cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Past Performance Is Indicative of Future Returns

Neuronal activity observed in response to trial outcome is hypothesized to drive learning and performance adjustment. The study by Histed et al. in this issue of Neuron observes persistent outcome-related neuronal activity lasting until the subsequent trial in both prefrontal cortex and the caudate nucleus which is correlated with behavioral adjustment.
A 32Gb/s On-chip Bus with Driver Pre-emphasis Signaling

A 16-bit on-chip bus with driver pre-emphasis fabricated in 0.25?m CMOS technology attains an aggregate signaling data rate of 32Gb/s over 5-10mm long lossy interconnects while reducing delay latency by 28.3%, power by 15.0%, and peak current by 70% over a conventional single-ended voltage-mode static bus. The proposed bus is robust against crosstalk noise and occupies comparable routing area to a reference static bus design.
Obesity in 2010: The future of obesity medicine: where do we go from here?

Safe, effective treatments that are more widely available than surgery are needed to combat obesity. Nonetheless, the FDA has voted against two new drugs and withdrawn another in 2010. Despite the uphill battle faced by those developing medical therapies, a number of studies demonstrate the variety of biological targets for obesity treatment.
The Smallest Vertebrate, Teleost Fish, Can Utilize Synthetic Dipeptide-Based Diets

In vitro studies of brush-border intestinal transport of dipeptides and cytoplasmic hydrolysis in fish suggest that these processes could be key mechanisms in the absorption and utilization of nutrients for growth. However, in vivo experimentation to study the nutritional importance of these processes was needed. We compared three dietary formulations based on free, peptide and protein sources of amino acids. Our results were the first to show that a synthetic dipeptide (PP)-based diet could support growth in the early stages of ontogenesis of a teleost fish, rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), whereas a free amino acid (FAA)-based diet failed. We found that fish fed an FAA-based diet had an increased rate of ammonia excretion [1.78 +/- 0.19 mmol NH(3)-N/(kg body wt.h)], compared with fish fed a PP-based diet [1.25 +/- 0.07 mmol NH(3)-N/(kg body wt.h)], suggesting that deamination is involved in the metabolism of dietary FAA. Teleost fish are known to obtain a high proportion of total energy from protein, compared with higher vertebrates. However, we found that feeding trout alevins a PP-based diet increased postprandial oxygen consumption for 2 to 24 h, whereas other treatments decreased 24-h postprandial metabolism. This may indicate that peptide metabolism is less efficient than protein metabolism. Juvenile rainbow trout differed from alevins in their response to FAA- and PP-based diets. These observations strongly suggest that intestinal dietary peptide transport and hydrolysis could support protein synthesis and growth in vertebrates that respond poorly to FAA-based diets. We conclude that nutrient administration may be improved by manipulating dietary peptide composition and peptide/protein ratios, leading to better utilization of synthetic peptides, with nutritional and therapeutic implications for all vertebrates.
Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase in Hyperplastic Human Parathyroid Glands

The function of the parathyroid gland is closely linked to intracellular and extracellular Ca2+ concentrations. As a step toward understanding the mechanism of action of Ca2+ on the parathyroid, we examined hyperplastic human parathyroid tissue for Ca2+ and calmodulin-dependent protein kinase activity. In parathyroid homogenates, Ca2+ stimulates the phosphorylation of substrate protein in the presence of calmodulin or phospholipid. The calmodulin (CaM)-stimulated activity is present in a soluble fraction of parathyroid and can be separated from other protein kinase activities by gel filtration chromatography. The concentration dependence of CaM kinase on Ca2+ and CaM was determined using the gel filtration fraction. The Ka values for CaM and calcium were 100 nM and 5 μM, respectively. The fraction containing the CaM kinase activity had a calculated mol wt of 5.5 × 105. It contained a protein with a mol wt of 4.9 × 104 whose phosphorylation was Ca2+ CaM dependent and a CaM-binding protein of mol wt 4.9 × 1...
CA-RAM: A High-Performance Memory Substrate for Search-Intensive Applications

This paper proposes a specialized memory structure called CA-RAM (content addressable random access memory) to accelerate search operations present in many important real-world applications. Search operations can occupy a significant portion of total execution time and energy consumption, while posing a difficult performance problem to tackle using traditional memory hierarchy concepts. In essence, CA-RAM is a direct hardware implementation of the well-known hashing technique. Searchable records are stored in CA-RAM at a location determined by a hash function, defined on their search key. After a database has been built, looking up a record in CA-RAM typically involves a single memory access followed by a parallel key matching operation. Compared with a conventional CAM (content addressable memory) solution, CA-RAM capitalizes on dense SRAM and DRAM designs, and achieves comparable search performance while occupying much smaller area and consuming significantly less power. This paper presents detailed design aspects of CA-RAM, to be integrated in future general-purpose and application-specific processors and systems. To further motivate and justify our approach, we present two real examples of using CA-RAM to build a high-performance search accelerator targeting: IP address lookup in core routers and trigram lookup in a large speech recognition system
Does multiculturalism menace? Governance, cultural rights and the politics of identity in Guatemala

