cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Targeted removal of PML-RARα protein is required prior to inhibition of histone deacetylase for overcoming all-trans retinoic acid differentiation resistance in acute promyelocytic leukemia

All- trans retinoic acid (tRA)–induced differentiation in NB4 cells, a cell line derived from an acute promyelocytic leukemia patient with t(15;17) translocation, is markedly facilitated by sodium butyrate (NaB), a histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACI), or by hexamethylene bisacetamide (HMBA), a non–HDACI tRA-differentiation inducer, as determined by nitroblue tetrazolium reduction. The tRA-induced expression of RIG-G, Bfl-1/A1, and p21waf1 and, to a lesser extent, of CCAAT/enhancer binding protein–e (C/EBPe) are also enhanced by such combined treatments. Both responses are associated with a facilitated diminution of the leukemogenic PML-RARα protein and retained ΔPML-RARα, a cleavage product. Treatment with tRA in tRA differentiation–resistant NB4 subclones R4 and MR-2 does not result in PML-RARα diminution and the tested gene expressions. Moreover, the addition of HMBA or NaB with tRA results in only minimal increase of differentiation in the tRA differentiation–resistant subclones. The increases in acetylated histone H3 (AcH3) and AcH4 in NaB-treated NB4, R4, and MR-2 cells are similar and do not correlate with the extent of differentiation induction when NaB and HMBA are given in combination with tRA. Arsenic trioxide (As2O3) treatment results in the total degradation of PML-RARα without increasing AcH3 or AcH4 or inducing differentiation in R4 cells. As2O3 in combination with tRA induces gene (Bfl-1/A1 and C/EBPe) expression and partial differentiation. Both NaB and HMBA addition to As2O3-plus-tRA–treated R4 cells further enhances differentiation. These results suggest that elimination of the dominant negative PML-RARα protein is required prior to inhibition of histone deacetylase to fully overcome tRA-differentiation resistance in APL cells.
Optimal somatic growth and reproduction in a limited, constant environment: The general case*

Previous simplified optimal life history models suggest that natural selection favors all-or-none energy allocation between somatic growth and reproduction such that juveniles grow in body size but do not reproduce while adults reproduce but do not grow. This ideal pattern departs greatly from energy allocation by the organisms that comprise the majority of living biomass on earth, as these both grow and reproduce more or less simultaneously during most of the life cycle. This paper explores the possibility that this commonly observed energy allocation pattern arises from density dependence in population growth, a feature of nature not addressed by the simplified models. Assumptions concerning vital rates of individual organisms give rise to a very general continuous time model of structured population growth. From this model emerges a criterion that characterizes the energy allocation pattern most favored by natural selection in a limited, constant environment. Exploration of this criterion reveals that density dependence fails to alter the optimality of the ideal all-or-none energy allocation pattern of the simplified models. This result strengthens the suspicion created by several recent theoretical investigations that simultaneous growth and reproduction represents an evolutionary response to environmental variability.
The development of control systems for BLOODHOUND SSC

The presentation will discuss the many aspects of a real time control system being developed for the next World Landspeed Record car being designed to exceed an average speed of 1,000 mph through the measured mile in the deserts of South Africa in 2011 and 2012.
Generating a Racing Line for an Autonomous Racecar Using Professional Driving Techniques

During a race, professional drivers follow a racing line using specific maneuvers that allow them to utilize as much of the car’s tire force as possible. These lines could be used to create trajectories for obstacle avoidance in autonomous vehicles if they could be analytically defined. In fact, many of the techniques described by professional drivers can be expressed by a family of simple curves including straights, clothoids, and constant radius arcs. By comparing different members of this family of curves, different racing techniques can be examined. In particular, the differences between two phase and three phase corners described by professional drivers can be easily captured and analyzed in a single parameter. Experimental results on an autonomous race-car highlight the advantages of two phase cornering over three phase cornering and demonstrate the types of comparisons that can be made with this approach.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Total Force and the New American Military Family: Implications for Social Work Practice:

Increasing numbers of civilian social workers are being hired by the Department of Defense to provide services in military family programs. Recent changes in the American military, commonly referred to as “total force” policy, will bring even more social workers into contact with both active-component and reserve-component military families. The total force policy has caused the military family to be redefined. Still, the military hierarchy, culture, organization, and social support systems are key factors to be considered in the delivery of social services to military members and their families. Critical differences in the needs of reserve-component and active-component military families challenge social work practice. Social work practice has not kept pace with the changing military family environment. It is time to incorporate military families into practice as yet another diverse population with whom social workers will interact. This article describes the new American military family, provides princi...
Quality Safeguards for Managed Care

Discussions about quality of care are seemingly the order of the day. According to a poll of more than 1000 adults conducted by the National Coalition for Health Care, 75% believe there were serious problems with the quality of health care and almost the same percentage believe quality care is often compromised by insurance companies to save money. One can scarcely pick up an issue of JAMA or the New England Journal of Medicine without encountering at least 1 article on quality assessment. Likewise, it is common to find in the lay press exposes and articles that are critical of health care quality in managed care plans, such as that by Jane Bryant Quinn 1 in Newsweek .
An assay to determine the kinetics of RNA cleavage

