cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Meaning making in the context of disasters.

Objective Understanding the factors underlying adaptive psychological responses and recovery after disasters has important implications for intervention and prevention efforts. To date, little attention has been paid to successful coping processes in recovering from natural and technological disasters. This article takes a meaning making perspective to explicate how survivors successfully adapt after disasters. Method Relevant literature is reviewed to illustrate the process of adaptation and resilience after disasters. Results Studies to date suggest both survivors' global meaning, particularly their religiousness and sense of meaning, and their appraisals and meaning making after the disaster are important influences on their postdisaster resilience. Meanings made in the form of changes in global beliefs and perceived growth have been reported and shown to have inconsistent relations with adjustment. Conclusions Although much more research is needed, current literature suggests that meaning making processes are central to recovery and resilience after a range of disasters.
An Approach to Peak Area Estimation

We consider the problem, arising in nuclear spectroscopy. of estimating peak areas in the presence of a baseline of unknown shape. We analyze a procedure that chooses the baseline to be as smooth as is consistent with the data and note that the estimates have a certain minimax optimality. Expressions are developed for the systematic and random emors of the estimate, and some large sample approximations am derived. Procedures for choosing a smoothing parameter are developed and illustrated by simulations. The estimation of peak area in the presence of a baseline of unknown shape is a common problem in nuclear and other spectroscopies. In this paper we analyze some of the properties of a generalization of a procedure proposed by Currie [2]' and note that the procedure has a certain minimax optimality. We first introduce the problem and some notation. We suppose that counts are accumulated in n channels over a length of time T, and that the total number of counts has mean p, = vT, where v = mean counting rate per unit time. We let y, denote the proportional count in the j'b channel, i.e. the total count in the j"' channel divided by >, and we assume that v; = P.,.j + + Ej j =1.. Here, r = ('Y1 .. , yn)f is a vector representing a peak shape, which is assumed known (F might be known from theory or from measurement of pure specimens, for example), P. is its unknown amplitude, which we wish to determine, and Pi, is the unknown baseline mean in the j'" channel. The 6;s are random counting errors with mean zero and nonsingular covariance matrix L- W-' where W is a matrix which is assumed to be known. (In applications, W is typically estimated rather than known. An application of the 8-method [7] to the perturbation thus introduced shows that the asymptotic means and variances are unchanged.) In vector notation the model can be written Y= [r:i]p + e
Microbiological Determination of Amino Acids. IV. Lysine, Histidine, Arginine, and Valine

SummaryA method of assay for histidine and lysine employing Leuconostoc mesenteroides as test organism has been developed. This method is compared with those of Dunn et al.45 A method of assay similar to that of Stokes et al.6 for lysine, arginine, and valine using Streptococcus faecalis as test organism has been independently developed and studied.With few exceptions, the data reported agree closely with those obtained by previous investigators with microbiological or isotope dilution methods.
Imaging of III-V Compound Superlattices by Hrem and Rem

Two techniques for the analysis of III-V compound superlattices are examined. It has been proposed that high-resolution TEM of [100]-oriented thin foils would give an improvement in layer contrast compared with [110]-oriented thin foils; it is shown here that the contrast of [100]-oriented superlattices is not necessarily better. Moreover, both high resolution and conventional dark-field imaging may be subject to significant diffraction contrast effects resulting from the bending of the reflecting planes near the surface of the sample. Reflection electron microscopy (REM) of cross-sectional (110) cleavage planes can also yield dark-field superlattice images and selected area RHEED patterns can in principle be used to determine reliably the superlattice strain as surface effects are minimized.
Hyperinsulinemic–Euglycemic Clamp to Assess Insulin Sensitivity In Vivo

Insulin resistance, the impaired ability of insulin to stimulate glucose utilization, is a major characteristic of type 2 diabetes. Insulin sensitivity can be measured using a variety of techniques that are commonly employed in diabetes research and care. Of these, hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp is the gold-standard method to assess insulin sensitivity. The euglycemic clamp is widely used in clinics and laboratories to measure insulin action on glucose utilization in humans and animals for clinical and basic science research. Incorporation of radioactive-labeled glucose during euglycemic clamps makes it possible to measure glucose metabolism in individual organs. In recent years, euglycemic clamps have been actively performed in transgenic animal models of obesity, diabetes, and its complications, and have significantly advanced our understanding on the etiology and pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. This chapter describes our standardized methods of the euglycemic clamp and associated surgical and biochemical procedures to measure insulin sensitivity in conscious rodents.
Conic Powers of Point Sets

is the power of point (xo, yo) with respect to the circle f(x, y) =0. A wealth of theorems concerning this property are studied in college geometry. Perhaps more important is its use there as an instrument of discovery. As Court [2] devotes 27 pages to the topic, we shall limit our comments to these: (a) The power of a point with respect to a circle is positive, zero, or negative according as the point lies outside, on, or inside the circle. (In all its extensions it enables a curve and a reference point C to divide the plane into signed parts.) (b) In either figure its absolute value is (PT)2. (c) The power of the center of a circle with respect to the circle is r2. (d) The philosophically inclined may ponder on the possible value when the line PS, however far produced, does not meet the circle. Although the Vandermonde determinant,
Experiment and viscous flow analysis on a partially cavitating hydrofoil

