cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Enabling educational collaboration — a new shared reality

Abstract Educational collaborations enabled by enhanced computer graphics, high-performance networks, and virtual reality technologies enable new and exciting educational opportunities. As these virtual reality tools and interactive technologies find their way naturally from the research lab to the classroom, students distantly located from each other can learn together in a “shared reality”.
Seed production by Pistia stratiotes L. (water lettuce) in the United States

Dray, F.A., Jr. and Center, T.D., 1989. Seed production by Pistia stratiotes L. (water lettuce) in the United States. Aquat. Bot., 33: 155-160. Pistia stratiotes L. (water lettuce) reportedly does not produce fruits and seeds in the United States. However, we discovered water lettuce fruits and seedlings at Loxahatchee National Wildlife Refuge, Palm Beach County, Florida. In April 1987, 95% of this population consisted of seeds. Forty percent of the 267 ramets m -2 of mat held fruits and the mat averaged 726 seeds m -2. Sediments held 4196 seeds m -2. Germination experiments showed that over 80% of the seeds were viable, a much greater proportion than reported in Brazil. Since the initial discovery, we have found seeds at many sites throughout south Florida. We have concluded seed germination is an important factor in the dynamics of some waterlettuce populations in the United States.
Real Time Measurement of Epilayer Strain Using a Simplified Wafer Curvature Technique

We describe a technique for measuring thin film stress using wafer curvature that is robust, compact, easy to setup, and sufficiently sensitive to serve as a routine diagnostic of semiconductor epilayer strain in real time during MBE or CVD growth. We demonstrate, using growth of SiGe alloys on Si, that the critical thickness for misfit dislocation can clearly be resolved, and that the subsequent strain relaxation kinetics during growth or post-growth annealing are readily obtained.
3D range image surface description via least squares surface fitting

Geometrical description of object surface for 3D range image provides useful invariant features if the necessary first- and second-order partial derivatives are accurately estimated. Two main methods are used in this study to approximate the partial derivatives. One method uses convolutions between derivative operators and range data. The other method is based on local least squares surface fitting. In this report a least squares surface fitting method based on a set of orthogonal polynomials is introduced to extract the desired 3D surface geometrical features. Given a point and its adjacent points, a local least squares surface model using discrete orthogonal polynomials is obtained. The partial derivatives along with the curvatures of the local surface are then computed according to the polynomial functions. The polynomial parameters are also used as the 3D features to describe the local surface. The experiments show that all of the partial derivatives and the polynomial parameters can be used as surface description features for classification and recognition of 3D objects in range images.
A Prospective Study of Chronic Lung Disease in Cotton Textile Workers

Abstract A cohort of both active and retired older cotton textile workers was examined prospectively over a 6-year period to establish the nature and extent of chronic lung disease. Respiratory sym...
A mathematical modeling approach to the automatic selection of database designs

This paper provides an overview of a methodology developed to support systems analysts in the process of database design. The design approach is built upon an analytic model composed of (1) parametric descriptions for components of a generalized database organization, (2) costing equations which can evaluate a proposed modular database design, (3) an analyst interface which accepts an arbitrary database organization for evaluation, and (4) search procedures which automatically generate and compare thousands of alternative designs. Performance is measured as the sum of storage, retrieval, and maintenance costs and is estimated from parameters of the proposed design, the problem description and the storage environment. A virtual, record-frame view of secondary storage has been developed in which data records are added, deleted and modified with minimal effect on existing data structures. Application of the modeling approach to a realistic design problem is described, and modeling accuracy to within four percent is claimed.
Pulmonary Function Testing in Young Children

Pulmonary function testing (PFT) is of great importance in the evaluation and treatment of respiratory diseases. Spirometry is simple, noninvasive, and has been the most commonly used technique in cooperative children, obtaining reliable data in only a few minutes. The development of commercially available equipment as well as the simplification of previous techniques that now require minimal patient cooperation applied during tidal breathing have significantly stimulated the use of PFT in younger children. Tidal breathing techniques such as impulse oscillometry, gas dilution, and plethysmography have permitted previously unobtainable PFT in children 2 to 5 years of age. The purpose of this review is to help clinicians become familiar with available PFT techniques used in young children by discussing their general principles, clinical applications, and limitations.
ToonTalkTM—An Animated Programming Environment for Children

