cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High-Fidelity Computational Optimization for 3-D Flexible Wings: Part I—Simultaneous Aero-Structural Design Optimization (SASDO)

The formulation and implementation of a multidisciplinary optimization method called Simultaneous Aerodynamic and Structural Design Optimization (SASDO) is presented and applied to a simple, isolated, 3-D wing in inviscid flow. The method aims to reduce the computational expense incurred in performing shape and sizing optimization using existing state-of-the-art Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) flow analysis, FEM structural analysis and sensitivity analysis tools. Results show that the method finds the same local optimum as a conventional optimization method with as much as 50% reduction in the computational cost and without significant modifications to the analysis tools.
A processing and electrical property investigation of the solid solution : (x) Pb(In1/2Nb1/2)O3 − (1 − x) Pb(Sc1/2Ta1/2)O3

Abstract Ceramics in the solution system (x) Pb(In½Nb½)O3 - (1 - x) Pb(Sc½Ta½)O3 [PIN:PST(x)] with compositions ranging from x = 0.0 to x = 1.0 have been fabricated. This paper presents the processing methods for producing 100% perovskite PIN and PST ceramics, as well as those for the PIN/PST solid solution. Various electrical properties including the dielectric constant and hysteresis, the pyroelectric and piezoelectric response, are measured on these compositions
Age-Related Changes in the Biomechanical Cyclic Strain of the Human Thoracic Aorta

Large vessels in the vascular system undergo progressive degeneration with aging. The widely accepted theory is the aorta enlarges and stiffens with age [1] and vascular compliance decreases [2], which increases systolic pressure, decreases diastolic pressure, and greatly affects cardiovascular health and function. Quantifying the dynamics of an aging human aorta yields insight into changes in the vascular compliance and is vital in understanding pathogenesis and progression of disease, such as atherosclerosis and aneurysm formation [3], along with medical device implantation and design.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Myocardial intensity changes associated with flow stimulation in blood oxygenation sensitive magnetic resonance imaging.

Functional magnetic resonance imaging exploits deoxygenated blood as an endogeneous source for contrast in assessing local changes in tissue perfusion. Intrinsic changes in myocardial signal intensity were measured during dipyridamole induced coronary vasodilatation with T 2 *-weighted echo planar MRI in healthy volunteers. Concurrently, changes in flow velocity in the left anterior descending coronary artery were measured using a time-of-flight method. Dipyridamole infusion produced 14 ± 6% increase in myocardial signal intensity (n = 7). Temporal profile of the myocardial signal intensity changes correlated well with the augmentation of coronary flow velocity. The data are consistent with the concept that changes in myocardial deoxyhemoglobin content due to altered flow result in changes in magnetic susceptibility that can be detected on T 2 *-weighted MR images.
Habituation and dishabituation to dorsal root stimulation in the isolated frog spinal cord

The isolated frog ( Rana catesbeiana ) spinal cord maintained in an artificial chamber shows eight of the nine parametric characteristics of habituation identified by Thompson and Spencer (1966) . The response measure was the amplitude of the ventral root reflex elicited by dorsal root stimulation. With the exception of the effects of intensity on habituation, decrement of ventral root potentials to repeated stimulation of dorsal root share the parametric characteristics of habituation in intact animals and a variety of other reduced preparations. Consequently, the response decrement demonstrated in the isolated cord to repeated stimulation must, at least operationally, be considered a legitimate instance of habituation.
Circulatory accessibility of nervous receptors localized in the tracheobronchial tree.

We studied the accessibility through the systemic and the pulmonary circulations of slowly and rapidly adapting mechanoreceptors having known location within the tracheobronchial tree of the dog. The accessibility was determined by injecting a challenging substance (veratridine and benzonatate) into the two atria and comparing the delays of the receptor response. Eighteen receptors localized in extrapulmonary airways were more accessible from the systemic circulation; they were affected with a shorter delay following left atrium injection. Six receptors in lobar bronchi and another 44 located in more distal intrapulmonary airways were preferentially accessible from the pulmonary circulation (i.e., shorter delays with right atrium injections). Only 4 receptors localized in lobar bronchi were found to be more accessible from the systemic circulation. Therefore the assumption that airway receptors that are more accessible from the pulmonary circulation are located distal to the terminal bronchioles should be re-evaluated. These results may also have important physiological implications since several endogenous substances capable of affecting airway structures have different concentrations in the mixed venous and arterial blood.
Plasma growth hormone concentration in the rat determined by radioimmunoassay: influence of sex, pregnancy, lactation, anesthesia, hypophysectomy and extrasellar pituitary transplants.