A partially cavitating hydrofoil experiment is performed at the MIT Variable Pressure Water Tunnel. Velocities are measured along a rectangular control surface surrounding the hydrofoil, in the boundary layer region, as well as in the proximity of the cavity surface. The cavity detachment and reattachment points are measured for several values of the cavitation number. The forces are evaluated from the measured velocities via momentum flux integrations. The measurements are compared with the numerical results from a nonlinear, inviscid cavity flow analysis method, coupled with a boundary layer solver.
Short-Run Costs: Theory and Empirical Findings

One of the most intriguing phenomena in economics has been the prolonged confrontation between a deductive theory of short-term cost behaviour which lacks substantial empirical support and a contrasting series of empirical findings which lack any persuasive theoretical rationale. The former holds that total unit costs tend to trace a U-shaped function with increments in plant output, decreasing up to some point near practical capacity and then rising sharply, whereas most empirical studies have reported flat total unit cost functions over the range of actual output variations. Surveys of the literature* suggest that this anomaly has been maintained partly because most work continues to be polarised between theoretical speculation or empirical research to the comparative neglect of the zones of interaction between them. And another difficulty may be the unrepresentativeness of the narrow economic sectors in which most empirical studies have been concentrated.
Coping with Global Volatility: Editor’s Introduction

It was not that many years ago when special issues of journals like this one were seeking to account for ‘the Great Moderation’ – for the apparent decline in economic and financial volatility in th...
Representing Capital Clients and the Elusive Quest for "Meaningful Access to Justice"

All capital cases begin with a tragedy. Just as Cain bore a mark as the killer of his brother, those who stand accused of murder as well as those judged as murderers bear a mark—a mark for breaking the social contract, for spilling blood. Unlike Cain’s mark, which was meant to protect him from retaliatory killing, the mark for some present-day murderers is a death prosecution or sentence. Whatever reason given for such punishment—retribution, deterrence, incapacitation, or closure— when a State exerts all of its “judicial power to bear” on an indigent capital defendant, the State must provide “[m]eaningful access to justice” to those defendants. Determining what constitutes “meaningful access to justice” in
Does Treating Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome Lead to Better Outcomes in Surgical Patients

A 40-year-old obese woman presents for a laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis and cholelithiasis. The gallbladder was found to be inflamed, and the case was converted to open. The most common systemic complications of open cholecystectomy are pulmonary in nature; however, surgical procedure-related complications are also possible such as surgical site or intra-abdominal infections, a bile leak, or bleeding, all of which may produce an inflammatory response.
Framing climate change communication to prompt individual and collective action among adolescents from agricultural communities

AbstractClimate communication research suggests strategic message framing may help build public consensus on climate change causes, risks and solutions. However, few have investigated how framing applies to adolescents. Similarly, little research has focused on agricultural audiences, who are among the most vulnerable to and least accepting of climate change. Among 950 high school agriculture students in North Carolina, we found agriculture and environment framing of climate change, but not community and health frames, elicited feelings of worry, and these together with community frames elicited hope. Further, students feeling more worry were more supportive of individual and collective action. Those accepting climate change and females had more emotive responses and higher support for all action measures, and acceptance of human causes predicted more worry and support for collective action. We find these results encouraging as agriculture teachers likely employ agriculture and environment frames when fol...
Dual representations of Laplace transforms of Brownian excursion and generalized meanders

Abstract The Laplace transform of the d -dimensional distribution of Brownian excursion is expressed as the Laplace transform of the ( d + 1 ) -dimensional distribution of an auxiliary Markov process, started from a σ -finite measure and with the roles of arguments and times interchanged. A similar identity holds for the Laplace transform of a generalized Brownian meander, which is expressed as the Laplace transform of the same auxiliary Markov process, with a different initial law.
High Prices & No Excuses: 6 Anticompetitive Games (Presentation Slides)

Brand firms have delayed generic competition even when there are no (or weak) patents. This testimony to the FTC highlights 6 such behaviors: (1) pay-for-delay settlements, (2) product hopping, (3) citizen petitions, (4) "REMS" restrictions, (5) non-REMS distribution restrictions, and (6) bundling/rebates. The testimony concludes with proposals addressing these forms of conduct.
Role of core location in targeted MRI-ultrasound fusion biopsy of prostate lesions.

