cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Oncogenicity of gibbon type‐C myelogenous leukemia virus

Young gibbons that were experimentally inoculated with cell-free gibbon ape leukemia virus (GaLV) and developed peristent viremia subsequently developed chronic granulocytic leukemia (CGL) with associated multifocal bone lesions and metastases. An 8-month-old gibbon inoculated with 105 tissue culture infectious virus (TCIV) developed acute myeloproliferative disease with associated bone lesions after a latency of 5 months, while a 9-month-old gibbon inoculated with 103 TCIV developed CGL after an II-month latency. The clinical symptoms associated with the onset of leukemia were an increased number of leukocytes which were predominantly mature granulocytes, development of anemia, and multifocal bone lesions. Terminally, the animals had elevated immature granulocytes in the blood, cellular bone marrow with a predominant number of immature granulocytes, and hepatosplenomegaly. The gibbon with CGL had metastatic growth in the spleen and lung. Two 14-month-old gibbons that were inoculated with 103 TCIV and developed persistent neutralizing antibody to the virus infection remained free of hematopoietic disease, as did uninoculated animals. The fact that only animals with persistent viremia developed leukemia supports the oncogenicity of GaLV in gibbons.
An evaluation of finger pulse volume as a psychophysiological measure of anxiety.

The present experiment explored the utility of finger pulse volume (FPV) as a measure of anxiety. Subjects were exposed to either a threatening or nonthreatening situation, and indices of physiological arousal (pulse rate (PR) and FPV) and self-report of anxiety (Affect Adjective Checklist (AACL)) were collected. Results indicated that FPV was responsive to changes in experimentally induced anxiety and significantly correlated with PR and AACL, although the strength of these relationships was not substantial. Relevance for psychophysiological theory and the clinical observation of anxiety is discussed.
Plasmonic nanocomposite thin film enabled fiber optic sensors for simultaneous gas and temperature sensing at extreme temperatures

Embedded sensors capable of operation in extreme environments including high temperatures, high pressures, and highly reducing, oxidizing and/or corrosive environments can make a significant impact on enhanced efficiencies and reduced greenhouse gas emissions of current and future fossil-based power generation systems. Relevant technologies can also be leveraged in a wide range of other applications with similar needs including nuclear power generation, industrial process monitoring and control, and aviation/aerospace. Here we describe a novel approach to embedded sensing under extreme temperature conditions by integration of Au-nanoparticle based plasmonic nanocomposite thin films with optical fibers in an evanescent wave absorption spectroscopy configuration. Such sensors can potentially enable simultaneous temperature and gas sensing at temperatures approaching 900–1000 °C in a manner compatible with embedded and distributed sensing approaches. The approach is demonstrated using the Au/SiO2 system deposited on silica-based optical fibers. Stability of optical fibers under relevant high temperature conditions and interactions with changing ambient gas atmospheres is an area requiring additional investigation and development but the simplicity of the sensor design makes it potentially cost-effective and may offer a potential for widespread deployment.
On the meaning of the term prima‐facie in argumentation

Every academic undertaking has its ritual words. The use of “prima‐facie”; in intercollegiate and interscholastic debating and in our textbooks indicates a mystical identification among academic arguers and may point towards the primordium of argumentation which may need re‐examination. A consideration of the meaning of the term may prove of service not only in the narrow confines of academic argumentation but may be illustrative of our general tendencies as teachers.
Thermodynamic and optical thickness corrections to diffusive radiative transfer formulations with application to planetary interiors

Radiative transfer of high-frequency light under diffusive conditions is key to planetary heat flow and is important in astronomy and engineering. In geophysics, the effective radiative conductivity (krad) has been overestimated by threefold due to modeling refraction across planar interfaces as conical emanations of a point source. This assumption violates the second law of thermodynamics because heat can only flow down the thermal gradient. In addition to an extraneous factor of the index of refraction squared, calculations of krad need to address low absorbance in the near-infrared which cannot be quantified using small samples as required for diamond anvil cell experiments. We provide a new derivation and approximate krad in the Earth's mantle as 1.9 × 10−10T3 in Wm−1K−1, which is larger than previous estimates by a factor of up to 10, and will affect geodynamic models. It is also important in geodynamic models to incorporate the fast speed of the carriers, which cause this phenomenon to dominate transient events, and the relative flux of photons and phonons.
LV surface reconstruction from sparse tMRI using Laplacian Surface Deformation and Optimization

We propose a novel framework to reconstruct the left ventricle (LV)'s 3D surface from sparse tagged-MRI (tMRI). First we acquire an initial surface mesh from a dense tMRI. Then landmarks are calculated both on contours of a specific new tMRI data and on corresponding slices of the initial mesh. Next, we employ several filters including global deformation, local deformation and remeshing to deform the initial surface mesh to the image data. This step integrates Polar Decomposition, Laplacian Surface Optimization (LSO) and Deformation (LSD) algorithms. The resulting mesh represents the reconstructed surface of the image data. Further more, this high quality surface mesh can be adopted by most deformable models. Using tagging line information, these models can reconstruct LV motion. The experimental results show that compared to Thin Plate Spline (TPS) our algorithm is relatively fast, the shape represents image data better and the triangle quality is more suitable for deformable model.
Dispersion in fixed beds

