cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mammalian Sibling Interactions

When I first began to review the literature for this chapter I naively believed that I was embarking on a rather smooth journey into a field in which there were a plethora of data. Simply, I was wrong. While there are fairly substantial amounts of data relating to the social interaction patterns of young and old “family members” alike, I was struck by the excessive use of the terms “probably,” “maybe,” “we shall assume,” “it is thought,” etc., to refer to genealogical relationships. In an area of behavioral biology in which rigorous assessments of genetic relatedness are absolutely critical, tenuous, forced ex post facto reconstructions of genealogies are (too) frequently being used not only to summarize the results of particular studies, but furthermore, and perhaps in a more injurious way, also to rewrite and reformulate evolutionary theory. It also is the case, I believe, particularly for mammals, that theoretical arguments in many areas of inquiry of social biology have severely outstripped empirical studies. Although theories about the way things “ought to be” have provided a solid axis around which basic research can revolve, especially in areas of social biology, only very few significant questions have been investigated and in only very few mammalian species. This is most unfortunate. One more notable trend surfaced as I reviewed papers covering rather disparate species and superficially dissimilar problems searching for some thoughts, or better, data on sibling interactions. I became struck by the large number of eponymous theories and the relative absence of “minority” views, although many available data could have easily, and in some cases, more expeditiously, been used to generate new and interesting hypotheses (e.g., Kaplan, 1978; McCracken and Bradbury, 1977; Rood, 1978), rather than simply providing weak support for extant ideas. Has intellectual censorship reached behavioral biology as it might have once affected ecology (van Valen and Pitelka, 1974)? I strongly doubt this. However, trying to fit square blocks into round holes may be the result of the almost sermonlike dialogues espousing that this is right and that is wrong, discourses that might have a rather intimidating effect on readers or listeners. Thus, I was pleased to read in the concluding paragraph in a recent paper (Horn, 1978, p. 429): “I began with questions; I have ended with questions. It is a measure of progress that the two lists of questions are different.”
U.S. Medical Examiner/Coroner capability to handle highly infectious decedents

In the United States of America, Medical Examiners and Coroners (ME/Cs) investigate approximately 20% of all deaths. Unexpected deaths, such as those occurring due to a deceased person under investigation for a highly infectious disease, are likely to fall under ME/C jurisdiction, thereby placing the ME/C and other morgue personnel at increased risk of contracting an occupationally acquired infection. This survey of U.S. ME/Cs′ capabilities to address highly infectious decedents aimed to determine opportunities for improvement at ME/C facilities serving a state or metropolitan area. Data for this study was gathered via an electronic survey. Of the 177 electronic surveys that were distributed, the overall response rate was N = 108 (61%), with 99 of those 108 respondents completing all the questions within the survey. At least one ME/C responded from 47 of 50 states, and the District of Columbia. Select results were: less than half of respondents (44%) stated that their office had been involved in handling a suspected or confirmed highly infectious remains case and responses indicated medical examiners. Additionally, ME/C altered their personal protective equipment based on suspected versus confirmed highly infectious remains rather than taking an all-hazards approach. Standard operating procedures or guidelines should be updated to take an all-hazards approach, best-practices on handling highly infectious remains could be integrated into a standardized education, and evidence-based information on appropriate personal protective equipment selection could be incorporated into a widely disseminated learning module for addressing suspected or confirmed highly infectious remains, as those areas were revealed to be currently lacking.
The Political Economy of the U.S. Department of Agriculture Rural Business-Cooperative Service:

The U.S. Department of Agriculture Rural Business-Cooperative Service (RBS) was established with the goal of fostering rural development through grants and low-interest loans. However, rural revita...
Effect of aeration and oxygenation on growth and survival of rainbow trout in a commercial serial-pass, flow-through raceway system.

Abstract Serial-pass raceway systems are characterized by reduced water quality as water passes from upper to lower raceways. We previously showed that rainbow trout reared in 1st use (source spring) and 3rd use (after 2 raceway passes) water exhibited significantly better growth and survival compared to those in 5th use water (after 4 raceway passes) and directly related to dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration. Our objective was to determine if increasing the DO in 5th use water by aeration or oxygenation to levels in 3rd use water could restore growth and survival of rainbow trout. We stocked rainbow trout (126 ± 9.3 g mean weight) into tanks receiving either 1st use, 3rd use, or 5th use water with and without supplemental air or oxygen (five treatments at four tanks each). Average DO concentration was highest in 1st use (92.0% saturation) followed by 3rd use (79.4%) and 5th use (52.1%) water. In 5th use water, use of aeration (68.4%) or oxygenation (71.7%) raised the DO levels similar to 3rd use water. Growth performance (SGR and FCR) and survival were significantly lower for trout in 5th use compared to 1st and 3rd use water. Aeration and oxygenation of 5th use water restored growth to that observed for trout in 3rd use water. Improvements were limited for survival with 3rd use water (88.8%) showing higher values than 5th use with oxygenation (74.2%) or aeration (53.1%). These treatments were still significantly better than survival observed for trout in untreated 5th use water (35.0%). Dissolved oxygen appears to be the primary water quality parameter limiting performance in this system. However, due to dissimilar survival in 3rd and 5th use water with aeration or oxygenation, other water parameters (e.g. total dissolved solids or turbidity), which increased in 5th use water, may also contribute to the reduced growth and survival.
Effectiveness of Children’s Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) Program on Earthquake Preparedness in Jordan

