cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Entraining to the polar day: circadian rhythms in arctic ground squirrels.

ABSTRACT Circadian systems are principally entrained to 24 h light–dark cycles, but this cue is seasonally absent in polar environments. Although some resident polar vertebrates have weak circadian clocks and are seasonally arrhythmic, the arctic ground squirrel (AGS) maintains daily rhythms of physiology and behavior throughout the summer, which includes 6 weeks of constant daylight. Here, we show that persistent daily rhythms in AGS are maintained through a circadian system that readily entrains to the polar day yet remains insensitive to entrainment by rapid light–dark transitions, which AGS generate naturally as a consequence of their semi-fossorial behavior. Additionally, AGS do not show ‘jet lag’, the slow realignment of circadian rhythms induced by the inertia of an intrinsically stable master circadian clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). We suggest this is due to the low expression of arginine vasopressin in the SCN of AGS, as vasopressin is associated with inter-neuronal coupling and robust rhythmicity.
The Impact of the Great Recession on Financial Services Advertising: An Exploratory Study

ABSTRACTWe explore how advertising managers of financial services organizations have responded to the repercussions of the Great Recession in their advertising strategies. To this end, we compare print ads for financial services that appeared in six magazines at two periods in time: 2005, prior to the Great Recession and 2010, after the end of the Great Recession. We content analyzed 755 prints ads and found major differences in the advertising strategies from prerecession to postrecession, particularly in the type of appeals. We further examined these strategic shifts by audience focus (business-to-business and business-to-consumer) and gender focus (male, female, or both).
Comparison of Simulated Drift Rates of Common ALS-Inhibiting Rice Herbicides to Florpyrauxifen-Benzyl on Soybean

Acetolactate synthase- (ALS-) herbicides are among the most commonly used sites of action (SOA) in rice production. Many herbicides used in rice can cause carryover to soybean, which is commonly grown near to or rotated with rice. Florpyrauxifen-benzyl (Rinskor™ Active) brings an alternative SOA to rice production. The objective of this study was to compare the effects of simulated drift rates of florpyrauxifen-benzyl to commonly used ALS-inhibiting rice herbicides on soybean. A field study was conducted at two locations examining five ALS-inhibiting rice herbicides as well as florpyrauxifen-benzyl at a 1/20x and 1/80x simulated drift rate. Crop injury, height, and yield were evaluated at 14, 21, and 35 days after treatment (DAT). Florpyrauxifen-benzyl and bispyribac showed high injury levels at both drift rates. At 35 DAT florpyrauxifen-benzyl caused 76% and 17% visible damage to soybean whereas bispyribac caused 35 and 9% injury at 1/20x and 1/80x, respectively. These treatments resulted in a reduction in soybean height and yield. Although this alternative SOA herbicide in rice may be effective for weed control, our research demonstrates it to be injurious to soybean at both drift rates tested. Thus, proper precautions should be taken to avoid injury by ensuring that the label is followed.
Gardening on the Fringes: A Case Study at City Tech

Gardening offers college students a direct connection to the raw material they use in cooking classes. The added pleasure that comes with handling extremely fresh vegetables can enhance their cooki...
Annals for Hospitalists Inpatient Notes - Modernizing Rounds—Why It's Time to Redesign Our Hospital Practice

How can we elevate the quality and efficiency of inpatient care? The authors of this commentary explain why it is time for radical, disruptive change in how we organize our patients and how we roun...
Scalable network I/O in Linux

Recent highly publicized benchmarks have suggested that Linux systems do not scale as well as other systems, such as Windows NT, when used as network servers. Windows NT contains features such as I/O completion ports that help boost network server performance and scalability. In this paper we focus on improving the Linux implementation of poll() to reduce the expense of managing large numbers of network connections. We also explore the newer POSIX RT signal API that will help network servers scale into the next decade. A comparison between the two interfaces shows that a server using our /dev/poll interface scales better than a server using RT signals.
Recent progress in photoacoustic molecular imaging

By acoustically detecting the optical absorption contrast, photoacoustic (PA) tomography (PAT) has broken the penetration limits of traditional high-resolution optical imaging. Through spectroscopic analysis of the target's optical absorption, PAT can identify a wealth of endogenous and exogenous molecules and thus is inherently capable of molecular imaging with high sensitivity. PAT's molecular sensitivity is uniquely accompanied by non-ionizing radiation, high spatial resolution, and deep penetration in biological tissues, which other optical imaging modalities cannot achieve yet. In this concise review, we summarize the most recent technological advancements in PA molecular imaging and highlight the novel molecular probes specifically made for PAT in deep tissues. We conclude with a brief discussion of the opportunities for future advancements.
Role of sphingolipids in senescence: implication in aging and age-related diseases

