cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Short-Term Effects of Whole-Body Exposure to 56Fe Ions in Combination with Musculoskeletal Disuse on Bone Cells

Abstract Space travel and prolonged bed rest cause bone loss due to musculoskeletal disuse. In space, radiation fields may also have detrimental consequences because charged particles traversing the tissues of the body can elicit a wide range of cytotoxic and genotoxic lesions. The effects of heavy-ion radiation exposure in combination with musculoskeletal disuse on bone cells and tissue are not known. To explore this, normally loaded 16-week-old male C57BL/6 mice were exposed to 56Fe ions (1 GeV/nucleon) at doses of 0 cGy (sham), 10 cGy, 50 cGy or 2 Gy 3 days before tissue harvest. Additional mice were hindlimb unloaded by tail traction continuously for 1 week to simulate weightlessness and exposed to 56Fe-ion radiation (0 cGy, 50 cGy, 2 Gy) 3 days before tissue harvest. Despite the short duration of this study, low-dose (10, 50 cGy) irradiation of normally loaded mice reduced trabecular volume fraction (BV/TV) in the proximal tibiae by 18% relative to sham-irradiated controls. Hindlimb unloading togethe...
MESSAGES OF EXCLUSION Gender, Movements, and Symbolic Boundaries

This article examines two disputes within sex and gender movements, using them to think through inclusion/exclusion processes, the place of such explosions in the construction of collective identity, and the gendered nature of social movements. Literatures on collective identity emphasize the ways boundary negotiation reinforces the solidarity necessary for collective action and note benefits of solid boundaries, yet downplay the role of internal conflict in the making of collective identities. The cases examined here both involved the explicit expulsion of some “members”: the North American Man/Boy Love Association from the International Lesbian and Gay Association, and transsexuals from the Michigan Womyn's Music Festival. An incongruence between practical participation and symbolic exclusion suggests that internal movement debates are best understood as public communications, depending heavily on the communicative environment. Finally, these stories raise questions about the gendered nature of collecti...
The pathologist is not a lonely sailor on the sea.

The advent of digital pathology and the consequent use of virtual microscopy have allowed insights into the processes used by pathologists to interpret a histopathological slide. Recently Roa-Pena, Gomez, and Romero[1] have added to the literature by studying the navigation strategies of four pathologists reading a very small case set of six virtual slides depicting different organ/disease combinations. The pathologists’ task was to identify the organ and, whenever possible, to provide a diagnosis of the disease process present. They used a custom-made interface, with two images depicted side-by-side in a single display: (1) a large thumb image showing the entire virtual slide, where all navigation, panning, and zooming activities were carried out by moving and/or modifying a small ‘view’ window; and (2) a large resolution image of the ‘view’ window. The authors reported that about half of the time spent reading the slide was used to closely examine areas of interest, whereas the other half was spent navigating through the piece, zooming, changing the ‘view’ window, etc. This is in agreement with a ‘search-and-focus’ strategy that has been reported elsewhere.[2] However, a unique aspect of this study is that the authors used different criteria to determine the pathologists’ ‘regions of interest’ (ROI). Among them (i) a group-based ‘coincidence’ criterion, according to which a given area had to be examined by more than one pathologist; and (ii) an ‘individual’ criterion, which took into account any areas that a single pathologist spent some time examining. Using these criteria, they reported a high ‘coincidence’ rate of areas visited by more than one pathologist, ranging from 41% in a gallbladder sample to 97% in a sample of the endomyometrium (mean: 70.5%). However, when the authors contrasted the ROIs that were determined using the ‘coincidence’ and the ‘individual’ criteria, their results suggested a low level of agreement. This led them to conclude that individual pathologists search each slide using their own unique strategies, and no general patterns can be observed despite the high ‘coincidence’ rates. While these results are somewhat surprising, before taking them at face value one needs to consider the very small sample size of the study and the custom-made interface with its own unique characteristics. I will address these results in the following commentary.
Comparison of chemical analysis of residual monomer in a chemical-cured dental acrylic material to an FTIR method.

