cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
FRET-like fluorophore-nanoparticle complex for highly specific cancer localization

Fluorophore mediated bio-signal retrieval has been extensively used in molecular imaging. However, only a limited number of fluorophores can be used for humans and their quantum yield is usually low. Another important issue is emitting fluorescence at the disease site, with a minimal non-specific emission at any other sites. Artificial quenching and enhancing of fluorescence was found to be possible by manipulating the distance between a fluorophore and a certain type of nanometal particle. Utilizing this unique property, we have designed a novel, FRET-like, fluorophore-nanoparticle complex. The complex emits fluorescence conditionally only at a disease site at an enhanced level. As a model system, our complex is designed to target breast cancer. As an initial step for developing this cancer locator, fluorescence alteration was studied when a spacer at various lengths is placed between a nanogold particle and a safe fluorophore.
Ice Flow along the Byrd Station Strain Network, Antarctica

The flow of the Antarctic ice sheet near Byrd Station is modeled using surface net accumulation-rate data, surface strain-rate data, and core-hole tilting results. The model empirically allows for the progressive development of ice fabric and for values of the vertical strain-rate nearer to zero at depth, and adjusts the strain-rates according to the effect of the climatic warming at the beginning of the Holocene. The validity of the model is supported by the agreements between calculated bed form and that measured by radar sounding, and between calculated and measured present-day ice-sheet thinning-rates. The ice was about 200 m thicker before thinning. The depth-age relationship for the Byrd Station ice core shows that the climatic change represented by the oxygen isotopic ratio of the ice began some 5000 years sooner than in north Greenland (Hammer and others 1978), but ended at about the same time.
FREQUENT SUBGRAPH MINING OF PERSONALIZED SIGNALING PATHWAY NETWORKS GROUPS PATIENTS WITH FREQUENTLY DYSREGULATED DISEASE PATHWAYS AND PREDICTS PROGNOSIS

MOTIVATION Large scale genomics studies have generated comprehensive molecular characterization of numerous cancer types. Subtypes for many tumor types have been established; however, these classifications are based on molecular characteristics of a small gene sets with limited power to detect dysregulation at the patient level. We hypothesize that frequent graph mining of pathways to gather pathways functionally relevant to tumors can characterize tumor types and provide opportunities for personalized therapies. RESULTS In this study we present an integrative omics approach to group patients based on their altered pathway characteristics and show prognostic differences within breast cancer (p < 9:57E - 10) and glioblastoma multiforme (p < 0:05) patients. We were able validate this approach in secondary RNA-Seq datasets with p < 0:05 and p < 0:01 respectively. We also performed pathway enrichment analysis to further investigate the biological relevance of dysregulated pathways. We compared our approach with network-based classifier algorithms and showed that our unsupervised approach generates more robust and biologically relevant clustering whereas previous approaches failed to report specific functions for similar patient groups or classify patients into prognostic groups. CONCLUSIONS These results could serve as a means to improve prognosis for future cancer patients, and to provide opportunities for improved treatment options and personalized interventions. The proposed novel graph mining approach is able to integrate PPI networks with gene expression in a biologically sound approach and cluster patients in to clinically distinct groups. We have utilized breast cancer and glioblastoma multiforme datasets from microarray and RNA-Seq platforms and identified disease mechanisms differentiating samples. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Supplementary methods, figures, tables and code are available at https://github.com/bebeklab/dysprog.
Bilingual Youth: Spanish‐speakers at the Beginning of the 21st Century

Spanish is spoken by approximately 406 million people, making it the second most commonly spoken language in the world. A fair estimate is that approximately one-third of this population is bilingual. This article focuses on Spanish-speaking bilingual youth in a variety of sociolinguistic situations around the world, summarizing a sample of research in four broad areas – linguistic structure, family language policy, education, and identity – and points out areas for future research.
Response of the fish assemblage to a saltwater barrier and paper mill effluent in the Lower Neches River (Texas) during drought

ABSTRACTIn 2011, Texas experienced record heat and drought that escalated concerns about environmental flows for rivers. In response to these worries, fishes and water quality were sampled in the Lower Neches River, Texas, from May-August 2012 during continued drought. Potential effects of hydrology on environmental parameters and assemblages of small (seine samples) and large (gillnet samples) fishes were evaluated at multiple locations. Approximately 1 km downstream from the saltwater barrier, paper mill effluent discharges into the river. Salinity was higher and dissolved oxygen lower below the saltwater barrier during low-flow intervals. Fish species richness in seine samples, was higher when the barrier was open, and species richness for both gear types was lowest at sites closest to the paper mill effluent discharge. Overall, species richness was higher at sites below the barrier, with more estuarine and marine species present. When the barrier was closed, richness and abundance of sensitive freshwa...
Role of Systems Modeling in Regulatory Drug Approval

