cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Design of orientation stages for step and flash imprint lithography

This paper presents the design of orientation stages for high-resolution imprint lithography machines. These machines implement a new lithography process known as Step and Flash Imprint Lithography (SFIL) and are intended for 1) sub 100 nm imprint demonstrations on flat substrates and 2) investigation of potential defect propagation during step and repeat imprinting. SFIL is an imprint lithography process that is a combination of chemical and mechanical steps and its implementation at room temperature and low pressure makes it an attractive process as compared to other imprint techniques. A critical component of an imprint machine is the orientation stage that is required to provide uniform intimate contact between the template and substrate surfaces. The orientation stage requirements are distinct from those used in photolithography since the depth of focus of projection optics allows for larger errors in the orientation alignment. Also, due to contact between the template and substrate surfaces in imprint lithography, the separation kinematics must be carefully controlled in the SFIL process. Two different orientation stages are designed for single- and multi-imprint machines. In order to eliminate the particle contamination due to frictional contacts, all joints are made with flexure joints. Imprint experiments have been performed to demonstrate sub 100 nm imprints.
Silicon Photonic Interconnects for Large-Scale Computer Systems

Optical interconnects play an integral role in large-scale digital computing, switching, and routing systems. The authors describe a path toward future many-chip modules based on silicon photonic interposers that stitch together tens of chips in a dense and efficient communication infrastructure. They review the guiding design principles for this "macrochip" and describe its canonical energy, loss, and area budgets.
A high temperature phase with the ζ-carbide structure in the molybdenum-chromium-carbon system

Abstract The crystal structure of ζ-(Mo, Cr)4C3− x was determined from X-ray powder photographs and the phase shown to be isomorphous with ζ-Hf4N13 and the ζ-phases in the Group V metal-carbon systems2. The structure is trigonal, space group D 5 3d -R 3 m , with a rhombohedral unit cell of a R = 9.757 A , α=17°22' (hexagonal axes: a = 2.982 A , c = 28.81 A ) at a composition (Mo0.77, Cr0.23)4 C2.50. The unit cell contains 12 close-packed metal layers in stacking sequence (hhcc)3, or ABABCACABCBC. The metal atoms are statistically distributed among point positions 6(c). The carbon atoms are assumed to occupy octahedral interstitial sites in 6(c), 3(a), and 3(b). Possible carbon ordering on 6(c) and 3(a), with point position 3(b) unfilled, could not be determined as a result of the low scattering power of carbon. The ζ-carbide (ideal: 42.86 at.% C) has a carbon defect between 5 and 6 at.% nearly independent of the metal exchange, and decomposes below ~1650°C into η-(Mo, Cr)3C2 solid solution and subcarbide (Mo,Cr)2C. The phase is obtained homogeneous between chromium exchanges of 12 at.% ( a = 3.00 A , c = 28.95 A ) and ~ 54 at.% ( a = 2.915 A , c = 27.92 A ).
Display And Analysis Of Tomographic Volumetric Images Utilizing A Vari-Focal Mirror

A system for the three-dimensional (3-D) display and analysis of stacks of tomographic images is described. The device utilizes the principle of a variable focal (vari-focal) length optical element in the form of an aluminized membrane stretched over a loudspeaker to generate a virtual 3-D image which is a visible representation of a 3-D array of image elements (voxels). The system displays 500,000 voxels per mirror cycle in a 3-D raster which appears continuous and demonstrates no distracting artifacts. The display is bright enough so that portions of the image can be dimmed without compromising the number of shades of gray. For x-ray CT, a displayed volume image looks like a 3-D radiograph which appears to be in the space directly behind the mirror. The viewer sees new views by moving his/her head from side to side or up and down. The system facilitates a variety of operator interactive functions which allow the user to point at objects within the image, control the orientation and location of brightened oblique planes within the volume, numerically dissect away selected image regions, and control intensity window levels. Photographs of example volume images displayed on the system illustrate, to the degree possible in a flat picture, the nature of displayed images and the capabilities of the system. Preliminary application of the display device to the analysis of volume reconstructions obtained from the Dynamic Spatial Reconstructor indicates significant utility of the system in selecting oblique sections and gaining an appreciation of the shape and dimensions of complex organ systems.
An Instability in Neutron Stars at Birth

Calculations with a two-dimensional hydrodynamic simulation show that a generic Raleigh-Taylor-like instability occurs in the mantles of nascent neutron stars, that it is possibly violent, and that the standard spherically symmetric models of neutron star birth and supemova explosion may be inadequate. Whether this "convective" instability is pivotal to the supemova mechanism, pulsar magnetic fields, or a host of other important issues that attend stellar collapse remains to be seen, but its existence promises to modify all questions concerning this most energetic of astronomical phenomena.
The role of response-independent reinforcement in producing behavioral contrast effects in the rat

