cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Increasing Short- and Long-Term Buprenorphine Treatment Capacity: Providing Waiver Training for Medical Students.

In the face of an ongoing opioid crisis in the United States, persistent treatment gaps exist for vulnerable populations. Among the 3 Food and Drug Administration-approved medications used to treat opioid use disorder, many patients prefer buprenorphine. But physicians are currently required to register with the Drug Enforcement Administration and complete 8 hours of qualifying training before they can receive a waiver to prescribe buprenorphine to their patients. In this article, the authors summarize the evolution of buprenorphine waiver training in undergraduate medical education and outline 2 potential paths to increase buprenorphine treatment capacity going forward: the curriculum change approach and the training module approach. As part of the 2018 Substance Use-Disorder Prevention that Promotes Opioid Recovery and Treatment for Patients and Communities Act, the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration has provided funding for medical schools to adapt their curricula to meet waiver-training requirements. To date, however, only one school has had its curriculum approved for this purpose. Additionally, recent political efforts have been directed at eliminating aspects of the waiver training requirement and creating a more direct path to integrating waiver qualification into undergraduate medical education. Other medical schools have adopted a more pragmatic approach involving the integration of existing online, in-person, and hybrid waiver-qualifying training modules into the curricula, generally for fourth-year students. This training module approach can be more rapidly, broadly, and cost-effectively implemented than the curriculum change approach. It can also be easily integrated into the online medical curricula that schools developed in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Ultimately both curricular changes and support for student completion of existing training modules should be pursued in concert, but focus should not be single-mindedly on the former at the expense of the latter.
COMSOL modelling of HASEL actuators and their applications in robotic systems

Current and prominent actuation systems used today are limited due to a number of factors including a lack of mechanical flexibility, large system mechanisms, and the inability to integrate safely with biological systems. However, in the novel field of soft robotics, there is a unique liquid-based electroactive polymer actuator (EAP actuator) called the HASEL actuator, that can satisfy these limitations. The HASEL actuator is a versatile actuator, utilizing compliant materials in conjunction with the principles of electrostatic and hydraulic actuation. This study aims to build a model to better understand the system and further explore the versatility of the actuator in practical applications.
ExternalValidation of Therapy Response Interpretation Criteria (Hopkins Criteria) withinter-reader reliability, accuracy and Progression free survival outcomes.

2715a Objectives Reliable assessment of PET/CT post-therapy involves reproducible and systematic reporting. A recently introduced response criteria (Hopkins Criteria) has demonstrated promising results in the assessment of head and neck cancer (1). In this study our aim is to re-validate the Hopkins interpretation system, using an external head and neck cancer patients, to assess therapy response and progression free survival in head and neck squamous cell cancer patients (HNSCC). Methods The study included 69 biopsy proven HNSCC patients who underwent post-therapy PET/CT between 5-24 weeks after completion of therapy. PET/CT images were interpreted by one nuclear medicine physician and one nuclear radiologist independently. The studies scored according to Hopkins Criteria for overall, right neck, left neck, and primary tumor site assessment. Scores 1, 2, 3 were considered as negative and scores 4 and 5 were considered as positive for tumor. Inter-reader variability was assessed using percent agreement and Kappa statistics. Progression-free survival (PFS) was analyzed by Kaplan-Meier plots. Results Of the 69 patients in the study, 59 (85.5%) were male, 10 (14.5%) were female. Mean age was 62.8 years. There was 91.3%, 97.6%, 97.6%, 91.3% agreement between the readers for overall, right neck, left neck, and primary tumor site response scores, respectively. The corresponding k coefficients were, 0.57, 0.84, 0.78, 0.65 for overall, right neck, left neck, and primary tumor site, respectively. Cox multivariate regression analysis showed positive primary tumor site scores and overall scores were associated with a higher risk of progression (p Conclusions External validation of Hopkins Criteria shows excellent inter-reader agreement and prediction of PFS in HNSCC patients.
Book Review of The Early Advantage: Early Childhood Systems That Lead by Example by Sharon Lynn Kagan (Ed.)

This review critiques Sharon Lynn Kagan’s The Early Advantage: Early Childhood Systems That Lead by Example (2018). Kagan posits that early childhood education and care (ECEC) systems throughout the world are complex and fragmented. Burgeoning neuroscientific research and shifting political ideologies acknowledge the economic and social value of investing in ECEC and beg re-examination of outdated narratives (Kagan 2018). Responding with a timely analysis, The Early Advantage details the results of a comparative international research project designed to analyze six strategically chosen jurisdictions with successful ECEC systems. A thorough account of each country’s structural, fiscal, and ideological components provides context for systemic challenges and triumphs. Kagan’s concluding synthesis connects ideas for the reader and reveals emerging narratives to guide ECEC leaders in moulding high-quality delivery systems that are equitable, efficient, and context specific.
A search for common ground: conversations about the toughest questions in K-12 education: by Frederick Hess and P. Noguera, New York, NY, Teachers College Press, 2021, 180 pp., $24.95 (paperback), ISBN- 9780807765166

