cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Clinical characteristics and risk factors for mortality in children with Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteraemia: A retrospective review at a paediatric tertiary centre.

Aim The objective of this study was to describe clinical features and to assess the risk factors associated with mortality in Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteraemia in a tertiary Japanese paediatric care hospital. Methods Patients diagnosed with P. aeruginosa bacteraemia at our hospital between 2007 and 2018 were analysed in a retrospective case series. Inadequate initial therapy for P. aeruginosa bacteraemia was defined as initial treatment without antipseudomonal antibiotics or an administration of antipseudomonal agent to which the causative strain was resistant. Bacteraemia-related death was defined as all deaths occurring within 7 days after the onset of bacteraemia. Results Overall, 41 patients with 42 P. aeruginosa bacteraemia episodes were identified. The most common underlying condition was malignancy (27%), followed by congenital heart disease (20%) and preterm birth (17%). Among the 42 P. aeruginosa clinical isolates, 24% were resistant to at least one of the antipseudomonal agents and 10% were resistant to more than one agent. The susceptibility levels for piperacillin, fourth-generation cephalosporins and ciprofloxacin were higher than that for carbapenems. Bacteraemia-related death was observed in 43% of episodes. The 30-day all-cause mortality was 50% (standard error 8%). Neonates, intensive care, mechanical ventilation, afebrile episodes, septic shock, hypoxia, renal injury and inadequate initial therapy were associated with bacteraemia-related death episodes. Conclusions We found that childhood P. aeruginosa bacteraemia is still a high mortality disease. Our results imply the importance of the identification of high-risk patients and the establishment of adequate empirical antibiotic therapy.
Integrating scientific and local knowledge into pollution remediation planning: An iterative conceptual site model framework

Abstract Pollution remediation decisions in developing communities are often made with limited technical data and stakeholder engagement. Local knowledge of contamination is oftentimes neglected, resulting in efforts that fail to align with community objectives. In this work, we propose a new approach for incorporating local knowledge on contamination into remediation efforts, resulting in a community-informed conceptual site model framework for pollution remediation. This framework uses qualitative and quantitative social science methods to develop a holistic view of contamination as defined by the community, pairing social knowledge with existing technical information about a site. An example of the application of this framework is provided from a field study conducted in a mercury-contaminated artisanal and small-scale gold mining community in Andes, Colombia. We conducted qualitative unstructured and semi-structured interviews and surveys to elicit local knowledge on mercury contamination. We combined this stakeholder input with limited scientific published literature on mercury contamination in artisanal mining communities to develop different conceptual site models that vary based on the level and type of stakeholder input. Our findings demonstrate how local knowledge on contamination varies due to contextual factors within the community, revealed through the engagement. This work also demonstrates how the new framework can be utilized by environmental practitioners to define the needs, wants, and priorities of stakeholder groups throughout a remediation project, ensuring maximum participation in solution development.
Accelerated Idioventricular Rhythm: A Benign Arrhythmia in Childhood

Objective To determine whether accelerated idioventricular rhythm (AIVR) is benign in pediatric patients. Methods The records were reviewed of all patients younger than age 15 years who had been diagnosed with a ventricular arrhythmia between 1976 and 1991. Results AIVR was diagnosed in 12 patients, ages 1 day to 15 years (mean, 8.9 years). In 3 patients the arrhythmia was discovered on ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring after presentation with syncope or presyncopal symptoms. One patient had palpitations. The remaining diagnoses were made during routine examinations or at postoperative follow-ups for congenital heart disease. The AIVR rate ranged from 90 to 150 beats per minute. The rate was within 10 beats per minute of the preceding sinus rate in 11 patients. Echocardiograms were normal in 8 patients. Two patients had double-outlet right ventricles; 1 had repair of the tetralogy of Fallot; and 1 had abnormal ventricular septal motion. Seven patients were taking antiarrhythmia medication without control of the AIVR at presentation. Patients were followed for a mean of 68.4 months (range, 31 to 191 months). All patients were alive and asymptomatic, with normal activity at the last follow-ups. Conclusions Complete resolution of AIVR may not occur. However, AIVR seems to be a benign arrhythmia. Treatment was not effective in controlling the arrhythmia and is likely unnecessary.
A History Recorded in the Margins

The Book Nobody Read Chasing the Revolutions of Nicolaus Copernicus. by Owen Gingerich. Walker, New York, 2004. 320 pp. $25, C$38.95. ISBN 0-8027-1415-3. Gingerich describes the reception accorded Copernicus9s De revolutionibus and his own adventures chasing extant copies and examining them for annotations and marginalia in order to refute Arthur Koestler9s claim that the book was essentially unread.
Efficacy of an extract from garlic, Allium sativum, against infection with the furunculosis bacterium, Aeromonas salmonicida, in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss

