cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lifted flow cover inequalities for mixed 0-1 integer programs

We investigate strong inequalities for mixed 0-1 integer programs derived from flow cover inequalities. Flow cover inequalities are usually not facet defining and need to be lifted to obtain stronger inequalities. However, because of the sequential nature of the standard lifting techniques and the complexity of the optimization problems that have to be solved to obtain lifting coefficients, lifting of flow cover inequalities is computationally very demanding. We present a computationally efficient way to lift flow cover inequalities based on sequence independent lifting techniques and give computational results that show the effectiveness of our lifting procedures.
Prognostic factors in adult brainstem gliomas: a multicenter, retrospective analysis of 101 cases

Background Adult brainstem gliomas (BSG) are uncommon and poorly understood with respect to prognostic factors. We retrospectively evaluated the clinical, radiographic, histologic, and treatment features from 101 adults with presumed or biopsy proven BSG to determine prognostic factors. Patients and Methods We reviewed the records of patients diagnosed from 1987–2005. We used Cox proportional hazard models to determine prognostic factors. Results These 50 male and 51 female patients ranged in age from 18 to 79 years at diagnosis (median 36 years) with follow-ups from 1 to 261 months (median 47 months). The overall survival for all patients at 5 and 10 years was 58% and 41%, respectively, with a median survival of 85 months (range 1–228). Out of 24 candidate prognosis factors, we selected seven covariates for proportional hazards model by Lasso procedure: age of diagnosis, ethnicity, need for corticosteroids, tumor grade, dysphagia, tumor location, and karnofsky performance status (KPS). Univariate analysis showed that these seven factors are significantly associated with survival. Multivariate analysis showed that four covariates significantly increased hazard for survival: ethnicity, tumor location, age of diagnosis, and tumor grade. Conclusions In this study, we identified four prognostic factors that were significantly associated with survival in adults with BSGs. Overall, these patients have a better prognosis than children with BSGs reported in the literature. These results call for larger prospective studies to fully assess the importance of these factors in the clinical setting and to help stratify patients in future clinical studies.
Physics-based compact model of III-V heterostructure FETs for digital logic applications

A physics-based analytical compact model of InGaAs FETs for logic applications is developed. This model neither heavily depends on parameter extraction nor requires any time-consuming computation, enabling digital circuit design and circuit-level performance estimation for III-V FETs. The model captures SCE, trapezoidal well QW energies and capacitances including 2D potential profile information.
Modulation of proline and glucosamine incorporation into tissue repair cells by peritoneal macrophages.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine the patterns of [ 14 C]proline and [ 14 C]glucosamine incorporation by tissue repair cells (TRC) as modulated by postsurgical macrophages. Rabbits underwent a midline laparotomy followed by resection (2.0 cm) and reanastomosis of their ileum. Another group of rabbits underwent peritoneal wall abrasion with sterile gauze until punctate bleeding developed. Postoperative (1–28 days) exudate cells (PEC) were recovered from the peritoneal cavity after reanastomosis, and (TRC) were obtained directly from the injured peritoneal surface after abrasion. Since the postsurgical exudate was composed mainly of macrophages, we examined the effect of postsurgical macrophagespent media on the incorporation of [ 14 C]proline, [ 14 C]glucosamine, and [ 3 H]thymidine by TRC. After 7 days of culture, Postsurgical Day 7 TRC were incubated with spent media from postsurgical PEC (>90% macrophages). When TRC were cultured with macrophagespent media, the number of TRC increased significantly compared to that of fresh medium-treated controls. The incorporation of [ 3 H]thymidine by TRC was also enhanced by macrophage-spent media. The incorporation of [ 14 C]proline and [ 14 C]glucosamine by TRC was also enhanced when incubated with macrophage-spent medium. However, when data were expressed on a per cell basis, incorporation of [ 14 C]proline and [ 14 C]glucosamine by TRC cultured with macrophage-spent media was the same or less than that by cells incubated with fresh medium. These data suggest that the increase in incorporation of glucosamine and proline into connective tissue protein by postsurgical repair cells may be directly modulated by macrophages recruited in response to surgical injury and that this increase is due to the fibroproliferative effect of postsurgical macrophages.
Calcium Transport by Frankia sp. Strain EAN1pec

When incubated at 25°C, N2-grown cells of Frankia strain EAN1pec actively accumulated calcium, while NH4Cl-grown cells did not accumulate calcium. When incubated at 0°C, both N2-grown and NH4Cl-grown cells did not actively accumulate calcium. Inhibitors of respiration inhibited calcium accumulation by N2-grown cells at 25°C. Isolated vesicles also accumulated calcium in an energy- and temperature-dependent manner. Two lines of evidence show that Frankia strain EAN1pec has an active calcium extrusion mechanism. First, NH4Cl-grown cells incubated under deenergizing conditions accumulated calcium. Second, calcium efflux from calcium-loaded cells required an energy source and was blocked by inhibitors. The results of this study indicate that Frankia strain EAN1pec has two systems for calcium transport: a calcium extrusion system and a developmentally regulated calcium uptake system.
Durability of the survival effect of cardiac resynchronization therapy by level of left ventricular functional improvement: fate of "nonresponders".

