cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Betaine-homocysteine Methyltransferase Is a Developmentally Regulated Enzyme Crystallin in Rhesus Monkey Lens*

We describe herein the characterization of a major 45-kDa protein from the soluble betaH-crystallin fraction of rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) lens. Based on partial peptide sequence, immunoreactivity, and enzymatic activity, this protein has been identified as betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase (BHMT: EC 2.1.1.5), an enzyme that catalyzes the methylation of homocysteine using either betaine or thetins as methyl donors. This protein was found to be expressed abundantly in the nuclear region of the monkey lens, reaching approximately 10% of the total nuclear protein, but was barely detectable in the epithelium and cortex regions of the lens. Because the nucleus represents the early embryonic and fetal stages of lens development, we infer that BHMT expression in the lens of the eye is developmentally regulated. By virtue of its high abundance, BHMT can be considered an enzyme crystallin (psi-crystallin). This is the first enzyme crystallin to be found in primate lenses.
Fatigue damage calculation using the critical plane approach

The critical plane approach is applied to model material fatigue behavior under any constant amplitude proportional loading. The most critical plane and the largest damage parameter are determined in closed form for six damage criteria that have been proposed in the literature. The correct procedures of utilizing these closed-form solutions to construct the damage parameter versus fatigue life curve are outlined. It is shown that the common practice of characterizing the material's fatigue behavior by plotting the damage parameter evaluated on the maximum shear plane against the observed fatigue the violates the principle of the critical plane approach, a problem which can arise during the calibration of any biaxial type of damage criterion. The study emphasizes that the critical plane approach should be consistently applied to both the initial calibration and the subsequent fatigue analysis
Use of switching circuits as redundant multiplier elements in canonic digital networks

Switching circuits are used to realize elementary multipliers whose coefficients are restricted to integer powers of 2. Modifications are given to accommodate signed magnitude, 1's complement and 2's complement binary codes.The addition of a single elementary multiplier to a canonic digital network and its interchange with each conventional multiplier in turn enables the multiplier coefficients to be respecified with a corresponding change in gain (which need never exceed √2). The errors in the multiplier coefficient approximations may then be evaluated for the different sets of coefficients, and the most suitable set selected. A simple analysis procedure is given with an error criterion which provides a suitable assessment of the quantization errors resulting from multiplications. With fixed-point arithmetic, elementary multipliers provide scaling for conventional multipliers to enable the most significant bit in the coefficients to be used.
Immunological aspects of chronic inflammation and repair

Macrophages and lymphocytes play essential roles in cell-mediated mechanisms involved in chronic inflammation. During the development of specific immunity, macrophages are required to process and present antigen to immunocompetent T cells. They also serve as “accessory” cells to lymphocytes by releasing soluble factors involved in host defense. In order to carry out their role more effectively, macrophages have the property of being activated, a process that provides them with greater ability to phagocytose and kill ingested microorganisms. Activated T cells serve as key effector cells that are capable of producing lymphokines which modify the behavior of other cells. In this way, the are able to facilitate or suppress an immune response. Chronic inflammation is often associated with irreversible destruction of parenchymal tissue, and fibrous connective tissue fills the resultant defect. Proliferation of fibroblasts, collagen production, and neovascularization are enhanced by the secretion of cytokines by T cells and macrophages.
Biliary tract depiction in living potential liver donors: comparison of conventional MR, mangafodipir trisodium-enhanced excretory MR, and multi-detector row CT cholangiography--initial experience.

PURPOSE: To compare biliary tract depiction in living potential liver donors at conventional magnetic resonance (MR), mangafodipir trisodium–enhanced excretory MR, and multi–detector row computed tomographic (CT) cholangiography. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eight living potential liver donors underwent iodipamide meglumine–enhanced CT cholangiography. Eight different potential liver donors then underwent conventional MR cholangiography and mangafodipir trisodium–enhanced excretory MR cholangiography. Two readers independently scored all first-, second-, and third-order biliary branches with a four-point scale from 0 (not seen) to 3 (excellent visualization). Interobserver agreement was calculated by using the weighted κ statistic. Scores were compared between imaging modalities by using generalized estimating equations. Imaging findings of second-order biliary tract anatomy were compared with intraoperative findings for nine patients. RESULTS: Interobserver agreement for overall biliary tract visualization was...
Urdu and Hindi: Translation and sharing of linguistic resources

Hindi and Urdu share a common phonology, morphology and grammar but are written in different scripts. In addition, the vocabularies have also diverged significantly especially in the written form. In this paper we show that we can get reasonable quality translations (we estimated the Translation Error rate at 18%) between the two languages even in absence of a parallel corpus. Linguistic resources such as treebanks, part of speech tagged data and parallel corpora with English are limited for both these languages. We use the translation system to share linguistic resources between the two languages. We demonstrate improvements on three tasks and show: statistical machine translation from Urdu to English is improved (0.8 in BLEU score) by using a Hindi-English parallel corpus, Hindi part of speech tagging is improved (upto 6% absolute) by using an Urdu part of speech corpus and a Hindi-English word aligner is improved by using a manually word aligned Urdu-English corpus (upto 9% absolute in F-Measure).
Internal Impingement of the Shoulder in the Overhead Athlete

