cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Calcite dissolution kinetics in view of Gibbs free energy, dislocation density, and pCO2

Abstract The dissolution of calcite in a full range of saturation conditions is investigated to explore the kinetic effect of Gibbs free energy, dislocation density, and the presence of atmospheric pCO 2 . Experiments are carried out in a mixed-flow reactor at room temperature (25 °C) in both closed and open (to air) settings, and calcite samples are prepared by fragmentation and milling to generate different defect densities. Experimental observations show a highly nonlinear dependence of the dissolution rates on the Gibbs free energy; however, the kinetics does not seem to be affected by the samples' dislocation density, nor the presence of atmospheric pCO 2 at any saturation condition. Fitting the conventional transition state model (TST) to the observed rate - free energy relationship indicates that, though the TST rate equation is sufficient to describe the dissolution kinetics near and far from equilibrium, it clearly overestimates the dissolution rate when the system sits in between. These results suggest that: (i) the classic TST model may not be sufficient to depict the relation between dissolution rate and Gibbs free energy once solution saturation falls from its extrema. (ii) The steps associated with increased crystal defects may be overwhelmed by those regenerated at corners and edges of calcite particles through layer-by-layer dissolution along the cleavage directions. (iii) The presence of CO 2 in ambient environments bears little importance to calcite dissolution possibly due to the slow response of aqueous HCO 3 − to pCO 2 change at low CO 2 partial pressure conditions.
Coulometric determination of nickel and cobalt

Abstract A method has been developed for the successive determinations of nickel and cobalt by controlled potential coulomctric analysis with a. mercury cathode, using an aqueous pyridine electrolyte, Quantitles of the metals from about 10 to l00 mg per 100 ml are determinable with an average error of ±0.5 mg. Because this controlled potential electrolysis technique produces a clean separation of nickel and cobalt it can be used for preparing nickel-free cobalt compounds and cobalt-free nickel compounds.
Comparative Study of Mo2OxSy(cys)22- Complexes as Catalysts for Electron Transfer from Irradiated Colloidal TiO2 to Acetylene

A comparative study of the complexes Mo 2 O x S y (cys) 2 2- (x = 4, 3, 2; y = 4 - x) as catalysts for electron transfer from irradiated TiO 2 to acetylene is reported. These catalytic species all show similar behavior with respect to variations in intensity, loading, and pH. Their ability to facilitate electron transfer from TiO 2 to substrate increases in the order Mo 2 O 2 S 2 (cys) 2 2- > Mo 2 O 3 S(cys) 2 2- > Mo 2 O 4 (cys) 2 2- . At high light intensity, efficiencies for electron transfer from the colloidal TiO2 surface are comparable to those obtained with Pt under similar conditions. Efficiencies increase with decreased light intensity, giving product yields which account for 7-9% of the incident light at the lowest intensities studied. All three catalysts produce H 2 in N 2 - or C 2 H 4 -saturated solutions, but only Mo 2 O 2 S 2 (cys) 2 2- produces H 2 in the presence of C 2 H 2 . The effects of pH, temperature, intensity, and loading on the catalytic process are consistent with a proposed mechanism in which the catalytic site associated with the TiO 2 surface promotes the transfer of electrons to the bound substrate. For each complex, a single catalytic site appears to be responsible for all reduction processes. A comparison of the photocatalytic properties of species containing the Mo(V) 2 core is included.
Abstract 3187:Ex vivocharacterization of CTCs isolated using the FMSA device

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL Although technological advances in recent years have enabled isolatation of circulating tumor cells (CTCs), only the VeridexCellSearch System has been approved by the FDA for assessment of patient prognosis in metastatic breast, colon, and prostate cancers. A fundamental challenge with the CellSearch System is that the technique it uses to enrich and detect CTCs, EpCAM-basedimmunomagnetic isolation, fixates captured cells and prevents further molecular characterization by functional assays and primary cell culture. Progress in addressing these issues may help with progress with a variety of clinical needs including further characterization of the biology of individual patient tumors as well as their potential response top various therapeutics. In this study, we use the Flexible Micro Spring Array (FMSA) Device —a novel portable microfluidic device that captures and isolates viable CTCs by two physical parameters: size and flexibility—to capture, culture, and further characterize CTCs.GFP-labeled HCT-116 cells were spiked into healthy samples of donor blood to mimic blood samples of metastatic cancer patients. This spiked blood was filtered using the FMSA device, and the recovered cells were expanded in cell culture. A series of experiments were carried out to characterize these cells and investigate the effect of chemotherapy on the resulting cultures. Studies are ongoing to evaluate the potential of using this model to culture CTCs from patients and to evaluate the response of these cells to chemotherapies using high-throughput methodologies. The isolation of viable CTCs from human blood using the FMSA device provides a novel means for studying viable CTCs and for testing drug efficacy ex vivo. The analysis and identification of CTC-specific characteristics and their relation to chemotherapy susceptibility suggests a potential paradigm shift toward personalized and targeted cancer therapy based on the specific genetic defects of each patient's malignancy and CTCs. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3187. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-3187
Membership and Belonging in Inclusive Classrooms: What Do Middle School Students Have to Say?:

