cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The experience of fatigue as a distressing symptom of heart failure

Abstract Objective We explored the perceptions, experience, and meaning of fatigue as a distressing symptom of chronic heart failure (HF). Background Fatigue, a common symptom of HF, may indicate worsening condition. Patients interpret their symptoms to determine the need for assistance. The meaning of fatigue in everyday life for HF patients in the United States is not well understood. Methods We performed an interpretive study of in-depth interviews with HF patients (n = 26) who reported fatigue as a symptom, using a thematic analysis of transcripts within an iterative group framework. Results Fatigue is characterized by patient values related to their self-identity, their body, their experience of time, their environment, and their relationships with others, including the healthcare system. Conclusions Fatigue influences perceived proximity to death and how patients try to preserve what they can do. A patient's HF management plan should be tailored and responsive to that patient's experience of fatigue as communicated by the patient.
Vegetarian diets and blood pressure among white subjects: results from the Adventist Health Study-2 (AHS-2)

Objective Previous work studying vegetarians has often found that they have lower blood pressure (BP). Reasons may include their lower BMI and higher intake levels of fruit and vegetables. Here we seek to extend this evidence in a geographically diverse population containing vegans, lacto-ovo vegetarians and omnivores.
The feeding habits of three species of lanternfishes (family myctophidae) off oregon, USA

The common myctophids Stenobrachius leucopsarus, Diaphus theta and Tarletonbeania crenularis were found to feed primarily on the euphausiid Euphausia pacifica, the copepods Metridia lucens and Calanus spp., and the amphipod Parathemisto pacifica. The diets of these species of fishes were diverse and overlapped broadly, suggesting that they are feeding generalists. Most stomachs contained either all copepods or all euphausiids. Euphausiids were the most important prey on the basis of biomass. They comprised over one-half the weight of the stomach contents in over 40% of individuals of each of the three fishes. Stomach fullness and state of digestion of stomach contents differed over the diel period, but not enough to indicate feeding only during the nighttime. Average stomach fullness was greatest during the morning and night and well-digested material, which predominated in most stomachs, was most prevalent in the morning and afternoon. Either some feeding occurs throughout the day or digestion rates are slow.
Multi-stream video transport over DiffServ wireless LANS

This paper presents a new transport scheme for embedded video streams over wireless local area networks. It introduces a differentiated service (DiffServ) solution for video streaming over mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). It employs the concept of single-application multiple stream (SAMS) that can effectively take the advantages of both DiffServ network and multi-layer or progressive source coding techniques. The approach is to preferentially improve the transport quality of important data substreams under the of a fixed network throughput. The 3D-SPIHT subband video coder is used in generating embedded source data streams. This video coder features high compression efficiency. It produces fully embedded bitstreams, which can be easily segmented into multiple data streams with different QoS characteristics. In wireless network, a class based queuing (CBQ) mechanism is implemented to provide DiffServ for these different data streams. The integrated source coding and networking system prioritizes the layers for lower resolutions, so that they will experience less delay or packet loss in case of congestion or link breakage. Simulations have been conducted on the network simulator (ns-2), and significant improvements over traditional wireless LAN transport schemes have been observed.
The effect of sublethal concentrations of aminogycosides on adherence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to hamster tracheal epithelium

Perfused hamster tracheal explants were used to examine the adherence of mucoid and non-mucoid strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to intact tracheal epithelium when grown in 0.5 MIC of tobramycin or gentamicin. Tracheal explants were perfused for 2 h with 10(7) cfu of P. aeruginosa grown overnight in trypticase soy broth containing 0.5 MIC of tobramycin or gentamicin or without antibiotics. After infection, the explants were washed and a 4 mm section was homogenized, diluted and plated for colony counts. Mucoid strains of P. aeruginosa grown in the presence of the aminoglycosides did not produce alginate and were not as adherent as the same strains which were not grown in antibiotics. Adherence of non-mucoid strains of P. aeruginosa grown in sublethal concentrations of the aminoglycosides was not significantly reduced compared with the adherence of the same strains which were not exposed to antibiotics. These results indicate that mucoid strains of P. aeruginosa growing in the presence of sublethal concentrations of aminoglycosides do not produce alginate and may not colonize the epithelial surface.
Functional Imaging of the Developing Brain at the Bedside Using Diffuse Optical Tomography

While histological studies and conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) investigations have elucidated the trajectory of structural changes in the developing brain, less is known regarding early functional cerebral development. Recent investigations have demonstrated that resting-state functional connectivity MRI (fcMRI) can identify networks of functional cerebral connections in infants. However, technical and logistical challenges frequently limit the ability to perform MRI scans early or repeatedly in neonates, particularly in those at greatest risk for adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes. High-density diffuse optical tomography (HD-DOT), a portable imaging modality, potentially enables early continuous and quantitative monitoring of brain function in infants. We introduce an HD-DOT imaging system that combines advancements in cap design, ergonomics, and data analysis methods to allow bedside mapping of functional brain development in infants. In a cohort of healthy, full-term neonates scanned within the first days of life, HD-DOT results demonstrate strong congruence with those obtained using co-registered, subject-matched fcMRI and reflect patterns of typical brain development. These findings represent a transformative advance in functional neuroimaging in infants, and introduce HD-DOT as a powerful and practical method for quantitative mapping of early functional brain development in normal and high-risk neonates.
Li Hung-chang and the Liu-ch'iu (Ryukyu) Controversy, 1871-1881

