cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
How cytochromes with different folds control heme redox potentials.

The electrochemical midpoint potentials (Em's) of 13 cytochromes, in globin ( c, c2, c551, c553), four-helix bundle (c', b562), R‚ roll (b5), and ‚ sandwich (f) motifs, with Em's spanning 450 mV were calculated with multiconformation continuum electrostatics (MCCE). MCCE calculates changes in oxidation free energy when a heme-axial ligand complex is moved from water into protein. Calculated and experimental Em's are in good agreement for cytochromes with His -Met and bis-His ligated hemes, where microperoxidases provide reference Em's. In all cytochromes, Em's are raised by 130 -260 mV relative to solvated hemes by the loss of reaction field (solvation) energy. However, there is no correlation between Em and heme surface exposure. Backbone amide dipoles in loops or helix termini near the axial ligands raise Em's, but amides in helix bundles contribute little. Heme propionates lower Em's. If the propionic acids are partially protonated in the reduced cytochrome, protons are released on heme oxidation, contributing to the pH dependence of the Em. In all cytochromes studied except b5's and low potential globins, buried side chains raise Em's. MCCE samples ionizable group protonation states, heme redox states, and side chain rotamers simultaneously. Globins show the largest structural changes on heme oxidation and four-helix bundles the least. Given the calculated protein-induced Em shift and measured cytochrome Em the five-coordinate, His heme in cis predicted to have a solution Em between that of isolated bis-His and His-Met hemes, while the reference Em for His-Ntr ligands in cytochrome f should be near that of His-Met hemes.
CD43-Mediated IFN-γ Production by CD8+ T Cells Promotes Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm in Mice

CD43 is a glycosylated surface protein abundantly expressed on lymphocytes. Its role in immune responses has been difficult to clearly establish, with evidence supporting both costimulatory and inhibitory functions. In addition, its contribution to disease pathogenesis remains elusive. Using a well-characterized murine model of elastase-induced abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) that recapitulates many key features of the human disease, we established that the presence of CD43 on T cells is required for AAA formation. Moreover, we found that IFN-γ-producing CD8(+) T cells, but not CD4(+) T cells, promote the development of aneurysm by enhancing cellular apoptosis and matrix metalloprotease activity. Reconstitution with IFN-γ-producing CD8(+) T cells or recombinant IFN-γ promotes the aneurysm phenotype in CD43(-/-) mice, whereas IFN-γ antagonism abrogates disease in wild-type animals. Furthermore, we showed that the presence of CD43 with an intact cytoplasmic domain capable of binding to ezrin-radixin-moesin cytoskeletal proteins is essential for optimal in vivo IFN-γ production by T cells and aneurysm formation. We have thus identified a robust physiologic role for CD43 in a relevant animal model and established an important in vivo function for CD43-dependent regulation of IFN-γ production. These results further suggest that IFN-γ antagonism or selective blockade of CD43(+)CD8(+) T cell activities merits further investigation for immunotherapy in AAA.
GENETIC VARIATION FOR THE SEX RATIO IN NASONIA VITRIPENNIS

We detected genetic variation for the sex ratio in the parasitoid wasp Nasonia vitripennis by analysis of inbred lines and with an artificial selection experiment. Sex ratios differed significantly among five independently isolated lines. Furthermore, sex ratio in broods produced by single females in single hosts shifted from 80-90% female to 50-55% female in 13 to 15 generations in each of two replicate selection lines. The final sex ratios of both selection lines were significantly lower than any of the inbred line sex ratios. Backcrosses revealed that the selection response was due to nuclear genes acting through the female parent. In light of known facultative sex ratio behavior and major genes affecting sex ratio in Nasonia, our results suggest that population and individual sex ratios in this species are molded by processes at both genetic and behavioral levels.
Be a Fit Kid: Nutrition and Physical Activity for the Fourth Grade

This article describes the inclusion of Be a Fit Kid in the fourth-grade curriculum. Be a Fit Kid is a fitness-emphasized physical activity and heart-healthy nutrition education program for elementary school children. Five parent-education lessons were offered and nutrition workbooks were distributed to parents. Following the 10-week intervention, significant improvements in fitness, body fat, nutrition knowledge, dietary habits, and levels of lipids and lipoproteins were observed in the intervention group compared with baseline levels. Changes in fitness, body fat, and nutrition knowledge were significant compared with the control group. These findings suggest that comprehensive physical activity and nutrition programs included in the school curriculum may be effective for improving cardiovascular health and reducing future risk for lifestyle-related diseases.
Wallace Henderson Clark, Jr.: An appreciation

Abstract Wallace Henderson Clark, Jr died on November 28, 1997. Wallace was an inspiring teacher, outstanding pathologist, and unusual medical scholar. Pathology, dermatopathology, and dermatology have lost an effective leader in the practice of medicine and a scholar in medical science. His friends, students, and colleagues have lost an enthusiastic fellow human. The many patients with melanocytic lesions have lost a kind, caring practitioner.
Virtualizing office hours in CS 50

