cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Infrared spectroscopy of RG–Co+(H2O) complexes (RG = Ar, Ne, He): The role of rare gas “tag” atoms

RGn-Co+(H2O) cation complexes (RG = Ar, Ne, He) are generated in a supersonic expansion by pulsed laser vaporization. Complexes are mass-selected using a time-of-flight spectrometer and studied with infrared laser photodissociation spectroscopy, measuring the respective mass channels corresponding to the elimination of the rare gas "tag" atom. Spectral patterns and theory indicate that the structures of the ions with a single rare gas atom have this bound to the cobalt cation opposite the water moiety in a near-C2v arrangement. The O-H stretch vibrations of the complex are shifted compared to those of water because of the metal cation charge-transfer interaction; these frequencies also vary systematically with the rare gas atom attached. The efficiencies of photodissociation also vary with the rare gas atoms because of their widely different binding energies to the cobalt cation. The spectrum of the argon complex could only be measured when at least three argon atoms were attached. In the case of the helium complex, the low binding energy allows the spectra to be measured for the low-frequency H-O-H scissors bending mode and for the O-D stretches of the deuterated analog. The partially resolved rotational structure for the antisymmetric O-H and O-D stretches reveals the temperature of these complexes (6 K) and establishes the electronic ground state. The helium complex has the same 3B1 ground state as the tag-free complex studied previously by Metz and co-workers ["Dissociation energy and electronic and vibrational spectroscopy of Co+(H2O) and its isotopomers," J. Phys. Chem. A 117, 1254 (2013)], but the A rotational constant is contaminated by vibrational averaging from the bending motion of the helium.
Deep-UV hyperspectral microscopy with phase and absorption-based contrast

Ultraviolet hyperspectral interferometric (UHI) microscopy is a novel molecular imaging technique that retrieves wideband, high-resolution spectral information of the wavelength-dependent real part of the refractive index (i.e., dispersion), and the total attenuation coefficient of biological samples in the deep-ultraviolet (UV) spectral region. Here I will discuss the design of the system and processing methods used to extract the hyperspectral information. I will also present results from individual cells, tissues, and a detail study of spectral properties of several important biomolecules. Finally, biomedical applications and future directions will be discussed.
Capacity Investment under Bayesian Information Updates at Reporting Periods: Model and Application

We consider capacity addition decisions by a new product manufacturer faced with uncertain technology alternatives. The manufacturing capacity addition and technology development occurs in parallel, with preliminary results from a technology project's success providing valuable information to the manufacturer in adding capacity. We solve a stochastic dynamic program with Bayesian updates to obtain the manufacturer's expected profit‐maximizing capacity investment decision. Our model and applications are motivated by the Critical Materials Institute (CMI) (funded by the Department of Energy), which manages research projects focused on mitigating critical material constraints, vital to renewable energy technologies such as direct‐drive wind turbines, electric vehicles, and energy‐efficient lighting. We capture three unique aspects of the problem: first, the learning from project progress depends on task‐based stochastic outcomes and a project's percent‐done. Second, the underlying technology's profitability is based on a model of competition. Third, we evaluate the impact of progress across a portfolio of projects based on a manufacturer's capacity addition. We develop a heuristic that produces results that are close to optimal and can thus be used for large problem sizes. The managerial insights from an application of our model to CMI projects include: (i) technology projects that report the percent‐done of a project earlier increase expected manufacturer profit; (ii) careful choice of “safe bets,” that is, technologies with low profitability but a high probability of success, can increase expected manufacturer profit; (iii) a portfolio of projects can increase profits significantly over separate project evaluation; and (iv) dynamic management of project resources can increase overall profit.
Multi-TeV signals of baryogenesis in a Higgs troika model

A modest extension of the Standard Model by two additional Higgs doublets---the Higgs troika model---can provide a well-motivated scenario for successful baryogenesis if neutrinos are Dirac fermions. Adapting the ``spontaneous flavor violation'' framework, we consider a version of the troika model where light quarks have significant couplings to the new multi-TeV Higgs states. Resonant production of new scalars leading to dijet or top-pair signals are typical predictions of this setup. The initial- and final-state quarks relevant to the collider phenomenology also play a key role in baryogenesis, potentially providing direct access to the relevant early-Universe physics in high-energy experiments. Viable baryogenesis generally prefers some hierarchy of masses between the observed and the postulated Higgs states. We show that there is a complementarity between direct searches at a future 100 TeV $pp$ collider and indirect searches at flavor experiments, with both sensitive to different regions of parameter space relevant for baryogenesis. In particular, measurements of $D\ensuremath{-}\overline{D}$ mixing at LHCb probe much of the interesting parameter space. Direct and indirect searches can uncover the new Higgs states up to masses of $\mathcal{O}(10)\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{TeV}$, thereby providing an impressive reach to investigate this model.
Outcomes of BRAF mutant metastatic melanoma (MM) patients (pts) after cessation of targeted therapy (TT) with BRAF or BRAF/MEK inhibitor(i).

