cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Globality of Architectural History

This journal was founded seventy-four years ago with the ambition of launching a “new” architectural history and expanding the scope of the discipline. While the readership expanded in the next three decades, the confines of the field became increasingly narrow in the 1950s and 1960s. This was the subject of John Maass’s 1969 article that demonstrated the near absence of “non-Western” and “vernacular” topics in JSAH .1 This was followed a year later by Sibyl Moholy-Nagy’s acerbic criticism of the journal for promoting disciplinary obsolescence.2 Despite these consecutive depth charges that shattered SAH’s carapace of disciplinary ecumenism, both the society and the journal sailed seemingly untroubled into the next millennium. As for inclusion of “non-Western” content, changes were slow but steady. In the decade following Maass’s critique, two articles on Japanese architecture, one article on house types in Teotihuacan, an introduction to African architecture, and two articles on Burmese town planning were published. When James O’Gorman took on the editorship with the March 1974 issue, he professed the journal’s inability to publish “nontraditional” material unless he received manuscript submissions on such topics, but affirmed: “As the mirror of scholarship in architectural history it is ready to reflect the reassessment of the profession and its methods currently under way.”3 The situation improved significantly in the 1980s with at least twelve articles that could be categorized as “non-Western” by scholars who would become stalwarts in their fields.4 During these intervening years the readership appeared to be bickering over the ascendancy of Western European versus American (meaning U.S.) topics in the journal, so much so that Tod Marder in his concluding editorial in the March 1990 issue noted with relief that with “global awareness” this quarrel or “creative tension,” as he put it, has “subsided.”5 Yet the question …
Mental Illness, Social Construction, and Managed Care : Implications for Social Work

Managed care is creating a social reality that affects the lives of millions. Mental health coverage under health care plans is a function of how mental illness and its proper treatment are defined. These definitions are shaped by social actors competitively seeking to satisfy their particular interests. This paper examines the influence of privatized managed behavioral health care on these evolving social definitions, as evidenced in published works, written reports, and legal actions. It is written from the perspective of social workers as providers of services and advocates for social justice. Options for social work responses to managed behavioral health care are explored.
Stress Corrosion Cracking of Annealed and Cold Worked Titanium Grade 7 and Alloy 22 in 110 C Concentrated Salt Environments

Stress corrosion crack growth studies have been performed on annealed and cold worked Titanium Grade 7 and Alloy 22 in 110 C, aerated, concentrated, high pH salt environments characteristic of concentrated ground water. Following a very careful transition from fatigue precracking conditions to SCC conditions, the long term behavior under very stable conditions was monitored using reversing dc potential drop. Titanium Grade 7 exhibited continuous crack growth under both near-static and complete static loading conditions. Alloy 22 exhibited similar growth rates, but was less prone to maintain stable crack growth as conditions approached fully static loading.
Surface inspection: Research and development

Surface inspection techniques are used for process learning, quality verification, and postmortem analysis in manufacturing for a spectrum of disciplines. First, trends in surface analysis are summarized for integrated circuits, high density interconnection boards, and magnetic disks, emphasizing on-line applications as opposed to off-line or development techniques. Then, a closer look is taken at microcontamination detection from both a patterned defect and a particulate inspection point of view.
Paroxysmal Dysarthria and Ataxia after Treatment of Brainstem Encephalitis (P6.053)

OBJECTIVE: To highlight the phenomenon and treatment of paroxysmal dysarthria and ataxia (PDA) in a patient with brainstem encephalitis. BACKGROUND: PDA is characterized as stereotyped, transient episodes of dysarthria and ataxia that can occur multiple times per day. It was first described and recognized as a complication of multiple sclerosis in 1946 by Harry Lee Parker. Since that time, PDA has also been reported in non-demyelinating conditions, including stroke and neuro-Behcet’s disease. With the advent of MRI, lesions in the midbrain near or involving the red nucleus appear responsible for causing PDA. Attacks usually abate after weeks or months, and recurrence is unusual. Reported treatments include carbamazepine, phenytoin, lamotrigine, and acetazolamide. DESIGN/METHODS: Case report. RESULTS: A 45-year-old man with inflammatory bowel disease developed subacute bilateral intranuclear ophthalmoplegia, dysarthria, and ataxia. An MRI revealed a midbrain/superior pontine lesion. Spinal fluid analysis demonstrated a mild lymphocytic pleocytosis with no oligoclonal bands. Extensive investigations did not reveal a specific infectious or demyelinating etiology. Symptoms completely resolved after treatment with high-dose intravenous corticosteroids. A month after treatment he developed frequent, brief episodes of dysarthria and ataxia. These episodes were treated successfully with acetazolamide. He has remained symptom free for 9 years. Subsequent MRI studies have not shown any new lesions or disease recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: Paroxysmal dysarthria and ataxia is most often recognized as a complication of multiple sclerosis, but it can occur in other neurologic diseases with midbrain lesions near or involving the red nucleus. Effective treatments include carbamazepine, acetazolamide, lamotrigine, and phenytoin. Study Supported by: N/A. Disclosure: Dr. Klaas has nothing to disclose. Dr. Boes has nothing to disclose. Dr. Aksamit has nothing to disclose.
Screening the Postmodern, on Vivian Sobchack Screening Space: The American Science Fiction Film

