cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
P1.26 Evaluation of two diagnostic systems for the detection of chlamydia trachomatis (CT) and neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG) using male urethral swabs

Introduction Urine is the specimen of choice for CT and NG molecular testing from males and many of the next generation testing platforms are not FDA approved for use with urethral swabs. Urethral swabs remain valuable in research settings that may require that the specimen is collected in a manner preserving organism viability. The goal of this study was to assess the Abbott m2000 Realtime (m2000), and Roche COBAS 4800 (c4800) systems for the identification of CT and NG in urethral swabs collected in chlamydia transport medium (CTM). Methods Archived male urethral swabs collected in CTM from STD clinic attendees were tested. These specimens were originally tested for CT and NG on a platform FDA-approved for urethral swabs collected in CTM (Roche COBAS Amplicor, (cAMP)).Two-hundred µl of CTM was added into each manufacturer’s collection device. This was subsequently tested on the m2000 and c4800 systems according to the manufacturer’s instructions. CT and NG results obtained from each platform were compared to the original cAMP results to determine sensitivity and specificity. Agreement between platforms was measured by calculating the kappa coefficient. Results One hundred urethral swab specimens were available for testing (28 CT and 25 NG positives). When compared to results obtained with the cAMP, the sensitivity and specificity of the m2000 for the detection of CT was 100% and 98.6%, respectively; the sensitivity and specificity on the c4800 was 96.4% and 98.6%. For NG, the sensitivity and specificity of the m2000 assay was 100% and 98.7%; the c4800 assay was 100% sensitive and specific. Agreement was excellent for both platforms when compared to cAMP with kappa scores of >0.95 for CT and >0.97 for NG. Conclusion The m2000 and c4800 platforms have similar performance characteristics to cAMP for the detection of CT and NG using urethral swabs in CTM. This study will provide investigators with additional options when designing protocols that require the preservation and ability to recover viable organisms from men.
Organization of Computation and Control in the Apollo Guidance Computer

The digital guidance computer is the central control element in the Apollo Guidance and Navigation System. The difficulties in preparing computer programs for the complex Apollo missions are aggravated by the need to keep the computer hardware to a minimum. This paper demonstrates how an effective solution to these problems is achieved with a combination of appropriate programming techniques and computer design.
Existential-Phenomenological Research

There are two general approaches or orientations to research in existential-phenomenological psychology: empirical and hermeneutical-phenomenological. This chapter will examine each of these in turn.
Transplantation of Human Amniotic Membrane over the Liver Surface Reduces Hepatic Fibrosis in a Cholestatic Model in Young Rats.

Purpose. Biliary atresia precedes liver cirrhosis and liver transplantation. Amniotic membrane (AM) promotes tissue regeneration, inhibits fibrosis, and reduces inflammation. Here, we test amniotic membrane potential as a therapeutic tool against cholestatic liver fibrosis. Methods. Three groups of rats were used: sham surgery (SS), bile duct ligature (BDL), and bile duct ligature plus human amniotic membrane (BDL + AM). After surgery, animals were sacrificed at different weeks. Biochemical and histopathological analyses of liver tissue were performed. Collagen was expressed as a percentage of total liver tissue area. qPCR was performed to analyse gene expression levels of transforming growth factor-β1 (Tgfb1) and apelin (Apln). Statistical analysis performed considered was significant. Results. Groups undergoing BDL developed cholestasis. Biochemical markers from BDL + AM group improved compared to BDL group. Ductular reaction, portal fibrosis, and bile plugs were markedly reduced in the BDL + AM group compared to BDL group. Collagen area in BDL + AM group was statistically decreased compared to BDL group. Finally, expression levels of both Apln and Tgfb1 mRNA were statistically downregulated in BDL + AM group versus BDL group. Conclusion. AM significantly reduces liver fibrosis in a surgical animal model of cholestasis. Our results suggest that AM may be useful as a therapeutic tool in liver cirrhosis.
The Electronic Structures of Nickel-Palladium Alloy Clusters: A Density Functional Theory Study

The structure of nickel-palladium (Ni-Pd) alloy clusters of the form NixPdy, where x + y = 7, 13, 55, and 147, and y = x-1, was determined using density functional theory (DFT). For the 7- and 13-atom clusters the lowest energy structures are those that maximize the number of Ni-Pd interactions and they behave as quantum dots. For the 55- and 147-atom clusters, the segregated structure is the most stable isomer and they exhibit metallic character.
Police Corruption and New Models for Reform

Since early in our history, America has been plagued with problems of police misconduct and corruption. Different models for reform have been proposed, from community policing to private civil rights actions. Today, there are new models of reform available. This article discusses a comprehensive approach to police reform. In addition to evaluating the effectiveness of prior approaches, it analyzes the use of RICO actions against police departments, the role of judges in preventing police abuse, and the need for administrative and political reforms. Using the example of the recent Rampart Scandal in Los Angeles, the article suggests that every participant in the criminal justice system plays a vital role in preventing police abuse. It reiterates that the major problem for police departments is not the presence of rogue officers who engage in abuses. Rather, the problem is more often a police culture that protects and even encourages overzealous policing. Finally, the article suggests that while traditional remedies for police abuse play an important role, private civil rights actions are inadequate tools for instituting long term reforms. A combination of approaches, as well as federal supervision, is needed.
Role of Small HSP Gene Expression in Myocardial Ischemia and Reperfusion

