cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The control of hypertension in African-American children: the Bogalusa Heart Study.

Hypertension is the second most common form of cardiovascular disease in the United States. Involving about one quarter of the adult population, the disease has a greater prevalence and severity in the black population. It is now well established that primary hypertension begins in early childhood.' 2 Although the mechanisms for its initiation are poorly understood, epidemiologic studies of pediatric populations whose blood pressure levels have been tracked show that childhood blood pressure levels are predictive of levels in young adulthood. However, during childhood and adolescence, blood pressure levels increase with growth, so it is not entirely possible to define whether the higher blood pressure levels at young ages are entirely physiological, abnormal, or portend later development of hypertension in adulthood. Understanding the characteristics that place a young person at increased risk for hypertensive disease is critical for developing approaches to intervention and preventing the natural course of essential hypertension. Considerable experience shows a reduction of morbidity occurs with treatment of hypertension in adults, especially intervention in mild hypertension. Consequently, early treatment and prevention of hypertension should have considerable merit in preventing target organ damage and ultimately clinical disease. Studies of the pediatric and young adult biracial (black/white) population in Bogalusa, Louisiana, have provided data on the normative distribution of blood pressure levels.3 The Bogalusa Heart Study is a long-term epidemiologic study of the natural history of arteriosclerosis, coronary artery disease, and essential
The Imagination as a Means of Growth

It may be well at the outset to remind ourselves that, like most human attributes, imagination is a two-edged sword. If it represents a means of fruitful adaptation, of joy through enlarged creation, it also defines a major facilitator of anxiety. In a very real sense, imagination—that aspect of the cognitive process that produces and communicates products that differ markedly from their perceptual origins—is a distinctively human means for shaping the future. As such, it has both advantages and disadvantages. Although our concern here is primarily with the former, at least a sidelong glance at the latter seems necessary.
Modeling an incident management team as a joint cognitive system

Abstract Resilience is considered an essential capability of an Incident Management Team (IMT) in planning for and responding to disasters and catastrophes. While IMTs have been studied as a decision-making unit, few attempts were made to view them from a Joint Cognitive System (JCS) perspective that highlights the interplay among humans and technical agents and demands imposed by the incident. To that end, this paper presents a JCS model of the IMT grounded in findings from the existing literature and naturalistic observations of simulated IMT's incident action planning, which functions in a cyclic manner across multiple scales. Using this model, three measures for resilience of the IMT, recovery time, resource status, and interactions, are discussed. To effectively represent the resilient performance incorporating these measures, a novel adoption of the Interactive Episode Analysis method is utilized. By providing a few examples of the analysis method, this study provides proof-of-concept for objective assessment of the resilience characteristics of the IMT. The proposed JCS-based IMT model can be used for descriptive modeling of similar systems to investigate resilient performance.
Anywhere but here: black intellectuals in the Atlantic world and beyond / Black intellectual thought in modern America: a historical perspective

Growing up in Miami, Florida I met people from all over the Americas, especially the great diversity of people from the Caribbean whom I lived with in the African-American and Haitian-American encl...
PreB cells are moving on

In this issue of JEM, Fistonich et al. (https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20180778) address how the bone marrow microenvironment supports diverse lineages through multiple developmental stages. Differential motility between pro- and preB cells results in differential IL-7 exposure, and, intriguingly, stromal cells respond to abnormal B cells by reducing Il7.
Direct Link between Structure and Hydration in Ammonium and Aminium Bisulfate Clusters Implicated in Atmospheric New Particle Formation

The acid-base chemistry of amines and sulfuric acid promotes growth in the early stages of atmospheric new particle formation, with more basic amines enhancing growth rates. Hydration of these particles has been proposed to depend on acidity or basicity but is difficult to quantify; therefore, the role of water in this process is not well understood. Using tandem mass spectrometry coupled to a temperature-controlled ion trap, we show that water uptake by aminium bisulfate clusters depends on the total number of free hydrogen bond donors in the cluster and is unaffected by the interchange of amines featuring the same number of substituents but differing gas-phase basicity. Analyzing this trend reveals site-specific propensities for hydration. These results indicate that hydration is determined by structural factors and that reported dependences on acidity or basicity arise from the weaker correlation between the number of hydrogen bond donors of amines and their gas-phase basicity.
Outpatient prescribing of four major antibiotic classes and prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in US adults