A radioimmunoassay for rat growth hormone capable of measuring levels in plasma is described in detail. Several experimental conditions were studied, both to validate the method and to determine factors which regulate GH secretion in this species. In fasting Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 150-200 g, mean plasma GH concentration in females was 94.2±17.3, and in males, 54.9±12.0 mμg/ml. GH levels in lactating rats were determined to be in the normal range for females, thereby providing evidence that this assay does not detect prolactin. GH levels were not elevated in pregnant rats. Hypophysectomy led to a fall below detectable levels of GH. Intraocular pituitary transplants failed to raise GH levels in hypophysectomized hosts. GH levels in male, but not in female, rats are depressed by brief periods of ether anesthesia. These findings and the results of pituitary transplantation experiments are further evidence that the nervous system is involved in the regulation of GH secretion. (Endocrinology 79: 275, 1966)
Commutative rings with finitely generated monoids of fractional ideals

Abstract Let R be a commutative ring with identity and let P ( R ) be the monoid of principal fractional ideals of R. We show that P ( R ) is finitely generated if and only if P ( R ¯ ) ( R ¯ the integral closure of R) is finitely generated and R ¯ / [ R : R ¯ ] is finite. Moreover, R ¯ is a finite direct product of finite local rings, SPIRs, Bezout domains D with P ( D ) finitely generated, and special Bezout rings S (S is a Bezout ring with a unique minimal prime P, S P is an SPIR, and P ( S / P ) is finitely generated). Also, P ( R ) is finitely generated if and only if F * ( R ) , the monoid of finitely generated fractional ideals of R, is finitely generated. We show that the monoid F ( R ) of fractional ideals of R is finitely generated if and only if the monoid F ¯ ( R ) of R-submodules of the total quotient ring of R is finitely generated and characterize the rings for which this is the case.
5S RNA Secondary Structure

NUMEROUS attempts have been made to deduce a secondary structure of 5S RNA1–4. Differing approaches have yielded various structures, but each turns out to be inconsistent with either physical, chemical, biochemical, or comparative evidence. Clearly the situation is not analogous to that which obtained for transfer RNA (tRNA). There is, however, at least one fundamental difference between the two molecules. The functional 5S RNA molecule is at all times an integral part of the 50S ribosomal subunit, whereas tRNA is a transient inhabitant of the ribosome milieu. Thus, it is possible that functional conformations of the 5S RNA molecule need only exist in the context of the ribosome, and consequently, may only exist therein. Thus, the interpretation of experimental investigations on the isolated 5S RNA molecule may have inherent difficulties.
Enhancement of the operating speed and accuracy of parallel and cooperating robots with smart materials

Robot manipulators with parallel kinematics chains and two or more robots manipulating an object form closed kinematics chains. When revolute joints are used in the construction of such robotic manipulation systems, the presence of closed chains and their associated kinematics nonlinearity demands high harmonic motions in at least a number of the actuated joints. This is the case even if all the links are relatively rigid and attempt is made to synthesize the joint motions with minimal harmonic content. The presence of high harmonic components in the actuated joint motions is undesirable since as the operating speed is increased, their frequencies would rapidly increase and move beyond the dynamic response limitations of the actuating drives, thereby causing vibration and control problems. The performance of the system in terms of cycle time, tracking precision and the like would therefore suffer. This is particularly the case since the dynamics of such systems is also highly nonlinear and require higher harmonic components in the actuating torques (forces). In this paper, a systematic method is presented for optimal integration of smart (active) materials based actuators into the structure of cooperating robots and robot manipulators with parallel kinematics chain for the purpose of eliminating the high harmonic components of their actuated joint motions. As the result, the potential excitation of the natural modes of vibration of such systems and their related control problems can be greatly reduced. The resulting robotic systems should therefore be capable of operating at higher speeds with increased precision.
A new holmium activity, 159Ho

Abstract A new activity, 159 Ho, has been produced by an (α,4 n ) reaction on stable terbium. The nuclide decays primarily by electron capture with a half-life of 33 min. Evidence has been found to support the proposal by Mihelich and co-workers that the ground state of 160 Ho is short-lived compared to its metastable state whose half-life is 5 hr. The half-life of the ground state seems to be about 28 min.
Relaxin stimulates plasminogen activator secretion by rat granulosa cells in vitro.

Granulosa cells isolated from the ovaries of pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMSG)-treated immature rats were cultured with relaxin or FSH. Both hormones increased the secretion of plasminogen activator into the culture medium. Relaxin caused a dose-related rise in plasminogen activator but did not increase cAMP or progesterone levels in the medium of freshly harvested granulosa cells, although they were responsive to FSH. This ability of relaxin to stimulate plasminogen activator synthesis without progesterone or cAMP rises indicates that the pathways of post-receptor events leading to stimulation of plasminogen activator differ markedly from those of the gonadotropins. Relaxin is thus a fully characterized peptide hormone produced by the ovary with a well-defined action upon the granulosa cell and may have an intraovarian role in the events leading to ovuiation.
Computational population biology: linking the inner and outer worlds of organisms

