cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
IspG-catalyzed positional isotopic exchange in methylerythritol cyclodiphosphate of the deoxyxylulose phosphate pathway: mechanistic implications.

In animals, the mevalonic acid pathway supplies isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP, 9) and dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP, 10) for isoprenoid biosynthesis. While in green algae, eubacteria, and plant plastids, IPP and DMAPP are provided by the deoxyxylulose phosphate (DXP) pathway.[1] Methyl-d-erythritol-2,4-cyclodiphosphate (MEcPP, 7, Scheme 1) was the first DXP-pathway intermediate to be identified, indeed it was isolated almost a decade before the DXP pathway was discovered. Starting from MEcPP, two reductive deoxygenation reactions, catalyzed by IspG and IspH (Scheme 1), lead to the production of both IPP and DMAPP.[2] Preliminary biochemical studies indicate that both IspG and IspH are unique iron-site-containing [4Fe–4S] proteins.[2d, 3] Here we report a study of the reversible cleavage of the MEcPP C–O bond at the C2 position (Scheme 1) and discuss its mechanistic implications.
Google Earth, GIS, and the Great Divide: a new and simple method for sharing paleontological data.

Introduction The ease, efficiency, and speed of data communication and analyses are paramount to, and characteristic of, any mature science. GIS is an extraordinarily powerful tool for many aspects of (geo)spatial analyses (Longley et al., 2001), but while used routinely to solve complex spatial analyses problems in many disciplines, its adoption within paleontology has been lagging (Conroy, 2006). Part of the problem is that (a) GIS software is expensive (usually prohibitively so to the individual paleontological researcher) and (b) very few paleontologists are trained in its use. Here we show how paleontological data can be easily displayed and communicated in ways never before possible by combining Google Earth and Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Using paleontological field data, we demonstrate several examples that go far beyond the novelty of simply “find my house” that many Google Earth users are currently familiar with. Specifically, we show how GIS map layers of paleontological interest, including their associated attribute tables (e.g., field catalog data), can be freely and easily transmitted to anyone with Internet access and familiarity with Google Earth. Data organized in GIS layers can be exported to the keyhole mark-up language native to Google Earth (KML/KMZ), transmitted to colleagues (who may have no knowledge of or access to GIS) as an email attachment, and then simply “dragged and dropped” by the recipient onto their own desktop Google Earth display, where the map layers appear “draped” over the Google Earth landscape. The recipient has access to all the graphics and attributes of each map layer that has been exported from GIS as well as to all Google Earth tools [e.g., ability to adjust map layer transparencies, labeling, longitude/latitude (or UTM determinations), spatial measurements, and “tilting” of landscapes for enhanced 3D views]. These tools are often sufficient to allow the non-GIS user to obtain specific information of interest from the data.
PATTERNS OF SEGREGATION OF STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS DURING CELL DIVISION.

Adaptations of currently available autoradiographic electron microscopic methods to the study of organelle development in single Paramecium cells are described. Cells of known age were pulse-labeled with tritiated leucine and observed either as whole mounts, or as sections of specified age and cell-lineage. Labeled trichocysts appear as early as one hour after uptake and retain the label without dilution for at least 3 fission generations thereafter. Cells grown in unlabeled medium, but derived from labeled cells, show the bulk of the residual label to be conservatively associated with the stable structural organelles of the cell surface. These organelles include those trichocysts and ciliary corpuscles that had been synthesized in the ancestral progenitor cell during or shortly after administration of the isotopically labeled amino acid.
Radiation induced color center and colloid formation in synthetic NaCl and natural rock salt

F-center and colloid particle formation has been studied in synthetic NaCl and natural rock salt crystals with apparatus for making optical absorption measurements during irradiation. F-center and colloid formation are functions of temperature, dose, dose rate, strain applied prior to irradiation and numerous other factors. Many of the observed properties are in accord with the Jain-Lidiard theory for radiation induced F-center and colloid growth above room temperature.
On the usefulness of macroeconomic forecasts as inputs to forecasting models

A forecasting model for yt based on its relationship to exogenous variables (e.g. xt) must use xt, the forecast of xt. An example is given where commercially available xt's are sufficiently inaccurate that a univariate model for yt appears preferable. For a variety of types of models inclusion of an exogenous variable xt is shown to worsen the yt forecasts whenever xt must itself be forecast by xt and MSE (xt) > Var (xt). Tests with forecasts from a variety of sources indicate that, with a few notable exceptions, MSE (xt) > Var (xt) is common for macroeconomic forecasts more than a quarter or two ahead. Thus, either: (a) available medium range forecasts for many macroeconomic variables (e.g. the GNP growth rate) are not an improvement over the sample mean (so that such variables are not useful explanatory variables in forecasting models), and/or (b) the suboptimization involved in directly replacing xt by xt is a luxury that we cannot afford.
Standaid Software Routines for FASTBUS and Their Diplemenation for a PDP-11 RT-11 System, Using the UNIBUS Prdcessor Intface

