower: layering structures over collections of information streams

Information overload is a growing threat to the productivity of today's knowledge workers, who need to keep track of multiple streams of information from various sources. RSS feed readers are a popular choice for syndicating information streams, but current tools tend to contribute to the overload problem instead of solving it. We introduce FeedWinnower, an enhanced feed aggregator that helps readers to filter feed items by four facets (topic, people, source, and time), thus facilitating feed triage. The combination of the four facets provides a powerful way for users to slice and dice their personal feeds. In addition, we present a formative evaluation of the prototype conducted with 15 knowledge workers in two different organizations.
Cooperative outcomes of dynamic stochastic Nash games

An examination is made of a stochastic dynamic discrete-time game, and the possibility of obtaining approximate Nash equilibria which result in Pareto outcomes is studied. The time horizon is infinite. In the context of a simple linear quadratic model strategies that may achieve the aforementioned aim are suggested, and several insights and results are discussed. >
Channel Sand Bodies in Lower Mississippi Fan: ABSTRACT

More than 20 terrigenous sand beds, 1-9 m thick, were cored at 2 DSDP sites in the lower Mississippi Fan, in 3,300 m of water, 600 km from the shelf edge. The shallowest sand beds occur 15 and 23 m below the sea floor, and constitute 50% of the recovered cores. These beds were sampled at 20-30 cm intervals for size analysis. Sand content averages 80% with 10-15% variation within a bed. Mean and modal sand is fine grained and averages 2.75-3.0 phi. Maximum sand size ranges up to coarse sand, and within some beds, it varies between 0.5 and 2.0 phi. Grading is poorly developed on the scale of 1 m and larger. There is no consistent grading trend, and in some intervals, mean and maximum sand size show opposite trends. These data confirm that, like many ancient fans, the lower Mississippi Fan was a major site of sand deposition, but unlike them, consistent coarsening-upward sequences are not defined. The poorly developed grading, variations in grading trends, and changes in sand percentages result from sand deposition within a broad, shallow, meandering or braided channel in which sands are reworked. The many separate beds are probably the result of changes in channel position that occurred on the average of once every 7,000 yr. Sand transport to the lower fan ended at least 2,000 yr before Holocene time. These newly discovered sand bodies, interlayered with finer clastic, potentially organic-rich material, suggest that stratigraphic reservoirs may be present in deep water, lower fan environments. End_of_Article - Last_Page 294------------
Induction of interferons and interferon-induced genes

Type I IFNs (IFN-α, IFN-β, and IFN-ω) are produced in most cell types upon virus infection and upon stimulation by dsRNA (with exceptions of embryonal carcinoma cells which are defective in expressing IFN genes). In addition, certain growth factors and lymphokines such as IL-1, colony stimulating factor (CSF), and TNF also induce type I IFNs. Both IFN-α and IFN-β are capable of enhancing induction of type I IFN genes. Protein synthesis inhibitors such as cycloheximide often enhance levels of IFN mRNA, perhaps by inhibiting a labile repressor molecule. Type II IFN (IFN-γ) is produced in T cells (TH1) and NK cells in response to stimulation with lymphokines such as IL-2 and IL-12. IFN-γ is also induced by antigen stimulation through the T cell receptor/CD3 as well as by a costimulator CD28. Its production is down-regulated by IL-4.
Can foraging birds assess predation risk by scent

Olfaction is commonly used by a variety of aquatic and terrestrial taxa to assess predation risk. However, with a few exceptions (e.g. procellariformes and New World vultures), the evidence for the ecological relevance of olfaction in birds is sparse and inconsistent. This is the case even though birds retain the proper anatomical and neurological structures needed to use olfaction. Here, we examined whether a passerine bird responds to the chemical scent of predators in the laboratory. We exposed house finches, Carpodacus mexicanus, to the olfactory cues of predatory and nonpredatory mammalian faeces and observed their behavioural response while feeding. Finches responded to both predator and nonpredator faecal cues, but they responded to the predator cues more strongly in some analyses. For example, in response to both faecal treatments, finches delayed their first feeding, spent less time on the feeder as a whole and reduced feeding bout length; the bout length effect was particularly pronounced in the predator treatment. Vigilance did not increase but instead decreased during the faecal treatments, which may have reflected a strategy of minimizing time on the feeder (where the cue was presented). The behavioural effects of faecal cues weakened quickly over time and were most evident during the first 5 min of an observational session. Overall, our results show that finches can detect mammalian faecal cues and associate such cues with possible danger.
Low-noise SAW resonator oscillators

