cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tools to export published datasets together with metadata from IDL/Python/MATLAB and πScope

Abstract This paper presents the efforts at PSFC to comply with a new directive from the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy, which requires that all publications supported by federal funding agencies (e.g. Department of Energy Office of Science, National Science Foundation) include machine-readable datasets for figures and tables (“open data requirement”). The memorandum [ 1 ] includes a specific language indicating that the data must be “stored and publicly accessible to search, retrieve and analysis”, which discourages the use of proprietary formats such as an IDL save sets and promotes the use of more openly available data formats. The manual effort required for producing a well documented, and thereby potentially useful dataset is not trivial. At PSFC, we defined a standard schema for data and metadata to comply with the new open data requirement. We chose HDF5 for our dataset file format and developed dataset file generation tools in several commonly used scientific languages (IDL, MATLAB, Python), and πScope [2,3], a python data analysis environment. A new web-based document submission and distribution system was also developed for the PSFC library to manage and distribute the collection of files associated with each manuscript.
Pylorus-Preserving Pancreatoduodenectomy for Severe Complications of Chronic Pancreatitis

Anatomical changes around or within the head of the pancreas, resulting from chronic pancreatitis that is frequently alcohol induced, can be associated with abdominal pain. In symptomatic patients we follow the Longmire principle, i.e., that the head of the pancreas acts as a pacemaker for the pathological inflammatory process and thus must be removed. Using the pylorus-preserving pancreatoduodenectomy (PPPD) technique we have alleviated clinical symptoms of benign disease with few sequelae, permitting long-term follow-up. Careful selection of patients according to pathological criteria, and the requirement for a functioning pylorus, are emphasized. Selection criteria, anatomical anomalies, surgical techniques, and hospital data for 42 patients undergoing surgery between 1986 and 1995 are reviewed in this chapter. Commonly encountered were pancreatic pseudocysts, obstructions of pancreatic or biliary ducts or the duodenum, arteriovenous fistula, and abnormalities of the upper abdominal blood supply. Development of a seromuscular envelope with contained end-to-end mucosa-to-mucosa pancreaticojejunostomy has recently eliminated the problem of anastomosis leakage. Abdominal pain is completely relieved for most patients. Nearly all the patients in this series returned to their normal lifestyle. The 5-year survival rate in patients over five years after surgery was 88%.
Passive Polymerase Control of DNA Replication Fidelity: Evidence Against Unfavored Tautomer Involvement in 2-Aminopurine-Induced Base-Transition Mutations

We consider the role of unfavored tautomers in causing base-substitution transition mutations. Data obtained with the base analogue 2-aminopurine (AP) for the frequency of forming AP T and AP C base mispairs can be shown to be in probable conflict with tautomer model predictions. An alternative model, in which individual hydrogen bonds exhibit different bond strengths depending upon their ring position, is proposed to account for the frequencies of forming correct and incorrect base pairs. In this “differential H-bonding” model, disfavored tautomers of AP and those of common nucleotides play a generally insignificant role. A hydrogen-bonding free energy scale is derived in which free energy differences are obtained for all possible matched and mismatched base pairs. We also show that recent in vitro data for the formation of AP C base pairs are consistent with a “passive polymerase” theoretical model in which base selection is governed not by the enzyme but by differences in base-pairing free energies.
Manilius and the Logistics of Salting in the Roman World

Taking Manilius’ description of the processing of fish in Astronomica 5.656–81 as its starting point this paper examines the relationship of fish salting to other aspects of the exploitation of the marine ecosystems in particular the exploitation of coastal salt lagoons. Despite the paucity of evidence for salterns dated to the Roman period several can be associated with fish salting installations, for example, at O Areal (Vigo, Galicia) and Punta de l’Arenal (Javea, Alicante). The paper concludes by considering epigraphic evidence for connections between the personnel involved in the catching and sale of fish, and the provision of raw materials.
Regulation of BK Channel Activity by Cholesterol and Its Derivatives

Cholesterol (CLR) is an essential structural lipid in the plasma membrane of animal cells. In addition, CLR has been widely recognized as a critical modulator of protein function, including ion channels. Voltage- and Ca2+-gated K+ (BK) channels control a wide variety of physiological processes, including cell excitability, smooth muscle contractility, sensory perception, neurotransmitter release, and hormone secretion. Thus, disruption of BK currents has been implicated in the pathophysiology of prevalent human diseases. The current chapter reviews the literature documenting CLR modulation of BK channel function at a variety of levels ranging from organ systems to artificial lipid bilayers. We discuss the use of CLR isomers and structural analogs as a tool to help in discerning the mechanisms underlying CLR-driven modification of BK current. The chapter is finalized with an overview of the phenomenology and potential mechanisms that govern CLR control over the alcohol (ethyl alcohol, ethanol) sensitivity of BK channels. Studies on CLR regulation of BK currents may ultimately pave the way for novel therapeutic approaches to combat prevalent pathophysiological and morbid conditions.
Can Telemedicine Replace the First Post Op Visit for Knee Arthroscopy in Adolescents

