cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Colorimetric assay for methanesulfinic acid in biological samples

Abstract We describe a simple colorimetric method to measure 30 to 300 μ m concentrations of sulfinic acids in biologic samples. The procedure employs the coupling reaction of an aromatic diazonium salt (ArNN+) with the sulfinic acids (RSOOH) to produce a colored diazosulfone derivative (ArNNSOOR), which can be selectively extracted into an organic solvent. Linearity as well as noninterference by liver homogenate, phenols, amines, and thousandfold or greater excesses of sulfate, thiol, and dimethyl sulfoxide is demonstrated. Sensitivity of the method is about 10 nmol per sample. Because methanesulfinic acid is the principal product of the action of hydroxyl radicals upon dimethyl sulfoxide, and because intact animals can tolerate dimethyl sulfoxide in millimolar concentrations, the method may prove widely useful for detecting the involvement of hydroxyl radicals in pathologic processes in vivo.
Gluttony and Power in Iurii Olesha's Envy

Given the highly carnivalized view of the world that informs the narrative structure of Envy (Zavist'. 1927), one should not be terribly surprised to find that Iurii Olesha's controversial novella contains gastronomic and alimentary motifs that function in a highly Rabelaisian way, with food imagery being called upon to celebrate what Mikhail Bakhtin calls the "material bodily principle" ("images of the human body itself, food, drink, defecation, and sexual life") and thus to express a joyful sense of satiety, abundance, and excess.! Indeed, Olesha's story fairly reverberates with images of gluttonous overeating, heavy drinking, and physical corpulence, all of which Bakhtin identifies with the "grotesque body" portrayed in works of carnivalized literature.2 From the tubby "aristocratic" torso of Andrei Babichev, the Soviet salami king, to the flaccid figure of Anechka Prokopovich, the cook for the barbers' artel (who goes about entangled in the entrails of animals), Envy quite deliberately foregrounds the essential corporeality of the human body and emphasizes many of its basic physiological functions: among them, mastication, ingestion, digestion, and elimination. The novella opens, appropriately enough, within the very "bowels" (nedra) of Andrei Babichev's apartment, his bathroom, where the effervescent food commissar can be
Thoracoscopy for the diagnosis of the indeterminate solitary pulmonary nodule

Traditional nonoperative diagnostic approaches to the indeterminate solitary pulmonary nodule include bronchoscopy and percutaneous needle biopsy. Although both methods are minimally invasive, the diagnosis of the small, peripheral nodule may remain elusive. Open thoracotomy is often required when these methods fail to obtain a diagnosis. Between January 1991 and June 1992, 242 patients with indeterminate solitary lung nodules underwent thoracoscopic excisional biopsy as the primary diagnostic method. Wedge excisions of the nodules were all performed by thoracoscopic techniques using an endoscopic stapler alone (72%), neodymium:yttrium-aluminum garnet laser (18%), or both (10%). A definite diagnosis was obtained in all patients. Two patients required conversion to thoracotomy to locate the nodule (both malignant). A benign diagnosis was obtained in 127 patients (52%) and a malignant diagnosis in 115 (48%). Of the malignant nodules, 51 (44%) were primary lung cancer and 64 (56%) were metastases. All patients diagnosed with primary lung cancer having adequate pulmonary reserve (n = 29) underwent formal open lung resection during the same procedure. There was no mortality, and significant morbidity was limited to atelectasis in 3 patients (1.2%), pneumonia in 2 patients (0.8%), and prolonged air leak more than 7 days in 4 patients (1.6%). Average hospital stay for patients having thoracoscopy only (n = 213) was 2.4 days (range, 1 to 12 days). Thoracoscopy offers a minimally invasive approach for the diagnosis of the indeterminate solitary nodule. It has advantages over traditional diagnostic methods of being virtually 100% sensitive and 100% specific with no mortality and minimal morbidity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Chemoselectivity in molybdenum catalyzed alcohol and aldehyde oxidations

Abstract Hydrogen peroxide in the presence of (NH4)6Mo7O24 · 4H2O and potassium carbonate is a chemoselective method to oxidize secondary alcohols to ketones and to oxidize aldehydes to acids, the latter also accelerated by cerium chloride.
Mesoporous silica nanoparticles from a clear sol and their transformation to lamellar silicalite-1 particles and films

Mesoporous silica nanoparticles were formed from hydrothermal treatment of a clear synthesis sol. They were transformed to lamellar silicalite-1 by continued hydrothermal synthesis, during which intermediate mesostructures appeared at different stages of the transformation. Steam-assisted crystallization (SAC) was performed on coatings of these intermediate mesostructures. The SAC approach gave an intergrown lamellar silicalite-1 coating containing single-unit-cell-thick (2.0 nm) nanosheets. The steam-assisted crystallization method introduced here can be used to form membranes and catalytic coatings of lamellar MFI.
The Ep = 2.66 MeV resonance in O16(p, p)O16