All organisms whether prokaryotes or eukaryotes, respond to environmental stresses by rapidly inducing the expression of the genes for a number of stress-inducible proteins. Among them, heat shock proteins (HSPs) are ubiquitously present in almost all organisms including mammalian tissues. Most of the mammalian systems studied so far respond to stresses by inducing genes for highly conserved proteins encoding HSP 70 and HSP 90. mRNAs for these HSPs are also induced in mammalian tissues including hearts when subjected to a variety of stresses including heat shock, oxidative stress, hypoxia and ischemia. Genes of other HSPs are similarly induced when mammalian hearts are subjected to similar environmental stresses. Recently, genes encoding small heat shock proteins HSP 27, HSP 32 and ubiquitin have been found to be induced in the hearts in response to ischemia and reperfusion. The cells that survive after the ischemic insult exhibit a greater degree of tolerance against subsequent ischemia and reperfusion.
Field-Effect Transistor Models and Microwave Cad

Mathematical models for electronic devices find wide use in the design and development of electronic systems. Since a system is composed of a large number of individual components it is necessary to have a wide range of device and component models available. A variety of systems level simulators have become available in recent years, and these simulators permit advanced design and design optimization to be performed.
Elliptic Curves over Complete Fields

Every elliptic curve E/ℂ admits an isomorphism ℂ*/qℤ ≅ E(ℂ) by complex analytic functions, and we have seen amply demonstrated in Chapter s I and II the importance of such uniformizations. In this chapter we are going to study uniformizations over other complete fields such as ℝ and finite extensions K/ℚ p . We begin in §1 with a brief review of the relevant formulas over ℂ, and then in §2 we use the complex uniformization to investigate elliptic curves over ℝ.
Cerebellar Lobules Optimal Stimulation (CLOS): A Computational Pipeline to Optimize Cerebellar Lobule-Specific Electric Field Distribution.

Objective: Cerebellar transcranial direct current stimulation (ctDCS) is challenging due to the complexity of the cerebellar structure which is reflected by the well-known variability in ctDCS effects. Therefore, our objective is to present a freely available computational pipeline to optimize lobule-specific electric field distribution using subject-specific head modeling. Methods: We present a novel approach that can optimize lobule-specific electric field distribution following finite element analysis (FEA) using freely available computational pipelines. The effects on lobule-specific electric field distribution of the subject-specific head model versus Colin 27 average head model was evaluated. Three published ctDCS montages, a 5cmx5cm anode was placed 3 cm lateral to inion, and the same sized cathode was placed on the contralateral supra-orbital area (called Manto montage) and buccinators muscle (called Celnik montage), and 4x1 HD-ctDCS electrode montage was implemented. Three-way Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine the effects of lobules, montage, and head model on the electric field distribution. Also, the uncertainty in lobule-specific electric field distribution for a subject-specific head model across different computational pipelines was evaluated using sensitivity analysis. Results: Eta-squared effect size after three-way ANOVA for electric field strength was 0.05 for lobule, 0.00 for montage, 0.04 for the head model, 0.01 for lobule*montage interaction, 0.01 for lobule* head model interaction, and 0.00 for montage*head model interaction in case of Enorm. Here, the electric field strength of both the Celnik and the Manto montages affected the lobules Crus II, VIIb, VIII, and IX of the targeted cerebellar hemispheres while Manto montage had a more bilateral effect. The 4X1 HD-ctDCS montage primarily affected the lobules Crus I, Crus II, VIIb of the targeted cerebellar hemisphere. Since all three ctDCS montages failed to target the cerebellar lobules related to ankle function so we presented an application of our computational pipeline to optimize a ctDCS electrode montage to deliver peak electric field at the cerebellar lobules VII-IX related to ankle function. Discussion: Our freely available computational modeling pipeline can be leveraged to optimize ctDCS electrode placement to target cerebellar lobules related to different cognitive and motor functions.
Relationships, Participation, and Characteristics of a Community of Practice in Short-Term Adult Study Abroad:

