cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A novel potassium channel with delayed rectifier properties isolated from rat brain by expression cloning.

VOLTAGE-activated potassium channels play an important part in the control of excitability in nerve and muscle. Different K+ channels are involved in establishing the resting potential, deter-mining the duration of action potentials, modulation of transmitter release, and in rhythmic firing patterns and delayed excitation1. Using in vitro transcripts made from a directional complementary DNA library we have isolated, by expression cloning in Xenopus oocytes, a novel K+-channel gene (drk1). Functionally, drk1 encodes channels that are K+ selective and belong to the delayed rectifier class of channels, rather than the A-type class encoded by the Shaker gene of Drosophila. The channels show sigmoidal voltage-dependent activation and do not inactivate within 500 ms. Structurally, drk1 encodes an amino-acid sequence which is more closely related to the Drosophila Shab gene than to the Shaker gene.
An Essay on Pedagogy by Mikhail M. Bakhtin.

This is an extended summary of a pedagogic essay by Mikhail M. Bakhtin on writing style, titled “Dialogic Origin and Dialogic Pedagogy of Grammar: Stylistics as Part of Russian Language Instruction...
Everyday executive function impairments predict comorbid psychopathology in autism spectrum and attention deficit hyperactivity disorders.

Objective Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) both have psychiatric comorbidities and distinctive profiles of executive dysfunction. Although there is evidence that executive function (EF) plays a role in the expression of specific behaviors and psychiatric symptoms, it is not known whether specific EF deficits in ASD and ADHD may be pathways to comorbidities in the disorders. This study examines whether parent reported problems with flexibility in ASD and inhibition in ADHD mediate the disorders' associations with anxiety/depression and oppositional/aggressive behavior, respectively. Method Parent report data from the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF) and the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) were obtained for 125 children (70 ASD, 55 ADHD Hyperactive/Impulsive or Combined type) as part of a neuropsychological assessment. Diagnostic status, BRIEF Shift (shifting/flexibility) and Inhibit (behavioral inhibition) scale scores, and CBCL Anxious/Depressed (anxiety/depression) and Aggressive Behavior (oppositionality/aggression) scale scores were analyzed with a path analysis to investigate the relation of flexibility and inhibition to comorbid symptoms in children with ASD and ADHD. Results In a path model with good fit ASD predicted greater inflexibility which predicted greater anxiety/depression, while ADHD predicted greater disinhibition that predicted greater aggression, consistent with our mediational hypotheses. Unexpectedly, the greater inflexibility associated with ASD also predicted greater aggression. Conclusions Findings support the importance of everyday EF problems in ASD and ADHD as predictors of comorbid psychopathology and as crucial intervention targets for potential prevention and mitigation of comorbid symptoms.
High-power all-fiber passively Q-switched laser using a doped fiber as a saturable absorber: numerical simulations

We report a design for a power-scalable all-fiber passively Q-switched laser that uses a large mode area Yb-doped fiber as a gain medium adiabatically tapered to an unpumped single-mode Yb-doped fiber, which serves as a saturable absorber. Through the use of a comprehensive numerical simulator, we demonstrate a passively Q-switched 1030 nm pulsed laser with 14 ns pulse duration and 0.5 mJ pulse energy operating at 200 kHz repetition rate. The proposed configuration has a potential for orders of magnitude of improvement in both the pulse energies and durations compared to the previously reported result. The key mechanism for this improvement relates to the ratio of the core areas between the pumped inverted large mode area gain fiber and the unpumped doped single-mode fiber.
The amino acid sequence of carbonic anhydrase I from the rhesus macaque.

Abstract The complete amino acid sequence of carbonic anhydrase I (CA I) isolated from the red cells of the rhesus macaque ( Macaca mulatta ) is presented. This sequence was obtained by aligning peptides derived from various fragmentation procedures with the fully characterized sequence of human CA I. When the peptides of rhesus CA I were ordered in this manner, 13 of the 260 residues were found to differ from the human CA I sequence. The known markedly higher specific esterase activity of rhesus CA I compared to human CA I could not be correlated with any changes in residues postulated to be within 10 A of the single zinc ion at the active site.
Genetics and mediators in pulmonary arterial hypertension.

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is an uncommon disorder of the pulmonary vasculature characterized by remodeling of the smallest pulmonary arteries, leading to a progressive increase in pulmonary vascular resistance. Various forms of PAH exist, including familial (FPAH) and idiopathic (IPAH) forms and associated conditions. FPAH transmits as an autosomal dominant trait that exhibits genetic anticipation but also markedly reduced penetrance (20%). The primary genetic defect of FPAH, identifiable in more than 70% of cases of FPAH, is a mutation in the gene encoding bone morphogenetic protein receptor type 2 (BMPR2), a member of the transforming growth factor β superfamily. The true prevalence of BMPR2 mutations in IPAH is unknown, with reports ranging from 10% to 40% of patients. The cause of the variable phenotypic expression of PAH among carriers of mutated BMPR2 genes and patients is unclear, and likely related to environmental and genetic modifiers of disease not yet fully elucidated. Although BMPR2-related pathways seem to be pivotal, many other mediator pathways participate in the pathogenesis of different forms of PAH and are being actively investigated, both independently and in combination. As understanding of the molecular basis of this devastating disease improves, opportunities for earlier diagnosis, additional therapeutic regimens, and perhaps disease prevention will emerge.
Combined Non-Luminous Flame Radiation and Surface Tension Effects During Methanol Droplet Combustion

