cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The length of cerebellar parallel fibers in chicken and rhesus monkey

The cerebellar parallel fibers, which course through the molecular layer parallel to the long axes of the cortical folds known as folia, originate from ascending granule cell axons and relay the mossy fiber input to dendrites of Purkinje cells. Purkinje cell axons in the cerebellar white matter collect into sheets or zones oriented at right angles to the folia. Each of these zones, which are approximately 0.5-1 mm wide, innervates a different portion of the deep cerebellar and the vestibular nuclei. An experimental light microscopic study was carried out to determine the maximal length of parallel fibers in long folia of avian and primate cerebellar cortex. With a fine surgical knife, vermal folia were cut perpendicular to their long axes in four adult White Leghorn hens and in three adult rhesus monkeys deeply anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital. The animals were killed 3-5 days after the operation. Sections of the transected folia were stained with the Fink-Heimer or the DeOlmos-Ir.gram methods, which revealed the anterogradely degenerated parallel fibers as darkly stained dots. In both species, the pattern of parallel fiber regeneration in the molecular layer had a trapezoidal configuration with the shorter base bordering the Purkinje cell layer and the longer base bordering the pia mater. In both species, the length of parallel fibers averaged approximately 6 mm, although the range was 4-8 mm in chickens and 4.8-6.6 mm in monkeys. The same trapezoidal pattern of degeneration and average parallel fiber lengths of 6 mm were obtained previously from long folia of cat and rabbit cerebella. Thus, parallel fibers show only small variation in their maximal length in relation to cerebellar size. In all the species studied, parallel fibers are consistently longer than the width of single efferent cortical zones, and they modulate the activity of Purkinje cells projecting to different groups of neurons in the deep nuclei.
Reference signal generation and management in SDH-WDM-based equipment and networks

This paper describes a new system that functions as both conventional SDH Equipment Clock (SEC) and a new reference signal generation and management device. The system is basically intended for new telecommunication networks based on a combination of Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) and Wavelength Division Multiplex (WDM) techniques. The new processor-based system is composed of decision-making and selection circuits for reference signals, and advanced 155 MHz phase-locked oscillators (PLO) for generating the SDH frequency, IPPS time signal. This configuration can also achieve highly reliable signal generation and autonomous management independently of conventional network operation systems.
Trait anger but not anxiety predicts incident type 2 diabetes: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA)

Summary Objective Prior studies have shown a bidirectional association between depression and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM); however, the prospective associations of anger and anxiety with T2DM have not been established. We hypothesized that trait anger and anxiety would predict incident T2DM, independently of depressive symptoms. Research design and methods In the Multi-ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA), we prospectively examined the association of trait anger and trait anxiety (assessed via the Spielberger Trait Anger and Anxiety Scales, respectively) with incident T2DM over 11.4 years in 5598 White, Black, Hispanic, and Chinese participants (53.2% women, mean age 61.6 years) at baseline without prevalent T2DM or cardiovascular disease. We used Cox proportional hazards models to calculate the hazard ratios (HR) of incident T2DM by previously defined anger category (low, moderate, high), and anxiety quartile, as there were no previously defined categories. Results High total trait anger was associated with incident T2DM (HR 1.50; 95% CI 1.08–2.07) relative to low total trait anger. The association was attenuated following adjustment for waist circumference (HR 1.32; 95% CI 0.94–1.86). Higher anger reaction was also associated with incident T2DM (HR = 1.07; 95% CI 1.03–1.11) that remained significant after adjusting for potential confounders/explanatory factors. In contrast, trait anxiety did not predict incident T2DM. Conclusions High total trait anger and anger reaction are potential modifiable risk factors for T2DM. Further research is needed to explore the mechanisms of the anger–diabetes relationship and to develop preventive interventions.
Figure of Merit of Composite Filters with Micrometer and Nanometer Fibers

We investigate the filtration performance of composite filters composed of micrometer and nanometer fibers. The filter quality is evaluated using the figure of merit, also known as the quality factor. We use analytical expressions for the pressure drop and filtration efficiency to compute the figure of merit. The effects on the figure of merit by fiber diameter, solidity, and thickness of nanometer and micrometer fibers and face velocity are investigated. Experimental data obtained using conventional filter media and nanofiber composite filters are then used to verify the calculated results. We find that for large particles (approximately 0.1 μm and above), nanofibers can improve the figure of merit compared to conventional filters. Smaller fiber size, larger solidity, and thickness of the nanofiber layer lead to better filtration performance in this size range. For small particles (approximately below 0.1 μm), nanofibers do not improve the figure of merit compared to conventional filter media. Larger fib...
Massively parallel cosmological simulations with ChaNGa