Abstract Objective The purpose of this work was to perform quantitative analysis of residual monomer in chemical-cured acrylic using an infrared spectroscopic method and to compare it to an accepted form of quantitative chemical analysis. Identical samples of acrylic were analyzed and compared using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy with multiple standard additions vs. “wet” chemical analysis of bromination followed by titration. Methods Two 6 g disks from a single mix of cold-cured acrylic (Lang Dental Mfg. Co., Inc.) were prepared and cured in room air for 1 hr using a ratio of 12 g of powder to 8 mL of liquid. One of the cold-cured acrylic disks was dissolved in glacial acetic acid and analyzed according to the “wet” technique described by Smith and Bains (Smith and Bains,1956). The other disk was dissolved in methyl isobutyrate (MIBT). Five aliquots, zero plus four incremental additions of pure methyl methacrylate (MMA), were prepared from the MIBT solution. Absorption spectra were collected for all five aliquots. The data were plotted with the ratio of the mass of methyl methacrylate added to the mass of aliquot of MIBT solution as the independent variable, and the absorption, corrected for dilution, as the dependent variable. Least squares fit of the data yielded the slope and intercept. The ratio of intercept to slope divided by the weight fraction of the acrylic disk dissolved in MIBT yielded the concentration of methyl methacrylate in the disk. Results The plot of absorbance as a function of mass ratio of MMA added to MIBT solution was linear over the concentration range covered (r = 0.999). Analysis of the spectroscopic data revealed a concentration of residual C=C double bonds of 0.32 ± 0.01 mol/kg. “Wet” chemical analysis of the acrylic yielded a concentration of residual C=C double bonds of 0.288 ± 0.003 mol/kg. There was significant difference (students Mest, 99% confidence level) between the two techniques with respect to the amount of residual monomer calculated. Significance The multiple standard additions technique works well for the quantitative analysis of small amounts of residual double bonds in the poly(methyl methacrylate) chemical-cured acrylic polymer system, eliminating the need for an internal standard or external calibration.
CONTEMPORARY PERSPECTIVES ON WOMEN'S ENTREPRENEURSHIP: A REVIEW AND STRATEGIC RECOMMENDATIONS

The study of women's entrepreneurship has grown steadily during the last two decades, as the number of women-owned businesses worldwide has increased dramatically. This article presents an examination of major research questions and highlights the most recent scholarship on women's entrepreneurship within several key domains. The findings integrate broad areas of inquiry, including the emergence of women-owned firms in the global economy, entrepreneurial and firm characteristics, financing patterns, the greatest challenges to enterprise growth, and the influence of culture and family on the entrepreneurial organization. Recommendations are provided to contribute to an increased understanding of the dynamics of women-headed entrepreneurial enterprises around the world.
Differential reinforcement effects on matching-order sequences

Three pigeons were previously trained on the matching-to-sample task with yellow, white, and blue stimuli. After acquisition, each of the three center-column keys of a nine-key response panel presented a different sample. The pigeons could match the three samples in any order. Then, reinforcement was provided only for particular sample matches, and later for matches on only one level (upper, middle, or lower keys). Intermittent reinforcement reduced matching accuracy. The birds frequently matched the only reinforced sample first. Later, they first matched whichever sample appeared on the only reinforced level. Additional novel-form stimuli reduced matching accuracy, and novel colors yielded some evidence of transfer of matching.
Comparison of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy with dual-photon absorptiometry and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in the measurement of thoracic vertebral bone mineral density: Compressive force versus bone mineral

31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMRS) measurements were made on human T2 and T3 vertebral bodies. The bone mineral content (BMC) of isolated vertebral bodies minus the posterior elements and disks was measured using (1) NMRS on a 3.5 T, 85 mm bore GE Medical Systems NT-150 superconducting spectrometer, (2) a Lunar Corporation DPX-L dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scanner in an anterior-posterior (AP) orientation, (3) a Norland Corporation XR26 DXA scanner, also in an AP direction, and (4) a Norland Corporation model 2600 dual-photon absorptiometry (DPA) densitometer in both the AP and superior-inferior (SI) directions. Vertebral body volumes were measured using a water displacement technique to determine volume bone mineral densities (VBMD). They were then compressed to failure using an electrohydraulic testing device, followed by ashing in a muffle furnace at 700 °C for 18 h. Correlations of BMC between NMRS and DPA, DXA and ashing were excellent (0.96⩽r⩽0.99); in a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test, means were not statistically different at ap level of 0.757. The correlations of VBMD between NMRS and the other methods were not as good (0.83⩽r⩽0.95); in a one-way ANOVA test, means were not statistically different at ap level of 0.089. BMC was a better predictor of ultimate compressive failure than VBMD for all six methods. For NMRS, the regression coefficient for BMC wasr2=0.806, compared withr2=0.505 for VBMD. NMRS may prove an alternative to present methods of determing bone mineral.
Enhanced Time-Domain Photoacoustic Tomography through Total-Variation Minimization

A total variation minimization based iterative algorithm is described in this paper that enhances the quality of reconstructed images with time domain data over that obtained previously with a regularized least squares approach.
Mono- Versus Polyubiquitination: Differential Control of p53 Fate by Mdm2

Although Mdm2-mediated ubiquitination is essential for both degradation and nuclear export of p53, the molecular basis for the differential effects of Mdm2 remains unknown. Here we show that low levels of Mdm2 activity induce monoubiquitination and nuclear export of p53, whereas high levels promote p53's polyubiquitination and nuclear degradation. A p53-ubiquitin fusion protein that mimics monoubiquitinated p53 was found to accumulate in the cytoplasm in an Mdm2-independent manner, indicating that monoubiquitination is critical for p53 trafficking. These results clarify the nature of ubiquitination-mediated p53 regulation and suggest that distinct mechanisms regulate p53 function in accordance with the levels of Mdm2 activity.
Mild prenatal stress in rats is associated with enhanced conditioned fear.

