cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Endocrinology of the Reproductive Years

ABSTRACT Introduction The relationship between reproductive physiology and reproductive behavior, a central theme in Professor Lorraine Dennerstein's career, is complex but presumably serves to optimize human reproduction. Aim To review the endocrinology of the reproductive years and significant work by Professor Dennerstein relating that endocrinology with reproductive behavior. Methods/Main Outcome Measures Published works of reproductive endocrinology by Professor Dennerstein. Results An exquisitely controlled signaling loop between the ovaries and the hypothalamus and pituitary in the brain represents the overlay of a dynamic neuroendocrine system on a responsive but ultimately decaying gonadal system. The most visible hallmark of this elegant interplay is the menstrual cycle, with coordinated hormone patterns directing the maturation and release of oocytes, and either supporting an early pregnancy or resetting the system for the next cycle. The recognition that these hormone patterns, or their perturbation, are related to psychosocial behaviors is reflected in Professor Dennerstein's earliest writings relating sex steroids to sexual behavior and menstrual cycles to affect, leading to studies describing psychological symptoms in the premenstrual syndrome (PMS). These were followed by clinical trials of progestins for PMS with conflicting results, and an emerging interest in measuring endogenous hormones in that disorder. Her study of reproductive hormones across the menstrual cycle in women with PMS definitively refuted the theory that deficient progesterone secretion was the etiology of cyclic symptoms. Extension of that work demonstrated the cyclic pattern of sexual behavior, but the absence of a defined relationship with measured sex steroid patterns. Her interest in the effect of age on menstrual cyclicity evolved into her landmark work on the menopausal transition, the ultimate result of ovarian gamete depletion and absolute loss of spontaneous reproductive capacity. Conclusion Professor Dennerstein clearly demonstrated that reproductive behavior is related to reproductive physiology, and can be measured and quantified. Randolph JF Jr. The endocrinology of the reproductive years. J Sex Med 2008;5:2274–2281.
Relationship between the extent of non-viable myocardium and regional left ventricular function in chronic ischemic heart disease.

Purpose. To define the relationship between left ventricular (LV) regional contractile function and the extent of myocardial scar in patients with chronic ischemic heart disease and multi-vessel coronary artery disease. Methods. Twenty-three patients with chronic ischemic heart disease and 5 healthy volunteers underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In patients, the relative area (Percent Scar) and transmural extent (Transmurality) of myocardial infarction were computed from short-axis delayed enhancement images. In each image, myocardial segments were categorized based on the extent of infarction they contained, with 6 categories each for Percent Scar and Transmurality: normal, from healthy volunteers; and 0%; 1–25%, 26–50%, 51–75%, and > 76% from patients. In patients and volunteers, regional LV function was quantified by absolute systolic wall thickening from cine images and midwall circumferential strain using tagged images. Results. Compared to normal segments, regional LV function in patients was significantly diminished in all scar extent intervals, with wall thickening 1 mm and strain 8% for all categories. Systolic wall thickening was reduced significantly in all categories above 50% Percent Scar and above 25% Transmurality in patients, relative to corresponding 0% categories. Circumferential strain was significantly reduced above 25% Percent Scar and above 25% Transmurality. Conclusions. In patients with chronic ischemic heart disease and multivessel coronary artery disease, wall thickening was more sensitive to changes in scar Transmurality than to changes in Percent Scar. However, circumferential strain was equally sensitive to both indices. In general, circumferential strain was more sensitive than wall thickening to increases in scar extent.
Conceptualizing Security Governance

This article examines the changing transatlantic security architecture since the end of the Cold War. It argues that the absence of a unifying military threat and the subsequent broadening of the notion of security from states to societies has led to the increasing differentiation of security policy arrangements since the beginning of the 1990s. Not only have international institutions proliferated since the end of bipolarity, private actors — such as non-governmental organizations and private security companies — have gained considerable influence. Since these features are not fully grasped by traditional models in security studies, the article suggests that a new theoretical perspective might be required if we are to understand the emerging security system. It proposes that such a perspective can be based on the concept of `security governance', which describes the development from the centralized security system of the Cold War era to the increasingly fragmented and complex security structures of today.
Effects of Catalyst Phase Structure on the Elementary Processes Involved in the Synthesis of Dimethyl Carbonate from Methanol and Carbon Dioxide over Zirconia

In situ infrared spectroscopy has been used to investigate the synthesis of dimethyl carbonate (DMC) from methanol and carbon dioxide over tetragonal (t-ZrO2) and monoclinic zirconia (m-ZrO2. While similar species were observed for both catalyst phases, the dynamics of the elementary processes were different. The dissociative adsorption of methanol to form methoxide species was approximately twice as fast on m-ZrO2 as on t-ZrO2. CO2 insertion to form monomethyl carbonate, an intermediate in the synthesis of DMC, occurred more than order of magnitude more rapidly over m-ZrO. By contrast, the transfer of a methyl group from adsorbed methanol to monomethyl carbonate and the resulting formation of DMC proceeded roughly twice as fast over m-ZrO2. The observed patterns are attributed to the higher Bronsted basicity of hydroxyl groups and cus-Zr4+O2- Lewis acid/base pairs present on the surface of zirconia.
Impact of magnetic resonance imaging on the management of diabetic foot infections

