cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Support for a two-dimensional model of food craving using self-report questionnaire and cue-reactivity methodologies.

OBJECTIVE Evidence supports the transdiagnostic importance of food cravings across the spectrum of disordered eating behaviors. The ambivalence model of craving (AMC), originally applied to substance use craving, highlights the need to consider not just the motivational state of "approach," but also that of "avoidance." The aims of this project were to (a) extend the existing literature by providing additional psychometric support for the food approach and avoidance questionnaire (FAAQ), (b) extend research supporting the validity of applying the AMC to disordered eating by incorporating a cue-reactivity paradigm, and (c) examine the unique contributions of the FAAQ and in-the-moment cue-elicited craving to the prediction of disordered eating. METHOD Participants (N = 223; 52.0% female, age M = 20.51 years) were recruited from a large southeastern university. Participants completed a food cue-reactivity paradigm and measures of food craving and disordered eating in a lab setting. RESULTS The factor structure and construct validity of the FAAQ was supported and both general states of food craving (i.e., FAAQ) and cue-elicited food craving were incrementally associated with the spectrum of disordered eating behaviors. As anticipated, both FAAQ and in-the-moment cue-elicited approach were primarily associated with overeating behaviors, whereas FAAQ and cue-elicited avoidance were primarily associated with restrictive eating behaviors. DISCUSSION Findings highlight the importance of including an avoidance dimension of food craving and have important implications for disordered eating prevention and intervention work.
Artificially intelligent government: A review and agenda

While scores of commentators have opined about the need for governance of artificial intelligence (AI), fewer have examined the implications for government itself. This chapter offers a synthetic review of an emerging literature on the distinct governance challenges raised by public sector adoption of AI. Section 2 begins by providing a sense of the landscape of government AI use. While existing work centers on a few use cases (e.g., criminal risk assessment scores), a new wave of AI technology is exhibiting early signs of transforming how government works. Such AI-based governance technologies cover the waterfront of government action, from securities enforcement and patent classification to social security disability benefits adjudication and environmental monitoring. We show how these new algorithmic tools differ from past rounds of public sector innovation and raise unique governance challenges. We highlight three such challenges emerging from the literature. Section 3 reviews the legal challenges of reconciling public law’s commitment to reason-giving with the lack of explainability of certain algorithmic governance tools. Because existing work has fixated on a small set of uses, it reflects the tendency in the wider algorithmic accountability literature to focus on constitutional doctrine. But the diverse set of algorithmic governance tools coming online are more likely to be regulated under statutory administrative law, raising distinct questions about transparency and explainability. Next, Section 4 reviews the challenges of building state capacity to adopt modern AI tools. We argue that a core component of state capacity includes embedded technical expertise and data infrastructure. Standard frameworks fail to capture how capacity-building can be critical for (a) shrinking the public-private sector technology gap and (b) “internal” due process, which administrative law has increasingly recognized as key to accountability. Finally, Section 5 turns to challenges of gameability, distributive effects, and legitimacy as the new AI-based governance technologies move closer to performing core government functions. We highlight the potential for adversarial learning by regulated parties and contractor conflicts of interest when algorithms are bought, not made. Gaming concerns highlight the deeper political complexities of a newly digitized public sector. Section 6 concludes by providing cautious support for adoption of AI by the public sector. Further progress in thinking about the new algorithmic governance will require more sustained attention to the legal and institutional realities and technological viability of use cases.
Measuring Automation Bias and Complacency in an X-Ray Screening Task

Automation is becoming ever more prevalent in industrial system designs, and the aviation security industry is no exception. Automated decision aids are regularly used in airport security procedures (as with the TSA) to assist operators scanning baggage for hazardous items. However, there exists serious concerns regarding the human-machine interactions. In order to safely design systems that rely on human oversight, it is imperative that we understand the consequences of design on overall task performance and system usability. To do this, we combined an x-ray screening research paradigm with a ‘wizard-of-oz’ automation verification feature to create a novel research paradigm for exploring monitoring behavior (complacency) and performance in a simulated x-ray screening task. The automation in the x-ray task provided participants with a reliable recommendation to search (hazardous items detected) or clear (no hazardous weapons detected) the baggage 80% of the time. Users’ level of complacency was measured by registering the frequency with which they chose to verify the automation by clicking a “Request Info” button. Monitoring behavior, or the percent of trials in which the user requested additional information from the automation, was low overall. However, it was significantly higher when the automation provided an inaccurate recommendation. These results indicate that users experienced automation bias, the tendency to agree with an automated decision aid. Users also exhibited complacency during the task such that they were no longer actively monitoring the system. Users may have noticed the system was unreliable, given an increase in monitoring behavior in unreliable recommendation trials, but still chose to agree with the automation rather than visually search the baggage for evidence. This demonstrates a unique threat to safety in these domains, wherein users may rely on imperfect automation, rather than their own abilities, even when they believe something is amiss.
Inelastic Neutron Scattering by U 238