To evaluate some synthetic catalysts that mimic ribonuclease, a quantitative assay has been developed that measures the number of phosphate diester bonds cleaved in a polymeric RNA substrate. This assay involves determining the number of 5'-oligonucleotide termini produced during the cleavage, using polyuridylic acid as the substrate. Samples withdrawn from the kinetic run are treated with venom exonuclease (phosphodiesterase I), and the increase in the concentration of uridine is determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. A related assay has been developed to monitor the catalyzed cleavage of the dinucleotide uridylyl(3'----5') uridine (UpU).
Photospheric and Coronal Currents in Solar Active Regions

Using photospheric line-of-sight magnetograms from the National Solar Observatory (NSO) Kitt Peak and coronal X-ray images from the Yohkoh Soft X-Ray Telescope (SXT), we have determined the value of the constant α of the linear force-free field model (∇ × = α) that gives the best visual fit to the overall coronal X-ray structure (αc) of 34 flare-productive active regions of relatively simple bipolar morphology. Vector magnetograms for 24 of these active regions are available from the Haleakala Stokes Polarimeter at Mees Solar Observatory. For each of them, we determine the single best-fit value of α in the photosphere (αp) by three quite different methods and show that these methods give statistically consistent values. By combining this data set with that of the NSO and SXT, we are able to compare for the first time quantitatively and statistically the observed values of α in the photosphere and corona of these regions. We find that the distribution of αp and αc values is fully consistent with the hypothesis that the overall twist density of the magnetic fields of active regions, as measured by the linear force-free field parameter α, is the same in the photosphere and the corona. We therefore conclude that the electric currents that create the nonpotential structure of such solar coronal active regions are of subphotospheric origin and pass without significant modification through the photosphere.
Hydrodynamic model for the gas flow in circulating fluidized bed reactors

The circulating fluidized bed (CFB) riser may be regarded as composed of two hydrodynamically distinct regions: in the central part, the core, particles, and gas are transported upward in a cocurrent dilute flow with a fairly high voidage. In the wall zone or annulus, particles are, on average, transported downward, countercurrently to the gas flow: the voidage in this region is significantly lower than that in the central region. The hydrodynamics of the gas phase in CFBs are of dominant importance for predicting the conversion of CFB chemical reactions. Both the core plug-flow gas and the annulus backmixing determine the average residence time, the residence time distribution, and hence the reaction yield. The scope of this paper is to develop a model to predict the residence time and the residence time distribution of the gas phase. Values of underlying parameters are selected from fitting experimental data and model predictions. The model contains two dominant parameters: the exchange coefficient for the gas phase, k g , and the exchange coefficient for the solids between the annulus and core, K A→C . The model is evaluated for different values of these coefficients so that the predicted response curve for the concentration in the gas phase is in best possible agreement with the measured one. The values of both parameters are given and compared with literature data. To complete the assessment, a sensitivity analysis was performed.
THE CHILD IN THE MILITARY COMMUNITY

Matured or maladjusted? Well-mannered or delinquent? Many characterizations have been made of the child of military parents. On the positive side, it has been said that frequent travel broadens him and that he benefits from the close-knit and homogeneous military community. Furthermore, the authority which his father has learned from military life is carried over to good purpose into the family with the result of responsible parenthood. On the negative side, it has been said that the military child suffers from too much or too little authority: either the father is objectively strict with his children in the fashion of a unit commander, or the father is gone from the home on duty so much that his influence is limited. The frequent moves and resulting lack of stability have been blamed for upsetting the child. He has been called a poor student, undisciplined, or, in short, a "military brat." The purpose of this paper is to examine certain variables as they affect children in a military community and, in some instances, to present a factual comparison between children from military and civilian communities. First, within the military, officer and enlisted families are compared with regard to child adjustment and broken homes.
Integrated text and image understanding for document understanding

Because of the complexity of documents and the variety of applications which must be supported, document understanding requires the integration of image understanding with text understanding. Our document understanding technology is implemented in a system called IDUS (Intelligent Document Understanding System), which creates the data for a text retrieval application and the automatic generation of hypertext links. This paper summarizes the areas of research during IDUS development where we have found the most benefit from the integration of image and text understanding.
Flagellar and twitching motility are necessary for Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm development

The formation of complex bacterial communities known as biofilms begins with the interaction of planktonic cells with a surface in response to appropriate environmental signals. We report the isolation and characterization of mutants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA14 defective in the initiation of biofilm formation on an abiotic surface, polyvinylchloride (PVC) plastic. These mutants are designated surface attachment defective (sad ). Two classes of sad mutants were analysed: (i) mutants defective in flagellar-mediated motility and (ii) mutants defective in biogenesis of the polar-localized type IV pili. We followed the development of the biofilm formed by the wild type over 8 h using phase-contrast microscopy. The wild-type strain first formed a monolayer of cells on the abiotic surface, followed by the appearance of microcolonies that were dispersed throughout the monolayer of cells. Using time-lapse microscopy, we present evidence that microcolonies form by aggregation of cells present in the monolayer. As observed with the wild type, strains with mutations in genes required for the synthesis of type IV pili formed a monolayer of cells on the PVC plastic. However, in contrast to the wild-type strain, the type IV pili mutants did not develop microcolonies over the course of the experiments, suggesting that these structures play an important role in microcolony formation. Very few cells of a non-motile strain (carrying a mutation in flgK) attached to PVC even after 8 h of incubation, suggesting a role for flagella and/or motility in the initial cell-to-surface interactions. The phenotype of these mutants thus allows us to initiate the dissection of the developmental pathway leading to biofilm formation.
A radial basis function approach in the meshless local Petrov-Galerkin method for Euler-Bernoulli beam problems

