cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Borderline personality disorder in patients with bipolar disorder and response to lamotrigine.

Abstract Background : Recent reports suggesting lamotrigine as an effective treatment in bipolar disorder, and perhaps borderline personality disorder, a common comorbid personality disorder in bipolar patients, led us to retrospectively examine patients from two bipolar studies to investigate this pattern of comorbidity, and to determine whether lamotrigine effected the dimensions of borderline personality. Methods : Fifteen months following entry into either study, we retrospectively assessed DSM-IV dimensions of borderline personality disorder pre- and post-treatment with lamotrigine in 35 bipolar patients. Results : Forty percent met criteria for borderline personality disorder; this subgroup had a more frequent history of substance abuse and childhood symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Dimensions of borderline personality improved significantly with treatment in both patient groups, and corresponded with response of bipolar symptoms. Six (43%) comorbid bipolar patients endorsed three or fewer criteria of borderline personality during treatment with lamotrigine. There was a trend for comorbid bipolar patients to require a second psychoactive medication in addition to lamotrigine during extended treatment. Limitations : Criteria for borderline personality and improvement were assessed retrospectively in an open manner. Conclusions : Dimensions of borderline personality disorder may respond to lamotrigine in comorbid bipolar patients; controlled studies appear warranted. Bipolar studies should assess and specify the number of patients with personality disorders in the trial.
Maps of Ostaszewski and related spaces

Abstract Under ♦ there is an Ostaszewski space which is retractive, homeomorphic to every uncountable closed subspace, and homeomorphic to every locally countable regular Hausdorff uncountable continuous image, and also an Ostaszewski space with none of these properties. There is a ZFC example of a thin-tall locally compact scattered space for which each nonempty Cantor-Bendixson remainder is a retract. Attention is also paid to robustness under various types of forcing.
Which Lessons Are Learned? Best Practices and World Bank Rural Telecommunications Policy

The World Bank has been the largest multilateral source of rural telecommunications financing in developing countries since the mid-1960s. This article analyzes World Bank-sponsored studies of rural telecommunications initiatives in Chile, Peru, Indonesia, Bangladesh, and Malaysia to identify which lessons the bank draws from them and recommends for other countries. The World Bank's preference for a “best practice” approach in its research leads it to attribute successes and failures to a narrow scope of factors that tend to agree with its economic policy priorities. Instead, rural telecommunications practices should be analyzed within their broader socio-institutional and cultural contexts in order to enable cross-situational applications, and a broad array of stakeholders should be involved in shaping the lessons learned.
Consciousness, Connectionism, and Intentionality

Department of Psychology, University of Illinois, 603 East Daniel Street, Champaign, IL 61820. Electronic Mail: ddulany@s.psych.uiuc.edu Abstract: Connectionism can provide useful theories in which consciousness is the exclusive vehicle of explicit representation. The theories may not, however, handle some phenomena adequately: sense of agency, modes and contents of awareness, propositional and deliberative thought, metacognitive awareness and consciousness of self. They should, however, be useful in describing automatic, activational relations among nonpropositional conscious contents. Connectionism has become a powerful intellectual force, and consciousness is the most significant intellectual challenge facing a number of disciplines. Whatever the limitations of a connectionist approach to consciousness, O'Brien and Opie can be congratulated for bringing forward a provocative and useful thesis for examination. Most significant, I believe, is their case that connectionist metatheory provides for consciousness being an exclusive vehicle of explicit representation. The view is sure to be challenged by those with a deep commitment to a cognitive unconscious that symbolically represents and can act as an independent system. That assumption has been fundamental to standard architectures, from Bower (1975) to Baars (1996). It is also embodied in computational views (e.g. Jackendoff, 1987) holding that consciousness is only a sometime, non-obligatory emergent of fully-formed cognitions. The authors are right to describe serious challenges to that view, but no single paper can undo decades of conceptual confusion and methodological bias in the "dissociation" literatures. Suffice it to say now that if claims for the power of a cognitive unconscious were correct, the experimental effects would be too strong and replicable for these literatures even to be controversial. No one can claim that. If we challenge the dissociation thesis, a major value of connectionist metatheory lies in consigning the nonconscious to mental operations and the potentially explicit; the explicit representations and their forming operations become inseparable within the network. This is inconsistent with symbols in an unconscious being essentially like symbols in consciousness, just "stored" but separately doing what symbols do while waiting to be "retrieved." But does connectionism provide the computational resources needed for a broad enough vehicle theory of consciousness? And does the authors' conception of "explicit representation" capture what we need to recognize in phenomenal experience? We can all consciously symbolize something past in remembrance, something present in perception, or some possible future in an intention or expectation, or even something entirely unreal in imagery. If a connectionist theory of phenomenal experience is to be successful, it must handle
Laser light backscattering off an electron beam-plasma system