This combined retrospective/prospective study evaluated the value of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in 18 diabetic patients with apparent foot infections. The goal was to define the impact of MRI on directing the expedient and accurate surgical intervention so important in achieving optimal preservation of limb tissue and function. We found that MRI provides a rapid and reliable means of "viewing" the diabetic foot. Unsuspected or poorly localized abscess cavities can be pinpointed for thorough drainage with minimal exploration. An abscess can be differentiated from cellulitis or osteomyelitis. Moreover, persistent fever following drainage of a foot abscess can be reliably evaluated via MRI, obviating the need for empiric surgical reexploration. This exciting noninvasive imaging technique leads to the most accurate surgical drainage of foot abscesses and, at the same time, can prevent unnecessary surgical exploration of the tenuous diabetic foot.
Identification of the Absence of Direct Path in ToA-Based Indoor Localization Systems

Ultra-wideband (UWB) indoor positioning systems based on time of arrival (ToA) techniques are considered to be the high precision alternatives to those employing received signal strength (RSS) or angle of arrival (AoA) due to their superior time-domain resolution. However, the performance of such systems may easily be degraded by the blockage of the direct path (DP) and occurrence of undetected direct path (UDP) condition. By erroneous detection of the other multipath components (MPCs) as DP, which is the indicator of the true distance between the transmitter and the receiver, substantial localization errors will be introduced into the system. Hence, detection of DP categorizes the receiver locations into two main classes of detected direct path (DDP) and undetected direct path (UDP). The real challenge is to be able to identify the class of the receiver location; therefore, to remedy the ranging measurement in UDP condition. In this paper we propose a methodology to identify and mitigate the UDP conditions, which can substantially improve the overall indoor positioning accuracy.
Basonuclin is associated with the ribosomal RNA genes on human keratinocyte mitotic chromosomes

Basonuclin is a zinc finger protein mainly expressed in keratinocytes of the basal layer of epidermis and the outer root sheath of hair follicles. It is also found in abundance in the germ cells of testis and ovary. In cultured keratinocytes, basonuclin is associated with chromatin in all phases of the cell cycle, including mitosis. By immunocytochemical methods, we demonstrate here that in mitosis basonuclin is associated with the short arms of the acrocentric chromosomes and with other loci on many metaphase chromosomes of human keratinocytes. Using the evolutionarily highly conserved N-terminal pair of zinc fingers in an electrophoresis mobility shift assay, we demonstrate that the DNA target sequences of basonuclin on the acrocentric chromosomes are likely to be within the promoter region of the 45S rRNA gene transcription unit. DNase I footprinting shows that basonuclin zinc fingers interact with the upstream control element of this promoter, which is necessary for the high level of transcription of the rRNA genes. This result suggests that basonuclin may be a tissue-specific transcription factor for the ribosomal RNA genes.
The Escherichia coli alkylation response protein AidB is a redox partner of flavodoxin and binds RNA and acyl carrier protein

Microorganisms are exposed to a wide variety of exogenous and endogenous chemical agents that alkylate DNA. Escherichia coli cells exhibit an adaptive response that recognizes and repairs alkylated DNA lesions using Ada, AlkA, and AlkB enzymes. Another alkylation response protein, the DNA-binding flavoprotein AidB, was proposed to repair DNA or protect it from chemical alkylating agents, but direct evidence for its role is lacking. Here, AidB was shown to form tight complexes with both flavodoxin and acyl carrier protein. In addition, electron transfer between 1-electron and 2-electron reduced flavodoxin to oxidized AidB was observed, although with very small rate constants. AidB was found to bind to RNA, raising the prospect that the protein may have a role in protection of RNA from chemical alkylation. Finally, the reagent N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine was eliminated as a direct substrate of the enzyme.
The Next Generation of Diversity and Intergroup Relations Research.

Recent court decisions and cultural shifts have led to a new focus for work on equity and equality of outcomes in educational settings. This article reviews the contributions of recent diversity studies and then focuses on a longitudinal study of 4,403 college students attending nine public universities. Results show that student interaction with diverse peers during college results in changes in student cognitive, social, and democratic outcomes by the second year of college. Campus efforts to provide opportunities for students to learn about diverse groups inside and outside the classroom have an appreciable impact on students.
Performance of Dual Photoelectric/Ionization Smoke Alarms in Full-Scale Fire Tests