This article challenges the assumption that the underlying principles of state-endorsed 'multiculturalism' stand in tension with neoliberal political- economic policies. Based on ethnographic research in Guatemala, it is argued that neoliberalism's cultural project entails pro-active recognition of a minimal package of cultural rights, and an equally vigorous rejection of the rest. The result is a dichotomy between recognised and recalcitrant indigenous subjects, which confronts the indigenous rights movement as a 'menace' even greater than the assimilationist policies of the previous era. It is suggested that the most effective response to this menace is probably not to engage in frontal opposition to neoliberal regimes, but rather to refuse the dichotomy altogether.
Architectures for high-order multibit Sigma delta modulators

Sigma Delta modulators with higher-order noise shaping and multibit internal quantizers are described. A new realization method for single-stage high-order modulators is discussed, and a new multistage architecture with multibit quantizers and interstage scaling is described. A digital correction method for the effects of nonideal analog components of the multistage modulator is presented. Simulation results are included to verify the theoretical considerations. >
Emergence of the acute-phase protein hemopexin in jawed vertebrates

When released from damaged erythrocytes free heme not only provides a source of iron for invading bacteria but also highly toxic due to its ability to catalyze free radical formation. Hemopexin (Hx) binds free heme with very high-affinity and thus protects against heme toxicity, sequesters heme from pathogens, and helps conserve valuable iron. Hx is also an acute-phase serum protein (APP), whose expression is induced by inflammation. To date Hx has been identified as far back in phylogeny as bony fish where it is called warm-temperature acclimation-related 65 kDa protein (WAP65), as serum protein levels are increased at elevated environmental temperatures as well as by infection. During analysis of nurse shark (Ginglymostoma cirratum) plasma we isolated a Ni 2+ -binding serum glycoprotein and characterized it as the APP Hx. We subsequently cloned Hx from nurse shark and another cartilaginous fish species, the little skate Leucoraja erinacea. Functional analysis showed shark Hx, like that of mammals, binds heme but is found at unusually high levels in normal shark serum. As an Hx orthologue could not be found in the genomes of jawless vertebrates or lower deuterostomes it appears to have arisen just prior to the emergence of jawed vertebrates, coincident with the second round of genome-wide duplication and the appearance of tetrameric hemoglobin (Hb). Published by Elsevier Ltd.
The treatment histories and service involvement of physically and sexually abusive families: description, correspondence, and clinical correlates.

Objective: This study examines the treatment histories, and the service needs, concerns, and involvement of cases referred to Child Protective Services (CPS) following an allegation of child physical or sexual abuse in an effort to document their services experiences. Method: Standardized clinical assessments were conducted with child victims and their caregivers at intake and at a second assessment following an initial service about 4 to 8 months later (M 5 6 mos.). Group differences due to informant type and abuse allegation were examined at each assessment and across time. Results: Thirty percent of the caregivers and children had a past history of psychiatric hospitalization. Reports from both informants at intake identified a range of perceived service needs, treatment goals, and obstacles to service participation. At the post-service assessment, children and their caregivers reported high rates of family (54%, 51%) and parent counseling (50%, 51%), and lower rates for child treatment (13%, 18%). Some significant differences between the two abuse subgroups were found in their patterns of service involvement and in their ratings of service goals and obstacles. Four variables predicted overall family service use at intake: child is Caucasian, low child anxiety, high parental distress, and parental abuse history as a child. Conclusions: These findings extend initial descriptions of the service involvement of CPS families and bear implications for both practice and research on the delivery of services in CPS. © 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd
Surface Contact—Its Significance for Multiphase Heat Transfer: Diverse Examples

The nature and dynamics of surface contacts often govern heat transfer in multiphase systems. Physical scale, time scale, and intermolecular forces all affect basic mechanisms of transport between the multiphase medium and a submerged surface. Parameters in one or more of these domains can be the determining factor for transfer rate and efficiency, depending on the specific application. Research results for systems as diverse as fluidized particles and condensing liquids are examined to illustrate this significance. Specifically, it is shown that for heat transfer to/from surfaces submerged in bubbling fluidized beds, parameters in time domain are most important. In the case of condensation, it is shown that substantial enhancement of heat transfer coefficient can be obtained by controlling parameters in the domain of surface free energies.@DOI: 10.1115/1.1566050#
Deference and Due Process