Internal impingement of the shoulder refers to a constellation of pathologic conditions, including, but not limited to, articular-sided rotator cuff tears, labral tears, biceps tendinitis, anterior instability, internal rotation deficit, and scapular dysfunction. Physiologic adaptations to throwing include increased external rotation, increased humeral and glenoid retroversion, and anterior laxity, all of which may predispose an individual to internal impingement. Nonoperative treatment should always be attempted first, with a focus on increasing the range of motion and improving scapular function. When an operative intervention is chosen, it is important to address microinstability in order to have a good outcome and prevent failure.
Searching for temporal patterns in the time series of publications of authors in a research specialty

In this paper we report results of our investigation of temporal patterns in the publication activity of authors in a research specialty. We base our analysis on Web of Science data for a field in the physical and chemical sciences from 1991-2012. We determine the research groups in the field by clustering the co-author network and generate our sample for this analysis by selecting the most productive author of each co-author cluster to represent the activity of that group. Whereas a statistical time series analysis did not reveal any specific patterns, a time series clustering approach generated a grouping of time series that correlates with the structural network position (‘node role') of the respective authors in the clustered co-author network. This work is part of a long-term research project employing a mix of qualitative and network analytic methods to investigate field-specific differences in collaborative patterns.
The Doctor-Caregiver Relationship: Managing the Care of Family Members with Alzheimer's Disease

When patients cannot manage their medical affairs, a doctor-caregiver relationship emerges. We used focus groups to investigate this relationship in two studies with caregivers for a spouse or parent with cognitive impairments. Qualitative content analyses showed that negative mentions of doctors predominated over positive mentions, especially in discussions of community doctors rather than specialists. Caregivers were generally negative in their mentions of doctors' attitudes, and of medical and nonmedical advice. The data also pointed to the importance of cognitive impairment as a specific condition and the necessity of seeing the doctor-caregiver relationship as extending beyond face-to-face medical encounters.
A CONTRIBUTION TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF PATHOGENESIS OF SKELETAL TUBERCULOSIS

The parallelism between the frequency with which certain skeletal regions are involved in tuberculosis and the abundance of their blood supply supports greatly the embolic theory of the pathogenesis of bone tuberculosis. The vascularization of the costal cartilages proves that tuberculous foci in these regions are often of primary and not secondary nature. The anatomic, as well as clinical facts, are in perfect accord with the embolic theory. They speak against the criticism of this theory and against the suggested substitute theories.
Palliative und korrigierende Operationen komplexer kongenitaler Vitien

Auf dem Gebiet der Chirurgie angeborener Herzfehler zeichnet sich seit einigen Jahren eine faszinierende Entwicklung ab von einfachen Pallatiativeingriffen zu hochkomplizierten Korrekturoperationen. Die erste Kinderherzoperation erfolgte 1944 — die palliative Anlage eines systempulmonalen Shunts (2). Die erste offene Korrekturoperation eines Herzfehlers war erst 1953 moglich (11) — der Verschlus eines Vorhofseptumdefektes. Heute, knapp 40 Jahre spater sind komplizierte Korrekturoperationen komplexer Vitien in der Neugeborenenperiode Standardeingriffe herzchirurgischer Kliniken geworden (6).
Personal reflections on a career of transitions.

When I first received Ezra Griffith's letter asking me to write a “very personalized” account of my decision to change my career, I was somewhat taken aback and reluctant to do it. After all, I reasoned, what did I have to say that others would find useful? Other than perhaps to my own family,
Tetradentate N2S2 Vanadyl(IV) Coordination Complexes: Synthesis, Characterization, and Reactivity Studies

The versatile N2S2 tetradentate ligands (bme-daco)2−, (bme-dach)2−, and (ema)4− are known to accommodate many divalent transition-metal ions (M = NiII, PdII, PtII, PbII, ZnII, CdII, CuII, and FeII) while maintaining reactivity at the S-thiolate sites of the respective N2S2M complexes. The vanadyl ion, of interest for its pharmacological possibilities and its spin-label reporter properties for bioinorganic studies, also shows an affinity for such mixed nitrogen/sulfur-donor environments. Thus, (V≡O)2+ analogues of a well-characterized series of N2S2Ni complexes have been prepared as mimics of possible N2S2(V≡O) formed from in vivo binding sites of the tripeptide motif, Cys−X−Cys. The nucleophilicity of the S-thiolate in these systems is explored with alkylating agents. IR [ν(VO)], electronic spectral, and electron paramagnetic resonance measurements are presented. X-ray diffraction studies of (bme-daco)(V≡O), (bme-dach)(V≡O), and [Et4N]2[(ema)(V≡O)] further characterize the vanadyl complexes. A comparison ...
The Briones Hills earthquake swarm of January 8, 1977, Contra Costa County, California

