cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neural and Behavioral Evidence for an Intrinsic Cost of Self-Control

The capacity for self-control is critical to adaptive functioning, yet our knowledge of the underlying processes and mechanisms is presently only inchoate. Theoretical work in economics has suggested a model of self-control centering on two key assumptions: (1) a division within the decision-maker between two ‘selves’ with differing preferences; (2) the idea that self-control is intrinsically costly. Neuroscience has recently generated findings supporting the ‘dual-self’ assumption. The idea of self-control costs, in contrast, has remained speculative. We report the first independent evidence for self-control costs. Through a neuroimaging meta-analysis, we establish an anatomical link between self-control and the registration of cognitive effort costs. This link predicts that individuals who strongly avoid cognitive demand should also display poor self-control. To test this, we conducted a behavioral experiment leveraging a measure of demand avoidance along with two measures of self-control. The results obtained provide clear support for the idea of self-control costs.
Quantum chemical characterization of the cytosine: 2‐Aminopurine base pair

The nature of the base pairing between cytosine and 2-aminopurine is investigated by means of quantum mechanical calculations including electron correlation and accounting for the effects of aqueous solvation. At neutral pH, both a neutral wobble base pair and a Watson–Crick-like base pair having a protonated 2-aminopurine are predicted to be close to one another in energy; other previously proposed forms are found to be too high in energy to be of significant chemical interest. Accounting for the energetics of helix embedding suggests that the equilibrium between the two low-energy motifs is quite sensitive to local environment. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Comput Chem 22: 1167–1179, 2001
Charge-Enhanced Acidity and Catalyst Activation

Acidities are commonly measured in polar solvents but catalytic reactions are typically carried out in nonpolar media. IR spectra of a series of phenols in CCl4 and 1% CD3CN/CCl4 provide relative acidities. Nonprotonated charged substituents with an appropriate counterion are found to enhance their Bronsted acidities and improve catalyst performance by orders of magnitude.
FATIGUE ASSESSMENT OF TRAFFIC SIGNAL MAST ARMS BASED ON FIELD TEST DATA UNDER NATURAL WIND GUSTS

In recent years, several states including Missouri, Wyoming, California, and Texas experienced fracture failures of traffic signal mast arms. Almost all the failures are associated with the propagation of defects or cracks. It is therefore imperative to evaluate existing mast arms using a simple yet accurate procedure. A statistical methodology is proposed to predict the fatigue life of signal mast arm structures on the basis of field-measured strain data. The annual occurrence of various stress levels is determined using the historical wind speed data in the vicinity of a mast arm structure and the strain readings of the structure under specific wind gusts. For each stress level, the crack initiation and propagation lives are estimated with the strain-life approach and the Paris crack-growth-rate model. They are combined to account for variable stresses by means of Miner's rule and the root-mean-square model, respectively. The stress concentration factor around the arm-post connection is determined using...
Hormonal Control of Molting in Decapod Crustacea

The involvement of the molting hormone, 20-hydroxyecdysone, in the mediation of molting in decapod crustaceans is briefly reviewed. Aspects of the secretion and metabolism of its precursor, ecdysone, are discussed. Experiments are described that demonstrate the presence of a molt-inhibiting hormone (MIH) in the sinus glands of juvenile lobsters ( Homarus americanus ). Assays for MIH include measurement of the molt interval and radioimmunoassay of circulating titers of ecdysteroids in eyestalk-ablated lobsters. This latter assay indicates that sinus gland extracts significantly decrease the concentration of circulating ecdysteroids 24 hr after injection. Data are also presented on the circulating titers of ecdysteroids during multiple molt cycles of lobsters following eyestalk ablation. These data indicate that there must be another factor that ultimately regulates the circulating levels of the molting hormone.
Detection of Intercatechol Cross-Links in Insect Cuticle by Solid-State Carbon-13 and Nitrogen-15 NMR

Solid-state NMR has been used to detect an intercatechol covalent bond in sclerotized cuticle of the tobacco hornworm (Manduca sexta). Rotational-echo, double-resonance (REDOR) 13 C and 15 N NMR, in combination with 1 H- 13 C dipolar modulation and 15 N- 15 N dipolar restoration at the magic angle, were used to examine hornworm pupal exuviae labeled with ‚-( 15 N)alanine and either (‚- 13 C)dopamine or (R- 13 C, 15 N)dopamine. The REDOR spectra showed the incorporation of N-‚-alanyldopamine into insect cuticle by the formation of a variety of covalent bonds. One of these bonds links the terminal nitrogen of one N-‚-alanyldopamine molecule to the ‚ carbon of another to form an intercatechol covalent bond. This result is interpreted in terms of a novel structure for stabilized cuticle that postulates protein-catechol-catechol-protein cross-links. REDOR spectra also showed oxygen substitution at both R and ‚ carbons of N-‚-alanyldopamine, consistent with the possibility of intercatechol oxygen bridges in dimeric or oligomeric forms of catecholamines in the cuticle.
Derivation and Validation of Automated Electronic Search Strategies to Identify Pertinent Risk Factors for Postoperative Acute Lung Injury