A macroscopic equation of mass conservation is obtained by ensemble-averaging the basic conservation laws in a porous medium. In the long-time limit this ‘macro-transport’ equation takes the form of a macroscopic Fick's law with a constant effective diffusivity tensor. An asymptotic analysis in low volume fraction of the effective diffusivity in a bed of fixed spheres is carried out for all values of the Peclet number ℙ = Ua/Df, where U is the average velocity through the bed. a is the particle radius and Df is the molecular diffusivity of the solute in the fluid. Several physical mechanisms causing dispersion are revealed by this analysis. The stochastic velocity fluctuations induced in the fluid by the randomly positioned bed particles give rise to a convectively driven contribution to dispersion. At high Peclet numbers, this convective dispersion mechanism is purely mechanical, and the resulting effective diffusivities are independent of molecular diffusion and grow linearly with ℙ. The region of zero velocity in and near the bed particles gives rise to non-mechanical dispersion mechanisms that dominate the longitudinal diffusivity at very high Peclet numbers. One such mechanism involves the retention of the diffusing species in permeable particles, from which it can escape only by molecular diffusion, leading to a diffusion coefficient that grows as ℙ2. Even if the bed particles are impermeable, non-mechanical contributions that grow as ℙ ln ℙ and ℙ2 at high ℙ arise from a diffusive boundary layer near the solid surfaces and from regions of closed streamlines respectively. The results for the longitudinal and transverse effective diffusivities as functions of the Peclet number are summarized in tabular form in §6. Because the same physical mechanisms promote dispersion in dilute and dense fixed beds, the predicted Peclet-number dependences of the effective diffusivities are applicable to all porous media. The theoretical predictions are compared with experiments in densely packed beds of impermeable particles, and the agreement is shown to be remarkably good.
An experimental investigation of flow-induced oscillations of the Bruel and Kjaer in-flow microphone

One source contributing to wind tunnel background noise is microphone self-noise. An experiment was conducted to investigate the flow-induced acoustic oscillations of Bruel & Kjaer (B&K) in-flow microphones. The results strongly suggest the B&K microphone cavity behaves more like an open cavity. Their cavity acoustic oscillations are likely caused by strong interactions between the cavity shear layer and the cavity trailing edge. But the results also suggest that cavity shear layer oscillations could be coupled with cavity acoustic resonance to generate tones. Detailed flow velocity measurements over the cavity screen have shown inflection points in the mean velocity profiles and high disturbance and spectral intensities in the vicinity of the cavity trailing edge. These results are the evidence for strong interactions between cavity shear layer oscillations and the cavity trailing edge. They also suggest that beside acoustic signals, the microphone inside the cavity has likely recorded hydrodynamic pressure oscillations, too. The results also suggest that the forebody shape does not have a direct effect on cavity oscillations. For the FITE (Flow Induced Tone Eliminator) microphone, it is probably the forebody length and the resulting boundary layer turbulence that have made it work. Turbulence might have thickened the boundary layer at the separation point, weakened the shear layer vortices, or lifted them to miss impinging on the cavity trailing edge. In addition, the study shows that the cavity screen can modulate the oscillation frequency but not the cavity acoustic oscillation mechanisms.
The influence of porosity on whisker growth in electroplated tin films

Tin whisker growth has been observed since the 1950s and has become of more interest in the past 15 to 20 years due to the desire to use lead-free solders, pure tin being a good lead-free candidate. In the same time period, failure of satellites and other devices using pure tin solders has been blamed on tin whisker growth. The accepted driving force for whisker growth is compressive stresses in films. This article reports a microstructure-control method of limiting whisker growth through the introduction of pores that permit an alternate means of stress relief.
Seasonal regulation of reproduction: altered role of melatonin under naturalistic conditions in hamsters

The seasonal reproductive cycle of photoperiodic rodents is conceptualized as a series of discrete melatonin-dependent neuroendocrine transitions. Least understood is the springtime restoration of responsiveness to winter-like melatonin signals (breaking of refractoriness) that enables animals to once again respond appropriately to winter photoperiods the following year. This has been posited to require many weeks of long days based on studies employing static photoperiods instead of the annual pattern of continually changing photoperiods under which these mechanisms evolved. Maintaining Siberian hamsters under simulated natural photoperiods, we demonstrate that winter refractoriness is broken within six weeks after the spring equinox. We then test whether a history of natural photoperiod exposure can eliminate the requirement for long-day melatonin signalling. Hamsters pinealectomized at the spring equinox and challenged 10 weeks later with winter melatonin infusions exhibited gonadal regression, indicating that refractoriness was broken. A photostimulatory effect on body weight is first observed in the last four weeks of winter. Thus, the seasonal transition to the summer photosensitive phenotype is triggered prior to the equinox without exposure to long days and is thereafter melatonin-independent. Distinctions between photoperiodic and circannual seasonal organization erode with the incorporation in the laboratory of ecologically relevant day length conditions.
General Pain and Frequency of Medical Visits in Family Medicine

