cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Acetylcholine receptor clusters are associated with nuclei in rat myotubes.

Abstract Clustered and diffuse acetylcholine receptors are present in cultured myotubes. These clustered AChRs represent regions of myotube membrane containing high receptor density. We have studied the distribution of the AChR clusters and nuclei to determine whether there is an association in the distribution of nuclei beneath AChR clusters. AChR clusters were visualized with α-bungarotoxin conjugated to tetramethylrhodamine (αBTX-TMR) and the nuclei were stained with bisbenzimide which binds specifically to DNA. This double label procedure, and the computerized analysis of the data allowed us to determine the distribution of nuclei and AChR clusters in the same myotube. During early stages of myotube development the nuclei formed aggregates which were comprised of 4 to 10 nuclei in close apposition to one another. This association of AChR clusters with nuclear aggregates was greatest at Day 4 after plating. As the number of nuclear aggregates associated with clusters decreased the number of nuclei in the aggregates also decreased and the AChR clusters decreased in size as well as number. At all time points examined, the concentration of myotube nuclei in the cells was 3 to 12 times higher beneath areas of AChR clusters than away from clusters. Our computerized analysis shows that there is an association of the AChR clusters with the nuclear region during myotube development.
Continuous Robust Control for Two-Dimensional Airfoils with Leading- and Trailing-Edge Flaps

yields a semiglobal asymptotic stability result, leading to rapid suppression of the plunging and pitching motions. Numerical simulation results demonstrate the performance of the multi-input/multi-output continuous robust control toward suppressing aeroelastic vibration and limit cycle oscillations at pre- and postflutter flight-speed regimes, even in the presence of bounded unknown external disturbance.
Nd diffusion in YAG ceramics

Abstract Neodymium diffusion was observed in yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG) polycrystals with negligible change of microstructure during diffusion. Ceramic bi-layer samples were fabricated via a technique developed for ceramic laser amplifiers, from flame-spray pyrolized powders of un-doped YAG and 1% Nd:YAG. Diffusion studies were carried out on these samples at temperatures lower than the sintering temperature, such that average grain diameter remained approximately 0.8 μ m for all samples. Effective diffusivity was 117 ± 4 m 2 / s exp 623 ± 70 kJ/mol K RT for temperatures between 1500 and 1600 °C and with 1.2 ± 0.3 grain boundaries per micrometer.
Automatic rule-based checking of building designs

This paper surveys rule checking systems that assess building designs according to various criteria. We examine five major industrial efforts in detail, all relying on IFC building models as input. The functional capabilities of a rule checking system are organized into four stages; these functional criteria provide a framework for comparisons of the five systems. The review assesses both the technology and structure of building design rule checking, as an assessment of this new emerging field. The development of rule checking systems for building is very young and only limited user experience is presented. The survey lays out a framework for considering research needed for this area to mature.
Women as Subjects: South Asian Histories

Women as Subjects: South Asian Histories. NITA KUMAR, ed. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1994. 239 pp., tables, notes, references, index.
Assessment of regression kriging for spatial interpolation – comparisons of seven GIS interpolation methods

As an important GIS function, spatial interpolation is one of the most often used geographic techniques for spatial query, spatial data visualization, and spatial decision-making processes in GIS and environmental science. However, less attention has been paid on the comparisons of available spatial interpolation methods, although a number of GIS models including inverse distance weighting, spline, radial basis functions, and the typical geostatistical models (i.e. ordinary kriging, universal kriging, and cokriging) are already incorporated in GIS software packages. In this research, the conceptual and methodological aspects of regression kriging and GIS built-in interpolation models and their interpolation performance are compared and evaluated. Regression kriging is the combination of multivariate regression and kriging. It takes into consideration the spatial autocorrelation of the variable of interest, the correlation between the variable of interest and auxiliary variables (e.g., remotely sensed imag...
Interfacial potential differences at mixed conductor interfaces : Nernst, Nernst-Donnan, Nernst distribution and generalizations

Abstract The lesser known equations of Nernst that have been crucial in the theoretical basis of membrane electrochemistry, prove to have important applications in modern cells using ion conductors and mixed conductors as electrode modifiers. This paper elaborates the multi-ion equilibrium potential differences, especially emphasizing redox ions partitioned between electrolytes and various ion conductor films and solids. Methods for calculation of interfacial potential differences independent of whole cell potential differences are developed using the electrochemical potential concept for electrons and ions. Principal new results include use of the Fermi level of electrons in redox systems. Applications to non-classical interfaces: electrolyte/pure ionic and mixed, give general interfacial potential difference expressions that reduce in limits to the Nemst-Donnan, Nemst Distribution potential difference, and cover intermediate Donnan exclusion failure. New formulations appropriate to simultaneous ion exchanging and electron exchanging interfaces are introduced. Errors in the theory of redox pds at liquid/liquid interfaces are corrected. The prevalence of steady state as well as equilibrium membrane cells in modern symmetric (ion selective electrode) and asymmetric (modified electrode) cells is noted.
On the effect of ambient pressure on the rate of removal in ultrasonic machining

