cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Substratum effects on cell dispersal, morphology, and differentiation in cultures of avian neural crest cells☆

Adhesive extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules appear to play roles in the migration of neural crest cells, and may also provide cues for differentiation of these cells into a variety of phenotypes. We are studying the influences of specific ECM components on crest differentiation at the levels of both individual cells and cell populations. We report here that the glycoproteins fibronectin and laminin differentially affect melanogenesis in cultures of avian neural crest-derived cells. Clusters of neural crest cells were allowed to form on explanted neural tubes for 24 and 48 hr, and then subcultured on uncoated glass coverslips or coverslips coated with fibronectin or laminin. The morphology of cells varied on the three substrata, as did patterns of cell dispersal. Crest cells dispersed most rapidly and extensively on fibronectin. In contrast, cells on laminin dispersed initially, but then assumed a stellate morphology and rapidly formed small aggregates. Cell dispersal was minimal on glass substrata, resulting in a uniformly dense distribution. These patterns of dispersal were similar in subcultures of both 24- and 48-hr clusters, although dispersal of cells from older clusters was less extensive. The rate and extent of melanogenesis correlated with patterns of cell dispersal. Cell from 24-hr clusters underwent melanogenesis significantly more slowly on fibronectin than on the other two substrata. Pigment cells began to differentiate by 2 days of subculture in the cell aggregates on laminin and in the dense centers of cultures on untreated glass. By 5 days, there was significantly more melanogenesis in cultures on laminin and glass than on fibronectin substrata. Melanogenesis in cultures of 48-hr clusters was more rapid and extensive on control (glass) substrata than on fibronectin or laminin, correlating with reduced cell dispersal. We conclude that fibronectin and laminin, which are found along neural crest migratory pathways in vivo, can affect melanogenesis in vitro by regulating patterns of cell dispersal.
Determining the Course of the Dorsal Nerve of the Clitoris

OBJECTIVES To describe the course and variation of the dorsal nerve of the clitoris (DNC) to better define its anatomy in the human adult before embarking on therapeutic strategies in this region of the body and as an aid to surgeons to help avoid iatrogenic injury to the DNC during vaginal surgical procedures. METHODS Six human female cadavers of variable body weights were sectioned. A vertical midline incision from the base of the clitoris extending toward the direction of the umbilicus was made. The DNC was identified by dissecting out the fascia, fat, and muscles around it. The anatomy of the nerve was noted bilaterally. RESULTS Distally, the DNC pierced the perineal membrane lateral to the external urethral meatus. It traversed along the bulbospongiosus muscle before traversing posterior to the crura. The DNC reappeared, hooking over the crura to lie on the anterolateral surface of the body of the clitoris, before dividing into 2 cords and terminating short of the tip of the glans clitoris. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study have demonstrated the unique anatomy of the distal part of the DNC. Knowledge of the anatomy of the DNC, which was consistent for all the cadavers, is important so that surgeons can avoid potential iatrogenic injuries to this structure.
Molecular anchoring at the droplet wall in PDLC materials

The anchoring strength, anchoring angle and molecular order at the droplet wall are measurable parameters which affect the nematic director configuration and hence the electro- optic response of PDLC display devices. Technologies to measure these quantities and the authors' current understanding of their role in droplet morphology are presented. The cylindrical geometries of Nuclepore filters are shown to be useful in studying the competing effects of anchoring energy and cavity curvature for different surface treatments. Nuclear magnetic resonance methods are used to determine director configurations of submicron cavity sizes while optical microscope textures are preferable in supramicron-size droplets.
Teaching programmable shaders: lightweight versus heavyweight approach

The most exciting recent advance in computer graphics has been the development of programmable Graphics Processing Units (GPUs). We discuss different approaches to and some of the issues involved in teaching the use of GPUs.
Reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography of hydrophobic proteins and fragments thereof.

Reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) resolution and recovery of cytochrome P-450 and bovine rhodopsin, both integral membrane proteins, and large peptides derived from P-450 LMI were enhanced by utilizing ternary solvents. Surprisingly, most test materials eluted later in the gradient when using mixtures of acetonitrile and propanol in the mobile phase compared to using either solvent alone. Of the supports tested, the best recovery of hydrophobic cytochrome P-450 LMI was experienced on the less retentive CN-bonded phase. Two alternate solvents for HPLC of polypeptides are proposed: (1) 0.02-o. 1 M hexafluoroacetone/ NH3, pH 7.2 for highly acidic peptides; and (2) 6 M formic acid/O.13 M trimethylamine, pH 1.5, vs 4 M formic acid/O.09 M trimethylamine in propanol for relatively insoluble peptides. Anomalous side reactions between formic acid and peptides can cause HPLC peak broadening, increased retention, and decreased resolution. These deleterious effects are thought to be due in part to formyl esterilication of serine and threonine residues and appear to be reversible by aminoethanol treatment.
Creating Genetic Resistance to HIV