The case of stimulated backscattering Raman instability that is combined with a two-stream Buneman instability has been analyzed. This problem bears on fabricating a rapidly tunable free electron laser (FEL) for IR countermeasures in the 8-10 \mu m wavelength range. The analysis is based on a weakly nonlinear theory and assumed a cold nonrelativistic electron beam and an equilibrium plasma to be described with a two-fluid model. The physical mechanism is based on the coherent bunching of the beam-plasma system due to the nonlinear ponderomotive force and the slow beam wave having negative energy. This paper analyzes a novel scattering configuration in which the IR (CO 2 ) laser at 10.6 μm collides head-on against a nonrelativistic e -beam firing through a puff of laser produced plasma of n_{p} \lsim 10^{16} cm-3, which has been previously produced by the CO 2 laser itself (e.g., producing the critical density 1019cm-3and the reduced quiver velocity \upsilon_{0s}/c = 0.1-0.01 at pulsed 1014-1012W/cm2) and becomes underdense subsequently. The upshifted radiation is tunable at an aribtrary Ω 1 determined by the Doppler frequency relationship \Omega_{1} = \Omega_{0}(1 + \beta_{0})/ (1 - \beta_{0}) , where Ω 0 is the IR pump frequency and \beta_{0} = V_{0}/c (≈0.14 for the 8 μm wavelength) is the e -beam parameter of 5.11 keV and A/cm2such that n_{b}/n_{p} \approx 10^{-6} . The synergic backscattering growth rate is the sum of both instabilities, e.g., [(\sqrt{3}/2) (n_{b}/2n_{p})^{1/3} + (\upsilon_{0s}/ 4c) (\Omega_{0}/\omega_{0p})^{1/2}] \omega_{0p} , and may be referred to as the plasmon avalanche instability. Assuming the wide-interval-pulsed (WIP) e -beam can be piecewisely flushed outside the interaction chamber after streaming through a laser produced plasma on each pass, then a useful free electron laser operation will result. Such a device is appropriately called the quasi-free electron laser (QFEL). The effect of axial magnetic field within the interaction chamber has also been included in the analysis. The advantages of QFEL result from 1) efficient use of the nonrelativistic e -beam generation and two-stream bunching, 2) use of proven CO2 laser technology, and 3) its rapid tunability.
Dissolution of salt on the east flank of the Permian Basin in the southwestern U.S.A.

Abstract Hydrogeologic studies prove that natural dissolution of bedded salt occurs at shallow depths in many parts of the Permian Basin of the southwestern U.S.A. This is especially well-documented on the east side of the basin in study areas on the Cimarron River and Elm Fork in western Oklahoma, and on the Red River in the southeastern part of the Texas Panhandle. Four requirements for salt dissolution are: (1) a deposit of salt; (2) a supply of water unsaturated with respect to NaCl; (3) an outlet for removal of brine; and (4) energy to cause water to flow through the system. The supply of fresh groundwater in the region is recharged through permeable rocks, alluvium, terrace deposits, karstic features and fractures. Groundwater dissolves salt at depths of 10–250 m, and the resulting brine moves laterally and upward under hydrostatic pressure through caverns, fractures in disrupted rock, and clastic or carbonate aquifers until it reaches the land surface, where it forms salt plains and salt springs. In many areas, salt dissolution produces a self-perpetuating cycle: dissolution causes cavern development, followed by collapse and subsidence of overlying rock; then the resulting disrupted rock has a greater vertical permeability that allows increased water percolation and additional salt dissolution.
A Model of the Human Observer in Failure Detection Tasks

A model for the human observer in failure detection tasks is proposed which consists of two stages: a linear estimator and a decision mechanism. The estimator is a Kalman filter, and the decision mechanism, which is based on Wald's sequential analysis, leads to a decision function which is the integration of the filter residuals. The final result is a simple detection system which depends on only three parameters, and the sensitivity of the model to these parameters is analyzed. The results of an experiment designed to test the validity of the model are reported. The question of open and closed decision intervals as well as the generalization of the model to more complicated cases is discussed.
Physical behaviour of oil shale at various temperatures and compressive loads: 1. Free thermal expansion

Abstract The effects of grade and specimen orientation on the free thermal expansion of oil shale were investigated. The expansion was found to increase with the grade of the specimen and to be dependent on orientation. The change in heating rate from 1.0 K min −1 to 3.5 K min −1 had little effect on the expansion of oil shale. It was found that many of the oil shale specimens would settle under their own weight once kerogen left the oil shale. The thermal expansion coefficients in the temperature range 373–473 K were determined to be little affected by increases in grade. A polynomial correlation of expansion versus grade and temperature in the temperature range 298–698 K is presented. The behaviour at temperature up to 1000–4000 K was also investigated.
Seed-sprouting in tomato fruits