9564Background: Since their introduction into the clinic a decade ago, BRAF and BRAF/MEKi have dramatically changed the outcomes of pts with BRAF mutant MM. While typically, these agents are admini...
Aspect-based Sentiment Analysis in Document - FOMC Meeting Minutes on Economic Projection

The Federal Open Market Committee within the Federal Reserve System is responsible for managing inflation, maximizing employment, and stabilizing interest rates. Meeting minutes play an important role for market movements because they provide the birds eye view of how this economic complexity is constantly re-weighed. Therefore, There has been growing interest in analyzing and extracting sentiments on various aspects from large financial texts for economic projection. However, Aspect-based Sentiment Analysis is not widely used on financial data due to the lack of large labeled dataset. In this paper, I propose a model to train ABSA on financial documents under weak supervision and analyze its predictive power on various macroeconomic indicators.
The Chemical Structure of Tryptophanase from Escherichia coli III. ISOLATION AND AMINO ACID SEQUENCE OF THE TRYPTIC PEPTIDES

Abstract Sodium borohydride-reduced, carboxymethylated holotryptophanase was digested with trypsin, and the resulting peptides were purified by column chromatography on basic and acidic ion exchange resins, and by paper chromatography and electrophoresis. The isolation and sequence determinations of 13 peptides, including the NH2- and COOH-terminal peptides, those containing carboxymethylcysteine or tryptophan, and that containing the pyridoxyllysine residue (Lys(Pxy)) are reported here, together with a summary of the sequences of a total of 54 tryptic peptides present in the digest. The NH2-terminal peptide, Met-Glu-Asn-Phe-Lys, and the COOH-terminal peptide, Leu-Lys-Glu-Val, were isolated, and an extended sequence at the COOH-terminal end of tryptophanase was proposed to be His-Thr-Phe-Ala-Lys-Leu-Lys-Glu-Val on the basis of carboxypeptidase A experiments and the sequence of an isolated pentapeptide. The amino acid sequence of an extended portion of the peptide chain around the reduced pyridoxal 5-phosphate residue was determined to be Tyr-Ala-Asp-Met-Leu-Ala-Met-SerAla-Lys-Lys(Pxy)-Asp-Ala-Met-Val-Pro-Met-Gly-Gly-Leu-Leu-Cys(Cm)-Met-Lys. Tryptophanase contains 2 tryptophan and 6 cystine residues per subunit of 55,000 molecular weight, and two distinct tryptophan peptides and five distinct carboxymethylcysteine peptides were isolated and sequenced. The studies thus support the view that this subunit contains a single peptide chain. Of a total of about 474 amino acid residues per subunit, 411 were recovered in the 54 tryptic peptides so far studied.
bFGF and VEGF inhibit radiation-induced apoptosis of endothelial cells by inhibiting acid sphingomyelinase activity

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 47, 2006 4392 Previous studies (Haimovitz-Friedman et al., 1994) showed that ionizing radiation (RT) induces rapid sphingomyelin (SM) hydrolysis to generate ceramide and apoptosis in enucleated bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAEC). These studies indicated that the cellular membrane is the primary target of ionizing radiation in these cells. We also showed that basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) inhibits RT-induced apoptosis in these endothelial cells. The goal of the current study was to explore the mechanism by which bFGF inhibits RT-induced apoptosis in BAEC and whether other survival factors, such as VEGF, act similarly. The response of these cells to RT in the presence or absence of bFGF and VEGF was investigated using plateau-phase BAEC cultures. Both growth factors inhibited RT-induced apoptosis in these cells. Further, ceramide levels were significantly elevated at 266.4pmol/106 cells 60 seconds post-irradiation (p<0.001), and were reduced to basal levels upon pretreatment with bFGF (129.4pmol/106 cells in bFGF-pretreated irradiated cells vs. 138.44pmol/106 cells in untreated control BAEC). In resting cells, acid sphingomyelinase (ASMase) is localized to the inner plasma membrane and upon activation translocated onto the exoplasmic leaflet, where its substrate SM is preferentially concentrated. bFGF inhibited RT-induced ASMase translocation, and decreased ASMase activity. Further, exogenous long chain C16-ceramide, at concentrations alone insufficient for apoptosis induction, bypassed bFGF and VEGF inhibition and restored radiation-induced apoptosis. These results show for the first time that the principle anti-apoptotic effect of bFGF and VEGF on endothelium is to inhibit ASMase-mediated ceramide generation.
History of the Academic Study of Entrepreneurship

Entrepreneurship as an academic field of study is quite young. It was in the 70s and 80s when business schools began to offer courses focusing on entrepreneurship. Within the Academy of Management, Karl Vesper formed an Interest Group on Entrepreneurship which achieved full status as the Entrepreneurship Division in 1987. In regards to scholarship, the Journal of Small Business Management started in 1963 while the American Journal of Small Business, started in 1976, changed to Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice in 1988. The Journal of Business Venturing was started in 1985 by Ian MacMillan under the sponsorship of the Wharton School while Small Business Economics was started in 1989 by Zoltan Acs and David B. Audretsch. A number of specialized journals started, including Small Business Strategy (1990), Family Business Review (1988), and Entrepreneurship and Regional Development (1989). In the 21st Century, some of the prestigious research universities in the U.S., such as Indiana University, University of Colorado, and Syracuse University developed Ph.D. programs in entrepreneurship in order to prepare the next generation of scholars and researchers. The academic study of entrepreneurship will continue to grow and while it is still a developing field it will have even greater impact in the future. Keywords: entrepreneurship history; academic entrepreneurship; entrepreneurship education; entrepreneurship evolution
On the absolute configuration of organometallic compounds

