cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of the toxicity of chemicals in newborn rats to bile duct-ligated and sham-operated rats and mice.

Abstract Marked differences were observed in the effect that bile duct ligation (BDL) had on the toxicity of compounds. For amitryptiline, glutethimide, bishydroxycoumarin, digitoxin, fluorescein, guanethidine, novobiocin, pentobarbital, probenecid, quinine, and taurocholic acid, the 24-hr LD50 values in the BDL mice were similar to those in control mice. However, nafcillin, sulfobromophthalein and its dibrominated analog, phenol-3,6-dibromophthalein disulfonate, had a potency ratio between 1.5 and 2 and thus were moderately more toxic in BDL mice. A number of compounds were much more toxic in BDL than in sham-operated mice: digoxin was 2.1, azorubin S 2.2, rifampin 2.6, ouabain 4.4, colchicine 4.6, indocyanine green 7.6, iopanoic acid 5.1 and diethylstilbestrol 24 times more toxic in BDL mice than in sham-operated mice. Most of the chemicals that were more toxic in the BDL mice than in their respective controls were also more toxic in BDL rats: probenecid was 1.7, colchicine 1.8, iopanoic acid 2.2, rifampin 2.4, ouabain 3.9, digoxin 4.2, indocyanine green 5.4 and diethylstilbestrol 130 times more toxic in BDL than in sham-operated rats. Of these 8 chemicals that were more toxic in BDL rats, 6 were also more toxic in newborn rats than in sham-operated rats; probenecid was 2.8, indocyanine green 3.3, iopanoic acid and digoxin 3.8, ouabain 13 and colchicine 21 times more toxic in the newborn than in the adult rats. These results suggest that a decrease in hepatic excretory function does increase the toxicity of some drugs that are normally excreted into the bile and a decrease in hepatic excretory function may be another factor increasing the sensitivity of the newborn to the toxic properties of chemicals.
Holism and individualism in ecological anthropology

Rappaport, Roy A. Pigs for the Ancestors: Ritual in the Ecology of a New Guinea People, enlarged edition. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1984. xviii + 501 pp. including illustrations, appendices, bibliographies, and index. $30.00 cloth, $9.95 paper. Ellen, Roy. Environment, Subsistence and System: The Ecology of Small‐Scale Social Formations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982. xvi + 324 pp. including bibliography and indices. $42.50 cloth, $13.95 paper. Jochim, Michael A. Strategies for Survival: Cultural Behavior in an Ecological Context. New York: Academic Press, 1981. x + 233 pp. including bibliography and index. $18.50 cloth.
Cheaper by the dozen: The avalanche of rideshares in the 21st century

In the previous two conferences, we presented a statistics-based history of rideshares, first with the 300 rideshares launched from 1990–2010, then with the 600 rideshares launched in the first 54 years of spaceflight. We showed that there have been several waves of rideshares, each with their own particular characteristics: the avalanche of US military rideshares of the 60s (acting as calibration targets, environmental sensors and performing other space-qualification tasks); the slow-build of commercial rideshares starting with the Ariane ASAP in the early 80s, and now a bifurcation into 100-kg ESPA-class spacecraft and a second, larger avalanche of CubeSats.
Ocean thermal difference power-plant design

The preliminary design of a closed Rankine-cycle power system using the ocean temperature difference as an energy source is discussed. A thermal-cycle analysis, with ammonia and propane as the candidate working fluids, and hull design factors for the system are presented. Graphical and tabular results, which illustrate the importance of various cycle and design parameters, are included, as well as the outline of the digital-computer-based complete thermal-cycle analytical model, which has been used in the design of ocean-based hull configurations to contain the thermal-cycle components and auxiliary systems for powerplants of at least 400 Mw output.
Assembly of pure tubulin in the absence of free GTP: effect of magnesium, glycerol, ATP, and the nonhydrolyzable GTP analogues

We describe in vitro microtubule assembly that exhibits, in bulk solution, behavior consistent with the GTP cap model of dynamic instability. Microtubules assembled from pure tubulin in the absence of free nucleotides could undergo one cycle of assembly, but could not sustain an assembly plateau. After the initial peak of assembly was reached and bound E-site GTP hydrolyzed to GDP, the microtubules gradually disassembled. We studied buffer conditions that maximized this disassembly while still allowing robust assembly to take place. While both glycerol and glutamate increased the rate of initial assembly and then slowed disassembly, magnesium promoted initial assembly and, surprisingly, enhanced disassembly. After cooling, a second cycle of assembly was unsuccessful unless GTP or the hydrolyzable GTP analogue GMPCPOP was readded. The nonhydrolyzable GTP analogues GMPPNP and GMPPCP could not support the second assembly cycle in the absence of E-site GTP. Analysis using HPLC found no evidence that GMPPNP, GMPPCP, or ATP could bind to free tubulin, and these nucleotides did not compete with GTP for the E-site. We have, however, demonstrated that the nonhydrolyzable GTP analogues and ATP do have an important effect on microtubule assembly. GMPPNP, GMPPCP, and ATP could each enhance the rate of assembly and stabilize the plateau of assembled microtubules against disassembly, while not binding appreciably to free tubulin. We conclude that these nucleotides, as well as GTP itself, enhance assembly by binding to a site on microtubules that is not present on free, unpolymerized tubulin. We estimate the affinity (KD) of the polymeric site for nucleotide triphosphates to be approximately 10(-4)M.
The Effect of Nonlinear Transformations on a Likert Scale