In Fall 2007, we introduced "virtual office hours" into Harvard College's introductory computer science course, CS 50, so that students could meet with teaching fellows (TFs) online to discuss problem sets at any hour from anywhere. Our goals were to lower the bar to interaction among TFs and students and to improve the efficiency and convenience of the same. Rather than rely on email alone, we experimented with Elluminate, third-party software that not only allowed students and TFs to chat via IM and VOIP, it also enabled the latter to see and even share control of the former's screens (eg, code in students' terminal windows). Students, in turn, were able to troubleshoot bugs with TFs by their (virtual) side.We surveyed our nearly 300 students on their experiences with office hours, both physical and virtual. Although most students responded positively to the idea of virtual office hours, only 55% logged in at least once. However, nearly the same number (62%) attended the physical. We ultimately judged our virtual office hours a net positive, with 14% of students attending the virtual (and 21% the physical) "often." But our experiment was not without some unexpected results. We found that wait times online sometimes matched or exceeded those in the physical lab, partly the result of the software's own shortcomings and students' habits online.Ultimately, the audience for these virtual office hours was entirely self-selecting. Those students who liked the experience online opted in, whereas those who preferred more traditional help opted out.
Decoding the multifaceted HIV-1 virus-host interactome

Recently in BMC Medical Genomics, Tozeren and colleagues have uncovered virus-host interactions by searching for conserved peptide motifs in HIV and human proteins. Their computational model provides a novel perspective in the interpretation of high-throughput data on the HIV-host interactome.
Diabetes and Vascular Disease in Different Arterial Territories

OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between diabetes and different phenotypes of peripheral vascular disease (lower extremity peripheral artery disease [PAD], carotid artery stenosis [CAS], and abdominal aortic aneurysm [AAA]). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Prevalence of vascular disease was evaluated in 3,696,778 participants of the Life Line Screening survey between 2003 and 2008. PAD was defined as ankle-brachial pressure index RESULTS Diabetes mellitus was present in 10.8% of participants ( n = 399,884). Prevalence of PAD, CAS, and AAA were significantly higher ( P P P P P CONCLUSIONS In a large population-based study, the association between diabetes and vascular disease differed according to vascular phenotype. Future studies exploring the mechanism for these vascular-specific differences are needed.
A robustness analysis of multi-hop ranging-based localization approximations

In this study, we implement six ranging-based localization algorithms from the literature and evaluate them in simulations that employ real-world ultrasound ranging data. We find that small variations in the ranging model can lead to large variations in localization error. We analyze each algorithm to identify how implicit assumptions may be violated by empirical ranging data and why this changes the behavior of the algorithm.
Early expression of the high molecular weight neurofilament subunit attenuates axonal neurite outgrowth.

Abstract Phospho-dependent interactions of the C-terminal region of the high molecular weight NF subunit (NF-H) with each other and with other cytoskeletal elements stabilize the axonal cytoskeleton and contribute to an increase in axonal caliber. The same kinase cascades that mediate axonal pathfinding via growth cone dynamics are those that foster NF-mediated axonal stabilization, yet there is a developmental delay in the accumulation of NF C-terminal phosphorylation. Moreover, the phospho-mediated C-terminal NF-H interactions that stabilize the axonal cytoskeleton also inhibit axonal elongation. We hypothesized that a delay in expression and/or accumulation of NF-H within developing axons is essential to allow axonal elongation and pathfinding. We tested this hypothesis in differentiating NB2a/d1 cells. The first 3 days of differentiation of NB2a/d1 cells is normally accompanied by rapid elongation of axonal neurites. This period is followed by the accumulation of C-terminally phosphorylated NF-H, cessation of axonal elongation and an increase in axonal caliber. Herein, overexpression of GFP-tagged NF-H simultaneously with induction of differentiation fostered accumulation of C-terminally phosphorylated NF-H within developing axonal neurites within 48hr, which was accompanied by retardation of axonal elongation and a hastened increase in caliber. These effects were prevented by treatment with inhibitors of kinases that mediate the association of NFs with other cytoskeletal elements. Overexpression of GFP-NF-H lacking the C-terminal 187 amino acids (which mediate NF–NF interactions) did not retard elongation nor increase caliber. These findings support the hypothesis that a developmental delay in NF-H C-terminal phosphorylation is essential to allow appropriate axonal elongation prior to stabilization.
Leakage Power Mitigation in Static Cache Memories Using Threshold Voltage Modulation

Over the last few years, leakage power dissipation component in static cache memory modules has increasingly proliferated leading to higher level of static power dissipation. The trend has been caused by the aggressive shrinkage of CMOS transistor feature size and supply voltage reduction required by the CMOS process scaling to meet the growing need for high-performance computation and low-power consumption in microprocessor-based systems. This paper proposes a framework to monitor the processor cache cell at its finest granularity, reads out its threshold voltages, incorporates that into a popular cache power estimator and then optimizes leakage architecturally in early design stages. The associated effects of leakage optimizations on performance have also been quantified and evaluated thoroughly.
Distribution of 3,4-Dimethyl-5-sulfanilamidoisoxazole in the Body.

