cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Coping with the stress of premature labor.

Premature birth, the leading cause of perinatal morbidity and mortality in the United States affects between 8% and 12% of all live births. Approximately 80% of premature births are proceeded by premature labor. Significant progress has been made in the physical treatment of premature labor; however, the psychological cost to women being treated needs further study. My purpose in conducting this study was to assess the stress experienced by women treated at home for premature labor and to examine methods used by the women to cope. The theoretical framework was provided by Lazarus's model of Stress, Coping, and Emotion. A total of 50 women participated. Twenty responded to a questionnaire that included the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) and the Ways of Coping Questionnaire only, 10 were interviewed only, and 20 completed the questionnaire and the interview. Results : The women reported experiencing a moderate amount of stress. Their mean stress score was 26.75, just below the mean for the instrument (M=28) a...
Separation and confirmation of anabolic steroids with quadrupole ion trap tandem mass spectrometry

Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) is the method of choice for separation and detection of anabolic steroids in urine. Recently, there have been advances in the areas of gas chromatography columns, tandem mass spectrometry using ion traps, and large volume sample injection that have promise for lowering detection limits and extending the utility of GC-MS for steroid analysis. In this work, a Varian Saturn III GC-MS system has been used in its tandem mass spectrometry mode to detect low picogram levels of model steroids in standard solution and the urine matrix. Application of MS-MS-MS provided structurally informative spectra for 3'-hydroxystanozolol at concentrations of 1 ng/ml. In addition, four polysilphenylene-polydimethylsiloxane capillary columns were examined for background and selectivity. The columns had bleed several-fold lower than conventional polysiloxane columns. The columns also exhibited significant differences in selectivity for structurally similar steroids. Finally, a new temperature-programmed split-splitless injector was used to inject as much as 25 microliters on column. The resulting limits of detection were 5 pg/ml for norandrosterone.
A note on semi-Markov perfect equilibria in discounted stochastic games

Abstract We establish that general discounted stochastic games with state transitions that are absolutely continuous with respect to a fixed, atomless measure admit stationary semi-Markov perfect equilibria, i.e., equilibria in which each player's action depends only on the current state and on the previous state and action profile. This resolves an open existence question stemming from an error in the proof of Theorem 4 of Chakrabarti [3] . Moreover, the result follows from “un-correlating” Nowak and Raghavan's [25] stationary correlated equilibrium, establishing that there is no need to resort to additional, unmodeled state variables.
An investigation into parametric models for mortality projections, with applications to immediate annuitants’ and life office pensioners’ data

Abstract This paper investigates the use of parametric models for projecting mortality rates. The basic framework used is that of generalised linear and non-linear models and can be considered as an extension of the Gompertz–Makeham models [Forfar et al., J. Inst. Actuaries 115 (1988) 1; Trans. Faculty Actuaries 41 (1988) 97] to include calendar period. The data considered are the CMI ultimate experience for immediate annuitants (male and female) over the period 1958–1994, and for life office pensioners (male and female) over the period 1983–1996. The modelling structure suggested by Renshaw et al. [British Actuarial J. 2 (II) (1996) 449] is used to investigate the data sets pertaining to the ultimate experiences, and to determine a range of suitable models, analysing the data by age and calendar period. The properties of these models are investigated and recommendations are made on which models are appropriate for use in projections. The select experience for immediate annuitants’ is modelled using the structure suggested by Renshaw and Haberman [Insurance: Math. Econ. 19 (2) (1997) 105]. Projected forces of mortality using the recommended model are given for each experience. These are compared with the CMI projected mortality rates.
Generation of 50-fs, 5-nJ pulses at 1.03 μm from a wave-breaking-free fiber laser

We report the generation of 6-nJ chirped pulses from a mode-locked Yb fiber laser at 1.03 μm . A linear anomalous-dispersion segment suppresses wave-breaking effects of solitonlike pulse shaping at high energies. The dechirped pulse duration is 50 fs, and the energy is 5 nJ. This laser produces twice the pulse energy and average power, and approximately five times the peak power, of the previous best mode-locked fiber laser. It is to our knowledge the first fiber laser that directly offers performance similar to that of solid-state lasers such as Ti:sapphire.
Effects of Competition on Resource Availability and Growth of a California Bunchgrass