Introduction:Children represent a particularly vulnerable population in disasters. Disaster Risk Reduction refers to a systematic approach to identifying, assessing, and reducing risks of disaster through sets of interventions towards disaster causes and population vulnerabilities. Disaster Risk Reduction through the education of the population, and especially children, is an emerging field requiring further study.Aim:To test the hypothesis that an educational program on Disaster Risk Reduction can induce a sustained improvement in knowledge, risk perception, awareness, and attitudes toward preparedness behavior of children.Methods:A Disaster Risk Reduction educational program for students aged 10-12 was completed in an earthquake-prone region of Jordan (Madaba). Subject students (A) and control groups of similarly aged untrained children in public (B) and private (C) schools were surveyed one year after the program. Surveys focused on disaster knowledge, risk perception, awareness, and preparedness behavior. Likert scales were used for some questions and binary yes/no for others. Results were collated and total scores averaged for each section. Average scores were compared between groups and analyzed using SPSS.Results:Students who had completed the Disaster Risk Reduction program were found through Levene’s test to have statistically significant improvement in earthquake knowledge (5.921 vs. 4.55 vs. 5.125), enhanced risk perception (3.966 vs. 3.580 vs. 3.789), and improved awareness of earthquakes (4.652 vs. 3.293 vs. 4.060) with heightened attitudes toward preparedness behavior (8.008 vs. 6.517 vs. 7.597) when compared to untrained public and private school control groups, respectively.Discussion:Disaster Risk Reduction education programs can have lasting impacts when applied to children. They can improve students’ knowledge, risk perception, awareness, and attitudes towards preparedness. Further work is required to determine the frequency of re-education required and appropriate age groups for educational interventions.
A CANADIAN GRID SYSTEM IN 3° TRANSVERSE MERCATOR ZONES

All geodetic networks that rest previously fixed control are best computed in plane coordinates. Under this category fall a great deal of first-order triangulation and, of course, the whole volume ...
Scanning Capacitance Microscopy for Two-Dimensional Carrier Profiling of Semiconductor Devices

As the semiconductor technology matures from research to development and eventually entering manufacturing, there is a consistent focus on reducing defects and yield detractors. This results in engineers utilizing the Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) duplicate of integrated circuits. In failure analysis (FA) of integrated circuits, Scanning Capacitance Microscopy (SCM) has been used to identify failure mechanisms, such as regions of incorrect doping and electrical shorts, thereby indicating the appropriate corrective actions required to remedy the device. Because sample preparation and data interpretation are relatively straightforward, FA applications of SCM can be performed with quick turnaround and with few ambiguities that can arise in quantitative applications. In this chapter, we will focus on SCM applications, highlighting work performed at the state-of-the-art chip manufacturing facility of GLOBALFOUNDRIES.
Advanced MR imaging of bone marrow: quantification of signal alterations on T1-weighted Dixon and T2-weighted Dixon sequences in red marrow, yellow marrow, and pathologic marrow lesions

To quantify and compare signal intensity (SI) changes on T1-weighted (W) and T2W Dixon imaging in yellow marrow, red marrow, and bone marrow lesions. A total of 141 patients (77 controls, 64 lesions—33 benign, 31 malignant) between January 2016 and December 2017 were retrospectively identified. For the control group, fixed 2-cm2 region of interests (ROI) were drawn at L5, bilateral ilium and femurs on in-phase and opposed-phase T1W and T2W Dixon images. For the lesion group, ROIs of best fit were drawn around each lesion on in-phase and opposed-phase T2W Dixon images. SI changes between in-phase and opposed phase maps for each group were compared. Inter-reader analysis was performed. Yellow marrow exhibited smaller SI changes as compared to red marrow on both T1W and T2W Dixon imaging at all locations (p < 0.0001) except at L5 on T2W Dixon imaging (p = 0.206). Both benign and malignant lesions showed significantly smaller SI changes as compared to both yellow (p = 0.0087, p < 0.0001) and red marrow (p = 0.0004, p < 0.0001) on T2W Dixon imaging. Malignant lesions exhibited smaller SI change as compared to benign lesions on T2W Dixon imaging (p = 0.0005). Signal intensity loss on both red and yellow marrow were smaller on T1W Dixon as compared to T2W Dixon (0.49–0.64, 0.27–0.31 vs. 0.70–0.74, 0.48–0.71). Inter-reader agreements were excellent (0.91–0.97). SI change calculated from T2-weighted Dixon imaging can adequately differentiate between yellow marrow, red marrow, and osseous lesions, both benign and malignant.
Optimization for data-driven wireless sensor scheduling

