cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analysis of the Influence of Location Update and Paging Costs Reduction Factors on the Total Location Management Costs

In this paper, we develop an analytical model of the signaling costs due to location update and paging for the radio interface in mobile communications networks. This model accounts for the effects that the savings brought by different algorithms have on the total Location Management (LM) costs. It also takes into account the trade-off between the location update and paging costs, showing that those strategies that achieve savings in the location update costs deliver a larger overall improvement in the total LM costs than those algorithms focusing on the minimization of the paging costs. Moreover, leveraging the factors studied to obtain this model, we also analyze the overall LM costs including the fixed network part.
Biomolecule Mass Spectrometry

In this Techview, McLafferty reviews new applications of mass spectroscopy that are allowing new insights into protein and nuclei acid structure and function, including sequencing of peptides and DNA.
The Web and the Unassailable Voice

In most existing art museum Web pages, the values of the museum dominate the values of the Web. Therefore, museum Web pages often electronically duplicate familiar museum products – floor plans, collection catalogues, event calendars – rather than transforming the idea of the museum by adapting the values of the Web. This paper will seek to show how art museums and technologists can come to understand each other and use their differences productively by: 1. Orienting museum Web sites towards projects that can only be done on the Web and not on paper. 2. Using the Web to overcome the many limitations to understanding imposed by the physical art museum. 3. Using the interactive potentials of the Web to change the one-way flow of information from art museum to visitor to a two-way flow which also moves from visitor to museum. 4. Infusing the orientation towards constant change into the art museum so that the Web helps the art museum to reinvent itself.
On preserving user privacy in Smart Grid advanced metering infrastructure applications

Advanced metering infrastructure AMI enables real-time collection of power consumption data through the Smart Grid communication network. With the current deployment of smart meters SMs, one of the concerns that started to be raised by the customers is on the privacy of their power consumption data. The exposure of these data can lead to several privacy problems that need to be addressed before the customers can be convinced for the use of SMs. This paper has two contributions. First, it identifies the threats regarding user and data privacy in AMI applications and comprehensively surveys the existing solutions to address these threats. We categorize the existing approaches on privacy and discuss pros and cons of these approaches with respect to some criteria. Second, we pick one of the existing solutions on privacy, namely the homomorphic encryption, and evaluate its feasibility and impact on performance when used in data aggregation for real-time AMI applications. We investigate and compare the performance of homomorphic encryption in terms of data size and end-to-end delay with that of hop-by-hop secure data aggregation and data concatenation within a network of SMs via extensive simulations. We finally conclude the paper with some future privacy issues that are subject to further research. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Winning the Battle, Losing the War: Bilingual Teachers and Post-Proposition 227

The implementation of Proposition 227 has created chaos, uncertainty, and a hostile environment for bilingual education teachers. This study describes the experiences of 20 bilingual education teachers in Southern California. In in-depth interviews, teachers speak out about the challenges, frustrations, fears, and the increasing animosity they face on a daily basis, and how they resist and contest the “language enforcer” role in various ways. Out of the chaos that has been created by Proposition 227, these bilingual teachers have emerged as the language civil rights activists of the new millennium.
Integrated low-ripple-voltage fast-response switched-capacitor power converter with interleaving regulation scheme

This paper presents a new integrated switched-capacitor (SC) power converter with an interleaving regulation scheme. By dividing the original power stage into sub-units and operating each sub-unit in an interleaving way, both output ripple voltage and load transient response are largely improved without compromising other design parameters. The closed-loop operation with interleaving analog PWM control enables the converter to be accurately regulated at any desired levels. The design was submitted for fabrication in 0.35 /spl mu/m CMOS N-well process. The entire die area including pads and power transistors is 3.52 mm/sup 2/. HSPICE post-layout simulation shows that, with a power supply of 1.5 V and a load of 250 mA, the converter is regulated at 2.5 V with an output ripple of 7 mV and the maximum efficiency of 83.2%. The converter responds to an 85-mA load change within 3 /spl mu/s with 22-mV voltage variation.
Constructing sequence‐dependent protein models using coevolutionary information

Recent developments in global statistical methodologies have advanced the analysis of large collections of protein sequences for coevolutionary information. Coevolution between amino acids in a protein arises from compensatory mutations that are needed to maintain the stability or function of a protein over the course of evolution. This gives rise to quantifiable correlations between amino acid sites within the multiple sequence alignment of a protein family. Here, we use the maximum entropy-based approach called mean field Direct Coupling Analysis (mfDCA) to infer a Potts model Hamiltonian governing the correlated mutations in a protein family. We use the inferred pairwise statistical couplings to generate the sequence-dependent heterogeneous interaction energies of a structure-based model (SBM) where only native contacts are considered. Considering the ribosomal S6 protein and its circular permutants as well as the SH3 protein, we demonstrate that these models quantitatively agree with experimental data on folding mechanisms. This work serves as a new framework for generating coevolutionary data-enriched models that can potentially be used to engineer key functional motions and novel interactions in protein systems.
Temperature-induced Phase Changes in Mitochondrial Membranes Detected by Spin Labeling