Data from two full-scale residential smoke alarm fire test series were analyzed to estimate the performance of dual sensor photoelectric/ionization alarms as compared to co-located individual photoelectric and ionization alarms. Dual alarms and aggregated photoelectric and ionization alarm responses were used to estimate dual alarm performance. It was observed that dual alarms with equivalent or higher sensitivity settings performed better than individual photoelectric or ionization alarms over a range of flaming and smoldering fire scenarios. In one test series, dual alarms activated 539 s faster than ionization alarms and 79 s faster than photoelectric alarms on average. In another test series, individual alarm sensor outputs were calibrated against a reference smoke source in terms of light obscuration over a path length (percent smoke obscuration per unit length) so that alarm thresholds could be defined by the sensor outputs. In that test series, dual alarms, with individual sensor sensitivities equal to their counterpart alarm sensitivities, activated 261 s faster on average than ionization alarms (with sensitivity settings of 4.3%/m smoke obscuration for the ionization sensors) and 35 s faster on average than the photoelectric alarms (with sensitivity settings of 6.6%/m, for the photoelectric sensors.) In cases where an ionization sensor was the first to reach the alarm threshold, the dual alarm activated 67 s faster on average than the photoelectric alarm. While in cases were a photoelectric sensor was the first to reach the alarm threshold, the dual alarm activated 523 s faster on average than the ionization alarm. Over a range of ionization sensor settings examined, dual alarm response was insensitive to the ionization sensor setting for initially smoldering fires and fires with the bedroom door closed, while dual alarm response to the kitchen fires was very sensitive to the ionization sensor setting. Tests conducted in the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) fire emulator/detector evaluator showed that the ionization sensors in off-the-shelf ionization alarms and dual alarms span a range of sensitivity settings. While there appears to be no consensus on sensitivity setting for ionization sensors, it may be desirable to tailor sensor sensitivities in dual alarms for specific applications, such as near kitchens where reducing nuisance alarms may be a goal, or in bedrooms where higher smoke sensitivity may be a goal.
Reporting Practices and APA Editorial Policies Regarding Statistical Significance and Effect Size

The recent fourth edition of the American Psychological Association Publication Manual emphasized that p values are not acceptable indices of effect and `encouraged' effect-size reporting. However, empirical studies of reporting practices of diverse journals unequivocally indicate that this new encouragement has to date been ineffective. Here two additional multi-year studies of APA journals are reported. Additionally, all 50 APA editorials that have been published since 1990 were reviewed to determine how many editors with approval have articulated policies more forceful than the APA Publication Manual's vague and seemingly self-canceling encouragement. It is suggested that changes in editorial policies will be required before improved reporting will become routine.
Induction of a specific enzyme inadequacy in infant rats by the use of a homologue of riboflavin.

The riboflavin homologue 7-ethyl-8-methyl-flavin can replace riboflavin in the metabolism of the rat with respect to growth, survival, physical appearance and efficient food utilization. Female rats fed a diet containing this flavin from weaning to adulthood can breed and produce normal-appearing young, but these young do not survive. If under identical circumstances the diet contains a mixture of homologue (93% ) and riboflavin (7% ), young which are born survive. Since a small proportion of the total biologically active flavin as riboflavin corrected the survival defect, an enzyme inadequacy was suggested. Females fed diets containing either riboflavin, homologue or a mixture of these two flavins, until adulthood, were bred. The hearts, kidneys and livers of the females and their litters were assayed for succinic acid dehydrogenase (SDH) and flavin content. The flavin concentration in the tissues was found not to be limiting. The SDH activities of the hearts and kidneys of homologue young were depressed far below normal. The SDH associated with only homologue flavin- adenine dinucleotide does not appear to provide sufficient catalysis for efficient production of energy in these fetal tissues. Electron transport-linked diphospho- pyridine nucleotide dehydrogenase in the mitochondria of these tissues in the female utilizes the homologue as well as riboflavin. J. Nutr. 101: 819-830, 1971.
Epinephrine Produces a β-Adrenergic Receptor-Mediated Mechanical Hyperalgesia and In Vitro Sensitization of Rat Nociceptors

Epinephrine produces a β-adrenergic receptor-mediated mechanical hyperalgesia and in vitro sensitization of nociceptor-like neurons in the rat. Hyperalgesic and nociceptor sensitizing effects media...
Electrolytic Iron or Ferrous Sulfate Increase Body Iron in Women with Moderate to Low Iron Stores

Commercial elemental iron powders (electrolytic and reduced iron), as well as heme iron supplements, were tested for efficacy in improving the iron status of women. In a randomized, double-blind trial, 51 women with moderate to low iron stores received daily for 12 wk: 1) placebo, 2) 5 mg iron as heme iron or 50 mg iron as 3) electrolytic iron, 4) reduced iron, or 5) FeSO(4). Treatments were provided in 2 capsules (heme carrier) and 3 wheat rolls (other iron sources). Differences in iron status, food nonheme iron absorption, and fecal properties were evaluated. Body iron, assessed from the serum transferrin receptor:ferritin ratio, increased significantly more in subjects administered FeSO(4) (127 +/- 29 mg; mean +/- SEM) and electrolytic (115 +/- 37 mg), but not the reduced (74 +/- 32 mg) or heme (65 +/- 26 mg) iron forms, compared with those given placebo (2 +/- 19 mg). Based on body iron determinations, retention of the added iron was estimated as 3.0, 2.7, 1.8, and 15.5%, in the 4 iron-treated groups, respectively. Iron treatments did not affect food iron absorption. The 50 mg/d iron treatments increased fecal iron and free radical-generating capacity in vitro, but did not affect fecal water cytotoxicity. In subjects administered FeSO(4), fecal water content was increased slightly but significantly more than in the placebo group. In conclusion, electrolytic iron was approximately 86% as efficacious as FeSO(4) for improving body iron, but the power of this study was insufficient to detect any efficacy of the reduced or heme iron within 12 wk. With modification, this methodology of testing higher levels of food fortification for several weeks in healthy women with low iron stores has the potential for economically assessing the efficiency of iron compounds to improve iron status.
Drinking game participation among college students: Gender and ethnic implications