Abstract Seymour Papert once described the design of the Logo programming language as taking the best ideas in computer science about programming language design and ‘child engineering’ them. Twenty-five years after Logo's birth, there has been tremendous progress in programming language research and in computer-human interfaces. Programming languages exist now that are very expressive and mathematically very elegant and yet are difficult to learn and master. We believe the time is now ripe to attempt to repeat the success of the designers of Logo by child engineering one of these modern languages. When Logo was first built, a critical aspect was taking the computational constructs of the Lisp programming language and designing a child friendly syntax for them. Lisp's ‘CAR ’ was replaced by ‘FIRST’, ‘DEFUN’ by ‘TO’, parentheses were eliminated, and so on. Today there are totally visual languages in which programs exist as pictures and not as text. We believe this is a step in the right direction, but even better than visual programs areanimated programs.Animation is much better suited for dealing with the dynamics of computer programs than static icons or diagrams. While there has been substantial progress in graphical user interfaces in the last twenty-five years, we chose to look not primarily at the desktop metaphor for ideas but instead at video games. Video games are typically more direct, more concrete, and easier to learn than other software. And more fun too. We have constructed a general-purpose concurrent programming system, ToonTalk, in which the source code is animated and the programming environment is a video game. Every abstract computational aspect is mapped into a concrete metaphor. For example, a computation is a city, an active object or agent is a house, birds carry messages between houses, a method or clause is a robot trained by the user and so on. The programmer controls a ‘programmer persona’ in this video world to construct, run, debug and modify programs. We believe that ToonTalk is especially well suited for giving children the opportunity to build real programs in a manner that is easy to learn and fun to do.
Eosinophilic esophagitis: a clinical update

Eosinophilic esophagitis is a newer disease entity that has been diagnosed with increasing frequency over the last 10 years. Patients present with a variety of symptoms including vomiting, failure to thrive, abdominal pain, dysphagia and/or food impaction. Patients are often thought to have gastroesophageal reflux, although their symptoms persist despite acid blockade. Diagnosis is made by an endoscopy with eosinophilic inflammation localized to the esophagus (an area typically void of eosinophils). Although the underlying pathophysiology is unknown, food allergens are thought to play a primary role. This article will provide a current review of eosinophilic esophagitis: its definition, prevalence, diagnostic evaluation, treatment, pathophysiology and future directions.
Physiological evidence for increased tissue capillarity in rats acclimatized to high altitude.

Abstract A feature of fully acclimatized animals is an increase in tissue capillary density, but existing evidence is morphological. The present experiments sought to provide physiological evidence, and to that end a measure of “tissue diffusing capacity” was developed, based on the uptake rate of low concentrations of CO from subcutaneous gas pockets in rats. On that basis it was determined that three weeks of acclimatization to an equivalent altitude of 5600 m resulted in a roughly doubled uptake rate. When corrections for the contribution of the secondary polycythemia were made, and using certain simplifying assumptions, it was deduced that acclimatization resulted in a 50 % increase of capillary number. The effect of this change on P O 2 in the most distal sites of a diffusion cylinder have been calculated on the assumption that gas pocket P O 2 represents regional venous P O 2 . The value is more than 10 mm Hg below sea level control at 5600 m but is still well above zero, which would not be the case without increase of capillarity. Experiments to test the effect of acclimatization to lesser altitudes indicated no effect on capillarity in a three week period when the altitude was below 4100 m.
The transient heaving motion of floating eylinders

The transient heave response of a freely floating cylinder with given initial conditions is obtained by a simultaneous time-domain solution of the fluid-motion and rigid-body dynamics problems. Volterra's method is used to derive the integral equation associated with the fluid motion. It is shown that the unit initial-velocity response is simply the time-derivative of the unit initial-displacement response multiplied by one half of the infinite-fluid virtual mass of the cylinder. Numerical evaluation of integrals related to the unsteady waterwave Green function is facilitated by expressing them in terms of the complex error function. Results for the transient motion of semi-circular, triangular, and rectangular cylinders are presented and discussed. Experimental measurements for the case of a semi-immersed circular cylinder agree excellently with the theoretical calculations.
Matching Photovoltaic Orientation to Energy Loads

Rather than orienting rooftop installation of photovoltaics (PV) to maximize power for the individual customer-generator, we analyze design and performance of integrated PV for two alternate objectives: 1.) maximizing the volume of grid sellbacks, and 2.) maximizing customer-generator revenue through net metering. These alternative orientation strategies attempt to maximize power output during times of peak demand on the grid, or when market prices are highest. Power output and PV system configurations were simulated using weather/radiation data for Pennsylvania. Given a system with no centralized storage capacity, we use relevant hourly system loads and Locational Marginal Prices (LMP) from the PJM Interconnection to determine the specific orientations required to integrate intervals of energy gains from the PV system with periods of high demand for electricity in a building. We also determined optimal orientation of PV systems for a time-of-use purchasing scenario, matching orientations and electrical gains with periods in the day when it is economically beneficial to sell to the grid. Given a net-metered PV system with no storage capacity, altering the PV panel orientations allows one to design peak solar energy production times to match any set of energy demands.
ANTITHYROID EFFECT OF NONCALORIGENIC CONGENERS OF SALICYLATE, WITH OBSERVATIONS ON THE INFLUENCE OF SERUM PROTEINS ON THE POTENCY OF ANTITHYROID AGENTS.

