cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Inositol hexakisphosphate excites rat medullary sympathoexcitatory neurons in vivo.

Abstract Inositol hexakisphosphate (IP6) was microinjected into the rostral venttrolateral reticular nucleus or iontophoresed onto reticulospinal sympathoexcitatory neurons of the nucleus in anesthetized rats. IP6 (5–500 pmol) induced a dose-dependent potent and prolonged elevation of arterial pressure which was mimicked by microinjection of ethyleneglycol-bis (β-aminoethylether) N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid (EGTA), while myo-inositol was ineffective. Iontophoretic application of IP6 and EGTA excited the medullary sympathoexcitatory neurons but myo-inositol had no effect. Ihe effect of IP6 on firing rate of the sympathoexcitatory neurons was abolished by co-administration of Ca2+ ions onto these neurons. The results indicate that IP6 acts extracellularly to excite the medullary sympathoexcitatory neurons. The excitatory actions of IP6 may depend, at least in part, on a calcium-chelating action. Chelation of extracellular Ca2+ might be a physiological action of IP6.
Improved method for recovery and quantitation of assimilated radiolabel from marine sediment bacteria

Radiotracer studies of substrate assimilation by bacteria in marine sediments are complicated by high abiotic control values, poor sampling reproducibility, and incomplete recovery and quantitation of incorporated radiolabel. An alkaline extraction approach has been developed to improve radiolabel recovery. Net acetate and glucose assimilation were 11.1–22.9 pmol ml−1 h−1 and 0.7–1.3 pmol ml−1 h−1, respectively, by microorganisms in estuarine sediments ranging from 166–233 μm median grain size and 3.1–4.1% silt and clay. The alkaline extraction method resulted in abiotic control values averaging 8.6% of experimental values, reproducible sub-sampling for radiolabel quantitation (S.E. mean−1 ranged from 0.04–0.4 for 42 sample sets), and efficient recovery of incorporated radiolabel. The procedure recovered more than twice the radiolabel recovered using acid extraction or hot water extraction with identical sediments. Alkaline extraction was significantly different from acid and hot water extraction (ANOVA, F = 40.70, p < 0.0001). Use of these methods allows detection of changes in substrate assimilation patterns in fine-grained marine sediments.
Metabolic and blood pressure effects of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors in mild-to-moderate American hypertensives.

To evaluate the effects of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition on metabolic effects as well as blood pressure, we studied 255 mild-to-moderate American essential hypertensives. After a 4-week placebo period subjects were randomly assigned to receive captopril (C) 25 mg tid, hydrochlorothiazide (H) 15 mg tid or both agents in combination (C + H) tid. A significant (p < 0.05) fall in blood pressure was seen in all three groups; C + H had a greater (p < 0.05) than C or H. H was associated with a significant (p < 0.05) fall in serum potassium and significant (p < 0.05) increases in uric acid, glucose and cholesterol. With C alone no changes in these parameters were seen. With combination therapy (C + H) significant (p < 0.05) blunting of diuretic-induced changes in potassium and uric acid and the significant increases in glucose and cholesterol seen with H were prevented. The side effects reported were mild with all regimens and rarely required discontinuation of therapy. The efficacy, safety and a...
The Effects of Children of Divorce Living with Neither Parent on the Academic Achievement of Those Children

Abstract This study builds upon past research which has examined the effects of divorce on the academic achievement of children living in single-parent families. This study uses the NELS 1988 and 1992 data sets to examine the effects of children of divorce living with neither parent. As America has increased in its diversity of family structures, children of divorce from neither-parent families have become more common. Yet there is almost no research dealing with the effects of divorce for children who end up in neither-parent families. The results of this study indicate that children of divorce from neither-parent families perform more poorly than their counterparts in either divorced single-parent families or intact families. Although controlling for SES reduces the effects for children of divorce living with neither parent, most of the effects remain statistically significant even with the inclusion of the SES variables, especially for the twelfth grade students. The possible reasons for this academic ...
Synthesis of Graphene Aerogel with High Electrical Conductivity

We report the synthesis of ultra-low-density three-dimensional macroassemblies of graphene sheets that exhibit high electrical conductivities and large internal surface areas. These materials are prepared as monolithic solids from suspensions of single-layer graphene oxide in which organic sol−gel chemistry is used to cross-link the individual sheets. The resulting gels are supercritically dried and then thermally reduced to yield graphene aerogels with densities approaching 10 mg/cm3. In contrast to methods that utilize physical cross-links between GO, this approach provides covalent carbon bonding between the graphene sheets. These graphene aerogels exhibit an improvement in bulk electrical conductivity of more than 2 orders of magnitude (∼1 × 102 S/m) compared to graphene assemblies with physical cross-links alone (∼5 × 10−1 S/m). The graphene aerogels also possess large surface areas (584 m2/g) and pore volumes (2.96 cm3/g), making these materials viable candidates for use in energy storage, catalysis...
Localization of adjacent binding domains for cellular proteins over the minute virus of mice P4 promoter by site-specific photoaffinity labelling.