This paper describes the standard software routines for FASTBUS, published by the FASTBJS Software Working Group in oonjunction with the FASTBUS Specification. It discusses their implementation for a PDP-ll RT-11 system, and their use with the Fermilab Data Acquisition system MULTI in a high energy physics experiment at Fermilab.
Kaon production in relativistic nuclear collisions

Abstract Kaon production in relativistic nuclear collisions is studied on the basis of a conventional multiple-collision model. The input is the differential cross sections for kaon production in elementary baryon-baryon collisions, estimated in a simple model. Inclusive kaon spectra are calculated at 2.1 GeV/nucleon for a number of experimental cases. The calculated kaon yield is approximately isotropic in the mid-rapidity frame and extends considerably beyond the nucleon-nucleon kinematical limit.
Malaria Eradication and the Selective Approach to Health Care: Some Lessons from Ethiopia

Analysis of the failure of the World Health Organization's global malaria campaign has contributed to the formulation of the primary health care concept as the basic international strategy for health improvement. The Primary Health Care Conference held in Alma-Ata in 1978 was to have ended the period of vertical disease control programs, such as the one against malaria, stressing instead the integration of these programs into horizontal community-based health systems. Malaria control programs, however, have not been integrated well—or in some cases at all—into primary health care networks. An analysis of the Ethiopian experience, as part of the worldwide malaria eradication program, illustrates the political and economic forces that have worked against the move from vertical to integrated malaria control activities, and from vertical to integrated health programs more generally.
Measurement of the temperature profile during shear band formation in steels deforming at high strain rates.

Abstract A torsional Kolsky bar (split-Hopkinson bar) was used to deform tubular specimens of AISI 1018 cold rolled steel and AISI 1020 hot rolled steel at a nominal strain rate of 103s−1. Shear bands were observed to form in both steels, and the temperature of the material in the bands was measured by determining the infrared radiation emitted at the metal surface. For this purpose, a linear array of ten indium-antimonide detectors was used to determine temperature history at ten neighboring points lying across the projected path of the shear band. Results showed that shear bands in these steels are relatively wide, that the maximum temperature rise in the band is about 450°C and that the temperature distribution across the band is consistent with results of stability analyses. The two steels have very different work hardening rates and the strain at which localization is first observed is very different for the two steels : in the cold-rolled steel it occurs at about 15% strain, while in the hot-rolled the strain is near 100%. This result also is consistent with predictions of the analyses.
Insulin effect on fetal glucose utilization.

Summary: Insulin infused into a sheep fetus over a 3-hr period at the rate of ∼0.24 U·kg-1·h-1 increased fetal glucose uptake (utilization) from 4.4 ± 0.7 mg·min-1·kg-1 to 6.9 ± 0.9 mg·min-1·kg-1 as compared to a noninsulin control period. Insulin administration did not alter fetal oxygen consumption (8.6 ± 0.7 ml·min-1·kg-1 vs. 7.7 ± 0.7 ml·min-1·kg-1), umbilical blood flow (220 ± 1 ml·min-1·kg-1 vs. 209 ± 16 ml·min-1·kg-1), or the placental clearances of antipyrine (114 ± 7 ml·min-1·kg-1 vs. 109 ± 8ml·min-1·kg-1) and urea (24.5 ± 2.2 ml·min-1·kg-1 vs. 25.0 ± 2.1 ml·min-1·kg-1). Fetal plasma glucose concentration fell significantly (0.22 ± 0.01 mg·ml-1 to 0.16 ± 0.01 mg·ml-1) during insulin infusion. The insulin effect on fetal glucose uptake occurred over a range of maternal glucose concentrations (0.32 → 0.78 mg·ml-1), which were not altered by the infusion of insulin in the fetal compartment. Insulin has a specific effect on increasing fetal glucose uptake and utilization. Speculation: The effect of insulin on increasing transplacental fetal glucose uptake is consistent with a growth-promoting role for insulin in the fetus. This action of insulin might be due to a direct effect of insulin on the mechanisms of placental glucose transport, to an alteration of placental glucose catabolism, or simply to the effect of insulin on the transplacental gradient of glucose.
68 Specific Local Antibody Defect in Chronic Mucocutaneous Candidiasis

Immunological defense mechanisms were studied in 3 patients with chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis of at least 9 years duration. None had systemic candidiasis or increased susceptibility to other infections. Agglutination titers of standardized, suspensions of heat-killed Candida albicans were measured in concentrated parotid duct saliva samples. Two patients' samples contained no agglutinating antibodies and one had a titer of only 1:4, in spite of gross oral infection. In contrast, parotid fluid from 6 patients who had recovered from C. albicans oral infection had titers ranging from 1:16 to 1:400. Despite the absence of agglutinating antibodies to C. albicans, isohemagglutinins and sheep cell agglutinins were present, and a normal immunoglobulin pattern was found (IgA present in normal amounts, IgG and IgM not detected). The patients' sera, however, contained levels of agglutinating antibody ranging from 1:64 to 1:256 and had normal amounts of immunoglobulins. These findings are consistent with the known lack of correlation between local and circulating antibody levels and further suggest a specific deficiency in local antibody response to Candida. Furthermore, the chronically infected patients failed to demonstrate delayed hypersensitivity to 2,4-DNFB, Candida, OT, SKSD, mumps and Trichophy ton, whereas controls reacted to at least two of the antigens. Since IgA is the predominant salivary immunoglobulin, these patients may present another example of IgA deficiency in association with abnormalities of cellular immunity. Similar observations have been reported in ataxia-telangiectasia and thymectomized rodents. (SPR)
Roots: Activated intermediates: The unexpected may sometimes carry a message

