cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The reversal of cardiology practices: interventions that were tried in vain

Medical reversal happens when new trials—better powered, designed or controlled than predecessors--contradict current standard of care. The Clinical Outcomes Utilizing Revascularization and Aggressive Drug Evaluation (COURAGE) trial and CAST study are notable examples of investigations that overturned current practice by demonstrating that these interventions offered no survival benefits. In this mini-review, we summarize our experience reviewing a decade of original articles in the New England Journal of Medicine with an eye towards investigations that reversed cardiology practice. From the management of arrhythmias to lipids to percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and finally, hemodynamics, reversals in the cardiology literature cover a broad set of practices. These reversals are instructive in that many of the therapies overturned were widely adopted and based on either sound physiologic reasoning or observational trials.
RADIOACTIVE SEDIMENTS IN THE TENNESSEE RIVER SYSTEM

Use of flounder, having counting rate of less than 10 counts per sec for uncontaminated sediment, readily detected increases in radioactivity in bottom sediment resulting from liquid wastes released at Oak Ridge National Laboratory; concentrations dropped off materially after first 20 mi of receiving reservoir and approached background levels at distance of 100 to 150 mi; no hazardous concentrations found.
Rethinking faculty development

Faculty development is designed to forestall faculty obsolescence, but determin- ing how to provide for the developmental needs of a diverse faculty is problematic. At the University of Cincinnati a Faculty Development Program was organized around competitive proposals and university institutes. The developmental grant proposals were for individual faculty, groups of faculty, and departments and also provided funds for institutes for collaborative groups of faculty who had shared developmental needs and goals. More than 800 faculty members (42% of the total faculty) applied for these funds over a three-year period. Nearly 400 faculty were funded. The question remaining, following this initial cycle, was "Did this support for faculty development make a significant difference in the way learning, scholarship, and research was conducted?" To better ascertain the extent of the project's influence on the institution, a survey was distributed to all 1,925 faculty at the university - regardless of whether or not they received support. The returns of the survey were sufficient to allow for an analysis. The results held both anticipated results (e.g., upgraded skills and increased use of technol- ogy) and unexpected results (e.g., cooperation among faculty from diverse disciplines and multiplier effects on scope and nature of the projects). The results of the survey, regard- ing the Faculty Development Program's impact, clearly show that it has changed the way interdisciplinary faculty collaborate and it has significantly facilitated the ability of faculty to address specific developmental needs.
Theories of Distributive Justice and Limitations on Taxation: What Rawls Demands from Tax Systems

In The Myth of Ownership, Liam Murphy and Thomas Nagel offer a devastating critique of traditional tax policy analysis and its partial justice orientation, and demand that taxation be evaluated as part of a broader overall scheme of economic justice. This paper, presented as part of Fordham Law School's conference on Rawls and the Law, considers how to approach tax policy in light of their analysis, and how to understand what John Rawls' theory of justice requires of a system of taxation under that approach. It argues that the connection between taxes and justice is less specific than we might hope, and that theories of justice generally do not endorse particular tax policies, but are more likely to preclude them. Rather than searching in theories of justice for required precepts of taxation, we might more fruitfully ask what constraints, if any, a particular theory of justice imposes on the tax system. By applying this approach to Rawls' ideas about taxation, his endorsement of a flat consumption-based tax, which is quite puzzling in light of much of what Rawls wrote about economic justice, can be better understood. If we read Rawls' discussion of economic justice to offer limitations, rather than mandates, then a wide variety of tax systems may be part of a just Rawlsian society, and Rawls' first principle of justice, which concerns political rights, imposes more significant limitations on systems of taxation than does his second principle, even though the second principle explicitly concerns economic rights.
“Beat the Shock Clock” An Interprofessional Team Improves Pediatric Septic Shock Care

Ideal care for septic shock (SS) is difficult. This interprofessional quality improvement intervention in a mid-volume pediatric emergency department aimed to reduce time to vascular access, fluid resuscitation, and antibiotics for SS. Intensive education, a care pathway, and an order set were applied. Outcome measures for patients with criteria for SS before and after intervention were compared. There were 43 patients pre-intervention (January 2009 to June 2011) and 63 post-intervention (June 2012 to June 2013). Median time to vascular access decreased from 37 minutes pre-intervention to 24 minutes post-intervention (p = 0.05). Median time to first fluid bolus decreased from 35 to 26 minutes (p = 0.08). Percentage of boluses delivered rapidly by pressure method increased from 21% to 74% (p < 0.0001). Median time to antibiotics decreased from 92 to 55 minutes (p = 0.02). In conclusion, a multimodal, interprofessional quality improvement intervention in a mid-sized pediatric emergency department improved the time to critical interventions for SS.
Prospective Associations between Peer Aggression and Victimization: The Moderating Roles of Physiological Stress Reactivity and Gender