The design and performance of surface acoustic wave (SAW) resonator oscillators using techniques for obtaining low phase noise levels are described. These oscillators are very low phase noise engineering prototypes which also meet other vital system requirements, such as temperature stability and vibration sensitivity. A 500-MHz version has a phase noise floor of -177 dBc/Hz and a flicker noise level of -132 dBc/Hz at 1 kHz offset. An L-band (frequency-doubled) version has noise levels of -171 dBc/Hz and -126 dBc/Hz, respectively. Other important performance parameters that are discussed include: temperature dependence of frequency and output power, vibration sensitivity, frequency tuning characteristics, spurious levels, load pulling, voltage pushing and long-term frequency stability. >
Physician Visits and 30-Day Hospital Readmissions in Patients Receiving Hemodialysis

A focus of health care reform has been on reducing 30-day hospital readmissions. Patients with ESRD are at high risk for hospital readmission. It is unknown whether more monitoring by outpatient providers can reduce hospital readmissions in patients receiving hemodialysis. In nationally representative cohorts of patients in the United States receiving in-center hemodialysis between 2004 and 2009, we used a quasi-experimental (instrumental variable) approach to assess the relationship between frequency of visits to patients receiving hemodialysis following hospital discharge and the probability of rehospitalization. We then used a multivariable regression model and published hospitalization data to estimate the cost savings and number of hospitalizations that could be prevented annually with additional provider visits to patients in the month following hospitalization. In the main cohort (n=26,613), one additional provider visit in the month following hospital discharge was estimated to reduce the absolute probability of 30-day hospital readmission by 3.5% (95% confidence interval, 1.6% to 5.3%). The reduction in 30-day hospital readmission ranged from 0.5% to 4.9% in an additional four cohorts tested, depending on population density around facilities, facility profit status, and patient Medicaid eligibility. At current Medicare reimbursement rates, the effort to visit patients one additional time in the month following hospital discharge could lead to 31,370 fewer hospitalizations per year, and $240 million per year saved. In conclusion, more frequent physician visits following hospital discharge are estimated to reduce rehospitalizations in patients undergoing hemodialysis. Incentives for closer outpatient monitoring following hospital discharge could lead to substantial cost savings.
Initial development and validity evidence for the processes of change in Psychological Skills Training Questionnaire

Abstract Objectives The purpose of this study was to create and provide validity evidence for the Processes of Change in Psychological Skills Training Questionnaire (PCPSTQ). Design The current study used a cross-sectional research design. Methods Five hundred fifty nine NCAA Division I, professional, and Olympic level athletes participated in the current study. To create the PCPSTQ, an initial pool of 114 items was generated by the research team. After a content validity process, 65 items were retained for analysis. Exploratory structural equation modeling was used as an analytic strategy to identify the most appropriate factor structure for the PCPSTQ. Decisions about the most appropriate model were made using multiple fit indices. To examine the construct validity of the PCPSTQ, a series of one-way ANOVAs were conducted to examine differences in processes of change use across stage of change. Results In the current study, validity evidence provided support for a 7-factor process of change measure (χ2 = 325.84, p Conclusions Results of the current study support the factor structure and construct validity of the PCPSTQ. It appears that the processes of behavior change reported across multiple behavior change domains might also be viable for sport psychology professionals.
Selecting a graduate school

