cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Polymer electrolyte membranes with exceptional conductivity anisotropy via holographic polymerization

Abstract Polymer electrolyte membranes using an ionic liquid as electrolyte with an ionic conductivity anisotropy of ∼5000 have been fabricated using a holographic polymerization nanomanufacturing technique. The resultant structure is referred to as holographic polymer electrolyte membranes (hPEMs), which are comprised of alternating nanolayers of a room temperature ionic liquid and crosslinked polymer resin, confirmed under TEM imaging. These hPEMs also show no reduction in room temperature conductivity with respect to the loaded ionic liquid when characterized in the plane of ionic liquid nanolayers. At elevated temperatures with the optimal electrolyte volume loading, calculation shows that the free ion concentration is higher than the pure ionic liquid, suggesting that the photopolymer dual-functionalizes as a loadbearing scaffold and an ion-complexing agent, allowing for more ions to participate in charge transfer. These hPEMs provide a promising solution to decoupling mechanical enhancement and ion transport in polymer electrolyte membranes.
Inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in human cerebral infarcts

The inducible or “immunological” isoform of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) is induced in many cell types by inflammatory stimuli and synthesizes toxic amounts of NO. In rodent models of focal cerebral ischemia, iNOS is expressed in neutrophils invading the injured brain and in local blood vessels. Studies with iNOS inhibitors and iNOS null mice indicate that NO produced by iNOS contributes to ischemic brain injury. In the present study, we sought to determine whether iNOS is also expressed in the human brain after ischemic stroke. Studies were conducted using immunohistochemistry on autopsy brains with neuropathological evidence of acute cerebral infarction. iNOS immunoreactivity was observed in neutrophils infiltrating the ischemic brain and in blood vessels within the ischemic territory. iNOS-positive cells also were immunoreactive for nitrotyrosine, reflecting protein nitration by NO-derived peroxynitrite and nitrites. iNOS or nitrotyrosine immunoreactivity was not detected outside the region of the infarct. These observations provide evidence that iNOS is expressed in the human brain after ischemic infarction and support the hypothesis that iNOS inhibitors may be useful in the treatment of ischemic stroke in humans.
Renal concentrating ability in cirrhosis III.Failure of hypertonic saline to increase reduced TcH2O formation

Renal concentrating ability in cirrhosis.III.Failure of hypertonic saline to increase reduced T c H 2 O formation.The present study examines the possibility that the solute-free water reabsorption (T c H 2 O) defect observed in some patients with cirrhosis of the liver may be due to decreased distal delivery of sodium.T c H 2 O was studied in cirrhotics with low T c H 2 O formation and in non-cirrhotic controls undergoing mannitol and saline diuresis on different days while receiving a low sodium intake.Despite a three-fold increase in urinary sodium excretion and an increase in serum sodium concentration with hypertonic saline, T c H 2 O formation was not improved or corrected in the cirrhotic patients and was always lower per unit of solute excretion than that observed in controls with comparable sodium excretion.The exact mechanism of the concentrating defect remains unknown but the data suggest that the T c H 2 O defect is not related to a decreased delivery of sodium to the distal nephron consequent to increased proximal reabsorption or to a lower tubular fluid concentration of sodium at the distal concentration site.
Positive and negative spillover of pro-environmental behavior: An integrative review and theoretical framework

A recent surge of research has investigated the potential of pro-environmental behavior interventions to affect other pro-environmental behaviors not initially targeted by the intervention. The evidence evaluating these spillover effects has been mixed, with some studies finding evidence for positive spillover (i.e., one pro-environmental behavior increases the likelihood of performing additional pro-environmental behaviors) and others finding negative spillover (i.e., one pro-environmental behavior decreases the likelihood of additional pro-environmental behaviors). Different academic disciplines have investigated this question, employing different methodologies and arriving at divergent findings. This paper provides a unifying theoretical framework and uses the framework to review the existing research on pro-environmental behavior spillover. Our framework identifies different decision modes as competing mechanisms that drive adoption of initial pro-environmental behaviors, with different consequences for subsequent pro-environmental behaviors, leading to positive, negative, or no spillover. Attribution of the initial pro-environmental behavior to either an external motivator (e.g., a price signal) or internal motivator (e.g., self-identity) also matters. In addition, the characteristics of and similarity between initial and subsequent pro-environmental behaviors can be expected to moderate predicted spillover effects. We explore the implications of our model for policymakers and practitioners, and suggest key areas where future research on the topic would be most beneficial.
Distinctive receptor binding properties of the surface glycoprotein of a natural Feline Leukemia Virus isolate with unusual disease spectrum