Vivian Sobchack _Screening Space: The American Science Fiction Film_ New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 1987 ISBN 0-8135-2492-X 345 pp.
A Complementary/Congruence Model of Well-Being or Mental Health for the Community Elderly

The scope of this chapter is somewhat unusual. Ordinary treatment of such a topic would be a review and theoretical exposition or a briefer exposition linked to an empirical test of a model. Instead, this chapter comprises a review and theoretical exposition, including the operationalization of cogent variables, but a test of the model is not included. Reference is made to a pilot study, but its results are to follow in later publications. Thus the chapter presents a three-quarter view. The intent is to describe how theory was used to approach a research issue and to grapple with the many problems of measurement. Deviation from a traditional approach hinged on space considerations and the importance of focusing on the processes of trying to bring various perspectives to bear upon a problem. The chapter deals with integration of the literature toward development of a conceptual model and exemplars of the types of measurement strategies that fall within the domain of that model. The first section sketches the model’s parentage and special issues that bear upon its development and briefly outlines the model. The next section describes relevant aspects of models which serve as background and resource for subsequent sections describing the attempt to integrate and build upon existing knowledge to provide a framework for studying the effects on older people of personal and environmental characteristics. They deal with model components: person, environment, person-environment congruence, mediators, and outcomes. The final section is traditional in that it points to future work.
Effect of Ongoing Treatment of Amblyopia on Surgical Outcome in Esotropia

Purpose: Classic teaching recommends completion of amblyopia therapy prior to surgical correction of esotropia. Recent reports, however, suggest that incomplete treatment does not adversely affect surgical outcome. This study assesses the effect of incompletely treated amblyopia on the success rate of bimedial rectus recession in infantile and acquired esotropia. Methods: All patients (n=102) with esotropia undergoing bimedial rectus recession in 1994 who met inclusion criteria were reviewed. Subjects were classified as having infantile; acquired, partially accommodative; or acquired, nonaccommodative esotropia for comparison. Amblyopia was classified as none, mild, moderate, or severe. Surgical success was defined as orthophoria + 8 prism diopters and was assessed at the second postoperative visit (4 to 6 weeks after surgery). Other variables studied included mean surgical age, preoperative deviation, millimeters of surgery, and amount of follow up. Results: For all patients, surgical success rates were as follows: no amblyopia, 84.3% (43/51); mild amblyopia, 81.6% (31/38); and moderate amblyopia, 61.5% (8/13). All patients with severe amblyopia underwent unilateral recess/resect procedures and were excluded. Of the esotropia subgroups, a statistically significant decrease in surgical success was noted only in the infantile esotropia group with moderate amblyopia. For this group, success rates were as follows: no amblyopia, 77.1% (27/35); mild amblyopia, 81.0% (17/21); and moderate amblyopia, 16.7% (1/6), P=0.005. Conclusions: Performing corrective surgery on patients with infantile esotropia leads to poorer surgical outcome if moderate amblyopia is present at the time of surgery. Mild amblyopia, however, does not adversely affect surgical outcome in patients with infantile esotropia. Furthermore, the presence of mild or moderate amblyopia does not appear to have an influence on surgical outcome for patients with acquired esotropia. The effect of amblyopia on sensory outcome was not studied as most patients were too young for reliable sensory testing.
Reconstruction of long horizontal-path images under anisoplanatic conditions using multiframe blind deconvolution

All optical systems that operate in or through the atmosphere suffer from turbulence induced image blur. Both military and civilian surveillance, gun sighting, and target identification systems are interested in terrestrial imaging over very long horizontal paths, but atmospheric turbulence can blur the resulting images beyond usefulness. This work explores the mean square error (MSE) performance of a multiframe blind deconvolution (MFBD) technique applied under anisoplanatic conditions for both Gaussian and Poisson noise model assumptions. The technique is evaluated for use in reconstructing images of scenes corrupted by turbulence in long horizontal-path imaging scenarios. Performance is evaluated via the reconstruction of a common object from three sets of simulated turbulence degraded imagery representing low, moderate, and severe turbulence conditions. Each set consisted of 1000 simulated turbulence degraded images. The MSE performance of the estimator is evaluated as a function of the number of images, and the number of Zernike polynomial terms used to characterize the point spread function. A Gaussian noise model-based MFBD algorithm reconstructs objects that showed as much as 40% improvement in MSE with as few as 14 frames and 30 Zernike coefficients used in the reconstruction, despite the presence of anisoplanatism in the data. An MFBD algorithm based on the Poisson noise model required a minimum of 50 frames to achieve significant improvement over the average MSE for the data set. Reconstructed objects show as much as 38% improvement in MSE using 175 frames and 30 Zernike coefficients in the reconstruction.
Sesquiterpene lactones and flavones of Iva frutescens