The purpose of this qualitative research study was to explore the characteristics of classroom membership as perceived by middle school students themselves and for their classmates with severe disa...
Certification methods and suggested changes

For certification to progress beyond the present unsatisfactory state as evidenced by the great difference between certified seed lots when grown in test plots in commercial areas, several changes in certification are suggested.
Seagrass productivity: Carbon uptake experiments in eelgrass, Zostera marina

Abstract The productivity of eelgrass, Zostera marina L., was measured in relation to light and season using 14C. Net productivity during the summer averaged 56 μg C/g dry weight per langley and on an areal basis 4.8 g C/m2 per day. The total production during the growing season was calculated to be 812 g C/m2 with at least a twofold turnover of the standing stock during this period. The uptake of carbon in relation to light intensity is hyperbolic below 50% light followed by some inhibition at higher intensities. This response is described using Michaelis-Menton kinetic equations. These experiments indicate that light saturation occurs at very low intensity. The half-saturation constant (KLt) was 12.5% of surface light.
An experimental test of the effects of variation in recruitment intensity on intertidal community composition

The rocky intertidal has been a model system for experimentally testing hypotheses regarding the factors that structure natural communities. Many ecologists have proposed that changes in the intensity of recruitment of individuals into a community should influence community structure. Past work investigating this hypothesis has primarily been surveys of recruitment and community structure across large spatial scales. Surprisingly, no researchers to date have manipulated recruitment into a rocky intertidal community to assess the response of interactions of the whole community to variation in recruitment intensity. We manipulated the densities of Balanus glandula and Chthamalus spp. recruits across a four-fold difference at two sites spanning the Monterey Bay, California, USA, to experimentally test if differences in recruitment intensity influenced initial changes in community composition and if these changes persisted through time. The results of this work indicate that differences in recruitment influence community composition initially, but that these changes can be short-lived.
Integrin α2-mediated ERK and Calpain Activation Play a Critical Role in Cell Adhesion and Motility via Focal Adhesion Kinase Signaling IDENTIFICATION OF A NOVEL SIGNALING PATHWAY

Higher levels of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) are expressed in colon metastatic carcinomas. However, the signaling pathways and their mechanisms that control cell adhesion and motility, important components of cancer metastasis, are not well understood. We sought to identify the integrin-mediated mechanism of FAK cleavage and downstream signaling as well as its role in motility in human colon cancer GEO cells. Our results demonstrate that phosphorylated FAK (tyrosine 397) is cleaved at distinct sites by integrin signaling when cells attach to collagen IV. Specific blocking antibodies (clone P1E6) to integrin alpha2 inhibited FAK activation and cell motility (micromotion). Ectopic expression of the FAK C-terminal domain FRNK attenuated FAK and ERK phosphorylation and micromotion. Calpain inhibitor N-acetyl-leucyl-leucyl-norleucinal blocked FAK cleavage, cell adhesion, and micromotion. Antisense approaches established an important role for mu-calpain in cell motility. Expression of wild type mu-calpain increased cell micromotion, whereas its point mutant reversed the effect. Further, cytochalasin D inhibited FAK phosphorylation and cleavage, cell adhesion, locomotion, and ERK phosphorylation, thus showing FAK activation downstream of actin assembly. We also found a pivotal role for FAK Tyr(861) phosphorylation in cell motility and ERK activation. Our results reveal a novel functional connection between integrin alpha2 engagement, FAK, ERK, and mu-calpain activation in cell motility and a direct link between FAK cleavage and enhanced cell motility. The data suggest that blocking the integrin alpha2/FAK/ERK/mu-calpain pathway may be an important strategy to reduce cancer progression.
Effective Interactions and Self-Assembly of Hybrid Polymer Grafted Nanoparticles in a Homopolymer Matrix

We apply the microscopic polymer reference interaction site model integral equation theory to study the structure and phase behavior of spherical nanoparticles with six symmetrically grafted chains in a homopolymer matrix that is chemically identical to the grafted polymer. Calculations of the particle−particle potential of mean force (PMF), pair correlation functions, and collective structure factors under athermal conditions and in the presence interfiller attractions are presented. Polymer grafted nanoparticles disperse or aggregate in the homopolymer matrix depending on how much of the filler surface is effectively covered by the tethered chains which sterically shield direct intercore attractions. If the nanoparticle volume is less than its total tether analogue, the filler surface is well shielded and nanoparticles tend to disperse. For smaller filler cores (∼2 nm) the grafting density is more brush-like, and the PMF becomes more attractive at contact with increasing matrix chain length due to decre...
Engineering the push and pull of lipid biosynthesis in oleaginous yeast Yarrowia lipolytica for biofuel production.