Many graduate schools require a statement of purpose as a part of the admission application process. Write an expressive statement that highlights your strengths and preparation for the rigors of graduate study. Academic standing, professional insight, professional experience, professional maturity, communication skills and motivation are some of the factors considered in graduate admission processes.
N,N‐Dibromobenzenesulfonamide

[938-05-6] C6H5Br2NO2S (MW 314.98) InChI = 1S/C6H5Br2NO2S/c7-9(8)12(10,11)6-4-2-1-3-5-6/h1-5H InChIKey = OTVPURYEWXIAKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N (source of electrophilic bromine, oxidizing agent) Alternative name: dibromamine-B. Physical Data: mp 110–111 °C (dec).1 Solubility: soluble in most common organic solvents;1 0.339 g/kg H2O (at 30 °C),1 160.6 g/kg glacial acetic acid (at 30 °C).1 Form Supplied in: yellow crystalline solid, not commercially available. Analysis of Reagent Purity: 1H (in d4-methanol) and 13C NMR (in CDCl3) data are available for comparison.1 Preparation: several high-yielding preparative methods have been described. The most common method is treatment of benzenesulfonamide with aqueous base (NaHCO32 or KOH3, 4) followed by the addition of liquid bromine. An alternative method involves the addition of liquid bromine to an aqueous solution of N-chlorobenzenesulfonamide (chloramine-B).1 Handling, Storage, Precautions: solutions decompose slightly when stored in colorless bottles exposed to light. For best results, solid N,N-dibromobenzenesulfonamide and its solutions should be stored in amber bottles.1
Stable isotope analysis reveals detrital resource base sources of the tree hole mosquito, Aedes triseriatus

1. Detritus that forms the basis for mosquito production in tree hole ecosystems can vary in type and timing of input. We investigated the contributions of plant- and animal-derived detritus to the biomass of Aedes triseriatus (Say) pupae and adults by using stable isotope (15N and 13C) techniques in laboratory experiments and field collections. 2. Laboratory-reared mosquito isotope values reflected their detrital resource base, providing a clear distinction between mosquitoes reared on plant or animal detritus. 3. Isotope values from field-collected pupae were intermediate between what would be expected if a single (either plant or animal) detrital source dominated the resource base. However, mosquito isotope values clustered most closely with plant-derived values, and a mixed feeding model analysis indicated tree floral parts contributed approximately 80% of mosquito biomass. The mixed model also indicated that animal detritus contributed approximately 30% of mosquito tissue nitrogen. 4. Pupae collected later in the season generally had isotope values that were consistent with an increased contribution from animal detritus, suggesting that this resource became more nutritionally important for mosquitoes as plant inputs declined over the summer.
Multiple masking in a backward masking paradigm

A study was made of the effects of multiple visual masking upon variations in mask position, word frequency, and display on time. Ten subjects were shown five-letter words, four or five letters of which were immediately masked. These words, half of which were classified as frequent and the other half as infrequent, were displayed at different display on times. Results showed that (1) exposing a little information produces the same or better results than not exposing any, (2) variations in the position of the mask cause no increase in visual performance, and (3) in total masking one position shows no better results than any other. Findings indicated both word frequency and display on time are highly significant factors, whereas the masking position is not. Results warrant a parallel processing interpretation, rather than a serial one.
AIRS/AMSU/HSB validation

