cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effective number of a population that varies cyclically in size. II. Overlapping generations.

Abstract We consider haploid and dioecious age-structured populations that vary over time in cycles of length k . Results are obtained for both autosomal and sex-linked loci if the population is dioecious. It is assumed that k is small in comparison with numbers of haploid individuals (or of numbers of males and females) in any generation of a cycle. The inbreeding effective population size N e is then approximately given by the expression [ T ∑ k −1 j =0 1/[ N e ( j ) T ( j )]] −1 , where N e ( j ) and T ( j ) are, respectively, the effective population size and generation interval that would hold if the population was at all times generated in the same way as at time j . The constant T , which is the effective overall generation interval, is defined to be k times the harmonic mean of the quantities T ( j ). Our expressions for T and N e , in terms of N e ( j ) and T ( j ), are general, but the N e ( j )s are derived under the assumption that offspring are produced according to Poisson distributions.
What's Postmodern about Earth's Insights?

Callicott convinces us that diverse religious traditions provide resources in constructing an environmental ethic. However, his use of the term postmodern, while rejecting most of postmodern thought, is not helpful for his project. Callicott also presumes that nonanthropocentrism and holism are necessary for a universal environmental ethic, and provides only one version of ecofeminism. There are reasons to prefer pluralism in environmental ethics and ecofeminism.
FUSE microchannel plate detectors: models and data for resolution at the pore limit

For detectors using microchannel plates (MCPs), the nonuniform response introduced by the finite size of the MCP pores has a significant effect when the size of a resolution element is comparable to the spacing between the pores (approximately 10 - 15 micrometers ). For the Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer (FUSE) spectrograph, which will employ a delay line detector, the instrument plate scale, nominal slit width (1 arcsecond), and well-corrected optical design combine to produce slit-limited images 25 micrometers in width with resolution elements 32 micrometers wide, and a nominal resolution of (lambda) /(Delta) (lambda) equals 30,000. At these scales, the MCPs will sparsely sample spectral line images, resulting in significant pixellation effects. We have constructed a computer model of a microchannel plate detector to simulate these effects and evaluate the performance that can be expected from the FUSE detector. These simulations have been compared to actual images obtained with a laboratory version of a delay line detector. Slit patterns imaged onto the detector were chosen to simulate the resolution expected from the FUSE spectrograph in order to provide an estimate of the expected resolving power and test the effects of several detector parameters on resolution. Details of the model are described, and a comparison of the results with laboratory data is made. The implications for FUSE are also discussed.
Two-dimensional imaging of the potential distribution within a core/shell nanowire by electron holography

Electrostatic potentials within a core/shell nanowire structure, composed of an intrinsic germanium core surrounded by its oxide and a heavily doped germanium shell, were investigated by electron holographic analysis on its cross-section. The potential distribution resulting from interface charges as well as dopants was successfully imaged. The surface potential, screening length, and doping concentration for the heavily doped germanium shell were determined quantitatively from the potential image. These characteristics were compared with values obtained from a numerical solution of Poisson’s equation.
Using genetic algorithm to assess the robustness of project schedules with countable risks

By nature, space mission projects are ambitious endeavors with goals to expand the limits of our knowledge of the universe. Therefore, they involve the use, or development, of complex expertise as well as sophisticated technologies. This unique complexity coupled with large projects size make these missions prone to delays and overruns.
Synthesis and water sorption of standard and end-capped polylactides: the effect of morphology

This paper investigates the relationship between morphology and water sorption in polylactide (PLA) films. Standard PLAs and palmityl initiated end-capped PLAs were synthesized with various terminating end groups such as hydroxyl, acetoxy, and palmitoyl end groups. Results from wide angle X-ray scattering and atomic force microscopy were correlated with different sorption phenomena, suggesting that crystallization and microphase separation between amorphous PLA and hydrophobic end-group-rich domains reduced water sorption in PLA. The morphological changes were affected by end-group composition, molecular weight and stereoisomerism.
Late Quaternary glaciation of the Cordillera Real, Bolivia

Glacial geological studies in tropical mountain areas of the Southern Hemisphere can be used to address two issues of late Pleistocene climate change: the global synchroneity of deglaciation and the magnitude of temperature reduction in the tropics. Radiocarbon dates from the Cordillera Real and from other areas in Peru and Bolivia suggest that late Pleistocene glaciation culminated between 14 000 and 12 000 yr BP, followed by rapid deglaciation. Because deglaciation was apparently synchronous with that in Northern Hemisphere regions, insolation change at high latitudes may not have been the only factor that produced global deglaciation at this time. Late Pleistocene glaciation in the Cordillera Real culminated when precipitation was 200 mm yr−1 higher and temperatures were 3.5° ±1.6°C lower than today; this produced an equilibrium-line altitude depression of about 300 ± 100 m on the western side of the cordillera. Prior to this, conditions were drier and probably at least as cold. However, the lack of moraines in the Cordillera Real dated to the Last Glacial Maximum (ca. 18000 yr BP) precludes using the equilibrium-line altitude method to quantitatively evaluate the discrepancy between warm sea-surface temperatures and cold terrestrial conditions reconstructed with other proxies for this time period.
Ritual and Performance in Domestic Violence Healing: From Survivor to Thriver Through Rites of Passage