SummaryThe distribution of 3,4 dimethyl-5-sulfanilamidoisoxazole has been studied in the log and in man. Its apparent volume of distribution in per cent of the body weight indicates that it is contained only in extracellular water.
A video-guided multimodal photoacoustic microscopy for retinal imaging

A video-guided multimodal photoacoustic microscopic system for retinal imaging with shortened pre-alignment was developed and characterized. Its feasibility and multimodal imaging capability were demonstrated in vivo in albino and pigmented rat eyes.
Absorption of Galactose by Renal Tubules of the Dog

SummaryThe renal tubules of the dog absorb about 40% of the galactose that appears in the glomerular filtrate; within rather wide limits the fraction that is absorbed is independent of the concentration of plasma galactose and of the degree of concentration of the glomerular filtrate. In contrast to glucose, the renal tubular transfer of galactose is not altered by the administration of thyroxin. It is likely that a transfer mechanism is involved in the tubular absorption of this sugar.
Trauma: Contemporary Directions in Theory, Practice, and Research, edited by Ringel, S., & Brandell, J. R.

From the start, Trauma: Contemporary Directions in Theory, Practice, and Research sets the goal of presenting “new developments in the conceptualization of trauma and trauma-related interventions f...
Cognitive emotion regulation: a review of theory and scientific findings

One critical developmental milestone is the ability to employ strategies that will regulate unruly emotions [ 1 ]. In childhood, and adulthood, emotions do not always need to be controlled, but in situations where regulating them is adaptive, such as educational settings, there are many strategies available for use. One commonly used and largely adaptive strategy is cognitive reappraisal, which involves changing the way we are thinking about a situation in order to change how we feel. Research indicates that this strategy is generally more adaptive than other strategies, such as expressive suppression (in Western cultures) and under certain circumstances, distraction. However, there are some situations in which using reappraisal might not be the best choice, including using reappraisal to regulate emotions which are strong, immediate, perceptually-based, or emotions that are the result of situations that are still controllable. Future work should continue to explore the contextual conditions that inform when reappraisal is effective and adaptive, and define the best alternate strategies when reappraisal cannot be effective and adaptive.
Pre-development conditions to assess the impact of growth in an urbanizing watershed in Northern Virginia

Abstract Pre-development conditions are an easily understood state to which watershed nonpoint nutrient reduction targets may be referenced. Using the pre-development baseline, a “developed-excess” measure may be computed for changes due to anthropogenic development. Developed-excess is independent of many geographical, physical, and hydrological characteristics of the region and after normalization by area may be used for comparison among various sub-sets of the watershed, such as jurisdictions or land use types. We have demonstrated this method by computing pre-development nitrogen and phosphorus loads entering the Occoquan Reservoir from its tributary watershed in Northern Virginia. The pre-development loads in this study were computed using the calibrated water quality models for the period 2002–2007. Current forest land was used as a surrogate for pre-development land use conditions for the watershed and developed-excess was estimated for fluvial loads of Total Inorganic Nitrogen (TIN) and Orthophosphate-Phosphorus (OP) by subtracting simulated predevelopment loads from observed loads. It was observed that within the study period (2002–2007), the average annual developed-excess represented about 30% of the TIN and OP average annual loads exported to the reservoir. Comparison of the two disturbed land use types, urban and agricultural, showed that urban land uses exported significantly more excess nonpoint nutrient load per unit area than agricultural land uses.
Epicatechin, procyanidins, cocoa, and appetite: a randomized controlled trial

Background In 2 randomized controlled trials, it was reported that dark chocolate acutely decreased appetite in human subjects, but the authors did not assess the types or concentrations of cocoa compounds that are needed. Other studies have suggested that the cocoa compounds epicatechin and procyanidins may be involved. Objective We sought to test the hypotheses that, compared with placebo (an alkalized cocoa mixture containing essentially no epicatechin or procyanidins), the following beverages cause a decrease in appetite: 1) a nonalkalized cocoa mixture; 2) epicatechin plus placebo; and 3) procyanidins plus placebo. We measured the concentrations of cocoa compounds in all beverages. Design We used a 4-way randomized, crossover, placebo-controlled trial that was balanced for period and carryover effects in 28 healthy, young-adult men. We also conducted a smaller (n = 14), parallel, secondary randomized trial in which we explored the effects of higher doses of epicatechin and procyanidins. Our primary measure of appetite was ad libitum pizza intake 150 min after beverage ingestion. We used a linear mixed-model analysis. Results Intakes of beverages with the nonalkalized cocoa mixture that contained 0.6 mg epicatechin, 0.2 mg catechin, and 2.9 mg monomer-decamer procyanidins/kg body weight did not decrease pizza intake significantly (P = 0.29) compared with intake of the placebo. In the smaller secondary trial, a combination of epicatechin and the nonalkalized cocoa mixture that contained 1.6 mg epicatechin/kg body weight significantly decreased pizza intake by 18.7% (P = 0.04). Conclusions Our nonalkalized cocoa mixture was associated with an acute decrease in food intake only after being supplemented with epicatechin. It is possible that epicatechin at a dose of >1.6 mg/kg body weight, alone or in concert with appropriate catalytic cocoa compounds, may be useful for helping people control their food intakes. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02408289.
Psychology of the Digital Age: Humans Become Electric

