cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
'What's your cousin Arthur's mommy's name?': Features of family talk about kin and kin terms

This paper examines conversations about kin terms and kin relations between one child and her family over a period of almost three years, when the child was aged 2;3 to 5;1. Transcripts of conversations in which kin members were explicitly discussed were coded for categories that distinguished progressive levels of children's knowledge of kin terms: identification statements and routines, characteristic features, and defining features. Throughout the period under study, talk about the characteristic features of kin members predominated, and included personal characteristics, the exchange of gifts, and the rights, responsibilities and rituals that bound family members. From ages four to five, some of these features were also applied more generally to kinship categories. Conversations that incorporated defining features were relatively infrequent, but appeared as early as age 2;10. Although only one child was observed, these results are consistent with the notion that, from a very early age, children begin ...
Addendum to "Low-energy phenomenology of some supersymmetric E6-breaking patterns."

Using the techniques of our earlier work we analyze two additional patterns of supersymmetric ${\mathrm{E}}_{6}$-breaking patterns that pass through the intermediate group $\mathrm{SU}(5)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{\mathrm{U}(1)}_{x}$. The results we obtain for these two patterns are similar to those obtained earlier. The predictions for the proton lifetime, electroweak mixing angle, and properties of the second $Z$ boson are given for each pattern.
The oxidation of small rhodium metal particles

Abstract The progressive oxidation of small Rh metal particles supported on model SiO 2 and TiO 2 supports has been quantified using high resolution electron microscopy (HREM) and volumetric oxygen uptake. Volumetric O 2 uptakes show that Rh particles, with diameters of 5–10 nm, oxidize faster when supported on TiO 2 than on SiO 2 . HREM reveals the existence of a rhodium oxide phase with a lattice spacing of 0.29 nm that grows parallel to the Rh (111) planes on the silica-supported catalysts. The stoichiometry of the oxide formed at lower temperatures suggest that this intermediate phase may correspond to RhO. Oxidation at higher temperatures transforms the Rh oxide particles to polycrystalline Rh 2 O 3 .
Estimating Achievement Performance: A Confirmation Bias.

This study expands on John Darley and Paget Gross's 1983 research examining the process leading to the confirmation of a perceiver's expectancies about a target individual when the social label that created the expectancy provides poor or tentative evidence about the target's true dispositions or capabilities. In line with previous findings, stereotype information in the no-performance condition did not produce differential estimates of the child's achievement ability, but stereotype information did affect estimates of the child in the performance condition. Thus individuals found evidence in the ambiguous performance sequence congruent with the race, class, and gender stereotypes. The combination of race, class, and gender resulted in more extreme expectancy confirmation for the Black, lower class, male child than for the other race, class, and gender combinations. Thefindings are discussed with respect to implicationsfor teacher education.
The testing of blighted, aged, and control Russet Burbank potato tuber preparation for ability to produce spina bifida and anencephaly in rats, rabbits, hamsters, and mice

Feeding trials were performed in which we tested for specific teratogenicity certain freeze-dried preparations from Russet Burbank potatoes. The preparations were experimentally infected under conditions designed to ensure vigorous infection withPhytophthora infestans or infected similarly with the early blight organismAlternaria solani. Some preparations were cut and aged under conditions that enhanced the alkaloid level. Some preparations were untreated. None of the preparations when fed to rats, mice, hamsters, and rabbits produced anencephaly or spina bifida.
SU-FF-J-19: V-Q SPECT to Individualize Adaptive Radiation Plan in Patients with Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC)

Purposes: This study aimed to assess the changes of lung ventilation (V) and perfusion (Q) function by single photon emission tomography (V/Q SPECT) at 45 Gy during radiation therapy (RT), and determine if V/Q SPECT during‐RT can be used to decrease dose to the functioning lung.Methods: V/Q SPECT‐CT and FDG‐PET‐CT were performed prior and during‐RT (@45Gy) for patients enrolled in prospective clinical trials for stage I–III NSCLC. The V and Q functions were assessed using a semi‐quantitative system. An adaptive plan was generated after RT of 45 Gy to the target based on the during‐RT FDG‐PET‐CT. The during‐RT SPECT was used to optimize the plan to minimize dose to the functioning lung.Results: Of 45 patients analyzed, 100% had lung functional defects at or around the primary tumor and the majority of them have defects in the remaining lung. The V/Q defects were mismatched in 40% and 50% patients for pre‐ and during‐RT SPECT, respectively. After 45 Gy, the global and local lung function improved in one third patients. Specifically, there was a significant improvement in V scores in ipsilateral lung (P=0.002), while there was no significant changes in V scores of the contralateral lung and Q scores of the ipsilateral lung at or around the tumor at 45 Gy during‐RT. Using V/Q SPECT at 45 Gy for voxel based optimization, the mean dose to the functioning lung decreased remarkably while maintaining the physical dose to the target and the physical dose based lung normal tissue complication probability. Conclusion: V/Q SPECT‐CT acquired during the course of treatment has a potential to escalate the tumordose and or decrease the dose to the functioning lung. Clinical trials are ongoing to assess if the therapeutic ratio (long‐term survival over lung toxicity) will improve in patients with NSCLC.
A case of phenylcyclohexylpyrrolidine (PHP) intoxication treated with physostigmine.

