cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Temperature Dependence of Oxygen Diffusion in H2O and D2O

The diffusion coefficient of O2 in H2O and D2O has been determined as a function of temperature from −0.5 to 95 °C, using the Taylor dispersion technique with optical absorbance detection at 200 nm. Over this temperature range, significant deviation from both Arrhenius and Stokes−Einstein behavior is found. A practical interpolation formula for the H2O solvent is (T in Kelvin) log10[D/cm2 s-1] = −4.410 + 773.8/T − (506.4/T)2 and, for the D2O solvent, log10[D/cm2 s-1] = −4.706 + 903.6/T − (526.6/T)2. As a test of the apparatus, the diffusion coefficient of nitrobenzene in water was carefully measured and found to be 1.04 × 10-5 cm2 s-1 at 26 °C and 2.14 × 10-5 cm2 s-1 at 60.1 °C.
Electrical control of ferromagnetic state

We report experiments where magnetization in GaMnAs ferromagnetic semiconductor is manipulated via strain or electric current. In both cases, charge carrier holes become partially polarized due to the anisotropic modification of holes spectra caused by spin–orbit interactions, and this polarization exerts spin torque sufficient to rotate ferromagnetic domains.
Elementarism, independence, and ontology

be interested to see what sort of account he would offer. He indicates that it would avoid "any appeal to a mysterious faculty of intuition." I do not think that a complete account of logical truths in terms of explicit stipulations is possible.4 But an account of logical truth which avoided the difficulties of an unrestricted stipulational view without recourse to an unsatisfactory intuitional approach might be applicable to the entire realm of necessary truth. Finally, I realize that it is more "tough-minded" to speak of "stipulations" rather than of "intuitions," and hence, for some philosophers, less metaphysically embarrassing. But if, leaving aside stipulations which are admittedly arbitrary, what the anti-intuitionist philosopher "stipulates" is just what the "tender-minded" philosopher "intuits," then we may suspect that it is only the former's language, and not his philosophic practice, which is more "tough-minded" than the latter's.
Creation of large-photon-number path entanglement conditioned on photodetection

Large-photon-number path entanglement is an important resource for enhanced precision measurements and quantum imaging. We present a general constructive protocol to create any large-photon-number path-entangled state based on the conditional detection of single photons. The influence of imperfect detectors is considered and an asymptotic scaling law is derived.
A petri net approach to disassembly process planning

Recycling and remanufacturing involve product disassembly to retrieve the desired parts and/or subassemblies. Disassembly is a systematic method for separating a product into its constituent parts, components, or other groupings. Disassembly process planning is critical in minimizing the amount of resources (e.g., time and money) invested in disassembly and maximizing the level of automation of the disassembly process and the quality of the parts (or materials) recovered. We propose an algorithm which automatically generates a disassembly Petri net (DPN) from a geometrically-based precedence matrix. The resulting DPN can be analyzed to generate all feasible disassembly process plans (DPPs), and cost functions can be used to determine the optimal DPP; alternatively, heuristic methods may be used to generate near-optimal DPPs.
Colloidal gold nanorings for improved photodynamic therapy through field-enhanced generation of reactive oxygen species

Au nanostructures that exhibit strong localized surface plasmon resonance (SPR) have excellent potential for photo-medicine, among a host of other applications. Here, we report the synthesis and use of colloidal gold nanorings (GNRs) with potential for enhanced photodynamic therapy of cancer. The GNRs were fabricated via galvanic replacement reaction of sacrificial Co nanoparticles in gold salt solution with low molecular weight (Mw = 2,500) poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) as a stabilizing agent. The size and the opening of the GNRs were controlled by the size of the starting Co particles and the concentration of the gold salt. UV-Vis absorption measurements indicated the tunability of the SPR of the GNRs from 560 nm to 780 nm. MTT assay showed that GNRs were non-toxic and biocompatible when incubated with breast cancer cells as well as the healthy counterpart cells. GNRs conjugated with 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) photosensitizer precursor led to elevated formation of reactive oxygen species and improved efficacy of photodynamic therapy of breast cancer cells under light irradiation compared to 5-ALA alone. These results can be attributed to significantly enhance localized electromagnetic field of the GNRs.
Expressed Emotion-Criticism and Risk of Depression Onset in Children

The primary goal of the current study was to examine the impact of maternal criticism (expressed emotion-criticism; EE-Crit) on the prospective development of depressive episodes in children. In addition to examining baseline levels of EE-Crit, we also sought to determine whether distinct subgroups (latent classes) of mothers could be identified based on the levels of EE-Crit they exhibited over a multiwave assessment and whether that latent class membership would predict depression onset in children. Finally, we examined whether EE-Crit and maternal depression would independently predict children's depression risk or whether EE-Crit would moderate the link between maternal depression and children's depression onset. Children of mothers with or without a history of major depression (N = 100) were assessed 5 times over 20 months. Children completed the Children's Depression Inventory and mothers completed the Five Minute Speech Sample and the Beck Depression Inventory at the baseline assessment, and at 2-,...
ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF R&D PROJECTS: AN OPTIONS APPROACH