This article describes a group for domestic violence survivors to help them move past a “liminal” state in which their social identity is characterized by being “victim” or “survivor” to one of “incorporation” defined by “thriving” and joy. Through the creation and use of healing rituals, blessings, poetry, art and music, the women in the group establish “communitas” and support each other in the work of self-reclamation and healing. The group, “Rites of Passage” is intended for women who have completed shelter-based crisis interventions, and uses a structured curriculum that integrates theoretical and philosophical concepts from anthropology, post-modernism, humanistic psychology, social work, and existentialism. Through the Rites of Passage group, women identify and traverse a healing trajectory to construct an identity founded on strength and fulfillment. Patterned after non-western sex-segregated rites of transition, those who go through the group celebrate its conclusion with a defining ritual that publically marks their change in identity and status.
Electrooptic reflection with surface plasmons

Electrooptic reflection with surface plasmons is studied both experimentally and theoretically. An attenuated total reflection (ATR) geometry is used in which a quartz electrooptic crystal onto which a thin Ag film has been evaporated is contacted to the hypotenuse face of a high-index prism. Modulation in the ATR of an He−Ne beam near the angle for surface plasmon excitation is observed when a low-frequency electric field is applied to the quartz crystal. Experiments have been done with both single and multiple boundary surface waves. The angular spectra show phase reversal structure due to the interference of the modulated reflected wave with the ATR wave. The modulated reflectance is calculated directly from a well-known solution to the boundary value problem in nonlinear optics. Good quantitative agreement with the observations is obtained.
New fungi found on the Indian Corn plant in Illinois.

Of the sixteen new species that have been found, fourteen are associated with spots on the leaves of corn and two have been found on the stalks at or near the basal nodes. Although the pathenogenicity of none of them has been tested by inoculation methods, it seems likely that at least those found on the leaf-spots are responsible for the particular lesions with which they are associated. Of the two that occur on the stalk, Helminthosporium zeicola shows some indication of being a parasite, but the nature of the other species is doubtful. None of the sixteen fungi appear to be of any considerable economic importance as plant pathogens, although taken collectively they may play a minor part as such by reducing the photosynthetic area of their host. Again, it should be remembered that their appearance is usually quite late in the season and toward the end of the life of the corn plant, when they are likely to have little effect on the yield. In a study of them, however, some are found to present some very interesting mycological problems, particularly in relation to their life cycles and the possible relationship between perfect and imperfect forms. The genera and species are presented in alphabetical order. The type specimens are deposited in the herbarium of the State Natural History Survey of Illinois, at Urbana, and they are designated each by an accession number and a notation as to the place and date of collection, as may be noted in the descriptions given below.
A Fluorescence in Situ Hybridization Map of Human Chromosome 21 Consisting of 30 Genetic and Physical Markers on the Chromosome: Localization of 137 Additional YAC and Cosmid Clones with Respect to This Map

A fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) map of human chromosome 21 was compiled using yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) DNA probes that encode 28 markers physically and/or genetically mapped on the chromosome. Probes that recognize the centromere and rDNA repeat sequences in the p arm were also placed as reference markers on the FISH map. For each probe, the location of the fluorescence hybridization signal was measured on metaphase chromosomes with respect to fractional chromosome length (FL) from p-ter. The location of the markers was established with a standard error of [+-]1.9 Mb using from 9 to 63 FL measurements for each probe. The relative order and separation of the markers as determined by FISH are shown to correspond well to those of other maps of the chromosome. Fifty-one additional YAC and 86 cosmid clones were also localized by FISH with respect to the 30 markers on the chromosome. The cosmids, chosen at random from a flow-sorted chromosome 21 cosmid library, show some biases in chromosome distribution. 42 refs., 2 figs., 3 tabs.
Zone Plate Designs For The Soft X-Ray Range

The properties of phase and amplitude modulating zone plates have to date been examined by various investigators interested in the performance of these structures in the soft x-ray range. With only few exceptions, however, these investigations have focussed on computing the performance of pre-determined zone plate geometries, with small attention being paid to the question of establishing the optimum geometry for maximization of the diffracted power. In view of the fact that maximization of the diffracted power is an extremely important goal in the soft x-ray range, especially.with regard to future developments in x-ray laser tech-nology and x-ray microscopy, we have undertaken a comprehensive analysis of this important problem, and in this paper we discuss our analytical approach and solutions. The results are of importance to workers in the field of diffraction optics. Portions of this work were performed at the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, which is supported by the Department of Energy.
EVIDENCE FOR CONCERT IN THE THERMAL UNIMOLECULAR VINYLCYCLOPROPANE TO CYCLOPENTENE SIGMATROPIC 1,3-SHIFT