Abstract Although tomato juice possesses properties which are inhibitory to seed germination, sprouting of seeds has been observed frequently in ripe tomatoes of mechanical harvest cultivars ‘VF 145’ and ‘VF 13L’. Juice from these cultivars was less inhibitory to tomato seed germination, as determined by bioassays, than that of other cultivars. There was no difference in the inhibition between juice from the pulp and that from the locular gel. Soluble solids accounted for 44% of the inhibition, osmotic concentration 2%, and pH only 0.2%; and the remainder came from other constituents in the juice. Abscisic acid and 2 unidentified substances in the juice isolated by extraction and chromatography were shown to inhibit seed germination; the degree varied with maturity and cultivar. Injection of abscisic acid into the vascular tissue of the stem scar inhibited sprouting within the fruit. Gibberellic acid and kinetin gave variable results, depending upon harvest dates. Fruits from plants grown in low potassium nutrient culture solutions had increased sprouting of seeds. Presented at the XXth International Horticultural Congress, Sydney, Australia, August 1978, Abstract 1189
Risk of selected eye diseases in people admitted to hospital for hypertension or diabetes mellitus: record linkage studies

We read with great interest the article by Goldacre et al. 1 The authors conducted a retrospective matched cohort study to measure the association between hypertension or diabetes …
Physiological Evaluation of Chick Morbidity During Extended Posthatch Holding

Abstract Dehydration or under-nutrition as the major cause of chick morbidity during prolonged posthatch deprivation of feed and water was evaluated by physiological responses. Leghorn breeder chicks were subjected for 3 days, to one of five regimens: feed and water (FW), feed and Aqua-Jel (FJ), water without feed (W), Aqua-Jel without feed (J), and neither feed nor water (N). body water content (WC) and packed cell volume (PCV) served as direct and indirect measures of dehydration, respectively. The chicks had an average initial relative WC (RWC) of 70.9% and an initial PCV of 25.7%. At the end of the 3-day treatment, no significant differences were noted between N and FW or FJ regimens in RWC (75.2 vs. 76.0%) or in PCV (27.1 vs. 26.1%) (P>.05). Although changes in RWC between Day 0 and Day 3 were significant (P
Contraction analysis of time-delayed communications and group cooperation

We study stability of interacting nonlinear systems with time-delayed communications, using contraction theory and a simplified wave variable design inspired by robotic teleoperation. We show that contraction is preserved through specific time-delayed feedback communications, and that this property is independent of the values of the delays. The approach is then applied to group cooperation with linear protocols, where it is shown that synchronization can be made robust to arbitrary time delays.
High-Temperature Density Determination of Boron Oxide and Binary Rubidium and Cesium Borates

Density determinations of pure B2O3 and binary rubidium and cesium borates have been made in the temperature ranges 450° to 1300°C and 500° to 1100°C respectively. The density of B2O3 can be represented between 600° and 1000°C as d= 1.3388 + 228 (1/T) and for temperatures above 1000°C as d= 1.3947 + 157.9 (1/T), where d is in grams per milliliter and T is in °K. The volume expansion (dV/dT) in the alkali borate systems at 800°C increases with an increase of alkali oxide when the alkali concentration is more than 18 mole %. This increase in the volume expansion follows the order Cs > Rb > K > Na > Li. In the range 15 to 20 mole % alkali oxide a break in the volume expansion was observed. This break suggests a possible change in the structural configuration of the alkali borates.
Testing for trends in correlated data

The problem of testing for the significance of a linear trend in the presence of positively correlated errors is considered. Test criteria based on ordinary least squares, conditional maximum likelihood, estimated generalized least squares and maximum likelihood estimates tend to have higher significance levels than nominal levels for positively correlated series of moderate length. In this paper, we study three alternative methods: (a) pre-test, (b) bias-adjusted, and (c) bootstrap-based procedures. A simulation study is used to compare the empirical level and power of different procedures. An example is used to illustrate the procedures.
Carrot sticks or joysticks: Video games improve vision

Playing action-based video games has been shown to improve attentional processing. A study now finds that it also induces long-lasting improvements in contrast sensitivity, a basic visual function that commonly deteriorates with age. These improvements do not happen for an equivalent group who played a non-action video game.
Relative Utility of HYDICE and Multispectral Data for Object Detection, Identification and Abundance Estimation

Land cover and land use classification, and area estimation of spatially resolved objects have been successfully derived from remotely sensed imagery such as Landsat multispectral data for over 20 years. For subpixel objects, multispectral instruments may not provide sufficient distinct spectral information to reliably decompose a pixel into substances which make up that pixel. Hyperspectral imaging instruments with their large number of registered spectral bands may provide a capability to produce improved detection and classification of spatially resolved objects. These instruments are also designed to allow more reliable spectral decomposition of a pixel into pure substances, therefore permitting subpixel target material detection and abundance estimation. This paper describes an on-going study effort whose objective is to demonstrate the unique attributes and added contributions of hyperspectral data in comparison with simulated multispectral data sets for detection, discrimination, material identification, functional identification and abundance estimation problems. Methodologies used to perform these nonliteral exploitation tasks are described in this paper. Also presented in this paper are results obtained from applying these exploitation techniques to the Hyperspectral Digital Imagery Collection Experiment (HYDICE) sensor data and the simulated multispectral data sets for small to subpixel targets against a desert background. Performance comparison is made in terms of detection success rate, false alarms, and the number of correctly identified targets. These performance measures are also presented in this paper. This study is currently being extended to data collected by the HYDICE sensor in other types of background environment such as the forests to allow an assessment of the sensitivity of complex background on the relative utility of hyperspectral and multispectral data for key exploitation tasks.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
In defense of modest probabilism