Abstract A preliminary investigation into the effect of ambient pressure on the ultrasonic machining process indicates that under certain conditions the rate of workpiece removal can be significantly increased. Ultrasonic machining of glass and cemented carbide was performed and the increase in the rate of removal for glass was found to be much greater than for the carbide.
THE HAPPY AND SUFFERING STUDENT? ROUSSEAU'S EMILE AND THE PATH NOT TAKEN IN PROGRESSIVE EDUCATIONAL THOUGHT

One of the mantras of progressive education is that genuine learning ought to be exciting and pleasurable, rather than joyless and painful. To a significant extent, Jean-Jacques Rousseau is associated with this mantra. In a theme of Emile that is often neglected in the educational literature, however, Rousseau stated that “to suffer is the first thing [Emile] ought to learn and the thing he will most need to know.” Through a discussion of Rousseau's argument for the importance of an education in suffering, Avi Mintz contends that the reception of Rousseau by progressives suggests a detrimental misstep in the history of educational thought, a misstep that we should recognize and correct today. We ought to revive the progressive tradition of distinguishing the valuable educational pains from the harmful ones, even if we disagree with the particular types of pain that Rousseau identified as educationally valuable.
Phosphorylation and immunology of poly(A) polymerase.

Abstract Phosphorylation of poly(A) polymerase by protein kinase NI (a cyclic nucleotide-independent nuclear kinase closely associated with poly(A) polymerase at early stages of purification) resulted in as much as 7-fold activation of poly(A) polymerase. Phosphorylation causes an increase in the rate rather than the extent of polyadenylation. Antibodies raised in rabbits against purified poly(A) polymerase from Morris hepatoma 3924A reacted specifically with poly(A) polymerase following “Western” transfer of the enzyme onto diazobenzyloxyl methyl paper. Using iodinated enzyme, a competition radioimmunoassay for poly(A) polymerase was developed. Using the radioimmunoassay, it was shown that Morris hepatoma 3924A contains 100 μg of poly(A) polymerase/mg DNA or 107 molecules of the enzyme/cell nucleus. Nuclear poly(A) polymerase from fetal liver, but not from normal liver, was able to compete well with hepatoma enzyme in the radioimmunoassay. These data suggest that the tumor poly(A) polymerase is probably an oncofetal antigen, resulting from derepression of a gene not normally expressed in adult liver.
A sphere-scanning radiometer for rapid directional measurements of sky and ground radiance

The development of the Portable Apparatus for Rapid Acquisition of Bidirectional Observations of the Land and Atmosphere (PARABOLA) and a transportable platform system is examined. The PARABOLA is a three channel rotating head radiometer which samples in 15 deg instantaneous field-of-view sectors using a sensor head, data recording unit, and an internal power pack. The composition and operation of the sensor scan, data, and power systems are described. The calibration and laboratory testing of the instrument is discussed. The field testing of a tripod-and-boom mount apparatus, a boom-equipped instrument van, and a hot-air balloon mount, in order to select the proper support device for the PARABOLA sensor head is analyzed. The design and functions of the Transportable Pickup Mount System, which is a lightweight, collapsible boom apparatus, are described.
Comparative lipid biochemistry—V. The neutral lipid plasmalogens and other lipids of some specialized sebaceous glands☆

Abstract 1. 1. The preputial glands of rat and mouse had a high neutral lipid p plasmalogen content resembling triglyceride in structure. 2. 2. The rat preputial gland unlike the mouse gland had an unusually high choline plamalogen content as well as Iyso choline plasmalogen. 3. 3. Specialized sebaceous glands of domestic chicken and armadillo were also examined.
A Comparative Analysis of Pressure Side Extensions for Tip Leakage Control in Axial Turbines

Pressure side extensions are effective tip leakage control devices in axial flow turbines. RANS based viscous flow simulations are used to compare a number of potential aerodynamic de-sensitization devices for blade tips. The present study benefits from the past aerodynamic experiments performed in the rotating turbine rig at Penn State by Dey and Camci [14]. After a brief discussion of the computational details, a grid independency study is presented. The current study shows that a significant tip leakage mass flow rate and aerodynamic loss reduction is possible by using proper tip platform extensions located near the pressure side corner of the blade tip. A set of computations with realistic turbine rotor inlet flow conditions are performed in a linear cascade arrangement in the relative frame of reference. The boundary conditions for the computations are obtained from inlet flow measurements performed in Penn State Axial Flow Turbine Research Facility AFTRF.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
1H NMR study of valinomycin conformation in a phospholipid bilayer