Abstract Extraction of Iva frutescens L. ssp. frutescens gave a new germacranolide frutescin, whose structure was established, and the flavone centaureidin (5,7,3′-trihydroxy-3,6,4′-trimethoxy-flavone). Iva frutescens L. ssp. oraria (Bartlett) Jackson furnished pectolinarigenin (5,7-dihydroxy-6,4′-dimethoxyflavone) and hispidulin (6-methoxy-5,7,4′-trihydroxyflavone).
Asymptotic behavior of the potential and existence of a periodic solution for a second order differential equation

We establish the existence of a 2π-periodic solution for a second order semilinear equation in terms of the asymptotic behavior of the potential of the nonlinearity. Our condition includes the case in which the nonlinearity is asymptotically linear with slopes at infinity of the jumping nonlinearity between the positive axes and the first Fucik spectrum curve (see [S. Fucik (1976). Boundary value problems with jumping nonlinearities. Casopis Pest. Mat., 101, 69–87.]). Our results extend those of [L. Fernandez and F. Zanolin (1988). Periodic solutions of a second order differential equation with one-sided growth restriction on the restoning term. Arch. Math., 51, 151–163.].
Experts with a conflict of interest: a source of ambiguity?

We present an experimental design where uncertainty is generated from the advice of experts with conflicts of interest. In this experiment clients are faced with a variant of a multi-armed bandit problem with a random end-time. On the known arm (the “task screen”), clients can earn a certain payment per completion of a decoding task. However, clients may also opt for the unknown arm where they earn an uncertain amount if they end the experiment on this “expert screen”. The amount is uncertain to the clients because the value is being communicated through an “expert” with conflicted incentives. A control session provides for direct transmission of the value to the clients. Our results show that ambiguity aversion is alive-and-well in this environment. Also, when we vary the wage rate on the known arm we find that higher opportunity cost clients are less likely to heed the advice of conflicted experts.
Computer vision based station for tool setting and tool form measurement

Abstract A tool-setting station is described which uses a computer vision system to provide both position and tool shape information to the machine tool control computer. Performance tests are presented which show that both the positional repeatability of the system and the accuracy of the tool edge determination are about two micrometres (3σ). The algorithms used and the theoretical limitations of the method are discussed.
RAMAN STUDIES OF AEROSOL CHEMICAL REACTIONS

Abstract Since Professor Matijevite and his colleagues published pioneering work on aerosol chemical reactions, based on experiments with monodisperse aerosol generators and laminar flow reactors, there has been considerable progress in the chemical characterization of aerosol particles and the study of their chemical reactions. This paper surveys recent developments and new research on the application of Raman spectroscopy to gas/liquid and gas/solid aerosol reactions. Of particular interest are applications of the vibrating orifice aerosol generator and electrodynamic and optical levitators coupled to Raman spectrometers to explore aerosol chemistry. The systems examined include the production of polymeric microsphcrcs, the generation of metal oxide particles from alkoxide droplets, SQ2/sorbent particle reactions used for demilitarization of stick gases, chemical characterization of particle arrays, and reactions following collisions of dissimilar particles. The complications associated with the interpr...
Are salaried workers compensated for overtime hours

I explore the difference in hours of work and compensation between workers who are compensated for overtime hours and those who are not. I find that workers not paid for overtime work significantly more than workers who are. No previous research has tested whether or not salaried workers who are not paid for extra hours of work are compensated for their additional hours. My results indicate that these salaried workers are compensated for their additional work by receiving higher salaries in both current and future time periods.
Immobilized Enzyme-Linked DNA-Hybridization Assay with Electrochemical Detection for Cryptosporidium parvum hsp70 mRNA

An electrochemical enzyme-linked immobilized DNA-hybridization assay for the detection of Cryptosporidium parvum in water has been developed. The target molecule was a 121-nucleotide sequence from the C. parvum heat shock protein 70 (hsp70 mRNA from U71181 gene). This analyte offers the possibility of distinguishing dead from live oocysts. The assay involves covalent attachment of a primary DNA probe via its 5‘-amine-terminus to self-assembled monolayers of mercaptoundecanoic acid to a gold surface. The primary DNA probe was used to capture the target (sequence 1039−1082 of U71181gene for the mRNA), by hybridization to a 20-base complementary sequence on the target (at sequence 1063−1082). A secondary DNA probe labeled with alkaline phosphatase (AP) was then hybridized to base sequence 1039−1062 on the target. p-Aminophenol, which is enzymatically generated by the immobilized AP from p-aminophenyl phosphate (PAPP), is detected using electrochemistry. The peak current of cyclic voltammograms from a PAPP so...
Ab Initio Study of Water Adsorption on α-Al2O3 (0001) Crystal Surface