A meshless local Petrov-Galerkin (MLPG) method that uses radial basis functions rather than generalized moving least squares (GMLS) interpolations to develop the trial functions in the study of Euler-Bernoulli beam problems is presented. The use of radial basis functions (RBF) in meshless methods is demonstrated for C1 problems for the first time. This interpolation choice yields a computationally simpler method as fewer matrix inversions and multiplications are required than when GMLS interpolations are used. Test functions are chosen as simple weight functions as in the conventional MLPG method. Patch tests, mixed boundary value problems, and problems with complex loading conditions are considered. The radial basis MLPG method yields accurate results for deflections, slopes, moments, and shear forces, and the accuracy of these results is better than that obtained using the conventional MLPG method.
The numerical solution of the exterior dirichlet problem for Helmholtz's equation via modified green's functions approach

Abstract In the 1970s, a modified Green's function approach for solving the Helmholtz equation was proposed by Jones and Ursell, and in the 1980s was clarified by Kleinman, Roach and Kress. But to date, there are no numerical results available for this approach. In this paper, a global Galerkin method is used to numerically solve the exterior Dirichlet problem for the Helmholtz equation in three dimensions based on Jones' modified integral equation approach. Theoretical and computational details of the method are presented.
Anaerobic and aerobic power in arms and legs of elite senior wrestlers.

UNLABELLED The purpose of this study was to characterize anaerobic power and aerobic power (power at peak oxygen uptake, or peak VO2) of elite senior (post-collegiate) wrestlers. Subjects (n = 14) from the U.S. national senior freestyle and Greco Roman wrestling teams were evaluated at separate tests using cycle ergometry for peak VO2 of the arms, peak VO2 of the legs, arm anaerobic peak power, and leg anaerobic peak power. Power output at peak VO2 was recorded for each test and compared to the anaerobic power of the appropriate body segment. The results (mean +/- SD) showed that wrestlers produced 2.3 +/- 0.4 W.kg body weight-1 at arm peak VO2 (43.7 +/- 4.6 ml.kg body weight-1. min-1), 4.2 +/- 0.5 W.kg body weight-1 at leg peak VO2 (50.9 +/- 5.1 ml.kg body weight-1.min-1), arm PP of 7.7 +/- 1.0 W.kg body weight-1, and leg PP of 10.5 +/- 1.7 W.kg body weight-1. Comparing power output during anaerobic and aerobic tests, the subjects performed at 3.4 +/- 0.6 times their peak oxygen uptake during arm anaerobic ergometry, whereas leg anaerobic peak power was 2.7 +/- 0.4 times the power at peak oxygen uptake for the legs (p < 0.05 for difference between ratios). CONCLUSION relative to aerobic power, elite senior wrestlers may produce power anaerobically in the upper body at significantly higher levels than in the lower body.
Raltegravir, elvitegravir, and metoogravir: the birth of "me-too" HIV-1 integrase inhibitors

Merck's MK-0518, known as raltegravir, has recently become the first FDA-approved HIV-1 integrase (IN) inhibitor and has since risen to blockbuster drug status. Much research has in turn been conducted over the last few years aimed at recreating but optimizing the compound's interactions with the protein. Resulting me-too drugs have shown favorable pharmacokinetic properties and appear drug-like but, as expected, most have a highly similar interaction with IN to that of raltegravir. We propose that, based upon conclusions drawn from our docking studies illustrated herein, most of these me-too MK-0518 analogues may experience a low success rate against raltegravir-resistant HIV strains. As HIV has a very high mutational competence, the development of drugs with new mechanisms of inhibitory action and/or new active substituents may be a more successful route to take in the development of second- and third-generation IN inhibitors.
Monodentate dialkyldithiocarbamate complexes of molybdenum(III). The synthesis and X-ray strucural characterization of {HB(3,5-Me2C3N2H)3}Mo-(S2CNEt2)(ν1-S2CNEt42)

Cristallisation dans le systeme triclinique, groupe P1 et sa structure est affinee jusqu'a R=0,043. Coordination pseudooctaedrique autour des atomes Mo
Inhibitory characteristics of prostaglandin F2α in the rat luteal cell

