cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reingestion in the Black-Tailed Jack Rabbit

It has long been known that the domestic rabbit produces both hard and soft fecal pellets (Morot, 1882). The hard pellets are the normal waste product of the digestive tract and are the feces one finds in the field. The soft pellets are a special product of the caecum, and the rabbit takes them directly from its anus and swallows them whole. Morot's observations went virtually unnoticed until they were confirmed by Madsen (1939), but since that time many workers have become interested in the phenomenon and it has been variously termed “pseudo-rumination,” “refection,” “coprophagy,” and “reingestion.” The latter term is perhaps most appropriate (Watson, 1954) and is used throughout the present paper. Most of the investigations have been concerned with reingestion in domestic varieties of Oryctolagus cuniculus , but Southern (1940) showed that reingestion was a normal part of the biology of the species in the wild. Watson (1954) and Meyer (1955) confirmed and amplified the observations of Southern on wild populations of the same species in New Zealand and Australia, respectively. As early as 1895 it was suggested that the same phenomenon occurred in the European hare ( Lepus europaeus ) and Watson and Taylor (1955) verified this in the introduced hares of New Zealand. The latter authors suggest that reingestion may be a normal feature of lagomorph biology, and emphasize the scarcity of data on reingestion in the many North American species. Hamilton (1955) notes the presence of fecal pellets in the stomach of a swamp rabbit ( Sylvilagus palustris ) from Florida, and Kirkpatrick (1956) describes the act of swallowing feces by a cottontail rabbit ( Sylvilagus floridanus ). Except for these two reports, no other published information is available on reingestion in any of the American lagomorphs. During …
Reaction of alkyl 2-chloro-1,1,2-irifluoroethyl ethers with lewis acids

Abstract Ethyl 2-chloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethyl ether heated with boron trifluoride etherate gave ethyl fluoride and chlorofluoroacetyl fluoride. When heated with aluminum chloride, it afforded a mixture of ethyl fluoride, ethyl chloride, chlorofluoroacetyl fluoride, and chlorofluoroacetyl chloride. Treatment of the acyl halides with ethanol yielded ethyl chloro- fluoroacetate. Butyl and octyl 2-chloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethyl ethers gave directly butyl and octyl chlorofluoroacetates, respectively, under similar conditions.
Acquisition ethics: The evolution of models for hard times

Abstract This discussion of ethical issues in collection development and acquisition librarianship in difficult economic times develops theoretical concepts rather than case study examples as a means to clarify the issues. Four areas are identified where value judgments are necessary to inform practice and provide a framework for ethical behavior. These areas are honesty, professional integrity, business practice and respect for people and organizations. The concept of untested virtue is explored as a means to inform the definition of ethical behavior under both good and bad economic conditions.
Severe congenital hypoplasia of tongue and abnormal shape of soft palate and tonsillar pillars

This paper describes an 8-year-old boy who presented with the very rare condition of congenital right-sided aglossia. The left side of tongue was hypoplastic and tethered to the floor of the mouth. The soft palate was short and almost absent on the right side with abnormal positioning of the right anterior and posterior tonsillar pillars; this situation resulted in significant velopharyngeal incompetence (VPI). The left mandible was slightly hypoplastic with anodontia posterior to the first premolar tooth. There has been no previous report of a similar defect. The possible differential diagnoses related to the abnormality are discussed. The correction of the VPI is presented to demonstrate the versatility of the sphincter pharyngoplasty.
Photolabile Amiloride Derivatives as Cation Site Probes of the Na,K-ATPase

Abstract Treatment of purified canine renal Na,K-ATPase with a range of photoactivatable amiloride derivatives results in inhibition of ATPase activity prior to illumination. Inhibition by amiloride derivatives substituted on a guanidium N could not be prevented by the presence of either K or Na; however, these cations could protect the enzyme against inhibition by derivatives substituted on the 5-position of the pyrazine ring. In the case of 5-(N-ethyl-[2′-methoxy-4′-nitrobenzyl])amiloride (NENMBA), the presence of monovalent cations (Na, K, and Rb) protected the enzyme effectively against inhibition, with concentrations in the millimolar range. ATP did not prevent inhibition; furthermore, native and NENMBA-treated enzyme exhibited normal levels of high affinity [3H]ADP (and hence ATP) binding. The rate of inhibition increased with increasing concentrations of NENMBA. Extensive washing of NENMBA-inhibited enzyme did not restore ATPase activity, showing that NENMBA has an extremely slow off-rate for dissociation from its inhibitory site. Partially inhibited enzyme could be rapidly pelleted and resuspended in NENMBA-free buffer and inhibition was observed to continue, albeit at a somewhat diminished rate, suggesting that NENMBA gains access to its inhibitory site after partitioning into the lipid phase rather than directly from the aqueous solution. Photolysis of NENMBA-inhibited enzyme resulted in covalent incorporation of the reagent into the α-subunit of the Na,K-ATPase, as observed by separation of labeled protein on a Laemmli gel and Western analysis using a polyclonal amiloride antibody. Almost all of the covalent labeling could be prevented by the presence of Rb in the incubation and labeling medium. These results suggest that NENMBA inhibits the Na,K-ATPase by disruption of the cation transport domain rather than the catalytic domain of the enzyme and that it promises to be a useful tool for cation site localization.
Neutral lipid storage disease with subclinical myopathy due to a retrotransposal insertion in the PNPLA2 gene.