Aging is defined as the progressive deterioration of physiological function with age. Incidence of many pathologies increases with age, including neurological and cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Aging tissues become less adaptable and renewable, and cells undergo senescence, a process by which they "irreversibly" stop dividing. Senescence has been shown to serve as a tumor suppression mechanism with clear desirable effects. However, senescence also has deleterious consequences, especially for cardiovascular, metabolic, and immune systems. Sphingolipids are a major class of lipids that regulate cell biology, owing to their structural and bioactive properties and diversity. Their involvement in the regulation of aging and senescence has been demonstrated and studied in multiple organisms and cell types, especially that of ceramide and sphingosine-1-phosphate; ceramide induces cellular senescence and sphingosine-1-phosphate delays it. These discoveries could be very useful in the future to understand aging mechanisms and improve therapeutic interventions.
Surface-optimized core–shell nanocomposites (Fe3O4@MnxFeyO4) for ultra-high uranium sorption and low-field separation in water

Multifunctional manganese ferrite-coated superparamagnetic magnetite (core–shell) nanocrystals, surface stabilized by a (organic) phosphate functionalized bilayer, have been simultaneously optimized for ultra-high uranium sorption capacity, colloidal stability under elevated ionic strengths, and susceptibility to low magnetic fields, which are critical for subsequent separation processes.
Developing creativity through authentic programming in the inclusive classroom

Whilst creativity is perceived as an important twenty-first century skill, current research suggests that educators generally do not have a good understanding on how to teach this type of skill, co...
Respiratory Variation in Carotid Artery Peak Systolic Velocity Is Unable to Predict Fluid Responsiveness in Spontaneously Breathing Critically Ill Patients When Assessed by Novice Physician Sonologists

Background:Respiratory variation in carotid artery peak systolic velocity (ΔVpeak) assessed by point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) has been proposed as a noninvasive means to predict fluid responsiven...
Extending the Semantics of Scheduling Priorities: Increasing parallelism demands new paradigms.

Application performance is directly affected by the hardware resources that the application requires, the degree to which such resources are available, and how the operating system addresses its requirements with regard to the other processes in the system. Ideally, an application would have access to all the resources it could use and be allowed to complete its work without competing with any other activity in the system. In a world of highly shared hardware resources and generalpurpose, time-share-based operating systems, however, no guarantees can be made as to how well resourced an application will be.
Feedback Control of Bioelectronic Devices Using Machine Learning

Bioelectronic devices have shown their unprecedented potential in a wide range of biomedical applications due to their vast functionality. To fully unleash their potential, bioelectronic devices should be able to precisely respond to real-time changes in the environment to drive biological systems’ response towards the desired goals. However, controlling the biological systems’ response with bioelectronic devices is challenging due to the presence of uncertainties, stochasticity, unmodeled dynamics, and complex nonlinearities. Here, we demonstrate the promise of leveraging tools in synthetic biology with an online machine learning (ML)-based feedback controller to achieve a precise spatiotemporal response of biological systems using bioelectronics driven by an adaptive external “sense and respond” learning algorithm. The proposed ML-based feedback controller leverages the learning capability and low computational complexity of a class of artificial neural networks called the Radial Basis Function (RBF) network. Lyapunov analysis is provided to prove stability of the proposed controller. The satisfactory performance of the proposed method is experimentally validated by maintaining media pH using bioelectronic proton pumps.
Scaling gene expression for cell size control and senescence in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Cells divide with appropriate frequency by coupling division to growth—that is, cells divide only when they have grown sufficiently large. This process is poorly understood, but has been studied using cell size mutants. In principle, mutations affecting cell size could affect the mean size (“set-point” mutants), or they could affect the variability of sizes (“homeostasis” mutants). In practice, almost all known size mutants affect set-point, with little effect on size homeostasis. One model for size-dependent division depends on a size-dependent gene expression program: Activators of cell division are over-expressed at larger and larger sizes, while inhibitors are under-expressed. At sufficiently large size, activators overcome inhibitors, and the cell divides. Amounts of activators and inhibitors determine the set-point, but the gene expression program (the rate at which expression changes with cell size) determines the breadth of the size distribution (homeostasis). In this model, set-point mutants identify cell cycle activators and inhibitors, while homeostasis mutants identify regulators that couple expression of activators and inhibitors to size. We consider recent results suggesting that increased cell size causes senescence, and suggest that at very large sizes, an excess of DNA binding proteins leads to size induced senescence.
Four distinct Northeast US heat wave circulation patterns and associated mechanisms, trends, and electric usage

