cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
New Research Suggests that Emissions Reductions May Be a Risky and Very Expensive Way to Avoid Dangerous Global Climate Changes

Proponents of greenhouse gas emissions reductions have long assumed that such reductions are the best approach to global climate change control and sometimes argued that they are the least risky approach. It is now generally understood that to be effective such reductions would have to involve most of the world and be very extensive and rapidly implemented. This paper examines the question of whether it is feasible to use only this approach to control dangerous global climate changes, the most critical of the climate change control objectives. I show that in one of two critical cases analyzed recent papers provide evidence that such an approach is not a feasible single approach to avoiding the dangerous climate changes predicted by a very prominent group of US climate change researchers. In the other case using a widely accepted international standard I show that such an approach appears to be very risky and much more expensive than previously thought. These conclusions further reinforce previous research that emissions reductions alone do not appear to be an effective and efficient single strategy for climate change control. So although emissions reductions can play a useful role in climate change control, other approaches would appear to be needed if dangerous climate changes are to be avoided. This conclusion suggests that the current proposals in a number of Western European countries and the United States to use emissions reductions as the sole means to control global warming may be doomed to failure in terms of avoiding such dangerous changes. An alternative approach is briefly discussed that would be more effective and efficient, and could avoid the perilous risks and high costs inherent in an emissions reduction only approach.
Trimerization of an in vitro synthesized OmpF porin of Escherichia coli outer membrane.

The assembly of outer membrane proteins of Escherichia coli was examined using the OmpF porin as a model. Since this protein is made as a precursor, which is processed to a protein of Mr 37,000 before being assembled into trimers in the outer membrane, we synthesized a modified OmpF, which lacked 16 out of 22 amino acid residues from its signal sequence, in a coupled transcription-translation system. This modified protein resembled the unfolded, monomeric OmpF in its electrophoretic behavior, but much of the protein apparently existed in a more tightly folded conformation as it was recognized by a monoclonal antibody specific to a surface epitope of the native, trimeric OmpF porin. At least some conformers of this protein could be further incorporated into outer membrane or lipopolysaccharide bilayers, and assembled into trimers. The trimers formed were trypsin-resistant and heat-stable in sodium dodecyl sulfate up to 70 degrees C, thus showing the characteristics of the native trimeric protein. These results extend our earlier observation that OmpF monomer secreted by spheroplasts of E. coli can be trimerized in vitro (Sen, K., and Nikaido, H (1990) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. A 87, 743-747) and show that the trimerization can occur, albeit at a low efficiency, with porin monomers synthesized in vitro, presumably not contaminated by membrane fragments or other components of the cell envelope. However, comparison of trimerization efficiency of the nascent in vitro product with that of the same product already exposed to aqueous medium, as well as with that of the spheroplast-secreted product, leads us to the working hypothesis that the trimerization process in intact cells is accelerated either by accessory components or by the conformational changes accompanying the secretion through the cytoplasmic membrane and that the reactions observed in this study represent only part of the physiological process.
Who Is More Important for Early Adolescents' Developmental Choices?: Peers or Parents?

Abstract This study examined whether early adolescents identified parents or peers as sources of intimacy and influence for developmental choices having both long-and short-term consequences. Short-term choices were adolescents' daily lifestyle preferences for clothing, music, and hairstyles that are important for peer identification, whereas, long-term choices were preferences having more distant consequences in the lives of early adolescents consisting of success in school, sexual involvement, and substance use. A sample of 135 adolescents was surveyed in seventh-grade classrooms about whether parents or peers were sources of influence and intimate relationships. Results provided some evidence that peers (friends) tended to have somewhat greater influence on the broadest array of developmental choices and on short-term (or lifestyle) developmental choices. However, parents tended to have stronger overall influence over adolescents' choices having longer-term developmental consequences. Moreover, early a...
Medication and psychotherapy in the treatment of bulimia nervosa.

Objective: Two treatments for bulimia nervosa have emerged as having established efficacy : cognitive-behavioral therapy and antidepressant medication. This study sought to address 1) how the efficacy ofa psychodynamically oriented supportive psychotherapy compared to that of cognitive-behavioral therapy; 2) whether a two-stage medication intervention, in which a second antidepressant (fluoxetine) was employed if the first (desipramine) was either ineffective or poorly tolerated, added to the benefit of psychological treatment; and 3) if the combination of medication and psychological treatment was superior to a course of medication alone. Method: A total of 120 women with bulimia nervosa participated in a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Results: Cognitive-behavioral therapy was superior to supportive psychotherapy in reducing behavioral symptoms of bulimia nervosa (binge eating and vomiting). Patients receiving medication in combination with psychological treatment experienced greater improvement in binge eating and depression than did patients receiving placebo and psychological treatment. in addition, cognitive-behavioral therapy plus medication was superior to medication alone, but supportive psychotherapy plus medication was not. Conclusions : At present, cognitive-behavioral therapy is the psychological treatment of choice for bulimia nervosa. A two-stage medication intervention using fluoxetine adds modestly to the benefit of psychological treatment.
Beyond ST-II: Fulfilling the Requirements of Multimedia Communiation

The Heidelberg Transport System (HeiTS) uses the Internet ST-II protocol as its communication core. ST-II provides adequate functions for multimedia communication, most notably fast packet forwarding, multiple target addressing, and bandwidth management. Some desirable additions to the protocol include graceful service degradation and queueing feedback for rate adjustment in the nodes. A transport protocol on top of ST-II should provide different reliability classes and take care of segmentation and reassembly.
Determinants of dynamic hyperinflation in a bench model.

