cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prenatal low dosage dioxin (TCDD) exposure impairs cochlear function resulting in auditory neuropathy.

2,3,7,8-tetrachorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), a ubiquitous and persistent environmental contaminant, is a potent teratogen. Whereas developmental TCDD toxicity is mediated by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), the normal function of the AhR is poorly understood. We tested whether dioxin exposure during a critical period of hair cell development disrupts cochlear function in three mouse strains, (C57BL6, BalbC, and CBA) that contain high affinity AhR-b alleles. C57BL/6, BalbC, and CBA dams were exposed to 500 ng/kg TCDD or olive oil (vehicle) on embryonic day 12 by gavage. Cochlear function was analyzed at 1.5 months of age by measuring 1) auditory brainstem response (ABRs) to tone pips from 5.6 to 30 kHz, and 2) distortion-product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs) evoked by primaries with f2 at the same frequency values. Cochlear threshold sensitivity following TCDD exposure was significantly elevated in both female and male mice in the C57BL/6 strain, carrying the Ahb-1 allele, but not significantly elevated in the BalbC or CBA strains, carrying the Ahb-2 allele. These ABR threshold deficits in mice carrying the Ahb-1 allele parallels the cleft palate incidence to higher TCDD exposures, suggesting that ABR testing could serve as a sensitive indicator of TCDD toxicity in at-risk children. Moreover, DPOAEs were not affected following TCDD exposure in any of the mouse strains, suggesting that following TCDD exposure mice with the Ahb-1 allele exhibit a mild auditory neuropathy. The causes of many auditory neuropathies are unknown, yet a developmental exposure to dioxin may be a risk factor for this condition.
The Tenth Amendment as a Bill of Rights

While it is commonly agreed upon that one of the primary Anti-Federalist objections to the Constitution was the absence of a bill of rights, the significance of that objection is commonly misunderstood. The essential purpose of a bill of rights, for the Anti-Federalists, was to preserve the prerogatives of the several states - those subtle and often fragile political, legal, and social arrangements which evolved over a long period of time at the state level - against the powers of the national government. The Anti-Federalists, finding little comfort in a constitution which did not explicitly reserve powers to the several states, unapologetically sought unambiguous constitutional protection for the prerogatives of the states. The Anti-Federalists underscored state prerogatives pertaining to matters such as liberty of the press, religious liberty, and criminal procedure, especially trial by jury. These liberties were conserved in state constitutions, state statutes, and the common law. Explicit constitutional language for the protection of these prerogatives was culled, not only from states' bills of rights, but from Article II of the Articles of Confederation. For any Anti-Federalists, such a reservation of powers to the states, which would be proposed by the First Congress and ratified as the Tenth Amendment, was effectively an abridged bill of rights.
Procedural sedation and its place in paediatric emergency medicine

Procedural sedation is an integral part of emergency medicine (EM) practice in the USA, Canada, Australia and New Zealand. These countries have produced a large, robust literature supporting the safe and efficacious use of ketamine, propofol and other ED sedation agents for managing procedural pain and anxiety.1–3 In the UK and Ireland, EM and paediatric EM practitioners are striving to similarly establish procedural sedation as a fundamental part of their practice. McCoy et al describe, through a structured interview session with a group of EM consultants, the current issues impacting procedural sedation in the UK and the barriers to its adoption. Many of these same challenges and impediments were encountered in North America and Australia/New Zealand, and the lessons learned may be applicable and helpful in the UK and Ireland.4 As veterans of these challenges, here is our perspective. The capability of paediatric emergency physicians to administer timely procedural sedation directly benefits patients and their families by providing a safe, effective and efficient outpatient way of managing procedural pain and anxiety. Emergency physicians from North America, Australia and New Zealand reading the McCoy et al report will be surprised by the acceptance of hospitalisation as standard practice for management of simple forearm fractures in children, especially in the UK where EM is an established specialty. Such an approach transforms a brief ED procedure and a 30–90 min recovery into an overnight bed, an admitting paediatrician, a theatre room and an anaesthetist. Instead of promptly returning to the comforts of home, …
THE EFFECTS OF KIN-STRUCTURED COLONIZATION ON NUCLEAR AND CYTOPLASMIC GENETIC DIVERSITY.

