cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Control of Dollar Spot of Creeping Bentgrass Caused by an Isolate of Sclerotinia homoeocarpa Resistant to Benzimidazole and Demethylation-Inhibitor Fungicides.

The effects of fungicides were studied on two isolates of Sclerotinia homoeocarpa that differed in fungicide sensitivity. Concentrations of benzimidazole (benomyl and thiophanate-methyl), demethylation inhibitor (fenarimol, propiconazole, and triadimefon), and nitrile (chlorothalonil) fungicides required to inhibit mycelial growth in vitro by 50 and 90% (effective concentration; EC50,90) were significantly greater for isolate S088 than for isolate S084. No differences were observed in the EC50,90 values of a pyridylaniline (fluazinam) or dicarboximide (iprodione) fungicide. In field tests conducted on creeping bentgrass, S088 had a significantly shorter incubation period than S084 in plots treated with propiconazole applied at 0.2 or 0.8 kg a.i. ha-1 in 1994 or 0.4 kg a.i. ha-1 in 1995, thiophanate-methyl applied at 1.5 or 3.0 kg a.i. ha-1 in 1994 and 1995, or a tank-mix of propiconazole and iprodione applied at 1.6 + 0.8 kg a.i. ha-1 in 1994. No differences in incubation periods occurred in plots treated with chlorothalonil or iprodione in either year, or with fluazinam in 1995 and 1996. Fewer days were required to reach 5% disease severity in turf inoculated with isolate S088, compared to isolate S084, in plots treated with propiconazole, thiophanate-methyl, or certain tank-mixes containing propiconazole, in 1994 and 1995. Several treatments, including propiconazole, thiophanate-methyl, and fluazinam, resulted in suppression of disease caused by isolate S084 to less than 5% severity for more than 21 days, while only fluazinam applied at 1.6 or 3.2 kg a.i. ha-1 provided more than 21 days of disease suppression in turf inoculated with either of the isolates tested. Slope coefficients from linear regressions between incubation period or days to 5% disease and concentrations of fungicide applied in 1996 were significantly different for isolate S084 compared to isolate S088 in plots treated with propiconazole, but not in plots treated with fluazinam.
Self-consistent approximation to the solution of the Bethe-Salpeter equation.

A technique for the approximate solution of the Bethe-Salpeter equation is examined. The technique requires the solution of a pair of coupled equations for the relative-momentum and relative-energy dependence of the relativistic {ital T} matrix. The solutions obey a self-consistency requirement as well as the usual elastic-unitarity constraint. It is also shown that the approximate {ital T} matrix is stable under a single iteration in the exact four-dimensional equation at certain kinematic points, including the fully on-shell point. A model problem with an exactly solvable separable interaction is examined and exact, approximate, as well as three-dimensional reduction results are compared. The phase shifts calculated in this self-consistent approximation scheme are found to be in excellent agreement with the exact phase shifts.
Genetic Code: Introducing Pyrrolysine

Monomethylamine methyltransferase of the archaebacterium Methanosarcina barkeri contains a novel amino acid, pyrrolysine, encoded by the termination codon UAG. Initial studies suggest that pyrrolysine may be co-translationally inserted during protein synthesis, probably by a mechanism analogous to that operating during selenocysteine incorporation.
Multiple-target tracking using the SME filter with polar coordinate measurements

ABSTRACTThe symmetric measurement equation (SME) filter approach to track maintenance in multiple target tracking developed by Kamen1 is applied to the case when the target dynamics are modeled in Cartesian coordinates and the measurements are given in polar coordinates. The key idea of the SME filter approach developed in this paper is to define new measurements that are sums of products of range measurements, elevation measurements, and azimuth measurements. In thisway the problem of target/measurement association is embedded in the process of target state estimation. For N targets moving in three dimensional space, the first order version of the SME filteris an extended Kalman filter of dimension 6N. The performance of the SME filter is investigated viaa computer simulation of six targets with crossing trajectories. 1. FORMULATION Consider N targets moving with constant velocities in three-dimensional space. For i = 1 , 2, ..., N let x1(k), y(k), and z1(k) denote the x, y, z Cartesian coordinates of the i target at timekT, k =
Catastrophic yaw. Why, what, how?

Abstract Flight dynamics problems in tail stabilized missiles and bombs appear when failing to achieve their design steady-state motion because the rolling velocity occasionally locks to the pitch frequency giving rise to wobbling motions that can reach the quality of catastrophic. The flight condition attained when the coincidence between the roll and the pitch frequency persists is called roll lock-in and the large amplitude oscillation regime, catastrophic yaw. This event can occur at subsonic and supersonic velocities and invariably leads to catastrophic failure of the flight. The purpose of this paper is to give a visual explanation of the mechanism conducive to roll lock-in and catastrophic yaw and relieving means by answering the three questions: Why does the wobbling motion appear?, What is it that makes the wobbling grow to very large amplitudes? and How can catastrophic yaw be prevented?
Valuing open space in a residential sorting model of the Twin Cities