Cosmological simulators are an important component in the study of the formation of galaxies and large scale structures, and can help answer many important questions about the Universe. Despite their utility, existing parallel simulators do not scale effectively on modern machines containing thousands of processors. In this paper we present ChaNGa, a production simulator based on the CHARM++ infrastructure. To achieve scalable performance, ChaNGa employs various optimizations that maximize the overlap between computation and communication. We present experimental results of ChaNGa simulations on machines with thousands of processors, including the IBM Blue Gene/L and the Cray XT3. The paper goes on to highlight efforts toward even more efficient and scalable cosmological simulations. In particular, novel load balancing schemes that base decisions on certain characteristics of tree-based particle codes are discussed. Further, the multistepping capabilities of ChaNGa are presented, as are solutions to the load imbalance that such multiphase simulations face. We outline key requirements for an effective practical implementation and conclude by discussing preliminary results from simulations run with our multiphase load balancer.
Training-Induced Strength and Functional Adaptations After Hip Fracture

Background and Purpose At 3 months after hip fracture, most people are discharged from physical therapy despite residual muscle weakness and overall decreased functional capabilities. The purposes of this study were: (1) to determine, in frail elderly adults after hip fracture and repair, whether a supervised 6-month exercise program would result in strength gains in the fractured limb equivalent to the level of strength in the nonfractured limb; (2) to determine whether the principle of specificity of training would apply to this population of adults; and (3) to determine the relationship between progressive resistance exercise training (PRT) intensity and changes in measures of strength and physical function. Subjects The study participants were 31 older adults (9 men and 22 women; age [X±SD], 79±6 years) who had surgical repair of a hip fracture that was completed less than 16 weeks before study enrollment and who completed at least 30 sessions of a supervised exercise intervention. Methods Participants completed 3 months of light resistance and flexibility exercises followed by 3 months of PRT. Tests of strength and function were completed at baseline, before PRT, and after PRT. Results After PRT, the subjects increased knee extension and leg press 1-repetition maximum by 72%±56% and 37%±30%, respectively. After 3 and 6 months of training, lower-extremity peak torques all increased. Specificity of training appeared to apply only to the nonfractured limb after PRT. Strong correlations were observed between training intensity and lower-extremity strength gains as well as improvements in measures of physical function. Discussion and Conclusion Frail elderly adults after hip fracture can benefit by extending their rehabilitation in a supervised exercise setting, working at high intensities in order to optimize gains in strength and physical function.
Meyer Type Wavelet Bases in R2

It is shown that for any expansive, integer valued 2×2 matrix, there exists a (multi-)wavelet whose Fourier transform is compactly supported and smooth. A key step is showing that for almost every equivalence class of integrally similar matrices there is a representative A which is strictly expansive in the sense that there is a compact set K which tiles the plane by integer translations and such that K?A(K°), where K° is the interior of K.
Sequestration of DDT and dieldrin in soil: Disappearance of acute toxicity but not the compounds

House fly (Musca domestica), fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster), and German cockroach (Blattella germanica) were used to assay the acute toxicity of 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane (DDT) and dieldrin aged in sterile soil. Significant reduction in mortality of the insects was observed in DDT- and dieldrin-amended soil samples aged for 30 d, and toxicity decreased further with additional aging. After 270 d, DDT and dieldrin were no longer toxic to house flies, and dieldrin was no longer toxic to fruit flies and cockroaches at 120 d. Nevertheless, 84.7% of the DDT and 92.1% of the dieldrin was recovered from the soil by vigorous extraction after 180 and 270 d, respectively. The results show that toxic chemicals residing in soil become less toxic with time, the extent of decline in bioavailability may differ among different species, and vigorous extraction may grossly overestimate toxicity.
An image warping approach to image sequence interpolation

Describes a new method for image sequence interpolation. The approach uses a feature-based image warping algorithm to align linear image features in two or more key frames. We propose modifications to this feature-based warping algorithm which reduce artifacts created in the presence of large distortions. In addition, an algorithm for selecting and tracking the linear features required by the warping algorithm is presented. Combining feature-based image warping with a selection and tracking algorithm results in a novel interpolation scheme in which motion estimates are concentrated near object boundaries and other prominent edges. Results are shown for interpolation of a video teleconferencing sequence. >
Political Science and Prediction: What's Next for U.S. Climate Change Policy?

This article analyzes how U.S. climate change politics and policy making are changing in the public, private and civil society sectors, and how such changes are likely to influence U.S. federal policies. It outlines the current status of U.S. climate change action and explores four overlapping pathways of policy change: (1) the strategic demonstration of the feasibility of climate change action; (2) the creation and expansion of markets; (3) policy diffusion and learning; and (4) the creation and promulgation of norms about the need for more aggressive climate change action. These four pathways seek to fruitfully draw from rationalist and constructivist approaches to policy analysis, without collapsing or confusing the different logics. Building on this analysis, it predicts that future federal U.S. climate policy will include six major components: (1) A national cap on GHG emissions; (2) A national market based cap-and-trade GHG emissions trading scheme; (3) Mandatory renewable energy portfolio standards; (4) Increased national product standards for energy efficiency; (5) Increased vehicle fleet energy efficiency standards; and (6) Increased federal incentives for research and development on energy efficiency issues and renewable energy development. In addition, expanding federal climate policy may bring about significant changes in U.S. foreign policy as U.S. international re-engagement on climate change is likely to occur only after the development of more significant federal policy.
Whatever Happened to the Male Secretary