abstract Locations and magnitudes of a swarm of earthquakes in the hills east of San Francisco Bay have been estimated. The largest ( M L = 4.3 ± 0.13 S.E.M.) event had an origin time of 09 h 38 m 07.5 s ± 0.11 s , January 8, 1977 UTC, a latitude of 37°54.31′ ± 0.69′N and longitude 122°10.97′ ± 0.50′W and a focal depth of 9.5 ± 0.8 km. The P fault-plane solution for earthquakes in the swarm was consistent with right-lateral slip on a plane with strike N28°W and dip 65°SW. No surface rupture was observed; but the mechanism is consistent with present regional deformation. Displacement seismograms recorded at Berkeley show a close similarity of wave form but the P / S amplitude ratios for the foreshocks are systematically greater than for the main shock and subsequent events. The calculated relative seismic energy suggests a very limited region of successive slip surfaces.
An Adaptive Robust State Estimation Approach for Measurement Noise

To overcome the limitations of traditional state estimation in dealing with noise measurement,ageneral model of robust state estimation(RSE)is proposed based on maximum correntropy criterion(MCC),which is able to unify several existing RSE models in theory and derive new RSE models.An adaptive robust state estimator(ARSE)for measuring noise is proposed,which makes it possible to obtain the distribution type of noise measurement through statistical learning.Then the corresponding optimal RSE model is selected online to adapt to the variation of noise measuring distribution type.ARSE is able to yield optimal estimation results closer to the true values of the state variables for common noise measuring distribution types.Simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed ARSE.
Adversarial Learning with Bayesian Hierarchical Mixtures of Experts.

Many data mining applications operate in adversarial environment, for example, webpage ranking in the presence of web spam. A growing number of adversarial data mining techniques are recently developed, providing robust solutions under specific defense-attack models. Existing techniques are tied to distributional assumptions geared towards minimizing the undesirable impact of given attack models. However, the large variety of attack strategies renders the adversarial learning problem multimodal. Therefore, it calls for a more flexible modeling ideology for equivocal input. In this paper we present a Bayesian hierarchical mixtures of experts for adversarial learning. The technique groups data into soft partitions and fits simple function approximators, referred to as “experts”, within each. Experts are ranked using gating functions for each input. Ambiguous input is predicted competitively by multiple experts, while unambiguous input is effectively predicted by a single expert. Optimal attacks minimizing the likelihood of malicious data are modeled interactively at both expert and gating levels in the learning hierarchy. We demonstrate that our adversarial hierarchicalmixtures-of-experts learning model is robust against adversarial attacks on both artificial and real data.
Undergraduate Students’ Experiences with Complementary and Alternative Medicine

Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) has been found to be highly effective in treating common ailments of undergraduates. However, students may not benefit from CAM if they attend at university where CAM is not widely available. Recent research at such an institution discovered that student CAM use was lower than the national average and that increasing their CAM knowledge may also increase their CAM use. The current study attempted to determine how students' experiences and views on CAM affected their decision to use or not use CAM. Interviews were conducted during the spring 2015 semester with 5 students who were recruited during a previous study. Two sets of questions were developed for both CAM users and non-users asking students about their experiences with CAM. A thematic analysis was completed using NVivo. CAM users had more positive attitudes toward CAM while CAM non-users felt more neutral about CAM. Family history of CAM use was prevalent with CAM users while skepticism and lack of experience was common with CAM non-users. All participants indicated they lack knowledge about CAM and this acts as barrier to their CAM use. Many participants also claimed that increasing their CAM knowledge would increase their CAM use. The implications of these results are twofold. First, CAM nonusers have not used CAM because they have little exposure to CAM. Second, both CAM users and non-users lack CAM knowledge and increasing it would increase their CAM use. The student health center appeared to be a common place for participants to look for health information. To increase students' use of CAM, their exposure and knowledge about CAM should be increased, and the student health center may be utilized to do so. It is important to increase students' use of CAM because it can be beneficial to students' health and wellbeing. 1 Sanchez: Undergraduate Students’ Experiences with Complementary and Alternative Medicine Published by Scholarship & Creative Works @ Digital UNC, 2015
1983: The Adam Smith Address Conservatives, Economists, and Neckties

I am honored to be invited by the National Association of Business Economists to deliver the first Adam Smith Address. I hope that the series will be long and successful.
Scalable Fast Rank-1 Dictionary Learning for fMRI Big Data Analysis

