cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transient Response of Long Structural Members

The dynamic response of long structural members has usually been approached using wave propagation methodology. With such methods an arbitrary structural member, with variations in geometry and material and complicated loading, is a challenge to analyze for transient response. A simple procedure is proposed here which reduces the long member analysis to that of a finite length member analysis. This permits a long member analysis to that of a finite length member analysis. This permits a long member with arbitrary loading, material, and geometry to be studied using the integration techniques commonly employed for finite members.
The environment and international relations

The new edition of this exciting textbook introduces students to the ways in which the theories and tools of international relations and other social science disciplines can be used to analyse and address global environmental problems. Kate O'Neill develops an innovative historical and analytical framework for understanding global environmental issues, integrating insights from different disciplines, and she identifies the main actors and their roles, thereby encouraging readers to engage with the issues and equip themselves with the knowledge they need to apply their own critical insights. Revised and updated, the new edition features new figures, examples, textboxes, and a new chapter on the emergence and politics of market mechanisms as a new mode of global environmental governance. The latest developments in the field, including the December 2015 Paris Climate Agreement, along with new perspectives and recent thinking, are incorporated throughout. This will be invaluable for students of environmental issues both from political science and environmental studies perspectives.
Shoot Like Ronaldo: Predict Soccer Penalty Outcome with Wearables

A penalty shot is a crucial opportunity of scoring a goal in soccer and often becomes a game-winning factor. The goalkeeper has to guess the ball flight trajectory within a fraction of a second and typically jumps to either side of the goalpost taking (often mistakenly) cues from the kicker. These cues are postulated in goalkeeper's mind based on the kicker's posture, run-up, and angle of attack at the ball. Statistical analysis of historical data helps pundits to identify beneficial strategies in such a competitive environment but these tactical knowledge is of marginal help to a novice soccer player for improving their penalty kickout and blocking skills. Oftentimes, players are not equally skilled at successfully placing the ball around different sections of the goalpost. To empower players with a retrospective view of their performance and identifying the strong versus weak shots, and blocking capabilities, it's crucial to detect the direction, force, and trajectory of the shots. In this work, we propose a wearable sensor-based approach to detect the outcome of various goal shots from the kicker's dominant foot movement profile. We empirically assign six hot-zones inside the goal post and collect data on a real-life penalty shoot-out using economically available accelerometer sensors from four participants. We develop a deep learning approach for the shot classification and we report superior (53%) accuracy over traditional approaches (47%) in a challenging setting of recognizing different goal shots from the segmented data stream.
Long-term fate of rapidly eroding carbon stock soil profiles in coastal wetlands.

Abstract Marsh edge erosion is one of the major causes of land and associated carbon loss in wetland-dominated coastlines. Assessing carbon stocks and understanding fate of eroding carbon is an essential component of wetland carbon budget. This study aims to understand the vertical soil carbon profile of an eroding marsh and potential mineralization of carbon in estuaries. Eleven soil cores (~2 m deep) were collected from the edge of four highly eroding marsh sites and three cores from the estuarine bottom (~50 cm deep). Cores were sectioned into 10-cm intervals and analyzed for total, labile and refractory carbon, carbon density, select enzyme and microbial activities, and organic and inorganic phosphorus forms. The total carbon, labile carbon, and carbon density increased with depth at all sites. The carbon density at 1–1.5 m deep (0.04 ± 0.003 g cm−3) was significantly higher (p
Adenovirus-Mediated Expression of Human Coagulation Factor IX in the Rhesus Macaque Is Associated With Dose-Limiting Toxicity: Presented in part at the 40th Annual Meeting of The American Society of Hematology, Miami Beach, FL.

We used a first-generation adenovirus vector (AVC3FIX5) to assess whether human factor IX could be expressed and detected in the rhesus macaque, which we have shown does not make high-titer antibodies to human factor IX protein. Three animals received 1 × 10 10 to 1 × 10 11 plaque-forming units per kilogram by intravenous injection. Human factor IX was present within 24 hours of vector administration and peaked 4 days later at 4,000 ng/mL in the high-dose recipient, and lower levels were seen in the intermediate-dose recipient. No human factor IX was detected in the low-dose recipient9s plasma. Serum cytokine analysis and early hypoferremia suggested a dose-dependent acute-phase response to the vector. Human factor IX was detectable in rhesus plasma for 2 to 3 weeks for the high- and intermediate-dose recipients, but disappeared concomitant with high-titer antihuman factor IX antibody development. There was substantial, dose-dependent, dose-limiting liver toxicity that was manifest as elevated serum transaminase levels, hyperbilirubinemia, hypoalbuminemia, and prolongation of clotting times. Of particular interest was prolongation of the thrombin clotting time, an indicator of decreased fibrinogen or fibrinogen dysfunction. All evidence of liver toxicity resolved except for persistent hypofibrinogenemia in the high-dose recipient, indicating possible permanent liver damage. Our data suggest a narrow therapeutic window for first-generation adenovirus-mediated gene transfer. The development of antihuman factor IX antibodies and abnormalities of fibrinogen in the rhesus macaque is of concern for application of adenovirus (or other viral) vectors to hemophilia gene therapy.
Health Professionals in Critical Care

