cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Successes and challenges of operating the Van Allen Probes mission in the radiation belts

The Van Allen probes team has been successful in monitoring and trending the performance of the mission to date. However, operating two spacecraft in the Van Allen radiation belts poses a number of challenges and requires careful monitoring of spacecraft performance due to the high radiation environment and potential impact on the mostly single string electronics architecture. Spacecraft and instrument telemetry trending is tracked with internal peer reviews conducted twice a year by the operations and engineering teams. On board radiation monitoring sensors are used to evaluate total dose accumulated on board the spacecraft and to assess potential impacts. Single event upsets are tracked and high activity events are logged and analyzed. Anomalous data is compared to radiation and solar event activity to determine if there is correlation. Solar array degradation is monitored in real time using a dedicated monitored solar cell and performance is compared to predicted degradation rates. Examples of the effects of radiation on various subsystems and instruments will be given and the impacts discussed as the Van Allen probes team prepares to take on the challenge of an extended mission of continued operations in the radiation belt.
Heterogeneity Effects on Permeability–Partition Coefficient Relationships in Human Stratum Corneum

The relationship between the permeability of solutes undergoing transport via the lipid pathway of the stratum corneum and the degree to which the same solutes partition into the stratum corneum has been explored by measuring the permeability coefficients and stratum corneum/water partition coefficients of a series of hydrocortisone esters varying in lipophilicity. Isolated human stratum corneum, used in both the permeability and the uptake experiments, was shown to resemble full-thickness skin in its overall resistance and selectivity to solute structure. As with full-thickness skin, delipidization destroys the barrier properties of isolated stratum corneum. Although a linear relationship is frequently assumed to exist between permeability coefficients and membrane/water partition coefficients, a log–log plot of permeability coefficients versus the intrinsic stratum corneum/water partition coefficients for the series of hydrocortisone esters studied is distinctly nonlinear. This nonlinearity arises from the fact that the transport of these solutes is rate limited by a lipid pathway in the stratum corneum, while uptake reflects both lipid and protein domains. From the relative permeability coefficients of 21-esters of hydrocortisone varying in acyl-chain structure, group contributions to the free energy of transfer of solute into the rate-limiting barrier microenvironment of the stratum corneum lipid pathway are calculated for a variety of functional groups including the −CH2−, −CONH2, −CON(CH3)2, -COOCH3, −COOH, and −OH groups. These are compared to contributions to the free energies of transfer obtained for the same functional groups in octanol/water, heptane/water, and stratum corneum/water partitioning experiments. The group contributions to transport for polar, hydrogen-bonding functional groups are similar to the values obtained from octanol/water partition coefficients. This similarity suggests that complete loss of hydrogen bonding does not occur in the transition state for passive diffusion via the lipid pathway.
Parallel solution of the subset-sum problem: an empirical study

The subset-sum problem is a well-known NP-complete combinatorial problem that is solvable in pseudo-polynomial time, that is, time proportional to the number of input objects multiplied by the sum of their sizes. This product defines the size of the dynamic programming table used to solve the problem. We show how this problem can be parallelized on three contemporary architectures, that is, a 128-processor Cray Extreme Multithreading (XMT) massively multithreaded machine, a 16-processor IBM x3755 shared memory machine, and a 240-core NVIDIA FX 5800 graphics processing unit (GPU). We show that it is straightforward to parallelize this algorithm on the Cray XMT primarily because of the word-level locking that is available on this architecture. For the other two machines, we present an alternating word algorithm that can implement an efficient solution. Our results show that the GPU performs well for problems whose tables fit within the device memory. Because GPUs typically have memories in the order of 10GB, such architectures are best for small problem sizes that have tables of size approximately 1010. The IBM x3755 performs very well on medium-sized problems that fit within its 64-GB memory but has poor scalability as the number of processors increases and is unable to sustain performance as the problem size increases. This machine tends to saturate for problem sizes of 1011 bits. The Cray XMT shows very good scaling for large problems and demonstrates sustained performance as the problem size increases. However, this machine has poor scaling for small problem sizes; it performs best for problem sizes of 1012 bits or more. The results in this paper illustrate that the subset-sum problem can be parallelized well on all three architectures, albeit for different ranges of problem sizes. The performance of these three machines under varying problem sizes show the strengths and weaknesses of the three architectures. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Frank Netter's Legacy: Interprofessional Anatomy Instruction.

