cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thermodynamics of superconducting Bi2Sr2Ca2Cu3O10 in the critical fluctuation region near the Hc2(T) line.

We report a detailed study of the temperature and magnetic-field dependence of free energy, magnetization, and specific heat of superconducting ${\mathrm{Bi}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Sr}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Ca}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{10}$ in the critical fluctuation region near ${\mathit{H}}_{\mathit{c}2}$(T) line. Our approach is to apply the recently developed nonperturbative scaling theory (Te\ifmmode \check{s}\else \v{s}\fi{}anovi\ifmmode \acute{c}\else \'{c}\fi{} et al.) in high fields to describe the reversible magnetization data taken on a c-axis-oriented superconducting ${\mathrm{Bi}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Sr}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Ca}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{10}$ thin tape. We find good agreement on some of the superconducting parameters obtained in the present study with those derived by applying the Ginzburg-Landau theory to our reversible magnetization data taken outside the critical fluctuation region.
Domestic Antiavoidance Rules and Their Interplay with Tax Treaties

Tax avoidance and anti-abuse rules are among the main issues dealt with in international tax. Countries sign bilateral double tax treaties (DTT), among other things, to reduce double taxation imposed by both source and residence countries. Countries also sign DTTs to minimize tax avoidance that stems from multinational transactions. In 2003, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) made the dual purposes of DTTs explicit by stating that the scope of a DTT is not only to prevent double taxation but also to prevent tax avoidance and evasion.
Modeling user search behavior for masquerade detection

Masquerade attacks are a common security problem that is a consequence of identity theft. This paper extends prior work by modeling user search behavior to detect deviations indicating a masquerade attack. We hypothesize that each individual user knows their own file system well enough to search in a limited, targeted and unique fashion in order to find information germane to their current task. Masqueraders, on the other hand, will likely not know the file system and layout of another user's desktop, and would likely search more extensively and broadly in a manner that is different than the victim user being impersonated. We identify actions linked to search and information access activities, and use them to build user models. The experimental results show that modeling search behavior reliably detects all masqueraders with a very low false positive rate of 1.1%, far better than prior published results. The limited set of features used for search behavior modeling also results in large performance gains over the same modeling techniques that use larger sets of features.
InP HBTs-present status and future trends

The fundamental materials advantages of III-V compound semiconductors are described. InP-based HBTs are shown to be a promising technology for high performance applications where the speed-breakdown product must substantially exceed that available from Si/SiGe. The primary challenges for InP are scaling down the device size, while simultaneously scaling up the number of transistors per chip. The results of such scaling efforts are expected to enable ICs requiring tens of thousands of transistors with clock frequencies approaching 250 GHz with useful breakdown voltages.
O-Alkyl Hydroxamates as Metaphors of Enzyme-Bound Enolate Intermediates in Hydroxy Acid Dehydrogenases. Inhibitors of Isopropylmalate Dehydrogenase, Isocitrate Dehydrogenase, and Tartrate Dehydrogenase1

The inhibition of Thermus thermophilus isopropylmalate dehydrogenase by O-methyl oxalohydroxamate was studied for comparison to earlier results of Schloss with the Salmonella enzyme. It is a fairly potent (1.2 μM), slow-binding, uncompetitive inhibitor against isopropylmalate and is far superior to an oxamide (25 mM Ki competitive) that is isosteric with the ketoisocaproate product of the enzyme. This improvement in inhibition was attributed to its increased NH acidity, which presumably is due to the inductive effect of the hydroxylamine oxygen. This principle was extended to the structurally homologous enzyme isocitrate dehydrogenase from E. coli, for which the compound O-(carboxymethyl) oxalohydroxamate is a 30 nM inhibitor, uncompetitive against isocitrate. The pH dependence of its inhibition supports the idea that it is bound to the enzyme in the anionic form. Another recently discovered homologous enzyme, tartrate dehydrogenase from Pseudomonas putida, was studied with oxalylhydroxamate. It has a rel...
Trigonal-bipyramidal nickel(II) complexes of tris(3-dimethylarsinopropyl)stibine

Abstract Trigonal-bipyramidal complexes [Ni(ligand)X]B(C6H5)4 (X=Cl, Br, I, NCS, NO3, CN) of the new flexible, quadridentate stibine ligand Sb[CH2CH2Ch2AS - (CH3)2]3 were prepared and characterized by analyses and by spectral, magnetic, and conductivity measurements. Electronic spectra of three series of trigonal-bipyramidal complexes of the ligands D[CH2CH2CH2As(CH3)2]3 (D=P, As, Sb) show that the normal spectrochemical series P>As>Sb is obtained for the cyanide and chloride complexes, in constrast to the anomalous spectrochemical ord P>As>Sb that was observed by Higginson, McAuliffe, and Venanzi8 with the rigid o-phenylene ligands (o-Ph2L-C6H4)3L′ (L= P and As; L′=P, As, and Sb). The present study with Sb[CH2CH2CH2As(CH3)2]3 provides confirmatroy evidence for a compression effect in the nickel(II) complexes of the rigid ligand Sb(o-C6H4LPh2)3.
The Academic Health Care System: Preserving the Missions as the Paradigm Shifts