INTRODUCTION: A gap in the literature exists regarding comparative efficacy of a telemedicine visit with the in-office visit. Little data exists in the field of sports medicine in terms of the ability of a telemedicine visit to provide the clinician and patient with adequate information to replace office visits safely and accurately for adolescent arthroscopy patients. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and feasibility of a telemedicine visit compared to routine post-operative visits for adolescents that …
LACK OF A THRESHOLD SIZE FOR AUTONOMOUSLY FUNCTIONING THYROID NODULES THAT EXCLUDES HYPERTHYROIDISM.

Objective: To correlate the size of autonomously functioning thyroid nodules (AFTNs) with thyroid function tests. Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed of data from patients with a diagnosis of a single AFTN who were seen in a university-based endocrinology clinic between January 1, 2003, and December 31, 2015. Patients with a nuclear thyroid scan confirming the presence of an AFTN without significant cystic degeneration were included in the study. Results: The volume of the AFTN and the corresponding thyroid function tests were compared in 32 patients who met inclusion criteria. There was no correlation between the volume of the AFTN and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels (r2 = 0.044). There was also no volume threshold below which an AFTN was always associated with a TSH within the reference range. Conclusion: The results agree with the findings of other recent studies comparing the volume of AFTNs with TSH levels, suggesting that smaller nodules can still demonstrate subclinical and overt hyperthyroidism and that a normal TSH level does not preclude the presence of an AFTN. Abbreviations: AFTN = autonomously functioning thyroid nodule; T3 = triiodothyronine; T4 = thyroxine; TSH = thyroid-stimulating hormone.
Hormones of the Testes

Abstract Testicular hormones are essential regulators of the endocrine and reproductive systems. The hormones produced by the testis are classified into two major groups, the steroid hormones, in particular testosterone, and the peptides hormones, those of activin/inhibin family. Both groups play divergent roles in the human physiology and provoke their actions within the testis, intratesticular, and outside of the organ, extragonadal. This chapter presents a current state of knowledge of the variety and roles of testicular hormones with a particular focus on their synthesis, secretion, metabolism, mechanism of action, and physiologic functions.
Integrating Hispanic Immigrant Youth: Perspectives from White and Black Americans in Emerging Hispanic Communities and Schools.

Acculturation is bidirectional and includes not only the process of Hispanics adaptation to US culture(s) but also the process of US cultural adaptations to Hispanics. Our study examines the accult...
[Human health risks derived from dietary exposure to arsenic in Shaanxi Province in 2013-2015].

Objective To understand the daily intake of arsenic via daily dietary of Shaanxi inhabitants, and to assess the possible adverse health impact. Methods The arsenic contents of 4287 samples were analyzed statistically. The safety of arsenic intake was evaluated by using the dietary arsenic PTWI recommended by JECFA. The health risk was assessed with USEPA health risk assessment model. Results The arsenic contents of grains and vegetables were 0. 0265 mg / kg and 0. 0271 mg / kg, respectively. Grains and vegetables were major part of the daily diet of residents, 80% of dietary arsenic intake was from which. The average and the higher dietary intake of arsenic were 0. 423 and 1. 10μg /( kg·d), respectively, which was lower than the standard of PTWI recommended by JECFA. But the values of the individual health risk were 9. 03 × 10~(-5) and 2. 34 × 10~(-4)a~(-1), the both of which were higher than the standard of ICRP. That showed a potential health risk from As via dietary exposure for the residents. Conclusion Although the average dietary intake of arsenic is in a safe range, the health risk caused by the risk cannot be ignored.
Critical speeding up as an early warning signal of stochastic regime shifts

The use of critical slowing down as an early warning indicator for regime switching in observations from noisy dynamical systems and models has been widely studied and implemented in recent years. Some systems, however, have been shown to avoid critical slowing down prior to a transition between equilibria (Ditlevsen and Johnsen, Geophysical Research Letters, 37(19), 2010; Hastings and Wysham, Ecol Lett 13(4):464–472, 2010). Possible explanations include a non-smooth potential driving the dynamic (Hastings and Wysham, Ecol Lett 13(4):464–472, 2010) or large perturbations driving the system out of the initial basin of attraction (Boettiger and Batt 2020). In this paper, we discuss a phenomenon analogous to critical slowing down, where a slow parameter change leads to a high likelihood of a regime shift and creates signature warning signs in the statistics of the process’s sample paths. This effect, which we dub “critical speeding up,” is demonstrated using a simple population model exhibiting an Allee effect. In short, if a basin of attraction is compressed under a parameter change then the potential well steepens, leading to a drop in the time series’ variance and autocorrelation; precisely the opposite warning signs exhibited by critical slowing down. The fact that either falling or rising variance / autocorrelation can indicate imminent state change should underline the need for reliable modeling of any empirical system where one desires to forecast regime change.
Diabetes induced decreases in PKA signaling in cardiomyocytes: the role of insulin

The cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) signaling pathway is the primary means by which the heart regulates moment-to-moment changes in contractility and metabolism. We have previously found that PKA signaling is dysfunctional in the diabetic heart, yet the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. The objective of this study was to determine if decreased insulin signaling contributes to a dysfunctional PKA response. To do so, we isolated adult cardiomyocytes (ACMs) from wild type and Akita type 1 diabetic mice. ACMs were cultured in the presence or absence of insulin and PKA signaling was visualized by immunofluorescence microscopy using an antibody that recognizes proteins specifically phosphorylated by PKA. We found significant decreases in proteins phosphorylated by PKA in wild type ACMs cultured in the absence of insulin. Akita ACMs also had decreased PKA signaling in the absence of insulin and this was not rescued by insulin. The decrease in PKA signaling was observed regardless of whether the kinase was stimulated with a beta-agonist, a cell-permeable cAMP analog, or with phosphodiesterase inhibitors. PKA content was unaffected, suggesting that the decrease in PKA signaling may be occurring by the loss of specific PKA substrates. Phospho-specific antibodies were therefore used to discern which potential substrates may be sensitive to the loss of insulin. Contractile proteins were phosphorylated similarly in wild type and Akita ACMs regardless of insulin. However, phosphorylation of the glycolytic regulator, PFK-2, was significantly decreased in an insulin-dependent manner in wild type ACMs and in an insulin-independent manner in Akita ACMs. These results demonstrate a defect in PKA activation in the diabetic heart, mediated in part by deficient insulin signaling, that results in an abnormal activation of a primary metabolic regulator.
Male/Female Is Not Enough: Adding Measures of Masculinity and Femininity to General Population Surveys

Survey research’s sole reliance on binary measures of sex is out of line with contemporary sociological gender theory. By measuring only sex, surveys conflate sex with gender, ignoring variability in gender identification within sex categories and overlap in gender identification between sex categories. As a result, quantitative analyses may lead to statistical misrepresentations about how sex and gender organize social life. In this paper, we examine a gradational gender identification measure administered in a national probability sample mail survey. We assess item nonresponse and reliability, evaluating how gender identification is associated with a binary sex measure and with other demographic measures as well as whether it is subject to context effects due to question order. We also examine predictive validity for a number of outcomes that sociological gender theory and previous literature suggest should be related to gender beyond sex or in different ways for men and women. We find that respondents are able to answer the gender identification measure, that the item nonresponse rate is similar to that for the binary sex measure, and that the measure exhibits reasonable reliability and validity. Importantly, the measure adds explanatory value beyond sex when predicting several outcomes.
Process Safety in the Curriculum: Explosion Prevention Technical Elective

This work involves the integration of engineering design and practice throughout a chemical engineering curriculum. The students work on a case study from their sophomore through senior years. In this way, the students see how much of the important material in the curriculum interacts. This research also demonstrates how to handle a program of this type with a large number of co-op students.
Love at First Click: Surgery Residency Websites in the Virtual Era.

INTRODUCTION: Frequently, a residency program's website is the first interaction students interested in surgery have with the program. In the setting of virtual interviews for residency in 2020, the online availability of program information is of heightened importance. We sought to assess how academic versus community-based general surgery residency programs compared with respect to certain details on their websites. METHODS: A total of nâ¯=â¯268 surgery residency programs were investigated. Our database of website characteristics included: direct link to residency website from the American Council on Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) program page, resident research requirement, listing of residents' publications, availability of residents' demographic information, program alumni information, board pass rates, attrition rate, detail of educational/academic activities, residents' evaluation methods, diversity, and mentorship. Inter-group analyses between academic and community-based programs were performed using Pearson's Chi-squared test. RESULTS: Academic and community-based general surgery residency program websites were compared based on twelve (12) different parameters. Statistically significant differences were observed for eight of these comparisons: direct website access from ACGME (pâ¯=â¯0.007), research highlighted (p < 0.001), resident research requirement (pâ¯=â¯0.002), resident demographic information available (p=0.004), alumni information (pâ¯=â¯0.005), resident evaluation methods (pâ¯=â¯0.016), diversity (p < 0.001), and mentorship (pâ¯=â¯0.012). Across these domains, academic programs had more information available on their websites than the community programs did. The program websites did not differ significantly based on the frequency of mentioning resident publications, board pass rate, attrition rate, or resident education. CONCLUSION: Many general surgery programs are lacking detailed information on their websites. The amount of website information available on general surgery residency programs differs when comparing academic and community-based programs.
Associations between patient knowledge of others' experiences and treatment choice in men with localized prostate cancer.