It has been shown from various functional neuroimaging studies that sparsity-regularized dictionary learning could achieve superior performance in decomposing comprehensive and neuroscientifically meaningful functional networks from massive fMRI signals. However, the computational cost for solving the dictionary learning problem has been known to be very demanding, especially when dealing with large-scale data sets. Thus in this work, we propose a novel distributed rank-1 dictionary learning (D-r1DL) model and apply it for fMRI big data analysis. The model estimates one rank-1 basis vector with sparsity constraint on its loading coefficient from the input data at each learning step through alternating least squares updates. By iteratively learning the rank-1 basis and deflating the input data at each step, the model is then capable of decomposing the whole set of functional networks. We implement and parallelize the rank-1 dictionary learning algorithm using Spark engine and deployed the resilient distributed dataset (RDDs) abstracts for the data distribution and operations. Experimental results from applying the model on the Human Connectome Project (HCP) data show that the proposed D-r1DL model is efficient and scalable towards fMRI big data analytics, thus enabling data-driven neuroscientific discovery from massive fMRI big data in the future.
Oxygen availability and metabolic adaptations

The availability of oxygen and nutrients changes during tumour evolution, which can have an effect on gene expression and diverse metabolic reactions as cells try to adapt to the new environment. In this Review the authors summarize how these metabolic adaptations are integrated in hypoxic tumour cells and their role in disease progression. Oxygen availability, along with the abundance of nutrients (such as glucose, glutamine, lipids and albumin), fluctuates significantly during tumour evolution and the recruitment of blood vessels, leukocytes and reactive fibroblasts to complex tumour microenvironments. As such, hypoxia and concomitant nutrient scarcity affect large gene expression programmes, signalling pathways, diverse metabolic reactions and various stress responses. This Review summarizes our current understanding of how these adaptations are integrated in hypoxic tumour cells and their role in disease progression.
Lyapunov Stability Theory

Basic concepts for the Lyapunov stability are introduced. Conditions are obtained for the stability of linear equations with constant, periodic, and general variable coefficients. Linearization and Lyapunov functions are used to deal with nonlinear stability problems.
EXTENDED TROCHANTERIC OSTEOTOMY: COMPONENT RETRIEVAL AND REPAIR

Abstract The burden of revision total hip arthroplasty is increasing due to the rising incidence of total hip arthroplasty. Frequently, additional exposure is needed that is not required during the initial procedure in order to adequately visualize the components and to avoid iatrogenic bone loss or complications. Several osteotomies have been described in order to help achieve this goal; however, we advocate for the extended trochanteric osteotomy. This osteotomy allows for a safe, efficient, and accurate method for revision of cemented or cementless femoral components.
Eje temporal y estrategia discursiva en "los sonetos de la muerte"

En este trabajo se postula que los tres sonetos constituyen un discurso unitario en el que el momento de la enunciacion se mantiene constante. Se aislan, primeramente, analizando los sonetos uno tras otro, las principales instancias temporales que jalonan el eje temporal de la anecdota narrada en los sonetos. Se propone seguidamente una lectura en que la aparente declaracion de culpabilidad -la hablante lirica confiesa ser la autora del 'crimen' de amor que ocasiona la muerte del amado- debiera entenderse como un alegato de defensa encubierto. Tal lectura permite explicar por que ciertas instancias ocupan apenas una linea de todo el discurso, mientras otras se desarrollan a traves de casi todo un soneto. This paper suggests that the three sonnets constitute a unitary discourse in which the enunciating moment is maintained constant. Firstly each of the sonnets is separated by the main temporary instances which points out the temporal axis of the narrative anecdote in the sonnets. Following this analysis it is proposed a reading in which the apparent guilty declaration -the liric speaker confesses to be the love crime author should be understood as an uncovered defense. Such reading allows to explain why some of the temporary instances occupies just a few lines while others go through the whole sonnet.
SH wave propagation by discrete wavenumber boundary integral modeling in transversely isotropic medium

Abstract An extension of the boundary integral method for SH waves is given for transversely isotropic media. The accuracy of the method is demonstrated for a simple flat interface problem by comparison to the Cagniard-de Hoop solution. The method is further demonstrated for a case with interface topography for both surface and vertical seismic profiles. The new method is found to be both accurate and effective.
Role of Family Stressors on Rural Low-Income Children’s Behaviors

Exposure to multiple stressors and lack of access to resources place rural children at high risk for adverse consequences. Family Stress Model guided this study to examine relations between two stressors- food insecurity and maternal depressive symptoms, and behavior problems among younger and older rural children. To test associations between food insecurity, maternal depressive symptoms, and behavior problems among younger and older rural low-income children. Cross-sectional data from 370 low-income rural families across 13 states was analyzed using structural equation modeling and multiple group analyses. Mothers’ education level, household income, marital/partner status, and participation in SNAP served as covariates. Among younger children, maternal depressive symptoms partially mediated the relation between food insecurity and child externalizing behaviors, while among older children, maternal depressive symptoms completely mediated the relation between food insecurity and child internalizing and externalizing behaviors. Stress manifested directly from, or indirectly through, maternal depressive symptoms and from food insecurity was related to behavior problems among younger and older rural children; however, the relations varied by age of children. Programs and policies that prevent or lessen both food insecurity and maternal depression may help to lessen problem behaviors among on rural children. Longitudinal studies are needed to rigorously examine causation and directionality among food insecurity, maternal depression and rural child behavior problems, while accounting for influences of child, caregiver and family characteristics.
Self-Assessment of Skills and Competencies among Residents Participating in a Pediatric Hospice and Palliative Medicine Elective Rotation.