Abstract A photoaffinity labelling (PHL) procedure was used to localize the specific binding sites for A92L fibroblast nuclear proteins on the minute virus of mice (MVM) P4 promoter. We describe a chemical and biochemical method for the construction of precisely modified photoreactive (phr) DNA probes. In this method, a phenylazide group is attached to the DNA fragment by coupling SASD [sulfosuccinimidyl-2-(p-azidosalicyl-amido)ethyl-l,3'-dithiopropionate] to the primary amino group of the linker arm present at any predetermined position. These phr probes would identify, upon photocrosslinking, only those proteins which bind to the location of the phr group. Specifically, two phr probes representing the 139–172 bp region of the MVM P4 promoter were constructed in which the highly phr phenylazide group was attached with a linker at nucleotide 168, towards the side of the GC box proximal to the TATA box. The PHL studies with these photoprobes revealed that although the proteins of 95 and 120-kDa bind near nt 168 of the P4 promoter, the 120-kDa protein requires the region between the TATA box and the GC box for binding to the MVM P4 promoter.
Comparing Utility Connected to Stand Alone Micro-Grids: From the Viewpoint of a Utility Engineer

This paper presents project examples of grid and grid-isolated micro-grids. It discusses micro-grid drivers; economic, environmental, and financial issues; and tools to plan and design micro-grids. Tools covered include modeling software resource options, generation types, fuel options, and services to provide smooth transitions (including required equipment and software controls), ranging from those of minimal expense to maximum functionality. The need for, and construction of, real-time operational interfaces is also addressed, with a focus on real world complications and guidance regarding implementation of planning design and of a micro-grid. This paper attempts to present a broad overview of micro-grids, including project examples, modeling tools, technology options, and practical and business insights to enable interested parties to quickly come up to speed on micro-grid basics. The included information should give interested parties the tools and resources to move forward on their own projects, assuming these parties have sufficient knowledge and experience with electrical distribution systems.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Treatment retention of dually diagnosed offenders in an institutional therapeutic community.

This study investigated treatment retention in an institutional therapeutic community (ITC) for dually diagnosed male inmates. Twenty-five percent of admissions successfully completed the residential substance abuse treatment program. Graduates participated for an average of 9 months, while terminations participated for nearly 4 months. One-third of the terminations participated for at least 3 months and 15% participated for 6 months or more. A striking result was the relationship between retention and risk ratings and psychopathy scores. Both measures assess behavior and interaction styles over a range of situations. The presence of a single type of negative behavior (i.e. the nature of the committing offense) did not predict completion, but a rating based on multiple samples of behavior was a significant predictor of retention. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The development of photo-electric photometry

Abstract Photo-electric photometry is to-day an important branch of astronomy and is used wherever accurate measures of light intensity are needed. The first electric photometry was with a selenium cell, which was first employed by Professor Minchin in England in 1891 for measuring the brightness of stars. It was little used until 1906 when Brown and Stebbins in America revived selenium photometry. In 1911 the photo-electric cell replaced the selenium cell and has been in use ever since. Developments in the sensitivity and accuracy of photo-electric photometers include the development of electrometers. The string electrometer was used at first for the measurement of the photo-electric current, but was later replaced by the Lindemann electrometer, because the latter could be operated from any position on a moving telescope. When amplification was successfully accomplished by Whitford in 1932, circuits using vacuum tubes were constructed and the amplified current was measured with a galvanometer. During the war years, a photo-electric multiplier cell (1P21) was invented and perfected which made is possible to eliminate the first stages of amplification. About the same time, recording meters became available which produced a permanent record of the amplified current, which could be read and studied at leisure. Such installations have made possible the measurement of stars as faint as can be photographed. Distant galaxies also come under observation with the largest reflecting telescopes, with important data resulting from the measurement of the brightness and colour of these objects. It is hoped that the next step will be the building of a large telescope in the southern hemisphere, where these techniques can be applied to the southern areas of the sky.
Chondrocyte Proliferation of the Cranial Base Cartilage upon in vivo Mechanical Stresses

Whereas the growth of the cranial base cartilage is thought to be regulated solely by genes, epiphyseal growth plates are known to respond to mechanical stresses. This disparity has led to our hypothesis that chondrocyte proliferation is accelerated by mechanical stimuli above natural growth. Two-Newton tensile forces with static and cyclic waveforms were delivered in vivo to the premaxillae of actively growing rabbits for 20 min/day over 12 consecutive days. The average number of BrdU-labeled chondrocytes in the proliferating zone treated with cyclic forces was significantly higher than both static forces of matching peak magnitude and sham controls representing natural chondral growth. Cyclic forces also evoked greater area of the proliferating zone than both static forces and sham controls. Thus, chondrocyte proliferation is enhanced by mechanical stresses in vivo, especially those with oscillatory waveform. Analysis of these data suggests that genetically coded chondral growth is up-regulated by mechanical signals.
ERNST CASSIRER'S MOMENT: PHILOSOPHY AND POLITICS

