cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Particle-in-Cell Method

In Chapter Particle-in-Cell Method, it was stated that “if the exact distribution of \(\vec v\) were known everywhere in the control volume surrounding the cylinder, then the integrals of the momentum theorem, and thus FT could be evaluated without the need for the experimental constants.” As a natural extension of this statement, it should be pointed out that there is a way for determining what amounts to the “exact distrubution” of “ \(\vec v\). This approach, although not widely used, for a number of reasons which will be pointed out later, is the subject of this chapter. The original method (known as Particle-In-Cell (PIC)) was developed by Harlow (1955) and by Evans and Harlow (1957), and has been greatly extended by Welch, Harlow, Shannon and Daly (1966). The latter treatment is known as the Marker and Cell (MAC) method. For a complete and thorough discussion, the reader should consult the original references. However, because of its importance and potential application to a wide range of problems involving ocean structures, a brief review of the method is given herein.
Retinal O2 transport

The continuous transport of O 2 in the retina is essential for the functioning of the photoreceptor cells (rods and cones) that provide vision. The O 2 originates in the blood supply to the retina and is transported by diffusion through several layers of cells to the photoreceptors. In the model discussed next, the O 2 transport is considered through four layers with metabolism in each layer that consumes O 2 . The model can be used to study how much O 2 arrives for use by the photoreceptors under varying conditions. Four-section PDE model The retinal O 2 transport model is explained in Fig. 4.1 primarily with words. We can note the following details about the model represented in Fig. 4.1: The model has four sections, as discussed in [1, 2]: – Inner retina (IR), – Outer retina (OR), – Fluid layer (FL), – Choriocapillaris (CC). • At the left boundary, z = z L (see Fig. 4.1), the O 2 pressure is specified. Since the dependent variable, O 2 pressure, P IR ( z = z L , t ) = P IR-S , is specified, this is a Dirichlet BC as discussed in Section 1.3.1. • At the right boundary, z = z CC , the O 2 pressure is specified, typically normal breathing pressure. Since the dependent variable, O 2 pressure, P CC ( z = z CC , t ) = P CC-S , is specified, this is a Dirichlet BC as discussed in Section 1.3.1. […]
Are Property Tax Limitations More Binding over Time

In 1991, a property tax limitation measure was imposed in five Illinois counties. Dye and McGuire (1997) studied its short-term impact. With the limit now in effect for over a decade and extended t...
ADIPOSITY-BASED CHRONIC DISEASE AS A NEW DIAGNOSTIC TERM: THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGISTS AND AMERICAN COLLEGE OF ENDOCRINOLOGY POSITION STATEMENT.

ABSTRACT The American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists (AACE) and American College of Endocrinology (ACE) have created a chronic care model, advanced diagnostic framework, clinical practice guidelines, and clinical practice algorithm for the comprehensive management of obesity. This coordinated effort is not solely based on body mass index as in previous models, but emphasizes a complications-centric approach that primarily determines therapeutic decisions and desired outcomes. Adiposity-Based Chronic Disease (ABCD) is a new diagnostic term for obesity that explicitly identifies a chronic disease, alludes to a precise pathophysiologic basis, and avoids the stigmata and confusion related to the differential use and multiple meanings of the term “obesity.” Key elements to further the care of patients using this new ABCD term are: (1) positioning lifestyle medicine in the promotion of overall health, not only as the first algorithmic step, but as the central, pervasive action; (2) standardizing protocols that comprehensively and durably address weight loss and management of adiposity-based complications; (3) approaching patient care through contextualization (e.g., primordial prevention to decrease obesogenic environmental risk factors and transculturalization to adapt evidence-based recommendations for different ethnicities, cultures, and socio-economics); and lastly, (4) developing evidence-based strategies for successful implementation, monitoring, and optimization of patient care over time. This AACE/ACE blueprint extends current work and aspires to meaningfully improve both individual and population health by presenting a new ABCD term for medical diagnostic purposes, use in a complications-centric management and staging strategy, and precise reference to the obesity chronic disease state, divested from counterproductive stigmata and ambiguities found in the general public sphere. Abbreviations: AACE = American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists ABCD = Adiposity-Based Chronic Disease ACE = American College of Endocrinology BMI = body mass index CPG = clinical practice guidelines HCP = health care professionals
Applying Topological Principles to Genomic Analysis: Topological data analysis helps to overcome difficulties that conventional tree-based phylogenetic analyses have with horizontal gene transfers

In On the Origin of the Species in 1859, Charles Darwin proposed phylogenetic trees to depict evolutionary relationships on the basis of phenotypic attributes. Since then, biologists have shifted to using molecular traits to characterize evolutionary relationships between and among species. These approaches typically assume that traits are inherited vertically, and that evolution is strictly clonal. However, several other modes of genetic exchange add complexity to this process, including lateral gene transfers in bacteria, recombination and reassortment in viruses, viral integration in eukaryotes, and fusion of genomes of symbiotic species.
CCAAT/Enhancer-binding protein β promotes pathogenesis of EAE.