An 18-year-old girl referred to a rheumatologist with malar flush and Gottran papules was found to have a markedly elevated serum CK. She was a good student and an avid ballet dancer. A muscle biopsy showed massive triglyceride storage, which was also found in peripheral blood granulocytes (Jordan anomaly) and cultured skin fibroblasts. Assessment using computerized dynamometry and cycle ergometry showed normal strength and muscle energetics, but proton spectroscopy revealed severe triglyceride accumulation in both skeletal and cardiac muscle. Sequencing of PNPLA2, the gene responsible for neutral lipid storage disease with myopathy (NLSDM), revealed a retrotransposal insertion of about 1.8 kb in exon 3 that abrogates transcription of PNPLA2. The sequences of CGI-58, the gene responsible for Chanarin–Dorfman syndrome (CDS), another multisystem triglyceride storage disease, and of two genes encoding lipid droplets-associated proteins, perilipin A and adipophilin, were normal. This case shows that NLSDM can be a transposon-associated disease and that massive lipid storage in muscle can present as asymptomatic hyperCKemia.
Capacity Evaluation of a Severely Distressed and Deteriorated 50-Year-Old Box Beam with Limited Data

In 2005, 15 adjacent box-beam bridges were randomly selected and inspected to document their performance with consideration of the evolving design procedures. Longitudinal cracking along the soffit of several fascia beams was documented. After evaluating inspection data, the bridge engineer recommended the replacement of a severely distressed fascia beam from the Hawkins Road Bridge in Jackson County, Michigan. The beam was salvaged and the capacity was evaluated through load testing. The remaining prestress was 75% of the initial prestress, which is 5% less than the final prestress used for the design. Concrete modulus of elasticity was evaluated as 35.4 GPa and the nominal compressive strength as 54.4 MPa. Analysis of load test data indicated that a bridge with the beam in this distressed state is safe to operate. This is assuming that the transverse connectivity between the beams is sufficient for load distribution as envisioned in the design. The importance of identifying concealed corrosion, and quan...
Statistical Analysis of Identities in Random Variables

A random variable of economic interest is sometimes an identity function of two or more separate variables; for example, crop income per acre is the product of price and yield. This article presents a method for partitioning the variance of such a random variable into components that can be associated with the separate random variables in the identity and interactions among them. Under some statistical assumptions on the variables involved, the converse of the partitioning procedure is useful for deriving the variance of a random variable from the moments of the separate variables of the identity.
Why Rest Stimulates Bone Formation: A Hypothesis Based on Complex Adaptive Phenomenon

Moderate exercise is an ineffective strategy to build bone mass. The authors present data demonstrating that allowing bone to rest between each load cycle transforms low- and moderate-magnitude mechanical loading into a signal that potently induces bone accretion. They hypothesize that the osteogenic nature of rest-inserted loading arises by enabling osteocytes to communicate as a small world network.
Gough's Cave 1 (Somerset, England): a study of the pelvis and lower limbs

The lower limb remains of Gough's Cave 1 retain most of the pelvis, both femora, one complete tibia and portions of the other, sections of both fibulae, two tarsals and three metatarsals. They are those of a largely average European Mesolithic young adult male. Overall diaphyseal robusticity is generally similar to that of other Mesolithic specimens, even though the fibula and third metatarsal appear gracile. Musculo-ligamentous attachment areas are generally weakly marked. The proximal femora and the femoral diaphyses exhibit a clear asymmetry, especially in their neck-shaft angles and diaphyseal dimensions, which is is accompanied in the pelvis by a greater degree of left iliac lateral flare. These aspects are associated with a pelvis that combines several distinctly male characteristics with an overall pelvic aperture shape which is female.
The USDA high-resolution UV radiation network: maintenance, calibration, and data tools

The USDA UV radiation network currently consists of four high resolution spectroradiometers located at Table Mountain, Colorado (deployed 11/1998); the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement testbed site at Southern Great Plains, Oklahoma (deployed 10/1999); Beltsville, Maryland (deployed 11/1999); and Fort Collins, Colorado (deployed 10/2002). These spectroradiometers contain Jobin Yvon’s one meter asymmetric Czerny-Turner double additive spectrometer. The instruments measure total horizontal radiation in the 290nm to 360nm range, once every 30 minutes, with a nominal full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) of 0.1nm. We describe data quality control techniques as well as the data processing required to convert the raw data into calibrated irradiances. The radiometric calibration strategies using NIST FEL lamps, portable field calibrators, and vicarious calibrations using UVMFRSR data are discussed and a statistical summary of network performance is presented. All results are presented in the context of data processing and analysis tools including software and database systems.
Analysis of plethysmographic waveform changes induced by beach chair positioning under general anesthesia

