cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Medium access design for LTE in unlicensed band

In this paper, a medium access protocol suitably adapted for the operation of Long term evolution (LTE) in unlicensed band (LTE-U) is proposed. The MAC design considers the impact of LTE-U on the devices operating in unlicensed band, such as WiFi and legacy LTE. The LTE-U design differences from the legacy LTE system, an inherently a synchronized, tightly controlled system are explored. The performance of LTE-U is studied via a detailed system level simulator implementation and 3GPP simulation test scenarios. We show that our proposed MAC design enables high throughput in unlicensed band and achieves co-existence with the incumbent systems. Moreover, the use of channel reservation mechanisms is shown to improve LTE-U cell edge performance.
From tulip bulbs to sub‐prime mortgages examining the sub‐prime crisis: The case for a systemic approach

Purpose – The collapse of the sub‐prime mortgage market parallels several earlier failures within the financial services sector, begging the question why the lessons of past failures were not learned. Throughout history from the tulip bulb crisis of the 1600s to the most recent economic crisis, decision‐makers keep making the same mistakes. This occurs in part because of a failure to recognize similarities between past and current events. This conceptual paper aims to use systems dynamics tools to examine the crisis and illustrate how seemingly independent events are linked.Design/methodology/approach – The paper provides a fundamental review of systems thinking concepts and uses a tool of systems dynamics, causal loop diagrams (CLD), to provide a visualization of the dynamics of the sub‐prime market collapse over time. This approach provides insights that traditional analytic methods do not, which should be beneficial in understanding future cases where speculative demand drives behavior.Findings – The p...
Thoracolumbar Spinal Angiolipoma Demonstrating High Signal On STIR Imaging: A Case Report. (P3.331)

OBJECTIVE: To present a case of Spinal Angiolipoma (SAL) located in the thoracolumbar region with no significant fat suppression on STIR (Short T1 Inversion Recovery) imaging and review of the literature. BACKGROUND: SAL are benign uncommon lesions, accounting for 0.14-1.2% of all tumors of the spinal axis with vascular and fatty histological features. Typically these tumors are hyperintense on contrast enhanced fat-saturated T1 weighted imaging and low in signal on fat suppression sequences. DESIGN/METHODS: Case report and review of the cases with SAL on the literature. RESULTS: A 68-year-old man with a 3-year history of lumbago with frequent relapses and a noncontributory physical examination. MRI of the lumbar spine showed an extradural heterogeneously hyperintense mass within the posterior aspect of the spinal canal extending from the superior region of T12 to the L1-L2 segment measuring 19 mm by 18 mm by 5.8 cm, compressing the thecal sac producing severe central canal stenosis. The mass did not lose signal on fat-saturated imaging, and an epidural hematoma was proposed. Decompressive laminectomy and excision showed a fatty vascular tumor diagnosing SAL. Postoperative period was uneventful. 134 reviewed cases of SAL showed a mean age of 44.4 years and a female predominance, (78F:56M). CONCLUSIONS: These lesions are most commonly localized within the posterior aspect of the spinal canal in the thoracic region due to an early inclusion of pluripotential stem cell into the neural arch. Most commonly found in females, this type of spinal tumor tends to present with slow progressive weakness in the lower extremities that can result in paraplegia. MRI is a useful tool diagnosing SAL, typically demonstrating the presence of a heterogeneously hyperintense and enhancing mass on T1 that loses signal on non-contrast fat suppressed T1 images. Some SAL will not lose signal on fat suppression imaging because of a low fat to vessel ratio. Surgery alone is the treatment of choice and carries a good outcome. Disclosure: Dr. Linn has nothing to disclose. Dr. Reyes has nothing to disclose.
Abstract P161: Drug-Eluting Stent Utilization and Post-Coronary Revascularization Procedure Mortality: Do Racial Disparities Matter?

Background: Besides being a major risk factor for coronary artery disease (CAD), diabetes mellitus (DM) also worsens CAD patients’ prognosis. Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with stenting is an effective treatment procedure for certain categories of CAD patients with DM (CAD-DM). Newer drug-eluting stents (DES) were developed to minimize the occurrence of restenosis known to hinder PCI with older non-drug-eluting stents (non-DES). We hypothesized that disparities in DES utilization and post-procedure mortality would exist in CAD-DM patients. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of in-hospital mortality in 132,934 CAD-DM patients [mean+SD age: 65.3+11.4 years; 62.7% (83,409 of 132,934) males] after PCI with DES and non-DES in the years 2007,2009. Patient race was classified as white, black, or other Asian, Pacific Islander, Native American). Due to short length of stay, in-hospital death was defined as a binary variable (discharged alive vs. deceased). Multivariable logistic regressi...
The Evidence for a Gradient of H II Region Electron Temperatures with Galactic Radius

