cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Crystal nucleation in polyethylene: The droplet experiment

The droplet technique was utilized to obtain estimates of the isothermal rate of homogeneous crystal nucleation in highly supercooled melts of unfractionated linear polyethylene. In a typical experiment a cell containing a suspension of several hundred micron-size spherical droplets of the polymer was placed on a microscope hot stage and quenched from a temperature well above the melting point of polyethylene to the desired crystallization temperature. When viewed between crossed polarizers, the droplets were initially invisible but, upon freezing, they appeared as visible birefringent spheres. The time dependence of the process was followed by time-lapse photography. Half times (T1/2) for the freezing of those droplets remaining unfrozen by the time the crystallization temperature was attained were thus obtained at a series of undercoolings and related to the desired nucleation rate constant I (nuclei cm.−1 sec.−1) by the equation I = In 2/T1/2/v, where v is the droplet volume. The temperature dependence of I, as obtained by the above procedure, was analyzed in accord with current theories of homogeneous nucleation of chain-folded polymer crystals. From this analysis, an estimate, 14,960 ergs3 cm.−6 was made of the quantity (%sG2%sGe), where %sG and %sGe are, respectively, the lateral and end-surface free energies of the crystal.
The rationality of reasonableness

Rationality and reasonableness are often sharply distinguished from one another and are even held to be in conflict. On this construal, rationality consists in means-end calculation of the most efficient means to one's ends (which are usually taken to be self-interested), while reasonableness consists in equitableness whereby one respects the rights of other persons as well as oneself. To deal with this conflict, it is noted that both rationality and reasonableness are based on reason, which is analyzed as the power of attaining truth, and especially necessary truth. It is then shown that, by the rationality involved in reason, the moral principle of reasonableness, the Principle of Generic Consistency (PGC), has a stringently rational justification in that to deny or violate it is to incur self-contradiction. Objections are considered bearing on relevance and motivation. It is concluded that, where reasonableness and egoistic rationality conflict, the former is rationally superior.
Choosing the right RIS to survive the health care reform

Health care reform is rapidly taking place. Cost-effectiveness is one of the key factors that determine who will survive and prosper. Under such a competitive business climate, information technology plays an extremely important role in the operation of tomorrow's radiology department. Radiology information system (RIS) technology has been around for many years. In spite of its promise to maximize the utilization of resources and to boost productivity, only one third of all US hospitals currently have an RIS. One of the reasons that delayed the installation of RIS is the great confusion arising from the potential promised by new technologies and the fear of incompatibility with existing equipment. The University Medical Center Computer Department in collaboration with IDX has developed an in-house RIS over the past few years. For several months, an extensive survey of the commercial RIS products to replace this system has been conducted. With experience in in-house development and exposure to commercial products, this paper discusses the necessary functions that a good RIS should have and a checklist of important features in the process of selecting a good RIS. >
Struggling Writers' Use of iPad Art and Text Apps for Story Writing.

Many children struggle with writing. Idea generation, planning, organizing ideas, editing, and encoding a final text all have a part in a child’s producing a publishable copy. Part of the challenge for these students is how working memory can be overloaded when initially planning and writing at the same time. To address this issue, the author offered eight struggling writers the opportunity to employ a mnemonic strategy entitled STORY, which included verbalizing story ideas while noting them in an illustration with an iPad art app and then later keyboarding the text. The students received intervention programming over 24 sessions, 45 minutes each. All students demonstrated improvement with story content and quality. Two of the lowest-performing students participated in an additional 24 sessions to promote improvement.
Evaluation of Catch-and-Release Regulations on Brook Trout in Pennsylvania Streams

AbstractIn 2004, the Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission implemented catch-and-release (CR) regulations on headwater stream systems to determine if eliminating angler harvest would result in an increase in the number of adult (≥100 mm) or large (≥175 mm) Brook Trout Salvelinus fontinalis. Under the CR regulations, angling was permitted on a year-round basis, no Brook Trout could be harvested at any time, and there were no tackle restrictions. A before-after–control-impact design was used to evaluate the experimental regulations. Brook Trout populations were monitored in 16 treatment (CR regulations) and 7 control streams (statewide regulations) using backpack electrofishing gear periodically for up to 15 years (from 1990 to 2003 or 2004) before the implementation of the CR regulations and over a 7–8-year period (from 2004 or 2005 to 2011) after implementation. We used Poisson mixed models to evaluate whether electrofishing catch per effort (CPE; catch/100 m2) of adult (≥100 mm) or large (≥175 mm) Brook ...
Local skull trephination before transfer is associated with favorable outcomes in cerebral herniation from epidural hematoma.

