cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fretting corrosion of Si3 N4 vs CoCrMo femoral heads on Ti-6Al-V trunnions

Fretting corrosion at the head-neck taper junction was compared between silicon nitride (Si3 N4 ) and commercially available cobalt chrome (CoCrMo) femoral heads on titanium (Ti-6Al-4V) trunnions. An electrochemical setup was used to capture the fretting currents (characterized by oxide abrasion and repassivation) during cyclic loading. Onset load, pull-off force (disassembly load), short term and long term (1 million cycles) fretting currents were used to compare the fretting corrosion performance between the test group (Si3 N4 /Ti-6Al-4V) and the control group (CoCrMo/Ti-6Al-4V). Incremental cyclic fretting corrosion tests showed that the Si3 N4 /Ti-6Al-4V combination had statistically lower (P < .05) average fretting current of 0.189 µA (SD = 0.114 µA) compared to 0.685 µA (SD = 0.630 µA) for CoCrMo/Ti-6Al-4V for cyclic load of 3200 N. Similarly, for the one million cycle fretting corrosion tests, the Si3 N4 /Ti-6Al-4V couples had statistically lower (P < .05) average current (0.048 µA, SD = 0.025 µA) vs CoCrMo/Ti-6Al-4V couples (0.366 µA, SD = 0.143 µA). The Si3 N4 heads also had higher onset loads (P < .05) for fretting (vs CoCrMo, 2200 N vs 1740 N) indicating a difference in surface contact mechanics between the two groups. Scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy confirmed material transfer from the trunnions to the heads for both groups tested, and from head to trunnion for the CoCrMo heads. Minimal Si3 N4 transfer was noted. The electrochemical, mechanical, and microscopic inspection data supported the hypothesis that Si3 N4 /Ti-6Al-4Vcombination had better fretting corrosion performance compared to CoCrMo/Ti-6Al-4V.
8 – Breathing Planet

Publisher Summary Solar radiation is the principal heat engine powering the Earth system. Across the planet, there are air–sea interactions that are forced by seasonal sunlight, most notably in the high latitudes where the winter–summer contrasts are most extreme. Variable warming or cooling of different regions on the planet influences climate cycles as well as the density-driven dynamics of the ocean. The coupled movement of the ocean and atmosphere is further regulated by the motion of the planet itself. Moreover, spinning of the Earth not only influences day and night periods throughout the year, but also influences the trajectory of air and water masses around the planet. As the coldest region on the planet, Antarctica has the lowest regional atmospheric pressures on Earth about the temperature–pressure relationship. Furthermore, the essence of global climate variability is that long-term climate trends are influenced by shorter-term climate cycles which are further superimposed on even shorter-term climatic events. Distinguishing the underlying forces that influence the dynamics of the Earth system over different time and space scales from the movement of continents to the combustion of fossil fuels—is essential in understanding the relationship between environmental variability and humankind.
Exclusive Diffraction at the LHC

In this report, we describe the most recent results on exclusive diffraction from the ATLAS, CMS, LHCb, TOTEM experiments at the LHC concerning exclusive pions, $J/\Psi$, $\Psi(2S)$, dilepton, diphoton, $WW$ productions and prospects concerning the search for anomalous couplings and axion-like particle production.
Decomposition of the Gini index by income source for aggregated data and its applications

The Gini index is well-known for a single measure of inequality. The purpose of this article is to explore a matrix structure of the Gini index in a setting of multiple source income. Using matrices, we analyze the decomposition of the Gini index by income source and derive an explicit formula for the factors in terms of the associated percentile levels based on aggregated data reporting. Each factor is shown to be the sums of the two split off parts of the income within a percentile bracket. Both have unequalizing and equalizing contribution to the total inequality, respectively. We use R code and apply the methodology to several data sets including a sample of European aggregated income reporting in 2014 for illustration. A byproduct from the Gini decomposition provides a matrix approach to the decomposition of the associated Lorenz curve in terms of the density distribution matrix and a Toeplitz matrix.
GHH Preferences on Households' Portfolio Choices: Theoretical Implications and Empirical Evidence

This paper explores theoretical implications and empirical evidence of GHH preferences [Greenwood et al. (1988)] over portfolio choices. First, we analytically solve a parsimonious life-cycle portfolio choice model with the GHH preferences and endogenous labor-leisure choice. Second, our analytical solution identifies four effects due to the GHH preferences (through endogenous labor-leisure choices) on risky shares; and it shows that two net effects hinge on the value of one key structural parameter. Third, we empirically test main theoretical predictions with the Panel Study of Income Dynamics data. Overall, the estimation results provide empirical evidence in support of certain key implications out of GHH preferences. Thus, our analysis sheds light on one of the most fundamental, yet highly contentious, questions in quantitative macroeconomic analysis: the choice of utility functions in a representative agent model when portfolio choices are of concern.
Nitrogen vapor immersion: An accessible alternative for honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) semen cryopreservation.