Several medical schools have recently described new innovations in interprofessional interactions in gross anatomy courses. The Frank H. Netter MD School of Medicine at Quinnipiac University in Hamden, CT has developed and implemented two contrasting interprofessional experiences in first-year medical student gross anatomy dissection laboratories: long-term, informal visits by pathologists' assistant students who work with the medical students to identify potential donor pathologies, and a short-term, formal visit by fourth-year dental students who teach craniofacial anatomy during the oral cavity dissection laboratory. A survey of attitudes of participants was analyzed and suggest the interprofessional experiences were mutually beneficial for all involved, and indicate that implementing multiple, contrasting interprofessional interactions with different goals within a single course is feasible. Two multiple regression analyses were conducted to analyze the data. The first analysis examined attitudes of medical students towards a pathologists' assistant role in a health care team. The question addressing a pathologists' assistant involvement in the anatomy laboratory was most significant. The second analysis examined attitudes of medical students towards the importance of a good foundation in craniofacial anatomy for clinical practice. This perceived importance is influenced by the presence of dental students in the anatomy laboratory. In both instances, the peer interprofessional interactions in the anatomy laboratory resulted in an overall positive attitude of medical students towards pathologists' assistant and dental students. The consequences of these interactions led to better understanding, appreciation and respect of the different professionals that contribute to a health care team.
An analytical model for water/gas miscible displacements

This paper describes the solution to a steady-state analytical model for gravitational segregation in a water-alternating-gas (WAG) miscible displacement. The model, introduced by Stone, provides a conceptual framework for understanding the segregation process. The analysis is extended in this paper to obtain a closed-form solution to the equations, which allows one to easily estimate the incremental recovery above waterflooding for homogeneous reservoirs. This solution is useful in the design of high-recovery WAG floods. Results from the model indicate that recovery increases with dimensionless viscous-gravity ratio (VGR), which is a measure of the volume in the reservoir required to obtain complete segregation of water and gas injected into a well. The model may be used to show how changes in fluid and operating conditions affect recovery. Recovery may be increased either by increasing injection rate or solvent viscosity, or by reducing pattern area or water-solvent density difference.
A monoclonal antibody which binds to the surface of chick brain cells and myotubes: Cell selectivity and properties of the antigen

A monoclonal antibody has been obtained which binds to the cell surface of cultured chick myotubes and retinal and tectal neurons but not fibroblasts, myoblasts and embryonic liver cells. Indirect immunocytochemistry reveals that antigen is present in all layers of the chick neural retina. The antibody therefore recognizes an antigen common to most, if not all, chick neurons. The antigen has been identified by staining SDS gels with [125I]monoclonal antibody and appears to be a polydisperse collection of polypeptides with molecular weights centered about 250 kdalton.
Scenario building: an integral methodology for learning, decision-making, and human resource development

Recognizing and managing the complexities of strategic change is a difficult endeavor for organizational leaders, and is one that is increasingly necessary for organizations that exist in uncertain and rapidly changing environments. Organizations, and the individuals within them, must develop expertise and tools to operate effectively in these conditions. Scenario building has gained attention as a methodology that enriches traditional strategic planning methods by helping organizational leaders recognize and better prepare for the critical uncertainties and complexities of forces driving future change. Scenario building is explored in this article to provide HRD professionals with a solid exposure to the art of scenario building. The process is defined and explained, its history briefly explored, and key benefits as a learning and decision-making tool as well as for the field of human resource development are discussed.
Invariant pattern recognition based on centroids

A new method for pattern recognition that is invariant under changes of position, orientation, intensity, and scale is presented. The centroids of objects provide unique points that are related to the energy distribution. For obtaining more such unique points a conformal transform can be used to rearrange the energy distribution of the object. By means of the conformal transform many different centroids can be produced from the same object. A useful pattern-recognition and object-registration method that yields a position-, rotation-, intensity-, and scale-invariant feature vector based on these centroids can be created.
Effect of corpus allatum and ovaries on amount of pupal and adult fat body in the housefly, Musca domestica

Abstract The stage of ovarian development was compared with changes in the volume of abdominal fat body in female houseflies. Pupal fat body volume decreased during each stage of oogenesis and had its maximum rate of volume decreases during the vitellogenic phase of oogenesis (stages 4 to 9). No pupal fat body remained in flies with mature (stage 10) eggs. Adult fat body showed a volume increase during egg stages 2 to 7 and 9 to 10 but decreased during egg stages 7 to 9. Both ovariectomy and allatectomy resulted in a depressed rate of pupal fat body disappearance. This was attributed to the absence of functional ovaries in the allatectomized and ovariectomized females. It was hypothesized that the developing ovaries may act as a nutritional sump for vitellogenic precursors present in the fat body and/or an ovarian hormone may stimulate cytolysis of the pupal fat body. By so doing the pupal fat body volume would decrease more rapidly when developing ovaries were present. The adult fat body volume was not affected in allatectomized or in allatectomized plus ovariectomized flies, but increased in volume in ovariectomized flies. Topical applications of synthetic juvenile hormone on mature female flies resulted in an increased adult fat body volume. From this it was concluded that ovariectomy removed the inhibition on the corpus allatum and resulted in an increase in juvenile hormone titre which caused an increase in adult fat body volume.
The efficiency of AC graphs

Abstract Given a graph G =( V , E ), the problem of computing e( G ), the maximum efficiency of G , is that of computing the maximum number of nodes in V−R , over all sets R ⊆ V , that are dominated by only one node in R . In “Efficient sets in graphs” by P.J. Bernhard a linear time algorithm that computes e( G ) when G is a tree is described. We show that a similar approach can be used to compute e( G ) when G is an AC graph.
Roles of saltcedar (Tamarix spp.) and capillary rise in salinizing a non-flooding terrace on a flow-regulated desert river