Based on two decades of participant-observation field research in diverse online environments, this engaging book offers insights for improving lifestyles and enhancing wellbeing in the digital age. John R. Suler, a founder of the field of cyberpsychology, explains its fundamental principles across a wide variety of topics, including online identity management, disinhibition, communication via text and photographs, intimacy and misunderstandings in online relationships, conflicting attitudes toward social media, addiction, deviant behavior, virtual reality, artificial intelligence, and media overload. He provides a new framework, the 'Eight Dimensions of Cyberpsychology Architecture', which researchers, students, and general readers interested in cyberpsychology can apply as a valuable tool for creating and understanding different digital realms. Psychology of the Digital Age focuses on the individual, shedding new light on our conscious as well as subconscious reactions to online experiences and our intrinsic human need to self-actualize.
Propaganda and Democracy

We are surrounded by communication of many kinds whose aim is to persuade rather to convince, to manipulate rather than to reason. We are being constantly manipulated into forming beliefs or attitudes, or to have feelings of certain kinds; or beliefs and attitudes we already have, but ought to criticize and perhaps reject, are instead being reinforced rather than questioned. Advertising and much public discourse is like this. How should we react to this fact? Perhaps even more importantly, how should we understand it? What does it mean that this is so? Not all persuasion is regrettable or to be disapproved. Our feelings as well as our rational judgment are part of our humanity; emotions even constitute an essential part of our rational capacities themselves. Not all persuasion is propaganda. And perhaps not even all propaganda is necessarily bad. This last point was the focus of a controversy between W. E. B. Du Bois, who held that propaganda could be used for good, and Alain Locke, who held that all propaganda corrupts our thinking. My own view is that propaganda can be used for good, but Locke was perfectly right to be worried about it. More specifically, Du Bois maintained that artistic propaganda could encourage self-respect among African Americans, while Locke argued that propaganda can never reframe the issues in a debate, but must accept the received perceptions of them, and can contribute to any debate only on those terms.
Should Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Be Offered? An International Survey

Objectives To assess the current attitudes of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) program directors regarding eligibility for ECMO among children with cardiopulmonary failure. Study design Electronic cross-sectional survey of ECMO program directors at ECMO centers worldwide within the Extracorporeal Life Support Organization directory (October 2015-December 2015). Results Of 733 eligible respondents, 226 (31%) completed the survey, 65% of whom routinely cared for pediatric patients. There was wide variability in whether respondents would offer ECMO to any of the 5 scenario patients, ranging from 31% who would offer ECMO to a child with trisomy 18 to 76% who would offer ECMO to a child with prolonged cardiac arrest and indeterminate neurologic status. Even physicians practicing the same specialty sometimes held widely divergent opinions, with 50% of pediatric intensivists stating they would offer ECMO to a child with severe developmental delay and 50% stating they would not. Factors such as quality of life and neurologic status influenced decision making and were used to support decisions for and against offering ECMO. Conclusions ECMO program directors vary widely in whether they would offer ECMO to various children with cardiopulmonary failure. This heterogeneity in physician decision making underscores the need for more evidence that could eventually inform interinstitutional guidelines regarding patient selection for ECMO.
Parties or Problem Sets: Review Article on How College Works and Paying for the Party

The potential of Internet-enabled distance learning to transform higher education focuses attention on exactly what residential higher-education institutions do for and to their students. Two recent books marshal detailed quantitative and subjective data on individual student outcomes to document the effects of two institutions and how these outcomes might be improved. Paying for the Party concludes that a Midwestern state university reinforces existing economic inequalities rather than fostering upward mobility. How College Works finds that a northeastern liberal-arts college generally serves its students well and suggests low-cost improvements. These claims are evaluated.
Abstract A13: Tooth loss, liver cancer incidence, and chronic liver disease mortality in the ATBC study

