cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CHOICES: An Integrated Behavioral Intervention to Prevent Alcohol-Exposed Pregnancies among High-Risk Women in Community Settings

CHOICES is an integrated behavioral intervention for prevention of prenatal alcohol exposure in women at high risk for alcohol-exposed pregnancies. The intervention uses motivational interviewing and cognitive-behavioral strategies, and targets adoption of effective contraception and reduction of alcohol use. The CHOICES intervention includes four manual-guided counseling sessions delivered by behavioral health counselors and one contraceptive session with a family planning clinician. CHOICES's efficacy has been established through a series of randomized controlled trials in settings including primary care, university hospital-based obstetrical/gynecology practices, urban jails, substance abuse treatment settings, and a media-recruited sample in three large cities. This article describes the CHOICES line of research including the epidemiology, feasibility, and efficacy studies. It also details the CHOICES intervention and the components of each session. In addition, the authors describe current studies testing modifications of the CHOICES intervention, the dissemination efforts to date, and implications for social work practice.
Workplace violence: A call for action

Workplace violence (WPV) is a serious threat to the nursing workforce. WPV results in decrease morale, job dissatisfaction, and increase nurse turnover and intentions to leave the profession. WPV has been associated with decrease in the quality of care rendered and could negatively affect patient safety. Given the direct and indirect financial consequences of WPV, it is critical that nursing leaders take actions to reduce WPV by establishing violence prevention programs. Nursing leaders should also reach out to the public, their professional health organization, and the scientific community to provide education and craft regulation to reduce this threat on the nursing workforce and change the perception that violence is part of the job.
Projective geometry over rings with stable range condition

A generalization of the fundamental theorem of projective geometry is established for non-injective mappings between projective geometries defined over rings which satisfy a stable range condition. A geometrical characterization of the stable range condition is also given.
The Declining Gender Difference in Crime: The Taiwanese Case

Industrialized Taiwan is facing increasing crime rates. Despite concern from the government as well as the general public, crime has hardly been researched. Research regarding gender difference in crime is nonexistent in Taiwan. This article examines the extent and nature of gender difference in crime from 1979 to 1993 in Taiwan. Data are from official arrest records in Crime Statistics. Results of a longitudinal analysis reveal that both male and female total crime rates have increased. However, the male-to-female crime ratio has declined in total arrests, as well as in four types of crimes: violent, property, drug, and gambling. The sharpest decline in gender ratio has occurred in the category of drug offenses.
From Circuit Theory to System Theory

The past two decades have witnessed profound changes in the composition, functions and the level of complexity of electrical as well as electronic systems which are employed in modem technology. As a result, classical RLC network theory, which was the mainstay of electrical engineering at a time when RLC networks were the bread and butter of the electrical engineer, has been and is being increasingly relegated to the status of a specialized branch of a much broader discipline-system theory-which is concerned with systems of all types regardless of their physical identity and purpose. This paper presents a brief survey of the evolution of system theory, together with an exposition of some of its main concepts, techniques and problems. The discussion is centered on the notion of state and emphasizes the role played by state-space techniques. The paper concludes with a brief statement of some of the key problems of system theory.
Chilling-injury of harvested tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) cv. Micro-Tom fruit is reduced by temperature pre-treatments

a b s t r a c t Heat-shocks were used to reduce the development of chilling injury symptoms during ripening of tomato fruit (Solanum lycopersicum L. cv. Micro-Tom). Mature green tomatoes were immersed in 30–50 ◦C water for 3–9 min before being chilled at 2.5
Maintaining packet order in two-stage switches

High performance packet switches frequently use a centralized scheduler (also known as an arbiter) to determine the configuration of a non-blocking crossbar. The scheduler often limits the scalability of the system because of the frequency and complexity of its decisions. A paper by C.-S. Chang et al. (2001) introduced an interesting two-stage switch, in which each stage uses a trivial deterministic sequence of configurations. The switch is simple to implement at high speed and has been proved to provide 100% throughput for a broad class of traffic. Furthermore, there is a bound between the average delay of the two-stage switch and that of an ideal output-queued switch. However, in its simplest form, the switch mis-sequences packets by an arbitrary amount. In this paper, building on the two-stage switch, we present an algorithm called full frames first (FFF), that prevents mis-sequencing while maintaining the performance benefits (in terms of throughput and delay) of the basic two-stage switch. FFF comes at some additional cost, which we evaluate in this paper.
Peptide Identification by Tandem Mass Spectrometry with Alternate Fragmentation Modes