In California, little is known about the sensitivity of native bunchgrasses to competition or to changes in resource availability. We investigated the effect of nonnative annual vegetation on resource availability and growth of a native bunchgrass, Nassella pulchra, in a pair of factorial field experiments that incorporated effects of both interspecific and intraspecific competition as well as variation in soil depth. Plots of differing target densities and neighborhoods were used to assess changes in aboveground (light) and be- lowground (water) resource availability over multiple seasons in two sites with differing soil depth. N. pulchra grown without interspecific competitors grew larger and produced more culms at all planting densities compared to plants in plots with interspecific com- petitors. Intraspecific competition significantly influenced growth only in the absence of interspecific competition. Reproductive effort, as measured by flowering culm production, was more sensitive than vegetative growth to both forms of competition. Light availability and variability at the soil surface was greatly reduced by the nonnative annual neighborhood. As expected, soil moisture was rapidly depleted by annuals to 30 cm in all plots. In deep- soil plots, soil moisture was reduced at 60-150 cm depths only when annual vegetation was removed, and depletion was correlated with N. pulchra basal area. This result suggests that the interspecific neighborhood reduced root growth in N. pulchra and its subsequent ability to use deep moisture. Within California's inland grasslands, nonnative annual veg- etation has changed seasonal patterns of resource availability. We conclude that (1) increased competition for light during the spring, when growth of annuals is most rapid, suppresses growth and reproduction of N. pulchra; (2) by suppressing bunchgrass growth, annual grasses reduce access to belowground resources by competitive interference; and (3) the loss of perennial grasses in California grasslands and the general dominance by nonnative annual species results in the relative underutilization of deep soil resources. These con- clusions suggest that the dominance of California grasslands by nonnative annual vegetation has shifted the primary limiting resource from soil moisture to light and the timing of resource limitation from summer to winter and spring.
Perfectionism with a Liberal Face? Nervous Liberals and Raz's Political Theory

The views of Rawls and the defenders of the idea of neutrality about the good constitute the mainstream of contemporary American liberal thought. But this procedural-deontological voice is not the only voice in the liberal chorus, even if it is the leading one. This chapter critically analyzes what I take to be an important expression of the minority voice of perfectionist liberalism, the political theory advanced by Joseph Raz in The Morality of Freedom and other works. In my view, while perfectionist liberalism is correct to abandon the notions of neutrality and deontology as the essence of the liberal project, it nevertheless fails to express the spirit of that project in its most compelling form. This chapter seeks to explain and support these judgments, and along the way to bring to light the sources of appeal of a more modest, pragmatic expression of the liberal spirit which might stand as an alternative to both neutralist and perfectionist expressions.
Lower Bounds on Universal Traversal Sequences Based on Chains of Length Five

Universal traversal sequences for cycles require length ?(n1.43), improving the previous bound of ?(n1.33). For d ? 3, universal traversal sequences for d-regular graphs require length ?(d0.57n2.43). For constant d, the best previous bound was ?(n2.33).
A Computational Study of Rare Gas Clusters: Stepping Stones to the Solid State

An upper-level undergraduate or beginning graduate project is described in which students obtain the Lennard–Jones 6-12 potential parameters for Ne2 and Ar2 from ab initio calculations and use the results to express pairwise interactions between the atoms in clusters containing up to N = 60 atoms. The students use simulated annealing, or the genetic algorithm, to find the globally optimized binding energies and structures of the Ne and Ar clusters. They employ the liquid drop model to extrapolate the cluster binding energies to the solid state and compare the result with the experimental cohesive energy of the rare gas solid. A Windows-based application is provided that allows students to explore the energetic and structural properties of the rare gas clusters. Students encounter the “magic numbers”, for example, N = 13, 55, and others, associated with clusters that have higher-than-expected binding energies arising from enhanced nearest-neighbor interactions. They also estimate the solid density of each element from the size of the model cubic cluster (N = 14) that represents the face-centered unit cell.
A finite element method for studying the transient non-linear thermal creep of geological structures

A finite element theory, suitable for describing the long-term transient thermal creep of geomechanical structures where the material obeys an arbitrary type of creep law, is presented. The method takes into account large deformation effects, is stable for the large time steps required to model geophysical phenomena and accurately simulates changing, incompressible, plastic flow fields. Applications of the theory to the prediction of long-term creep and creep rupture of simple engineering structures, are given. The theory is also applied to predict the thermal creep of layered media to study the mechanics of folding and rift formation.
Perceptions of Domestic Violence: The Effects of Domestic Violence Myths, Victim’s Relationship With Her Abuser, and the Decision to Return to Her Abuser

Researchers in this study examined the attitudes toward domestic violence, the victim, and her perpetrator. A total of 194 participants were randomly assigned to one of 4 hypothetical scenarios to evaluate how observers' perceptions were influenced by their own sex and myths about domestic violence, by the victim's decision to return to the abusive relationship, and by the relationship status of the victim (dating or married to the perpetrator). Results demonstrated significant main effects of participant's sex, domestic violence myths, and of the victim's relationship status and decision to return. That is, participants blamed the victim who reportedly returned to her abuser more than the victim about whom there is no such information. Further, participants with greater domestic violence myths tended to blame the victim more than those with less myths, and male participants blamed the victim and minimized the incident more than female participants. Implications, limitations of the study, and future research are discussed.
Computational analysis of LDDMM for brain mapping.