Abstract Microbial oil production by heterotrophic organisms is a promising path for the cost-effective production of biofuels from renewable resources provided high conversion yields can be achieved. To this end, we have engineered the oleaginous yeast Yarrowia lipolytica. We first established an expression platform for high expression using an intron-containing translation elongation factor-1α (TEF) promoter and showed that this expression system is capable of increasing gene expression 17-fold over the intronless TEF promoter. We then used this platform for the overexpression of diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGA1), the final step of the triglyceride (TAG) synthesis pathway, which yielded a 4-fold increase in lipid production over control, to a lipid content of 33.8% of dry cell weight (DCW). We also show that the overexpression of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC1), the first committed step of fatty acid synthesis, increased lipid content 2-fold over control, or 17.9% lipid content. Next we combined the two genes in a tandem gene construct for the simultaneous coexpression of ACC1 and DGA1, which further increased lipid content to 41.4%, demonstrating synergistic effects of ACC1+DGA1 coexpression. The lipid production characteristics of the ACC1+DGA1 transformant were explored in a 2-L bioreactor fermentation, achieving 61.7% lipid content after 120 h. The overall yield and productivity were 0.195 g/g and 0.143 g/L/h, respectively, while the maximum yield and productivity were 0.270 g/g and 0.253 g/L/h during the lipid accumulation phase of the fermentation. This work demonstrates the excellent capacity for lipid production by the oleaginous yeast Y. lipolytica and the effects of metabolic engineering of two important steps of the lipid synthesis pathway, which acts to divert flux towards the lipid synthesis and creates driving force for TAG synthesis.
Solid-state 93Nb and 13C NMR investigations of half-sandwich niobium(I) and niobium(V) cyclopentadienyl complexes.

Solid-state 93Nb and 13C NMR experiments, in combination with theoretical calculations of NMR tensors, and single-crystal and powder X-ray diffraction experiments, are applied for the comprehensive characterization of structure and dynamics in a series of organometallic niobium complexes. Half-sandwich niobium metallocenes of the forms Cp‘Nb(I)(CO)4 and CpNb(V)Cl4 are investigated, where Cp = C5H5- and Cp‘ = C5H4R- with R = COMe, CO2Me, CO2Et, and COCH2Ph. Anisotropic quadrupolar and chemical shielding (CS) parameters are extracted from 93Nb MAS and static NMR spectra for seven different complexes. It is demonstrated that 93Nb NMR parameters are sensitive to changes in temperature and Cp‘ ring substitution in the Cp‘Nb(I)(CO)4 complexes. There are dramatic differences in the 93Nb quadrupolar coupling constants (CQ) between the Nb(I) and Nb(V) complexes, with CQ between 1.0 and 12.0 MHz for Cp‘Nb(CO)4 and CQ = 54.5 MHz for CpNbCl4. The quadrupolar Carr−Purcell Meiboom−Gill (QCPMG) pulse sequence is applied...
Nonclinical Toxicology Studies with Zidovudine: Acute, Subacute, and Chronic Toxicity in Rodents, Dogs, and Monkeys

Abstract In single dose acute toxicity studies in CD-1 mice and CD rats, the median lethal dose (MLD) for zidovudine (ZDV) was >750 mg/kg after iv dosing and >3000 mg/kg after po administration (recommended human dose is 100 mg every 4 hr while awake). Because of the short half-life in rats (0.8 hr), dogs (1.0 hr), and monkeys (0.8 hr), the daily dose of ZDV in most studies was given in two equal portions approximately 6 hr apart. Intravenous administration of ZDV was well tolerated in beagle dogs at dose levels up to 42.5 mg/kg bid for 2 weeks and in CD rats at dose levels up to 75 mg/kg bid for 4 weeks. In a 2-week dose range-finding study in beagle dogs, cytostatic effects were noted at po dose levels of 62.5 to 250 mg/kg bid in certain tissues with rapid cell replication rates. In contrast, in 3- to 12-month oral toxicity studies in CD rats and cynomolgus monkeys, the principal toxicologic finding was reversible macrocytic normochromic anemia which occurred at 225–250 mg/kg bid in rats and 17.5–150 mg/kg bid in monkeys. In the 12-month rat study, RBC was decreased at 25 and 75 mg/kg bid. In the 12-month monkey study WBC was slightly decreased at 150 mg/kg bid.
Patience: A theological experiment

This brief article considers the implications of thinking of God as patient. It suggests that God exercises patience by giving human beings the time and space to try on diverse identities, and thereby supplies theological warrant for thinking beyond restrictive and essentialistic construals of human life.
Training Counselors to Work Competently With Individuals and Families With Health and Mental Health Issues

A paradigm shift is underway in the training of professional counselors. It involves a shift in orientation from an input-based or traditional model of training to an outcomes-based or competency-b...
Human CD117 (cKit)+ Innate Lymphoid Cells Have a Discrete Transcriptional Profile at Homeostasis and Are Expanded during Filarial Infection

Since innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) have been found to play a role in the immune response to helminth parasites in rodents, we sought to determine their role in human helminth infection. By developing multicolor flow cytometry-based methods to identify and enumerate circulating ILCs and their subsets, we were able to identify a subset of cKit+ ILCs defined as Lineage (Lin)-/CD45+/cKit+/CD127+ that were significantly expanded in the filarial-infected individuals (p=0.0473) as were those cKit+ ILCs that produced IL-13. Additionally, the frequency of these cKit+ ILCs correlated with the frequency of IL-17 producing CD4+ T cells (Th17 cells; p=0.025). To investigate the function of cKit+ ILCs, sorted, highly purified human ILCs were subjected to transcriptional profiling by RNAseq and compared to appropriate control cells. These cKit+ ILCs expressed TLRs, a broad range of cytokines/cytokine receptors and MHC Class II molecules suggesting that these ILCs sense pathogens independent of other cell types. Functional analysis revealed expanded cKit+ ILC-specific transcription and ILC-specific microRNA precursors.
Noninvasive estimation of ventricular filling pressures in patients with single right ventricles.