Our understanding of how ions pass across biological membranes has been greatly advanced by the study of small molecules which are capable of enhancing ion transport. The concepts of ion movement through channels or via mobile ion carriers have arisen from studies of model systems1–4. However, direct probing at the molecular level of the process of ion movement in a membrane system has proved difficult. The electrical properties of black lipid membrane model systems do not provide information about the details of ionophore location or conformation. Spectroscopic methods which are suited for probing the details of ionophore conformation and the stoichometry of ion binding have been confined largely to organic solvent systems which are limited as models for biological membranes. We report here proton magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopic studies which investigate valinomycin conformation and ion binding in small bilayer vesicles.
An ethnographic study of the process of medication discharge education (MDE)

(MDE) Medication discharge education (MDE) is an essential component of the hospital discharge process. It is especially important for older persons with heart disease because they are among the highest users of hospital care. Accurate management of medications is believed to be one strategy to prevent or delay hospitalization. Despite its accepted importance, there is little documented research about patient education in general, or MDE in particular. This ethnographic study collected interview, observational, and document data from older persons with heart disease, family members, nurses and medical records in order to describe the process of MDE. MDE was found to be both structured and unstructured, uncoordinated, and driven by accreditation guidelines. Older patients and their family members valued MDE, especially when information was personalized, provided orally and reinforced in writing. Suggestions for improving the effectiveness of MDE are offered.
Primary sequence of a motor neuron-selective adhesive site in the synaptic basal lamina protein S-laminin

S-laminin, a novel homolog of laminin, is concentrated in a subset of basal laminae including the basal lamina that passes between motor nerve terminals and muscle fibers at the neuromuscular junction. Here we used recombinant fragments to localize a neuronal attachment site to the C-terminal 10% of s-laminin. We then used synthetic peptides spanning the active fragment to identify the primary sequence of the adhesive site as Leu-Arg-Glu (LRE): neurons attach to an immobilized LRE-containing peptide, and soluble LRE blocks attachment of neurons to the s-laminin fragment. Whereas ciliary ganglion neurons (which normally innervate muscle fibers) adhered well both to laminin and to an s-laminin fragment, sensory and central neurons and several neuronal cell lines all adhered well to laminin but poorly to the s-laminin fragment. Together, these results define a motor neuron-selective attachment site on s-laminin.
Pharmacodynamic Principles of Antimicrobial Therapy in the Prevention of Resistance

Pharmacodynamic properties can be used to divide antibiotics into two major classes based on their mechanism of bactericidal action: (1) concentration-dependent drugs, such as aminoglycosides and fluoroquinolones, and (2) concentration-independent drugs, including the β-lactams. Antibiotics also differ in the postantibiotic effect (PAE) that they exert. In general, concentration-dependent drugs have a more prolonged PAE than concentration-independent drugs, particularly against Gram-negative pathogens. Pharmacodynamic classifications have important implications for the planning of drug regimens. For concentration-dependent drugs, peak concentration to minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) ratios of approximately 10 are associated with clinical success. Therefore, high drug levels should be the goal of therapy. This is best achieved by high doses taken once daily. This approach, however, is not feasible for the fluoroquinolones owing to dose-limiting CNS toxicity. Concentration-independent agents are most effective when the duration of serum concentrations is higher than the pathogen's MIC (time > MIC) for a significant proportion of the dosing interval. Frequent dosing or continuous infusions can increase the time > MIC. Concentrations of antibiotics that are sublethal can permit the emergence of resistant pathogens. Optimization of antibiotic regimens on the basis of pharmacodynamic principles could thus significantly diminish the emergence of antibiotic resistance.
Altered antibody profiles against common infectious agents in chronic disease.

Despite the important diagnostic value of evaluating antibody responses to individual human pathogens, antibody profiles against multiple infectious agents have not been used to explore health and disease mainly for technical reasons. We hypothesized that the interplay between infection and chronic disease might be revealed by profiling antibodies against multiple agents. Here, the levels of antibodies against a panel of 13 common infectious agents were evaluated with the quantitative Luciferase Immunoprecipitation Systems (LIPS) in patients from three disease cohorts including those with pathogenic anti-interferon-γ autoantibodies (IFN-γ AAB), HIV and Sjogren’s syndrome (SjS) to determine if their antibody profiles differed from control subjects. The IFN-γ AAB patients compared to controls demonstrated statistically higher levels of antibodies against VZV (p=0.0003), EBV (p=0.002), CMV (p=0.003), and C. albicans (p=0.03), but lower antibody levels against poliovirus (p=0.04). Comparison of HIV patients with blood donor controls revealed that the patients had higher levels of antibodies against CMV (p=0.0008), HSV-2 (p=0.0008), EBV (p=0.001), and C. albicans (p=0.01), but showed decreased levels of antibodies against coxsackievirus B4 (p=0.0008), poliovirus (p=0.0005), and HHV-6B (p=0.002). Lastly, SjS patients had higher levels of anti-EBV antibodies (p=0.03), but lower antibody levels against several enteroviruses including a newly identified picornavirus, HCoSV-A (p=0.004), coxsackievirus B4 (p=0.04), and poliovirus (p=0.02). For the IFN-γ AAB and HIV cohorts, principal component analysis revealed unique antibody clusters that showed the potential to discriminate patients from controls. The results suggest that antibody profiles against these and likely other common infectious agents may yield insight into the interplay between exposure to infectious agents, dysbiosis, adaptive immunity and disease activity.
CHARACTERIZATION OF β-ENDORPHIN ACTIVITY IN THE FETUS: ACETYLATED β-ENDORPHIN (AC β-EP) AND TOTAL β-ENDORPHIN (β-EP) DURING HYPOXIA