This study examines the role relationships have in learning among graduate students during a short-term cross-cultural field study in Italy. During group and personal reflections, students expresse...
Alternative Retirement Paths and Cognitive Performance: Exploring the Role of Preretirement Job Complexity.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Recent research suggests that working longer may be protective of cognitive functioning in later life, especially for workers in low complexity jobs. As postretirement work becomes increasingly popular, it is important to understand how various retirement pathways influence cognitive function. The present study examines cognitive changes as a function of job complexity in the context of different types of retirement transitions. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We use data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) to examine change in cognitive function for workers who have held low, moderate, and high complexity jobs and move through distinct retirement pathways-retiring and returning to work, partial retirement-compared with those who fully retire or remain full-time workers. Inverse probability weighted regression adjustment (a propensity score method) is used to adjust for selection effects. RESULTS There are systematic variations in the relationships between work and cognitive performance as a function of job complexity and retirement pathways. All retirement pathways were associated with accelerated cognitive decline for workers in low complexity jobs. In contrast, for high complexity workers retirement was not associated with accelerated cognitive decline and retiring and returning to work was associated with modest improvement in cognitive functioning. DISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS Both policy makers and individuals are beginning to embrace longer working lives which offer variety of potential benefits. Our findings suggest that continued full-time work also may be protective for cognitive health in workers who hold low complexity jobs.
Stokes and anti-Stokes Raman scatterings from frequency comb lines in poly-crystalline aluminum nitride microring resonators

In optical microresonators, stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) competes with four-wave mixing process and impact Kerr comb generation. Here, we demonstrate Raman frequency combs in poly-crystalline aluminum nitride (AlN) microring resonators. The Raman shifts at transverse-electric (TE) and transverse-magnetic (TM) polarizations are characterized from AlN straight waveguides using backscattering geometries. In poly-crystalline AlN microring resonators, the frequency matching of cavity resonances with broad Raman gain enhances the SRS and leads to Raman-assisted frequency combs. As a result, comb lines near Raman scattering regions of AlN are generated.
Smartphone and Smartwatch-Based Biometrics Using Activities of Daily Living

Smartphones and smartwatches, which include powerful sensors, provide a readily available platform for implementing and deploying mobile motion-based behavioral biometrics. However, the few studies that utilize these commercial devices for motion-based biometrics are quite limited in terms of the sensors and physical activities that they evaluate. In many such studies, only the smartwatch accelerometer is utilized and only one physical activity, walking, is investigated. In this study we consider the accelerometer and gyroscope sensor on both the smartphone and smartwatch, and determine which combination of sensors performs best. Furthermore, eighteen diverse activities of daily living are evaluated for their biometric efficacy and, unlike most other studies, biometric identification is evaluated in addition to biometric authentication. The results presented in this article show that motion-based biometrics using smartphones and/or smartwatches yield good results, and that these results hold for the eighteen activities. This suggests that zero-effort continuous biometrics based on normal activities of daily living is feasible, and also demonstrates that certain easy-to-perform activities, such as clapping, may be a viable alternative (or supplement) to gait-based biometrics.
Association between urinary symptom severity and white matter plaque distribution in women with multiple sclerosis.

Aims Multiple sclerosis (MS) is characterized by demyelinated white matter plaque throughout the central nervous system. Plaque involvement in regions that regulate micturition may be associated with urinary symptom severity in patients with MS. The aim of this prospective study is to investigate the relationship between cerebral plaque volume (PV), location, and urinary symptoms in women with MS. Methods We conducted a case-control pilot study of women with MS undergoing routine yearly brain MRI. Women were administered the American Urologic Association-Symptom Index (AUA-SI) and divided into two groups: severe urinary symptoms (AUA-SI ≥20) and mild symptoms (AUA-SI ≤7). PV and location in the brain were determined using a validated automated white matter lesion segmentation algorithm. Results This study of 36 women found that the median total PV did not differ between groups. Women with severe urinary symptoms had larger median PV in the left frontal lobe (LFL) and right limbic lobe (RLL) compared with women with mild urinary symptoms. Within the RLL, women with severe symptoms had a larger median PV in the right cingulate gyrus (RCG). There was a moderate correlation between LFL lesion volume and RLL lesion volume with the AUA emptying subscore; however, these regions did not correlate with the storage subscore. Conclusions This preliminary study found urinary symptom severity in women with MS is associated with PV in the RCG and LFL, and not total cerebral PV. These findings may explain why disease burden alone is not a predictor of severity or type of voiding dysfunction in patients with MS.
RapidVFetch: Rapid Downloading of Named Data via Distributed V2V Communication

As the world becomes increasingly online, vehicular networking is becoming a reality. Vehicular networks require asynchronous, secure, and high-performance data transfers. TCP/IP networking, which is designed for infrastructure-based and synchronous communication, does not match vehicular networks well. Therefore, there has been an increased recognition that vehicular networking can be better served by a data-centric networking model. This paper contributes to this new recognition by proposing RapidVFetch, an infrastructure-to-vehicle data downloading protocol based on Named Data Networking (NDN). RapidVFetch leverages V2V communication over NDN for data requesters to initiate a prefetching process that does not require any centralized component for content preallocation and is transparent to the infrastructure. At the same time, RapidVFetch utilizes NDN's built-in data-centric security support to ensure the integrity, authenticity, and confidentiality of downloaded data. Our evaluation results from simulations show that, assuming available neighbor vehicles, RapidVFetch can greatly improve data downloading performance by prefetching data at desired locations and can provide network stability by fetching data directly from other vehicles.
Physical Oceanography and Climate

