cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Studies of aerogenic and anaerogenic variants of Salmonella schottmuelleri. II. Resistance to antibiotics and sulfadiazine.

1. A study of relative resistances of six colonial types representing aerogenic and anaerogenic mucoid, smooth, and rough forms ofS. schottmuelleri to various antibiotics and sulfadiazine is presented. 2. Marked differences in susceptibility between the various colonial types, when tested both by the paper-disc and tube-dilution — subtransfer methods, were noted. The aerogenic smooth and rough colony types and the anaerogenic smooth form proved to be most resistant, while the mucoid forms and the anaerogenic rough form were most susceptible. 3. Penicillin and chloromycetin were the most effective drugs when tested by the paper-disc method, while penicillin showed greatest bactericidal activity and chloromycetin least activity of the antibiotics when tested by the tube method. Whereas terramycin was more effective than aureomycin when evaluated by the paper-disc method, both were equally efficient when tested by the tube-dilution — subtransfer method. Streptomycin followed these two antibiotics in efficiency when tested by both methods. Sulfadiazine was the least active drug used in these studies. 4. From our study no exact comparisons of results can yet be made between the two methods of testing.
Temperature dependence and reflection of coherent acoustic phonons in InGaN multiple quantum wells

Sub-picosecond optical pump-probe techniques were used to generate coherent zone-folded longitudinal acoustic phonons (ZFLAPs) in an InGaN multiple quantum well structure. Differential transmission measurements revealed that carriers injected near the barrier band edge were quickly captured into the quantum wells and generated strong coherent ZFLAP oscillations. Differential reflection measurements were used to explore the acoustic phonon transport and reflection in the multiple quantum well structure.
Stereochemical Promiscuity in Artificial Transcriptional Activators

Small molecule replacements of transcriptional activation domains are highly desirable targets due to their utility as mechanistic tools and their long-term therapeutic potential for a variety of human diseases. Here, we examine the ability of amphipathic isoxazolidines differing only in the placement of constituent side chains to function as transcriptional activation domains. The results reveal that precise positioning of functional groups within a conformationally constrained small molecule scaffold is not required for transcription function; rather, the balance of polarity and hydrophobicity within the scaffold is the more important determinant of transcription function. This suggests that a number of different organic molecule scaffolds should function as transcriptional activator domains when appropriately functionalized, a hypothesis currently under investigation.
Relationship between structure of benzimidazole derivatives and inhibitory activity on vaccinia virus multiplication.

Abstract Available evidence indicates that nucleic acid present in vaccinia virus is deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), whereas that present in influenza virus is ribonucleic acid (RNA). This difference invites comparative biochemical studies of the multiplication of these agents in the presence of chemical compounds which may specifically affect nucleic acid biosynthesis. Study of the multiplication of vaccinia and influenza viruses under the same experimental conditions has become possible as the result of the recent characterization of the multiplication of vaccinia virus in the chorioallantoic membrane in vitro . Kinetics of influenza virus multiplication in this system has been described earlier. The inhibitory effect of selected benzimidazole derivatives on the multiplication of vaccinia virus was studied. The structure of compounds had a marked effect on their activity. Furthermore, with certain derivatives the relationships between structure and inhibitory activity differed markedly from those established previously with the same compounds and influenza B virus. Substitution of ribose at N -1 in chlorinated benzimidazoles failed to enhance the inhibitory activity on the multiplication of vaccinia virus, although it was shown previously that such an alteration in structure greatly increased the inhibitory effect on influenza virus multiplication. The implications of this finding are discussed in relation to the type of nucleic acid present in each of the two viruses.
PROGRAM FOR PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICERS: INITIAL EVALUATION

For the initial evaluation of Tennessee's Law Enforcement Candidate Assessment Program, groups of metropolitan and non-metropolitan candidates for police certification were studied and compared with respect to their scores on the MMPI, Kuder Preference Record-Vocational, Form CH, and Otis-Lennon Mental Ability Test-Form J. The mean profiles for each group individually, as well as the profiles for the groups combined, were calculated. The results showed that the non-metropolitan applicants were older and had lower IQ scores than the metropolitan group. Both groups approached the MMPI in a “faking good” manner. These profiles, nevertheless, were relatively flat and hovered around the mean. In terms of interests both groups showed peaks in the social service area with the metropolitan sample scoring somewhat higher than the non-metropolitan group, who also showed a strong interest in outdoor activities. Their other interests appeared to be approximately equal. Although caution is suggested in interpreting th...
Spatially Resolved Streaming Potentials of Human Intervertebral Disk Motion Segments Under Dynamic Axial Compression