The CCAAT/Enhancer Binding Protein β (C/EBPβ) transcription factor is activated by multiple inflammatory stimuli, including IL-17 and LPS, and C/EBPβ itself regulates numerous genes involved in inflammation. However, the role of C/EBPβ in driving autoimmunity is not well understood. Here, we demonstrate that Cebpb−/− mice are resistant to EAE. Cebpb−/− mice exhibited reduced lymphocyte and APC infiltration into CNS following EAE induction. Furthermore, MOG-induced Th17 cytokine production was impaired in draining LN, indicating defects in Th17 cell priming. In vitro Th17 polarization studies indicated that T cell responses are not inherently defective, instead supporting the known roles for C/EBPβ in myeloid lineage cell activation as the likely mechanism for defective Th17 priming in vivo. However, we did uncover an unexpected role for C/EBPβ in regulating ll23r expression in APCs. ChIP assays confirmed that C/EBPβ binds directly to the Il23r gene promoter in dendritic cells and Th17 cells. These data establish C/EBPβ as a key driver of autoimmune inflammation in EAE, and propose a novel role for C/EBPβ in regulation of IL-23R expression.
Modified Complex Robert-Bonamy (MCRB) calculations of H 2 O transitions broadened by H 2 for applications to planetary and exoplanet atmospheres

Line shape parameters for hydrogen broadening of water vapor are needed to understand remote sensing measurements of planetary and exoplanet atmospheres. In order to address these needs, semiclassical calculations based on the Modified Complex Robert-Bonamy (MCRB) formalism were made. The intermolecular potential for the calculation is comprised of electrostatic, atom-atom (expanded to order 16 and rank 4), induction, and London dispersion terms. The trajectories were determined by numerical integration of the Hamilton's equations. The average over the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution of velocities was performed by integration over 35 velocities corresponding to the temperature range 75K – 27000K. The formalism is complex valued yielding the half-width and line shift from a single calculation. The calculations are reported at 7 temperatures from 200 to 700 K. The half-width temperature dependence coefficient n was determined using the relation γ(T) = γ(T)[T 0/T] n with T0=296K. The calculations are compared with the measurements of Brown and Plymate [JQSRT 56, 263, 1996]. Future plans for further refinement of the intermolecular potential are discussed.
Resistance Training in Youth: Laying the Foundation for Injury Prevention and Physical Literacy

Context:The rising incidence of physical activity– and sports-related injuries has prompted the present-day investigation of resistance training as a potential means of injury prevention and physic...
Naturalizing Myths of Aging: Reading Popular Culture

This essay blends distinct fields of study--namely semiotics, gerontology, geriatrics, and the critical analysis of dramatic and filmic comedy of the modern era--in a way that we hope sheds light on the perception of elders both in our cultural tradition and in our current society. By bringing to bear these disciplines on this issue, we attempt to expose one way that erroneous perceptions about the elderly--myths, if you will--are propagated. Why is it, for example, that the majority of Americans have generally negative attitudes towards elders and the aging process despite the fact that such stereotypes are all contradicted by reality (Palmore, 1990)? What is it that we fear--and perhaps loathe--when it comes to our aging ? And why are we so irrational about this topic? How do myths of aging originate? And whose agenda might they serve? Is there some effective way that these myths can be defused in the popular mind? The above are all problematic questions, some with potentially disturbing answers. Yet we believe that by beginning to understand the linguistic and perceptual mechanisms by which myths of aging come into existence, a crucial first step will be taken toward understanding the source and the scope of the myths themselves. Perhaps only then will we be, as a society, in a position to countermand these usually harmful and often destructive misconceptions about our elderly population.
Effect of Time to Operative Intervention on Motility Outcomes Following Orbital Floor Fracture Repair in Children.

Purpose To evaluate the relationship between time to surgical intervention and extraocular motility outcomes in children following repair of an orbital floor fracture with inferior rectus entrapment. Methods After institution review board's approval, a retrospective, consecutive case series of 28 children with unilateral orbital floor fractures entrapping the inferior rectus muscle was conducted. Clinical examinations and CT images were performed on all children. The main outcomes measures were postoperative motility measurements. Results Eleven patients underwent surgery within 24 hours of reported injury, while 17 patients underwent surgery after 24 hours. There was no statistically significant difference in average age at the time of surgery (p = 0.47) or average preoperative motility scores (p = 1.0) between the 2 groups. Patients who underwent surgery within 24 hours of reported injury had an improved likelihood of recovery (log hazard ratio = 0.469; 95% confidence interval, -0.42 to 1.36). Conclusions Our exploratory study suggests that surgical reduction of inferior rectus entrapment in pediatric orbital floor fractures within 24 hours from the time of injury shows an improved, but nonstatistically significant, likelihood of recovery in motility deficits with earlier surgical intervention.
Curing Induced Shrinkage: Measurement and Effect of Micro-/Nano-Modified Resins on Tensile Strengths

