cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
E ′ center in glassy Si O 2 : O 17 , H 1 , and "very weak" Si 29 superhyperfine structure

Electron-spin-resonance spectra have been obtained at 9.1 and 35 GHz for ${E}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ centers induced by $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ irradiation in a number of high-purity commercial fused silicas and in a suite of glassy Si${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ samples of varying degrees of enrichment (or depletion) in the magnetic isotopes $^{17}\mathrm{O}$ and $^{29}\mathrm{Si}$. Computer simulation of the spectra of the $^{17}\mathrm{O}$-enriched samples indicates the existence of a weak superhyperfine (shf) interaction ($\frac{{a}_{\mathrm{meas}}}{{a}_{\mathrm{atomic}}}\ensuremath{\approx}5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$) with oxygens in three chemically equivalent near-neighbor sites. "Weak" shf structure characterized by $a\ensuremath{\approx}8$ G observed in samples containing \ensuremath{\le}50 at.% $^{29}\mathrm{Si}$ is shown to be due to protons present as impurities. An unresolved broadening of the spectra of samples containing \ensuremath{\ge}50 at.% $^{29}\mathrm{Si}$ is ascribed to "very weak" shf interactions with next-nearest-neighbor silicons. These findings, together with a comparison of the $g$ matrices of bulk and surface ${E}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ centers, support the notion that the structure of the ${E}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ center in glassy silica is essentially identical to that in $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ quartz; i.e., both comprise asymmetrically relaxed oxygen vacancy defects.
q-Derivative and h-Derivative

As has been mentioned in the introduction, we shall develop two types of quantum calculus, the q-calculus and the h-calculus. We begin with the notion of a quantum differential.
Retinal pigment epithelium possesses both LDL and scavenger receptor activity

125 I]-LDL and [ 12S I]Ac-LDL, respectively. Incubation of RPE cells in the presence of increasing concentrations of LDL or Ac-LDL resulted in down-regulation of the LDL receptor but not the scavenger receptor, patterns consistent with the presence of both receptors on these cells. This receptor profile distinguishes the RPE cell from fibroblasts and indicates its similarity to macrophages and arterial endothelial cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 30:225-232,1989 Metabolism of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is vital to the integrity of rod and cone outer segments by virtue of its ability to regulate the flow of nutrients from the choroidal vasculature to the photoreceptors. Due to its role in maintaining homeostasis of the sensory retina, any metabolic dysfunction of these cells could have a detrimental effect on the retina. Indeed, several investigations indicate that the underlying pathology of certain hereditary retinal degenerations, including retinal dystrophy and retinitis pigmentosa, may result from metabolic abnormalities of this specialized epithelium. 1 ' 2
An Analysis of Statements of the Multiplication Principle in Combinatorics, Discrete, and Finite Mathematics Textbooks

The multiplication principle serves as a cornerstone in enumerative combinatorics. The principle underpins many basic counting formulas and provides students with a critical element of combinatorial justification. Given its importance, the way in which it is presented in textbooks is surprisingly varied. In this paper, we analyze a number of university textbooks in order to explore and identify several key aspects of the various statements of the principle. We characterize the nature of the variety of statements by identifying structural, operational, and bridge statements, and we highlight the respective statements’ mathematical and pedagogical implications. We conclude by indicating several directions for future research.
Introduction to Hardware Obfuscation: Motivation, Methods and Evaluation

While the globalization of the semiconductor production process has accelerated innovation, lowered costs, and reduced time-to-market, it has also created grave trust issues among the different entities involved in the production process. Theft, reverse engineering, and piracy of silicon intellectual property (IP) are the realities that manufacturers and vendors of integrated circuits must face today. In order to combat these threats, obfuscation has emerged as a viable candidate for semiconductor or hardware IP protection. Obfuscation techniques aim at concealing or locking the underlying intellectual property of a semiconductor product, such as IP cores, gate-level designs, or layout, in order to prevent an untrusted party or adversary from reverse engineering and/or exploiting the design. In this chapter, we will review emerging techniques for hardware obfuscation . We will describe the semiconductor supply chain in detail and outline the specific threats associated with each stage in the supply chain. We will also introduce the field of software obfuscation and related concepts that predate hardware obfuscation. Lastly, we will introduce relevant metrics for implementing and evaluating the various hardware obfuscation techniques.
trans-Acetyl­dicarbon­yl(η5-cyclo­penta­dien­yl)[tris(3,5-di­methyl­phen­yl)phosphane-κP]molybdenum(II)

The title compound, [Mo(C5H5)(C2H3O)(C24H27P)(CO)2], was prepared by reaction of [Mo(C5H5)(CO)3(CH3)] with tris­(3,5-di­methyl­phen­yl)phosphane. The complex exhibits a four-legged piano-stool geometry with trans-disposed acetyl and phosphane ligands. The mol­ecular geometry is nearly identical to that of the tri­phenyl­phosphane derivative, but introduction of methyl groups on the aromatic phosphane substituents significantly impacts supra­molecular organization. In the crystal, non-classical C—H⋯O inter­actions involving the acetyl carbonyl group lead to a chain motif along [010], and another set of C—H⋯O close contacts join inversion-related mol­ecules.
Smoking behaviors and intentions among current e-cigarette users, cigarette smokers, and dual users: A national survey of U.S. high school seniors.