Intervertebral disk degeneration results in. alterations in the mechanical, chemical, and electrical properties of the disk tissue. The purpose of this study is to record spatially resolved streaming potential measurements across intervertebral disks exposed to cyclic compressive loading. We hypothesize that the streaming potential profile across the disk will vary with radial position and frequency and is proportional to applied load amplitude, according to the presumed fluid-solid relative velocity and measured glycosaminoglycan content. Needle electrodes were fabricated using a linear array of Ag/AgCl micro-electrodes and inserted into human motion segments in the midline from anterior to posterior. They were connected to an amplifier to measure electrode potentials relative to the saline bath ground. Motion segments were loaded in axial compression under a preload of 500 N, sinusoidal amplitudes of ±200 N and ±400 N, and frequencies of 0.01 Hz, 0.1 Hz, and I Hz. Streaming potential data were normalized by applied force amplitude, and also compared with paired experimental measurements of glycosaminoglycans in each disk. Normalized .streaming potentials varied significantly with sagittal position and there was a significant location difference at the different frequencies. Normalized streaming potential was largest in the central nucleus region at frequencies of 0.1 Hz and 1.0 Hz with values of approximately 3.5 μV/N. Under 0.01 Hz loading, normalized streaming potential was largest in the outer annulus regions with a maximum value of 3.0 μV/N. Correlations between streaming potential and glycosaminoglycan content were significant, with R 2 ranging from 0.5 to 0.8. Phasic relationships between applied force and electrical potential did not differ significantly by disk region or frequency, although the largest phase angles were observed at the outermost electrodes. Normalized streaming potentials were associated with glycosaminoglycan content, fluid, and ion transport. Results suggested that at higher frequencies the transport of water and ions in the central nucleus region may be larger, while at lower frequencies there is enhanced transport near the periphery of the annulus. This study provides data that will be helpful to validate multiphasic models of the disk. [DOI: 10.1115/1.3005164].
Effusion reactions in the ZnSe–ZnIn2Se4 system

Abstract Chemical changes during effusion of substances in the binary ZnSe–ZnIn 2 Se 4 system were observed during 21 studies by the simultaneous Knudsen- and torsion-effusion method. Principal vapor species were taken to be Zn(g), In 2 Se(g), and Se 2 (g). Two intermediate solid phases were found in the temperature range 1100–1200 K, ZnIn 2 Se 4 (s) and (ZnSe) 5 In 2 Se 3 (s). The latter phase vaporized congruently throughout the temperature range, but it effused congruently only above 1150 K; it was not observed at room temperature. ZnIn 2 Se 4 (s) effused incongruently to a vapor rich in zinc sulfide and a condensed phase rich in indium selenide. Here, proposed binary pressure-composition phase diagrams of this system at approximately 1120 and 1190 K are given, and equations for all effusion reactions in the system are presented. Stability of the two intermediate condensed phases relative to the chemically binary constituents are small, Δ H °(298 K) = –12.5 ± 3.5 kJ/mol for ZnIn 2 Se 4 (s), and for the other phase it was less than the experimental error.
Students' Ability to Visualize Set Expressions: An Initial Investigation.

Visualization is a powerful tool for understanding and solving mathematical problems. The use of Venn diagrams to visualize set expressions, however, is problematic for many students and may actually hinder their problem-solving efforts. In this study, 92 university students construct visual representations of eight set expressions. Through the use of a production system model and detailed analyses of students' work and verbal protocols, it is discovered that (1) competent and error-prone students construct and use procedures to complete set translation tasks, and (2) two-thirds of the observed errors arise from the consistent implementation of ill-formed procedures. The procedural origins of students' errors are identified and conjectures are offered regarding the perceptions and experiences that lead to the development of erroneous translation procedures.
Effect of gonadotropin-releasing hormone and prostaglandin F2α on reproduction in postpartum dairy cows

Abstract Thirty dairy cows serving as the treated group (Group A) were injected intramuscularly with 100 mcg gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) at 10 to 16 days postpartum followed by 25 mg prostaglandin F 2 α (PGF 2 α) 14 days later. Twenty-nine herdmate dairy cows (Group B) serving as controls were treated in a similar manner using saline injections rather than GnRH or PGF 2 α treatments. Only cows without obvious uterine infection were assigned to the experimental groups, and any uterine pathology that developed during the treatment interval was treated accordingly following the experimental period. Internal genitalia were evaluated via rectal palpation prior to each injection. Blood samples were collected for progesterone analysis before each injection and at 30 hours following the PGF 2 α or the second saline injection. Experimental animals were artificially inseminated at the first detected postpartum estrus starting 35 to 40 days following calving. Results indicated evidence of enhanced cyclicity when Group A cows were compared with those in Group B. However, there were no significant differences between the two groups for interval to first observed estrus, interval to first serive, first serive pregnancy rate, services per pregnancy and days open. Furthermore, no difference in the incidence of follicular or luteal cysts, incidence of repeat breeders or number of reproductive culls was observed. From observations in this study, the GnRH and PGF 2 α treatment scheudule might not be economically beneficial in lactating dairy cows as long as reproductive tract abnormalities are promptly diagnosed and subsequently treated by the attending practitioner.
Myocardial strain rate is a superior method for evaluation of left ventricular subendocardial function compared with tissue Doppler imaging.