Abstract We tested the hypothesis that prenatal stress would enhance conditioned fear in adult rats. Pregnant Sprague–Dawley rats were stressed by exposure to a novel environment and subcutaneous injection of saline (0.1 ml 0.9% NaCl) at random times daily from Days 14 to 21 of pregnancy. When compared to adult control (CON) male rats from unmanipulated pregnancies, adult prenatally stressed (PS) male rats showed increased freezing behavior in response to acute footshock as well as increased freezing behavior the next day in the same context, without shock delivery. In another experiment, the gestational stressor was examined for elevations in corticosterone and ACTH. At gestational days (G)15, G17, G19 and G21, maternal and fetal plasma was collected. Analysis showed elevations in corticosterone and ACTH in the PS dams when compared to the CON dams. Additionally, increased corticosterone was found in the PS fetuses when compared to the CON fetuses. Finally, some CON and PS litters were examined for alterations in length of gestation, number of pups born, bodyweight on postnatal day (P)1 and anogenital distance on P1 and differences were not found. In conclusion, our data demonstrate that a mild stressor during gestation, sufficient to raise plasma corticosterone and ACTH, is associated with enhanced conditioned fear during adulthood.
Dopaminergic-induced changes in Mauthner cell excitability disrupt prepulse inhibition in the startle circuit of goldfish.

Prepulse inhibition (PPI) is a widespread sensorimotor gating phenomenon characterized by a decrease in startle magnitude if a nonstartling stimulus is presented 20–1,000 ms before a startling stim...
Interview with Leroy Hood

Leroy Hood has an MD from Johns Hopkins and a PhD from Caltech. He was a professor at Caltech for 22 years, at the University of Washington for 8 years, and has been President and co-founder of the Institute for Systems Biology for the past 13 years. His interests include technology development, molecular immunology, genomics, systems biology, cancer and neurodegeneration. He has published more than 700 papers, has 36 patents and has been involved in the start-up of 13 different companies. He has won numerous awards including the Lasker Award (1987), the Kyoto Prize (2002), the Russ Prize (2011) and, most recently, the Medal of Science (2011). He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineer and the Institute of Medicine. He is currently focused on taking a systems approach to disease. Here he talks to Lisa Parks, Assistant Commissioning Editor of Bioanalysis.
Ecology and pathogenicity of gastrointestinal Streptococcus bovis

Abstract Streptococcus bovis is an indigenous resident in the gastrointestinal tracts of both humans and animals. S. bovis is one of the major causes of bacterial endocarditis and has been implicated in the incidence of human colon cancer, possibly due to chronic inflammatory response at the site of intestinal colonization. Certain feeding regimens in ruminants can lead to overgrowth of S. bovis in the rumen, resulting in the over-production of lactate and capsular polysaccharide causing acute ruminal acidosis and bloat, respectively. There are multiple strategies in controlling acute lactic acidosis and bloat. The incidence of the two diseases may be controlled by strict dietary management. Gradual introduction of grain-based diets and the feeding of coarsely chopped roughage decrease the incidence of the two disease entities. Ionophores, which have been used to enhance feed conversion and growth rate in cattle, have been shown to inhibit the growth of lactic acid bacteria in the rumen. Other methods of controlling lactic acid bacteria in the ruminal environment (dietary supplementation of long-chain fatty acids, induction of passive and active immune responses to the bacteria, and the use of lytic bacteriophages) have also been investigated. It is anticipated that through continued in-depth ecological analysis of S. bovis the characteristics responsible for human and animal pathogenesis would be sufficiently identified to a point where more effective control strategies for the control of this bacteria can be developed.
The Nursing Reference Shelf: A Survey

Concerns of nursing literature today reflect the aspirations and changing character of the profession as it seeks to:
Textual scholarship: Ideologies of literary production

(1991). Textual Scholarship: Ideologies of Literary Production. Exemplaria: Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 109-131.
Excitation Transfer in Aggregated and Linearly Confined Poly(p-phenylene vinylene) Chains †

We simulate the nonradiative excitation energy transfer in an ensemble of poly(p-phenylene vinylene) (PPV) chains the configurations of which were calculated using a random growth algorithm. The polymers are viewed as a series of phenyl−vinyl oligomers of various lengths, separated from one another through conformational defects. Initially excited chromophores, corresponding to short segments of PPV oligomers in the polymer, transfer excitations nonradiatively to longer oligomers of lower electronic energy with transfer rates as described by Forster theory. Transfer occurs in a short period of time (<50 ps) and within a small local area (∼52 A) around the initially excited chromophore. We find in our simulations that the majority of the excitation gets trapped in local minima corresponding to medium length oligomers (with six to eight phenyl rings) and does not eventually find the global energy minimum. Excitation transfer dynamics are presented for PPV chains inserted into mesoporous silica matrixes, whi...
Synthesis and characterization of multiblock semi-crystalline hydrophobic poly(ether ether ketone)–hydrophilic disulfonated poly(arylene ether sulfone) copolymers for proton exchange membranes