HIV/AIDS remains a chronic and incurable disease, in spite of the notable successes of combination antiretroviral therapy. Gene therapy offers the prospect of creating genetic resistance to HIV that supplants the need for antiviral drugs. In sight of this goal, a variety of anti-HIV genes have reached clinical testing, including gene-editing enzymes, protein-based inhibitors, and RNA-based therapeutics. Combinations of therapeutic genes against viral and host targets are designed to improve the overall antiviral potency and reduce the likelihood of viral resistance. In cell-based therapies, therapeutic genes are expressed in gene modified T lymphocytes or in hematopoietic stem cells that generate an HIV-resistant immune system. Such strategies must promote the selective proliferation of the transplanted cells and the prolonged expression of therapeutic genes. This review focuses on the current advances and limitations in genetic therapies against HIV, including the status of several recent and ongoing clinical studies.
Two types of adenosine triphosphatase from flagella of Chlamydomonas reinhardi

Abstract Chlamydomonas flagella were found to contain, in addition to dynein, a distinct low molecular weight, calcium specific adenosine triphosphatase. Some properties of this enzyme and of adenylate kinase are reported.
Biomass burning emission inventory with daily resolution: Application to aircraft observations of Asian outflow

[1] We develop a daily-resolved global emission inventory for biomass burning using AVHRR satellite observations of fire activity corrected for data gaps and scan angle biases. We implemented this inventory in a global three-dimensional model (GEOS-CHEM) to simulate aircraft CO observations during the TRACE-P mission over the NW Pacific in February–April 2001. Seasonal biomass burning in SE Asia was a major contributor to the outflow of Asian pollution observed in TRACE-P and shows large day-to-day fluctuations that vary depending on location. Three simulations were conducted with the same 3-month total (February–April) emissions but different temporal distributions: 2001 daily resolved, 2001 monthly resolved, and climatological monthly resolved. The effect of daily resolved versus monthly resolved 2001 emissions in the simulation of CO is less than 8 ppbv in Asian outflow over the NW Pacific but can exceed 100 ppbv over source regions. The relatively small effect in Asian outflow reflects spatial and temporal averaging of emissions during ageing in the continental boundary layer. Significant improvement in the simulation of TRACE-P observations (as diagnosed by the resolved variance) is found when using 2001 monthly versus climatological monthly emissions, but using 2001 daily emissions does not offer further improvement.
Fracture control of regional ground-water flow in a carbonate aquifer in a semi-arid region

We integrate fracture mapping and numerical modeling to assess the role of fractures in regional round-water flow. Although the importance of fractures in ground-water flow and solute transport is accepted generally, few studies have addressed quantitatively the regional hydrogeological implications of fractures. The field-study area in west Texas and southeastern New Mexico consists primarily of subhorizontal Permian carbonate rocks cut by extensional faults and fractures. Air-photo analysis and field mapping reveal a broad fracture zone extending from the Sacramento Mountains of New Mexico to the Salt Basin near Dell City, Texas. Most fractures are subparallel to major normal faults. The most intense fracturing coincides with a prominent trough in the potentiometric surface and an apparent “plume” of relatively fresh ground water. Flow models, corroborated by geochemical data, indicate that fracturing has created a high-permeability zone that funnels recharge from the Sacramento Mountains at least 80 km southeastward to its discharge zone. A steady-state finite-element flow model uses fracture data to predict the spatial transmissivity distribution. Given the probable range of recharge, discharge, and other hydrologic parameters, fractures are the most important factor affecting the potentiometric surface configuration. Our study implies that: (1) fractures can control ground-water flow over large (>1000 km 2 ) areas; (2) effective recharge areas and regional ground-water chemistry trends are strongly influenced by fractures; and (3) a priori inferences about aquifer properties and regional flow are possible by means of fracture studies. This study demonstrates that the timing and nature of fracturing can affect regional subsurface fluid flow, as well as related processes such as hydrothermal mineralization, diagenesis, and hydrocarbon transport and entrapment.
Nickel(II) complexes with tetraaza macrocyclic ligands

Abstract The Ni(II) complexes of 1,5,9,13-tetraazacyclohexadecane ([16]aneN 4 ) and 1,4,8,12 tetraazacyclopentadecane ([15]aneN 4 ) ligands have been synthesized and characterized by X-ray crystallography. Crystal data for orange [Ni([16]aneN 4 )](ClO 4 ) 2 ( 1 ) at 213 K: monoclinic space group P 2 1 / c , a =13.38(1), b =17.818(6), c =16.579(6) A, β=90.80(6)°, V =3952(4) A3; for [Ni([15]aneN 4 )[ClO 4 ) 2 ] (3) at 173 K: monoclinic space group P 2 1 / n , a =8.072(2), b =17.857(2), c =12.923(2) A, β=95.92(1)°, V =1852.8(7) A3. Compound 1 has the ligand in the ch,ch,ch,ch,+−+−conformation, but the nitrogen atoms are practically coplanar. In 3 , the ligand conformation is again planar, but octahedral coordination about the nickel ion is completed by two unidentate ClO − 4 ions and the compound is purple with (presumably) high-spin nickel(II). There is an orange precursor, 2 , to 3 in which the ClO − 4 ions are not coordinated and the structure is planar.
Precise Attitude Stabilization of a Large Orbiting Telescope Coupled to a Crew Compartment