Northeastern US heat waves have usually been considered in terms of a single circulation pattern, the high-pressure circulation typical of most heat waves occurring in other parts of the world. However, k-means clustering analysis from 1980–2018 shows there are four distinct patterns of Northeast heat wave daily circulation, each of which has its own seasonality, heat-producing mechanisms (associated moisture, subsidence, and temperature advection), and impact on electricity demand. Monthly analysis shows statistically-significant positive trends occur in late summer for two of the patterns and early summer for a third pattern, while the fourth pattern shows a statistically significant negative trend in early summer. These results demonstrate that heat waves in a particular geographic area can be initiated and maintained by a variety of mechanisms, resulting in heat wave types with distinct impacts and potential links to climate change, and that pattern analysis is an effective tool to distinguish these differences.
Comparative Study of Education Funding in Nigeria

This study provides a comparative review of education funding across geopolitical zones in Nigeria and draws a nexus between Nigeria’s budgetary allocation to education and some selected African countries. Education funding in Nigeria has lagged the UNESCO’s advised 15%-20% of the government's annual budget to education in the last three decades. We assess education funding across the six geopolitical zones between 2010 and 2019 using content analysis of the respective states. A review of the WAEC enrollment for states in each zone is performed to compare how education funding impacts WAEC enrollment in Nigeria. The study identifies a link between poverty and income inequality and education funding in Nigeria by leveraging data from the World Bank and Nigeria Bureau of Statistics (NBS) from 2001-2019. We identify low funding of education as the primary driver of poverty and inequality in Nigeria. The study recommends a diversified funding mechanism to enhance the sector's funding and improve the quality of education in the country.
The Effect of Ultrasonic Vibration on Material Movement in Incremental Sheet Forming

Applied mechanical vibration in various manufacturing processes, usually at ultrasonic frequencies of 20 kHz, has been shown to influence the forming and friction forces. The material softening behavior under superimposed ultrasonic vibrations is known as acoustoplasticity. This paper investigates the effect of acoustoplastic softening phenomenon on material movement in incremental forming of AA7075 sheets. A 45° cone is formed using a two-point incremental forming strategy (TPIF). Added ultrasonic vibration shows higher amount of material movement, which is supported through quantitative measurements including greater bulge height, surface profilometry, and thickness distribution around the tool contact area. Surface roughness measurements, relative to the depth of the geometry, increase with progressive forming. This coincides with the notion of greater material movement, accumulation, and surface deformation.
Response to Kurth and Nelson

I want to start with an expression of deep gratitude to Charlie Kurth and Amanda Nelson for their thoughts about my work. As the book authors out there know, writing a book is a long labor rife wit...
A molecular (NCS2)Ni(II) electrocatalyst resembles [NiFe]hydrogenase pathway for H2 evolution

The electrochemical hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is considered a sustainable energy approach to advance fuel-cell technologies, and HER electrocatalysts that resembles the [NiFe] hydrogenases are highly desired. Herein, we report a bioinspired Ni(II) complex (NCHS2)Ni(OTf)2, where NCHS2 is 3,7-dithia-1(2,6)-pyridina-5(1,3)-benzenacyclooctaphane, that is an efficient electrocatalyst for HER with turnover frequencies up to 400,000 s–1 in the presence of low acid concentration, and compares favorably with the other reported Ni HER electrocatalysts. Importantly, in this complex the rationally designed NCHS2 ligand undergoes C-H bond activation and the resulting organometallic Ni-aryl complex restricts the formation of a Ni(0) species, which resembles the role of the cysteine ligands in [NiFe] hydrogenases. In addition, this electrocatalyst follows a unique HER mechanism via detectable Ni(I)/Ni(III) intermediates that are also proposed for [NiFe] hydrogenases, yet such a mechanism has not been observed to date in model systems.
Complexity of Multi-party Computation Problems: The Case of 2-Party Symmetric Secure Function Evaluation

In symmetric secure function evaluation (SSFE), Alice has an input x , Bob has an input y , and both parties wish to securely compute f (x ,y ). We show several new results classifying the feasibility of securely implementing these functions in several security settings. Namely, we give new alternate characterizations of the functions that have (statistically) secure protocols against passive and active (standalone), computationally unbounded adversaries. We also show a strict, infinite hierarchy of complexity for SSFE functions with respect to universally composable security against unbounded adversaries. That is, there exists a sequence of functions f 1 , f 2 , ... such that there exists a UC-secure protocol for f i in the f j -hybrid world if and only if i ≤ j . The main new technical tool that unifies our unrealizability results is a powerful protocol simulation theorem, which may be of independent interest. Essentially, in any adversarial setting (UC, standalone, or passive), f is securely realizable if and only if a very simple (deterministic) "canonical" protocol for f achieves the desired security. Thus, to show that f is unrealizable, one need simply demonstrate a single attack on a single simple protocol.
Politics as Sex: Gender and Political Youth Activism in Putin's Russia