Li Hung-chang's role in China's foreign affairs during the late Ch'ing period has been a subject of much study. Little is known, however, about his role in the Sino-Japanese dispute over the Liu-ch'iu (Ryukyu) Islands in the period between 1871 and 1881. What was Li's attitude toward the tributary states in general, and toward the ex-tributary state, Japan, in particular, during the period of controversy? What was Li's influence on China's foreign policy decision-making during this period? How did Li resolve (or not resolve) the seeming dilemma at a time when China was thrust into the modern nation-state system while maintaining the traditional tributary state system? Specifically, what was Li's policy toward Liu-ch'iu vis-a-vis Japan?
Crystallographic studies of phosphonate-based alpha-reaction transition-state analogues complexed to tryptophan synthase.

In an effort to use a structure-based approach for the design of new herbicides, the crystal structures of complexes of tryptophan synthase with a series of phosphonate enzyme inhibitors were determined at 2.3 A or higher resolution. These inhibitors were designed to mimic the transition state formed during the α-reaction of the enzyme and, as expected, have affinities much greater than that of the natural substrate indole-3-glycerol phosphate or its nonhydrolyzable analogue indole propanol phosphate (IPP). These inhibitors are ortho-substituted arylthioalkylphosphonate derivatives that have an sp3-hybridized sulfur atom, designed to mimic the putative tetrahedral transition state at the C3 atom of the indole, and lack the C2 atom to allow for higher conformational flexibility. Overall, the inhibitors bind in a fashion similar to that of IPP. Glu-49 and Phe-212 are the two active site residues whose conformation changes upon inhibitor binding. A very short hydrogen bond between a phosphonate oxygen and th...
Negligent care and malpractice claiming behavior in Utah and Colorado

Background.Previous studies relating the incidence of negligent medical care to malpractice lawsuits in the United States may not be generalizable. These studies are based on data from 2 of the most populous states (California and New York), collected more than a decade ago, during volatile periods
Enhanced Endocrine Sensitivity in Mouse Mammary Glands: Hormonal Requirements for Induction and Maintenance*

This laboratory has previously shown that mammary epithelium from pregnant and parous mice are 5-7 times more sensitive in vitro to insulin, cortisol, and PRL than tissue from virgins, with respect to lactose synthetase activity. In the present studies, virgin mice were treated for 2 weeks with either progesterone or a pituitary allograft to increase PRL levels, and the mammary explants exhibited the same heightened sensitivity to all three hormones that was noted in pregnant animals. Treatment with estradiol or T4 was without effect. However, this effect was transient, since the tissue lost its elevated hormonal responsiveness 4 weeks after progesterone withdrawal, suggesting that the permanent effect seen in nonpregnant nonlactating parous mice involves a more complex series of events than simply elevated progesterone or PRL levels. Even tissue from parous mice reverted to a reduced insulin and PRL sensitivity, if the tissue was initially cultured in the absence of any hormones. Although the increased s...
Theoretical analysis of chest wall mechanics

A mathematical model of the chest wall partitioned into rib cage, diaphragmatic and abdominal components is developed consistent with published experimental observations. The model describes not only the orthodox chest wall movements (rib cage and abdomen expand together during inspiration) of the quietly breathing standing adult, but also Mueller maneuvers (inspiration against an occluded airway opening) and the paradoxical breathing patterns (rib cage contracts while abdomen expands during inspiration) observed in quadriplegia and in the newborn. The abdomen is inferred to act as a cylinder reinforced by the abdominal muscles functioning similarly to bands around a barrel. The rib cage and abdominal wall are inferred to act not as though they were directly attached to one another, but as though they were being pressed together by the skeleton. Furthermore, transabdominal pressure is visualized as acting, not across the rib cage isolated from the diaphragm, as has been suggested previously, but instead, across the combined rib cage and diaphragm acting as a deformable unit containing the lungs.
Surgical Technique for Treatment of Recalcitrant Adductor Longus Tendinopathy

Chronic groin pain in the athlete can be a difficult problem to manage. Adductor dysfunction is the most common cause of groin pain in athletes, with the adductor longus being the tendon most commonly involved. The most reproducible finding for adductor longus tendinopathy is tenderness along the tendon with passive abduction and resisted hip adduction in extension. Magnetic resonance imaging and injection of a corticosteroid and anesthetic into the proximal muscle-tendon junction are both helpful in confirming the diagnosis. Nonoperative treatment may consist of protected weight bearing, ice application, ultrasonography, electrical stimulation, and gentle stretching with progressive strengthening. However, nonoperative management is not always successful. In these instances, surgical treatment can be quite effective. We present the indications, surgical technique, and rehabilitation protocol of adductor tenotomy for chronic tendinopathy. This can prove a useful tool for the treatment of recalcitrant groin pain attributable to the adductor longus.
Religion, theology and cosmology