During shoulder surgery, patients typically are placed in the beach chair position. In rare cases, this positioning has resulted in devastating outcomes of post- operative cerebral ischemia (Cullen and Kirby in APSF Newsl 22(2):25-27, 2007; Munis in APSF Newsl 22(4):82-83, 2008). This study presents a method to non- invasively and continuously hemodynamically monitor patients during beach chair positioning by using the pho- toplethysmograph signal recorded from a commercial pulse oximeter. Twenty-nine adults undergoing shoulder surgery were monitored before and after beach chair positioning with electrocardiogram, intermittent blood pressure, end tidal carbon dioxide, and photoplethysmograph via Nellcor finger pulse oximeter. Fast Fourier transform (FFT) was used to perform frequency-domain analysis on the pho- toplethysmograph (PPG) signal for data segments taken 80-120 s before and after beach chair positioning. The amplitude density of respiration-associated PPG oscilla- tions was quantified measuring the height of the FFT peak at respiratory frequency. Results were reported as (median, interquartile range) and statistical analysis was performed using Wilcoxon sign rank test. Data were also collected when vasoactive drugs phenylephrine and ephedrine were used to maintain acceptable mean arterial pressure during a case. With beach chair positioning, all subjects who did not receive vasoactive drugs showed an increase in the FFT amplitude density of respiration-associated PPG oscilla- tions (p \ 0.0001) without change in pulse-associated PPG oscillations. The PPG was more accurate at monitoring the change to beach chair position than blood pressure or heart rate. With vasoactive drugs, pulse-associated PPG oscilla- tions decreased only with phenylephrine while respiration- associated oscillations did not change. Frequency domain analysis of the PPG signal may be a better tool than tra- ditional noninvasive hemodynamic parameters at moni- toring patients during beach chair position surgery.
Heat shock induces a decrease in incorporation of 8-azidoadenosine 5'-triphosphate into a 42 kilodalton protein in Drosophila salivary glands.

Abstract The ATP photoaffinity analogue 8-azidoadenosine 5′-triphosphate (8N 3 ATP) was used to identify changes which occur in ATP binding proteins in Drosophila salivary glands following heat shock. Photolabeling experiments were done on salivary gland homogenates. Photoincorporation of 8N 3 ATP was observed in several proteins in both 25°C control and 35°C heat-shocked samples. A 42 kDa protein showed a decrease in the level of photoincorporation observed at saturation with the large analogue following heat shock. A 2 min heat shock is enough to induce the effect. Protection against photolabeling was observed with low concentrations (5 μM) of ATP, while excess GTP did not protect, demonstrating that the nucleotide binding site is specific for ATP. The change is rapid enough to suggest that it is one of the earliest cellular changes in response to heat shock.
Genetically engineered phytoremediation: one man's trash is another man's transgene

Plant-based environmental remediation, or phytoremediation, has been widely pursued in recent years as a favorable clean-up technology and is an area of intensive scientific investigation. For the vast majority of field applications, vegetative 'phyto-crops' are selected specifically for their capacity for site decontamination and not for additional concurrent or post-remediation utility. By contrast, a recent publication by Ellis and colleagues highlights potential anti-carcinogenic uses for plants genetically engineered primarily for detoxification of selenium-polluted soils and sediments.
Synthesis and characterization of superporous hydrogel composites

Recently, we synthesized superporous hydrogels which swell fast with high swelling ratios for development of gastric retention devices. Due to their superabsorbent nature, superporous hydrogels are too mechanically weak for gastric retention application. The mechanical strength of superporous hydrogels was substantially increased by making superporous hydrogel composites. The composite materials used were hydrophilic particulate materials commonly used as disintegrants in pharmaceutical tablets. In this study, Ac-Di-Sol was used as a model composite material. Addition of Ac-Di-Sol resulted in significant improvement in the properties of superporous hydrogels. The dried superporous hydrogels maintained interconnected channels even after drying in the air. Thus, the swelling kinetics and the swelling ratio were not affected by air drying, which normally would have resulted in partial or total collapse of the interconnected pores. The presence of Ac-Di-Sol also increased the mechanical strength substantially. Scanning electron microscopic examination showed that the composite material increased the physical crosslinking density which provided high mechanical strength and prevented polymer chains from collapsing during air drying. The superporous hydrogel composites possess properties suitable for gastric retention.
Political Ideology and Housing Policy in Modern China

Despite a voluminous quantity of studies on Chinese politics, little is known about how Chinese political ideology has influenced policymaking. The formation and changes in housing policies are analyzed in light of shifting political ideology in the People's Republic of China, from the precommunization period through to Deng Xiao Ping's open door Policy. Political ideology in China functioned as a means of socialization early in Mao's rule, political struggle during the Cultural Revolution, and legitimization of economic and sectoral policies during the Open Door period.
Enhanced Phagocytosis of Group A Streptococci M Type 6 by Oleic Acid

M protein, located on the surface fimbriae of group A streptococci, is antiphagocytic by unknown means. It is known that oleic acid kills group A streptococci and distorts the fimbriae. The effect of oleic acid on phagocytosis of group A streptococci was examined. Phagocytosis of a strain possessing M protein (M+) and its M- variant was assessed by uptake of radiolabeled bacteria and by chemiluminescence. The M- but not the M+ streptococci were well phagocytized and induced chemiluminescence. Oleic acid-killed and heat-killed streptococci (both M+ and M-) were readily phagocytized and induced sustained chemiluminescence. M+ streptococci killed by ultraviolet irradiation were inefficiently phagocytized and did not induce chemiluminescence. Oleic acid-killed M+ streptococci absorbed type-specific antibody. An extract of M protein reduced the bactericidal capacity of oleic acid. It is proposed that oleic acid may bind to and alter the M protein of group A streptococci and thereby enhance phagocytosis.
Spectrum of the cosmic background radiation