This paper concerns how pro- and anti-regime political youth organizations in Russia are using gender as a means of gaining attention and representation in an authoritarian political arena. I examine the ways that pro- and anti-regime political youth groups wield masculinity and femininity to attract young people to participate in their political actions (and to adopt their political perspectives). I also show how both pro-Putin, regime-sponsored youth organizations (like the infamous group, Nashi) as well as liberal anti-regime youth groups, wield masculinity, femininity, and homophobia in support of their own political positions, and against their political opponents. In the past two years, there have been a rash of political actions in which young Russian women disrobe (to varying degrees) to demonstrate their support of political leaders (Putin in particular). These range from a calendar featuring semi-naked pro-Kremlin female students, published for Putin’s birthday in 2010, to female fans of Dmitry Medvedev doing a public strip tease in a Moscow square in summer 2011. Meanwhile, pro-Putin youth try to undermine the credibility of opposition (liberal) politicians by labeling them as gay, or as sexually “deviant” (one exhibit at Nashi’s yearly summer camp, for instance, consisted of photo-shopped posters of three opposition politicians, portraying them as transvestite prostitutes “selling” Russia). Attempts by the liberal opposition to use similarly homophobic tactics against Putin (imputations of homosexuality) are met with immediate resistance from the regime. For example, one artist tried to project an painting of Putin dressed as a woman onto the mayor’s office building in his town, and was arrested, interrogated, beaten, and fined in response. In short, displays of masculinity by male political youth activists and political leaders, displays of femininity arrayed in support of those political leaders, and accusations of homosexuality have become highly visible tools of political action in the context of Russia’s authoritarian regime. Political youth activists are making use of sex as a tool to highlight their political perspectives. Using a gender lens to shed light on politicized masculinity and politicized femininity lends insight into issues of representation and civic organizing under Russia’s authoritarian regime.
An experimental evaluation of a Monte-Carlo algorithm for singular value decomposition

We demonstrate that an algorithm proposed by Drineas et. al. in [7] to approximate the singular vectors/values ofa matrix A, is not only oft heoretical interest but also a fast, viable alternative to traditional algorithms. The algorithm samples a small number ofro ws (or columns) oft he matrix, scales them appropriately to form a small matrix S and computes the singular value decomposition (SVD) of S, which is a good approximation to the SVD ofthe original matrix. We experimentally evaluate the accuracy and speed oft his randomized algorithm using image matrices and three different sampling schemes. Our results show that our approximations oft he singular vectors of A span almost the same space as the corresponding exact singular vectors of A.
Self-assembly PbSe Nanoparticles into Nanorings

In this presentation, we report the self-assembly of monolayer and multilayer nanorings of PbSe nanoparticles. PbSe nanoparticles were synthesized by using a high temperature precipitation method. The nanoparticles are about 5 nm and appeared as truncated octahedral enclosed by the {100} and {111} crystal facets of fcc structure. The large area monodisperse self-assembly nanoarrays were obtained by dropping the high concentration solution of PbSe nanoparticles on the carbon grid. The nanoparticles are hexagonal close packed and oriented randomly in the nanoarrays. By diluting the solution for large area self-assembly, self-assembly of monolayer and multilayer nanorings can be achieved. The nanoring formation is determined by hydrodynamics, surface effects, and interaction between the nanoparticles and carbon grid.
Effect of Age and Sedative Agent on the Accuracy of Bispectral Index in Detecting Depth of Sedation in Children

OBJECTIVE. This study evaluated age- and sedative agent–related differences in bispectral index across observed sedation levels in a large sample of children PATIENTS AND METHODS. With institutional review board approval and waiver of consent, data from 4 independently conducted studies were combined in a secondary analysis of 3373 observations from 248 children aged 1 month to 18 years. In these studies, bispectral index values of sedated children were recorded in a blinded fashion, and sedation depth was scored using the University of Michigan Sedation Scale (UMSS). Bispectral index was evaluated across UMSS scores for several age groups and during use of each sedative agent (with/without opioids). RESULTS. There was a moderate inverse correlation between bispectral index and UMSS for all age groups. There were significant differences in bispectral index across UMSS and between each sedation level except UMSS 3 to 4 in all the age groups and UMSS 0 to 1 in infants. The mean bispectral index and the cutoff values on the receiver-operating-characteristic curve for mild, moderate, and deep sedation were significantly lower in infants ≤6 months compared with older children at each sedation level. Bispectral index was reasonably sensitive and specific in differentiating mild (UMSS 0–1) from deeper (UMSS 3–4) levels of sedation but poorly differentiated between moderate and deep levels of sedation in all age groups. There was a moderate correlation between bispectral index and UMSS during the use of chloral hydrate, pentobarbital, propofol, and midazolam but poor correlation during ketamine or opioid use. Bispectral index values were significantly lower during deep sedation with propofol and pentobarbital compared with midazolam and chloral hydrate. CONCLUSIONS. Our findings suggest that, although bispectral index may differentiate light from deep sedation in most children, bispectral index must be interpreted cautiously in sedated children, with particular consideration given to patient age and use of sedative agents.
Glutamatergic Neurotransmission and Neuronal Glucose Oxidation are Coupled during Intense Neuronal Activation