Monoenergetic neutrons in the range 0.5 to 2 Mev have been scattered from ${\mathrm{U}}^{238}$ and the spectra of scattered neutrons have been investigated by a time-of-flight method. Levels have been located at 0.044\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.004, 0.146\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.006, 0.30\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.03, 0.73\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02, 0.98\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02, 1.06\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.03, and 1.26\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.04 Mev. The cross sections for excitation of these levels have been obtained corresponding to inelastic neutron scattering at 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}. An angular distribution has been obtained for the inelastically scattered neutrons corresponding to excitation of the 44-kev level by incident neutrons of 550-kev energy. This distribution is of the form $A(1\ensuremath{-}B{cos}^{2}\ensuremath{\theta})$ where $A$ is 0.135\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02 barn per steradian and $B$ is 0.45\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1. The cross section is in good agreement with calculations by Chase and Wilets which indicate compound nucleus formation is the dominant mechanism in inelastic neutron scattering by ${\mathrm{U}}^{238}$ at 550 kev, although the anisotropy is larger than that predicted.
eHealth Communication With Clients at Community-Based HIV/AIDS Service Organizations in the Southern United States: Cross-Sectional Survey.

Background: Providing HIV/STD testing and prevention education, medical and nonmedical case management, housing assistance, transportation services, and patient navigation are just a few examples of how community-based HIV/AIDS service organizations will help the United States realize the goals of the updated National HIV/AIDS Strategy. Objective: In this study, the aim was to assess electronic data security confidence level, electronic communication behaviors, and interest in using eHealth communication tools with clients of staff at community-based HIV/AIDS service organizations. Methods: Staff were recruited from 7 community-based HIV/AIDS service organizations in the southern United States (3 in South Carolina and 4 in Texas). The principal investigator used state department of health websites to identify community-based HIV/AIDS service organizations. Staff were included if they provided HIV/STD prevention education to clients. A recruitment letter was sent to community-based HIV/AIDS service organization leaders who then used snowball sampling to recruit eligible staff. Chi-square tests were used. Results: Among staff (n=59) who participated in the study, 66% (39/59) were very or completely confident that safeguards are in place to keep electronically shared information from being seen by other people; 68% (40/59) used email, 58% (34/59) used text messages, 25% (15/59) used social media, 15% (9/59) used a mobile app, 8% (5/59) used web-enabled videoconferencing, and 3% (2/59) used other tools (eg, electronic medical record, healthnavigator.com website) to communicate electronically with their clients. More than half were very interested in using eHealth communication tools in the future for sharing appointment reminders (67%, 38/59) and general health tips (61%, 34/59) with their clients. Half were very interested in using eHealth communication tools in the future to share HIV medication reminders with their clients (50%, 29/59). Forty percent (23/59) were very interested in using eHealth communication tools to share vaccination reminders with their clients. Conclusions: Community-based HIV/AIDS service organization staff had some level of confidence that safeguards were in place to keep electronically shared information from being seen by other people. This is critically important given the sensitivity of the information shared between community-based HIV/AIDS service organization staff and their clients, and because many staff were very interested in using eHealth communication tools with their clients in the future. It is very likely that eHealth communication tools can be used in community settings to improve health outcomes across the HIV care continuum; in the interim, more research is needed to better understand factors that may facilitate or impede community-based HIV/AIDS service organization staff use and client acceptability.
Essentialism, Empathy, and Economics in Silicon Valley: A Feminist-Vigilant Critical Discourse Analysis

A feminist critical discourse analysis of a memo by James Damore, former Google software engineer, reveals his biologically essentialist assumptions about why there are so few women in STEM professions. Despite his frequent use of discursive hedges (e.g., modal verbs, scalar adverbials, and passives) and advocacy for attending to the overlaps in population distributions, Damore’s critique falls too easily into the binaries (e.g., empathy vs. reason, left vs. right bias, systemizing vs. empathizing) he overtly decries. Contrasting a micro-analysis of Damore’s discourse with larger conversations about why women don’t succeed in the supposed meritocracy of Silicon Valley, this chapter argues for feminist vigilance over the technology firms whose algorithms need the input of a (non-essentialized) empathy and feminist ethic of care.
Detection of Barrett's Neoplasia with Near-Infrared Fluorescent Heterodimeric Peptide: Feasibility Results from a Phase 1 Study