The high-throughput nature of proteomics mass spectrometry is enabled by a productive combination of data acquisition protocols and the computational tools used to interpret the resulting spectra. One of the key components in mainstream protocols is the generation of tandem mass (MS/MS) spectra by peptide fragmentation using collision induced dissociation, the approach currently used in the large majority of proteomics experiments to routinely identify hundreds to thousands of proteins from single mass spectrometry runs. Complementary to these, alternative peptide fragmentation methods such as electron capture/transfer dissociation and higher-energy collision dissociation have consistently achieved significant improvements in the identification of certain classes of peptides, proteins, and post-translational modifications. Recognizing these advantages, mass spectrometry instruments now conveniently support fine-tuned methods that automatically alternate between peptide fragmentation modes for either different types of peptides or for acquisition of multiple MS/MS spectra from each peptide. But although these developments have the potential to substantially improve peptide identification, their routine application requires corresponding adjustments to the software tools and procedures used for automated downstream processing. This review discusses the computational implications of alternative and alternate modes of MS/MS peptide fragmentation and addresses some practical aspects of using such protocols for identification of peptides and post-translational modifications.
Heavy Truck Driver Workload Investigation

ABSTRACT: Driver workload is of growing interest in the automotive society, since the number of in-vehicle technologies and vehicles on the road grows. Operational and environmental factors impact the driver's ability to negotiate a chosen course and place heavy demands on the driver in terms of mental and physical capacity. A key component of the driver's operating environment is the vehicle. In this research, the impact of various tire configurations, for example, dual and wide based, for a Class 8 tractor–semitrailer combination vehicle on driver workload performance is presented. Driver workload performance is assessed during four maneuvers: 60 m radius steady state circle, 120 m radius steady state circle, road course, and North Atlantic Treaty Organization emergency lane change maneuver. Surface electromyography (sEMG) electrodes were placed on the left and right wrist flexors (flexor carpi ulnaris) and right wrist extensors (extensor carpi ulnaris) in order to capture muscle activity during all man...
AIM2, an IFN-inducible cytosolic DNA sensor, in the development of benign prostate hyperplasia and prostate cancer.

Close links have been noted between chronic inflammation of the prostate and the development of human prostatic diseases such as benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate cancer. However, the molecular mechanisms that contribute to prostatic inflammation remain largely unexplored. Recent studies have indicated that the IFN-inducible AIM2 protein is a cytosolic DNA sensor in macrophages and keratinocytes. Upon sensing DNA, AIM2 recruits the adaptor ASC and pro-CASP1 to assemble the AIM2 inflammasome. Activation of the AIM2inflammasomecleavespro-interleukin(IL)-1bandpro-IL-18andpromotesthesecretionofIL-1bandIL-18 proinflammatory cytokines. Given that human prostatic infections are associated with chronic inflammation, the development of BPH isassociated withan accumulation of senescent cells witha proinflammatory phenotype, and the development of prostate cancer is associated with the loss of IFN signaling, the role of AIM2 in mediating the formation ofprostaticdiseases wasinvestigated. Itwas determined thatIFNs(a, b,org) inducedAIM2expression in human prostate epithelial cells and cytosolic DNA activated the AIM2 inflammasome. Steady-state levels of the AIM2 mRNA were higher in BPH than in normal prostate tissue. However, the levels of AIM2 mRNA were significantly lower in clinical tumor specimens. Accordingly, constitutive levels of AIM2 mRNA and protein werelowerinasubsetofprostatecancercellsascomparedwithBPHcells.Further,thecytosolicDNAactivatedthe AIM2 inflammasome in the androgen receptor–negative PC3 prostate cancer cell line, suggesting that AIM2mediated events are independent of androgen receptor status. Implications:TheAIM2inflammasomehasafundamentalroleinthegenerationofhumanprostaticdiseases.Mol Cancer Res; 11(10); 1193–202. � 2013 AACR.
Historical and Contemporary Issues in End-of-Life Decisions: Implications for Social Work

End-of-life circumstances have changed dramatically in recent years. In the past century life expectancy has increased by 62 percent and people are living longer with chronic illness. This article discusses evolving health practices and polices in end-of-life decisions. Treatments to prolong life and provide comfort, and interventions that hasten death, are discussed. Recent assisted suicide and euthanasia laws are analyzed and compared. Implications for social work and social work practitioners are addressed.
Modeling mutual capabilities in heterogeneous teams for role assignment

The performance of a heterogeneous team depends critically on the composition of its members, and switching out one member for another can make a drastic difference. The capabilities of an agent depends not only on its individual characteristics, but also the interactions with its teammates. Roles are typically assigned to individual agents in such a team, where each role is responsible for a certain aspect of the joint team goal. In this paper, we focus on role assignment in a heterogeneous team, where an agent's capability depends on its teammate and their mutual state, i.e., the agent's state and its teammate's state. The capabilities of an agent are represented by a mean and variance, to capture the uncertainty in the agent's actions and in the world. We present a formal framework for representing this problem, and illustrate our framework using a robot soccer example. We formally describe how to compute the value of a role assignment policy, as well as the computation of the optimal role assignment policy, using a notion of risk. Further, we show that finding the optimal role assignment can be difficult, and describe approximation algorithms that can be used to solve this problem. We provide an analysis of these algorithms in our model and empirically show that they perform well in general problems of this domain, compared to market-based techniques. Lastly, we describe an extension to our proposed model that captures mutual interactions between more than two agents.
Detection of Bacillus anthracis Spores Using Phage-Immobilized Magnetostrictive Milli/Micro Cantilevers

