cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Current Approach to Philadelphia Chromosome Positive Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

Introduction Prior to the advent of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI), expected overall survival (OS) for patients with Philadelphia chromosome positive (Ph+) acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) was estimated at best ~20%, and thus consolidation with allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) was uniformly recommended. The international ALL trial MRC UKALLXII/ECOG2993 showed that allogeneic HCT was superior to chemotherapy in 267 adults with Ph+ ALL (5-year OS was 44% after matched sibling allogeneic HCT, 36% after MUD HCT, and 19% after chemotherapy only).1 However, the introduction of BCR-ABL1 targeted therapy with highly potent TKIs has significantly improved outcomes for this subset of ALL patients, resulting in greater numbers of remissions, and more transplant-eligible patients.2–4 Furthermore, some retrospective analyses suggest that transplant may not be needed in patients who go into a deep remission, without detectable measurable residual disease (MRD), following TKI therapy. Herein, we will review data from recent studies that are used to inform our recommendations regarding therapy in the contemporary era for newly diagnosed patients with Ph+ ALL.
I Dream of Siri: Magic and Female Voice Assistants

Recent advances in science and engineering have facilitated the development of artificial intelligence voice assistants. While this is true from a technical aspect, smart speakers and voice assistants did not develop in isolation from the rest of human society. The devices may be new, but the practices and patterns in their development and use are not. Using Levi-Strauss’s structural anthropology, I map homologous practices of smart speaker interaction onto historical conceptions of supernatural magic use. This structural comparison suggests that practices and patterns that were essential to magic use have re-emerged in smart speaker utilization in similar forms. Some of these practices are noteworthy for their homology alone. However, other homologous behaviors revive patterns of inequity that, in Western magical traditions, had privileged the traditionally educated man. The goal of this paper is to elucidate the ghost in the machine: the prejudiced social practices of supernatural magic that were asserted to be eradicated yet which are now, nevertheless, newly instantiated within our most cutting-edge devices.
- ZFEM: Collaborative Visualization for Parallel Multidisciplinary Applications

This chapter describes a new visualization software called ZFEM, which is a collaborative system for parallel multidisciplinary applications. This code was designed in order to deal with: parallel-distributed applications, multidisciplinary applications, unstructured grids, surface and volume data, automatic movie making, interactive on-line visualization, and solver steering. Further requirements include interactivity, user friendliness, and portability. Turnkey applications allow the users to perform a number of fixed operations. The most severe drawback of this type of visualization systems is that they do not support functional extension. Applications of this kind are PLOT3D, FAST, UFAT, pV3 and ZFEM. A new approach that is becoming very interesting is the use of collaboration software. The basic idea is that several scientists interact with the same scene simultaneously and communicate through video-conferencing tools already available. The visualization system ZFEM was implemented as a set of independent modules which communicate with each other via message passing. A hypertext document serves as on-line help and user's guide. A new trend in visualization systems for CFD and other computational disciplines is beginning to emerge. The key idea is to be able to interact with a remotely running parallel solver in order to visualize the data as it is being generated.
Sex Offender Reentry Courts: A Proposal for Managing the Risk of Returning Sex Offenders to the Community

Enraged by sex crimes against young children committed by convicted sex offenders, the public has demanded that government do whatever is necessary to prevent sexual recidivism. Victims’ groups mobilized public opinion and politicians rapidly responded. Since about 1990, policymakers in the United States have adopted two distinct strategies to prevent convicted sex offenders from committing more sex crimes. One strategy emphasizes long-term confinement either in the prison system or in the mental health system. The other strategy relies on information compilation and dissemination. Both strategies assume that sex offenders are more dangerous
Oncogenic BRAF(V600E) Induces Clastogenesis and UVB Hypersensitivity

The oncogenic BRAF(V600E) mutation is common in melanomas as well as moles. The roles that this mutation plays in the early events in the development of melanoma are poorly understood. This study demonstrates that expression of BRAF(V600E) is not only clastogenic, but synergizes for clastogenesis caused by exposure to ultraviolet radiation in the 300 to 320 nM (UVB) range. Expression of BRAF(V600E) was associated with induction of Chk1 pS280 and a reduction in chromatin remodeling factors BRG1 and BAF180. These alterations in the Chk1 signaling pathway and SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling pathway may contribute to the clastogenesis and UVB sensitivity. These results emphasize the importance of preventing sunburns in children with developing moles.
Quantitative genetics of plumage color: lifetime effects of early nest environment on a colorful sexual signal