Background Pain assessment and control have received increasing attention as a quality issue in medicine. However, pain has rarely been addressed as a cost-containment issue.
Asymmetries in Mobbing Behavior Among Nuclear Flockmates

Abstract Tufted Titmice (Baeolophus bicolor) and Carolina Chickadees (Poecile carolinensis) often occur together in mixed species flocks during the non-breeding season and, as nuclear species, often initiate mobbing bouts. We compared the mobbing behavior of Tufted Titmice and Carolina Chickadees and, specifically, their tendency to approach five potential predators. We exposed flocks of chickadees and titmice to study skins of five species of raptors in 2008; raptors were categorized as either low-threat (rarely preying on chickadees or titmice) or high-threat (more likely to prey on chickadees or titmice). We noted the distance of closest approach by titmice and chickadees during trials, and whether a chickadee or titmouse spent more time within 5 m of the raptor. Titmice were more likely to remain within 5 m of both low (p = 0.0008) and high-threat (p = 0.0015) raptors. Titmice approached low-threat raptors closer than chickadees (p = 0.014). There was no difference in the mean distance of closes...
Designing to digital wireless specifications using Circuit Envelope simulation

Circuit Envelope is a circuit simulation technology developed specifically to simulate modern wireless circuits with complex digitally modulated RF signals such as CDMA and TDMA. In this paper, Circuit Envelope technology is explained and is contrasted with Spice and harmonic balance simulators. The applications of Circuit Envelope are then demonstrated in the simulation of phase-locked loops (PLL); amplifier adjacent channel power ratio (ACPR) and noise power ratio (NPR); and IQ-modulator error vector magnitude (EVM).
Functional interaction of the Ess1 prolyl isomerase with components of the RNA polymerase II initiation and termination machineries

The C-terminal domain (CTD) of the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (Pol II) is a reiterated heptad sequence (Tyr1-Ser2-Pro3-Thr4-Ser5-Pro6-Ser7) that plays a key role in the transcription cycle, coordinating the exchange of transcription and RNA processing factors. The structure of the CTD is flexible and undergoes conformational changes in response to serine phosphorylation and proline isomerization. Here we report that the Ess1 peptidyl prolyl isomerase functionally interacts with the transcription initiation factor TFIIB and with the Ssu72 CTD phosphatase and Pta1 components of the CPF 3'-end processing complex. The ess1(A144T) and ess1(H164R) mutants, initially described by Hanes and coworkers (Yeast 5:55-72, 1989), accumulate the pSer5 phosphorylated form of Pol II; confer phosphate, galactose, and inositol auxotrophies; and fail to activate PHO5, GAL10, and INO1 reporter genes. These mutants are also defective for transcription termination, but in vitro experiments indicate that this defect is not caused by altering the processing efficiency of the cleavage/polyadenylation machinery. Consistent with a role in initiation and termination, Ess1 associates with the promoter and terminator regions of the PMA1 and PHO5 genes. We propose that Ess1 facilitates pSer5-Pro6 dephosphorylation by generating the CTD structural conformation recognized by the Ssu72 phosphatase and that pSer5 dephosphorylation affects both early and late stages of the transcription cycle.
Utility of Restaging Endoscopic Ultrasound After Neoadjuvant Therapy for Esophageal Cancer

Background Currently, the most accurate staging test for patients with esophageal cancer is endoscopic ultrasound (EUS). At many institutions, patients who have completed neoadjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy for esophageal cancer undergo restaging EUS before proceeding to surgical resection. The benefit of this restaging procedure remains controversial. Methods We retrospectively studied consecutive patients who had pre-resection restaging EUS after receiving neoadjuvant treatment to assess accuracy of EUS restaging and determine whether it predicted survival. Results Final pathologic data were available for 73 patients who underwent restaging EUS (3 patients had missing T or N stage at one time point). Median time from restaging EUS to resection was 20 days. Restaging EUS accurately predicted pathologic T status in 26 of 72 patients (36%), N status in 44 of 71 (62%), and detected a complete pathologic response in 2 of 19 (10.5%). EUS inappropriately classified 10 patients as T0 N0. Agreement between EUS and pathologic staging was poor for T (κ = 0.14) and N status (κ = 0.24). Median time from resection to death or last follow-up was 20 months. Pathologic T and N status were each significant predictors of survival ( p = 0.049 and p = 0.0004, respectively). There were nonsignificant trends toward better survival for lower EUS T ( p = 0.32) and N status ( p = 0.0946). Conclusions Restaging by EUS before resection did not accurately predict pathologic stage in patients with esophageal cancer who received neoadjuvant treatment. As a result of this investigation, our institution no longer routinely performs restaging EUS.
Comparison of ectomycorrhizas of Quercus garryana (Fagaceae) on serpentine and non-serpentine soils in southwestern Oregon