Orthodox Probabilists hold that an inquirer ought to harbor a precise degree of confidence in each hypothesis about which she is concerned. Modest Probabilism is one of a family doctrines inspired by the thought that Orthodox Probabilists are thereby demanding that an inquirer effect a precision that is often unwarranted by her evidence. The purpose of this essay is (i) to explain the particular way in which Modest Probabilism answers to this thought, and (ii) to address an alleged counterexample to Modest Probabilism meant to offer proof that Modest Probabilism is no better than its orthodox predecessor at avoiding unwarranted precision.
Triptolide Induces Pancreatic Cancer Cell Death via Inhibition of Heat Shock Protein 70

Pancreatic cancer is highly resistant to current chemotherapy agents. We therefore examined the effects of triptolide (a diterpenoid triepoxide) on pancreatic cancer growth and local-regional tumor spread using an orthotopic model of pancreatic cancer. We have recently shown that an increased level of HSP70 in pancreatic cancer cells confers resistance to apoptosis and that inhibiting HSP70 induces apoptosis in these cells. In addition, triptolide was recently identified as part of a small molecule screen, as a regulator of the human heat shock response. Therefore, our aims were to examine the effects of triptolide on (a) pancreatic cancer cells by assessing viability and apoptosis, (b) pancreatic cancer growth and local invasion in vivo, and (c) HSP70 levels in pancreatic cancer cells. Incubation of PANC-1 and MiaPaCa-2 cells with triptolide (50-200 nmol/L) significantly reduced cell viability, but had no effect on the viability of normal pancreatic ductal cells. Triptolide induced apoptosis (assessed by Annexin V, caspase-3, and terminal nucleotidyl transferase-mediated nick end labeling) and decreased HSP70 mRNA and protein levels in both cell lines. Triptolide (0.2 mg/kg/d for 60 days) administered in vivo decreased pancreatic cancer growth and significantly decreased local-regional tumor spread. The control group of mice had extensive local invasion into adjacent organs, including the spleen, liver, kidney, and small intestine. Triptolide causes pancreatic cancer cell death in vitro and in vivo by induction of apoptosis and its mechanism of action is mediated via the inhibition of HSP70. Triptolide is a potential therapeutic agent that can be used to prevent the progression and metastases of pancreatic cancer.
A neuron-like Multi-Quantum-Well Injection-Mode Device for electronic pulse-mode circuits

Abstract A novel multi-quantum well device called a Multi-Quantum-Well Injection-Mode Device (MQW-IMD) is proposed as the basic building block for simple, pulse-mode, analog electronic circuits to implement elementary neural signal processing functions. The device consists of alternating n + doped quantum wells and undoped barrier layers forming a multi-quantum well structure which is placed between an n + cathode and p + anode. This structure gives rise to an s-shaped current-voltage characteristic in forward bias where switching to the high conductance state is produced by impact ionization over the conduction band edge of electrons bound in the quantum wells. When the device is operated in simple circuits with a capacitive load, it yields a pulse-mode output which simulates a number of important characteristics of the biological neuron. As an example, the device's design and operation in the GaAs AlGaAs materials system is described and demonstrated. The device's operation is shown to be feasible at low voltage and power with operation possible at room temperature.
Basic and Applied Research in Farming Systems: An Anthropologist's Appraisal

The relation of basic anthropological research to applied Farming Systems Research (FSR) is discussed. A case study involving two anthropologists engaged in basic research on Andean agriculture who collaborated with a FSR program of the International Potato Center is examined. This case shows that cooperation is feasible and beneficial, although serious constraints exist. Constraints arise from differences in objectives and methodologies and from structural differences between basic and applied science. Difficulties in integrating basic research into the applied FSR program are seen in the themes of community and traditional practice in agriculture. FSR can contribute to anthropology by helping to build effective multidisciplinary teams to study agricultural systems. Anthropological research on agriculture, particularly cultural ecology, benefits from adopting the commodity focus of FSR teams and from a redefinition of holism.
Compartmentation of endogenously synthesized amino acids in neonates.