One goal of computational anatomy is to develop tools to accurately segment brain structures in healthy and diseased subjects. In this paper, we examine the performance and complexity of such segmentation in the framework of the large deformation diffeomorphic metric mapping (LDDMM) registration method with reference to atlases and parameters. First we report the application of a multi-atlas segmentation approach to define basal ganglia structures in healthy and diseased kids’ brains. The segmentation accuracy of the multi-atlas approach is compared with the single atlas LDDMM implementation and two state-of-the-art segmentation algorithms – Freesurfer and FSL – by computing the overlap errors between automatic and manual segmentations of the six basal ganglia nuclei in healthy subjects as well as subjects with diseases including ADHD and Autism. The high accuracy of multi-atlas segmentation is obtained at the cost of increasing the computational complexity because of the calculations necessary between the atlases and a subject. Second, we examine the effect of parameters on total LDDMM computation time and segmentation accuracy for basal ganglia structures. Single atlas LDDMM method is used to automatically segment the structures in a population of 16 subjects using different sets of parameters. The results show that a cascade approach and using fewer time steps can reduce computational complexity as much as five times while maintaining reliable segmentations.
From contract to mental model: Constitutional culture as a fact of the social sciences

This paper develops the concept of constitutional culture—the attitude, thoughts, and feelings about constitutional constraints and the nature, scope, and function of constitutionalism. Constitutional culture is approached as a complex emergent phenomenon bridging Hayekian cognitive and institutional insights. It can be studied as a mental model, a series of expectations and understandings about the constitutional order, how it is, and how it ought to be. The “map” and “model” approach from Hayek’s Sensory Order (1952) is employed to understand how individuals and (cautiously) groups of individuals at the national level approach constitutionalism. This paper goes beyond the more traditional one-size-fits-all approach where all individuals respond uniformly to incentives, as provided by the constitution qua contract. Instead, constitutionalism is tied up in the individual’s vision of the world, that is, what Hayek (1948) labels “the facts of the social sciences.” The paper concludes with four areas where constitutional culture can further the insights of constitutional political economy: comparative political economy, constitutional stickiness, constitutional maintenance, and the new development economics.
Mental illness and use of home care nationally in the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs.

Objective To determine whether patients with mental health diagnoses are more likely to utilize home-based primary care (HBPC), and to identify characteristics associated with HBPC admission among elderly and nonelderly veterans, specifically. Methods Patients receiving treatment during fiscal year (FY) 2003 and having no evidence of home care utilization during FY2002 were followed through FY2005 using administrative claims data of the Veterans Health Administration of the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA). Participants were 4,411,677 VA patients with no prior HBPC use. Cox proportional hazard models were developed to identify correlates of HBPC use. Results Of VA patients with no prior use of HBPC, 24.2% received a mental health diagnosis, of whom 1.5% eventually used HBPC. Two in five new HBPC admissions were diagnosed with mental illness. Patients diagnosed with dementia were 66% more likely to be admitted. Patients diagnosed with nonschizophrenia psychoses (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.30), miscellaneous affective disorders (HR: 1.22), and schizophrenia (HR: 1.21) had the next highest probabilities. Risk of admission was highest for ≥3 outpatient medical visits (HR: 2.61), followed by any inpatient medical/surgical days (HR: 1.79) or outpatient mental health visits (HR: 1.30). Elderly patients with any inpatient mental health days were less likely to be admitted; younger patients with nursing home use, community residential care, and mental health intensive care management were more likely to be admitted. Conclusion Given that mental illness is independently associated with the likelihood of admission, it is critical that providers develop the skills and resources necessary to meet the psychiatric needs of home care recipients.
The Effect of Wax on Compaction of Microcrystalline Cellulose Beads Made by Extrusion and Spheronization

The effect of wax on the deformation behavior and compression characteristics of microcrystalline cellulose (Avicel PH-101) and acetaminophen (APAP) beads is described. Beads of Avicel PH-101 and APAP formulations were prepared using extrusion and spheronization technology. A waxy material, glyceryl behenate, N.F. (Compritol), was added to the formulations in amounts ranging from 10% to 70% of total solid weight. Beads with a selected particle size range of 16-30 mesh were compressed with an instrumented single punch Manesty F press utilizing a 7/16-in. flat-faced tooling set. Compaction profiles were generated for the tablets to evaluate the effect of wax on the densification of beads containing wax. Beads made without wax (the control formulation) required greater compression forces to form cohesive tablets. As the amount of wax in the bead formulation was increased, the beads become more plastic and compressible. The Heckel equation which relates densification to compression pressure was used to evaluate the deformation mechanisms of the bead formulations. The analysis shows that as the level of wax in the bead formulation is increased, the yield pressure decreases, indicating that the beads densify by a plastic deformation mechanism.
Estimators for instantaneous phase

Abstract Mean-squared error versus signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of four estimators of instantaneous phase are compared. The simulator produces a noisy waveform with noise-free signal having zero instantaneous phase. The zero-phase assumption is without loss of generality when reference waveforms are known a priori. Estimators one and two are implemented using the conventional instantaneous phase and frequency integration techniques without regard to noise on the signal. Estimators three and four are adaptive estimators which utilize an approximate Kalman filter and a measure of instantaneous envelope. The adaptive estimators are found to be more accurate by at least an order of magnitude with the Kalman method being the best.
Applications and mechanisms of laser ablation for elemental analysis of nuclear wastes and contaminated soils