Abstract The absolute differential cross section has been measured over the Ep = 2.66 MeV resonance [Ex(F17) = 3.10 MeV] in O16(p, p)O16 at the following angles in the centre-of-mass system: 54.5°, 70.5°, 90.0°, 107.0°, 125.5°, 140.5° and 151.3°. Also angular distributions (15 angles from θc.m. = 30.5° to 155.6°) were measured at the following energies: 1.473, 1.931, 2.481, 2.652, 2.660, 2.668 and 2.978 MeV. A partial wave analysis of the results was performed. The first analysis used only cross section data as the input to the computer programme. The results fail to predict the observed off resonance polarizations. A second analysis using both cross section and polarization data for the input gives a satisfactory fit to all experimental data. The parameters which give the best fit to the data are Λ = 20±1 keV ( lab ), E r = 2.663±0.007 MeV ; Jπ = 1 2 − .
Phosphorus Fixation in Mangrove Swamp Muds

IT is generally accepted that much of the beneficial effect of phosphate applied to soils is due to fixation of aluminium. During a recent examination of mud from a mangrove swamp in Sierra Leone it was found that despite a high (5 per cent) dilute acid-extractable aluminium content, there was practically no aluminium-bound phosphorus. This was true even in cases where added calcium phosphate had been immobilized in the mud. This finding has led to a detailed investigation into the phosphorus relationships existing in the mud.
Postpartum uterine and ovarian changes, and estrous behavior from lactation effects in normal and hormone treated ewes.

Abstract The influence of (1) lactation and (2) three different hormone treatments were measured in fall lambing ewes. By day 67 postpartum, considering lactation effect, 89% of nonlactating and 33 % of lactating ewes showed estrous behavior (P
Environmental risk factors for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common cognitive and behavioural disorder diagnosed among school children. It is characterized by deficient attention and problem solving, along with hyperactivity and difficulty withholding incorrect responses. This highly prevalent disorder is estimated to affect 5–10% of children and in many cases, persists into adulthood, leading to 4% prevalence among adults. Converging evidence from epidemiologic, neuropsychology, neuroimaging, genetic and treatment studies shows that ADHD is a valid medical disorder. The majority of studies performed to assess genetic risk factors in ADHD have supported a strong familial nature of this disorder. Family studies have identified a 2- to 8-fold increase in the risk for ADHD in parents and siblings of children with ADHD. Various twin and adoption studies have also highlighted the highly genetic nature of ADHD. In fact the mean heritability of ADHD was shown to be 0.77, which is comparable to other neuropsychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. However, several biological and environmental factors have also been proposed as risk factors for ADHD, including food additives/diet, lead contamination, cigarette and alcohol exposure, maternal smoking during pregnancy, and low birth weight. Many recent studies have specifically examined the relationships between ADHD and these extraneous factors. This review describes some of these possible risk factors. Conclusion: Although a substantial fraction of the aetiology of ADHD is due to genes, the studies reviewed in this article show that many environmental risk factors and potential gene–environment interactions also increase the risk for the disorder.
Effects of Particle Distribution on Transformation‐Induced Toughening in an MgO‐PSZ

La tenacite d'une zircone partiellement stabilisee a 8,5 mol% de MgO est influencee par la temperature de vieillissement, avec un pic a 1470°C, et elle est independante de la duree de vieillissement jusqu'a 6 h. Un examen microstructural revele une nucleation homogene des precipitats de t-ZrO 2 , qui sont distribues uniformement en dessous de 1470°C. Au dessus de 1470°C, ils forment des rangees planaires largement espacees, qui resultent probablement d'interactions elastiques entre les noyaux et les particules de t-ZrO 2 en croissance
Free or Total Metanephrines for Diagnosis of Pheochromocytoma: What Is the Difference?

Pheochromocytomas, although a rare cause of hypertension, are dangerous tumors that require consideration in large numbers of patients. The resulting low prevalence of these tumors among the tested population and the inadequate sensitivity and specificity of commonly used biochemical tests make diagnosis of pheochromocytoma difficult and time-consuming. As outlined in two articles in this issue of the Journal (1)(2), measurements of plasma concentrations of metanephrines provide a promising, new, highly sensitive test for diagnosis of pheochromocytoma. A negative test result for plasma metanephrines means that a pheochromocytoma is highly unlikely so that no other tests are necessary (3)(4). Thus, measurements of plasma metanephrines provide a particularly good initial diagnostic test for exclusion of pheochromocytoma. The diagnostic superiority of plasma metanephrines over plasma or urinary catecholamines and urinary vanillylmandelic acid is clear (3)(4)(5)(6). What remains unclear, as illustrated in the two articles in this issue of the Journal (1)(2), is whether measurements of plasma free (unconjugated) metanephrines or total metanephrines provide the better diagnostic test, and how these tests differ. Also unclear is how these tests differ from measurements of urinary metanephrines. Part of the confusion about tests of urinary total or fractionated metanephrines and plasma free, unconjugated, or total metanephrines stems from the unfortunate and confusing terminology used to distinguish these analytes. The term “metanephrines” describes two catecholamine metabolites: …
Cloning and Characterization of Cyclooxygenase-1b (Putative Cyclooxygenase-3) in Rat