Several congeners of salicylate, previously shown to inhibit the binding of thyroxine in serum and to alter its peripheral metabolism in man, have been found to inhibit thyroid hormone synthesis. The most potent were 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid, 3,5- dihydroxybenzoic acid, 2,4-dihydroxybenzoic (beta-resorcylic) acid, and 2,6-dihydroxybenzoic (gamma-resorcylic) acid. In vitro, these compounds inhibit the organic binding of thyroidal iodide. In rats, gamma-resorcylic acid also inhibited both the iodination of monoiodotyrosine to form diiodotyrosine and the coupling of iodotyrosines to form iodothyronines. As might be expected from their effects on thyroxine binding, which suggest that they themselves are bound to serum proteins, the antithyroid activity of these compounds was decreased in vitro by the presence of human serum. This observation led to a study of the effects of serum on the in vitro activity of the traditional antithyroid agents. In protein-free media, propylthiouracil was much more potent than ...
Simultaneous imaging and spectroscopy of the solar atmosphere: advantages and challenges of a 3-order slitless spectrograph

The dynamic solar atmosphere poses a severe observational challenge for imaging spectroscopy in EUV. The traditional method of building up images by rastering a slit spectrograph has so far proven too slow to keep up with the Sun's rapidly changing transition region and corona. We describe a new approach, using a slitless imaging spectrograph operating in a narrow band, with imaging detectors at three orders. This arrangement offers cotemporal imaging and spectroscopy at high spatial, spectral, and temporal resolution. The prospect of disentangling spatial and spectral information is greatly improved by choosing a narrow band containing only two spectral lines, and by imaging at several spectral orders. This paper discusses several advantages and challenges of the multi-order slitless approach. We derive a mathematical description of the null space of spatial-spectral signatures to which an ideal three-order slitless spectrograph has zero response. An exploration of the null space helps to clarify the capabilities and limitations of this instrument type. We infer that the three-order slitless spectrograph is sensitive to line intensity, doppler shift and line width; but insensitive to line asymmetry. Strategies are developed to minimize the ambiguity in interpreting the multi-order data. A proof of concept sounding rocket payload, the Multi-Order Solar EUV Spectrograph (MOSES), is under development with an anticipated launch in Spring, 2004.
Locating a robber on a graph via distance queries

A cop wants to locate a robber hiding among the vertices of a graph. A round of the game consists of the robber moving to a neighbor of its current vertex (or not moving) and then the cop scanning some vertex to obtain the distance from that vertex to the robber. If the cop can at some point determine where the robber is, then the cop wins; otherwise, the robber wins. We prove that the robber wins on graphs with girth at most 5. We also improve the bounds on a problem of Seager by showing that the cop wins on a subdivision of an n-vertex graph G when each edge is subdivided into a path of length m, where m is the minimum of n and a quantity related to the ''metric dimension'' of G. We obtain smaller thresholds for complete bipartite graphs and grids.
Epididymitis after prostate brachytherapy.

Abstract Objectives To analyze the incidence, time-course, and potential predisposing factors for what was clinically diagnosed as postimplant epididymitis. Methods Of 517 patients randomized and treated on two treatment protocols, with a planned total accrual of 1200, 5 patients were identified who developed clinically diagnosed epididymitis after iodine-125 or pallidium-103 prostate brachytherapy. Implants were performed by standard techniques, using a modified peripheral loading pattern. Perioperative antibiotics (cefazolin and ciprofloxacin) were given to 258 patients, according to physician preference. Treatment-related morbidity was monitored by mailed questionnaires, using standard American Urological Association (AUA) and Radiation Therapy Oncology Group criteria at 1, 3, 6, 12, and 24 months. Patients who did not respond to the mailed questionnaires were interviewed by telephone. Although the patients were not queried specifically regarding epididymitis, its occurrence was noted when discovered in the course of follow-up examinations. Results Postimplant epididymitis occurred in 5 (1%) of 517 consecutive brachytherapy patients. None of the 5 patients had had a prior history of orchitis, epididymitis, vasectomy, or preimplant catheterization. The symptoms of epididymitis first appeared at 4, 7, 10, 150, and 300 days after implantation. Patients with epididymitis had prostate volumes, preimplant AUA scores, and ages typical of other implant patients. No association was apparent between postimplant epididymitis and the degree of implant-related prostate swelling or the number of seeds implanted. Only the preimplant AUA score predicted for epididymitis, but 2 of the 5 patients had low scores. Only 1 (0.4%) of the 258 patients who received perioperative antibiotics developed epididymitis, and 4 (1.5%) of the 259 patients with prophylactic antibiotics developed epididymitis. Conclusions Epididymitis is an uncommon postimplant complication occurring in 1% of a large patient cohort. That epididymitis patients had greater preimplant AUA scores is consistent with a retrograde infection route, at least in some cases.
Relativistic corrections to the pionium lifetime

Next to leading order contributions to the pionium lifetime are considered within non-relativistic effective field theory. A more precise determination of the coupling constants is then needed in order to be consistent with the relativistic $\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\pi}$ scattering amplitude which can be obtained from chiral perturbation theory. The relativistic correction is found to be 4.1% and corresponds simply to a more accurate value for the non-relativistic decay momentum.
Excellent sulfur resistance of Pt/BaO/CeO2 lean NOx trap catalysts