OBJECTIVE To develop and validate time-efficient automated electronic search strategies for identifying preoperative risk factors for postoperative acute lung injury. PATIENTS AND METHODS This secondary analysis of a prospective cohort study included 249 patients undergoing high-risk surgery between November 1, 2005, and August 31, 2006. Two independent data-extraction strategies were compared. The first strategy used a manual review of medical records and the second a Web-based query-building tool. Web-based searches were derived and refined in a derivation cohort of 83 patients and subsequently validated in an independent cohort of 166 patients. Agreement between the 2 search strategies was assessed with percent agreement and Cohen κ statistics. RESULTS Cohen κ statistics ranged from 0.34 (95% confidence interval, 0.00-0.86) for amiodarone to 0.85 for cirrhosis (95% confidence interval, 0.57-1.00). Agreement between manual and automated electronic data extraction was almost complete for 3 variables (diabetes mellitus, cirrhosis, H 2 -receptor antagonists), substantial for 3 (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, proton pump inhibitors, statins), moderate for gastroesophageal reflux disease, and fair for 2 variables (restrictive lung disease and amiodarone). Automated electronic queries outperformed manual data collection in terms of sensitivities (median, 100% [range, 77%-100%] vs median, 87% [range, 0%-100%]). The specificities were uniformly high (≥96%) for both search strategies. CONCLUSION Automated electronic query building is an iterative process that ultimately results in accurate, highly efficient data extraction. These strategies may be useful for both clinicians and researchers when determining the risk of time-sensitive conditions such as postoperative acute lung injury.
Constant composition kinetics studies of the simultaneous crystal growth of alkaline earth carbonates; the calcium/strontium system

Abstract The kinetics of crystal growth of strontium carbonate have been investigated over a range of supersaturation using the constant composition method. The rate is second order in relative supersaturation suggesting a surface controlled spiral growth mechanism and the reduction in rate in the presence of calcium ions can be interpreted in terms of a Langmuir adsorption isotherm with an affinity coefficient of (1.4±0.35)X10 4 L mol -1 . By using ion specific hydrogen and calcium ion electrodes to control titrants for strontium carbonate and calcium carbonate crystallization, respectively, a dual constant composition method has been developed for studying the simultaneous crystal growth of these phases in solutions supersaturated with respect to both salts. When strontium carbonate seed crystals alone are introduced into the mixed supersaturated solutions, calcium carbonate nucleates at the surface and both alkaline earth carbonates undergo crystal growth. Conversely, strontium carbonate crystal growth is induced at calcite surfaces immediately upon adding these seed crystals to the mixed supersaturated solutions. X-ray data suggest that the presence of strontium ion induces the formation of aragonite having some incorporated strontium ions in the crystal lattice. However, when strontium carbonate is induced at the surface of calcium carbonate seed crystals in the mixed supersaturated solutions, the only calcium carbonate X-ray peaks observed are those characteristic of calcite. The nucleation and subsequent growth reactions are also confirmed by Fourier transformation infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis.
Motion after-effect due to binocular sum of adaptation to linear motion

The motion after-effect (MAE) can be elicited by adapting observers to global motion of randomly distributed dots before they view a display containing dots moving in random directions, but no global motion. Experiments by others have shown that if the adaptation stimulus contains two directions of motion, the MAE points opposite to the vector sum of the adapting directions. The present study investigated whether such vector addition in the MAE could also occur if the two directions of motion were presented to separate eyes. Observers were adapted to different, but not opposite, directions of motion in the two eyes. Either the left eye, the right eye, or both eyes were tested. Observers reported the direction of perceived motion during the test. When they saw the test stimulus with both eyes, observers reported seeing motion in the direction opposite that of the vector sum of the adaptation directions. In the monocular test conditions observers reported MAE directions opposite to the corresponding monocular adaptation directions. In a second experiment we verified that subjects had interocular transfer of the MAE. Together these results are consistent with a model in which (1) addition of adaptation directions occurs at a binocular site; (2) directional adaptation occurs at a monocular site; and (3) monocular adaptation is able to change the threshold for obtaining an MAE at the binocular site, thus acting like binocular adaptation in interocular transfer of the MAE.
Expedient synthesis of chiral 1,2- and 1,4-diamines: protecting group dependent regioselectivity in direct organocatalytic asymmetric Mannich reactions.

Organocatalytic asymmetric Mannich reaction of protected amino ketones with imines in the presence of an l-proline-derived tetrazole catalyst afforded diamines with excellent yields and enantioselectivities of up to 99%. The amino ketone protecting group controlled the regioselectivity of the reaction providing access to chiral 1,2-diamines from azido ketones and 1,4-diamines from phthalimido ketones.
Cytochemistry and sensitivity of a human amnion cell-line to Coxsackie A23 (ECHO9) virus.