We investigate kin-structured migration and its effects on patterns of genetic variation in cytoplasmic and nuclear genomes. We show that colonization events involving close relatives, such as those that might characterize range expansion and the invasion of new habitats, can change the patterns of nuclear and cytoplasmic genetic variation expected at equilibrium. The difference in the patterns of variation between the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes suggests that it may be possible to estimate the time of the effective kin-structured colonization event. Observations in several taxa are discussed in light of these findings and in relation to their known geological history.
Appreciate the Satiric Arts and the Cultural Influence in Gulliver's Travels

As a great master of the 18th century in British literary history,the famous English novelist,Jonathan Swift,is well known for his excellent use of sarcasm skills in his works.It is just because of his representative work,an extremely satiric novel,Gulliver's Travels,that has been widely read up to now,providing readers much food for thought.This article is intended for evaluating its exquisite satire skill,to lead readers to profoundly experience this rhetoric technique cleverly utilized by Swift.The article has loaned the funny form from Francois Rabelais' Pantagruel and Gargantua,simultaneously influenced by the struggle between Cedicy and Annedy in England and France,fully reflecting on the English culture.
Sonnet XXX: Love, dignity, and dying†

All of us in medicine who care for patients who are chronically critically ill, dying of incurable illnesses, will be faced with discussions about the value of their lives and about the appropriateness of ongoing supportive care. Such discussions are good and true, and they must always be done within the context of the sanctity of every human life and the promise of God that we are His children, each and every one of us. In this article, I explore the end-of-life path of a patient with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and the courageous faith that she demonstrated in the face of her illness. I explore with you, the reader, the hard-core conversations that took place at her bedside and their meaning in light of Catholic moral teaching. This story is not meant to indicate that we should always do all interventions at all times for all patients. That would be a teaching counter to Evangelium vitae. This story is meant to help you think through the path of your patients and of you as a physician or other t...
Naming Patterns in Rural South-Central Nebraska

A common strategy in naming a newborn is “namesaking,” that is, the practice of naming the newborn after a specific family member. Namesaking may be considered a unique form of parental investment, advertising the connection between the newborn and specific kinfolk. Namesaking patterns were assessed in rural, south-central Nebraska by examining 841 birth announcements printed in a local newspaper during the calendar years 1994 and 2014. Results indicated that male newborns were significantly more likely to be namesaked than female newborns; first-born children were more likely to be namesaked than later-born children; and namesaked newborns were more likely to be named after paternal relatives than maternal relatives. These findings suggest that namesaking may be a way of preserving familial connections within rural, south-central Nebraska.
Danger Signals and Inflammasomes: Stress-Evoked Sterile Inflammation in Mood Disorders

Major depressive disorder (MDD) and other mood disorders remain difficult to effectively treat, and innovative interventions and therapeutic targets are needed. Psychological stressors and inappropriate inflammation increase the risk and severity of mood disorders; however, only recently have the importance of sterile inflammatory processes in this effect been revealed. This review will introduce the reader to pathogen vs sterile inflammation, inflammatory receptor–ligand interactions, microbial-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs), pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), and the more recent discovery of the role of the inflammasome in peripheral and central nervous system cytokine/chemokine inflammatory responses. The review will focus on current preclinical and clinical evidence that sterile inflammation and inflammasome-dependent signaling may contribute to mood disorders. By understanding these inflammatory signaling processes, new approaches for quieting chronic or inappropriate inflammatory states may be revealed and this could serve as novel pharmacological targets for the treatment of mood disorders.
Aplastic anemia: the correct nomenclature matters.

Aplastic anemia is defined as pancytopenia with hypocellular bone marrow in the absence of an abnormal infiltrate and with no increase in reticulin.[1][1] Dr. Paul Ehrlich, who treated a young woman who died following an illness characterized by bleeding, severe anemia, and high fevers, first
Neuroprotective effects of testosterone metabolites and dependency on receptor action on the morphology of somatic motoneurons following the death of neighboring motoneurons

Partial depletion of spinal motoneuron populations induces dendritic atrophy in neighboring motoneurons, and treatment with testosterone is neuroprotective, attenuating induced dendritic atrophy. In this study we examined whether the protective effects of testosterone could be mediated via its androgenic or estrogenic metabolites. Furthermore, to assess whether these neuroprotective effects were mediated through steroid hormone receptors, we used receptor antagonists to attempt to prevent the neuroprotective effects of hormones after partial motoneuron depletion. Motoneurons innervating the vastus medialis muscles of adult male rats were selectively killed by intramuscular injection of cholera toxin-conjugated saporin. Simultaneously, some saporin-injected rats were treated with either dihydrotestosterone or estradiol, alone or in combination with their respective receptor antagonists, or left untreated. Four weeks later, motoneurons innervating the ipsilateral vastus lateralis muscle were labeled with cholera toxin-conjugated horseradish peroxidase, and dendritic arbors were reconstructed in three dimensions. Compared with intact normal animals, partial motoneuron depletion resulted in decreased dendritic length in remaining quadriceps motoneurons. Dendritic atrophy was attenuated with both dihydrotestosterone and estradiol treatment to a degree similar to that seen with testosterone, and attenuation of atrophy was prevented by receptor blockade. Together, these findings suggest that neuroprotective effects on motoneurons can be mediated by either androgenic or estrogenic hormones and require action via steroid hormone receptors, further supporting a role for hormones as neurotherapeutic agents in the injured nervous system. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 77: 691-707, 2017.
Prevalence and Impact of Chagas Disease Among Latin American Immigrants With Nonischemic Cardiomyopathy in Los Angeles, California