ABSTRACT An emerging trend in research and development (R&D) project valuation is the use of options approach, which permits a more flexible assessment of the future growth opportunities in the entire process. The traditional DCF method when naively applied fails to capture all the future opportunities that create value, thereby resulting in an under investment in R&D. The options approach is more appropriate in a world of uncertainty because it views an R&D project as an initial investment that creates future follow-on commercial opportunities that are undertaken only if the initial R&D project is successful. Valuation of R&D projects is usually complex due to substantial uncertainties at different project phases, including the R&D phase and commercialization phases. Several recent papers on real options indicate that valuations of R&D projects based upon an options approach have been neglected by the finance community. To help correct this deficiency, we develop a valuation model that incorporates the r...
Gate induced leakage and drain current offset in organic thin film transistors

Gate bias induced leakage current and drain current offset limit device performance in poly 3-hexylthiophene (P3HT) organic thin film transistors (OTFTs). The drain current offset distorts the drain current in the linear region of the transistor performance curve, making it difficult to extract device parameters. A higher drain current offset corresponds to higher leakage current, which contributes to poor drain current modulation. The drain current offset increases when the semiconductor doping density is higher or when the P3HT film is thicker. We propose that the most probable mechanism for the leakage and drain current offset is uncontrolled expansion of drain/source electrodes. Based on the proposed mechanisms, the drain current offset is dramatically reduced by patterning the active region to reduce non-channel leakage.
Behavioral effects of low-level exposure to Hg0 among dental professionals : A cross-study evaluation of psychomotor effects

Abstract A cross-study design was used to evaluate the sensitivities of five psychomotor tasks previously used to assess preclinical effects of low-level Hg 0 (urinary ⩽55 μg/l). Pooling dental professional subject populations from six studies conducted over the last 6 years, a larger study population was obtained with a high degree of uniformity ( N = 230). The five psychomotor tests were: Intentional Hand Steadiness Test (IHST); Finger Tapping; The One-Hole Test; NES Simple Reaction Time (SRT); and Hand Tremor. Multivariate analyses were conducted following the hierarchical analysis of multiple responses (HAMR) approach. First, multiple scores of each test were combined into a single-factor (or related summary) variable and its reliability was estimated. Second, multiple regression analyses were conducted including log-transformed [Hg 0 ]U levels, age, gender, and alcohol consumption in each model. Computed were both B and b u , the magnitudes of the log-Hg 0 standardized coefficient, respectively uncorrected and corrected for dependent variable attenuation due to unreliability. Results indicated remarkable differences in the effects of relative level of Hg 0 on psychomotor performance. Significant associations were found for the IHST factor ( B = 0.415, p −6 ), followed by finger tapping, which was relatively meager and insignificant ( B = 0.141, p = 0.17). The IHST results hold the greatest occupational relevance for dental professionals who rely on manual dexterity in restorative dentistry. Further, this statistical approach is recommended in future studies for condensation of multiple scores into summary scores with enhanced reliabilities useful in correcting for attenuation relationships ( B u s) with exposure levels.
FeCo nanoalloy formation by decomposition of their carbonyl precursors

In this paper we describe the synthesis of iron and cobalt nanoalloys by the co-decomposition of iron and cobalt carbonyl precursors in the presence of polystyrene as a surface stabilizing agent. In order to prevent the preferential aggregation of metal atoms in the iron–cobalt nanoalloys, which results in phase segregation, the decomposition kinetics of the Fe(CO)5 and Co2(CO)8 precursors had to be firmly established and controlled. The kinetics of cobalt cluster formation have been thoroughly investigated and documented, but data for Fe(CO)5 decomposition are relatively scarce. To fully explore the kinetic characteristics of the formation of iron nanoclusters, initial Fe(CO)5 concentrations and reaction media solvents were varied and hence reaction order and rate constants were established. Our results suggest that this decomposition is a higher-order process (not first-order as previously assumed), with a complicated intermediate mechanism, which has been postulated and experimentally verified. By using this kinetic data, we were able to predict the necessary conditions for the in situ creation of new iron–cobalt nanoalloys using carbonyl precursors. Equal initial concentrations of both precursors generated nanoalloys with a crystalline core–shell dense morphology, while precursor concentrations corresponding to initial equal rates of decomposition generated polycrystalline nanoalloys with a diffuse morphology.
Storage Stability of Vegetables Fermented with pH Control

Vegetables fermented by Lactobacillus plantarum with pH control were microbiologically stable during 12-months' storage in hermetically sealed jars at ca. 24°C provided all fermentable sugars were removed during fermentation, and the products were stored at pH 3.8 or below. Fermented green beans, cucumbers, red and gieen bell peppers, and green tomatoes were thus rendered microbiologically stable. Fermented red beets and carrots, which contained residual sucrose, underwent secondary fermentation. Calculated carbon recoveries of the fermented vegetables ranged from 74–146%.
Use of Play for Assessing Children's Death Concepts: A Reexamination:

O. Weininger reported large discrepancies between the proportions of young children's accurate concepts of death expressed in play and those expressed in interviews. He suggested that play is more ...
Allosteric Regulation of Lactobacillus plantarum Xylulose 5-Phosphate/Fructose 6-Phosphate Phosphoketolase (Xfp)

ABSTRACT Xylulose 5-phosphate/fructose 6-phosphate phosphoketolase (Xfp), which catalyzes the conversion of xylulose 5-phosphate (X5P) or fructose 6-phosphate (F6P) to acetyl phosphate, plays a key role in carbohydrate metabolism in a number of bacteria. Recently, we demonstrated that the fungal Cryptococcus neoformans Xfp2 exhibits both substrate cooperativity for all substrates (X5P, F6P, and P i ) and allosteric regulation in the forms of inhibition by phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP), oxaloacetic acid (OAA), and ATP and activation by AMP (K. Glenn, C. Ingram-Smith, and K. S. Smith. Eukaryot Cell 13: 657–663, 2014). Allosteric regulation has not been reported previously for the characterized bacterial Xfps. Here, we report the discovery of substrate cooperativity and allosteric regulation among bacterial Xfps, specifically the Lactobacillus plantarum Xfp. L. plantarum Xfp is an allosteric enzyme inhibited by PEP, OAA, and glyoxylate but unaffected by the presence of ATP or AMP. Glyoxylate is an additional inhibitor to those previously reported for C. neoformans Xfp2. As with C. neoformans Xfp2, PEP and OAA share the same or possess overlapping sites on L. plantarum Xfp. Glyoxylate, which had the lowest half-maximal inhibitory concentration of the three inhibitors, binds at a separate site. This study demonstrates that substrate cooperativity and allosteric regulation may be common properties among bacterial and eukaryotic Xfp enzymes, yet important differences exist between the enzymes in these two domains. IMPORTANCE Xylulose 5-phosphate/fructose 6-phosphate phosphoketolase (Xfp) plays a key role in carbohydrate metabolism in a number of bacteria. Although we recently demonstrated that the fungal Cryptococcus Xfp is subject to substrate cooperativity and allosteric regulation, neither phenomenon has been reported for a bacterial Xfp. Here, we report that the Lactobacillus plantarum Xfp displays substrate cooperativity and is allosterically inhibited by phosphoenolpyruvate and oxaloacetate, as is the case for Cryptococcus Xfp. The bacterial enzyme is unaffected by the presence of AMP or ATP, which act as a potent activator and inhibitor of the fungal Xfp, respectively. Our results demonstrate that substrate cooperativity and allosteric regulation may be common properties among bacterial and eukaryotic Xfps, yet important differences exist between the enzymes in these two domains.
Characterization of bone mineral composition in the proximal tibia of cynomolgus monkeys: effect of ovariectomy and nandrolone decanoate treatment.

Abstract Life postmenopausal women, ovariectomized cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) experience accelerated loss of bone mass. Treatment of ovariectomized monkeys with nandrolone decanoate results in an increase in bone mass to levels comparable to those of intact animals. The changes in bone composition that occur with these treatments, however, are less well characterized. In the present study, we used synchrotron Fourier-transform infrared microspectroscopy (FT-IRM) and curve-fitting methods to monitor specific changes at cortical, subchondral, and trabecular bone regions in the proximal tibia. Four groups were studied: (1) sham-operated (sham); (2) ovariectomized and treated with placebo for 2 years (ovx); (3) ovx + nandrolone decanoate for 2 years (NAN); and (4) ovx + nandrolone decanoate beginning 1 year after ovx (dNAN). The results demonstrate that ovariectomy and nandrolone treatment did not affect the degree of mineralization as defined by the phosphate/protein ratio, but acid phosphate content (HPO42−) in cortical and subchondral bone was increased by ovariectomy, suggesting this bone to be less mature due to increased remodeling that occurs after ovariectomy. In the subchondral and cortical bone regions, ovariectomized monkeys showed a lower total carbonate content (CO32−/matrix ratio) than sham controls, specifically due to the decrease in labile carbonate content. In the trabecular region, no change of carbonate content was observed. Treatment with nandrolone decanoate was found to restore the loss in carbonate, where the resulting mineral had a larger quantity of type B carbonate. Finally, we correlated carbonate content with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry measurements, and found a positive correlation between bone mineral density and type A carbonate in bone, which is stoichiometrically related to the amount of calcium in bone. Therefore, the results presented herein identify significant differences in bone chemistry after ovariectomy and nandrolone treatment, which may help explain previous findings that, although nandrolone decanoate treatment increased bone mass, it could not reverse the decrease in bone strength due to ovariectomy.
Generation of Topographic Waves over the Continental Margin