Modern large-scale distributed systems such as cyber-physical systems and the Internet of Things often consist of components that communicate/interact over shared networks of limited bandwidth and operate with minimal delay. One way to model this constraint is to assume that, at any time instant, only a single packet can be reliably transmitted over the network to its destination. In order to coordinate access to this limited communication resource, it is common to use some form of medium access control (MAC) scheme. The goal herein is to optimize the MAC to maximize performance. The design of scheduling policies for sensors making arbitrarily distributed random observations is considered. It is shown that the scheduler design can be expressed as a difference-of-convex functions optimization problem, which can be solved using the convex-concave procedure. Furthermore, this approach leads naturally to the application of data-driven approaches, where the design of scheduling policies where the joint probability density of the observations is unknown can be achieved by using an approximate sub-gradient method to solve an empirical risk minimization problem.
Log-periodic temporal apertures for grating lobe suppression in k-space tomography

Millimeter-wave (mmW) imaging receivers have demonstrated the ability to sense radio-frequency (RF) waves using traditional phased antenna array techniques, and, through a coherent photonic up-conversion process, image these waves using free-space optical systems. Building upon the idea of coherent up-conversion, k-space tomography extends the functionality of the millimeter-wave imaging receiver as a two-dimensional spatial processing unit to three-dimensional sensing with the addition of frequency detection. In this configuration, an arrayed waveguide grating, or temporal aperture, is implemented following the photonic up-conversion of RF signals received by the phased array. These waveguides of varying length add a spectral beam-forming network to the existing spatial beam-forming of the mmW-imaging receiver. The introduction of three-dimensional phase information to the imaging system disrupts the ability to directly image the RF signal distribution on a photo-detector array, requiring the application of tomographic algorithms to reconstruct the power distribution of the received signals. In order to receive and properly recover the spatial-spectral distribution of RF sources, the antenna array and temporal array must be sampled adequately to avoid introduction of grating artifacts into the system response. Grating lobes, an artifact of regular spacing of elements within a grating, restrict the alias-free field of regard for antenna arrays, or the free spectral range for time-delay based arrays, thus limiting the spatial-spectral monitoring of RF sources via the k-space imaging modality. To alleviate this constraint, we present a non-uniform log-periodic array sampling for the k-space tomographic time-delay based aperture, greatly increasing the free spectral range of the system while maintaining the number of existing channels.
16 – Three-Dimensional Problems

Publisher Summary This chapter deals with the three-dimensional heat transfer problems. The axisymmetric problems are the types of three-dimensional problems. These problems are modeled and solved by using ring elements. The chapter presents the solution of axisymmetric problems using triangular ring elements and tetrahedron elements. The linear interpolation functions in terms of natural conditions are used for simplicity. The finite element solution of axisymmetric problem involves five steps. The first step is to replace the solid body of revolution by an assembly of triangular ring elements. The second step is to assume linear variation of temperature inside an element by using a natural coordinate system. Third step involves the derivation of element matrices and vectors. Once the element matrices and vectors are available, the overall or system equations are derived in the fourth step. Finally, the equations are solved after incorporation of the known boundary conditions. The chapter also presents a computer program called HEATAX for the solution of axisymmetric heat transfer problems.
Caterpillar 3406B Air-To-Air Aftercooled Truck Engine

The Caterpillar 3406B air-to-air aftercooled heavy duty diesel truck engine has been developed for fuel economy. The air-to-air aftercooled system has been used by Caterpillar on earthmoving engine applications and by Europeans on heavy duty diesel truck engines to increase power. The application of air-to-air aftercooling on the 3406B engine not only allows improved fuel economy but also results in increased horsepower to 425 (317 kW) and lower gaseous emissions. The air-to-air aftercooled system offers even further benefits as future legislated gaseous emission levels are reduced. This paper addresses the development, performance, and application of the 3406B air-to-air aftercooled truck engine.
The Role of Co-ZSM-5 Catalysts in Aerobic Oxidation of Ethylbenzene

Various forms of cobalt catalysts have been studied extensively for selective aerobic oxidation of hydrocarbons. However, it remains unclear whether cobalt can directly activate molecular oxygen under mild reaction conditions. Here we investigated the catalytic roles of cobalt in ethylbenzene oxidation with and without a hydroperoxide initiator. The contribution of different cobalt species was studied by varying the metal loading on Co-impregnated ZSM-5 samples. Quantitative EPR was used to determine the impact of cobalt catalysts on the free radical concentrations. This work provided strong evidence that cobalt, in several different forms, catalyzes hydrocarbon oxidation by facilitating peroxy bond cleavage, instead of direct oxygen activation.
An Alternative Splicing Program for Mouse Craniofacial Development

