cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Understanding differences in chemistry climate model projections of stratospheric ozone

Chemistry climate models (CCMs) are used to project future evolution of stratospheric ozone as concentrations of ozone-depleting substances (ODSs) decrease and greenhouse gases increase, cooling the stratosphere. CCM projections exhibit not only many common features but also a broad range of values for quantities such as year of ozone return to 1980 and global ozone level at the end of the 21st century. Multiple linear regression is applied to each of 14 CCMs to separate ozone response to ODS concentration change from that due to climate change. We show that the sensitivity of lower stratospheric ozone to chlorine change Delta Ozone/Delta inorganic chlorine is a near-linear function of partitioning of total inorganic chlorine into its reservoirs; both inorganic chlorine and its partitioning are largely controlled by lower stratospheric transport. CCMs with best performance on transport diagnostics agree with observations for chlorine reservoirs and produce similar ozone responses to chlorine change. After 2035, differences in Delta Ozone/Delta inorganic chlorine contribute little to the spread in CCM projections as the anthropogenic contribution to inorganic chlorine becomes unimportant. Differences among upper stratospheric ozone increases due to temperature decreases are explained by differences in ozone sensitivity to temperature change Delta Ozone/Delta T due to different contributions from various ozone loss processes, each with its own temperature dependence. Ozone decrease in the tropical lower stratosphere caused by a projected speedup in the Brewer-Dobson circulation may or may not be balanced by ozone increases in the middle- and high-latitude lower stratosphere and upper troposphere. This balance, or lack thereof, contributes most to the spread in late 21st century projections.
Innovation and deadlock in global financial governance: transatlantic coordination failure in OTC derivatives regulation

ABSTRACTThe institutional arrangement chosen by the leading nations in order to address financial regulatory reform in the wake of the 2007–2009 crisis exhibits two key features of global economic governance innovation. First, it employs a minilateral approach, restricting the participants that negotiate new regulatory standards to a few, highly involved stakeholders. Second, it relies heavily on government networks that operate on the basis of soft law. The arrangement circumvents the traditional intergovernmental model that has proven overly rigid and ineffective in addressing the problems that arise from highly interconnected and fast-changing global markets. Current theories of global economic governance predict that this twofold innovation enhances the effectiveness of financial regulatory reform. Yet a study of the evolution in over-the-counter (OTC) derivatives regulation shows that this is not the case. The paper then exposes three obstacles to cross-border regulatory cooperation between the two d...
Effect of R&D product and process expenditures on new product introductions

This study examines the relationship between the introduction of new products and R&D process and product expenditures of 15 industries. The objective is to determine the degree to which product and process R&D expenditures, uniquely or jointly, contribute to the development of new products. The findings suggest that concurrent R&D expenditures on products and processes lead to higher R&D output, as measured by new product announcements, than R&D expenditures on products or processes alone. As a by-product, the analysis clearly shows that the relationship between the number of new products introduced and product and process R&D expenditures can be represented by a function resembling the Cobb-Douglas production function
A specific radioimmunoassay for the opioid peptide dynorphin B in neural tissues

Dynorphin-32 was recently isolated from porcine pituitary and shown to consist of dynorphin A (the originally isolated dynorphin heptadecapeptide) at the amino terminus, followed by Lys-Arg (a putative signal for proteolytic cleavage) and then a tridecapeptide, dynorphin B, at the carboxyl terminus. Dynorphin B, like dynorphin A, contains leucine enkephalin. The present report describes and validates a radioimmunoassay for dynorphin B using an antiserum, "13S", that does not crossreact with other known opioid peptides. Immunoreactive dynorphin B was estimated in rat and porcine neural tissues and found to be 2-3 fold higher than reported values for dynorphin A. Distribution based on tissue concentration was similar to that of dynorphin A, with very high concentrations in neurointermediate pituitary. Small quantities of antiserum "13S" are available to investigators upon request.
Erythromycin-induced stabilization of ermA messenger RNA in Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis

Erythromycin-induced stabilization of ermA mRNA was studied in Staphylococcus aureus, its original host background, and in Bacillus subtilis, subcloned on plasmid vectors. By RNA blot analysis it was shown that 40 nM-erythromycin specifically increased the chemical half-life of ermA mRNA from 2.5 to 17.5 minutes whereas the half-life of cat-86 mRNA was not increased by erythromycin. While expression of ermA has been shown to be induced by erythromycin at the level of translation, our studies with three ermA constitutive mutants demonstrated that mRNA stabilization in growing cells occurred independently of induced gene expression, suggesting that the stabilized mRNA was not functional for protein synthesis. Studies of ermA/lacZ fusions demonstrated that the 5' end of the mRNA was sufficient to confer stabilization. Translation of specific amino acid codons in a leader peptide located at the extreme 5' end of the mRNA was required for the erythromycin-induced stabilization as a frameshift mutation introduced into the leader peptide determinant abolished stabilization. By S1 mapping, no differences were detected in the length of the 5' or 3' end of ermA mRNA with the addition of erythromycin, indicating that the stabilized transcript was not processed at its ends.
Sexual Content of Top-Grossing Motion Pictures: A Random Sample from Years 1973–1993