In the past several years a substantial effort has been devoted to the determination of radial abundance and temperature gradients in spiral galaxies. Searle (1971), Shields (1974), Rubin, et al. (1973), Smith (1975), Pagel, et al. (1979) and others have established beyond a reasonable doubt that the relative metal abundances (e.g., O, N, Ne and S) systematically increase from the edge to the nucleus of several spiral galaxies (e.g., M31, M33, M51, M101, NGC 300), see Figure 1. The electron temperatures deduced from the optical [0 III] or [N II] lines show an accompanying decrease as the abundances increase (Smith 1975, Pagel et al. 1979). Similar abundance gradients have been derived for our galaxy based on optical studies of planetary nebulae, (D’0dorico, Peimbert. and Sabbadin, 1976; Torres-Peimbert and Peimbert, 1977; see Figure 2); of H II regions (Hawley, 1978; Peimbert, Torres-Peimbert, and Rayo, 1978; see Figure 3), and of the kinematic and photometric properties of F, G and K stars (Mayor, 1976). In external spirals and in our own galaxy 0, Ne and S appear to have about the same gradient but N is a factor of two or more steeper.
Field oriented control of an induction machine with DC link and load disturbance rejection

A method of actively maintaining voltage margin in field oriented induction machine controllers is proposed. A voltage margin controller is developed that rejects DC link and load disturbances such that current regulation and field orientation is maintained. In addition, the voltage margin controller coupled with rotor flux oriented control is shown to provide maximum torque capability equivalent to stator flux oriented control.
Constitutional Reform, Rent Extraction, and Economic Development in China

This paper analyzes the constitutional history of China, with the aim of explaining how and why the policies that produced its rapid growth came to be adopted. The paper argues that constitutional reforms played important roles in China's economic development and are likely to do so in the future. Changes in the political rules of the game increased the relative influence of urban interests along China's east coast, which indirectly increased support for international trade and the extension of domestic markets. The theory and historical narrative developed is based on the constitutional exchange model of reform developed in Congleton (2001, 2011a) and research on rent extraction (McChesney 1987, 1997). The analysis fills an important void in the research program on Chinese decentralization (Qian and Weingast 1997), which does not provide an explanation for the decentralization that helped create elite Chinese support for economic development.
Sequential modeling approach for redeploying selling effort in field salesforces

Abstract An analytical approach for redeploying selling effort in salesforces is developed and illustrated. In stage 1, effort estimates are obtained using a strategic grid model and incorporated into a multiple-determinant sales response function. Stage 2 uses a computational algorithm to generate recommended effort guidelines for assigned accounts. Validity assessments for evaluating the deployment guodelines are presented.
Microscopic interpretation of 7Li+24Mg inelastic scattering at 34 MeV

Abstract Theoretical differential cross sections for 7 Li+ 24 Mg inelastic scattering have been calculated in the DWA using a double folding model. The projectile and target transition densities are matched to electron scattering data and the nucleon-nucleon interaction is chosen to reproduce the real part of the optical potential at the distance D 1 2 where there is 50 % transmission in the elastic channel. There are no free parameters in the calculations. The agreement between the theoretical results and the available experimental data is good which serves to establish a consistency between elastic and inelastic scattering. The cross section for a mutual transition which leaves both the projectile and target in their first excited states is found to come mainly from relative L r = 4 transfer. It is speculated that a quadrupole term in the optical potential might make important contributions at backward angles in the elastic cross section.
10-, 12-, and 29-hydroxybullatacinones: new cytotoxic Annonaceous acetogenins from Annona bullata Rich (Annonaceae).

In our continuing activity-directed search for new antitumor compounds, using brine shrimp lethality (BST), mixtures of three additional pairs (1-6) of bis-THF ketolactone acetogenins were isolated from the ethanol extract of the bark of Annona bullata Rich. (Annonaceae). Compared with (2,4-cis and trans)-bullatacinone (7 and 8), these new compounds each have one more aliphatic OH group at a different position on the hydrocarbon chain, and, thus, were named (2,4-cis and trans)-10-hydroxybullatacinone (1 and 2), (2,4-cis and trans)-12-hydroxybullatacinone (3 and 4), and (2,4-cis and trans)-29-hydroxybullataci-none (5 and 6). These mixtures all showed potent activities in the brine shrimp lethality test (BST) and exhibited cytotoxicities comparable to those of adriamycin against human solid tumor cells in culture with selectivities exhibited especially toward the breast cancer cell line (MCF-7). © 1994 wiley-Liss, Inc.
Effect of methotrexate on the temporomandibular joint and facial morphology in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis patients