Juvenile rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, were fed diets containing 0, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0% of a garlic extract, challenged with a modified 50% lethal dose of Aeromonas salmonicida and monitored for 28 d. There were significant increases in survival of trout fed 0.5 and 1.0% garlic extract as compared to the control and 2.0% garlic extract groups. A target animal safety study was performed at varying increments using the target dose of 0.5% garlic extract at 0× (0% garlic extract), 1× (0.5% garlic extract), 3× (1.5% garlic extract), and 5× (2.5% garlic extract) for 3× (6 wk) the duration of the original study. There was a significant increase in the level of circulating lymphocytes and a significant decrease in the level of circulating monocytes. The latter correlated to an increased level of pigment-containing macrophage centers within the renal tissue as garlic extract dosing increased, denoting a potential deleterious inflammatory effect as macrophage infiltration became severe at the highest dose. These studies suggest that feeding low-dose (0.5% or 1.0%) garlic extract improves survivability in rainbow trout when challenged with A. salmonicida and appears safe; however, higher levels do not appear to be effective and may cause deleterious effects on health.
Mutations in Wheat that Raise the Level of Meiotic Chromosome Pairing

That chromosome 5B of wheat suppresses the pairing of homoeologous (related) chromosomes was discovered by Okamoto (1957) and Sears and Okamoto (1958) in Missouri and independently by Riley and Chapman (1958) in England. This discovery answered the question why the chromosomes of the three genomes of wheat are unable to pair with each other even though they are genetically so closely related that extra dosage of the right chromosome can compensate substantially for the complete absence of a particular chromosome of either of the other two genomes. Also, the discovery of the 5B effect suggested a way of inducing the chromosomes of wheat to pair with those of other species and genera; namely, by deleting 5B or the gene concerned.
Improving computer security dialogs

Security dialogs warn users about security threats on their computers; however, people often ignore these important communications. This paper explores the links between warning dialog design and user understanding of, motivation to respond to, and actual response to computer security warnings. We measured these variables through a 733-participant online study that tested a set of four existing computer security warnings and two redesigned versions of each across low- and high-risk conditions. In some cases our redesigned warnings significantly increased participants' understanding and motivation to take the safest action; however, we were not able to show that participants' responses were differentiated between low and high risk conditions. We also observed that motivation seemed to be a more important predictor of taking the safest action than understanding. However, other factors that may contribute to this behavior warrant further investigation.
“Snow Fall”-ing Special Collections and Archives

“Snow Fall” is a Pulitzer Prize winning, digital storytelling project produced by the New York Times. It represents the next step in long-form digital journalism. The web application tells a compelling story about the fate of sixteen skiers and snowboarders during an avalanche. The textual element of the story is wrapped in a slick interface with gently appearing and disappearing images, strategically positioned HTML5 video and image slideshows, maps, and 3-D visualizations. Its title, “Snow Fall,” has become a verb in the digital journalism world. Upon seeing “Snow Fall” and other similar projects, the authors started to make the connection between this form of storytelling and Special Collections. Special Collections are full of interesting, rich, and unique stories. Their digital representation, however, while widespread in systems such as ContentDM, can be lacking in sensory appeal. Because of this, the authors developed a “Snow Fall”-like application for a Special Collections’ exhibit, “Cradle of Coa...
Electron beam processing of composites: overview, benefits, and applications

Advanced polymeric composites have been baselined for structural components in spacecraft since composites were first developed in the 1960s. These materials and their associated processes offer many benefits and are of specific interest for current and future space systems due to the fact that they can provide significant weight savings, tailorable mechanical and physical properties, and low and controllable coefficients of thermal expansion. Electron beam processing is a method that has been demonstrated for the processing of structural composites, which may offer future space systems additional design freedoms and advantages over conventional autoclave processes. This paper provides an overview of electron beam processing of advanced polymeric composites and suggests applications of the technology for future space systems.
Restorative Care’s Effect on Activities of Daily Living Dependency in Long-stay Nursing Home Residents

Purpose of the study (a) Identify the prevalence of nursing homes providing Medicare supported restorative care programs and of long stay participants, (b) compare characteristics between restorative care participants and nonparticipants, and (c) assess restorative care's effect on change in activities of daily living (ADL) dependency. Design and methods Longitudinal analysis of Minimum Data Set assessments linked to the 2004 National Nursing Home Survey using a sample of 7,735 residents, age ≥ 65 years living in 1,097 nursing homes for at least 6 months. Receipt of any restorative care was used as a time varying predictor to estimate change in ADL dependency over 18 months using linear mixed models. Results The sample was 75% female, 89% non-Hispanic White, with a mean age of 85±8, and average length of stay of 3.2±3.4 years. Most nursing homes had restorative care programs (67%), but less than one-third of long-stay residents participated. After controlling for resident and nursing home characteristics, the predicted mean ADL dependency score (range 0-28) at baseline was 18 for restorative care participants and 14 for nonparticipants. Over 18 months, ADL dependency increased 1 point for both participants and nonparticipants (p = .12). Implications A minority of long-stay residents participated in Medicare supported restorative care programs despite their availability and potential benefits. Even though participants had greater vulnerability for deterioration in physical, mental, and functional health than nonparticipants, both groups had similar rates of ADL decline. Future research is needed to determine if providing restorative care to less dependent long-stay residents is effective.
A quantitative hypothesis concerning the action of the parathyroid hormone.