(1961). Whatever Happened to the Male Secretary? The Journal of Business Education: Vol. 36, No. 5, pp. 194-196.
Cardiac Transplantation: A Review

Cardiac transplantation is now an accepted treatment for end-stage cardiac disease. To ameliorate the deconditioning that results from the preoperative disease state and to counteract or lessen the severity of the sequelae of postoperative immunosuppression, physical therapists are active participants in the rehabilitation of cardiac transplant recipients. This involvement requires a level of knowledge and understanding of the surgical procedures, pharmacology, and postoperative management with which the therapist may have, heretofore, been unexposed. This article reviews the development of cardiac transplantation and presents an overview of the current state of the art, with emphasis on preoperative considerations, surgical and immediate postoperative care, and the effects of complications on selected exercise-related responses.
α‐Chlorophenylacetic Acid

α-Chlorophenylacetic acid intermediate: ethyl mandelate intermediate: ethyl α-chlorophenylacetate product: α-Chlorophenylacetic acid Keywords: esterification, of substituted monobasic acids; replacement reactions, hydroxy by halogen; replacement reactions, hydroxy by halogen; hydrogen chloride, anhydrous, preparation and drying
Model Analysis Of Forage Response To Split Applications Of Nitrogen. I. Plant Tops

The extended logistic model was developed to relate crop production (dry matter and plant nutrient uptake) to applied nutrient. In this article the model is used to analyze the effect of split applications of applied nitrogen to Pensacola bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flugge) on a poorly drained soil. The model describes the response curves for seasonal dry matter yield (Y), seasonal plant N uptake (Nu ), and plant N concentration (Nc ) to applied nitrogen (N), as well as the phase relations (Y and Nc vs. Nu ). Detailed analysis showed no clear benefit for split vs. single applications. This agrees with findings with other crops on different soils. #Florida Agricultural Experiment Station Journal Series No. R-08814.
Nonclinical Components of Surgical Decision Making

Examining surgical trends before the National Emphysema Treatment Trial (NETT) demonstrates the importance of nonclinical determinants of care. The number of lung volume reduction surgery (LVRS) claims increased dramatically after 1994 despite the fact that there was considerable uncertainty in the available evidence base. Favorable media reports and testimonials from patient advocacy groups may have influenced both patient and surgeon attitudes about LVRS. Some surgeons felt that investigations prior to the NETT demonstrated clear and dramatic improvements in quality of life, sufficient to justify Medicare reimbursement for the procedure. Accordingly, they believed the NETT was a form of coercion because patients who refused to enroll in the study would not have financial coverage of their LVRS or receive the operation from a NETT surgeon. Furthermore, even if patients enrolled, the study deprived half of them a procedure with “established” benefits.
Extracting the Native Language Signal for Second Language Acquisition

We develop a method for effective extraction of linguistic patterns that are differentially expressed based on the native language of the author. This method uses multiple corpora to allow for the removal of data set specific patterns, and addresses both feature relevancy and redundancy. We evaluate different relevancy ranking metrics and show that common measures of relevancy can be inappropriate for data with many rare features. Our feature set is a broad class of syntactic patterns, and to better capture the signal we extend the Bayesian Tree Substitution Grammar induction algorithm to a supervised mixture of latent grammars. We show that this extension can be used to extract a larger set of relevant features.
Improving Pediatric Asthma Care and Outcomes Across Multiple Hospitals.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Gaps exist in inpatient asthma care. Our aims were to assess the impact of an evidence-based care process model (EB-CPM) 5 years after implementation at Primary Children9s Hospital (PCH), a tertiary care facility, and after its dissemination to 7 community hospitals. METHODS: Participants included asthmatics 2 to 17 years admitted at 8 hospitals between 2003 and 2013. The EB-CPM was implemented at PCH between January 2008 and March 2009, then disseminated to 7 community hospitals between January and June 2011. We measured compliance using a composite score (CS) for 8 quality measures. Outcomes were compared between preimplementation and postimplementation periods. Confounding was addressed through multivariable regression analyses. RESULTS: At PCH, the CS increased and remained at >90% for 5 years after implementation. We observed sustained reductions in asthma readmissions ( P = .026) and length of stay ( P P = .094), and no change in hospital resource use, ICU transfers, or deaths. The CS also increased at the 7 community hospitals, reaching 80% to 90% and persisting >2 years after dissemination, with a slight but not significant readmission reduction ( P = .119), a significant reduction in length of stay ( P P = .053), a slight increase in hospital resource use ( P = .032), and no change in ICU transfers or deaths. CONCLUSIONS: Our intervention resulted in sustained, long-term improvement in asthma care and outcomes at the tertiary care hospital and successful dissemination to community hospitals.
Therapeutic resistance and tumor-initiation: Molecular pathways involved in breast cancer stem cell self-renewal

