cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
How well do school-aged children comply with imposed sleep schedules at home?

Study Objectives: To quantitatively assess compliance and experimental success with imposed sleep schedules among healthy children involved in an experimental comparison of optimized and restricted sleep. Design: We asked children to follow assigned sleep schedules at home that created optimized (at least 10 hours time-in-bed per night) and restricted (6.5 to 8 hours time-in-bed per night) sleep conditions across 2 weeks during the school year. Self-report or parent-report of bedtime and risetime was obtained daily and continuous actigraphy was recorded. Setting: Home Participants: 78 healthy children (41 boys, 37 girls; mean age, 10.2 years; age range, 6.5 to 12.9 years) Interventions: N/A Measurements and Results: We used reported time-in-bed to assess noncompliance with assigned schedules. Experimental failure was assessed with actigraphically based estimates of sleep period (time from sleep onset to sleep offset) and total sleep time (minutes of scored sleep during sleep period). Reported time-in-bed averaged 3.45 hours less per night under restricted versus optimized conditions. Sleep period and total sleep time showed similar differences (2.97 and 2.32 hours less, respectively). Four children met a priori criteria for noncompliance (3 for optimized nights and 1 for restricted). Eight children met a priori criteria for experimental failure within conditions (7 for optimized nights and 1 for restricted), but most achieved a substantial difference in sleep behavior across optimized and restricted weeks. Conclusions: In general, healthy children as young as 6 years of age can maintain substantial changes in their usual schedules across several nights at home and should be considered for inclusion in experimental studies of sleep extension and restriction. This paper offers a methodologic road-map for scientists interested in pursuing this goal.
Murine Intraabdominal Abscess: Immune Modulation with Interferon-γ

Investigations in our laboratory have focused on changes in major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigen expression on monocytes occurring in association with injury and clinical infection [1]. Expression of class II MHC antigens on the surface of monocytes appears to be essential for antigen recognition and T-cell proliferation [2].
Advances in Controlled Drug Delivery for Treatment of Osteoporosis

Osteoporosis, which is characterized by resorption of bone exceeding formation, remains a significant human health concern, and the impact of this condition will only increase with the "graying" of the worldwide population. This review focuses on current and emerging approaches for delivering therapeutic agents to restore bone remodeling homeostasis. Well-known antiresorptive and anabolic agents, such as estrogen, estrogen analogs, bisphosphonates, calcitonin, and parathyroid hormone, along with newer modulators and antibodies, are primarily administered orally, intravenously, or subcutaneously. Although these treatments can be effective, continuing problems include patient noncompliance and adverse systemic or remote-site effects. Controlled drug delivery via polymeric, targeted, and active release systems extends drug half-life by shielding against premature degradation and improves bioavailability while also providing prolonged, sustained, or intermittent release at therapeutic doses to more effectively treat osteoporosis and associated fracture risk.
Application of strain and calibration of Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) emission for in vitro live cell response to cytoskeletal deformation

Cellular mechanotransduction is an integral part of many crucial physiological processes, but non-invasive tools for quantifying intracellular strain in vivo are not available for complex tissues such as bone. As a first step to address this gap, we have utilized a novel, non-invasive approach to quantify cellular strain in vitro by employing a transfected alpha-actinin Forster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) sensor. Following validation experiments, mouse fibroblasts transfected to express FRET sensors were seeded to a silicone membrane and subjected to up to 10% tensile strain mounted on a multi-photon microscope. During tensile strain, fluorescent emission of acceptor (YFP) and donor (CFP) proteins was quantified. YFP/CFP ratio was normalized to the initial baseline (unstretched) ratio for each cell which demonstrates a negative linear correlation between the relative proximity ratio of emission spectra and cell strain, with a mean decrease of 1.017% normalized ratio for every percent strain experienced by the cell. The exciting implications of our findings are that the discovery of the stable correlation between loss of FRET and experimentally applied strain opens intriguing possibilities for future use of this technology with in vivo research, leading to discoveries improving disease treatments in mechanically sensitive tissues such as bone.
Neurocognitive Deficits in Medulloblastoma Patients

Eighteen children previously treated surgically and with craniospinal irradiation for medulloblastoma (MED), and matched with a group having low-grade posterior fossa tumors with surgery alone, received neuropsychological testing and quantitative magnetic resonance imaging for white matter loss at St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN.
Linking simulations and experiments for the multiscale tracking of thermally induced martensitic phase transformation in NiTi SMA

University of Arizona; THALES/INTERMONU-Project from European Union (European Science Foundation-ESF) [68/1117]
The impact agenda and the search for a good life

Plato and Aristotle are plumbed for insights concerning the underlying assumptions of the impact agenda, and more generally for how philosophy can offer greater assistance on policy questions. Aristotle reveals the limitations of ‘impact’ as a way of framing discussions about the relevance of academic knowledge. Plato offers more general counsel on the challenges facing philosophers who seek to be relevant to the concerns of policymakers. Together, their work suggests that policy-sensitive philosophers can help decision makers be more self-conscious about the assumptions underlying their work. This article is published as part of a collection on the future of research assessment.
Edmund Goodwyn and the first description of diving bradycardia

