cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Flow-Limited Authorization

Because information flow control mechanisms often rely on an underlying authorization mechanism, their security guarantees can be subverted by weaknesses in authorization. Conversely, the security of authorization can be subverted by information flows that leak information or that influence how authority is delegated between principals. We argue that interactions between information flow and authorization create security vulnerabilities that have not been fully identified or addressed in prior work. We explore how the security of decentralized information flow control (DIFC) is affected by three aspects of its underlying authorization mechanism: first, delegation of authority between principals, second, revocation of previously delegated authority, third, information flows created by the authorization mechanisms themselves. It is no surprise that revocation poses challenges, but we show that even delegation is problematic because it enables unauthorized downgrading. Our solution is a new security model, the Flow-Limited Authorization Model (FLAM), which offers a new, integrated approach to authorization and information flow control. FLAM ensures robust authorization, a novel security condition for authorization queries that ensures attackers cannot influence authorization decisions or learn confidential trust relationships. We discuss our prototype implementation and its algorithm for proof search.
Experimental modelling of eddy currents and deflection for Tokamak limiters

During plasma disruptions in a tokamak fusion reactor, eddy currents are induced in the limiters and other conducting structures surrounding the plasma. Interactions between these currents with the toroidal field causes deflection and stress in the structural components. The structural motion in the strong magnetic field induces additional eddy current opposing the initial eddy current and modifying subsequent structural dynamics. Therefore, the motion and current are coupled and must be solved simultaneously. The coupling between current and deflection in cantilevered beams was investigated experimentally. The beams provide a simple model for the limiter blade of a tokamak fusion reactor. Several test pieces and various magnetic field conditions were employed to study the extend of the coupling effect from weak to strong coupling. Experimental results are compared with analytical predictions.
Preclinical TSPO Ligand PET to Visualize Human Glioma Xenotransplants: A Preliminary Study

Current positron emission tomography (PET) imaging biomarkers for detection of infiltrating gliomas are limited. Translocator protein (TSPO) is a novel and promising biomarker for glioma PET imaging. To validate TSPO as a potential target for molecular imaging of glioma, TSPO expression was assayed in a tumor microarray containing 37 high-grade (III, IV) gliomas. TSPO staining was detected in all tumor specimens. Subsequently, PET imaging was performed with an aryloxyanilide-based TSPO ligand, [18F]PBR06, in primary orthotopic xenograft models of WHO grade III and IV gliomas. Selective uptake of [18F]PBR06 in engrafted tumor was measured. Furthermore, PET imaging with [18F]PBR06 demonstrated infiltrative glioma growth that was undetectable by traditional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Preliminary PET with [18F]PBR06 demonstrated a preferential tumor-to-normal background ratio in comparison to 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-D-glucose ([18F]FDG). These results suggest that TSPO PET imaging with such high-affinity radiotracers may represent a novel strategy to characterize distinct molecular features of glioma growth, as well as better define the extent of glioma infiltration for therapeutic purposes.
Pharmacokinetics and Safety of Arginine Supplementation in Animals

Anticipating the future use of arginine to enhance fetal and neonatal growth as well as to treat diabetes and obesity, we performed studies in pigs, rats, and sheep to determine the pharmacokinetics of orally or i.v. administered arginine and the safety of its chronic supplementation. Our results indicate that all 3 species rapidly catabolized the supplemental arginine. The elevated circulating concentrations of arginine generally returned to baseline levels within 4-5 h after administration, with the rates varying with the age and physiological status of the animals. The clearance of arginine was greater in pregnant than in nonpregnant animals, in young than in adult animals, in lean than in obese animals, and in type-1 diabetic than in nondiabetic animals. I.v. administration of arginine-HCl to pregnant ewes (at least 0.081 g arginine.kg body weight-1.d-1) did not result in any undesirable treatment-related effect. Neonatal pigs, growing-finishing pigs, pregnant pigs, and adult rats tolerated large amounts of chronic supplemental arginine (e.g. 0.62, 0.32, 0.21, and 2.14 g.kg body weight-1.d-1, respectively) administered via enteral diets without the appearance of any adverse effect. On the basis of the comparative studies and a consideration of species differences in food intake per kilogram body weight, we estimate that a 70-kg human subject should be able to tolerate long-term parenteral and enteral supplemental doses of 6 and 15 g/d arginine, respectively, in addition to a basal amount of arginine (4-6 g/d) from regular diets.
Action Spectrum for Carotenogenesis in Myxococcus xanthus

An action spectrum was measured for photoinduction of colored carotenoids in dark-grown, early stationary-phase cells of Myxococcus xanthus. Maximum activity was observed at 405 to 410 nm with subsidiary maxima at 512, 533, 548, 585, and 635 nm. These maxima correspond closely in position and magnitude with absorption maxima of protoporphyrin IX, which had previously been isolated from M. xanthus cells and had been shown to increase during the stationary phase of the culture. Late stationary-phase, dark-grown cells undergo photolysis which had been shown to have an action spectrum resembling the absorption spectrum of protoporphyrin IX. The similarity of the action spectra of photolysis and photoinduced carotenogenesis in M. xanthus and of other photoinduced biological phenomena is discussed.
Changes in Involved and Uninvolved Limb Function During Rehabilitation After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Implications for Limb Symmetry Index Measures