Background: Esophageal adenocarcinoma is a molecularly heterogeneous disease that is rising rapidly in incidence and has a poor prognosis. Current methods of endoscopic surveillance in patients with Barrett’s esophagus (BE) using white light illumination are not sensitive to pre-malignant lesions that are flat in appearance and patchy in distribution. We aim to demonstrate specific binding by a peptide heterodimer to Barrett’s neoplasia in human subjects. Methods: Peptide monomers specific for EGFR and ErbB2 were arranged in a heterodimer configuration and labeled with IRDye800. The near-infrared (NIR)-labeled heterodimer was synthesized using current good manufacturing practices (cGMP) methods and performed pharmacology/toxicology study in animals using good laboratory practices (GLP). The NIR contrast agent was topically administered in the distal esophagus of patients with history of neoplastic BE undergoing endoscopic therapy or surveillance. Fluorescence images were collected using a flexible fiber accessory passed through the instrument channel of an upper endoscope. Fluorescence images were collected from n = 31 BE patients, and a deep learning model was used to segment the target (T) and background (B) regions to calculate the T/B ratio. Findings: Between August 2018 and November 2020, 25 human subjects were enrolled for safety study and 31 patients for either evaluation or therapy of Barrett’s neoplasia were recruited for imaging study. No adverse events attributed to the heterodimer were found. The mean T/B ratio in patients for HGD and EAC were significantly greater than that for BE with low grade dysplasia, without dysplasia, or squamous mucosa. At a T/B ratio of 1.5, 94.1% sensitivity and 92.6% specificity for detection of Barrett’s neoplasia was achieved with an AUC = 0.95. The presence of Barrett’s neoplasia was validated by pathological assessment of resected specimens. Interpretation: This “first-in-human” clinical study demonstrates feasibility to detect early Barrett’s neoplasia using a NIR-labeled peptide heterodimer. Trial Registration: This study was registered online at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03643068) Funding National Institutes of Health. Declaration of Interest: Authors (JC, TDW) are inventors on patents filed by the University of Michigan on the peptide heterodimer used in this study. Author (EJS) is an inventor on patents filed by the University of Washington on the multimodal scanning fiber endoscope (mmSFE) used in this study. The other authors disclose no conflicts. Ethical Approval: All study protocols were reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) at Michigan Medicine
TCR γ Chain Expression on Human Peripheral Blood T Lymphocytes

Expression of the human T-cell receptor (TCR) γ chain has been detected on subpopulations of peripheral T cells (1–5), a thymus-derived clone (6), and the T-cell line PEER (7). At least three forms of γ chains are known to exist in γδ TCRs (Table 1): [1] disulfide-linked Cγ1 chains have been detected on T-cell clones derived from the periphery (2–5,8); [2] a 55 kD Cγ2 chain, nondisulfide linked to a 40 kD δ chain is expressed on a cell line derived from an immunodeficiency patient (1) and on the PEER cell line (7); and [3] a second nondisulfide-linked ~ 41 kD Cγ2 chain has been found on a peripheral blood-derived cell line (8) and on a thymic clone (6). This latter receptor is poorly characterized and, furthermore, it is unknown if all three types of γ chains can be expressed by a single individual. Here we report that the 41 kD nondisulfide-linked γ chain can be separated into two components that are indistinguishable in charge, but differ slightly in size. This type of γ chain associates with a 36 kD putative δ chain. We show that all three forms of γδ TCRs can be expressed on CD3+WT31− lymphocytes from one individual. However, the 55 kD γ chain was not expressed by all individuals, which most likely reflects the absence of one of the Cγ2 alleles (9,10).
Biofeedback-Conditioned Galvanic Skin Response and Hypnotic Suppression of Arousal: A Pilot Study of Their Relation to Deception

Since early civilization man has tried to separate reality from fantasy, fact from speculation, and truth from deception. Shakespeare [1] wrote, “Time's glory is to calm contending kings, to unmask falsehood and bring truth to light...”
Quantitative precision of optical frequency domain imaging: direct comparison with frequency domain optical coherence tomography and intravascular ultrasound

No systematic validation study is available with optical frequency domain imaging (OFDI), directly compared with frequency domain optical coherence tomography (FD-OCT) and intravascular ultrasound (IVUS). Controversy also remains about the impact of different stent contour tracing methods by OFDI/FD-OCT. In vitro: coronary phantom models (1.51–5.04 mm) were imaged with OFDI, FD-OCT, and IVUS, demonstrating excellent quantitative precision with a slight overestimation of mean lumen diameter (difference 0.01–0.02 mm). In vivo: corresponding 64 OFDI/IVUS images of stented coronary segments from 20 swines were analyzed. Minimum lumen area by OFDI was larger than IVUS at baseline (P < 0.001), whereas it was smaller than IVUS at follow-up. When stent was traced at leading edges of struts by OFDI, minimum stent area was similar between OFDI and IVUS (P = 0.60). When traced at the highest intensity points of struts by OFDI, it was significantly larger in OFDI than in IVUS (P < 0.001). Three modalities have clinically acceptable precision across the wide range of lumen diameters. In vivo measurements by OFDI and IVUS could slightly be discrepant depending on the parameters and time points. In stent assessment by OFDI, the 2 methods led to a small but systematic difference; therefore, consistency in methodology is advised for comparative studies.
Book Reviews : Cleansing the city: sanitary geographies in Victorian London

With Cleansing the city, Michelle Allen contributes to the growing body of recent scholarship on the nineteenth-century sanitary movement in London and Victorian literature. Although much has been done over the last decades on this topic, Allen emphasizes the important and provocative point that sanitary reforms were fraught with ambivalence, not merely from those property owners resisting government interference in their affairs, as historians have long made clear, but also from those whose nostalgia for the urban past made such improvements at best a bittersweet prospect, and at worst, a desecration. Her book focuses on resistance to the “purification” of the city, with all the emotionally and culturally loaded significance such a term implies.
COBE - New sky maps of the early universe