Diving bradycardia is a primordial oxygen-conserving reflex by which the heart rate of air-breathing vertebrates, including humans, slows down in response to water immersion. Its discovery is attri...
Sikh diasporic feminisms: Provocation 1

On 14th May 2017, Nirinjan Kaur Khalsa and myself helped to organize a small group of US and UK-based Sikh intellectuals and scholars to meet at Loyola Marymount University in Los Angeles to discus...
Zipping and unzipping monolayers: switchable monolayer oligomerization and adhesion via thiol–disulfide interconversion

Triphenyleneethynylene (TPE) monolayers at the solution-HOPG interface are oligomerized by the oxidation of pendant thioethers to form disulfide cross-links. The oligomerized TPE monolayer adheres strongly to HOPG. Disulfide reduction unzips the oligomers to form a monomeric TPE monolayer with pendant thiols. Subsequent oxidation and reduction treatments zip and unzip the monolayer.
Maximum Entropy and Theory Construction: A Reply to Favretti

In the maximum entropy theory of ecology (METE), the form of a function describing the distribution of abundances over species and metabolic rates over individuals in an ecosystem is inferred using the maximum entropy inference procedure. Favretti shows that an alternative maximum entropy model exists that assumes the same prior knowledge and makes predictions that differ from METE's. He shows that both cannot be correct and asserts that his is the correct one because it can be derived from a classic microstate-counting calculation. I clarify here exactly what the core entities and definitions are for METE, and discuss the relevance of two critical issues raised by Favretti: the existence of a counting procedure for microstates and the choices of definition of the core elements of a theory. I emphasize that a theorist controls how the core entities of his or her theory are defined, and that nature is the final arbiter of the validity of a theory.
Sonographic and radiographic findings of posterior tibial tendon dysfunction: a practical step forward

The purpose of this article is to describe the sonographic and radiographic findings in the diagnosis and treatment of posterior tibial tendon dysfunction. Ultrasound and radiographs play a crucial role in the diagnosis of posterior tibial tendon dysfunction and in imaging the postoperative changes related to posterior tibial tendon dysfunction. Early detection and diagnosis of posterior tibial tendon dysfunction is important in helping to prevent further progression of disease, obviating the need for more invasive and complex procedures.
Maize Chromosome Tools: Quantitative Changes in Chromatin

This chapter discusses chromosome tools that alter the quantity of chromatin in the maize genome. These tools are monosomes, trisomes, telocentrics, telodisomes, isochromosomes, deficiencies, duplications, and ring chromosomes. The sources of each of these, and some of the ways they can be and have been employed in experimental studies will be discussed. Although maize is considered to be a true diploid, its genome is much more tolerant to quantitative changes of chromatin than the genomes of many other diploids because much of the maize genome is present as duplicated segments. Evidence that duplicated segments exist in the maize genome has accumulated through the years. Rhoades (1951) pointed out that there were at least 14 cases of duplicate, 2 of triplicate, and 1 of quadruplicate factor inheritance known at the time. Each factor had to be present in the recessive condition for the mutant phenotype to be expressed. From this and other observations, he concluded, “that the architecture of maize contains duplicated regions can hardly be doubted.” The presence of bivalents at diakinesis in maize haploids has been interpreted as evidence for interchromosomal homology. Ting (1966) reported that 59.9% of diakinesis cells contained one or more bivalent; however, other studies (Ford 1952; Snope 1967; and Weber and Alexander 1972) reported much lower frequencies of pairs. Exchanges between nonhomologous chromosomes in haploids have identified the locations of presumptive redundant sequences within the maize genome (Weber and Alexander 1972). Helentjaris, Weber, and Wright (1988) found that 62 of 217 cloned maize DNA sequences hybridized with more than one DNA fragment on Southern blots identifying duplicate nucleotide sequences in maize. The genomic locations of the duplicate sequences were determined, and more recent studies by others have identified numerous additional duplicated sequences in maize (summarized
Hip Arthroscopy Complicated by a Deep Vein Thrombosis in a Patient with May-Thurner Syndrome: A Case Report.

Case A 20-year-old woman underwent hip arthroscopy with a labral repair, a femoral neck osteoplasty, and acetabular rim trimming. Six weeks after surgery, she presented with leg pain and edema, and was found to have an extensive deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Additional imaging studies revealed apparent extrinsic compression of the left common iliac vein, a vascular anatomic variant consistent with May-Thurner syndrome (MTS). Conclusion Thromboembolic events in patients undergoing low-risk procedures should raise concern for additional risk factors, including MTS. Identifying this variant in patients is important to prevent future thrombotic complications.
Schottky contacts to β-Ga2O3

