cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
New Suppressors of Frameshift Mutations in SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM

Several new types of suppressor mutants have been isolated. These were identified among revertants of mutants originally generated by mutagens other than the acridine-derived ICR191. The new suppressors correct mutations other than those with runs of C or G which are recognized by the previously described suppressors. Several frameshift mutations are corrected by more than one suppressor type. Apparently, the DNA base sequence near these mutant sites includes sites of action for several distinct suppressor types.
Protease B of the lysosomelike vacuole of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is homologous to the subtilisin family of serine proteases.

Abstract The PRB1 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae encodes the vacuolar endoprotease protease B. We have determined the DNA sequence of the PRB1 gene and the amino acid sequence of the amino terminus of mature protease B. The deduced amino acid sequence of this serine protease shares extensive homology with those of subtilisin, proteinase K, and related proteases. The open reading frame of PRB1 consists of 635 codons and, therefore, encodes a very large protein (molecular weight, greater than 69,000) relative to the observed size of mature protease B (molecular weight, 33,000). Examination of the gene sequence, the determined amino-terminal sequence, and empirical molecular weight determinations suggests that the preproenzyme must be processed at both amino and carboxy termini and that asparagine-linked glycosylation occurs at an unusual tripeptide acceptor sequence.
Facilitating web search with visualization and data mining techniques

Although conventional Web search environments are very useful for well-structured, closed-ended questions, they become less efficient in dealing with ill-structured, open-ended questions. This paper presents design rationales and implementations of an alternative Web search environment called VisSearch. The VisSearch environment adopts visualization techniques to reduce various cognitive loads of iterative Web searches. It also employs a data mining algorithm to utilize Web search results of others. This paper describes in detail how these techniques can be used to facilitate efficient Web searches for ill-structured, open-ended questions, thereby fostering creation of a community of knowledge on the Web.
SELF-INTEREST, EQUITY, AND CRIME CONTROL: A GAME-THEORETIC ANALYSIS OF CRIMINAL DECISION MAKING

Employing the analytic technique of game theory, we attempt to answer questions about how individuals with different proclivities to use crime to accomplish ends, and different beliefs about society's fairness, are likely to respond to different incentives and disincentives that are derived from strain and neoclassical deterrence theories. Our analysis indicates that the crime control policies typically recommended by adherents of both theories are often logically invalid, given the premises upon which they are supposedly based. For example, our analysis suggests why punishment strategies like “three strikes and you're out” and “entitlement strategies” such as welfare and other short-term redistributive payment programs fail to deter crime. Finally, after including notions of equity with traditional rational choice assumptions, our analysis identifies a mix of theoretically derived strategies that may more effectively deter crime.
Computations of laminar flame propagation using an explicit numerical method

Numerical methods are applied to a coupled system of one-dimensional unsteady reactiondiffusion equations to seek propagating wave solutions. These equations model flame propagation in certain combustion systems when constant pressure combustion is assumed, with Lewis number unity, and when a Lagrangian coordinate transformation is introduced. In the numerical integration schemes the reaction terms are computed non-iteratively, using two different second-order accurate methods. In the first, the numerical timestep is limited by the Lipschitz timestep constraint as is the case with standard explicit schemes. The second scheme, is constructed in such a way that this timestep limitation is not present and computations are made with timesteps which are orders of magnitude larger than those possible with standard methods. In both schemes the diffusion terms are differenced using the unconditionally stable first order accurate explicit method introduced by Saul'yev. The leading truncation error of this method is a numerical dispersion error which has been found to reduce accuracy less than the numerical diffusion error which arises in more standard explicit methods. These numerical schemes are applied to an ozone decomposition flame model problem. An adaptive grid procedure is also implemented for further increases in computational efficiency and the results show good agreement with the fourth order accurate results of Margolis. This indicates that efficient lower order numerical methods can be sufficiently accurate for practical computations of combustion.
An Approach to Rapid Calculation of Temperature Change in Tissue Using Spatial Filters to Approximate Effects of Thermal Conduction

We present an approach to performing rapid calculations of temperature within tissue by interleaving, at regular time intervals, 1) an analytical solution to the Pennes (or other desired) bioheat equation excluding the term for thermal conduction and 2) application of a spatial filter to approximate the effects of thermal conduction. Here, the basic approach is presented with attention to filter design. The method is applied to a few different cases relevant to magnetic resonance imaging, and results are compared to those from a full finite-difference (FD) implementation of the Pennes bioheat equation. It is seen that results of the proposed method are in reasonable agreement with those of the FD approach, with about 15% difference in the calculated maximum temperature increase, but are calculated in a fraction of the time, requiring less than 2% of the calculation time for the FD approach in the cases evaluated.
Spot scanning proton therapy for craniopharyngioma

