cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The future of the U.S. aviation system

The growth of the aviation system of the U.S. over the last twenty years is described. Long-term and short-term causes of air travel are analyzed, showing the interaction of economic activity, airline yields and quality of service. Future trends in general aviation, aircraft technology, and telecommunications are described. Potential future scenarios for the airline industry are presented.
Olfactory recognition in the infant squirrel monkey

Infant squirrel monkeys were reared with surrogates and tested at 4, 8, and 12 weeks of age on their preferences for odors and colors of the surrogates. Surrogates in the rearing color that contained an infant's own odor were preferred to clean ones of the same color. Surrogates in the rearing color that did not contain an animal's scent were generally not preferred to different colored surrogates that were also clean. The results suggest that olfaction plays an important role in the development of social attachment in the young squirrel monkey and is more effective than at least one source of visual information.
Reoperative mitral valve surgery by the port access minithoracotomy approach is safe and effective.

Background Reoperative mitral valve (MV) surgery through sternotomy can be technically challenging. Limited exposure and injury to the right ventricle or patent grafts (previous coronary artery bypass graft surgery [CABG]) are potential complications upon sternal reentry. The purpose of this study was to examine the results of port access MV surgery through right minithoracotomy in patients with previous cardiac surgery performed through median sternotomy. Methods From 1998 through July 2007, 651 port access MV procedures were performed. In 107 patients (16.4%), previous cardiac surgery had been performed through midline sternotomy. Mean age was 67.5 ± 11.2 years, and 60.7% (n = 65) were male. Previous surgery included CABG (n = 45, 42.1%), aortic valve replacement (n = 9, 8.4%), aortic valve replacement/MV repair (n = 2, 1.9%), MV repair (n = 21, 19.6%), MV replacement (n = 5, 4.7%), CABG/MV replacement (n = 1, 0.9%), CABG/MV repair (n = 8, 7.5%), CABG/aortic valve replacement (n = 2, 1.9%), and others (n = 14, 13.1%). New York Heart Association functional classes were I (n = 2, 1.9%), II (n = 28, 26.2%), III (n = 50, 46.7%), and IV (n = 27, 25.2%). The endoaortic balloon was used in 75 patients (70.1%) and the Chitwood clamp in 11 patients (10.2%). In the remaining patients (n = 21, 19.6%), fibrillatory arrest was employed. Results Mitral valve repair and MV replacement were performed in 60 patients (56.1%) and 47 patients (43.9%), respectively. The 30-day mortality was 4.7% (n = 5). The mean cardiopulmonary bypass and aortic cross-clamp times were 140.8 ± 43.7 minutes and 77.0 ± 49.7 minutes, respectively. Complications included 6 reoperations for bleeding (5.6%), 1 stroke (0.9%), and 2 wound infections (1.9%). Conversion to sternotomy was required in 1 patient (0.9%) because of an acute type A dissection secondary to aortic occlusion with Chitwood clamp. The mean hospital stay was 9.6 days. During follow-up, reoperation for failure of MV repair was performed in 4 patients (3.7%). Conclusions Reoperative port access MV surgery can be performed with minimal morbidity and mortality. This approach may be the preferred technique for patients who require MV procedures after previous cardiac surgery performed through median sternotomy.
Graphs with unique Ramsey colorings

A pair of graphs (H1, H2) is a cleaver if there is a graph G with a unique factorization G = G2 ⊕ G2 such that Gi does not contain a copy of Hi. (In case H1 = H2, H1 is a cleaver if the factorization is unique up to interchange of factors.) A variety of positive and negative results on the existence of cleavers is obtained. For example (tree, complete graph) is a cleaver, and the triangle is the cleaver of an infinite collection of minimal graphs. On the other hand, stars are not cleavers.
Toward new horizons: The future of bisphosphonate therapy

Bisphosphonate therapy has become a standard of care for patients with malignant bone disease. In addition, preclinical and preliminary clinical data suggest that bisphosphonates may prevent cancer-treatmentinduced bone loss (CTIBL) and the development of malignant bone disease in patients with early-stage cancer. Patients who receive adjuvant hormonal therapy for breast cancer or androgen-deprivation therapy for prostate cancer are at an especially high risk for CTIBL because of reduced estrogenic signaling. Oral clodronate (Bonefos
Design and development of a line voltage detector

A voltage detector to determine whether a line is energized or not was designed and developed into a prototype. A voltage proportional to the line-to-neutral voltage is filtered through a third order bandpass filter, to obtain the triggering signal for the detector. The prototype was tested in the laboratory using a 1.5 kVA, 120/7200 V, single phase distribution transformer. the low voltage side of the transformer is connected through an autotransformer to a 120 V source. This gives a voltage magnitude of between 0 and 7.2 kV (RMS), depending on the input voltage. The detector is attached to one of the output terminals of the transformer and the neutral wire is attached to the other terminal of the transformer simulating line to neutral voltage. A light bulb is used to simulate the sunlight that is needed to power the circuit. The development of this line detecting circuit is discussed. >
There's more to emotion than meets the eye: A processing bias for neutral content in the domain of emotional prosody