A type of biosensor based on filamentous phage as bioprobe and magnetostricitve milli/micro-cantilever (MSMC) as a sensor platform is developed for in situ detection of Bacillus anthracis spores in water. The phages are immobilized onto the MSMCs' surface through physical absorption. It is found that the immobilized phages are attached onto the MSMCs' surface through their ends and have a highly packed 2-D configuration. The real-time detection of B. anthracis spores in water with different concentrations was conducted. The experimental results indicate that the smaller the MSMC, the better the detection limit. For example, the detection limit is 104 spores/ml and 105 spores/ml for the MSMCs in size of 1.4 mm × 0.8 mm × 35 μm and 2.8 mm × 1.0 mm × 35 μm, respectively. The SEM observations confirm that the shift in the characteristic frequency of the biosensor is due to the binding of spores on the sensor surface. It is also found that the density of the spores binding at the tip of the cantilever is higher than that in the middle. The specificity of the sensor was studied. It is found that the sensor can detect B. anthracis spores with a much higher binding affinity than the spores of B. cereus and B. megaterium.
The prevention and treatment of eclampsia

Abstract The gain in weight per week in normal pregnancy should not exceed 300 Gm. A greater gain should suggest too large an intake of food or an abnormality in the water balance, and a gain greater than 600 Gm. should be regarded as being due to retained water. Appropriate treatment should be instituted early. A systolic blood pressure of 130 to 139 is considered abnormal and a systolic of 140 or more is indicative of pre-eclampsia, essential hypertension, vascular-renal disease, or glomerulonephritis. Proteinuria in pregnancy is abnormal and should always suggest toxemia. A persistent twenty-four hour excretion of 5 Gm. or more warrants interruption of the pregnancy in the interest of both fetus and mother. The occurrence of toxemia of pregnancy cannot be prevented, but the proper interpretation and treatment of the above signs will usually prevent the onset of the various cerebral, visual, gastrointestinal, and renal symptoms and signs and thus lessen the possibility of eclampsia. The obstetric treatment of eclampsia yields the lowest mortality. It comprises the control of the convulsions, the promotion of an adequate urinary output, and the securing of a normal temperature, pulse and respiratory rate, a conscious patient, and an early delivery.
Resolution of infection promotes a state of dormancy and long survival of CD4 memory T cells.

Resolution of infection promotes a state of dormancy and long survival of CD4 memory T cells
Fifty Years of Experimental Agriculture II. The Maintenance of Soil Fertility in Tropical Africa: A Review

Shifting agriculture is an ancient basis for maintaining soil fertility but pressures of population have caused it to give place in most countries to rotations and bare fallows which, in turn, have had to be reduced or modified. Research on various measures to shorten the duration of fallows and increase their effectiveness is reviewed. These measures include the use of organic manures and inorganic fertilizers, green manuring, mulches and the growing of legumes and grasses, which are discussed in relation to their effects on the soil and on crop yields. The increasing use of the factorially-designed experiment is recognized as a major contributor to this research.
Correlation of macroscopic and microscopic pathology in risk reducing salpingo-oophorectomy: Implications for intraoperative specimen evaluation

Abstract Objective A minority of risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy (RRSO) specimens from BRCA mutation carriers will contain clinically occult carcinoma that is detectable only using a specialized pathologic evaluation protocol. Although intraoperative detection of cancer may alter immediate surgical management, technical complications impairing pathologic diagnosis may result if fresh tissue dissection and frozen sections are performed on unselected RRSO specimens. We hypothesize that macroscopic specimen findings may predict which RRSO specimens contain cancer and therefore may guide selection of specimens for intraoperative pathologic evaluation. The aim of this study was to correlate the macroscopic and microscopic pathologic findings in RRSO. Methods RRSO specimens from 134 women with a BRCA mutation were retrospectively classified by their grossly visible findings (cysts and/or nodules versus grossly unremarkable). Correlation of the gross findings with the microscopic finding of occult tubal and/or ovarian carcinoma was performed by re-examination of all pathology slides. Results While 46% of RRSO had visible ovarian cysts and 34% had visible tubal/paratubal cysts, no cyst contained cancer on microscopic examination. Carcinoma was detected in 2/22 (9%) visible ovarian nodules and in 2/8 (25%) visible tubal nodules. Conversely, among all 11 RRSO specimens containing cancer, 7 (64%) had no corresponding visible abnormality. Conclusion Frozen section evaluation of a solid nodule may be valuable in patients consented for immediate surgical staging. Otherwise it is best to avoid intraoperative dissection or frozen section of RRSO that are macroscopically normal or contain only cysts; such specimens should remain undissected for immediate formalin-fixation as the first step of the specialized pathology evaluation protocol.
Solvation Dynamics in Aqueous Reverse Micelles: A Computer Simulation Study

