cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
At-Risk Drinking, Operant Demand, and Cross-Commodity Discounting as Predictors of Drunk Driving in Underage College Women.

Abstract Behavioral economics offers unique tools for assessing value and motivation associated with college drinking. Tasks that model changes in consumption as a function of price (operant demand) or the decline in an outcome’s subjective value as a function of time-to-occurrence (delay discounting) provide valuable information that may efficiently supplement clinical screening instruments when characterizing alcohol use severity. The first aim of this investigation was to examine the extent to which at-risk drinking, operant demand for alcohol, and single- and cross-commodity discounting of money and alcohol predict adverse consequences of past-month drinking in underage college women (N = 72). The second aim was to determine whether these clinical and behavioral economic measures could significantly predict the odds of past-month drunk driving, a serious public health concern due to the increasing prevalence of heavy episodic drinking among women in their first 1 – 2 years of college. Results showed that higher scores on the consumption factor of the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT-C), greater Persistence (consumption amidst constraint) and Amplitude (maximum consumption) of demand, as well as lower rates of discounting for choices between receiving alcohol now or double the amount after a delay (choosing the larger amount of alcohol even when it is delayed) significantly predicted adverse consequences of past-month drinking. Moreover, scores on the AUDIT-C, Amplitude of demand, and higher rates of discounting for choices between receiving alcohol now and money later (choosing immediately available alcohol at the expense of double the equivalent in delayed money) significantly predicted past-month drunk driving. We contend that operant demand along with single- and cross-commodity discounting can be viewed as intersecting measures of reinforcer value with clinical relevance to college women.
Instabilities in Dynamic Fracture

My purpose in this presentation is to summarize and interpret recent theoretical work by Emily Ching, Hiizu Nakanishi and myself on dynamic stability of mode I fracture [1]. Our investigation has been motivated by the experiments of Fineberg et al. [5, 6] in which it appears that mode I cracks in a variety of materials encounter some kind of oscillatory instability at velocities appreciably below the Rayleigh speed. The experiments indicate that the instability involves out-of-plane deformations; that is, the cracks are unstable against deflection or branching away from their directions of motion. We find that a broad class of models of dynamic fracture exhibits this kind of instability. Several features of our results appear to contradict conventional assumptions in this field.
Offset Pipelined Scheduling: Conditional Branching for CGRAs

Coarse Grained Reconfigurable Arrays (CGRAs) offer improved energy efficiency and performance over conventional architectures. However, modulo counter based control of these devices limits efficiency for applications with multiple execution modes. This work presents a new type of architecture that adds support for branching control flow to CGRAs. The pipelined program counter CGRA framework blends the high parallelism of traditional CGRAs with the flexibility of commodity processors. Offset Pipelined Scheduling (OPS) is the basis of an enhanced CGRA tool chain targeting these devices. OPS is shown to provide an average 1.94x speed up for benchmarks that are resource limited when modulo scheduled.
The academic generalist: an endangered species revived.

The role of a generalist in academic medicine has been diminished because of the proliferation of specialized research and treatment in the hands of the subspecialist. Yet many observers believe that this has resulted in gaps in research and teaching concerning common health problems, especially those seen in office practice. To correct this trend, The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation has supported for 10 years a fellowship program to prepare academic pediatric generalists. A total of 111 pediatricians have completed the fellowship. Two thirds are now in full-time academic positions. By late 1988, they had published 332 papers and had received more than $20 million in grant support. A majority of departments of pediatrics have relabeled their divisions of ambulatory pediatrics as divisions of general pediatrics and have broadened these divisions' responsibilities. In spite of some difficulty obtaining research support, the careers of these fellows and the changes in pediatric departments support the thesis that there is a need for and a rebirth of academic general pediatrics.
Causality tests and conditional heteroskedasticity:: Monte Carlo evidence

Abstract This paper investigates the reliability of causality tests based on least squares when conditional heteroskedasticity exists. Monte Carlo evidence documents considerable size distortion if the conditional variances are correlated. Inference based on a heteroskedasticity and autocorrelation consistent covariance matrix offers little improvement. This size distortion traces to an inability to discriminate between causality in mean and causality in variance. As a result, this paper endorses conducting causality tests based on an empirical specification that explicitly models the conditional means and conditional variances. The relationship between money and prices serves as an illustrative example.
Male and female meadow voles, Microtus pennsylvanicus, differ in their responses to heterospecific/conspecific over-marks