Gas phase pyrolysis of cis-2,3-dideuterio-trans-(1‘-tert-butyl-2‘-(Z)-deuteriovinyl)cyclopropane at 290 °C gives trans,trans-3,4,5-trideuterio-1-tert-butylcyclopentene as the major 1,3-shift product with greater than 90% stereospecificity in an orbital symmetry “allowed” suprafacial-inversion sense after correction for the geometric isomerization of starting material and the other materials present. The isotopic substitution at the critical sites of rearrangement eliminates steric or electronic influences of substituents on a biradical pathway as a source of the suprafacial-inversion stereochemistry observed with more highly substituted derivatives. The stereochemical results coupled with a normal deuterium kinetic isotope effect (kH/2kD = 1.14 at 311.6 °C) at the exo-methylene carbon are best interpreted in terms of a concerted pathway for rearrangement. A less likely alternative is a stereospecific disrotatory ring opening to a biradical followed by rate-determining closure to a five-membered ring. Acco...
Deep-inelastic spin and flavor asymmetry of the nucleon from a QCD-inspired quark model.

A systematic procedure is described which permits the structure functions of nucleons to be calculated from a nonrelativistic constituent quark model. Transformation from the nucleon rest frame to the light cone or infinite momentum frame is accomplished based on work of Susskind, which does not require the weak binding and nonrelativistic kinematical approximations used in previous work. The light-cone distribution functions so obtained are then subjected to QCD evolution, giving predictions for the quark momentum densities. The model incorporates SU(6) breaking by the QCD-inspired one gluon exchange potential originated by De Rujula, Georgi, and Glashow, with the parameters fixed by Isgur and Karl from the [ital N]-[Delta] mass splitting. In contrast with some previous work, the parameter values which fit the baryon mass spectrum are here shown to also give rather good agreement with the deep-inelastic flavor and spin asymmetries in the valence region.
Improved bounds for intersecting triangles and halving planes

If a configuration of m triangles in the plane has only n points as vertices, then there must be a set of max⌈m(2n−5)⌉ω(m3(n6log2n)) triangles having a common intersection. As a consequence the number of halving planes for a three-dimensional point set is O(n83 log23 n). For all m and n there exist configurations of triangles in which the largest common intersection involves max⌈m(2n−5)⌉O(m2n3) triangles; the upper and lower bounds match for m = O(n2). The best previous bounds were ω(m3n6 log5 n)) for intersecting triangles and O(n83 log53 n) for halving planes.
The Adaptive Function of Masturbation in a Promiscuous African Ground Squirrel

Background Studies of animal mating systems increasingly emphasize female multiple mating and cryptic sexual selection, particularly sperm competition. Males under intense sperm competition may manipulate sperm quantity and quality through masturbation, which could waste sperm and decrease fertility. I examined the factors influencing masturbation by male Cape ground squirrels (Xerus inauris) in light of a number of functional hypotheses. Methodology Observational data on a marked population of squirrels were collected in east-central Namibia using scan and all-occurrences sampling. Findings Masturbation was far more frequent on days of female oestrus and mostly occurred after copulation. Masturbation rates were higher in dominant males, which copulate more, than in subordinates and increased with number of mates a female accepts. Conclusions These results suggest that masturbation in this species was not a response to sperm competition nor a sexual outlet by subordinates that did not copulate. Instead masturbation could function as a form of genital grooming. Female Cape ground squirrels mate with up to 10 males in a 3-hr oestrus, and by masturbating after copulation males could reduce the chance of infection. Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) can profoundly affect fertility, and their consequences for mating strategies need to be examined more fully.
Does surgically induced weight loss improve daytime sleepiness

Morbid obesity is associated with excessive daytime sleepiness and reduced health-related quality of life. We prospectively evaluated the pre- and postoperative responses of bariatric surgery recipients with the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) and the Short Form-12. Participants (n = 223; 79% women) with a mean body mass index (BMI) and ESS of 44.8 ± 7.9 kg/m2 and 7.9 ± 4.5, respectively, received a vertical gastrectomy (76%) or Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (12%). Preoperatively, 30% of patients complained of excessive daytime sleepiness (ESS > 10). Patients with preoperative excessive daytime sleepiness were more obese (p = 0.002), had higher fasting glucose levels (p = 0.02), more likely to have a diagnosis of sleep-disordered breathing (p < 0.001), report snoring (p < 0.001), and had lower health-related quality of life measures particularly physical function (p < 0.001), depression (p = 0.006), and sexual satisfaction (p = 0.04) than non-sleepy patients. At 12-months postoperatively, most patients experienced a significant reduction in BMI (28.6 ± 5.5 kg/m2, p < 0.001) and excessive daytime sleepiness (mean ESS 5.3 ± 3.3, p < 0.001). Patients with a clinically relevant improvement in the ESS at 12-months post-operatively had greater improvements in physical function (p = 0.009) and snoring (p = 0.010) and were more likely still using positive airway pressure therapy (p = 0.032) than patients without a clinically relevant improvement. Statistically and clinically significant improvements in all health-related quality of life measures were noted at 24 months. Bariatric surgery is associated with dramatic weight loss and improvements in physical functioning and daytime sleepiness.
Automatically synthesizing SQL queries from input-output examples