Ab Initio embedded cluster calculations were performed to study water adsorption on Al-terminated (0001) α-Al2O3 surface. We used the surface charge representation of the embedding electrostatic potential (SCREEP) model to give an accurate representation of the Madelung potential at the adsorption site. The geometry of the cluster was optimized to take into account the surface relaxation. Adsorption energies were obtained using the N-layer integrated molecular orbital model (ONIOM). In the case of water adsorption it was found that both dissociative and molecular adsorption minima exist, with adsorption energies of −31.57 and −23.40 kcal/mol, respectively, in agreement with experiment. Bond orders, covalences and full atomic valences were analyzed to investigate the changes in the chemical bonding during adsorption. Our results provide some insight into the scrambling of water and crystal oxygen atoms during water desorption in isotopic exchange experiments.
Gradient lithography of engineered proteins to fabricate 2D and 3D cell culture microenvironments

Spatial patterning of proteins is a valuable technique for many biological applications and is the prevailing tool for defining microenvironments for cells in culture, a required procedure in developmental biology and tissue engineering research. However, it is still challenging to achieve protein patterns that closely mimic native microenvironments, such as gradient protein distributions with desirable mechanical properties. By combining projection dynamic mask lithography and protein engineering with non-canonical photosensitive amino acids, we demonstrate a simple, scalable strategy to fabricate any user-defined 2D or 3D stable gradient pattern with complex geometries from an artificial extracellular matrix (aECM) protein. We show that the elastic modulus and chemical nature of the gradient profile are biocompatible and allow useful applications in cell biological research.
On the composite model for rough-surface scattering

The Kirchhoff method and the small perturbation method are usually used in combination in the composite model of rough-surface wave scattering. They are shown to be identical to the first order for scattering by a perfectly conducting body of a circularly polarized incident wave into a scattered wave polarized in the expected sense of circular polarization. Thus for this case, a single application of the Kirchhoff method is as accurate as the composite model and is simpler to apply. The identity remains valid for arbitrary directions of incidence and scattering, but not for other polarizations. Statements in the literature at variance with these results appear to be based on derivations which neglect some part of the complete solution.
Predicting Cyber-Production deviance in the workplace

The excessive use of the internet for non-work-related activities is a form of white-collar deviant behaviour at work. Applying the Theory of Reasoned Action, structural equation modelling was used to predict Cyber-Production (CP) deviant behaviours in the workplace. Attitude and intention to visit non-work-related websites were found to be important predictors of such behaviours. Workplace Subjective Norms (SN) had no impact on the tendency to perform CP deviant activities but did influence intention to visit work-related websites. The findings of the study contributed to an expanded understanding of the potential predictors of CP deviance in the workplace and suggested appropriate strategies for effective internet management.
Explicit Quark-hadron Duality in Heavy-light Meson Weak Decays in the 't Hooft Model

We compute the nonleptonic weak decay width of a heavy-light meson in 1+1 spacetime dimensions with a large number of QCD colors (the {close_quote}t Hooft model) as a function of the heavy quark mass. In this limit, QCD is exactly soluble, and decay modes are dominated by two-particle final states. We compare the results to the tree-level partonic decay width of the heavy quark in order to test quark-hadron duality in this universe. We find that this duality is surprisingly well satisfied in the heavy quark limit, in that the difference between the sum of exclusive partial widths and the tree-level partonic width approaches a constant as M{r_arrow}{infinity}, and the deviation is well-fit by a small 1/M correction. We comment on the meaning of this conclusion and its implications for the use of quark-hadron duality in hadronic physics. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
A Coaxial Load for Ultra-High-Frequency Calorimeter Wattmeters

A design is described for a broad-band coaxial water load suitable for use in ultra-high-frequency calorimeter wattmeters. The load utilizes a water-filled coaxial line as an attenuating section. The low input impedance of this line is matched to the standard transmission-cable impedance in a broadband matching section using a tapered dielectric composed of titanium dioxide. Several requirements influenced the design: the needs for broadband impedance characteristics, sturdy construction, small physical size, and for the ability to measure low powers quickly, being of prime importance. As a practical illustration, a brief description is given of a unit designed to operate in the 1000- to 3000-megacycle frequency ranges and the 5- to 150-watt power range.
Pharmacological investigation of salivary gland of Thais haemastoma (clench)

The salivary gland extract of Thais haemastoma was found to be a powerful vasodilator and hypotensive agent. When the extract was administered i.v. to anaesthetized cats at a dose of 5–20 mg per kg (expressed in terms of the crude gland) it produced a sustained fall in the blood pressure and a distinct bradycardia. The effect of the material on the blood pressure was partially blocked by atropine. The ld50 in mice was 43 mg per kg. In the isolated rabbit heart, the extract produced a decrease in the rate and amplitude of cardiac contractions and a decrease in the rate of coronary outflow. The extract caused contractions of isolated guinea-pig ileum and rabbit duodenum. These effects were not blocked by atropine.
Threonyl-tRNA synthetase gene maps close to leucyl-tRNA synthetase gene on human chromosome 5.

The structural gene for threonyl-tRNA synthetase was mapped to human chromosome 5 by an analysis of the isoelectric focusing patterns of this enzyme from human × Chinese hamster interspecific somatic cell hybrids. The threonyl-tRNA synthetase gene is the fourth of seven aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase genes mapped in humans to be assigned to this chromosome. Regional mapping studies showed that the threonyl-tRNA synthetase gene is on the short arm of chromosome 5, p13-cen, and is close to, but separable from, the gene for leucyl-tRNA synthetase which maps to 5cen-5q11.
Fine structure of the dorsal bristle complex and pellicle of Euplotes.