Objectives The patient with epidural hematoma and cerebral herniation has a good prognosis with immediate drainage, but a poor prognosis with delay to decompression. Such patients who present to nonneurosurgical hospitals are commonly transferred without drainage to the nearest neurosurgical center. This practice has never been demonstrated to be the safest approach to treating these patients. A significant minority of emergency physicians (EPs) have advised and taught bedside burr hole drainage or skull trephination before transfer for herniating patients. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of nonneurosurgeon drainage on neurologic outcome in patients with cerebral herniation from epidural hematoma. Methods A structured literature review was performed using EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, and the Emergency Medicine Abstracts database. Results No evidence meeting methodologic criteria was found describing outcomes in patients transferred without decompressive procedures. For patients receiving local drainage before transfer, 100% had favorable outcomes. Conclusions Although the total number of patients is small and the population highly selected, the natural history of cerebral herniation from epidural hematoma and the best available evidence suggests that herniating patients have improved outcomes with drainage procedures before transport.
The Design of the Wilson's Library Literature Online Tutorial

The Wilson?s Library Literature Online tutorial (LLOT) was designed for the Graduate School of Library and Information Science at Simmons College. This article provides background on the institution, summarize findings from a literature review of use of library tutorials at the graduate level, discusses the planning and the needs assessment for the tutorial, discusses the educational strategies used in the tutorial and its strategic design based on the literature review, proposes an evaluation form for the tutorial, and a budget for the tutorial.
Jet tomography versus holography at RHIC and LHC

We compare pQCD based jet tomography to AdS/CFT based jet holography approach to address the heavy quark jet puzzle and discuss future tests at RHIC and LHC that could help decide which paradigm can provide the most consistent quantitative theory to explain modification of jet observabkles in high energy nuclear collisions.
Validity and Reliability of a Curriculum-Based Assessment Approach to Determine Eligibility for Part C Services.

Traditional standardized, norm-referenced assessments are used most often to determine children's eligibility for specialized services. These traditional tests have at least two drawbacks: (a) test...
Dose Escalation for Locally Advanced Lung Cancer Using Adaptive Radiation Therapy With Simultaneous Integrated Volume-Adapted Boost

Purpose To test the feasibility of a planned phase 1 study of image-guided adaptive radiation therapy in locally advanced lung cancer. Methods and Materials Weekly 4-dimensional fan beam computed tomographs (4D FBCT) of 10 lung cancer patients undergoing concurrent chemoradiation therapy were used to simulate adaptive radiation therapy: After an initial intensity modulated radiation therapy plan (0-30 Gy/2 Gy), adaptive replanning was performed on week 2 (30-50 Gy/2 Gy) and week 4 scans (50-66 Gy/2 Gy) to adjust for volume and shape changes of primary tumors and lymph nodes. Week 2 and 4 clinical target volumes (CTV) were deformably warped from the initial planning scan to adjust for anatomical changes. On the week 4 scan, a simultaneous integrated volume-adapted boost was created to the shrunken primary tumor with dose increases in 5 0.4-Gy steps from 66 Gy to 82 Gy in 2 scenarios: plan A, lung isotoxicity; plan B, normal tissue tolerance. Cumulative dose was assessed by deformably mapping and accumulating biologically equivalent dose normalized to 2 Gy-fractions (EQD2). Results The 82-Gy level was achieved in 1 in 10 patients in scenario A, resulting in a 13.4-Gy EQD2 increase and a 22.1% increase in tumor control probability (TCP) compared to the 66-Gy plan. In scenario B, 2 patients reached the 82-Gy level with a 13.9 Gy EQD2 and 23.4% TCP increase. Conclusions The tested image-guided adaptive radiation therapy strategy enabled relevant increases in EQD2 and TCP. Normal tissue was often dose limiting, indicating a need to modify the present study design before clinical implementation.
A neural network-based approach for predicting connectivity in wireless networks

This paper proposes a Connectivity Decision Support System based on connectivity maps generated by a neural network approach. The proposed approach creates a coverage map based on the signal strengths from active wireless users. These data are used to train a neural network to predict the signal strengths or coverage for locations for which no active user is reporting. In other words, a neural network fills in gaps in a coverage map for a given network connection point.
Loudness and the power series transformation

A nonlinear-algebraic approach to monaural intensity processing is proposed: the purpose is to integrate the conscious loudness attribute evoked by a pure tone with the power-series description of auditory distorition. The preliminary model consists of six postulates leading to a mathematical definition for loudness. To evaluate this equation, two task-specific sets of loudness judgments from each of seven subjects are examined. When linked to loudness-interval responses via the equisection assumption, the equation describes the behaviors quite well. Extrapolations into other intensity ranges predict similar responses with relatively slight overestimates. By relaxing the assumption that subjects will adjust the loudness proportions exactly as instructed, their ratio productions also can be described and predicted with sometimes surprising accuracy. Particularly striking is the prediction of overall levels and the curvilinearities of "doublings" from the "halvings". In addition, the theory proposes absolute loudness measurement, an explanation for the growth of loudness including the principle underlying Steven's Power Law, and might prove useful in examining some exceptions to this relationship. Several aspects of this model differ from traditional approaches to intensity processing, but it appears to warrent further critical evaluations.
Early handling attenuates enhancement of glucocorticoid receptors in the prefrontal cortex in an animal model of post-traumatic stress disorder