Cosmology is one of the predominant research areas of the contemporary world. Advances in modern cosmology have prompted renewed interest in the intersections between religion, theology and cosmology. This article, which is intended as a brief introduction to the series of studies on theological cosmology in this journal, identifies three general areas of theological interest stemming from the modern scientific study of cosmology: contemporary theology and ethics; cosmology and world religions; and ancient cosmologies. These intersections raise important questions about the relationship of religion and cosmology, which has recently been addressed by William Scott Green and is the focus of the final portion of the article. Kosmologie is tans een van die belangrikste navorsings-terreine en ontwikkelings in moderne kosmologie. Dit het ‘n nuwe belangstelling wakker gemaak in die verband wat tussen godsdiens, teologie en kosmologie bestaan. Hierdie artikel, wat bedoel is as ‘n bondige inleiding tot die artikelreeks oor die teologiese kosmologie in hierdie tydskrif, identifiseer drie algemene areas wat van teologiese belang is: die hedendaagse teologie en etiek; die kosmologie en wereldgodsdienste; en die antieke kosmologiee. Die verband wat tussen hierdie velde bestaan, opper belangrike vrae oor die verhouding tussen godsdiens en kosmologie wat onlangs deur William Scott Green behandel is. Dit is die fokus van die laaste deel van die artikel.
Evaluation of Metal Halide, Plasma, and LED Lighting Technologies for a Hydrogen Fuel Cell Mobile Light (H2LT)

AbstractThis article reports on the testing and comparison of a prototype hydrogen fuel cell light tower (H2LT) and a conventional diesel-powered metal halide light trailer for use in road maintenance and construction activities. The prototype was originally outfitted with plasma lights and then with light-emitting diode (LED) luminaires. Light output and distribution, lighting energy efficiency (i.e., efficacy), power source thermal efficiency, and fuel costs are compared. The metal halide luminaires have 2.2 and 3.1 times more light output than the plasma and LED luminaires, respectively, but they require more power/lumen to provide that output. The LED luminaires have 1.6 times better light efficacy than either the metal halide or plasma luminaires. The light uniformity ratios produced by the plasma and LED towers are acceptable. The fuel cell thermal efficiency at the power required to operate the plasma lights is 48%, significantly higher than the diesel generator efficiency of 23% when operating the...
Comparative analysis of super-shedder strains of Escherichia coli O157:H7 reveals distinctive genomic features and a strongly aggregative adherent phenotype on bovine rectoanal junction squamous epithelial cells.

Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157:H7 (O157) are significant foodborne pathogens and pose a serious threat to public health worldwide. The major reservoirs of O157 are asymptomatic cattle which harbor the organism in the terminal recto-anal junction (RAJ). Some colonized animals, referred to as “super-shedders” (SS), are known to shed O157 in exceptionally large numbers (>104 CFU/g of feces). Recent studies suggest that SS cattle play a major role in the prevalence and transmission of O157, but little is known about the molecular mechanisms associated with super-shedding. Whole genome sequence analysis of an SS O157 strain (SS17) revealed a genome of 5,523,849 bp chromosome with 5,430 open reading frames and two plasmids, pO157 and pSS17, of 94,645 bp and 37,446 bp, respectively. Comparative analyses showed that SS17 is clustered with spinach-associated O157 outbreak strains, and belongs to the lineage I/II, clade 8, D group, and genotype 1, a subgroup of O157 with predicted hyper-virulence. A large number of non-synonymous SNPs and other polymorphisms were identified in SS17 as compared with other O157 strains (EC4115, EDL933, Sakai, TW14359), including in key adherence- and virulence-related loci. Phenotypic analyses revealed a distinctive and strongly adherent aggregative phenotype of SS17 on bovine RAJ stratified squamous epithelial (RSE) cells that was conserved amongst other SS isolates. Molecular genetic and functional analyses of defined mutants of SS17 suggested that the strongly adherent aggregative phenotype amongst SS isolates is LEE-independent, and likely results from a novel mechanism. Taken together, our study provides a rational framework for investigating the molecular mechanisms associated with SS, and strong evidence that SS O157 isolates have distinctive features and use a LEE-independent mechanism for hyper-adherence to bovine rectal epithelial cells.
Evaluation of enrichment techniques for the isolation of Salmonella choleraesuis from swine feces