Abstract The crystal structures of one of the diastereoisomers and of the racemic pairs having composition (η5-C5H5)Mo(CO)2SC(CH3)NR with R = CH[CH(CH3)2]-(C6H5) have been determined from single crystal X-ray diffraction data. The results that follow are given first for the active and then for the racemic crystal: Space group P21, a = 9.366(2), b = 16.199(3), c = 12.722(1) A, β = 99.399(8)°, d(calc.) = 1.477 gm cm−3 and z = 4 molecules/unit cell; Space group P21/n, a = 9.111(2), b = 12.774(4), c = 16.465(4) A, β = 94.81(2)°, d(calc.) = 1.472 gm cm−3 and z = 4 molecules/unit cell. Refinement for the two crystals converged to R(F) = 0.020, Rw(F) = 0.021 and R(F) = 0.073, Rw(F) = 0.075. The Bijvoet test was applied to the enantiomorphic crystal and the configuration assigned is (S) for both the optically active carbon and the Mo site. Both compounds have an approximately square-pyramidal configuration around the Mo atom in which the thioamide ligand is bound through the S and N atoms. This attachment of the thioamide ligand has only recently been structurally documented. The conformation of the molecules is nearly identical for all the compounds described in this study, as well as for similar species previously reported. Finally, the packing of the enantiomer and of the racemic pair is different. In spite of that, the density is nearly identical for the two substances.
Hope for Tropical Biodiversity through True Bioliteracy

For tropical wild biodiversity to survive, it must occupy a large terrain, be permanently endowed, and be integrated with its local, national, and international society. Among other things, integration will be enormously facilitated by giving bioilliterate humanity—all seven billion of us—the ability to read wild biodiversity anywhere any time for the personal cost of a pocket comb. That is true universal bioliteracy. DNA barcoding is the technology for this, and a personal or an institutional decision to sustain its cheap cost will cut the Gordian knot.
Is there a critical period for mossy fiber sprouting in a mouse model of temporal lobe epilepsy

Summary Purpose: Dentate granule cell axon (mossy fiber) sprouting creates an aberrant positive-feedback circuit that might be epileptogenic. Presumably, mossy fiber sprouting is initiated by molecular signals, but it is unclear whether they are expressed transiently or persistently. If transient, there might be a critical period when short preventative treatments could permanently block mossy fiber sprouting. Alternatively, if signals persist, continuous treatment would be necessary. The present study tested whether temporary treatment with rapamycin has long-term effects on mossy fiber sprouting. Methods: Mice were treated daily with 1.5 mg/kg rapamycin or vehicle (i.p.) beginning 24 h after pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus. Mice were perfused for anatomic evaluation immediately after 2 months of treatment (“0 delay”) or after an additional 6 months without treatment (“6-month delay”). One series of sections was Timm-stained, and an adjacent series was Nissl-stained. Stereologic methods were used to measure the volume of the granule cell layer plus molecular layer and the Timm-positive fraction. Numbers of Nissl-stained hilar neurons were estimated using the optical fractionator method. Key Findings: At 0 delay, rapamycin-treated mice had significantly less black Timm staining in the granule cell layer plus molecular layer than vehicle-treated animals. However, by 6-month delay, Timm staining had increased significantly in mice that had been treated with rapamycin. Percentages of the granule cell layer plus molecular layer that were Timm-positive were high and similar in 0 delay vehicle-treated, 6-month delay vehicle-treated, and 6-month delay rapamycin-treated mice. Extent of hilar neuron loss was similar among all groups that experienced status epilepticus and, therefore, was not a confounding factor. Compared to naive controls, average volume of the granule cell layer plus molecular layer was larger in 0 delay vehicle-treated mice. The hypertrophy was partially suppressed in 0 delay rapamycin-treated mice. However, 6-month delay vehicle- and 6-month delay rapamycin-treated animals had similar average volumes of the granule cell layer plus molecular layer that were significantly larger than those of all other groups. Significance: Status epilepticus–induced mossy fiber sprouting and dentate gyrus hypertrophy were suppressed by systemic treatment with rapamycin but resumed after treatment ceased. These findings suggest that molecular signals that drive mossy fiber sprouting and dentate gyrus hypertrophy might persist for >2 months after status epilepticus in mice. Therefore, prolonged or continuous treatment might be required to permanently suppress mossy fiber sprouting.
The Dissociation Constants of Tetrahydrofolic Acid

Six dissociable groups exist in tetrahydrofolic acid in the range H0 -3.0 to pH 14. The assignments in tetrahydrofolic acid by titrimetric and spectrophotometric comparisons with model compounds, p-aminobenzoylglutamic acid and 2-amino-6,7-dimethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-4-pteridinone, are as follows: acidic ionization of amide, pK' 10.5; N5, pK' 4.82; γ-carboxyl, pK' 4.8; α-carboxyl, pK' 3.5; N1, pK' 1.24; and N10, pK' -1.25. These pK' values, with the exception of those of the carboxyl groups, were determined directly for tetrahydrofolic acid at 22–25° and ionic strength 1.0.
Comparison of Two Parametric Methods to Estimate Pesticide Mass Loads in California’s Central Valley1