Abstract Numerical experiments were carried out to simulate the generation of topographic waves by a Gulf Stream ring over the continental margin in a stratified ocean on an f-plane. The study was aimed at understanding the combined effect of density advection and bottom topography on the flow field. The momentum equation is linear, and nonlinearity is introduced in the density equation. The mechanism of wave generation was investigated by turning on and off the nonlinear density advection and by changing the strength of the ring and bottom topography. The results show that topographic waves are generated by advection of density in a ring over a sloping bottom. The vorticity associated with the swirl velocity of a ring is less important during wave generation. The strength of a ring affects the wave amplitude; in the case of a strong ring, self-advection of density may be induced at the surface. However, the generation and propagation of topographic waves are independent of the strength of the ring. Waves...
Effect of a Medical Toxicology Admitting Service on Length of Stay, Cost, and Mortality Among Inpatients Discharged with Poisoning-Related Diagnoses

There are no published studies that have compared quality outcomes of hospitalized poisoned patients primarily under the care of physician medical toxicologists to patients treated by non-toxicologists. We hypothesized that inpatients primarily cared for by medical toxicologists would exhibit shorter lengths of stay (LOS), lower costs, and decreased mortality. Patients discharged in 2010 and 2011 from seven hospitals within the same health care system and greater metropolitan area with Medicare severity diagnosis-related groups for “poisoning and toxic effects of drugs” with and without major comorbidities or complications (917 & 918, respectively) were identified from a Premier® database. The database contained severity-weighted comparisons between expected and observed outcomes for each patient. Outcome parameters were differences between expected and observed LOS, cost, and percent mortality. These were then compared among groups of patients primarily admitted and cared for by (1) medical toxicologists at one hospital (Banner Good Samaritan Medical Center, BGS), (2) non-toxicologists at BGS, and (3) non-toxicologists at six other hospitals. Records of 3,581 patients contained complete data for assessment of at least one outcome measure. Patients cared for by medical toxicologists experienced favorable differences in LOS, costs, and mortality compared with other patient groups (p < 0.001). If patients cared for by non-toxicologists had experienced similar differences in observed over expected values for LOS, cost, and mortality as those cared for by medical toxicologists, there would have been a median savings of 1,483 hospital days, $4.269 million, and a significant decrease in mortality during the 2-year study period. Differences between observed and expected LOS, cost, and mortality in patients primarily cared for by medical toxicologists were significantly better than in patients cared for by non-toxicologists, regardless of facility. These data suggest that significant reductions in patient hospital days, costs, and mortality are possible when medical toxicologists directly care for hospitalized patients.
EFFECT OF TRANSPIRATION UPON THE ABSORPTION OF MINERAL SALTS

ONE DOES not need to delve far into the voluminous literature pertaining to mineral absorption by plants to be convinced that there are many factors which may, either directly or indirectly, affect this process. From several sources, but more recently in a paper by Hoagland and Brover (1936), it is clear that aeration, respiration, temperature, initial salts in the root tissues and culture medium, and available carbohydrates in the plant are factors concerned in the absorption of minerals. Furthermore, the importance of such factors upon mineral absorption as synthesis of foods, assiinilation, and shoot-root growth is well illustrated by the work of Gustafson (1934), Muenscher (1922), Mendiola (1922), and others. Therefore, it seems only reasonable that to measure the effects of transpiration upon mineral absorption it will be necessary to keep all of these other influential factors as nearly constant as possible. For example, in an earlier paper by the writer on this subject (Freeland, 1936) the significance of the data was somewhat obscured by inequalities in growth and dry weight of the plants. The same criticism may be made of most of the data that have been presented to date for the purpose of showing that transpiration either does or does not affect the rate of absorption of minerals. It is the purpose of this paper to present data that were obtained by methods which controlled environmental conditions and largely eliminated growth differences in the plants by a shortening of the experimental growth period to a few days. Water cultures were used to facilitate speed and accuracy in manipulation.
Effect of row-to-row shading on the output of flat-plate south-facing photovoltaic arrays

When solar arrays (photovoltaic, thermal, etc.) are arranged in multiple rows of modules, all but the first row suffer reduction in (power) output, even when sufficient spacing between rows is provided. The reduction in output power occurs because the first row prevents some of the diffuse and reflected radiation from reaching the row directly behind it. This work presents estimates of the effect of shading on the amounts of solar radiation received by consecutive rows of flat-plate arrays.
Algebraic proofs of cut elimination

Algebraic proofs of the cut-elimination theorems for classical and intuitionistic logic are presented, and are used to show how one can sometimes extract a constructive proof and an algorithm from a proof that is nonconstructive. A variation of the double-negation translation is also discussed: if ϕ is provable classically, then ¬(¬ϕ)nf is provable in minimal logic, where θnf denotes the negation-normal form of θ. The translation is used to show that cut-elimination theorems for classical logic can be viewed as special cases of the cut-elimination theorems for intuitionistic logic.
Race, Local Life Circumstances, and Criminal Activity

