cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Resident iPad use: has it really changed the game?

Purpose The purpose of this study was to assess residents' usage patterns and opinions of the iPad as a tool for radiology education and clinical practice at an academic medical center. Methods All 38 radiology residents in our radiology program (postgraduate years 2 to 5) were provided with iPad 2 tablets and subscriptions to e-Anatomy and STATdx. After 6 months of device use, residents were surveyed to assess their opinions regarding the technology as a tool for education and clinical practice. Results A total of 36 residents (95%) completed the survey. Eighty-six percent reported daily iPad use. Radiology-specific applications, particularly e-Anatomy, were used weekly or daily by 88% of respondents. Most preferred to read journal articles on the iPad (70%), but the number of respondents preferring to read textbooks on the iPad (48.5%) compared with the traditional bound form (48.5%) was evenly divided. Residents were also divided on the clinical utility of the iPad. Most had not used the iPad to view radiologic examinations (75%). Fewer than half (47%) used their iPads during readout. Finally, only 12% had used the iPad to edit dictated reports. Conclusions The iPad has generated excitement within the radiology community, particularly among resident educators, who are increasingly recognizing the unique needs of “millennial learners.” This study showed that the majority of residents at the authors' institution have incorporated the iPad as an educational tool and use it as a learning aid. Incorporation of the iPad into clinical workflow has been less pronounced.
Spin-polarized electron tunneling: the importance of the potential barrier shape

Abstract Aspects concerning the shape of the potential barrier for the tunneling of spin-polarized electrons through a vacuum are discussed, and STM measurements indicating that the spin polarization increases with decreasing potential barrier thickness are presented. Model calculations of the potential barrier allow critical parameters of the potential barrier to be determined, namely the height φ B and the position z m of the energy maximum. Variations in these parameters correlate with the magnitude of the tunneling electron spin polarization.
Electrical origin of the outbursts on io.

The outbursts seen on Jupiter9s satellite Io have been described as volcanic eruptions. They may instead be the result of large electric currents flowing through hot spots on Io and causing evaporation of surface materials. A strictly periodic behavior would then be expected.
An application of Macaulay’s estimate to sums of squares problems in several complex variables

Several questions in complex analysis lead naturally to the study of bihomogeneous polynomials r(z, z) on Cn×Cn for which r(z, z) ‖z‖ = ‖h(z)‖ for some natural number d and a holomorphic polynomial mapping h = (h1, . . . , hK) from Cn to CK . When r has this property for some d, one seeks relationships between d, K, and the signature and rank of the coefficient matrix of r. In this paper, we reformulate this basic question as a question about the growth of the Hilbert function of a homogeneous ideal in C[z1, . . . , zn] and apply a well-known result of Macaulay to estimate some natural quantities.
Generation of white-light optical propelling beams

We demonstrate experimentally the generation of white-light propelling beams and their arrays by employing Moire technique without mechanical movement or phase-sensitive interference. We show it is possible to use such beams for dynamical optical tweezing and micro-manipulation.
Capacity and efficiency of reactive distillation bale packing : Modeling and experimental validation

The geometry of catalyst-containing bale packing is characterized in this paper. The calculated packing parameters (specific surface area and void fraction) are employed in conjunction with a model to predict two-phase pressure drop, maximum capacity, and height equivalent to a theoretical plate (HETP). Experimental data obtained in a 5.3-cm (2.1-in.) column, operated at total reflux, are presented for two systems (cyclohexane/n-heptane and acetone/methyl ethyl ketone) at pressures of 138 and 241 kPa (20 and 35 psia). Model predictions for pressure drop and HETP are validated with experimental data obtained under nonreactive conditions. An appropriate procedure for scaleup of HETP and pressure drop, with associated limitations, is also discussed.
An electron spectroscopic investigation of the interaction of methanol with polycrystalline aluminum

Abstract X-ray and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopic results are reported for the interaction of CH 3 OH with clean polycrystalline Al in the temperature range 110–500 K. Methanol is moleculary chemisorbed at low exposure and low temperature (110 K) followed by condensation at higher exposure. Bonding mechanisms and geometries in the condensed and chemisorbed layers are discussed. The multilayers desorb beginning near 170 K and the chemisorbed layer is converted into a surface methoxide. Room temperature adsorption also leads to formation of the methoxide species which is stable to ∼500 K, at which point it decomposes evolving CH 4 and leaves the surface oxidized.
Molecular Characterization of the Microsomal Tamoxifen Binding Site