BACKGROUND: Previous in vivo data suggest that high airway resistance (Raw) promotes dynamic hyperinflation, especially when coupled to high minute ventilation (VE). However, no studies have systematically examined the relative effects of various mechanical parameters on dynamic hyperinflation. METHODS: Intrinsic positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEPi) was measured with a ventilator-lung model, over a range and various permutations of Raw, VE, respiratory system compliance (CRS), and duty cycles/flow regimes. RESULTS: Substantial dynamic hyperinflation (PEEPi > 5 cm H2O) occurred at various VE, even when Raw was low (4 cm H2O/L/s) or just above normal (18 cm H2O/L/s). A VE ≥ 15 L/min was associated with increasing PEEPi in this model, across a broad range of mechanical permutations. PEEPi was significantly higher in all models during descending ramp flow than during constant flow, at equivalent peak flows (wherein duty cycle during descending ramp flow was twice that of constant flow). PEEPi was equivalent when duty cycles (and all other mechanical parameters) were equal. PEEPi was significantly greater, irrespective of duty cycle, Raw, and CRS, when delivered with lower tidal volume (0.6 L vs 1.0 L). The change in peak airway pressure associated with development of dynamic hyperinflation was consistently greater than the observed PEEPi. Higher VE, resistance, compliance, and duty cycles were all independently associated with dynamic hyperinflation. CONCLUSIONS: In this bench model, dynamic hyperinflation occurred with high VE, even at low Raw. Since moderate Raw and VE frequently occur in vivo, even without obstructive lung disease, occult dynamic hyperinflation is likely to occur commonly. PEEPi was greater with high frequency and small tidal volume (0.6 L) than with equal VE of lower frequency and larger tidal volume (1.0 L).
A unified mechanistic model for slug liquid holdup and transition between slug and dispersed bubble flows

Abstract A unified mechanistic model for slug liquid holdup is developed based on a balance between the turbulent kinetic energy of the liquid phase and the surface free energy of dispersed spherical gas bubbles. The turbulent kinetic energy is estimated by use of the shear stress at the pipe wall and the momentum exchange (mixing term or acceleration term) between the liquid slug and the liquid film in a slug unit. The momentum exchange term varies significantly with pipe inclination and enables the model to give an accurate prediction of slug liquid holdup for the entire range of pipe inclination angle. The model has been compared with experimental data acquired at TUFFP for slug flows at all inclinations and good agreement has been observed. The model can also be used to predict the slug–dispersed bubble flow pattern transition boundary over the whole range of inclination angles. From comparison with previous experimental results, the model predictions are accurate for gas superficial velocities larger than 0.1 m/s.
The Practical Aspects of Therapy with rHuEPO

A number of multicenter US trials provide extensive experience with the benefits of recombinant human erythropoietin. The dose-response relationships obtained using epoetinβ are presented. Recommendations with respect to optimal dose requirements as derived from these trials are reviewed. How low-dose therapy affects hematocrit as well as its ability to decrease transfusion requirements is discussed. Low-dose therapy is also examined in the context of a possible decrease in adverse experiences. Dosing regimens, including once weekly vs. three times weekly i.v. therapy, is explored. Preliminary information on the efficacy of subcutaneous injections is discussed in light of the pharmacokinetic data currently available. The importance of adequate iron stores is emphasized at all doses. Regardless of the route of administration, the level of iron stores is critical.
Synthesis and structural characterization of two five coordinate aluminum alkyl and bis(trimethylsilyl)amino complexes bearing acyclic tetradentate Schiff bases

Abstract Two acyclic Schiff-base ligands, bis-5,5′-(1,3-propanediyldiimino)-2,2-dimethyl-4-hexene-3-one and bis-5,5′-(1,3-ethanediyldiimino)-2,2-dimethyl-4-hexene-3-one, were used to complex homoleptic triethylaluminum and tris[bis(trimethylsilyl)amino]aluminum, respectively. The acid–base reactions proceeded in excellent yields with elimination of ethane or bis(trimethylsilyl)amine during in situ deprotonation of the protio Schiff-base. The colorless aluminum complexes crystallized from n-pentane and were characterized by standard methods including single crystal X-ray diffraction. Polymerization of racemic lactide, with addition of alcohol, yielded PLA with narrow polydispersities but low molecular weights.
Comparison of Canadian triage acuity scale to Australian Emergency Mental Health Scale triage system for psychiatric patients

