cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modeling of Thermal-Assisted Dislocation Friction

We generalize a model for friction at a sliding interface involving the motion of misfit dislocations to include the effect of thermally activated transitions across barriers. We obtain a comparatively simple form with the absolute zero-temperature Peierls barrier replaced by an effective Peierls barrier which varies exponentially with temperature, in agreement with recent experimental observations of thermally activated friction. Going further, we suggest a plausible method for generalizing the frictional drag at a more constitutive level by replacing the Peierls stress in a more general sense where the microstructure (e.g., dislocation density, grain size etc.) is built in. Last, but not least, we point out that when barriers are included the static coefficient of friction becomes larger than the dynamic coefficient of friction, which is an important connection to reality.
A study of transference and solvation phenomena—III Lithium chloride in water-ethanol and ethanol solvents

Abstract For 99·7 weight per cent ethanol in water the transference number of chloride ion, ta, in lithium chloride decreases rapidly below a concentration of about 0·40 mole/l. It would have to decrease more rapidly at very low concentrations of salt in this solvent to check the value 0·56 recorded in the literature for ta in 0·001 to 0·0025 molar solutions of this salt in ethanol. In water fa decreases rapidly with concentration of salt in dilute solutions of lithium chloride. The Hittorf transference numbers studied here in the strongly ethanolic solvent were limited to the concentration range from 0·0714 to 0·6273 m. A discussion is given of the difference in water and strongly ethanolic solvents of the concentration dependence of fa and of tc for lithium chloride. At 1·60 weight per cent lithium chloride a linear decrease of ta with increased weight per cent ethanol was found. The causes of this increase of the relative mobility of Li+ compared to Cl− as the ethanol component of solvent increased is discussed. The grammes of solvent transferred from anode to cathode per faraday of electricity at 1·60 weight per cent lithium chloride has a sine wave-like-dependence on the weight per cent ethanol in the solvent. The frequency and the amplitude of the waves increased with increasing weight per cent ethanol. The shape of this curve is given consideration and alternate exchange of successive solvation layers of the Li+ and Cl− ions seems to be a plausible explanation.
XXI.— On Thelodus Pagei, Powrie, sp. from the Old Red Sandstone of Forfarshire

The remarkable fossil fish which forms the subject of the present communication belonged originally to the late Mr Powrie of Reswallie, and was acquired, along with the rest of his collection, by the Edinburgh Museum in 1892. The specimen was obtained by Mr Powrie in a quarry of the Lower Old Red Sandstone at Turin Hill, near Forfar. In his monograph on the Fossil Cephalaspidœ of Great Britain , published in 1870, (p. 41), Professor E. Ray Lankester refers in the following terms to the specimen in question:— “A very remarkable specimen of shagreen-like structure has been discovered by Mr Powrie in Forfarshire, in beds which have furnished Cephalaspis . As I have not been able to assign it to Cephalaspidian fishes, though it may possibly, be connected with them, I only allude to it here. It consists of a surface covered with minute spinous tubercles, the whole having the appearance of a fossilised piece of shagreen, and its shape is more or less that of a Cephalaspid, with head and body.
The effectiveness of computer assisted pronunciation training for foreign language learning by children

This study investigates whether a computer assisted pronunciation training (CAPT) system can help young learners improve word-level pronunciation skills in English as a foreign language at a level comparable to that achieved through traditional teacher-led training. The pronunciation improvement of a group of learners of 11 years of age receiving teacher-fronted instruction was compared to that of a group receiving computer assisted pronunciation training by means of a system including an automatic speech recognition component. Results show that 1) pronunciation quality of isolated words improved significantly for both groups of subjects, and 2) both groups significantly improved in pronunciation quality of words that were considered particularly difficult to pronounce and that were likely to have been unknown to them prior to the training. Training with a computer-assisted pronunciation training system with a simple automatic speech recognition component can thus lead to short-term improvements in pronun...
Predicting the presence of acute pulmonary embolism: a comparative analysis of the artificial neural network, logistic regression, and threshold models.

OBJECTIVE. The objective of this study was to determine whether an artificial neural network, a new data analysis method, offers increased performance over conventional logistic regression in predicting the presence of a pulmonary embolism for patients in a well-known data set.MATERIALS AND METHODS. Data from the 1064 patients who received an angiographically based diagnosis of pulmonary embolism in the Prospective Investigation of Pulmonary Embolism Diagnosis study were encoded using a previously described method. The 21 input variables represented abnormalities identified on each patient's ventilation—perfusion scan and chest radiograph. Two methods—an artificial neural network with one hidden layer and a multivariate logistic regression—were compared for accuracy in predicting the presence or absence of pulmonary embolism on subsequent pulmonary arteriography.RESULTS. No significant difference was observed between the two methods. Areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves ± standard devi...
Using an Ethical Framework to Examine Linkages Between “Going Green” in Research Practices and Information and Communication Technologies