Tamoxifen is a selective estrogen receptor modulator widely used for the prophylactic treatment of breast cancer. In addition to the estrogen receptor (ER), tamoxifen binds with high affinity to the microsomal antiestrogen binding site (AEBS), which is involved in ER-independent effects of tamoxifen. In the present study, we investigate the modulation of the biosynthesis of cholesterol in tumor cell lines by AEBS ligands. As a consequence of the treatment with the antitumoral drugs tamoxifen or PBPE, a selective AEBS ligand, we show that tumor cells produced a significant concentration- and time-dependent accumulation of cholesterol precursors. Sterols have been purified by HPLC and gas chromatography, and their chemical structures determined by mass spectrometric analysis. The major metabolites identified were 5alpha-cholest-8-en-3beta-ol for tamoxifen treatment and 5alpha-cholest-8-en-3beta-ol and cholesta-5,7-dien-3beta-ol, for PBPE treatment, suggesting that these AEBS ligands affect at least two enzymatic steps: the 3beta-hydroxysterol-Delta8-Delta7-isomerase and the 3beta-hydroxysterol-Delta7-reductase. Steroidal antiestrogens such as ICI 182,780 and RU 58,668 did not affect these enzymatic steps, because they do not bind to the AEBS. Transient co-expression of human 3beta-hydroxysterol-Delta8-Delta7-isomerase and 3beta-hydroxysterol-Delta7-reductase and immunoprecipitation experiments showed that both enzymes were required to reconstitute the AEBS in mammalian cells. Altogether, these data provide strong evidence that the AEBS is a hetero-oligomeric complex including 3beta-hydroxysterol-Delta8-Delta7-isomerase and the 3beta-hydroxysterol-Delta7-reductase as subunits that are necessary and sufficient for tamoxifen binding in mammary cells. Furthermore, because selective AEBS ligands are antitumoral compounds, these data suggest a link between cholesterol metabolism at a post-lanosterol step and tumor growth control. These data afford both the identification of the AEBS and give new insight into a novel molecular mechanism of action for drugs of clinical value.
The Integration of Intrametropolitan Office Markets

A model of an integrated metropolitan land market with respect to office location is provided. The model combines aspects of production theory and utility theory in outlining the locational choices of the office-using sector. The mixed basis of the model arises from the possibility of factor intensity reversals in the office sector which allow locational choices. Empirical tests of some of the propositions of the model yield the supporting result of a city-size effect in the linkages between downdown and suburban office-location markets.
Experimental Identification of Extra Type of Charges at SiO2/SiC Interface in 4H-SiC

High temperature C-V characterization with and without UV illumination has been performed on n-type 4H-SiC MOS capacitors fabricated using different processing conditions to extract various types of interfacial charges. An anomalous positive flatband voltage shift with temperature has been observed in most of the SiC MOS capacitors measured. We have experimentally identified an extra type of fixed charges at the 4H-SiC/SiO2 interface from the temperature dependence of the flatband voltage, particularly under UV illumination.
Achieving cost-efficient, data-intensive computing in the cloud

Cloud computing providers have recently begun to offer high-performance virtualized flash storage and virtualized network I/O capabilities, which have the potential to increase application performance. Since users pay for only the resources they use, these new resources have the potential to lower overall cost. Yet achieving low cost requires choosing the right mixture of resources, which is only possible if their performance and scaling behavior is known. In this paper, we present a systematic measurement of recently introduced virtualized storage and network I/O within Amazon Web Services (AWS). Our experience shows that there are scaling limitations in clusters relying on these new features. As a result, provisioning for a large-scale cluster differs substantially from small-scale deployments. We describe the implications of this observation for achieving efficiency in large-scale cloud deployments. To confirm the value of our methodology, we deploy cost-efficient, high-performance sorting of 100 TB as a large-scale evaluation.
Lubricant γ-ray dosimeter

Abstract A chemical dosimeter has been developed which is based on the gas evolution of lubricants by γ-radiation. The dosimeter can be used to measure γ-doses with good linearity in the range of 1–10 Mrad. Four commercial lubricant oils, motor oil, brake fluid, transmission, fluid and vacuum pump oil were tested with 60 Co γ-radiation at an average dose rate of 72 krad h −1 inside the sample container. The dosimeter was calibrated with a thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD, CaF 2 : Mn).
Direct Democracy Provisions and Local Government Fiscal Choices

To what extent do local revenue decisions depend on the opportunities and constraints created by provisions for direct democracy in local charters? We treat local government charters as a constitut...
Identities, Self-Esteem, and Psychological Distress: An Application of Identity-Discrepancy Theory:

Social psychological approaches to mental health often emphasize the link between social roles and psychological distress. Idenity theorists, in particular, explain distress in terms of the meaning...
The mechanics of running: How does stiffness couple with speed?

A mathematical model for terrestrial running is presented, based on a leg with the properties of a simple spring. Experimental force-platform evidence is reviewed justifying the formulation of the model. The governing differential equations are given in dimensionless form to make the results representative of animals of all body sizes. The dimensionless input parameters are: U, a horizontal Froude number based on forward speed and leg length; V, a vertical Froude number based on vertical landing velocity and leg length, and KLEG, a dimensionless stiffness for the leg-spring. Results show that at high forward speed, KLEG is a nearly linear function of both U and V, while the effective vertical stiffness is a quadratic function of U. For each U, V pair, the simulation shows that the vertical force at mid-step may be minimized by the choice of a particular step length. A particularly useful specification of the theory occurs when both KLEG and V are assumed fixed. When KLEG = 15 and V = 0.18, the model makes predictions of relative stride length S and initial leg angle theta o that are in good agreement with experimental data obtained from the literature.
Analysis of various indefinite self-associations