Background: Periodontal disease, a common disorder of the tissue surrounding and supporting the teeth, is a major cause of tooth loss in adults. Periodontal infection by oral microorganisms may have systemic effects and has been associated with several types of cancer. However, its association with liver cancer has only been examined in two prospective studies, both of which had very small number of liver cancer cases (n Methods: We examined the association of tooth loss, as a proxy measure of periodontal infection, with primary liver cancer incidence and chronic liver disease mortality in the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention (ATBC) study, a prospective cohort of male Finnish smokers (n = 29,096). Number of permanent teeth lost was assessed at study baseline (1985-1988). We used Cox proportional hazards models to calculate multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). As a sensitivity analysis, we conducted a nested case-control study to assess confounding by hepatitis B or C virus (HBV or HCV) infection and seropositivity of Helicobacter pylori. Results: A total of 213 incident primary liver cancers occurred during a mean follow-up of 17 years. Having 11-31 permanent teeth lost was associated with a 42% higher risk of liver cancer (HR=1.42, 95% CI: 1.01-1.98), and having all 32 teeth lost was associated with a 45% higher risk of liver cancer (HR=1.45, 95% CI: 1.00-2.10), compared to having 0-10 teeth lost. In the sensitivity analysis, adjusting for Helicobacter pylori seropositivity yielded a modest attenuation of the effect estimate, whereas adjustment for HBV or HCV did not materially change the results. No consistent pattern was observed for liver disease mortality (n = 250 deaths). Conclusions: In this study, greater number of teeth lost was associated with higher risk of primary liver cancer. Further investigations are warranted to clarify the role of periodontal infection in hepatocarcinogenesis and to determine the utility of tooth loss as a predictor of liver cancer development. Citation Format: Baiyu Yang, Jessica L. Petrick, Christian C. Abnet, Barry I. Graubard, Stephanie J. Weinstein, Satu Mannisto, Demetrius Albanes, Katherine A. McGlynn. Tooth loss, liver cancer incidence, and chronic liver disease mortality in the ATBC study. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference: Improving Cancer Risk Prediction for Prevention and Early Detection; Nov 16-19, 2016; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2017;26(5 Suppl):Abstract nr A13.
DIAGNOSING AND PREVENTING TRAY DAMAGE IN DISTILLATION COLUMNS

Abstract Little attention has been given to diagnosing and preventing tray damage in distillation columns in the distillation control literature. However, tray damage can impose a severe operating cost. When tray damage results in a complete shutdown or limited production operation, especially of high throughput processes, the cost penalty can be severe. Costs include both the direct expense to dismantle and repair the columns and also the resulting loss in production. Based on the results of a survey of 17 incidents of column tray damage, causes of tray damage are identified. Along with discussing the cause and prevention of distillation column tray damage, the problem of diagnosing the nature of column damage is discussed in some detail. This is important since certain column behavior, such as foaming, can appear to be the same behavior caused by tray damage and/or pluggage. Column instabilities due to flow changes to and from the column and pressure disturbances can also appear to be caused by tray damage. It is obviously very important to isolate the cause of the problem since the solution can either be trivial or very costly. Also some recommendations are given for column instruments and controls that can aid in stabilizing column operation and diagnosing the cause of the problems. “It can be very disappointing for a control engineer who has spent considerable time and effort to devise and implement an improved distillation column control strategy that might be saving $100M or more per year, for that savings to be lost because durinq a start-up, upset, or shutdown, the column trays were damaged”.
Assessment of direct exposure and leaching risk from PAHs in roadway and stormwater system residuals

Wastes generated from municipal cleaning activities such as street sweeping, ditch cleaning, stormwater pond maintenance, and catch basin sediment removal require appropriate management. Beneficial use of these types of waste is a good alternative to landfilling; however, there are genuine concerns about possible soil and groundwater contamination by pollutants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). This study assessed the potential risks associated with beneficial use of roadway and stormwater system residuals collected from 14 cities across the state of Florida, USA. Total and leachable concentrations of 16 priority PAHs in the residual samples were measured and compared to appropriate risk-based regulatory threshold values. The bioaccessibility of the PAHs found in the waste streams was also determined using in vitro gastrointestinal leaching test. Of the PAHs studied, benzo [a] pyrene measured concentrations were above appropriate risk-based regulatory threshold values for soil and groundwater, while all other detected PAHs measured concentrations were below. Benzo [a] pyrene concentration (mg/kg) in street sweepings was 1.2 times higher than residential threshold values and 6 times lower than industrial threshold values. The in vitro study found PAH bioaccessibility to range from 1.7% to 49% in six roadway and stormwater system residual samples.
Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Management: Techniques to Liberate from Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation and Manage Post–Intensive Care Unit Issues

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is a life-saving technique when patients require pulmonary and/or cardiac support for days to weeks for recovery, bridge to decision, or transplantation. Due to complications associated with ECMO, it is best to stay on ECMO as little time as necessary. Foremost is weaning from ECMO, but the post-ECMO period recapitulates the entire field of critical care. Identified issues include (1) potential for systemic inflammatory response syndrome post-decannulation; (2) post-ECMO complications, such as deep vein thrombosis, wounds, renal failure, and stroke; (3) delirium; (4) posttraumatic stress disorder; (5) rehabilitation; and (6) end of life.
Perivascular Adipose Tissue Harbors Atheroprotective IgM-Producing B Cells.