Abstract Multiblock copolymers based on alternating segments of telechelic phenoxide terminated hydrophilic fully disulfonated poly(arylene ether sulfone) (BPS100) and decafluorobiphenyl (DFBP) terminated hydrophobic poly(arylene ether ketimine) (PEEKt), were synthesized from the hydrophilic and ketimine-protected amorphous hydrophobic telechelic oligomers by nucleophilic coupling reactions. After film formation from DMSO, the copolymer was acidified, which converted the ketimine to semi-crystalline ketone segments and the sulfonate salts to disulfonic acids. A semi-crystalline phase with a T m of 325 °C was confirmed. The semi-crystalline multiblock copolymer membranes were tough, ductile and solvent resistant. Fundamental properties as proton exchange membranes (PEMs) showed enhanced conductivities under fully hydrated and reduced humidity conditions. These multiblock copolymers exhibited low in-plane anisotropic swelling behavior, in contrast to the random copolymers.
Porous Cobalt‐Based Thin Film as a Bifunctional Catalyst for Hydrogen Generation and Oxygen Generation

A mixed-phased Co-based catalyst composed of Co phosphide and Co phosphate is successfully fabricated for bifunctional water electrolysis. The highly porous morphology in this anodized film enables efficient catalytic activity toward water splitting in an extremely low loading mass. The mixed phases in the porous film afford an ability to generate both H2 and O2 in a single electrolyzer.
Determination of the extent of methylation of tRNA.

Abstract A method is presented for determining the extent of methylation of tRNAs synthesized in mammalian and bacterial cell systems and is based upon determining the distribution of radioactivity associated with the guanine constituents of total cellular tRNA preparations previously labeled with [2-14C]guanosine and with [methyl]-3H or -14C]methionine. Whereas labeling with guanosine provides a means of assessing the extent of methylation of the [2-14C]guanine residues incorporated into tRNA, methionine labeling provides a measure of the percentage of [methyl-3H or -14C]methylated constituents that are methylated guanines. Analyses such as the above reveal that the tRNA of KB cells acquires approximately three times as many methyl groups as that of E. coli B tRNA. Coupled with the knowledge that both mammalian and bacterial tRNA preparations contain an average of 24 guanine residues per molecule, the above analyses further reveal that 7.2 and 2.4 methyl groups are incorporated into each tRNA molecule synthesized in exponentially growing KB- and E. coli B-cells, respectively. Additional information regarding the extent of formation of individual methylated constituents per tRNA molecule synthesized is presented.
Mediation of suppression of c-fos transcription in rasT24-transformed rat cells by a cis-acting repressor element

Prolonged expression of activated ras mutants resulted in both neoplastic transformation and suppression of serum-induced c-fos expression in Rat1 fibroblasts. Expression of other serum-inducible genes, including c-jun and β-actin, was not suppressed in ras-transformed Rat1 cells, indicating that these effects are specific for c-fos and that growth-factor signal transduction pathways remain essentially intact. Run-on transcription studies indicated that c-fos transcription was blocked at the level of initiation in these cells. Transient transfection studies using 360 bp from the wild-type c-fos promoter as well as a series of mutated c-fos promoter fragments linked to the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene indicated that repression of c-fos was mediated by approximately 49 bp immediately upstream of the dyad symmetry element (DSE). Deletion of this region, referred to as the upstream represser region (URR), restored serum inducibility to the c-fos promoter in ras-transformed cells. In contrast, suppression of c-fos transcription was not affected by either deletion of 240 bp between the DSE and the TATA element or by base-substitution mutations that inactivate the ternary complex factor and fos-AP-1-like binding sites. In addition, in vitro competition studies indicated that ras-transformed cells express one or more represser factors that interact with as-yet-unidentified elements within the c-fos promoter (possibly the URR) and block serum induction of c-fos. These findings suggest that prolonged expression of activated ras results in the activation of one or more as-yet-unidentified proteins that suppress transcription of the c-fos gene by interacting with the URR. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Plasticity of substance P in mature and aged sympathetic neurons in culture

The effect of age on the plasticity of the putative peptide neurotransmitter substance P (SP) was examined in the rat superior cervical sympathetic ganglion. Explantation of ganglia from 6-month-old rats to serum-supplemented culture resulted in a tenfold increase in SP concentration, reproducing results previously obtained for ganglia from neonatal rats. Veratridine prevented the increase in SP concentration in adult ganglia, and tetrodotoxin blocked the veratridine effect, suggesting that membrane depolarization and sodium influx prevented the rise in the SP content of adult ganglia as well as of neonatal ganglia. However, the time courses of the increase in the amount of the peptide differed in neonatal and mature ganglia, suggesting that some aspects of regulation may differ in the two. The effects of aging on neural plasticity were further analyzed by explanting ganglia from 2-year-old rats. No significant increase in SP concentration was observed in these ganglia. Remarkable plasticity thus seems to persist in mature neurons but may be deficient in aged sympathetic neurons.
Use of Endobronchial Valves for the Treatment of Bronchopleural Fistulas after Thermal Ablation of Lung Neoplasms