Computer simulation results are presented for the planar equations of motion of an attitude-stabilized orbiting telescope passively coupled to a manned service module. This coupling is provided through a set of soft springs and a two-axis gimbal aligned with the telescope center of mass. Principal nonlinearities in the suspension system and the telescope control system are included. The simulation indicates preliminary nary feasibility of this operational mode.
Atom Column Indexing: Atomic Resolution Image Analysis Through a Matrix Representation

Here, we report the development of an approach to map atomic resolution images into a convenient matrix representation. Through the combination of two-dimensional Gaussian fitting and the projective standard deviation, atom column locations are projected onto two noncollinear reference lattice vectors that are used to assign each a unique (i, j) matrix index. By doing so, straightforward atomic resolution image analysis becomes possible. Using practical examples, we demonstrate that the matrix representation greatly simplifies categorizing atom columns to different sublattices. This enables a myriad of direct analyses, such as mapping atom column properties and correlating long-range atom column pairs. MATLAB source code can be downloaded from https://github.com/subangstrom/aci.
ADDITIONAL EVIDENCE FOR VALIDITY OF THE CONSIDERATION OF FUTURE CONSEQUENCES SCALE IN AN ACADEMIC SETTING

The present study examined the relationship between scores on the Consideration of Future Consequences scale and academic achievement within two samples of undergraduates (ns = 36 and 24) enrolled ...
The successful use of right unilateral ultra-brief pulse electroconvulsive therapy in an adolescent with catatonia

Right unilateral ultra-brief electroconvulsive therapy (RUL UB ECT) has been shown to be efficacious with minimal cognitive adverse effects in adult patients with major depression. We present the case of a 14-year-old girl with major depressive disorder with catatonic and psychotic features whose symptoms remitted after 12 treatments of RUL UB ECT.
Organizing spatial data for robotics systems

Abstract Successful robotics systems require the organization and analysis of a tremendous amount of sensor data. Moreover, the current computer paradigm of “shape-from” algorithms requires multi-dimensional data from the sensors, e.g. 3-space location and surface normal. Such multi-dimensional vectors must be organized such that spatial searching is efficient and so that spatial proximity is easily determined. Unfortunately, even though methods of computational geometry have been quite successful in dealing with intersection and proximity problems in 2-D, they have not been so successful in dealing with data of dimension greater than two. We define the spatial proximity graph as a low-level organizational structure, and show how it can be built efficiently. Some examples are given.
The Competitive Newsboy

We consider a competitive version of the classical newsboy problem-in which a firm must choose an inventory or production level for a perishable good with random demand, and the optimal solution is a fractile of the demand distribution-and investigate the impact of competition upon industry inventory. A splitting rule specifies how initial industry demand is allocated among competing firms and how any excess demand is allocated among firms with remaining inventory. We examine the relation between equilibrium inventory levels and the splitting rule and provide conditions under which there is a unique equilibrium. Our most general result is that if all excess demand is reallocated, i.e., there is perfect substitutability, then competition never leads to a decrease in industry inventory.
Perceived Need for Mental Health Care Among Community-Dwelling Older Adults

Only half of older adults with a mental disorder use mental health services, and little is known about the causes of perceived need for mental health care (MHC). We used logistic regression to examine relationships among depression, anxiety, chronic physical illness, alcohol abuse and/or dependence, sociodemographics, and perceived need among a national sample of community-dwelling individuals 65 years of age and older (the Collaborative Psychiatric Epidemiology Surveys data set). Less than half of respondents with depression or anxiety perceived a need for care. Perceived need was greater for respondents with more symptoms of depression regardless of whether they met diagnostic criteria for a mental illness. History of chronic physical conditions, history of depression or anxiety, and more severe mental illness were associated with greater perceived need for MHC. Future studies of perceived need should account for individual perceptions of mental illness and treatment and the influence of social networks.
Sphere Packings Give an Explicit Bound for the Besicovitch Covering Theorem

We show that the number of disjointed families needed in the Besi- covitch Covering Theorem equals the number of unit spheres that can be packed into a ball of radius five, with one at the center, and get estimates on this number.
Home Color as a Territorial Marker