Participation in drinking games by college students has recently sparked research attention. While previous research indicates that women play drinking games at lower frequencies than men, the current study reveals that college women may be playing games at rates similar to college men. In a sample of 105 coed college students, participants completed a 3-month Timeline Followback recording every drinking event and quantity consumed. They then were prompted to identify which drinking events involved drinking games and how much alcohol was consumed during game playing. Both men and women engaged in drinking games at similar rates and consumed more drinks on game playing days than on non-game drinking days. However, drinking game participation was related to alcohol-related consequences in women only. Further, while Caucasian participants played drinking games more often than non-Caucasian participants, an association between game participation and alcohol-related consequences emerged in non-Caucasian participants.
Acoustic property of heavy oil - measured data

Summary Heavy oils are viscous fluid having three phases: fluid, quasi-solid and glass solid depended on temperature. We have measured ultrasonic velocities on 10 heavy oil samples at different phases. Measured data suggest that heavy oil properties are similar to the light oil properties if temperatures are higher than the liquid point. With temperature decreases below the liquid point, heavy oil transfers from liquid phase to a quasi-solid phase with drastic increase of viscosity, S-wave velocity appears measurable and P-wave velocity deviated up from the light oil trend. P- and S-wave velocities of heavy oils show a systematic relation to API gravity, temperature, pressure, GOR, and appear dispersive as heavy oil in the quasi-solid state. densities, gas-oil ratios and bubble points may not apply well to heavy oils. Heavy oil at high temperatures can be characterized similar as light oil. However, at low temperatures, viscosity of heavy oils increases drastically and properties of heavy oils are significantly different. We need study properties of heavy oil thoroughly in order to build a proper rock physics model for heavy oil reservoirs.
Radioautographic Labeling in Placentas and Fetal Palatal Shelves After Maternal Injections of Tritiated Cortisone in A/Jax Mice

Tritiated cortisone was injected into pregnant A/Jax mice after a loading dose of cortisone on day 12 of pregnancy. Radioautographic studies of 160 placentas and fetal palatal shelves revealed: (1) significant labeling in all placental and fetal palatal tissue; (2) a variation in degree of labeling of fetal palates from different mothers; (3) no variation of degree of labeling in proximal or distal fetuses; and (4) a positive correlation in the degree of labeling in corresponding placentas and shelves.
Epigenetic Regulation in Amyloid Precursor Protein with Genomic Rearrangements and the Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome

Recently, epigenetic regulation of alternative APP pre-mRNA splicing in the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome (LNS) has been studied (see Ref. 7) and showed for the first time, the presence of several APP-mRNA isoforms encoding divers APP protein isoforms ranging from 120 to 770 amino acids (with or without mutations and/or deletions). Here, by continuing on this work, I identified, for the first time new APP-mRNA isoforms with a deletion followed by an insertion (INDELS) in LNS and LNVs patients: c.19_2295delinsG166TT…GAGTCC…CTTAGTC…TCT489,p.Leu7Valfs*2;c.19_2295 delinsG169TT…GAGACC…CTTGGTC…TCT492,p.Leu7Valfs*2;and c.16_2313delinsG84CC…CAT616,p.Leu7Hisfs*45. A role of genomic rearrangements of APP gene via the Fork Stalling and Template Switching (FoSTeS) mechanism leading to INDELS was suggested. Epistasis between mutated HPRT1 and APP genes could be one of the factors of epigenetic modifications responsible for genomic rearrangements of APP gene. My findings accounted for epigenetic mechanism in the regulation of alternative APP pre-mRNA splicing as well as for epigenetic control of genomic rearrangements of APP gene may provide therefore new directions not only for investigating the role of APP in neuropathology associated with HGprt-deficiency in LNS and LNVs patients but also for the research in neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders by which APP gene involved in the pathogenesis of the diseases such as autism, fragile X syndrome (FXS), and Alzheimer's disease (AD) with its diversity and complexity, especially for sporadic form of AD (SAD). An accurate quantification of various APP-mRNA isoforms in brain tissues for detection of initial pathological changes or pathology development is needed and antisense drugs are the potential treatments.
Habitat Use and Activity Budgets of Emerald Basilisks (Basiliscus plumifrons) in Northeast Costa Rica