Background Changes in glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of stress related psychiatric disorders such as depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Abnormal adaptation of the stress-response system following traumatic stress can lead to an altered hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis that may contribute to PTSD development. Indeed, elevated GR expression in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex linked to PTSD-like characteristics have been reported in the validated animal model of PTSD, single-prolonged stress. These findings implicate increased levels of GRs in the development of post-traumatic psychopathology and suggest that exploration of GR-targeted interventions may have potential for PTSD prevention. Early handling during the neonatal phase alters GR expression and is proposed to confer resilience to stress. We therefore examined the effects of combined early handling and single prolonged stress treatments on GR expression.
The inverse source problem in radiative transfer

Abstract We consider the problem of determining the intensity and interior sources within a plane-parallel half space if the intensity at the surface of the half space is known. Under the constraint that the intensity and sources in the deep interior are bounded in the proper sense by an exponential function, we show that the problem has at most one solution, which we formulate. The problem is shown to be ill-posed, since the solution involves the analytic continuation of the emerging intensity.
Viral Hepatitis: Past and Future of HBV and HDV

Viral hepatitis is a significant disease afflicting hundreds of millions of people. Hepatitis-causing viruses initiate significant morbidity and mortality by establishing both acute and chronic infections, and several of these viruses are specifically associated with the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Consequently, intense research efforts are focused on increasing our understanding of virus biology and on improving antiviral therapy. Even though viral hepatitis can be caused by several viruses from a range of virus families, the discovery of components of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) became a catalyst for the development of diagnostic assays that differentiate between these viruses as well as strategies for novel methods of vaccine development. Improvements in both the treatment and prevention of viral hepatitis are advancing rapidly. However, HBV, along with the associated infection by the hepatitis D virus, is still among the most common pathogens afflicting humans.
Solution properties of the HFe3(CO)11−ion

Abstract A variable temperature 13C NMR study of HFe3(CO)11− has revealed that at least two dynamic processes are occurring over the range −107 to +30°C. Infrared and 13C NMR studies of the HFe3(CO)11− ion in various solution environments show that the bridging carbonyl unit is very basic and forms acidbase complexes with BF3 as well as HN(C2H5)3+. These acid-base interactions apparently cause the fluxional processes of the HFe3(CO)11− ion to stop at a higher temperature.
Dual control of caveolar membrane traffic by microtubules and the actin cytoskeleton

Live cell, time-lapse microscopy was used to study trafficking of caveolin-1-GFP in stably expressing CHO cells. Multiple cytological and biochemical tests verified that caveolin-1-GFP was a reliable marker for endogenous caveolin-1. At steady state, most caveolin-1-GFP was either at the cell surface associated with invaginated caveolae or near the centrosome in caveosomes. Live cell fluorescence imaging indicated that while much of the caveolin-1-GFP in caveolae at the cell surface was relatively sessile, numerous, highly motile caveolin-1-GFP-positive vesicles were present within the cell interior. These vesicles moved at speeds ranging from 0.3-2 μm/second and movement was abolished when microtubules were depolymerized with nocodazole. In the absence of microtubules, cell surface invaginated caveolae increased more than twofold and they became organized into linear arrays. Complete depolymerization of the actin cytoskeleton with latrunculin A, by contrast, triggered rapid and massive movements of caveolin-positive structures towards the centrosomal region of the cell. The caveolar membrane system of CHO cells therefore appears to be comprised of three caveolin-1-containing compartments. These include caveolae that are confined to the cell surface by cortical actin filaments, the peri-centrosomal caveosomes and caveolar vesicles, which we call `cavicles9, that move constitutively and bi-directionally along microtubules between the cell surface and caveosomes. The behavior of cavicles suggests that they function as transport intermediates between caveolae and caveosomes.
Patenting for Global Markets: A U. S. Firm Meets the Demands of the New Globalism

Beginning in the early 70s, ACME, a highly innovative and successful U.S. chemical firm, began commercializing an important and versatile polymer invention. This case study chronicles the many travails faced by ACME in obtaining patent protection for its innovations in major developed economies. ACME's experiences suggest that international differences in patent regimes that stem from ideological, historical, and institutional differences are pervasive, and need to be accounted for in a company's patenting approach. International strategy in the patent area is thus inherently multi-domestic. Further, we also observe that in global industries, obtaining a modicum of exclusivity through strong patent protection in certain key markets may be adequate to preserve a firm's competitive advantage versus multinational rivals. Moreover, a firm's patent strategy seems intrinsically integrated with its continuing innovative and commercial performance.
Incorrect inference in prevalence trend analysis due to misuse of the odds ratio