Molecular motion data from a spin-labeled fatty acid presented on Arrhenius graphs allow melting points or phase transitions to be inferred in local domains such as membranes. With use of this technique, mitochondria from a chilling-sensitive plant and a homeothermic animal displayed temperature-dependent phase transitions at approximately 12° and 23°, respectively. These temperatures coincide identically with the temperatures below which chillingsensitive plants (12°) or homeothermic animals (23°) are injured upon exposure. Mitochondria from a chilling-resistant plant and a poikilothermic animal did not display any such phase transitions. These data indicate that some membrane-bound enzymes are sensitive to the physical state of membrane lipids.
Special Feature Mycin: Implementing the Expert System in Loglisp

A translation of Mycin, an expert system used in medical consultations, into Loglisp, a logic programming system, is comparable in terms of clarity, speed, and space requirements.
Magnetic moment of the negative muon.

The most accurate value of the negative-muon magnetic moment, ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\mu}}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\mu}}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$=3.183 345(10)${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\mu}}}_{\mathit{p}}$, is obtained by combining the negative-muon mass from x-ray transitions in muonic atoms and the reanalyzed negative-muon g factor with the proton magnetic moment in Bohr magnetons. The fractional uncertainty of 3.1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}6}$ is 15 times more accurate than any previous direct measurement. The obtained ratio of the magnetic moments of the positive muon and the negative muon, ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\mu}}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\mu}}}^{+}$/${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\mu}}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\mu}}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$=1.000 000 2(31), provides a test of CPT invariance at the level of 3 ppm. The negative-muon g factor ${\mathit{g}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\mu}}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ and the magnetic moment anomaly ${\mathit{a}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\mu}}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ derived for a test of CPT theorem are obtained from an approach now made possible using the new value of the negative-muon magnetic moment. To substantially improve the verification of the CPT theorem for the muon g factor, a much more precise value for ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\mu}}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\mu}}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$/${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\mu}}}_{\mathit{p}}$ is needed to determine the anomalous g factor ${\mathit{a}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\mu}}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ for the new Brookhaven National Laboratory muon g-2 experiment.
Two primary brain tumors in one child

We studied a 4-year-old boy with symptoms and signs of a posterior fossa tumor. CT showed two separate intracranial tumors: a fourth ventricle choroid plexus papilloma and a frontal subependymal giant-cell astro-cytoma. This case emphasizes that, even in the absence of special genetic predisposition to CNS tumors, two separate intracranial masses may not represent CSF metastasis of a single primary tumor.
Glucose Driven Nanobiopower Cells for Biomedical Applications

Power supply is an important aspect of micronanobiomedical devices. Implantable devices are required to stay inside of the body for longer period of time to provide continuous monitoring, detection, and therapeutics. The constricted areas of the human body, accessed by these devices, imply that the power source should not increase the payload significantly. Conventional on-board power sources are big, as compared with the device themselves, or involve wire-outs. Both provisions are liable to develop complications for sensor/actuator implant packaging. A plausible approach can be innovative solutions for sustainable bio-energy harvesting. Research studies have reported feasibility of miniature power sources, running on redox reactions. The device design, reported in this study, is a combination of nano-engineered composites and flexible thin film processing to achieve high density packaging. Of which, the end goal is production of energy for sensor applications. Both the bio-electrodes were successfully functionalized by amide bond cross-linkage between the carbon nanotube surface and the enzyme molecules: catalase and glucose oxidase for cathode and anode, respectively. The nanocomposite based biopower cell was evaluated as a steady power supply across the physiological range of glucose concentration. The power cell was able to deliver a steady power of 3.2 nW at 85 mV for glucose concentrations between 3 mM and 8 mM. Electron microscopy scanning of the functionalized electrode surface and spectroscopic evaluation of nanotube surface were used for evaluation of the biofunctionalization technique. Cyclic voltametric (CV) scans were performed on the cathodic and anodic half cells to corroborate bioactivity and qualitatively evaluate the power cell output against the redox peaks on the CV scans. The importance of these results has been discussed and conclusions have been drawn pertaining to further miniaturization (scale down) of the cell.
Endothelium-dependent changes in retinal blood flow following ischemia.