Abstract E-cigarette use among adolescents has increased significantly in recent years, but it remains unclear whether cigarette smoking behaviors and intentions for future cigarette smoking differ among current (i.e., 30-day) non-users, only e-cigarette users, only cigarette smokers, and dual users. A nationally representative sample of 4385 U.S. high school seniors were surveyed during the spring of their senior year via self-administered questionnaires in 2014. An estimated 9.6% of U.S. high school seniors reported current e-cigarette use only, 6.3% reported current cigarette smoking only, and 7.2% reported current dual use of e-cigarettes and cigarette smoking. There were no significant differences between current only cigarette smokers and dual users in the odds of early onset of cigarette smoking, daily cigarette smoking, intentions for future cigarette smoking, friends' cigarette smoking behaviors, attempts to quit cigarette smoking, or the inability to quit cigarette smoking. Adolescents who only used e-cigarettes had higher odds of intentions for future cigarette smoking in the next 5 years (AOR = 2.57, 95% CI: 1.21–5.24) than current non-users. Dual users and only cigarette smokers had higher odds of cigarette smoking behaviors and intentions for future cigarette smoking than non-users or only e-cigarette users. Adolescents who engage in current dual use have cigarette smoking behaviors and intentions for future cigarette smoking that more closely resemble cigarette smokers than e-cigarette users. Adolescents who only use e-cigarettes have higher intentions to engage in future cigarette smoking relative to their peers who do not engage in e-cigarette use or cigarette smoking.
Improving habitat exchange planning through theory, application, and lessons from other fields

Abstract New tools are being deployed to address the continued decline of species at risk of becoming threatened or endangered. One approach receiving increased attention is the habitat exchange, or the use of a market-based, landscape-scale approach to protect or restore habitat in one place to offset impacts elsewhere. Although considerable resources have been devoted to the establishment of habitat exchanges over the past several years, actual implementation of transactions through habitat exchanges have been limited. As we argue here, important lessons have been slow to translate to habitat exchanges from other planning arenas. We briefly outline how the decision sciences, particularly structured decision making, and other planning processes − such as those governing electricity infrastructure development − can provide examples to facilitate the use of habitat exchanges as a viable and scalable conservation tool. We emphasize the challenge of translating theory to application, and note the importance of cross-fertilization of knowledge and experience across traditional disciplinary bounds.
Knowledge and perceptions of infertility in female cancer survivors and their parents

The purpose of this study was to assess knowledge and perceptions of infertility, reproductive concerns, quality of life, and emotional burden of fertility concerns in adolescent female cancer survivors and their parents. A cross-sectional design was used to investigate reproductive knowledge and concerns among female childhood cancer survivors and their parents. The instruments administered at a single, routine visit were the 13-item knowledge instrument, Adolescent Fertility Values Clarification Tool (VCT), Impact of Event Scale (IES), and Pediatrics Quality of Life Assessment (PedsQL). The knowledge instrument was given to both patients and caregivers, while the PedsQL and VCT were given to only patients and IES only to caregivers. Twenty-six survivors and 23 parents completed evaluations. The mean age of survivors was 16. The mean knowledge instrument score for survivors was 9.5 (± 1.9) and 9.96 (± 1.7) for parents with a maximum possible score of 13. The VCT indicated almost all patients agreed or strongly agreed they would like more information on how their treatment may affect their fertility, with 84.6% identified wanting a baby in the future. The mean survivor PedsQL score was 67.7 (± 15.3). While parental IES scores as whole did not endorse symptoms of PTSD, 30% of our sample did fall within the range for PTSD. Although this population of women has above average knowledge scores, they still demonstrated a desire for more information on reproduction after cancer therapy. While PedsQL scores fell within a normal range, survivors report infertility would cause negative emotions. This information can be used refine educational programs within survivorship clinics to improve knowledge of post-treatment reproductive health.
Relation to Observation

As discussed in Sect. 14.1, the final stage of developing a scientific theory is to compare it with observations. What is the situation of the multiverse about this?
Dietary Guidelines, International Perspectives

Food-based Dietary Guidelines (FBDG) express nutrition advice in terms of foods and food components to include or limit in the diet. Because they focus on public health issues and food choices for a specific population, they are more relevant for communication with the population. The process to develop FBDG requires identification of relevant public health issues that can benefit from a nutrition intervention and reorienting advice from nutrients to messages about foods. Many FBDG include a graphic representation of food groups to include in the dietary pattern.
A New Method for Measuring Oxygen Concentration in Biological Systems