The Atmospheric Infrared Sounder/Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit/Humidity Sounder for Brazil (AIRS/AMSU/HSB) instrument suite onboard Aqua observes infrared and microwave radiances twice daily over most of the planet. AIRS offers unprecedented radiometric accuracy and signal to noise throughout the thermal infrared. Observations from the combined suite of AIRS, AMSU, and HSB are processed into retrievals of atmospheric parameters such as temperature, water vapor, and trace gases under all but the cloudiest conditions. A more limited retrieval set based on the microwave radiances is obtained under heavy cloud cover. Before measurements and retrievals from AIRS/AMSU/HSB instruments can be fully utilized they must be compared with the best possible in situ and other ancillary "truth" observations. Validation is the process of estimating the measurement and retrieval uncertainties through comparison with a set of correlative data of known uncertainties. The ultimate goal of the validation effort is retrieved product uncertainties constrained to those of radiosondes: tropospheric rms uncertainties of 1.0 degC over a 1-km layer for temperature, and 10% over 2-km layers for water vapor. This paper describes the data sources and approaches to be used for validation of the AIRS/AMSU/HSB instrument suite, including validation of the forward models necessary for calculating observed radiances, validation of the observed radiances themselves, and validation of products retrieved from the observed radiances. Constraint of the AIRS product uncertainties to within the claimed specification of 1 K/1 km over well-instrumented regions is feasible within 12 months of launch, but global validation of all AIRS/AMSU/HSB products may require considerably more time due to the novelty and complexity of this dataset and the sparsity of some types of correlative observations.
Current perspectives in assessment: the assessment of performance at work.

Background Traditional assessment has improved significantly over the past 50 years. A number of new testing methods are now in place, the computer is improving both the fidelity and efficiency of examinations, and the psychometric principles on which assessment rests are more sophisticated than ever. Aim There is growing interest in quality improvement and there are increasing demands for public accountability. This has shifted the focus of testing from education to work. The purpose of this paper is to describe the assessment of work. Discussion In contrast to traditional assessment, there are no ‘methods’ for the evaluation of work because the content and difficulty of the examination are not controlled in any fashion. Instead it is a matter of identifying the basis for the judgements (outcomes, process, or volume), deciding how the data will be gathered (practice records, administrative databases, diaries/logs, or observation), and avoiding threats to validity and reliability (patient mix, patient complexity, attribution, and numbers of patients). Future directions Overall, the assessment of doctors' performance at work is in its infancy and much research and development is needed. Nonetheless, it is being used increasingly in programmes of continuous quality improvement and accountability. It is critical that refinements occur quickly to ensure that patients receive the highest quality of care and that doctors are treated fairly and provided with the information they need to guide their professional development.
HSV-I and the cellular DNA damage response.

ABSTRACT Peter Wildy first observed genetic recombination between strains of HSV in 1955. At the time, knowledge of DNA repair mechanisms was limited, and it has only been in the last decade that particular DNA damage response (DDR) pathways have been examined in the context of viral infections. One of the first reports addressing the interaction between a cellular DDR protein and HSV-1 was the observation by Lees-Miller et al. that DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit levels were depleted in an ICP0-dependent manner during HSV-1 infection. Since then, there have been numerous reports describing the interactions between HSV infection and cellular DDR pathways. Due to space limitations, this review will focus predominantly on the most recent observations regarding how HSV navigates a potentially hostile environment to replicate its genome.
Lipoic acid in multiple sclerosis: a pilot study

Lipoic acid (LA) is an antioxidant that suppresses and treats an animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS), experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. The purpose of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetics (PK), tolerability and effects on matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAMP-1) of oral LA in patients with MS. Thirty-seven MS subjects were randomly assigned to one of four groups: placebo, LA 600 mg twice a day, LA 1200 mg once a day and LA 1200 mg twice a day. Subjects took study capsules for 14 days. We found that subjects taking 1200 mg LA had substantially higher peak serum LA levels than those taking 600 mg and that peak levels varied considerably among subjects. We also found a significant negative correlation between peak serum LA levels and mean changes in serum MMP-9 levels (T = -0.263, P =0.04). There was a significant dose response relationship between LA and mean change in serum sICAM-1 levels (P =0.03). We conclude that oral LA is generally well tolerated and appears capable of reducing serum MMP-9 and sICAM-1 levels. LA may prove useful in treating MS by inhibiting MMP-9 activity and interfering with T-cell migration into the CNS.
Effect of suture material on tensile strength and complication rate in abdominal fascial defects repaired with acellular dermal matrix.