Phenotypic differences among individuals are often linked to differential survival and mating success. Quantifying the relative influence of genetic and environmental variation on phenotype allows evolutionary biologists to make predictions about the potential for a given trait to respond to selection and various aspects of environmental variation. In particular, the environment individuals experience during early development can have lasting effects on phenotype later in life. Here, we used a natural full-sib/half-sib design as well as within-individual longitudinal analyses to examine genetic and various environmental influences on plumage color. We find that variation in melanin-based plumage color - a trait known to influence mating success in adult North American barn swallows (Hirundo rustica erythrogaster) - is influenced by both genetics and aspects of the developmental environment, including variation due to the maternal phenotype and the nest environment. Within individuals, nestling color is predictive of adult color. Accordingly, these early environmental influences are relevant to the sexually selected plumage color variation in adults. Early environmental conditions appear to have important lifelong implications for individual reproductive performance through sexual signal development in barn swallows. Our results indicate that feather color variation conveys information about developmental conditions and maternal care alleles to potential mates in North American barn swallows. Melanin-based colors are used for sexual signaling in many organisms, and our study suggests that these signals may be more sensitive to environmental variation than previously thought.
Another p53 Doppelgänger

Genes belong to various families. Now, the relatives of the most important tumor suppressor gene, p53, are coming out of the woodwork. In his Perspective, Kaelin describes the newly identified members of the p53 family and their functions. Unlike p53, these proteins are not central to the development of human cancers, but rather offer a unique possibility for therapy of human tumors.
Renewable Energy Use Advantages of Maglev-Based Personal Rapid Transit

Maglev personal rapid transit (MPRT) is a personal rapid transit (PRT) system that uses renewable energy in usage, distribution, and generation. A PRT system provides on-demand service in a manner similar to the automobile. Different types of PRT have different impacts on the electrical grid load. Recent advances in power electronics and maglev technology allow for the design of a novel MPRT system characterized not only by exceptionally low power requirements but also by a unique capacity to incorporate energy distribution and storage infrastructure into the greater transportation architecture. A hypothetical hybrid MPRT design incorporating energy storage and transmission capabilities is described. In addition, thorough carbon dioxide and cost analyses are undertaken to more fully understand the spectrum of benefits of an MPRT solution, in comparison to conventional vehicle and plug-in hybrid electric vehicle approaches. An MPRT system not only offers significant advantages over other technologies in ef...
759-3 Prediction Models for Outcome of Coronary Surgery and Coronary Angioplasty on a Desktop

There is a need in clinical practice for rapid accessibility of outcome data in rapid fashion for clinical decision making. Data for this purpose come largely from clinical trials and databases. Emory University has a cardiovascular database with 80,000 patients which includes all cardiovascular surgical procedures and interventional procedures in the coronaries since 1972. Querying the database to examine outcome is practical for research, but limited as a clinical tool. Thus, the data in the database are largely accessible through published datasets and prediction models. These prediction models have been reflected in a computer program that may run on a personal computer. In hospital outcomes are predicted by stepwise logistic regression and long term outcome (time-to-event) by Cox model analysis. Mean survival curves for the Cox model are needed as well as the coefficients. The data for survival curves is stored in an Access 2.0 database. The primary application is programmed in Visual Basic 3.0 and will run on any IBM PC or clone running DOS 5.0 or higher and Windows 3.0 or higher. The application uses a full graphical user interface. The in-hospital outcome data are expressed as percentages. Survival (time-to-event) data are expressed as survival curves. The entire application is mouse controlled and there is no typing at any time. The user starts the program from a windows icon and then a main menu offers a selection of models. The user clicks on a model. Then a specific screen for the model appears and the user selects values for the correlates of the endpoint. When done the user clicks for the data to be displayed. Movement within models and between models is straight forward, simple and fast. The current models after coronary surgery: in hospital death, Q wave myocardial infarction, stroke, death after reoperative surgery, long term survival, non-fatal events and survival after reoperative surgery. The current models after angioplasty: in hospital death, Q wave myocardial infarction, emergency surgery, restenosis, long term survival and long term cardiac events. Clinical cardiologists and cardiology fellows can learn to use the program essentially immediately, without training. Clinical understanding and proper use of the tool are the limitation as the computer application has been simplified as much as possible.
Collisionless Gas Flows over a Cylindrical or Spherical Object

This paper presents exact density, velocity components, and temperature solutions for collisionless gasflows over a cylinder or a sphere. Possible real applications may include collisionless gas flows over a hot wire inside a vacuum chamber and rarefied gasflows aroundanaerosol at veryhigh altitude.At anypoint off the cylinder or the sphere, the local velocity distribution function consists of two pieces ofMaxwellian distribution functions: one for the freestream, which is characterized by the freestream density n0, temperature T0, and velocity U0; the other is characterized by density at the wall nw and wall temperature Tw, where nw is not constant at different surface locations. Directly integrating the distribution functions leads to the detailed flowfield solutions; the solutions are complex but exact.We performed numerical simulationswith the direct simulationMonteCarlomethod to validate these exact solutions. In general, the exact analytical and numerical results are virtually identical.
Teaching authorship and publication practices in the biomedical and life sciences.