AbstractA case is presented of a 31-year-old male who showed neurological and psychic symptoms following ingestion of phenylcyclo-hexylpyrrolidine (PHP), which was verified by identification of PHP in the urine. Treatment with physostigmine (IM) produced a rapid and sustained reversal of these symptoms.
Creativity and the Rules of Rhetoric

The rules of rhetoric do not incorporate the conditions necessary for creativity, and hence some of these rules may stifle. Creativity, however, seems to follow a vague pattern involving relatively long, and sometimes laborious sub-steps that must be carefully executed if the final product is to be of worth. The speaker or writer must undergo a preparation period, involving both direct preparation and indirect preparation. Usually, he will also experience a plateau period. The moment of insight may occur suddenly, and often while he is indulging in relaxing activity. The period of refining, which is necessary to make the final product perceptably of merit involves checking, proving and stating the insight. These processes do not lead inevitably to creativity, and some of them may be repeated more than others; nevertheless, speakers and writers may be more creative by intentionally trying to follow them.
Linezolid-Induced Lactic Acidosis Corrected With Sustained Low-Efficiency Dialysis: A Case Report

Linezolid, an oxazolidinone antibiotic, has been reported to increase the risk of lactic acidosis and peripheral neuropathy because it disrupts mitochondrial function. This case report describes the development of lactic acidosis in a 63-year-old man who had received 3 months of treatment with intravenous linezolid for pulmonary nocardiasis, and correction of the acidotic state with sustained low-efficiency dialysis. This case demonstrates that renal replacement therapy can be an alternative to discontinuation alone for rapid reversal of linezolid-induced lactic acidosis.
Recurrent Abdominal Pain in Children-A Retrospective Study of Outcome in a Group Referred to a Pediatric Gastroenterology Practice

Recurrent abdominal pain (RAP) affects a significant number of children each year. We reviewed our experience over a 2-year period to determine the outcome of patients who were referred for pediatric gastroenterology consultation. We identified 356 patients, 149 (42%) male and 207 (58%) female. All patients underwent a thorough interview and complete physical examination. Patients suspected of having irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) were treated as such without further initial evaluation. Others underwent an initial blood and urine evaluation. When these initial screening studies were negative, additional studies were performed including abdominal ultrasonography, radiography, and/or endoscopy of the upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract if the history suggested a possible diagnosis that could be excluded or confirmed by such tests. There was no identifiable diagnosis in 43.5% of the patients studied. IBS was diagnosed in 25.8% of all patients. Constipation was diagnosed in 3.7%. Miscellaneous causes, including GI mucosal lesions, and renal and pancreatic disorders were found in an additional 27% of patients. In a follow-up survey, more than 70% of the treated respondents were improved (i.e., their RAP had resolved or was markedly improved). We conclude that most children with RAP have a functional disorder. Patients with an organic cause for pain can be identified and treated in a cost-effective manner with carefully planned evaluation.
VOC reactivity in central California: comparing an air quality model to ground-based measurements

Volatile organic compound (VOC) reactivity in central California is examined using a photochemical air quality model (the Community Multiscale Air Quality model; CMAQ) and ground-based measurements to evaluate the contribution of VOC to photochemical activity. We classify VOC into four categories: anthropogenic, biogenic, aldehyde, and other oxygenated VOC. Anthropogenic and biogenic VOC consist of primary emissions, while aldehydes and other oxygenated VOC include both primary anthropogenic emissions and secondary products from primary VOC oxidation. To evaluate the model treatment of VOC chemistry, we compare calculated and modeled OH and VOC reactivities using the following metrics: 1) cumulative distribution functions of NO x concentration and VOC reactivity (R OH,VOC ), 2) the relationship between R OH,VOC and NO x , 3) total OH reactivity (R OH,total ) and speciated contributions, and 4) the relationship between speciated R OH,VOC and NO x . We find that the model predicts R OH,total to within 25–40% at three sites representing urban (Sacramento), suburban (Granite Bay) and rural (Blodgett Forest) chemistry. However in the urban area of Fresno, the model under predicts NO x and VOC emissions by a factor of 2–3. At all locations the model is consistent with observations of the relative contributions of total VOC. In urban areas, anthropogenic and biogenic R OH,VOC are predicted fairly well over a range of NO x conditions. In suburban and rural locations, anthropogenic and other oxygenated R OH,VOC relationships are reproduced, but calculated biogenic and aldehyde R OH,VOC are often poorly characterized by measurements, making evaluation of the model with available data unreliable. In central California, 30–50% of the modeled urban VOC reactivity is due to aldehydes and other oxygenated species, and the total oxygenated R OH,VOC is nearly equivalent to anthropogenic VOC reactivity. In rural vegetated regions, biogenic and aldehyde reactivity dominates. This indicates that more attention needs to be paid to the accuracy of models and measurements of both primary emissions of oxygenated VOC and secondary production of oxygenates, especially formaldehyde and other aldehydes, and that a more comprehensive set of oxygenated VOC measurements is required to include all of the important contributions to atmospheric reactivity.
An NMR metabolomic investigation of early metabolic disturbances following traumatic brain injury in a mammalian model.