Abstract This experiment examined the role of response-independent reinforcement in producing behavioral contrast effects on a multiple schedule when rats were used as subjects. Retraction of the lever was correlated with one component (S2) of the multiple schedule so that there was no opportunity to make the lever-press response in S2. Three different schedules of response-independent reinforcement (VI 30 sec, VI 2 min, and Extinction) were presented during S2 in successive blocks of sessions. The schedule of reinforcement in S1 (VI 2 min) remained unchanged. Results indicated that response rate in S1 was inversely related to reinforcement frequency in S2. Reliable transient contrast effects were also reported.
Endogenizing Conflict Initiation: Flinching and Fighting at Global High Noon*

In many political processes, the order of actions often has as much impact on the final outcome as do the actions themselves. Problems of actor order are neither clearly visible nor well understood in international conflict, but they do exist and are important. A new model is presented, based on Bueno de Mesquita & Lalman’s ‘international interaction game’, that allows the actors to choose strategically who will initiate demands and, subsequently, who will initiate conflict. Adopting the same preference restrictions as were employed for the international interaction game, the equilibrium conditions for status quo and for negotiation are found to be the same for the new game as for the old. The equilibrium conditions for war and for acquiescence by an actor (i.e. giving in to the other’s demands) are found to be different between games; propositions for these equilibrium conditions are given. Concerning war, for all cases of war predicted by the original model, reversing the actor order produces a quizzica...
Nonnegative principal components for hyperspectral imaging

The classic PCA (Principal Component Analysis) has been applied in hyperspectral imaging with varying success. One obstacle in its application is the potential physical interpretation of the principal components, which is questionable unless the principal component coefficients are nonnegative. In this paper, we show hyperspectral imaging applications of a recently developed methodology of nonnegative PCA, which overcomes this difficulty by constructing nonnegative principal components. We construct an approximation of an AVIRIS, and suggest some interpretations of the resulting components.
Emotions and Planning

Planning analysts taught to separate cognitive and emotional qualities of judgment tend to study cognitive rather than emotional relationships. Psychological research on planning emphasizes the cognitive over the emotional, while social psychological research studies the effects of cognitive emotional interaction on planning judgment. This article argues that planning analysts might combine cognitive and emotional ideas about planning using research insights from the work of neuroscientist Antonio Damasio and the conceptual insights from the work of philosopher Martha Nussbaum. Two brief planning episodes illustrate the relevance of such integration for studying and understanding the kind of planning judgments practitioners make in their everyday practice.
QUANTUM LOGIC CIRCUIT DESIGN OF MANY-VALUED GALOIS REVERSIBLE EXPANSIONS AND FAST TRANSFORMS

Many-valued quantum circuit synthesis of many-valued reversible expansions and fast transforms is introduced in this paper. Since the reduction of power consumption is a major requirement for the circuit design in future technologies, such as in quantum computing, the main features of several future technologies will include reversibility. Consequently, the new quantum circuits can play an important task in the design of future circuits that consume minimal power. In addition, the new quantum circuit methodology is general and can be used to realize any multiple-valued function in the quantum space. It is also shown that the structural generality advantage that results from the new design methodology is opposed with the increased quantum structural complexity disadvantage which may be considered in any further cost-benefit design analysis.
Cognitive revivification: A review of forensic hypnotic application in America

Forensic hypnosis was first presented in U.S. Courts in 1898. It began to be used again in 1960 and was used often through the the 1970s. The paper traces the jurisprudential development and discusses the many psychological, legal, and practical uses facing hypnotically induced or influenced testimony.
Societal Trends in Leisure Education

(1988). Societal Trends in Leisure Education. World Leisure & Recreation: Vol. 30, No. 3-4, pp. 25-29.
Lattice preferred orientation of olivine aggregates deformed in simple shear

REGIONS of the Earth's upper mantle show significant seismic ani-sotropy due to the preferred crystallographic orientation ('lattice preferred orientation') adopted by its constituent minerals in response to deformation1–6. Seismic anisotropies thus provide clues to the flow and/or stress patterns in the upper mantle, but the use of lattice preferred orientation to infer such properties from seismic data has been hampered by the lack of experimental studies relating changes in crystallographic orientation to simple-shear deformation. (Simple shear is probably the dominant mode of deformation in the upper mantle, whereas most previous experiments have focused on the effects of uniaxial compression7–9.) Here we describe the results of simple-shear deformation experiments on olivine aggregates, conducted at high temperatures and pressures (~1,500 K and 300 MPa). For large strains (up to 150%), our experiments reproduce the lattice preferred orientation observed in highly deformed upper-mantle rocks, in which the olivine [100] axes lie nearly parallel to the flow direction. But for relatively small strains, the preferred orientation is rotated with respect to the flow direction, indicating that seismic anisotropy should also be sensitive to the sense of shear in the upper mantle.
Use of tumor dynamics to clarify the observed variability among biochemical recurrence nomograms for prostate cancer