Background Although improvement in left ventricular (LV) function has been shown to portend superior short-term outcomes in patients with heart failure undergoing cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT), the durability of this effect at 5 years has not been established. Objective To determine the long-term outcomes of patients undergoing CRT on the basis of the degree of echocardiographic response. Methods We extracted clinical data on a cohort of 880 consecutive patients undergoing the new implantation of a CRT device between September 30, 2003, and August 6, 2007. Patients with an ejection fraction (EF) ≤35% undergoing initial CRT implantation, with an available pre-CRT and follow-up echocardiogram, were included in the final cohort. On the basis of changes in LVEF, patients were categorized into "nonresponders" (change in EF ≤4%), "responders" (EF change 5%–20%), and "super-responders" (change in EF >20%). A Cox multivariate model was performed to determine the effect of response on long-term survival free of LV assist device or heart transplant. Results A total of 526 patients met inclusion criteria, of whom 196 (37.3%) were classified as nonresponders, 236 (44.9%) as "responders," and 94 (17.9%) as "super-responders." In multivariate analysis, "super-responders" had the best survival and nonresponders the worst over a mean of follow-up of 5.3 ± 2.4 years. At 5 years, survival free of LV assist device or heart transplant among super-responders was 82%; responders, 70%; and nonresponders, 48%. Conclusions In patients with heart failure undergoing CRT, survival benefit is durable at 5 years of follow-up and its degree intimately tied to the level of improvement in ventricular function. The prognosis of nonresponders is exceptionally poor.
Acute arterial thrombosis after escalated-dose methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin, and cisplatin chemotherapy with recombinant granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. A possible new recombinant granulocyte colony-stimulating factor toxicity.

Combination chemotherapy with a regimen of methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin, and cisplatin (M-VAC) has produced long-term survival times in a significant proportion of patients with advanced nodal and meta-static urothelial tumors. The availability of the colony-stimulating factors has spurred interest in studies evaluating escalated dosing schedules of M-VAC in an attempt to improve major response rates and overall survival. More frequent use of the colony-stimulating factors, however, in this and other settings may be associated with unrecognized side effects. The authors report a case of arterial thrombosis in a 69-year-old man receiving recombinant granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (rhG-CSF) and escalated-dose M-VAC for treatment of a transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. Incidents of venous thrombosis have been reported previously with the use of colony-stimulating factors, but, to the knowledge of the authors, this case represents the first report of an arterial thrombosis occurring in a patient receiving rhG-CSF.
Inflammatory cell infiltrate in a responding metastatic nodule after vaccine-based immunotherapy.

A patient with von Hippel Lindau disease, bilateral symmetric renal cell carcinoma and pulmonary metastases treated with immunotherapy is the subject of this study. A left kidney and tumour mass were removed and the tumour cells used to make an autologous tumour/bacille Calmette–Guerin (BCG) vaccine as part of the treatment protocol. The patient's pulmonary nodules responded, but the remaining renal nodule subsequently grew. Samples of both tumours were obtained allowing for an internally controlled evaluation of the histological and immunohistologic differences between a responding and non-responding tumour nodule after therapy. The immunotherapy protocol is designed to promote a T cell response to autologous tumour. Cellular infiltrates were demonstrated in both responding and non-responding nodules compared with the pretreatment tumour specimen, but the responding nodule contained proportionately more T cells as well as markedly increased numbers of plasma cells and granulocytes. This suggested that several arms of the immune system may have been operative in the responding nodule.
Mass and charge assignment for electrospray ions by cation adduction.

The assignment of the mass (m) value from the m/z value for ions with a multiple number of charges (z) in electrospray mass spectra usually utilizes multiple peaks of the same m but different z values, or unit-mass—separated isotopic peaks of the same z value from high resolution spectra. The latter approach is also feasible with much less resolving power using adduct ions of much higher mass separation. The application of this to mixture spectra containing many masses, such as spectra from tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) ion dissociation, does not appear to have been pointed out previously. Thus, replacing two protons by one Cu2+ ion increases the mass by 61.5 Da, with this shift providing a mass scale for assignment of m and z from this pair of m/z values. The more common Na+ adduct peaks provide a 22.0 Da separation, of utility for 1000 resolving power only below approximately 10 kDa. Further, collisional dissociation lowers the degree of Cu2+ adduction in the resulting sequence-specific fragment ions much less than that of the corresponding Na+ adducts, making the Cu2+ adducts far more useful for m and z determination in MS/MS studies.
Cortisol responses to diazoxide in man and their possible relationship to effective blood volume.