Abstract Objectives The purpose of the study was to compare the Canadian Triage and Acuity Scale protocol to the Australian Emergency Mental Health Triage System protocol for evaluation of psychiatric patients and time to be evaluated in the emergency department. Methods A convenience sample of 105 patients who presented with psychiatric complaints at triage was given the Canadian Triage and Acuity Scale (CTAS) by the nurse at triage. A second triage assessment using the Australian Emergency Mental Health Triage Scale was performed by trained research fellows. The study was performed at an inner city level one trauma center with 40,000 visits per year during 2012. The study was approved by the IRB. Results Use of the CTAS rated almost half the patients (48%) urgent and (29%) emergent. The Australian Emergency Mental Health Triage Scale scored the same patients differently with (75%) coding as no danger to self or others, (18%) scoring as in moderate distress. The CTAS was not able to meet the recommended times to be seen, especially for patients rated as urgent. The Australian Emergency Mental Health Scale system, with the exception of triage level 1, was able to meet the recommendations for wait times to be medically evaluated and in the case of the lower levels seen sooner than recommended. Conclusions The use of the CTAS protocol does not correlate with patients' being medically evaluated within the time frames recommended especially for the more urgent patients. The Australian Emergency Mental Health Scale rated patients' presentations as far less urgent and thus the time frame recommendations to be evaluated were more closely aligned with the protocol as compared to the CTAS system. The Australian Emergency Mental Health Scale provided less ambiguous mental health specific triage guidelines that allowed for improvements in patient outcomes by better matching the ED's resources to the psychiatric patients' specific needs.
The development of automatic word recognition and reading skill.

The development of automatic word recognition as a function of reading skill was investigated in three experiments using the Stroop task. Reading skill level ranged from nonreaders to readers above the sixth-grade equivalent. Interference with color naming begins to emerge early in the process of learning to read, increases, and then subsequently decreases. Strings of identical letters delayed color naming for children just beginning to learn to read. The interference from words, presumably reflecting semantic processing, began developing early but did not peak until the second- to fourth-grade reading levels. These different sequences of development of interference in the various stimulus conditions suggest that word recognition is the result of a number of component processes that develop as children acquire skill in reading.
Free-energy change of photosystem II as measured by delayed luminescence.

Abstract The intensity of light emission was used to determine the ground-to-excited state free-energy difference of Photosystem II in the alga Scenedesmus quadricauda. Prompt fluorescence measurements give the driving force of that photosystem under illumination while delayed fluorescence indicates the free energy stored in reaction products. Comparison of the light-on and light-off cases suggested that the immediate products were 0.13 eV lower in free energy than the excited state. In the physiological light range, Photosystem II can store 1.0 eV, or about 60% of that needed for photosynthesis, and still shows a ΔG of 0.7 eV after 3 h.
Maritime Cultural Resource Investigation, Management, and Mitigation in Coastal Ghana

Four field seasons of maritime archaeological research in coastal Ghana offer insights into submerged cultural heritage, but also highlight serious concerns for its preservation and protection. A discussion of cultural heritage legislation and its ineffective implementation, as well as imminent and potential threats to submerged cultural heritage frames the argument for the mitigation and protection of submerged sites in coastal Ghana. Work on the Benya Lagoon vessel and the Elmina Wreck site is presented here as both documentation and mitigation in terms of the context of threats to submerged heritage in coastal Ghana, and preventative mitigation is proposed for its protection.
Literacy Medication Labels

To the Editor:—In reference to a recent study titled: “Improving patient understanding of prescription drug label instructions”1 by Davis and colleagues, published online, we would like to emphasize the importance of the findings in this article and share the results of a pilot study we conducted in California in 2001–2002 on the inclusion of indication for use of medication on the prescription label and its impact on adherence and medication-taking confidence as perceived by elderly patients. In light of recent legislation passed in California mandating California State Board of Pharmacy to adopt a standardized prescription label by January 1, 2011,2 we believe this issue of prescription labeling will become more prominent. Our study was exploratory in nature and used a prospective pre–post design. Elderly participants, 65 years or older were surveyed at baseline and after 6 months to assess change in adherence and confidence in taking medications. The intervention involved pharmacist adding the purpose of medication via words on the prescription labels with physician agreement since the California State Board of Pharmacy requires patient request and/or prescriber agreement for this addition. The difference in pre–post scores was an indication of the effectiveness of the intervention. A total of 92 patients were enrolled in the study of whom 77 completed both pre- and post-surveys. The average age of sample was 77.4 (±5.2) years. Only 24% of patients reported having trouble remembering what the medication was for when asked prior to the study. However, 93% of the patients affirmed that having the indication on the label would help them with taking their mediations. Almost all those who responded said it helped them recognize what the medication was for, and helped in distinguishing between medications and in taking the right amount of medication. Similarly 84.8% reported that it definitely increased their level of confidence in taking their medications. The study had to be closed down due to physician non-participation. Although our study predated the Institute of Medicine report on Preventing Medication Errors,3 it added value in showing that patients were willing to have indication on the label and found it useful and beneficial in distinguishing medications and increasing confidence in taking them. In light of the California mandate, we have revived research in this area and are studying the effect of modified labeling on patient medication taking behavior.
Abstract 4943: Genetically engineered osteoprotegerin for multiple myeloma osteolytic bone damage