The emergence of the German Jewish philosopher Ernst Cassirer (1874–1945) as the object of scholarly attention has been both surprising and rapid. In the decades since his early death while in exile in the United States, Cassirer never fell into complete oblivion. His works remained known to specialists in German intellectual history; his participation in a famous 1929 debate with Martin Heidegger in Davos, Switzerland, one of the most iconic moments in modern Continental thought, made his name familiar to most students of modern philosophy. Yet Cassirer lacked the widespread recognition given to contemporaries such as Heidegger or Walter Benjamin, and his work never became the center of historical or philosophical study. This neglect stemmed, in part, from dismissal by his peers; as Edward Skidelsky explains in his new study, Rudolf Carnap found him “rather pastoral,” Isaiah Berlin dismissed him as “serenely innocent,” and Theodor Adorno thought he was “totally gaga” (125). The last few years, however, have seen the rise of a remarkable new interest in Cassirer in both Germany and the English-speaking world. Among this recent literature, Edward Skidelsky's and Peter Gordon's works lead the small “Cassirer renaissance” and offer the best English-language introduction to his thought. Both Gordon and Skidelsky ambitiously seek to relocate Cassirer at the forefront of modern German and European thought. Gordon goes as far as to call him “one of the greatest philosophers and intellectual historians to emerge from the cultural ferment of modern Germany” and one of the most important thinkers of the twentieth century (11). In making such bold statements, Gordon and Skidelsky clearly set their sights beyond the person himself; they aspire to highlight a central strand of thought that enjoyed a powerful presence in early twentieth-century Germany but fell into neglect in the postwar era. In doing so, they seek to reevaluate the nature and legacy of Weimar thought, its complex relationship with the period's unstable politics, and its relevance today.
The School's Assault on Childhood.

(1981). The School's Assault on Childhood. Childhood Education: Vol. 58, Pressures Abolishing Childhood, pp. 84-87.
A perturbation formalism for semiclassical, bound states in one dimension

Abstract Using a perturbation formalism developed to find the period of a classical, one-dimensional system, an implicit equation for the allowed energy levels of the system is derived for the WKB approximation.
NONLETHAL EFFECTS OF PREDATORS ON PREY POPULATIONS: PREDATOR‐MEDIATED CHANGE IN BIVALVE GROWTH

Predators affect dynamics of prey populations not only by decreasing their survivorship, but also by changing other vital rates such as growth and reproduction. However, such nonlethal effects have rarely been examined experimentally in the field. In North Carolina estuaries, the hard clam Mercenaria mercenaria generally shows lower growth rates in habitats where predation rates are higher. Predator avoidance behavior of the clams (feeding inhibition) might be one of the factors responsible for this correlation. To examine possible effects of predators on clam growth, I first compared variation in clam growth rate among habitats with different predation pressure, and between predator-exclusion cages and uncaged controls. I then carried out a predator-enclosure experiment using the clam and the whelk Busycon carica, a major predator on adult clams. Among-habitat variation in survivorship, predation rate, and growth rate was generally small or not detected in winter, while large variation was found for adul...
A new Hermeuptychia (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae) is sympatric and synchronic with H. sosybius in southeast US coastal plains, while another new Hermeuptychia species – not hermes – inhabits south Texas and northeast Mexico

Hermeuptychia intricata Grishin, sp. n. is described from the Brazos Bend State Park in Texas, United States, where it flies synchronously with Hermeuptychia sosybius (Fabricius, 1793). The two species differ strongly in both male and female genitalia and exhibit 3.5% difference in the COI barcode sequence of mitochondrial DNA. Setting such significant genitalic and genotypic differences aside, we were not able to find reliable wing pattern characters to tell a difference between the two species. This superficial similarity may explain why H. intricata, only distantly related to H. sosybius, has remained unnoticed until now, despite being widely distributed in the coastal plains from South Carolina to Texas, USA (and possibly to Costa Rica). Obscuring the presence of a cryptic species even further, wing patterns are variable in both butterflies and ventral eyespots vary from large to almost absent. To avoid confusion with the new species, neotype for Papilio sosybius Fabricius, 1793, a common butterfly that occurs across northeast US, is designated from Savannah, Georgia, USA. It secures the universally accepted traditional usage of this name. Furthermore, we find that DNA barcodes of Hermeuptychia specimens from the US, even those from extreme south Texas, are at least 4% different from those of H. hermes (Fabricius, 1775)-type locality Brazil: Rio de Janeiro-and suggest that the name H. hermes should not be used for USA populations, but rather reserved for the South American species. This conclusion is further supported by comparison of male genitalia. However, facies, genitalia and 2.1% different DNA barcodes set Hermeuptychia populations in the lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas apart from H. sosybius. These southern populations, also found in northeastern Mexico, are described here as Hermeuptychia hermybius Grishin, sp. n. (type locality Texas: Cameron County). While being phylogenetically closer to H. sosybius than to any other Hermeuptychia species, H. hermybius can usually be recognized by wing patterns, such as the size of eyespots and the shape of brown lines on hindwing. "Intricate Satyr" and "South Texas Satyr" are proposed as the English names for H. intricata and H. hermybius, respectively.
Oncogene regulation of endonuclease activation in apoptosis