The effect of non-luminous thermal radiation on suspended (constant relative velocity) methanol droplet combustion in a low temperature (300 K) and low pressure (1 atm) environment is discussed in detail. Numerical results are obtained using a predictive, transient, two-phase, axisymmetric numerical model that includes surface tension effects. Radiation is modeled using the optically thin approximation with the product species CO2 and H2 O as the radiating species. Results for combustion in a quiescent atmosphere (initial Reynolds number 0.01) and initial droplet diameters in the range of 0.43 mm to 3 mm are presented. The results show that the effect of flame radiation is negligible when the initial droplet diameter is less than approximately 1 mm and becomes increasingly important for droplets with initial diameters greater than approximately 1 mm, as reported in previous literature. The average evaporation constant decreases with the initial droplet diameter. Both radiation and surface tension have a significant effect on the predicted extinction diameters of initially larger droplets. The extinction diameter presents a non-linear variation with the initial droplet diameter for initially larger droplets and agreement with experiments is good.© 2007 ASME
Examining the prevalence of a ‘youth discount’ in the juvenile justice system

Predicated on the notions of rehabilitation and protection, the American juvenile justice system is intended to aid adolescents in reforming their delinquent behavior. This assistance often manifests itself in the form of leniency and rehabilitative care. Such reformative assistance, however, is not always applied equally across race/ethnicity and ages. Using a focal concerns framework, this study examines data from one southwestern city in the USA to test the independent and moderating effects of age among various race/ethnicity and age combinations. The results not only provide insight into the existence of an age-related sliding scale of culpability (i.e., a ‘youth discount’), but also the extent to which age mitigates, or negates, the effect of race/ethnicity at four decision-making stages in the juvenile justice system. Theoretical and policy implications are discussed.
The Solar Probe Plus Mission: Humanity’s First Visit to Our Star

Solar Probe Plus (SPP) will be the first spacecraft to fly into the low solar corona. SPP’s main science goal is to determine the structure and dynamics of the Sun’s coronal magnetic field, understand how the solar corona and wind are heated and accelerated, and determine what processes accelerate energetic particles. Understanding these fundamental phenomena has been a top-priority science goal for over five decades, dating back to the 1958 Simpson Committee Report. The scale and concept of such a mission has been revised at intervals since that time, yet the core has always been a close encounter with the Sun. The mission design and the technology and engineering developments enable SPP to meet its science objectives to: (1) Trace the flow of energy that heats and accelerates the solar corona and solar wind; (2) Determine the structure and dynamics of the plasma and magnetic fields at the sources of the solar wind; and (3) Explore mechanisms that accelerate and transport energetic particles. The SPP mission was confirmed in March 2014 and is under development as a part of NASA’s Living with a Star (LWS) Program. SPP is scheduled for launch in mid-2018, and will perform 24 orbits over a 7-year nominal mission duration. Seven Venus gravity assists gradually reduce SPP’s perihelion from 35 solar radii ( $R_{S}$ ) for the first orbit to ${<}10~R_{S}$ for the final three orbits. In this paper we present the science, mission concept and the baseline vehicle for SPP, and examine how the mission will address the key science questions
The Diffraction and Refraction of Pulses

A method for solving problems involving diffraction of a plane pulse by a perfectly conducting or absorbent infinite wedge is described in part I. In part II, the method is extended to give results when a perfectly reflecting or absorbent half-plane lies on the surface between two distinct isotropic non-dissipative media. The results are valid both in acoustic and in electromagnetic theory.
The effect of solutes on the pervaporation of water‐methanol mixtures through cellophane

The effects on permeation rate and permeate composition of the addition of sodium formate to mixtures of methanol and water pervaporating through cellophane have been examined. In general, the addition of the salt increased the water content of the permeate, but decreased the total rate of pervaporation and that of each of the components. The effect was greater in water-poor feeds. The effect of the salt on the permeate composition was opposite to the expected effect on the relative volatility of the feed components. The possible causes of this “solute effect” are discussed.
Effects of High Pressure Processing on Toxoplasma gondii Oocysts on Raspberries