In the textbooks, procedural due process is a strictly judicial enterprise; although substantive entitlements are created by legislative and executive action, it is for courts to decide independently what process the Constitution requires. The notion that procedural due process might be committed primarily to the discretion of the agencies themselves is almost entirely absent from the academic literature.The facts on the ground are very different. Thanks to converging strands of caselaw -- partly involving due process, partly involving judicial deference to agency interpretation of procedural provisions in statutes, and partly involving the long shadow of Vermont Yankee v. NRDC -- agencies themselves are now the primary front-line expositors and appliers of the cost-benefit balancing test of Mathews v. Eldridge. The courts for their part often defer, explicitly or implicitly, to agencies’ due process decisions.I will defend this approach, and urge that it be made fully explicit. Rather than decide for themselves “what process is due,” courts should ask only whether the agency offered a rational justification for providing whatever process it did provide. Although the Mathews cost-benefit calculus would still supply the rule of decision, courts should merely review the application of that rule by agencies, and defer to reasonable agency decisions about the costs and benefits of procedural arrangements.
Social competence in Zimbabwean multicultural schools: Effects of ethnic and gender differences

S tudents’ social competence was investigated in relation to race/ethnicity and gender for a sample of 371 Zimbabwean students attending racially/ethnically integrated schools. About 42% of the students were black, and 58% white (mean age 12 years; SD=9 months). Peer and teacher sociometric ratings of children's social behaviour, social responsibility, and friendliness comprised the social competence measures. Tests of empirical independence among these social competence measures supported their uniqueness in reliably assessing components of the general construct of social competence among Zimbabwean students. Multiple analysis of variance procedures were used to examine the relationship between social competence statuses and group membership (i.e., race/ethnicity, gender) while controlling for aggregate scores and classroom racial proportions. Superior academic achievement and racial/ehnic propinquity are social status levelling factors in multiracial school settings. Teachers rated white students higher...
The effect of grazing on the spatial heterogeneity of vegetation

Grazing can alter the spatial heterogeneity of vegetation, influencing ecosystem processes and biodiversity. Our objective was to identify why grazing causes increases in the spatial heterogeneity of vegetation in some cases, but decreases in others. The immediate effect of grazing on heterogeneity depends on the interaction between the spatial pattern of grazing and the pre-existing spatial pattern of vegetation. Depending on the scale of observation and on the factors that determine animal distribution, grazing patterns may be stronger or weaker than vegetation patterns, or may mirror the spatial structure of vegetation. For each possible interaction between these patterns, we make a prediction about resulting changes in the spatial heterogeneity of vegetation. Case studies from the literature support our predictions, although ecosystems characterized by strong plant-soil interactions present important exceptions. While the processes by which grazing causes increases in heterogeneity are clear, how grazing leads to decreases in heterogeneity is less so. To explore how grazing can consistently dampen the fine-scale spatial patterns of competing plant species, we built a cell-based simulation model that features two competing plant species, different grazing patterns, and different sources of vegetation pattern. Only the simulations that included neighborhood interactions as a source of vegetation pattern produced results consistent with the predictions we derived from the literature review.
Processing Agentive By -Phrases in Complex Event and Nonevent Nominals

L'A. analyse la propriete de selection lexicale d'argument des evenements nominaux et des non-evenements nominaux en anglais. L'analyse montre que les syntagmes agentifs en by qui apparaissent dans des evenements nominaux complexes sont des arguments de ces nominaux (ex: The frequent collection of butterflies by the children), mais que les syntagmes agentifs en by qui apparaissent dans des non-evenements nominaux sont des ajouts de ces nominaux (ex: The various collections of butterflies by the children)
Distributed multiplexers for an ROV control and data system

Remotely operated vehicle (ROV) control and data systems require that many specialized input/output (I/O) functions be reliably performed in the hostile ocean environment. MBARI's new scientific ROV Tiburon uses a system of I/O multiplexers that are distributed around the vehicle, and connected to the main vehicle computer by high-speed serial links. The multiplexers perform fairly typical ROV I/O functions, but their hardware, software, and packaging has been specifically optimized for the ROV mission. This paper describes the design and application of these multiplexers, dubbed "Data concentrators", aboard MBARI's new vehicle. >
Positive Association Between Densities of the Red Imported Fire Ant, Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), and Generalized Ant and Arthropod Diversity

The invasive ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren, is a threat to native arthropod biodiversity. We compared areas with naturally varying densities of mostly monogyne S. invicta and examined the association of S. invicta density with three diversity variables: (1) the species richness of ants, (2) the species richness of non-ant arthropods, and (3) the abundance of non-S. invicta ants. Pitfall traps were used to quantify S. invicta density and the three diversity variables; measurement of mound areas provided a complementary measure of S. invicta density. We sampled 45 sites of similar habitat in north central Florida in both the spring and autumn of 2000. We used partial correlations to elucidate the association between S. invicta density and the three diversity variables, extracting the effects of temperature and humidity on foraging activity. Surprisingly, we found moderate positive correlations between S. invicta density and species richness of both ants and non-ant arthropods. Weaker, but usually positive, correlations were found between S. invicta density and the abundance of non-S. invicta ants. A total of 37 ant species, representing 16 genera, were found to coexist with S. invicta over the 45 sites. These results suggest that S. invicta densities as well as the diversities of other ants and arthropods are regulated by common factors (e.g., productivity). Many invaded communities may be more resistant to S. invicta than generally believed, or possess an unexpected resilience for recovery if S. invicta can be permanently suppressed.
Sickness behaviour acting as an evolutionary trap? Male house finches preferentially feed near diseased conspecifics.

