cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Anomaly Detection Method Based on Bilateral Features for CPPS

The active anomaly detection system of cyber physical power system (CPPS) can make up for the shortcomings of traditional isolation-based defense methods, to detect cyberattacks that breach the security boundary. The traditional detection method based on only communication side features may have high false positive rate and false negative rate. To address this defect, an abnormal traffic detection method is proposed from the perspective of cyber-physical combination, considering the influence of power system state on the communication network traffic. Firstly, based on communication behavior features, a data-driven anomaly detection method is proposed to realize the preliminary screening of abnormal flow. At the same time, the corresponding physical features of abnormal flow are extracted. Then cyberattack flows can be distinguished from the abnormal flows through an abnormal source tracing method based on bilateral characteristics. Based on the cosimulation platform of CPPS, it is verified that the proposed method can reduce the rate of false positive while ensuring a high detection accuracy against cyberattacks.
Segmenting motifs in protein-protein interface surfaces

Protein-protein interactions form the basis for many intercellular events. In this paper we develop a tool for understanding the structure of these interactions. Specifically, we define a method for identifying a set of structural motifs on protein-protein interface surfaces. These motifs are secondary structures, akin to α-helices and β-sheets in protein structure; they describe how multiple residues form knob-into-hole features across the interface. These motifs are generated entirely from geometric properties and are easily annotated with additional biological data. We point to the use of these motifs in analyzing hotspot residues.
Docosahexaenoic Acid–Enriched Fish Oil Consumption Modulates Immunoglobulin Responses to and Clearance of Enteric Reovirus Infection in Mice

We hypothesized that consumption of the (n-3) PUFA, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), modulates the mucosal immune response to enteric infection with respiratory enteric orphan virus (reovirus), a model intestinal pathogen. Mice were fed either AIN-93G control diet, containing 10 g/kg corn oil and 60 g/kg high oleic acid safflower oil, or AIN-93G, containing 10 g/kg corn oil and 60 g/kg DHA-enriched fish oil, for 4 wk and then orally gavaged with reovirus strain Type 1 Lang, (T1/L). Reovirus-specific IgA antibody was first detectable in the feces of mice fed a control diet at 6 d postinfection (PI) and was further elevated at 8 and 10 d PI. IgA responses in DHA-fed mice were similar at 6 and 8 d PI but greater at 10 d PI (P < 0.05). Both reovirus-specific serum IgA and IgG(2a) were comparably induced in mice fed control or DHA diets. Reovirus-specific IgA and IgG(2a) secretion by ex vivo Peyer's patch, lamina propria, and spleen cultures derived from control and DHA groups were comparable. Although both groups carried similar numbers of reovirus plaque forming units per intestine, DHA-fed mice shed nearly 10 times more viral RNA in feces than control mice at 2, 4, and 6 d PI (P < 0.05). However, viral RNA was not detectable in either group at 8 and 10 d. Taken together, these data suggest that DHA consumption did not markedly alter mucosal or systemic Ig responses to reovirus but delayed clearance of the virus from the intestinal tract.
Advanced input modeling: properties of the NORTA method in higher dimensions

The NORTA method for multivariate generation is a fast general purpose method for generating samples of a random vector with given marginal distributions and given product-moment or rank correlation matrix. However, this method has been shown to fail to work for some feasible correlation matrices. (A matrix is feasible if there exists a random vector with the given marginal distributions and the matrix as the correlation matrix.) We investigate how this feasibility problem behaves as the dimension of the random vector is increased and find the problem to become acute rapidly. We also find that a modified NORTA procedure, augmented by a semidefinite program (SDP) that aims to generate a correlation matrix "close" to the desired one, performs well with increasing dimension.
A tale of two theories: Sympathy or competition?

Abstract This research examines nontarget-market effects advertising targeted toward one ethnic minority group on consumers from other ethnic markets. The valence of these nontarget-market effects is a function of either homophily or group position theory. This study explores these two theories and examines which one better explains the phenomenon. According to homophily theory minorities should welcome ethnic advertising even if this is targeted towards another minority. On the other hand, group position theory predicts that minorities feel competitive towards each other and that competition triggers unfavorable attitudes toward advertisements featuring other minorities. Results show that nontarget-market effects are negative and are accentuated by individuals' feelings of ethnic identification, ethnic alienation and prejudice as implied by group position theory. The findings replicate across ethnic minority groups, and product categories. The article discusses managerial implications for marketers trying to attract several ethnic markets simultaneously.
An Algebraic Method of Proportioning Ice Cream Mixes