Fiber reinforced composites are widely used in automotive, aerospace and marine applications because of their light weight, low costs and excellent chemical resistance properties. Physical and chemical behavior of these composites is dependent on their matrix properties. The curing process of resins/matrix can introduce considerable shrinkage, which based on the component and its boundary conditions can detriment the strength of these materials and resulting components. One way to control the curing-induced effects is reinforcement of the resins with micro- and nano-fillers. In this work, the effect of various micro- and nano-fillers (3M™ Glass Bubbles iM16K and Cloisite® 30B nanoclay) in epoxy resin (SC-15) on curing-induced shrinkage and resulting tensile strengths was evaluated. Additionally, volumetric shrinkage (un-restrained) and curing-induced strains (ASTM D638 tensile tests) were measured by AccuPyc™ II 1340 pycnometer and fiber Bragg-grating (FBG) sensors respectively. A special technique was developed to correct the pycnometer measurement technique and make them independent on the testing chamber temperature. Results revealed that the morphology of the fillers (platelets/spherical) and their concentration significantly influence the curing-induced strains and associated shrinkage. Although such observations were expected, detailed quantification on the volumetric shrinkage and its effect on structural components made of such resins are not well documented. Overall, the study uses a novel technique to correct the pycnometer measurement technique and provides the groundwork for understanding the influence of the type and content of the fillers on the curing-induced shrinkage process. This will provide improved dimensional stability and reduce curing-induced residual stresses on resulting composites.
The Impact of Maternal Antibiotics on Neonatal Disease.

Objectives We examined the impact of prenatal exposure to maternal antibiotics on risk of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), late onset sepsis (LOS), and death in infants born preterm. Study design Secondary data analysis was conducted via an extant cohort of 580 infants born 5 days) duration. Results Two-thirds of mothers received antibiotics within 72 hours before delivery, of whom 59.8% received >1 antibiotic. Ampicillin (37.6%) and azithromycin (26.4%) were the most common antibiotics given. NEC occurred in 7.5%, LOS in 11.1%, death in 9.6%, and the combined outcome of NEC, LOS, or death in 21.3% of study infants. In multiple logistic regression models adjusted for gestational age, postnatal empiric antibiotic exposure, and other factors, prenatal antibiotic exposure was associated with reduced risk of NEC (OR 0.28; 95% CI 0.14-0.56; P Conclusions Prenatal antibiotic exposure was associated with lower rates of NEC or death of infants born preterm, and its impact on infant outcomes warrants further study.
Cream of the Crop: Clinical Representativeness of Eligible and Ineligible Cannabis Users in Research.

Background Experts have recommended criteria (Gonzalez et al., 2002) for recruiting pure chronic cannabis users (i.e., those without polysubstance use or psychiatric illness) when evaluating cannabis' non-acute effects on cognition. Objectives We sought to demonstrate the implications of using such criteria by examining characteristics of respondents who completed an eligibility screening for a parent study evaluating the cognitive effects of chronic cannabis use. Methods Over a 3-year, 8-month period, 612 respondents from the community completed an eligibility screening based on recommendations in the cannabis literature. Using independent samples t-tests and chi-square tests, we examined whether qualified/eligible respondents (n = 219) differed from non-qualified/ineligible respondents (n = 393). Results Compared to ineligible cannabis users, eligible cannabis-using respondents were significantly younger, used cannabis more frequently, used alcohol less frequently, and were less likely to have a history of other drug use, a psychiatric diagnosis, or to have used psychiatric medication. Conclusions/Importance: Our findings indicate that eligible/pure cannabis users are not representative of typical cannabis users in the general community (i.e., ineligible users with polysubstance use and/or psychiatric diagnoses) who ultimately comprised the majority of our cannabis-using sample (65.2%). Thus, typical cannabis users may be more accurately characterized as polysubstance users, posing a number of challenges related to the generalizability of findings from studies utilizing pure samples of cannabis users. Recruiting samples of typical cannabis users will improve external validity in research. Furthermore, reporting comprehensive characteristics of such samples will enable consumers to gauge the applicability of study findings to populations of interest.
Long-term T cell responses in the brain after an ischemic stroke

Stroke, which occurs during a loss of blood flow to the brain, is a global disease that accounts for 10% of yearly mortality. But stroke is also a leading cause of long-term adult disability, with recovery continuing for months to years after initial stroke onset. This long-term functional recovery from stroke encompasses changes in neuronal structure and function, and occurs throughout the post-stroke brain. Much less understood is whether the adaptive immune cells that infiltrated the brain during acute post-stroke neuroinflammation remain long-term, and if their presence supports or hinders functional recovery. Studies show that T cell subsets and their derived cytokines exhibit diverse protective and detrimental effects in the immediate acute phase following stroke. Interestingly, T cells are also important in regulating physiological behavior, which hints at a potential role in functional recovery after stroke. Moreover, T cell egress into the post-stroke brain might actually peak weeks after stroke onset, suggesting a long-term role for the adaptive immune system in the injured CNS. However, the significance of T cells in the long-term functional and behavioral recovery and repair phase of stroke remains largely unexplored. We summarize here recent work in delineating the beneficial and detrimental effects of T cells after a stroke, including antigen-specific and non-specific effects of T cells in the post-stroke recovery phase. We also highlight the role of T cells in other CNS diseases that may suggest mechanisms for future study of these adaptive immune cells in the ischemic brain.
Smart technology for personal protective equipment and clothing