A splice variant of cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1), COX-1b (previously termed as COX-3), has been identified in canine tissues as an acetaminophen-sensitive isoform, but the sequence of COX-1b mRNA and the encoded protein are not known in rats. We cloned and sequenced rat COX-1b mRNA from cerebral endothelial cells. Sequence analysis indicated that the 98-base pair intron-1 of COX-1 gene remains unprocessed in the COX-1b mRNA, causing a frameshift mutation and a 127-amino acid open reading frame with no sequence similarity with known cyclooxygenases. Transient and permanent transfection of COS-7 cells with a vector containing the rat COX-1b cDNA resulted in synthesis of a protein of the expected size. We generated an affinity-purified polyclonal antibody against the rat COX-1b protein. Western blot analysis of rat tissues using this antibody demonstrated the likely existence of rat COX-1b protein in vivo with the highest expression in heart, kidney, and neuronal tissues. Our results on both stable and on transiently transfected COS-7 cells suggest that rat COX-1b does not have cyclooxygenase activity and does not have any effect on the inhibition of prostaglandin production by acetaminophen. Because this protein has a completely different amino acid sequence than COX-1 and COX-2 and it does not have cyclooxygenase activity, we suggest a name cyclooxygenase variant protein to distinguish it from the known prostaglandin-synthesizing cyclooxygenase isoforms.
A FUTURE PERSPECTIVE ON NORTH AMERICA'S FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEMS

Fresh waters are central to society and to the environment. Nevertheless, ongoing and projected changes in the distribution, abundance, and quality of water resources and freshwater ecosystems represent a serious threat to the integrity of the environment as well as the vitality of human cultures. Nearly every country in the world experiences regular water shortages, agriculture uses most of the world's available fresh water, and most illnesses in developing countries result from waterborne parasites and pathogens. Unfortunately, often hidden in these and other depressing statistics are the needs of the environment for adequate water to maintain vibrant ecosystems. Understanding the abilities and limits of freshwater ecosystems to respond to human-generated pressures is becoming a central issue for cultures and a challenge for science. This article explores trends in alterations to fresh- water ecosystems, discusses the ecological consequences of biophysical alterations expected to occur in the next 20-30 years, and identifies some of the major scientific challenges and opportunities to effectively address the changes. Topics discussed include altered hydro- logical regimes, biogeochemical cycles, altered land use, riparian management, life history strategies, and relations between climate change and water resource management.
Negotiating Agricultural Contracts: A Waxy Corn Example

Contracts are an increasingly prevalent tool for coordinating food systems; yet many decision makers may have little experience in setting or negotiating contract terms. This article outlines a contract negotiation exercise for an adult extension audience, and places participants in the role of contract writer or signer. Participants are asked to analyze a waxy corn contract and negotiate its provisions. The article summarizes relevant teaching points pertaining to agricultural contracts and presents materials for a specific example.
Performance analysis of digital communication systems

The advanced communication technology, which is considered here, stems from spread spectrum, error correction coding, and waveform modulation techniques. Communication efficiency, design flexibility, and high jamming resistance of a communication system are enhanced by fully utilizing three available resources: time, frequency, and code. Because the coding scheme should be analyzed in conjunction with the signal design to determine the tradeoffs between different coding/modulation schemes, a unified, analytical technique is developed. The developed technique is demonstrated in this paper to compare the performance attainable in several digital communication systems and to evaluate various coding schemes. >
Application of PCR for specific identification of epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus serotype 2.

Epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV), an arthropod-borne double-stranded (ds) RNA virus, is a member of the genus Orbivirus in the family Reoviridae. EHDV infects domestic, captive, and free-ranging ruminants; the whitetailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) is the species most seriously affected with the disease. The association of EHDV with clinical hemorrhagic disease in cattle is rare. In a previous study, experimental EHDV infection in calves resulted in transient infection that could be detected by virus isolation and serological tests. However, few studies have shown that the virus can also cause bluetongue (BT)-like disease in cattle. 20,21 There are 10 serotypes of EHDV worldwide, 13 but only serotypes 1 and 2 are enzootic in the United States. 17,26,27 Recent epidemiological studies of the disease indicated that EHDV-2 was more prevalent than EHDV-1. Even in the absence of the disease, there is restriction on the international movement of livestock and/or their germplasm from countries suspected to harbor the disease to EHDVfree countries unless the animals are certified free of EHDV infection by serology or virus isolation. Such a restriction could lead to economic losses for EHDV-endemic countries that rely on the sale of livestock and their germplasms for foreign exchange. EHDV isolation procedures presently lack adequate sensitivity. Identification of EHDV field isolates includes direct isolation of the virus in baby hamster kidney (BHK-21) cells or initial inoculation of embryonating chicken eggs (ECE), followed by subsequent passages on cell culture for serotyping. 4,6 Serum neutralization and plaque inhibition tests are commonly used for EHDV serotype-specific identification. However, serology is complicated by cross-reactions within EHDV serogroups and among non-EHDV orbiviruses. The surge of new techniques in cell immunology and molecular biology has made possible the development of improved diagnostic tests. A previous report described a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA) protocol for detection of antibodies to EHDV. However, the cELISA technique required collection of blood samples from animals that have been infected for at least 2 weeks to detect EHDV antibody. cDNA probes were also developed for detection of EHDV serogroup-specific and serotype-specific sequences to serve as efficient alternatives for serotyping. 22,23,30,32 However, these cDNA probes have not proven
Shape and appearance modeling with feature distributions for image segmentation