Abstract We present an analysis of how open space amenities affect residential location choices using a horizontal sorting model to estimate household preferences for open space. To parameterize the model, a new and rich dataset spanning 17 years of home sales in the seven-county Twin Cities area of Minnesota was assembled. Heterogeneity across types of open space and across households is shown to be a critical determinant of the welfare impacts of open space conservation. Our general equilibrium simulations allow housing prices to re-equilibrate in response to policy-induced demand shifts, demonstrating that as the scale of intervention becomes larger, general equilibrium and partial equilibrium welfare measures increasingly diverge. Finally, we find that the spatial structure of policy is an important component of policy design, suggesting open space policy should be place-specific in its design and implementation.
The regulation of financial conglomerates

This paper considers the obstacles to the regulation of financial conglomerates and the events that have shaped thinking at the regulators, in particular in the banking context. In the light of the Barings debacle in particular it identifies some of the issues that such financial institutions raise for financial systems and the authorities, concluding with the challenges faced by national regulators in an increasingly global environment and what needs to be put in place to meet those challenges.
Anticonvulsant effect of retigabine during postnatal development in rats.

Summary Retigabine is a new-generation antiepileptic drug that exerts therapeutic action through the activation of KCNQ channel dependent M-type potassium currents. While retigabine has been extensively studied in adult animals using a wide variety of seizure models, its effects in developing animals have not been examined. There has only been one previous report of retigabine efficacy in juvenile rats (Mazarati et al., 2008), which examined efficacy against kindled seizures and did not examine ages younger than postnatal day (P) 14. To determine the efficacy of retigabine during brain development we pretreated rats with retigabine (0–30mg/kg) at three ages corresponding to the neonatal period through late childhood/early adolescence (i.e., P7, P14, or P25). Seizures were induced 30min later using a chemoconvulsant (pentylenetetrazol, PTZ) model, which has been widely used to determine anticonvulsant efficacy of many other antiepileptic drugs in neonatal animals. In a dose and age-dependent manner, retigabine reduced the severity of PTZ evoked seizures, increased the latency to seizure onset, and decreased the incidence of full maximal seizures. The minimum effective dose was found to be 5mg/kg for P7 animals, 2.5mg/kg for P14 animals, and 1mg/kg for P25 animals. These findings allow a direct comparison between retigabine and previously studied antiepileptic drugs against PTZ seizures during development, and provide the first report of the effective dose range of retigabine in neonatal animals.
Safe and Effective Permeation Enhancers for Oral Drug Delivery

The use of intestinal permeation enhancers to overcome the absorption challenges associated with oral drug delivery has been hampered by the notion that enhancer efficacy is directly linked to toxicity. This study attempts to gain insight into the principles governing the potency and toxicity behavior of enhancers. Fifty-one enhancers were selected from 11 chemical categories and their potency and toxicity were analyzed in Caco-2 monolayers at concentrations spanning three orders of magnitude. A small but significant fraction of the 153 enhancer formulations studied demonstrated unexpected but desired behavior, that is, substantial efficacy without marked toxicity. Our results revealed that both chemical category and concentration proved critical in determining the usefulness of many enhancers, and the concept of an enhancer’s ‘therapeutic window’ is discussed. Several of the most promising enhancers identified by the study were tested for their effect on the transport of the marker molecules mannitol and 70 kDa dextran across Caco-2 cells and were capable of increasing permeability more than 10-fold. The results presented here underscore the potential of chemical permeation enhancers while providing valuable direction as to what classes and concentrations of compounds are of interest when searching for safe and effective additions to oral formulations.
Cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase of rat liver: An insulin sensitive enzyme

Four lines of evidence indicates that cholesterol-7 alpha-hydroxylase (ch-7 alpha-H, rate limiting enzyme of cholesterol catabolism) is an insulin sensitive enzyme. 1) Streptozotocin induced diabetes in the rat causes a marked increase in the hepatic activity of ch-7 alpha-H within 24 hrs. with no further increase in subsequent days. 2) Insulin injection can rapidly (within 24 hours) suppress the elevated enzyme activity to normal levels. 3) Insulin in vitro (0.02 U/ml) can directly suppress ch-7 alpha-H activity in isolated rat liver microsomes or in liver homogenates. 4) Upon exposure to insulin, microsomal ch-7 alpha-H activity showed a reduced stimulatory response to post-microsomal supernatant factors. These studies suggest that a) ch-7 alpha-H is an insulin sensitive enzyme and b) insulin might have a direct role in suppressing ch-7 alpha-H activity in rat liver.
Energetic electron detection by a time-sampled Langmuir probe in a helicon plasma source