Craniopharyngiomas are histologically benign tumors that represent the third most common pediatric brain tumor. Despite their benign appearance, craniopharyngiomas are locally invasive with a propensity for recurrence. Historically craniopharyngiomas were treated with surgery alone. However, aggressive surgical resection is frequently associated with significant sequealae including endocrinopathies. As early as 1961, groups began to report the benefits of employing more limited surgical resection followed with adjuvant radiation therapy.1,2 Radiation therapy now holds a more prominent role in the treatment of craniopharyngiomas when coupled with limited surgical resection.1,3-6 Understandably, fears persist over the long-term complications of irradiation in the developing brain, including cognitive dysfunction, vascular disease, and secondary malignancies. However, in counseling patients and parents the practitioner must also consider the implications of tumor recurrence and additional surgical interventions.6,7 Advancements in radiation therapy have increased the ability to spare normal tissues. Intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) has shown promise in the treatment of pediatric tumors.8 Particle therapy is also particularly attractive for young patients because exposure of normal tissues to low-dose bath radiation is mini-
Tectonic controls on nearshore sediment accumulation and submarine canyon morphology offshore La Jolla, Southern California

CHIRP seismic and swath bathymetry data acquired offshore La Jolla, California provide an unprecedented three-dimensional view of the La Jolla and Scripps submarine canyons. Shore-parallel patterns of tectonic deformation appear to control nearshore sediment thickness and distribution around the canyons. These shore-parallel patterns allow the impact of local tectonic deformation to be separated from the influence of eustatic sea-level fluctuations. Based on stratal geometry and acoustic character, we identify a prominent angular unconformity inferred to be the transgressive surface and three sedimentary sequences: an acoustically laminated estuarine unit deposited during early transgression, an infilling or “healing-phase” unit formed during the transgression, and an upper transparent unit. Beneath the transgressive surface, steeply dipping reflectors with several dip reversals record faulting and folding along the La Jolla margin. Scripps Canyon is located at the crest of an antiform, where the rocks are fractured and more susceptible to erosion. La Jolla Canyon is located along the northern strand of the Rose Canyon Fault Zone, which separates Cretaceous lithified rocks to the south from poorly cemented Eocene sands and gravels to the north. Isopach and structure contour maps of the three sedimentary units reveal how their thicknesses and spatial distributions relate to regional tectonic deformation. For example, the estuarine unit is predominantly deposited along the edges of the canyons in paleotopographic lows that may have been inlets along barrier beaches during the Holocene sea-level rise. The distribution of the infilling unit is controlled by pre-existing relief that records tectonic deformation and erosional processes. The thickness and distribution of the upper transparent unit are controlled by long-wavelength, tectonically induced relief on the transgressive surface and hydrodynamics.
Competitive Electricity Markets in the U.S. and the EU: Can They Learn from Each Other?

The deregulation of electricity markets in the U.S. and the EU are proceeding along different routes and not always to the same destination. In this study the different types of markets and the rel...
Identifying the “source” of recognition memory deficits in patients with Huntington's disease or Alzheimer's disease: Evidence from the CVLT-II

The present study compared the performance of individuals with Huntington's disease (HD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) on three types of California Verbal Learning Test-Second Edition (CVLT-II) recognition discriminability indices (RDI): Source, Novel, and Total. The HD and AD groups did not differ significantly on Source RDI (all 16 targets versus the 16 previously presented, List B, distractors). However, HD patients performed significantly better than AD patients on Total RDI (all 16 targets versus all 32 distractors) and Novel RDI (all 16 targets versus 16 new distractors). Implications of these findings on the differentiation of the memory disorders associated with HD and AD are discussed.
Three-dimensional computed tomography analysis of airway volume changes between open and closed jaw positions.

Introduction Airway dimensions are closely linked to the bone and soft-tissue craniofacial anatomy. Reduction of the airway is seen with airway disorders and can impair function. The purpose of this retrospective study was to determine whether changing from open to closed jaw position affects the volume of the nasal cavity, nasopharynx, and oropharynx; the soft palate; the soft-tissue thickness of the airway; and the most constricted area of the airway. Methods Following reliability studies, in this retrospective study, we analyzed cone-beam computed tomography scans taken in both closed and open jaw positions of 60 subjects who were undergoing diagnosis and treatment of temporomandibular disorders. On each scan, condyle-fossa measurements, volumes of airway segments (nasal cavity, nasopharynx, oropharynx), soft palate areas, soft tissue thicknesses of the airway, and the most constricted area of the airway and its location were measured using Dolphin imaging software (version 11.5; Patterson Dental Supply, Chatsworth, Calif). Differences between the 2 jaw positions were analyzed with paired t tests, accepting P ≤0.05 as significant. Results Significant changes in airway dimensions were found between the closed and open jaw positions. With jaw opening, the nasopharynx volume increased, whereas the oropharynx volume decreased. Significant decreases were also found for measurements of basion to posterior airway wall, cervical vertebrae to posterior airway wall, most constricted area, nasal cavity volume, and soft palate area when the jaw was open. Conclusions Changing jaw position significantly affects airway dimensions.
Thermal Diffusivity/Conductivity and Specific Heat of Mullite‐Zirconia‐Silicon Carbide Whisker Composites