Abstract Objective: To describe our institutional experience with a four-week pediatric HPM elective rotation and its impact on residents' self-rated competencies. Background: In the spirit of bols...
Surgical Management of Chordomas and Chondrosarcomas of the Cervical Spine

Abstract The anatomic location and clinical behavior of chordomas and chondrosarcomas of the spine present unique challenges that require appropriate and thoughtfully planned surgical resection. These lesions generally affect adults and are unfortunately relatively resistant to chemotherapy or radiation therapy alone. The surgical approach to tumors affecting the cervical spine begins with resection of posterior elements, pediculectomy, and vertebral artery sacrifice, followed by parasagittal osteotomy for en bloc removal of the involved vertebral bodies and tumor. Reconstruction involves posterior pedicle or lateral mass screw-rod constructs with anterior cage-plate fixation. In a systematic review of en bloc resection of primary cervical spine tumors, disease-free survival rates at 1 and 5 years were 88% and 73%, respectively. Caution should be used when applying these aggressive surgical approaches in elderly patients or those with multiple comorbidities. In certain cases, preoperative placement of tracheostomy and gastrostomy tubes should be considered.
Biological Approaches to the Aggressive CVM Lesion (Antiangiogenic Therapy)

While drug treatment has been used to treat infantile hemangiomas for decades, targeted treatment for vascular malformations is relatively new, based largely on better understanding of the molecular regulatory pathways that control angiogenesis (Blatt et al., Pharmacol Ther 139(3):327–333, 2013; Margolin et al., Semin Plast Surg 28(2):79–86, 2014). In a small number of cases, drugs that inhibit various aspects of angiogenesis have been used for arteriovenous malformation (AVM). Mammalian target of rapamycin (MTOR) inhibitors are used in patients with severely symptomatic venous and lymphatic malformations as well as patients with symptomatic hamartomas in phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) tumor hamartoma syndrome (Iacobas et al., Pediatr Blood Cancer 57(2):321–323, 2011).
Getting Performance from Performance Management: A Framework for Strategic Management Choices

The choices for optimal performance management depend upon the circumstances – there is no single ideal management approach. The principals have three basic tools available to encourage high perfor...
Compliance of Assemblage of Unlike Elastic Spheres

An investigation is made of the load-response behavior of a simple granular cell consisting of the following: two like elastic spheres separated at zero load by a ring of restrained smaller elastic spheres arranged about a loading axis passing through the centers of the primary spheres. The load-response relations may be elastic or inelastic depending on the radii ratio, elastic properties, and magnitude of radial restraint imposed on the smaller spheres. The compliance of the assemblage is found to be of the same order as for two large spheres only in contact. For small radii ratios, the response is inelastic, and the energy dissipated in friction between the surfaces of the unlike spheres is significant.
The Association of Proxy Care Engagement with Proxy Reports of Patient Experience and Quality of Life

Objective. To assess the association of proxy-specific covariates with proxy-reported patient cancer care experience, quality rating, and quality of life. Data Sources/Study Setting. Secondary analysis of data from the Cancer Care Outcomes Research and Surveillance (CanCORS) study. Study Design. Cross-sectional observational study. The respondents were proxies for patients with incident colorectal or lung cancer. Data Collection/Extraction Methods. Analyses used linear regression models and adjusted for patient sociodemographic and clinical characteristics. Outcomes included patients’ experiences with medical care, nursing care, and care coordination, overall quality ratings, and physical and mental health, all scored on 0–100 scales (0 = worst, 100 = best). Independent variables included the proxy’s relationship with the patient and engagement in patient care. Principal Findings. Of 1,011 proxies, most were the patient’s spouse (50 percent) or child (36 percent). Although most proxies (66 percent) always attended medical visits, 3 percent reported never attending. After adjustment, on average children reported worse experiences and poorer quality care than spouses (4–9 points lower across outcomes). Proxies who never attended medical visits reported significantly worse medical care (-11 points, 95 percent CI = -18 to -3) and care coordination (-13 points, 95 percent CI = -20 to -6). Conclusions . Collecting data on proxy engagement in care is warranted if proxy responses are used.
Why, When, and How Surgery of Epilepsy?