In this Roots essay, Fritz Lipmann reviews the ways in which a number of activated metabolic intermediates were discovered, and where, not infrequently, he himself played a leading role. The concept of ‘squiggle-P’ (∼ P) to denote the controversially named ‘high-energy bond’, the discoveries of acetylphosphate, the activation of carboxylic acids and of amino acids, and of acetyl coenzyme A, are reviewed. In addition, carbamoyl phosphate as perhaps the earliest activated phosphate donor to evolve, and active sulfate, in phosphoadenosine phosphosulfate, are discussed, as well as the remarkable earlier discovery by Buchner and Hahn of how to prepare a yeast extract that fermented carbohydrate to ethanol; this discovery is viewed by Lipmann as the opening chapter in the new sciences of biochemistry and molecular biology.
IDENTIFICATION AND PROGNOSTIC SIGNIFICANCE OF SURFACE MEMBRANE DETERMINANTS ON CHILDHOOD ACUTE LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (ALL) CELLS: IMMUNOGLOBULIN (SIg), Fc PORTION OF IMMUNOGLOBULIN (Fc) AND COMPLEMENT (C3) RECEPTORS

IDENTIFICATION AND PROGNOSTIC SIGNIFICANCE OF SURFACE MEMBRANE DETERMINANTS ON CHILDHOOD ACUTE LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (ALL) CELLS: IMMUNOGLOBULIN (SIg), Fc PORTION OF IMMUNOGLOBULIN (Fc) AND COMPLEMENT (C3) RECEPTORS
The Application of Statistical Methods to a Problem In Spectrochemical Analysis

An R chart, analysis of means charts, and the range square ratio test, are applied to spectrographic data to compare two internal standards and two different buffer salts in the analysis of solutions of organic ash. The range square ratio test confirms the indications derived from the graphical methods that cobalt is a better standard for manganese, molybdenum is better for lead, and that sodium silicate is superior to lithium chloride as a buffer salt.
The Stimulus Properties of Change in Magnitude of Reinforcement

Summary The major purpose of the present experiment was to demonstrate the incentive and discriminative stimulus (SD) properties of a change in magnitude of reinforcement. This was accomplished by testing 32 albino female rats in a differential instrumental conditioning paradigm and correlating various shifts in magnitude of reinforcement (and, therefore, incentive) on the discriminative stimulus trial (trial SD) with magnitude of reward on the next trial (trial SD + 1). A 2 × 2 factorial design was utilized with two magnitudes of reward on trial SD (incentive factor) and two magnitudes of reward on trial SD + 1 (discrimination factor). Early in acquisition only significant incentive effects were present. Late in acquisition analyses revealed both incentive effects and the formation of a discrimination with change in magnitude of reward as the SD. Results were discussed in terms of their implications for future analyses of partial and varied reward conditions and incentive contrast effects.
HYDROXYAPATITE CANAL WALL RECONSTRUCTION/MASTOID OBLITERATION

The controversy regarding removal of the posterior external canal wall during mastoid surgery spans many decades. There are inherent advantages and disadvantages to either removing or not removing the canal wall. The operation must be tailored to the patient and his or her unique situation. We describe our experience with external canal wall reconstruction and mastoid obliteration with hydroxyapatite in an effort to derive the best of both philosophies. Hydroxyapatite has been used in 3 different forms including granules, a preformed canal wall prosthesis, and with a block of hydroxyapatite sculpted to fit the individual defect. A total of 36 patients with up to 54-month follow-up are reported. Details of the techniques used, with advantages and pitfalls, are described.
Higher-order zero crossings for HSI ATD

In the last ten years, many approaches have been proposed to address automatic target detection (ATD) in hyperspectral sensor imagery (HSI). Conspicuously missing from that list is a relatively unknown approach to time series analysis, called higher order zero-crossings (HOC). In this paper, we investigate HOC sequences and their application to target detection in HSI. HOC sequences are based on a surprisingly fruitful connection between bank filtering and signal zero-crossings. They are generated from the application of a bank of filters to a finite signal or time series having zero mean. The application of each filter from the bank changes the signal oscillation pattern and alters the zero-crossing count. Accordingly, the application of each member filter gives rise to a zero-crossing count. We consider the oscillation pattern changes, or variations thereof, as a function of frequency modulation (FM) that may be intrinsic to hyperspectral signatures and that apparently has never been exploited in the target community. Investigating FM functions in signatures triggered a natural behavior to investigate the existence of intrinsic AM (amplitude modulation) as well. Preliminary results indicate that intrinsic AM-FM characteristics of objects' hyperspectral signatures may be useful for target detection.
Quasiparticle scattering interference in superconducting iron pnictides