The conversion of D-[U- 13 C]glucose to proline (Pro), aspartate (Asp), and cysteine (Cys) is limited in premature neonates, implying that these amino acids (AA) are conditionally essential. This study was performed to determine whether these findings resulted from an insufficient precursor dose or intracellular compartmentation of newly synthesized amino acids, rather than inadequate synthesis. In the first phase of this study, seven total parenteral nutrition-fed, premature neonates received IV D-[U 13 C]glucose at 5 mg/kg/min for 4 hr. In the second phase, a separate cohort of eight patients received an identical infusion. Blood was obtained before and at the end of the infusion. Isotopic enrichments of the free plasma AA and glucose were measured using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry in both studies. In phase 2, the isotopic enrichments of the AA bound to the hepatically synthesized proteins, fibrinogen and VLDL-apolipoprotein B-100 (apo B-100), were measured. In phase 1, despite a glucose precursor enrichment greater than 66%, Pro, Asp, and Cys remained the least enriched of all amino acids studied (P < 0.05). Asp, but not Pro, demonstrated very high enrichments in apo B-100 (P < 0.001), reflecting distinct intracellular compartmentation. We conclude that the limited conversion of D-[U- 13 C]glucose to Pro, Asp, and Cys did not result from low precursor glucose enrichment and that there is evidence of Asp compartmentation (intracellular) in premature neonates. However, the low Pro enrichment in the free plasma AA pool and the absence of intracellular Pro compartmentation suggest that Pro may be a conditionally essential AA for premature neonates.
Yasuaki Onuma. A Transcivilizational Perspective on International Law

As Brazil, Russia, India, China, and other emerging states ascend in economic and military might, they will inevitably want to have much more of a say in international affairs. Thus international law will not only have to address conflicts between different interpretations of law but will also need to accommodate and reconcile the often diverging interests of these states. For evidence of this, one need only look at recent debates in the UN Security Council about Syria. Such a multi-polar order is bound to challenge the existing international legal system. The book under review deals with this challenge and attempts to answer the question of how existing discourses within international law should adjust to this emerging "multi-polar and multi-civilizational world" (at 11).
Detection of honeybee tracheal mites (Acarapis woodi) by simple staining techniques

Abstract A total of 12 staining techniques, including five anionic and five cationic stains, and two mordant stains, were tested as possible histopathological methods for the detection of the honeybee tracheal mite, Acarapis woodi. The cationic stains stained the parasitic mites intensively and the ensheathing tracheae weakly positive in thin thoracic sections. The improved clarity and contrast of the stained mites within the tracheae in the thin thoracic sections facilitated the detection process. Even at very low levels of infestation, stained mites were detected easily and accurately under a dissecting microscope at a magnification as low as 10 ×. Consequently, examination of dissected trachae under a phase compound microscope, currently used for diagnosis of the mites, is no longer necessary. The stained specimen can also be mounted permanently on microslides.
Effects of spin-spin interactions on magnetoresistance in disordered organic semiconductors

A recent theory of magnetoresistance in positionally disordered organic semiconductors is extended to include exchange and dipolar couplings between polarons. Through the use of spin-dependent perturbation theory in the percolative transport regime, analytic results are discovered when the hyperfine, exchange, and dipolar interactions have little time to operate between hopping events. We find an angle-of-field dependence of the magnetoresistance that agrees with previous experiments and numerical simulations. In addition, we report on magnetoresistive behavior that critically depends upon the amount of anisotropy in the dipolar interaction.
A Parallel Algorithm for Approximating the Minimum Cycle Cover

We address the problem of approximating aminimum cycle cover in parallel. We give the first efficient parallel algorithm for finding an approximation to aminimum cycle cover. Our algorithm finds a cycle cover whose size is within a factor of 0(1 +n logn/(m + n) of the minimum-sized cover usingO(log2n) time on (m + n)/logn processors.
Memoirs: Obtaining the Right Solution to Thermophysics Problems

In many cases experiments can provide and are required to obtain needed information to engineering problems. However this paper is concerned with using numerical solution techniques to obtain the desired results where the governing equations provide an adequate simulation. With the development of improved numerical schemes for solving the governing equations of computational fluid dynamics and thermophysics and the development of larger and faster computers, significant improvement in prediction capabilities have evolved. The level and complexity of the governing equations required, the numerical solution scheme employed, and the availability of computer power (speed and memory size) have determined what problems are reasonable to solve at any given time. The emphasis in this paper is on the authors contributions in the development of an implicit finite-difference scheme for solving boundary layer flows and in modeling chemically reacting boundary layer flows. This work is used to illustrate the development of prediction capabilities with time. An approach to determine the accuracy or discretization error of the numerical solution and verification of numerical solutions is discussed. These issues have been a concern of the author since the initial boundary layer solutions were obtained.
Computerized Localization of Sources of Evoked Potentials in the Assessment of Visual Field Impairment

Objective computer-based techniques are described along with their underlying theoretical rationale for investigating visual field disorders. The paper concerns methods for the collection and analysis of evoked potentials and provides a description of methods for obtaining information about the conduction pathways of the visual system for clinical, neurological and neuropsychological applications.
Benzyl derivative facilitation of transcription in Escherichia coli at the ara and lac operon promoters: metabolite gene regulation (MGR).