Background:Functional testing is used to assess anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction rehabilitation, with the goal of symmetric ability. The pattern of change in the uninvolved limb’s function during rehabilitation is not established.Hypotheses:(1) Involved and uninvolved limb ability increases during rehabilitation, but the uninvolved limb ability increases to a lesser degree. (2) Hop tests will show larger initial asymmetry and will improve the most with rehabilitation.Study Design:Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3.Methods:This was a retrospective case series of 122 patients who underwent ACL reconstruction at our ambulatory surgery center and received multiple postoperative Standard Functional Tests (SFTs) between October 2009 and October 2013. Ten of the 12 individual tests within the SFT battery were analyzed. The patients’ earliest and latest SFTs were compared for changes in Limb Symmetry Index (LSI) and absolute function in each limb. We also analyzed the subgroup with SFTs (n = 38) at...
Analysis and treatment of child abuse: A set of behavioral propositions

Five propositions are presented to suggest the potential of a behavioral approach to the understanding and treatment of child abuse. Each proposition deals with an important source of child abuse: (a) ineffective child management techniques; (b) deliberately punitive child rearing practices; (c) impulsive acts by the parent triggered by the child; (d) high levels of stress; and (e) negative attitude toward the child. For each proposition we discuss supportive findings from both child abuse and general psychological research as well as the additional information that would be needed in order to obtain a better functional analysis of clinical cases. Based on this discussion, behavioral therapy strategies are proposed with special attention being given to the various measures needed to evaluate the effectiveness of treatment programs.
Portability and the UNIX operating system

This paper studies the compatibility degree between two different UNIX2 environments. The porting of ConcurrenC (concurrent version of the C programming language) from a VAX3 computer under UNIX 4.2BSD to an AT&T UNIX PC running UNIX System V was used as a testbed.ConcurrenC is analyzed to highlight the existence of the 4.2BSD features missing in UNIX System V. These characteristics are mainly related to system calls used for interrupt handling, and for process synchronization and communication. They are implemented under System V using new provided facilities (i.e., message mechanism for interprocess communication), or simulating their functioning through special purpose C language routines.
Ethnic Differences in Family Stress Processes Among African-Americans and Black Caribbeans

Several theories of stress exposure, including the stress process and the family stress model for economically disadvantaged families, suggest that family processes work similarly across race/ethnic groups. Much of this research, however, treats African-Americans as a monolithic group and ignores potential differences in family stress processes within race that may emerge across ethnic groups. This study examines whether family stress processes differ intraracially in African-American and Black Caribbean families. Using data from the National Survey of American Life, a national representative data set of African-American and Black Caribbean families, we assess the extent to which parents’ stress appraisals and psychological adjustment are related to their adolescent children’s stress appraisals, psychological adjustment, and depressive symptoms. Our study illustrates that stress processes differ by ethnicity and operate through varying pathways in African-American and Black Caribbean families. The implications of intraracial variations in stress processes are discussed.
Lack of evidence of a vasodepressor role for relaxin in spontaneously hypertensive and normotensive pregnant rats

To test the possibility that the ovarian polypeptide hormone relaxin mediates the vasodepressor effect of pregnancy, we measured changes in blood pressure in three groups of spontaneously hypertensive and Wistar-Kyoto normotensive rats: (1) pregnant, bilaterally oophorectomized rats on postmating day 13, (2) pregnant, sham-oophorectomized rats on postmating day 13, and (3) nonpregnant, sham-oophorectomized rats after 13 days. The day before parturition we also measured the pressor responsiveness to angiotensin II and norepinephrine. Systolic blood pressure fell significantly during the last week of gestation in both strains, reaching normotensive levels in the hypertensive rats by term. The pressor responsiveness to angiotensin II, but not norepinephrine, of the pregnant rats was reduced compared with that of the nonpregnant rats in both strains. Oophorectomy did not prevent the fall in blood pressure or the decrease in vascular reactivity to angiotensin II. Therefore, although ovarian relaxin secretion increases during pregnancy, it apparently does not decrease vascular sensitivity to angiotensin II or cause vasodilation.
Optimizing continuous-time filters driven by bang-bang signals

This work introduces an optimization method to minimize the noise and the power consumption of active filters driven by bang-bang signals taking into account the hard voltage-range constraints of the amplifiers and guaranteeing their full-range operation without saturation.
Trap healing and ultralow-noise Hall effect at the surface of organic semiconductors