Abstract As reported in the preceding paper, when calcium is given to normal or to parathyroidectomized dogs by continuous intravenous infusion the calcium concentration in plasma approaches a new steady state. On the assumption that this steady state represents a balance between rate of infusion of calcium and rate of net storage of calcium in bone, a simple quantitative model of plasma-bone interchange is postulated which is consistent with the steady-state data. On the basis of this model, numerical estimates have been made of the volume of distribution of calcium in the soft tissues, the effective plasma flow through the calcium-exchanging regions of bone, and the rate at which the parathyroid hormone causes the reabsorption of calcium from bone in the normal dog.
A Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Life Satisfaction and Parenting

This study examined longitudinal relationships between adolescent life satisfaction (LS) and perceived parental support, parental behavioral control, and parental autonomy granting. A total of 819 students in grades 6–12 completed the Students’ Life Satisfaction Scale (Huebner 1991), the Family Support Scale (FSS; Wills and Clearly 1996), and the Parental Control and Parental Autonomy Granting subscales of the Authoritative Parenting Measure (APM; Lamborn et al. 1991) on two occasions, 1 year apart. Analyses revealed that none of the parenting behaviors at Time 1 predicted changes in LS at Time 2. Additionally, LS at Time 1 did not predict changes in parental control or autonomy granting at Time 2, but did predict changes in parental support at Time 2. Implications and future research needs are discussed.
Face-to-face selling: Making it more effective

Abstract Research reported here suggests that adaptable field sales personnel can identify cues that signify differences in purchase behavior across different customer groups. A national sample of sales engineers from the construction industry were able to identify 14 specific characteristics that differentiate expected purchase behavior across three discrete buyer groups. Further, using a previously developed scale for measuring adaptability, differences between more adaptable and less adaptable salespeople turned out to be significantly large, making a strong argument for continued training in adaptability.
Generalization of Phonetic Detail: Cross-Segmental, Within-Category Priming of VOT.

The current study examined whether fine-grained phonetic detail (voice onset time (VOT)) of one segment (/p/ or /k/) generalizes to a different segment (/t/) within the same natural class. Two prim...
Monozygotic twins with fetal akinesia: the importance of clinicopathological work-up in predicting risks of recurrence.

Fetal Akinesia Deformation Sequence (FADS) or Pena-Shokeir Sequence is a heterogeneous group of disorders in which prolonged decrease or absence of fetal movements results in a series of deformational anomalies: multiple contractures, pulmonary hypoplasia, craniofacial anomalies, polyhydramnios, intrauterine growth retardation, and short umbilical cord. Three sets of monozygotic twins, and their affected sibs, are presented. Detailed pathological work-up established that the two pairs of twins concordant for FADS were of myogenic etiology while the set discordant was due to anoxic-ischemic damage. In the myogenic cases, the rate of recurrence was high, in agreement with the findings from the study on arthrogryposis multiplex congenita of myogenic origin [22]. In light of these findings, in sporadic cases of myogenic FADS, counselling, a recurrence risk of 25% seems prudent. In neurogenic cases associated with primary cerebral malformations, there are cases cited in the literature that are clearly recessive as indicated by affected sibs, but many reported are isolated occurrences. Therefore, in this scenario, giving a recurrent risk of 10-15% appears appropriate. In light of autosomal recessive spinal muscular atrophy and reports of familial FADS due to primary anterior horn cell loss, counselling a 25% risk seems prudent. In cases due to anoxic-ischemic damage, offering a low recurrent risk of 1% appears justified.
The effect of barbiturates on (3H)GABA transport in rat cerebral cortex slices.

The effect of barbiturates on the transport of [3H]GABA was studied in rat cerebral cortex slices. Pentobarbital competitively inhibited GABA uptake, and reduced GABA efflux in a dose-dependent manner. Pentobarbital and amobarbital inhibited the accelerated efflux of GABA produced by ouabain and elevated K+. Hexobarbital and phenobarbital did not affect the efflux of GABA.
Agile methods for software practice transformation