Abstract Semen cryopreservation is a valuable conservation tool and is often used in livestock species to accelerate artificial selection of desirable traits. Recently, semen cryopreservation has been successfully introduced to honey bees, bolstering trait selection for breeders and aiding conservation efforts for threatened bee populations. Current cryopreservation methods use slow-programmable freezing to achieve long-term storage of honey bee germplasm. However, the equipment necessary for this method is costly and time consuming to use, making it less accessible to breeders and researchers. We tested two cost and time efficient alternatives to slow-programmable freezing, vitrification and vapor immersion using two freezing devices, the CryoLock and microdialysis tube. Semen was preserved in either 20, 40, or 60% dimethyl sulfoxide (Me2SO). The post-thaw sperm viability (% living sperm) and subjective motility (0–5 scale) of these techniques were compared to those of slow-programmable frozen semen and non-frozen controls. Semen frozen in microdialysis tubes produced higher motility and sperm viability than semen frozen with the CryoLock device. The same trend was observed between vapor immersion and vitrification, with vapor immersion proving superior. Vapor immersed semen dialyzed with 20% Me2SO produced statistically similar sperm motility (4 ± 0.41) and viability (73.51% ± 5.56%) to slow-programmable freezing (4.25 ± 0.25, 80.61% ± 4.20%) and the non-frozen control (4.5 ± 0.28, 93.39% ± 0.90%). Optimization of the dialysis process and freezing rate may further increase the post-thaw sperm quality. Nonetheless, these results show promise for an effective replacement to slow-programmable freezing that maintains high sperm quality while increasing accessibility.
A Case of Diffuse Brucellar Spondylodiscitis

Diffuse brucellar spondylodiscitis is the most severe subtype of osteoarticular brucellosis and is defined as a brucellar infection involving an entire vertebral body, typically a lumbar vertebra, with spread to the adjacent disc space, vertebra, and even extravertebral spaces, including epidural, paraspinal, or intramuscular locations. Although it is a relatively rare diagnosis in the US healthcare system, it should be considered in all patients with severe back pain, radicular symptoms, and a history of extensive exposure to an endemic area. Any delays in treatment can be associated with an increased risk of permanent neurological deficits or death. Here, we present a case of diffuse brucellar spondylodiscitis in a patient who presented to our facility with a history of extensive exposure to an endemic area. While an MRI can reveal pathognomonic findings in brucellar spondylodiscitis, for our case, it was nonspecific. The MRI provided early evidence of an infectious etiology which prompted immediate broad-spectrum antimicrobial coverage until causal organisms were identified and culture sensitivities directed targeted antibiotic therapy. The patient was able to recover over the course of four months without surgical intervention. At her final clinical follow-up, she had no neurological deficits and had complete resolution of her radicular symptoms.
Debugging Object Tracking by a Recommender System with Correction Propagation

In biomedical applications such as tracking hundreds of specimens over months, we assume none of the existing visual tracking approaches is capable of achieving 100 percent accuracy in these challenging real-world scenarios. Meanwhile, biological discovery and health diagnosis usually require high-quality tracking results for solid analysis. However, manually debugging (verifying and correcting) tracking results generated by automated tracking algorithms object-by-object and frame-by-frame in thousands of frames is too tedious. In this paper, we investigate how to debug automated object tracking results with humans in the loop. A novel iterative recommender system with correction propagation is proposed to assist multiple human annotators to debug tracking results in an effective, collaborative and efficient way. Tracking data that are highly erroneous are recommended to annotators based on their propagation influence and annotators’ debugging histories. Different annotators debug the tracking data independently and their debugging results are collected for joint correction propagation. Since an error found by an annotator may have many analogous errors in the tracking data and the errors can also affect their nearby data, we propose a correction propagation scheme to propagate corrections from all human annotators to unchecked data which efficiently reduces human efforts and accelerates the convergence to perfect tracking accuracy. Our proposed approach is evaluated on three challenging biological datasets. The quantitative evaluation and comparison validate that the recommender system with correction propagation is effective and efficient to help humans debug tracking results generated by automated tracking algorithms.
The hedonic model and the housing cycle

Abstract The hedonic house price model is a significant workhorse when it comes to estimating the value of local public goods such as school quality and crime, and locational amenities such as job accessibility. Given Rosen's (1974) result that hedonic coefficients can be interpreted as the marginal willingness to pay (MWTP) for the good, the hedonic model can be used to calculate the benefits of policies based on improving school performance or public safety. One of the key assumptions for this interpretation of the hedonic coefficients as MWTP is that the market is in equilibrium. The recent turbulence in the U.S. housing market has led many researchers to question the interpretation of the hedonic coefficients. Putting periods of significant market instability aside, housing markets go through cycles just as the economy does. One might expect, then, that hedonic coefficients will also vary over the housing cycle. A house price hedonic for the Greater Boston Area is estimated using transactions data over a long time period, 1987–2012, that covers multiple cycles with peaks in 1988 and 2005. The impacts of standardized test scores, crime rates, and job accessibility on house prices are estimated on an annual basis. Surprisingly, there is evidence that these estimates exhibit a counter-cyclical variation with the largest impacts occurring during the recent downturn. This can be explained by changes in the composition of buyers over the housing cycle.
'What is China's Dream?' Hu Angang Imagines China in 2020 as the First Internationally Embedded Superpower