Background Repair of ventral hernias represents a challenging problem for surgeons. AlloDerm ® (LifeCell, Branchburg, NJ, USA), an acellular dermal matrix (ADM) product derived from cadaveric human skin, has gained in popularity in the management of abdominal hernias because of its ability to support neovascularization and therefore resist infection. Surgeons have traditionally used nonabsorbable suture when using ADM in this setting, perhaps because of concerns regarding wound strength. This study was undertaken to examine the inXuence of suture material on wound breaking strength and complication rates in abdominal wall defects closed with ADM. Methods Full-thickness abdominal defects were created in athymic rats and immediately repaired with an ADM interposition graft using either interrupted Prolene ® or Maxon ® suture. Complications were recorded over time and the animals were sacriWced at 1 month intervals. The abdominal repair complex was harvested and wound strength was measured using a tensiometer. Results There were no hernias in any of the groups. There were also no cases of major adhesions to the AlloDerm ® . Two rats in the Prolene ® group developed a stitch extrusion through the ventral skin. Wound breaking strength increased signiWcantly from the second to third month after surgery in both suture groups (p = 0.0000, LSD test). The breaking strength of the abdominal fascia-ADM complex increased over the course of the experiment in both test groups, but no signiWcant diVerence was found between the groups at any time point (p = 0.3157). At 3 months, the breaking strength of the Prolene ® group and Maxon ® group was nearly identical (27.1 N § SD 7.4 and 29.7 N § SD 9.6, respectively). Conclusions We were unable to identify a signiWcant diVerence in breaking strength at the interface between ADM and normal, native fascia when using permanent versus resorbable sutures.
Macronutrient Intake for Physical Activity

Appropriate nutritional guidelines are an essential component of optimal training programs to aid in adaptations, peak sports performance, and injury prevention. Understanding the latest macronutrient guidelines set forth by the latest research findings and position stands from credible professional organizations that have a specialty with applied sports nutrition can assist dietitians, nutritionists, coaches, and athletes develop suitable nutrition plans that are strategically timed around an athlete’s training schedule. Furthermore, it is important to recognize the three main energy systems used to yield adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and the bioenergetics involved in strength–power events, speed events, and endurance events. To develop a nutrition plan, you must determine the total daily needs for both calories and macronutrients.
A Sea State Parameterization with Nonarbitrary Wave Age Applicable to Low and Moderate Wind Speeds

A simple coupled flux and sea state model is developed. It is applicable to low, moderate, and high wind speeds, with a nonarbitrary wave age. It is fully consistent with an atmospheric flux parameterization. The flux model includes the influence of capillary waves on surface stress, which dominate surface stress on a waveperturbed surface for U10 , 7ms 21. The coupled model is verified for conditions of local equilibrium and it is used to examine the influences of surface tension and capillary waves on the equilibrium sea state at low and moderate wind speeds (U10 , 7ms 21). Capillary waves can directly influence characteristics of the airflow (roughness length and friction velocity), and surface tension can directly influence wave characteristics (period, phase speed, and wave age). The influences of capillary waves and surface tension on wave characteristics are found to be noticeable for U10 , 6ms 21, and are likely to be significant in most applications when U10 , 5 ms 21. The conditions under which relations valid for higher wind speeds break down are discussed. The new sea state parameterization is an improvement over previous relations (which apply well for U10 . 7ms 21) because it is also applicable for low and moderate winds. The mean wind speed over most of the world’s oceans is less tha n7ms 21, so there is considerable need for such a parameterization. The nonarbitrary wave age is particularly important because of the influence of wave age on the shape and size of waves, as well as fluxes of momentum, heat, and moisture. Additional results include a criterion for the capillary cutoff, significant wave height, and dominant wave period (as functions of wind speed and wave age). Consistency with a flux parameterization is crucial because of the influence of atmospheric stability on surface stress, which influences wave characteristics. The modeled significant wave height for local equilibrium is shown to be consistent with several parameterizations. The modeled dominant period is a good match to that of the Pierson‐Moskowitz spectrum when U10 . 13 ms 21; however, for lower wind speeds, the modeled period differs significantly from that of the Pierson‐Moskowitz spectrum. The new model is validated with field observations. The differences are largely due to the capillary cutoff, which was not considered by Pierson and Moskowitz.
Non-delaminating pulsatile release composites