Abstract Background There is limited information on the relation between antibiotic use and antibiotic resistance in the US. Methods We used multivariable logistic regression to relate state-specific rates of outpatient prescribing overall for fluoroquinolones, penicillins, macrolides, and cephalosporins between 2011-2014 to state-specific prevalence of resistance for select combinations of antibiotics/bacteria among catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs) in the CDC Patient Safety Atlas data between 2011-2014 for adults aged 65+y and 19-64y, adjusting for potential confounders. Results Rates of fluoroquinolone prescribing were positively associated with prevalence of fluoroquinolone resistance in Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (both age groups), resistance to extended-spectrum (ES) cephalosporins in E. coli (aged 19-64y), and resistance to methicillin in Staphylococcus aureus (aged 19-64y). Rates of penicillin prescribing were positively associated with prevalence of resistance to fluoroquinolones in E. coli (aged 65+) and P. aeruginosa (both age groups), and resistance to ES cephalosporins in Klebsiella spp. (both age groups). Rates of cephalosporin prescribing were negatively associated with prevalence of resistance to fluoroquinolones in E. coli and resistance to ES cephalosporins in Klebsiella spp. (both age groups). Average annual temperature was positively associated with prevalence of resistance to ES cephalosporins in E. coli and P. aeruginosa, and resistance to fluoroquinolones in E. coli. Conclusions Our results suggest that prescribing of fluoroquinolones and penicillins to US adults is associated with prevalence of antibiotic resistance, including ESBLs and MRSA. Further work is needed to understand the potential benefit of replacing fluoroquinolones and penicillins by other antibiotics for reducing prevalence of antibiotic resistance.
Modeling Diffusion of Heat in Solids

Abstract Recent work discloses shortcomings in models for heat transport properties. Some errors involve simple numerical factors, but others are substantial, such as not accounting for the finite lifetimes of interactions, nor weighting thermal conductivity in summations, nor realizing that thermal diffusivity depends on thickness. This chapter discusses the consequences in view of the ambiguities contributed by multiplied parameters in models, and provides an improved model for heat transport in solids. We show that radiative diffusion describes all heat transfer, when the association of various processes in matter with limited frequency ranges of light is addressed. Dimensionless thermal conductivity of solids from 0 to ~300K, including the cryogenic peak, is fit by one parameter; but including high temperature data requires more. Theoretical pressure derivatives agree well with reliable data. To better understand heat transport requires measuring transport properties as a function of length and spectra at low frequencies and temperatures.
Variables influencing parental treatment selection for children with autism spectrum disorder

Abstract Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a diagnosis that often leaves families faced with more questions than answers. With a multitude of choices for possible treatments for a child with ASD, it is important to understand parental perceptions of what they report as reasons for choosing treatments for their child. The following research used a mixed methods approach and a questionnaire developed by the authors to identify possible reasons for parental treatment selection. The quantitative data analysis indicated that there were significant associations between length of time with an ASD diagnosis, family size, education level of the parent and parents selecting nonevidence-based treatments (NEBT). Qualitative data analysis identified five themes which included the amount of information available for treating autism, consistency across sources, specific goals regarding the treatment itself, concerns about treatment safety and evidentiary support, as well as factors outside of parental control.
Linear Program for System Optimal Parking Reservation Assignment

AbstractMost studies on traffic assignment ignore the substantial effects of searching for parking on travel times and congestion. Recent work on parking reservation systems provides an alternative...
Less pore equals more

The performance of lithium–sulfur batteries is intimately tied to electrode porosity. Now, an in-depth investigation shows that optimizing the porosity enhances the achievable energy density of lithium–sulfur batteries.
Chitosan composites nerve conduits

Traumatic nerve defect affected over 200, 00 people in the US. As it affected so many people, autografts as the golden standard solution have their limitations. Nerve conduits is a new method and the materials for conduits establishing contain biological materials, synthetic materials and composite materials. Among these categories, composite conduits appear better regeneration ability. Also, chitosan demonstrated have the ability to help nerve regeneration. Thus, chitosan composite may be a good choice in the future. This article compares six kinds of chitosan composite: Laminin-chitosan-PLGA, Chitosan-Zinc Oxide Nanocomposite, PCL/Chitosan/Verapamil, Chitosan/ hyaluronic acid conduit, Chitosan/simvastatin/Pluronic F-127 hydrogel and Chitin/ Carboxymethyl (CM)-chitosan by conduit structure, establishment method, sciatic functional index (SFI), electrophysiology and histology data. This article concludes that chitosan-drug-drug delivery system showed the best recovery result.
Characterization of a mixed-sinusoid multiplexing scheme with silicon photomultipliers and an inorganic scintillator

Abstract Use of silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) in radiation detection and imaging systems has been dramatically growing, and, because of their small size, the ability to effectively readout multiple SiPMs in a single channel is a critical objective to developing multichannel SiPM-based systems. Therefore, we have developed a relatively simple multiplexing method for SiPMs based on adding a specific sinusoid to the SiPM signal waveform prior to digitization, where the sinusoid serves as the tagging signal. This method has been previously successfully tested with organic scintillators, and this work characterizes its applicability to inorganic scintillators, specifically LYSO crystals with two different SiPMs. The energy and timing resolution is found to be largely unperturbed by this method for appropriate sinusoids, and excellent signal origin reconstruction is obtained. The ideal tagging sinusoids for adding have frequencies greater than 5 MHz and smaller peak-to-peak amplitudes of approximately 50 mV. The potential to use this method with detection systems comprised of both organic and inorganic scintillators is also demonstrated and discussed in detail.
Use of Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS) in China: Evidence From Citywide Representative Surveys From Five Chinese Cities in 2018