The present investigation examined whether heightened skin conductance reactivity (SCLR) to peer stress strengthened the prospective associations between physical and relational aggression and victimization, and whether associations were stronger for physical forms of aggression and victimization among boys and relational forms of aggression and victimization among girls. A total of 91 children [M age = 10.18 years, standard deviation (SD) = .68] were assessed twice over 1 year. At the first assessment, SCLR in response to recounting a relational stressor (e.g., exclusion; SCLR-R) and an instrumental stressor (e.g., property theft; SCLR-I), and teacher-reported aggression were measured. Parents reported on child victimization at both time points. Among youth with heightened SCLR-I, physical aggression was associated with increases in physical victimization for boys and decreases in physical victimization for girls. Among youth with heightened SCLR-R, relational aggression was associated with increases in physical victimization for girls only. Results were largely consistent with the hypothesis that aggressors with a propensity to exhibit negative displays of emotion, as indexed by heightened sympathetic nervous system (SNS) reactivity to peer stress, may be especially likely to suffer peer victimization. Gender-specific effects highlight the importance of including both physical and relational forms of aggression and victimization to capture victimization risk among aggressive boys and girls.
The focus of therapist interventions in cognitive therapy for depression

The goal of this study was to provide a detailed analysis of the focus of therapist interventions in cognitive therapy for depression. Rather than measuring the techniques or specific procedures used by therapists, this study aimed at describing the aspects of clients' functioning targeted by the interventions. A transtheoretical coding system was used to classify the focus of therapists interventions in therapy sessions from the Cognitive-Pharmacotherapy Project (Hollon et al., 1992). Consistent with the cognitive therapy model, the results indicated that therapists focused primarily on producing cognitive changes. More emphasis was also placed on intrapersonal issues than on interpersonal issues. When therapists did address interpersonal issues, they focused more on the impact that others were having on clients' functioning than on the potential contribution that clients brought to their interpersonal difficulties. Finally, when addressing persons involved in clients' lives, therapists focused mostly on the clients' mates and others in general, rather than on their parents or the therapists themselves.
TWO UNLINKED GENETIC LOCI INTERACT TO CONTROL THE HUMAN IMMUNE RESPONSE TO TYPE III GROUP B STREPTOCOCCAL ANTIGEN

SUMMARY Serum samples were collected from 30 healthy adult Caucasian volunteers before and after immunization with native type III polysaccharide of group B streptococcus. Serum antibody to this polysaccharide was measured and sera were typed for several Gm and Km(1) allotypes. A significant interactive effect of Gm(23) and Km(1) was found on immune responsiveness to native type III group B streptococcus polysaccharide antigen.
Oxidation of Fuel Bound Nitrogen in a Transitional Metal Oxide Catalytic Combustor

Abstract Experimental results are reported concerning the oxidation of nitrogen containing fuels in a binary transition metal oxide catalytic combustor for both fuel-lean and fuel-rich operations The catalyst consisted of chromium and cobalt oxides deposited on high surface area alumina pellets (5.63 percent Cr2O3, 187 percent C03O4, balance alumina). The fuel used was propane doped with 1 percent by wt. ammonia and the oxidizer was a mixture of O2/Ar to eliminate thermal NOx formation. The experiments were conducted over a wide range of inlet conditions and for every set of these, the exit concentrations. of the dominant fixed nitrogen species (NOx, NH3 and HCN) as well as other major species (like O2, CO2, CO, H2O and C3H8) were measured Under fuel-lean operation the sole product of fuel-N conversion was NOx, while in fuel-rich operation HCN and unconverted NH3 were also detected. The conversion to HCN and the amount of unconverted NH3 increase, and the conversion to NOx decreases, as the operation beco...
Service Learning in Alternative Education Settings

(1999). Service Learning in Alternative Education Settings. The Clearing House: A Journal of Educational Strategies, Issues and Ideas: Vol. 73, No. 2, pp. 114-117.
Phosphorylation Regulates the Ubiquitin-independent Degradation of Yeast Pah1 Phosphatidate Phosphatase by the 20S Proteasome

Saccharomyces cerevisiae Pah1 phosphatidate phosphatase, which catalyzes the conversion of phosphatidate to diacylglycerol for triacylglycerol synthesis and simultaneously controls phosphatidate levels for phospholipid synthesis, is subject to the proteasome-mediated degradation in the stationary phase of growth. In this study, we examined the mechanism for its degradation using purified Pah1 and isolated proteasomes. Pah1 expressed in S. cerevisiae or Escherichia coli was not degraded by the 26S proteasome, but by its catalytic 20S core particle, indicating that its degradation is ubiquitin-independent. The degradation of Pah1 by the 20S proteasome was dependent on time and proteasome concentration at the pH optimum of 7.0. The 20S proteasomal degradation was conserved for human lipin 1 phosphatidate phosphatase. The degradation analysis using Pah1 truncations and its fusion with GFP indicated that proteolysis initiates at the N- and C-terminal unfolded regions. The folded region of Pah1, in particular the haloacid dehalogenase-like domain containing the DIDGT catalytic sequence, was resistant to the proteasomal degradation. The structural change of Pah1, as reflected by electrophoretic mobility shift, occurs through its phosphorylation by Pho85-Pho80, and the phosphorylation sites are located within its N- and C-terminal unfolded regions. Phosphorylation of Pah1 by Pho85-Pho80 inhibited its degradation, extending its half-life by ∼2-fold. The dephosphorylation of endogenously phosphorylated Pah1 by the Nem1-Spo7 protein phosphatase, which is highly specific for the sites phosphorylated by Pho85-Pho80, stimulated the 20S proteasomal degradation and reduced its half-life by 2.6-fold. These results indicate that the proteolysis of Pah1 by the 20S proteasome is controlled by its phosphorylation state. Background: Yeast Pah1 phosphatidate phosphatase required for triacylglycerol synthesis is subject to proteasome-mediated degradation. Results: Pah1 is degraded by the 20S proteasome in a ubiquitin-independent manner that is governed by its phosphorylation state. Conclusion: 20S proteasomal degradation of Pah1 is regulated by phosphorylation and dephosphorylation. Significance: Pah1 function in lipid metabolism is regulated by the 20S proteasome.
The 4750-Å band system of chlorine dioxide. Rotational analysis, force field and intensity calculations