In a large-scale distributed complex software engineering environment, the ability to rapidly evaluate and improve software engineering practices can be a key market differentiator. Practices that shorten the development cycle, cost-effectively improve quality, and align software with customer needs can have a direct impact on the business value delivered by the enterprise. The IBM Quality Software Engineering (QSE) organization motivates and enables teams across IBM business units and geographies to adopt recommended software engineering practices. QSE has historically established communities and used well-known organizational change management principles to help teams adopt and use recommended practices. In 2008 and 2009, QSE discovered that blending well-known organizational change management principles with agile software development principles enables communities to more consistently deliver significant value to their members. QSE Communities use Scrum, which is an agile project management framework, to prioritize their work on the basis of the communities' needs, plan their work every two weeks and then deliver value at the end of every two-week Sprint (iteration), demonstrate results, and obtain feedback and continuously improve by reflecting and identifying improvement actions at the end of each Sprint. Combining Scrum with proven steps to organizational change management has allowed QSE to rapidly motivate and enable software engineering improvements across IBM.
Radiologic Evaluation of the Neck: A Review of Radiography, Ultrasonography, Computed Tomography, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, and Other Imaging Modalities for Neck Pain

The patient with neck pain may pose a diagnostic dilemma for the treating physician. As with other areas of medicine, imaging is guided by the history and physical examination. The steady advance of 3-dimensional, functional, and nuclear medicine studies make it increasingly important that the ordering physician be aware of the potential benefits and disadvantages of imaging options. This article reviews the current literature on imaging for the patient with neck pain, illustrates several imaging abnormalities, and discusses the workup of commonly seen patient populations.
Stability Analysis of a Nonlinear Viscoelastic Column

A Volterra-Frechet functional expansion is used to represent the stress-strain relation of a general nonlinear viscoelastic material. Application is made to the investigation of the stability of a centrally loaded nonlinear viscoelastic column. By investigating the singularities of the integral equation governing the deflection of the column subjected to a small perturbation, general conditions for instantaneous stability are derived. Asymptotic stability of the column is also investigated, and by the use of a general Tauberian theorem, conditions which ensure long time stability of the column are obtained. Zur Darstellung der Spannungs-Dehnungs-Beziehung in einem allgemeinen, nichtlinearen, visko-elastischen Stoff wird eine Funktionalentwicklung nach Volterra-Frechet benutzt. Als Anwendungsbeispiel wird die Stabilitat eines Stabes aus derartigem Material untersucht, der axial belastet wird. Allgemeine Bedingungen fur kurzzeitige Stabilitat werden gewonnen, indem man die Singularitaten der Integralgleichung betrachtet, welche die Auslenkung des Stabes unter der Wirkung einer kleinen Storung beschreibt. Der Stab wird auch auf asymptotische Stabilitat untersucht; durch Anwendung eines allgemeinen Tauberschen Satzes erhalt man Bedingungen, welche Stabilitat fur beliebig lange Zeitraume sichern.
Geographic structure in Alaskan Pacific ocean perch (Sebastes alutus) indicates limited lifetime dispersal

Prevailing oceanographic processes, pelagic larvae, adult mobility, and large populations of many marine species often leads to the assumption of wide-ranging populations. Applying this assumption to more localized populations can lead to inappropriate conservation measures. The Pacific ocean perch (Sebastes alutus, POP) is economically and ecologically valuable, but little is known about its population structure and life history in Alaskan waters. Fourteen microsatellite loci were used to characterize geographic structure and connectivity of POP collections (1999–2005) sampled along the continental shelf break from Dixon Entrance to the Bering Sea. Despite opportunities for dispersal, there was significant, geographically related genetic structure (F ST = 0.0123, P < 10−5). Adults appear to belong to neighborhoods at geographic scales less than 400 km, and possibly as small as 70 km, which indicates limited dispersal throughout their lives. The population structure observed has a finer geographic scale than current management, which suggests that measures for POP fisheries conservation should be revisited.
urban Indian personality and the ‘culture of poverty’1

“Culture of poverty” theorists contend that the marginal socioeconomic position occupied by many minority groups within our society is the result of a self-perpetuating poverty “way of life,” which includes certain characteristic personality attributes such as a tendency to live for the moment rather than to plan ahead, fatalism, and a lack of ambition. This study brings empirical evidence to bear on this thesis as it applies to one minority group of urban poor: Navajo Indians living in Denver, Colorado. The data are drawn from interviews with 259 male Navajo migrants, supplemented by records from the Bureau of Indian Affairs which sponsors their relocation, police files, employer interviews, participant observation, and case studies. Psychometric procedures were constructed specifically for this study to measure three relevant features of Navajo personality which contrast with the dominant white middle class: time perspective, locus of control, and achievement motivation. The reliability and validity of these procedures are discussed in detail. Within this Indian group, no association was found between a middle-class orientation on these measures and six indices of economic achievement in the city. Rather than contributing to economic success, these psychological traits appear to serve migrants as a basis for evaluating their economic failures. This is seen in the strong relationship between these personality attributes and arrest rates, primarily for drunkenness, among those with the poorest wages and most unemployment. In conclusion, the acquisition of middle-class personality without access to middle-class goals appears to create additional problems for lower-class groups. Some applied implications are discussed.
Airborne hyperspectral imagery and linear spectral unmixing for mapping variation in crop yield

