cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adjacent sequence controls the response polarity of nitric oxide-sensitive Sp factor binding sites

Nitric oxide (NO*) and cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) inhibitors up-regulate tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) by decreasing Sp1 binding to a proximal GC box element. Here, elements flanking GC boxes were tested for their role in determining whether Sp sites act as activators or repressors. Promoter studies in receptive human cell lines demonstrated that NO* down-regulated endothelial NO* synthase (eNOS) but up-regulated TNFalpha. Like TNFalpha, Sp1 binding to the eNOS promoter was decreased by NO* and a PKA inhibitor, H89, and increased by a PKA activator, dibutyryl cAMP (Bt2cAMP). For either promoter, mutation of Sp sites abolished NO* responses. In contrast, mutation of an upstream AP1 site in the TNFalpha promoter (not present in eNOS) maintained NO* responsiveness, but reversed the direction of NO* and cAMP effects. Using artificial constructs, NO* increased transcription when Sp and AP1 sites were both present (TNFalpha-like response), but decreased it when the adjacent AP1 site was disrupted (eNOS-like response). NO*, H89, and Bt2cAMP were found to produce reciprocal protein binding changes at contiguous AP1 and Sp sites (p < 0.0001 for an interaction). Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays demonstrated that Sp1 and to a lesser extent Sp3 bound to the GC box regions of eNOS and TNFalpha in intact cells. Thus, this NO*- and cAMP-responsive regulatory module has a Sp site sensor variably coupled to an adjacent element that determines response polarity. These results define a composite element that can utilize secondary inputs to convert off signals to on, thereby conferring complex functionalities to the same DNA binding motif.
SUB-CRITICAL FLAW GROWTH.

Abstract The major evidence bearing upon sub-critical flaw growth in structural materials is reviewed and discussed. Attention is focused upon the growth of pre-existing flaws at operating stresses less than the net section yield strength, from both the separate and combined effects of fatigue and aggressive environments. In Section 1, the applicability of fracture mechanics concepts to flaw growth is considered, and it is demonstrated that the stress intensity factor may be viewed as the driving force for both fatigue crack growth and environmental cracking under static load. This allows a correlation of test results from different specimen geometries, and also a correlation between test results and service failures. Environmental cracking under static load is considered in Section 2. Steels and titanium alloys in various environments of water, water vapor, hydrogen, and oxygen are discussed. For steels, crack growth in water and saturated water vapor is a thermally activated process. The crack growth activation energy agrees well with the measured value for diffusion of hydrogen. The role of oxygen in inhibiting sub-critical flaw growth in vapor environments is discussed. Fatigue crack growth is considered in Section 3. It is shown that the stress intensity range is the major factor governing crack growth rates and fatigue life, with frequency and mean load as secondary variables. Crack growth rate laws are considered, and it is demonstrated that the fourth power law holds over the widest range. For an astonishing variety of steels, the fatigue crack growth rate is insensitive to composition, microstructure, and strength level, when the growth rate is plotted as a function of the stress intensity range. The combined effects of fatigue and aggressive environments are considered in Section 4. Some of the environmental behavior patterns in static loading are observed to carry over to fatigue loading. A lack of data for stress intensity ranges less than the threshold is noted. In Section 5, engineering applications are emphasized. Relationships among flaw size, threshold stress intensities in different environments, and proof and operating stresses are presented graphically and their interpretation is discussed. For 4340 steel, the role of yield strength level is summarized in a diagram which indicates that environmental cracking is the major problem at yield strengths in excess of 180 ksi, while fatigue crack growth is the major problem at lower strength levels.
Within-Response Force Variations Accompanying Differentiation of Duration in Rats

By using a force-sensing isometric manipulandum, response force waveforms were recorded from rats performing a duration differentiation. For 2 rats exteroceptive cues were correlated with response force exceeding the force criterion and with attainment of the 1.60-sec. duration required for reinforcement. The other 3 rats received no exteroceptive support, the water reinforcer being delivered upon response termination. In the last phase of the experiment, reinforcement was contingent upon holding response force within a force “band” for a specified time. Relative frequency distributions of response duration indicated that differentiation of duration was more accurate in the presence of exteroceptive cues than in the absence of such stimuli. Spectral analysis of individual response waveforms indicated that rhythmic force oscillations (2 to 6 hz) predominated, despite the subjects' reliance on exteroceptive stimuli. Introduction of the joint force-band-duration contingency reduced but did not completely abo...
Autoradiographic studies of steroid receptor sites in embryonic tissues.