Alternative splicing acts as a fundamental mechanism to increase the number of functional transcripts that can be derived from the genome - and its appropriate regulation is required to direct normal development, differentiation, and physiology, in many species. Recent studies have highlighted that mutation of splicing factors, resulting in the disruption of alternative splicing, can have profound consequences for mammalian craniofacial development. However, there has been no systematic analysis of the dynamics of differential splicing during the critical period of face formation with respect to age, tissue layer, or prominence. Here we used deep RNA sequencing to profile transcripts expressed in the developing mouse face for both ectodermal and mesenchymal tissues from the three facial prominences at critical ages for facial development, embryonic days 10.5, 11.5, and 12.5. We also derived separate expression data from the nasal pit relating to the differentiation of the olfactory epithelium for a total of 60 independent datasets. Analysis of these datasets reveals the differential expression of multiple genes, but we find a similar number of genes are regulated only via differential splicing, indicating that alternative splicing is a major source of transcript diversity during facial development. Notably, splicing changes between tissue layers and over time are more prevalent than between prominences, with exon skipping the most common event. We next examined how the variation in splicing correlated with the expression of RNA binding proteins across the various datasets. Further, we assessed how binding sites for splicing regulatory molecules mapped with respect to intron exon boundaries. Overall these studies help define an alternative splicing regulatory program that has important consequences for facial development.
Multi-shot acquisitions for stimulus-evoked spinal cord BOLD fMRI.

Purpose To demonstrate the feasibility of 3D multi-shot magnetic resonance imaging acquisitions for stimulus-evoked blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in the human spinal cord in vivo. Methods Two fMRI studies were performed at 3T. The first study was a hypercapnic gas challenge where data were acquired from healthy volunteers using a multi-shot 3D fast field echo (FFE) sequence as well as single-shot multi-slice echo-planar imaging (EPI). In the second study, another cohort of healthy volunteers performed an upper extremity motor task while fMRI data were acquired using a 3D multi-shot acquisition. Results Both 2D-EPI and 3D-FFE were shown to be sensitive to BOLD signal changes in the cervical spinal cord, and had comparable contrast-to-noise ratios in gray matter. FFE exhibited much less signal drop-out and weaker geometric distortions compared to EPI. In the motor paradigm study, the mean number of active voxels was highest in the ventral gray matter horns ipsilateral to the side of the task and at the spinal level associated with innervation of finger extensors. Conclusions Highly multi-shot acquisition sequences such as 3D-FFE are well suited for stimulus-evoked spinal cord BOLD fMRI.
There and Back Again? Exploring the Real-Time Cognitive Journey of Narrative Transportation:

Prior research has produced seemingly conflicting indications of whether or not audience members who are transported into a narrative leave themselves and the real world behind. This study proposes...
Acute mitral regurgitation and cardiogenic shock: Reverse takotsubo cardiomyopathy or acute coronary syndrome?

Abstract Reverse takotsubo cardiomyopathy (rTCM) is characterized by basal ballooning and accounts for approximately 1% of all TCM. To our knowledge, there have been no reports describing rTCM complicated by acute, severe, transient mitral regurgitation (MR). A 75-year-old woman with a medical history of hypertension, dyslipidemia, and anxiety presented to the hospital with 2 days of substernal chest pain, dyspnea, and nausea. Initial troponin was 0.203 ng/mL, and electrocardiography showed sinus tachycardia at 121 bpm, with inferior and anterolateral ST segment depressions. Transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) found an ejection fraction of 30%, apical hyperkinesis, severe hypokinesis of the basal to mid segments of the left ventricle (LV), and a severe central MR jet. Cardiac angiography demonstrated non-obstructive coronary artery disease, and elevated left ventricular end diastolic pressures. Left ventriculography showed a hyperdynamic apex and severe basal hypokinesis. The patient was treated medically, clinical status improved, and was discharged on day 3. TTE four weeks later, showed an ejection fraction of 60–65%, mild MR, and normal LV function. rTCM is the rarest variant of TCM. Basal and mid-myocardial stunning can cause severe secondary MR leading to acute congestive heart failure, mimicking acute coronary syndrome with acute MR. rTCM with rapidly reversible severe MR has not previously been described. Learning Objectives Mitral regurgitation secondary to reverse takotsubo cardiomyopathy can mimic coronary flow obstruction syndromes and when recognized early, can improve with amelioration of cardiomyopathy. Acute severe mitral regurgitation in reverse takotsubo cardiomyopathy is likely secondary to basilar dilatation. Reverse takotsubo cardiomyopathy represents approximately 1% of all takotsubo cardiomyopathy cases.
Canonical Noise Distributions and Private Hypothesis Tests.