A Search for Common Ground: Conversations About the Toughest Questions in K-12 Education (2021) is a timely and meticulous text written by Dr. Hess, the director of Education Policy Studies at Amer...
Patterns of pulmonary infection on CT and PET/CT

1204 Aim: Patterns of pulmonary infection on CT and PET/CT Objectives: Infectious and inflammatory conditions are the major cause of false-positive results in oncologic PET/CT scan of the thorax .Since PET has high sensitivity and low specificity in diagnosis of pulmonary infections correlation with morphological changes on CT scan will increase specificity and diagnostic accuracy. Methods: This exhibit aims to illustrate morphological patterns of pulmonary infections on CT and PET/CT, illustrate imaging signs of infection such as silhouette sign, tree-in-bud sign, halo sign, reverse halo sign and discuss underlying anatomic and pathophysiologic basis. Conclusions: Knowledge of the morphological appearances and classic imaging signs of pulmonary infections on CT scan will aid the Nuclear Medicine physician in differentiating infectious from malignant lesions on oncologic PET/CT scans.
Water-conserving landscapes: an evaluation of homeowner preference.

Landscape preferences were assessed for three identically designed XeriscapesTM, differing only in the plant material, under both well-watered and drought conditions. The classes of plant material included traditional (high water use), intermediate (moderate water use), and native/adapted plant species of the Intermountain West (low water use). Landscapes were subjected to a 5-week dry-down period. Under drought conditions, respondents preferred drought/adapted and intermediate landscapes to traditional landscapes. A focus on XeriscapeTM education, practices, and visual exposure may result in greater adoption of XeriscapeTM practices by homeowners and may also result in significant residential water savings.
MATING-TYPE MUTATIONS IN SCHIZOSACCHAROMYCES POMBE: ISOLATION OF MUTANTS AND ANALYSIS OF STRAINS WITH AN h- or h+ PHENOTYPE

Mutants defective in various steps of the sexual cycle have been isolated from homothallic strains of Schizosaccharomyces pombe by Bresch, Muller and Egel (1968). These mutants include heterothallic h(+) and h(-) strains. We have isolated additional h(+) and h(- ) mutants from homothallic strains. Those mutants which are due to mutations in the mating-type region were analyzed in detail. Our results show that the mating-type gene mat2 not only has a function in copulation and meiosis, but that it also regulates the formation of the map1 gene product (map1 is a mating-type auxiliary gene). Some of the h( -) mutants have lost only one of the three functions while others are defective in at least two, and perhaps all three, functions. Further, we show that the mat1(-) allele of h(90) strains can mutate to mat1(+) but that mutations in mat2 appear to affect the mutational behavior of mat1. Finally, we describe a new inactive mating-type allele, mat2*, which is different from mat2(0) in that it can mutate to mat2(+).
Apparent Diffusion Coefficient and Beyond: What Diffusion MR Imaging Can Tell Us about Tissue Structure

Although apparent diffusion coefficient remains a valid and useful clinical marker, it is clear that more advanced processing of diffusion MR imaging data is necessary if one wants, someday, diffusion MR imaging to become a “virtual biopsy” tool.
Prevention of tuberculosis infection and Disease

Summary It should be obvious that the control of tuberculosis, for a community and individuals, depends on close cooperation between the clinician and the local health department. It is critical that clinicians report suspected cases of tuberculosis to the health department as soon as possible. The clinician always should feel free to contact the local health department about special issues involving tuberculosis exposure, infection, or Disease in a child. Not every clinical situation can be anticipated by normal guidelines, and, in some cases, an unusual intervention may be warranted. Much of the focus on tuberculin skin testing now is placed on identification of risk factors for a child being in a group with a high prevalence of tuberculosis infection. Although some risk factors may apply across the country, the local health department must identify those factors that are germane to its area. Clinicians and their organizations must work closely with local health departments to establish which children should be tested and which should not. Health departments should advise school districts whether any type of school-based skin testing is appropriate and what nature it should take. Obviously, social and political problems can occur when selective testing is suggested. What is correct from the public health point of view may not be easy to translate into a workable and generally acceptable policy. Local clinicians can be extremely helpful to health departments in advancing prudent and reasonable tuberculosis control policies, particularly when other government or public agencies are involved.
Fractional dynamics of tethered particles in oscillatory Stokes flows

A mechanistic model for the low-Reynolds-, high-Strouhal-number behaviour of a system consisting of a spherical particle attached to an inelastic tether under uniform sinusoidal cross-flow is presented. Unsteady history drag and virtual mass effects are considered for both the sphere and the tether. The mechanics of the problem is such that the resulting coupled fractional differential equations are linear and solvable analytically. The stationary solutions obtained in this work show that there are limiting dimensions for the length and thickness of the tether when compared to the radius of the particle that allow for the motion of the particle–tether system to simulate the motion of a free particle. These conditions exist for the range of small oscillation amplitudes that are required for keeping the particle Reynolds number smaller than unity while oscillating the particle–tether system at high frequencies (Strouhal numbers larger than unity). The fractional order model for the particle–tether system is compared against detailed experimental results for tethered particles for a wide range of experimental frequencies, including the low-frequency range where tether effects are measurable.
SENSING IN THE NANO-ENVIRONMENT BASED ON HIGH ORDER HARMONIC MODES OF FLEXIBLE ARM