528 Background: Recent evidence supports the existance of a rare subpopulation of ‘cancer stem cells‘ (CSCs) which is chemoresistant and capable of self-renewal and tumor-initiation, resulting in r...
Channeled spectropolarimetry using iterative reconstruction

Channeled spectropolarimeters (CSP) measure the polarization state of light as a function of wavelength. Conventional Fourier reconstruction suffers from noise, assumes the channels are band-limited, and requires uniformly spaced samples. To address these problems, we propose an iterative reconstruction algorithm. We develop a mathematical model of CSP measurements and minimize a cost function based on this model. We simulate a measured spectrum using example Stokes parameters, from which we compare conventional Fourier reconstruction and iterative reconstruction. Importantly, our iterative approach can reconstruct signals that contain more bandwidth, an advancement over Fourier reconstruction. Our results also show that iterative reconstruction mitigates noise effects, processes non-uniformly spaced samples without interpolation, and more faithfully recovers the ground truth Stokes parameters. This work offers a significant improvement to Fourier reconstruction for channeled spectropolarimetry.
Intralesional Verapamil Injection for the Treatment of Peyronie’s Disease

AbstractPeyronie’s disease remains a therapeutic dilemma for the practicing urologist. Multiple nonoperative therapies have been offered with variable suboptimal response rates. Calcium channel blockers have been shown to alter the metabolism of fibroblasts, resulting in decreased extracellular matrix secretion of collagen as well as increased collagenase activity. In this nonrandomized dose-escalating format study 14 men received biweekly injections of verapamil into the Peyronie’s plaques for 6 months. Subjectively, there was significant improvement in plaque-associated penile narrowing (100%) and curvature (42%). Objectively, a decreased plaque volume of greater than 50% was noted in 30% of the subjects. Plaque softening was noted in all patients, while 83% noticed that plaque-related changes in erectile function had arrested or improved. There was no toxicity nor did symptoms recur when improvement was noted. This preliminary study suggests that intralesional calcium antagonist (verapamil) therapy off...
Energy Storage in Yeast: Regulation and Competition with Ethanol Production

Mechanisms that may regulate the storage of energy as triacylglycerol in Saccharomyces cerevisiae were examined. First, the kinetics of Dga1p, which mediates the majority of diacylglycerol esterification, the lone committed step in triacylglycerol synthesis, was measured in vitro. With an apparent K m of 17.0 μM, Dga1p has higher affinity for oleoyl-CoA than the only S. cerevisiae acyltransferase previously kinetically characterized, Lpt1p. Lpt1p is a 1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase that produces phosphatidate, a precursor to diacylglycerol. Therefore, limiting triacylglycerol synthesis to situations of elevated acyl-CoA concentration is unlikely. However, Dga1p’s apparent V max of 5.8 nmol/min/mg was 20 times lower than Lpt1p’s. This supports Dga1p being rate limiting for TAG synthesis. Dga1p activity was not activated or inhibited when seven different molecules (e.g., ATP) which reflect cellular energy status were provided at physiological concentrations. Thus, allosteric regulation was not found. Coordination between triacylglycerol and glycogen synthesis was also tested. Yeast genetically deficient in triacylglycerol synthesis did not store more energy in glycogen and vice versa. Lastly, we tested whether genetically limiting energy storage in triacylglycerol, glycogen, steryl esters, or combinations of these will increase ethanol production efficiency. In nutrient-rich media containing 5 % glucose, solely limiting glycogen synthesis had the greatest affect, increasing ethanol production efficiency by 12 %. Since limiting glycogen synthesis only had a modest effect on growth in media containing 10 % ethanol, such genetic manipulation may improve commercial ethanol production.
The Role of Intraoperative Cerebral Angiography in Transorbital Intracranial Penetrating Trauma: A Case Report and Literature Review.

Background Transorbital intracranial penetrating trauma with a retained intracranial foreign body is a rare event lacking a widely accepted diagnostic and therapeutic algorithm. Intraoperative catheter angiography (IOA) has been advocated by some authorities to rule out cerebrovascular injury before and/or after removal of the object, but no standard of care currently exists. Case Description A 19-year-old man was involved in a construction site accident whereby a framing nail penetrated the left globe, traversed the lateral bony orbit, and terminated in the midtemporal lobe. No hematoma or injury to the middle cerebral arteries (MCAs) was apparent on noncontrast head computed tomography (CT) or CT angiography, respectively. The foreign body was removed in the operating room under direct visualization after a frontotemporal craniotomy without incident. No significant venous or arterial bleeding was encountered. All visualized MCA branches appeared intact. Indocyanine green videoangiography performed immediately after object removal showed adequate filling of the MCA branches. Given these uneventful clinical and radiographic findings, IOA was not performed. Postoperative head CT and CT angiography showed no obvious neurovascular injury. On postoperative day 2, the patient was noted to have an expressive aphasia. Cerebral angiography showed absent antegrade filling of the angular artery with some retrograde perfusion. Magnetic resonance imaging confirmed an ischemic infarction in the midtemporal lobe. The patient's expressive aphasia improved to near baseline during his hospitalization and he made an excellent clinical recovery. Conclusions In transorbital intracranial penetrating trauma with a retained intracranial object, we advocate microsurgical removal of the object under direct visualization followed immediately by IOA. IOA should be strongly considered even in the setting of minimal intraoperative bleeding and normal findings on videoangiography (a course of action that was not followed in the present case). Given that CT angiography and intraoperative videoangiography may miss a potentially treatable traumatic arterial injury, IOA can help determine whether cerebral revascularization may be necessary.
Pilot testing of a novel surgical simulator for endoscopic zenker’s diverticulotomy