Saleh, Dina K., David L. Lorenz, and Joseph L. Domagalski, 2010. Comparison of Two Parametric Methods to Estimate Pesticide Mass Loads in California’s Central Valley. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 00(0):1-11. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2010.00506.x Abstract: Mass loadings were calculated for four pesticides in two watersheds with different land uses in the Central Valley, California, by using two parametric models: (1) the Seasonal Wave model (SeaWave), in which a pulse signal is used to describe the annual cycle of pesticide occurrence in a stream, and (2) the Sine Wave model, in which first-order Fourier series sine and cosine terms are used to simulate seasonal mass loading patterns. The models were applied to data collected during water years 1997 through 2005. The pesticides modeled were carbaryl, diazinon, metolachlor, and molinate. Results from the two models show that the ability to capture seasonal variations in pesticide concentrations was affected by pesticide use patterns and the methods by which pesticides are transported to streams. Estimated seasonal loads compared well with results from previous studies for both models. Loads estimated by the two models did not differ significantly from each other, with the exceptions of carbaryl and molinate during the precipitation season, where loads were affected by application patterns and rainfall. However, in watersheds with variable and intermittent pesticide applications, the SeaWave model is more suitable for use on the basis of its robust capability of describing seasonal variation of pesticide concentrations.
Working at Home: Domestic Workers in the Nineteenth and Twentieth-Century United States

The history of domestic service in America in the 19th and 20th centuries provides a lens through which to study the history of race, class, and gender. Yet, scholars have struggled to reconcile the history of household workers with that of workers in more public places like factories and shops. Historians have debated whether domestic workers were capable of collective labor resistance and how the issue of race has shaped the experience of domestic workers. The question of whether and how much domestic work differs from other kinds of labor will remain at the center of scholarship on labor, women, and gender.
Elementary reaction rates from post-induction-period profiles in shock-initiated combustion

Elementary reaction rates were measured by following the reaction profiles in the transition zone between the exponential growth and recombination zones in the shock-initiated combustion of H2:O2:Ar=10:1:89, H2:O2:Ar=1:10:89, H2:O2:CO:Ar=1:5:3:91, and H2:O2:CO2:Ar=5:1:4:90 mixtures in the temperature range 1200°–2500°K. Rate-constant expressions for the reactions O H + H 2 = ⋅ H 2 O + H , O H + O H = H 2 O + O , O H + C O = C O 2 + H , were found to be 5.2×1013 exp (−6.5 kcal/RT) 5.5×1013 exp (−7.0 kcal/RT), and 4.0×1012×exp (−8.0 kcal/RT) cm3/mole/sec, respectively. None of these expressions extrapolate linearly on an Arrhenius graph to the room-temperature data. Possible interpretations of nonlinear Arrhenius graphs are discussed.
A CRITIQUE OF BOROWITZ'S POSTMODERN JEWISH THEOLOGY

. Borowitz's book is primarily a systematic response by a liberal Jewish theologian to his perceived challenges from rationalism on one hand and postmodernism on the other. It is within this context that Borowitz discusses issues of the relationship between modern science and Judaism. The first part of this essay is a summary of Borowitz's book. Here I locate Borowitz's place in the general discipline of Jewish philosophy and theology. The second part of the paper is a critique of Borowitz's discussion of postmodernism and liberalism. It is in this concluding section that the issues raised by contemporary science for Jewish religious thought are discussed.
Intramolecular vibrational relaxation of CH overtones in benzene

Abstract A realistic molecular model is constructed and analyzed for intramolecular vibrational relaxation of CH overtones in benzene. Calculated overtone lineshapes are in good agreement with experiment.
The anisotropic overall thermal conductivity induced by preferentially oriented pores

Abstract The differential formulation employing a self-consistent concept is extended to study the directional response of overall thermal conductivity in a porous medium containing anisometric pores. The anisometric pores distribute in a special direction relative to the incoming heat flux vector, rendering an anisotropic overall thermal conductivity tensor when discharging the heat flow in the porous medium. Cylindrical cavities with insulated surfaces are exemplified in the numerical example, demonstrating the directional response. Effects of the preferential orientation and the aspect ratio of the cylindrical cavities on the anisotropy of the overall thermal conductivity tensor are studied.
Quantum Interference Paradox

THE development of atomic time standards and high-speed recording techniques has allowed the extension of radio interferometry to baselines extending thousands of miles. The amplitude, rather than the power, of the received radiation is recorded separately at two or more stations with accurate time control, and the interference pattern is later recovered by cross-correlating the signals by digital1,2 or analogue3 methods. The measurements are usually described in classical terms, for the observations are well outside the domain of quantum phenomena. A discussion of the technique in quantum terms, however, raises an interesting form of the quantum interference paradox that Einstein, Bohr and others debated so vigorously4 40 years ago, in the discussion of the two-slit interference pattern shown in Fig. la. Any attempt to determine which slit a photon or an electron passes through must result in the destruction of the interference pattern.
The heterogeneity of arginine-rich histones