Abstract Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis is a disease characterized by chronic inflammation in one or more joints; it affects children and adolescents up to 18 years of age. This disease may cause significant skeletal joint destruction, and the temporomandibular joint, like other joints, may become severely affected resulting in aberrant mandibular growth, abnormal dentofacial development, and/or altered orofacial muscle function. Methotrexate is the most common remittive agent used in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis to modify the course of inflammatory destruction of peripheral joints. The purpose of this study was: (1) to evaluate the effect of methotrexate therapy on the prevalence of temporomandibular joint lesions and aberration in craniofacial development in children afflicted with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis; (2) to further examine the relationship between the temporomandibular joint/cephalometric findings and rheumatologic data (ie, age at onset, duration of disease); and (3) to evaluate further pauciarticular- and polyarticular-onset disease in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and the prevalence of temporomandibular joint lesions and facial dysmorphology. The following information was obtained from 45 patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis: (1) routine rheumatologic clinical examination data; (2) anamnestic temporomandibular joint evaluation data; (3) clinical temporomandibular joint examination data; (4) lateral cephalometric measurement data; (5) posteroanterior cephalometric measurement data; and (6) individually corrected axial tomographic data. The results demonstrated the following: (1) radiographic evidence of condylar degeneration was apparent in 63% of all patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis with pauciarticular patients showing less temporomandibular involvement than polyarticular patients; (2) polyarticular juvenile rheumatoid arthritis patients receiving methotrexate showed less severe temporomandibular joint involvement than the polyarticular patients not receiving methotrexate; (3) the craniofacial structure was affected to a greater extent in the polyarticular form of the disease; (4) the craniomandibular index scores were significantly greater in the polyarticular group; (5) vertical height asymmetry and chin deviation were noted in more than 50% of the patients; and (6) there was a correlation between the severity of condylar lesions and cephalometric findings (ie, mandibular retroposition, posterior rotation, smaller ramus and mandibular dimensions) and the onset and duration of the disease. In conclusion, under the conditions of this study, methotrexate therapy was effective in minimizing temporomandibular joint destruction and craniofacial dysmorphology in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis patients with the polyarticular form of the disease. (Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2000;118:75-83)
Improving quality and safety in graduate education using an electronic student tracking system

Topic The Institute of Medicine report on the future of nursing, the Quality and Safety Education for Nurses initiative, and the Technology Informatics Guiding Education Reform movement are among the most prominent forces guiding change related to information technology and informatics in nursing to improve quality and safety in practice. Informatics competencies are essential for psychiatric nurses to leverage and integrate information technology into education, practice, and research. Purpose This article examines informatics and information technology from the perspective of educational preparation of the psychiatric mental health nurse practitioner. Sources of Information Literature related to informatics, information technology, and quality and safety in advanced practice psychiatric nursing. Conclusion Strategies for integration of information technology in educating psychiatric mental health nurse practitioner students are described. Informatics competency will result in safer and higher quality care.
Surgical Decision Making in the Management of Well-Differentiated Thyroid Cancer

The incidence of thyroid cancer in the United States has been increasing. The biologic behavior of well-differentiated thyroid cancer (WDTC) can vary from indolent tumor to an aggressive disease with invasion of critical structures and/or widespread distant metastasis. Therefore, the risk stratification is crucial in understanding the biology of thyroid cancer, its prognosis and appropriate therapeutic interventions. In fact, understanding the nuances of biological behavior of thyroid carcinomas lays the foundation for the idea of selective surgical management of this disease.
Testing unilateral versus bilateral normal contamination

Abstract This letter proposes modeling a large collection of test statistics, such as may arise in microarray data analysis, using a mixture of three normal distributions: one with mean zero, one with nonnegative mean, and one with nonpositive mean. A convenient procedure is established for testing whether this three-component mixture may be reduced to a two-component mixture with one nonzero component mean.
The toad's (Bufo marinus) lens and urinary bladder as mural membranes: a comparison.

Abstract The function of the toad's (Bufo marinus) crystalline lens and urinary bladder as mural membranes have been compared. Both have a layer of epithelial cells which are an important factor in controlling their permeability. The composition of the tissues and their bathing fluids have been compared. There is an electrical P.D. short-circuit current (SCC) and transmural active sodium transport across both tissues but these are less in the lens. The electrical resistance and permeability to potassium are similar in both tissues. Unidirectional water movement is much less in the lens probably reflecting its greater thickness. Oxygen consumption of the lens is less than 3% than in the bladder. The SCC is depressed by ouabain and iodoacetate in both tissues. DNP, ethacrynic acid and amiloride, are only effective on the bladder. Aldosterone, insulin and ADH stimulate SCC across the urinary bladder but it is not known if they have any such action on the lens.
Safety issues regarding colonic cleansing for diagnostic and surgical procedures.

There are various methods available to cleanse the colon in preparation for diagnostic and surgical procedures. The popular options are diet and cathartic regimens, gut lavage and phosphate preparations. Each method has its own unique characteristics and safety profile. Diet and cathartic regimens are based on traditional methods of colonoscopy preparation and remain an acceptable and safe alternative for patients unwilling or unable to tolerate other bowel preparations. Gut lavage methods involve ingestion of 2–4L of osmotically balanced solutions containing polyethylene glycol, which have been shown to be safe and effective for colon cleansing, including for special patient populations with cardiac, renal or hepatic dysfunction. Phosphate preparations have also been shown to be safe and effective for colon cleansing and are generally better tolerated than counterpart gut lavage solutions. However, this method has safety concerns for some patients with cardiac, renal and hepatic dysfunctions.
β-Arrestin2 Regulates Cannabinoid CB1 Receptor Signaling and Adaptation in a Central Nervous System Region–Dependent Manner