The effects of traumatic brain injury (TBI) on brain chemistry and metabolism were examined in three groups of rats using high-resolution 1 H NMR metabolomics of brain tissue extracts and plasma. Brain injury in the TBI group (n ¼ 6) was produced by lateral fluid percussion and regional changes in brain metabolites were analyzed at 1 h after injury in hippocampus, cortex and plasma and compared with changes in both a sham-surgery control group (n ¼ 6) and an untreated control group (n ¼ 6). Evidence was found of oxidative stress (e.g. decreases in ascorbate of 16.4% (p 0.05) in the cortex and hippocampus, respectively). Significant changes in the overall pattern of NMR-observable metabolites using principal components analysis were also observed in TBI animals. Although TBI clearly had an effect on the metabolic profile found in brain tissue, no clear effects could be discerned in plasma samples. This was at least partly due to large variability in dominant glucose and lactate peaks in plasma. However, disruption of the blood-brain barrier and the subsequent movement of metabolites from brain into blood may have been relatively small and below the detection limits of our analytical procedures. Overall, these data indicate that TBI results in several significant changes in brain metabolism early after trauma and that a metabolomic approach based on 1 H NMR spectroscopy can provide a metabolic profile comprising several metabolite classes and allow for relative quantification of such changes within specific brain regions. The results also provide support for further development and application of metabolomic technologies for studying TBI and for the utilization of multivariate models for classifying the extent of trauma within an individual. Copyright # 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
VERY EARLY AND TRANSIENT VEGETAL-PLATE EXPRESSION OF SPKROX1, A KRUPPEL/KROX GENE FROM STRONGYLOCENTROTUS PURPURATUS

All endodermal and mesenchymal cells of the sea urchin embryo descend from the vegetal plate, a thickened epithelium of approximately 50 cells arising at the early blastula stage. Cell types that derive from the vegetal plate are specified conditionally by inductive interactions with underlying micromeres, but the molecular details of vegetal-plate specification remain unresolved. In a search for regulatory proteins that have roles in vegetal-plate specification, a screen was performed to clone Kruppel/Krox-related genes from a Strongylocentrotus purpuratus embryo cDNA library. One newly identified clone, named SpKrox1, contained four zinc fingers and a leucine zipper domain. SpKrox1 expression was low in unfertilized eggs, increased severalfold to the early blastula stage and decreased between the early gastrula and pluteus stages. SpKrox1 mRNA was first seen in macromeres of 16-cell stage embryos and was restricted to cells of the developing vegetal plate thereafter. Vegetal-plate expression corresponded to a ring of cells around the blastopore and overlapped the expression patterns of other genes with potential roles in vegetal plate-specification. As the vegetal-plate cells invaginated into the blastopore, SpKrox1 expression was lost, suggesting that its role was not in endoderm differentiation per se but rather in the initial establishment of the vegetal plate.
Thin films of diblock copolymers: windows into bulk and reduced dimensional phenomena

Abstract Thin films of symmetric diblock copolymers undergo a self-assembling upon annealing above the glass transition temperature of the components. The multilayers organize according to the specific interactions of the segments with the substrate and the surface tension of the two components. These near perfect multilayers, coupled with different depth profiling techniques, provide a unique and quantitative means of evaluating the morphology of symmetric diblock copolymers. In addition, the surface topography of the thin film diblock copolymers and the manner in which the topography changes with time, offers an easy means of studying coarsening behavior in reduced dimensions.
Using Multiple Program Impact Analysis to Document Institutional Effectiveness.

The age of institutional effectiveness has arrived. Accrediting agencies, state agencies, governing boards, communities, students, and parents have increased the pressure on institutions of higher education to document how educational programs contribute to important student outcomes (Ewell, 1987). Does college make a difference in what students learn? How will we know? What evidence will we need to convince our external public that students learn as a result of our efforts? In the past, the assessment movement urged higher-education institutions to document that students achieve important educational outcomes. Today, we must document that these outcomes a r e a result of the institution's educational efforts. This new emphasis is called institutional effectiveness (Astin, 1991; Gardiner, 1989; Nichols, 1989). The assessment of institutional effectiveness requires that we not only document what students have learned but how and under what conditions the learning occurred. To be effective, institutions must link the attainment of student outcomes to the participation of students in specific programmatic efforts while controlling for the students' initial background characteristics (Astin, 1991; Pascarella, 1986). Pascarella (1986) referred to this problem as determining the "net effects" of programmatic efforts. In reviewing the college impact studies summarized by Pascarella and Terenzini (1991), we found relatively few studies that examined the impact of rnore than one program intervention on college student outcomes. Traditionally, individual educational programs have been evaluated in isolation from the larger context of the institution's total efforts. However, students rarely participate in only one educational program. Rather, most students participate in multiple educational programs with common goals such as increased first-year
Market-Like Forces and Social Stratification: How Neoclassical Theories of Wages Can Survive Recent Sociological Critiques