In organic semiconductors, disorder-induced traps can alter the mobility of the charges and introduce noise in transport measurements. It is now shown that simple drop-casting of perfluoropolyether on top of organic single-crystals is an effective strategy for healing charge traps. This method allows the intrinsic transport properties of these materials to be recovered as well as suppressing noise in Hall effect measurements.
Citrulline metabolism in normal and citrullinemic human lymphocyte lines

Citrullinemia is one of the five aminoacidurias associated with the Krebs-Henseleit urea cycle. A long-term lymphocyte line (UM-21) derived from a patient with this disease and nine of ten clones of this line were found to have no activity for the enzyme argininosuccinate synthetase (AS), as demonstrated by their inability to grow in medium in which citrulline had been substituted for arginine, by their inability to incorporate arginine-C14 derived from citrulline-C14 into cellular protein, and by direct enzyme assay. One clone had normal or nearly normal argininosuccinate synthetase activity, as demonstrated by the same criteria. Nutritional "variants" able to grow logarithmically in medium containing citrulline were isolated from UM-21 and three clones. The apparent Kms of AS for citrulline in UM-21, the ten clones, the variant lines, and a normal line were measured and fell into three groups: AS in UM-21 and nine clones had no measurable apparent Km for citrulline; AS in the variant cells had apparent Kms for citrulline of approximately 20 mM; and AS in the normal cell line and one clone had apparent Kms for citrulline of 0.2 mM. The data suggest that the defect in the citrullinemic cell lines is due to a mutation in the structural gene coding for argininosuccinate synthetase.
Implementing technology-forcing policies: The 1970 Clean Air Act Amendments and the introduction of advanced automotive emissions controls in the United States

Abstract Technology forcing is a strategy where a regulator specifies a standard that cannot be met with existing technology, or at least not at an acceptable cost. Using the 1970 U.S. Clean Air Act for controlling automobile emissions as a baseline example, we demonstrate the importance of the regulatory implementation process if regulations are to foster technological change. The 1970 legislation required steep emissions reductions for new 1975 and 1976 automobiles, which presented automakers with major technical and economic challenges. Nevertheless, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency successfully forced the adoption of two marquee control technologies—the catalytic converter in 1975 and the three-way catalyst in 1981. We focus on three factors critical to the implementation process: agency credibility to enforce standards, competitive pressures to drive industry research and development, and uncertainty about technological development.
A portable optical human sweat sensor

We describe the use of HNQ (2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone or Lawsone) as a potential sweat sensor material to detect the hydration levels of human beings. We have conducted optical measurements using both artificial and human sweat to validate our approach. We have determined that the dominant compound that affects HNQ absorbance in artificial sweat is sodium. The presence of lactate decreases the reactivity of HNQ while urea promotes more interactions of sodium and potassium ions with HNQ. The interactions between the hydroxyl group of HNQ and the artificial sweat components (salts, lactic acid, and urea) were investigated comprehensively. We have also proposed and developed a portable diode laser absorption sensor system that converts the absorbance at a particular wavelength range (at 455 ± 5 nm, where HNQ has an absorbance peak) into light intensity measurements via a photocell. The absorbance intensity values obtained from our portable sensor system agrees within 10.4% with measurements from a laboratory based ultraviolet-visible spectrometer. Findings of this research will provide significant information for researchers who are focusing on real-time, in-situ hydration level detection.
Aesthetics in Nursing Practice and Education

Nursing's historical commitment to holistic ways to come to know and understand through multiple modes of awareness necessitates an expansion of nursing assessment, intervention, and educational strategies. Aesthetic modalities in nursing practice expand our understanding of the human condition of the clients for whom we care and enhance our awareness of the meaning of being alive in health-illness situations. As a method of assessment and intervention, aesthetics provides unique means through which clients and nurses can explore personal perceptions of aspects of their world and fosters a creative sense of self-awareness. It is proposed that aesthetic techniques in nursing practice and education bring forth unique patterns of understanding that defy conventional communication and nursing therapeutic techniques. Further, the use of aesthetics in nursing practice begins during the educative process. The incorporation of aesthetic knowing into nursing education fosters caring, compassion, and fluidity in practice.
Low-protein diet in children with chronic renal failure--1-year results. European Study Group for Nutritional Treatment of Chronic Renal Failure in Childhood.