The fine structure of the dorsal bristle complex and pellicle of non-developing Euplotes eurystomus is described in detail by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The bristle-pit unit is a highly differentiated complex of organelles. The bristle complex is composed of a pair of kinetosomes (basal bodies) joined by a connective. The anterior kinetosome bears the bristle cilium, which contains a polarized network of particles ("lasiosomes"). The posterior kinetosome bears a very short, knob-like "condylocilium," and has an associated striated fiber. Accessory ribbons of microtubules are also associated with the kinetosome couplets. Parasomal sacs, a septum connecting the bristle cilium to the anterior wall of the pit, core granules of the kinetosomes, and large membranous ampules are described. The organization of the bristle complex bears many similarities to the somatic ciliature of other ciliates. The pellicle of Euplotes is composed of a continucus outer cell membrane subtended by membranous alveoli, which contain a "fibrous mat." Two sheets of subpellicular microtubules (longitudinal and transverse) are located just beneath the alveoli. The "epiplasm" seen in some other ciliates is apparently absent in Euplotes. The texture of the cell surface is a pattern of folds or rugae composed of the outer cell membrane and the upper membrane of the alveolus. The pattern of rugae probably defines the "silverline-system" of light microscopy.
A Bright Future for Substorms: Tenth International Conference on Substorms; San Luis Obispo, California, 22–26 March 2010

Intense auroral displays are caused by substorms, events in the Earth's magnetosphere consisting of an abundance of plasma physics processes. More than 120 scientists gathered to discuss the latest findings on this phenomenon at a conference organized by Vassilis Angelopoulos, Larry R. Lyons, and Robert L. McPherron of the University of California, Los Angeles. Just as a thunderstorm cannot be properly analyzed with a single weather station, substorms cannot be properly studied with a single satellite in the vastness of space. Recent satellite missions now provide several simultaneous observations of key processes. Extensive networks of ionospheric radars, magnetometers, and all-sky imagers extend around the world. This has resulted in unprecedented coverage and conjunctions, brightening scientists' understanding of substorms.
Neurotoxicity and dermatotoxicity of cyanomorpholinyl adriamycin

The highly lipophilic cyanomorpholinyl adriamycin (CMA) is the most potent antineoplastic anthracycline yet described. CNS distribution and toxicity were examined after i.v. administration of CMA to mice. At doses ⩾0.1 mg/kg, a neurotoxic syndrome including ataxia, hypokinesia, and tremors appeared. At doses of ⩽0.05 mg/kg, which have been reported to be antineoplastic, no neurotoxicity was observed. On histopathologic examination, no changes were observed in the brain, spinal cord, or dorsal root ganglia. Unlike adriamycin (ADR), which rapidly appears in the nuclei of several tissues, CMA showed no fluorescence, suggesting a different cellular microcompartmentalization. The i.d. injection of CMA disclosed a 200-fold increase in toxicity compared with that of adriamycin. In comparisons of CMA and ADR, neurotoxicity and cardiotoxicity occurred equally only at higher doses; however, the dermatotoxicity and antineoplastic activity of CMA were increased several hundred-fold.
VARIABILITY FLAGGING IN THE WIDE-FIELD INFRARED SURVEY EXPLORER PRELIMINARY DATA RELEASE

The Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer Preliminary Data Release Source Catalog contains over 257 million objects. We describe the method used to flag variable source candidates in the Catalog. Using a method based on the chi-square of single-exposure flux measurements, we generated a variability flag for each object, and have identified almost 460,000 candidate sources that exhibit significant flux variability with greater than ~7σ confidence. We discuss the flagging method in detail and describe its benefits and limitations. We also present results from the flagging method, including example light curves of several types of variable sources including Algol-type eclipsing binaries, RR Lyr, W UMa, and a blazar candidate.
Prostaglandin regulation of macrophage function: Effect of endogenous and exogenous prostaglandins

Abstract The expression of macrophage antitumor activity and the production of prostaglandins (PG) by operationally defined macrophage populations differed under varying culture conditions. Culture conditions that caused increased PGE 2 production by activated macrophages resulted in an inhibition of their tumoricidal activity. In contrast, production of high levels of PGE 2 by resident and elicited macrophages was associated with an increase in antitumor activity. The activation of resident or elicited cells by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) could be blocked by indomethacin. Treatment of these macrophages with PGE 2 alone also resulted in their activation and subsequent tumor cell destruction. Activation of resident and elicited macrophages by LPS appears to be mediated by PGE 2 .
TERMS OF INCLUSION: UNITY AND DIVERSITY IN PUBLIC EDUCATION

