cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Assigning videos to textbooks at appropriate granularity

The emergence of tablet devices, cloud computing, and abundant online multimedia content presents new opportunities to transform traditional paper-based textbooks into tablet-based electronic textbooks, and to further augment the educational experience by enriching them with relevant supplementary materials. Given a candidate set of relevant educational videos for augmenting an electronic textbook, how do we assign the videos at the appropriate granularity (a collection of logical units in the book)? We propose a rigorous formulation of the video assignment problem and present an algorithm for assigning each video to the optimum subset of logical units. Our experimental evaluation using a diverse collection of educational videos relevant to multiple chapters in a textbook demonstrates the efficacy of the proposed techniques for inferring the granularity at which a relevant video should be assigned.
INTERMEDIARY GROUP TREATMENT OF INACCESSIBLE CHILDREN

A guidance center was concerned about the substantial number of children who prove inaccessible to the usual clinic approach. A method was sought whereby specific deficits preventing outpatient treatment could be mitigated, using social group workers and an intensive, specially designed group program for children and parents. Results with 47 children are presented.
In vivo effects of botulinum toxin A on visceral sensory function in chronic spinal cord-injured rats.

Objectives To analyze the in vivo effects of botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) on visceral sensory function in chronic spinal cord-injured (SCI) rats. Methods One group of rats underwent spinal cord transection at the T8-T9 level (SCI) and the other group was left untreated. In 21 days, baseline open cystometrography (CMG) was performed. The rats were then treated intravesically with either 1 mL of 1% protamine sulfate (PS) to increase urothelial permeability or saline, followed by either 1 mL of BTX-A (20 U) or saline. CMG was repeated 48 hours after instillation, and any changes in the bladder contraction frequency and amplitude were evaluated. Results After the instillation of PS and BTX-A or BTX-A alone, the bladder contraction frequency was significantly decreased in the SCI rats compared with the control rats (P <0.05); no change was seen in the contraction amplitude. When normal rats were given intravesical PS and/or BTX-A, or SCI animals were treated with PS alone, neither the frequency nor the amplitude of the contractions was affected. Also, no significant differences were found in the bladder contraction frequency or amplitude of contractions in any animal treated with instillation of saline alone. Conclusions Intravesical BTX-A inhibits bladder sensory mechanisms by reducing the frequency of bladder contractions in an SCI rat model. Furthermore, our results suggest that intravesically applied BTX-A does not penetrate to the smooth muscle layer even after PS disruption of the bladder urothelium. These findings may have important clinical applications in treating overactive bladders after SCI.
Integration of Bilateral Whisker Stimuli in Rats: Role of the Whisker Barrel Cortices

Recently, we demonstrated that neural responses within the whisker region of the primary somatosensory cortex (SIw) of rats are profoundly influenced by the spatiotemporal attributes of ipsilateral, as well as contralateral, whisker stimuli. As inactivation of one SIw eliminates in the intact SIw both ipsilaterally evoked responses and the influence of ipsilateral stimulation on contralaterally evoked activity, we proposed that interhemispheric interactions between the SIws may be important for integrating bilateral whisker information. To test whether rats can recognize the bilateral nature of a whisker stimulus, we developed a tactile discrimination task that required rats to conjointly determine distances to a left and a right discriminandum as equidistant or non-equidistant using only their facial whiskers. All rats trained in this task achieved performance levels indicative of an ability to integrate bilateral whisker information. Testing during unilateral, as well as bilateral, inactivation of the SIws indicated that rats rely on both SIws for detecting the bilateral nature of a whisker stimulus. Rats were unable to perform the task without both sets of whiskers, a fact that indicates that the whiskers (and not other modalities) were used to perform this task. The findings presented here indicate that rats can solve a task that requires the conjoint detection of left and right whisker-mediated distance information and implicate the SIws as central to this ability.
Hindbrain catecholamine neurons mediate consummatory responses to glucoprivation.

Abstract Previous work using the retrogradely transported immunotoxin, saporin (SAP) conjugated to a monoclonal antibody against dopamine-β-hydroxylase (DBH; DSAP), to selectively lesion norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (E) neurons projecting to the medial hypothalamus, demonstrated the essential role of these neurons for appetitive ingestive responses to glucoprivation. Here, we again utilized this lesion to assess the importance of these same neurons for the consummatory phase of glucoprivic feeding. To test consummatory responses, milk was infused intraorally through a chronic cheek fistula until rejected. Appetitive responses were tested in the same rats using pelleted food. Feeding responses to insulin-induced hypoglycemia, 2-deoxy- d -glucose (2DG)-induced blockade of glucose utilization, mercaptoacetate (MA)-induced blockade of fatty acid oxidation, 0.9% saline, and 18-h food deprivation were assessed. Unlike unconjugated SAP controls, the DSAP rats did not increase their food intake in response to glucoprivic challenges in either the pelleted food or the intraoral feeding tests. However, the DSAP rats did not differ from SAPs in their ingestive responses to food deprivation and blockade of fatty acid oxidation. The selective impairment of glucoprivic feeding responses indicates that DSAP did not impair the underlying circuitry required for either appetitive or consummatory ingestive responding but eliminated the mechanism for control of this circuitry specifically by glucoprivation. Results suggest that both appetitive and consummatory responses to glucoprivation are controlled and coordinated by multilevel terminations of the same catecholamine neurons.
THE SPATIAL PATTERNS OF EMPLOYMENT CHANGE IN LARGE AMERICAN METROPOLISES: 1947–1977