BALTIMORE & OHIO; Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe. Whether the source of reference is the Monopoly board or an old western movie, nearly everyone recognizes these railroad giants of a bygone era. For more than 50 years, railroads dominated industrial America and built many fortunes. Then, by the mid 20th century, the trucking industry captured most freight transportation and the airline industry revolutionized passenger travel. The railroads, whose capital and expertise should have been ideal for developing new forms of transportation, instead made a fundamental error: they thought they were in the railroad business when they should have been in the transportation business. Railroads competed against each other for an ever-shrinking portion of the transportation dollar, while new companies emerged to move cargo and people more quickly and less expensively. If the railroad companies had diversified from trains to trucks and airplanes, their integrated transportation systems would have rewritten US
Evolution of virulence when transmission occurs before disease

Most models of virulence evolution assume that transmission and virulence are constant during an infection. In many viral (HIV and influenza), bacterial (TB) and prion (BSE and CWD) systems, disease-induced mortality occurs long after the host becomes infectious. Therefore, we constructed a model with two infected classes that differ in transmission rate and virulence in order to understand how the evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS) depends on the relative difference in transmission and virulence between classes, on the transition rate between classes and on the recovery rate from the second class. We find that ESS virulence decreases when expressed early in the infection or when transmission occurs late in an infection. When virulence occurred relatively equally in each class and there was disease recovery, ESS virulence increased with increased transition rate. In contrast, ESS virulence first increased and then decreased with transition rate when there was little virulence early in the infection and a rapid recovery rate. This model predicts that ESS virulence is highly dependent on the timing of transmission and pathology after infection; thus, pathogen evolution may either increase or decrease virulence after emergence in a new host.
Cortical inputs to the middle temporal visual area in New World owl monkeys

We made eight retrograde tracer injections into the middle temporal visual area (MT) of three New World owl monkeys (Aotus nancymaae). These injections were placed across the representation of the retina in MT to allow us to compare the locations of labeled cells in other areas in order to provide evidence for any retinotopic organization in those areas. Four regions projected to MT: 1) early visual areas, including V1, V2, V3, the dorsolateral visual area, and the dorsomedial visual area, provided topographically organized inputs to MT; 2) all areas in the MT complex (the middle temporal crescent, the middle superior temporal area, and the fundal areas of the superior temporal sulcus) projected to MT. Somewhat variably across injections, neurons were labeled in other parts of the temporal lobe; 3) regions in the location of the medial visual area, the posterior parietal cortex, and the lateral sulcus provided other inputs to MT; 4) finally, projections from the frontal eye field, frontal visual field, and prefrontal cortex were also labeled by our injections. These results further establish the sources of input to MT, and provide direct evidence within and across cases for retinotopic patterns of projections from early visual areas to MT.
Cell Apoptosis: Requirement of H2AX in DNA Ladder Formation, but Not for the Activation of Caspase-3

Immunofluorescence studies have revealed that H2AX is phosphorylated at the sites of DNA double-strand breaks induced by ionizing radiation and is required for recruitment of repair factors into nuclear foci after DNA damage. Therefore, the function of H2AX is believed to be associated primarily with repair of DNA damage. Here, we report a function of H2AX in cellular apoptosis. Our data showed that H2AX is phosphorylated by UVA-activated JNK. We also provided evidence showing that UVA induces caspase-3 and caspase-activated DNase (CAD) activity in both H2AX wild-type and H2AX knockout mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs). However, DNA fragmentation occurred only in H2AX wild-type MEFs. Furthermore, H2AX phosphorylation was critical for DNA degradation triggered by CAD in vitro. Taken together, these data indicated that H2AX phosphorylation is required for DNA ladder formation, but not for the activation of caspase-3; and the JNK/H2AX pathway cooperates with the caspase-3/CAD pathway resulting in cellular apoptosis.
A role for molecular genetics in the recognition and conservation of endangered species.

Taxonomies based on morphological traits alone sometimes provide inadequate or misleading guides to phylogenetic distinctions at the subspecies and species levels. Yet taxonomic assignments inevitably shape perceptions of biotic diversity, including recognition of endangered species. Case histories are discussed in which the data of molecular genetics revealed prior systematic errors of the two possible kinds: taxonomic recognition of groups showing little evolutionary differentiation, and lack of taxonomic recognition of phylogenetically distinct forms. In such cases, conservation efforts for 'endangered species' can be misdirected with respect to the goal of protecting biological diversity.
Antigenic stimulation and multiple myeloma. A prospective study.