Summary.-Effect of color of a neighboring home on house color was investigated in a smd town in northern Minnesota. It was found that color matches across common boundaries were less frequent than expected based on a random distribution of house colors. This indicates that in selecting the color for a home, there is systematic avoidance of colors previously chosen by neighbors. This effect was specific to chromatic (nonwhite) houses, suggesting that color per se serves as a territorial marker. The territoriality of humans is a well-established phenomenon, although its relationship to territoriality in nonhuman vertebrates remains controversial. A territory may be defined as a defended space, and it is clear that humans defend a variety of territories in different ways (1, 2). Territories which are established in public areas (e.g., libraries, parks, beaches) have been the subject of many empirical studies but territorial behavior is just as evident at home. Family members engage in a rather rigid partition of available space in rooms, closets, beds, and at tables (5). Occupancy of common areas, such as bathrooms, may be defended by particular individuals for restricted time (1). Externally, a home may be marked by fences, nameplates, and other signs of proprietorship. Frequency of such markers is correlated with behavioral indicators of territorial defense such as latency to answer the doorbell (4). Territorial markers also appear to prevent crimes against property (2). Although modifications of external features of a home (furnishings, artworks, decoration) have been identified as territorial markers (2), color of the home has never been systematically examined as a transmitter of information about territorial occupancy.
Laplace approximations for censored linear regression models

We consider approximate Bayesian inference about scalar parameters of linear regression models with possible censoring. A second-order expansion of their Laplace posterior is seen to have a simple and intuitive form for logconcave error densities with nondecreasing hazard functions. The accuracy of the approximations is assessed for normal and Gumbel errors when the number of regressors increases with sample size. Perturbations of the prior and the likelihood are seen to be easily accommodated within our framework. Links with the work of DiCiccio et al. (1990) and Viveros and Sprott (1987) extend the applicability of our results to conditional frequentist inference based on likelihood-ratio statistics. Nous considerons l'inference Bayesienne approximative au sujet de parametres scalaires de modeles de regression lineaire avec censure possible. Nous demontrons qu'une expansion de second-ordre de leur approximation de Laplace a posteriori a une forme simple et intuitive pour les densites d'erreur logconcave avec fonctions de danger non-decroissantes. La precision des approximations est evaluee pour les erreurs Normal et Gumbel, lorsque le nombre de variables explicatives croit avec la taille de l'echantillon. Des perturbations de la loi a priori et de la vraisemblance sont facilement prise en compte au sein de notre structure. Des liens aux travaux de DiCiccio et al. (1990) et Viveros et Sprott (1987) etendent l'applicabilite de nos resultats a 1'inference conditionnelle frequentiste fondee sur les statistiques du rapport des vraisemblances.
The effect of altered loading following rotator cuff tears in a rat model on the regional mechanical properties of the long head of the biceps tendon

Biceps tendon pathology is a common clinical problem often seen in conjunction with rotator cuff tears. A previous study found detrimental changes to biceps tendons in the presence of rotator cuff tears in a rat model. Therefore, the objective of this study was to utilize this model along with models of altered loading to investigate the effect of altered loading on the initiation of these detrimental changes. We created supraspinatus and infraspinatus rotator cuff tears in the rat and followed these tears with either increased or decreased loading. Mechanical properties were determined along the length of the biceps tendon 4 and 8 weeks following injury. At the insertion site, stiffness increased with decreased loading, while detrimental changes were seen with increased loading 4 weeks following detachments. Increased loading resulted in decreased mechanical properties along the entire tendon length at both time points. Decreased loading resulted in both increased and decreased tendon properties at different regions of the tendon at 4 weeks, but by 8 weeks, there were no differences between decreased loading and detachment alone. We could not conclude where changes begin in the tendon with altered loading, but did demonstrate that regional differences exist. These results support that there is an effect of altered loading, as decreased loading resulted in variable changes at 4 weeks that were no different from detachment alone by 8 weeks, and increased loading resulted in detrimental properties along the entire length at both 4 and 8 weeks.
The management of congenital neck masses.

The vast majority of neck masses in children are benign, inflammatory lesions that resolve spontaneously or following appropriate medical therapy. An excisional biopsy for diagnostic or cosmetic purposes often becomes necessary in the treatment of persistent or recurrent masses; therapeutic surgical intervention may also be indicated for neck masses that cause aerodigestive tract compromise or present with other worrisome clinical features. The majority of neck masses requiring surgical therapy in children are of congenital origin; less common diagnoses include chronic inflammatory lesions, noninflammatory benign masses, and both benign and malignant neop1asms.l Congenital cervical masses include those of branchial system origin, thyroid and thymic gland anomalies, dermoid and teratoid cysts, laryngoceles, lymphangiomas, and other vascular anomalies. Although infrequent in absolute number, they are a surgically challenging group of lesions.
Labour Productivity and Energy Use in a Three‐Sector Model: An Application to Egypt

This article presents a model of a developing economy with three sectors — industry, agriculture and energy. Industry and energy are assumed to be demand-constrained, but agriculture supply-constrained. The model highlights: (a) structural transformation, through labour transfer from agriculture to industry; (b) inflation, driven by the interaction of demand and the supply constraint in agriculture; and (c) the link between energy use and labour productivity. Employing a Kaldor-Verdoorn productivity rule in industry augmented with energy intensity — energy per unit of labour — as an argument, we emphasize that labour productivity growth is driven by energy intensity rather than energy productivity growth. As a consequence, emissions reduction without North–South technology transfer and financial assistance costs growth.
Products of unsaturated fatty acid oxidation catalyzed by hematin compounds