The analysis of data collectedfrom behavioral assessment instruments is typically conducted using parametric statistics, with little or no reference given to the underlying nature of the scale being used. If the nature of the distances between the scale points is not understood, the concept of normality of the distribution becomes clouded. An empirical approach to studying thisproblem was developed, using responses to a clinical performance evaluation instrument that uses a four-point behaviorally-anchored scale. Various combinations of nonlinear transformations were applied to the evaluation responses. The factorial structure of the fifteen items constituting the evaluation form was minimally affected by the transformations, suggesting that parametric statistics can be applied to behaviorally-anchored rating scales.
An Analytical Evaluation of Alternative Strategies in Steady-State Simulation

We consider the simple technique of making independent and probabilistically identical simulation replications to estimate the steady-state mean of a stochastic process. For a fixed total sample size, using a first-order autoregressive model with high autocorrelation and time-dependent distributions, we analytically quantify and investigate the effects of the number of replications and of initial deletions of output on several different measures of point estimator and confidence interval quality. This analysis leads to general recommendations on the choice of replications and deletion. In particular, we conclude that deletion of some amount of the initial output in a replication can be an effective and efficient method of dealing with initialization bias; this conclusion differs from several previous studies on the efficacy of deletion.
Rapid prototyping with programmable control paths

The provision of a programmable control path allows a designer to experimentally build and evaluate many different instruction sets and data paths in a short period of time. For this approach to be practical, the designer needs a way to quickly modify the control path hardware to reflect the changes in the instruction set. To this end, we describe a flexible and efficient method for generating control logic information, given an instruction set. All the information regarding the instruction set, namely, the mnemonics, the opcodes and the values of the control lines for the data path, are stored in a single file. This information is used by the assembler to assemble programs as well as generate control path programming information, which in turn is used to set up the new control path. We also show a way of searching the design space to iteratively modify an instruction set to satisfy the hardware constraints. Using this method we have successfully built a prototype of the Micro Grain Array processor. In fact we were able to submit the board for fabrication before finalizing an instruction set. >
Non-Linear Excitation and Governor Control using Sliding Modes

Modern microprocessor capabilities permit the control designer to consider using relatively complicated nonlinear control algorithms, which would have been considered impractical in the past. The paper presents the results of a study of the variable structure control technique for the design of excitation and governor controllers for a power system. Control laws for rotor angle and field flux are derived. The closed loop system is shown to be asymptotically stable. The system can be transferred to a new operating condition corresponding to any desired terminal voltage V t and tie-line power P tie .
Tradeoffs in computer interaction styles

System design involves a series of tradeoffs. The benefit of one design technique will impact the benefits of another. Developers must weigh the advantages and disadvantages of each approach in order to design the system that is most suitable for the end user. Studies have been performed to determine users' preferences for various system designs. In particular, studies have shown that menu selection and direct manipulation systems are favored by novices and intermediate computer users, while command language interaction is desired by experienced users. What performance characteristics or design attributes attracted the users to the interaction style? What performance characteristics are users willing to tradeoff in order to obtain their desired system? Multi-attribute utility analysis (MAUA) is presented to illustrate how formal approaches to decision making can be used to select alternatives for computer interaction styles.
Aging Mice Exhibit a Functional Defect in Mucosal Dendritic Cell Response against an Intracellular Pathogen

Down-regulation of the immune response in aging individuals puts this population at a potential risk against infectious agents. In-depth studies conducted in humans and mouse models have demonstrated that with increasing age, the T cell immune response against pathogens is compromised and response to vaccinations is subdued. In the present study, using a mouse model, we demonstrate that older animals exhibit greater susceptibility to Encephalitozoon cuniculi infection, and their ability to evoke an Ag-specific T cell response at the gut mucosal site is reduced. The dampening of T cell immunity was due to the defective priming by the dendritic cells (DC) isolated from the mucosal tissues of aging animals. When primed with DC from younger mice, T cells from older animals were able to exhibit an optimal Ag-specific response. The functional defect in DC from older mice can be attributed to a large extent to reduced IL-15 message in these cells, which can be reversed by addition of exogenous IL-15 to the cultures. IL-15 treatment led to optimal expression of costimulatory molecules (CD80 and CD86) on the surface of older DC and restored their ability to prime a T cell response against the pathogen. To our knowledge, this is the first report which demonstrates the inability of the DC population from aging animals to prime a robust T cell response against an infectious agent. Moreover, the observation that IL-15 treatment can reverse this defect has far-reaching implications in developing strategies to increase vaccination protocols for aging populations.
Diabetic e-Management System (DEMS)