Objectives This study was performed to evaluate subendocardial function using strain rate imaging (SRI). Background The subendocardium and mid-wall of the left ventricle (LV) play important roles in ventricular function. Previous methods used for evaluating this function are either invasive or cumbersome. Strain rate imaging by ultrasound is a newly developed echocardiographic modality based on tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) that allows quantitative assessment of regional myocardial wall motion. Methods We examined eight sheep using TDI in apical four-chamber views to evaluate the LV free wall. Peak strain rates (SRs) during isovolumic relaxation (IR), isovolumic contraction (IC), and myocardial strain were measured in the endocardial (End), mid-myocardial (Mid), and epicardial (Epi) layers. For four hemodynamic conditions (created after baseline by blood, dobutamine, and metoprolol infusion), we compared differences in SR of End, Mid, and Epi layers to peak positive and negative first derivative of LV pressure (dP/dt). Results Strain rate during IC showed a good correlation with +dP/dt (r = 0.74, p < 0.001) and during IR with −dP/dt (r = 0.67, p = 0.0003). There was a significant difference in SR between the myocardial layers during both IC and IR (End: −3.4 ± 2.2 s−1, Mid: −1.8 ± 1.5 s−1, Epi: −0.63 ± 1.0 s−1, p < 0.0001 during IC; End: 2.2 ± 1.5 s−1, Mid: 1.0 ± 0.8 s−1, Epi: 0.47 ± 0.64 s−1, p < 0.0001 during IR). Also, SRs of the End and Mid layers during IC were significantly altered by different hemodynamic conditions (End at baseline: 1.7 ± 0.7 s−1; blood: 2.0 ± 1.1 s−1; dobutamine: 3.4 ± 2.3 s−1; metoprolol: 1.0 ± 0.4 s−1; p < 0.05). Myocardial strain showed differences in each layer (End: −34.3 ± 12.6%; Mid: −22.6 ± 12.1%; Epi: −11.4 ± 7.9%; p < 0.0001) and changed significantly in different hemodynamic conditions (p < 0.0001). Conclusions Strain and SR appear useful and sensitive for evaluating myocardial function, especially for the subendocardial region.
2-Deoxyglucose Induces Cell Cycle Arrest and Apoptosisin Colorectal Cancer Cells Independent of Its Glycolysis Inhibition

2-Deoxyglucose (2DG) is an anticancer drug with excellent safety profile. Because of its higher dose requirements, its potential is yet to translate into a monotherapy. However, recently, 2DG has been tested as an adjunct in established chemotherapeutic regimens. 2DG enhanced the potency of several chemotherapeutic agents but not all. The rationale selection of known chemotherapeutic agents to use with 2DG is hampered because of the lack of complete understanding of mechanism behind 2DG anticancer effects. Although, 2DG is a well-known glycolytic inhibitor, which inhibits the key glycolytic enzyme hexokinase, its anticancer effects cannot be fully explained by this simplistic mechanism alone. In this article, we have shown for the first time that 2DG induced a transient expression of p21 and a continuous expression of p53 in colorectal cancer cells (SW620). The treatment also caused cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase and induced apoptosis through the mitochondrial pathway. The effects of 2DG on p21 and p53 protein levels were totally independent of its inhibitory effect on either hexokinase or ATP levels. Results from this study provides key insights into novel molecular mechanisms of 2DG and directs rational selection of other anticancer drugs to combine with 2DG in colorectal cancer treatment.
Metabank: a knowledge-base of metaphoric language conventions

The frequent and conventional use of nonliteral language has been a major stumbling block for natural language processing systems since the early machine translation efforts. Metaphor, metonymy, and indirect speech acts are among the most troublesome phenomena. Recent computational efforts addressing these problems have taken an approach that emphasizes the use of systematic knowledge about nonliteral language conventions. We are currently engaged in an effort to supply this knowledge in the case of conventional metaphor. We are constructing MetaBank: an empirically derived and theoretically motivated knowledge-base of English metaphorical conventions. This article describes our three-part approach to the construction of MetaBank: the collection of on-line textual resources and databases of linguistic generalizations, the development of a methodology for analyzing these resources, and the construction of a knowledge-base based on the preceding analyses.
The What and When of How Hospice Nurses Prepare Families for Death (729)

Positive Impact: Integrating Palliative Care Education and Support in a Community Oncology Practice (728) Angela Kalisiak, MD, Hospice & Palliative Care of Washington County, Hillsboro, OR. Susan Hedlund, MSW LCSW, Hospice & Palliative Care of Washington County, Hillsboro, OR. Elizabeth Gandara, RN BS, Northwest Cancer Specialist, Portland, OR. (All speakers have disclosed no relevant financial relationships.)
Carotid stenting in the elderly: is 80 the new 60?