Using both two orbital and five orbital models, we investigate the quasiparticle interference (QPI) patterns in the superconducting (SC) state of iron-based superconductors. We compare the results for nonmagnetic and magnetic impurities in sign-changed $s$-wave $\text{cos}({k}_{x})\ensuremath{\cdot}\text{cos}({k}_{y})$ and sign-unchanged $|\text{cos}({k}_{x})\ensuremath{\cdot}\text{cos}({k}_{y})|$ SC states. While the patterns strongly depend on the chosen band structure details, the sensitivity of peaks around $(\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}\ensuremath{\pi},0)$ and $(0,\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}\ensuremath{\pi})$ wave vectors on magnetic or nonmagnetic impurities, and on sign-changed or sign-unchanged SC orders is a common feature. Our results suggest that the QPI can provide evidence of the pairing symmetry in the SC states.
Introduction to the Special Issue on Ethical Trade-Offs in Consumer Decision Making

How selfish soever man may be supposed, there are evidently some principles in his nature, which interest him in the fortune of others, and render their happiness necessary to him, though he derives nothing from it except the pleasure of seeing it. Adam Smith, The Theory of Moral Sentiments, 1759, p. 1
Reversed-Phase Ion-Pair High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic Quantitation of Difethialone Residues in Whole-Body Rodents with Solid-Phase Extraction Cleanup.

A reversed-phase ion-pair high-performance liquid chromatographic method was developed for the determination of difethialone residues in laboratory rats (Rattus norvegicus). Difethialone was extracted from rat tissue with chloroform/acetone/formic acid. The extracts were cleaned up by a solid-phase extraction (SPE) procedure using both silica and aminopropyl SPE sorbents, concentrated, and analyzed by reversed-phase ion-pair high-performance liquid chromatography. Difethialone was quantitated via ultraviolet absorbance at 262 nm. A surrogate compound, brodifacoum, was used to correct for method performance. The mean surrogate-corrected recoveries for whole ground rodent fortified at 0.2, 1.0, and 20 Ig/g difethialone were 92.3 ( 7.7, 84.8 ( 6.6, and 90.2 ( 3.1%, respectively. The method limit of detection was 0.054 Ig/g.
SOYBEAN (GLYCINE MAX (L.) MERRILL) EMBRYOGENIC CULTURES: THE ROLE OF SUCROSE AND TOTAL NITROGEN CONTENT ON PROLIFERATION

To improve proliferation of soybean cultures in liquid medium, the effects of sucrose; total inorganic nitrogen; content of No3 −, NH4 +, Ca2+, PO4 3−, K+; NH4 +/NO3 − ratio; and medium osmotic pressure were studied using cv. Jack. Sucrose concentration, osmotic pressure, total nitrogen content, and ammonium to nitrate ratio were found to be the major factors controlling proliferation of soybean embryogenic cultures. Growth decreased linearly as sucrose concentration increased from 29.7 mM to 175.3 mM. A sucrose concentration of 29.2 mM, a nitrogen content of 34.9 mM, at 1 to 4 ammonium to nitrate ratio were found to be optimal for the fastest proliferation of soybean embryogenic cultures. There was no significant effect on proliferation of cultures when concentrations of NH4 +, Ca2+, PO4 3−, and K+ were tested in the range of 3.50 to 10.50, 1.02 to 3.06, 0.68 to 2.04, and 22.30 to 36.70 mM, respectively. The relative proliferation of embryogenic cultures of four soybean genotypes was evaluated in Finer and Nagasawa medium and in the new medium formulation. Despite genotype-specific differences in growth, the genotypes tested showed a biomass increase in the new formulation equal to 278, 269, 170, and 251% for Chapman, F138, Jack, and Williams 82, respectively, relative to their growth on standard FN medium. Due to its lowered sucrose and nitrogen content, we are referring to the new medium as FN Lite.
High-pressure physics: sustained static generation of 1.36 to 1.72 megabars.

The pressure in experiments with the diamond-window pressure cell exceeded 1.7 megabars (at 25°C). This is the highest sustained pressure ever generated under static conditions where the pressure in the sample itself was measured. At 1.72 megabars, macroscopic flow of one of the diamond pressure faces was observed.
Twelve general position points always form three intersecting tetrahedra

This note answers affirmatively the following question which appeared in a list of problems [3] generated by a July, 1977 Discrete Geometry conference at Oberwolfach: ''Given 12 points in general position in space, can one always put them into 3 sets of 4 each so that the 3 tetrahedra have an interior point in common?'' Related conjectures are considered.
Mary Shelley's Bestiary: The Last Man and the Discourse of Species