It is argued that the neoclassical theory of wages has better predictive power than is ciustomarily argued. Wages should closely approximate productivity in analyses involving large samples of workers, and in longitudinal analyses involving extended periods of time. Time and aggregation eliminate many of the market imperfections that make wages unequal to productivity in cross-sectional analyses of individuals. The article also develops a psetido-market model derived from the work of Nelson and Winters that would allow wages to equal productizvity without invoking the marginalist assumptions of continuous perfectly rational wage optimization on the part of finns. Empirical support for the wage productivity link comes from an analysis of the wages of French coal miners from 1900 to 1935. One of the most important problems within the study of social stratification has been the development of a firm-level theory of wages (Berg 1981; Kalleberg & S0rensen 1979; Baron 1984). Although this research agenda is relatively new for sociologists, the study of wage determination has long been a mainstay of traditional micro-economics. There are several different ways in which market mechanisms can be linked to individual remuneration; however, the proposition which has dominated the neoclassical literature is that wages are equal to the marginal productivity of labor (Marshall 1916; Hicks 1963). This position has not been well accepted either by sociologists or by institutional economists. These writers have emphasized the roles of internal labor markets, monopoly power, and class conflict in determining wage rates. The support for these positions has come from two, types of studies. The first examines the decision-making process of organizations and questions whether firms actually perform the rational calculations that are required by marginalist theory (Cyert & March 1963; Lester 1946; Dunlop 1957, 1966; Doeringer & Piore 1971; Thurow 1975; Averitt 1968; Granovetter 1981). The second examines the correlates of wages in cross-sectional samples of workers and notes the superior performance of institutional variables (Medoff & Abraham 1980; Beck, Horan & Tolbert 1978; Bibb & Form 1977; Kalleberg, Wallace & Althauser 1981). *The author would like to thank the National Science Foundation and the University of Wisconsin Graduate School for their financial support for this project. My gratitude as well to Charles Halaby, Gerald Marwell, Erik Wright, Roberto Franzosi, Adrienne Eaton, Kelley Winsborough, and the anonymous reviewers for Social Forces who read and commented on earlier drafts of this manuscript. Please direct correspondence to the author at Department of Sociology, Academic 311, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
Risk assessment as a function of a successful merger: Merrill Lynch‐Advest merger

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the communication challenges Merrill Lynch encountered during the transition phase and post‐merger with Advest and the subsequent problems that resulted in drastically fewer numbers of Advest advisors joining, or staying with, Merrill Lynch than was first anticipated.Design/methodology/approach – The paper is based on interviews with Advest employees at the time of the merger; this case study includes an overview of the anticipated outcomes, the communication strategies employed by Merrill Lynch during its transition phase, and the barriers that contributed to the less than desired results that occurred.Findings – The paper finds that Merrill Lynch determined that at least 65 percent of Advest's financial advisors would need to join Merrill Lynch by the closing date of the merger in December 2005 for the merger to be determined a financial success. Fifty percent of Advest financial advisors did not join Merrill Lynch by the closing date and, by July of 200...
Functionalized congeners of 1,3-dipropyl-8-phenylxanthine: potent antagonists for adenosine receptors that modulate membrane adenylate cyclase in pheochromocytoma cells, platelets and fat cells.

Abstract Six amine, amino acid and peptide derivatives derived from 1,3-dipropyl-8-(p-carboxymethylphenyl) xanthine, a functionalized congener of 1,3-dipropyl-8-phenylxanthine, have been investigated as antagonists at A 2 adenosine receptors stimulatory to adenylate cyclase in membranes from rat pheochromocytoma PC 12 cells and human platelets and at A 1 adenosine receptors inhibitory to adenylate cyclase from rat fat cells. The functionalized congeners and conjugates have affinity constants ranging from 80 to 310 nM at A 2 receptors of PC 12 cells and from 25 to 135 nM at those of platelets. The affinity of the xanthine derivatives at A 1 receptors of fat cells are in the 15 to 30 nM range. Thus, the amino acid and peptide conjugates have high potencies at both receptor subclasses and show some selectivity toward A 1 adenosine receptors. Derivatives of the congeners should be useful as receptor probes and as radioiodinated ligands.
Majority/minority size and the evaluations of persuasive arguments

The present study examines the influence of relative minority size on perceptions of argument quality and attitude change. Strong and weak arguments for both cautious and risky positions were presented in conjunction with information describing the size of minority factions as either small or large. Results demonstrated that cautious argument quality influenced perceptions of argument quality only when the majority advocated a cautious position or when the minority faction was large. Results are discussed in light of their implications for normative and informational influences in group polarization.
Dose-Response Effects of Exogenous Pulsatile Human Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone on Adrenocorticotropin, Cortisol, and Gonadotropin Concentrations in Agonadal Women*