China is the largest cigarette consuming country in the world. The emergence of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) in China may have important implications for the Chinese tobacco market. Unfortunately, research on ENDS in China, while growing, is still limited. This study was designed to examine the awareness and use of ENDS among adult urban residents in China. Data from five citywide representative surveys conducted in 2017–2018 were used. Percentages of residents who had ever heard of, ever used, or used ENDS in the past 30 days among all residents and smokers were estimated, in total and by demographic characteristics. Multiple logistic regression models were used to estimate the adjusted associations between awareness and use of ENDS and individual-level demographic characteristics and socioeconomic status (SES). Overall, 51.3% had ever heard, 4.8% ever used, and 0.9% used ENDS in the past 30 days. Men, young adults, those with high levels of education, and current smokers were more likely to be aware of and use ENDS. Among smokers, 67.8% had ever heard, 17.1% ever used, and 3.9% used ENDS in the past 30 days, respectively. Young adult smokers and smokers with high levels of education were more likely to be aware of and use ENDS. Our study results on ENDS awareness and use patterns and associated factors in China provide important evidence to inform research and policies related to ENDS manufacture, marketing, and sales in China.
Michael Oakeshott’s Critique of Modern Rationalism

Oakeshott is known for a critique of modern Rationalism in politics and morals, an ideology which, he says, derives its inspiration from an exaggeration of the hopes for a universal method of Bacon and Descartes without the (occasional) skepticism of the latter. In this paper, I try to accomplish the following: (1) give a concise statement of what Oakeshott means by “modern Rationalism”; (2) give a summary of his criticisms of it for its baleful effects in politics and morals; (3) show how Oakeshott’s criticisms of it for failing to respect the poetic or creative character of experiential reality are consistent with his philosophic positions in Experience and Its Modes (1933), as well as with his contingent preferences for civil association, understood as he understands it and (4) give an assessment of the accuracy and reasonableness of Oakehsott’s analysis of, and alternatives to, modern Rationalism in politics and morals.
Longley, Kyle. LBJ's 1968: Power, Politics, and the Presidency in America's Year of Upheaval: New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2018. 361 pages. $29.99 (hardcover).

Between the latest volume of Robert Caro’s biography (2010) and monographs from Julian Zelizer (2015) and Joshua Zeitz (2018), the past few years have witnessed several high-quality studies of the ...
Biased orientation representations can be explained by experience with non-uniform training set statistics

Abstract Visual acuity is better for vertical and horizontal compared to other orientations. This cross-species phenomenon is often explained by “efficient coding”, whereby more neurons show sharper tuning for the orientations most common in natural vision. However, it is unclear if experience alone can account for such biases. Here, we measured orientation representations in a convolutional neural network, VGG-16, trained on modified versions of ImageNet (rotated by 0°, 22.5°, or 45° counter-clockwise of upright). Discriminability for each model was highest near the orientations that were most common in the network’s training set. Furthermore, there was an over-representation of narrowly tuned units selective for the most common orientations. These effects emerged in middle layers and increased with depth in the network. Our results suggest that biased orientation representations can emerge through experience with a non-uniform distribution of orientations, supporting the efficient coding hypothesis. Author Summary Observers tend to have more precise vision for items that are oriented vertically or horizontally compared to items oriented diagonally. This perceptual bias may be an adaptation to the statistics of the visual environment, where items such as trees, buildings, and the horizon naturally create horizontal and vertical edges. Here, we tested this hypothesis by taking a popular computational model of the visual system (a convolutional neural network, or CNN), and training it to perform object recognition on images that were either upright or rotated. Measuring orientation representations in the trained model revealed that orientation discriminability was highest near whichever orientations were most common in the training image set, and more neural network units showed a preference for those orientations. These results support the hypothesis that orientation biases reflect an adaptation to environmental statistics.
Pair bonding slows epigenetic aging and alters methylation in brains of prairie voles

The quality of romantic relationships can be predictive of health consequences related to aging. DNA methylation-based biomarkers of aging have been developed for humans and many other mammals and could be used to assess how pair bonding impacts aging. Prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster) have emerged as a model to study social attachment among adult pairs. Here we describe DNA methylation-based estimators of age for prairie voles based on novel DNA methylation data generated on highly conserved mammalian CpGs measured with a custom array. The multi-tissue epigenetic clock for voles was trained on 3 tissue sources (ear, liver, and samples of brain tissue from within the pair bonding circuit). A novel dual species human-vole clock accurately measured relative age defined as the ratio of chronological age to maximum age. According to the human-vole clock of relative age, sexually inexperienced voles exhibit accelerated epigenetic aging in brain tissue (p = 0.02) when compared to pair bonded animals of the same chronological age. Epigenome wide association studies identified CpGs in four genes that were strongly associated with pair bonding across the three tissue types (brain, ear, and liver): Hnrnph1, Fancl, Fam13b, and Fzd1. Further, four CpGs (near the Bmp4 exon, Eif4g2 3 prime UTR, Robo1 exon, and Nfat5 intron) exhibited a convergent methylation change between pair bonding and aging. This study describes highly accurate DNA methylation-based estimators of age in prairie voles and provides evidence that pair bonding status modulates the methylome.
Power System Inertia Estimation Method Based on Energy Conservation