Background Feline leukemia virus (FeLV)-945, a member of the FeLV-A subgroup, was previously isolated from a cohort of naturally infected cats. An unusual multicentric lymphoma of non-T-cell origin was observed in natural and experimental infection with FeLV-945. Previous studies implicated the FeLV-945 surface glycoprotein (SU) as a determinant of disease outcome by an as yet unknown mechanism. The present studies demonstrate that FeLV-945 SU confers distinctive properties of binding to the cell surface receptor.
Review of dynamic stability of repulsive-force maglev suspension systems

This review summarizes and assimilates the results of work reported in the literature over the past 25 years that pertains to understanding those factors that influence the dynamic stability of repulsive-force magnetic levitation (maglev) suspension systems. The review includes summaries of the results of representative tests of large-scale vehicles on linear test tracks and of analytical and laboratory-scale investigations of stability and dynamics of electrodynamic suspension systems. Research needs are also addressed.
The Econometrics of Piecewise-Linear Budget Constraints A Survey and Exposition of the Maximum Likelihood Method

In this article maximum likelihood techniques for estimating consumer demand functions when budget constraints are piecewise linear are exposited and surveyed. Consumer demand functions are formally derived under such constraints, and it is shown that the functions are themselves nonlinear as a result. The econometric problems in estimating such functions are exposited, and the importance of the stochastic specification is stressed, in particular the specification of both unobserved heterogeneity of preferences and measurement error. Econometric issues in estimation and testing are discussed, and the results of the studies that have been conducted to date are surveyed.
Fate and Free Will in the Jewish Philosophies according to Josephus

In the thirteenth book of his Ancient History of the Jews, Josephus relates (Ant. xiii. 1–5) the doings and fortunes of Jonathan, the brother of Judas Maccabaeus and after the death of Judas (161 B.C.) the leader of the rebellious Jews in their struggle with the Syrian rulers. In the sequel of Jonathan's embassies to Rome and Sparta, and not long before he fell into the hands of Tryphon and was put to death, we read (Ant. xiii. 5, 9):About this time there were three philosophical schools (αἱρέσɛις) among the Jews, which entertained different opinions about human affairs. One of them was called that of the Pharisees, one of the Sadducees, and the third of the Essenes.
The Personal Attribute Inventory: a Measure of Self-Concepts and Personality Profiles:

Parish and Eads (1977) and Parish, Eads, and Adams (1977) reported that the Personal Attribute Inventory (PAI) was significantly correlated with two self-concept measures, i.e., the unfavorable and favorable subscales of Gough's (1952) Adjective Check List. As further evidence that the PAI is a self-concept scale, the present study required 265 college students to respond to it and to the 16 PF. As hypothesized, the PAI was significantly related to the self-concept factor (Q3) on the 16 PF (males: r = -.47; females: r = -.29; both sexes: r = -.37, all p < .001, respectively). In addition, the PAI was found to be significantly correlated with eleven other personality factors on the 16 PF. Thus, the PAI was actually able to provide personality profiles of those deemed to exhibit high or low standing on 12 of 16 PF scales in directions that were judged to be associated with high and low self-concepts.
RARE EARTH AND OTHER ELEMENTS IN COMPONENTS OF THE ABEE ENSTATITE CHONDRITE

Radiochemical and instrumental neutron activation analyses of REEs and other elements have been conducted for Abee clast samples, a matrix sample, a dark inclusion, magnetic and nonmagnetic samples, and bulk samples. Correlations of the REEs and oldhamite abundance for both the clasts and dark inclusions indicate that the REEs chiefly occur in oldhamite. The similar REE patterns for clasts and dark inclusions, and the similar mineral composition of oldhamite in clast and dark inclusions, suggest that the oldhamite in both the clasts and dark inclusions is of a common origin.
Evaluating the Success of Seed Sowing in a New England Grassland Restoration