Survey methods for compositional analysis of nuclear wastes and contaminated soils are under development to support characterization prior to treatment and continued monitoring during remediation. Laser ablation in conjunction with optical spectroscopy and mass spectroscopy are attractive because of the safety and convenience of minimal sample handling and very small sampling volume. However, the signal intensities in analytic applications depend sensitively on the physical state of the sample (e.g., particle morphology, defect concentration, impurities, and presence of liquids). In this work, we examine how solid and condensed state properties of the sample affect the laser-substrate interaction, and the dynamic electronic, physical, and chemical processes which ultimately generate the signals that are detected for analytic purposes.
Amphiphilic chlorins and bacteriochlorins in micellar environments. Molecular design, de novo synthesis, and photophysical properties

The incorporation of amphiphilic tetrapyrrole macrocycles in organized media is of great value for a variety of fundamental photochemical studies, yet work to date has chiefly employed porphyrins rather than chlorins or bacteriochlorins. The latter absorb strongly in the red or near-infrared spectral region, respectively. Here, eight amphiphilic macrocycles (six chlorins and two bacteriochlorins) have been designed, synthesized and characterized; the compounds differ in long wavelength absorption (610–745 nm) and peripheral substituents (type of auxochrome, hydrophobic/hydrophilic groups). A methyl pyridinium or benzoic acid substituent at the 15-position provides a polar “tail” whereas a hydrophobic group distal thereto (in the chlorins) provides a lipophilic “head” for the spontaneous incorporation in organized media. The eight (bacterio)chlorins are characterized by static and time-resolved absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) and three micellar environments (TX-100, CTAB, and SDS) as well as ultrafast transient absorption studies in DMF. In most cases, a long-lived excited singlet state was observed [free base chlorins (Φf = 0.14–0.20; τS = 7.9–12.1 ns; Φisc = 0.5), zinc chlorins (Φf = 0.08–0.19; τS = 2.0–3.4 ns; Φisc = 0.6–0.8) and free base bacteriochlorins (Φf = 0.06–0.16; τS = 1.8–4.6 ns; Φisc = 0.4)]. In the case of bacteriochlorins, minimal medium dependence was observed whereas changing the hydrophilic group from methyl pyridinium to benzoic acid increases the fluorescence yield and excited-state lifetime by 50%. In the case of chlorins, the zinc chelate with methyl pyridinium substitution exhibits substantial environmental dependence due to interaction of the solvent with the methyl pyridinium group and the central zinc metal. Collectively, the studies provide valuable information for the design of red or near-infrared absorbing chromophores for incorporation into amphiphilic environments such as micelles, membranes, or proteins.
Nature of Barrier Forces in Acetaldehyde

Natural bond orbital analysis of the internal rotation barrier in ground-state acetaldehyde carried out using HF 6-31G(d,p) wave functions shows that the largest barrier-forming energy terms are weakening of the C−C (σ) and methyl C−H out-of-plane bonds. The analysis rationalizes the weakening of the former (the largest single barrier-forming energy term) to arise from antibonding character introduced into the C−C bond by charge transfer involving bonding and antibonding Cme−Hip and adjacent C−Hald orbitals. Weakening of the Cme−Hop bond is more complicated: e.g., involving antibonding character obtained by charge transfer from both σ- and π-hyperconjugative orbitals. Pauli exchange repulsions are calculated to be unimportant sources of the barrier.
Recurrent seizures and brain pathology after inhibition of glutamine synthetase in the hippocampus in rats.

An excess of extracellular glutamate in the hippocampus has been linked to the generation of recurrent seizures and brain pathology in patients with medically intractable mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE). However, the mechanism which results in glutamate excess in MTLE remains unknown. We recently reported that the glutamate-metabolizing enzyme glutamine synthetase is deficient in the hippocampus in patients with MTLE, and we postulated that this deficiency is critically involved in the pathophysiology of the disease. To further explore the role of glutamine synthetase in MTLE we created a novel animal model of hippocampal glutamine synthetase deficiency by continuous (∼28 days) microinfusion of methionine sulfoximine (MSO: 0.625 to 2.5 μg/h) unilaterally into the hippocampus in rats. This treatment led to a deficiency in hippocampal glutamine synthetase activity by 82–97% versus saline. The majority (>95%) of the MSO-treated animals exhibited recurrent seizures that continued for several weeks. Some of the MSO-treated animals exhibited neuropathological features that were similar to mesial temporal sclerosis, such as hippocampal atrophy and patterned loss of hippocampal neurons. However, many MSO-treated animals displayed only minimal injury to the hippocampus, with no clear evidence of mesial temporal sclerosis. These findings support the hypothesis that a deficiency in hippocampal glutamine synthetase causes recurrent seizures, even in the absence of classical mesial temporal sclerosis, and that restoration of glutamine synthetase may represent a novel approach to therapeutic intervention in this disease.
Early American mesmeric societies: a historical study.