This paper presents a new approach to prior shape and appearance modeling for use in curve evolution-based segmentation. The new method is based on the unified use of feature distributions and allows the incorporation of coupled prior information about shape and appearance into the curve evolution segmentation process. Examples show the accurate placement of boundaries in challenging situations; for example, in cases where an intensity boundary does not exist.
Adult age differences in autobiographical reasoning in narratives.

Two studies examined age differences in autobiographical reasoning within narratives about personal experiences. In Study 1 (n 63), people completed brief interviews about turning points and crises in their lives. Older participants were more likely to narrate crises in ways that connected the experience to the speaker’s sense of self, that is, to show autobiographical reasoning. This increase was primarily evident in young adulthood and midlife. In Study 2 (n 115), adults provided written narratives about heterogeneous autobiographical experiences. Age was associated with linear increases in the likelihood of autobiographical reasoning. The results are discussed in terms of narrative approaches to selfdevelopment across the life span.
Laser planarization of AlSiCu on various barrier metals for VLSI

Laser planarization of AlSiCu film on diffusion barriers of Ti/RTA TiN, Ti, RTA TiN, reactive TiN/Ti, and TiW was investigated to determine the effect of the barrier layer on the process window and junction integrity. While the process window did not vary significantly for various diffusion barriers investigated, each barrier scheme showed a different degree of effectiveness in preserving the junction integrity during laser processing. In addition, for a given diffusion barrier scheme, the junction integrity was found to depend on the substrate temperature and optical fluence. >
ARE BROODING SALAMANDERS ABLE TO DIFFERENTIATE THE DEVELOPMENTAL STATUS OF THEIR EGGS

We conducted behavioral trials to determine if egg preference by female northern dusky salamanders (Desmognathus fuscus) is influenced by the developmental age of their eggs. Within 72 h of oviposition, we divided 41 clutches in half and monitored the time the female spent with each of the genetically similar half-clutches. We then reared the eggs for 21 days in darkness under two temperature regimes (13 and 23 C) to produce a developmentally advanced and delayed half-clutch for each female. Initially, females divided their time almost equally between half-clutches. After thermal manipulation of embryo development, females spent the majority of their time with the developmentally advanced half-clutch. Of the 25 respondents included in the second trial, 21 spent >60%, and 15 spent more than 80% of their time in the presence of developed eggs. We hypothesize that females assess the developmental status of their eggs in order to optimize the tradeoff between the costs and benefits of parental care.
Borohydride Ionic Liquids as Hypergolic Fuels: A Quest for Improved Stability.

Hydrazine and its derivatives are used as fuels in rocket propellant systems; however, due to high vapor pressure, toxicity, and carcinogenicity, handling of such compounds is extremely hazardous. Hypergolic ionic liquids have shown great promise to become viable replacements for hydrazines as fuels. Borohydride-containing ionic liquids have now been synthesized using a more efficient synthetic pathway that does not require liquid ammonia and halide precursors. Among the eight new compounds, 1-allyl-3-n-butyl-imidazolium borohydride (1) and 1, 3-diallylimidazolium borohydride (5) exhibit very short ignition-delay times (ID) of 8 and 3 ms, respectively. The hydrolytic stability of borohydride compounds has been greatly improved by attaching long-chain alkyl substituents to the imidazole ring. 1,3-Di-(n-octyl)-imidazolium borohydride (3) is a water stable borohydride-containing ionic liquid. 1,3-Di-(n-butyl)-imidazolium borohydride (2) is a unique example of a borohydride liquid crystal. These ionic liquids have some unusual advantages, including negligible vapor pressures, good ignition delay (ID) times, and reduced synthetic and storage costs, thereby showing good application potential as environmentally friendly fuels in bipropellant formulations. In addition, they also have potential applications in the form of reducing agents and hydrogen storage materials.
Risk-spreading larviposition behaviour of female nose bot flies (Cephenemyia) attacking black-tailed deer