Background—Chagas disease is a well-known cause of cardiomyopathy in Latin America; however, 300 000 individuals are estimated to have Chagas disease in the United States. This study examined the prevalence and impact of Chagas cardiomyopathy (CCM) in a US population. We hypothesized that patients with CCM would have increased morbidity and mortality when compared with patients with non-CCM. Methods and Results—This is a single-center, prospective cohort study. Enrollment criteria were new diagnosis of nonischemic cardiomyopathy (left ventricular ejection fraction ≤40%) and previous residence in Latin America for at least 12 months. Serological testing for Trypanosoma cruzi was performed at enrollment. The primary end point was all-cause mortality or heart transplantation. The secondary end point was heart failure–related hospitalization. A total of 135 patients were enrolled, with a median of 43 months of follow-up. Chagas disease was diagnosed in 25 (19%) patients. The primary end point occurred in 9 pa...
Disaster Supply Kits.

A letter to the editor is presented in response to the article "Lack of evidence supporting the effectiveness of disaster supply kits," by Tara N. Heagele along with a response from the author.
The Efficacy of Smoking Cessation Interventions via Social Media.

A letter to the editor is presented in response to the article "Diffusion of an Evidence-Based Smoking Cessation Intervention Through Facebook: A Randomized Controlled Trial" by N.K. Cobb, M.A. Jacobs, A.L. Graham, and others and published in a previous issue.
Sleep disturbances in Taiwanese patients with Parkinson's disease.

Introduction Sleep disturbance is a common nonmotor symptom of Parkinson's disease (PD) and strongly affects patients’ quality of life. The relationship between excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) and nighttime problems remains uncertain. Arguments persist regarding the risk factors for sleep disturbance among patients with PD. Furthermore, the prevalence of EDS appears to be lower in Asian countries. Herein, we conducted the study to describe the characteristics of sleep problems in a sample of Taiwanese PD patients and delineate the difference with reported sleep disturbances in Caucasian PD patients from the literature. Methods Patients with PD were recruited from the outpatient clinic of a tertiary medical center and were evaluated using standardized assessment protocols, including the Parkinson's Disease Sleep Scale (PDSS), the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), and 39-Item Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire (PDQ-39). Results A total of 225 patients with PD were recruited. The mean age of patients with PD was 65.7 years old and the mean disease duration was 8.18 years. Among the patients, 53.8% were defined as poor sleepers (PSQI > 5) and 26.3% had EDS. Seventy-one percent of the poor sleepers used hypnotic medications. The poor sleepers were worse in the scores of Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS), PDSS, and the PDQ-39, and received higher levodopa daily dosage. A PDSS score of <126 indicate that a patient with PD was a poor sleeper. EDS was positively correlated with advanced Hoehn and Yahr stages and use of dopamine agonists but not with levodopa daily dosage and levodopa equivalent daily dosage. Conclusions Taiwanese patients with PD had a lower prevalence of EDS compared with the literatures reported in Caucasian patients. We identify and suggest that PDSS total score, rather than subcategory items, should be used to predict poor sleep among patients with PD.
Power, Curriculum, and Embodiment

This chapter contextualizes the general economy of power in which post-Reconceptualization curriculum studies is situated, specifically an education policy agenda predicated on conservative modernization, audit culture, and coercive accountability. The chapter discusses synoptic content analysis and advocates for curriculum scholarship contextualized in Foucault’s analysis of disciplinary power to re-think curriculum as a site through which to embody counter-conduct against dehumanizing configurations of institutional power and to generate new counter-politics that move toward self and social reconstruction.
What Is the Role of Oral Prostacyclin Pathway Medications in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Management

Prostacyclin pathway medications have been shown to be highly efficacious in the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) through multiple prospective clinical trials and more than two decades of clinical experience. The strongest support for prostacyclin use in PAH management is with parenteral administration. Numerous risks and limitations of parenteral delivery systems as well as significant patient burdens restrict widespread parenteral use. Highly effective and tolerable oral prostacyclin preparations to manage PAH have long been sought. We review the development of the oral prostacyclin agents beraprost, treprostinil, and selexipag and including current indications and limitations. Research into new approaches to the management of PAH, expanding indications for existing agents, and development of novel agents are also discussed. Two oral prostacyclin pathway medications, oral treprostinil and selexipag, were FDA approved in December 2013 and 2015, respectively. Current guidelines recommend use of selexipag in WHO-FC II and III (class 1, level B recommendation) and oral treprostinil in WHO-FC III (class 2b, level B recommendation). The use of these medications is challenging due to complexity in dosing and their side effect profiles which limit patient tolerability and acceptance. There is a promising role for oral prostacyclin pathway medications in patients with PAH. Future investigations are underway of alternative dose regimens and transitioning from parenteral therapies in order to improve efficacy and tolerability.
Crystal Growth & Development—Interpreted From A Mineral's Present Form by Boris Z. Kantor. Mineralogical Almanac, vol. 6. Ocean Pictures, Ltd., Moscow, Russia; www.minbook.com. In U.S. order from Terry Huizing, tehuizing@fuse.net. 128 pages; 2003; $45 (softbound).