Abstract The structure of the ν1 vibronic band in the 2 A 2 ← 2 B 1 electronic band system of chlorine dioxide has been rotationally analyzed as an A-type (parallel) band of a near-prolate asymmetric rotor. Excited state constants ν0, A, B, C, τaaaa, τbbbb, τaabb, and τabab were obtained by a least-squares term value analysis based on about 730 assignments in the (100) ← (000) band, the results for 35ClO2 being: ν 0 21 727.087±0.020 cm −1 τ aaaa (−0.1529±0.0010)×10 −3 cm −1 , A 100 1.05633±0.00013 cm −1 τ bbbb (−0.0077±0.0003)×10 −3 cm −1 , B 100 0.30950±0.00006 cm −1 τ aabb (0.0126±0.0015)×10 −3 cm −1 , C 100 0.23815±0.00006 cm −1 τ abab (−0.0026±0.0007)×10 −3 cm −1 , The rotational analysis did not however distinguish between alternative sets of spin-rotation coupling constants, nor could a firm decision be reached from structural considerations. Quadratic, cubic, and quartic constants of the excited state force field have been evaluated using a model potential function to restrict the number of independent terms in the cubic and quartic portions of the field. The cubic constants are used to calculate “equilibrium” values of the excited state rotational constants from those observed for the (100) vibrational state, leading to a set of “equilibrium” moments of inertia, 35 ClO 2 :I a =15.48, I b =54.16, I c =69.63 amu A 2 , and hence to an excited state structure, r( ClO )=1.619 A , ∠ OClO =107°0′ . Even-quantum changes (2-0 and 4-0 transitions) in the b2 mode ν3 are relatively prominent in the vibrational structure of the band system. In order to test the possibility that these bands “borrow” their intensity from transitions involving the totally-symmetrical modes (mainly, from bands of the ν1 progression), relative intensities were calculated using second-order corrected anharmonic vibrational wavefunctions in which the harmonic frequencies and higher-order potential constants appear as coefficients of harmonic oscillator functions. These calculations give a good account of the observed intensities. Some further features, not readily explained by this approach, are noted.
Guidelines for Special Educators Achieving Socially Valid Outcomes

As teachers make decisions regarding which practices to implement in their classrooms, the academic gains those practices produce frequently become the primary concern. The authors assert that outcomes contributing to quality of life are equally important. They suggest quality indicators for special education practices, with a focus on practices that result in socially valid outcomes such as high self-esteem, self-determination, individual empowerment, and joy. Social validity, criteria for determining socially valid outcomes, and practices that promote those outcomes are discussed.
Comparative effects of halothane, enflurane, and isoflurane at equipotent anesthetic concentrations on isolated ventricular myocardium of the ferret. II. Relaxation.

The effects of halothane, enflurane, and isoflurane on myocardial relaxation were compared in papillary muscles of the right ventricle of adult male ferrets at 30° C. The sensitivity of cardiac relaxation to the loading conditions was determined by examining the time course of relaxation before, dur
Neurologic signs and symptoms in fibromyalgia.

Objective. To determine the type and frequency of neurologic signs and symptoms in individuals with fibromyalgia (FM). Methods. Persons with FM (n 166) and painfree controls (n 66) underwent systematic neurologic examination by a neurologist blinded to disease status. Neurologic symptoms lasting at least 3 months were assessed with a standard questionnaire. We used logistic regression to evaluate the association of neurologic symptoms and examination findings with FM status. Within the FM group we examined the correlation between self-reported symptoms and physical examination findings. Results. Age- and sex-adjusted estimates revealed that compared with the control group, the FM group had significantly more neurologic abnormalities in multiple categories, including greater dysfunction in cranial nerves IX and X (42% versus 8%) and more sensory (65% versus 25%), motor (33% versus 3%), and gait (28% versus 7%) abnormalities. Similarly, the FM group had significantly more neurologic symptoms than the control group in 27 of 29 categories, with the greatest differences observed for photophobia (70% versus 6%), poor balance (63% versus 4%), and weakness (58% versus 2%) and tingling (54% versus 4%) in the arms or legs. Poor balance or coordination, tingling or weakness in the arms or legs, and numbness in any part of the body correlated with appropriate neurologic examination findings in the FM group. Conclusion. This blinded, controlled study demonstrated neurologic physical examination findings in persons with FM. The FM group had more neurologic symptoms than did the controls, with moderate correlation between symptoms and signs. These findings have implications for the medical evaluation of patients with FM.
Gary Becker's A Theory of the Allocation of Time