While baited deer models were under observation nine Cephenemyia jellisoni Townsend (Diptera: Oestridae) females and seven C. apicata Bennett & Sabrosky engaged in a risk-spreading larviposition behaviour by larvipositing on models only once and then flying away. Additionally, analysis of 225 unobserved larvipostions in which larvae were trapped in adhesive on the muzzles of deer models showed that 94% of C. apicata and 95% of C. jellisoni larviposited on a model only once. The number of single larvipositions was highly significant for both species. The principal adaptive significance of such risk-spreading larviposition behaviour is that it spreads the reproductive output of a female among many hosts, and in years when adult eclosion and survival rates are low, it ensures that the larvae of the few surviving females will be distributed among a maximum number of hosts. Several other benefits of such behaviour also are discussed.
Rb-Sr geochronology and tectonic setting of the Peekskill pluton, southeastern New York

The Peekskill Granite pluton in southeast New York is a steep-walled, shallow intrusion in a major fault zone between Grenville rocks of the Reading Prong and Cambrian-Ordovician rocks of the Manhattan Prong. Emplacement of the pluton postdated folding during the Taconic orogeny and postdated the intrusion of the Cortlandt mafic complex. The pluton was probably emplaced during or following the development of the fault zone. Rb/Sr whole-rock analyses show that the pluton crystallized about 371 ± 14 m.y. ago with an initial 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratio of 0.7074 ± 0.0002. The field relationships and age determinations indicate that the northwestern part of the Manhattan Prong was affected by brittle fracture and faulting and by igneous activity during the Acadian deformation.
Physical activities in adolescent girls: variability in energy expenditure.

Background Understanding interindividual variability of energy expended in common activities is important for determining precise estimates of energy expenditure in surveillance studies and clinical trials. The purpose of this study was to describe the variability in energy expenditure for selected physical activities among adolescent girls. Methods Seventy-four adolescent girls (aged 13 to 14 years) participated in this cross-sectional investigation. Data were collected in 2001 and analyzed in 2004. Energy expenditure was measured by indirect calorimetry for ten activities and during a submaximal cycle ergometer test, which was used to estimate cardiorespiratory fitness. Variability in energy expended for the various activities was expressed by standard deviation, coefficient of variation, and range for three different energy expenditure variables: relative VO 2 (milliliters per kilogram per minute), absolute VO 2 (liters per minute −1 ), and calculated metabolic rate (kilojoules per minute). Results Depending on the expression of energy expenditure, coefficients of variation ranged from a low of 13.2% for climbing stairs to a high of 38.4% for playing a computer game. Some lower-intensity activities were associated with greater variability in energy expenditure. Bicycling showed consistently higher coefficients of variation across expressions of energy expenditure (29.1%, 37.7%, and 33.5% for relative VO 2 , absolute VO 2 , and calculated metabolic rate, respectively). Conclusions Energy expenditure for common activities is highly variable in adolescent girls. The coefficient of variation was higher in some activities of lower intensity, regardless of energy expenditure expression. This variance may influence the evaluation of physical activity interventions, particularly with regard to issues such as a prescribed dose of activity and the statistical power to detect change.
Verifiable Aspect Composition in UML Models

Aspect-oriented modeling (AOM) can achieve better separation of concerns than standard object-oriented modeling, at the cost of some additional complexity in the aspect composition specification. This complexity may obscure or, if the composition specification is incorrect, produce design errors. To facilitate correction of these errors, we describe a process by which desired features may be verified in such a way that, if the verification fails, it is relatively straightforward to identify suspect elements of the composition specification.
The Literary History of World‐Systems, II: World Literature and Deep Time

This essay is the conclusive piece of a two-part series on the use of world-systems theory in literary studies. In it, I continue my discussion of literary world-systems by turning to the field of world literature. As I show, world-systems theory owes much of its current popularity in literary studies to the “new” world literature, which has borrowed part of its conceptual language from world-systems theory. This language includes such key terms as longue duree, circulation, cyclical history, and center and periphery. These terms have helped to revolutionize literary history in a number of ways, three of which I focus on: (1) the pursuit of a more abstract, quantitative account of literary genres; (2) the attempt to reposition European literature within a longer history of global literature; and (3) the theorization of cyclical models of literary history. Taken together, these projects have helped scholars to rewrite the history and geography of world literature in important ways – by reimagining the novel form as a response to risk and insecurity rather than power; by emphasizing Europe's competition with non-European cultural centers; and by identifying a temporal limit to European and American hegemony.
Role of Lipoprotein(a) in Cardiovascular Disease : Current and Future Perspectives⁎

The clinical interest in lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] is largely derived from its role as a cardiovascular risk factor. Although not considered an established risk factor, Lp(a) levels have been associated with cardiovascular disease in numerous studies ([1–3][1]). Further, there is emerging evidence of
The extent of metalloproteinase-mediated LAG3 cleavage limits the efficacy of PD1 blockade

Meeting abstracts Inhibitory receptors control immune responses preventing exacerbated T cell activation and the onset of autoimmunity; however, they also limit antitumor immunity. Enhanced co-expression of PD1 and LAG3 phenotypically mark functionally exhausted tumor-specific T cells, with dual
CHANGES IN PATELLOFEMORAL JOINT STRESS DURING RUNNING WITH THE APPLICATION OF A PREFABRICATED FOOT ORTHOTIC.