The link between â€œGoing Greenâ€ in research practices and Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) is studied using general ethics and social psychology literature. This paper investigates and concludes that a researcherâ€™s ethical judgment is the strongest factor influencing their intention to follow green research practices (GRP). Their ethical judgment is molded indirectly by the researcherâ€™s attitude towards environmental awareness. Their intention towards GRP is influenced by existing research practices and experience in using a technology touted as a greening enabler, Web 2.0. The strength of the relationship suggests there is no pivotal turning point in the research practices to become green. This paper concludes that GRP represent a smaller, albeit important, paradigm shift affecting the conduct and dissemination of research with positive spillover effects for the environment.
The Focal Point of Faith: Jesus or Tradition?

F we are to deal adequately with the crucial question of the relationship between Jesus of Nazareth and the resurrected Christ, between Jesus the proclaimer and Jesus the proclaimed (or however we wish to label the distinction), we must put the question properly. One way to put it, it appears to me, is with reference to the focal point of our faith. The question then becomes, Is our faith based upon the witness to Jesus by others, notably the apostles, or is it focused upon Jesus himself? The assumption here is that faith is the attitude of mind which its dynamics involve, in its end result the act of leaping into water over our head, but an attitude and an act related to a specific idea or object. In this instance the question concerns the precedent or example which inspires us to follow suit. Is it the example of the witnesses to Jesus or the example of Jesus himself? To say that it may well be both, valid though this be, does not really face the issue. There is a distinction be-
Security for science gateways and campus bridging: XSEDE12 panel

The XSEDE science gateway and campus bridging programs share a mission to expand access to cyberinfrastructure, for scientific communities and campus researchers. Since the TeraGrid science gateway program began in 2003, science gateways have served researchers in a wide range of scientific disciplines, from a stronomy to seismology. In its 2011 report, the NSF ACCI Task Force on Campus Bridging identified the critical need for seamless integration of cyberinfrastructure from the scientist's desktop to the local campus, to other campuses, and to regional, national, and international cyberinfrastructure.To effectively expand access to cyberinfrastructure across communities and campuses, XSEDE must address security challenges in areas such as identity/access management, accounting, risk assessment, and incident response. Interoperable authentication, as provided by the InCommon federation, enables researchers to conveniently sign on to access cyberinfrastructure across campus and across the region/nation/world. Coordinated operational protection and response, as provided by REN-ISAC, maintains the availability and integrity of highly connected cyberinfrastructure. Serving large communities of researchers across many campuses requires security mechanisms, processes, and policies to scale to new levels.This panel will discuss the security challenges introduced by science gateways and campus bridging, potential approaches for addressing these challenges (for example, leveraging InCommon and REN-ISAC), and plans for the future. Panelists will solicit requirements and recommendations from attendees as input to future work.
Transparent nondiffracting polarization rotation regime: A synchrotron x-ray study.

We demonstrate that a single x-ray beam incident upon a diamond crystal can undergo a 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} polarization rotation and also can transform into a fully circular beam without significant loss to diffraction. The crystal is highly transparent in this regime and thereby can yield efficiency superior to the simultaneous polarization rotation-diffraction configuration reported previously. The experimental results are explained well within the $S$- $P$ coupled dynamical theory. This interference effect is further utilized to derive the crystallographic form factors, surprisingly without resorting to diffraction intensities. Hence, it constitutes an independent technique to study the dispersion surface.
Arctic Terrestrial Biota: Paleomagnetic Evidence of Age Disparity with Mid-Northern Latitudes during the Late Cretaceous and Early Tertiary

Magnetostratigraphic correlation of the Eureka Sound Formation in the Canadian high Arctic reveals profound difference between the time of appearance of fossil land plants and vertebrates in the Arctic and in mid-northern latitudes. Latest Cretaceous plant fossils in the Arctic predate mid-latitude occurrences by as much as 18 million years, while typical Eocene vertebrate fossils appear some 2 to 4 million years early.
Continuum and atomistic modeling of electromechanically-induced failure of ductile metallic thin films

A multiscale modeling approach is presented for the analysis of electromechanically-induced void morphological evolution and failure in ductile metallic thin films, which are used for device interconnections in integrated circuits. Self-consistent mesoscopic simulations of surface morphological evolution are combined with atomistic calculations of surface properties and molecular-dynamics (MD) simulations of plastic deformation mechanisms in the vicinity of void surfaces. Results are presented that demonstrate a coupled mode of surface instability that leads to formation of electromigration-induced slit-like features and stress-induced crack-like features on void surfaces. In addition, MD results are presented for the dislocation-mediated mechanism and the kinetics of void growth in ductile metallic systems subject to hydrostatic and biaxial tensile strains. The incorporation of MD-derived constitutive information for plastic deformation into the mesoscopic analysis and simulation framework also is discussed.
Why hummingbirds have such large crops