Hypoxia is associated with high concentrations of total plasma β-EP in both human umbilical cord and fetal lamb. To characterize this endorphin activity we used RIA to measure AC β-EP (antibody reacts <1% with β-EP) and total plasma β-EP (antibody reacts equally with β-EP and AC β-EP). 9 fetal lambs were studied before and after exposure of the pregnant ewe to 10% O2 × 30 min with and without fetal dexamethazone pretreatment. In 13 hypoxia studies (PaO2 22±1 to 12±1 mmHg), AC β-EP remained unchanged (85±11 and 109±14 pg/ml mean ±S.E.) while total β-EP increased (102±21 to 557±165 pg/ml, p<.01). Thus it is likely that inactive AC β-EP is the major endorphin species in the unstressed fetus while biologically active β-EP increases with hypoxia. In 5 hypoxia studies dexamethazone pretreatment had no effect on AC β-EP level while the increase in total β-EP was blunted (108±25 to 158±12 pg/ml). There was an inverse correlation of AC β-EP with gestational age (R=-0.49, p<.01, 113-142d, N=28). The total β-EP response to hypoxia was less before than after 130 d gestation. Thus biologically inactive AC β-EP released by the unstressed fetus in decreasing amounts toward term is unaffected by hypoxia or glucocorticoids while active β-EP release is increased by hypoxia and suppressed by glucocorticoids. Speculation: Data are consistent with diminution in tonic activity of intermediate (AC β-EP release) and enhancement of anterior β-EP release) pituitary activity with gestational maturation.
A randomized, controlled study of a rural sanitation behavior change program in Madhya Pradesh, India

Poor sanitation and open defecation are thought to be a major cause of diarrhea and intestinal parasite infections among young children. In 1999, India launched the Total Sanitation Campaign with the goal of achieving universal toilet coverage in rural India by 2012. This paper reports on a cluster-randomized, controlled trial that was conducted in 80 rural villages in Madhya Pradesh to measure the effect of the program on toilet access, sanitation behavior, and child health outcomes. The study analyzed a random sample of 3,039 households and 5,206 children under five years of age. Field staff collected baseline measures of sanitation conditions, behavior, and child health, and re-visited households 21 months later. The analysis finds that implementation of the program activities was slower than the original timeline (only 35 percent of villages were triggered more than six months before the follow-up survey). Nevertheless, the Total Sanitation Campaign successfully increased toilet coverage by 19 percent in intervention villages compared with control villages (41 percent v. 22 percent), while reported open defecation decreased by 10 percent among adults (74 percent v. 84 percent). The intervention also led to some improvements in water quality and protozoan infection, but consistent improvements were not observed across multiple child health outcomes (diarrhea, helminth infections, child growth). However, the exposure period was likely to have been too short to result in any benefit of the sanitation interventions on child health. Given the large improvements in toilet construction documented, an additional follow-up survey with a longer period of exposure would yield valuable information on the effects of improved sanitation conditions on health outcomes.
Age and developmental level as antecedents of science learning

Over the past decade, developmental theory has occupied a central role in science education instructional theory and empirical research. The purpose of the present study is to quantitatively synthesize studies relating age (or grade) and developmental level to science learning among grade 6-12 students over the 1963-1978 period. Twenty-seven studies were reviewed. Annual increments observed in measures of developmental level were consistent with current theory, and annual increments in cognitive achievement were relatively constant over the grade 4-9 interval. Measures of student ability were found to be better predictors of cognitive achievement than developmental measures; age and grade level were weakly related to developmental level and cognitive achievement, showing only significant correlations across grade levels.
Categories, disciplines, and social coordination

Lucy Suchman's paper, “Do categories have politics,” challenges the validity of speech act theory as a basis for computer systems for workflow support. Suchman fears that the explicitiness of the theory leads to undue discipline when it is applied in practice. Her fear is grounded in a misunderstanding of what it means to use such a theory, and this paper clarifies the difference between formal comprehensivemodels of behavior and formalstructures used in communication and recording, Explicit speech act theory, like explicit accounting procedures, enforces a kind of uniformity that is necessary in any communication situation where ambiguity and vagueness cannot be routinely resolved through direct personal contact and knowledge. The practicalities of large geographically distributed organizations makes the appropriate use of shared structuring a precondition for effective cooperation.
Scaling up matrix computations on shared-memory manycore systems with 1000 CPU cores