This paper presents early results obtained from the first six months of measurements of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) by instruments aboard NASA’s Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE)* satellite and discusses the implications for cosmology. The three instruments: FIRAS, DMR, and DIRBE have operated well and produced significant new results. The FIRAS measurement of the CMB spectrum supports the standard Big Bang nucleosynthesis model. The maps made from the DMR instrument measurements show a surprisingly smooth early universe. The measurements are sufficiently precise that we must pay careful attention to potential systematic errors. The maps of galactic and local emission produced by the DIRBE instrument will be needed to identify foregrounds from extragalactic emission and thus to interpret the results in terms of events in the early universe.
Personality and Motivating Factors Influencing Adult Participation in Vigorous Physical Activity

Abstract The Adjective Check List and a questionnaire were administered to 60 adult male Caucasians; the men were divided into two equal groups — participants and nonparticipants in vigorous physical activity. Results disclosed significant differences between the groups on eight scales. Participants scored significantly higher on: Intraception, Number of Favorable Adjectives Checked, Defensiveness, Achievement, Dominance, and Self-Confidence, whereas nonparticipants were superior on Succorance and Counseling Readiness. An examination of the personal descriptions relevant to these eight scales revealed more extroverted traits among the participants and more introverted traits among the nonparticipants when intergroup comparisons were made. Members of the participant group stated that the primary reason or motivation for regular participation was the desire to keep physically fit and the associated feeling of well-being. The nonparticipants stated that the primary reason for not participating regularly was ...
Cayo Santiago--a scientific treasure.

This article briefly reviews the contributions of Clarence R. Carpenter in establishing the free-ranging colony of rhesus monkeys on Cayo Santiago, the Caribbean Primate Research Center and his legacy in primatology. Am. J. Primatol. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Teaching mathematics in colleges and universities : case studies for today's classroom

Introduction Fourteen case studies: Changing sections Emily's test Fundamental problems part I Making the Grade (College algebra version/Calculus I version/Multivariable calculus version) Making waves Order out of chaos Pairing up The quicksand of problem four Salad days Seeking points Study habits Studying the exam (College algebra questions/Calculus II questions/Multivariable calculus questions) There's something about Ted part I What were they thinking? Supporting materials for faculty: Developing effective mathematics teaching assistants using case studies: An introduction for faculty Using case studies in a TA-development program Types of cases Summaries of cases How these cases were created Changing sections, teaching guide Emily's test, teaching guide Fundamental problems part II (Fundamental problems, teaching guide) Making the grade, teaching guide Making waves part II (Making waves, teaching guide) Order out of chaos, teaching guide Pairing up, teaching guide The quicksand of problem four, teaching guide Salad days, teaching guide Seeking points, teaching guide Study habits, teaching guide Studying the exam, teaching guide (College algebra version/Calculus II version/Multivariable calculus version) There's something about Ted Part II/There's something about Ted, teaching guide What were they thinking?, teaching guide.
TGF-β1 Attenuates the Acquisition and Expression of Effector Function by Tumor Antigen-Specific Human Memory CD8 T Cells

TGF-β1 is a potent immunoregulatory cytokine. However, its impact on the generation and effector function of Ag-specific human effector memory CD8 T cells had not been evaluated. Using Ag-specific CD8 T cells derived from melanoma patients immunized with the gp100 melanoma Ag, we demonstrate that the addition of TGF-β1 to the initial Ag activation cultures attenuated the gain of effector function by Ag-specific memory CD8 T cells while the phenotypic changes associated with activation and differentiation into effector memory were comparable to control cultures. These activated memory CD8 T cells consistently expressed lower mRNA levels for T-bet, suggesting a mechanism for TGF-β1-mediated suppression of gain of effector function in memory T cells. Moreover, TGF-β1 induced a modest expression of CCR7 on Ag-activated memory CD8 T cells. TGF-β1 also suppressed cytokine secretion by Ag-specific effector memory CD8 T cells, as well as melanoma-reactive tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and CD8 T cell clones. These results demonstrate that TGF-β1 suppresses not only the acquisition but also expression of effector function on human memory CD8 T cells and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes reactive against melanoma, suggesting that TGF-β1-mediated suppression can hinder the therapeutic benefits of vaccination, as well as immunotherapy in cancer patients.
Deep Brain Stimulation of the Internal Globus Pallidus for Generalized Dystonia Associated with Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 1: A Case Report