Recent work has demonstrated that oncogenes and tumor suppressor proteins regulate apoptotic cell death. Current efforts are therefore directed at determining how they exert their effects. It appears that oncogenes can control activation of the apoptosis endonuclease(s) either by regulating the signal(s) that trigger the process or via effects on expression and/or activation of key components of the effector machinery, including the endogenous endonuclease itself. This article summarizes the available information on the biochemical mechanisms underlying the effects of oncogenes on endogenous endonuclease activation and presents models to explain the observation that they also regulate alternative cell fates such as cell proliferation and differentiation.
Monosomy 22 as a diagnostic aid in a case of late recurrence of adult granulosa cell tumor of the ovary

Cytogenetic analysis of a case of metastatic granulosa cell tumor recurring 21 years after oophorectomy revealed monosomy 22. This anomaly, typical of granulosa cell tumor, coupled with the pathologic and immunophenotypic findings assisted in establishing the proper diagnosis of this lesion in the absence of the original histopathologic slides.
Preoperative risk factors predict survival following cardiac retransplantation: Analysis of the United Network for Organ Sharing database

Background The aim of our study was to identify preoperative risk factors affecting overall survival after cardiac retransplantation (ReTX) in a contemporary era. Methods The United Network for Organ Sharing database was used to identify patients undergoing ReTX between 1995 and 2012. Of the total 28,464 primary transplants performed, 987 (3.5%) were retransplants. The primary outcome investigated was overall survival. The influence of preoperative donor and recipient characteristics on survival were then tested with univariate logistic regression and multivariate Cox regression models. Results Of 987 patients who underwent ReTX, median survival was 9 years. Estimated survival at 1, 3, 5, 10, and 15 years following retransplant was 80% (95% confidence interval [CI], 78%-83%), 70% (95% CI, 67%-73%), 64% (95% CI, 61%-67%), 47% (95% CI, 43%-51%), and 30% (95% CI, 25%-37%), respectively. Clinical predictors of survival using multivariable analysis included donor age (relative risk [RR], 1.14; P = .004), ischemic time > 4 hours (RR, 1.48; P = .004); preoperative support with extracorporeal membrane oxygenator (RR, 3.91; P P = .004). Patients with ReTX have 1.27 times higher relative risk of death compared with patients undergoing primary transplant only (RR, 1.27; 95% CI, 1.13-1.42; P Conclusions Patients who undergo cardiac ReTX can expect to have a 1-year survival less than a patient undergoing primary transplant with an acceptable median overall survival. Both donor and recipient preoperative factors contribute to overall survival following cardiac ReTx. Donor characteristics include age of the donor and ischemic time. Recipient factors include the need for extracorporeal membrane oxygenator and the number of days between the first and second transplant. Optimal survival following cardiac ReTX can best be predicted by choosing patients who are farther out from their initial transplant, not dependent upon preoperative extracorporeal support, and by choosing donor hearts younger in age and those likely to have shorter ischemic times.
Pulsed laser deposition of metal oxide photoelectrodes for solar-driven hydrogen production: fabrication techniques

The use of pulsed laser deposition as a fabrication technique for metal oxide semiconductor photoelectrodes for solar-driven production of hydrogen from aqueous solutions is examined. The physical mechanisms of pulsed laser-material interactions facilitate the deposition of a wide variety of semiconductor materials quickly and controllably. Films prepared by this technique have proven to possess desirable characteristics for many applications, including highly sensitive electronic and optical devices. However, pulsed laser deposition of materials for photoelectrode films is relatively unexplored. Effectively utilizing this technique as a research tool for photoelectrode fabrication involves exploiting the physical phenomena associated with laser-material interactions and the characteristic ablation plume. Through control of process parameters one can engineer and study the composition and structural properties of photoelectrodes simultaneously, which is known to be required for high solar-to-hydrogen conversion efficiencies. Characteristics of photoanodes deposited by pulsed laser deposition are presented when illustrative of the fabrication technique discussed.
Antecedents and Responses Associated with Loneliness

Although researchers have isolated various aspects of the loneliness experience, they have failed to comprehend the processes that occur along with, and as a result of, feeling lonely. This study addressed this issue by examining the relations between two sets of predictors (personal characteristics; situational and attributional variables), a `length of time lonely' variable and three responses associated with loneliness (affect, behaviour and physiological complaints). It was expected that each set of predictors would be linked to each measured response. Using the Loneliness Rating Scale and a biographic instrument which incorporated reasons for feeling lonely, plus behavioural and physiological responses connected to loneliness, data were collected from 279 college students and subjected to factor-analytic and multiple regression procedures. Results suggested that participants experienced four physiological complaints while lonely (stress, impaired body functioning, physical discomfort and feeling phys...
The management of eczema in children