In the official Congress of the European Society for Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery it seems mandatory that at least one whole day be devoted to surgery of epilepsy.
Heuretics: theoretical and experimental study of heuristic rules

Builders of expert rule-based systems [Barr 81] [Feigenbaum 77] [Hayes-Roth et al. 82] attribute the impressive performance of their programs to the corpus of knowledge they embody: a large network of facts to provide breadth of scope, and a large array of informal judgmental rules (heuristics) which guide the system toward plausible paths to follow and away from implausible ones. Yet what is the nature of heuristics? What is the source of their power? How do they interrelate; i.e., how can/should a large corpus of heuristic rules be organized? How do heuristics originate and evolve? "Heuretics" is the study of heuristics, with an eye toward answering questions such as those. Two case studies, the AM and EURISKO programs, have led to some tentative Heuretics hypotheses, a dozen of which are presented in this paper. Our aim is to stimulate future research in this field.
FINITE ELEMENT APPLICATIONS IN MATHEMATICAL PHYSICS

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses finite element applications in mathematical physics. The objective is to show the relationship of the finite element method to a variety of classical methods of approximate analysis, to demonstrate techniques for formulating various types of finite element models of boundary and initial value problems, and then, to establish the generality and flexibility of the method, to discuss a broad range of problems in mathematical physics in which the method has been applied successfully. The finite-element method is a systematic technique for constructing the basis functions ωi(x) for Ritz–Galerkin approximations for irregular domains. Apart from a number of other advantages, the method overcomes all of the traditional disadvantages of Ritz–Galerkin procedures. The basis functions ωi(x) are generated in a straightforward and systematic manner, irregular domains and mixed boundary conditions are easily accommodated, the resulting equations describing the discrete model are generally well-conditioned, and the method is exceptionally well suited for implementation via electronic computers.
Evaluation of Aging Induced Microstructural Evolution in Lead Free Solders Using Scanning Probe Microscopy

The changes in solder mechanical behavior that occur during isothermal aging are a result of the evolution of the SAC solder microstructure. The most well-known and widely observed changes are coarsening of the Ag 3 Sn and Cu 6 Sn 5 intermetallic compounds (IMCs) present in the eutectic regions between beta-Sn dendrites. Some researchers have proposed empirical models to describe the growth of these secondary phase particles as a function of aging temperature and aging time, and related this growth to mechanical property changes. In most of the prior investigations, microstructural changes during aging have been observed by comparing two different solder joints subjected to different aging conditions. Thus, the comparisons made were qualitative in nature (e.g. average IMC particle size) since the two microstructures were from different samples and could not be directly compared. In the current work, we have developed new procedures to capture solder microstructure while the sample is being heated inside an oven (in-situ aging study). The heating stage and scanning probe microscopy (SPM) facility within a nanoindentation system were utilized to achieve the goal. The sample was kept within the nanoindentation system and exposed to a high temperature aging using the heating stage present in the instrument. In particular, aging was performed at T = 125 °C for up to 26 hours, and the topography of the microstructure of a fixed region (10 × 10 microns) was continuously scanned using the SPM system and recorded after one hour time intervals. This process generated several images of the microstructure as the aging progressed. When placed together sequentially, these images have been used as frames to create an experimentally recorded movie of the microstructural evolution in SAC solder joints exposed to aging. Image analysis software was utilized to quantify microstructural changes (total area, number and average diameter of IMC particles, etc.) with respect to aging time.
Size reduction/liberation model of grinding including multiple classes of composite particles

A model describing size reduction and mineral liberation during grinding has been extended to include multiple classes of composite particles. The majority of the model parameters have been directly determined using computerized image processing equipment to analyze the products from batch grinding tests. A coarse-grained sphalerite ore from Tennessee, representing a nearly ideal binary mixture of sphalerite and dolomite, has been used to experimentally validate the model for the case of dry batch grinding. In all cases, excellent agreement has been observed between the model predictions and the experimental results.
Discrete Element Modeling (DEM) Parametric Study of Feeder Unit in Continuous Pharmaceutical Industry

Abstract In order to improve predictability and control for Continuous Pharmaceutical manufacturing (CM) unit operations, the powder material properties need to be considered in relation to the process parameters. In this article, the authors aim to explore this relation in detail for the feeder unit using discrete element methodology (DEM) where 8 different DEM material properties are studied for their effects on feeder behavior. Definitive Screening Design (DSD) is selected for design of experiments (DOE) to ensure estimation of main and interaction effects while maintaining low number of runs, given the high computational cost for DEM simulations. The important main effects and their interactions as well as a response surface model for the feeder unit can be evaluated leading to an overall relation between DEM material properties and feeder model parameters. The results provide detailed insights into the effects of material properties in feeder unit operation and help improve the predictability of the continuous manufacturing line.
Mixture Energy Balances

The total energy of a fluid parcel is comprised of the (a) potential energy due to an external, universal, or species-specific body force field, (b) kinetic energy due to the motion of the fluid, and (c) internal energy defined in the framework of thermodynamics, as discussed in Appendix B.
Sagittal Pelvic Kinematics in Hip Arthroplasty