Abstract This chapter reviews published literature on Schottky contacts to β-Ga2O3, a wide band gap semiconductor that has a low predicted on-resistance—a key performance advantage for high power Schottky diodes. Following a brief discussion of the general physics associated with the formation and measurement of metal–semiconductor Schottky barriers, reports on different Schottky contact metals (e.g., Au, Cu, Ir, Ni, Pd, and Pt) to β-Ga2O3 are summarized. Most of the reported contacts were fabricated directly on β-Ga2O3 single-crystal wafer surfaces, with one of the following crystallographic orientations: (010), (100), or (001). Details about the substrate surface preparation prior to metal deposition, and contact processing treatments are provided when available. The Schottky barrier heights are typically reported in the range ~ 1.0–1.5 eV and often show limited dependence on the metal work function, although there may be some dependence on factors such as crystal orientation. Both point and extended defects in Ga2O3 have been identified, but their effects on Schottky contacts are at the very early stage of investigation. Ga2O3 Schottky barrier diodes with Eb > 1 kV, and depletion-mode MESFETs, represent early devices that employ Schottky contacts.
Executive dysfunction in depression in adolescence: the role of inflammation and higher body mass.

Background There is substantial evidence that many depressed individuals experience impaired executive functioning. Understanding the causes of executive dysfunction in depression is clinically important because cognitive impairment is a substantial contributor to functional impairment. This study investigated whether elevated levels of an inflammatory cytokine [interleukin-6 (IL-6)] and/or higher body mass index (BMI) concurrently and/or prospectively accounted for the relationship between depressive symptoms and impaired executive functioning in adolescents. Methods A diverse, community sample of adolescents (N = 288; mean age = 16.33; 51.4% female; 59.0% African-American) completed assessments of height and weight, IL-6, depressive symptoms, and self-report/behavioral measures of executive functioning (selective attention, switching attention) and future orientation annually over 3 years. Adolescents experiencing acute illness or medical conditions that affect inflammation were excluded from analyses. Path analysis within a structural equation modeling framework simultaneously examined the concurrent and prospective relationships between BMI, IL-6, depressive symptoms, and the measures of cognitive functioning across three timepoints. Results Across all timepoints, higher BMI was prospectively associated with higher levels of IL-6 and depressive symptoms, while higher levels of IL-6 were associated with worse performance on three behavioral and self-report measures of cognitive functioning. Higher depressive symptoms also were prospectively associated with elevated IL-6 and both higher depressive symptoms and a higher BMI predicted worse future executive functioning via increased IL-6. Conclusions More severe depressive symptoms and increased BMI may disrupt executive functioning via elevated IL-6.
Serous Cystadenoma of the Pancreas With Complex Florid Papillary Architecture: A Case Report and Review of the Literature:

Serous cystadenoma (SCA) is a relatively rare benign pancreatic neoplasm. It has a very distinctive gross and microscopic appearance including pure and mixed microcystic and macrocystic patterns as well as rare solid architectural pattern. In this article, we present a rare case of SCA with a complex florid papillary architecture. A 40-year-old man was diagnosed with a 3.5 cm SCA of the uncinate process of the pancreas based on abdominal computed tomography scan. The tumor was monitored radiographically until recent magnetic resonance imaging showed a new 1.0-cm eccentric mural nodule within the tumor with multiple arterial enhancing septations and features suspicious for a neuroendocrine tumor. A pylorus-preserving Whipple procedure was subsequently performed and the mass was resected. Gross examination confirmed the radiological findings of a well-demarcated, 3.5 cm multicystic pancreatic lesion with a 1.0 cm circumscribed, tan solid nodule at its periphery. Microscopic evaluation revealed a predominantly microcystic pattern classical of SCA with occasional macrocysts. The 1.0 cm discrete nodule was also a SCA, but showed unusually exuberant complex papillary growth. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case describing this morphologic variant. Recognition of this rare and unusual pattern is important to avoid misdiagnosis, especially on small biopsy specimens.
A case report: pause and consider the late complications of heart transplantation.

Background A 75-year-old woman with a past medical history significant for non-ischaemic cardiomyopathy status post orthotopic heart transplant, type II diabetes mellitus, hypertension, chronic kidney disease stage III, chronic anaemia, and chronic diarrhoea presented with nausea, vomiting, and an unexplained fall 23 years after original transplantation. Case summary During her hospital stay, she had multiple episodes of sinus arrest with syncope, preceded by seizure like activity. She was stabilized, and broad work up revealed an occult brain mass that was ultimately resected and consistent with post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease. Discussion Features that make this case study unique include the late onset and location of the malignancy, the absence of Epstein-Barr virus involvement, and asystole that was potentially neurologically mediated and induced by a brain space occupying mass. This case offers insight into potential late parasympathetic reinnervation of transplanted hearts, adds to the growing literature regarding the connection between the brain and the heart, and reviews potential complications in patients with a remote history of heart transplantation.
Tau-method approximations for the Bessel function Y1(z)

Abstract We present τ-method approximations for the Bessel function of the second kind of order one Y 1 ( z ) with some numerical results.
Implementation of an enhanced recovery program for lower extremity bypass