Abstract Motion pictures are an important social indicator and express social norms of the public and to the public. In the past, movies have shown an increase in sexual content following the sexual revolution of the late 1960s. One might hypothesize that the movies of the 1990s would reflect the new push toward sexual responsibility due, primarily, to the advent of HIV infection. The purpose of this study was to provide a historical view of sexuality in top grossing movies of selected years over the past two decades and to determine if the sexual content of the movies reflects changes in sexuality from the 1970s to the 1990s. Using a random sample from 1973–1993 (specifically 1973, 1978, 1981, 1987, and 1992), raters conducted a content analysis of each film to code for the number of sex-related incidents under eight categories (i.e., sexual acts seen or heard, violent sexual acts, nudity, etc.). A mean for each category was calculated and the means for each year were compared to determine if sexual cont...
Trafficking-deficient hERG K+ channels linked to long QT syndrome are regulated by a microtubule-dependent quality control compartment in the ER

The human ether-a-go-go related gene (hERG) encodes the voltage-gated K+ channel that underlies the rapidly activating delayed-rectifier current in cardiac myocytes. hERG is synthesized in the endo...
A case study of experimental evaluation of adaptive interfaces

Abstract The control of complex systems involves monitoring many time varying and interacting variables. Adaptive interfaces can augment the performance of human operators by aiding in information management and other cognitive tasks in real-time. There is however no clearly established methodology for evaluating such adaptive interfaces. By comparing an adaptive interface with a non-adaptive one in the same domain one can show the relevance of any performance gains. A sample simulation environment is used for an anecdotal evaluation; a description of the underlying process for the environment is provided followed by the descriptions of the adaptive and non-adaptive interfaces. The experimental design and procedure are then detailed. In four performance conditions, the adaptive interface performed significantly better than the non-adaptive one in terms of time to achieve operating goal under fault conditions, fault detection time, number of system failures and fault detection rate, respectively. Relevance to industry Adaptive interface systems are useful in supporting the human operator in dynamic tasks which are ubiquitous in complex industrial process controls. The results of this study show that adaptive interface systems can provide improvement in system control times, fault detection and repairs, and aid the operator in vigilant tasks.
Potential approaches for myocardial regeneration

Cardiomyocytes in the adult mammal retain little or none of their developmental capacity for hyperplastic growth. As a consequence of this differentiated, nonproliferative phenotype, cardiomyocyte loss due to injury or disease is irreversible. Therapeutic intervention in end-stage diseased hearts is currently limited to cardiac transplantation. An increase in cardiomyocyte number in diseased hearts could improve function. Augmentation of the cardiomyocyte population may be achievable by the expression of regulatory proteins in the myocardium, or by intracardiac grafting of exogenous cardiomyocytes.
A comparative seasonal study of two populations of Hypnea musciformis from the East and West Coasts of Florida, USA II. Photosynthetic and respiratory rates

Respiration rates of Hypnea musciformis (Wulfen) Lamouroux in Florida, USA, generally increased with increased temperature. Gulf coast H. musciformis respired at significantly higher rates than the Atlantic coast population, which exhibited a region of temperature independence between 24°–32°C. Respiration rates were highest in the fall and winter, during the periods of rapid growth. Respiration rates were lowest in the summer indicating a period of storage and low metabolism. Photosynthetic responses to various levels of light and temperature indicated that the Gulf coast population was more tolerant to high light intensities than the Atlantic coast population. Maximum photosynthetic responses for both populations occurred between 24° and 32°C which corresponds to the shallow slope region of the respiration-temperature curves. The results indicate that water temperature rather than light intensity is a significant factor in modifying seasonal photosynthetic capacities. The greatest seasonal variation in photosynthetic responses occurred at the light-temperature levels of highest responses while little seasonal variation was demonstrated at tolerance limits.
Physico-chemical characterization of protein-associated polysaccharides extracted from sugar beet pulp.

a b s t r a c t We have solubilized and separated polysaccharides from sugar beet pulp (SBP) into three fractions with steam assisted flash extraction (SAFE). For pectin, recovery ranged from 8 to 14%, degree of methy-esterification 66-73%, crude protein 1.3-1.7%, Mw 262-318 kDa, � w 0.22-0.23 dL/g, Rgz 36-39 nm and Rhz 41-42 nm. For alkaline soluble polysaccharides, (ASP I) recovery ranged from 4.0 to 6.5%, crude protein 1.2-4.8%, weight average molar mass (Mw) 66-68 kDa, weight average intrinsic viscos- ity (� w) 0.27-0.30 dL/g, z-average radius of gyration (Rgz) 25-29 nm and z-average hydrated radius (Rhz) 10-11 nm. ASP II recovery ranged from 2.0 to 8.6%, crude protein 1.2-4.8%, Mw 299-339 kDa, � w 0.22-0.33 dL/g, Rgz 33-34 nm and Rhz 30-34 nm. Recovery of the residue mainly cellulose, ranged from 20.3 to 22.3%. The cellulose in this fraction was converted to carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC). The CMC fraction contained 0.33-0.43 crude protein and had an Mw ranging from 127 to 263 kDa, � w 3.6-8.0 dL/g, Rgz 35-45 nm and Rhz 27-40 nm. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
The AngR protein and the siderophore anguibactin positively regulate the expression of iron-transport genes in Vibrio anguillarum