While the growing number of cores per chip allows researchers to solve larger scientific and engineering problems, the parallel efficiency of the deployed parallel software starts to decrease. This unscalability problem happens to both vendor-provided and open-source software and wastes CPU cycles and energy. By expecting CPUs with hundreds of cores to be imminent, we have designed a new framework to perform matrix computations for massively many cores. Our performance analysis on manycore systems shows that the unscalability bottleneck is related to Non-Uniform Memory Access (NUMA): memory bus contention and remote memory access latency. To overcome the bottleneck, we have designed NUMA-aware tile algorithms with the help of a dynamic scheduling runtime system to minimize NUMA memory accesses. The main idea is to identify the data that is, either read a number of times or written once by a thread resident on a remote NUMA node, then utilize the runtime system to conduct data caching and movement between different NUMA nodes. Based on the experiments with QR factorizations, we demonstrate that our framework is able to achieve great scalability on a 48-core AMD Opteron system (e.g., parallel efficiency drops only 3% from one core to 48 cores). We also deploy our framework to an extreme-scale shared-memory SGI machine which has 1024 CPU cores and runs a single Linux operating system image. Our framework continues to scale well, and can outperform the vendor-optimized Intel MKL library by up to 750%.
Ixabepilone: a new microtubule-targeting agent for breast cancer

Results of clinical trials over the past 15 years demonstrate that the taxanes are among the most effective new class of cytotoxic drugs to treat breast cancer and other solid tumors. Moreover, the efficacy of the taxanes added further credence to the relevance of the microtubule as a tumor target. In spite of the significant benefits observed in early and advanced breast cancer, a number of factors contribute to disease relapse and, perhaps more discouragingly, disease refractoriness. After exhausting cytotoxic chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, and other molecular-based-therapies, patients whose tumors exhibit taxane resistance had virtually no additional options. This paper, a product of the ongoing advances in the treatment of breast cancer, reviews two important areas: first, molecular concepts and relevance of the microtubule in breast cancer and second, clinical implications of ixabepilone, a novel, nontaxane tubulin-stabilizing agent in patients with taxane-resistant breast cancer.
AN EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF SOME VARIABLES OF MINIMAX THEORY.

Game theory is not descriptive. It prescribes strategies for achieving particular goals within a particular set of rules. But it makes no statements about the strategies which people actually use in playing these games, whether their strategies conform to those suggested by the game-theoretical model, or what factors other than the rules of the game may affect a player's strategy. While the application of game theory to the study of psychological, sociological, and political processes has increased in recent years, there have been relatively few descriptive studies of the variables and conditions affecting people's choices of strategy in various game situations. This paper investigates the effects of an opponent's strategy, expectation of an opponent's strategy, and the value of the game on subjects' choices in a series of 2-person, 3 × 3, zero-sum, strictly-determined games.
Timing of muscle activity during reaching while standing: systematic changes with target distance.

Abstract We examined the effects of changing target distance from within arm’s length (AL) to beyond arm’s length on the onsets of electromyographic (EMG) activity of non-focal muscles for a reaching task performed while standing. Two questions were addressed. First, do changes in target distance result in consistent changes in the onsets of non-focal anticipatory muscle activity of the trunk and legs in healthy subjects? Second, do changes in onsets of all non-focal muscles vary in a similar fashion in response to varying target distance? Thirteen young, healthy adults performed rapid, bilateral reaching movements to targets placed at shoulder height at four distances while electromyographic activity was recorded from muscles of the arm, trunk and legs. Ground reaction forces and arm kinematics were also recorded. The onsets of most non-focal muscles occurred prior to the onset of arm movement, and occurred progressively earlier as target distance was increased. An exception to this trend was the onset of the erector spinae muscle, which occurred progressively later as target distance was increased. These data support the notion that reaches to targets beyond arm’s length involve anticipatory non-focal muscle activity that acts to transport the arm to the target rather than simply to resist the perturbation caused by the arm movement. The consistent patterns of anticipatory muscle activity observed in healthy subjects provide a template against which to compare activity patterns of non-focal muscles for individuals with potential deficits in the control of standing balance.
Microwave Beam Position Monitors at SLAC

The design and performance of three types of nonintercepting microwave beam position monitors are described. The monitors locate the transverse centroid of the bunched beam. Monitors of the first two types each consist of two orthogonal position-sensing cavities and one reference cavity. The microwave signals induced by the beam in these cavities are combined in two phase bridges and linearly detected. The video signals are normalized with respect to beam current and transmitted to two control buildings where they are displayed. Thirty-three monitors along the linear accelerator have 0.8-inch apertures, and six special monitors at the end of the machine have 2.0-inch apertures. A third type of monitor has been installed in one experimental area. Waveglide couplers on a 3-inch diameter beam drift tube feed signals to a phase bridge. The bridge sum and difference signals are amplified, detected, and differentially displayed on an oscilloscope. The device can detect 0.004-inch changes in position of a 0.01 mA beam with a response time of 50 ns.
Case report of spontaneous, nonspinal fractures in a multiple myeloma patient on long-term pamidronate and zoledronic acid.