Elderly patients are at higher risk of procedural complications. Surgical revascularization has been performed successfully in selected octogenarians.1,2 Nevertheless, it is widely believed that percutaneous approaches are safer in the elderly. Indeed, percutaneous coronary intervention is now successfully being performed even in selected nonagenarians.3 Thus, it is tempting to presume that carotid revascularization in the elderly might be safer if done via endovascular means (Figure).4 Figure. Angiography before (A) and after (B) a right carotid artery stent in an 81-year-old man with amaurosis fugax. Article see p 2343 The data to date, however, have been conflicting, with several reports demonstrating very high rates of stroke or death with carotid stenting in octogenarians. Furthermore, although carotid stenting with embolic protection has been shown to be noninferior to carotid endarterectomy in patients at high surgical risk, whether carotid stenting is equivalent to carotid endarterectomy remains an open question in patients at low surgical risk.5–7 Additionally, especially for asymptomatic patients, the question arises whether a patient will live long enough to derive potential benefit from any procedure. This question becomes more pressing as the elderly population expands and the definition of elderly creeps upward, and also as clinical trials continue to underenroll the elderly. The cut point where appropriate clinical caution turns instead into preconceived notions and age-related bias is difficult to define. In this issue of Circulation , Chiam et al report on 142 consecutive patients aged 80 years or older who underwent carotid stenting.8 This series of patients has previously been reported, with the current article adding observations related to intermediate-term …
The neutral circulation in the vicinity of a stable auroral arc

The effects of asymmetric potential distributions, arc-neutral feedback, and cross-arc winds on the neutral circulation near auroral arc were examined using a sophisticated two-dimensional high-resolution model of the neutral atmosphere which was preconditioned by allowing weak diffuse aurora to exist prior to the formation of an arc. Simulations were performed with asymmetric potential structures and with an initial state which was warmed and accelerated due to a preexisting diffuse aurora, as well as with arc-zonal wind feedback and with large-scale cross-arc flow. It is shown that, with a preexisting zonal flow and asymmetrical arc structures, strong zonal winds are generated within the arc. Simulations with the arc-zonal feedback indicate that the effect of feedback is not large because of the limited duration of an arc. Simulations with a strong large-scale cross-arc wind indicate that the zonal wind is not strongly sensitive to the large-scale wind.
The Treatment of Infantile Spasms by Child Neurologists

Infantile spasms is a refractory seizure disorder for which a number of different treatment regimens are available. No information is available on which treatment regimens are most widely used and which would be of practical importance in designing clinical trials to determine efficacy of new treatments. We proceeded to gather data on the most commonly employed methods of treating infantile spasms. A survey was mailed in 1991 to all junior, active, and emeritus members of the Child Neurology Society asking details about the treatment of infantile spasms. Telephone follow-up on a random sample of nonresponders was made. The total response rate was 58.3%. Most respondents who treat infantile spasms use corticotropin (ACTH) as their drug of first choice (88%). The most frequently used dosage was 40 IU per day, and the most frequent duration of treatment was 1 to 2 months. The most frequently reported side effects of ACTH or oral corticosteroid treatment were cushingism, behavior changes or irritability, hype...
Construction of relative difference sets in p -groups

Abstract Jungnickel (1982) and Elliot and Butson (1966) have shown that ( p j +1 , p , p j +1 , p j ) relative difference sets exist in the elementary abelian p -group case ( p an odd prime) and many 2-groups for the case p = 2. This paper provides two new constructions of relative difference sets with these parameters; the first handles any p -group (including non-abelian) with a special subgroup if j is odd, and any 2-group with that subgroup if j is even. The second construction shows that if j is odd, every abelian group of order p j +2 and exponent less than or equal to p ( j +3)/2 has a relative difference set. If j is even, we show that every abelian group of order 2 j +2 and exponent less than or equal to 2 ( j +4)/2 has a relative difference set except the elementary abelian group. Finally, Jungnickel (1982) found ( p i + j , p i , p i + j , p j ) relative difference sets for all i , j in elementary abelian groups when p is an odd prime and in Z i 4 × Z j 2 when p = 2. This paper also provides a construction for i + j even and i ⩽ j in many group with a special subgroup. This is a generalization of the construction found in a submitted paper.
Apoptotic Pathways: Ten Minutes to Dead

For more than a decade, it has been apparent that apoptosis and other forms of cell death are often controlled at one or more crucial steps involving the mitochondria. Recent findings, including an elegant investigation in a recent issue of Cell (Hao et al., 2005), have helped to elucidate fundamental aspects of this involvement while raising puzzling new questions about mitochondrial routes to cellular demise. The emerging, if preliminary, perspective these new studies provide may represent either a refinement of our views of how cells die or, perhaps, the beginnings of what amounts to a reformulation of our ideas.
Model based feedback inventory controller for intermediate storage in batch processes