The patterns of economic activity dispersal that have characterized metropolitan areas and their suburbs since the late 1940s are examined using employment data compiled for municipalities. Measures of the spatial distribution of employment permitted the analysis of intermetropolitan, intersectoral, and intrasuburban patterns of economic change over three decade-long periods in ten large MSAs located predominantly in the northeastern part of the nation. The study revealed significant differences in both the levels and rates of dispersal among the MSAs along regional and age dimensions. Considerable similarity in the chronology of sectoral dispersal patterns was apparent. Analysis of data for individual suburban communities by MSA revealed that areas of highest economic growth have shifted farther outward into the suburbs; however, considerable infilling within closer suburban communities has continued to occur. Newer metropolises exhibited more variable patterns of intrasuburban change than older ones.
The Disability Rights Movement: Experiences and Perspectives of Selected Leaders in the Disability Community

Semistructured interviews were conducted with eight highly accomplished individuals with disabilities. This expert sample was selected to represent experienced sources of information and insight about historical developments in the disability rights movement and continuing challenges facing the disability community. Standard methods of narrative qualitative research were used to content-analyze the verbatim transcripts of the audiotaped interviews. Enlightening excerpts from the interviews are included in the report of these leaders' (a) greatest source of pride, (b) personal connections to the disability rights movement, (c) perceptions of the most cherished achievement of the disability community, and (d) predictions of what will be the most pressing disability issue in the year 2020.
Analytical perturbation theory of photon migration in the presence of a single absorbing or scattering defect sphere

We present an analytical perturbation analysis to study the sensitivity of diffusive photon flux to the addition of a small spherical defect object in turbid multiple scattering media such as human tissue. As a first simple application of this perturbation theory, we derive analytically the photon migration path distribution function for both the infinite medium and the semi- infinite medium geometries. This allows one to write down analytical expressions of the shape and size of the so-called 'banana' region in which the photon migration paths are concentrated. We then derive analytically the sensitivity of detected photon flux densities to the inclusion of a small spherical defect in a turbid tissue medium, for both continuous wave (cw) and frequency modulation conditions, and arbitrary contrast between the optical parameters of the defect sphere and those of the surrounding medium.
Comments on ‘some effects of taxation and collective goods in postwar U.S.A.: a tentative appraisal’

Abstract Gevers and Proost (1978) obtain a remarkable result that an optimal plan for the median income voter is also a majority rule equilibrium. This result seems at odds with the Plott conditions for a majority rule equilibrium in this two dimensional case. Here it is shown that the utility function used by Gevers and Proost has the property that a median optimal allocation is also a majority rule equilibrium because all individuals have gradients which lie along the same line. This shows that this utility function is very specific rather than as general as they claim. A more general utility function is presented which has this characteristic than the one used by Gevers and Proost.
ICT, CO2 Emissions and Economic Growth: Evidence from a Panel of ASEAN

AbstractThis study examines relationships among information communications technology (ICT), carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and economic growth. The panel annual data are constructed from 1991 to 2009 for nine members from the Association of Southeast Asian Nations. The study examines the long-run equilibrium relationship using cointegration techniques and the short-run relationships using cointegrating regression estimation methods. Test results indicate a long-run equilibrium relationship exists among these variables. Among these relationships, ICT shows significant to highly significant positive effects on both economic growth and CO2 emissions. Significant to highly significant inverse bidirectional relationships between economic growth and CO2 emissions are found in the region. Based on these empirical findings, further policy implications for economic growth, ICT and CO2 emissions are discussed.
Epizootiology of virus diseases in three Lepidopterous insect species of alfalfa

The incidence of virus infections in three lepidopterous insect species was studied from 1965 to 1968 in alfalfa fields in California. The insects were the alfalfa caterpillar,Colias eurytheme; the beet armyworm,Spodoptera exigua; and the alfalfa looper,Autographa californica. InC. eurytheme, the major virus was a nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV); inS. exigua, a granulosis virus (GV) and an NPV; inA. californica, a GV. Virus epizootics did not develop in very high densities ofC. eurytheme. Virus epizootics occurred in low host densities of the three insect species, especially in populations ofA. californica. The virus acted as a density-dependent factor in the regulation of the populations ofS. exigua andA. californica. Temperature, humidity and rainfall had no marked effect on the incidence of virus infections.
Identification of the promoter of the myelomonocytic leukocyte integrin CD11b