Background Increased ventricular end-diastolic pressure (VEDP) is a known risk factor for morbidity and mortality in patients with single-ventricle physiology. Spectral Doppler tissue imaging (DTI) has been shown to modestly correlate with direct measurement of VEDP. Strain rate (SR) values, obtained via myocardial deformation, have not yet been compared with VEDP in this patient population. The goal of this study was to evaluate which of these imaging techniques correlates best with VEDP in patients with single-RV (RV) physiology. Methods Patients with single-RV physiology who underwent simultaneous echocardiography and catheterization were evaluated. Echocardiographic data included global longitudinal SR early diastolic wave (SRe) and SR late diastolic wave (SRa), DTI early diastolic wave (e′) and DTI late diastolic wave (a′) of the right ventricular free wall, and right atrioventricular valve inflow velocities (E and A waves). E/SRe and E/e′ ratios were calculated. VEDP was obtained from the catheterization report. Results Twenty-seven studies were performed on patients with single-RV physiology. The median age at the time of catheterization was 11.4 months (range, 0–132 months). The mean VEDP was 9.9 ± 4.5 mm Hg. VEDP correlated significantly with E/SRe ratio ( r = 0.88), global SRe ( r = −0.52), SRe/SR late diastolic wave ratio ( r = −0.42), and valve A velocity ( r = 0.48). There were no significant correlations between VEDP and DTI measurements. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis using an E/SRe cutoff of 150 cm showed 87.5% sensitivity and 78.9% specificity for predicting VEDP > 10 mm Hg. Conclusions In patients with single-RV physiology, VEDP correlated strongly with SR but not with DTI measurements. SR measurements should be considered as a possible means to estimate VEDP in this complex patient population rather than DTI.
DEC-205 expression on migrating dendritic cells in afferent lymph

Previous studies have identified a 210 000-molecular weight molecule expressed at a high level on the surface of dendritic cells (DCs) in afferent lymph of cattle and evident on cells with the morphology of DCs in lymphoid tissues. Expression is either absent from other immune cells or is present at a lower level. The molecular weight and cellular distribution suggested that the molecule, called bovine WC6 antigen (workshop cluster), might be an orthologue of human DEC-205 (CD205). To establish whether this was the case, the open reading frame of bovine DEC-205 was amplified, by polymerase chain reaction, from thymic cDNA (accession no. AY264845). The cDNA sequence of bovine DEC-205 had 86% and 78% nucleic acid identity with human and mouse molecules, respectively. COS-7 cells transfected with a plasmid containing the cattle DEC-205 coding region expressed a molecule that stained with WC6-specific monoclonal antibody, showing that ruminant WC6 is an orthologue of DEC-205. Two-colour flow cytometry of mononuclear cells from afferent lymph draining cattle skin, and from blood, confirmed the high level of expression on large cells in lymph that were uniformly DC-LAMP positive and major histocompatibility complex class II positive. Within this DEC-205+ DC-LAMP+ population were subpopulations of cells that expressed the mannose receptor or SIRPalpha. The observations imply that DCs in afferent lymph are all DEC-205high, but not a uniform population of homogeneous mature DCs.
Synthesis and characterization of electronically varied XCX palladacycles with functional arene groups

X-ray crystallographic studies show that varying the nature of the S-aryl ligands in SCS-Pd(II) pincer complexes and the electronic nature of the aryl substituent para to the Pd(II) group in PCP-Pd(II) pincer complexes do not lead to structural changes in these palladacycles that can be correlated with the changing nature of the ligands. While the original C2 symmetry for the S-aryl groups in SCS-Pd(II) pincer complexes seen in the case of the 2,5-bis(thiophenylmethyl)phenylpalladium chloride pincer complex is also seen in other SCS-Pd(II) pincer complexes, the relative stereochemistry of the S-aryl rings is not consistently maintained in 2,5-bis((4-dimethylaminothiophenyl)methyl)-phenylpalladium chloride.
On construction of Markov processes

Let σ be the time of hitting 0 for a standard Markov process X(t) with state space (0, ∞), probabilities Px and sub-probability operators Ptf(x)=Ex(f(X(t)); t 0 (ηsP t =ηt+s). Conversely given ηs, one may construct an excursion (or characteristic) measure on path space and a Poisson point process Y. K. Ito and S. Watanabe refer to the possibility of using Y to construct an extension having the prescribed entrance law. In this paper we verify that under quite general conditions this is indeed possible.
Studies on nutritional principles for Endamoeba histolytica in autoclaved bacterial cells