Examination of a limited number of publisher’s Instructions for Authors, guidelines from two scientific societies, and the widely accepted policy document of the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) provided useful information on authorship practices. Three of five journals examined (Nature, Science, and the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences) publish papers across a variety of disciplines. One is broadly focused on topics in medical research (New England Journal of Medicine) and one publishes research reports in a single discipline (Journal of Bacteriology). Similar elements of publication policy and accepted practices were found across the policies of these journals articulated in their Instructions for Authors. A number of these same elements were found in the professional society guidelines of the Society for Neuroscience and the American Chemical Society, as well as the ICMJE Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals. Taken together, these sources provide the basis for articulating best practices in authorship in scientific research. Emerging from this material is a definition of authorship, as well as policy statements on duplicative publication, conflict of interest disclosure, electronic access, data sharing, digital image integrity, and research requiring subjects’ protection, including prior registration of clinical trials. These common elements provide a foundation for teaching about scientific authorship and publication practices across biomedical and life sciences disciplines.
A synthetic peptide to the predicted 6.9K translation product of the HindIII-H/EcoRI-D region of the AcNPV genome induces antibodies to the basic DNA-binding protein.

Abstract The sequence of the HindIII-H/EcoRI-D region of the AcNPV genome revealed a 55 codon methionine-initiated open reading frame (Wilson M.E, Mainprize T.H., Friesen P.D. and Miller L.K., 1987 J. Virol. 61, 661–666). This open reading frame predicts a 6.9K translation product with an amino acid composition nearly identical to the basic virion DNA-binding protein. A synthetic peptide was prepared to a region of the predicted 6.9K protein and used to induce antibodies in rabbits. Western blots of viral proteins, infected cell-specific proteins (24 h p.i.), and basic chromatin-associated proteins (24 h p.i.) were probed with anti-6.9K antisera. In all immunoblots, the anti-6.9K antisera were specific for the basic DNA-binding protein. This investigation provides further evidence that the basic DNA-binding protein of the virion is a viral-encoded gene transcribed from the HindIII-H/EcoRI-D region of the genome.
Near-Bottom Cross-Shelf Currents in the Northwestern Gulf of Mexico: A Response to Wind Forcing

Abstract Recording current meter data from two near-bottom levels on the inner shelf of the northwestern Gulf of Mexico are presented with wind data from November and December 1975. Four periods of predominantly cross-shelf motion are discussed, involving both onshore and offshore motion. Coherence spectra relating cross-shelf motion with the longshore and cross-shelf components of the computed wind stress show statistically significant values at both levels. Cross-shelf motion past the upper current meter, 3.7 m above the bottom in 13.5 m of water, is more responsive to the cross-shelf component of the wind stress and indicates that near-bottom cross-shelf motion occurs as a simple return flow. At the lower level, 0.9 m above the bottom,, cross-shelf currents are more coherent with the longshore component of the wind stress, suggesting a response to Ekman transport in the surface layer. A coherence spectrum of cross-shelf motion from these two levels indicates low values except over the very longest time...
A MNDO study of the geometries and rotational barriers of conjugated cations and radical cations

Abstract From geometry-optimized MNDO calculations, we find the butadiene cation radical to be planar, in contrast to the twisted ethylene cation radical. The rotational barrier about the partial C2C3 double bond of the butadiene cation radical is calculated to be 19.0 kcal mol1−, whereas that about the analogous bond of the 1-methyl allyl cation is 15.6 kcal mol−1.
Surface stresses and vacancies

Atomistic calculations for surface stress and the effect of vacancies on the surface stress have been carried out using a two-dimensional embedded-atom method model. Stresses due to the presence of the surface are large, localized within a few atomic planes of the surface and vary rapidly with depth with the net stress being a tension. The effect of vacancies at or near the surface is not localized within a few atomic planes of the surface, reduces the tension if in contact with the surface but increases the tension if below the surface. Vacancy configurations which provide the greatest relaxation of surface tension are generally not those with the lowest energy. None of these results should be specific to a two-dimensional model.
Operationism and Scientific Method

[About a year ago Professor E. G. Boring wrote to suggest a symposium on operationism and appended a few questions which he said he would like to have answered. The Editor welcomed the idea and invited a number of persons interested in operationism to take part in the symposium. They were sent Professor Boring’s questions and asked to add questions of their own to the list. Professors E. G. Boring, P. W. Bridgman, Herbert Feigl, Harold Israel, Carroll C. Pratt and B. F. Skinner accepted the invitation and submitted additional questions. The complete list was then sent to each participant with instructions to write on any or all of the questions. When the galley proof was ready, all of it was sent to each person with the request that he write a short rebuttal. All but one participant consented. These replies, which are more than rebuttals, follow the main articles under the title ‘Rejoinders and Second Thoughts.’
A priori knowledge for fallibilists

L'A. critique l'assimilation entre connaissance a priori et connaissance incorrigible independamment de la confirmation empirique, et montre que l'incorrigibilite absolue d'une proposition et son incorrigibilite empirique sont equivalentes. L'a priori devient alors compatible avec le faillibilisme en theorie de la connaissance.
Hyponatremia in hospitalized patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and the AIDS-Related complex☆