Pamidronate and zoledronic acid are two potent intravenous bisphosphonates used in the treatment of multiple myeloma as well as osteoporosis. While the concern for heightened fracture risk in a patient on long-term bisphosphonate treatment for malignancy has been previously noted, we present the first case of spontaneous, nonspinal fractures in a patient undergoing treatment for multiple myeloma. The patient had a positive 9-year history of bisphosphonate treatment and presented with sequential subtrochanteric stress fractures of the left and right femurs. Pathological reports of fracture site biopsies demonstrate signs consistent with ametabolic bone and no malignancy. These findings point to extreme inhibition of bone turnover by bisphosphonates as the cause of this patient’s morbidity. This is a single retrospective case study (level IV evidence).
Ethanol withdrawal: altered ambient temperature selection in rats.

SUMMARY Ethanol withdrawal in rats previously on an ethanol-containing diet for 6 wk resulted in prolonged (4–6 days) alteration in ambient temperature selection. When placed in a T-maze with a cold (2° C), a neutral (19° C), and a warm (30° C) alley, control and ethanol-imbibing animals chose to remain in the neutral alley. In contrast, during and up to 6 days after ethanol withdrawal, animals consistently preferred the warm alley of the T-maze. The withdrawal animals showed less locomotor activity, but lack of mobility, differences in body temperature, and direct disturbances in central monoamines probably were not responsible for the warm-alley preference. Impaired ambient temperature selection was less if animals were on the ethanol-containing diet for only 2 wk. It is suggested that longer lasting hormonal and/or metabolic derangements were possibly responsible for the impaired ambient temperature selection by animals undergoing withdrawal from ethanol.
Fantasy, Realism, and the Other in Recent Video Games

Despite the growing use and complexity of the virtual environments of video games, geographers have neglected investigation of the representation of video game spaces. Game spaces are entirely artificial, and whether they feature swords-and-sorcery fantasy worlds or gritty urban streets, video game environments are embedded with metaphors and ideas for political and mythological constructs. This article examines the virtual environments of four recent games, conducting visual and textual analysis of the representation of fantasy, realism, and othering.
The NASA High Intensity Radiated Fields Laboratory

High Intensity Radiated Fields (HIRF) are the result of a multitude of intentional and nonintentional electromagnetic sources that currently exist in the world. Many of today's digital systems are susceptible to electronic upset if subjected to certain electromagnetic environments (EME). Modern aerospace designers and manufacturers increasingly rely on sophisticated digital electronic systems to provide critical flight control in both military, commercial, and general aviation aircraft. In an effort to understand and emulate the undesired environment that high energy RF provides for modern electronics, the Electromagnetics Research Branch (ERB) of the Flight Electronics and Technology Division (FETD) conducts research on RF and microwave measurement methods related to the understanding of HIRF. In the High Intensity Radiated Fields Laboratory, the effects of high energy radiating electromagnetic fields on avionics and electronic systems are tested and studied.
Use of Aluminum Coils Instead of Copper Coils in Accelerator Magnet Systems

Use of aluminum windings for the ac injector-synchrotron and dc storage ring magnet systems has been studied. 1, 2 The injector synchrotron is an 18-Hz fast-cycling 8-GeV accelerator that feeds protons to the 200-GeV main ring. The physical properties of aluminum are discussed, as are the extrusion of the conductor and the winding of the coils. Also included is a discussion of cooling-system problems and their solution. Important design conditions for aluminum coils are given. An economic analysis of aluminum- and copper-coiled magnet systems is presented. As an example, the injector-synchrotron magnet system is compared to a dc storage-ring magnet system with the same magnetic characteristics. The optimum coil current density is discussed, as are the effect of gap field, economic life, and core shape on cost and optimum current density. Physical and economic advantages of aluminum coils for magnet systems are presented as are conditions under which the use of aluminum coils should be avoided.
Primary structure of the 5 S subunit of transcarboxylase as deduced from the genomic DNA sequence.