The science of quantitative clinical pharmacology continues to advance at a rapid pace such that regulators must constantly evaluate the most appropriate applications of modeling, simulation, and other innovations in the public health context. FDA continues to target improvements in regulatory science, including the development of scientific tools that can bridge the gap between cutting-edge discoveries and real-world diagnostics and therapeutics and to this end has identified innovation through modeling and simulation as a major scientific priority area. Physiological based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models, which utilize system- and drug-specific information, are being increasingly used during drug discovery and development and informing regulatory review including drug labeling. A multi-step approach may be appropriate when planning to use PBPK to determine the likely effects of drug and/or gene interactions on drug pharmacokinetics and subsequent need for dedicated studies. Published FDA guidance documents related to drug interactions and early phase pharmacogenomic evaluation have included recommendations for the use of PBPK where appropriate. As pharmacology and clinical pharmacology move forward from reductionist approaches toward integrative systems approaches to address problems, efforts are ongoing to leverage the new science that is evolving in systems pharmacology. This is focused on the prediction of adverse drug events using the tools of cheminformatics, bioinformatics, and systems biology. Systems pharmacology will need to be put into the larger translational science context to reach full potential in regulatory decision-making.
Interactive projection system with indivisual distinction using visible light communication

We proposed new entertainment system called "Light Crayon", projection system user can draw line on screen like using crayon. In this paper, we introduced visible light communication to this to enhance the expression and entertainment ability. As result, visible light communication succeed to transfer binary data at 12 bit/sec. We also made 2 game programs with new system.
Towards achieving the full potential of primary care in cancer prevention.

ED02-02 Background: Primary care plays a central role in promoting cancer prevention to the public but has not achieved its full potential in this regard. This talk will describe the current status of primary care cancer prevention service and science then explore approaches that could help primary care achieve its full potential in cancer prevention and screening. Current status: Most people see their primary care clinician several times a year and many rely on primary care for screening and behavior advice. However, when those who are not up-to-date for cancer screening are asked why, the most common reply is, "my doctor didn9t recommend it." Recent studies such as the NCI supported Direct Observation of Primary Care Project have enriched our understanding of the processes by which cancer preventive services are provided in primary care. Primary care clinicians face competing demands, conflicting guidelines, and lack systems that support provision of preventive services. The evidence base on what works for behavioral counseling is especially weak. Appropriate models and tools to support delivery of first-rate cancer prevention care are being developed. New laboratories for study called Practice Based Research Networks are in place but widespread adoption lags. Evidence from high quality resources, such as Put Prevention into Practice, CancerPlanet, and recommendations of the US Preventive Services Task Force, are readily available but seldom consulted or applied. Towards achieving the full potential of primary care: Ongoing projects will be described that are instructive on how to reorganize primary care practice internally to promote high quality cancer prevention care. Others projects have identified external resources such as care management that can support cancer screening working in parallel with primary care and integrated with it. In addition to the growing evidence base about effective processes of providing cancer prevention services in primary care, new projects are addressing the process of change. The jump from the guideline page to the community practice has been a long one. Lectures, articles and web resources are not enough to make the jump but quality improvement infrastructures and other external supports can. Current attention to HEDIS measures and Pay for Performance are being informed by policy reforms in the United Kingdom that reward primary care clinicians for evidence based care, including care prevention services. Conclusion: The evidence is emerging that can be used to assure that primary care achieves its potential in cancer prevention. Medical groups, health plans, and policy makers will need to support evidence based change processes for practices that lead to evidence based care processes in the examination room and in the lives of patients.
Sensitivity and negative predictive value for sentinel lymph node biopsy in women with early-stage cervical cancer

Abstract Objective The role of sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy alone for staging of early-stage cervical cancer remains controversial. We aimed to determine the validity of this technique in women with early-stage cervical cancer. Methods We retrospectively reviewed women with early-stage cervical cancer who underwent SLN mapping followed by complete pelvic lymphadenectomy as part of initial surgical management from August 1997 through October 2015. All modes of surgical approach were included. Lymphatic mapping was performed using blue dye, technetium-99m sulfur colloid (Tc-99), and/or indocyanine green (ICG). We determined SLN detection rates, sensitivity and negative predictive value. Results One hundred eighty-eight patients were included, and 35 (19%) had lymph node metastases. At least one SLN was identified in 170 patients (90%), and bilateral SLNs were identified in 117 patients (62%). The majority of SLNs (83%) were found in the pelvis. There was no difference in detection rates between mapping agents, surgical approach, patients with and without prior conization or between patients with tumors 30kg/m 2 than in women with lower BMI ( p =0.03). Metastatic disease in sentinel nodes was detected by H&E staining in 78% of cases and required ultrastaging/immunohistochemistry in 22% of cases. Only one patient had a false-negative result, yielding a sensitivity of 96.4% (95% CI 79.8%–99.8%) and negative predictive value of 99.3% (95% CI 95.6%–100%). The false-negative rate was 3.6%. Conclusions In these women with early-stage cervical cancer, SLN biopsy had very high sensitivity and negative predictive value. We believe it is time to change the standard of care for women with early-stage cervical cancer to SLN biopsy only.
ALDH1 Activity Identifies Chemotherapy-Resistant Multiple Myeloma Stem Cells