Objectives/Hypothesis Restrictions on resident work hours and the increasing purview of otolaryngology reduce the efficacy of the traditional surgical training model. With limited case volumes at many institutions and the unique instrumentation of endoscopic Zenker's diverticulotomy (EZD), simulation may be useful to improve training. In this study, a novel surgical simulator for EZD is developed and validated. Study Design Simulation model development. Methods An EZD model was designed using an intubation trainer and disposable diverticulum inserts. A novel objective structured assessment of technical skill (OSATS) for EZD was developed. Performance of otolaryngology residents on simulations using the OSATS and time to completion were evaluated during an instructional course. Pre- and postencounter surveys were completed. Inter-rater and intrarater reliability were evaluated via blinded video review of resident performance. Results Seventeen residents participated (n = 17). Surveys showed confidence improved two points on a five-point scale (P < .001), and 94% agreed that the model would improve resident performance with in vivo EZD. More experienced trainees (postgraduate year [PGY] 3–5, n = 11 vs. PGY 1–2, n = 6) had shorter times to completion (P < .001) and higher assessment scores on initial attempts (P = .006). Both groups showed significant improvements from initial to final attempts on 30-point scales for global rating by 6.2 ± 4.2 (mean ± standard deviation, P < .001). The novel OSATS demonstrated fair live/video reliability (к = 0.40) and inter-rater reliability (к = 0.44), and moderate intrarater reliability (к = 0.60). Conclusions Pilot testing of an EZD simulator demonstrated acceptability, content validity, and construct validity. A novel OSATS was developed and evaluated. Further investigation of the impact on operative performance and validation of the OSATS in vivo is needed. Level of Evidence NA Laryngoscope, 2016
The Idea of Science in Husserl and the Tradition

In this article, Husserl’s theory of the structure of scientific knowledge is explicated against the background of the traditional Aristotelian concept of science. Husserl’s account of the scientific status and character of the empirical sciences is then taken up in connection with Locke’s statement of the problem. Against the standard criticisms of Husserl’s philosophy of science as rigid and dogmatic, it is maintained that Husserl adopts something like the hypothetical-deductive model of empirical scientific rationality; furthermore, through his later theory of evidence, he introduces a strong critical component into his account of the eidetic sciences.
Analogs of growth hormone-releasing hormone induce release of growth hormone in the bovine.

Biological potencies of three 29 amino acid growth hormone-releasing hormone analogs (GHRH[1-29]) were determined in the bovine and compared to synthetic human GHRH (44 amino acids; hGHRH[1-44]NH2) for their ability to increase serum growth hormone (GH) concentrations. Four prepubertal Holstein heifers (179 +/- 10 kg) received hGHRH(1-44)NH2 or analogs (D-Ala2, Nle27, Agm29 GHRH[1-29], [JG-73]; D-N-MeAla2, Nle27, Agm29 GHRH[1-29], [JG-75]; and desamino-Tyr1, D-Ala2, Nle27, Agm29 GHRH[1-29], [JG-77]) at the following doses: 0, 6.25, 25, 100 and 400 micrograms/animal. All treatment-dose combinations were administered to each heifer with at least a 1-d interval between treatments. Sixteen blood samples were collected via jugular cannulas 20 min before and up to 6 h after treatment injection. There was a linear dose-dependent GH release in response to hGHRH(1-44)NH2 and the three analogs. Growth hormone peak amplitudes for the three analogs were similar to those observed after administration of the hGHRH(1-44)NH2 (P greater than .05). However, when total area under the GH response curves for each treatment was averaged over all the doses, JG-73 stimulated greater GH release than hGHRH(1-44)NH2 (P less than .05) Heifers injected with the 400-microgram dose of hGHRH(1-44)NH2 or the three analogs showed a primary release of GH followed by a secondary release 1 h later. At all other doses, only a primary GH release was observed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
EX VIVO MODEL FOR THE CHARACTERIZATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF DRYWALL INTRAOCULAR FOREIGN BODIES ON COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY.