Host behaviour towards infectious conspecifics is a crucial yet overlooked component of pathogen dynamics. Selection is expected to favour individuals who can recognize and avoid infected conspecifics in order to reduce their own risk of infection. However, evidence is scarce and limited to species employing chemical cues. Here, we experimentally examine whether healthy captive house finches ( Carpodacus mexicanus ) preferentially forage near a same-sex, healthy conspecific versus one infected with the directly transmissible pathogen Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG), which causes lethargy and visible conjunctivitis. Interestingly, male house finches strongly preferred feeding near diseased conspecifics, while females showed no preference. This sex difference appeared to be the result of lower aggression rates in diseased males, but not in females. The reduced aggression of diseased males may act as an ‘evolutionary trap’ by presenting a historically beneficial behavioural cue in the context of a new environment, which now includes a recently emerged, potentially fatal pathogen. Since MG can be directly transmitted during feeding, healthy males may inadvertently increase their risk of contracting MG. This behaviour is likely to significantly contribute to the continued persistence of MG epidemics in wild populations.
Effect of ultrasonic waves on foam extrusion

The effect of ultrasonic waves upon foam extrusion has been investigated by using a special die attached to an extruder. The die consists of a special ultrasonic horn, having a circular channel, that vibrates at 20 KHz. Various ultrasonic amplitudes and flow rates were employed during extrusion of a foamed polystyrene. Ultrasonic waves were found to affect both die pressure as well as physical and mechanical properties of the foam. Increases in the amplitude of the ultrasonic waves resulted in a decrease of the pressure at the die entrance. The density of the foam was found to increase with an increase of the amplitude and a decrease of the flow rate. Extrudate swell was found to decrease with an increase in the amplitude. Ultrasonic waves also influenced cell size and distribution in extruded samples: increases in amplitude resulted in reduced cell size and in narrowing their distribution. These effects are likely caused by break up of large cells or by disruption of coalescence of small cells. The tensile strength and Young's modulus of samples of extruded foam were found to increase with ultrasonic treatment. A unique correlation of these mechanical properties with the density of the foam was established.
Dispelling myths and focusing on notable concepts in HIV pathogenesis

Since the discovery of HIV over three decades ago, major efforts have been made to control and perhaps eliminate HIV infection worldwide. During these studies, certain myths or misconceptions about this infectious disease have been emphasized and other potentially beneficial concepts have received less attention. A true long-term solution to HIV infection merits an appreciation of alternative ideas and findings that could be beneficial in the ultimate control of HIV/AIDS. Here, I discuss six issues and call for more attention to the science of HIV and well-designed clinical trials.
Highly selective 2,4-diaminopyrimidine-5-carboxamide inhibitors of Sky kinase

We report the SAR around a series of 2,4-diaminopyrimidine-5-carboxamide inhibitors of Sky kinase. 2-Aminophenethyl analogs demonstrate excellent potency but moderate kinase selectivity, while 2-aminobenzyl analogs that fill the Ala571 subpocket exhibit good inhibition activity and excellent kinase selectivity.
The effect of coccidial infection on iridescent plumage coloration in wild turkeys

Wild turkeys, Meleagris gallopavo, are among the most ornamented birds in North America, displaying vividly coloured fleshy ornaments on their heads and bright, iridescent structural coloration in their plumage. We investigated the effect of experimental inoculation with coccidian parasites on the expression of iridescent structural coloration in yearling male turkeys. Prior to moult of ornamental feathers, we assigned turkeys to three experimental groups: we maintained six turkeys free of coccidial infection, inoculated four turkeys with a single species of coccidial oocysts, and inoculated six turkeys with multiple species of coccidial oocysts. We used reflectance spectrometry to quantify the plumage coloration of wing covert and breast feathers in the breeding plumage of males in each treatment protocol. We found significant treatment-based variation in the iridescent plumage coloration of yearling male turkeys such that infected males showed proportionately less UV reflectance in their wing covert and breast feathers and had duller breast feathers. This is the first experimental evidence that parasites can suppress the expression of structural plumage coloration, and our findings suggest that, in wild turkeys, iridescent coloration could serve as a condition-dependent signal of male health.
Food Use of Whole Soybeans