Research on emotion processing in the visual modality suggests a processing advantage for emotionally salient stimuli, even at early sensory stages; however, results concerning the auditory correlates are inconsistent. We present two experiments that employed a gating paradigm to investigate emotional prosody. In Experiment 1, participants heard successively building segments of Jabberwocky "sentences" spoken with happy, angry, or neutral intonation. After each segment, participants indicated the emotion conveyed and rated their confidence in their decision. Participants in Experiment 2 also heard Jabberwocky "sentences" in successive increments, with half discriminating happy from neutral prosody, and half discriminating angry from neutral prosody. Participants in both experiments identified neutral prosody more rapidly and accurately than happy or angry prosody. Confidence ratings were greater for neutral sentences, and error patterns also indicated a bias for recognising neutral prosody. Taken together, results suggest that enhanced processing of emotional content may be constrained by stimulus modality.
Textual (im)possibilities in the U.S. post‐network era: Negotiating production and promotion processes on lifetime's any day now

This essay explores the struggles experienced in the creation, production, and promotion of a U.S. television series that deliberately sought to encourage cultural reflection about ethnic diversity and defied industrial norms as an original narrative program produced for a cable network. Any Day Now (1998–2002) was the first successful original series produced for the Lifetime Television network and was one of the first successful original cable series. Through an analysis of the production process, interviews with the creators and writers of the series, and examination of the series' promotion, this essay explores how the transition to a post‐network era of industrial organization and competitive practice affected the production and promotion of the series and its narratives. These findings are informative both in terms of the specific case and as they might be extrapolated as characteristic of the development of the post‐network era.
Scenario Planning for Wildlife Management: A Case Study of the National Elk Refuge, Jackson, Wyoming

Since the 1980s, scenario planning has increasingly been used in business and military settings to integrate an appreciation of uncertainty about the future into planning processes. There is a growing precedent to use it in ecological management decision making. Although well suited for the purpose, the technique has not been adequately applied to wildlife management. This article presents a case study of a wildlife management dilemma at the National Elk Refuge in Jackson, Wyoming, as an example of a situation in which stakeholder disputes make management changes difficult to enact. Building from that example, this article lays out a theoretical justification for the use of narrative scenarios as a tool for engaging diverse stakeholders in disputes over social–ecological system management. The storylines created in the process serve as malleable and negotiable objects, helping to build common understanding of longer-term system dynamics, uncertainties, and management goals among stakeholders.
Urothelial Mucosal Malformation: A Rare Cause for Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction

Ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO) constitutes a significant cause of morbidity in children and exists in a wide range of severity and clinical manifestations. The cause of UPJO remains largely unknown except for a small group, in which crossing vessels have been considered etiological. Herein we describe a unique case in which intraluminal occlusion was the result of mucosal malformation, characterized by invaginated and branching urothelial epithelium present in the lamina propria. We believe that the present case is the first such description of this type of alteration.
A confirmatory factor analysis of the California Verbal Learning Test--Second Edition (CVLT-II) in a traumatic brain injury sample.

The latent structure of the California Verbal Learning Test—Second Edition (CVLT-II) was examined in a clinical sample of 223 persons with traumatic brain injury that had been screened to remove in...
The James Ewing Lecture.

As with every prior Ewing lecturer, I am pleased to be invited to present a lecture in honor of such a distinguished physician. In reading the names of those who have delivered the Ewing Lectures, begun in 1949, one is sensitive to the quality of the company one keeps: Drs Stewart, Martin, Churchill, Adair, Treves, Pack, Brunschweig, Rhoads, Robbins, Whitmore, De Vita, to name but a few. What about James Ewing? For many of us, Ewing is only a name, a memory most exemplified by the sarcoma that he first described in 1920. 1 James Ewing was born in Pittsburgh, Pa, on December 25, 1866, to Judge Thomas Ewing and Julia Rupert Hufnagel. In 1880, at age 14 years, while at school in Pittsburgh, Ewing developed osteomyelitis of the femur following a fall, and apparently spent 2 years in bed. When he went to Amherst College (Mass) in 1884, he had
Belarus and Chernobyl: Separating Seeds from Chaff

Seventy percent of radionuclides discharged during the Chernobyl disaster were deposited in Belarus. Besides causing radioactive contamination, Chernobyl exposed some of the socio-cultural characteristics, such as mass dependency on strong patronage of the state, that buttress the political institutions of that country. On the basis of a literature review, a specialist on Belarus aims at separating proven health effects of Chernobyl from psychological and socio-political consequences of the disaster.
Social Correlates of the Dimensions of Depression in the Elderly