Abstract In previously reported studies, oral salt loading resulted in increases in urinary cortisol and the cortisol secretion rate, and, conversely, the potent diuretics, hydrochlorothiazide or ethacrynic acid, resulted in decreased cortisol excretion. Because of its structural similarity to hydrochlorothiazide and also because it reduces the effective blood volume without inducing sodium depletion it seemed that diazoxide would be useful in further studies of the cortisol responses noted above. The administration of oral diazoxide, 200–400 mg./day, to five normal subjects resulted in evidences of diminished cortisol secretion in every instance; mild sodium retention was noted, although aldosterone excretion did not increase significantly except in one subject. The results of all these studies are consistent with the proposition that cortisol production increases with factors tending toward volume hyperexpansion and decreases with those tending to reduce the effective blood volume. It is tempting to speculate that these cortisol responses reflect another mechanism involved in the maintenance of volume homeostasis.
Profiling the Gulf Stream with a current meter mooring

A current meter mooring was deployed for one year at the mean position of the Gulf Stream at 68°W. With instruments from 400 m to 4000 m, it provides the first unambiguous evidence that the Gulf Stream extends from top to bottom of the water column. Using the strong cross-stream temperature structure to derive a horizontal coordinate related to temperature, we estimate the width and transport of the Gulf Stream for four individual events and we determine an average profile of the vertical and cross-stream structure of the Gulf Stream. A conservative estimate of transport for this average profile indicates that the Gulf Stream has a transport of 103 × 106 m³ s−1 at 68°W.
Naegleria actin elicits species-specific antibodies.

. Actin, the major protein of amebae of Naegleria gruberi, proved to be strongly immunogenic in rabbits. The resulting precipitating antibodies are specific to actin of Naegleria. In a competitive solid-phase radioimmunoassay, these antibodies bound similarly to Naegleria G- and F-actin. Actins from amebae of Acanthamoeba and Dictyostelium, plasmodia of Physarum, sea urchin eggs, and vertebrate muscles gave no competition in the radioimmunoassay. Estimates of the amount of actin in Naegleria amebae ranged from a minimum of 5% of the total cell protein by radioimmunoassay to a maximum of 16% by electrophoresis. The unusual species specificity of these antibodies indicates that Naegleria actin, although conserved in many properties, is different enough to have unique antigenic determinants.
Formation of a metastable intramolecular RNA kissing complex by nanomanipulation

The stability of an RNA tertiary interaction can be affected by the region linking the two interacting domains. To examine this effect, we designed a simple RNA structure consisting of a pair of hairpins linked by a single-stranded region of 13 to 30 nucleotides. The two hairpins, each with a GACG tetraloop, can form a kissing complex of two GC base pairs. Formation of an intramolecular kissing complex extends the single-stranded linker generating an internal tension that destabilizes the tertiary interaction. Using optical tweezers, we nanomanipulated single RNA molecules into a metastable intramolecular kissing complex by offsetting the internal tension with applied force. When the kissing complex formed, the linker was stretched to nearly the full length of the kissing and hairpin helices. At such an extension, so much tension was exerted that with linkers shorter than 15 nucleotides the hairpins became unstable, which in turn prevented a kissing interaction. The RNA with a 15-nucleotide linker was able to form a transient kissing complex, an unnatural conformation, only when the applied force stretched the linker to >60% of its contour length. A 30-nucleotide linker allowed formation of a thermodynamically stable kissing complex. Experimentally observed effects of the linker length and its tension on the kissing interaction can be reasonably explained by the worm-like-chain polymer model. Our results showed the importance of internal tension and spatial separation of interacting domains in RNA tertiary folding.
Effect of counterion size on short range repulsive forces at high ionic strengths

The influence of counterion size on short range repulsive forces at high salt concentrations was investigated with Al2O3 slurries at pH 12 coagulated with the chlorides of Li+, Na+, K+, Cs+, and TMA+ (tetramethylammonium)(1+). Measurements of viscosity, shear modulus, and yield stress of slurries, as well as the relative density and flow stress, of saturated, consolidated bodies were performed. The results clearly show that the range of the repulsive forces correlated with the size of the unhydrated ion; namely, stronger particle networks are achieved with smaller bare counterions. Our findings are contradictory to the widely accepted hydration force model, which attributes short range repulsive forces to the desorption of fully hydrated cations as surfaces are pushed together. However, the results are consistent with recently developed statistical mechanics models describing the interaction of ions of different sizes with surfaces and their hydration layers.
Interactions in vivo and in vitro of corticoids and progesterone with cell nuclei and soluble macromolecules from rat brain regions and pituitary

Summary Adrenalectomized-ovariectomized (ADX-OVX) rats were given tail vein infusions of [3H]corticosterone, dexamethasone, cortisol, deoxycorticosterone or progesterone in doses around 10 nmoles/kg body weight. After a 30–60 min uptake period, cell nuclei were isolated from 9 brain regions and pituitary. Patterns of cell nuclear retention of [3H]corticosterone and [3H]dexamethasone differed: the former steroid was highest in hippocampus and septum and low in pituitary; the latter steroid was highest in pituitary and more uniformly distributed in the brain. The other3H steroids showed very little cell nuclear labeling in vivo. In contrast, in vitro cytosol binding in hippocampus for [3H]progesterone, cortisol, deoxycorticosterone, and dexamethasone was 40–60% of that observed for [3H]corticosterone. The specificity of cell nuclear binding in slices of hippocampus in vitro was similar to that observed for cytosol binding. Reasons for the selectivity of in vivo cell nuclear labeling remain to be discovered but the selectivity does not appear to be an intrinsic feature of the receptors themselves. The pattern of in vivo labeling by [3H]corticosterone and [3H]dexamethasone differs from the in vivo distribution of [3H]estradiol in ADX-OVX rats using the same dissection procedure and this demonstrates the regional differentiation within brain of steroid hormone uptake and ‘receptor’ processes.
On the stress dependence of the earthquake b value