HU Angang, one of this generation’s most influential academic thinkers, has applied his considerable analytic skills to theorize the future of China in his most recent book, China in 2020: A New Type of Superpower. The book represents an effort to add authoritative Chinese voices to the Western debates about China, written to observe China as an insider, to understand China as a researcher, to forecast China’s future as a participant in its evolution, and as a scholar of the era following Deng Xiaoping, to help construct China. This review will consider HU’s analysis from two perspectives. The first focuses on the contextual perspective of the historical development and future path of the People’s Republic of China. The second focuses on the theoretical perspective, analyzing the framework within which strong state influences will be structured increasingly in this century. This review is divided into three broad sections. Part A of this review starts with a short assessment of the framing context within which it was produced for Western audiences. Part B then turns to the heart of Hu Angang’s work. Critical attention will be placed on the theoretical framework developed in the bookend chapters. Part C then considers the bulk of Hu’s analysis — the way that framework informs the opportunities and challenges in economics, population management, environmental, organizational and other key respects. To understand those challenges for China, one must also to understand the challenges for the proper practice and development of the Chinese Communist Party within China as well as on the international stage. Hu suggests here the contours of a seamless merger of domestic and internal policies grounded in China’s substantive political norms, now harmonized with global internationalism.
General Guidelines for Experimenting with HIV

Performing experiments using human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected materials represents a potential biological hazard for the investigator. An intensive training program for laboratory personnel must always precede the actual execution of research involving manipulation of HIV. In addition, appropriate sterile tissue culture techniques are absolute prerequisites for producing meaningful experiments and for achieving safe working conditions. In most circumstances more than one investigator uses the same HIV research facility; therefore, careful training in biosafety is mandatory not only for self-protection, but for the safety of other investigators as well. The first protocol in this unit establishes a general framework for working safely with HIV and the second describes the proper storage of HIV stocks and test supernatants.
Accounting in Context of Communication, Language and Information Theories: A Partial Analysis

Accounting at various times has been referred to as a communication process, a language, and a conveyor of information. Given this condition, an analysis of accounting in terms of the theories relating to those references would enable an understanding of: (1) how well the parts of accounting conform with language theory; (2) how communication theory can aid in the clarification and improvement of the accounting communication process; and (3) how relevant is information theory for the refinement of accounting information. This study is a partial analysis which presents some implications of those theories for accounting.
Quantitative theory of in vivo lac regulation: Significance of repressor packaging: I. Equilibrium considerations

Abstract This paper presents a quantitative formulation of the repressor-operator interaction suitable for comparison with in vivo data. The theory predicts the average fraction of free operators in a population of exponentially growing cells whose content of repressors and operators is realistically represented. Both the smallness of the numbers of molecules involved in the reaction within each cell, and the variation in the number of repressors present from cell to cell are shown to effect substantially the free operator content of the population. The difference between this formulation and the simple “mass action” theory is presented both analytically and numerically. We are led to expect important quantitative differences between the results of certain in vivo experiments and their in vitro analogs.
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Cognitive Decline in Two Large Cohorts of Community-Dwelling Older Adults

OBJECTIVES: To relate diabetes mellitus (DM) status and duration to late-life cognitive impairment and decline in men and women. DESIGN: Prospective cohort. SETTING: Community. PARTICIPANTS: Five thousand nine hundred seven men in the Physicians' Health Study II and 6,326 women in the Women's Health Study (mean age 74.1 and 71.9, respectively, at baseline cognitive assessment); 553 men and 405 women had DM. MEASUREMENTS: Primary outcomes were general cognition (the Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status (TICS) and a global score averaging five tests) and verbal memory. All participants had second assessments approximately 2 years later; women had third assessments an average of 4 years later. RESULTS: In adjusted linear regression models, participants with DM had significantly lower baseline scores for all outcomes, and longer duration of DM was associated with lower scores (P-trends <.001). Men with DM had significantly greater 2-year cognitive decline than men without DM, and longer duration of DM was associated with worse decline (P-trends \u2264.01). In repeated-measures analyses of response profiles, women with DM had significantly greater 4-year cognitive decline in all outcomes than women without DM. In women, as in men, there was generally greater cognitive decline with longer duration of DM (e.g., the adjusted mean difference in decline on the TICS associated with duration of \u22655 years was \u22120.74 (95% confidence interval=\u22121.05 to \u22120.43) points (P-trend <.001). There were no significant sex\u2013DM interactions. CONCLUSION: Type 2 DM and longer duration of DM are similarly related to cognitive impairment and decline in men and women.
Collaborative Governance: Emerging Practices and the Incomplete Legal Framework for Public and Stakeholder Voice