Few investigations of the social correlates of depressive symptomatology have addressed variation in the correlates across multiple dimensions of depression scales. We examined the relationships of selected social, clinical, and demographic correlates with four dimensions of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression (CES-D) scale in 3,401 community-dwelling elders in the Piedmont area of North Carolina. These correlates explained significant variation in somatic complaints and depressed affect; effects of chronic disability and recent negative events were particularly robust. Having a confidant explained reduced symptomatology for all four dimensions, but particularly for low positive affect and interpersonal problems. Positive affect was also buttressed by helping others. These patterns have particular relevance where treatment for depression is divorced from considerations of the social environment of the elderly patient.
Glutathione Content as a Potential Mediator of the Vulnerability of Cultured Fetal Cortical Neurons to Ethanol-Induced Apoptosis

Ethanol ingestion during pregnancy elicits damage to the developing brain, some of which appears to result from enhanced apoptotic death of neurons. A consistent characteristic of this phenomenon is a highly differing sensitivity to ethanol within specific neuron populations. One possible explanation for this "selective vulnerability" could be cellular variations in glutathione (GSH) homeostasis. Prior studies have illustrated that ethanol elicits apoptotic death of neurons in the developing brain, that oxidative stress may be an underlying mechanism, and that GSH can be neuroprotective. In the present study, both multiphoton microscopy and flow cytometry demonstrate a striking heterogeneity in GSH content within cortical neuron populations. Ethanol differentially elicits apoptotic death and oxidative stress in these neurons. When neuron GSH content is reduced by treatment with butathione sulfoxamine, the ethanol-mediated enhancement of reactive oxygen species is exacerbated. Sorting of cells into high- and low-GSH populations further exemplifies ethanol-mediated oxidative stress whereby apoptotic indices are preferentially elevated in the low-GSH population. Western blot analysis of the low-GSH subpopulations shows higher ethanol-mediated expression of active caspase 3 and 24-kDa PARP-1 fragments compared with the high-GSH subpopulation. In addition, neuronal content of 4-hydroxynonenal adducts is higher in low-GSH neurons in response to ethanol. These studies suggest that GSH content is an important predictor of neuronal sensitivity to ethanol-mediated oxidative stress and subsequent cell death. The data support the proposition that the differences in proapoptotic responses to ethanol within specific neuron populations reflect a heterogeneity of neuron GSH content.
Chronic Motor Dysfunction After Stroke: Recovering Wrist and Finger Extension by Electromyography-Triggered Neuromuscular Stimulation

Background and Purpose—After stroke, many individuals have chronic unilateral motor dysfunction in the upper extremity that severely limits their functional movement control. The purpose of this st...
Multiconfigurational Green’s Function (Propagator) Techniques for Excitation Energies, Ionization Potentials, and Electron Affinities: An Overview

With Green’s function or propagator techniques electronic excitation energies, ionization potentials, electron affinities, electronic transition probabilities, and other response properties can be accurately calculated. These techniques have several significant advantages over more conventional ab initio approaches to electronic energy difference calculations such as ΔMCSCF and ΔCI. Included among these are: 1) Energy differences such as electronic excitation energies and ionization potentials are calculated directly rather than as differences of two (fairly large) total electronic energies and hence, “correlation corrections” are more easily “balanced” than with most other approaches; 2) For excitation, ionization, and attachment energies, propagator techniques mimic Δ full CI at a small fraction of the computer time and cost; 3) The polarization propagator is the correct linear response of a system to an external perturbation (e.g. an electromagnetic field) so response properties such as frequency dependent polarizabilities are calculated reliably and accurately; and 4) The length, velocity, and acceleration forms of the oscillator strength are equal in the limit of a complete basis set of orbitals.
Level two standard Ãn-modules

Abstract In this paper we study the level two standard (i.e., irreducible integrable highest weight) modules for an affine special linear Lie algebra of arbitrary rank. In particular, we give explicit realizations of these modules in the principal picture.
Far but Near or Near but Far?: The Effects of Perceived Distance on the Relationship between Geographic Dispersion and Perceived Diversity

Geographic dispersion has been proposed as one means to promote cooperation and coordination in teams high in perceived diversity. However, research has found mixed support for this assertion. This study proposes that the inclusion of perceived distance helps to explain these mixed results. To test this assertion, we examined 121 teams-62 collocated and 59 geographically dispersed. Results demonstrate that perceived distance explains when geographic dispersion benefits teams high in perceived diversity. Results also indicate that the type of perceived diversity matters (surface-level vs. deep-level diversity). This study contributes to our understanding of distance and diversity in teams.
Remythologizing Theology: Divine Action, Passion, and Authorship

The rise of modern science and the proclaimed 'death' of God in the nineteenth century led to a radical questioning of divine action and authorship - Bultmann's celebrated 'demythologizing'. Remythologizing Theology moves in another direction that begins by taking seriously the biblical accounts of God's speaking. It establishes divine communicative action as the formal and material principle of theology, and suggests that interpersonal dialogue, rather than impersonal causality, is the keystone of God's relationship with the world. This original contribution to the theology of divine action and authorship develops a fresh vision of Christian theism. It also revisits several long-standing controversies such as the relations of God's sovereignty to human freedom, time to eternity, and suffering to love. Groundbreaking and thought-provoking, it brings theology into fruitful dialogue with philosophy, literary theory, and biblical studies.
The Candidate: What It Takes to Win—and Hold—the White House, by Samuel L. Popkin