Voles use runways, paths, and trails that may also be used by rabbits and mink. These shared areas could contain the scent marks of conspecifics and heterospecifics. Thus, it is likely that the scent marks of heterospecifics may overlap or be overlapped by those of voles, forming over-marks. Much is known about how voles respond to over-marks of two different conspecifics. However, we do not know how they would respond to an opposite-sex conspecific whose scent marks are in an over-mark with the scent marks of predator or the scent marks of a non-predator heterospecifics. We tested the hypothesis that meadow voles, Microtus pennsylvanicus, differ in their response to the scent mark of the opposite-sex conspecific if the scent mark was overlapped by that of a mink, a vole predator, or rabbit, a vole non-predator. We found that female but not male voles showed a preference for the scent marks of the opposite-sex conspecifics that were part of the mink-vole over-mark when compared to those of opposite-sex conspecifics that were not part of the over-mark. This preference by female voles was independent of whether the male vole was the top-scent donor or bottom-scent donor of the over-mark. Male and female voles showed no preference between the scent marks of the opposite-sex conspecifics whose marks were part of or not part of the rabbit-vole over-mark. Sex differences in the manner that meadow voles respond to rabbit-vole and mink-vole over-marks are discussed.
DBR-free semiconductor disk lasers

We demonstrate a novel DBR-free semiconductor disk laser, where multiple quantum well active region is fusion bonded directly onto a diamond heat spreader. CW output powers of 2.5 W have been demonstrated at 1150 nm.
Similarity in the Size and Number of Ribosomal Proteins from Different Prokaryotes

The ribosomal proteins from nine species of prokaryotes have been compared by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. The stained gels were scanned spectrophotometrically, the weight and number average molecular weights were calculated, and the detailed distribution of the proteins as a function of molecular weight was determined. By all of these criteria, the ribosomal proteins from all the species closely resembled each other, despite differences in the pattern of protein bands by conventional disc-gel electrophoresis. Therefore, it is suggested that the structural requirements for the assembly of ribosomal subunits have imposed limitations on the evolution of the ribosomal proteins and that their size has been highly conserved.
The Actuality of the History of Political Thought

Although Aristotle’s definition of man as a “political animal” has been repeated again and again during the two and a half millennia since the demise of Athenian democracy, most of us most of the time are quite happy to let others take responsibility for governing while we get on with our everyday lives. We may have opinions about how the government should govern, and we may have certain expectations about the kind of persons to whom we trust this responsibility. But these are personal, subjective, and only expressed publicly (if at all) in a very general and impersonal way on election days. Indeed, more often than not we vote against the other candidate rather than for our own. One result is that politics has become a profession much like any other, with its specialized training, criteria of excellence and consumers to satisfy. Those of us who follow the goings-on within the political class tend to judge its practitioners in the same way that we evaluate the professional athletes or entertainers competing for popular admiration. We are aesthetes, concerned first and foremost with what interests us and only then, perhaps, with what affects our interests, and only incidentally with the supposed general interest.
The Theory of Social Action: Text and Letters with Talcott Parsons

This is in effect Schutz’s unsuccessful attempt to communicate with the arguably the leading sociologist in the USA. He is sympathetic but not uncritical of Parson’s work, but Parsons is unsympathetic with Schutz’s project of a Wissenschaftslehre. Yet Schutz says things here about, e.g., economics, that he does not say elsewhere.
Effects of the 2011 Flood in Thailand on Birth Outcomes and Perceived Social Support

ABSTRACT Objective To determine the effects of displacement due to flooding during pregnancy on birth outcomes (infant birth weight and gestational age) and the moderating effect of perceived social support on the relationship between displacement and birth outcomes. Design A descriptive, longitudinal study. Setting A university‐affiliated hospital in Pathum Thani, Thailand. Participants Pregnant women ( N = 175) in the third trimester that had uncomplicated pregnancies and no history of mental illness. Methods During pregnancy, the participants completed standardized measurements of depression symptoms, perceived social support, and questionnaires concerning the effect of the flood. After giving birth, infant birth weight and gestational age at birth were retrieved from delivery records. Results Seventy percent ( n = 123) of the participants experienced displacement during the flood. The displaced women had a mean infant birth weight of 175 grams less than that of the nondisplaced women, t (173) = ‐2.38, p = .02, whereas infant gestational age was not different. Displacement and other variables explained approximately 8% of the variance in infant birth weight. The interaction term between displacement and perceived social support was statistically significant and additionally explained the variance in infant birth weight, F (6, 168) = 3.24, p = .005. Conclusion Being displaced during pregnancy due to a natural disaster affected fetal growth rather than length of gestation. Health care providers should closely monitor maternal weight gain and fetal growth of pregnant women who experience displacement. Among the displaced women, social support was associated with higher infant birth weight; therefore, high levels of perceived social support may be protective for pregnant women who experience stressful events such as displacement from flooding.
Measurements of ionization current in cyclohexane-silicon oil mixtures