Background Cannabinoid CB 1 receptors (CB 1 Rs) mediate the effects of ▵ 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the psychoactive component in marijuana. Repeated THC administration produces tolerance and dependence, which limit therapeutic development. Moreover, THC produces motor and psychoactive side effects. β-arrestin2 mediates receptor desensitization, internalization, and signaling, but its role in these CB 1 R effects and receptor regulation is unclear. Methods CB 1 R signaling and behaviors (antinociception, hypothermia, catalepsy) were assessed in β-arrestin2-knockout (βarr2-KO) and wild-type mice after THC administration. Cannabinoid-stimulated [ 35 S]GTPγS and [ 3 H]ligand autoradiography were assessed by statistical parametric mapping and region-of-interest analysis. Results β-arrestin2 deletion increased CB 1 R-mediated G-protein activity in subregions of the cortex but did not affect CB 1 R binding, in vehicle-treated mice. βarr2-KO mice exhibited enhanced acute THC-mediated antinociception and hypothermia, with no difference in catalepsy. After repeated THC administration, βarr2-KO mice showed reduced CB 1 R desensitization and/or downregulation in cerebellum, caudal periaqueductal gray, and spinal cord and attenuated tolerance to THC-mediated antinociception. In contrast, greater desensitization was found in hypothalamus, cortex, globus pallidus, and substantia nigra of βarr2-KO compared with wild-type mice. Enhanced tolerance to THC-induced catalepsy was observed in βarr2-KO mice. Conclusions β-arrestin2 regulation of CB 1 R signaling following acute and repeated THC administration was region-specific, and results suggest that multiple, overlapping mechanisms regulate CB 1 Rs. The observations that βarr2-KO mice display enhanced antinociceptive responses to acute THC and decreased tolerance to the antinociceptive effects of the drug, yet enhanced tolerance to catalepsy, suggest that development of cannabinoid drugs that minimize CB 1 R interactions with β-arrestin2 might produce improved cannabinoid analgesics with reduced motor suppression.
The Astrolabe Craftsmen of Lahore and Early Brass Metallurgy

Summary A study of the metallurgy and manufacturing techniques of a group of eight astrolabes (seven from Lahore, one attributed to India) using non-destructive methods has produced the earliest evidence for systematic use of high-zinc (α + β) brass. To produce this alloy, the brass industry supplying the Lahore instrument makers must have co-melted metallic copper and zinc. This brass-making technology was previously believed to have been developed on an industrial scale in the nineteenth century in Europe. This work hypothesizes that this technology was used in Lahore on an industrial scale as early as ad 1601. In addition, this work hypothesizes that the α + β brass alloy was used specifically for its ease in manufacturing the thin sheet brass required for astrolabe-component manufacture.
Development of a liquid lithium thin film for use as a heavy ion beam stripper

A series of experiments was performed to investigate the feasibility of a liquid lithium thin film for a charge stripper in a high-power heavy ion linac. Various preliminary experiments using simulants were first conducted to determine the film formation scheme, to investigate the film stability, and to obtain the design parameters for a liquid lithium thin film system. Based on the results from these preliminary studies, a prototypical, high pressure liquid lithium system was constructed to demonstrate liquid lithium thin film formation. This system was capable of driving liquid lithium at 300 ?C and up to 13.9 MPa (2000 psig) through a nozzle opening as large as 1 mm (40 mil) in diameter. This drive pressure corresponds to a Li velocity of $>>200 m/s. A thin lithium film of 9 mm in width at velocity of ~58 m/s was produced. Its thickness was estimated to be roughly 13 ?m. High vacuum was maintained in the area of the film. This type of liquid metal thin film may also be used in other high power beam applications such as for intense X-ray or neutron sources.
Division of labor between scouts and recruits in honeybee foraging

The proportion of a honeybee colony's foragers which locate forage patches by independent scouting, as opposed to following recruitment dances, varies between about 5 and 35%, depending on forage availability. Experienced foragers scout more than do novice foragers. The cost of finding a forage patch is greater for recruits than scouts, but the patches found by recruits are evidently superior to those found by scouts. The honeybee's combined system of recruitment communication, scout-recruit division of labor, and selectivity in recruitment, apparently enhances a colony's overall foraging efficiency by guiding a large majority of a colony's foragers to good forage patches.
Bayesian Marginal Influence Assessment

Abstract Case-influence diagnostics are in wide use in classical linear regression and are common in Bayesian analysis. Most common Bayesian diagnostics assess influence on all parameters; influence on parameter subsets have not been formally developed, in contrast with classically based influence diagnostics. Influence on parameter subsets should be assessed when some parameters are ‘nuisance’ parameters while others are of primary inferential interest. Influence on parameter subsets can be substantially less than influence on the full parameter vector, leading to different conclusions from the influence analysis. We discuss Bayesian influence assessment in normal linear and hierarchical normal random effects models. We give formulae for case deletion influence diagnostics in normal linear regression for joint and marginal posterior distributions using several divergence measures. In more complex models, we describe a nested sampling procedure for computing marginal influence measures when closed-form computations are not available.
Collection of two-ring aromatic hydrocarbons, chlorinated phenols, guaiacols, and benzenes from ambient air using polyurethane foam/Tenax-GC cartridges