Oocysts are the environmentally resistant life stage of Toxoplasma gondii. Humans can become infected by accidentally ingesting the oocysts in water or from contaminated produce. Severe disease can occur in immunocompromised individuals, and nonimmune pregnant women can infect their offspring. Chronic infection is associated with decreased mental functions, vision and hearing problems, and some mental disorders such as schizophrenia. High pressure processing (HPP) is a commercial method used to treat food to eliminate pathogens. Treatment of produce to eliminate viable T. gondii oocysts would provide a means to protect consumers. The present study was done to better define the effects of HPP on oocysts placed on raspberries. Raspberries were chosen because they are a known source of a related human intestinal parasite, Cyclospora cayetanensis. Raspberries were inoculated with 5 × 104 oocysts of the VEG strain of T. gondii for 20 hr prior to HPP. Individual raspberries were exposed to 500 MPa, 400 MPa, 340...
Spectral shift response of optical whispering-gallery modes due to water vapor adsorption and desorption

The spectral shift response of optical whispering-gallery modes due to the adsorption and desorption of water molecules into a SiO2 nano-coating is investigated. This coating is applied to a silica microsphere and optical-shift measurements are made at a very low humidity level (<10%). The micro-optical coupling system is incorporated into a sealed vacuum chamber for controlled humidity testing. The experimental observation of the whispering-gallery-mode spectral shift with refractive index is consistent with a theoretical analysis using Mie theory. A significant hysteresis effect is observed in the spectral shift of individual whispering-gallery modes during variable humidity tests. To understand the hysteresis mechanism, tests with step changes in humidity are performed, which reveal complex and dynamic water molecule transport phenomena between the nano-coating and surrounding environment.
Male specific tyramides from three additional myrmicine genera

Male specific tyramides from three additional myrmicine genera Rachelle M.M. Adams *, Tappey H. Jones , Andrew W. Jeter c Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560, USA b Laboratories of Analytical Biology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560, USA Department of Chemistry, Virginia Military Institute, Lexington, VA 24450, USA
Evaluation of timing recovery schemes for asymmetrical digital subscriber line (ADSL)

This paper proposes a practical evaluation methodology for timing recovery mechanisms in ADSL systems. The proposed methodology decouples the generation of timing imperfections to transform a closed-loop problem into a more tractable open-loop system. This results in a simpler and less computational intensive evaluation methodology as compared to detailed time domain simulations. We demonstrate the versatility of the proposed methodology by evaluating three timing recovery mechanisms, one based on a voltage controlled crystal oscillator (VCXO) and two jitter-based mechanisms. The first jitter-based approach applies all the jitters in the same instant while the second distributes the jitters over time. We also study the effect of non-ideal system behavior, like clock jitter, using the same framework.
INSECTICIDE RESISTANCE IN CULEX PIPIENS FROM NEW YORK

Insecticides are the primary means to control Culex pipiens, an enzootic vector of West Nile virus, in the USA. To better understand how the evolution of resistance might impact control of this insect, we investigated the levels of resistance in populations collected from 2 metropolitan areas (Albany and Syracuse, NY) to 4 larvicides (methoprene, phenothrin, Bacillus sphaericus [Bs], and Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis [Bti]) and 1 adulticide (phenothrin) registered for mosquito control in New York State. High levels of resistance were found only to Bti, and only at 1 site (Syracuse). Resistance levels to the other insecticides were less than 10-fold. Given the large difference in Bti resistance between Syracuse and Albany, it appears these populations of Cx. pipiens do not rapidly mix, leading to localization of resistant populations.
Does Regulatory Capital Arbitrage, Reputation, or Asymmetric Information Drive Securitization?

Banks can choose to keep loans on balance sheet as private debt or transform them into public debt via asset securitization. Securitization transfers credit and interest rate risk, increases liquidity, augments fee income, and improves capital ratios. Yet many lenders still retain a portion of their loans in portfolio. Do lenders exploit asymmetric information to sell riskier loans into the public markets or retain riskier loans in portfolio? If riskier loans are indeed retained in portfolio, is this motivated by regulatory capital incentives (regulatory capital arbitrage), or a concern for reputation? We examine these questions empirically and find that securitized mortgage loans have experienced lower ex-post defaults than those retained in portfolio, providing evidence consistent with either the capital arbitrage or reputation explanation for securitization.
Digital modulation classification using constellation shape

Abstract Constellation diagram is a traditional and powerful tool for design and evaluation of digital modulations. In this work we propose to use constellation shape as a robust signature for digital modulation recognition. We represent the transmitted “information” by the geometry of the constellation. Received information is in turn the recovered constellation shape that is deformed by noise, channel and receiver implementation. We first demonstrate that fuzzy c-means clustering is capable of robust recovery of the unknown constellation. To perform Bayesian inference, the reconstructed constellation is modeled by a discrete multiple-valued nonhomogenous spatial random field. For candidate modulations, their corresponding random fields are modeled off-line. The unknown constellation shape is then classified by an ML rule based on the preceding model building phase. The algorithm is applicable to digital modulations of arbitrary size and dimensionality.
Storage and Feeding Losses of Large Round Bales