Purpose. Little is known regarding the status and implications of altered retinal blood flow (RBF) following a period of temporary retinal ischemia. We undertook studies to measure acute changes in RBF after ischemia, and the mechanisms responsible for mediating these changes.Methods. Retinal ischemia was induced in anesthetized, mechanically ventilated newborn pigs by severe hypoxia, hypotension, and bradycardia secondary to 9 min of asphyxia by discontinued ventilation. Using fluorescein videoangiography, we calculated stimulus-induced changes in RBF by measuring changes in arteriovenous transit times and arteriolar and venular diameters from the angiogram videorecordings.Results. Asphyxia led to a progressive reduction in RBF during early reperfusion, with RBF decreasing 24 ± 6% and 34 ± 5% below baseline 1 h and 2 h, respectively, after asphyxia (n = 6). Intravitreal administration of the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor NG-monomethyl-L-arginine (25 nmol) at 15 min of postischemic reperfusion did not i...
Democracy and the Discourse of Cultural Difference: towards a politics of border pedagogy

Abstract Within the last decade in the United States, diverse conservative groups have attempted to undermine the struggles of various progressive social movements that constitute the new politics of cultural difference. In this paper, I analyse how conservatives have sought to transform both the arts and the schools into hegemonic cultural sites. I then focus specifically on the work of conservative Diane Ravitch, who has been a major force in discrediting radical and progressive attempts to implement multicultural curricula in American public education. Finally, I develop a new theoretical cartography around the concept of border pedagogy, which functions as a heuristic metaphor and theoretical space for creating a discourse capable of raising new questions, offering oppositional practices and producing fresh objects of analysis; moreover, such a discourse embodies a political project which serves as a partial response to the assault on difference and culture currently being waged by the New Right in th...
Single electron calculations for the Si L2, 3 near edge structure

Abstract We show, for the first time, that the near edge structure of the crystalline silicon L2, 3 edge in absorption spectroscopy at an energy resolution of 0.3 eV can be largely explained without invoking many-body effects, or core excitons. Previous attempts to compare experimental results with total density of final states, without matrix element weighting, have lead to erroneous interpretations.
Adhesion between template materials and UV-cured nanoimprint resists

The origins of defects in lithographic stencils fabricated by the UV-cure nanoimprint technique include fundamental surface interactions between template and resist in addition to the presence of particles and contaminants. Repeated, molecularly clean separations of the template from the newly cured resist is a requirement, yet rather little is understood about the separation process or underlying interfacial physics and chemistry. We have investigated the chemical and physical interactions of several model acrylate nanoimprint resist formulations cured in contact with clean and release-treated quartz surfaces, then separated from them. The results show that fracture energies are resist formulation-dependent, that the resist-release layer systems studied are not chemically stable and that release process is more complex than simple fracture at a glass-organic interface.
The Role of Writing in Classroom Second Language Acquisition.

Abstract This paper argues that writing should play a more prominent role in classroom-based studies of second language acquisition. It contends that an implicit emphasis on spoken language is the result of the historical development of the field of applied linguistics and parent disciplines of structuralist linguistics, linguistic anthropology, and child language development. Although writing as a communicative modality has been marginalized, it is key to understanding second language acquisition in contexts such as elementary and secondary level content area classrooms where literacy plays a central role in communication and transmission of subject matter. In all, the paper argues that while it is important for classroom-based studies to investigate how students learn how to write in a second language, it is equally important to learn how students learn a second language through writing. Implications of this perspective are noted for notions of learner and target language variation, multimodality and language socialization, and interactionist approaches to classroom research.
p27kip1: a multifunctional cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor with prognostic significance in human cancers.

p27kip1 (p27) is a member of the universal cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (CDKI) family. p27 expression is regulated by cell contact inhibition and by specific growth factors, such as transforming growth factor (TGF)-β. Since the cloning of the p27 gene in 1994, a host of other functions have been associated with this cell cycle protein. In addition to its role as a CDKI, p27 is a putative tumor suppressor gene, regulator of drug resistance in solid tumors, and promoter of apoptosis; acts as a safeguard against inflammatory injury; and has a role in cell differentiation. The level of p27 protein expression decreases during tumor development and progression in some epithelial, lymphoid, and endocrine tissues. This decrease occurs mainly at the post-translational level with protein degradation by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. A large number of studies have characterized p27 as an independent prognostic factor in various human cancers, including breast, colon, and prostate adenocarcinomas. Here we review the role of p27 in the regulation of the cell cycle and other cell functions and as a diagnostic and prognostic marker in human neoplasms. We also review studies indicating the increasingly important roles of p27, other CDKIs, and cyclins in endocrine cell hyperplasia and tumor development.
Plasma Levels of Cell-Free Apoptotic DNA Ladders and Gamma-Glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT) in Diabetic Children

The plasma levels of apoptotic DNA ladders (i.e., apoptosemia) and γ-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT) in diabetic outpatients and rats were investigated. Apoptotic DNA ladders were detected in plasma from 26.8% of type 1 (T1) and 18.5% of type 2 (T2) diabetic children 1–20 years of age, 25.7% of hospitalized children and 35.7% of adult RA outpatients, but in only 3.5% of adult pre-op patients. Plasma from 7.7% of young streptozotocin-induced diabetic but not control rats contained apoptotic DNA ladders. Apoptosemia was detected more often in male T1 (31%) and T2 (30.8%) diabetic outpatients than in female T1 (20.8%) and T2 (15.4%) diabetic outpatients. GGT in apoptosemic plasma was significantly higher than in nonapoptosemic plasma from T1 (P = 0.001) but not T2 diabetic children. The highest amounts of apoptotic DNA were detected most often in diabetic children ≥14 years of age. In vitro study results suggest that cell-free apoptotic DNA ladders appear prior to an increase in GGT activity in serum from human...
Reply to “What is meant by the term ‘variable activation energy’ when applied in the kinetics analyses of solid state decompositions (crystolysis reactions)?”