The thermal diffusivity of mullite-ZrO{sub 2}-SiC{sub w} materials was determined from 25 to 1,000 C for composites in which the ZrO{sub 2} had different amounts of monoclinic and tetragonal phase, and varying SiC{sub w} content. At 25 C the thermal diffusivity of the matrix materials increased with increasing amounts of monoclinic phase, and little or no anisotropy was seen. Composites with SiC{sub w} additions showed significant increases in thermal diffusivity and anisotropy as compared with the matrix materials. With increasing temperature, thermal diffusivities of the matrices and their respective composites decreased, and at 1,000 C differences were small. Specific heat was determined from 25 to 700 C and thermal conductivity values calculated. Specific heat increased with temperature and was not composition dependent, except for one sample. Thermal conductivity values as a function of temperature followed the same trends as the thermal diffusivity values.
Polynucleotide kinase: functional purification and use in the direct kinetic measurement of single- and double- strand cleavages of DNA by restriction and other endonucleases of limited action

An assay has been developed which provides for the direct measurement of cleavages catalyzed by the limited action of endonucleases on DNA. The assay utilizes the reactions catalyzed by alkaline phosphatase (at 25 and 65/sup 0/C) and polynucleotide kinase to label either the external 5'-termini or all termini (including those resulting from nicks and gaps). Unreacted (..gamma..-/sup 32/P)ATP is conveniently and efficiently removed by diffusion out of agarose pellets in which the labeled DNA is trapped. In addition, a simplified procedure is reported for the isolation of polynucleotide kinase with high yields of activity but devoid of known interfering activities.
Artificial nutrition in pancreatic disease: what lessons have we learned from the literature?

Acute pancreatitis is a disease process that begins with an initial injury to the pancreatic acinar cell due to the erroneous premature activation and intracellular release of digestive enzymes. The local injury is amplified through the induction of a systemic inflammatory response, mediated by the generation and release of cytokines and an aggressive inflammatory cell recruitment. Failure to maintain gut integrity may exacerbate the stress response and the systemic inflammatory reaction associated with this process, worsening the overall clinical severity of the pancreatitis and contributing further to complications of organ failure and nosocomial infection. Emphasis in the clinical nutritional management of these patients has shifted from efforts to minimize stimulation of the gland, to attaining enteral access, starting tube feeds low in the gastrointestinal tract, and monitoring tolerance. While clinical guidelines help identify those patients with acute pancreatitis at greatest need for aggressive nutritional support, the proper timing to initiate feeding, the optimal composition of the enteral formula, and whether or not enteral feeding is better than no nutritional therapy is still not clear from the current literature.
Dynamics and Mechanisms of CNS Myelination

Vertebrate myelination is an evolutionary advancement essential for motor, sensory, and higher-order cognitive function. CNS myelin, a multilamellar differentiation of the oligodendrocyte plasma membrane, ensheaths axons to facilitate electrical conduction. Myelination is one of the most pivotal cell-cell interactions for normal brain development, involving extensive information exchange between differentiating oligodendrocytes and axons. The molecular mechanisms of myelination are discussed, along with new perspectives on oligodendrocyte plasticity and myelin remodeling of the developing and adult CNS.
Implicit drinking identity: Drinker+me associations predict college student drinking consistently

Predicting hazardous drinking in college students continues to be a serious priority. Emerging evidence suggests that implicit measures may offer additional insight in predicting unique variance in alcohol outcomes. Implicit drinking identity, in particular, may be a powerful predictor of alcohol use. The current study examined the predictive validity of three alcohol-related associations (e.g., drinking identity, alcohol approach, and alcohol cope) using adaptations of the Implicit Association Test (IAT) in a sample of 243 undergraduates. Confirming previous findings, drinking identity associations were the most consistent predictor of alcohol consumption and alcohol problems. They were the only associations that were unique predictors of alcohol use after controlling for other implicit associations. In comparison, alcohol cope and alcohol approach associations were weak but consistent predictors of alcohol consumption and alcohol problems. Although positively correlated with all drinking outcomes, neither set of associations predicted unique variance in the drinking outcomes when all implicit associations were included in the same model. Collectively, these results extend previous findings that implicit drinking identity may be a powerful tool for predicting alcohol outcomes and a potential target for clinical intervention and prevention efforts.
Implicit word activation during prerecognition processing: false recognition and remember/know judgments.

Recognition memory for spoken words is influenced by phonetic resemblance between test words and items presented during study. Presentation of derived nonwords (e.g., /d/ransparent ortransparen/d/) on a study list produces a higher than normal false recognition rate to base words (e.g.,transparent). Test words that share beginning phonemes with studied nonwords have more false recognitions than do those that share ending phonemes. The latter difference has been attributed to familiarity resulting from prerecognition processing of spoken stimuli. As a listener hears /traens/, “transparent” may be activated as a potential solution. In the present experiments, we minimized contributions of postrecognition processing to this phenomenon by presenting a semantically unrelated test word (transportation) that was also expected to be activated during prerecognition stages of processing. The results indicated that false recognition was increased for words presumed to be activated only during prerecognition processing.Remember (R) andknow (K) judgments revealed that the majority of studied words were R, and the majority of false recognitions were K. The lowest proportion of R judgments occurred for test words that were not activated during postrecognition processing (e.g.,transportation and control words).
Quality information and fragmented markets: patient responses to hospital volume thresholds.