A study has been made of the initial and secondary products resulting from the hematin catalyzed decomposition of hydroperoxides. The initial product was found to be the alkoxy free-radical produced by the homolytic cleavage of the O-OH bond of the hydroperoxide. The system was arranged so that the alkoxy radicals reacted with a hydrogen donor as they were formed to produce the corresponding alcohol. The alcohol was then identified by standard physical and chemical procedures.
Elaboration and consequences of anchored estimates: An attitudinal perspective on numerical anchoring

In the standard numerical anchoring paradigm, the influence of externally provided anchors on judgment is typically explained as a result of elaborate thinking (i.e., confirmatory hypothesis testing that selectively activates anchor-consistent information in memory). In contrast, theories of attitude change suggest that the same judgments can result from relatively thoughtful or non-thoughtful processes, with more thoughtful processes resulting in judgments that last longer over time and better resist future attempts at change. Guided by an attitudinal approach to anchoring, four studies manipulated participants’ level of cognitive load to produce relatively high versus low levels of thinking. These studies show that, although anchoring can occur under both high and low thought conditions, anchoring based on a higher level of thinking involves greater use of judgment-relevant background knowledge, persists longer over time, is more resistant to subsequent attempts at social influence, and is less likely to result from direct numeric priming.
Spatial variation of climatic and non-climatic controls on species distribution: the range limit of Tsuga heterophylla

Aim To assess which climatic variables control the distribution of western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla), how climatic controls vary over latitude and between disjunct coastal and interior sub-distributions, and whether non-climatic factors, such as dispersal limitation and interspecific competition, affect range limits in areas of low climatic control. Location North-western North America. Methods We compared four bioclimatic variables [actual evapotranspiration (AET), water deficit (DEF), mean temperature of the coldest month (MTCO), and growing degree-days (GDD5)] with the distribution of T. heterophylla at a 2-km grid cell resolution. The distribution is based on a zonal ecosystem classification where T. heterophylla is the dominant late-successional species. For each bioclimatic variable and at each degree of latitude, we calculated the threshold that best defines the T. heterophylla distribution and assessed the extent to which T. heterophylla was segregated to one end of the bioclimatic gradient. We also fitted two forms of multivariate bioclimatic models to predict the T. heterophylla distribution: a simple threshold model and a complex Gaussian mixture model. Each model was trained separately on the coastal and interior distributions, and predicted areas outside of the T. heterophylla distribution (overprediction) were evaluated with respect to known outlier populations. Results Actual evapotranspiration was the most accurate predictor across the T. heterophylla distribution; other variables were important only in certain areas. There was strong latitudinal variation in the thresholds of all variables except AET, and the interior distribution had wider bioclimatic thresholds than the coastal distribution. The coastal distribution was predicted accurately by both bioclimatic models; areas of overprediction rarely occurred > 10 km from the observed distribution and generally matched small outlier populations. In contrast, the interior distribution was poorly predicted by both models; areas of overprediction occurred up to 140 km from the observed distribution and did not match outlier populations. The greatest overprediction occurred in Idaho and Montana in areas supporting species that typically co-exist with T. heterophylla. Main conclusions The high predictive capacity of AET is consistent with this species’ physiological requirements for a mild and humid climate. Spatial variation of MTCO, GDD5 and DEF thresholds probably reflects both the correlation of these variables with AET and ecotypic variation. The level of overprediction in portions of the interior suggests that T. heterophylla has not completely expanded into its potential habitat. Tsuga heterophylla became common in the interior 2000‐3500 years ago, compared with > 9000 years ago in the coastal region. The limited time for dispersal, coupled with frequent fires at the margins of the distribution and competition with disturbance-adapted species, may have retarded range expansion in the interior. This study
A 128 X 128 frame-addressed deformable mirror spatial light modulator

We describe the design, fabrication, and performance of the frame-addressed spatial light modulator (FASLM), a frame-updated 128 x 128 deformable mirror device (DMD) spatial light modulator(SLM). This new DMD consists of a 128 x 128 array of mirror elements addressed by an underlying virtual phase CCD array. Each mirror element consists of four cantilever beam mirrors attached to a central pillar, allowing contiguous placement of the elements. The FASLM operates at higher speed (up to 4-kHz frame rate with 100% pixel addressing) and with a higher optical duty cycle (96%) than previous DMD SLMs.
Management of Chronic Pancreatitis

Advances in our understanding of chronic pancreatitis have improved our care of patients with this disease. Although our therapies are imperfect and many patients remain symptomatic, appropriate medical care improves the quality of life in these patients. Proper management requires an accurate diagnosis, recognition of the modifiable causes of disease, assessment of symptoms and complications, treatment of these symptoms and complications utilizing a multidisciplinary team, and ongoing monitoring for the effect of therapy and the occurrence of complications.
Transient analysis of adaptive filters with error nonlinearities

The paper develops a unified approach to the transient analysis of adaptive filters with error nonlinearities. In addition to deriving earlier results in a unified manner, the approach also leads to new performance results without restricting the regression data to being Gaussian or white. The framework is based on energy-conservation arguments and avoids the need for explicit recursions for the covariance matrix of the weight-error vector.
pH of inflammatory exudates in granulocytopenic rabbits.