We present molecular dynamics simulation results for solvation dynamics of a simple diatomic solute in model reverse micelles of varying size. These results are compared to solvation dynamics of the probe in spherical cavities of the same size containing only water. Our simulations focus on the short-time dynamics of solvation, from 0 to 2 ps, a significant portion of which has not yet been accessed experimentally. On this time scale, the solvation response in reverse micelles becomes faster as the micelle size parameter, w0, increases, in agreement with experiment, but most of the effect occurs in the slower, diffusive portion of the response. The short-time inertial dynamics, which account for over 70% of the response in all of the systems studied, appear to be quite robust even when the mobility of individual water molecules is greatly reduced. Decomposition of the nonequilibrium response functions demonstrates that the short time relaxation is dominated by water and occurs at the solute site where hyd...
Mechanistic Basis of Life History Evolution in Anuran Amphibians: Thyroid Gland Development in the Direct-Developing Frog,Eleutherodactylus coqui

Direct development is a widespread, alternative life history in Recent amphibians. There is no free-living, aquatic larva; adult features form in the embryo and are present at hatching. The mechanistic bases of direct development remain relatively unexplored. The current study describes the embryonic ontogeny of the thyroid gland in the direct-developing frog Eleutherodactylus coqui (Leptodactylidae) and quantifies histological changes that occur in the gland after its initial appearance. The thyroid gland of E. coqui is first apparent at Townsend-Stewart stage 10, approximately two-thirds of the way through embryogenesis. Soon after this the thyroid begins to accumulate follicular colloid. Quantitative analyses of thyroid histology reveal embryonic peaks in two measures, follicle number and follicle volume, which are followed by declines in these measures prior to hatching. These peaks in thyroid activity in E. coqui are correlated with morphological changes that are directly comparable to metamorphic changes in frogs that retain the ancestral, biphasic life history. In metamorphic taxa, a histologically identifiable thyroid gland does not form until the larval period, well after hatching. Nevertheless, measures of thyroid histology observed in E. coqui follow the pattern reported for metamorphosing amphibians. The present results support the hypothesis that the evolution of direct development in anurans is associated with precocious development and activity of the thyroid axis. r 1998 Academic Press
Further discussion on the design and analysis of thorough QTc clinical trials: guest editors' notes.

In 2008, we edited a special issue on thorough QT (TQT) clinical trials with the objective of introducing the topic to readers with interest in quantitative methods. The first special issue has pro...
INstruct: a database of high-quality 3D structurally resolved protein interactome networks

Summary: INstruct is a database of high-quality, 3D, structurally resolved protein interactome networks in human and six model organisms. INstruct combines the scale of available high-quality binary protein interaction data with the specificity of atomic-resolution structural information derived from co-crystal evidence using a tested interaction interface inference method. Its web interface is designed to allow for flexible search based on standard and organism-specific protein and gene-naming conventions, visualization of protein architecture highlighting interaction interfaces and viewing and downloading custom
PS1-14: Data Collection for Development of an Adenoma Clinical Risk Prediction Model

Background/Aims Screening colonoscopy is inefficient in that precancerous polyps (adenomas, advanced adenomas) or early carcinoma will be detected in only a small proportion of the patients undergoing the procedure. If predictive models could be developed to predict which types of patients are most likely to have advanced adenomas, screening colonoscopies could be targeted to these groups. This 1-year pilot project, funded by CRN-3, is collecting the data needed to construct an adenoma prediction model.
A stretched coordinate technique for numerical absorption of evanescent and propagating waves in planar waveguiding structures

Berenger's PML technique is modified to allow for the absorption of evanescent and propagating waves in FDTD modeling of wave propagation in planar waveguiding structures. Analytic results illustrate the validity and capability of the proposed modification. Numerical studies explain the numerical implementation of the modified PML in the FDTD and in the compact 2D-FDTD algorithms. Guidelines for the proper selection of the various parameters that govern the performance of the modified PML are presented. The results from simulations indicate that the proposed modified PML grid truncation can be used efficiently for highly accurate numerical analysis of planar waveguiding structures.
Intervention Research in Psychosis: Issues Related to Clinical Assessment

This article discusses efforts to optimize clinical assessment for intervention effectiveness trials. Generalizability is a crucial issue; investigators should choose their inclusion/exclusion criteria to increase subject inclusion and should collect data on the selection process to determine the extent of selection biases. Intervention research requires assessment instruments appropriate for a variety of treatment settings. We describe the Hillside Clinical Trials version of the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms, which has inpatient and outpatient versions to accommodate the different opportunities for social interaction in these settings. Lack of uniformity in assessment instruments complicates interpretation of results across studies and impedes communication of findings. We describe the 5-Dimensional Scale to Evaluate Psychopathology in Schizophrenia (5-STEPS), a collaborative effort to develop a standard change measure for schizophrenia treatment trials. We also discuss potential future strategies, including developing briefer yet reliable and valid diagnostic procedures, making trials more acceptable in a broad range of settings through the use of open-label treatment with blinded independent assessors, bridging efficacy and effectiveness designs by studying both a narrow efficacy and a broader effectiveness population simultaneously, and updating outcome domains to reflect current treatment strategies.
The Surgeon and Palliative Care