Male Anna's Hummingbirds (Calypte anna) defend territories that contain a predictable food source, floral nectar. For such a hummingbird, the meal size that maximizes long-term net energy intake is less than the maximal crop volume. Smaller meals must be consumed more frequently, but larger meals increase body mass and therefore flight cost. Individuals without territories or with inadequate territories do not have easy access to nectar and intrude on territories owned by otherC. anna, where they may be chased at nay time. It was predicted that these intruders should minimize the number of potentially risky intrusions necessary for maintenance by ingesting as much nectar as possible whenever they manage to feed without being chased (usually when owners are temporarily absent). Therefore, relative to uninterrupted feeding by owners, uninterrupted intruders should feed longer and take larger meals. Field observations supported these predictions. Intruders apparently filled their crops in all seasons, whereas owners ingested smaller amounts (0.21–0.22 ml) and fed for lengths of time consistent with the prediction of an optimization model (0.21 ml). Thus, owners may energetically optimize meal size whereas intruders fill their crops whenever they are not chased. Under most conditions, hummingbirds only fill their crops one-tenth to one-third full, leading to the question why hummingbirds have such large crops. This study demonstrates that a large crop volume may be of survival value when an individual lacks a territory or has inadequate access to resources and must poach on others' territories.
Reduction of volatile organic compound emission. II. Use of alkoxy‐modified silsesquioxane for compounding silica‐filled rubbers

A class of alkoxy-modified silsesquioxane (AMS) containing less than 5 wt % of latent alcohol that can be used for compounding silica-filled rubbers is described. The AMS derived from octyl-triethoxysilane (OTES) behaves as a good shielding agent in silica-filled rubber to significantly reduce the compound Mooney viscosity and filler flocculation. The co-AMS prepared from OTES and 3-mercaptopropyl-trimethoxysilane yielded an effective shielding and coupling agent for reinforcing the silica-filled vulcanizates. The alcohols released as volatile organic compounds (VOC) are quantified during compounding and processing along with the compound properties of silica-filled vulcanizates containing various silicon compounds such as bis-(triethoxysilyl propyl) disulfide (TESPD), a polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS), OTES, AMS, or co-AMS. Dynamic mechanical properties such as dependences of hysteresis on temperature (HTD) and storage modulus on strain (MSD) are discussed. Stronger HTD and weaker MSD were found in stocks containing co-AMS or a combination of AMS and a coupling agent when compared with that with TESPD. Stronger HTD and weaker MSD may benefit a tire compound with lower rolling resistance, more stable handling performance, as well as better wet traction. More importantly, the VOC released during the manufacture of rubber articles are significantly reduced in stocks containing AMS (or co-AMS) when compared with those with a silane. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Selected trial averaging of sensory evoked brain responses.

Abstract An automatic programmer is described for controlling an average response computer and tape storage system. The programmer permits selected trial averaging of the stored data. Thus, different average responses may be separately computed from the total data on the basis of experimenter determined variables.
Stress and coping in African‐American grandparents who are raising their grandchildren

This research study investigated the degree of stress in 50 African-American grandparents (mean age 63.12 years) who are raising their grandchildren. It also identified coping strategies utilized by grandparents, the importance of caregiver characteristics, the caregiving situation, and specific coping strategies that influence their degree of stress. Data were collected via interview at area senior centers and churches. The instruments used to measure stress and coping were the Parenting Stress Index (Abidin) and the Ways of Coping Questionnaire (Folkman and Lazarus). Ninety-four percent of grandparents reported a ‘clinically significant’ level of stress. Counseling, special school programs, and length of caregiving were associated with lower stress. Coping strategies significantly correlated with less stress were accepting responsibility, confrontive coping, self-control, positive reappraisal, planful problem-solving, and distancing. This study suggests the need for counseling, support groups, and education related to resources, parenting, stress management and coping.
Predicting employee engagement in an age‐diverse retail workforce

The news that the early retirement trend has been reversed and current older workers plan to work past conventional retirement ages has been widely heralded. Managers have been encouraged to make adjustments to differences in job conditions that are important to older workers. We use social exchange theory and the norm of reciprocity as a framework for examining six dimensions of job quality for their impact on employee engagement among several groups of older and younger workers at different points in the cycle of their careers in a large retail setting. Employees (N = 6047) were surveyed as part of a large-scale research project. Exploratory factor analyses identified commonalities among 27 job quality variables and four reliable factors. Regression analyses estimated the relationship between four job conditions and employee engagement. Although the relative weights of the factors differed by career stage, the same factors: (1) Supervisor Support and Recognition; (2) Schedule Satisfaction; and (3) Job Clarity were significant predictors of employee engagement for all age groups; (4) Career Development was a predictor for all but the retirement-eligible employees. Findings reveal the importance of recognizing age diversity among both young and old employees. Both theoretical and practical implications are discussed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Problems in interpreting HIV sentinel seroprevalence studies.