Critical care is commonly delivered by an integrated multiprofessional team. Clinical operations that attain peak performance depend on familiarity with the training, professional scope, and capabilities of each team member. This chapter focuses on non-physician team roles and reviews evidence supporting their collective contributions to better health, better care, and lower costs. While every ICU is likely to have a division of labor reflecting local skill sets and historic work flows, the data suggest that evidence-based, need-driven reallocation of tasks across the professional team can improve outcomes without incurring additional expense.
COVID-19 and self-reported noise reports: A comparative study

COVID-19 has affected people's lives differently, from mobility concerns and staying-at-home orders to all life routines. These changes have, in turn, affected daily life in urban environments based on different factors, including air quality and noise. For example, COVID-19 has resulted in quieter environments due to less mobility on streets and less anthropogenic activities. On the other hand, staying-at-home orders promote more activities to occur at the building scale, i.e., individual stay at home and produce more noise for neighbors. This study examines the noise complaints data in Dallas, USA, to understand this association by comparing the noise complaints during the COVID-19 period and the same data period in 2019. Findings surprisingly show reduced noise complaints during the COVID-19 time frame by about 14% compared to the pre-COVID-19 period. The study then performed spatial and statistical analyses, and findings show that the majority of noise reduction occurred in the city center. In other words, the noise complaints were more spatially dispersed at the outskirts of the city during the COVID-19 period. To identify specific factors, there is a need for some other techniques and studies.
David Oliver: Soundbites won't solve a pandemic.

The former BBC director general Mark Thompson, in his 2016 book Enough Said , explored the rise of simplistic, populist rhetoric in politics and public discourse at the expense of complexity, nuance, and professional expertise.1 We’ve often experienced this soundbite culture in trite and simplistic statements about our response to the covid crisis. Slogans and quick fixes may sound attractive. They’re more digestible than the nuanced, messy, multifaceted reality of a pandemic virus with variables that can’t always be controlled or predicted. But a soundbite isn’t a logistical, risk assessed plan—something that the hard realities behind “Get Brexit done” have illustrated.2 Just saying something doesn’t make it so. In England’s covid response, the politicians have proved fond of three point sloganeering: “Hands, face, space”; …
The case for phase-aware scheduling of parallelizable jobs

Abstract Parallelizable jobs typically consist of multiple phases of computation, where the job is more parallelizable in some phases and less parallelizable in others. For example, in a database, a query may consist of a highly parallelizable table scan, followed by a less parallelizable table join. In the past, this phase-varying parallelizability was summarized by a single sub-linear speedup curve that measures a job’s average parallelizability over its entire lifetime. Today, however, modern systems have fine-grained knowledge of the exact phase each job is in at every moment in time. Unfortunately, these systems do not fully leverage this real-time feedback when scheduling parallelizable jobs. Theory has failed to produce practical phase-aware scheduling policies, and thus scheduling in current systems is largely heuristic. A phase-aware scheduling policy must decide, given its knowledge of each job’s current phase, how many servers or cores to allocate to each job in the system at every moment in time. This paper provides the first stochastic model of a system processing parallelizable jobs composed of phases. Using our model, we derive an optimal phase-aware scheduling policy that minimizes the mean response time across jobs. Our provably optimal policy, Inelastic-First ( IF ), gives strict priority to jobs that are currently in less parallelizable phases. We validate our theoretical results using a simulation of a database running queries from the Star Schema Benchmark. We compare IF to a range of policies from both systems and theory, and show that IF reduces mean response time by up to a factor of 3.
Enucleation of mammalian cells in suspension.

Publisher Summary Prescott et al . reported an efficient, relatively simple technique for the enucleation of large numbers of cultured mammalian cells. The method entails plating cells on a glass coverslip or some other surface and centrifuging the surface, cell-side down in medium containing the mold metabolite cytochalasin B. Prescott's method or variations of it have found widespread application. The use of enucleated cells, or cytoplasts, thus prepared is justified by the findings that cytoplasts retain many of the morphological and behavioral characteristics of whole cells. The enucleation method of Prescott nevertheless has certain drawbacks. These include the fact that the yield is limited by the surface area that can be exposed to centrifugal forces, and the method cannot be used on cells that adhere poorly or not at all to solid surfaces. Authors have therefore explored the possibility that cells can be enucleated while in suspension by isopycnic centrifugation in the presence of cytochalasin B, and have developed a procedure of high efficiency and yield that can theoretically be applied to almost any eukaryotic cell lacking a cell wall.
State machine replication with byzantine faults

This chapter gives an introduction to protocols for state-machine replication in groups that are connected by asynchronous networks and whose members are subject to arbitrary or “Byzantine” faults. It explains the principles of such protocols and covers the following topics: broadcast primitives, distributed cryptosystems, randomized Byzantine consensus protocols, and atomic broadcast protocols.
The Pursuit of Unhappiness: The Elusive Psychology of Well-Being