Publisher Summary In general, traditional soy foods, also known as Oriental soy foods, are classified as non-fermented and fermented. Non-fermented soy foods include soymilk, tofu, soy sprouts, yuba (soymilk film), okara (soy pulp), vegetable soybeans, soy nuts and toasted soy flour, whereas fermented soy foods include soy sauce, miso (fermented soy paste), natto, tempeh, soy yogurt (fermented soymilk), sufu (fermented tofu), and soy nuggets (fermented whole soybeans). Traditional soy foods that are commonly marketed in North America include soy sauce, tofu, soymilk, tempeh, green vegetable soybeans, soynuts, and soy yogurt. Most non-fermented soy foods are consumed mainly for nourishment. In contrast, many fermented soyfoods are generally used as seasonings or condiments in cooking or making soups. They contribute more flavor than nutrition. The two exceptions for fermented products are tempeh and natto, which are consumed as a part of the main meal and contribute nutrients to the diet in addition to their characteristic flavor. All traditional soy foods were made from whole soybeans. However, with use of modern processing technologies, some traditional foods, such as soy sauce, soymilk, and tofu, can be made from defatted soy meal or its derivative products, such as soy protein isolate. This chapter discusses various types of traditional soy foods, non-fermented or fermented, made from whole soybeans, with respect to their variety, preparation methods, and principles.
Thermal Conduction Measurements of Materials using Microwave Energy

We have developed a new technique to measure the thermal conductivity of materials using microwave energy. A thermal wave is induced in a material of unknown thermal conductivity using a pulse of microwave energy. This energy is incident on one side of the material. The corresponding temperature rise of the opposite side of the material is measured. The thermal diffusivity of the material can then be determined in the same way as “laser flash” [1]. Some of the advantages of the microwave system are the relatively low cost of the magnetron compared to the high energy laser, easily variable pulse length, and accurate measurement of the reflected energy. The microwave system consists of a 2.45 GHz magnetron that is pulse modulated to energies as high as 10 J. A typical pulse lasts for 1 ms with rise and fall times of 10μs. This is achieved by a high voltage source (5–8 kV at 1–2 A), switched by a high power, rf transmitting tube connected in the filament circuit of the magnetron.
From Communism to Capitalism: The Journey of the Romanian Worker Hero

The article identifies a historical shift in the representation of the worker hero in the narratives of Romanian movies after the 1989 revolution. While the prerevolutionary narratives were organiz...
Activated carbon based biological fluidized beds for contaminated water and wastewater treatment: a state-of-the-art review

The ability of the biological fluidized bed (BFB) process configuration to intensify biological reaction rates through accumulation of high concentrations of active biomass has brought attention to the technology for the past twenty years. Over 80 commercial, media based BFB reactors have been installed in North America and Europe. Currently there is much interest in systems in which granular activated carbon (GAC) is used as the fluidizing media for treatment of contaminated waters and wastewaters. This paper provides a historical review of the development of the technology together with information on design and commercial application of the technology in North America.
Suppressing Microorganisms and Maintaining Turgidity in Coniferous Foliage Used to Rear Insects in the Laboratory

An aseptic technique is described that retards the growth of micro flora attacking excised conifer stems kept in water, thus facilitating the rearing of foliage-feeding and tip-infesting insects. Treated foliage remained fresh for an average of 5 weeks or until the foliage was consumed, whereas untreated foliage averaged only 10 days. The technique is most useful when time or insufficient host material creates a difficult, expensive rearing situation.
Research peer review: a committee when none is required

Good research does not occur in isolation. The researcher should choose one or more reviewers to serve as quality monitors of the process. The reviewer(s) should be carefully chosen, and the relationship should be nurtured. When the research is not enhanced by the relationship, new reviewers should be sought even if this delays the research process. A good study has enough glory to share with all reviewers, and a poor study is a heavy burden to bear alone.
Active Learning to Rank using Pairwise Supervision.

This paper investigates learning a ranking function using pairwise constraints in the context of human-machine interaction. As the performance of a learnt ranking model is predominantly determined by the quality and quantity of training data, in this work we explore an active learning to rank approach. Furthermore, since humans may not be able to confidently provide an order for a pair of similar instances we explore two types of pairwise supervision: (i) a set of “strongly” ordered pairs which contains confidently ranked instances, and (ii) a set of “weakly” ordered pairs which consists of similar or closely ranked instances. Our active knowledge injection is performed by querying domain experts on pairwise orderings, where informative pairs are located by considering both local and global uncertainties. Under this active scheme, querying of pairs which are uninformative or outliers instances would not occur. We evaluate the proposed approach on three real world datasets and compare with representative methods. The promising experimental results demonstrate the superior performance of our approach, and validate the effectiveness of actively using pairwise orderings to improve ranking performance.
Treating expert knowledge as common sense