Abstract Arginine-rich histone Fractions 2a and 3 from calf thymus were prepared by chromatography on Sephadex. Fraction 2a could be further fractionated into two components by chromatography on Biogel P 60 or by precipitation with 1.0 M NaCl. These two fractions (2a I and 2a II ) differed in their electrophoretic mobility in starch gel and in their contents of lysine, arginine, alanine, glycine, serine, and proline. The electrophoretically slow Fraction 3 histones were fractionated by chromatography on Sephadex G-200. The three fractions resulting from this fractionation were distinct in their position in starch-gel electrophoretograms and were analyzed. Results of the amino acid analysis, of the NH 2 terminal amino acid determination, and of the analysis of tryptic peptides (fingerprinting), indicated that these fractions are polymers or aggregates of a basic molecular unit. Phosphorus-containing material with a maximum absorbancy close to 260 mμ was found in the most aggregated Fraction 3 I .
The effects of orientation and crystallinity on the solvent‐induced crystallization of poly(ethylene terephthalate). II. Physical structure and morphology

This series of papers summarizes the results of an experimental research program designed to establish the effects of preexisting orientation and crystallinity on the solvent-induced crystallization of poly(ethylene terephthalate) films. Dimethylformamide was used as a model for a strongly interacting solvent. This paper deals with the morphological and structural modifications induced by the solvent crystallization process. The effects on the structure and morphology of the solvent crystallization were dominated by surface cavitation, creation of voids, and by changes in the degree of crystallinity. The surface structure varied from a spherulitic cavitated structure for films of low orientations (low draw ratios) to a smooth surface at the higher draw ratios. In addition to the change in the surface morphology, an internal void structure was formed due to crystallization taking place in a swollen state. The formation of voids is dependent on the treatment temperature, draw ratio, and the method of solvent removal. The voids collapse upon annealing at high temperatures. Increases in the degree of crystallinity and changes in orientation were dependent on the treatment temperature. The crystallite size goes through a maximum at an intermediate degree of orientation. The crystalline orientation decreases with increasing treatment temperature. The structures formed during solvent treatments did not show any characteristic premelting endotherms at the low draw ratios. In the case of higher draw ratios, a small premelting endotherm was noticeable at a temperature 70°C greater than that of the solvent treatment.
Increased Intracellular Ca++ in the Macula Densa Regulates Tubuloglomerular Feedback

Increased intracellular Ca ++ in the macula densa regulates tubuloglomerular feedback. Background Tubuloglomerular feedback is initiated by an increase in NaCl at the macula densa lumen, which in turn increases intracellular Ca ++ . In the present study, we examined the role of increased intracellular Ca ++ in tubuloglomerular feedback and the source of the increased Ca ++ . We hypothesized that an increase in intracellular Ca ++ at the macula densa via the basolateral Na + /Ca ++ exchanger, caused by an increase in luminal NaCl, initiates Ca ++ -mediated Ca ++ release from intracellular stores, which is essential for tubuloglomerular feedback. Methods Rabbit afferent arterioles and attached macula densas were simultaneously microperfused in vitro. Tubuloglomerular feedback was induced by increasing macula densa Na + /Cl - from 11/10mmol/L (low) to 81/80mmol/L (high) and was measured before and after treatment. Results To investigate whether elevations in intracellular Ca ++ are required for tubuloglomerular feedback, the calcium ionophore A23187 or the Ca ++ chelator BAPTA-AM was added to the macula densa lumen. During the control period, tubuloglomerular feedback decreased afferent arteriole diameter from 18.1 ± 1.1 μm to 15.3 ± 0.8 μm. Adding 2 × 10 -6 mol/L A23187 to the low NaCl macula densa perfusate induced tubuloglomerular feedback; diameter decreased from 18.0 ± 1.0 μm to 15.4 ± 0.9 μm ( N = 6; P ++ in response to increased NaCl concentration. During the control period, tubuloglomerular feedback decreased afferent arteriole diameter from 18.5 ± 1.6 μm to 15.3 ± 1.2 μm ( N = 6; P + /Ca ++ exchanger inhibitor 2′4′-dichlorobenzamil (10 μmol/L) or KB-R7943 (30 μmol/L) to the bath, the tubuloglomerular feedback response was blocked; however, the afferent arteriole response to angiotensin II or adenosine was not altered. Next, we tested the Ca ++ -adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) inhibitor thapsigargin (0.1 μmol/L), which has been reported to inhibit sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca ++ -ATPase activity and prevent restoration of intracellular Ca ++ stores. When thapsigargin was added to the macula densa lumen, it reduced the first tubuloglomerular feedback response by 33% and completely eliminated the second and third tubuloglomerular feedback responses. In the absence of thapsigargin, there was no significant decrease in the tubuloglomerular feedback responses ( N = 6). Neither the L-type Ca ++ channel blocker nifedipine (25 μmol/L), nor the T-type Ca ++ channel blocker pimozide (10 μmol/L), inhibited tubuloglomerular feedback when added to the macula densa lumen. Conclusion We concluded that ( 1 ) increased intracellular Ca ++ at the macula densa is required for the tubuloglomerular feedback response; ( 2 ) Na + /Ca ++ exchange appears to initiate Ca ++ -mediated Ca ++ release from intracellular stores; and ( 3 ) luminal L-type or T-type Ca ++ channels are not involved in tubuloglomerular feedback.
Expert athletes activate somatosensory and motor planning regions of the brain when passively listening to familiar sports sounds

