cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sintering of micro-trusses created by extrusion-3D-printing of lunar regolith inks

Abstract The development of in situ fabrication methods for the infrastructure required to support human life on the Moon is necessary due to the prohibitive cost of transporting large quantities of materials from the Earth. Cellular structures, consisting of a regular network (truss) of micro-struts with ∼500 μm diameters, suitable for bricks, blocks, panels, and other load-bearing structural elements for habitats and other infrastructure are created by direct-extrusion 3D-printing of liquid inks containing JSC-1A lunar regolith simulant powders, followed by sintering. The effects of sintering time, temperature, and atmosphere (air or hydrogen) on the microstructures, mechanical properties, and magnetic properties of the sintered lunar regolith micro-trusses are investigated. The air-sintered micro-trusses have higher relative densities, linear shrinkages, and peak compressive strengths, due to the improved sintering of the struts within the micro-trusses achieved by a liquid or glassy phase. Whereas the hydrogen-sintered micro-trusses show no liquid-phase sintering or glassy phase, they contain metallic iron 0.1–2 μm particles from the reduction of ilmenite, which allows them to be lifted with magnets.
Assessing the present and future probability of Hurricane Harvey’s rainfall

We estimate, for current and future climates, the annual probability of areally averaged hurricane rain of Hurricane Harvey’s magnitude by downscaling large numbers of tropical cyclones from three climate reanalyses and six climate models. For the state of Texas, we estimate that the annual probability of 500 mm of area-integrated rainfall was about 1% in the period 1981–2000 and will increase to 18% over the period 2081–2100 under Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) AR5 representative concentration pathway 8.5. If the frequency of such event is increasingly linearly between these two periods, then in 2017 the annual probability would be 6%, a sixfold increase since the late 20th century.
Innovation, engagement, and impact measures: Two exploratory studies on the processes and outcomes development

The authors examine the development and implementation of measures for the 2013 Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB) thematic dimensions of innovation, engagement, and impa...
Emergency Medicine Student End-of-Rotation Examinations: Where Are We Now?

Author(s): Miller, Emily S.; Heitz, Corey; Ross, Linette P.; Beeson, Michael S. | Abstract: n/a
On problem-setting the cosmopolitical: a response to Tironi and Hermansen

In what follows I offer a brief reinterpretation of the design case presented in ‘Cosmopolitical Encounters: Prototyping at the National Zoo in Santiago, Chile.’ My goal in doing so is to present a...
Errors in cervical spine immobilization during pediatric trauma evaluation

Abstract Background The purpose of this study was to identify factors during trauma evaluation that increase the likelihood of errors in cervical spine immobilization (‘lapses’). Materials and methods Multivariate analysis was used to identify the associations between patient characteristics, event features, and tasks performed in proximity to the head and neck and the occurrence and duration of a lapse in maintaining cervical spine immobilization during 56 pediatric trauma evaluations. Results Lapses in cervical spine immobilization occurred in 71.4% of patients (n = 40), with an average of 1.2 ± 1.3 lapses per patient. Head and neck tasks classified as oxygen manipulation occurred an average of 12.2 ± 9.7 times per patient, whereas those related to neck examination and cervical collar manipulation occurred an average of 2.7 ± 1.7 and 2.1 ± 1.2 times per patient, respectively. More oxygen-related tasks were performed among patients who had than those who did not have a lapse (27.3 ± 16.5 versus 11.5 ± 8.0 tasks, P = 0.001). Patients who had cervical collar placement or manipulation had a two-fold higher risk of a lapse than those who did not have these tasks performed (OR 1.92, 95% CI 0.56, 3.28, P = 0.006). More lapses occurred during evaluations on the weekend (P = 0.01), when more tasks related to supplemental oxygen manipulation were performed (P = 0.02) and when more tasks associated with cervical collar management were performed (P Conclusions Errors in cervical spine immobilization were frequently observed during the initial evaluation of injured children. Strategies to reduce these errors should target approaches to head and neck management during the primary and secondary phases of trauma evaluation.
A Strategy for Efficiently Verifying Requirements Specifications Using Composition and Invariants

Abstract : This paper describes a compositional proof strategy for verifying properties of requirements specifications. The proof strategy, which may be applied using either a model checker or a theorem prover, uses known state invariants to prove state and transition invariants. Two proof rules are presented: a standard incremental proof rule analogous to Manna and Pnueli's incremental proof rule and a compositional proof rule. The advantage of applying the compositional rule is that it decomposes a large verification problem into smaller problems which often can be solved more efficiently than the larger problem. The steps needed to implement the compositional rule are described, and the results of applying the proof strategy to two examples, a simple cruise control system and a realworld Navy system, are presented. In the Navy example, compositional verification using either theorem proving or model checking was three times faster than verification based on the standard incremental (noncompositional) rule. In addition to the two above rules for proving invariants, a new compositional proof rule is presented for circular assume-guarantee proofs of invariants. While in principle the strategy and rules described for proving invariants may be applied to any state-based specification with parallel composition of components, the specifications in the paper are expressed in the SCR (Software Cost Reduction) tabular notation, the auxiliary invariants used in the proofs are automatically generated invariants, and the verification is supported by the SCR tools.
Targeting metabolic vulnerabilities of cancer: Small molecule inhibitors in clinic.