BACKGROUND The study was inspired after the authors encountered a patient with a penetrating globe injury due to drywall, who had retained intraocular drywall foreign body. Computed tomography (CT) was read as normal in this patient. Open globe injury with drywall has never been reported previously in the literature and there are no previous studies describing its radiographic features. METHODS The case report is described in detail elsewhere. This was an experimental study. An ex vivo model of 15 porcine eyes with 1 mm to 5 mm fragments of implanted drywall, 2 vitreous only samples with drywall and 3 control eyes were used. Eyes and vitreous samples were CT scanned on Days 0, 1, and 3 postimplantation. Computed ocular images were analyzed by masked observers. Size and radiodensity of intraocular drywall were measured using Hounsfield units (HUs) over time. RESULTS Intraocular drywall was hyperdense on CT. All sizes studied were detectable on Day 0 of scanning. Mean intraocular drywall foreign body density was 171 ± 52 Hounsfield units (70-237) depending on fragment size. Intraocular drywall foreign body decreased in size whereas Hounsfield unit intensity increased over time. CONCLUSION Drywall dissolves in the eye and becomes denser over time as air in the drywall is replaced by fluid. This study identified Hounsfield Units specific to intraocular drywall foreign body over time.
Public Health Without Fear of Consequences or Inconsequences.

An editorial is presented in response to the article "A public health of consequence," by S. Galea and R. Vaughan, which appeared in the volume 106(1) 2016 issue. Topics include politics and epidemiology, vector-based diseases such as Zika virus, West Nile virus, and Chagas disease, and science and advocacy.
Addressing a Critical Gap in U.S. National Teen Pregnancy Prevention Programs: The Acceptability and Feasibility of Father-Based Sexual and Reproductive Health Interventions for Latino Adolescent Males

Purpose The purpose of the research was to examine the feasibility and acceptability of a father-based sexual and reproductive health intervention designed to reduce sexual and reproductive (SRH) disparities and increase correct and consistent condom use among Latino adolescent males. Methods The current study conducted in-depth semi-structured interviews with Latino father-son dyads (N=30) designed to elicit perspectives on communication regarding sex and condom use. In addition, the interview protocol included father-son preferences regarding paternal involvement in condom instruction and perceived obstacles and advantages of father direct involvement in education efforts designed to increase correct and consistent condom use among their adolescent sons. Three independent coders conducted both vertical and horizontal analyses of the data to identify emergent themes and reach theoretical saturation. Results The main findings from this study suggest that Latino fathers can be impactful in shaping Latino adolescent male sexual decision-making and correct and consistent condom use. However, our data highlight that while both feasible and acceptable, Latino fathers identify needing additional support in how best to communicate and seek opportunities to master their own knowledge and skills regarding condom use and effective communication with their adolescent sons about sex. Conclusions Latino father-based interventions represent an acceptable and feasible option for building upon the recent success of U.S. national efforts to reduce teen pregnancy rates and STI disparities among Latino youth. However, there exists a need for father-based programs that will support Latino fathers in best educating their sons about condom use and better addressing their SRH. Ongoing national efforts to reduce Latino teen SRH disparities warrant the consideration of father-son interventions for Latino adolescent males in the United States.
Uncertainty and Variability of Energy and Material Use by Fused Deposition Modeling Printers in Makerspaces

Desktop‐grade fused deposition modeling (FDM) printers are popular because of compact sizes and affordable prices. If we are moving toward a future where desktop FDM printers are in every school and office, like conventional printers, then these machines will consume a large amount of energy and material. However, it is very difficult to evaluate the environmental impacts of FDM printers since there are so many different brands and types of printers using different raw materials under different scenarios. This study uses data from two different printing sites to evaluate the scenario and parameter uncertainty and variability in energy and material balances for FDM printers. Data from the two makerspaces provide insight into the material and energy consumption data using polylactic acid and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) with four types of printers. The use of actual performance data allowed for the additional study of scrap ratio. Regressions provide insight into predictive factors for energy and material consumption. Monte Carlo simulations show the range of energy life cycle inventory values for the desktop‐grade FDM printers. From the regressions, Type A Pro was the most energy‐intensive machine. For material waste, an open‐access makerspace using ABS was associated with higher scrap ratio. Regression analysis indicates that the rate of material usage is not a strong predictor of waste rates. The amount of waste generated across both sites indicates that more ubiquitous access to FDM printing may create a significant addition to the waste stream.
Physiological responses of corals to ocean acidification and copper exposure.