Ataxia is a common movement disorder aﬀecting primarilybalance and coordination. The cerebellar circuitry is most com-monlyinvolved,buttherecanalsobeinvolvementofconnectedstructures, including the thalamus, globus pallidus, and striatum(1,2).Thereisasubsetofataxicsyndromesthatareinheritedinanautosomaldominantfashion.Spinocerebellarataxiatype1(SCA1)isaninheritedformofataxiaassociatedwithabnormalCAGrepeatson the ataxin 1 gene on chromosome 6 (3).The highly variableclinical features of this disorder are well documented and mayinclude dystonia, parkinsonism, cognitive dysfunction, and othermovementdisordersinadditiontoataxia(1,4).Deepbrainstimula-tion(DBS)oftheglobuspallidusinternus(GPi)hasbeenestablishedasatreatmentforgeneralizeddystonia.Recentimagingtechniques,suchasdiﬀusiontensorimaging(DTI),provideaninvivoestimationoftheanatomicaltractsaﬀectedbyDBS(5).WepresentacaseofgeneralizeddystoniainapatientwithgeneticallyconﬁrmedSCA1whorespondedwelltobilateraldeepbrainstimulationoftheGPi.
Assessment of full‐text sources used by serials management systems, OpenURL link resolvers, and imported e‐journal MARC records

This article discusses full‐text source lists used by full‐text finding tools, such as serials management systems, OpenURL link resolvers, and imported e‐journal MARC records. Although the vendors of full‐text finding tools claim that they frequently update their full‐text source lists with changes in full‐text titles, ISSNs, coverage dates, and other information, they actually rely on content providers to offer title lists and coverage information. Not all content providers offer accurate and updated full‐text source lists in terms of full‐text titles included, coverage dates and embargo periods, and formats and file types. As a result, librarians and users using serials management systems, OpenURL link resolvers, or OPACs for finding full‐text periodicals are sometimes taken to dead ends. Vendors of both full‐text finding tools and full‐text content need to improve the accuracy and currency of their services.
Effect of Current Distribution on Quartz Crystal Microbalance Measurements

Spatially nonuniform electrodeposition can cause discrepancies between predicted and experimentally measured mass loadings on an electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) since the sensitivity of the quartz crystal varies significantly from point to point. These discrepancies can be significant even if the current distribution is nearly uniform. These effects were examined experimentally by varying the conductivity of the electrolyte and the current density during the electrodeposition of copper on an EQCM, effecting changes in the spatial, deposited-mass distribution in a controlled manner. The resulting frequency shifts are in agreement with results predicted by current distribution simulations, validated a posteriori with profilometry measurements. Our results permit determination of the spatial variation of the quartz crystal sensitivity factor or of the current distribution on the EQCM.
Immunohistochemical Localization of Luteinizing Hormone-Releasing Hormone in the Rat Median Eminence

Although it has been shown thathypothalamic neurohormones controlling adenohypophysealactivity are concentrated in the medianeminence, precise identification of the intracellularstructures containing hypophysiotropic hormoneshas not been achieved. Using an immunohistochemicaltechnique at the electron microscopiclevel, we have observed that luteinizinghormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH), the neurohormonestimulating the release of both FSHand LH, is contained in the secretory granules of somenerve endings located in the palisade layer of themedian eminence. This is the first demonstration atthe ultrastructural level that an hypothalamicreleasinghormone is stored in secretory granules ofthe median eminence. (Endocrinology 95:314, 1974)
The role of self-help programs in the rehabilitation of persons with severe mental illness and substance use disorders

Substance abuse treatment programs in the United States frequently incorporate self-help approaches, but little is known about the use of self-help groups by individuals with dual disorders. This paper brings together several current studies on the role of self-help programs in treating substance use disorders among individuals with severe mental illness. These studies indicate that only a minority of individuals with dual disorders become closely linked to self-help. Psychiatric diagnosis and possibly social skills are correlates of participation. Dually disordered consumers often experience the use of 12-step philosophy and jargon by mental health professionals as alienating and unempathic. The authors propose suggestions for incorporating self-help approaches into the comprehensive community care of individuals with dual disorders.
A Cautionary Note on IRT-Based Linking of Tests With Polytomous Items

Published discussions of the year-to-year linking of tests comprised of polytomous items appear to suggest that the linking logic traditionally used for multiple-choice items is also appropriate for polytomous items. It is argued and illustrated that a modification of the traditional linking is necessary when tests consist of constructed-response items judged by raters and there is a possibility of year-to-year variation in the rating discrimination and severity.
ANCIENT CHINESE THEORIES OF LANGUAGE

It is a commonplace hope of much modern philosophy that philosophy be understood as intimately related to language. The bridge between philosophical doctrines and language is typically erected by explaining various substantive views in e.g. ontology, logic, epistemology, ethics, etc., as presupposing a certain view of language, its function, its significance, etc. Insofar as this view is helpful, understanding Chinese philosophy should be no exception. Behind some of the ethical, metaphysical or epistemo-logical doctrines, we should be able to find views about language which themselves can be explained by certain general features of Chinese language and accepted philosophical practice. These, naturally, would be most interesting and informative where they provide a contrast with the views which historically were dominant in Western philosophy.
How Persistent Memory Will Change Software Systems

Persistent memory promises to be byte addressable, fast, and nonvolatile as well as provide higher capacity and more efficient power consumption. System applications designers stand to gain much from these features, but some work is necessary to fully exploit them. The Web extra at http://youtu.be/nJBMJ2cLpcg is a an audio interview in which guest editor Simon S.Y. Shim interviews Anirudh Badam about persistent memory and its impact on future software systems.
Pancreatic ascites: successful treatment with pancreatic radiation.