Abstract Abstract 990 Background: Cancer stem cells are a chemotherapy-resistant subpopulation capable of self-renewal and of regenerating bulk tumor, thereby causing relapse and ultimately patient’s death. Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (ALDH1) has been found to be a reliable marker for cancer stem cells in many human malignancies. The purpose of this study is to investigate the stem cell–related function and clinical significance of ALDH1 in myeloma. Materials and Methods: 9 myeloma (MM) cell lines (XG6, KMS12B, ARP1, 8226, U266, H929, JJN3, OPM2, 5T33) were assessed for ALDH1 activity using the ALDEFLUOR® assay. The positive fraction was sorted using FACSAria II. The functional role of ALDH1+ cells in MM was characterized by clonogenic capacity using soft agar assays and tumorigenicity in NOD-RAG/null gamma mice. Gene expression profiling (GEP) comparison between ALDH1+ and ALDH1- cells was performed using the Affymetrix U133Plus2 chips. We also performed GEP on 9 patients including 36 samples at baseline, after chemotherapy (pre-1st and pre-2nd, post-2nd autologous stem cell transplants (ASCT), and pre-consolidation. In addition, a total of 550 samples with GEP and clinical data, obtained from published studies, were analyzed. Results: ALDH1 expression increases in the samples post-treatment compared to those at baseline using the serial GEPs obtained pre-1st, pre-2nd, and post-2nd ASCT from 9 MM patients. All 9 MM cell lines studied contained a very small subset of cells with ALDH1 activity (ALDH1+), among which XG6, KMS12B, ARP1 (human MM cell lines), and 5TGM1 (mouse MM cell line) had the highest fraction of ALDH1+ cells (3.63%, 3.67%, 1.7%, and 1.9% respectively). The colony-forming efficiency of ALDH1+ cells was almost 2× higher (1390 clones out of 5000 seeding cells) than that of the ALDH1− cells (730 clones out of 5000 seeding cells) in ARP1; p Conclusion: Our data suggest that MM cells contain a minor but more tumorigenic ALDH1+ stem cell-like compartment consisting of chemotherapy-resistant cells, and that ALDH positivity by GEP confers inferior survival outcomes in MM patients. Future studies to perform include investigating how ALDH1 activity is linked to the stemness-related Notch pathway and whether inhibiting ALDH1 directly or indirectly is a viable target for novel anti-MM therapy. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Changes in Tracheostomy- and Intubation-Related Tracheal Stenosis: Implications for Surgery

Background This study sought to identify the changing characteristic patterns and locations of stenosis after tracheostomy or intubation and to assess the risk factors associated with perioperative complication and restenosis after primary resection and reconstruction. Methods A retrospective review was performed (January /2012 to March 2015) on patients treated at the University of Arizona Medical Center (Tucson, Arizona) who had symptomatic tracheal stenosis secondary to prolonged intubation or tracheostomy. Data on demographics, surgical approach, and outcome were obtained. Analysis was performed using the χ 2 test, Kaplan-Meier estimate of survival, Cox proportional hazards survival analysis, and univariate and multivariate logistic regression. Results Forty-eight patients were referred for surgical resection, and 36 patients underwent primary resection and reconstruction; 72% of patients had previous endobronchial treatments for stenosis. Fourteen patients had postintubation tracheal stenosis, and 22 had tracheostomy-related stenosis (16 percutaneous, 6 open tracheostomy). Among all patients, 52.8% had stenosis proximal to or involving the cricoid; 72.7% of patients with tracheostomy-related stenosis had stenosis at or proximal to the cricoid, whereas only 21.4% of the patients with intubation-related stenosis had a similar location. Nineteen patients underwent laryngotracheal resection, and 17 patients had tracheal resection. The mean length of resection was 3.6 cm. A body mass index greater than 35 was associated with increased perioperative complications ( p = 0.012). In multivariate analysis, patients younger than 30 years of age at operation had an increased relative risk of recurrence. Conclusions Recent advances in percutaneous tracheostomy have increased the numbers of patients presenting with proximal tracheal stenosis, thus necessitating more complex subglottic resection and reconstruction. The anastomotic and overall complication rate remains low despite these more complex operations.
Protective Effects of Regular Seat Belt Use on Other Risky Motor Vehicle Behaviors Among Young Drivers