Because public health agencies usually monitor health outcomes over time for surveillance, program evaluation, and policy decisions, a correct health outcome trend analysis is vital. If the analysis is done incorrectly and/or results are misinterpreted, a faulty trend analysis could jeopardize key aspects of public health initiatives such as program planning, implementations, policy development, and clinical decision making. It is essential then that accurate health outcome trend analysis be implemented in any data-driven decision-making process. Unfortunately, there continues to be common statistical mistakes in prevalence trend analysis. In this article, using recently published results from the Pediatric Nutrition Surveillance System, we will show the effect that an incorrect trend analysis and subsequent interpretation of results can have. We will also propose more appropriate statistical processes, such as the log-binomial model, for these situations.
Advances in Prevention Science: A Developmental Psychopathology Perspective

We utilize a perspective derived from developmental psychopathology to guide our discussion of advances that have been made in the field of prevention science over the last decade. After addressing definitional perspectives on prevention, we review programmatic preventive initiatives that are consistent with the goals of a developmental psychopathology perspective. We then direct our attention to conceptual and methodological considerations in the field of prevention science, paying particular attention to the incorporation of multilevel investigations into randomized controlled trials. In the penultimate section of this chapter, we discuss the importance of translational research and of dissemination efforts. We conclude by preferring recommendations for future directions for prevention science in the decades ahead. Keywords: prevention; developmental psychopathology; translational research; multilevel; child maltreatment; abuse and neglect
Knee Pain and Bicycling

Anterior knee pain and patellofemoral pain syndrome are among the most common leg overuse injuries in cyclists. Bicycle fit, recent change in equipment, training distance and intensity, and individual anatomic factors are important evaluation considerations. Clinicians need a basic understanding of bicycle fitting and how anatomic factors and training errors contribute to repetitive stress injuries. After problems are addressed, a gradual return to activity is recommended to avoid further injury and improve performance.
Mass Murder and the Violent Paranoid Spectrum

Mass murderers who capture media attention often appear to be suffering from psychosis. However, no research has clearly established that most are psychotic or even suffering from a serious mental illness (SMI). In contrast, individual case studies examining the psychological makeup of mass murderers often reveal paranoid themes in their cognitions. For example, many have been found to be preoccupied with feelings of social persecution and revenge against their perceived tormentors. In addition, they share an inability to accept their apparent circumstances and choose to obliterate reality with an act of violent revenge. In this article, it is suggested that the psychology of paranoid mass murderers can be understood as existing on a continuum of paranoia ranging from mistrust to frank paranoid delusions. This can be demonstrated by careful forensic psycholinguistic analysis of the communications they frequently leave behind. Finally, this article seeks to outline a psychoanalytically informed cognitive progression seen in paranoid spectrum mass murderers in the hopes of delineating stages for earlier recognition and possible intervention.
Bacteriologic study of pneumonia in sheep

A respiratory infection commonly called infectious pneumonia, or hemorrhagic septicemia, has long been known to affect sheep. In the typical form there is an acute pneumonia with hemorrhagic lesions most evident on the serous surfaces of the lungs and heart. An intense septicemia usually occurs at death, and a highly pathogenic organism of the pasteurella group may be almost constantly isolated from the heart blood either by direct inoculation on blood agar or by inoculation of rabbits, which are very susceptible to pasteurella infections.
Effects of Ge substitution in GeTe by Ag or Sb on the Seebeck coefficient and carrier concentration derived from Te 125 NMR