Abstract Tamarix spp. (saltcedar) secretes salts and has been considered to be a major factor contributing to the salinization of river terraces in western US riparian zones. However, salinization can also occur from the capillary rise of salts from the aquifer into the vadose zone. We investigated the roles of saltcedar and physical factors in salinizing the soil profile of a non-flooding terrace at sites on the Cibola National Wildlife Refuge on the Lower Colorado River, USA. We placed salt traps under and between saltcedar shrubs and estimated the annual deposition rate of salts from saltcedar. These were then compared to the quantities and distribution on of salts in the soil profile. Dense stands of saltcedar deposited 0.159 kg m−2 yr−1 of salts to the soil surface. If this rate was constant since seasonal flooding ceased in 1938 and all of the salts were retained in the soil profile, they could account for 11.4 kg m−2 of salt, about 30% of total salts in the profile today. Eliminating saltcedar would not necessarily reduce salts, because vegetation reduces the upward migration of salts in bulk flow from the aquifer. The densest saltcedar stand had the lowest salt levels in the vadose zone in this study.
Future Directions for Research in FRP Composites in Concrete Construction

The research community has made great progress identifying and quantifying the characteristics of fiber reinforced polymer FRP composite materials used in infrastructure applications. A growing number of demonstration projects and commercial applications contribute to the knowledge base in this area; however, the use of FRP materials in infrastructure is still in its infancy, and a number of issues remain to be adequately addressed Cosenza and Manfredi 2002 . In some cases, the dearth of understanding and/or design guidance represents a significant limitation to the broader implementation of FRP materials in infrastructure applications. On October 22–23, 2004, the Workshop on FRP Composites in Concrete Construction was held in San Francisco Porter and Harries 2005 . The overall objective of this workshop was to identify and prioritize research areas and issues which industry, practitioners, and academia identify as requiring further attention to improve the understanding of the behavior of FRP materials and FRP structural and repair systems. The specific objectives of the workshop were as follows: • Develop a consensus of the current state-of-the-art in the use of FRP composites for infrastructure applications through a review of previous and pending research projects and field applications. • Identify critical research needs affecting the implementation of FRP composites in construction applications and develop a consensus on the priority of these needs. • Identify emerging and novel applications for FRP composites in infrastructure and identify additional research needs associated with these. • Develop a coordinated plan for a unified approach to address research needs and matching those research needs with appropriate funding agencies/opportunities. • Identify improved mechanisms by which research results may be disseminated in a manner appropriate to the implementation of FRP composites in infrastructure. The discussion of research needs should not be construed as representing an impediment to the broader adoption of FRP materials for infrastructure applications. Rather, this discussion of research needs acknowledges that, as with any emerging technology, limitations and gaps in knowledge exist. Considerable efforts have been made to identify these gaps and, in some sense, prioritize their importance with respect to the broader adoption of FRP
Effect of divalent ions on the minimal relaxase domain of MobA

The MobA protein encoded by plasmid R1162 plays an important role in conjugative mobilization between bacterial cells. It has two functional domains, the N-terminal relaxase domain and C-terminal primase domain. The N-terminal 186 residues (minMobA) is the minimal domain required for relaxase activity. We investigated the effects of different divalent metallic cations on minMobA activity measuring DNA binding, DNA nicking, and protein denaturation experiments. The results show that divalent cations are not required for DNA binding but are required for DNA nicking. The range of metals that function in minMobA suggests the cation role is largely structural. The most tightly binding cation is Mn2+, but the expressed protein shows roughly equal amounts of Mg2+ and Ca2+, both of which facilitate substrate binding and catalysis. Surprisingly, Zn2+ does not facilitate DNA binding nor allow nicking activity.
Streptococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome Complicating Preseptal Cellulitis

Purpose Although substantial morbidity is uncommon in preseptal cellulitis, the incidence of severe infection resulting from group A streptococcal infection is increasing. Methods A 62-year-old man was initially examined for preseptal cellulitis sustained after minor trauma to his brow. The patient rapidly experienced shock and multisystem organ failure. Intensive medical therapy prevented circulatory collapse and death. Results A diagnosis of streptococcal toxic shock syndrome secondary to group A beta hemolytic streptococcal infection was made based on culture results and clinical course. Conclusions The ophthalmologist plays an essential role in diagnosing this condition. Aggressive and timely treatment are essential to preventing death.
PHOTOBIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF MARMESIN (5-B-HYDROXYISOPROPYL-4–5 DIHYDROFUROCOUMARIN) IN CHINESE HAMSTER V79 CELLS