Measurements of the emission spectrum of the night sky have been made in the frequency range from 1.7 to 40 kaysers by using a fully calibrated liquid-helium-cooled balloon-borne spectrophotometer. The results show that the spectrum of the cosmic background radiation peaks at 6 kaysers and is approximately that of a 3-K blackbody out to several times that frequency. However, the data show deviations from a simple blackbody curve.
In vivo characterization of the early states of the amyloid-beta network

Alzheimer’s disease is a neurodegenerative disease that is associated with the abnormal accumulation of amyloid-β. Much is known about regional brain atrophy in Alzheimer’s disease, yet our knowledge about the network nature of Alzheimer’s disease-associated amyloid-β accumulation is limited. We use stepwise connectivity analysis of Pittsburgh Compound B positron emission tomography images to reveal the network properties of amyloid-β deposits in normal elderly subjects and clinical patients with Alzheimer’s disease. We found that amyloid-β accumulation in the medial temporal lobe is associated with accumulation in cortical regions such as orbitofrontal, lateral temporal and precuneus/posterior cingulate cortices in Alzheimer’s disease. In normal subjects, there was a predominant association between amyloid-β deposits in the hippocampus and the midline prefrontal/orbitofrontal regions, even in those with very low amyloid-β burden. Moreover, the orbitofrontal cortex, amygdala nucleus and hippocampus exhibit hub properties in the amyloid-β network that may be critical to understanding the putative spreading mechanisms of Alzheimer’s disease pathology in early stages. * Abbreviations : HFPG : hippocampal formation and parahippocampal gyrus PIB : Pittsburgh compound B
Human acid β-glucosidase: Glycosylation is required for catalytic activity

The role of oligosaccharide modification in human acid beta-glucosidase function was investigated. This lysosomal enzyme has five putative N-glycosylation sites, four of which are occupied. The unglycosylated human protein was stable when expressed in bacteria or in Spodoptera frugiperda cells in the presence of tunicamycin but lacked catalytic activity. Deglycosylation of purified acid beta-glucosidase from human placenta with N-Glycanase under native conditions resulted in the removal of an accessible oligosaccharide chain from a single site with no effect on activity, whereas complete deglycosylation resulted in proportionate loss of activity. These studies demonstrate that occupancy of at least one glycosylation site is required for the formation and maintenance of acid beta-glucosidase in an active conformation.
Case report 334

Fig. 1. A posterior view of the pelvis and the proximal ends of the femora using a gamma camera shows multiple sites of abnormal uptake within the pelvis and left femur. Enlargement and bowing of the left femoral shaft also are noted. The findings are compatible with active Paget disease. Although increased activity is present in the region of a right sided, previously performed greater trochanteric osteotomy, no increased in activity is evident around the stem of the femoral component of the prosthesis of the hip
An automated system for the growth of multilayered structures in the (GaAl)As system by LPE

Abstract Both the apparatus and procedures which we use for growing double heterostructure lasers by LPE have been improved with regard to their reproducibility, ease of operation and efficiency. The major part of these improvements has been in designing a system by means of which growth crucible may be manipulated in the furnace using a stepping motor. By using this facility it has been possible to automate the growth process. As a result of these changes both the yield of high quality crystals and the efficiency of their production have greatly increased.
Rapidly Progressive Glomerulonephritis in Children: A Report of Thirteen Cases and a Review of the Literature

The clinical course and outcome of rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN) of variable etiology are not well defined in children. The present investigation reports on the clinical characteristics, the course and outcome, as well as the results of treatment of 13 children with apparent postinfectious RPGN. Three of 7 patients with documented streptococcal RPGN and 3 of 6 patients with RPGN of nonstreptococcal etiology progressed to chronic renal failure. In some patients, anticoagulant and antiplatelet therapy appear to have improved survival. The severity of crescent formation, not the presumable etiology, appears to be a reliable prognosticator.
Major mental illness and violence history as predictors of institutional misconduct and recidivism: main and interaction effects.

The purpose of this study was to ascertain whether major mental illness (MMI) and violence history (VH) interact in their effect on institutional misconduct and recidivism. MMI and VH were measured in two overlapping groups of male medium security federal prisoners and correlated with institutional misconduct and recidivism. Age and the main effect of MMI were significant predictors of general and aggressive infractions in 2,627 male prison inmates before the MMI × VH interaction term was entered into a Cox regression equation. Once the interaction term was entered into the equation, the MMI × VH interaction predicted relative hazard (risk) but neither main effect (MMI, VH) was significant. There was no interaction effect, however, when age, prior substance abuse, MMI, VH, and the MMI × VH interaction were used to predict general and aggressive recidivism in a group of 1,163 male inmates previously released from custody. Age and the VH main effect achieved significance in both recidivism analyses whereas the MMI main effect failed to achieve significance in either analysis. Whereas major mental illness was not a risk factor for future antisocial behavior in current and former prison inmates, when paired with a history of violence it predicted increased risk of general and aggressive institutional misconduct. Violence history, on the other hand, was a consistent predictor of recidivism. These results indicate that it may be advisable to review both mental health and violence history when screening inmates as a prelude to managing concomitant MMI and violence propensity. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved). Language: en
Adult T-Cell Leukemia Involving the Central Nervous System After Remission of Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome

We report a rare case of adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) in which the patient had an acute type of ATL involving the central nervous system (CNS) after remission of adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) due to human T lymphotropic virus type 1 associated bronchopneumopathy. A 62-year-old woman was admitted to the hospital because of ARDS. Pulse therapy with methylprednisolone improved ARDS, but she fell into a coma due to ATL and CNS invasion 5 months after recovery. Although chemotherapy decreased the fraction of abnormal lymphocytes, her consciousness level did not improve and she died.
THE EXPRESSIVE ROLE OF TRUTH IN TRUTH‐CONDITIONAL SEMANTICS

I define ‘skim semantics’ to be a Davidson-style truth-conditional semantics combined with a variety of deflationism about truth. The expressive role of truth in truth-conditional semantics precludes at least some kinds of skim semantics; thus I reject the idea that the challenge to skim semantics derives solely from Davidson's explanatory ambitions, and in particular from the ‘truth doctrine’, the view that the concept of truth plays a central explanatory role in Davidsonian theories of meaning for a language. The fate of skim semantics is not determined by the fate of the truth doctrine, so rejecting the truth doctrine does not in itself open the way to skim semantics. I establish my thesis by showing that some recently proposed versions of skim semantics fail because of truth's expressive role. I also discuss the conditions that might permit skim semantics.
Upper bound on the characters of the symmetric groups

Let C be a conjugacy class in the symmetric group S n , and λ be a partition of n. Let f λ be the degree of the irreducible representation S λ , χ λ (C)– the character of S λ at C, and r λ (C)– the normalized character χ λ (C) f λ . We prove that there exist constants b > 0 and 1 > q > 0 such that for n > 4, for every conjugacy class C in S n and every irreducible representation S λ of S n ∣r λ (C)∣≦ ( max {q,λ 1 n, λ 1 ′ n}) b ⋅ supp(C) where supp (C) is the number of non-fixed digits under the action of a permutation in C, λ 1 is the size of the largest part in λ, and λ 1 ′ is the number of parts in λ. The proof is obtained by enumeration of rim hook tableaux, the Hook formula and probabilistic arguments. Combinatorial, algebraic and statistical applications follow this result. In particular, we estimate the rate of mixing of random walks on the alternating groups with respect to conjugacy classes.
Molecular electronics: observation of molecular rectification.

The authors review some experiments in molecular rectification and their implication for commercial uses of molecular electronic devices. Two of the cases involve rectification by single molecules which consist of an electron donor on one side, an electron acceptor on the other side, and a bridge in between, coupled to electrodes. The third case involves rectification at a graphite electrode derivatized with a Cu phthalocyanine derivative, and probed with a Pt/Ir scanning tunneling microscope tip. Some potential applications of molecular devices are in high-density memory storage of holographic memory devices, neural networks, cellular automata, and chemical and biochemical sensors.
pH dependence of the photoactive yellow protein photocycle recovery reaction reveals a new late photocycle intermediate with a deprotonated chromophore

The recovery reaction of the signaling state of photoactive yellow protein includes the following: (i) deprotonation of the p-coumaryl chromophore, (ii) refolding of the protein, and (iii) chromophore re-isomerization from the cis to the trans configuration. Through analysis of the pH dependence of this recovery reaction, we were able to provide proof for the existence of an additional photocycle intermediate. The spectral similarity between this new intermediate and the dark state indicates that the new intermediate has a deprotonated chromophore, which may facilitate chromophore re-isomerization. This spectral similarity also explains why this new intermediate has not been noticed in earlier studies. For our data analysis we introduce a photocycle model that takes into account the effect of the specific light regime selected, a model that was also used for simulations.
Late Recognition of Unintended Pregnancies

Objective Late recognition of pregnancy and unintended pregnancy has been associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes such as preterm birth, low birth weight, and admission to neonatal care. This study examined the factors associated with late recognition of pregnancy among women reporting unintended pregnancy. Design and Sample A secondary analysis of a population-based survey, the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System of the United States. A total of 143,303 women of childbearing age. Analyses included descriptive statistics and multivariate analysis using logistic regression. Results Exactly, 42.4% described their pregnancies as unintended and 28.3% recognized their pregnancies late. Women with unintended pregnancy took longer, 7.2 weeks (99% CI = 7.07–7.24) to recognize their pregnancies compared to 5.2 weeks (99% CI = 5.18–5.27) for women with intended pregnancy. Late recognition of pregnancy was significantly higher among women who were not married (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.29, p < .01), had more arguments with their partners (AOR = 1.08, p < .01), were smokers (AOR = 1.15, p < .01), and belonged to an ethnic minority group. Conclusions Public health nurses and other health professionals can promote early recognition of pregnancy among women who are not married, belong to ethnic minority groups, or have more arguments with their husbands or partners.
The NMR spectra of 1,4-dioxin and 1,4-dithiin partially oriented in a nematic phase

