cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
BENEFIT SEGMENTATION –20 YEARS LATER

During the more than twenty years since its inception the technique of Benefit Segmentation has become a familiar method of analyzing markets to discover segmentation opportunities. Almost every major marketer of consumer goods and services has attempted to use this method one or more times. However, the degree of success which has attended its use has varied. In this article its originator, Dr. Russell I. Haley, examines the reasons for this variation, offers guidelines for proper use, and suggests directions for further improvements in the method.
Multiple pulmonary leiomyomatous hamartomas: report of a case with ultrastructure examination.

The electron microscopic features of pulmonary leiomyomatous hamartoma, a very rare neoplasm, were studied. Characteristic smooth muscle cells containing microfilaments, dense bodies, plaques, pinocytotic vesicles, and basal lamina were present. Fibrosis was minimal, which supports the belief that this component is a secondary phenomena.
Increased Plp1 Gene Expression Leads to Massive Microglial Cell Activation and Inflammation Throughout the Brain

PMD (Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease) is a rare neurodegenerative disorder that impairs motor and cognitive functions and is associated with a shortened lifespan. The cause of PMD is mutations of the PLP1 [proteolipid protein 1 gene (human)] gene. Transgenic mice with increased Plp1 [proteolipid protein 1 gene (non-human)] copy number model most aspects of PMD patients with duplications. Hypomyelination and demyelination are believed to cause the neurological abnormalities in mammals with PLP1 duplications. We show, for the first time, intense microglial reactivity throughout the grey and white matter of a transgenic mouse line with increased copy number of the native Plp1 gene. Activated microglia in the white and grey matter of transgenic mice are found as early as postnatal day 7, before myelin commences in normal cerebra. This finding indicates that degeneration of myelin does not cause the microglial response. Microglial numbers are doubled due to in situ proliferation. Compared with the jp (jimpy) mouse, which has much more oligodendrocyte death and hardly any myelin, microglia in the overexpressors show a more dramatic microglial reactivity than jp, especially in the grey matter. Predictably, many classical markers of an inflammatory response, including TNF-α (tumour necrosis factor-α) and IL-6, are significantly up-regulated manyfold. Because inflammation is believed to contribute to axonal degeneration in multiple sclerosis and other neurodegenerative diseases, inflammation in mammals with increased Plp1 gene dosage may also contribute to axonal degeneration described in patients and rodents with PLP1 increased gene dosage.
Locally delivered doxycycline has no long-term benefits for periodontal health.

Article Title and Bibliographic Information Locally delivered doxycycline during supportive periodontal therapy: a 3-year study. Bogren A, Teles RP, Torresyap G, Haffajee AD, Socransky SS, Wennstrom JL. J Periodontol 2008;79(5):827-35. Reviewer Francis G. Serio, DMD, MS, MBA Purpose/Question The authors studied the long-term clinical and microbiological effects (3 years) of yearly applications of locally delivered doxycycline as an adjunct to mechanical supportive periodontal therapy (SPT) compared with conventional SPT without locally delivered antibiotic. Source of Funding Government - National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (USA) Type of Study/Design Multicenter, randomized controlled clinical trial with calibrated and blinded examiners. Level of Evidence Level 1: Good-quality, patient-oriented evidence Strength of Recommendation Grade Grade A: Consistent, high-quality patient-oriented evidence
Catalyst surface characterization in microfabricated reactors using pulse chemisorption

The metal dispersion of a Pt–Al2O3 catalyst was measured reproducibly using pulse CO chemisorption with 4 mg of sample in a silicon microfabricated packed-bed reactor, demonstrating the applicability of micoreactors for high-throughput catalyst characterization with quantitative comparison.
Democratic Education and Public Universities in America

The purpose of this article is to discuss the democratic function of public higher education in America and to outline the role of the curriculum and campus climate toward that end. The last section provides on-campus examples.
Does image size affect judgments of the face

Whether the video-image of the face was larger than life or about one-fifth life size made no difference in observers' judgments of emotions, attitudes, and personality traits.
Stratospheric HTO perturbations 1980-1983

Three perturbations of the stratospheric tritiated water burden have occurred. An atmosphericnuclear detonation in 1980 injected about 2.1 MCi. The massive eruptions of the volcano El Chichon may have contributed to a doubling of the removal rate in 1982. An unusually largewintertime exchange with the upper stratosphere may have occurred between 1982 and 1983. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0889.1985.tb00044.x
The Oxidation of Macroporous Cerium and Cerium-Zirconium Oxide for the Solar Thermochemical Production of Fuels