A description is given of the isolation of an amnion cell-line. The morphological and cytochemical changes of the 2nd and 4th transfers are compared. It is shown that the 4th transfer becomes insensitive to ECHO virus type 9. The growth pattern changes also, while the Sudan reaction, after having initially been markedly positive, becomes weakly positive. The alkaline phosphatase reaction, negative in the beginning, becomes positive in the 4th transfer. The amnion cells lose their specific characteristics during the adaptation. It is possible that we are dealing here with a general adaptation phenomenon.
Histochemical demonstration of mercury in renal cells

A GREAT deal of effort has been expended, especially during the last decade, toward elucidation of the site and mechanism of action of mercurial diuretics. As a result of the contributions of many investigators,. several concepts have developed and are generally held. Histochemical studies dealing with renal protein-bound sulfhydryl groupsV and stopflow proceduresV indicate that the site of action is the proximal tubule. That the loop of Henle and collecting duct may participate cannot :be ruled out and, indeed, is actually implicated in the sulfhydryl stu’dies and also by the fact the mercurials interfere with potassium transport. Studies dealing with mechanism of action have centered around two focal points. The first involves the nature of the renal receptor and the second is concerned with the chemical nature of the reaction with receptor. A two-point receptor involving a sulfhydryl group has been suggested by Pitts et aZ.5 and by Mudge and Weiner6 but these investigators offer opposing views concerning the form of mercury which reacts with receptor. The dormer workers believe that mercury attaches by one valence to a point on the receptor. The second point of the receptor reacts with the organic fragment attached to the second valence of mercuric mercury; the latter have proposed that release of free mercuric io,n by fracture of a carbon-mercury bond, and subsequent attachment of divalent mercury to the double receptor are necessary for inhibition of sodium reabsorption. This conclusion is well-supported by their demonstrations that inorganic mercury attached to a suitable carrier seems to be more active than any organic compound, that acidotiis, which potentiates mercurial diuresis, speeds fracture of caribon-mercury bonds in vitro, and that stable mercury compounds are not diuretic. The work described Bin this report is an outigrowth of aI1 the valuable,
Impact of Functional Foods on Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease and Diabetes

A healthy dietary pattern is a cornerstone for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Compelling scientific evidence has shown many health effects of individual foods (including herbs and spices), beverages, and their constituent nutrients and bioactive components on risk of chronic disease and associated risk factors. The focus of functional foods research that is reviewed herein has been on assessing the health effects and underlying mechanisms of action of fruits and vegetables, whole grains, dairy products including fermented products, legumes, nuts, green tea, spices, olive oil, seafood, red wine, herbs, and spices. The unique health benefits of these functional foods have been the basis for recommending their inclusion in a healthy dietary pattern. A better understanding of strategies for optimally including functional foods in a healthy dietary pattern will confer greater benefits on the prevention and treatment of CVD and T2DM.
A nuclear driven metallic vapor MHD coupled with MPD thrusters

Nuclear energy as a source of power for space missions, represents an enabling technology for advanced and ambitious space applications. Nuclear fuel in a gaseous or liquid form has been configured as a promising and practical candidate in this regard. The present study investigates and performs a feasibility analysis of an innovative concept for space power generation and propulsion. The system embodies a conceptual nuclear reactor with an MHD generator and coupled to MPD thrusters. The reactor utilizes liquid uranium in droplet form as fuel and superheated metallic vapor as the working fluid. This ultrahigh temperature vapor core reactor brings forward varied and challenging technical issues, and it has been addressed to in this paper. A parametric study of the conceived system has been performed in a qualitative and quantitative manner. Preliminary results show enough promise for further indepth analysis of this novel system.
Fibrosing mediastinitis presenting as pulmonary stenosis: stenting works

A rare case of fibrosing mediastinitis from histoplasmosis with extrinsic compression of the right pulmonary artery is reported. A 41-year-old patient presented with worsening symptoms of cough, fever, migratory arthralgia, chest pain, and progressive dyspnea. The pulmonary artery involvement was suspected by transthoracic echo and was confirmed by transesophageal echo, CT scan of chest, and right heart catheterization. Diagnosis of histoplasmosis was confirmed by biopsy and serological tests. Patient has been free from symptoms of pulmonary stenosis for 4 years after successful pulmonary artery stenting.
Adsorption of 11-Mercaptoundecanoic Acid on Ni(111) and Its Interaction with Probe Molecules

The gas-phase adsorption of 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid (HOOC(CH2)10SH) on Ni(111) in ultrahigh vacuum was studied using angle-dependent X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (ADXPS) and temperature-programmed desorption (TPD). We present evidence which shows that 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid is adsorbed to Ni(111) via the sulfur atom with the carboxylic acid group disposed away from the surface. The monolayer thickness of this molecule, 10.4 ± 1.7 A, estimated by photoelectron attenuation in ADXPS, was comparable to ellipsometric measurements of related n-alkanethiols on Au(111). The interaction of polar (CH3OH) and nonpolar (n-C6H14) probe molecules with this acid-terminated surface showed that the former interact more strongly than the latter as studied by TPD. A Redhead analysis was used to analyze the TPD spectra of CH3OH and n-C6H14 desorbing from this thiol-covered, acid-terminated Ni(111) surface. The calculated low-coverage desorption energy for CH3OH desorption from HOOC(CH2)10SH/Ni(111) was 41 kJ mol-1...
Recovered memory of childhood sexual trauma: a documented case from a longitudinal study.