Background Motor vehicle crashes (MVCs) are the leading cause of death among adolescents ages 15–24 in the United States. Young drivers are nearly three times more likely to die in a crash compared with drivers older than 20. From 2014 to 2015, fatalities among drivers ages 15–20 increased by nearly 10%, and in 2015, 47% of drivers ages 15 to 19 who died in a crash were unrestrained. Although the prevalence of seat belt use among young drivers is well-established, there is limited research on how regular usage impacts other motor vehicle (MV) behaviors. This study explores the prevalence of regular seat belt use and associations with other risky MV behaviors among US high school students. Methods Data came from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's 2015 national Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS), a nationally representative sample of US high school students. The YRBS assessed seat belt use as a passenger during the 30 days before the survey, which included 9,895 students ages 16 or older. Seat belt use was coded into dichotomous (regular/always v. irregular) and polychotomous variables. Chi-square tests examined bivariate associations between regular seat belt use and demographic variables. Logistic regression assessed associations between regular seat belt use and other risky MV behaviors. Results The prevalence of regular seat belt use among students 16 or older was 62.3%. Students who regularly wore their seat belts were less likely to drink and drive (adjusted odds ratio: .294; 95% confidence interval: .245–.352; p Conclusions Less than two-thirds of US high school students ages 16 or older report regular seat belt use, and students who do not are more likely to engage in additional risky MV behaviors. This study suggests that increasing seat belt use among young drivers may have compounding benefits in reducing risky MV behavior and corresponding injuries and fatalities.
Thermal Implications of Energy-Saving Schedulers

In many real-time systems, continuous operation can raise processor temperature, potentially leading to system failure, bodily harm to users, or a reduction in the functional lifetime of a system. Static power dominates the total power consumption, and is also directly proportional to the operating temperature. This reduces the effectiveness of frequency scaling and necessitates the use of sleep states. In this work, we explore the relationship between energy savings and system temperature in the context of fixed-priority energy-saving schedulers, which utilize a processor’s deep-sleep state to save energy. We derive insights from a well-known thermal model, and are able to identify proactive design choices which are independent of system constants and can be used to reduce processor temperature. Our observations indicate that, while energy savings are key to lower temperatures, not all energy-efficient solutions yield low temperatures. Based on these insights, we propose the SysSleep and ThermoSleep algorithms, which enable a thermally-effective sleep schedule. We also derive a lower bound on the optimal temperature achievable by energy-saving schedulers. Additionally, we discuss partitioning and task phasing techniques for multi-core processors, which require all cores to synchronously transition into deep sleep, as well as those which support independent deep-sleep transitions. We observe that, while energy optimization is straightforward in some cases, the dependence of temperature on partitioning and task phasing makes temperature minimization non-trivial. Evaluations show that compared to the existing purely energy-efficient design methodology, our proposed techniques yield lower temperatures along with significant energy savings.
Prince Rogers Nelson: from “Dirty Mind” to Devout Jehovah’s Witness

Prince Rogers Nelson (born: June 7, 1958) was an American singer, songwriter, multi-instrumentalist, record producer, and actor. He was a musical innovator and known for his eclectic work, flamboyant stage presence, extravagant dress and makeup, and wide vocal range. When he passed unexpectedly on April 21, 2016, he had built an immensely successful career that spanned over 30 years. Although Prince is widely known for his highly sexual behavior, we know less about his spiritual beliefs as well as how these beliefs influenced his public persona and private life. Through the lens of social identity theory, this manuscript will examine how Prince demonstrated his belief in God, his values, and the changes that he made in his life after he became a devout Jehovah’s Witness. In particular, this manuscript will provide song lyrics and excerpts from televised and print interviews to qualitatively respond to the following three questions: (1) How did Prince demonstrate his belief in God in his music? (2) What were Prince’s values? (3) What changes did Prince make in his public performances after he became a Jehovah’s Witness?
Predictive model for local scour downstream of hydrokinetic turbines in erodible channels

Inspired by recent theoretical advances in bridge scour research, a modeling framework is derived to predict the scour induced by Hydrokinetic turbines on erodible river bed surfaces. Using a mixed scaling formulation of the Reynolds stresses, the turbine performance is linked to the scour evolution.
Characterization of rabies pDNA nanoparticulate vaccine in poloxamer 407 gel.

Abstract Plasmid DNA (pDNA) vaccines have the potential for protection against a wide range of diseases including rabies but are rapid in degradation and poor in uptake by antigen-presenting cells. To overcome the limitations, we fabricated a pDNA nanoparticulate vaccine. The negatively charged pDNA was adsorbed onto the surface of cationic PLGA (poly ( d , l -lactide-co-glycolide))-chitosan nanoparticles and were used as a delivery vehicle. To create a hydrogel for sustainable vaccine release, we dispersed the pDNA nanoparticles in poloxamer 407 gel which is liquid at 4 °C and turns into soft gels at 37 °C, providing ease of administration and preventing burst release of pDNA. Complete immobilization of pDNA to cationic nanoparticles was achieved at a pDNA to nanoparticles ratio (P/N) of 1/50. Cellular uptake of nanoparticles was both time and concentration dependent and followed a saturation kinetics with Vmax of 11.389 µg/mL h and Km of 139.48 µg/mL. The in vitro release studies showed the nanoparticulate vaccine has a sustained release for up to 24 days. In summary, pDNA PLGA-chitosan nanoparticles were non-cytotoxic, their buffering capacity and cell uptake were enhanced, and sustained the release of pDNA. We expect our pDNA vaccine’s potency will be greatly improved in the animal studies.
A tale of two assessments: Reading fluency