Accurate and rapid measurement of the oxygen concentration in biological samples, particularly when these oxygen concentrations are low, has been the goal of many research workers. By far the most successful method has been the use of oxygen electrodes (for review see Silver, 1984). However it is limited by the stability of the electrode surface and by instabilities in the oxygen diffusion barrier (because it measures the rate of diffusion of oxygen to the cathode). An alternate method, which measures the oxygen dependent quenching of the fluorescence of pyrene butyric acid (Vaughan and Weber, 1970; Knopp and Longmuir, 1972; Opitz and Lubbers, 1984), has been much less useful because the fluorescence intensity is affected by many experimental parameters other than oxygen concentration.
SOME MODELS FOR POPULATION GROWTH WITH HARVESTING

Publisher Summary This chapter presents models for population growth with harvesting. Many models for the study of population growth are formulated in terms of first-order ordinary differential equations, or systems of first-order ordinary differential equations for populations of interacting species. The removal of members from a population at a constant time rate, as may occur when the species is hunted, can be built into such models by introducing a parameter into the differential equation. The chapter presents general results for one-species and two-species models on the critical harvest rate and describes their application to some explicit models that have been used for population studies.
Crystallin degradation and insolubilization in regions of young rat lens with calcium ionophore cataract

Purpose. To determine if the susceptibility of rat lenses to cataract formation in culture changes with increasing age and to investigate the regional differences in crystallin degradation and insolubilization during the formation of cataracts in cultured lenses. Methods. Lenses from 4-week-old (young group) and 12-week-old (adult group) rats were divided into four subgroups: noncultured control, cultured control, cultured in calcium ionophore A23187, and cultured in ionophore plus calpain inhibitor E64. Lenses were cultured for 7 days, and the cortex and nucleus were homogenized and separated into water-soluble and water-insoluble fractions. Two-dimensional electrophoresis and N-terminal sequencing were then performed. Results. Young lenses treated with ionophore produced thin cortical and dense nuclear opacities. Adult lenses treated with ionophore also developed thin cortical opacity, but no nuclear opacity was observed, even though a large increase in the concentration of insoluble protein occurred. Two-dimensional electrophoresis and sequencing suggested that calpain caused protein degradation in the cortex region. However, unlike nuclear opacity, the formation of opacity in the cortex was not inhibited by E64 in young or adult lenses. Conclusions. Calpain was activated, and crystallins were proteolyzed in the cortex of ionophore-treated lenses. However, cortical opacity was not the result of proteolysis by calpain. Maturation also decreased the susceptibility of rat lens nucleus to calcium ionophore cataract
MULTIPLE MOLECULAR FORMS OF THE PURINE PHOSPHORIBOSYL TRANSFERASES

ABSTRACT. In man hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase catalyzes the conversion of hypoxanthine and guanine to their respective nucleotides, inosinic acid and guanylic acid. Adenine phosphoribosyl transferase catalyzes the conversion of adenine to adenylic acid. A considerable degree of genetically determined heterogeneity has been demonstrated in the case of HGPRT. An electrophoretic method has been developed for HGPRT and APRT which depends for detection on the quantitative precipitation of a labeled nucleotide reaction product by lanthanum. In this system variants have been detected with faster and slower anodal migration than normal. So far, in each instance where a variant enzyme has been recognized, there has been an associated clinical disease. These observations provide an important example of the relationship between altered molecular form of an enzyme and altered physiological function.
Simple Liquid-Metal Blankets for Linear Magnetic Fusion Reactors

Summaries are presented of four conceptual design studies for linear magnetic fusion reactors with simplified blankets mainly consisting of liquid metal. These designs form an evolutionary sequence of increasing complexity. The first concept involves a high-density plasma thermally insulated by a magnetic field, but confined by direct contact with a structureless free-surface blanket of liquid metal. The second concept replaces the wall-confined plasma by a lower density magnetically confined field-reversed configuration translated into an axial cavity in a free-surface liquid-metal blanket. The third concept adds a simple cylindrical shell as a first wall. The fourth concept divides the liquid-metal blanket into two regions of differing axial flow speed. Each step in this sequence is motivated by some short-coming in the preceding design; however, the final design continues to appear attractive.
Concurrent Process Statements

Most of the behavioral modeling statements discussed to this point have been demonstrated using single process examples. These statements are part of the body of an always statement and are repetitively executed in sequential order. They may operate on values that are inputs or outputs of the module or on the module’s internal registers. In this chapter we present behavioral modeling statements that by their definition interact with activities external to the enclosing always. For instance, the wait statement waits for its expression to become TRUE as a result of a value being changed in another process. As in this case and the others to be presented here, the operation of the wait statement is dependent on the actions of concurrent processes in the system.
Investigation of the Early Stages of Sintering by Transmission Electron Micrography