An autoradiographic technique adapted to diffusible compounds was used to localize steroid receptor sites in various tissues of the chicken embryo. In this article are presented results obtained on the gonads, the reproductive tract, the bursa of Fabricius, and the anterior pituitary after injection of either 3H-estradiol or 3H-dihydrotes-tosterone into 5 1/2- to 15-day-old chicken embryos. Target cells for steroid hormones, either estrogen or androgen, or both, are present in these organs early in the development. The precocity of the receptors suggests that sex steroids may influence embryonic differentiation earlier than currently recognized. The presence of the receptors in a variety of organs or tissues, known or unsuspected target for steroids, emphasizes the very diversified roles of sex steroid hormones in the differentiation processes. Conditions for these receptors to be active are discussed with respect to particularities of the embryonic system.
Abstract 401: Inducible nitric oxide synthase suppresses the expression of CXCL10 and hence leads to the poor outcome of Stage III malignant melanoma

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL Melanoma is the deadliest form of skin cancer and exhibits extremely aggressive growth characteristics. Accumulating evidence suggests that melanoma is heterogeneous in response to therapies as well as etiology, survival with advanced disease, and tumor mutational status. Our previous studies showed that the expression of inducible nitric-oxide synthase (iNOS) in melanoma tumor cells strongly correlate with poor patient survival. We are hypothesizing that iNOS is a key molecule in melanoma signature comprising an inflammatory microenviroment of poor outcome. To gain further insight into the nature of the melanoma inflammatory microenvironment, PCR array related to inflammatory and autoimmunity gene was done on a series of Stage 3 melanoma lymph node metastases samples to compare the gene expression level directly between iNOS-positive and -negative tumor samples. As a result, we found the significant correlation between iNOS expression and suppression of CXC Chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10) in mRNA and protein levels. In the set of 16 cases of Stage3 melanoma samples, high CXCL10 expressing group showed the favorable prognosis compared to low CXCL10 expressing group. In the further in vitro analysis, we found that nitric oxide (NO) provided by S-nitroso-N-acetyl-l,l-penicillamine suppresses the expression of CXCL10 in iNOS negative and CXCL10 positive melanoma cell. Quenching the NO with NO scavenger, 2-(4-Carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide in iNOS positive and CXCL10 negative cell lines induces the expression of CXCL10. CXCL10 is reported to play the role in the recruitment of cytotoxic immune cells such as CD8+ T cells, and NK cells into the tumor microenvironment. CXCL10 also has a function of antagonizing the activities of angiogenic factors such as bFGF and IL-8 and it is considered as an anti-tumorigenic protein. Our study suggests that production of NO by iNOS inhibits the expression of CXCL10 in melanoma and comprises the pro-tumorigenic tumor microenvironment. Inhibition of NO may have a possibility to render the tumor microenvironment to anti-tumorigenic status. Therefore, iNOS will be a good target in the treatment of melanoma. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 401. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-401
Mycoplasma genitalium among young adults in the United States: an emerging sexually transmitted infection.

Objectives. We sought to determine the prevalence of and risk factors associated with Mycoplasma genitalium infection in a nationally representative sample of young adults in the United States.Methods. Urine specimens from 1714 women and 1218 men who participated in Wave III of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (N=14322) were tested for M genitalium. Poststratification sampling weights were used to generate nationally representative estimates.Results. The prevalence of M genitalium was 1.0% compared with 0.4%, 4.2%, and 2.3% for gonococcal, chlamydial, and trichomonal infections, respectively. No M genitalium–positive individuals reported symptoms of discharge. M genitalium prevalence among those who reported vaginal intercourse was 1.1% compared with 0.05% among those who did not. In multivariate analyses, M genitalium prevalence was 11 times higher among respondents who reported living with a sexual partner, 7 times higher among Blacks, and 4 times higher among those who used condoms ...
Momentary Happiness: The Role of Psychological Need Satisfaction

Psychological well-being correlates positively with psychological need satisfaction—primarily the needs of autonomy, competence, and relatedness. The current study explores momentary happiness (defined as experienced enjoyment minus experienced stress over the course of an hour) as a function of momentary psychological need satisfaction. Results demonstrate that hour-by-hour ratings of psychological need satisfaction were correlated with momentary happiness, with individual differences in life satisfaction moderating this relationship. Ratings of autonomy and relatedness correlated positively with momentary happiness, while competence was negatively correlated with momentary happiness. Thus, engagement in competence-promoting behaviors may come at an affective cost, at least in the moment. When autonomy and relatedness needs were met, individuals with high levels of life satisfaction experienced greater increases in happiness than individuals with low levels of life satisfaction. This finding supports a sensitization model of well-being. Results are discussed with respect to their implications for self-determination theory (SDT).
Spatial and temporal distribution of heliothines and tarnished plant bugs across the landscape of an Arkansas farm

Abstract Farm records were used to study the temporal and spatial distribution of bollworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (F.), (collectively heliothines) and tarnished plant bug, Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois), on cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., across a 4000 ha farm in southeastern Arkansas. The influence of the percentage of corn, Z. mays L., cotton, rice, Oryza sativa L., soybean, Glycine max L., and non-crop land within a 0.4 km buffer surrounding a cotton field and populations of heliothine eggs and tarnished plant bugs in cotton were examined over a three-year period. There was a positive relationship between the area in corn, Zea mays L., within 0.4 km of cotton fields and numbers of heliothine eggs in cotton in June 2004 and 2005. Positive relationships were observed between numbers of tarnished plant bugs in cotton and the surrounding area planted to corn, while negative relationships were observed for the area planted to cotton. Cotton fields with earlier dates of first flower had greater overall populations of tarnished plant bugs. Distributions of all three pests in cotton were at least partially explained by the time of year and the type of crop within the local environment. This indicates that more detailed spatial information and historical records may have value for managing cotton insects across large farms or communities.
IDENTIFICATION OF COHERENT STRUCTURES IN THREE-DIMENSIONAL SIMULATIONS OF A FLUID-MIX PROBLEM