Abstract— Marmesin was isolated from the medicinal plant, Afraegle paniculata. Its cytotoxicity and mutagenicity in Chinese hamster V79 cells when sensitized to near ultraviolet (NUV) and long wavelength ultraviolet light or black light (BL) were assayed. Marmesin was extremely cytotoxic in the dark. This cytotoxicity was photoenhanced in NUV and BL; the photoenhanced lethality being higher in NUV than in BL. The LD50 of marmesin under NUV and BL photosensitization were 0.002 μM and (0.012 μM), respectively. In the absence of NUV and BL, marmesin's LD50 was 0.013 μM. NUV and BL without marmesin were not significantly cytotoxic at the fluence rates of 0.29 W/m2 and 4.2 W/m2, respectively, for up to 20 min. In contrast to the observed high cytotoxicity of marmesin, its mutagenicity at the HGPRT locus (AzGr) was weak. The implication of this result in the high incidence of skin cancer in Nigeria in which A. paniculata is used as a medicinal plant is discussed.
Progression of coronary artery disease. A clinical arteriographic study.

Significant progression of coronary artery disease was seen in 52% of subjects studied by selective cinearteriography at intervals between 2 and 75 months (average 23.8). Subsequent progression, although confined to proximal areas, was independent of overall severity of initial disease or previous disease at the site of progression and occurred frequently in previously normal vessels. Plasma lipid abnormalities and myocardial lactate production at the time of the initial study were significantly associated with subsequent arteriographic progression. Similarly abnormal glucose tolerance was seen more frequently in patients exhibiting progression than in those who did not. The progression occurring in patients with lipid abnormalities was more severe and more widespread than in other patients, and apparent interval reduction in lipid values did not influence the ultimate course of the atheromatous process. Myocardial infarction was almost invariably associated with progression. Collateral coronary circulati...
Nf2/Merlin Regulates Hematopoietic Stem Cell Behavior by Altering Microenvironmental Architecture

Stem cell population size is highly regulated across species and tissue types, and alterations are associated with premature tissue failure or cancer. We assessed whether the tumor suppressor and mediator of cell contact inhibition Nf2/merlin plays a role in governing the hematopoietic stem cell pool by stem cell-autonomous or niche-determined processes. Hematopoietic stem cells in Nf2-deficient mice were increased in number and demonstrated a marked shift in location to the circulation. These changes were entirely dependent on changes in the microenvironment, with a marked increase in trabecular bone and marrow vascularity associated with increased VEGF, but without cell-autonomous alterations in stem cell characteristics. Nf2/merlin is critical for maintaining normal structure and function of the hematopoietic stem cell niche. It limits both bone and vascular components, and our model suggests that it thereby constrains stem cell number and position.
Compact MOS Implementation of a Reaction-Diffusion CNN

A biologically inspired single layer cellular neural network (CNN) with trigger wave formation capability is presented. A novel compact MOS cell circuit is proposed which exhibits a third order I-V characteristic with negative differential resistance (NDR). Certain D.C. characteristics of both the proposed cell and the network are described and corresponding theoretical estimations are presented. It is shown that the CNN formed by resistive coupling of these cells has very low complexity and realizes a reaction-diffusion system. The dynamical network behavior is demonstrated by transient simulations of a 2D cell array at the circuit level.
Laparoscopic Extraperitoneal Radical Prostatectomy in Complex Surgical Cases

Purpose: Patients with a high body mass index, previous pelvic surgery or large prostate size are not considered ideal candidates for radical prostatectomy. We assessed the impact of body mass index, previous pelvic surgery and prostate weight on perioperative and pathological outcomes in patients treated exclusively with laparoscopic extraperitoneal radical prostatectomy.Materials and Methods: From January 2004 to May 2005, 300 patients underwent laparoscopic extraperitoneal radical prostatectomy. Patients were divided into groups, including body mass index groups 1 (25 kg/m2 or less), 2 (25.1 to 30), 3 (30.1 to 36) and 4 (greater than 36); prostate weight groups 1 (20 gm or less), 2 (20.1 to 40), 3 (40.1 to 60) and 4 (more than 60); and prior surgery groups 1 (no previous pelvic or prostatic surgery) and 2 (previous pelvic or prostatic surgery).Results: Logistic regression demonstrated that body mass index, large prostate size and previous pelvic surgery did not affect margin status. The Kruskal-Wallis ...
Characteristics of ascorbate transport in the rabbit iris-ciliary body

The accumulation and efflux of [14C]ascorbic acid by the rabbit iris-ciliary body were examined in vitro. Accumulation of labelled ascorbate was observed to be reduced significantly by ouabain(10(-4) M), low sodium solutions, 0 degree C and dinitrophenol (10(-3) M). These findings suggest that the ascorbate uptake mechanism is linked to metabolism via the sodium gradient. In addition, labelled ascorbate uptake was diminished by both phloretin (10(-4) M) and phlorhizin-(10(-4) M), two glucose transport inhibitors. Clear differences were observed between the characteristics of [14C]ascorbic acid uptake and efflux. In contrast to the uptake, 14C-labelled, ascorbate efflux from the iris-ciliary body was not significantly altered by dinitrophenol, phloretin, or phlorhizin. The observation that the efflux of labelled ascorbate was not diminished by either dinitrophenol or ouabain supports the concept that the process of ascorbate efflux from the iris-ciliary body is passive and not sodium dependent. It was demonstrated that a vigorous rate of [14C]ascorbate efflux from the iris-ciliary body persisted even when the external ascorbate level was elevated to 1 mM, the concentration found in aqueous humor.
Bone marrow dysplasia in patients with newly diagnosed acute myelogenous leukemia does not correlate with history of myelodysplasia or with remission rate and survival.