A number of benzyl derivatives have been tested for their ability to induce the expression of the araBAD operon in an Escherichia coli K-12 strain. Those derivatives shown to be stimulatory include: benzoic acid (BA), paramino benzoic acid (PABA), para-hydroxy benzoic acid (PHBA), ortho-amino benzoic acid (OABA), 3-hydroxy-4-methoxy phenylethylamine (MTA), and 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenol acetic acid (HVA). The araC gene product was necessary to facilitate the induction. To further characterize if the inductive effect was mediated at the level of transcription, an araBAD-tetracycline resistant (Tcr) operon fusion plasmid (pAP-B) was employed. Benzyl derivatives which induce expression of the araBAD operon in situ also induced a Tcr phenotype with pAP-B. Both indole acetic acid (IAA) and imidazole (IM), which were previously shown to circumvent the necessity for cAMP in the induction of the araBAD operon, also induced a Tcr phenotype with pAP-B. Induction of lac or othe cAMP responding operons with the inducing molecules at the chromosomal level was not detectable when assessed by carbon utilization. However, a lacZYA-Tcr operon fusion plasmid (pLPI) did respond to IAA and several of the inducing benzyl derivatives. Catabolite repression of chromosomal araBAD expression was reversed when the exogenous concentration of OABA was elevated. Similar effects on the Tcr phenotypes conferred by pAP-B and pLP1 were observed when OABA or several other inducing benzyl derivatives were present exogenously.
Differences in the primary structure of nucleolar and ribosomal high molecular weight RNA of the novikoff hepatoma and rat liver, and possible therapeutic implications.

The remarkable advances in the methods for the isolation of nuclei and nucleoli of cancer cells along with the rapid evolution of techniques for purification and structural analyses of high molecular weight RNA has provided new opportunities to comparatively evaluate the constituents of tumor cells and other cells. Complete pancreatic RNase digestion was carried out on highly purified nucleolar 45S, 35S and 28S RNA and ribosomal 28S and 18S RNA of Novikoff hepatoma ascites cells which were highly labeled in vitro with 32P-orthophosphate. In addition, rat liver ribosomal 28S RNA was labeled in vivo and subjected to the same isolation and RNase digestion procedure. The resultant oligonucleotides of the digests are purine containing products with a pyrimidine 3′ terminal, altogether referred to as the pyrimidine catalog of the RNA molecule. They were separated on DEAE Sephadex A-25 at pH 7.6 according to chain length and the single components were isolated by paper electrophoresis at pH 3.5 (mono- and dinucleotides) or by rechromatography on DEAE Sephadex A-25 at pH 3.3 (hepta- to tridecanucleotides). Sequence studies were carried out by means of nucleotide analysis, complete digestion with T1 RNase and partial digestion with spleen phosphodiesterase. The oligonucleotide sequences and their frequencies were compared between the different high molecular weight RNA species of the Novikoff hepatoma and 28S ribosomal RNA of rat liver. Interestingly, marked differences were found between the substructures of nucleolar 45S, 35S and 28S RNA compared to those of ribosomal 18S RNA. The longest polypurine sequences of 28S ribosomal RNA were identical to those of 28S nucleolar RNA and no differences were found between polypurines of the Novikoff hepatoma and rat liver. However, when the frequencies were determined for the mono- and dinucleotides, significant differences appeared mainly for the dinucleotide G-Up. On the basis of a calculated chain length of 4.500 for ribosomal 28S RNA, 134 G-Up residues were calculated for the Novikoff hepatoma compared to 103 for 28S rRNA of rat liver. These results provide further evidence for defined sequence differences between high molecular weight RNA of tumor cells and other cells and possibly point the way to definitive cancer chemotherapy. Critical evaluations of potential strategies are discussed.
Deep Pharma: Psychiatry, Anthropology, and Pharmaceutical Detox

Psychiatric medication, or psychotropics, are increasingly prescribed for people of all ages by both psychiatry and primary care doctors for a multitude of mental health and/or behavioral disorders, creating a sharp rise in polypharmacy (i.e., multiple medications). This paper explores the clinical reality of modern psychotropy at the level of the prescribing doctor and clinical exchanges with patients. Part I, Geographies of High Prescribing, documents the types of factors (pharmaceutical-promotional, historical, cultural, etc.) that can shape specific psychotropic landscapes. Ethnographic attention is focused on high prescribing in Japan in the 1990s and more recently in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, in the US. These examples help to identify factors that have converged over time to produce specific kinds of branded psychotropic profiles in specific locales. Part II, Pharmaceutical Detox, explores a new kind of clinical work being carried out by pharmaceutically conscious doctors, which reduces the number of medications being prescribed to patients while re-diagnosing their mental illnesses. A high-prescribing psychiatrist in southeast Wisconsin is highlighted to illustrate a kind of med-checking taking place at the level of individual patients. These various examples and cases call for a renewed emphasis by anthropology to critically examine the “total efficacies” of modern pharmaceuticals and to continue to disaggregate mental illness categories in the Boasian tradition. This type of detox will require a holistic approach, incorporating emergent fields such as neuroanthropology and other kinds of creative collaborations.
Kinetic theories and mesoscopic models for solutions of nonhomogeneous liquid crystal polymers