The purpose of this paper is to describe a recent project in which Internet-ready handheld computers (Personal Digital Assistants, PDAs) and custom software applications were used to help diabetes patients self manage their condition. The project research team is made up of professors and graduate students with backgrounds in information technology, nursing, and sociology who have an interest in using emerging technologies in healthcare applications. The researchers theorized that allowing diabetes patients to easily enter information about their daily activities (e.g. diet, exercise, blood sugar levels, and medications) into a handheld computer, and then immediately use a wireless network connection to upload that information to a central server for review by a medical professional would prove more useful than simply logging this information for the patient's own use. A seed grant was acquired, computer hardware was purchased, and a prototype system was developed. Thirteen individuals tested the prototype system and the users were qualitatively interviewed. The users were also presented with a 10-question survey based on the System Usability Scale (SUS).
Analysis of solvent control and 1-nitrosopyrene-induced Chinese hamster ovary cell mutants by Southern and northern blots and the polymerase chain reaction.

1-Nitrosopyrene, a metabolite of the tumorigenic environmental pollutant 1-nitropyrene, is a potent mutagen at the hprt locus in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. A single DNA adduct, N-(deoxyguanosin-8-yl)-l-aminopyrene, is produced in CHO cells treated with 1-nitrosopyrene, and this adduct is found in rats and mice exposed to 1-nitropyrene. In this study, the structure of the hprt gene and the structure and amount of hprt mRNA were analyzed in 43 CHO cell mutants (16 isolated from solvent control cultures and 27 isolated from 1-nitrosopyrene-treated cultures). PstI- and BamHI-digested DNA from the mutants were subjected to Southern blot analysis using a hamster hprt cDNA probe. None of the 1-nitrosopyrene-induced mutants and only one of the control mutants displayed hybridization patterns that were different from the parent CHO cells. Northern blot analysis revealed that two control mutants had truncated hprt mRNAs, while 56% of the control mutants and 78% of the induced mutants had reduced levels of hprt mRNA. Using polymerase chain reaction amplification of cDNA synthesized from RNA, the hprt protein-coding region could be amplified from 23 of the 1-nitrosopyrene-induced mutants and 11 of the control mutants. The amplification products from 3 of the control mutants and 5 of the induced mutantsmore » were smaller than that found with RNA from parental CHO cells. These results indicate that the mutagenic DNA damage produced by 1-nitrosopyrene in CHO cells does not cause major structural alterations in the hprt gene and suggest that 1-nitrosopyrene acts as a point mutagen. A large number of both control and 1-nitrosopyrene-induced mutants exhibited a marked reduction in hprt mRNA concentration or possessed truncated mRNA hprt protein coding sequences. These alterations may contribute to the 6-thioguanine-resistant phenotype.« less
An immune responsive factor D‐like serine proteinase homologue identified from the American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis

A Dermacentor variabilis cDNA encoding a clip-domain serine proteinase homologue with glycine replacing the catalytic serine was identified from tick haemocytes. The D. variabilis product was most similar to Tachypleus tridentatus haemocyte antimicrobial factor D and shared significant homologies with a number of immune-responsive gene products of arthropods, including insect prophenoloxidase-activating cofactors. Northern blotting analyses confirmed that the tick serine proteinase homologue expression levels were highest in haemocytes, and to lesser degrees in ovaries and then salivary glands whereas steady-state levels of expression in whole ticks were found to be slightly higher in fed versus unfed adults or eggs. Challenge of fed adults by Escherichia coli injection demonstrated that transcript abundance was significantly increased above those of naive controls in a temporal fashion. Additionally, an apparent orthologue of the D. variabilis clip-domain molecule was cloned, and expression detected, from a Dermacentor andersoni cell line indicating cross species conservation.
Ethylene regulates lateral root formation and auxin transport in Arabidopsis thaliana

Lateral root branching is a genetically defined and environmentally regulated process. Auxin is required for lateral root formation, and mutants that are altered in auxin synthesis, transport or signaling often have lateral root defects. Crosstalk between auxin and ethylene in root elongation has been demonstrated, but interactions between these hormones in the regulation of Arabidopsis lateral root formation are not well characterized. This study utilized Arabidopsis mutants altered in ethylene signaling and synthesis to explore the role of ethylene in lateral root formation. We find that enhanced ethylene synthesis or signaling, through the eto1-1 and ctr1-1 mutations, or through the application of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC), negatively impacts lateral root formation, and is reversible by treatment with the ethylene antagonist, silver nitrate. In contrast, mutations that block ethylene responses, etr1-3 and ein2-5, enhance root formation and render it insensitive to the effect of ACC, even though these mutants have reduced root elongation at high ACC doses. ACC treatments or the eto1-1 mutation significantly enhance radiolabeled indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) transport in both the acropetal and the basipetal directions. ein2-5 and etr1-3 have less acropetal IAA transport, and transport is no longer regulated by ACC. DR5-GUS reporter expression is also altered by ACC treatment, which is consistent with transport differences. The aux1-7 mutant, which has a defect in an IAA influx protein, is insensitive to the ethylene inhibition of root formation. aux1-7 also has ACC-insensitive acropetal and basipetal IAA transport, as well as altered DR5-GUS expression, which is consistent with ethylene altering AUX1-mediated IAA uptake, and thereby blocking lateral root formation.
Twenty-five years of sprawl in the Seattle region: growth management responses and implications for conservation