GeTe, a self-doping $p$-type semiconductor where the high free hole concentration is determined by Ge vacancies is a well-known base for high-efficiency $\mathrm{A}{\mathrm{g}}_{x}\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{b}}_{x}\mathrm{G}{\mathrm{e}}_{50\ensuremath{-}2x}\mathrm{T}{\mathrm{e}}_{50}$ (a tellurium-antimony-germanium-silver series) thermoelectric materials. Here it is shown that the replacement of Ge by Ag in GeTe (a $\mathrm{A}{\mathrm{g}}_{x}\mathrm{G}{\mathrm{e}}_{50\ensuremath{-}x}\mathrm{T}{\mathrm{e}}_{50}$ system) significantly decreases the Seebeck coefficient, whereas the replacement by Sb $(\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{b}}_{x}\mathrm{G}{\mathrm{e}}_{50\ensuremath{-}x}\mathrm{T}{\mathrm{e}}_{50})$ increases it. These effects can be attributed to a change in carrier concentration and consistent with $^{125}\mathrm{Te}$ NMR spin-lattice relaxation measurements and NMR signal position, which is mostly dependent on the Knight shift. Opposite changes in carrier concentration in $\mathrm{A}{\mathrm{g}}_{x}\mathrm{G}{\mathrm{e}}_{50\ensuremath{-}x}\mathrm{T}{\mathrm{e}}_{50}$ and $\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{b}}_{x}\mathrm{G}{\mathrm{e}}_{50\ensuremath{-}x}\mathrm{T}{\mathrm{e}}_{50}$ can be explained by different valence electron configurations of Ag and Sb compared to that of Ge, which results in a different local electron imbalance and/or in a change in Ge vacancy formation energy and affects the total carrier concentration. Comparison of our data for GeTe, $\mathrm{A}{\mathrm{g}}_{2}\mathrm{G}{\mathrm{e}}_{48}\mathrm{T}{\mathrm{e}}_{50}$, and $\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{b}}_{2}\mathrm{G}{\mathrm{e}}_{48}\mathrm{T}{\mathrm{e}}_{50}$ with those for $\mathrm{A}{\mathrm{g}}_{2}\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{b}}_{2}\mathrm{G}{\mathrm{e}}_{46}\mathrm{T}{\mathrm{e}}_{50}$ shows that the effects from Ag and Sb compensate for each other and supports the formation of $[\mathrm{Ag}+\mathrm{Sb}]$ atomic pairs suggested earlier based on theoretical calculations.
NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF ORTHOTROPIC ANISOTROPIC DAMAGE CONSIDERING ROCK-WATER INTERACTION

An orthotropic anisotropic elastic damage model has been proposed,and the elastic deformation,damage deformation and other irreversible deformation can be identified respectively.A second rank damage tensor is used to characterize the induced damage with damage evolution being related to the propagation criteria of microcracks.A specific form of the Gibbs free energy function is used to obtain the effective elastic stiffness,and the limited scopes of relative anisotropic damage parameters are suggested based on the energy principle.A method for determining of all parameters of the anisotropic damage model is proposed by virtue of conventional triaxial test.The mechanical behaviors of different loading paths are described,such as proportional loading,lateral unloading;while the comparison between test data and numerical simulations shows an overall good agreement.Then,the anisotropic damage model is extended to describe the hydro-mechanical behaviors to simulate the coupled hydro-mechanical responses in different loading paths.The numerical results show that the proposed and extended model is suited to describe the main features of hydro-mechanical behaviors of rock.
Synthesis, electrochemical properties, and crystal packing of perfluororubrene

A synthesis of perfluorinated rubrene is reported. Electrochemical analysis revealed the significantly increased electron affinity of perfluororubrene compared with non-modified rubrene. Crystallographic investigation revealed two polymorphs and a solvate, each displaying twisted backbone conformations of perfluororubrene. Taken together, these results suggest perfluororubrene will find applications as a new n-type semiconductor.
Advances in understanding Giardia: determinants and mechanisms of chronic sequelae

Giardia lamblia is a flagellated protozoan that is the most common cause of intestinal parasitic infection in children living in resource-limited settings. The pathogenicity of Giardia has been debated since the parasite was first identified, and clinical outcomes vary across studies. Among recent perplexing findings are diametrically opposed associations between Giardia and acute versus persistent diarrhea and a poorly understood potential for long-term sequelae, including impaired child growth and cognitive development. The mechanisms driving these protean clinical outcomes remain elusive, but recent advances suggest that variability in Giardia strains, host nutritional status, the composition of microbiota, co-infecting enteropathogens, host genetically determined mucosal immune responses, and immune modulation by Giardia are all relevant factors influencing disease manifestations after Giardia infection.
Tight-junctional strands first appear in regions where three cells meet in differentiating olfactory epithelium: a freeze-fracture study

Tight junctions of the olfactory epithelium of rat embryos were studied at the 14th day of gestation and during their subsequent development. Two different epithelial morphologies could be distinguished at the 14th gestational day. In one group of embryos the epithelial surface appeared undifferentiated, with tight-junctional strands found exclusively in regions where three cells met. The main orientation of these strands is in a direction parallel to the longitudinal orientation of the epithelial cells. These junctions resemble tight junctions that interconnect three cells, i.e. tricellular tight junctions, in that respect. However, unlike these the junctions mainly have single strands of particles, whereas tricellular junctions usually consist of paired strands of particles. Tight-junctional strands were completely absent in areas where two cells met. These areas, i.e. those of incipient bicellular tight junctions, had gap-junction-like aggregates of intramembranous particles. Another group of 14-day-old embryos displayed a differentiating olfactory epithelial surface with bicellular as well as tricellular tight-junctional strands. The latter ones were paired. Here too the tight-junctional belts displayed some gap-junction-like aggregates of particles, but there were considerably fewer of these than earlier. As one or the other tight-junctional appearance was always seen in a single freeze-fracture replica, it is reasonable to assume that the two tight-junctional appearances reflect a sequential pattern of differentiation peculiar to the whole surface of the olfactory epithelium, i.e. to surfaces of receptor cells as well as to surfaces of supporting cells. It would appear that, at the onset of olfactory epithelial differentiation, tight junctions first interconnect cells in regions where three cells meet and that tricellular strand formation precedes the formation of bicellular strands. When strands were present at the 14th day of embryonic development, their numbers were lower than those found later. However, strand packing, expressed as the density per micrometre of strands parallel to the epithelial surface, increased beginning at the 16th day of embryonic development.
Comparison of Monte Carlo Algorithms for Obtaining Geometric Convergence for Model Transport Problems

