cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Location of Tantalum Atoms in Ni3Al

An X-ray powder diffraction method was used to determine the location of tantalum atoms in Ni3Al. A series of Ni3 (Al,Ta) alloys were produced with tantalum content ranging from 0.1 to 3.0 at%. Fine powders with average particle sizes less than 80 pm were made from melt-spun ribbons by a grinding process. The values of the superlattice peak intensities normalized to the intensity of the (200) fundamental peak agreed with the calculated values assuming that tantalum atoms substitute on aluminum sites, not on nickel sites. Thus it is concluded from our experiments that tantalum atoms substitute for aluminum in Ni3Al, except for Ta contents around 0.2 at% where the data can not be interpreted in terms of a simple substitution scheme.
Evidence for a Second RKN Resistance Gene in Peanut

ABSTRACT Root-knot nematode (RKN), [Meloidogyne arenaria (Neal) Chitwood race 1] can result in highly significant yield losses in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) production. Fortunately, very high levels of RKN nematode resistance have been identified and incorporated from wild species into newly developed peanut cultivars. In 2011-12 at Tifton, GA, a field site was artificially inoculated with M. arenaria race 1. A susceptible cultivar was used to uniformly increase the peanut-specific race 1 nematode population during the summer and fall; whereas, hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth) was used for the same purpose each winter as a susceptible cover crop. During 2013 and 2014, space-planted F2 and F3 populations from cross combinations involving A. hypogaea susceptible × resistant parental lines derived from ‘COAN’ were evaluated, respectively. Several past inheritance studies had suggested a single dominant gene, Rma, controlled the resistance. However in this study, the occurrence of a second recessive gene (r...
An Overview of Psychological Measurement

Because this book is being written for clinical psychologists, psychiatrists, and kindred professionals, in this chapter it will be assumed that the reader is already familiar with fundamental issues relating to behavioral measurement and, consequently, that there will be no need to discuss low-level principles. Rather, the discussion will center on controversial issues that are of immediate importance to the professional clinician or researcher in the behavioral sciences. Whereas the examples chosen for this chapter to illustrate principles of measurement are particularly applicable to clinical diagnosis, the principles are quite general to empirical science. Because some methods of statistical and mathematical analysis are intimately related to the development and use of measurement methods, critical comments will be made about some prominent approaches to statistical analysis, but details regarding their applications will be left to referenced sources rather than be discussed in detail here. (Any reader who is not already familiar with fundamental principles of psychometric theory and analysis, or would like a refresher course in that regard, might want to consult my book Psychometric Theory, 1978.)
Radical Prostatectomy for Carcinoma: 30-year Experience and 15-year Survivals

AbstractThree strata of medical care are shown in this series of patients undergoing radical prostatectomy for carcinoma: 1) Medical School Hospital patients had an average age 4 years greater than patients in the other 2 groups and the lowest 15-year survival rate of 15 per cent. 2) The Veterans Hospital patients had an average age 4 years younger than patients in the Medical School Hospital group but there was little opportunity for preventive care by early diagnosis and they had a 15-year survival rate of 26 per cent. 3) The Emanuel series of private patients had good preventive private medical care, allowing for earlier diagnosis in a patient population without other serious medical problems, and a 15-year survival rate of 61 per cent.The 15-year survival figures for other modalities of therapy, including various types of radiation, chemotherapy and immunotherapy, are necessary for meaningful evaluation of efficacy.
Determination of Heterodera glycines Virulence Phenotypes Occurring in South Dakota

The soybean cyst nematode (SCN), Heterodera glycines, is the most important yield-limiting pathogen of soybean in the United States. In South Dakota, SCN has been found in 29 counties, as of 2016, and continues to spread. Determining the virulence phenotypes (HG types) of the SCN populations can reveal the diversity of the SCN populations and the sources of resistance that would be most effective for SCN management. To determine the HG types prevalent in South Dakota, 250 soil samples were collected from at least three arbitrarily selected fields in each of the 28 counties with fields previously found to be infested with SCN. SCN was detected in 82 fields (33%), and combined egg and juvenile counts ranged from 200 to 65,200 per 100 cm3 of soil. Eggs and juveniles were extracted from each soil sample and were used to infest seven SCN HG type test indicator soybean lines and ‘Williams 82’ as the susceptible check. A female index (FI) was calculated based on the number of females found on each indicator line...
The Neuropsychology of Drinking Behavior

Animals seek water when the state of thirst arises in their brains and the tonic activity of the state governs their behavior as they select water and ingest it. The problem of the neuropsychology of drinking behavior is therefore essentially that of the brain mechanisms that are the state of thirst. That is, drinking behavior would be understood if we had intimate knowledge of the complex and specific state of brain activity that concurrently gives rise to the experience that we describe as thirst, that generates the urge to drink that underlies the search for water, and that controls the animal’s consumption of it. There are some solutions to this problem. We know something of the mechanisms for the control of ingestion itself because they are closely linked to the water losses which initiate drinking. And we have some understanding of the events that lead to the satiation of water intake. These matters will be the subject of this review. But we know nothing of the neural mechanisms of the cognitive and hedonic phenomena that are so prominent in the meaning of the concept of thirst. After all, it is the expectation of water and the pleasure of its ingestion that characterize thirst for all of us. These are mentioned here and will be discussed later because they should not be omitted from our thinking about the neuropsychology of drinking behavior despite our ignorance of their brain mechanisms.
Functional evaluation of mica products