Abstract An Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) explores the topography of a sample surface using a micro-sized flexible cantilever, which works as a flexible robot arm. The flexible cantilever is controlled to keep vibrating when an AFM works in the tapping mode. The cantilever is modeled as a flexible beam instead of a point mass system in this paper. The nonlinear interaction force between the tip and sample surface is also modeled. A simulation environment is developed to simulate the dynamics of cantilevers using the flexible beam model. Simulation results confirm that the flexible beam model can represent the system more accurately than the point-mass model. It has been shown that lower modes are more sensitive to changes of surface topography or surface materials when the cantilever is driven to vibrate at a higher harmonic mode. At the same time, this simulation environment also provides a more accurate way to validate the design of a new AFM probe and AFM controller than simulation packages which use the point-mass model.
Stand Development and Tree Growth Response to Sugar Pine Mortality in Sierran Mixed-Conifer Forests

Abstract Sugar pine (Pinus lambertiana) is a major component of the mixed-conifer forests found in the Sierra Nevada Mountains of California, USA. In the past several decades, sugar pine mortality has increased due to an introduced pathogen, white pine blister rust (caused by Cronartium ribicola). This study described stand development patterns in the mixed-conifer forests and quantified stand and tree growth response to the loss of sugar pine. Stratification patterns tended to follow patterns of shade tolerance with the more shade tolerant species found in lower canopy positions. Growth response was analyzed following the initial entry of blister rust and after more recent sugar pine mortality. Following the initial wave of mortality induced by blister rust, overstory trees and most individual species increased overall basal area growth. Although most species also responded to recent sugar pine mortality (occurring within the past ten years) by increasing basal area growth, the increase was only signific...
Magnetic and bathymetric evidence for the “Yermak hot spot” northwest of Svalbard in the Arctic Basin

Detailed aeromagnetic data and several new bathymetric profiles collected in the Eurasia Basin off northern Greenland and Svalbard provide evidence for a “Yermak hot spot” which has affected the basement morphology of an ∼200-km-long segment of the Nansen spreading axis since rifting began here about 60 m.y. B.P. Paired aseismic basement ridges (the Morris Jesup Rise and Yermak Plateau) associated with high-amplitude (500 to over 2000 nT, where 1 nT= 1 gamma) complex, sublinear magnetic anomalies were formed at the spreading axis beginning in the lower Tertiary and ending abruptly at anomaly 12–13 time. During maximum hot spot activity (anomaly 13–18 time) the Yermak/Morris Jesup Plateau was apparently a single, Iceland-like volcanic massif emergent above sea level. The flat-topped plateaus subsided to their present ∼1–2 km depth along the standard oceanic crust subsidence curve. From anomaly 12 to 5 time (∼35to10 m.y. B.P.) the Yermak hot spot appears to have been very subdued or dormant in its influence on the ocean crust. Beginning about anomaly 5 time, relatively higher amplitudes began to develop along the same section of spreading axis that had earlier generated the Yermak and Morris Jesup rises. This “Yermak H-zone” has expanded northeastward at about 1 cm/yr, presumably due to the flow of plume-derived mantle material below the spreading axis. The zone is presently over 200 km long (anomaly 1) and the central anomaly locally exceeds 1000 nT in amplitude. At its southwestern end the H-zone appears sharply terminated at the Yermak fracture zone, perhaps because the subaxial flow is dammed there. Although no aseismic ridge is presently being generated by the hot spot, the rift valley floor and rift mountains are relatively shallower (∼4 km and ∼2 km depths) than along the Nansen Ridge to the northeast, where the valley floor locally descends below 5 km depths. Along this “normal” segment of the Nansen Ridge, dramatic along-strike amplitude variations (∼50–500 nT; 50–100 km wavelength) correlate with rift valley depth (3.7–5.3 km), possibly a manifestation of varying basalt productivity associated with the slow spreading (0.5–0.7 cm/yr). The Yermak H-zone has not been sampled, but analogy with similar regions along the Galapagos and Juan de Fuca spreading axes suggest the high amplitudes are caused by exceptionally fractionated, FeTi-enriched basalts of high remanence. Other possible manifestations of the Yermak hot spot include the early Tertiary Kap Washington Group volcanics in northeast Peary Land, Miocene basalts and Paleocene ash horizons on Svalbard, and the generally higher elevation of continental land masses in the area.
Ultraviolet line diagnostics of accretion disk winds in cataclysmic variables