Many computer end-users, such as research scientists and business analysts, need to frequently query a database, yet lack enough programming knowledge to write a correct SQL query. To alleviate this problem, we present a programming by example technique (and its tool implementation, called SQLSynthesizer) to help end-users automate such query tasks. SQLSynthesizer takes from users an example input and output of how the database should be queried, and then synthesizes a SQL query that reproduces the example output from the example input. If the synthesized SQL query is applied to another, potentially larger, database with a similar schema, the synthesized SQL query produces a corresponding result that is similar to the example output. We evaluated SQLSynthesizer on 23 exercises from a classic database textbook and 5 forum questions about writing SQL queries. SQLSynthesizer synthesized correct answers for 15 textbook exercises and all 5 forum questions, and it did so from relatively small examples.
The role of the tail in temperature regulation of the cotton rat, Sigmodon hispidus

Abstract 1. Metabolism, colonic temperature, body weight, water loss and temperature selection of normal and tailless cotton rats were measured at temperatures ranging from 4 to 36°C. 2. The metabolic rate of normal rats is significantly different from rats without tails at temperatures between 4 and 20°C. 3. Mean lower critical temperature of rats with tails is 30·8°C, while for rats without tails it is 30·0°C. 4. Colonic temperatures differ significantly between rats with and without tails at ambient temperatures from 4 to 20°C; rats without tails possess higher values. 5. Temperature selection was a significant inverse function of temperatures to which rats had been previously exposed. 6. Analyses of metabolic rate and temperature tolerance indicate that cotton rats are sensitive to low temperature extremes, and that other factors, i.e. changes in habitat or climatic temperature are playing a role in recent range expansion.
524 A DESCRIPTION OF MEDICAL, DEVELOPMENTAL AND PSYCHOSOCIAL OUTCOME FROM 6 TO 48 MONTHS IN A GROUP OF NICU GRADUATES

A comprehensive assessment of the medical, developmental and psychosocial outcome of a heterogenous group of 131 NICU graduates was made by a multidisciplinary team at 6, 12, 18, 24, 36 and 48 months of age. Results of an in-depth clinical interview conducted at 6 months were analyzed to determine what psychosocial issues were most stressful to these families. Synthesis of the multiple medical problems encountered indicated that most infants were initially identified as having a problem at 6 months (28%); resolution of these problems required varying amounts of time, with an even distribution of cases showing at medical risk, 50% showed resolution over the ages studied while 43% did not. Cognitive functioning, assessed with the Bayley exam from 6 to 24 months, was generally found to be one standard deviation below average, with the sample consistently showing lower psychomotor than mental development. General cognition, assessed with the McCarthy scales, was found to be within average ranges; however, motor scores were significantly lower than verbal scores. The most frequently identified psychosocial problems were financial stress, medical costs, and marital adjustment. Extended family support was noted to be a central factor in helping to resolve difficulties associated with having a high-risk infant.
Los Alamos advanced free-electron laser

Abstract Los Alamos researchers are building a free-electron laser (FEL) for industrial, medical, and research applications. This FEL, which will incorporate many of the new technologies developed over the last decade, will be compact, robust, and user-friendly. Electrons produced by a photocathode will be accelerated to 20 MeV by a high-brightness accelerator and transported by permanent-magnet quadrupoles and dipoles. The resulting electron beam will have an excellent instantaneous beam quality of 10πmm mrad in transverse emittance and 0.3% in energy spread at a peak current up to 300 A. Including operation at higher harmonics, the laser wavelength extends from 3.7 μm to 0.4 μm.
Free and forced vibrations of a spinning viscoelastic beam

The free and forced response of spinning, viscoelastic, Rayleigh shafts is studied. Viscoelasticity is included using the three parameter solid model. The closed form polynomial frequency equation and integral expressions for the response to a general forcing function are derived. A convenient decay parameter is described. Results are given for natural frequencies and decay rates as functions of shaft rotation speed, stiffness, and viscosity. It is found that shaft materials are possible which have desirable damping and natural frequency characteristics. A parameter case is discussed in which natural frequency and damping simultaneous increase, while stiffness is held constant. Also, the special case of forced response to a step load is derived and used to illustrate the combined effects of viscoelasticity and gyroscopic forces.
Fuzzy Control of Vertical Jumping With a Planar Biped