Background. A causal relationship between antigenic conditions and multiple myeloma was suggested by case reports. Although controlled studies identified associations with individual conditions, they failed to give overall support to the hypothesis. Using a prospective cohort representative of the U.S. population, the authors hypothesized that immune-stimulating conditions are a risk factor for multiple myeloma. Methods. The First National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey cohort of 14,407 persons were interviewed from 1971 to 1975 by the National Center for Health Statistics. Vital status with cause of death and hospitalizations were ascertained from 1982 to 1985 and in 1986. From the initial questionnaire, four risk factors were constructed: allergies (asthma, hives, hay fever, food allergies, and other allergies); autoimmune conditions (arthritis, thyroid disease and/or medication, rheumatic fever, diabetes, pernicious anemia); chronic bacterial conditions (chronic bronchitis or emphysema, chronic cough, tuberculosis, ulcers); and inflammatory conditions (gout, gallstones, recurrent or chronic enteritis, pleurisy). Results. Eighteen multiple myeloma (MM) cases were documented. The rate ratio (RR) of MM increased as the number of reported inflammatory conditions increased (one condition, RR = 2.0, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.2–3.3; 2 or more conditions, RR = 4.3, 95% CI = 1.5–12.4). The RR of myeloma also increased (P = 0.0002) with time since start of inflammatory conditions (RR = 1.6 for every 10 years of exposure). When cases were restricted to those with more than five years of follow-up, myeloma risk increased with the number of inflammatory conditions (two conditions, RR = 4.6, 95% CI = 1.5–13.8). Conclusions. Although the number of cases is small and exposure may be misclassified, the prospective nature of the study design strengthens the results of the study.
Management of epistaxis and complications associated with anterior nasal packing

Study objectives: Epistaxis is a common illness, with 6% of the US population requiring medical attention at least once in their lifetime. Divergence exists in the clinical management of epistaxis patients with regard to prophylactic antibiotic use after nasal packing placement. However, there is no clear evidence in the literature to support this practice. The purpose of this study is to review the clinical practice of anterior epistaxis in an academic emergency department (ED) and describe the complications attributed to placement of packing in the anterior nare(s). Methods: This is a retrospective explicit chart review approved by the institutional review board and conducted in an ED with an annual census of 52,000 visits. Study dates were November 1, 2000, to October 31, 2001. Patients were identified using ED admission chief complaint. All patients recognized as having anterior epistaxis were included in the study. Posterior or postoperative epistaxis patients were excluded. A trained abstractor used a standardized sequential medical-record review to extract predefined variables including age, use of packing or cautery, the use of antibiotics, and the presence of subsequent complications. A complication was defined as a return to the ED for any reason. Results: The study cohort included 234 patients with anterior epistaxis. Eighty patients (34%) received anterior nasal packing; 154 patients (66%) did not. Seventy-nine (34%) patients received chemical cautery. Forty-nine (61%) of the patients who underwent nasal packing were placed on antibiotics. Of the 80 nasal packing patients who underwent nasal packing, 22 (28%) developed complications. In all instances, the complication was a recurrence of bleeding. Twenty-seven of the 154 (18%) patients who did not receive packing also returned with recurrence of bleeding. There was no significant difference in complication rates between patients who were packed, cauterized, or received no intervention. No patient returned to the ED with an infectious complication. Conclusion: Approximately one third of anterior epistaxis patients presenting to this ED received nasal packing. A high percentage of return ED visits was noted in patients discharged with and without packing, all for recurrence of anterior epistaxis. Regardless of antibiotic use, no infectious complications were cited in this cohort.
Exhaust pressure and density of various pulsed MPD-Arc thruster systems

Exhaust flow in a new, 155 cm i.d., vacuum facility was compared with earlier measurements in a small (15.2 cm i.d.) duct. Reductions in post transient impact pressure were about 5:1 in the larger facility. Corresponding reduced electron number densities (approximately 2 x 10 to the 13th power/cucm) were noted. A new, 125 miscrosecond, pulse forming network power source produced no major differences in impact pressure compared to the crowbarred condenser bank used earlier. Comparing a puff gas feed of the arc chamber with a new 10 millisecond steady gas feed also showed no major difference in impact pressure for 125 miscrosecond powering.
Zinc oxide nanowire based field emitters

Abstract We report the field emission properties of 50 nm diameter ZnO nanowires that were electrochemically self-assembled within pores of an anodic alumina film. Current versus voltage measurements of the Fowler–Nordheim tunneling current indicate that the turn-on field is 15 V μm−1 and the field enhancement factor β calculated for two sets of samples turned out to be 670 and 1481, respectively (theoretical value for β in bulk ZnO is 205). The enhancement in β is most likely due to the large aspect ratio of the nanowires. Variation in the length of the nanowires causes the screening effect, which increases the turn-on field and reduces the emission current density. The current–voltage characteristics of the wires are non-linear and show a rectifying behavior.
Noninvasive gene delivery to the liver by mechanical massage

With the recent completion of the human genome project and the tremendous growth of biotechnology, the desire to extract information concerning gene expression, protein level, subcellular localization, and functionality in the liver will demand the development of efficient gene transfer to this organ with minimal toxicity. In this report, we show that significant gene expression in the liver could be achieved by simple mechanical massage after intravenous injection of naked plasmid DNA into mice. This method is simple, highly reproducible, repeatable, and, more importantly, free of toxicity. Hepatic gene transfer with hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) plasmid DNA prevented endotoxin-induced lethal fulminant hepatic failure, leading to dramatically enhanced survival in mice.
Effect of Magnetic Field on Air Film Continuous Casting