The orientation of the spine relative to the pelvis—particularly that in the sagittal plane—has been shown in both kinematic and radiographic studies to be paramount in governance of acetabular alignment during normal bodily motion. The purpose of this review is to better understand the challenges faced by arthroplasty surgeons in treating patients that have concurrent lumbar disease and are therefore more likely to have poorer clinical outcomes after THA than in patients without disease. The concept of an “acetabular safe zone” has been well described in the past regarding the appropriate orientation of acetabular component in THA. However, this concept is now under scrutiny, and rising forth is a concept of functional acetabular orientation that is based on clinically evaluable factors that are patient and motion specific. The interplay between the functional position of the acetabulum and the lumbar spine is complex. The challenges that are thereby faced by arthroplasty surgeons in terms of proper acetabular cup positioning when treating patients with concomitant lumbar disease need to be better understood and studied, so as to prevent catastrophic and costly complications such as periprosthetic joint dislocations and revision surgeries.
Psychological assessment and motivational interviewing of patients seeking bariatric and metabolic endoscopic therapies

Abstract Many individuals seeking bariatric surgery present with problematic eating behaviors, psychological factors or psychiatric co-morbidities that can adversely affect outcomes. The entire health care team can utilize Motivational Interviewing skills to enhance the patient's motivational level and confidence for having a healthy lifestyle. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to highlight 4 domains of functioning that are important to assess and evaluate: Eating Behaviors (binge eating disorder, food addiction, and night eating syndrome) Mood disorders (depression and anxiety), Addictive Behaviors (alcohol, cannabis, opioid, and behavioral), and motivational level for healthy eating and physical activity. This review is not meant to be all encompassing or a comprehensive review of the literature, as other psychological and psychiatric factors such as limited cognitive functioning, history of being the victim of abuse, positive aspects of being overweight, post-traumatic stress disorder, or lack of social support, are a few specific examples of other psychosocial domains that are also important to assess and evaluate in patients seeking to have weight loss surgery. Rather, these 4 domains were selected to highlight the importance of conducting a comprehensive psychiatric or psychological evaluation in patients seeking to have weight loss surgery and to provide ongoing mental health support and counseling for positive lifestyle changes.
Laboratory Method to Assess Efficacy of Dust Suppressants for Dirt and Gravel Roads

Particulate matter (PM) generated from dirt and gravel roads is a concern for both human and environmental health. To help reduce the amount of PM generated, many states allow the use of water copr...
Academic Technologies for College Students With Intellectual Disability.

Institutes of higher education have encountered an increase in enrollment of students with intellectual disability (ID). This increase is due, in part, to societal movements (e.g., inclusive participation in life activities) and federal legislation. There are potential benefits to both individuals with ID and society when students within this population complete college (e.g., earn certificates, a collection of completed courses and experiences, increased future employment opportunities). Nevertheless, there are barriers to college that students with ID need to overcome to have successful experiences, particularly in their academic or functional academic courses. This paper presents numerous instructional technologies grounded in behavior analytic strategies and Universal Design for Learning (UDL) that university faculty might implement in their courses and/or recommend to their students for studying to facilitate the learning of college students with ID and their classmates.
Global optimization of nonconvex problems with differential-algebraic constraints

Differential-algebraic systems of constraints, in particular, initial value ordinary differential equations, appear in numerous optimization problems in the chemical engineering field. A difficulty in the solution of this formulation which has not been throughly addressed, is the problem of multiple local minima. In this paper, a novel deterministic global optimization method using a sequential approach will be presented.
The emergence of squamates as model systems for integrative biology.

Most of the major vertebrate clades have representative model species with vast molecular and laboratory resources. Evolutionary developmental biology (evo-devo) has progressed on the backs of these model systems using their tools for comparative studies among relatively closely related species. Despite a rich history of ecological, behavioral, physiological, and evolutionary study of squamates (lizards and snakes; Sites et al. 2011), this group has yet to realize a well-developedmodel species. The details of squamate development and the unique qualities of squamate genomes have been largely unexplored. With the advent of more accessible molecular tools, the lower costs of sequencing, and the publication of the genomes of the green anole (Anolis carolinensis) and Burmese python (Python molurus bivittatus), this is changing rapidly (Alfoldi et al. 2011; Castoe et al. 2011). One of the hallmark objectives of evo-devo is to understand the developmental and molecular bases of morphological diversity. The goal of this article is to introduce some of the key features of squamate diversity, highlight some of the recent advances in squamate development, and outline ongoing efforts to developAnolis lizards as amodel clade for integrative research.
On the validity of dwba for deuteron stripping: (I). The Mitra three-body model

Abstract Previous work showing that there exists an exact formulation of the DWBA for stripping in the S-wave, separable potential, three-body model of Mitra is discussed and extended. The one-body equation obeyed by the c.m. wave function used in the reformulated DWBA is derived and compared with the equation obeyed by the wave function used in the standard formulation of DWBA, viz ., the deuteron elastic scattering wave function. Results obtained by other workers on application of three-body methods to direct reactions are discussed in light of the fact that an exact DWBA exists for the separable potential model.
Bibliography of Editions and Translations in progress of Medieval Texts