Background Altered cell metabolism is an established hallmark of cancer. Advancement in our understanding of dysregulated cellular metabolism has aided drastically in identifying metabolic vulnerabilities that can be exploited therapeutically. Indeed, this knowledge has led to the development of a multitude of agents targeting various aspects of tumor metabolism. Recent findings The intent of this review is to provide insight into small molecule inhibitors that target tumor metabolism and that are currently being explored in active clinical trials as either preventive, stand-alone, or adjuvant therapies for various malignancies. For each inhibitor, we outline the mechanism (s) of action, preclinical/clinical findings, and limitations. Sections are divided into three aspects based on the primary target of the small molecule inhibitor (s): those that impact (1) cancer cells directly, (2) immune cells present in the tumor microenvironment, or (3) both cancer cells and immune cells. We highlight small molecule targeting of metabolic pathways including de novo fatty acid synthesis, NAD+ biosynthesis, 2-hydroxyglutarate biosynthesis, polyamine metabolism, the kynurenine pathway, as well as glutamine and arginine metabolism. Conclusions Use of small molecule inhibitors aimed at exploiting tumor metabolic vulnerabilities continues to be an active area of research. Identifying metabolic dependencies specific to cancer cells and/or constituents of the tumor microenvironment is a viable area of therapeutic intervention that holds considerable clinical potential.
Abstract TP65: Patient Characteristics Affecting Rapidity for Thrombolytic Delivery on the Mobile Stroke Unit

Introduction: Mobile stroke unit (MSU) allows for early intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) delivery in the pre-hospital setting and is ideal for investigation into early stroke therapy. We hypothesized...
The evolving response to antibiotic resistance (1945–2018)

The intensity and character of concerns about antibiotic resistance, over the past nearly seventy-five years, have depended on a series of linked factors: the evolution and distribution of resistant microbes themselves; our differential capacity and efforts to detect such microbes; evolving models of antibiotic resistance and the related projected impact of antibiotic resistance on medical, social, and economic futures; the linkages of antibiotic prescribing and usage to the prevailing practice and identities of the medical and veterinary professions, and to the practice of agribusiness; the projected capacity of biomedicine (and especially the pharmaceutical industry) to stay ahead of such developing resistance; the perceived global context in which such resistance has developed; and the coordination of efforts and the development of infrastructure and funding to draw attention to and confront such microbial resistance. This paper traces the evolving response to antibiotic resistance through what at this point appear to be five eras: that between 1945 and 1963, a relatively optimistic period during which time the pharmaceutical industry appeared to most as capable of keeping up with antibiotic resistance; that between 1963 and 1981, characterized by increasing concern (though limited reformist activity) in the wake of the discovery of the transmission of antibiotic resistance via extrachromosomal plasmids; that between 1981 and 1992, notable for the explicit framing of antibiotic resistance as a shared global problem by such reformers as Stuart Levy and the Alliance for the Prudent Use of Antibiotics; that from 1992 through 2013, during which time antibiotic resistance became linked to larger concerns regarding emerging infections and received increasing collective attention and funding; and that from 2013 through to the present, with antibiotic resistance still more palpably and publicly embedded within larger concerns over global emerging infections, social justice, and development goals, attracting interest from a diverse cohort of actors.
Caudal Mediastinal Fish Hook Foreign Body with Pulmonary Artery Penetration in Two Dogs.

ABSTRACTA 1.5 yr old spayed female mixed-breed dog and a 3 yr old spayed female Labrador retriever were evaluated for suspected esophageal fishhook foreign bodies. Radiographs yielded fishhook foreign bodies present caudal to the cardiac silhouette. Endoscopic retrieval for suspected caudal esophageal foreign body was attempted and aborted due to inadequate visualization of the entire fishhooks within the lumen of the esophagus. At surgery, the fishhooks were seen within the caudal mediastinum, and were engaging the left caudal pulmonary artery. Manual fishhook extraction was performed successfully with minimal hemorrhage. Fishhook foreign bodies caudal to the cardiac silhouette may have vascular involvement. Clinicians should exercise caution when attempting endoscopic retrieval of fishhooks in this location.
Refining and extending task–technology fit theory: Creation of two task–technology fit scales and empirical clarification of the construct

Abstract Research on task–technology fit (TTF) theory is in need of refinement that is centered around (1) conceptualizations of TTF, (2) operationalizations of TTF, (3) an oversight of “misfit,” and (4) an overemphasis on direct effects. We review TTF to place it in the broader nomological net of related constructs. We differentiate task–technology misfit (TTM) from TTF, and we distinguish two types of TTM, “Too Little” and “Too Much.” Then, we undergo a four-study process to create two satisfactory scales. Finally, we perform two empirical studies to confirm our three-dimensional conceptualization of TTF and TTM in the larger TTF theory framework.
Simultaneously examining negative appraisals, emotion reactivity, and cognitive reactivity in relation to depressive symptoms in children.