Abstract The CD11b (or macrophage-1 antigen; MAC-1) subunit of the leukocyte integrin family forms a noncovalently associated heterodimeric structure with the CD18 (beta) subunit on the surface of human granulocytes and monocyte/macrophages, where it enables these myeloid cells to participate in a variety of adherence-related activities. Expression of the CD11b subunit is restricted to cells of the myelomonocytic lineage and depends upon the stage of differentiation with the most mature myeloid cells expressing the highest levels of CD11b. To study the regulation of CD11b expression, a genomic clone corresponding to the 5' region of the CD11b gene was isolated from a human chromosome 16 library. Primer extension and RNase protection assays identified two major transcriptional start sites, located 90 base pairs and 54 base pairs upstream from the initiation methionine. DNA sequence analysis of 1.7 kilobases of the 5' flanking sequence of the CD11b gene indicated the absence of a "CAAT" or "TATA" box; however, potential binding sites for the transcription activators Sp1, PU.1, ets, and AP-2 are present, as well as retinoic acid response elements. The 1.7-kilobase CD11b promoter sequence displayed functional activity in transient transfection assays in the monocytic cell line THP-1 and the myeloid cell line HL-60. In contrast, this 1.7-kilobase promoter sequence did not display functional activity in the Jurkat T-lymphoid cell line. Detailed characterization of the CD11b promoter sequence should provide insight into the molecular events regulating the tissue-specific and developmental stage-specific expression of the CD11b molecule in myelomonocytic cells.
Comparison of Two Methods of Fiber Analysis of 58 Foods

Abstract Nine fruits, 8 grains, 9 legumes, 19 vegetables, 6 nuts and seeds, and 7 miscellaneous foods were analyzed for dietary fiber content using two methods of analysis. Fiber values determined using the AOAC method were either similar to or greater than those measured using the Uppsala method. The total fiber contents of the samples were generally similar to what have been reported for other foods in the same food group. Soluble fiber was an average of ∼15–20% of the total fiber in fruits, vegetables and grains, and
Prospective, randomized trial of bipolar electrosurgery vs ultrasonic coagulation for division of short gastric vessels during laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication.

Background: Division of the short gastric vessels (SGV) during laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication (LNF) may improve outcome. Several techniques are available for SGV division. The aim of this study was to compare in a prospective randomized trial bipolar electrocautery with cutting blade versus ultrasonic coagulation of the SGV during LNF. Methods: In all, 86 consecutive patients undergoing LNF were prospectively randomized into two similar groups that underwent division of the SGV, respectively, using bipolar cutting forceps (BPCF) or harmonic coagulating shears (HCS). Operative time, bleeding episodes, complications, equipment problems, and surgeon's subjective scoring of satisfaction and ease of use were assessed. Results: Mean (±SD) time for fundic mobilization and division of the SGV was not significantly different between the two groups (BPCF = 20 ± 12 min vs. HCS = 22 ± 12 min). Bleeding events, estimated blood loss, surgeon satisfaction, and subjective ease of use were similar, and no transfusions were required. Complications in the BPCF group included a delayed gastric perforation requiring reoperation and two gastric serosal burns repaired intraoperatively. There was one splenic capsular tear using the HCS and one splenic capsular tear using the BPCF, both of which were controlled intraoperatively. The number of functional equipment problems were few and statistically similar. In the authors' institution, the per case total costs with capital expenditures amortized over 100 cases indicate savings of approximately $202/case with use of the BPCF versus the HCS. Regression analysis demonstrated a significant correlation between body mass index (BMI) and total case length and time for division of the SGVs. Conclusions: The BPCF and HCS appear to be equally efficacious for SGV division during LNF. Judicious application of both energy forms and heightened vigilance for gastric serosal injury are required with use of both the BPCF and HCS in cases of tight gastrosplenic adhesions or short SGVs. The BPCF carries a potential cost advantage over the HCS in the authors' institution. The BMI directly correlates with time required to divide SGVs and total length of LNF.
Drinking saccharin increases food intake and preference—II. Hydrational factors

Rats that drink saccharin solution increase their short-term food intake and develop a preference for flavored food eaten when saccharin is ingested. In this paper, we examined whether these changes in feeding behavior were due to overhydration resulting from drinking hyposmotic saccharin solution. Consistent with this possibility, the short-term food intake of rats was increased by drinking hyposmotic 0.2% saccharin dissolved in water, unaffected by drinking isosmotic 0.9% NaCl, and decreased by drinking 0.2% saccharin dissolved in 0.9% NaCl. In addition, rats showed a sustained increase in saccharin-induced food intake after antidiuretic hormone treatment, which was designed to exacerbate their positive water balance. Less consistent with a hydrational explanation of saccharin-induced feeding was the finding that rats drinking only 2ml 0.2% saccharin solution increased food intake. Also, gastric intubation of similar volumes of water produced a small, transient increase in feeding behavior, which was apparent after the first intubation only and could not be preserved by adding water-contingent flavors to the food. Taken together, these results suggest that the hydrational effects of drinking hyposmotic saccharin solution contribute to, but cannot account for, the increase in food intake. Hydration had no observable influence on the acquisition of flavored food preference.
Temperature-dependent radiation sensitivity and order of 70S ribosome crystals