Abstract: This chapter reviews personal protective equipment (PPE) and clothing for different occupations and users, e.g., hazardous material (HAZMAT) workers, firefighters, industrial workers, healthcare personnel, and law enforcement and military personnel. The standards, requirements and commercial products for these PPE are discussed. The chapter covers the various types of smart technology that can be incorporated into textiles and clothing for personal protection, and applications and examples of smart PPE, including academic and industrial research and development, and commercial products. Future trends of smart PPE and helpful literature and websites are also included in this chapter.
The influence of respiratory movements upon the circulating leukocytes.

1. The leukocyte content of venous and arterial blood of 17 subjects was studied repeatedly and frequently during respirations and the Valsalva and Muller maneuvers. The venous and arterial samples were drawn simultaneously and were obtained by direct puncture from freely-flowing peripheral veins or arteries or by catheterization from the right ventricle, pulmonary artery, hepatic vein, left ventricle or aorta. 2. During the Valsalva maneuver, the arterial leukocyte count decreased markedly with relatively little alteration in the simultaneous venous counts; upon release of the forced expiration both counts promptly regained the control level. 3. During the Muller maneuver, increases in both arterial and venous leukocyte counts occurred in one patient, while no significant effect was observed in venous samples in a second subject. 4. During inspiration the arterial leukocyte count fell and the simultaneous venous count rose with reciprocal changes upon expiration. These changes occurred whether the initial counts were elevated, normal or leukopenic. 5. The changes in leukocyte number of both arterial and venous blood during respiratory movements are not due to hemoconcentration or hemodilution and suggest a tidal ebb and flow of leukocytes into and from the pulmonary circulation of a significant degree.
Characterization of Polymer Colloids

We may define a polymer colloid as a dispersed, two-phase system with at least one component consisting of an associated macromolecule. One might approach the problem of characterization by enumerating essential properties such as: (1) size range; (2) density or partial volume; (3) geometric and optical size; (4) anisotropy; (5) number concentration; (6) hydrodynamic size; (7) distribution functions; (8) surface philicity; (9) electrophoretic mobility; (10) packing; (11) physical properties; and (12) chemical properties. However, some properties are obtained as a group, from a single approach, so that a deeper understanding is generally obtained by consideration of several properties rather than a single property. Often we seek a critical comparison of several independent methods directed at a single property. Accordingly, we shall illustrate the characterization problem by a brief consideration of selected concepts and methods of a fundamental nature.
Impact of Potassium Citrate vs Citric Acid on Urinary Stone Risk in Calcium Phosphate Stone Formers

Purpose: To our knowledge no medication has been shown to be effective for preventing recurrent calcium phosphate urinary stones. Potassium citrate may protect against calcium phosphate stones by enhancing urine citrate excretion and lowering urine calcium but it raises urine pH, which increases calcium phosphate saturation and may negate the beneficial effects. Citric acid can potentially raise urine citrate but not pH and, thus, it may be a useful countermeasure against calcium phosphate stones. We assessed whether these 2 agents could significantly alter urine composition and reduce calcium phosphate saturation.Materials and Methods: In a crossover metabolic study 13 recurrent calcium phosphate stone formers without hypercalciuria were evaluated at the end of 3, 1-week study phases during which they consumed a fixed metabolic diet and received assigned study medications, including citric acid 30 mEq twice daily, potassium citrate 20 mEq twice daily or matching placebo. We collected 24-hour urine specim...
Ensuring Safe Drinking Water In Los Angeles County’s Small Water Systems

California has set laudable goals for ensuring that all residents have access to clean, affordable drinking water. Though the state has taken steps toward achieving these goals, they remain largely aspirational for many communities, particularly those that depend on small water systems in Los Angeles County and throughout California.This paper addresses challenges faced by small water systems in L.A. County in providing safe and affordable drinking water to customers. These include limited financial and personnel resources as well as reduced access to alternative water sources. Small water systems are particularly vulnerable to groundwater contamination and often struggle with regulatory compliance. As a result, they have a higher percentage of water quality problems and higher rates of noncompliance than larger systems.Small water systems’ lack of economies of scale often means that consumers pay more for water from small systems than from larger systems. Despite state efforts to provide funding and management assistance for small systems, small water systems often struggle with acquiring grants and loans, especially for operations and maintenance.This paper provides recommendations for helping small water systems become more resilient. California should pursue: (1) improved data collection and dissemination essential to tracking small water systems; (2) greater use of the Water Board’s current authority to pursue water system consolidations, along with an increase in the scope of that authority and more funding to support consolidation; and (3) greater funding for small water system operations and maintenance, infrastructural improvements, and disaster planning.
THERMALLY DRIVEN SORPTION, DESORPTION, AND MOISTURE MIGRATION IN THE ACTIVE LAYER IN CENTRAL ALASKA