For many years, the evaluation of mica products for electrical machinery other than actual field service has been largely limited to a short time dielectric strength test. This naturally resulted in rather slow acceptance of new materials and undoubtedly held back progress with many new product developments. We cannot afford the time to live with this type of evaluation in the modern era of rapid technical developments. Neither can we afford to build production units to evaluate ever new material that holds promise of improved properties and lower cost.
Fluorinated benzalkylsilane molecular rectifiers.

We report on the synthesis and electrical properties of nine new alkylated silane self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) - (EtO)3Si(CH2)nN = CHPhX where n = 3 or 11 and X = 4-CF3, 3,5-CF3, 3-F-4-CF3, 4-F, or 2,3,4,5,6-F, and explore their rectification behavior in relation to their molecular structure. The electrical properties of the films were examined in a metal/insulator/metal configuration, with a highly-doped silicon bottom contact and a eutectic gallium-indium liquid metal (EGaIn) top contact. The junctions exhibit high yields (>90%), a remarkable resistance to bias stress, and current rectification ratios (R) between 20 and 200 depending on the structure, degree of order, and internal dipole of each molecule. We found that the rectification ratio correlates positively with the strength of the molecular dipole moment and it is reduced with increasing molecular length.
Informing watershed planning and policy in the Truckee River basin through stakeholder engagement, scenario development, and impact evaluation

Abstract In this study, we evaluated the water quality and quantity impacts of five restoration and land protection scenarios in the Truckee River watershed, in the context of regulatory goals. We used spatially explicit biophysical models to create scenarios with targeted places where the greatest water quality and supply benefits could be realized. We quantified how these scenarios would impact the sediment load, nitrogen load, phosphorous load, and annual water yield with hydrologic models. The scenarios included a “Business as usual” based on existing conservation plans (2015–2020) and four additional model-generated scenarios: a “Targeted” scenario using the “Business as usual” budget, two targeted “Increased budget” scenarios, and a “Targeted-climate smart” scenario adjusted based on climate change. We expected the model-generated scenarios to have a greater impact on biophysical factors than “Business as Usual,” and that the “Increased budget” scenarios would reach water quality regulatory goals. The “Targeted” scenario produced a small improvement in water quality over “Business as usual,” but did not meet regulatory goals. The “Increased budget” scenarios could meet water quality goals in one additional subwatershed if the budget is allocated to the most cost-effective activities to reduce sediment. Incorporating climate change caused the targeted locations of activities to shift in space, but the overall impact on biophysical factors was similar. This study demonstrates how science-based planning with stakeholder input can inform conservation investments across existing boundaries and lead to greater water quality improvements. By identifying where to implement different types of conservation activities and how much to invest, as well as revealing shortcomings in current assumptions about which activities to implement, this study can enable smarter and more effective land management investments.
Carbon monoxide incompletely prevents isoflurane-induced defects in murine neurodevelopment.

Abstract Background Commonly used anesthetics have been shown to disrupt neurodevelopment in preclinical models. It has been proposed that such anesthesia-induced neurotoxicity is mediated by apoptotic neurodegeneration in the immature brain. Low dose carbon monoxide (CO) exerts cytoprotective properties and we have previously demonstrated that CO inhibits isoflurane-induced apoptosis in the developing murine brain. Here we utilized anti-apoptotic concentrations of CO to delineate the role of apoptotic neurodegeneration in anesthesia-induced neurotoxicity by assessing the effect of CO on isoflurane-induced defects in neurodevelopment. Methods C57Bl/6 mouse pups underwent 1-hour exposure to 0 ppm (air), 5 ppm, or 100 ppm CO in air with or without isoflurane on postnatal day 7. Cohorts were evaluated 5–7 weeks post exposure with T-maze cognitive testing followed by social behavior assessment. Brain size, whole brain cellular content, and neuronal density in primary somatosensory cortex and hippocampal CA3 region were measured as secondary outcomes 1-week or 5–7 weeks post exposure along with 7-day old, unexposed controls. Results Isoflurane impaired memory acquisition and resulted in abnormal social behavior. Low concentration CO abrogated anesthetic-induced defects in memory acquisition, however, it also resulted in impaired spatial reference memory and social behavior abnormalities. Changes in brain size, cellular content, and neuronal density over time related to the age of the animal and were unaffected by either isoflurane or CO. Conclusions Anti-apoptotic concentrations of CO incompletely prevented isoflurane-induced defects in neurodevelopment, lacked concentration-dependent effects, and only provided protection in certain domains suggesting that anesthesia-related neurotoxicity is not solely mediated by activation of the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway.
The Evolution of Asset Classes: Lessons from University Endowments