Over the last two decades, information dissemination policies to improve patient hospital choice have emerged. But during this same period, policy makers have also generally adopted a market-oriented approach vis-a-vis hospitals, with limited regulation of facility expansion and few restrictions on hospital mergers and ownership changes. These policies may be in tension, and this analysis examines whether there have been changes over time in patient responses to information about the value of high-volume hospitals and the degree to which hospital market changes may have limited these patient responses. The results indicate modest changes consistent with an increase in quality-seeking behavior for several services for which research indicates a volume-outcome relationship. At the same time, there are services for which trends have been moving in the opposite direction--toward greater local-care seeking--and changes for the remaining services have been fairly small. Even for services with a trend toward greater patient sensitivity to volume as a marker for quality, however, hospital market changes have reduced the change over time in high-volume hospital use. These results highlight some of the limitations of market-oriented strategies for increasing patient use of high-quality hospitals.
Hoisted by their Own Petards: Philosophical Positions that Self-Destruct

Philosophers have not resisted temptation to transgress against the logic of their own conceptual structures. Self-undermining position-taking is an occupational hazard. Philosophy stands in need of conceptual therapy. The author describes three conceptions of philosophy: the narcissistic, disputatious, and therapeutic. (i) Narcissistic philosophy is hermetic, believing itself to contain all evidence that can possibly be relevant to it. Philosophy undertaken in this spirit has led to defensive, monadically isolated positions. (ii) Disputatious philosophies are fundamentally question-begging, animated by assumptions that philosophical adversaries reject. (iii) The intention of therapeutic philosophy is to study philosophical positions from the standpoint of their internal consistency, or lack of it. In particular, its interest is in positions that either compel assent, because they cannot be rejected without self-referential inconsistency, or self-destruct because self-referential inconsistency cannot be avoided. The article's focus is on the latter. Several examples of self-undermining positions are drawn from the history of philosophy, exemplifying two main varieties of self-referential inconsistency: pragmatical and projective.
The use (meaning) of language and the term "war".

Many political and social issues currently are framed in terms of “war.” We hear of culture wars, the war on drugs, the war on terror, mommy wars, and so forth. By casting a social or political issue as war, we convey a military framework for approaching the problem, one that involves hostilities, attacks, and battle, and one that generates fear. I became interested in this topic while pursuing how different disciplines conceptualize “culture.” Recently, I wrote about “civic culture,” a set of political beliefs and behaviors proposed to sustain a democratic form of government. Classically, culture is considered the technology, social structures and functions, ideology, language, art, and artifacts of a group taught through the family from childhood on. According to this definition, the notion of civic culture is a very limited use of the term, restricted to the beliefs and actions of a group in a political context. This month I was preparing to write about the expression “culture wars,” another limited use of the concept of culture combined with the discord-inducing term “war.” In American usage, “culture wars” refers to the polarization of values and ideological world views between beliefs considered traditional or conservative and those considered liberal or progressive. As such,
Observation of the Townes soliton

We demonstrate that when a laser beam undergoes self-focusing collapse the spatial profile always evolves into the same cylindrically symmetric shape, known as the Townes soliton, regardless of the shape (e.g. elliptical, noisy) of the input beam profile.
Influence of nuclear background on transcription of a maize mitochondrial region associated with Texas male sterile cytoplasm

Transcripts of the maize mitochondrial genes atp6, urf13-T and ORF25 were examined by Northern analysis from five normal (N), Texas male sterile (T), and T male sterile cytoplasm lines restored to fertility. A 5 kb DNA region containing the atp6 promoter is duplicated 5′ to urf13-T and ORF25 in T cytoplasm. DNA sequence differences in the 5 kb repeat detected between N and T cytoplasms may be related to atp6 transcriptional differences between the two cytoplasms. Nuclear restorer genes directed an RNA processing event that apparently decreased the abundance of mature urf13-T transcripts, which may correlate with the observed reduction of the 13 kDa gene product in restored lines. Fertility restoration had no effect on the transcription of atp6. Nuclear background, distinct from fertility restoration, also affected the abundance of urf13-T transcripts and directed the synthesis of an ORF25-specific transcript.
Electrical engineering in the postwar world: IX — Research — Creator of employment

In this article a physicist offers his views on how research can promote progress and ameliorate unemployment rather than an engineering analysis of what present methods and machines lack. The developments recommended are not mere revisions of existing techniques but signposts to untried paths.
What do BMPs do in mammals? Clues from the mouse short-ear mutation

Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are a family of secreted signaling molecules that were originally isolated on the basis of their remarkable ability to induce the formation of ectopic bones when implanted into adult animals. The first mutations identified in a mammalian BMP gene suggest that members of this family induce the formation, patterning and repair of particular morphological features in higher animals.
Scaling theory of the metal-insulator transition in amorphous materials