Abstract To improve the isolation of Salmonella choleraesuis from swine feces, we compared the isolation of a field isolate of S. choleraesuis var kunzendorf after primary and delayed secondary enrichments in five broths: a laboratory performed medium (3MC; Blessman et al., 1981; Greenwood et al., 1980), Rappaport–Vassiliadis soya peptone (RVSP), selenite brilliant green-sulfa (SBG), selenite cysteine (SC), and tetrathionate with iodine (TTI). For each enrichment broth, S. choleraesuis was added, serial dilutions were made, swine feces were added, and the greatest dilution that resulted in the recovery of S. choleraesuis from each medium/enrichment combination was determined. None of the media inhibited S. choleraesuis growth in the absence of porcine feces; S. choleraesuis grew to 10 8 colony forming units (cfu) within 12 h in all media tested. Optimal recovery of S. choleraesuis in the presence of feces was with RVSP combined with delayed secondary enrichment. With this combination, S. choleraesuis was isolated consistently from 180 ml of RVSP enrichment broth containing porcine feces that had an initial inoculum of 4 cfu (0.02 cfu/ml). Delayed secondary enrichment did not enhance the recovery of S. choleraesuis from any of the other media. Primary enrichment in RVSP broth for 12 or 24 h or in SBG broth for 24 h gave the next best results, consistently allowing identification of S. choleraesuis from media initially inoculated with 360 bacteria/180 ml (2 cfu/ml). However, primary enrichment did not enhance the isolation of S. choleraesuis from porcine feces in SC, 3MC, and TTI. With these combinations, 10 2 to 10 4 bacteria/ml were required in the initial inocula to consistently detect S. choleraesuis .
Biomechanical comparison between high tibial osteotomy (HTO) and combined HTO and fibular osteotomy.

The ojectives of this study were to determine the changes in the lateral ligamentous stability of knee joint that occur after performing high tibial osteotomy with and without fibular osteotomy. Utilizing cadaveric specimens, lateral ligamentous stability was assessed by calculating the length of the lateral collateral ligament, and the lateral opening at different flexion angles when varus stress was applied to the tibia. The Polhemus 3-SPACE system was used to collect motion data describing the six-degrees-of-freedom three-dimensional tibiofemoral motions. It was found that the separation distance between the two attachment points of the lateral collateral ligament decreased by an average of 5 mm at all flexion angles after performing a 5-degree valgus high tibial osteotomy. Performing an additional 5-degrees of osteotomy caused this distance to further decrease. It was further found that performing a fibular osteotomy following a 5-degree valgus high tibial osteotomy produced no changes in the length of the lateral collateral ligament. It was also found that the lateral opening increased an average of 5 mm at all flexion angles after performing a 5-degree valgus high tibial osteotomy. Performing a 10-degree osteotomy caused a further increase in the lateral opening. It was further found that performing a fibular osteotomy following a 5-degree valgus high tibial osteotomy caused the lateral opening to return to its original value. That is to say, the fibular osteotomy negated the lateral opening caused by the tibial osteotomy and produced a pattern of lateral opening similar to the one found in the intact knee.
Committee Outliers in State Legislatures

In this paper, we extend recent work exploring the prevalence of outlying committees in American state legislatures. Using an expanded sample of 45 states and measures of legislator preferences generated by a single, federated group, we find that most legislative committees are representative of the parent chambers from which their members are selected. Furthermore, we test multivariate models designed to account for theoretically relevant patterns in variations in outlier percentages among control and noncontrol committees. The fact that our models are such poor predictors of nonrepresentative committees speaks to the idiosyncratic nature of the relatively small percentage of outlying committees in the states. This conclusion, in turn, provides further support for the proposition that representative committees are simply rational.
The Advantages of Open Mitral Commissurotomy for Mitral Stenosis

Mitral commissurotomy is the treatment of choice for mitral stenosis. If this is not feasible, replacement of the valve becomes necessary. Open commissurotomy has been performed at Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, III, in 105 patients since 1970. The mean age was 45 years. The indication for surgery was heart failure in 92 of the cases. Sixty of the patients were in class 3 of the New York Heart Association (NYHA) classification. Eighty-five underwent open mitral commissurotomy alone. This was not feasible in 42 patients scheduled for it who required valvular replacement. Twenty-five patients had a left atrial thrombus. Two patients died, one from aortic dissection and the other from acute infarction in the perioperative period. Ninety-eight patients are NYHA class 1 or 2 at present. Two patients required valvular replacement following the commissurotomy. The low mobidity and mortality with excellent long-term results support our contention that open mitral commissurotomy is the treatment of choice for mitral stenosis.
Eigenvalues, separability and absolute separability of two-qubit states

Abstract Substantial progress has recently been reported in the determination of the Hilbert–Schmidt (HS) separability probabilities for two-qubit and qubit–qutrit (real, complex and quaternionic) systems. An important theoretical concept employed has been that of a separability function . It appears that if one could analogously obtain separability functions parameterized by the eigenvalues of the density matrices in question–rather than the diagonal entries , as originally used–comparable progress could be achieved in obtaining separability probabilities based on the broad, interesting class of monotone metrics (the Bures, being its most prominent [minimal] member). Though large-scale numerical estimations of such eigenvalue-parameterized functions have been undertaken, it seems desirable also to study them in lower-dimensional specialized scenarios in which they can be exactly obtained. In this regard, we employ an Euler-angle parameterization of S O ( 4 ) derived by S. Cacciatori (reported in an Appendix)—in the manner of the S U ( 4 ) -density-matrix parameterization of Tilma, Byrd and Sudarshan. We are, thus, able to find simple exact separability (inverse-sine-like) functions for two real two-qubit (rebit) systems, both having three free eigenvalues and one free Euler angle. We also employ the important Verstraete–Audenaert–de Moor bound to obtain exact HS probabilities that a generic two-qubit state is absolutely separable (that is, cannot be entangled by unitary transformations). In this regard, we make copious use of trigonometric identities involving the tetrahedral dihedral angle ϕ = cos − 1 ( 1 3 ) .
Maximizing the lowest eigenvalue of a constrained affine sum with application to the optimal design of structures and vibrating systems