This paper surveys the practice of asset allocation for larger U.S. university endowments by focusing on asset category definitions. Wide diversity today reflects the broad shift to alternative investments and the blurring of boundaries by investment funds and managers. A prominent example involves hedge funds. Numerous and divergent subcategories depict the current wide-ranging opportunities available. We point out the movement to define asset categories with reference to their target performance or underlying return drivers rather than traditional investment vehicle-types, and we speculate on future directions and what it means for the role of strategic asset allocation for institutional investors.
A method for constructing minimal linear-analytic realizations for polynomial systems

For a polynomial nonlinear system described in terms of regular transfer functions, the shift-realization approach to constructing minimal bilinear realizations is modified to yield a method for constructing minimal linear-analytic realizations. For brievity, the case of degree-2 polynomial systems is considered. The degree-3 case can be treated in a similar, explicit fashion, but the notation used here becomes too cumbersome for systems of degree ? 4.
A geographic assessment of the economic development impact of Korean high-speed rail stations

Abstract As part of the balanced-development strategy, the Korean high-speed rail system−Korean Train eXpress (KTX)−is expected to serve not only as the next-generation intercity transit system, but also to have effects on regional development. With increased accessibility, HSR station locations have the potential to act as transport nodes as well as evolving as localized urban places by attracting higher-volume passenger flow and increasing economic activity. This paper evaluates the performance of KTX stations as an economic development strategy using the node-place concept, which simultaneously assesses a station's role as node and place. The calculated scores from the node-place index suggest various outcomes of KTX stations. While balanced stations are performing as both nodes and places and are located in urban centers, imbalanced stations that perform neither role well are found on urban peripheries. Our findings indicate imbalanced stations are less effective for attracting passengers and other economic activities. HSR station vitality is depends on interactions with existing urbanized areas, and those located in urban peripheries typically lack this. Station proximity to central business districts is an important consideration for locating future KTX stations in either mid-size cities or suburban areas, in order to maximize the economic impacts of KTX services.
Low Temperature Hydrothermal Processing (<100°C) of Stoichiometric BaxSr1-xTiO3 Thin Films and Powders

BaxSr1−xTiO3 (BST) thin films and powders were processed below 100°C by hydrolyzing Ti metal-organic precursors and TiO2 powder in alkaline Ba/Sr containing aqueous solutions. Film and powder stoichiometrics were examined by x-ray diffraction (XRD), and powder stoichiometrics were measured by wavelength dispersive spectroscopy (WDS). Both XRD and WDS results showed that Sr cations were more readily incorporated in BST than Ba cations. A thermodynamic model is introduced to predict BST stoichiometry for pH and solution composition. The model is demonstrated for carbonates that also form hydrothermally with Ba and Sr in solid solution, showing good agreement with experimentally measured stoichiometrics and confirming a higher reactivity of the Sr cation.
Why Is the Time Always Right for White and Wrong For Us? How Racialized Youth Make Sense of Whiteness and Temporal Inequality:

Independently, the study of whiteness and the study of time are important interventions in sociology. A solid foundation for any empirical investigation of the relationship between whiteness and th...
Workers compensation-reported injuries among security and law enforcement personnel in the private versus public sectors.

Private and Public security and law enforcement (SLE) sectors perform multiple overlapping job duties. Workers’ compensation (WC) SLE first reports of injury (FROI) data (2005–2015) were analyzed to describe injuries, identify differences in awarded WC benefits, and compare the probability of a FROI resulting in awarded benefits between Public and Private SLE. A Pearson’s chi-square test was utilized and reverse selection logistic regression was performed to estimate the odds ratio that a FROI would result in an awarded benefit for Private vs. Public SLE, while adjusting for relevant covariates. Private SLE had higher FROI percentages for younger and for older workers, fall injuries, and back injuries, compared to Public SLE. The adjusted odds that a FROI resulted in an awarded benefit was 1.4 times higher for Private SLE compared to Public SLE; (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.09,1.69). Middle-aged SLE employee adjusted odds of awarded benefits was 3.3 times (95% CI [1.96, 5.39]) higher compared to younger employees. Adjusted odds of awarded benefits was 3.8 times (95% CI [1.34, 10.61]) higher for gunshots and 1.7 times (95% CI [1.22, 2.39]) higher for fractures/dislocations compared to other nature of injuries. Motor vehicle injury, fall/slip, and strain related FROIs had elevated adjusted odds of awarded benefits compared to other injury causes. Results highlight the importance of injury prevention education and worker safety training for Private and Public SLE sector workers on fall prevention (especially in Private SLE) and strain prevention (especially in Public SLE), as well as motor vehicle safety.
Perspectives, Historical-landmarks in neurogenesis