A case of recovered memory of childhood trauma is reported with documented sexual trauma in early childhood, chronicled evidence of the absence of memory for traumatic experience over a period of time, and substantial evidence of ‘spontaneous’ recovery of memory. This account contains the first available prospective report of memory loss in a case in which there is both documented evidence of trauma and evidence of recovery of memory. The case emerged as part of a broadband, large-scale study of children followed closely from birth to adulthood which was not focused on memory for trauma. Prospective data gathered in a neutral research context, corroborated and supplemented by retrospective information, circumvent many limitations of previous retrospective accounts of recovered memories.
Survey for Leprosy in Nine-banded Armadillos (Dasypus novemcinctus) from the Southeastern United States

Ears from 853 nine-banded armadillos (Dasypus novemcinctus) from Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia and Mississippi were examined microscopically for evidence of leprosy. All were negative for both acid-fast bacteria (Mycobacterium leprae) and lesions compatible with leprosy.
Technical Characteristics and Some Correlates of the California Critical Thinking Skills Test, Forms A and B.

Forms A and B of the California Critical Thinking Skills Test (CCTST) were administered to two randomly formed groups of undergraduate students at a large eastern university, as part of the freshman orientation process. Arithmetic means for the forms were significantly different, indicating a lack of equivalence between forms. Principal component analyses and specific patterns of item intercorrelations differed between forms, with the lack of equivalence apparently due to the changes in Form A items, which were carried out in order to create Form B items. Internal consistency reliabilities for total and subtest scores were uniformly low, and it appears the CCTST scores largely reflect verbal intelligence of the type measured by the SAT. It was concluded that the CCTST may be acceptable for research purposes (e.g., as a blocking variable or covariate), but not for decision making concerning individual students, especially with respect to subtest scores and score differences.
Establishing Journal Eminence in Music Education Research

The purpose of this study was to use citation information from six nationally distributed music education research journals for the period 1990–1995 to determine journal eminence. All references for all articles in the six journals were reviewed and the journals cited were tabulated. Final tabulations included 576 different journals, with 134 of the journals from the field of music. Music journals included both professional and research journals. Through citation analysis, it was found that 15 journals represented the majority of music research journal citations. Three journals formed a first tier of prominent music research journals and represented over 80% of the total citations, with one journal accounting for nearly 55% of the total citations. Three journals in a second tier accounted for approximately 12% of the total citations, while the remaining 9 journals, in a third tier, accounted for less than 8% of the total citations.
A psychometric evaluation of the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence in PTSD smokers

Rates of smoking among individuals with psychiatric conditions are greater than rates seen in the general population, yet little is known about the psychometric properties of commonly used nicotine dependence instruments among psychiatric smokers. This study examined the reliability, validity, and factor structure of the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) among psychiatric smokers. Results revealed that the FTND had good test-retest reliability, convergent validity, and discriminant validity. A factor-analytic examination converged on a two-factor solution, reflecting two correlated but separate processes related to nicotine dependence. In total, the results revealed that the FTND performs as well--from a psychometric perspective--with psychiatric smokers, as it does with nonpsychiatric smokers.
Introduction to neural networks for intelligent control

Neural network architecture is presented as one approach to the design and implementation of intelligent control systems. Neural networks can be considered as massively parallel distributed processing systems with the potential for ever-improving performance through dynamical learning. The nomenclature and characteristics of neural networks are outlined. Two simple examples are presented to illustrate applications to control systems: one is fault isolation mapping, and the other involves optimization of a Hopfield network that defines a clockless analog-to-digital conversion. >
Progressive Edge Detection on multi-bit images using polynomial-based binarization

Edge detection is an important image processing operation with applications such as 3D reconstruction, recognition, image enhancement, image restoration and compression. Several edge detectors have been developed in the past decades although no single edge detector is best suited for all applications [S]. This paper presents a new concept in edge detection that is better suited for application-specific image processing. The grayscale or multi-bit image is mapped to a set of several binary images. This is followed by the application of edge detection algorithms on these binary images and a fusion of the individual edge maps. A novel polynomial based binarization method is also presented. An evolutionary approach to the fusion of edgemaps renders the algorithm adaptive. Experimental results have shown that this new concept has several advantages. It produces edges of better quality; it can be used in a dasiaprogressivepsila manner to save on computations and increase usability. Further, it can be used to take advantage of multiple popular edge detection algorithms (Danahy et al., 2007; Danahy et al., 2006; Danahy, 2006).
Patents and patent policy