The present functional magnetic resonance imaging study examined the neural response to familiar and unfamiliar, sport and non-sport environmental sounds in expert and novice athletes. Results revealed differential neural responses dependent on sports expertise. Experts had greater neural activation than novices in focal sensorimotor areas such as the supplementary motor area, and pre- and postcentral gyri. Novices showed greater activation than experts in widespread areas involved in perception (i.e. supramarginal, middle occipital, and calcarine gyri; precuneus; inferior and superior parietal lobules), and motor planning and processing (i.e. inferior frontal, middle frontal, and middle temporal gyri). These between-group neural differences also appeared as an expertise effect within specific conditions. Experts showed greater activation than novices during the sport familiar condition in regions responsible for auditory and motor planning, including the inferior frontal gyrus and the parietal operculum. Novices only showed greater activation than experts in the supramarginal gyrus and pons during the non-sport unfamiliar condition, and in the middle frontal gyrus during the sport unfamiliar condition. These results are consistent with the view that expert athletes are attuned to only the most familiar, highly relevant sounds and tune out unfamiliar, irrelevant sounds. Furthermore, these findings that athletes show activation in areas known to be involved in action planning when passively listening to sounds suggests that auditory perception of action can lead to the re-instantiation of neural areas involved in producing these actions, especially if someone has expertise performing the actions.
Persistence of community structure: what happens when you change taxonomic scale?

It is common in community ecology to use the species as the taxonomic category of interest, yet in rich tropical assemblages containing guilds of very similar species this may not be appropriate. Such assemblages may be organized at the level of guilds rather than at the finer species level. In a ten-year study of assemblages of fish at One Tree Reef, Great Barrier Reef, we found species composition and the number of fish on a given lagoonal patch reef vary greatly across time (Sale and Douglas 1984; Sale et al. in preparation). The mean average proportional similarity of a reef's assemblage to itself at different times (censuses) is usually low at a value of around 0.5. This apparent variability may be ecologically irrelevant noise if organization is at the higher guild level. We have recast our database at the guild level to test this possibility. Thirteen guilds were defined by the diets, foraging habitats and times of the individual species comprising them. Similarity of an assemblage to itself at successive censuses was re-calculated using the number of individuals in each guild instead of the numbers in each species. This analysis yielded significantly higher levels of similarity (P 0.05) was found between the average similarity among censuses when assemblages were classified into these “null” guilds and when they were classified according to the real guilds. These results indicate that shifting to the “larger” taxonomic scale of guilds does not reveal a significantly more persistent assemblage structure than that revealed when analysis is at the “smaller” scale of species. There is no evidence of an underlying organization of these assemblages at the guild level.
Computer-assisted optimization of an immobilized-enzyme flow-injection system for the determination of glucose

Abstract A flow-injection system utilizing the Trinder reaction for the determination of glucose is designed and optimized. Glucose is converted to gluconic acid by passing it through a single-bead-string reactor (SBSR) onto which glucose oxidase enzyme has been immobilized. As it flows through a second SBSR, the gluconic acid reacts with a reagent stream of horseradish peroxidase, 4-aminoantipyrine and 3,5-dichloro-2-hydroxyphenyl sulfonate. The absorbance of the quinoneimine dye produced is then monitored at 510 nm in a flow-through cell. Optimum operating conditions were sought by using both univariate and Composite Modified Simplex procedures. Seven variables were considered. The performance of the system was improved by a factor of 22.5 relative to the starting conditions. A calibration curve obtainedat the optimum conditions was linear for 0–3.3 mM glucose and usable for 0–5.5 mM glucose. The optimization procedures revealed some interesting aspects of the Trinder reaction. scatter diagrams generated from the simplex data showed definite trends for each of the seven variables. These are discussed.
496. Nicotine, mecamylamine, and movement disorders in smokers with schizophrenia

aggressive and nonaggressive CD symptoms and anxiety disorder symptoms from youth responses to DISC-2.3 interviews. Saliva samples were collected on a single morning at 7:45 and 9:00 and radioimmunoassayed for cortisol concentration. Least-squares regression of mean cortisol concentration on the sum of aggression symptoms, the sum of anxiety symptoms, and the interaction of aggression-by-anxiety found the interaction term to be significant, t 5 2.52, p 5 0.0187. High counts of both anxiety and aggression were associated with extremely high concentrations of cortisol, whereas high counts of aggression with low counts of anxiety were associated with lower cortisol. This interaction replicates the key finding from the 1991 study and provides further evidence that comorbid anxiety and cortisol may be correlates of different types of CD.
Knockout of vascular early response gene worsens chronic stroke outcomes in neonatal mice