The use of high-performance computers in computer simulations of physical phenomena has resulted in the generation of massive amounts of data. The analysis of these data can be challenging given their size and the complexity of the structures observed. In this paper, we describe how we can use image processing techniques to identify and count coherent structures in three-dimensional simulations of the Rayleigh-Taylor instability, which occurs when one fluid is being accelerated by a second fluid. As the two fluids mix, coherent structures are formed which grow, shrink, change shape, split, and merge with time. We describe the challenges faced in the analysis and show how we can combine image processing techniques with problem-specific characteristics to successfully analyze terabyte-sized data sets.
Strengthening support mechanisms for performance improvement of Accredited Social Health Activists in Uttar Pradesh

The National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) was launched in 2005. One of the key components of the NRHM is the identification and training of Accredited Social Health Activists (ASHA) for each village in the country. They have undergone several rounds of training and received additional training like 10-day training on child survival in Uttar Pradesh state. Despite these training programmes, significant gaps remain in their performance and their ability to translate “knowledge to practice”. Recognising that improving performance of ASHAs is critical to achieving the outcomes of NRHM, the USAID-funded IntraHealth International led Vistaar project, as part of technical assistance to the Uttar Pradesh government, planned assessments to identify (1) gaps between the desired and actual performance of ASHAs, (2) key factors affecting ASHA performance, and (3) on-the-job support, capacity building and mentoring needs of ASHAs.
Structure Determination of a Generalized ADALINE Neural Network for Application in System Identification of Linear Systems

This paper presents a structure determination method of a GADALINE based neural network used for linear system identification and parameter estimation. In GADALINE linear system identification, the past input data are used as its input and the past output data are also used as its input in the form of feedback because in such a linear system, the current system output is dependent on past outputs and on both the current and past inputs. The structure determination is then to determine how many past inputs should be included as its input and how many past output should be fed-back as its input also. The measured data set can then be used to train the GADALINE and during training, the performance error can be used to determine the network structure in our method just as the Final Prediction Error used in Akaike’s criterion. One advantage of the method is its simplicity. Simulation results show that the proposed method provides satisfactory performance.
A Critical Examination of Mindblindness as a Metaphor for Autism

Metaphor—describing one thing in terms of another—is a common tool used to grasp what is unknown. Perhaps because we do not understand a lot about autism, many metaphors appear in both scientific and nonscientific descriptions of autism. The metaphor of mindblindness is especially pervasive in the scientific literature. We discuss three limitations of this metaphor: It obscures the fact that both autistic and non autistic individuals contribute to the social and communicative difficulties between them, it carries strong negative connotations, and it may impede the recognition that some autistic behaviors are meaningful and adaptive. Researchers should be mindful of the potential consequences of metaphors.
Indirect assessment of memory for music during anesthesia.

Abstract Study Objective: To obtain evidence. for intraoperative registration of auditory information in patients undergoing elective surgery. Design: Within-subject with three levels of frequency of exposure to music. Setting: A university of hospital and a university language laboratory. Patients: Thirty-four patiens sceduled for elective surgery and 20 healthy undergraduate psychology students. Interventions: Selections of instrumental ethnic music were played to patients for 0, 3, or 12 exposures in one experiment and for 0, 6, or 24 exposures in another study. The undergraduates heard 0, 3, or 12 exposures of the music while awake. Measurements and Main Results: Forty-eight hours after hearing the music, all subjects were tested on their preference for the selections they had heard as well as selections they had not heard. For the patients, the mean preference ratings (in millimeters, mm) on a visual analog scale following 0, 3, and 12 exposures were 73.3 mm, 74.0 mm, and 65.1 mm, respectively, a nonsignificant difference. For the patients who were exposed to the music 0, 6, and 24 times, the mean preference ratings were 64.4 mm, 66.1 mm, and 70.6 mm, respectively, a nonsignificant difference. For the waking participants, the mean preference ratings following 0, 3, and 12 exposures were 55 mm, 66.2 mm, and 62.5 mm, respectively, a significant difference ( p Conclusions: The anesthetized patients did not exhibit indirect memory for music played intraoperatively, at least to the extent required to demonstrate an exposure effect.
The Impact of Professional Development on Elementary Teachers' Strategies for Teaching Science with Diverse Student Groups in Urban Elementary Schools.