Aiming at the inertia estimation method based on unbalanced power and rate of change of frequency (ROCOF) at the initial moment of the disturbance, the inaccurate measurement of ROCOF brings large error to the system inertia estimation. In this paper, the form and index of system inertia are firstly sorted out, and an inertia index that can accurately express frequency change characteristics under disturbance is proposed. In terms of inertia estimation, the estimation process is extended to frequency nadir. By analyzing the power response and energy conversion mechanism during disturbance process, a system inertia estimation method based on energy conservation is proposed. The relationship between primary frequency regulation power of generator and ROCOF are used to linearize the primary frequency regulation power. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by modified WSCC 9 Bus Test Case. At the same time, the proposed method is also applicable to the frequency of non-center of inertia (COI), making the model more applicable.
Medical student consumerism during Neurology clerkship: sentiment comparison of student emails with sample admissions essay (P4.201)

OBJECTIVE: Measurement of consumerist behavior in medical students in the neurology clerkship via analysis of unsolicited emails to clerkship director. BACKGROUND: In this study, consumerism among medical students was exemplified by excessive focus on grades as opposed to altruistic behavior. DESIGN/METHODS: All unsolicited emails sent to clerkship director from 4/1/2014 to 8/13/2014 were included. Sample medical school admissions essay was used for comparison. Sentiment analysis was performed by QDA Miner and Wordstat (Provalis Research). RESULTS: 33 emails were analyzed and categorized as follows (number of students/total emails in category): Absence requests (3 students/total of 7 emails), general study questions (1 student/2 emails), clerkship regrade requests (8 students/13 emails), other grade requests including quiz grades (8 students/10 emails), thank you notes (1 student / 1 email). Sentiment analysis of emails from students was 53.8[percnt] negative, 46.2[percnt] positive. Sentiment analysis of a sample admissions essay, which had an altruistic tone, was 39.3[percnt] negative, 60.7[percnt] positive. CONCLUSIONS: Consumerism and negative sentiment were present in student emails, but not in a sample medical school admissions essay. Study Supported by: none Disclosure: Dr. Fekete has received personal compensation for activities with Lundbeck Research USA, Inc. and Teva Neuroscience as a consultant.
Persona: Network Layer Anonymity and Accountability for Next Generation Internet

Individual privacy has become a major concern, due to the intrusive nature of the services and websites that collect increasing amounts of private information. One of the notions that can lead towards privacy protection is that of anonymity. Unfortunately, anonymity can also be maliciously exploited by attackers to hide their actions and identity. Thus some sort of accountability is also required. The current Internet has failed to provide both properties, as anonymity techniques are difficult to fully deploy and thus are easily attacked, while the Internet provides limited level of accountability. The Next Generation Internet (NGI) provides us with the opportunity to examine how these conflicting properties could be efficiently applied and thus protect users’ privacy while holding malicious users accountable. In this paper we present the design of a scheme, called Persona that can provide anonymity and accountability in the network layer of NGI. More specifically, our design requirements are to combine these two conflicting desires in a stateless manner within routers. Persona allows users to choose different levels of anonymity, while it allows the discovery of malicious nodes.
Homeless Children: Needs and Services

This study explored needs of homeless children and shelter services avail- able to them. The first phase of this mixed-method study consisted of open-ended inter- views of key personnel in six diverse homeless shelters in metropolitan Atlanta, Georgia. This qualitative data gave direction to the creation of a questionnaire used in a larger follow-up survey of shelters in the state of Georgia. Roughly two-thirds of the 102 report- ing shelters that served children provided food, clothing, and school supplies with 40% offering some form of transportation. More than 75% of the shelters were full and did not have space currently available for children, with an additional 10% having only one or two available beds. Most of the shelters lacked important services in the areas of medicalanddevelopmentalassessments,access toeducation,childcare,andparenttrain- ing. Forty-seven percent lacked onsite worker training in the characteristics and needs of homeless children. In addition, while the McKinney Act legally mandates ways to serve homeless children, findings indicate that over half of key informants in homeless shelters were unfamiliar with the law.
Modeling the Sensory Computations of the Olfactory Bulb