Abstract Study objective: To determine the frequency, etiology, and clinical association of hyponatremia in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and AIDS-related complex (ARC). Patients and methods: A prospective analysis of 167 patients with AIDS and 45 patients with ARC admitted on 269 occasions to a large metropolitan teaching hospital during a 3-month period. Results: Eighty-three patients (39%) with hyponatremia (serum sodium concentration less than 135 mmol/L) were observed during 99 hospitalisations, for a frequency of 38%. The mean (± standard error) of the lowest serum sodium concentration was 128 ± 1 mmol/L in the hyponatremic patients and 138 ± 1 mmol/L in the normonatremic patients. Hyponatremia was present on admission during 57 hospitalizations and was associated with gastrointestinal losses and hypovolemia in 43%. When hyponatremia developed during hospitalisation, 68% of the patients were clinically euvolemic and had a syndrome consistent with inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH). Patients with hyponatremia were hospitalized longer than those with normal serum sodium concentrations (17 ± 1 versus 9 ± 1 days, p Conclusion: Hyponatremia is a common electrolyte disorder in patients hospitalized with AIDS or ARC and is frequently associated with gastrointestinal losses or SIADH as well as increased morbidity and mortality.
A study of desensitization of acetylcholine receptors using nerve‐released transmitter in the frog

1. Desensitization of acetylcholine (ACh) receptors was studied at the frog neuromuscular junction under voltage clamp. 2. ACh was applied directly to junctional receptors by stimulating the motor nerve with trains of impulses. End-plate currents (e.p.c.s) were used to estimate the total number of channel openings by the junctional ACh receptors, and miniature end-plate currents (m.e.p.c.s) were used to measure changes in post-synaptic sensitivity. Under the conditions of these experiments the changes in m.e.p.c. amplitudes were shown to be post-synaptic in origin and thus provided a measure of desensitization. 3. When the acetylcholinesterase was inhibited with diisopropylfluorophosphate, neostigmine, or collagenase treatment to prolong the duration of the nerve-released ACh in the synaptic cleft, desensitization developed during repetitive stimulation of 1000 impulses at 5-33 impulses/sec and then recovered after the conditioning trains, with a time constant of about 25 sec. 4. When the acetylcholinesterase was active so that the duration of ACh in the synaptic cleft resulting from each nerve impulse was brief (< 300 μsec), desensitization developed in response to 300-500 pairs of nerve stimuli if the interval between the impulses of each pair was 25 msec or less. When the interval was 30 msec or greater, however, measurable desensitization did not occur, even if the total number of channel openings was many times greater than in the experiments with shorter intervals or inhibited esterase where desensitization readily occurred. 5. The desensitization observed to pairs of impulses was enhanced by chlorpromazine and decreased when the post-synaptic membrane was depolarized, properties similar to those described previously for desensitization to bath and ionophoretic application of ACh. 6. These results indicate that desensitization to nerve-released transmitter is not a simple consequence of receptor activation, is not due to blockade of the open receptor channels by ACh, and does not result from ACh binding directly to desensitized receptors with a resulting shift in the receptor population towards the desensitized state. 7. We suggest that the desensitization observed to nerve-released transmitter is a two-step process with both steps initiated by ACh. In the first step ACh converts some receptors into a desensitizable state which has an apparent lifetime of less than 30 msec; in the second step ACh desensitizes the desensitizable state.
Race, Ethnicity and the Female Cop: Differential Patterns of Representation

This article examines factors hypothesized to be associated with the employment of female police officers in US municipal law enforcement agencies. Female officer representation is investigated within three primary racial or ethnic groups—Caucasians, African Americans, and Hispanics. This study utilizes data collected from a representative sample of police departments serving populations over 25,000 residents across the US during the period of 1993 to 1996. The primary findings of the research suggest that a small but noteworthy increase in the number of female officers occurred during this three-year period. In addition, it was found that variation in the proportion of female police officers hired in each racial or ethnic group was influenced by different sets of external and internal explanatory variables. Previous research treating female officer representation as a single aggregate group is misleading to the extent that it hides the observed cross-racial and ethnic differences observed here.
Comparative effects of virginiamycin supplementation on characteristics of growth-performance, dietary energetics, and digestion of calf-fed Holstein steers.