Foot orthotics are commonly utilized in the treatment of patellofemoral pain (PFP) and have shown clinical benefit; however, their mechanism of action remains unclear. Patellofemoral joint stress (PFJS) is thought to be one of the main etiological factors associated with PFP.The primary purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a prefabricated foot orthotic with 5 ° of medial rearfoot wedging on the magnitude and the timing of the peak PFJS in a group of healthy female recreational athletes. The hypothesis was that there would be significant reduction in the peak patellofemoral joint stress and a delay in the timing of this peak in the orthotic condition.Cross-sectional.Kinematic and kinetic data were collected during running trials in a group of healthy, female recreational athletes. The knee angle and moment data in the sagittal plane were incorporated into a previously developed model to estimate patellofemoral joint stress. The dependent variables of interest were the peak patellofemoral joint stress as well as the percentage of stance at which this peak occurred, as both the magnitude and the timing of the joint loading are thought to be important in overuse running injuries.The peak patellofemoral joint stress significantly increased in the orthotic condition by 5.8% (p=.02, ES=0.24), which does not support the initial hypothesis. However, the orthotic did significantly delay the timing of the peak during the stance phase by 3.8% (p=.002, ES=0.47).The finding that the peak patellofemoral joint stress increased in the orthotic condition did not support the initial hypothesis. However, the finding that the timing of this peak was delayed to later in the stance phase in the orthotic condition did support the initial hypothesis and may be related to the clinical improvements previously reported in subjects with PFP.Level 4.
Efficient Production of Human Norovirus-Specific IgY in Egg Yolks by Vaccination of Hens with a Recombinant Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Expressing VP1 Protein

Human norovirus (HuNoV) is responsible for more than 95% of outbreaks of acute nonbacterial gastroenteritis worldwide. Despite major efforts, there are no vaccines or effective therapeutic interventions against this virus. Chicken immunoglobulin Y (IgY)-based passive immunization has been shown to be an effective strategy to prevent and treat many enteric viral diseases. Here, we developed a highly efficient bioreactor to generate high titers of HuNoV-specific IgY in chicken yolks using a recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus expressing HuNoV capsid protein (rVSV-VP1) as an antigen. We first demonstrated that HuNoV VP1 protein was highly expressed in chicken cells infected by rVSV-VP1. Subsequently, we found that White Leghorn hens immunized intramuscularly with rVSV-VP1 triggered a high level of HuNoV-specific yolk IgY antibodies. The purified yolk IgY was efficiently recognized by HuNoV virus-like particles (VLPs). Importantly, HuNoV-specific IgY efficiently blocked the binding of HuNoV VLPs to all three types (A, B, and O) of histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs), the attachment factors for HuNoV. In addition, the receptor blocking activity of IgY remained stable at temperature below 70 °C and at pH ranging from 4 to 9. Thus, immunization of hens with VSV-VP1 could be a cost-effective and practical strategy for large-scale production of anti-HuNoV IgY antibodies for potential use as prophylactic and therapeutic treatment against HuNoV infection.
Student Voice and the Common Core.

Replacing a discrete, sometimes lengthy list of topics to learn, the Common Core asks teachers to help students develop high-level cognitive skills: to persist, model, critique, reason, argue, expl...
Maintaining Hierarchies in Predominantly White Organizations A Theory of Racial Tasks

Predominantly White workplaces are environments in which Whiteness is privileged in numerous ways. Studies show workers of color doing self-presentation, emotion work, and other forms of social interaction intended to help ease the difficulties associated with being in the minority. In addition to the expectation that they smooth interactions with White peers, workers of color are assigned positions and tasks which reinforce that racial status quo. In this theoretical article, we attempt to place these various processes under an umbrella term we define as “racial tasks.” We examine the ideological, interactional, and physical labor racial minorities perform in mostly White work settings, and the ways these racial tasks vary at different levels of the organizational structure. We consider the ways that the tactics and requirements associated with racial tasks maintain the racial hierarchy of predominantly White organizations and conclude by examining the implications of this work for racial minorities.
The Brief Case: Kingella kingae Septic Arthritis in a 14-Month-Old Child

A 14-month-old girl presented to the emergency department with pain and swelling of her left ankle. The patient was in her usual good state of health up until the morning of presentation. When her mother picked her up from day care, she refused to bear weight on her left leg. The day care noted that
Service learning in the undergraduate health administration curriculum: theory and practice.