A 51-year-old man with clinical and laboratory findings consistent with the diagnosis of pancreatic ascites is reported. Response to usual medical measures was inadequate. Single-dose irradiation to the pancreatic area (550 rads) resulted in marked improvement in his ascites. Operative pancreatogram months later revealed no evidence of ductal leakage. Low-dose pancreatic irradiation may be a useful therapeutic adjunct in the older, high-risk patient with pancreatic ascites in whom surgery is not condidered feasible.
Collisional studies involving metastable species (N2(A) and HgBr2/CH3HgBr collisions)

A novel technique to improve the efficiency of mercury bromide lasers is described. N2(A-X), N2(B-A), and N2(C-B) emission band systems are observed besides atomic lines of sodium when a microwave discharge is passed through a flowing vapour of NaN3 in a quartz tube. The HgBr (B-X) band system and atomic mercury lines also are detected during collisions of N2(A) both with HgBr2 and CH3HgBr. In collisions involving CH3HgBr and N2(A), the CH(A-X) and CN(B-X) emission band systems are found as well. From the integrated intensity of the most intense band (0, 22) at 502nm of the HgBr (B-X) transition, the ratio of the rate of formation of HgBr (B-state) during collisions of HgBr2 and CH3HgBr with N2(A) has been determined to be 2·3:1.
FLAVIN SENSITIZED PHOTOREACTIONS: EFFECTS OF 3-(P-CHLOROPHENYL)- 1,1-DIMETHYLUREA.

Photooxidation reactions, which were inhibited by high concentrations of oxygen, were affected by the addition of 3-(p-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (CMU), but the response varied with the substrate being oxidized. With ascorbic acid and 2,3-diketogulonic acid, CMU reversed the inhibition caused by high concentrations of oxygen. With ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), tetraethylene tetramine, or Mn++ as reductant, CMU itself inhibited the reactions. The photoreduction of flavins by EDTA and the bleaching of flavin mononucleotide under anaerobic conditions were also inhibited by CMU. Corresponding photoreactions sensitized by phthaleine dyes or methylene blue were completely insensitive to CMU. This compound therefore seems to change specifically the reactivity of excited flavin molecules.
On the albedo of the interplanetary dust

The zodiacal light brightness and measured spatial density of the interplanetary dust lead to a mean geometric albedo of 0.24 for the dust particles near 1 AU; whereas the composition of collected micrometeroids suggests a geometric albedo of less than or approximately equal to 0.1. The data do not support the very low albedo (0.01 or less) proposed by Cook (1978). The evidence is against a change in the mean particle albedo between 0.1 and 2 AU. Beyond 2 AU, the data are unclear and a change in albedo is not ruled out.
Characterization of a duplication in the terminal band of 4p by molecular cytogenetics.

An infant with multiple anomalies including small head, Large apparently low-set ears, beaked nose, micrognathia, choanal stenosis, proptosis, atrial-septal defect, and left inguinal hernia was found, on chromosome analysis, to have a longer than normal terminal band 4p16 by G and R-banding. In situ hybridization of biotin-labeled DNA probes C39, BJ14, BJ54, BJ19, BJ7, and BJ11 showed them to be duplicated. Probes I14, A157.1, and the telomeric sequence, (TTAGGG)n, which hybridized to the more distal part of 4p16.3, were not duplicated. These result confirm the impression by G and R-banding of a duplication within band 4p16, a region extending from approximately 2.1 Mb from the telomere, proximally, to the junction of 4p16.1 and 4p15.3. This is the smallest confirmed duplication of distal 4p reported to date, with many of the classical findings of dup(4p) syndrome. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Transforming growth factor β inhibitory element in the rabbit matrix metalloproteinase-1 (collagenase-1) gene functions as a repressor of constitutive transcription

Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) is a potent modulator of the extracellular matrix, enhancing collagen synthesis and regulating expression of several genes that encode the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), enzymes that degrade the extracellular matrix. In this study, we explored the mechanisms whereby TGF-beta inhibits expression of the MMP-1 (collagenase 1) gene. We used transient transfection and gel mobility shift assays to characterize a TGF beta inhibitory element (TIE) at -249 bp in the rabbit MMP-1 promoter, which is also conserved at -246 bp in the human gene. This sequence shares homology to a previously identified TIE in the rat stromelysin-1 (MMP-3) promoter, where it is located at -709 bp. Mutational analyses and transient transfections indicate that MMP-1 TIE functions both as a constitutive repressor of MMP-1 gene expression and, in the presence of TGF-beta, as an antagonist of transcriptional induction by phorbol esters. c-Fos binds to the TIE in the rabbit MMP-1 promoter, along with other nuclear proteins, even in the absence of treatment with TGF-beta. However, the pattern of proteins binding to the TIE is altered in the presence of nuclear extracts from TGF-beta-treated cells, suggesting that TGF-beta leads to an alteration in protein/DNA interaction, with subsequent modulation of MMP-1 gene expression. We conclude that in the rabbit MMP-1 promoter, the TIE has dual functions as a repressor of basal transcription and as a mediator of the biologic effects of TGF-beta. Furthermore, these dual functions provide additional and subtle mechanisms for regulating MMP-1 gene expression under a variety of biological and pathological conditions.
M-Band Burt–Adelson Biorthogonal Wavelets☆