This discussion explains a method of proportioning and standardizing ice cream mixes which has been presented to students in the Department of Dairy Industry at Cornell University each year since 1921. The flexibility of its application to any mix requirements and the simplicity of the calculations have received the approval of all classes of students interested in ice cream making. Continued use of the method under commercial conditions where speed and accuracy are essential has demonstrated its usefulness. Materials which are used in making ice cream may be divided into two classes; milk products and those products which are not derived from milk. The milk products furnish, generally speaking, the milk fat, milk solids not fat (msnf), and the bulk of the water in the mix. Trade demands and marketing conditions require thepresence of definite amounts of sugar, gelatin, flavors, etc., so that it is by correctly proportioning the amounts of milk products that the desired amount of fat and milk solids not fat are obtained in the ice cream. To simplify the explanation of this method of standardizing, the solution of a typical problem will be demonstrated. Under conditions which are assumed, it is necessary to make 1000 pounds of ice cream mix containing 10 per cent fat, 11 per cent msnf, 13.5 per cent sugar, and 0.5 per cent gelatin dissolved in 6 per cent water.
Two-point coherence in the atmospheric surface layer

Two-point, one-dimensional coherence in horizontally homogeneous atmospheric turbulence is studied, both by experiment and analysis. Measurements are carried out using horizontally spaced sensors with the separation perpendicular to the mean velocity. Two-dimensional spectral models and three-dimensional inertial-range spectral tensors are used in the coherence calculations. The one-dimensional coherence for both velocity and scalar fluctuations is found to roll off at a wavenumber much smaller than we would expect from the classical notion of eddy correlation. This is a consequence of the cancellation of Fourier components aliased from the direction of the sensor separation into the streamwise direction. However, the coherence for the three velocity components behaves somewhat differently, reflecting the relative orientations of the velocity component, sensor separation and the mean velocity. These features are well predicted by the calculation. The analysis is also extended to calculate the two-point scalar-vertical velocity cospectrum and the results are in good agreement with our experimental data. The ratio of two- to one-point cospectra decreases at slightly larger wavenumber than the two-point scalar coherence does.
Development and Application of a New Optimization Method to Problems in Engineering Design

AbstractThis paper introduces a new and uniform method of Linear Programming optimization problems for both standard and non-standard cases. Using this method, all the linear programming (LPP) optimization problems can be solved using slack variables only by a simple transformation. Thus, it eliminates the use of surplus and artificial variables and the need to use the big M method. The efficacy of this method has been shown by few examples which gave same results using the traditional methods.
Joining Australia to Antarctica: GCM implications for the Cenozoic record of Antarctic glaciation

A previous GCM study concerning the formation and maintenance of Antarctic glaciation is expanded to include the joining of Australia to Antarctica; the two continents were physically connected prior to about 40 million years ago. It has been proposed that the increased continentality resulting from the enlarged landmass inhibited glaciation by increasing the degree of summer heating. However, simulations with the NCAR CCM1 suggest little change in the net Antarctic snow accumulation when Australia is joined to Antarctica, even under extreme variations in SST and topography. If anything, there is a slight increase in the net accumulation with the larger landmass. The climate of Australia does change markedly, consistent with the roughly 30° poleward shift in latitude. These results may not be inconsistent with paleoclimatic data from the early Cenozoic and the Cretaceous, with temperate flora and fauna along the coast, and large ice sheets inland.
Generation of high-flux attosecond XUV continuum with a 10 TW driving laser

An XUV continuum supporting 280 as isolated attosecond pulses is generated in argon with a 200 mJ, 17 fs Ti:Sapphire laser using the GDOG technique. The energy of the XUV pulse is over 100 nJ at generation location.
Barotrauma during hyperbaric therapy: Can we predict patients who are predisposed based on diagnosis?

Study objectives: Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) has been used for many years for multiple disease processes. One of the most frequently encountered adverse effects of this treatment is otic barotrauma resulting from atmospheric pressure changes. We determine whether patients with specific disease processes are at increased risk for barotrauma during HBOT. Methods: Historical and clinical data were obtained from January 2000 to December 2003 by a computerized tracking system. The hyperbaric facility is based at a suburban hospital with an emergency medicine residency program. HBOTs are on an emergency and nonemergency basis. Statistical analysis based on treatment indication was performed. Requirement of myringotomy tubes (tubes) was considered "significant" otic barotrauma. Excluded were 13 patients who received tubes before HBOT. Statistical tests used were 95% confidence intervals (CIs) and Fisher exact test as indicated. Results: Two hundred sixty-five patients were screened, 62% were male patients, and median age was 59 years (data available from 95% of patients); 252 patients met inclusion criteria. Forty-one (16%) patients overall (95% CI 2% to 30%) required tube placement. Tubes were not required in patients with air embolism, CO poisoning, gas gangrene, decompression sickness, or arterial insufficiency. Five percent of patients with necrotizing soft tissue infection ( P =.33), 11% of patients with failed/threatened graft ( P =.28), 17% of patients with chronic refractory osteomyelitis ( P =.80), 22% of patients with problem wounds ( P =.4), 22% of patients with soft tissue radionecrosis or osteoradionecrosis ( P =.07), and 50% of patients with crush injury ( P =.03) required tubes. With subset analysis based on radionecrosis or osteoradionecrosis affecting head and neck (57 patients), 28% of patients required tubes ( P =.013). Eighteen percent (22/120) of patients treated at 2.0 atmospheres absolute (ATA) compared with 14% (19/132; P =.49) of patients in the greater than 2.0 ATA group required tubes. Conclusion: A moderate number of patients overall required tubes. Those patients with head and neck radiation and crush injury were at a significantly increased risk for otic barotrauma. No correlation about depth of treatment was demonstrated.
A non-mammalian in vivo model for cellular and molecular analysis of glucose-mediated thickening of basement membranes