SummaryThe exudate pH from nonspecific acute inflammatory skin lesions of granulocytopenic rabbits was measured at various times and the inflammatory cell response in the corresponding lesions was studied histologically. In granulocytopenic animals acidosis was absent in early lesions with reduced granulocytic response but developed in later lesions showing delayed granulocyte infiltration. This study indicates that the local acidosis in acute inflammatory lesions depends largely upon the granulocytic infiltration at the site of injury.The authors thank Miss Hillma Gheesling, Mrs. Julia Schuch and Mrs. Marjorie Lamb for competent technical assistance, and Mrs. Nancy Lambert for secretarial help.
Media Reports of Olympic Success by Chinese and American Gold Medalists: Cultural Differences in Causal Attribution

Our study examines media reports of attribution of success by American and Chinese gold medalists at the 2008 Beijing Summer Olympics. Broadcast interviews were selected from official websites of NBC from the United States and CCTV from China. In addition, news reports from Chinese and American print media were selected through the Access World News database between August 8, 2008 (start of the Olympics) and August 31, 2008 (1 week after the closing ceremony). Results show that Chinese athletes, as reported by both Chinese broadcast and print media, attributed success to situational factors such as support and encouragement from socially important others, societal motivation, and national pride. American athletes were reported by American media to attribute success to dispositional factors such as personal characteristics and self-motivation. These results suggest that individual accounts of success as reported in the media are consistent with cultural norms and values.
Mitigation of Radiation-Induced Dermatitis by Activation of Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 2 Using Topical Alda-1 in Mice1

Radiation-induced dermatitis is a debilitating clinical problem in cancer patients undergoing cancer radiation therapy. It is also a possible outcome of exposure to high levels of radiation due to accident or hostile activity. We report that activation of aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) enzymatic activity using the allosteric agonist, Alda-1, significantly reduced 4-hydroxynonenal adducts accumulation, delayed the onset of radiation dermatitis and substantially reduced symptoms in a clinically-relevant model of radiation-induced dermatitis. Importantly, Alda-1 did not radioprotect tumors in mice. Rather, it increased the sensitivity of the tumors to radiation therapy. This is the first report of reactive aldehydes playing a role in the intrinsic radiosensitivity of normal and tumor tissues. Our findings suggest that ALDH2 represents a novel target for the treatment of radiation dermatitis without reducing the benefit of radiotherapy.
The Receiver's Dilemma ⁄

In Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs), each node has the capacity to act as a router. The performance of the MANET relies on how well the nodes perform this function. In simulations, the receipt of a Route Reply (RREP) packet is evidence that the associated link is reliable, but in the real world of wireless links, it is not. Thus a node often has to decide whether the RREP indicates a reliable link or is due to an outlier in the distribution of received power. If the node accepts an atypical RREP when the link is not reliable, the subsequent attempt to communicate will fail. On the other hand, if it rejects a representative RREP, it will fail to use a reliable link. This paper examines this selection problem using a stochastic model of link behavior and explores some techniques that may be used to deal with the situation.
Labour-Saving Technologies in the Javanese Rice Economy: Recent Developments and a Look into the 1990s

Rising labour costs and declining terms of trade for rice farmers on Java during the 1980s have encouraged the adoption of labour-saving technologies. This paper uses extensive field survey evidence to illustrate current patterns of labour-displacing technological change in the Javanese rice economy. It presents the recent introduction of pre-emergence herbicides as a potential revolution in labour-saving technologies, comparable to that of small rice mills and sickles. The evidence shows that the growing use of tractors and machine threshers is further reducing labour inputs. These changes will have a profound effect on the role of women in rice agriculture. The paper compares the transition in the Javanese rice economy with that experienced elsewhere in Asia, and shows that the adoption of labour-saving technologies has occurred more slowly on Java than in other countries in the region.
Psychophysiological measures of anesthetic depth

The effects of isoflurane at three different doses (0.75, 1.68, and 2.17 MAC) were examined in 12 male rats at two different times of day on baseline and in response to a tactile stimulus (tailpinch) and an auditory stimulus (click). Dependent measures included anterior-parietal and posterior-parietal electrocorticograms (ECoGs), heart rate (HR), respiration, and gross body movement. The ECoG was the measure most sensitive in distinguishing anesthetic dose, whereas gross body movement exhibited the least sensitivity. Finally, although there were significant circadian variations in the ECoG, HR, and respiration for baseline doses of isoflurane, circadian variation in anesthetic action was not demonstrated. The data support the notion that animals can experience stimuli under anesthesia to which they do not, or cannot, exhibit motor responses.
Discrete Models of Autocrine Cell Communication in Epithelial Layers