Becker's (1965) paper, ‘A Theory of the Allocation of Time’ revolutionised the modelling of household behaviour, by unifying Marshallian demand functions for goods with labour supply and related time use decisions within the household. In this article, we first summarise Becker's time allocation model and associated key contributions, then we show how his original framework extends to modern collective household models.
End Tidal Carbon Monoxide: A New Method to Detect Hyperbilirubinemia in Newborns

Abstract Jaundice is the most common medical condition affecting term and preterm infants. Hyperbilirubinemia, if left untreated can have devastating neurological outcomes in the infant. Current methods used to detect hyperbilirubinemia include visual inspection, transcutaneous testing and blood sampling. This article will discuss end tidal carbon monoxide testing and its use in determining hyperbilirubinemia. A brief review of hyperbilirubinemia and bilirubin physiology will be addressed. A review of the literature will examine the accuracy and efficacy of end tidal carbon monoxide testing and its use in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU).
The influence of climate on average nitrogen export from large watersheds in the Northeastern United States

The flux of nitrogen in large rivers in North America and Europe is well explained as a function of the net anthropogenic inputs of nitrogen to the landscape, with on average 20 to 25% of these inputs exported in rivers and 75 to 80% of the nitrogen retained or denitrified in the landscape. Here, we use data for average riverine nitrogen fluxes and anthropogenic inputs of nitrogen over a 6-year period (1988–1993) for 16 major watersheds in the northeastern United States to examine if there is also a climatic influence on nitrogen fluxes in rivers. Previous studies have shown that for any given river, nitrogen fluxes are greater in years with higher discharge, but this can be interpreted as storage of nitrogen in the landscape during dry years and flushing of this stored nitrogen during wet years. Our analyses demonstrate that there is also a longer-term steady-state influence of climate on riverine nitrogen fluxes. Those watersheds that have higher precipitation and higher discharge export a greater fraction of the net anthropogenic inputs of nitrogen. This fractional export ranges from 10 to 15% of the nitrogen inputs in drier watersheds in the northeastern United States to over 35% in the wetter watersheds. We believe this is driven by lower rates of denitrification in the wetter watersheds, perhaps because shorter water residence times do not allow for as much denitrification in riparian wetlands and low-order streams. Using mean projections for the consequences of future climate change on precipitation and discharge, we estimate that nitrogen fluxes in the Susquehanna River to Chesapeake Bay may increase by 3 to 17% by 2030 and by 16 to 65% by 2095 due to greater fractional delivery of net anthropogenic nitrogen inputs as precipitation and discharge increase. Although these projections are highly uncertain, they suggest a need to better consider the influence of climate on riverine nitrogen fluxes as part of management efforts to control coastal nitrogen pollution.
Polymer chain winding in the melt

We present the results of a series of molecular dynamics simulations of a melt of flexible bead−spring polymer chains with a single static cylindrical inclusion with diameter equal to the polymer beads. Chains of length N = 10, 25, 50, 100 and polymer/inclusion interactions, which are attractive with well depths of 1, 4, and 10 e, and athermal, are considered. We show that the distribution in winding number of a polymer chain about the inclusion may be approximated by Belisle's probability distribution for the winding of a random walk about a point. The degree of winding per chain increases as the polymer/inclusion attraction increases because of the larger number of monomers pulled into runs of sequential monomers at the inclusion. Runs accumulate more winding than do loops or tails, and the amount of winding a given run accumulates increases with increasing polymer/inclusion attraction due to increased likelihood of perpendicular bond orientation with respect to the inclusion. The probability of winding...
Barriers to Obtaining Consent in Dementia Research: Implications for Surrogate Decision-Making

OBJECTIVE: To identify barriers to informed consent in research involving subjects with advanced dementia. DESIGN: A randomized controlled clinical trial of palliative care approaches, compared with usual care, in subjects with advanced dementia who are hospitalized. SETTING: A large metropolitan teaching hospital. PARTICIPANTS: All patients older than 65 years of age who have advanced dementia and a Functional Assessment Staging score of 6d to 7f and have been admitted to the hospital. MEASUREMENTS: Surrogates for all eligible subjects were approached for consent to enroll their family members in the trial. Reasons for refusal to enroll in the study were recorded and categorized as either informed refusal (i.e., the surrogate understood the research protocol but declined to give consent for participation) or as a barrier to informed consent (i.e., the surrogates could not participate in the informed consent process or there was no functional surrogate). RESULTS: Forty-nine percent of 146 eligible subjects could not be enrolled in the study. Only four surrogates refused consent for their family members. Of the remaining 68 patients, 41 eligible subjects' surrogates could not be engaged in the informed consent process, and 22 subjects did not have a functional surrogate to consent for research. CONCLUSIONS: Absence of functional surrogate decision-makers is a major barrier to research and clinical decision-making for hospitalized patients with advanced dementia.
Deltoid flap combined with fascia lata autograft for rotator cuff defects: a histologic study