The H2 and CO productivity and reactivity of three-dimensionally ordered macroporous (3DOM) cerium and cerium-zirconium oxide upon H2 O and CO2 oxidation at 1073K is presented in comparison to the productivity and reactivity of non-ordered porous and low porosity cerium oxide. The production of H2 and CO2 constitutes the second step of the two-step solar thermochemical H2 O and CO2 splitting cycles. The 3DOM cerium oxide, with a specific surface area of 25 m2 g−1 , increases the average H2 and CO production rates over the non-ordered porous cerium oxide with a specific surface area of 112 m2 g−1 : the average H2 production rate increases from 5.2 cm3 g−1 min−1 to 7.9 cm3 g−1 min−1 and the average CO production rate increases from 7.7 cm3 g−1 min−1 to 21.9 cm3 g−1 min−1 . The superior reactivity of 3DOM cerium oxide is attributed primarily to the stability of the 3DOM structure and also to the improved transport of reacting species to and from oxidation sites realized with the interconnected and ordered pores of the 3DOM structure. Doping the 3DOM cerium oxide with 20 mol% zirconia further stabilizes the structure and increases the average H2 and CO production rates to 10.2 cm3 g−1 min−1 and 22.1 cm3 g−1 min−1 , respectively.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Molecular Modeling and Simulations of Reverse Micelles

The physiochemical properties of sodium di-2-ethylexylsulfoccinate (AOT) reverse micelles in isooctane have been examined since the 1940s by various spectroscopic methods including NMR, neutron scattering, X-ray scattering, quasi-elastic light scattering, and infrared spectroscopy. Several attempts have also been made to create a computational model of a reverse micelle. However, studies to date leave several important questions unanswered about the size and stability of reverse micelles. To address the questions that remain unanswered about the equilibrium size of a reverse micelle, we have conducted simulations of small AOT reverse micelles in isooctane at constant pressure and temperature. Results show that the shape of a reverse micelle depends on its size, i.e. its surface area to volume ratio, and that the density of water within the reverse micelle is density is significantly less than that of bulk water. These results must be considered when interpreting experimental studies about the equilibrium size of a reverse micelle. These studies lay a foundation for future studies of encapsulated polypeptides and reverse micelles made from surfactants other than AOT.
Non-linear interactions in electromagnetically induced transparency and related pump-probe optical phenomena in moving atomic systems

Linear and non-linear interactions in electromagnetically induced transparency and related pump-probe optical phenomena involving moving many-electron atomic systems are investigated using a reduced-density-matrix approach. Time-domain (equation-of-motion) and frequency-domain (resolvent-operator) formulations are developed in a unified manner. The standard Born (lowest-order perturbation-theory) and Markov (short-memory-time) approximations are systematically introduced within the framework of the general non-perturbative and non-Markovian formulations. A preliminary semiclassical perturbation-theory treatment of the electromagnetic interaction is adopted. However, it is emphasized that a quantized-electromagnetic-field approach is essential for a self-consistent quantum-mechanical formulation. Our primary result is the derivation of compact Liouville-space operator expressions for the linear and the general (n'th order) non-linear macroscopic electromagnetic-response tensors. These expressions can be evaluated for coherent initial atomic excitations and for the full tetradic-matrix form of the Liouville-space self-energy operator representing the environmental interactions in the Markov approximation. Collisional interactions between atoms can be treated in various approximations for the self-energy operator, and the influence of Zeeman coherences on the electromagnetic-pulse propagation can be investigated by including an applied magnetic field on an equal footing with the electromagnetic fields.
A functional approach to program testing and analysis

An integrated approach to testing is described which includes both static and dynamic analysis methods and which is based on theoretical results that prove both its effectiveness and efficiency. Programs are viewed as consisting of collections of functions that are joined together using elementary functional forms or complex functional structures. Functional testing is identified as the input-output analysis of functional forms. Classes of faults are defined for these forms, and results are presented which prove the fault-revealing effectiveness of well defined sets of tests. Functional analysis is identified as the analysis of the sequences of operators, functions, and data type transformations which occur in functional structures. Theoretical results are presented which prove that it is only necessary to look at interfaces between pairs of operators and data type transformations in order to detect the presence of operator or data type sequencing errors. The results depend on the definition of normal forms for operator and data type sequencing diagrams.
Mobile designs to support user experiences of energy conservation in hotels

In the U.S., hotels are a heavy energy-consuming sector. Yet they sometimes prioritize customer satisfaction over lower energy use. In this study, we discuss how mobile designs can help to motivate energy-saving behaviors while maintaining users' satisfaction. We conducted a diary study of 13 participants and an interview study of 20 participants to understand user experiences around energy consumption in hotel and motel rooms. We found that people unnecessarily consume energy because they are unfamiliar with the hotel room environment and they want to be catered to by the hotel. We suggest two mobile design ideas: location-based energy conservation, and blending lights, and discuss the opportunities of mobile designs to balance personal controls and automation to support user experience and satisfaction yet decrease energy use in hospitality settings.
Cash‐to‐cash: the new supply chain management metric