Theme issues of journals are sometimes reviewed here if their topics are consistent with those of major events such as the Tucson Gem and Mineral Show®. Such is the case in this instance, and altho...
Clinical Supervision of Mental Health Professionals Serving Youth: Format and Microskills

Clinical supervision is an element of quality assurance in routine mental health care settings serving children; however, there is limited scientific evaluation of its components. This study examines the format and microskills of routine supervision. Supervisors (n = 13) and supervisees (n = 20) reported on 100 supervision sessions, and trained coders completed observational coding on a subset of recorded sessions (n = 57). Results indicate that microskills shown to enhance supervisee competency in effectiveness trials and experiments were largely absent from routine supervision, highlighting potential missed opportunities to impart knowledge to therapists. Findings suggest areas for quality improvement within routine care settings.
The Cause of Premature Wind Turbine Bearing Failures: Overloading or Underloading?

Though the premature failures of wind turbine gearboxes are often attributed to bearing fatigue from overloading, there is compelling evidence that wear from underloading is a significant contribut...
Spectroscopic Studies of PSCs

Heterogeneous reactions on polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) have been implicated recently in Arctic and Antarctic ozone loss. The most important heterogeneous process on PSCs is thought to be reaction (1) C1ONO2 + HC1 → C12 + HNO3 (1) This reaction converts reservoir chlorine (C1ONO2, HC1 into a photochemically active form (C12). Upon photolysis of C12, chlorine radicals are released to participate in catalytic ozone destruction cycles. Laboratory, field, and modeling studies have all provided strong evidence supporting the importance of this reaction in promoting polar ozone loss. Although the occurrence of heterogeneous chemistry is well established, there are still uncertainties regarding the chemical composition of the PSCs. Knowledge of the PSC composition is important for predicting both the cloud formation frequency and the rates of subsequent heterogeneous reactions on PSCs.
The PI3K-AKT-mTOR Signaling Network in AML

Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) is the most common leukemia in adults. Currently, AML patients are treated mainly with combinations of cytotoxic chemotherapies. There is an urgent need for targeted therapies in AML that improve patient survival while limiting side effects. Small molecules that inhibit crucial signaling components have potential to block proliferation and survival of leukemia cells in a selective manner. A cellular signaling network involving phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), protein kinase B (AKT), and mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), is highly active in most AML cells and contains several components that are druggable. This chapter will focus on the biology of PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling in AML cells and the potential of novel inhibitors to disrupt oncogenic pathways in leukemia cells.
Nonprofit organizations as interpretive communities: responses to policy reforms and the shaping of civil society in Ecuador

While they are often lumped together as one sector, nonprofit organizations represent diverse activities and objectives in the policy process. It is surprising that given this diversity, there are ...
Do Vaccines Cause Primary Ovarian Insufficiency (POI)

Vaccines in routine use in the United States36F have not been shown to cause primary ovarian insufficiency (POI, formerly called primary ovarian failure), and the available evidence does not support a causal relationship.
A tale of interfaith marriage

Interfaith marriage is a form of interreligious communication based on two animating principles: members of different religions can and should listen to each other without feeling impelled to defen...
Correction to: Nudging: a very short guide

The author would like to add the following acknowledgement to his article: an earlier version of this essay was originally published in the Journal of Consumer Policy, 37 Journal of Consumer Policy 583 (2014). No other changes have been made to the text. We apologize for any inconvenience caused to our readers.
Small-cell lung cancer

Small-cell lung carcinoma is an aggressive form of lung cancer that is strongly associated with cigarette smoking and has a tendency for early dissemination. Increasing evidence has implicated autocrine growth loops, proto-oncogenes, and tumour-suppressor genes in its development. At presentation, the vast majority of patients are symptomatic, and imaging typically reveals a hilar mass. Pathology, in most cases of samples obtained by bronchoscopic biopsy, should be undertaken by pathologists with pulmonary expertise, with the provision of additional tissue for immunohistochemical stains as needed. Staging should aim to identify any evidence of distant disease, by imaging of the chest, upper abdomen, head, and bones as appropriate. Limited-stage disease should be treated with etoposide and cisplatin and concurrent early chest irradiation. All patients who achieve complete remission should be considered for treatment with prophylactic cranial irradiation, owing to the high frequency of brain metastases in this disease. Extensive-stage disease should be managed by combination chemotherapy, with a regimen such as etoposide and cisplatin administered for four to six cycles. Thereafter, patients with progressive or recurrent disease should be treated with additional chemotherapy. For patients who survive long term, careful monitoring for development of a second primary tumour is necessary, with further investigation and treatment as appropriate.
Family and consumer sciences life skills: attainment by secondary school students