In this review essay, Harvey Kantor and Robert Lowe explore the history of the culture wars in public education in the United States. Drawing on three books — David Tyack’s Seeking Common Ground, Jonathan Zimmerman’s Whose America? and Amy Binder’s Contentious Curricula— Kantor and Lowe review the history of struggles over the content of history texts and over the place of religion and religious values in the classroom. They suggest that while these struggles have been partially successful in freeing public education from the racial and ethno-religious particularisms that informed its origins, the more inclusive curriculum that resulted from these efforts has been rendered largely symbolic by the persistence of segregation and the inequality of resources that accompanies it.
A Platform for Rapid Detection of Multiple Oncogenic Mutations With Relevance to Targeted Therapy in Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer

The identification of somatically acquired tumor mutations is increasingly important in the clinical management of cancer because the sensitivity of targeted drugs is related to the genetic makeup of individual tumors. Thus, mutational profiles of tumors can help prioritize anticancer therapy. We report herein the development and validation of two multiplexed assays designed to detect in DNA from FFPE tissue more than 40 recurrent mutations in nine genes relevant to existing and emerging targeted therapies in lung cancer. The platform involves two methods: a screen (SNaPshot) based on multiplex PCR, primer extension, and capillary electrophoresis that was designed to assess for 38 somatic mutations in eight genes (AKT1, BRAF, EGFR, KRAS, MEK1, NRAS, PIK3CA, and PTEN) and a PCR-based sizing assay that assesses for EGFR exon 19 deletions, EGFR exon 20 insertions, and HER2 exon 20 insertions. Both the SNaPshot and sizing assays can be performed rapidly, with minimal amounts of genetic material. Compared with direct sequencing, in which mutant DNA needs to compose 25% or more of the total DNA to easily detect a mutation, the SNaPshot and sizing assays can detect mutations in samples in which mutant DNA composes 1.56% to 12.5% and 1.56% to 6.25% of the total DNA, respectively. These robust, reliable, and relatively inexpensive assays should help accelerate adoption of a genotype-driven approach in the treatment of lung cancer.
Relevance Judgments and the Incremental Presentation of Document Representations.

Abstract A new approach to the solicitation and measurement of relevance judgments is presented, which attempts to resolve some of the difficulties inherent in the nature of relevance and human judgment, and which further seeks to examine how users' judgments of document representations change as more information about documents is revealed to them. Subjects (university faculty and doctoral students) viewed three incremental versions of documents, and recorded ratio-level relevance judgments for each version. These judgments were analyzed by a variety of methods, including graphical inspection and examination of the number and degree of changes of judgments as new information is seen. A post questionnaire was also administered to obtain subjects' perceptions of the process and the individual fields of information presented. A consistent pattern of perception and importance of these fields is seen: Abstracts are by far the most important field and have the greatest impact, followed by titles, bibliographic information, and indexing.
Definition of the site of reactivity of the ancestral protease of the papain type

Abstract Digestions of oxidized insulin B chain by the sulfhydryl proteases papain, chymopapain, papaya peptidase A, actinidin, bromelain, ficin and asclepains
The significance and use of the friction coefficient

Abstract The quantity known as the friction coefficient (or ‘coefficient of friction’) has long been used in science and engineering. It is easy to define, but not easy to understand on a fundamental level. Conceptually defined as the ratio of two forces acting, respectively, perpendicular and parallel to an interface between two bodies under relative motion or impending relative motion, this dimensionless quantity turns out to be convenient for depicting the relative ease with which materials slide over one another under particular circumstances. Despite the fact that both static and kinetic friction coefficients can be measured with little difficulty under laboratory conditions, the time- and condition-dependent characteristics of friction coefficients associated with both clean and lubricated surfaces have proven exceedingly difficult to predict a priori from first principles. The shaky nature of friction's fundamental underpinnings, has not prevented investigators from compiling lists of friction coefficients and publishing them for general use. Problems often arise, however, when engineers attempt to use tabulated friction coefficients to solve specific problems in mechanical design or failure analysis. The systems-dependence of frictional behavior is sometimes ignored, leading to misapplication of published data. This is particularly true for applications in nano-technology and others that differ from typical laboratory size scales. This paper will review the measurement and use of static and kinetic friction coefficients, discuss their usefulness, and describe the sources of frictional resistances in terms of shear localization.
Cyclin D1 and FADD as Biomarkers in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Objective. Cyclin D1 and FADD (Fas-associated protein with death domain) regulate the cell cycle and apoptosis, respectively, and are located on chromosome 11q13, which is frequently amplified in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). This study evaluates these proteins as predictors of clinical outcomes for HNSCC.Study Design. Historical cohort study.Setting. Academic tertiary care center.Subjects. Two hundred twenty-two patients with upper aerodigestive HNSCC.Results. Patients with tumors that were strongly positive for cyclin D1 and FADD had reduced overall (OS; P = .003 and P < .001), disease-specific (DSS; P = .039 and P < .001), and disease-free (DFS; P = .026 and P < .001) survival, respectively. Together, the 2 markers effectively stratified OS (P < .001), DSS (P < .001), and DFS (P = .002). Strong FADD staining correlated with greater alcohol consumption and varied significantly with primary tumor site: 56% of hypopharynx tumors expressed high levels of FADD but only 7% of glottis tumors....
Formulation for a fixed-charge, separable nonlinear production planning problem