Climate research over recent decades has shown that the interaction between the ocean and atmosphere drives the global climate system. This engaging and accessible textbook focuses on climate dynamics from the perspective of the upper ocean, and specifically on the interaction between the atmosphere and ocean. It describes the fundamental physics and dynamics governing the behavior of the ocean, and how it interacts with the atmosphere, giving rise to natural climate variability and influencing climate change. Including end-of-chapter questions and turn-key access to online, research-quality data sets, the book allows readers the chance to apply their knowledge and work with real data. Comprehensive information is also provided on the data sets used to produce the numerous illustrations, allowing students to dive deeper into the data themselves. Providing an accessible treatment of physical oceanography, it is perfect for intermediate-advanced students wishing to gain an interdisciplinary introduction to climate science and oceanography.
Iron Speciation in PM 2.5 From Urban, Agriculture, and Mixed Environments in Colorado, USA

Author(s): Salazar, Joseph R; Pfotenhauer, David J; Leresche, Frank; Rosario‐Ortiz, Fernando L; Hannigan, Michael P; Fakra, Sirine C; Majestic, Brian J
Coprecipitation of Heavy Metals in Calcium Carbonate from Coal Fly Ash Leachate

Water that comes into contact with coal fly ash contains toxic elements, including heavy metals. CO2 gas can be used for treatment by inducing precipitation of carbonates with alkaline earth metals...
Critical Assessment of Artificial Intelligence Methods for Prediction of hERG Channel Inhibition in the "Big Data" Era.

The rise of novel artificial intelligence (AI) methods necessitates their benchmarking against classical machine learning for a typical drug-discovery project. Inhibition of the potassium ion channel, whose alpha subunit is encoded by the human ether-a-go-go-related gene (hERG), leads to a prolonged QT interval of the cardiac action potential and is a significant safety pharmacology target for the development of new medicines. Several computational approaches have been employed to develop prediction models for the assessment of hERG liabilities of small molecules including recent work using deep learning methods. Here, we perform a comprehensive comparison of hERG effect prediction models based on classical approaches (random forests and gradient boosting) and modern AI methods [deep neural networks (DNNs) and recurrent neural networks (RNNs)]. The training set (∼9000 compounds) was compiled by integrating the hERG bioactivity data from the ChEMBL database with experimental data generated from an in-house, high-throughput thallium flux assay. We utilized different molecular descriptors including the latent descriptors, which are real-value continuous vectors derived from chemical autoencoders trained on a large chemical space (>1.5 million compounds). The models were prospectively validated on ∼840 in-house compounds screened in the same thallium flux assay. The best results were obtained with the XGBoost method and RDKit descriptors. The comparison of models based only on latent descriptors revealed that the DNNs performed significantly better than the classical methods. The RNNs that operate on SMILES provided the highest model sensitivity. The best models were merged into a consensus model that offered superior performance compared to reference models from academic and commercial domains. Furthermore, we shed light on the potential of AI methods to exploit the big data in chemistry and generate novel chemical representations useful in predictive modeling and tailoring a new chemical space.
A survey of gross pathologic conditions of cattle presented for slaughter in the southeastern United States

According to the United States Department of Agriculture, cattle slaughtered in 2017 totaled 32.2 million animals and approximately 6.4 million animals were adult cull cattle (USDA 2016; USDA-NASS 2016). This harvest accounts for an estimated 5.4 billion pounds of beef or 20.7% of the 2017, US beef production. In the Southeastern US, the production of beef from cull cattle included 583,300 animals or approximately 90% of the total animals harvested in the region. Establishing the prevalence of diseases within this population is necessary for improving the quality and profitability of this sector of the industry. The objectives of this study were; 1) determine the prevalence of gross pathologic conditions, 2) characterize the type and frequency of conditions eliciting carcass condemnation, and 3) evaluate the extent of carcass bruising in cull cattle presented to slaughter and originating from farms in the southeastern United States.
Knee Injuries in Football

Knee injuries can be some of the most devastating in all of sports. A quick and accurate diagnosis is key to the in-season management of the athlete. An accurate diagnosis will allow the physician and athlete to not only come to an understanding of how to expedite return to play, but to understand the risks of operative versus nonoperative management and how the treatment choices will affect the season as well as the athlete’s future. The mission of the team physician is to educate the athlete so that an informed decision can be made regarding the injury. While some knee injuries are relatively straightforward in their treatment algorithm, some can be more complex and require a thorough understanding of the anatomy, the mechanism of injury, the physical examination, and the treatment options. This chapter is designed to help concisely and systematically review common football injuries to the knee sustained in active participation.
Choosing Classification Thresholds for Mobile Robot Coverage

Many robotic coverage applications involve detection of spatially distributed targets, followed by path planning to visit them for service. In these applications, the performance of the detection algorithm can have profound effect on planning decisions and costs. Range of operation, in both space and time, for robots is typically finite over a single mission and is a common constraint that needs to be accounted for in decision making. Misclassification may result in wastage of resources and can even jeopardize the completion of a mission if the length of a path extends beyond the range of the robot.In this work, we develop techniques on the computation of planning-aware classification thresholds. We discuss two versions that compute binary classification thresholds as a function of planning budget and detection accuracy. We present an implementation of our methods in path planning applications for an autonomous mower and show results on real and simulated data. Our method allows upto 25% improvement in coverage as compared to standard thresholding methods.
Effects of phenylbutazone alone or in combination with a nutritional therapeutic on gastric ulcers, intestinal permeability, and fecal microbiota in horses.