Two models are presented as examples to discuss the computational tasks, sensory environments, and computational mechanisms in early olfactory processing. One model proposes that the odor inputs during a sniff cycle are detected and coded by the emergence of odor-dependent and coherent neural oscillatory patterns observed in the mammalian bulb, and that the odor mixtures are segmented by the selective olfactory adaptation to the preexisting and detected odors. The other model argues that the early olfactory processing is to separate the odor mixtures in the input environment into individual odor sources before the odor identities are known, and proposes a fast synaptic learning algorithm that uses the temporal fluctuation structures in the receptor cells for source separation.
What Role Does Racial Integration Play in the Economic Performance of the (United) States? An Empirical Investigation Using Panel Data Analysis

It has been found empirically that social fractionalization limits economic growth and development. What has not been studied is the extent to which social integrative processes may ease these limitations and thus positively contribute to economic growth and development. Using a panel of the 48 contiguous U.S. states as a case study, this paper examines the role racial integration as measured by the percentage of interracial marriages plays in the determination of income per capita. I find that racial integration as measured by the percentage of interracial marriages is a significant predictor of income per capita across these states. To account for the problem of reverse causality and thus endogeneity, the number of decades the states have allowed interracial marriages by repealing antimiscegenation laws is used as instrument for interracial marriages for instrumental variable estimation. I also use the 1967 U.S. Supreme Court's decision, which overturned the antimiscegenation laws of the states that continued to have such laws as an exogenous event for difference-in-difference estimation.
Trust but Verify: Monitoring in Interdependent Relationships

For organizations to be effective, their employees need to rely upon each other even when they do not trust each other. One tool managers can use to promote trust-like behavior is monitoring. In this chapter, we report results from a laboratory study that describes the relationship between monitoring and trust behavior. We randomly and anonymously paired participants (n=210) with the same partner, and had them make 15 rounds of trust game decisions. We find predictable main effects (e.g. frequent monitoring increases trust behavior) as well as interesting strategic behavior. Specifically, we find that anticipated monitoring schemes (i.e. when participants know before they make a decision that they either will or will not be monitored) significantly increase trust behavior in monitored rounds, but decrease trust behavior overall. Participants in our study also reacted to information they learned about their counterpart differently as a function of whether or not monitoring was anticipated. Participants were less trusting when they observed trustworthy behavior in an anticipated monitoring period, than when they observed trustworthy behavior in an unanticipated monitoring period. In many cases, participants in our study systematically anticipated their counterpart's untrustworthy behavior. We discuss implication of these results for models of trust and offer managerial prescriptions.
Steady-state increase of cAMP-response element binding protein, Rac, and PAK signaling in presenilin-deficient neurons.

J. Neurochem.(2008) 104, 1637–1648. Abstract Mutations in the genes encoding presenilins (PS1 and PS2) account for the majority of cases of early-onset Alzheimer’s disease. PS1 and PS2 form the catalytic center of γ-secretase, an enzyme responsible for intramembraneous proteolysis of several type I transmembrane proteins. Many γ-secretase substrates are coupled to intracellular signaling events such as cAMP-response element binding protein and Rac1/p21-activated kinase pathways, which are associated with synaptic function. Here, we have examined the activation of these pathways in neurons lacking PS1 expression or γ-secretase activity. We found evidence for heightened steady-state activation of cAMP-response element binding protein, Rac1, and p21-activated kinase signaling in PS-deficient neurons. Our study highlights the importance of PS-dependent proteolytic cleavage of γ-secretase substrates in regulating neuronal signal transduction.
A Taxonomy-Based Approach for Constructing Semantics-Based Super-Peer Networks

Clustering a peer-to-peer (P2P) network into distinct semantic clusters can efficiently improve the search efficiency and enhance scalability of the network. This paper considers P2P systems in which peers employ taxonomy hierarchy to describe the contents of their objects, and presents a taxonomy-based approach for constructing semantics-based super-peer networks. By dynamically clustering peers in taxonomy-based semantic space based on the semantics of their data and organizing the clusters into semantic routing overlays, an efficient query-routing algorithm can be used among these clusters. Preliminary evaluation indicates that our approach achieves a competitive trade-off between search latencies and overheads, and load-balancing among super-peers is well maintained.
Concentrations and characteristics of uranium isotopes in drinking waters collected in Italy and the Balkan regions and their radiological impact on the public

Abstract The concentrations and characteristics of uranium isotopes in drinking waters of Italy and the Balkan regions were studied. The obtained mean uranium activity concentrations in drinking waters in Italy are 20.6 ± 29.0 mBq l −1 for 238 U, 25.3 ± 35.6 mBq l −1 for 234 U and 1.00 ± 1.27 mBq l −1 for 235 U. The mean activity ratios are 1.33 ± 0.33 for 234 U/ 238 U and 0.047 ± 0.038 for 235 U/ 238 U. The activity concentrations of uranium isotopes in waters of the Balkan regions are much lower than those in Italy. Depleted uranium has been detected in some water samples collected in the Balkan regions, but the measured concentrations do not constitute a health risk. The estimated average annual committed effective doses to the public due to water intake were 1.62 μSv yr −1 in Italy, 0.30 μSv yr −1 in Kosovo, 0.42 μSv yr −1 in Serbia and Montenegro, and 0.21 μSv yr −1 in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Massive Star Formation: Observational Constraints