The nervous system has the distinction of being the first organ primordium formed in the early embryo. After the fertilized egg has undergone its initial development i.e. cleavage and gastrulation (the latter resulting in the formation of the three germ layers: ecto-, meso-, and endo-derm), a pear-shaped ectodermal thickening appears on the dorsal side. This is the neural or medullary plate, the anlage of the nervous system. Its margins fold up, and the neural folds converge in the midline to form the hollow neural tube. From the beginning, its anterior part, the future brain, is broader than the posterior part, the spinal cord. The origin of the nervous system was described first by Carl Ernst von Baer, the founder of modern embryology, in his classical work Development History of Animals (1828) with the significant subtitle ‘Observation and Reflection’. Considering that he had only a hand lens and sharpened needles at his disposal—his work antedates the microtome and serial sections—his accurate description of the formation of most organs of Vertebrates was a monumental achievement.
Smart Ground-Source Borehole Heat Exchanger Backfills: A Numerical Study

Geothermal heat pump borehole heat exchangers rely on sensible heat for energy storage and low thermal conductivity materials for heat transfer. This paper examines numerically the potential benefits of an engineered backfill on the performance of a borehole heat exchanger. The results show that improving the thermal conductivity of the backfill and introducing a phase change material for energy storage can alter the thermal radius of influence of the borehole, improve the system efficiency, and reduce long-term changes in ground temperature.
The Dynamic Roots of School Leaders’ Twitter Use: A Structurational Perspective on Technology Use

Some postulate that social media tools, such as Twitter, might be used to support educator professional learning. Drawing upon interviews and tweets from 17 school administrators, this study examin...
Probing the [CoC3H8]+ potential energy surface: A detailed guided-ion beam study

The potential energy surface for the CoC3H8+ system is examined in studies using a guided-ion beam tandem mass spectrometer in conjunction with a dc discharge/flow tube ion source. Bimolecular reactions of Co+ + C3H8, Co+(C3H6) + H2 (D2), Co+(C2H4) + CH4 (CD4), and CoCH2+ + C2H6 are examined, as well as threshold collisional activation of Co+(C3H8). The results allow details of the [CoC3H8]+ potential energy surface to be elucidated. A key feature of the potential energy surface is a rate limiting transition state for C−H bond activation processes, measured as 0.29 ± 0.10 eV below the Co+ + C3H8 asymptote. For C−C bond activation, experiments are interpreted to yield two rate-limiting transition states lying 0.08 ± 0.08 eV below and 0.05 ± 0.04 eV above this asymptote. From the threshold collision activation study, we determine a 0 K bond dissociation energy for D0(Co+−C3H8) of 1.34 ± 0.06 eV. We also determine a lower limit for D0(Co+−C2H5) of 1.76 ± 0.09 eV (estimated as 2.00 ± 0.11 eV), and D0(DCo+−C2H...
The influence of native English-speaking environment on Akan-English bilinguals’ production of English inter-dental fricatives:

Aims and Objectives:This study examined how age of acquisition, immersion in a native English-speaking environment, and phonological environment influence Akan-English bilinguals’ production of Eng...
Recent Evolution in the DRAM Interface: Mile-Markers Along Memory Lane

As semiconductor technologies have matured and computing applications have proliferated, memory technology has experienced a corresponding evolution and diversification to address application-specific requirements and topological targets. These include the following, not necessarily in chronological order.
Modeling electrochemical oxidation and reduction of sulfamethoxazole using electrocatalytic reactive electrochemical membranes.

Abstract In this research, degradation of the antibiotic sulfamethoxazole (SMX) was studied using electrochemical reduction and oxidation in single pass, flow-through mode using porous titanium suboxide (Ti4O7) reactive electrochemical membranes (REMs) and Pd-Cu doped Ti4O7 REMs (Pd-Cu/Ti4O7 REMs). Electrochemical reduction of SMX increased from 3.8 ± 0.3% for the Ti4O7 REM to 96.1 ± 3.9% for the Pd-Cu/Ti4O7 REM at −1.14 V/SHE and at a permeate flux of 300 L m−2 h−1 (LMH) (liquid residence time: ∼1.8 s). By contrast, electrochemical oxidation using Ti4O7 REMs achieved 95.7 ± 1.0% removal of SMX at 2.03 V/SHE and a permeate flux of 300 LMH (liquid residence time: ∼9.0 s) without the catalyst addition. We developed a reactive transport mathematical model and calibrated it to the SMX experimental data. The calibrated model predicted SMX permeate concentrations at fixed potentials and as a function of permeate flux. Based on products from SMX reduction, we proposed that SMX was reduced by a hydrogen atom transfer reaction that was mediated by the Pd-Cu/Ti4O7 REM. Toxicity tests indicated that electrochemical oxidation/reduction lowered solution toxicity. The results of this work indicate that a tandem electrochemical reduction/oxidation approach using the REM-based technology is a potential treatment strategy for sulfonamide-contaminated pharmaceutical wastewater.
Human vestibular perceptual thresholds for pitch tilt are slightly worse than for roll tilt across a range of frequencies.