Over recent years supply chain management has grown in importance because of the proliferation of improved information flows, outsourcing practices, strategic alliances and partnerships, and the reshaping of the organizational focus from functional silos toward integrated activities. Logistics and supply chain management emphasize achieving lowest total cost through synergistic interaction of all supply chain components. The cash‐to‐cash (C2C) metric is an important measure as it bridges across inbound material activities with suppliers, through manufacturing operations, and the outbound sales activities with customers. This paper first defines how to calculate C2C. It then overviews the importance of measuring C2C, using both accounting and supply chain management perspectives. Next, it identifies key leverage points that are necessary to manage C2C effectively. Finally, future research questions are developed that should prove useful in guiding the development of C2C as a usable metric.
Can Improved Options for Private Saving Offer a Plausible Substitute for Public Pensions

Old-age income protection is provided in wealthy democracies by publicly funded defined-benefit pensions. Budgetary challenges have forced policy makers to consider private alternatives to these traditional systems. I consider the shortcomings of private saving arrangements in duplicating the advantages of public pensions. Some shortcomings can be overcome by introducing compulsory elements into private saving plans. Worker contributions into such plans could be mandatory; some or all worker accumulations in the plans could be converted to annuities at retirement; and workers’ investment choices could be narrowly circumscribed. These restrictions do not eliminate the biggest weakness of private saving plans. Fluctuations in asset prices make it hard even for well-informed savers to select an affordable saving rate and an investment strategy that will assure decent income in old age. Public pension systems partly insulate workers against economic and financial market risks by sharing those risks broadly ac...
Histologic changes in pancreas in relation to smoking and coffee-drinking habits.

Histologic alterations in the epithelium of the ducts and exocrine portions of the parenchyma and thickening of the walls of the arterioles and arteries in the pancreas in relation to smoking habits was studied in 22,344 slides from 560 autopsied subjects. Only 5.4% of the nonsmokers had medium to high percentages of ductal cells with atypical nuclei. This rose to 50.7% in light smokers and to 74.9% in 40+ a day smokers. Advanced findings (increased numbers) of cells with atypical nuclei were found in the acinar cells of the parenchyma in only 1.8% of nonsmokers; 11.4% in less than 20 cigarettes a day smokers; 29.2% in 20–39 a day smokers; and 69.1% in 40+ a day smokers. Moderate or advanced hyaline thickening of arterioles in 12.8% of the nonsmokers increased to 74.4% in the heaviest smoking group. A similar relationship was observed for fibrous thickening in the arteries. Coffee drinking was not related to histologic alterations in the cells within the pancreas.
Active and cooperative learning: final tips and tricks (part IV)

Active and cooperative learning can energize the instructor, students, and the classroom. This fourth and final article in a series on active and cooperative learning discusses the design and evaluation of classroom exercises. Additional suggestions to manage an active and cooperative learning environment are discussed.
An in-store valuation of local and organic apples: the role of social desirability

The authors analyze data from an in-store experiment in Colorado to estimate willingness to pay for “local” and “organic” labels in fresh apples, and investigate consumers' motivations. They found that the value of the “local” trumps that of “organic,” and motivations for valuing “local” correlate with social and public good consumer values. One methodological finding is that a simple scaling of the choice experiment offering, from 1 to 2 pounds of apples, induces a rather large change in the estimated premia. The authors explain this effect within the context of the bias induced by social desirability. [Econ Lit classification: Q120, Q130, Q180]. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
External Culture: Its Impact on Rural Community College Presidents.

External culture acts as a powerful force on rural community colleges and the presidents that lead them. This article is concerned with external culture and its impact on a rural community college president. Interviews with 15 senior leaders explored the typical mindsets and values existing in a rural setting. Findings indicate that to improve the likelihood of success, a rural president may require certain traits and characteristics beyond those traditionally possessed by an organizational leader. Situational awareness, the ability to tell the story, and rural roots can help a rural president respect, embrace, and—finally—assimilate into the lifestyle of local constituents.
Electrical conductivity of iodine doped poly(butadiene-co-2-vinyl pyridine) diblock copolymers

Abstract Well defined AB poly(butadiene-co-2-vinyl pyridine) block copolymers with various compositions were prepared by anionic polymerization. The morphologies of solution-cast films of these diblock copolymers were investigated with electron microscopy. Semiconducting materials with conductivities as high as 10 −3 Scm −1 were obtained upon exposure of films of these block copolymers to iodine vapour. A specimen with lamellar morphology was subjected to solid state co-extrusion at 150°; good orientation of lamellae was achieved, but this sample, upon exposure to iodine vapour, did not show electrical anisotropy.
The impact of galantamine on cognition and mood during electroconvulsive therapy: a pilot study.