Abstract Two methods have been developed for the analysis of four types of indefinite self-associations. Unlike previous treatments by others, the procedures can be applied to nonideal cases. The two methods were first tested with simulated data. and it was found that one could indeed distinguish between the four types of indefinite self-associations. For a more realistic test, sedimentation equilibrium experiments were performed on solutions of β-lactoglobulin A at 16°C in 0.15 ionic strength acetate buffer, pH 4.65. The self-association of the β-lactoglobulin A was best described by either method as a sequential indefinite self-association having two equilibrium constants and one second virial coefficient.
Underestimation of Liver-Related Mortality in the United States

Background & Aims According to the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS), chronic liver disease and cirrhosis is the 12 th leading cause of death in the United States. However, this single descriptor might not adequately enumerate all deaths from liver disease. The aim of our study was to update data on liver mortality in the United States. Methods Mortality data were obtained from the Rochester Epidemiology Project (1999−2008) and the National Death Registry (1979−2008). Liver-specific mortality values were calculated. In contrast to the narrow NCHS definition, updated liver-related causes of death included other specific liver diagnoses (eg, hepatorenal syndrome), viral hepatitis, and hepatobiliary cancers. Results The Rochester Epidemiology Project database contained information on 261 liver-related deaths, with an age- and sex-adjusted death rate of 27.0/100,000 persons (95% confidence interval: 23.7−30.3). Of these, only 71 deaths (27.2%) would have been captured by the NCHS definition. Of cases for which viral hepatitis or hepatobiliary cancer was the cause of death, 96.9% and 94.3% had liver-related immediate causes of death, respectively. In analysis of data from the National Death registry (2008), use of the updated definition increased liver mortality by >2-fold (from 11.7 to 25.7 deaths/100,000, respectively). Using NCHS definitions, liver-related deaths decreased from 18.9/100,000 in 1979 to 11.7/100,000 in 2008—a reduction of 38%. However, using the updated estimate, liver-related deaths were essentially unchanged from 1979 (25.8/100,000) to 2008 (25.7/100,000). Mortality burden was systematically underestimated among non-whites and persons of Hispanic ethnicity. Conclusions Based on analyses of the Rochester Epidemiology Project and National Death databases, liver-related mortality has been underestimated during the past 2 decades in the United States.
Total cardiopulmonary bypass with the Lande-Edwards membrane oxygenator.

Abstract Use of a commercially available disposable membrane oxygenator for total body perfusion and open heart surgery has been evaluated in clinical cases. Preliminary data indicate excellent oxygenation and minimal trauma to blood under conditions requiring prolonged perfusion. Two perfusion circuits are described. One has an intrinsic recirculating circuit to minimize pressure exerted on the membrane and multiple oxygenator units combined in series. The other utilizes gravity venous drainage directly into the multiple oxygenator units which are arranged in parallel to decrease resistance to gravity flow. Eighteen patients were perfused with the first method. Three have been perfused with the second. Physiologic data from both groups are presented. The technical advantages and disadvantages of each of the methods are described. Both methods are adequate for perfusion. The latter method of perfusion seems more desirable because the technicians have 1 less pump to operate and therefore can be more accurate in their control of total body perfusion.
Attendance incentives for outpatient treatment: effects in methadone- and nonmethadone-maintained pregnant drug dependent women

The effectiveness of behavioral incentives for improving treatment participation and retention in samples of methadone-maintained (n = 66) and nonmethadone-maintained (n = 76) pregnant drug dependent women was examined. Subjects were randomly assigned to receive $0 (standard care) and $1, $5, or $10/day for attending at least 4 h of interdisciplinary treatment programming during the first 7 consecutive days after transfer from residential to outpatient care, with payment dispensed in the form of gift certificates. Methadone-maintained women attended nearly twice as many full treatment days as those not receiving methadone (5.2 vs 2.8 days; P < 0.001) and were retained in treatment significantly longer (86.4 vs 28.9% active in treatment at 30 days). There was no main effect of incentives and no effect on attendance in methadone patients. However, nonmethadone patients offered higher magnitude incentives ($5/$10) attended 3.3 days out of 7 on average, compared to 2.3 days for those offered $0 or $1 per day (t = 1.73; P < 0.05). The study confirmed that methadone maintenance is a powerful therapeutic adjunct which is associated with significantly better treatment retention and participation in ancillary programming than is abstinence-based treatment. It was also found that modest financial incentives can facilitate treatment participation for abstinence-based patients. However, more potent interventions would be needed to match the effectiveness of methadone in this regard.
Hyperinsulinemia increases the amount of GLUT4 mRNA in white adipose tissue and decreases that of muscles: a clue for increased fat depot and insulin resistance.