PART I: FUNDAMENTALS OF PRUDENTIAL PSYCHOLOGY 1. Taking Socrates's Question Seriously 2. Happiness, Well-Being, and the Good Life: A Primer 3. What Do We Want from a Theory of Happiness? Or how to make a mongrel concept hunt PART II: THE NATURE OF HAPPINESS 4. Hedonistic Theories of Happiness 5. Life Satisfaction Theories of Happiness 6. Emotional State Theories of Happiness 7. Happiness as Psychic Affirmation PART III: THE NATURE OF WELL-BEING 8. Well-Being and Virtue 9. Happiness, the Self, and Human Flourishing PART IV: PURSUING HAPPINESS 10. Do We Know How Happy We Are? 11. The Pursuit of Unhappiness 12. Happiness in Context: Notes on the Good Society
Effects of Blast Chilling on Fresh Pork Quality in Cuts from the Psoas Major, Semimembranosus, and Triceps Brachii

Carcasses (n=40) with defined fat free lean and carcass weight were selected 45 minutes postmortem. Carcasses were split and sides subjected to conventional chill (CC) or blast chilling (BC) regimens. The Psoas Major (PM) from BC sides had increased purge loss, but was juicier, more tender and less chewy than the PM from CC sides. The Semimembranosus (SM) from BC sides had higher 30 hour pH, darker color scores, and had a lower Hunter a value than the SM from CC sides. No treatment effect was found in the Triceps Brachii.
Start-up and early results from Alcator C-MOD

Alcator C-MOD is a compact, high performance tokamak designed to address reactor-relevant issues including diverter operation, confinement, and auxiliary heating. It incorporates flexible shaping of non-circular, diverted plasmas, strong ICRF heating, and many innovative engineering features to achieve high performance in a compact device with modest cost. Like its predecessors, Alcator A and Alcator C, Alcator C-MOD uses cryogenically cooled copper magnets to produce high toroidal fields (9 Tesla at 0.67 m) and strong ohmic heating (up to 3 MA.) The thick wall of the vacuum vessel, while complicating the normal problems of plasma initiation and control, are relevant to virtually all next-generation designs. The facility operated briefly in late 1991 and again in early 1992, when a terminal failed on one of the PF magnets. The experiment resumed operations in May 1993. This report describes the start-up and early operational experience, comparing with both design scenarios and previous experience on Alcator A and C. Results from operations during the summer of 1993 are presented.
Limax amoebae in public swimming pools of albany, schenectady, and rensselaer counties, new york: their concentration, correlations, and significance.

Abstract A survey was conducted on 30 halogenated public swimming pools, located in Albany, Schenectady, and Rensselaer counties, to determine their open-water limax amoeba densities. Six were outdoor pools. Other variables measured were the standard plate count, total seston, free residual chlorine or bromine, total alkalinity, total hardness, orthophosphate, total soluble phosphorus, specific conductance, pH, temperature, and several engineering parameters including the rate and type of filtration as well as a saturation index. Amoebae were isolated on agar plates at 37°C using heat-killed bacterial suspensions of Enterobacter cloacae or Escherichia coli. Most probable number estimates of amoebic densities ranged from not detectable (<0.01) to 110 amoebae per liter. The median concentration of amoebae was 0.9/liter. Eighty percent of the pools examined had less than 5 amoebae per liter. Significant correlations (P < 0.05) were found between amoebic densities and the log10 of the standard plate count, orthophosphate, and total soluble phosphorus. No significant difference was found between amoebic densities in outdoor and indoor pools. Preliminary tests for the presence of the human pathogen Naegleria fowleri were inconclusive.
Databases in Genetics Clinics

Medical geneticists, genetics counsellors and nurses in genetics who staff medical genetics clinics rely upon internet-accessible and stand-alone databases for access to the medical literature, for disease recognition, for current information on genetic test availability and use, for patient-support materials and for locating other genetics professionals. Keywords: Genetic testing; Molecular genetic testing; Genetic counselling; Prenatal diagnosis; Inherited diseases
Removal of Sulfur Compounds from Coal by the Thermophilic Organism Sulfolobus acidocaldarius.

The thermophilic, reduced-sulfur, iron-oxidizing bacterium Sulfolobus acidocaldarius was used for the removal of sulfur compounds from coal. The inclusion of complex nutrients such as yeast extract and peptone, and chemical oxidizing agents, 0.01 M FeCl3 into leaching medium, reduced the rate and the extent of sulfur removal from coal. The rate of sulfur removal by S. acidocaldarius was strongly dependent on the sulfur content of the coal and on the total external surface area of coal particles. Approximately 96% of inorganic sulfur was removed from a 5% slurry of coal which had an initial total sulfur content of 4% and an inorganic (pyritic S and sulfate) sulfur content of 2.1%. This resulted in removal of 50% of initial total sulfur present in coal.
IMPS: System Description