Abstract Two-ring aromatic hydrocarbons and chlorinated phenols, guaiacols, and benzenes and were measured in ambient air at three locations using a high volume air sampler equipped with a glass fiber filter followed by a polyurethane foam/Tenax-GC (PUF-TX) sandwich cartridge. Isotopically-labeled surrogate compounds were spiked on to the front of the cartridge before sampling to assess collection efficiency in the field. Surrogate recoveries from ten sample extracts averaged 87 ± 19% for 2,4-dichlorophenol-d 3 ; 111 ± 26% for pentachlorophenol- 13 C 6 ; 40 ± 22% for naphthalene-d 8 ; and 75 ± 18% for biphenyl-d 10 . With the exception of the most volatile surrogate, naphthalene-d 8 , collection efficiency of the PUF-TX traps was acceptable. The highest average concentrations at all three locations were observed for the aromatic hydrocarbons followed by the chlorinated benzenes, chlorinated phenols and the chlorinated guaiacols. This technique allows for ambient monitoring of these more volatile compound classes with commercially available high volume air sampling equipment.
Effects of amount and ruminal degradability of protein on nutrient digestibility and production by cows fed tallow

Abstract Five cows with ruminal cannulas were used in a 5 × 5 Latin square design to determine the effects of fat and amount and ruminal degradability of dietary crude protein (CP) on nutrient digestibility and production of milk and milk components. Treatments were 1) control; 2) 15% CP, soybean meal; 3) 15% CP, by-product proteins; 4) 18% CP, soybean meal; and 5) 18% CP, soybean meal and by-product proteins. Diets 2 through 5 contained 3.5% tallow. Diets consisted of 28% alfalfa haylage, 22% corn silage, and 50% concentrate on a dry matter (DM) basis. Fat did not affect dry matter intake or percentages and yields of fat and CP in milk but increased milk yield 2.5 kg/d. Fat did not affect N fractions in milk but decreased the percentages of short- and medium-chain fatty acids (C 6:0 to C 16:0 ) and increased the percentages of long-chain fatty acids (C 18:0 and C 18:1 ) in milk fat. Fat did not affect ruminal fermentation characteristics or the percentages of dietary DM, organic matter, CP, acid detergent fiber, neutral detergent fiber, starch, ether extract, and energy that were digested. An increase in dietary CP from 15 to 18% increased dry matter intake 1.7 kg/d; increased intake of gross energy 8 Mcal/d; increased the percentages and quantities of DM, organic matter, CP, and energy digested; increased the quantities of acid detergent fiber and neutral detergent fiber digested; decreased ruminal pH; increased concentrations of total volatile fatty acids; and increased NH 3 N in ruminal fluid. However, the difference in dietary CP did not affect milk yield or composition. Replacement of soybean meal in the diet with a mixture of by-product proteins decreased NH 3 N in ruminal fluid, tended to decrease concentrations of total volatile fatty acids and increase pH of ruminal fluid, but did not affect milk yield or percentages and yields of milk components.
Heterogeneous kinetics and pharmacology of synaptic inhibition in the chick auditory brainstem.

Identification of shared features between avian and mammalian auditory brainstem circuits has provided much insight into the mechanisms underlying early auditory processing. However, previous studies have highlighted an apparent difference in inhibitory systems; synaptic inhibition is thought to be slow and GABAergic in birds but to have fast kinetics and be predominantly glycinergic in mammals. Using patch-clamp recordings in chick brainstem slices, we found that this distinction is not exclusively true. Consistent with previous work, IPSCs in nucleus magnocellularis (NM) were slow and mediated by GABA A receptors. However, IPSCs in nucleus laminaris (NL) and a subset of neurons in nucleus angularis (NA) had rapid time courses twofold to threefold faster than those in NM. Furthermore, we found that IPSCs in NA were mediated by both glycine and GABA A receptors, demonstrating for the first time a role for fast glycinergic transmission in the avian auditory brainstem. Although NM, NL, and NA have unique roles in auditory processing, the majority of inhibitory input to each nucleus arises from the same source, ipsilateral superior olivary nucleus (SON). Our results demonstrate remarkable diversity of inhibitory transmission among the avian brainstem nuclei and suggest that differential glycine and GABA A receptor activity tailors inhibition to the specific functional roles of NM, NL, and NA despite common SON input. We additionally observed that glycinergic/GABAergic activity in NA was usually depolarizing and could elicit spiking activity in NA neurons. Because NA projects to SON, these excitatory effects may influence the recruitment of inhibitory activity in the brainstem nuclei.
Manipulation of the kondo effect via two-dimensional molecular assembly

We report the manipulation of a Kondo resonance originating from the spin-electron interactions between a two-dimensional molecular assembly of TBrPP-Co molecules and a Cu(111) surface at 4.6 K. By manipulating nearest-neighbor molecules with a scanning tunneling microscope tip we are able to tune the spin-electron coupling of the center molecule inside a hexagonal molecular assembly in a controlled step-by-step manner. The Kondo temperature increases from 105 to 170 K with decreasing the number of nearest neighbor molecules from six to zero. The scattering of surface electrons by the molecules located at edges of the molecular layer reduces the spin-electron coupling strength for the molecules inside the layer. Investigations of different molecular arrangements indicate that the observed Kondo resonance is independent on the molecular lattice.
Some Key Issues and Challenges Posed by Nonagricultural Demands for Rural Environments