Abstract By sequestering individual doses of chemical in stimuli-sensitive depot membranes and stacking them between stimulant barriers, automated pulsatile chemical release can be obtained from a simple polymer laminate. By using non-degrading hydrogel depots, this approach has been demonstrated releasing multiple chemicals in up to ten pulses, with each depot membrane delaminating and releasing its payload at a preprogrammed time. This paper reports the first experimental demonstration of a non-delaminating, non-degrading pulsatile release composite, for applications where delamination may be unsuitable. Non-delaminating systems not only require significantly larger development resources, they have an inherent periodicity limit which increases with the number of pulses desired. This limit is not analytically tractable, prompting the development of a computational model to predict the complete release profile. This model is validated against experimental delaminating systems, then adapted to non-delaminating systems to correlate the system׳s pulsatility with the physical parameters of the system, including diffusion coefficients, stimulant concentration, solute loading, scavenger loading and membrane thicknesses. These correlations facilitate rapid feasibility assessment of proposed non-delaminating pulsatile release applications prior to development of physical systems.
Policing and Race: Disparate Treatment, Perceptions, and Policy Responses

Police shootings of unarmed African Americans, including Michael Brown, Sean Bell, and Oscar Grant, sparked nationwide protests, debate, and consciousness-raising about race in policing. These high-profile shootings provide pressing reason for an in-depth analysis of race, policing, and policy. This article details the deleterious consequences that racial disparities in policing have on the lives of racial minorities. In trying to understand the source of this disparate treatment, it highlights what empirical social science knows about racial bias in policing, emphasizing how contemporary forms of racial bias can contribute to racially disparate outcomes. The article makes a distinction between what research reveals about the existence of racial bias in policing and perceptions of racially biased policing. Existing racial bias is not always accurately identified nor perceived, which makes it harder to enact change. Examining how to counteract its potential influence, it reviews empirically based interventions to address both police behavior and community perceptions regarding race in policing. From a policy perspective, the article considers the use of police body-worn cameras as a means to promote equitable policing. It concludes with recommendations based on scientific literature, arguing that effective policies must address both the perception of and actual biased policing.
Fast Spray Deposition of Super Gas Barrier Polyelectrolyte Multilayer Thin Films

Spray-assisted deposition of layer-by-layer (LbL) assemblies was originally developed to reduce the processing time of multilayer thin films. Despite being faster, spraying largely failed to convert dipping practitioners due to lack of consensus regarding the quality of spray-coated films. In an effort to allay this concern, the barrier property of spray and dip-coated polyethylenimine [PEI]/poly(acrylic acid) [PAA] bilayers (BL) was compared. A 7 BL film deposited using optimized spraying parameters was found to be thicker than a dip-coated film prepared with the same deposition time. This larger thickness generated through suppressed polyelectrolyte desorption can effectively enhance the diffusion path of gas molecules, leading to a better gas barrier. This study marks the first report showing that a multilayer assembly with better properties can be produced with spray-assisted deposition. The ability to quickly deposit higher performance thin films using spraying opens up tremendous opportunity for con...
Einige Anwendungen der Zeitreihenanalyse

Wir geben in diesem Kapitel einige der wichtigsten Methoden der Zeitreihenanalyse wieder. Die bekannten Methoden der Statistik sind nicht anwendbar, wenn zwischen den aufeinanderfolgenden Gliedern einer statistischen Reihe Autokorrelation besteht, d. h. wenn sie nicht im wahrscheinlichkeitstheoretischen Sinne unabhangig sind (S. 22).
Composed vibration pulses for ultrasound vibrometry