Support for the Axiomatic Method. imps supports the “little theories” version of the axiomatic method, as opposed to the “big theory” version. In the big theory approach, all reasoning is carried out within one theory—usually some highly expressive theory, such as the Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory. In the little theories approach, reasoning is distributed over a network of theories. Results are typically proved in compact, abstract theories, and then transported as needed to more concrete theories, or indeed to ∗Supported by the MITRE-Sponsored Research Program. Published in: D. Kapur, ed., Automated Deduction—CADE-11 , Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 607, SpringerVerlag, 1992, pp. 701–705.
SINGULAR PERTURBATIONS OF zn WITH MULTIPLE POLES

We study the dynamics of the family of complex maps given by fλ(z) = zn + λ/((z - a)da(z - b)db) where n ≥ 2 is an integer and λ is an arbitrarily small complex parameter. We focus on the topological characteristics of the Julia set and the Fatou set of fλ(z). We prove that despite the large amount of possibilities there are only four different cases that correspond to different positions and orders of the poles a and b.
Addressing the Problem of Poorly Preserved Zoological Specimens: A Case Study with Turtles

We present a new use for a poorly preserved turtle specimen that teachers can easily use in demonstrating vertebrate anatomy or adaptive herpetology at the high school or college level. We give special attention to illustrating the sigmoid flexure of the neck as certain turtles withdraw their heads. This ability is anatomically and biologically important in that it protects the turtle from predators and is one of the major anatomical radiations that occurred in turtle evolution. The lesson also demonstrates how turtles, whose anatomy is confined within a rigid compartment, have their organs arranged and how adaptive strategies overcome this spatial constraint.
Genes Caught In Flagranti: Integrating Renal Transcriptional Profiles With Genotypes and Phenotypes

In the past decade, population genetics has gained tremendous success in identifying genetic variations that are statistically relevant to renal diseases and kidney function. However, it is challenging to interpret the functional relevance of the genetic variations found by population genetics studies. In this review, we discuss studies that integrate multiple levels of data, especially transcriptome profiles and phenotype data, to assign functional roles of genetic variations involved in kidney function. Furthermore, we introduce state-of-the-art machine learning algorithms, Bayesian networks, support vector machines, and Gaussian process regression, which have been applied successfully to integrating genetic, regulatory, and clinical information to predict clinical outcomes. These methods are likely to be deployed successfully in the nephrology field in the near future.
A “course” for data modelling

What direction or path of learning should data modelling take? This author suggests a “course” for data modelling to follow. Artificial intelligence, databases, and programming languages are attempting to meet demands requiring a higher level of conceptual thinking than ever before. Likewise special tools and techniques are needed for that level of thought. Therefore data modelling methodologies are designed to provide an abstract level of system descriptions. A course based upon the comparative study of these various data modelling principles is described in this paper. This course stresses a transition from intuitive to formal development of data models. Such an approach facilitates the investigation of the concept of equivalence for data models, application models, and operations defined on data models.
Dehydrodiisoeugenol: A Naturally Occurring Lignan from Aristolochia taliscana (Aristolochiaceae)

The ethanol-water extract of Aristolochia taliscana Hook and Arn (Aristolochiaceae) yielded a compound which was identified as dehydrodiisoeugenol by means of elemental analysis, IR, UV, NMR, and mass spectra, and direct comparison with a synthetic sample.
Evolving role of calcium antagonists in the management of hypertension

What, if anything, should physicians make of these apparently disparate hazards in a group of drugs that they prescribe so widely? The authors, and many of our colleagues, still believe that most patients clearly benefit from the judicious use of calcium antagonists. Reports of several large, powered prospective, randomized outcome studies including ALLHAT commend the use of long-acting calcium antagonists that, by virtue of their ability to attain more gradual and sustained plasma levels, do not evoke reactive sympathetic activation and consequently are safe. Concomitantly, such formulations should promote increased patient compliance and thereby favorably influence hypertension-related morbidity and mortality.
Complement C4 allotypes in congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency: further evidence for different allelic variants at the 21-hydroxylase locus.