Campaigns are won by candidates who have loyal, adept staff who help communicate their visions to the public. When experienced and charismatic personalities fail to acquire such team support, their...
Epsilon-Constrained CCPSO with Different Improvement Detection Techniques for Large-Scale Constrained Optimization

Although there are many studies on large-scale unconstrained optimization (e.g., with 100 to 1000 variables) and small-scale constrained optimization (e.g., with 10 to 30 variables) using nature-inspired algorithms (e.g., evolutionary algorithms and swarm intelligence algorithms), no publicly available nature-inspired algorithm is developed for large-scale constrained optimization. In this paper, we combine a cooperative coevolutionary particle swarm optimization (CCPSO) algorithm with the e constrained method to solve large-scale real-valued constrained optimization problems. The eCCPSO framework is proposed, and three different algorithms based on the framework, i.e., eCCPSOd, eCCPSOw and eCCPSOw2, are developed. The proposed algorithms compare favorably to the state-of-the-art constrained optimization algorithm eDEag on large-scale problems. The experimental results further suggest that eCCPSOw2 with adaptive improvement detection technique is highly competitive compared with the other algorithms considered in this work for solving large-scale real-valued constrained optimization problems.
Ultrastructural distribution of Ca++ within neurons. An oxalate pyroantimonate study.

We used the oxalate-pyroantimonate technique to determine the ultrastructural distribution of Ca++ in neurons of the rat sciatic nerve. The content of the precipitate was confirmed by X-ray microanalysis and appropriate controls. In the cell bodies of the dorsal root ganglia, Ca++ precipitate was found in the Golgi, mitochondria, multivesicular bodies and large vesicles of the cytoplasm but not in lysosomes, and was prominently absent from regions of rough endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes. It was seen in the nucleus but not in the nuclear bodies or nucleolus. Within the axon itself, Ca++ precipitate was also found sequestered in mitochondria and smooth endoplasmic reticulum. In addition Ca++ precipitate found diffusely throughout the axoplasm exhibited a discrete and heterogeneous distribution. In myelinated fibers the amount of precipitate decreased predictably in the axoplasm beneath the Schmidt-Lanterman clefts and in the paranodal regions at the nodes of Ranvier. This correlated with the presence of dense precipitate in the Schmidt-Lanterman clefts them-selves and in the paranodal loops of myelin. Intracytoplasmic ionic Ca++ is maintained at 10−7 M by balanced processes of influx, sequestration and extrusion. The irregular distribution of Ca++ precipitate in the axoplasm of myelinated fibers suggests that there may be specific regions of preferential efflux across the axolemma.
Age, APOE and sex: Triad of risk of Alzheimer's disease.

Age, apolipoprotein E e4 (APOE) and chromosomal sex are well-established risk factors for late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD; AD). Over 60% of persons with AD harbor at least one APOE-e4 allele. The sex-based prevalence of AD is well documented with over 60% of persons with AD being female. Evidence indicates that the APOE-e4 risk for AD is greater in women than men, which is particularly evident in heterozygous women carrying one APOE-e4 allele. Paradoxically, men homozygous for APOE-e4 are reported to be at greater risk for mild cognitive impairment and AD. Herein, we discuss the complex interplay between the three greatest risk factors for Alzheimer's disease, age, APOE-e4 genotype and chromosomal sex. We propose that the convergence of these three risk factors, and specifically the bioenergetic aging perimenopause to menopause transition unique to the female, creates a risk profile for AD unique to the female. Further, we discuss the specific risk of the APOE-e4 positive male which appears to emerge early in the aging process. Evidence for impact of the triad of AD risk factors is most evident in the temporal trajectory of AD progression and burden of pathology in relation to APOE genotype, age and sex. Collectively, the data indicate complex interactions between age, APOE genotype and gender that belies a one size fits all approach and argues for a precision medicine approach that integrates across the three main risk factors for Alzheimer's disease.
Quality of Life and Sexual Function 2 Years After Vaginal Surgery for Prolapse.

OBJECTIVE:To longitudinally assess the effect of native tissue vaginal apical prolapse repair with anti-incontinence surgery on quality of life, sexual function, and body image between uterosacral and sacrospinous suspensions.METHODS:A planned secondary analysis was performed on 374 women enrolled i
Anesthesia for plastic surgery in the pediatric patient.