Vibrio anguillarum virulence is associated with the presence of a plasmid-mediated iron-uptake system expressed under iron-limiting conditions, which consists of the siderophore anguibactin and specific iron-transport proteins. This system is maximally expressed under iron-limiting conditions and requires the AngR protein that acts as a positive regulator of anguibactin biosynthesis and also possess an EntE-like enzymatic function that may play a role in anguibactin biosynthesis. In this work, we demonstrate that in addition to possessing these functions related to anguibactin production, AngR also positively regulated transcription of the iron-transport genes fatA and fatB. We also show that transcription of angR is repressed by Fur under iron-rich conditions. In addition, we present evidence that anguibactin itself enhanced transcription of the iron-transport genes fatA and fatB, independently of AngR and the trans-acting factor (TAF) product(s). The presence of either AngR (together with the TAF product(s)) or anguibactin alone led to a partial level of expression of the iron-transport genes fatA and fatB, while full expression is achieved when AngR, the TAF products and anguibactin are all present.
Practical Program Extraction from Classical Proofs

It is well-known that a constructive proof of a @P"2^0 formula F written as a @l-term via Curry-Howard isomorphism, computes a function that witnesses F. Murthy [Murthy, C.R., Classical proofs as programs: How, what and why, Technical Report TR 91-1215, Cornell University, Department of Computer Science (1991)] outlined an extension of this result to classical logic, with the double-negation rule mapped to Felleisen's control operator C [Felleisen, M., D. Friedman, E. Kohlbecker and B. Duba, A syntactic theory of sequential control, Theoretical Computer Science 52 (1987), pp. 205-237]. Since C is similar to call/cc operator in Scheme and SML/NJ, this opens a possibility of extracting programs in these languages from classical proofs. However, even though the basic idea has appeared in the literature, there appears to be little work that uses Griffin's extension of the Curry-Howard isomorphism to extract practical programs in real programming languages. In this article, we fill in missing steps in Murthy's argument and extend his method to encompass more interesting proofs by allowing additional ubiquitous inference rules: equality rules, rules for atomic formulas (such as transitivity of = ). We illustrate the usefulness of this extension with a complete example of program extraction.
We need more winners

At the AGU Chapman Conference on “Measurement Techniques in Space Plasmas” held last April in Santa Fe, N. Mex., an impressive array of novel techniques to improve our understanding of space plasmas was presented. These techniques can be used to measure the plasmas themselves, energetic particles, neutral particles, and electromagnetic waves and fields. What impressed me most was that these techniques have been developed in the absence of significant flight opportunities sponsored by traditional sources such as NASA. Some of these instruments' techniques have been prototyped and even evolved to a third-generation stage without having any exposure to the space environment in which they are designed to function. Most of these instruments fit into NASA's goal of providing “smaller, cheaper, faster, and better” access to space.
Selection of Seeds of Common Native and Non-native Plants by Granivorous Rodents in the Northeastern United States

Abstract Post-dispersal seed predation by rodents represents a potentially important element of biotic resistance to plant invasion. Selection for five different types of seeds by granivorous rodents was studied in maple-beech forests, old fields and conifer plantations in Madison County, New York. Rodents visited dishes containing equal masses of seeds of the native Cornus amomum and Rubus idaeus, and the non-native Lonicera morrowii, Rhamnus cathartica and Rosa multiflora. Greater masses of C. amomum and R. idaeus seeds were consumed during a night of mammal visitation than of the three non-native species, and pattern of selection did not differ among habitats. Rodents encountered seed dishes sooner in forested habitats than old fields. The primary seed predators in our region, Peromyscus spp., were more common at forests and plantations than old fields. Patterns of habitat use by Peromyscus spp. may aid in resisting invasion of intact forests by invasive plants; however, selection of native over non-na...
Terbium-activated lithium-lanthanum-aluminosilicate oxyfluoride scintillating glass and glass-ceramic

Abstract Terbium-activated lithium–lanthanum–aluminosilicate oxyfluoride scintillating glasses, 55SiO 2 ·6Al 2 O 3 ·28Li 2 O·11LaF 3 doped with different TbF 3 concentrations, have been fabricated and investigated. By appropriate heat treatment of the as-prepared glasses above, transparent glass-ceramics were obtained. Differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction, optical absorption, and luminescence under both UV and beta-particle excitation have been investigated on as-prepared glasses and glass-ceramics. It has been found that these terbium-activated lithium–lanthanum–aluminosilicate oxyfluoride scintillating glasses exhibit good UV-excited luminescence and radioluminescence. The luminescence yield increases for glass-ceramics. The efficiency of beta-induced luminescence is comparable or nearly equal to that of the Schott IQI-301 product.
Raman measurements of the superionic conductor AgI