Variation in individual activity budgets may have important impacts for the long-term fitness of a population, yet our understanding of the factors shaping activity remains limited. Here, we report on intraspecific activity budget variation and the factors influencing it within a population of emerald basilisk (Basiliscus plumifrons) lizards in Costa Rica. Because behavioral variation may have a seasonal component, we monitor activity across both a wet and dry season. All basilisks exhibited similar frequencies of behavior throughout the day, with the exception of foraging rate. Adult females foraged more often than adult males or juveniles, possibly to satisfy higher expected energetic demands during the reproductive season. Juvenile and adult lizards occupied separate habitats characterized by significant differences in vegetation structure. In particular, juvenile lizards were more frequently observed in open, grassier habitats that were closer to water than adults. Juveniles may reduce their chances o...
Thermomechanical Stress in Cryopreservation Via Vitrification With Nanoparticle Heating as a Stress-Moderating Effect

This study focuses on thermomechanical effects in cryopreservation associated with a novel approach of volumetric heating by means on nanoparticles in an alternating electromagnetic field. This approach is studied for the application of cryopreservation by vitrification, where the crystalline phase is completely avoided-the cornerstone of cryoinjury. Vitrification can be achieved by quickly cooling the material to cryogenic storage, where ice cannot form. Vitrification can be maintained at the end of the cryogenic protocol by quickly rewarming the material back to room temperature. The magnitude of the rewarming rates necessary to maintain vitrification is much higher than the magnitude of the cooling rates that are required to achieve it in the first place. The most common approach to achieve the required cooling and rewarming rates is by exposing the specimen's surface to a temperature-controlled environment. Due to the underlying principles of heat transfer, there is a size limit in the case of surface heating beyond which crystallization cannot be prevented at the center of the specimen. Furthermore, due to the underlying principles of solid mechanics, there is a size limit beyond which thermal expansion in the specimen can lead to structural damage and fractures. Volumetric heating during the rewarming phase of the cryogenic protocol can alleviate these size limitations. This study suggests that volumetric heating can reduce thermomechanical stress, when combined with an appropriate design of the thermal protocol. Without such design, this study suggests that the level of stress may still lead to structural damage even when volumetric heating is applied. This study proposes strategies to harness nanoparticles heating in order to reduce thermomechanical stress in cryopreservation by vitrification.
Slant stacks of refraction data from maine: Effects of lateral variations in velocity structure

Abstract We discuss some of the advantages and pitfalls associated with τ( p ) analysis of wide-angle profiles recorded over terranes characterized by significant lateral heterogeneity. We construct composite slant stacks for a pair of reversed shots recorded along the axis of the Merrimack Synclinorium in southwest Maine and invert picks for bounds on averaged one-dimensional slowness-depth structure. Extremal bounds on total crustal thickness derived from shot point 12 are 40 to 43 km. Average crustal velocities for individual slowness models corresponding to the extremal depths range from 6.5 to 6.6 km/sec. Predicted normal-incidence two-way travel times for the Moho lie between 12.2 and 13.2 sec. The utility of one-dimensional inversion of τ( p ) data is largely in estimating the maximum resolving power of the data set; this is information that forward modeling approaches do not provide. Comparisons of slant stacks of reversed shot gathers with intercept times predicted for a two-dimensional model derived by ray tracing highlight some of the pitfalls associated with interpretation of τ( p ) data in terms of one-dimensional structure. In some cases, the principal arrival may become multi-valued, resulting in misidentification of phases and compounding biases in estimates of average crustal parameters. Slant stacks can be highly useful, however, in refining two-dimensional models derived from travel times because of the sensitivity of ray parameters to dip and lateral velocity gradients. We use slant stacks in conjunction with the original shot gathers to refine our estimate of the configuration of the Moho beneath southwest Maine. Our final model shows a step in the Moho that is consistent with variations in normal two-way travel times inferred from analysis of postcritical fan shots. This abrupt change in crustal thickness may mark the northeast extent of significant underthrusting of Avalon crust beneath Medial New England basement during the Acadian Orogeny. The preservation of offsets in Moho that were formed during Paleozoic compression is consistent with the limited amount of rifting experienced by this portion of the orogen during the opening of the Atlantic.
Physical Activity in School Travel: A Cross-Nested Logit Approach

This paper considers school access by both active (walk, bike), quasi-active (walk to transit) and non-active modes (car) in a two-level cross-nested logit framework. A sample of 3,272 middle and high school students was collected in Tehran. The results of the cross-nested logit model suggest that for people who choose walking, increasing a 1 percent in home-to-school distance reduces the probability of walking by 3.51 percent. While, this reduction is equal to 2.82 and 2.27 percent as per the multinomial and nested logit models, respectively. This is a direct consequence of the model specification that results in underestimating the effect of distance by 1.24 percent. It is also worth mentioning that, a one percent increase in home-to-school distance diminishes the probability of taking public transit by 1.04 among public transit users, while increases the probability of shifting to public transit from walking by 1.39 percent. Further, a one percent increase of the distance to public transport, decreases the probability of students' physical activity, approximately, 0.04 percent.
Nothing to Be Ashamed of: Francis Slade's Apology for Contemplation