Abstract The gene frequencies and haplotype frequencies for the alleles of the C4A and C4B loci were determined in a population of 39 unrelated Italian patients with classical congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) due to 21-hydroxylase (21-OH) deficiency and compared with the frequencies of the C4 alleles and C4 haplotypes present on the normal parental HLA haplotypes (i.e., the parental HLA haplotypes which did not carry the 21-OH deficiency allele). There was a decrease in the C4A ∗ QO (null) allele among the patients (uncorrected P C4A ∗ 4 allele. The gene frequencies of the C4B locus were similar in the two groups. The very rare C4B ∗ 3 allele occurred in one patient. Overall, the C4A;C4B haplotypes were very similar in the two groups. In the patient group there was a slight increase in the frequency of the C4A ∗ 3; B ∗ QO haplotype and the C4A ∗ 4; B ∗ 2 haplotype, whereas the C4A ∗ QO; B ∗ 1 and C4A ∗ QO; B ∗ 2 haplotypes were decreased or absent. One patient had the very rare haplotype C4A ∗ QO;B ∗ 3 , and was positive for the low frequency HLA-Bw47 determinant on the same haplotype. Seven patients with classical CAH and two patients with late onset 21-OH deficiency, who had the Bw47 antigen, were also found to have the unique complotype C4A ∗ QO; B ∗ 3; BF ∗ F: C2 ∗ C . Eleven additional patients with the HLA-B14, DR1-associated disease variant late onset 21-OH deficiency and four individuals with cryptic, asymptomatic 21-OH deficiency were also typed for the C4 electrophoretic variants. The 19 haplotypes with B14;DR1 all had the complotype C4A ∗ 2;B ∗ 2;BF ∗ S;C2 ∗ C . The rare C2 ∗ B allele of the C2 locus was found on 10 haplotype with 21-OH deficiency. The complotype on eight of these was C4A ∗ 4;B ∗ 2;BF ∗ S; C2 ∗ B . The C2 ∗ B was found only once on the normal parental HLA haplotypes. This study provides additional evidence for the hypothesis that the mutation on the 21-OH locus associated with HLA-Bw47 is unique and different from the mutation on the 21-OH locus resulting in the late onset or cryptic 21-OH deficiency allele associated with B14. It is likely that many independent mutations have acted on the 21-OH locus and that the clinical and biochemical heterogeneity of the 21-OH deficiency syndromes reflect heterogeneity in the DNA assaults.
Interband magnetoabsorption in CdxZn3−xAs2

Abstract Interband magnetooptical transitions have been observed in Cd x Zn 3− x As 2 . The behavior of these results as a function of composition suggests an α-Sn-like band model for Cd 3 As 2 . Measurements of interband absorption and magnetoabsorption in Cd 3 As 2 are interpreted using the model.
Differential Developmental Deficits in Retinal Function in the Absence of either Protein Tyrosine Sulfotransferase-1 or -2

To investigate the role(s) of protein-tyrosine sulfation in the retina and to determine the differential role(s) of tyrosylprotein sulfotransferases (TPST) 1 and 2 in vision, retinal function and structure were examined in mice lacking TPST-1 or TPST-2. Despite the normal histologic retinal appearance in both Tpst1−/− and Tpst2−/− mice, retinal function was compromised during early development. However, Tpst1−/− retinas became electrophysiologically normal by postnatal day 90 while Tpst2−/− mice did not functionally normalize with age. Ultrastructurally, the absence of TPST-1 or TPST-2 caused minor reductions in neuronal plexus. These results demonstrate the functional importance of protein-tyrosine sulfation for proper development of the retina and suggest that the different phenotypes resulting from elimination of either TPST-1 or -2 may reflect differential expression patterns or levels of the enzymes. Furthermore, single knock-out mice of either TPST-1 or -2 did not phenocopy mice with double-knockout of both TPSTs, suggesting that the functions of the TPSTs are at least partially redundant, which points to the functional importance of these enzymes in the retina.
Bowen, Dufek, and Shelly Receive 2012 James B. Macelwane Medals: Citation

David R. Shelly is awarded the 2012 Macelwane Medal for his revolutionary advances in understanding the nature of tectonic tremor and its role in the earthquake preparation process. His innovations in the study of this subtle “noise” from deep within the Earth has opened a new window into the processes governing the earthquake cycle on major plate boundary faults and the magmatic systems beneath active volcanoes.
Projected effects of the Panama Canal expansion on shipping traffic and biological invasions

ABSTRACTAim The Panama Canal expansion, scheduled for completion in 2015, isexpected to have major effects on commercial shipping and port operationsthroughout the world, with potential consequences for the transfer and estab-lishment of non-indigenous species that remain largely unexplored. We devel-oped a series of scenario-based models to examine how shipping trafﬁcpatterns may change after expansion and consider possible implications forspecies transfers and invasion dynamics in the USA.Location Coastal USA, excluding Alaska and HawaiiMethods Using a Monte Carlo simulation approach, we predicted changes indischarged ballast water, wetted surface area of ship hulls and frequency of shiparrivals modelled under scenarios that are based on (1) current shipping pat-terns from the western Paciﬁc Rim to the USA, (2) estimates of ﬂeet expansionand (3) diversion of trafﬁc away from the US West Coast through the PanamaCanal.Results During the 5-year period following canal expansion (2015–2019), ourmodels estimated that the Gulf and East coasts would receive 78% and 99%median increases in total ballast discharge and 172% and 182% increases intotal wetted surface area, respectively. For the West Coast, our models esti-mated 9.6% median decreases in both total ballast discharge and wetted surfacearea. We further predict that many ports in the Gulf and East coasts willreceive up to three times the current number of arrivals and increased ballastwater discharge, from this region after expansion.Main conclusions Our scenario-based analysis provides a ﬁrst estimate forincreases in frequency, magnitude and spatial distribution of exposure that theGulf and East coasts will experience due to ships and ballast arriving from thewestern Paciﬁc, following the canal expansion. If organisms transported via bal-last water or ship hulls are able to survive transit of the canal, the predictionssuggest increased likelihood of introduction along these coasts by speciesoriginating in the western Paciﬁc.KeywordsBallast water, biological invasions, hull fouling, marine invasions, Panamacanal, shipping.INTRODUCTIONGlobal trade is a key driver of human-mediated dispersal of spe-cies across biogeographical barriers, resulting in biological inva-sions and homogenization of terrestrial, freshwater and marineecosystems. The majority of the world’s trade occurs by ships,which are a dominant transfer mechanism for invasions (Hul-me, 2009). Recent estimates indicate a ﬂeet of 104,305 activecommercial ships’ transport approximately 8.8 9 10
Spectral shape discrimination of narrow‐band sounds