Abstract Estimating human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevalence from sentinel seroprevalence studies is difficult. We characterize these studies and show that most are investigations of incompletely defined (hypothetical) cohorts and are usually based on nonprobability samples. Prevalence in HIV sentinel serosurveys is also time-averaged and vulnerable to several time-dependent sources of bias (e.g., migration, deaths, and changes in incidence). Assumptions must be made that these time-dependent biases did not meaningfully affect the data, and this can be helped by reducing the period of investigation. Furthermore, we show that “reliability” can not be adequately measured by standard error, that “internal validity” is vulnerable to self-selection bias and laboratory problems, and that “generalizability” is limited. We propose that what is needed is a procedure (like formal metaanalysis methods) incorporating information from several separate HIV sentinel seroprevalence studies, in a manner that is reproducible and can take into consideration the differences between studies.
Absorptive capacity and information systems research: review, synthesis, and directions for future research

Absorptive capacity is a firm's ability to identify, assimilate, transform, and apply valuable external knowledge. It is considered an imperative for business success. Modern information technologies perform a critical role in the development and maintenance of a firm's absorptive capacity. We provide an assessment of absorptive capacity in the information systems literature. IS scholars have used the absorptive capacity construct in diverse and often contradictory ways. Confusion surrounds how absorptive capacity should be conceptualized, its appropriate level of analysis, and how it can be measured. Our aim in reviewing this construct is to reduce such confusion by improving our understanding of absorptive capacity and guiding its effective use in IS research. We trace the evolution of the absorptive capacity construct in the broader organizational literature and pay special attention to its conceptualization, assumptions, and relationship to organizational learning. Following this, we investigate how absorptive capacity has been conceptualized, measured, and used in IS research. We also examine how absorptive capacity fits into distinct IS themes and facilitates understanding of various IS phenomena. Based on our analysis, we provide a framework through which IS researchers can more fully leverage the rich aspects of absorptive capacity when investigating the role of information technology in organizations.
Treatment strategies targeting excess hippocampal activity benefit aged rats with cognitive impairment

Excess neural activity in the CA3 region of the hippocampus has been linked to memory impairment in aged rats. We tested whether interventions aimed at reducing this excess activity would improve memory performance. Aged (24 to 28 months old) male Long–Evans rats were characterized in a spatial memory task known to depend on the functional integrity of the hippocampus, such that aged rats with identified memory impairment were used in a series of experiments. Overexpression of the inhibitory neuropeptide Y 13–36 in the CA3 via adeno-associated viral transduction was found to improve hippocampal-dependent long-term memory in aged rats, which had been characterized with impairment. Subsequent experiments with two commonly used antiepileptic agents, sodium valproate and levetiracetam, similarly produced dose-dependent memory improvement in such aged rats. Improved spatial memory with low doses of these agents was observed in both appetitve and aversive spatial tasks. The benefits of these different modalities of treatment are consistent with the concept that excess activity in the CA3 region of the hippocampus is a dysfunctional condition that may have a key role underlying age-related impairment in hippocampal-dependent memory processes. Because increased hippocampal activation occurs in age-related memory impairment in humans as observed in functional neuroimaging, the current findings also suggest that low doses of certain antiepileptic drugs in cognitively impaired elderly humans may have therapeutic potential and point to novel targets for this indication.
A PROSPECTIVE STUDY OF HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE IN WOMEN

The relation of self-reported high blood pressure to the subsequent development of coronary heart disease and stroke was examined in a cohort of 119,963 women, aged 30-55 years, who were initially free from cardiovascular disease. Participants in the Nurses' Health Study reported high blood pressure and other cardiovascular risk factors on baseline questionnaires mailed in 1976. During six years of follow-up, there were 308 incident cases of coronary heart disease (66 fatal and 242 nonfatal myocardial infarctions) and 175 strokes (50 fatal and 125 nonfatal). Fatal as well as nonfatal coronary heart disease and stroke were all significantly more frequent among the women who had reported high blood pressure. After adjusting simultaneously for age and other risk factors, the relative risks were 3.5 (95% confidence interval (Cl) 2.8-4.5) for total coronary heart disease and 2.6 (95% Cl 1.8-3.5) for total stroke. This association was evident at all levels of relative weight. The results emphasize the importance of high blood pressure as an independent predictor of coronary heart disease and stroke in middle-aged women and suggest that the increased risk occurs in both lean and obese women.
Computation of Capacitance of Shielded and Coupled Transmission Lines