It seemed Ethan had it all: he was popular among his peers, renowned for his athletic prowess, and the son of educated and well-established parents residing in the upper echelon of a Midwestern community. Further, he was an 11th grader at an esteemed private school known for its academic rigor and for producing future doctors, lawyers, and philosophers. Yet, there was much more to Ethan than met the eye. Academically, he struggled to keep up with class assignments and to meet the expectations of his high-achieving parents. He had to jump many hurdles to meet the lofty goals that were the norm in his everyday world, and this weighed heavily on him.
Engineering Complex Synthetic Organs

At this time there is a substantial, and as yet unmet, demand for organs to replace nonfunctional tissues resulting from congenital defects, or to repair damaged or degenerated tissues. The field of regenerative medicine hopes to provide engineered replacement tissues in situations where our body’s regenerative capability or nonbiological mechanical devices cannot adequately replace lost physiological functions. This technology holds the promise to supply customized organs to overcome the severe shortages we currently face. Engineering synthetic organs is a complex process which necessitates careful (1) selection of cells or controlled proliferation of stem or progenitor cells to achieve appropriate numbers of cells for seeding onto biodegradable scaffolds to create cell-scaffold constructs, (2) design and selection of appropriate biodegradable or biomodifiable scaffold materials, and (3) design and construction of bioreactors to support generation of functional tissue replacements. To be successful, ongoing efforts to understand and engineer multicellular systems must continue, and new efforts to induce vascularization and integration of engineered tissues into the body will need to be developed. Current studies lead to improved understanding of how tissue systems can be integrated, as well as development of biomedical technologies not traditionally considered in tissue engineering, such as development of biohybrid organs or “bionic” devices.
Fundamentally Divergent Strategies for Oxygen Activation by Fe 2+ and Fe 3+ Catecholic Dioxygenases

We propose that the redox state of the active site iron of ring-cleaving catecholic dioxygenases determines both the site of ring cleavage and the mechanism of O2 activation. Spectroscopic and crystallographic studies show that substrates bind to the Fe2+ of extradiol dioxygenases as asymmetric chelates in which only one hydroxyl becomes ionized. Charge transfer onto the iron increases the affinity for small molecules such as NO and O2, which bind in another metal coordination site. Oxygen is activated by accepting electron density from the catechol via the iron, promoting nucleophilic attack of the resulting superoxide on the now electron-deficient catechol. In contrast, studies of intradiol Fe3+ ring-cleaving dioxygenases show that catechols bind as dianions. This provides a site for electrophilic attack by O2 at a hydroxyl-bearing carbon, which has been shown via model studies to lead to intradiol ring opening. Both dioxygenase classes shift from five-to six-coordinate iron sites during catalysis to allow oxygen binding. In the Fe2+ enzymes, this site is occupied before attack on the catechol, while in the Fe2+ case, it follows initial attack. In both cases, the expansion of the iron coordination allows the second oxygen required for dioxygenase stoichiometry to be retained for incorporation into the product during the final step.
Why do we need to employ Bayesian statistics and how can we employ it in studies of moral education?: With practical guidelines to use JASP for educators and researchers

In this article, we discuss the benefits of Bayesian statistics and how to utilize them in studies of moral education. To demonstrate concrete examples of the applications of Bayesian statistics to...
Diagnostic guide: wheat soil-borne mosaic.

Wheat soil-borne mosaic is caused by the rod-shaped Soil-borne wheat mosaic virus (SBWMV), which is in the genus Furovirus. SBWMV is vectored by Polymyxa graminis. Economic hosts of SBWMV include w...
Putting Goal-Oriented Patient Care Into Practice

New efforts have begun to transform healthcare to focus on patient-centered care. Such efforts will be facilitated by eliciting, operationalizing, and measuring the attainment of patient-identified goals of healthcare. This article describes a practical approach to goal setting and measurement that can be used in efforts to implement patient-centered care.
The Lost Volume Seller in English Law

If a buyer breaches a contract but the market price has remained unchanged, English courts and the treatises have treated the seller as a “lost volume seller.” The seller, it is argued, could have had two sales, not one, so it lost the profit on the second sale. This paper recognizes that the buyer has an option to terminate and that the contract prices that option. The implicit option price of the lost volume remedy results in an absurd contract, setting the option price high when it should be low and vice versa. The default rule ought to be the contract-market differential (zero in these cases) with the parties determining the appropriate option price with a nonrefundable deposit or liquidated damages.
A Group Testing Approach to Random Access for Short-Packet Communication

We propose a grant-free random access scheme for short-packet communication on a collision channel without feedback, where user identities are conveyed through their activity patterns. We show that this problem is inherently related to the non-adaptive group testing problem, where the goal is to identify a small subset of defective items within a larger population, using as few (pre-determined) tests as possible. In the frame-synchronous case, where users’ transmissions are aligned, we find that any solution to the non-adaptive group testing problem is also a solution to the random access problem. Similar connections to group testing are identified in the asynchronous variant of the problem, in which case users’ transmissions within a frame are received with arbitrary and unknown delays at the receiver. We show that such delays can be accommodated without any additional penalty with respect to the scaling of the transmission length, and that in the regime where the data payload is small, the performance of the proposed random access scheme comes close to that of fully coordinated access schemes.
Adolescent-Specific Motivation Deficits in Autism Versus Typical Development