All evidence to date indicates that at T = 100 K all protein crystals exhibit comparable sensitivity to X-ray damage when quantified using global metrics such as change in scaling B factor or integrated intensity versus dose. This is consistent with observations in cryo-electron microscopy, and results because nearly all diffusive motions of protein and solvent, including motions induced by radiation damage, are frozen out. But how do the sensitivities of different proteins compare at room temperature, where radiation-induced radicals are free to diffuse and protein and lattice structures are free to relax in response to local damage? It might be expected that a large complex with extensive conformational degrees of freedom would be more radiation sensitive than a small, compact globular protein. As a test case, the radiation sensitivity of 70S ribosome crystals has been examined. At T = 100 and 300 K, the half doses are 64 MGy (at 3 A resolution) and 150 kGy (at 5 A resolution), respectively. The maximum tolerable dose in a crystallography experiment depends upon the initial or desired resolution. When differences in initial data-set resolution are accounted for, the former half dose is roughly consistent with that for model proteins, and the 100/300 K half-dose ratio is roughly a factor of ten larger. 70S ribosome crystals exhibit substantially increased resolution at 100 K relative to 300 K owing to cooling-induced ordering and not to reduced radiation sensitivity and slower radiation damage.
Asymptotic finite propagation speed for heat diffusion on certain Riemannian manifolds

Using pointwise upper bounds recently obtained by the first author, we first show that the heat kernel ht(x, y) on a Riemannian symmetric space of the noncompact type GK is asymptotically concentrated in an annulus centered at y and moving to infinity with finite speed 2 ¦ϱ¦, ϱ being as usual the half sum of all positive roots of GK. In the higher rank case we prove moreover that heat not only concentrates in an annulus but also along the (K-orbit) of the ϱ-axis. By applying wave equation techniques developed by M. E. Taylor, we partially extend the above results to Riemannian manifolds with exponential volume growth and L2 spectrum of the Laplacian bounded away from 0. Some extensions to the vector bundle case are also considered.
Reversible ischemic colitis in a high endurance athlete

Ischemic colitis is a rare but serious consequence of long distance running. Herein we report a well documented case of severe ischemic colitis in an elite class marathon athlete in whom an extensive diagnostic evaluation, including magnetic resonance angiography and hypercoagulation profile, was performed. Our results suggest that physiologic shunting due to splanchnic vasoconstriction, intravascular volume depletion due to chronic dehydration, and possibly some element of hypercoaguability due to secondary polycythemia may have been causative factors. The patient's full recovery, both clinically and endoscopically, with conservative treatment and ability to resume a vigorous training schedule further support a reversible nonocclusive etiology.
The Effect of Instruction Method on Preference, Achievement and Attentiveness for Indonesian Gamelan Mujsic:

The investigation concerned the effect of instruction method on affective change and cognitive achievement. Two groups of sixthgrade pupils received instruction on the gamelan music of Indonesia through the performance-oriented Heuristic Method and the teacherdirected Didactic Method. The Heuristic Method of instruction was found to be more effective in increasing operant preference and achievement of fundamental concepts of Indonesian musical style. No differences were found between treatment groups in verbal preference response, frequency of off-task behaviour, or teacher approval. Correlations indicated that achievement was more closely related to operant music preference behaviour than the verbal response of preference.
Some structural and functional aspects of the epiphytic component of four seagrass species (Cymodoceoideae) from Papua New Guinea

Abstract The epiphytic component of four monospecific seagrass beds from Papua New Guinea was studied structurally and functionally. The floristic composition and abundance of the epiphytes on leaves of four seagrass species (Cymodoceoideae) showed considerable variation, but on all four seagrass species, the same algae were among the five quantitatively most important epiphytes: encrusting coralline algae, Cyanophyta, Ceramium gracillimum (Harv.) Mazoyer, Polysiphonia savatierii Hariot and Audouinella spp. The temporal pattern of the epiphytic algae showed more or less the same features on the four seagrass species. Annual mean biomass of epiphytes and seagrass leaves ranged from 54 g ADW m−2 in a community of Cymodocea rotundata Ehrenb. and Hempr. ex Aschers. to 169 g ADW m−2 in a community of Syringodium isoetifolium (Aschers.) Dandy. The contribution of the epiphytic component to the total above-ground biomass ranged from 22 to 24%. Productivity of epiphytes was highest on leaves of Halodule uninervis (Forssk.) Aschers. (2.12 g ADW m−2 sediment surface day−1) and the epiphytic community contributed 35–44% of the total above-ground production of these four seagrass communities.
The surgical recovery index