The influences of low frequency magnetic field and static magnetic field on the air film casting process are studied in this paper. 6063 aluminum alloy ingot of 174-mm diameter were produced by electromagnetic air film casting process; intensity of the coil current is from 50 to 200A, and frequency is from 15 to 30Hz. The results showed that low-frequency magnetic fields can speed up the flow of liquid metal in sump and the air film stability was undermined, leading to folds and segregations appeared on the ingot surface. Static magnetic field could inhibit the melt to erosion the solidified shell effectively, it’s help to improve the speed and pull good surface quality.
In Vivo Domain-Based Functional Analysis of the Major Sporulation Sensor Kinase, KinA, in Bacillus subtilis

Sensor histidine kinases are widely used by bacteria to detect and respond to environmental signals. In Bacillus subtilis, KinA is a major kinase providing phosphate input to the phosphorelay that activates the sporulation pathway upon starvation via the phosphorylated Spo0A transcription factor. KinA contains three PAS domains in its amino-terminal sensor domain, which appear to be involved in the sensing of an unidentified sporulation signal(s) produced upon starvation. Prior biochemical studies have suggested that KinA forms a homodimer as a functional enzyme and that the most amino-terminal PAS domain (PAS-A) plays an important role in sensing the signal(s) to activate an ATP-dependent autophosphorylation reaction to a histidine residue. To analyze the structure and function of the kinase in vivo, we have used a strain in which the synthesis of KinA is under the control of an isopropyl-β-d-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG)-inducible promoter. In vivo functional studies in combination with domain-based deletion analysis show that the cytosolic KinA forms a homo-oligomer as an active form under both nutrient-rich and nutrient-depleted conditions via its amino- and carboxyl-terminal domains independently. Furthermore, we found that a mutant in which the PAS-A domain was deleted was still able to induce sporulation at a wild-type level irrespective of nutrient availability, suggesting that PAS-BC domains are sufficient to maintain the kinase activity. Based on these results, we propose that the primary role of the amino-terminal sensor domain is to form a stable complex as a functional kinase, but possibly not for the binding of an unidentified sporulation signal(s).
Quadrant Distribution of Tropical Cyclone Inner-Core Kinematics in Relation to Environmental Shear

AbstractAirborne Doppler radar data collected in tropical cyclones by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration WP-3D aircraft over an 8-yr period (2003–10) are used to statistically analyze the vertical structure of tropical cyclone eyewalls with reference to the deep-layer shear. Convective evolution within the inner core conforms to patterns shown by previous studies: convection initiates downshear right, intensifies downshear left, and weakens upshear. Analysis of the vertical distribution of radar reflectivity and vertical air motion indicates the development of upper-level downdrafts in conjunction with strong convection downshear left and a maximum in frequency upshear left. Intense updrafts and downdrafts both conform to the shear asymmetry pattern. While strong updrafts occur in the eyewall, intense downdrafts show far more radial variability, particularly in the upshear-left quadrant, though they concentrate along the eyewall edges. Strong updrafts are collocated with low-level inflow and ...
Pulse Height and Temporal Distribution at Dielectric Surfaces under Corona

Discharges at a dielectric surface are obtained using a metal sphere separated by a distance of 0.002 inch from a 0.0005 inch thick dielectric. The magnitude and temporal distribution of the discharges is monitored by photomultiplier detection and magnetic recording. A change in the distribution of the pulse agni magnitudes is observed as the time of voltage applications is increased. There is a decrease in the number of low and high level discharges and an increase in those of intermediate magnitude. The effect is associated with the deterioration of the dielectric. This change in the magnitude distribution is more rapid as the applied electric field is increased. Also, when the metal sphere is positive there are fewer pulses and the magnitude of the pulses is less than when the sphere is negative. The fact that an equal amount of charge is not involved on alternate half cycles is surprising. It is not due to faulty instrumentation. The difference in pulse magnitude due to polarity is associated with electron trapping and/or retention of positive charge by the dielectric.
Isotope Effect for Self‐Diffusion in Single Crystals of Silver