This study examined elementary teachers’ instructional strategies for promoting scientific understanding and inquiry and supporting English language development with diverse student groups including English language learners. The study was part of a 5-year research and development project consisting of reform-based science curriculum units and teacher workshops aimed at providing effective science instruction to promote students’ science and literacy achievement in urban elementary schools. Data consisted of 213 post-observation interviews with third, fourth, and fifth grade teachers. The teachers reported using instructional strategies to promote scientific understanding, but generally did not employ more sophisticated inquiry-based strategies. They also reported using instructional strategies to support English language development. There were significant differences among grade levels and by years of teacher participation.
Preliminary evaluation of an SF5+ polyatomic primary ion beam for analysis of organic thin films by secondary ion mass spectrometry †

Organic vapor deposited thin films of pure biomolecules, polymer films and biomolecules dispersed in gelatin and biological tissue have been analyzed in a magnetic sector secondary ion mass spectrometer using an SF5+ primary ion beam at keV impact energies. In comparison to Ar+ bombardment under identical conditions, bombardment with SF5+ gives a 10 to 50 fold enhancement in the secondary ion yields for characteristic molecular ions. The SF5+ primary ion beam can be focussed to a small spot allowing molecular ion images to be obtained at micrometer spatial resolution with enhanced sensitivity. More importantly, the decay in molecular ion signal as a function of primary ion dose commonly observed in SIMS using monoatomic primary ions is either eliminated or greatly reduced, allowing molecular depth profiles to be obtained of organic thin films. By continuing to sample intact molecules as sputtering proceeds into the sample, the total number of detected characteristic secondary ions is increased by as much as a factor of approximately 700 for SF5+ bombardment as compared to Ar+ bombardment under identical analytical conditions. This effect is thought to be a result of the high erosion rate and the low penetration depth inherent in the use of a polyatomic primary projectile.
Organizational Decline and Innovation: Turnarounds and Downward Spirals

We consider four scenarios that can unfold when organizations either innovate or respond rigidly to organizational decline. Two of the scenarios are downward spirals that threaten an organization with possible death, and two of the scenarios are turnarounds. These scenarios are important because they can determine the fate of an organization—survival or death. We explore the conditions under which each of these scenarios is likely to emerge, developing original theory and specifying propositions about those conditions. In developing this theoretical framework, we distinguish between flexible and inflexible innovations as factors in turnaround success or failure. Our model extends current theory on organizational decline to highlight the feedback effects of the consequences of decline and to explain the circumstances in which particular feedback effects are likely to occur.
Ranking methods to set restoration and remediation priorities on a watershed scale

The establishment of a total maximum daily load (TMDL) is part of management process that results in the institution of watershed-based controls of otherwise unregulated sources of pollution. In California (USA), the implementation of a TMDL is driven forward in a process where watershed stakeholders are expected to cooperate on actions needed to improve ecosystem health. In the TMDL process, methods are needed for synthesizing complex scientific data into actionable management information. Where pollutant load analysis may be misleading or perceived as unfair, non-parametric statistical methods can be applied to flow and water quality data to guide the selection of drainages for remediation. The calculation of normalized rank means (NRMs) for flow and water quality can be used to set priorities for the implementation of TMDL management actions. Drainages can be classified into one of four categories (quadrants) based on the relationship between flow and water quality NRMs. Drainages can be included or excluded from management action based on their quadrant classification. Although there are many possible alternative approaches, this “quadrant analysis” is suggested as a scientifically rigorous methods for identifying priority watersheds in the often contentious, stakeholder driven TMDL implementation process.
A Solution to Separation and Multicollinearity in Multiple Logistic Regression

In dementia screening tests, item selection for shortening an existing screening test can be achieved using multiple logistic regression. However, maximum likelihood estimates for such logistic regression models often experience serious bias or even non-existence because of separation and multicollinearity problems resulting from a large number of highly correlated items. Firth (1993, Biometrika, 80(1), 27–38) proposed a penalized likelihood estimator for generalized linear models and it was shown to reduce bias and the non-existence problems. The ridge regression has been used in logistic regression to stabilize the estimates in cases of multicollinearity. However, neither solves the problems for each other. In this paper, we propose a double penalized maximum likelihood estimator combining Firth’s penalized likelihood equation with a ridge parameter. We present a simulation study evaluating the empirical performance of the double penalized likelihood estimator in small to moderate sample sizes. We demonstrate the proposed approach using a current screening data from a community-based dementia study.
Playing Polo-Like Kinase in NRAS-Mutant Melanoma

NRAS-mutant melanomas are extremely aggressive and highly resistant to currently available therapeutic modalities. Hence, new targets and therapeutic strategies for NRAS-driven melanomas are needed. As blocking NRAS directly has not been possible thus far, targeting downstream NRAS effectors, such as MAPK/ERK kinase (MEK), is being evaluated as an alternative therapeutic approach. However, blocking this pathway alone has limited efficacy. In this issue, Posch et al. report on a combination approach co-targeting polo-like kinase 1 and MEK in NRAS-mutant melanomas. This combination triggers a dual blockade of the cell cycle machinery, leading to apoptosis, and providing a new strategy to treat NRAS-mutant melanoma.
A model for the visualization exploration process