Abstract Using the Raman technique, we have observed large abrupt reversible changes in the phonon spectrum at the transition temperature, T c = 147°C, of the superionic conductor AgI. The defect nature of the high temperature phase completely breaks down the selection rules and allows the Raman measurements to give a measure of the frequency dependent conductivity, σ ( ω ), assuming a frequency independent matrix element. Similarities as well as differences in σ ( ω ) above and below T c are shown.
Transforming oral anticoagulation by combining international normalized ratio (INR) self testing and online automated management

Because of the number and complexity of issues addressed, this manuscript is divided into two major sections. The first section focuses on how new technology can transform vitamin K antagonist therapy. Specifically, evidence suggest that combining INR self testing with online automated management (STOAM) can greatly reduce the time, expense, and hassle of managing VKA therapy; improve the quality of INR control to a degree that, in large studies, has been associated with a 50% or more reduction in major events (such as stroke, myocardial infarction, major hemorrhage, and death); reduce health care costs by an estimated $4 million per 1,000 patients per year; and improve quality of life and patient satisfaction. Such improved VKA therapy should be safer, more effective, and more cost-effective than the new oral anticoagulants. The improved efficiency and outcomes also should prompt reconsideration of indications in which VKA therapy may not be the current standard of care. Although new reimbursement models are clearly needed for STOAM, the current Medicare reimbursement model for patient self testing can be utilized to make VKA management financially viable and sustainable. The second section of this article focuses on additional considerations that may be important in optimizing VKA therapy and/or selecting an online management system. A brief review is provided to examine why a recent meta analysis and a large randomized trial of self testing did not find the same degree of improvement as reported in the four STOAM trials described in the first section of this article.
Anisotropic nanocrystal heterostructures: Synthesis and lattice strain

Abstract Emerging multi-component hybrid nanocrystalline materials are prompting new approaches to engineering materials’ properties with nanoscale precision and providing complex systems with multiple functionalities. In particular, chemical synthesis of nanocrystal heterostructures where two or more distinct phases are brought together epitaxially in an anisotropic manner is providing novel materials with unique combinations of optical, electronic, magnetic, and chemical properties. However, in order to develop high quality materials with property combinations that can be precisely tailored, a better understanding of growth/formation mechanism(s) that will allow versatile and scalable synthetic approaches to be developed is necessary. Here, we review recent advances in anisotropic nanocrystal heterostructures with a special focus on how lattice strain arising from the heterointerfaces affects materials synthesis.
Calorimetric determination of linkage effects involving an acyl-enzyme intermediate.

Abstract Enthalpy changes of α-chymotrypsin acylation by 3-(2-furyl)acryloyliniidazole (FAI) wore calorimetrically determined as a function of pH. By observing the functional dependence of acylation enthalpies on buffer ionization heats, a complex pH profile was obtained describing proton release accompanying formation of acyl-enzyme. A pKa of 4.0 for FAI ionization and apparent pKa values of 6.8, 7.55 and 8.8 on the enzyme were used to account for the proton release data. A model which accounts for the proton release behavior was used to fit the acylation enthalpy data and values for the apparent dissociation enthalpies of the groups involved were obtained along wih a pH-independent intrinsic enthalpy of acylation. This model suggests a group with an apparent pK = 6.8 and ΔHion = 8.7 kcal/mol which is perturbed to a pK of 7.55 and ΔHion = 7.6 kcal/mol on attachment of the acyl moiety to the enzyme. The apparent ionization enthalpy change for the active-inactive transition (pK3 = 8.8; ΔH= 3.0 kcal/mol) corresponds with that calculated from the data of Fersht (J. Mol. Biol. 64 (1972) 497). The pH-independent intrinsic enthalpy of acylation (ΔH = −7.9 kcal/mol) is corrected for group ionizations linked to the acylation process. Consequently, it more closely reflects molecular processes of interest such as substrate binding, covalent bond rearrangement, and product release.
TWO WORLDS FAR APART: BLACK‐WHITE DIFFERENCES IN BELIEFS ABOUT WHY AFRICAN‐AMERICAN MEN ARE DISPROPORTIONATELY IMPRISONED*

Analyzing The Washington Post, Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation, and Harvard University 2006 African American Survey, the current project focuses on three related issues. First, I examine whether African Americans and whites share a common “sensibility” or “cognitive landscape” when considering why African-American men are disproportionately imprisoned. Second, the current research investigates whether the sensibilities held by African Americans and whites are collectively held. Third, I investigate whether the relative subordinate position of African Americans—as manifested in their personal experiences with racial discrimination—shapes the opinions that they have about why black men are disproportionately incarcerated. Findings reveal that African Americans and whites significantly differ in their opinions about why black men are imprisoned. They also show that deep divisions exist among whites, whereas African Americans tend to share a common sensibility as to why black males are disproportionately incarcerated. The results reveal that the cognitive landscape that African Americans collectively hold about why black men are incarcerated is shaped by their personal experiences with racial discrimination.
The central nervous system as a sanctuary site in ALK-positive non-small-cell lung cancer.