Abstract Changing the focus of the health care system from individual to population-based health presents challenges for health administration programs as they search for innovative ways to educate students who can work in interdisciplinary and diverse environments. The increased utilization of service learning in health profession schools suggests that service learning is a way to contribute to student learning, social awareness and the health of community. Undergraduate health administration programs can take on the same challenge by integrating service learning into their curriculum. This study introduces the service learning concept into the health administration curriculum, demonstrates service learning models and recommends several health administration courses for service learning integration.
RELATION BETWEEN EVOLUTION OF CLAY SHEAR STRENGTH AND LANDSLIDE INDUCED BY ACID RAIN—TAKING LANDSLIDES IN THREE GORGES RESERVOIR AREA FOR EXAMPLE

Possible effects of changes in soil shear strength induced by acid rain on landslide formation are investigated.Soil samples from freshly exposed slip surface and adjacent surface have been studied at two landslides in the Three Gorges Reservoir area,China.A visibly higher smectite content at the slip surface and a dominant content of illite in the adjacent surface are observed.In laboratory,remolded soils are subjected to acid water immersion and tested for changes in their mineral compositions and shear strength after immersion with different durations.The largest change occurs in the internal friction angle,which drops over one-third,going with the change of the original smectitic soil with a substantial illite component into completely smectite dominated soil.Subsequently the internal friction angle rises back,simultaneously with neoformation of kaolinite at the expense of the smectite component.Changes in cohesion are much less significant.The original koalinite-rich and illite-rich samples are found to be much more stable.A chemo-mechanical model of clay is discussed at last.
Advocating for a Cause: Civic Engagement in the Elementary Classroom

In response to the marginalization of social studies instruction in U.S. elementary schools, these teacher educators developed a study to explore the impact that service learning might have on the preparation of elementary teacher candidates. These authors specifically designed a study in which elementary teacher candidates created and implemented an interdisciplinary unit in which service learning was embedded as a critical piece of academic instruction for elementary students. Quality controls for the instructional units were ensured through the provision of instruction for the service learning component for the elementary teacher candidates prior to their clinical practice semester. Data for the study were generated through pre- and post-surveys, focus groups, and document analysis. Findings revealed that elementary teacher candidates reported a greater understanding of service learning, a greater degree of teacher efficacy, and perception of an increased notion of civic engagement by their students as a result of having created and implemented the interdisciplinary instructional unit during their clinical practice semester.
Interaction of small mobile stacking fault tetrahedra with free surfaces, dislocations, and interfaces in Cu and Cu-Nb

The presence of stacking fault tetrahedra (SFTs) in face-centered-cubic metals substantially modifies the material response to external loading. These defects are extremely stable with increasing energetic stability as they grow in size. At the sizes visible within a transmission electron microscope, they appear nearly immobile. We have recently shown that these defects might indeed migrate, with defective SFTs exhibiting particularly high mobilities. In this paper, using molecular dynamics, we show how mobile SFTs interact with various types of extended defects, including free surfaces, dislocations, and interfaces in Cu and Cu-Nb systems. We observe a direct relation between the energetics of a single vacancy interacting with each external defect and the propensity for the SFT to be absorbed. Finally, using mesoscale modeling, we show how the fact that SFTs can migrate influences the system evolution and potentially important observables of interest such as the void denuded zones around defect sinks.
Pharmacy residency training measured through a standardized knowledge test.

Purpose The use of a standardized knowledge test to assess postgraduate year 1 (PGY1) pharmacy residency training was evaluated. Methods This was a retrospective review of a prospectively administered exam. A bank of questions was developed by preceptors from each of the core rotation disciplines: general medicine (including ambulatory care and oncology), pediatrics, critical care (including transplantation), drug information, operations, practice management, and psychiatry. Board-certified pharmacy specialists at our institution were asked to submit 5–10 questions with answers that would likely be encountered by residents during rotation in their specific specialty area. The exam was administered at the beginning and the end of the resident’s PGY1 year. Results A total of 49 PGY1 residents completed the examination during the first and last months of their residency training. Residents’ overall scores improved 5–10% annually from baseline to completion of their residency. The mean overall exam score significantly improved from baseline after completion of a PGY1 residency at our institution for all four class years. All four residency classes demonstrated an increase from baseline scores in most core disciplines with the exception of practice management, which decreased every year of the examination. Conclusion Scores on a standardized exam developed to assess the baseline knowledge of incoming PGY1 residents and the effect of one year of residency training improved in the majority of practice areas at the end of the year compared to scores at the beginning of the year.
Size matters: Predator outbreaks threaten foundation species in small Marine Protected Areas.