AbstractThis article deals with the problem of maximizing the lowest eigenvalue of an affine sum of symmetric matrices subject to a constraint. It is shown that by the repeated use of eliminants, the problem may be reduced in a systematic manner to that of finding the roots of certain polynomials. However, the process of finding the analytical solution is tedious. Therefore, a Newton iterative method, which solves the problem numerically, is developed.To demonstrate the results, the Lagrange problem of determining the shape of the strongest column is formulated in the discrete model setting and solved by using the developed method. The design problem of finding the mass distribution in a vibratory system that optimizes its extreme natural frequencies is also given.
Unusual Configuration of Pulmonary Vascular Pattern

Four hundred and forty-six patients with acute myocardial infarction were assigned to one of three departments in a hospital on the basis of the day of the week they were admitted. The members of this group were treated with hydrocortisone during the first three days of their hospitalization. For a comparison group, 491 patients assigned in a similar way to other medical departments were chosen. The aim of this study was to compare death rates only. We conclude that: (1) mortality in the treated group was 14.5 percent as compared to 23.2 percent in the comparison group; (2) patients suffering from their first infarction had a significantly better chance of survival in the treated group, compared to those with recurrent infarction, whether treated or not treated; and (3) in the first three days of treatment there is a significantly lower mortality rate in the treated group. We believe that our results suggest an important place for the use of hydrocortisone in cases of fresh myocardial infarction in hospitals.
Variability in Carotid Endarterectomy Practice Patterns Within a Metropolitan Area

Background and Purpose— Previous clinical studies have suggested that patients with carotid stenosis with high surgical risk features may fare better with carotid artery stenting or aggressive medical therapy. The extent to which carotid endarterectomy is still being performed in this group of patients is unclear. Methods— A retrospective audit was performed among 4 hospitals over a 2-year period. The proportion of high surgical risk patients was compared and the in-hospital stroke, myocardial infarction, and death rates were compared among conventional and high surgical risk patients. Results— Three hundred thirty-five carotid endarterectomy operations were performed (63% asymptomatic) with 37.9% being high surgical risk subjects. The stroke, myocardial infarction, and death rate was 4.6% in conventional risk subjects and 10.2% in high surgical risk patients ( P Conclusions— A substantial proportion of carotid endarterectomy operations are performed in patients with high surgical risk features. These patients experienced a 2-fold increase in major in-hospital complications, raising doubts about whether they benefit from carotid surgery. The use of preintervention multidisciplinary conferences may improve patient safety.
Development of a Training Curriculum for Public Health Preparedness

We describe the development of a 2-day training curriculum in emergency public health to improve the competency of public health personnel to prepare for, and respond to, both natural and human-caused disaster hazards. The training is conducted in a face-to-face setting and content is mapped to recognized emergency preparedness competencies for public health workers. The training materials are uniquely structured to the specific hazards, demographics, resources, and local emergency response agencies for each jurisdiction. This training program incorporates a series of challenging interactive scenarios that reinforce decision making in a public health emergency. Pretesting and posttesting are used to evaluate knowledge gained by participants. This interactive approach aligns with the principles of adult learning, and training evaluations indicate that this method is an effective integration of process and content.
Synchronous Wilms Tumor and Fibrolamellar Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Report of a Case:

Fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma (FHCC) is a unique histologic variant of HCC that occurs in a younger subset of patients than classical HCC, and is associated with a better prognosis. Wilms tumor (WT) is a malignant embryonal neoplasm of the kidney and is one of the most common solid tumors of childhood, occurring at an estimated frequency of 1 in 8000 to 10,000 births. Although second malignant neoplasms (SMNs) following therapy for WTs have been reported in the liver, the coexistence of HCC and WT is extremely rare. We present the first report of a synchronous anaplastic WT and FHCC in a previously healthy 4-year-old girl. Despite the presence of focal immunohistochemical positivity for p53 in the WT, molecular analysis failed to reveal a germline or somatic p53 mutation, and was inconclusive in establishing a clonal relation between the two tumors.
Establishing secure measurement matrix for compressed sensing using wireless physical layer security