To mimick a state of hyperinsulinemia, normal rats were infused with insulin for 4 days via minipumps, and compared to saline infused rats. At the end of the experimental period, the abundance of mRNA was increased in white adipose tissue (WAT) and decreased in muscles of “insulinized” rats compared to controls. These findings were accompanied, in all tissues considered, except the diaphragm, by parallel changes in the amount of the glucose transporter protein and by parallel changes in the in vivo glucose utilization index. Hyperinsulinemia is thus a driving force in stimulating adipose tissue metabolic activity, while bringing about incipient muscle insulin resistance.
Metal-dispersed screen-printed carbon electrodes

Nickel-, cobalt-, copper-, and palladium-dispersed carbon inks are used for screen printing of electrocatalytic sensors. The resulting strips couple the advantages of mass-producible disposable electrodes and effective catalytic surfaces. The dispersed metal particles lead to a marked decrease in the oxidation potential for carbohydrates, amino acids, aldehydes or alcohols. Characterization of the electrocatalytic behavior and the analytical (sensing) performance are reported. Applicability to wine samples is illustrated.
Direct solution of an optimal layout problem for isotropic heat conductors with a volume fraction constraint

This paper considers the problem of the optimal layout of two isotropic heat conductors on a plane subject to a constraint on the overall volume fraction of the better conductor. The problem is solved initially using the traditionalG m -closure technique. Later, the utility of the direct relaxation technique introduced in Ref. 1 is illustrated as we apply it to verify the original results.
Sequence sensitivity of histone binding

The nucleotide sequence selectivity of histone binding has been measured by thermal denaturation of reconstituted nucleoproteins. When DNAs of different average base compositions competed for the binding of purified histone fractions during in vitro reconstitutions in the presence of salt and urea, a decreasing (A + T)-binding preference was observed following the order H1 >H2B >H5 >H2A > [H2A + H2B] > [H2A + H2B + H3 + H4], [H1 + (H2A + H2B + H3 + H4)2]. Nucleoprotein complexes formed under conditions shown to yield more physiologically comparable nucleosome structures revealed a minimal (A + T)-binding preference. These results suggest that homotypic and heterotypic histone interactions decreased the nucleotide sequence selectivity of nucleosome binding.
Family as Anthology: Towards a Metaphoric Reconceptualization

Therapists and theorists have long sought to define and thus contain the complex constellation of people and their stories that together constitute what we call “family.” Locating the use of metaphor in family therapy and practice within its historical context, and mindful of the ultimate limits of even the most congruent metaphor, the authors present a metaphoric reconceptualization, that of family as anthology, to propose how individual and collective voices are heard, edited, subjugated, emphasized, embellished, and assembled; to illuminate the synergistic nature of family stories; and to integrate the dualistic simultaneity within families of “being” and “becoming.”
Probabilistic reconstruction of ancestral gene orders with insertions and deletions

Changes of gene orderings have been extensively used as a signal to reconstruct phylogenies and ancestral genomes. Inferring the gene order of an extinct species has a wide range of applications, including the potential to reveal more detailed evolutionary histories, to determine gene content and ordering, and to understand the consequences of structural changes for organismal function and species divergence. In this study, we propose a new adjacency-based method, PMAG+, to infer ancestral genomes under a more general model of gene evolution involving gene insertions and deletions (indels), in addition to gene rearrangements. PMAG+ improves on our previous method PMAG by developing a new approach to infer ancestral gene contents and reducing the adjacency assembly problem to an instance of TSP. We designed a series of experiments to extensively validate PMAG+ and compared the results with the most recent and comparable method GapAdj. According to the results, ancestral gene contents predicted by PMAG+ coincides highly with the actual contents with error rates less than 1 percent. Under various degrees of indels, PMAG+ consistently achieves more accurate prediction of ancestral gene orders and at the same time, produces contigs very close to the actual chromosomes.
Hierarchical feature extraction and object recognition based on biologically inspired filters

A key to solving the multiclass object recognition problem is to extract a set of features which accurately and uniquely capture the salient characteristics of different objects. In this work we modify a hierarchical model of the visual cortex that is based on the HMAX model. The first layer of the HMAX model convolves the image with a set of multi-scale, multi-oriented and localized filters, which in our case are learnt from thousands of image patches randomly extracted from natural stimuli. These filters emerge as a result of optimization based in part on approximate-L1-norm sparseness maximization. A key difference between these filters and standard Gabor filters used in the HAMX model is that these filters are adapted to natural stimuli, and hence are more biologically plausible. Based on the modified model we extract a flexible set of features which are largely scale, translation and rotation invariant. This model is applied to extract features from Caltech-5 and Caltech-101 datasets, which are then fed to a support vector machine classifier for the object recognition task. The overall performance successfully demonstrates the plausibility of using filters learned from natural stimuli for feature extraction in object recognition problems.
EFFECTS OF CHINESE CURRENCY REVALUATION ON WORLD FIBER MARKETS