Abstract Autoclaved cells of a bacterial associate ordinarily present in certain cultures of Endamoeba histolytica have been shown to contain a substance for survival of the amebae, probably available to the amebae only by ingestion of the bacteria. The concentration of the principle in the autoclaved cells is not sufficient for continued transfer of cultures. No activity could be demonstrated in cell-free filtrates of bacterial cultures or in aqueous and lipoidal extracts of dried bacteria. As assay procedure is described for estimation of the stimulating principle.
A Study of Macrophages, Macrophage-related Cells, and Endothelial Adhesion Molecules in Recurrent Aphthous Ulcers in HIV-positive Patients

The purpose of this immunohistochemical study was to investigate the presence and distribution of macrophages (CD11c+ and CD68+) and macrophage-related dendritic cells (factor XIIIa+ and CD36+) in early and late aphthous ulcers associated with HIV infection. To substantiate a mechanism by which these cells may move from the vascular compartment to tissue spaces, we also investigated expression of ELAM (endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule), ICAM-1 (intercellular adhesion molecule), and CD18 (leukocyte function antigen). Numerous CD11c+ and CD68+ macrophages were seen in early lesions, though larger numbers of CD68+ cells were present in older lesions. No significant increases in factor XIIIa+ dendrocytes were seen in either early or late lesions, though dendrocytes appeared enlarged. CD36+ cells and CD18+ leukocytes were more numerous in early than in late aphthous ulcers. ELAM and ICAM expression was most intense on endothelial cells in early aphthous ulcers, with staining intensity fading toward the lesion periphery. Control specimens showed weaker ELAM and ICAM staining than did the ulcer specimens. Keratinocytes did not express ICAM. By virtue of their numbers, macrophages and macrophage subtypes appear to have a significant role in both the early and late stages of this disease. Although factor XIIIa-expressing dendrocytes may not have been more numerous in the ulcers, they appeared to be "activated" because of their prominence in the lesions and their occasional co-expression of CD68 antigen (KP1+). They may have a minor role in antigen processing, phagocytosis, and fibroplasia. ELAM and ICAM expression by endothelial cells provides a mechanism by which macrophages and other leukocytes can be recruited to the site of the lesion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
An application of DSM-IV's outline for cultural formulation: Understanding conduct disorder in Latino adolescents

In the established guidelines for providers of services to ethnic, linguistic, and culturally diverse populations, the American Psychological Association addressed the need for practitioners to consider the role that culture and ethnicity plays in the psychosocial development of culturally diverse populations. Currently, there are over 24 million Latinos in the United States, and this population is expected to quadruple in size to over 81 million in the year 2050. This discussion of a case example highlights the appropriateness of utilizing the outline for cultural formulation in working with Latino adolescents diagnosed with Conduct Disorder. As indicated by the DSM-IV's outline for cultural formulation, this discussion addresses the importance of assessing the following: 1) Cultural identity of the individual; 2) Cultural explanations of the individual's illness; 3) Cultural factors related to psychosocial environment and levels of functioning; 4) Cultural elements of the relationship between the individual and the clinician; 5) Overall cultural assessment for diagnosis and care. In particular, the discussion focuses on specific reasons why the utilization of the outline for cultural formulation can greatly assist the clinician in understanding many psychosocial elements unique to treating Conduct Disorder in the Latino adolescent.
Screening of seedlings of wildSolanum species for resistance to bacterial stem rot caused by soft rot Erwinias

A standard effective screening procedure for evaluating resistance of young seedlings ofSolanum species to bacterial stem rot caused byErwinia species was developed. Susceptibility to stem rot caused byErwinia carotovora subsp.carotovora varied greatly among 500 differentSolanum accessions; generally accessions resistant toE. carotovora subsp.carotovora were also resistant toE. carotovora subsp.atroseptica andE. chrysanthemi. Most of the lines ofSolarium berthaultii, S. bulbocastanum, S. chacoense, S. stoloniferum, S. tarijense, andS. tuberosum subsp.andigenum were very resistant to stem rot.
An Evaluation of a Program to Increase Physical Activity for Young Children in Child Care

Research Findings: In the past 20 years, obesity rates among U.S. children have skyrocketed. In fact, 15.4% of 2- to 4-year-olds in North Carolina, where this study takes place, are obese, making it the 5th worst obesity rate in the nation. Research indicates that young children in preschool settings largely engage in sedentary activities, demonstrating the need for programs that encourage physical activity. Starting physical activity early helps children set patterns for lifelong learning and participation. In this article we describe the development and evaluation of a program of physical activities, Be Active Kids, designed to increase the level of physical activity of children birth to age 5 in child care settings in North Carolina. Using a single case study, multiple baseline design, we introduced the intervention in 6 classrooms in 3 child care centers. Teachers received a standardized training, and children in each classroom were observed for their level of physical activity during the baseline and...
Fine structure of the frog electroretinogram.

Abstract 1. 1. Electroretinograms were elicited from dark-adapted frogs in response to stimuli of graded intensity and duration. 2. 2. The data support the hypothesis that the multiple peaks in the b-wave are caused by the summation of a number of sub-waves. 3. 3. Each sub-wave might be the result of some physiological process leading to the generation of an electrical potential.
Tibial compartment syndrome.