The diversity of ectomycorrhizal communities associated with Quercus garryana on and off serpentine soils was compared and related to landscape-level diversity. Serpentine soils are high in magnesium, iron, and heavy metals and low in fertility. In plant communities on serpentine soils, a high proportion of flowering plant species are endemic. At three sites with paired serpentine and nonserpentine soils in southwestern Oregon, we sampled Q. garryana roots and categorized ectomycorrhizas by morphotyping and by restriction fragment length patterns. Ectomycorrhizas were abundant at all sites; no single fungal species dominated in the ectomycorrhizas. Of 74 fungal species characterized by morphotype and pattern of restriction fragment length polymorphisms, 46 occurred on serpentine soils, and 32 were unique to serpentine soil. These species are potentially endemic to serpentine soil. Similarities in species composition between paired serpentine and nonserpentine soils were not significantly lower than among three serpentine sites or among three nonserpentine sites. We conclude that mycorrhizal communities associated with oaks on serpentine soil do not differ in species richness or species evenness from those on neighboring nonserpentine soil.
On the Limits of Framing Effects: Who Can Frame?

Public opinion often depends on which frames elites choose to use. For example, citizens' opinions about a Ku Klux Klan rally may depend on whether elites frame it as a free speech issue or a public safety issue. An important concern is that elites face few constraints to using frames to influence and manipulate citizens' opinions. Indeed, virtually no work has investigated the limits of framing effects. In this article, I explore these limits by focusing on one particular constraint-the credibility of the frame's source. I present two laboratory experiments that suggest that elites face a clear and systematic constraint to using frames to influence and manipulate public opinion.
Lobar Lung Transplantation: A Relevant Surgical Option in the Current Era of Lung Allocation Score

Background With the implementation of the lung allocation score (LAS) system, an increased number of critically ill patients are considered for transplantation. However, LAS does not take size matching between donor and recipient lungs into consideration. Mortality on the waiting list is high (as high as 25%) for short-stature patients and for patients with restrictive lung disease. Here, we review our experience using cadaveric lobar lung transplantation as a surgical option in an attempt to decrease mortality while waiting. Methods We retrospectively reviewed patients with end-stage lung diseases and an LAS greater than 70 who underwent cadaveric lobar lung transplantation between 2010 and 2012 (n = 25) at our institution, a high-volume lung transplant center. Anatomic lobectomy was performed on all donor lungs before double lung transplantation. Results Median LAS was 85.6 (range, 72 to 94). Average waiting time after the patients' LAS was updated to greater than 70 was 10 days (range, 1 to 41). There were 2 in-hospital deaths. The 90-day and 1-year survivals were 88% and 76%, respectively. Patient major comorbidities included severe primary graft dysfunction requiring postoperative extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (7 patients), acute renal insufficiency (4 patients), and bleeding requiring reoperation (4 patients). No technical problems were identified, and repeated bronchoscopy demonstrated satisfactory healing of the bronchial stump after lobectomy. The average posttransplant peak for forced expiratory volume in 1 second was 85%. Conclusions Our initial experience supports the option of lobar lung transplantation for critically ill patients whose opportunities for transplant are limited by their stature. Long-term functional studies are warranted.
Sovereign Silence: Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act and Legalizing Sex Work in Sonagachi

Drawing upon ethnographic work with a grassroots sex workers’ organization in Calcutta, Durbar Samanwaya Samiti (Durbar), this article analyzes the relationship between subalternity and silence. I discuss how sex workers, especially new entrants, use silence as a subaltern strategy to resist state and non-state surveillance intended to oppose trafficking. The increased surveillance is a direct result of the global anti-trafficking narrative, led mainly by the United States, in which developing countries, like India, adopt measures to avoid being downgraded in the United States’ Trafficking in Persons Report. I contend that these national and international efforts have led to a quandary where the lives of these sex workers are rendered inaudible. Here I specifically examine the practices of the Self-Regulatory Board, established by Durbar to identify new entrants who may have been unwilling trafficked and do not want to join the profession. I argue that the Board, in replicating state practices, in effect has created an environment where women prefer to embrace silence in order to confront its power.
Independent component analysis and scoring function based on protein interactions

We describe an approach for discovering biological gene clusters from gene expression data of DNA microarray and scoring the genes based on protein interaction data. Our approach is based on the assumption that many clusters exhibit two properties, i.e., their genes exhibit a similar gene expression profile and the protein products of the genes often interact. Our approach to clustering is based on the independent component analysis model, which uses the ICA algorithm and our approach to scoring is based on number of protein product interactions of the genes within a cluster. We present the results on Saccharomyces cerevisiae gene expression dataset combined with a binary protein interaction data set.
Biomedical engineering at Tulane University

Tulane's Department of Biomedical Engineering was founded in 1977 as an outgrowth of research efforts in Biomechanics and Biomaterials. But the origins of interdisciplinary medical research at Tulane go back more than a century. Today there are 12 full-time faculties in this well-established prominent program.
Body size, adult BMI gain and endometrial cancer risk: the multiethnic cohort.