Abstract Batch processes are susceptible to failures of equipment or of batches to meet specifications. A role of intermediate storage is to absorb such production failures, but even generously designed storage cannot absorb a high level of failures. Such disruptions can be mitigated and the requirement for intermediate storage reduced through the combined contributions of intermediate storage capacity and timely advances or delays in the processing of batches. In this study, a feedback controller is designed to mitigate storage operation failures resulting from stochastic variations in the production system parameters. The up-stream flows are assumed to be subject to high intensity process disturbances that the available storage capacity cannot totally absorb. The down-stream batch start times are selected as practical manipulating variables for a multiple input/multiple output intermediate storage operation which, of course, includes the single input/single output storage system as a special case. The current measurement of each integrated up-stream flow is compared with its estimated value and the deviation error is used in the prediction mechanism. Based on current system information, the control input is calculated in order for storage not to be depleted or caused to overflow. Simulation examples demonstrate that the proposed controller efficiently absorbs process disturbance and converts all parameter variations into only cycle time variations.
Incentive regulation in the United Kingdom and the United States: Some lessons

This paper has reviewed the approach to incentive regulation in the United Kingdom and the United States. The United Kingdom approach has typically relied on pure PCR, incorporating much sharper incentives for efficiency and lower transactions costs, but it makes the company more of a hostage to the regulator. The United States approach, which is grounded or even mired in the legal system, gives up efficiency incentives in an attempt to avoid making the companies the hostages of regulatory reneging.27 The papers in this Issue illustrate the broad scope of incentive regulation, from the purer forms of PCR to a number of variations and mixtures of PCR with other forms of regulation. The interesting theoretic results and the importance of achieving practical solutions in incentive regulation underscore the importance of the problems and approaches raised in this Issue.
The potential of HyperCard for psychological research and instruction: A general discussion and description of two research applications

In this paper, we discuss the potential of HyperCard for research and instruction in psychology. First we give a general overview of the HyperCard program; after that, we present two HyperCard stacks as sample solutions for two specific research applications. Surveyor, a self-contained survey tool, is a HyperCard-based vehicle for developing, administering, and processing tests and surveys. Queston demonstrates how HyperCard can be used as a data-management and data-analysis tool during the stages of questionnaire development. Both stacks illustrate how flexible HyperCard is and how easy it is to use it to manage, analyze, and process data, to transfer data to other programs, and to print reports. HyperCard, unlike traditional applications, gives the user a great degree of control over the way information is stored, mainipulated, and presented. Although both stacks are custom-made for specific purposes, the concepts underlying the design can be generally applied and adapted for other purposes.
Cold War military systems science and the emergence of a nonlinear view of war in the US military

This paper examines the role of Cold War military systems science in the emergence of a nonlinear view of war within the US military. It argues that US military ambivalence towards systems science and seeds of a nonlinear worldview within the systems sciences help to explain the enlistment of nonlinear sciences like chaos and complexity theories. The turn to nonlinear science represents not a radical break with, but rather the evolution of a worldview whose roots can be traced to US military responses to Cold War exigencies.
Ankle block for forefoot surgery: patient choice and efficacy

Summary One hundred consecutive patients made an informed preoperative choice for elective forefoot surgery between general anaesthetic (GA) and ankle block (AB). Fourteen patients requested GA, 57 AB and 29 were ambivalent, but chose to proceed with AB and sedation anaesthesia after further explanation. The ambivalent group had a higher level of preoperative concerns ( P P
Magnetic Flux Emergence into the Solar Corona. I. Its Role for the Reversal of Global Coronal Magnetic Fields

Some physical insights into how the corona reverses its global magnetic field are described in this paper based on a set of elementary hydromagnetic calculations. We assume that a fresh magnetic field of opposite polarity has emerged into a corona containing a preexisting magnetic field. The inevitable magnetic reconnection that takes place between the two magnetic flux systems may result in an expulsion of magnetic flux to infinity. Our calculations suggest the following physical story of the coronal reversal process: When the emerged flux exceeds the preexisting flux by a critical amount, the corona will reverse its polarity. Before this critical ratio is attained, the field with the emerged flux may have enough energy to let only one or two bipolar parts of the multipolar field open up. This opening-up process, taking place as a coronal mass ejection (CME), may take some of the preexisting flux out of the corona and thus increase the emerged-to-preexisting flux ratio and bring the corona closer to the critical value for its global magnetic reversal. Our calculations also indicate that it is possible that the position where the field opens up may be different from that where the new flux emerges. This may help explain the difference in the latitude distribution of active regions and CMEs during a solar cycle as observed by Hundhausen.
A simple computer

The organization of a particular computer is described at a level of detail suitable for classroom presentation at an introductory level. The computer consists of several units which manipulate and store data, a bus structure connecting them, and a microprogramming mechanism to control their operation. Both instruction decoding and interpretation are determined by the microprogram. The microprogram for a single-address computer is given as an example; the student is asked to redo the microprogram to implement stack instructions or some other sequential instructions of his choice. An XPL program which (1) reads a microprogram, then (2) reads a program, then (3) executes the program with a run-time trace is presented in the appendices.
Myristate, a 14-carbon fatty acid, effectively reverses anesthesia.