Abstract In this work, we investigated the NO x storage behavior of Pt/BaO/CeO 2 catalysts, especially in the presence of SO 2 . High surface area CeO 2 (∼110 m 2 /g) with a rod like morphology was synthesized and used as a support. The Pt/BaO/CeO 2 sample demonstrated slightly higher NO x uptake in the entire temperature range studied compared with Pt/BaO/γ-Al 2 O 3 . More importantly, this ceria-based catalyst showed higher sulfur tolerance than the alumina-based one. The time of complete NO x uptake was maintained even after exposing the sample to ∼3 g/L of SO 2 . The same sulfur exposure, on the other hand, eliminated the complete NO x uptake time on the alumina-based NO x storage catalysts. TEM images show no evidence of either Pt sintering or BaS phase formation during reductive de-sulfation up to 600 °C on the ceria-based catalyst, while the same process over the alumina-based catalyst resulted in both a significant increase in the average Pt cluster size and the agglomeration of a newly formed BaS phase into large crystallites. XPS results revealed the presence of about five times more residual sulfur after reductive de-sulfation at 600 °C on the alumina-based catalysts in comparison with the ceria-based ones. All of these results strongly support that, besides their superior intrinsic NO x uptake properties, ceria-based catalysts have (a) much higher sulfur tolerance and (b) excellent resistance against Pt sintering when they are compared to the widely used alumina-based catalysts.
Design of a New Surgical Approach for Ventricular Remodeling to Relieve Ischemic Mitral Regurgitation Insights From 3-Dimensional Echocardiography

Background—Mechanistic insights from 3D echocardiography (echo) can guide therapy. In particular, ischemic mitral regurgitation (MR) is difficult to repair, often persisting despite annular reduction. We hypothesized that (1) in a chronic infarct model of progressive MR, regurgitation parallels 3D changes in the geometry of mitral leaflet attachments, causing increased leaflet tethering and restricting closure; therefore, (2) MR can be reduced by restoring tethering geometry toward normal, using a new ventricular remodeling approach based on 3D echo findings. Methods and Results—We studied 10 sheep by 3D echo just after circumflex marginal ligation and 8 weeks later. MR, at first absent, became moderate as the left ventricle (LV) dilated and the papillary muscles shifted posteriorly and mediolaterally, increasing the leaflet tethering distance from papillary muscle tips to the anterior mitral annulus (P<0.0001). To counteract these shifts, the LV was remodeled by plication of the infarct region to reduce ...
A bound on the order of a group having a large character degree

Abstract Let d be the degree of an irreducible character of a finite group G. We can write | G | = d ( d + e ) for some non-negative integer e. In this document, we prove that if e > 1 then | G | e 6 − e 4 . This improves an upper bound found by Isaacs of the form B e 6 , where B is an unknown universal constant. We also describe conditions sufficient to sharpen this bound to | G | ⩽ e 4 − e 3 . In addition, we remove the appeal to the classification of simple groups, which is used in the original paper by Isaacs.
Obstacles to the integration of competing theories in psychology

Abstract Among the obstacles to the integration of competing theories in psychology is that it is unclear why and how they differ. Some thoughtful speculations have been offered for why they differ, but they remain preliminary. A plethora of schemes has been proposed for analysing how theories differ, but there is no convincing basis for choosing among these schemes. Furthermore, several kinds of relationships can be identified between apparently competing theories, each of which has implications for the potential integration of those theories. If theories X and Y seem to be competing, they may (a) turn out to be intertranslateable, in which case they are not really competing; they may (b) be truly contradictory, and therefore logically impossible to integrate; and may (c) be apparently but only superficially mutually translatea‐ble, but with the translation doing violence to at least one of the theories; or they may (d) be mutually irrelevant, so that there is little point in trying to integrate them, an...
Intramolecular vs. Intermolecular Condensation Rates in the Acidic Polymerization of Octaethoxytrisiloxane

Abstract Octaethoxytrisiloxane, (EtO)3Si—O—Si(OEt)2—O—Si(OEt)3 was synthesized and then polymerized in water/alcohol solution in the presence of an acid catalyst. The reaction was monitored with 29Si nuclear magnetic resonance. Using a simple kinetic model, the rate constants of linear and cyclic condensation were estimated by curve-fitting and were compared. No evidence of depolymerization was found, indicating that condensation is irreversible in our conditions. In addition, it was found that the formation of trimeric cyclic species by ring closure is fast and competes effectively with chain extension condensation. These observations are consistent with previous suggestions, but in addition they provide a quantitative measure of selectivity. Quantitative kinetic models for silicon alkoxide sol-gel processes need to account for cyclization at very early stages of the polymerization.
Sarah E. Kreps, Coalitions of Convenience: United States Military Interventions after the Cold War