AbstractPremodern philosophy is an essential constituent of the common good precisely because its contemplative character raises it above politics and thus sets limits on politics. Modern philosophy is ashamed of the ineffectiveness of contemplation, which it sees as the naive appropriation of mind determined by its naturally given end. By appropriating mind as its own act, modern philosophy becomes effective: reason becomes rule and crushes all natural claims to rule through the obliteration of the naturally “higher things,” exemplified by Machiavelli's elimination of the “gentlemen.” The clarity of Slade's contrast between premodern and modern philosophy helps us to understand the meaning of the new order of things in which there are no natural limits and everything is possible.
LITE Measurements of Biomass Burning Aerosols and Comparisons with Correlative Airborne Lidar Measurements of Multiple Scattering in the Planetary Boundary Layer

The Lidar In-space Technology Experiment (LITE) was flown on the space shuttle Discovery in September 1994. We report here some of the features observed in biomass burn plumes over South America, Africa, and outflow from Africa. In addition, we report multiple scattering observed in the boundary layer over the eastern United States and corroborated by simultaneous correlative measurements made using the NASA Langley airborne UV DIAL system.
Abstract 17931: Serial Hemodynamic Measurements in Post-Cardiac Arrest Cardiogenic Shock Treated With Therapeutic Hypothermia

Background: Mortality from cardiogenic shock (CS) complicating acute myocardial infarction remains high despite advances in reperfusion and mechanical support. In animal models of CS initiation of ...
A Review of the Genus Holomenopon (Mallophaga: Menoponidae) from the Anseriformes

Sixteen species of Holomenopon Eichler are recognized and discussed, and 10 species are illustrated. This includes 3 new species: H. acutae from Anas acuta , H. clauseni from Aix sponsa , and H. bucephalae from Bucephala albeola . There are 11 new synonymies: H. Ieucoxanthum (Burmeister) (= Menopon lunarium Rudow, M. albofasciatum Piaget, M. nyrocae Blagoveshtchensky, H. concii Eichler, H. dendrocygni Carriker, and H. hanslohrli Eichler); H. tumidum (Piaget) (= M. africanum Kellogg & Paine); and H. tadornae (Gervais) (= M. extraneum Piaget, M. eulasium Kellogg, H. museigottingense Eichler, and H. boetticheri Eichler). A neotype is designated for H. leucoxanthum . A key to the species is given.
On Wang Chuanshan's View on the Origin of Evil

The problem about goodness and evilness of human nature is an important issue in Chinese traditional philosophy.With Mencius as its representative,our traditional Confucius' doctrine believes that the nature of human beings is good.So,where does the human's evilness come from? On this issue,some of the philosophers think that "Cai" is the origin of evilness(eg.Cheng Yi),some think that "Qi" is the origin(eg.Cheng Yi and Zhu Xi),and still some think that "desire" is the origin(eg.Zhu Xi).But Wang Chuanshan doesn't agree all those opinions.After a deep and meticulous analysis on the issue while reading The Four Books,he put up with his unique views——the evil comes from passion.
FAULT DIAGNOSIS TECHNIQUE OF ROTATING MACHINE BASED ON CHMM

Hidden Markov model(HMM) as a tool for disposing signal pattern which has great ability of building time sequence, has widely been used in speech recognition. It is especially fit for signal which is nonlinear, non-stationary, bad in repeating to analysis. Based on the comparability between vibration signal and sound signal, CHMM is introduced to fault diagnosis for rotating machine. CHMM is built by using 12 rank LPC cep-strum coefficient to extract feature vectors, scaled for-wards-backwards algorithm is introduced to calculate log-likelihood avoiding the data to underflow and k-means algorithm is also used to initialize the parameter. In the given observation sequence, optimizing every model with Viterbi algorithm, with baum-welch algorithm to re-estimate parameter, and the re-estimation formula is also provided. Last, four kinds of fault experiment have been simulated on the rotor test-bed, and four kinds of fault CHMM model are built. Machine's operating state is determined by calculating the maximal log-likelihood, and the results of experiment proves that this kind of method is effective.
Exploration on Construction and Management of Physics Laboratory in Independent Colleges

In order to adapt to the need of cultivating applied-type talents under the new situation,combining the teaching requirements and characteristics of in dependent colleges,this article described the measures in the construction and management of the physics laboratory to promote physical experimental teaching level and teaching quality,to ensure the effect of the construction and sustainable development in the future.
Dose Finding of Small-Molecule Oncology Drugs: Optimization throughout the Development Life Cycle

In the current era of rapid marketing approval for promising new products in oncology, dose finding and optimization for small-molecule oncology drugs occurs throughout the development cycle and into the postmarketing setting. Many trials that support a regulatory application have high rates of dose reductions and discontinuations, which may result in postmarketing requirements (PMR) to study alternate doses or dosing schedules. Kinase inhibitors particularly have been susceptible to this problem, and among the 31 approved drugs of this class, the approvals of eight have included such PMRs and/or commitments. Thus, the current paradigm for dose finding and optimization could be improved. Newer strategies for dose finding rather than traditional 3 + 3 designs should be considered where feasible, and dose optimization should be continued after phase I and throughout development. Such strategies will increase the likelihood of a right dose for the right drug at the time of regulatory approval. Clin Cancer Res; 22(11); 2613-7. ©2016 AACR SEE ALL ARTICLES IN THIS CCR FOCUS SECTION, "NEW APPROACHES FOR OPTIMIZING DOSING OF ANTICANCER AGENTS".
Outer Retinal Changes Including the Ellipsoid Zone Band in Usher Syndrome 1B due to MYO7A Mutations.