13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments have previously shown that glutamatergic neurotransmitter flux (Vcycle(Glu/Gln)) changes proportionately with neuronal glucose oxidation (CMRglc(ox)N) in the nonactivated cortex of anesthetized rats. Positron Emission Tomography measurements of glucose and oxygen uptake during sensory stimulation had shown that the incremental glucose utilization is greater than oxygen leading to the suggestion that the energy required for stimulated neuronal activity arises from nonoxidative glucose metabolism. In this study, the authors used spatially localized 1H-observed, 13C-edited NMR spectroscopy during an infusion of [1,6–13C2]glucose to assess the relationship between changes in Vcycle(Glu/Gln) and glucose utilization (CMRglc(ox)N and CMRglc(nonox)) during the intense cortical activity associated with bicuculline-induced seizures. Metabolic fluxes were determined by model-based analysis of the 13C-enrichment time courses of glutamate-C4 and glutamine-C4 (CMRglc(ox)...
3D Multiscale Mass Loaded MHD Simulations of the Solar Wind Interaction with Mars

Abstract We simulate the solar wind interaction with Mars with the help of a three-dimensional MHD model, which includes mass loading by photoionization, electron impact ionization and charge exchange. The planetary exosphere is composed of thermal and hot hydrogen, and thermal and hot oxygen. The model gives a good fit to the average observed bowshock shape and position. We obtain a significant dependence of the bow shock position on the mass production rates. Our results suggest that mass loading terms of hot oxygen are the most significant ones and that mass loading is not important at solar minimum.
Interest Rates and the Relative Performance of Equity Style Indices

This article shows that observed patterns in the relative returns of style-defined stock indices are the result of differences in the interest rate sensitivities of growth relative to value stocks and large relative to small stocks. Specifically, the author shows that growth and large-capitalization stocks exhibit greater interest rate sensitivity than value and smallcap stocks, respectively. Persistent style cycles are thus explained by patterns in interest rate movements rather than investor herding or other behavioral systems. This finding suggests that style investing can be used to manage interest rate exposure in much the same fashion as traditional and alternative fixed income strategies.
Preliminary evidence for the integration of music into HIV prevention for severely mentally ill Latinas.

Background Individuals with severe mental illness (SMI) may be at increased risk of HIV infection. Prevention programs designed specifically for SMI have relied primarily on principles of cognitive-behavior change theories delivered in a small group format and in venues and services utilized by SMI. Most intervention effects have not been shown to be sustainable over time. We report on our findings relating to the importance of music to Puerto Rican women with SMI and the implications for HIV prevention interventions with this population. Methods We interviewed and shadowed over a 2-year period 53 women of Puerto Rican ethnicity between the ages of 18 and 50, residing in northeastern Ohio, who had been diagnosed with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, or major depression. Results Nearly one-half of the participants listened to music regularly. Some reported that music was essential to their lives. Participants reported that music improved their mental and social well-being by facilitating expression and reflection of their emotions and increasing their energy levels. Discussion Music may affect the core negative symptoms and compensate for neuropsychological deficits in women with schizophrenia and related conditions by facilitating the articulation of emotion and allowing individuals to better attend to and potentially incorporate external activities into their lives. The use of music in HIV prevention efforts with SMI Latinas may facilitate their emotional expression and assist them in integrating the educative efforts into their life style choices.
SYNCOPE AND THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

The autonomic nervous system plays a central role in the maintenance of hemodynamic stability. Dysfunction of this complex regulatory system can lead to the development of loss of consciousness. This article summarizes our current understanding of the role of the autonomic nervous system in maintaining a stable blood pressure and heart rate under normal and abnormal physiologic conditions. The role of baroreceptors, mechanoreceptors, chemoreceptors, vascular reactivity, and the interaction of these sensor systems with the central nervous system as a whole are reviewed. Current concepts related to the mechanisms of unexplained syncope and the "state-of-the-art" diagnostic and treatment options are also discussed.
Engaging the next generation of healthcare professionals in genomics: planning for the future

There is broad agreement that healthcare professionals require fundamental training in genomics to keep pace with scientific advancement. Strong models that promote effective genomic education, however, are lacking. Furthermore, curricula at many institutions are now straining to adapt to the integration of additional material on next-generation sequencing and the bioethical and legal issues that will accompany clinical genomic testing. This article advocates for core competencies focused on job function, which will best prepare providers to be end-users of healthcare information. In addition, it argues in favor of online and blended learning models that incorporate student genotyping and specific training in the ethical, legal and social issues raised by genomic testing.
Training and transfer effects in task switching