The effect of body size and change in BMI on endometrial cancer risk across different racial/ethnic groups has not been studied. We examined the association between body size and endometrial cancer risk and potential effect modification of other risk factors among 50,376 women in the Multiethnic Cohort Study. During 10.3 years of follow-up, 463 endometrial cancer cases were identified. Epidemiologic data were collected from the baseline questionnaire. “BMI change” was defined as the percentage of body mass index change from age 21 to the time of recruitment. Women who were heavier at age 21 or at baseline (weight ≥ 53.5kg or ≥ 63.9 kg, respectively) had an increased endometrial cancer risk compared to the lowest quartile of weight during the respective periods. BMI gain ≥ 35% had a RR of 4.12 (95% CI: 2.69, 6.30) compared to the reference group (−5% ≤ BMI change 3.20-fold (95% CI: 2.37, 4.33) increased risk compared to women who maintained a stable adult BMI (−0.25 to <+0.25%). The highest risk associated with BMI gain was observed among nulliparous women and postmenopausal women who never used hormone therapy. While African Americans and Whites showed an increase in risk after ≥ 35% BMI gain, Japanese Americans showed an increase in risk with much smaller gain (≥ 5%). In conclusion, adult obesity and increase in adiposity are risk factors for endometrial cancer; and the risk associated with these factors may vary across racial/ethnic groups.
Enjoyment and other reasons for electronic cigarette use: Results from college students in New York

Abstract Background Young people are more likely to have experimented with e-cigarettes (e-cigs) compared with older adults. Few studies identify reasons for experimentation/use of e-cigs among young people; we sought to discover what drives college students to use e-cigs. Methods Undergraduate students (ages 18–23) at four universities in New York State were surveyed. Among e-cig ever users (n = 429), reasons for use were examined. A multinomial logistic regression model analyzed the relative risk of reasons for using e-cigs among discontinued, current non-daily and current daily e-cig users. Results Using e-cigs for enjoyment was associated with current non-daily (RR = 2.11, 95% CI = 1.18–3.75) and current daily use (RR = 19.1, 95% CI = 3.71–98.54). Non-daily use was related to use because e-cigs are less toxic than cigarettes (RR = 2.80, 95% CI = 1.75–4.50). More daily users reported use to quit smoking compared with either non-daily or discontinued users (53.3% vs. 12.2% and 13.3%, respectively; p Discussion In contrast to adults, who often report e-cig use to quit smoking, young people are less likely to use for this reason. The exception was daily e-cig users, who often reported use for quitting/reduction of smoking. Rather, college students report usage reasons related to affect (e.g. enjoyment). Overall, enjoyment was reported more often than was use for quitting smoking; affective reasons likely play a role in the popularity of e-cigs and should be considered in future assessments of e-cig users.
Versions of Homer: Translation, fan fiction, and other transformative rewriting

This article posits a paradigm of transformative work that includes translation, adaptation, and fan fiction using the Homeric epics as a case study. A chronological discussion of translations, other literary rewritings, and fan fiction distinguishes each as belonging to its respective cultural system while participating in a common form of transformative rewriting. Such a close look at the distinctive ways that Homer has been rewritten throughout history helps us to make a scholarly distinction between the work of fan writers and the work of rewriters like Vergil and Alexander Pope. At the same time, discussing the ways in which the forms of their rewritings are similar gives a scholarly basis for arguing that fan fiction participates in the discourse of serious interpretive literature.
Pathways for the Secretory Fibers of the Salivary Glands in Man

Summary1. The rates of secretion of the salivary glands in man after unilateral section of the ninth nerve and chorda tympani indicate peripheral pathways for secretory fibers to these glands other than those accepted. 2. Section of the ninth nerve intra-cranially causes marked temporary diminution of salivation with partial recovery involving parotid, sublingual and submaxillary glands. 3. Section of the chorda tympani in the tympanic membrane causes marked permanent diminution of salivation involving the parotid, sublingual and submaxillary glands. 4. Therefore, it is concluded that the salivary glands receive their secretory fibers from both the seventh and ninth nerves.
Structural Evolution During the Sol to Gel Transition of Silicon-Alkoxide Based Sols Observed by Cryogenic Transmission Electron Microscopy (CRYO-TEM)

The gelation reaction for tetraethoxysilane in both acid and base catalyzed environments was studied using cryogenic transmission electron microscopy. The evolution of the gel structure was observed in wet samples by the technique of fast-freeze vitrification, in which the three dimensional gel structure is preserved in vitreous solvent. The sample is then observed in the electron microscope using a cold stage. Samples were prepared and allowed to react until a specific point of gelation was reached, then were vitrified at that point. Results from this technique show a coarse network structure for base catalyzed gels. This network is composed of silica clusters ≈40A in size. The acid catalyzed gels show an extremely fine texture (<10A) at end point of gelation. The structures at intermediate stages of gelation were also determined.
PICC placement in the neonate.