Two trials were conducted to evalu- ate the influence of virginiamycin supplementation on growth performance and digestive function. In trial 1, 144 Holstein steer calves (119 kg of initial BW) were used in a 340-d trial. Treatments were (DM basis) 1) control (no antibiotic); 2) 16 mg/kg of virginiamycin; 3) 22.5 mg/kg of virginiamycin; and 4) 28 mg/kg of monensin. Calves received a steam-flaked corn-based growing diet for the first 112 d and thereafter were fed a finishing diet from d 112 until slaughter. Steers were divided into 2 BW groups (lighter-half and heavier- half), and assigned within groups to 24 pens (6 steers/ pen). Virginiamycin did not affect (P > 0.20) ADG, but increased 340-d G:F (linear; P = 0.02) and dietary NE (linear; P = 0.04). Improvements in dietary NE were most pronounced during the final 116 d of the feeding period (linear; P = 0.04) that comprised the hot summer months (June through September). Mon- ensin did not affect (P > 0.20) growth performance or dietary NE. Although average initial BW of the lighter- half and heavier-half BW groups differed by only 4 kg, the heavier BW group had greater HCW (13 kg, P = 0.02), LM area (5.4%, P = 0.01), ADG (4.3%, P = 0.02), G:F (2.3%, P = 0.08), and dietary NE (3.2%. P = 0.01) than the lighter BW group. In trial 2, 4 Hol- stein steers (269 ± 3.5 kg) with cannulas in the rumen and proximal duodenum were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design to evaluate treatment effects on diges- tion. Virginiamycin did not affect (P > 0.20) ruminal digestion of OM, NDF, starch, and N, and microbial efficiency, but tended to linearly increase (P = 0.09) ruminal N efficiency (nonammonia N flow to the small intestine/N intake). Likewise, virginiamycin did not af- fect (P > 0.20) postruminal or total tract digestion of OM, starch, NDF, and N. Compared with the control diet, monensin depressed total tract digestion of OM (4.2%, P = 0.03) and NDF (29.5%, P = 0.02). There were no treatment effects (P > 0.20) on ruminal pH, or ruminal lactate and total VFA molar concentration. Virginiamycin increased ruminal molar proportion of acetate (quadratic; P = 0.04) and estimated methane production (quadratic; P = 0.07), and decreased propi- onate molar proportion (quadratic; P = 0.09). Monensin did not affect (P > 0.20) ruminal VFA molar propor- tions or estimated methane production. We concluded that virginiamycin supplementation can enhance feed- lot growth-performance and dietary energetic efficiency of calf-fed Holstein steers.
Emotional intelligence and the identification of emotion

Abstract This article is concerned with individual differences in the ability to connect thoughts to emotions. People who are good at connecting thoughts to feelings may better “hear” the emotional implications of their own thoughts, as well as understand the feelings of others from what they say. We had 321 participants read the writings of a target group of people and guess what those targets had felt. Several criteria were used to evaluate the participants' emotional recognition abilities, including agreement with the group consensus and agreement with the target. Participants who agreed more highly with the group consensus and with the target also scored higher than the other participants on scales of empathy and self-reported SAT scores, and lower on emotional defensiveness. Such results are interpreted to mean that some forms of emotional problem solving require emotional openness as well as general intelligence.
Context effects in retrospective judgments of personal experiences

Are retrospective judgments regarding the affect associated with personal experiences influenced by organismic and cognitive factors prevailing at the time such events are recalled? This experiment examined whether contrast and assimilation effects analogous to those obtained for social and perceptual judgments could be produced in memory judgments of affect. The contribution of two factors was assessed: current activation level and cognitive context. Memories of personal experiences were elicited by a prompt-word method (cf. Robinson, 1976). Activation level was assessed by a self-report measure (Thayer, 1967). Cognitive contexts biased toward highly affecting experiences or toward moderately affecting experiences were induced with special questionnaires. Nonevaluative features of personal memories (e.g., event age) were not affected by the judgment conditions. Judgments of affect intensity were shifted relative to a neutral baseline condition by the high-intensity cognitive context. The direction of judgmental shift was dependent upon activation level. Confidence rating indicated that subjects were not aware of the biasing effects of the recall conditions.
Plasticity size effects in free-standing submicron polycrystalline FCC films subjected to pure tension

Abstract The membrane deflection experiment developed by Espinosa and co-workers was used to examine size effects on mechanical properties of free-standing polycrystalline FCC thin films. We present stress–strain curves obtained on films 0.2, 0.3, 0.5 and 1.0 μm thick including specimen widths of 2.5, 5.0, 10.0 and 20.0 μm for each thickness. Elastic modulus was consistently measured in the range of 53– 55 GPa for Au, 125– 129 GPa for Cu and 65– 70 GPa for Al. Several size effects were observed including yield stress variations with membrane width and film thickness in pure tension. The yield stress of the membranes was found to increase as membrane width and thickness decreased. It was also observed that thickness plays a major role in deformation behavior and fracture of polycrystalline FCC metals. A strengthening size scale of one over film thickness was identified. In the case of Au free-standing films, a major transition in the material inelastic response occurs when thickness is changed from 1 to 0.5 μm . In this transition, the yield stress more than doubled when film thickness was decreased, with the 0.5 μm thick specimen exhibiting a more brittle-like failure and the 1 μm thick specimen exhibiting a strain softening behavior. Similar plasticity size effects were observed in Cu and Al. Scanning electron microscopy performed on Au films revealed that the number of grains through the thickness essentially halved, from approximately 5 to 2, as thickness decreased. It is postulated that this feature affects the number of dislocations sources, active slip systems, and dislocation motion paths leading to the observed strengthening. This statistical effect is corroborated by the stress–strain data in the sense that data scatter increases with increase in thickness, i.e., plasticity activity. The size effects here reported are the first of their kind in the sense that the measurements were performed on free-standing polycrystalline FCC thin films subjected to macroscopic homogeneous axial deformation, i.e., in the absence of deformation gradients, in contrast to nanoindentation, beam deflection, and torsion, where deformation gradients occur. To the best of our understanding, continuum plasticity models in their current form cannot capture the observed size scale effects.
MEASUREMENTS OF RECOIL AND PROJECTILE MOMENTUM DISTRIBUTIONS FOR 19-MEV F9+ + NE COLLISIONS