Abstract Following an unsuccessful attempt by Mesmer to bring animal magnetism to the United States in 1784 through the Marquis de Lafayette, there was a period of little activity there for several decades. Then, concurrent with its revival in Europe and led by a few American practitioners who had been trained in France, several early societies of American magnetizers were founded beginning about 1815. These were initially organized in New York City and subsequently in New Orleans, Boston, Clinton, Cincinnati, Louisville, and Philadelphia. They played an important role in the development of hypnosis in America.
Light and electron microscopy of the islets of langerhans of the saimiri monkey pancreas

The distribution of alpha, beta, and other islet cells in the tail of the pancreas of the Central American monkey (Saimiri sciurea) revealed by the light and electron microscopes, is similar to that occurring in man. Differentiation of acinar, islet and duct cells is based on the presence or absence of specific granules and the special morphology of the cytoplasm and its membrane systems. Conspicuous lipid droplets appear in the islets, largely confined to beta and delta cells. An “intergrade” cell is present, possessing features of both alpha and beta cells, as well as a nongranular variety of delta cells. Nerve processes which display synaptic vesicles and clusters of mitochondria are present within the islets. Islet and acinar cells are sometime separated by connective tissue or a reticulum, as observed in light microscopy, but there may be simple apposition of their respective plasma membranes. The fine structure of this reticulum presents several levels of organization. Duct cells possess lipid masses similar to those in islet cells. These duct cells, unlike islet cells, are agranular and possess microvilli and cytoplasmic blebs, both of which show internal structures.
Surface impedance in pure type-II superconductors

Abstract A procedure for calculating transport properties in pure type-II superconductors is presented. In particular, the electrical conductivity for a pure type-II superconductor in high magnetic fields is calculated for frequencies and relaxation times that satisfy the limit ωτ 1. The calculation is carried out in a manner similar to the approach used by Brandt et al. to obtain the density of states. Specifically, the theory utilizes the periodicity of the lattice of fluxoids. In the limit of qvΔ2/vF(2eH) 1 2 numerical values for the surface impedance are calculated. The theory predicts a decrease in the surface resistance as the magnetic field is lowered below Hc2, which is highly frequency dependent, especially for frequencies in the neighborhood of 0.5 GHz. This frequenzy dependence should be observable experimentally in very pure niobium samples at high frequencies.
Carpet or Cárcel: The effect of age of acquisition and language mode on bilingual lexical access

Lexical access was examined in English–Spanish bilinguals by monitoring eye fixations on target and lexical competitors as participants followed spoken instructions in English to click on one of the objects presented on a computer (e.g., ‘Click on the beans’). Within-language lexical competitors had a phoneme onset in English that was shared with the target (e.g., ‘beetle’). Between-language lexical competitors had a phoneme onset in Spanish that was shared with the target (‘ bi gote’, ‘mustache’ in English). Participant groups varied in their age-of-acquisition of English and Spanish, and were examined in one of three language modes (Grosjean, 1998, 2001). A strong within-language (English) lexical competition (or cohort effect) was modulated by language mode and age of second language acquisition. A weaker between-language (Spanish) cohort effect was influenced primarily by the age-of-acquisition of Spanish. These results highlight the role of age-of-acquisition and mode in language processing. They are...
Financial support for research in otolaryngology

Abstract Objectives: This project describes the use of computer-assisted searches of medical literature in an attempt to track the prevalence and type of funding of medical research. Study design and setting: The study is a computer-assisted observational survey of the medical literature. To establish a database and track funding trends, a computer-assisted Medline search (CAMS) of the literature from 1986 to 1991 and 1992 to August 1996 was undertaken for 3 areas of interest: (1) sources of support, (2) comparison with other specialties, and (3) the validity of CAMS. A journal-based search examined the field of otolaryngology, which includes all the head and neck related sciences, and an institution-based search examined the clinical specialty of otolaryngology. Results: By selected journal search, the field of otolaryngology has about one-third funding (34% of 20,751 papers), and about one-half of that is supported by the National Institutes of Health. This proportion of federal support increased over time. By institution line search, the specialty of otolaryngology is less well funded (26% of 15,480 papers) as might be expected. However, in contrast to basic sciences, there is a trend of decreased funding over the 11-year period of the study. Significance: It appears that while the field of otolaryngology (basic scientists and clinicians) may be enjoying increasing support of research, the clinical specialty of otolaryngology is among the many specialties that exhibit a trend of decreasing level of NIH support. Conclusions: Computer-assisted surveys are an effective method of tracking funding for research in otolaryngology and other specialties. CAMS may be a valuable tool for monitoring efforts to improve funding resources for otolaryngology.
Potential energy surfaces in the classical limit of the IBM-2

Abstract The classical limit of the Interacting Boson Model for both neutrons and protons (the IBM-2) is investigated. In particular, general expressions of the potential energy for the proton and neutron distributions aligned along the same axis are obtained and plotted for the even-even isotopes of tungsten.
Open label evaluation of the novel antipsychotic compound BW234U in chronic schizophrenics