This paper develops a control strategy to produce vertical jumps in a planar biped robot as a preliminary investigation into dynamic maneuvers. The control strategy was broken into two functional levels to separately solve the problems of coordination and execution of the jump maneuver. A high-level fuzzy controller addresses the complexities that arise from the system’s hybrid nonlinear dynamics and series-elastic actuators embedded in the articulated legs. A novel fuzzy training scheme is used because the system is too complex for traditional training methods. A low-level controller is based on a state machine that sequences the legs through the phases of a jump. The modular nature of the control strategy allows quick adaptation to other dynamic maneuvers. Validity is demonstrated through dynamic simulation and testing with the experimental biped KURMET which result in stable successive jumps over a range of heights.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Ombudsman Program Characteristics Related to Nursing Home Abuse Reporting

The purpose of this research is to determine if there is an association between ombudsman report rates of abuse, gross neglect, and exploitation from 1997 through 2002 and ombudsmen's public and staff education, investigative process, program expenditures, and census demographics. Data were obtained from the National Ombudsman Reporting System. Ombudsman annual reports of nursing home abuse, neglect, and exploitation are representative of that state's individual program. These reports should not be construed to represent all abuse in nursing homes. Physical abuse and resident-to-resident abuse were the highest rates of abuse reported. Census demographics and ombudsman program characteristics were associated with rates of abuse.
Microbiological characteristics of precooked, vacuum-packaged uncured beef and pork.

Abstract Microbiological examination of 29 packages of precooked, vacuum-packaged beef and pork products purchased at local and regional supermarkets along with 110 packages of precooked, vacuum-packaged, sliced roast beef obtained from a major meat processor did not disclose the presence of Escherichia coli , coagulase-positive Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium perfringens or Salmonella . The effects of storage temperature and length of storage on the microflora of 110 packages of sliced roast beef were determined at specific intervals of storage up to 84 days at 1° and 5°C, and up to 28 days at 10°C. The microflora of samples stored at 1° and 5°C was dominated by Lactobacillus spp. when examined on day 28 and throughout the remainder of the 84-day test period. The microflora of samples held at 10°C was dominated by Lactobacillus spp. until late in storage when Hafnia alvei became a major portion of the bacterial population. Precooked, sliced roast beef had a longer shelf life in laboratory controlled evaluations when stored at 1°C as opposed to 5° or 10°C.
Investigating the Strategic Reading Processes of First and Second Language Readers in Two Different Cultural Contexts.

Abstract This study investigated whether significant differences exist between first and second language readers in their metacognitive awareness and perceived use of specific strategies when reading for academic purposes in English. Three hundred and fifty college students (141 US and 209 Moroccan) completed an instrument designed to measure their metacognitive awareness of reading strategies. The results revealed that despite the fact that the two student groups had been schooled in significantly different socio-cultural environments, they reported remarkably similar patterns of strategy awareness and reported usage when reading academic materials in English. Where differences were found, Moroccan students reported using certain types of strategies more often than did their American counterparts. These findings help to explain some of the differences and similarities between second language readers and those reading in their first language, which have only been seen in terms of deficiencies but not in other, presumably more beneficial or even neutral ways.
Robert H. Shaffer: The Quintessential “Do‐Gooder”

Robert H. Shaffer, a pioneering administrator, faculty member, and professional association leader, was interviewed about the early days of AACD (formerly APGA) and his contributions to the student affairs field.
Periodontal health of older men: the MrOS dental study

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and severity of periodontitis in men of 65+ years and identify demographic and lifestyle factors associated with its presence. Methods: Participants were recruited from the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men Study, a longitudinal study of risk factors for fractures in older men. Dental measures included clinical attachment loss (CAL), pocket depth (PD), calculus, plaque and bleeding on a random half-mouth, plus a questionnaire regarding access to care, symptoms and previous diagnosis. Results: 1210 dentate men completed the dental visit. Average age was 75 years, 39% reported some graduate school education, 32% smoked 20 + pack years and 88% reported their overall health as excellent/good. In terms of periodontal health, 38% had sub-gingival calculus, 53% gingival bleeding, 82% CAL ≥5 mm and 34% PD ≥6 mm. The prevalence of severe periodontitis was 38%. Significant demographic and lifestyle factors associated with severe periodontitis in multivariate analyses included age ≥75 (OR 1.4, 95% CI 1.1–1.7) non-white race (OR 1.9, 95% CI 1.3–2.8), less than an annual dental visit (OR 1.5, 95% CI 1.1–2.0), and 20 + pack years (OR 2.1, 95% CI 1.6–2.7). Conclusion: A high proportion of healthy older men have evidence of periodontal destruction which could, given the growing ageing population, have a significant impact on the dental profession’s ability to provide preventive and therapeutic care. The population at highest risk of periodontitis in MrOS is older minority men who smoke and do not have annual dental visits.
The role of microsomes in fatty acid synthesis from acetate by cell-free preparations of rat liver and mammary gland