BACKGROUND Nomograms for biochemical recurrence (BCR) of prostate cancer (PC) after radical prostatectomy can yield very different prognoses for individual patients. Since the nomograms are optimized on different cohorts, the variations may be due to differences in patient risk-factor distributions. In addition, the nomograms assign different relative scores to the same PC risk factors and rarely stratify for tumor growth rate. METHODS We compared BCR-free probabilities from the GPSM model with a cell kinetics (CK) model that uses the individual's tumor state and growth rate. We first created a cohort of 143 patients that reproduced the GPSM patient distribution in Gleason score, Prostate specific antigen (PSA), Seminal vesicle involvement and Margin status since they form the GPSM score. We then performed 143 CK calculations to determine BCR-free probabilities for comparison with the GPSM results for all scores and with four other prominent nomograms for a high-risk patient. RESULTS The BCR-free probabilities from the CK model agree within 10% with those from the GPSM study for all scores once the CK model parameters are stratified in terms of the GPSM risk factors and the PSA doubling time (PSADT). However, the probabilities from widely used nomograms vary significantly. CONCLUSIONS The CK model reproduces the observed GPSM BCR-free probabilities with a broad stratification of model parameters for PC risk factors and can thus be used to describe PC progression for individual patients. The analysis suggests that nomograms should stratify for PSADT to be predictive. Prostate 72:280–290, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
GaAs on Si as a substrate for microwave and millimeter-wave monolithic integration

The authors calculated the effective dielectric constant, characteristic impedance, and dielectric loss of a shielded microstrip line manufacture on namely GaAs, Si, and GaAs/Si. Dielectronic loss versus frequency for the GaAs and Si substrates are shown. The same parameters for GaAs/Si substrate were plotted for two different resistivities of the GaAs overlay material, and for each of three different GaAs overlayer thicknesses. The measurements covered the 10-100-GHz frequency range. Depending on the thickness, results show that high-resistivity GaAs epitaxial layers on Si substrates having moderate resistivities reduce the dielectric loss. >
PRECOCIOUS MASCULINE BEHAVIOR FOLLOWING ADMINISTRATION OF SYNTHETIC MALE HORMONE SUBSTANCE1

In humans who had received injections of synthetic male hormone substance there was noted a tendency toward modes of action that could be considered more virile (1, 2). Since, however, these individuals realized they were being injected with an androgenic substance, and observed resultant stimulation of such responses as lowering of the voice, hair growth and penile development and erections, it is possible that such changes in behavior as occurred concomitantly might have been in some large part due to the patients' awareness of the situation. To differentiate action of male hormone substance upon behavior, as distinct from responses due to knowledge of the injection of androgens, animals were used. In view of the distinguished character of the cock's actions chicks were chosen for observation of any precocious masculine behavior following administration of male hormone substance.
Endometrial cancer: How does cigarette smoking influence the risk of women under age 55 years having this tumor?

This analysis of the Cancer and Steroid Hormone Study, a multicenter, population-based case control investigation of hormone use by women of reproductive age and endometrial, breast, and ovarian cancer shows that cigarette smoking is not associated with either an increased or a decreased risk of endometrial cancer. This study included 437 women with endometrial cancer and 3200 control subjects, all of whom were between the ages of 20 and 54 years at the time of interview. The absence of any alteration of the risk of endometrial cancer and smoking was found consistently no matter which variable was used as a measure of smoking--ever or never smoked cigarettes, former or current smoking, light or heavy smoking, or age smoking began.
The role of husbands' supportive communication practices in the lives of employed mothers

Abstract This study focuses on the experiences of employed mothers. Employed mothers encounter several problems that often contribute to a challenging adaptation to the management of work and family. Four problems: Work-family conflict, stress, inequity in the division of household and child care labor, and their perceptions of double bind beliefs. This study of 121 employed mothers examines the role of husbands' supportive communication practices in serving to alleviate these problems for their wives. Results showed that most employed mothers did experience the problems at moderate to high levels, and these problems were negatively correlated with women's perceptions of their husbands' support, doi: 10.1300/J002v40n04_03
Some practical procedures for the solution of nonlinear finite element equations

Abstract Procedures for the solution of incremental finite element equations in practical nonlinear analysis are described and evaluated. The methods discussed are employed in static analysis and in dynamic analysis using implicit time integration. The solution procedures are implemented, and practical guidelines for their use are given.
Mesoblastic nephroma in an adult: spiral CT appearance.