Abstract To study the effects of growth management efforts on urban fringe areas in Washington State’s Puget Sound region, USA, this study documents and quantifies transformations in land cover and land-use from 1974 to 1998 for a 474 km 2 study area east of Seattle. Geo-referenced aerial photographs (orthophotos) were digitized, then classified, to compare patch patterns (clustered versus dispersed vegetation, remnant versus planted vegetation), size, development type (single-family housing, multi-family housing, commercial) and percent vegetative cover between 1974 and 1998 images. Changes in interior forest habitat and amount of edge were also calculated. The study showed that suburban and exurban landscapes increased dramatically between 1974 and 1998 at the expense of rural and wildland areas. Settled lands became more contiguous while rural and wildland areas became more fragmented. Interior forest habitat in wildland areas decreased by 41%. Single-family housing was the primary cause of land conversion. Current growth management efforts prioritize increasing housing density within urban growth boundaries (UGBs), while limiting densities outside these boundaries. The study demonstrated that housing density has indeed increased within these boundaries, but at the same time, sprawling low-density housing in rural and wildland areas constituted 72% of total land developed within the study area. Therefore, policies to reduce the density of settlement outside urban centers, in part to protect ecological systems, may have unintended environmental consequences. This has implications for those urban areas, both in the United States and in other countries, considering growth management strategies.
Makiko's New World

Makiko's New World. 1999. 57 minutes, color. film by the Media Production Group of the Asian Educational Media Service, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign. Distributed by Documentary Educational Resources, 101 Morse Street, Water town, MA 02472.
Serum and secretory proteins in iron-deficient rat pups and dams

Abstract The effects of iron status during reproduction on serum and secretory proteins in rat dams and pups were studied. Pregnant rats were fed ad libitum diets containing 10 or 250 ppm iron throughout gestation and lactation. Litters were adjusted on day 1 to contain 7 pups, and on day 17, dams and pups were sacrificed. Iron status was determined, and concentrations of various serum and secretory proteins were measured. Iron-deficient pups had lower hemoglobin, serum iron, and liver iron compared to controls. Serum albumin and globulin concentrations were significantly increased in iron-deficient pups. Pup serum lysozyme and myeloperoxidase levels were unchanged by iron deficiency. The serum protein profile of dams was relatively unaltered by dietary iron deficiency. Milk iron concentration was significantly decreased in iron-deficient dams; however, milk from all dams was similar in concentration of three immunoproteins measured: lysozyme, peroxidase, secretory IgA. Salivary total protein, lysozyme, and secretory IgA concentrations were similar between groups of dams. It is concluded that dietary iron deficiency during reproduction which does not retard growth of pups but does deplete iron stores has a minimal effect on the secretory immunoproteins measured.
Shape Recognition Using Vector Quantization

We present a framework to recognize objects in images based on their silhouettes. In previous work we developed translation and rotation invariant classification algorithms for textures based on Fourier transforms in the polar space followed by dimensionality reduction. Here we present a new approach to recognizing shapes by following a similar classification step with a "soft" retrieval algorithm where the search of a shape database is based on the VQ centroids found by the classification step. Experiments presented on the MPEG-7 CE-Shape 1 database show significant gains in retrieval accuracy over previous work. An interesting aspect of this recognition algorithm is that the first phase of classification seems to be a powerful tool for both texture and shape recognition.
Planetary environments and the origin of life

As a consequence of advances in modeling planet formation processes, Earth is now thought to have formed hot, rather than cold, with core formation occurring during accretion. The atmosphere and oceans formed early, and although the climate was probably hot early on, the variation of surface temperature over time is largely unknown. Depending on the redox state of the mantle and that of impacting bodies, the atmosphere could have been weakly or strongly reducing overall, with perturbations caused by impacts. Seawater composition and redox state would have been governed primarily by circulation through hydrothermal systems. Out of this planetary context, life emerged at least 3.85 billion years ago (l), less than 600 million years after the period of planetary accretion. Equable conditions for prebiotic evolution could have existed as early as 4.4 billion years ago. But these conditions were interrupted by major short-term perturbations in surface environments caused by a declining flux of impactors. Although giant impactors undoubtedly constrained the timing of life’s origin, quantitative statements about when the clock was set await a stronger consensus on impactor fluxes and more refined theoretical models. Organic matter that survived impacts or was synthesized in impacts would
Lithium Aluminum Hydride–Cobalt(II) Chloride