Spectral unmixing techniques can be used to quantify crop canopy cover within each pixel of an image and have the potential for mapping the variation in crop yield. This study applied linear spectral unmixing to airborne hyperspectral imagery to estimate the variation in grain sorghum yield. Airborne hyperspectral imagery and yield monitor data recorded from two sorghum fields were used for this study. Both unconstrained and constrained linear spectral unmixing models were applied to the hyperspectral imagery with sorghum plants and bare soil as two endmembers. A pair of plant and soil spectra derived from each image and another pair of ground-measured plant and soil spectra were used as endmember spectra to generate unconstrained and constrained soil and plant cover fractions. Yield was positively related to the plant fraction and negatively related to the soil fraction. The effects of variation in endmember spectra on estimates of cover fractions and their correlations with yield were also examined. The unconstrained plant fraction had essentially the same correlations (r) with yield among all pairs of endmember spectra examined, whereas the unconstrained soil fraction and constrained plant and soil fractions had r-values that were sensitive to the spectra used. For comparison, all 5151 possible narrow-band normalized difference vegetation indices (NDVIs) were calculated from the 102-band images and related to yield. Results showed that the best plant and soil fractions provided better correlations than 96.3 and 99.9% of all the NDVIs for fields 1 and 2, respectively. Since the unconstrained plant fraction could represent yield variation better than most narrow-band NDVIs, it can be used as a relative yield map especially when yield data are not available. These results indicate that spectral unmixing applied to hyperspectral imagery can be a useful tool for mapping the variation in crop yield.
External Fixation for Closed Pediatric Femoral Shaft Fractures: Where Are We Now?

Background Recent advances in external fixation technique and pin design have sought to minimize complications such as pin site infection and premature removal of the external fixator. Although newer forms of internal fixation have gained popularity, external fixation may still have a role in managing pediatric femoral shaft fractures.
The Atiyah-Singer index formula for subelliptic operators on contact manifolds. Part I

The Atiyah-Singer index theorem gives a topological formula for the index of an elliptic differential operator. The topological index depends on a cohomology class that is constructed from the principal symbol of the operator. On contact manifolds, the important Fredholm operators are not elliptic, but hypoelliptic. Their symbolic calculus is noncommutative, and is closely related to analysis on the Heisenberg group. For a hypoelliptic differential operator in the Heisenberg calculus on a contact manifold we construct a symbol class in the K-theory of a noncommutative C * -algebra that is associated to the algebra of symbols. There is a canonical map from this analytic K-theory group to the ordinary cohomology of the manifold, which gives a de Rham class to which the Atiyah-Singer formula can be applied. We prove that the index formula holds for these hypoelliptic operators. Our methods derive from Connes' tangent groupoid proof of the index theorem.
Comparison of egg-white proteins: Effect of electrophoretic conditions

Abstract The electrophoretic patterns of whole egg-white proteins have been determined for a variety of species from several avian orders using standard techniques of cellulose acetate strip electrophoresis. The results obtained have been correlated with immunological measurements made on ovalbumin. It is concluded that the nature of the separation media and the buffers used must be considered if meaningful comparisons are to be made between different studies. More information on both intra- and inter-group comparisons are necessary before the full significance of the patterns can be assessed and related to immunological data.
Mechanical behavior of alloys with equiaxed microstructure in the semisolid state at high solid content

Abstract The mechanical response in compression of A2014 and Al–4 wt% Cu alloys with equiaxed microstructure in the semisolid state at high volume fraction of solid (>0.6) is studied. When the amount of liquid is low, deformation in compression is highly non-uniform due to strain localization. In the range of conditions examined no phase segregation was detected. The stress–strain curve exhibits a peak at low strain, around 5–10%, and then decreases to a plateau value. Secondary phase particles in A2014 that remain solid in the semisolid range of the alloy are responsible for the lower peak and higher plateau stress compared to Al–4 wt% Cu alloy. The effect of the grain size for the alloys tested was small. Strain rate jump experiments show that the instantaneous strain rate sensitivity in the semisolid state is similar to that of the solid phase. As the volume fraction of solid decreases, the plateau stress becomes rate insensitive to the strain rate jump. The results allow the relative importance to be assessed of various mechanisms responsible for resistance to flow of semisolid alloys with equiaxed microstructure in compression.
Physical characteristics of astronomical masers

The radio line emission of interstellar molecules routinely shows deviations from thermal equilibrium which culminate with strong maser radiation in some sources. Like its laboratory counterpart, the maser radiation is amplified through the effect of induced processes in a region where a population inversion exists and displays many of the basic features of laboratory lasers. This review is intended to explain the basic theory of astronomical masers and to survey the theoretical models which were developed for specific sources.
Anthropomorphic visualization: a new approach for depicting participants in online spaces

Anthropomorphic visualization is a new approach to presenting historical information about participants in online spaces using the human form as the basis for the visualization. Various data about an individual's online behavior are mapped to different parts of a "body", resulting in an abstract yet humanoid representation of a person. We explain the details of the approach and make some initial observations about the visualization in use. We also discuss broader issues relating to presenting data that has been mined from individuals' messages, using the human form to depict this data, and evaluating visualizations used for social purposes.
Allowing sensing as a supplement: An approach to the weakly-localized whitespace device problem