An increase of basement membrane thickness in renal glomeruli, blood vessels, and other tissues is a consistent pathological observation in individuals with diabetes mellitus. Although a number of pathological complications of the disease are thought to result from this structural abnormality in basement membranes, the mechanism(s) responsible for this glucose-mediated process remain unknown. The current study was designed to develop a non-mammalian in vivo epithelial/basement membrane model which would facilitate detailed analysis of the cellular and molecular processes which lead to thickening of basement membrane under hyperglycaemic conditions. The system developed utilizes the Cnidarian, Hydra vulgaris. Hydra lends itself to such studies because of (1) its simplified body structure which is composed of an epithelial bilayer with an intervening basement membrane (mesoglea) and (2) its extensive regenerative capacity which allows cell pellets (Hydra cell aggregates), formed from isolated Hydra cells, to develop into adult Hydra within 72–96 h. This process involves reformation of an epithelial bilayer and de novo biosynthesis of a basement membrane. Our studies indicate that exposure of developing Hydra cell aggregates to levels of D-glucose which mimic that observed in the human diabetic patient (15 mmol/l) induces a doubling of Hydra basement membrane thickness within 72–96 h of pellet formation. The same results were obtained using 15 mmol/l D-Ribose which is a highly efficient glycating agent. The data presented support the use of the Hydra cell aggregate system as a potentially powerful non-mammalian in vivo model to investigate the cellular and molecular mechanism(s) underlying glucosemediated basement membrane thickening.
Serum Neutralizing Antibody Development and Host Resistance in Chickens Exposed to Marek’s Disease Infection

Abstract The activity of serum neutralizing (SN) antibodies in both resistant and susceptible line chickens was quantitated by SN tests in vitro cell cultures against JM virus. The levels of SN antibodies were higher in genetically resistant chickens than in susceptible ones after they were inoculated with JM strain of Marek’s disease virus at day-old. The relation between the production of SN antibodies and the resistance to Marek’s disease and oncogenicity was positively correlated.
Fiber optic white light interferometric spectrum signal processing for absolute measurements

We present that development of a whitelight interferometric spectrum based signal processing method for fiber optic absolute sensing. The signal processing method achieves an extremely high resolution over a large dynamic range. The signal processing techniques are demonstrated on a whitelight fiber optic sensor system which uses a broadband LED as its source, and an low finesse extrinsic Fabry-Perot cavity as its sensing element. The interferometric spectrum from the sensor is received and processed through a computer compatible spectrometer which used a grating to disperse the light and a CCD array to record the spectrum. The experimental results show that the system achieves absolute measurement with nanometer accuracy over a range of more than 16 micrometers .© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Electrophoretic Mobility Measurement by Differential-Phase Optical Coherence Tomography

We report the use of differential-phase optical coherence tomography (DP-OCT) for measurement of electrophoretic mobility in low-conductivity solvents. Weakly charged particles are common in low-permittivity solvents, particularly in practical applications that contain water as a result of ambient humidity. Use of DP-OCT with transparent electrodes enables close electrode spacing (0.18 mm) and thus high electric fields despite low applied electric potential, to avoid electrohydrodynamic instability and electrochemical interference. Further advantages include small sample volume requirement (20 μL), the ability to analyze highly turbid colloids, and avoidance of electro-osmosis. This phase-sensitive method is demonstrated on weakly charged TiO2 particles dispersed in toluene with Aerosol-OT surfactant at a relatively high water content (50 mM), with small mobility of 2.8−3.0 × 10-10 m2/V s (ζ potential 11−13 mV). Mobility is independent of applied field strength (28−56 kV/m). Measurement reproducibility is...
Influenza virus ts61S hemagglutinin is significantly defective in polypeptide folding and intracellular transport at the permissive temperature

Abstract The influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) temperature-sensitive (ts) mutant, ts61S, contains a nucleotide change in RNA segment 4 which leads to an amino acid change at HA1 residue 110 of serine to proline. When ts61 S HA is synthesized and maintained at the nonpermissive temperature (39.5°), the HA is defective in transport in the exocytic pathway and is retained in the endoplasmic reticulum ( S. Nakajima, D. J. Brown, M., Ueda, K., Nakajima, A. Suguira, A. K. Pattnaik, and D. P. Nayak, 1986 , Virology 154, 279–285). In a comparison of the biochemical properties of ts61S HA and A/WSN/33 HA (wt) expressed at the permissive temperature (33°), we have found that ts61S HA is extensively debilitated. A large proportion of ts61 S HA fails to gain reactivity with conformation-specific monoclonal antibodies and does not become resistant to protease digestion. In turn, a large population of the molecules are not transported from the ER to the Golgi apparatus or cell surface with the same kinetics or efficiency as wt HA. These data suggest that the serine to proline change at HA1 residue 110 leads to partial impairment of folding at the permissive temperature with complete impairment at the nonpermissive temperature.
A note on reconstructing animal social networks from independent small-group observations