HE ECONOMIC roles for the rural environment, or more correctly, rural environments, extend increasingly beyond the agricultural sector and agricultural demands for rural resources. Rural environments are increasingly serving diverse ends that emanate from nonagricultural sectors and demands. The early preeminence of demands on rural environments for food and fiber production has been eroded by rapidly growing demands for recreation, second homes, retirement properties, and supplies of unpolluted resources of various types. Some of these demands are familiar and long-standing while others are new and exotic. What is more, new policies and concerns are propelling us further in this direction. The growing national and state concerns for expanding urban agglomerations and for ways to upgrade the quality of life add a new dimension. Also, at the national and state levels, we have increased concern about improving our rural-urban population balance. The broad and continued concern for enhanced rural development and for regional (multicounty) development are important added dimensions. These several factors and others add to give major potential nonagricultural demands for rural quality and rural resources. This paper focuses first upon nonmetropolitan environments or regions and some important considerations in their definition and delineation. Then it briefly reviews past trends concerning nonagricultural demands and some effects of policies concerning urban life, ruralurban balance, and rural development. It highlights some of the resulting issues and raises some challenges for policy makers and for professional economists. It suggests to the American Economics Association and to the American Agricultural Economics Association some specif c reassessments of emphases and approaches.
Abstract LB-211: Identification of blood-based protein biomarker candidates for malignant glioma

A reliable, non-invasive and convenient method for detecting malignant gliomas progression and responsiveness to treatment will significantly increase the survival of patients. A protein biomarker-based method for high-grade glioma using patients’ blood samples was investigated. Using a multiplex Luminex immunoassay, 90 proteins associated with cancer were examined in the plasma from high-grade glioma patients (N=28) and non-cancer controls (N=367). Wilcoxon rank-sum test was performed to select the differentially expressed proteins. Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves were constructed to determine their diagnostic accuracy. A second cohort of serum samples from different GBM patients (N=20) and non-cancer controls (N=1278) was similarly analyzed. A total of 40 and 25 proteins were found to be significantly differentially expressed between the glioma and control groups (p Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-211.
The photomorphogenic protein, DE-ETIOLATED 1, is a critical transcriptional corepressor in the central loop of the Arabidopsis circadian clock.

In this issue of Molecular Cell, Lau et al. (2011) demonstrate that DET1, a component of the COP10-DET1-DDB1 (CDD) complex, is a transcriptional corepressor recruited to the promoters of core clock genes via interaction with two MYB transcription factors, CCA1 and LHY.
Colon and Rectal Injuries During Operation Iraqi Freedom: Are There Any Changing Trends in Management or Outcome?

Despite the evolution in the management of traumatic colorectal injuries in both civilian and military settings during the previous few decades, they continue to be a source of significant morbidity and mortality. The purpose of this study was to analyze management and clinical outcomes from a cohort of patients suffering colorectal injuries. This was a retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data from all patients injured and treated at the 31st Combat Support Hospital during Operation Iraqi Freedom from September 2003 to December 2004. From the 3,442 patients treated, 175 (5.1 percent) had colorectal injuries. Patients were predominately male (95 percent), suffered penetrating injuries (96 percent), and had a mean age of 29 (range, 4–70) years. Ninety-one percent of patients had associated injuries. Initial management included primary repair (34 percent), stoma (33 percent), resection with anastomosis (19 percent), and damage control only (14 percent). By injury location, stomas were placed more frequently with rectal or sphincter injuries 65 percent (25/40) vs. other sites (right, 19 percent (8/42); transverse, 25 percent (8/32); left, 36 percent (20/55); P < 0.01). Thirteen percent of patients eventually received stomas for failure of initial in-continuity management. Patients with colorectal injuries had a significantly increased mortality rate than those without (18 percent (31/175) vs. 8 percent (269/3267); P < 0.001) but not the subset without colorectal injuries undergoing celiotomy (18 vs.14.4 percent; P = 0.41). Rectal (odds radio, 22; P = 0.03) and transverse colon (odds radio, 17; P = 0.04) injuries were independently associated with increased mortality in multivariate regression analysis. Initial placement of stoma had an independent association with lower leak rates (odds radio, 0.06; P = 0.04). Injury to the rectum or transverse colon is an independent predictor of mortality. The use of a diverting stoma varied by injury site and was associated with a decreased leak rate but demonstrated no impact on the incidence of sepsis or mortality.
Counselor Active Rehabilitation Service and the Reduction of Hopelessness in Individuals with Dual Diagnosis Disorder

ABSTRACT The purpose of this quantitative study was to investigate the effect of the counselor active rehabilitation service (CARS) counseling model compared to standard rehabilitation counseling in reducing the degree of hopelessness experienced by individuals with dual diagnosis disorders. This study involved 50 participants diagnosed with dual diagnosis disorder who were randomly assigned to either a control or experimental group, with the intervention being the CARS counseling model. Results indicate a significant positive effect for the treatment intervention.
Development of Microplitis croceipes as a biological sensor