Two quite different methods for accelerating the convergence of global Monte Carlo solutions of continuous transport problems have been developed recently in Claremont. One of these is based on a sequential form of correlated sampling, first proposed for matrix problems by Halton[l]. The second method makes use of importance sampling transformations applied adaptively[2]. These two methods are contrasted and compared for a family of model transport problems in one dimension.
Implementing and Monitoring Stakeholder Strategies

INTRODUCTION In this chapter we discuss how the stakeholder concept can be used in the implementation and monitoring tasks of Strategic management. Once again, I do not assume that the programs and strategies to be implemented or monitored are necessarily those developed using the methods in the previous two chapters. Chapter Three shows that the three levels of stakeholder analysis—rational, process and transactional—must achieve some degree of “fit” if an organization is to have a high capability for stakeholder management. This chapter explores the transactional level in more detail, through an analysis of how to implement strategies and programs for stakeholders. In addition, the monitoring task of Strategic management can be seen as seeking to ensure that the three levels of analysis fit together in some coherent fashion. The transactional level of analysis is the bottom line of Strategic management, where the organization “engages” the external environment. It is where the organization “does its business.” The transactional level is the set of behaviors which an organization undertakes to establish and maintain the relationships that it has with its stakeholders. It asks, “what do we do now,” and “how do we engage in the behaviors that our strategies and programs warrant?” Yet another term is “strategy execution,” the carrying out of Strategic tasks and seeing them through to completion.
Effects of lake trout refuges on lake whitefish and cisco in the Apostle Islands Region of Lake Superior

Abstract Lake trout refuges in the Apostle Islands region of Lake Superior are analogous to the concept of marine protected areas. These refuges, established specifically for lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) and closed to most forms of recreational and commercial fishing, were implicated as one of several management actions leading to successful rehabilitation of Lake Superior lake trout. To investigate the potential significance of Gull Island Shoal and Devils Island Shoal refuges for populations of not only lake trout but also other fish species, relative abundances of lake trout, lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis), and cisco (Coregonus artedi) were compared between areas sampled inside versus outside of refuge boundaries. During 1982–2010, lake trout relative abundance was higher and increased faster inside the refuges, where lake trout fishing was prohibited, than outside the refuges. Over the same period, lake whitefish relative abundance increased faster inside than outside the refuges. Both evaluations provided clear evidence that refuges protected these species. In contrast, trends in relative abundance of cisco, a prey item of lake trout, did not differ significantly between areas inside and outside the refuges. This result did not suggest indirect or cascading refuge effects due to changes in predator levels. Overall, this study highlights the potential of species-specific refuges to benefit other fish species beyond those that were the refuges' original target. Improved understanding of refuge effects on multiple species of Great Lakes fishes can be valuable for developing rationales for refuge establishment and predicting associated fish community-level effects.
Nutritional Assessment As Predictor of Complications Post Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation

INTRODUCTION : Nutritional support is pivotal in patients with hematologic malignancies and hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). Optimal nutritional status is associated with a shorter time of engraftment and less infection rates during the initial phase. We present our experience in nutritional assessment pre and post transplantation. OBJECTIVE : To evaluate the possible association between nutritional parameters and outcomes such as overall survival and specific complications, in patients who underwent HCT. PATIENTS AND METHODS : Retrospective study in patients with HCT between June 2011 and May 2014 in our center. We assessed nutritional status before transplantation and then 10 days after it. Nutritional assessment included anthropometry, body mass index (BMI), albumin, prealbumin and total urinary nitrogen (TUN). Statistical analysis was made using IBP SSPS v.20. RESULTS : We studied a total of 50 patients between June 2011 and May 2014. Media following time: 35 months. Median age was 41 years (18-67), 33 (66%) were male and 17 (33%) female. Thirty two underwent (64%) allogeneic HCT and 18 (36%) autologous HSCT, with 42 undergoing (84%) myeloablative conditioning and 8 (16%) reduced intensity conditioning. Diagnoses included acute leukemia (26), lymphoma (7), multiple myeloma (13), and aplastic anemia (3). Thirty seven patients developed mucositis and 31 required parenteral nutrition (PN). Twenty three patients developed mucositis and required PN (mild: 2, moderate: 20, severe: 1) Incidence of mucositis between allogeneic and autologous HCT that required PN was similar (75% vs 72%). Albumin levels were 4,1mg/dL before and 3,3 mg/dL 10 days after HSCT (p CONCLUSION : High catabolism was associated with a longer length of stay, the requirement of PN and a prolonged platelet engraftment time. Acute gastrointestinal GVHD was associated with more requirement and a longer duration of PN. Nutritional parameters were not associated with any risk of infection and OS. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Bariatric Surgery in Adolescents