The current state of the art in visualization research places a strong emphasis on different techniques to derive insight from disparate types of data. However, little work has investigated the visualization process itself. The information content of the visualization process---the results, history, and relationships between those results---is addressed by this work. A characterization of the visualization process is discussed, leading to a general model of the visualization exploration process. The model, based upon a new parameter derivation calculus, can be used for automated reporting, analysis, or visualized directly. An XML-based language for expressing visualization sessions using the model is also described. These sessions can then be shared and reused by collaborators. The model, along with the XML representation, provides an effective means to utilize the information within the visualization process to further data exploration.
Controlled mobility for sustainable wireless sensor networks

A key challenge in sensor networks is ensuring the sustainability of the system at the required performance level, in an autonomous manner. Sustainability is a major concern because of severe resource constraints in terms of energy, bandwidth and sensing capabilities in the system. In this paper, we envision the use of a new design dimension to enhance sustainability in sensor networks - the use of controlled mobility. We argue that this capability can alleviate resource limitations and improve system performance by adapting to deployment demands. While opportunistic use of external mobility has been considered before, the use of controlled mobility is largely unexplored. We also outline the research issues associated with effectively utilizing this new design dimension. Two system prototypes are described to present first steps towards realizing the proposed vision.
Struggling to meditate: Contextualising integrated treatment of traumatised Tibetan refugee monks

As a result of the recent resurgence of violence in the Tibetan Autonomous Region, the Boston Center for Refugee Health and Human Rights has an increased patient demographic: Tibetan refugee monks. Diagnosed by their amchis (traditional healers) as having a srog-rLung (life-wind) imbalance and presenting with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), they struggle with their contemplative meditation, which—as a central focus of their daily lives—normally comes with ease. In this article, we consider the treatment implications of the highly relevant Buddhist context for this dual diagnosis. Specifically, we contextualise the classification of “religious impairment” as well as the significance of ongoing persecution of the devoutly religious for trauma therapy. We then draw upon spiritually oriented Eastern therapies as well as the confluence of specific paradigmatic practices to properly address these pathological intricacies in devising an effective holistic healing approach to the dual PTSD/srog-rLung diagnosis.
Oligonucleotides and G-quadruplex Stabilizers: Targeting Telomeres and Telomerase in Cancer Therapy

Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide and an estimated 1 in 4 deaths in the United States is due to cancer. Despite recent advances in cancer treatment, adverse effects related to cancer therapy remain a limiting factor for many patients. The ideal cancer treatment would selectively target cancerous cells while sparing normal, healthy cells to offer maximal therapeutic benefit while minimizing toxicity. Telomeres are structurally unique DNA sequences at the end of human chromosomes, which play an integral role in the cellular mortality of normal cells. As telomeres shorten with successive cellular divisions, cells develop chromosomal instability and undergo either apoptosis or senescence. In many cancers, this apoptosis or senescence is avoided as normal telomere length is maintained by a ribonucleoprotein reverse transcriptase called telomerase. Telomerase is expressed in more than 85% of all cancers and confers cancerous cells with a replicative immortality, which is a hallmark of malignant tumors. In contrast, telomerase activity is not detectable in the majority of normal somatic cell populations. Therefore, the targeting of telomerase and telomere maintenance mechanisms represent a potentially promising therapeutic approach for various types of cancer. This review evaluates the roles of GRN163L, T-oligo and small molecule G-quadruplex stabilizers as potential anticancer therapies by targeting telomerase and other telomere maintenance mechanisms.
Mechanism of injury predicts case fatality and functional outcomes in pediatric trauma patients: the case for its use in trauma outcomes studies.

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: The mechanism of injury (MOI) may serve as a useful adjunct to injury scoring systems in pediatric trauma outcomes research. The objective is to determine the independent effect of MOI on case fatality and functional outcomes in pediatric trauma patients. METHODS: Retrospective review of pediatric patients ages 2 to 18 years in the National Trauma Data Bank from 2002 through 2006 was done. Mechanism of injury was classified by the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, E codes. The main outcome measures were mortality, discharge disposition (home vs rehabilitation setting), and functional impairment at hospital discharge. Multiple logistic regression was used to adjust for injury severity (using the Injury Severity Score and the presence of shock upon admission in the emergency department), age, sex, and severe head or extremity injury. RESULTS: Thirty-five thousand ninety-seven pediatric patients in the National Trauma Data Bank met inclusion criteria. Each MOI had differences in the adjusted odds of death or functional disabilities as compared with the reference group (fall). The MOI with the greatest risk of death was gunshot wounds (odds ratio [OR], 3.52; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.23-5.54 95). Pediatric pedestrians struck by a motor vehicle have the highest risk of locomotion (OR, 3.30; 95% CI, 2.89-3.77) and expression (OR, 1.65; 95% CI, 1.22-2.23) disabilities. CONCLUSION: Mechanism of injury is a significant predictor of clinical and functional outcomes at discharge for equivalently injured patients. These findings have implications for injury prevention, staging, and prognosis of traumatic injury and posttreatment planning. Language: en
Quantification of head sweating during rest and exercise in the heat