Abstract Galwey, in his recent paper [Thermochim. Acta 397 (2003) 249] critically discusses the problems associated with the concept of variable activation energy that was proposed in my earlier publication. Although the concept was put forward for the effective activation energy, Galwey tends to interpret it as applied to the energy barrier. As a result, Galwey criticizes the fruits of his own overinterpretation rather than the concept as it was proposed by me.
PREDICTING EUROPEAN SUICIDE RATES WITH PHYSIOLOGICAL INDICES

In a sample of 17 European nations, the prevalence of the brain parasite Toxoplasma gondii and the percentage of Finno-Ugrians in the populations were significantly associated with national suicide rates for men and women. Language: en
EFFECT OF ELEVATED IRON ON ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT-ABSORBING COMPOUNDS OF CUCUMBER COTYLEDON AND LEAF TISSUES

The effect of iron [Fe(II)] on ultraviolet light-absorbing phenolic compounds of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L., cv Poinsett 76) leaf and cotyledon tissues was investigated. Tissue disks (7 mm) were exposed to increasing FeSO4 · 7H2O concentrations from 25 μ M (7 ppm) to 500 μ M (143 ppm) at pH 4.0–7.0 for 24 h in both light and dark. Acidified, aqueous methanol extracts that contain various phenolic compounds were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography. Depending upon the treatment pH, Fe(II) altered the levels of the UV light-absorbing compounds measured at both 270 and 340 nm, increasing the levels of some compounds at low Fe(II) concentrations, which were subsequently reduced at higher Fe(II) levels. In most cases, the Fe(II)-induced change in phenolic compound concentration was dependent upon tissue type, light condition, and pH. The dose–response relations and pH dependencies for the Fe(II)-induced changes were complex. These results suggest that the FeSO4 · 7H2O treatments may specificall...
Platelet cryopreservation using a trehalose and phosphate formulation

Long-term storage of platelets is infeasible due to platelet activation at low temperatures. In an effort to address this problem, we evaluated the effectiveness of a formulation combining trehalose and phosphate in protecting platelet structure and function following cryopreservation. An annexin V binding assay was used to quantify the efficacy of the trehalose and phosphate formulation in suppressing platelet activation during cryopreservation. Of the platelets cryopreserved with the trehalose plus phosphate formulation, 23% +/- 1.2% were nonactivated, compared with 9.8% +/- 0.26% nonactivated following cryopreservation with only trehalose. The presence of both trehalose and phosphate in the cryopreservation medium is critical for cell survival and preincubation in trehalose plus phosphate solutions further enhances viability. The effectiveness of trehalose plus phosphate in preserving platelets in a nonactivated state is comparable to 6% dimethyl sulfoxide (Me(2)SO). Measurements of platelet metabolic activity using an alamarBlue assay also established that trehalose plus phosphate is superior to trehalose alone. Finally, platelets protected by the trehalose plus phosphate formulation exhibit similar aggregation response upon thrombin addition as fresh platelets, but an increase of cytosolic calcium concentration upon thrombin addition was not observed in the cryopreserved platelets. These results suggest that trehalose and phosphate protect several aspects of platelet structure and function during cryopreservation, including an intact plasma membrane, metabolic activity, and aggregation in response to thrombin, but not intracellular calcium release in response to thrombin.
Factors influencing community pharmacists' likelihood to ask medication monitoring questions: A factorial survey.