Anesthetic considerations for infants and children undergoing plastic surgery include psychological and preoperative preparation, induction of anesthesia and establishment of a secure airway, appropriate hydration and blood replacement, maintenance of temperature, and maintenance of a patent airway in the immediate postoperative period. In addition to these general considerations, management of patients with cleft lip or palate and the Pierre Robin syndrome are discussed.
An Entirely Endoscopic Treatment for Simple Ureteroceles in Nonduplicated Systems: A Preliminary Report

AbstractA case is reported of a large ureterocele associated with a single collecting system. The ureterocele caused frequent urinary retention and it was treated successfully by a staged endoscopic procedure, consisting of complete transurethral resection of the ureterocele followed by perimeatal polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon) paste injections to prevent subsequent vesicoureteral reflux. This new approach of a combination of 2 endoscopic techniques proved to be useful in this case.
Contextual Determinants of Adolescent Perceived Early Fatality

Adolescents overestimate their risk for early or premature death. In turn, perceived early fatality is associated with a host of adverse developmental outcomes. Research on the correlates of perceived early fatality is nascent, and an examination of the contextual determinants of perceived early fatality is largely absent from the literature. Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health), this study examines whether friendship networks and the school climate impact youth’s perceptions of premature death. Analysis using hierarchical linear models on 9617 youth (52.0 % female) within 113 middle and high schools across the U.S. assess the extent to which peer and school future orientation climate and friendship network characteristics (network size, density, popularity, and centrality) impact respondents’ life expectancy. Consistent with hypotheses: (1) higher levels of life expectancy in respondents’ friendship networks and schools are associated with more optimistic expectations about the future among sample respondents; and (2) youth embedded in larger and denser friendship networks report higher levels of life expectancy. The results are consistent with the literature on peer effects, studies documenting the insulating effects of extensive and closely knit peer networks, and research on the contextual effects of the school environment. More generally, the results suggest that adolescent friendship networks and the school climate are key contexts in which youth develop expectations for the future.
On Discount Rates for Cost-Benefit Analysis

This paper is concerned with the choice of the appropriate rate of discount for use in cost-benefit analysis and project appraisal. In particular, attention is focused on the manner in which the appropriate discount rate depends upon the conditions prevailing in the labor market of the economy in question. Where labor is genuinely in excess supply, to the point where all workers to be employed in the operation of a project can be assumed to be drawn from a large pool of unemployed, the wages to be paid to labor should not be counted as an economic cost, and should therefore not be deducted from the gross benefit stemming from the investment in the project. The consequence of this procedure is to produce high estimated returns to investment, and consequently a high discount rate for cost-benefit work. For India in particular, the assumption of a superabundant labor supply, in the sense just mentioned, would appear to require that a discount rate of over 30 percent be used in cost-benefit analysis.
Didactic Elements in the Historical Novel

One salient difference between the historical novels that fed the market for half a century (1830–80) and those which followed (1880 until the end of the Great War) was the insistence of Victorian novelists on drawing from the past a lesson that might have applicability to contemporary political and social situations, and the conviction of writers during the Transitional Period that an entertaining historical novel provided sufficient justification for its own being. (It may well have been the most important difference, though it was not much commented on at the time. So many Victorian novels contained didactic elements that the ubiquity of moral preachments in a particular type of narrative did not attract much attention.) The lesson may not have been crudely stated, and most often was not an obvious or important element in the way the plot developed; it might even be complicated or internally inconsistent, and on occasion it was presented in a gnarled, unaccommodating fashion; but it was usually there, deeply woven into the fabric of the narrative, and to some extent it contributed to a sense of excessive topicality, to the rapid ‘dating’ of particular texts.
Academia, Investigator-Initiated Research, and a Unique Resource to Support Both

Scholarly activity is an important expectation of an academic institution, and the requirements for it as part of the education and training of medical students and residents continue to increase. Investigator-initiated research is a major component of scholarly activity. However, clinical faculty have little or no protected time for research. The administration at the Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center addressed this problem with a unique approach by creating an institute to support faculty research.
Association of Colchicine Price and Emergency Department Visits for Gout

To the Editor: In reading the recent article by Jinno, et al 1, I perceive an inflection in the curve for emergency department (ED) visits per 100,000 people in 2009 (Figure 1). This …
Epigenetics in Stroke Recovery.

Abstract: While the death rate from stroke has continually decreased due to interventions in the hyperacute stage of the disease, long-term disability and institutionalization have become common sequelae in the aftermath of stroke. Therefore, identification of new molecular pathways that could be targeted to improve neurological recovery among survivors of stroke is crucial. Epigenetic mechanisms such as post-translational modifications of histone proteins and microRNAs have recently emerged as key regulators of the enhanced plasticity observed during repair processes after stroke. In this review, we highlight the recent advancements in the evolving field of epigenetics in stroke recovery.
Securing a Chest Tube Properly: A Simple Framework for Teaching Emergency Medicine Residents and Assessing Their Technical Abilities