Abstract Objective Enhanced recovery programs (ERPs) have gained wide acceptance across multiple surgical disciplines to improve postoperative outcomes and to decrease hospital length of stay (LOS). However, there is limited information in the existing literature for vascular patients. We describe the implementation and early results of an ERP and barriers to its implementation for lower extremity bypass surgery. Our intention is to provide a framework to assist with implementation of similar ERPs. Methods Using the plan, do, check, adjust methodology, a multidisciplinary team was assembled. A database was used to collect information on patient-, procedure-, and ERP-specific metrics. We then retrospectively analyzed patients' demographics and outcomes. Results During 9 months, an ERP (n = 57) was successfully developed and implemented spanning preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative phases. ERP and non-ERP patient demographics were statistically similar. Early successes include 97% use of fascia iliaca block and multimodal analgesia administration in 81%. Barriers included only 47% of patients achieving day of surgery mobilization and 19% receiving celecoxib preoperatively. ERP patients had decreased total and postoperative LOS compared with non-ERP patients (n = 190) with a mean (standard deviation) total LOS of 8.32 (8.4) days vs 11.14 (10.1) days (P = .056) and postoperative LOS of 6.12 (6.02) days vs 7.98 (7.52) days (P = .089). There was significant decrease in observed to expected postoperative LOS (1.28 [0.66] vs 1.82 [1.38]; P = .005). Variable and total costs for ERP patients were significantly reduced ($13,208 [$9930] vs $18,777 [$19,118; P Conclusions Successful implementation of ERP for lower extremity bypass carries notable challenges but can have a significant impact on practice patterns. Further adjustment of our current protocol is anticipated, but early results are promising. Implementation of a vascular surgery ERP reduced variable and total costs and decreased total and postoperative LOS. We believe this protocol can easily be implemented at other institutions using the pathway outlined.
Gut dysbiosis contributes to amyloid pathology, associated with C/EBPβ/AEP signaling activation in Alzheimer's disease mouse model.

The gut-brain axis is bidirectional, and gut microbiota influence brain disorders including Alzheimer’s disease (AD). CCAAT/enhancer binding protein β/asparagine endopeptidase (C/EBPβ/AEP) signaling spatiotemporally mediates AD pathologies in the brain via cleaving both β-amyloid precursor protein and Tau. We show that gut dysbiosis occurs in 5xFAD mice, and is associated with escalation of the C/EBPβ/AEP pathway in the gut with age. Unlike that of aged wild-type mice, the microbiota of aged 3xTg mice accelerate AD pathology in young 3xTg mice, accompanied by active C/EBPβ/AEP signaling in the brain. Antibiotic treatment diminishes this signaling and attenuates amyloidogenic processes in 5xFAD, improving cognitive functions. The prebiotic R13 inhibits this pathway and suppresses amyloid aggregates in the gut. R13-induced Lactobacillus salivarius antagonizes the C/EBPβ/AEP axis, mitigating gut leakage and oxidative stress. Our findings support the hypothesis that C/EBPβ/AEP signaling is activated by gut dysbiosis, implicated in AD pathologies in the gut.
CT-guided blood tattoo for thoracoscopic excision of lung lesions in pediatric patients

Background To describe a single-institutional experience with an innovative technique using CT-guided injection of autologous blood for localization of nonpleural-based pulmonary nodules prior to thoracoscopic excisional biopsy in pediatric patients. Methods A retrospective review of all patients under the age of 18 with lung lesions suspected to be malignant that were not pleural-based lesions and were not of adequate size to visualize at thoracoscopy, who underwent CT-guided blood tattoo (CGBT) localization between 2006-2019. CGBT was performed under general anesthesia by injecting 0.5-10 mL of autologous blood into the area of the lesions. The patients were then immediately transferred from interventional radiology to the operating room for thoracoscopic excision of the lesion. Demographics, location of lesions, indication for biopsy, and pathology were reviewed. Results In eleven pediatric patients (ages ranging from 4-18 years), preoperative CGBT localization of pulmonary nodules resulted in successful thoracoscopic excisional biopsy. All resections were diagnostic and 82% (9/11 cases) represented a metastatic malignancy as confirmed by pathology. Malignant nodules ranged from 2 to 14 mm in size, while a 13 mm nodule in a patient with history of AML was determined to be an organizing pneumonia and a 12 mm nodule in a second patient revealed a caseating granuloma consistent with Crohn's disease. One patient with a failed attempt at excisional biopsy without preoperative localization then underwent CGBT one week later with successful thoracoscopic excision of the nodule. Conclusions CT-guided blood tattoo is a safe option for localization of nonpleural-based lung nodules prior to thoracoscopic excision in pediatric patients.
Insecticide rotation scheme restores insecticide susceptibility in thiamethoxam-resistant field populations of Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae), in Florida