The initial stages of sintering have been studied by transmission electron microscopy. Single crystal disks 10 to 20 microns in diameter and thin enough for electron transmission were produced by ion etching suitably masked silver films grown epitaxially on sodium chloride. The disks, as-fabricated are in edge contact and model the geometry present in the early stages of sintering. Because heating of uncontaminated arrays in the high vacuum of the microscope specimen chamber resulted in severe evaporation, sintering was carried out in a static hydrogen atmosphere where material loss can be kept to a minimum. Electron microscopy of the neck regions between disks before and after heating shows that a build up of dislocation structure has occurred during sintering. This is taken as direct proof that dislocations are generated by surface tension forces early in the sintering process.
The papanicolaou society of cytopathology guidelines for respiratory cytology: Reproducibility of categories among observers

Introduction: The Papanicolaou Society of Cytopathology (PSC) has developed a set of guidelines for reporting respiratory cytology. While the malignancy risk for each category is known, the interobserver reproducibility of these diagnostic categories has not been well described. Methods: Fifty-five cytologic specimens obtained by fine needle aspiration from the pulmonary nodules were independently reviewed by four board-certified cytopathologists and assigned to the diagnostic categories described by the PSC guidelines for respiratory specimens. Statistical analysis for diagnostic accuracy was performed for absolute agreement and chance-corrected agreement (kappa). Differences in frequency of distribution of diagnoses between raters were assessed using the Kruskal–Wallis test. Results: No significant differences in distribution of scores by raters were observed. On average, the absolute agreement was 49.5% and the chance-corrected agreement (kappa) was 20%. 34.5% of interrater comparisons were in full agreement, and total lack of agreement between the four categories was found in 3% of cases. Combining the “suspicious for malignancy” category with the “malignant” category did not significantly alter interrater agreement statistics. Conclusions: The PSC categories showed only fair reproducibility among four cytopathologists. Agreement between raters was at best fair and did not improve significantly when the categories “suspicious for malignancy” and “malignant” were combined. The most common source of disagreement appeared to be between the categories “suspicious” and “malignant.”
Land degradation and poverty

Land is one of the few productive assets owned by the rural poor, and almost all such households engage in some form of agriculture. Over 2000–2010 the rural poor on degrading agricultural land increased in low-income countries and in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. Although degradation threatens the livelihoods of the poor, this interaction is complex and conditioned by key economic, social and environmental factors. These factors also limit the poverty-reducing impacts of economic growth and economy-wide reforms. A comprehensive development strategy requires investments that improve the livelihoods of affected populations and regions, and facilitates outmigration in severely impacted areas. The interaction between land degradation and the livelihoods of the poor is complex and conditioned by important economic, social and environmental factors. These factors are also in part responsible for the limited success of economic growth policies to reduce poverty.
Increased Alzheimer's risk during the menopause transition: A 3-year longitudinal brain imaging study.

Two thirds of all persons with late-onset Alzheimer’s disease (AD) are women. Identification of sex-based molecular mechanisms underpinning the female-based prevalence of AD would advance development of therapeutic targets during the prodromal AD phase when prevention or delay in progression is most likely to be effective. This 3-year brain imaging study examines the impact of the menopausal transition on Alzheimer’s disease (AD) biomarker changes [brain β-amyloid load via 11C-PiB PET, and neurodegeneration via 18F-FDG PET and structural MRI] and cognitive performance in midlife. Fifty-nine 40–60 year-old cognitively normal participants with clinical, neuropsychological, and brain imaging exams at least 2 years apart were examined. These included 41 women [15 premenopausal controls (PRE), 14 perimenopausal (PERI), and 12 postmenopausal women (MENO)] and 18 men. We used targeted minimum loss-based estimation to evaluate AD biomarker and cognitive changes. Older age was associated with baseline Aβ and neurodegeneration markers, but not with rates of change in these biomarkers. APOE4 status influenced change in Aβ load, but not neurodegenerative changes. Longitudinally, MENO and PERI groups showed declines in estrogen-dependent memory tests as compared to men (p < .04). Adjusting for age, APOE4 status, and vascular risk confounds, the MENO and PERI groups exhibited higher rates of CMRglc decline as compared to males (p ≤ .015). The MENO group exhibited the highest rate of hippocampal volume loss (p’s ≤ .001), and higher rates of Aβ deposition than males (p < .01). CMRglc decline exceeded Aβ and atrophy changes in all female groups vs. men. These findings indicate emergence and progression of a female-specific hypometabolic AD-endophenotype during the menopausal transition. These findings suggest that the optimal window of opportunity for therapeutic intervention to prevent or delay progression of AD endophenotype in women is early in the endocrine aging process.
Assessing Consumer Perceptions of Neolocalism: Making a Case for Microbreweries as Place-Based Brands:

The current study considers microbrewery taproom customers’ perceptions of neolocalism and the influence that these perceptions have on relationship quality (i.e., satisfaction and trust) and the s...
Breutelia tundrae (Bartramiaceae), a new moss species from the Cape Horn Archipelago (Prov. Antártica Chilena, Chile)