Animal social networks are often built by aggregating a series of independent observations of two or more members of a group interacting or in association. Every time an observation is made, edges are drawn between each pair of individuals involved. I examined the effect of edge sample size on the reconstruction of social networks. I created different artificial networks and sampled edges from each. I estimated and compared the number of nodes, number of components, path length, clustering coefficient, network density, mean degree, betweenness centrality and degree probability distribution of the reconstructed networks to the true value of the network. I describe how the accuracy of these measures changes as the fraction of sampled edges increases. I show that edge sample size affects network measures in different ways and that when an incomplete sample is analysed, network properties can be considerably misrepresented. I also show that, because animal networks are typically small, simple curve fitting to the degree distribution P(k) should be done with caution, because different curve models can show significant fit for the same data. Overall, the results indicate that strong claims about animal social networks should not be made unless considerable effort has been made to collect an exhaustive number of association/interaction data points. If observations of associations/interactions are accumulated over a long period, the effect of increasing edge sample size could be mistaken for temporal change in social network and could also muddy the comparison of network structure between populations and between species.
T-Cell Recognition of Human Melanoma Antigens

The adoptive transfer of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) with interleukin-2 (IL-2) has antitumor activity in some patients with metastatic melanoma. We have analyzed molecular mechanisms of TIL recognition of human melanoma. Some cultured TILs specifically lysed autologous and some allogeneic melanomas sharing a variety of class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. HLA-A2-restricted melanoma-specific TILs lysed many HLA-A2+ melanoma cell lines from different patients but failed to lyse HLA-A2- melanoma and HLA-A2+ nonmelanoma cell lines. However, these TILs were capable of lysing many naturally HLA-A2- melanomas after introduction of the HLA-A2.1 gene by vaccinia virus. These results indicate that shared melanoma antigens (Ag) are expressed in melanomas regardless of their human leukocyte antigen types. In order to identify these shared melanoma Ags, we have tested some known proteins expressed in melanoma. Expression of tyrosinase or HMB45 Ag correlated with lysis of TILs. We are also attempting to isolate antigenic peptides by high performance liquid chromatography separation and genes encoding melanoma Ag by cDNA expression cloning. The T-cell component of the antimelanoma response was also analyzed by determining the genetic structure of the T-cell receptor (TCR) used by melanoma TILs. However, we did not observe common TCR variable region usage by different melanoma TILs. We could establish melanoma cell clones and lines resistant to TIL lysis due to the absence of or defects in the expression of Ag, MHC, or beta 2-microglobulin molecules. These data indicate multiple mechanisms for melanoma escape from T-cell immunosurveillance.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Disconjugacy, disfocality, and differentiation with respect to boundary conditions

In particular, under certain assumptions concerning the disconjugacy or disfocality of (1 ), we will consider the differentiability of solutions of (1) with respect to boundary conditions (both boundary values and boundary points). In so doing, we will prove an analogue of a theorem of Peano’s which appears in Hartman’s text [ 1, Theorem 3.1, p. 951, with the consideration therein being with the differentiation of solutions of (1) with respect to initial conditions. In this setting, given a solution y(x) of (1) we are also interested in solutions of the linear nth order differential equation
Recent Measurements Of Earth Background Spatial Radiance Variations

IBM, Westlake Village, California 91361Spatial radiance variations, when combined with sensor or scene motion, have been recognized as a significant source of clutter forstaring infrared surveillance sensors. In this paper, data acquired using the NASA Daedalus multi -spectral scanner is examined. On threeflights of this airborne high resolution and large extent sensor system, a variety of earth background scenes was collected. Significant spatialradiance variations were measured in mountainous and agricultural earth backgrounds. Data was also collected to allow quantification of theradiance gradient at important interfaces such as between cloud and terrain.IntroductionThe application of staring infrared focal planes to short -term change detection has led to an increased interest in the form and structureof the earth background. Short -term change detection (or motion detection) of low intensity objects implies that even small spatial varia-tions in radiance when observed by an imperfect platform can lead to false reports (either isolated false points or false tracks). Backgroundvariations which result in false reports or increased system noise are called clutter. It is important to emphasize that this resultant clutter is aproduct of the background, the platform motion, the sensor system, and the motion detection algorithm. Without motion there would beno spatial clutter effects in a staring sensor. In this paper, only the background aspects of clutter will be discussed. Terms such as high clut-ter or low clutter are relative and actual observed levels of clutter depend on the other three components.Examples of sensor system sensitivity to spatial variations can be seen in surveillance systems which compare data from time sample totime sample for change or motion detection. Small instabilities in the viewing platform or slight image motion can lead to background spa-tial variations (such as edges) being interpreted as temporal change. In these systems, the power spectra of the spatial frequencies of theearth background can be interpreted as a noise source. Atreatment of the various noise sources for mosaic sensors is discussed in Reference 1.Daedalus sensor measurementsThe NASA Ames Daedalus Multi-Spectral Scanner (MSS) was used to help quantify background spatial radiance variations. With thissensor a wide area survey of clutter sources is possible, allowing future scheduling of other sensors for detailed study at high resolution andin specific bands.The Daedalus is a High Altitude Multispectral Scanner currently deployed on a NASA U -2 aircraft from Ames Research Center. Thescanner is an eleven channel system, which is entirely digital with ten channels in the visible /near -visible spectral region and one channel inthe thermal infrared. The scanner has a capability of either 50 m resolution and 33 kilometer swath width or 25 m resolution and 15 kilom-eter swath width from an altitude of 65,000 feet. Characteristics of the sensor and the filters available are shown in Table 1.Table 1. Daedalus Sensor Characteristics
What is the purpose of launching the World Journal of Clinical Cases