Long-term vascular access is often required in neonatal patients for the delivery of life-sustaining medications and nutrition. This video demonstrates the placement of a peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) in a neonate.
Enhanced growth rates of nanodroplets in the free molecular regime: The role of long-range interactions

ABSTRACTRecently, Pathak et al. (2013) conducted a series of non-isothermal D2O nanodroplet growth studies in the free molecular regime. They found that under highly non-equilibrium conditions, the condensation (qc) and evaporation coefficients (qe) can differ from each other and from the expected value of 1. Here, we confirm these observations by analyzing comparable experiments using n-propanol. We show that the best agreement with the non-isothermal Hertz–Knudsen growth law corresponds to setting (qc, qe) = (1, 0.6) or (qc, qe) = (1.3, 1). The approach of retarded evaporation yields values close to those observed by Pathak et al. for D2O, but is difficult to justify theoretically. Enhancing the condensation coefficient is consistent with long-range attractive interactions between the vapor molecules and droplets in the nanometer size range.© 2016 American Association for Aerosol Research
Deformation Theory and Rational Points on Rationally Connected Varieties

We give an account of some recent work on the existence of rational points on varieties over function fields, starting with basic material on deformation theory and the bend-and-break theorem. We emphasize the connection with the geometry of moduli spaces and include a sketch of the irreducibility of M g as a model. All details are relegated to the references.
Epidemiology, Pathophysiology and Management of Fecal Incontinence in the Older Woman

To review up-to-date management of fecal incontinence in older women, highlighting age-related issues. Fecal incontinence is highly prevalent in older women. The etiology is multifactorial; however, advanced age itself has been found to be an independent risk factor. Understanding age-related physiologic and anatomic changes and unique challenges in the geriatric population is critical in order to offer effective therapy. Evaluation should start with obtaining a thorough history and physical examination, and diagnostic tests should be reserved for refractory symptoms or specific conditions. Simple conservative approaches can be effective and should be offered without diagnostic testing. More treatment options have recently become available or are currently being investigated in an effort to provide higher long-term efficacy and safety. Treatment of fecal incontinence in older women can be challenging and often complicated by decreased health and functional status. Management should be individualized based on the patient’s health status, clinical setting (ambulatory versus institutionalized), preference, and goals of therapy.
Numerical Modeling of Elastic Spherical Contact for Mohr-Coulomb Type Failures in Micro-Geomaterials

The contact behavior for geological materials, such as reservoir shale rock, is simulated using the finite element method by considering a nano-indenter tip indenting into a geomaterial obeying the Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion. The deformation and slip at the micro-scale along the shear direction in grain-to-grain contact follows the Coulomb frictional/sliding failure criterion, while the linear elastic force-displacement law is enforced in the direction normal to the contact surface. A series of simulations are performed to study the effect of cohesion, friction angle, and tensile strength on the contact response. For a material with very high cohesion and frictionless contact, the indented geomaterial behaves almost purely as an elastic medium. In this case, the indentation process converges to the classic Hertz grain-to-grain spherical contact model. For a material with extremely low cohesion, the geomaterial behaves like cohesionless granular material at the micro-scale. For materials with finite cohesion values, such as shales, the force-displacement responses are analyzed and reported. This simulation is compared to micro-indentation tests using a spherical indenter tip conducted on preserved samples of Woodford shale.
The Use of Political Motherhood in Egypt’s Arab Spring Uprising and Aftermath

ABSTRACTPolitical motherhood, which uses traditional motherhood to mobilize and sustain women’s political participation, is understudied in political science. Women played a significant role in Egypt’s Arab Spring and its aftermath by “bargaining with patriarchy” and strategically using traditional motherhood to access the political sphere. In this article, we develop a theoretical argument based on the work of Gentry, Carreon and Moghadam and Amar. We illustrate it with examples drawn from news articles on women’s political activism and social media posts by Egyptian activists. Our argument explores how women’s agency and the larger political context in which women operate reveals how political motherhood takes the particular shape that it does. In the context of Egypt, we examine how the state’s choice to highlight women as “hypervisible” citizens, worthy of protection, backfired. Through a bottom-up political motherhood, women used their respectability as mothers in need of state protection against the...
Node localization based on distributed constrained optimization using Jacobi's method

We consider the spatial localization of nodes in a network, based on measurements of their relative position with respect to their neighbors. These measurements include the nodes' relative positions in a global coordinate system, their distances, or their pseudo ranges. We show that the maximum likelihood estimator associated with these localization problems can be viewed as a constrained optimization problem with a specific structure and provide a distributed algorithm to solve it. Under appropriate assumptions, it is shown that the maximum likelihood estimates are locally asymptotically stable equilibrium points of the proposed algorithm. As a case study, we consider a range-based localization problem and present simulation results to evaluate the algorithm.
Problematic archaic whale Phococetus (Cetacea: Odontoceti) from the Lee Creek Mine, North Carolina, USA, with comments on geochronology of the Pungo River Formation

Heterodont cetaceans are abundant in Eocene, Oligocene, and early to middle Miocene deposits worldwide. Taxonomic practice in the 19th and early 20th centuries led to the establishment of a multitude of names based on isolated teeth. Some of these taxa, such as Phococetus vasconum from the lower Miocene (Burdigalian) of France, have been alternatively interpreted as archaeocetes, odontocetes, and mysticetes. Isolated teeth resembling Phococetus vasconum from the Pungo River Formation in the Lee Creek Mine (Beaufort County, North Carolina, USA) also share features with the enigmatic early Miocene odontocete Inticetus vertizi, suggesting that Phococetus may represent a large heterodont odontocete.
Elimination of chromosome aberrations from human lymphocytes.