The incidence of cancer will continue to rise in the United States as the population ages. Despite the many advances in cancer prevention, detection, and treatment of neoplastic diseases, the number of people succumbing to their cancers will similarly increase. As these patients encounter symptoms toward the end of life, palliative means, both surgical and nonsurgical, must be employed to alleviate pain and suffering. This article reviews the definitions of palliative care, methods for evaluating quality of life and effect of interventions, unique aspects of surgical palliation, attitudes of surgeons concerning palliative surgery, and data from palliative surgery studies.
R-loops regulate promoter-proximal chromatin architecture and cellular differentiation

Numerous chromatin-remodeling factors are regulated by interactions with RNA, although the contexts and functions of RNA binding are poorly understood. Here we show that R loops, RNA-DNA hybrids consisting of nascent transcripts hybridized to template DNA, modulate the binding of two key chromatin-regulatory complexes, Tip60-p400 and polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) in mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs). Like PRC2, the Tip60-p400 histone acetyltransferase complex binds to nascent transcripts; however, transcription promotes chromatin binding of Tip60-p400 but not PRC2. Interestingly, we observed higher Tip60-p400 and lower PRC2 levels at genes marked by promoter-proximal R loops. Furthermore, disruption of R loops broadly decreased Tip60-p400 occupancy and increased PRC2 occupancy genome wide. In agreement with these alterations, ESCs partially depleted of R loops exhibited impaired differentiation. These results show that R loops act both positively and negatively in modulating the recruitment of key pluripotency regulators.
Locally uniform convergence to an equilibrium for nonlinear parabolic equations on $R^N$

We consider bounded solutions of the Cauchy problem { ut −∆u = f(u), x ∈ R , t > 0, u(0, x) = u0(x), x ∈ R , where u0 is a nonnegative function with compact support and f is a C1 function on R with f(0) = 0. Assuming that f ′ is locally Holder continuous and f satisfies a minor nondegeneracy condition, we prove that, as t → ∞, the solution u(·, t) converges to an equilibrium φ locally uniformly in RN . Moreover, the limit function φ is either a constant equilibrium, or there is a point x0 ∈ RN such that φ is radially symmetric and radially decreasing about x0, and it approaches a constant equilibrium as |x−x0| → ∞. The nondegeneracy condition ∗Supported in part by the Australian Research Council. †Supported in part by NSF Grant DMS-1161923. ‡This work was partly carried out during a visit of P. Polacik to the University of New England and a visit of Y. Du to the Institute of Mathematics and its Applications, University of Minnesota. §AMS Classification: 35K15, 35B40
Perceived Quality of Scenic and Recreational Environments

Widespread concern has been expressed over the inadequacy of purely objective, physical measures of environmental quality. To enhance the habitability of our planet we need to consider cultural as well as physical and biological components of the complex environment that influence the lives of individuals and communities (Thomas, 1972). In man’s relation to the biosphere, we must deal with a “real” world that does not have the same objective reality for all observers; we must deal with a subjectively perceived environment (UNESCO, 1973). An individual’s view of the world, influenced as it is by his own perception and learning, differs from the view held by scientific experts, yet the concept of the world-as-perceived has considerable value in humanizing the quantitative, objective approach to managing our environment (Lowenthal, 1961). Those responsible for formulating policies, and any expert group, should become aware of their own perceptual and conceptual bias by comparing it with the views of those whose lives are affected by the policies (UNESCO, 1973). Moreover, observer-based evaluations of environmental quality should be considered at the outset along with physical measures so that we do not develop imperfect standards that abstract only the physical, purely objective components of environmental quality (Craik & McKechnie, 1974).
Review of 'Equality for Inegalitarians'

Luck egalitarianism has been a leading view in analytic political philosophy since it rose to prominence in the 1980s and 1990s. The theory holds that economic inequalities are acceptable when they are the result of choice but those due to luck should be redistributed away. Proponents generally favour extensive redistribution, on the grounds that luck -- including the luck of being born with a lucrative talent -- plays an extensive role in economic affairs. If libertarians and other defenders of property rights have long appealed to choice and effort as grounds for not redistributing wealth, the novel twist of luck egalitarianism is that it appeals to the same underlying principles, the role of choice, to make the case for extensive redistribution.The term “luck egalitarianism” was coined by a critic, Elizabeth Anderson, who challenged the theory in a famous 1999 article, “What is the Point of Equality?” George Sher’s excellent book picks up where Anderson left off. According to Sher, despite its prominence and many nimble defenders, luck egalitarianism rests on philosophically dubious foundations. We should reject it, Sher argues, in favour of a philosophy that seeks, not to neutralize the role of luck in political and economic life, but one that instead tries to ensure that people are well-enough off to live their lives effectively.
Pharmacologic Effects of NSAIDs and Implications for the Risks and Benefits of Long-Term Prophylactic Use of Aspirin to Prevent Cancer