Persistent air leaks resulting from bronchopleural fistulas (BPFs) are a rare but serious side effect of thermal ablation. Traditionally, BPFs are treated with surgery; however, patients receiving ablation are often poor surgical candidates and require minimally invasive treatment. The present report describes four cases of BPFs following ablation, which were treated with endobronchial valves (EBVs). In three of the four patients, the pneumothoraces resolved after valve placement. One patient required further treatment with pleurodesis. EBVs can selectively block inspiratory airflow while allowing expiratory flow with drainage of air and secretions. In select patients, EBVs are a viable treatment option for BPFs.
Charge‐state distributuion and electric‐discharge suppression in negative‐ion electrospray mass spectrometry using/chlorinated solvents

Solvent effects in electrospray mass spectrometry performed in the negaative-ion mode have been examined, for a series of low-nucleophilicity chlorinated solvents. The charge-state distribution of a test analyte was observed to change radically with the nature of the solvent. Formation of anions of higher charge stae was favored in solvents of higher polarity. The shift in the charge-state distribution has been largely attributed to improved solvation of chaarge sites by increasingly polar solvents. Evidence suggests that valence electrons of the chlorine atoms do not contribute significantly to solvation of acidic protons. Highly chlorinated solvents in teh electrospray bath gas serve to suppress electrical (corona) discharge phenomena. The latter effect was magnified with increasing percent weight of chlorine in the solvent. The observed discharge suppression has been attributed to electron-capture preocesses. This solvent effect was muted when a highly efficient electron seavenger(i. e., SF6) comprised the elctrospray high gas.
North China famine revisited: Unsung native relief in the warlord Era, 1920-1921

This paper makes the case that in China's most severe food crisis of the first quarter of the twentieth century—the great north China famine of 1920–1921—considerable life-saving relief was generated by three largely-neglected segments of Chinese society: Buddhist and other native charity efforts working along parallel social channels to the better-publicized missionary and international relief groups; the Republic's much-maligned military establishment; and officials and residents of the stricken communities themselves who were operating largely ‘below the radar’ of the distant, mostly city-based chroniclers of the famine whose voices have been privileged in the later history-writing process. Despite the recent fall of the Qing and the beginnings of a fractured era of warring between provincial governors, this paper suggests that communities in the increasingly neglected periphery of 1920 north China were significantly more viable and attentive to social welfare needs than has been previously recognized.
A Simplified Method of Calculating Voltage Regulation Using Unit Impedance Power-Reactive Diagrams [includes discussion]

The methods of analysis described provide a convenient way to calculate the voltage regulation characteristics of a transmission network as viewed from a single bulk load connected to the network. The methods apply equally well for single transmission lines and radial type of multiple circuit systems.
Self as an Organized System of Valuations: Toward a Dialogue With the Person

In describing the self as an organized system of valuations, the concept valuation refers to anything a person finds important in his or her everyday situation. A self-confrontation method is described in detail as a means of making a person's system of valuations explicit, with due regard to its affective properties. The method shows how the system is organized and reorganized over the course of time. This procedure is illustrated in a longitudinal case study of a person with an identity problem who spontaneously changed her name in the process of solving this problem. Essential for the proposed method of investigation is that the person has the position of selfinvestigator and reflects on his or her experiences in a dialogical relationship with the psychologist. In his essay "The Ego in Contemporary Psychology," Allport (1960) argued that the concept of self must be given a prominent position in psychological theory: "For only with its aid can psychologists reconcile the human nature that they study and the human nature that they serve" (p. 90). For the present article, the inspiration was to reconcile "studying the person" and "contributing to the person's life" by exploring the midpoint between measurement and treatment. The aim was to describe a new theory about the self and to derive an assessment method from it. The parts of the article will be presented in the following order: (a) description of valuation theory in terms of its constituent elements, processes, and relations; (b) presentation of the self-confrontation method; and (c) illustration of the method by its application to an actual case.
Would Caccini approve

Although it is known that improvisation was an important part of musical performance in the 16th and 17th centuries, studying how extemporaneous elements were incorporated into real-world situations has proven to be difficult. Improvisers, by nature, do not record what they do, but there is evidence that points to some of these individuals attempting to document their approach to music, namely in ornamentation manuals and individual pieces with written-out embellishment. Among these sources is British Library Ms. Egerton 2971, a 37-folio volume probably dating from the second or third decade of the 17th century, which contains, among other things, embellished versions of Giulio Caccini’s Amarilli, mia bella and Dolcissimo sospiro, first published in Le nuove musiche (Florence, 1602). Sources like this, despite some inherent problems, offer the clearest window into the minds of improvisers of the time, and warrant further study.The research in this article serves two purposes. First, the versions of Amarilli, mia bella and Dolcissimo sospiro contained in Egerton 2971 will be examined and compared to those published in Le nuove musiche as a case study of early 17th-century improvisation. Second, because of Caccini’s open disdain for singers taking liberties with his compositions, an attempt will be made to see if these pieces might be examples of such treatments. The crux of the article aims to show that ornamentation of the time, at least as shown in these examples, was not a random act of substituting stereotyped musical patterns for given intervals, but instead points to a more robust idea of improvisatory thought. Rather than looking at individual ornaments or how specific musical gestures might have painted certain words, the overall structure of the ornamentation is examined to show that it is subject to deeper and subtler intellectual considerations of poetic structure, overall musical structure, and rhetoric.
Morphine versus haloperidol catalepsy in the rat: a behavioral analysis of postural support mechanisms