Computationally complex systems models are needed to advance research and implement policy in theoretical and applied population biology. Difference and differential equations used to build lumped dynamic models (LDMs) may have the advantage of clarity, but are limited in their inability to include fine-scale spatial information and individual-specific physical, physiological, immunological, neural and behavioral states. Current formulations of agent-based models (ABMs) are too idiosyncratic and freewheeling to provide a general, coherent framework for dynamically linking the inner and outer worlds of organisms. Here I propose principles for a general, modular, hierarchically scalable, framework for building computational population models (CPMs) designed to treat the inner world of individual agents as complex dynamical systems that take information from their spatially detailed outer worlds to drive the dynamic inner worlds of these agents, simulate their ecology and the evolutionary pathways of their progeny. All the modeling elements are in place, although improvements in software technology will be helpful; but most of all we need a cultural shift in the way population biologists communicate and share model components and the models themselves, fit, test, refute, and refine models, to make the progress needed to meet the ecosystems management challenges posed by global change biology.
Two histories of environmental change and human disturbance in eastern lowland Amazonia

Two long palaeoecological records (pollen, diatoms, 14C, chemistry and charcoal) provide a detailed record of Holocene environmental conditions in the lowlands of the lower Amazon. Changes in the composition of the terra firme forest are evident but a forest cover is maintained throughout. Fluctuations in lake level and changes in seasonality are tracked in both sedimentary sequences. Rising early-Holocene sea levels and the consequent rise of local water tables probably caused the flooding of one of the sites. A stepped increase in precipitation is suggested with increases evident at 8800 yr BP, 7400 BP and between 6100 and 5800 yr BP. Increased storminess is suggested between |7400 yr BP and |6100 yr BP. Human disturbance is manifested in the palaeoecological records at one study site as early as 5500 yr BP (c. 6500 years ago), and an intensifi- cation, or onset, of agriculture is evident at c. 3350 yr BP. The terminating phase of the long record of disturbance is a period of forest regrowth that may correlate to the depopulation of Amazonia following Euro- pean contact.
A MATHEMATICAL MODEL DESCRIBING CATCH-UP GROWTH IN CELIAC DISEASE

The phenomenon of catch-up growth (CUG) is well known, but still poorly understood. One of the best examples of CUG is the growth pattern after the institution of a glutenfree diet in children with celiac disease (CD). Treatment leads in almost all cases to complete catch-up growth within 2 years. Therefore, the pattern of CUG during adequate treatment of CD may be considered as a model for optimal catch-up growth in children treated with any form of therapy for any growth disturbance. In order to describe this pattern mathematically, we analysed growth data of 17 CD patients who showed growth retardation before therapy and completed CUG before the start of puberty. Two subgroups were formed on the basis of the initial height standard deviation score (HSDSI). Nonlinear regression analysis of the individual growth data expressed as HSDS (corrected for parental height SDS) was carried out using a monomolecular growth function. For each subgroup an equation was found from which the expected HSDS at any given moment(HSDSI) can be calculated: Graphical representation of these equations shows that group 1 undergoes a relatively quick CUG which stabilizes at −0.5 SDS after two years of therapy. Group 2 catches up at a lower rate and stabilizes one year later, but reaches a higher endpoint at +0.4 SDS. These equations provide the clinician with a reference instrument for assessing the efficacy of a growth promoting therapy.
Role of NMDA, opioid and dopamine D1 and D2 receptor signaling in the acquisition of a quinine-conditioned flavor avoidance in rats

Abstract A conditioned flavor preference (CFP) can be produced by pairing a flavor (conditioned stimulus, CS +) with the sweet taste of fructose. Systemic dopamine (DA) D1, D2 and NMDA, but not opioid, receptor antagonists significantly reduce the acquisition of the fructose-CFP. A conditioned flavor avoidance (CFA) can be produced by pairing a CS + flavor with the bitter taste of quinine. To evaluate whether fructose-CFP and quinine-CFA share common neurochemical substrates, the present study determined the systemic effects of DA D1 (SCH23390: SCH), DA D2 (raclopride: RAC), NMDA (MK-801) or opioid (naltrexone: NTX) receptor antagonists on the acquisition of quinine-CFA. In Experiment 1, food-restricted male rats were trained over 8 alternating one-bottle sessions to drink an 8% fructose + 0.2% saccharin solution (FS) mixed with one flavor (CS −, e.g., grape) and a different flavor (CS +, e.g., cherry) mixed in a solution (FSQ) containing fructose + saccharin and quinine at 0.001–0.030% concentrations. In six subsequent two-bottle choice tests (1–3: two sessions each) with the CS − and CS + flavors presented in FS solutions, only rats trained with 0.03% quinine displayed a CS + avoidance in Test 1. In Experiment 2, rats received vehicle (Veh), SCH (200 nmol/kg), RAC (200 nmol/kg), MK-801 (100 μg/kg) or NTX (1 mg/kg) 30 min prior to the 8 one-bottle training sessions with CS −/FS and CS +/FSQ (0.03% quinine) solutions. An additional vehicle group (Veh 0.06%) was trained with a CS +/FSQ containing 0.06% quinine. In the two-bottle choice tests, the Veh and RAC groups avoided the CS + flavor in Test 1 only, whereas the SCH, MK801, and NTX groups significantly avoided the CS + in Tests 1–3. The Veh.06% group trained avoided the CS + in Tests 1 and 2, but not Test 3. In Experiment 3, Veh and SCH groups were trained as in Experiment 2, but were tested with CS flavors presented in 0.2% saccharin solutions. The SCH group avoided the CS + flavor in Tests 1–3 while the Veh group avoided the CS + in Test 1 only. Thus whereas DA D1, DA D2 and NMDA, but not opioid receptor antagonism blocked acquisition of sweet taste-based CFP, DA D1, NMDA and opioid, but not DA D2 receptor antagonism enhanced the CFA produced by the bitter taste of quinine.
Vapor phase photolysis of trifluralin in an outdoor chamber