Current treatments for osteolytic cancers include a combination of radiation, chemotherapy and cytotoxic products, but toxic side effects are still of major concern. Studies have shown that osteoclast activity is increased in patients with osteolytic cancers such as Multiple Myeloma (MM), through increased expression of Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor Kappa B Ligand (RANKL) leading to RANKL/RANK signaling, resulting in osteoclast activation and ultimately bone resorption. Moreover, Osteoprotegerin (OPG) is drastically decreased in these patients who presents with bone lesion. Thus, the use of OPG as a therapeutic molecule would greatly decrease osteolytic damage and reduce morbidity. However, despite the of OPG potential in inhibiting the activation of bone resorbing osteoclast, OPG also binds to tumor related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) making tumor cells resistant to apoptosis. TRAIL binds to the Death Receptor 4 and 5 (DR4, DR5) and initiate cell death of Transformed cells such as MM. The present study was designed to develop a novel therapeutic approach to the treatment of osteolytic bone damage by use of genetically altered OPG retaining RANKL binding but abolished of TRAIL binding. In order to eliminate TRAIL binding while maintaining RANKL binding, we created mutant OPG-Fc constructs by site directed mutagenesis based on interactive domain identification and by superimposing structural models of TRAIL, OPG and DR5. The mutant OPGs were produced in HEK 293 cells for characterization of potential mutants and their TRAIL binding ability. We conclude that using site-directed mutagenesis at the N-terminal of OPG effectively retains RANKL binding property but abolishes TRAIL binding property as determined by osteoclast and TRAIL assays respectively. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4943. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-4943
Three-Dimensional Navier-Stokes Calculations Using the Modified Space-Time CESE Method

The space-time conservation element solution element (CESE) method is modified to address the robustness issues of high-aspect-ratio, viscous, near-wall meshes. In this new approach, the dependent variable gradients are evaluated using element edges and the corresponding neighboring solution elements while keeping the original flux integration procedure intact. As such, the excellent flux conservation property is retained and the new edge-based gradients evaluation significantly improves the robustness for high-aspect ratio meshes frequently encountered in three-dimensional, Navier-Stokes calculations. The order of accuracy of the proposed method is demonstrated for oblique acoustic wave propagation, shock-wave interaction, and hypersonic flows over a blunt body. The confirmed second-order convergence along with the enhanced robustness in handling hypersonic blunt body flow calculations makes the proposed approach a very competitive CFD framework for 3D Navier-Stokes simulations.
Ductal carcinoma involving the lobule of the breast: A source of confusion with lobular carcinoma in situ

A review of 205 consecutive breast carcinomas of ductal type disclosed that 45 concomitantly involved the terminal ducts of the lobule. Carcinoma presumably invaded the lobule by intraluminal extension from lactiferous ducts. The presence of this type of lobular involvement may be mistaken for lobular carcinoma in situ and is especially confusing when found in the breast remote from the grossly detectable ductal neoplasm. The diagnosis of lobular carcinoma has important therapeutic implications for the second breast because of the high frequency of bilaterality in that disease compared with ductal carcinoma. In our group of ductal carcinomas with lobular invasion, short term follow-up and examination of tissue from the opposite breast in 10 patients indicates that the frequency of bilaterality for lobular carcinoma is not attained. Therefore, it is important to sharply separate lobular carcinoma in situ from lobular invasion by ductal carcinoma. Carcinoma in a lobule is not necessarily lobular carcinoma.
Derivations with nilpotent values

IfR is a semiprme ring andd a derivation ofR such thatd(x) n=0 for allx∈R, wheren≥1 is a fixed integer, thend=0.
Therapeutic strategies in childhood obesity.

Childhood obesity leads to approximately 30% of adult obesity. However, the natural history of childhood obesity that persists into adulthood suggests that the obese child who becomes an obese adult w
Forecasting Task-technology Fit: The Influence of Individuals, Systems and Procedures on Forecast Performance

Abstract This study establishes and tests a theoretically-based model of forecasting practice. Forecasting Task-Technology Fit (FTTF) addresses the relationship between forecasting support systems, the procedures that guide forecast creation, and their fit with the capabilities of the forecasting support system user. An analysis of survey responses collected from 216 forecasting practitioners confirms a positive relationship between specific forecasting support system characteristics and the system user’s perceptions of system quality and access. The results also support a positive relationship between the system user’s perceptions of the quality of, and their access to, procedures that guide forecast creation and their perceptions of system quality and access. Finally, the results confirm a positive relationship between the user’s assessment of system quality and access and a dependent variable measuring forecast performance.
A Comprehensive Computational Study on OCH + -Rg (Rg = He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe) Complexes