Abstract Objectives The purpose of this study was to: (1) assess the effectiveness of galantamine in the prevention of cognitive impairments during ECT treatment and (2) to explore the safety and tolerability of galantamine during ECT treatment. Methods Nine consecutive ECT patients were given galantamine 4 mg bid throughout the course of their ECT treatments followed by a second cohort of eight consecutive ECT patients who did not receive galantamine. Objective measures of cognitive functioning and depression severity were performed pre-ECT and post-ECT. Subjective ratings of depression, confusion, and side effects were obtained weekly. Results The two groups were similar in age, gender and admission Global Assessment Functioning (GAF) scores. There were no significant between group differences found with regards to mean seizure duration, energy administered to induce seizures, blood pressure, or heart rate during and post-ECT treatment. None of the patients discontinued galantamine due to side effects and there were no severe adverse drug reactions. Patients receiving galantamine performed significantly better on delayed memory and abstract reasoning following ECT. The galantamine group showed a greater but non-significant mood improvement (repeated measure ANOVA). Conclusions Our data support the hypothesis that galantamine may reduce cognitive impairment during ECT, especially with regards to new learning. In addition, galantamine may also enhance the antidepressant action of ECT. Galantamine was both safe and well tolerated during ECT.
Use of a balloon‐tipped catheter to guide placement of the bioptome sheath in right ventricular percutaneous endomyocardial biopsy

A common problem during biopsy of the right ventricular septum using the flexible King's bioptome is the difficulty of accurately directing the tip of the long biopsy sheath against the septal surface. This can be important in that inadvertent biopsy of the more delicate ventricular free wall may lead to perforation and pericardial tamponade. An alternate method of sheath placement is presented. This involves the use of a No. 5 or 6 French balloon-tipped catheter within the long bioptome sheath in order to facilitate sheath passage and positioning. Catheter positioning is readily accomplished when documented by bioplane fluoroscopy, with alternate or additional two-dimensional echocardiographic position check as desired. Balloon-guided positioning for right ventricular septal biopsy appears to be a simple and safe technique that may be especially useful for relatively inexperienced operators and for patients with abnormal cardiac anatomy for whom endomyocardial biopsy (EMB) might normally be technically difficult.
Microlens diffusers and beam shapers for light-emitting diode (LED) sources

LED sources are becoming more prevalent in many applications, from signage to indoor-outdoor lighting. We present a class of microlens-based diffusers and beam shapers designed to homogenize LED illumination and maximise the energy utilization from these sources. Diffuser design and fabrication are discussed.
Lynch Syndrome in patients with clear cell and endometrioid cancers of the ovary

Objective Patients with Lynch Syndrome are at an increased risk for a variety of malignancies, including ovarian cancer. Ovarian cancers associated with Lynch Syndrome are predominantly clear cell or endometrioid in histology. Lynch Syndrome is characterized by germline mutations in mismatch repair (MMR) genes. The current study aims to assess the prevalence of loss of MMR expression in patients with endometrioid and clear cell ovarian carcinoma.
Performance evaluation of spanning multiaccess channel hypercube interconnection network

The spanning multiaccess channel hypercube (SMCH) is a distributed computer interconnection structure, based on a hypercube topology, where processors are connected using multiaccess channels spanning all dimensional axes. The channel access arbitration is achieved through demand assignment multiple access (DAMA) protocols. We compare the SMCH to the generalised hypercube (GHC), the nearest neighbour mesh hypercube (NNMH), cube connected cycles (CCC), and the Boolean cube (BCube). The comparison shows the SMCH to have excellent performance characteristics, at a cost significantly lower than comparable structures. This is achieved by combining the recent advances in processor interconnection architectures, the economies of scale available with highcapacity channels, and demand assignment multiple-access protocols, to form a highly efficient, cost effective, distributed computer system.
Quantum coherence of a single photon

Abstract Recent experiments with parametrically downconverted photons in a nonlinear optical material provide us with a new method to determine the path of a photon without disturbing it. In this paper, we will review experimental results illustrating that the mere possibility of identifying the path of a photon is enough to wipe out interference effects. We conclude that quantum coherence is merely the complementary manifestation of the photon's intrinsic path indistinguishability. An on-going experiment aimed at measuring the space-time relation in quantum coherence is also discussed. Potential applications are examined.
Yang-Mills vacuum: An attempt at lattice loop calculus

Abstract An attempt is made to derive and to solve the Schrodinger equation in the low energy region (vacuum, first excitation, etc.) of the Yang-Mills theory on the lattice. The complete orthonormal basis in the physical Hilbert space is constructed by classifying independent solutions of Gauss' law. Loops of electric flux are chosen as elementary variables. The loop space hamiltonian is derived, an ansatz is made for the low energy wave functionals and the Schrodinger equation is solved in the (truncated) loop basis. The resulting physical picture for the Yang-Mills vacuum in the crossover region is that of a still quite dilute, gas of fluctuating loops. A definite candidate for the confining force emerges: the repulsive non-abelian loop-loop interaction (rather weak but persistent) generates an effective external field (“external pressure”) prohibiting unbounded loop size fluctuations. The negative sign (repulsion) is universal for all compact groups. Preliminary numerical results, so far mainly of an illustrative character, are presented.
Explicit Time-Domain Finite-Element Method Stabilized for an Arbitrarily Large Time Step

The root cause of the instability is quantitatively identified for the explicit time-domain finite-element method that employs a time step beyond that allowed by the stability criterion. With the identification of the root cause, an unconditionally stable explicit time-domain finite-element method is successfully created, which is stable and accurate for a time step solely determined by accuracy regardless of how large the time step is. The proposed method retains the strength of an explicit time-domain method in avoiding solving a matrix equation while eliminating its shortcoming in time step. Numerical experiments have demonstrated its superior performance in computational efficiency, as well as stability, compared with the conditionally stable explicit method and the unconditionally stable implicit method. The essential idea of the proposed method for making an explicit method stable for an arbitrarily large time step irrespective of space step is also applicable to other time domain methods.
Hyperacute stroke: ultrafast MR imaging to triage patients prior to therapy.