All rights reserved. DRAFT OF WORK IN PROGRESS. Forthcoming in Hastings Annual Law Review [working title of new journal], Volume 1, Issue 1 Collaborative Governance: Emerging Practices and the Incomplete Legal Framework for Citizen and Stakeholder Voice by Lisa Blomgren Bingham ∗ Keller-Runden Professor of Public Service Indiana University School of Public and Environmental Affairs 1315 E. 10th Street Bloomington, IN 47405 Email: Lbingham@indiana.edu Tel. 812-855-1465 (DD) Fax 812-855-7802 Keller-Runden Professor of Public Service, School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana. This work was prepared for a Symposium entitled Toward Collaborative Governance organized by the Centers for Negotiation and Dispute Resolution and for State and Local Government Law at the University of California Hastings College of the Law. This work was supported in part by a grant from the Deliberative Democracy Consortium. I am grateful for the comments and suggestions of colleagues at the University of California Hastings College of the Law where I served as a Visiting Professor and at the Center for the Study of Law and Society at the University of California Berkeley where I had the privilege of being a Visiting Scholar during the period I was developing this work. In addition, I benefited from feedback on presentations of this work at McGeorge School of Law and the University of California Davis School of Law. In particular, I wish to thank Terry Amsler, Beth Gazley, David Jung, Chris Knowlton, Tina Nabatchi, Rosemary O’Leary, and Donna Shestowsky, and for their helpful suggestions on earlier versions of this manuscript and presentations of this work. Any errors are of course my own.
How tests and proofs impede one another: the need for always-on static and dynamic feedback

When creating software, developers rely on feedback in the form of both tests and proofs. The tests provide dynamic feedback from executing the software. The proofs provide static, conservative feedback from analyzing the source code. Testing is widely adopted in practice, but type systems are the only variety of proof to achieve widespread adoption. Dynamic and static feedback provide complementary benefits, and neither one dominates the other. Sometimes, sound global static checking is most useful. At other times, running tests is most useful. Unfortunately, current languages and IDEs impose too rigid a model of the development process. As a result, the developer is not in control of the development process. In situations where a small amount of appropriate feedback could have yielded insight, the developer must choose between either static or dynamic feedback, and warp his or her development style to the limitations of the language. This situation is wrong: the developer should always have access to immediate execution feedback, and should always have access to sound static feedback. For example, in a typical statically-typed language, a developer is prevented from running the program if any type errors exist, even if they are not germane to the particular test. In a dynamically-typed (or weaklytyped) language, a developer is free to build insight by experimenting, but never gets the assurance of a proof of type correctness. We need a better approach. A programmer should be able to view and execute a program through the lens of sound static typing. If the compiler issues no type errors, that is a guarantee (a proof) of static type soundness. A programmer should also be able to view and execute the same program through the lens of dynamic typing with no statically-imposed restrictions. The run-time system should suppress static type errors, unless they lead to user-visible failures, or the developer wishes to examine them. Furthermore, the programmer should be able to switch between these two views as often as desired, or to use them both simultaneously. A typical use case is: a developer starts from an existing statically-typed codebase (or start writing new code), uses both dynamic and static feedback, and finally restores static type-correctness. Because the developer has types in mind and even uses the type system, large variations from statically-typeable idioms are unlikely.
TRA-1 regulates the cellular distribution of the tra-2 mRNA in C. elegans

The GLI protein family is involved in several key developmental processes in both vertebrates and invertebrates. The Drosophila GLI protein, Cubitus interuptus (Ci), regulates segment polarity and wing and leg development. In vertebrates, the GLI proteins control neural, lung, bone and gut development1. In the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, the GLI family member TRA-1 is necessary for normal sexual development2,3. GLI, Ci and TRA-1 each contain five zinc-finger domains and bind the identical DNA sequence. Previous analyses are consistent with these proteins being transcription factors4,5. Here we show that TRA-1 can act post-transcriptionally to govern gene activity. Our results indicate that the binding of TRA-1 to the 3′ untranslated region oftra-2 regulates the export of tra-2 messenger RNA from thenucleus. The fact that TRA-1 is part of a conserved family ofproteins raises the possibility that GLI family members are both transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression.
A Two-Dimensional Percolation Analysis of the Las Campanas Redshift Survey

Percolation analysis has been used in many branches of physics to model phase transitions. In cosmology it has become a valuable tool in detecting structure in a galaxy distribution and characterizing the topology of a distribution that is not random noise. Percolation analysis characterizes distributions as one of three topological types: connected, structureless or clumpy. Connected topologies are consistent with galaxy distributions described as filaments or sheets. Clumpy topologies are often referred to as “meatball” topologies where aggregates of galaxies are surrounded and separated by voids.
Tense, Aspect, and Argument Structure