In 1988 the European Study for Nutritional Treatment of Children with Chronic Renal Failure started its multicentre randomized trial to investigate the influence of protein intake on the progression of renal failure. A total of 284 children had been registered. Of these 221 were accepted for the study. The data from 105 patients after 1 year of study are vailable for preliminary analysis. Fifty children were randomized for the diet group and 55 for the control group. Both groups were comparable concerning age, glomuerlar filtration rate (GFR) and height standard deviation score for chronological age at the start of the study period and the distribution of primary renal diseases and sex. Limits for protein and energy intake were set according to the safe levels and recommendations given by the World Health Oraganization. The compliance with dietary prescriptions as calculated from dietary diaries was good. A low-protein diet did not do any harm to the children with respect to length gain and weight gain. The progression of renal failure was minimal in the diet group (mean loss of GFR 3.6 ml/min per 1.73 m2 per year) as well as in the control group (2.3 ml/min per 1.73 m2 per year). The differences between the diet group and the control group were statistically not significant when either all patients or only subgroups of various primary renal diseases were analysed. When only patients with a good compliance were considered (documented by dietary diaries or by urea nitrogen excretion) the same results were obtained. In summary, reduction of protein intake was accepted by the majority of patients. There was no significant influence on growth, weight gain and progression of renal failure within the 1 st year of study.
Systematic design of nanomagnet logic circuits

Nanomagnet Logic (NML) is an emerging device architecture that performs logic operations through fringing field interactions between nano-scale magnets. The design space for NML circuits is large and so far there exists no systematic approach for determining the parameter values (e.g., device-to-device spacings, clocking field strength etc.) to generate a predictable design solution. This paper presents a formal methodology for designing NML circuits that marshals the design parameters to generate a layout that is guaranteed to evolve correctly in time at 0K. The approach is further augmented to identify functional design targets when considering thermal noise associated with higher temperatures. The approach is applied to identify layouts for a 2-input AND gate, a "corner turn," and a 3-input majority gate. Layouts are verified through simulations both at 0K and room temperature (300K).
Bread and the Ballot: The United States and India's Economic Development, 1947-1963

Dennis Merrill examines the origins and implementation of U.S. economic assistance programs in India from independence in 1947 to the height of John F. Kennedy's ""development decade"" in 1963. As the Cold War spread to the Third World in the late 1940s and 1950s, American policymakers tried to use economic aid to draw neutral India into the Western camp. Citing the country as the ""world's largest democracy,"" the Americans hoped to establish India as a showcase for American-sponsored development and a counterweight to the Communist model in the People's Republic of China. By the early 1960s, India has become one of the Third World's leading recipients of American economic assistance. Yet, as Merrill demonstrates, India remained dedicated to a nonaligned status, and Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru's frequent criticism of U.S. foreign policy tried the patience of Cold War strategists. Even in the area of economic policy, the two nations differed on a wide variety of developmental issues. Thus, argues Merrill, the Indian case offers a keen vantage point from which to explores modern American foreign policy and the complexities of the foreign aid process. Bread and the Ballot is one of the first studies of U.S. attitudes toward Third World development in the decades following World War II to be based largely on recently declassified government documents. Merrill's study draws on materials from the Harry S. Truman, Dwight D. Eisenhower, and John F. Kennedy presidential libraries, U.S. State Department records, and the papers of Chester Bowles, who served as ambassador to India under both Truman and Kennedy. In addition, Merrill's extensive research in Britain and Indian public records gives this work a multinational perspective. Originally published in 1990. A UNC Press Enduring Edition -- UNC Press Enduring Editions use the latest in digital technology to make available again books from our distinguished backlist that were previously out of print. These editions are published unaltered from the original, and are presented in affordable paperback formats, bringing readers both historical and cultural value.
Characterizing rate distortion region for video coding from first principles

In this paper, we develop a simple, yet, fundamental characterization of rate-distortion region in video coding based on information-theoretic first principles. Using conditional motion estimation as a framework, a closedform expression for rate-distortion region is derived. This framework offers an elegant means to analyze the rate-distortion trade-offs. The concept of conditional motion estimation involves classifying image regions into active and inactive regions based on the amount of motion activity. By appropriately modeling the residuals corresponding to active and inactive regions after motion compensation, a rate-distortion function is derived in terms of motion activity and spatio-temporal correlation that commonly exist in video content.
The RNA of a dimerized ribosomal structure from hamster cells.

Abstract When the ribosomes of Syrian hamster cells are extracted in 0.1 M K+ and 0.02 M Mg2+ they give rise to dimers, monomers and an intermediate structure. After partial purification of these peaks by sucrose gradient centrifugation, and analysis of their RNA by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, their ratios of 28- S 18- S RNA indicate that this intermediate structure is made up of one 40-S and two 60-S subunits.
Copula Modeling: An Introduction for Practitioners

This article explores the copula approach for econometric modeling of joint parametric distributions. Although theoretical foundations of copulas are complex, this paper demonstrates that practical implementation and estimation are relatively straightforward. An attractive feature of parametrically specified copulas is that estimation and inference are based on standard maximum likelihood procedures, and thus copulas can be estimated using desktop econometric software. This represents a substantial advantage of copulas over recently proposed simulationbased approaches to joint modeling.
Why Public Policy Matters in Improving Access to Dental Care