ABSTRACT: Grassland habitat is declining in the northeastern United States, leading to a decline in associated native species. Consequently, there is considerable interest by land managers in conserving and restoring grassland habitats in the Northeast. However, unlike the Great Plains and Europe, quantitative monitoring of restoration sites is uncommon, making it difficult to improve new restoration projects. Here we evaluate a grassland restoration in Waterford, Connecticut, to determine if mechanical clearing of woody vegetation combined with sowing 23 native grasses and forbs led to successful establishment of these species. We also compared cover, diversity, and colonization by exotic and woody species in planted and unplanted areas over time. In the third and fifth growing seasons after planting in 2006, we sampled the vegetation in the planted site, an unplanted zone within the planted grassland, and an adjacent unplanted grassland. Twenty of the 23 sown species established by 2010, and sown specie...
[E]motion in the Nineteenth Century: A Culture of Fidgets

I see the fidget as a neglected aspect of the sense of touch, which collects a range of suggestive imaginative movements and which opens towards a rereading of Dickens's construal of character, its relation to the self, and its social world. An affective swamping of personality repeatedly overwhelms the barriers of personality. A tic, a flick, an insult, a plea, a joke, a contortion, a wink, a tickle, a prod - such fidgets lead an active life in the novels. They often reflect the friction of inter-subjectivity, but also the abrasions between character and the universe of objects. The twittering of a Miss Flite in Bleak House , Bradley Headstone's physical eruptions of rage, Mr F's Aunt's proleptic warnings and Flora Finching's galloping tale-telling in Little Dorrit , the handiwork of Uriah Heep in David Copperfield , the insuppressible hyphenated speech of Jingle in Pickwick Papers - these are radiant instances. My article looks to give the fidget its due and to initiate more scholarly conversation on the circle of issues that it generates: mind and body, subjects and objects, textual continuity and its disruptions.
Extracellular calcium and cAMP: second messengers as "third messengers"?

Calcium and cyclic AMP are familiar second messengers that typically become elevated inside cells on activation of cell surface receptors. This article will explore emerging evidence that transport of these signaling molecules across the plasma membrane allows them to be recycled as “third messengers,” extending their ability to convey information in a domain outside the cell.
THE OTTOMAN LEGACY IN COLD WAR MODERNIZATION

On 19 March 1877, the first Ottoman parliament opened at Dolmabahce Palace when Sultan Abdulhamit II crossed a velvet carpet to stand beside a golden throne. Seen later as the finale of the Tanzimat reform era, the parliament appeared to diplomatic observers as the strategy of former grand vizier Midhat Pasa. Midhat's constitutionalism was a plan for “reform, revival, and indeed survival” that included seeking allies against Russia and containing Russian influence in the Balkans. Abdulhamit listened as his secretary charged the new body: “The progress effected by civilised states, the security and wealth they enjoy, are the fruit of the participation of all in the enactment of laws and in the administration of public affairs.” Among the most urgent priorities was “the development of agriculture and industry, and the progress of civilisation and of public wealth.” Parliament later responded with a pledge to deliver the empire from its malaise, to “eliminate the last traces of abuses, the heritage of the regime of despotism.”
Rin, a novel cell-surface protein that labels reticular neurons early in chick neurogenesis.

Rin is a large cell-surface glycoprotein that we have recently purified from chick brain, with a molecular weight of approximately 200 kD. Protein microsequence obtained from immunopurified rin does not match any sequences in the Genbank data base. Based on the sequences information and on its localization in the early chick embryo, rin is a novel cell-surface protein. Rin is expressed on the surface of many, but not all, axons in the developing chick nervous system. In the chick hind-brain, rin is expressed on reticular neurons, the first neurons to extend axons within the brain. Cranial motorneurons, which extend axons just a few stages later, do not express rin. Rin-positive axons pioneer the caudal section of the medial longitudinal fasciculus. The very first rin-positive axons that reach the floorplate do not enter the floorplate, but remain ipsilateral. Some of the next immunopositive axons to reach the floorplate do cross the midline, often with an alteration in trajectory, and often extending within the floorplate for some distance before reaching the other side. The failure of the very first rin-positive axons to cross the floorplate, and the changes in trajectory observed when the next axons extend onto the floorplate, suggests that early differentiating neurons cross the midline with some difficulty. 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Toxicogenomic analysis of gender, chemical, and dose effects in livers of TCDD- or aroclor 1254-exposed rats using a multifactor linear model.