This paper is concerned with an intriguing difference between Japanese and English involving the progressive form be V-ing and the -te iru form as well as the passive constructions in the two languages. Some of the complex semantic properties of the -te iru construction in Japanese are discussed in Ogihara (1998), where I present a proposal to account for the multiple interpretations associated with this construction. This paper is a follow-up to this paper and attempts to present an improved proposal. In order to help the reader to understand my position, I shall start with a short description of the various interpretations associated with -te iru by comparing its behavior with that of the be V-ing form in English. Vendler (1957) establishes four aspectual classes of verbs and characterizes them as in (1).
A portable low-power hydrogen gas sensor system for wide range H/sub 2/ detection

A portable, low-power, battery operated hydrogen detection system has been developed and built. Significant performance advantage is achieved using Sandia National Laboratories' robust, wide range hydrogen sensor technology. Features of the prototype system include dual set points with audible and flashing LCD alarms as well as direct readout in ppm of hydrogen gas concentration.
Design of multimedia global PACS CORBA environment

In this paper, we present an approach to developing Global Picture Archiving and Communication System (Global PACS) applications based on the Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA) specification. Designing distributed Global PACS applications, based on the CORBA specification, will feature an open, heterogeneous, and scalable architecture. It will also make the Global PACS remote consultation and diagnosis, including synchronized image annotation, voice and video, technologically independent. The applications can communicate through various networks as long as they support CORBA components. The paper presents the initial development and the basic functions of remote consultation sessions have designed based on the CORBA definitions. Further research and development work is summarized.
Formation of Microtwins in Low Angle Grain Boundaries in Germanium

The structure of a low angle tilt boundary with a [110] misorientation axis and a (111) initial boundary plane in a bicrystal prepared by a hot-pressing technique has been studied. The boundary consists of a periodic array of dislocations as expected but contains a new feature, namely microtwins which lie parallel to the boundary plane. High resolution transmission electron-microscopy has been used to characterize the boundary structure and to determine the Burgers vector of the dislocations present. The relationship between the structure of the twin-free regions and the twinned regions is discussed.
Electrolyte-induced compositional heterogeneity: A novel approach for rate-controlled oral drug delivery

In this work a new approach for in situ interactions between drug and electrolyte(s) is devised to control the release of highly water soluble drugs from oral hydrophilic monolithic systems. The model drug diltiazem hydrochloride (water solubility in excess of 50% at 25 °C), in conjunction with specific electrolytes, was principally employed in the design of swellable tablet formulations comprised of hydrophilic polymers such as hydroxypropylmethlcellulose (HPMC) or poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO). Electrolytes such as sodium bicarbonate or pentasodium tripolyphosphate were used to modulate intragel pH dynamics, swelling kinetics, and gel properties. Through in situ ionic interactions (an intragel matrix system composed of different chemical species that promote competition for water of hydration), a compo-sitionally heterogeneous structure referred to as a ‘metamorphic scaffold’ was established. It is shown that this latter structure results in the inhibition of drug dissolution, induction of a differential swelling rate, and attainment of ‘matrix stiffening’ and axially provides a uniform gel layer. Presence of such phases in matrix structure and its influence on swelling dynamics enabled control of diltiazem hydrochloride release in a zero-order manner in different pH environments over a 24-h period. From kinetic analysis using the power law expressions [Mt/M∞ = k1tn, Mt/M∞ = k1tn ± k2t2n] and Hopfenberg model [Mt/M∞ = 1 − (1 − k1t)n], it became apparent that the dynamics of matrix relaxation and controlled erosion were major factors involved in the release mechanism, while the composite rate constant k1 (in Hopfenberg model) decreased by approximately 2-fold in the presence of electrolyte(s). These findings indicated that the dynamics of swelling and gel formation in the presence of ionizable species within hydrophilic matrices provide an attractive alternative for zero-order drug delivery from a simple monolithic system.
Regression analysis using dependent Polya trees

Many commonly used models for linear regression analysis force overly simplistic shape and scale constraints on the residual structure of data. We propose a semiparametric Bayesian model for regression analysis that produces data-driven inference by using a new type of dependent Polya tree prior to model arbitrary residual distributions that are allowed to evolve across increasing levels of an ordinal covariate (e.g., time, in repeated measurement studies). By modeling residual distributions at consecutive covariate levels or time points using separate, but dependent Polya tree priors, distributional information is pooled while allowing for broad pliability to accommodate many types of changing residual distributions. We can use the proposed dependent residual structure in a wide range of regression settings, including fixed-effects and mixed-effects linear and nonlinear models for cross-sectional, prospective, and repeated measurement data. A simulation study illustrates the flexibility of our novel semiparametric regression model to accurately capture evolving residual distributions. In an application to immune development data on immunoglobulin G antibodies in children, our new model outperforms several contemporary semiparametric regression models based on a predictive model selection criterion. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Content delivery networks: how big is big enough?