The equilibrium geometries, harmonic vibrational frenquencies, and the dissociation energies of the OCH + -Rg (Rg = He, Ne, Ar, Kr, and Xe) complexes were calculated at the DFT, MP2, MP4, CCSD, and CCSD(T) levels of theory. In the lighter OCH + -Rg (Rg = He, Ne, Ar) rare gas complexes, the DFT and MP4 methods tend to produce longer Rg-H + distance than the CCSD(T) level value, and the CCSD-calculated Rg-H + bond lengths are slightly shorter. DFT method is not reliable to study weak interaction in the OCH + -He and OCH + -Ne complexes. A qualitative result can be obtained for OCH + -Ar complex by using the DFT method; however, a higher-level method using a larger basis set is required for the quantitative predictions. For heavier atom (Kr, Xe)-containing complexes, only the CCSD method predicted longer Rg-H + distance than that obtained at the CCSD(T) level. The DFT method can be applied to obtain the semiquantitative results. The relativistic effects are expected to have minor effect on the geometrical parameters, the H + -C stretching mode, and the dissociation energy. However, the dissociation energies are sensitive to the quality of the basis set. The nature of interaction between the OCH + ion and Rg atoms was also analyzed in terms of the interaction energy components.
Comparative Toxicity of Orchard Insecticides to the Apple Blotch Leafminer, Phyllonorycter crataegella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae), and its Eulophid Parasitoid, Sympiesis marylandensis (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae)

The toxicities of three orchard insecticides commonly used to control the apple blotch leafminer, Phyllonorycter crataegella (Clemens), were determined for this insect and for its eulophid parasitoid, Sympiesis marylandensis Girault, in an actively ventilated bioassay system. On the basis of LC50 values determined from insecticide residues on glass, only oxamyl was significantly more toxic to the moth than to the parasitoid. This enhanced selective toxicity to the moth was also apparent in a second bioassay system where the insects were exposed to oxamyl residues on apple leaf surfaces. Because exposure to insecticide residues on leaf surfaces more closely approximates the actual exposure situation in the field, these data support our contention that oxamyl may be the insecticide of choice in pest control strategies where leafminer control is necessary but where the grower also wishes to minimize insecticide selection against the beneficial parasitoid population.
A proposal to sequence the genome of a garter snake (Thamnophis sirtalis)

Here we develop an argument in support of sequencing a garter snake (Thamnophis sirtalis) genome, and outline a plan to accomplish this. This snake is a common, widespread, nonvenomous North American species that has served as a model for diverse studies in evolutionary biology, physiology, genomics, behavior and coevolution. The anole lizard is currently the only genome sequence available for a non-avian reptile. Thus, the garter snake at this time would be the first available snake genome sequence and as such would provide much needed comparative representation of non-avian reptilian genomes, and would also allow critical new insights for vertebrate comparative genomic studies. We outline the major areas of discovery that the availability of the garter snake genome would enable, and describe a plan for whole-genome sequencing.
Ratiometric fluorescence detection of mercury ions in water by conjugated polymer nanoparticles

We present dye-doped polymer nanoparticles that are able to detect mercury in aqueous solution at parts per billion levels via fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET). The nanoparticles are prepared by reprecipitation of highly fluorescent conjugated polymers in water and are stable in aqueous suspension. They are doped with rhodamine spirolactam dyes that are nonfluorescent until they encounter mercury ions, which promote an irreversible reaction that converts the dyes to fluorescent rhodamines. The rhodamine dyes act as FRET acceptors for the fluorescent nanoparticles, and the ratio of nanoparticle-to-rhodamine fluorescence intensities functions as a ratiometric fluorescence chemodosimeter for mercury. The light harvesting capability of the conjugated polymer nanoparticles enhances the fluorescence intensity of the rhodamine dyes by a factor of 10, enabling sensitive detection of mercury ions in water at levels as low as 0.7 parts per billion.
Competitive Induction and Enhancement of Indole and a Diketopiperazine in Marine Bacteria

Thirteen bacterial strains isolated from a sample of Ulva californica were cultured, extracted, and assayed for antibiotic activity. The target strains were 2 gram-positive isolates from the same algal sample. When cultured in monoculture, 2 of the 13 isolates produced extracts with antimicrobial activity. More significantly, one Bacillus isolate (UA-094) produced indole and cyclo(Phe-Pro) at active levels upon challenge with a different Bacillus target strain. These mildly antibiotic compounds were barely detectable in extracts without challenge. This technique of competitive induction and enhancement could be a valuable tool in the search for new antibiotics.
Machiavellian and achievement orientations among foreign and American master's students in business administration.