Acute activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis with CRH has been reported to suppress gonadotropin secretion in women of reproductive age. In this study we specifically examined the effects of increasing doses of human CRH (hCRH) on circulating concentrations of ACTH, cortisol, and gonadotropins in five agonadal women, aged 46-65 (mean, 51.2) yr. The subjects had undergone either natural menopause or surgical removal of their ovaries at least 1 yr before study. Each woman was studied on four separate occasions and received either saline or hCRH at a dose of 0.5, 1.0, or 2.0 micrograms/kg BW through an indwelling iv catheter in a randomized, single blind fashion. During each experiment, five sequential iv injections of the same dose of hCRH or saline were administered at 90-min intervals over an 8-h period, followed by a 10-micrograms iv bolus of GnRH to test for pituitary gonadotropin responsiveness. Blood samples for measurement of LH, FSH, PRL, ACTH, and cortisol were obtained at 15-min intervals through an indwelling iv in the contralateral arm. Episodic pulses of LH secretion were analyzed using the Cluster computer program. Transverse mean LH, FSH, and PRL levels did not change with increasing hCRH doses. Mean (+/- SEM) LH pulse frequency [saline, 5.2 +/- 0.4/8 h; hCRH, (0.5 micrograms/kg), 4.8 +/- 0.2; hCRH (1 microgram/kg), 5.2 +/- 0.2; hCRH (2 micrograms/kg), 5.4 +/- 0.2] and amplitude [saline, 14.4 +/- 4.2 IU/L; hCRH (0.5 microgram/kg), 14.0 +/- 2.4; hCRH (1 microgram/kg), 15.8 +/- 2.5; hCRH (2 micrograms/kg), 17.2 +/- 2.9] did not differ among groups. Although the transverse mean levels of ACTH [saline, 8.7 +/- 0.2 pmol/L; hCRH (0.5 microgram/kg), 12.4 +/- 0.3; hCRH (1 microgram/kg), 11.5 +/- 0.4; hCRH (2 micrograms/kg), 12.8 +/- 0.4] did not change with increasing doses of hCRH, the duration of cortisol peaks after hCRH was longer and accounted for the increased transverse mean at each dose [saline, 152.8 +/- 4.1 nmol/L; hCRH (0.5 microgram/kg), 265.4 +/- 10.5; hCRH (1 microgram/kg), 329.7 +/- 14.3; hCRH (2 micrograms/kg), 348.2 +/- 12.1]. These findings suggest that ever larger doses of pulsatile hCRH continue to increase adrenal output of cortisol secondary to more sustained ACTH responses. However, hCRH-induced acute hypercortisolism does not alter gonadotropin secretion in agonadal women.
Mastering our biological destiny

In The Anatomy of Violence, Adrian Raine presents decades of scientific evidence to support his contention that increased attention to biology is crucial if we want to solve the problem of crime in our society. He admits that many criminologists, with their background and focus in sociology, do not share his point of view. Throughout the book, and perhaps as a way of engaging these environmentally focused scientists as well as students and lay readers, he makes numerous provocative and straightforward statements about the biological bases of crime.
Effects of thermal denaturation on metal binding and ultrastructure in collagen fibrils

Abstract A study was made of the effect of thermal shrinkage on intact human Achilles tendon with regard to (a) cation binding selectivity and (b) fibril ultrastructure (electron microscopy). The results indicated that the dependence of metal binding on treatment temperature was not a simple one and that at least two types of binding sites are present. A general increase in binding strength and loss of selectivity by heating to 70 °C in water, but not higher, suggested the existence of a temperature-dependent activated state of the matrix. From a simple model of this activation, an upper limit to the activation energy was estimated to be about 23 cal/g dry tendon. Electron micrographs showed that at about 60 °C shrinkage begins at localized regions along the fibrils and at their ends. At higher temperatures this “melting” spreads to the entire fibril, leaving it expanded, with only traces of cross-banding.
Multivariate linear regression analysis of childhood psychopathology using multiple informant data

It is common in psychiatric epidemiologic studies of childhood psychopathology to have multiple informant reports of mental health outcomes. The key challenge in analysing multiple informant data concerns how they should best be represented in statistical models. Here we propose multivariate linear regression as the preferred method when the multiple informant outcome data are continuous. This approach permits the informant-specific information about mental health outcomes to be included in a single regression analysis, at the same time adjusting for the correlation between informant responses. The advantages of using a multivariate model include the ability to: (1) test for informant differences in outcome and assess if the effect of a risk factor on the outcome varies by informant; (2) estimate separate effects for each informant where necessary, or common effects where appropriate; (3) estimate the correlation between informant reports; (4) appropriately handle missing data by including data from all subjects with at least one informant report. An example from the Connecticut Child Study is presented to illustrate the application of this approach, examining risk factors for ‘internalizing’ behaviour using parent and teacher informants. Copyright © 2001 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Photoreceptors in Primitive Chordates: Fine Structure, Hyperpolarizing Receptor Potentials, and Evolution