A partial equilibrium model is used to analyze effects of Chinese currency revaluation on world fiber markets. Unique characteristics of this model include incorporation of a regional supply response of cotton, substitutability between cotton and manmade fibers, and linkage between raw fiber and textile sectors. Simulation results show renminbi revaluation is likely to increase China’s fiber imports and lower domestic cotton prices. Internationally, the world cotton price, polyester price, and cotton trade are expected to increase. A scenario modeling currency devaluation in China is run to test the stability of the model and ascertain its accordance with economic theory. (JEL F17, F42, F47, O2) With a view to establish and improve the socialist market economic system in China, enable the market to fully play its role in resource allocation as well as to put in place and further strengthen the managed floating exchange rate regime based on market supply and demand, the People’s Bank of China, with authorization of the State Council, is hereby making the following announcements regarding reforming the RMB exchange rate regime: Starting from July 21, 2005, China will reform theexchangerateregimebymovingintoamanaged floating exchange rate regime based on market supply and demand with reference to a basket of currencies. RMB will no longer be pegged to the U.S. dollar and the RMB exchange rate regime will be improved with greater flexibility.
Health care delivery systems, managed care, and the changing practice of medicine

The declining ability of physicians to make independent decisions regarding patient care, the declining level of reimbursement paid for physician services, the increased availability and use of alternative medicine, increasingly strict governmental regulations, and new questions regarding graduate medical education are just a few of the changes that have confronted the health care industry in the last decade. Physicians must become proactive in all arenas where future health care policy will be determined. We must reestablish the physician as the patient's advocate, provide for independent physician judgment in the delivery of health care, and reestablish our dominant role in determining national health policy.
The Orienting Response: Importance of Instructions*

A lack of agreement exists among studies of electrodermal habituation in schizophrenia. One explanation for the intractable discrepancies observed concerns the likelihood that there exists intersubject variability in the significance patients attach to stimuli. This possibility is encouraged through the administration of vague and uninformative instructions. A more controlled and sensible procedure, which allows habituation to be measured with greater ecological validity, involves providing subjects with an absorbing alternative task on which to focus their attention after being specifically instructed to ignore the habituation stimulus to the best of their ability.
Exercise increases the proportion of fat utilization during short-term consumption of a high-fat diet.

Background: Increases in energy substrate oxidation occur at different rates after an increase in either fat or carbohydrate intake. Adaptations to increased fat intake are relatively slow and are influenced by activity level. Objective: We tested the hypothesis that increased levels of daily activity,asinfluencedbyaddedexercise,wouldhaveagradedeffect ontherateofcompensatoryadjustmenttoashort-termhigh-fatdiet. Design:Dailytotalenergyexpenditureandmacronutrientoxidation weremeasuredat3physicalactivitylevels(PALs)byusingawholeroom indirect calorimeter in 10 adult women as they transitioned froma1-dlow-fat(30%ofenergy)controldiettoa4-dhigh-fat(50% of energy) diet. The 3 PALs (1.4, 1.6, and 1.8) were provided daily by increases in bicycle ergometer exercise time. Results: An increase in physical activity led to a greater increase in the nonprotein respiratory exchange ratio (0.047 0.02, 0.064 0.02, and 0.071 0.02; P 0.0001) and 24-h fat oxidation (113 24, 125 19, and 147 20 g/d; P 0.0001) for PALs of 1.4, 1.6, and 1.8, respectively, after the transition from the low-fat control diet to the high-fat diet. Random-effects analysis found a significant (P 0.003) relation between PAL and the compensatory fat oxidation response to a high-fat diet. Conclusions: Amounts of exercise consistent with the Institute of Medicine’s recommendations reduce the time required to match fat oxidation to a change in the percentage of fat in the diet. Because short-term consumption of high-fat diets is thought to contribute to excess fat accumulation, regular exercise should be protective and should help maintain a healthy body composition. Am J Clin Nutr 2007;85:109–16.
A METHOD FOR SOLVING LINEAR PROGRAMS WITH VARIABLE RESOURCES

This paper is concerned with the solution of linear and linear goal programming problems in which the values of the right-hand side parameters are not fixed constants. Specifically, we are concerned with linear optimization problems in which the right-hand sides of the constraining equations are free to vary subject to a set of linear constraining equations. By formulating a relaxed linear program wherein the right-hand sides are treated as variables, we show how it is possible to solve one larger linear program that yields as a solution not only the optimal values for the decision variables, but also the optimal values for the right-hand sides.
A qualitative study of treatment-seeking heroin users in contemporary China