Congenital mesoblastic nephroma (CMN) is a rare tumor of infancy. It is usually diagnosed in the first few weeks of life, unlike Wilm’s tumor which increases in incidence after three months of age [1]. Mesoblastic nephroma is extremely rare in adults, with only nine reported cases to our knowledge [1–5]. The computed tomographic (CT) description in adults has only been reported on one prior occasion [5]. We present an additional case of mesoblastic nephroma in an adult, and define its appearance with Spiral CT scanning.
Familial Breast Cancer Risk

The most well recognized breast cancer susceptibility genes are BRCA1 and BRCA2. Studies in individuals carrying mutations in these genes have led to clinical care guidelines for screening and prevention. Beyond BRCA1 and BRCA2, mutations in TP53, PTEN, STK11, and CDH1 also significantly increase the risk of breast cancer. Early identification of women at increased risk of breast cancer due to specific genetic susceptibility may lead to enhanced screening and prevention strategies and potentially improved overall survival for this group of patients as has been seen with carriers of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations. In addition to high penetrance genes, increasing numbers of genes that confer a moderate risk of breast cancer have been identified such as CHEK2, PALB2, and ATM; however, the clinical application of these genes is much more challenging. This review will discuss both high and moderate penetrance breast cancer susceptibility genes.
Thermal Expansion and Grüneisen Parameters of Amorphous Silicon: A Realistic Model Calculation

Using a realistic model, the mode Gr\"uneisen parameters $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ and the temperature dependent coefficient of linear thermal expansion $\ensuremath{\alpha}(T)$ are calculated for amorphous silicon. The resulting $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ values differ from the crystalline case in having all diversity suppressed, except for a minority of high-frequency localized and low-frequency resonant modes. The latter have very large, mostly negative $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ (up to $\ensuremath{-}31$), caused by volume-driven internal strain. As a result, the values for $\ensuremath{\alpha}(T)$ are lower than those of crystalline silicon and are sample dependent.
Systematics of energies of doubly excited states of heliumlike ions.

The dependence of the energy levels of doubly excited states of heliumlike ions on the nuclear charge Z is studied. By expressing the energy levels of doubly excited states for intrashell states in the form of a double-Rydberg formula and for intershell states using the quantum-defect method, we expand the quantum defect in each formula in powers of 1/Z. Using known energy levels for the low-Z ions, we extract parameters of the quantum defect which allow the calculation of accurate energy levels of other ions along the helium isoelectronic sequence.
Work-preserving emulations of shuffle-exchange networks: an analysis of the complex plane diagram

Abstract In this paper we show that for each n, the order-n shuffle-exchange network can be emulated by an n-node linear processor array or an n2-node mesh in a work-preserving manner. An emulation of a computation on a guest network G is work-preserving on a host network H , if the time-processor products are equal to within a constant factor. To achieve this result we demonstrate a uniform many-to-one embedding of the nodes of a shuffle-exchange network into a linear array. We then give a simple, deterministic routing algorithm on the linear array which schedules the communication of messages necessary to achieve the emulation within the required time bounds. The analysis of the algorithm relies on certain statistical properties of the complex plane diagram of the shuffle-exchange network.
Commonsense attribution versus the covariation principle

Kelley (1967) indicated that low consensus information should lead to person attributions and that high distinctiveness should lead to stimulus attributions. Hansen (1980) stated that low distinctiveness should more readily lead to person attributions than low consensus and high consensus, to stimulus attributions than high distinctiveness because they involve cognitively simpler processes. To examine these positions, we asked subjects to read two descriptions of an actor responding positively toward a target person with different patterns of information accompanying them. In one description, the subject was the target person. The results showed that Hansen's conditions yielded stronger predicted attributions than Kelley's conditions. However, another comparison between two-dimension information patterns implied that these results occurred only when distinctiveness or consensus information was absent and that the results were dependent on assumed covariation of the missing dimension with behavior.
Induction of antitumor immunity in vivo following delivery of a novel HPV-16 DNA vaccine encoding an E6/E7 fusion antigen

Human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV-16) infection is associated with a majority of cervical cancers and a significant proportion of head and neck cancers. Here, we describe a novel-engineered DNA vaccine that encodes a HPV-16 consensus E6/E7 fusion gene (pConE6E7) with the goal of increasing its antitumor cellular immunity. Compared to an early stage HPV-16 E7 DNA vaccine (pE7), this construct was up to five times more potent in driving E7-specific cellular immune responses. Prophylactic administration of this vaccine resulted in 100% protection against HPV E6 and E7-expressing tumors. Therapeutic studies indicated that vaccination with pConE6E7 prevented or delayed the growth of tumors. Moreover, immunization with pConE6E7 could also partially overcome immune tolerance in E6/E7 transgenic mice. Such DNA immunogens are interesting candidates for further study to investigate mechanisms of tumor immune rejection in vivo.
Serum proteomic signature for cystic fibrosis using an antibody microarray platform

Antibody microarrays are a new proteomic technology, which we have developed as a platform for identifying a cystic fibrosis (CF)-specific serum proteomic signature. Serum samples from CF patients have been pooled and compared with equivalent pools of control sera in order to identify patterns of protein expression unique to CF. We find that the set of significantly differentially expressed proteins is enriched in protein mediators of inflammation from the NFkappaB signaling pathway, and in proteins that may be selectively expressed in CF-affected tissues such as lung and intestine. In several instances, we validate the data from the antibody microarrays by quantitative analysis with Reverse Capture Protein Microarrays. We conclude that antibody microarray technology is sensitive, quantitative, and robust, and can be useful as a proteomic platform to discriminate between sera from CF and control patients.
Acidifier application rate impacts on ammonia emissions from US roaster chicken houses