Two species of primitive chordates have hyperpolarizing photoreceptor potentials, as vertebrates do. In Salpa the photoreceptive membrane is composed of microvilli, whereas in Amaroucium it is modified from cilia. There appears to be no functional correlation between fine structure of photoreceptive membrane and polarity of response to light.
2D LIDAR Aided INS for vehicle positioning in urban environments

This paper presents a novel method to utilize 2D LIDAR for INS (Inertial Navigation System) aiding to improve 3D vehicle position estimation accuracy, especially when GNSS signals are shadowed. In the proposed framework, 2D LIDAR aiding is carried out without imposing any assumptions on the vehicle motion (e.g. we allow full six degree-of freedom motion). To achieve this, a closed-form formula is derived to predict the line measurement in the LIDAR's frame. This makes the feature association, residual formation and GUI display possible. With this formula, the Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) can be employed in a straightforward manner to fuse the LIDAR and IMU data to estimate the full state of the vehicle. Preliminary experimental results show the effectiveness of the LIDAR aiding in reducing the state estimation uncertainty along certain directions, when GNSS signals are shadowed.
Effect of Trench Width and Depth on Film Cooling From Cylindrical Holes Embedded in Trenches

The present study is an experimental investigation of film cooling from cylindrical holes embedded in transverse trenches. Different trench depths are considered with two trench widths. Trench holes can occur when blades are coated with thermal barrier coating (TBC) layers. The film hole performance and behavior will be different for the trench holes compared to standard cylindrical holes that are flush with the surface. The trench width and depth depends on the mask region and the thickness of the TBC layer. Detailed heat transfer coefficient and film effectiveness measurements are obtained simultaneously using a single test transient IR thermography technique. The study is performed at a single mainstream Reynolds number based on free-stream velocity and film hole diameter of 11000 at four different coolant-to-mainstream blowing ratios of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0. The results show that film effectiveness is greatly enhanced by the trenching due to improved two dimensional nature of the film and lateral spreading. The detailed heat transfer coefficient and film effectiveness contours provide a clear understanding of the jet-mainstream interactions for different hole orientations. CFD simulation using Fluent was also performed to determine the jet mainstream interactions to better understand the surface heat transfer coefficient and film effectiveness distributions.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Health Care Disparities in Critical Illness

Disparities in critical illness are evident in a variety of racial and ethnic groups. Most data available in the literature reflect variations in the incidence, presentation, diagnosis,treatment, and outcomes between African Americans and whites. Most research in critical care concerning disparities relates to cardiovascular illnesses. Significantly less in-formation is available regarding disparities in common ICU diagnoses. Data are significantly lacking delineating the reasons for disparities in the critically ill. Further re-search is required to elucidate the root causes for racial or ethnic differences, provide adequate education for health care providers, and develop and implement evidence-based interventions targeted for specific patient groups.
mudibo: multiple dialog boxes for multiple monitors

A general problem identified in recent research on multiple monitor systems is the placement of small windows such as dialog boxes and toolbars. These small windows could be placed on top of the application window or on a monitor next to the application window; different situations call for different placements. We present mudibo, a component of the window manager that alleviates this problem by initially placing a window in multiple locations simultaneously and subsequently allowing the user to easily interact with the window in a desired location. Additional important contributions of mudibo are that as a general technique it can be applied to a number of situations and windows beyond simple dialog boxes, exploits the additional screen space that multiple monitors provide to solve a specific problem with dialog box interaction, and is among the first research prototype UIs that explicitly account for multiple-monitor users.
The medical device data language for the P1073 medical information bus standard.

A new object-oriented Medical Device Data Language (MDDL) has been developed by the P1073 Medical Information Bus (MIB) Standard Committee, under the auspices of the Engineering in Biology and Medicine Society (EMBS) of the Institute of Electronic and Electrical Engineers (IEEE). The MDDL treats devices, host computers, persons and parameters as objects, and provides methods for describing and passing messages between objects. An elegant method of specifying parameter attributes incorporates theinheritance andencapsulation qualities common to object-oriented languages. Existing standards for device, parameter and attribute nomenclatures are used to represent MDDL components whenever possible. The MDDL provides a rich and extensible method for standardized host-device communications.
Preliminary characterization and regional comparison of the Dasht-i-Nawur obsidian source near Ghazni, Afghanistan

Abstract Archaeologists have known that an obsidian source exists in the Dasht-i-Nawur basin of central Afghanistan since at least the 1970s; however, regional political turmoil and instability have prevented in-depth study of this source. Data presented here from recent analyses of archival specimens of obsidian collected during a 1976 survey provide a preliminary geochemical profile for this obsidian source. These data suggest that the Dasht-i-Nawur source is easily distinguishable from other obsidian sources in the Near East and southwest Asia. Comparison of these data to an existing database of artifact compositional profiles suggests that initial hypotheses about restricted distribution of the Dasht obsidian may be correct. These data provide for the first time the characterization of a long-known but poorly studied obsidian source. Additionally, this study serves as one example of the benefits gained through working to maintain and preserve data archives of now-closed laboratories.
A decade of caspases