Laboratory experiments have shown that the b value in the size distribution of acoustic emission events decreases linearly with differential stress. There have been a number of observations that indicate that this relation may also hold for earthquakes. Here using a simple frictional strength model for stresses in the continental lithosphere combined with earthquake b values measured as a function of depth in a wide variety of tectonic regions, we verify and calibrate that relation, finding b = 1.23 ± 0.06 − (0.0012 ± 0.0003)(σ1 − σ3), where the stress difference (σ1 − σ3) is in megapascal. For subduction zones, we find that b value correlates linearly with the slab pull force and with the net reduction of plate interface normal force, both of which also indicate a negative linear relation between b value and differential stress.
Intrauterine growth restriction increases TNF α and activates the unfolded protein response in male rat pups.

Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) programs adult disease, including obesity and insulin resistance. Our group previously demonstrated that IUGR dysregulates adipose deposition in male, but not female, weanling rats. Dysregulated adipose deposition is often accompanied by the release of proinflammatory signaling molecules, such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα). TNFα contributes to adipocyte inflammation and impaired insulin signaling. TNFα has also been implicated in the activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR), which impairs insulin signaling. We hypothesized that, in male rat pups, IUGR would increase TNFα, TNFR1, and components of the UPR (Hspa5, ATF6, p-eIF2α, and Ddit3) prior to the onset of obesity. We further hypothesized that impaired glucose tolerance would occur after the onset of adipose dysfunction in male IUGR rats. To test this hypothesis, we used a well-characterized rat model of uteroplacental insufficiency-induced IUGR. Our primary findings are that, in male rats, IUGR (1) increased circulating and adipose TNFα, (2) increased mRNA levels of UPR components as well as p-eIF2a, and (3) impaired glucose tolerance after observed TNFα increased and after UPR activation. We speculate that programmed dysregulation of TNFα and UPR contributed to the development of glucose intolerance in male IUGR rats.
A study of depletions within the RHO Ophiuchi cloud based on IUE observations of HD 147889

Archival IUE data on the deeply embedded Rho Oph cloud star HD 147889 have been used to derive column densities for several species. The poor data quality and limited useful spectral coverage made unambiguous abundances very difficult to deduce, but firm limits could be set. Absolute depletions have been estimated, based on an assumed value of the total hydrogen column density, but they are uncertain due to uncertainty in N(H). The data appear to indicate that depletions are generally very large in this line of sight. There is also some indication that the relative depletions are enhanced in the densest portions of the cloud.
Facilitating Self-Reflection: The Integration of Photovoice in Graduate Social Work Education

This article details a series of assignments, employing a photovoice method, designed to enhance self-awareness for first year Master of Social Work students. This descriptive article discusses styles of learning and the development of self-awareness in social work education. In addition, the article examines the use of photovoice within a research context, as well as the adaptation to the classroom setting. Both processes seek a venue for participants, students in this case, to explore and discuss aspects of their lived histories and development of their values and perceptions. In addition to scrutinizing the assignment design, logistical concerns, challenges, and benefits of photovoice within the classroom setting, this article also considers how photovoice might help socialize students to the social work discipline. As photovoice commonly serves as a research method, the use of this method as a pedagogical tool is considered, as well as the perspectives of a faculty member and a graduate student. Final...
Large-eddy simulation of turbulence and particle dispersion inside the canopy roughness sublayer

Modelling the dispersion of small particles such as fungal spores, pollens and small seeds inside and above plant canopies is important for many applications. Transport of these particles is driven by strongly inhomogeneous and non-Gaussian turbulent flows inside the canopy roughness sublayer, the region that extends from the ground to approximately three canopy heights. A large-eddy simulation (LES) approach is refined to study particle dispersion within and above the canopy region. Effects of plant reconfiguration are parameterized through a velocity-dependent drag coefficient, which is shown to be critical for accurate reproduction of velocity statistics and mean spore concentrations. The model yields predictions of turbulence statistics that are in good agreement with measurements. This is particularly true of the stress fractions carried by strong events, as revealed by standard quadrant analysis of the resolved velocity fluctuations, which is a known weakness of earlier LES studies of canopy flow using a constant drag coefficient. Experimental data on spore dispersal inside and above a maize canopy are reproduced successfully as well. Characteristics of the particle plume are analysed using LES results, and a pre-existing theoretical framework is adapted to model particle dispersal above the canopy. The results suggest that the plume above the canopy can be approximated using a simple analytical solution if the fraction of spores that escape the canopy region is known. Source height and gravitational settling have strong effects on the plume inside the canopy region and consequently determine the escape fraction. These effects are parameterized in the theoretical model by using the escape fraction to rescale the source strength.
Two-color correlation of atmospheric scintillation

We present the results of measurements of the correlation of scintillations of two colors of light made in the turbulent atmosphere. In strong path-integrated turbulence the correlation is below that predicted by the weak-turbulence theory. A phenomological theoretical approach is used to account for saturation effects. This simple theory provides a reasonable approximation to the correlation data. Thus, we conclude that saturation effects reduce the two-color correlation of atmospheric scintillation.
The Eigenvalue Dependence of Reduced Tilting Pad Bearing Stiffness and Damping Coefficients