Abstract Alfalfa was harvested in large round bales or small square bales and storage and feeding losses were determined for different storage methods. Large bales were stored 1) in a barn; 2) outside in single rows and uncovered; 3) outside in two-high stacks and covered; and 4) outside in three-high stacks and covered. These bales were fed to dairy heifers with small square bales for comparison. Dry matter storage losses were 2% for large bales stored inside, 6% for large bales stored outside covered, and 15% for large bales stored outside uncovered. Feeding losses of large bales were 12% for stored inside, 25% for stored outside uncovered, and 13 to 15% for stored outside covered. Total losses for large round bales were 40% (stored outside uncovered), 20% (stored outside covered) and 15% (stored inside). Intake and gains were greatest for small bales (2.35 kg/100kg body weight and .77 kg/d, respectively) and least for large bales (2.11 kg/100kg body weight and .54 kg/d) stored outside uncovered. Rain penetrated 10 to 25cm into uncovered bales stored outside. The resulting weathered hay, about 40% of the original bale dry weight, deteriorated. Heifers rummaged through this unpalatable material, and large feeding losses resulted. Storage and feeding losses of large round bales stored outside are economically important enough to warrant protection of bales.
Covariance Analysis of Astrometric Alignment Estimation Architectures for Precision Dual Spacecraft Formation Flying

Many proposed formation flying missions seek to advance the state of the art in spacecraft science imaging by utilizing precision dual spacecraft formation flying to enable a “virtual” telescope. Using precision dual spacecraft alignment, very long focal lengths can be achieved by locating the optics on one spacecraft and the detector on the other. Proposed science missions include astrophysics concepts with spacecraft separations from 1000 km to 25,000 km, such as the Milli-Arc-Second Structure Imager (MASSIM) X-ray telescope and the New Worlds Observer exoplanet mission as well as, heliophysics concepts for solar coronagraphs and X-ray imaging with smaller separations (50m - 500m). All of these proposed missions require advances in precision formation flying of two spacecraft. In particular, very precise astrometric alignment control and estimation is required for accurate inertial pointing of the virtual telescope, which is required to perform the orders of magnitude improvement in the science imaging. The work presented in this paper focuses on analysis of proposed navigation systems and architectures for achieving precise dual spacecraft astrometric alignment. First, the dynamics of dual spacecraft relative motion, within a restricted n-body problem framework, are shown to reduce to a simple linear form and are used in estimation filter design and error analysis for deep space mission applications, such as MASSIM. This model is augmented with simplified measurement process models of relevant measurement types. These include inertial sensors, such as accelerometers and rate gyros, as well as optical alignment sensors, such as star and laser beacon trackers. A consider-state covariance analysis tool is developed from these process models and used to study the performance of proposed estimation architectures for the MASSIM application, specifically focusing on the transverse alignment between the two spacecraft with the goal of achieving mm-scale transverse alignment accuracy.
Partial Demasculinization of Several Brain Regions in Adult Male (XY) Rats with a Dysfunctional Androgen Receptor Gene

The adult rat posterodorsal medial amygdala (MePD) is sexually dimorphic in regional volume and neuronal soma size, both of which are larger in males than in females. This sexual dimorphism is entirely dependent on adult circulating levels of testicular androgens, and both androgen and estrogen treatment can masculinize MePD structure. We examined male rats that are rendered androgen-insensitive by the testicular feminization mutation (tfm) of the androgen receptor (AR) gene to determine how a dysfunctional AR affects this and other brain sexual dimorphisms. In adult wild-type rats, the MePD in males had a greater regional volume, rostrocaudal extent, and soma size than in females. In genetic males, defective ARs affected some but not all of these indices: MePD volume and soma size in tfm males were intermediate between those of wild-type males and females, but the rostrocaudal extent of the MePD was unaffected by the mutation, being as great in tfm males as in wild-type males. Regional volume and soma size in the suprachiasmatic nucleus was reduced in tfm males compared with wild-type males, suggesting that AR normally affects this region in male rats. Interestingly, whereas volume of the sexually dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area was unaffected by the tfm allele, soma size in this region was reduced in tfm males compared with wild-type males. Although estrogen receptor activation has been shown to be vital for masculinization of the rodent brain, our results indicate that ARs also contribute to this process in several brain regions. J. Comp. Neurol. 487:217–226, 2005. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc. Indexing terms: medial amygdala; sexually dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area; suprachiasmatic nucleus; androgen insensitivity; sexual differentiation; tfm
Work in progress - ethics integrated into engineering courses

The very nature of engineering implies a commitment to ethics. Ethics education can occur in a wide variety of engineering courses. Beginning with first-year courses and continuing through the curriculum, students are taught to sort through the facts and constraints of engineering projects and search for solutions that best serve the user. Many students experience a philosophical, historical, and professional approach to the general topic of engineering ethics and social responsibility by taking a formal course in engineering ethics. Professional ethics can be integrated into course or capstone projects. In graduate courses, students receive explicit instruction in research ethics. The graduate who has been through a variety of ethics education experiences is in a better position to leave the university and accept the very serious demands of the vocation.
Maternal expenditure in the polygynous and monomorphic guanaco:suckling behavior, reproductive effort, yearly variation, and influence on juvenile survival