Since the expert systems movement of the 1980s and 1990s, AI has had the dream of reproducing expert behavior in specialized domains of knowledge, such as medicine or engineering, by collecting knowledge from human experts. But the first generations of expert systems suffered from two problems -- first, the difficulty of knowledge engineering -- acquiring knowledge from experts in the form of rules. Second, brittleness -- as soon as a problem diverted at all from the precision of the expert knowledge, systems failed catastrophically. We present a new approach for creating domain-specific AI systems, based on treating specialized knowledge with a methodology originally developed for collecting, and reasoning with, Commonsense knowledge from nonexpert users. Advantages of this approach include: Easy knowledge engineering from informants and collection from natural language sources; Semi-automatic construction of ontologies and knowledge bases of assertions; Tolerance of ambiguity, vagueness, redundancy, and contradiction; Joint inference between expert knowledge and general Commonsense background knowledge; Efficient inference, both forward and backward, of plausible assertions.
In Defense of the Imagination

In the universities these days courses on Jewish literature. history and consciousness are proliferating as a result of student demand and a momentary relaxation of professorial embarrassment, and scholars who had previously devoted their researches to the literary monuments of British culture are being pressed into service as instant Jewishists or, as is commonly the case, Jewish-Americanists, experts in the lower East Side and its cultural legacy. This is step two of the academic naturalization of the Jews; step one was letting them in. So far this is largely back-door operation, relying heavily on Irving Howe for history, Abraham Cahan, Henry Roth, and Saul Bellow for canonical texts, and volunteer labor for instructional personnel. But the underlying shift in self perception, though fraught with confusion, is widespread and beginning to take curricular shape. Students of literature, for whom French and Latin were once de rigueur, are now turning to Yiddish and Hebrew as second languages and recognizing the YIVO Institute and New York Public Library for the great scholarly resources they are, where once they dreamed only of the Folger Library or British Museum.
El sentido del don

A reﬂection on the concept of the gift on the reciprocity and free, from an anthropological perspective, the present note without neglecting the social dimension. The author puts in relation the logic of the gift (“give from reciprocity”) the Italian “Civil economy” current, as well as the ethical from the cordial “reason” reﬂection, that ultimately it refers also to the perception of otherness as don, reﬂection in the Christian social thought recent, as in the case of the Encyclical of Pope Ratzinger Caritas in veritate. The note concludes by linking the logic of the gift with one obligation felt and loved by the person.
ETGraph: A graph-based approach for visual analytics of eye-tracking data

Abstract Mind wander(ing) (MW) or zoning out is a ubiquitous phenomenon where attention involuntary shifts from task-related processing to task-unrelated thoughts. Unfortunately, MW is a highly internal state so it cannot be readily inferred from overt behaviors and expressions. To help experts investigate mind wanderings, we present a graph-based approach for visual analytics of eye-tracking data, which utilizes the graph representations to illustrate the reading patterns and further help experts detect and verify mind wanderings based on the graph structures and other graph attributes. The input data are collected from multiple participants reading multiple pages of a book on a computer screen. Our approach first clusters fixations into fixation clusters, then creates the eye-tracking graph, i.e., ETGraph, for use in conjunction with the standard page view, time view, and statistics view. The graph view presents a visual representation of the actual reading patterns of a single participant or multiple participants and therefore serves as the main visual interface for exploration and navigation. We design a suite of techniques to help users identify common reading patterns and outliers for analytical reasoning at three different levels of detail: single participant single page, single participant multiple pages, and multiple participants single page. Interactive querying and filtering functions are provided for reducing visual clutter in the visualization and enabling users to answer questions and glean insights. Our tool also facilitates the detection and verification of mind wandering that the experts seek to investigate. We conduct a user study and an expert evaluation to assess the effectiveness of ETGraph in terms of its visual summarization and comparison capabilities.
Closure of Chronic Abdominal Wall Defects: The Components Separation Technique

Incisional hernias and abdominal wall defects are frequently iatrogenic problems that have complicated up to 11% of abdominal operations. The ideal reconstruction of the abdominal wall would fulfill four requirements as outlined by DiBello and Moore: (1) prevent visceral eventration, (2) incorporate the abdominal wall, (3) provide dynamic muscle support, and (4) provide a tensionless repair. Current techniques for closure of large, chronic abdominal wall defects all have limitations. Primary repair can have a recurrence rate as high as 45%, whereas the use of prosthetic materials carries the risk of infection, skin erosion, and enteric fistula formation. Both fail to fulfill all the requirements.
Protein analysis of primary and recurrent human malignant gliomas