Vestibular perceptual thresholds measure vestibular sensory and perceptual noise by quantifying how small of a passive self-motion an individual is able to reliably perceive. Vestibular thresholds have clinical and operational relevance, as they are elevated in vestibular migraine patients, and even healthy individuals with higher (i.e., worse) thresholds have degraded balance. Vestibular thresholds have been quantified across a range of frequencies (motion durations) for rotations and translations, with differences identified for different motion directions (e.g., up/down thresholds are higher than those for left/right motions). While roll tilt thresholds have been well quantified, pitch tilt thresholds have not. Here we aim to quantify pitch tilt thresholds across a range of frequencies and test whether they are higher than in those for roll tilt. In ten normal subjects, we found pitch tilt thresholds at 0.15, 0.2, 0.5, and 1 Hz averaged 1.66, 1.61, 0.99, 0.51 degrees, respectively. Using a general linear model, we found subjects’ pitch tilt thresholds were slightly, but significantly, higher than their roll tilt thresholds across all frequencies tested. These differences were approximately 10% at 0.15, 0.2, and 1 Hz and 3% at 0.5 Hz. Pitch tilt thresholds exhibited a similar frequency response as in roll tilt (decreasing a higher frequencies). They also had substantial inter-individual variability, which correlated across pitch tilt frequencies and between pitch and roll tilt thresholds. We discuss why pitch tilt thresholds might be higher, including the pitched-up orientation of the utricular plane of the otoliths, compared to previous studies, and discuss functional implications.
Mapping the Narrative Ecosystem of Conspiracy Theories in Online Anti-vaccination Discussions

Recent research on conspiracy theories labels conspiracism as a distinct and deficient epistemic process. However, the tendency to pathologize conspiracism obscures the fact that it is a diverse and dynamic collective sensemaking process, transacted in public on the web. Here, we adopt a narrative framework to introduce a new analytical approach for examining online conspiracism. Narrative plays an important role because it is central to human cognition as well as being domain agnostic, and so can serve as a bridge between conspiracism and other modes of knowledge production. To illustrate the utility of our approach, we use it to analyze conspiracy theories identified in conversations across three different anti-vaccination discussion forums. Our approach enables us to capture more abstract categories without hiding the underlying diversity of the raw data. We find that there are dominant narrative themes across sites, but that there is also a tremendous amount of diversity within these themes. Our initial observations raise the possibility that different communities play different roles in the collective construction of conspiracy theories online. This offers one potential route for understanding not only cross-sectional differentiation, but the longitudinal dynamics of the narrative in future work. In particular, we are interested to examine how activity within the framework of the narrative shifts in response to news events and social media platforms’ nascent efforts to control different types of misinformation. Such analysis will help us to better understand how collectively constructed conspiracy narratives adapt in a shifting media ecosystem.
Identity, Wayfinding and Construction for an Underserved Population in Ecuador.

Socially responsible design is a topic of significant interest to designers in all design disciplines. Socially responsible design manifests itself in multiple ways as designers explore how to integrate the concept into their practice. This paper is a case study about a particular manifestation of socially responsible design. It documents a collaborative effort between educators in graphic design and building science attempting to impact a poor neighborhood in Quito, Ecuador. Important elements of the project were that it accommodates a service learning class for students, that it utilizes local building methods, and that it meets a genuine need of the community. The project serves as an example of interdisciplinary collaboration finding a unique way to integrate socially responsible design into practice and as an educational tool.
Virtual Screening of Human Class-A GPCRs Using Ligand Profiles Built on Multiple Ligand-Receptor Interactions.

Abstract G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are a large family of integral membrane proteins responsible for cellular signal transductions. Identification of therapeutic compounds to regulate physiological processes is an important first step of drug discovery. We proposed MAGELLAN, a novel hierarchical virtual-screening (VS) pipeline, which starts with low-resolution protein structure prediction and structure-based binding-site identification, followed by homologous GPCR detections through structure and orthosteric binding-site comparisons. Ligand profiles constructed from the homologous ligand–GPCR complexes are then used to thread through compound databases for VS. The pipeline was first tested in a large-scale retrospective screening experiment against 224 human Class A GPCRs, where MAGELLAN achieved a median enrichment factor (EF) of 14.38, significantly higher than that using individual ligand profiles. Next, MAGELLAN was examined on 5 and 20 GPCRs from two public VS databases (DUD-E and GPCR-Bench) and resulted in an average EF of 9.75 and 13.70, respectively, which compare favorably with other state-of-the-art docking- and ligand-based methods, including AutoDock Vina (with EF = 1.48/3.16 in DUD-E and GPCR-Bench), DOCK 6 (2.12/3.47 in DUD-E and GPCR-Bench), PoLi (2.2 in DUD-E), and FINDSITECcomb2.0 (2.90 in DUD-E). Detailed data analyses show that the major advantage of MAGELLAN is attributed to the power of ligand profiling, which integrates complementary methods for ligand–GPCR interaction recognition and thus significantly improves the coverage and sensitivity of VS models. Finally, cases studies on opioid and motilin receptors show that new connections between functionally related GPCRs can be visualized in the minimum spanning tree built on the similarities of predicted ligand-binding ensembles, suggesting a novel use of MAGELLAN for GPCR deorphanization.
Closed-form orthotropic constitutive model for aligned square array mesostructure