xi CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1 Societal Implications 2 National Accountability Demands 4 Iowa Implications 7 Research Objectives 9 Funding Sources 11 CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF LITERATURE 13 National Evaluation Initiatives 15 Evaluation Studies Reported Since 1989 19 Summary 41 CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY 43 Population and Sample 44 Instrument Development 46 Data Collection 52 Data Analysis 58 CHAPTER 4: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION 60 Personal and Demographic Characteristics 62 Level of Competency Attainment 75 Relationships Between Personal and Demographic Characteristics and Competency Attainment 93 treasons for Enrolling and Not Enrolling in Family and Consumer Sciences Courses 93 Summary 97 CHAPTER 5: SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS 100 Summary 100 Conclusions 109 Recommendations Ill APPENDIX A. HUMAN SUBJECTS APPROVAL FORM 119 APPENDIX B. ALERT POSTCARD 121
Evaluation of Reproducibility in Urology Publications

Take Home Message Many components of transparency and reproducibility are lacking in urology publications, making study replication, at best, difficult. Introduction Reproducibility is essential for the integrity of scientific research. Reproducibility is measured by the ability of investigators to replicate the outcomes of an original publication by using the same materials and procedures. Methods We sampled 300 publications in the field of urology for assessment of multiple indicators of reproducibility, including material availability, raw data availability, analysis script availability, pre-registration information, links to protocols, and whether the publication was freely available to the public. Publications were also assessed for statements about conflicts of interest and funding sources. Results Of the 300 sample publications, 171 contained empirical data and could be analyzed for reproducibility. Of the analyzed articles, 0.58% (1/171) provided links to protocols, and none of the studies provided analysis scripts. Additionally, 95.91% (164/171) did not provide accessible raw data, 97.53% (158/162) did not provide accessible materials, and 95.32% (163/171) did not state they were pre-registered. Conclusion Current urology research does not consistently provide the components needed to reproduce original studies. Collaborative efforts from investigators and journal editors are needed to improve research quality, while minimizing waste and patient risk.
Factors Associated with Intention of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccine Initiation Among Females With and Without a History of Childhood Cancer

Vaccination is available to prevent human papillomavirus (HPV) types that cause cervical and other cancers. This study aimed to describe and compare vaccine intention among young females with and without a cancer history, in addition to identifying factors associated with a HPV vaccination intention. Vaccine-naive females (aged 18–26 years, n = 120) and maternal caregivers with vaccine-naive daughters (aged 9–17 years, n = 197) completed surveys querying HPV vaccination intention, HPV knowledge, and communication, along with sociodemographic, medical, and health belief factors. Multivariable logistic regression was utilized to calculate odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals for HPV vaccination intention. No differences in vaccine intention were identified across cancer and comparison groups. Vaccine intention and predictors of intention among vaccine-naive females differ by age, and there is variation in the factors which influence vaccine intention by age group. These results suggest interventions should be tailored based on developmental level.
Intraepithelial carcinoma of the vulva.

Abstract The clinical data and the management of 41 cases of intraepithelial carcinoma of the vulva during a 23 year period are presented. The rationale for an extensive surgical approach is discussed. We found a 7.3 per cent recurrence rate and a 25 per cent second primary malignancy rate in our series. The establishment of a special clinic for the management of vulvar disease, we feel, has greatly increased the diagnostic yield in early lesions. A lifetime follow-up is advocated in these patients following treatment.
Spatially Resolved Organomineral Interactions across a Permafrost Chronosequence

Permafrost contains a large (1700 Pg C) terrestrial pool of organic matter (OM) that is susceptible to degradation as global temperatures increase. Of particular importance is syngenetic Yedoma permafrost containing high OM content. Reactive iron phases promote stabilizing interactions between OM and soil minerals and this stabilization may be of increasing importance in permafrost as the thawed surface region ("active layer") deepens. However, there is limited understanding of Fe and other soil mineral phase associations with OM carbon (C) moieties in permafrost soils. To elucidate the elemental associations involved in organomineral complexation within permafrost systems, soil cores spanning a Pleistocene permafrost chronosequence (19,000, 27,000, and 36,000 years old) were collected from an underground tunnel near Fairbanks, Alaska. Subsamples were analyzed via scanning transmission X-ray microscopy-near edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy at the nano- to microscale. Amino acid-rich moieties decreased in abundance across the chronosequence. Strong correlations between C and Fe with discrete Fe(III) or Fe(II) regions selectively associated with specific OM moieties were observed. Additionally, Ca coassociated with C through potential cation bridging mechanisms. Results indicate Fe(III), Fe(II), and mixed valence phases associated with OM throughout diverse permafrost environments, suggesting that organomineral complexation is crucial to predict C stability as permafrost systems warm.
Milk Intolerance 1.