Prior theory and research have linked negative appraisals (NA), emotion reactivity (ER), and cognitive reactivity (CR) to depression; however, few studies have examined whether even two of these constructs simultaneously, but none have done so in child or adolescent populations. A total of 571 youths (ages 9–13) completed a novel procedure in which all three constructs were assessed in response to the same personally relevant, hypothetical, peer victimization events. Multilevel modeling enabled the extraction of dynamic, within-person, latent-variable measures of NA, ER, and CR. All three constructs were related to children's depressive symptoms in ways that were commensurate with most (but not all) theoretical frameworks. Gender and age differences also emerged. Support for an NA-predicts-ER-predicts-CR model suggests ways that these constructs can be integrated into a more complete, transtheoretical understanding of the cognitive-emotional substrate of depression in children.
Heterocyclic β-keto sulfide derivatives of carvacrol: Synthesis and copper (II) ion reducing capacity

Abstract Sixteen β-keto sulfide derivatives of carvacrol (4–19) incorporating phenyl or N, O and S heterocyclic moieties were synthesized in three steps. The relationships between heterocyclic structure and cupric, Cu(II), ion reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) were examined. Nine of the compounds (8–9 and 13–19) showed better CUPRAC activity than trolox at neutral pH, with trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) coefficients ranging between 1.20 and 1.75. Two derivatives (11–12) showed comparable reducing capacity to trolox, with TEAC values of 0.95 for 11 and 1.02 for 12. Compounds 8–9 and 11–19 were more effective at reducing the Cu(II) ion than ascorbic acid and the parent compound, carvacrol. The most effective antioxidants were those containing an oxadiazole, thiadiazole or triazole moiety. In particular, the methyl thiadiazole derivative (15) had the highest Cu(II) ion reducing capacity, with a TEAC coefficient of 1.73.
Mercury antagonists: loss of phototactic response in the brine shrimp artemia and its prevention by thiamine

The positive phototactic behavior ofArtemia was disturbed when larvae cultured in 0.25 M NaCl were introduced into 10−7 to 10−5 M HgCl2. At 10−8 M, and in controls, Hg had no effect either on orientation or mortality, and 65% of the larvae were collected at the light source in 30 min or less. In contrast, at 10−6 M, only 29% were able to do so. The presence of 10−4 M thiamine hydrochloride in the excystment medium prevented fully the loss of light-sensitivity.
Dynamic system explanation: DySE, a framework that evolves to reason about complex systems - lessons learned

The large amount of knowledge contained in the scientific literature can be mined using natural language processing and utilized to automatically construct models of complex networks in order to obtain a greater understanding of complex systems. In this paper, we describe the Dynamic System Explanation (DySE) framework, which configures hybrid models and executes simulations over time, relying on a granular computing approach and a range of different element update functions. A standardized tabular format assembles the collected knowledge into networks for parameterization. The Discrete Stochastic Heterogeneous (DiSH) simulator outputs trajectories of state changes for all model elements, thus providing a means for running thousands of in silico scenarios in seconds. Trajectories are also analyzed using statistical model checking to verify against known or desired system properties, determined from text or numerical data. DySE can automatically extend models when additional knowledge is available, and model extension is integrated with model checking to test the validity of additional interactions and dynamics, and enable iterative model updating and improvements. Here, we focus in particular on the difficulties and complications that arise when attempting to automate and integrate information extraction with model assembly and analysis. We discuss how these obstacles are addressed in DySE, the lessons learned from developing and using DySE, and plans for future developments.
Visualizing Network Data

Up until this point, we have spoken only loosely of displaying network graphs, although we have shown several examples already. Here in this chapter we consider the problem of display in its own right. Techniques for displaying network graphs are the focus of the field of graph drawing or graph visualization. Such techniques typically seek to incorporate a combination of elements from mathematics, human aesthetics, and algorithms. After a brief characterization of the elements of graph visualization in Sect. 3.2, we look at a number of ways to lay out a graph, in Sect. 3.3, followed by some ways to further decorate such layouts, in Sect. 3.4. We also look quickly at some of the unique challenges posed by the problem of visualizing large network graphs in Sect. 3.5. Finally, in Sect. 3.6, we describe options for producing more sophisticated visualizations than those currently possible using R.
Emergency Department Visits Attributed to Adverse Events Involving Benzodiazepines, 2016-2017.