Abstract A technique for measuring vapor phase photolysis rates of pesticides was developed and applied to the dinitroaniline herbicide trifluralin. The method consists of sunlight irradiation of trifluralin in a 17 m3 polyethylene chamber. Rates of photolysis are determined by comparing the vapor phase concentration of trifluralin to that of a stable tracer. Both chemicals are volatilized from a black surface inside the chamber. The observed half-lives for trifluralin photolysis ranged from 25–60 min for July, midday sunlight and are consistent with those previously reported and are similar to results obtained in solution.
Long-term Fenretinide treatment prevents high-fat diet-induced obesity, insulin resistance, and hepatic steatosis.

The synthetic retinoid Fenretinide (FEN) increases insulin sensitivity in obese rodents and is in early clinical trials for treatment of insulin resistance in obese humans with hepatic steatosis (46). We aimed to determine the physiological mechanisms for the insulin-sensitizing effects of FEN. Wild-type mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) with or without FEN from 4–5 wk to 36–37 wk of age (preventive study) or following 22 wk of HF diet-induced obesity (12 wk intervention study). Retinol-binding protein-4 (RBP4) knockout mice were also fed the HFD with or without FEN in a preventive study. FEN had minimal effects on HFD-induced body weight gain but markedly reduced HFD-induced adiposity and hyperleptinemia in both studies. FEN-HFD mice gained epididymal fat but not subcutaneous or visceral fat mass in contrast to HFD mice without FEN. FEN did not have a measurable effect on energy expenditure, food intake, physical activity, or stool lipid content. Glucose infusion rate during hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp was reduced 86% in HFD mice compared with controls and was improved 3.6-fold in FEN-HFD compared with HFD mice. FEN improved insulin action on glucose uptake and glycogen levels in muscle, insulin-stimulated suppression of hepatic glucose production, and suppression of serum FFA levels in HFD mice. Remarkably, FEN also reduced hepatic steatosis. In RBP4 knockout mice, FEN reduced the HFD-induced increase in adiposity and hyperleptinemia. In conclusion, long-term therapy with FEN partially prevents or reverses obesity, insulin resistance, and hepatic steatosis in mice on HFD. The anti-adiposity effects are independent of the RBP4 lowering effect.
Temporally variable freshwater sources of dissolved chromium to the San Francisco Bay estuary

Chromium is a common contaminant in estuarine environ ments, originating from chemical manufacturing, steel refining, and leather tanning. However, it is also relatively abundant in the earth's cru...
Freeware program for converting image sequences to Flash movie loops.

OBJECTIVE. This article provides a freeware program created for converting image sequences to Flash movie loops.CONCLUSION. Although Flash is a useful format for presenting dynamic data sets in PowerPoint compared with other movie clip formats (e.g., AVI), the associated cost of the required Flash application ($699) is a common concern for many academic radiologists. To address this issue, a freeware program for creating simple Flash movie loops from image sequences has been developed for this article.
Teaching the Choir: Challenges of a Learner-Centred Simulation

Steve Jobs and Bill Gates, when they were college dropouts, could not have envisaged how their respective garage-based ventures would eventually bring such dramatic changes to the process of educat...
Endplate dysfunction in healthy muscle following a period of disuse.

The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that muscle disuse can result in abnormal neuromuscular transmission. Six healthy volunteers (2 females, mean age = 33 years) participated in the study. Cast immobilization of one leg, for a period of 4 weeks, was used as a model of disuse; the contralateral leg was used as a control. Three testing sessions, consisting of stimulation single fiber electromyography of the soleus muscle bilaterally, were done before, immediately after, and 4 weeks after cast removal. The main outcome measure was neuromuscular jitter, measured as the mean of the consecutive differences (MCD) of single muscle fiber potentials. A mean MCD was calculated for each muscle, and the data from all subjects was pooled to calculate a sample mean MCD. The control side showed good reproducibility of results between testing sessions. The experimental side showed a significant increase of the sample mean MCD after casting when compared to: preimmobilization values (P < 0.001), and to the control side (P < 0.001). After 4 weeks of recovery, the sample mean MCD returned to preimmobilization values. This study presents evidence that muscle disuse, without any neuromuscular disease, can result in a reversible dysfunction of neuromuscular transmission. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Sex Differences in Renal Cell Cancer Presentation and Survival: An Analysis of the National Cancer Database, 1993–2004