Background: We developed a tool, the Surgical Recovery Index (SRI), specifically to measure surgical recovery. We then tested the ability of the SRI to discriminate between patients undergoing laparoscopic (L) operations and patients undergoing open (O) operations. Methods: We surveyed 50 patients drawn from the practice of a single surgeon to establish the types of activities that define recovery from surgery. Their responses were used to construct the SRI, a self-administered questionnaire using a numerical rank-order scale format. A total score and two subscale scores (pain and activity resumption) were calculated for each patient. Mean and median scores were calculated for each patient group. Chi-square tests were used to evaluate group differences for individual questions; t-tests and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to evaluate group differences for summary scores. Results: In all, 149 patients completed the SRI (60 L, 89 O). Cronbach’s alphas were 0.91 for pain questions and 0.97 for activity resumption questions. The scores for pain level with time (L vs O, 1–10 scale) at week 1 (mean, 4.42 vs 6.06, p = 0.03), week 2 (mean, 3.08 vs 4.38, p = 0.04), week 3 (mean, 2.03 vs 3.16, p = 0.02), and week 4 (mean, 1.18 vs 2.28, p = 0.00) all favored laparoscopy. The scores for pain level with activity (L vs O, 1–3 scale) for getting out of bed (mean, 1.62 vs 1.85, p = 0.04), hygiene activities (mean, 1.38 vs 1.65, p = 0.04), and computer work (mean, 1.15 vs 1.56, p = 0.00) were all significant, although pain with exertion (mean, 1.87 vs 2.10, p = 0.13) was not. Delay until return to activity (L vs O, 1–4 scale) was significant, favoring L for 13 activities (all p < 0.02), but it was not significant for three activities. The scores for subscales for pain (L vs O, mean, 20.7 vs 34.4, respectively) and activity resumption delay (mean, 44.3 vs 62.0), as well as total scores (mean, 33.0 vs 49.0), were also significant (all p = 0.00). The same differences were observed when median scores were considered instead of mean scores, suggesting the robustness of the group difference. Conclusions: Reduction in time to full recovery (i.e., pain resolution and activity resumption) is a fundamental advantage of laparoscopic surgery, yet there are no tools designed to specifically measure recovery. These data provide preliminary evidence of the reliability and validity of the new SRI as a measure of recovery in patients undergoing laparoscopic operations.
What Are They Doing in There? Case Studies of Volunteer Tutors and Adult Literacy Learners

Through case studies of adult literacy learners and the volunteer tutors who instructed them, this article illustrates the strengths and challenges faced by these kinds of instructional pairs. The descriptions help to reveal critical issues that can inform researchers' and practitioners' thinking and practice with regard to tutor training and ongoing support of instructional pairs. These issues are meant to serve as a starting point for rethinking commonly accepted tutor training practices. Findings indicate the importance of providing tutors with ongoing, situated assistance based on the particular needs of tutors and their students.
CLASS IDENTIFICATION OF BIO-MOLECULES BASED ON MULTI-COLOR NATIVE FLUORESCENCE SPECTROSCOPY

Laser-induced native fluorescence is measured on a set of bio-molecules from different classes (bacteria, proteins, fungi) for excitation at 266nm and 355nm. A method of preprocessing the spectra to obtain an inherently normalized set of data is described. Class identification on the normalized data set is demonstrated.
Carrier-Frequency Distance Dependence of a Pulse Propagating in a Two-Level System

A study is made of the distance dependence of carrier phase and average frequency of an electromagnetic pulse propagating through a quantum two-level system. Phenomenological differential equations are introduced to describe the distance rate of change of first- and second-moment deviations of the pulse carrier frequency from its original input frequency. In equilibrium the equations predict characteristics of pulse propagation in steady state. For both absorber and amplifier cases, computer plots are presented of the distance dependence of pulse shape, carrier phase, Fourier amplitude, and pulse energy for selected types of homogeneous and inhomogeneous line broadening and for specific input-pulse conditions. Off-resonance formation of a single $2\ensuremath{\pi}$ hyperbolic secant pulse of self-induced transparency may evolve from input-pulse areas less than $\ensuremath{\pi}$, as well as slightly greater than $\ensuremath{\pi}$, accompanied by frequency modulation and pulse breakup. The amplification of pulsed carrier radiation is accompanied by frequency pulling toward resonance. With and without phase modulation, stability conditions for stable pulse propagation are obtained. Either frequency pulling toward or frequency pushing away from resonance is dominant for an absorber, according to the dominance, respectively, of homogeneous or inhomogeneous line broadening. In the slowly-varying-pulse-envelope approximation, a steady-state solution is found for a symmetrically-phase-modulated pulse propagating in an amplifier with scattering losses. The mean carrier frequency for the pulse is displaced off resonance by one linewidth above the resonance transition frequency of a homogeneously broadened system.
Micro and Macro Level Implications for a Sociology of Virtue: the Case of Draft Protesters to the Vietnam War*