On physical examination his blood pressure was 130/ 80; pulse rate was 100 beats per minute; temperature 37.2 C (99 F), and he was alert and oriented. He had moderate weakness of grasp and dorsiflexion of the left hand. Sensation and deep tendon reflexes of the upper extremities were normal. The left calf was tender and swollen, but the dorsalis pedis and posterior tibial pulses were equal bilaterally. There was moderate weakness of dorsiflexion of the left foot.
Non-symmetric extension of a plane crack due to tensile pre-stress and dilatational waves

Abstract Non-symmetric extension of an infinitesimal flaw into a plane crack at a constant rate due to a uniform tensile pre-stress and identical intersecting plane dilatational waves is considered. The wavefronts are not parallel and the wave stresses vanish at the wavefronts and vary linearly behind them. Fracture initiates at a point a finite time after the wave intersection there and a crack extends non-symmetrically along the trace of the wave intersection. For a given pre-stress level it is found that the time lag between wave intersection and fracture and the time rate of change of the propagating stresses have a marked effect on the stress intensity factors and rate of energy flux into the crack edges. Moreover the energy flux rate and stress intensity factors vary inversely with the faster crack edge speed if that edge extends in the direction of increasing applied stress.
Even-odd effects of Heisenberg chains on long-range interaction and entanglement

A strongly coupled Heisenberg chain provides an important channel for quantum communication through its many-body ground state. Yet, the nature of the effective interactions and the ability to mediate long-range entanglement differs significantly for chains of opposite parity. Here, we contrast the characters of even- and odd-size chains when they are coupled to external qubits. Additional parity effects emerge in both cases, depending on the positions of the attached qubits. Some striking results include (i) the emergence of maximal entanglement and (ii) spin-chain Ruderman-Kittel-Kasuya-Yosida interactions for qubits attached to an even chain, and (iii) the ability of chains of either parity to mediate qubit entanglement that is undiminished by distance.
Interaction of Free Surface Flows With Unrestrained Solid-Porous Bodies

This paper presents an extension of the Eulerian-Lagrangian Marker and Micro Cell (ELMMC) method, developed to numerically simulate the interaction between clear fluid flow and composite obstacles. The method can simulate both transient and pseudo-steady state problems that involve wave breaking, impact between fluid fronts, and impact between free surfaces and solid or porous boundaries. The newest capability added to the ELMMC method can simulate interaction between fluid fronts and unrestrained solid/porous obstacles. The extension of the ELMMC method is presented here in detail, including the estimation of the hydrodynamic forces induced by the flow on the solid/porous obstacles, the calculation of the final velocity fields, and the computation of the velocity of the solid/porous obstacles. The capabilities of the new method are demonstrated by simulating two representative problems, namely, a solid/porous sphere falling in a reservoir and a single large wave impacting an unrestrained solid/porous structure.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Relationship between clinical status and behavior test performance in a newborn group with histories suggesting anoxia.

Summary A battery of five behavioral tests designed and standardized for newborn infants was administered to a group of sixty “anoxic” infants, including those with observable postnatal anoxia and those with possible prenatal anoxia, and to a group of sixty-two normal infants. The five tests consisted of a pain threshold test, a maturation scale, a vision scale, an irritability rating, and a muscle tension rating. The degree of impairment in test performance reflected the seriousness of the clinical condition, both when the clinical history was evaluated by two experienced pediatricians and when it was estimated by a method of weighting multiple factors in the medical history. The behavioral tests thus appear to provide an objective, quantitative, and sensitive method of assessing the clinical status of a newborn infant.
State and Trade in the Indonesian Archipelago

The theme of this volume, state formation and mercantile evolution in Indonesia, has been the subject of historiographical debate for quite some time. In recent decades the focus of this debate has shifted from the external challenge posed by westerners towards the indigenous response to that challenge and towards local and regional situations, adding to the knowledge of state and state formation. Nine case studies on state formation in the Indonesian archipelago illustrate this approach. They deal with widely differing states, in different periods and regions, ranging from the twelfth-century Javanese state of Kadiri to the twentieth-century Netherlands Indies colonial state, and from Riau and West Borneo to Buton and the Seram Sea. Most of the studies concern states that came under the influence of the Dutch East Indies Company or its successor, the Dutch colonial state.
A model for the spectral dependence of optically induced absorption in amorphous silicon

A model based on transitions from localized band tail states to states above the mobility edge is used to explain the broad band induced absorptions observed in recent pump-probe experiments. The model gives the observed decrease of absorption with frequency at subband gap photo energies and high carrier densities (of about 10 to the 20th/cu cm). At lower carrier densities, the absorption has a maximun which is sensitive to the spatial extent of the band tail states.
WdChs1p, a class II chitin synthase, is more responsible than WdChs2p (Class I) for normal yeast reproductive growth in the polymorphic, pathogenic fungus Wangiella (Exophiala) dermatitidis.