136Background: Targeted mpMRI fusion biopsy has gained adoption with superior clinically significant cancer detection rates and accuracy over template biopsy. We sought to establish the role of biopsy location within a prostate lesion to detect clinically significant prostate cancer. Methods: From Nov 2016-Aug 2017, 110 patients with positive multiparametric-MRI (mpMRI) underwent targeted and systematic MRI-US fusion biopsy at our institution for clinical suspicion or known history of prostate cancer. Lesions were scored by Prostate imaging reporting and data system (PI-RADS) classification schema by experienced genitourinary radiologists. Biopsy was performed by an oncology-trained urologist (PS) performing a high volume of fusion biopsies. 5 cores were taken from each lesion, each corresponding to a predetermined location (central, medial, lateral, apex, and base of the lesion). Cancer detection rates (CDR) were calculated on a per lesion basis from biopsy histology. Results: 154 prostate lesions were i...
Soil Science and Russian Ecology

Neither Vinogradskii’s scientific worldview nor his laboratory research translated easily into the ecological trends of soil science and geobotany. Although he did not participate in the expeditions himself, there are indications that he would have been familiar with their goals, organizational structure, and methodologies. As a new member of the Institute of Experimental Medicine, and a returning student of the St. Petersburg scientific circle, he maintained connections with his previous colleagues. He would have heard about the findings of the Dokuchaev expeditions, which were presented at the meetings of the St. Petersburg Society of Naturalists. He also had contact with the Forestry Institute, seeking their experts out for advice on managing the forests on his Ukrainian estate. Even in close proximity to these scientists, however, he did not adopt their Humboldtian, Darwinian, or ecological language.
Effect of exercise duration on plasma endothelin-1 concentration.

Aim Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is a potent vasoconstricting peptide released mostly from vascular endothelial cells. Isolated exercise sessions of relatively long duration (=or>30 min) have produced increases in plasma ET-1 concentration while shorter exercise sessions usually have not. The purpose of the present study was to verify an effect of exercise duration at a steady work rate on plasma ET-1 concentration. Methods Eleven endurance-trained males (age 27+/-6 years; maximal oxygen consumption--VO2max--56+/-7 mLxkg-1xmin-1, body fat 11+/-5%; mean+/-SD) exercised on a treadmill at 70% VO2max on 2 occasions separated by at least 2 weeks. During a short-duration session, subjects expended approximately 3,360 kJ (60+/-2 min). During a long-duration session, subjects expended approximately 6,300 kJ (112+/-4 min). Six of the subjects performed the 3,360 kJ session before the 6,300 kJ session while the other 5 subjects performed the 6,300 kJ session first. Results The short-duration session did not cause plasma ET-1 concentration to change immediately after exercise (0.23+/-0.01 pmolxL-1 before exercise, 0.22+/-0.02 pmolxL-1 after exercise, mean+/-SE). However, 10 of 11 subjects had increased ET-1 after the long-duration session (0.28+/-0.02 pmolxL-1 before exercise, 0.32+/-0.02 pmolxL-1 after exercise, P=0.0004). A treatment-by-time effect was present (P=0.003). Conclusion These results demonstrate an effect of exercise duration on plasma ET-1 concentration. Exercise duration is, therefore, an essential consideration when investigating exercise's effect on ET-1.
Antepartum Rh immune globulin.

The introduction of anti-D immune globulin in 1968 resulted in the near eradication of hemolytic disease in the newborn secondary to rhesus incompatibility. It was thought that once the population of women sensitized prior to anti-D availability stopped reproducing, new cases of Rh isoimmunization would be completely eradicated. This has not happened. The authors point out the reasons for this and go on to address those situations in which the administration of antepartum Rh immune globulin to Rh-negative women can further decrease the incidence of Rh isoimmunization.
The Meaning of Race

The term race has many levels of meaning, scientific, administrative, and popular. The meanings are so diverse, even contradictory, that some authors believe the word ought not to be used. While sharing their discomfort over the confusions and distortions, we believe the word is unlikely to disappear from general usage and that therefore it is better to examine it carefully than to disregard it.
Photoinductive NDE Method: Review of the Principle and Applications

The purpose of this paper is to review the so-called photoinductive (PI) NDE method [1–9], one of the numerous manifestations of J. C. Moulder’s innovative talent.
Immune Surveillance and Tumor Evasion

Tumors are composed of heterogeneous cell types, both diverse transformed cells of the tissue of origin and a variety of stromal cells. The tumor cells themselves differ in the degree of aneuploidy, the number and identity of mutations, the extent of genomic instability, the expression of surface antigens, and the capacity to express cytokines, growth factors, proteases, and angiogenic factors. The stromal cells include fibroblasts, an assortment of leukocytes and lymphocytes, and often cell types that make up blood vessels. Ongoing reciprocal interactions between tumor cells and stromal cells affect the establishment, progression, and maintenance of cancer, with immune cells in particular mediating antitumor surveillance (Fig. 10.1). This chapter explores the details of immune surveillance, discusses the mechanisms by which tumors evade this surveillance, and explores the impact of alcohol on both.
IDENTITY AND POWER