Combined observations of hourly soil temperature and electric potential, the latter converted to a relative index of soil-water solute concentration, yield information on the physical chemistry of near-surface frost effects. Solute concentration near the descending 0° C isotherm in the refreezing active layer above permafrost is divided into three distinct zones: (1) an ion-enriched zone in the unfrozen active layer that precedes the penetrating freezing front; (2) an ion-purified desorbed zone at the freezing front that is the source region of the downward-expelled ions and water; and (3) a hydrologically isolated subfreezing zone of enhanced solute concentration located above the freezing isotherm. High-frequency fluctuations superimposed on these general patterns are traceable to vapor migration driven by surface thermal fluctuations. These effects diminish at temperatures below about -0.4° C, as permeability decreases with soil-ice formation. The combined temperature-solute concentration time series i...
Evaluating Spanish Colonial Alternative Economies in the Archaeological Record

The Spanish settlement of Santa Maria de Galve (1698–1719), a presidio in northwest Florida, was in a precarious economic position from the moment of its establishment. The Spanish Crown prohibited trading with foreigners and expected the colonists to survive on the unreliable situado supply system. This insufficient system may have spurred colonists to participate in illegal activities to support their economic interests. In complex colonial situations such as this, it is necessary for archaeologists to consider illicit activity as a possible source of goods when interpreting artifact assemblages. According to historical documents, throughout its occupation the presidio of Santa Maria de Galve only received five shipments of ceramics in the situado, yet, as is common on archaeological sites, ceramics dominate the artifact assemblage. A possible explanation for the abundance of ceramics might be that colonists attained ceramics through illicit means. In doing so, the colonists created a different kind of economy, one that became alternative to the legal and formal economy of Spain. This case study provides one way of examining illicit trade by applying diversity statistics to ceramic assemblages from refuse-pit features in status-assigned areas at Santa Maria de Galve. The results demonstrate a higher diversity index in areas occupied or regulated by higher-status military officials, indicating that illicit trade might have been used to some degree to obtain ceramics that were not available through the situado.
Institutional Review Board Oversight of Citizen Science Research Involving Human Subjects

In their target article, “The Rise of Citizen Science in Health and Biomedical Research,” Andrea Wiggins and John Wilbanks (2019) summarize some of the emerging ethical issues related to citizen sc...
Better living through your gut microbes

Correcting gut microbial dysbiosis improves health and life span in a mouse model of accelerated aging by restoring intestinal bile acid and small-molecule metabolite balance.
Experimental investigation on the dynamic compressive behavior of rubberized concrete

Dynamic compressive behavior of the 70mm diameter rubberized concrete(RC) cylinder specimens was studied by using a split Hopkinson pressure bar(SHPB).The stress-strain curves under different strain rates and toughness index were obtained,and dynamic compressive strength were compared with static compressive strength.From the test results,dynamic compressive behavior of rubberized concrete containing different sizes,volumetric contents and grading was discussed.At last,the paper summaries the strain rate effect of rubberized concrete,and the factors that affect the dynamic compressive behavior of rubberized concrete.
A Brief Review of Left Ventricular Assist Devices and Their Management

The number of people older than 65 will double by 2060, and with it, the number of people suffering from heart failure will also surge. In the United States, it is estimated that there are close to 250,000-500,000 endstage/ advanced heart failure cases. Mechanical circulatory support (MCS) is an evolving advanced therapy for end-stage heart failure. MCS can be an interim measure along with acute mechanical circulatory support measures including but not limited to the intra-aortic balloon pump, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, or temporary ventricular assist devices such as Impella, or MCS can be a more prolonged and ambulatory measure in conjunction with an implantable, durable left ventricular assist device (LVAD). As the technology of LVADs advances, the complication rate is decreasing, and the living LVAD patient population is expanding. This indicates that the probability of a non-heart failure specialist encountering these patients is also on the rise. In this article, we aim to expand the familiarity and basic knowledge of non-heart failure specialists by detailing the concepts and complications of LVADs, enabling them to more comfortably manage these patients.
Envisat MERIS and Sentinel-3 OLCI satellite lake biophysical water quality flag dataset for the contiguous United States.

Abstract Monitoring lake biophysical water quality is a global challenge. Satellite remote sensing offers a technology for continuous water quality information in data poor regions throughout the United States. Quality assurance flag data are provided for the presence of snow/ice, land-adjacency, and unresolvable waterbodies supporting water quality derived measures from Envisat MEdium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer and Sentinel-3 Ocean and Land Colour Instrument for the continental United States. In addition, an updated Waterbody Data mask that contains valid waterbody and coastal ocean delineation is provided. The quality assurance flag datasets can benefit the scientific community in processing lake water quality throughout the contiguous United States by addressing errors from snow/ice, land adjacency, and land masking. The dataset presented here will be used in the development of national scale metrics for derived biophysical water quality in the US.
Nomadic by nature? Contradictions and precarious work in Mongolian tourism