The IUE data base is used to analyze the UV line shapes of the cataclysmic variables RW Sex, RW Tri, and V Sge. Observed lines are compared to synthetic line profiles computed using a model of rotating biconical winds from accretion disks. The wind model calculates the wind ionization structure self-consistently including photoionization from the disk and boundary layer and treats 3D line radiation transfer in the Sobolev approximation. It is found that winds from accretion disks provide a good fit for reasonable parameters to the observed UV lines which include the P Cygni profiles for low-inclination systems and pure emission at large inclination. Disk winds are preferable to spherical winds which originate on the white dwarf because they: (1) require a much lower ratio of mass-loss rate to accretion rate and are therefore more plausible energetically; (2) provide a natural source for a biconical distribution of mass outflow which produces strong scattering far above the disk leading to P Cygni profiles for low-inclination systems and pure line emission profiles at high inclination with the absence of eclipses in UV lines; and (3) produce rotation-broadened pure emission lines at high inclination.
A Generalized Model for Swelling-Controlled Release Systems

A generalized model has been developed for simultaneous transport of an active agent and an organic penetrant in a planar glassy polymer matrix. The active agent diffuses out of the matrix undergoing macromolecular chain relaxation and volume expansion due to absorption of the organic penetrant from the environment into the matrix. The swelling behavior of the polymer is characterized by a stress-induced drift velocity term "v" corresponding to the so-called case-II velocity. The change of volume due to the relaxation phenomenon is assumed instantaneous. The model incorporates convective transport of the two species induced by volume expansion and by stress gradient. The proposed phenomenological model reduces to a number of special cases depending on polymer-penetrant system behavior.
Serotonin promotes region-specific glial influences on cultured serotonin and dopamine neurons.

To test the hypothesis that glia mediate interactions between embryonic serotonergic (5-HT) neurons and dopamine neurons, we studied the effects of 5-HT in co-cultures of E14 raphe neurons of mesencephalic dopamine neurons and radial glia/astrocytes derived from the same (homotypic) or opposite (heterotypic) brain region using a dose (10−5 M) that would produce 5-HT uptake into glial cells as well as activate 5-HT receptors. Morphometric analysis of 5-HT and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunoreactive neurons revealed regilonal differences in the effects of 5-HT (and nialamide) on survival, cell soma size, and dendrite-like neurite outgrowth in neuronal-glial co-cultures. In general, 5-HT had more significant effects on both types of monoamine neuron when they were cultured with mesencephalic glia (GSN). Stimulatory effects of 5-HT on growth of TH neurons in GSN cultures suggest that developing raphe axons, which reach the mesencephalon during the early differentiation of these neurons, may enhance the influence of local glial-derived trophic factors. Likewise, the promotion of 5-HT neuronal survival in these cultures suggests that glial factors in the mesencephalon may contribute to the support of 5-HT neurons in addition to the influences of raphe glia. The inhibitory effects of 5-HT on neurite outgrowth by raphe neurons in GSN co-cultures indicates enhanced sensitivity of these neurons to the inhibitory effects of 5-HT in the presence of mesencephalic glia. The region-specific effects of 5-HT and nialamide in glial co-cultures suggest that raphe and mesencephalic glia may express different capacities for 5-HT uptake, receptors, and/or monoamine oxidase (MAO) activities. These characteristics could be important for the specificity of growth-regulatory influences of glial cells on the development of brain monoamine neurons. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Performance of Bermudagrass and Stargrass under Irrigated Subtropical Conditions

(...) A 2-yr field study (1984-1985) was conducted in the Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas (26 o N latitude), in which selected, commercially available Cynodon cultivars («Brazos», «Coastal», «NK37», «Tifton 44», «Tifton 68», plus a local ecotype, «Star») were evaluated. Irrigation (4 in.) and fertilizer (75 lb N/acre) were applied every 42 d and forage harvested at either 21- or 42-d intervals throughout the study. Mean forage production averaged 11230 and 8611 lb/acre in 1984 and 1985 respectively, with the 42-d harvest frequency producing 38% more herbage than the plots cut at 21-d intervals (11258 and 8599 lb/acre, respectively)
Running wheel exercise enhances recovery from nigrostriatal dopamine injury without inducing neuroprotection

Forced use of the forelimb contralateral to a unilateral injection of the dopaminergic neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine can promote recovery of motor function in that limb and can significantly decrease damage to dopamine terminals. The present study was conducted to determine (1) whether a form of voluntary exercise, wheel running, would improve motor performance in rats with such lesions, and (2) whether any beneficial effects of wheel running are attributable to ameliorating the dopaminergic damage. In experiment 1, rats were allowed to run in exercise wheels or kept in home cages for 2 1/2 weeks, then given stereotaxic infusions of 6-hydroxydopamine into the left striatum. The rats were replaced into their original environments (wheels or home cages) for four additional weeks, and asymmetries in forelimb use were quantified at 3, 10, 17, and 24 days postoperatively. After killing, dopaminergic damage was assessed by both quantifying 3 beta-(4-iodophenyl)tropan-2 beta-carboxylic acid methyl ester ([(125)I]RTI-55) binding to striatal dopamine transporters and counting tyrosine hydroxylase-positive cells in the substantia nigra. Exercised 6-hydroxydopamine-infused rats showed improved motor outcomes relative to sedentary lesioned controls, effects that were most apparent at postoperative days 17 and 24. Despite this behavioral improvement, 6-hydroxydopamine-induced loss of striatal dopamine transporters and tyrosine hydroxylase-positive nigral cells in exercised and sedentary groups did not differ. Since prior studies suggested that forced limb use improves motor performance by sparing nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons from 6-hydroxydopamine damage, experiment 2 used a combined regimen of forced plus voluntary wheel running. Again, we found that the motor performance of exercised rats improved more rapidly than that of sedentary controls, but that there were no differences between these groups in the damage produced by 6-hydroxydopamine. It appears that voluntary exercise can facilitate recovery from partial nigrostriatal injury, but it does so without evident sparing of dopamine nerve terminals.
Expressed Protein Ligation at Methionine: N-Terminal Attachment of Homocysteine, Ligation, and Masking†