The executive and legislative branches of state government have broad authority that provides the underpinning for the dental health care system. This article describes four principal areas in which policy makers' decisions can improve children's access to dental care: (1) providing and financing health care (ie, providing opportunities for shaping public insurance programs like Medicaid and SCHIP); (2) regulating health providers and facilities (ie, providing levers for policy change in dental practice acts); (3) ensuring the health of the public (ie, states' choices on population-based approaches and providing leadership in oral health); and (4) education and training of the health workforce (ie, state support of dental education that can ensure a dental workforce that meets the needs of the population).
Anomalous pulmonary artery from the aorta via a patent ductus arteriosus: repair in a premature infant

A successful repair of anomalous left pulmonary artery from the ascending aorta via a left ductus arteriosus in a 1 kg baby is reported. Repair was performed at an early age to avoid pulmonary hypertension and left pulmonary artery occlusion. Utilizing the right ductus to perfuse the right lung, surgery was performed without cardiopulmonary bypass.
Dynamics of a deformable body in a fast flowing soap film.

We study the behavior of an elastic loop embedded in a flowing soap film. This deformable loop is wetted into the film and is held fixed at a single point against the oncoming flow. We interpret this system as a two-dimensional flexible body interacting in a two-dimensional flow. This coupled fluid-structure system shows bistability, with both stationary and oscillatory states. In its stationary state, the loop remains essentially motionless and its wake is a von Karman vortex street. In its oscillatory state, the loop sheds two vortex dipoles, or more complicated vortical structures, within each oscillation period. We find that the oscillation frequency of the loop is linearly proportional to the flow velocity, and that the measured Strouhal numbers can be separated based on wake structure.
Latino Mobilization in New Immigrant Destinations: The Anti—H.R. 4437 Protest in Nebraska's Cities

We use the 2006 immigrant-rights protests as a point of departure to test whether political opportunity structures aligned to spur widespread immigrant mobilization in new immigrant destinations. The existing immigrant mobilization scholarship would predict the absence of protest in areas of new migration because of their low levels of immigrant civic infrastructure. Through a detailed study of the immigrant-rights protests and their aftermath in Nebraska, we find that the unifying effect of the anti-immigrant legislation on immigrant-ethnic communities nationally allowed immigrants and their leaders to seize the opportunities presented by shifting local politics, new communications technologies, and the growing migrant civil societies in new destinations to spur widespread, if short-lived, mobilization.
Beyond MARC: New Trends for the Library of the Future

Abstract : It is vitally important that the library profession keep pace with new technologies being developed for the public by industries across the world. The library has to adapt to changing trends and lifestyle issues. Some changes may necessitate a different approach to the traditional roles and methods of operation. Most libraries are meeting a host of challenges presented by industries and new technologies, and are incorporating new ideas into the profession to better serve their clients. The influence of recent industrial changes has resulted in some libraries experiencing change in their methods of operating. For example, some functions of technical services are being outsourced to private businesses. Some libraries find outsourcing easier and more cost-effective than hiring personnel to perform these traditionally held functions. Another profound change that has already affected how libraries operate as service providers is the change in how they present and describe content. MARC, once the traditional language of choice for libraries in describing format and content, is now being questioned as to its relevance. As a library-specific language, it lacks interoperability with other more modern languages used on the internet such as HTML, SGML, and XML. MARC's inability to be offered as an industry-wide standard was cause for concern among vendors that historically provided service to libraries. Unlike MARC, however, XML is derived from HGML and SGML, and is better suited to describe the attributes of the technological offerings of the private sector, colleges, hospitals, and institutions. XML is extensible, interoperable with other ML languages, and its use has opened the collections of libraries across the world for viewing, unlike a unique program or stand-alone application could. The author focuses specifically on DC-XML (Dublin Core-Extensible Markup Language), OCLC's first attempt at migration from MARC to an extensible markup language.
My innovative failures in economics

This manuscript represents a unique, personal account of the thoughts of Bill Vickrey. This sometimes humorous account more importantly chronologically details the ebb and flow of economic issues and thought over the past 25 years. Vickrey challenges economists to break away from obsolete, habitual thinking and be open to new ideas.
Control of the bass tapeworm, Proteocephalus ambloplitis (Leidy), with mebendazole

Abstract. Mebendazole (methyl-5-benzoyl benziraidazole-2-carhamate) was shown to have anthelmintic activity against larvae of Proteocephalus ambloplitis (Leidy) in implantations were found to be highly effective. A single intraperitoneal injection of 200 mg/kg or a capsule implantation of 200 mg/kg of mebendazole each reduced the infection by 95 % after 6 weeks. Oral treatment for 14 consecutive days at 100 mg/kg/ day reduced I he infection by 90%. Intraperitoneal injection of 200 mg/kg of mebendazole ever, did not interfere with spawning and reproduction of largemouth bass; however fish injected with 300 mg/kg produced no fry. Haematocrit, total haemoglobin, total serum protein and histological changes were not evidenl in treated fish.
The induction of SOS function in Escherichia coli K-12/PQ37 by 4-nitroquinoline oxide (4-NQO) and fecapentaenes-12 and -14 is bile salt sensitive: implications for colon carcinogenesis.