Introduction Characterization of emergency department visits attributed to adverse events involving benzodiazepines can be used to guide preventive interventions. This study describes U.S. emergency department visits attributed to adverse events involving benzodiazepines by intent, patient characteristics, and clinical manifestations. Methods Data from the 2016–2017 National Electronic Injury Surveillance System–Cooperative Adverse Drug Event Surveillance project were analyzed in 2019 to calculate estimated annual numbers and rates of emergency department visits attributed to adverse events involving benzodiazepines, by intent of benzodiazepine use. Results Based on 6,148 cases, there were an estimated 212,770 (95% CI=167,163, 258,377) emergency department visits annually attributed to adverse events involving benzodiazepines. More than half were visits involving nonmedical use of benzodiazepines (119,008; 55.9%, 95% CI=50.0%, 61.9%), one third were visits involving self-harm with benzodiazepines (64,721; 30.4%, 95% CI=25.6%, 35.2%), and a smaller proportion of visits involved therapeutic use of benzodiazepines (29,041; 13.6%, 95% CI=11.4%, 15.9%). The estimated population rate of visits was highest for nonmedical use of benzodiazepines by patients aged 15–34 years (7.4 visits per 10,000 people). Among visits involving nonmedical use of benzodiazepines, 54.8% (95% CI=49.8%, 59.8%) were made by patients aged 15–34 years, 82.7% (95% CI=80.1%, 85.4%) involved concurrent use of other substances (illicit drugs, alcohol, prescription opioids, and/or other pharmaceuticals), and 24.2% (95% CI=17.7%, 30.6%) involved cardiorespiratory arrest or unresponsiveness. Conclusions These findings support recommendations to assess for and address substance use disorder before initiating or continuing benzodiazepines and reinforce the need for validated self-harm risk assessment tools for clinicians.
Disseminated cryptococcosis and hemochromatosis: clues to diagnosis

Hepatic cirrhosis, diabetes mellitus and iron overload can each independently predispose to cryptococcosis. Hereditary hemochromatosis leads to all three of these predispositions. This report is the case of a patient with chronic hepatitis B virus infection and cirrhosis, who had markedly elevated serum ferritin and 99% transferrin saturation, and developed a leukemoid reaction. Autopsy revealed disseminated cryptococcosis for which the leukemoid reaction was a clue and possible hereditary hemochromatosis of which elevated ferritin and transferrin saturation can be clues. Hereditary hemochromatosis is an important diagnosis clinicians should never miss because early treatment with phlebotomy can be life-saving. Disseminated cryptococcosis can be rapidly diagnosed with serum cryptococcal antigen test and is treatable.
Analysis of the Pediatric Age Groups Studied in Novel Drug Approvals

Background and Objectives: According to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), prior to 2007 more than 80% of drugs approved in adults were being used off-label in pediatrics. In order to improve data on the use of drugs in children, Congress authorized two acts, the Pediatric Research Equity Act (PREA) and the Best Pharmaceuticals for Children Act (BPCA). The impact of these acts on the age groups for which new drugs are approved has not been evaluated. The objective of this study was to evaluate the …
Shape-Based Approach to Household Electric Load Curve Clustering and Prediction

Household consumer demand response (DR) is an important research and industry problem, which seeks to categorize, predict, and modify consumer’s energy consumption. Unfortunately, traditional clustering methods have resulted in many hundreds of clusters, with a given consumer often associated with several clusters, making it difficult to classify consumers into stable representative groups and to predict individual energy consumption patterns. In this paper, we present a shape-based approach that better classifies and predicts consumer energy consumption behavior at the household level. The method is based on the dynamic time warping (DTW). DTW seeks an optimal alignment between energy consumption patterns reflecting the effect of hidden patterns of regular consumer behavior. Using real consumer 24-hour load curves from Opower Corporation, our method results in a 50% reduction in the number of representative groups and an improvement in prediction accuracy measured under DTW distance. We extend the approach to estimate which electrical devices will be used and in which hours.
Microstructural and Mechanical Properties of One-Step Quenched and Partitioned 65Mn Steel

The novel quenching and partitioning processes concerned with the stabilization of carbon enriched austenite and provision of higher strength with higher toughness. The microstructural and mechanical properties of one-step quenched and partitioned 65Mn steel were investigated under various partitioning times, ranging from 30 to 600 s. The optical microscopy revealed that microstructure transformed from ferrite and pearlite to supersaturated lath martensite and retained austenite phases after one-step quenching and 30 s of partitioning. The unstable epsilon carbides were nucleated with the increase in partitioning time to 60 s and 180 s, whereas a further increase in partitioning time to 300 s transformed these unstable epsilon carbides into a stable cementite phase. Prolonged partitioning for 600 s produced carbon depleted martensite phase and nucleated ferrite phase. A maximum improvement of 88% in hardness and tensile strength and maximum reduction of 64% in elongation and 44% in impact toughness were achieved after 30 s of partitioning, compared to the as-received steel sample. On the other hand, partitioning for 600 s offered almost identical mechanical properties to the as-received steel. Partitioning for 180 s offered an optimum combination of mechanical properties of one-step quenched and partitioned 65Mn steel.
Practical considerations for creating a strategic and proactive clinical safety and pharmacovigilance organization for the future.