The simultaneous diffusion of 105Ag and 110Ag in silver single crystals has been measured over the temperature range 640 to 955 °C. The strength of the isotope effect has a constant value of 0.718 ± 0.011 for T < 750 °C, but decreases with further increases in temperature to a value of 0.639 ± 0.013 at 937 °C. This temperature dependence is significant at the 90% confidence level. Although one may explain the observed decrease by the temperature dependence of ΔK, we consider it more likely that the decrease results from the simultaneous operation of vacancy and divacancy mechanisms. At the melting point, the contribution of divacancies is from 11 to 45% of the total self-diffusivity. The diffusion coefficient of 110Ag in Ag single crystals over the same temperature range was also obtained from these experiments. The least squares Arrhenius line is described by D0 = 0.67 cm2/s, Q = (45.2 ± 0.2) kcal/mol ( = (1.97 ± 0.1) eV). The values of D deviate systematically from this line in the manner expected for simultaneous vacancy and divacancy diffusion, although the statistical significance of these deviations is not certain. Die simultane Diffusion von 105Ag und 110Ag in Silbereinkristallen wurde zwischen 640 und 955 °C gemessen. Der Isotopeneffekt E hat einen konstanten Wert von 0,718 ± 0.011 fur T < 750 °C und nimmt mit wachsender Temperatur bis zu 0,639 ± 0,013 bei 937 °C ab. Diese Temperaturabhangigkeit ist signifikant mit einer Sicherheit von 90%. Obwohl man die beobachtete Anderung von E mit einer Temperaturabhangigkeit von ΔK erklaren kann, halten wir es fur wahrscheinlicher, das die Abnahme von E auf die gleichzeitige Betatigung des Leerstellen- und Doppelleerstellenmechanismus zuruckzufuhren ist. Am Schmelzpunkt betragt der Beitrag der Doppelleerstellen zur gesamten Selbstdiffusion 11 bis 45%. In demselben Temperaturbereich ergibt sich fur den Diffusionskoeffizienten von 110Ag in Silbereinkristallen aus diesen Experimenten eine Arrhenius-Ausgleichsgerade mit D0 = 0,67 cm2/s und Q = (45,2 ± 0,2) kcal/Mol ( = (1,97 ± 0,1) eV). Die systematischen Abweichungen von der Arrheniusgeraden entsprechen den Erwartungen fur gleich-zeitige Leerstellen- und Doppelleerstellendiffusion, die statistische Sicherheit dieser Abweichungen ist jedoch ungeklart.
The impact of advanced chronic kidney disease on in-hospital mortality following percutaneous coronary intervention for acute myocardial infarction.

Background: The impact of advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD) on the outcomes of patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in the acute phase of myocardial infarction is poorly understood. We assessed the impact of CKD (stages 3–5) on the in-hospital outcomes of patients undergoing PCI for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in a statewide registry. Methods: This study evaluated all patients who underwent PCI in New York State between 1997 and 1999. Of the 9,015 patients, 94 (1%) had at least stage 3 CKD (serum creatinine for AMI > 2.5 mg/dL) and were not on dialysis. Patients with advanced CKD were compared with those without advanced CKD using univariate and multivariate methods. The primary outcome of interest was in-hospital mortality. Results: Patients with advanced CKD had a higher incidence of diabetes, hypertension, and peripheral vascular disease. Patients with advanced CKD presented more commonly with cardiogenic shock or heart failure. The unadjusted in-hospital mortality was 23.4% for patients with advanced CKD compared with 4.2% for patients without advanced CKD (P < 0.001). After adjusting for the increased comorbidity and high risk clinical features, advanced CKD remained an independent predictor of in-hospital mortality (odds ratio 2.4, 95% Confidence Interval, 1.002–5.804, P = 0.049). Conclusions: Patients with AMI and advanced CKD who undergo PCI have more comorbidities and significantly worse in-hospital outcomes than patients without advanced CKD. Even after adjusting for these comorbidities, advanced CKD remains an independent predictor of increased in-hospital mortality. ' 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Microprogramming in the computer science curriculum

The expansion of computer technology in recent years has presented many new and different concepts which are of utmost importance to the computer scientist. The incorporation of these into a computer science curriculum has, in many cases, caused a proliferation of topics with the inherent confusion of the student. Furthermore, the traditional techniques used to introduce the student to computer science are rapidly becoming obsolete. A detailed study of the architecture of a particular machine and expertise in its instruction set are no longer adequate for appreciation of the diversity of current hardware and software techniques, much less a firm foundation.
The Teaching of German Civilization in First-Year and Second-Year College Classes

"T O be or not to be" is the vital question of today with regard to the I teaching of the foreign civilization (Kulturkunde) in modern foreign language courses in high school and college. Fellow-craftsmen have discussed the question frequently within recent years in our educational periodicals. It has been ably pointed out that an integrated study of the various branches of the foreign country's civilization has important values. To list the arguments in favor of the inclusion of this significant item in modern foreign language work will be unnecessary therefore at this time. For reassurance it may be sufficient to repeat a statement made several years ago by President MacCracken of Vassar: " . . . when the modern language course incorporates a knowledge of the foreign country in all its aspects, one may expect it to be required of all high-school students (and college students too we expect) in the United States."' And was it not President Butler of Columbia who suggested renaming our language departments and adopting the title: Department of Spain, or Department of Germany, etc.? This scholar would emphasize thereby that the culture of France, Italy, Spain, Germany, etc., is as important as the language of the respective countries. It is gratifying to know that the modern foreign language departments -and especially the German departments, to which this paper will restrict itself-of several larger colleges and universities have introduced a special course devoted to the foreign civilization and frequently labeled Kulturkunde, which is usually a twoor three-hour lecture-course. To be sure, this represents the ideal. For obvious reasons the department of German in the smaller college cannot introduce a separate course in Kulturkunde. Fortunately, however, there is a way out. Fully certain of the importance of teaching the foreign civilization, the Department of German at Elmhurst College, Elmhurst, Illinois, inaugurated in the fall of 1934 a series of fifty-minute lectures for students of First-Year German. The administration soon recognized the merit of this plan and offered its support, which was very welcome, as the illustrated lectures involved expense. At Elmhurst, First-Year German meets four times a week. One full
Emergent patterns of feedback strategies in performing a closed motor skill.