Caspases are a family of cysteine proteases that play important roles in regulating apoptosis. A decade of research has generated a wealth of information on the signal transduction pathways mediated by caspases, the distinct functions of individual caspases and the mechanisms by which caspases mediate apoptosis and a variety of physiological and pathological processes.
Association of Wall Stress of Human Intracranial Saccular Aneurysm With Coil Packing Density After Coil Embolization

Coil embolization has become a widely accepted endovascular procedure for intracranial aneurysms, as an alternative to surgical clipping [1,2]. This procedure involves treating an aneurysm from the inside out, whereby metallic coils are placed into the aneurysm to induce thrombosis of the lumen and eliminate the risk of rupture and hemorrhage. Successful endosaccular packing mainly depends on the morphological features and size of the aneurysm, and the relationship of the aneurysm to the cerebral arteries.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Holes in Crystals

THE screw dislocation mechanism of crystal growth proposed by Frank1 has been verified by the observation of growth spirals on faces of beryl2 and silicon carbide3. In particular, the recent work of Verma3 provides very satisfactorily a confirmation of many of the theoretical predictions.
Digital tomosynthesis of hand joints for arthritis assessment.

The two principal forms of hand arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA) have large clinical and economic costs. Radiography has been shown to be a useful tool to assess the condition of the disease. A hand radiograph, however, is a two-dimensional projection of a three-dimensional object. In this report we present the results of a study that applied digital tomosynthesis to hand radiography in order to extract three-dimensional outcome measures that should be more sensitive to arthritis progression. The study was performed using simulated projection radiographs created using micro computed tomography (μCT) and a set of five dry-bone hand skeletons. These simulated projection images were then reconstructed into tomographic slices using the matrix inversiontomosynthesis (MITS) algorithm. The accuracy of the tomosynthesisreconstruction was evaluated by comparing the reconstructed images to a gold standard created using the μCT data. A parameter from image registration science, normalized mutual information, provided a quantifiable figure of merit. This study examined the effects of source displacement, number of reconstructed planes, number of acquisitions, noise added to the gray scale images, and errors in the location of a fiducial marker. We also optimized the reconstruction as a function of two variables k and α, that controlled the mixing of MITS with conventional shift-and-add tomosynthesis. A study using hand delineated joint margins demonstrated that MITS images provided a better measurement of average joint space width. We found good agreement between the MITS slices and the true planes. Both joint margins and trabecular structure were visible and the reconstructed slices showed additional structures not visible with the standard projection image. Using hand-delineated joint margins we compared the average joint space width of the gold standard slices to the MITS and projection images. A root-mean square deviation (RMSD), calculated for this comparison, gave RMSD proj =0.18 mm and RMSD MITS =0.14 mm for the projection and MITS images, respectively. We have demonstrated the potential of digital tomosynthesis for imaging of the hand to assess arthritic changes. We have also developed a methodology that can be used to optimize the technique and have studied the issues that will control the feasibility of clinical implementation.
Influence of manure from pigs fed chlortetracycline as growth promotant on soil microbial community structure

Chlortetracycline (CTC), an antimicrobial compound used in animal production, is not sorbed or degraded in the animal, and may enter the field environment through manure land-spreading. This study determined the influence of a single application of manure with or without CTC on field soil microbial community characteristics. Manures from swine fed unamended or CTC-amended rations were applied at 7,000 kg solid ha−1 to a Brandt silty clay loam soil that had no known prior history of manure application. Soil samples taken 1, 7, 28, or 42 days after treatment (DAT) were analyzed for aerobic culturable counts on R2A agar and most probable number using 2,4-D as sole carbon source. Soil extracts of 1, 7, and 42 DAT samples were subjected to polymerase chain reaction followed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis of the V3 region of the 16S rRNA gene pool. Gels were analyzed by Neighbor Joining based on Euclidean distance and Raup–Crick multivariate statistical analysis, and selected bands were extracted to identify predominant community members. Both manure applications initially changed soil microbial diversity, however, communities appeared to converge over time, so that no long-term significant effect was detected with this single application.
Effects of dietary protein and bacterial lipopolysaccharide infusion on nitrogen metabolism and hormonal responses of growing beef steers.