PURPOSE: To test diffusion- and perfusion-weighted MR imaging techniques within the extreme time constraints of stroke evaluation before therapy, and then, with MR imaging, stratify patients into those without ischemia, those with noncortical ischemia, and those with cortical ischemia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: T2-weighted turbo gradient- and spin-echo images and echo-planar diffusion- and perfusion-weighted images were obtained. Trace diffusion-weighted images and time-to-peak perfusion maps were automatically postprocessed and immediately available for interpretation. RESULTS: Forty-one patients with acute stroke symptoms underwent imaging within 6 hours of symptom onset; 35 were eligible for the therapy protocol. The mean time from entering the emergency department to beginning MR imaging was 45 minutes; the mean total MR imaging time was less than 15 minutes. Immediate image analysis directly affected individual clinical management. Four patients showed evidence of no infarct; seven, of lacunar infarct; ...
Automated measurement of mean wall thickness in the common carotid artery by MRI: a comparison to intima-media thickness by B-mode ultrasound.

Purpose To determine whether the mean wall thickness (MWT) of the common carotid artery (CCA) measured by MRI is comparable to B-mode ultrasound (US) measurement of the intima-media thickness (IMT), an established marker of cardiovascular risk. Materials and Methods As part of the two-year ORION trial, 43 patients with 16–79% stenosis by duplex US underwent high-resolution MRI and B-mode US examinations of their carotid arteries. Twenty-eight carotid arteries were identified as having both sufficient proximal coverage and adequate image quality of the CCA on MRI and a corresponding US. A novel algorithm utilizing statistical shape modeling was developed to automatically detect and measure MWT to within subpixel accuracy. The interrater and interscan reproducibility of the MWT measurement was computed as the root-mean-square (RMS) difference. The MWT and IMT measurements were compared via the Pearson correlation coefficient. Results The MWT and IMT had a high Pearson correlation coefficient (r = 0.93; P < 0.001). The RMS difference between readers and between scans was 0.01 mm and 0.04 mm, respectively. Our automated algorithm correctly identified the lumen in 28 cases (100%) and the outer-wall boundary in 26 cases (93%). Conclusion Automated measurements of the MWT by MRI are reproducible and have a high correlation with the IMT by B-mode US. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2006. Published 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The effect of the superconducting transition on the electronic work function of niobium

Abstract A modified Kelvin method has been employed to measure the temperature dependence of the work function of niobium at low temperatures. Data have been obtained both above and below the superconducting transition temperature. A feature associated with the transition is evident. Measurements on aluminum and copper are also presented.
Magnetic sensor development for mine countermeasures using autonomous underwater vehicles

Magnetic sensor technologies are being developed at NAVSEA, Coastal Systems Station to enhance the ability of Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) to perform detection, localization and classification (DLC) of mines for mine countermeasures in Surf Zone/Very Shallow Water (SZ/VSW) environments. This work involves the design, development, and eventual systems integration onto AUVs of passive sensors for DLC of ferrous mines and active sensors for DLC of both non-ferrous and ferrous mines. The magnetic sensors must provide useful detection ranges and robust target localization capability for mine DLC tasks while operating aboard AUVs with challenging operational conditions of small size and power budgets, large changes in vehicle orientation in turbulent SZ/VSW areas and potentially severe electromagnetic compatibility problems. Similar technical issues must be addressed when applying magnetic sensors to solve the mission-critical problems of AUV navigation and communications in SZ/VSW environments. This paper specifically presents results from field tests of passive, DC-magnetic sensors against small ferrous targets.
Transition metal-catalyzed alkane dehydrogenation