SINCE its appearance last January, the Bibliography of Editions and Translations in Progress has shown signs of growth. Scholars from countries not represented in the last issue have now submitted entries, giving the list a more pronounced international character, while at the same time scholars at work on Arabic texts have contributed more actively. Requests for offprints indicate that a need has been met. For the future, all projects will be listed yearly until they are designated as completed or lapsed. However, first entries alone will carry the full information on a project; all subsequent entries, appearing in abbreviated form, will carry only the project title, information on progress made, and the year the first entry appeared. Scholars wishing to have their text work listed should write for a questionnaire to the Medieval Text Association, Baruch College of City University of New York, 17 Lexington Avenue, New York, N. Y. 10010. Those wishing offprints should submit their requests to the same address and enclose one dollar, which will be put toward the work of the Association. Louis L. GIOIA Baruch College
Precision optical frequency measurements and coherent spectroscopy with a single trapped ion standard

A single ion, trapped, laser cooled and probed on an ultra- narrow transition, provides what is widely considered the best approximation to an ideal, isolated optical frequency reference. Our group has been actively studying the 445-THz (674 nm), 5s2S1/2-4d2D5/2 transition in 88Sr+. Individual Zeeman component linewidths of 250 Hz were observed and a probe laser system was locked to the center frequency of the Zeeman spectrum. A cesium-based frequency chain was used to measure the center frequency of the 88Sr+ S-D spectrum to an accuracy of 200 Hz. Under our current experimental conditions, the magnitudes of the systematic shifts in the linecenter position are estimated to be less than 1 part in 1015. As part of our efforts in improving the trapped ion standard, we have studied the coherent excitation of a single ion via Rabi pulse and Ramsey fringe interrogation. Initial results yielding Ramsey fringe widths down to 840 Hz were obtained, and some decoherence and motional properties of the ion system were investigated. The Sr+ standard was applied recently to the well-known He- Ne/I2 standard at 633 nm. This measurement provided an accuracy comparison between a traditional frequency chain and a femtosecond laser frequency comb. In addition, after several months and transportation over a significant portion of the globe, 88Sr+ calibrated 633 nm lasers from NRC and BIPM have shown agreement to 1 kHz in their originally determined absolute optical frequencies. The results of these intercomparisons point to potential worldwide accuracy improvement of working 633 nm radiation standards.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Placement of baclofen pumps through the foramen magnum and upper cervical spine.

Introduction The baclofen pump has been utilized in children with refractory spasticity. However, in children with prior lumbar fusion, the implantation of such a device is difficult and fraught with complications. As an alternative to placing the pump catheter through the lumbar spine, we report our experience with placement of the catheter in the spinal canal via a cervical approach through the foramen magnum.
Accuracy of optic nerve sheath diameter measurement by emergency physicians using bedside ultrasound.

Abstract Background Ultrasound (US) measurement of the optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) has been utilized as an indirect assessment of intracranial pressure. It is usually performed by trained ultrasonographers. Objectives To evaluate whether or not emergency physicians (EP) are capable of measuring the ONSD accurately by US. Materials and Methods A retrospective measurement of ONSD was conducted on computed tomography (CT) scans of the head or facial bones. These patients had undergone ocular US performed by EPs prior to CT scanning. The CT scan measurements of ONSD read by a board-certified radiologist were compared with that of the US read by a registered diagnostic medical sonographer. A difference in measurements of the ONSD ≥ 0.5 mm between the two modalities was considered as significant for this study. Results The ONSD measurements were performed with CT scan and compared to that of the US. Of the 61 patients studied, 36 (59%) were male and 25 (41%) were female. The average age was 56 ± 17 years. All but 3 patients had ONSD measurements that were between 5 and 6 mm. Discrepancy in measurements of the ONSD between US and CT for both groups fell within our predetermined value (0.5 mm) for the majority of cases. None of the measurements were above 6 mm. The intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.9 (95% confidence interval 0.8846–0.9303). Conclusion Emergency physicians were capable of accurately measuring the ONSD using bedside US. Prospective studies with a larger sample size are recommended to validate these findings.
Depth-resolved imaging of capillary networks in retina and choroid using ultrahigh sensitive optical microangiography

We demonstrate the depth-resolved and detailed ocular perfusion maps within retina and choroid can be obtained from an ultrahigh sensitive optical microangiography (OMAG). As opposed to the conventional OMAG, we apply the OMAG algorithm along the slow scanning axis to achieve the ultrahigh sensitive imaging to the slow flows within capillaries. We use an 840 nm system operating at an imaging rate of 400 frames∕s that requires 3 s to complete one 3D scan of ∼3×3 mm2 area on retina. We show the superior imaging performance of OMAG to provide functional images of capillary level microcirculation at different land-marked depths within retina and choroid that correlate well with the standard retinal pathology.