Summary form only given, as follows. In an RF plasma, ordinary time-average Langmuir probe traces can be distorted by RF perturbations. Experimentally we found that the effect of RF perturbations on the probe traces becomes secondary or ignorable if the plasma density is high enough. In these small RF perturbation situations, we have detected energetic electrons with energies ranging from 20 eV to 120 eV, and these data are consistent with wavelength data. However, when an RF filter system, which filters out 13.56 MHz and 27.12 MHz harmonics, is used in the probe circuit, the energetic electron information disappears from probe traces. The hot electron information may be filtered out by the filter because the hot electrons observed by a Langmuir probe are time dependent (at the RF frequencies). To be certain that the data we detected are not due to RF perturbations, we need to eliminate the effects of RF perturbations without using a RF filter system. A method to do this is to graph the probe I-V characteristics by sampling the probe output RF signal at fixed times under different probe bias voltages. Energetic electrons with energies ranging from 20 eV to 30 eV have been detected by this time-sampled technique. Comparison between hot electron energies observed from time-average and time-sampled probe traces shows good agreement.
Screening of Five New Synthetic Compounds for Anticonvulsant Activity

Five new synthetic compounds were tested for ability to control the convulsions caused by diphenhydramine in overdose in rats. Test animals were given sublethal but convulsive doses of diphenhydramine intraperitoneally. The drugs tested were administered intraperitoneally in varying dosage, either with diphenhydramine or upon onset of convulsions. Of the five, four were found to be ineffective, and one of these was found to be a convulsant. A fifth, isopropyl-4-amino-2-sulfamoylbenzoate, showed ability to protect against convulsive seizures, particularly in doses of 100 to 150 mg./Kg. of rat. Doses below 100 mg./Kg. were ineffective; those above 200 mg./Kg. were toxic.
Frontal And Lateral Facial Attractiveness: Is There A Correlation?

INTRODUCTION: The parameters that define frontal and lateral facial attractiveness have been welldefined and delineated in countless text. Despite immense work focused on rigorously quantify metrics that define facial attractriveness, to the best of our knowledge, no study has examined whether a correlation exists between the anterior (AP) and lateral (LAT) facial attractiveness. This study will look at the correlation between AP and LAT image attractiveness scores to help characterize facial attractiveness from a new perspective.
Sensor fusion for the navigation of an autonomous guided vehicle using neural networks

A sensor fusion method for navigation of an Autonomous Guided Vehicle robot using Artificial Neural Network is described. Robot navigation is defined as the guiding of a mobile robot to a desired destination or along a desired path in an environment characterized by a terrain and a set of distinct objects, such as obstacles and landmarks. The low-level sensor fusion technique is used for direct integration of sensor data, resulting in parameter and state estimates. The multi-layered perceptron, with a single hidden layer in neural network structure, and the back- propagation algorithm are employed for the mobile robot's navigation and for obstacle avoidance. The significance of this work lies in the development of a new estimation method for mobile robot obstacle avoidance and guidance.
Inotropes and β-blockers: Is there a need for new guidelines?

Beta-adrenergic blocking agents are standard treatment for patients with mild-to-moderate heart failure. When patients receiving beta-blockers decompensate they often need treatment with a positive inotropic agent. The beta-agonist dobutamine may not produce much increase in cardiac output during full-dose beta-blocker treatment and may increase systemic vascular resistance via alpha-adrenergic stimulation. In contrast, phosphodiesterase inhibitors (PDEIs) such as milrinone or enoximone retain full hemodynamic effects during complete beta-blockade because the site of action of PDEIs is beyond the beta-adrenergic receptor and because beta-blockade reverses some of the desensitization phenomena that account for the attenuation of PDEI response in heart failure related to upregulation in G(alphai). Inotrope-requiring subjects with decompensated heart failure who are undergoing long-term therapy with beta-blocking agents should be treated with a type III-specific PDEI, not a beta-agonist such as dobutamine.
Planning the future of space science

The NASA Office of Space Science (OSS) is once again engaged in the strategic planning process. The office prepares a new plan every 3 years for use as a guide by the agency in the allocation of budgets, and a new plan is due this year. The process begins with the preparation of science and technology road maps for each of the science themes in OSS—solar system exploration, structure and evolution of the universe, astronomical search for origins, and Sun-Earth connection (SEC). The latter includes the solar, magnetospheric, ionospheric-thermospheric-mesospheric, and heliospheric subdisciplines also encompassed by the Space Science and Aeronomy Section of AGU.
Improvements in instrumentation for viscoelastometry of DNA solutions.

Abstract Improvements are described in the instrumentation for viscoelastometry of DNA solutions. The precision is improved by the order of a factor of ten.
Analysis of five acoustic correlates of laughter

Five acoustic characteristics of five operationally defined laugh responses and the habitual speech fundamental frequency (F0) from each of 11 male college students are described in this study. Findings revealed a positive correlation between the means of laugh duration and number of intensity peaks. Analysis of variance performed between each of the three F0 measures of laughter as well as the F0 of habitual speech indicated differences in means were not statistically significant. A significant difference was found between the means of the habitual speech F0 and the peak laugh F0. Implications of these findings are discussed.
Dual type scheduling — Apply multi-direction neighborhood search algorithm