Purpose: We analyzed patterns of disease presentation and outcome of renal cell carcinomas by gender using data from the National Cancer Database during a 10-year period. We hypothesized that women presented with lower stage disease and had increased survival than men due to increased imaging.Materials and Methods: The National Cancer Database is a nationwide oncology data set that currently captures approximately 75% of all newly diagnosed cancer cases from more than 1,400 facility based cancer registries in the United States annually since 1985. The National Cancer Database was queried for adults with renal cell carcinoma diagnosed between 1993 and 2004. Cases were examined according to gender in relation to mean age, American Joint Committee on Cancer stage, histology, grade, tumor size, mortality and race.Results: We identified a total of 236,930 patients with renal cell carcinoma diagnosed between 1993 and 2004 from the National Cancer Database. A total of 89,243 (37.7%) were female and 147,687 (62.3...
Nondestructive Readout of Metallic-Tape Computer Cores

The subject of this investigation is nondestructive readout of metallic-tape memory cores by the application of a magnetomotive force spatially in quadrature to the direction of remanent flux. A simple method of fabrication is proposed and empirical data for the design of the nondestructive read systems is obtained. The use of nondestructive readout is not limited to digital computer circuits and no attempt has been made to use this method in any particular application; an experimental shift register was built, however, to test the method in a practical application. The nature of the system permits high-speed low-current-level operation in either digital or analog applications.
AUTOPHAGY-RELATED11 Plays a Critical Role in General Autophagy- and Senescence-Induced Mitophagy in Arabidopsis

Autophagy-mediated turnover removes damaged organelles and unwanted cytoplasmic constituents and thus plays critical roles in cellular housekeeping and nutrient recycling. This “self eating” is tightly regulated by the AUTOPHAGY-RELATED1/13 (ATG1/13) kinase complex, which connects metabolic and environmental cues to the vacuolar delivery of autophagic vesicles. Here, we describe the Arabidopsis thaliana accessory proteins ATG11 and ATG101, which help link the ATG1/13 complex to autophagic membranes. ATG11 promotes vesicle delivery to the vacuole but is not essential for synthesizing the ATG12-ATG5 and ATG8-phosphatidylethanolamine adducts that are central to autophagic vesicle assembly. ATG11, ATG101, ATG1, and ATG13 colocalize with each other and with ATG8, with ATG1 tethered to ATG8 via a canonical ATG8-interacting motif. Also, the presence of ATG11 encourages starvation-induced phosphorylation of ATG1 and turnover of ATG1 and ATG13. Like other atg mutants, ATG11-deficient plants senesce prematurely and are hypersensitive to nitrogen and fixed-carbon limitations. Additionally, we discovered that the senescence-induced breakdown of mitochondria-resident proteins and mitochondrial vesicles occurs via an autophagic process requiring ATG11 and other ATG components. Together, our data indicate that ATG11 (and possibly ATG101) provides important scaffolds connecting the ATG1/13 complex to both general autophagy and selective mitophagy.
Lightning standards for aircraft protection

The lightning peak current amplitudes and peak current derivatives recorded on short and tall towers and aircraft, obtained through EM field measurements in a high probability of occurrence region are successfully verified by the use of a unified lightning threat concept. The lightning peak current amplitudes and peak current derivatives are then extended to a low probability of occurrence region to determine the anticipated values of both variables. A comparison of the existing standards for protection of an aircraft with the anticipated peak current amplitudes and peak current derivatives is presented along with conclusions concerning the adequacy of existing standards. >
The Classic: Modular Total Knee-Replacement Arthroplasty. A Review of Eighty-nine Patients

Fifty-eight osteoarthritic and thirty-one rheumatoid patients underwent modular total knee-replacement arthroplasty. The major indication for the operation was relief of pain. Contraindications to this resurfacing arthroplasty included varus-valgus instability of over 20 degrees, combined varus-valgus instability with flexion contracture of over 40 degrees, marked recurvatum, and predominant patellofemoral symptoms. In 59 per cent of the osteoarthritic and 58 per cent of the rheumatoid patients, complete relief of pain was evident when they were evaluated twenty-four months after surgery, while another 35 per cent of each group had only mild pain related to inclement weather. Their ability to walk long distances without support or limp was increased. Range of motion and ability to climb stairs were not significantly improved.
Attenuation of Structurally Generated Interior Noise Through Active Control

Active feedback control was used to modify the acoustic/structural dynamics in a reverberant acoustic enclosure. The physical system was modeled as a single-input, multi-output system and an H ? , design approach was used to obtain a robust controller. Experimentally obtained results exhibited a significant reduction in the dominant acoustic modes. Furthermore, the controller was seen to be effective in achieving noise reductions in the region of space surrounding the sensor, thus indicating that localization of the noise reduction was not a limiting factor in the design.
Hereditary Deafness in the Dalmation Dog

Introduction Deafness in animals as associated with other inherited characteristics has long been recognized. This relationship was noted by Darwin, who in 1859 described the association between the white blue-eyed cat and deafness. Early in this century, many investigators turned to animals in an effort to improve their understanding of the histopathology of deafness and if possible to discover the extent to which the defect was similar to human deafness. In dogs, deafness was usually found in animals described as dappled or merled. These were animals in which the area of color has a marbled and mottled distribution peppered throughout with white hairs. Usually, in addition to the deafness, they had eye defects and were frequently blind. The most striking anomalies occur in homozygous, merled matings. Dogs described with these defects include collies, Norwegian dunkerhounds, great Danes, dachshunds, fox hounds, and bull terriers.14The Dalmatian commonly has ocular defects
Mammary gland development and alpha-lactalbumin production in hypophysectomized, pregnant mice.