On the basis of data from draft protesters to the Vietnam War it is suggested that an actively pursued and morally enhancing identity is the “pay off” of some deviant acts. These qualities of such deviance, called virtuous deviance, play havoc with labelling theory's passivity and character-degrading assumptions. The study of such acts may be called a sociology of virtue. A distinction between two kinds of protesters (refusers and resisters), which reflects different commitments to risk, suggests guiding hypotheses for that study: From the point of view of the actor, virtue may be self-constructed and autonomously implemented. Yet, escalations of commitment to virtue may require interpersonal corroboration and support. From the point of view of the normative order, such acts firm up moral boundaries, defining what it means to be moral.
A Review of Sexual Health Web Sites for Adolescents

Background: The popularity of the Internet for health information and the growing availability of online access make the Internet a compelling medium for health promotion and HIV/STI prevention efforts for adolescents. Many private and federally funded programs have incorporated Web-based approaches and online technologies into their sexual education and HIV/STI prevention efforts for adolescents. These efforts have resulted in numerous Web sites and varied online content. This content is currently understudied and underevaluated. In this study, current sexual health Web sites targeted at adolescents were catalogued and coded. Methods Web sites targeted at adolescents were coded for educational content, credibility, usability, as well as interactivity. Results A significant amount of sexual health information geared toward teens is available online. All the Web sites reviewed showed deficiencies in educational content, as well as deficiencies in usability, authority, and interactivity. Planned Parenthood’...
Algorithm 414: Chebyshev approximation of continuous functions by a Chebyshev system of functions

The second algorithm of Remez can be used to compute the minimax approximation to a function, ƒ(x), by a linear combination of functions, {Qi(x)}n0, which form a Chebyshev system. The only restriction on the function to be approximated is that it be continuous on a finite interval [a,b]. An Algol 60 procedure is given, which will accomplish the approximation. This implementation of the second algorithm of Remez is quite general in that the continuity of ƒ(x) is all that is required whereas previous implementations have required differentiability, that the end points of the interval be “critical points,” and that the number of “critical points” be exactly n + 2. Discussion of the method used and of its numerical properties is given as well as some computational examples of the use of the algorithm. The use of orthogonal polynomials (which change at each iteration) as the Chebyshev system is also discussed.
Individual Differences and the Voice Effect The Moderating Role of Value of Voice

This research assesses individual differences in value of voice and examines their impact on the voice–procedural fairness relationship. In Study 1, 184 full-time employees completed surveys including measures of perceived voice, organizational procedural fairness, and value of voice. The results indicated that employee’s value of voice moderated the relationship between perceived voice and procedural fairness. A second study was conducted in a laboratory setting where voice was experimentally manipulated. Ninety-eight undergraduates participated in a simulation exercise wherein they completed measures of perceived voice, procedural fairness, and value of voice. Again, value of voice moderated the voice-fairness relationship, suggesting that individual differences influence voice effects.
The influence of migration sizes and intervals on island models

A need for solving more and more complex problems drives the Evolutionary Computation community towards advanced models of Evolutionary Algorithms. One such model is the island model which, although the subject of a variety of studies, still needs additional fundamental research. In this paper we have experimentally studied the influence of various migrations sizes and intervals on island models using a set of special functions. One of the surprising observations from these experiments is that the migration interval seems to be a dominating factor, with migration size generally playing a minor role with regard to the best solution found. Additional experiments measuring genetic diversity show that too frequent migrations cause islands to dominate others and lose global diversity before they are able to exchange solutions to produce better results. Also, we observe that even small migrations already make a significant impact on the behavior of an island model and therefore the effects are comparable to those of bigger migrations. On the other hand rare migrations cause a degraded performance due to the slow convergence. Collectively, these observations provide useful guidance for island model applications.
Higher levels of cervicovaginal inflammatory and regulatory cytokines and chemokines in healthy young women with immature cervical epithelium

Young women aged 15-24 years have the highest rates of sexually transmitted infections (STIs). The vulnerability of adolescents is often attributed to risky sexual behaviors, whereas biological factors affecting mucosal immunity are poorly understood. The objective of this cross-sectional study was to examine associations between the type of cervical epithelium and protein levels of 11 cervicovaginal cytokines and chemokines in non-pregnant healthy young women. Cervical epithelial types were viewed on colpophotography and measured quantitatively using computerized planimetry. We selected 16 women with immature epithelium (predominantly columnar and early/mid squamous metaplasia), and 16 women with mature epithelium (predominantly squamous epithelium). Cytokine levels were measured in cervicovaginal lavage samples by MILLIPLEX™ MAP Human Cytokine/Chemokine multiplex immunoassay. Bivariate Box-Cox regression models compared cytokine levels between immature and mature groups. Multivariate Box-Cox models adjusted separately for age, years since menarche, days since last menses, years of sexual activity, number of lifetime sexual partners, HPV infection, hormonal contraceptive use, smoking, bacterial vaginosis by Nugent's criteria, and polymorphonuclear cells on wet prep. The mean age was 19.2 years. Women with immature epithelium demonstrated significantly higher levels of IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, MIP-1α, RANTES, TNFα, IL-10, IL-12 and IFNγ (each p<0.01), compared to women with mature epithelium. Results remained highly significant in the multivariate models. Cytokine profiles in the healthy state may foreshadow differential responses to pathogens. Cervical epithelial type should be measured in clinical studies involving cervicovaginal immune markers.
A global protein–lipid interactome map