A production planning problem for which the objective function contains both separable and fixed-charge components is formulated under the assumptions of separable constraint functions and a- minimum production level. It is shown that for this problem, the well known application of the λ separation technique can be extended to allow the separation variables, λ, to represent the fixed charge component as well as the nonlinear components of the objective function. The result is the formulation of an approximating problem that has a degree of solution complexity comparable to that of usual separable programs. An application of such formulation to the electric utility generation scheduling problem is presented.
Inducible degradation of checkpoint kinase 2 links to cisplatin-induced resistance in ovarian cancer cells

Checkpoint kinase 2 (Chk2) is one of the critical kinases governing the cell cycle checkpoint, DNA damage repair, and cell apoptosis in response to DNA damaging signals. In the present report, we demonstrate that Chk2 kinase is degraded at the protein level in response to cisplatin through ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. This degradation was independent of the Thr68 phosphorylation, ATM kinase, and BRCA1 tumor suppressor. Examination of Chk2 protein revealed a decreased expression of Chk2 protein in cisplatin-resistant ovarian cancer cell lines, suggesting that degradation or decreased expression of Chk2 is partially responsible for chemo-resistance. Site-directed mutation of the putative destruction box in the Chk2 protein did not affect the Chk2 degradation induced by cisplatin. Therefore, these results are the first to indicate a novel mechanism of regulating Chk2 in cisplatin-induced resistance of cancer cells.
Has LVEF changed beyond chance? Limits of agreement of radiotracer-derived LVEF

Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) is one of the strongest predictors of cardiac outcomes. Any patient with known or suspected heart disease will have at least one assessment of LVEF by a noninvasive imaging technique. Usually, an approximation of global LV function will suffice: an estimated or calculated LVEF; normal or abnormal, and if abnormal, to what degree is left ventricular function compromised. Such crude categorization will usually suffice in clinical practice. However, when cardiac function is assessed repeatedly e.g. to determine the effect of therapeutic interventions or to follow the course of cardiac disease, more precise measurements are required. It is then that it is important to know which change in LVEF can be confidently considered to be a real change beyond chance?
Was Willis right? Thoughts on the interaction of depression and diabetes

Recent studies suggest that depression may be an independent risk factor for developing type 2 diabetes. At a time when this disease is an epidemic, identifying interventions that could prevent or delay the onset of diabetes is a high priority, and treating depression in people predisposed to diabetes could be an effective approach. Future studies should establish a causal relationship between depression and the occurrence of type 2 diabetes, as well as possible mechanisms to explain the relationship, should one be observed.
Retrospective reports of behavioral inhibition and young adults' current symptoms of social anxiety, depression, and anxious arousal.

The primary goal of this study was to investigate the specificity of the social versus nonsocial components of self-reported behavioral inhibition during childhood with young adults’ current symptoms of anhedonic depression, social anxiety, and anxious arousal. As hypothesized, the social component of BI demonstrated some specificity for symptoms of social anxiety versus other internalizing disorders. Furthermore, results support the hypothesis that the relationship between BI and depressive symptoms is mediated by levels of social anxiety and anxious arousal.
Quantitation of corneal endothelial potentials using a carbocyanine dye

The carbocyanine dye, diS-C3-(5) was used to quantitate the plasma membrane potential of the bullfrog corneal endothelium. It was shown that valinomycin hyperpolarized the endothelial cell and that in the presence of the ionophore the membrane potential largely reflected the K+ equilibrium potential. Using calibration curves constructed by changing medium K+ concentration in the presence of valinomycin, and nigericin and ouabain to abolish ion gradients and electrogenic pump activity, the cell membrane potential was calculated to be 28.6 +/- 4.2 mV. The major source of this potential was a K+ diffusion potential, and the membrane Na+ conductance reduced the cell potential to less than the apparent K+ equilibrium potential of 51.5 +/- 5.1 mV. About 20% of the cell potential could be ascribed to the rheogenic (Na+ + K+)-ATPase.
The role of multivalent cations in the organization and structure of bacterial cell walls

Abstract Incubation of P . aeruginosa with EDTA induced the formation of osmotically fragile rods. These could be restored to osmotically stable forms by multivalent cations. The lipopolysaccharide component of the cell wall was inferred to be the site of attack by EDTA. A mechanism for the synthesis of the lipopolysaccharide sacculus was proposed.
Acidified phenol alters tomato cell wall pectin solubility and calcium content

Abstract The inactivation of cell wall enzymes is often accomplished by exposing the wall to phenol-acetic acid-water (PAW; 2:1:1, w/v/v) during isolation. We investigated the influence of this solvent on the solubility characteristics of pectin and calcium in cell wall derived from tomato pericarp tissue. When placed in 50 mM NaOAc at pH 6.5, cell wall from ripe fruit which had not received a PAW treatment released from 25 to 30 μg galacturonic acid equivalents (mg cell wall) −1 . The inclusion of the chelator cyclohexane- trans - 1,2-diamine tetraacetic acid (CDTA) increased recoveries from non-PAW treated wall to nearly 160 μg mg −1 . In contrast, PAW-treated wall from ripe fruit when placed in buffer without chelator released 170 μ mg −1 ; recoveries were not enhanced in the presence of chelator. Pectin solubility was also enhanced in PAW-treated wall from mature-green pericarp. PAW-treated wall exhibited a 35–50% reduction in calcium and showed greatly enhanced susceptibility to hydrolysis by polygalacturonase. Buffered phenol was examined as a possible alternative to PAW. Cell wall exposed to Tris-buffered phenol (pH 7.0) were enzymically inactive, showed no reduction in calcium and exhibited chelator-dependent pectin solubilization.
Parathyroid hormone and parathyroid hormone-related peptide, and their receptors