Swiss Webster mice were hypophysectomized on Day 10 of pregnancy and the effect of the ablation on mammary gland development was estimated by measuring the total weight and the DNA, RNA, and �-lactalbumin contents and concentrations of the mammary gland on Days 14 and 18 of gestation. Although a significant increase in mammary gland weight occurred in the hypophysectomized animals between Days 10 and 18 of pregnancy, the mammary gland weight of the hypophysectomized mice was significantly reduced when compared with intact and sham-operated mice on both Days 14 and 18 of pregnancy. The total RNA content of the mammary gland was also reduced in the hypophysectomized mice, although it increased significantly from Day 10 to Day 18. The a-lactalhumin content of the mammary gland increased only slightly between Days 10 and 14 of gestation in the intact and sham-operated mice, but a large increase was found on Day 18 in both groups. There was, on the other hand, no increment in the a-lactalbumin content of the mammary gland in the hypophysectomized mice either on Day 14 or 18 of gestation. The DNA content of the mammary gland was not affected by hypophysectomy when estimated on Days 14 and 18 of pregnancy. The effects of hypophysectomy on the concentrations of mouse placental lactogen II (mPL-l1), progesterone, corticosterone, and thyroxine in the maternal serum were also assessed. The concentration of mPL-ll was significantly elevated in the hypophysectomized mice, whereas the circulating concentrations of both corticosterone and thyroxine were greatly reduced. The serum progesterone concentration was not significantly altered by hypophysectomy. It is concluded that hormones from the pituitary are not necessary for normal proliferation of mammary gland epithelial cells in the latter half of pregnancy in the mouse, probably because of the presence of mPL-II in high concentration during this period. On the other hand, normal protein synthesis, especially the synthesis of �-lactalbumin, was not maintained in the hypophysectomized mice despite the high concentration of mPL-11, presumably because of a lack of a synergistic effect of glucocroticoids and thyroid hormones and possibly growth hormone.
Optimum Management of Nausea and Vomiting in Cancer Chemotherapy

Nausea and vomiting continue to be critical problems in cancer chemotherapy, although considerable progress has been made toward understanding the neuropharmacological mechanisms of vomiting and how chemotherapeutic agents and antiemetics affect these mechanisms. The principles of behavioural psychology have also been applied in an effort to understand and effectively manage these complications which have potentially serious consequences. For example, there is now some degree of rationality to our use of metoclopramide for cisplatin-induced nausea and vomiting, the use of combination antiemetic regimens, and use of lorazepam for the prevention (albeit unproven) of anticipatory nausea and vomiting. It must be admitted, however, that our approach is for the most part still empirical
Joint Rate-Distortion-Complexity Optimization for H.264 Motion Search

A joint rate-distortion-complexity H.264 motion search framework is proposed to balance the encoder's coding efficiency and complexity in an embedded system environment. Under our framework, the complexity of H.264 motion search is primarily measured by the execution time of the sum of absolute differences (SAD) calculation. Two Lagrange parameters are used to terminate the complexity-inefficient motion search rounds and skip redundant motion search of small block modes, respectively. Then, the relationship between the weighted complexity and the Lagrange parameters is explored to allocate the complexity cost among different coding units. It is demonstrated by experimental results that the proposed method can reduce the complexity without much sacrifice in coding efficiency.
Robot vision for the visually impaired

We present a head-mounted, stereo-vision based navigational assistance device for the visually impaired. The head-mounted design enables our subjects to stand and scan the scene for integrating wide-field information, compared to shoulder or waist-mounted designs in literature which require body rotations. In order to extract and maintain orientation information for creating a sense of egocentricity in blind users, we incorporate visual odometry and feature based metric-topological SLAM into our system. Using camera pose estimates with dense 3D data obtained from stereo triangulation, we build a vicinity map of the user's environment. On this map, we perform 3D traversability analysis to steer subjects away from obstacles in the path. A tactile interface consisting of microvibration motors provides cues for taking evasive action, as determined by our vision processing algorithms. We report experimental results of our system (running at 10 Hz) and conduct mobility tests with blindfolded subjects to demonstrate the usefulness of our approach over conventional navigational aids like the white cane.
CHILDREN'S ATTITUDES TOWARD THEIR PETS

150 boys and 150 girls between the ages of 3 and 13 yr. were individually interviewed using a series of investigator-generated open-ended questions to analyze the children's attitudes toward their pets. It was hypothesized that the cognitive elements would progress from preoperational to concrete operations at seven and to formal operations at 13, that the affective elements would progress from egocentricity to empathy and perspective-taking, and that behavioral elements would progress from dependence on situational cues to caring behavior based on realistically assessed characteristics of pets. Although the data supported the second and third hypotheses, the cognitive elements progressed only from preoperational to concrete operations. There was no evidence that the 13-yr.-olds had entered the formal operations stage. Other data indicated that 90% owned pets but 99.3% wanted pets, a significant indication of children's over-all positive attitude toward pets. Further research was suggested.
On some fundamentals of igneous petrology