In an era when it seems that at any given moment US intervention is either already underway somewhere or being debated for a new location, Sarah E. Kreps asks when the United States chooses multila...
Small bowel endoscopy in children

Endoscopic investigation of small bowel pathology in children has historically been difficult due to location, length and tortuosity of the small bowel. Recently, video capsule endoscopy and balloon-assisted enteroscopy techniques have evolved as new diagnostic tools and are increasingly used in the paediatric population. In this review the current literature is appraised to define the clinical indications and practical aspects of capsule endoscopy and balloon-assisted enteroscopy in children.
Nitric oxide contributes to AT2 but not AT1 angiotensin II receptor-mediated vasodilatation of porcine pial arteries and arterioles

Abstract Angiotensin II elicits pial artery dilation by activating angiotensin AT 1 and angiotensin AT 2 receptors. This study determined if vasodilatation in response to angiotensin AT 2 receptor activation is due to stimulated release of nitric oxide (NO) in newborn pigs equipped with a closed cranial window. Angiotensin II (10 − 8 , 10 − 6 M) elicited pial artery dilatation that was unchanged by the NO synthase inhibitor N ϖ-Nitro- l -Arginine ( l -NNA) (10 − 6 M) (12 ± 3 and 18 ± 2 versus 12 ± 3 and 21 ± 4%). Angiotensin II was not associated with changes in artificial cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cGMP concentration, an indicator of NO release. Similar data were obtained for the angiotensin AT 1 receptor agonist L 162,313. In contrast, the angiotensin AT 2 receptor agonist CGP 42112A (10 − 8 , 10 − 6 M) induced vasodilatation that was blocked by l -NNA (9 ± 2 and 18 ± 3 versus 1 ± 1 and 1 ± 1%). CGP 42112A dilatation was associated with elevated artificial CSF cGMP concentration (757 ± 18, 1590 ± 89, and 2101 ± 116 fmol/ml) and such stimulated release was blocked by l -NNA. These data indicate that stimulated NO release contributes to angiotensin AT 2 but not angiotensin AT 1 induced vasodilatation. These data suggest that angiotensin II primarily elicits dilatation via angiotensin AT 1 receptor activation.
The Trail Smelter Dispute: Canadians and Americans Confront Transboundary Pollution, 1927–41

Smoke from the lead and zinc smelter at Trail, British Columbia, drifted across the international boundary in 1925 and caused damage to crops and forests in Washington state. The smelter's owner, Consolidated Mining and Smelter Company, accepted responsibility for this damage and was willing to compensate landowners and farmers. The company was also willing to limit future damage by installing advanced fume-control technologies that would lower the plant's daily emissions of sulfur dioxide. Demanding that the smoke "visitations" cease and also demanding higher payments, the farmers formed a protective association. At issue was how much money the Montreal-based company was prepared to pay as compensation. To this extent, the dispute was similar to earlier confrontations between United States smelters -for example, at Anaconda in Montana, Ducktown in Tennessee, and Salt Lake in Utah and the agricultural interests that industrial pollution had damaged. Yet from conventional beginnings, this industrial dispute escalated to the highest levels of the Canadian and U.S. governments. In short order, it raised an unusual and difficult set of policy issues. When the Trail smelter dispute was finally settled in 1941, fundamental issues had been raised in international law, the technology of air pollution abatement, and scientific investigation of the effects sulfur dioxide (SO ) has on forests, crops, and soils. Today the Trail settlement is celebrated both as the first international ruling on trans-border air pollution, and for its affirmation of"the polluter pays" principle in international law. But aspects of the case touching on business decisions, pollution abatement technology, and science have largely been forgotten. That the farmers and landowners of Stevens County, Washington, received only a fractionof what they claimed in damages is forgotten to all but their descendants. At
Nonlegislative Debate in the U.S. House of Representatives

To date, most empirical analyses of position taking in Congress have focused on roll call voting, where members of Congress (MCs) regularly cast votes, thereby regularly taking positions. Left largely unstudied has been position taking outside the domain of roll call voting. This article takes a closer look at who utilizes one popular non–roll call forum in the House of Representatives—nonlegislative debate (NLD)—and why. The analysis expands on extant research by examining multiple Congresses (101st to 106th), both types of NLD (1-minute speeches and special-order addresses), and determinants not explicitly accounted for in previous research. Among other things, I argue that institutional variation across the NLD forums leads to important differences in participation. The results show that more individualistic, institutionally disadvantaged MCs tend to favor 1-minute speeches, whereas those in the parties' mainstream frequent the special-order period.
Breakdown mechanisms and heat transfer overshoot in hypersonic zero pressure gradient boundary layers