Heroin has emerged as the primary drug of concern in China, with as many as three million contemporary users. Once a Chinese citizen has been identified by Chinese law enforcement as a ‘drug addict’, that individual is ‘registered’ in an official government tracking system for the rest of his or her life, independent of verified rehabilitation and recovery. Most of what is known about heroin users in China is based on studies of registered heroin users participating, often involuntarily, in government-sponsored treatment. Using Grounded Theory Methodology, we collected and analyzed in-depth interviews of heroin users voluntarily seeking treatment at a new, non-government-sponsored, for-profit, addiction treatment hospital in Beijing, China. We identified three major themes among our participants: (1) intense social stigma towards individuals with drug addiction; (2) a desire for anonymous, confidential treatment to avoid social stigma and the loss of personal freedom that accompanies participation in government-sponsored treatment; and (3) a deep mistrust of government-sponsored treatment and a search for more effective alternatives. Despite a desire for treatment, our subjects were reluctant to access government-sponsored treatment facilities because of fear of a stigmatized identity, fear of loss of personal freedom, and lack of faith in the efficacy and safety of government-sponsored treatments. Their willingness to pay cash at a new, non-government-sponsored, addiction treatment facility illustrates the lengths to which they will go to remain ‘unregistered’ and to discover better alternatives. That the Chinese government allows such facilities to operate outside of government surveillance suggests a new openness to alternative options to combat China’s rising drug epidemic. The efficacy of these alternative options, however, remains in question.
Array coherence tomography (ACT) imaging in clutter environment

We present a new antenna array signal processing technique which we name ACT (array coherence tomography) applicable to wireless communications. ACT is based on OCT (optical coherent tomography) which is one of the exciting developments in medical optics in the last decade. OCT can provide tissue images on the micro scale in situ and real time and has been developed as a diagnostic technology for diseased tissues and eyes. OCT combines confocal microscopy and heterodyne technique, and one of its advantages is its ability to form a high-resolution image in the presence of diffusing tissues.
The Impact Of American Advertising Humor On Taiwanese Consumers

This paper examines the effect of American humorous advertising on consumers in Taiwan. Several American print advertisements for brands familiar in Taiwan were shown to Taiwanese consumers in a field study. Three distinct perceptual appeals–humor, quality and positivity–in the processing of the advertisements by Taiwanese consumers were identified. It was found that all of these three types of appeals positively impacted the perceived image of and the motivation to purchase the brands featured in the advertisements. This paper also discusses the managerial implications and future research avenues stemming from the results of the study.
Signaling a switch: Neural correlates of task switching guided by task cues and transition cues

Event-related brain potentials were used to examine the neural correlates of task switching directed by task cues and transition cues. Task cues signal both a change of task set and the task to implement; in contrast, transition cues signal a change of task set but do not indicate the required task. The data from two experiments revealed that the frontal P2 and reconfiguration slow wave were elicited by task and transition cues and may reflect processes associated with the change detector and task set configuration. Experiment 2 revealed that the frontal positivity and transition parietal slow wave are associated with the retrieval of the prior task set from memory. These data indicate that distinct neural processes that are related to the change detector, task set configuration, and the retrieval of a recently utilized task set from memory support task switching that is guided by task and transition cues.
Socratic Political Philosophy and the Problem of Virtue

Plato's Meno deserves careful examination today because it highlights two facets of the concern for virtue neglected or obscured by the current revival of virtue among liberal theorists: the devotion to a good that cannot simply be reduced either to individual flourishing or to communal well-being—what Plato calls “nobility” or “the noble”; and the complex relation of virtue so understood to the concern for religion or piety. If the sought-for incorporation of virtue into liberal thought and practice today fails to grapple with these profound human concerns, in the first place by recognizing their existence, the language of virtue and its attendant moral sentiments will remain a matter more of scholarly debate than of lived practice.
Response to social stress, urge to smoke, and smoking cessation

Motivational theories of drug use have assigned negative affect a central role in determining drug urges and drug relapse. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of social stress on smoking urges in a controlled laboratory setting, and the relation of these responses to short-term (3-month) smoking cessation outcomes. Prior to a clinic-based smoking cessation program, 76 (64% female) smokers were assessed for their affective, cognitive, and physiological responses during the Borkovec social anxiety induction procedure. These responses were used to predict smoking urges immediately after the procedure and to predict abstinence at 3-month follow-up posttreatment. As expected, during the induction, urge to smoke was positively associated with anxiety ratings and negatively associated with self-efficacy to resist smoking. However, only heart rate increase and behavioral social skill (observed by independent judges) predicted smoking abstinence at 3 months. These results suggest that subjective affective and efficacy responses during a stressful social encounter are associated with smoking urges; however, urges and these responses may be related in different ways to the probability of smoking cessation.
Responding to the needs of children in crisis

This paper explores the issues confronting service providers setting up child and family mental health programmes in conflict, post conflict and disaster areas. Drawing on clinical experience and research in humanitarian settings, it calls for greater attention to the child's perspective, their individuality and the cultural, social and political context in which they live. It argues that those concerned with the psychopathology of children in crises should widen their frame of reference beyond narrowly defined traumatic reactions to include other mental health and psychosocial issues, including the current problems of daily life and the needs of children with pre-existing psychiatric disorders. It recommends culturally valid means of assessment, the creation of age-appropriate services and training for primary healthcare workers. Children's mental health needs in crises are varied, complex and intimately connected with their needs for security, food, shelter, education and family connection. This requires holistic, rights-based approaches that can access resources to address basic needs, advocate for security and protection, and recognize and address the needs of the more vulnerable children. This is the approach recommended by the Inter Agency Standing Committee Guidelines for Mental health and Psychosocial Support in Emergency Settings.
Surface temperature measurements on burning materials using an infrared pyrometer: accounting for emissivity and reflection of external radiation