The collision system of 19-MeV ${\mathrm{F}}^{9+}$ on Ne has been studied using recoil and projectile momentum spectroscopy. For each event, identified by final recoil and projectile charge state, the three-dimensional momentum vector of the recoil ion and the transverse momentum vector of the projectile ion were measured. The transverse momenta of the recoil and projectile ions were found to be equal in magnitude and opposite in direction, indicating that the transverse momentum exchange is dominated by interactions between the two ion cores. The transverse momentum distributions are well described by nCTMC calculations. The longitudinal momentum distributions of the recoil ions show that a large fraction of the momentum transferred to the projectile is carried off by continuum electrons. The recoil ions are scattered slightly backward, in partial agreement with predictions of nCTMC calculations. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Computed tomography of osteoid osteoma

Computed tomography revealed a radiolucent nidus with a surrounding zone of osteosclerosis in 17 patients with osteoid osteoma. Plain films did not reveal any abnormality in 5 patients. Conventional tomography was negative in 3 patients. Computed tomography is the modality of choice for detection of osteoid osteoma when the lesion is deep-seated or when it occurs in complex anatomic regions with curvilinear and overlapping surfaces, such as acetabulum, knee, and spine.
Purification of haptoglobin and its effects on lymphocyte and alveolar macrophage responses

Clinical observations made on a patient with acute hypersensitivity pneumonitis revealed that the patient's serum contained a mitogenic inhibitor and an extremely high haptoglobin (Hp) level; this led to an investigation of the role of Hp in lymphocyte function. Hp was isolated and purified from acute phase rabbit serum by a new method using DE-52 anion exchange chromatography and preparative isoelectric focusing in a range of pH 3.0–5.0. This technique produced a homogenous, biologically active product in fewer steps and in higher yields than existing techniques. Purified rabbit Hp significantly inhibited polyclonal lymphocyte mitogenic responses to PHA or Con A in a dose-response fashion. Hp also significantly inhibited B-cell mitogenesis at a high concentration (200 mg/100 ml) in response to LPS while it enhanced B-cell mitogenesis at lower concentrations (50 and 100 mg/100 ml). Purified Hp had no effect on monoclonal, antigen-specific (BSA) mitogenesis. Rabbit alveolar macrophages produced significant amounts of prostaglandin E in vitro in response to LPS but Hp had no effect on this production. However, Hp alone caused approximately the same amount of stimulation of PGE production by alveolar macrophages as did LPS alone. The ability of Hp to modulate lymphocyte as well as macrophage function seems to indicate that Hp plays a role in the moderation of inflammation. This ability to moderate inflammation, especially in the lungs, may play an important role in regulating tissue damage and disease following inhalation of inflammatory aerosols.
Individualism and Marr's Computational Theory of Vision

: A great deal of philosophical work has addressed the question of whether Man's computational theory of early vision is individualistic. Burge and Davies have argued that, according to Marr's theory, visual states are individuated non-individualistically. Segal has denied that Marr's theory has these non-individualistic implications. More recently, Shapiro has argued that the entire debate has been misguided. I argue that Shapiro is mistaken in a fairly deep way, attention to which allows us to raise and clarify several important issues involved in discussions of individualism. Contrary to Burge and Davies, and by a route rather different from Segal's, I defend the claim that Man's theory offers no reason to think that visual states are individuated non-individualistically.
Caregiving spouses’ attachment orientations and the physical and psychological health of individuals with Alzheimer's disease

Objective: Attachment theory is a useful framework for understanding how caregiving dyads regulate emotions and maintain feelings of security in reaction to a loved one's chronic illness. In this study we examined the extent to which the attachment orientations (anxiety and avoidance) of persons with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and their spousal caregivers were associated with each partner's report of the physical and psychological health symptoms of the person with AD. Method: Fifty-eight individuals with AD and their spousal caregivers each completed a 12-item self-report measure of trait attachment orientation and rated the physical and psychological health symptoms of the person with AD over the past two weeks. Data from the persons with AD were used after determining that they were able to provide reliable responses. Results: As predicted, individuals with AD who were high in anxious attachment self-reported more physical and psychological symptoms, particularly when their caregivers were high in anxiou...
What to Do When the Oceans Rise

Lauren-Kristine Pryzant and John Bruno review Adapting to a Changing Environment: Confronting the Consequences of Climate Change.
Instability of unsteady flows or configurations Part 1. Instability of a horizontal liquid layer on an oscillating plane