The synthesis of chemically-modified proteins is a valuable tool for the study of their function.[1] One of the most enabling protein synthesis technologies is native chemical ligation (NCL), in which a peptide thioester is reacted with a peptide bearing an N-terminal Cys to form a native amide bond.[2] In many cases, one of these two fragments can be expressed in E. coli and then ligated to a smaller synthetic peptide so that a large semi-synthetic protein can be made with a minimum of peptide synthesis. This sort of expressed protein ligation (EPL) can be implemented in two ways.[3] For a synthetic C-terminus, the N-terminal region can be expressed as a fusion to an intein and then converted to a thioester for ligation. Likewise, a protein can be expressed with an N-terminal Cys and ligated to a synthetic thioester. EPL is an extremely efficient way of making large quantities of synthetic proteins. However, there are limitations to the method, most notably, the need for Cys at the site of ligation.
Synthesis of Manganese Oxides by Reduction of KMnO4with KBH4in Aqueous Solutions

Abstract Reduction of KMnO 4 with KBH 4 in aqueous solutions has been investigated systematically at ambient temperatures as a function of reaction pH and the volume of borohydride. The products are characterized by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, atomic absorption spectroscopy, redox titrations to determine the oxidation state of manganese, and thermogravimetric analysis. The reduction gives both binary MnO 2− δ and ternary K x Mn y O z oxides that are hydrated and nanocrystalline. The composition of the reduction products is influenced by the reaction pH as well as the volume of borohydride. While acidic conditions tend to stabilize products with predominantly Mn 4+ due to a disproportionation of Mn 3+ , nearly neutral conditions could access Mn 3+ with δ ≈0.5 in MnO 2− δ . While no potassium-containing K x Mn y O z is obtained in highly acidic solutions with pH ≈1, the compound becomes accessible with increasing pH, and a maximum x ≈0.5 could be obtained in highly basic solutions with pH ≈11. The as-prepared samples lose most of the water below 200°C and tend to lose oxygen at higher temperatures.
Glucocorticoid regulation of phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT) in organ culture of superior cervical ganglia.

Glucocorticoid regulation of the adrenergic enzyme, phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT) was studied in organ cultures of the superior cervical ganglion (SCG) from newborn rats. Although PNMT catalytic activity was present in control ganglia, enzyme levels were too low to allow visualization of PNMT immunofluorescent cells. Addition of dexamethasone (DEX) or corticosterone to the medium resulted in a large increase in PNMT activity and bright PNMT immunoreactive (PNMT-IR) staining in cells resembling small, intensely fluorescent (SIF) cells. Addition of non-glucocorticoid steroids was ineffective. Exposure to a brief, 2-hr pulse of DEX (10−6 M) in vitro elicited the same increase in PNMT as continual exposure to DEX. Studies using metabolic inhibitors demonstrated that the steroid-dependent increase in PNMT activity required both protein and RNA synthesis. Furthermore, the increase was inhibited by cytochalasin B and by the glucocorticoid receptor antagonists, DEX 21-mesylate and cortisol 21-mesylate. These observations suggest that glucocorticoids increase PNMT protein in SIF cells by interacting with specific steroid receptors that undergo translocation to the nucleus.
Derivative Couplings with Built-In Electron-Translation Factors: Application to Benzene

Derivative couplings are the essential quantities at the interface between electronic-structure calculations and nonadiabatic dynamics. Unfortunately, standard approaches for calculating these couplings usually neglect electronic motion, which can lead to spurious electronic transitions. Here we provide a general framework for correcting these anomalies by incorporating perturbative electron-translation factors (ETFs) into the atomic-orbital basis. For a range of representative organic molecules, we find that our ETF correction is often small but can be qualitatively important, especially for few-atom systems or highly symmetric molecules. Our method entails no additional computational cost, such that ETFs are “built-in,” and it is equivalent to a simple rule of thumb: We should set the antisymmetrized version of the nuclear overlap-matrix derivative to zero wherever it appears. Thus, we expect that built-in ETFs will be regularly incorporated into future studies of nonadiabatic dynamics.
Global shape of the magnetotail current sheet as derived from Geotail and Polar data