Archaeologists routinely identify patterns of material culture as evidence for individual and group identities at multiple scales. At the individual scale, ethnicity, race, gender, age, role, and status are all aspects of personal identity and difference among people. These are simultaneously aspects of group identities, created by processes through which people in the past recognized or claimed commonalities and differences as the basis to form factions, classes, and groups as disparate as households, lineages, communities, and nations. Differences in individual and group identity in the past are often considered potential bases for differential distribution of wealth, different levels of consumption of energy or labor, and the grounds for different levels of prestige. The differential levels of prestige, influence, and ability to exercise agency that exist between different identity groups are outcomes of or proxies for power, conceived of by some archaeologists as a substantial thing people have, and by others as an aspect of relations among people. Power and identity are closely intertwined, so much so that it is difficult to imagine studying one without considering the other.
Behavioral problems in children with autism spectrum disorder with and without co-occurring intellectual disability

Abstract Background Autism spectrum disorder (ASD), intellectual disability (ID), and behavioral problems commonly co-occur, leading to increased impairment, diagnostic confusion, and treatment delays. Using data from a large surveillance population of children with ASD, the objectives of the present study were to compare the relative risk of common behavioral problems in children with ASD, with and without co-occurring intellectual disability. Methods Data from the Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring (ADDM) Network (2006–2010) on 9378 8-year-old children who met case definition for ASD and had cognitive test scores and information on behavioral problems were analyzed using frequency measures, risk ratios, chi-squared tests, and trend tests. Results Children with ASD with and without ID had on average six co-occurring behavioral problems. The relative risk (RR) of self-injurious behaviors, unusual fear responses, and eating abnormalities increased with increasing cognitive impairment among children with ASD and ID (all p Conclusions Children with ASD and ID are at greater risk of some behavioral problems and lower risk of others as compared to children with ASD only. Successful interventions depend on understanding the complex interactions between co-occurring neurodevelopmental and behavioral problems.
Indebtedness and the Curation of a Black Archive: Comments on David Goldberg’s Conversation with Achille Mbembe:

Addressing Mbembe’s interview with Goldberg and reflecting upon the book – Critique of Black Reason (2017) – that the interview probes, the author points to a tension in Mbembe’s thought. Mbembe ap...
Early Rapid Decline in Kidney Function in Medically Managed Patients With Atherosclerotic Renal Artery Stenosis

Background Early rapid declines of kidney function may occur in patients with atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis with institution of medical therapy. The causes and consequences are not well und...
Chandra Analysis of Abell 496 - No Chemical Gradients Across Cold Fronts

We present the results of a spatially-resolved spectroscopic analysis of the galaxy cluster Abell 496 with the S3 chip on-board the Chandra satellite. We confirm the presence of a central positive temperature gradient consistent with a cooling flow, but with a minimum gas temperature of ~0.5-0.9 keV. The cluster also exhibits sharp edges in gas density and temperature which are consistent with "cold front" substructures. The iron abundance profile is not radially symmetric relative to the cluster center. Towards the direction of the most prominent (northerly) cold front, the iron abundance is roughly flat, with nearly solar values. In the opposite (southerly) direction from the center, the iron abundance distribution shows an "off-center" peak. Various abundance ratios suggest that the heavy elements in the central regions of the cluster are dominated by SN Ia ejecta. However, for radii greater than 100 kpc, the abundance ratios vary in such a way that different abundance ratios provide very different estimates of the proportion of SN Ia/II ejecta. Nonetheless, observed abundances and abundance ratios are continuous across the cold fronts, which suggests that the cold fronts are not likely to be the result of a subcluster merger. We suggest instead that the cold fronts in A496 are caused by "sloshing" of the central cooling flow gas, induced by the motion of the cD about the cluster center.
Reorganizing Government: A Functional and Dimensional Framework

Reorganizing Government offers an original model for constructing and assessing government authority, and seeks to transform how policymakers and scholars understand relationships between government institutions. Regulation is frequently less successful than it could be in part because the allocation of authority to government institutions, and the relationships between them, are misunderstood. As a result, attempts to create new regulatory programs or mend under-performing ones are often poorly designed. The book advances an analytical framework of governmental authority structured along three dimensions—the extent of centralization, overlap, and coordination. It demonstrates how differentiating among these dimensions better illuminates the policy tradeoffs of organizational alternatives, and reduces the risk of regulatory failure. The book also explains how differentiating allocations of authority based on governmental function can lead to more effective regulation and governance. Reorganizing Government explains how policy makers and scholars have often neglected key aspects of inter-jurisdictional relations, using in-depth explorations of diverse case studies involving regulation of securities, banking, food safety, pollution control, resource conservation, and terrorism prevention. It then explores the practical value of this framework for future reorganization efforts through the lens of climate change, an emerging and vital global policy challenge. Finally, it proposes an “adaptive governance” infrastructure that could allow policy makers to embed the creation, evaluation, and adjustment of the organization of regulatory institutions into the democratic process itself.
Learning Disentangled Representations of Video with Missing Data