6578Background: Men with localized prostate cancer must select from multiple treatment options, without one clear best choice. Consequently, personal factors, such as knowing other prostate cancer ...
Cataract Surgical Planning Using Online Software vs Traditional Methods: A Time/Motion and Quality of Care Study

Purpose The objective of this study is to compare two methods of preoperative planning for placement of intraocular implants: traditional paper documentation/electronic scans versus a novel online planning software. The aim was to compare the time required and number of data points manually transcribed with each method and to explore whether differences in surgical accuracy could be identified between the two methods in a small sample of 40 patients. Methods In this study, preoperative planning was performed twice for all enrolled patients: once through the traditional method and once using an online planning software system. The total time spent and number of data points manually transferred were recorded for each method. Results Of the 40 patients enrolled, the mean total surgical planning time was 239 ± 190 seconds for the traditional method vs 63 ± 31 seconds with the online planning software (P<0.00001). The mean number of data points transcribed was 7.2 ± 7.2 for the traditional method vs 0.9 ± 1.7 with the online planning software (P<0.0000001). No statistically significant differences were noted in terms of accuracy of prediction of the spherical equivalent surgical outcome. Conclusion In comparison to traditional methods, a significant reduction in time required for surgical planning and the manual transcription of data points was noted when a comprehensive online surgical planning software was used. This has important implications for the efficiency and likely the safety of surgical planning.
Daily associations between alcohol and sweets craving and consumption in early AUD recovery: Results from an ecological momentary assessment study

Abstract Introduction Alcohol cravings can predict relapse in persons with alcohol use disorder (AUD). Consuming sweets is a commonly recommend strategy to quell alcohol cravings in early recovery from AUD, yet research is equivocal on whether consuming sweets mitigates alcohol cravings or relapse risk. The current study used ecological momentary assessment (EMA) data to examine real-time alcohol cravings, sweet cravings, and consumption of sweets among adults in early recovery from AUD. Methods We used EMA methods to follow 25 adults (n = 14 women, 56%; M. age 40, S.D. 10.68) recently discharged from a partial hospitalization program for AUD for 21 days. Prompts were sent to the participants for completion four times per day via a mobile app. EMA data were disaggregated prior to analysis to examine between- and within-person effects. A series of three mixed linear models tested: 1) the contemporaneous effect of sweet and alcohol cravings, 2) alcohol cravings predicting sweet consumption later in the day, and 3) sweet consumption predicting alcohol craving later in the day. Results The results of the first model revealed alcohol cravings were associated with sweet cravings early in recovery. In the second model, no effect occurred between alcohol cravings earlier in the day predicting sweet consumption later in the day. The third model suggested consuming sweets earlier in the day predicted higher alcohol cravings later in the day. Discussion Sweet craving and consumption are associated with alcohol cravings among adults in early recovery from AUD. These findings suggest consuming sweets may increase alcohol cravings. If future studies can replicate this result, consuming sweets in early recovery may emerge as a potential risk for relapse in this population.
Phase II Multi-Institutional Study of Low-Dose (2 Gy x 2) Palliative Radiotherapy for Symptomatic Bone Metastases From Multiple Myeloma.

Purpose/objective(s) Painful osteolytic bone lesions are common in patients with multiple myeloma (MM). Radiotherapy (RT) is effective in providing pain relief from MM bone lesions in over 80% of patients. There is no consensus as to the most effective dose or fractionation for palliation. Shorter courses of RT are not only more convenient for patients and their families, but they also have less impact on timing of systemic therapies. There is precedent for using 2 Gy x 2 for palliation of lymphomas, which have similar radiosensitivity to myeloma. The primary objective is to determine whether treatment with 2 Gy x 2 to painful myeloma bone lesions achieves patient-reported pain reduction comparable to historical controls at 4 weeks. Secondary objectives will assess QOL endpoints, use of analgesia and time to pain relief, and duration of pain relief. Materials/methods Patients who consent to participation will complete quality of life and pain questionnaires (Brief Pain Index, EORTC QLQ-BM22, and EORTC QLQ-C30) prior to treatment and at 2,4,8 weeks and 6 months following treatment. Pain response, as defined by the international consensus on palliative RT for bone metastases, will be measured based on BPI and daily oral morphine equivalent. Reirradiation at standard dose can be considered at ≥4 weeks following initial treatment for indeterminate pain response or pain progression. Cytogenetics and International Myeloma Working Group risk stratification and response criteria are recorded, when available, but are not required for patient participation. Results This trial, supported by ILROG, has opened at 7 institutions with one more in process of opening. Prior to COVID, accrual was 1.5 patients per month. Since COVID, enrollment has been at 0.7 patients per month. A total of 18 patients have been accrued. The median age of patients accrued is 65.5 years with 7/18 female patients. Fourteen patients are Caucasian. Twelve patients have an ECOG performance score of 1-2. Thirteen patients had pain response captured at 4 weeks following RT. Of the 5 patients that did not complete questionnaires at 4 weeks post-RT, 2 expired, 1 was lost to follow-up, 1 had a missed evaluation and 1 had pain progression). The most common site of treatment was the shoulder (4/18). Conclusion This ongoing prospective trial in palliation of multiple myeloma bone lesions is feasible and able to accrue at multiple institutions and will provide valuable information as to the role of low-dose RT in this population.
Assessing the Implications of Automated Merging Control in a Mixed and Heterogeneous Traffic Environment