Abstract The frequency of chromosome aberrations in the lymphocytes of 36 hematologically normal women who had received radiation therapy for cervical carcinoma was measured. The decrease with time in the frequency of cells with acentric fragments, of cells with a single dicentric, and of quasidiploid cells can each be represented by a single exponential with an average lifetime, respectively, of 530 ± 64 days, 788 ± 98 days, and 5.55 ± 1.23 x 103 days. Aneuploid cells fall into two classes: One contains no chromosomes with structural aberrations and shows a stable frequency of about 5.8 per cent; the other contains chromosomes with structural aberrations and is eliminated at the same rate as cells with acentric chromosome fragments. The distribution of dicentrics among the lymphocytes at the end of the radiation therapy period is similar to that shown by a population of lymphocytes exposed in vitro to a single dose of about 300 rads.
Evaluation and management of newborn jaundice by midwest family physicians.

BACKGROUND Recognition and management of newborn jaundice is controversial and even more challenging with the early discharge of newborns. The purpose of this study was to describe the jaundice management patterns of family physicians in Minnesota and Wisconsin and compare them with American Academy of Pediatrics recommendations. METHODS Forty-two members of the Practice-Based Research Group of the Wisconsin Research Network and of the Minnesota Academy of Family Physicians Research Network recorded information on study cards about the care they provided to healthy full-term newborns for 6 months. RESULTS Data was collected on 335 infants, 30% of whom were jaundiced. Physicians ordered limited laboratory testing on selected jaundiced infants. Infants with jaundice were more frequently breast-fed, and had longer hospital stays. Jaundice was commonly managed by phototherapy (17%), home sunlight (28%), and increased breast-feeding (44%). Twenty-six percent of the physicians used a formal phototherapy guideline. The timing of the first follow-up visit did not differ for infants discharged before or after 48 hours of age. CONCLUSIONS Family physicians identified and managed newborn jaundice relatively infrequently in our study. Their practice patterns were consistent with most aspects of the American Academy of Pediatrics jaundice guideline, although few of them used it to guide phototherapy use. The study physicians did not generally follow recommendations for follow-up of infants discharged early. Until a large-scale clinical trial of newborn jaundice management is performed, a variety of practices should continue to be acceptable.
Two-dimensional Echocardiography in Atrioventricular Valve Disease

Because of its ability to provide spatial information, two-dimensional echocardiography is most useful for the evaluation of atrioventricular valve disease. The two most common abnormalities of the mitral valve evaluated by this technique are stenosis and prolapse. In the tricuspid valve this approach is commonly valuable for the detection of tricuspid insufficiency.
Chinese Sentence Compression: Corpus and Evaluation

In this paper we present a first-ever manually-built Chinese sentence compression corpus. Based on this corpus, we develop a Chinese sentence compression system and study various measures for evaluation of Chinese sentence compression. We find that 1) using multi-references is very helpful for automatic evaluation in Chinese sentence compression; and 2) besides relational F1, some machine translation evaluation measures are correlated well with human judgments and thus are very promising for future use in this task.
Quantifying Humans’ Priors Over Graphical Representations of Tasks

Some new tasks are trivial to learn while others are almost impossible; what determines how easy it is to learn an arbitrary task? Similar to how our prior beliefs about new visual scenes colors our perception of new stimuli, our priors about the structure of new tasks shapes our learning and generalization abilities [2]. While quantifying visual priors has led to major insights on how our visual system works [5, 10, 11], quantifying priors over tasks remains a formidable goal, as it is not even clear how to define a task [4]. Here, we focus on tasks that have a natural mapping to graphs. We develop a method to quantify humans’ priors over these “task graphs”, combining new modeling approaches with Markov chain Monte Carlo with people, MCMCP (a process whereby an agent learns from data generated by another agent, recursively [9]). We show that our method recovers priors more accurately than a standard MCMC sampling approach. Additionally, we propose a novel low-dimensional “smooth” (In the sense that graphs that differ by fewer edges are given similar probabilities.) parametrization of probability distributions over graphs that allows for more accurate recovery of the prior and better generalization. We have also created an online experiment platform that gamifies our MCMCP algorithm and allows subjects to interactively draw the task graphs. We use this platform to collect human data on several navigation and social interactions tasks. We show that priors over these tasks have non-trivial structure, deviating significantly from null models that are insensitive to the graphical information. The priors also notably differ between the navigation and social domains, showing fewer differences between cover stories within the same domain. Finally, we extend our framework to the more general case of quantifying priors over exchangeable random structures.
Cardioprotection by the mitochondrial unfolded protein response requires ATF5.