Abstract Enzymatically dispersed and enriched preparations of rat luteal cells were used to characterize the antigonadotropic effects of prostaglandin (PG) F2α. The half-maximal dose (ED50) of LH for stimulation of cAMP accumulation and progesterone secretion was 100 and 25 ng/ml, respectively. Methylisobutylxanthine (MIX) had no effect on the ED50 of LH on cAMP accumulation but reduced the ED50 of LH on progesterone secretion from 25 to 10 ng/ml. PGF2α inhibited the tropic responses to LH by 55%–70% within minutes at concentrations of PGF2α within the physiological range. For example, 2–4 nM PGF2α inhibited LH-stimulated cAMP accumulation by 50% (IC50). PGF2α reduced the maximum cAMP response to LH but had no effect on the ED50 of LH for cAMP accumulation whereas PGF2α increased the ED50 of LH on progesterone secretion by 5–7-fold. Inhibition by PGF2α appeared to be unrelated to an effect on cAMP phosphodiesterase activity or to changes in parameters of LH receptor binding activity. No inhibition by PGF2α was evident on LH-stimulated cAMP accumulation in isolated membranes. PGF2α had little effect on cAMP accumulation in response to cholera toxin or forskolin but produced significant inhibition of progesterone secretion in response to cholera toxin or dibutyryl cAMP ((Bu)2cAMP). It is concluded that the antigonadotropic effect of PGF2α in the luteal cell is due to two interrelated actions: inhibition of activation of cAMP accumulation by LH and inhibition of the luteal cell response to cAMP. Since PGF2α had no effect in the broken cells, it is suggested that the action of PGF2α may be mediated by a second messenger in the intact cell.
Self-saturating magnetic amplifiers with capacitive loads

The steady-state operation of the self-saturating magnetic amplifiers with rectified RC (resistance capacitance) loads is studied. Steady-state gain expressions are derived for square wave and sinusoidal gate supplies. Approximate methods for the evaluation of output quantities are given using a nomogram to simplify the calculations. Certain types of half-cyclic asymmetries peculiar to the capacitive loading are explained and criteria for their practical avoidance are given.
The effect of personal characteristics on reporting child maltreatment

Abstract Objective: This study examined the relationship between personal characteristics of 276 potential entry-level social service workers and their decision to report child maltreatment to Child Protective Services (CPS). The personal characteristics of interest were: age, gender, parenthood, mother's education, father's education, college major, ethnicity, and immigrant status. The study hypotheses were that personal characteristics would have: (1) an individual effect on reporting, (2) a combined effect on reporting, and (3) an effect on reporting beyond any effect mediated by approval of corporal punishment and perceptions of maltreatment. Method: Data were collected by a self-report survey employing vignettes in multi-item scales. Respondents rated (1) their approval of corporal punishment, (2) the seriousness of incidents of probable maltreatment, and (3) their likelihood of reporting incidents of probable maltreatment to CPS. Results: Of the eight personal characteristics, only ethnicity and immigrant status had significant effects on reporting. Together with approval of corporal punishment and perception of maltreatment, ethnicity and immigrant status accounted for 32% of the variance in reporting (p Conclusion: Independently and combined, ethnicity and immigrant status have considerable effect on reporting behavior. Findings suggest that human service agencies should address issues of diversity and establish clear criteria for responding to child maltreatment.
Partition functions and dissociation equilibrium constants for H2+ and He2+

Abstract Partition functions and dissociation equilibrium constants for the molecular ions H2+ and He2+ are presented for temperatures T in the range 1500(500)25,000 K and 2000(1000)75,000 K, respectively. The results are obtained by a direct sum of all electronic ground state rotational-vibrational levels whose energies are determined by solving the radial nuclear Schrodinger equation within the Born-Oppenheimer approximation.
How Advising and Retention of Students Improves Fiscal Stability.

A consistent theme expressed in the literature today is the need for universities to become more efficient and businesslike in their approach to fiscal management. Fiscal accountability is being required of all institutions; therefore, institutions must reorganize, reengineer, and become more efficient to demonstrate accountability and fiscal responsibility. Upon fiscal review, student advising centers are often seen as non-central to the instructional mission of the university and, therefore, allocations are reduced. This article discusses one approach used at a regional comprehensive university to demonstrate how a student advising center can improve fiscal stability by increasing retention and graduation rates. thereby increasing appropriations when based on an enrollment-driven formula.
Information-Optimized Extended Depth-of-Field Imaging Systems

Estimation-theoretic limits on the extension of the depth of field of an imaging system via wavefront coding are analyzed in terms of Fisher information and associated Cramer-Rao lower bounds.
Sexual Dysfunction and Distress amongst U.S. Army Active Duty Females: A Prevalence Study

Nicolette E. Deveneau: Nothing to disclose Miriam Greenstein: Nothing to disclose Abhijit Mahalingashetty: Nothing to disclose Nicole Herring: Nothing to disclose Lioudmila V. Lipetskaia: Nothing to disclose Ali Azadi: Nothing to disclose Donald R. Ostergard: Astellas, Consultant, Speaker, Honorarium Sean L. Francis: Astellas, Speaker, Honorarium; Pfizer, Speaker, Honorarium; IMET, Educational Presenter, Honorarium
Ergonomic Evaluation of Manual Weeding Practice and Development of an Ergonomic Solution