Differences in motivation during adolescence relative to childhood and adulthood in autism was tested in a cross-sectional study. 156 Typically developing individuals and 79 individuals with autism ages 10–30 years of age completed a go/nogo task with social and non-social cues. To assess age effects, linear and quadratic models were used. Consistent with prior studies, typically developing adolescents and young adults demonstrated more false alarms for positive relative to neutral social cues. In autism, there were no changes in attention across age for social or non-social cues. Findings suggest reduced orienting to motivating cues during late adolescence and early adulthood in autism. The findings provide a unique perspective to explain the challenges for adolescents with autism transitioning to adulthood.
Dog park use: Perceived benefits, park proximity, and individual and neighborhood effects

The purpose of this study is to explore the nature of dog park use and the role that perceived dog park benefits, park proximity, and both individual and neighborhood characteristics play in predic...
Generalized Solver Hybridization Using Equivalence Principle Algorithm

The simulation of antennas often necessitates modeling the effect of nearby electrically large structures. Such structures are often unsuitable for modeling with the same technique as used on the antenna because of the prohibitive required unknown count. First-principles models of antennas (or other key features) must then be augmented with approximate models of the larger auxiliary structures, usually with high-frequency asymptotic models. The surface equivalence principle is applied to linear-media multiple scattering without regard to the formulations used for each contained domain. A Schur complement is then applied to convert the homogeneous medium equivalent problem into a inhomogeneous medium equivalent problem. The Schur complement form supports application of approximate models and makes the scattering physics plain. The results are provided for two cases modeled with the equivalence principle algorithm (EPA) hybridized with physical optics (PO) approximation.
Neural mechanisms of response-preparation and inhibition in bilingual and monolingual children: Lateralized Readiness Potentials (LRPs) during a nonverbal Stroop task.

Abstract Inhibitory control is a core executive function (EF) skill, thought to involve cognitive ‘interference suppression’ and motor ‘response inhibition’ sub-processes. A few studies have shown that early bilingualism shapes interference suppression but not response inhibition skills, however current behavioral measures do not fully allow us to disentangle these subcomponents. Lateralized Readiness Potentials (LRPs) are centroparietal event-related potentials (ERPs) that track motor response-preparations between stimulus-presentation and behavioral responses. We examine LRPs elicited during successful inhibitory control on a nonverbal Stroop task, in 6–8 year-old bilingual (n = 44) and monolingual (n = 48) children from comparable socio-economic backgrounds. Relative to monolinguals, bilinguals showed longer and stronger incorrect-response preparations, and a more mature pattern of correct-response preparation (shorter peak-latencies), underlying correct responses on Stroop-interference trials. Neural markers of response-inhibition were comparable between groups and no behavioral differences were found between-groups on the Stroop task. Results suggest group differences in underlying mechanisms of centroparietal motor-response preparation mechanisms in this age group, contrary to what has been shown using behavioral tasks previously. We discuss neural results in the context of speed-accuracy trade-offs. This is the first study to examine neural markers of motor-responses in bilingual children.
Local Parcel Taxes in California Cities and Counties: New Findings From a New Database

This paper presents findings from newly compiled data on parcel tax ballot measures in California counties, cities, and special districts. Unique in California, a parcel tax is commonly understood as a lump-sum tax applied to parcels of real property to finance local public services. Although parcel tax ballot measures have become more frequent, studies are rare on the scope and use of parcel taxes in local governments. To fill this gap, I collected and analyzed a comprehensive list of local parcel tax ballot measures in counties and cities from 1995 to 2017. Using the data, I describe how parcel taxes are designed and implemented in local governments and discusses avenues of future research.
Platform politics: Software as strategy in Apple’s platform ecosystem

In the past 10 years platform ecosystems have come to play a significant role in many aspects of human societies, bringing with them certain logics and practices that structure how people live and work. Operating such a platform ecosystem gives rise to certain strategies for creating and managing a distributed labor force that is not directly controlled by the platform owner. This paper explores some of those strategies by investigating Swift, a programming language created by Apple to facilitate third-party software development for its platform ecosystem. Through the story of its emergence and evolution I show how Apple wields Swift as a managerial tool and as a competitive weapon to maintain the generative potential of its platform ecosystem and to evolve it in profitable ways. In so doing this paper foregrounds the internal dynamics of software platforms and helps us better understand some of the politics at play in the constitution of everyday technologies.
Diffusion Weighted and Diffusion Tensor MRI in Pediatric Neuroimaging Including Connectomics: Principles and Applications