Observations during the past several years strongly imply that virtually every star, independent of final mass, goes through a phase of rapid outflow simultaneously with rapid accretion during formation. The structure and properties of outflows and accretion disks associated with low-mass star formation has received intensive observational attention during the past several years (see the reviews and references in Lada 1985; Edwards, Ray, and Mundt 1993; Fukui et al. 1993; and this symposium). Young stellar objects (YSOs) with L bol < 103 L⊙ will be referred to as “low-mass” stars in this review. The range of physical properties of CO outflows associated with YSOs of all masses are enormous, see Fukui et al. (1993). I will focus attention in this review on what we know about massive YSOs and their environments.
Numerical Simulation and Parametric Analysis of Multistage Ionic Wind Pump for Enhanced Air-Cooling

Unlike multistage rotary fans which benefit from decades of basic research in heat transfer and optimization studies, there is lack of comprehensive study on heat transfer and fluid dynamics characteristics of multistage ionic wind pumps and the optimization of system parameters to enhance heat transfer. Particularly, there are only few reports of systematic study of stacking characteristics of velocity and efficiency, and the possibility of using a hybrid series and parallel stages has not been explored. In this paper, we investigate numerically the use of multi-stage configuration for ionic wind pumps. The study focuses on multiple wire/plate and multiple wire/cylinder configurations. The integration of multistage ionic pumps with local hot spots for better cooling performance and heat transfer enhancement is also studied. Results show that multiple stage ionic wind pumps have generally better performance in terms of velocity and heat transfer enhancement than single stage ionic wind pumps, but the rate of increase in performance decrease with increased number of stages for series stacking of stages.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Jets and Transients

I have been asked to provide some general introduction to the topic of jets and high energy transients. I have chosen to do this by asking seven questions that seem to be timely following recent observational and theoretical developments, the most important of which may be the growing realization that the extragalactic- massive black hole and Galactic-stellar mass black hole manifestations of these phenomena provide two complementary ways of viewing a common physical mechanism. I have also chosen to illustrate these questions using one specific source in each case. The page limits prevent me from giving the answers. They also prohibit my even attempting to give a skeletal bibliography over so large a field. Fortunately almost all of these topics will be covered in greater depth during this meeting.
Abraham Lincoln and the Transcendental Constitution: Excerpts from Lincoln's Letters, Speeches, and Remarks (Annotated)

This annotated collection of selected letters, speeches, and remarks of Abraham Lincoln seeks to identify and describe Lincoln's political philosophy - his understanding of the principles of liberty and equality, and how he influenced the American nation to adopt his vision. Annotations are color-coded for references to legal, philosophical, and literary aspects of Lincoln's work. There are also codes for references to the principles of liberty, equality, and self-government.
Image shifting for PIV using birefringent and ferroelectric liquid crystals

This paper discusses a new implementation of electrooptical image shifting, used to resolve directional ambiguity in particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements. The setup uses a ferroelectric liquid crystal (FLC) as a polarization rotator and a birefringent calcite plate as a shifter. The system can be used with non-polarized light sources and fluorescent particles. The minimum shifting time (pulse separation) is approximately 100 μs. This compact electrooptical device is usually positioned in front of the camera lens, though it has also been mounted inside the lens body. Sample vector maps from a turbulent multidirectional flow are included.
Reparative myogenesis in long-term denervated skeletal muscles of adult rats results in a reduction of the satellite cell population.

This study, conducted on 25-month denervated rat hindlimb muscles, was directed toward elucidating the basis for the poor regeneration that is observed in long-term denervated muscles. Despite a approximately 97.6% loss in mean cross-sectional area of muscle fibers, the muscles retained their fascicular arrangement, with the fascicles containing approximately 1.5 times more fibers than age-matched control muscles. At least three distinct types of muscle fibers were observed: degenerating, persisting (original), and newly formed (regenerated) fibers. A majority of newly formed fibers did not appear to undergo complete maturation, and morphologically they resembled myotubes. Sites of former motor end-plates remained identifiable in persisting muscle fibers. Nuclear death was seen in all types of muscle fibers, especially in degenerating fibers. Nevertheless, the severely atrophic skeletal muscles continued to express developmentally and functionally important proteins, such as MyoD, myogenin, adult and embryonic subunits of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, and neural-cell adhesion molecule. Despite the prolonged period of denervation, slow and fast types of myosin were found in surviving muscle fibers. The number of satellite cells was significantly reduced in long-term denervated muscles, as compared with age-matched control muscles. In 25-month denervated muscle, satellite cells were only attached to persisting muscle fibers, but were never seen on newly formed fibers. Our data suggest that the absence of satellite cells in a population of immature newly formed muscle fibers that has arisen as a result of continuous reparative myogenesis may be a crucial, although not necessarily the only, factor underlying the poor regenerative ability of long-term denervated muscle.
Comprehensive field evaluation of the Treatex test.