This paper briefly reviews the pharma-cologic effects of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) that influence the risks and benefits of using these drugs prophylactically for cancer. It describes the metabolism of arachidonic acid through the cyclooxygenase (COX) pathway, the physiologic functions of prostanoids (prostag-landins, prostacyclin, and thromboxane A2) produced by this pathway, and the pharmacologic consequences of blocking the enzymatic activity of the two COX isoforms. We mention other proposed mechanisms by which NSAIDs may directly or indirectly affect non-COX pathways. The diverse pharmacologic effects of NSAIDs, when combined with the relatively low probability that an individual with average risk will develop any single type of cancer over a lifetime, severely limit the tolerance for toxicity if aspirin or related drugs are to be administered prophylactically to large numbers of otherwise healthy people. Further research is needed to identify a drug, dose, treatment regimen, and patient population(s) where the benefits of prophy- lactic treatment will exceed the risks. A singular advantage of aspirin over all other NSAIDs is the potential to combine reduced risk of certain cancers with cardiovascular benefit. However, many elements that are needed to achieve this remain unresolved.
Abstract 352: Does Imaging The Culprit or Non-culprit Coronary Artery First in Acute ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction Change Outcomes?

Background: Practice variation exists regarding diagnostic coronary angiography for acute ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Operators can initially image either the presumed culprit vessel (CV) or the non-culprit vessel (NCV) based on the electrocardiogram (ECG) injury pattern. It is not clear if this leads to clinically meaningful differences in the time to intervention or outcomes. Methods: All patients presenting to the University of Wisconsin for STEMI (2009 to 2013) and registered with the National Cardiovascular Data Registry (NCDR) were included. Baseline ECGs were reviewed to identify the probable culprit vessel. Coronary angiograms were reviewed and subjects were divided into CV or NCV groups based on the artery imaged first. Differences between groups were compared with student’s t-tests of unequal variance. CV and NCV effect on death was analyzed with logistical regression models adjusted for age, sex, cardiovascular disease risk factors, access site, peak troponin, and time to intervention time. Results: The 702 STEMI patients identified were mean (standard deviation) 62.7 (13.2) years old and 28% (195 of 702) female. The left coronary artery was the presumed culprit vessel in 46% of cases; the right coronary artery was the presumed culprit in 54% of cases. The CV was imaged first in 28.5% (200 of 702) of cases and the NCV was imaged first in 71.7% (502 of 702) of the cases. Of these, 610 (87%) underwent primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI); 40 (5.6%) subjects did not survive until hospital discharge. Cath lab arrival to intervention time was not different in the two groups (CV (26 [13] minutes; NCV 26 [11] minutes; p=0.94). After adjustment, imaging the CV first had no effect on in-hospital death (p=0.95). Conclusion: Imaging the CV first had no effect on time to intervention or mortality. This argues that non-procedural aspects of catheterization (ie prep, drape, access, etc) may be a better target intervention to improve time to PCI.
Changes in Tibiofemoral Contact Mechanics Following Radial Split and Vertical Tears of the Medial Meniscus: An in Vitro Investigation of the Efficacy of Arthroscopic Repair

Background: The biomechanical effects of radial split tears and vertical tears of the medial meniscus are not well characterized. The goal of the present study was to determine the effects of these meniscal tears and meniscal repair on tibiofemoral joint contact pressure and area. Methods: Eleven fresh-frozen cadaveric knees were loaded to 1000 N of axial load at 0°, 30°, 60°, and 90° of flexion with use of a custom testing apparatus attached to a materials testing machine. Tibiofemoral translations and internal-external and varus-valgus rotations were unconstrained. The knees were tested under four conditions: intact, medial meniscal tear, repaired meniscal tear, and total medial meniscectomy. Radial split tears were created in six knees, and vertical tears were created in five knees. Pressure-sensitive film was used to measure tibiofemoral contact pressure and area. Results: Radial split tears of the medial meniscus did not cause significant changes in tibiofemoral joint contact pressure and area. Vertical tears of the medial meniscus caused increases in tibiofemoral joint contact pressure and reductions in contact area in the medial and lateral compartments that were not significantly different from those associated with total medial meniscectomy. The exception was at 90°, where the lateral compartment pressure associated with the vertical tear of the medial meniscus was higher than that associated with total medial meniscectomy. In general, after repair of the vertical tear, contact pressure and area values were similar to those in the intact condition. Conclusions: Radial split tears of the medial meniscus that extend from the inner rim to the peripheral third of the meniscus do not cause significant changes in joint contact area and pressure. Vertical tears of the medial meniscus cause nonsignificant increases in joint contact pressure and reductions in contact area in the medial and lateral compartments. Repair of the vertical tear reverses these contact changes, resulting in contact pressure and area similar to the intact state. Clinical Relevance: This study provides a scientific rationale for the treatment of radial and vertical tears of the medial meniscus.
Effect of Plasma Pre-Treatment on Dewetting Properties of CVD Cu on CVDW2N Barrier Layer

The effect of different plasma pre-treatments of chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten nitride (W2N) surfaces on the dewetting behavior of subsequently grown CVD Cu films was investigated by annealing the resulting film stacks in high purity argon. It was found that a hydrogen plasma pre-treatment significantly improved the resistance to Cu dewetting from the W2N surfaces while ammonia and nitrogen plasma pretreatment slightly accelerated the dewetting process. The proposed mechanisms and ramifications of these findings were discussed.
Potential of Lixophaga diatraeae for Control of Diatraeae saccharalis in Louisiana