Abstract 1. 1. The conversion of acetate to fatty acids by particle-free supernatant and microsomal fractions of rat livers and of lactating and non-lactating rat-mammary glands was studied. 2. 2. Stimulation of fatty acid synthesis by addition of microsomes to the supernatant fraction was related to the amounts of microsomal protein and ATP added to the incubation mixtures. Excessive amount of either one depressed the level of synthesis, which could be reversed by addition of larger amounts of the other. 3. 3. Microsomal stimulation cannot be explained solely by the presence of microsomal ATPase since the highest level of synthesis was observed at a critical ratio of microsomal protein to ATP concentration. This suggests that microsomal stimulation is related to an ATP-dependent process. 4. 4. The newly synthesized fatty acids were firmly bound to the incubated protein. Upon re-isolation of microsomes at the end of incubation, it was found that 80% of the newly synthesized fatty acids was bound to these particles. However, microsomal stimulation cannot be explained solely on the basis of a binding phenomenon. 5. 5. The possibility that microsomal stimulation of fatty acid synthesis from acetate or acetyl-CoA is due to an effect on acetyl-CoA carboxylase present in the supernatant fraction is discussed.
65/90 GHz complementary HBT technology

A monolithic complementary HBT technology with record microwave performance is reported. Pnp HBTs have achieved an fmax of 65 GHz; Npn HBTs on the same wafer achieved an fmax of 90 GHz. These fmax values are the highest reported for any complementary technology; to the authors' knowledge, 65 GHz is the highest fmax ever reported for a hole-transport device.
WE-A-230A-01: NCI Talk On Funding

The National Institutes of Health is composed of 27 Institutes and Centers, with the National Cancer Institute (NCI) being the oldest and the National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB) the youngest. Medical physicists have a major stake in the pursuits of these institutes since they have a large influence on everything from the research that is funded to the clinical protocols and methods that are employed in both therapy and diagnosis. Yet these institutes are themselves experiencing very significant extrinsic and intrinsic factors that affect the ways that they interact with the medical community. A partial list would include: the NIH budget in the post‐doubling period; the creation of NIH‐wide Roadmap Initiatives and NCI‐wide Enterprise Initiatives; the adaptation of the NIBIB to the other Institutes; budget set‐asides for the war on terrorism; the dawning of translational research methods; the blurring of boundaries between disciplines; and an increasing role for industry, to name a few. The ramifications of these changes will be explored with regard to the institute budgets, priorities and relationships; and the presentation will outline some of the current research agendas and the mechanisms which are used to implement them. Educational Objectives: 1. Understand the structure and processes involved in NIH funded research. 2. Understand the issues surrounding the NIH budget. 3. Understand how to develop a research proposal.
Attention and psychomotor functioning in bipolar depression

The objective of this study was to assess psychomotor functioning and attention in individuals with bipolar disorder during the depressed phase of illness. Measures of attention and psychomotor functioning were administered to a sample of 24 bipolar I and II patients and a matched sample of healthy controls. Relative to the healthy controls, the bipolar sample demonstrated evidence of psychomotor slowing and revealed deficits on measures of effortful attention, yet demonstrated comparable performance on measures of automatic attention. In the bipolar sample, we detected significant correlations among measures of psychomotor functioning and some aspects of attention and a strong relationship between the severity of depression and psychomotor functioning, but no direct relationship between attention deficits and depressive symptomatology. These results suggest an attentional impairment during the depressed phase of bipolar disorder that may be specific to effortful processing, while automatic processes remain relatively intact. Associations among indices of attention deficits and psychomotor slowing may be indicative of similarities in the underlying neurobiology of these frequently co-occurring symptom domains in depressed individuals with bipolar disorder.
Life Span as the Measure of Performance and Learning in a Business Gaming Simulation

This study applies the learning curve method of measuring learning to participants of a computer-assisted business gaming simulation that includes a multiple-life-cycle feature. The study involved 249 participants. It verified the workability of the feature and estimated the participants' rate of learning at 17.4% for every doubling of experience. This method of measuring learning may be useful for the comparative assessment of different kinds of computer-mediated simulations and of their features and ancillary activities.
Skeletal muscle atrophy and the E3 ubiquitin ligases MuRF1 and MAFbx/atrogin-1

Muscle RING finger 1 (MuRF1) and muscle atrophy F-box (MAFbx)/atrogin-1 were identified more than 10 years ago as two muscle-specific E3 ubiquitin ligases that are increased transcriptionally in skeletal muscle under atrophy-inducing conditions, making them excellent markers of muscle atrophy. In the past 10 years much has been published about MuRF1 and MAFbx with respect to their mRNA expression patterns under atrophy-inducing conditions, their transcriptional regulation, and their putative substrates. However, much remains to be learned about the physiological role of both genes in the regulation of mass and other cellular functions in striated muscle. Although both MuRF1 and MAFbx are enriched in skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle, this review will focus on the current understanding of MuRF1 and MAFbx in skeletal muscle, highlighting the critical questions that remain to be answered.
Bounded Rationality in Social Science: Today and Tomorrow