[1] An analytical approximation is developed for the shape of the nightside tail current sheet, representing it as a function of the Earth's dipole tilt angle, solar wind ram pressure, and the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF). The model is based on 5-min average magnetometer data of the Geotail and Polar spacecraft, spanning the periods 1994–2002, and 1999–2001, respectively. All the magnetospheric data were tagged by concurrent values of the solar wind dynamic pressure and IMF By and Bz components, averaged over 30-min intervals immediately preceding the magnetospheric observations. Warping and twisting parameters were calculated by minimizing the number of mismatches between the observed and predicted orientation of the magnetic field on both sides of the model current sheet. The model is valid within the nightside magnetosphere in the range of tailward distances −50 RE ≤ XGSM ≤ 0. Variations of the solar wind pressure P change the shape of the deformed current sheet in such a way that an increase of P results in a decrease of the magnetotail “hinging distance” RH, but increases the magnitude of its transverse warping. The IMF Bz component affects the magnitude of the seasonal/diurnal motion of the current sheet in the north-south direction, and it also controls the degree of the IMF By-related twisting, which becomes much larger during the periods with northward IMF Bz.
Toward Development of a New Thermal Cracking Test Using the Dynamic Shear Rheometer

Thermal cracking is one of the primary distresses in asphalt pavements. Asphalt binder, an important component of asphaltic concrete, plays a significant role in the thermal cracking performance of asphalt pavement and should be characterized accurately for proper binder selection. The current Superpave binder specifications for low-temperature cracking, based on creep stiffness and m-values, are not applicable to modified binders. Fracture-based tests are most promising for the prediction of low-temperature cracking of binders, especially modified binders. This study develops a new performance indicator for low-temperature cracking using properties from monotonic testing at a semi-low temperature, 5°C, based on the dynamic shear rheometer (DSR). It is found that the complex shear modulus of binders does not correlate with field thermal cracking performance. Fracture energy shows a moderate correlation with field thermal cracking performance. The correlation is improved when the shear rate is increased. However, failure strain at 5°C correlates very well with field thermal cracking. In addition, failure strain is not sensitive to the shear rate at 5°C. This new test could significantly reduce the costs associated with the purchase of various types of equipment, such as that needed to conduct bending beam rheometer (BBR) or direct tension tests, and could also reduce the amount of testing time. Further study is needed to validate the findings in this study.
Strong B enrichment and anomalous δ11B in pore fluids from the Japan Trench forearc

Abstract Interstitial pore waters from Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Sites 1150 and 1151, both penetrating ∼1200 m of sub-seafloor sediment from the upper Japan Trench forearc, were analyzed for B concentrations and δ 11 B isotopes. B concentrations cover a wide range from 329 to 3920 μM (0.8–9.3× seawater) and vary isotopically from +20 to +46‰ (relative to SRM 951). In general, B concentrations increase more or less steadily with depth. At both sites, the B enrichment and isotopic changes seem to be related to a deep fluid influence, possibly coupled with alteration of volcanic products. Silica diagenesis does not affect the B geochemistry of the waters, as is evident from intact diatom tests and high opal-A contents throughout the holes. The B enrichment is more pronounced at Site 1150 in the seismic portion of the forearc. Here, a large positive anomaly in δ 11 B values is observed, which corresponds with abundant fracturing and two prominent shear zones. At about the same depth range at Site 1151, the δ 11 B values show a negative shift, attesting to an enrichment in 10 B in the fluid as a result of B desorption from clay due to burial and tectonic stress. We conclude that B release from clay minerals is the major contributor to pore fluid anomalies, and that fluid flow through permeable out-of-sequence thrust (like the shear zones at Site 1150) may be an efficient mechanism for B backflux from the forearc into the hydrosphere.
Equivalent magnetic noise in magnetoelectric laminate composites: A review

A short review of the development of noise floor reduction for magnetoelectric (ME) sensors is presented. Emphasis is upon the experimental methods for tangent loss noise reduction and ME coefficient enhancement.
Viral interference induced in mice by acute or persistent infection with the virus of lymphocytic choriomeningitis.

CONGENITAL or neonatal infection of mice with the virus of lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM) is often characterized by prolonged survival of the host, persistence of virus in the tissues, chronic viraemia and failure to develop specific antibodies1. This ‘persistent tolerated infection’ has been likened to the phenomenon of immunological tolerance2. Despite inability to form neutralizing antibody, adult mice previously infected at or before birth with LCM virus also exhibit the capacity to withstand challenge with homologous virus in a dose that would readily kill uninfected adult mice3. It has been postulated3 that this resistance to superinfection (tolerant immunity) is related to lack of an allergic tissue response to LCM virus in the immunologically unresponsive host. Another possible explanation is that LCM virus in the tissues of the persistently infected mouse acts as an interfering agent4 in much the same way that LCM virus interferes with poliovirus in the monkey5.
Non-malleability amplification

We show a technique for amplifying commitment schemes that are non-malleable with respect to identities of length t, into ones that are non-malleable with respect to identities of length Ω(2t), while only incurring a constant overhead in round-complexity. As a result we obtain a construction of O(1)log* n-round (i.e., "essentially" constant-round) non-malleable commitments from any one-way function, and using a black-box proof of security.
An experimental study of the relationship between joint spacing and layer thickness