Previous efforts to explore the implications of partial market penetration of connected and automated vehicles (CAVs) show a consensus on the benefits of higher market penetration rates (MPR) of vehicles enabled with connectivity and/or automation. There is, however, a level of uncertainty regarding the effects of lower market penetration rates and the consideration of heterogeneous vehicle fleets. Using VISSIM to perform microscopic traffic simulation and, vehicle simulation models, we assess the impacts of different CAVs market penetration rates on fuel consumption considering a heterogeneous traffic environment. The results show that the fuel efficiency benefits of optimal coordination control are maximized in moderate congested scenarios when the CAVs MPR exceeds 40%.
HA and M2 sequences alter the replication of 2013-16 H1 Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccine Infection in Human Nasal Epithelial Cell cultures

From 2013-2016, the H1N1 component of live, attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) performed very poorly in contrast to the inactivated influenza vaccine. We utilized a primary, differentiated human nasal epithelial (hNEC) culture system to assess the replication differences between isogenic LAIVs containing the HA segment from either A/Bolivia/559/2013 (rBol), which showed poor vaccine efficacy, and A/Slovenia/2903/2015 (rSlov), which had restored reasonable vaccine efficacy. While there were minimal differences in infectious virus production in Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cells, the rSlov LAIV showed markedly improved replication in hNEC cultures at both 32oC and 37oC, demonstrating that the HA segment alone could impact LAIV replication. The rSlov-infected hNEC cultures showed stronger production of interferon and proinflammatory chemokines which might also be contributing to the increased overall vaccine effectiveness of the rSlov LAIV through enhanced recruitment and activation of immune cells. The introduction of an M2-S86A mutation had no positive effects on H1 LAIV replication in hNEC cultures, in contrast to the increased infectious virus production seen with that mutation in an H3 LAIV. No obvious defects in viral RNA packaging were detected, suggesting the HA function may be driving the differential infectious virus production in hNEC cultures. The use of physiologically relevant temperatures and primary cell cultures demonstrated that candidate LAIVs can replicate efficiently, which is a necessary property for effective vaccines.
Summary of the Performance Effects of Sustained Operations

Sustained operations missions are performed in diverse environments. These environments include military command and control, process control, medical practice, and security surveillance. Research on the related fatigue effects of sustained operations is reviewed for each of these diverse environments. For military surge operations, both ground and airborne command and control operators show similar decrements in visual performance as a function of sleep loss. Other decrements include increased number of errors in vigilance tasks and reaction time tasks. In process control experiments, longer shifts resulted in more variance in reaction time to grammatical reasoning tasks. Night shift was associated with slower reaction times. For medicine, many studies compare performance on laboratory tasks across duty days as well as between participants who are rested and those who are not. Decrements occurred in reaction times. In security, both loss of sleep and work at night degrades operator performance.
The Role of Social Awareness in the Employment Success of Adolescents with Mild Mental Retardation.

The role of social awareness in the employment success of adolescents with mild mental retardation was examined in a two-phase study. In phase 1, a set of social awareness descriptors designed to measure the three components of social awareness--sensitivity, insight, and communication--was developed and validated in a five-stage process. In phase 2, secondary teachers used the descriptors and two measures of employment success to evaluate 125 adolescents with mild mental retardation. The social awareness ratings approximated a normal distribution and were highly interrelated r > .80) . Statistically significant differences in social awareness components were found between the students rated higher and lower on work performance. Approximately 13% of the variance in different students' work performance was attributable to the three social awareness components considered. The remaining variance was attributed to other factors such as familiarity with job tasks, physical coordination and health, dependability, work safety, and willingness to complete tasks. It was concluded that the greatest distinction between students rated higher and lower on work performance could be based on awareness of social communication or, in other words, ability to take appropriate action involving clearly communicating with others, solving interpersonal problems, and resolving conflicts. (Contains 41 references) (MN) ******************************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. ********************************************************************************
Initial experience using the transconjunctival sutureless vitrectomy system for vitreoretinal surgery