In a 28-day open label study, 15 inpatients with chronic schizophrenia in relapse were treated with BW234U. Approximately half of the patients showed marked improvement. Four patients showed no change and three dropped out. Thought disturbance improved markedly. The compound was tolerated very well.
Real-time haptic-teleoperated robotic system for motor control analysis

A versatile teleoperated robotic system was created as an assessment device for testing upper-extremity motor control adaptation using different control strategies. While many systems display output virtually on a computer monitor, this system was designed to output in three-dimensional physical space. The system accepts haptic force and torque input, and outputs robot end-effector displacements and rotations in three spatial dimensions. Benefits of this system include flexibility to conduct a variety of dissimilar tasks and reality of user feedback in physical space. Two separate experiments validated the teleoperated robotic system. The first experiment tested unimanual human motor control and the second tested bimanual motor control. This teleoperated robotic system can be used as an assessment device to study neuromuscular adaptability via a variety of control strategies providing a new and functional approach to human motor control analysis.
When race no longer predicts minority status and identity

How should immigrant communities in the racial middle situate themselves in a changed racial terrain beyond blacks and whites in the post-1965 era? Illustrating the perils of building inter-minority coalitions in the fractured new racial order by the case of Chinese American mobilization against bringing back affirmative action in California (SCA5), this essay comments on the complications and challenges to traditional racial coalitions by “honorary white” Americans. It ends with some suggestions for these communities to avoid perpetuating white supremacy and falling victim to racial and partisan cross fires in the new politics of color.
Two Circadian Rhythms in Pairs of Sparrows

Circadian rhythms of perch-hopping activity were recorded for over 200 days from pairs of house sparrows (Passer domesticus) kept in the same cage and treated with a light- dark cycle (LD 12:12), with constant light (LL), and with constant dark (DD). Most pairs entrained to the LD 12:12 cycle and exhibited free-running circadian rhythms in LL and DD. Two rhythms were visible in the records of 40% of the pairs in DD and in 50% of the pairs in LL. Otherwise, free-running pairs displayed a single circadian rhythm of perching activity.
Volumetric motility-contrast imaging of tissue response to cytoskeletal anti-cancer drugs

Microscopic imaging of cellular motility has recently advanced from two dimensions to three dimensions for applications in drug development. However, significant degradation in resolution occurs with increasing imaging depth, limiting access to motility information from deep inside the sample. Here, digital holographic optical coherence imaging is adapted to allow visualization of motility in tissue at depths inaccessible to conventional motility assay approaches. This method tracks the effect of cytoskeletal anti-cancer drugs on tissue inside its natural three-dimensional environment using time-course measurement of motility within tumor tissue.
Polymer photochemistry at the EUV wavelength

The higher energy associated with extreme ultraviolet (EUV) radiation coupled with the high absorptivity of most organic polymers at these wavelengths should lead to increased excited state population and higher quantum yields of photoproducts. Polymers representative of those commonly employed in resists as well as some model polymers were selected for this study. Polymer photochemistry at EUV was catalogued as to the effect of absorbed 13.4-nm radiation on a polymer's quantum yield of chain scission (Φs) and crosslinking (Φx). In selected cases, the chain scission and crosslinking quantum yields were also compared to those previously determined at 157-, 193- and 248-nm. It was found that quantum yield values were over a magnitude greater at EUV relative to optical wavelengths.
HIGH‐FREQUENCY ELECTROMAGNETIC COUPLING BETWEEN SMALL COPLANAR LOOPS OVER AN INHOMOGENEOUS GROUND

An integral formulation is given for the fields of a loop current source which is located over a horizontally stratified half‐space and has a vertical axis. The electrical properties of the half‐space vary exponentially with the depth into the earth. An asymptotic solution is developed for the case of source and observer on the interface but separated by a large numerical distance. The approximate solution is then used to determine the mutual impedance between two small loops and between the loop and a horizontal electric dipole, when the antennas are on the interface. It is found that the effect of stratification on the mutual impedance is represented approximately by a single multiplicative factor.
Intersection of social institutions with civic development.

We propose that institutions can serve as a resource to promote civic identity in youth from low-wealth and other settings. We show how recent studies support this proposition and can constructively reorient developmental research and theory.
The relation between earth movements and volcanism in the San Juan Mountains of Colorado