Abstract A computational study of ethane dehydrogenation by the 14-electron complex Ir(PH 3 ) 2 H ( 1 ) is presented. The first step is CH oxidative addition of ethane to 1 . The intrinsic reaction coordinate (IRCs) for ethane CH oxidative addition are consistent with an experimental trajectory derived from analysis of the crystal structures of agostic complexes. Ethane binds to 1 as strongly as, if not stronger than, methane. However, calculation of the IRC suggests that for ethane, unlike methane, an alkane adduct of 1 does not lie along the path to CH oxidative addition. The product of oxidative addition is a non-agostic Ir III -ethyl complex. Oxidative addition is followed by β-H transfer to yield an Ir III -ethylene complex. Following the IRC for β-H transfer from the transition state towards reactants shows the reactant to be an agostic Ir III -ethyl isomer, ≈4 kcal mol − lower in energy than its non-agostic isomer (i.e., the product of oxidative addition). Thus, calculations support experimental suggestions about the importance of agostic interactions in β-hydride transfer (and the microscopic reverse, olefin insertion into MH bonds). After olefin dissociation, complex 1 is regenerated by H 2 reductive elimination to complete the catalytic cycle. The product of H 2 reductive elimination from the catalyst is an η 2 -dihydrogen complex. The present calculations support the experimental inference that the HH distance remains constant along the IRC (at ≈ 0.82 A) until very close to the transition state for oxidative addition, after which it undergoes rapid lengthening and scission.
Heteroduplex-induced mutagenesis in mammalian cells

We have shown previously that heteroduplexes containing single-stranded loops are repaired efficiently in monkey cells, but not always correctly: 2% of the repair products acquired mutations within a 350 base-pair target (Weiss, U. and Wilson, J.H., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87:1123-1126, 1987). The structures of the mutant genomes, which are described here, are consistent with an error-prone repair system. The spectrum of mutations includes about 25% point mutations and 75% rearrangements, which consist of deletions, duplications, and substitutions. The mutations are clustered in the vicinity of single-stranded loops in the original heteroduplex. The high frequency of mutation, their clustering, and the positions of rearrangement endpoints suggest that the mutations were generated during repair of the heteroduplexes.
Multiphase, Microdispersion Reactor for the Continuous Production of Methane Gas Hydrate

A continuous-jet hydrate reactor originally developed to generate a CO2 hydrate stream has been modified to continuously produce CH4 hydrate. The reactor has been tested in the Seafloor Process Simulator (SPS), a 72-L pressure vessel available at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. During experiments, the reactor was submerged in water inside the SPS and received water from the surrounding through a submersible pump and CH4 externally through a gas booster pump. Thermodynamic conditions in the hydrate stability regime were employed in the experiments. The reactor produced a continuous stream of CH4 hydrate, and based on pressure values and amount of gas injected, the conversion of gas to hydrate was estimated. A conversion of up to 70% was achieved using this reactor.
Nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome: Bilateral ovarian fibromas in a 3½-year-old girl

A 3½-year-old black girl with bilateral ovarian fibromas was subsequently diagnosed as having nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome at the age of 4 years, when basal cell tumors and pits of the hands and feet were noted on examination. This case is unusual because of the development of bilateral ovarian fibromas at an extremely early age. Prepubertal patients with this ovarian tumor should be thoroughly investigated for the possibility of nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome.
Healing circles: an ethnographic study of the interactions among health and healing practitioners from multiple disciplines.

“Healing circle” is a term that has been employed by a group of Northern California integrative medicine researchers as we embarked on an 8-year ethnographic study. As a clinical medical anthropologist and registered nurse specializing in integrative practice and behavioral health, I undertook this study with colleagues from various health disciplines.
A characterization of interim efficiency with public goods

In this paper, we consider the following classical public goods problem. A group of individuals must decide on a level of public good that is produced according to constant returns to scale up to some capacity constraint. In addition to deciding the level of public good, the group must decide how to tax the individuals in the group in order to cover the cost. The distribution of the burden of taxation is important because different individuals have different marginal rates of substitution between the private good (taxes) and the public good, and may have different incomes as well. These individual marginal rates of substitution are private information; that is, each individual knows his or her own marginal rate of substitution, but not those of the other members of the group. Adopting a Bayesian mechanism design framework, we assume that the distribution of marginal rates of substitution is common knowledge.
Characteristics of Marine Aggregates in Shallow-water Ecosystems: Implications for Disease Ecology

Marine aggregates were evaluated for their potential role in the ecology of aquatic pathogens using underwater video surveys coupled with direct collection of aggregates in modified settling cones. Six locations, two each in New York, Connecticut, and Massachusetts, were surveyed over 8 months to explore differences in the characteristics of aggregates found in habitats populated by clams (Mercenaria mercenaria) and oysters (Cras- sostrea virginica). Microaggregate ( 500 lm) concentrations, but peak concentrations of macroaggregates and microaggregates, mean size of particles, and volume fraction of aggregated material varied among the six shallow-water habitats. Concentrations (colony- forming units per ml) of total heterotrophic bacteria (THB) and total mesophilic pathogenic bacteria (MPB) from samples of aggregates were significantly different among the four locations bordering Long Island Sound (LIS). The highest concentrations and enrichment factors in aggregates were observed in August for THB and in June for MPB. Significant correlations were detected for salinity and the concentrations and enrichment factors of THB in aggregates and for the concentrations and percentages of MPB in seawater samples. Significant correlations were also detected for temperature and the concentrations of MPB in aggregates and the enrichment factors for THB and MPB (marginal significance). Bacterial species identified in association with aggregates included: Vibrio cholerea, V. parahaemolyticus, V. vulnificus, V. alginolyticus, Aeromonas hydrophila, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Mycobacteria sp. These results have important implications for the way in which aquatic pathogens are collected, quantified, and monitored for risk-based surveillance in shallow-water ecosystems.
Disruption of Arcuate/Paraventricular Nucleus Connections Changes Body Energy Balance and Response to Acute Stress