The age-old process of crystal fractionation leading to the diversity of the igneous rocks and Earth itself is an exceedingly well-understood chemical process in magmatism and physical chemistry. But the broader physical aspects of this and related processes have proven elusive on many fronts, especially in its relation to the spatial variations in rock composition, texture, and macroscopic features like layering. Magmatic systems, be they volcanic, dikes, sills, or plutons, are generally analyzed with a problem at hand and an end result in mind. The processes invoked to solve these problems, which are most often purely chemical, are often unique to each problem with few if any general principles emerging that are central to understanding the wider perspective of magmatic processes and problems. An attempt is made at the outset to provide a list of inviolate Magmatic First Principles that are relevant to analyzing most magmatic problems. These involve: initial conditions; critical crystallinity; solidification fronts; transport and emplacement fluxes; phenocrysts, xenocrysts, primocrysts; crystal size; layering and crystal sorting; thermal convection; magmatic processes are physical. Along with these principles, two reference magmatic systems are suggested where the initial conditions and outcome are unequivocal: the Sudbury impact melt sheet and the Hawaiian lava lakes. Sudbury formed in ~5 min by superheated magma crystallized to a near uniform sequence, while the tiny lava lakes, formed of crystal-laden slurries, form a highly differentiated layered sequence. The major difference is in the initial conditions of formation, especially the nature of the input materials. The challenge is to construct and analyze magmatic systems (i.e., magma chambers, sills, dikes, and lavas) using these reference end members and the suggested principles. The Hawaiian 500,000 year volcanic record exhibits what can be expected as input materials, namely a highly varied output of magma of an overall composition reflecting the abundance of entrained olivine primocrysts. The provenance of these crystals is varied, and within any single sample, the population may be highly heterogeneous in composition from crystal to crystal, yet the overall pattern of chemical fractionation is exceedingly regular and well defined. If similar inputs go to form large intrusions, these systems will undoubtedly be dominated by crystal-rich slurries, which provide a vast set of physical processes promoting exotic layering and, at the same time, given the effects of annealing and continued crystal growth, a final chemical record adhering to all the time-honored effects of crystal fractionation. The long assumed initial condition of instantaneously emplaced crystal-free magmas cannot reasonably produce the observed rock records.
ESTAR experience with RFI at L-band and implications for future passive microwave remote sensing from space

Although the spectral window at 1.413 GHz (L-band) is protected for passive use, radiometers for remote sensing commonly encounter problems with RFI. Experience with the synthetic aperture radiometer, ESTAR, suggests that airports are one source of this RFI. The existence of RFI at L-band could be a problem for future remote sensing from space.
Thermal-stress analysis of SOIC packages and interconnections

Thermal stresses in surface-mounted small-outline integrated-circuit (SOIC) assemblies have been studied by the finite-element method. Emphasis is placed on the effects of solder-joint geometry on package and interconnection reliability. In addition, the problem of voids in solder joints is addressed. Seven different solder-joint geometries and six different sizes of voids are considered. It was found that the effect of voids in the solder joint is to increase the stresses acting on it. Furthermore, it is concluded that the results presented herein can provide guidelines for solder-joint inspection. >
Beyond the Repository: A Mixed Method Approach to Providing Access to Collections Online

After providing access to over 100 video interviews conducted by a professor with notable entertainers and personalities from film through an institutional repository, an experiment was conducted to discover whether a larger audience could be gained by adding a subset of 32 of these videos to YouTube. The results, over 400,000 views, indicate that libraries should cultivate a mixed method approach to providing access to digital content.
Price Discovery in Wheat Futures Markets

This paper examines the price discovery function for three U.S. wheat futures markets: the Chicago Board of Trade, Kansas City Board of Trade, and Minneapolis Grain Exchange. The maintained hypothesis is that futures markets search more for information than cash markets to find an equilibrium price, thus greatly improving the price discovery function. The tests reveal the existence of one equilibrium price across the three futures markets in the long run, but no cointegration among prices in the three representativecash markets.
Effect of Ionizing Radiation on Furan Formation in Fresh‐Cut Fruits and Vegetables

Furan, a possible carcinogen, is commonly induced by thermal processing in a wide variety of foods. The possible formation of furan from fresh-cut fruits and vegetables due to irradiation was studied. Nineteen fresh-cut fruits and vegetables were irradiated by 5 kGy gamma rays at 4 degrees C. Furan was analyzed from the irradiated samples using a number of preparation methods. The results showed that almost all tested fruits and vegetables, upon irradiation, produced nondetectable levels, or less than 1 ng/g of furan. Irradiation induced low ng/g levels of furan only in grape and pineapple. Dipping apple slices into calcium ascorbate before irradiation did not increase furan formation. The pH and the amount of simple sugars in fresh fruits and vegetables had a role in furan formation. Low levels of furan were induced by irradiation only in those fruits that had a high amount of simple sugars and low pH.
Reactive power optimization using fuzzy load representation