The chitin synthase gene WdCHS1 was isolated from a partial genomic DNA library of the pathogenic polymorphic fungus Wangiella dermatitidis. Sequencing showed that WdCHS1 encoded a class II chitin synthase composed of 988 amino acids. Disruption of WdCHS1 produced strains that were hyperpigmented in rich media, grew as yeast at wild-type rates at both 25 and 37°C and were as virulent as the wild type in a mouse model. However, detailed morphological and cytological studies of the wdchs1Δ mutants showed that yeast cells often failed to separate, tended to be enriched with chitin in septal regions and, sometimes, were enlarged with multiple nuclei, had broader mother cell–daughter bud regions and had other cell wall defects seen considerably less often than in the wild type or wdchs2Δ strains. Disruption of WdCHS1 and WdCHS2 in the same background revealed that WdChs1p had functions synergistic to those of WdChs2p, because mutants devoid of both isozymes produced growth that was very abnormal at 25°C and was not viable at 37°C unless osmotically stabilized. These results suggested that WdChs1p was more responsible than WdChs2p for normal yeast cell reproductive growth because strains with defects in the latter exhibited no morphological abnormalities, whereas those with defects in WdChs1p were frequently impaired in one or more yeast developmental processes.
Managing the Race Structure of Phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae with Cultivar Rotation

Deployment of tobacco cultivars with single-gene, complete resistance to race 0 of the tobacco black shank pathogen, Phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae, has resulted in a rapid increase in the occurrence of race 1 of the pathogen in North Carolina. Cultivar-rotation studies were conducted in three fields to assess how different levels and types of resistance affected the race structure and population dynamics of the pathogen when deployed in fields initially containing single or mixed races of the pathogen. In a field with both races present, a high level of partial resistance in cv. K 346 was most effective in reducing disease and decreasing the proportion of race 1 in the pathogen population. The deployment of complete resistance in cv. NC 71 resulted in intermediate levels of disease control and race 1 became the predominate race. The cv. K 326, with a low level of partial resistance, had the highest levels of disease, and race 0 was the dominant race recovered. In a field where no race 1 was detected initially, disease incidence was high with the use of partial resistance. Complete resistance was very effective in suppressing disease, but race 1 was recovered after only one growing season. By the end of the third growing season, race 1 was recovered from most treatments where single-gene resistance was deployed. A high level of partial resistance was most effective in suppressing disease in a field where race 1 initially was the predominant race. A rotation between cultivars with single-gene resistance and cultivars with a high level of partial resistance should provide the most effective approach to black shank management. This rotation will reduce disease incidence and minimize race shifts in the pathogen and, over time, should prolong the usefulness of the Ph gene for black shank control in commercial production of tobacco.
Transforming growth factor‐β, osteogenin, and bone morphogenetic protein‐2 inhibit intercellular communication and alter cell proliferation in MC3T3‐E1 cells

Intercellular communication by gap junctions has been implicated to function in the control of cell growth and differentiation in osseous tissues-processes which are regulated, in part, by peptide growth factors, including transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) and the bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs). Using the osteoblastic cell line MC3T3-E1, we tested the hypothesis that the effects of TGF-beta and BMPs on cell proliferation may be correlated to changes in intercellular communication. In a series of proliferation assays, MC3T3-E1 cells were cultured in the presence of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) or TGF-beta for up to 48 hr. Proliferation of cells during the linear log phase (days 2 to 4) was assessed by 3H-thymidine (3H-TdR) incorporation. After times ranging from 6 to 48 hr, BMP-2 significantly inhibited uptake of 3H-TdR at doses of 50-800 ng/ml. Similarly, TGF-beta inhibited uptake of 3H-TdR at doses of 2-32 ng/ml. In a separate group of experiments, intercellular communication through gap junctions was demonstrated by cell-cell transfer of the fluorescent tracer, lucifer yellow, after microinjection. One series of experiments showed that the gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) of cells, incubated for 48 hr in the presence of the higher dose of osteogenin (OG) (5.0 vs. 0.5 microgram/ml) or higher dose of TGF-beta (2.0 vs. 0.2 ng/ml), was significantly inhibited compared to control. In another series of experiments, time and dose dependent effects of BMP-2 and TGF-beta on GJIC were investigated. In the time course experiments (3, 6, 12, 24, and 48 hr), TGF-beta (2.0 ng/ml) demonstrated a statistically significant effect in inhibiting GJIC as early as 6 hr, while BMP-2 (50 ng/ml) inhibited GJIC after 24 and 48 hr of treatment. The dose-dependent effects of BMP-2 and TGF-beta on cell couplings, determined at 48 hr, showed significant inhibitory effects with BMP-2 at 25 and 50 ng/ml and with TGF-beta at 2 and 4 ng/ml. The cell count results and injection study performed at 12 hr, at a fixed cell density, confirmed that the inhibitory effect was not due to differences in cell density. The 50% effective inhibitory concentrations (EC50) calculated for BMP-2 and TGF-beta at 48 hr, showed no dose correlation between proliferation and GJIC, suggesting that these two events are independent occurrences. Additionally, marked morphological change was observed in the cells treated with TGF-beta. The observation may suggest that TGF-beta may have effects upon cytoskeletal elements in osseous tissues.
Significance of phenolic compounds in plant‐soil‐microbial systems

Abstract Numerous reports have been published on the occurrence, isolation, and characterization of phenolic compounds in plant‐soil systems. The low molecular weight phenolics are of great interest because of their effects as allelopathic compounds and plant growth regulators, and they have traditionally been considered as defense molecules in plant‐pathogen interactions. More recently, their role as signal molecules in plant‐microbe systems has become evident. Specific molecules can act either as inducers for virulent genes in plant‐pathogen systems, such as Agrobacterium, or as inducers and “repressors”; in Rhizobium‐legumc and probably other symbiosis. The overall regulation role of these compounds in compatible and incompatible host‐microbe interactions is discussed in this review.
Spinal 5-HT7 receptors and protein kinase A constrain intermittent hypoxia-induced phrenic long-term facilitation.