The mediobasal hypothalamus regulates functions necessary for survival, including body energy balance and adaptation to stress. The purpose of this experiment was to determine the contribution of the arcuate nucleus (ARC) in controlling these two functions by the paraventricular nucleus (PVN). Circular, horizontal cuts (1.0 mm radius) were placed immediately above the anterior ARC to sever afferents to the PVN. In shams the knife was lowered to the same coordinates but was not rotated. Food intake and body weight were monitored twice daily, at the beginning and end of the light cycle, for 1 week. On the final day the animals were restrained for 30 min. Lesioned animals had increased food intake in light and dark periods, higher weight gain per day, and more body fat as compared with shams. There was no difference in caloric efficiency. Unlike shams, lesioned rats had no predictable relationship between plasma insulin and leptin. Plasma ACTH was increased at 0 min in lesioned rats but was decreased 15 and 30 min after restraint as compared with shams. There was no difference in plasma corticosterone. Immunostaining revealed that alpha-melanocortin (alphaMSH) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) accumulated below the cuts, and both were decreased in PVN. Food intake and body weight were correlated negatively to alphaMSH, but not NPY in PVN. There was no difference in proopiomelanocortin (POMC) mRNA, but NPY mRNA was reduced in the ARC of lesioned animals. We conclude that ARC controls body energy balance in unstressed rats, possibly by alphaMSH input to PVN, and that ARC also is necessary for PVN regulation of ACTH.
Crafting cases for problem‐based learning: experience in a neuroscience course

Clinical cases for problem-based learning should capture the relevance of patient encounters, and not serve merely as a 'take-off' point for scientific study. As a vehicle of learning, the case should drive the science and the science should drive the case. Decision points elicit intellectual commitment, and help to raise the level of inquiry. Our cases are focused, avoiding clinical complexity and reliance on pattern recognition. We emphasize formulation of evidence-based mechanistic hypotheses. The case does not stand alone, but must suit its position in the course and curriculum.
Fabrication of Sub-10-nm Silicon Nanowire Arrays by Size Reduction Lithography

A photolithography-based method capable of size reduction to produce sub-10-nm Si nanowire arrays on a wafer scale is described. By conformally depositing a material (silicon oxide or silicon) that...
A Cell-Free Assay System for β-Catenin Signaling That Recapitulates Direct Inductive Events in the Early Xenopus laevis Embryo

In vertebrate embryos, signaling via the β-catenin protein is known to play an essential role in the induction of the dorsal axis. In its signaling capacity, β-catenin acts directly to affect target gene transcription, in concert with transcription factors of the TCF/LEF family. We have developed a cell-free in vitro assay for β-catenin signaling activity that utilizes transcriptionally active nuclei and cytoplasm from cleavage-blocked Xenopus laevis embryos. Under these assay conditions, we demonstrate that either addition of β-catenin protein or upstream activation of the β-catenin signaling pathway can induce the expression of developmentally relevant target genes. Addition of exogenous β-catenin protein induced expression of Siamois, XTwin, Xnr3, and Cerberus mRNAs in a protein synthesis independent manner, whereas a panel of other Spemann organizer-specific genes did not respond to β-catenin. Lithium induction of the β-catenin signaling pathway, which is thought to cause β-catenin accumulation by inhibiting its proteasome-dependent degradation, caused increased expression of Siamois in a protein synthesis independent fashion. This result suggests that β-catenin derived from a preexisting pool can be activated to signal, and that accumulation of this activated form does not require ongoing synthesis. Furthermore, activation of the signaling pathway with lithium did not detectably alter cytoplasmic β-catenin levels and was insensitive to inhibition of the proteasome- dependent degradation pathway. Taken together, these results suggest that activation of β-catenin signaling by lithium in this system may occur through a distinct activation mechanism that does not require modulation of levels through regulation of proteasomal degradation.
Breastfeeding and Complementary Food: Randomized Trial of Community Doula Home Visiting