Rapp’s 15-minute caries-susceptibility test, based on enzymatic activity, does not appear to be a reliable index for predicting future caries activity. Several groups of subjects were tested under circumstances that varied according to when they ate and when they brushed their teeth, but test results could not be correlated with DMF prevalence.
Gamma dose measurement in a d(80) + Be neutron beam.

The γ‐ray dose component of a d (80)+Be neutron beam was measured with a 6Li‐shielded Geiger–Mueller counter in a tissue‐equivalent liquid phantom. The proportion of γ‐ray dose to total dose increased from 0.07 near the surface to 0.09 at 25 cm depth. Due to thermal neutron sensitivity, the G–M count rate increased by 25% in the absence of 6Li shielding.
Solid-State Light-Emitting Devices Based on the Tris-Chelated Ruthenium(II) Complex. 4. High-Efficiency Light-Emitting Devices Based on Derivatives of the Tris(2,2‘-bipyridyl) Ruthenium(II) Complex

Light-emitting devices from the tris(2,2‘-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) complex [Ru(bpy)32+] and new derivatives thereof were prepared. Due to the electrochemical nature of the device operation, single-layer devices in an ITO/ Ru(bpy)32+ complex + PMMA/Ag sandwich configuration achieved very high external quantum efficiencies. The derivatives of the Ru(bpy)32+ complex were designed and synthesized to inhibit self-quenching of the excited state by adding different alkyl substituents on the bipyridyl ligands. As a result, devices that contain these new Ru(bpy)32+ complexes show a higher photoluminescence and electroluminescence efficiency than devices made from the unmodified Ru(bpy)32+ complex. External quantum efficiencies up to 5.5% at brightnesses in the range of 10−50 cd/m2 are reported. In addition, the response time of such devices (which is a result of the electrochemical operation) has been shortened dramatically. An “instantaneous” light emission is achieved for devices that employ smaller counterions s...
Real-time Intraoperative Computed Tomography Assessment of Quality of Permanent Interstitial Seed Implantation for Prostate Cancer

Objectives To evaluate the use of real-time kilovoltage cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) during prostate brachytherapy for intraoperative dosimetric assessment and correcting deficient dose regions. Methods A total of 20 patients were evaluated intraoperatively with a mobile CBCT unit immediately after implantation while still anesthetized. The source detector system was enclosed in a circular CT-like geometry with a bore that accommodates patients in the lithotomy position. After seed deposition, the CBCT scans were obtained. The dosimetry was evaluated and compared with the standard postimplantation CT-based assessment. In 8 patients, the deposited seeds were localized in the intraoperative CBCT frame of reference and registered to the intraoperative transrectal ultrasound images. With this information, a second intraoperative plan was generated to ascertain whether additional seeds were needed to achieve the planned prescription dose. The final dosimetry was compared with the postimplantation scan assessment. Results The mean differences between the dosimetric parameters from the intraoperative CBCT and postimplant CT scans were Conclusions Intraoperative CT-based dosimetric evaluation of prostate permanent seed implantation before anesthesia reversal is feasible and might avert misadministration of dose delivery. The dosimetric measurements using the intraoperative CBCT scans were dependable and correlated well with the postimplant diagnostic CT findings.
Meta-analysis: targeting the intestinal microbiota in prophylaxis for post-operative Crohn's disease

Aliment Pharmacol Ther 31, 802–809 Summary Background Enteric bacteria play an important early role in the pathogenesis of Crohn’s disease. Aim To perform a meta-analysis of trials testing antibiotics or probiotics for prevention of post-operative recurrence of Crohn’s disease. Methods Review of all randomized controlled trials comparing antibiotics or probiotics with placebo in prevention of endoscopic or clinical recurrence of Crohn’s disease after surgical resection. Fixed-effect meta-analysis was performed with dichotomous data summarized using relative risk with 95% confidence intervals, where appropriate. Results Seven studies were identified as suitable for inclusion (two comparing antibiotics with placebo, five comparing probiotics with placebo). The use of nitroimidazole antibiotics (metronidazole, ornidazole) reduced the risk of clinical (RR 0.23; 95% CI 0.09–0.57, NNT = 4) and endoscopic (RR 0.44; 95% CI 0.26–0.74, NNT = 4) recurrence relative to placebo. However, these agents were associated with higher risk of adverse events (RR 2.39, 95% CI 1.5–3.7) and patient withdrawal. Probiotic administration was not associated with any significant difference in risk of recurrence compared with placebo. Conclusions Nitroimidazole antibiotics are effective in the prevention of post-operative Crohn’s disease recurrence, but their side-effects limit acceptability. Probiotics have failed to show efficacy for post-operative prophylaxis, but may merit further study.
Configurational switching and charge transfer for optically excited rare-gas adsorbates on simple-metal surfaces