Abstract Background Community pharmacists are well positioned to identify and resolve medication related problems associated with chronic medication use during prescription dispensing, a process referred to as medication monitoring. Pharmacists need feedback about patient medication experiences to engage in effective monitoring, but the pharmacist's decision making process for when to ask questions to solicit this information from patients has not been established. Objectives Identify significant factors contributing to a community pharmacist's likelihood to ask medication monitoring questions at the time of refill. Methods A factorial survey approach was used to test the effect of several pharmacist, patient, environment, drug, and past interaction factors (the domains of the Health Collaboration Model) on a pharmacist's self-reported likelihood to ask non-adherence, side effect, and effectiveness monitoring questions for 5 randomly populated refill prescription dispensing vignettes. Surveys containing the vignettes, demographic items, and a new medication monitoring attitude measure were mailed to 599 community pharmacists. Hierarchical linear regression was used to test the independent effects of the vignette and pharmacist factors. Results There were 254 (42.4%) returned and usable surveys. The hierarchical linear regression models showed that adherence questioning was driven more by the vignette characteristics whereas side effect and effectiveness questioning were more driven by the pharmacist. Overall, warfarin and hydrocodone were seen as more question-worthy than fluoxetine or metoprolol. The number of additional persons waiting in the pharmacy decreased, and more days late increased the likelihood of asking the three monitoring questions. An exception was hydrocodone where early fills prompted question asking. For side effect and effectiveness questioning, being short-staffed and the prescription previously being filled more times decreased question asking likelihood. Discussion Factorial surveys are a useful approach to independently measuring the impact of respondent and contextual variables on pharmacist judgments. Reactions to the vignettes demonstrated that multiple factors go into a pharmacist's mental model when deciding to ask a question at the time of refill. The lateness of a refill prescription was a significant cue to question asking. Pharmacies can ensure late refill information is reaching pharmacists as a means to increase in medication monitoring. Pharmacies also can design work environments and workflows conducive to question asking and prompt pharmacists to address potentially under-discussed medications.
HUMAN SEVERE COMBINED IMMUNODEFICIENCY (SCID): GENETIC, PHENOTYPIC AND FUNCTIONAL DIVERSITY IN 95 INFANTS. • 41

Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) is a rare, fatal syndrome of diverse genetic etiology characterized by profound deficiencies of T and B cell function. In the U.S., it affects primarily male infants. Some are due to mutations in the genes encoding adenosine deaminase (ADA), the common gamma chain (Yc) of the IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, and IL-15 receptors, or Janus kinase 3 (Jak3). However, for a significant proportion of SCID's, the molecular basis remains unknown. In an effort to identify unique phenotypic and/or functional features that could help identify fundamental causes, we analyzed the clinical, genetic and immunologic features of 95 SCID infants who presented consecutively to this institution between August of 1965 and December of 1995. Eighty (84%) were male and 15 (16%) female; 74 (78%) were white, 13 (14%) black, and 8 (8%) Hispanic. The 95 infants fit 7 categories: 16 (17%) were ADA deficient; 6 (6.3%) had Jak3 deficiency; 16 (17%) had autosomal recessive inheritance of unknown molecular cause; 1 (1.2%) had reticular dysgenesis; 1 (1.2%) had cartilage hair hypoplasia; 38 (40%) had X-linked SCID; and 17 (18%) (all males) had SCID of unknown type. Numbers of total lymphocytes and the various lymphocyte phenotypes distinguished the groups: ADA deficient SCID's had the lowest numbers of total lymphocytes; B cells were present in highest number and NK cells in lowest number in X-linked and Jak3-deficient SCIDs. Mean numbers of NK cells were highest in autosomal recessive and unknown types of SCID. All types were profoundly deficient in T cells. NK function was tested in 60 and found to be normal in 25. Although the family history was positive in only 34% of X-linked cases, it is likely that as many as two-thirds of the boys with SCID have mutations in Yc. The presence of NK function in ADA deficient, autosomal recessive, and some SCID's of unknown type, and abnormally low NK numbers and function in a majority of X-linked and Jak3-deficient SCID's implies that some molecular lesions affect T, B and NK cells (Yc and Jak3 mutations), but that others affect only T cells (ADA deficiency), and others T and B cells (possible recombinase abnormalities). The findings in this group of SCID's, the largest reported in the U.S., argue against a common lineage for T and NK cells and may provide clues as to the molecular bases of SCID in the 35 (37%) infants who did not have X-linked SCID, Jak3 deficiency or ADA deficiency.
Ethnic minorities in Britain: short change, systematic indifference and sustainable development

Abstract This paper argues that, despite over 15 years of reports on ethnic minorities and the environment, the environmental movement, recreational countryside access and heritage, rural racism and the shortcomings of the planning system, ethnic minorities in Britain are routinely short-changed by a systematic indifference to their environmental and planning needs. The paper focuses on two aspects of this indifference. First, it describes the tension between environmentalists' historical pursuit of environmental quality at the expense of what is argued as the equally necessary pursuit of human equality and argues, amongst other things, that this indifference to'difference' is a factor in the whiteness of the movement. Second, it offers observations on ethnic minority communities' own responses to sustainable development, including the results of round table discussions with a diverse range of ethnic minority interests. It shows that ethnic minorities are engaging with sustainable development (mostly outs...
The effect of a computer on preschool children's activities

Abstract Activity preferences of 29 preschool children were recorded over a 2-week period while children were engaged in self-selected activities. Subsequently a microcomputer was introduced into the classroom, and the children were given 3 weeks to accustom themselves to this new activity area. Another 2-week observation period followed, during which activity preferences were again recorded, this time including the computer as an activity choice. Analyses indicate that involvement in art activity decreased during the second observation, and that the same children who decreased this activity also switched to involvement with the computer. No sex or age difference in computer use was found, and the computer did not appear to affect socialization. The need for further study of the impact of the computer in preschool settings is discussed.
On the unusual stability of overexchanged FeZSM-5