3583 Malignant gliomas are typically treated with surgery, radiation and chemotherapy. In spite of available treatments, recurrence is common and the median survival following diagnosis continues to be less than a year. It is thought that recurrent tumors may arise, in part, from a subpopulation of cells present in the primary tumor that possess genetic and/or epigenetic attributes that confer resistance to radiation and chemotherapy. In addition, the treatments themselves cause DNA damage which can lead to genetic changes in the cells that survive. Many studies have been carried out investigating changes in DNA and RNA that lead to therapy resistance; however, few studies have been done to study the global protein changes that occur between the primary tumor and recurrence following therapy. An understanding of the changes that occur in the cell populations of primary tumors leading to the formation of recurrent tumor may point to additional targets for the design of novel therapies. We have used 2-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) to analyze proteins isolated from cells from primary and recurrent tumor pairs with and without in vitro selection for drug resistance. Proteins are separated based on their isoelectric point using an IPG strip (pH 4-7) followed by gradient PAGE to separate the proteins based on molecular weight. The proteins are identified by MALDI-TOF analysis of a tryptic digest. To date we have analyzed total protein samples from 2 primary/recurrent tumor pairs prior to and following selection for resistance to 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU) - a total of 8 cell lines. Twenty nine protein spots were found to be consistently differentially expressed. These proteins range in pI from 4.65 - 6.22 and they range in size from 28-65 kD. Of these spots, 16 appear to be proteins that are upregulated in cells from recurrent tumor versus primary tumor and 9 appear to be down-regulated. In addition, 4 proteins are differentially regulated in cells from both primary and recurrent tumor following selection for BCNU resistance. Identification of these proteins is in progress, as are the analyses of additional cell and tissue samples from primary and recurrent tumors. Global proteomic analysis of primary and recurrent malignant gliomas will corroborate previously published evidence implicating specific genes in tumor recurrence and therapy resistance, and will lead to the identification of new therapeutic targets for the treatment of recurrent tumor.
Blaming Women for Unemployment: Refuting a Myth:

This article seeks to refute the myth holding women responsible for increases in unemployment. It identifies versions of the myth, presents data to challenge them, and discusses the ways in which t...
A randomized, controlled pilot trial of the Emotional Faces Memory Task: a digital therapeutic for depression

There is an urgent need for more effective treatments for major depressive disorder (MDD). Digital therapeutics, such as computerized cognitive-emotional training interventions, represent a promising new strategy for treating MDD. Here we report a replication of efficacy of a digital cognitive-emotional training intervention designed to enhance cognitive control for emotional information-processing. In a randomized, double-blind, controlled study design, fifty-one participants with MDD in a current major depressive episode were randomly assigned to participate in a digital cognitive-emotional training regimen (Emotional Faces Memory Task (EFMT); n= 28) involving 18 sessions over 6 weeks, or an active control condition (CT; n= 23) involving computerized working memory training. MDD symptoms were assessed weekly using a clinician-rated measure (Hamilton Depression Rating Scale; Ham-D); and neurocognition (working memory), at baseline and study outcome. Mixed-effects model for repeated measures (MMRM) analysis of all participants randomized revealed a significantly greater reduction in MDD symptom severity (Ham-D) from baseline to outcome in the EFMT group (8.65 points) compared to the CT group (4.77 points) (F(6,205)= 3.23, p= .005, d= .46). Ten of 28 EFMT participants achieved clinical response (≥ 50% reduction in symptoms) compared to 4 of 23 in CT. Both groups exhibited similar, small improvements in working memory. This replicated the preliminary efficacy of a digital cognitive-emotional training approach for the treatment of MDD. EFMT may be a feasible and effective intervention strategy for MDD, but future studies to elucidate its mechanism of action are warranted. This study is registered with Clinicaltrials.gov (NCT: 01934491).
The growth of commercialization — facilitating organizations and practices: A Schumpeterian perspective

During the long economic upswing of the 1980s and 1990s, the successful commercialization of new technology went together with the appearance of new financial vehicles, new organizational forms, and new practices promoting and mediating the transfer of the new technology from lab to market. They included business incubators, technology parks, venture capitalist firms, operators specializing in mergers and acquisitions, venture funds, and initial public offerings in the stock market. Commercialization-facilitating organizations and practices like these (here called “commercialization facilitators”) are themselves born by dynamic processes in a capitalist economy that can be analyzed in Schumpeterian terms. We discuss at some length a unique university-based institution that has an impressive track record of creating and operating new facilitating models: the IC2 Institute (Innovation, Creativity and Capital) of the University of Texas. During a twenty-five year period, IC2 came to be instrumental in the conversion of the local economy to the high tech age. The Institute’s activities span the range of the technology transfer and commercialization process, from the development and dissemination of new knowledge to the actual running of business incubators. We identify the IC2 Institute as a “second order” facilitator and discuss its possible global evolution into a “third order” facilitator.
Living in immigrant communities does not impact total knee arthroplasty outcomes: experience from a high-volume center in the United States