Adipose tissue surrounding major arteries (Perivascular adipose tissue or PVAT) has long been thought to exist to provide vessel support and insulation. Emerging evidence suggests that PVAT regulates artery physiology and pathology, such as promoting atherosclerosis development through local production of inflammatory cytokines. Yet the immune subtypes in PVAT that regulate inflammation are poorly characterized. B cells have emerged as important immune cells in the regulation of visceral adipose tissue inflammation and atherosclerosis. B cell-mediated effects on atherosclerosis are subset-dependent with B-1 cells attenuating and B-2 cells aggravating atherosclerosis. While mechanisms whereby B-2 cells aggravate atherosclerosis are less clear, production of immunoglobulin type M (IgM) antibodies is thought to be a major mechanism whereby B-1 cells limit atherosclerosis development. B-1 cell-derived IgM to oxidation specific epitopes (OSE) on low density lipoproteins (LDL) blocks oxidized LDL-induced inflammatory cytokine production and foam cell formation. However, whether PVAT contains B-1 cells and whether atheroprotective IgM is produced in PVAT is unknown. Results of the present study provide clear evidence that the majority of B cells in and around the aorta are derived from PVAT. Interestingly, a large proportion of these B cells belong to the B-1 subset with the B-1/B-2 ratio being 10 fold higher in PVAT relative to spleen and bone marrow. Moreover, PVAT contains significantly greater numbers of IgM secreting cells than the aorta. ApoE-/- mice with B cell-specific knockout of the gene encoding the helix-loop-helix factor Id3, known to have attenuated diet-induced atherosclerosis, have increased numbers of B-1b cells and increased IgM secreting cells in PVAT relative to littermate controls. Immunostaining of PVAT on human coronary arteries identified fat associated lymphoid clusters (FALCs) harboring high numbers of B cells, and flow cytometry demonstrated the presence of T cells and B cells including B-1 cells. Taken together, these results provide evidence that murine and human PVAT harbor B-1 cells and suggest that local IgM production may serve to provide atheroprotection.
Extraction of amino acids from aerogel for analysis by capillary electrophoresis. implications for a mission concept to Enceladus’ Plume

Ocean worlds like Europa and Enceladus in the outer solar system are prime targets in the search for life beyond Earth. Enceladus is particularly interesting due to the presence of a water plume ejecting from the south polar region. The recent discovery of H2 in the plume, in addition to the presence of previously observed organic compounds, highlights the possibility of life in this moon. The plume provides materials from the underlying ocean that could be collected simply by flying through it. The presence of the plume means that material from the ocean is available for collection during a flyby, without the need for landing or complex sample handling operations such as scooping or drilling. An attractive approach to preserve the organics in particles collected during flyby encounters would be to utilize silica aerogel, the material used to collect particles at hypervelocity during the Stardust mission. Here we demonstrate amino acids can be extracted from aerogel simply by adding water. This simple liquid extraction method could be implemented during a mission prior to analysis with a liquid-based technique like capillary electrophoresis.
A Novel Approach to Exponential Speedup of Simulation Events in Wireless Networks

We demonstrate a new approach that yields exponential speedup of communication events in discrete event simulations (DES) of mobile wireless networks. With the trending explosive growth of wireless devices including Internet of things devices, it is important to have the capability to simulate wireless networks at large scale accurately. Unfortunately, current simulation techniques are inadequate for large-scale network simulation especially at high rate of total transmission events due to poor performance scaling. This has limited many studies to much smaller sizes than desired. We propose a method for attaining high fidelity DES of mobile wireless networks that leverages (i) path loss of transmissions and (ii) the relatively slower topology changes in a high transmission rate environment. Our approach averages a runtime of k(r)O(log N) per event, where N is the number of simulated wireless nodes, r is a factor of maximum transmission range, and k(r) is typically constant obeying k(r)≪ N.
Heritable tissue culture induced variation in Zinnia marylandica

Adventitious shoots of Zinnia marylandica, an amphidiploid with limited genetic segregation, were regenerated from cotyledonary tissue on Murashige-Skoog (MS) media containing 0.2 or 22.2 μM thidiazuron (TDZ) and grown through flowering. Fisher's Test for Equal Variance indicated tissue culture induced plants had more variation than seed-derived control plants. Twelve of 149 (8%) plants derived from 0.2 μM TDZ and three of 23 (13%) plants from 22.2 μM TDZ had variant characters. Aberrant characteristics in self-pollinated variants included plant height, fertility, flower color and morphology, and were sexually transmitted, indicating genetic change had occurred. Aberrant characteristics not observed in regenerated plants arose in progeny.
Typhoid Fever: Gastrointestinal Features

Typhoid fever is a bacterial infection caused by Salmonella. The World Health Organization estimates the current incidence at 16–33 million cases annually. The incidence vastly decreased from its peak. Gastrointestinal symptoms of the disease include:
Politics and Socialization

This article is reproduced from the previous edition, volume 21, pp. 14522–14525, © 2001, Elsevier Ltd., with revisions made by the Editor.
Scope, Themes, and Medical Accuracy of eHealth Peripheral Artery Disease Community Forums.