A method is presented for calculating reduced tilting pad bearing stiffness and damping coefficients eliminating the explicit dependence of the pad degrees of freedom. Previous analyses are extended to include the real part of the system eigenvalues, so the present analysis is applicable to general free damped vibratory motion as well as synchronous and nonsynchronous steady state response previously considered. The number of coefficients is reduced from a total of 2(5n + 4), when the pad rotational degrees of freedom are retained, to eight, the number required to describe the translational dynamics of a rotor in fixed pad hydrodynamic bearings. The eight coefficients are especially suited for we in bearing optimization schemes for optimizing the stability of rotor-bearing system. Calculations are presented for five pad bearings with the static load directed between pads and with negligible pad inertia for a range of bearing preload and operating Sommerfeld number. Presented as a Society of Tribologists a...
Surface reaction versus diffusion control of mineral dissolution and growth rates in geochemical processes

Abstract The kinetics of chemical reactions at mineral surfaces and the rates of diffusion of species in an aqueous phase are coupled in many geochemical systems. Analytical solutions to equations describing coupled mineral dissolution/growth and solute transport in both transient and steady-state systems are used to delimit regimes of pure reaction control, pure transport control and mixed kinetic control of mass-transfer rates. The relative significance of the two processes depends on the magnitudes of the diffusion coefficients and rate constants as functions of temperature, and the degree of disequilibrium in the system. In addition, the system geometry, the ratio of mineral surface area to diffusion cross-section, and the porosity and tortuosity of the medium through which aqueous species diffuse affect reaction vs. diffusion control. In general, diffusion control increases with increasing temperature and increasing distance over which diffusion occurs. Calculations for the mixed kinetic regime in transient systems demonstrate that the relative significance of diffusion and surface reaction varies with reaction progress, and approaches a limiting value as equilibrium is approached. This limiting value may be appropriate to natural water-rock interactions that occur at conditions that are close to equilibrium. This result permits extension of simple models for irreversible mass transfer in homogeneous systems to systems in which mass-transfer kinetics are controlled by coupled surface reactions and mass transport. Criteria are established for time and length scales and fluid velocity limits on the validity of the continuum hypothesis and the local equilibrium assumption in mass-transport modeling.
In vivo optical/near-infrared spectroscopy and imaging of metalloproteins.

Abstract A number of medical applications of near-infrared spectroscopy are growing closer to clinical acceptance, and new techniques involving both spectroscopy and imaging are evolving rapidly. In vivo spectroscopy and, more recently, imaging techniques are largely based upon optical electronic transitions involving the metal centers of hemoglobin (blood), myoglobin (muscle) and cytochrome aa3 (mitochondria). The wide variety of near-IR based applications includes heart and stroke research, monitoring cerebral oxygenation of premature babies, and ‘functional activation’ (response of brain to mental tasks). All of these applications are founded upon changes in hemoglobin O2 saturation; these changes are monitored by following trends in the near-infrared absorptions of deoxyhemoglobin (760 nm) and oxyhemoglobin (920 nm). The same absorptions provide a basis for imaging regional variations in blood oxygenation. This report presents and discusses examples, both from the literature and from our recent work, of near-infrared spectroscopy and imaging in medical applications.
Mean square performance analysis for torus-networked distributed consensus under stochastic disturbances

In this paper we mainly address the mean square performance problem for torus-networked distributed consensus under stochastic disturbances. Specifically, we answer the question of how a torus-networked distributed consensus system will behave when all communication links are unreliable and each agent is subject to the perturbation of additive white noise. We derive a necessary and sufficient condition to characterize the mean square performance. Due to the spatially invariant structure of torus lattices, such a condition can be computed in a closed form. Computation results show that the mean square performance depends on the network dimension. Therefore, it suggests a natural trade-off between mean square stability and performance for such systems.
A Linear Signal Transduction Pathway Involving Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase, Protein Kinase Cϵ, and MAPK in Mesangial Cells Regulates Interferon-γ-induced STAT1α Transcriptional Activation

Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) exerts an pleiotropic effect in mesangial cells in inflammatory glomerular diseases. The biologic effect of IFN-gamma is mediated by STAT1alpha. The precise mechanism by which IFN-gamma stimulates the transcriptional activity of STAT1alpha is poorly understood. I investigated the role of protein kinase C (PKC) epsilon in regulating the transcriptional activation of STAT1alpha in mesangial cells. IFN-gamma increased PKCepsilon activity in a time-dependent manner with a concomitant increase in STAT1alpha transcriptional activity. Expression of constitutively active PKCepsilon mimicked the effect of IFN-gamma on STAT1alpha-dependent transcription. Expression of dominant negative PKCepsilon inhibited IFN-gamma-induced STAT1alpha-dependent transcription. Ly294002, a pharmacological inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase, blocked IFN-gamma-induced PKCepsilon activity and resulted in inhibition of STAT1alpha transcriptional activity but had no effect on STAT1alpha tyrosine phosphorylation and STAT1alpha-DNA complex formation. A PKC inhibitor, H7, also had no effect on STAT1alpha tyrosine phosphorylation and DNA binding. However, Ly294002 and H7 blocked IFN-gamma-induced serine phosphorylation of STAT1alpha. These data indicate that PI 3 kinase-dependent PKCepsilon regulates STAT1alpha transcriptional activity in the absence of any effect on its DNA binding capability. In addition to activating PKCepsilon, IFN-gamma increased MAPK activity, resulting in transcriptional activation of Elk-1, a nuclear target of MAPK. Ly294002 or a dominant negative PI 3-kinase significantly blocked IFN-gamma-induced MAPK activity. On the other hand, ectopic expression of constitutively active PKCepsilon significantly increased MAPK activity. IFN-gamma-stimulated MAPK phosphorylated STAT1alpha in vitro. Inhibition of MAPK activity blocked IFN-gamma-induced serine phosphorylation of STAT1alpha; but its tyrosine phosphorylation and DNA binding were partially inhibited. Finally, expression of dominant negative MAPK significantly inhibited IFN-gamma-induced STAT1alpha-dependent transcription. These data provide the first evidence that IFN-gamma stimulates PKCepsilon in a PI 3-kinase-sensitive manner to activate MAPK, which regulates STAT1alpha transcriptional activity.
Fe cycling in the Shale Hills Critical Zone Observatory, Pennsylvania: An analysis of biogeochemical weathering and Fe isotope fractionation

Abstract During weathering, Fe in primary minerals is solubilized by ligands and/or reduced by bacteria and released into soil porewaters. Such Fe is then removed or reprecipitated in soils. To understand these processes, we analyzed Fe chemistry and isotopic composition in regolith of the Shale Hills watershed, a Critical Zone Observatory in central Pennsylvania overlying iron-rich shale of the Rose Hill Formation. Elemental concentrations were measured in soil from a well-drained catena on a planar hillslope on the south side of the catchment. Based upon X-ray diffraction and bulk elemental data, loss of Fe commences as clay begins to weather ∼15 cm below the depth of auger-refusal. More Fe(III) was present than Fe(II) in all soil samples from the ridge top to the valley floor. Both total and ferrous iron are depleted from the land surface of catena soils relative to the bedrock. Loss of ferrous Fe is attributed mostly to abiotic or biotic oxidation. Loss of Fe is most likely due to transport of micron-sized particles that are not sampled by porous-cup lysimeters, but which are sampled in stream and ground waters. The isotopic compositions (δ56Fe, relative to IRMM-014) of bulk Fe and 0.5 N HCl-extracted Fe (operationally designed to remove amorphous Fe (oxyhydr)oxides) range between −0.3‰ and +0.3‰, with Δ56Febulk-extractable values between ∼0.2‰ and 0.4‰. Throughout the soils along the catena, δ56Fe signatures of both bulk Fe and HCl-extracted Fe become isotopically lighter as the extent of weathering proceeds. The isotopic trends are attributed to one of two proposed mechanisms. One mechanism involves Fe fractionation during mobilization of Fe from the parent material due to either Fe reduction or ligand-promoted dissolution. The other mechanism involves fractionation during immobilization of Fe (oxyhydr)oxides. If the latter mechanism is true, then shale – which comprises one quarter of continental rocks – could be an important source of isotopically heavy Fe for rivers.
Do Community-Managed Schools Work? An Evaluation of El Salvador's EDUCO Program

This article examines how decentralizing educational responsibility to communities and schools affects student outcomes. It uses the example of El Salvador's Community-Managed Schools Program (Education con Participation de la Comunidad, EDUCO), which was designed to expand rural education rapidly following El Salvador's civil war. Achievement on standardized tests and attendance are compared for students in EDUCO schools and students in traditional schools. The analysis controls for student characteristics, school and classroom inputs, and endogeneity, using the proportion of EDUCO schools and traditional schools in a municipality as identifying instrumental variables. The article finds that enhanced community and parental involvement in EDUCO schools has improved students' language skills and diminished student absences, which may have long-term effects on achievement.
Rolling and bending deformation of Ni-Pd-P metal glasses

Abstract Thickness reduction, e T and the elongation of Ni-Pd-P metallic glass up to 40 and 26 per cent can be attained in rolling. Deformation bands develop and are wavy in appearance and similar to single crystals of pure b.c.c. metals. Observations at various stages during bending show that cracks can be created as the result of the crossing of two ‘slip bands’ similar to the behavior in crystalline materials.
Patent replacement and welfare gains

Abstract Patents were chosen in an era when modern public finance tools were unavailable. The same innovation outcomes can be achieved with higher welfare, if patent elements are replaced by modern features. This paper constructs two theoretical models of product innovation and simulates the welfare effects of replacing patents with an intertemporal-bounty arrangement. We find that replacing patents with this alternative has the potential to increase welfare in the United States through reform of pharmaceutical patents by $43.9–$194 billion when measured in present value terms (this is 0.3–1.3% of annual GDP) based on simulations involving four selected drug sectors. The potential to increase welfare would be higher if applied to the larger sector of drugs as a whole. In principal, patents could be replaced in other sectors as well.
Myeloma Xenograft Destruction by a Nonviral Vector Delivering Oncolytic Infectious Nucleic Acid