Breutelia tundrae is newly described from southernmost Chile. It seems to be restricted to the Magellanic tundra, and thus its name. It is distinguished by the expanded, appressed leaf base, often with lax cells at the shoulders, widest well above the insertion, with only scant alar differentiation. The upper laminal cells are long-rectangular, very thick-walled, and porose. It seems closest to the northern Andean B. karsteniana, which is similar in aspect. However, B. tundrae differs from B. karsteniana in having leaves slightly more spreading when dry (or moist) and somewhat shorter. In addition, the laminal cells are shorter, broader, even thicker-walled and more porose. The projecting prorulae are slightly taller than those in B. karsteniana. The species are best differentiated by differences in their leaf bases. In B. karsteniana they are spreading from the insertion and widest immediately above the insertion in the area of the extensively differentiated alar cells; in B. tundrae the leaf base is appressed to the stem, almost always orange, and widest well above the insertion and there are only 1–3 differentiated alar cells. A key to the species of Breutelia in the Cape Horn Archipelago is provided.
Continuous-time random walks under power-law resetting

We study continuous-time random walks (CTRW) with power-law distribution of waiting times under resetting which brings the walker back to the origin, with a power-law distribution of times between the resetting events. Two situations are considered. Under complete resetting, the CTRW after the resetting event starts anew, with a new waiting time, independent of the prehistory. Under incomplete resetting, the resetting of the coordinate does not influence the waiting time until the next jump. We focus on the behavior of the mean-squared displacement (MSD) of the walker from its initial position, on the conditions under which the probability density functions of the walker's displacement show universal behavior, and on this universal behavior itself. We show, that the behavior of the MSD is the same as in the scaled Brownian motion (SBM), being the mean-field model of the CTRW. The intermediate asymptotics of the probability density functions (PDF) for CTRW under complete resetting (provided they exist) are also the same as in the corresponding case for SBM. For incomplete resetting, however, the behavior of the PDF for CTRW and SBM is vastly different.
Chapter 5 – Nozzles

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the nozzle of a jet engine. It is the one of the primary components of a jet propulsion system. It transforms random internal energy into ordered kinetic energy to increase the momentum of the flow, thereby producing thrust. The basic nozzle is a very simple and passive piece of equipment, although the demands of a broad range of operating conditions often add substantial complexity to it in practical engines. Although the fundamental analysis of nozzles applies to both air-breathing and rocket engines, this study emphasizes nozzles for jet aircrafts. It further discuses the frictional effect, the drag effect, and the energy transfer effects on the nozzle. Another part of the chapter explains the effect of sample area change in the nozzle design. Calculations of mass flow on an isentropic nozzle are also discussed. The concept of shock is also calculated. When there is a shock in the nozzle, the mass flow upstream and downstream of the shock will still be equal, as will the stagnation temperature, although the stagnation pressure will be lower on the downstream side due to the entropy increase across the adiabatic shock HAPTER
Control of semilinear dissipative distributed parameter systems with minimum feedback information

We focus on Lyapunov-based output feedback control for a class of distributed parameter systems with spatiotemporal dynamics described by input-affine semilinear dissipative partial differential equations (DPDEs). The control problem is addressed via adaptive model order reduction. Galerkin projection is applied to discretize the DPDE and derive low-dimensional reduced order models (ROMs). The empirical basis functions needed for this discretization are updated using adaptive proper orthogonal decomposition (APOD) which needs measurements of the complete profile of the system state (called snapshots) at revision times. The main objective of this paper is to minimize the demand for snapshots from the spatially distributed sensors by the control structure while maintaining closed-loop stability and performance. A control Lyapunov function is defined and its value is monitored as the system evolves. Only when the value violates a closed-loop stability threshold, snapshots are requested for a brief period by APOD after which the ROM is updated and the controller is reconfigured. The proposed approach is applied to stabilize the Kuramoto-Sivashinsky equation.
Federal Immigration Laws and U.S. Empire: Tracing Immigration Lawmaking in the Mariana Islands

This article draws on the case of the Mariana Islands, the site of two U.S. territories – Guam and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI) – to examine the development and implement...
Global Citizenship and Business Education, Part 1: Antecedents and Foundations

Whereas national sovereignty persists as the primary form of political organization, the interconnectedness of today’s world implies that any citizen’s rights and obligations are no longer confined within national boundaries while many societal issues require global civic responses. Thus, business leaders need to be educated on the skills and values that characterize global citizenship in order for them to be accountable and act accordingly. This article traces the historical foundations of the concept of global citizenship, its definition and legitimacy. We also list the major skills and values that global citizens must possess in order to act accordingly.
Comparing perspectives on medication treatment for opioid use disorder between national samples of primary care trainee physicians and attending physicians