Diffusion weighted MRI (DWI) including diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) are unique imaging techniques that render qualitative and quantitative information of the central nervous system white matter (WM) ultrastructure. It uses the Brownian movement of water molecules to probe tissue microstructure. It is a noninvasive method, with superb sensitivity to the differential mobility of water molecules within various components of the brain without the necessity to inject contrast agents. By sampling the 3 dimensional shape, direction and magnitude of the water diffusion, DWI/DTI generates unique tissue contrasts that can be used to study the axonal WM organization of the central nervous system. Its application allows to study the normal and anomalous brain development including connectivity, as well as a multitude of WM diseases. This article discusses/summarizes the principles of DWI/DTI and its applications in pediatric neuroscience research.
Robust solutions of the Yvon-Born-Green equation at very high densities.: II. Long-range behaviour and solution multiplicity

Extension jusqu'aux diametres 100 et 200 du domaine de la fonction de correlation paire obtenue par la solution de l'equation de Yvon-Born-Green, en utilisant un algorithme de convergence robuste. Completement de la cartiographie des branches pour les diametres 50 et 100 jusqu'a des valeurs de λ0=4πnσ 3 =20. Interpretation des resultats a l'aide de l'analyse de la multiplicite de solution
Constituting a Civil Legal System Called “Just”: Law, Money, Power, and Publicity

From the vantage point of a world reorganized by the COVID-19 pandemic and riven with political and social conflicts, this book is a powerful testament to how embedded dispute resolution systems are as normal facets of ordinary good governance. The shared commitments are to measured, consistent, and accessible means of obtaining relief for allegedly unlawful behavior. What the authors debate are not the goals of supporting dispute resolution services but the modalities for doing so. The questions are how and who responds to calls for legal help.
Key Properties Test and Analysis of Gas Density Monitor Used for Gas-Insulated Switchgear after Long-term Operation

The gas density monitor used for GIS (Gas-Insulated Switchgear) reports SF6 gas leakage of GIS in time, by monitoring internal pressure in gas chamber of GIS and sending out alarm or lockout signals. At present, most operating units do not perform regular maintenance or online verification for gas density monitors. Usually, they are replaced in batches after ten years or more of use, which makes the accuracy and reliability of gas density monitors lack of verification during operation. To research key properties of gas density monitor during operation, this paper conducts experiment on gas density monitors replaced after 17 years of operation from a power supply bureau, including indication test, temperature compensation test and electric contact performance test. The experiment results show that, the pass rate of tested sample are all lower than 50% in the basic error test and the set point deviation test of indication test, and the −30°C low temperature compensation test. It reflects the severe aging of the Baden tube and the magnetically assisted electrical contacts in gas density monitors that have been running for a long time, and on the other hand, it reflects that the low-temperature compensation performance of this batch of gas density monitors are abnormal at the factory. According to test and analysis of this paper, it is recommended to modify the interface of the existing gas density monitors and upgrade in order to carry out periodic online inspection without disassembly, to avoid the failure of the monitoring function of gas density monitors during operation.
Does the sequence of high-dose rate brachytherapy boost and IMRT for prostate cancer impact early toxicity outcomes? Results from a single institution analysis

Background We present the first report comparing early toxicity outcomes with high-dose rate brachytherapy (HDR-BT) boost upfront versus intensity modulated RT (IMRT) upfront combined with androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) as definitive management for intermediate risk or higher prostate cancer. Methods and Materials We reviewed all non-metastatic prostate cancer patients who received HDR-BT boost from 2014 to 2019. HDR-BT boost was offered to patients with intermediate-risk disease or higher. ADT use and IMRT target volume was based on NCCN risk group. IMRT dose was typically 45 Gy in 25 fractions to the prostate and seminal vesicles ± pelvic lymph nodes. HDR-BT dose was 15 Gy in 1 fraction, delivered approximately 3 weeks before or after IMRT. The sequence was based on physician preference. Biochemical recurrence was defined per ASTRO definition. Gastrointestinal (GI) and Genitourinary (GU) toxicity was graded per CTCAE v5.0. Pearson Chi-squared test and Wilcoxon tests were used to compare toxicity rates. P-value < 0.05 was significant. Results Fifty-eight received HDR-BT upfront (majority 2014-2016) and 57 IMRT upfront (majority 2017-2018). Median follow-up was 26.0 months. The two cohorts were well-balanced for baseline patient/disease characteristics and treatment factors. There were differences in treatment sequence based on the year in which patients received treatment. Overall, rates of grade 3 or higher GI or GU toxicity were <1%. There was no significant difference in acute or late GI or GU toxicity between the two groups. Conclusion We found no significant difference in GI/GU toxicity in intermediate-risk or higher prostate cancer patients receiving HDR-BT boost upfront versus IMRT upfront combined with ADT. These findings suggest that either approach may be reasonable. Longer follow-up is needed to evaluate late toxicity and long-term disease control.
Chinese investment and corruption in Africa

Chinese investment in Africa has rapidly expanded in recent years and garnered significant attention. There has been considerable concern that this investment will increase corruption in African st...
A Study on Soft ARS Closed Sets in Soft Topological Spaces