The purpose of this study was to compare the histological characteristics of an autogenous fascia lata graft alone and a fascia lata graft combined with a deltoid flap in the reconstruction of rotator cuff tears. Ten New Zealand white rabbits were divided into two groups. Infraspinatus tendon defects (1 x 1 cm) were created in each animal. Reconstruction consisted of either a fascia lata graft alone or a fascia lata graft combined with a distally based deltoid flap. At 3 months, tissue harvest and histological analysis was performed. Compared to the fascia lata graft alone, there was significantly increased remodeling activity and neovascularization in the group that included a deltoid flap. Also, there was pronounced interdigitation at the graft/flap interface in the latter group. A mutually beneficial relationship may exist when an autogenous fascial graft is combined with a functional deltoid flap for reconstructing large rotator cuff defects.
The cysteine regulatory complex from plants and microbes: what was old is new again

The physical organization of enzymes in metabolism is an old concept being revisited by new experimental approaches. In plants and microbes, the enzymes of cysteine biosynthesis-serine acetyltransferase (SAT) and O-acetylserine sulfhydrylase (OASS)-form a bi-enzyme complex called the cysteine regulatory complex (CRC), which likely plays a role in modulating cysteine biosynthesis in response to sulfur nutrient state. Structural and biochemical studies of SAT and OASS as individual enzymes and recent advances in structural, biophysical, and in vivo analysis of the CRC provide new insights on the function of this macromolecular assembly in plants and microbes and opens biotechnology and pharmaceutical opportunities for future exploration.
White piedra—a case report and review of the literature

Summary White piedra (trichosporosis) is an unusual fungal infection of hair characterised by the presence of numerous, discrete, soft, asymptomatic nodules attached to the infected hair shafts. It may occur on the scalp, eyebrows, eyelashes, beard, axilla, or in the groin (Smith, Murtishaw & McBride, 1973; Taplin & Rebell, 1979a), although most infections occur on the face or scalp (Smith et al., 1973). Caused by the yeast-like fungus Trichosporon beigelii, white piedra was first described in London (Beigel, 1865), and has since been reported in Europe, North and South America, and Asia (Scott, 1951; Benson, Lapins & Odom, 1983). Successful treatment of white piedra has been achieved with simple hair clipping and with the use of various topical medications. To our knowledge, there have been no reports of successful treatment with the use of topically applied imidazole preparations. We report a case of white piedra confined to the scrotum that responded to topical clotrimazole lotion.
Immunogenicity in mice of pneumococcal glycoconjugate vaccines using pneumococcal protein carriers

Antibody response and protective immunity were evaluated in mice immunized with pneumococcal glycoconjugate vaccines using two pneumococcal protein carriers. Mice injected with type 9V polysaccharide (PS) conjugated to inactivated pneumolysin (Ply) or autolysin (Aly) produced high levels of IgG and IgM antibodies to both the PS and the protein carrier. Higher PS antibody titers to the pneumococcal PS conjugates were measured by ELISA using PS-Ply or PS-tetanus toxoid (TT) conjugate as a coating antigen compared with PS mixed with methylated human serum albumin. Type 9V PS (10 microg) inhibited most of the 9V IgM and IgG antibody binding to the 9V-TT coated plate. In contrast, absorption with 19F PS did not inhibit 9V antibody binding. The avidity index of IgG antibodies in the 9V PS-Ply serum was 55.5 +/- 0.9, compared with 47.8 +/- 1.4 for 9V PS-Aly serum. Thus, high avidity of serum antibodies in conjugate-immunized mice can provide more effective functional activity for protection against pneumococcal infection. Mice immunized with these glycoconjugates exhibited rapid bacterial clearance from blood and provided cross-protection against challenge with heterologous serotypes of virulent pneumococci. These results reveal that conjugates using pneumococcal protein carriers can induce opsonophagocytic activity to destroy homologous and heterologous pneumococci, indicating that such conjugates can confer broader protective immunity than conjugates using non-pneumococcal proteins.
Rethinking Modernity, Religion, and Tradition: The Intellectual Dialogue between Alexandre Stourdza and Joseph de Maistre

SummaryThis review-essay discusses two recent books on the political vision of Joseph de Maistre (1753–1821) and Alexandre Stourdza (1791–1854) who defended two different types of conservatism in Western and Eastern Europe. A former advisor to Tsar Alexander I and later secretary of Jean Capodistrias, Stourdza stood for the principles of Eastern Christianity and emphasized their unique contribution to the development of the European spirit. Special attention is paid to the controversy triggered by the publication of Stourdza's Consideations sur la doctrine et l'esprit de l'Eglise orthodoxe (1816) followed by Maistre's Du Pape (1819). The essay concludes with a few remarks on the importance of comparative political thought and cross-cultural analysis.
Projection formulas for orthogonal polynomials of a discrete variable

have important applications to the theory of orthogonal polynomials. For most of the applications of (1.1) and (1.2) mentioned in these papers, one does not need to have explicit formulas for the kernels (measures and coefficients, respectively) since only their non-negativity was needed. By concentrating on the special case in which &(x) and qn( x are the classical orthogonal ) polynomials (Jacobi polynomials and their limits) the above-mentioned authors were able to develop methods for determining when the kernels are non-negative. In this paper we further extend these methods to obtain many results on when projection formulas of the above types hold for the discrete orthogonal polynomials of Hahn, Krawtchouk, Meixner, and Charlier [lo, 14, 171. Since Jacobi polynomials are limits of Hahn polynomials (see (1.5) below), non-negativity results for Jacobi polynomials will also follow from our work. For 01, /3 > 1, N a non-negative integer and n = 0, l,..., N we shall define the Hahn polynomials by
Highly CO2‐Permeable and ‐Selective Membranes Derived from Crosslinked Poly(ethylene glycol) and Its Nanocomposites