This essay won the 2005 Literature Compass Graduate Essay Prize, Romanticism Section. Mary Shelley's 1826 novel The Last Man richly rewards inquiry through the discourse of species, for it poses the question, “Is the human that which is not the animal?” By subjecting an entire species to the plague, Shelley reveals the extent to which human being is defined over and against the irreducible animal other. In so doing, her text exposes the predation that lies at the root of Western humanism. Considering how Shelley tests the limits of the human, this essay pursues such issues as her handling of the plague itself (for contrary to historical record, the illness in this novel preys only on people) and her critique of the civilizing process that the eponymous narrator undergoes (a process that seems to require the killing of animals and the killing of people as if they are animals). In addition, it traces the decentering of man as the raison d’etre of nature and the taxonomic crisis that ensues when Lionel Verney is indeed the sole remnant of humankind. In the twenty-first century, when the uncontrollable holds the foreground of our own imaginations, Shelley's deployment of the plague – that literalization of all that is incommensurable – speaks to us with renewed force, and the discourse of species offers a particularly useful lens through which to view Shelley's destabilizing of foundational binaries. Drawing on the work of Cary Wolfe, Maureen McLane, Jacques Derrida, and others, this paper argues that Shelley's work offers a radical interrogation of subjectivity itself. Examining the relationship between human and non-human animals in The Last Man reveals that the novel is more than a critique of imperialism or Romanticism; rather, it is a profound inquiry into the insufficiency of categories, the ephemeral nature of form, and the sacrificial economy that subtends our culture.
Impact of realistic propagation modeling and mutual coupling effects on estimation of MIMO capacity

This paper describes an overview of recent advances in propagation modeling with some focus on contributions in characterizing challenging communications environments in urban and costal communications scenarios. MIMO capacity is estimated for typical communication scenarios, and impact of mutual coupling and wall type effects on the estimated MIMO capacities are quantified for various numbers of antenna array elements.
A crystalline polypeptide from the seed of Crambe abyssinica

Abstract A polypeptide with prolamine-like solubility was crystallized from an aqueous acetone extract from seed of Crambe abyssinica Hochst ex R. E. Fries. The name “crambin” is proposed for this polypeptide. Electrophoresis and sedimentation equilibrium show that it is homogeneous and has a mol. wt. of 5000, which agrees with the minimum mol. wt. calculated from amino acid composition. Amino acid residues per molecule were threonine, alanine, and aspartic acid, five each; glycine, isoleucine, and proline, four each; cystine, three; arginine, serine, tyrosine, and valine, two each; and glutamic acid, leucine, and phenylalanine, one each. Three amide nitrogen residues were found. Cysteine, histidine, lysine, methionine, and tryptophan were absent. After performic acid cleavage of the disulfide bonds, crambin remained electrophoretically homogeneous and its mol. wt. did not change significantly. These data indicate that crambin consists of a single peptide chain with intramolecular disulfide crosslinks.
Satellite tour design for the Galileo mission

The design of Galileo's tour of Jupiter's Galilean satellites is discussed. The Galileo mission is reviewed, and the gravity-assist trajectory design is described. Attention is given to mission constraints and science requirements, several tour design strategies, and a strawman satellite tour. The software used to design a satellite tour is examined.
Visuomotor Transformations Underlying Hunting Behavior in Zebrafish

Visuomotor circuits filter visual information and determine whether or not to engage downstream motor modules to produce behavioral outputs. However, the circuit mechanisms that mediate and link perception of salient stimuli to execution of an adaptive response are poorly understood. We combined a virtual hunting assay for tethered larval zebrafish with two-photon functional calcium imaging to simultaneously monitor neuronal activity in the optic tectum during naturalistic behavior. Hunting responses showed mixed selectivity for combinations of visual features, specifically stimulus size, speed, and contrast polarity. We identified a subset of tectal neurons with similar highly selective tuning, which show non-linear mixed selectivity for visual features and are likely to mediate the perceptual recognition of prey. By comparing neural dynamics in the optic tectum during response versus non-response trials, we discovered premotor population activity that specifically preceded initiation of hunting behavior and exhibited anatomical localization that correlated with motor variables. In summary, the optic tectum contains non-linear mixed selectivity neurons that are likely to mediate reliable detection of ethologically relevant sensory stimuli. Recruitment of small tectal assemblies appears to link perception to action by providing the premotor commands that release hunting responses. These findings allow us to propose a model circuit for the visuomotor transformations underlying a natural behavior.
Evaluation of Ancestral Lines of U.S. Soybean Cultivars for Resistance to Four Soybean Viruses