Anaplastic lymphoma kinase ( ALK ) gene rearrangements define a distinct molecular subset of non–small-cell lung cancer that is highly responsive to treatment with the ALK inhibitor crizotinib. Recently, it has been recognized that the brain is a frequent site of relapse among ALK-positive patients treated with crizotinib. In this report, we expand on these observations and present a series of ALK-positive patients with two distinct forms of metastatic, central nervous system involvement: intramedullary spinal cord metastasis and leptomeningeal carcinomatosis.
Further Observations on the L Organism of Klieneberger

The L organism which Klieneberger1 isolated from the cultures of Streptobacillus multiformis and more recently directly from pathological lesions of rats presents many characteristics which are not observed in bacteria. It has a marked similarity to a group of microorganisms, the main representative of which is the causative agent of pleuropneumonia bovis. The relation of this group to the well characterized classes of microorganisms is obscure. The L organism starts to grow in very small units which pass readily through a coarse bacterial filter. Later the small forms develop into large yeast-like bodies. Probably the small bodies are reproduced by the disintegration of the large forms. In all stages of development the organism is very fragile and its form can be seen only by using special technic. Since pleuropneumonia-like organisms occur in different animals2 and probably also free in nature,3 their occurrence in rats is not unexpected. However, it is very surprising to find such organisms regularly i...
Direct simulation Monte Carlo analysis of rarefied flows on parallel processors

A method for executing a direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) analysis using parallel processing is described. The method is based on using domain decomposition to distribute the work load among multiple processors, and the DSMC analysis is performed completely in parallel. Message passing is used to transfer molecules between processors and to provide the synchronization necessary for the correct physical simulation. Benchmark problems are described for testing the method, and results are presented that demonstrate the performance on two commercially available multicomputers. The results show that reasonable parallel speedup and efficiency can be obtained if the problem is sized properly to the number of processors. It is projected that, with a massively parallel system, performance exceeding that of current supercomputers is possible.
EVALUATION OF MOISTURE SUSCEPTIBILITY OF ASPHALT MIXTURES: CONVENTIONAL AND NEW METHODS

Evaluation of a mixture's moisture sensitivity is currently the final step in the Superpave® volumetric process. This step is accomplished by using AASHTO T-283, which tolerates a range of values in the test variables of sample air voids and degree of saturation. The tensile strength ratios determined for the mixes in this study varied with the air void level and degree of saturation. Although the levels of conditioning were within the specifications for AASHTO T-283, test results both passed and failed the 80 percent criterion, depending on the severity of conditioning. An alternative to measuring indirect tensile strength is a test that evaluates a mixture's fundamental material properties. A relatively simple test is proposed that measures the cohesion and friction angle for asphalt mixtures. In addition, the Superpave shear tester (SST) was incorporated as a tool in evaluating moisture sensitivity. The proposed axial test determined the cohesion and angle of friction of the mix. The friction angle rem...
Selective inhibition of the 12-lipoxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism by L-arginine or sodium nitroprusside in intact human platelets.

Abstract L-arginine (1-100 μM) or sodium nitroprusside (1-100 μM) caused a concentration dependent decrease in the metabolism of exogenously added arachidonic acid via the 12-lipoxygenase pathway in intact human platelets, as determined by the use of an HPLC assay. NG-monomethyl-L-arginine, but not the D-isomer of this compound, diminished the inhibitory effect of L-arginine. The D isomer of arginine had no effect. The cyclooxygenase pathway was much less susceptible to these effects. This study indicated that nitric oxide formed in intact human platelets selectively inhibited 12-lipoxygenase over that of cyclooxygenase and suggests that such inhibition may be an important regulatory mechanism.
Fine-needle aspiration of a presacral myelolipoma: a case presentation with flow cytometry and immunohistochemical studies.

Myelolipomas are benign soft-tissue tumors predominantly found in the adrenal gland. Extra-adrenal myelolipomas are rare, with about 30 previous cases reported. Approximately half of the reported cases were located in the presacral region. These were usually found at autopsy or during the workup of vague abdominal symptoms. Histologically, these lesions show bone marrow elements, with adipose tissue and scattered lymphoid aggregates. Radiologically-guided fine-needle aspiration (FNA) is helpful in establishing the diagnosis, thus obviating resection in some patients. We report on a case of an incidental presacral myelolipoma that underwent examination by computer tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, FNA, and immunohistochemical staining. This lesion was also analyzed by flow cytometry. To our knowledge, the use of the latter technique in the characterization of such tumors has not been previously reported. Diagn. Cytopathol. 1999;20:47–51. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Multi-character tries for text searching

Full-text searching is likely to become an even more important activity in the future as the amount of information in computer-readable form increases and our demand for information grows. The CD-ROM provides a cost-effective medium for storing large quantities of information. Unfortunately, its physical characteristics limit its retrieval effectiveness. As a result, new storage structures, especially those uniquely suited to the CD-ROM, need to be considered for improving retrieval times. This paper introduces the multi-character trie as an index structure for full-text retrieval on CD-ROMs. The structure offers several advantages when compared to other structures currently in use. Experimental results provide several comparisons with the widely used B+ tree. Comparisons are also made with other structures used for full-text retrieval.
Developmental, behavioral, and opiate receptor changes after prenatal or postnatal β-endorphin, CRF, or Tyr-MIF-1