Mongolia's transition to a democratic, market economy has created widespread change, especially among pastoral herders. Pastoralists have been depicted as archaic and independent ‘nomads’ who exist...
Examining Pre-service Mathematics and Science Teachers’ Plans to Implement Culturally Relevant Pedagogy

There is a need for greater guidance in preparing pre-service teachers to enact culturally relevant pedagogy while maintaining the content and rigor of mathematics and science in middle and seconda...
Modeling Electric and Magnetic Fields in Working Area of Inversed Magnetron Vacuum Gauge Converter to Study Density and Composition of Apper Atmospheric Layers

The relevance and problems of instrumental studies of the density and composition of the upper layers of the atmosphere (ionosphere) are shown, regarding the absence of tools for direct measurements of the density and composition of the atmosphere at altitudes from 100 to 1000 km. A solution to these problems is proposed by developing a combined sensor of the density and composition of the upper layers of the atmosphere placed on micro and nanosatellites. As a prototype of a vacuum gauge, an inversed-magnetron PMM-32-1 type converter was selected. The shortcomings of it in the working conditions in the ionosphere are shown. The methods of its developing are proposed and the approximate design of a modernized vacuum gauge converter is considered, on the basis of which a combined density and composition converter of the upper atmosphere will be built by combining it with a charged particle trap that prevent the charged particles (electrons, ions and protons) from entering the working area of the gauge, ensure the accuracy of its readings and also allow determining the concentration negative and positive charge particles. Modeling of electric and magnetic fields in the working area of the converter was carried out, on the basis of which the ionization processes in its working area should be further calculated.
Diffractively narrating teacher agency within the entanglements of inclusion

New materialist thought complicates humanist conceptions of agency that inform the trope of ‘change agent’ which has been foundational to the scholarship on teacher preparation for inclusive educat...
The landscape of driver mutations in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma

Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma is a form of skin cancer originating from keratinocytes in the skin. It is the second most common type of cancer and is responsible for an estimated 8000 deaths per year in the United States. Compared to other cancer subtypes with similar incidences and death tolls, our understanding of the somatic mutations driving cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma is limited. The main challenge is that these tumors have high mutation burdens, primarily a consequence of UV-radiation-induced DNA damage from sunlight, making it difficult to distinguish driver mutations from passenger mutations. We overcame this challenge by performing a meta-analysis of publicly available sequencing data covering 105 tumors from 10 different studies. Moreover, we eliminated tumors with issues, such as low neoplastic cell content, and from the tumors that passed quality control, we utilized multiple strategies to reveal genes under selection. In total, we nominated 30 cancer genes. Among the more novel genes, mutations frequently affected EP300, PBRM1, USP28, and CHUK. Collectively, mutations in the NOTCH and p53 pathways were ubiquitous, and to a lesser extent, mutations affected genes in the Hippo pathway, genes in the Ras/MAPK/PI3K pathway, genes critical for cell-cycle checkpoint control, and genes encoding chromatin remodeling factors. Taken together, our study provides a catalogue of driver genes in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma, offering points of therapeutic intervention and insights into the biology of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma.
Evaluating a Functional Family Therapy Intervention: Challenges and Lessons Learned:

Purpose:This case study is the introspective account of the evaluation process of Functional Family Therapy (FFT) as implemented in Middlesex County in New Jersey between 2005 and 2011. The study p...
What is a Classical Liberal Constitution

Classical liberals favor an institutional environment of economic freedom. A society’s institutional environment emerges as a set of political outcomes that take shape within a higher- order framework or constitution. While many scholars have explored the relationship between institutional environments and prosperity, few have considered how the constitutional level influences the institutional environment. We highlight this scholarly neglect and argue that we know very little about the relationship between constitutional design and economic freedom. Focusing on some aspects of constitutional design that classical liberals have favored (a spare, entrenched framework), we empirically examine their correlation with economic freedom. The results are mixed and highlight the need for systematic and serious study of real world constitutional data.
Dilute-As InGaNAs quantum wells for red-emitting laser active regions

The material gain and threshold current density properties of dilute-As InGaNAs-based quantum wells (QWs) are analyzed via a self-consistent 6-band k·p formulism. Amber emission is achieved by the implementation of dilute-As InGaNAs with low In-content. Significant threshold current density reduction and enhanced material gain are obtained by the employment of an In0.19Ga0.81N0.97As0.03 (Eg ~ 2.1 eV) alloy into the active region for red-emitting lasers, compared to a conventional high In-content InGaN-based QW emitting at the same wavelength (λ~600 nm). Our study reveals the excellent potential of the dilute-As InGaNAs for implementation as the active region for red-emitting lasers.
Negotiating Salary & Benefits (Book Chapter)

This book chapter identifies best practices for salary negotiation for early career law librarians.
War in Iraq : Planning and Execution