The head's capacity for evaporative heat loss is important for design of protective helmets for use in hot environments. This study quantified head sweating rate (m (sw)) in eight males during rest and exercise at three metabolic rates (338 ± 36, 481 ± 24, 622 ± 28 W) in hot-dry (HD: 45 °C, 21 % RH) and hot-wet (HW: 35 °C, 69 % RH) conditions (matched at 31.6 °C WBGT), which were counterbalanced. Heads were shaved, and surface area was (458 ± 61 cm(2)) measured by 3D scanner. For measurement of head m (sw), dry air was passed through a sealed helmet, whereas for forearm m (sw) a capsule (15.9 cm(2)) was ventilated with ambient air. Evaporation rate was determined from the increase in vapor pressure in the exiting air. Whole-body sweat loss was calculated from the change in nude weight plus fluid intake and corrected for respiratory fluid losses. Head m (sw) increased (p = 0.001) with metabolic rate, and was lower (p = 0.018) in HD (0.4 ± 0.2 mg cm(-2) min(-1) at rest to 1.1 ± 0.6 mg cm(-2) min(-1) at 622 W), compared to HW (0.5 ± 0.3-1.4 ± 0.8 mg cm(-2) min(-1)). Forearm m (sw) increased (p < 0.001) with metabolic rate, but was higher (p = 0.002) in HD (0.4 ± 0.3-1.4 ± 0.7 mg cm(-2) min(-1)) than HW (0.1 ± 0.1-1.1 ± 0.3 mg cm(-2) min(-1)). Whole-body sweat loss was not significantly different (p = 0.06) between HD (647 ± 139 g m(-2) h(-1)) and HW (528 ± 189 g m(-2) h(-1)). This study demonstrates the importance of the head for evaporative heat loss, particularly for populations who wear protective clothing which can impair vapor transfer from the skin.
The development and characterization of a human midgut carcinoid cell line.

Purpose: Gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors (NET) are rare heterogeneous tumors that hypersecrete neuropeptides. The scarcity of good gastrointestinal NET models has limited the ability to study potential therapeutic agents. We describe and characterize the establishment of a human midgut carcinoid tumor cell line carcinoid tumor 2 (CNDT2). Experimental Design: Tumor cells (CNDT2) were isolated from a liver metastasis from a patient with a primary ileal carcinoid. After 9 weeks in culture, the cells were plated in soft agar, and cells from a single colony were put back in culture (CNDT2.1). Those CNDT2.1 cells were injected s.c. into nude mice. Cells were isolated from a single resultant tumor (CNDT2.5), cultured, and characterized by electron microscopy, reverse transcription-PCR, serotonin enzyme immunoassay, Western blotting, and immunohistochemical analysis for NET markers and potential therapeutic targets. Results: CNDT2 cells grew in monolayers in vitro , formed colonies in soft agar, and formed tumors in mice. Electron microscopy revealed round, pleomorphic, electron-dense neurosecretory granules characteristic of NETs. Tumor xenografts exhibited the appearance of NETs with small “salt-and-pepper” nuclei on H&E staining and chromogranin A, synaptophysin, and CD56 on immunohistochemical staining. CNDT2.5 cells produced serotonin and expressed insulin-like growth factor receptor-I, platelet-derived growth factor receptor-β, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1, cMET, epidermal growth factor receptor, neuropilin-1, and somatostatin receptors 1 to 5. Cytogenetic analysis revealed the presence of deletions at 2p and 6q and numerous translocations. Conclusion: The establishment of this human midgut carcinoid tumor cell line may serve as a useful model system for studying cell biology and novel targeted agents in preclinical models.
A developmental and constructionist perspective on social entrepreneur mobilisation

This paper delves into an individual’s mobilisation to social action and puts forth theoretically grounded propositions to predict who is likely to mobilise as well as moderators of the mobilisation to social action. Concentrating on the mobilisation of action rather than on ‘successful’ social entrepreneurs, typical of case studies, accomplishes two things. It moves the social entrepreneur literature dialog away from a ‘great person’ discussion to a dialog surrounding established theoretical frames, and broadens the study of social entrepreneurs to include those who potentially could seek to make social change. This is accomplished by exploring the role of developmental psychology and social construction in contributing to the potential change agent’s mobilisation via a dialectic process. The paper presents a dialect model of social entrepreneur mobilisation along with a set of propositions and discusses methodological issues and implications of incorporating a dialect frame into the emerging social entrepreneur research stream.
Ultrafast dynamics of sub-threshold modes in vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers

We investigate sub-threshold modes in single-mode vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSEL?s). These modes produce beating in the emission of VCSEL?s after femtosecond optical pulse injection. The results provide information on the stability of the single-mode regime.
Salivary Cortisol Responsivity to an Intravenous Catheter Insertion in Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

variables, Pediatric Behavior Scale-30, Observational Scale of Behavioral Distress-Revised, and four salivary cortisol samples. Results Home samples from the ADHD group revealed nonsignificant but higher cortisol levels than the non-ADHD group. However, on the clinic day, the ADHD group had significantly lower cortisol levels before (0.184 vs. 0.261, p ¼ .040) and 20–30 min after IV insertion (0.186 vs. 0.299, p ¼ .014) compared with the non-ADHD group. Conclusions Cortisol levels in children with and without ADHD differ in response to the stress of an IV insertion.
Force and flow at the onset of drag in plowed granular media.