Pattern formation in epithelial layers heavily relies on cell communication by secreted ligands. Whereas the experimentally observed signaling patterns can be visualized at single-cell resolution, a biophysical framework for their interpretation is currently lacking. To this end, we develop a family of discrete models of cell communication in epithelial layers. The models are based on the introduction of cell-to-cell coupling coefficients that characterize the spatial range of intercellular signaling by diffusing ligands. We derive the coupling coefficients as functions of geometric, cellular, and molecular parameters of the ligand transport problem. Using these coupling coefficients, we analyze a nonlinear model of positive feedback between ligand release and binding. In particular, we study criteria of existence of the patterns consisting of clusters of a few signaling cells, as well as the onset of signal propagation. We use our model to interpret recent experimental studies of the EGFR/Rhomboid/Spitz module in Drosophila development.
Castration attenuates prolactin response but potentiates ACTH response to conditioned stress in the rat

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of circulating androgens on neuroendocrine, autonomic, and behavioral responses to stress. The effects of conditioned stress were studied in male...
The effects of prolonged exposure and sertraline on emotion regulation in individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder

The effects of current posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) interventions on emotion regulation are relatively unknown. Many conceptualize PTSD as a disorder of emotion dysregulation, and clinicians often fear that emotion regulation impairments will not change with stand-alone PTSD treatments, particularly for individuals with pre-existing emotion regulation difficulties. The present study examined changes in emotion regulation (expressive suppression, cognitive reappraisal, negative mood regulation) with prolonged exposure (PE) therapy or sertraline, specifically examining whether those with higher pre-existing emotion regulation difficulties improved over treatment on these indices. Individuals with chronic PTSD (N = 200) received 10 weeks of PE or sertraline and were followed through 6-month follow-up. Emotion regulation was assessed at pre- and post-treatment and at 3- and 6-month follow-up. Individuals with poorer initial emotion regulation showed greater improvement on all indices of emotion regulation, regardless of which treatment they received. Changes occurred during active treatment and were maintained over follow-up. These findings have both theoretical and clinical implications, arguing that emotion regulation is not impaired across all individuals with PTSD and that PE and sertraline effectively address emotion regulation difficulties.
Estimation of a Stochastic Volatility Model Using Pricing and Hedging Information

Estimation of option pricing models in which the underlying asset exhibits stochastic volatility presents complicated econometric questions. One such question, thus far unstudied, is whether the inclusion of information derived from hedging relationships implied by an option pricing model may be used in conjunction with pricing information to provide more reliable parameter estimates than the use of pricing information alone. This paper estimates, using a simple least-squares procedure, the stochastic volatility model of Heston (1993), and includes hedging information in the objective function. This hedging information enters the objective function through a weighting parameter that is chosen optimally within the model. With the weight appropriately chosen, we find that incorporating the hedging information reduces both the out-of-sample hedging and pricing errors associated with the Heston model.
1,1,3,3-Tetramethylguanidine-Promoted Ring-Opening Polymerization of N-Butyl N-Carboxyanhydride Using Alcohol Initiators

N-Butyl N-carboxyanhydride (Bu-NCA) was polymerized in THF to produce poly(N-butylglycine) using benzyl alcohol initiator and 1,1,3,3-tetramethylguanidine (TMG) promoter. Poly(N-butylglycine) species (PNBG) with controlled molecular weight (Mn = 2.9–20.5 kg mol–1) and narrow molecular weight distribution (PDI = 1.04–1.08) were obtained by controlling the initial monomer-to-initiator ratio and conversion. The reaction exhibits characteristics of a living polymerization, as evidenced by the linear increase of Mn with conversion and successful chain extension experiments. Kinetic studies revealed a first-order dependence of propagation rate on the monomer and benzyl alcohol concentration and zero-order dependence on the TMG concentration, consistent with a controlled polymerization where the TMG does not influence the chain propagation. It was further revealed that the polymerization activities and Mn control are strongly dependent on the structure of the alcohol initiators. Primary alcohols (e.g., methanol,...
Through seeing stones: Maya epigraphy as a mature discipline

Maya script�the most elaborate and extensive system of native writing in the New World�was in active use across the Yucatan Peninsula from 300 BC�AD 1700. Maya epigraphy began in the late nineteenth century, developing through the efforts of key figures, often with oblique approaches from other disciplines. Today, the research landscape is increasingly virtual; new discoveries have been combined with greater precision in translation, providing unique access to the complex interactions of Maya society, where the elite shared a language across political boundaries that was incomprehensible to most of their subjects.
Lemmon on sentences, statements and propositions

N his article 'Sentences, Statements and Propositions',1 E. J. Lemmon treats what he takes to be three independent notions: that of a sentence, a statement, and a proposition. He identifies propositions with Frege's Gedanken, proposes criteria of identity for propositions and for statements, and concludes that the distinction between statements and propositions is worth upholding only in connection with those sentences whose truth-value is contextually dependent. In this paper I wish to show that it is a mistake to equate propositions (as Lemmon understands them) with Frege's Gedanken, to criticize the criteria of identity he proposes for statements, and to argue that the distinction between statements and propositions (as he conceives it) is worth upholding generally, and not just in connection with those sentences whose truthvalue is contextually dependent. I shall begin, however, by exhibiting some of the details of his argument.
Sound production and courtship behavior in the seed bug Ligyrocoris diffusus.