The response of Escherichia coli to genotoxic agents involves the triggering of a complex system of genes known as the SOS response. In E. coli PQ37, a test organism used for the assessment of genotoxicity, lacZ, the β-galactosidase gene is placed under the control of sfiA, one of the SOS genes through an operon fusion. The induction of β-galactosidase activity, when the organism is exposed to genotoxic agents, is an indirect measure of the genotoxic activity of the test compound. Incubation of E. coli PQ37 with either 4-nitroquinoline oxide (4-NQO) or one of the fecal mutagens, fecapentaene-12 or -14 (F-12 or F-14) in the presence of sodium taurocholate or sodium deoxycholate resulted in a significant enhancement of induction of β-galactosidase activity. The molecular mechanisms of 4-NQO-induced mutagenesis in E. coli are similar to those of the effects of UV light in which both replication-dependent and repair-dependent pathways of mutagenesis exist. Since E. coli PQ37 is excision-repair-deficient, alternate pathways are involved in this system. Bile salts by themselves do not trigger the SOS response, and hence their role in enhancing the SOS-inducing potency of mutagens may involve the potentiation of the cleavage-inactivation of lexA (repressor of SOS) by the protein product of the SOS-controlled gene, recA. The potentiating effect of bile salts on the fecal mutagens, F-12 and F-14, has implications in their suspected role in colon carcinogenesis associated with high-fat, low-fiber diets.
Prevalence and distribution patterns of tumors in bicolor damselfish ( Pomacentrus partitus ) on South Florida reefs

Damselfish neurofibromatosis (DNF) is a cancer affecting bicolor damselfish (Pomacentrus partitus) on reefs in South Florida, USA. Bicolor damselfish exhibiting DNF were observed on 18 of 19 reefs surveyed, with prevalence rates varying from 0.4 to 23.8% of the adult fish in these populations. These rates were very stable over 5 to 9 yr periods (1981 to 1989) on the two reefs monitored. High disease prevalence was associated with a high population density of large size-class fish and a population structure dominated by large fish. These patterns were observed both between and within reef populations. The distribution of cases within reefs was clustered rather than uniform or random. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that DNF is distributed primarily via fish to fish (horizontal) transmission of an infectious agent. Disease patterns are not consistent with what would be expected to result from inherited (or vertically transmitted) or water-borne agents.
A statistical profile of the American Association of Pastoral Counselors and the Association for Clinical Pastoral Education

AAPC and ACPE possess only empirical descriptions of their ministry. Statistical data in this study provide a clearer picture. These data describe and contrast professional time usage and perceived importance of pastoral tasks in one region (Michigan, Ohio, Indiana, Kentucky) of AAPC and ACPE. AAPC spends 43 percent of its time providing pastoral counseling services; ACPE spends 19 percent (p ⩽.001). AAPC spends 19 percent of its time in teaching/supervision; ACPE spends 35 percent (p ⩽.001). AAPC spends 10 percent of its time in pastoral care; ACPE spends 14 percent (p ⩽.01). The task perceived as most important by both organizations is providing pastoral counseling services. ACPE prizes it only 17 percent less than AAPC although that difference is significant (p ⩽.001). Teaching/supervision is perceived as equally important in both organizations although it carries less than 75 percent of the importance given to pastoral counseling services. Pastoral care services are as important as teaching/supervision for ACPE and are significantly less important in AAPC (p ⩽.001). These as well as other data in this study create a clearer picture of ministry within these two organizations.
Atomic Phase Conjugation From a Bose Condensate.

The authors discuss the possibility of observing atomic phase conjugation from Bose condensates, and using it as a diagnostic tool to access the spatial coherence properties and to measure the lifetime of the condensate. They argue that since phase conjugation results from the scattering of a partial matter wave off the spatial grating produced by two other waves, it offers a natural way to directly measure such properties, and as such provides an attractive alternative to the optical methods proposed in the past.
Oral versus depot medication in schizophrenia

More recent experience and research may well have modified the original claims and expectations of the advantages of depot injections over oral medication, and these observations are almost certainly valid. However, for long-term maintenance therapy there remain certain clear advantages which have been outlined, and in the circumstances of normal clinical practice, with all its variations, these advantages would seem to be overwhelming. In the absence of any specific disadvantages, it is fair to conclude that even if the two methods of administration lead to no pharmacological differences, clinically, depot injections remain the better treatment in long-term maintenance therapy. It represents an organised management of the patient, his illness and his treatment far beyond the simple administration of a drug.
Multiscale Structural Analysis of Porcine Aortic Heart Valves Using a Collagen Fiber Network (CFN) Micromodel