In this paper, we consider the problem of granting whitespace access to devices which have neither certified sensing capabilities nor a means of direct geolocation. These devices, called “slaves,” use a nearby “master” device to assist in determining which channels are available for secondary use. Such devices must be supported since even a “master” device which uses GPS for geolocation will need to become a “slave” when operating indoors where GPS operation is notoriously poor. The two regulatory bodies that are most active in this space, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) in the United States and Ofcom in the United Kingdom, have similar yet slightly different approaches to the problem. While in the US the slave is directed to use the channels which are available at the master's location, slaves in the UK are given operating parameters which should be reasonably safe anywhere within the master's coverage area. We demonstrate in this paper that the first approach is too permissive while the latter is too conservative. Ultimately, we believe that the problems with these approaches are due to the misconception that whitespace devices need to determine their locations. In truth, the actual goal is to determine a set of channels on which it is safe for the device to transmit. For example, it is clear how a whitespace database (WSDB) should respond to a weakly-localized device which can reliably say “I am located either in New York City or San Francisco, but I don't know which.” In this case, the WSDB should compute the set of channels which are simultaneously available for use in both NYC and SF, then direct the device to choose from that set. To demonstrate the power of this shift in perspective, we propose an enhancement to Ofcom's necessarily-conservative approach which safely increases the number of whitespace channels available to slave devices via simply sensing for strong signals. However, our actual goal is much larger than a particular method. We believe that regulators should certify “localization” in a broader sense of the term, and this work simply serves as a proof-of-concept/need for that argument.
Modelling the role of host plant dispersion in the search success of herbivorous insects: Implications for ecological pest management

Abstract Routine planting decisions made by farmers and foresters appear to have a direct impact upon attack frequencies by herbivorous insect pests. To what extent are these frequencies affected by ‘habitat architecture’ variables, such as host plant dispersion, density and abundance? How might such patterns shift for herbivore species that differ in search strategy (e.g. via turning rate differences)? We address these questions through simulation and analytical modelling. Simulations of two types are conducted. First, individual search trajectories are imposed upon differing habitat arrays of host plants. Second, initial release distances to nearest host plants are varied for model herbivore species with differing search parameters. For simple cases, analytical confirmations of simulation results are obtained. Significant differences in probability of host plant attack emerged as functions of (i) overall dispersion of plants within foraging habitats (patches), (ii) density of plants within patches, (iii) specific location of individual plants within patches, and (iv) radial distance of detection of host by associated herbivore. Combined with field experimentation, such simulations can offer insight into habitat-scale processes underlying host plant-herbivore interactions.
Photodynamic Therapy Agent Bio-distribution in 3D with Mesoscopic Fluorescence Molecular Tomography

PDT agent exhibited heterogeneity over a tumor area. Our non-invasive, fluorescence tomography system reconstructed the agent bio-distribution in 3D. Accurate localization was performed with, non-concurrent, high frequency Ultrasound imaging system.
Magnetic resonance imaging of the breast: functional T1 and three-dimensional imaging.

Thirty-two patients with breast abnormalities and 10 normal volunteers were examined with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) utilizing a 0.5-Tesla superconducting magnet imaging system. Sagittal, coronal, and transverse breast imaging with the 50-cm body coil and with a specialized 16×8 cm breast coil allowed the evaluation of a single breast. Soft-tissue contrast was clearly apparent using proton density-weighted. T1 weighted, calculated T1 images. In addition, the feasibility and potential clinical utility of three-dimensional color imaging was evaluated using computer-based interactive algorithms for edge detection of the breast and for abnormal structures within the breast. MR scan data were correlated with conventional xeromammography, ultrasound, clinical, data, and pathological specimens. In vivo and in vitro breast imaging was evaluated in a feasibility study. It was concluded that MR imaging is a most sensitive modality for the identification of breast lesions, especially when the adjacent normal tissue is primarily fat. There does appear to be significant overlap in soft-tissue contrast when the adjacent breast parenchymal tissue is fibrocystic in nature. The T1 parameter may be a relatively specific measure for identifying a malignant breast mass.
Laser line broadening due to classical and quantum noise and the free-electron-laser linewidth.