This paper presents a mathematical formulation for the optimal voltage/reactive power control problem taking into account linguistic declaration of system load values. The fuzzy set theory which is based on the feasibility rather than the frequency of occurrence of an outcome is considered, and possibility distributions are assigned to load values and bus voltages. The objective is to minimize power losses considering various load conditions. The problem is decomposed into four subproblems via the Dantzig-Wolfe decomposition for reducing the dimensions of the problem. A second Dantzig-Wolfe decomposition divides each subproblem into several areas leading to a considerable reduction in the dimensions of subproblems. An illustrative example demonstrates the applicability of the approach. The fuzzy approach provides a global solution for the system behavior under various load conditions. >
Correlation of the Raman spectra with the thermal conductivity of a set of diamond wafers prepared by chemical vapor deposition

Raman spectroscopy, at laser excitation wavelengths of 514.5, 785, and 1064 nm, is used to study a set of chemical-vapor-deposited (CVD) diamond wafers of known thermal conductivity κ. The in-plane thermal conductivity (at 25 °C) of the diamond wafers ranges from 4 to 22 W cm−1 K−1 and represents a wide range of diamond quality. The spectra were obtained from both macro/micro- sampling measurements, examining the top and bottom wafer surface, as well as wafer cross-sections. Discussed are the peak positions and linewidths of the Raman bands and their relation to sp3-bonded diamond and sp2-bonded carbon in the context of diamond quality and perfection, and the effects of wafer heterogeneities. The detailed analysis of the Raman spectra provides a robust correlation with the room-temperature bulk (or macroscopic) thermal conductivity of these samples. The correlation is made through the determination of the band area ratios of the diamond Raman line at 1333 cm−1 to that of the 1550 cm−1 band characteristic of nondiamond carbon impurities. This dependence is most pronounced for the Fourier-transform Raman data obtained with infrared excitation at 1064 nm, due to resonance enhancement, and therefore allows the detection of carbon impurities, especially for high-quality CVD diamond.
Comparison of torque ripple minimization control techniques in Surface-Mounted Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines

In this paper, three calculation methods of torque for Surface-Mounted Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines (SPMSMs) are performed, and the results including the average torque and the torque ripple from each method are compared. This is in order to enable one to choose an effective torque estimation technique for further torque ripple minimization in these machines. Accordingly, a vector controlled motor-drive model, including torque ripple minimization techniques, was developed. In this paper, a current harmonics injection and an adaptive internal model algorithm were developed for the torque ripple minimization in the vector control drive system. The corresponding simulation results are given and compared in this paper. An equivalent circuit model coupled to a Time-Stepping Finite Element (TSFE) model of the motor-drive system built in Ansoft-Maxwell V14.0 was developed to verify the above mentioned torque ripple minimization control techniques, which reduce the torque pulsations as well as eliminate the need for skewing the stator windings or the rotor permanent magnet (PM) mounts in SPMSMs.
Peripheral visual information and its effect on the perception of egocentric depth in virtual and augmented environments

A frequently observed problem in virtual environments is the underestimation of egocentric depth. This problem has been described numerous times and with widely varying degrees of severity. Though there has been considerable progress made in modifying observer behavior to compensate for these misperceptions, the question of why these errors exist is still an open issue. The study detailed in this document presents the preliminary findings of a large, between-subjects experiment (N=98) that attempts to identify and quantify the source of a pattern of adaptation and improved accuracy in the absence of explicit feedback found in Jones et al. [1].
Parent and Clinic Early Intervention for Children With Language Handicaps: A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis

This study investigated the economic efficiency of alternative types of intervention with language-impaired preschool children. Forty children were randomly assigned to one of four groups: (a) home...
Effects of postnatal dexamethasone on blood-brain barrier permeability and brain water content in newborn lambs

We showed that antenatal corticosteroids reduced blood-brain barrier permeability in fetuses at 60 and 80%, but not 90% of gestation, and decreased brain water content in fetuses. Our objective was...
Positivity, by B. Fredrickson

Positivity, by B. Fredrickson, New York, Crown Publishers, 2009, 277 pp., US$24.95 (Hardback), ISBN 9780307393739 The day you decide to do it is your lucky day. Japanese proverb This quote popped t...
Synthetically Engineered Targeted Gold Nanoparticles for the Prevention of Restenosis after Vascular Interventions

METHODS: A 5-nm gold-nanoparticle (AuNP) functionalized with a collagen-binding peptide and fluorophore was exposed to rat aortic endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC), and adventitial fibroblasts (0-100nM). In vitro assessment of cell viability and proliferation was performed at 24 hours. In vivo assessment of targeting specificity was accomplished using the rat carotid artery balloon injury model in male Sprague-Dawley rats. After angioplasty, the targeted AuNP (4.9-15.6nM) was instilled into the left carotid artery for 5 minutes and either harvested immediately (n1⁄46) or harvested after restoration of circulation for 20 minutes (n1⁄49). Fluorescence was assessed using in-vivo imaging systems (IVIS).