Background Gastrointestinal (GI) injury and dysbiosis are adverse events associated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) use in horses. Phenylbutazone has been shown to alter GI barrier function both in vitro and ex vivo, but its effects on barrier function have not been assessed in vivo. In addition, the ability of nutritional therapeutics to prevent these changes is not known. Objective Our objectives were to determine whether (a) phenylbutazone affected barrier function in vivo and (b) if phenylbutazone-induced GI injury could be ameliorated by the use of a nutritional therapeutic. Animals Thirty healthy horses were randomly assigned to 3 groups (n = 10 per group): control, phenylbutazone, or phenylbutazone plus nutritional therapeutic. Methods This study was conducted as a blinded, randomized block design. All horses were managed identically throughout the study period. Samples were collected throughout the study period to monitor fecal microbiota changes and gastric ulcers before and after treatment. Quantification of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene in blood was used as a marker of intestinal permeability. Results Phenylbutazone increased amounts of bacterial 16S rDNA in circulation 3.02-fold (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.1.89-4.17), increased gastric ulceration score by a mean of 1.1 grade (P = .02), and induced specific changes in the microbiota, including loss of Pseudobutyrivibrio of family Lachnospiraceae. These changes were attenuated by nutritional treatment. Conclusions and clinical importance Collectively, these findings suggest that phenylbutazone induces GI injury, including impaired barrier function, and that nutritional treatment could attenuate these changes.
“White Savior” as duly provocative or enforced civility with unintended consequences? A response to Anderson, Knee, & Mowatt

In his acceptance speech at the 2019 Black Entertainment T.V. (BET) Awards ceremony actor, writer, producer Tyler Perry said “while many of you are busy over there trying to get a seat at the table...
Stimulus Equivalence and Cross-Modal Perception: A Testable Model for Demonstrating Symbolic Representations in Bottlenose Dolphins

Dolphins make a variety of decisions while swimming in schools. These decisions determine the way they navigate, avoid predation, forage, reproduce, care for young and otherwise engage in social interactions. These decisions are based on the ability of dolphins to process information from a variety of sensory avenues, including the active process of investigating objects via echolocation. Information from all sensory systems is most probably used in an integrated fashion. However, whether information from the various sensory modalities is also stored and retrieved, as well as used in an integrated way, i.e., whether dolphins are capable of intermodal stimulus equivalence or cross-modal perception, currently remains a hypothesis (Schusterman, 1988a).
Contractor Quality Control

The application of the U.S. Navy Contractor Quality Control (CQC) type of contract to civilian construction was analyzed through use of questionnaires to design architects and engineers and to contractors. Under this contract, the contractor furnishes owners with records of inspections of quality by his own staff. Even under an extended warranty by contractors, designers were overwhelmingly against CQC contract provisions and contractors were split. The responses to many questions on inspection and quality control are reported, as they affect the acceptance of CQC by all members of a construction team.
RUNAWAY YOUTH ADMITTED TO JUVENILE DETENTION: FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH CIGARETTE, ALCOHOL, AND MARIJUANA USE

The high rates of substance use among American adolescents are challenging, especially among runaway youth who are often identified as delinquent and find themselves in juvenile detention centers. Current services offered by juvenile detention centers focus on offering safe, short-term residential care; however, substance use issues are common among these youth. Although providing substance use treatment is an unlikely addition to these juvenile justice agencies, the authors posit that these facil ities are in a prime position to facilitate screening, assessment, and referral. Addressing issues of substance abuse among runaway youth admitted to juvenile detention must be a major objective for prevention and treatment for this high-risk population. Although intervent ions that address substance use among runaway, delinquent youth are limited, future research must implement and evaluate early intervention strategies aimed at addressing the complex and multifaceted challenges experienced by these youth.
Incorporation of Non-euclidean Distance Metrics into Fuzzy Clustering on Graphics Processing Units

Computational tractability of clustering algorithms becomes a problem as the number of data points, feature dimensionality, and number of clusters increase. Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) are low cost, high performance stream processing architectures used currently by the gaming, movie, and computer aided design industries. Fuzzy clustering is a pattern recognition algorithm that has a great amount of inherent parallelism that allows it to be sped up through stream processing on a GPU. We previously presented a method for offloading fuzzy clustering to a GPU, while maintaining full control over the various clustering parameters. In this work we extend that research and show how to incorporate non-Euclidean distance metrics. Our results show a speed increase of one to almost two orders of magnitude for particular cluster configurations. This methodology is particularly important for real time applications such as segmentation of video streams and high throughput problems.
Oral Dissenting on the Supreme Court