Classical conditioning, a form of associative learning, was first described in the vertebrate literature by Pavlov, but has since been documented for a wide variety of insects. Our knowledge of associative learning by insects began with Karl vonFrisch explaining communication among honeybees, Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Since then, the honey bee has provided us with much of what we understand about associative learning in insects and how we relate the theories of learning in vertebrates to insects. Fruit flies, moths, and parasitic wasps are just a few examples of other insects that have been documented with the ability to learn. A novel direction in research on this topic attempts to harness the ability of insects to learn for the development of biological sensors. Parasitic wasps, especially Microplitis croceipes (Cresson) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), have been conditioned to detect the odors associated with explosives, food toxins, and cadavers. Honeybees and moths have also been associatively conditioned to several volatiles of interest in forensics and national security. In some cases, handheld devices have been developed to harness the insects and observe conditioned behavioral responses to air samples in an attempt to detect target volatiles. Current research on the development of biological sensors with insects is focusing on factors that influence the learning and memory ability of arthropods as well as potential mathematical techniques for improving the interpretation of the behavioral responses to conditioned stimuli. Chemical detection devices using arthropod-based sensing could be used in situations where trained canines cannot be used (such as toxic environments) or are unavailable, electronic devices are too expensive and/or not of sufficient sensitivity, and when conditioning to target chemicals must be done within minutes of detection. The purpose of this article is to provide a brief review of the development of M. croceipes as a model system for exploring associative learning for the development of biological sensors.
Spontaneous pancreatic islet cell tumours in guinea pigs

Abstract Pancreatic islet cell tumours were found in 7 out of 678 guinea-pigs (1 per cent) that survived more than 2 years in our laboratories. These guinea-pigs, both random-bred Hartley and inbred strain 13, were involved in various carcinogenicity studies with nitrosamides. Four tumours were observed in a total of 374 carcinogen-treated animals (1·1 per cent) and 3 tumours in 304 controls (1·0 per cent); there does not appear, therefore, to be any significant relationship with carcinogen treatment. The incidence was significantly higher in the inbred strain 13 (3 out of 85, 3.5 per cent) than in random-bred Hartley guinea-pigs (4 out of 593, 0.7 per cent). These tumours were apparently spontaneous, and showed 3 different histological patterns: medullary, trabecular or alveolar, and gyriform occurring singly or in combination. Except in one case, they were beta-cell adenomas. These tumours were all considered to be benign.
Influences of water status and temperature on leaf elongation in strawberry

Abstract Irrigated (IR) and non-irrigated (NIR) strawberries (Fragaria × ananassa Duch. cultivar ‘Olympus’) were compared in terms of water potential (ψ), solute potential (ψs), turgor potential (ψp), and leaf elongation rate (LER), during diurnal cycles in 1978 and 1979. LER was maximal during a 5-hour period beginning 1 hour before sunset. Low leaf temperature (below 16–18°C) apparently limited LER during the remainder of the night, and low ψp or water supply to leaves was probably the limiting factor in the afternoon in both IR and NIR plants. In 1978, leaflet length was measured daily from 13 to 27 days after the start of differential irrigation. The mean LER during the first week was 52% higher, and the area of the center leaflets averaged 85% greater, for IR than NIR plants on Day 27. In 1979, after 62 days of irrigation treatments, the total leaf area of IR plants was 205% greater, which was the combined effect of greater leaf size and number. Osmotic adjustment, an adaptive response to water deficit, increased ψp at a given ψ in NIR field-grown strawberries, but did not prevent a reduction in LER, which was often only one-third that of irrigated plants during a diurnal cycle. The average LER was determined during 3 days in growth chambers at 10, 15, 22 or 28°C, and was maximal at 28°C. After 2 weeks in the 28°C-chamber, the LER of new leaves declined, however, suggesting that 28°C was supra-optimal for strawberry.
Differential thermal analysis of poly(vinylidene chloride) crystals

The melting behavior of poly(vinylidene chloride) (PVDC) was studied using differential thermal analysis (DTA). Crystals were grown isothermally from 0.1% and 0.02% dilute solutions of the polymer in 1.2-dibromoethane and monobromobenzene. Both ‘solid’ and ‘oil’ samples were used for the DTA experiments. ‘Solid’ samples are defined as dried down crystals and ‘oil’ samples are crystals which have been suspension exchanged in silicone oil without letting them dry out. Thermal curves of ‘solid’ samples are similar to those obtained previously with as-polymerized crystals, that is they show two endotherms. The lower temperature peak corresponds to the melting of lamellae as formed. The upper peak at around 200°C, may be due to the melting of crystals which have reorganized during heating. Thermal curves of ‘oil’ samples show two extra small peaks in addition to those of the ‘solid’ samples. From the results of annealing and degradation experiments, these two peaks may correspond to a small portion of the crystals which have been partially degraded to form double bonds and thus possess lower melting points. An alternative explanation is that there is an as yet unreported second crystal form of PVDC.
α,β-methylene-adenosine-5′-triphosphate - effects of a competitive inhibitor of adenylate cyclase on cyclic AMP accumulation and lipolysis in isolated fat cells