Mol Syst Biol. 6: 443 Cellular processes are mediated by complex webs of interactions between macromolecules and metabolites, the complete set of which is often referred to as ‘interactome network’. Global and local properties of interactome networks appear to integrate genotypes into biological functions and phenotypes (Gavin et al , 2006). So far, empirical mapping efforts of cellular interactome networks have largely focused on interactions between macromolecules, such as protein–protein and DNA–protein interactions. Corresponding efforts to chart interactome networks between macromolecules and metabolites (sugars, nucleotides, amino acids or lipids) are still in their infancies. Lipids represent a large and diverse class of bioactive metabolites with mostly unknown molecular modes of action. Current knowledge about their ‘connectivity’ represents solitary islands on a vast open ocean rather than a comprehensive interconnected atlas. In an article just published in Molecular Systems Biology (Gallego et al , 2010), Gavin and colleagues describe a systematic screening strategy for protein–lipid interactions in Saccharomyces cerevisiae . Over 500 protein–lipid associations were catalogued, shedding light on the elusive modes of action of several bioactive lipids, and uncovering a novel dual‐binding specificity of a PH domain based on a novel structure. Additionally, a complete linkage analysis of protein–lipid‐binding fingerprints was modeled as predictors of protein localization (Figure 1). Figure 1. Yeast protein–lipid‐binding fingerprints as predictors of protein localization, domains and functions. ( A ) Yeast protein–lipid‐binding map summarizing protein–lipid‐binding frequencies, …
Handling Missing Values when Applying Classification Models

Much work has studied the effect of different treatments of missing values on model induction, but little work has analyzed treatments for the common case of missing values at prediction time. This paper first compares several different methods---predictive value imputation, the distribution-based imputation used by C4.5, and using reduced models---for applying classification trees to instances with missing values (and also shows evidence that the results generalize to bagged trees and to logistic regression). The results show that for the two most popular treatments, each is preferable under different conditions. Strikingly the reduced-models approach, seldom mentioned or used, consistently outperforms the other two methods, sometimes by a large margin. The lack of attention to reduced modeling may be due in part to its (perceived) expense in terms of computation or storage. Therefore, we then introduce and evaluate alternative, hybrid approaches that allow users to balance between more accurate but computationally expensive reduced modeling and the other, less accurate but less computationally expensive treatments. The results show that the hybrid methods can scale gracefully to the amount of investment in computation/storage, and that they outperform imputation even for small investments.
Analyzing the Value Types and Factors That Influence Military Cadets in Taiwan to Determine the Appropriate Candidate

Previous studies have unanimously agreed that despite the challenges of postmodernism, militaries should not and cannot be governed using an occupational model. However, what the notion of the value type of a postmodern army is should be clarified. This study investigates the changing values of postmodern militaries caused by external economic factors. For this research, a questionnaire and long-term investigation method were adopted to collect 262 cadet samples from the Taiwanese military, navy, and air force. The results of a cluster analysis showed that the cadets primarily comprised 3 types, that is, the devotion (DE) type, socially competent (SC) type, and the comfortable (CO) type. This study shows that the socially competent type best satisfies the value demands of the military. In addition, the enlistment motivations of this type of cadet are generally to alleviate family financial burdens, non-economic-related reasons, self-actualization, and patriotism.
Vitamin C in the Prevention of Nitrate Tolerance

OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the efficacy of vitamin C in preventing the development of nitrate tolerance.DATA SOURCES: A MEDLINE search (from 1966 to July 2000) was conducted to identify relevant articles, with additional references obtained from the bibliographies of these articles.DATA SYNTHESIS: One possible mechanism of nitrate tolerance involves superoxide-induced deactivation of nitric oxide, providing the rationale for the use of antioxidants. Most published research concerning deactivation of nitric oxide has involved vitamin C; a summary of this information is presented here.CONCLUSIONS:Preliminary studies seem to support the role of vitamin C in attenuating the development of nitrate tolerance. Considering these findings, larger, long-term trials are necessary to further establish the role of vitamin C in this situation.
Long-Term Trajectories of Lower Extremity Function in Older Adults: Estimating Gender Differences While Accounting for Potential Mortality Bias

Background. Gender-specific trajectories of lower extremity function (LEF) and the potential for bias in LEF estimation due to differences in survival have been understudied.
Spatio-Temporal Changes of Paleozoic-Mesozoic Radiolarian Faunas in Japan and Paleoenvironmental Changes