In this work, analogous to Molodtsov Soft sets, We define a new class of Soft sets, namely Soft ARS closed sets and its complement Soft ARS open sets. Further we compare the properties of Soft ARS closed sets with Soft closed set, Soft semi closed set, Soft \(\alpha\) closed set, Soft JP closed set, Soft gsp closed set and we prove the concept of Soft ARS Closed sets is independent of the concept of Soft \(\omega\) closed sets, Soft \(\alpha\)g closed set, Soft gs closed set, Soft gp closed set, Soft pre closed set, Soft Strongly g closed set, Soft g closed, Soft \(\beta\) closed set.We show that the concept of Soft ARS closed sets is stronger than Soft semi closed set and weaker than the concept of Soft generalized semi pre closed sets. The same is applicable for Soft ARS open sets as well. We find the characterization of Soft ARS closed sets and Soft ARS open sets. We investigate fundamental properties of Soft ARS closed sets discuss their properties.
“They Don’t Value My Knowledge”: Interrogating the Racialized Experiences of Black First-Generation Doctoral Students in HESA Programs at HWIs

Research on first-generation doctoral students and Black doctoral students have largely remained separate despite the significant overlap in the two populations. With almost half of Black doctoral ...
Pyoderma gangrenosum in a patient on ixekizumab.

Pyoderma gangrenosum (PG) is a rare, inflammatory neutrophilic dermatosis that can have extracutaneous manifestations.1 Here, we present a patient with psoriasis on ixekizumab who first presented with a vaginal cuff abscess, with subsequent development of skin lesions on the hands, feet, and face. She was diagnosed with PG, initially treated with cyclosporine, and transitioned to adalimumab, with resolution of the cutaneous lesions and associated pain.
Securing the guardrails of democracy? Accountability and presidential communication in the 2020 election

The 2020 election raised critical questions about how presidents can be held accountable for their public communication. This essay focuses on how the ubiquitous presidency’s drive for attention—il...
Religious Scholars and the Umayyads: Piety-Minded Supporters of the Marwanid Caliphate

Part I: The Umayyad Problem in Early Islamic History 1 Umayyad Scholars in Modern Academic Literature 2 The Problem of Sources Part II: The Pillars of Umayyad Piety 3 Al-Sha'bi (d.ca. 103/721-109/727) 4 Al-Zuhri (d. 124/742) 5 Abdallah b. 'Aun (d. 151/768) 6 Al-Awza'i (d. 157/774) 7 Sufyan al-Thawi (d.161/778) Part III: The Qadi'in Umayyad Society 8 The Function of the Qadi under the Umayyads 9 The NETWORK OF Umayyad Qadis Conclusion 10 The Legacy of Pro-Umayyad Scholars
Australian kin classification

This study aims to resolve the century-old debate about the nature of Australian aboriginal societies and the comparability of their structures with the structures of other tribal and kinship-based societies. It begins with a critical evaluation and refutation of the claims that Australians are 'ignorant of physical paternity' and therefore cannot have systems of kin classification. Professor Scheffler then demonstrates that systems of kin classification are a common feature of Australian languages and that, contrary to the theory proposed by A. R. Radcliffe-Brown and others, variation in the rules of interkin marriage does not account for variation in systems of kin classification. This was the first monographic treatment of the subject since Radcliffe-Brown's classic work, The Social Organization of the Australian Tribes, published in 1931, and is much more comprehensive and synthetic in its coverage of the range of variation in Australian systems of kin classification. It applies the concepts and methods of structural semantic analysis to a broad range of ethnographic and linguistic data, and demonstrates how they resolve one of anthropology's oldest and most perplexing theoretical puzzles.
The case for using the correction index obtained from chest radiography for evaluation of pectus excavatum.

Abstract Background We previously reported the use of a computed tomography (CT)-based Correction Index (CI) as a more accurate assessment of pectus excavatum (PE) severity than the historically used Haller Index (HI). This study examines the diagnostic capabilities of the CI as assessed by lateral chest radiography (CXR). Methods A database of PE patients receiving preoperative CXR and CT was created. For each patient, a radiologist calculated a CT-based CI, while two pediatric surgeons independently calculated CXR CIs. Results The database was composed of 69 patients. Significant correlations were found between CXR CI estimates of the two observers and between the CXR and CT CI for each observer. Per our previous work, CT CIs were used in this study for identifying patients meeting surgical criteria (CT CI≥28%). Observed CXR CIs demonstrated good interrater reliability. The sensitivity (0.83) and specificity (0.77) of CXR in diagnosing severe PE (CT CI≥28%) was high. However, sensitivity (0.89) markedly improved when only considering measured CXR CIs≤26%, and combined specificity rose to 0.86 when only considering measured CXR CIs≥30%. Conclusions We recommend the CI as measured by lateral CXR for the preoperative evaluation of PE, with CT used as a confirmatory test in patients measured to have a CXR CI between 26% and 30%.
Psammomys obesus (Sand rat)

The X chromosome is the largest of the entire complement, so that it is very easy to identify. The Y chromosome is similar in size to the smallest biarmed autosomes, but its centromeric position is more central.