The feasibility of using a nonviral vector formulation to initiate an oncolytic viral infection has not been previously demonstrated. We therefore sought to determine whether infectious nucleic acid (INA) could be used in place of virus particles to initiate an oncolytic picornavirus infection in vivo . Infectious RNA encoding coxsackievirus A21 (CVA21) was transcribed from plasmid DNA using T7 polymerase. Within 48 hours of injecting this RNA into KAS6/1 myeloma xenografts, high titers of infectious CVA21 virions were detected in the bloodstream. Tumors regressed rapidly thereafter and mice developed signs of myositis. At euthanasia, CVA21 was recovered from regressing tumors and from skeletal muscles. Treatment outcomes were comparable following intratumoral injection of naked RNA or fully infectious CVA21 virus. Dose–response studies showed that an effective oncolytic infection could be established by intratumoral injection of 1 µg of infectious RNA. The oncolytic infection could also be initiated by intravenous injection of infectious RNA. Our study demonstrates that INA is a highly promising alternative drug formulation for oncolytic virotherapy.
The role of affectivity in job satisfaction: a meta-analysis

Abstract Correlations between affectivity and job satisfaction measures were examined by cumulating research findings across studies. Correlations between (1) job satisfaction and positive affectivity, (2) job satisfaction and negative affectivity and (3) job satisfaction and affective disposition, were separately analyzed. The mean correlation corrected for coefficient alpha in the two measures correlated were: 0.49 for positive affectivity ( N=3326 , k=15 ), −0.33 for negative affectivity ( N=6233 , k=27 ) and 0.36 for affective disposition ( N=1415 , k=7 ). Results indicated that 10–25% of variance in job satisfaction could be due to individual differences in affectivity. No strong moderator variables were found. Implications for a dispositional and situational source of job satisfaction are discussed.
NEAR FIELD TRANSIENT AXISYMMETRIC WAVES IN LAYERED STRUCTURES: EFFECTS OF WEAK COUPLING

Axisymmetric stress wave transmission through the leading layers of layered structures of infinite radial but finite axial extent is numerically studied by employing two different computational approaches: a technique based on the numerical inversion of Double Integral Transformations (DIT), and a Finite Element (FE) analysis. Considering the first approach, careful selections of the limits of the numerical inversions and the sampling rates are required in order to overcome inherent numerical instabilities associated with exponential dichotomy. This type of numerical instability is more evident in layered media with weak coupling. In such systems, direct multiplications of layer transfer matrices are avoided by employing a global scheme to assemble well-conditioned global transfer matrices. Moreover, the specific structure of the propagation and attenuation zones of the structure are taken into account for increasing the efficiency and effectiveness of the transfer matrix manipulations. Satisfactory agreement between the DIT and FE numerical results is observed, at least for early times. Close to the region of application of the external pressure, the FE simulations suffer from the discretization of the applied load, node-to-node oscillations and reflections from ‘infinite’ elements (‘silent boundaries’). Using the aforementioned numerical techniques, transient wave transmission in two-layered systems (one with weak and one with strong interlayer coupling) is considered, and the effects of weak coupling on the wave transmission is studied. We show that at early times, weak coupling results in stress localization in the region close to the applied pressure, a result which can have potential application in the use of layered media as shock isolators. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The cyclotron of the biochemical research foundation

Abstract Certain features of the Biochemical Research Foundation cyclotron, which may be of interest to those building a similar machine, are as follows: 1. 1. The design and construction of the magnetic circuit. 2. 2. Results of a survey of the magnetic field with and without “shimming.” 3. 3. The construction and dimensions of the vacuum tank and deflector. 4. 4. The design of dee supports with a convenient arrangement for the adjustment of the dees. 5. 5. Modified ion sources using tungsten ribbon filaments, one of which enables the cyclotron to deliver a current of at least 30 microamperes of deuterons at 1 1 Mev. on an external target. 6. 6. A high frequency system for supplying voltage to the dees.,
Persistent Inhibition of DNA Synthesis after Radiation Exposure in Four Clones Obtained from Rat Embryo Fibroblasts by Transfection with the Oncogenes H-ras Plus V-myc

We have previously shown that two cell lines, 2.8 and 3.7, obtained from rat embryo fibroblasts (REF) by transfection with the oncogenes, H-ras plus v-myc, experience a prolonged inhibition of DNA replication after exposure to ionizing radiation as compared with normal REF, or REF expressing, H-ras or v-myc alone. We report here that four additional cell lines generated in our laboratory by cotransfection of REF with the same oncogenes also show prolonged inhibition of DNA replication after radiation exposure. These results indicate a regulatory mechanism for DNA replication in irradiated REF in which the products of the oncogenes H-ras and v-myc have a central role.
Bone mineral density in postmenopausal women treated with L-thyroxine.