Crosslinked poly(ethylene glycol diacrylate) (PEGda) oligomers differing in molecular weight, and their nanocomposites prepared with up to 10 wt.-% methacrylate-functionalized fumed silica (FS) or an organically-modified nanoclay, have been examined as amorphous CO2-selective membranes. These novel materials have been characterized by dynamic rheology before and after crosslinking to ascertain the effect of incorporated FS on mechanical properties. The permeabilities of CO2, H2, N2, and O2 have been measured as functions of PEGda molecular weight, nanofiller content and temperature. In all cases, CO2 displays relatively high permeability, coupled with high CO2 selectivity, due to the specific interaction between quadrupolar CO2 and the ether linkages along the PEG backbone, and the accompanying enhancement in CO2 solubility. Variable-temperature permeation exhibits Arrhenius behavior, and the activation energy for CO2 permeation is found to be i) markedly lower than that of any of the other gases examined, and ii) independent of both PEGda molecular weight and nanofiller content.
Distance-dependent photoinduced electron transfer in synthetic single-strand and hairpin DNA

The singlet state of stilbene-4,4′-dicarboxamide can serve as a fluorescent probe of both DNA conformation and electron transfer. Covalent incorporation of the stilbene-dicarboxamide into DNA structures with restricted conformational mobility results in inhibition of stilbene isomerization and an increase in its fluorescence quantum yield and lifetime. The fluorescence of stilbenedicarboxamide is selectively quenched by proximate guanine, but not by the three other DNA nucleobases. Selective quenching occurs via an electron transfer mechanism in which stilbene serves as the electron acceptor and guanine as the electron donor. Kinetic analysis of the distance dependence of electron transfer in stilbene-bridged hairpins suggests that duplex DNA is more effective than proteins as a medium for electron transfer, but that it does not function as a molecular wire.
Expression of an Erwinia sp. gene encoding diphenyl ether cleavage in Escherichia coli and an isolated Acinetobacter strain PE7.

An Acinetobacter strain PE7 with the ability to grow on salicylic acid and to degrade diphenyl ethers was isolated from a petroleum waste pit in Louisiana. A cloned Erwinia sp. dpe gene encoding diphenyl ether cleavage was introduced into PE7 in order to enhance its degradative ability. A broad-host-range expression plasmid, pDPE2388, was constructed by inserting an SspI-HpaI fragment from a dpe gene-containing plasmid, pDPE7321, into the kanamycin resistance gene of plasmid pKT230. The DNA fragment contained the dpe gene flanked between sp6 and T7 promoters. Transconjugants of pDPE2388 plasmid into PE7 were isolated. Expression of the dpe gene in Escherichia coli or PE7 displayed a degradative ability to cleave the following diphenyl ethers: 4-chlorodiphenyl ether, 4-nitrodiphenyl ether, and 4-hydroxydiphenyl ether.
Multiresidue analysis of organophosphate and pyrethroid pesticides in duplicate-diet solid food by pressurized liquid extraction

An analytical method was developed for determining organophosphate pesticides (OPP) and pyrethroid pesticides (PYR) in duplicate-diet solid food. The method consisted of pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) with dichloromethane followed by cleanup with gel permeation and solid phase extraction columns and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis. Quantitative recoveries (73–117 %) of the target pesticides were obtained for spiked duplicate-diet food samples. The percent standard deviation (% RSD) of replicate food samples was within ± 20 %. Another method was developed for determining a common OPP metabolite, 3, 5, 6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCP) in duplicate-diet food. The method consisted of a PLE with methanol followed by liquid-liquid partitioning, derivatization, and GC/MS analysis. Recoveries of TCP ranged from 83 to 101 % for spiked duplicate-diet food samples. The % RSD of replicate food samples was within ± 15 %. The results confirmed that these methods are reliable and robust, and that...
Mechanical stimulation of bone formation is normal in the SAMP6 mouse

With aging, the skeleton may have diminished responsiveness to mechanical stimulation. The senescence-accelerated mouse SAMP6 has many features of senile osteoporosis and is thus a useful model to examine how the osteoporotic skeleton responds to mechanical loading. We performed in vivo tibial bending on 4-month-old SAMP6 (osteoporotic) and SAMR1 (control) mice. Loading was applied daily (60 cycles/day, 5 days/week) for 2 weeks at peak force levels that produced estimated endocortical strains of 1,000 and 2,000 μe. In a separate group of mice, sham bending was applied. Comparisons were made between right (loaded) and left (nonloaded) tibiae. Tibial bone marrow cells were cultured under osteogenic conditions and stained for alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and alizarin red (ALIZ) at 14 and 28 days, respectively. Tibiae were then embedded in plastic and sectioned, and endocortical bone formation was assessed based on calcein labels. Tibial bending did not alter the osteogenic potential of the marrow as there were no significant differences in ALP or ALIZ staining between loaded and nonloaded bones. Tibial bending activated the formation of endocortical bone in both SAMP6 and SAMR1 mice, whereas sham bending did not elicit an endocortical response. Both groups of mice exhibited bending strain-dependent increases in bone formation rate. We found little evidence of diminished responsiveness to loading in the SAMP6 skeleton. In conclusion, the ability of the SAMP6 mouse to respond normally to an anabolic mechanical stimulus distinguishes it from chronologically aged animals. This finding highlights a limitation of the SAMP6 mouse as a model of senile osteoporosis.
INSIG2 SNPs associated with obesity and glucose homeostasis traits in Hispanics: the IRAS Family Study.