The late Tertiary volcanism in the San Juan Mountains of southwestern Colorado followed a long interval during which the crust was stable. The volcanic rocks have been divided into four main groups, (1) those of pre-Potosi (?) age in the eastern area, (2) the Lake Fork quartz latite, San Juan tuff, and Silverton volcanic series, (3) the Potosi volcanic series and the Fischer quartz latite, and (4) the Hinsdale formation separated by long intervals without eruptions. Each of the groups is made up of rocks from basalt to rhyolite with chemical and other peculiarities. During the eruption of a group there was little deformation but there was subsidence after the eruption of two of the groups and doming after the eruption of the last group. The magma moved into the area from the sides and was erupted about as rapidly as it moved.in. For the group named the Potosi volcanic series, the first eruptions had a composition near that of the primary magma - dark quartz latites. Their eruption was followed by a short time without eruptions during which the magma became layered by crystal settling. The next eruptions were rhyolites followed abruptly, probably because of active movement of magna by dark quartz latites. The process was repeated three times. Subsidence caused by withdrawal of magma followed, and after a long time a new and different magma moved into the area and yielded the rocks of the Hinsdale formation. After the Hinsdale, a magma intruded the area with subsequent doming, but without eruptions.
Endothelin-1-induced GLUT4 translocation is mediated via Galpha(q/11) protein and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.

Endothelin-1 (ET-1) can stimulate insulin-responsive glucose transporter (GLUT4) translocation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes (Wu-Wong, J. R., Berg, C. E., Wang, J., Chiou, W. J., and Fissel, B. (1999) J. Biol. Chem. 274, 8103–8110), and in the current study, we have evaluated the signaling pathway leading to this response. First, we inhibited endogenous Gαq/11 function by single-cell microinjection using anti-Gαq/11 antibody or RGS2 protein (a GTPase activating protein for Gαq) followed by immunostaining to quantitate GLUT4 translocation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. ET-1-stimulated GLUT4 translocation was markedly decreased by 70 or 75% by microinjection of Gαq/11 antibody or RGS2 protein, respectively. Pretreatment of cells with the Gαi inhibitor (pertussis toxin) or microinjection of a Gβγ inhibitor (glutathioneS-transferase-β-adrenergic receptor kinase (GST-BARK)) did not inhibit ET-1-induced GLUT4 translocation, indicating that Gαq/11 mediates ET-1 signaling to GLUT4 translocation. Next, we found that ET-1-induced GLUT4 translocation was inhibited by the phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase inhibitors wortmannin or LY294002, but not by the phospholipase C inhibitor U-73122. ET-1 stimulated the PI 3-kinase activity of the p110α subunit (5.5-fold), and microinjection of anti-p110α or PKC-λ antibodies inhibited ET-stimulated GLUT4 translocation. Finally, we found that Gαq/11 formed immunocomplexes with the type-A endothelin receptor and the 110α subunit of PI 3-kinase and that ET-1 stimulation enhances tyrosine phosphorylation of Gαq/11. These results indicate that: 1) ET-1 signaling to GLUT4 translocation is dependent upon Gαq/11 and PI 3-kinase; and 2) Gαq/11 can transmit signals from the ETAreceptor to the p110α subunit of PI 3-kinase, as does insulin, subsequently leading to GLUT4 translocation.
Peroxidation of lipids in tissue homogenates as related to vitamin E

Abstract The extent of peroxidation in incubated tissue homogenates, as estimated with thiobarbituric acid, is determined primarily by the dietary status of the animal with respect to vitamin E. When dietary vitamin E is adequate, only brain forms peroxides during a one-hour incubation period. When depleted, all tissues rapidly form lipid peroxides. The time required for the different organs to acquire antioxidant protection, from dietary tocopherol, varied from one day for liver to more than a month for kidney and testes.
Pharmacokinetics of Probenecid Following Oral Doses to Human Volunteers

The pharmacokinetics of probenecid were examined following single 0.5-, 1.0-, and 2.0-g oral doses to healthy male volunteers. Doses were administered following overnight fast, according to a randomized design. Plasma levels of probenecid were determined by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), using sulfamethazine as the internal standard. Mean peak probenecid levels of 35.3, 69.6, and 148.6 micrograms/ml were obtained at 3-4 hr following the 0.5-, 1.0-, and 2.0-g doses, respectively. Probenecid levels from the 0.5- and 1.0-g doses declined in apparent monoexponential fashion, with mean elimination half-lives of 4.2 and 4.9 hr. Interpretation of the 2.0-g data by a kinetic model incorporating first-order elimination resulted in a plasma drug half-life of 8.5 hr. When first-order elimination was replaced by a Michaelis-Menten-type function, the mean value of the resulting Vm/Km ratios was 0.20, equivalent to a plasma drug half-life [0.693/(Vm/Km)] of 3.8 hr. Plasma probenecid curves from all three dosages were successfully fitted to the saturable elimination model using nonlinear regression and numerical integration routines. The results suggest that probenecid elimination may be saturable at therapeutic dose levels.
Receiver operating characteristics for the brief symptom inventory depression, paranoid ideation, and psychoticism scales in a large sample of clinical inpatients