(LiAlH4) [16853-85-3] AlH4Li (MW 37.96) InChI = 1S/Al.Li.4H/q-1;+1;;;; InChIKey = OCZDCIYGECBNKL-UHFFFAOYSA-N (CoCl2) [7646-79-9] Cl2Co (MW 129.83) InChI = 1S/2ClH.Co/h2*1H;/q;;+2/p-2 InChIKey = GVPFVAHMJGGAJG-UHFFFAOYSA-L (reducing agent for alkenes,1, 2 alkynes,1, 2 halides,1, 3, 4 and tosylates;3 catalyst for the reduction of arenes5) Physical Data: see Lithium Aluminum Hydride and Cobalt(II) Chloride Solubility: see Lithium Aluminum Hydride and Cobalt(II) Chloride; reactions using this reagent system typically utilize THF as solvent. Form Supplied in: formed in situ from widely available reagents. Preparative Method: the organic substrate (1 equiv) in THF is transferred via syringe into a cold (−40 °C) flask containing dry cobalt(II) chloride (1 equiv for stoichiometric use, 0.1 equiv for catalytic use). To this mixture is slowly added the calculated amount of lithium aluminum hydride (1 equiv) in THF solution, which is accompanied by a color change to black, concomitant with the evolution of gas.1 Handling, Storage, and Precautions: see Lithium Aluminum Hydride and Cobalt(II) Chloride.
MICROWAVE CAVITY PERTURBATION TECHNIQUE: PART III: APPLICATIONS

The resonant cavity perturbation method as described in the preceding two parts of this series is applied to study the electrodynamical properties of different materials in the microwave and millimeter wave spectral range. We briefly discuss the relevant uncertainties which are asociated with the different measurement techniques and we find that employing the amplitude technique it is possible to measure both the width and frequency to nearly the same precision. We then demonstrate the broad range of applicability of this technique by showing results obtained on several different materials, ranging from an insulator to a superconductor. The performance limitations of this technique are discussed in detail.
Childhood Stroke and Congenital Heart Disease

Investigators from the University of California performed a case-control study of the association of stroke with congenital heart disease (CHD) within a population of 2.5 million children in Northern California.
Student Experiences With Plasma Phenomena

Breakdown in a low-pressure glow plasma depends on the well-known Paschen relationship among electrode potential, pressure, and electrode gap spacing. This paper explores the educational aspects of students harmonizing a well-established theoretical framework with the realities of their vessel and their electrode configurations. Students were also introduced to the idea of modeling and fitting data to a model.
Ovaries remain functional in squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) immunized with porcine zona pellucida 55,000 macromolecule.

Fifty female squirrel monkeys were each immunized with 200 /ig of a purified preparation of the 55,000 macromolecule (ZP3) from porcine zona pellucida. The fertility status of these immunized monkeys, as well as the effect of ZP3 antibodies on ovarian function, was monitored. High anti-ZP3 titers were achieved (> 75% binding levels as determined by radioimmunoassay) and remained high (‘\‘67% binding level) for the duration of this study. Hormonal evaluations indicated initial disturbances in normal ovarian steroid secretion and function that were confirmed by laparoscopic observation and oocyte production data. Histological examination of ovaries at 6-7 mo post-injection suggested an interference in folliculogenesis. No pregnancies were observed in the immunized monkeys during this period. By 10-15 mo post-immunization, hormonal and laparoscopic data indicated that ovarian function was recovering in injected monkeys despite the continued presence of high titers to ZP3. Collectively, these results demonstrate that although immunization with ZP3 initially produces disturbances in normal ovarian function that inhibit fertility, these effects are reversible. Such findings encourage the continued intensive investigation of purified porcine zona macromolecules for immunocontraceptive purposes.
Probability-based protein secondary structure identification using combined NMR chemical-shift data.

For a long time, NMR chemical shifts have been used to identify protein secondary structures. Currently, this is accomplished through comparing the observed 1Hα, 13Cα, 13Cβ, or 13C′ chemical shifts with the random coil values. Here, we present a new protocol, which is based on the joint probability of each of the three secondary structural types (β-strand, α-helix, and random coil) derived from chemical-shift data, to identify the secondary structure. In combination with empirical smooth filters/functions, this protocol shows significant improvements in the accuracy and the confidence of identification. Updated chemical-shift statistics are reported, on the basis of which the reliability of using chemical shift to identify protein secondary structure is evaluated for each nucleus. The reliability varies greatly among the 20 amino acids, but, on average, is in the order of: 13Cα>13C′>1Hα>13Cβ>15N>1HN to distinguish an α-helix from a random coil; and 1Hα>13Cβ >1HN ∼13Cα∼13C′∼15N for a β-strand from a random coil. Amide 15N and 1HN chemical shifts, which are generally excluded from the application, in fact, were found to be helpful in distinguishing a β-strand from a random coil. In addition, the chemical-shift statistical data are compared with those reported previously, and the results are discussed. A JAVA User Interface program has been developed to make the entire procedure fully automated and is available via http://ccsr3150-p3.stanford.edu.
Automating X-ray Fluorescence Analysis for Rapid Astrobiology Surveys