Our experiments demonstrate that morphine and haloperidol produce two distinct and contrasting behavioral states, which can be thought of as exaggerated, isolated, and simplified forms of organized adaptive behavioral states functioning as components of normal motivated behavior. Haloperidol catalepsy constitutes an organized state in which tonic reactions subserving the maintenance of stable static equilibrium prevail, at the expense of phasic locomotor reactions. In contrast, morphine produces an immobility state characterized by inhibition of the postural support subsystem, and compatible with or preparatory to locomotor rather than static postural reactions. haloperidol-treated rats (1, 2.5, 5, 10 mg/kg i.p.) display exaggeraged bracing reactions to passive displacement as well as to stimuli which do not actively challenge stable equilibrium. In contrast, rats treated with morphine sulfate (10, 20, 40, 80 mg/kg i.p.) show a dose-dependent suppression of bracing and an exaggerated tendency to run in response to stimuli which produce bracing in haloperidol-treated rats. Further evidence that haloperidol-treated rats are organized to stand still in stable equilibrium includes their typical posture during akinesia (i.e. broad-based support), bradykinesia, tonic grasping and enhanced postural components of contact- and air-righting. Under morphine, however, the postural support subsystem is dispensed with, as evidenced by the posture of akinesia (i.e. a frozen phase of the locomotor step cycle associated with loss of limb support), absence of tonic grasping, and nature of the deficits in contact- and air-righting. Furthermore, the opiate-induced immobility state is accompanied by an increased readiness to locomote. Morphine produces an alternation between two extreme behavioral states: complete immobility (inhibition of the postural support subsystem) versus locomotor paroxysms (varying degrees of 'explosive motor behavior'). We suggest that the postures or actions adopted by morphine-treated rats involve movement subsystems concerned with the adaptive behavioral state known as the 'immobility reflex' ('tonic immobility', 'animal hypnosis').
Job stress in university, corporate, and military personnel

The Job Stress Survey (JSS) was administered to large samples of university and corporate employees and senior military personnel. Differences in the perceived severity, frequency of occurrence, and overall level of occupational stress were evaluated for individuals working in these settings. Gender differences in job stress and the factor structure of the JSS were also evaluated. Two occupational stress factors were identified, Job Pressure and Organizational Support, which were remarkably stable for males and females and for individuals working in university, corporate, and military settings. Corporate employees reported higher levels of perceived severity of job stress than the other groups, whereas military personnel reported that they more frequently experienced almost all of the job stress events. No overall differences were found for the three groups in the JSS Job Stress Index.
Transplantation of human embryonic stem cell-derived photoreceptors restores some visual function in Crx-deficient mice.

SUMMARY Some of the most common causes of blindness involve the degeneration of photoreceptors in the neural retina; photoreceptor replacement therapy might restore some vision in these individuals. Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) could, in principle, provide a source of photoreceptors to repair the retina. We have previously shown that retinal progenitors can be efficiently derived from human ESCs. We now show that retinal cellsderivedfromhumanESCswillmigrateintomouse retinas following intraocular injection, settle into the appropriate layers, and express markers for differentiated cells, including both rod and cone photoreceptor cells. After transplantation of the cells into the subretinal space of adult Crx � /� mice (a model of Leber’s Congenital Amaurosis), the hESC-derived retinal cells differentiate into functional photoreceptorsandrestorelightresponsestotheanimals.These results demonstrate that hESCs can, in principle, be used for photoreceptor replacement therapies.
Mortality trends in the African cherry (Prunus africana) and the implications for colobus monkeys (Colobus guereza) in Kakamega Forest, Kenya

Abstract Prunus africana (Hook.f.) Kalkm. is a secondary forest canopy tree species that has been declining over much of its geographical range in sub-Saharan Africa during recent decades due to unsustainable harvesting of its bark for the international medicinal plant trade. One of the locations where the species is experiencing rapid mortality is Isecheno study site in the Kakamega Forest, Kenya where this study was conducted. Between 1997 and 2003, 21% of the P. africana (⩾10 cm DBH) at Isecheno died and an additional 9% experienced ⩾50% canopy dieback. However, scars from bark harvesting on P. africana were relatively small and scarred trees were not more likely to be dead or dying than unscarred trees, suggesting that bark exploitation is not causing P. africana mortality at Isecheno. Other possible causes that require further evaluation include disease, insect attack, nutrient deficiency, and/or climatic fluctuation. The poor regeneration of P. africana at Isecheno can likely be explained by the relative lack of recent disturbance coupled with the thick undergrowth layer at this site. P. africana mortality is of concern not only because the species is listed as Vulnerable by IUCN, but also because black and white colobus monkeys [Colobus guereza (Ruppell, 1835)] at Isecheno exploit it as their top food species and are particularly reliant on its leaves during times of `preferred' Moraceae fruit scarcity. The anticipated continued decline of P. africana may have adverse effects on C. guereza feeding habits, intergroup relations, and population density at Isecheno. Conservation of P. africana offers a formidable challenge since the species appears to require disturbance for regeneration, yet at sites where disturbance is occurring, P. africana is often a target of bark harvesters engaging in unsustainable levels of exploitation.
Interleukin-18 displays effects opposite to those of interleukin- 1 in the regulation of neuroendocrine stress axis