Introduction Thomas A. Keaney and Thomas G. Mahnken Part 1: Defeating the Regime and Occupying Iraq 1. American Anabasis: The United States Army's Entry into War in Iraq Isaiah Wilson 2. Iraqi Military Effectiveness Kevin M. Woods, with Michael R. Pease, Mark E. Stout, Williamson Murray and James G. Lacey 3. The Afghan Model in Northern Iraq Richard Andres 4. Deep Attack against Iraq: Precision Weapon, Cyber Attack and the Future of War Richard Andres 5. Doomed Execution: Iraq and its War Plan Kevin M. Woods, with Michael R. Pease, Mark E. Stout, Williamson Murray and James G. Lacey 6. Mission Not Accomplished: What Went Wrong with Iraqi Reconstruction Nora Bensahel Part 2: Reconstructing Iraq and Countering the Insurgency 7. Origins, Causes, and Evolution of the Iraqi Insurgency, 2003-06 Ahmed Hashim 8. Signaling Resolve and the First Battle of Fallujah Carter Malkasian 9. Counterinsurgency in Iraq - The Karbala Model Peter R. Mansoor 10. Extinguishing the Insurgency in Iraq: A Civil Affairs Perspective John Ballard 11. The U.S. Army and Counterinsurgency in Iraq Kalev I. Sepp 12. Rediscovering the Way of Lawrence, Some Thoughts on Postmodern Planning Isaiah Wilson. Conclusion: The Iraq War in Context Eliot A. Cohen
Weak Semidynamical Systems and Processes

Many of the important properties of semidynamical systems which were developed in the first three chapters can essentially be obtained with a weaker continuity axiom (Definition 2.1(iii) of Chapter I); namely, assume that π(x,t) is only continuous in x ∈ X. In particular, we still obtain weak in-variance of compact positive limit sets. In addition, if the continuity in x is uniform with respect to t ∈ IR+, then (X,π) extends to a weak dynamical system on the positive limit sets. Moreover, the positive limit sets will then be minimal with respect to this flow. Finally, we will still be able to show, as in Chapter III, that the positive limit sets are equi-almost periodic.
160 The prevalence of chronic rhinosinusitis in paediatric cystic fibrosis

Chronic rhinosinusitis is an inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the paranasal sinuses, lasting longer than 12 weeks. Symptoms include nasal discharge and congestion, head or facial pain and sleep disturbances. There is evidence of an association between upper and lower airway pathogens. 30–67% of adult cystic fibrosis (CF) patients report symptoms. Incidence in children has not been investigated. Aim To ascertain the prevalence and severity of chronic rhinosinusitis in a paediatric CF population. Method CF patients ≥6 years of age attending the Great North Children's Hospital were asked to complete a validated questionnaire, the Sino Nasal Outcome Test (SNOT-20). Results 58 children participated, mean age 11.3±3.1 years, 22 males. Mean baseline % predicted FEV 1 was 84.6±17.8. Mean SNOT-20 score (maximum 100) was 14.9±16.54, range 0–81. Division in to sub categories of rhinological, ear and facial, sleep function and psychological demonstrated that rhinological symptoms were the most reported. Symptoms were mild in 52% ( Conclusion A significant proportion of paediatric CF patients report symptoms of chronic rhinosinusitis. Regular assessment of the sinuses is recommended and treatment should be instigated in those patients with moderate to severe symptoms. Further research into treatment in the paediatric population is needed.
Species Are Not Uniquely Real Biological Entities

Are species uniquely real biological entities? This question is one of the most controversial topics today in such areas of biology as ecology, systematics, conservation, population genetics, and evolution. “Species” currently play a central role in both theory and practice in these areas, and have a large place in the public’s perception of biological diversity as well. This question can be decomposed into two parts: (1) Are species real, and in what sense? (2) If real, is their reality the same as entities smaller or larger than them— i.e., are they real in a sense that genera or subspecies are not? This paper will briefly review historical and current opinions on these questions, but will primarily advocate one particular position that appears to fit biological reality as now understood: that species properly defined are real entities, but not uniquely real. The longstanding “species problem” can be solved by realizing that there is no such thing as species after all! The so-called “species problem” is really just a special case of the taxon problem. Once a decision is made about what taxa in general are to represent, then those groups currently known as species are simply the least inclusive taxa of that type. As I favor a phylogenetic basis for taxonomy, I want to look at how to include terminal taxa in the PhyloCode, currently a controversial topic even among PhyloCode supporters. In brief, my argument is: (1) life is organized in a hierarchy of nested monophyletic groups—some of them quite fine-scale, well below the level we currently call species; (2) not all known monophyletic groups need be named, just the ones that are important to process or conservation studies and that have good support; (3) those that are named taxonomically should be given unranked (but hierarchically nested) uninomials; and (4) formal ranks, including species, should be abandoned. I will conclude with a brief discussion of the implication of my position on species for academic studies in ecology and evolution as well as for practical applications in biodiversity inventories and conservation biology.
A parallel approximation algorithm for solving one-dimensional bin packing problems

Describes a parallel approximation algorithm that can be used to obtain solutions to the one-dimensional bin packing problem: a list L of n items with sizes in the interval
Toward automated document reformatting: a SGML markup system