In the case of liquid chambers the dependence is fulfilled [1] j/sub 0///spl sigma//sub 0//sup 2/=const. This means that the relation isn't dependent on absorbed dose rate; j/sub 0/-means density so called extrapolated ionized current intensity, /spl sigma//sub 0/-the electric initial conductivity of chamber. j/sub 0/ substitutes the saturation current, because in the liquid chambers the emission current is incompatible. To verify the dependence (1) in the cyclohexane-silicon oil mixtures it has been determined simultaneously the ion mobility in them and the coefficient of dynamic viscosity.
Is tocqueville defunct

Tocqueville Between Two Worlds: The Making Of A Political And Theoretical Life. By Sheldon S. Wolin
HIF1-α-Mediated Gene Expression Induced by Vitamin B1 Deficiency

It is well established that thiamine deficiency results in an excess of metabolic intermediates such as lactate and pyruvate, which is likely due to insufficient levels of cofactor for the function of thiamine-dependent enzymes. When in excess, both pyruvate and lactate can increase the stabilization of the hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1α) transcription factor, resulting in the trans-activation of HIF-1α regulated genes independent of low oxygen, termed pseudo-hypoxia. Therefore, the resulting dysfunction in cellular metabolism and accumulation of pyruvate and lactate during thiamine deficiency may facilitate a pseudo-hypoxic state. In order to investigate the possibility of a transcriptional relationship between hypoxia and thiamine deficiency, we measured alterations in metabolic intermediates, HIF-1α stabilization, and gene expression. We found an increase in intracellular pyruvate and extracellular lactate levels after thiamine deficiency exposure to the neuroblastoma cell line SK-N-BE. Similar to cells exposed to hypoxia, there was a corresponding increase in HIF-1α stabilization and activation of target gene expression during thiamine deficiency, including glucose transporter-1 (GLUT1), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and aldolase A. Both hypoxia and thiamine deficiency exposure resulted in an increase in the expression of the thiamine transporter SLC19A3. These results indicate thiamine deficiency induces HIF-1α-mediated gene expression similar to that observed in hypoxic stress, and may provide evidence for a central transcriptional response associated with the clinical manifestations of thiamine deficiency.
Retrospective Cost Adaptive Flow Control Using a Dielectric Barrier Discharge Actuator with Parameter-Dependent Modeling

Low-Reynolds number flyers with a chord Reynolds number of 10 or below are sensitive to flow unsteadiness and require an effective flow control scheme to achieve stable flight performance. In this paper, unsteady aerodynamics under fluctuating free-stream conditions on an infinite wing with the SD7003 airfoil geometry at chord Reynolds number 1000 is controlled using a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) actuator with the retrospective cost adaptive control algorithm. The control law, which requires knowledge of the first nonzero Markov parameter and nonminimum-phase zeros of the linearized flow-actuator model, adjusts control gains by minimizing a quadratic function of the retrospective performance. This paper extends previous research by addressing the lift stabilization mechanism under higher-magnitude disturbance conditions and assessing the variation of system-parameter estimates as functions of the impulse magnitude, free-stream velocity and nominal voltage. The sensitivity of the closed-loop performance to the accuracy of the parameter estimates is investigated by comparing the closed-loop performance with and without modeled parameter variations.
DNA-Based “Digital” Tension Probes with Pn Sensitivity Reveal Early Cell Adhesion Mechanics at the Single Molecule Level

Mechanical forces are involved in important processes such as cell division, migration and gene expression, signifying their critical importance to living systems. However, the lack of methods to visualize cellular forces at the molecular scale has hampered the study of mechanotransduction. To address this need, we developed a new class of DNA-based molecular tension fluorescence microscopy (MTFM) probes that function as a reversible digital switch, and are ideally suited to investigate the pN-range forces applied by individual integrins. We show that focal adhesion maturation involves an increase in tension per molecule coupled with recruitment of a greater density of integrins. By engaging cells to sensor chips presenting mixtures of spectrally-encoded probes with different mechanical responses, we find that integrins display both chemical and mechanical specificity at the single-molecule level. Integrins show mechanical preference for more rigid ligands within nascent adhesions, thus suggesting focal adhesions function as rigidity sensors at the single integrin level. Moreover, this observation may be related to the "catch" bond model, where the integrin-ligand bond lifetime increases under a mechanical load.
Illusions of face memory: Clarity breeds familiarity

Abstract When people perform a recognition memory task, they may avail themselves of different forms of information. For example, they may recall specific learning episodes, or rely on general feelings of familiarity. Although subjective familiarity is often valid, it can make people vulnerable to memory illusions. Research using verbal materials has shown that “old” responses are often increased by enhancing perceptual fluency , as when selected words are shown with relatively higher contrast on a computer. Conversely, episodic memory can create an erroneous sense of perceptual advantages for recently studied words. In this investigation, symmetric fluency effects were tested in face memory, a domain that is often considered neurologically and psychologically unique. In eight experiments involving over 800 participants, we found consistent memorial and perceptual illusions—fluency created feelings of familiarity, and familiarity created feelings of fluency. In both directions, these effects were manifested as response biases, suggesting effects based on memorial and perceptual attributions.
Births and birth registration in Mreyjeh.