The effects of interleukin-18 (IL-18), a putative member of the IL-1 family, were investigated on basal and stimulated release of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and prostanoids from rat hypothalamic explants and glial cells in vitro. We found that IL-18 decreases basal and KCl-stimulated CRH release from the hypothalamus. IL-18 also reduced CRH gene expression after 1- and 3-h incubation. The cytokine did not modify basal PGE2 production by hypothalamic explants but abolished production stimulated by IL-1β. Similar effects were also observed on cultured glial cells. The present findings show that IL-18 possesses a profile of in vitro neuroendocrine activities opposing to, and even antagonizing, those of IL-1β.
Predicting Permeation of Organic Contaminants into Polyethylenes

AbstractA model was developed and validated for predicting solubility and diffusion coefficients for contaminants permeating polyethylene (PE) materials used for water pipes and geomembranes. Model development was based on diffusivity and solubility of 13 contaminants and six PE materials that were new and/or aged in chlorinated water. Physical and chemical properties of the contaminants and PEs were included as variables in the model. Tree regression was used to select variables, and multiple linear regression was used to develop predictive equations for contaminant diffusivity and solubility in PE. Organic contaminant properties, especially dipole moment and octanol-water partition coefficient, had greater predictive capability than PE properties. Coefficients of determination (R2)>0.8 were obtained for the multiple linear regressions. Model coefficients changed slightly between new PE materials and chlorine-aged PE, but these changes were not statistically significant. Good agreement was demonstrated b...
Hypersensitive to red and blue 1 and its modification by protein phosphatase 7 are implicated in the control of Arabidopsis stomatal aperture.

The stomatal pores are located on the plant leaf epidermis and regulate CO2 uptake for photosynthesis and the loss of water by transpiration. Their stomatal aperture therefore affects photosynthesis, water use efficiency, and agricultural crop yields. Blue light, one of the environmental signals that regulates the plant stomatal aperture, is perceived by the blue/UV-A light-absorbing cryptochromes and phototropins. The signal transduction cascades that link the perception of light to the stomatal opening response are still largely unknown. Here, we report two new players, Hypersensitive to Red and Blue 1 (HRB1) and Protein Phosphatase 7 (PP7), and their genetic and biochemical interactions in the control of stomatal aperture. Mutations in either HRB1 or PP7 lead to the misregulation of the stomatal aperture and reduce water loss under blue light. Both HRB1 and PP7 are expressed in the guard cells in response to a light-to-dark or dark-to-light transition. HRB1 interacts with PP7 through its N-terminal ZZ-type zinc finger motif and requires a functional PP7 for its stomatal opening response. HRB1 is phosphorylated in vivo, and PP7 can dephosphorylate HRB1. HRB1 is mostly dephosphorylated in a protein complex of 193 kDa in the dark, and blue light increases complex size to 285 kDa. In the pp7 mutant, this size shift is impaired, and HRB1 is predominately phosphorylated. We propose that a modification of HRB1 by PP7 under blue light is essential to acquire a proper conformation or to bring in new components for the assembly of a functional HRB1 protein complex. Guard cells control stomatal opening in response to multiple environmental or biotic stimuli. This study may furnish strategies that allow plants to enjoy the advantages of both constitutive and ABA-induced protection under water-limiting conditions.
Application of artificial neural networks in industrial technology

The application of artificial neural networks to industrial technology is an area that has great potential for exploitation. Many of the applications developed at the University of Tennessee and Oak Ridge National Laboratory are related to equipment and facilities in nuclear power plants. However, the basic principles involved are the same whether the application is to a check valve, rotating machinery, inspection for wear in mechanical system or the evaluation of fatigue life. It makes little difference whether the component or system is part of a nuclear power plants, a manufacturing plant, or a chemical processing plant. Data are used to train a neural network to model the input-output relationships of the systems involved, and patterns associated with specific modes of behavior or characteristics are identified. The results from the artificial neural network must then be put in a form that is useful to the operators and/or engineers concerned with the system. This can involve a simple computer program, an expert system, a fuzzy system, or a human factors related methodology. >
Motion estimation from points without correspondences from orthographic projections

The authors present a novel algorithm for recovering motion parameters of the 3D point sets given point coordinates in three orthographic projections before and after motion. The algorithm requires no correspondences between two time instants and only a few correspondences in projections at the second time instant. The 3S scatter matrix of the 3D sets is calculated from 2D scatter matrices of projections. The algorithm uses matrix-eigendecomposition of the 3D scatter matrix to determine four candidate solutions for the rotation matrix. >
The Heat Shock Response in Soybean Seedlings