Abstract Transcarboxylase from Propionibacterium shermanii is a complex biotin-containing enzyme composed of 30 polypeptides of three different types. It is composed of six dimeric outer subunits associated with a central cylindrical hexameric subunit through 12 biotinyl subunits; three outer subunits on each face of the central hexamer. Each outer dimer is termed a 5 S subunit which associates with two biotinyl subunits. The enzyme catalyzes a two-step reaction in which methylmalonyl-CoA and pyruvate form propionyl-CoA and oxalacetate, the 5 S subunit specifically catalyzing one of these reactions. We report here the cloning, sequencing and expression of the monomer of the 5 S subunit. The gene was identified by matching amino acid sequences derived from isolated authentic 5 S peptides with the deduced sequence of an open reading frame present on a cloned P. shermanii genomic fragment known to contain the gene encoding the 1.3 S biotinyl subunit. The cloned 5 S gene encodes a protein of 519 amino acids, Mr, 57,793. The deduced sequence shows regions of extensive homology with that of pyruvate carboxylase and oxalacetate decarboxylase, two enzymes which catalyze the same or reverse reaction. A fragment was subcloned into pUC19 in an orientation such that the 5 S open reading frame could be expressed from the lac promoter of the vector. Crude extracts prepared from these cells contained an immunoreactive band on Western blots which co-migrated with authentic 5 S and were fully active in catalyzing the 5 S partial reaction. We conclude that we have cloned, sequenced and expressed the monomer of the 5 S subunit and that the expressed product is catalytically active.
BARRIERS TO A BETTER BREAK: Employer Discrimination and Spatial Mismatch in Metropolitan Detroit

This article discusses key findings from a survey-based employer study designed to evaluate the relative merit of race, space, and skill-based explanations for growing wage and employment gaps betw...
Simultaneous image classification and annotation

Image classification and annotation are important problems in computer vision, but rarely considered together. Intuitively, annotations provide evidence for the class label, and the class label provides evidence for annotations. For example, an image of class highway is more likely annotated with words “road,” “car,” and “traffic” than words “fish,” “boat,” and “scuba.” In this paper, we develop a new probabilistic model for jointly modeling the image, its class label, and its annotations. Our model treats the class label as a global description of the image, and treats annotation terms as local descriptions of parts of the image. Its underlying probabilistic assumptions naturally integrate these two sources of information. We derive an approximate inference and estimation algorithms based on variational methods, as well as efficient approximations for classifying and annotating new images. We examine the performance of our model on two real-world image data sets, illustrating that a single model provides competitive annotation performance, and superior classification performance.
The Effect of Subject Characteristics and Respirator Features on Respirator Fit

A recent study was conducted to compare five fit test methods for screening out poor-fitting N95 filtering-facepiece respirators. Eighteen models of NIOSH-certified, N95 filtering-facepiece respirators were used to assess the fit test methods by using a simulated workplace protection factor (SWPF) test. The purpose of this companion study was to investigate the effect of subject characteristics (gender and face dimensions) and respirator features on respirator fit. The respirator features studied were design style (folding and cup style) and number of sizes available (one size fits all, two sizes, and three sizes). Thirty-three subjects participated in this study. Each was measured for 12 face dimensions using traditional calipers and tape. From this group, 25 subjects with face size categories 1 to 10 tested each respirator. The SWPF test protocol entailed using the PortaCount Plus to determine a SWPF based on total penetration (face-seal leakage plus filter penetration) while the subject performed six s...
A fast binary adder with conditional carry generation

This paper presents a fast binary adder in static CMOS realization. While the carry derivation is similar to that in a conditional-sum adder, the proposed adder is also similar to that of a spanning tree carry lookahead adder in the sense that only selected carry bits are generated and the sum bits are produced by carry-select adders. In a 1.2 /spl mu/m static CMOS realization, the proposed adder adds two 32-bit operands in 3.28 ns. This delay is measured from the assertion of the input to the arrival of the slowest sum bit.
Non-invasive continuous blood pressure monitoring by the unloading of vascular wall

An investigation of noninvasive continuous blood pressure monitoring based on the principle of indirect loading of the vascular wall is described. A finger cuff with an optical sensor is used to detect the pulsation of vascular volume. The signal of this sensor is then used to control the pressure in the cuff. A simple air compressor, the time response of which can satisfy the requirement for dynamic monitoring of the blood pressure, is described. The waveform of the blood pressure is shown. The results of a preliminary accuracy test are given. >
MICROWAVE AND CONVENTIONAL COOKING IN RELATION TO QUALITY AND NUTRITIVE VALUE OF BEEF AND BEEF‐SOY LOAVES