This study identified self-chosen patterns of feedback usage and how they influenced accuracy and consistency in performing a closed motor skill. Learners completed 100 practice trials with 25 opportunities to receive knowledge of results (KR), the timing of which was self-chosen, followed by 25 no-KR retention trials. The study identified two patterns of self-chosen KR, namely, a faded frequency pattern and a reversed faded frequency pattern. Analyses of variance indicated a significant trial block effect for accuracy in acquisition and no significant main effects or interactions associated with self-chosen patterns of KR. Quantification of regularity of KR patterns yielded correlations indicating that less regularity was associated with greater accuracy in performing the task. These results were congruent with previous research on self-chosen feedback.
Spatial analysis of water quality trends in the Han River basin, South Korea

Spatial patterns of water quality trends for 118 sites in the Han River basin of South Korea were examined for eight parameters-temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), suspended sediment (SS), total phosphorus (TP), and total nitrogen (TN). A non-parametric seasonal Mann-Kendall's test determined the significance of trends for each parameter for each site between 1993 and 2002. There are no significant trends in temperature, but TN concentrations increased for the majority of the monitoring stations. DO, BOD, COD, pH, SS, and TP show increasing or decreasing trends with approximately half of the stations exhibiting no trends. Urban land cover is positively associated with increases in water pollution and included as an important explanatory variable for the variations in all water quality parameters except pH. Topography and soil factors further explain the spatial variations in pH, COD, BOD, and SS. BOD, COD, SS, and TP variations are consistently better explained by 100m buffer scale analysis, but DO are better explained by the whole basin scale analysis. Local water quality management or geology could further explain some variations of water quality. Non-point-source pollution exhibits strong positive spatial autocorrelation as measured by Moran's I, indicating that the incorporation of spatial dimensions into water quality assessment enhances our understanding of spatial patterns of water quality. The spatial regression models, compared to ordinary least square (OLS) models, always better explain the variations in water quality. This study suggests that spatial analysis of watershed data at different scales should be a vital part of identifying the fundamental spatio-temporal distribution of water quality.
Unexpected results in long-term medically treated ruptured intracranial aneurysm including data on 14 patients followed more than 30 years each

This is the longest reported follow-up of patients with ruptured intracranial aneurysms treated entirely medically with hypotension. Patients with ruptured brain aneurysms, untreated except for plain bedrest, are at a well-recognized risk of recurrent hemorrhage. Some surgically treated patients also remain at risk of recurrent hemorrhage in follow-up. This is a review of results in patients whose active but entirely medical (hypotensive) treatment was started in the first 10 years of a 40-year study. It suggests a way of reducing risks in both of the above 2 groups. 53 consecutive patients with proven ruptured brain aneurysm(s) were treated as early as possible with medical-hypotensive therapy alone by the author and followed, personally, until death or, if they survived, for at least 30 years each (or until lost to follow-up). The patients included many considered to have been poor operative risks with some having been designated inoperable by the referring neurosurgeons. As part of the long-term follow-up, magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) has been begun. Long-term follow-up was defined as the time beginning after 9 weeks from (admission) hemorrhage. 9 patients had died during the earlier stages of hemorrhage (and treatment) i.e., before the 9 weeks period had elapsed; their data was presented previously. This yielded 44 patients for long-term follow-up. Only 2 patients (both had multiple aneurysms) on this regimen have died of either proven hemorrhage (1 patient) or presumed hemorrhage (1 patient). Most patients survived and maintained an excellent condition. Medical-hypotensive therapy of ruptured intracranial aneurysms has produced much better long-term results than expected. This is significant for (1) patients requiring medical treatment alone and (2) surgically treated patients who may benefit from additional long-term protection.
Malignant mixed tumor of the palate

Abstract A case of malignant pleomorphic adenoma occurring in the palate and arising from the accessory salivary glands has been presented. Cellular characteristics, clinical treatment, and diagnostic problems have been discussed.
Energy efficiency tradeoff in downlink and uplink TDD OFDMA with simultaneous wireless information and power transfer