Ligyrocoris diffusus (Uhler) exhibits stereotyped courtship behavior involving male stridulation. Males produce sounds in the presence of females as part of a “courtship dance.” The male rocks his body forward and backward, accompanied by a repeated downward thrusting motion of the abdomen that causes contact between a grooved abdominal pars stridens and a metafemoral plectrum consisting of numerous sharp-edged tubercles. The resulting sound is a series of chirps, each with a duration of ca. 40 msec, occurring at a rate of ca. 4 per sec and at frequencies between 3.2 and 12.6 kHz. During extended laboratory observation, males never stridulated in a calling capacity but only after they had perceived a female. In a simplified environment, laboratory tests to determine if stridulation functions as a releaser of female receptivity showed that males rendered incapable of sound production were just as successful as control males in courting and mating with females.
Distribution of the Soybean Cyst Nematode, Heterodera glycines, in the United States and Canada: 1954 to 2014

In the United States and Canada, the most damaging pathogen of soybean, Glycine max, is the soybean cyst nematode (SCN), Heterodera glycines. Plant health professionals working for universities and...
Detection of genogroup GII Noroviruse from patients with diarrhea

Objective To survey the cause of diarrhea pathogens by detecting nucleic acid of Noroviruse from patients with diarrhea. Methods Detection of genogroup GI andGⅡNoroviruse from 5 patients with diarrhea using the real-time quantitative RT-PCR. Results Among the 5 samples, 1 was positive for GⅡNoroviruse. Conclusion There are GⅡNorovirus in infectious diarrhea in Dalian.
Production of an anti-Candida peptide via fed batch and ion exchange chromatography

Interest in peptides as diagnostic and therapeutic materials require their manufacture via either a recombinant or synthetic route. This study examined the former, where a recombinant fusion consisting of an antifungal peptide was expressed and isolated from Escherichia coli. Fed batch fermentation with E. coli harboring an arabinose-inducible plasmid produced the 12 residue anti-Candida peptide fused to the N-terminal of Green Fluorescent Protein (GFPUV ). The purification of the fusion protein, using ion-exchange chromatography, was monitored by using the intrinsic fluorescence of GFPUV . The recombinant antifungal peptide was successfully released by cyanogen bromide-induced cleavage of the fusion protein. The recombinant peptide showed the expected antifungal activity. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 32:865-871, 2016.
Tumors and Tumor-Like Conditions

Liver tumors are classified as benign or malignant and malignant tumors can be primary or metastatic. Primary liver tumors may originate from hepatocytes, bile duct epithelium or endothelial cells. The most common tumors of liver are hemangiomas and the most common malignant tumors of the liver are hepatocellular carcinomas. Metastases are much more common than primary malignant tumors.
A comparison of Wright card with Teller card for detection of amblyopia

Purpose: Teller acuity cards are used to assess visual acuity in infants but can underestimate amblyopia. In order to improve amblyopia detection, a new luminance balanced checkered card of 4.8 cycles/cm frequency was developed by Wright and Vistech (Dayton, Ohio). The Wright card was compared with a corresponding Teller card (of 4.8 cycles/cm) for detection of amblyopia. Methods: A prospective masked study of 44 children was carried out. Each was assessed for amblyopia using both the Wright and Teller cards in addition to the Snellen or Allen card (optotype). The results were analyzed statistically using repeated measures of ordinal data. Results: Thirteen eyes were found to be amblyopic with optotype testing, two with the Teller card and 17 with the Wright card. With optotype acuity as the standard, the sensitivity and specificity of the Teller card was 15.3% and 100%, while that of the Wright card was 100% and 94.6%. Discussion: The Teller card is associated with high false negative test rate because it assesses grating acuity and allows spurious resolution possibly due to an edge artifact. This artifact is less pronounced with the Wright card. Further, the stripes on the Teller card require resolution only in horizontal axis, while the checkers requires uniform resolution in all axes. Different pathways for neural processing may also contribute to the disparate results with these methods. Conclusions: The Wright card was more sensitive than the Teller card for the detection of amblyopia in this study population and has potential value in preverbal children.
Public Sector Corruption and Natural Hazards

Public sector corruption has been shown to increase death rates and damages from natural disasters. We consider whether natural hazards can lead to rising levels of public sector corruption. This might seem unlikely since natural hazards are predetermined, naturally occurring events. However, when the distinction between hazards and disasters is considered, it becomes clear that corruption may well increase the likelihood that any new hazard will become a disaster, increasing the existing level of corruption within a given country. Based on standard estimation techniques, we find a statistically significant, positive relation between predetermined natural hazards and public sector corruption.