We investigated patterns of maternal expenditure and its influence on juvenile survival in the polygynous monomorphic guanaco (Lama guanicoe) in southern Chile from 1990 to 1994. Birth weight and growth rate (until age 1) of males and females were similar. Suckling rates of males and females were not significantly different, although mothers of males rejected suckling attempts more often than mothers of females during fall and winter. Mothers with sons terminated suckling bouts in equal proportion as did mothers with daughters. Our estimated level of reproductive effort for guanacos falls within the range of species exhibiting no sex-biased maternal expenditure on offspring. Mean yearly birth weight was negatively correlated with population density. Mean suckling time throughout the year differed among cohorts, as did the mean number of suckling attempts and rejected suckling attempts per hour throughout the year. Juvenile survival was estimated until age 1. Of the model with five covariates including juvenile sex, birth weight, adult female aggression toward taggers, mean suckling time, and population density, only mean suckling time and population density were significantly related to survival. The risk ratio for mean suckling time indicates that the risk of mortality increases as suckling time increases, whereas the risk ratio for population density indicates that the risk of mortality decreases as population density increases. Under some conditions increasing population density may be correlated with lower offspring birth weight, yet enhanced juvenile survival. This effect on survival was possibly associated with the number of predators on the study area from year to year. Key words: Chile, guanaco, Lama guanicoe, maternal expenditure, survival. [Behav Ecol 10:41‐47 (1999)]
Feedback regulation of cholesterol uptake by the LXR-IDOL-LDLR axis.

Inducible degrader of the low-density lipoprotein receptor (IDOL) is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that mediates the ubiquitination and degradation of the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR). IDOL expression is controlled at the transcriptional level by the cholesterol-sensing nuclear receptor liver X receptor (LXR). In response to rising cellular sterol levels, activated LXR induces IDOL production, thereby limiting further uptake of exogenous cholesterol through the LDLR pathway. The LXR–IDOL–LDLR mechanism for feedback inhibition of cholesterol uptake is independent of and complementary to the sterol regulatory element–binding protein pathway. Since the initial description of the LXR–IDOL pathway, biochemical studies have helped to define the structural basis for both IDOL target recognition and LDLR ubiquitin transfer. Recent work has also suggested links between IDOL and human lipid metabolism.
Deciphering vertical deformation and poroelastic parameters in a tectonically active fault-bound aquifer using InSAR and well level data, San Bernardino basin, California

SUMMARY Using InSAR and hydrogeologic time-series spanning 1995 to 2000, we characterize the elastic storage and surface deformation in the vicinity of the San Bernardino basin, California. The region encompasses a complex major aquifer located at the junction of the San Andreas and San Jacinto faults that supplies groundwater to over 600,000 people. We remove the elastic vertical surface displacement associated with changes in groundwater levels from the InSAR time-series by a least squares inversion. Our method estimates a poroelastic ratio at 60 well sites, which we normalize by basin depth, allowing for comparison of the elastic response of the aquifer skeleton from site to site. Our method also estimates residual vertical displacement rates at each well site, surface displacement not explained by observed trends in groundwater levels. Residual vertical displacement rates reveal patterns of subsidence and uplift across the basin over the 5-yr period from 1995 to 2000. In a narrow zone of observed residual subsidence near the San Jacinto fault, where many normalized poroelastic ratios trend higher than expected, we find permanent compaction of clay-rich strata to be the most likely explanation for 0.5–2.0 mm yr –1 of residual subsidence. This permanent compaction is likely a result of delayed compaction due to previous overdraft conditions and/or a result of the installation of deep production wells during the span of the InSAR time-series. Observations of localized subsidence within stepovers of the San Jacinto fault zone and relative uplift at the range fronts are consistent with current basin development models; however, interseismic strain modelling of the regional faults does not reproduce the surface displacement pattern or magnitude of these observations.
Elimination of Artifacts in External Quantum Efficiency Measurements for Multijunction Solar Cells Using a Pulsed Light Bias

A method using a pulsed light bias synchronized to the probing monochromatic light and superimposed on the conventional dc light and voltage biases is proposed to eliminate the artifacts in external quantum efficiency (EQE) measurements for multijunction solar cells. It is demonstrated experimentally that this method effectively eliminates the EQE measurement artifacts caused by the shunt effect, the luminescence coupling effect, or their combination.
Austrian Calculus: Interest Rate and Allocation of Capital

Economists contributing to the Austrian theory of capital use the theorem stating that a change in the real interest rate reallocates production factors. According to this theorem, a decrease in real interest rate shifts production factors into earlier stages of production and its increase shifts them to later stages. While authors working in the Austrian tradition use the theorem, they do so without providing a formal proof of the theorem, which makes their results less compelling. I fill this gap in the literature.
The Enlightenment: Suggestions for further reading