THE pressure reversal of anesthesia was discovered in the light intensity of bacterial luciferase. 1 This in vitro study implies that the partial molar volume of the luciferase is greater during anesthesia than during the awake state. 1 This observation was confirmed in vivo in tadpoles, 2 newts, 3 and rats. 4 We found that the light intensity of firefly luciferase (FFL) also responds to high pressure. 5 We also measured the effects of anesthetics and myristate (a 14-carbon fatty acid, neutralized by NaOH) on the volume of FFL. 6 Halothane 0.5 mM increased the FFL volume by 3.93 cm 3 mol -1 whereas myristate 2.5 μM decreased it by 7.66 cm 3 mol -1 . We hypothesized that if the molar volume of FFL determines depth of anesthesia, myristate may antagonize anesthesia. As expected, our preliminary study showed that myristate antagonized anesthesia in goldfish. 7 Contrary to the general belief that fatty acids are toxic to mammals, the intravenous hyperalimentation fluids, Intralipid (Baxter, Deerfield, IL), and others are composed of a variety of long-chain fatty acids: linoleic, oleic, palmitic, linolenic, stearic acids, and so on. These fatty acids are neutralized by triglycerides. They are called essential fatty acids (EFA), and are well tolerated by debilitated patients. The generally held idea among anesthesiologists that fatty acids do not cross the blood-brain barrier is contradicted by oleamide (18-carbon fatty acid, oleic acid, neutralized by NH 4 OH) which crosses the blood-brain barrier and induces sleep. 8,9 .
Improving extraction and transport simulations of the superconducting ECR ion source VENUS

A plasma sheath extraction model has been added to the three-dimensional, particle-in-cell (PIC) code WARP in order to simulate the extraction and transport of ion beams from the superconducting ECR ion source VENUS. The WARP code is ideally suited to simulate ECR ion source transport systems since it can handle large particle numbers, multiple species, applied and self fields, and has a powerful PYTHON programming shell that allows the user to easily customize the simulation. The addition of an axially symmetric sheath extraction model for a multi species plasma allows for the simulation of the entire VENUS beam line including extraction. To benchmark this model against experiment we have produced axially symmetric beams from VENUS composed almost exclusively of one ion species. These axially symmetric beams are produced by operating the VENUS source without sextupoles, which confine the plasma radially. In addition we performed single species experiments with the sextupoles energized. These measurements confirm the expected triangular shape of the extracted beam. To simulate asymmetric plasma extraction, a simple approximation using the results of the symmetric extraction model is employed. Comparisons between simulation and experiment for both extraction cases at a beam profile diagnostic device (beam harp) after the extraction and at an emittance scanner after the analyzing magnet are presented. Good agreement in both the size and shape of the beam were found at the beam harp provided the beam is not overfocused to a waist before the harp. Simulation and experiment also show reasonable agreement in beam size and divergence angle when comparing emittance scanner measurements after the analyzing dipole. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. PACS: 07.77.Ka; 29.25.Ni; 29.27.Ac; 29.27.Eg
Relation of wait-time and rewards to the development of language, logic, and fate control: Part II-Rewards

In Part I it was shown that by varying the duration of pauses in two locations the length of student statements increased, the number of alternative explanations offered multiplied, and the overall probability of receiving a reply increased. It was noted, as well, that in natural situations where there was a high incidence of teacher sanctioning behavior, regardless of whether it was predominantly positively toned, the verbal performance of students engaged in inquiry appeared to be negatively influenced even when there were reasonable wait-times. That is, even in those rare naturally occurring cases where pauses were longer than the mean of one second, and in experiments where pauses and rewards were independently manipulated if sanctioning behaviors were intense, the positive influence on inquiry of the longer pauses appeared to be somewhat mitigated. It became necessary, then, to study reward patterns in the context of inquiry in order to discover whether, in general, overt verbal rewards which we found occurring with tremendous frequency in natural settings, helped or hindered the progress of student inquiry.
A Statistical Model of Bubble Coalescence and Its Application to Boiling Heat Flux Prediction—Part II: Experimental Validation

A mechanistic model for the boiling heat flux prediction proposed in Part I of this two-part paper (2009, "A Statistical Model of Bubble Coalescence and Its Application to Boiling Heat Flux Prediction—Part I: Model Development, "ASME J. Heat Transfer, 131, p. 121013) is verified in this part. In the first step, the model is examined by experiments conducted using R134a covering a range of pressures, inlet subcoolings, and flow velocities. The density of the active nucleation sites is measured and correlated with critical diameter D c and static contact angle θ. Underlying submodels on bubble growth and bubble departure/lift-off radii are validated. Predictions of heat flux are compared with the experimental data with an overall good agreement observed. This model achieves an average error of ±25% for the prediction of R134a boiling curves, with the predicted maximum surface heat flux staying within ±20% of the experimentally measured critical heat flux. In the second step, the model is applied to water data measured by McAdams et al. (1949, "Heat Transfer at High Rates to Water With Surface Boiling, " Ind. Eng. Chem., 41(9), pp. 1945-1953) in vertical circular tubes. The consistency suggests that the application of this mechanistic model can be extended to other flow conditions if the underlying submodels are appropriately chosen and the assumptions made during model development remain valid.
Efficiently Constructing Mosaics from Video Collections