Measurements are reported on the detectability of signals added to narrow-band sounds. The narrow-band sounds had a bandwidth of 20 Hz and were either Gaussian noise with flat amplitude spectra or sets of equal-amplitude sinusoidal components whose phases were chosen at random. Four different kinds of sinusoidal signals were used. Two signals produced symmetric changes in the audio spectrum adding a component either at the center of the spectrum or at both ends. The other two signals produced asymmetric changes adding a component at either end of the spectrum. The overall level of the sound was randomly varied on each presentation, so that the presence of a signal was largely unrelated to the absolute level of the signal component(s). A model is proposed that assumes the detection of the symmetric signals is based on changes in the shape of the power spectrum of the envelope. Such changes in the envelope power spectrum are probably heard as changes in the "roughness" or "smoothness" of the narrow-band sound. The predictions of this model were obtained from computer simulations. For the asymmetric signals, the most probable detection cues were changes in the pitch of the narrow-band sound. Results from a variety of different experiments using three listeners support these conjectures.
GRAVITY-INDUCED STRESSES NEAR A VERTICAL CLIFF

Abstract The exact solution for gravity-induced stresses beneath a vertical cliff presented here has application to the design of cut slopes in rock, compares favorably with published photoelastic and finite-element results for this problem, and satisfies the condition that shear and normal stresses vanish on the ground surface, except at the bottom corner where stress concentrations exist. The solution predicts that horizontal stresses are tensile away from the bottom of the cliff—effects caused by movement below the cliff in response to the gravity loading of the cliff. Also, it is shown that along the top of the cliff normal stresses reduce to those predicted for laterally constrained flat-lying topography.
Effect of St. John's Wort administration on CYP2C8 mediated rosiglitazone metabolism

Background/Aims The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of St. John's wort (SJW) administration on rosiglitazone metabolism in healthy subjects genotyped for CYP2C8 polymorphisms. Methods This fixed-sequence design study involved twenty-seven subjects sequentially selected with the following CYP2C8 genotypes: CYP2C8*1/*1 (n= 8), *1/*2 (n= 4), *1/*3 (n= 7), *1/*4 (n= 6), *2/*2 (n= 1), and *3/*3 (n= 1). The pharmacokinetics of single dose rosiglitazone (8 mg) was evaluated in the absence and presence of SJW 900 mg daily. Results SJW administration induced rosiglitazone metabolism as the area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) decreased by 26%, from 3190± 641 μg×h/L to 2375± 537 μg×h/L (p< 0.0001, 90% Confidence Interval[CI] for mean ratio, 71% - 78%) and apparent oral clearance (CL/F) increased by 35% from 2.6± 0.6 L/h to 3.5± 0.7 L/h (p< 0.0001, 90% CI, 128% - 142%). The CYP2C8 genotype did not influence the magnitude of induction as the rosiglitazone AUC ratio (SJW/Control) was not significantly different (p= 0.96) between the subjects genotyped as CYP2C8*1/*1 and the heterozygous carriers of CYP2C8 variant alleles. Conclusions Administration of SJW significantly increases the CYP2C8 mediated clearance of rosiglitazone after single dose administration; the magnitude of induction by SJW is not influenced by CYP2C8 genotype. SJW use should be monitored when patients are administered CYP2C8 substrates. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2005) 77, P35–P35; doi: 10.1016/j.clpt.2004.12.026
Surgical Resection in Combination With Lung Volume Reduction Surgery for Stage I Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

Surgical resection remains the favored option of treatment for stage I lung cancer patients. Co-existing obstructive lung disease can reduce lung function and increase the risk of surgery. Severe emphysema may preclude resection of lung cancer due to concerns about low values of postoperative lung function. However, many patients will experience stable or improved lung function simply by resecting hyper-expanded and relatively functionless lung. This so-called "lung volume reduction effect" may occur after standard resection or after rare instances of formal lung volume reduction surgery concurrent with pulmonary resection of the tumor. This review explores these possibilities and informs the readers of pioneering work in this area.
An information theoretic framework for energy efficient secrecy

Physical layer energy-secrecy tradeoffs for wireless networks are investigated from an information theoretic perspective. An application layer characterization of physical layer secrecy is introduced to quantify the partial secrecy that can be achieved on a wireless transmission. Best effort and guaranteed partial secrecy channel models are introduced and analyzed. It is shown that a range of energy-secrecy Pareto optimal operating points can be achieved with an appropriate allocation of power resources between private and non-private data sub-streams.
Evaluation of Durability to Laundering of Triclosan and Chitosan on a Textile Substrate