Several causes for milk intolerance are known, of which lactose intolerance is only one. Others include a local (e.g. gastrointestinal) toxic effect caused by one or more milk components and an immunological effect due to hypersensitivity to milk protein(s). Recent publications dealing with these phenomona are cited and the need for physicians, especially pediatricians, to become more knowledgeable in this area is emphasized. Methods to diagnose lactose intolerance are discussed, especially their limitations which likely have resulted in recommendations to too many individuals to restrict milk from their diets.
Antibody-secreting cell destiny emerges during the initial stages of B-cell activation

Upon stimulation, B cells assume heterogeneous cell fates, with only a fraction differentiating into antibody-secreting cells (ASC). Here we investigate B cell fate programming and heterogeneity during ASC differentiation using T cell-independent models. We find that maximal ASC induction requires at least eight cell divisions in vivo, with BLIMP-1 being required for differentiation at division eight. Single cell RNA-sequencing of activated B cells and construction of differentiation trajectories reveal an early cell fate bifurcation. The ASC-destined branch requires induction of IRF4, MYC-target genes, and oxidative phosphorylation, with the loss of CD62L expression serving as a potential early marker of ASC fate commitment. Meanwhile, the non-ASC branch expresses an inflammatory signature, and maintains B cell fate programming. Finally, ASC can be further subseted based on their differential responses to ER-stress, indicating multiple development branch points. Our data thus define the cell division kinetics of B cell differentiation in vivo, and identify the molecular trajectories of B cell fate and ASC formation.
A Study on the Impact of a Statics Sketch-Based Tutoring System Through a Truss Design Problem

Providing opportunities for students to exercise their creative skills in large, entry engineering classes challenges most faculty. This paper presents a study of a large statics class provided with a homework problem that asks them to design a truss structure. Automatic grading was done by Mechanix, an AI tutor-based software package that can automatically recognize a free-body diagram or a planar, 2d, statically determinate truss structure. The paper presents a study done in two different semesters, comparing the students using Mechanix to a control (problem on paper). To ease grading, the control group's trusses were analyzed by Mechanix after submission. No mean homework grade differences were observed, but students in the Mechanix group produced trusses that could withstand higher loads. This is despite the fact the only guidance or feedback Mechanix provides was if the students' calculated max load was correct, and if it was not, which member failed. This study occurred in Fall 2019 and Spring 2020. Students also submitted more attempts in Mechanix than the control. It may be students in the control group only submitted correct answers despite being asked to submit all attempts. Future work will provide more incentive for students to submit all attempts on paper. Mechanix automatically records all attempts. During high stress (Covid-19), more students in the Mechanix group submitted the assignment indicating that students may find this system less mentally taxing to use, less stressful, or something else led to this difference. It will be explored with focus groups in the future. AI tools have the potential to provide automatic grading for open-ended, creativity required, design problems, and to engage students more, allowing universities to develop more innovative engineers while also deepening their knowledge.
Natural course of pain in chronic pancreatitis is independent of disease duration.

Abstract Objectives Pain burn-out during the course of chronic pancreatitis (CP), proposed in the 1980s, remains controversial, and has clinical implications. We aimed to describe the natural course of pain in a well-characterized cohort. Methods We constructed the clinical course of 279 C P patients enrolled from 2000 to 2014 in the North American Pancreatitis Studies from UPMC by retrospectively reviewing their medical records (median observation period, 12.4 years). We assessed abdominal pain at different time points, characterized pain pattern (Type A [short-lived pain episodes] or B [persistent pain and/or clusters of recurrent severe pain]) and recorded information on relevant covariates. Results Pain at any time, at the end of follow-up, Type A pain pattern or B pain pattern was reported by 89.6%, 46.6%, 34% and 66% patients, respectively. In multivariable analyses, disease duration (time from first diagnosis of pancreatitis to end of observation) did not associate with pain - at last clinical contact (OR, 1.0, 95% CI 0.96–1.03), at NAPS2 enrollment (OR 1.02, 95% CI 0.96–1.07) or Type B pain pattern (OR 1.01, 95% CI 0.97–1.04). Patients needing endoscopic or surgical therapy (97.8 vs. 75.2%, p Conclusions Only a subset of CP patients achieve durable pain relief. There is urgent need to develop new strategies to evaluate and manage pain, and to identify predictors of response to pain therapies for CP.
Interprofessional Education Without Limits: A Video-Based Workshop.