Abstract Background Most people with opioid use disorder (OUD) are not treated with FDA-approved medications methadone, buprenorphine, or naltrexone. Expanding capacity for evidence-based OUD medication in primary care is a national priority. No studies have examined primary care trainee physicians’ attitudes about these medications. This study surveyed a national sample of primary care trainee physicians and compared their views with those of primary care attending physicians (i.e., those who have completed training). Methods Random samples of 1,000 trainee physicians and 1,000 attending physicians specializing in family, internal, or general medicine were selected from the American Medical Association Masterfile. Surveys were mailed February-August 2019. 45 % of eligible trainee physicians and 54 % of eligible attending physicians responded. Chi-square tests were used to compare responses between the groups. Results Trainee physicians were more likely than attending physicians to agree that treating OUD with medication is more effective than treatment without medication (76 % versus 67 %, p = 0.03). Half of trainee physicians (51 %) expressed interest in treating patients with OUD compared to 20 % of attending physicians. Trainee physicians expressed greater support than attending physicians for policies that loosen restrictions on prescribing OUD medications. Conclusions Relative to attending physicians, the emerging cohort of primary care physicians may be more receptive to working with patients with OUD and prescribing medication. Enhancing medical training on OUD and its treatment, exposing clinicians to individuals in recovery from OUD, and increasing support for clinicians that provide medication treatment for OUD may strengthen this group’s capacity to respond to the opioid crisis.
Dormant season grazing on northern mixed grass prairie agroecosystems: Does protein supplement intake, cow age, weight and body condition impact beef cattle resource use and residual vegetation cover?

Dormant season livestock grazing reduces reliance on harvested feeds, but typically requires protein supplementation to maintain animal performance. Individual variation in supplement intake can impact animal performance; however, it is unknown if this variation leads to individual or herd-level effects on grazing behavior, resource utilization, and grazing impacts to native rangelands. To examine effects of protein supplementation on dormant season cattle resource use and, subsequently, post-grazing habitat conditions, we examined cattle grazing behavior, resource utilization and biomass removal of vegetation on a native rangeland in Montana. A commercial herd of 272 (yr 1) and 302 (yr 2) cows grazed a 329-ha rangeland pasture from November to January. Intake of a 30% crude protein supplement was measured for each individual. Five individuals within each of six age groups were equipped with GPS collars. Time spent grazing declined with supplement intake ([Formula: see text] = -0.05 ± 0.02; P 0.22). However, residual cover of forbs and litter increased with relative grazing intensity ([Formula: see text] = 1.04 ± 0.41; [Formula: see text] = 3.06 ± 0.89; P ≤ 0.05). In summary, high individual variability in grazing resource utilization of cattle suggests individual-level factors could be the dominant drivers in grazing behavior and landscape use.
A Self-Powered and LoRa-Based Fleet Tracker: Demonstrating Improved Reliability in the IoT

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a wireless network of devices that exchange data in pursuit of common objectives. Historically, these devices have been battery-powered and have communicated through WiFi, Bluetooth, or cellular networks. However, traditional IoT devices face key challenges, such as the heavy maintenance burden of primary cell batteries and poor network infrastructures common to rural areas. A new field, called the self-powered IoT, has developed techniques to combat these issues. Solar energy harvesting and LoRa (long range) modulation are among the self-powered IoT methods that can surpass limitations in reliability for the traditional IoT. Energy harvesting reduces battery-related maintenance, and LoRa modulation enables wireless communications despite weak pre-existing network infrastructures. This paper describes the design and implementation of a distributed self-powered GPS tracking system, called the Fleet Tracker, that uniquely uses both of these techniques. Solar-powered devices mounted on moving vehicles acquire GPS data and relay it to a central processing device using LoRa communications. The system was implemented and tested with two roaming nodes and one central hub device. The Fleet Tracker is a proof-of-concept demonstrating that solar energy harvesting and LoRa modulation can together improve reliability in the IoT, placing it among self-powered IoT applications at the forefront of recent research and commercial products.
Entry threat, entry delay, and Internet speed: The timing of the U.S. broadband rollout

In a rapidly growing industry, potential entrants strategically choose which local markets to enter. Facing the threat of additional entrants, a potential entrant may lower its expectation of future profits and delay entry into a local market, or it may accelerate entry due to preemptive motives. Using the evolution of local market structures of broadband Internet service providers from 1999 to 2007, we find that the former effect dominates the latter after allowing for spatial correlation across markets and accounting for endogenenous market structure. On average, it takes two years longer for threatened markets to receive their first broadband entrant. Moreover, this entry delay has long-run negative implications for the divergence of the U.S. broadband infrastructure: one year of entry delay translates into an 11% decrease in average present-day download speeds.
Leveraging Mixed Reality and the Three Apprenticeships Model to Facilitate & Assess Authentic Learning Experiences for Civil Engineering Students

This work-in-progress paper presents highlights from a multi-year study aiming to develop and assess the impact of a mixed reality experience that sufficiently replicates the learning civil engineering students experience during a physical design and construction task. Human Centered Design principles and tenets of the Carnegie Foundation’s Three Apprenticeships Model (i.e., learning related to "Head", "Hand", and "Heart") inform the project design, development, and assessments. The development of heart-focused assessments is one focus during the second year in this three-year project. This paper includes a brief overview of the project progress, in general, along with preliminary findings regarding the instrument development. It summarizes the results of a pilot study, including an item analysis of the survey responses. These findings offer preliminary evidence for the content validity and substantive validity of the instrument. Next steps and implications for the engineering education community are also discussed.
Institutional Investors and Granularity in Equity Markets