The PMR spectra of 1,4-dioxin and 1,4-dithiin have been studied in nematic phase liquid crystalline solvents. The ratio of the interproton distances r12 and r13 and the CCH angles have been determined.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Volumetric Analysis of the Putamen in Children With ADHD Combined Type Versus Control

Objective: Volumetric differences in the putamen of boys with ADHD combined subtype with psychopathic traits and controls are investigated.Method: The putamen in 24 archival magnetic resonance imag...
Custom and Contradiction: Rural Water Governance and the Politics of Usos y Costumbres in Bolivia's Irrigators' Movement

In recent years, water governance has emerged as a conflictive political issue in Bolivia, leading to major protests and the rise of influential social movements. Although conflicts over urban water services have received more attention, rural water issues have been an important if underexamined contributor to processes by which water governance is being reinstitutionalized in Bolivia. Rural water conflicts have given rise to a well-organized and influential peasant irrigators' movement, rooted in the department of Cochabamba but with national membership. The irrigators' movement has successfully promoted a vision of water governance based on traditional customary practices of water management, or usos y costumbres. In addition to being material practices associated with agricultural production, usos y costumbres are symbolic of livelihood strategies specific to Quechua- and Aymara-speaking peoples in the Bolivian Andes. This article examines the material and symbolic importance of these usos y costumbres...
The angiotensin type II receptor tonically inhibits angiotensin- converting enzyme in AT2 null mutant mice.

The angiotensin type 2 receptor tonically inhibits angiotensin- converting enzyme in AT2 null mutant mice. Background Pharmacologic inhibition of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) limits angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced vasoconstriction and cellular proliferation. There is emerging evidence that some of the beneficial effects of ACE inhibitors may be endogenously available through the angiotensin receptor type 2 (AT2). Methods To evaluate whether AT2 modulates ACE activity, we used an high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-based enzymatic assay in tissues from AT2 knockout mice ( Agtr2-/y ) and cultured cells. These studies were complimented by physiologic studies of pharmacologic inhibition of AT2. Results Circulating (C) and tissue ACE activities in heart (H), lung (L), and kidney (K) were doubled in Agtr2-/y mice compared with wild-type mice [162.9 ± 17.6 mU/mL (C), 97.7 ± 20.7 (H), 6282.1 ± 508.3 (L), and 2295.0 ± 87.0 (K) mU/g tissue for Agtr2-/y vs. 65.3 ± 35.4 mU/mL (C), 44.5 ± 8.7 (H), 3392.4 ± 495.2 (L), and 1146.1 ± 217.3 (K) mU/g tissue for wild-type mice, P ≤ 0.05, 0.025, 0.002, and 0.0001, respectively]. Acute pharmacologic inhibition of AT2 [PD123319 (PD), 50 μg/kg/min, i.v.] significantly increased ACE activity in kidneys of wild-type mice (1591.2 ± 104.4 vs. 1233.6 ± 88.0 mU/g tissue in saline-infused mice, P P -6 mol/L) together with Ang II (10 -7 mol/L), but not with an AT1 antagonist (losartan, 10 -6 mol/L). This heightened ACE activity appears functionally relevant because infusion of angiotensin I caused more prompt hypertension in Agtr2-/y mice than in wild-type littermates. Likewise, infusion of bradykinin, also a substrate for ACE, caused significantly less hypotension in Agtr2-/y mice than controls. Conclusions These studies indicate that AT2 functions to decrease ACE activity tonically, which may, in part, underlie AT2's increasingly recognized attenuation of AT1-mediated actions.
Benthic predators and zooplanktonic prey: predation by Crangonyx shoemakeri (Crustacea; Amphipoda) on Daphnia obtusa (Crustacea; Cladocera)

Amphipods and cladocerans are common inhabitants of seasonal ponds throughout North America. Although amphipods are usually considered to be benthic detritivores, Crangonyx shoemakeri was found to capture and consume mosquito larvae and Daphnia obtusa. The rate of capture of Daphnia was independent of the amount of decomposing leaf matter available. However, this rate was dependent on prey density and the presence of light, indicating that these amphipods are visual predators.
INTERACTIONS AMONG IRRADIANCE, OXYGEN EVOLUTION AND NITRITE UPTAKE BY CHLAMYDOMONAS (CHLOROPHYCEAE)1,2

Nitrite uptake and oxygenic photosynthesis by cultures of Chlamydomonas sp. isolated from Lake Superior were measured at different irradiances in order to compare predictive models of nitrite uptake and to assess the proportion of photoreductant (measured as oxygen evolution, mol × 4 eq. mol−1) that is allocated to nitrite assimilation (measured as nitrite uptake, mol × 6 eq. mol−1). These measurements are analogous to measurements of carbon fixation (CO2 uptake) at different irradiances and photosynthetic activities. Nitrite uptake as a function of irradiance did not follow Michaelis-Menten kinetics as proposed for nitrate by MacIsaac and Dugdale (1972) because of inhibition at high irradiances. The Haldane equation described nitrite uptake better. Nitrite uptake as a function of oxygenic photosynthesis followed Michaelis-Menten kinetics. Irradiance-dependent (Haldane) and photosynthesis-dependent models described nitrite uptake equally well. We suggest that nitrite is taken up and assimilated in response to intracellular concentrations of photoreductant that are directly proportional to photosynthetic activity and are related indirectly to irradiance. This contention is supported by photosynthesis-dependent nitrite uptake (Michaelis-Menten) at both light-limited and photoinhibited photosynthetic activities. This is consistent conceptually with deactivation of light traps at high irradiance levels. The proportion of photoreductant allocated to nitrite uptake and assimilation increased markedly at low irradiance levels. This indicates that cells synthesize important N-containing biomolecules across a broader range of irradiance levels than fixation of carbon for synthesis of energy storage and structural products.
CARDIAC MALPOSITION IN NEONATES WITH CONGENITAL DIAPHRAGMATIC HERNIA (CDH) TREATED WITH EXTRA-CORPOREAL MEMBRANE OXYGENATION (ECMO): † 1408