Background Quality-improvement efforts at our institution have identified chest tube dislodgement as a preventable complication of tube thoracostomy. Because proper fixation techniques are not well described in the literature and are seldom formally taught, techniques vary among residents. Objective Our aim was to develop and test a framework for teaching and assessing chest tube securement. Methods A repeated-measures study design was used. At baseline, 19 emergency medicine residents (program years 1–3) placed and secured a chest tube in a cadaver. After a 45-min proficiency-based teaching session using a low-cost chest tube simulator (approximate cost, $5), each resident again placed and secured a chest tube in a cadaver, followed by 3-month retention testing. All securements were evaluated by two raters using a four-point checklist and a five-point global assessment scale (GAS). The checklist addressed suture selection, tying knots down to the tube, wound approximation, and tube displacement relative to skin. Results After the initial educational intervention, median scores for the group improved significantly over baseline for the GAS (p < 0.001), checklist (p < 0.001), and amount of displacement (p = 0.01). At 3 months, GAS, checklist, and displacement scores did not differ significantly from the immediate post-test scores. Inter-rater reliability was substantial, with weighted κ values of .77 for the GAS and .70 for the checklist. Conclusions Quality of chest tube securement by emergency medicine residents can be significantly improved with an inexpensive chest tube simulator and a brief workshop. The four-point checklist served as a reliable and effective means for teaching and assessing chest tube securement.
P-glycoprotein expression and function in circulating blood cells from normal volunteers

In contrast to its clearly defined role as a multidrug efflux pump in neoplastic cells, the physiologic function of P-glycoprotein (P-gly) in normal cells is unclear. Recent reports identifying P-gly in normal blood and bone marrow suggest that hematopoietic development or function may be dependent on P-gly. To understand the normal function of P-gly in the blood, its level of expression and function must first be quantitated relative to a known standard. In this study, P-gly, MDR1 gene expression, and P-gly function were quantitated in normal leukocytes. P-gly and MDR1 expression were analyzed in individual leukocyte lineages (T-helper, T-suppressor, monocyte, granulocyte, B-lymphocyte, NK cell) from normal volunteers. P-gly on the cell surface was detected by fluorescent double-labeling for lineage (CD4, CD8, CD14, CD15, CD19, CD56, respectively) and P-gly (MRK16) with analysis by flow cytometry and in some cases immunoblot analysis. MDR1 mRNA analysis on purified lineages was performed using quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. P-gly function was determined for each lineage using dual-labeling for lineage and P-gly substrate (rhodamine 123). The P-gly expressing human myeloma cell line, 8226/Dox6, was used as a reference of comparison for levels of P-gly, MDR1 mRNA, and function. CD56+ cells expressed the highest levels of MDR1 mRNA followed by CD8+ > CD4+ approximately equal to CD15+ > CD19+ > CD14+, with percentage values relative to Dox6 of 49%, 17%, 8%, 8%, 4%, and 2%, respectively. The assays for P-gly immunofluorescence and function correlated well with mRNA analysis except for CD15+ cells (granulocytes), which showed a moderate MDR1 mRNA level with a lack of both function and surface P-gly staining. Granulocyte membranes did show P-gly on immunoblot analysis when probed with either C219 or JSB1. We conclude that (1) P-gly and the MDR1 mRNA are expressed in normal leukocytes, (2) this P-gly expression is lineage specific with relatively high levels among CD56+ cells, and (3) the expression of P-gly in granulocytes is not associated with transport of the P-gly substrate, rhodamine 123, out of the cell.
Performance-Based Earthquake Engineering in the U.S.: A Case Study for Tall Buildings

Two influential developments in performance-based earthquake engineering in the U.S. are (1) development of the Tall Buildings Initiative Guidelines for Performance-based Seismic Design of Tall Buildings and (2) development of the ATC 58 Guidelines for Seismic Performance Assessment of Buildings. The content and methods of the two guidelines are summarized. A case-study project uses the Tall Buildings Guidelines to develop tall building conceptual designs for a site in Los Angeles, California, and then uses the ATC 58 Guidelines to explore the performance implications in terms of initial cost and future repair costs considering anticipated future earthquakes. The conceptual designs are done both using a building code prescriptive method and the performance-based method. Earthquake ground motions considered representative of different hazard levels for the site are imposed on an analytical model accounting for nonlinear response characteristics, leading to statistics on engineering demand parameters and associated repair costs. The study identifies apparent shortcomings in the code prescriptive methods as well as benefits associated with the performance-based methods.
A data-driven method for identifying shorter symptom criteria sets: the case for DSM-5 alcohol use disorder.