In a hospital environment, textile substrates have been implicated as a vector in the transmission of disease. To mitigate the harmful spread of disease via textile substrates, an effective measure is treatment of textiles with antimicrobial agents. The current investigation compares one of the most widely used chemically synthesized antimicrobial agents, triclosan with chitosan, a naturally occurring antimicrobial agent. For the study, samples of a common polyester/cotton textile used in hospital settings were treated with triclosan and chitosan based antimicrobial agents. Following treatment, the samples were analyzed for their effectiveness against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli using standard AATCC Test Methods. The efficacy of the treatment to laundering was then evaluated by subjecting the treated samples to 50 washings and repeating the tests against the challenge microorganisms. Data obtained were statistically analyzed at a 95% confidence interval. Results showed that before laundering both triclosan and chitosan treated samples were extremely effective as antimicrobial agents. After laundering, chitosan was less effective against E.coli but maintained efficacy against S. aureus. The effectiveness of triclosan was not adversely affected after the laundering treatments.
Analgesia is produced by uterocervical mechanostimulation in rats: roles of afferent nerves and implications for analgesia of pregnancy and parturition.

Abstract Afferent activity from the reproductive tract activates intrinsic pain attenuating processes. For example, analgesia results from vaginocervical mechano-stimulation in nonpregnant rats and occurs during pregnancy and parturition. In the present study, the effect of uterocervical mechanostimulation on pain thresholds was investigated in order to determine whether direct stimulation of the uterine cervix could play a role in the analgesia of pregnancy. Uterocervical mechanostimulation was applied to nonpregnant rats via a silastic disc implanted in the uterus. The disc abutted against the cervix and was attached to a thread externalized through the vaginal orifice. Application of a force of 150 g, but not 100 g, produced a significant increase in tail flick latency (110.4 ± 40.6%, P
Differences in beta-adrenergic neuroeffector mechanisms in ischemic versus idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy.

BACKGROUNDWe measured the content and activities of components of the beta-adrenergic receptor-G protein-adenylate cyclase complex and adrenergic neurotransmitter levels in left and right ventricular myocardial preparations derived from 77 end-stage failing human hearts from patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (IDC) or ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy (ISCDC).METHODS AND RESULTSThe results were compared with data obtained in 21 nonfailing hearts removed from organ donors. Compared with ISCDC ventricles, IDC left and right ventricles exhibited a greater degree of total beta- or beta 1-receptor downregulation. In contrast, compared with IDC right ventricles, isolated tissue preparations of ISCDC right ventricles exhibited a greater degree of subsensitivity to the inotropic effect of isoproterenol, indicating a relatively greater degree of functional uncoupling of right ventricular ISCDC beta-receptors from mechanical response. In addition, relative to IDC left ventricles, preparations of ISCDC le...
A new rapid method for quantitating radioactive proline, 4-hydroxyproline, and 3-hydroxyproline

Abstract A simple and rapid method for separating proline, 4-hydroxyproline and 3-hydroxyproline was developed by the use of high-voltage electrophoresis. An excellent counting efficiency of proline was achieved by a simple extraction of the labeled material from paper; 98–100% recovery of count rates was obtained, equivalent to recoveries from column chromatography. This method can tolerate high concentrations of salt, acid, and protein in the sample. No carrier is required and multiple samples (up to 15) can be separated on a single sheet and analyzed within 2 h. Serial dilution experiments showed excellent linearity. An average recovery rate of 92% was obtained for samples over a wide range of radioactivity and high sensitivity of the method was demonstrated. This analysis is applicable to protein hydrolysates and to determination of the free amino acids in the presence of protein. Thus, proline, 4-hydroxyproline and 3-hydroxyproline can be quantitated simultaneously in any biological sample.
146 COMPARISON OF METHODS OF CARDIOPLEGIA

The purpose of our study was to compare the effectiveness of three techniques of coronary artery perfusion for protection of the canine myocardium during ischemic cardiac arrest (IA). In each of three different methods, the perfusate, chilled to 4°C., consisted of 5% dextrose in water, 15 meq KCl, 5 meq NaHC03 and 10,000 units heparin/L. In method 1, during aortic crossclamping, the solution was infused continuously at a rate sufficient to maintain myocardial temperature at 18°C. In method 2 the solution was given as a single bolus of 10 cc/kg. In method 3 the solution was administered also by a single bolus and to the solution was added 2 mM CaCl2 and 25 mM MgCl2. In a control preparation (method 4), no perfusate was administered during IA. In the table are listed the number of immediate survivors of the experiment, the indices of subcellular and hemodynamic myocardial function (the latter expressed as % of control). HR=heart rate; MAR=mean arterial pressure; C0=cardiac output; LVdF/dt=LV force of contraction; SR=sarcoplasmic reticulum. Continuous perfusion appears to provide better protection of the myocardium than the single bolus technique.
The Entropy of the BKW Solution