It is the purpose of this Letter to announce the development of a zeolitic catalyst that is more active than CuZSM-5, durable, and free from poisoning by H2O and/or SO2. Therefore it may be of practical value in combustion catalysis. A preliminary report is given here; a more detailed one will follow shortly. The catalyst is an “o” erexchanged” FeZSM-5 made from NaZSM-5 in a special way to minimize H+-bearing AlO 2 − sites.
The role of heavy episodic drinking and hostile sexism in men's sexual aggression toward female intimate partners.

Abstract Research indicates that men's heavy episodic drinking is a significant risk factor for their perpetration of sexual aggression toward intimate partners. The aim of this investigation was to examine how hostile sexism (i.e., antipathy toward women) and benevolent sexism (i.e., subjectively positive, yet patriarchal, views of women) influence the relation between men's heavy episodic drinking and their perpetration of sexual aggression toward intimate partners. Method Participants were 205 heterosexual drinking men who completed self-report measures of quantity of alcohol consumption during the past 12 months, hostile sexism, and sexual aggression toward an intimate partner during the past 12 months. Results Men's heavy episodic drinking was positively associated with sexual aggression perpetration toward intimate partners amongst men who endorsed high, but not low, levels of hostile sexism. No such interactive effect emerged for men's endorsement of benevolent sexism. Conclusions These results have important implications for understanding cumulative risk factors for the perpetration of sexual aggression toward intimates.
The spaces that smart growth makes: sustainability, segregation, and residential change across Greater Seattle.

Sometimes interwoven in metropolitan practice, the discourses of sustainability, smart growth, and New Urbanism (NU) share a number of policy assumptions about the appropriate geographical anatomy of regulatory regimes and infrastructure investments. An important research question is how these policy assumptions relate empirically to extant geographies of racial and economic segregation within specific metropolitan regions. This paper addresses this question with empirical reference to Greater Seattle, one of the country’s most important “containment” regimes in which sustainability, smart growth, and NU are each valorized public policy agendas. Using residential permit data in the 1990s and 2000s, the analysis highlights the heterogeneous nature of the emergent landscapes of smart growth. In the new morphology of smart growth landscapes, density, (de)segregation, class, race, land recycling, regional-scale compactness, and other key dynamics appear to be combining in complex and at times surprising ways.
Biomimetic self-templating supramolecular structures

In nature, helical macromolecules such as collagen, chitin and cellulose are critical to the morphogenesis and functionality of various hierarchically structured materials. During tissue formation, these chiral macromolecules are secreted and undergo self-templating assembly, a process whereby multiple kinetic factors influence the assembly of the incoming building blocks to produce non-equilibrium structures. A single macromolecule can form diverse functional structures when self-templated under different conditions. Collagen type I, for instance, forms transparent corneal tissues from orthogonally aligned nematic fibres, distinctively coloured skin tissues from cholesteric phase fibre bundles, and mineralized tissues from hierarchically organized fibres. Nature's self-templated materials surpass the functional and structural complexity achievable by current top-down and bottom-up fabrication methods. However, self-templating has not been thoroughly explored for engineering synthetic materials. Here we demonstrate the biomimetic, self-templating assembly of chiral colloidal particles (M13 phage) into functional materials. A single-step process produces long-range-ordered, supramolecular films showing multiple levels of hierarchical organization and helical twist. Three distinct supramolecular structures are created by this approach: nematic orthogonal twists, cholesteric helical ribbons and smectic helicolidal nanofilaments. Both chiral liquid crystalline phase transitions and competing interfacial forces at the interface are found to be critical factors in determining the morphology of the templated structures during assembly. The resulting materials show distinctive optical and photonic properties, functioning as chiral reflector/filters and structural colour matrices. In addition, M13 phages with genetically incorporated bioactive peptide ligands direct both soft and hard tissue growth in a hierarchically organized manner. Our assembly approach provides insight into the complexities of hierarchical assembly in nature and could be expanded to other chiral molecules to engineer sophisticated functional helical-twisted structures.
In vitro evaluation of the anti-bacterial effect of two preparations of platelet rich plasma compared with cefazolin and whole blood.