This bibliography does not aim at comprehensiveness. It is conceived as a guide to future reading and research, beyond the works mentioned in the text. The topic of the Enlightenment has never been short of major general surveys. Besides those mentioned in the text, the reader might consult still valuable examples of an older style of interpretation well represented by the lively writing of Paul Hazard, The European Mind 1680–1715 (first published in French in 1935, English translation 1963), and his European Thought in the Eighteenth Century: From Montesquieu to Lessing (1946 and 1963). Norman Hampson, The Enlightenment (London, 1968) is valuable for its extended treatment of science in this period. Lucien Goldmann, The Philosophy of the Enlightenment: The Christian Burgess and the Enlightenment (Cambridge, MA, 1973) examines this period from a Marxist perspective. Radical reinterpretations of the Enlightenment are well represented by Margaret C. Jacob, The Radical Enlightenment: Pantheists, Freemasons and Republicans (London, 1981). More recently, Jonathan Israel's trilogy, Enlightenment Contested: Philosophy, Modernity and the Emancipation of Man 1670–1752 (Oxford, 2006), The Radical Enlightenment: Philosophy and the Making of Modernity 1650–1750 (Oxford, 2001), and Democratic Enlightenment: Philosophy, Revolution and Human Rights, 1750–1790 (Oxford, 2011) has been hotly debated. See also Anthony J. La Vopa, ‘A New Intellectual History? Jonathan Israel's Enlightenment’, Historical Journal , 52 (2009), 717–38; Antoine Lilti, ‘Comment ecrit-on l'histoire intellectuelle des Lumieres?’, Annales ESC 64 (2009), 171–206. See also Keith Michael Baker and Peter Hans Reill, eds, What's Left of the Enlightenment? A Post-Modern Question (Stanford, CA, 2001); Daniel Gordon, ed., Postmodernism and the Enlightenment: New Perspectives in Eighteenth-Century French Intellectual History (New York, 2001). Conflicts over the meaning of the Enlightenment may be further explored in E. Behr, ‘In Defence of Enlightenment: Foucault and Habermas’, German Studies Review , 2 (1988), 97–109, and in Michel Foucault, ‘What is Enlightenment?’ in The Foucault Reader , ed. P. Rabinow (New York, 1984). See also Craig Calhoun, ed., Habermas and the Public Sphere (Cambridge MA, 1992).
MICROMORFOLOGIA DE ALGUNAS ESPECIES DE FUSARIUM EN PDA MODIFICADO. III.

Se estudia el comportamiento de 20 cepas de Fusarium pertenecientes a 9 especies, aisladas de diversos ambientes (suelo, material clinico, alimentos y vegetales), mediante sus caracteristicas macroscopicas de cultivo en PDA (standard) y su micromorfologia en microcultivos en lamina en PDA modificado con 5 g/l de dextrosa, 4 g/l de KCl y 0,002 g/l de Dichloran. Esta ultima metodologia permitio observar las principales caracteristicas microscopicas tales como: clamido, micro, meso y macroconidios, ademas de sus celulas conidiogenas (mono, polifialides y fialides poliblasticas. Esto permitio la identificacion tentativa o final de las cepas estudiadas y la confeccion de una clave. Las cepas mas estables en la produccion de microestructuras fueron: F.avenaceum, F. chlamidosporum, F. sambucinum y F. solani .
Shiitake Cultivation on Sawdust: Evaluation of Selected Genotypes for Biological Efficiency and Mushroom Size

Twenty-four unique genotypes of Lentinus edodes were evaluated for their biological efficiency (BE), mushroom size and mushroom quality on a nutrient enriched sawdust substrate. Significant differences among lines were found for these parameters. Biological efficiencies ranged from 124% (WC 305) to 6.1% (WC 295). Percentages of mushrooms produced with abnormal morphology ranged from a low of 0% to a high of 88%. Breeding and selection of shiitake lines for improved biological efficiency, size and quality would reduce production costs and may help to increase consumption of fresh shiitake mushrooms.
Basic biomechanic principles of knee instability

Motion at the knee joint is a complex mechanical phenomenon. Stability is provided by a combination of static and dynamic structures that work in concert to prevent excessive movement or instability that is inherent in various knee injuries. The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is a main stabilizer of the knee, providing both translational and rotatory constraint. Despite the high volume of research directed at native ACL function, pathogenesis and surgical reconstruction of this structure, a gold standard for objective quantification of injury and subsequent repair, has not been demonstrated. Furthermore, recent studies have suggested that novel anatomic structures may play a significant role in knee stability. The use of biomechanical principles and testing techniques provides essential objective/quantitative information on the function of bone, ligaments, joint capsule, and other contributing soft tissues in response to various loading conditions. This review discusses the principles of biomechanics in relation to knee stability, with a focus on the objective quantification of knee stability, the individual contributions of specific knee structures to stability, and the most recent technological advances in the biomechanical evaluation of the knee joint.
A New Species of Thamnidium from Death Valley, California