The problem of fundamental laser line broadening due to random spontaneous emission of radiation and amplification of thermal radiation noise is analyzed in terms of a classical fluctuating field phasor model. We derive a general expression for the intrinsic linewidth, given in terms of the spectral power of the radiation noise source, which can be classical or quantum mechanical in nature. In the case of a two-level atomic laser, we recover by the use of Einstein relations, the traditional linewidth formula of the Schalow-Townes form. In the case of the free-electron laser (FEL), using the explicit expression for the spontaneous emission, we present calculation of the laser linewidth by purely classical methods. The result agrees with the one obtained in the framework of a quantum-mechanical model. By using ``extended Einstein relations'' which are applicable to classical radiators, we show that a Schalow-Townes-type formula can also be obtained for the FEL. The theory predicts extremely narrow intrinsic linewidth ${(10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}7}$ Hz) for cw FEL's with parameters similar to those of the FEL experiment of Elias et al.
Oropharyngeal Stenosis in a Patient with Sarcoidosis: A Case Report

Oropharyngeal stenosis is a rare entity that is hardly mentioned in textbooks today. Prior to 1940 before the advent of antibiotics, the majority of pharyngeal stenosis was due to syphilis. Although exceedingly uncommon, the majority of cases today occur in pediatric patients after adenotonsillectomies.1,4. However, a literature search failed to reveal any reports of oropharyngeal stenosis occurring secondary to sarcoidosis.
Design and Control of the Planar Bipedal Robot ERNIE

This paper presents the development of the planar bipedal robot ERNIE. ERNIE has 5 links: a torso, two femurs and two tibias without feet. ERNIE was designed and constructed to serve as a testbed for the development of novel control strategies for bipedal walking. A boom provides frontal plane stability, restricting walking motions to the sagittal plane, and ERNIE is configured to walk on a treadmill so that it can walk indefinitely in a confined space. ERNIE’s legs are modular so that morphological asymmetries and the use of feet may be explored more in future studies. Springs can be attached across the knee joints in parallel with the knee actuators to enable gaits that are more energetically efficient. ERNIE is currently controlled using the hybrid zero dynamics framework in which a function of the robot’s configuration that monotonically increases over a step is used to parameterize holonomic constraints on the robot’s motion. The constraints are designed via parameter optimization to minimize an objective function, such as the energy consumed over a step, and, at the same time, ensure gait stability. The constraints are enforced using decoupled high-gain PD control.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Absence (or suppression) of strangeness-changing, neutral-current effects from the symmetric quark model

We show that the symmetric quark model, with Bose quarks or as a three-triplet model with perfect SU(3)\ensuremath{''}-color symmetry supplemented by current algebra and pion partial conservation of the axial-vector current, provides an alternative to (or suppression beyond) introduction of a ${\mathcal{P}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ "charmed" quark for banishing $|\ensuremath{\Delta}S|=2$, $\ensuremath{\Delta}Q=0$ nonleptonic effects nonleptonic effects to order $\mathrm{Gs}$. This mechanism is distinguished by the presence of such effects at high energies to order ${(\mathrm{Gs})}^{2}$ and/or $(\mathrm{Gs})(\mathrm{Gt})$ in the amplitude. Previous estimates using the free three-quartet model for rare decay modes of the $K$ mesons in the Weinberg-Salam model of weak and electromagnetic interactions are consistent with additional suppression from the quark statistics of the $|\ensuremath{\Delta}S|=2$, $\ensuremath{\Delta}Q=0$ nonleptonic matrix elements to the level of the $|\ensuremath{\Delta}I|=\frac{3}{2}$ weak amplitude in ${K}^{+}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}$ if the soft-pion contribution to this amplitude is dominant.
A scale for measuring attitude toward cheating

A “study guide technique” that successfully detected cheating in college students is described. Also, details of the construction of an attitude toward cheating (ATC) scale are presented. The ATC scale was found to have adequate reliability. Preliminary evidence of scale validity was provided by (1) a correlation of −.30 between ATC scores and cheating on the study guide and (2) a more negative attitude toward cheating (as measured by the ATC scale) exhibited by faculty than by students.
Influence of progestational steroids on hypothalamic tyrosine hydroxylase activity in vitro.

Hypothalamic tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) activity of ovariectomized rats is modulated by gonadal steroids in vivo. The present study investigated the effects of ovariectomy and subsequent replacement of progestational and nonprogestational steroids on TH activity in vitro. All progestational steroids tested inhibited TH activity. Saturation of the A-ring of the steroid nucleus reduced apparent inhibitory activity. Kinetic studies revealed that both Vmax and Km were virtually unaltered for the substrate tyrosine in the presence of progesterone. Progesterone, in a dose dependent manner, increased the Km for the cofactor, DMPH4. These results suggest that progestational steroids decrease apparent TH activity by inhibiting the enzyme-reduced pteridine cofactor complex. (Endocrinology 93: 1453, 1973)
Downregulation of Dendritic HCN Channel Gating in Epilepsy Is Mediated by Altered Phosphorylation Signaling