The simple structure of compressed sensing allows its use not only for low-complexity compression but also for low-complexity encryption. Augmenting compressed sensing to secure information is based on using the sensing matrix as a symmetric encryption key. This imposes the requirement that the key is either preinstalled before deployment or is agreed over some secure communication channel. Both options are problematic when considering a wireless network comprised of nodes with limited resources that could be compromised. This paper proposes an encryption framework where the sensing matrix is established using wireless physical layer security and linear feedback shift register with corresponding m-sequences. Using a Rician fading channel, it is shown that the proposed framework generates valid compressed sensing matrices while preventing access from an eavesdropper in close proximity to one of the legitimate participants.
Asocial and afraid: An examination of shyness and anxiety in emerging adulthood

Shy emerging adults report greater internalizing behaviors and lower quality close relationships, but fewer externalizing behaviors (Nelson et al., 2008). Although multiple forms of children's and adolescents' social withdrawal have been identified, such as social fearfulness and social disinterest (withdrawal, but no fear; e.g., Coplan and Rubin, 2010), less work has been done to examine emerging adults' multiple forms of withdrawal. Therefore, we conducted an online study of emerging adults (N = 813) at five American colleges and universities (57% women; 73% European American), and identified 29 asocial, 57 shy, and a comparison group of 314 emerging adults. Results indicated that shyanxious emerging adults experienced the worst levels of adjustment; thus, being shy and anxious may impede important developmental tasks of emerging adulthood, such as settling on one's religious beliefs, developing an identity, and developing quality relationships with others (peers and parents).
New organic systems for the study of electrical conduction mechanisms

An organic structure embodying a π-electron chain of carbon atoms which terminates in an electron-bridging structure at each end is proposed as a promising class for evaluation as organic semiconductors. A quantum mechanical argument is presented on which is built a model simulating conduction electrons within a band and an energy gap between bands like that present in inorganic semiconductors. Results are reported on the polymerization of diamines and dibasic acids containing π-electron structures. These polymers are of limited value in studying the mechanism of conduction since they are thermally intractable and are insoluble in useful solvents. Study of monomeric substances based on similar structures is now in progress and evaluation of electrical characteristics of well-formed crystals is planned.
2,2,2‐Trifluoro‐1‐methoxyethanol

[431-46-9] C3H5F3O2 (MW 130.07) InChI = 1S/C3H5F3O2/c1-8-2(7)3(4,5)6/h2,7H,1H3 InChIKey = GWTBCUWZAVMAQV-UHFFFAOYSA-N (a CF3-containing synthon with various synthetic applications) Alternate Names: fluoral methyl hemiacetal; trifluoroacetaldehyde methyl hemiacetal. Physical Data: bp 96.0–96.5 °C (729 Torr).1 d20 1.326 g cm−3. Solubility: soluble in H2O (and rapidly hydrolyzes to trifluoroacetaldehyde hydrate), THF, diethyl ether, CH2Cl2, MeOH, and other organic solvents. Form Supplied in: colorless liquid; commercially available. Purification: by distillation. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: avoid contact with skin and eyes. Avoid inhalation. Moisture sensitive. Recommended to be stored under anhydrous conditions in a refrigerator. Use in a well-ventilated fume hood. Preparative Methods: the title compound was originally prepared through the reaction of trifluoroacetaldehyde (CF3CHO) with anhydrous methyl alcohol (CH3OH) at −78 °C. The resulting product was further purified by distillation through a semimicro fractionating column (eq 1).1 (1) Alternatively, the preparation of trifluoroacetaldehyde methyl hemiacetal (CF3CH(OH)OMe) was achieved via the reaction between tetramethoxysilane and trifluoroacetaldehyde–hydrogen fluoride complex (CF3CHO·HF). The latter was achieved by the gas-phase halogen exchange of chloral (CCl3CHO) with excess hydrogen fluoride, namely a Swarts-type reaction (eq 2).2, 3 (2) It has been shown that the CF3CH(OH)OMe could also be prepared through the direct nucleophilic trifluoromethylation of methyl formates with fluoroform (eq 3).4 (3)
Low temperature gate current and 'channel' hot carriers in MOS transistors

It is demonstrated that the scattering of channel hot carriers cannot explain the temperature dependence of the observed I/sub G/ vs. V/sub G/ (gate current vs. gate voltage) characteristic in MOS transistors. As a result, drain avalanche hot carriers alone can explain the experimental observations. Since they include both electrons and holes, because of their origin in impact ionization, the whole spectrum of I/sub G/, I/sub B/, and I/sub D/ observations can be explained by following impact ionized charges from their generation point to collection at either gate, source, or drain. Finally, though the microscopic, physical basis for gate current is altered by this analysis, the empirical relationships developed by C. Hu (1979) and S. Tam et al. (1984) remain valid, since impact ionization (leading now to both surface and all gate currents) is still explained by lucky-electron concepts. >
Mental Health Services for Preschool Children in Primary Care: A Survey of Maternal Attitudes and Beliefs