Objective. Life-course researchers suggest that changes in local life circumstances explain changes in criminal activity in adulthood. Although the extent to which local life circumstances propel offenders toward/away from criminal behavior is a subject of considerable debate, the issue of race has largely been ignored. The objective in this research is to incorporate race into a life-course perspective that examines the influence of changes in life circumstances on changes in criminal activity. Methods. This objective is met by using longitudinal data on 524 parolees released from the California Youth Authority (CYA) who were followed for seven consecutive years after release. Results. The results suggest that changes in local life circumstances are related to changes in criminal activity, but do not eliminate the race/crime relationship for violence. At the same time, the effect of local life circumstances on criminal activity appears more similar than different across race, with the exception that common-law marriages are crime-generating among nonwhites as compared to whites. Conclusions. Because race continues to be associated with criminal activity over the life course, future research should increase efforts to better understand how race might condition life circumstances when influencing criminal activity. Implications of these findings for life-course theory are discussed.
Compensatory Training for Disabled Readers Implementing and Refining

This paper elaborates on the rationale expressed by the author earlier (Fisher 1980) and describes the development of a compensatory training program for disabled readers. The program is data based and aimed at compensating for dysfunctional peripheral retinal processes, at enhancing left-to-right sequencing, and at optimizing sight word skills to reacquaint the disabled reader with text. The method is described, and two sets of data are presented for successive stages in the development of a promising, viable, and efficient approach to reading instruction for the targeted disabled readers.
An acoustic diagnostic technique for use with electric machine insulation

Many of the electrical failures of large electric machines have mechanical precursors. This premise has led to the attempts described here to detect mechanical changes, such as groundwall delamination, by acoustic methods as a means of early detection of incipient failure. By optimally launching an ultrasonic wave into a stator bar and using the conductor as a waveguide, it has been shown possible to interrogate the groundwall insulation and the critical interface region adjacent to the conductor. Laboratory studies using an epoxy mica stator bar subjected to thermal cycling have demonstrated that the acoustic signatures obtained with this method are mirrored by conventional corona spectroscopy conducted simultaneously, although earlier damage is clearly discernible. Based on the results of this study, the acoustic technique appears to have substantial promise as an advanced detection tool. >
On the Generation of Normal Random Vectors

Abstract : The simulation of a process may require the use of sampling techniques involving the generation of random vectors from a multivariate normal population with a specified variance-covariance matrix. This is an expository paper which discusses two methods for generating such vectors. (Author)
When Trying Hard Isn’t Natural Women’s Belonging With and Motivation for Male-Dominated STEM Fields As a Function of Effort Expenditure Concerns

Feeling like one exerts more effort than others may influence women's feelings of belonging with science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) and impede their motivation. In Study 1, women STEM graduate students perceived they exerted more effort than peers to succeed. For women, but not men, this effort expenditure perception predicted a decreased sense of belonging, which in turn decreased motivation. Study 2 tested whether the male-dominated status of a field triggers such effort expectations. We created a fictional "eco-psychology" graduate program, which when depicted as male-dominated resulted in women expecting to exert relatively more effort and decreased their interest in pursuing the field. Study 3 found emphasizing effort as expected (and normal) to achieve success elevated women's feelings of belonging and future motivation. Results suggest effort expenditure perceptions are an indicator women use to assess their fit in STEM. Implications for enhancing women's participation in STEM are discussed.
Crystal Structure of the Vesicular Transport Protein Sec17: Implications for SNAP Function in SNARE Complex Disassembly

Abstract SNAP proteins play an essential role in membrane trafficking in eukaryotic cells. They activate and recycle SNARE proteins by serving as adaptors between SNAREs and the cytosolic chaperone NSF. We have determined the crystal structure of Sec17, the yeast homolog of α-SNAP, to 2.9 A resolution. Sec17 is composed of an N-terminal twisted sheet of α-helical hairpins and a C-terminal α-helical bundle. The N-terminal sheet has local similarity to the tetratricopeptide repeats from protein phosphatase 5 but has a different overall twist. Sec17 also shares structural features with HEAT and clathrin heavy chain repeats. Possible models of SNAP:SNARE binding suggest that SNAPs may function as lever arms, transmitting forces generated by conformational changes in NSF/Sec18 to drive disassembly of SNARE complexes.
E-017 Emergency Onyx embolization of avulsed basilar artery perforator following an endoscopic colloid cyst resection