Abstract Due to its potential environmental and public health impacts, emissions of ammonia (NH3) as well as several other gases from US livestock farms may be regulated. Broiler houses are important sources of NH3 emissions. However, there are no emissions data from roaster (8–12 wk old broilers, ∼4 kg ea.) houses. Producers treat the litter in broiler houses with acidifiers, such as sodium bisulfate (SBS, NaHSO4) to reduce ammonia production and protect bird health. However, there is very little data on the effect of acidifiers, particularly at high application rates on ammonia emissions. The impact of different SBS application rates [High (0.95–1.46 kg m−2, whole house), Medium (0.73 kg m−2, whole house), Low (0.37–0.49 kg m−2, whole house), and Control (0.37–0.49 kg m−2, brood chamber)] on ammonia emissions was evaluated in commercial roaster houses over 22 months spanning eight flocks. Ammonia emission from each fan was measured with an acid scrubber that operated only when the fan operated. Emissions were calculated using >95% measured data with the rest being estimated using robust methods. Exhaust ammonia–N concentrations were inversely correlated with the SBS application rates. Emission rates on animal unit (AU, where 1 AU = 500 kg live-mass) basis (ER, g d−1 AU−1) were reduced by 27, 13, and 5%, respectively, in the High, Medium, and Low treatments vs. the Control treatment (mean: 100 g d−1 AU−1, range: 86–114 g d−1 AU−1). Emission rates for the Control treatment measured in this study on roasters were mostly higher than ERs in the literature. Differences in ERs are not only due to diet, environmental and management conditions, but also due to measurement methods.
Brand preference being challenged

The past decade has witnessed significant shifts in both the macro and micro environments, which have impacted all forms of marketing. The main objective of this study is to examine whether consumers’ preference for manufacturer national brands today is as strong as it was, say, a decade ago. Initial findings from a large-scale survey across multiple product categories indicate a decreasing preference amongst consumers for manufacturer-originated national brands. Interestingly, this is accompanied by a non-trivial increasing preference for the No Preference option in consumer questionnaires. Similar results were found when the authors delved deeper into three specific categories – cereals, cosmetics and OTC allergy medications. To validate and explain these results the study used two other data sources, the Customer Loyalty Engagement Index from Brand Keys and the brand value measures from BAV Consulting. Alternating measures and different methodologies only confirmed the initial findings. We found in both these data sources that consumers increasingly evaluate supposedly different brands in the category as being more and more similar. In other words, brands are operating in a smaller competitive space and consumers are finding it increasingly difficult to differentiate among and between them. In short, most brands, and particularly those in the three categories that used data from three sources, face a high risk of ‘commoditization’.
When size really does matter

The loss of skeletal muscle mass has been shown to have serious health implications. For example, decreased muscle size – atrophy – has been linked with osteoporosis, type II diabetes, cachexia, and among the aged a greater incidence of falls (see Janssen & Ross, 2005). As a result, gaining a clear understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms that trigger muscle atrophy has become a vital health initiative. Although a recent report (Edstrom et al. 2006) suggests that a different mechanism is responsible for sarcopaenia, or age-related loss of muscle size, a convincing body of evidence has identified the ubiquitin proteosome pathway as a major regulator of the sequence of events leading to the degradation of contractile proteins in adult muscle. Crucial constituents of this pathway are ligases that tag specific proteins for degradation and insert those tagged proteins into the proteosome complex, as well as peptides that comprise the body of the proteosome, where the actual degradation occurs.
Decision-making in chemical engineering and expert systems: application of the analytic hierarchy process to reactor selection

Abstract Expert systems have been used to model and automate decision making in engineering. Often the problem is cast as a decision tree which is then translated into a set of rules. However, all decision-making problems cannot be cast into this mold. Decisions are usually based on a number of criteria (and possibly subcriteria) which are accepted or established as important to the particular decision. The experience, expertise and accuracy with which the criteria are rated and combined into an overall rating determine the success of the decision. Experts often find it difficult to express their decisions in clear-cut terms. Two experts may not completely agree on the answers to a given problem. The question then is how to capture and represent this uncertainty in decision-making? Current implementations of expert systems employ probability theory, certainty factors and fuzzy set theory. These methods are often found inadequate or unsuitable for the problem leading to less than satisfactory implementation and performance. Within the social science and business fields, a method called the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) has been utilized on a number of different problems. AHP offers a mathematical methodology based on pairwise comparisons which is well-suited for a variety of different problems in both the chemical engineering domain and the expert system domain and it is easily understood by the experts. The AHP structure is applicable to the chemical engineering domain and it is easily implemented in an expert system. This paper will present the AHP methodology and illustrate its use for the engineering problem of chemical laboratory reactor selection. Also, the results of the implementation of AHP into an expert system for laboratory reactor selection will be discussed.
Post-ischemic hypothermia attenuates loss of the vascular basement membrane proteins, agrin and SPARC, and the blood–brain barrier disruption after global cerebral ischemia