Merr.] lines were screened for resistance to Bean pod mottle virus (BPMV), Soybean mosaic virus (SMV) strains G1 and G5, Tobacco that occurs in all soybean production areas of the world ringspot virus (TRSV), and Tobacco streak virus (TSV). Seven an- (Hill, 1999). Leaves of SMV-infected plants often apcestors, ‘CNS’, ‘Haberlandt’, ‘Ogden’, ‘Peking’, PI 71506, PI 88788, pear mottled and distorted, and yield losses of 8 to 35% and ‘Tokyo’, were resistant to SMV-G1. Sixteen entries, ‘A.K. (Har- have been reported (Hill, 1999; Quinones et al., 1971; row)’, ‘Capital’, CNS, FC 33243, Haberlandt, ‘Illini’, ‘Improved Peli- Ross, 1968). Cho and Goodman (1979) defined SMV can’, ‘Laredo’, ‘Lincoln’, ‘Mandarin’, ‘Mandarin (Ottawa)’, Ogden, strains G1 through G7 using reactions on a set of soy‘Palmetto’, Peking, PI 88788, and Tokyo were resistant to SMV-G5. bean differentials. Soybean mosaic virus strain G1 was All ancestral lines tested were susceptible to BPMV and TRSV. Only the most common strain identified when 98 SMV isoone ancestor, ‘Tanner’, was resistant to TSV. On the basis of cultivar lates were tested from a worldwide seed collection (Cho registration articles through 2002, there were 15 public soybean cultiand Goodman 1979), and it has been shown to have a vars with reported resistance to SMV. The possible donors of resistance for each were identified. Two soybean ancestors, CNS and high rate of seed transmission (Bowers and Goodman, Ogden, were the most important possible sources of SMV resistance 1991).SoybeanmosaicvirusG5hasbeenshowntocause genes in U.S. commercial soybean cultivars, as the pedigree of 75 and severe reduction in weight of infected plants and seed 56% of the reported resistant cultivars contained CNS and Ogden, yields(Tu,1989).Allstrains,includingG1andG5,cause respectively. In most of the cultivar registration articles, reactions to seed mottling (Bowers and Goodman, 1991). SMV were not reported. With the relatively high frequency of SMV Tobacco ringspot virus was first described in the USA resistance in major ancestral lines, SMV resistance in U.S. cultivars in 1941 (Samson, 1942). Bud blight is the most severe may be more common than expected. symptom of TRSV infection in soybean, but vein necrosis, flower and pod abortion, and stunting also can be
Algorithm explorer: visualizing algorithms in a 3D multimedia environment

Computer science courses have increasingly made use of visualization tools to illustrate common algorithms. This paper describes Algorithm Explorer, an educational tool designed for use by instructors and students to examine algorithms in a rich environment composed of 3D data representations, 3D audio cues, and easy-to-use controls. Instructors and students can easily add calls to Algorithm Explorer's C++ API to their programs to quickly develop engaging visualizations, and every detail of the scene can be customized as the developer desires.
The Effect of Inference Order and Experience-Related Knowledge on Diagnostic Conjunction Probabilities

Abstract Ideally, a decision maker′s diagnostic probability judgments should not be affected by making predictive judgments before making diagnostic inferences. The purpose of this study is to investigate how experience-related knowledge and the inference presentation order affect a decision maker′s diagnostic conjunction probability judgments. Specifically, when decision makers are asked to make diagnoses in different judgment domains with which they have different levels of experience, we examine how making predictions first affects their subsequent diagnostic judgments in a standard conjunction paradigm. Professional auditors with experience in the auditing domain and MBA students with little or no auditing experience participated in the experiment. The results indicate that when the task involves a domain with which people have experience, making predictions prior to diagnoses has a significant influence on their subsequent diagnostic conjunction probabilities. When auditors made diagnoses in a familiar audit task situation, they were strongly influenced by whether or not they were asked to make predictions in advance. However, there was no influence of inference order on auditors′ diagnoses in a medical task, with which they do not have experience-related knowledge. Similarly, MBA students, having no experience-related knowledge in either audit or medical domains, were not affected by the inference order in making diagnoses. In the discussion of these exploratory results, we suggest that this inference order effect may be due to subjects′ anchoring on the predictive probability and insufficiently adjusting it to yield the diagnostic probability judgment.
Brief Bifurcation test functions and surge control for axial flow compressors

Surge control is investigated in conjunction with rotating stall control for axial flow compressors using a bifurcation approach. Test functions are developed to determine the existence and stability of the Hopf bifurcation associated with surge for closed-loop systems under linear state feedback. A control design method is proposed for the synthesis of linear feedback laws that eliminate surge, coupled with rotating stall for any given compact parameter set. Comparisons are made with existing results. Stabilization results are demonstrated with numerical simulations.
Electron localization in spatially disordered systems

The homomorphic-cluster coherent-potential approximation is applied to obtain the average Green's function for spatially disordered systems in two and three dimensions, which is described by a tight-binding one-electron Hamiltonian with transfer energy between two $1s$ hydrogenic orbitals. The effective medium to be determined self-consistently is assumed to be an appropriate lattice, and a modified Hertz distribution is used for the random distribution of nearest-neighbor distance. With the use of the $L(E)$ criterion for localization, Anderson's transition is predicted to occur at a critical density ${\ensuremath{\rho}}^{\frac{1}{2}}{a}_{B}=0.403$ in two dimensions and ${\ensuremath{\rho}}^{\frac{1}{3}}{a}_{B}=0.252$ in three dimensions, where $\ensuremath{\rho}$ is the number density of atoms and ${a}_{B}$ is the effective Bohr radius.
The Communist Party of the United States from the Depression to World War II

an overview of the communists during the designated time period or to generally educate a new history or political science student.
DNA and protein synthesis in normal and transformed lymphocytes exposed to abrin

The dose dependent effects of abrin, a toxic D-galactose binding plant lectin, on 3H-TdR and 14C-leucine uptake are studied in normal and Epstein Barr Virus (EBV) transformed lymphocyte cultures. Results show that while abrin is highly toxic to both the DNA and protein synthesis in EBV lymphocytes, some toxicity to the normal cells is also seen. It is postulated that lymphocyte DNA synthesis is affected by ribosomal shutdown induced by the abrin.
Response of Cluster Headache to Kudzu