Missing data poses significant challenges while learning representations of video sequences. We present Disentangled Imputed Video autoEncoder (DIVE), a deep generative model that imputes and predicts future video frames in the presence of missing data. Specifically, DIVE introduces a missingness latent variable, disentangles the hidden video representations into static and dynamic appearance, pose, and missingness factors for each object, while it imputes each object trajectory where data is missing. On a moving MNIST dataset with various missing scenarios, DIVE outperforms the state of the art baselines by a substantial margin. We also present comparisons for real-world MOTSChallenge pedestrian dataset, which demonstrates the practical value of our method in a more realistic setting.
“I knew something was supposed to happen!”: Eye tracking the Interactions between Player Experience and Heads-up Displays: Extended Abstract

This study uses eye-tracking and other data to explore how video-game players experience the heads-up display (HUD) found in a popular video game. For this paper, we report initial findings from our study of HUD elements found in Destiny 2 and draw connections between effective HUD design and effective digital information design.
Patterns of Care and Clinical Outcomes in Patients with Cerebral Sinus Venous Thrombosis

Abstract Objectives: To explore the association between rurality, transfer patterns and level of care with clinical outcomes of CVST patients in a rural Midwestern state. Materials and Methods: CVST patients admitted to the hospitals between 2005 and 2014 were identified by inpatient diagnosis codes from statewide administrative claims dataset. Records were linked across interhospital transfers using probabilistic linkage. Rurality was defined by Rural-Urban Commuting Areas using the 2-category approximation. Driving distances were estimated using GoogleMaps Application Programming Interface. Hospital stroke certification was defined by the Joint Commission. Severity of CVST was estimated by cost of care corrected for inflation and cost-to-charge ratios. Outcome was discharge disposition and total length of stay (LOS). Wilcoxon rank-sum, Chi-square, Fisher's exact tests and linear and logistic regressions were used. Results: 168 CVST patients were identified (79.8% female; median age = 32, IQR = 24.0–45.5). Median LOS was four days (IQR = 2–7) and patients traveled a median of 8.1 miles (IQR = 2.5–28.5) to the first hospital; 42% of patients were transferred to a second hospital, 5% to a third. More than half (58.3%) bypassed the nearest hospital. 86% visit a primary or comprehensive stroke center (CSC) during their acute care. Rurality was not significantly associated with LOS or discharge disposition after adjusting for age, sex and cost of care. Patients in CSC demonstrated greater likelihood of being discharged home compared to at a primary stroke center after adjusting for age and disease severity (p = 0.008). Conclusions: While rurality was not significantly associated with LOS or disposition outcome, care at a CSC increases likelihood of being discharge home.
Multi-dynamic interregional input-output shift-share: model, theory and application

Shift-share decomposition has been extensively used to identify the key drivers of sectoral and regional economic growth. Traditionally, shift-share does not pay attention to any form of interregio...
The Economic Effects of Border Adjustments

A border adjustment would not permanently reduce the U.S. trade deficit because it would trigger an offsetting change in the relative prices facing Americans and foreigners (probably through a change in exchange rates). The border adjustment would attract investments with above-normal returns to the United States and would remove transfer pricing problems. However, foreigners holding U.S. investments when the border adjustment was introduced would receive windfall gains at the expense of American taxpayers. Evaluations of border adjustments should focus on those effects.
Patient Perspective on Post-Breast Reconstruction Exercise and Physical Therapy.

Abstract Background Breast reconstruction may result in significant functional compromise and pain. Postoperative exercise and physical therapy can mitigate these morbidities, but it is infrequently recommended by healthcare providers. This study asked how many breast reconstruction patients are instructed to perform postoperative at-home exercises or physical therapy, how many reported following through with these instructions, and what timeline they were given for these activities. Methods A 16-question multiple-choice anonymous online survey was distributed to a private breast cancer survivor Facebook group (Diep C. Foundation). Results A total of 150 breast reconstruction patients responded to our survey. The majority of respondents in our sample were not provided with specific instructions regarding postoperative at-home exercises (N = 70, 54.3%) or physical therapy (N = 77, 63.6%). Approximately 13 of 59 respondents (22%) who had been instructed to participate in postoperative at-home exercises were directed to begin at 2–3 weeks. Approximately 15 of 44 respondents (34.1%) who had been instructed to participate in physical therapy were directed to begin these at 4–5 weeks. Conclusions To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study of how often postoperative at-home exercises and physical therapy are recommended to breast reconstruction patients. Despite robust evidence of these activities’ benefits, most women are not instructed to participate in postoperative at-home exercises or physical therapy. This is likely to impede breast reconstruction patients’ recovery and delay their return to activities of daily living. More studies are needed of how to actively engage breast reconstruction patients in postoperative at-home exercises and physical therapy.
Chloride-mediated electrochemical synthesis of oxazolines