The central question addressed in this paper is whether a content delivery network (CDN)needs to deploy its servers in a large number of locations to achieve its current levels of performance.Our study indicates that a relatively small number of consolidated data centers might provide similar performance to end-users. or over 30%of the total 34,000 servers claimed by Akamai during the study period,were pingable.
Anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 activities of U-90152 and U-75875 in human brain cell cultures.

Abstract Antiviral activities of the reverse transcriptase inhibitors U-90152 and 3'-azido-2',3'-dideoxythymidine and the protease inhibitor U-75875 were compared in two culture models of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 brain infection. In a model involving acutely infected microglial cells, U-90152 was the most active, whereas in a model using chronically infected promonocytes, U-75875 was the most active.
On the analytic continuation of a certain Dirichlet series

Abstract A Dirichlet series associated with a positive definite form of degree δ in n variables is defined by D F (s,p,α) = ∑ α∈Z n −{0} F(α) −s e(ρF(α)+〈α, α〉) where ϱ ∈ Q , α ∈ Q n, 〈x, y〉 = x1y1 + ⋯ + xnyn, e(a) = exp (2πia) for a ∈ R , and s = σ + ti is a complex number. The author proves that: (1) DF(s, ϱ, α) has analytic continuation into the whole s-plane, (2) DF(s, ϱ, α), ϱ ≠ 0, is a meromorphic function with at most a simple pole at s = n δ . The residue at s = n δ is given explicitly. (3) ϱ = 0, α ∉ Z n, DF(s, 0, α) is analytic for α>, n (δ − 1) .
A Combined Approach to the Pallet Loading Problem

Abstract In this paper the two-dimensional pallet loading problem is considered: that is, the problem of loading a rectangular pallet of size L by W, drawing from a set of n rectangular boxes. The objective is to maximize the area covered on the pallet by the boxes loaded. The problem is approached using a combination of dynamic programming and heuristics. The structured solutions resulting from the application of the dynamic program have two serendipitous characteristics: any item may be placed on the periphery of the pallet for easy access, and some control may be retained over the center of gravity of the pallet. Computational results are given.
Theoretical proton energy-loss distributions from thin carbon foils

Abstract The Landau solution of the problem of fluctuations in energy losses of charged particles in penetrating thin foils is compared with the experimental data of Morsell, who measured the energy-loss distributions of 992 keV protons in penetrating carbon foils in the thickness range of 222 eV to 2013 eV. The theoretical distributions so computed agree with the experimental data within experimental precision. This agreement is interpreted to confirm the applicability of Landau's solution to the problem of computing nuclear reaction yield curves for 1 MeV protons impinging on low-Z foils in the keV thickness range.
β-LACTAMS FROM AZETIDINE CARBOXYLATES. A SYNTHESIS OF (.+-.)-3-ANA, THE NUCLEUS OF THE NOCARDICINS

Abstract A synthesis of ( + )-3-ANA is described involving oxidative decarbonylation of an azetidine carboxylic ester.
Australia antigen detection by a rapid automated complement fixation method.

. An automated complement fixation test using a continuous flow system based on AutoAnalyzer components in which sheep cell hemolysis is detected in an optical cell counter has been developed. With this system 1,680 donor bloods diluted 1/10 were tested in parallel with manual immunodiffusion (ID) and microtiter complement fixation (CF) tests; 16 positive samples were found. The manual and automated CF tests were in agreement in 14 of these but in 2 additional instances, where the automated test was negative, the manual test gave a minimal positive titer of 8. With ID, 9 of the 16 were positive. The automated test results are available in 45 min at a rate of 60/h. The system is mechanically compatible with other automated blood banking systems.
Applications of solution calorimetry to a wide range of chemical and physical problems

Abstract Brief descriptions are given of several calorimetric techniques and the application of these techniques to the study of a variety of chemical problems is tabulated. The techniques described are titration, direct injection, flow and batch calorimetry. Applications of calorimetry in biochemistry and biology and in inorganic and organic chemistry are presented in two tables. The material presented demonstrates the potential of calorimetry in research, industry, analytical chemistry and clinical analysis.
Lipschitzian properties of multifunctions

On etudie des fonctions multiformes munies de certaines proprietes lipschitziennes. On donne des relations entre les proprietes et on les exprime en termes de fonction distance
Fall in blood sugar from anterior pituitary extract.

THE fall in blood sugar produced by anterior pituitary extracts has been found with preparations of widely different preparative histories and containing different associated pituitary hormones. Thus, Horsters (1933) employed the thyrotropin preparation of Junkmann and Schoeller (1932) to lower the blood sugar of rabbits and certain human patients, while Hoffmann and Anselmino (1933) obtained this effect in dogs with a thyrotropin-free ultrafiltrate of pituitary extract. Collip and co-workers observed small changes in several species with an alcoholic pituitary extract and with a preparation which had been boiled for 15 minutes at pH 10 (Collip, 1940; O’Donovan and Collip, 1938). More recently, Millman and Russell (1950) found the crystalline growth hormone preparation of Wilhelmi, Fishman and Russell (1948) effective in lowering the blood sugar of rats, and attributed the hypoglycemic effect to growth hormone. This preparation was also shown to have anti-insulin properties in the same species.
Breaking the ice in the international commercial arbitration: from the finality of arbitral award to the arbitral appeal mechanism