Abstract Acidification and land-based sources of pollution have been linked to widespread declines of coral cover in coastal reef ecosystems. In this study, two coral species, Acropora cervicornis and Pocillopora damicornis were exposed to increased copper at two CO2 levels for 96 h. Copper accumulation and anti-oxidant enzyme activities were measured. Copper accumulation only increased in A. cervicornis zooxanthellae and corresponded with photosynthetic toxicity. Enzyme activities in both coral species were affected; however, A. cervicornis was more sensitive than P. damicornis, and zooxanthellae were more affected than animal fractions of holobionts. Generally, activities of all anti-oxidant enzymes increased, with copper exposure in corals; whereas, activities of glutathione reductase and to some degree glutathione peroxidase were observed due to increasing CO2 exposure alone. Exposure to copper in combination with higher CO2 resulted in a synergistic response in some cases. These results provide insight into mechanisms of copper and CO2 impacts in corals.
Brain functional imaging in obese and diabetic patients

Obesity and type 2 diabetes are associated with greater risk of brain damage. Over the last decade, functional imaging techniques (functional magnetic resonance imaging, fMRI, positron emission tomography, PET, electroencephalography, magnetoencephalography, near infrared spectroscopy) have been exploited to better characterize behavioral and cognitive processes, by addressing cerebral reactions to a variety of stimuli or tasks, including hormones and substrates (e.g., glucose, insulin, gut peptides), environmental cues (e.g., presentation of sensory stimuli), and cognitive tasks. Among these techniques, fMRI and PET are most commonly used, and this review focuses on results obtained with these techniques in relation to brain substrate metabolism, appetite control and food intake, and cognitive decline in obesity and type 2 diabetes. The available knowledge indicates that there are a series of cerebral abnormalities associating with, or preceding obesity and type 2 diabetes, including impaired substrate handling, insulin resistance, disruption of inter-organ cross-talk and of resting state networking. Some of these abnormalities are reversed by metabolic interventions, suggesting that they are partly a consequence rather than cause of disease. Therefore, causal implications and mechanisms remain to be determined.
Wind modification and bed response during saltation of sand in air

A model of eolian sediment transport has been constructed, a special case of which is that corresponding to sand-sized mineral grains subjected to moderate winds: saltation. The model consists of four compartments corresponding to (1) aerodynamic entrainment, (2) grain trajectories, (3) grain-bed impacts, and (4) momentum extraction from the wind. Each sub-model encapsulates the physics of the process, and is constrained where necessary by experimental data. When combined, the full model allows simulation of eolian saltation from inception by aerodynamic entrainment to steady state.
Evaluation of Fresh Properties of Self-Consolidating Concrete under Long Transportation Time and Extreme Temperature

The investigation presented herein was intended to study the influence of long transportation time and extreme temperature on the fresh performance of self-consolidating concrete. The study is useful in simulating concrete mixing and hauling by means of concrete truck mixer during extreme temperature. Temperatures of 43 and -0.5oC, to simulate hot and cold weathers, were used to evaluate the unconfined workability (slump flow), flow rate (T50), and dynamic stability (VSI) of the matrices transported for 60 and 80 minutes. Mixing and transporting under the temperature of 21oC and transportation duration of 10 minutes was adopted as the control condition. Polycarboxylate-based high range water-reducing admixture (HRWRA) and viscosity-modifying admixture (VMA) were used to produce self-consolidating concretes with slump flow of 635 ± 25 mm, VSI of 0, and T50 of 2 to 5 seconds. The test results revealed that the selfconsolidating concrete mixed and transported under extreme temperature experienced slump flow loss in elevated temperature and slump flow gain in cold environment, when compared to the equivalent concrete produced under the reference condition. While the flow rate/plastic viscosity of the selected matrix increased in the cold temperature, the concrete remained highly stable irrespective of the selected temperature.
Risk Factors for Undergoing Elective Abdominal Contouring Surgery Shortly After Hospitalization

Abstract Background Having posthospital syndrome (PHS) at the time of an elective surgery increases the risk of postoperative adverse outcomes. The purpose of this article was to identify incidence and risk factors for having PHS at the time of abdominal contouring surgeries. Methods Insurance claims from the Truven MarketScan Databases were used to identify patients who underwent outpatient abdominoplasty, liposuction, or panniculectomy between April 2010 and August 2015. Patients were presumed to have PHS if they were hospitalized within 90 d before surgery. Incidence rates of having PHS were calculated for patient groups defined by demographic data and comorbidities. Statistical inference based on adjusted odds ratios was used to evaluate the association of potential risk factors with PHS. A nonparametric regression method was used to demonstrate nonlinear effects of patient covariates on the risk of PHS. Results This study included 18,947 patients who underwent abdominal contouring; 77% were female, and the mean age was 48.7 y (SD = 14.7). Six percent (n = 1045) of patients had PHS at the time of surgery. A significantly stronger association with PHS (P 8 (3.28), and smokers (2.16). Age was found to have a piecewise linear effect on PHS, with odds increasing by 2.1% per year over the age of 45 y. Conclusions Older patients have an increased risk of undergoing abdominal contouring surgery in a deconditioned state. Screening at-risk populations for PHS would help identify patients who need rehabilitation before operative intervention.
An Investigation of Mass Public Shooting Attacks Against Government Targets in the United States