A laminar Mach 6 flat plate boundary layer is perturbed using three different types of disturbances introduced through blowing and suction. The linear and nonlinear development and eventual breakdown to turbulence are investigated using direct numerical simulation. The three different transition mechanisms compared are first mode oblique breakdown, second mode oblique breakdown and second mode fundamental resonance. The focus of the present work is to compare the nonlinear development and breakdown to turbulence for the different transition mechanisms and explain the heat transfer overshoot observed in experiments. First mode oblique breakdown leads to the shortest transition length and a clear peak in wall heat transfer in the transitional region. For all three transition mechanisms, the development of streamwise streaks precedes the breakdown to fully turbulent flow. The modal linear and nonlinear development are analysed including the breakdown of the streaks. The effect of wall cooling is investigated for second mode fundamental resonance and no qualitative differences in the nonlinear processes are observed. Finally, the development towards fully turbulent flow including mean flow, turbulent spectra, and turbulent fluctuations is shown and the first mode oblique breakdown simulation shows the furthest development towards a fully turbulent flow.
THE USE OF HYPOTHERMIA IN SPINAL CORD DECOMPRESSION

In 1970 and in 1972 we reported on the use of local hypothermia as an aid in spinal surgery of the dog (Lumb and Brasmer, J.A.V.M.A., Aug. 1, 1970 and Brasmer and Lumb, Am. J. Vet. Res., March, 1972). These reports developed from a purely research project which involved extensive manipulation of the lumbar spinal cord. Preliminary studies had led us to expect a long period of postoperative paraparesis or paraplegia. We were aware of the work of Negin, Albin, White and others which indicated that hypothermia, both general and local, reduced the sensitivity of the spinal cord to trauma. In fact, their work strongly indicated that cooling even after trauma was highly desirable.
Evaluating Supply Control Policies for Frozen Concentrated Orange Juice with an Industrial Dynamics Model

Economists are increasingly being asked to study problems that require a systems approach. This paper reports an empirical application of industrial dynamics to a problem of an industry system. A second generation model was developed and used to appraise alternative supply control policies designed to reduce fluctuations in marketings of frozen concentrated orange juice and grower profits. Policies that controlled long‐run supplies by constraining tree plantings appeared to have the most potential for success. Policies designed to control market supplies on a year‐to‐year basis actually encouraged new tree plantings which created long‐run supply problems.
Iterative least squares estimates of communality: Initial estimate need not affect stabilized value

A common criticism of iterative least squares estimates of communality is that method of initial estimation may influence stabilized values. As little systematic research on this topic has been performed, the criticism appears to be based on cumulated experience with empirical data sets. In the present paper, two studies are reported in which four types of initial estimate (unities, squared multiple correlations, highestr, and zeroes) and four levels of convergence criterion were employed using four widely available computer packages (BMDP, SAS, SPSS, and SOUPAC). The results suggest that initial estimates have no effect on stabilized communality estimates when a stringent criterion for convergence is used, whereas initial estimates appear to affect stabilized values employing rather gross convergence criteria. There were no differences among the four computer packages for matrices without Heywood cases.
Common Mental Health Correlates of Domestic Violence

This article is a review of the research literature on mental health correlates of domestic violence, with an emphasis on posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). It was done to develop clues, symptoms, and indicators so that practitioners in mental health or criminal justice could become alert to indicators of the onset and severity of depression, anxiety disorders, substance abuse, and/or PTSD among battered women.
Textbook use and the biology education desired state

This microethnographic study investigated the use of textbooks in six high school biology teachers' classrooms. Purposeful sampling techniques identified three textbook-centered (TC) teachers and three multiple-reference (MR) teachers. Composite profiles of TC and MR teachers and their classroom environments were constructed using data collected during classroom observations. The data were categorized and analyzed using the Project Synthesis “desired state” and “actual state” categories and descriptors as a framework (Harms & Yager, 1981). Thus, this study sought to ascertain if the nature of teachers' textbook use reveals relationships between factors indicative of the biology education “desired state” or “actual state” criteria. TC biology classrooms aligned with the actual state criteria in over 95% of the data entries. MR biology classrooms aligned about equally with the actual state and desired state criteria. Regardless of textbook orientation, teachers did not utilize desired state criteria in the process of evaluating student performance. Factors other than textbook orientation appear to align with desired state criteria. Identified factors include (a) the curricular goals espoused by individual teachers, (b) the instructional strategies used to implement the curriculum, and (c) the teacher's commitment to professional development. Preservice and in-service education must enhance teachers' ability to formulate goals consistent with desired state criteria in science education, develop appropriate strategies to implement those goals, and understand the need for continuing professional development.
lectric Capacitance Volumetric Tomography ECVT for Fuel Gauging Under Zero Gravity

To better allow for measurement of liquids, such as propellant, in microgravity, the University of Wisconsin – Madison ZeroG Team conducted an experiment using electric capacitance and volumetric tomography. This procedure allowed for 3D computer imaging of the internal contents of a reservoir to determine the volume of substance inside. For this experiment, polypropylene spheres were used to eliminate the hazards of having fuel inside the cabin of the aircraft. Full analysis of the flight procedures can be seen below.
Hierarchical modeling of electron and hole transport in nanoparticle thin films: From ab initio to Monte Carlo