Background The availability of electronic health (eHealth) information and disease-related community forums has grown over the last decade. Although patients and families frequently use these resources, their content has not been characterized in terms users, content, or reliability of information. eHealth communities therefore represent a potentially valuable but uncharted source of information about key patient issues, communication terminology, and unmet needs. We hypothesized that eHealth forums would contain terminology, themes, and advice inconsistent with resources from medical providers and references. To test this hypothesis, we performed a qualitative analysis of posts and responses from an open-access peripheral artery disease (PAD) eHealth community forum to characterize the discussion, participants, and the information being exchanged. Methods Posts were collected from an online PAD Medical Support Community forum (MedHelp), which is open access, does not require participants to identify themselves, and is based in the United States. Posts were selected from threads in which the main topic was PAD, including diagnosis, symptoms, and treatment. Original posts and related responses were analyzed for thematic content, common vernacular, and self-reported characteristics of the participants using a qualitative analysis software program. Disease-specific comments and advice were evaluated for congruence with contemporary PAD treatment guidelines. Results A total of 103 posts were collected and analyzed, including 40 original posts and 63 responses. Forty-five percent of the original posts and 19% of the responses were authored by participants who self-identified as patients with PAD. The remaining posts were authored by people with undeclared relationships to patients with PAD, followed by children, spouses, and other relatives. The most common themes among original posts included PAD diagnosis (and differential) (25%), treatment (23%), epidemiology and pathophysiology (21%), disease symptoms and impacts on activities of daily living (15%), and health-care provider recommendations (13%). Themes of responses included medical advice (40.5%), personal experiences with PAD (32.8%), and social support (12.6%). Negative attitudes were identified in 10 of 18 (55.6%) posts related to experiences with health-care providers. Of all medical advice, 15.1% was inconsistent with clinical treatment guidelines. Conclusion eHealth communities are a rich source of information related to the experiences of patients with PAD, their treatment preferences, questions they consider important, and terminology that they use. This information can be used to understand unmet patient needs, develop educational resources, and improve communication.
Physicalism Deconstructed: Levels of Reality and the Mind–Body Problem

How should thought and consciousness be understood within a view of the world as being through-and-through physical? Many philosophers have proposed non-reductive, levels-based positions, according to which the physical domain is fundamental, while thought and consciousness are higher-level processes, dependent on and determined by physical processes. In this book, Kevin Morris's careful philosophical and historical critique shows that it is very difficult to make good metaphysical sense of this idea - notions like supervenience, physical realization, and grounding all fail to articulate a viable non-reductive, levels-based physicalism. Challenging assumptions about the mind-body problem and providing new perspectives on the debate over physicalism, this accessible and comprehensive book will interest scholars working in metaphysics, philosophy of mind, and philosophy of science.
Mimicking Microbial Rhodopsin Isomerization in a Single Crystal.

Bacteriorhodopsin represents the simplest, and possibly most abundant, phototropic system requiring only a retinal-bound transmembrane protein to convert photons of light to an energy-generating proton gradient. The creation and interrogation of a microbial rhodopsin mimic, based on an orthogonal protein system, would illuminate the design elements required to generate new photoactive proteins with novel function. We describe a microbial rhodopsin mimic, created using a small soluble protein as a template, that specifically photoisomerizes all-trans to 13-cis retinal followed by thermal relaxation to the all-trans isomer, mimicking the bacteriorhodopsin photocycle, in a single crystal. The key element for selective isomerization is a tuned steric interaction between the chromophore and protein, similar to that seen in the microbial rhodopsins. It is further demonstrated that a single mutation converts the system to a protein photoswitch without chromophore photoisomerization or conformational change.
Abstract WMP106: Soluble CD163 as a Prognostic Marker for Perihematomal Edema Formation and Functional Outcomes in Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Introduction: Macrophages are the predominant cell capable of removing toxic hemoglobin at sites of tissue injury, and CD163 has been recognized as the hemoglobin scavenger receptor present on the ...
Tropicalia synthesised or the making of non-sensuous correspondences

ABSTRACT‘If you think flavour talk is always imprecise, imagine talking about a tropical aroma’, Susana, a flavourist, once said. Thinking along and about the world of synthetic tropical flavours, ...
Can’t We All Just Get Along?

As a young kid growing up in the Midwest, I could be found either exploring out in the woods near my house or hunkered down in front of the TV for a nature documentary. My favorite show was The Undersea World of Jacque Cousteau. The show first aired in 1966 when I turned 2. I was probably too young to remember much back then, but the show ran until I turned 12 in 1976. I, along with many others, sat amazed at this world that was hidden from view. This show probably helped guide my education which ultimately led to my PhD in marine biology.
Dancing in Place: Site-Specific Work.

(2012). Dancing in Place. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance: Vol. 83, No. 4, pp. 31-37.
Understanding fall risk for older adults with cancer: An evaluation of experts' perceptions.