• Features in high tech diffusion oxidation loop — 4 steps successive critical Q time — Last 2 equipment groups are dedicated tools with limited productivity. — Equipment inhibitions diversity.
Guardians of the Golden Age: Custodians of American Military Culture and the Fortified “Home” in Time and Space

ABSTRACTThe Heritage is a gated retirement community for military officers and their wives. This “defensive space” is modeled on elite Anglo-American military culture rooted in the American Revolution. The military “family” and “home” are re-envisioned in this liminal space: a military culture into which they were born, into which they chose to marry, and now, the home into which they have chosen to live until they die.
Halothiobacillus neapolitanus Carboxysomes Sequester Heterologous and Chimeric RubisCO Species

Background The carboxysome is a bacterial microcompartment that consists of a polyhedral protein shell filled with ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RubisCO), the enzyme that catalyzes the first step of CO2 fixation via the Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle. Methodology/principal findings To analyze the role of RubisCO in carboxysome biogenesis in vivo we have created a series of Halothiobacillus neapolitanus RubisCO mutants. We identified the large subunit of the enzyme as an important determinant for its sequestration into alpha-carboxysomes and found that the carboxysomes of H. neapolitanus readily incorporate chimeric and heterologous RubisCO species. Intriguingly, a mutant lacking carboxysomal RubisCO assembles empty carboxysome shells of apparently normal shape and composition. Conclusions/significance These results indicate that carboxysome shell architecture is not determined by the enzyme they normally sequester. Our study provides, for the first time, clear evidence that carboxysome contents can be manipulated and suggests future nanotechnological applications that are based upon engineered protein microcompartments.
Document management through hypertext: a logic modeling approach

This work employs logic modeling as a common language to integrate two independent information domains/spl minus/document management and hypertext. The concept of hypertext concerns information management and access. Hypertext can also be considered a knowledge representation that models the structure of the information system it serves. A hypertext engine would give the user flexible access to the information and commands of the underlying application, tailored to that application's structure. This paper focuses on integrating hypertext functionalities into an intelligent personal document processing system called TEXPROS. We develop independent logic data models for hypertext and TEXPROS elements, and then present the logical representation of the bridge laws that map between them. We found logic modeling an invaluable tool in understanding our two domains and effecting their integration. >
A Mutation in the mip Gene Results in an Attenuation of Legionella pneumophila Virulence

Infection by Legionella pneumophila is believed to depend upon its ability to multiply within host alveolar macrophages. To investigate this, a site-specific mutation was introduced into a gene (mip) that encodes a 24,000-Da surface protein; an 80-fold loss of infectivity for both U937 cells and explanted human alveolar macrophages was observed. Further phenotypic analysis of the mutant strain has failed to show alterations in bacterial factors (e.g., proteinase, lipopolysaccharide) that have suspected roles in virulence. To substantiate that this mutation also results in reduced virulence in animals, the lethality and clinical illnesses produced by the parent and mutant L. pneumophila strains were compared in guinea pigs after intratracheal inoculation. The mutant strain produced fewer illnesses, slower-progressing disease, and fewer lethal infections than either the parent strain or a derivative of the mutant strain with the wild-type mip gene reintroduced. When sublethal inocula of the three strains were used, the mutant bacteria were recovered in slightly lower numbers from lung homogenates and in significantly lower numbers from the spleen, at 48 h, than were the other two test strains. Thus mip seems to be necessary for full virulence of L. pneumophila and may represent the first genetically defined virulence factor in this species.
Postantibiotic Effect and Postantibiotic Sub-MIC Effect of Quinupristin-Dalfopristin against Gram-Positive and -Negative Organisms

Quinupristin-dalfopristin produced postantibiotic effects (PAEs) and postantibiotic sub-MIC effects of >2 h against 18 gram-positive cocci. Mean pneumococcal and staphylococcal PAEs were 2.8 and 4.7 h, respectively, with shorter PAEs for constitutively than inducibly macrolide-resistant staphylococci. Mean PAEs for vancomycin-susceptible and -resistant Enterococcus faecium were 8.5 and 2.6 h, respectively.
Polycultural Perspectives on Organizational Communication.

The article proposes a new field I am calling polycultural organizational communication. This field is defined as encompassing theorizing and research involving organizations in both international and domestic settings in which cultural differences operate (multicultural settings). Polycultural organizational communication encompasses both cross-cultural (comparative) and intercultural theories and research. The article delineates (a) the need for the field brought about by increasing diversity; (b) the potential contributions of the new field to the study of communication, including the bringing together of organizational and intercultural communication; (c) the contribution of this area to practice in actual organizational settings; and (d) the theoretical and practical issues that need to be addressed to develop theory and research in this new area.
U.S. Treaty Making with American Indians: Institutional Change and Relative Power, 1784–1911