Nanoparticle solar cells show the promise of enhancing the efficiency of solar cells over the Shockley-Queisser limit due to the quantum-confinement-enhanced charge multiplication process. A fundamental challenge of nanoparticle solar cells, however, is that the same quantum confinement that enhances charge multiplication also tends to localize the carriers and thus hinders charge transport. To create a roadmap for overcoming this challenge, we developed a multi-scale transport modeling scheme that starts with ab initio modeling of individual nanoparticles, continues with extracting a few summary parameters that best characterize the physics of these nanoparticles, such as charging energies and size dependent energy levels, and finally feeds this information into a kinetic Monte Carlo hopping transport framework to simulate electron and hole transport across realistically modeled nanoparticle films and devices. We demonstrate the power of this hierarchical modeling by exploring the carrier mobilities of PbSe nanoparticle films as a function of composition, disorder and temperature, where comparison of our results with experiments is possible.
Comparison of 2-Year Weight Loss Trends in Behavioral Treatments of Obesity: Diet, Exercise, and Combination Interventions

Abstract Objective The effects of three cognitive-behavioral weight control interventions for adults were compared: diet only, exercise only, and a combination of diet and exercise. This article reports 2-year follow-up data. Design The three interventions were compared in a randomized, experimental design. Subjects A total of 127 men and women who were at least 14 kg overweight (according to height-weight tables) were recruited from an urban community and assigned randomly to the experimental conditions. Intervention The dietary intervention was a low-energy eating plan adjusted to produce a 1 kg/week loss of weight. The exercise component involved training in walking and a home-based program of up to five exercise periods per week. There were 12 weekly instructional sessions, followed by 3 biweekly and 8 monthly meetings. All sessions were led by registered dietitians. Outcome measures Changes in body weight. Statistical analyses Analysis of variance for weight changes and repeated measures analysis of variance for weight change trends. Results At 1 year, no significant differences were noted among the three groups. The diet-only group lost 6.8 kg, the exercise-only group lost 2.9 kg, and the combination group lost 8.9 kg ( P =.09). During the second year, the diet-only group regained weight — reaching 0.9 kg above baseline; the combination group regained to 2.2 kg below baseline; and the exercise-only group regained slightly to 2.7 kg below baseline ( P =.36). Repeated measures analysis of variance showed a group-by-time interaction ( P =.001); data for the dieting groups best fit a U-shaped regain curve ( P =.001). Applications The results suggest that dieting is associated with weight loss followed by regain after treatment ends, whereas exercise alone produced smaller weight losses but better maintenance. The large outcome variability and unequal difficulty of the regimens across groups limit the generalizability of the findings. J Am Diet Assoc. 1996; 96:342-346 .
Seven Years of Biosolids versus Inorganic Nitrogen Applications to Tall Fescue

Repeated applications of municipal wastewater biosolids is cost effective for biosolids managers, but may lead to undesirable accumulations of nutrients or contaminants. We evaluated the effects of seven years of biosolids applications on tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) production and nutrient availability. We compared two types of Class A biosolids applied to tall fescue on a sandy loam in western Washington. Mean annual biosolids rates of 290, 580, and 870 kg total N ha -1 yr -1 were compared with inorganic N and zero-N controls using a randomized complete block design. We measured yield and N uptake for each forage harvest, plant tissue metals at selected harvests, soil nitrate each fall, diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA)-extractable metals after five years of applications, and soil pH, available P, and organic C after seven years. Forage yields increased with biosolids rate. Apparent nitrogen recovery (ANR) for biosolids averaged 18% in 1993 (Year 1), 35% in 1994, and 46% in 1999. The ANR for inorganic N averaged 62% from 1994-1999. Residual soil nitrate was less than 25 kg ha -1 for all treatments through 1995, but increased beginning in 1996 for the high biosolids rate. Biosolids increased soil organic C levels by 2 to 5 g kg -1 and Bray-1 P levels by 300 to 600 mg kg -1 (0-15 cm depth). Plant tissue Zn increased from 24 to 66 mg kg -1 at the highest application rate. Nearly all of the DTPA-extractable metals remained in the 0- to 8-cm soil depth.
A bombardment chamber for PIXE analyses

Abstract A target chamber for PIXE irradiations is described. This compact aluminum chamber has a small volume for rapid evacuation and a short (30 mm) target to detector distance. Beam collimators and detector filter/collimators are changed simultaneously by rotating either a six or nine position disc. A circular array of eight 25 mm diameter targets or an 82 mm diameter sample holding frame is rotated by a 192 step solenoid-operated ratchet which also functions as an angular position encoder. Other options include provisions for mounting a particle backscatter detector, backfill with helium gas, and vertical variation of target position by motor driven cam.
Systemic effects of subcutaneous heparin use in otolaryngology patients.