In this paper, we describe an efficient method for creating mosaics from collections of videos. Our method is based on a utility maximization formulation which we optimize greedily. We employ a function for quickly estimating mosaics without computing image features that allows us to efficiently take greedy steps while still achieving user definable goals for mosaic quality. Indeed, we demonstrate using a number of single- and multi-video experiments that our approach can construct high-quality mosaics in only a fraction of the time required to perform the operations undertaken by existing video mosaicing algorithms. While we focus in this work on the application of panorama construction, our method has a wide range of applications, such as super-resolution, summary, and indexing.
Verbal Artistry in Southern Paiute Narratives: Reduplication as a Stylistic Process

This article examines stylistic uses of reduplicated nouns and verbs in Southern Paiute narrative performances. Traditional Paiute storytellers in the San Juan andKaibab communities of north-central Arizona employ reduplication to index simultaneously narrative structure and specific referential meanings. The analysis of this creative and multi-indexical process demonstrates the importance of examining the verbal artistry of devices like reduplication in any language study.
Randomized self-routing algorithms for Clos networks

Abstract As the VLSI technology makes large crossbar switches affordable, Clos networks have become a feasible option of large interconnection networks. However, to make these networks practical and useful, efficient routing algorithms need to be developed. This paper will develop and study several randomized routing algorithms for Clos networks. The algorithms are based on the idea that if the first column of Clos is set to some configuration somehow, then the resulting network becomes self-routed using the destination addresses. Each of the randomized algorithms sets the first column to a configuration selected by a random process. The algorithms are then self-routed and take no computation time to set the switches. Probabilistic analysis and simulation measurements of the communication delay of permutation routing are conducted. It is shown that the communication delay of any permutation is 3–6 cycles in networks of up to 1024 processors. Although other routing algorithms route arbitrary permutations in one cycle over Clos/Benes networks and 2 cycles over δ networks, these algorithms take prohibitively large times to compute the appropriate switch settings, while our randomized algorithms are self-routed and spend NO time on computing the switch settings. This makes our algorithms superior to any universal nonrandomized routing algorithm for Clos/Benes networks or δ networks. The speed, universality and ease of implementation of our randomized algorithms make Clos networks highly attractive for large parallel computer systems.
Factors that influence formation of B cell repertoire.

V, D, and J gene segments rearrange at different frequencies in vivo. In my laboratory, we are interested in determining the reasons for this unequal rearrangement of V genes during B cell development, and also in gaining insights into the mechanisms that control recombination. Every V, D, and J gene segment is flanked on its recombining side(s) by a recombination signal sequence (RSS), which is composed of a conserved heptamer and nonamer, separated by a spacer of conserved length. In this article, we summarize data showing that in many cases the RSS can account for differences in recombination frequencies observed in vivo. The approach that we use is to determine the frequency of initial rearrangement of the V genes in vivo. The RSSs of two V genes are then placed into a competition recombination substrate to determine the relative frequency with which the two RSSs recombine. In one example, we have shown that a single base pair polymorphism in the RSS of a Vκ gene may play a major role in susceptibility ot Haemophilus influenzae type b infection.
Data-Driven Mapping Using Local Patterns

The problem of mapping a data flow graph onto a reconfigurable architecture has been difficult to solve quickly and optimally. Anytime algorithms have the potential to meet both goals by generating a good solution quickly and improving that solution over time, but they have not been shown to be practical for mapping. The key insight into this paper is that mapping algorithms based on search trees can be accelerated using a database of examples of high quality mappings. The depth of the search tree is reduced by placing patterns of nodes rather than single nodes at each level. The branching factor is reduced by placing patterns only in arrangements present in a dictionary constructed from examples. We present two anytime algorithms that make use of patterns and dictionaries: Anytime A* and Anytime Multiline Tree Rollup. We compare these algorithms to simulated annealing and to results from human mappers playing the online game UNTANGLED. The anytime algorithms outperform simulated annealing and the best game players in the majority of cases, and the combined results from all algorithms provide an informative comparison between architecture choices.
Epigenetic regulation of normal and malignant hematopoiesis

The molecular processes governing hematopoiesis involve the interplay between lineage-specific transcription factors and a series of epigenetic tags, including DNA methylation and covalent histone tail modifications, such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, SUMOylation and ubiquitylation. These post-translational modifications, which collectively constitute the 'histone code', are capable of affecting chromatin structure and gene transcription and are catalysed by opposing families of enzymes, allowing the developmental potential of hematopoietic stem cells to be dynamically regulated. The essential role of these enzymes in regulating normal blood development is highlighted by the finding that members from all families of chromatin regulators are targets for dysregulation in many hematological malignancies, and that patterns of histone modification are globally affected in cancer as well as the regulatory regions of specific oncogenes and tumor suppressors. The discovery that these epigenetic marks can be reversed by compounds targeting aberrant transcription factor/co-activator/co-repressor interactions and histone-modifying activities, provides the basis for an exciting field in which the epigenome of cancer cells may be manipulated with potential therapeutic benefits.
A window on mid-Tudor Ireland: the `Matters¿ against Lord Deputy St. Leger