Abstract Atopic eczema or dermatitis (AD) is common and increasing in incidence; about 15% of children are affected at the present time. Education of patients and their families is essential in the successful management of AD. Emollients and appropriate-strength topical steroids remain the first-line treatment, and these are adequate to control the majority of cases. Secondary infection commonly requires systemic antibiotics or antiviral therapy. Dietary factors are important in less than 10% of children, and these decrease by the age of 3 years. Occlusive bandaging is useful for severe and excoriated eczema of the limbs. New topical immunosuppressants, tacrolimus and pimecrolimus, are a major advance in treatment, particularly for sensitive and flexural areas. For the minority of more severely affected children, second-line systemic treatments are useful. Further advances and more specific treatments are anticipated in the next few years.
Overcoming intrinsic and synchrotron depolarizing resonances with a Siberian snake.

We overcame the strong {ital G}{gamma}={minus}3+{nu}{sub {ital y}} intrinsic depolarizing resonance using a Siberian snake acting on a stored beam of 177-MeV polarized protons at the Indiana University Cooler Ring. We also saw the first evidence for a synchrotron depolarizing resonance in a proton ring. Two synchrotron resonances were studied by varying the rf accelerating voltage and the imperfection field at 104 MeV. The Siberian snake also overcame these synchrotron depolarizing resonances.
Latino gangs: A question of change

Latino gangs have been equated with the traditional Chicano gangs of the Southwest, and the notion that gangs are unchanging. Institutionalization does not mean that gangs are fully acceptable to neighborhood residents, but it does not mean that the local gang is a continuing presence, and offers an exciting role to risk‐oriented children. Most Southwestern Chicano gangs are organized into age‐graded cliques, each with its distinctive name (e.g., the Locos clique of the 79th Street gang). These gangs developed with Vigil (1988) calls “cholismo”, a subcultural complex of remarkable persistence, tied in with heroin use and—for some of the members—drug marketing and an in‐and‐out experience. The Chicano gangs of the Southwest have become so well known that they have become a prototype of what criminologists call the “traditional” gang (e.g. Klein and Maxson, 1996).
A unified theory of the control of actin and myosin in nonmuscle movements

Abstract A theory is advanced that all nonmuscle movements involving actin and myosin are controlled by Ca ++ flows across membranes as determined by chemical and electrical processes at those membranes. The mechanisms of amoeboid motion, cytoplasmic streaming, and other movements are discussed, and their underlying chemical control reactions are analyzed. Several predictions and experimental tests are suggested. This theory links motility with recent findings on excitable membranes and cyclic AMP.
The occurrence of potentially toxic dinoflagellates and diatoms in a subtropical lagoon, the Indian River Lagoon, Florida, USA

Abstract The occurrence of potentially toxic phytoplankton species was examined over a 5-year period in a region of the Indian River Lagoon in Florida that has recently been subject to ecologically significant events, putatively related to algal toxins. The results of the study reveal a significant presence of two species of phytoplankton that have been shown to be toxic in Florida or other regions of world, the dinoflagellate Pyrodinium bahamense var. bahamense and the diatom Pseudo-nitzschia pseudodelicatissima. Concentrations of the former species reached 638,000 cells l−1 and concentrations of the latter reached 23.9 million cells l−1. In addition, the abundance of one of these species, P. bahamense var. bahamense appears to have increased over the 5-year study period from 1997 to 2002. It may be hypothesized that rainfall events following a regional drought period resulted in a flushing of bioavailable phosphorus and nitrogen into the Indian River Lagoon that stimulated P. bahamense var. bahamense blooms. The significance of these results is discussed within the context of the ecology of this flow-restricted lagoon.
Outside Reading and a New Way of Testing It

Author's Summary.— The function of outside reading and the nature and amount of material so used. Explanation and sample of a new-type test. Its limitations and advantages.)
High-temperature deformation mechanisms and constitutive equations for the oxide dispersion-strengthened superalloy MA 956

An experimental study of the constitutive response of the oxide dispersion-strengthened (ODS) superalloy MA 956, which consists of an Fe-Cr-Al matrix dispersion strengthened with yttria, has been performed.Single-crystal specimens of MA 956 having remarkably simple initial microstructures have been tested in compression in the temperature range of 900 °C to 1200 °C and in the axial strain-rate range of 1.8 x 10-4 s-1 to 10-2 s-1. The deformation response of the material has been examined by performing constant true strain-rate tests, strain-rate jump tests, and stress relaxation tests. The orientation dependence of the stress-strain response of the single crystals has been compensated for by determining the operative slip systems and resolving the stresses and strains accordingly. These experiments, together with electron-microscopic observations of deformed and quenched specimens, allow a number of conclusions to be drawn about the physics of particle strengthening in this simple ODS alloy at high temperatures. Further, drawing on this physical understanding, a set of phenomenological internal variable constitutive equations which model the high-temperature deformation behavior of this alloy is also developed. These equations reasonably well model not only the temperature and strain-rate sensitivity of the flow stress but also the strain-hardening behavior of the material.
Phase transitions for φ{ 2 / 4 } quantum fields