Introduction Interprofessional collaboration improves patient outcomes. Many institutions lack access to learners from other health care professions, limiting the feasibility of many published inte...
Detection and evaluation of saccharide adulteration in Italian honey by NMR spectroscopy

Abstract The detection of honey adulteration is still an open question, and in these last year's particularly challenging due to the very limited production. This illegal practice is attracting producers worldwide, mostly due to the relevant economic gain available and to the lack of an official analytical method able to detect adulterations, particularly syrups. In the present study the use of both targeted and untargeted NMR spectroscopy have been applied to reveal inulin, corn/malt syrup and invert sugar syrup addition. Untargeted NMR data of pure and artificially adulterated samples in the range of 10–40% were statistical analyzed and OPLS models were used to predict samples spiked with the saccharide adulterants, resulting in very good predictions of the adulteration percentage. Targeted NMR data were concurrently evaluated, allowing to predict the adulteration percentage on the basis of calibration curves. Both these approaches revealed their robust capability in detecting and estimating the percentage of adulteration in the three different botanical origins of Italian honeys, like chestnut, polyfloral and acacia, thus suggesting the potential applicability of this approach to other botanical origins.
Plutonium Co-precipitation with Calcite

The mobility of plutonium (Pu) in the environment is affected by Pu–mineral interactions, such as adsorption–desorption and structural incorporation. Calcite (CaCO3) is a common secondary phase in ...
At the Edge of Chaos: A New Paradigm for Social Work?

The search for a unified conceptual framework for social work has floundered as the profession has struggled with general systems theory and, most recently, the eco-systems perspective. Social work has also ignored chaos or complex systems theory, which, as the successor to general systems theory, some believe is the third major scientific revolution of the 20th century, following relativity and quantum theories. This article reviews key concepts and applications of chaos theory in the context of general systems theory and concludes that chaos theory shows promise as a solution to many problems posed by the now dated general systems approach.
Navigating the Post-Cold War World: President Clinton's Foreign Policy Rhetoric, by Jason A. Edwards

In this book Jason Edwards takes on the daunting challenge of mapping the foreign policy rhetoric of a president unwilling (or unable) to be pinned down by conventional party definitions at a major...
Thermal Unfolding of Proteins

Originally published in: Protein Folding Handbook. Part I. Edited by Johannes Buchner and Thomas Kiefhaber. Copyright © 2005 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA Weinheim. Print ISBN: 3-527-30784-2 The sections in this article are Introduction Two-state Unfolding Cold Denaturation Mechanisms of Thermostabilization Thermodynamic Dissection of Forces Contributing to Protein Stability Heat Capacity Changes, ΔCp Enthalpy of Unfolding, ΔH Entropy of Unfolding, ΔS Multistate Transitions Two-state Dimeric Model Two-state Multimeric Model Three-state Dimeric Model Two-state Model with Ligand Binding Four-state (Two-domain Protein) Model Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) How to Prepare for DSC Experiments How to Choose Appropriate Conditions Critical Factors in Running DSC Experiments Keywords: protein unfolding; protein stability; calorimetry; heat capacity; DSC; thermostabilization
Forces Across Membranes

Much of the chemistry and functional physiology of the cell, including energy production, protein synthesis, hormone and antigen binding, stimulus–response coupling, and nutrient adsorption, occurs at the cell membrane. The membrane is an anisotropic non-homogeneous matrix of lipids, proteins, and, in some cases, carbohydrates that is in intimate contact with aqueous-dominated interphases. The nature and treatment of aqueous solutions, membrane properties, and interphase structure have all been presented in previous chapters. The task ahead is to highlight this knowledge by examining some limited aspects of the behavior or action of biochemical systems. In this chapter we focus on describing the forces operating at and across the membrane. Then we will examine the role of the membrane in modulating the flow of materials.
Is Whole‐Exome Sequencing an Ethically Disruptive Technology? Perspectives of Pediatric Oncologists and Parents of Pediatric Patients With Solid Tumors

Background It has been anticipated that physician and parents will be ill prepared or unprepared for the clinical introduction of genome sequencing, making it ethically disruptive. Procedure As a part of the Baylor Advancing Sequencing in Childhood Cancer Care study, we conducted semistructured interviews with 16 pediatric oncologists and 40 parents of pediatric patients with cancer prior to the return of sequencing results. We elicited expectations and attitudes concerning the impact of sequencing on clinical decision making, clinical utility, and treatment expectations from both groups. Using accepted methods of qualitative research to analyze interview transcripts, we completed a thematic analysis to provide inductive insights into their views of sequencing. Results Our major findings reveal that neither pediatric oncologists nor parents anticipate sequencing to be an ethically disruptive technology, because they expect to be prepared to integrate sequencing results into their existing approaches to learning and using new clinical information for care. Pediatric oncologists do not expect sequencing results to be more complex than other diagnostic information and plan simply to incorporate these data into their evidence-based approach to clinical practice, although they were concerned about impact on parents. For parents, there is an urgency to protect their child's health and in this context they expect genomic information to better prepare them to participate in decisions about their child's care. Conclusions Our data do not support the concern that introducing genome sequencing into childhood cancer care will be ethically disruptive, that is, leave physicians or parents ill prepared or unprepared to make responsible decisions about patient care.
An overview and analysis of 3D WSI