Performance on task switching, a paradigm commonly used to measure executive function, has been shown to improve with practice. However, no study has tested whether these benefits are specific to the tasks learned or are transferable to new situations. We report evidence of transferable improvement in a cued, randomly switching paradigm as measured by mixing cost, but we report no consistent improvement for switch cost. Improvement in mixing costs arises from a relative reduction in time to perform both switch and nonswitch trials that immediately follow switch trials, implicating the ability to recover from unexpected switches as the source of improvement. These results add to a growing number of studies demonstrating generalizable improvement with training on executive processing.
Ethanol consumption of rats in individual, group, and colonial housing conditions

Rats were housed in individual cages, in a group cage, or in a naturalistic colonial habitat, and given access to food, water, 10% ethanol, and 10% ethanol in a sweetened saline solution. Rats housed in the colony ingested significantly less total ethanol than either group or individually caged rats. When the flavored ethanol solution was removed, total ethanol intakes of all groups decreased and did not differ significantly. The data indicate that the stimuli of the colonial situation act to decrease ethanol intake when a palatable ethanol solution is available.
Animal behaviour meets microbial ecology

Microbial ecologists strive to understand the factors that influence the structures and functions of microbial communities. At first glance, understanding these communities might not seem to offer much to biologists studying the behaviour of animals. However, several exciting new studies demonstrate that microbial ecology has the potential to advance research on both proximate and ultimate questions in animal behaviour. Here we review three such questions: (1) how do animals recognize individuals, group members and kin, (2) how do animals choose among potential mates, and (3) what are the evolutionary costs and benefits of social relationships? Contributions to these problems from microbial ecology come from two basic ideas. First, the structure of animals’ bacterial communities is shaped by their hosts’ environments, physiologies, genotypes and social relationships. In turn, these communities can communicate this information about their animal hosts, especially through odour. Second, social relationships can mediate exposure and susceptibility to bacteria, and this socially mediated transmission can influence the evolutionary costs and benefits of social relationships. Throughout our review, we focus on the bacterial communities of vertebrates because their behaviourally relevant symbionts have received little attention compared to those of invertebrates. We focus on how new genetic tools in microbial ecology make it possible to test long-standing hypotheses in behavioural ecology, and we highlight future research directions at the interface of microbial and behavioural ecology.
Human and bovine viruses in the Milwaukee River watershed: Hydrologically relevant representation and relations with environmental variables

Abstract To examine the occurrence, hydrologic variability, and seasonal variability of human and bovine viruses in surface water, three stream locations were monitored in the Milwaukee River watershed in Wisconsin, USA, from February 2007 through June 2008. Monitoring sites included an urban subwatershed, a rural subwatershed, and the Milwaukee River at the mouth. To collect samples that characterize variability throughout changing hydrologic periods, a process control system was developed for unattended, large-volume (56–2800 L) filtration over extended durations. This system provided flow-weighted mean concentrations during runoff and extended (24-h) low-flow periods. Human viruses and bovine viruses were detected by real-time qPCR in 49% and 41% of samples (n = 63), respectively. All human viruses analyzed were detected at least once including adenovirus (40% of samples), GI norovirus (10%), enterovirus (8%), rotavirus (6%), GII norovirus (1.6%) and hepatitis A virus (1.6%). Three of seven bovine viruses analyzed were detected including bovine polyomavirus (32%), bovine rotavirus (19%), and bovine viral diarrhea virus type 1 (5%). Human viruses were present in 63% of runoff samples resulting from precipitation and snowmelt, and 20% of low-flow samples. Maximum human virus concentrations exceeded 300 genomic copies/L. Bovine viruses were present in 46% of runoff samples resulting from precipitation and snowmelt and 14% of low-flow samples. The maximum bovine virus concentration was 11 genomic copies/L. Statistical modeling indicated that stream flow, precipitation, and season explained the variability of human viruses in the watershed, and hydrologic condition (runoff event or low-flow) and season explained the variability of the sum of human and bovine viruses; however, no model was identified that could explain the variability of bovine viruses alone. Understanding the factors that affect virus fate and transport in rivers will aid watershed management for minimizing human exposure and disease transmission.
LRE and the Placement of Students with Severe Disabilities

This study addresses the issue of state variability in the placement of students with disabilities in integrated or segregated (students with disabilities only) settings. The study examines actual ...
Desmoid tumor of the larynx complicating pregnancy: A case report