In this Article we offer the first comprehensive evaluation of oral dissenting on the Supreme Court. We examine the practice in both historical and contemporary perspective, take stock of the emerging academic literature on the subject, and suggest a new framework for analysis of oral dissenting. Specifically, we put forth several claims. Contrary to the common assumption of scholarship and media coverage, oral dissents are nothing new. Oral dissenting has a long tradition, and its history provides valuable lessons for understanding the potential and limits of oral dissents today. Furthermore, not all oral dissents are alike. Dissenting Justices may have different reasons for deciding to announce their opinions, and the reception and potential influence of an oral dissent varies according to the situation. Recent scholarly efforts to identify a set of factors for predicting the likelihood of an oral dissent thus may miss the forest for the trees. The more interesting question, we suggest, is not necessarily why a Justice might decide to announce a dissent, but why certain oral dissents seem to reverberate while others (perhaps most) are ignored and forgotten. We therefore seek to recenter the discussion of oral dissents, moving to an empirical and analytical discussion of the role that oral dissents actually play in the dynamic relationship between the Court and the American people.
Electron microscope heteroduplex studies of sequence relations among plasmids of Escherichia coli. VI. Mapping of F14 sequences homologous to phi 80dmetBJF and phi 80dargECBH bacteriophages.

Abstract The positions of the metBJF and the argECBH sequences on F14 have been mapped by studying heteroduplexes of F14 with φ80d met and φ80d arg transducing phage DNAs. The structures of the DNAs of the transducing phage φ80d- metB isolated by Konrad (1969), of two φ80d metB phages isolated by Press et al. (1971), and of some derived φ80d arg phages, have been determined. They all have complex structures. In addition to the bacterial chromosome sequences corresponding to the met and arg genes, they contain certain F sequences, which have been recognized as active in F-related recombination events. Plausible models for the integration and excision events leading to the formation of the phage DNA molecules are proposed.
Reduction of catastrophic forgetting with transfer learning and ternary output codes

Historically, neural nets have learned new things at the cost of forgetting what they already know. This problem is known as ‘catastrophic forgetting’.
Optimization Algorithm for the Generation of ONCV Pseudopotentials

Abstract We present an optimization algorithm to construct pseudopotentials and use it to generate a set of Optimized Norm-Conserving Vanderbilt (ONCV) pseudopotentials for elements up to Z = 83 (Bi) (excluding Lanthanides). We introduce a quality function that assesses the agreement of a pseudopotential calculation with all-electron FLAPW results, and the necessary plane-wave energy cutoff. This quality function allows us to use a Nelder–Mead optimization algorithm on a training set of materials to optimize the input parameters of the pseudopotential construction for most of the periodic table. We control the accuracy of the resulting pseudopotentials on a test set of materials independent of the training set. We find that the automatically constructed pseudopotentials ( http://www.quantum-simulation.org ) provide a good agreement with the all-electron results obtained using the FLEUR code with a plane-wave energy cutoff of approximately 60 Ry.
Presence of corticotrophin-releasing factor and/or tyrosine hydroxylase in cells of a neural brain-testicular pathway that are labelled by a transganglionic tracer.

Our laboratory has shown that male testosterone levels are not solely controlled by the release of hypothalamic gonadotrophin-releasing hormone and pituitary luteinising hormone, but are also regulated by a multisynaptic pathway connecting the brain and the testis that interferes with the testosterone response to gonadotrophins. This pathway, which is independent of the pituitary gland, is activated by an i.c.v. injection of either the stress-related peptide corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF) or of beta-adrenoceptor agonists, both of which alter androgen release and decrease levels of the peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor and the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein within Leydig cells. Our original studies used the retrograde transganglionic tracer pseudorabies virus (PRV) to map progression of the virus from the testes to upper brain levels. The present study aimed to extend this work by identifying the regions where CRF and catecholamine neurones represented components of the stress-activated, brain-testicular pathway that prevents testosterone increases. To this end, anaesthetised adult male rats received an intra-testicular injection of PRV. Using immunofluorescence, we identified co-labelling of PRV and either CRF or tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the enzyme responsible for biogenic amine synthesis. Co-labelling of PRV and CRF was found in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) and the central amygdala. Co-labelling of PRV and TH was found in the PVN, substantia nigra, A7/Kolliker-Fuse area, area of A5, locus coeruleus, nucleus of solitary tract, area of C3, area of C2 and the area of C1/A1. These results indicate that most cell groups of the ventral noradrenergic pathway have neurones that are a part of the brain-testicular pathway. This suggests that the stress hormones CRF and catecholamines may act as neurotransmitters that signal the pathway to inhibit increases in plasma testosterone levels.
The role of interannual, seasonal, and synoptic climate on the carbon isotope ratio of ecosystem respiration at a semiarid woodland