The author reviews the early trends in 3-D WSI (wafer scale integration) and examines recent breakthroughs in technology to assess the viability of 3-D. It is concluded that this option is rich with possibility for the designer. However, not every architecture can benefit equally from this packaging approach. An attempt is made to quantify this impact by computing an average wire-shortening effect from 3-D partitioning, but even this average improvement is pessimistic if the given architecture is such that the most critical paths can all be placed on the vertical wiring runs in the stack, depending on the vertical spacing of the wafers. >
A note on the effects of bottom friction and non-linearity on the wind-driven ocean circulation

The simplified wind stress used by Carrier and Robinson (1962, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 12, 49–80) in their discussion of the inertial flow is used to examine the modification of inertial flow by bottom friction. The purely inertial circulation of the wind-diven ocean is completely changed by the introduction of friction. The inertial jet at middle latitude for the continuity of mass no longer exists. The flow pattern can be classified into three categories: (i) bottom friction controls the flow, the circulation has an intense western boundary current; (ii) both friction and non-linearity dominate, the flow pattern contains decayed Rossby waves; (iii) the non-linearity determines the circulation, the flow is large gyre centered in the basin.
Measuring efficiency when competitive prices aggregate differences in product quality and risk

Abstract In perfectly competitive markets with homogenous goods, prices aggregate inputs and outputs into a money metric that allows production plans and, hence, firms to be ranked by their profitability. Standard techniques of efficiency measurement use this metric to estimate cost and profit frontiers that identify “best-practice” production, conditioned on these exogenous prices. However, when prices vary due to differences among firms in the quality of outputs and inputs and in how asymmetric informational problems are resolved, both quality and the production of information can be decision variables of the firm, and prices will have endogenous components linked to production decisions. For example, in banking, prices of financial inputs and outputs are linked to credit quality and, hence, to risk and, thus, aggregate both inputs and outputs and their risk characteristics as well as reflect how informational asymmetries in credit markets are ameliorated. This paper argues that these cases pose two serious problems for the standard techniques of efficiency measurement: (1) they underestimate inefficiency because, in conditioning on prices, they fail to account for the effects of suboptimal pricing strategies on profitability; and (2) in ignoring how production plans and pricing strategies affect market-priced risk, the standard techniques neglect the effects of different pricing strategies on the discount rate, on expected profit and, hence, on market value. Two alternative techniques that do not condition their frontiers on prices and that account for risk are described to show how they measure the efficiency of different pricing strategies as well as production plans. These two alternative models for measuring efficiency are employed to study how differences in pricing strategies affect the efficiency and market value of highest-level bank holding companies in the United States in 1994.
Significance of circulating catecholamines in regulation of trout splanchnic vascular resistance

It has been generally presumed that circulating catecholamines have little if any effect on systemic vascular resistance in resting trout; however, this question has not been directly addressed. In the present study, the response of isolated vessel rings and perfused tissues to catecholamines and the importance of circulating epinephrine in the vasoconstrictor response of the splanchnic circulation to splanchnic nerve stimulation were examined. Epinephrine (EPI) and norepinephirine (NEPI) produced dose-dependent contractions of celiacomesenteric (CM) and epibranchial (EB) arteries, anterior cardinal (AC) veins, and increased vascular resistance in the perfused dorsal aorta (PDA; skeletal muscle-kidney-distal intestine) and perfused celiacomesenteric (PCM; splanchnic) vascular beds. In all instances the threshold catecholamine concentration for in vitro vasocnstriction was greater than plasma atecholamine concentrations in vivo. Neither EPI nor NEPI contracted ventral aorta rings. Addition of non-constrictor, but physiological, concentrations of EPI to the perfusate (10-9M) tripled the increase in PCM resistance produced by splanchnic nerve stimulation. Perfusate EPI also prevented or reversed splanchnic nerve fatigue and restored PCM resistance in fatigued preparations. These results indicate that a direct effect of circulating EPI may be an important source of neuronal catecholamine uptake and may be required to sustain neuronal sympathetic tone. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Bringing the teacher into teacher preparation: learning from mentor teachers in joint methods activities

Studies of mathematics teacher preparation frequently lament the divide between the more theoretically based university methods course and the practically grounded classroom field experience. In many instances, attempts to mediate this gap involve creating hybrid or third spaces, which seek to dissipate the differences in knowledge status as individuals from the university and from K-12 classrooms work together in support of prospective teacher (PST) learning. However, what is missing in the literature on these third-space enactments is an exploration of the contributions of different contexts (i.e., methods and the field) to PST learning and an articulation of the synergistic knowledge arising in the third space. This exploratory study draws on Lampert’s three-pronged teacher–child–content model to examine the possible contributions of elementary mentor teachers (MTs) to the learning-to-teach-mathematics experiences of PSTs. More specifically, we focus on a third-space learning context in which university-based teacher educators, MTs, and PSTs collaborated to conduct and analyze task-based problem-solving interviews of elementary children. Our analysis identified ways that MTs could potentially enhanced the learning-to-teach context as well as moments when MTs’ contributions introduced problematic ideas about children and teaching. Finally, we explore the benefits and complexities of leveraging these MT contributions to create a third-space learning opportunity.