Purified lipopolysaccharide (LPS) infusion in cattle induces clinical and metabolic responses similar to gram-negative bacterial infection. Effects of LPS and dietary protein on rectal temperature, serum hormones, haptoglobin, plasma urea N and AA, and N balance were evaluated in 24 steers (250 +/- 2.8 kg of BW). Treatments were a 2 x 3 factorial of LPS (0 vs. 1.5 microg/kg of BW; -LPS vs. +LPS) and diets containing (DM basis) 1) 14.5% CP, 11.6% ruminally degradable protein (RDP), and 2.9% ruminally undegradable protein (RUP; CP14.5CON); 2) 16.3% CP, 13.4% RDP, and 2.9% RUP (CP16RDP); and 3) 16.1% CP, 11.2% RDP, and 4.9% RUP (CP16RUP). Diet RDP and RUP were altered using casein, fish meal, and corn gluten meal. Steers were adapted to diets (1.1 Mcal/kg of NE(g); DM fed at 1.8% BW) for 14 d and were infused (intravenously 1 mL/min) with LPS (in 100 mL of saline) on d 15. Rectal temperature and serum cortisol, prolactin, haptoglobin, and insulin increased, glucose initially increased and then declined, and serum thyroxine and triiodothyronine decreased for +LPS vs. -LPS steers (LPS x hour; P or = 0.15) occurred for DM, OM, NDF and N intake, fecal excretion, or apparent digestibility. Dietary DM, OM, NDF, and N intake, and retained N were less (P < 0.01) for +LPS than -LPS steers. Total N intake, apparent N digestibility, and retained N were greater (P < or = 0.05) for steers fed CP16RDP and CP16RUP vs. CP14.5CON. An LPS x diet interaction (P = 0.05) occurred for N retention (% N intake) because N retention was less for +LPS than -LPS steers when fed CP14.5CON, but not different between +LPS and -LPS steers when fed CP16RDP and CP16RUP. These results demonstrate that LPS infusion alters serum hormones, plasma AA, and N balance in cattle and imply that growing steers exposed to LPS may require greater dietary protein concentrations to account for altered intake and metabolic AA demand.
A new decidability technique for ground term rewriting systems with applications

Programming language interpreters, proving equations (e.g. x3 = x implies the ring is Abelian), abstract data types, program transformation and optimization, and even computation itself (e.g., turing machine) can all be specified by a set of rules, called a rewrite system. Two fundamental properties of a rewrite system are the confluence or Church--Rosser property and the unique normalization property. In this article, we develop a standard form for ground rewrite systems and the concept of standard rewriting. These concepts are then used to: prove a pumping lemma for them, and to derive a new and direct decidability technique for decision problems of ground rewrite systems. To illustrate the usefulness of these concepts, we apply them to prove: (i) polynomial size bounds for witnesses to violations of unique normalization and confluence for ground rewrite systems containing unary symbols and constants, and (ii) polynomial height bounds for witnesses to violations of unique normalization and confluence for arbitrary ground systems. Apart from the fact that our technique is direct in contrast to previous decidability results for both problems, which were indirectly obtained using tree automata techniques, this approach also yields tighter bounds for rewrite systems with unary symbols than the ones that can be derived with the indirect approach. Finally, as part of our results, we give a polynomial-time algorithm for checking whether a rewrite system has the unique normalization property for all subterms in the rules of the system.
Effects of sodium arsenite on the survival of UV-irradiated Escherichia Coli: INHIBITION OF A rec A-Dependent function

Summary Epidemiological studies and clinical observations suggesting potential hazards of arsenic compounds in increasing the incidence of cancer have been in complete contradiction with experimental findings in animals. Because of the predominance of skin cancers in the epidemiological reports, we decided to investigate the possibility that arsenic compounds might interfere with DNA repair. Using Escherichia coli as a test system, we show that this is indeed the case. Sodium arsenite, at concentrations of 0.1 mM and higher, decreases the survival of ultraviolet-irradiated E. coli WP2, a strain which possesses the full complement of repair genes. The effect of the arsenite increases with increasing ultraviolet dose. Similar results were obtained with the excision repair deficient strains WWP2 (uvrA) and WP6 (polA). Sodium arsenite had no effect on the survival of a rec A mutant, WPio. Survival of ultraviolet-irradiated WP5 (exr A) was enhanced by sodium ardenite, the effect being greatest at low ultraviolet doses. It is postulated that arsenite inhibits a rec A-dependent step in DNA repair. To account for the increased survival of the exr A mutant, we suggest that in the absence of the exr+ gene, the arsenite-sensitive rec A-dependent function is deleterious. The ability of arsenite to inhibit DNA repair may account for the clinical and epidemiological reports linking arsenicals with an increased incidence of cancer.
Optimal tracking of a sEMG based force model for a prosthetic hand

This paper presents a surface electromyographic (sEMG)-based, optimal control strategy for a prosthetic hand. System Identification (SI) is used to obtain the dynamic relation between the sEMG and the corresponding skeletal muscle force. The input sEMG signal is preprocessed using a Half-Gaussian filter and fed to a fusion-based Multiple Input Single Output (MISO) skeletal muscle force model. This MISO system model provides the estimated finger forces to be produced as input to the prosthetic hand. Optimal tracking method has been applied to track the estimated force profile of the Fusion based sEMG-force model. The simulation results show good agreement between reference force profile and the actual force.
The energy source of the mussel (Mytilus edulis) during oxygen lack

1. All the CO2 produced by the mussel, Mytilus edulis, during oxygen lack is the result of the neutralisation of lactic acid, resulting from the hydrolysis of carbohydrate (presumably glycogen), by bicarbonate. 2. There is no conversion of carbohydrate into fat during oxygen lack.