In this paper, we present the modeling of shielded three vertically coupled striplines and shielded four coupled microstrip lines embedded in a dielectric material media using finite element method (FEM). We specifically determine the capacitance per unit length of shielded three vertically coupled striplines and shielded four coupled microstrip lines embedded in a dielectric material. We compare our results with those obtained by method of lines (MoL) and found them to be in good agreement.
Peek-a-drawer: communication by furniture

Peek-A-Drawer is a new communication device that uses furniture to support lightweight communication between people. It provides virtual shared drawers that connect family members who are located at a distance. When a user puts something in the upper drawer and closes it, a photograph is taken automatically and the image appears in the lower drawer at a distant place. The operation is as simple as using a drawer, allowing even children to communicate with their grandparents. As the camera only takes pictures of objects inside the drawer, privacy is assured.
The functional organization of the left STS: a large scale meta-analysis of PET and fMRI studies of healthy adults

The superior temporal sulcus (STS) in the left hemisphere is functionally diverse, with sub-areas implicated in both linguistic and non-linguistic functions. However, the number and boundaries of distinct functional regions remain to be determined. Here, we present new evidence, from meta-analysis of a large number of positron emission tomography (PET) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies, of different functional specificity in the left STS supporting a division of its middle to terminal extent into at least three functional areas. The middle portion of the left STS stem (fmSTS) is highly specialized for speech perception and the processing of language material. The posterior portion of the left STS stem (fpSTS) is highly versatile and involved in multiple functions supporting semantic memory and associative thinking. The fpSTS responds to both language and non-language stimuli but the sensitivity to non-language material is greater. The horizontal portion of the left STS stem and terminal ascending branches (ftSTS) display intermediate functional specificity, with the anterior ascending branch adjoining the supramarginal gyrus (fatSTS) supporting executive functions and motor planning and showing greater sensitivity to language material, and the horizontal stem and posterior ascending branch adjoining the angular gyrus (fptSTS) supporting primarily semantic processing and displaying greater sensitivity to non-language material. We suggest that the high functional specificity of the left fmSTS for speech is an important means by which the human brain achieves exquisite affinity and efficiency for native speech perception. In contrast, the extreme multi-functionality of the left fpSTS reflects the role of this area as a cortical hub for semantic processing and the extraction of meaning from multiple sources of information. Finally, in the left ftSTS, further functional differentiation between the dorsal and ventral aspect is warranted.
Assessing collaborative, project-based learning experiences: Drawing from three data sources

The value of project-based, collaborative assignments has been established both theoretically and empirically in a significant body of literature. This type of learning experience has been shown to promote long-term retention of material, foster the higher-order cognitive activities such as analysis, synthesis and evaluation, and introduce the student to an experience that closely models the environment he or she will encounter in the workforce. Students and faculty, however, indicate that fair and meaningful evaluation of the collaborative assignment is an overarching concern. Since the group-interaction elements of this type of assignment are of great interest - especially in terms of measuring such constructs as group productivity, division of labor, and teamwork skills and detecting instances of social loafing - evaluation cannot be based solely on the assessment by the instructor of the final product produced by the team. A blending of instructor, self, and peer assessment of the entire collaborative process is indicated. The problems associated with gathering, weighing, and analyzing the data from such a multifaceted evaluation are quite daunting. There is, furthermore, little consensus on what data is available and how it can be effectively processed to facilitate evaluation of the teamwork in collaborative learning activities conducted in an ALN. The goal of this study was to develop a reliable and valid instrument for conducting a three-pronged (instructor, self, and peer) evaluation of project-based, collaborative learning assignments.
Fast stimulus artifact recovery in a multichannel neural recording system

We describe a 32-channel recording system and software artifact blanking technique for recording neuronal responses to high-rate electrical stimulation. Each recording channel recovers from biphasic full-scale-input pulses (1.5 V) in less than 80 mus. Artifacts are blanked online in software, allowing flexibility in the choice of blanking period and the possibility of recovering neural data occurring simultaneously with non-saturating artifacts. The system has been used in-vivo to record central neuronal responses to intracochlear electrical stimulation at 2000 pulses per second. Simplicity of the hardware design makes the technique well suited to an implantable multi-channel recording system.
An inviscid model for the vortex-street wake

An inviscid model for the Karman vortex street, containing vortices of uniform vorticity surrounded by irrotational fluid, is related to the wake behind a bluff body by a global analysis requiring the conservation of momentum, energy and vorticity. Some comparison is made with experimental results reported in the literature. A qualitative procedure is proposed whereby the slow evolution of the wake through viscous effects is approximated. Some comments are made regarding the relevance of the stability properties of the inviscid street. Some calculations are made for the ‘secondary vortex street’ that is observed after breakdown and rearrangement, and comparison is made with experiment.
Molecular Characterization of a Hamster Viscerotropic Strain of Yellow Fever Virus