Energy-efficient design in orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) is becoming increasingly important, considering the booming energy consumption in wireless networks and the extensive deployment of OFDMA-based wireless infrastructures. On the other hand, wireless power transfer brings another promising approach for saving energy and prolonging lifetime in wireless networks by letting users scavenge energy from the received radio-frequency (RF) signals all over the wireless environments, including the desired information beams and undesired interference beams. In this paper, we study the downlink and uplink energy efficiency (EE) tradeoff in time-division duplexing (TDD) OFDMA with one access point (AP) and multiple users, where the users are allowed to split the received signals for decoding information and harvesting energy in the downlink, respectively. The established optimization problem turns to be an integer-mixed nonconvex program. Through relaxation and transformation, we develop a near-optimal resource allocation strategy that approaches the Pareto optimal tradeoff performance. Numerical results show that there may exist a tradeoff between the downlink and uplink EE and the AP can help improve the uplink EE by operating the downlink at the suboptimal EE regime.
Diversity of Desulfobacteriaceae and Overall Activity of Sulfate-Reducing Microorganisms in and Around a Salt pan in a Southern California Coastal Wetland

Sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) are key mediators of anaerobic carbon cycling in coastal salt marsh sediments and have been shown to be important decomposer communities even in hypersaline habitats. Understanding how SRB function in various salt marsh habitats (vegetated, salt pans) is crucial to advancing our knowledge of salt marsh function. We compare overall sulfate reducing activity and the diversity of a subset of SRB (Desulfobacteriaceae) in two hypersaline sediments (salt pan and nearby area with desiccated vegetation) with a regularly inundated control site within the Huntington Beach Wetlands (HBW). Biological activity was quantified using radiotracer studies to measure sulfate reduction rates (SRR) with and without carbon amendment. All sites showed enhanced SRR under carbon amendment, suggesting short-term carbon limitation. Unique communities of Desulfobacteriaceae were found in all three sites with increased incidence of halotolerant genotypes in the salt pan. These findings indicate that, despite reduced anaerobic respiratory activity, highly diverse and functional deltaproteobacterial communities exist in salt pan and surrounding hypersaline habitats in coastal salt marshes in southern California.
Racial/ethnic discrimination, posttraumatic stress symptoms, and alcohol problems in a longitudinal study of Hispanic/Latino college students.

Racial/ethnic discrimination has been identified as a risk factor in the development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in persons of color (Carter, 2007). Many persons, regardless of race/ethnicity, with PTSD symptoms resulting from combat, violent crimes, sexual assault, or natural disasters use alcohol in an attempt to cope. This longitudinal study surveyed 203 Hispanic/Latino students twice at approximately a 1-year interval, and used a cross-lagged design to compare Time 1 links from alcohol use and experiences of discrimination with the same variables at Time 2, plus symptoms of PTSD. Each survey included the General Ethnic Discrimination scale and the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test. Only Time 2 packets contained the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist-Civilian. Cross-lagged analyses conducted by comparing nested structural equation models found that fixing the causal paths to zero from Time 1 experiences of discrimination to Time 2 alcohol problems and PTSD resulted in a significantly worse fit of the data. However, fixing the paths to zero from Time 1 maladaptive alcohol use to Time 2 PTSD and experiences of discrimination resulted in no significant difference in model fit. Thus, this pattern of findings is consistent with an inference that Hispanic/Latino college students who experience racial/ethnic discrimination are at risk for developing symptoms of posttraumatic stress and increased maladaptive alcohol use; conversely, maladaptive alcohol use does not appear to be a risk factor for later experiences of discrimination or PTSD symptoms. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved). Language: en
A Multiphasic Personality Schedule (Minnesota): III. the Measurement of Symptomatic Depression

(1942). A Multiphasic Personality Schedule (Minnesota): III. the Measurement of Symptomatic Depression. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 73-84.
Far-wing absorption profiles of a reactive collision: Mg+H2

We report on preliminary studies of the far-wing absorption of laser light into the MgH/sub 2/ reactive collision complex. We have measured the far-wing absorption profile leading both to the nonreactive channel (Mg( formation) and into a specific vibrational-rotational level of the reactive channel (MgH (v'' = 0, J'' = 23) formation).
Cytotoxic T cell immunity against the non-immunogenic, murine, hepatocellular carcinoma Hepa1-6 is directed towards the novel alternative form of macrophage colony stimulating factor

Mouse Hepa1-6 hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells were transduced with the membrane form of macrophage colony stimulating factor (mM-CSF). When mM-CSF transduced Hepa1-6 cells were injected subcutaneously into mice, these cells did not form tumors. The spleens of these immunized mice contained cytotoxic CD8+ T lymphocytes (CTL) that killed the unmodified Hepa1-6 cells. We show that the alternative form of macrophage colony stimulating factor (altM-CSF) induced CTL-mediated immunity against Hepa1-6 cells. AltM-CSF is restricted to the H-2D(b) allele. CTLs killed RMA-S cells loaded with exogenous altM-CSF peptide. Vaccination of mice with dendritic cells pulsed with the altM-CSF peptide stimulated anti-Hepa1-6 CTLs. Hyper-immunization of mice with mM-CSF Hepa1-6 cells showed inflammation of the liver and kidneys. Although altM-CSF was expressed within liver and kidney cells, its intensity was lower than Hepa1-6 cells. AltM-CSF was detected within the human HepG2 cell line. These studies suggest that altM-CSF may be a tumor antigen for HCC.
Free flapewise vibration analysis of rotating double-tapered Timoshenko beams