Background. The records and initial bone marrow studies of 106 patients with newly diagnosed acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) were analyzed retrospectively to determine whether bone marrow dysplasia was predictive of a previous myelodysplastic disorder or correlated with remission rate and survival. Methods. Bone marrow aspirates and biopsy specimens were reviewed in a blinded fashion; dysplasia was assessed in as objective a manner as possible by numerically scoring nine specific findings: erythrocyte multinuclearity, nuclear fragmentation, megaloblastic characteristics, leukocyte granulation abnormalities and nuclear malformations, Pelger-Huet cells, and megakaryocytic dysplasia (mononuclear megakaryocytes, micromegakaryocytes, and megakaryocytes with multiple distinct nuclei). Results. Dysplasia of the megakaryocytic line was seen in 34% of patients; 70% of the patients had erythrocyte dysplasia; and 68% had leukocyte dysplasia. Pelger-Huet cells were seen in bone marrow of 35% of the patients. Overall dysplasia score and specific dysplastic findings such as Pelger-Huet cells did not correlate with a known history of myelodysplasia (P = 0.47), cytogenetic abnormalities (P = 0.35), prior chemotherapy treatment with or without alkylating agents (P = 1.00), previous malignant disorders such as polycythemia vera (P = 1.00), remission rate (P = 0.93), or survival (P = 0.42). Multivariate analysis confirmed known independent risk factors for remission in this patient population, including age (P = 0.04), history of prior chemotherapy (P = 0.04), abnormalities in chromosomes 5, 7, or 8 (P = 0.02), and type of antileukemia therapy (P < 0.001). Conclusions. Bone marrow dysplasia is common in patients with AML and does not correlate with a history of myelodysplasia or predict outcome when patients are treated with standard intensive AML therapy.
Knowledge acquisition assisted by CLIPS programming

Abstract Knowledge acquisition is important and machine learning techniques can be used to achieve automated knowledge acquisition. This article examines how knowledge acquisition can be assisted by programming using CLIPS (an acronym for C Language Integrated Production System). A machine learning preprocessor has been developed for the CLIPS environment, so that the CLIPS rule-base can be expanded by adding rules generated through machine learning techniques. The paper also shows how knowledge updating can be supported in the CLIPS environment itself. Operational engineering knowledge is captured in a data structure called a decision tree, and its structure can be updated when new knowledge is acquired. In addition, some advanced features are also briefly discussed, including using COOL (the CLIPS object-oriented language) for knowledge acquisition in a software product recommendation system, as well as the design of a self-evolving knowledge-acquisition tool.
Id1 and Id3 expression is associated with increasing grade of prostate cancer: Id3 preferentially regulates CDKN1B.

As transcriptional regulators of basic helix–oop–helix (bHLH) transcription and non-bHLH factors, the inhibitor of differentiation (Id1, Id2, Id3, and Id4) proteins play a critical role in coordinated regulation of cell growth, differentiation, tumorigenesis, and angiogenesis. Id1 regulates prostate cancer (PCa) cell proliferation, apoptosis, and androgen independence, but its clinical significance in PCa remains controversial. Moreover, there is lack of evidence on the expression of Id2 and Id3 in PCa progression. In this study we investigated the expression of Id2 and Id3 and reevaluated the expression of Id1 in PCa. We show that increased Id1 and Id3 protein expression is strongly associated with increasing grade of PCa. At the molecular level, we report that silencing either Id1 or Id3 attenuates cell cycle. Although structurally and mechanistically similar, our results show that both these proteins are noncompensatory at least in PCa progression. Moreover, through gene silencing approaches we show that Id1 and Id3 primarily attenuates CDKN1A (p21) and CDKN1B (p27), respectively. We also demonstrate that silencing Id3 alone significantly attenuates proliferation of PCa cells as compared with Id1. We propose that increased Id1 and Id3 expression attenuates all three cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (CDKN2B, -1A, and -1B) resulting in a more aggressive PCa phenotype.
Complex mean circulation over the inner shelf south of Martha's Vineyard revealed by observations and a high‐resolution model