Abstract Objective To describe the initial experience and to evaluate the safety and feasibility of using the 25-gauge Transconjunctival Sutureless Vitrectomy System (TSV) for a variety of vitreoretinal procedures. Design Retrospective review of a consecutive interventional case series. Participants Thirty-five eyes of 33 patients, including cases of idiopathic epiretinal membrane (12 cases), retinal detachment (6 cases), macular hole (5 cases), branch retinal vein occlusion (4 cases), retinopathy of prematurity (4 cases), persistent diabetic macular edema (1 case), diabetic vitreous hemorrhage (1 case), retained lens material after cataract extraction (1 case), and Norrie disease (1 case). Intervention All patients underwent surgery using the 25-gauge TSV. Main outcome measures Intraocular pressure, visual acuity, and postoperative complications. Results The median preoperative intraocular pressure was 16 mmHg (range, 10–21 mmHg), whereas the median intraocular pressure on the first postoperative day was 12 mmHg (range, 6–28 mmHg). The median intraocular pressure at 1 week and 1 month were both 16 mmHg (range, 10–30 mmHg). Overall, the median preoperative visual acuity was 20/100 (range, 20/30 to hand motions), and the median postoperative visual acuity after a mean follow-up of 14 weeks (range, 1–60 weeks) was 20/60 (range, 20/20–20/150). One eye developed a postoperative retinal detachment. Conclusions The 25-gauge TSV seems to be practical and safe for a variety of vitreoretinal procedures. The concept of transconjunctival surgery has the potential to increase the efficiency of a variety of vitreoretinal surgeries and possibly hasten the postoperative recovery and outcomes in several conditions by simplifying the surgical procedure; minimizing surgically induced trauma; and decreasing the convalescence period, the operating time, and the postoperative inflammatory response.
The Biosynthesis of Basement Membrane Collagen in Embryonic Chick Lens: III. INTRACELLULAR FORMATION OF THE TRIPLE HELIX AND THE FORMATION OF AGGREGATES THROUGH DISULFIDE BONDS

Abstract The basement membrane [14C]collagen secreted into the medium by matrix-free lens cells was found to be largely resistent to pepsin at 15°, suggesting that it was in a triple helical conformation. In contrast, [14C]collagen in the lens cells themselves was largely digested by pepsin at 15°, suggesting it was in a random coil form. Gel filtration in sodium dodecyl sulfate showed that the 14C-polypeptides of the collagen in the medium were recovered in aggregates greater than 140,000 daltons when reduction with mercaptoethanol was omitted prior to chromatography. With the cell fraction, essentially all of the [14C]collagen polypeptides were found to elute with molecular weights of 140,000, whether or not reduction with mercaptoethanol was carried out. The observations are consistent with the possibility that the formation of disulfide bonds among the polypeptide chains is of considerable importance in promoting the formation of the triple helix.
Monads of sets

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on monads of sets—monads in the category S of sets and (total) functions. Monads were first surfaced to codify resolutions for sheaf cohomology. They are established as a standard concept of category theory. Monad research is shaped by applications to functional programming languages. The larger study of monads, in a general category, puts the theory of monads of sets in proper perspective. A balanced account of monads of sets in its current incipient stage, with the hope of stimulating further research is presented. A category-theoretic foundation based on monads for the cohomology of an object in a category is focused. There is a general theory of monadic completion which provides a best monadic approximation for a large class of set-valued functors. There is also an existence theorem to the effect that, under reasonable conditions, every forgetful functor between monadic has a left adjoint.
Modeling petrological geodynamics in the Earth's mantle

[1] We have developed an approach that combines principles of fluid dynamics and chemical thermodynamics into a fully coupled scheme to model geodynamic and petrological evolution of the Earth's mantle. Transport equations involving pressure, temperature, velocities, and bulk chemical composition are solved for one or more dynamic phases and interfaced with the thermodynamic solutions for equilibrium mineralogical assemblages and compositions. The mineralogical assemblage and composition are computed on a space-time grid, assuming that local thermodynamic equilibrium is effectively achieved. This approach allows us to simultaneously compute geophysical, geochemical, and petrological properties that can be compared with a large mass of observational data to gain insights into a variety of solid Earth problems and melting phenomena. We describe the salient features of our numerical scheme and the underlying mathematical principles and discuss a few selected applications to petrological and geophysical problems. First, it is shown that during the initial stage of passive spreading of plates, the composition of the melt near Earth's surface is in reasonable agreement with the average major element composition of worldwide flood basalts. Only the silica content from our model is slightly higher that in observational data. The amount of melt produced is somewhat lower than the estimated volumes for extrusive and upper crustal intrusive igneous rocks from large igneous provinces suggesting that an active upwelling of a larger mantle region should be considered in the process. Second, we have modeled a plume upwelling under a moving plate incorporating the effects of mineralogy on the density structure and viscous dissipation on the heat transport equation. The results show how these effects promote mantle instability at the base of the lithosphere. Third, we have considered a mantle convection model with viscosity and density directly related to the local equilibrium mineralogical assemblage. Interesting lateral variations and significant differences in the viscosity structure of the upper and lower mantle are revealed from our model results. The averaged viscosity variations with depth retrieved from our numerical simulations seem to reproduce the main features of the mantle viscosity structure under the Pacific ocean obtained from recent studies based on inversion of seismic data.
Online tracking of linear subspaces