Optical spectra in the range 5-17 eV for rare-gas atoms adsorbed on simple-metal surfaces are reported. Various features in the spectra are coverage dependent presumably owing to interactions among adsorbates. The results reveal an important new process of charge transfer induced by the optical excitation. The observed spectra fall into one of two clearly distinct categories. In one of these the rare-gas spectrum at low coverage persists in a form resembling that of the rare-gas solid, but with a noticeable broadening and shifting of prominent features. In the other, the threshold is blue shifted by several eV into a shoulder lacking analogs of the exciton lines. The demarcation between these forms occurs close to the condition ${I}^{*}=\ensuremath{\varphi}$ at which the excited-state ionization energy ${I}^{*}$ equals the substrate work function $\ensuremath{\varphi}$. Near this point the excited rare gas becomes unstable against charge transfer to the surface. Results are interpreted as indicating charge transfer induced by the optical process. The mechanism switching the system between configurations appears sharp to \ensuremath{\sim}0.1 eV in ${I}^{*}$ or $\ensuremath{\varphi}$. Evidently the hopping matrix element connecting an excited electron on the rare gas to the bulk must be large (several eV). The observed line shapes for the cases of persistent spectra are difficult to understand in detail.
Immunogold for detection of antigen on nitrocellulose paper.

Abstract The application of immunogold for the detection of antigen-antibody complexes on nitrocellulose paper is described. Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) protein, either purified or in leaf extract, was bound to the nitrocellulose paper and then exposed to rabbit anti-TMV serum. The antigen-antibody complexes were detected by gold-labeled goat anti-rabbit immunoglobulin G. The gold-labeled antibody is directly visible because of its pink color. This method can detect 1–5 pg of TMV protein, either in purified form or in the unpurified plant extract, with high specificity.
Soil science reference books

More than half a million soil science papers have been published since the 1920s. In addition, a large number of books are being published. This paper focuses on the seven major soil reference books that were published between 2000 and 2012: Handbook of Soil Science (2000 and 2012), Encyclopedia of Soil Science (2002 and 2006), Encyclopedia of Soils in the Environment (2005), Encyclopedia of Soil Science (2008), and Soil Science — Reference collection (2009). These soils science reference books contain 1920 articles (12,295 pages) authored by some 2000 authors. The Handbook of Soil Science covers the basic subdisciplines (physics, chemistry, biology, pedology) most extensively whereas the encyclopedia have more applied entries/articles. Overall, these intradisciplinary reference works show that the soil science discipline is vibrant and has a rapidly expanding knowledge base.
Serum Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme as a Marker for the Chronic Fatigue-Immune Dysfunction Syndrome: A Comparison to Serum Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme in Sarcoidosis

Abstract purpose: To study the reliability of a serum angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) assay as a marker for the chronic fatigue-immune dysfunction syndrome (CFIDS), and to compare some enzyme characteristics of ACE in CFIDS with that in sarcoidosis. patients and methods: Forty-nine patients with CFIDS and 56 endemic control subjects from Lyndonville, New York, and Charlotte, North Carolina; plus 23 untreated patients with active sarcoidosis, 24 with sarcoidosis receiving corticosteroid therapy, and 32 patient controls without sarcoidosis from California. Serum ACE levels were determined with a spectrophotometric method. The effect of freezing and thawing and the effect of storage at 4°C were compared between CFIDS and sarcoidosis samples. results: Serum ACE levels were elevated in 80% of patients with CFIDS and 30% of endemic control subjects as compared with 9.4% of non-endemic California control subjects. The ACE activity in CFIDS differed from that in sarcoidosis because of its lability with storage at 4°C in CFIDS and its partial activation with freezing and thawing. Thus, ACE activity was elevated in the majority of CFIDS patients either upon initial assay or upon a subsequent assay after refreezing. ACE activity was elevated in 87% of patients with active sarcoidosis and was not affected by storage or freezing and thawing. conclusions: Serum ACE elevations may be a useful marker for CFIDS, especially if a method can be developed to distinguish ACE in CFIDS from that in sarcoidosis. The sensitivity for CFIDS was 80%, with 68% specificity in an endemic area. The increased prevalence of serum ACE elevations in endemic controls as compared with nonendemic controls suggests that an ACE increase may be an early manifestation of CFIDS and supports the concept that CFIDS is a definite disease state.
Intensive design in evaluating anxiolytic agents.

The purposes of this study were: (1) to test the usefulness of intensive design in detecting the effects of an established antianxiety agent in a single patient studied for a period as brief as 8 weeks and (2) to explore the usefulness of combining intensive and extensive designs by jointly analyzing the results from several similarly treated patients.