A scaling model is presented for the metal-insulator transition in amorphous materials which includes a localization, correlation, and screening. The model predicts a continuous phase transition at zero temperature with localized states and a correlation gap in the insulating phase.
Effect of Defects on III-V MWIR nBn Detector Performance

Under elevated defect concentrations, MWIR, III-V nBn detectors exhibit diffusion limited performance with elevated dark current densities. The resulting diffusion current is limited by the generation of carriers through defect states in the neutral n-type absorber and a dark current dependence on the defect density described by one of two limits, a short absorber or long absorber limit. This characteristic contrasts that exhibited by defect limited, conventional pn junction based photodiodes which exhibit performance limited by Shockley-Read-Hall generation in the depletion layer rather than diffusion based processes.
Symmetry-Enforced Conformational Control of Photochemical Reactivity in 2-Vinyl-1,3-terphenyl

The photocyclization of o-vinylbiphenyl to 9,10-dihydrophenanthrene occurs with very low quantum yield because of the low ground-state population of the reactive syn rotamer. 2-Vinyl-1,3-terphenyl exists as a single rotamer which undergoes highly efficient photocyclization. Irradiation at 77 K in a rigid glass permits observation of the 8a,9-dihydrophenanthrene which rearranges to the 9,10-dihydrophenanthrene upon warming of the glass. The barriers for photocyclization and the thermal sigmatropic hydrogen shift are both remarkably small.
The reliability of patient self-reported blood pressures.

Self-monitoring of blood pressure actively involves patients in hypertension management. However, the usefulness of self-monitoring of blood pressure may be limited by inaccurate patient reporting. The study objective was to assess reliability of patient blood pressure reporting over 6 months. Forty-nine subjects with Joint National Committee stage 1 or 2 hypertension were enrolled. Unaware that the monitors electronically store readings, the subjects were asked to check and record outpatient blood pressures twice weekly. Stored and written readings were compared. On average, patient-recorded blood pressures were equivalent to stored monitor values 80% or more of the time. Reliability of patient self-reporting was sustained over the 6-month study period. Notably, patients did not selectively report lower blood pressure readings. The overall mean self-reported and stored monitor blood pressures were nearly identical: blood pressure (±SD) 134±16.8/78±11.6 mm Hg and 135±19.6/80±13.3 mm Hg, respectively. The reliability of self-reporting of blood pressures for many patients supports the potential usefulness of self-monitoring of blood pressure in hypertension management.
A historical view of ALON

The aluminum oxynitride phase known as ALON is prepared as a ceramic with promising physical and optical properties for infrared transparent domes and windows. It was first reported in the late nineteen fifties. James McCauley of the Army Materials and Mechanics Research Center (AMMRC) began work in the nineteen seventies that led to a firm foundation for understanding the phase diagram of AlN-Al2O3, which in turn led to the first transparent ceramic ALON samples. Technology transfer from the AMMRC to Raytheon Corporation resulted in further development of the material, which was qualified for missile dome applications. In the nineteen nineties a renaissance in interest in ALON occurred when ALON composites were shown to have superior qualities as transparent armor. The first decade of the twenty first century has seen Surmet Corporation acquire ALON optical ceramic technology from Raytheon Company and transition the research and development technology to production.
Synthesis and catalytic properties of phenylene-bridged binuclear organolanthanide complexes

Using base-free Ln[N(SiHMe2)2]3 complexes as highly effective protodeamination reagents, the binuclear lanthanide complexes p-bis{η5-(2,3,4,5-tetramethylcyclopentadienyl)Ln[N(SiHMe2)2]2}phenylene [p-Ln2] (Ln = Y, La, Lu) and m-bis{η5-(2,3,4,5-tetramethylcyclopentadienyl)La[N(SiHMe2)2]2}phenylene [m-La2] were synthesized from the corresponding phenylene-linked tetramethylcyclopentadienes. The resulting products serve as new types of multicenter homogeneous 4f catalysts. Reactivity studies reveal that these binuclear organolanthanide complexes efficiently catalyze the intramolecular hydroamination/cyclization of aminoalkenes, aminoalkynes, and aminodienes, with turnover frequencies as high as 10 h−1 at 60 °C.
Synaptotagmin-1 and Synaptotagmin-7 Differ in their Stimulus and Ca2+-Dependence of Activation