We address the problem of online de-noising a stream of input points. We assume that the clean data is embedded in a linear subspace. We present two online algorithms for tracking subspaces and, as a consequence, de-noising. We also describe two regularization schemas which improve the resistance to noise. We analyze the algorithms in the loss bound model, and specify some of their properties. Preliminary simulations illustrate the usefulness of our algorithms.
The role of PI3K-p110α in breast cancer

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 46, 2005 2589 The PI3K signaling pathway has been known to be up-regulated in many tumors via activation of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) or inactivation of PTEN. It was only realized recently that the PIK3CA gene encoding the catalytic subunit p110α, a member of the PI3K family, is mutated at high frequency in human cancers. Mutations in PIK3CA were found in 40% of breast tumors, making this the most commonly mutated gene in breast cancer. Mutations in PIK3CA cluster into two major “hot spots” located in the helical and kinase domains. To evaluate the oncogenic potential of these mutant forms of p110α and investigate their mechanism(s) of action, we have developed a transformation system utilizing telomerase immortalized primary human mammary epithelial cells (HMECs). The study of kinases in HMECs demanded creation of a system devoid of interfering viral oncogenes. In the absence of viral oncogenes HMECs transformation is dependent on the activation of PI3K for growth in soft agar and as xenografts in mice. Interestingly, the kinase activities and transforming potencies of the two “hot spot” mutant alleles of p110α (E545K and H1047R) derived from human cancers are much higher than those of constitutively activated p110α by myristoylation (Myr-p110α). Unlike activating EGFR mutations, the activation of both E545K and H1047R is independent of growth factor stimulation. Thus HMEC cells transformed with activated PI3K-p110α are relatively insensitive to RTK inhibitors, including specific IGF-1R and EGFR inhibitors. Moreover, tumors derived from transformed HMEC cells expressing constitutively activated PI3K-p110α are highly vascularized particularly in the peripheral zone. We have also constructed a corresponding helical “hot spot” mutant allele in p110α that was roughly 10 fold less effective in activating Akt but still showed residual transforming ability. We have been able to analyze transcriptional profiles of our PI3K transformed HMEC to identify unique signatures of PIK3CA mutants in human breast tumor samples. Finally we have constructed a conditional knockout of the PIK3CA gene in mice to study the role of PI3K-p110α in breast development and breast cancer formation in vivo. Taken together, using our HMEC derived functional transformation system, we have demonstrated the oncogenic potential of tumor derived mutant alleles of PIK3CA in breast cancer formation and established a valuable model for preclinical studies of new specific inhibitors.
Linking Job Satisfaction and Customer Satisfaction in the Cruise Industry: Implications for Hospitality and Travel Organizations

Service quality and customer satisfaction are vital concerns in service industries, particularly in the cruise industry. As such, the development of new methods for improving both is essential. A model of attitudes, intentions, and behaviors proposed by Bagozzi and refined by Schmit and Allscheid was tested to determine if employee job satisfaction and customer satisfaction were related constructs in the cruise industry. The hypothesized model did not account for the relationship between the measured and latent variables; however, a direct relationship between employee job satisfaction and customer satisfaction was found to exist (R2 = .30). Implications for hospitality and travel organizations are discussed, and recommendations are made for future research.
Hypoallometric scaling in international collaborations

Abstract Collaboration is a vital process and dominant theme in knowledge production, although the effectiveness of policies directed at promoting multinational research remains ambiguous. We examined approximately 24 million research articles published over four decades and demonstrated that the scaling of international publications to research productivity for each country obeys a universal and conserved sublinear power law. Inefficient mechanisms in transborder team dynamics or organization as well as increasing opportunity costs may contribute to the disproportionate growth of international collaboration rates with increasing productivity among nations. Given the constrained growth of international relationships, our findings advocate a greater emphasis on the qualitative aspects of collaborations, such as with whom partnerships are forged, particularly when assessing research and policy outcomes.
The Deliberative Poll as a Method for Generating Informed Opinion on Immigration

The articles in this collection broadly address the social psychology of immigration and explore ways to improve relationships between natives and nonnatives in the United States. In this comment, we propose the Deliberative Poll as an additional tool for the study of opinion on immigration and for improving relationships among the groups.
Coupling of local folding to site-specific binding of proteins to DNA

Thermodynamic studies have demonstrated the central importance of a large negative heat capacity change (delta C degree assoc) in site-specific protein-DNA recognition. Dissection of the large negative delta C degree assoc and the entropy change of protein-ligand and protein-DNA complexation provide a thermodynamic signature identifying processes in which local folding is coupled to binding. Estimates of the number of residues that fold on binding obtained from this analysis agree with structural data. Structural comparisons indicate that these local folding transitions create key parts of the protein-DNA interface. The energetic implications of this "induced fit" model for DNA site recognition are considered.
Minimax Optimization Of Two-Dimensional Cartesian And Fresnel Lens Phased Arrays