BACKGROUND We investigated rotation using insecticides with multiple modes of action as a resistance management strategy for Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri, Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae), in Florida. The stability of thiamethoxam resistance was investigated in the laboratory by establishing populations of field-collected, resistant D. citri and rearing them under no insecticide exposure. Furthermore, recovery of susceptibility was investigated in the field by initiating rotation to insecticides in plots that previously were treated with consecutive thiamethoxam applications. RESULTS The resistance ratio (RR) for thiamethoxam reached between 1266.29- and 1395.00-fold after three and four consecutive applications of thiamethoxam, respectively. However, the RR for thiamethoxam remained low (1.71-5.28-fold) under both rotations at both Lake Alfred and Wauchula. Thiamethoxam was cross-resistant with imidacloprid (RR site 1 = 1059.65-fold, RR site 2 = 1595.43-fold) and clothianidin (RR site 1 = 1798.78-fold, RR site 2 = 1270.57-fold) in the nonrotated treatment at both sites. There was very low cross-resistance to other insecticides with different modes of action. Both laboratory and field investigations indicated that susceptibility to thiamethoxam fully recovered after five D. citri generations. Expression of CYP4C67 was significantly increased in resistant populations. CONCLUSION Our results revealed that D. citri populations develop a high level of resistance following only three or four consecutive neonicotinoid sprays; this was associated with subsequent product failure. Our data suggest that metabolic detoxification by cytochrome P450s contributes to thiamethoxam resistance in D. citri. Overall, the investigation demonstrated that resistance to thiamethoxam can be managed readily in populations of D. citri by rotating modes of action.
Measurements of the partitioning of nitric acid and sulfuric acid in aqueous/organic phase-separated systems

Partitioning of nitric acid and sulfuric acid between aqueous and organic phases may play a role in the chemistry of aqueous/organic phase-separated atmospheric aerosol particles, as well as other environmental systems. To assess the extent to which these acids partition to organic phases, organic compounds with O : C ratios ranging from 0 to 0.75 were mixed with acidified aqueous phases. The organic phase was removed and its acid content quantified with a mass-based measurement. Up to 60% of the acid was observed to partition to the organic phase, present either entirely in the dissociated form, the undissociated form, or both depending on the organic phase. Values of partitioning coefficients, Ddiss and Dun, corresponding to partitioning of the dissociated and undissociated acid, were determined by fitting a simple partitioning model to the data. Values of Dun correlated well with the O : C ratio of the organic component and to a lesser extent with the water content of the organic phase. The addition of ammonium sulfate led to an increase or decrease in partitioning of sulfuric acid to the organic phase, apparently depending on the balance between the resulting enhancement in the HSO4− concentration and the reduction in the water content of the organic phase. These results demonstrate that significant fractions of sulfuric and nitric acid can partition to the organic phase in phase-separated systems in undissociated and dissociated forms, and thus potentially participate in specific or general acid catalysis of organic reactions.
Transcutaneous carbon dioxide pattern and trend over time in preterm infants

Chronic lung disease remains a burden for extremely preterm infants. The changes in ventilation over time and optimal ventilatory management remains unknown. Newer, non-invasive technologies provide insight into these patterns. This single-center prospective cohort study enrolled infants ≤32 0/7 weeks. We obtained epochs of transcutaneous carbon dioxide (TcCO2) measurements twice each week to describe the pattern of hypercarbia throughout their hospitalization. Patterns of hypercarbia varied based on birth gestational age and post-menstrual age (PMA) (p = 0.03), regardless of respiratory support. Infants receiving the most respiratory support had values 16–21 mmHg higher than those on room air (p < 0.001). Infants born at the youngest gestational ages had the greatest total change but the rate of change was slower (p = 0.049) compared to infants born at later gestational ages. All infants had TcCO2 values stabilize by 31–33 weeks PMA, when values were not significantly different compared to discharge. No rebound was observed when infants weaned off invasive support. Hypercarbia improves as infants approached 31–33 weeks PMA. Hypercarbia was the highest in the most immature infants and improved with age and growth despite weaning respiratory support.
Optimizing routine screening for cardiac sarcoidosis through use of commonly available studies.

Abstract Background Sarcoidosis is a multisystem granulomatous disorder with unclear etiology. Morbidity and mortality vary based on organ involvement, with cardiac sarcoidosis (CS) associated with higher mortality; despite this, CS remains underdiagnosed. The Heart Rhythm Society (HRS) expert consensus statement recommends screening sarcoidosis patients for CS utilizing a symptom screen, EKG, and echocardiogram (TTE), while the American Thoracic Society (ATS) guideline recommends only EKG and symptom screening. These recommendations, however, are based on limited data with recommendations for further studies. Research question The purpose is to evaluate the prevalence of abnormal screening tests in patients with sarcoidosis and the correlation of these tests with the subsequent diagnosis of CS. A specific emphasis was placed on evaluating the sensitivity of the recommendations versus the sensitivity of a modified criteria. Study design and Methods: This study retrospectively evaluated a database of prospectively enrolled patients from a tertiary military academic center. All patients who underwent imaging with cardiac MRI and/or FDG-PET were identified. These results were correlated with screening studies (symptom screen, EKG, TTE, and ambulatory rhythm monitoring (ARM)) and used to calculate sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values for each test. Using a clinical diagnosis of CS as the reference standard, the sensitivity and specificity of the HRS criteria were calculated and compared to a modified screening rubric developed a priori, consisting of minor changes to the criteria and the addition of ARM. Results This study evaluated 114 patients with sarcoidosis with 132 advanced imaging events, leading to a diagnosis of CS in 36 patients. Utilizing HRS screening recommendations, the sensitivity for CS was 63.9%, while the modified criteria increased sensitivity to 94.4%. Interpretation This study suggests that the HRS guidelines lack sensitivity to effectively screen for CS and that a modified screening model which includes ARM may be more effective.
Child preferences and perceptions of fluid milk in school meal programs.