Chronic exposure of Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats to either 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) or Aroclor 1254 results in female-selective induction of hepatic tumors. The relative potency of dioxins and polychlorinated biphenyl mixtures, such as Aroclor 1254, is often estimated using the internationally endorsed toxic equivalency (TEQ) approach. Comparing the genome wide changes in gene expression in both genders following exposure to TEQ doses of these chemicals should identify critical sets of early response genes while further defining the concept of the TEQ of halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons. Aroclor 1254 at 0.6, 6.0, and 60 mg/kg body weight and TEQ doses of TCDD (0.3 and 3.0 mg/kg), calculated to match the top two Aroclor 1254 doses, were orally administered to SD rats for three consecutive days. Day 4 gene expression in hepatic tissue was determined using microarrays. A linear mixed-effects statistical model was developed to analyze the data in relation to treatment, gender, and gender * treatment (G*T) interactions. The genes most changed included 54 genes with and 51 genes without a significant model G*T term. The known aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) battery genes (Cyp1a1, Cyp1a2, Cyp1b1, Aldh3a1), and novel genes, responded in a TEQ dose-dependent manner in both genders. However, an important observation was the apparent disruption of sexually dimorphic basal gene expression, particularly for female rats. Because many of these genes are involved in steroid metabolism, exposure to either TCDD or Aroclor 1254 could disrupt proliferative signals more in female rats as a possible consequence of altered estrogen metabolism. This study extends the findings of previous rodent bioassays by identifying groups of genes, other than the well-characterized AHR response genes, whose disruption may be important in the tumorigenic mecha
Mobile Source Emissions: Analysis of Spatial Variability in Vehicle Activity Patterns and Vehicle Fleet Distributions

Accurately estimating mobile-source emissions requires a good understanding of vehicle activity and the characteristics of the on-road vehicle fleet. Spatial variability in vehicle activity patterns and vehicle fleet composition can have significant effects on the overall emissions inventory. Simply determining total vehicle miles traveled is insufficient for emissions inventory calculations from the new-generation models of mobile-source emissions. Improvements in emissions-control technology over the past 20 years have led to large decreases in the emissions of light-duty cars and trucks, resulting in large variations in vehicle emissions depending on model year and technology type. In addition, research indicates that the accurate characterization of vehicle activity is necessary in conjunction with better spatial resolution of vehicle fleet characteristics because of the differing modal behavior of the vehicles within various vehicle and technology groups. Vehicle activity and vehicle fleet data were collected in the South Coast Air Basin in southern California. Vehicle activity was characterized primarily using a large second-by-second speed and acceleration data set collected from probe vehicles operated within the flow of traffic. In addition, three sets of vehicle fleet data were collected and used for spatial comparison. The results of the analysis show spatial and temporal differences in vehicle activity patterns and vehicle fleet characteristics; differences in speed and congestion affect the speed-acceleration profiles as well as associated emissions.
Structural determination of a partially hemihedrally twinned actin crystal.

An orthorhombic actin crystal (space group P212121, unit-cell parameters a = 101.6, b = 103.0, c = 127.0 A) was converted into a partially hemihedrally twinned tetragonal crystal (space group P43, unit-cell parameters a = b = 101.5, c = 104.2 A) by induced condensation. This condensation (decrease in the c axis) was caused by the flash-freezing of the crystal, with 30% PEG 400 as a cryoprotectant, prior to data collection. Diffraction data for the twinned tetragonal crystal were collected at 100 K to 3.0 A resolution (99.8% completeness with an Rsym of 8.1%) using synchrotron radiation. The hemihedral twinning of the data was observed by self-rotation function analysis and was determined to have a partial twin fraction of 0.376 from intensity statistics. The structure, with two actin molecules in the crystallographic asymmetric unit, was determined by molecular-replacement methods and refined to an R factor of 0.193. As a consequence of the crystal lattice transformation from the orthorhombic P212121 to the tetragonal P43 space group, actin–actin contacts were rearranged and an inter-actin dimer disulfide bond (Cys374) observed in the orthorhombic crystal form was broken in the tetragonal crystal form.
Studies on sweetpotato with chlorotic leaf distortion, caused by Fusarium lateritium