In designing multi-element phased arrays, whether for radar antennas or ultrasonic imaging systems, it is always desirable to keep the number of sensor elements in the array to a minimum. This results in economic savings in the construction of the array and in computational savings in the processing of the collected data for the reconstruction of images. With this reduction in the number of elements comes an immediate trade-off in the array's performance between image resolution and the introduction of ambiguities into the image through grating lobes. This paper presents results on the optimization of phased arrays for a specified number of elements with respect to grating lobes, side lobes and image resolution. This is accomplished by adjusting the spacings as well as the individual gains of the elements. The results are applied to one and two dimensional Cartesian arrays and also to Fresnel lens arrays.© (1982) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The heavy DNA satellite of yeast and its relationship to the ribosomal RNA genes

Abstract The heavy satellite DNA of Saccharomyces carlsbergensis has been resolved by preparative NaI density gradient centrifugation. The rRNA genes were found to have a different density than the heavy satellite DNA. The heavy satellite DNA was found to be organized in clusters of molecular weight 15 × 10 6 , while the majority of the rRNA genes were found to be organized in clusters of 90 × 10 6 or more. These results show that the rRNA genes are not located in the heavy satellite DNA.
Scalp Hair Morphology in Normal and Diabetic Children and Adolescents

The morphological characteristics of samples of scalp hair from normal children and adolescents (8–17 years) and from a group of diabetic children (8–11 years) were determined. In normal children, there were no sex differences. Significant increases in the diameters of both bulb and shaft were found when prepubertal (8–11 years) and pubertal (12–17 years) groups were compared. Diabetic females had smaller bulb diameters and diabetics of both sexes had reduced shaft diameters in comparison to normal children of similar age. These findings suggest previous nutritional deficits in male and female diabetics and the possibility of continued nutritional problems in the females.
Calmodulin inhibition of brain membrane phosphorylation.

: Calmodulin has been found to inhibit the phosphorylation of rat brain membrane proteins of molecular weight 14,900–18,900 in a dose-dependent manner. This phenomenon was seen under conditions in which calmodulin simultaneously produced a stimulatory effect on the phosphorylation of proteins of molecular weight 51,000 and above. This inhibition required calcium, but was not sensitive to cyclic AMP or increasing ATP concentration and was not due to activation of a phosphatase. These results suggest either that calmodulin induces its inhibitory effects on phosphorylation by an indirect mechanism via a presently unknown pathway, or that in addition to the kinase stimulated by calmodulin, there exists another distinct kinase which is inhibited by calmodulin.
Particle transport and acceleration at corotating interaction regions

Abstract The transport and acceleration of energetic nuclei associated with corotating interaction regions is discussed with emphasis on its importance relative to global heliospheric phenomena such as anomalous cosmic rays, the distant heliosphere, and propagation to high latitudes. We will discuss aspects of particle acceleration at the forward and reverse shocks bounding CIRs which support the idea that accelerated pickup ions are important contributors to energetic ions in the heliosphere. We will outline our current understanding of the source of CIR-associated energetic nuclei based on multispacecraft observations of the spatial variation of low-energy cosmic rays, as well as that of freshly ionized pickup ions. We will also discuss the propagation of CIR-associated energetic particles to high heliographic latitudes. We will present a model of the interplanetary magnetic field and show results from a numerical simulation which suggest that particles undergo significant latitudinal diffusion.
FUNCTIONAL PROJECTIONS OF PREDICATES: EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE FROM COORDINATE STRUCTURE PROCESSING

. This paper reports the results of six experiments involving an online selfpaced reading task that examine the processing of coordinate small clause predicate phrases versus coordinated argument NPs. The results have particular significance for the analysis of small clause complement has an Agr projection associated with it. An adequate explanation of the processing of small claue coordination is shown to motivate a new parsing principle, Coordination Feature-matching, which accounts for the longer reading times observed for the coordination of predicates in small clause complements.
Using a Three-Step Method in a Calculus Class: Extending the Worked Example

This article discusses a three-step method that was used in a college calculus course. The three-step method was developed to help students understand the course material and transition to be more independent learners. In addition, the method helped students to transfer concepts from short-term to long-term memory while lowering cognitive load. The three-step method is based off of the theory of worked examples, which falls under cognitive science and cognitive load theory. The article describes cognitive load theory, worked examples, and how worked examples are connected to the three-step method. The quantitative results of the research study show that, on average, participants performed significantly better than non-participants in the course and performed better on the final exam. The article ends with a discussion of the results of the study and why the three-step method helped students in the class.