ABSTRACT School meal programs in the United States feed approximately 30 million children each day and account for the majority of child milk intake. Dairy consumption during childhood and adolescence has lasting effects on lifelong health status, so it is important for schools to ensure adequate consumption in this life stage by offering an appealing product. This study identified the intrinsic and extrinsic attributes that influence children's perceptions, attitudes, and consumption of fluid milk at school, especially as they relate to fluid milk packaging. An online choice-based conjoint survey (n = 211) and four 1-h focus groups (n = 31) were conducted with child milk consumers ages 8 to 13 yr to evaluate extrinsic attributes. The survey evaluated milk package attributes including packaging type, front-of-package graphics, package color, and labeled milk fat content. Focus group topics included preferences, usability, health, taste of fluid milk, and milk consumption habits. To evaluate intrinsic properties related to packaging, 3 varieties of milk (unflavored fat-free, unflavored low-fat, and chocolate-flavored fat-free) were produced and packaged in polyethylene-coated paperboard cartons, polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles, and high-density polyethylene (HDPE) bottles (all 250 mL). After 10 to 13 d of storage at 4°C under dark conditions, milks were evaluated by descriptive analysis and child acceptance testing (ages 8–13 yr; n = 126, 122, and 126 for each variety, respectively). Extrinsically, package type was the most important attribute to children, but graphics, nutritional labeling, branding, package size, and overall familiarity also drove preferences. The ideal milk packaging build from the conjoint survey was an HDPE bottle with blue-colored packaging and a cow graphic, labeled as low-fat milk. Intrinsically, all varieties of milks packaged in paperboard cartons developed package-specific flavors, including refrigerator/stale and paperboard, after 10 d of storage. These off-flavors were not detected in HDPE- or PET-packaged milks. For unflavored milks, child consumers preferred the flavor of PET- or HDPE-packaged milks over cartons, regardless of milk fat content, but preferences were not distinct for chocolate-flavored milk. The results of this study demonstrate that children's liking and preference for milk are driven by both intrinsic and extrinsic factors and suggest that improvements are needed to increase acceptance of milk currently served in school meal programs.
Empowering Women with Disabilities in Northern Ghana

Women with disabilities in Ghana experience the triple disadvantage of sexism, ableism, and poverty, curtailing their visibility in society and their access to rights and sustenance. This article describes a program implemented to empower women with disabilities in Northern Ghana, the country's poorest region.
Sorption of oxygen from solution by noble metals: II. Nitric acid-passivated bright platinum

The nature of the adsorbed films produced on platinum electrodes treated with concentrated nitric acid was studied by means of constant current stripping pulses as a function of the time of passivation and the contact with atmospheric oxygen. It is concluded that the dissolved oxygen of the Pt-O alloy does not come from the HNO3. Instead, the HNO3 treatment makes the Pt more accommodating to the sorption of oxygen (in the manner of an oxygen sponge), and the Pt then sorbs oxygen from the surroundings producing the Pt-O alloy. The presence of the oxygen in the Pt lattice modifies the electronic structure of the Pt, generating an electrode material with different catalytic and electronic properties from untreated Pt. In the presence of oxygen, the HNO3 treatment produces a Pt-O alloy electrode with a complete monolayer of Pt-O adsorbed on the surface. Such an electrode exhibits the reversible oxygen potential in O2-saturated, 2 N H2SO4 solution. The rest potential is a linear function of the degree of surface coverage. No more than a monolayer is adsorbed by this procedure, but the equivalent of two layers may be formed by anodizing the Pt-O alloy electrode. Apparently the Pt-O sites are converted to PtO2 sites which are unstable at potentials below 1500 mV in the presence of Pt metal. The Pt-O alloy structure is rather stable and is converted to that of untreated Pt by heating the metal in the vicinity of its melting point.
Stress rupture considerations in the design of large aperture, low mass composite vacuum windows

Large vacuum vessels are often employed in high energy and nuclear physics experiments to provide a volume for particle traverse in the absence of air molecules. The ends of these vessels generally have a large aperture which is closed with a thin membrane known as a vacuum window. To minimize the vacuum window mass, composites of Kevlar and Mylar have been used in window construction. Historically, these windows have been designed based on the ultimate tensile strength of the materials, however, following the costly failure of a 193 cm/spl times/86 cm window, other design methods emerged. This paper reviews the history of window design and describes the window failure and possible causes. It further presents the phenomenon of stress rupture and describes the analytical and experimental work carried out to improve composite window design methods.
Specification of leaf polarity in Arabidopsis via the trans-acting siRNA pathway