OBJECTIVES: Despite recent efforts to increase breastfeeding, young African American mothers continue to breastfeed at low rates, and commonly introduce complementary foods earlier than recommended. This study examines the effects of a community doula home visiting intervention on infant feeding practices among young mothers. METHODS: Low-income, African American mothers ( n = 248) under age 22 years participated in a randomized trial of a community doula intervention. Intervention-group mothers received services from paraprofessional doulas: specialized home visitors trained as childbirth educators and lactation counselors. Doulas provided home visits from pregnancy through 3 months postpartum, and support during childbirth. Control-group mothers received usual prenatal care. Data were obtained from medical records and maternal interviews at birth and 4 months postpartum. RESULTS: Intent-to-treat analyses showed that doula-group mothers attempted breastfeeding at a higher rate than control-group mothers (64% vs 50%; P = .02) and were more likely to breastfeed longer than 6 weeks (29% vs 17%; P = .04), although few mothers still breastfed at 4 months. The intervention also impacted mothers’ cereal/solid food introduction ( P = .008): fewer doula-group mothers introduced complementary foods before 6 weeks of age (6% vs 18%), while more waited until at least 4 months (21% vs 13%) compared with control-group mothers. CONCLUSIONS: Community doulas may be effective in helping young mothers meet breastfeeding and healthy feeding guidelines. The intervention’s success may lie in the relationship that develops between doula and mother based on shared cultural background and months of prenatal home visiting, and the doula’s presence at the birth, where she supports early breastfeeding experiences.
Representation of Correlated Sources into Graphs for Transmission over Broadcast Channels

In this paper1 we consider the communication problem that involves transmission of correlated sources over broadcast channels. We consider a graph-based framework for this information transmission problem. The system involves a source coding module and a channel coding module. In the source coding module, the sources are efficiently represented using a nearly semi-regular bipartite graph, and the in the channel coding module, the edges of this graph are reliably transmitted over a broadcast channel. We consider nearly semi-regular bipartite graphs as discrete interface between source coding and channel coding in this multiterminal setting. In particular, in this paper, we restrict our attention to the source coding module, building on our earlier work on the channel coding module. We provide an information-theoretic characterization of the rate of growth of the exponent (as a function of the number source samples) of the size of such graphs that can reliably represent a pair of correlated sources.
A DEPRESSION OF CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY TO MEASLES ANTIGEN IN PATIENTS WITH SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS

Using the direct migration inhibition test, response to measles antigen in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) was found to be decreased when compared with that of normal subjects. No alteration was observed in similar experiments using parainfluenza type 1 and rubella antigens. The specific decrease in measles antigen effect showed no obvious correlation with activity of SLE or with the presence of lymphocytotoxic antibodies. Whether the specificity of the decrease in reactivity is due to some particular relationship between the measles virus or antigen and SLE, or to the possibility that measles reactivity is a more sensitive indicator of a generalized defect of cell-mediated immunity, remains unclear.
Summary of the Workshop on Temporomandibular Disorders Sponsored by the American Dental Association

a Workshop on Temporomandibular Disorders (TMD) was held November 1 and 2, 1988 at Northwestern University in Chicago. This was the first official action by the ADA since it conducted the President's Conference on Temporomandibular Disorders in 1982. A panel of 11 authorities, representing the academic, research, and clinical communities, responded to a series of prepared questions relating to current knowledge in the field. The invited panelists were: Ronald C. Auvenshine, D.D.S., Ph.D. (anatomy), private practitioner and faculty, Department of Orthodontics, University of Houston Health Sciences Center, Texas. Howard L. Bailit, Ph.D. (anthropology), former faculty of the School of Dentistry, University of Connecticut; now Vice President for Health Research and Policy for Aetna Life and Casualty Company, Connecticut. Samuel F. Dworkin, D.D.S., Ph.D. (psychology), Professor, Departments of Oral Medicine and Psychiatry, University of Washington at Seattle, presently engaged in a longitudinal epidemiological study of TMD. Lysle E. Johnston, Jr., D.D.S., Ph.D. (neuroanatomy), Professor and Chairman, Department of Orthodontics, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri. Daniel M. Laskin, D.D.S., Professor and Chairman, Department ofOral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Medical College of Virginia, Richmond. Richard W. Katzberg, M.D., Director ofRadiological Research and Magnetic Resonance Imaging, University of Rochester, New York. Parker Mahan, D.D.S., Ph.D. (physiology), Director of the Dental Occlusion Facial Pain Center, University of Florida at Gainesville. Charles McNeill, D.D.S, Director of the Craniofacial Pain/TMJ Clinic, University of California at San Francisco. Norman D. Mohl, D.D.S., Ph.D. (anatomy), Professor, Department of Oral Medicine and Director ofOcclusion, State University of New York at Buffalo.
Focus Group Interview: An Underutilized Research Technique for Improving Theory and Practice in Health Education

The purpose of this article is to increase awareness about and stimulate interest in using focus group interviews, a qualitative research technique, to advance the state-of- the-art of education and learning about health. After a brief discussion of small group process in health education, features of focus group interviews are presented, and a theoretical framework for planning a focus group study is summarized. Then, litera ture describing traditional and health-related applications of focus group interviews is reviewed and a synthesis of methodological limitations and advantages of this tech nique is presented. Implications are discussed regarding: need for more inductive qualitative research in health education; utility of focus group interviews for research and for formative and summative evaluation of health education programs; appli cability of marketing research to understanding and influencing consumer behav ior, despite notable distinctions between educational initiatives and marketing; and need...