Abstract Vascular early response gene (Verge) is a novel immediate early gene that is highly expressed during developmental angiogenesis and after ischemic insults in adult brain. However, the role of Verge after neonatal injury is not known. In the present study, we investigated the hypothesis that Verge contributes to vascular remodeling and tissue repair after neonatal ischemic injury. The Rice–Vanucci model (RVM) was employed to induce neonatal stroke in both Verge knockout (KO) and wild-type (WT) postnatal day 10 (P10) mice. Histological and behavioral outcomes at acute (24 h), subacute (7 days) and chronic (30 days) phases were evaluated. Angiogenesis, neurogenesis, and glial scar formation were also examined in the ischemic brain. No significant differences in outcomes were found between WT and Verge mice at 24 h or 7 days after stroke. However genetic deletion of Verge led to pronounced cystic cavitation, decreased angiogenensis and glial scar formation in the ischemic hemisphere compared to WT mice at 30 days. Verge KO mice also had significantly worse functional outcomes at 30 days which was accompanied by decreased neurogenesis and angiogenesis in the ischemic hemisphere. Our study suggests that Verge plays an important role in the induction of neurogenesis and angiogenesis after ischemia, contributes to improved tissue repair, and enhances chronic functional recovery.
Impact of different cleaning processes on the laser damage threshold of antireflection coatings for Z-Backlighter optics at Sandia National Laboratories

We have examined how three different cleaning processes affect the laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) of antireflection coatings for large dimension, Z-Backlighter laser optics at Sandia National Laboratories. Laser damage thresholds were measured after the coatings were created, and again 4 months later to determine which cleaning processes were most effective. Coatings that received cleaning exhibited the highest LIDTs compared to coatings that were not cleaned. In some cases, there is nearly a twofold increase in the LIDT between the cleaned and uncleaned coatings (19.4 J/cm2 compared to 39.1 J/cm2). Higher LIDTs were realized after 4 months of aging. The most effective cleaning process involved washing the coated surface with mild detergent, and then soaking the optic in a mixture of ethyl alcohol and deionized water. Also, the laser damage results indicate that the presence of nonpropagating (NP) damage sites dominates the LIDTs of almost every optic, despite the cleaning process used. NP damage sites can be attributed to defects such as nodules in the coating or surface contamination, which suggests that pursuing further improvements to the deposition or cleaning processes are worthwhile to achieve even higher LIDTs.
Translocation of Assimilates and Phosphate in Detached Bean Leaves

(14)C-assimilates were accumulated by the veins in the blades and transported basipetally into the petioles of detached leaves of Red Kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Neither process was greatly affected by mild moisture stress, age of fully enlarged leaves, or period in the dark prior to exposure to (14)CO(2). However, both vein loading and transport into petioles were greatly reduced by oxygen deficiency. The basipetal transport of (32)PO(4) also did not appear to be greatly reduced by 6 or 8 days of darkness prior to the application of phosphate-(32)P, followed by a transport period of 1 day in the dark. Endothall at 5 x 10(-3)m was effective in stopping basipetal flow of (32)P. It is considered that transport in leaves may be powered by forces in the plasmodesmata of the cell walls between the border parenchyma and phloem.
Solvent Switching between Charge Transfer and Intraligand Excited States in a Multichromophoric Platinum(II) Complex

The photophysical properties of a new multichromophoric platinum(II) complex, Pt(dbbpy)(C≡C−nap)2 (1) (dbbpy = 4,4‘-(di-tert-butyl)-2,2‘-bipyridine; C≡C−nap = 1-ethynylnaphthalene), is reported in four different solvent systems of varying polarity: toluene, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, dichloromethane, and acetonitrile. Since the low-energy dπ Pt → π* dbbpy metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) transitions in this chromophore are negative solvatochromic in nature, increasing solvent polarity raises the energy of the MLCT state. At the same time, the low-lying, metal-perturbed π,π* triplet intraligand (3IL) state present within the molecule on the −C≡C−nap fragments are largely invariant to solvent polarity as evidenced by the absorption and emission properties of the model chromophore lacking the low-energy charge transfer state, Pt(dppe)(C≡C−nap)2 (2) (dppe = 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane). In solvents of low polarity, the static and dynamic absorption and luminescence spectroscopy of 1 are largely cons...
Evaluation of three formulations of Beauveria bassiana for control of lesser mealworm and hide beetle in Georgia poultry houses.

Abstract Initial screening of 12 Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin isolates against larvae of the lesser mealworm (Alphitobius diaperinus [Panzer]) resulted in the selection of two isolates, GHA and 707, for further testing under field conditions. Three formulations of each strain were prepared: an EC, a ground corn granular formulation, and waste product of fungal propagation containing spent media, mycelia, and unharvested conidia (“residue” formulation). Two field trials were conducted in commercial caged-layer houses in Georgia with 5–6 mo of manure accumulation and established populations of A. diaperinus and hide beetles (Dermestes maculatus DeGeer). In the first trial field, B. bassiana was applied a single time to the manure surface at either 109 (EC and granular cornmeal bait formulations) or 108 (residue formulation) fungal spores per square meter. In the second trial, two successive weekly treatments were applied, using a total of 6X the rate of application used in the first trial, Signifi...
Electronic structures of exchange coupled trigonal trimeric Cu(II) complexes: Spin frustration, antisymmetric exchange, pseudo-A terms, and their relation to O2 activation in the multicopper oxidases