$f$-DP has recently been proposed as a generalization of classical definitions of differential privacy allowing a lossless analysis of composition, post-processing, and privacy amplification via subsampling. In the setting of $f$-DP, we propose the concept canonical noise distribution (CND) which captures whether an additive privacy mechanism is appropriately tailored for a given $f$, and give a construction that produces a CND given an arbitrary tradeoff function $f$. We show that private hypothesis tests are intimately related to CNDs, allowing for the release of private $p$-values at no additional privacy cost as well as the construction of uniformly most powerful (UMP) tests for binary data. We apply our techniques to the problem of difference of proportions testing, and construct a UMP unbiased "semi-private" test which upper bounds the performance of any DP test. Using this as a benchmark we propose a private test, based on the inversion of characteristic functions, which allows for optimal inference for the two population parameters and is nearly as powerful as the semi-private UMPU. When specialized to the case of $(\epsilon,0)$-DP, we show empirically that our proposed test is more powerful than any $(\epsilon/\sqrt 2)$-DP test and has more accurate type I errors than the classic normal approximation test.
Preliminaries: Sets, Relations, Maps

In this chapter we give an account on the foundations of mathematics: naive and axiomatic set theory. We introduce here several concepts that will play principal roles later: The Least Upper Bound Property for ordered sets, relations, maps, infinite sequences, the principle of inclusion-exclusion, cardinality, and classes vs. sets.
Creating an Interactive Web Map: A Service-Learning Project Aligned to the Geospatial Technology Competency Model

Service-learning is a form of experiential learning that integrates curriculum objectives to address needs in the community. It also provides students with an opportunity to apply geospatial technology concepts in a real-world setting. This paper describes a service-learning project requiring students to create an interactive Google Map depicting historic buildings and artwork for the City of Wayne, Nebraska. Students create maps by using handheld GPS receivers and editing HTML and JavaScript. The objectives of this project align with several building blocks and critical work functions in the Geospatial Technology Competency Model GTCM. This model, developed in 2010 by the U.S. Department of Labor, attempts to identify the knowledge and abilities needed in the geospatial industry workforce. In addition the methods, assessment, and challenges for developing and executing this project are described.
Models of Human Genetic Disease in Domestic Animals

It is well recognized that naturally occurring diseases of animals can provide insights into the causal mechanisms, pathogenesis, and therapy of human disease.37,55,75,117,170,224 Animal models are particularly useful in the study of genetic disorders, in which the chain of events between the underlying cause and the pathologic phenotype is difficult or impossible to study in man (e.g., pathogenesis of congenital malformations), or in which evaluation of therapy requires a whole mammalian organism (e.g., enzyme replacement therapy in metabolic disease). Since accurate models of genetic disorders cannot be readily produced by experimental manipulation of normal laboratory animals, genetically determined counterparts of human disease in animals offer the most plausible alternative.
Comparative international media ethics: In search of universals

This paper reviews the major studies of international and national approaches to media ethics and describes the various academic and global contexts for international media ethics study. A review of the literature to date reveals that comprehensive studies of international media ethics are necessarily incomplete. Not all countries have media codes or ethics or comparable instruments by which to scientifically test and compare national standards; moreover, countries frequently change, deregulate, officially censure, or discard formal ethical systems. This paper reviews the existing major studies, describes the surrounding contexts for international media ethics study, and suggests embryonic methodology for helpful comparison, and accurate pattern recognition, of trans-cultural common ground. The question of whether there are universals - common ethical values or guidelines - in national and cultural approaches to media ethics is explored. Three such universals are hypothesized based upon areas of common gr...
Variable refractive index elastomeric polymers

Films comprised of alternating elastomeric and glassy polymer layers with a layer thickness less than one-quarter wavelength of light exhibit a useful pressure dependent refractive index.
Scintillation proximity assay (SPA)--a new method of immunoassay. Direct and inhibition mode detection with human albumin and rabbit antihuman albumin.

Abstract Scintillation Proximity Assay (SPA) was used to measure concentrations of human albumin (HA) and rabbit anti-human albumin (RAHA). In one form of this assay, dilute aqueous suspensions of tritiated latex particles (LH) and scintillant latex particles (L∗) covalently coated with antigen are counted in a standard liquid scintillation counter energy gated for tritium. The count rate reflects the extent of(LH)-(L*) dimer formation and is therefore a very sensitive measure of the concentration of antibody present. Concentrations of less than 2.5 ng/ml of RAHA and, in the inhibition mode, less than 1 ng/ml of HA were easily and reproducibly detected.
The Colorization of Black-and-White Motion Pictures: A Grey Area in the Law

(1989). The Colorization of Black-and-White Motion Pictures: A Gray Area in the Law. Journal of Arts Management and Law: Vol. 19, No. 3, pp. 61-87.
Confronting the Reality