BACKGROUND In 2012, Patient Safety (PS) in AstraZeneca was facing a situation with multiple challenges, scientifically and structurally. OBJECTIVE To meet these and support AstraZeneca's ambition to return to growth after years of patent expiry, we undertook a project to fundamentally revisit ways of working to create an organisation set up to provide strategic safety in support of drug project decision-making. METHOD In this paper, we describe the challenges we faced, the project to deliver changes to respond to them, and the methodology used. The project had two main components: creating a new operating model and simplifying the procedural framework. RESULTS It was delivered in a focused effort by internal PS resources with cross-functional input. The framework simplification resulted in a 71% reduction in procedural documents and a survey of PS staff revealed an increase in satisfaction of 10%-20% across all scores. CONCLUSIONS With >3 years of observation time, this project has provided AstraZeneca with a PS organisation able to provide strategic safety, supporting successful portfolio delivery, while ensuring patient safety and maintaining compliance with global pharmacovigilance regulations. It has driven efficiency and set the foundation for continued organisational evolution to meet future business needs in an everchanging environment.
PÉRDIDAS EMBRIONARIAS : PREVALENCIA, CAUSAS ASOCIADAS Y ESTRATEGIAS PARA INCREMENTAR LA SUPERVIVENCIA EMBRIONARIA

It is clear that high-producing lactating dairy cows experience substantial losses of pregnancy from fertilization to delivery of a live newborn. On most farms, producers and veterinarians only recognize fetal losses that occur after day 40 or 50 of gestation. In most cases, causative agents cannot be determined. However, the majority of losses of pregnancy occur during the embryonic stages of development. Among the several factors that increase the risk for pregnancy loss are oocytes of low quality, due to stresses such as high body temperature or prolonged follicular dominance; diseases; the metabolic status of the cow and consequent changes in BCS, which result in delays in resumption of ovarian cyclicity; and embryo toxicants such as gossypol.
Introduction to the Special Issue on Emotional Expression Beyond the Face: On the Importance of Multiple Channels of Communication and Context

Since Darwin’s (1872) publication of The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals, emotion researchers have made tremendous progress in understanding the function, structure, and significance of emotion. Yet, the bulk of this work has focused squarely on the face. Recent research has shown the importance of augmenting facial expression research with a focus on other modalities, and carefully attending to the role of context in disambiguating emotional cues. This special issue includes theoretical and empirical papers that advance our understanding of emotional expression beyond the face. Emerging themes from this special issue comprise advances in the modal expression of positive emotion, the advantage of studying bodily expressions of emotion, and the importance of spontaneous, authentic, and dynamic emotional expressions, particularly ones that are situated into their appropriate context.
Carotid Stent Explant Indications and Outcomes

Background Carotid artery stenting is an alternative to carotid endarterectomy, especially in patients deemed to have significant anatomic or medical risk for the latter. There is scant literature, however, on indications for and outcomes of carotid stent (CAS) explant. We sought to determine indications and outcomes of CAS explant at our institution. Methods We queried a prospectively maintained institutional vascular surgery database as well as hospital records to identify patients undergoing carotid stent explant from 2010–2020. Ten patients were identified. Their charts were reviewed to obtain demographic, comorbidity, procedural, and outcomes data. Data of particular interest were preoperative atherosclerotic factors, indications for CAS explant, carotid repair strategy, and 30-day post-procedural complications. Data were analyzed for ranges and means. Results Ten patients were identified. Comorbidity was common: all patients had at least 1 atherosclerotic risk factor, with hypertension and hypercholesterolemia being the most common. Seven (70.0%) patients had recurrent stenosis as the indication for explant. Seven (70.0%) presented symptomatically. Five (50.0%) cases of restenosis had been refractory to angioplasty. There were 3 (30.0%) instances of CAS explant due to infection. Only 1 (12.5%) index CAS was performed at our institution. There was a mean hospital length of stay of 4.5 days. One patient had vocal cord paralysis requiring no intervention. There was no (0%) 30-day mortality, stroke, or postoperative wound infections. Conclusions Our series had 0% 30-day mortality, stroke, and postoperative wound infection suggesting that CAS explant may be performed safely. Our series is small but represents the largest single institution series to date. This procedure may become increasingly common in the coming years with the more frequent use of CAS; additional data is needed to rigorously understand outcomes.
Bench Evaluation of Three Critical Care Ventilators During Pressure Targeted Modes Ventilation