Abstract Developmental and long-term behavioral effects of perinatal injection of beta-endorphin (BE), CRF and Tyr- Pro-Leu- Gly- NH 2 (Tyr-MIF-1) in male rats were investigated along with the possibility that opiate receptors may be altered by the injection of BE during this critical time. Daily injections of peptide were given to pregnant females (100 μg/rat) in the week before birth or to the offspring (50 μg/rat) of untreated mothers during the first week of life. Prenatal BE and CRF reduced body weight on day 1, in contrast to Tyr-MIF-1 which produced a significant increase over controls by day 7 as well as a slight but significant acceleration of eye opening. Among the postnatal treatments, CRF-treated animals showed the most dramatic changes. These included decreased body weight, accelerated eye opening, and, in adulthood, increased open field rearing behavior and a tendency for a monotonic body temperature response to low doses of morphine, in contrast to the biphasic response shown by controls. BE, when given to pregnant mothers, increased the number ( B max ) of [ 3 H]naloxone-labeled (mu) receptors in whole brains of offspring assayed on day 14, but it did not significantly alter [ 3 H] d -Ala- d -Leu-enkephalin-labeled (delta) receptors. In contrast, a significant decrease in both mu and delta receptors was observed on day 14 in rats given BE postnatally. These differences in receptors were no longer apparent in adulthood, and no significant differences in tail-flick response were detectable at this time. Nevertheless, some of the effects of these three peptides endured well beyond their presence, and for BE included changes in the number of opiate receptors.
CT imaging characteristics of oncocytic adrenal neoplasms (OANs): comparison with adrenocortical carcinomas

Oncocytic adrenal neoplasms (OANs) are rare, but are an important subtype of adrenal tumors that is being diagnosed with increasing frequency. Unfortunately, the imaging characteristics of this tumor have not been well described. Our purpose was to identify CT features to differentiate OANs from adrenocortical carcinomas (ACC). From 1991 to 2012, 18 patients with OANs were identified from our institution’s pathology database. Twelve had CT examinations available for review. CT characteristics of five benign and seven malignant OANs were reviewed by two abdominal radiologists, and compared to ACC (n = 10). Morphologic characteristics and density measurements were recorded for each imaging phase. Absolute contrast washout was calculated and compared. Benign OANs were smaller [mean size 3.7 cm (range 2.6–5.3)] and more homogeneous than malignant OANs and demonstrated greater washout [mean washout percentage 72.3% (range 61–88)]. Malignant OANs demonstrated features similar to ACCs, including size [mean 9.4 cm (range 5.2–9.8)] and internal necrosis (n = 6). Mean enhancement washout percentage for malignant OANs was 12% (range −8 to 32). Benign OANs (oncocytomas) may be distinguished from lipid-rich adenomas on non-contrast CT but may be indistinguishable from lipid-poor adenomas. Malignant oncocytic neoplasms can demonstrate features similar to ACCs, including larger size, internal necrosis, and lower percentage enhancement washout.
Detection of antibodies to small nuclear ribonucleoproteins and small cytoplasmic ribonucleoproteins using unlabeled cell extracts

RNA molecules immunoprecipitated with sera from patients who have rheumatic diseases can be readily detected in polyacrylamide gels by using ethidium bromide and silver stains. With these stains, we found that RNA patterns characteristic of a broad range of specific small nuclear ribonucleoproteins and small cytoplasmic ribonucleoproteins were recognizable. The stains correctly identified antibodies to ribonucleoproteins in 33 (92%) of 36 patient sera selected for study because of known antibody specificities. The silver stain method detected antibodies to ribonucleoproteins in 25 (76%) of 33 patients with classic systemic lupus erythematosus, a frequency that approximated the frequency observed in the Lerner-Steitz assay, which is based on autoradiography. This approach considerably simplifies the latter radioimmunoassay with minimal loss of precision and sensitivity.
Cultural Genocide Through Mainstream Media: A Brief Critical Analysis

While the U.S. mainstream media continues to exercise its right of way in the American landscape, the predominant culture faces a population and popularity decrease. Diversity is slowly finding a perennial nest for growth, although minorities are still being shelled by mainstream media that consciously and unconsciously make the attack a priority in their news and entertainment properties. This article provides an overview of the cultural genocide caused by mainstream media, considering it is in the hand of the hegemonic group that finds it necessary to condemn anything that is different in a society that is pluralistic by nature.
Chemical shifts of the coalesced hydroxy proton resonance signal and departures from ideality in aqueous alcohol mixtures: III. Butanol-I-water, butanol-2-water, and 2-methyl-propanol-1-water systems

Abstract Limits to miscibility in water for a set of three butyl alcohols were associated with a molecular geometry which interferes with a solution structuring factor. Although no detailed model was proposed, NMR measurements and reinterpreted thermodynamic data were used to bring into sharper focus this structuring factor which is present in dilute aqueous solutions of these alcohols as well as in solutions of all saturated, monohydric alcohols which are miscible in all proportions with water.
Acute stimulation of ganglionic tyrosine hydroxylase activity by secretin, VIP and PHI.