Agricultural workers performing manual weeding are exposed to high risks of musculoskeletal disorders to the lower back. Hand weeding exposes workers to sustained static loading to spinal soft tissues, which can lead to the initiation of a cycle of inflammatory response. Assessment of injury risks and investigation of current and new methods of manual weeding are the focus of this study. Nine subjects (7 males and 2 females) participated in this study. Trunk kinematics were monitored while workers performed four weeding tasks using different methods; long- and short-handled weeding (hoe and weed Puller), hand weeding, and a newly developed “Eater”. The Eater consists of two conveyor belts working simultaneously in an intermesh design to simulate the pulling and grabbing action of the hands. Hoe weeding is considered a less hazardous alternative to hand weeding with regards to back injuries but, our results showed otherwise. The worker's sagittal position with the hoe weeding was not significantly differen...
Media Choices over Time in Partially Distributed Teams

Collaboration between organizations or between distributed groups in global organizations often is accomplished through the formation of partially distributed teams (PDTs). A PDT has at least two collocated sub teams which are distant from each other. As electronic media are the primary means of communication between distributed sub teams in a PDT the choice of media to use for both within- and between-sub team communications is critical. In a quasi-experimental field study we examine communication choices over time and the effects that culture may have on them. Our findings indicate that frequency of media use changes over time and that culture is one variable that may affect it. As sub teams within a PDT may have cultures different than each other, it is crucial to understand that there is no "one size fits all" choice of media for a PDT to use.
Carcinoma of the Pancreas in Say's Pine Snake, Pituophis Sayi

In a recent summary of the literature on neoplasms in cold-blooded vertebrates, Lucke listed reports of 10 instances of this condition in various types of Reptilia. Two of these animals were snakes (Serpentes). Because of the apparent rarity of tumors in this type of animal it seems worth while to report the present case. The animal, Say's pine snake, Pituophis sayi , approximately 150 cm. in length, died at the Philadelphia Zoological Garden. At autopsy the major pathologic changes were acute enteritis and abscesses in the lung. The pancreas attracted attention because of its increased size, the presence of caseous foci in the parenchyma, and distention of the duct by caseous material. The pancreas in this and many other types of snakes is oval in cross-section, with tapering rounded ends. Normal organ to body weight ratios and measurements have not been determined accurately, but in this instance the organ measured 2.5 × 1.0 × 1.0 cm. in its greatest diameters; an increase of approximately five times in volume. The tissue was moderately firm; the cut surface was the usual dull pale gray color except in several circumscribed, soft, caseous areas.
Coordinated, diurnal hexose transporter expression in rat small bowel: Implications for small bowel resection

Background Hexose transporter mRNA and protein levels follow a diurnal rhythm in rat jejunum. Their coordinated expression and resultant function throughout the small bowel is not well understood. We hypothesized that hexose transporter levels and glucose absorption follow a coordinated, site-specific diurnal rhythm in rat duodenum and jejunum, but not in ileum. Methods Sprague-Dawley rats were housed in a strictly maintained, 12-h, light/dark room [light 6 am to 6 pm ] with free access to water and chow. Mucosa was harvested from duodenum, jejunum, and ileum at 3 am , 9 am , 3 pm , and 9 pm , and full thickness 1-cm segments were harvested at 9 am , and 9 pm (n = 6 for each segment at each time point). mRNA levels were determined by reverse-transcription, real-time polymerase chain reaction (n ≥ 5), protein levels by semiquantitative Western blotting (n ≥ 5), and transporter-mediated glucose uptake by everted sleeve technique (n = 6). Results mRNA levels of SGLT1 and GLUT5 followed a temporally coordinated, diurnal rhythm in all 3 segments (P .05) but not in ileum (P > .10). SGLT1 and GLUT5 mRNA induction decreased aborally. Baseline SGLT1 and GLUT5 mRNA levels and SLGT1 and GLUT2 protein levels did not vary aborally (P > .05 for all). GLUT2 mRNA baseline levels were decreased in ileum (P Conclusion Regulation of hexose absorption in rat small bowel seems to be site-specific and mediated by multiple mechanisms.
Alice: a dying man's passion

I have spent the last fifteen years of my life leading an incredible team. Our quest (which we did not even realize in the beginning) was to revolutionize the way computer programming is taught. Current versions of the Alice system (Alice v2.0, and Caitlin Kelleher's "Storytelling Alice") have been very effective in the college classroom and in tests with middle school girls. The use of drag-and-drop authoring to create 3D movies has proved to be a powerful motivator for students of all ages and both genders. In 2008, we will release Alice v3.0, which provides "real Java" programming and the characters from EA's "The Sims," the most popular PC video game in history.Damn shame I won't be there to see it. As you probably know, I'm dying of pancreatic cancer, as became widely known in my "Last Lecture." Like Moses, I get to see the promised land, but not set foot in it. But the vision is clear. Long before I became ill, Dennis Cosgrove took over the responsibility for the design of Alice v3.0, and he's doing a whale of a job. Steve Cooper (of St. Joseph's University), Wanda Dann, and Don Slater are handling the pedagogic materials for college and high school, and Caitlin Kelleher (now junior faculty at Washington University in St. Louis) is heading the efforts regarding middle school girls.This talk will address the history, philosophy, and future of the Alice project, and will include a behind-the-scenes look at a pre-release version of Alice v3.0. I will give this address in person if I am still alive and able, or by a combination of pre-taped video and help from the Alice team. I cannot imagine a better professional legacy than what the Alice team is currently building.
Using the correlation exponent to decide whether an economic series is chaotic