Background: The BellaVista 1000 is a relatively new ventilator. The purpose of this bench study was to determine whether this device performs similar to two commonly used critical care ventilators (Puritan Bennett 980 and Avea CVS) while ventilating in PC AC and CPAP with PSV, in a normal lung model. Methods: To evaluate each ventilator, the Ingmar Medical ASL 5000 Electronic Breathing Simulator (ASL 5000) was used. The ASL 5000 was used to trigger breaths and simulate patient lung mechanics for a normal lung model: resistance inspiratory 13 cm H2O/L/s, resistance expiratory 12 cm H2O/L/s, static compliance 54 mL/cm H2O, respiratory rate 10 breaths/min, and Pmus 20 cm H2O. Ventilators evaluated: BellaVista 1000 (Bellavista), Puritan Bennett 980 (PB980), and Avea CVS (Avea). Modes: PC A/C and CPAP with PSV. Ventilator settings: PC A/C: respiratory rate 10 breaths/min, inspiratory pressure 5 cm H2O, inspiratory time 1 s, PEEP 5 cm H2O, flow trigger 2 L/min, FIO2 0.21. CPAP with PSV: PSV 0 cm H2O, PEEP 5 cm H2O, flow trigger 2 L/min, FIO2 0.21. Test runs were 4 min long; only the data collected in the middle 2 min was utilized. The recorded values, calculated via the ASL 5000, during each mode of ventilation, during each patient scenario, were analyzed. Results: Statistical findings concluded that in PC AC, the Bellavista and PB980 have similar values with only a small difference in Ppeak (12 ± .01), PEEP (5 ± .02) and max pressure drop during trigger (-1 ± .01). However, the Avea has a much longer time to trigger (216 ± 3), a much greater max pressure drop during trigger (-3 ± .01), as well as a larger difference in the time between Pmin and PEEP (216 ± 2). In CPAP-PSV, the Bellavista, PB 980 and Avea showed similar trends as when they were in PC-AC. Conclusions: Not all ventilators respond similarly under similar conditions. It is important to ensure that the ventilator adequately meets the patient’s needs. The information gathered in this study demonstrated that the Bellavista 1000 is similar to the PB 980 with respect to the Ppeak, PEEP, max pressure drop during trigger, inspiratory volume, time to Pmin after start of effort, time to Pmin, and PEEP. Further testing, under additional conditions, is necessary to verify the results.
Palliative Care as a Consultation Model

Palliative care is a specialized medical care provided by an interdisciplinary team for patients with serious illnesses and their families. The care focuses on alleviating both physical and psychosocial distress while improving patient satisfaction and addressing current gaps in the healthcare system. By aligning the treatment desired by patients with the treatment delivered to them, palliative care improves healthcare quality, and by improving quality, averts crises, 911 calls, ED visits, and costly hospitalizations. The value (ratio of quality/cost) of care delivered will become increasingly important as reimbursement models shift from traditional fee-for-service to risk sharing and value-based purchasing. Although historically palliative care primarily has been delivered in acute care hospitals, there is growing recognition and development of palliative care services outside of hospitals, such as in people’s own homes, nursing homes, or outpatient practices.
A design of performance-optimized control-based synchronization

A fundamental issue that any control-based synchronization should address is how to minimize both the overheads of the synchronization and the processor idling due to the variation in the arrival time of the synchronizing processors. This paper proposes two techniques to alleviate the above two problems in a large-scale shared-memory multiprocessor. First, the notion of delayed global-materialization is introduced, that tries to minimize the time spent by the synchronizing processors to globally materialize previously issued shared write references. This step is required before the processors participate in the actual synchronization step. The scheme is based on a compile-time analysis of parallel programs to identify the write references to the shared memory locations that will be accessed in the subsequent computational unit. The global-materialization for these write references is made immediately while that for other shared write references is done as lazily as possible. Second, a novel prefetching technique is proposed that allows prefetching across different computational units separated by a synchronization operation so as to keep the otherwise idling processors busy during synchronization. This scheme also requires a compile-time analysis to determine whether the prefetch request for a given shared read reference can be safely made across synchronization. The required hardware supports for the above two schemes are identified and the issues arising when the two techniques are used together are addressed.
The Opportunities and Challenges of Providing Equal Access to Justice in Rural Communities

Professor Spain discusses the challenges of providing civil legal assistance to rural America. Some of these include higher costs and funding restrictions on the types of representation allowable for public law organizations. Professor Spain concludes that these and other challenges can be met by greater integration of pro bono work with the work of public legal clinics.
The Use of Scripting at Triage and Its Impact on Elopements

Objectives: The objective of this study was to measure the effect of scripting language at triage on the likelihood of elopements, controlling for patient volume and other potential confounding variables. Methods: This was a pre- and postintervention cohort study using the same 5-month period (November 2007–March 2008 and November 2008–March 2009, respectively) that included in the analysis all patients 21 years of age and older, who presented to the triage window in the emergency department (ED) waiting room (not by ambulance). As part of the scripting, triage nurses informed patients of the longest waiting time (at that point in time) for any patients still waiting to be brought back from the waiting room into the ED. Rates of elopement were compared between patients who did and did not receive the scripting, controlling for individual and daily ED variables. Results: A total of 24,390 ED visits were included in this analysis. The elopement rate was 4.4% among ED patients in the prescripting period, compared to 2.3% in the postscripting period. In a multivariate logistic regression model, the use of scripting was significantly associated with decreased odds of elopement, compared to the nonscripting group (odds ratio [OR] = 0.61, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.46 to 0.80). Conclusions: The use of triage scripting was found to significantly reduce elopement rates in patients placed in the ED waiting room, even after controlling for other confounding variables. Scripting is a simple and underutilized technique that can have a positive effect for patients and the ED. ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2010; 17:495–500 © 2010 by the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine
Tejana Intonations/Nez Perce Heartbeat: Notes on Identity and Culture

(1992). Tejana Intonations/Nez Perce Heartbeat: Notes on Identity and Culture. a/b: Auto/Biography Studies: Vol. 7, Native American Identities and Autobiography, pp. 292-307.
Quarkonium Formation from Uncorrelated Quark-Antiquark Pairs

The goal of this section is to assess the possibility that quarkonium production rates may be enhanced in nucleus-nucleus interactions at the LHC relative to that predicted by extrapolation of processes thought to be dominant at lower energy. This enhancement could follow from the effects of incoherent recombination mechanisms involving uncorrelated pairs of heavy quarks and antiquarks which result from multiple pair production. Two different approaches have been considered: statistical hadronization and kinetic formation. Updated predictions relevant to Pb+Pb collisions at the LHC are given.
Non-lethal injury and limitations of recovery of coliform organisms on selective media.