The unanticipated impacts of consumers in fragmented habitats are frequently a challenge for ecosystem management. On Indo-Pacific coral reefs, crown-of-thorns sea stars (Acanthaster spp.) are coral predators whose outbreaks cause precipitous coral decline. Across large spatial scales, Acanthaster densities are lower in large no-take Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) and reefs subject to limited human exploitation. However, using a combination of observational and manipulative experiments, we found that Acanthaster densities within a network of small, no-take MPAs on reef flats in Fiji were ~2–3.4 times greater inside MPAs than in adjacent fished areas and ~2–2.5 times greater than the upper threshold density indicative of an outbreak. This appeared to result from selective Acanthaster migration to the coral-rich MPAs from fished areas that are coral-poor and dominated by macroalgae. Small MPAs can dramatically increase the cover of foundation species like corals, but may selectively attract coral predators like Acanthaster due to greater food densities within MPAs or because the MPAs are too small to support Acanthaster enemies. As coral cover increases, their chemical and visual cues may concentrate Acanthaster to outbreak densities that cause coral demise, compromising the value of small MPAs. An understanding of predator dynamics as a function of habitat type, size, and fragmentation needs to be incorporated into MPA design and management.
On the isotope effect in compressed superconducting H3S and D3S

A maximum superconductive transition temperature T C = 203.5 K has recently been reported for a sample of the binary compound tri-hydrogen sulfide (H3S) prepared at high pressure and with room temperature annealing. Measurements of T C for H3S and its deuterium counterpart D3S have suggested a mass isotope effect exponent α with anomalous enhancements for reduced applied pressures. While widely cited for evidence of phonon-based superconductivity, the measured T C is shown to exhibit important dependences on the quality and character of the H3S and D3S materials under study; examination of resistance versus temperature data shows that variations in T C and apparent α are strongly correlated with residual resistance ratio, indicative of sensitivity to metallic order. Correlations also extend to the fractional widths of the superconducting transitions. Using resistance data to quantify and compensate for the evident materials differences between H3S and D3S samples, a value of α = 0.043 ± 0.140 is obtained. Thus, when corrected for the varying levels of disorder, the experimental upper limit (≤0.183) lies well below α derived in phonon-based theories.
A misannotated locus positively influencing Arabidopsis seed germination is deconvoluted using multiple methods, including surrogate splicing

Abstract A screen of activation tagged lines of Arabidopsis thaliana retrieved COLD TEMPERATURE GERMINATING10-D(tag) (CTG10-D(tag)) seeds, capable of radicle protrusion in advance of wild type (WT) at suboptimal- and optimal-temperatures. Genomic walking revealed T-DNA in the intragenic region that upregulates expression of the At4g19330 locus previously predicted to encode an F-BOX protein. A combination of surrogate splicing, primer scanning, RACE, and Illumina PolyAdenylation Tag (PAT) sequencing in petunia (Petunia X hybrida) and Arabidopsis were required to demonstrate that the region around At4g19330 was misannotated and is actually compromised of two separate genes. Even though homologous regions nearby and elsewhere on chromosome 4 are confounding elements in the molecular characterization of the locus, we could determine that the 5′ entity encodes a ribonucleoprotein of unknown function whereas the 3′ gene includes the promoter and full coding region of an F-BOX protein. Although both genes were upregulated, only independently-transformed lines over-expressing the F-Box exhibited enhanced completion of seed germination. We named it CTG10, and a single, poorly penetrant, mutant line of ctg10 manifested the expected reduced completion of seed germination. Whereas CTG10-OE lines are hyposensitive to the gibberellin biosynthetic inhibitor paclobutrazol, the ctg10 mutant line is hypersensitive; a phenotype which could be alleviated when transgenically rescued with CTG10. The F-Box moiety promoted association of CTG10 with ASK proteins in yeast two hybrid assays, indicating that it likely assembles into an SCF-type ubiquitin ligase to promote the ubiquitination of one or more substrates. In this capacity CTG10 might target a protein repressing seed germination for polyubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation.
Planktonic Foraminifera and Calcareous Nannoplankton Biostratigraphy of the Neogene of Mexico

Calcareous nannofossils and planktic foraminifera that are diagnostic for precise geologic ages have been identified in some marine Tertiary formations in Mexico. The original age assignments of these formations have persisted in the literature and some revisions are necessary for the Mexican sections to conform with the chronostratigraphy that has been developed for the rest of the world. New planktic evidence now affords assignment of the Mexican beds to precise trans-oceanic Neogene zones. Part I of this report is concerned with the middle Pliocene (Zone N.20) to which the following formations at designated localities are referred: Agueguexquite, Filisola, Concepcion Inferior, Concepcion Superior, and several unnamed formations. Subsequent studies will deal with the successively older formations, including the Encanto, Deposito, La Laja, Tuxpan, Guajalote, Escolin, Anahuac, Coatzintla, Meson, Alazan, and Palma Real formations.
Late Eocene Impact Events and Stepwise Mass Extinctions

Abstract Late Eocene extinctions are neither catastrophic nor mass extinctions, but occur stepwise in a sequence of four steps over a period of 3.4 million years. Closely associated with two of the stepwise extinction events are three microtektite horizons; one in the upper part of Globigerapsis semiinvoluta Zone at 38.2 Ma, and two closely spaced layers in the lower part of Globorotalia cerroazulensis Zone at 37.3 and 37.2 Ma. Species extinctions and relative species abundance declines are closely associated with microtektite layers and suggest, but do not prove, a cause-effect relationship between impact events and some of the stepwise mass extinctions.