A layer of viscous liquid with a free surface is set in motion by the lower boundary moving simple-harmonically in its own plane. The stability of this motion is investigated. Since the primary flow is time-dependent, the time variable cannot be separated from at least one space variable, and a new approach must be used to investigate the problem. In this paper the stability of long waves is studied by a perturbation method which has not been applied before to problems of stability of unsteady flows, and it is found that the flow under consideration can be unstable for long waves.
Afferent Growth Cone Interactions Control Synaptic Specificity in the Drosophila Visual System

In the Drosophila compound eye, photoreceptors (R cells) that respond to light from the same point in space are distributed across the retina and connect to the same target neurons. This complex connectivity pattern reconstructs visual space in the first optic ganglion, the lamina. We have used mutations that delete specific R cell subtypes or alter their retinal organization to define the cellular mechanisms that generate this pattern. R cell axons are programmed to search for targets within a local region in the lamina but their selection of appropriate postsynaptic targets requires specific interactions among R cell growth cones. The orientation of the projections is controlled both by the spatial arrangement of R cells in the retina and by cues in the target.
Patient Participation in Research in the Managed Care Environment: Key Perceptions of Members in an HMO

This study's objective was to elicit the views of research among enrollees in an HMO. A questionnaire was mailed to 207 adult enrollees, 55% had been exposed to research and 45% had not. Ninety-four percent of respondents supported research within the HMO, and 87% thought using information from medical records for research was acceptable. Sixty-three percent thought participation in research increased patient understanding of health care. Significantly more prior research participants thought that participation in research improves care. More patients would participate if written information were provided (67%), if feedback of results was provided (72%), and if their clinician invited them (67%). Only a modest percentage (20%) of patients would participate in a randomized trial.
Axial and Radial Dispersion in a Large‐Diameter Bubble Column Reactor at Low Height‐to‐Diameter Ratios

Experiments are conducted in a bubble column reactor with inner diameter of 970 mm at atmospheric pressure with an air/water system at height-to-diameter ratios of 1 and below. Axial and radial dispersion coefficients are measured using a tracer, which is detected by conductivity probes. An analytical mathematical model for the determination of the dispersion coefficients from the experiments is presented. The measurements show the determined axial dispersion coefficients to vary significantly over the height of the column while increasing linearly with the gas flow rate.
Differential cell size optimization strategies produce distinct diatom richness–body size relationships in stream benthos and plankton

Summary 1 The relationship between species richness and body size is one of the most thoroughly studied subjects in animal ecology; however, this relationship and its underlying mechanisms are largely unknown in photosynthetic organisms, especially protists. 2 In this continental study, I first examined the number of diatom species across the cell size spectrum in benthic and planktonic stream habitats. The relationship was right-skewed unimodal and was significantly different between the benthos and the plankton; larger sizes were more speciose in the benthos, and smaller sizes in the plankton. The species richness peaks were explained with allometric trade-offs between maximum nutrient uptake rate and dispersal in the benthos but maximum nutrient uptake rate and sinking resistance in the phytoplankton. 3 I also explored the cell size similarity among species and across environments. Small diatoms were significantly more similar in size than large diatoms, and benthic diatoms were significantly more similar than planktonic diatoms. 4 This is the first continental study on the richness–body size relationship in algae, which suggests that the environmental differences between benthic and planktonic habitats generated allometric trade-offs that have driven the cell size optimization towards larger species in the benthos but smaller in the plankton. The patterns of cell size similarity revealed a higher niche overlap in the benthos than in the phytoplankton and among small species than among large species. These findings indicate that interspecific competition in stream diatoms, which is a function of niche differentiation, is habitat-specific and inversely related to cell size.
Tumour necrosis factor-α and apoptosis in the rat temporomandibular joint

Abstract The purpose of this investigation was to investigate the roles that tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and apoptosis play during acute inflammation of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). Adult male Sprague–Dawley rats were injected with complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA) into the TMJ or kept as uninjected controls. The TMJ tissues were removed 2 days post-injection to mimic conditions of acute inflammation and analysed for changes in expression of TNF-α, the receptor TNF-R1, caspase-3 and -8, and apoptosis. Concentrations of TNF-α, TNF-R1, caspase-3 and -8, and apoptosis were significantly elevated in CFA-injected animals compared to uninjected controls. Tissue incubation with TNF-α caused a significant increase in caspase-3 and -8. Also, levels of apoptosis were significantly increased during inflammation, which could be inhibited by the addition of either anti-TNF-α neutralising antibody or caspase inhibitors. TNF-α may play a significant role in the onset of acute CFA-induced TMJ inflammation, and activation of apoptosis signalling pathways may be involved.
Comparative efficacy and safety of sertraline versus nortriptyline in major depression in patients 70 and older.