Abstract The response of sweetpotato to inoculation with the chlorotic leaf distortion (CLD) pathogen, Fusarium lateritium was investigated. Analyses included vine growth, canopy biomass, chlorophyll concentration, net photosynthetic rate and yield on CLD affected (CLD+) and CLD free (CLD‐) mericlones (clones derived from meristiem‐tip culture) of sweetpotato genotypes. Gentotype L82–527, showed delayed vine growth but overcame the delay in one of two sequential plantings while NC‐845, L85–237, L86–33, ‘Porto Rico’, ‘Jewel’ and ‘Beauregard’ were unaffected. Chlorotic, newly opened leaves on CLD+ plants had lower chlorophyll a and b concentrations and lower net photosynthetic rates. However, no reductions in net photosynthesis were observed when mature CLD+ leaves were measured; a few genotypes had lower chlorophyll content. Chlorotic leaf distortion did not lower marketable yields in any genotype. Our results suggest that only young foliage is adversely affected by CLD and that the photosynthetic potentia...
EFFECTS OF PORTION THICKNESS AND COOKING TEMPERATURE ON THE DIMENSIONAL PROPERTIES AND COMPOSITION OF RESTURCTURED PORK

Restructured pork patties (25% fat) were manufactured using three portion thicknesses. Three locations within the pressed log and five cooking temperatures were also studied. Changes in area, volume, thickness, cooking loss and chemical composition due to cooking were evaluated. Area change, volume change and cooking loss decreased linearly as thickness increased (P < 0.01). Percent thickness increased linearly (P < 0.01) due to cooking as portion thickness increased. Area change increased linearly (P < 0.01) as cooking temperature increased. The least volume change and cooking loss were found at a temperature of 177°C. Percent moisture and fat increased linearly and percent protein decreased linearly as portion thickness increased. As cooking temperature increased percent moisture increased and then decreased with the highest moisture content occurring at 177°C. Location within the log of restructured pork had no effect on the properties investigated. A combination of a 1.90 cm thickness and a cooking temperature of 177°C yielded a product with predictable and satisfactory performance.
Progress Towards Achieving Channel Capacity

A historical overview of the progress of coding theory towards achieving channel capacity is presented. The first half of the paper is concerned with advances in the power-limited environment of scientific space and satellite communication links. The second half of the paper is concerned with progress in the bandwidth-limited environment of commercial satellite and wireline applications. Special attention is paid to contributions made by Massey, his students, and his co-workers.
Model‐size reduction for the analysis of symmetric structures with asymmetric boundary conditions

A simple computational procedure is presented for reducing the size of the analysis model for a symmetric structure with asymmetric boundary conditions to that of the corresponding structure with symmetric boundary conditions. The procedure is based on approximating the asymmetric response of the structure by a linear combination of symmetric and antisymmetric global approximation vectors (or modes). The key elements of the procedure are (1) restructuring the governing finite-element equations to delineate the contributions to the symmetric and antisymmetric components of the asymmetric response, (2) successive application of the finite element method and the classical Rayleigh-Ritz technique. The finite-element method is first used to generate a few global approximation vectors (or modes). Then the amplitudes of these modes are computed by using the Rayleigh-Ritz technique. The effectiveness of the computational procedure is demonstrated by means of numerical examples of linear static problems of shells, and its potential for solving nonlinear problems is discussed.
Characterization of the Transient Response of a Diesel Exhaust-Gas Measurement System

The Bureau of Mines, U.S. Department of the Interior, conducts research to reduce exposure of miners to exhaust emissions of diesel-powered mining equipment. Conventional sampling and instrumentation techniques used to measure emissions over a research duty cycle distort the signal generated by time variation of the concentration of gases in the exhaust. This paper reports numerical techniques that make it possible to infer the actual variation of concentration in the exhaust on a time scale of about 1 sec. These techniques are used to evaluate the product of concentration and flow to yield accurate total gaseous emission during a test
The PARADIGM of Influenza Vaccination in Heart Failure Patients.