The first issue of the World Journal of Clinical Cases (WJCC), whose preparatory work was initiated on October 26, 2012, will be published on April 16, 2013. The WJCC Editorial Board has now been established and consists of 520 distinguished experts from 55 countries. Our purpose of launching WJCC is to publish peer-reviewed, high-quality articles via an open-access online publishing model, thereby acting as a platform for communication between peers and the wider public, and maximizing the benefits to editorial board members, authors and readers.
Exponential 3T3 cells escape in mid-G1 from their high serum requirement.

Abstract A simple, new method for determining the temporal location of arrests induced within the cell cycle is described. This method has the advantage that the initial, exponential cell population is unperturbed. It requires neither cell synchronization nor prior arrest of cells by starvation. The method involves partitioning cells located before and after the arrest point into classes of different DNA content. The magnitude of these classes, determined by flow microfluorimetry, is used to calculate the time of arrest within the cell cycle. The calculation utilizes an age distribution function which incorporates variability in cell-cycle durations. The method is used to derive the median time in the cell cycle when low serum arrests exponential Swiss 3T3 cells. The median durations of G1, S, G2 and M in these cells were: 5.4, 8.5, 3.0, and 0.7 h, respectively. Proliferating G1 cells with a median age of up to 3.2 h were blocked from entering S by reducing the exogenous serum concentration. G1 cells closer than approx. 2 h to S, S, G2 and M cells continued to transit the cell cycle. Preincubation of the cells in higher initial serum concentrations failed to alter this median age, indicating that adherence of serum factors to the cells does not influence the time determined. The data indicate that the G1 serum-sensitive events which finally direct cells toward either S or G0 are completed after approx. 2 h before S. Exposure to high serum apparently does not turn on DNA synthesis directly, but initiates an approx. 2 h sequence of required, late G1 events leading to S phase.
Oxygen Effect on Dehalococcoides Viability and Biomarker Quantification

Oxygen-sensitive Dehalococcoides bacteria play crucial roles in detoxification of chlorinated contaminants (e.g., chlorinated ethenes), and bioremediation monitoring relies on quantification of Deh...
Description of a Process Evaluation Model for Nutrition Education Computer-Assisted Instruction Programs

Abstract Computers have been promoted as a tool to facilitate learning. Subsequently, health education software programs have been developed, but few of these programs have been evaluated. Little is known about how students use or learn from computer-assisted instruction (CAI). Qualitative research methods are needed to reveal the critical issues related to CAI in nutrition education and establish the direction for future research. The purpose of this paper is to describe a process evaluation model that was used to test a nutrition education CAI program for middle school students. The specific outcome that was measured was learning. Learning was assessed by changes in students’ cognitive structures of basic nutrition concepts included in the program. Concept maps were used to represent students’ cognitive structure and were constructed from data collected by semistructured interviews with children before and after they completed the program. Context was defined by students’ interaction with the computer and with other students. These data were collected by observation and analyzed by grounded theory methods.The value of the model is in the integration of measurements of change and context. Together, change and context provide a dynamic, continuous, and inductive evaluation of the learning process and the effectiveness of a nutrition education program.
Tissue distribution and substrate specificity of an epoxide hydrase in the gypsy moth,Lymantria dispar

The stereoselectivity of the enzymatic hydration of disparlure, the pheromone for the gypsy mothLymantria dispar, and for twomeso analogues was determined. A single expoxide hydrase (EH), present in various male and female moth tissues, converted disparlure and the analogues to their respectivethreo-(R,R)-diols with high stereoselectivity as determined by analysis of the diols by chiral phase capillary gas chromatography. This EH recognizes thecis-nature of the dialkyl oxirane, but shows poor discrimination of the two alkyl chains.
Acute ethanol alters the firing pattern and glutamate response of cerebellar Purkinje neurons in culture.