Background. Few randomized, double-blind studies that examine antidepressant treatment in patients 70 years and older are available. To provide additional data on the safety and efficacy of antidepressants in this rapidly growing population segment, a subgroup analysis of a larger sertraline vs. nortriptyline elderly depression treatment study was performed. Methods. Outpatients (N = 76) who met DSM-III-R criteria for major depression with a minimum Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D) severity score of 18 were randomized to 12 weeks of flexible dose treatment with sertraline (50–150 mg) or nortriptyline (25–100 mg). Results. Both treatments significantly improved depression as measured by the HAM-D and Clinical Global Impression scales. At Weeks 10, 12, and endpoint, sertraline demonstrated a significantly greater reduction in depression severity compared to nortriptyline as measured by improvement on the 24-item HAM-D (mean adjusted change score of 14.8 vs. 7.6, respectively, at Week 12; p = .001). Sixty-five percent of sertraline-treated patients were responders by Week 12 (50% or greater reduction from baseline in 24-item HAM-D score) compared to 26% of nortriptyline-treated patients (p < .05). Sertraline treatment had a significantly more positive effect, when compared to nortriptyline, across almost all associated measures of cognitive function, energy, anxiety, and quality of life and was better tolerated than nortriptyline, with a lower attrition rate/side effect burden. Conclusion. The efficacy advantage of sertraline appeared to be even greater in this subgroup of older patients drawn from a larger treatment study of depression that included elderly individuals over the age of 60.
Some consequences of Henri Poincaré's hypothesis about the biological nature of the three-dimensionality of our space

Henri Poincare (Derniere Pansees, Paris, Flamerion, 1920) makes the interesting suggestion that our space is three-dimensional because ourvoluntary movements are those of quasi-rigid bodies in three dimensional space. Inasmuch as according to the theory of organismic sets (Rashevsky,Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics,31, 159–198, 1969) organisms are conceivable, perhaps in some remote parts of the universe, for which the primary voluntary changes may be not spatial movements but changes of other physical qualities, it is pointed out that the acceptance of Poincare's hypothesis will require an invariance of the physical laws in an abstractn-hyperspace with respect to the choice ofm<n coordinates as the basic frame of reference.
INHERITANCE OF GUSA AND NEO GENES IN TRANSGENIC RICE

Inheritance of foreign genes neo and gusA in rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. IR54 and Radon) has been investigated in three different primary (T0) transformants and their progeny plants. T0 plants were obtained by co-transforming protoplasts from two different rice suspension cultures with the neomycin phosphotransferase II gene [neo or aph (3') II] and the beta-glucuronidase gene (uidA or gusA) residing on separate chimeric plasmid constructs. The suspension cultures were derived from callus of immature embryos of indica variety IR54 and japonica variety Radon. One transgenic line of Radon (AR2) contained neo driven by the CaMV 35S promoter and gusA driven by the rice actin promoter. A second Radon line (R3) contained neo driven by the CaMV 35S promoter and gusA driven by a promoter of the rice tungro bacilliform virus. The third transgenic line, IR54-1, contained neo driven by the CaMV 35S promoter and gusA driven by the CaMV 35S. Inheritance of the transgenes in progeny of the transgenic rice was investigated by Southern blot analysis and enzyme assays. Southern blot analysis of genomic DNA showed that, regardless of copy numbers of the transgenes in the plant genome and the fact that the two transgenes resided on two different plasmids before transformation, the introduced gusA and neo genes were stably transmitted from one generation to another and co-inherited together in transgenic rice progeny plants derived from self-pollination. Analysis of GUS and NPT II activities in T1 to T2 plants provided evidence that inheritance of the gusA and neo genes was in a Mendelian fashion in one plant line (AR2), and in an irregular fashion in the two other plant lines (R3 and IR54-1). Homozygous progeny plants expressing the gusA and neo genes were obtained in the T2 generation of AR2, but the homozygous state was not found in the other two lines of transgenic rice.
Head-Tracked Stereo Viewing with Two-Handed 3 D Interaction for Animated Character Construction

In this paper, we demonstrate how a new interactive 3D desktop metaphor based on two-handed 3D direct manipulation registered with head-tracked stereo viewing can be applied to the task of constructing animated characters. In our configuration, a six degree-of-freedom head-tracker and CrystalEyes shutter glasses are used to produce stereo images that dynamically follow the user head motion. 3D virtual objects can be made to appear at a fixed location in physical space which the user may view from different angles by moving his head. To construct 3D animated characters, the user interacts with the simulated environment using both hands simultaneously: the left hand, controlling a Spaceball, is used for 3D navigation and object movement, while the right hand, holding a 3D mouse, is used to manipulate through a virtual tool metaphor the objects appearing in front of the screen. In this way, both incremental and absolute interactive input techniques are provided by the system. Hand-eye coordination is made possible by registering virtual space exactly to physical space, allowing a variety of complex 3D tasks necessary for constructing 3D animated characters to be performed more easily and more rapidly than is possible using traditional interactive techniques. The system has been tested using both Polhemus Fastrak and Logitech ultrasonic input devices for tracking the head and 3D mouse.