Annual seasonal influenza epidemics of variable severity are associated with substantial morbidity and mortality worldwide, with influenza activity peaking during corresponding winter months in temperate climates of the northern and southern hemispheres [(1)][1]. In the tropics and subtropics,
Futures Price Volatility and Spot Price Stationarity: Reevaluating the Samuelson Hypothesis

The Samuelson hypothesis predicts that futures price volatility increases as the contract expiration date nears. We analyze the economic conditions that underlie this prediction, and highlight the crucial role of mean reverting spot prices. We show that the clustering of information flows near the delivery date is not a necessary condition. We argue that, instead, the key requirement for the Samuelson hypothesis to hold in a given market is negative covariation between spot prices and net inventory carrying costs. Such negative covariation represents a subset of the possible causes of mean reversion in the spot price, and is likely to occur in markets for real, but not financial, assets. Finally, we provide empirical evidence that the Samuelson hypothesis is supported in precisely, and only, those markets where the covariation between spot prices and estimated inventory carrying costs is significantly negative.
Impact of individual acute phase serum amyloid A isoforms on HDL metabolism in mice

The acute phase (AP) reactant serum amyloid A (SAA), an HDL apolipoprotein, exhibits pro-inflammatory activities, but its physiological function(s) are poorly understood. Functional differences between SAA1.1 and SAA2.1, the two major SAA isoforms, are unclear. Mice deficient in either isoform were used to investigate plasma isoform effects on HDL structure, composition, and apolipoprotein catabolism. Lack of either isoform did not affect the size of HDL, normally enlarged in the AP, and did not significantly change HDL composition. Plasma clearance rates of HDL apolipoproteins were determined using native HDL particles. The fractional clearance rates (FCRs) of apoA-I, apoA-II, and SAA were distinct, indicating that HDL is not cleared as intact particles. The FCRs of SAA1.1 and SAA2.1 in AP mice were similar, suggesting that the selective deposition of SAA1.1 in amyloid plaques is not associated with a difference in the rates of plasma clearance of the isoforms. Although the clearance rate of SAA was reduced in the absence of the HDL receptor, scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI), it remained significantly faster compared with that of apoA-I and apoA-II, indicating a relatively minor role of SR-BI in SAA's rapid clearance. These studies enhance our understanding of SAA metabolism and SAA's effects on AP-HDL composition and catabolism.
Parameter Variation & the Components of Natural Gas Price Volatility

Estimating a static coefficient for a deseasoned gas storage or weather variable implicitly assumes that market participants react identically throughout the year (and over each year) to that variable. In this analysis we model natural gas returns as a linear function of gas storage and weather variables, and we allow the coefficients of this function to vary continuously over time. This formulation takes into account that market participants continuously try to improve their forecasts of market prices, and this likely means they continuously change the scale of their reaction to changes in underlying variables. We use this model to also calculate conditional natural gas volatility and the proportion of volatility attributable to each factor. We find that return volatility is higher in the winter, and this increase is attributable to increases in the proportion of volatility due to weather and natural gas storage. We provide time series estimates of the changing proportion of volatility attributable to each factor, which is useful for hedging and derivatives trading in natural gas markets.
Spiders and Spider Bites

The only spiders of real medical importance to humans in the United States are the Loxosceles and Latrodectus species, primarily the brown recluse and the black window, respectively. These spiders bite humans only when trapped or crushed against the skin. Severe brown recluse spider bites produce dermonecrosis within 72-96 hours, which should be treated with rest, ice compresses, antibiotics, dapsone, and surgery delayed for several weeks. Using systemic corticosteroids may be helpful in treating the much rarer systemic loxoscelism, which has minimal skin changes but produces massive hemolysis. Black widow bites do not produce marked skin changes but primarily produce muscle cramping, pain, and other neuromuscular-related symptoms. Though a specific antivenin for black widow bites is available, pain control, muscle relaxants, and calcium gluconate are generally adequate treatment. Many other spiders inflict painful bites, but arachnids do not medically deserve the bad reputation that they generally have with the public.
The reliability and diagnostic accuracy of assessing the translation endpoint during the lachman test.