Abstract We present a systematic derivation of hydrodynamic theories for nonhomogeneous nematic liquid crystal polymers (LCPs) by approximating the molecules as rigid ellipsoids, which can be either uniaxial molecules (spheroids) or biaxial ones. The short range interaction is assumed to be dominated by the excluded volume effect. Additional molecular properties with ellipsoidal molecules, e.g., a dipole–dipole interaction in extended nematics and chiral molecular structure in cholesterics, are accounted for through additional intermolecular potentials. Long-range molecular interaction is implemented through an averaged mean-field potential characterized by interaction functions. The extra elastic stress tensor is calculated using an extended virtual work principle consistent with conservation of angular momentum on the material volume, whereas the extra viscous stress is obtained by Batchelor’s volume averaging method. In the isothermal case, the theories are shown to satisfy the second law of thermodynamics, i.e., they admit positive production of entropy or energy dissipation. In the case of cholesterics, the kinetic theory reduces to the Leslie–Ericksen theory in the limit of weak translational diffusion, weak long range interaction, and weak flow.
NEPA and Climate Change

Climate change has quickly emerged as one of the hottest topics in NEPA (the National Environmental Policy Act) analysis. Analysis of climate change impacts in NEPA documents is a fairly recent development; many NEPA documents today contain no such analysis. Although a few federal agencies have addressed greenhouse gas emissions and related climate change impacts in documents for some time, such analyses have been historically atypical. The recent widespread media attention on climate change, however, coupled with a substantial increase in litigation focusing on climate change impact analysis in NEPA documents, has driven a rapid rise in interest over how to incorporate such analysis into NEPA analyses. This article is part one of a two-part series, briefly describing the context for considering climate change in NEPA analyses and reviewing the case law and other legal developments centered on NEPA climate change. Part two, to appear in a subsequent issue of Environmental Practice, will discuss methodological approaches, analysis techniques, and mitigation measures for addressing climate change in NEPA analyses.
VON NEUMANN CAPACITY OF NOISY QUANTUM CHANNELS

We discuss the capacity of quantum channels for information transmission and storage. Quantum channels have dual uses: they can be used to transmit known quantum states which code for classical information, and they can be used in a purely quantum manner, for transmitting or storing quantum entanglement. We propose here a definition of thevon Neumanncapacity of quantum channels, which is a quantum-mechanical extension of the Shannon capacity and reverts to it in the classical limit. As such, the von Neumann capacity assumes the role of a classical or quantum capacity depending on the usage of the channel. In analogy to the classical construction, this capacity is defined as the maximumvon Neumann mutual entropyprocessed by the channel, a measure which reduces to the capacity for classical information transmission through quantum channels ~the ‘‘Kholevo capacity’’ ! when known quantum states are sent. The quantum mutual entropy fulfills all basic requirements for a measure of information, and observes quantum data-processing inequalities. We also derive a quantum Fano inequality relating the quantum loss of the channel to the fidelity of the quantum code. The quantities introduced are calculated explicitly for the quantum depolarizing channel. The von Neumann capacity is interpreted within the context of superdense coding, and an extended Hamming bound is derived that is consistent with that capacity. @S1050-2947~97!04511-3#
Foreign Direct Investment in Latin America: The Importance of Judicial Strength and Rule of Law

An extensive literature has emerged recently that investigates the determinants of foreign direct investment (FDI) in developing regions of the world, including Latin America. Much of this work has focused on whether authoritarian or democratic rule is better for attracting FDI. Curiously, little attention has been devoted to unpacking regime type to see whether specific political institutional variables related to judicial strength and adherence to the rule of law are important FDI determinants. Based on panel data analysis and our own survey of US corporations, we find that judicial strength and rule of law elements are important determinants of FDI in Latin America.
On fusers that perform better than best sensor

In a multiple sensor system, sensor S/sub i/, i=1, 2..., N, outputs Y/sup (i)/ /spl isin/ [0,1], according to an unknown probability distribution P(Y/sup (i)/|X), in response to input X /spl isin/ [0,1]. We choose a fuser-that combines the outputs of sensors-from a function class F={f:[0,1]/sup N//spl rarr/[0,1]} by minimizing empirical error based on an i.i.d. sample. If F satisfies the isolation property, we show that the fuser performs at least as well as the best sensor in a probably approximately correct sense. Several well-known fusers, such as linear combinations, special potential functions, and certain feedforward networks, satisfy the isolation property.
Strategies that modulate inflammasomes—insights from host–pathogen interactions