Objective This study examined maternal attitudes and practices that may prevent preschoolers from receiving needed mental health services. Methods Mothers of 110 children ages 3–6 completed a survey of maternal attitudes and practices and the Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory (ECBI). Results Mothers wanted pediatrician assistance with child behavior concerns. Mothers of children with elevated ECBI scores reported most often discussing disruptive behaviors with their pediatrician, and preferred clinician-provided services, whereas mothers of children with normal range ECBI scores most often discussed developmental issues with the pediatrician and preferred parenting help from handouts and books. Mothers reported receiving clinician-provided services almost never. Conclusions Mothers were open to psychosocial services for child behavior problems, particularly via primary care, and ratings of barriers were relatively low despite reporting infrequent service use. Mothers’ responses highlight the need for mental health providers in primary care to ensure accessibility of desired services.
College, Jobs, or the Military? Enlistment During a Time of War†

Objective. This article questions what factors are associated with joining the military after high school rather than attending college, joining the civilian labor force, or doing some other activity. Three areas of influence on military enlistment are highlighted: educational goals, the institutional presence of the military in communities, and race and socioeconomic status. Method. The analysis uses data from a recent cohort of high school graduates from the State of Texas in 2002, when the United States was at war, and employs multinomial logistic regression to model the correlates of post-high-school choice of activity in this cohort. Results. Results confirm the hypothesis that a higher military institutional presence increases the odds of enlisting in the military relative to enrolling in college, becoming employed, or doing some other activity after high school. Additionally, college aspirations are clearly associated with the decision to enroll in college versus enlist and also increase the odds of joining the military rather than the civilian labor market, or remaining idle. Unlike previous studies, few racial and ethnic differences are found. Conclusion. Voluntary military enlistment during wartime is associated college aspirations, lower socioeconomic status, and living in an area with a high military presence.
Communication Effects of Variations in Organization and Format

This article challenges several long-established principles of organizing written communications. Aids to easy reading or ready reference may rather be aesthetic preferences. Neither logical nor psychological order has any statistically signifi cant superiority.
Two new species of Carcinoplax H. Milne Edwards, 1852, and Pycnoplax Castro, 2007, from the western Pacific, and a description of the female of Thyraplax truncata Castro, 2007 (Crustacea, Decapoda, Brachyura, Goneplacidae)

Castro P. 2009. — Two new species of Carcinoplax H. Milne Edwards, 1852, and Pycnoplax Castro, 2007, from the western pacific, and a description of the female of Thyraplax truncata Castro, 2007 (Crustacea, Decapoda, Brachyura, Goneplacidae). Zoosystema 31 (4): 949-957.
Direct detection of Pb in urine and Cd, Pb, Cu, and Ag in natural waters using electrochemical sensors immobilized with DMSA functionalized magnetic nanoparticles

Urine is universally recognized as one of the best non-invasive matrices for biomonitoring exposure to a broad range of xenobiotics, including toxic metals. Detection of metal ions in urine has been problematic due to the protein competition and electrode fouling. For direct, simple, and field-deployable monitoring of urinary Pb, electrochemical sensors employing superparamagnetic iron oxide (Fe3O4) nanoparticles with a surface functionalization of dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) has been developed. The metal detection involves rapid collection of dispersed metal-bound nanoparticles from a sample solution at a magnetic or electromagnetic electrode, followed by the stripping voltammetry of the metal in acidic medium. The sensors were evaluated as a function of solution pH, the binding affinity of Pb to DMSA–Fe3O4, the ratio of nanoparticles per sample volume, preconcentration time, and Pb concentrations. The effect of binding competitions between the DMSA–Fe3O4 and urine constituents for Pb on the sensor responses was studied. After 90 s of preconcentration in samples containing 25 vol.% of rat urine and 0.1 g L−1 of DMSA–Fe3O4, the sensor could detect background level of Pb (0.5 ppb) and yielded linear responses from 0 to 50 ppb of Pb, excellent reproducibility (%RSD of 5.3 for seven measurements of 30 ppb Pb), and Pb concentrations comparable to those measured by ICP-MS. The sensor could also simultaneously detect background levels (<1 ppb) of Cd, Pb, Cu, and Ag in river and seawater.
Regulation of the Expression of Cell Wall Stress Stimulon Member Gene msrA1 in Methicillin-Susceptible or -Resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Genome-wide transcriptional profiling studies of the response of Staphylococcus aureus to cell wall-active antibiotics have led to the discovery of a cell wall stress stimulon of genes induced by these agents. msrA1, encoding methionine sulfoxide reductase, is a highly induced member gene of this stimulon. In the present study we show that msrA1 induction by oxacillin is common to all methicillin-susceptible strains studied but did not occur in two homogeneous and two heterogeneous methicillin-resistant strains. However, msrA1 was induced by vancomycin and/or D-cycloserine in methicillin-resistant strains. Lysozyme and lysostaphin treatment did not induce msrA1 expression. Oxacillin-induced msrA1 expression was enhanced by ca. 30% in a SigB+ derivative (SH1000) of the SigB-defective RN450 (NCTC 8325-4) strain. msrA1 expression was not affected in mutants in the global regulatory systems agr and sar. Glycerol monolaurate, an inhibitor of signal transduction, inhibited the oxacillin-induced transcription of msrA1 and other cell wall stress stimulon member genes, vraS and dnaK. These observations suggest that the cell wall stress stimulon is induced by inhibition of the process of peptidoglycan biosynthesis, and the inhibitory effects of glycerol monolaurate indicate that gene expression is dependent on a signal transduction pathway.
Significant point detection and boundary representation with lines and circular arcs, using a scanning box method