Native Americans are unique among domestic actors in that their relations with the United States government involve treaty-making, with almost 600 such documents signed between the Revolutionary War and the turn of the twentieth century. We investigate the effect of constitutional changes to the treating process in 1871, by which Congress stripped the President of his ability to negotiate directly with tribes. We construct a comprehensive new data set by digitizing all of the treaties for systematic textual analysis. Employing scaling techniques validated with word use information, we show that a single dimension characterizes the treaties as more or less ‘harsh’ in land and resource cession terms. We find that specific institutional changes to treaty making mechanisms had little effect on agreement outcomes. Rather it is the relative bargaining power of the United States economically and militarily that contributes to worsening terms for Indians over the nineteenth century.
The Combined Effect of Behavioral Intention and Exposure to a Smoke-Free Air Law on Taking Measures to Quit Smoking

Because of the large burden of disease attributable to cigarette smoking, a variety of tobacco control interventions, some focused on changing individual behavior and others focused on influencing societal norms, have been introduced. The current study tested the combined effect of behavioral intention and exposure to a comprehensive smoke-free air law as a prospective predictor of taking measures to quit smoking. Participants were 187 adults living in 7 Texas cities, 3 with a comprehensive smoke-free air law and 4 without such a law, who reported current cigarette smoking at baseline and completed a 1-month follow-up interview. Data were collected by telephone administration of a questionnaire. Results showed that, compared with smokers with low behavioral intention to take measures to quit smoking and no exposure to a comprehensive smoke-free air law, the smokers with high behavioral intention and exposure to a comprehensive law had the greatest odds of taking measures to quit smoking. This longitudinal...
An efficient FIR adaptive filter using DPCM and the sign algorithm

An adaptive filter structure that requires zero multiplications for its implementation is introduced. The primary input signal is quantized using differential pulse code modulation (DPCM), and the DPCM outputs are processed by a conventional adaptive filter. The filter coefficients are updated using the sign algorithm. Under the assumption that the primary and reference input signals to the adaptive filter are zero-mean, wide-sense stationary, and Gaussian, theoretical results for the mean and mean-squared behaviour of the filter are also derived. A simulation example demonstrating the usefulness of the filter, as well as verifying the theoretical results and comparing the multiplication-free adaptive digital filter to the sign algorithm, is also presented. >
Stability of virus nanoparticles on substrates under applied load with atomic force microscope

Virus nanoparticles are supramolecular structures containing a nucleic acid (either DNA or RNA) core surrounded by a protein layer. In this article, we study the stability of cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) nanoparticles on mica, Au and graphite surfaces under applied load by atomic force microscope in the tapping mode. The CPMV nanoparticles adsorbed on the hydrophilic mica and Au surfaces are intact, while on the hydrophobic graphite surface, the CPMV nanoparticles undergo the morphological changes from spherical to ellipsoidal and doughnut shapes with the increase in applied load. An understanding of the stability of the CPMV nanoparticles on substrates is critical in developing some of their applications in nanotechnology.
Social capital, acculturation, mental health, and perceived access to services among Mexican American women.

Objective We examined whether individual-level social capital-the intangible resources in a community available through membership in social networks or other social structures and perceived trust in the community-was associated with acculturation, depression and anxiety symptoms, and perceived access to services among women of Mexican ancestry. Method Recruited through venue-based targeted sampling in King County, Washington, 205 women of Mexican descent ages 18 to 64 years who differed in socioeconomic status and nativity completed a cross-sectional survey. Half completed the survey in Spanish and half in English. Structural equation modeling was used for model testing. Results Social capital increased with level of acculturation and was negatively related to depression and anxiety; it had no direct association with perceived access to services. Social capital mediated the relation between acculturation and both depression and anxiety symptoms. Acculturation had no direct association with psychological distress but was directly associated with perceived access to services. This community sample of women reported high levels of psychological distress, with 20% to 26% of women meeting diagnostic criteria for depression or anxiety. Conclusions Social capital can be assessed at the individual level, increases with acculturation, and may be a potential target for interventions to improve mental health among Mexican American women residing in the United States.
Fluid Flow Modulates Vascular Endothelial Cytosolic Calcium Responses to Adenine Nucleotides

Objective: To determine whether fluid flow influences the action of soluble vasoactive agonists on vascular endothelium.Methods: Confluent monolayers of bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAEC) were cultured on glass coverslips, prelabeled with the Ca2+-sensitive dye fura-2, and placed in a parallel-plate flow chamber designed to generate defined laminar fluid flow. Cytosolic free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+];) in individual BAEC was monitored during perfusion with medium containing adenine nucleotide under defined flow conditions.Results: Continuous perfusion with ATP (0.3–3.0 μM) or ADP (0.1–1.0 μM) evoked repetitive oscillations in [Ca2+]; in individual BAEC. The frequency of the [Ca2+]; oscillations was dependent on both nucleotide concentration and levels of applied shear stress; at constant bulk concentration of nucleotide, the frequency increased with shear stress. Stopping flow in the continuous presence of agonists immediately extinguished the oscillatory response. Elimination of extracellular Ca2+ d...
How Not to Measure Intergenerational Occupational Persistence

This article is an invited critique of Rytina's proposal that canonically weighted scales for detailed occupations be used to assess intergeneratinal occupational persistence. These canonical scales yield higher intergenerational correlations than the Duncan SEI primarily because they capitalize on chance fluctuations in the data used to construct them. Thus, there is no reliable basis for revising previous findings about the relative importance of ascription and achievement in the stratification process. Canonical scaling (and related log-linear and log-multiplicative models) are no more than a useful adjunct to models that locate the sources of intergenerational occupational persistence in the measurable characteristics of occupations and persons.
A veritable menagerie of heritable bacteria from ants, butterflies, and beyond: broad molecular surveys and a systematic review.