Field releases of a tachinid parasite, Lixophaga diatraeae (Townsend), were made in July and September 1973 to evaluate its potential for suppressing populations of the sugarcane borer, Diatraea saccharalis (F.), in Louisiana. Sugarcane borer larval collections were obtained from the field every 2 wk to determine host density levels and percent parasitism. Release of 1418 parasites/ha did not decrease host density. Sugarcane borer larval populations steadily increased to levels above that required to cause economic loss as the crop season progressed. Screen cage experiments were conducted from June through November 1974 to further evaluate the effectiveness of L. diatraeae . Parasitism was low following an August release; however, 8- to 9-day-old parasites were more efficient than those 5 days old. Percent parasitism of sugarcane borer larvae by L. diatraeae was higher following an October release than when releases were made in August. A significant positive correlation between percent parasitism and host population density was detected in screen cage experiments but not in the field test.
The Creation of Surrogate Models for Fast Estimation of Complex Model Outcomes

A surrogate model is a black box model that reproduces the output of another more complex model at a single time point. This is to be distinguished from the method of surrogate data, used in time series. The purpose of a surrogate is to reduce the time necessary for a computation at the cost of rigor and generality. We describe a method of constructing surrogates in the form of support vector machine (SVM) regressions for the purpose of exploring the parameter space of physiological models. Our focus is on the methodology of surrogate creation and accuracy assessment in comparison to the original model. This is done in the context of a simulation of hemorrhage in one model, "Small", and renal denervation in another, HumMod. In both cases, the surrogate predicts the drop in mean arterial pressure following the intervention. We asked three questions concerning surrogate models: (1) how many training examples are necessary to obtain an accurate surrogate, (2) is surrogate accuracy homogeneous, and (3) how much can computation time be reduced when using a surrogate. We found the minimum training set size that would guarantee maximal accuracy was widely variable, but could be algorithmically generated. The average error for the pressure response to the protocols was -0.05±2.47 in Small, and -0.3 +/- 3.94 mmHg in HumMod. In the Small model, error grew with actual pressure drop, and in HumMod, larger pressure drops were overestimated by the surrogates. Surrogate use resulted in a 6 order of magnitude decrease in computation time. These results suggest surrogate modeling is a valuable tool for generating predictions of an integrative model's behavior on densely sampled subsets of its parameter space.
Ab initio melting curve of osmium

The melting curve of osmium up to a pressure $P$ of 500 GPa is obtained from an extensive suite of ab initio quantum molecular dynamics (QMD) simulations using the Z method. The ab initio $P=0$ melting point of Os is $3370\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}75$ K; this range encompasses all of the available data in the literature and corroborates the conclusion of J. W. Arblaster [Platinum Metals Rev. 49, 166 (2005)] that the melting temperature of pure Os is $3400\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}50$ K and that the 3300 K typically quoted in the literature is the melting point of impure Os. The $T=0$ equation of state (EOS) of Os and the $P$ dependence of the optimized $c/a$ ratio for the hexagonal unit cell, both to pressures $\ensuremath{\sim}900$ GPa, are obtained in the ab initio approach as validation of its use. Although excellent agreement with the available experimental data ($P\ensuremath{\lesssim}80$ GPa) is found, it is the third-order Birch-Murnaghan EOS with ${B}_{0}^{\ensuremath{'}}=5$ rather than the more widely accepted ${B}_{0}^{\ensuremath{'}}=4$ that describes the QMD data to higher pressures, in agreement with the more recent experimental EOS by Godwal et al. The theoretical melting curve of Os obtained earlier by Joshi et al. is shown to be inconsistent with our QMD results, and the possible reason for this discrepancy is suggested. Regularities in the melting curves of Os and five other third-row transition metals (Ta, W, Re, Pt, Au) could be used to estimate the currently unknown melting curves of Hf and Ir.
TURNOVER OF PLASMA MEMBRANE PRECURSOR POOLS IN VIRUS-INFECTED AND UNINFECTED HELA CELLS

HeLa cell plasma membranes are known to contain multiple species of glycoprotein as well as nonglycosylated proteins. The precursor pools of the fucosylated glycoproteins, their turnover rates, and subsequent assembly into plasma membranes can be studied by a quantitative radioisotopic approach coupled with cell fractionation. In this manner, it can be determined that fucosyl–glycoprotein is fed to the plasma membrane through a small (1–2% total fucosyl glycoprotein) internal pool; it there turns over in a monophasic logarithmic fashion with t½ = 20–30 hours. The comparative assembly behavior of the fucosylated glycoproteins and the nonglycosylated proteins can be simplified by the use of a membrane–maturing virus, vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV). As shown in these studies the flow rates and pathways of assembly of fucosyl glycoprotein in both the infected and uninfected host HeLa cell are overall very similar. However, during infection the virus shuts off the host RNA and protein synthesis, and thus the assembly behavior of the two virus molecular species can be more readily discerned without the confusion of the plethora of host background species. VSV membrane envelope is assembled continuous with the plasma membrane and consists of two major structural proteins: a glycosylated protein (G) 67,000 daltons and a nonglycosylated protein (M) 25,000 daltons. Synthesis and turnover of fucosylated glycoprotein in uninfected HeLa cells and the different pathways of assembly of G and M protein in VSV infected cells are discussed.
The Expanded Biopsychosocial Model in Child Psychiatry