Abstract This work models the square array mesostructure found in fused filament fabrication parts using an orthotropic constitutive model and derives closed-form expressions for all nine effective elastic constants. The periodic void shape is modeled using a four point hypotrochoid curve with a single shape parameter that controls the sharpness of the points. In-plane elastic constants ( E y y , E z z , v y z , G y z ) are derived by solving the 2D elasticity equations using the complex variable method of elasticity. The antiplane shear constants ( G x y and G x z ) are derived from a complex variable formulation of the antiplane shear equations. The remaining elastic constants ( E x x , v x y , and v x z ) are derived by directly solving the linearelasticity equations. We compare our results to unit cell finite element simulations. The simulations match the closed-form expressions exactly for E x x , v x y , and v x z . For the remaining elastic constants, the difference between closed-form model and simulation increases as porosity increases. Tensile testing specimens at various porosity values under 12% are fabricated to test six of the nine elastic constants. Experiments on E x x , v x y , and v x z agree well with closed-form predictions, differing by less than 2.6% for the tested specimen types. Experiments on E y y , E z z , and G x y generally agree well, with larger differences at higher porosity values. The difference is less than 6% for all tested specimen types except for the E zz specimen with a porosity of 0.113, which had a difference of 21%. Several reasons for the discrepancy are postulated, including non-ideal void shape and interfacial bond stiffness.
Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Channelrhodopsin Chimera, C1C2.

Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations have been successfully used for modeling dynamic behavior of biologically relevant systems, such as ion channels in representative environments to decode protein structure-function relationships. Protocol presented here describes steps for generating input files and modeling a monomer of transmembrane cation channel, channelrhodopsin chimera (C1C2), in representative environment of 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine (DOPC) planar lipid bilayer, TIP3P water and ions (Na+ and Cl-) using molecular dynamics package NAMD, molecular graphics/analysis tool VMD, and other relevant tools. MD simulations of C1C2 were performed at 303.15 K and in constant particle number, isothermal-isobaric (NpT) ensemble. The results of modeling have helped understand how key interactions in the center of the C1C2 channel contribute to channel gating and subsequent solvent transport across the membrane.
Low Aflatoxin Levels in Aspergillus flavus-Resistant Maize Are Correlated With Increased Corn Earworm Damage and Enhanced Seed Fumonisin.

Preharvest mycotoxin contamination of field-grown crops is influenced not only by the host genotype, but also by inoculum load, insect pressure and their confounding interactions with seasonal weather. In two different field trials, we observed a preference in the natural infestation of corn earworm (CEW; Helicoverpa zea Boddie) to specific maize (Zea mays L.) genotypes and investigated this observation. The field trials involved four maize lines with contrasting levels of resistance to Aspergillus flavus. The resistant lines had 7 to 14-fold greater infested ears than the susceptible lines. Seed aflatoxin B1 (AF) levels, in mock- and A. flavus-inoculated ears were consistent with genotype resistance to A. flavus, in that the resistant lines showed low levels of AF ( 30% lethality at 250 ppb. In contrast, CEW was tolerant to fumonisin with no significant loss in larval mass even at 100 ppm, implicating the low seed aflatoxin content as a predominant factor for the prevalence of CEW infestation and the associated fumonisin contamination in A. flavus resistant maize lines. Further, delayed flowering of the two resistant maize lines might have contributed to the pervasive H. zea damage of these lines by providing young silk for egg-laying. These results highlight the need for integrated strategies targeting mycotoxigenic fungi as well as their insect vectors for enhanced food safety.
Calderón y la alegoría del Theatrum mundi: La carne del corpus o la suspensión de la soberanía

Modern idealism of aesthetics poses a distinction between symbol and allegory. From this difference, Schelling and Hegel characterize the allegory as a supplementary or degraded mechanism of representation. Consequently, his readings of Calderon de la Barca are informed by the preeminence of the symbol and the presupposition of the ideality of the meaning, that is, its univocity and transparency in the face of the secondary character of the incarnation or allegorical inscription. In this way, to affirm that in symbol there is no difference between the symbol and the symbolized is nothing more than a bet that subsumes the materiality in the absolute and conjures up the inscription. In other words, by rejecting the allegorical figuration because the meaning would be divided and misrepresented, the question about the material conditions that complicate any fixed classification is hidden. In this register, and following Walter Benjamin, this paper proposes that the baroque procedure in Calderon put in question this assumption of the anteriority of meaning. Then, Calderon, thematically and performatively, raises and poses the question of the material conditions of the production of meaning, and with this, he puts on stage that meaning cannot simply remain untouched. Theatricality, then, consists of making this contaminating relationship appear. El Gran Teatro del Mundo , thus, appears as a radical critique of transcendental idealism: it installs the question of theatricality that dismantles the position ( thesis ) of ideality, it disassembles the order from which ideality was affirmed to the detriment the empirical singularity of the allegorical incarnation, and, at the same time, it destabilizes the conditions of sovereignty. Keywords: Calderon- Schelling - Hegel - Symbol - Allegory - Theater - Benjamin - Flesh - Sovereignty
Evaluation of different Krylov subspace methods for simulation of the water faucet problem