Current Aortic Valve (AV) computational structural models do not explicitly account for the layered leaflet microstructure, i.e. collagen fibers and elastin matrix. Homogenized anisotropic hyperelastic material models are commonly used for the effective mechanical behavior of the leaflets. The later are difficult to calibrate and often unstable in structural simulations. In this study, we introduce a new heterogeneous material micromodeling approach for the porcine leaflet tissue that explicitly recognizes the collagen fiber network (CFN) distribution and integrate it with the elastin matrix into the global structural analysis of the AV system. The proposed multiscale (heterogeneous) material and structural (MMS) models are verified in their ability to predict the overall AV structural response from in-vitro pulsatile and static loops. Sophisticated imagery measurements are used to examine the kinematics and deformations of the leaflets. The proposed MMS framework is computationally effective in predicting the overall mechanical behavior of the AV structure.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Crystallization Kinetics in Isotactic Polypropylene Films with Carbon Nanotubes

Polymer nanocomposites are the largest commercial application for carbon nanotubes (CNTs) which determines the interest in their effect on crystallization processes of polymers. We chose Isotactic Polypropylene (iPP) as one of the most widely used polymers. Nanocomposites with multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) 0-5% by weight were studied, using differential scanning Calorimetry to measure the crystal nucleation and kinetics effects of MWCNTs. Isothermal crystallization at 138°C was performed and the data were analyzed using Avrami analysis. We obtained results for the effect of MWCNTs on the crystallization kinetics. The Avrami analysis showed a dramatic increase in the crystallization rate constant and constancy of the Avrami exponent with increase of the CNTs concentration. The full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the heat flow exotherm and the peak time for crystallization (tp) change dramatically. The crystallinity shows a slight variation with the CNTs concentration dipping at 2% CNTs which can be explored further at higher concentrations.
Institutional investors as suppliers of equity-linked capital: Evidence from privately placed convertible debt

Abstract Using a sample of firms that privately placed convertible debt with a few institutional buyers during the period 1980 to 1998, we find significantly negative stock and operating performance subsequent to the placements. Yet, our examination of the activities between the placing firm and buyers shows that most institutional buyers remain passive investors after convertible debt placements. Our findings support the “windows of opportunity” hypothesis which suggests that firms issue equity or equity-linked securities when their equity is overpriced. Our findings are not consistent with traditional arguments that private financing arrangements with a limited number of institutional investors allow a firm to avoid the information disparity problems that attend capital-raising endeavors by undervalued or correctly priced firms. Nor are our findings consistent with institutional blockholders formed in a private placement performing a quality certification of the firm or aligning the interest of corporate managers more closely with those of shareholders.
Signal transduction during cardiac hypertrophy: the role of Gαq, PLC βI, and PKC

Time for primary review 34 days. Currently the precise biochemical pathogenesis of cardiac hypertrophy remains unclear. A great deal of investigation has been directed toward the examination of various signal transduction pathways that are thought to be involved in stimulating this process. In particular, the signaling pathways that use heterotrimeric G protein-coupled receptors have been the focus for many investigations. This review will focus on the function of the Gαq family of proteins and its downstream effectors during cardiac hypertrophy. Hypertrophy is the final common pathway for a variety of insults to the normal cardiovascular system. Many mechanical and hormonal stimuli such as hypertension, valve disorders, and ischemic events, can produce a hypertrophic response. These pathologic stimuli cause an increase in the workload placed upon the heart resulting in hypertrophy and remodeling that has been observed at the myocyte [1] and the gross anatomical level. Current thought suggests that the hypertrophic response is a compensatory mechanism that allows normal cardiac function against a gradient of increasing workload. If the pathologic stimulus is sufficiently intense or prolonged, a period of failure characterized by impaired function, dilation of the left ventricle, and pulmonary congestion ensues. Recently, experiments using cardiac specific transgenesis to investigate G protein-mediated mechanisms of cardiac hypertrophy have yielded novel information that may give us cause to re-evaluate our traditional stratification of hypertrophic states [2]. It is important to evaluate these results along with other conventional and transgenic models so that we can develop a more comprehensive understanding of this complex disease. Heterotrimeric G protein-coupled receptors serve to convey an extracellular biochemical signal to intracellular effectors. These receptors are heptahelical structures with extracellular, transmembrane, and intracellular domains coupled to specific G proteins which are comprised of three (α, β, γ) subunits. When the G protein complex is in … * Corresponding author. Tel.: 1-216-844-3293; fax: 1-216-844-3145 raw19{at}po.cwru.edu
Diversity and Inclusion of Sociopolitical Issues in Foreign Language Classrooms: An Exploratory Survey

ABSTRACT: One aim of foreign language teaching is to broaden learners' worldviews and promote intercultural communication. Less discussed, however, are domestic diversity and sociopolitical issues. Through a survey of university students of Japanese, Spanish, and Swahili, the authors of this study investigated diversity in the classroom, students' backgrounds and learning experiences, and their perceptions about the relationship between foreign language learning and issues of race, gender, class, and social justice. The study found more racial diversity in Japanese and Swahili than in Spanish classes and in beginning Spanish classes than in advanced Spanish classes. Beginning Spanish students related foreign language learning with social justice issues less frequently than did advanced students. A follow-up survey revealed stigmatized experiences and detachment from ethnic identity among some minority students.
Unique Dairy Applications of Eastern Gamagrass Forages in Central Wisconsin: I. Yield Potential