A patent is the legal right of an inventor to exclude others from making or using a particular invention. This right is sometimes termed an 'intellectual property right' and is viewed as an incentive for innovation. This article surveys the evidence on patent effectiveness in encouraging innovation and reviews the current controversies in patent policy.
Insulin as a Cardiovascular Therapeutic: Improving Glycemic Control in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease

Established in 1994, the Vascular Biology Working Group (VBWG) is organized under the auspices of the University of Florida College of Medicine. Through regional, national, and international meetings, publications, and other educational activities, the VBWG encourages the review, exchange, and
Effect of foliar and soil applied zinc on soil test levels, herbage composition, and yields of alfalfa

Abstract Forages in the Northeast generally do not contain enough Zn to meet the National Research Council (NRC) recommended allowance for dairy cattle (40 mg/kg Zn). A study was undertaken to determine if foliar or soil application of Zn could increase Zn levels in alfalfa herbage to the NRC recommended allowance. Alfalfa was treated with Zn by foliar applications of 0.34 and 0.68 kg/ha and soil application of 4.07 kg/ha. An untreated check was also included in the study. Average herbage Zn levels were 33.1 and 50.1 mg/kg for the low and high foliar applications, respectively. These levels were significantly higher than that of the check, 18.9 kg/ha. Average herbage Zn levels for the soil applied Zn treatment was 23.4 mg/kg. This level was also significantly higher than that of the check. Although foliar Zn application significantly raised herbage Zn levels above those of the check, the results were erratic. The 40 mg/kg level was reached only one‐third of the time with the 0.34 kg/ha foliar application ...
Boiling incipience and nucleate boiling heat transfer of highly-wetting dielectric fluids from electronic materials

An experimental study of pool boiling was conducted using cylindrical heater surfaces of platinum, silicon, silicon dioxide, and aluminum oxide. They were immersed in FC-72 and R-113, saturated at 1-a.t.m. pressure. The effects of fluid and surface material on boiling incipience and on the nucleate boiling curve was investigated. A probabilistic representation was used to present the incipience wall superheat values, which scattered widely for ostensibly identical runs. The difference in incipience wall superheat values between those with FC-72 and R-113 was significant, but the surface material effect on boiling incipience was small. The surface material effect was more pronounced in the nucleate boiling regime than on the incipience process. >
Spatial organization in cyclic Lotka-Volterra systems

We study the evolution of a system of {ital N} interacting species which mimics the dynamics of a cyclic food chain. On a one-dimensional lattice with {ital N}{lt}5 species, spatial inhomogeneities develop spontaneously in initially homogeneous systems. The arising spatial patterns form a mosaic of single-species domains with algebraically growing average size, {l_angle}l({ital t}){r_angle}{approximately}{ital t}{sup {alpha}}, where {alpha}=3/4 (1/2) and 1/3 for {ital N}=3 with sequential (parallel) dynamics and {ital N}=4, respectively. The domain distribution also exhibits a self-similar spatial structure which is characterized by an additional length scale, {l_angle}{ital L}({ital t}){r_angle}{approximately}{ital t}{sup {beta}}, with {beta}=1 and 2/3 for {ital N}=3 and 4, respectively. For {ital N}{ge}5, the system quickly reaches a frozen state with noninteracting neighboring species. We investigate the time distribution of the number of mutations of a site using scaling arguments as well as an exact solution for {ital N}=3. Some relevant extensions are also analyzed. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}
Reservoir Sedimentation: Impact, Extent, and Mitigation

Storage reservoirs play an important role in water resources development throughout the world. The one problem with reservoirs that is universal is the continual reduction in usable capacity caused by siltation. This book reviews the world picture of erosion and sediment yield, the large variations that exist, and the physical phenomena related to reservoir siltation. The book is in the Technical Paper series of The World Bank (Technical Paper 71) and is not a formal publication. Rather, it is intended to be circulated to encourage discussion and comment and to communicate results quickly. The book is reproduced from typescript, but this does not detract from the value of the contents as a useful text for hydrologrsts, engineers, and soil conservationists in developing countries.
Composite Lumped Model and Algebraic Solutions of Unsteady Temperatures and Accumulated Heat Transfer

is that they are exclusively applicable to dimensionless times ? greater than 0.2. From a mathematical perspective, this imposing restriction is associated with theutilization of truncated one-term series forthe construction of these charts. For practical purposes, the pair of Heisler charts for each of the three simple bodies is dife cult to read, necessitating skillful visual interpolation. The time variations of mean and surface temperatures, as well as the total heat transfer of the three basic bodies via a composite lumped model, are predicted. Then the time variations of the center temperatures in the three bodies are determined from a variant of the integral balance method. This unique alliance turns out to be very accessible and leads to a handful of easily evaluated algebraic expressions at any time, even at arduous dimensionless times less than 0.2, where the standard Heisler/Gr ¨ ober charts falter.
Embedding School Health into School Improvement Policy