In this study, a one-dimensional two-phase flow four-equation model was developed to simulate the water faucet problem. The performance of six different Krylov subspace methods, namely the generalized minimal residual (GMRES), transpose-free quasi-minimal residual, quasi-minimal residual, conjugate gradient squared, biconjugate gradient stabilized, and biconjugate gradient, was evaluated with and without the application of an incomplete LU (ILU) factorization preconditioner for solving the water faucet problem. The simulation results indicate that using the ILU preconditioner with the Krylov subspace methods produces better convergence performance than that without the ILU preconditioner. Only the GMRES demonstrated an acceptable convergence performance under the Krylov subspace methods without the preconditioner. The velocity and pressure distribution in the water faucet problem could be determined using the Krylov subspace methods with an ILU preconditioner, while GMRES could determine it without the need for a preconditioner. However, there are significant advantages of using an ILU preconditioner with the GMRES in terms of efficiency. The different Krylov subspace methods showed similar performance in terms of computational efficiency under the application of the ILU preconditioner.
Diet Quality and Risk of Lung Cancer in the Multiethnic Cohort Study.

Diet quality, assessed by the Healthy Eating Index-2015 (HEI-2015), the Alternative Healthy Eating Index-2010 (AHEI-2010), the alternate Mediterranean Diet (aMED) score, the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) score, and the Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII®), was examined in relation to risk of lung cancer in the Multiethnic Cohort Study. The analysis included 179,318 African Americans, Native Hawaiians, Japanese Americans, Latinos, and Whites aged 45–75 years, with 5350 incident lung cancer cases during an average follow-up of 17.5 ± 5.4 years. In multivariable Cox models comprehensively adjusted for cigarette smoking, the hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) for the highest vs. lowest quality group based on quintiles were as follows: 0.85 (0.77–0.93) for HEI-2015; 0.84 (0.77–0.92) for AHEI-2010; 0.83 (0.76–0.91) for aMED; 0.83 (0.73–0.91) for DASH; and 0.90 (0.82–0.99) for DII. In histological cell type-specific analyses, the inverse association was stronger for squamous cell carcinoma than for adeno-, small cell, and large cell carcinomas for all indexes. There was no indication of differences in associations by sex, race/ethnicity, and smoking status. These findings support that high-quality diets are associated with lower risk of lung cancer, especially squamous cell carcinomas, in a multiethnic population.
Understanding loss to follow-up in a longitudinal study of people with traumatic brain injury.

Objective To examine factors related to attrition in a traumatic brain injury (TBI) study sample assessed up to 15 years after injury. Participants One thousand twenty-eight participants with TBI who completed the year 1 follow-up assessment at a TBI Model Systems Center between 1992 and 2018. Method Secondary analysis of data from a prospective longitudinal cohort study considering follow-up data collection completion status at years 1, 2, 5, 10, and 15. Results In univariable analyses, multiple factors were associated with loss to follow-up (LOFU) including being a member of a socially disadvantaged group, substance use history, residence, payor, cause of injury, and results of earlier follow-up attempts. In a multiple logistic regression analysis examining the prediction of follow-up condition at 10 or 15 years post-injury, only payor and race/ethnicity were significant predictors. Hispanic ethnicity was associated with higher odds of LOFU, and these participants often spoke Spanish and were born outside of the United States. Conclusions The findings suggest a need to understand sociodemographic variables and their influence on participant attrition in longitudinal TBI research. With a better understanding of these predictors, procedures can be developed to address retention of participants who are identified as being at increased risk for study drop out.
Evaluatie en afsluiting van de behandeling