The response of a wide array of organisms to heat shock (hs) has been studied (e.g. Ritossa, 1962; Kelley and Schlesinger, 1978; McAlister and Finkelstein, 1980; Barnett et al., 1980; Guttman et al., 1980; Neidhardt and Van Bogelen, 1981; Key et al., 1981, 1982; Baszczynski et al., 1982; Scharf and Nover, 1982; Altschuler and Mascarenhas, 1982), with Drosophila serving as a model for this work (see Ashburner and Bonner, 1979). In general when the growth temperature is elevated a few degrees (± 10°) above “normal”, there is a marked decrease in most normal protein synthesis and turn on of synthesis of a new set of proteins (heat shock proteins or hsp’s). This dramatic switch in pattern of protein synthesis results from changes in both mRNA production and mRNA utilization in Drosophila (e.g. Ashburner and Bonner, 1979) and in plants (Key, et al., 1981 and Schoffl and Key, 1982). While there is no definitive information on the role or functions of the hsp’s, the available evidence generally supports the view that hsp’s afford some protection or “thermal tolerance” to the organism (e.g. Mitchell et al., 1979; Loomis and Wheeler, 1980, 1982; McAlister and Finkelstein, 1980; Key et al., 1982; Li and Werb, 1982).
Acardius anceps with evidence of intrauterine vascular occlusion: report of a case and discussion of the pathogenesis.

An acardiac anomaly (holoacardius anceps) showed advanced development of the head and lower body parts in the absence of all thoracic and upper abdominal viscera. Large vascular anastomoses in the vertebral canal formed the only blood supply to the head. The two-vessel umbilical cord of the acardius contained calcified mural thrombi in both vessels. Severe fetal hydrops resulted in an exceptionally large birth weight of 3720 g. Fibroblasts from the acardius showed chromosomal mosaicism. The surviving co-twin was remarkable for a widely patent ductus artenosus, unilateral multicystic renal dysplasia, and a normal chromosome complement. The circumscribed absence of organ development in the thorax and upper abdomen of the acardius and the vascular anatomy with thrombosis of the umbilical vessels suggest that an occlusion of thoracic and abdominal vessels was significant in the development of this acardiac malformation and should be considered as a possible pathogenetic mechanism in similar cases of acardia.
Chapter 20 – The Ascent of Water in Plants

This chapter describes how water gets to the top of tall trees. The cohesion theory, described by Dixon and Joly in 1895, is the best theory to explain how water rises in plants. It assumes that diffusion of water from the xylem elements in contact with leaf cells creates tension within the water columns of the xylem. This tension is possible because of the cohesion of water molecules. Tension in the water columns is then assumed to lift water from the roots to the leaves. Evidence for the cohesion theory is given, including a calculation that shows that water has the cohesive strength to withstand the great tensions in the xylem. Alternative theories to the cohesion theory are given, but shown not to have strong evidence. The potentials that exist in the soil–plant–atmosphere continuum are given, assuming that the cohesion theory is valid. Appendices give biographies of Dixon and Joly.
The Omics Revolution in Agricultural Research.

The Agrochemicals Division cosponsored the 13th International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry International Congress of Pesticide Chemistry held as part of the 248th National Meeting and Exposition of the American Chemical Society in San Francisco, CA, USA, August 10–14, 2014. The topic of the Congress was Crop, Environment, and Public Health Protection; Technologies for a Changing World. Over 1000 delegates participated in the Congress with interactive scientific programming in nine major topic areas including the challenges and opportunities of agricultural biotechnology. Plenary speakers addressed global issues related to the Congress theme prior to the daily technical sessions. The plenary lecture addressing the challenges and opportunities that omic technologies provide agricultural research is presented here. The plenary lecture provided the diverse audience with information on a complex subject to stimulate research ideas and provide a glimpse of the impact of omics on agricultural research.
A High Melting Point Ferulate from Soapstock of Rice Bran Oil

Two kinds of high melting Point ferulates (mp 185.3186.5°C and 190.7191.7°C) as phenolic substances have been confirmed in the soapstock of rice bran oil. The formulas of these two ferulates have been established as same formula, C41H60O4.By saponification with alcoholic potassium hydroxide solution, these two ferulates have been converted into ferulic acid and two kinds of triterpenoid alcohols C31H52O having different melting points (170.5171.0°C and 179.4181.0°C).
Modeling the Response Pattern to Direct Marketing Campaigns

The authors propose a new model of response pattern to a direct marketing campaign. They estimate their model and four competing model forms using a new maximum likelihood procedure for response da...
Monitoring of AIDS in married women in Lishui from other regions during 2007～2009

Objective:To understand the foreign marriage lishui female HIV infection and AIDS provide basis for decision-making.Methods:A cluster sample of lishui nine 9560 county of foreign marriage female detects HIV antibodies,foreign marriage 2759 of questionnaire survey,women EPIinfo software for statistical analysis results.Results:15 foreign marriage female HIV antibody positive confirmation,the survey of foreign marriage female 9 AIDS knowledge about HIV/AIDS awareness,whole out for further improvement of the spread of AIDS,the way about is not enough.Conclusion:Foreign marriage female HIV positive of antibody of AIDS have 0.15%,knowledge,but the AIDS knowledge level is low,should strengthen the propaganda,improve residents pre-marital AIDS prevention.