We study the transient drag force ${F}_{D}$ on a localized intruder in a granular medium composed of spherical glass particles. A flat plate is translated horizontally from rest through the granular medium to observe how ${F}_{D}$ varies as a function of the medium's initial volume fraction, $\ensuremath{\phi}$. The force response of the granular material differs above and below the granular critical state, ${\ensuremath{\phi}}_{c}$, the volume fraction which corresponds to the onset of grain dilatancy. For $\ensuremath{\phi}l{\ensuremath{\phi}}_{c}$ ${F}_{D}$ increases monotonically with displacement and is independent of drag velocity for the range of velocities examined ($l$10 cm/s). For $\ensuremath{\phi}g{\ensuremath{\phi}}_{c}$, ${F}_{D}$ rapidly rises to a maximum and then decreases over further displacement. The maximum force for $\ensuremath{\phi}g{\ensuremath{\phi}}_{c}$ increases with increasing drag velocity. In quasi-two-dimensional drag experiments, we use granular particle image velocimetry (PIV) to measure time resolved strain fields associated with the horizontal motion of a plate started from rest. PIV experiments show that the maxima in ${F}_{D}$ for $\ensuremath{\phi}g{\ensuremath{\phi}}_{c}$ are associated with maxima in the spatially averaged shear strain field. For $\ensuremath{\phi}g{\ensuremath{\phi}}_{c}$ the shear strain occurs in a narrow region in front of the plate, a shear band. For $\ensuremath{\phi}l{\ensuremath{\phi}}_{c}$ the shear strain is not localized, the shear band fluctuates in space and time, and the average shear increases monotonically with displacement. Laser speckle measurements made at the granular surface ahead of the plate reveal that for $\ensuremath{\phi}l{\ensuremath{\phi}}_{c}$ particles are in motion far from the intruder and shearing region. For $\ensuremath{\phi}g{\ensuremath{\phi}}_{c}$, surface particles move only during the formation of the shear band, coincident with the maxima in ${F}_{D}$, after which the particles remain immobile until the sheared region reaches the measurement region.
VARIABILITY OF LONGSHORE CURRENTS

Simultaneous measurements were made of the offshore directional spectra of gravity waves, and longshore currents within the surf zone. The goal was to test theories which suggest a direct relationship between mean longshore currents (V) in the surf zone and offshore values of the off axis component of radiation stress (S ). Seventeen minute — xv averages of both S and V showed considerable temporal xv variation, and little or no tendency to vary together. There was also considerable longshore spatial variability of the 1ongshore"current. Attempts to measure gradients of S in the surf zone failed because of small errors in instrument orientation. The measurements suggest that considerable temporal and spatial averaging will generally be required to obtain a representative picture of longshore currents, even if no rip currents are present, due to the presence of "eddy" motions or long edge waves.
Stabilization of the thromboplastic lipid by hydroquinone.

SummaryHydroquinone in concentrations as low as 0.5% protected a thromboplastically active phospholipid preparation from being autoxidized for a period of at least 25 days. With this protection against autoxidation there was a protection against loss of thromboplastic activity.
Analysis on prevalence rate and disease spectrum of chronic disease in adult residents in Jilin province

Objective To examine the prevalence rate and disease spectrum of non-communicable chronic diseases in different areas and different population of Jilin province and to provide evidence for making prevention and controlling strategies of chronic diseases.Methods A total of 23 050adult residents aged 18-79years from 32districts of Jilin province were selected by multistage cluster randomly sampling.The investigation with questionnaire was conducted in face-to-face style,and chronic diseases conditions were self-reported.Complex weighted computation was used in the prevalence rate estimation.Results The total prevalence rate of chronic diseases was 51.6%.The residents in rural areas had a higher prevalence rate compared with residents in urban areas(55.7% vs 48.3%,P0.001).The female residents had a higher prevalence rate compared with male residents(57.6%vs 46.0%,P0.001).The prevalence rate was increased with the age increasing.The top 5of the most prevalent systemic chronic diseases were disease of circulatory system(23.5%),disease of digestive system(19.1%),disease of musculoskeletal system and connective tissue(18.1%),disease of genitourinary system(12.3%)and endocrine and nutritional and metabolic diseases(7.6%).The top 5of the most prevalent chronic diseases were hypertension(13.3%),chronic gastroenteritis/peptic ulcer(11.4%),intervertebral disc disease(11.4%),ischemic heart disease(7.7%),and arthritis(7.0%).Conclusion The adult residents in Jilin province have a higher prevalence rate of chronic diseases compared with the results of the other similar investigation in China.There are differences in the distributional characteristics of chronic disease among different areas and different populations.Health system should provide more strength in preventing and controlling chronic diseases according to the different distribution of them in different populations and different areas.
Highly Effective Soluble and Bacteriophage T4 Nanoparticle Plague Vaccines Against Yersinia pestis