Abstract Two methods for measuring joint spacing are described and compared. The area method is a constant for a given outcrop area and is not affected by joint distribution within that area; in contrast, the line method depends on the location of the linear traverse. Two kinds of joint sets are distinguished on bedding surfaces: (1) a poorly-developed set represents the early stages of development when typical joint lengths are less than typical spacing; (2) a well-developed set represents later stages when lengths are much greater than spacing. The area method is applicable to both poorly- and well-developed sets, whereas the line method produces inconsistent results for poorly-developed joint sets. Surface textures on many joints indicate point fracture origins and propagation parallel to bedding, whereas most numerical model studies of spacing assume linear origins and propagation perpendicular to bedding. The laboratory experiments described in this paper do not suffer from these restrictions. An important concept, confirmed during these experiments, is fracture saturation. When the applied strain reaches a certain value, fracture spacing stops evolving and remains nearly constant: these fracture sets are well-developed. Spacing at saturation is a function of layer thickness but is independent of strain, whereas spacing before saturation varies strongly with applied strain. Thus, plotting spacing vs thickness and comparing the slopes of lines fit to such data for poorly-developed joint sets in different layers is unlikely to be a diagnostic test for differences in material properties. On the other hand, spacing may be a sensitive indicator of strain for layers with poorly-developed joint sets. Assessing fracture saturation is a lirst-order consideration when gathering spacing data.
Isothermal Annealing of Ion Implanted Silicon With a Graphite Radiation Source

Both (100) and (111) Si wafers were implanted with As, P or B to doses from 10 13 to 10 16 /cm 2 and annealed with a Varian IA-200 isothermal annealer. The anneal occurs in a vacuum using infrared radiation for exposure times of 5 to 30 sec. Sheet resistance (R s ), Hall effect, RBS and SIMS were used to analyze the wafers. For each dopant a decreasing R s occurs with increasing exposure time until a minimum value is reached. Longer anneals produce increased dopant diffusion, and the R s for As and P implanted wafers increased unless the wafer was capped with 0.05 μm of SiO 2 which prevents a loss of dopant. The results for (100) wafers are better than for (111) with As doses ≤10 15 /cm 2 , however at doses >10 15 /cm 2 the (100) and (111) results are comparable. The As implanted, isothermally annealed layers were thermally stable for As concentrations ≤2E 20/cm 3 .
Incidence of additional primary cancers in patients with invasive intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms and sporadic pancreatic adenocarcinomas.

Background Recent small studies have reported an incidence of 23% to 39% for additional primary cancers in patients with intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMN) of the pancreas. There have been no population-based studies evaluating this incidence rate. Methods Using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database (1983 to 1991), we identified all patients with primary pancreatic cancers (sporadic and adenocarcinomas arising in IPMNs). We determined the incidence of additional primary cancers that developed either before or after the diagnosis of invasive IPMN and compared it to the incidence of additional primary cancers in patients with sporadic pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Results Nineteen thousand six hundred forty-seven patients were reported with pancreatic cancer. Ninety-five percent of cancers were sporadic and 5.0% were invasive IPMNs. Ten point three percent had one or more extra-pancreatic primary cancers in addition to their pancreatic primary (10.3% in patients with sporadic adenocarcinoma and 10.1% in patients with invasive IPMNs, p=NS). The most common sites of additional primary cancers were colorectal (20.1%), breast (19.9%), prostate (16.6%), urinary system (11.1%), and lung (9.8%). In the 2,017 patients with additional primary cancer, 86% occurred before the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer and 14% occurred after the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer. Conclusions Our population-based analysis shows that the incidence of additional primary malignancies in patients with invasive IPMNs is 10%. Although not as high as previously reported in smaller studies, the incidence is significant and comparable to the incidence seen in patients with adenocarcinoma. Surveillance for other common malignancies in patients with IPMNs and pancreatic adenocarcinomas should be performed.
Romantic Partners, Weight Status, and Weight Concerns An Examination Using the Actor-Partner Interdependence Model

In this study, romantic partners’ weight status and weight concerns were examined using the Actor—Partner Interdependence Model. One hundred and four heterosexual couples’ (N = 208 participants) weight and height were assessed by researchers to compute body mass index and participants’ weight concerns were assessed. As expected, results indicated that participants’ weight concerns were associated with their weight status. Further, men and women who were relatively heavy and who had relatively thin romantic partners were most likely to express weight concerns. These findings extend our understanding of romantic partners’ relevance to individuals’ weight management and weight concerns.
Evaluation of Engineering Controls for the Mixing Of Flavorings Containing Diacetyl and other Volatile Ingredients

Exposures to diacetyl, a primary ingredient of butter flavoring, have been shown to cause respiratory disease among workers who mix flavorings. This study focused on evaluating ventilation controls designed to reduce emissions from the flavor mixing tanks, the major source of diacetyl in the plants. Five exhaust hood configurations were evaluated in the laboratory: standard hinged lid-opened, standard hinged lid-closed, hinged lid-slotted, dome with 38-mm gap, and dome with 114-mm gap. Tracer gas tests were performed to evaluate quantitative capture efficiency for each hood. A perforated copper coil was used to simulate an area source within the 1.2-meter diameter mixing tank. Capture efficiencies were measured at four hood exhaust flow rates (2.83, 5.66, 11.3, and 17.0 cubic meters per min) and three cross draft velocities (0, 30, and 60 meters per min). All hoods evaluated performed well with capture efficiencies above 90% for most combinations of exhaust volume and cross drafts. The standard hinged lid...
Developing and maintaining union commitment: A theoretical framework