Als het einde van de TF-CBT-behandeling nadert, moet de therapeut in kaart brengen welke vorderingen het kind en de ouder tijdens de behandeling hebben gemaakt. Zoals aan het begin van dit boek al is opgemerkt is het gebruik van standaard diagnostische instrumenten een integraal onderdeel van het TF-CBT-model. Aan het einde van de behandeling moet de therapeut de diagnostische tests die kinderen en/of ouders aan het begin van de behandeling hebben ingevuld opnieuw afnemen om hun vorderingen te kunnen evalueren. In de laatste individuele sessie moet ook tijd worden ingeruimd voor hoe ouder en kind de gezamenlijke sessies hebben ervaren en welke gedachten en gevoelens kind en ouder tijdens deze interacties hadden. Daarnaast moet de therapeut terugblikken op de vooruitgang die het kind en de ouder in de therapie te zien hebben gegeven. Hij of zij moet die vorderingen bevestigen en ieder van hen er op gepaste wijze voor complimenteren. Als de therapeut meent dat een van beiden meer therapie nodig heeft, moet dat advies worden besproken en moet een passende verwijzing worden geregeld voordat de behandeling wordt afgesloten.
The oncogene of a human bladder carcinoma.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the isolation of three human oncogenes: those of the SW480 colon carcinoma, the HL60 promyelocytic leukemia, and the EJ bladder carcinoma. It focuses on human tumors because of a particular property of human DNA—that is, the presence of highly repeated Alu sequences. These sequences are interspersed in the genome in 300,000 to 500,000 copies per haploid DNA complement. Consequently, one or more of these sequence blocks is usually near, if not within, a chosen human gene. When a human gene is introduced via transfection into a mouse cell, some of these Alu blocks become co-transferred with the scored gene into the recipient. These human Alu blocks are readily distinguished from their mouse counterparts by sequence hybridization. Because of this, the presence of acquired human sequences in the mouse cell can be identified by the use of the “Southern blotting” technique and an Alu-specific sequence probe. Serial passage of a human oncogene through two cycles of transfection into mouse cells creates a particularly simple genetic configuration in the secondary transfectants. The presence of Alu blocks makes possible the molecular cloning of the human DNA sequences. The DNA of a secondary transfectant can be introduced into a lambda phage library, and the human components of the library can be identified once again by using the Alu probe.
Simple Time‐Dependent Examples

Our ability to solve certain differential equations increases with our lexicon of available functions. Exponentials, for example, are basic solutions of ordinary linear differential equations with constant coefficients. Likewise, to solve time-dependent problems in diffusion theory requires the introduction of certain “special functions” that are closely related to gaussians.1–3 In this chapter we follow a constructive path that issues from our earlier experience with random walks, through new physical examples, and finally to the family of error functions. We then show, in the next chapter, that these error functions are, in fact, part of a grander scheme—similarity—that also includes the classical method of separation of variables. This chapter ends with a consideration of problems in several space dimensions that can be expressed in terms of products of 1-d problems.
Characteristics of periodical literature for the potential reader or author in information management

Journals and periodicals are a major part of the formal communication system for exchanging information. Through this exchange, a developmental and unifying process that tends to define a body of knowledge tasks place. In today's information age, this process is occurring in the broad areas of data processing, information management, management information systems, computer information systems, and the management and behavioral sciences.
Multitasking in Tissues and Materials

Insights into the role played by a modified amino acid residue in structural biological tissues are helping to develop biomimetic materials.
Double-blind randomized 12-month soy intervention had no effects on breast MRI fibroglandular tissue density or mammographic density

Soy supplementation by patients with breast cancer remains controversial. No controlled intervention studies have investigated the effects of soy supplementation on mammographic density in patients with breast cancer. We conducted a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled intervention study in previously treated patients with breast cancer (n = 66) and high-risk women (n = 29). We obtained digital mammograms and breast MRI scans at baseline and after 12 months of daily soy (50 mg isoflavones per day; n = 46) or placebo (n = 49) tablet supplementation. The total breast area (MA) and the area of mammographic density (MD) on the mammogram were measured using a validated computer-assisted method, and mammographic density percent (MD% = 100 × MD/MA) was determined. A well-tested computer algorithm was used to quantitatively measure the total breast volume (TBV) and fibroglandular tissue volume (FGV) on the breast MRI, and the FGV percent (FGV% = 100 × FGV/TBV) was calculated. On the basis of plasma soy isoflavone levels, compliance was excellent. Small decreases in MD% measured by the ratios of month 12 to baseline levels were seen in the soy (0.95) and the placebo (0.87) groups; these changes did not differ between the treatments (P = 0.38). Small decreases in FGV% were also found in both the soy (0.90) and the placebo (0.92) groups; these changes also did not differ between the treatments (P = 0.48). Results were comparable in patients with breast cancer and high-risk women. We found no evidence that soy supplementation would decrease mammographic density and that MRI might be more sensitive to changes in density than mammography.
Review of Jesper Hoffmeyer’s Book: Signs of Meaning in the Universe (Advances in Semiotics)

In Hoffmeyer view three-way interactions are everywhere, and he provides many examples in his book ranging from biology to consciousness. I would also point out that insistence on a one-way chain of mindless transitions cannot explain the origination problem of mind, and it ultimately leads to a meaningless search back to the beginning of time in a futile search to find the answer to David Albert's ready-state paradox. To his credit Hoffmeyer makes mention of Godel and his incompleteness theorem, and including the issues of a deeper subjectivity and self-referral. But what Hoffmeyer is describing is Panpsychism, though he does not mention it as such, and he gives not mention of the works of early philosophers beyond Pierce. A.N. Whitehead's process metaphysics is strangely missing from the references. I found Hoffmeyer version of reality to be less agreeable with the atheistic panpsychism supported by D.S. Clarke (see "Panpsychism and the Religious Attitude"), though Hoffmeyer says little about the issue of a God. You can find this book at Amazon: Signs of Meaning in the Universe (Advances in Semiotics) .