Abstract We have examined the ability of a number of neuropeptides to increase tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) activity in the superior cervical ganglion in vitro. Secretin and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) both increased TH activity, whereas angiotensin II, bombesin, bradykinin, cholecystokinin octapeptide, insulin, luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone, [D-Ala2, Met3]enkephalinamide, motilin, neurotensin, somatostatin, and substance P produced no effects. Secretin and VIP increased TH activity with an EC50 of 5 nM and 0.5 μM, respectively. The effects of these peptides were not altered by prior decentralization of the ganglia, by addition of hexamethonium (3 mM) and atropine (6 μM), or by lowering the concentration of calcium in the medium to 0.1 mM. Addition of carbachol (3 μM) potentiated the effects of both secretin and VIP on TH activity. Several gastrointestinal peptides with structural similarities to secretin and VIP were examined for their ability to increase TH activity. Glucagon, gastric inhibitory peptide and human pancreatic tumor growth hormone-releasing factor produced no effect at a concentration of 10 μM, while PHI increased enzyme activity.
Microwave Power Performance N-Polar GaN MISHEMTs Grown by MOCVD on SiC Substrates Using an $\hbox{Al}_{2}\hbox{O}_{3}$ Etch-Stop Technology

This letter presents the RF power performance of N-polar AlGaN/GaN metal-insulator-semiconductor high-electron-mobility transistors (MISHEMTs) grown by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) on semi-insulating SiC substrates at 10 and 4 GHz. Additionally, an Al2 O3-based etch-stop technology was demonstrated for improving the manufacturability of N-polar GaN HEMTs with SixNy passivation. The reported output power densities of 16.7 W/mm at 10 GHz and 20.7 W/mm at 4 GHz represent the highest reported values so far for an N-polar device, at both of these frequencies. The improvements achieved in the RF output power density when compared with previously reported N-polar MISHEMTs can be attributed to high breakdown voltage of N-polar devices grown by MOCVD and high thermal conductivity of the SiC substrate.
Obstructive uropathy in the mouse: role of osteopontin in interstitial fibrosis and apoptosis.

Obstructive uropathy in the mouse: Role of osteopontin in interstitial fibrosis and apoptosis. Background Osteopontin is a macrophage adhesive protein that is expressed by renal tubules in tubulointerstitial disease. Methods To investigate the function of OPN, we induced tubulointerstitial disease in OPN null mutant (OPN -/- ) and wild-type (OPN +/+ ) mice by unilateral ureteral ligation. Tissue was analyzed for macrophages (ED-1), types I and IV collagen deposition, TGF-βbgr; expression, and for tubular and interstitial cell apoptosis. Results Obstructed kidneys from both OPN -/- and OPN +/+ mice developed hydronephrosis, tubular atrophy, interstitial inflammation and fibrosis. OPN was absent in OPN -/- kidneys but was increased in obstructed OPN +/+ kidneys. Macrophage influx, measured by computer-assisted quantitative immunostaining, was less in OPN -/- mice compared to OPN +/+ mice at day 4 (threefold, P P -/- kidneys ( P in situ hybridization) and a near significant 34% reduction in cortical TGF-βbgr; activity ( P = 0.06) compared to obstructed OPN +/+ kidneys at day 14. Obstructed kidneys from OPN -/- mice also had more interstitial and tubular apoptotic cells (TUNEL assay) compared to obstructed OPN +/+ mice at all time points. The ability of OPN to act as a cell survival factor was also documented by showing that the apoptosis of serum-starved NRK52E renal epithelial cells was markedly enhanced in the presence of neutralizing anti-OPN antibody. Conclusion OPN mediates early interstitial macrophage influx and interstitial fibrosis in unilateral ureteral obstruction. OPN may also function as a survival factor for renal tubulointerstitial cells.
Synthesis and structure of a Zwitterionic Nd complex containing aminophenoxide ligands

Abstract In the course of attempting to prepare molecular precursors to lanthanide-aluminum oxide materials the unique Zwitterionic complex, Nd(H2L)3(CF3SO3)3 (1), was discovered (L = [2,4-(tBu)2-6-(CH2NiPr)PhO]). In the crystal structure of (1) the three-triflate groups and the three oxygens of the aminophenoxide ligand (H2L) coordinate the Nd atom. To maintain charge balance the three ligands are protonated at the amine nitrogens. This explains the fact that the ligand is monodentate and does not displace one (or more) of the triflate groups to form a chelated cation. Both hydrogens of the ammonium groups are hydrogen-bonded to oxygens of the triflates.
Racial and ethnic differences in the rates of urinary tract infections in febrile infants in the emergency department.