Vascular basement membrane (BM) stabilizes brain vessels and inhibits endothelial cell cycle. Cerebral ischemia causes BM breakdown with the loss of structural BM components including collagens and laminins. In this study, the expression changes of the BM proteoglycan agrin, and the non-structural BM constituent SPARC (BM-40, osteonectin), were studied in brain vessels after global cerebral ischemia. A transient 20-min forebrain ischemia followed by 1, 6 or 24 h of reperfusion was induced in adult Sprague-Dawley rats by combined bilateral common carotid artery occlusion and hypotension (42-45 mm Hg). In a separate group of animals, a mild (32 degrees C) post-ischemic hypothermia was induced for 6 h, starting immediately after ischemia. RNA from approximately 500 brain vessels (20-100 microm) extracted by laser-capture microdissection (LCM) microscopy was used to determine the expression of proteoglycans agrin and SPARC mRNAs by quantitative PCR (Q-PCR). Protein expression was determined by immunohistochemistry in adjacent tissue sections. The BBB permeability was assessed using (3)H-sucrose as an in vivo tracer and by examining fibrinogen immunoreactivity in tissue sections. A transient global brain ischemia resulted in a significant (ANOVA, p<0.05; 6 animals/group) reduction in agrin and SPARC mRNAs in LCM-captured brain vessels 24 h after reperfusion. A time-dependent loss of agrin and SPARC from the BM during reperfusion was also observed by immunochemistry. A 6-h post-ischemic hypothermia reduced SPARC and agrin mRNA and protein losses, BBB transfer constant for (3)H-sucrose as well as fibrinogen extravasation 24 h after reperfusion. It is conluded that a transient post-ischemic hypothermia stabilizes brain vessels and reduces BBB disruption in part by preventing proteolytic degradation of regulatory BM constituents, SPARC and agrin.
Standardization of Methods for Extracting Statistics from Surface Profile Measurements

Surface profilers and optical interferometers produce 2D maps of surface and wavefront topography. Traditional standards and methods for characterizing the properties of these surfaces use coordinate space representations of the surface topography. The computing power available today in modest personal computers makes it easy to transform into frequency space and apply well-known signal processing techniques to analyze the data. The Power Spectral Density (PSD) function of the surface height distribution is a powerful tool to assess the quality and characteristics of the surface in question. In order to extract useful information about the spectral distribution of surface roughness or mid-spatial frequency error over a particular spatial frequency band, it is necessary to pre-process the data by first detrending the surface figure terms and then applying a window function before computing the PSD. This process eliminates discontinuities at the borders of the profile that would otherwise produce large amounts of spurious power that would mask the true nature of the surface texture. This procedure is now part of a new draft standard that is being adopted by the US OEOSC for analysis of the statistics of optical surface, OP1.005. 1 Illustrations of the usefulness of these procedures will be presented.
Congulated linoleic acid decreases cellular proliferation and inhibits nuclear factor–κB and activator protein 1 activation in PC3 cancerous prostate epithelial cells

Abstract The precise etiologic factors that initiate and enhance the progression of prostate cancer remains unknown, but diet and lifestyle factors have come forth as significant contributing factors. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is a family of fatty acid isomers found in ruminant food products that appear to have chemopreventive properties in animal models of cancer and antiproliferative effects in several types of cancer cells. Dysregulation and constitutive activation of nuclear factor– κ B (NF κ B) and activator protein 1 (AP1) is found in malignant prostate cells, and dietary components that target these transcription factors may prove to be effective chemopreventive agents. The purpose of this study was to examine the antiproliferative effects of CLA on PC3 cancerous prostate epithelial cells and test the ability of CLA to modulate transcription factors NF κ B and AP1. We found that a mixture of CLA isomers potently inhibited cellular proliferation of androgen-independent PC3 prostate carcinoma cells in a dose-dependent manner. Electromobility shift assays also revealed that CLA inhibited constitutive activation of NF κ B and AP1 transcription factors in PC3 cells. Mobility shift assays demonstrated that CLA also induced activation peroxisome proliferator–activated receptors (PPARs). However, time course studies revealed that PPAR activation occurred after inhibitory effects on NF κ B and AP1, suggesting that inhibition of NF κ B and AP1 did not depend on PPAR activation. The ability of CLA to attenuate inflammatory processes and cellular proliferation by the inhibition of these transcription factors could be the key in their ability to limit cancer development.
IBM Storage Tank-- A heterogeneous scalable SAN file system

As the amount of data being stored in the open systems environment continues to grow, new paradigms for the attachment and management of data and the underlying storage of the data are emerging. One of the emerging technologies in this area is the storage area network (SAN). Using a SAN to connect large amounts of storage to large numbers of computers gives us the potential for new approaches to accessing, sharing, and managing our data and storage. However, existing operating systems and file systems are not built to exploit these new capabilities. IBM Storage Tankâ?¢ is a SAN-based distributed file system and storage management solution that enables many of the promises of SANs, including shared heterogeneous file access, centralized management, and enterprise-wide scalability. In addition, Storage Tank borrows policy-based storage and data management concepts from mainframe computers and makes them available in the open systems environment. This paper explores the goals of the Storage Tank project, the architecture used to achieve these goals, and the current and future plans for the technology.
Antistaphylococcal Substance(s) from a Pharyngeal Organism