The worldwide rise in obesity in the last 30 years is now well documented, and it places a significant burden of morbidity and mortality on adult populations across the globe. Comorbidities that accompany the rise in obesity affect all aspects of human physiology, and may even through epigenetic mechanisms affect our as yet unborn future generations.
The expression of music throughout the lives of expectant parents

Music can promote emotion regulation in individuals exposed to trauma and stress and may support positive parenting behaviors. The primary aim of the current study was to examine the use of music i...
Membrane behavior of compacted sand–bentonite mixture

Semi-permeable membrane behavior contributes to the containment function of engineered barriers used for waste containment by restricting the migration of dissolved chemical species (solutes) such ...
Headset removal for virtual and mixed reality

Virtual Reality (VR) has advanced significantly in recent years and allows users to explore novel environments (both real and imaginary), play games, and engage with media in a way that is unprecedentedly immersive. However, compared to physical reality, sharing these experiences is difficult because the user's virtual environment is not easily observable from the outside and the user's face is partly occluded by the VR headset. Mixed Reality (MR) is a medium that alleviates some of this disconnect by sharing the virtual context of a VR user in a flat video format that can be consumed by an audience to get a feel for the user's experience.Even though MR allows audiences to connect actions of the VR user with their virtual environment, empathizing with them is difficult because their face is hidden by the headset. We present a solution to address this problem by virtually removing the headset and revealing the face underneath it using a combination of 3D vision, machine learning and graphics techniques. We have integrated our headset removal approach with Mixed Reality, and demonstrate results on several VR games and experiences.
Toxic Shock Syndrome

Toxic shock syndrome is a potentially life-threatening, multisystem illness characterized by high fever, hypotension, rash and skin desquamation upon recovery. The illness is caused by superantigen toxins produced from Staphylococcus aureus and group A streptococci. Keywords: Staphylococcus aureus; group A streptococci; hypotension; fever; superantigen
The Pigment Patterns of Allophenic Mice and Their Significance

There is no endeavor that has contributed more to our understanding of how specific coat-color determinants produce their phenotypic effects than Mintz’s work on allophenic mice (see Mintz, 1967, 1970, 1971a). Indeed, because her observations on these mice are so intimately related to the mode of action of the X-linked coat-color determinants, as well as those which produce white spotting, it is necessary to review this remarkable work in some detail before considering these subjects.
The strength of nonstandard analysis

A weak theory nonstandard analysis, with types at all finite levels over both the integers and hyperintegers, is developed as a possible framework for reverse mathematics. In this weak theory, we investigate the strength of standard part principles and saturation principles which are often used in practice along with first order reasoning about the hyperintegers to obtain second order conclusions about the integers.
Phospholipid transfer proteins as probes of membrane structure and function.

The spontaneous redistribution of phospholipid between classes of unilamellar vesicles (Kornberg and McConnell, 1971; Ehnholm and Zilversmit, 1972) or between microsomal vesicles and mitochondria (Wirtz and Zilversmit, 1968) is very slow for most phospholipids (reviewed by Sleight, 1987; Dawidowicz, 1987a). Wirtz and Zilversmit (1968) and McMurray and Dawson (1969) demonstrated that phospholipid movement was stimulated by rat liver cytosol and later showed that proteins were responsible for this activity (reviewed by Wirtz, 1982). Lipid transfer proteins with various specificities and physical characteristics have now been purified from a number of biological sources, including animal tissues and plasma, plants, yeasts, and bacteria (see Section 2.1).
3-D virtual worlds made easy

Computer science students can approach 3-D game engine programming at many different levels. At one extreme, advanced students write C++ code that is tightly integrated with a game engine or even build an engine from scratch. At the other extreme, a game authoring system hides the underlying programming language and replaces it with a series of forms and scripts with often limited capabilities. In this work, we demonstrate a library which serves as a middle ground between these two approaches, allowing students with minimal computing experience to use the underlying game engine without significant loss of expressiveness. This is accomplished using a novel programming framework called Functional Reactive Programming (FRP) to hide many of the programming details associated with time flow and thus allowing students to focus on 3-D mathematics and object interaction.
Models for Integrating Systems