A SGML markup system is presented. One major obstacle for the SGML to gain more application is the prohibitively high cost of the markup process. The system the authors present adopts an incremental design approach. This approach helps to "divide and conquer" each specific problem encountered during the markup process and ensures that the system converges to a almost-fully automated markup system. The major software components of the system are described. Some selective algorithms are also introduced.
Chapter 7 Operations research in studying crime and justice: Its history and accomplishments

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the applications of operations research and management science (OR/MS) to problems of crime and justice. The chapter describes how OR/MS has been used in studying crime and criminal justice. The correctional system has several goals: deterrence, education, retribution, rehabilitation, and incapacitation. The models relating to incapacitation are explored. The recidivism of an offender, his/her continuing to commit crimes, is a crucial factor in criminal career research. Deterrence is the reduction in criminal activity by the general public attributable to a given intervention. It is not associated with specific individuals, so it cannot be measured by tracing offenders' careers. Another area of importance to prison administrators is the projection of future populations of offenders. Operations research has also been used to study crime and how the police react to it. Problems related to juries investigated using operations research include the elimination of intentional bias in empaneling juries; considerations related to increasing bias in a jury by using peremptory challenges; and studies relating to the reduction of juror waiting time and the cost of empaneling juries. The systematic, quantitative thinking exemplified by these approaches to problem-solving has been very effective in helping to improve the administration of criminal justice.
Effect of lipo-chitooligosaccharide on early growth of C4 grass seedlings

Although lipo-chitooligosaccharides (LCOs) are important signal molecules for plant-symbiont interactions, a number of reports suggest that LCOs can directly impact plant growth and development, separate from any role in plant symbioses. In order to investigate this more closely, maize and Setaria seedlings were treated with LCO and their growth was evaluated. The data indicate that LCO treatment significantly enhanced root growth. RNA-seq transcriptomic analysis of LCO-treated maize roots identified a number of genes whose expression was significantly affected by the treatment. Among these genes, some LCO-up-regulated genes are likely involved in root growth promotion. Interestingly, some stress-related genes were down-regulated after LCO treatment, which might indicate reallocation of resources from defense responses to plant growth. The promoter activity of several LCO-up-regulated genes using a β-glucuronidase reporter system was further analysed. The results showed that the promoters were activated by LCO treatment. The data indicate that LCO can directly impact maize root growth and gene expression.
Familial Aggregation of Insulin Resistance in First-Degree Relatives of Patients With Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Background & Aims: An association between nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and the insulin resistance (IR) syndrome exists. Familial clustering of IR may support a genetic predisposition to NAFLD or cryptogenic cirrhosis (CC). Methods: Patients with NAFLD (n = 20) and healthy controls (n = 20) matched for age, sex, and body mass index with at least 4 living relatives and 2 generations of lineage participated in a familial aggregation study. A medical history was obtained from each subject and confirmed with first-degree family members. Results: NAFLD patients were more likely to have cirrhosis (odds ratio [OR] = 12.0), cardiac disease (OR, 3.0), hyperlipidemia (OR, 12.1), diabetes mellitus (DM) (OR, 9.1), renal stones (OR, 4.1), and arthritis (OR, 6.1). IR (P = .042) (the primary dependent variable) and DM (P = .013) were noted in their first-degree relatives. A trend for familial clustering of NAFLD or CC (P = .059) with a maternal linkage for disease expression also may exist. Cholelithiasis (P = .047), presumed NAFLD and/or CC (P = .049), and a trend toward IR (P = .07) were noted in the mothers, but not the fathers, of patients with NAFLD. An increased risk of DM (OR, 4.2; 95% confidence interval, 1.26–18.7; P = .013), IR (OR, 2.86; 95% confidence interval, 1.02–9.38; P = .042), and smoking (OR, 3.41; 95% confidence interval, 1.43–9.07; P = .003) was observed in first-degree relatives of NAFLD patients. No significant survival difference was observed between family cohorts. Conclusions: Familial clustering and a potential maternal linkage for IR support a genetic predisposition for NAFLD. Alternatively, the presence of suppressor genes modifying the expression of IR in paternal lineage warrants further investigation.
Surgical anesthesia of seven rodent species with chloral hydrate.

Abstract The use of pentobarbital as an anesthetic for animals in the genera Microtus and Peromyscus often results in high mortality rates. Chloral hydrate was administered in various dosages to adult male M. montanus, M. ochrogaster, M. pennsylvanicus, P. eremicus, P. leucopus, P. maniculatus bairdi , and P. polionotus in order to determine a safe, injectable anesthetic and dosage for performing lengthy surgery with these rodents. Dosages of 0.63 mg/g, 0.70 mg/g, and 0.77 mg/g were administered intraperitoneally and the presence or absence of palprebral and withdrawal reflexes were recorded at specified post-injection intervals. Chloral hydrate appears to be a safe and useful anesthetic for P. leucopus, P. m. bairdi , and P. polionotus at optimal dosages of 0.77 mg/g, 0.63 mg/g and 0.70 mg/g respectively. No safe acceptable dosage could be determined for any of the other species as considerable mortality resulted in response to any dosage.