Abstract Modified explant cultures derived from the cortical region of fetal rat cerebellum, and extracellular recording techniques were used to examine the sensitivity and response or cerebellar neurons, isolated from extracellular afferent input, to acute ethanol (EtOH) exposure. Recordings were made from Purkinje neurons (PNs) and granule cells maintained in culture for several weeks, with the emphasis on the PN. Both the PNs and granule cells exhibited spontaneous activity inculture, but, unlike the PNs, not all of the granule cells were spontaneously active. The majority of PNs studied exhibited a high frequency, regular simple spike firing pattern, previously shown to be endogenously generated by voltage-sensitive mechanisms intrinsic to the PN. The granule cells exhibited slow, irregular patterns of activity. EtOH at doses as low as 22 mM (100 mg%), a concentration that reflects blood levels during EtOH intoxication, altered the spontaneous activity of both neuronal types, demonstrating that EtOH has direct actions on cerebellar neurons. In the PNs, acute EtOH (20–80 mM) produced an increase in the regularity of the spontaneous activity and either a transient increase or no change in firing rate. Acute EtOH also significantly altered the response of PNs to the excitatory transmitter glutamate. In the granule cells, acute EtOH altered firing pattern with small and variable effects on firing rate. These data demonstrate that there are multiple sites of EtOH action in the cerebellum and that changes in PN activity with acute EtOH exposure may occur via direct actions on the PN and indirect actions via synaptically connected cerebellar neurons. The demonstration of EtOH-sensitive sites intrinsic to the cerebellum suggests that EtOH actions at these sites contribute to alterations in PN activity that occur in vivo after acute EhOH exposure.
Effects of Substitution Site on Acetyl Amylose Biodegradability by Amylase Enzymes

The site-selective syntheses of water soluble (6-O)- and (2-O/3-O)-acetyl amylose polymers (substituted at primary and secondary hydroxyl functionalities, respectively) were carried out. On the basis of 1H NMR analyses regiospecificities of >95% were achieved. In addition, routine chemical methods which did not employ protection−deprotection steps provided water soluble (2-O/3-O/6-O)-acetyl amylose polymers. To maintain water solubility, the polymer degree of substitution (ds) was maintained at <0.70. The biodegradation characteristics of these products as a function of site and ds were studied by exposures to the α-amylases from Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis, and Aspergillus oryzae. Quantitation of the biodegradation rate and percent were carried out using the dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) reducing sugar assay. Common to all three α-amylases was that these enzymes degraded (2-O/3-O)-acetyl amylose polymers much more rapidly and to greater extents than (6-O)-acetyl amylose derivatives of similar...
U–Pb systematics in heterogeneous zircon populations from the Precambrian basement of the Maryland Piedmont

Abstract The aim of the study was — besides the dating of metamorphic events — to evaluate the effects of multi-stage crystal growth, episodic and continuous Pb loss, and U gain on the discordant age patterns found for zircon populations of the polymetamorphic Baltimore Gneiss, the Precambrian basement in the Maryland Piedmont. Eight gneiss and migmatite samples were collected at two localities in the Phoenix and Towson dome, respectively. Their zircon populations were separated into twenty-three fractions of different size and optical appearance. A low-contamination method ( T.E. Krogh, 1973 ) was used for the U-Pb analyses. Microscopy and electron-microprobe studies revealed internal heterogeneities of the zircon crystals: at least half of the grains of each population reflect more than one stage of crystal growth, with the last stage consisting of U-poor overgrowths (U: below 400 ppm, mostly below 200 ppm). Evidence for episodic U gain and overgrown material other than zircon has not been found. On a concordia diagram the “ages” obtained by upward extrapolations (1080 and 1180 m.y.) and downward extrapolations (421 and 455 m.y.) of the best-fit lines to the data points are in fair agreement with the geochronologic data found by other investigators and the probable times of metamorphic periods of Precambrian (Grenville) and early Paleozoic (Taconic) orogenies. Models of Pb loss by continuous diffusion cannot adequately explain the discordant age patterns: these are essentially the result of superposition of episodic Pb loss and zircon overgrowth during the Taconic (and Acadian?) metamorphisms. The zircon overgrowth appears to be present in all fractions, but its influence on the U-Pb systematics is generally not perceptible because it is overridden by the effect of episodic Pb loss. For the fractions showing the most discordant ages, the contribution of Pb loss to the discordancy was found to be at least 85 %. From the microscopic picture and the isotopic data, it appears that the bulk of the zircon substance crystallized during one or several high-grade metamorphisms accompanied by migmatization and granitization of the rocks in the course of the Grenville orogeny. Under consideration of zircon ages of Baltimore Gneiss rocks of Pennsylvania, the results point to a complex Grenville metamorphic history in the Maryland and Pennsylvania Piedmont, that lasted from at least 1200 m.y. until about 980 m.y. The granulite-facies metamorphism in the West Chester Prong, Pennsylvania, may be 50–200 m.y. younger than the metamorphic events in the gneiss domes of the Baltimore area. Although it seems that real differences exist with respect to the Precambrian ages of major zircon-forming events between the Phoenix and the Towson dome, the apparent difference of about 100 m.y. should be interpreted with caution, because it is impossible, so far, to evaluate quantitatively the influence of possibly much older inherited zircon components.
Trying to understand the cerebellum well enough to build one.