SUMMARY The most recent UNAIDS report (December 2003) estimates that approximately 5 million persons became infected with the HIV virus globally in 2003 alone, while 3 million persons died as a result of HIV/AIDS. What do these staggering numbers mean for the Caribbean population? Is the impact of HIV/AIDS the same among Caribbean immigrants in the United States as among the Caribbean population in the countries of origin? If so, what are the factors that promote the spread of HIV/AIDS among this population regardless of their geographic location? Finally, what can be done to reverse the growing infection rate that has made the Caribbean the second largest population to suffer from HIV/AIDS globally? In this paper the authors explore sociocultural, attitudinal and gender-specific factors that place the Caribbean population at risk of the ongoing spread of HIV/AIDS. The authors make recommendations for a community involvement response to the HIV/AIDS epidemic that targets the individual, family and communi...
A Theoretical Framework to Guide the Re-Engineering of Technology Education

Introduction Before leaders in technology education are able to identify a theoretical framework upon which a curriculum is to stand, they must first grapple with two opposing views of the purpose of technology education – education for all learners or career/technical education. Dakers (2006) identifies two opposing philosophies that can serve as a framework for technology education, both inspired by ancient Greece, with the works of Descartes and the birth of positivism. Later reappearing in Pascal’s writings of the mathematical mind, and finally with Rousseau in the mid 1700s, the theoretical arguments of academic verses vocational were established in education, and thus concluded that the overall purpose of education was to make a man (human being) or a citizen. This dichotomy of views is referenced here to make explicit the underpinnings of a theoretical framework for technology education. The position that the authors take in this dichotomy of views is one that embraces the best of both views by teaching technology education to all students to foster technological literacy while at the same time addressing the needs of a workforce seeking to compete in a global economy. This rationale will be presented throughout the article.
Studies on irradiation of agar-agar in the solid state: On the changes of visible absorption spectra and viscosity of the agar-agar/iodine complex produced by irradiation

Abstract Solid agar-agar was irradiated by 60 Co γ-rays, and the effects of radiation on the helix formation of the agar-agar molecule were studied by spectrophotometry and viscometry. The after-effects were also studied. Empirical equations for optical density and viscosity changes were obtained.
Novel Electron Devices Based on the Unique Properties of Diamond

Abstract The physical and electronic properties of diamond will almost always occupy an extremum position in any list of materials. When diamond is being considered as a material to substitute for a more conventional material in any electronic device, it will generally be found to have several very distinguishing features. Among these are the lowest thermal coefficient of expansion, the highest thermal conductivity, the highest bandgap, the highest high electric field saturated hole and electron velocity, the lowest dielectric constant, the shortest lattice constant, the highest acoustic phonon velocity, the highest dielectric strength, a hole mobility second only to germanium, and an electron mobility greater than that of silicon. The properties of diamond are sufficiently different from the properties of conventional semiconductors that the device designer is required to return to the fundamentals rather than to merely substitute the present semiconductor with diamond. Such “rethinking” is typically displayed in conjunction with the use of PN junctions. In conventional devices the PN junction typically is a necessary evil to reduce leakage current. This is illustrated in the CMOS inversion mode silicon transistor pair and in the photodiode. In the FET the impurity doping in the channel (two PN junctions) scatters the charge carriers and in the photodiode the PN junction creates electric field profiles that may accentuate the electron-hole velocity disparity thereby leading to signal distortion. Undoped semiconducting diamond, however, has no measurable leakage current as it is a insulator. Thus these devices in diamond should be fabricated WITHOUT PN junctions. This not only makes fabrication simpler, but significantly improves device performance. Diamond PN junction devices are generally NOT good performers as the voltage drop across a forward-biased diamond PN junction is large. Power transistors made of conventional semiconductors must have their active elements sufficiently separated in space such that hot spots do no accrue and thereby diminish performance and reliability. Unfortunately, such design adds to parasitic resistance and capacitance and thereby degrades upper frequency response. In diamond, however, the temperature is virtually constant throughout the die because of its superior thermal conductivity. The acoustic analog of Snell's Law can also adversely impact heat transmission from a device. Devices can be made much smaller and with higher performance. The virtual absence of impurity diffusion in diamond greatly improves operating life.
CO Luminosity Function and the First Estimate for Ω HI+H 2

We derive a non-parametric CO luminosity function using a FIR and an optical B-band selected sample of the galaxies included in the FCRAO Extragalactic CO Survey. The FIR selected sample is defined using the IRAS Bright Galaxy Surveys (BGS; IRAS 60 micron flux density ≥ 5.24 Jy). Although our CO sample is not complete, the normalization using the BGS reproduces the IRAS 60 micron luminosity function in excellent agreement with those found in the literature. Similarly, a B- band selected sample defined using the Revised Shapley-Ames (RSA) catalog is used to derive a CO luminosity function for a comparison. A Schechter function describes both CO luminosity functions reasonably well. Adopting the standard CO-to-H2 conversion factor, we derive a molecular gas density of ρH 2 = (3.1±1.2) x 107/hM⊙ Mpc-3 for the local volume. Combining with the measurements of the local HI mass density and the helium contribution, we estimate that the total mass density of cold neutral gas in the local universe is Ω gas = (4.3 ±1.1) x 10-4 h -1, which is about 20% of the total stellar mass density Ω*.
Lung cancer: Biology and treatment options

Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer mortality in men and women in the U.S. and worldwide. About 90% of lung cancer cases are caused by smoking and the use of tobacco products. However, other factors such as radon gas, asbestos, air pollution exposures, and chronic infections can contribute to lung carcinogenesis. In addition, multiple inherited and acquired mechanisms of susceptibility to lung cancer have been proposed. Lung cancer is divided into two broad histologic classes, which grow and spread differently: small-cell lung carcinomas (SCLCs) and non-small cell lung carcinomas (NSCLCs). Treatment options for lung cancer include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and targeted therapy. Therapeutic-modalities recommendations depend on several factors, including the type and stage of cancer. Despite the improvements in diagnosis and therapy made during the past 25 years, the prognosis for patients with lung cancer is still unsatisfactory. The responses to current standard therapies are poor except for the most localized cancers. However, a better understanding of the biology pertinent to these challenging malignancies, might lead to the development of more efficacious and perhaps more specific drugs. The purpose of this review is to summarize the recent developments in lung cancer biology and its therapeutic strategies, and discuss the latest treatment advances including therapies currently under clinical investigation.
A convenient and practical method for the selective preparation of deuterofluorocarbons

Abstract A detailed study of the development of efficient and practical conditions for the selective synthesis of 1-deuterononafluorobutane from 1-iodononafluorobutane is reported. The optimal conditions involve treatment of the iodo-precursor in D2O at ∼170 °C in the presence of metallic zinc in a sealed Schlenk tube to give a 59% yield of 1-deutero-1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4,4-nonafluorobutane. The same method was applied successfully to two higher homologues to produce 1-deutero-1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,5-undecafluoropentane and 1-deutero-1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,6-tridecafluorohexane in yields of 64% and 56%, respectively. Surprisingly, even the non-perfluorinated product 6-deutero-1,1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4-nonafluorohexane could be synthesized in 69% yield with this method.
Religious Fundamentalism, the Need for Cognitive Closure, and Helping

In this study, the authors investigated the relation of religious fundamentalism (RF) and need for cognitive closure (NCC) on helping. Participants were 161 undergraduates, 99 of whom met inclusion requirements. Helping was assessed by two pairs of vignettes requesting funding allocations. One pair contrasted a religious, homogenous in-group with a religious, heterogeneous out-group; the other pair contrasted a nonreligious, homogeneous in-group with a nonreligious, heterogeneous out-group. RF was significantly positively related to helping religious in-groups, and there was a significant interaction with NCC. No significant effects were found for nonreligious group contrasts. The results indicate that context influences helping and that both RF and NCC play a role when religious beliefs are activated.
Have We Changed the Natural History of Pediatric Crohn's Disease with Biologics?

Considerable debate exists as to whether the risk of complications and need for surgery has truly decreased in Crohn's disease (CD) over time. A recent systematic review and meta-analysis reported that after the year 2000, the surgical rates at 1, 5 and 10 years have significantly decreased. It is unclear whether this decrease can be solely attributable to the introduction of biologics, the more effective use of thiopurine dosing with monitoring or perhaps earlier disease recognition and early use of effective interventions. Uncontrolled observational studies confirmed that scheduled maintenance treatment with anti-TNF as compared to episodic or discontinued use of anti-TNF resulted in fewer surgeries. Recent population-based studies have shown similar improved disease outcomes with early immunomodulator use. There is a dearth of pediatric-specific natural history studies for both short and long term. Multiple pediatric observational cohort studies have reported that up to one third of pediatric-onset CD patients progress to surgery within 5 years. This is a slightly higher proportion than that of adult patients followed in the same time frame. This discrepancy may be explained by less early biologic use in pediatric patients. More data are needed to follow all CD patients for longer follow-up periods with an emphasis on pediatric onset to better gauge whether our proposed treatment strategies are actually altering the natural history of disease and what role biologics play in this regard.
Fetal laryngoscopy and lung biopsy in a case of bilateral lethal congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation of the lung

A case of prenatal diagnosis of bilateral congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation of the lung (CCAM) is presented. The differential diagnosis among CCAM, pulmonary sequestration, bronchial obstruction, and laryngeal atresia is discussed. The role of diagnostic fetoscopy and fetal lung biopsy as an adjunct to ultrasound is addressed.
Oral self-administration of pentobarbital by rhesus monkeys: maintenance of behavior by different concurrently available volumes of drug solution.