[1] Inner-shelf circulation is governed by the interaction between tides, baroclinic forcing, winds, waves, and frictional losses; the mean circulation ultimately governs exchange between the coast and ocean. In some cases, oscillatory tidal currents interact with bathymetric features to generate a tidally rectified flow. Recent observational and modeling efforts in an overlapping domain centered on the Martha's Vineyard Coastal Observatory (MVCO) provided an opportunity to investigate the spatial and temporal complexity of circulation on the inner shelf. ADCP and surface radar observations revealed a mean circulation pattern that was highly variable in the alongshore and cross-shore directions. Nested modeling incrementally improved representation of the mean circulation as grid resolution increased and indicated tidal rectification as the generation mechanism of a counter-clockwise gyre near the MVCO. The loss of model skill with decreasing resolution is attributed to insufficient representation of the bathymetric gradients (Δh/h), which is important for representing nonlinear interactions between currents and bathymetry. The modeled momentum balance was characterized by large spatial variability of the pressure gradient and horizontal advection terms over short distances, suggesting that observed inner-shelf momentum balances may be confounded. Given the available observational and modeling data, this work defines the spatially variable mean circulation and its formation mechanism—tidal rectification—and illustrates the importance of model resolution for resolving circulation and constituent exchange near the coast. The results of this study have implications for future observational and modeling studies near the MVCO and other inner-shelf locations with alongshore bathymetric variability.
Partitions with difference conditions and Alder's conjecture

In 1956, Alder conjectured that the number of partitions of n into parts differing by at least d is greater than or equal to that of partitions of n into parts ≡ ±1 (mod d + 3) for d ≥ 4. In 1971, Andrews proved that the conjecture holds for d = 2r – 1, r ≥ 4. We sketch a proof of the conjecture for all d ≥ 32.
What’s wrong with the fundamental existence and welfare theorems?

Abstract The definition of Walrasian competitive equilibrium, on which the Fundamental Existence and Welfare Theorems rest, assumes that all trading in decentralized exchange economies takes place at the final equilibrium prices, which further implies that at equilibrium prices the value of each agent’s equilibrium commodity bundle is equal to the value of her endowment, and equal treatment of agents with the same preferences, technology and endowment. The logic of the theorems supports the conclusion that in competitive economies prices, the allocation of commodities, and the distribution of income and material welfare are determined by the preferences, technology, and endowments of the agents. In real-world markets, however, agents can discover equilibrium prices only by making mutually advantageous transactions at disequilibrium prices. Any sequence of such transactions leads stably to an exchange equilibrium at which the offer prices of all agents are close to each other, and which exhausts all private opportunities to realize economic surpluses. The exchange equilibrium set, however, is in general a continuum, and the exact equilibrium reached depends on the path of transactions. In general, exchange equilibria do not treat agents with the same preferences and endowments equally, and the exchange equilibrium allocation of commodities does not conserve the values of individual agent endowments. Existence and stability of exchange equilibrium are transparent consequences of the logic of voluntary exchange, but because of transaction path dependence, equilibrium prices, allocations of commodities, and the distribution of wealth and economic welfare are not determined by agents’ preferences and endowments.
Myocardial injury following endogenous catecholamine release in rabbits

Catecholamines (CAT) given in large doses produce cardiomyopathic changes in several animal species. This study was designed to determine if endogenous release can also induce cardiac injury. Rabbits were infused with doses of tyramine (TYR), ranging from 200 to 500 micrograms/min/kg, i.v. for 90 min. Arterial pressure and heart rate were measured, as were total CAT concentrations, blood gases, pH and glucose. Two days later the animals were killed and cardiac injury assessed using a histological scoring system. All data were compared with controls given saline. Initial CAT averaged 452 pg/ml, rose to 2890 pg/ml after starting TYR, 500 micrograms/min/kg, and remained elevated for the duration of infusion. Circulating CAT levels were a function of TYR dose, and bore a linear relationship to the histological score (P less than 0.001). Development of lesions was unaltered by beta 1 blockade with practolol, but sharply reduced by alpha blockade with phentolamine (P less than 0.01). Pretreatment with insulin also reduced lesion formation, but diabetic (alloxan) rabbits showed no greater CAT injury. It is concluded that endogenous release of CAT induces myocardial injury in the rabbit in a dose-dependent manner. This is unrelated to myocardial O2 demand, and microvascular pathology was absent. Activation of alpha adrenergic pathways is likely the dominant or exclusive mechanism.
Minimizing equivalent series resistance measurement errors

Abstract The equivalent series resistance (ESR) of today's components continues to improve which makes the measurement of low ESR values a significant challenge. ESR measurement errors include the choice of measurement equipment/technique, traceability from national laboratories, and the interfacing and contacting to the device.
Histological changes produced by exposure of rabbits and rats to smokes produced from red phosphorus

Rabbits and rats were exposed to single doses of smoke from pyrotechnic mixtures containing red phosphorus. The survivors were observed for up to 14 days. Most of the histological changes observed were found in the respiratory tract and they included abnormalities in the larynx and trachea, alveolitis and, in a few cases, frank pneumonia.
Emergent flexibility in motor learning