Plants leaves develop proximodistal, dorsoventral (adaxial-abaxial), and mediolateral patterns following initiation. The Myb domain gene PHANTASTICA (PHAN) is required for adaxial fate in many plants , but the Arabidopsis ortholog ASYMMETRIC LEAVES1 (AS1) has milder effects, suggesting that alternate or redundant pathways exist . We describe enhancers of as1 with more elongate and dissected leaves. As well as RDR6, an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase previously proposed to influence as1 through microRNA , these enhancers disrupt ARGONAUTE7 (AGO7)/ZIPPY, SUPPRESSOR OF GENE SILENCING3 (SGS3), and DICER-LIKE4 (DCL4), which instead regulate trans-acting small interfering RNA (ta-siRNA) . Microarray analysis revealed that the AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR genes ETTIN (ETT)/ARF3 and ARF4 were upregulated in ago7, whereas FILAMENTOUS FLOWER (FIL) was upregulated only in as1 ago7 double mutants. RDR6 and SGS3 likewise repress these genes, which specify abaxial fate . We show that the trans-acting siRNA gene TAS3, which targets ETT and ARF4, is expressed in the adaxial domain, and ett as1 ago7 triple mutants resemble as1. Thus FIL is downregulated redundantly by AS1 and by TAS3, acting through ETT, revealing a role for ta-siRNA in leaf polarity. RDR6 and DCL4 are required for systemic silencing, perhaps implicating ta-siRNA as a mobile signal.
Contribution of ATP synthesis from endogenous substrates to the oligomycin-sensitive ADP-ATP exchange activity of rat liver mitoplasts.

Abstract The oligomycin-sensitive ADP-ATP exchange of intact mitoplasts (inner membrane + matrix particles) of rat liver mitochondria is inhibited less than 22% by KCN when assayed without added phosphate at either high or low nucleotide concentrations. 32 P-ATP formation amounts to less than 35% of the 14 C-ATP formed and is almost completely insensitive to KCN. Oxidation of endogenous substrates is inhibited nearly 100% by KCN. It is concluded that net ATP synthesis supported by oxidation of endogenous substrates accounts for only a small fraction of the total 14 C-ATP formed in the ADP-ATP exchange assay and that the bulk of this activity is catalyzed independently by the terminal reactions of oxidative phosphorylation.
Draft Genome Sequence of Bacillus cereus Strain BcFL2013, a Clinical Isolate Similar to G9241

ABSTRACT Bacillus cereus strains, such as G9241, causing anthrax-like illnesses have recently been discovered. We report the genome sequence of a clinical strain, B. cereus BcFL2013, which is similar to G9241, recovered from a patient in Florida.
Reward processing dysfunction in major depression, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia.

Purpose of reviewThis article reviews the recent literature on reward processing dysfunction in major depression (MDD), bipolar disorder and schizophrenia, with a focus on approach motivation, reward learning and reward-based decision-making.Recent findingsEmerging evidence indicates the presence of
Electrical Transport Properties of Polycrystalline Monolayer Molybdenum Disulfide

Semiconducting MoS2 monolayers have shown many promising electrical properties, and the inevitable polycrystallinity in synthetic, large-area films renders understanding the effect of structural defects, such as grain boundaries (GBs, or line-defects in two-dimensional materials), essential. In this work, we first examine the role of GBs in the electrical-transport properties of MoS2 monolayers with varying line-defect densities. We reveal a systematic degradation of electrical characteristics as the line-defect density increases. The two common MoS2 GB types and their specific roles are further examined, and we find that only tilt GBs have a considerable effect on the MoS2 electrical properties. By examining the electronic states and sources of disorder using temperature-dependent transport studies, we adopt the Anderson model for disordered systems to explain the observed transport behaviors in different temperature regimes. Our results elucidate the roles played by GBs in different scenarios and give i...
Neural development is regulated by classical neurotransmitters: Dopamine D2 receptor stimulation enhances neurite outgrowth ☆

The classical neurotransmitters serotonin and dopamine are thought to be involved in the etiology or treatment of a variety of psychiatric disorders. Recent studies suggest that these neurotransmitters may also have roles as neural morphogens during brain development. Previously, we have demonstrated that stimulation of serotonin 5-HT1A receptors selectively inhibited neurite branching in an in vitro system (Sikich et al 1990). In the present study, the developmental role of dopamine D2 receptors in the control of neurite outgrowth has been investigated by quantitating the morphological response of cortical neurons to agonist stimulation in vitro. Cultures of fetal rat frontal, cortical neurons were shown to express both alternatively spliced forms of D2 receptor messenger RNA (mRNA). The larger mRNA form predominated (D2A444:D2A415 ratio of about 6:1). In a small but significant percentage of these neurons, culture in the presence of the D2 receptor selective agonist, quinpirole, resulted in a three-to ten-fold increase in the length of neurites and in the number of branch points per neurite. These effects were blocked by the D2 receptor antagonists eticlopride and spiperone. Early abnormalities in the stimulation of dopamine or serotonin receptor subtypes could lead to the types of neuroanatomical changes observed in studies of schizophrenia, bipolar affective disorder, and autism. These morphogenic effects of classical transmitters could unite neurodevelopmental and neurotransmitter theories of the etiology of severe psychiatric disorders.
Alternative Seating for Young Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: Effects on Classroom Behavior