Cell injury as a factor in the enumeration of coliform bacteria with selective media was evaluated. Non-lethal injury reduced the ability of cells to produce outgrowth. Escherichia coli and Aerobacter aerogenes were equally sensitive. Brilliant green lactose bile broth, desoxycholate lactose agar, and violet red bile agar were similar in inhibitory effect. Cell injury occurred with sub-lethal heat treatments, exposure to chlorine, exposure to sodium chloride, and freezing and thawing cycles. Circumstances to inflict injury are found in common environmental conditions of the food industry. Presence of injured cells may provide a count with a selective medium that is only 10% of the total count obtained with standard plate count agar. The limiting factor for recovery in selective media was associated with the surfactant. An understanding of these limitations in the use of selective media in quality control and public health applications of the tests should contribute to proper interpretation of results.
Academic Career Structures

Successful universities and academic systems require career structures for the academic profession that permit a stable academic career, encourage the “best and brightest” to join the profession, reward the most productive for their work, and weed out those who are unsuited for academic work.
Peritoneal Dialysis Should Not Be the First Choice for Renal Replacement Therapy in the Elderly

Based on our review, it appears fair to infer that substantive differences in long-term outcome with PD compared with in-center HD have not been documented. PD may offer a slight advantage in younger, nondiabetic patients in the early phase of renal replacement therapy. Nevertheless, PD is not an advantageous option for that large cohort of the dialysis population in the United States comprised of elderly patients with diabetes.
Solvent effects on reactions of hydroxide ion with phosphorus(V) esters. A quantitative treatment

Second-order rate constants of reactions of HO− with phosphate, phosphinate and thiophosphinate esters, (PhO)2PO.OC6H4NO2-p, Ph2PO.OC6H4NO2-p, Ph2PO.SPh, Ph2PO.SC6H4NO2-p and Ph2PO.SEt, go through minima with decreasing water content of H2O-MeCN or H2O-t-BuOH. The rate decrease is due to stabilization of the non-ionic ester on addition of organic solvent to H2O. This inhibition is partially offset by stabilization of the anionic transition states and in the drier solvents partial desolvation of HO− increases rates.
A computer-simulation study of sticks percolation

A computer-simulation model is used to study the percolation phase transition of stiff chains/sticks on a square lattice. By varying the chain length, effects of the chain length (Lc) on the percolation transition is explored. The percolation exponents seem to remain unchanged with Lc. The percolation threshold pc depends strongly on the chain-length, and shows a power-law dependence pc (Lc) ≈ Lc-12.
Modeling of Diffuse Charge Effects in a Microfluidic Based Laminar Flow Fuel Cell

A mathematical model for laminar flow fuel cells including electrical double layer and ion transport effects is developed. The model consists of the Poisson-Nernst-Plank equations and the modified ...
Actual Midline Estimation from Brain CT Scan Using Multiple Regions Shape Matching

Computer assisted medical image processing can extract vital information that may be elusive to human eyes. In this paper, an algorithm is proposed to automatically estimate the position of the actual midline from the brain CT scans using multiple regions shape matching. The method matches feature points identified from a set of ventricle templates, extracted from MRI, with the corresponding feature points in the segmented ventricles from CT images. Then based on the matched feature points, the position of the actual midline is estimated. The proposed multiple regions shape matching algorithm addresses the deformation problem arising from the intrinsic multiple regions nature of the brain ventricles. Experiments on the CT scans from patients with traumatic brain injuries (TBI) show promising results, particularly the proposed algorithm proves to be quite robust.
Effect of high levels of Cu supplement on growth performance, rumen fermentation, and immune responses in goat kids