Phase transitions for the quantum field interaction λφ4+m02φ2,m02/λ≪1 are established in two dimensional space time.
Anomalous transport of penetrants in glassy polymers

Solutions are presented for the Fickian and non-Fickian equations describing the case of penetrant transport in a glassy polymer. Due to associated macromolecular relaxation, a sharp penetrant front is observed which separates the glassy core from the rubbery (gel-like) layer at the surface. Concentration profiles are compared and general comments about Fickian versus non-Fickian transport in polymers are made.
In process stress analysis of flip-chip assemblies during underfill cure

Abstract Low cost flip chip on board assemblies are analyzed during the underfill cure process to determine residual stress generation. In situ stress measurements are performed over the active face of the die during processing and relative in-plane stresses are measured. Experimental measurements are made using flip-chip test vehicles, based on the Sandia National Laboratories’ ATC04 assembly test chip. Four different commercial underfill materials have been evaluated and a relative comparison is presented with respect to the residual stresses produced by each underfill on the flip-chip assemblies. Significant stress variations are observed between the four underfills studied. Correlation between the glass transition temperature ( T g ) and storage modulus ( G ′ ) are made relative to residual stresses produced during underfill cure. Stress relaxation characteristics are also evaluated for the low cost flip-chip assemblies.
Different pools of glutamate receptors mediate sensitivity to ambient glutamate in the cochlear nucleus

Ambient glutamate plays an important role in pathological conditions, such as stroke, but its role during normal activity is not clear. In addition, it is not clear how ambient glutamate acts on gl...
Sampling behaviour in estimating predictive validity in the context of selection and latent variable modelling: A Monte Carlo study

While the effect of selection in predictive validity studies has long been recognized and discussed in psychometric studies, little consideration has been given to this problem in the context of latent variable models. In a recent paper, Muthen & Hsu (1993) proposed and compared estimators of predictive validity of a multifactorial test. Both selectivity and measurement error were considered in the estimation of predictive validity. The purpose of the present paper is to expand on Muthen & Hsu (1993) by examining and comparing the sampling behaviour of three estimators for predictive validity, LQL (listwise, quasi-likelihood estimator), FQL (full, quasi-likelihood estimator) and FS (factor score estimator), using a Monte Carlo approach. Effects of selection procedures, selection ratios and sample sizes on the sampling behaviours of the estimators are also investigated. The results show that FQL and FS are the two preferred estimators and each has different strengths and weaknesses. A real data application is presented to illustrate the practical implementation of the estimators.
Abstract 460: Three Dimensional Quantification of Angiotensin II-Induced Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms Using High Frequency Ultrasound

Abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) are localized pathological vessel dilations and are the 13th leading cause of death in the U.S. While AAA expansion in patients is traditionally assessed with 2D ultrasound by measuring transverse diameters, recent advancements in ultrasound techniques now make it feasible to quantify AAA volumes noninvasively. High frequency ultrasound (typically up to 40 MHz) is ideal for rodent imaging when investigating experimental aneurysms. The purpose of this study was to use 3D ultrasound to measure aneurysm progression in the apolipoprotein-E-deficient (apoE-/-)/angiotensin II (AngII) mouse model that create suprarenal dissecting aneurysms. High frequency ultrasound (40 MHz, Vevo2100, VisualSonics) was used to collect images from C57BL/6 apoE-/- mice infused with AngII from subcutaneously implanted osmotic mini pumps (1000 ng/kg/min) for 28 days (n=6). We could clearly visualize, segment, and quantify 3D volumes of AAAs and visualize the dissection between medial and adventitial...
Looming Threats to the Intimate Bond in Hospice Care? Economic and Organizational Pressures in the Case Study of a Hospice:

Hospice organizations are assailed by stiff competition, ever-rising costs, limited funding, and policy changes. Do such pressures stifle the high quality of care these organizations strive to provide? As a case-in-point, we draw from the mid-1990s accounts of caregivers at a nonprofit hospice in a Midwestern city in the United States. We maintain that economic pressures drive organizational restructuring, which then weakens working conditions and, thereby, weakens the staff-client relationship. We discuss effects upon worker behaviors, the worker-client relationship, and client care. This ethnographic case study signals the need to closely examine the threats that current economic and organizational pressures in the United States may pose to the quality of hospice care.
A statistical evaluation of intact rock failure criteria constrained by polyaxial test data for five different rocks