The U.S. equity markets are largely driven by actions of institutional investors. Using quarterly 13-F holdings, we construct the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index of institutional investor concentration as a measure of granularity. We study how granularity affects: the cross-section of returns, conditional variances and downside risk. Next, we study the impact of granularity in a demand-driven asset pricing model introduced by Koijen and Yogo (2019). We derive a decomposition of expected returns in terms of equally weighted asset demands and granularity residuals. Using this decomposition, we revisit the empirical stylized facts pertaining to granularity and asset pricing.
Analytical Design and Experimental Testing of a Self-Cooled, Toroidally Wound Ring Motor With Integrated Propeller for Electric Rotorcraft

This article presents a ring motor that is wrapped around the outer diameter of a propeller for electric rotorcraft. The approach is motivated by the greater aerodynamic efficiency afforded by larger diameter propellers with lower rotational speeds, ultimately minimizing battery energy requirements in electric rotorcraft. Lower rotational blade speeds are mismatched with electric machines that derive power density from high-speed operation, thus a machine design with very high torque density is proposed to allow lower speed operation without the aid of gearing. By wrapping the machine around the outer diameter of the blades, the innate lever arm drastically increases the torque density of the machine without the need for liquid cooling. An analytical design approach is used to characterize the machine design space and design outcomes are verified with finite-element analysis. The final prototype design targets the “heavy-lift” drone space and was tested to verify performance. Measurements of back electromotive force and max torque per amp, along with unloaded and loaded (propeller) testing, benchmark the design and highlight the relative impacts among the various loss mechanisms. The measured specific torque density of the air-cooled design is 6.25 N·m/kg – total mass, 11.1 N·m/kg – active mass only. Key areas for improvement, such as bearing drag reduction and winding fault tolerance, are identified.
Mapping Evidence on Early Childhood Caries Prevalence: Complexity of Worldwide Data Reporting

Objective This review aims to identify variances and research gaps in the early childhood caries (ECC) prevalence within countries and the global community by mapping current evidence. Materials and methods We performed a literature search in PubMed/MEDLINE and Web of Science to identify English-language, peer-reviewed epidemiologic studies published from January 1999 to January 2019. Abstracts and full-text articles were dual-screened based on predefined eligibility criteria. We classified outcomes by children's age and countries based on economic status. Ranges of reported caries prevalence and median values by country and age were calculated and evidence-mapped. Results Out of 915 studies, 59 studies met the inclusion criteria. The most significant number of reports were from the USA, Brazil, and India. The ranges of prevalence (1-96%) among the studies were large. The calculated median caries prevalence values may better estimate countries' prevalence than the reported ranges. Early childhood caries prevalence's highest median values were found for South Korea studies (54%) for children <3-year-old and from Bosnia (81%) for children 3-6 years old. No apparent difference was found in the prevalence of ECC from developed and developing countries. Conclusion This mapping review reflects the ranges and median values of ECC worldwide. Overall, the reported prevalence of ECC in most countries is very high. No apparent difference was found in the prevalence of ECC from developed and developing countries. Reported ranges of ECC, as well as heterogeneity and methodological issues, hamper comparisons across studies globally. Clinical significance The global ECC prevalence ranges are extreme. Median data may provide a structure for future epidemiological studies to optimizing healthcare resources for caries interventions globally. How to cite this article Abdelrahaman M, Hsu K-L, Melo MA, et al. Mapping Evidence on Early Childhood Caries Prevalence: Complexity of Worldwide Data Reporting. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2021;14(1):1-7.
Laboratory Calibration and Field Performance of Inclinometers

The state of the art in the use of inclinometers in engineering is reviewed briefly. Use of inclinometers in structures such as earth and rockfill dams, embankments, piles, behind retaining walls, etc., can be instrumental in detecting conditions leading to both short-term catastrophic failure and long-term progressive failure. The types of inclinometer systems in general use are discussed. Field data acquisition procedures are described as well as necessary considerations in the interpretation of the data. Among the considerations are instrument drift, calibration, cross-sensitivity, and casing spiral. A laboratory device is described which is capable of checking the calibration of inclinometers, the effect of drift on instrument output, and the effect of cross sensitivity on measured angles. Results of the laboratory evaluation of two inclinometer systems are presented.
Adherence of Streptococcus mutans to dextran synthesized in the presence of extracellular dextransucrase.

Abstract Live or heat-killed cells of Streptococcus mutans specifically adhere to dextran previously synthesized on glass surfaces by the action of extracellular dextransucrase.
ATP synthases: insights into their motor functions from sequence and structural analyses.