In this issue of Chem Catalysis, Liang et al. report an efficient electrochemical cyclization reaction of alkenes and amides to produce oxazolines with broad substrate scopes and good selectivities. A chloronium species generated by the chloride-mediated redox catalysis is proposed as a key intermediate.
The Human Hemoglobins: Their Properties and Genetic Control

Publisher Summary The variations of human hemoglobin provide a valuable tool for the investigation of protein homogeneity and heterogeneity, and of the genetic control of protein synthesis. A number of techniques for the detection of heterogeneity in hemoglobin have been evaluated, and some have been shown to provide ambiguous results. Their basic deficiency is either that they compare two observations taken under different conditions, or that they induce heterogeneity not present in the original sample. The heterogeneity of human hemoglobin results from the existence of adult hemoglobin, fetal hemoglobin, and a minor component, hemoglobin A2. The proportions in which two hemoglobins occur in an individual can be related to relative net rates of synthesis. The factors that govern the relative rates of synthesis of adult and fetal hemoglobin during transition from fetal to adult metabolism are not known. The term “thalassemia” is applied to conditions associated with marked inhibition of net rate of synthesis of adult hemoglobin without detectable alteration of physical properties. Total or partial inhibition may occur, and it is likely that mutations at more than one locus are grouped under the general category of thalassemia. The postulate of rate-controlling mutants at the Hb locus accounts for the existence of phenotypically normal red cells in individuals who carry a thalassemia allele.
DOMESTIC POLITICS AND NON-COMPLIANCE IN THE ANDEAN COMMUNITY *

Focusing on the Andean Community, this article examines why some instances of non-compliance escalates to disputes between states and the Andean Court. It argues that domestic societal and state-centered factors motivate such disputes. It focuses on three mechanisms: industry size, veto players, and litigation experience. It contends that when a case involves a large industry or an industry with litigation experience, government is more likely to persist with protection which increases the probability of disputes. It also argues that there is a nonlinear relationship between the number of veto players involved and ACJ disputes. Empirical analysis support these arguments by showing that protection of large industries and past experience increases the likelihood of dispute, while the probability of dispute increases when up to four veto players are involved and then decreases with additional actors. Analysis also finds that the interaction of size and experience has a significant effect on disputes.
Valuation Misstatement Penalties Require Valuation Misstatements

In this report, I argue that the valuation misstatement penalty has been misinterpreted by the IRS to apply to tax shelter transactions that have nothing to do with valuation. The penalty applies to taxpayers who claim deductions from inflated basis only when the basis was inflated as a result of an overvaluation. Properly understood, the penalty provision rarely raises the issue for which the government successfully sought certiorari in United States v. Woods.
Comparison of ESI-MS, LSIMS and MALDI-TOF-MS for the primary structure analysis of a monoclonal antibody

Publisher Summary This chapter describes and compares the three most widely used techniques for the analysis of the heavy and light chains of the anti-CEA (carcinoembryonic antigen) antibody CEA11 H5; LSIMS, MALDI-TOF-MS, and ESI-MS. In LSIMS and MALDI, individual peptide fractions are analyzed by mixing with a matrix followed by ionization and mass analysis, while in ESI the samples can be separated on-line by LC, eliminating the need for individual peak collection. Of the three methods, ESI and MALDI have no problems with the analysis of very large peptides; however, this is an obvious limitation of LSIMS. MALDI is the simplest of the techniques, but required careful attention to calibration, usually requiring internal calibrants to obtain accurate masses. The effect of detergent on LSIMS and ESI is severe. MALDI is clearly the method of choice for samples, including detergents, but otherwise detergents should be avoided. The chapter concludes that mass analysis of peptides blotted and digested from SDS gels is a powerful, general approach, but requires much time and effort in sorting out the data no matter which mass spectrometric approach is used.
Applications of dielectric barrier discharges

Dielectric barrier discharges (DBDs) in oxygen and air are well established for the production of large quantities of ozone and are more recently being applied to a wider range of plasmachemical processes. As an introduction of this type of gas discharge, the main plasmaphysical features of sinusoidal-driven DBDs (transient, non-thermal plasmas at atmospheric pressure) are described, and plasmachemical reaction pathways for the generation of ozone are briefly discussed. The generation of atomic oxygen for ozone synthesis leads inevitably to the second application of DBDs, the non-thermal oxidation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in dry and humid air. Experimental results on the degradation of VOCs (isopropanol, trichloroethylene, carbon tetrachloride) as well as by-product formation will be presented for stand-alone DBD treatment, as well as for simultaneous (V)UV illumination of the discharge. Illumination of the discharge with (V)W can change the plasmachemistry by enhanced formation of certain species of radicals-and thereby can change byproduct formation-but also can change the discharge physics, known as the Joshi effect, Another application of DBDs is the generation of excited dimers and exciplexes for the production of incoherent (V)UV/visible light. As an example, experimental results on a XeBr* excimer UV light source are presented, which LANL has developed to the stage of commercialization. Effects of the total and partial gas pressure of a Xe/Br/sub 2/ system, the gap spacing, and the applied driving frequency on the UV radiant efficiency are presented. The last and latest application of DBDs is the surface processing near atmospheric pressures. As an example, results of photoresist ashing on Si wafers in an oxygen plasma are shown as function of gas pressure, gap spacing, and applied frequency. The surface of the etched photoresist is characterized by profilometry and scanning electron microscopy.
Adaptive sensing for environment monitoring using wireless sensor networks