The secretory response of adrenal chromaffin cells varies in accordance with the stimulus applied. Mild stimulation favors limited release of granule cargo through a narrow fusion pore while strong stimulation leads to greater release through wide pore expansion. The trigger for release in these cells is a rise in intracellular Ca2+ through voltage-gated channels. The level of intracellular Ca2+ accumulation varies directly with the strength of depolarization. Ca2+ triggered exocytosis in chromaffin cells also requires the protein synaptotagmin (Syt) as a sensor. The two isoforms expressed in these cells - synaptotagmin-1 (Syt-1) and synaptotagmin-7 (Syt-7) - have distinct Ca2+ affinities, are usually sorted to separate granules, and favor fundamentally different modes of exocytosis. Therefore, we wanted to determine whether changes in stimulation intensity drive release by selectively, or differentially, activating granules with Syt-1 or Syt-7. To address this question, we depolarized cells with varying levels of extracellular KCl. We found that while 56 mM KCl equally drove fusion of Syt-1 and Syt-7 granules, 10 and 25 mM KCl were far more effective at driving fusion of Syt-7 granules. To directly investigate Ca2+-dependence of Syt isoform fusion, we perfused permeabilized cells with Ca2+ buffered to different concentrations with EGTA. Both Syt granule populations fused effectively at highest concentrations of Ca2+ (30 µM and 100 μM), although there were small differences in their overall rate constants for activation. A greater fraction of docked Syt-7 granules fuse with significantly faster kinetics at a lower Ca2+ concentration (10 μM). Our results demonstrate chromaffin cells exploit Syt isoform diversity to modulate the secretory response. A significant consequence of synaptotagmin isoform segregation is that individual granules are endowed with unique Ca2+-sensitivities, allowing rapid and local control of the fusion mode based on local Ca2+ levels.
A non-contact method for detecting on-line industrial robot position errors using a microwave doppler radar motion detector

To be useful, industrial robots must meet positioning accuracy requirements for their given applications. Off-line calibration generally improves robot positioning accuracy to levels needed for open-loop use in most industrial applications. Applications that require greater accuracy with respect to external assemblies generally turn to closed-loop control or passive compliance. However, industrial robot systems do not generally monitor in-process robot position to detect machine faults that can lead to product faults, scrap, machine damage, and additional costs. To achieve greater operational efficiencies, new non-invasive, non-contact methods for monitoring robot position are needed. The investigators developed a low-cost method for in-process industrial robot position monitoring using a Doppler motion detector and a statistical position error measure. The method detects position errors at robot repeatability levels.
User Interface Design Principles for Interaction Design

In recent years, the number of computationally-based devices has grown rapidly, and with them the number of interfaces we encounter. Often, the face for today’s product or service is, at first touch, an interface. While the pervasiveness of the interface might present a minor challenge for the majority, for those with little previous knowledge or accessibility limitations the challenge can be insurmountable. In many cases, the way we access and use, and even the degree to which we rely on technology, may be vastly different from generation to generation. As the number of interfaces and the diversity of users grow, the need for effective interface design increases. Clocks on VCRs and DVD players flash at users insistently demanding to be reset, a mute testimony to the failure of the interface. Designers commonly mimic standard interface design elements such as icons and metaphors, or create flashy interfaces that may appeal visually, but often at the expense of user understanding and functionality. Despite mimicry, creativity, new technology, and a steadily growing need, interfaces are mired in paradigms established decades ago at a time when user interface was more a computer novelty than a part of everyday life. Thus far, pundits, consultants, and authors have attempted to improve interface design primarily by exploring and analyzing existing patterns of interface design, or by defining desirable enduser experiences. One example of a detailed analysis of an existing pattern is the Nielsen Norman Group’s 106-page report, “Site Map Usability.”1 A site map is a means for quickly gaining an overview of a Web site. The report mentions a principle in the first sentence of the executive summary: “Help users understand where they are”; then analyzes in great detail a specific means or pattern for meeting that need such as “Web site maps,” delivering twenty-eight guidelines “to improve site map usability.” Another recent example is Duyne, Landay, and Hong’s book The Design of Sites,2 which focuses on using existing patterns to improve Web interface design. As helpful as such approaches are, the examination of an existing pattern such as the site map, and a detailed recipe for the execution of that pattern, is not designed to stimulate innovation. 1 Nielsen Norman Group, Site Map Usability (Fremont, CA, 1998). 2 Douglas K. van Duyne, James A. Landay, and Jason I Hong, The Design of Sites (Boston: Addison-Wesley, 2003).
Studies of Myocardial Actomyosin and Myosin After Shock, Acute Hemorrhage, Acute Hypoxia, and Cardiopulmonary Bypass

Decreases in cardiac efficiency have been observed in experimental endotoxic shock, acute hemorrhage, and cardiopulmonary bypass. Diminished coronary blood flow, tissue anoxia, or metabolic alteration may affect the contractile protein which, in turn, causes cardiac inefficiency. To test this hypothesis, cardiac actomyosin and myosin were extracted with Guba-Straub solution, and intrinsic viscosity, ATP (adenosinetriphosphate) activity, ATP sensitivity, the rate of ATP hydrolysis, and myosin-ATPase activity were determined. Under these experimental conditions, both myosin and actin were altered. In order to exclude the possible effect of hypoxia of the arterial blood upon the cardiac contractile system, acute hypoxia was produced in dogs and the physicochemical properties of actomyosin and myosin were studied. During acute hypoxia, the myosin-ATPase was affected, but actin appeared to remain unaltered. These changes of actomyosin and myosin may cause insufficient energy utilization by the contractile syst...
Improvement on the northby algorithm for molecular conformation: Better solutions