Cardioprotection can be induced by drugs that activate the mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt). UPRmt protection is dependent on activating transcription factor 5 (ATF5). This is the fi...
CO2 Sensing Behavior of Calcium-Doped ZnO Thin Film: A Study To Address the Cross-Sensitivity of CO2 in H2 and CO Environment.

CO2, CO, and H2 are the major pollutants in the environment, which are primarily generated during the combustion of the organic compounds. Development of a smart sensor that could address CO2 sensing and its cross-sensitivity toward CO and H2 gases is highly advantageous. In this work, an advanced gas sensor is proposed and developed to address the cross-sensitivity of CO2 sensing in CO and H2 environment, which is based on calcium-doped ZnO (Ca_ZnO) thin films. The proposed sensors were successfully synthesized using wet chemical synthesis. We have reported that a 5 atomic weight % calcium-doped ZnO thin film exhibits an efficient sensing performance with a wide range of CO2 gas concentration (75 000–5000 ppm) at 350 °C. Additionally, mixed gas sensing characteristics have been carried out for various concentrations of CO (500–25 ppm) with CO2 and H2 (500–100 ppm) with CO2 gas at 350 °C. The response (%) was estimated as 53, 83, and 74% for 50 000 ppm CO2, 50 000 ppm CO2 + 500 ppm H2, and 50 000 ppm CO2 ...
Why Is IFN-λ Less Inflammatory? One IRF Decides.

Type I and type III interferons (IFNs) activate similar antiviral transcriptional programs, but the type I IFN response is more inflammatory. In this issue of Immunity, Forero et al. find that selective induction of the transcription factor IRF1 promotes proinflammatory chemokine expression downstream of type I IFN signaling.
The reality of the self in the priority of the other: Hawthorne, Levinas, and Winnicott

ABSTRACTThe essay explores in the works of Nathaniel Hawthorne a correlation between feelings of non-existence and the feeling of indifference to others, comparing Hawthorne’s engagement of this th...
Survival outcomes of mucosal melanoma in the USA.

Background: Mucosal melanomas (MM) arise within the lining of the gastrointestinal (GI), genitourinary (GU) and head and neck (HN) systems. Method: A retrospective analysis of the National Comprehensive Database identified 4,961 MM patients. Primary objective was to compare survival outcomes across the different locations. Results: Overall survival for GI melanomas was significantly shorter than HN and GU melanomas. Median survival (95% confidence interval) was 19.5 (18.0-21.5), 26.4 (24.9-28.3), and 43.9 (38.8-47.8), months for GI, HN and GU cases, respectively (p<0.0001). Conclusion: This is the largest study of MM in a US based population, demonstrating worse overall survival for GI MM in comparison to HN and GU melanomas.
Traumatic bifid tongue: A rare presentation in a child. Case report.

Abstract Introduction Although most tongue lacerations in children can be treated conservatively, accepted indications for suture repair include complex injury, large flaps, and active bleeding. The purpose of this article is to highlight repair of a unique, severe injury pattern in a child. Presentation and treatment A 3-year-old boy fell on a cemented floor causing a midline full-thickness laceration through the median fibrous septum, resulting in a bifid tongue. Given the midline location, neurovascular supply was protected, and following surgical repair, the patient enjoyed an uneventful recovery. Conclusion Our case outlines a surgical approach for this unique case of acquired traumatic pediatric bifid tongue, which to our knowledge, has never been reported in the English literature.
Active random forces can drive differential cellular positioning and enhance motor-driven transport

Random forces from motor proteins acting on the actin cytoskeleton are found to be able to drive size-based cellular positioning.
Draw your Neural Networks.

Deep Neural Networks are the basic building blocks of modern Artificial Intelligence. They are increasingly replacing or augmenting existing software systems due to their ability to learn directly from the data and superior accuracy on variety of tasks. Existing Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) methodologies fall short on representing the unique capabilities and requirements of AI Development and must be replaced with Artificial Intelligence Development Life Cycle (AIDLC) methodologies. In this paper, we discuss an alternative and more natural approach to develop neural networks that involves intuitive GUI elements such as blocks and lines to draw them instead of complex computer programming. We present Sketch framework, that uses this GUI-based approach to design and modify the neural networks and provides interoperability with traditional frameworks. The system provides popular layers and operations out-of-the-box and could import any supported pre-trained model making it a faster method to design and train complex neural networks and ultimately democratizing the AI by removing the learning curve.
Cross-time functional connectivity analysis

A large body of literature has shown the substantial inter-regional functional connectivity in the mammal brain. One important property remaining un-studied is the cross-time interareal connection. This paper serves to provide a tool to characterize the cross-time functional connectivity. The method is extended from the temporal embedding based brain temporal coherence analysis. Both synthetic data and in-vivo data were used to evaluate the various properties of the cross-time functional connectivity matrix, which is also called the cross-regional temporal coherence matrix.