A new generation of planetary rover instruments, such as PIXL (Planetary Instrument for X-ray Lithochemistry) and SHERLOC (Scanning Habitable Environments with Raman Luminescence for Organics and Chemicals) selected for the Mars 2020 mission rover payload, aim to map mineralogical and elemental composition in situ at microscopic scales. These instruments will produce large spectral cubes with thousands of channels acquired over thousands of spatial locations, a large potential science yield limited mainly by the time required to acquire a measurement after placement. A secondary bottleneck also faces mission planners after downlink; analysts must interpret the complex data products quickly to inform tactical planning for the next command cycle. This study demonstrates operational approaches to overcome these bottlenecks by specialized early-stage science data processing. Onboard, simple real-time systems can perform a basic compositional assessment, recognizing specific features of interest and optimizing sensor integration time to characterize anomalies. On the ground, statistically motivated visualization can make raw uncalibrated data products more interpretable for tactical decision making. Techniques such as manifold dimensionality reduction can help operators comprehend large databases at a glance, identifying trends and anomalies in data. These onboard and ground-side analyses can complement a quantitative interpretation. We evaluate system performance for the case study of PIXL, an X-ray fluorescence spectrometer. Experiments on three representative samples demonstrate improved methods for onboard and ground-side automation and illustrate new astrobiological science capabilities unavailable in previous planetary instruments.
ACID-BASE BALANCE IN CALLINECTES SAPIDUS DURING ACCLIMATION FROM HIGH TO LOW SALINITY

When transferred from 865 to 250 m-osmol salinity, the blue crab C. sapidus maintains its blood Na + and Cl − concentrations significantly above those in the medium. When branchial carbonic anhydrase is inhibited by acetazolamide, ion regulation fails and the animals do not survive the transfer. An alkalosis occurs in the blood at low salinity, indicated by an increase in HCO 3 − and pH at constant P CO2 . The alkalosis is closely correlated with an increase in the Na + -Cl − difference, a convenient indicator of the overall strong ion difference. The contribution of changes in P CO2 to acid-base changes was negligible, but the change in the total weak acid (proteins) may be important. It is suggested that the change in blood acidbase status with salinity is related to an increase in the strong ion difference, which changes during the transition from osmoconformity to osmoregulation in the blue crab, and which is related to both carbonic anhydrase and ionactivated ATPases. Note:
Non-compact nonlinear sigma models

The target space of a nonlinear sigma model is usually required to be positive definite to avoid ghosts. We introduce a unique class of nonlinear sigma models where the target space metric has a Lorentzian signature, thus the associated group being non-compact. We show that the would-be ghost associated with the negative direction is fully projected out by 2 second-class constraints, and there exist stable solutions in this class of models. This result also has important implications for Lorentz–invariant massive gravity: There exist stable nontrivial vacua in massive gravity that are free from any linear vDVZ-discontinuity and a Λ2 decoupling limit can be defined on these vacua.
Transformations, Microstructure and Properties of Nb-(10-16) At.% Al Alloys

Transformations, microstructures and mechanical properties of Nb(10-16) at.% Al alloys are reported. Cast buttons of the alloys were solutionized in the high temperature single phase Nb-Al region and cooled to retain supersaturated solid solutions (SS). These SSs are observed to show B2 ordering, with both the degree of ordering and hardness increasing with increase in Al. The precipitation of ND3AI from the supersaturated SS, which was studied as a function of temperature (1000-1600°C) and time (to 100h) by hardness measurements and microscopy, is sluggish, proceeds by initial heterogeneous nucleation at grain boundaries followed by growth into the grains in a discontinuous fashion, follows C-curve kinetics, and leads to significant hardening. The size, spacing and amount of the Nb 3 Al precipitates depend strongly on Al content, temperature and time. The compressive yield strength of the SS increases with %Al and high values of 900 and 500 MPa at 25 and 900°C, respectively, are observed. The presence of Nb3Al leads to a very significant increase in yield strength, with values being as high as 1550 and 1100 MPa at 25 and 900°C, respectively. Also, a strong dependence of strength on the size and spacing of the Nb 3 Al precipitates is observed. These results are presented and discussed.
Chronic Intermittent Ethanol Exposure Alters Stress Effects on (3α,5α)-3-hydroxy-pregnan-20-one (3α,5α-THP) Immunolabeling of Amygdala Neurons in C57BL/6J Mice.