Community characteristics such as poverty affect total knee arthroplasty (TKA) outcomes. However, it is unknown whether other community factors such as immigrant proportion (IP) also affect outcomes. Our objective was to determine the association of neighborhood IP on preoperative (pre-op) and 2-year postoperative (post-op) Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) pain and function after elective TKA. Patients in a high volume institutional TKA registry between May 2007 and February 2011 were retrospectively analyzed. Demographics, pre-op and 2-year post-op WOMAC pain and function scores, and geocodable addresses were obtained. Patient-level variables were linked to US Census Bureau census tract data. The effect of patient and neighborhood-level factors on WOMAC scores were analyzed using linear mixed effects models. 3898 TKA patients were analyzed. Pre-op and 2-year post-op WOMAC pain and function scores were between 2.75–4.88 WOMAC points worse in neighborhoods with a high IP (≥ 40%) compared to low IP (< 10%). In multivariable analyses, these differences were not statistically significant. Women had worse pre-op and 2-year post-op WOMAC scores (all p ≤ 0.04), but this difference was not influenced by neighborhood IP (all pinteraction NS). Patients living in high (≥40%) IP neighborhoods do not have worse pre-op or 2-year post-op pain and function outcomes after TKA compared to those living in low (< 10%) IP neighborhoods. Although sex differences favoring males are notable, these differences are not associated with IP. High neighborhood IP do not appear to affect outcomes after TKA.
Quantum Theory of Materials

This accessible new text introduces the theoretical concepts and tools essential for graduate-level courses on the physics of materials in condensed matter physics, physical chemistry, materials science and engineering, and chemical engineering. Topics covered range from fundamentals such as crystal periodicity and symmetry, and derivation of single-particle equations, to modern additions including graphene, two-dimensional solids, carbon nanotubes, topological states, and Hall physics. Advanced topics such as phonon interactions with phonons, photons and electrons, and magnetism, are presented in an accessible way, and a set of appendices reviewing crucial fundamental physics and mathematical tools makes this text suitable for students from a range of backgrounds. Students will benefit from the emphasis on translating theory into practice, with worked examples explaining experimental observations, applications illustrating how theoretical concepts can be applied to real research problems, and 242 informative full color illustrations. End-of chapter exercises are included for homework and self-study, with solutions and lecture slides for instructors available online.
Weight Gain Trajectory and Pain Interference in Young Adulthood: Evidence from a Longitudinal Birth Cohort Study.

Objective Obesity is associated with chronic pain, but the contribution of body mass index (BMI) trajectories over the life course to the onset of pain problems remains unclear. We retrospectively analyzed how BMI trajectories during the transition to adulthood were associated with a measure of pain interference obtained at age 29 in a longitudinal birth cohort study. Methods Data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1997 Cohort (follow-up from 1997 to 2015), were used to determine BMI trajectories from age 14 to 29 via group trajectory modeling. At age 29, respondents described whether pain interfered with their work inside and outside the home over the past four weeks (not at all, a little, or a lot). Multivariable ordinal logistic regression was used to evaluate pain interference according to BMI trajectory and study covariates. Results Among 7,875 respondents, 11% reported "a little" and 4% reported "a lot" of pain interference at age 29. Four BMI trajectory groups were identified, varying in starting BMI and rate of weight gain. The "obese" group (8% of respondents) had a starting BMI of 30 kg/m2 and gained an average of 0.7 kg/m2/y. On multivariable analysis, this group was the most likely to have greater pain interference, compared with "high normal weight" (odds ratio [OR] = 1.47, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.14-1.88), "low normal weight" (OR = 1.45, 95% CI = 1.13-1.87), and "overweight" trajectories (OR = 1.33, 95% CI = 1.02-1.73). Conclusions Obesity and rapid weight gain during the transition to adulthood were associated with higher risk of pain interference among young adults.
Mellin Convolution Equations

In the present paper we collect results on Mellin convolution equations (MCEs), obtained recently. We start with the motivation and in the first section are exposed MCEs which encounter in applications. Further we expose the boundedness results of corresponding operators in the Lebesgue space with weight. Fourier convolution (Wiener-Hopf) equations are defined and their connection to MCEs is described. Solvability and Fredholm properties and the index formulae for MCEs are formulated in terms of the symbol functions assigned to them. Results on the Banach algebra generated by Mellin and Wiener-Hopf operators in the Lebesgue space are exposed: The symbol function is defined and the Fredholm criteria is formulated, the index formula is written. In conclusion we expose relatively new results on Fredholm property and index of MCEs in the Bessel potential spaces. These results are applied to the mixed boundary value problem (Mixed BVP) for the Laplace equation in an angle, which reduces to an equivalent MCE. Results on the Fredholm property, solvability and index of such equations are formulated and, in conclusion, applied to the above formulated mixed BVP for the Laplace equation.
Die logische Phänomenologie der Existenzaussagen

Existenz und Nichtexistenz werden in mehreren, mehr oder minder stark syntaktisch und/oder semantisch voneinander abweichenden Weisen ausgesagt. Dies gilt insbesondere von der deutschen Sprache; das meiste der nachfolgenden Beschreibungen des Sprachgebrauchs lasst sich jedoch auf jede andere indoeuropaische Sprache ubertragen. Beschreibung aber gibt es nicht ohne Analyse; Beschreibung ist immer schon Analyse. Auch von der logischen Phanomenologie gilt: Die Beschreibung der Phanomene – die dafur notwendige Analyse – enthullt die philosophische Tiefe, die unter, hinter, bei den Phanomenen ist.