The onset of spontaneous seizures in the pilocarpine model of epilepsy causes a hyperpolarized shift in the voltage-dependent activation of hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channel-mediated current (Ih) in CA1 hippocampal pyramidal neuron dendrites, contributing to neuronal hyperexcitability and possibly to epileptogenesis. However, the specific mechanisms by which spontaneous seizures cause downregulation of HCN channel gating are yet unknown. We asked whether the seizure-dependent downregulation of HCN channel gating was due to altered phosphorylation signaling mediated by the phosphatase calcineurin (CaN) or the kinase p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK). We first found that CaN inhibition upregulated HCN channel gating and reduced neuronal excitability under normal conditions, showing that CaN is a strong modulator of HCN channels. We then found that an in vitro model of seizures (1 h in 0 Mg2+ and 50 microM bicuculline at 35-37 degrees C) reproduced the HCN channel gating change seen in vivo. Pharmacological inhibition of CaN or activation of p38 MAPK partially reversed the in vitro seizure-induced hyperpolarized shift in HCN channel gating, and the shift was fully reversed by the combination of CaN inhibition and p38 MAPK activation. We then demonstrated enhanced CaN activity as well as reduced p38 MAPK activity in vivo in the CA1 hippocampal area of chronically epileptic animals. Pharmacological reversal of these phosphorylation changes restored HCN channel gating downregulation and neuronal hyperexcitability in epileptic tissue to control levels. Together, these results suggest that alteration of two different phosphorylation pathways in epilepsy contributes to the downregulation of HCN channel gating, which consequently produces neuronal hyperexcitability and thus may be a target for novel antiepileptic therapies.
Authigenic calcium carbonate flux in groundwater-controlled lakes: Implications for lacustrine paleoclimate records

Groundwater dominated lakes are an important feature of many landscapes. Their sediments are a particularly valuable source of paleoenvironmental information in semiarid regions where perennial lakes may otherwise be scarce. Where groundwater and lake composition are favorable, carbonate mineral precipitation, evaporative concentration of lake water, and microbial processes can combine to strongly deplete dissolved Ca relative to influent groundwaters. The authigenic carbonate flux (ACF) can then become limited by water column cation availability and thereby be coupled to groundwater inflow rates and aquifer recharge. Here we analyze sedimentary records from two marl-producing, groundwater-controlled lakes and demonstrate a link between one-dimensional ACF and the Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI), a measure of land surface wetness. In a restricted outflow lake with high-carbonate alkalinity, ACF is enhanced during historically wet climatic periods in response to increased aquifer recharge rates. ACF in this lake declines during droughts. A neighboring dilute lake with a high rate of groundwater outflow shows comparatively weak coupling between ACF and PDSI history. Ionic chemistry, carbonate mineral equilibria, and 13 C patterns of dissolved inorganic carbon show that the sensitivity of the ACF signal depends on the degree of evaporative evolution of lake water and the mineral saturation state of the water column under conditions of stratification and ice cover. Copyright © 2005 Elsevier Ltd
Symbolic Play Development in Toddlers With Expressive Specific Language Impairment (SLI-E)

Twenty toddlers with expressive specific language impairment (SLI-E) and 20 toddlers with normal language development were compared in their symbolic play development. The groups did not differ in ...
Stereospecific total synthesis of ajugarin-IV

Abstract A stereospecific sequence from the octalindione 2 leads in 21 steps to the new insecticide ajugarin-IV. Formation of the butenolide portion is conveniently achieved from acid 21 successive use of the reagents tris(trimethylsiloxy)ethylene and ketenylidentriphenylphosphorane.
Why Cord Blood

Cord blood, donated by mothers after the birth of their children, has become an accepted source of related and unrelated hematopoietic stem cells for marrow reconstitution. We estimate that some 7-8000 unrelated-donor cord blood transplants have been performed worldwide since 1993. The development of cord blood as a source of hematopoietic stem cells for transplantation started with the early recognition of the presence in cord blood of colony-forming cells by Knudtzon in 1974. The first cord blood transplant from a human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-identical sib to a young patient with Fanconi anemia was performed by Gluckman in 1988 and opened the way for the subsequent development of a bank for donations for unrelated patients by our group at the New York Blood Center. It is now widely recognized that two transplant-dependent variables exert strong influence on the chance for long-term recipient survival: the hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell dose and the HLA match grade. Hence, despite the generally milder graft-vs-host disease after mismatched cord blood transplantation, large and ethnically diverse inventories of cord blood are needed to permit better HLA matches and long-term survivals. In this review, a number of issues that are relevant to the history and development of an effective system for cord blood banking are discussed.
The Interaction of Citrate With Aspirin and Benzoic Acid

Solubility studies were used to determine the nature and extent of the interaction between sodium citrate and aspirin. Because of the complex nature of this system, parallel studies of the solubilizing action of sodium citrate and acetate on benzoic acid were made for purposes of comparison. The acetate-benzoic acid reaction closely followed results expected from mass law considerations over a wide concentration range. However, the weak acid-citrate interactions could be described by the mass law only at low citrate concentrations, showing wide deviations at higher concentrations. It was apparent that the deviations were a function of many variables which included changes of solubility and Ka with the nature and concentration of the solution species. The fact that the interactions could not be rationalized by these changes alone at very high citrate concentrations suggested an association or associations among the dissolved species.