BACKGROUND Although the DSM is a widely used diagnostic guide, lengthy criteria sets can be problematic and provide the primary motivation to identify short-forms. Using the 11 diagnostic criteria provided by the DSM-5 for alcohol use disorder (AUD), the present study develops a data-driven method to systematically identify subsets and associated cut-offs that yield diagnoses as similar as possible to use all 11 criteria. METHOD Relying on data from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC-III), our methodology identifies diagnostic short-forms for AUD by: (1) maximizing the association between the sum scores of all 11 criteria with newly constructed subscales from subsets of criteria; (2) optimizing the similarity of AUD prevalence between the current DSM-5 rule and newly constructed diagnostic short-forms; (3) maximizing sensitivity and specificity of the short-forms against the current DSM-5 rule; and (4) minimizing differences in the accuracy of the short-form across chosen covariates. Replication is shown using NESARC-Wave 2. RESULTS More than 11 000 diagnostic short-forms for DSM-5 AUD can be created and our method narrows down the optimal choices to eight. Results found that 'Neglecting major roles' and 'Activities given up' could be dropped with practically no change in who is diagnosed (specificity = 100%, sensitivity ⩾ 99.6%) or the severity of those diagnosed (κ = 0.97). CONCLUSIONS With a continuous improvement model adopted by the APA for DSM revisions, we offer a data-driven tool (a SAS Macro) that identifies diagnostic short-forms in a systematic and reproducible way to help advance potential improvements in future DSM revisions.
Eighteenth- and Nineteenth-Century Climate and Bison Adaptations on the Great Plains

The preceding chapter summarized the modern pattern of climatic variation on the Plains and assessed the effects of this variation on regional patterns of forage production. Much of this variation is linked to the physiography of the area and is therefore likely to have been relatively constant over time. A north-to-south increase in temperature (although not the specific temperatures recorded in the twentieth century, of course), for example, can reasonably be assumed for all periods of human occupation. However, some evidence suggests that there may have been important differences between the climate of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries and that of the present. This chapter discusses these differences, predicts the effects on bison adaptations of variability in the Plains grasslands, and considers modern and historic evidence to test these predictions.
The Efficiency of Laser Panretinal Photocoagulation for Diabetes

The proven efficacy of panretinal laser photocoagulation in controll­ing many varieties of proliferative retinal diseases is astonishing consi­dering the lack of agreement on the physiological mechanisms underlying this effect. However, a review of the evidence supports a model in which the effects (and effectiveness) of photocoagulation depend on the inter­action between the choroidal and retinal circulations. To a large degree, this interaction is controlled by the metabolism of the photoreceptor layers. The data available also suggest that in diabetes (and possibly other retinal disorders), altered states of metabolism influence retinal vascular oxygen tension and pH which in turn act together to induce the characteristic vascular pathology.
Evolutionary Patterns of Structure and Stability of Clusters

Investigations of variations of physical and chemical properties of clusters as a function of size allow systematic explorations of evolutionary patterns of materials properties from the molecular scale to the condensed phase regimes. Using classical and quantum molecular dynamics simulations we discuss size-evolutionary patterns of the geometrical structure of nickel clusters, fission energetics and dynamics of small doubly charged sodium clusters, and metallization of sodium-fluoride clusters, exhibiting an insulatorto-metal transition.
ELECTROPHORESIS OF HIGHLY CHARGED CYLINDERS IN SALT SOLUTIONS AND APPLICATION TO DOUBLE STRANDED DNA

ABSTRACT The theory of electrophoresis of highly charged cylinders is under study. The method of Wiersema, Loeb and Overbeek (J. Colloid Interf. Sci. 22 , 76 (1966)) for the electrophoresis of the colloid sphere is modified for analysis of the motion of the charged cylinder in a transverse electric field. Inclusion of the relaxation effect (deformation of the ionic atmosphere) leads to a system of coupled integral equations whose solution by computer methods is presently attempted. Applications to double stranded DNA are contemplated.
Magic Bullets I, History, Philosophy and Criticisms

“Magic bullet” is a key term in the many critiques of agricultural biotechnology. The search for magic bullets is a key element in the narrative of progress, and remains an important goal of biomedical and agricultural research. The first part of this chapter examines the historical origins of the magic bullet strategy in biomedicine. There are clear parallels in biomedicine and agriculture, which both overuse and misuse the magic bullet strategy, causing serious health and environmental problems. Understanding the parallels and connections between biomedicine and agriculture provides for a deeper understanding of the genetic engineering debate. The second part of this chapter uses unintended consequences to critically examine and evaluate the magic bullet criticisms of biotechnology based on unintended consequences with the objective of determining where these criticisms provide insights and where they can mislead. The chapter concludes that, rather than rejecting the magic bullet strategy, we would do well to understand its defects and limitations. These investigations into the history, philosophy, and defects of the magic bullet strategy provide a framework for critically examining genetically engineered crops in terms of three categories: side effects, revenge effects, and balance between reductive and holistic strategies. The next chapter will apply these categories for criticisms of the magic bullet strategy to evaluate the two most widely used and profitable genetically engineered crops.
Procedurally Generating Biologically Driven Feathers

Computer-generated feathers are of interest for both research and digital production, but previously proposed modeling methods have been user controlled rather than shaped by actual data. This work demonstrates a new, biologically informed model for individual feathers that uses techniques from computer vision and computer graphics to derive and control shapes. The method reduces the amount of user effort and influence and provides an accurate means of using natural variation of real feathers to synthesize photo-realistic feather assets.
Employee Retention and Turnover: Approaching Leaving and Staying as Separate Constructs

The purpose of this paper is to investigate predictors of employee turnover and retention. Specifically, the focus is on exploring employee equity perceptions as predictors of retention and the qua...
Prevalence of Hospital-Associated Disability in Older Adults: A Meta-analysis.