CARDIAC MALPOSITION IN NEONATES WITH CONGENITAL DIAPHRAGMATIC HERNIA (CDH) TREATED WITH EXTRA-CORPOREAL MEMBRANE OXYGENATION (ECMO): † 1408
Detection of Mutations in Myeloid Malignancies through Paired-Sample Analysis of Microdroplet-PCR Deep Sequencing Data

Amplicon-based methods for targeted resequencing of cancer genes have gained traction in the clinic as a strategy for molecular diagnostic testing. An 847-amplicon panel was designed with the RainDance DeepSeq system, covering most exons of 28 genes relevant to acute myeloid leukemia and myeloproliferative neoplasms. We developed a paired-sample analysis pipeline for variant calling and sought to assess its sensitivity and specificity relative to a set of samples with previously identified mutations. Thirty samples with known mutations in JAK2, NPM1, DNMT3A, MPL, IDH1, IDH2, CEBPA, and FLT3, were profiled and sequenced to high depth. Variant calling using an unmatched Hapmap DNA control removed a substantial number of artifactual calls regardless of algorithm used or variant class. The removed calls were nonunique, had lower variant frequencies, and tended to recur in multiple unrelated samples. Analysis of sample replicates revealed that reproducible calls had distinctly higher variant allele depths and frequencies compared to nonreproducible calls. On the basis of these differences, filters on variant frequency were chosen to select for reproducible calls. The analysis pipeline successfully retrieved the associated known variant in all tested samples and uncovered additional mutations in some samples corresponding to well-characterized hotspot mutations in acute myeloid leukemia. We have developed a paired-sample analysis pipeline capable of robust identification of mutations from microdroplet-PCR sequencing data with high sensitivity and specificity.
Shielding, the bulk chemical potential, and cohesion in alloys

It is shown that the bulk chemical potential in alloys is intimately related to the spatial dependence of the shielding cloud that results when the electronic charge rearranges itself as one atom type is replaced by another at a given site. Such a relationship fixes the relative energy scale between the alloy and its pure constituents, important in determining the stability of alloys. A correct treatment of shielding is thus essential to quantitative calculations of alloy stability. A model calculation of the bulk chemical potential and cohesion of alloys in the tight-binding approximation is presented as a numerical example. In the course of this investigation a general invariant of an integral over the shielding cloud is derived.
The Structure of the Goldstein-Kaplan Bands of N$_2$*

Three bands of the Goldstein-Kaplan system of N$\_2$ have been photographed under high resolution and rotational analyses made. It is shown conclusively that the blue-green Goldstein bands and the ultra-violet Kaplan bands form a single system having the well-known B$^3\Pi\_g$ state as the lower level. The upper state, $C'$, is identified as $^3\Pi\_u$ with the rotational constants B$\_0$ = 1.0496 cm$^{-1}$, D$\_0$ = 10$\cdot$9 x 10$^{-6}$ cm$^{-1}$, H$\_0$ = 8$\cdot$3 x 10$^{-10}$ cm$^{-1}$. The state shows case b coupling and has an unusual structure in which spin-spin interaction appears to play an important part. To account for the unusual properties of the state it is suggested that it arises from a mixture of two or more molecular orbital configurations. The vibrational structure indicates either that predissociation occurs or that the state has a small dissociation energy. The interaction of the C' and C states is discussed and is suggested to be responsible for the observed irregularities in the C$^3\Pi_u$ state.
Effect of Gradation Characteristics on Performance of Superpave Mixtures in the Field

Previous studies have indicated that existing mix design criteria, including voids in mineral aggregates, gradation control points, and effective asphalt content, do not capture all critical aspects of gradation and mixture volumetric properties found to be strongly related to rutting and cracking performance. The performance of Superpave® mixtures varied significantly in mixtures that met all existing criteria. Therefore, there was a need to identify and verify additional criteria that could ensure better and more consistent performance of Superpave mixtures. Four parameters from the dominant aggregate size range (DASR)-interstitial component (IC) model have been determined to relate well to field performance of Superpave mixtures: DASR porosity, disruption factor (DF), effective film thickness (EFT), and the ratio of coarse portion to fine portion of fine aggregate (CFA/FFA). These four parameters were used in a field performance evaluation of rutting and cracking that was conducted to identify performa...
Formation of linear supramolecular polymers that is based on host–guest assembly in water