The innate immune system is a dynamic and complex network for recognizing and responding to cellular insult or tissue damage after infection or injury. The primary effector mechanism of innate immunity is the generation of acute and chronic inflammatory responses through regulation of the processing and activation of proinflammatory caspases, particularly caspase 1, and cytokines, most notably IL-1β and IL-18. Inflammasomes, cytosolic multi-protein complexes that function as molecular scaffolds for caspase activation, have recently emerged as the pivotal mechanism by which host innate immune and inflammatory responses are regulated. In this review, we investigate the mechanisms by which inflammasomes are modulated, both by endogenous host systems and by microbial pathogens.
Complex formation of montmorillonite clay with polymers. Part 2: The use of montmorillonite clay–vinyl monomer complex as a comonomer in the copolymerization reaction of styrene–acrylonitrile monomers

The bulk copolymerization of styrene–acrylonitrile monomers using styrene-N+–montmorillonite complex as a comonomer in the polymerization was studied. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis showed that part of the styrene-N+–montmorillonite complex remained non-dispersed (immiscible) and the copolymer was excluded from the interlayer of the immiscible part of the clay. The successive chemical extraction process revealed that a reasonable amount of the styrene–acrylonitrile copolymer was directly attached to the styrene-N+–montmorillonite complex and enveloped the clay. Highly exfoliated clay lamella and nanospheres (3–5 nm) were observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The montmorillonite clay assume two different morphologies, immiscible and exfoliated, on the basis of the XRD and TEM data. A simple method of calculation of the ratio of the exfoliated/immiscible amounts of the clay indicated that the amount of the styrene-N+–montmorillonite complex exfoliated into separate lamella was 40 % (w/w) of the amount of the clay samples containing 2 % of the (styrene-N+–montmorillonite complex) clay. This amount of exfoliated clay decreases with the increase of the concentration of the clay. The presence of the styrene-N+–montmorillonite clay in the copolymerization reaction had a minor effect on both the copolymer composition and the molecular weight. Modification of the clay with the derivatized styrene monomer can achieve a nanocomposite using a percentage no more than 4 % (w/w) of complex in the copolymer. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
CHARGE syndrome: a window of opportunity for audiologic intervention.

Objective. To detail the clinical features of 22 new patients with a syndrome characterized by ocular coloboma, heart defects, atretic choanae, retarded growth or development, genital hypoplasia, and ear anomalies or hearing loss (CHARGE) seen in a tertiary academic medical center; compare auditory brainstem response (ABR) thresholds and behavioral hearing test results; identify a “window of opportunity” for audiologic intervention; review the literature regarding hearing results in CHARGE syndrome; and review the relationship between facial palsy and sensorineural hearing loss. Methods. Clinical data were gathered to examine 1) the variety of hearing results, 2) the average age at the time of hearing loss identification in 22 children with CHARGE using electrophysiologic and behavioral test methods, 3) the usefulness of the ABR as an early indicator of hearing sensitivity for a select group composed of children from the present study and from an earlier report from the same institution, and 4) the value of congenital facial paralysis as a predictor of sensorineural hearing loss in CHARGE children seen in the authors’ institution since 1983. Results. All children had 4 or more acronymic features, including colobomatous defects or choanal atresia. Ear anomalies/hearing loss occurred at least as frequently as other primary features. A total of 81% of patients had hearing loss; in this subset, 1 child had a mild degree of loss, and the remaining children had moderate or greater losses. The average age at which ABR confirmed hearing status was 3.8 months, whereas for behavioral testing, that age was 24.7 months, a statistically significant difference. In a select group of 16 children, no statistical differences existed when comparing threshold results of early electrophysiologic testing with behavioral test findings obtained at a later date. Contingency analysis suggests that congenital facial paralysis and sensorineural hearing loss are related. Conclusions. Hearing loss is prevalent in children with CHARGE syndrome. Within a wide range of results exists a propensity for moderate or greater hearing loss in children with sensorineural or mixed impairments. Congenital facial palsy seems to be a valid statistical predictor of sensorineural hearing loss and can be a useful device in audiologic decision making. A “window of opportunity” for audiologic intervention exists in the first few months of life. Primary care providers are encouraged to recognize the need for immediate, early audiologic referral of their patients suspected to have CHARGE. Evaluation of hearing sensitivity during infancy and, when appropriate, provision of amplification are important components in the process of auditory habilitation. These efforts are in keeping with various professional guidelines that call for early detection of hearing loss and subsequent prompt intervention to minimize effects on infant development.
Qualitative Research Designs: Selection and Implementation

Counseling psychologists face many approaches from which to choose when they conduct a qualitative research study. This article focuses on the processes of selecting, contrasting, and implementing five different qualitative approaches. Based on an extended example related to test interpretation by counselors, clients, and communities, this article provides a detailed discussion about five qualitative approaches— narrative research; case study research; grounded theory; phenomenology; and participatory action research—as alternative qualitative procedures useful in understanding test interpretation. For each approach, the authors offer perspectives about historical origins, definition, variants, and the procedures of research.