We present adaptive sensing, an energy-efficient topology configuration method for environment monitoring using densely deployed wireless sensor networks. Adaptive sensing puts redundant nodes into passive mode as auxiliary nodes to be used later on, thereby extending the system lifetime. Sensor data is collected at powerful macronodes periodically and a low-order model is fitted to compute a prediction area for each sensor. This prediction area is used to measure the redundancy level of the sensors covered in it. The redundant nodes are put into passive mode by macronodes while keeping the distortion in the output low. We analyze the energy-distortion tradeoff in monitoring applications, introduce the adaptive sensing algorithm based on this analysis. We also include a performance study demonstrating the advantages of our approach based on simulation results.
Effect of insulin on central catecholamines

The effects of insulin on levels and turnover of catecholamines in the hypothalamus and medulla oblongata were investigated. Systemic or intraventricular administration of insulin had no effect on catecholamine levels, but increased the turnover rate of norepinephrine and epinephrine. Insulin induced a dose-related increased release of norepinephrine, epinephrine and dopamine from hypothalamic slices. These results indicate that the effects of insulin on central catecholamines are elicited by its action in the brain.
Adipose depots possess unique developmental gene signatures.

We have previously demonstrated that subcutaneous and intra-abdominal adipose tissue show different patterns of expression for developmental genes (Shox2, En1, Tbx15 Hoxa5, Hoxc8, and Hoxc9), and that the expression level of Tbx15 and Hoxa5 in humans correlated with the level of obesity and fat distribution. To further explore the role of these developmental genes in adipose tissue, we have characterized their expression in different adipose depots in mice, and studied their regulation in obesity and by fasting. Developmental and adipogenic gene expression was compared in two subcutaneous and three intra-abdominal white adipose tissue (WAT) depots as well as brown adipose tissue (BAT) from lean or obese mice in a fed or fasting state. Each of these six adipose depots display a unique pattern of developmental gene expression, whereas expression of adipogenic transcription factors PPARγ2 C/EBPα, β, and Δ showed constant expression levels in all depots. Expression levels of developmental genes were similar in obese (ob/ob and high-fat diet (HFD)) and lean mice in most depots. Fasting systematically decreased expression of Hoxc8, PPARγ2, and increased C/EBPΔ in both lean and ob/ob mice, but produced only variable changes in the expression of other developmental and adipogenic genes. These data indicate that each fat depot has a unique developmental gene expression signature, which is largely independent of nutritional state. This finding further supports a fundamental role of developmental genes in fat distribution and the development and/or function of specific adipose tissue depots.
A Theory of Conglomerate Mergers: Reply

There are only a few points of disagreement between Logue and Naert and myself, and I shall merely touch upon them and devote the bulk of this reply to a discussion of Professor Kamerschen's empirical results. Logue and Naert are wrong in assuming that stockholders can avoid suffering any loss from a shift to growth maximization policies by selling out. Once the shift has occurred all stockholders will suffer a capital loss, although the quickest to sell may suffer smaller losses than the rest. More important, the issue here is not so much whether today's stockholder can receive the same return by investing in a conglomerate as in other companies (he might be able to if the conglomerate's growth policies have been fully taken into account by the market), but whether society receives the maximum return on its capital investment. If some managers pursue growth rather than stockholder welfare, the marginal return on investment for those firms is lower than the potential returns from other investments in the economy, and the average return on aggregate investment is below its potential maximum. Firm diversification to satisfy stockholder desires to avoid risk is to be preferred to stockholder portfolio diversifications only when the former can be accomplished at lower costs. Given the transaction costs inherent in consumating mergers and in individual stock transactions, I can hardly believe that corporate mergers are the most efficient way to spread stockholder risks.' A similar argument holds with respect to Logue and Naert's claim that the existence of excess financial resources is an independent justification for mergers. The alternative of supplying another company with capital through the market is virtually always cheaper than first having to buy it at a premium.2 With respect to the rest of their arguments regarding synergy, let me only note that the existence of synergistic economies in some mergers does not negate the conclusions of my paper. If some mergers are profitable, that only gives a growth-oriented management
SIMPL Is a Tumor Necrosis Factor-specific Regulator of Nuclear Factor-κB Activity