Evidence Acquisition: This paper is the product of decades of research conducted by our center at UCLA. It reflects policy and practice analyses, prototypes developed for policy, practice, infrastructure, and systemic change, and direct implementation efforts with schools, districts, and state departments of education. Results: We find that school health concerns currently are marginalized in school improvement policy. As a result, prevailing approaches to physical and mental health in schools are too limited in nature and scope and are implemented in a piecemeal and fragmented manner. Improving the situation requires embedding such concerns into a framework that addresses the fuller range of factors that can interfere with learning and teaching. To this end, we emphasize moving in new directions to transform how schools can comprehensively address such factors. Conclusions: It is time to do more than advocate for expanding the range of health programs and services. Needed is a fundamental transformation of student and learning supports so that all the fragmented pieces are unified as a primary and essential component that is fully integrated into school improvement policy and practice for every school.
Self-Similar Solution in Problems of Hydraulic Fracturing

The problem of hydraulic fracturing in geological materials is investigated based on a model of the growth of a finite crack in an infinite and linearly elastic medium induced by fluid pressure. The fluid is injected into the crack through an injection well at the center of the crack. Assumptions of a one-dimensional flow in the fracture and a plane-strain deformation of the medium are imposed. At the crack tip, the value of stress intensity factor is considered to be constant during crack propagation. Self-similarity is found in the solution. Crack length, crack profile, fluid pressure, and other related physical characteristics are evaluated as functions of time
Why Chromosome Palindromes

We look at sex-limited chromosome (Y or W) evolution with particular emphasis on the importance of palindromes. Y chromosome palindromes consist of inverted duplicates that allow for local recombination in an otherwise nonrecombining chromosome. Since palindromes enable intrachromosomal gene conversion that can help eliminate deleterious mutations, they are often highlighted as mechanisms to protect against Y degeneration. However, the adaptive significance of recombination resides in its ability to decouple the evolutionary fates of linked mutations, leading to both a decrease in degeneration rate and an increase in adaptation rate. Our paper emphasizes the latter, that palindromes may exist to accelerate adaptation by increasing the potential targets and fixation rates of incoming beneficial mutations. This hypothesis helps reconcile two enigmatic features of the “palindromes as protectors” view: (1) genes that are not located in palindromes have been retained under purifying selection for tens of millions of years, and (2) under models that only consider deleterious mutations, gene conversion benefits duplicate gene maintenance but not initial fixation. We conclude by looking at ways to test the hypothesis that palindromes enhance the rate of adaptive evolution of Y-linked genes and whether this effect can be extended to palindromes on other chromosomes.
Endothelin-1 inhibits sodium reabsorption by ETA and ETB receptors in the mouse cortical collecting duct

The collecting duct (CD) is a major renal site for the hormonal regulation of Na homeostasis and is critical for systemic arterial blood pressure control. Our previous studies demonstrated that the endothelin-1 gene (edn1) is an early response gene to the action of aldosterone. Because aldosterone and endothelin-1 (ET-1) have opposing actions on Na reabsorption (JNa) in the kidney, we postulated that stimulation of ET-1 by aldosterone acts as a negative feedback mechanism, acting locally within the CD. Aldosterone is known to increase JNa in the CD, in part, by stimulating the epithelial Na channel (ENaC). In contrast, ET-1 increases Na and water excretion through its binding to receptors in the CD. To date, direct measurement of the quantitative effect of ET-1 on transepithelial JNa in the isolated in vitro microperfused mouse CD has not been determined. We observed that the CD exhibits substantial JNa in male and female mice that is regulated, in part, by a benzamil-sensitive pathway, presumably ENaC. ENaC-mediated JNa is greater in the cortical CD (CCD) than in the outer medullary CD (OMCD); however, benzamil-insensitive JNa is present in the CCD and not in the OMCD. In the presence of ET-1, ENaC-mediated JNa is significantly inhibited. Blockade of either ETA or ETB receptor restored JNa to control rates; however, only ETA receptor blockade restored a benzamil-sensitive component of JNa. We conclude 1) Na reabsorption is mediated by ENaC in the CCD and OMCD and also by an ENaC-independent mechanism in the CCD; and 2) ET-1 inhibits JNa in the CCD through both ETA and ETB receptor-mediated pathways.
Animal-assisted therapies are becoming more common.

Walking around at the last ASPMN convention, I heard the usual types of conversation. How are you? How are your children? Do you have a new job? And how is school going? We all hear the same questions when we see acquaintances for the first time in a year. What I did not expect but heard a lot about was— how is your dog? The typical response to the question was for the dog’s owner to quickly show a cute picture of the dog. That was a first for me. My husband begged for a dog for six years. I asked, ‘‘Why?’’Hesaidthatadoggreetsyouwhenyougethome, licksyouontheface,provides unconditionallove,andis a good companion. For 6 years I told him I could do all those things for him. My biggest mistake was to go with him to look at a long-haired dachshund! It did not take long for me to see that my husband was correct. That got me thinking about animal-assisted therapies for people. Grandgeorge and Hausberger (2011) report that humans have a long history of relationship with domestic animals and that, more recently, pets act as ‘‘social substitutes’’ thru bonding. Domestic animals develop abilities to perceive and interpret human signals. It is generally accepted that dog ownership is associated with family cohesion and provides people with a typeofstress-buffering socialsupport.Dogs are thought to increase a person’s self-efficacy, thus providing a feeling of accomplishment or increased coping skills. Looking at the literature, I stumbled on animal-assisted therapy. Similar terminology includes animal-assisted activities, service animals, and trained dog therapy. There are slight differences with each name, but the main point it that the animals are held to high standards of training to assist the owner with some sort of activity or guidance. A study by Marcus, Bernstein, Constantin, Kunkel, Breurer, and Hanlon (2012) found that outpatients who spent time waiting in a clinic with a certified therapy dog had significant improvements in pain, mood, and other measures of distress compared with
Genomic Implications of H2O2 for Cell Proliferation and Growth of Caco-2 Cells