(1966). A New Species of Thamnidium from Death Valley, California. Mycologia: Vol. 58, No. 5, pp. 797-801.
Research on joint estimation of waveguide invariant and heading angle

Accurate estimation of the waveguide invariant is significant,for it is a physical parameter demonstrating the propagation characteristics and environmental characteristics of the waveguide.Hough Transform-based joint wave-guide invariant and heading angle estimation algorithm is proposed by combining LOFARgram and bearing-time records,in which neither the distance information nor the closest point of approaching the moving target is needed,.Then the synthetic parameter estimation algorithm based on Hough Transform is presented,which is more robust than the parameter estimation algorithm with single interference striation,but with more computational cost.The feasibility of the parameter estimation algorithm is validated by both computer simulation and sea trial data analysis,which also indicate that the parameter estimation algorithm has high precision.
Electroless Plating and Anticorrosion of Oil and Gas Field

The characteristics, factors, process, parameters and principles of electroless Ni-P plating are introduced simply. The results show that electroless Ni-P deposits have good anti-CO_2 and stress corrosion performance.
Diagnosis and Management of Phencyclidine Intoxication

Because phencyclidine intoxication has both psychiatric and physical manifestations, it continues to present a challenge to physicians. Intoxication may be viewed as occurring in three stages. Mild intoxication, the first and most common stage, is manifested primarily by psychiatric signs and symptoms. In the second stage, patients are stuporous to comatose, but they have intact deep pain responses. In the third stage, patients do not respond to deep pain stimuli. Treatment depends on the stage of intoxication.
Acute volvulus of the stomach in infants and children

Abstract Two infants with acute gastric volvulus are presented, along with a compilation of all previously reported cases in the world literature. A classification of acute volvulus is suggested, and etiologic and diagnostic considerations are discussed. Treatment, which should include gastrostomy, is effective after early diagnosis.
Anther culture of Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench I. Effect of panicle pretreatment, anther incubation temperature and 2,4-D concentration

In a study of anther culture in Sorghum bicolor it was found that culture incubation temperature had a significant effect on yields of microspore-derived callus. A temperature of 33° C was superior to 25°, 28° or 37° C. With fresh, unpretreated material, callus was produced only from anthers incubated at 33° C. Panicle pretreatment at 7°, 14°, 20°, 25° or 28° C either had no effect or significantly decreased callus yield. Comparison of culture media containing a range of concentrations of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (0–3.0 mg l-1) showed that callus yield increased significantly with concentration up to 2.5 mg l-1 and then declined slightly. Although 1174 calluses were produced, subsequent differentiation was poor and only four albino plants were regenerated.
MUDs grow up: social virtual reality in the real world

MUDs, or "multi-user dungeons", are multi-user, text-based, networked computing environments that are currently used mostly for gaming. Despite the obvious shortcomings of a text-only system, they are quite popular. The Social Virtual Reality project at Xerox PARC is extending MUD technology for use in non-recreational settings. Our goal is to keep the strength of MUDs/spl minus/shared computing with a powerful real-world metaphor/spl minus/while correcting their shortcomings by adding audio, video, and interactive windows. We are building two specific prototypes: Astro-VR, for use by the professional astronomy community, and Jupiter, for use by researchers within Xerox. >
A 65nm ultra low power logic platform technology using uni-axial strained silicon transistors

A leading edge 65nm logic process technology employing uni-axial strained silicon transistors has been optimized for ultra low power products. Record PMOS/NMOS drive currents of 0.38/0.66 mA/mum, respectively, have been achieved at 1.2V and off-state leakage of 100 pA/mum. Greater than 1000times reduction of SRAM cell standby leakage through implementation of sleep transistors and other leakage suppression schemes are also discussed
A drop array culture for patterning adherent mouse embryonic stem cell-derived neurospheres.

New therapeutic approaches for repairing an injured or degenerating nervous system have accelerated the development of methods to generate populations of neurons derived from various stem cell sources efficiently. Many of these methods require the generation of neurospheres. Here a simple technique is described for creating an array of adherent mouse embryonic stem cell (mESC)-derived neurospheres using a conventional plastic culture dish and a patterning template. mESC-derived neurospheres are confined to circular (4-mm diameter), gel-coated regions within an array. The adherent neurosphere arrays require 3 days to prepare from an mESC source; they can be maintained in 15 μl drops of medium, and exhibit extensive neurite elaboration after 8 days of cultivation. Additionally, the potential of treating the adherent neurospheres in selected drops of an array is demonstrated with a variety of differentiation-inducing reagents and subsequently individually analysing such neurospheres for gene expression, protein levels and morphological development. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Averting Behavior Methods