The birth registration system in Mreyjeh was investigated to determine its usefulness to health clinics in initiating maternal and child care. Because Lebanon is divided into many subdistricts and because all births are to be registered with the mukhtar of that district by a specific time the study has shown that the data is incorrect and incomplete. A census of births of 1200 families was conducted to determine an accurate account of births. The census revealed 186 live births in Mreyjeh from 1969-1970; however only 121 births were registered by the mukhtar. It was found that some births were registered in the district the birth occurred rather than in the district where the couple reside. In addition incorrect birth information was given to avoid paying a fine due to a delay in registering. Therefore mukhtars will continue to be contacted as well as midwives who are present at 88% of the deliveries as sources of birth information. Also strict laws should be applied with respect to birth registration within the required period from birth.
Adaptive s-method for linear elastostatics

Abstract A methodology has been developed to simultaneously treat phenomena at several scales. The key features of the method are (i) a detailed error diagnosis which identifies critical regions, and (ii) a feedback procedure which overlays portions of the finite element mesh, where unacceptable errors have been identified, by local finite element mesh(es), and then subsequently improves the quality of the solution in the global and local response until the desired level of accuracy is achieved. The method can be routinely used as a global-local method and/or as an adaptive technique which provides a measure of reliability of global and local computations. Numerical experiments for problems in homogeneous and heterogeneous (laminated composites) media are presented to validate the present formulation.
Linear discrete reduced order modeling for stationary processes

This paper considers the problem of modeling a given linear discrete time-invariant system by a time-invariant reduced order model. The method proposed here is based on minimizing the difference between the system outputs and the reduced order model outputs in stochastic steady state. The optimal model parameters arc given by a set of ten simultaneous equations of which only one is non-linear.
Drug prophylaxis for human immunodeficiency virus-infected pregnant women: ethical considerations.

More than 5000 women infected with human immunodeficiency virus give birth annually in the United States. Many of these women are offered human immunodeficiency virus tests in prenatal settings. One of the incentives for them to be tested is access to medications that have been shown to prolong diseasefree intervals in nonpregnant human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals. However, the use of those medications during pregnancy has not been well studied and some have cautioned against their prenatal use. Thus consideration of these agents may be deferred by some clinicians until the postpartum period. In this article we argue that the availability of such agents should be disclosed to women who are seropositive for human immunodeficiency virus as part of the informed consent process.
Morphological and wavelet transforms for object detection and image processing.

We consider the problem of detecting multiple distorted objects in an input scene with clutter. The input scenes contain different types of background clutter and multiple objects in different classes, with different object aspect views, different object representations, hot/cold/bimodal/partial object variations, and high/low contrast object variations. Several new optical morphological operations for use in the above detection problem and in other general low-level image-processing applications are described, and several examples of their use are provided. For difficult detection problems in which high detection rates and low false-alarm rates are required we combine morphological operations and optical wavelet transforms to reduce clutter and improve object detection. The details of this set of filters and initial test results are given. The most computationally demanding operations required in all cases are realizable on an optical correlator.
Roles of adjuvant and route of vaccination in antibody response and protection engendered by a synthetic matrix protein 2-based influenza A virus vaccine in the mouse

The M2 ectodomain (M2e) of influenza A virus (IAV) strains that have circulated in humans during the past 90 years shows remarkably little structural diversity. Since M2e-specific antibodies (Abs) are capable of restricting IAV replication in vivo but are present only at minimal concentration in human sera, efforts are being made to develop a M2e-specific vaccine. We are exploring a synthetic multiple antigenic peptide (MAP) vaccine and here report on the role of adjuvants (cholera toxin and immunostimulatory oligodeoxynucleotide) and route of immunization on Ab response and strength of protection. Independent of adjuvants and immunization route, on average 87% of the M2e-MAP-induced Abs were specific for M2e peptide and a variable fraction of these M2e(pep)-specific Abs (average 15%) cross-reacted with presumably native M2e expressed by M2-transfected cells. The titer of these cross-reactive M2e(pep-nat)-specific Abs in sera of parenterally immunized mice displayed a sigmoidal relation to level of protection, with EC50 of ~20 μg Ab/ml serum, though experiments with passive M2e(pep-nat) Abs indicated that serum Abs did not fully account for protection in parenterally vaccinated mice, particularly in upper airways. Intranasal vaccination engendered stronger protection and a higher proportion of G2a Abs than parenteral vaccination, and the strength of protection failed to correlate with M2e(pep-nat)-specific serum Ab titers, suggesting a role of airway-associated immunity in protection of intranasally vaccinated mice. Intranasal administration of M2e-MAP without adjuvant engendered no response but coadministration with infectious IAV slightly enhanced the M2e(pep-nat) Ab response and protection compared to vaccination with IAV or adjuvanted M2e-MAP alone. M2e-MAP is an effective immunogen as ~15% of the total M2e-MAP-induced Ab response is of desired specificity. While M2e(pep-nat)-specific serum Abs have an important role in restricting virus replication in trachea and lung, M2e-specific T cells and/or locally produced Abs contribute to protection in upper airways. Intranasal vaccination is preferable to parenteral vaccination, presumably because of induction of local protective immunity by the former route. Intranasal coadministration of M2e-MAP with infectious IAV merits further investigation in view of its potential applicability to human vaccination with live attenuated IAV.
Efficient run-time dispatching in generic programming with minimal code bloat