A hamster viscerotropic strain of yellow fever (YF) virus has been derived after serial passage of strain Asibi through hamsters. The parental Asibi/hamster p0 virus causes a mild and transient viremia in hamsters with no outward, clinical signs of illness. In contrast, the viscerotropic Asibi/hamster p7 virus causes a robust viremia, severe illness, and death in subadult hamsters. The genome of the hamster viscerotropic Asibi/hamster p7 virus has been sequenced and compared with the parental nonviscerotropic Asibi/hamster p0 virus identifying 14 nucleotide changes encoding only seven amino acid substitutions. The majority of these substitutions (five of seven) fall within the envelope (E) protein at positions Q27H, D28G, D155A, K323R, and K331R. These results support an important role for the E protein in determining YF virus viscerotropism.
Current concepts in iron deficiency anemia

Abstract Iron deficiency is one of the commonest worldwide nutritional disorders and anemia is a frequent manifestation of its presence. Children and menstruating women are most commonly affected due to their increased iron requirements. The incidence of iron deficiency is greatest in developing countries due to the ingestion of a diet from which iron is poorly bio‐available. Besides anemia, other nonhematological complications of iron deficiency may occur which have uncertain long‐term consequences. While iron supplementation is beneficial in targeted segments of a population, iron fortification of the diet is a preferable method to prevent iron deficiency. A battery of laboratory measurements are necessary for assessing iron status in population studies, and careful long‐term screening is recommended to examine the effects of iron fortification programs.
Comparison of complications in free flap reconstruction for osteoradionecrosis in patients with or without hyperbaric oxygen therapy.

Background Hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) therapy induces native tissue oxygenation. The hypothesis was patients with mandibular osteoradionecrosis (ORN) and a history of HBO therapy would have less free flap reconstruction complications than patients without HBO therapy. Methods We conducted a multisite retrospective review involving radical debridement and free flap reconstruction for ORN between January 1, 1995 and June 30, 2011. Patients were stratified based on receiving prior HBO therapy or not. Results Thirty-nine of 89 patients (43.8%) had HBO therapy whereas 50 of 89 (56.2%) did not. The HBO therapy group had significantly less patients with diabetes. There was no statistical difference in overall complication in patients between groups (p = .5478). However, there was marginal significance of increased infections in the patients with a history of HBO therapy (p = .0545). Conclusion Although no significant differences in free flap reconstruction complication rates were observed between these 2 patient cohorts, there was marginal significance of increased infections in the patients with a history of HBO therapy. A prospective multi-institutional randomized study examining issues of infection would address issues inherent in this retrospective study. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 36: 1701–1704, 2014
Developing a scale to measure the interactivity of websites

ABSTRACT This article describes the development and validation of a scale measuring the interactivity of websites. Three studies were conducted to verify the factor structure, content validity, discriminant validity, and reliability of the scale. Results from the studies showed that interactivity comprises three correlated but distinct dimensions: active control, two-way communication, and synchronicity. The multidimensional scale showed a high level of validity and reliability and yielded consistent ratings among both experienced and inexperienced internet users.
Structured Binary Editing with a CFG Transformation Algebra

Binary modification allows users to alter existing code or inject new code into programs without requiring source code, symbols, or debugging information. It is critically important that such modification not accidentally create a structurally invalid binary that has illegal control flow or executes invalid instructions. Unfortunately, current modification tools do not make this guarantee, instead relying on the user to manually ensure the modified binary is valid. In addition, they fail to provide high-level abstractions of the binary (e.g., functions), instead requiring the user to have a deep understanding of the idiosyncrasies of the instruction set and the behavior of the program. We present structured binary editing, which allows users to modify a program binary by modifying its control flow graph (CFG). We define an algebra of CFG transformations that is closed under a CFG validity constraint, thus ensuring that users can arbitrarily compose these transformations while preserving structural validity. We have implemented structured binary editing in the Dyninst binary analysis and instrumentation framework, creating a high-level binary modification toolkit. We demonstrate the usefulness of our approach by creating a hot patching tool that closes three vulnerabilities in a running, unmodified Apache HTTPD server without interrupting the server's execution.
Low‐Temperature Sintering and Dielectric Properties of Ag(Nb,Ta)O3 Composite Ceramics

The sintering behavior and dielectric properties of perovskite Ag(Nb1−xTax)O3 (0 < x < 1) solid solutions and two-phase composite assemblages were explored. A small amount of CuO (1 wt%) was used for liquid-phase sintering and led to high densification at temperatures <950°C. The temperature coefficient of capacitance, TCC, was adjusted by varying the Nb:Ta ratio within the solid-solution series and by creating composite microstructures. Two-phase assemblages consisting of Ag(Nb3/4Ta1/4)O3 and Ag(Nb1/4Ta3/4)O3 were synthesized to achieve a temperature-stable dielectric material for high-frequency applications. The composite dielectric with CuO addition had an average dielectric constant of 390 and a Q×f factor of 410 GHz at 2 GHz, with a stable TCC (0 to −180 ppm/°C) in the temperature range from −20° to +60°C. In addition, process compatibility with a silver conductor was confirmed by high-frequency ring-resonator measurements and microstructural characterization. The Ag(Nb1−xTax)O3 solid solutions and composites are promising candidates as embedded capacitors for radio-frequency/microwave applications.
A balance feedback interface for whole-body teleoperation of a humanoid robot and implementation in the HERMES system