Averting behavior refers to actions taken to defend against environmental or other hazards, whether by reducing exposure to hazards or by mitigating adverse effects of exposure. This chapter examines how information on averting behavior can be used to improve nonmarket valuation. The chapter describes the history, theoretical foundation, and empirical application of averting behavior methods. These methods support estimation of economic benefits of public policies, especially those that reduce morbidity or mortality, in a way that is consistent with utility maximization and is based on observable behavior. The chapter: (1) shows how ignoring averting behavior may cause an invalid measurement of physical and economic damages of pollution or other hazards, and how controlling for averting behavior may improve welfare measurement; (2) explains several ways of using information on averting behavior to estimate the benefits of environmental improvement; (3) provides a simple empirical illustration; and (4) argues that the validity of welfare measurement using averting behavior methods depends on how the challenges of joint production, unknown prices of averting actions, and identification of the effects of pollution and averting behavior are met.
In-situ method to produce nanograined metallic powders/flakes via ultrasonic shot peening

Abstract In this study, nanograined metallic powders/flakes were successfully produced by severely ultrasonic shot peening for the first time according to the author’s knowledge. Surface nanocrystallization of the material was realized and then the fabricated nanograined layer was impacted in-situ by the subsequently ultrasonic shot peening. The repeatedly impacts on the nanograined surface layer result in the fracture of the materials and the formation of the metallic powders/flakes due to the significant drop of the ductility and work-hardening of the nanograined surface. Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) observations indicate that the generated metallic powders/flakes are consisting of the nano grains with the size in the range from 20 nm to 100 nm and the nano lamellar with the average thickness of 50 nm. Micro-crack initiation and propagation were also characterized at the topmost nanograined surface layer. Research results suggested that the mechanism for the formation of the nanograined metallic powders/flakes during the ultrasonic shot peening includes the stages of surface nanocrystallization and fracture of the fabricated nanograined surface and ultrasonic shot peening can be potentially used as an effective method to produce nanograined metallic powders/flakes.
Employing Color Theory to Visualize Volume-rendered Multivariate Ensembles of Asteroid Impact Simulations

We describe explorations and innovations developed to help scientists understand an ensemble of large scale sim- ulations of asteroid impacts in the ocean. The simulations were run to help scientists determine the characteristics of asteroids that NASA should track, so that communities at risk from impact can be given advanced notice. Of rel- evance to the CHI community are 1) hands-on workflow issues specific to exploring ensembles of large scientific data, 2) innovations in exploring such data ensembles with color, and 3) examples of multidisciplinary collaboration.
Lower Extremity Abscess Formation in Premature Infants due to Routine Infant Vaccinations

Since the introduction of vaccines, the impact of vaccinations has been immeasurable. Under the current immunization guidelines, infants receive the first of their routine infant vaccinations at 2 months of age. While the benefits of routine infant vaccinations in premature infants have been demonstrated, there is relatively little data on the dosing of these vaccines in premature infants. The medical records of two premature infants who developed intramuscular abscesses after receiving their routine infant vaccinations were reviewed. Both patients developed pain in the area of the injection after receiving their vaccinations. Magnetic resonance imaging findings confirmed the formation of an abscess. No other causes of abscess formation were observed. Both patients required surgical intervention and were treated with a course of antibiotics. To our knowledge, this is the first case report to suggest routine vaccinations as a potential cause of abscess formation in premature infants.
Does joint legal custody increase child support for nonmarital children

Abstract Nonmarital children account for two fifths of births in the US, and close to two thirds of these children do not live with their fathers by age five. Although nonmarital children primarily live with their mothers, joint legal custody has emerged as an option for their parents. Parents with joint legal custody are expected to make major decisions for their child together, regardless of their prior marital status. This study investigates whether joint legal custody increases child support payments in the first year of a child support order among fathers of nonmarital children who live with their mothers, using a unique sample of court records in 2000–2009 in Wisconsin. It finds consistent and statistically significant positive associations across different methods; joint legal custody is associated with higher child support payments by about $170 a year and a higher compliance ratio by 5 percentage points. Paying child support is only one way nonresident parents can contribute to their children. Therefore, more studies are needed to understand whether and how joint legal custody affects other aspects of parenting and conditions under which it should be encouraged.
Permanent Housing for Child Welfare-Involved Families: Impact on Child Maltreatment Overview

A longitudinal randomized controlled trial tested whether access to permanent housing reduces child maltreatment among inadequately housed families under investigation for child abuse and neglect. The study followed homeless and child welfare-involved families randomly assigned to receive a referral for housing subsidies plus housing case management (n = 75, 196 children) or housing case management alone (n = 75, 186 children). Latent growth models examined change in caregiver-reported frequencies of psychological aggression, physical abuse, and neglect toward children at five time points across 2.5 years. Intent-to-treat analyses suggested treatment differences for minor assault and neglect that approached significance; families randomly assigned to permanent housing plus case management exhibited marginally greater declines compared to families referred for housing case management only. Caregiver psychological aggression remained high over time, regardless of treatment condition. No evidence indicated higher risk families benefitted more from permanent housing. Results show some promise of permanent housing and highlight the complex needs of homeless families under investigation for child maltreatment. Findings emphasize the importance of continued involvement from the child welfare system to connect families with important resources.