We consider two ways of distinguishing deterministic time-series from stochastic white noise; the Grassberger—Procaccia correlation exponent test and the Brock, Dechert, Scheinkman (or BDS) test. Using simulated data to test the power of these tests, the correlation exponent test can distinguish white noise from chaos. It cannot distinguish white noise from chaos mixed with a small amount of white noise. With i.i.d. as the null, the BDS correctly rejects the null when the data are deterministic chaos. Although the BDS test may also reject the null even when the data are stochastic, it may be useful in distinguishing between linear and nonlinear stochastic processes.
Primary adult liver transplantation under tacrolimus: More than 90 months actual follow-up survival and adverse events

The introduction of tacrolimus has shown decreased rates of acute and steroid-resistant rejection after liver transplantation (LTx). The aim of the present study is to examine the long-term efficacy and safety of tacrolimus in primary liver transplant recipients. The first 121 consecutive adults (aged >16 years) who underwent primary LTx at a single center from August 1989 to February 1990 were followed up until August 1997. The mean follow-up was 93.2 +/- 1.2 months (range, 90.5 to 96.5 months). Patient survival, graft survival, rate of rejection, and adverse events were examined. The actual 7-year patient survival rate was 67.8%, and the graft survival rate was 63.6%. Infections, recurrence of disease, de novo malignancies, and cardiovascular events constituted the main causes of graft loss and death in the long term. Graft loss related to acute or chronic rejection was rare. The rate of acute rejection beyond 2 years was approximately 3% per year, and most rejections were steroid responsive. Approximately 70% of the patients received only tacrolimus after 1 year. Four patients developed end-stage renal disease, and 2 patients underwent kidney transplantation. Hyperkalemia and hypertension were observed in one third of the patients. New-onset insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus was observed in 9% and 13% of the patients at the 1-year and 7-year follow-up, respectively. Seven patients developed de novo malignancies, including two skin malignancies. Six patients developed posttransplantation lymphoproliferative disorder during the entire follow-up period. Actual patient and graft survival at 7 years was excellent, and few adverse events developed after the first year. Graft loss from acute or chronic rejection was rare under tacrolimus, and approximately 70% of the patients were steroid free on tacrolimus monotherapy after the first year after LTx.
Independent edges in bipartite graphs obtained from orientations of graphs

Given a digraph D on vertices v1, v2, , vn, we can associate a bipartite graph B(D) on vertices s1, s2, , sn, t1, t2, , tn, where sitj is an edge of B(D) if (vi, vj) is an arc in D. Let OG denote the set of all orientations on the (undirected) graph G. In this paper we will discuss properties of the set S(G) := {β1 (B(D))) | D ≅ OG}, where β1 is the edge independence number. In the first section we present some background and related concepts. We show that sets of the form S(G) are convex and that max S(G) ≦ 2 min S(G). Furthermore, this completely characterizes such sets. In the second section we discuss some bounds on elements of S(G) in terms of more familiar graphical parameters. The third section deals with extremal problems. We discuss bounds on elements of S(G) if the order and size of G are known, particularly when G is bipartite. In this section we exhibit a relation between max S(G) and the concept of graphical closure. In the fourth and final section we discuss the computational complexity of computing min S(G) and max S(G). We show that the first problem is NP-complete and that the latter is polynomial.
Structural Analysis of Monosaccharide Recognition by Rat Liver Mannose-binding Protein

The structural basis of carbohydrate recognition by rat liver mannose-binding protein (MBP-C) has been explored by determining the three-dimensional structure of the C-type carbohydrate-recognition domain (CRD) of MBP-C using x-ray crystallography. The structure was solved by molecular replacement using rat serum mannose-binding protein (MBP-A) as a search model and was refined to maximum Bragg spacings of 1.7 A. Despite their almost identical folds, the dimeric structures formed by the two MBP CRDs differ dramatically. Complexes of MBP-C with methyl glycosides of mannose, N-acetylglucosamine, and fucose were prepared by soaking MBP-C crystals in solutions containing these sugars. Surprisingly, the pyranose ring of mannose is rotated 180 degrees relative to the orientation observed previously in MBP-A, but the local interactions between sugar and protein are preserved. For each of the bound sugars, vicinal, equatorial hydroxyl groups equivalent to the 3- and 4-OH groups of mannose directly coordinate Ca2+ and form hydrogen bonds with residues also serving as Ca2+ ligands. Few interactions are observed between other parts of the sugar and the protein. A complex formed between free galactose and MBP-C reveals a similar mode of binding, with the anomeric hydroxyl group serving as one of the Ca2+ ligands. A second binding site for mannose has also been observed in one of two copies in the asymmetric unit at a sugar concentration of 1.3 M. These structures explain how MBPs recognize a wide range of monosaccharides and suggest how fine specificity differences between MBP-A and MBP-C may be achieved.
Glottal opening in patients with vocal fold tissue changes