Evidence indicates that oxidative stress inhibits cell proliferation in several cell systems. To determine whether the proliferation of Caco-2 cells is inhibited by oxidative stress and to identify any novel key regulatory factors involved in protecting or damaging the intestine from oxidative stress, Caco-2 cells were treated with an oxidizing agent and analyzed by transcriptomic oligonucleotide microarrays. Results indicated that expression of genes involved in cell proliferation and growth, including genes involved in lipid synthesis, cell cycle progression and cell division, angiogenesis, RNA processing and translation, cAMP metabolism, cytoskeleton and cell to cell adhesion, receptor tyrosine kinases, and intracellular and extracellular signaling, were repressed. If an oxidant-induced inhibition in cell proliferation is involved in the pathogenesis of intestinal disease, information gained could help explain the mechanisms contributing to the causes and consequences of intestinal disease and could aid in the elucidation of mechanisms by which intestinal cells protect against oxidative stress.
Screening Transcendence: Austria's Emigrantenfilm and the Construction of an Austrofascist Identity in Singende Jugend

Political developments between 1933 and 1934 placed Austrian cinema under more governmental control than at any time since World War I. In 1934 the new chancellor, Engelbert Dollfuss, attempted to counter a looming civil war and the growing power of the Austrian National Socialists by disbanding the embattled parliament and instituting a nonparty clerico-authoritarian corporate state, often referred to as Austrofascist. Although Dollfuss's Fatherland Front was intended to be a national unity movement above party politics, it was, in fact, led by the conservative, Catholic-oriented Christian Social Party. Subsequent laws, which outlawed all political parties, may have temporarily silenced the National Socialists, but they also alienated a substantial portion of Austria's electorate that had supported the Social Democrats.
Clues to the etiology of childhood brain cancer: N-nitroso compounds, polyomaviruses, and other factors of interest.

Central nervous system (CNS) neoplasms comprise a heterogeneous group of malignancies and nonmalignancies that occur primarily in the brain, but also in other intracranial and intraspinal sites [[1...
The impact of illicit drug use and harmful drinking on quality of life among injection drug users at high risk for hepatitis C infection

Abstract Background Heavy alcohol use, hepatitis C and illicit drug use each have been shown to have negative impacts on health-related quality of life (HRQL). To date, considerations of HRQL have not played a prominent role in the design and measurement of intervention strategies for out-of-treatment at-risk populations. Methods Data were collected from out-of-treatment IDUs recruited through street outreach in North Carolina. Multiple linear regression analyses were used to examine the independent effects of HCV status, harmful drinking (AUDIT), and illicit drug use on HRQL (SF-36). Results Fifty-one percent of 619 study participants tested HCV-positive; 57% met criteria for harmful or hazardous drinking and 63% reported daily use of hard drugs. HRQL scores for this population were significantly lower than those of the general population. Multiple linear regression analyses demonstrated that harmful levels of alcohol consumption and use of methamphetamine in the past month had the strongest associations with reduced HRQL. Conclusions Given the high rates of HCV in most IDU communities, new harm reduction approaches are needed for these populations which focus beyond prevention to the functioning and well being of those already infected. In particular, reducing heavy alcohol use in addition to slowing HCV progression shows promise for improving HRQL.
Active stereo based surface reconstruction

The problem of surface reconstruction from stereo images for large scenes having large depth ranges is considered. The passive stereo paradigm is inadequate for this problem because of the need to aim cameras in different directions and to fixate on different objects. An active stereo approach, in which the scene is systematically scanned and image acquisition and surface reconstruction are integrated using a four-step process, is presented. First, a new fixation point is selected from among the nonfixated, low-resolution scene parts of current fixation. Then a reconfiguration of cameras is initiated for refixation. As reconfiguration progresses, the images of the new fixation point gradually deblur and the accuracy of the stereo estimate of the point improves. The improved stereo estimate is used to achieve accurate focus and vergence settings of the cameras for fixation. Finally, focus-based depth estimates are obtained at a grid near the fixation point whose density is determined by the local surface slope. These estimates are fused with those obtained from stereo using maximum likelihood, and are interpolated to the nongrid points. >
Use of clones increases the power of physiological experiments on coastal Douglas‐fir