Generic programming with C++ templates results in efficient but inflexible code: efficient, because the exact types of inputs to generic functions are known at compile time; inflexible because they must be known at compile time. We show how to achieve run-time polymorphism without compromising performance by instantiating the generic algorithm with a comprehensive set of possible parameter types, and choosing the appropriate instantiation at run time. Applying this approach naively can result in excessive template bloat: a large number of template instantiations, many of which are identical at the assembly level. We show practical examples of this approach quickly approaching the limits of the compiler. Consequently, we combine this method of run-time polymorphism for generic programming, with a strategy for reducing the number of necessary template instantiations. We report on using our approach in GIL, Adobe's open source Generic Image Library. We observed a notable reduction, up to 70% at times, in executable sizes of our test programs. This was the case even with compilers that perform aggressive template hoisting at the compiler level, due to significantly smaller dispatching code. The framework draws from both the generic and generative programming paradigms, using static metaprogramming to fine tune the compilation of a generic library. Our test bed, GIL, is deployed in a real world industrial setting, where code size is often an important factor.
Explanation, Extrapolation, and Existence

Colyvan [2010] raises two problems for “easy road” nominalism about mathematical objects. The first is that a theory’s mathematical commitments may run too deep to permit the extraction of nominalistic content. Taking the math out is, or could be, like taking the hobbits out of Lord of the Rings. I agree with the “could be,” but not (or not yet) the “is.” A notion of logical subtraction is developed that supports the possibility, questioned by Colyvan, of bracketing a theory’s mathematical aspects to obtain, as remainder, what it says “mathematics aside.” The other problem concerns explanation. Several grades of mathematical involvement in physical explanation are distinguished, by analogy with Quine’s three grades of modal involvement. The first two grades plausibly obtain, but they do not require mathematical objects. The third grade is likelier to require mathematical objects. But it is not clear from Colyvan’s example that the third grade really obtains.
Safety of irreversible electroporation (IRE) treatment for metastatic disease in humans

Purpose To investigate the safety of irreversible electroporation (IRE) ablation for treatment of metastatic disease. Materials and Methods We performed an Institutional Review Board approved retrospective review of patients treated with IRE for metastatic disease to the liver, bladder, lung, or pelvic soft tissues due to anatomic location close to bile ducts, major vessels, rectum, and nerves. Patient records and imaging studies were examined for tumor type, tumor size, anatomic location and complications. Results Twenty five patients with 40 tumors were treated with IRE in the liver (28), soft tissue (11) and lung (1) for colon cancer (22), pancreatic cancer (6), prostatic cancer (3), rectal cancer (2), endometrial cancer (2), uterine cancer (2) ovarian cancer (1), hemangiopericytoma (1), and thyroid cancer (1). The mean tumor size was 1.9 cm (range 1-4 cm) in largest cross-sectional diameter. During the 30 treatment sessions there were no major complications. Minor complications included: a transient rise in total bilirubin after three sessions, pneumothorax requiring chest tube insertion after two sessions, transient rise in alkaline phosphatase after two sessions, portal vein thrombosis after one session, transient atrial fibrillation during one session, and urinary retention after one session due to anesthesia. Conclusion IRE, even when preformed in close proximity to bile ducts, major vessels, bladder, rectum, and nerves, has an acceptable safety profile in our experience. Longer term follow up is needed to determine efficacy.
Analysis of nonstructural carbohydrates in storage organs of 30 ornamental geophytes by high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection.