Introduction Endoscopic resection of a colloid cyst and third ventriculostomy is a well described neurosurgical procedure and is performed commonly. Inadvertent vascular injury can occur due to the limited peripheral field of view offered by the endoscope. We present a case of colloid cyst resection and third ventriculostomy where neurological decline occurred during anesthesia emergence and imaging demonstrated active basilar perforator extravasation on CT angiography (CTA) which was treated with emergency embolization. Case presentation A 23-year-old man presented with headaches. He was found to have hydrocephalus due to a third ventricular colloid cyst. The patient underwent endoscopic resection and third ventriculostomy. During emergence, the patient was found to have a dilated right pupil. A ventriculostomy drain was placed and the patient underwent emergent CT/CTA which demonstrated intraventricular and pre-pontine hemorrhage with active extravasation. The patient underwent emergency angiography which demonstrated active contrast extravasation from a right P1 thalamoperforator. The vessel was catheterized and embolized with Onyx (eV3, Plymouth, Minnesota, USA) (Abstract E-017 figure 1). Results There was immediate cessation of extravasation. The patient recovered and was following commands and getting out of bed. He had a complicated clinical course and subsequently developed meningitis and infarcts of his right middle cerebral artery territory and left basal ganglia from vasospasm. His prolonged hospital course concluded and the patient was discharged to home. Conclusion Vascular injury is a rare but devastating complication of intracranial surgery. This is a unique case where emergent endovascular surgery immediately yielded an optimal angiographic result and provided the patient the best opportunity for recovery.
Effect of Delayed Germination by Heat-Damaged Spores on Estimates of Heat Resistance of Clostridium botulinum Types E and F

The effect of delayed germination by heat-damaged spores on estimates of heat resistance of Clostridium botulinum types E and F was studied by analysis of data from thermal death time tube experiments. Type E strains were studied in crabmeat and nonproteolytic and proteolytic type F strains in phosphate buffer and crabmeat. The date each culture became positive was recorded and tabulated by week. The decimal reduction times (D) and z values for each strain were calculated at several different time intervals and compared. Although both D and z values increased during the incubation period, D values as much as fourfold, only proteolytic strains showed substantial increases in z values.
Selection for Longevity Favors Stringent Metabolic Control in Drosophila melanogaster

Models of the evolution of life span predict, and gerontological studies show, a relation between nutrient use and life span. This study examines the role and comparative use of nutrients in long- and short-lived populations of D. melanogaster selectively bred for age-at-reproduction, without respect to metabolism or feeding rate. We test the hypotheses that selection for life span has favored the restriction of nutrient use and that the observed effect of low population density during development is a consequence of modifying nutrient use. The use of nutrients was measured here by the uptake of radiolabeled glucose, its incorporation into lipid and protein, and by the in vivo metabolic flux through thepentose shunt. Measurements show that uptake, incorporation, and flux are severely limited in long-lived stocks, compared to short-lived populations of the same stage and stage of development. Raising long-lived stocks at low population numbers relieves the restriction on metabolism in larvae, increasing incorporation and flux, and causes adult life span to decline. Larvae of long-lived populations appear to feed less actively, suggesting that the reduction in use of nutrients could simply be from reduced intake. Changes in total soluble protein correspond with measurements of uptake, incorporation, and flux. Soluble protein is substantially less in long-lived stocks, before pupation, but catches up in early adulthood to that in the short-lived populations. Despite different nutrient use by larval populations, only slight differences are found in development rate. They are insufficient to account for the differences observed in longevity.
ESAMR: An Enhanced Self-Adaptive MapReduce Scheduling Algorithm

MapReduce is a programming model and an associated implementation for processing and generating large data sets. Hadoop is an open-source implementation of Map Reduce, enjoying wide adoption, and is used not only for batch jobs but also for short jobs where low response time is critical. However, Hadoop's performance is currently limited by its default task scheduler, which implicitly assumes that cluster nodes are homogeneous and tasks make progress linearly, and uses these assumptions to decide when to speculatively re-execute tasks that appear to be stragglers. In practice, the homogeneity assumption does not always hold. Longest Approximate Time to End (LATE) is a Map Reduce scheduling algorithm that takes heterogeneous environments into consideration. It, however, adopts a static method to compute the progress of tasks. As a result neither Hadoop default nor LATE schedulers perform well in a heterogeneous environment. Self-adaptive Map Reduce Scheduling Algorithm (SAMR) uses historical information to adjust stage weights of map and reduce tasks when estimating task execution times. However, SAMR does not consider the fact that for different types of jobs their map and reduce stage weights may be different. Even for the same type of jobs, different datasets may lead to different weights. To this end, we propose ESAMR: an Enhanced Self-Adaptive Map Reduce scheduling algorithm to improve the speculative re-execution of slow tasks in Map Reduce. In ESAMR, in order to identify slow tasks accurately, we differentiate historical stage weights information on each node and divide them into k clusters using a k-means clustering algorithm and when executing a job's tasks on a node, ESAMR classifies the tasks into one of the clusters and uses the cluster's weights to estimate the execution time of the job's tasks on the node. Experimental results show that among the aforementioned algorithms, ESAMR leads to the smallest error in task execution time estimation and identifies slow tasks most accurately.
Endovascular techniques in the treatment of acute limb ischemia: thrombolytic agents, trials, and percutaneous mechanical thrombectomy techniques