Beef or soy flavor of meat loaves containing 0, 15% soy flour or 15% soy concentrate were evaluated after cooking in microwave or in conventional ovens. Also, cooking time, cooking losses, fat and moisture content and thiamine retention were determined. Beef or soy flavor was significantly affected (P < 0.01) by loaf type, but not by oven treatment. Loaves (960g) cooked electronically reached 74°C in 19 min and had consistently higher cooking losses than those cooked conventionally for 78 min. Substitution of 15% soy reduced cooking losses more in loaves cooked in electric than in microwave ovens. Soy had no effect on the fat content, but cooking had a significant (P < 0.01) effect; i.e., 11.5% fat in electronically and 9.6% in conventionally cooked loaves. Thiamine retention was not affected by 15% soy substitution. The average thiamine content, regardless of treatment, was 0.09 mg/100g of the cooked loaves.
Impact of Common Medications on Serum Total Prostate-Specific Antigen Levels: Analysis of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Purpose Previous studies suggest that some common medications alter prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels. It remains unclear whether these reported medication effects are due to clinicodemographic factors or concurrent use of other medications. We investigated the impact of individual and combinations of common medications on PSA in a large cross-sectional study of the United States population. Patients and Methods The study included men ≥ 40 years old without prostate cancer from the 2003 to 2004 and 2005 to 2006 cycles of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Men with recent prostate manipulation, prostatitis, and those on hormone therapy were excluded. Weighted multivariate linear regression was performed on log-transformed total PSA to determine the effect of the 10 most commonly prescribed medication classes, adjusting for potential confounders including demographics, clinical characteristics, physical examination, laboratory studies, and duration of medication use. Results...
Susceptibility of ‘Skyline’ Honeylocust to Cankers Caused by Nectria cinnabarina Influenced by Nursery Field Management System

Abstract The influence of five nursery field management treatments including alternative, sustainable practices (ie. companion crops, allelopathic cover crops/mulches) on the incidence of stem cankers caused by Nectria cinnabarina (Tode: Fr.) Fr. on ‘Skyline’ thornless honeylocust (Gleditsia triacanthos L. var. inermis Willd. ‘Skyline’) was monitored in Minnesota. Although considered a stress related disease, field management treatments that reduced tree vigor (ie. growth), decreased susceptibility to attack by N. cinnabarina while treatments which promoted vigorous growth increased susceptibility. The observed vulnerability of honeylocust trees to N. cinnabarina may be related to plant cold hardiness and subsequent winter injury to root and crown tissue as affected by nursery field management treatment. Moisture stress late in the growing season, resulting from root injury during the previous winter, mechanical root injury from cultivation, and high summer soil temperatures may have increased susceptibil...
Acute Respiratory Failure in Neuromuscular Disorders

Respiratory failure can be the presenting symptom of a neuromuscular disorder or occur in a patient with a known neuromuscular disorder. The signs and management of respiratory failure in these patients can be different than in patients with acute respiratory failure of other etiologies. This chapter will review the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and treatment and prevention of acute respiratory failure in neuromuscular disorders.
Aurally Aided Visual Search with Musical Stimuli – An Eye Tracking Analysis

Visual search is a complex visual task used in many industrial applications. It is also well studied experimentally, and represents an opportunity to test methods to present location information to people and compare to existing research. In this experiment, participants were asked to complete a challenging visual search task of finding the character “Y” within a background of two different densities of the character “X” (25% and 45%). Participants were cued as to the location of the target using 2 spatial audio methods and two types of stimuli (music and a harmonic tone). A Tobii eye tracker was used to present the visual search screens and track eye movements throughout the experiment in order to identify differences in search method between conditions.
Homocysteine, vitamins, and prevention of vascular disease.

ABSTRACT Within the past four decades, the efforts of investigators worldwide have established the amino acid homocysteine as an important factor in arteriosclerosis and diseases of aging. After its discovery in 1932, homocysteine was demonstrated to be an important intermediate in the metabolism of amino acids. However, little was known about the broader biomedical significance of homocysteine until 1962, when children with mental retardation, accelerated growth, dislocated ocular lenses, and frequent vascular thrombosis were found to excrete homocysteine in the urine. My study of two patients with homocystinuria caused by different inherited enzymatic disorders in 1968 disclosed advanced widespread arteriosclerotic plaques in both cases. This discovery led to the conclusion that homocysteine causes vascular disease by a direct effect on the cells and tissues of the arteries. This interpretation suggests that homocysteine is important in the pathogenesis of arteriosclerosis in persons with hereditary, di...
Exchanging Allies: From Internationalist to International Cooperation

As the second socialist state in the world—and the first in Asia—the Mongolian People’s Republic (MPR) worked with the Soviet Union to form the foundations of the socialist world-system. The political constellation of these two countries—both “encircled by hostile capitalist states” (Luvsanchultem 1981: 136)—was considered the beginning of international relations “of a new type, based on the principles of proletarian internationalism” (Kazakevich 1978: 196). Since the end of World War II, the MPR had been a part of the socialist world-system and it became a member of the Eastern Bloc Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA) in the year 1962.1 Despite its relatively late economic integration into the socialist community, the MPR never doubted its standing as part of the Second World. This identity was a product of the “bypassing capitalism” narrative, as well as pride in having a relatively well-developed social system, compared to other countries in Asia. It was also bolstered by the role of the MPR in socialist discourse on development, and the country’s educational system was considered an indicator of its progress. In context with the decolonization of Africa and Latin America in the 1960s, the MPR served as a role model for the Third World, and promoted itself as an example of the opportunities offered by socialism for successful development from “feudalism” to modernity, and a higher standard of living.