The GABAergic neuroactive steroid (3α,5α)-3-hydroxy-pregnan-20-one (3α,5α-THP, allopregnanolone) is decreased in various brain regions of C57BL/6J mice following exposure to an acute stressor or chronic intermittent ethanol (CIE) exposure and withdrawal. It is well established that there are complex interactions between stress and ethanol drinking, with mixed literature regarding the effects of stress on ethanol intake. However, there is little research examining how chronic ethanol exposure alters stress responses. The present work examined the impact of CIE exposure and withdrawal on changes in brain levels of 3α,5α-THP, hormonal, and behavioral responses to forced swim stress (FSS). Adult male C57BL/6J mice were exposed to four cycles of CIE to induce ethanol dependence. Following 8 or 72 hr withdrawal, mice were subjected to FSS for 10 min, and 50 min later brains were collected for immunohistochemical analysis of cellular 3α,5α-THP. Behavioral and circulating corticosterone responses to the FSS were quantified. Following 8 hr withdrawal, ethanol exposure potentiated the corticosterone response to FSS. Following 72 hr withdrawal, this difference was no longer observed. Following 8 hr withdrawal, stress-exposed mice showed no differences in immobility, swimming or struggling behavior. However, following 72 hr withdrawal, ethanol-exposed mice showed less immobility and greater swimming behavior compared to air-exposed mice. Interestingly, cellular 3α,5α-THP levels were increased in the lateral amygdala 8 hr and 72 hr post-withdrawal in stressed ethanol-exposed mice compared to ethanol-exposed/non-stressed mice. In the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, stress exposure decreased 3α,5α-THP levels compared to controls following 72 hr withdrawal, but no differences were observed 8 hr post-withdrawal. There were no differences in cellular 3α,5α-THP levels in the nucleus accumbens shell at either withdrawal time point. These data suggest that there are different mechanisms mediating hormonal, behavioral, and brain responses to stress following CIE exposure. The lateral amygdala appears to be an extremely sensitive brain region exhibiting changes in cellular 3α,5α-THP levels following CIE and exposure to swim stress. It is likely that these changes in cellular 3α,5α-THP levels in the lateral amygdala contribute to the behavioral effects observed following 72 hr withdrawal.
A linear algorithm for quantitative measure of corneal collagen fiber orientation using second harmonic generation microscopy

There is significant interest in the scientific community to develop a reliable and precise quantification of the direction of collagen fibers within the cornea in order to learn more about how collagen contributes to the cornea's shape and structure. Previous work has shown that quantification of these fibers' orientations is possible using Second Harmonic Generation (SHG) microscopy, a modality that utilizes the non-centrosymmetric properties of collagen to obtain details of their macromolecular structure. Many attempts at using SHG to this purpose result in whole volume approximations which do not take into account variations through the depth of the cornea. Additionally, other algorithms have used non-linear processes which limit computation time and result in sensitivity to sample area, resolution, and illumination. We propose a linear method for quantification of collagen fiber orientation which utilizes the precise sectioning properties of SHG and is independent of non-linear artifacts to aid in further classification of cornea structure.
Species Diversity and Insect Population Outbreaks

Species diversity and complexity of association among species were found essential to the stability and balance of the community system. The community associated with Brassica oleracea L. (Cruciferae) was studied on plants grown in single-species planting and on plants grown in the mixed vegetation of a 15-year fallow field. Approximately 300 species of plants and 3,000 species of heterotrophs existed in the fallow field and these provided species diversity. In 1957, 27 taxa were associated with B. oleracea grown in mixed-species planting and 50 taxa were associated with it in the single-species planting. Three to four times as many parasitic and predaceous taxa were present in the single-species planting. Aphid, flea beetle, and lepidopteran populations reached outbreak levels in the single-species planting, but no such outbreaks occurred in the mixed-species planting. These trends were substantiated in 1958. Thus, it was concluded that species diversity play an important role in preventing population outbreaks. Where possible in cultivation, faunal and floral varieties should be encouraged. The use of specific pesticides and biological control agents to remove pests without sterilization should prove a sound practice.
Complement-fixation studies on clostridium botulinum

application of the complement-fixation test to the study of anaerobes ; especially is this true with reference to the study of CI. botulinum. Gaehtgens 1 reports the employment of this test in making a differential study of the organisms associated with gas gangrene. The results obtained were unsatisfactory. Mcintosh and Fildes 2 and also Leuchs 3 demonstrated complement-binding bodies in the serum of animals immunized with CI. welchii. No details are given as to the method employed in immunizing the animals or of carrying out the test. Bitter,4 in his general discussion of botulism in Europe merely mentions the fact that this type of antibody, as well as agglutinins, is present in the serum of animals that have received injections of the organism. Bronfenbrenner, Schlesinger and Calazans5 were not successful in using the complement-fixation test for the typing of the organisms, nor for the identification of CI. botulinum in contaminated material.
A Multiple-Compartment Ion-Transport-Membrane Reactive Oxygen Separator

Oxy-combustion using an integrated oxygen ion-transport membrane (ITM) could substantially improve the thermodynamic performance of power plants with carbon capture and sequestration (CCS). In a reactive ITM, fuel is burned inside the unit to enhance the oxygen partial pressure driving force, thus reducing the reactor membrane material required, compared to nonreactive ITM applications. The multiple-compartment reactive ion-transport membrane (MCRI) concept proposed herein mitigates key drawbacks of the reactive ITM and improves the performance by dividing the overall ITM into stages with individual input streams in a serial arrangement. This arrangement enables more-effective thermal management of the ITM and, thus, higher average oxygen permeation flux. Consequently, the pressure drop and size (volume/surface area) are significantly reduced, compared to conventional reactive ITM designs. The MCRI is modeled and simulated in ASPEN Plus, using multiple instances of an intermediate-fidelity ITM model that ...
The myth of restenosis after carotid angioplasty and stenting