Plague caused by Yersinia pestis is an ancient disease, responsible for millions of deaths in human history. Unfortunately, there is no FDA-approved vaccine available. Recombinant subunit vaccines based on two major antigens, Caf 1 (F1) and LcrV (V), have been under investigation and showed promise. However, there are two main problems associated with these vaccines. First, the Yersinia capsular protein F1 has high propensity to aggregate, particularly when expressed in heterologous systems such as Escherichia coli, thus affecting vaccine quality and efficacy. Second, the subunit vaccines do not induce adequate cell-mediated immune responses that also appear to be essential for optimal protection against plague. We have developed two basic approaches, structure-based immunogen design and phage T4 nanoparticle delivery, to construct new plague vaccines that may overcome these problems. First, by engineering F1 protein, we generated a monomeric and soluble F1V mutant (F1mutV) which has similar immunogenicity as wild-type F1V. The NH2-terminal β-strand of F1 was transplanted to the COOH-terminus and the sequence flanking the β-strand was duplicated to retain a key CD4(+) T cell epitope. Second, we generated a nanoparticle plague vaccine that can induce balanced antibody- and cell-mediated immune responses. This was done by arraying the F1mutV on phage T4 via the small outer capsid (Soc) protein which binds to T4 capsid at nanomolar affinity. Preparation of these vaccines is described in detail and we hope that these would be considered as candidates for licensing a next-generation plague vaccine.
Intraoperative renal ultrasonography: a useful adjunct to partial nephrectomy.

AbstractSeveral evolutionary changes in ultrasonographic instrumentation, including miniaturization of transducers and marked improvement in resolution, have made intraoperative renal ultrasonography a valuable adjunct for intrarenal surgery. We investigated its use in 6 patients undergoing partial nephrectomy for treatment of renal cell carcinoma. In addition, 14 kidneys with renal tumors were scanned immediately after radical nephrectomy and the specimens were subjected to simulated partial nephrectomy. Transverse and longitudinal real-time sonographic images were obtained with a 5MHz. sector scanner or a 7.5MHz. convex array transducer. With ultrasonography to define tumor extent and location, negative surgical margins were obtained in all 6 individuals undergoing partial nephrectomy. A negative surgical margin was obtained in 13 of the 14 radical nephrectomy specimens subjected to simulated partial nephrectomy. A small satellite lesion was not identified and not resected in 1 of the radical nephrectom...
Bubble-Point Measurements of n-Propane + n-Decane Binary Mixtures with Comparisons of Binary Mixture Interaction Parameters for Linear Alkanes

To develop comprehensive models for multicomponent natural gas mixtures, it is necessary to have binary interaction parameters for each of the pairs of constituent fluids that form the mixture. The determination of accurate mixture interaction parameters depends on reliably collected experimental data. In this work, we have carried out an experimental campaign to measure the bubble-point pressures of mixtures of n-propane and n-decane, a mixture that has been thus far poorly studied with only four existing data sets. The experimental measurements of bubble-point states span a composition range (in n-propane mole fraction) from 0.148 to 0.731, and the bubble-point pressures are measured in the temperature range from 270 to 370 K. These data, in conjunction with data from a previous publication on mixtures of n-butane + n-octane and n-butane + n-nonane, are used to determine binary interaction parameters. The newly obtained binary interaction parameters for the mixture of n-propane and n-decane represent th...
Biophysical Characterization of Antimicrobial Resistance

The emerging field of ‘live bacterial cell nanoscopy and force spectroscopy’ to characterize antimicrobial resistance could revolutionize the way biologists explore the living cell at molecular resolution. The stiffness, adhesion and stickiness have been used to directly measure reversible physiochemical and specific binding interactions between cells as the Atomic force Microscope. The emergence of antimicrobial resistant bacteria indicates the need for rapid, reliable and precise biophysical characterization strategies. In this research we developed unique characterization technique to measure the cell stickiness (CS) ratio—defined as tensile adhesion (TA)/maximum force (MF). In this process the evolved bacteria using experimental evolution studies for antimicrobial resistance at generations 50, 100, 150, and 200 has been used. Our previous work suggested that increases in Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)s following selection for resistance to AgNPs were associated with changes in the CS ratio. Here, too, at all generations tested, cells from the silver-treatment population had a higher CS ratio than did those from the control population. Measurements of the CS ratio in treatment populations at generation 200 (CS values of 0.187 and 0.232, respectively) also exceeded that of the control population. These results indicate that the stickiness of the silver-resistant bacteria was greater than that of the control bacteria by generation 50, and that this difference was maintained through the rest of the experiment.