Free vibration analysis of a rotating double-tapered Timoshenko beam undergoing flapwise transverse vibration is presented. Using an assumed mode method, the governing equations of motion are derived from the kinetic and potential energy expressions which are derived from a set of hybrid deformation variables. These equations of motion are then transformed into dimensionless forms using a set of dimensionless parameters, such as the hub radius ratio, the dimensionless angular speed ratio, the slenderness ratio, and the height and width taper ratios, etc. The natural frequencies and mode shapes are then determined from these dimensionless equations of motion. The effects of the dimensionless parameters on the natural frequencies and modal characteristics of a rotating double-tapered Timoshenko beam are numerically studied through numerical examples. The tuned angular speed of the rotating double-tapered Timoshenko beam is then investigated.
Is Management Science International: In Search of Universal Rules

In management science, as in all of science, a fundamental issue is the generalizability of what we know. It is a never-ending quest to discover and create knowledge and rules which are universal. Yet, frequently what we hold to be universal is quite specific when examined with scientific scrutiny. In this special issue of Management Science we want to develop more precisely the dimension and the extent to which what we know in management science is generalizable, e.g., is our knowledge about managing universal or specific? Is our knowledge limited to a particular firm, an industry, a given country, or a culture? The universality/specificity issue remains a dilemma. The theme of this special issue is the generalizability of management science. Management Science publishes research on theory, methodology and empirical results.
Traditional Lower Blepharoplasty: Is Additional Support Necessary? A 30-Year Review.

Background Several refinements have been made in lower eyelid rejuvenation, and there is now strong belief that the traditional approach places too little emphasis on lower eyelid support. The purpose of this study was to retrospectively review the 30-year experience of the senior author (J.A.F.) performing primary lower blepharoplasty by the traditional approach and to determine the complication rate when lower lid-tightening procedures were not performed concomitantly. Methods A retrospective chart review of all traditional blepharoplasties performed by the senior author over the past 30 years was performed. The traditional approach was performed through an external, subciliary incision. Concomitant lower lid-tightening procedures were not performed. The authors determined the complication rate of the procedure, such as symptomatic lower eyelid malposition and chemosis. Results A total of 3014 patients underwent traditional lower blepharoplasties and, after applying the exclusion criteria, 2007 patients were studied. A postoperative complication was defined as the development of either chemosis or symptomatic lower eyelid malposition. Chemosis developed in only 1.2 percent of the patients (24 of 2007). Eight of the 2007 patients (0.4 percent) developed symptomatic lower eyelid malposition. Conclusions This study proves that when performed meticulously and precisely, traditional lower blepharoplasty is safe and effective. Correction of preoperatively diagnosed lower lid laxity is essential; however, when lower eyelid tone is adequate, the authors believe that the routine addition of a tightening procedure for support or the routine use of combined internal and external approaches is unnecessary. Clinical question/level of evidence Therapeutic, IV.
Fifty years on: molecular biology's hall of fame

Genetic material is absorbed onto the surface of minute tungsten beads. The beads are then explosively discharged against plant tissue and, in some instances, penetrate individual cells. Some cells are stably transformed and the GUS gene has been expressed after such treatment. This method of transformation does not rely on sophisticated plant protoplast systems and the species to be transformed need not be susceptible to biological transforming agents such as Agrobacterium tumefaciens. The chief requirements for transformation are that the bombarded cells be regenerable and that the inserted genetic material be compatible with the recipient cell genome. Thus, particle bombardment is potentially significant as a 'generic' approach to plant transformation, having application to a wide range of species and, generally, requiring readily available regeneration systems (i.e. from tissue). Synthetic seeds The plant division meeting ended with a special symposium on synthetic seeds. Synthetic seed technology seeks to use somatic embryos as high efficiency clonal propagules. Synthetic seeds would be useful for clonal production of hybrid strains, for the rapid multiplication of genetically engineered seed-propagated crops and for germplasm preservation, particularly for clonally propagated plants. One major line of research involves conferring desirable seed-like qualities, such as the existence of a reversible dehydrated resting phase, on somatic embryos. McKersie et al. (University of Guelph, Guelph) reported that plants could be regenerated from alfalfa somatic embryos stored in a dehydrated state at ambient temperatures for up to eight months. Such a quiescent resting phase will be necessary for synthetic seed of most crops to be commer-
General conditions of collinearity at the phase boundaries of fluid mixtures

The general collinearity conditions at phase boundaries for mixtures are proved by thermodynamic identities for density and for entropy as functions of temperature, pressure, and composition. In the case of density/temperature/pressure/composition collinearity is always found at the cricondentherm or any temperature extremum, whereas for entropy/temperature/pressure/composition collinearity is always found at the cricondenbar or any pressure extremum. Qualitative phase diagrams for a typical binary system are presented in accordance with the derived inequalities. Whether a particular slope, involving the above variables, from the homogeneous side of the phase boundary is greater or less than that from the heterogeneous side depends on location on the phase boundary with respect to cricondentherm, critical point, and cricondenbar.