PURPOSE To study transition zones from normal to abnormal retina in Usher syndrome IB (USH1B) caused by myosin 7A (MYO7A) mutations. METHODS Optical coherence tomography (OCT) scattering layers in outer retina were segmented in patients (n = 16, ages 2-42; eight patients had serial data, average interval 4.5 years) to quantify outer nuclear layer (ONL) and outer segments (OS) as well as the locus of EZ (ellipsoid zone) edge and its extent from the fovea. Static perimetry was measured under dark-adapted (DA) and light-adapted (LA) conditions. RESULTS Ellipsoid zone edge in USH1B-MYO7A could be located up to 23° from the fovea. Ellipsoid zone extent constricted at a rate of 0.51°/year with slower rates at smaller eccentricities. A well-defined EZ line could be associated with normal or abnormal ONL and/or OS thickness; detectable ONL extended well beyond EZ edge. At the EZ edge, the local slope of LA sensitivity loss was 2.6 (±1.7) dB/deg for central transition zones. At greater eccentricities, the local slope of cone sensitivity loss was shallower (1.1 ± 0.4 dB/deg for LA) than that of rod sensitivity loss (2.8 ± 1.2 dB/deg for DA). CONCLUSIONS In USH1B-MYO7A, constriction rate of EZ extent depends on the initial eccentricity of the transition. Ellipsoid zone edges in the macula correspond to large local changes in cone vision, but extramacular EZ edges show more pronounced losses on rod-based vision tests. It is advisable to use not only the EZ line but also other structural and functional parameters for estimating natural history of disease and possible therapeutic effects in future clinical trials of USH1B-MYO7A.
THE EFFICIENT ESTIMATION OF A PARAMETER MEASURABLE BY TWO INSTRUMENTS OF UNKNOWN PRECISIONS

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the efficient estimation of a parameter measurable by two instruments of unknown precisions. Let μ be the unknown value of a parameter for which an estimate is required. Suppose that this parameter may be measured by either of the two instruments whose precisions are not known in advance. It is desired to obtain an estimate of satisfactorily low variability with as little waste in sampling cost as possible. A rule for procedure is presented and evaluated in the context of normally distributed data. The rule used combines an approach used for stopping sampling in a one-sample problem and the solutions of a one-armed and two-armed bandit problem. It makes sense to use the nominal significance level in variations of the one-armed bandit problem where the data are not normally distributed and it is desired to maximize. Monte Carlo simulations have been carried out to measure the efficiency of the rule. The efficiency is measured by comparing the loss with the case where the precisions are known, in which case one can sample with the better instrument the appropriate number of times.
Screening individuals with intracranial aneurysms for abdominal aortic aneurysms is cost-effective based on estimated coprevalence

Abstract Objective Aneurysm rupture is a major cause of morbidity and mortality, and evidence suggests shared risk for both abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) and intracranial aneurysms (IAs). We hypothesized that screening for AAA in patients with known IA is cost-effective. Methods We used a decision tree model to compare costs and outcomes of AAA screening vs no screening in a hypothetical cohort of patients with IA. We measured expected outcomes using quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) and the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER). We performed a Monte Carlo simulation and additional sensitivity analyses to assess the effects of ranging base case variables on model outcomes and identified thresholds where a decision alternative dominated the model (both less expensive and more effective than the alternative). Results In our base case analysis, screening for AAA provided an additional 0.17 QALY (2.5-97.5 percentile: 0.11-0.27 QALY) at a saving of $201 (2.5-97.5 percentile: $−127 to $896). This yielded an ICER of $−1150/QALY (2.5-97.5 percentile: $−4299 to $6374/QALY), that is, screening saves $1150 per QALY gained. Conclusions Based on this model, screening for AAA in individuals with IA is cost-effective at an ICER of $1150/QALY, well below accepted societal thresholds estimated at $60,000/QALY. Cost-effectiveness of cross-screening in these populations is sensitive to aneurysm coprevalence and risk of rupture. Further prospective study is warranted to validate this finding.
Dynamic topography, gravity and the role of lateral viscosity variations from inversion of global mantle flow

Lateral viscosity variations (LVVs) in the mantle influence geodynamic processes and their surface expressions. With the observed long-wavelength geoid, free-air anomaly, gravity gradient in three directions and discrete, high-accuracy residual topography, we invert for depth- and temperature-dependent and tectonically regionalized mantle viscosity with a mantle flow model. The inversions suggest that long-wavelength gravitational and topographic signals are mainly controlled by the radial viscosity profile; the pre-Cambrian lithosphere viscosity is slightly (∼ one order of magnitude) higher than that of oceanic and Phanerozoic lithosphere; plate margins are substantially weaker than plate interiors; and viscosity has only a weak apparent, dependence on temperature, suggesting either a balancing between factors or a smoothing of actual higher amplitude, but short wavelength, LVVs. The predicted large-scale lithospheric stress regime (compression or extension) is consistent with the world stress map (thrust or normal faulting). Both recent compiled high-accuracy residual topography and the predicted dynamic topography yield ∼1 km amplitude long-wavelength dynamic topography, inconsistent with recent studies suggesting amplitudes of ∼100 to ∼500 m. Such studies use a constant, positive admittance (transfer function between topography and gravity), in contrast to the evidence which shows that the earth has a spatially and wavelength-dependent admittance, with large, negative admittances between ∼4000 and ∼10^4 km wavelengths.
Pathogenesis and Transmission Assessments of Two H7N8 Influenza A Viruses Recently Isolated from Turkey Farms in Indiana Using Mouse and Ferret Models.