Abstract Phrenic long-term facilitation (pLTF) is a form of serotonin-dependent respiratory plasticity induced by acute intermittent hypoxia (AIH). pLTF requires spinal Gq protein-coupled serotonin-2 receptor (5-HT2) activation, new synthesis of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and activation of its high-affinity receptor, TrkB. Intrathecal injections of selective agonists for Gs protein-coupled receptors (adenosine 2A and serotonin-7; 5-HT7) also induce long-lasting phrenic motor facilitation via TrkB “trans-activation.” Since serotonin released near phrenic motor neurons may activate multiple serotonin receptor subtypes, we tested the hypothesis that 5-HT7 receptor activation contributes to AIH-induced pLTF. A selective 5-HT7 receptor antagonist (SB-269970, 5 mM, 12 μl) was administered intrathecally at C4 to anesthetized, vagotomized and ventilated rats prior to AIH (3, 5-min episodes, 11% O2). Contrary to predictions, pLTF was greater in SB-269970 treated versus control rats (80 ± 11% versus 45 ± 6% 60 min post-AIH; p
Boundary layer phenomenon in the plastic zone near a rapidly propagating crack tip

Abstract The steady-state dynamic fields near a rapidly propagating crack tip in an elastic perfectly-plastic material have been investigated for the case of Mode-III fracture. For arbitrary values of the dimensionless crack-tip speed (M) the inner solution consists of a central-fan field ahead of the crack tip and a uniform field in its wake. It is shown that the inner solution is valid in a “boundary layer” which shrinks on the crack tip in the limit of vanishing M. For small M the outer solution was found as a regular perturbation expansion in M, with the quasi-static solution as its first term. A uniform expansion over the polar angle θ measured from the plane of the crack was also obtained; its first term displays the connection between the inner and outer solutions. The expansion has also been used to obtain an exact solution for the shear strain in the plastic zone in the plane of the crack ahead of the crack tip.
Efficacy and Safety of Statins in Older Adults

Cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of death in the United States, with the greatest burden borne by adults above 65 years of age. HMG-CoA-reductase inhibitors, or statins, have been demonstrated to greatly reduce morbidity and mortality in patients with established cardiovascular disease, yet their rates of utilization in older adults remain relatively low. In addition, few trials have specifically analyzed the efficacy of statins in older patients. This review summarizes the data relevant to the use of statins for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease in older adults as well as some of the controversies regarding possible links between statins and cognitive impairment or diabetes.
Altered goblet cell differentiation and surface mucus properties in Hirschsprung disease.

Hirschsprung disease-associated enterocolitis (HAEC) leads to significant mortality and morbidity, but its pathogenesis remains unknown. Changes in the colonic epithelium related to goblet cells and the luminal mucus layer have been postulated to play a key role. Here we show that the colonic epithelium of both aganglionic and ganglionic segments are altered in patients and in mice with Hirschsprung disease (HSCR). Structurally, goblet cells were altered with increased goblet cell number and reduced intracellular mucins in the distal colon of biopsies from patients with HSCR. Endothelin receptor B (Ednrb) mutant mice showed increased goblet cell number and size and increased cell proliferation compared to wild-type mice in aganglionic segments, and reduced goblet cell size and number in ganglionic segments. Functionally, compared to littermates, Ednrb−/− mice showed increased transepithelial resistance, reduced stool water content and similar chloride secretion in the distal colon. Transcript levels of goblet cell differentiation factors SPDEF and Math1 were increased in the distal colon of Ednrb−/− mice. Both distal colon from Ednrb mice and biopsies from HSCR patients showed reduced Muc4 expression as compared to controls, but similar expression of Muc2. Particle tracking studies showed that mucus from Ednrb−/− mice provided a more significant barrier to diffusion of 200 nm nanoparticles as compared to wild-type mice. These results suggest that aganglionosis is associated with increased goblet cell proliferation and differentiation and subsequent altered surface mucus properties, prior to the development of inflammation in the distal colon epithelium. Restoration of normal goblet cell function and mucus layer properties in the colonic epithelium may represent a therapeutic strategy for prevention of HAEC.
THE COMPRESSIVE BEHAVIOR OF SOLID FOOD SPECIMENS WITH SMALL HEIGHT TO DIAMETER RATIOS

Cylindrical specimens of height to diameter ratios between 0.12 to 1.0 of potato flesh, bologna sausage and process American cheese were uniaxially compressed to failure. The flatter the specimen the stiffer it appeared. This was also true with respect to strength. The magnitude of strain at failure also increased with the specimen's flatness. Application of two correction procedures for the calculation of a dimensionally independent modulus did not always yield consistent results, demonstrating that the stiffness-strength-shape relationships can depend not only on the material but also on the particular character of the end constraints.