A boundary curve is represented by circular arcs and lines to obtain explicit geometrical features. Corner points, which are local extremum points, are detected by the symmetry property of the points. An inflection point is a zero-crossing point between two neighboring extremum points. In the LMS (least-mean-square) sense, a circular arc between two neighboring significant points is optimized. The similarity of neighboring segments is checked in radius and center, and the segments are merged when the difference is negligible. The representation result obtained here is a good approximation of the original curve, in the sense that it makes critical points explicit and achieves error-minimized representation. >
Marrow mass and distribution in murine skeletons cleaned by beetles as compared to cut up carcasses and a further simplification of the latter technique.

Distribution of 59Fe into various bone groups of the complete murine skeleton was studied using two methods of dividing up the bones: 1) our previously reported technique of simply cutting up a skinned, eviscerated carcass and 2) separating bones from skeletons cleaned of overlying tissue by beetles, Dermestes species. The total percentage of injected 59Fe recovered in the sum of all skeletal parts, the percentage of total skeletal 59Fe found in each bone group, and the overall accuracy of determining these values were quite similar for the two techniques. The only statistically significant difference shown was a modest decrease in the percentage of total skeletal iron found in ribs plus sternum plus cervical and thoracic spine in beetle-cleaned as compared to cut up groups and we would not consider this to be of biological significance. Cutting up carcasses is the simpler of the two techniques but there are circumstances in which beetle digestion would be advantageous. In addition, we collected data on the reproducibility and precision of determining the percentage of 59Fe injected which is found in a „pulled off” foreleg plus scapula and of the distribution of 59Fe within three cut up pieces from the leg and within the scapula. These data can be used as a measure of overall changes in marrow mass and/or distribution, or at least they can be used as a screening procedure to detect such. This simple procedure adds potentially useful values for fully interpreting hematopoietic changes in the mouse.
Effect of Porosity on the Stiffness of Cast Steel

The effect of porosity on the elastic behavior of cast steel is investigated experimentally, and an approach for including porosity effects in finite element analysis (FEA) simulations is presented. Porous cast steel specimens are mechanically tested having apparent elastic moduli reduced between 17 and 61 pct. Analysis of radiographs and tomography is used to measure and reconstruct the porosity distribution in these test specimens. The porosity distribution is incorporated into FEA simulations, where elastic mechanical properties are dependent on the locally varying porosity. A relationship between elastic modulus and porosity E(ϕ) is determined by minimizing the difference between the simulations and the measurements: \( E{\text{(}}\phi {\text{)}}\;\, = \;E_{0} \;{\left( {1\, - \phi \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {\phi {0.5}}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {0.5}} \right)}^{{\,2.5}} \), where E 0 is the elastic modulus of the sound material and ϕ is the porosity volume fraction. It is found that the elastic modulus decreases nonlinearly with porosity and that the steel exhibits a critical porosity level above which it loses all stiffness. This study shows that the stiffness of porous materials depends not only on the amount of porosity, but on how it is distributed and other characteristics such as pore shape and size. By modeling the effect of the porosity distribution in the simulations, the measured strain is predicted within ±10 pct agreement.
Improving server software support for simultaneous multithreaded processors

Simultaneous multithreading (SMT) represents a fundamental shift in processor capability. SMT's ability to execute multiple threads simultaneously within a single CPU offers tremendous potential performance benefits. However, the structure and behavior of software affects the extent to which this potential can be achieved. Consequently, just like the earlier arrival of multiprocessors, the advent of SMT processors prompts a needed re-evaluation of software that will run on them. This evaluation is complicated, since SMT adopts architectural features and operating costs of both its predecessors (uniprocessors and multiprocessors). The crucial task for researchers is to determine which software structures and policies - multi-processor, uniprocessor, or neither - are most appropriate for SMT.This paper evaluates how SMT's changes to the underlying hardware affects server software, and in particular, SMT's effects on memory allocation and synchronization. Using detailed simulation of an SMT server implemented in three different thread models, we find that the default policies often provided with multiprocessor operating systems produce unacceptably low performance. For each area that we examine, we identify better policies that combine techniques from both uniprocessors and multi-processors. We also uncover a vital aspect of multi-threaded synchronization (interaction with operating system thread scheduling) that previous research on SMT synchronization had overlooked. Overall, our results demonstrate how a few simple changes to applications' run-time support libraries can dramatically boost the performance of multi-threaded servers on SMT, without requiring modifications to the applications themselves.
Spectral ambiguity of Allan variance

The phase-noise spectrum determines the Allan variance by a well-known integral formula. It is shown here that unique inversion of this formula is not possible in general because the mapping from spectrum to Allan variance is not one-to-one. A necessary and sufficient condition for two distinct phase spectra to have the same Allan variance is given.