This article seeks to contextualize an anonymous set of allegations written in late 1547 which helped to collapse the government of Sir Anthony St. Leger, the lord deputy of Ireland. Often thought to be a symptom of the mid-Tudor crisis, this document reveals that the Edwardian regime's decision to replace the popular Irish deputy was greatly influenced by elements within Ireland. In his effort to effect a change in Tudor policy toward Ireland, the author of this eclectic and lengthy assortment of allegations against the St. Leger-led government has provided a window into many aspects of Irish political life at the outset of Edward VI's reign.
The Art of Extracting One-Dimensional Flow Properties from Multi-Dimensional Data Sets

The engineering design and analysis of air-breathing propulsion systems relies heavily on zero- or one-dimensional properties (e:g: thrust, total pressure recovery, mixing and combustion efficiency, etc.) for figures of merit. The extraction of these parameters from experimental data sets and/or multi-dimensional computational data sets is therefore an important aspect of the design process. A variety of methods exist for extracting performance measures from multi-dimensional data sets. Some of the information contained in the multi-dimensional flow is inevitably lost when any one-dimensionalization technique is applied. Hence, the unique assumptions associated with a given approach may result in one-dimensional properties that are significantly different than those extracted using alternative approaches. The purpose of this effort is to examine some of the more popular methods used for the extraction of performance measures from multi-dimensional data sets, reveal the strengths and weaknesses of each approach, and highlight various numerical issues that result when mapping data from a multi-dimensional space to a space of one dimension.
A randomized, controlled trial of acupuncture for chronic daily headache.

Background.—Approximately 4% of adults experience headaches nearly every day. Nonpharmacologic interventions for frequent headaches may be appropriate because medical management alone is often ineffective. Objective.—To assess the efficacy of acupuncture as an adjunct to medical management for chronic daily headache (CDH). Methods.—We conducted a randomized, controlled trial of 74 patients with CDH that compared medical management provided by neurologists to medical management plus 10 acupuncture treatments. Primary outcome measures were daily pain severity and headache-related quality of life (QoL). Results.—Patients who received only medical management did not demonstrate improvement in any of the standardized measures. Daily pain severity scores trended downward but did not differ between treatment groups (P = .60). Relative to medical management only, medical management plus acupuncture was associated with an improvement of 3.0 points (95% CI, 1.0 to 4.9) on the Headache Impact Test and an increase of 8 or more points on the role limitations due to physical problems, social functioning, and general mental health domains of the Short Form 36 Health Survey. Patients who received acupuncture were 3.7 times more likely (CI, 1.7 to 8.1) to report less suffering from headaches at 6 weeks (absolute risk reduction 46%; number needed to treat 2). Conclusion.—Headache-specialty medical management alone was not associated with improved clinical outcomes among our study population. Supplementing medical management with acupuncture, however, resulted in improvements in health-related QoL and the perception by patients that they suffered less from headaches. Ke yw ords: chronic daily headache, acupuncture, quality of life
Neural control of the urinary bladder: Possible relationship between peptidergic inhibitory mechanisms and detrusor instability

This paper provides a brief review of the organization of the neural mechanisms controlling micturition. The role of neuropeptides in peripheral afferent and efferent pathways and in the central reflex mechanisms is discussed. A major focus of the paper is on the inhibitory functions of spinal and supraspinal enkephalinergic systems in the control of bladder capacity and bladder stability. Pharmacological studies indicate that drug-induced changes in enkephalinergic mechanisms can elicit marked alterations in bladder function. Similar changes in transmitter mechanisms may occur following neural injury or disease and therefore be involved in the development of neurogenic disorders of the lower urinary tract.
Concordance of near infrared spectroscopy with pressure flow studies in men with lower urinary tract symptoms.

Purpose: Near infrared spectroscopy is a technology with the potential to diagnose bladder outlet obstruction noninvasively. We investigated the correlation between the near infrared spectroscopy algorithm classification of obstructed or unobstructed (based on near infrared spectroscopy pattern, maximum flow rate and post-void residual) and pressure flow studies in men with lower urinary tract symptoms. We also assessed whether the near infrared spectroscopy pattern itself, independent of the near infrared spectroscopy algorithm (which also includes maximum flow rate and post-void residual urine), correlates with bladder outlet obstruction.Materials and Methods: Subjects simultaneously underwent urodynamics and near infrared spectroscopy evaluation. Bladder outlet obstruction classification was based on the International Continence Society nomogram. The near infrared spectroscopy algorithm was evaluated against the comparable noninvasive algorithms with receiver operating characteristic curves. For signif...