A single subject, withdrawal design was used to investigate the effects of therapy balls as seating on engagement and in-seat behavior of young children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). In addition, social validity was assessed to evaluate teachers' opinions regarding the intervention. During baseline and withdrawal (A phases) participants used their typical classroom seating device (chair, bench or carpet square). During the intervention (B phases) participants sat on therapy balls. Results indicated substantial improvements in engagement and in-seat behavior when participants were seated on therapy balls. Social validity findings indicated that the teachers' preferred the therapy balls. This study suggests therapy balls as classroom seating may facilitate engagement and in-seat behavior and create opportunities to provide effective instruction.
Evaluating changes in tumor volume using magnetic resonance imaging during the course of radiotherapy treatment of high-grade gliomas: Implications for conformal dose-escalation studies

Objective: To determine whether changes in tumor volume occur during the course of conformal 3D radiotherapy of high-grade gliomas by use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) during treatment and whether these changes had an impact on tumor coverage. Methods and Materials: Between December 2000 and January 2004, 21 patients with WHO Grades 3 to 4 supratentorial malignant gliomas treated with 3D conformal radiotherapy (median dose, 70 Gy) were enrolled in a prospective clinical study. All patients underwent T1-weighted contrast-enhancing and T2-weighted and fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) imaging at approximately 1 to 2 weeks before radiotherapy, during radiotherapy (Weeks 1 and 3), and at routine intervals thereafter. All MRI scans were coregistered to the treatment-planning CT. Gross tumor volume (GTV Pre-Rx) was defined from a postoperative T1-weighted contrast-enhancing MRI performed 1 to 2 weeks before start of radiotherapy. A second GTV (GTV Week 3) was defined by use of an MRI performed during Week 3 of radiotherapy. A uniform 0.5 cm expansion of the respective GTV, PTV (Pre-Rx), and PTV (Week 3) was applied to the final boost plan. Dose-volume histograms (DVH) were used to analyze any potential adverse changes in tumor coverage based on Week 3 MRI. Results: All MRI scans were reviewed independently by a neuroradiologist (DGH). Two patients were noted to have multifocal disease at presentation and were excluded from analysis. In 19 cases, changes in the GTV based on MRI at Week 3 during radiotherapy were as follows: 2 cases had an objective decrease in GTV (≥50%); 12 cases revealed a slight decrease in the rim enhancement or changes in cystic appearance of the GTV; 2 cases showed no change in GTV; and 3 cases demonstrated an increase in tumor volume. Both cases with objective decreases in GTV during treatment were Grade 3 tumors. No cases of tumor progression were noted in Grade 3 tumors during treatment. In comparison, three of 12 Grade 4 tumors had tumor progression, based on MRI obtained during Week 3 of radiotherapy. Median increase in GTV (Week 3) was 11.7 cc (range, 9.8–21.3). Retrospective DVH analysis of PTV (Pre-Rx) and PTV (Week 3) demonstrated a decrease in V95%(PTV volume receiving 95% of the prescribed dose) in those 3 cases. Conclusions: Routine MR imaging during radiotherapy may be essential in ensuring tumor coverage if highly conformal radiotherapy techniques such as stereotactic boost and intensity-modulated radiotherapy are used in dose-escalation trials that utilize smaller treatment margins.
Truth or Consequences: Effects of Phylogenetic Accuracy on Two Comparative Methods

Abstract The insight that species cannot be treated as independent points for analysis has revolutionized comparative biology. Biologists now face choices among several new procedures for removing phylogenetic non-independence from their data. This paper compares two very different new methods, one an independent contrasts approach, the other based on phylogenetic autocorrelation. We discuss issues of performance when the topology and branch lengths of the phylogeny are known in full, and how the two approaches stand up to incompletely resolved trees and incorrect branch length information—common situations for comparative biologists. Simulations show independent contrasts to be valid when branch lengths are known, whether or not the topology is known fully. Type I error rates are higher for phylogenetic autocorrelation, especially when the topology is known only very incompletely. Incorrect branch lengths affect independent contrasts more adversely than phylogenetic autocorrelation. We discuss how the results reflect the different assumptions of the two methods, and stress the importance of assessing how well real data fit the internal assumptions of methods used to analyse them.
Quantification of Doppler color flow images from a stenosed carotid artery model.

Abstract Velocity fields at and downstream of graded, axisymmetric stenoses of 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% diameter reduction were obtained under pulsatile flow conditions simulating that in a carotid artery ( Re mean = 379, Re peak = 1137 and α = 5.36) using an ultrasonic Doppler Color Flow Imager. Characteristic features of flow disturbances associated with degree of stenosis, such as jetting, flow separation and reversal and turbulence were quantified using nondimensional indices at peak systole, t 0 , and early diastole, t 1 . It was found that the Reverse Area Index (RAI), the Field Profile Index (FPI) and the Velocity Gradient Indices (VGI z and VGI r ) were sensitive to these changes, especially at time t 1 . In particular, the mean values of RAI and VGI r were significantly different for all stenotic cases. These findings may provide a more quantitative and reproducible method of interpreting flow patterns in the region of stenosed carotid arteries.