The genome-wide association study by Herbert and colleagues identified the INSIG2 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs7566605 as contributing to increased BMI in ethnically distinct cohorts. The present study sought to further clarify by testing whether SNPs of INSIG2 influenced quantitative adiposity or glucose homeostasis traits in Hispanics of the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Family Study (IRASFS). Using a tagging SNP approach, rs7566605 and 31 additional SNPs were genotyped in 1425 IRASFS Hispanics. SNPs were tested for association with six adiposity measures: BMI, waist circumference (WAIST), waist to hip ratio (WHR), subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT), visceral adipose tissue (VAT), and VAT to SAT ratio (VSR). SNPs were also tested for association with fasting glucose (GFAST), fasting insulin (FINS), and three measures obtained from the frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test: insulin sensitivity (SI), acute insulin response (AIR), and disposition index (DI). Most prominent association was observed with direct CT-measured adiposity phenotypes, including VAT, SAT, and VSR (P-values range from 0.007 to 0.044 for rs17586756, rs17047718, rs17047731, rs9308762, rs12623648, and rs11673900). Multiple SNP associations were observed with all glucose homeostasis traits (P-values range from 0.001 to 0.031 for rs17047718, rs17047731, rs2161829, rs10490625, rs889904, and rs12623648). Using BMI as a covariate in evaluation of glucose homeostasis traits slightly reduced their association. However, association with adiposity and glucose homeostasis phenotypes is not significant following multiple comparisons adjustment. Trending association after multiple comparisons adjustment remains suggestive of a role for genetic variation of INSIG2 in obesity, but these results require validation.
Calculation of metabolic mixture and water balance using Fortran programs

Abstract The standard methods and equations for calculating metabolic mixture and water balance are reviewed. A brief general description of Fortran programming is presented. The basic tasks required to develop the source and object programs for computer analysis of metabolic mixture and water balance are outlined. The source and object programs for Fortran computer analysis are presented in table form as they would appear in practical application. The computer analysis is cross-referenced with the equations and standard methods of calculation (i.e., desk calculator and long-hand method) for clarity and emphasis. The application and facility of computer analysis are given in addition to certain limitations of the equations.
Lifecycle Testing Results of Dimple Pleat Radial Flow HEPA Filters Under Ambient and Elevated Conditions

The Institute for Clean Energy Technology (ICET) at Mississippi State University (MSU) has developed testing capabilities for evaluating the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) Code on Nuclear Air and Gas Treatment (AG-1) section FK radial flow HEPA filters. These high efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters are typically used at sites within the DOE complex to control particulate matter emissions. The goal of this testing was to provide information related to the performance of radial flow HEPA filters that use dimple pleat separators. Prior to this testing, insufficient data were available to determine the lifecycle performance of these filters. Two different types of dimple pleated radial flow HEPA filters were tested: a safe change design and a remote change design. Filters were tested at both ambient and elevated conditions of temperature and relative humidity. The challenge aerosols were Alumina (Al(OH)3), Carbon black, and Arizona road dust. The performance of these filters at ambient...
Classroom Behaviors of LD and Nonhandicapped Girls

No classroom observations have involved only LD females as subjects. The present study was conducted to determine any behavior differences between elementary LD and nonhandicapped girls in the regular classrom. Data were collected on child behaviors, child-child interactions and teacher-child interactions. Results showed that the LD girls spent less time doing schoolwork than nonhandicapped girls. Unlike in research with LD boys, teachers were not found to (a) spend more time interacting with the LD children or (b) initiate more approaches to the LD girls. However, the teachers responded significantly less frequently to call-outs from LD girls. The present findings regarding teacher interactions with LD and nonhandicapped girls differ from those of most previous studies involving boys.
Ischemic areas in perfused rat hearts: measurement by NADH fluorescence photography

Fluorescence emission of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) from the surface of perfused rat hearts was photographed to provide a two-dimensional recording of NADH levels. Sodium Amytal inhibition of NADH oxidation resulted in a homogeneous increase in NADH fluorescence, while lowering perfusion pressure from 55 to 10 torr caused a heterogeneous increase in NADH fluorescence, reflecting the heterogeneous oxygen delivery at this low pressure. Local ischemia resulted in a well-defined region of high NADH fluorescence that corresponded to the region of ischemic inslut. The sharp transition between the ischemic and normoxic areas demonstrated that the hypoxic interface separating the two areas must be quite small.
Preliminary Crystallographic Analysis of Methane Mono-oxygenase Hydroxylase from Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b