For 4 rhesus monkeys, mouth-contact responses with either of two brass spouts were reinforced according to fixed-ratio schedules by 0.65-mL liquid deliveries during daily 3-hr sessions. Three experiments were conducted. In each experiment, independent fixed-ratio schedules were concurrently in effect at the two spouts. Following completion of each fixed ratio on a spout, a specified number of liquid deliveries were available from that spout under a continuous-reinforcement schedule. The number of such deliveries available at each spout was manipulated independently. In Experiment 1, a 1-mg/mL pentobarbital solution was simultaneously available with water (the drug vehicle) under concurrent fixed-ratio schedules of 32 responses for 3 subjects and 64 responses for the remaining subject. The number (N) of liquid deliveries that were available after completion of each fixed ratio was varied in the following order: 8, 4, 2, 1, and 8 (retest). For each subject at each condition, drug maintained more responding than water. The number of drug deliveries obtained per session was directly related to the amount of drug available per fixed ratio (i.e., to N), whereas the number of fixed ratios completed per session generally was inversely related to the value of N. In Experiment 2, fixed-ratio size was the same for each subject as in Experiment 1, but deliveries of a 1-mg/mL pentobarbital solution were available at both spouts. The number of drug deliveries available under one fixed-ratio schedule (Ns, the "standard" reinforcer amount) was held at eight, and the number of drug deliveries available under the second schedule (Nc, the "comparison" reinforcer amount) was changed across blocks of six sessions of stable responding in the following order: 1, 2, 4, 8, 4, 2, and 1. The identical series of comparison reinforcer amounts (Nc) was then tested twice more, but with the standard reinforcer (Ns) held first at four and then at two deliveries. Across the three choice series, reinforcing effects were directly related to reinforcer magnitude. In Experiment 3, deliveries of a 1-mg/mL pentobarbital solution again were available at both spouts. However, the two reinforcer amounts were held constant at N = 8 deliveries under one schedule and N = 4 deliveries under the second schedule, and fixed-ratio size was systematically varied. Across the range of fixed-ratio sizes from low to high, the degree to which behavior was better maintained by the larger of the two drug quantities was an inverted U-shaped function of fixed-ratio size.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
The theory of runs with applications to drought prediction

Abstract Although statistical run theory is a useful tool, its application to the prediction of drought likelihood has met with limited success. Beginning from the rudiments of run theory, we have developed a pertinent probability distribution based on difference equations. This distribution allows the hydrologist to estimate the expected number of droughts of a prespecified duration, and the average drought length over the desired time period. The applicability of this new mathematical approach is demonstrated using precipitation records for different climatic regions of Texas.
Response of the posterior corneal surface to laser in situ keratomileusis for myopia.

Purpose To describe the response of the posterior corneal surface in laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) and determine whether residual stromal bed thickness or treatment magnitude is predictive of the posterior corneal surface elevation after uneventful LASIK. Setting A private hospital-based refractive surgery practice, Hong Kong SAR, China. Methods Orbscan I (Bausch & Lomb) videokeratography examinations were performed on 1124 patients before and 6 months after LASIK for myopia (mean −6.81 diopters [D] ± 2.52 [SD]; range −0.88 to −14.50 D). The best-fit sphere (BFS) over the central 9.0 mm region of the posterior corneal surface before and after treatment was compared. The location and magnitude of the 1.0 mm diameter region of highest elevation above the BFS for the central 4.0 mm diameter zone were calculated before and after treatment and compared using a paired t test. Stepwise regression was used to model the best predictors of the posterior radius of the BFS and the central elevation of the corneal surface above the BFS before and after treatment. Results The mean radius of curvature of the posterior surface BFS decreased 0.10 mm after LASIK, from 6.31 to 6.21 mm (P Conclusions No eye was diagnosed with corneal ectasia at the time of the 6-month postoperative visit. After LASIK, there was a decreased radius of curvature for the BFS of the posterior corneal surface, with the highest elevation point located paracentrally. These findings are similar to the anterior corneal surface changes observed in corneal ectasia after LASIK but smaller in magnitude.
Fast direct solvers for the heat equation in simple geometries

Abstract In this note we present a method for reducing a multi-dimensional heat equation on a rectangle to a family of one-dimensional heat equations, thus raising the possibility of substantially lowering the computational cost. The method is shown to be stable and examples from R 2 and R 3 are presented, along with execution times. Operation count and storage estimates are also given.
The role of the T1 phase in the pre-exposure and hydrogen embrittlement of AlLiCu alloys

Abstract A series of slow strain rate tests were conducted on longitudinal specimens of two AlLi binary and two AlLiCu alloys, to determine the possibility of embrittlement by hydrogen and to investigate the role of the T 1 phase in the embrittlement process. The binary AlLi alloys were not embrittled. The copper-containing alloys were susceptible to hydrogen embrittlement that can be induced by pre-exposing in NaCl solution or simultaneous cathodic charging and straining. It was shown that the T 1 phase facilities hydrogen entry into the copper-containing alloys and is responsible for their susceptibility. The hydrogen embrittlement susceptibility of the different microstructures of the two AlLiCu alloys was found to correlate very well with the amount of T 1 present and the slip behavior. The fracture mode was mainly transgranular. Some secondary intergranular cracking was also present and its extent related to the amount and distribution of hydrogen present.