The finality of an arbitral award was regarded as one of the main advantages of arbitration. However, further to recent events that have arisen in international investment arbitration, finality of arbitral award is not necessarily advantageous and may not result in a fair and just arbitral award. Thus, in recent years, international academic discourse has focused on how to reform arbitral procedural rules, particularly with regard to establishing an arbitral appeal mechanism. This paper investigates the rules and legislation regulating international investment arbitration legislation in principal countries, focusing particularly on the relativity of finality of an arbitral award, and the prospect of introducing an appellate mechanism. This paper will examine current practices relating to international investment arbitration, in order to ascertain the potential contributions that an arbitral appeal mechanism may make in promoting international investment arbitration. Recommendations will also be made with regard to the formation of an arbitral appeal mechanism.
Fracture strains in biaxially loaded 2024 aluminum tubes

Abstract 2024 aluminum tubes, heat treated to a T6 and T8 temper, were proportionally loaded to failure with combinations of tension and internal pressure. We measured diffuse instability and fracture strains and compared these to the ductile fracture model of Ghosh (1976). Agreement was quite good. Fracture strains measured in axial tension and pure hoop tension were equivalent even though anisotropies were observed in the plastic deformation of the tubes.
Giant magnetoresistance in Cu-Mn-Al.

Giant negative magnetoresistance (GMR) has been observed in melt-spun ${\mathrm{Cu}}_{\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Mn}}_{\mathit{y}}$${\mathrm{Al}}_{\mathit{z}}$ ribbons (x=50--65, y=5--25, and z=25--30), with values up to 15% at 30 K. GMR was observed in all samples with off-stoichiometric composition which had a tweed structure consisting of a mixture of Mn-rich and Mn-poor ${\mathrm{Cu}}_{2}$MnAl-type (2:1:1) regions and/or of a fine mixture of magnetic 2:1:1 and nonmagnetic ${\mathrm{Cu}}_{9}$${\mathrm{Al}}_{4}$ (9:4) phases. The highest value was obtained in samples with the 2:1:1 phase as a majority phase. The observed GMR is attributed to interfacial scattering at these fine structural mixtures. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Innovation in Basic Science: Stem Cells and their role in the treatment of Paediatric Cardiac Failure – Opportunities and Challenges

Heart failure is a leading cause of death worldwide. Current therapies only delay progression of the cardiac disease or replace the diseased heart with cardiac transplantation. Stem cells represent a recently discovered novel approach to the treatment of cardiac failure that may facilitate the replacement of diseased cardiac tissue and subsequently lead to improved cardiac function and cardiac regeneration. A stem cell is defined as a cell with the properties of being clonogenic, self-renewing, and multipotent. In response to intercellular signalling or environmental stimuli, stem cells differentiate into cells derived from any of the three primary germ layers: ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm, a powerful advantage for regenerative therapies. Meanwhile, a cardiac progenitor cell is a multipotent cell that can differentiate into cells of any of the cardiac lineages, including endothelial cells and cardiomyocytes. Stem cells can be classified into three categories: (1) adult stem cells, (2) embryonic stem cells, and (3) induced pluripotential cells. Adult stem cells have been identified in numerous organs and tissues in adults, including bone-marrow, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and, as was recently discovered, the heart. Embryonic stem cells are derived from the inner cell mass of the blastocyst stage of the developing embryo. Finally through transcriptional reprogramming, somatic cells, such as fibroblasts, can be converted into induced pluripotential cells that resemble embryonic stem cells. Four classes of stem cells that may lead to cardiac regeneration are: (1) Embryonic stem cells, (2) Bone Marrow derived stem cells, (3) Skeletal myoblasts, and (4) Cardiac stem cells and cardiac progenitor cells. Embryonic stem cells are problematic because of several reasons: (1) the formation of teratomas, (2) potential immunologic cellular rejection, (3) low efficiency of their differentiation into cardiomyocytes, typically 1% in culture, and (4) ethical and political issues. As of now, bone marrow derived stem cells have not been proven to differentiate reproducibly and reliably into cardiomyocytes. Skeletal myoblasts have created in vivo myotubes but have not electrically integrated with the myocardium. Cardiac stem cells and cardiac progenitor cells represent one of the most promising types of cellular therapy for children with cardiac failure.
Paleoceanographic significance of high-resolution carbon isotope records across the Cenomanian–Turonian boundary in the Western Interior and New Jersey coastal plain, USA

Abstract Carbon isotope measurements have been made on bulk carbonate and organic matter in three sections across the Cenomanian–Turonian boundary. The stratigraphy records the positive carbon isotopic excursion that is associated with the major oceanic anoxic event (OAE2). Comparison of TOC and isotopic data in sections from a range of different environments suggests that the positive excursion is a response to increased burial of organic matter in the deep ocean. The lack of coupled negative shifts in δ13Corg and δ13Ccarb records at the onset of OAE2 does not support a causal role for volcanism or methane hydrate dissociation.
Estrogen Receptor-Beta Variants Are Associated with Increased Risk of Alzheimer's Disease in Women with Down Syndrome