Purpose. This study investigates the antibacterial properties of two different platelet-rich plasma (PRP) platelet concentration preparations (PRPLP and PRPHP) through a time-kill assay. Methods. Two different PRP preparations - a single spin process yielding lower white blood cells and platelet concentration (PRPLP) and one yielding high platelet and white blood cell concentration (PRPHP) - were obtained from 2 individuals. PRPLP, PRPHP, phosphate buffered saline (PBS), whole blood and Cefazolin were added to experimental reaction tubes, each containing a single bacterial inoculum of Staphylococcus aureus (S.aureus), Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epi), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) or Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes). Two dilutions (1:1,000, and 1:10,000) were plated in duplicate tubes, along with positive (blood and PBS) and negative (Cefazolin) controls and assessed at five time points (0, 1, 4, 8 and 24 hours). Results. After centrifugation, platelet count of PRPLP was 386 ± 65.5 x 103/?L and PRPHP was 867 ± 234.4 x 103/?L. Both PRP products showed a significant decrease (p<0.05) in bacterial growth at 8 hours compared to whole blood. Conclusion. The application of PRPLP and PRPHP showed a significant decrease in bacterial growth after 8 hours for S. aureus, S. epi, MRSA and P. acnes compared to the whole blood control group. S.epi, MRSA, and P. acnes also showed a significant decrease in bacterial growth after 24 hours. Despite differences in platelet concentration and WBC concentration, no difference in antibacterial activity was seen between the two preparations
Dolomitization patterns in widespread “Bighorn Facies” (Upper Ordovician), Western Craton, USA

There are impressive stratigraphic, paleontologic and petrologic similarities, including dolomitization patterns, among the coeval Upper Ordovician Steamboat Point Member of the Bighorn Dolomite in northwest Wyoming, the burrowed member of the “C” zone of the Red River Formation in east-central Montana, and the lower Upham Dolomite of the Montoya Group in the southern Franklin Mountains near El Paso, west Texas, hundreds of miles to the south. This remarkably widespread “Bighorn Facies” (Zenger and LeMone 1995) extends from El Paso to Greenland (Flower 1961, 1969). Characteristics of this facies are: (1)Thalassinoides-like burrow patterns; (2) similar megafauna, including large receptaculitids, macluritid gastropods, and orthoconic nautiloids; (3) common “matrix” of partly dolomitized (mud-selective) skeletal (primarily echinoderm) wackestone and packstone; (4) fine-centimicron-size, nonplanar, unimodal dolomite completely or nearly completely replacing burrow fills; (5) small “burrows-within-burrows”; (6) essentially stoichiometric dolomite; (7) insignificant differences between δ18O of dolomite within the matrix and that of burrow fills; and (8) relatively high Fe content of the dolomite, suggesting anoxic conditions for at least part of the dolomitization. Petrologic observations and geochemical data (stable isotopes of C and O; trace elements Fe, Mn, Na, and Sr) suggest a relatively early stage of partial dolomitization in near-normal seawater for both the Steamboat Point Member and the Upham Dolomite and in refluxing brines for the burrowed member of the Red River Formation. Later diagenetic stabilization through neomorphism and additional replacement occurred at shallow (Steamboat Point) to intermediate (Upham) to possibly deep (burrowed member) burial environments.
Nonlinear stability of fluid and plasma equilibria

The Liapunov method for establishing stability has been used in a variety of fluid and plasma problems. For nondissipative systems, this stability method is related to well-known energy principles. A development of the Liapunov method for Hamiltonian systems due to Arnold uses the energy plus other conserved quantities, together with second variations and convexity estimates, to establish stability. For Hamiltonian systems, a useful class of these conserved quantities consists of the Casimir functionals, which Poisson-commute with all functionals of the given dynamical variables. Such conserved quantities, when added to the energy, help to provide convexity estimates bounding the growth of perturbations. These estimates enable one to prove nonlinear stability, whereas the commonly used second variation or spectral arguments only prove linearized stability. When combined with recent advances in the Hamiltonian structure of fluid and plasma systems, this convexity method proves to be widely and easily applicable. This paper obtains new nonlinear stability criteria for equilibria for MHD, multifluid plasmas and the Maxwell-Vlasov equations in two and three dimensions. Related systems, such as multilayer quasigeostrophic flow, adiabatic flow and the Poisson-Vlasov equation are also treated. Other related systems, such as stratified flow and reduced magnetohydrodynamic equilibria are mentioned where appropriate, but are treated in detail in other publications.
Enhanced CBir1-specific innate and adaptive immune responses in Crohn's disease

Background: CBir1 is a dominant antigen with a role in innate and adaptive immunity in mouse models of colitis and antibodies to CBir1 are associated with severe human Crohn's disease (CD). Our aim was to determine whether CBir1 stimulates innate and antigen-specific T-cell responses in CD. We demonstrate that CBir1 enhanced IL-6 and IL-1β production by peripheral blood (PB) monocytes. Methods: Real time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used for measurement of IL6 and IL1 expression. [3H] thymidine was used to measure T cell proliferation and Elispot assay was used to measure IFNγ production. Results: IL-6 was significantly increased in monocytes from CD compared to controls and ulcerative colitis (UC). Anti-CBir1+ patients and IL-6 was inversely correlated. A significant increase in CBir1-specific peripheral T-cell proliferation was more evident in cells from CD than controls and UC. CBir1 induced increased numbers of IFN-gamma+ cells in lamina propria mononuclear cells (LPMC) from CD compared to UC and controls. Conclusions: CBir1 induces enhanced peripheral innate and peripheral and mucosal antigen-specific T-cell responses in CD. Consistent with results from the mouse, CBir1 immune activation could play a role in CD. (Inflamm Bowel Dis 2008.)
Intra metropolitan demographic structure: a Seattle example.