Composed vibration pulses are developed to generate ultrasound radiation force for stimulating vibrations in a tissue region with preferred spectral distributions and increasing specific vibration harmonics when the peak radiation power is limited. The new vibration sequence has multiple pulses in one fundamental period of the vibration. The pulses are sparsely sampled from an orthogonal frequency wave composed of several sinusoidal signals. The phase and amplitude of each sinusoidal signal are adjusted to control the shape of the orthogonal frequency wave. Amplitude of the sinusoidal signal is increased as its frequency increases to compensate for higher loss at higher frequency in the tissue region. The new vibration pulses and detection pulses can be interleaved for array transducer applications. The new method is evaluated by studying the shear wave propagation in a chicken liver, in vitro. The experimental results show that the new vibration pulses significantly increase induced tissue vibration with the same peak ultrasound intensity, compared with the binary vibration pulses. The experimental results also show that both pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) and width modulation (PWM) can be implemented in applications.
Aggression Replacement Training with Behaviorally Disordered Adolescents

This study assessed the effects of a 10-week aggression replacement training program with a group of 39 adolescents with behavioral disorders in residential treatment. Two-thirds of the sample had DSM III-R diagnoses of conduct disorder. Assigned to the treatment group were 25 subjects and 14 subjects were assigned to the control group. Subjects were pre- and posttested on four criterion-referenced measures and one behavior incident measure. Personality characteristics of subjects reflecting possible amenability to treatment were also explored. Results indicate that subjects in the treatment group improved over controls only on one measure: knowledge of social skills. Exploratory analyses indicated that skill knowledge increased across the personality dimensions of self-concept, locus of control, and psychopathy. Strategies are presented for maximizing the probability of demonstrating behavioral gains in future research.
Category, Letter, and Emotional Verbal Fluency in Spanish-English Bilingual Speakers: A Preliminary Report.

Objective The purpose of this study was to compare the performance of bilingual speakers on an emotional verbal fluency task to category and letter verbal fluency tasks. A second purpose was to compare performances on these tasks to language proficiency ratings. Method Twelve verbal fluency tasks were administered to 21 Spanish-English bilingual speakers. Results were analyzed for differences between fluency types (category, letter, and emotional) and languages (English and Spanish). Results Participants generated the most items in category fluency tasks and the least items in emotional fluency tasks. The number of items generated for letter and emotional fluency tasks were not significantly different, but both were significantly lower than the number of items generated in category fluency. More items were generated for positive emotions than for negative emotions. Differences between languages for category and letter fluency tasks were significantly correlated with differences in language proficiency ratings, but this finding was not found for emotional fluency tasks. Conclusions Self-ratings of proficiency and language dominance correlated significantly with performance on category and letter fluency tasks and may be useful predictors of differences between languages on these tasks. Emotional fluency was not significantly correlated with language proficiency ratings, suggesting that performance on emotional fluency may be more significantly affected by emotional processing ability. The emotional verbal fluency task has potential as a component of neuropsychological evaluations to screen easily and quickly for emotional processing deficits, including those associated with traumatic brain injury and depression. Additionally, results support a positivity bias in language and cognition processes.
Mastery in Eternal Recurrence

Every effort to find in the core of the human being something that could function, epistemologically, as the original identity-pole, the original unity term, presupposed by every act of comprchension, that is, every act of unifying the diversity of experience, or that could figure, metaphysically, as a substance, a self-subsisting entity, or that could be conceived, existentially, as a destiny, the unitary plot of the temporal phases of a life, is radically undermined by Nietzsche’s supposition that identities, enduring things, things that are the same, are but logical constructs, correlates of the logical, anthropological, will to power. The ego, he says, is a grammatical fiction.1 The logic of identities has only the value of a system of simplifications, of falsifications, which has functioned to enable this human species to survive. But — man is no argument.2 The very concepts of identity, of essence, of underlying unity, of causal source could not then be used to conceive of the sovereign and master form of life Nietzsche’s thought is wholly devoted to announcing.
Involvement of vascular endothelial growth factor in serotonin 1A receptor-mediated neuroproliferation in neonatal mouse hippocampus.