This paper presents the concept, design, and experimental implementation of a Balance Feedback Interface (BFI) for human-in-the-loop control of a humanoid robot. The purpose of the BFI is to create a new media to aid the task of bilateral feedback during full-body teleoperation of humanoid robots. It explores human's primitive motor skills to enhance the dynamic behavior of the slave platform to a performance level comparable to humans. This project aims to leverage legged robot's performance to respond to disaster situations such as nuclear, fire, or chemical hazards. We expect to reliably deploy a legged platform to a dangerous environments and perform powerful manipulation tasks such as hammering/axing, moving/lifting heavy objects, etc. Initial results show that the human can react to disturbances on the humanoid robot while performing an upright balancing task. We believe this is the key technology that allows for the paradigm shift from quasi-static regime to truly dynamic performance of humanoid robots.
The Influence on Interunit Linkages on Technology Development Performance: An Empirical Study of the Mediating Role of Knowledge Integration

As organizations grow increasingly dependent on their technology development capabilities, effective management of technology development projects has become a crucial capability. Although a variety of perspectivescontrol, leadership and management championship, and institutional linkageshave been invoked to explain technology development performance, a theoretical explanation for the mechanisms through which these relationships materialize has neither been articulated nor empirically tested. The objective of this paper is to build on an emerging knowledge-based perspective to develop and test an explanatory model for the influence of interunit linkages on technology development performance.
Kinematic analysis of ankle stiffness in subjects with and without flat foot

Abstract Background Although the magnitude of ankle motion is influenced by joint congruence and ligament elasticity, there is a lack of understanding on ankle stiffness between subjects with and without flat foot. Objective This study investigated a quantified ankle stiffness difference between subjects with and without flat foot. Methods There were forty-five age- and gender-matched subjects who participated in the study. Each subject was seated upright with the tested foot held firmly onto a footplate that was attached to a torque sensor by the joint-driving device. Results The flat foot group (mean±standard deviation) demonstrated increased stiffness during ankle dorsiflexion (0.37±0.16 for flat foot group, 0.28±0.10 for control group; t =−2.11, p =0.04). However, there was no significant group difference during plantar flexion (0.35±0.15 for flat foot group, 0.33±0.07 for control group; t =0.64, p =0.06). Conclusion The results of this study indicated that the flat foot group demonstrated increased ankle stiffness during dorsiflexion regardless of demographic factors. This study highlights the need for kinematic analyses and joint stiffness measures during ankle dorsiflexion in subjects with flat foot.
Effects of parity on blood pressure among West African Dogon women.

OBJECTIVE: This study examined the effect of parity on blood pressure (BP) readings and BMI among rural West African Dogon women. DESIGN: Correlational research design. SETTING: Sangha, West Africa PARTICIPANTS: 133 West African Dogon Women METHODS: Demographic survey including age, number of children, history of hypertension, and village affiliation. BP readings were taken in accordance with JNC-7 guidelines. BMI was calculated from height and weight. RESULTS: Women with BP readings diagnostic of hypertension were typically older (M = 55.72 years) than those who were normotensive (M = 42.40). However, BMI, on average, was within normal range for both groups (22.81 and 22.15, respectively). A statistically significant difference was found between number of children and systolic BP (SBP), P = .015, with those having 5 or more children with higher SBP than those with one to three children. A statistically significant difference, P = .001, was found between hypertension and normotensive diagnostic groups. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that increased parity of five or more children may contribute to West African Dogon women's risk factors for hypertension in terms of increased SBP. Because BMI was within normal range for both groups of women, it was not shown to be an independent risk factor for hypertension in this sample. Further studies, with larger samples followed throughout their childbearing years (before, during, and after each pregnancy), are needed before more definitive conclusions can be made regarding the effects of parity on BMI and BP among rural West African Dogon women. Ethn Dis. 2012;22[3]:360–366
DISSIPATION IN MATERIALS WITH MEMORY