Summary Synchronized videostroboscopy and electroglottography were applied to the measurement of anterior-to-posterior open glottal length in four groups of patients; two with no clinically significant voice disorder, one with vocal fold polyps, and one with vocal fold nodules. The data showed that the groups did not differ significantly when open glottal length was measured at the time of minimum glottal opening. The pathological groups had significantly lower open glottal length measurements, however, when measurements were obtained at the time that vocal fold contact was initiated during the glottal cycle. The findings are preliminary evidence that vocal fold neoplasms may not have the effect of reducing glottal closure, as previously suggested in the literature. The data also highlight the importance of examining differential effects of vocal fold neoplasms at various points throughout the glottal cycle.
Routine analysis at sub-micron resolution through the use of sputtered initiated resonance ionization spectroscopy

Imaging at sub-micron lateral resolution is now possible due to the advent of liquid metal ion gun (LMIG) sources. The cost, however, is a reduction in ion beam current at the surface, which directly affects the number of desorbed particles available for analysis. Furthermore, as the needs grow for chemical imaging at increasingly smaller areas, the demands on the detection step become enormous. Sputter initiated resonance ionization spectroscopy (SIRIS) offers advantages over conventional techniques. In SIRIS, desorbed neutral particles are photoionized through resonance excitation steps and then mass analyzed. This process nearly eliminates matrix effects and mass interferences, two problems that plague conventional SIMS (secondary ion mass spectrometry). Moreover, analysis of desorbed neutrals, rather than secondary ions, generally increase the detection efficiency by at least two orders of magnitude. Here we present data that demonstrates the ability of SIRIS to produce depth profiles over a large dynamic range and high lateral resolution images of Cu contaminant in a CdZnTe film.
Triploid-Diploid Mosaic Chicken Embryo

Cytological analysis of an underdeveloped chicken embryo at 6 days of incubation revealed a triploid-diploid mosaic condition. Of the 30 metaphases observed, 19 were triploid and 11 diploid. The triploid cells were 3A-ZZZ and diploid cells 2A-ZZ, as determined for the six largest pairs of chromnosomes.
Differential interaction of antiestrogens with cytosol estrogen receptors.

Abstract Interaction of tamoxifen, trioxifene and LY117018 with cytosol-estrogen receptors from immature rat uteri was compared. Determination of relative binding affinity (RBA) by competition with [ 3 H] estradiol under various assay conditions revealed that the RBA of LY117018 increased with temperature while that of tamoxifen and trioxifene declined. Furthermore, the RBA values of tamoxifen and trioxifene observed after 24 h of incubation at 4°C were significantly lower than those obtained with 1-h incubations. However RBA values obtained with 1- or 24-h incubations of LY117018 at 4°C were similar. The complex formed by estradiol or LY117018 at 4°C was relatively stable for 24 h, while significant dissociation of tamoxifen and trioxifene was detected under these conditions. At 30°C estradiol displayed a biphasic pattern of dissociation, but tamoxifen and trioxifene dissociated rapidly and little evidence of a stable phase was apparent. By contrast, the complex formed by LY117018 exhibited greater stability than that of estradiol at 30°C. These results establish a relationship between shifts in competition curves (RBA) and rates of dissociation relative to estradiol; and clearly reveal that LY117018 has different binding characteristics than tamoxifen and trioxifene.
Tyrosine sulfate isosteres of CCR5 N-terminus as tools for studying HIV-1 entry

Abstract The HIV-1 co-receptor CCR5 possesses sulfo-tyrosine (TYS) residues at its N-terminus (Nt) that are required for binding HIV-1 gp120 and mediating viral entry. By using a 14-residue fragment of CCR5 Nt containing two TYS residues, we recently showed that CCR5 Nt binds gp120 through a conserved region specific for TYS moieties and suggested that this site may represent a target for inhibitors and probes of HIV-1 entry. As peptides containing sulfo-tyrosines are difficult to synthesize and handle due to limited stability of the sulfo-ester moiety, we have now incorporated TYS isosteres into CCR5 Nt analogs and assessed their binding to a complex of gp120–CD4 using saturation transfer difference (STD) NMR and surface plasmon resonance (SPR). STD enhancements for CCR5 Nt peptides containing tyrosine sulfonate (TYSN) in complex with gp120–CD4 were very similar to those observed for sulfated CCR5 Nt peptides indicating comparable modes of binding. STD enhancements for phosphotyrosine-containing CCR5 Nt analogs were greatly diminished consistent with earlier findings showing sulfo-tyrosine to be essential for CCR5 Nt binding to gp120. Tyrosine sulfonate-containing CCR5 peptides exhibited reduced water solubility, limiting their use in assay and probe development. To improve solubility, we designed, synthesized, and incorporated in CCR5 Nt peptide analogs an orthogonally functionalized azido tris (ethylenoxy) l -alanine ( l - ate -Ala) residue. Through NMR and SPR experiments, we show a 19-residue TYSN-containing peptide to be a functional, hydrolytically stable CCR5 Nt isostere that was in turn used to develop both SPR-based and ELISA assays to screen for inhibitors of CCR5 binding to gp120–CD4.
1691 APNEA FROM LARYNGEAL CHEMOREFLEX (LCR) STIMULATION DURING SLEEP IN THE NEWBORN LAMB