The terrestrial carbon cycle is influenced by environmental variability at scales ranging from diurnal to interannual. Here, we present 5-years of growing season (day 131‐275) observations of the carbon isotope ratio of ecosystem respiration (d 13 CR) from a semiarid woodland. This ecosystem has a large necromass component resulting from 97% Pinus edulis mortality in 2002, is dominated by drought-tolerant Juniperus monosperma trees, and experiences large variability in the timing and intensity of seasonal and synoptic water availability. Mean growing season d 13 CR was remarkably invariant (23.57 0.4%), with the exception of particularly enriched d 13 CR in 2006 following a winter with anomalously low snowfall. d 13 CR was strongly coupled to climate during premonsoon periods (May to June), including fast ( 2 days) responses to changes in crown-level stomatal conductance (Gc) and vapor pressure deficit (vpd) following rain pulses. In contrast, d 13 CR was relatively decoupled from Gc and environmental drivers during monsoon and postmonsoon periods (July‐August and September, respectively), exhibiting only infrequent couplings of d 13 CR to vpd and soil water content (SWC) with longer lags (8 days) and variable response slopes (both positive and negative). Notably, d 13 CR exhibited consistent dynamics after rainfall events, with depleted d 13 CR occurring within 1h, progressive hourly d 13 CR enrichment over the remainder of the night, and net d 13 CR depletions over the multiple nights postevent in monsoon and postmonsoon periods. Overall this ecosystem demonstrated strong dependence of d 13 CR on precipitation, with an apparent dominance by the autotrophic d 13 C signal in premonsoon periods when deep soil moisture is abundant and surface soil moisture is low, and weaker coupling during monsoonal periods consistent with increasing heterotrophic dominance when deep soil moisture has declined and surface moisture is variable.
Chasing the Parsi Theatre in Bareilly

A contemporary restaging of Pandit Radheshyam Kathavachak’s mythological play Heroic Abhimanyu in the style of Parsi theatre raises questions about postcolonial mimicry, hybrid theatre forms, and the vicissitudes of reviving traditional theatre in India.
Seasonal trends of nitric acid, particulate nitrate, and particulate sulfate concentrations at a southwestern U.S. mountain site

Abstract Nitric acid, particulate nitrate, and particulate sulfate samples were collected on filter media on an approximately weekly basis between 26 October 1989 and 26 September 1990 at a mountain site in southern Nevada, U.S.A. Wind velocity and direction data were obtained for each sampling date from two locations in the nearby urban area of Las Vegas. NV. Seasonal differences in species concentrations are correlated to the seasonal meteorology: transport of nitrate from distant sources may be prevalent during part of the year.
The effect of ethanol infusion on the altered glucose turnover during bacterial infection

The increased glucose turnover seen during the hypermetabolic, hyperdynamic phase of sepsis is part of the body's defense mechanisms. In contrast, the metabolism of ethanol (ETOH) is known to compromise hepatic gluconeogenesis under certain conditions. This study tested the hypothesis that acute infusion of ETOH inhibits the elevated glucose production that is manifested during infection and thereby alters the normal responses to sepsis. In catheterized conscious rats, ETOH or saline infusion was started 24 hours before the induction of sepsis, and continued throughout the experiment. In vivo glucose kinetics were assessed by the infusion of [6-3H, U-14C]-glucose 24 hours after the induction of sepsis. The characteristic sepsis-induced hyperthermia was prevented in ETOH-infused animals. Sepsis increased the plasma lactate concentration (100%), as well as the rates of glucose appearance ([Ra] 77%), recycling (213%), and metabolic clearance ([MCR] 82%) in saline-infused control animals. In contrast, ETOH infusion prevented the sepsis-induced increase in glucose Ra and markedly attenuated the increase in plasma lactate (49%) and glucose recycling (97%). The infusion of ETOH increased the lactate/pyruvate and beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA)/acetoacetate (AcAc) ratio in both septic and nonseptic rats. These results indicate that ETOH administration attenuates the increased glucose production, utilization, and elevated arterial lactate, and prevents the hyperthermic response seen during the hypermetabolic phase of sepsis. Thus, ethanol intoxication alters the normal metabolic responses to sepsis, thereby contributing to the compromised host defenses against the challenging bacteria.
Using a decision support system tool for healthcare technology assessments

This article discusses a healthcare technology assessment application using a well-developed business tool from the operations research/operations management (OR/OM) field, the analytic hierarchy process (AHP). The AHP methodology provides a proven, structured, and well-documented tool for conducting HTAs for hospitals, integrated delivery networks, or other healthcare providers. A case study based on the selection of a neonatal ventilator is used to illustrate a successful use of the AHP for HTA. Clinical engineers can use this design as a prototype for performing HTAs in their own institutions.
Estrogen in late pregnancy mare serum and ovarian inhibition.