In 1987, Northby presented an efficient lattice based search and optimization procedure to compute ground states ofn-atom Lennard-Jones clusters and reported putative global minima for 13⩽n⩽150. In this paper, we introduce simple data structures which reduce the time complexity of the Northby algorithm for lattice search fromO(n5/3) per move toO(n2/3) per move for ann-atom cluster involving full Lennard-Jones potential function. If nearest neighbor potential function is used, the time complexity can be further reduced toO(logn) per move for ann-atom cluster. The lattice local minimizers with lowest potential function values are relaxed by a powerful Truncated Newton algorithm. We are able to reproduce the minima reported by Northby. The improved algorithm is so efficient that less than 3 minutes of CPU time on the Cray-XMP is required for each cluster size in the above range. We then further improve the Northby algorithm by relaxingevery lattice local minimizer found in the process. This certainly requires more time. However, lower energy configurations were found with this improved algorithm forn=65, 66, 75, 76, 77 and 134. These findings also show that in some cases, the relaxation of a lattice local minimizer with a worse potential function value may lead to a local minimizer with a better potential function value.
The Contributions of Richard B. Lee to Anthropology, Ethnoarchaeology, and Indigenous Peoples' Studies

AbstractThis article assesses the substantive and varied contributions of Richard B. Lee of the University of Toronto to hunter-gatherer studies, anthropology, ethnoarchaeology, the study of Ju/'hoansi and San peoples, and indigenous peoples' studies. Over a period of nearly 5 decades, Lee has made a number of important theoretical contributions, including providing insights that led to the development of the concept of the original affluent society, egalitarianism, work, and the contributions of women to subsistence and decision-making in small-scale societies. A founder with Irven DeVore of the Harvard Kalahari Research Group, Lee helped train a whole series of students, many of whom have made significant contributions in their own right. Through a series of visits to the Dobe Ju/'hoansi of Botswana and, more recently, the Nyae Nyae Ju/'hoansi of Namibia, Lee engaged in interdisciplinary research that ranged from cultural ecology to medical anthropology and from kinship studies to the importance and var...
Lexical retrieval and semantic knowledge in patients with left inferior temporal lobe lesions.

Background: It has been proposed that anomia following left inferior temporal lobe lesions may have two different underlying mechanisms with distinct neural substrates. Specifically, naming impairment following damage to more posterior regions (BA 37) has been considered to result from a disconnection between preserved semantic knowledge and phonological word forms (pure anomia), whereas anomia following damage to anterior temporal regions (BAs 38, 20/21) has been attributed to the degradation of semantic representations (semantic anomia). However, the integrity of semantic knowledge in patients with pure anomia has not been demonstrated convincingly, nor were lesions in these cases necessarily confined to BA 37. Furthermore, evidence of semantic anomia often comes from individuals with bilateral temporal lobe damage, so it is unclear whether unilateral temporal lobe lesions are sufficient to produce significant semantic impairment. This research was supported by a Graduate Imaging Fellowship from the Uni...
Isothermal Vapor−Liquid Equilibria for Methyl-2,2-dimethylethyl Ether + 2-Methylpropan-2-ol, Diethyl Ether + Ethyl-2,2-dimethylethyl Ether, 2-Methyl-2-butene + (2-Methylbutan-2-ol), and Diisopropyl Ether + Octane

Isothermal vapor−liquid equilibrium data for four binary systems methyl-2,2-dimethylethyl ether + 2-methylpropan-2-ol, diethyl ether + ethyl-2,2-dimethylethyl ether, 2-methyl-2-butene + 2-methylbutan-2-ol, and diisopropyl ether + octane were collected at two temperatures using a modified Malanowski still. The virial equation truncated at the second virial coefficient was used to calculate the vapor-phase fugacity coefficients. The liquid-phase activity coefficient data were fitted to the van Laar, Wilson, and NRTL equations.
Signal flow graph approach to inversion of (H,m)-quasiseparable-Vandermonde matrices and new filter structures

Abstract We use the language of signal flow graph representation of digital filter structures to solve three purely mathematical problems, including fast inversion of certain polynomial-Vandermonde matrices, deriving an analogue of the Horner and Clenshaw rules for polynomial evaluation in a ( H , m ) -quasiseparable basis, and computation of eigenvectors of ( H , m ) -quasiseparable classes of matrices. While algebraic derivations are possible, using elementary operations (specifically, flow reversal) on signal flow graphs provides a unified derivation, reveals connections with systems theory, etc.
Development of the mycetozoan Echinosteliopsis oligospora.