Summmy.-The Mach IV scale and the Mehrabian test of achievement orientation were administered to 185 students in two accredited programs for Masters of Business Administration. Of these, 70% were from foreign countries. An across-countries analysis of scores on both tess was applied to studens from Algeria, Iran, the Philippines, Taiwan, and the United States. An analysis of similarities and differences based on cultural factors is provided. Predictions for each of the five countries derived from hypotheses generated on the basis of cultural background were confirmed more often for Mach scores than for achievement scores. A number of studies have shown that cultural differences exist with respect to the values, work goals, and behavior of managers and workers in various countries. Haire, GhiseUi, and Porter (1966) in their study of 14 countries found that there was a strong, consistent tendency of managers in all countries studied to express a Theory X (McGregor, 1960) view of the nature of man but found definite clusterings of countries in terms of endorsing either "persuading" or "directing" as a managerial strategy. Ronen and Kraut (1977) assessed the importance of certain work goals among 4,000 technical employees working in 15 countries. They found that countries with a common economic orientation (technology) tended to cluster together but that culture and language represented divergent forces. Sirota and Greenwood (1971) who also gathered data on employees' work goals found remarkable similarity among several thousand salesmen, technical, and service personnel from 25 countries around the world. Although differences among nations were small, it was still possible for the authors to identify clusters of nations showing greater similarities within clusters than between clusters of nations. The variables examined in the above studies were: (1) attitudes toward the nature of man, (2) attitudes toward authoritarian leadership, and (3) the importance of certain work goals. The present study examined the effect of cultural differences on two important dimensions of motivation: the motive to achieve and a manipulative form of power motivation labeled "Machiavellianism." The most well-known measure of achievement motivation is the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) which was used extensively by McClelland in his research (1961). McClelland and Winter (1969), using content analysis of suc
Ambiguity and Morality in Jelinek's Bambiland

In her article "Ambiguity and Morality in Jelinek's Bambiland" Andrea Bandhauer begins by noting that the language of Elfriede Jelinek's play Bambiland (2004) is characterized by experimentation and a propensity for complex and ambiguous word plays. In this play, her critique of the media is directed against the international, or rather, Western press and its role in the Iraq war. The text of Bambiland, conceptualized as a "work-in-progress," in which Jelinek posed as an "embedded writer," started to appear on her website at the beginning of the war and Jelinek continued writing it through 2003. In the text of the play, Jelinek continues her "project of revealing" by means of manufacturing contexts for everyday myths in order to demythologize them. Following Barthes, Jelinek dissects myths which circulate in contemporary society and construct our everyday world. Here, war has become a media event and a spectacle enacted by a dominant power which legitimizes war by naturalizing and universalizing its reasons for violent intervention. Thus, the Bambiland-text is a closed universe in which the media generate circular arguments that feign diversity. The play however, while being a polylogue, is presented as a monologue which in the end only serves one purpose: to legitimize power. Andrea Bandhauer, "Ambiguity and Morality in Jelinek’s Bambiland" page 2 of 7 CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture 12.4 (2010): Thematic Issue Ambiguity in Culture and Literature. Ed. Paolo Bartoloni and Anthony Stephens
Stability of Patterns of Self-Reinforcement:

56 Ss were permitted to supplement a 25% reinforcement schedule on a time-estimation task (TET) with ad lib. self-rewards (SR+). on a separate word-association task (WAT), which Ss perceived as unrelated to the TET, Ss were instructed to self-administer either SR+ or self-criticism (SR—) after training on non-contingent 50% reinforcement. High self-re-warders on the TET also significantly exceeded low self-rewarders on the WAT in SR+ frequency, while low self-rewarders were significantly higher on SR —. However, rates of SR+ responses on the TET and SR— on the WAT were not correlated. The implications for personality constructs of the generality of self-rewarding patterns and their independence of self-criticism frequencies are discussed.
Effects of Estrogen on Messenger Ribonucleic Acid Expression Patterns of Extracellular Matrix Proteases in the Primate Colon

Recent studies suggest that hormone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women can decrease colon cancer risk. To better understand the molecular effects of estrogen on the colon, we examined the effects of estrogen replacement on gene expression of proteases associated with extracellular matrix degradation in rhesus monkey colon tissue. Rhesus monkeys were oophorectomized and one-half were implanted with estradiol capsules. After five months, colon tissue was harvested, and messenger ribonucleic acid was extracted and converted to cDNA. The cDNA was hybridized with a DNA array spotted with cDNA corresponding to genes involved in extracellular matrix remodeling. Selected genes exhibiting significant differential expression were validated using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis. Of 96 genes assessed, nearly 18 percent showed a twofold or greater change in expression; however, signals from approximately 65 percent of genes assayed were below detection levels. A distinct pattern of decreased gene expression was observed in colon tissue of animals with estrogen implants compared with females without estrogen replacement. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction confirmed decreased expression in estrogen-replaced vs. hormone-deprived tissues of proteases cathepsin-D and caspase-8. Real-time polymerase chain reaction data confirmed the suppression of proteases A disintegrin and mettaloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs, type 1 and matrix metalloproteinase-2 with estrogen replacement in colon tissue. This is the first investigation of the specific effects of estrogen in normal primate colon. Estrogen replacement suppressed expression of several proteases linked to tumor growth and metastasis. This study provides the groundwork for targeted future studies to further characterize the role of estrogen in colon tissue.
Reinforcement and activation of domestic chicks as a function of the intensity of light onset