This article presents a dynamic model of the process in which union commitment is developed and maintained. Central to the model is the fact that commitment occurs in a context of organizational rights which are provided by the union as well as organizational responsibilities or citizenship behaviors on the part of union members. Based on an integration of the literature on organizational citizenship behaviors, psychological contracts, and organizational socialization, specific hypotheses are proposed.
A fresh look at meiosis and centromeric heterochromatin in the red-backed salamander, Plethodon cinereus cinereus (Green)

Male meiosis, with special regard to the centromeric heterochromatin and to centromeric structure, has been studied in the salamander, Plethodon cinereus cinereus. In this salamander, n = 14. Early meiotic prophase proceeds as described by other authors. Pachytene is followed by a “diffuse” stage in which much of the chromosomal DNA becomes reorganized into fine lateral loops which spring from the bivalent axes. These loops can be seen along the bivalent axes as early as zygotene. Loops are maximally extended in the diffuse stage. The formation of diplotene bivalents involves a return of this extended DNA into the axes of the bivalents. — At leptotone, centromeric heterochromatin is in one or a few large masses. These masses break up during zygotene. At pachytene there is one mass of heterochromatin at the centromeric region of each bivalent. The heterochromatin remains condensed in the diffuse stage. During diplotene, centromeric heterochromatin becomes less conspicuous, and it is possible to see 4 centromere granules in each diplotene bivalent. These observations support the view that centromeres replicate at pre-meiotic S-phase when the associated hetero-chromatin is replicated. In the interphase before the 2nd division, the hetero-chromatin often forms a broken ring corresponding to the positions of the centromeres at the end of anaphase 1. There are 14 masses of heterochromatin in nuclei at prophase of the 2nd division. In spermatids, the heterochromatin appears as a single solid mass or a broken ring.
Bayesian learning in social networks

Abstract We extend the standard model of social learning in two ways. First, we introduce a social network and assume that agents can only observe the actions of agents to whom they are connected by this network. Secondly, we allow agents to choose a different action at each date. If the network satisfies a connectedness assumption, the initial diversity resulting from diverse private information is eventually replaced by uniformity of actions, though not necessarily of beliefs, in finite time with probability one. We look at particular networks to illustrate the impact of network architecture on speed of convergence and the optimality of absorbing states. Convergence is remarkably rapid, so that asymptotic results are a good approximation even in the medium run.
Testing for a unit root in time series with trend breaks

Abstract This paper examines the implications of structural breaks for the unit-root property of some post-World War II macroeconomic time series. Based on sequential methods, trend breaks are found for 8 out of the 17 series considered. Conditional on a single break, the augmented Dickey-Fuller test rejects the no-break unit-root null for 5 series. Further, allowing for multiple breaks as opposed to a single break yields little gain against the null. The evidence against the null is much stronger based on recursive instead of sequential tests and weaker based on Phillips-Perron instead of augmented Dickey-Fuller statistics.
Meridional transport of mean zonal kinetic energy from five years of hemispheric data

The mean zonal kinetic energy transports across arbitrary latitude walls in the northern hemisphere are evaluated from five years of data. It is found that the stress-work processes at the boundaries are much more significant than the actual advection of zonal kinetic energy. The stress component associated with the earth's rotation accounts for a net northward transport of zonal kinetic energy across the equator. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1970.tb00534.x
The fate of newly synthesized hormone from neuroendocrine cells of Aplysia.

Abstract The neuroendocrine bag cells from Aplysia control reproductive functions through the regulated release of egg-laying hormone (ELH). The purposes of this study were to investigate (1) if synthesis of ELH in bag cells compensates for the release and degradation of the hormone, (2) the ratio of released to stored ELH, (3) the fate of newly synthesized ELH and its relative contribution to the overall pattern of ELH secretion, and (4) the consequences of blocking protein synthesis in bag cells on the pattern of ELH secretion and subsequent reproductive function. Excised bag cells were incubated with [ 3 H]leucine to radiolabel newly synthesized ELH and were then electrically stimulated to trigger secretion of the hormone on 4 successive days, mimicking bag cell activities during the breeding season. Samples of bag cell secretion were collected; total (new and old) and radiolabeled (new) ELH levels were determined. The results showed that ELH synthesis could not keep up with the daily loss of ELH through release and degradation, but the ratio of released to stored ELH remained constant over the 4-day study. In addition, releasable ELH was secreted preferentially within 24 hr after it was synthesized. Blocking protein synthesis resulted in a 50% decrease in total ELH released, suggesting that newly synthesized ELH contributes to half of the total ELH secreted. Furthermore, this lowered level of total ELH, i.e., older ELH alone, was not sufficient to stimulate egg laying in Aplysia, indicating that the contribution of newly synthesized ELH was physiologically relevant.