ATP synthases are motor complexes comprised of F0 and F1 parts that couple the proton gradient across the membrane to the synthesis of ATP by rotary catalysis. Although a great deal of information has been accumulated regarding the structure and function of ATP synthases, their motor functions are not fully understood. For this reason, we performed the alignments and analyses of the protein sequences comprising the core of the ATP synthase motor complex, and examined carefully the locations of the conserved residues in the subunit structures of ATP synthases. A summary of the findings from this bioinformatic study is as follows. First, we found that four conserved regions in the sequence of gamma subunit are clustered into three patches in its structure. The interactions of these conserved patches with the alpha and beta subunits are likely to be critical for energy coupling and catalytic activity of the ATP synthase. Second, we located a four-residue cluster at the N-terminal domain of mitochondrial OSCP or bacterial (or chloroplast) delta subunit which may be critical for the binding of these subunits to F1. Third, from the localizations of conserved residues in the subunits comprising the rotors of ATP synthases, we suggest that the conserved interaction site at the interface of subunit c and delta (mitochondria) or epsilon (bacteria and chloroplasts) may be important for connecting the rotor of F1 to the rotor of F0. Finally, we found the sequence of mitochondrial subunit b to be highly conserved, significantly longer than bacterial subunit b, and to contain a shorter dimerization domain than that of the bacterial protein. It is suggested that the different properties of mitochondrial subunit b may be necessary for interaction with other proteins, e.g., the supernumerary subunits.
The unique roles of murine granzymes (Gzm) A and B for NK-dependent tumor cell killing and regulatory T cell control of NK cells

626 NK-dependent clearance of RMAS lymphoma and B16 melanoma has been demonstrated in NK cell-deficient mice ( Kim S et al, PNAS, 2000, 97:2731-6 ). To examine the roles of Gzm A and B in NK-mediated tumor clearance, RMAS and B16 cells were injected intravenously into WT mice and mice deficient for Gzm A, Gzm B, or Gzm AxB. The survival curves following RMAS injection are shown in Fig. 1; similar results were found with B16 cells. All Gzm AxB-deficient mice died within 6 weeks. Gzm A-deficient mice also displayed reduced survival. Surprisingly, Gzm B-deficient mice demonstrated significantly improved survival compared to WT mice. To understand the molecular and cellular basis, we examined the Gzm expression patterns at various times following tumor injection. Lymphocytes isolated from tumor-infiltrated organs, from spleens and lymph nodes were examined for Gzm A and B expression in NK cells and T cell subsets using 4-color flow cytometric analysis. Within NK compartment, Gzm A expression is constitutive and remains unchanged during the 1st 4 weeks. In contrast, very few Gzm B-expressing cells ( In vitro killing assays indicated that resting NK cells enriched from spleens of Gzm A-deficient mice exhibited diminished killing of RMAS cells, while Gzm B-deficient resting NK cells killed RMAS cells as efficiently as WT resting NK cells. These data suggest that Gzm A is a major effector in NK cells in the early stages of tumor challenge, while Gzm B plays a more important role later. Importantly, Gzm B (but not Gzm A) was detected in 10-25% of CD4 + /FoxP3 + regulatory T cells isolated from tumors, tumor-infiltrated lungs and livers between day 12 and 26, but Gzm B was not detected in regulatory T cells found in spleens or lymph nodes. Since Gzm B deficient mice clear RMAS and B16 more efficiently than WT mice, these data suggest that these tumors may somehow induce the expression of Gzm B in regulatory T cells that go on to kill tumor-specific NK cells. By recruiting and activating regulatory T cells that kill NK cells, these tumors could gain a survival advantage that would be lost in the setting of Gzm B deficiency.
Heterogeneity of lipopolysaccharides from Pseudomonas aeruginosa: analysis of lipopolysaccharide chain length.

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from smooth strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa 503, PAZ1, PAO1715, PAO1716, and Z61 was fractionated by gel filtration chromatography. LPS samples from the first four strains, all PAO1 derivatives, separated into three major size populations, whereas LPS from strain Z61, a Pac K799/WT mutant strain, separated into two size populations. When column fractions were applied to sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels in their order of elution, molecules of decreasing size were resolved, and the ladder of molecules with different-length O antigens formed a diagonal across the gel. The LPS from the PAO1 derivatives contained two distinct sets of bands, distinguished on the gels as two sets of diagonals. The set of bands with the faster mobility, the B bands, was found in column fractions comprising the three major amino sugar-containing peaks. In the sample from strain 503, a fourth minor peak which contained B bands was resolved. The slower-moving set of bands, the A bands, were recovered in a minor peak. LPS from strain Z61 contained only one set of bands, with the higher-molecular-weight molecules eluting from the column in a volume similar to that of the B bands of the PAO1 strains. Analysis of the fractions of LPS from all strains indicated that less than 8% of the LPS molecules had a long, attached O antigen. Analysis of the peak that contained mainly A bands indicated a lack of reactive amino sugar and phosphate, although heptose and 2-keto-3-deoxyoctulosonic acid were detected. Reaction of isolated fractions with monoclonal antibody specific for the PAO1 O-antigen side chain indicated that only the B bands from the PAO1 strains were antigenically reactive. The bands from strain Z61 showed no reactivity. The data suggest that the A and B bands from the PAO1 strains are antigenically distinct. We propose that PAO1 strains synthesize two types of molecules that are antigenically different. Images