Avian influenza A H7 viruses have caused multiple outbreaks in domestic poultry throughout North America, resulting in occasional infections of humans in close contact with affected birds. In early 2016, the presence of H7N8 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses and closely related H7N8 low-pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) viruses was confirmed in commercial turkey farms in Indiana. These H7N8 viruses represent the first isolation of this subtype in domestic poultry in North America, and their virulence in mammalian hosts and the potential risk for human infection are largely unknown. In this study, we assessed the ability of H7N8 HPAI and LPAI viruses to replicate in vitro in human airway cells and in vivo in mouse and ferret models. Both H7N8 viruses replicated efficiently in vitro and in vivo, but they exhibited substantial differences in disease severity in mammals. In mice, while the H7N8 LPAI virus largely remained avirulent, the H7N8 HPAI virus exhibited greater infectivity, virulence, and lethality. Both H7N8 viruses replicated similarly in ferrets, but only the H7N8 HPAI virus caused moderate weight loss, lethargy, and mortality. The H7N8 LPAI virus displayed limited transmissibility in ferrets placed in direct contact with an inoculated animal, while no transmission of H7N8 HPAI virus was detected. Our results indicate that the H7N8 avian influenza viruses from Indiana are able to replicate in mammals and cause severe disease but with limited transmission. The recent appearance of H7N8 viruses in domestic poultry highlights the need for continued influenza surveillance in wild birds and close monitoring of the potential risk to human health. IMPORTANCE H7 influenza viruses circulate in wild birds in the United States, but when the virus emerges in domestic poultry populations, the frequency of human exposure and the potential for human infections increases. An H7N8 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus and an H7N8 low-pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) virus were recently isolated from commercial turkey farms in Indiana. To determine the risk that these influenza viruses pose to humans, we assessed their pathogenesis and transmission in vitro and in mammalian models. We found that the H7N8 HPAI virus exhibited enhanced virulence, and although transmission was only observed with the H7N8 LPAI virus, the ability of this H7 virus to transmit in a mammalian host and quickly evolve to a more virulent strain is cause for concern. Our findings offer important insight into the potential for emerging H7 avian influenza viruses to acquire the ability to cause disease and transmit among mammals.
Stratigraphic architecture of bedrock reference section, Victoria Crater, Meridiani Planum, Mars

The Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity has investigated bedrock outcrops exposed in several craters at Meridiani Planum, Mars, in an effort to better understand the role of surface processes in its geologic history. Opportunity has recently completed its observations of Victoria crater, which is 750 m in diameter and exposes cliffs up to ∼15 m high. The plains surrounding Victoria crater are ∼10 m higher in elevation than those surrounding the previously explored Endurance crater, indicating that the Victoria crater exposes a stratigraphically higher section than does the Endurance crater; however, Victoria strata overlap in elevation with the rocks exposed at the Erebus crater. Victoria crater has a well-developed geomorphic pattern of promontories and embayments that define the crater wall and that reveal thick bedsets (3–7 m) of large-scale cross-bedding, interpreted as fossil eolian dunes. Opportunity was able to drive into the crater at Duck Bay, located on the western margin of Victoria crater. Data from the Microscopic Imager and Panoramic Camera reveal details about the structures, textures, and depositional and diagenetic events that influenced the Victoria bedrock. A lithostratigraphic subdivision of bedrock units was enabled by the presence of a light-toned band that lines much of the upper rim of the crater. In ascending order, three stratigraphic units are named Lyell, Smith, and Steno; Smith is the light-toned band. In the Reference Section exposed along the ingress path at Duck Bay, Smith is interpreted to represent a zone of diagenetic recrystallization; however, its upper contact also coincides with a primary erosional surface. Elsewhere in the crater the diagenetic band crosscuts the physical stratigraphy. Correlation with strata present at nearby promontory Cape Verde indicates that there is an erosional surface at the base of the cliff face that corresponds to the erosional contact below Steno. The erosional contact at the base of Cape Verde lies at a lower elevation, but within the same plane as the contact below Steno, which indicates that the material above the erosional contact was built on significant depositional paleotopography. The eolian dune forms exposed in Duck Bay and Cape Verde, combined with the geometry of the erosional surface, indicate that these outcrops may be part of a larger-scale draa architecture. This insight is possible only as a result of the larger-scale exposures at Victoria crater, which significantly exceed the more limited exposures at the Erebus, Endurance, and Eagle craters.