Acute peripheral arterial occlusion is associated with great risk to the patient's limb and life. Failure to restore adequate arterial flow in a timely fashion can result in the development of irreversible tissue infarction and the opportunity for limb salvage is lost. On the other hand, patients with acute limb ischemia are often elderly and frail, and early invasive open surgical procedures without adequate preoperative stabilization and preparation result in an unacceptably high risk of perioperative cardiopulmonary complications and death. Percutaneous methods designed to remove the intraluminal thrombus offer an alternative to immediate open surgical revascularization. These less invasive techniques constitute an option that is better tolerated in medically compromised patients. The causative lesion can be precisely identified and the patency of outflow vessels can be restored. The lesion can then be addressed on an elective basis in a well-prepared patient, using percutaneous or open surgical techniques to effect a durable long-term solution. The treatment options include primary surgical revascularization, thrombolytic therapy, percutaneous mechanical thrombectomy, or a combination of any of the three. Clinicians who themselves have the skills to perform a wide assortment of interventions ranging from percutaneous therapies through open surgical revascularization are best able to arrive at the most rational option for treating a specific clinical scenario. This article is directed at providing the practicing surgeon with a basic fund of knowledge on the diagnostic and therapeutic strategies useful in treating patients with peripheral arterial occlusion. Only in this manner can we expect to reduce the high rate of morbidity and mortality that remains associated with these events.
The sevenless+ protein is expressed apically in cell membranes of developing Drosophila retina; it is not restricted to cell R7

Abstract In the sevenless (sev) mutants of Drosophila, a single cell type, photoreceptor R7, does not develop. We made monoclonal antibody against a sev + -β-galactosidase fusion protein, and used it to determine the ultrastructural localization of the sev + protein in the larval eye disc. The protein is expressed on the apical surface of the developing retina. It is not restricted to cell R7; it is expressed in all the presumptive photoreceptor cells, cone cells, and possibly others. The protein localizes to the cell membranes of the apical tips and their microvilli, away from the bulk of the cell-cell contacts. Possible mechanisms for generating the specificity of the sev phenotype are discussed in light of these results.
Toward a taxonomy of nonmodal phonation

The study of nonmodal phonation, like the study of other aspects of voice quality, spans many disciplines. Descriptions of such phonation abound, but variations in scope, purpose, terminology, measurement technique, and level of description make it di$cult to compare vocal phenomena across disciplines, or even across studies within a single discipline. We demonstrate how hypotheses about which kinds of nonmodal phonation types are the same and which are di!erent can be tested by studies of listeners’ perceptions. Evidence suggests that period-doubled phonation, amplitude modulations, and vocal fry form perceptually distinctive qualities, which also have consistent acoustic and physiological correlates. Evidence is much more ambiguous for qualities like breathiness and creak, which vary continuously from modal phonation. A common theoretical framework for the description of vocal quality may eventually eliminate many impediments to uni"ed description. ( 2001 Academic Press
Looking Forward: Comment on Morgante, Zolfaghari, and Johnson

Morgante et al. (in press) find inconsistencies in the time reporting of a Tobii T60XL eye tracker. Their study raises important questions about the use of the Tobii T-series in particular, and various software and hardware in general, in different infant eye tracking paradigms. It leaves open the question of the source of the inconsistencies. Here, observations from a Tobii eye tracker are presented to elucidate possible sources of timing inconsistencies, including those found by Morgante et al. The ramifications of the reported timing inconsistencies are related to various infant paradigms. The focus is on the level of concern a researcher should have if any eye tracker displays these timing characteristics, and what corrective measures may be taken. While posing no problems for some paradigms, timing inconsistencies are potentially problematic (but correctable) when assessing event-related looking behavior. Observed timing contraindicates use in fast gaze-contingent displays (<100 ms). General suggestions are made regarding timing in eye-tracked data collection.
Synthesis and Reactivity of a Surfactant Ferrocene. Environmental Effects on Oxidation of Ferrocene in Organized Media

This paper reports on the synthesis of a surfactant ferrocene, 16-ferrocenylhexadecanoic acid, (1), which can readily be incorporated into monolayer films and assemblies, micelles and vesicles. The reactivity of this ferrocene towards potential oxidants and complexing agents has been investigated in the different media under a variety of conditions. In the monolayer assemblies (1) was readily oxidized by I2 but inert towards exposure to aqueous Ag+, aqueous TCNE or TCNO vapor. The inertness of (1) under the latter conditions suggests the chromophore is oriented in a highly hydrophobic site. In contrast, (1) is readily oxidized by I2 and Fe3+ in lecithin vesicles and anionic SDS micelles. In cationic CTAB micelles iodine is reactive as an oxidant but Fe3+ is not, presumably due to charge effects. The results suggest that the ferrocene moiety in (1) is not rigidly oriented in the hydrophobic core of the vesicles or micelles but spends sufficient time near the hydrophobic interface to be oxidized by polar reagents.
High-potassium intrusive rocks of the Crandall ring-dike complex, Absaroka Mountains, Wyoming