We examined the effect of exploring redundant solutions during practice in enhancing the ability to flexibly use them to achieve a task goal. Three groups used different degrees of path redundancy to perform a virtual interception task in which they attempted to hit a stationary target by moving around a stationary obstacle. The low-variability group always practiced with the same position of the obstacle on all trials. The medium-variability and high-variability groups practiced with the obstacle in different positions within a range of 1 and 2 cm respectively. After eight blocks of practice, all participants were transferred to two tests: (a) a fixed obstacle test where the condition was the same as that practiced by the low-variability group, and (b) a variable obstacle test where the condition was the same as that practiced by the high-variability group. Results showed that the low-variability group had the most accurate performance both in the fixed obstacle and the variable obstacle test. The low-variability group showed the least path variability during the fixed obstacle test but was also able to adapt to the different positions of the obstacle during the variable obstacle test. It appears that flexibility in interceptive tasks is emergent from learning a particular task-relevant parameter related to the target location.
Infarct of the Mandible in Sickle Cell Anemia: Report of Case

During treatment for a painful sickle cell crisis, a patient developed jaw pain that was diagnosed as osteomyelitis. It is thought that his pain and subsequent lesion were caused by the obstruction of the capillaries of the mandible by sickled erythrocytes. The lesion resisted all forms of treatment but resolved after five months of surgical treatment and antibiotic therapy.
Hydrocarbon class analysis of coal-derived liquids using high performance liquid chromatography

Abstract A normal-phase HPLC analysis method has been developed to separate coal-derived liquids into six compound classes: aliphatics, 1-ring aromatics, 2-ring aromatics, 3-ring aromatics, 4-ring aromatics and polars. Three columns were used for the separation. A UV photo-diode-array detector was used for compound-class identification and an evaporative-light-scattering detector was used for quantitative analysis of compounds with boiling points > 600°F (315°C). Quantification methods with the evaporative-light-scattering detector are discussed in detail. A power-law model was found to mathematically describe the relationship between sample concentration and detector signal. Constants were determined for optimized detector conditions with pentane and methylene chloride mobile phases. Agreement between GC-simulated-distillation results and total mass detected in compound-class separations are excellent.
Cyclosporine-induced pericardial effusion after cardiac transplantation.

Abstract In the last 5 years, there has been a significant proliferation in the number of centers in which orthotopic cardiac transplantation is performed. This has been attributed to better surgical management, patient selection criteria and the introduction of cyclosporine as the immunosuppressant of choice. 1 Initially, it was hoped that cyclosporine would prevent the problems of sudden, catastrophic rejection, development of a Cushingoid appearance and other complications of high-dose steroid therapy. It was also hoped that by monitoring drug levels and titrating the dose, the incidence and severity of rejection would decrease, the length of hospitalization in the immediate postoperative period would decrease and both short-term and long-term survival would increase. 2 It soon became apparent, however, that long-term cyclosporine immun osuppression is associated with severe systemic hypertension and progressive chronic renal insufficiency. 3 Both complications of cyclosporine therapy may lead to the necessity of decreasing the dose of cyclosporine, a readjustment of immunosuppressive protocols to low-dose triple drug therapy (azathioprine, prednisone and cyclosporine) and even the necessity of withdrawing cyclosporine. 4 Less frequently, we have observed significant pericardial effusions in patients who have received cardiac allografts. We will discuss our observations of pericardial disease in the orthotopic cardiac recipient maintained on cyclosporine.
Enhancement of l-lysine production in methylotroph Methylophilus methylotrophus by introducing a mutant LysE exporter

The obligate methylotroph Methylophilus methylotrophus AS1 expressing a mutant form of dapA (dapA24) encoding a dihydrodipicolinate synthase desensitized from feedback inhibition by L-lysine could secrete L-lysine into the medium, but also maintained a high concentration of intracellular L-lysine. To improve the yield from excretion, we attempted to introduce an L-lysine/L-arginine exporter (LysE) from Corynebacterium glutamicum 2256 into M. methylotrophus. We were unable to stably transform M. methylotrophus with a plasmid expressing the wild type lysE gene, but happened to obtain a transformant carrying a spontaneously mutated lysE gene (designated lysE24) which could induce L-lysine production even in the wild type strain. The transformant also possessed increased tolerance to S-(2-aminoethyl)-L-cysteine (an L-lysine analog). lysE24 has a single-base insertion mutation in the middle of the lysE gene, and its product is presumably quite different in structure from wild-type LysE. When lysE24 was introduced into an L-lysine producer of M. methylotrophus carrying dapA24, the level of intracellular L-lysine fell. During fermentation, M. methylotrophus carrying both lysE24 and dapA24 produced 10-fold more L-lysine (11.3 gl(-1) in jar-fermentation) than the parent producer carrying only dapA24 or lysE24. These results show the importance of the factor (lysE24) involved in the excretion of L-lysine on its overproduction in M. methylotrophus.
Selective Chemoprecipitation to Enrich Nitropeptides from Complex Proteomes for Mass Spectrometric Analysis