The IL-1 receptor-associated kinase (IRAK/mPLK) is linked to the regulation of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB)-dependent gene expression. Here we describe a novel binding partner of IRAK/mPLK that we term SIMPL (signaling molecule that associates with the mouse pelle-like kinase). Overexpression of SIMPL leads to the activation of NF-kappaB-dependent promoters, and inactivation of SIMPL inhibits IRAK/mPLK as well as tumor necrosis factor receptor type I-induced NF-kappaB activity. Dominant inhibitory alleles of IkappaB kinase (IKKalpha or IKKbeta) block the activation of NF-kappaB by IRAK/mPLK and SIMPL. Furthermore, SIMPL binds IRAK/mPLK and the IKKs in vitro and in vivo. In the presence of antisense mRNA to SIMPL, the physical association between IRAK/mPLK and IKKbeta but not IRAK/mPLK and IKKalpha is greatly diminished. Moreover, dominant-negative SIMPL blocks IKKalpha- or IKKbeta-induced NF-kappaB activity. These results lead us to propose a model in which SIMPL functions to regulate NF-kappaB activity by linking IRAK/mPLK to IKKbeta/alpha-containing complexes.
Historical fragmentation of islands and genetic drift in populations of Galápagos lava lizards (Microlophus albemarlensis complex).

The formation of islands following a rise in sea level at the end of Pleistocene is expected to disrupt the equilibrium between genetic drift and gene flow in species with limited ability to disperse. Here, we test the hypothesis that genetic drift in isolation has caused the differentiation of Galapagos lava lizards (Microlophus albemarlensis complex) found on 12 islets that are likely to have been connected to a larger island, Isla Santa Cruz, during the late Pleistocene. Using 11 microsatellite loci, screened on 524 individuals from 17 localities distributed among and within 15 islands, we found marked differences in allelic richness and heterozygosity. Genetic differentiation was strong (global F(ST) = 0.44), with pairwise differences found among populations on islets being larger than differences among three localities sampled within Isla Santa Cruz. As expected under a scenario of drift in isolation, there was a positive correlation of genetic diversity with island size, no relationship between genetic and geographical distance and a strong negative correlation between heterozygosity and measures of genetic differentiation. We conclude that seawater is a significant barrier to gene flow in lava lizards on this timescale. Our results suggest that the shallow diversification of the M. albemarlensis complex is not due to recent gene flow and that genetic drift may have played a substantial role in observed patterns of phenotypic variation among islands.
The dust debris around HR 4796

The IRAS data strongly suggest that there is dust debris around the main-sequence A star HR 4796. The optical depth of the dust cloud around HR 4796 is probably twice that around Beta Pic, the main-sequence star in the Bright Star Catalog which was previously thought to have the most opaque dust debris cloud.
Delamination in patterned films

When the dielectric constant of an insulator in an interconnect is reduced, mechanical properties are often compromised, giving rise to significant challenges in interconnect integration and reliability. Due to low adhesion of the dielectric an interfacial crack may occur during fabrication and testing. To understand the effect of interconnect structure, an interfacial fracture mechanics model has been analyzed for patterned films undergoing a typical thermal excursion during the integration process. It is found that the underlayer pattern generates a driving force for delamination and changes the mode mixity of the delamination. The implications of our findings to interconnect processes and reliability testing have been discussed.
Spatial Pattern Analysis for Underground Propagules of Potamogeton gramineus L. in Two Northern California Irrigation Canals

ABSTRACT We sampled areas of two canals (Solano Irrigation District, California) that were dominated by Potamogeton gramineus L. The ratios of variance to mean for winter bud abundance in the Byrnes Canal indicated that winter buds were not randomly distributed. Clumping was detected at a patch size of 7.2 cm diameter in both 1985 and 1989. Applying two quadrat variance methods to data from the Weyend Canal also indicated that winter buds were clumped. The radius of the patch size was 1.65 m. Patch edges were not sharply defined, and the spaces between patches were not empty. Geostatistical analysis yielded an experimental semivariogram for winter bud abundance, using the spherical equation, with a sill of 49776, a nugget of 32378, and a range of influence of 57 m.
Nature of phosphorus embrittlement of the Fe3[11̄0](111) grain boundary

Thermodynamic, electronic, and magnetic properties of the P/Fe\ensuremath{\Sigma}3[11\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}0](111) grain boundary and the P/Fe(111) free surface are compared using the full potential linearized augmented plane-wave method. The calculated segregation-energy difference of 0.8 eV is consistent with the embrittling effect of P according to the Rice-Wang thermodynamic model. The clean Fe\ensuremath{\Sigma}3[11\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}0](111) boundary is found to undergo an \ensuremath{\omega} phase transition which results in an antiferromagnetic coupling within the core of the grain boundary. Structural relaxations in the grain boundary alter the P segregation energy by \ensuremath{\sim}2.0 eV and are found to play an important role in defining the correct sign and value of the segregation energy difference controlling embrittlement. The P/Fe chemical interaction is found to be ``embeddedlike'' electrostatic rather than covalent in both environments. Long-range effects of P impurities are found for the Fe magnetization which reduce the embrittling potency of P.