THE SERUM OF MARES in early stages of pregnancy contains large amounts of a gonadotrophin but in late pregnancy the serum produces ovarian inhibition when injected into immature female rats (Cole and Hart, 1930). Furthermore, during late pregnancy, the ovaries of the mare are atrophic structures (Cole, Howell and Hart, 1931). Studies reported herein indicate that estrogens are responsible for the inhibition. EXPERIMENTAL Anligonadotrophic activity of late pregnancy mare serum. The unusually high gonadotrophic activity of early pregnancy mare serum introduces the possibility that the inhibitory effect of late pregnancy serum may be due to the appearance of an antigonadotrophin. This possibility was tested by comparing the ovarian response of equine gonadotrophin alone with equine gonadotrophin plus late prenancy serum.
Effects of Vasopressin and Aldosterone on the Lateral Mobility of Epithelial Na + Channels in A6 Renal Epithelial Cells

We have previously demonstrated that apical Na+ channels in A6 renal epithelial cells are associated with spectrin-based membrane cytoskeleton proteins and that the lateral mobility of these channels, as determined by fluorescence photobleach recovery (FPR) analysis, is severely restricted by this association (Smith et al., 1991. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:6971–6975). Recent data indicate that the actin component of the cytoskeleton may play a role in modulating Na+ channel activity (Cantiello et al., 1991. Am. J. Physiol. 261:C882–C888); however, it is unknown if the Na+ channel's linkage to the spectrin-based membrane cytoskeleton is also involved in regulating channel activity. In this study, we have used FPR to examine if the linkage of the Na+ channels to the membrane cytoskeleton is a site for modulation of Na+ channel activity in filter grown A6 cells by vasopressin and aldosterone. We hypothesized that if the linkage of the Na+ channels to the membrane cytoskeleton is a site for regulation of Na+ channel activity by vasopressin and aldosterone, then hormone-mediated changes in either the membrane cytoskeleton or the affinity of the Na+ channel for the membrane cytoskeleton, should be reflected in changes in the lateral mobility and/or mobile fraction of Na+ channels on the cell surface. FPR revealed that although the rates of lateral mobility were not affected, there was a twofold increase in mobility fraction (f) of apical Na+ channels in aldosterone-treated (16 hr) monolayers (f = 32.31 ± 5.42%) when compared to control (unstimulated) (f = 14.2 ± 0.77%) and vasopressin-treated (20 min) (f = 12.7 ± 2.4%) monolayers. The twofold increase in mobile fraction of Na+ channels corresponds to the average increase in Na+ transport in response to aldosterone in A6 cells. The aldosterone-induced increase in Na+ transport and mobile fraction can be inhibited by the methylation inhibitor, 3-deazaadenosine, consistent with the hypothesis that a methylation event is involved in aldosterone induced upregulation of Na+ transport. We propose that the membrane cytoskeleton is involved in the aldosterone-mediated activation of epithelial Na+ channels.
Electronic monitoring improves brace-wearing compliance in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a randomized clinical trial.

Study design Randomized controlled trial. Objective To assess whether monitoring increases brace-wearing compliance in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). Summary of background data Noncompliance is a barrier to brace treatment of AIS. Studies have demonstrated that monitoring improves medication compliance; however, this has not been investigated in spinal braces. Methods Twenty-one patients (mean age = 12.4 ± 2.0 years) with AIS were prescribed treatment with a custom-made Thoraco-Lumbo-Sacral-Orthosis for 18 hours a day using a standardized script. Before beginning treatment, 10 patients were randomized to be informed that their compliance was monitored, whereas 11 patients were unaware. Compliance was measured via a temperature probe embedded within the Thoraco-Lumbo-Sacral-Orthosis hidden from view. Results Patients who were notified that they had a monitor in their brace demonstrated significantly increased compliance during the first 14 weeks of treatment compared with those who were uninformed (85.7% vs. 56.5%, P = 0.029), corresponding to a mean difference of 5.24 hours of daily brace wear. Conclusion Electronic monitoring can improve compliance with orthoses in patients with spinal deformity during a short observation period.
Triiodothyronine production in Graves' hyperthyroidism.

Objective: To quantify the relative contributions of thyroid secretion and peripheral generation to triiodothyronine (T3) production in untreated Graves' hyperthyroidism. Patients, Design, and Measurements: Thirty-one patients with hyperthyroidism, of whom 6 had T3 toxicosis, and 21 surgically and radioiodine ablated patients with thyroid cancer on thyroid stimulating hormone–suppressive therapy in whom serum T3 should reflect peripheral generation alone were compared with respect to serum free thyroxine (T4) and serum free T3 concentrations. Main Outcomes: Serum free T4/free T3 molar ratios were virtually identical in the patients with T4+T3 toxicosis (2.7 ± 0.4) and those with T3 toxicosis (2.6 ± 0.4) and were significantly lower than in the patients with thyroid cancer (4.0 ± 0.4) (p < 0.001). In the hyperthyroid patients, peripherally generated T3 was calculated as the quotient of the individual serum free T4 concentration and the free T4/free T3 molar ratio in thyroid cancer; this value was subtracte...