: The development of an increasingly detailed computer simulation of the cerebellum is briefly described. Specific and relatively direct evaluation of the performance of this simulation is made possible by the straightforward way in which pavlovian eyelid conditioning engages the cerebellum. Inputs to the simulation are based on recordings of mossy fiber and climbing fiber responses to the stimuli used in eyelid conditioning, and the output of the simulation can be evaluated with respect to the extensively characterized behavioral properties of eyelid conditioning. Because construction of the simulation has been guided by a strong aversion to errors of commission, both failures and successes of the simulation have proven informative. The behavior of the simulation related to the inhibitory nucleo-olivary feedback connection and spontaneous activity of climbing fibers is described. A prediction of the simulation concerning extinction is confirmed by experiment.
Fibroblast Senescence and Squamous Cell Carcinoma: How Wounding Therapies Could Be Protective

BACKGROUNDSquamous cell carcinoma (SCC), which has one of the highest incidences of all cancers in the United States, is an age-dependent disease, with the majority of these cancers diagnosed in people age 70 and older. Recent findings have led to a new hypothesis on the pathogenesis of SCC.OBJECTIV
Using OGRE as a means of teaching C++ programming

Video games offer a compelling means of capturing people's attention. The popularity of games naturally lends itself to fostering an interest in students to learn how to create video games. Programming games has become a far easier prospect as game development tools like XNA [1], Dark GDK [2] and OGRE [3, 4] have reached maturity and fruition. I have taught several game development and C++ programming classes that have incorporated OGRE into the curriculum. I have used OGRE because I feel that it allows for more opportunities to explain the fundamentals of C++ programming while providing students with a visually satisfying result. In this workshop, I will describe how I have used OGRE in the classroom, what I have learned from using it and offer suggestions as to how it may be incorporated into various programming classes.
Dominant influence of atmospheric circulation on snow accumulation in Greenland over the past 18,000 years

PROJECTIONS of sea-level rise due to greenhouse warming often involve the assumption that increased water vapour pressure will enhance snow accumulation in cold regions of ice sheets, partially offsetting the increased melting of low-latitude and low-altitude ice1–3. To test whether this has been true in the past, we compare accumulation rates4 and temperatures derived from the oxygen isotope composition5 of ice in the deep core obtained by the Greenland Ice Sheet Project II (GISP2). We find that atmospheric circulation, not temperature, seems to have been the primary control on snow accumulation in central Greenland over the past 18,000 years. During both warm (Holocene) and cold (Younger Dryas, Last Glacial Maximum) climate regimes, the sensitivity of accumulation to temperature changes is less than expected if accumulation is controlled thermodynamically by the ability of warmer air to deliver more moisture. During transitions between warm and cold climate states, in contrast, accumulation varies more than can be explained in purely thermodynamic terms, probably because of changes in storm tracks. Thus, in a world warmed by the greenhouse effect, circulation changes may be more important than direct temperature effects in determining snow accumulation in Greenland and its contribution to sea-level change.
ZEUS results from the first year: DIS cross section and hadronic final states

The first year of operation of the HERA electron-proton collider has resulted in deep inelastic scattering (DIS) physics results from both the H1 and ZEUS experiments. Reported are results from the ZEUS collaboration on the measurement of the DIS neutral-current cross section, which has been made at higher Q2 and lower xBj than previously reported from fixed-target experiments. The final-state hadronic energy flow has been studied, and comparison with various QCD Monte Carlo model shows that QCD radiation has a strong influence on its characteristics. The observation of multi-jet production in DIS neutral-current events is also reported.
ABSEL's contributions to experiential learning/experiental exercises: the decade of the 1970s

This article summarizes the contributions of ABSEL’s membership to the development of experiential learning and experiential exercises during the decade of the 1970s. It overviews papers written on...
Nucleotide Incorporation Into Nucleic Acid by Tobacco Leaf Homogenates