The current study examines mass public shooters who target government agents and institutions in the United States. This research uses a rational choice perspective to examine the incidence, motiva...
New Developments in Esophageal Motility Testing

The purpose of this review is to present the latest developments in esophageal motility testing and summarize the current paradigm of esophageal motility disorders. While high-resolution esophageal pressure topography interpreted according to the Chicago Classification represents the gold standard to evaluate esophageal motility, recent studies highlight the additional value of novel manometric applications. Novel applications include provocative measures to assess for obstructive physiology at the esophagogastric junction (EGJ), esophageal peristaltic reserve, and rumination and supragastric belching disorders. Furthermore, high-resolution impedance manometry provides assessment of bolus flow in relation to pressure changes. Distinct from manometry, the endolumenal functional lumen imaging probe examines esophageal motor response to distension to provide complementary and alternative data with regard to EGJ function and esophageal body motor function. Barium esophagram with timed swallow and barium tablet continues to be an important esophageal motility test. Furthermore, current use of multichannel intraluminal impedance-pH monitoring extends beyond reflux monitoring to measure reflux clearance and esophageal epithelial integrity. The diagnostic armamentarium for esophageal motility disorders has expanded tremendously to include a multitude of sophisticated tools. Advancements in diagnostic technology and understanding of esophageal physiology have shifted the field to more precisely characterize esophageal motility and guide phenotype-driven management.
Growth factor use and rate of neutropenic complications in breast cancer patients treated with dose-dense paclitaxel: A 5-year experience from a safety net hospital.

6527Background: The NCCN guidelines recommend growth factor (G-CSF) support to reduce the risk of febrile neutropenia and maintain dose density in patients receiving dose dense chemotherapy. We ret...
Underestimation in Self-Assessment.

To the Editor: Thank you to Dr. Karpen for the review article “The Social Psychology of Biased Self-Assessment.”[1][1] It brought to light many aspects of the biases in self-evaluation that educators should consider, including self-serving bias, biased hypothesis testing, and biased recall.
Substrate protection and deprotection with salt films to prevent surface contamination and enable selective atomic layer deposition

Abstract Surface contamination can decrease surface reactivity, and removal of surface contaminants adds additional steps to a process. Here we demonstrate surface protection from contamination and one-sided atomic layer deposition (ALD) by means of protective, sacrificial, thermally evaporated NaCl layers. This approach allows clean silicon surfaces to be stored under ambient conditions for extended periods of time in a pristine state, and ALD to be performed selectively on one side of a planar material. For the ALD depositions, planar substrates are (i) selectively coated on one side with ca. 100 nm of NaCl by thermal evaporation, (ii) non-selectively coated using traditional ALD, and (c) rinsed with water to remove the NaCl layer. Water treatment removes the salt film and any ALD deposition on top of it. Salt film deposition, surface protection, and selective ALD are confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE). Selective, thermal ALD of alumina and ZnO are demonstrated, and protective salt films of different thicknesses (10, 50, and 100 nm) are investigated.
Identification and description of mumps cases in a non-outbreak setting and evaluation of the effectiveness of mumps-containing vaccines over time.

Mumps outbreaks among previously vaccinated young adults raise concerns regarding waning vaccine immunity. This study identified, described and assessed the changing incidence of mumps cases follow...
The Comparative Politics of Collective Memory

This article examines the theoretical and empirical contributions of the interdisciplinary field of memory studies for a comparative sociology of collective memory and politics. We identify three m...
Optimization of wheat-sorghum composite flour for the production and enhanced storability of leavened flat bread Naan

The use of wheat composite flour for commercial production and consumption of leavened flat bread Naan are not yet popularized in Sri Lanka. The present study assessed the effect of optimization of composite flour on the quality of Naan by mixing wheat and sorghum flour at different ratios. Sorghum flours were used 0, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50% by weight to replace the wheat flour in the Naan. The formulated Naan were assessed for physicochemical and organoleptic qualities. The moisture, protein, fiber, minerals, loaf weight and loaf volume of the developed Naan were evaluated. The highest moisture content (11.13%) was recorded in the Naan made with 100% wheat flour whereas 50% incorporation resulted in decreased moisture content of 8.11 %. The fiber content increased from 4.78 to 6.04% with the increment of sorghum flour substitution from 0 to 50%. The highest miner-al content of 2.91% was recorded from 50% sorghum flour contained Naan. The highest Naan bread volume of 233cm3 obtained from 100% wheat flour, while the mixture containing 50% sorghum flour resulted in the lower volume of 187cm3. As revealed by the sensory evaluation, Naan supplemented with 40% sorghum flour was well acceptable in terms of colour, taste, texture, aroma and overall acceptability. The mixture of 40% sorghum flour and 60% wheat flour was found to be successful for the production of leavened bread Naan with improved physicochemical and organoleptic qualities within the universally accepted standards. Based on the storage studies, the Naan packed in the low density polyethylene could be frozen stored at -10°C for 90 days without any significant changes in the quality characteristics.