Abstract In this study we examine seven different failure criteria by comparing them to published polyaxial test data (σ1>σ2>σ3) for five different rock types at a variety of stress states. We employed a grid search algorithm to find the best set of parameters that describe failure for each criterion and the associated misfits. Overall, we found that the polyaxial criteria Modified Wiebols and Cook and Modified Lade achieved a good fit to most of the test data. This is especially true for rocks with a highly σ2-dependent failure behavior (e.g. Dunham dolomite, Solenhofen limestone). However, for some rock types (e.g. Shirahama Sandstone, Yuubari shale), the intermediate stress hardly affects failure and the Mohr–Coulomb and Hoek and Brown criteria fit these test data equally well, or even better, than the more complicated polyaxial criteria. The values of C0 yielded by the Inscribed and the Circumscribed Drucker–Prager criteria bounded the C0 value obtained using the Mohr–Coulomb criterion as expected. In general, the Drucker–Prager failure criterion did not accurately indicate the value of σ1 at failure. The value of the misfits achieved with the empirical 1967 and 1971 Mogi criteria were generally in between those obtained using the triaxial and the polyaxial criteria. The disadvantage of these failure criteria is that they cannot be related to strength parameters such as C0. We also found that if only data from triaxial tests are available, it is possible to incorporate the influence of σ2 on failure by using a polyaxial failure criterion. The results for two out of three rocks that could be analyzed in this way were encouraging.
Within-subject reversibility of discriminative function in the composite-stimulus control of behavior.

conditioning history of both composite-elements currently occasioning responding did not weaken the summative effect. These results confirm and extend Weiss’s composite-stimulus control model, and demonstrate that such control is fully reversible. We discuss how translating conditions of the stimuluscompounding paradigm to a composite continuum creates a functional and logical connection to intradimensional control measured through stimulus generalization, reducing the number of different behavioral phenomena requiring unique explanations.
Capturing truthiness: mining truth tables in binary datasets

We introduce a new data mining problem: mining truth tables in binary datasets. Given a matrix of objects and the properties they satisfy, a truth table identifies a subset of properties that exhibit maximal variability (and hence, complete independence) in occurrence patterns over the underlying objects. This problem is relevant in many domains, e.g., in bioinformatics where we seek to identify and model independent components of combinatorial regulatory pathways, and in social/economic demographics where we desire to determine independent behavioral attributes of populations. We outline a family of levelwise approaches adapted to mining truth tables, algorithmic optimizations, and applications to bioinformatics and political datasets.
Microcitizenships: Fractious Forms of Urban Belonging after Argentine Neoliberalism.

To explain cross-class spatial relations in 'post-neoliberal' Buenos Aires, this article develops the notion of microcitizenships, defined as group-specific quasi-legal relationships with the local state, entailing both recognition and service provision in order to grant exclusive yet temporary rights to particularized legitimate uses of urban space. This conceptualization contrasts in particular with prominent theorizations of liberal, insurgent and flexible citizenship. Microcitizenships capture the newly fractious, rather than merely fragmented, nature of social rights after the adoption of more inclusive and nationalist discourses in the recovery period following the neoliberal crisis of 2001-02. Argentina has been an icon of both neoliberal and post-neoliberal globalization, making its capital city ideal for the study of changing forms of belonging in the new political-economic context. Taking three central neighborhoods redeveloped in the neoliberal period (1989-2001) which were landmarks of fragmentation, I find they are now characterized by clashes among groups negotiating very different claims of legitimate presence in the same sites. I use ethnographic and interview-based evidence to outline three types of conflicting membership: 'excessive', 'weekend' and 'transposable' citizens. All employ post-neoliberal idioms but invoke legitimizations specifically from disparate geographic scales to stake their claims. Thus, amid inclusionary rhetoric, ironically there are microcitizenships that embody spatio-temporally circumscribed, precarious and especially fractious forms of belonging in the city. Closing considerations address how this concept resonates with a range of contemporary urban contexts.
Structural Requirements for Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II Invariant Chain Endocytosis and Lysosomal Targeting

The invariant chain (Ii) targets newly synthesized major histocompatibility complex class II complexes to a lysosome-like compartment. Previously, we demonstrated that both the cytoplasmic tail (CT) and transmembrane (TM) domains of Ii were sufficient for this targeting and that the CT contains two di-leucine signals, 3DQRDLI8 and12EQLPML17 (Odorizzi, C. G., Trowbridge, I. S., Xue, L., Hopkins, C. R., Davis, C. D., and Collawn, J. F. (1994) J. Cell Biol. 126, 317–330). In the present study, we examined the relationship between signals required for endocytosis and those required for lysosomal targeting by analyzing Ii-transferrin receptor chimeras in quantitative transport assays. Analysis of the Ii CT signals indicates that although3DQRDLI8 is necessary and sufficient for endocytosis, either di-leucine signal is sufficient for lysosomal targeting. Deletions between the two signals reduced endocytosis without affecting lysosomal targeting. Transplantation of the DQRDLI sequence in place of the EQLPML signal produced a chimera that trafficked normally, suggesting that this di-leucine sequence coded for an independent structural motif. Structure-function analysis of the Ii TM region showed that when Ii TM residues 11–19 and 20–29 were individually substituted for the corresponding regions in the wild-type transferrin receptor, lysosomal targeting was dramatically enhanced, whereas endocytosis remained unchanged. Our results therefore demonstrate that the structural requirements for Ii endocytosis and lysosomal targeting are different.
A New Sampling Protocol for the Endangered American Burying Beetle, Nicrophorus americanus Olivier (Coleoptera: Silphidae)