Maternally transmitted bacteria have been important players in the evolution of insects and other arthropods, affecting their nutrition, defense, development, and reproduction. Wolbachia are the best studied among these and typically the most prevalent. While several other bacteria have independently evolved a heritable lifestyle, less is known about their host ranges. Moreover, most groups of insects have not had their heritable microflora systematically surveyed across a broad range of their taxonomic diversity. To help remedy these shortcomings we used diagnostic PCR to screen for five groups of heritable symbionts—Arsenophonus spp., Cardinium hertigii, Hamiltonella defensa, Spiroplasma spp., and Wolbachia spp.— across the ants and lepidopterans (focusing, in the latter case, on two butterfly families—the Lycaenidae and Nymphalidae). We did not detect Cardinium or Hamiltonella in any host. Wolbachia were the most widespread, while Spiroplasma (ants and lepidopterans) and Arsenophonus (ants only) were present at low levels. Co-infections with different Wolbachia strains appeared especially common in ants and less so in lepidopterans. While no additional facultative heritable symbionts were found among ants using universal bacterial primers, microbes related to heritable enteric bacteria were detected in several hosts. In summary, our findings show that Wolbachia are the dominant heritable symbionts of ants and at least some lepidopterans. However, a systematic review of symbiont frequencies across host taxa revealed that this is not always the case across other arthropods. Furthermore, comparisons of symbiont frequencies revealed that the prevalence of Wolbachia and other heritable symbionts varies substantially across lower-level arthropod taxa. We discuss the correlates, potential causes, and implications of these patterns, providing hypotheses on host attributes that may shape the distributions of these influential bacteria.
Value differences between generations in China: a study in Shanghai

The 1990 World Values Survey demonstrated that industrialization promotes a shift from traditional to secular-rational values. Drawing data from a sample survey of 2,350 respondents in Shanghai, this study examines the impact of social change on people's values in China. Specifically, we are interested in (1) are there significant differences in values between different generations in China? (2) Do younger generations tend to have more modern values? (3) What are the main factors that affect the differences? The results show that the younger generations in China have already shifted from traditional values to modern values in a recent social transformation process. In addition, the younger generations tend to be more secular. They are more likely to regard self-development as the most important thing in life rather than making contributions to the country and society. Further, the younger generations are more individualistic than the old generations. They are more likely to live according to their own lif...
Pressure dependence of the dielectric properties and phase transitions of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and a copolymer with trifluoroethylene

The frequency, temperature, and hydrostatic pressure dependences of the dielectric properties, molecular relaxations, and phase transitions in PVDF and a copolymer with a 30 mol% trifluoroethylene were investigated. The β-relaxation peak temperature Tβ and the melting temperature Tm of both polymers, and the ferroelectric transition temperature Tc of the copolymer, are strong increasing functions of pressure. The magnitudes of the pressure derivatives of Tβ, Tc, and Tm increase in the order of the “transition” temperatures, i.e., Tβ(P) < Tc(P) < Tm(P). These results can be qualitatively understood in terms of the nature of the molecular motion and/or reorientation processes involved. The results on the copolymer suggest that pressure should induce a ferroelectric-paraelectric transition in PVDF below Tm, but such a transition was not observed over the limited pressure range of the present experiments. The relaxational dynamic (not static) nature of the melting process in these materials is indicated by the observed dependence of Tm on probe frequency. The frequency (or rate) and strong pressure dependences of Tm of PVDF provide a rational explanation for why it is possible to use this polymer as a piezoelectric shock-wave gauge to relatively high shock pressures and the accompanying high temperatures.
A Virus-Like Particle That Elicits Cross-Reactive Antibodies to the Conserved Stem of Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin

The discovery of broadly neutralizing antibodies that recognize highly conserved epitopes in the membrane-proximal region of influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) has revitalized efforts to develop a universal influenza virus vaccine. This effort will likely require novel immunogens that contain these epitopes but lack the variable and immunodominant epitopes located in the globular head of HA. As a first step toward developing such an immunogen, we investigated whether the 20-residue A-helix of the HA2 chain that forms the major component of the epitope of broadly neutralizing antibodies CR6261, F10, and others is sufficient by itself to elicit antibodies with similarly broad antiviral activity. Here, we report the multivalent display of the A-helix on icosahedral virus-like particles (VLPs) derived from the capsid of Flock House virus. Mice immunized with VLPs displaying 180 copies/particle of the A-helix produced antibodies that recognized trimeric HA and the elicited antibodies had binding characteristics similar to those of CR6261 and F10: they recognized multiple HA subtypes from group 1 but not from group 2. However, the anti-A-helix antibodies did not neutralize influenza virus. These results indicate that further engineering of the transplanted peptide is required and that display of additional regions of the epitope may be necessary to achieve protection.
Human metapneumovirus M2-2 protein inhibits innate cellular signaling by targeting MAVS

Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is a leading cause of respiratory infections in pediatric populations globally, with no prophylactic or therapeutic measures. Recently, a recombinant hMPV lacking the M2-2 protein (rhMPV-ΔM2-2) demonstrated reduced replication in the respiratory tract of animal models, making it a promising live vaccine candidate. However, the exact nature of the interaction between the M2-2 protein and host cells that regulates viral infection/propagation is largely unknown. By taking advantage of the available reverse genetics system and ectopic expression system for viral protein, we found that M2-2 not only promotes viral gene transcription and replication but subverts host innate immunity, therefore identifying M2-2 as a novel virulence factor, in addition to the previously described hMPV G protein. Since we have shown that the RIG-I/MAVS pathway plays an important role in hMPV-induced signaling in airway epithelial cells, we investigated whether M2-2 antagonizes the host cellular responses by targeting this pathway. Reporter gene assays and coimmunoprecipitation studies indicated that M2-2 targets MAVS, an inhibitory mechanism different from what we previously reported for hMPV G, which affects RIG-I- but not MAVS-dependent gene transcription. In addition, we found that the domains of M2-2 responsible for the regulation of viral gene transcription and antiviral signaling are different. Our findings collectively demonstrate that M2-2 contributes to hMPV immune evasion through the inhibition of MAVS-dependent cellular responses.
Towards Designer Microparticles: Simultaneous Control of Anisotropy, Shape, and Size

Biodegradable, compositionally anisotropic microparticles with two distinct compartments that exhibit controlled shapes and sizes are fabricated. These multifunctional particles are prepared by electrohydrodynamic cojetting of poly(lactide-co-glycolide) polymer solutions. By varying different solution and process parameters, namely, concentration and flow rate, a variety of non-equilibrium bicompartmental shapes, such as discoid and rod-shaped microparticles are produced in high yields. Optimization of jetting parameters, combined with filtration, results in near-perfect, bicompartmental spherical particles in the size range of 3‐5 mm. Simultaneous control over anisotropy, size, shape, and surface structure provides an opportunity to create truly multifunctional microparticles for a variety of biological applications, such as drug delivery, diagnostic assays, and
Fundamentals of Aquaculture

James W. Avault, Jr. AVA Publishing Co., Baton Rouge, Louisiana. 1996. 889 pages. $99.95 (paper). (Available from the American Fisheries Society; AFS members receive a 10% discount.) Many attempts ...
The Spleen and Adrenal Glands

This chapter covers images of splenic lesion showing extramedullary hematopoiesis, coccidioidomcosis, sarcoid, lyphoma and infarcation. Adrenal lesions include pheochromocytoma, adrenocortical carcinoma, metastasis, myelolipoma and hemorrhage. All these lesions present as acute symptoms. Typical findings help differentiate the disease processes.
Translational and Rotational Motion of Small Penetrants in AF1600 Nanocomposites

Translational and rotational motions of dichloromethane were observed in a composite of poly(2,2-bis(trifluoromethyl)-4,5-difluoro-1,3-dioxole-co-tetrafluoroethylene), also referred to as AF1600, with fumed silica using NMR. Pulsed field gradient diffusion measurements show that adding fumed silica to AF1600 results in a great enhancement of the diffusion coefficient of dichloromethane. The diffusion enhancement behavior is similar to that previously reported in pentane, cyclohexane, and toluene in AF1600 nanocomposites. Spin-lattice relaxation time measurements of this system indicate two domains: one containing larger free volume elements (FVEs) that support faster dynamics and one containing smaller free volume elements that support slower dynamics. Adding the fumed silica disrupts the packing of polymer chains resulting in an increase of free volume and improved connections between domains supporting rapid translation. The lattice model simulation is performed to assist in understanding the mechanism of how the addition of fumed silica improves penetrant diffusion in nanocomposite polymer systems.
Injection of botulinum toxin into external laryngeal muscles in pediatric laryngeal paralysis.