Abstract Objective Older adults with cancer have elevated risk of falling. However, cancer-specific fall risk factors are not well understood. Methods A pragmatic, qualitative study utilized semi-structured interviews to investigate expert's perceptions of fall risk for older adults with cancer. Interview questions were guided by the International Classification of Functioning and Disability (ICF) constructs and the Cancer Aging Research Group's model of fall risk factors. Themes were identified deductively from interview transcriptions. Transcripts were coded using Nvivo software. Results Ten multidisciplinary experts participated (n = 5 clinical, n = 5 research). Two themes in fall risk factors emerged from interview data: 1) cancer-specific factors aligned with each ICF construct: body function and structures (BFS and 2) a cycle among factors. Experts described that treatment-related limitations in A&P produced or exacerbated impairments in BF&S (physical and mental), leading to falls and further limitations in A&P. Personal and environmental factors influencing this cycle included: cancer-related distress, social support, and perceptions of aging and treatment. Conclusion Experts identified a cycle among cancer-specific fall risk factors for older adults and emphasized the importance of a “holistic” view of the patient to evaluate fall risk. Cancer-related distress, social support and expectations of aging and treatment may influence the cycle between risk factors, with potential negative or protective effects. Future prospective, longitudinal implementation of geriatric assessments and analysis of data may inform risk factors and relationships among factors. Patient interviews could further inform the understanding of fall risk for older adults with cancer.
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION INDICATORS FOR NATURAL ENERGY INTEGRATION IN LOW-INCOME HOUSING FOR THREE MEXICAN REGIONS

ABSTRACT This is Stage 2 in the process to ensure inexpensive comfort achievement in low-income housing. The objectives of this Stage are to establish clear graphic and written guidelines to enable building design to be symbiotic with nature, and to identify inexpensive passive techniques that will provide additional comfort when needed. Stage 3 is the conceptual design and is not part of this paper. The desired exterior/interior thermal relationship, construction strategies, interior space, site and community planning are all considered.
Exploring End-to-end Deep Learning Applications for Event Classification at CMS

An essential part of new physics searches at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN involves event classification, or distinguishing potential signal events from those coming from background processes. Current machine learning techniques accomplish this using traditional hand-engineered features like particle 4-momenta, motivated by our understanding of particle decay phenomenology. While such techniques have proven useful for simple decays, they are highly dependent on our ability to model all aspects of the phenomenology and detector response. Meanwhile, powerful deep learning algorithms are capable of not only training on high-level features, but of performing feature extraction. In computer vision, convolutional neural networks have become the state-of-the-art for many applications. Motivated by their success, we apply deep learning algorithms to low-level detector data from the 2012 CMS Simulated Open Data to directly learn useful features, in what we call, end-to-end event classification. We demonstrate the power of this approach in the context of a physics search and offer solutions to some of the inherent challenges, such as image construction, image sparsity, combining multiple sub-detectors, and de-correlating the classifier from the search observable, among others.
Siglecs as Immune Cell Checkpoints in Disease.

Sialic acid–binding immunoglobulin-type lectins (Siglecs) are expressed on the majority of white blood cells of the immune system and play critical roles in immune cell signaling. Through recogniti...
Betelgeuse Just Isn't That Cool: Effective Temperature Alone Cannot Explain the Recent Dimming of Betelgeuse.

We present optical spectrophotometry of the red supergiant Betelgeuse from 2020 February 15, during its recent unprecedented dimming episode. By comparing this spectrum to stellar atmosphere models for cool supergiants, as well as spectrophotometry of other Milky Way red supergiants, we conclude that Betelgeuse has a current effective temperature of 3600 +/- 25 K. While this is slightly cooler than previous measurements taken prior to Betelgeuse's recent lightcurve evolution, this drop in effective temperature is insufficient to explain Betelgeuse's recent optical dimming. We propose that episodic mass loss and an increase in the amount of large-grain circumstellar dust along our sightline to Betelgeuse is the most likely explanation for its recent photometric evolution.
Windowed Bundle Adjustment Framework for Unsupervised Learning of Monocular Depth Estimation With U-Net Extension and Clip Loss

This letter presents a self-supervised framework for learning depth from monocular videos. In particular, the main contributions of this letter include: (1) We present a windowed bundle adjustment framework to train the network. Compared to most previous works that only consider constraints from consecutive frames, our framework increases the camera baseline and introduces more constraints to avoid overfitting. (2) We extend the widely used U-Net architecture by applying a Spatial Pyramid Net (SPN) and a Super Resolution Net (SRN). The SPN fuses information from an image spatial pyramid for the depth estimation, which addresses the context information attenuation problem of the original U-Net. The SRN learns to estimate a high resolution depth map from a low resolution image, which can benefit the recovery of details. (3) We adopt a clip loss function to handle moving objects and occlusions that were solved by designing complicated network or requiring extra information (such as segmentation mask [1] ) in previous works. Experimental results show that our algorithm provides state-of-the-art results on the KITTI benchmark.