Objective.— To describe the self-treatment of cluster headache with kudzu. Background.— Many cluster headache patients take over-the-counter (OTC) kudzu extract in the belief that it helps their cluster attacks. Kudzu's actual efficacy has not been studied. Methods.— A database of cluster headache patients was questioned about their use of various alternative remedies to treat their cluster headache. Of 235 patients identified, 16 had used kudzu, consented to interviews, and provided medical records. Results.— In total, 11 (69%) experienced decreased intensity of attacks, 9 (56%) decreased frequency, and 5 (31%) decreased duration, with minimal side effects. Conclusion.— Anecdotal evidence suggests that a component in OTC products labeled as kudzu may prove useful in managing cluster headache. This hypothesis should be tested with a randomized clinical trial.
Reforming Criminal Indigent Defense in Louisiana - An Introduction to the Symposium and a Brief Exploration of Criminal Indigent Defense and its Relationship to Immigrant Indigent Defense

This essay introduces the Loyola Journal of Public Interest Law symposium on criminal indigent defense in Louisiana held on April 4, 2008 to explore Louisiana legislative changes aimed at improving the system of providing indigent defendants facing criminal proceedings with counsel. The symposium featured local leaders in the criminal indigent defense system, including D. Majeeda Snead, Clinical Professor, Loyola University New Orleans College of Law and member of the newly created Louisiana Public Defender Board and G. Paul Marx, Executive Director for the Louisiana Public Defenders Association; and national experts, including Norman Lefstein, Professor of Law and Dean Emeritus at Indiana University School of Law-Indianapolis; National Legal Aid and Defender Association Director of Research and Evaluation David Carroll and Director of Defender Legal Services Richard Goemann; and Jonathan Rapping, Professor of Law and John Marshall Law School.Loyola's symposium focused exclusively on systematic reform of public indigent criminal defense systems, in particular, as those reforms have developed in Louisiana. Given the increasing intermingling of immigration enforcement and criminal law enforcement, it is appropriate to explore the increasing need for legal assistance to immigrant populations in Louisiana who may be entitled to counsel at government defense to the extent they are prosecuted under a criminal statute, but who will lack any entitlement to counsel to assist them in defending their rights in the immigration context, and, thus, whose needs are not addressed by existing public defender systems.This essay briefly explores the increasing need for pro bono counsel to assist non-citizens facing removal from the United States in the Louisiana area; explains why the current system results in the majority of immigrants facing the removal process without legal assistance; and suggests that local and state bars should more aggressively encourage their members to undertake pro bono assistance of removal cases.
Acquisition of regeneration competence in adult fibroblasts is accompanied by upregulation of arginine methyltransferase PRMT8

Materials and methods To better study this regulatory mechanism, we have developed a model system in vitro which allows for increase in TERT levels leading to increased proliferative potential of the cells and increased time to senescence, while at the same time the cells remain non-tumorigenic when injected into SCID mice [1]. This novel phenotype is also accompanied by induction of regeneration competence as demonstrated by significant reduction of collagen deposition in a mouse skeletal wound [2], leading us to coin the term induced regeneration competent (iRC) cells. Understanding the mechanism of cell plasticity in the context of a defined environment will offer molecular tools for designing of regenerative instead of symptomatic treatment strategies.
Relating viewpoints: a preface to Viewpoints 96

Outline & Objectives These Proceedings constitute the starting point for Viewpoints 96, subtitled the International Workshop on Multiple Perspectives in Software Development. The papers (31, excluding this preface) outline the positions and contributions of the key research teams in this area. The construction of a complex description or model involves many agents (aka participants or actors). These agents have different perspectives or views of the artefact or system they are trying to describe or model (the domain of discourse). Examples might be performance, architecture, security, and so on. These perspectives or views are partial or incomplete descriptions which arise because of different responsibilities or roles assigned to the agents. These responsibilities or roles may be organisationally defined, follow some defined structuring of the underlying artefact or system, or may reflect different modelling or descriptive capabilities. The combination of the agent and the view that the agent holds is termed a viewpoint. The study of viewpoints embraces the relations between views, between views and agents, and between agents. Rather than providing an introduction to viewpoints in this preface and risk repetition the interested reader is referred to [1]. The objectives of the workshop are to establish a joint understanding of the critical issues in the study of viewpoints and to share techniques, methods and tools. The workshop aims to bring together strands of work within software engineering which are more commonly separated. It also seeks to draw on those in related disciplines outside software engineering, such as the computer supported cooperative work, information and database systems interoperability and distributed artificial intelligence which share our interest in viewpoints. We would argue that many of the most interesting research areas run across the boundaries of conventional specialisations and arise from taking a problem focus. In the workshop call we identified an “open list of themes and issues”. These were:
Novel strains of Moorella thermoacetica form unusually heat-resistant spores