Abstract Seven intensities of light onset treatment conditions with appropriate yoked controls were used to investigate the functional relationship between intensity and the reinforcing and activity properties of the sensory stimulus of chicks. The general results substantiated a predicted curvilinear function and were discussed in terms of the reinforcing and activating properties of the stimulus.
SIC Task Force appraisal of clinical diagnostic criteria for parkinsonian disorders

As there are no biological markers for the antemortem diagnosis of degenerative parkinsonian disorders, diagnosis currently relies upon the presence and progression of clinical features and confirmation depends on neuropathology. Clinicopathologic studies have shown significant false-positive and false-negative rates for diagnosing these disorders, and misdiagnosis is especially common during the early stages of these diseases. It is important to establish a set of widely accepted diagnostic criteria for these disorders that may be applied and reproduced in a blinded fashion. This review summarizes the findings of the SIC Task Force for the study of diagnostic criteria for parkinsonian disorders in the areas of Parkinson's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, progressive supranuclear palsy, multiple system atrophy, and corticobasal degeneration. In each of these areas, diagnosis continues to rest on clinical findings and the judicious use of ancillary studies.
The level scheme of 183Re and systematics of odd-A re isotopes: Interplay of ε2 and ε4 deformations in the W-Re region

Abstract The levels of 183Re populated in the decay of 13 h 183gOs and 9.9 h 183mOs have been studied using singles Ge(Li) detectors, a Compton-suppression spectrometer and a Ge(Li) γ-coincidence spectrometer. A detailed decay scheme has been developed which allows previously proposed Nilsson band assignments to be confirmed, and disagreements concerning assignments for the highly decoupled 1 2 [541] band to be resolved. New Nilsson assignments are proposed as follows: 5 2 + 5 2 [642], 1040.7 keV ; 1 2 − 1 2 [541], 0 + , 1414.7 keV ; 3 2 − 1 2 [541], 0 + , 1563.0 keV ; 9 2 − 9 2 [514], 0 + , 1711.7 keV . It is shown that the systematic behavior of the proton orbits throughout the odd-A Re isotopes can be understood in terms of the relative changes in e2 and e4 deformations, deduced from earlier studies of odd neutron nuclei in this region. However, while this analysis confirms the proposed peaking of the e4 deformation at N = 108, a determination of the e4 value appropriate to 183Re indicates that the absolute magnitudes of the hexadecapole deformations for odd-proton nuclei in this region are about a factor of two smaller than previously proposed for odd-neutron nuclei.
Effect of histamine on the length-tension properties of guinea pig trachealis muscle

The isotonic length-tension properties of excised live guinea pig trachealis muscle have been determined as a function of histamine concentration. Over the range of histamine concentrations studied, a family of curves corresponding to the total and active tensions were obtained. Reciprocal plots of the tension-concentration data revealed a length dependence of the affinity constant of histamine for its receptor The tensions and lengths below resting were considered to be of special importance because of the role of muscle contraction in airway closure. A mechanochemical model for shortening and reelongation of the trachealis muscle during anaphylaxis has been proposed on the basis of this data. By comparing the force-length properties of the muscle at the lowest histamine concentration, it was suggested that the formation of a histamine-Ca++ receptor complex causes an increase in the rigidity of the muscle membrane. The complete range of lengths, tensions, and concentrations must be employed in order to propose a mechanism of action from mechanical data alone.
Pomset interpretations of parallel functional programs

A new framework is presented, based on the notion of a partially ordered multiset (or pomset), which is able to provide not only a precise operational semantics of parallel functional program evaluation, but also a handle through which to control such behavior. As an operational semantics, pomsets are able to distinguish between call-by-value, call-by-name, call-by-need, and call-by-speculation evaluation strategies (even though all but the first of these have the same standard semantics); and as a “handle” from which to control operational behavior, pomsets can express most of the behaviors achieved by previously proposed annotations that control not only evaluation order but also the spatial mapping of program to machine.
The Impact of Nosocomial Infections on Patient Outcomes Following Cardiac Surgery