The statistical benefit of reduced variability in experiments with clones was quantified with cold hardy Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii [Mirb.] Franco) ramets from six clones from a single full-sib family and a check group of open-pollinated seedlings from a bulk seed collection from the same geographic seed source. All groups were cold deacclimated under controlled conditions. The variability in response for physiological attributes (cold hardiness, root growth potential, days to bud-break) was compared within and among groups by using statistical power analyses. Sample sizes required to detect significant differences of varying magnitude between two hypothetical treatment means were calculated. Differences among clones in the average response exhibited for each physiological attribute were large, but within-clone variability was low, relative to the check group of seedlings. Selection of plant material for a hypothetical experiment from this population of several identifiable clones would have consistently resulted in an experiment with greater power than an experiment using these ramets without the clone identities. From a statistical perspective, the best approach to reduce the number of replicates needed to detect treatment differences was selection of experimental plant material from a single clone, especially with prior screening for the most homogeneous clone for the physiological attributes and time periods of interest. However, from a biological perspective, use of a single clone should be approached with caution because of the lack of representation of natural population variability and the possible inability to broadly apply experimental results.
Noise sensitivity and accuracy of femtosecond pulse retrieval by phase and intensity from correlation and spectrum only (PICASO)

We investigate the accuracy of the femtosecond pulse-retrieval technique called phase and intensity from correlation and spectrum only (PICASO). Different versions of this technique that make use of balanced and unbalanced intensity and interferometric correlations are compared with respect to the rms phase and the intensity error. The effect of measurement noise on the phase and amplitude retrieval is studied, and the results are compared with other retrieval methods.
PARQ-a system supporting information networking over HF radio links

The use of narrowband HF as a medium for information transfer in a networked environment has traditionally been viewed as limited due to the inherent problems of relatively high bit-error rates and low data throughputs. This paper provides a description of the Physical-layer Automatic Repeat reQuest (PARQ) protocol which addresses these two fundamental problems. Errors in delivered data are effectively eliminated by the ARQ component of the protocol, while the throughput is maximised by selecting the optimal raw channel data rate. Details of PARQ's design parameters and implementation are given along with initial laboratory and field testing results. The paper concludes with a brief discussion of future system enhancements.
DNA methylation and cancer

Changes in the pattern of DNA methylation have been a consistent finding in cancer cells. The mostly descriptive nature of these studies and the fact that both hypo- and hypermethylation have been observed at various loci have made it difficult to assess whether these changes are causally involved in the transformation process or whether they reflect the altered physiology of rapidly dividing cancer cells. It is clear, however, that DNA methylation plays an important role in the generation of mutations in human tumors. The high incidence of C-to-T transitions found in the p53 tumor-suppressor gene is attributed to the spontaneous deamination of 5-methylcytosine residues. The multiple observations linking DNA methylation to cancer can be resolved in a model proposing that the high rate of mutation at CpG dinucleotides is due in part to methyltransferase-facilitated deamination. Support for a role of DNA methyltransferase as a mutator enzyme is provided by work with a prokaryotic DNA methyltransferase under S-adenosyl-methionine methyl-donor limiting conditions. Methyl-donor limiting conditions might arise in early stages of tumor development, leading to high rates of methyltransferase-mediated CpG mutagenesis, as seen in human tumors. Such a mechanism is consistent with the frequently reported methionine auxotrophy of cancer cells and with the tumorigenic effects of methyl-deficient diets. Methyl deficiency in tumor cells is also consistent with the commonly observed global hypomethylation of tumor cell DNA, despite normal or even high levels of DNA methyltransferase expression.
A framework for discovering spatio-temporal cohesive networks

A spatio-temporal cohesive network represents a social network in which people often interact closely in both space and time. Spatially and temporally close people tend to share information and show homogeneous behavior.We discuss modeling social networks from spatiotemporal human activity data, and alternative interest measures for estimating the strength of subgroup cohesion in spatial and temporal space. We present an algorithm for mining spatio-temporal cohesive networks.
Observations of a Squall Line and Its Near Environment Using High-Frequency Rawinsonde Launches during VORTEX2

Abstract Rawinsonde data were collected before and during passage of a squall line in Oklahoma on 15 May 2009 during the Second Verification of the Origins of Rotation in Tornadoes Experiment (VORTEX2). Nine soundings were released within 3 h, allowing for unprecedented analysis of the squall line’s internal structure and nearby environment. Four soundings were released in the prestorm environment and they document the following features: low-level cooling associated with the reduction of solar isolation by a cirrus anvil; abrupt warming (1.5 K in 30 min) above the boundary layer, which is probably attributable to a gravity wave; increases in both low-level and deep-layer vertical wind shear within 100 km of the squall line; and evidence of ascent extending at least 75 km ahead of the squall line. The next sounding was released ∼5 km ahead of the squall line’s gust front; it documented a moist absolutely unstable layer within a 2-km-deep layer of ascent, with vertical air velocity of approximately 6 m s−1...