In order to evaluate the effects of different activity states (AS): wakefulness (W), Rapid Eye Movement (REM), and Quiet Sleep (QS), on the recovery from LCR induced apnea, we studied 4 premature newborn lambs chronically instrumented with tracheostomy, EEG and EOG leads for 1 to 5 weeks. During each AS, the LCR was stimulated with water for 5 s. The response was evaluated as the % decrease in ventilation from the baseline period for 30 s after the onset of stimulation (ΔV). ΔV was greater during REM (85.9±17.8)+and QS (82.4±17.3) than during W (55.9±21.5)*, but there was no difference between REM and QS. Following arousal, which occured in 1/4 of the tests during sleep, the response was markedly reduced (ΔV=53.7±28.6). However, one lamb needed frequent resuscitation after stimulation during either REM or QS. Respiratory drive for each AS was evaluated during the baseline period by measuring mean inspiratory flow (Tidal Volume/Inspiratory Time: Vt/Ti), assuming no variations in lung resistance among different AS. Vt/Ti was lower during either QS (55.7±19.7) or REM (50.4±14.5) as compared to W (70.5±33.5)*. During both REM and QS, if arousal does not occur, the newborn lamb is more vulnerable to LCR stimulation induced apnea which can be fatal. A more sustained apnea during sleep may be related to a decreased respiratory drive and/or a decreased sensitivity to hypoxemia. It is postulated that, although the importance of such reflex apnea in the human infant is unknown, the impaired recovery observed during sleep may reproduce the sequence of events occuring in SIDS.
Fast simulation of buried EUV mask defect interaction with absorber features

To simulate the interaction of buried defects and absorber features in EUV masks and their effects on projection printing, a prototype 2D, fast, integrated, simulator based on ray tracing and a thin mask model is presented. RADICAL (Rapid Absorber Defect Interaction Computation for Advanced Lithography), consists of three sequential steps: the propagation of the mask illumination down through the absorber pattern, the reflection off the defective multilayer, and the propagation back up through the absorber. A propagated thin mask model is used to model the down/up propagation through the absorber pattern and a ray tracing simulator is used for the multilayer reflection. These simulators are linked together using a Fourier transform to convert the near field output of one component into a set of plane wave inputs for the next. This new method gives a 100x-300x speed increase compared to FDTD, and agrees to a point to point average of less than 2% with FDTD for 22nm lines on the wafer for NA=0.5. The errors in RADICAL and FDTD are examined to determine the sources of error for each simulator.
On the Thermodynamics of Crystalline Lattices

The thermodynamic functions for an ideal crystalline lattice satisfying the Born cyclic boundary conditions are formulated in terms of phase-space averages of functions of the trace of the dynamical matrix. An approximate method of evaluating these averages is suggested, which takes on an especially simple form in the case of lattices with cubic symmetry. The general theory is applied to the case of the monatomic face-centred cubic lattice and used to determine the five microscopic force constants occurring in the dynamical matrix for aluminium. These are computed from experimental data on the elastic constants and high-temperature behaviour of the specific heat and calorimetric entropy.
Enhanced nitrite reductase activity associated with the haptoglobin complexed hemoglobin dimer: functional and antioxidative implications.

The presence of acellular hemoglobin (Hb) within the circulation is generally viewed as a pathological state that can result in toxic consequences. Haptoglobin (Hp), a globular protein found in the plasma, binds with high avidity the αβ dimers derived from the dissociation of Hb tetramer and thus helps clear free Hb. More recently there have been compelling indications that the redox properties of the Hp bound dimer (Hb–Hp) may play a more active role in controlling toxicity by limiting the potential tissue damage caused by propagation of the free-radicals generated within the heme containing globin chains. The present study further examines the potential protective effect of Hp through its impact on the production of nitric oxide (NO) from nitrite through nitrite reductase activity of the Hp bound αβ Hb dimer. The presented results show that the Hb dimer in the Hb–Hp complex has oxygen binding, CO recombination and spectroscopic properties consistent with an Hb species having properties similar to but not exactly the same as the R quaternary state of the Hb tetramer. Consistent with these observations is the finding that the initial nitrite reductase rate for Hb–Hp is approximately ten times that of HbA under the same conditions. These results in conjunction with the earlier redox properties of the Hb–Hp are discussed in terms of limiting the pathophysiological consequences of acellular Hb in the circulation.
Further Studies of Asynaptic Maize

Synapsis occurs, apparently normally, in asynaptic maize plants.Homologous chromosomes tend to separate during pachytene without chiasma formation.Chiasma frequency is low at diplotene, diakinesis and metaphase.The degree of metaphase pairing in asynaptic plants is variable. The plants studied showed the maximum possible range in modal frequency of number of bivalents, namely, from 0 to 10.There is a positive correlation between number of bivalents at metaphase and minimum number of chiasmata which must be assumed to account for the observed associations.The observations support Darlington's hypothesis of post-diplotene association of homologous chromosomes by chiasmata.In asynaptic sporocytes which show no metaphase pairing of ehromosomes the spindle is considerably longer than in comparable normal sporocytes. This elongation of the spindle in asynaptic plants is probably related either to the lack of metaphase pairing or to the lack of orientation of chromosomes an the equatorial plate.Crossing over in asynaptic plants, as measured in the normal ten chromosome gametes, is approximately normal, presumably because such gametes make up a highly selected sample.The asynaptic gene is located in the P-br chromosome approximately midway between the P and br genes.