Replacement dairy heifers (Bos taurus) offered diets comprised largely of corn (Zea mays L.) silage or other high-energy forages often become overconditioned, which may damage their future performance as lactating cows. Our objective was to assess the yield potential of a perennial C4 grass, eastern gamagrass [Tripsacum dactyloides (L.) L.], for incorporation into fiber-demanding, dairy-heifer or dry-cow diets. Replicated field plots of `Pete' eastern gamagrass were evaluated within nine harvest systems and four N fertilization regimes. For single-harvest systems, dry matter (DM) yields increased across harvest dates, reaching numerical maximums of 7192, 9764, and 7554 kg ha -1 by mid-August of 2007, 2008, and 2009, respectively. During each year, there was a strong linear (P < 0.001) effect of harvest date; however, higher-ordered effects varied within year. Relatively large yield increases (≥1812 kg ha -1 ) between early and mid-August during 2008 and 2009 suggest that better yields could be achieved by delaying single harvests of eastern gamagrass beyond mid-August. Yields ofDM from double-harvest systems were not competitive with single-harvest systems timed in mid-August. Nitrogen fertilization increased (P < 0.001) DM yields, exhibiting both linear (P < 0.001) and quadratic (P = 0.027) effects of application rate. However, efficiency ofN usage was reduced as fertilization rates increased.
Parallel processing of numerical transport algorithms

The multigroup, discrete ordinates representation for the linear transport equation enjoys widespread computational use and popularity. Serial solution schemes and numerical algorithms developed over the years provide a timely framework for parallel extension. On the Denelcor HEP, we investigate the parallel structure and extension of a number of standard S/sub n/ approaches. Concurrent inner sweeps, coupled acceleration techniques, synchronized inner-outer loops, and chaotic iteration are described, and results of computations are contrasted. The multigroup representation and serial iteration methods are also detailed. The basic iterative S/sub n/ method lends itself to parallel tasking, portably affording an effective medium for performing transport calculations on future architectures. This analysis represents a first attempt to extend serial S/sub n/ algorithms to parallel environments and provides good baseline estimates on ease of parallel implementation, relative algorithm efficiency, comparative speedup, and some future directions. We find basic inner-outer and chaotic iteration strategies both easily support comparably high degrees of parallelism. Both accommodate parallel rebalance and diffusion acceleration and appear as robust and viable parallel techniques for S/sub n/ production work.
On the distribution of the time required to remove white balls from an urn.

Balls are removed one-at-a-time at equal time intervals from an urn initially containingw 0 white balls and a large number b of black balls and each black or white ball is immediately replaced by a black ball. The distribution of the number of white balls remaining aftert iterations (under certain limiting operations) is taken from the literature. The problem is to use this result to find the time required to remove a fixed number of white ballsw 1 from the urn. We then find the mean and variance of this distribution and also look at the special case whenw 1 =w 0.
Type 2 Diabetes and Mammographic Breast Density among Underserved Women

Purpose We conducted a study of women recruited at Meharry Medical College, a historically black medical school, to investigate the relationship between diabetes and mammographic breast density.
Longterm complications of Beall prosthetic valve: a case report.

A case of malfunctioning Beall prosthetic mitral valve causing severe heart failure is presented. The unusual aspect of this malfunction was the finding of disc dislodgment despite the absence of pathology in the disc itself. The dislodg ment was caused by excessive tissue ingrowth around the suture ring. The need for close clinical follow-up of this type of prosthetic valve is emphasized.
Unsupervised estimation of the left ventricular boundary in echocardiographic image sequences using edge probabilities

As a tool for cardiac assessment, 3D echocardiography (3DE) has largely been limited to use by experts capable of qualitative determination of left ventricular (LV) function. The usefulness of 3DE can be extended to physicians in critical care settings who have minimal training in echocardiography if it delivers quantitative parameters of LV function without expert supervision. As a critical step to generate the quantitative measures, we develop an algorithm that automatically locates and tracks the LV boundary through a sequence of 2D frames, such as those constituting a 3DE data set. A novel approach of the algorithm in this paper is the computation of an edge probability field for each frame. For unsupervised processing, the algorithm incorporates a template-based search in the first frame using prior knowledge about the LV shape. Then, by active contour (or snake) matching, the LV boundary is obtained as a MAP estimate. The internal energy constraints of the snake serve as the prior probability. Unlike the conventional snakes that depend on hard edge information as external energy, the snake in our approach uses the soft information in the edge probability field. We also can obtain a measure of confidence in the boundary estimate from the value of the energy function at the estimated contour. The estimate from one frame is used to initialize active contour matching in the next frame for LV tracking.