Abstract An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of high levels of supplemental Cu (as Cu sulfate) on growth performance, rumen fermentation, and immune responses in goats. Fifteen Boer × Spanish goat kids (BW = 21.3 ± 0.7 kg) were fed basal diet containing 14 ppm Cu and were randomly assigned to three treatments: (1) control (no supplemental Cu); (2) 100 mg supplemental Cu/day; (3) 200 mg supplemental Cu/day. Copper sulfate was placed in gelatin capsules and inserted in to the esophagus via a balling gun before the morning feeding. Animals consumed ad libitum twice a day a 70:30 grain:hay diet. Body weight was recorded after 4 h withdrawals from water, for two consecutive days every 2 weeks for 14 weeks. Rumen samples were collected at days 44, 74, and 94 of experiment and blood samples were collected via jugular vein. The cell-mediated immune response was determined via lymphocyte proliferation assay using concanavalin A (ConA) and phytohemagglutinin A (PHA). Humoral immunity was determined on days 50 and 64. Goats were injected with chicken ovalbumin (2 mg/goat) in Freund's incomplete adjuvant. Serum samples were subjected to an ELISA test on days 57, 72, and 98 in order to measure the antibody titer to the chicken ovalbumin. Average daily gain was improved (quadratic, P = 0.05) with 100 mg Cu intake. Protozoa count tended to decrease (linear, P = 0.08) with higher Cu supplementation; however, acetate, propionate or butyrate (mol/100 mol) did not differ (P > 0.10). An increase (linear, P = 0.03) in leukocyte count was observed, with higher neutrophils (quadratic, P = 0.04) and lower lymphocytes (quadratic, P = 0.01) associated with 100 mg Cu supplementation. ConA-induced lymphocyte proliferation was higher (P = 0.05) in 100 mg Cu group on day 98; however, PHA-induced lymphocyte proliferation was higher on day 72 (linear, P = 0.01) in the Cu-supplemented groups. Antibody titer to the chicken ovalbumin tended to be higher (linear, P = 0.08) on day 72 and it was higher (linear, P = 0.02) on day 98 in the Cu-supplemented groups. These results indicated that Cu-supplemented at 100 mg/day, improved gain and enhanced the immune response in goat kids.
The evolution of plasmodial stage-specific rRNA genes is dominated by gene conversion.

Plasmodium species exhibit the unprecedented situation of distinct, stage-specific rRNA sequences. We present an analysis of two pairs of sequences of the small rRNA subunit (Plasmodium falciparum andPlasmodium berghei) and show that these genes do not evolve independently and that in fact their evolution is dominated by gene conversion. This analysis also shows that no extensive stage-specific sequences are conserved in the two species, thus rendering unlikely that the existence of stage-specific rRNA genes results from a requirement for distinct rRNA types.
The Cure of Canine Blacktongue with Nicotinic Acid.

ConclusionThe finding that nicotinic acid corrects the deficiency of the Goldberger blacktongue-producing diet is confirmed.
“I’m Not the Science Type”: Effect of an Inquiry Biology Content Course on Preservice Elementary Teachers’ Intentions About Teaching Science

Inquiry Into Life Science is a content biology course expressly for the fulfillment of the General Education life science laboratory course requirement of elementary education majors at this university. The course is modeled on the Teaching Standards and Content Standards of the National Science Education Standards [National Research Council. (1996). The national science education standards. Washington. DC: National Academy Press]. The change in intentions of 61 Fall 2002 enrollees were studied using triangulated quantitative and qualitative techniques to seek specific changes regarding self-perceived effectiveness as a biology teacher, self-perceived subject matter command, curriculum development competence, and pedagogical skills, all linked to developing intentions. Significant growth in all four domains was observed. These findings contribute to the research-based call for inquiry-oriented college science coursework for preservice teachers.
How Geisinger Structures Its Physicians’ Compensation To Support Improvements In Quality, Efficiency, And Volume

The movement of US physicians toward working as employees rather than working as private practitioners is increasing interest in compensation systems that drive improved quality and efficiency without compromising the productivity of existing fee-for-service payment systems. We describe the approach of Geisinger Health System, an integrated delivery system in Pennsylvania that assigns about 20 percent of total expected physician compensation to incentives that support improvements in quality and efficiency along with growth in clinical volume. We believe that dedicating a moderate portion of physician compensation to achieving strategic goals, such as maximizing quality and efficiency, is improving the value of care provided at Geisinger. At the same time, because most of Geisinger’s clinical care is still delivered and paid for on a fee-for-service basis, the incentives for clinical volume are enabling Geisinger to achieve the financial viability to pursue its mission.
Mission possible: managing innovation in drug discovery.

In the drug discovery industry, the key to managing innovation is to make the best use of scientists' creativity and build an innovation-fostering culture.
Gamma radiation effects on liquid dielectrics

Gamma radiation can transform dielectric liquids by converting them into solids or by decomposing them into acids and gases. Various liquids can be evaluated; from the results obtained, the expected changes in them when used in equipment subjected to irradiation can be estimated. There are additives available which seem to increase the stability of such liquids subjected to gamma fields.
Charge Collection Efficiencies for Lithium-Drifted Silicon and Germanium Detectors in the X-Ray Energy Region

Theoretical calculations showing the charge collection efficiencies of Ge(Li) and Si(Li) planar detectors as a function of trapping lengths and incident X-ray energies are presented. It is demonstrated that there should be an intrinsic energy dependence of the charge collection efficiency for radiation lengths comparable to the detector depletion depth. The nonlinear behavior is generally greater for unequal hole and electron trapping lengths. Experimental results confirm this in part, but surface effects appear to accentuate the effect. It is concluded that, neglecting surface effects, the nonlinearities should be eliminated if the radiation is incident in a direction perpendicular to the field. Highest charge collection efficiency, best resolution and linearity are obtained by injecting the photons through the detector side (perpendicular to the field) along a unique plane which is defined by the electron to hole trapping ratio.