Background and purpose Reported rates of in-stent restenosis after carotid artery stenting (CAS) vary, and restenosis risk factors are poorly understood. We evaluated restenosis rates and risk factors, and compared patients with ‘hostile-neck’ carotids (a history of ipsilateral neck surgery or irradiation) and atherosclerotic lesions. Methods Demographic, clinical, and radiological characteristics of patients undergoing cervical CAS between 1995 and 2010 with at least 1 month of follow-up were reviewed. Patients with substantial (≥50%) radiographic restenosis were compared with those without significant restenosis to identify restenosis risk factors. Results The analysis included 121 patients with 133 stented vessels; 91 (68.4%) lesions were symptomatic. Indications for stent placement included hostile-neck lesions, substantial surgical comorbidities, inclusion in a randomized carotid stenting trial, acute carotid occlusion, tandem stenosis, large pseudoaneurysm, high carotid bifurcation, and contralateral laryngeal nerve palsy. Procedures were technically successful in all but one lesion (99.2%). Perioperative stroke occurred in four cases (3.0%). Mean follow-up was 38 months (range 1–204 months), during which 23 vessels (17.3%) developed restenosis. Hostile-neck carotids (n=57) comprised 42.9% of all vessels treated and were responsible for 15 of 23 restenosis cases, resulting in a significantly higher restenosis rate than that of primary atherosclerotic lesions (26.3% vs 10.5%, p=0.017). By univariate analysis, the presence of calcified plaque was significantly associated with the incidence of in-stent restenosis (p=0.02). Conclusions Restenosis rates after carotid angioplasty and stenting are low. Patients with a history of ipsilateral neck surgery or irradiation are at higher risk for substantial radiographic and symptomatic restenosis.
Genetic Algorithm-based Integrated Optimization of a Combustion Process for a Coal-fired Utility Boiler

Concerning the combustion efficiency and pollutant emissions of utility boilers a concept is proposed concerning the integrated optimization of a combustion process. In combination with a genetic algorithm and the techniques of an artificial neural-network an investigation was performed of the method of integrated optimization for a combustion process. The results of a simulation indicate that the system of optimized combustion control proposed by the authors can lead not only to sizable energy savings but also to a decrease in nitrogen oxide emissions by flue gases, contributing to a reduction in environmental pollution. Because of the foregoing the proposed system has a great potential for engineering applications.
The effect of microscopic margin status on survival in adult retroperitoneal soft tissue sarcomas

Abstract Introduction Resection is the primary treatment for retroperitoneal (RP) soft tissue sarcomas (STS). Whether obtaining microscopically negative margins (R0) improves overall survival (OS) over microscopically positive margins (R1) remains unclear. Methods Using the National Cancer Data Base, we identified adult patients diagnosed with RP STS after R0 or R1 resection from 1998 to 2011. We used a multivariable logistic regression model to identify clinicopathologic factors associated with margin status, including radiotherapy receipt. To assess differences in OS, the log-rank test, Cox proportional hazards regression, and propensity score matching were used. Results We identified 4015 patients; 2593 (64.6%) underwent R0 resection and 1422 (35.4%) underwent R1 resection. The most common histology was liposarcoma (2,371, 59.1%), median age was 60 years, and median follow up was 67 months. Median OS for R0 vs. R1 patients was 92 and 70 months, respectively (log-rank p Conclusions Patients who undergo R0 resection for RP STS appear to experience superior OS compared with patients who had R1 resections.
Muscle pressures and tooth position: North American whites and Australian aborigines.

Abstract No Abstract Available. Presented at the biennial meeting of the Angle Society, Boca Raton, 1973.
G226(P) Information videos for use within the Paediatric Emergency Department

Aims Many children attend the emergency department for reasons other than an accident, emergency or general concern about their well-being or welfare. Current information comes in the form of leaflets assuming the reader has attained the national reading age and has full understanding of the material being presented. The primary aim of this study was to create a short patient and parent information video on a common problem seen in the paediatric emergency department and gain feedback on this prior to producing a library of videos. Secondarily it aims to reduce numbers of patients presenting with a problem that may be easily managed with advice and further understanding. Methods Background research was undertaken using staff in a busy tertiary paediatric emergency department to determine the focus of information videos. A patient information video entitled ‘Coughs and colds’ was scripted, filmed and edited as a prototype to gain further feedback. Volunteers via the hospital ‘Patient forum’ then formed three focus groups (5–10 years, 10–16 years and adults) to provide both verbal and written feedback via a structured questionnaire. This information was then analysed using common theme analysis. Results 100% (24/24) felt that having information videos in the emergency waiting rooms was a good idea. The majority felt they would like to see more videos (83%, 20/24) and 75% (18/24) of all age groups would rather watch videos over reading information leaflets (Figure 1). Common themes that emerged included the use of modern technology to make the videos more accessible and appealing. For example development of a website, mobile phone applications and touch screen computers. Several participants also felt it would be useful to have sign language/ videos translated into other languages. Conclusion Further research will be sought following this feedback to find out what sources of information are currently being used prior to attending the emergency department. A library of videos will then be produced to provide a comprehensive library of information to patients, parents and carers for use within the paediatric emergency department. This will then be utilised with modern technology to target user groups in the most accessible way.