This paper demonstrates the successful use of an infrared pyrometer, operating in the 8–10 µm wavelength band, to measure the surface temperature of combustible specimens in a heat release calorimeter. The temperature histories of ten different materials were measured in the ICAL (intermediate scale calorimeter). The set of materials comprised four wood products, gypsum board, polyisocyanurate foam, PVC floor tile, PMMA and two non-combustible boards. A small-diameter bare thermocouple was installed on each specimen in order to determine an accurate temperature for comparison. The spectral emissivity and the spectral flux reflected from the surface were measured simultaneously and used to correct the apparent temperature measured by the pyrometer. The spectral emissivity and reflected spectral flux were both constant prior to ignition for all the combustible materials. During the burning phase all the combustible materials had a spectral emissivity very close to unity. The agreement between the temperatures measured with the pyrometer and thermocouple was not affected by the flame. The wood products, the polyisocyanurate foam and the calcium silicate board required no correction for reflected spectral flux over the whole temperature range. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
INHERITANCE OF SEMIDWARFISM IN RICE, ORYZA SATIVA L

The inheritance of plant height was investigated in a ten-parent diallel cross of diverse rice cultivars. Parents included two tall japonica lines and eight semidwarf lines. Data from parent, F(1), F(2 ), and F(3) generations indicated that the majority of height variation among the ten parents could be accounted for by three major genes with additive loci effects. D51, 72/2234-11, and G33 (derived from the known major-gene indica semidwarf Dee-geo-woo-gen) all were found to possess an allelic, partially recessive semidwarfing gene (sd(1)). Additional semidwarfing genes were detected in D66 (sd(2), fully recessive) and in CI 9858 (sd(3), partially to fully recessive). Relative magnitudes of additive effects were sd(1) > sd(2) >/= sd(3). Hokuriki 76, Tedoriwase, and IV 29-4 were found to be dwarfed by a multiple-gene system. Hayman-Jinks diallel cross analysis on parent and F(1) information (1974 and 1975) and on parent and F(2) information demonstrated the presence of significant additive and dominance variation, but epistasis was not detected. A preponderance of dominant alleles with partial dominance for increased plant height was observed. Since diallel statistics reflect properties of genes with larger effects, the genetic model proposed from segregation analysis was in substantial agreement with predictions of the Hayman-Jinks analysis.
Pregnancy intention and postpartum depression: secondary data analysis from a prospective cohort

Objective To assess the relationship between unintended pregnancy and postpartum depression. Design Secondary analysis of data from a prospective pregnancy cohort. Setting The study was performed at the University of North Carolina prenatal care clinics. Population/sample Pregnant women enrolled for prenatal care at the University of North Carolina Hospital Center. Methods Participants were questioned about pregnancy intention at 15–19 weeks of gestation, and classified as having an intended, mistimed or unwanted pregnancy. They were evaluated for postpartum depression at 3 and 12 months postpartum. Log binomial regression was used to assess the relationship between unintended pregnancy and depression, controlling for confounding by demographic factors and reproductive history. Main outcome measures Depression at 3 and 12 months postpartum, defined as Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale score >13. Results Data were analysed for 688 women at 3 months and 550 women at 12 months. Depression was more likely in women with unintended pregnancies at both 3 months (risk ratio [RR] 2.1, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.2–3.6) and 12 months (RR 3.6, 95% CI 1.8–7.1). Using multivariable analysis adjusting for confounding by age, poverty and education level, women with unintended pregnancies were twice as likely to have postpartum depression at 12 months (RR 2.0, 95% CI 0.96–4.0). Conclusion While many elements may contribute to postpartum depression, unintended pregnancy could also be a contributing factor. Women with unintended pregnancy may have an increased risk of depression up to 1 year postpartum.
Effect of Solubilization on Rhodopsin Thermal Denaturation in Rod Outer Segment Disk Membranes

The photoreceptor, rhodopsin is a GPCR in rod outer segment disk membranes. Activation by light converts the dark-adapted form, rhodopsin to the bleached form, opsin. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) studies showed that rhodopsin and opsin each exhibit an irreversible scan rate dependent endothermic transition (Tm) at approximately 72°C and 55°C respectively as well as a scan rate dependent exothermic transition. Solubilization was used to examine the contribution of the bilayer. Disk membranes were subjected to sub-solubilizing and solubilizing concentrations of octylglucoside (OG) until rhodopsin was completely delipidated. DSC experiments were performed using a MicroCal VP-DSC microcalorimeter. Samples were scanned at 15, 30, 60 and 90°/hr. Because the protein transitions are irreversible, a second scan was used to determine the baseline. As the OG partitioned into the bilayer the endothermic Tm and EACT (activation energy of denaturation) rapidly decreased. Both then remained constant following rhodopsin solubilization. At low detergent concentration the exothermic Tm increased rapidly then remained constant after solubilization. Unlike the endothermic EACT, the degree of solubilization had little effect on the exothermic transition EACT. Digitonin was also used to examine the effect of solubilization. Unlike OG, this detergent binds to cholesterol which is constitutes approximately 10% of the disk lipids (average). The endothermic transition was less affected by digitonin than by OG. The EACT was also determined by thermal bleaching and was in agreement with the DSC data. These results indicate an endothermic transition is observed due to a weakening of the tertiary structure interactions as rhodopsin is heated. This may be accompanied by changes in the packing of the trans-membrane helices as well as changes in protein-lipid interactions. It is likely the exothermic transition results from aggregation.
Microjoule-energy ultrafast optical parametric amplifiers