Background/Aims: Genetic variants that affect estrogen activity may influence the risk of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). We examined the relation of polymorphisms in the gene for the estrogen receptor-beta (ESR2) to the risk of AD in women with Down syndrome. Methods: Two hundred and fortynine women with Down syndrome, 31–70 years of age and nondemented at baseline, were followed at 14- to 18-month intervals for 4 years. Women were genotyped for 13 singlenucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the ESR2 gene, and their association with AD incidence was examined. Results: Among postmenopausal women, we found a 2-fold increase in the risk of AD for women carrying 1 or 2 copies of the minor allele at 3 SNPs in introns seven (rs17766755) and six (rs4365213 and rs12435857) and 1 SNP in intron eight (rs4986938) of ESR2. Conclusion: These findings support a role for estrogen and its major brain receptors in modulating susceptibility to AD in women.
Homing of Peromyscus maniculatus in the Channelled Scablands of East-Central Washington

One hundred twenty-one Peromyscus maniculatus gambelii were used in conducting 203 homing trials from 30 different release points that ranged from 64 to 1976 meters from the trapping site. The habitat was open sagebrush and basalt cliffs; lakes and creeks enhanced the complexity and distinctiveness of the landscape. Homing performance decreased with increase in distance and was poor, even from short distances, across a large irrigation canal that served as an ecological barrier. Although males were better “homers” on the average, females were better for the longest distances, and no males returned from across the canal. The relationship between homing distance and percentage of returns is a curve with the following characteristics: an initial drop-off followed by a moderate decrease up to 550 to 600 meters, a subsequent steep drop-off, and a long tail. The initial drop-off probably depends on the proportion of mice without homing motivation (for example, transients). I argue that the second drop-off occurs at a distance equivalent to the limit of the life range of the majority of the individuals. Data from the literature are compared with this conclusion. The argument is supported by studies of spontaneous movements of mice and by comparing homing success of experienced and inexperienced mice. The shape of the observed curve for returns and theoretical considerations argue against the existence of an orientational sense. Homing studies on mice are considered to be a test of an unnatural situation for these animals and, therefore, an adaptive response cannot be expected. Data in the literature are discussed and I conclude that release beyond the life range of an individual results in disorientation that is expressed in behavioral changes. An intimate knowledge of a life range larger than the home range and an excellent memory are considered to be adaptive because natural events may force mice temporarily out of their otherwise suitable normal home range. It is expecte
Selectivity of protoporphyrin IX fluorescence for condylomata after topical application of 5-aminolaevulinic acid : implications for photodynamic treatment

To examine the potential of using photodynamic therapy (PDT) in condylomata, we studied the distribution and kinetics of protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) formation in condylomata acuminata and adjacent normal skin after topical application of 5-aminolaevulinic acid (ALA). PpIX fluorescence spectra were measured hourly in vivo after ALA application. After gross fluorescence imaging, the lesions were biopsied, and fluorescence microscopy was performed. All three PpIX fluorescence detection modalities suggested selectivity of PpIX formation in condylomata after topical ALA application. In 17 of 25 condylomata, there was significantly greater fluorescence compared with adjacent normal skin. The greatest lesional to normal skin fluorescence ratios occurred after 2 h. The most likely mechanism for increased lesional PpIX formation in condylomata is enhanced stratum corneum permeability. Based on our results, ALA/PDT is a potential field therapy for condylomata. PpIX fluorescence imaging after ALA application may also be useful for localizing condylomata prior to treatment.
Next generation session management for 3D teleimmersive interactive environments

In the recent past we have seen a boom of distributed interactive multimedia environments which use multiple correlated media sensors, multi-view displays, and advanced haptic-audio-visual user interfaces for teleimmersive gaming, business meetings and other collaborative activities. However, when we investigate the emerging teleimmersive environments closer, we realize that their overall session management, including end-to-end session setup, establishment and run-time management are not appropriate for the new demands that these environments present. These environments are cyber-physical rooms that demand (a) large scale of multi-sensory devices across geographically-distributed locations and (b) interaction with each other in synchronous and real-time manner. To deal with the new teleimmersive demands, we present a new session management design with (a) session initiation protocol(s) that understand media correlations, (b) view-based multi-stream topology establishment among multiple parties, (c) efficient, light-weight and distributed session monitoring with querying and debugging capabilities, (d) flexible view-based session adaptation with efficient topology adjustments, and (e) light-weighted and consistent session tear-down protocols. The presented design of the next generation session management protocols, services, algorithms and data structures is based on our extensive experiences with building 3D teleimmersive interactive systems, experimenting with high impact teleimmersive applications and deploying such environments at various venues.