With the discovery of voluminous discordant empirical evidence, maximizing expected utility is rapidly disappearing as the core of the theory of human rationality, and a theory of bounded rationality, embracing both the processes and products of choice, is replacing it. There remains a large task of organizing our picture of economic and social processes and adding the new facts needed to shape the theory in an empirically sound way. It is also urgent that new tools now available for conducting empirical inquiry and constructing models be incorporated in social science graduate education.
Smoked cocaine self-administration in females

Although approximately 32% of all smoked cocaine (“crack”) users are women, most studies investigating cocaine use have recruited only male subjects. Therefore, this study examined the smoked cocaine self-administration patterns of female crack abusers. A work requirement, where up to five tokens were earned by subjects, was followed by the administration of a sample delivery of one of three dose sizes [5.0 mg (placebo), 0.2 mg/kg, 0.4 mg/kg] of cocaine. The three dose sizes of cocaine were administered in counterbalanced order across subjects, with each subject receiving one dose size within a session and all dose sizes across the three experimental sessions. A self-administration phase followed the sample delivery, during which a token could be exchanged every 30 min for monetary reimbursement or a delivery of cocaine in the same dose size as the sample delivery. The results show that females' patterns of behavioral and subjective responding to smoked cocaine exhibit clear dose-related effects, thus affirming this self-administration model as safe and appropriate for use with women.
Examination of quantum cascade laser source for a MEMS-scale photoacoustic chemical sensor

Photoacoustic spectroscopy is a useful monitoring technique that is well suited for trace gas detection. The technique also possesses favorable detection characteristics when the system dimensions are scaled to a micro-system design. The objective of present work is to incorporate two strengths of the Army Research Laboratory (ARL), Quantum Cascade Laser (QCL) source development and chemical and biological sensing into a monolithic micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) photoacoutic trace gas sensor. Past examination of a one quarter scale photoacoustic (PA) macro-cell has indicated a pathway to incorporate a photoacoustic resonance structure in a micro-mechanical platform. Initial studies involve the incorporation of a QCL source operating @ ~3.45 μm into the PA macro-cell system as a means to discern proper operational characteristics in relation to the photoacoustic cell design. Results will be presented describing beam conditioning, modulation control and wavelength selection associated with the QCL source. Some preliminary information regarding MEMS-scale designs based off of hybrid concept, involving commercially available microphone and fully fabricated MEMS photoacoustic resonator will be described.
Clinical review 48: The current status of diagnosis and therapeutic intervention in Turner's syndrome

URNER’S syndrome (45,X) affects many organ systems in the body. Five recent innovations in therapy and medical technology stand out: 1) the search for cryptic Ychromosomal material, 2) the use of human GH alone or in combination with anabolic agents to achieve an increase in adult height, 3) the investigation of carbohydrate intolerance and the possible effects of GH, 4) the effects of cardiovascular abnormalities, 5) the clinical relevance of osteoporosis, and 6) oocyte donation and embryo transfer leading to successful pregnancies in patients with gonadal dysgenesis. These recent advances formed the primary agenda of three international conferences on Turner’s syndrome during the past 5 yr (1, 2), the last of which was held this past summer outside Tokyo (3). The primary direction of this clinical review is to provide guidelines for a smooth transition in the care of these patients from the pediatric endocrinologist to the adult endocrinologist. It is exactly at this junction that the patient’s needs often remain unmet, simply because potential medical complications of Turner’s syndrome in adult women are less well described, and information on their appropriate management has not been widely disseminated (4).
Increased matrix vesicle protein in rachitic rat epiphyseal growth plates

Extracellular, membrane-bound vesicles are widely regarded to be the initial site of calcification in a variety of tissues under normal and pathological conditions. Alkaline phosphatase is believed to play a vital role in this process by hydrolysing ester phosphates or mineral inhibitors, e.g. inorganic phosphates. In the present study, matrix vesicles from normal and rachitic rat growth plates were compared with regard to specific activity of alkaline phosphatase, total vesicle protein and ultrastructural distribution of alkaline phosphatase activity. Matrix vesicles were released from normal or rachitic growth plates by collagenase digestion and isolated by differential centrifugation. Enzyme cytochemical localization involving a cerium capture method was performed on vesicles collected by vacuum filtration on Millipore filters. SDS gels and Western blots on fractions of both normal and rachitic matrix vesicles showed major proteins to be almost identical and confirmed the presence of alkaline phosphatase in both. Total matrix vesicle protein ((mg total matrix vesicle protein/rat) x 10(2)) per rat was significantly greater for the rachitic animals (9.0 +/- 2.0 vs. 4.0 +/- 1.0), P less than 0.0001. Alkaline phosphatase specific activity (units alkaline phosphatase/mg vesicle protein) in the rachitic and normal matrix vesicles was 25.29 +/- 9.36 and 18.78 +/- 3.37, respectively (0.05 less than P less than 0.1). Electron dense cerium phosphate deposits were localized to the outer membrane surface of matrix vesicles derived from both types of rats. This data, the first to quantify the relationship between rickets, matrix vesicle protein and alkaline phosphatase specific activity, suggests that matrix vesicles from rachitic and normal rats have biochemical and morphological similarity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Agricultural Trade Liberalization and Low Income Countries: A General Equilibrium-Multimarket Approach