Abstract The rapid, transient rise in the intracellular concentration of cyclic AMP which follows addition of L-epinephrine to isolated fat cells is completely prevented by an ATP analog, α,β-methylene-adenosine-5′-triphosphate [Ap(CH2)pp], a competitive inhibitor of adenylate cyclase activity in liver and fat cell membrane preparations. The concentration of cyclic AMP falls distinctly below that in the basal state after incubating fat cells for seven minutes in the presence of Ap(CH2)pp. The results are consistent with the view that the ATP analog is also an effective in vivo inhibitor of adenylate cyclase activity, and that intracellular cyclic AMP levels are normally delicately balanced by very rapid processes of synthesis and degradation. Epinephrine-induced lipolysis in fat cells is not inhibited but is instead enhanced by Ap(CH2)pp. This is probably explained by the ability of the analog to act (like ATP) as a high-energy phosphate donor, an effect which is independent of its inhibition of adenylate cyclase activity. The predominant effect of this compound on glucose oxidation by fat cells also appears to be the result of this property since its effects are mimicked by ATP.
The structure of the sarcotubular system in avian muscle

Most avian skeletal muscles have their triads at the A-I junction, and there is a complex sarcoplasmic reticulum in the Z-line region because of the architectural arrangement of two triads in one sarcomere. The sarcotubular system in the pigeon serratus superficialis metapatagialis muscle was examined with the electron microscope. In these muscles the t-tubules open to the extra-cellular space, and there is an indication that mitochondria may connect to the sarcotubular system. The elements of the sarcoplasmic reticulum between two triads of a single sarcomere is similar to that in the frog, and consists of the triads, intermediate cisternae, longitudinal tubules, and fenestrated collar. In the portion of the sarcoplasmic reticulum between triads of adjacent sarcomeres, the triads are coupled. This is brought about by triads extending from one sarcomere to the next and by the connection of the reticulum between triads of adjacent sarcomeres. Some of the tubules making up the Z-line reticulum have a fenestrated appearance, similar to the fenestrated collar.
Solution-state 2D NMR of ball-milled plant cell wall gels in DMSO-d6/pyridine-d5

NMR fingerprinting of the components of finely divided plant cell walls swelled in DMSO has been recently described. Cell wall gels, produced directly in the NMR tube with perdeutero-dimethylsulfoxide, allowed the acquisition of well resolved/dispersed 2D 13C–1H correlated solution-state NMR spectra of the entire array of wall polymers, without the need for component fractionation. That is, without actual solubilization, and without apparent structural modification beyond that inflicted by the ball milling and ultrasonication steps, satisfactorily interpretable spectra can be acquired that reveal compositional and structural details regarding the polysaccharide and lignin components in the wall. Here, the profiling method has been improved by using a mixture of perdeuterated DMSO and pyridine (4 : 1, v/v). Adding pyridine provided not only easier sample handling because of the better mobility compared to the DMSO-d6-only system but also considerably elevated intensities and improved resolution of the NMR spectra due to the enhanced swelling of the cell walls. This modification therefore provides a more rapid method for comparative structural evaluation of plant cell walls than is currently available. We examined loblolly pine (Pinus taeda, a gymnosperm), aspen (Populus tremuloides, an angiosperm), kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus, an herbaceous plant), and corn (Zea mays L., a grass, i.e., from the Poaceae family). In principle, lignin composition (notably, the syringyl : guaiacyl : p-hydroxyphenyl ratio) can be quantified without the need for lignin isolation. Correlations for p-coumarate units in the corn sample are readily seen, and a variety of the ferulate correlations are also well resolved; ferulates are important components responsible for cell wall cross-linking in grasses. Polysaccharide anomeric correlations were tentatively assigned for each plant sample based on standard samples and various literature data. With the new potential for chemometric analysis using the 2D NMR fingerprint, this gel-state method may provide the basis for an attractive approach to providing a secondary screen for selecting biomass lines and for optimizing biomass processing and conversion efficiencies.
Two New Species of Triozocera Pierce, 1909 (Strepsiptera: Corioxenidae) from Southeast Asia

Abstract. Two new species of Triozocera Pierce, 1909 are described from Southeast Asia. Triozocera magnipalpus n. sp. is from Thailand and T. gilloglyi n. sp. is from Vietnam. A key is provided to differentiate the four known species from this region. Additionally, useful characters for identifying Triozocera species are discussed.
Hydathode anatomy in Potentilla palustris (Rosaceae)

Guttating leaf teeth of Potentilla palustris plants from Wisconsin, USA, were cleared or processed for plastic sectioning or scanning electron microscopy. Anatomical features include: 1) long slender hydathode area occupying most of the tooth, 2) adaxial pad of small, flat epidermal cells with 50 or more sunken water pores about the size of ordinary abaxial stomates, 3) three converged bundles that extend distally, where their tracheary files are separated by intervening files of xylem parenchyma cells with sinuous walls, 4) adaxial mass of small, loosely arranged epithem cells above the xylem, 5) one slender phloem strand that extends only about a third of the way into the hydathode, and 6) bundle sheath extending distally only abaxially and along the flanks of the hydathode. Potentilla hydathodes differ significantly from non-guttating ones described earlier in Physocarpus (Rosaceae).