The endangered American burying beetle, Nicrophorus americanus Olivier, presently occurs in small and widely scattered areas on the periphery of its former range. As part of the recovery plan for this insect implemented by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS), we conducted surveys in Nebraska to ascertain its presence. Additionally, we examined various trapping methods and procedures in the course of our survey work. We compared the effectiveness of different trap designs, trap placement, timing of trapping, types and amounts of bait, and monitoring traps. We also developed methods to reduce beetle mortality in traps. Our work offers more effective sampling procedures for N. americanus and suggests the current USFWS sampling protocol should be modified. New procedures include larger traps, moist soil substrate, a soil berm to the edge of the trap, longer trapping season, and increased distances between traps. A moist soil substrate, in combination with a shade-giving rain cover, precludes the necessity of servicing all traps by 9 AM each day (as mandated in the current protocol), a task that is logistically difficult or impossible if there are many traps. The sampling procedures we have identified as most appropriate for N. americanus will also improve sampling for other silphid species.
Data management and curation of research data in academic scientific research environments

The Structural Bioinformatics Core Facility at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (SBI Core) assists researchers university-wide in computational structural biology techniques and incorporating structural biology/bioinformatics into their grants and publications. The SBI Core works with a diverse population of researchers from numerous departments and provides support to an ever-changing body of research. The computational biology services provided by the SBI Core are data-intensive and use a diverse and distributed set of applications for processing, data storage, and data management. As the amount of data and number of projects have increased, the SBI Core requires an effective strategy for managing data and facilitating data sharing between the SBI Core and the researchers it assists. The UNC-CH Health Sciences Library (HSL) has begun a collaborative project with the SBI Core to identify the crucial data management needs and to envision new roles for the library in e-science and data management. In partnership, the SBI Core and the HSL have identified major obstacles in data sharing, data management, and data access. Furthermore, the SBI Core and the HSL will develop solutions in which the library facilitates collaboration among campus resources and matches unmet needs to external resources. One of the library's goals in this proof-of-concept project with the SBI Core is to become a central campus resource for research support and data management.
Ingested Salmonella enterica, Cronobacter sakazakii, Escherichia coli O157:H7, and Listeria monocytogenes: transmission dynamics from adult house flies to their eggs and first filial (F1) generation adults.

Background The mechanical transmission of pathogenic bacteria by synanthropic filth flies is widely recognized. While many studies report the fate and the temporospatial distribution of ingested foodborne bacteria by filth flies, there is little evidence about the transmission dynamics of ingested foodborne bacteria by adult house flies (Musca domestica) to their progeny. In this study, we fed parental house fly adults with food contaminated with low, medium, and high concentrations of Salmonella enterica, Cronobacter sakazakii, Escherichia coli O157:H7, and Listeria monocytogenes and evaluated the probability of transmission of these pathogens to house fly eggs and the surface and the alimentary canal of their first filial (F1) generation adults.
RF Performance of Deep-Recessed N-Polar GaN MIS-HEMTs Using a Selective Etch Technology Without Ex Situ Surface Passivation

We present a deep-recessed nitrogen-polar AlGaN/GaN MIS-HEMT employing a V-gate structure recessed through a thick GaN cap to prevent dc-to-RF dispersion. A process for selectively dry etching N-polar GaN over AlGaN has been established to achieve repeatable etch depth for the gate recess. Devices with a drawn gate length of 0.7- μm showed a current-gain cutoff frequency (fT) of 15 GHz and a power-gain cutoff frequency (fmax) of 42 GHz. A continuous-wave output power density of 5.5 W/mm was measured at 4 GHz, with a record associated power-added efficiency of 74% and a large-signal gain of 14.5 dB at a drain bias of 24 V.
Four centuries of forest clearance and regeneration in the hinterland of a large city

In the last 350 years, forests of eastern North America have experienced widespread clearance and regrowth with local variation in timing and extent determined by patterns of human land use. This paper describes the history of forest in the hinterland of a large city (Wilmington, Delaware) surrounded by fertile soils and having access to a navigable estuary. Forests were cleared between 1650 and 1780 to accommodate shifting cultivation of cereal crops and to provide fuelwood for nearby cities. Proximity to urban markets supported a vigorous agricultural economy through the 19th century and delayed widespread forest regeneration. Reforestation began on a large scale following the local decline of agriculture 1920-1940. In the late 20th century, forest competes for land with suburban housing. Although a similar sequence has occurred throughout eastern North America, the study area is unique in that a -larger proportion of original forest was cleared and reforestation began much later than in other regions. Today, the history of land use is evident in the high proportion of young, successional forest and the verv small area of long-established forest.