Integrated multimarket-general-equilibrium models are constructed to analyze the impact on poor cereal importers of rising world prices following OECD trade liberalization. Archetypes contrast African countries in which cereal imports are not competitive with domestic production (Africa I) to African and Asian countries where they are competitive. Results show rising food import bills and exchange rate depreciation in Africa I and the opposite in the other two regions. Policy implications include promoting agricultural exports from Africa I and promoting food crops for import substitution in the other regions. Food aid needed to shelter the poor during the transition period is calculated.
Modeling bud development during the quiescent phase in red-osier dogwood (Cornus sericea L.)

Abstract Stages of bud development during the quiescent phase were numerically expressed by a degree growth stage (°GS) model. This phase extends from the end of rest (315°GS) to spring bud break (360°GS). This study determined temperature effects on bud development at different developmental stages during the quiescent phase. Results were used to develop a model for predicting daily bud development and spring bud break. At monthly intervals during the quiescent phase red-osier dogwood (Cornus sericea L.) plants were exposed in growth chambers to temperatures of 5–20°C and a 12-h photoperiod. Plants were placed in a greenhouse at 20/15°C day/night temperatures and a 16-h photoperiod, and bud development evaluated on the basis of time required for terminal vegetative buds to break. Bud development increased with increasing temperatures, from 5 to 20°C, and with increasing bud development from 315 to 360°GS. In two years of study a model was developed, which used bihourly temperatures and accumulating °GS to predict daily bud development and spring bud break within three days.
Theory of reasoned action and theory of planned behavior-based dietary interventions in adolescents and young adults: a systematic review

Background Childhood obesity has reached epidemic proportions in many nations around the world. The theory of planned behavior (TPB) and the theory of reasoned action (TRA) have been used to successfully plan and evaluate numerous interventions for many different behaviors. The aim of this study was to systematically review and synthesize TPB and TRA-based dietary behavior interventions targeting adolescents and young adults. Methods THE FOLLOWING DATABASES WERE SYSTEMATICALLY SEARCHED TO FIND ARTICLES FOR THIS REVIEW: Academic Search Premier; Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health (CINAHL); Education Resources Information Center (ERIC); Health Source: Nursing/Academic Edition; Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL); and MEDLINE. Inclusion criteria for articles were: 1) primary or secondary interventions, 2) with any quantitative design, 3) published in the English language, 4) between January 2003 and March 2014, 5) that targeted adolescents or young adults, 6) which included dietary change behavior as the outcome, and 7) utilized TPB or TRA. Results Of the eleven intervention studies evaluated, nine resulted in dietary behavior change that was attributed to the treatment. Additionally, all but one study found there to be a change in at least one construct of TRA or TPB, while one study did not measure constructs. All of the studies utilized some type of quantitative design, with two employing quasi-experimental, and eight employing randomized control trial design. Among the studies, four utilized technology including emails, social media posts, information on school websites, web-based activities, audio messages in classrooms, interactive DVDs, and health-related websites. Two studies incorporated goal setting and four employed persuasive communication. Conclusion Interventions directed toward changing dietary behaviors in adolescents should aim to incorporate multi-faceted, theory-based approaches. Future studies should consider utilizing randomized control trial design and operationalize variables. More research is needed to identify the optimal TPB and TRA modalities to modify dietary behaviors.
Kinetics of Conformation Change in Cyanometmyoglobin Following Electron Transfer Monitored by Magnetically Induced Circular Dichroism Spectrometry

The characterization of the dynamics of conformational changes that accompany the ligand binding and dissociation reactions of myoglobin may provide insights into the events that control the physiological function of this oxygen storage protein. The cyanometmyoglobin system was chosen for this study because cyanide binds to the metmyoglobin state and dissociates upon reduction. The potential step spectroelectrochemical method was used here because the rate of cyanometmyoglobin reduction at an electrode can be controlled so that the rate of dissociation of the reduced cyanomyoglobin can then be followed.
How Did the Wealthiest Britons Get so Rich

The source of 200 of the greatest fortunes in Great Britain in 1988 is examined using data published in Money magazine. The 200 fortunes originated in 74 different industries, the most common being land-holding (n=33) and real estate trading and development (n=15). Sixty-two of the industries were judged to be competitive at the time the fortunes orginated, 12 non-competitive. Three-quarters of the fortunes originated in what were essentially competitive industries. Possible explanations include infra-marginal rents due to business acumen or ownership of scarce essential resources, short-run disequilibrium profits, the returns to innovation, luck (or observations of the very fortunate investors who played the business uncertainty lottery), or classification errors. In any case, we learn that monopoly is not the exclusive (or even most common) source of vast fortunes in Great Britain.