Objectives:I undertook to demonstrate the effect of injecting botulinum toxin type A (BTA) into cricothyroid, sternothyroid, and sternohyoid muscles in cases of bilateral laryngeal paralysis (BLP). Tracheostomy remains the consistently reproducible and accepted method to salvage the airway obstruction in BLP. The bypass, however, acknowledges the current lack of knowledge and consensus on the pathogenesis.Methods:I performed a retrospective chart review of BLP cases treated with BTA in a tertiary care pediatric center. The injections were performed under direct vision through an open transcervical approach. The main outcome measures used were improvement of airway symptoms and endoscopic findings, tracheostomy requirement, and incidence of recovery of function.Results:In total, 24 patients with BLP were identified. Over a 2-year period, 7 patients were treated with BTA. Six patients had congenital idiopathic BLP. One of these had trisomy 7. One patient acquired the paralysis after cardiac surgery. No pati...
Economic Aspects of the Marcus Garvey Movement

(1972). Economic Aspects of the Marcus Garvey Movement. The Black Scholar: Vol. 3, The Black Leader, pp. 50-61.
Activism After DACA: Lessons from Chicago's Immigrant Youth Justice League

Scholars of unauthorized migration have generally agreed that a lack of legal status can constrain undocumented workers’ resistance to their marginalization and exploitative treatment. Yet in recent years, undocumented workers and youth have been at the forefront of immigrant rights mobilizations and have organized around their status as undocumented people. In this article, we explore how the conferral of a conditional immigration status has affected undocumented youth activism. In particular, we show that the implementation of the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) program in 2012 had varied and complicated consequences for youth activism in Chicago—at once stifling the urgency of comprehensive immigration reform and galvanizing efforts to expand and strengthen protections against deportation. More broadly, we consider how prolonged states of liminal legality (Menjivar 2006) bring people more tightly under the purview of state surveillance without removing their vulnerability to deportation.
Depression during pregnancy and the puerperium.

Epidemiologic studies demonstrate a twofold higher rate of depression in women than in men. The childbearing years are a time of increased risk for onset of depression in women. Pregnancy, miscarriage or pregnancy loss, infertility, and the postpartum period may challenge a woman's mental health. Virtually no life event rivals the neuroendocrine and psychosocial changes associated with pregnancy and childbirth. This paper provides a brief overview of depression during pregnancy and the postpartum period. Incidence, risk factors, and complications of depression during pregnancy and the puerperium are discussed to aid the clinician in early identification of at-risk patients. Treatment recommendations are also provided based on the available literature, clinical experience, and consideration of the possible special circumstances (i.e., breast-feeding) of this population of women.
Neuronal Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Structure and Function and Response to Nicotine

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) belong to the "Cys-loop" superfamily of ligand-gated ion channels that includes GABAA, glycine, and serotonin (5-HT3) receptors. There are 16 homologous mammalian nAChR subunits encoded by a multigene family. These subunits combine to form many different nAChR subtypes with various expression patterns, diverse functional properties, and differing pharmacological characteristics. Because cholinergic innervation is pervasive and nAChR expression is extremely broad, practically every area of the brain is impinged upon by nicotinic mechanisms. This review briefly examines the structural and functional properties of the receptor/channel complex itself. The review also summarizes activation and desensitization of nAChRs by the low nicotine concentrations obtained from tobacco. Knowledge of the three-dimensional structure and the structural characteristics of channel gating has reached an advanced stage. Likewise, the basic functional properties of the channel also are reasonably well understood. It is these receptor/channel properties that underlie the participation of nAChRs in nearly every anatomical region of the mammalian brain.
The Humanistic Heritage of James and Lubbock: the Emergence of an Aesthetic of the Novel

We begin our study with Henry James because James is the first figure whom we can isolate as a major source of the way we have read and taught fiction in England and America for the past fifty years. We can trace back to Henry James the dilemma of Anglo-American novel criticism: how to focus on technique without sacrificing subject matter. Much of the novel criticism of this century has been trying to resolve these two factors into an aesthetic. Given that novels seem to create imagined worlds with distinct time, space, and causality that mime that of the real world, it seems as if subject matter ought not be ignored. But given that novels are, like other literary forms, works of art composed of words, we cannot ignore technique. As we shall see in the ensuing pages, most ‘formal’ critics of the novel do not neglect content in determining meaning; nevertheless, focus on one always seems to be at the expense of the other.
Carbon dioxide, methane and black carbon emissions from upstream oil and gas flaring in the United States

Carbon dioxide, methane and black carbon (BC) emissions from flaring during oil and gas production and processing contribute to the greenhouse gas footprints of fossil fuels. In the United States, more than 20,000 flares in the oil and natural gas supply chains emit an estimated 20–21 million metric tons in CO 2 equivalents (CO 2 e) of greenhouse gases per year, accounting for 9% of the greenhouse gas emissions from the oil and gas sector. Less than 100 flares are estimated to account for more than half of the total emissions based on current reporting. Estimated emissions of methane and black carbon due to flaring have high degrees of uncertainty, which could be reduced through additional measurements.
Encouraging Charitable Donations via Charity Gift Cards: A Self-Determination Theoretical Account

ABSTRACTCharities seeking to increase donations are now offering charity gift cards (CGCs), which allow recipients to select how their gift card is allocated across various charitable projects. Supporting a model derived from self-determination theory, an experiment shows that U.S. consumers are more satisfied and more likely to donate to the card-sponsoring charity after using a CGC than after learning a donation has been made in their name, because CGCs enhance consumers’ felt autonomy, competence, and relationship with the charity and its projects, which predict a more charitable self-concept and satisfaction with the gift. Theoretical and managerial implications are discussed.