Abstract For every integer M>2 we introduce a new family of biorthogonal MRAs with dilation factor M, generated by symmetric scaling functions with small support. This construction generalizes Burt–Adelson biorthogonal 2-band wavelets. For M∈{3,4} we are able to find simple explicit expressions for two different families of wavelets associated with these MRAs: one with better localization and the other with interesting symmetry–antisymmetry properties. We study the regularity of our scaling functions by determining their Sobolev exponent, for every value of the parameter and every M. We also study the critical exponent when M=3.
Feasibility study of a university counseling center in Botswana: Innovative response to boundary changing worldwide

In this article, the feasibility of creating a Counseling Center at the University of Botswana as a way of responding to changing boundaries worldwide with the concomitant increase in the treatment of and solution to issues and concerns facing students is examined. The results of student and staff responses to questions on: a) types of counseling services; b) group counseling seminars which should be offered as well as c) the nature and degree of seriousness ofstudent concerns are presented.
The Assessment of Emotion Regulation: Improving Construct Validity in Research on Psychopathology in Youth—An Introduction to the Special Section

This paper discusses issues in the assessment of emotion regulation in psychopathology research in youth and introduces a special section of the Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment on the topic. The historical and practical importance of the concept of emotion regulation is noted and conceptual challenges in assessing emotion regulation are discussed. Empirical goals for improving construct validity in research on psychopathology and emotion regulation are discussed. We comment on how the papers in the special section advance understanding in these areas and suggest a multiple perspective and a multiple level of analysis approach for clarifying future research.
Thermodynamic consistency of magnetic and calorimetric measurements on superconductors

Comparison of the entropy and specific heats of normal and superconducting tin and indium as computed from critical field and calorimetric measurements shows excellent consistency. Salient features of the comparison are briefly summarized. Some implications of the recently reported specific heat anomaly for indium are discussed.
A direct visual method of inoculating early developing chick embryos with viruses.

For experimental virus inoculation, the usual methods utilize developing chick embryos over five days old. Indeed, in most virus research seven to fourteen day old embryos are used. The method to be described was developed originally as a means of prolonging the period of contact between embryos and wart viruses (1).
Non-core subunit eIF3h of translation initiation factor eIF3 regulates zebrafish embryonic development

Eukaryotic translation initiation factor eIF3, which plays a central role in translation initiation, consists of five core subunits that are present in both the budding yeast and higher eukaryotes. However, higher eukaryotic eIF3 contains additional (non-core) subunits that are absent in the budding yeast. We investigated the role of one such non-core eIF3 subunit eIF3h, encoded by two distinct genes-eif3ha and eif3hb, as a regulator of embryonic development in zebrafish. Both eif3h genes are expressed during early embryogenesis, and display overlapping yet distinct and highly dynamic spatial expression patterns. Loss of function analysis using specific morpholino oligomers indicates that each isoform has specific as well as redundant functions during early development. The morphant phenotypes correlate with their spatial expression patterns, indicating that eif3h regulates development of the brain, heart, vasculature, and lateral line. These results indicate that the non-core subunits of eIF3 regulate specific developmental programs during vertebrate embryogenesis.
A search for basaltic-to-intermediate glasses on Mars: Assessing martian crustal mineralogy

Multiple datasets have demonstrated that the crust of Mars is fundamentally basaltic. However, spectral libraries used to interrogate thermal infrared spectra of Martian dark regions through spectral deconvolution have heretofore lacked mafic glasses despite the importance of amorphous phases (or phases with amorphous-like spectral signatures) in Martian mineralogy. To establish the presence and importance of basaltic-to-intermediate glasses in Martian lithologies, we created five such glasses, obtained their thermal infrared spectra and included the spectra in a library used to deconvolve nine regional Thermal Emission Spectrometer spectra from Mars. We employed the nonnegative least squares (NNLS) deconvolution method, which yields deconvolved phase abundances and the uncertainties associated with those abundances. The basaltic-to-intermediate glasses do not appear in the deconvolution solutions, indicating they are not globally or regionally important phases. Because Martian igneous or impact processes are capable of basaltic-to-intermediate glass formation, the lack of such glasses in the deconvolved mineralogies suggests either the glasses did not form in detectable quantities or they (or their signatures) have been removed. The masking or replacement of basaltic-to-intermediate glasses through alteration is supported by the appearance in the deconvolution solutions of amorphous phases (e.g., silica-rich glasses, opal) or phases with amorphous-like spectral signatures (e.g., clays, zeolites) that commonly form through aqueous alteration of mafic glasses. The glasses may still be important to local-scale thermal infrared studies given the basaltic nature of Mars and the variety of local-scale lithologies detected by various missions. The regional mineralogies derived from the NNLS deconvolution analysis divide into five statistically separable groups, which provide insight into regional trends in mineralogy.
A technique for achieving portability among multiprocessors: Implementation on the Lemur