Cucurbit[n]urils (n = 7, 8) and thiazole orange (TO) dyes in aqueous media were found to form host–guest inclusions in different stoichiometries. Supramolecular structures and linear supramolecular polymers were observed through the hydrophobic effect and π–π interactions in aqueous solution.
Community Epidemiology of Risk and Adolescent Substance Use: Practical Questions for Enhancing Prevention

To promote an effective approach to prevention, the community diagnosis model helps communities systematically assess and prioritize risk factors to guide the selection of preventive interventions. This increasingly widely used model relies primarily on individual-level research that links risk and protective factors to substance use outcomes. I discuss common assumptions in the translation of such research concerning the definition of risk factor elevation; the equivalence, independence, and stability of relations between risk factors and problem behaviors; and community differences in risk factors and risk factor–problem behavior relations. Exploring these assumptions could improve understanding of the relations of risk factors and substance use within and across communities and enhance the efficacy of the community diagnosis model. This approach can also be applied to other areas of public health where individual and community levels of risk and outcomes intersect.
Induction of invasive mouse skin carcinomas in transgenic mice with mutations in both H-ras and p53.

Synergistic interaction between H-ras and p53 were systematically examined during skin tumorigenesis. Concurrent expression of an activated H-ras gene and a mutant p53 gene was accomplished by crossing p53Val135/wt mice with TG·AC mice. Topical application to wild-type mice with benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) alone produced ∼26% skin tumor incidence, whereas BaP treatment of p53wt/wtHrasTG·AC/wt, p53Val135/wtHraswt/wt, and p53Val135/wtHrasTG·AC/wt mice produced a 75%, 77%, and 100% incidence of skin tumors, respectively. An average of 0.33 tumor per mouse was observed in wild-type (p53wt/wtHraswt/wt) mice, whereas ∼1.54, 1.96, and 3.08 tumors per mouse were seen in BaP-treated p53wt/wtHrasTG·AC/wt, p53Val135/wtHraswt/wt, and p53Val135/wtHrasTG·AC/wt mice, respectively. The effects on total tumor volume were even more striking with 7-, 48-, and 588-fold increases in tumor volume compared with wild-type (p53wt/wtHraswt/wt) in p53wt/wtHrasTG·AC/wt, p53Val135/wtHraswt/wt, and p53Val135/wtHrasTG·AC/wt mice, respectively. Histopathologically, all tumors from p53wt/wtHraswt/wt mice were either papillomas or well-differentiated squamous cell carcinomas, whereas the tumors in p53wt/wtHrasTG·AC/wt, p53Val135/wtHraswt/wt, and p53Val135/wtHrasTG·AC/wt mice were principally squamous cell carcinomas with varying degree of invasiveness. Particularly, tumors in p53Val135/wtHrasTG·AC/wt mice exhibited the most rapid growth and the extreme form of tumor invasion. Microarray analysis revealed that dominant-negative p53 (Val135) and activated H-ras affected several cellular processes involved in tumorigenesis possibly through its effects on apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, and Ras-mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways. The present study provides the first in vivo evidence that a germ line p53 mutation and activated H-ras act synergistically to profoundly enhance tumor progression.
Remote Sensing and Unmanned Aerial System Technology for Monitoring and Quantifying Forest Fire Impacts

Fire is a regular occurrence throughout the world’s forested landscapes and affects millions of hectares annually. A variety of remote sensing applications have been developed to quantify wildfire impacts in forests with varying success. Remote sensing technology applications for wildfires have typically involved quantifying burn severity, fuel levels, and forest resource recovery following burn. Wildfire remote sensing applications have recently included active or realtime technology applications for mapping burn impacts and wildfire detection and monitoring. A review of traditional remote sensing applications are presented in this paper to quantify fire impacts, tracking vegetation recovery, establishing fuel conditions, and fire detection and monitoring in forested landscapes; then recent examples of active and real-time remote sensing techniques were examined to monitor fire ignition and behavior, followed by an assessment of potential future applications. The application of unmanned aerial systems (UAS’s) with both spectral and thermal sensors may hold great promise for future remote sensing applications related to forest fires.
Brief paper: A stable block model predictive control with variable implementation horizon

In this paper, we present a stable model predictive control method for discrete-time nonlinear systems. The standard MPC scheme is modified to incorporate (1) a block implementation scheme where a sub-string of the optimized input sequence is applied instead of a single value; (2) an additional constraint which guarantees that a Lyapunov function will decrease over time; (3) a variable implementation window that facilitates the stability constraint enforcement. Stability of the closed-loop system with the proposed algorithm is established. Examples are given to illustrate the effectiveness of the control scheme. The impacts of several key design parameters on the overall performance are also analyzed and discussed.
Heats of transition of methylprednisolone and sulfathiazole by a differential thermal analysis method

Heats of transition and fusion have been determined for methylprednisolone and sulfathiazole by differential thermal analysis calorimetry. Methylprednisolone undergoes an endothermic transition at 209°, with heat of transition, 1380 ± 50 cal. mole −1 . Fusion occurs at 240°, with heat of fusion, 5350 ± 200 cal. mole −1 . Sulfathiazole undergoes an endothermic transition at 161°, with heat of transition, 1420 ± 40 cal. mole −1 . Fusion occurs at 200°, with heat of fusion, 5960 ± 210 cal. mole −1 .