The entropy of thed-dimensional generalization of the BKW solution of the homogeneous Boltzmann equation is calculated and expressed ford = 3 in terms of error functions. It is verified that the McKean conjecture cannot hold in most of the time domain where thed-dimensional BKW solution is defined.
Simulating spaceborne X-band polarimetric SAR observations of precipitation using ground-based S-band weather radar data

Recent advances in X-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (XSAR) technology have revived meteorological applications with this type of radar. At this wavelength, attenuation and backscatter caused precipitation can be detected, and has been observed in current and past XSAR systems. Based on real fully polarimetric S-band ground radar observations of storms, a model is constructed to simulate spaceborne XSAR observations. Simulation results are compared to storm observations from several repeat pass dual polarization TerraSAR-X acquisitions over Florida. Development of these simulations provides a mechanism to explore the capabilites of precipitation surveillance from from XSAR as well as progress towards mitigation of storm effects for traditional SAR applications.
A reputation for being a nuisance: frivolous lawsuits and fee shifting in a repeated play game

Abstract We analyze nuisance suits in a repeated play setting in which an attorney may develop a reputation for proceeding to trial with a nuisance suit in the face of a refusal by the defendant to accept the plaintiff’s pretrial offer. Such a reputation is necessary to maintain a credible threat of trial in future periods. It is the value of this future reputation that generates the credibility to pursue a case to trial in the current period. In the context of such a model, we find that fee shifting is effective in reducing costs associated with nuisance suits. The results of the model are contrasted with Katz (1990) .
Epitope Mapping of SHP-1 Monoclonal Antibodies Using Peptide Phage Display

Abstract We have characterized the binding epitopes of four monoclonal antibodies for SHP-1, an SH2 domain containing protein tyrosine phosphatase, using two phage displayed random peptide libraries. Three of the antibodies are directed against the phosphatase domain of the molecule and the fourth is toward the NH2-terminal part of the second SH2 domain. The first two antibodies recognize the sequence N A N Y, amino acid 305 to amino acid 308, numbered in the non haematopoietic form of human SHP-1 sequence. The third antibody binds the sequence P Y W P (amino acids 365 to 368) located toward the middle of the phosphatase domain of the enzyme. The fourth antibody is directed against the first two amino acids, W Y (amino acids 112 and 113), of the second SH2 domain. The specificities of these antibodies are demonstrated by ELISA and western blot using different protein constructs expressed in bacteria. All the antibodies can detect wild type SHP-1, expressed in 293 cells, by western blot analysis, both under denaturing conditions as well as following renaturation. The data presented here show that the antibodies characterized in this study are raised against linear epitopes and suggest that these epitopes are accessible from the outside in the native SHP-1 molecule.
Incidence trends in pathogen-specific central line-associated bloodstream infections in US intensive care units, 1990-2010.

Objective. To quantify historical trends in rates of central line–associated bloodstream infections (CLABSIs) in US intensive care units (ICUs) caused by major pathogen groups, including Candida spp., Enterococcus spp., specified gram-negative rods, and Staphylococcus aureus.Design. Active surveillance in a cohort of participating ICUs through the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance system during 1990–2004, and the National Healthcare Safety Network during 2006–2010.Setting. ICUs.Participants. Patients who were admitted to participating ICUs.Results. The CLABSI incidence density rate for S. aureus decreased annually starting in 2002 and remained lower than for other pathogen groups. Since 2006, the annual decrease for S. aureus CLABSIs in nonpediatric ICU types was −18.3% (95% confidence interval [CI], −20.8% to −15.8%), whereas the incidence density rate for S. aureus among pediatric ICUs did not change. The annual decrease for all ICUs combined sin...
Radiation Sensitization of Leukemic Cells for Low Dose Total Body Irradiation.

The treatment of pediatric leukemias has been developed through sequential clinical trials designed to improve patient survival and preserve quality of life (Brochstein et al., 1987). A patient's clinical and biological features are predictive of risk of relapse and determine the aggressiveness of the prescribed clinical treatment protocol. Patients determined to be at high risk for recurrence undergo chemotherapy and total body irradiation (TBI) in the preparative regimen for bone marrow transplantation. Such personalization of treatment has resulted in improved survival. While the 5-year overall survival of pediatric leukemia patients ranges from 60–90% (Allemani et al., 2014), children who experience bone marrow relapse have a three year event free survival of only 20%, supporting the need for further improvements (Gaynon et al., 2006).
THE EFFECTS OF COMPLEX CAPITAL STRUCTURE ON THE MARKET VALUES OF FIRMS

The familiar Modigliani and Miller risk class model is the basis of a test for differences in value between simple and complex capital structure groups of firms. Cluster analysis, using market risk measures and debt-equity ratio as input, provides the method for obtaining the risk class sample of firms. Crosssectional tests at three annual dates are made on twenty-six simple and twentysix complex capital structure firms. For all periods examined, the complex capital structure firms are valued lower than the simple capital structure firms. Possible explanations for the results include failure of the arbitrage mechanism and the presence of certain costs associated with different types of capital structures.