Abstract Objectives Hospital-associated disability (HAD), defined as loss of independence in activities of daily living (ADL) following acute hospitalization, is observed among older adults. The study objective is to determine overall prevalence of HAD among older adults hospitalized in acute care, and to assess the impact of study initiation year in moderation of prevalence. Design Meta-analysis of data collected from randomized trials, quasi-experimental, and prospective cohort studies. English-language searches to identify included studies were completed February 2018 and updated May 2018 of electronic databases and reference lists of studies and reviews. Included studies were human subjects investigations that measured ADL ≥2 time points before or during and after hospitalization and reported prevalence of ADL decline among older adults. Setting Acute care hospital units. Participants Adults aged ≥65 years hospitalized in medical-surgical acute care; total sample size across all included studies was 7375. Methods Independence in ADL was assessed using the Katz Index of Independence in Activities of Daily Living and Barthel Index of Independence in Activities of Daily Living. Results Random effects meta-analysis across included studies identified combined prevalence of HAD as 30% (95% CI 24%, 33%; P Conclusions and implications Hospitalization in acute care poses a significant risk to functional independence of older adults, and this risk is unchanged despite shorter lengths of stay. The evidence supports the continued need for hospital-based programs that provide assessment of functional ability and identification of at-risk older adults in order to better treat and prevent HAD.
Interview with Deborah Winslow of the National Science Foundation

In this chapter the editors interview Dr. Deborah Winslow about her work at the National Science Foundation (NSF) and the evolution of data management plans (DMPs) in Anthropology and the Social, Behavioral and Economic Sciences (SBE). She outlines what the NSF expects to see in a DMP and what not to include. The conversation moves into how anthropologists collaborate with “adjacent disciplines” and how the ideas and terms for data, and the expectations of data change. She emphasizes thinking about the kind of data you will collect and what you plan to do with those data later, in terms of requirements for sharing and ultimately archiving them. The conversation ends with a discussion about student research and formulating appropriate research questions.
Faculty Salary Inversion, Compression, and Market Salary Gap in California State University Business Schools

Extant literature has examined salary compression and inversion in US academic institutions including arguments that compression constitutes a form of age discrimination. We assess these phenomena via estimated full rank salaries (across nine campuses in the teaching-oriented California State University (CSU) system) based on the notion that in the absence of compression and inversion, forecasted full rank salaries should be comparable across faculty ranks. Our results show that salary compression is present across all sampled Colleges of Business (COB), but not in other academic CSU colleges. In addition, the patterns of compression support the notion that salaries in CSU COBs are becoming more inverted as the gap between market and current salaries increases. Recommendations for policy and collective bargaining negotiations are also offered.
The Association Between Electrodiagnostic Severity and Treatment Recommendations for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome.

Purpose Our study aimed to evaluate the relationship between electrodiagnostic study (EDS) severity and utilization of treatments for carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) as well as the duration of time between EDS and carpal tunnel release (CTR). Methods We conducted a retrospective medical chart review at a single tertiary hand center to evaluate CTS-related care that patients received after EDS. We recorded patient age, sex, race/ethnicity, insurance type, CTS-related surgical and nonsurgical healthcare utilization after EDS testing, and number of days between EDS and CTR. Results Among all patients with an eventual diagnosis of CTS who received EDS (n = 210), nearly half had normal or mild severity (23%, n = 48; and 28%, n = 58, respectively) and the other half had moderate or severe EDS findings (26%, n = 55; and 23%, n = 49, respectively). Patients with severe findings had the highest rate of receiving surgery (53%) compared with patients with mild and moderate findings (33% vs 46%, respectively). Among the patients who received CTR (n = 73), patients with severe EDS findings had the shortest time to CTR (59.5 days; interquartile range [IQR], 30–81), compared with mild severity (170 days; IQR, 87–415) and moderate severity (77 day; IQR, 42–292). Moderate and severe EDS findings were associated with significantly higher odds of receiving CTR in adjusted analyses (odds ratio, 2.48, 95% confidence interval, 1.04–5.93 and odds ratio 3.79, 95% confidence interval, 1.51–9.50, respectively) compared with patients with mild EDS findings. However, the odds of receiving steroid injection and hand therapy/orthosis were not significantly different based on severity. Conclusions Electrodiagnostic study severity had a direct relationship to the probability of receiving surgery but did not correlate with use of nonsurgical treatment. The study findings signal a need to evaluate the value of nonsurgical treatments in patients with severe EDS findings. Type of study/level of evidence Prognostic II.