Objective To characterize the racial and ethnic differences in rates of urinary tract infections among febrile infants who present to an urban pediatric emergency department. Methods A retrospective chart review was conducted using the medical records of an urban pediatric emergency department from the period between 5/2002 and 1/2003. Data were collected from infants aged 1 to 24 months from whom urine cultures were obtained as part of their fever workup. Demographic data were recorded as provided by the parents or caregivers of the patients. Urine culture results were also recorded. Results Four hundred and sixty five children had urine cultures performed during the study period and fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Parents characterized the children as white (45%), Hispanic (27%), African American (20%), Asian (3.9%), or others (4.3%). Clinical parameters including the height of fever, age of the patient, and proportion of men were similar between the subjects in each racial and ethnic group. Sixty-four children were diagnosed as having UTI. The overall prevalence of UTI was 14% (95% confidence interval [CI] 11%-17%). Rates of UTI (SD) were as follows: Asian 22% (10%), white 16% (2.4%), Hispanic 16% (3.1%), African American 4.0% (1.9%), and Others 11 % (6.2%). African American infants had a lower rate of UTI (p = 0.007) compared with the general population. The odds ratio (OR) of UTI in white versus African American children and Hispanic versus African American children were 4.4 (95% CI, 1.5 to 12.6) and 4.6 (95% CI, 1.5 to 13.9), respectively. These results were consistent after adjustment for sex. Conclusions Urinary tract infections were common in our study population of racially and ethnically diverse children. Given similar clinical parameters, white and Hispanic children were much more likely to be diagnosed with UTI than African-American children.
VALIDITY VERSUS STEREOTYPE: PREDICTING SALES PERFORMANCE BY IPSATIVE SCORING OF A PERSONALITY TEST

Summary The validity of the usual normative scoring method for the Gordon Personal Profile (GPP), a forced-choice personality test, was compared to the validity of an ipsative scoring method devised for this test. The criteria used were different aspects of sales performance over a three-year period for a sample of 130 data processing machine salesmen. One of the ipsative traits, Sociability, correlated negatively (—.34) with a continuous sales production criterion (n= 90) and showed a significant difference in proportions between a top producing and promoted group (n= 44) and a low producing and separated group (n= 42). None of the normative GPP trait scores was significantly related to either criterion. The distributions of GPP ipsative traits differed significantly for men rated highest on performance in the company sales training program (n= 55) and men in the top producing and promoted group (n= 44). The top salesmen had fewer men high on Sociability and more men high on Responsibility than the top training group. These findings suggested the need for a re-examination of the company's sales training and recruiting personality stereotype in view of the significant proportion of men employed who were high on Sociability and whose chances of becoming top producing salesmen were poor.
Fever after rewarming: incidence of pyrexia in postcardiac arrest patients who have undergone mild therapeutic hypothermia

Background: Induction of mild therapeutic hypothermia (TH; temperature 32-34°C) has become standard of care in many hospitals for comatose survivors of cardiac arrest. Pyrexia, or fever, is known to be detrimental in patients with neurologic injuries such as stroke or trauma. The incidence of pyrexia in the postrewarming phase of TH is unknown. We attempted to determine the incidence of fever after TH and hypothesized that those patients who were febrile after rewarming would have worse clinical outcomes than those who maintained normothermia in the postrewarming period.Methods: Retrospective data analysis of survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) over a period of 29 months (December 2007 to April 2010). Inclusion criteria: OHCA, age >18, return of spontaneous circulation, and treatment with TH. Exclusion criteria: traumatic arrest and pregnancy. Data collected included age, sex, neurologic outcome, mortality, and whether the patient developed fever (temperature > 100.4°F, 38°C) within 24 hour...
A QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF SEVERAL SHORT-LIVED IODINE, BARIUM AND STRONTIUM FISSION PRODUCTS IN GAS-COOLED REACTOR EFFLUENTS

Summary Gamma scintillation spectrometry is used as a basis for the quantitative determination of absolute disintegration rate values for I131, I132, I133, I134, I135, Ba139, Ba140, Sr91 and Sr92 collected from reactor effluent air on activated coconut charcoal. After chemical separations for the various elements have been made, the complex γ-spectra resulting are treated mathematically, resulting in the solution of simultaneous linear equations to yield d/m values for the specific isotope. Corrections are made for any absorber between the source and NaI(Tl) crystal, for the total absolute detection efficiency for the counting geometry used, for the peak to total ratios for the particular photopeak, for the decay scheme, and for any internal conversion, thus obviating the need for standard plates of the isotope in question. The method is applicable to γ-emitters in general, providing values for corrections to be applied are available.
A Calorimetric Study of the Changes in Lipids during Seed Storage under Dry Conditions

Changes in the lipid constituents of seeds are believed to be associated with losses of seed viability during storage. The physical properties of lipids in seeds of genetically similar backgrounds but varying ages were compared using differential scanning calorimetry. The technique measures the temperature and energy associated with lipid-melting transitions and is noninvasive. Although differences in the temperature at which lipids melted were sometimes observed among deteriorated and fresh seeds, the direction of the change was inconsistent among species tested. For all species tested except tomato, there was a decrease in the energy associated with the lipid melt in deteriorated samples, and the change occurred at a similar rate as the loss of seed vigor. The data suggest that there are changes in the lipid components of seeds that are associated with seed deterioration and that these changes can be measured using differential scanning calorimetry.