PURPOSE: To determine if bone mineral density is decreased in postmenopausal women treated with 1-thyroxine, and, if any decrease is observed, whether it is related to overtreatment with thyroid hormone, to deficiency of calcitonin, or to other factors. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study consisted of 19 postmenopausal women between 50 and 75 years of age treated with 1-thyroxine for 5 years or longer, and 19 matching control subjects with no thyroid disease. Bone mineral density of the spine and hip was measured by dual-photon absorptiometry. Plasma calcitonin concentrations and serum thyroid hormone levels were determined by radioimmunoassays. RESULTS: The 1-thyroxine-treated women had lower bone density in the lumbar spine (1.013 g/cm 2 [95% confidence interval, 0.945 to 1.081] versus 1.134 g/cm 2 [1.026 to 1.242], p=0.043); in the femoral neck (0.736 g/cm 2 [0.694 to 0.778] versus 0.809 g/cm 2 [0.747 to 0.872], p=0.040); in Ward's triangle (0.576 g/cm 2 [0.530 to 0.623] versus 0.694 g/cm 2 [0.617 to 0.770], p=0.011); and in the trochanteric area (0.626 g/cm 2 [0.581 to 0.672] versus 0.722 g/cm 2 [0.651 to 0.794], p=0.027). The maximal increase in calcitonin following calcium infusion was 1.37 ng/L (95% confidence interval, −0.44 to 3.17) in the 1-thyroxine-treated patients versus 18.8 ng/L (95% confidence interval, 10.0 to 27.5) in normal women, p CONCLUSIONS: Long-term 1-thyroxine therapy is associated with decreased density of the spine and hip. Since subclinical hyperthyroidism, decreased calcitonin responsiveness, and a history of hyperthyroidism were demonstrated in some or all of these patients, these factors must be considered as possible causes of the decreased bone density.
Reflections on the Dixon seminar: the development of marketing thought and theory

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the doctoral seminar in the history of marketing thought and theory taught by Donald F. Dixon.Design/methodology/approach – The approach is an historical narrative based on the author's personal recollections of the historical context of the seminar, how it was organized and conducted, along with a sample class discussion of the first lesson in marketing systems.Findings – Dixon was indisputably a maverick who worked far outside the marketing mainstream. Consequently, he had a truly unique historical systems framework for understanding and teaching the history of marketing thought.Originality/value – Because of its uniqueness, the Dixon seminar offers novel insights into teaching the history of marketing thought and the development of marketing theory.
Proposed NASA Budget Includes Asteroid Capture but Cuts Planetary Science and Education

The Obama administration's proposed $17.7 billion budget for NASA for fiscal year (FY) 2014 provides $105 million for several asteroid-related initiatives, including preliminary studies for a potential mission that would capture an asteroid and drag it into orbit around the Moon. The agency's total proposed budget is down slightly compared to FY 2012 (see Table ; comparisons are to FY 2012 because government agencies had been operating on a continuing resolution for 2013 and final spending levels for 2013 were not available at the time the president released his proposed 2014 budget).
Toward a U.S. National Phenological Assessment: Third USA National Phenology Network (USA‐NPN) and Research Coordination Network (RCN) Annual Meeting; Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 5–9 October 2009

Directional climate change will have profound and lasting effects throughout society that are best understood through fundamental physical and biological processes. One such process is phenology: how the timing of recurring biological events is affected by biotic and abiotic forces. Phenology is an early and integrative indicator of climate change readily understood by nonspecialists. Phenology affects the planting, maturation, and harvesting of food and fiber; pollination; timing and magnitude of allergies and disease; recreation and tourism; water quantity and quality; and ecosystem function and resilience. Thus, phenology is the gateway to climatic effects on both managed and unmanaged ecosystems.
Layout comparison of MOSFETs with large W/L ratios

Theory is developed on the layout of MOSFETs with large W/L ratios. Different layout styles are also compared for the performance criteria such as area, gate capacitance, drain (source) capacitances and gate resistances. The waffle iron layout style is superior to conventional finger layout in terms of area and gate resistance, whereas finger layout has lower gate capacitance.
Preparation and investigation of [14C]padimate-O and [14C]N-nitroso-N-nor-padimate-O

Carbonation of the aryl lithium obtained from p-N,N(dimethylamino)bromo-benzene with carbon-14 labeled carbon dioxide, followed by esterification gave [CO{sub 2}-{sup 14}C]p-N,N(dimethylamino)benzoate 2-ethylhexyl ester (Padimate-O). This material underwent slow decomposition to [{sup 14}C]N-nor-Padimate-O and [{sup 14}C]N-formyl-N-nor-Padimate-O. Nitrosation of [{sup 14}C]Padimate-O with sodium nitrite afforded [{sup 14}C]N-nitroso-N-nor-Padimate-O. (author).
Elastic S-matrices in (1 + 1) dimensions and Toda field theories

Particular deformations of 2-D conformal field theory lead to integrable massive quantum field theories. These can be characterized by the relativistic scattering data. We propose a general scheme for classifying the elastic nondegenerate S-matrix in (1 + 1) dimensions starting from the possible boot-strap processes and the spins of the conserved currents. Their identification with the S-matrix coming from the Toda field theory is analyzed. We discuss both cases of Toda field theory constructed with the simply-laced Dynkin diagrams and the nonsimply-laced ones. We present the results of the perturbative analysis and their geometrical interpretations.