Two strains of Moorella thermoacetica, JW/B-2 and JW/DB-4, isolated as contaminants from autoclaved media for chemolithoautotrophic growth containing 0.1% (wt/vol) yeast extract, formed unusually heat-resistant spores. Spores of the two strains required heat activation at 100 degrees C of more than 2 min and up to 90 min for maximal percentage of germination. Kinetic analysis indicated the presence of two distinct subpopulations of heat-resistant spores. The decimal reduction time (D10-time=time of exposure to reduce viable spore counts by 90%) at 121 degrees C was determined for each strain using spores obtained under different conditions. For strains JW/DB-2 and JW/ DB-4, respectively, spores obtained at approximately 25 degrees C from cells grown chemolithoautotrophically had D10-times of 43 min and 23 min; spores obtained at 60 degrees C from cells grown chemoorganoheterotrophically had D10-times of 44 min and 38 min; spores obtained at 60 degrees C from cells grown chemolithoautotrophically had D10-times of 83 min and 111 min. The thickness of the cortex varied between 0.10 and 0.29 microm and the radius of the cytoplasm from 0.14 to 0.46 microm. These spores are amongst the most heat-resistant noted to date. Electron microscopy revealed structures within the exosporia of spores prior to full maturity that were assumed to be layers of the outer spore coat.
Ontogeny strongly and differentially alters leaf economic and other key traits in three diverse Helianthus species

The leaf economics spectrum (LES) describes large cross-species variation in suites of leaf functional traits ranging from resource-acquisitive to resource-conservative strategies. Such strategies have been integral in explaining plant adaptation to diverse environments, and have been linked to numerous ecosystem processes. The LES has previously been found to be significantly modulated by climate, soil fertility, biogeography, growth form, and life history. One largely unexplored aspect of LES variation, whole-plant ontogeny, is investigated here using multiple populations of three very different species of sunflower: Helianthus annuus, Helianthus mollis, and Helianthus radula. Plants were grown under environmentally controlled conditions and assessed for LES and related traits at four key developmental stages, using recently matured leaves to standardize for leaf age. Nearly every trait exhibited a significant ontogenetic shift in one or more species, with trait patterns differing among populations and species. Photosynthetic rate, leaf nitrogen concentration, and leaf mass per area exhibited surprisingly large changes, spanning over two-thirds of the original cross-species LES variation and shifting from resource-acquisitive to resource-conservative strategies as the plants matured. Other traits being investigated in relation to the LES, such as leaf water content, pH, and vein density, also showed large changes. The finding that ontogenetic variation in LES strategy can be substantial leads to a recommendation of standardization by developmental stage when assessing ‘species values’ of labile traits for comparative approaches. Additionally, the substantial ontogenetic trait shifts seen within single individuals provide an opportunity to uncover the contribution of gene regulatory changes to variation in LES traits.
Attitudes toward technology-based health information among adult emergency department patients with drug or alcohol misuse

Abstract Technology-based screening and interventions are emerging solutions to the challenge of addressing substance use in the emergency department (ED). A standardized questionnaire of adult patients at a large-volume, urban, academic ED assessed interest in, and potential barriers to, technology-based substance use information. Questionnaire topics included substance use, access to technology, preferences for health information, and perceived barriers to technology interventions. Among the 430 participants, mean age was 39 years and 55% were female; 37% reported alcohol misuse and 52% drug misuse. Access to technology was high. Technology was preferred by 46% of alcohol misusers (vs. 43% non-misusers, p =0.65) but only 41.9% of drug misusers (vs. 56% non-drug misusers, p =0.005). In multivariate analyses, drug misuse was associated with decreased interest in receiving technology-based information. Cited barriers included confidentiality, complexity, and time. Our findings suggest that drug misusers in particular may wish to have reassurances about the confidentiality of technology-based interactions.
Home-based monitoring of cardiac patients

The paper describes an ongoing effort towards the design of systems for home based monitoring of cardiac patients. The goal is to develop systems that could support early discharge of cardiac patients and enable their home based recuperation. Such systems could act as a virtual extension of the ICU/CCU systems in the hospital, enabling physicians to monitor patients at home, and giving them the ability to discharge patients earlier while continuing to monitor their recuperation progress. This concept could result in direct health care cost savings and improvement in the quality of medical care, especially in rural areas with limited access to cardiologists. Our first step towards this goal is a system that can send cardiac data from the patient to the physician via the Internet. The physician can perform data analysis and send reports back to the patient over the Internet. In order to provide a truly home based monitoring system, we plan to add to the current system the ability to transmit real time cardiac and blood pressure events over cellular telephone networks.
Interval-based pruning for top-k processing over compressed lists

Optimizing execution of top-k queries over record-id ordered, compressed lists is challenging. The threshold family of algorithms cannot be effectively used in such cases. Yet, improving execution of such queries is of great value. For example, top-k keyword search in information retrieval (IR) engines represents an important scenario where such optimization can be directly beneficial. In this paper, we develop novel algorithms to improve execution of such queries over state of the art techniques. Our main insights are pruning based on fine-granularity bounds and traversing the lists based on judiciously chosen “intervals” rather than individual records. We formally study the optimality characteristics of the proposed algorithms. Our algorithms require minimal changes and can be easily integrated into IR engines. Our experiments on real-life datasets show that our algorithm outperform the state of the art techniques by a factor of 3–6 in terms of query execution times.