ObjectivesTo describe a population of otolaryngology patients who developed systemic anticoagulation from pharmacologic deep vein thrombosis prophylaxis using subcutaneous low-dose unfractionated h...
Treadmill stepping in infants born prematurely

Premature infants stepped on a treadmill as early as 1-month corrected age and they performed more coordinated alternate steps than their full-term peers. Twelve low-risk premature infants were observed at 1-, 6- and 9-months corrected-age. The infants were supported on a treadmill for five 20-s trials at three speeds. The following data were analysed from the video records: (1) Leg postures in treadmill-moving and non-moving trials, (2) various parameters of limb position and movement during each step cycle, and (3) multiple anthropometric measures. Premature infants at all ages performed coordinated alternating steps which responded to changes in speed. The premature infants had more extended leg postures during non-stepping analysis than they did once the swing was initiated. Low-risk premature birth did not interfere with the neuromotor pathway. Experience out-of-utero may have facilitated stepping.
Work and power analysis of the golf swing

A work and power (energy) analysis of the golf swing is presented as a method for evaluating the mechanics of the golf swing. Two computer models were used to estimate the energy production, transfers, and conversions within the body and the golf club by employing standard methods of mechanics to calculate work of forces and torques, kinetic energies, strain energies, and power during the golf swing. A detailed model of the golf club determined the energy transfers and conversions within the club during the downswing. A full-body computer model of the golfer determined the internal work produced at the body joints during the downswing. Four diverse amateur subjects were analyzed and compared using these two models. The energy approach yielded new information on swing mechanics, determined the force and torque components that accelerated the club, illustrated which segments of the body produced work, determined the timing of internal work generation, measured swing efficiencies, calculated shaft energy storage and release, and proved that forces and range of motion were equally important in developing club head velocity. A more comprehensive description of the downswing emerged from information derived from an energy based analysis.
Looking Glass, Inc.: A Classroom Experience:

This article presents experience with and background information on Looking Glass, Inc., an in-basket business simulation from the Center for Creative Leadership. It begins with an overview of the simulation which is followed by a description of its implementation in a business management course. Findings and learning outcomes are discussed. The article concludes with recommendations to maximize effectiveness of the simulation and a review of its attendant problems and benefits.
Response to interferon α therapy is influenced by the iron content of the liver

Seventy-nine subjects (19 women and 60 men) with chronic viral hepatitis were studied to determine the role of hepatic iron and its biochemical correlates in determining response to interferon α therapy. Each subject was treated for 6 months with interferon α . A total of 45 (57%) subjects achieved either a full or partial response. No differences between responders and non-responders were evident for the type of hepatitis, age, initial alanine aminotransferase, serum iron, total iron binding capacity, %sat, or ferritin. In contrast, the hepatic iron content of non-responders was almost twice that of responders (1156±283 μ g/g dry weight vs. 638±118; p
Cognitive Biases, Cognitive Limits, and Risk Communication

Abstract How should marketers communicate risk information? In discussing this question, the author begins with basic economic theory and expected utility theory. He then discusses the limitations that result from misestimation of probability, the need to deal with many risks at once, and the existence of individual differences in risk preference. He reviews the problem of cognitive biases, such as the tendency to favor harms of omission over harms of direct action, and concludes with suggestions for the design of risk communication that take into account these factors.
Improved root growth and water uptake in the epic model

Abstract A root growth submodel and water uptake per unit length of root were incorporated into the Erosion Productivity Impact Calculator (EPIC). Ability of the new model to simulate growth of the root system of a dryland cotton crop was evaluated and reasonable predictions were obtained. Model results were very sensitive to the required input of length to weight ratio. Effects of bulk density on root growth were overestimated by the model algorithms.
Absolute Neutrino Mass Determination

We discuss four approaches to the determination of absolute neutrino mass. These are the measurement of the zero-neutrino double beta decay rate, of the tritium decay end-point spectrum, of the cosmic ray spectrum above the GZK cutoff (in the Z-burst model), and the cosmological measurement of the power spectrum governing the CMB and large scale structure. The first two approaches are sensitive to the mass eigenstates coupling to the electron neutrino, whereas the latter two are sensitive to the heavy component of the cosmic neutrino background. All mass eigenstates are related by the {delta}m{sup 2}'s inferred from neutrino oscillation data. Consequently, the potential for the absolute mass determination of each of the four approaches is correlated with the other three, in ways that we point out.
Social Class and Social Control: An Application of Deterrence Theory

In the recent controversy concerning the relationship between social class and criminality, the distinction between the more serious offenses included in the Uniform Crime Reports and the less serious offenses included in self-report research has emerged as a crucial issue. Only one previous study has been reported which uses the self-report method to examine the relationship between SES and involvement in less serious offenses among adults, and that study suggests that the relationship is positive. In the present research, we draw on deterrence theory to accountfor such a positive relationship. Ourfirst hypothesis predicts that high SES persons perceive a lower certainty of legal punishment for committing these offenses, a hypothesis consistent with radical criminology, which in turn explains their greater involvement. The second hypothesis, linked to the concept of marginal utility, proposes that high SES persons are less deterred by the threat of legal punishment for these offenses. Our survey of a random sample of 353 adults provides support for both hypotheses.