Background Interpretation of Lachman testing when evaluating the status of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) typically includes a numerical expression classifying the amount of translation (Grade I, II, III) in addition to a categorical modifier (Grade A [firm] or B [absent]) to describe the quality of the passive anterior tibial translation's endpoint. Most clinicians rely heavily on this tactile sensation and place value in this judgment in order to render their diagnostic decision; however, the reliability and accuracy of this endpoint assessment has not been well established in the literature.
Knowing and throwing mudballs, hearts, pies, and flowers: a connective ethnography of gaming practices

Little is known how young players learn to participate in various activities in virtual worlds. We use a new integrative approach called connective ethnography that focuses on how gaming expertise spreads across a network of youth at an after school club that simultaneously participates in a virtual world Whyville.net. To trace youth participation in online and offline social contexts, we draw on multiple sources of information: observations, interviews, video recordings, online tracking and chat data, and hundreds of hours of play in Whyville ourselves. One particular game practice - the throwing of projectiles and its social uses and nuances - became the focal point of our analyses. The discussions address methodological challenges underlying the synthesis of diverse types of data that allowed us to follow youth across multiple spaces and times as well as initial insights into how this practice was used to negotiate relationships in multiple spaces through play.
Cultural implications of historical exclusion for the racial wealth gap: How ideal financial behavior varies by race

Studies of the racial wealth gap have primarily focused on structural barriers and institutional racism that excluded racial minorities from financial investments. Yet, little research has explored the implications of cultural differences produced by this historical exclusion. Informed by the cultural economic sociology literature, this paper investigates how racial differences in ideal financial behavior contribute to differences in wealth holdings between blacks and whites. Based on data from the Survey of Consumer Finances for 2001, 2004, and 2007, I find that ideal financial behavior around borrowing, saving, and investing contributed to differences in financial holdings between blacks and whites in two ways, which both resulted in more financial investments among white respondents, even when controlling for other characteristics. The same ideal led to either whites holding significantly larger investments than blacks or had a positive effect on whites’ financial holdings and a negative effect on blacks’. These findings suggest that blacks and whites may interpret ideal financial behaviors differently by assigning distinct meaning to those behaviors or defining the relationship between the financial activities of borrowing, saving, and investing differently. Ultimately, I show that culturally distinct ideals between blacks and whites contribute to the perpetuation of the racial wealth gap.
Ac conduction in polypropylene-liquid insulating system

Much research has been devoted to the study of conduction in polymer and liquid dielectrics, however, little effort was given until the last few years to the study of conduction in the more complex case of a polymer impregnated with a liquid. Recently polymers impregnated with dielectric fluids have gained wide acceptance for use in capacitors and are being considered for use in cables and other high voltage equipment because of their low dielectric loss, high corona start voltage, and high dielectric strength. An understanding of conduction in these impregnated polymers is of importance for the design of high voltage equipment using these materials.
Biomimetic composites inspired by venous leaf

A typical plant leaf can be idealized as a composite having three principal fibers: the central mid-fiber corresponding to the mid-rib, straight parallel secondary fibers attached to the mid-fiber ...
Formation of Thin Current Sheets in the Solar Atmosphere

In a two-dimensional quadrupolar magnetic field geometry, it is demonstrated that various magnetohydrostatic equilibrium field configurations containing current sheets can be formed either by changes in thermal properties or by footpoint displacement. The shape of current sheets depends on the mass distribution in flux tubes. If the mass per flux tube is maximum at the center of the low-lying bipolar arcades, a current sheet is formed between these two arcades along the separatrix line as the plasma temperature (or the shearing footpoint displacement) is increased above a critical value. If the mass per flux tube is higher in the outer tubes of the bipolar arcades than in the inner ones, a current sheet with a sharp downward-pointed tip hanging at a distance above the bottom boundary is formed when the temperature is decreased below a critical value. Resistive magnetic reconnection in the latter type current sheet results in a magnetic island wrapped in dipped field lines, which is regarded as a plausible prominence field configuration.
Saving Strong Neighborhoods From the Destruction of Mortgage Foreclosures: The Impact of Community-Based Efforts in Detroit, Michigan