Several techniques for integrating expert systems and neural networks have emerged over the past two years, ranging from the primarily independent to the highly interactive. While there are different approaches to categorizing these integration techniques, section 3.2 classifies them according to their software architecture.
How risky is your company

In boom times, it is easy for managers to forget about risk. And not just financial risk, but organizational and operational risk as well. Now there's the risk exposure calculator, a new tool that will help managers determine exactly where and how much internal risk is mounting in their companies. The risk calculator is divided into three parts: The first set of "keys" alerts managers to the pressures that come from growth. Now that the company has taken off, are employees feeling increased pressure to perform? Is the company's infrastructure becoming overloaded? And are more new employees coming on board as the company rushes to fill positions? If the answer is yes to any one of those questions, then risk may be rising to dangerous levels. The second set of keys on the calculator highlights pressures that arise from corporate culture. Are too many rewards being given for entrepreneurial risk taking? Are executives becoming so resistant to bad news that no one feels comfortable alerting them to problems? And is the company's level of internal competition so high that employees see promotion as a zero-sum game? The final set of pressures, the author says, revolves around information management. When calculating these pressures, managers should ask themselves, what was the company's complexity, volume, and velocity of information a year ago? Have they risen? By how much? How much of the time am I doing the work that a computer system should be doing? High pressure on many or all of these points should set off alarm bells for managers. To control risk, managers have four levers of control at their disposal that will show them where they need to make organizational adjustments.
MarC-V: a spreadsheet-based tool for analysis, normalization, and visualization of single cDNA microarray experiments.

The comprehensive analysis and visualization of data extracted from cDNA microarrays can be a time-consuming and error-prone process that becomes increasingly tedious with increased number of gene ...
Superior photodynamic effect of carbon quantum dots through both type I and type II pathways: Detailed comparison study of top-down-synthesized and bottom-up-synthesized carbon quantum dots

Abstract Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) have been extensively studied for bioimaging and photodynamic applications due to their low cost, excellent biocompatibility, rich surface chemistry and controllable optical properties. However, the detailed mechanism of the photodynamic activity has been rarely reported. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of (i) a systematic comparison of differently synthesized CQDs to unveil a relationship between chemical structure and photodynamic effect, and (ii) their detailed mechanism of action in photodynamic effects. CQDs prepared by top-down and bottom-up methods and their post-synthesis modification were compared in this study. CQDs prepared by a top-down method exhibited superior light-activated cell cytotoxicity compared to those by a bottom-up approach. The photodynamic index of CQDs was found to be 40–150 times larger than commercial photodynamic agents. It was concluded that both structural defects in sp2-carbon domains and oxygen-containing chemical groups have a crucial role in the excellent photodynamic performance. Measurements with selective quenchers of 1O2 and radical species indicated that the photodynamic mechanism of CQDs is through the combination of both type I (radical species production) and type II (singlet oxygen production) pathways.
Reporting of research biopsies in clinical trials in oncology: Analysis of clinicaltrials.gov.

e18720Background: Research biopsies are frequentlyincorporated within clinical trials in oncology, and are often a mandatory requirement for trial enrollment. However, limited information is availa...
uDAS: An Untied Denoising Autoencoder With Sparsity for Spectral Unmixing

Linear spectral unmixing is the practice of decomposing the mixed pixel into a linear combination of the constituent endmembers and the estimated abundances. This paper focuses on unsupervised spectral unmixing where the endmembers are unknown a priori . Conventional approaches use either geometrical- or statistical-based approaches. In this paper, we address the challenges of spectral unmixing with unsupervised deep learning models, in specific, the autoencoder models, where the decoder serves as the endmembers and the hidden layer output serves as the abundances. In several recent attempts, part-based autoencoders have been designed to solve the unsupervised spectral unmixing problem. However, the performance has not been satisfactory. In this paper, we first discuss some important findings we make on issues with part-based autoencoders. By proof of counterexample, we show that all existing part-based autoencoder networks with nonnegative and tied encoder and decoder are inherently defective by making these inappropriate assumptions on the network structure. As a result, they are not suitable for solving the spectral unmixing problem. We propose a so-called untied denoising autoencoder with sparsity, in which the encoder and decoder of the network are independent, and only the decoder of the network is enforced to be nonnegative. Furthermore, we make two critical additions to the network design. First, since denoising is an essential step for spectral unmixing, we propose to incorporate the denoising capacity into the network optimization in the format of a denoising constraint rather than cascading another denoising preprocessor in order to avoid the introduction of additional reconstruction error. Second, to be more robust to the inaccurate estimation of a number of endmembers, we adopt an $l_{21}$ -norm on the encoder of the network to reduce the redundant endmembers while decreasing the reconstruction error simultaneously. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed approach outperforms several state-of-the-art methods, especially for highly noisy data.