In our study of the ecology and significance of the normal bacterial flora of the human pharynx we have noted in the cultures of 4 individuals an organism which elaborates a substance(s) producing wide clear zones in agar overlays containing staphylococci. Growth of the organism, a slow growing coccus (or coccobacillus), is inhibited in vitro by some ingredients of normal flora. The organism, which is sensitive to commonly used antibiotics such as penicillin, coexists in the pharynx with its inhibitors and with staphylococci and may play a role in maintaining the normal interrelationships between species. The antistaphylococcal substance(s) produced by it is filterable, heat stable and has a limited antibacterial spectrum. All staphylococci tested, including those resistant to methicillin, are higher sensitive (1/400 to 1/800 dilution of an autclaved broth supernatant incorporated in blood agar). Using the same preparation, enterococci are moderately sensitive (1/50 dil) and all other species examined are either weakly sensitive (1/10–1/25 dil) (Group B and C β-hemolytic streptococci, N. catarrahalis and some viridans streptococci) or resistant (Group A, β-streptococci, some viridans streptococci, other Neisseria and all gram-negative bacilli tested including H. influenzae). The antibacterial agent is bactericidal for staphylococci; persisters remain sensitive. No resistant mutants have been selected. The antibacterial capacity for the staphylococcus is not destroyed by exposure to trypsin, chymotrypsin or peptidase, or a range of pH from 9.4 to 4.3. This organism may play a significant ecological role in the pharynx; its antistaphylococcal substance is potentially useful.
Infrared multiphoton dissociation of the nitrobenzene cation

Infrared multiphoton dissociation (IRMPD) of nitrobenzene cations has been shown to proceed via two pathways of ca. 1–2 eV activation energy to produce C6H5O+, C5H5+, and NO+ ions. Observation of these three fragment ions and not C6H5+, which has approximately the same appearance energy, suggests that they are produced from high vibrational levels of the ground electronic state of the cation, while the C6H5+ either has a higher appearance energy than previously reported or is produced by dissociation from an isolated electronic state. To explain all aspects of the observed formation of C5H5+ and C6H5O+ fragment ions from nitrobenzene cations by IRMPD, two different dissociation pathways leading to C6H5O+ have been postulated. One produces stable C6H5O+ ions and one leads to unstable C6H5O+ which further dissociates to C5H5+.
DIFFERENTIAL OPERATION OF NAVSTAR GPS

Under the Selective Availability program the Department of Defense plans to provide the civil community with Standard Positioning Service (SPS), having an accuracy of 500 meters (2drms) when the NAVSTAR GPS becomes operational. Subsequent improvements in accuracy are expected to be instituted as national security considerations permit. However, provisions are also made to degrade accuracy to worse than 500 meters, if necessary. Depending on the type and level of Selective Availability imposed, different civil capabilities can be realized. These capabilities are described in this report. Differential operation, wherein a high-quality, surveyed-in receiver installation determines satellite pseudorange errors and communicates them to nearby users, offers a promising technique of improving SPS on a local scale. It can improve the accuracy of the GPS even when SPS is provided at full accuracy, i.e., when Selective Availability is removed. The type of corrections, the associated accuracy, and the update rate are discussed here. Differential system design alternatives and the advantages and disadvantages of each are also described.
Encoding and decoding non-separable states of polarization and spatial mode of single photons

We prepare heralded single photons in a non-separable superposition of polarization and spatial modes using an in-beam polarization interferometer enabled by a spatial light modulator. We diagnose the quantum state using two techniques: quantum state tomography and imaging polarimetry. The results are in very good agreement with the expectations.
A self-calibrating distributed acoustic sensing platform

We will demonstrate the operation of the Acoustic Embedded Networked Sensing Box (ENSBox), a platform for prototyping rapid-deployable distributed acoustic sensing systems. The ENSBox is a Linux-based acoustic sensing system with and integrated, high precision self-calibration facility sets it apart from other platforms. This selfcalibration is precise enough to support acoustic source localization applications in complex, realistic environments: e.g., 5 cm average 2D position error and 1.5 degree average orientation error over a 80x50 m outdoor area.
Reversibly switchable fluorescence microscopy with enhanced resolution and image contrast