Summary • A comprehensive analysis of nonstructural carbohydrates in storage organs (bulbs and corms) of 30 ornamental geophytes was conducted by employing a variety of extraction techniques followed by high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAE-PAD). • Among species, starch, fructan, glucomannan and soluble sugars accounted for 50–80% of storage organ dry weight (DW). Starch ranged from 24 to 760 mg g−1 DW, fructan (commonly occurring with starch) from 25 to 500 mg g−1 DW, and glucomannan from 15 to 145 mg g−1 DW. An acid hydrolysis protocol for concurrent determination of fructan and glucomannan was developed. The average degree of polymerization (DP) of ethanol and water-soluble fructan and the man : glu ratio of glucomannan also varied between species. • The 80% ethanol fraction contained soluble sugars and short-chain fructans (< 25 DP), whereas water extracts contained soluble sugars, fructans (both short- and long-chain, ≤ 100 DP), and glucomannan. A substantial portion of the starch became ‘soluble’ in water during extraction, and depended on the species and extraction temperature. • Our results indicate that extraction and analysis techniques of nonstructural carbohydrates for physiological and biochemical research on geophytic storage organs should be validated to accurately understand the identity of diverse carbohydrate pools, their physiological relevance and functions.
A NEW PROCEDURE FOR CONSTRUCTING MEASUREMENT MODELS OF RATIO SCALE CONCEPTS

The importance of measurement modeling lies in its relation to theory construction. Measurement models relate abstract-theoretical and concrete-observational concepts to each other through statements called semantic rules, rules of correspondence and other similar names. Such models are sub-systems of abstract theoretical networks. The testing of such networks is impossible without measurement models because the theoretical networks simply do not exist in their absence. In the social sciences it is generally the case that the measurement model component of the theories is both implicit in their formulation and ambiguous in form. It is not possible therefore to cumulatively develop in a non-subjective way theories of social systems from empirical investigations. The purpose of empirical research is therefore defeated, and data based studies partake of the same impressionism as do speculative efforts. This paper illustrates, through a brief literature review, the measurement modeling problem. It then outlin...
Jarheads, Girly Men, and the Pleasures of Violence

This article explores the troublesome ways in which violence and pleasure become conflated for both hypermasculine and effeminate men. Using images from contemporary culture and incidents from the author's life, the article ponders how men might negotiate this unfortunate bind.
The Nuts and Bolts of Electroencephalography

Electroencephalography (EEG) and polysomnography (PSG) have evolved together since their infancy. Fig. 1 shows single-channel sleep EEG samples performed by Charles Henry in 1939, in an era when EEG and PSG were identical enterprises and every recording was an adventure. Since then, the number of channels, convenience, and flexibility of recording have grown enormously but the fundamentals of detecting and interpreting electrical signals from the human body have changed far less. This article reviews some of the basics of EEG technology and discusses how an understanding of them can help inform both recording and interpretation.
Measuring the rate of gross chromosomal rearrangements in Saccharomyces cerevisiae : A practical approach to study genomic rearrangements observed in cancer

Gross chromosomal rearrangements (GCRs), including translocations, deletions, amplifications and aneuploidy are frequently observed in various types of human cancers. Despite their clear importance in carcinogenesis, the molecular mechanisms by which GCRs are generated and held in check are poorly understood. By using a GCR assay, which can measure the rate of accumulation of spontaneous GCRs in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we have found that many proteins involved in DNA replication, DNA repair, DNA recombination, checkpoints, chromosome remodeling, and telomere maintenance, play crucial roles in GCR metabolism. We describe here the theoretical background and practical procedures of this GCR assay. We will explain the breakpoint structure and DNA damage that lead to GCR formation. We will also summarize the pathways that suppress and enhance GCR formation. Finally, we will briefly describe similar assays developed by others and discuss their potential in studying GCR metabolism.
Ultrasonic behavior of the heavy-fermion superconductor URu2Si2.

Experimental results of ultrasonic measurements on a single crystal of ${\mathrm{URu}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Si}}_{2}$ exhibit an attenuation peak just below the superconducting transition and a broad maximum centered at 10 K. A relatively small magnetic field suppresses the attenuation peak below ${T}_{c}$. In addition, a 1.3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}4}$ relative change of velocity across the superconducting transition is observed.
Freedom of choice as motivational factor for active learning

Freedom to choose what, when, and how to contribute in a learning process can motivate students to actively engage and achieve more in their studies. However, freedom of choice complicates course management and may deter instructors from allowing such freedom. Our approach is to utilize existing functionality of course management systems such as Moodle to automatically facilitate and coordinate free student choices and provide much needed relief for instructors at the same time. Using Moodle we have developed novel digital study packs that blend freedom of choice with guidance and control. Our survey shows that assisted freedom of choice is ranked highest in 51% of student responses -- in contrast to unlimited choice at 28% or no choice at all at 21%. Experience reported in this paper may be beneficial for instructors who would like to expand their courses with new motivational learning techniques.
Nonconvexities in the production of timber, biodiversity, and carbon sequestration

Abstract Fixed logging costs and administrative constraints on logging regulations can create nonconvexities in forestry production sets that include timber and nontimber products. Managing forests to produce multiple values at a landscape level, through the aggregation of stands that are completely or partially specialized in the production of timber or nontimber products, can consequently be superior to management systems that treat all stands uniformly, even when all stands are identical. Both fixed costs and administrative constraints are empirically important sources of nonconvexity in tropical rainforests. The former is more important when the nontimber product is carbon sequestration, while the latter is more important when the nontimber product is biodiversity protection. Uniform management appears to be superior for the joint production of timber and carbon sequestration, while specialized management might often be superior for the joint production of timber and biodiversity, at least at low discount rates.
The Russian radiation legacy: its integrated impact and lessons