A commonly used screening tool for psychopathology, the Brief Symptom Inventory, provides normative data for assessing current mental functioning across multiple domains. Using data from 654 psychiatric inpatients, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses were conducted for three scales, Depression, Paranoid Ideation, and Psychoticism. t ratios identified significant group differences on the Depression scale between patients diagnosed with or without depression but no differences on the Paranoid Ideation and Psychoticism scales between patients diagnosed with or without schizophrenia. Area under the curve for Depression was .65, indicating that the scale improved diagnostic prediction somewhat beyond chance; for Paranoid Ideation, the area was .52 and for Psychoticism, the area was .53, indicating that these two scales did not significantly improve diagnostic prediction beyond chance.
On quasi stability for impulsive differential systems

On developpe une theorie de la stabilite relativement a une solution donnee de systemes differentiels impulsifs. Une telle etude conduit a un mecanisme complique et les notions de stabilite doivent etre modifiees
The effect of “electroviscosity” on liquid sedimentation analysis

Abstract Charged particles settling in weak electrolytes set up an electric field opposed to the force of gravity. The resulting force on the particles may constitute a significant fraction of the total resistance to motion for small particles. This effect should not be observed in a relatively strong electrolyte. To determine the magnitude of this effect, size distributions by weight for samples of spherical glass beads about 5–40 μm in diameter were obtained by a modified Andreason pipet technique, using two sedimentation media: double-distilled, deionized water and 0.1 N KCl. The size distribution by weight for the glass beads was also determined by Coulter counter. The results showed that the size distributions obtained using the double-distilled, deionized water and the 0.1 N KCl were quite different. The distribution obtained from Coulter counter analysis supported that obtained using 0.1 N KCl as the sedimentation medium. The sedimentation velocities were about 80% greater in the KCl. This was attributed to the reduction of the electroviscous force on the charged sedimenting particles by the additional free ions available in the KCl solution.
Here/In This Issue and There/Abstract Thinking: The DSM-5 Is Here (and There)

Background A significant association between attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and obesity has been reported. This study addresses unexplored aspects of this relationship. Aims To evaluate the association between adult obesity and: (a) persistent, remitted or lifetime ADHD; (b) number of childhood ADHD symptoms, controlling for socioeconomic status and mood, anxiety and substance use disorders. Method Face-to-face psychiatric interviews in 34 653 US adults from the National Epidemiologic Study on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Obesity was defined as a body mass index ?30. Results Persistent, lifetime or remitted ADHD were not associated with obesity after controlling for confounders. The number of childhood ADHD symptoms was significantly associated with adult obesity, even after adjustment, in women. Conclusions Childhood ADHD symptoms are associated with obesity in women even after comorbid psychiatric disorders are accounted for. This provides a rationale for longitudinal studies assessing the impact of the treatment of childhood ADHD symptoms on obesity in women.
Software radio technology and applications to law enforcement

Abstract Software Radio Technology and Applications to Law Enforcement Joseph Mitola ifi The MITRE Corporation, McLean, VA 22102 (jmito1amitre.org) Law enforcement use of radio includes the rapid creation of networks for the dozens of law enforcement organizations whocome together in situations as diverse as the TWA 800 disaster in New York or the SunFest celebration in Palm Beach'. Thesoftware radio is a proven technology for rapidly building such interoperable networks, including seamless bridging acrosssub-networks ofdifferent frequency bands, channel modulations and information formats. In addition, law enforcement mustmanage the costs of related radio base station infrastructure, mobile units and handsets. The software radio is a collection ofengineering techniques for creating radio infrastructure that can be programmed for new standards and that can be dynaini-cally updated with new software personalities even "over the air", reducing the need to purchase new hardware to remaincurrent with emerging radio interface standards. Although relatively expensive today, continuing DoD, federal and commer-cial investment in software radio technology will bring products within the reach of law enforcement applications within thenext few years. The Modular Multifunction Information Transfer Systems (MMITS) Forum provides further impetus for costreductions through the market efficiencies of open architecture. This article summarizes software radio technology and keytrends in the marketplace including the progress of the MMITS forum. Expanded law enforcement participation in this fo-rum would accelerate the availability of low cost products for law enforcement.Keywords: Software radio, multiband, multimode, digital signal processing, MM[TS forum, SPEAKeasy, digital radio
Gating Rings Formed by RCK Domains: Keys to Gate Opening

Despite advances in elucidating the structural basis of ion permeation and pore block, the structural and mechanistic basis for regulating ion channel gating has remained a more elusive problem. For the voltage- dependent K+ channel superfamily, two major categories of signal, voltage and ligand,
Molecular theory of multilayer adsorbed films

Abstract The detailed molecular information made available by a computer simulation of multilayer adsorption of argon on graphite is used to develop an augmented form of Frenkel—Halsey—Hill (F.H.H.) theory. The distinctive feature of the present study is that addition of argon to the system at moderate coverages is described as simultaneous addition of atoms to several different adsorbed layers. A modified F.H.H. isotherm equation is obtained which is in better agreement with the simulated data than is the standard F.H.H. theory. A theoretical analysis of the chemical potential of very thick films is also carried out which takes account of the finite thickness of the interface between adsorbed film and vapor. A correction term is added to the F.H.H. equation for very thick films which helps to explain the observed discrepancies between experiment and theory.