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the comparison of the behavior of elastic materials with the behavior of materials with fading memory. Even though, generally, memory dependence exerts a soothing influence, it is not clear in advance whether in materials with fading memory, in which the instantaneous response is elastic, the dissipative effect of viscosity is sufficiently powerful to overcome the destabilizing action of nonlinearity. The first illustration of the competition between memory effects and nonlinear elastic response in materials with fading memory was provided by the theory of propagation of acceleration waves. It is tempting to conjecture that the dissipative effect of viscosity dominates in motions near equilibrium, preserving the smoothness of such motions, while in motions far from equilibrium the destabilizing action of nonlinear instantaneous elastic response may overpower the dissipative effect of viscosity causing the explosion of the acceleration and the velocity gradient.
Lymphoid-rich Effusions: Diagnosis by Morphometry Using the CAS 200 System™

Lymphoid-rich effusions frequently present diagnostic problems in clinical cytology. In the authors' previous studies, most lymphoid-rich effusions had been correctly classified as benign lymphocytosis or malignant lymphoma by an experimental computerized interactive morphometry system, in which randomly selected lymphoid nuclear profile images were measured in Papanicolaou fixed and stained cytospin smears. The present study used the CAS 200 System and criteria from the previously described rule-based expert system to classify similar preparations of 134 lymphoid rich pleural, peritoneal, and pericardial effusions (90 benign lymphocytoses, 36 malignant lymphomas, and 8 chronic lymphocytic leukemias). A total of 98.9% of the benign lymphocytoses and 88.9% of the malignant lymphomas were correctly classified (predictive values of correct diagnoses 95.7% and 97.3%, respectively). Chronic lymphocytic leukemias could not be distinguished from benign lymphocytoses by nuclear profile areas. Optical density histograms of benign, lymphomatous, and chronic lymphocytic leukemias effusions are described. Advantages and limitations of image analysis and immunocytochemistry are discussed.
Perirenal malignant schwannoma: a case report and review of the literature.

Abstract Malignant schwannoma rarely occurs in the retroperitoneal space. We report the second case of a malignant schwannoma presenting with clinical and radiographic findings suggesting a renal cell carcinoma. Electron microscopy was required to identify accurately the tissue type.
Focal Infarction of the Testicle in a Child Simulating Testicular Tumor

AbstractEnlargement of an undescended testicle in a 6½-month-old child resulted in radical orchiectomy. Pathological diagnosis was focal infarction of the testicle. This disorder must be considered in the differential diagnosis of testicular enlargement in the infant and child.
Empathic Responses to Mother’s Emotions Predict Internalizing Problems in Children of Depressed Mothers

Recent theories posit that empathy, typically an adaptive characteristic, may be associated with internalizing problems when children are chronically exposed to mother's depression. We tested this postulation in a sample of children (N = 82, M age = 5 years). Children witnessed their mothers express sadness, anger, and happiness during a simulated phone conversation, and researchers rated children's negative affective empathy, positive affective empathy, and information-seeking (cognitive empathy) in response to their mother's emotions. The chronicity of mother's depression during the child's lifetime moderated associations between children's empathy and internalizing problems. As predicted, all three empathy measures were related to greater mother-rated internalizing problems in children of chronically (i.e., 2-3 years) depressed mothers. Greater positive empathy was related to lower internalizing problems in children of nondepressed mothers. Positive empathy may contribute to adaptive processes when mothers are not depressed, and positive, negative, and cognitive empathy may contribute to maladaptive processes when mothers are chronically depressed.
Residual Alkaline Phosphatase Activity in Milks Subjected to Various Time-Temperature Treatments.

Milk is routinely tested for proper pasteurization. The Scharer and Fluorophos methods, among others, test for residual alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity to assure proper pasteurization. Until recently there were no tests available to accurately detect residual ALP activity levels below the U.S. legal limit of 1 μg of phenol or 350 mU of ALP per liter of milk. The new Fluorophos method can detect accurately residual ALP activity levels as low as 10 mU/liter. The Fluorophos method was used to investigate residual ALP activity levels in several fluid milk products. The milk products were thermally processed under various time and temperature protocols below, at, and above current U.S. Food and Drug Administration-mandated heat treatments for fluid milk and milk products. The data established values for residual ALP activity in milks pasteurized under high-temperature short-time (HTST) and low-temperature long-time (LTLT) treatments. The mean ALP activities for whole, 2% lowfat, 1% lowfat, skim, half and half, and chocolate-flavored milks thermally processed at the legal minimum HTST pasteurization treatment are 169.7 ± 12.3, 145.2 ± 9.3, 98.6 ± 8.9, 72.5 ± 4.2, 38.4 ± 4.6 and 157.3 ± 6.5 mU/liter, respectively. The mean ALP activities generated at the legal minimum LTLT pasteurization treatment are 81.8 ± 4.8, 66.4 ± 5.9, 56.4 ± 2.1, 39.1 ± 3.9, 35.0 ± 1.2 and 91.3 ± 7.7 mU/liter, respectively. The values for all milks pasteurized at the legal minimum heat treatment were significantly below the current legal cutoff for residual ALP activity of 350 mU/liter of milk or milk product.