Internal urban variation in demographic character (births, deaths, fertility, natural increase, net migration) is analyzed in relation to age of persons, age of housing, ownership, distance from the CBD, race, household type and size. A descriptive analysis of maps of these characteristics is followed by simple statistical tests of relations among the variables, in particular distance from the city center. Predictable and strong patterns of spatial structure are consonant with expectations from economic, social, geographic and political urban theory.
Spoken emotion recognition using glottal symmetry

Speech variability in real-world situations makes spoken emotion recognition a challenging task. While a variety of temporal and spectral speech features have been proposed, this paper investigates the effectiveness of using the glottal airflow signal in recognizing emotions. The speech used in this investigation is from a classical recording of the theatrical play "Waiting for Godot" by Samuel Beckett. Six emotions were investigated: happy, angry, sad, fear, surprise, and neutral. The proposed method was tested on the original recording and on simulated distortion conditions. In clean signal conditions the proposedmethod achieved average recognition rates of 76% for four emotions and 66.5% for all six emotions. Furthermore, it proved fairly robust under signal distortion and noisy conditions achieving recognition rates of 60% for four and 51.6% for six emotions for severely low-pass filtered speech, while with additive white Gaussian noise at SNR = 10 dB recognition rates were 53% and 47% for the four and sixemotion tasks, respectively. Results indicate that glottal signal features provide good separation of spoken emotions and achieve enhanced classification performance when compared to other approaches.
DYNAMICS IN SPECIES COMPOSITION OF STREAM FISH ASSEMBLAGES: ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABILITY AND NESTED SUBSETS

Stream landscapes are highly variable in space and time and, like terrestrial landscapes, the resources they contain are patchily distributed. Organisms may disperse among patches to fulfill life-history requirements, but biotic and abiotic factors may limit patch or locality occupancy. Thus, the dynamics of immigration and extinction determine, in part, the local structure of assemblages. We sampled fishes and stream habitat at 12 localities for two years (96 samples) to examine the deterministic nature of immigration and extinction processes in stream fish assemblages. Mean immigration rates for assem- blages were highest at large stream localities, where the pool of potential immigrants was largest. Mean extinction rates were highest where variability in the flow regime was high, though local refugia appeared to modify the extinction process at one locality. Significant nested subset patterns in species composition occurred over time for 7 of the 12 localities. The strength of the nesting was associated with mean immigration and extinction rates. Higher extinction rates corresponded to stronger nestedness, whereas higher immigration rates were associated with weaker nestedness. Across all species, both immigration and extinction rates were strongly associated with mean abundance. Species with high local abundances had higher immigration rates and lower extinction rates than did species with low local abundances. There were no significant associations between trophic guild or body size and immigration and extinction rate. This work supports the hypothesis that immigration and extinction rates for assemblages are predictable along environmental gradients, and that species are less prone to local extinction and more prone to colonize areas when they maintain high local abundances. The extinction process in local assemblages can be a highly ordered event leading to strong nested subset patterns, but immigration appears to be more stochastic.
Effects of auditory deprivation on the development of auditory sensitivity in albino rats.

Abstract Twenty albino rats were confined for 8 months post-natally to a highly sound-attenuated environment and were tested subsequently for hearing sensitivity. Comparisons were made with their control littermates, reared under ordinary ambient noise conditions. Surface auditory evoked cortical potentials were summated for 45 or 75 responses at each of seven pure tone frequencies. Threshold determinations were made between 30 dB and 75 dB, SPL. Several animals were retested after subsequent ambient noise exposure for 48 h and for 3 weeks. Statistical comparisons of threshold responses between the deprived animals and their control littermates showed a significant loss of sensitivity after deprivation and some regain of sensitivity after subsequent exposure to ambient noise. Relationships between environmental stimulation and neural functioning are considered.
The Effect of Schooling on Students’ Out-of-School Experience:

With the premise that schooling should make a difference in students’ everyday experience, the authors synthesize research on the influence of school learning on students’ out-of-school experience by addressing the contributions and shortcomings of four research areas: (a) transfer, (b) out-of-school learning environments, (c) school-prompted interest, and (d) transformative education. They conclude the following: (a) Little research investigates the influence of school learning on out-of-school experience; (b) the existing research suggests that school learning has less of an influence on out-of-school experience than one would hope for and expect; and (c) under the right conditions, school learning can enrich students’ out-of-school experience.