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) has a central role in the regulation of serum calcium and phosphate, while parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP) has important developmental roles. Both peptides signal through the same receptor, the PTH/PTHrP receptor (a class B G-protein-coupled receptor). The different biological effects of these ligands result from their modes of regulation and secretion, endocrine vs. paracrine/autocrine. The importance of PTH and PTHrP is evident by the variety of clinical syndromes caused by deficiency or excess production of either peptide, and the demonstration that intermittent injection of PTH increases bone mass, and thus provides a means to treat osteoporosis. This, in turn, has triggered increased interest in understanding the mechanisms of PTH/PTHrP receptor action and the search for smaller peptide or non-peptide agonists that have efficacy at this receptor when administered non-parenterally.
Cationic complexes of iridium: diiodobenzene chelation, electrophilic behavior with olefins, and fluxionality of an Ir(I) ethylene complex.

The synthesis of a series of dicationic Ir(III) complexes is described. Reaction of Ir(CO)(dppe)I (dppe = 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane)) with RI (R = CH3 and CF3) results in formation of the Ir...
Investigation of single crystal 4H-SiC growth by the Solvent–Laser Heated Floating Zone technique

Abstract The Solvent–Laser Heated Floating Zone (solvent–LHFZ) growth technique has been implemented to grow long single crystal silicon carbide (SiC) fibers. This technique combines the long fiber growth ability of laser heated floating zone with crystal growth by traveling solvent method׳s ability to grow single crystal SiC. This paper presents a complete look at the initial SiC growth study by solvent–LHFZ. This study shows that solvent–LHFZ readily grows single crystal SiC, growth rates are a function of both growth temperature and carbon concentration in the crystal growth source material, solvent incorporation is a function of carbon concentration in the crystal growth source material, and that an ordered growth front must be achieved in order to grow a long single crystal SiC fiber.
Mechanisms of resolution of allergic contact dermatitis

Abstract Photoallergic and allergic contact dermatitis are examples of type IV hypersensitivity reactions that involve T cell-mediated immune responses against haptens that come into contact with the skin. These two types of allergies differ in that for routine contact allergens, the hapten is usually a chemically reactive species that readily couples to host proteins; for photoallergic reactions, UV light (320–400 nm) is necessary to generate (“photoactivate”) the chemically reactive hapten. From this point on, both photoallergic and allergic contact dermatitis are likely to proceed along the same pathways. For both types of cutaneous delayed-type hypersensitivity, there are naturally occurring mechanisms that terminate this type of T cell-mediated inflammation (tolerance induction). An important tolerance mechanism in the skin involves the induction of T-cell clonal anergy by “amateur” antigen-presenting cells such as keratinocytes. Advances in the understanding of the molecular pathways of T-cell activation and inactivation by antigen-presenting cells have identified critical signaling molecules such as B7/BB-1 antigen. The overexpression of these signaling molecules by the keratinocytes of transgenic mice disrupts the normal kinetics of resolution of murine contact hypersensitivity. These animals have prolonged contact hypersensitivity reactions that resemble some chronic dermatologic conditions in humans. This animal model may be a useful tool to better understand chronic allergic and photoallergic contact dermatitis.
Proposal for a mesoscopic cavity QED realization of the Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger state.

A proposal is made for obtaining a mesoscopic realization of the Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) "all or nothing" contradiction between quantum mechanics and local realism in the context of cavity QED. The proposed experiment involves three separated micromaser cavities, each initially prepared in a coherent state, which are then entangled by dispersive atom-field interactions followed by selective ionization of a single atom that has passed through all three cavities. The cavities are then probed individually by single atoms manipulated to obtain a measurement of the parity of the cavity fields. Using an isomorphism between coherent-state cavity fields and a spin-\textonehalf{} system, we show how this experiment gives rise to violations of local realism in the manner of GHZ.
The diagnosis and treatment of subclinical hypothyroid states in depressed patients

Abstract The diagnosis and treatment of subclinical hypothyroidism in mood-disordered patients is complex and somewhat controversial. The psychiatrist must recognize that such subclinical states may contribute to depression, mood cycling, or delayed response to treatment if undetected. Autoimmune thyroiditis, which may ultimately lead to various grades of hyporhyroidism, may also be seen in depressed populations, particularly in postpartum females. The author discusses these issues by means of a clinical vignette, then proposes an algorithm for the diagnosis and treatment of hypothyroid states in mood disordered populations.