Abstract We describe here a programming methodology for multiprocessors that leads to well-structured code, ease of debugging, and, most important, portability among multiprocessors offering quire different synchronization primitives. The emphasis in this paper is on the implementation of this methodology for the Lemur, an eight-processor machine built at Argonne National Laboratory. Included are several complete programs illustrating the methodology.
Distributed Power Control for Cognitive User Access based on Primary Link Control Feedback

We venture beyond the "listen-before-talk" strategy that is common in many traditional cognitive radio access schemes. We exploit the bi-directional nature of most primary communication systems. By intelligently choosing their transmission parameters based on the observation of primary user (PU) communications, secondary users (SUs) in a cognitive network can achieve higher spectrum usage while limiting their interference to the PU. Specifically, we propose that the SUs listen to the PU's feedback channel to assess their interference on the primary receiver (PU-Rx), and adjust radio power accordingly to satisfy the PU's interference constraint. We investigate both centralized and distributed power control algorithms without active PU cooperation. We show that the PU feedback information inherent in many two-way primary systems can be used as important coordination signal among multiple SUs to distributively achieve a joint performance guarantee on the primary receiver's quality of service.
Experimental evaluation of a uniform transmembrane pressure crossflow microfiltration unit for the concentration of micellar casein from skim milk

Abstract A uniform transmembrane pressure (UTMP) crossflow microfiltration (CFMF) system maintains a low but uniform transmembrane pressure (Δ P TM ) with high crossflow velocity (CFV), which reduces fouling and cake build-up, and improves the utilization of available filtration area. A CFMF system, with a 0.2 μm nominal pore size ceramic filter, filtration area 0.184 m 2 , was operated in both UTMP and non-UTMP modes. The two modes were compared for their effectiveness in maintaining a steady flux during the separation of casein micelles from skim milk up to a concentration factor (CF) 10 at 50°C. Experiments were performed at an average CFV of 7.2 m s −1 and Δ P TM from 89 to 380 kPa. Up to CF 4 the non-UTMP mode maintained a slightly better flux and process time than the UTMP mode, but reached the minimally acceptable flux (below 0.005 kg m −2 s −1 ) at CF 6. Depending upon the Δ P TM maintained, the UTMP mode approached the minimal flux at CF 7 or 10 depending upon the combination of Δ P TM and CFV used. Cake resistance ( R cm ) was modified to include the effect of an increase in retentate viscosity with concentration. R cm increased for the non-UTMP mode and decreased for the UTMP mode with a decrease in the ratio of permeation flux/wall shear stress ( J p / τ w ) (which occurred as the retentate gets concentrated). This indicated that the cake formed during the non-UTMP mode of operation was more compact and durable (harder to erode) than in the UTMP mode. A central composite rotatable design estimated the optimal operating region at a CFV of 7.1 m s −1 and Δ P TM of 241±10 kPa to achieve maximum flux and a high concentration.
Trends in the measurement of intelligence

Abstract On the assumption that an understanding of the past provides a guide to the future, analyses are directed at explicating major trends of the last 25 years in the scientific study of intellectual abilities. Five major trends are identified. These suggest that in the future several kinds of tests will be used to measure several kinds of basic processes of intelligence; there will be a corresponding decrease in concern to measure a single attribute of general intelligence. There will be emphasis in measuring complex learned capacities of a kind that characterizes adult thinking, in contrast to tests desinged for school children. Test items will be presented through the computer, on TV screens, and in ways that permit the individuals' responses to determine which items will follow; responses, including time to respond, will be gathered in the computer and there converted to scores.
Event-related slow potentials and activity of singly neurons in rat frontal cortex.

Event-related slow potentials and single unit activity were recorded from frontal cortex of unanesthetized, restrained rats trained to associate an auditory cue with rewarding medial forebrain bundle (MFB) stimulation. The majority of cortical units demonstrated an alteration of firing rate after the cue, with the predominant response being excitatory. The patterns of unit response during the interval between the cue and reinforcement varied considerably and few units showed a pattern which coincided temporally with the wave forms of the negative slow potential responses. These results indicate that negative cortical slow potential responses to meaningful stimuli are associated with an overall increase in activity of cortical neurons.
Financial liberalization and adjustment: The cases of Chile and New Zealand

Abstract This paper analyzes macrodynamic adjustments during financial liberalization in Chile and New Zealand. During the adjustment to more open capital accounts in the late 1970s or mid-1980s, both countries experienced a real exchange rate appreciation and a collapse of net exports, while domestic interest rates slowly converged to international levels. This paper develops and estimates a two-sector dynamic model with current and time-varying parameter techniques. The domestic interest rate is relatively more responsive to shocks under imperfect capital mobility, while the real exchange rate becomes more responsive under perfect mobility. Therefore, capital account liberalization does not eliminate, but rather shifts, volatility from the domestic interest rate to the real exchange rate. (JEL E65, F33).