SYNOPSIS. The mycetozoan genus Echinosteliopsis, resembling the myxomycete Echinostelium in some of its features, is described. The single species, E. oligospora Reinhardt & Olive, forms small sporocarps which consist of a basal disk, stalk and a sporangium with only 1–8 spores. Spores form progressively, not simultaneously, by segmentation. The spores germinate to release non-flagellate amebae which, in liquid, assume a characteristic broad, fan shape. Each ameba has one or more nuclei. The nucleus is distinctive because of refractile, globular to elongate peripheral bodies which cytochemical tests indicate to be primarily RNA. At the time of nuclear division the characteristic RNA bodies disappear and, as observed with the phase microscope and in stained preparations, optically dense material accumulates in the middle area of the nucleus. Threads, either a spindle or actual chromatin, can be seen attached to the nuclear membrane. The threads separate to opposite poles as the nucleus elongates. During this division process the nuclear membrane apparently remains intact. Synchronous binucleate divisions, as well as a tripolar nuclear division, have been observed. Uninucleate and synchronous binucleate divisions may or may not be followed by cytokinesis. The absence of cell division after nuclear division leads to the production of cells with varying numbers of nuclei. Nuclear divisions in early sporangial stages and in spores have not been observed. The spores are uni- to multinucleate. In 8-spored sporangia and in most 4-spored sporangia there is a characteristic small “stalk spore” at the apex of the stalk. The stalk spore germinates slowly, if at all, but the larger spores germinate readily. No evidence of a sexual process has been found.
Fractionated intravenous administration of 90Y-labeled B72.3 GYK-DTPA immunoconjugate in beagle dogs

B72.3, a monoclonal antibody with reactivity against human adenocarcinomas, was coupled with linker-chelator GYK-DTPA using carbohydrate mediated conjugation chemistry and radiolabeled with yttrium-90. Single and double intravenous injections of radioimmunoconjugate were compared for acute and late normal tissue toxicity in 15 beagle dogs. The second injection was given 4 or 8 days after the first. Pharmacokinetics of the radioimmunoconjugate in blood, bone marrow and urine were similar for first and second injections. Only bone marrow (acute) and liver (late) toxicity were observed. Both liver and bone marrow toxicity were decreased by fractionation of the injections. After double injections, the total equitoxic dose was 15 and 60% higher for bone marrow and liver toxicity, respectively. The mechanisms of normal tissue protection offered by fractionated radioimmunoglobulin therapy (RIT) remain to be defined. Fractionated RIT will have a better therapeutic ratio than single injection RIT, if antitumor effects appear to be less susceptible to fractionation than normal tissues.
Method For Estimating Potential Temperature Gradient Profiles In Damp Haze

A potential temperature gradient expression for a system composed of air, unsaturated water vapor, and liquid water is presented. Inclusion of the water is shown to provide more accurate results than the more commonly used forms for potential temperature. This expression was also used in conjunction with a damp haze microphysics model to simulate nonadiabatic effects which are also presented. Quantitative comparisons of this more complete expression with those determined from formulations for a system composed of only air and unsaturated water vapor are presented.
The different origins of stability and change in antisocial personality disorder symptoms

Background—Although adult antisocial personality disorder is generally preceded by a pattern of childhood/adolescent conduct problems, only a subset of those who manifest these developmental precursors go on exhibit significant antisocial behavior in adulthood. To date, however, researchers have yet to resolve the origins of either stability or change in antisocial behavior from childhood/ adolescence to adulthood. Method—The present study sought to fill this gap in the literature, making use of a sample of 626 twin pairs from the ongoing Minnesota Twin Family Study (MTFS). Participants were assessed three times between late adolescence and early adulthood. We made use of biometric Cholesky decomposition and latent growth curve modeling techniques, which allow researchers to disambiguate processes of stability and change and evaluate their respective etiologies (i.e. genetic or environmental). Results—Our results revealed that genetic forces were largely responsible for the stability of adult symptoms of antisocial behavior (AAB) from late adolescence through mid-adulthood, while nonshared environmental influences were primarily responsible for change. Importantly, however, although some of the latter represented systematic and long-lasting influence, much of this nonshared environmental variance appeared transient and idiosyncratic. Conclusions—Such findings highlight the enduring impact of genetic influences on AAB, and offer insights into the nature of non-shared environmental influences on development.
Inhibition by CIPC of mitosis and development in Dictyostelium discoideum and the isolation of CIPC‐resistant mutants

The anti-mitotic herbicide isopropyl N-(3-chlorophenyl) carbamate (CIPC) prevents the growth of amoebae of Dictyostelium discoideum without killing the cells for a period of time equivalent to one generation. During in-hibition, amoebae accumulate in prophase and metaphase of mitosis. After removal of CIPC, they continue through mitosis and then divide. The addition of CIPC to amoebae under starvation conditions prevents aggregation and concomitant cell elongation. The cells, however, do not lose their ability to adhere to a surface, and they remain viable. When CIPC is added to amoebae which have formed streams, it leads to the disintegration of streams into small clusters of cells and to a loss of cell elongation. Post-aggregation stages of development can be inhibited by CIPC at the mound, slug, or Mexican hat stages. Slugs break apart into distinct aggregates. Mutants resistant to CIPC can be obtained easily. Among these mutants, many become temperature sensititive for growth (27°C) or development (27°C or 15.5°C). Others show various abnormalities at the normal temperature (22°C). Most mutants are cross resistant to the microtubule inhibitors nocodazole and thiabendazole, and some are also resistant to CIPC during development.