The Crandall ring-dike complex has a gabbro-diorite core intruded by a shoshonitic ring dike. Both have been cut by granular and porphyritic quartz monzonite dikes. The most abundant rock is medium-grained diorite. In contrast, the ring-dike shoshonite has large phenocrysts of plagioclase and augite in a microcrystalline ground-mass of biotite, sanidine, plagioclase, amphibole, magnetite-ilmenite, and variable amounts of glass. Texturally, the plagioclase and pyroxene appear out of equilibrium with the surrounding matrix in both the ring dike and the intrusive core rocks. The gabbro, diorite, and porphyritic quartz monzonite are characterized by plagioclases with bimodal core and rim compositions, indicating that one group is possibly xenocrystic. Trends on variation diagrams for both minor and trace elements cannot be traced from the diorite to the quartz monzonite. On variation diagrams, the shoshonite rocks have the widest scatter of data points, which can be explained by the addition of plagioclase and augite phenocrysts. Geochemical modeling is successful in demonstrating that the gabbro can be formed as a cumulate from the diorite by fractional crystallisation but is unsuccessful in relating the diorite and the quartz monzonite by this process. The strongly positive Eu anomaly in the gabbro supports the cumulate origin; the diorite and shoshonite have chemical and textural signatures which strongly indicate contamination by plagioclase and pyroxene accumulation. Even the porphyritic quartz monzonite has experienced plagioclase accumulation. The nature of the uncontaminated magma is uncertain. Chemically, the diorite is a plutonic equivalent of shoshonite, and support is given to the hypothesis that shoshonites are formed by contamination with plagioclase and pyroxene (Prostka, 1973).
Determining Sexual Identity

Back when we were embryos, a genetic “switch” was thrown, providing us with a male or female identity that had profound influence on the development of our bodies and our minds. The effects of sex determination are particularly important in the germ cells, which must form either the sperm or eggs necessary for sexual reproduction. The mechanism that determines sex in the germ line can be very different from the mechanism that determines sex for the rest of the body, the soma. On page 885 of this issue, Hashiyama et al. describe a critical aspect of how germline sex determination is regulated in fruit flies ( 1 ), bringing us a step closer to understanding how sexual identity is regulated in humans and other animals.
Thick silicon drift detectors

A new concept of silicon drift detector is presented that potentially allows much thicker devices. The detector is based on a trench array, which penetrate the bulk with different depths. Finite element (FEM) simulations of the detector structure will be presented and discussed. The key micro-fabrication technique for different depth trenches, so called “gray-tone lithography”, will be introduced and discussed in a feasibility study.
Anticipatory and sequential motor control in piano playing

Pianists were asked to play short excerpts from several pieces on an electronic keyboard. In each piece, there were two phrases whose first few notes were played identically with the right hand. Thereafter, the two phrases were played differently. The aim of the investigation was to ascertain whether or not hand and finger kinematics diverged prior to the depression of the last common note. Such a divergence would imply an anticipatory modification of sequential movements of the hand, akin to the phenomenon of coarticulation in speech. The lack of such a divergence would imply a strictly serial organization of movement sequences with one hand, as was found previously to be the case for typing. The time at which each key was depressed and released and the speed with which the key was depressed was recorded via a MIDI interface to a laboratory computer. The motion of the right wrist and of the fingers of the right hand was recorded optoelectronically. Piano playing can invoke anticipatory modifications of hand and finger kinematics. The time at which two patterns of movements diverged varied considerably from piece to piece. Playing an ascending scale with the requirement of a “thumb-under” maneuver could evoke an anticipatory modification as much as 500 ms in advance of the last common note. In another piece, keypresses appeared to be executed in a strict serial ordering and a third piece gave results intermediate between these two extremes. We interpret the results to suggest that a strict serial execution of a movement sequence is favored as long as this is compatible with the demands of the task.
LESSONS FROM A FEASIBILITY STUDY FOR COMPUTER MODELS OF COAL‐BEARING DELTAS

SUMMARY A computer-generated model of a coal-bearing delta would be desirable if it included enough detail to reproduce the cyclical nature of the sediments. At the present stage of development of computers, and with the present state of knowledge of the quantitative aspects of transportation and sedimentation, it is not yet possible to set up such a model. However, the logical arrangement in a flow-diagram of the processes and parameters involved in delta formation strongly suggests that cyclical sedimentation can occur without the need for an external cyclical cause, such as tectonic or climatic oscillations. Attempts to provide for appropriate checks of a computer model bring out overall regularities in the assemblages of cyclic types in three different coal basins.
Measuring shifts in function and evolutionary opportunity using variability profiles: a case study of the globins.

Variability profiles measured over a set of aligned sequences can be used to estimate evolutionary freedom to vary. Differences in variability profiles between clades can be used to identify shifts in function at the molecular level. We demonstrate such a shift between the alpha and beta subunits of hemoglobin. We also show that the variability profiles for myoglobin are different between whales and primates and speculate that the differences between the two clades may reflect a shift associated with the novel oxygen storage demands in the lineage leading to whales. We discuss the relationship between sequence variability and "evolutionary opportunity" and explore the utility of Maynard Smith's multidimensional evolutionary opportunity space metaphor for exploring functional constraints, genetic redundancy, and the context dependency of the genotype-phenotype map. This work has implications for quantitatively defining and comparing protein function. Supplementary data is available from bioinfo.mbb.yale. edu/align.