Desmoid tumors are locally invasive fibrous neoplasms that arise from musculoaponeurotic structures. We report the first case of a desmoid tumor of the larynx complicating pregnancy. At 21 weeks' gestation fiberoptic and indirect otolaryngologic examination of the patient's larynx revealed a submucosal tumor involving the left true vocal cord, ventricle of the larynx, and false vocal cord. Histopathologic examination revealed areas of extensive fibrosis intermixed with degenerated vocal cord skeletal muscle. Despite a subtotal excisional biopsy, growth of the desmoid tumor continued during pregnancy. Endoscopic evaluation 9 weeks post partum revealed complete regression of the tumor.
School Social Workers' Needs in Supporting Adolescents with Disabilities toward Dating and Sexual Health: A Qualitative Study

School social workers approach their direct practice from ecological systems and justiceoriented perspectives. As such, they may hold acritical role in providing needed sexual health and dating education and services to adolescents with disabilities. Thirteen high school social workers who work closely with adolescents with disabilities were interviewed to identify their needs and challenges in supporting such adolescents toward dating and sexual health. Mesosystemic challenges at the school levelevidencedthree themes: (1) the desirefor schoolbased comprehensive sexual education for all adolescents, (2) a multitiered and ancillary approach to educating adolescents with disabilities about dating and sexual health, and (3) increased time (that is, via additional funding) to provide social work services to adolescents with disabilities. Exosystemic needs and challenges were reflected in discussions about community resources that social workers deemed integral to their work with adolescents with disabilities. Finally, dialogue reflective of macrosystemic needs and challenges included environmental factors that adolescents with disabilities brought with them to school and that affected socialworkers’interventionefforts. Consistent withsocial workers’dialogue,recommendations for social work education, policy reform, and programs for adolescents with disabilities are presented.
Diabetes and Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia/Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms—What do We Know?

Purpose: Benign prostatic hyperplasia and associated lower urinary tract symptoms are highly prevalent in older men and represent a substantial challenge to public health. Apart from the prevalence of benign prostatic hyperplasia increasing with age, little is understood regarding its etiology and natural history. Increasing evidence recently pointed toward relationships between diabetes and benign prostatic hyperplasia/lower urinary tract symptoms. We present an overview of the current understanding of clinical and epidemiological research on diabetes and benign prostatic hyperplasia/lower urinary tract symptoms, the hypothesized pathophysiological mechanisms linking the conditions and recommendations for future directions for research.Materials and Methods: A structured, comprehensive literature review was done to identify studies of the relationships between benign prostatic hyperplasia and lower urinary tract symptoms, and diabetes in older men.Results: A substantial proportion of the existing body of...
Working Together: Emerging Roles of Special and General Education Teachers in Inclusive Settings

Abstract The purpose of the study was to examine those factors that facilitate or inhibit the work of regular and special education teachers in inclusionary settings. The roles of these teachers are emerging rather than fixed, and frequently not well-defined. This empirical study examined the roles of exemplary teachers and the contexts in which they work in order to identify factors that either enhance or impede their work with general students and students with special needs. Implications for teacher professional development are discussed.
Rotation-induced electric fields in metals and superconductors.

Recent attempts to design inertial sensors based on quantum-interference effects in high-[ital T][sub [ital c]] superconducting materials have led to a renewed interest in the origin of electric and magnetic fields in accelerated superconductors. In the case of a rotating superconductor, the formation of the London moment is well understood; however, there still exists some controversy concerning the direction and magnitude of the rotationally induced electric field. This situation is reminiscent of the old controversy concerning gravitationally induced electric fields in metals. In this paper we present a self-consistent theory of rotationally induced electric fields in both normal metals and superconductors. In the former case we treat normal carriers employing Thomas-Fermi theory; in the latter case we treat superelectrons using Ginzburg-Landau theory. In both cases we treat the lattice deformation with linear elastic theory. Self-consistent numerical solutions of these models show that the rotationally induced electric field in normal metals is given by [bold E]=[minus][ital K]([ital M]/[ital e])[omega][sup 2][bold r], where [ital M] is the mass of a lattice ion, [ital e][gt]0 is the magnitude of charge on an electron, [omega] is the angular velocity, [bold r] is the distance from the axis of rotation, and [ital K] is amore » positive-definite constant that depends on the lattice Lame coefficients in a complicated way. This result is in qualitative agreement with previous analyses [Dessler [ital et] [ital al]., Phys. Rev. 168, 737 (1968); Herring, Phys. Rev. 171, 1361 (1968)]. The results we obtain for a rotating superconductor are markedly different.« less
Cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinases from Balb 3T3 cells and other 3T3 derived lines.

Cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase and 3H-cAMP-binding activities were determined in normal Balb 3T3 cells and compared with the same preparations from SV40, chemical, and spontaneous transformants of 3T3 cells. The cytosolic protein kinase activities and protein kinase activity ratios were similar in all cell lines, although when the normal 3T3 cytosol was prepared by homogenization it contained less 3H-cAMP binding activity than the transformed 3T3 cytosols. The Triton X-100 treated particulate fractions from the normal and transformed 3T3 cells contained similar protein kinase and binding activities. The isozymic profile of cAMP-dependent protein kinases was examined by DEAE-chromatography. The 3T3 cells contained only type II isozyme in either cytosolic or membrane fractions. All transformants of the 3T3 cells contained both type I and type II isozymes. Other cell cultures, including chicken embryo fibroblasts, rat kidney cells, and human or calf endothelial cells contained type I and type II isozymes. Binding of the photoaffinity analogue of cAMP, 8-N3 cAMP, to the regulatory subunits of protein kinases in sonicates obtained from Balb 3T3 and SV 3T3 cells followed by separation on SDS polyacrylamide electrophoresis showed that the amount of RII subunit was approximately equal in the two cell lines. RI in Balb 3T3 cells was detectable but in a much lower quantity than in SV 3T3 cells. The cyclic AMP dependent-protein kinases from Balb 3T3 cells appear to be different from SV 3T3 cells by three criteria: 3H-cAMP binding in homogenates, DEAE chromatographic separation of isozymes, and 8-N3 cAMP binding.
Aberrant basal fiber end migration underlies structural malformations in a streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat model.

This study characterized early structural changes at posterior fiber ends in the crystalline lens after diabetic induction. Wistar rats (n = 49), randomized into one naive control group and four experimental groups, were rendered diabetic via streptozotocin injection. Animals were euthanized at 1 week intervals, blood glucose levels recorded and lenses were evaluated grossly, by SEM and by confocal microscopy. Scoring Indices were developed to assess structural alterations and for statistical correlations between the scores and the duration of hyperglycemic exposure as well as blood glucose levels. Average blood glucose levels increased progressively from 98.5 mg/dL (controls) to 331.4 mg/dL (4 weeks). Diabetic lenses displayed abnormal suture sub-branches and opacity formation beginning late in the first week post-injection and rapidly progressing in severity through four weeks. SEM analyses showed gradual elongation of fiber ends and filopodia which comprised a disorganized configuration and a loss of recognizable migration patterns. Structural alterations culminated in foci of fiber degeneration by the third to fourth weeks. The F-actin distribution at basal fiber ends was significantly altered as compared to naive controls. Cadherin distribution was altered as compared to controls, but largely at later time points. The grading system clearly shows increased structural compromise with elevated blood glucose levels in streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Further, although the initial rise in blood glucose levels was associated with pathological changes, their progression depended to a larger extent on continued hyperglycemic exposure. The data suggests that hyperglycemia initially disrupts fiber end migration, resulting in structural alterations and eventual fiber degeneration.
Graph minors. I. Excluding a forest

The path-width of a graph is the minimum value ofk such that the graph can be obtained from a sequence of graphsG1,…,Gr each of which has at mostk + 1 vertices, by identifying some vertices ofGi pairwise with some ofGi+1 (1 ≤ i < r). For every forestH it is proved that there is a numberk such that every graph with no minor isomorphic toH has path-width≆k. This, together with results of other papers, yields a “good” algorithm to test for the presence of any fixed forest as a minor, and implies that ifP is any property of graphs such that some forest does not have propertyP, then the set of minor-minimal graphs without propertyP is finite.
Is Butyrylcholinesterase of the Rat CNS a Membrane‐Bound Enzyme?

The study of Arrhenius plots for acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) activity from the rat brain and spinal cord revealed that in contrast to AChE, which exhibited biphasic Arrhenius plots with a distinct break (transition temperature) at about 16-18 degrees C, BuChE showed no evidence of discontinuity and a higher activation energy in the physiological range of temperature. The results indicate lack of lipid-protein interaction in the case of BuChE of the CNS tissue. It is inferred that BuChE, in contrast to AChE, is not bound in any significant way to cellular membranes of the CNS tissue.
Pathological gamblers discount probabilistic rewards less steeply than matched controls.

Nineteen treatment-seeking men meeting DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for pathological gambling and 19 demographic-matched controls participated. Participants provided demographic information, information about their recent drug-use and gambling activities, and biological samples (to confirm drug abstinence). They also completed the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire, the South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS), and two questionnaires designed to separately quantify probability and delay discounting. Pathological gamblers discounted probabilistic rewards significantly less steeply than matched controls. A significant correlation revealed that more shallow probability discounting was associated with higher SOGS scores. Across groups, there was no significant difference in delay discounting, although this difference approached significance when education and ethnicity were included as covariates. These findings, collected for the first time with pathological gamblers, are consistent with previous reports that problem-gambling college students discount probabilistic rewards less steeply than controls. The nature of the relation between probability discounting and severity of problem gambling is deserving of further study.