Abstract Exchange coupled trinuclear Cu(II) clusters are of great importance in magnetic materials as well as in key steps of biological catalysis. However, the physical origins of the unique magnetic and spectroscopic features have been elusive and detailed descriptions of their electronic structures have been limited. In this review, we review our recent spectroscopic studies on structurally well-defined trinuclear Cu(II) model complexes with distinct Cu–O bridged structures that represent the 4e − reduced, native intermediate in the catalytic reactivity of the multicopper oxidases. Our studies mainly based on electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) experiments provide new insights into the metal–ligand bonding interactions in the ground and excited states of the exchange coupled Cu(II) trimers: (1) the spin frustrated ground state of an antiferromagnetically coupled Cu(II) trimer undergoes zero-field splitting into two doublet states via a first-order spin–orbit coupling effect, termed antisymmetric exchange , that requires effective ground-to-excited state superexchange interactions, and (2) the ligand-to-metal charge transfer excited states undergo coupling interactions via either metal- or ligand-based, single-centered spin–orbit coupling mechanisms. The former is reflected in extremely unusual ground state EPR spectral features, while the latter is manifested in the MCD spectrum of the excited states as a set of two field- and temperature-dependent MCD C -terms with opposite signs. This MCD feature, called a pseudo-A term , has allowed differentiation of geometrically distinct Cu–O chromophores of the two model complexes and determination of the structure of the native intermediate in the reduction of O 2 to H 2 O by the multicopper oxidases. The fundamental descriptions of the electronic structures of exchange coupled Cu(II) trimers implicate their significant roles in the catalytic reductive cleavage of O O bonds in biology and in the physical properties of magnetic materials.
Victims' perceptions of police response to domestic violence incidents

This study examined the nature of police response to domestic violence incidents with a focus on the identification of areas of police intervention that female victims of domestic abuse find “most” helpful and “least” helpful. The first part of the study was based on the analysis of a random sample of incident reports of domestic abuse cases recorded in 2000 and 2001. These reports were examined to obtain information about the characteristics of domestic abuse victims and summary information about the incidents of domestic abuse offenses. The second stage of the research study involved a telephone survey conducted with a random sample of fifty female domestic abuse victims who called the police. The study examined female victims' perceptions of how the police responded to the domestic abuse incidents, how helpful or not so helpful victims found the police to be when they responded to their calls, and how their cases were handled by the legal system.
ω -Meson Production in Proton-Proton Interactions at 2.85 BeV

Double and triple meson ( pi ) production (821 and 512 events respectively) in proton-proton interactions at 2.85 Bev is observed. The production of mesons ( omega ) in the reaction p + p yields p + p + pi /sup +/ + pi /sup -/, pi /sup 0/ is indicated by a dev iation of the distribution of the 3 pi effective mass from phase space. No n meson production is observed. (T.F.H.)
A census of oceanic anticyclonic eddies in the Gulf of Alaska

In the Gulf of Alaska (GOA), mesoscale eddies play an important role in promoting off-shelf transport of heat, nutrients and biological populations into the HNLC water of the northeast Pacific Ocean. However, the spatial and temporal distribution of these eddies and their characteristics have not been substantially described. Here we apply an objective method (Okubo–Weiss parameter) for identifying and tracking eddies to 15 years (October 1992–2006) of satellite sea level anomaly data. The parameter allows the spatial and temporal variability in eddy activity to be defined, providing the first systematic census of anticyclonic eddies in the region. Eddies are generated principally on the eastern side of the basin and propagate either westward (Haida eddies) or along the western GOA shelf break (Alaskan Stream eddies). Seasonal maps of eddy density show fewest eddies in winter, maximum in spring/summer. The Haida and Alaskan Stream eddy corridors are clearly defined, as is an ‘eddy desert’ in the southwest of the basin, where the probability of an eddy being identified is zero. Maps of eddy trajectories for each year show substantial interannual variability in number and propagation paths. Greatest eddy activity occurs in 1994, 1997/1998 and 2004. Fewest eddies occur in 1996 and in the period from 1999 through 2002. Interannual variability in eddy characteristics (magnitude, propagation speed, diameter and duration) is assessed for the basin as a whole, and separately for the Alaskan Stream, Haida and Sitka/Yakutat formation regions. In general, Alaskan Stream eddies are more numerous, larger and more intense than Haida eddies. Periods of increased eddy activity do not necessarily correspond to El Nino events, but are associated with anomalous downwelling wind conditions along the continental margin.
Alkyl transfer steps in the catalytic alkylation of benzene, toluene, and cyclohexane

Abstract The rate of the catalytic redistribution of isotopic carbon in binary mixtures of benzene and toluene, benzene and ethylbenzene, toluene and xylene, toluene and ethylbenzene, cyclohexane and methylcyclohexane was investigated over supported Pt, Ir, Ru, and Au. The influence of the following experimental variables was assessed: hydrocarbon partial pressure ratios, 3 × 10 −3 to 30; temperature, 185 to 400 °C; catalyst support, A1 2 O 3 , MgO; catalyst acidity and basicity, and method of catalyst preparation. The results are discussed in the framework of processes of competitive and reactive chemisorption of hydrocarbon mixtures. The dependence of the reaction rate upon the hydrocarbon partial pressure ratio is considered in detail. Displacement effects were found when xylene isomers were present simultaneously. The insight that the carbon redistribution reaction may provide in investigations on the thermodynamic and kinetic aspects of alkyl transfer steps at catalytic surfaces is pointed out.