Abstract. The radiolarian faunal changes across the Permian/Triassic boundary and during Bajocian (early Middle Jurassic) time in Japan are briefly summarized, and the relationships between the radiolarian faunal changes and the paleoenvironmental changes are discussed in this paper. The cause of the radiolarian faunal change from the latest Permian to earliest Triassic time is not well understood, but it is believed due to rapid changes in the marine environment that were disadvantageous to radiolarians. The survival of radiolarians depends on temperature, depth (quantity of light), the amount of dissolved oxygen, nourishment, food and so on. Moreover, it is possible that difference in shell structure may have allowed survivors to adapt more easily to the rapid environmental change across the Permian/Triassic boundary. The Bajocian radiolarian fauna in the Unuma section, central Japan is composed of about 320 species in each horizon and the total reaches about 510 combined in 5 horizons. About 50 origina...
Communicating with nontechnical audiences: How much do they know?

The importance of approaching an audience as a rhetorical consideration of the intended reader's community and its cultural contexts for writing is explored. An approach is presented to audience analysis that examines the nontechnical reader's community culture using three questions: How does this reader's community value my subject? What writing conventions operate in this reader's community? How much background knowledge is a member of this community likely to have? The author describes how a technical writer can choose an appeal based on values shared with the intended reader, and then present shared and new information in ways that accommodate the reader's needs for understanding unfamiliar technical subjects.
DSM III Psychiatric Diagnoses and Special Education Categories

The process of psychiatric diagnosis has recently undergone major revision with the appearance of DSM III. The present article is an effort to acquaint school personnel with the new system of multiaxial diagnoses in relation to existing special education categories. Use of DSM III in reference to special education categories is illustrated with data on 40 children admitted to a psychiatric hospital school.
A critique of the classical theory of elastic thin shells

Abstract Several theories in shell literature have as their basis the Love-Kirchhoff assumptions. (Ignoring the effects of transverse normal and transverse shear strains and also assuming the transverse normal stress to be zero). Although the derivation of these theories is based on the same assumptions, the stress strain relations in each theory differ by some displacement terms. The authors of these theories claim higher accuracy for their work because of some additional displacement terms contained in their equations. In this paper an attempt will be made to investigate the error due to the Love-Kirchhoff assumptions by using “Mathematical Exact Theory” of Zerna[1]. It will be shown that the claim of several authors for a more accurate theory is unjustified because the error inherent in the additional displacement terms. It will be also shown how as with Love-Kirchhoff assumptions consistent stress-strain relation must be formulated.
Religious Involvement and Dynamics of Marijuana Use: Initiation, Persistence, and Desistence

Studies that examine the effects of adolescent religiosity on the initiation of, persistence in, and desistence from delinquency are rare. Yet, religion may differentially affect dimensions of delinquency in the early life course. Therefore, using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health), we examine the relationship between measures of adolescent religion, as well as changes in religious involvement, and later patterns of marijuana use. We also examine the extent to which religious effects, if any, are mediated by key predictors of delinquency drawn from prominent criminological theories. The results suggest that the primary effect of religion on marijuana use is to prevent its initiation in the first place. Only part of religion's preventative effect on initiation is mediated by social bonds, delinquent peers, or self control. Although religious youth are less likely to ever use marijuana, adolescent religious involvement does not significantly predict desistence from m...
Summary of evidence-based guideline update: Prevention of stroke in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation: Report of the Guideline Development Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology

Objective: To update the 1998 American Academy of Neurology practice parameter on stroke prevention in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF). How often do various technologies identify previously undetected NVAF? Which therapies reduce ischemic stroke risk with the least risk of hemorrhage, including intracranial hemorrhage? The complete guideline on which this summary is based is available as an online data supplement to this article. Methods: Systematic literature review; modified Delphi process recommendation formulation. Major conclusions: In patients with recent cryptogenic stroke, cardiac rhythm monitoring probably detects occult NVAF. In patients with NVAF, dabigatran, rivaroxaban, and apixaban are probably at least as effective as warfarin in preventing stroke and have a lower risk of intracranial hemorrhage. Triflusal plus acenocoumarol is likely more effective than acenocoumarol alone in reducing stroke risk. Clopidogrel plus aspirin is probably less effective than warfarin in preventing stroke and has a lower risk of intracranial bleeding. Clopidogrel plus aspirin as compared with aspirin alone probably reduces stroke risk but increases the risk of major hemorrhage. Apixaban is likely more effective than aspirin for decreasing stroke risk and has a bleeding risk similar to that of aspirin. Major recommendations: Clinicians might obtain outpatient cardiac rhythm studies in patients with cryptogenic stroke to identify patients with occult NVAF (Level C) and should routinely offer anticoagulation to patients with NVAF and a history of TIA/stroke (Level B). Specific patient considerations will inform anticoagulant selection in patients with NVAF judged to need anticoagulation.