George Engel’s biopsychosocial model BPSM (1977, 1980) of medical evaluation and treatment has provided a clear and comprehensible picture of the clinical encounter. Medical students and residents in primary care, instead of approaching psychiatric issues with “fear and loathing”, delight in the diagrammatic approach of a non-reductionistic system. The BPSM is readily applicable to the domain of child psychiatry and pediatrics. The model lends itself well to multivariate research on a variety of childhood illnesses and diseases. Thoughtful investigations in childhood asthma, juvenile chronic arthritis, and eating disorders have drawn on the BPSM as an organizing principle (Miller and Wood, 1991; Miller and Wood, 1994; Vandvik et al. 1991; Vandvik and Eckblad, 1991; Vandvik and Hoyeraal, 1993; Conners and Morse. 1993). In the realm of clinical practice, the BPSM becomes an informal guide to the “Willie Sutton principle” (going where the money is), in the choice of interventions. This strategy is highly useful in an era when the search for efficiency gets utmost priority.
General Theory for Collisional Effects in Quantum Beat Spectroscopy

The effects of collisions on quantum beats obtained following sudden excitation of a multiplet of states which simultaneously decay to a lower state or a lower multiplet are considered. The photobeats are associated with single-photon decay, as opposed to two- or more-photon correlations and, as such, represent the effects of intra-atomic coherence [1,2].
Algorithms on Strings, Trees, and Sequences: More Applications of Suffix Trees

With the ability to solve lowest common ancestor queries in constant time, suffix trees can be used to solve many additional string problems. Many of those applications move from the domain of exact matching to the domain of inexact , or approximate, matching (matching with some errors permitted). This chapter illustrates that point with several examples. Longest common extension: a bridge to inexact matching The longest common extension problem is solved as a subtask in many classic string algorithms. It is at the heart of all but the last application discussed in this chapter and is central to the k-difference algorithm discussed in Section 12.2. Longest common extension problem Two strings S 1 and S 2 of total length n are first specified in a preprocessing phase. Later, a long sequence of index pairs is specified. For each specified index pair ( i, j ), we must find the length of the longest substring of S 1 starting at position i that matches a substring of S 2 starting at position j . That is, we must find the length of the longest prefix of suffix i of S 1 that matches a prefix of suffix j of S 2 (see Figure 9.1). Of course, any time an index pair is specified, the longest common extension can be found by direct search in time proportional to the length of the match. But the goal is to compute each extension in constant time, independent of the length of the match.
553. Comparision of AAV Serotypes for Gene Delivery to iPSC Derived RPE

Inherited retinal degenerations, such as retinitis pigmentosa (RP) and Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA), are characterized by progressive impairment of visual function associated with degeneration of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and photoreceptors. These monogenic diseases are genetically heterogeneous due to mutations in genes expressed affecting those cells. Gene therapy holds great potential for the treatment of inherited retinal diseases for which there currently is none. Efficient retinal gene transfer has been achieved with several recombinant viral vectors, including those derived from adenovirus, retrovirus, herpesvirus, and adeno-associated virus (AAV). Among these, AAV vectors appear particularly amenable to retinal gene transfer. However the success of any preclinical study depends on the availability of relevant animal models. In situations where suitable animal models are unavailable recent studies have generated proof-of concept data using personalized cell models: induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) derived from affected individuals and un-affected controls. With the increasing number of retinal gene therapy paradigms and recombinant vectors, in vitro bioassays characterizing vector transduction efficiency and quality are becoming increasingly important. To date, most in vitro assays using recombinant vector transduction have targeted iPSCs. To elicit additional features relevant to the disease, we differentiated iPSCs to RPE and evaluated the transduction efficiencies of a panel of AAV serotypes. Characterization of iPSC-derived RPE by qRT-PCR, immunohistochemistry, western blot analysis and flow cytometry showed the expression of typical RPE markers, phagocytic ability and gene-expression patterns similar to those of native RPE. Comparison of transduction efficiencies of different AAVs in iPSC-derived RPE was carried out using an enhanced green-fluorescent protein (eGFP) reporter gene driven by the cytomegalovirus immediate-early (CMV) promoter. At 24 to 48 hours post transduction, cells expressing GFP were identified by Typhoon scanner, and flow cytometry. Relative GFP expression was evaluated by using the software, Image-J. Of the tested AAV serotypes, AAV2 transduced iPSC-derived RPE cells most efficiently, followed by AAV7m8, AAV1 and AAV6. Differentiation into retinal neuronal cells types may require use of alternative AAV serotypes in order to obtain transduction efficiencies relevant to determination of therapeutic efficacy.