Confocal microscopy with optical sectioning has revolutionized biological studies by providing sharper images than conventional optical microscopy. Here, we introduce a fluorescence imaging method with enhanced resolution and imaging contrast, which can be implemented using a commercial confocal microscope setup. This approach, called the reversibly switchable photo-imprint microscopy (rsPIM), is based on the switching dynamics of reversibly switchable fluorophores. When the fluorophores are switched from the bright (ON) state to the dark (OFF) state, their switching rate carries the information about the local excitation light intensity. In rsPIM, a polynomial function is used to fit the fluorescence signal decay during the transition. The extracted high-order coefficient highlights the signal contribution from the center of the excitation volume, and thus sharpens the resolution in all dimensions. In particular, out-of-focus signals are greatly blocked for large targets, and thus the image contrast is considerably enhanced. Notably, since the fluorophores can be cycled between the ON and OFF states, the whole imaging process can be repeated. RsPIM imaging with enhanced image contrast was demonstrated in both fixed and live cells using a reversibly switchable synthetic dye and a genetically encoded red fluorescent protein. Since rsPIM does not require the modification of commercial microscope systems, it may provide a simple and cost-effective solution for subdiffraction imaging of live cells.
Practical considerations for prostate HDR brachytherapy.

Abstract Purpose A process for prostate high-dose-rate (HDR) brachytherapy was developed and implemented successfully in the community hospital setting. The practical aspects of the program are reviewed and may serve as a foundation for clinics interested in offering this clinical service. Methods and Materials A generic needle distribution geometry was established to accommodate target volumes of variable size. A system to identify and assign treatment channels to each implant needle was devised. The computerized tomography (CT)–based treatment planning was used with dose constraints defined for sensitive structures and target uniformity. Implant needle stability was promoted by supporting the patient on a CT compatible padded sliding board. A process that aligns dwell position to CT imaging without the use of radiographic markers was followed. Graphical optimization of dwell times was used to generate the treatment dose distributions. Results Prostate HDR brachytherapy as a boost or as monotherapy has been offered in a program that has evolved over the past 8 years. Practical aspects of the program promote its feasibility and precision. Collaboration with commercial entities has also led to the development of products that support the technique. Conclusions Prostate HDR brachytherapy offers a relatively high degree of dose distribution control in comparison with other prostate radiotherapy modalities. The practical aspects described offer assurance to achieve that goal.
Metallurgical basis for thermomechanical processing of microalloyed steels

AbstractThe fundamental metallurgy of thermomechanical processing (TMP) has become much better understood over the past decade. An appreciation of the driving forces and retarding forces has led to both a better understanding of existing practices and the development of new practices. Furthermore, the distinction between plate and strip rolling, for example, has become better defined, quantified, and understood. This understanding has led to improved products, increased productivity, and better consistency. The information generated, first in plate and then in strip rolling, is slowly being adopted in the structural rolling and forging industries. Finally, the role of TMP has been extended, with the new ultralow carbon steels, to include the control of stabilisation reactions and texture development during rolling for downstream benefit in the cold mill. This paper reviews the basic physical metallurgy of TMP, discusses various aspects of alloy design, and presents illustrations of modern views of plate p...
Skin friction features of drilled CIP piles in sand from pile segment analysis

Numerical pile segment analysis is conducted in this study with an advanced soil model to investigate the skin friction behaviour of a drilled Cast-In-Place (CIP) pile installed in sand. Although the interface between the sand and pile is considered rough, thin elements adjacent to the pile are used to include effects of localized shear. Unit weights of fluid concrete and accompanied changes in stress are considered as the effects of pile installation. Changes in effective stresses are the most prominent effect due to pile installation with a change in direction of the major principal stress from the vertical to the radial direction. Shear behaviour of the sand at the interface during the early shear stage is related to the contractive tendency of the sand at small strain levels. Changes in the stress field around the pile with little changes in volumetric strain take place during the early shear stage. Stress redistributions during the early shear stage depend on the direction of the major principal stress before shear. Results of the pile segment analyses for drilled CIP piles show good agreement with design methods. Parametric studies are used to characterize the effects of sand density and pile diameter on the skin friction behaviour of drilled CIP piles. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nitrate, nitrite, nitrous oxide and oxygen-dependent hydrogen uptake by Rhizobium

Selected strains of Rhizobium japonicum have been reported to produce hydrogenase [1] and more recently, grow chemolithotrophically in a mineral salts medium, utilizing hydrogen and carbon dioxide as respective energy and carbon sources [2]. The synthesis of uptake hydrogenase by R. japonicum is sensitive to the presence of oxygen. During chemolithotrophic growth, the concentration of oxygen must be low or the formation of the hydrogen uptake system is rapidly repressed [2,3]. Nitrate has been shown to serve as the electron acceptor during chemoorganotrophic growth by cowpea rhizobia and R. japonicum [4,5]. We have been able to grow R. japonicum under anaerobic conditions chemolithotrophically with nitrate serving as the electron acceptor [6]. Hydrogen and carbon dioxide were utilized as energy and carbon sources respectively, and dissimilation of nitrate occurred. Here, we report the effect of nitrate, nitrite, and nitrous oxide, as compared to oxygen, upon hydrogen uptake by R. japonicum grown chemolithotrophically under anaerobic conditions. 2.1. Bacterial strains