Study objective To evaluate the relationship between nosocomial infections and clinical outcomes following cardiac surgery, and to identify risk factors for the development of nosocomial infections in this patient population. Design Prospective cohort study. Setting Barnes-Jewish Hospital, St. Louis, a university-affiliated teaching hospital. Patients Six hundred five consecutive patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Interventions Prospective patient surveillance and data collection. Main outcome measures Occurrence of nosocomial infections, multiorgan dysfunction, hospital mortality, and risk factors for the acquisition of nosocomial infections. Results One hundred thirty-one (21.7%) patients acquired at least one nosocomial infection following cardiac surgery. Four independent risk factors for the development of a nosocomial infection were identified: the duration of mechanical ventilation, postoperative empiric antibiotic administration, the duration of urinary tract catheterization, and female gender. Thirty (5.0%) patients died during their hospitalization. The mortality rate of patients acquiring a nosocomial infection (11.5%) was significantly greater than the mortality rate of patients without a nosocomial infection (3.2%) (odds ratio [OR]=4.0; 95% confidence interval [CI]=2.7 to 5.8; p Conclusions Nosocomial infections, which are common following cardiac surgery, are associated with prolonged lengths of hospitalization, the development of multiorgan dysfunction, and increased hospital mortality. These data suggest potential interventions for the prevention of nosocomial infections following cardiac surgery that could substantially improve patient outcomes and decrease medical care costs.
Capturing the Reaction Pathway in Near-Atomic Resolution Crystal Structures of HIV-1 Protease

Snapshots of three consecutive steps in the proteolytic reaction of HIV-1 protease (PR) were obtained in crystal structures at resolutions of 1.2-1.4 A. Structures of wild-type protease and two mutants (PR(V32I) and PR(I47V)) with V32I and I47V substitutions, which are common in drug resistance, reveal the gem-diol tetrahedral intermediate, the separating N- and C-terminal products, and the C-terminal product of an autoproteolytic peptide. These structures represent three stages in the reaction pathway and shed light on the reaction mechanism. The near-atomic-resolution geometric details include a short hydrogen bond between the intermediate and the outer carboxylate oxygen of one catalytic Asp25 that is conserved in all three structures. The two products in the complex with mutant PR(I47V) have a 2.2 A separation of the amide and carboxyl carbon of the adjacent ends, suggesting partial cleavage prior to product release. The complex of mutant PR(V32I) with a single C-terminal product shows density for water molecules in the other half of the binding site, including a partial occupancy water molecule interacting with the product carboxylate end and the carbonyl oxygen of one conformation of Gly27, which suggests a potential role of Gly27 in recycling from the product complex to the ligand-free enzyme. These structural details at near-atomic resolution enhance our understanding of the reaction pathway and will assist in the design of mechanism-based inhibitors as antiviral agents.
Raman scattering properties of amorphous As and Sb

Raman scattering measurements on bulk amorphous As and thin-film sputter-deposited amorphous As and Sb indicate differences in the vibrational character of the systems. The polarization properties of amorphous As indicate quasimolecular character with differences between the bulk and sputtered material attributed to local variations in structure beyond nearest neighbors. The Raman spectra of sputtered amorphous Sb, in contrast, indicate nonmolecular character as in group-IV amorphous systems. A comparison of neutron-scattering measurements with the Raman spectra has been used to gain information about the frequency dependence of the Raman coupling parameter. The approximate form of the coupling parameter near the lowest peak in the density of phonon states, which is also found to hold for amorphous Se and Ge, is used to estimate the form of the density of states of amorphous Sb. The low-frequency phonon spectrum in amorphous Sb differs appreciably from the crystalline rhombohedral form reflecting changes in the second of higher neighbor distributions.
Dielectric Loss Reduction of Ferroelectric Lead Magnesium Niobate-Lead Titanate Sound Projector Drivers

Improvement of the large signal dielectric loss of a commercial ferroelectirc lead magnesium niobate-lead titanate (PMN-PT) sound projector driver has been achieved without sacrificing other electromechanical properties. Length extensional resonators fabricated from the modified composition have been characterized for dielectric losses, 33-mode electromechanical coupling, and acoustic energy density under uniaxial compressive stress and large signal drive requirements for sound projectors. Selective doping and microstructural control have been used to achieve the desired properties.
The Male‐Female Comparable Worth Debate: Alternative Economics Perspectives on an Issue That Cuts Across the Social Sciences

. Writers and speakers on the “comparable worth” or “pay equity” issue refer to “the economic view” but there is no such consensus. Three major paradigms exist in labor economics, the neoclassical, the “radical” or Marxian or Neomarxian, and the institutional Each differs in philosophical orientation, employs different analytical methods, and leads to different policy implications. On the issue of pay equity for women their views are contrasted; differences center on how successfully the market extends full options of choice. The analysis indicates that incremental advances in the direction of pay equity are to be expected, given present incentives in the private sector and less economic constraints in the public sector, provided women continue economic, legal, and political pressure. Surveying The Literature on the comparable worth or pay equity debate, one often encounters reference to the economic view. In reality however, three major paradigms exist in labor economics today; the prevailing neoclassical paradigm, the radical or Marxian view, and the institutional approach. While the three can be viewed as sharing common objectives (to describe, to predict, and to prescribe) they approach issues from different philosophical frameworks, employ different analytical tools, and lead to very different policy implications. Examining the pay equity issue from the perspectives of the three paradigms suggests different insights into the issue than that usually labelled the economic view.