Information about the consequences of human exposure to radiation in the former Soviet Union has recently become available. These data add new insights and provide possible answers to several important questions regarding radiation and its impact on occupational and public health. The 1986 Chernobyl accident initiated a major and early increase in childhood thyroid cancer that resulted from ingestion of iodine-131 (131I) by young children living in the most heavily contaminated areas of Belarus, Ukraine, and Russia. No significant additional cancer or other adverse medical effects have yet been reported in the affected populations and among clean-up workers. Major psychological stress independent of radiation dose has been observed in those people thought to be exposed. During the early days of the atomic energy program in the former Soviet Union, some unfortunate events occurred. The country's first atomic test in Semipalatinsk in 1949 exposed over 25,000 people downwind from the blast to significant doses of fission products, especially 131I. During the late 1940s and the early 1950s nuclear material production facilities were developed near Chelyabinsk in the South Ural Mountains, which resulted in major releases into the environment and significant overexposures for thousands of workers and nearby populations. Chronic radiation sickness was observed early in exposed workers, and increases in leukemia and other cancers were also reported. The series of plutonium inhalation-related lung cancers and fatalities among workers exposed in that first decade appears to be unique. Long-term consequences of chronic radiation sickness and four decades of follow-up are being described for the first time. Villagers downstream from the plant consumed high levels of 137Cs and 90Sr and, it is reported, manifested increases in leukemia from internal and external exposures. Although the 40-year databases for retrospective dosimetry epidemiology studies are just beginning to be integrated and evaluated, preliminary evaluations suggest that there may be graded, significant dose-rate amelioration factors for cancer and leukemia risks in workers and the general population relative to the risk data on the Japanese atomic bomb survivors. Even for plutonium-induced lung cancers in workers, such a dose-rate effect may be evident. These experiences give us insight into the consequences of protracted radiation at high and low doses and rates. If these findings are validated and confirmed, they can provide information that reduces some of the uncertainties in retrospective radiation dosimetry and radiation risk estimates (especially for low-level, chronic exposures) for activities related to medicine as well as the handling of nuclear materials and nuclear facility decommissioning, decontamination, and demilitarization.
Sodium or chloride deficiency lowers muscle intracellular pH in growing rats.

Sodium deficiency and chloride deficiency are associated with a contracted extracellular (ECF) volume and impaired growth in young children and growing rats. In cell culture, lowering sodium in the medium reduces growth factor-stimulated Na+/H+ exchange activity, intracellular pH (pHi), and DNA synthesis. We studied the effect of chronic sodium deficiency and chloride deficiency upon growth, extracellular acid base status, and muscle pHi in young rats. We fed growing rats for 21 days either a control diet, or one deficient in sodium (0.005%), chloride (0.005%), or calories. Muscle pHi was measured using31phosphorus nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Rats fed either the sodium-deficient or chloride-deficient diet developed ECF volume contraction and hyponatremia; growth in length and weight was impaired. Muscle pHi was decreased (pHi=7.074±0.006, 7.078±0.006 vs. control 7.100±0.002;P<0.02). In calorie-restricted rats, growth was impaired but pHi was not affected (pHi 7.103±0.008). Metabolic alkalosis developed in the chloride-deficient group; acid base status was not affected in the sodium-deficient group. Despite differences in ECF acid base status, both groups had a low muscle pHi. We speculate that the low muscle pHi was a result of the ECF volume contraction and hyponatremia; low muscle pHi may contribute to retarded cell growth.
Dietary magnesium oxide interactions with sodium bicarbonate on cows in early lactation

Thirty-six Holstein cows were fed a diet of 50% concentrate and 50% corn silage (dry matter) for 12 wk postpartum. Treatments were 0, .4, and .8% magnesium oxide with or without .8% sodium bicarbonate in a 2 X 3 factorial arrangement. Dry matter intake was not different among treatments although the combined buffers had higher intake. Milk production was higher for the .4% magnesium oxide treatments either alone or with sodium bicarbonate as compared with either the 0 or .8% magnesium oxide treatments. Ruminal pH was increased with addition of sodium bicarbonate either alone or together with magnesium oxide. Dietary addition of .4% magnesium oxide either alone or with sodium bicarbonate increased total volatile fatty acid in ruminal fluid. Propionate and valerate were depressed in both of the combined buffered diets. Fecal pH was increased with magnesium oxide addition either alone or with sodium bicarbonate. Increasing magnesium oxide increased magnesium in plasma. No interactions in animal performance were significant for the two buffers.
The making of a surgeon: 10,000 hours?