post-translational protein nitration has attracted interest owing to its involvement in cellular signaling, effects on protein function and potential as biomarker of nitroxidative stress. We describe a procedure for enriching nitropeptides for mass spectrometry (Ms )-based proteomics that is a simple and reliable alternative to immunoaffinity-based methods. t he starting material for this procedure is a proteolytic digest. t he peptides are reacted with formaldehyde and sodium cyanoborohydride to dimethylate all the n-terminal and side chain amino groups. s odium dithionite is added subsequently to reduce the nitro groups to amines; in theory, the only amino groups present will have originally been nitro groups. t he peptide sample is then applied to a solid-phase active ester reagent ( spaer ), and those peptides with amino groups will be selectively and covalently captured. release of the peptides on hydrolysis with trifluoroacetic acid ( t Fa) results in peptides that have a 4-formyl-benzamido group where the nitro group used to be. In qualitative setups, the procedure can be used to identify proteins modified by reactive nitrogen species and to determine the specific sites of their nitration. Quantitative measurements can be performed by stable-isotope labeling of the peptides in the reductive dimethylation step. preparation of the spaer takes about 1 d. enrichment of nitropeptides requires about 2 d, and sample preparations need 1–30 h, depending on the experimental design. lc-Ms /Ms assays take from 4 h to several days and data processing can be done in 1–7 d.
Normal products and the short distance expansion in the perturbation theory of renormalizable interactions

Normal products are defined in perturbation theory for renormalizable interactions of a scalar field. Various identities involving normal products are derived. As an application Wilson’s asymptotic short distance expansion is verified in perturbation theory for a product of two field operators.
The Current Status of Competency-Based Training, Part 1: Validity, Reliability, Logistical, and Ethical Issues.

Abstract During recent years considerable attention has been focused on competency-based training. Yet there is a lack of data relating to many key issues. This paper describes some of the key issues concerning four major factors of competency-based training: validity, reliability, logistics, and ethics. Three recommendations made to the Division 16 Education and Training Committee are presented.
Molecular-dynamics simulations of excess enthalpies in mixtures of supercritical carbon dioxide and neopentane

Abstract Heats of mixing of neopentane with CO2 near the pure CO2 critical point were measured and found to exhibit a strong state dependence which cannot be adequately modelled using classical equations of state or empirical models with state-independent parameters. Molecular dynamics simulations of spherical, Lennard-Jones (LJ) molecules were used to model the measured heats of mixing. Pure-component potential parameters were obtained from pure-component density and enthalpy data. The results indicate that the LJ model with effective parameters is capable of modeling the observed change from exothermic to endothermic heats of mixing using a state-independent value of the cross interaction energy, ϵ12. The Lorentz-Berthelot combining rule often used to estimate ϵ12 does not adequately model the observed heats of mixing.
Gamma-secretase subunit composition and distribution in the presenilin wild-type and mutant mouse brain.

Studies conducted in cell culture indicate that the γ-secretase involved in amyloid β-formation and Notch signaling is a multisubunit aspartic protease. Little is known, however, of the structure, function, or localization of γ-secretase in the adult brain, or possible effects of familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD)-causing mutations on the brain protease. We report here that mouse brain contains a complex composed of γ-secretase subunits presenilin-1 N-terminal fragment, presenilin-1 C-terminal fragment, Nicastrin, Aph-1a and Pen-2. A homozygous FAD-linked Presenilin-1 knock-in mutation does not alter relative subunit levels. Immunocytochemical localization of γ-secretase subunits revealed overlapping but distinct regional and subcellular distributions. All subunits are expressed throughout the neuraxis predominantly in neurons, and are present in axons. Their distributions and levels of expression are unaffected by mutant presenilin-1. In a presenilin-1/amyloid precursor protein double knock-in mouse, subunits are associated with plaques, but are expressed at similar levels in amyloid-rich and -poor regions. γ-Secretase subunits are distributed much more extensively than circumscribed amyloid deposits, suggesting the importance of other factors for localized amyloid deposition. These results indicate a widespread neuronal function for γ-secretase in the adult brain, and suggest the pathogenic mechanism of FAD-linked mutations does not involve alterations in the composition, expression or brain distribution of the protease. The subcellular localization of γ-secretase subunits is consistent with a nerve terminal source for amyloid aggregates.
A modular synthetic platform for the construction of protein-based supramolecular polymers via coiled-coil self-assembly

Programmed biomolecular self-assembly is a powerful method for the construction of designed supramolecular materials. Here, we show that branched ∼8 kDa subunits composed of α-helical coiled-coil protein domains cross-linked at their midpoints by an organic bridging group can form defined supramolecular polymer assemblies in aqueous solution. The subunits are accessible by a modular and convergent synthetic route based on the chemoselective ligation of unprotected peptide building blocks. Systematic characterization of solution folding and self-assembly demonstrate that the properties of the assemblies (e.g., chain length, hydrodynamic radius) are sensitive to both the structure of the organic bridge and the sequence of the protein domain. These findings raise the possibility of the rational design of a family of supramolecular materials with tunable properties based on well-established sequence–folding relationships in coiled-coil proteins.