Microjoule-energy 100-fs pulses are able to produce diffraction-limited white-light continuum in solid materials. Using this broadband continuum as a seed permits the efficient operation of widely tunable ultrafast optical parametric amplifiers with only microjoule pump energies. We describe a β-barium-borate Type-I optical parametric amplifier pumped with 400-nm-wavelength pulses from a 200-kHz Ti:sapphire regenerative amplifier system.
Intraseasonal Perturbations in Sea Surface Temperatures of the Equatorial Eastern Pacific and Their Association with the Madden-Julian Oscillation*

Abstract A particular pattern of intraseasonal perturbations in sea surface temperature (SST) is observed in the eastern Pacific Ocean following events of strong surface winds associated with the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO). This intraseasonal SST pattern straddles at the equator with its longitudinal scales of 2–5 × 103 km and meridional scales of about 500 km. The amplitude of the perturbations is 0.5°C or greater. Positive and negative perturbations sometimes follow one another. They show tendencies of both eastward and westward movement. Such equatorially elongated perturbations in SST in the eastern Pacific are hypothesized to be caused by intraseasonal oceanic Kelvin waves forced by the MJO over the western/central Pacific. As the Kelvin waves propagate eastward, changes in the vertical temperature gradient in the upper ocean due to the fluctuations in the depth of the thermocline modify the thermal effect of the equatorial upwelling. As a result, mixed layer and surface temperatures may fluctua...
EFFECTS OF SUCROSE IN ADULT DIET ON MORTALITY OF MALES OF ANASTREPHA SUSPENSA (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE)

Survival of adult male Caribbean fruit flies, Anastrepha suspense (Loew) fed sucrose and protein in the form of hydrolyzed brewers yeast was studied under greenhouse conditions. Flies fed either a 3:1 mixture of sucrose and protein (optimal) or just sugar from the day of adult eclosion showed no appreciable mortality during the 14-day test period. However, flies fed just protein, or those that were not provided with sugar or protein showed rapid rates of mortality, with 50% mortality occurring at 1.87 and 1.53 days, respectively, and 95% mortality occurring at 2.8 and 2.5 days. Switching flies from the optimal diet to either the protein-only diet or nothing at 7 or 11 days after emergence resulted in values of 50% and 95% mortality, respectively, that were similar to those for flies reared from eclosion on either just protein or nothing. No significant mortality occurred among males maintained on the optimal or sugar-only diets or when flies were shifted from the optimal diet to only sugar at either day 7 or 11 after emergence. These data demonstrate that the flies have an absolute requirement for carbohydrate in the adult diet. Additionally, the results indicate that the flies are incapable of converting of amino acids from protein hydrolysate into precursors useful for generating metabolic energy in sufficient amounts to sustain life.
The Return of Neo-Scholasticism? Recent Criticisms of Henri de Lubac on Nature and Grace and Their Significance for Moral Theology, Politics, and Law

Henri de Lubac’s (1896–1991) treatment of the relationship between nature and grace helped the Catholic Church to move beyond the antagonisms that had defined its relationship with the modern nation ­ state. In critiquing de Lubac, some recent scholarship has presented an interpretation of Aquinas that is re­ markably similar to the problems associated with the neo ­ Scholastic method. These approaches indicate that in order for late modern democratic states to achieve their connatural ends of justice and the common good, they must di­ rectly advert to revealed knowledge and Church teaching. This essay proposes an alternative correction to de Lubac that both maintains a distinction between nature and grace and facilitates a capacity for Christians to engage in a nuanced dialogue of affirmation and critique of the human goods sought by late modern political and legal institutions. In the conclusion, this nature ­ grace distinction is used to analyze the way the US Catholic Bishops have engaged in moral, political, and legal debates over the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act.
A Comparison of the Batterer Intervention and Prevention Program With Alternative Court Dispositions on 12-Month Recidivism

Studies of batterer intervention and prevention programs (BIPPs) offer mixed results regarding their effect on recidivism. The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of BIPP for cases assigned to a misdemeanor family court. This study focused on determining whether BIPP cases, compared with alternative sanctions, had significantly lower recidivism rates 12 months after program involvement. Findings indicated that BIPP was more effective than jail or regular dismissal in reducing the likelihood of future arrests, but not plea deferred adjudication and conditional dismissal. Results argue toward the efficacy of some form of treatment versus simply receiving jail time.