Abstract The hydroxylase component of the enzyme methane mono-oxygenase from Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b has been crystallized in the orthorhombic space group C 222 1 with unit cell dimensions a = 264·5 A b = 71·2 A, c = 139·4 A. The crystals grow as square, thick plates and diffract to beyond 2 A resolution. There is one half of the hydroxylase dimer in the asymmetric unit.
RADIATION INDUCED FAILURES OF COMPLEMENTARY METAL OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR CONTAINING PACEMAKERS: A POTENTIALLY LETHAL COMPLICATION

New multi-programmable pacemakers frequently employ complementary metal oxide semiconductors (CMOS). This circuitry appears more sensitive to the effects of ionizing radiation when compared to the semiconductor circuits used in older pacemakers. A case of radiation induced runaway pacemaker in a CMOS device is described. Because of this and other recent reports of radiation therapy-induced CMOS type pacemaker failure, these pacemakers should not be irradiated. If necessary, the pacemaker can be shielded or moved to a site which can be shielded before institution of radiation therapy. This is done to prevent damage to the CMOS circuit and the life threatening arrythmias which may result from such damage.
Red cell in vitro metabolism in approximate steady-state.

Abstract Mature human red cell metabolism was studied in an incubation system in which pH, pO 2 , metabolic end-product, glucose, and co-factor substances could be maintained at predetermined concentrations in the red cell suspension for extended periods of time. The apparatus described, which could be developed for automated operation, utilized a membrane which allowed continual replacement of buffer without loss of cells from the incubation chamber, and complete collection of metabolic end-products. It was shown that the high sensitivity of glycolytic enzyme-substrate reactions to pH change, and the rapid response of glycolysis rate to ATP energy demands produced by changing incubation environment, required such systems if advances in standardization of measurement of metabolic rates in vitro were to be made. Continual buffer replacement proved a highly effective means of exercising a high degree of control in vitro over the concentration of rate-limiting co-factors, such as adenine, in the suspension medium. Observations could be made at optimal levels of metabolic function, and under varying degrees of cell adenine nucleotide availability while the same cells served as their own experimental controls. Comparisons of total endowment of enzymatic capacity as measured by the relative ability of cells from different individuals to process substrate, it was postulated, required that the naturally occurring variation in adenine nucleotide content of red cells be taken into account. More rapid equilibration of specific activity while cells were maintained at sustained desired levels of metabolic function, afforded the opportunity for highly advantageous applications of radiotracers to kinetic and radioisotope dilution studies.
Influence of steric length in electrosteric surfactants on emulsion polymerization

Four PPG Avanel Series S surfactants (sodium alkyl polyether sulfonates) with varying ethylene oxide content (n = 3, 7, 9, and 15) were used to investigate the influence of the steric length in this type of electrosteric stabilizers on emulsion polymerization. The polymerization studies employing potassium persulfate as an initiator with styrene, methyl methacrylate, and vinyl acetate monomers showed no apparent change in particle size, number of particles, and polymerization rate with the changing steric length of the surfactant. Steric influences were observed in the redox-initiated systems of styrene, butyl acrylate, and methyl methacrylate. Increasing the ethylene oxide unit content from three to nine units decreased the rate of polymerization, the particle size and number in the polystyrene latexes. Polymerizations with the acrylates displayed the same trend except that the polymerization rate reached a minimum value at nine ethylene oxide units and increased when the surfactant containing 15 ethylene oxide units was used.
The co-occurrence of predicate clefting and WH-Questions in Trinidad dialectal English

This paper examines the properties of a grammatical construction called a predicate cleft (PC), which occurs in a regional dialect of English, Trinidad Dialectal English (TDE), spoken on the Eastern Caribbean island of Trinidad. The examination of the PC in TDE is of typological interest inasmuch as it resembles similar constructions in certain West African languages. A PC renders focus or contrastive focus to a verb in a given sentence by copying the verb and preposing it. Similar verb focusing constructions have been observed for many West African languages, including Vata and Nweh, as well as for Caribbean Creoles (Koopman 1984, Piou 1982). The PC in TDE is also of theoretical interest when combined with wh-question formation; the wh-subject/object asymmetries explored here provide interesting support for an escape hatch for wh-phrases in an intermediate position between VP and Tense that is comparable to a VP-adjoined position (Chomsky 1986). Evidence is also provided for a CP-like domain lower in the clause; I argue that both a wh-phrase and a verb focused in a PC have focus features that must be checked in a Focus Phrase (FocP). The current investigation enriches the characterization of both PCs and wh-question formation by looking not only at each operation individually but also examining their interaction with one another as well as with adverbs.
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THE INFLUENCE OF SIZE EFFECT ON SPRINGBACK OF MICRO SHEET FORMING

An efficient and low cost experiment was conducted to investigate the influence of grain size effects on springback of thin sheet metal. A three-point bending setup was used to test Aluminum 1100 O-Temper and Brass 26000 ½ Hard (H02). Thickness and average grain diameter were controlled to achieve a range of desired T/D (thickness/grain diameter) ratios because T/D ratio is a key factor that influences the springback behavior in micro sheet forming. The results from this experiment show that as T/D ratio becomes smaller (T/D>1 ∆ 1) the springback amount increases at a decreasing slope. And as T/D continues to become even smaller (T/D < 1) the springback amount begins to decrease. These behaviors demonstrate the influence of size effects on springback.