Abstract There have been many changes in the "making of a surgeon". Some of the key aspects that have altered residency/fellow training include work hour restrictions; a decrease in autonomy; and the explosion in knowledge, the change in technology, and the movement of complex cases away from General Surgery. There are a number of opportunities for enhancing current surgical training which include the following: 1) returning to reasonable work hour limits; 2) improving the efficiency of resident/fellow training by promoting early development of operative skills and starting down the path toward competency-based education; 3) increasing autonomy in the General and Pediatric Surgery residencies by developing and implementing structured processes for graded autonomy, further promoting the teaching assistant role, and even incorporating time as an attending into the period of training; and 4) developing a paradigm of uniform core surgery training followed by additional qualifications and training in both General Surgery and the surgical specialties.
1-D DSMC simulation of Io's atmospheric collapse and reformation during and after eclipse

Abstract A one-dimensional Direct Simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) model is used to examine the effects of a non-condensable species on Io's sulfur dioxide sublimation atmosphere during eclipse and just after egress. Since the vapor pressure of SO2 is extremely sensitive to temperature, the frost-supported dayside sublimation atmosphere had generally been expected to collapse during eclipse as the surface temperature dropped. For a pure SO2 atmosphere, however, it was found that during the first 10 min of eclipse, essentially no change in the atmospheric properties occurs at altitudes above ∼ 100 km due to the finite ballistic/acoustic time. Hence immediately after ingress the auroral emission morphology above 100 km should resemble that of the immediate pre-eclipse state. Furthermore, the collapse dynamics are found to be greatly altered by the presence of even a small amount of a non-condensable species which forms a diffusion layer near the surface that prevents rapid collapse. It is found that after 10 min essentially no collapse has occurred at altitudes above ∼ 20 km when a nominal mole fraction of non-condensable gas is present. Collapse near the surface occurs relatively quickly until a static diffusion layer many mean free paths thick of the non-condensable gas builds up which then retards further collapse of the SO2 atmosphere. For example, for an initial surface temperature of 110 K and 35% non-condensable mole-fraction, the ratio of the SO2 column density to the initial column density was found to be 0.73 after 10 min, 0.50 after 30 min, and 0.18 at the end of eclipse. However, real gas species (SO, O2) may not be perfectly non-condensable at Io's surface temperatures. If the gas species was even weakly condensable (non-zero sticking/reaction coefficient) then the effect of the diffusion layer on the dynamics was dramatically reduced. In fact, if the sticking coefficient of the non-condensable exceeds ∼0.25, the collapse dynamics are effectively the same as if there were no non-condensable present. This sensitivity results because the loss of non-condensable to the surface reduces the effective diffusion layer size, and the formation of an effective diffusion layer requires that the layer be stationary; this does not occur if the surface is a sink. Upon egress, vertical stratification of the condensable and non-condensable species occurs, with the non-condensable species being lifted (or pushed) to higher altitudes by the sublimating SO2 after the sublimating atmosphere becomes collisional. Stratification should affect the morphology and intensity of auroral glows shortly after egress.
Differences in oxidative dearylation and desulfuration of fenitrothion by cytochrome P-450 isozymes and in the subsequent inhibition of monooxygenase activity

Abstract The organophosphorus insecticide, fenitrothion ( O,O -dimethyl O -(3-methyl-4-nitrophenyl) phosphorothioate), a substrate for the cytochrome P -450 ( P -450) monooxygenase system, yields the corresponding phosphate triester (fenitroxon) by oxidative desulfuration (an activation reaction) and 4-nitro- m -cresol by oxidative dearylation (a detoxication reaction). Four constitutive P -450 isozymes and the major isozymes induced by phenobarbital (PB) and β-naphthoflavone (BNF) were incubated with [ 14 C]fenitrothion in reconstituted monooxygenase systems. Both metabolites were formed with all isozymes, with the ratio of oxon to cresol being characteristic of the individual P -450s. Cytochrome P -450 B2 and P -450 PB formed the highest percentage of oxon, 75 and 82%, respectively; while P -450 A1, B3, and BNF produced 55 to 60% oxon. By contrast, P -450 A2 formed the least amount of oxon, 38%, with 62% of the product being 4-nitro- m -cresol. Microsomes prepared from mice treated in vivo with organophosphates, such as fenitrothion, have reduced levels of cytochrome P -450 and associated monooxygenase activities. Presumably, this reduction is due to destruction of P -450 caused by the release of active sulfur occurring during desulfuration. To determine if some P -450 isozymes were preferentially inhibited by fenitrothion, purified isozymes were incubated with fenitrothion and subsequent p -nitroanisole O -demethylase activity was determined. Inhibition studies using purified P -450 isozymes indicated close to 100% inhibition by fenitrothion of P -450 PB, while enzyme activity of P -450 BNF and P -450 A2 was inhibited 85–90%.