The objectives of the present study were: to develop a method for isolating a nuclear fraction from green leaf tissue; to determine if such fractions incorporated nucleoside triphosphates into nucleic acid, and to determine if the rate of incorporation of nuclei prepared from tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)5 infected leaves differed from that of nuclei from normal tobacco. Synthesis of RNA from nucleoside triphosphates has previously been reported for plant, animal, and microbial systems (24, 12, 22, 11, 3, & 17) and this synthesis is dependent upon the presence of DNA. Since the process by which RNA viruses replicate within a cell is not understood either with regard to mechanism or site of replication it was hoped that the rate studies would be informative. Zech (26) using ultraviolet microscopy, reported a ,doubling in nucleic acid content of tobacco leaf nuclei subsequent to TMV5 infection, suggesting nuclear involvement. Bellett and Burness (1) reported an association of infective RNA of murine encephalomyocarditis virus, cultivated on Ascites tumour cells, with the nuclear fraction. However evidence against new DNA synthesis or interaction with DNA as a requisite for growth of RNA viruses has been provided by studies of Simon (20) and by Staehelin and Gordon (21). In addition, Rubin and Temin (18) have shown that RNA viruses can replicate in extensively damaged cells no longer capable of division. A recent report by Reddi (16) indicates that RNA synthesis by an enzyme system from spinach is increased by TMV-RNA. Reddi's system and the possibly related system of Townsley (23) could, however, have been derived from disrupted nuclei. Thus, it appeared desirable to investigate RNA synthesis by nuclei from TMV infected and normal tissue.
Multiple model particle filtering for bearing life prognosis

For bearing remaining life prognosis, past research has investigated deterministic material fatigue crack growth models such as Paris law and Newman model. Due to the inherent stochastic nature of defect propagation and varying operating conditions, the accuracy of such models has shown to be limited. This paper addresses this challenge by presenting a stochastic modeling approach, based on interacting multiple models and particle filter. Experiments were conducted on a customized bearing test rig to demonstrate the effectiveness of the developed method. Comparison between the developed method and the traditional particle filter has shown that the developed method improves the accuracy in bearing remaining life prediction.
Mixed alkali glass spectra and structure

Abstract The far infrared and Raman spectra of several series of mixed alkali metaphosphate glasses have been investigated as a function of the mole fraction x of the network-modifying ionic oxides in xM2O(1−x)M2′O · P2O5. The frequencies of the cation-motion bands in the far infrared spectra, which correspond to cationsite vibrations, do not shift with x, indicating that the vibrationally significant local geometry and forces associated with a particular cation are unaffected by the introduction of the second cation into the glass structure. Each Raman-active band due to vibrations of the metaphosphate network occurs at a different frequency for each pure glass (x = 0 or 1), but for mixed alkali glasses only one band occurs for each type of mode and it varies linearly with x. This indicates that the cations in these mixed alkali glasses are homogeneously distributed, there is no significant molecular-level domain formation and the phosphate chains are associated with an averaged cation environment whose effect on the chain modes varies with x. A simple vibrational model is presented which shows that the cation-dependent shifts are due to small changes in network bond angles and variation of the cationsite forces.
A new method of sediment-transportation

The writer has observed in two streams a method of transportation of solids in suspension which he has not seen described in any literature, and which may therefore present a method of the transportation of sediment which is new to this science. The observations were made in the Canadian River near Tulsa, Oklahoma, and in the Root River in southeastern Minnesota. In both of these streams the water was flowing on a bed of clean sand and was clear, so that the phenomena could be observed. The sand-bed was in the form of ripples, which consisted of a series of small bars scattered irregularly over the bed of the stream with relatively flat upstream slope and steep downstream slope. In the Canadian River the action occurred over a large area of the stream-bed , but in the Root River it acted only at a single point. The phenomena consisted of an upward-moving turbulent current which started from a point on the downstream-sloping face of the ripple and carried the bed-material upward. This turbulent current extended to the surface, where it spread out and mixed with the horizontal current of the stream and the sediment carried up with it spread out with the current and gradually settled back to the bottom. These upward currents did not move from place to place, but remained stationary, always rising from the end of the same ripple. It has been suggested by A. A. KALINSKE that they are caused by the wake formed behind a sand-ripple on the bed, since they resemble the wake formed behind a ship rather than a vortex. Perhaps this method of sediment-transport should be called “ripple-wake suspension”.
A plea to subdivide the Chalk on future maps in a manner applicable tothe whole of Britain

The 1:50 000 maps published by the Geological Survey fail to show the biostratigraphical detail which isavailable and which could be incorporated without difficulty. This has become important because: (i) the sheet Memoir series is being discontinued: (ii) one can use the same biostratigraphical divisions, mainly zones, from Dorset to Yorkshire; (iii) it would be easier for our colleagues outside Britain to understand our Chalk geology.
A Five-Year Follow-Up: Teachers' Perceptions of the Benefits of Home Visits for Early Elementary Children.

The purpose of this study was to replicate previous research about teachers’ perceived benefits of home visits to determine if they remained stable. Furthermore, the investigation sought to find out whether home visits impacted variables often associated with improved school success (i.e., school attendance, academic performance, parent engagement). Participants were 29 kindergarten through second grade teachers in a rural, Midwestern school district who conducted home visits at the beginning of the school year. Seventeen of the teachers participated in the earlier study. Revised surveys were completed. Results are consistent with those of the previous study. Specifically, teachers reported these positive effects: beneficial relationships and better communication with parents, more appreciation of the influence of the child’s home environment related to school performance, and a better understanding the child’s behavior in school. In addition, teachers identified a connection between the home visits and variables related to school success. Thus, teachers’ perceptions reinforced the importance of conducting home visits.