The serotonin 1A receptor (5-HT1A-R) has been linked to many diverse functions in the brain. Our earlier studies have revealed its signaling pathways and function in the hippocampus as well as the prefrontal cortex of neonatal and young adult mice of two strains, C57BL6 and Swiss Webster. Such experiments have revealed that the 5-HT1A-R associates and functionally cooperates with molecules like calmodulin kinase II and the N-methyl-d-aspartic acid receptor to stimulate clozapine-evoked neuronal activity in the prefrontal cortex. Furthermore, in the neonatal mouse brain, 5-HT1A-R signaling plays a profound role in orchestrating hippocampal development through protein kinase C isozymes and the extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2). Results presented here establish that downstream of ERK1/2, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling further amplifies the ERK1/2-mediated neuroproliferative signaling in the neonatal hippocampus. This also indicates that VEGF signaling inhibitors, typically used in cancer therapy, may cause serious detrimental effects by inhibiting hippocampal neuroproliferation.
Overview of Current Treatment for Acute Myeloid Leukemia

Idarubicin is a more active anthracycline than daunorubicin for induction therapy of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). A cytarabine-based postremission regimen, bone marrow transplantation, or a combination of the two approaches improve disease-free survival and enhances the cure rate in this disease. Combinations of alltrans-retinoic acid and induction chemotherapy and superior to either approach alone in acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). Yeast-derived rhGM-CSF given during induction theraphy improves the safety of that therapy and enhances outcome in elderly patients with AML.
A Tale of Two Phase Diagrams

Two theoretical phase diagrams resulting from different approximate treatments of the Mott transition problem, capture the physics of different regimes (strong and weak frustration) of the strong correlation problem. We describe how they give physical insights into the behavior of real materials. We outline recent methodological developments, which hold great promise of a more unified and more quantitative treatment of strongly correlated electron systems.
Prevention through Mass Media Communication

The widespread belief that mass communications is a potent tool for reducing alcohol problems obscures practical, conceptual, methodological, and sociopolitical difficulties in evaluating its effectiveness and identifying controllable factors that distinguish more successful from less successful campaigns. Reviews of evaluated mass media campaigns to reduce alcohol problems have been uniformly cautious concerning the presence of positive effects and justifiably critical of the state of the art (Blane, 1976; Blane & Hewitt, 1977; Cameron, 1979; Douglas, 1976; Driessen & Byrk, 1972; Haskins, 1969; Wallack, 1980; Whitehead, 1979; Wilde, 1975). These reviews were based on relatively few studies dealing primarily with reducing drunken driving, and programs were often unclear about their objectives, the means for reaching them, and their measurement. Recent developments indicate that more evaluations are occurring and deal with a broader range of content and use stronger evaluation design.
Preclinical Bone Repair Models in Regenerative Medicine

Abstract This chapter provides an overview of current trends in bone tissue engineering (BTE) in regenerative medicine. In the setting of giving a broad overview of BTE, the chapter focuses on the building blocks of bone regeneration in BTE: cells, growth/differentiation factors and scaffolds. The chapter will focus on both in vitro and in vivo bone regeneration preclinical models that are used in BTE. Finally, the chapter discusses selection criteria for choosing an appropriate animal model for in vivo studies.
Involvement of innate and adaptive immune systems alterations in the pathophysiology and treatment of depression

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a prevalent and debilitating disorder, often fatal. Treatment options are few and often do not provide immediate relief to the patients. The increasing involvement of inflammation in the pathology of MDD has provided new potential therapeutic avenues. Cytokine levels are elevated in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid of MDD patients whereas immune cells often exhibit an immunosuppressed phenotype in MDD patients. Blocking cytokine actions in patients exhibiting MDD show some antidepressant efficacy. However, the role of cytokines, and the immune response in MDD patients remain to be determined. We reviewed here the roles of the innate and adaptive immune systems in MDD, as well as potential mechanisms whereby the immune response might be regulated in MDD.