Mortgage foreclosures hit Detroit, Michigan hard between 2005 and 2014, especially in what we define as strong neighborhoods; there, more than one third of homes experienced foreclosure. Before the...
Durability, Economical, Ecological, and Social Aspects: Life-cycle Considerations

Concerns over global climate change, nonrenewable resource consumption, energy depletion, and sustainable development are increasingly coming to the forefront of large infrastructure and building projects worldwide. The ability to design materials, structures, and building systems that improve the sustainability of built environments is becoming an essential tool for engineers. This chapter frames the challenge of a sustainable built environment, highlights the role of SHCC materials in meeting that challenge, and details specific design approaches for the incorporation of green SHCC materials in sustainable infrastructure.
Probabilistic reasoning for analysis of approximate computations

Popular application domains such as multimedia processing, machine learning, and big-data analytics operate on inherently noisy data and make decisions under uncertainty. While these applications are often good candidates for both algorithmic and system-level approximation, a major open challenge is how to analyze the influence of noisy data and candidate approximations on the application's outputs.At the same time, probabilistic programming languages provide an intuitive way to model uncertainty by expressing complex probabilistic models as computer programs. The talk will give an overview of PSI (http://www.psisolver.org), a system for exact symbolic inference. PSI computes succinct symbolic representations of the joint posterior distribution represented by a probabilistic program using static analysis. PSI supports programs with both discrete and continuous distributions. It can compute answers to various posterior distribution queries, expectation queries and assertion queries using its own back-end for symbolic reasoning. This talk will present how we can represent some problems in approximate computing as probabilistic programs and use PSI to automatically get symbolic expressions that represent the distributions of the output error.
Fermentation Cover Brine Reformulation for Cucumber Processing with Low Salt to Reduce Bloater Defect.

Abstract Reformulation of calcium chloride (CaCl2) cover brine for cucumber fermentation was explored as a mean to minimize the incidence of bloater defect. This study particularly focused on cover brine supplementation with calcium hydroxide (Ca[OH]2), sodium chloride (NaCl), and acids to enhance buffer capacity, inhibit the indigenous carbon dioxide (CO2)- producing microbiota, and decrease the solubility of the gas. The influence of the cover brine formulations tested, on the cucumber fermentation microbiota, biochemistry, CO2 production, and bloating defect was studied using metagenetics, HPLC analysis, a portable gas analyzer and bloater index, respectively. Cover brine supplementation with Ca(OH)2 and acetic acid resulted in complete fermentations with final pH values 0.5 units higher than the un-supplemented control. Lactic acid production increased by approximately 22%, possibly inducing the observed reduction in the relative abundance of Enterobacteriaceae by 92%. Ca(OH)2 supplementation also resulted in an increased relative abundance of Leuconostocaceae by 7%, which likely contributed to the observed increment in CO2 levels by 25%. A 50% reduction on acetic acid formation was detected when cover brines were supplemented with Ca(OH)2 and 690 mM (4%) NaCl. No significant difference was observed in bloater index as the result of Ca(OH)2 or NaCl supplementation in cover brines, given that the CO2 levels remained at above the 20 mg/100 mL needed to induce the defect. It is concluded that the modified cover brine formulation containing Ca(OH)2 and NaCl enables the complete conversion of sugars, decreases production of CO2 and levels of Enterobacteriaceae, but insignificantly reduces bloater index. Practical Application A cucumber fermentation cover brine containing Ca(OH)2, 0.26% CaCl2, 345 mM (2%) NaCl, and acetic acid to pH 4.7 has a functional combination of ingredients enabling a complete conversion of sugars to lactic acid with reduced production of acetic acid and CO2. It represents a process ready cover brine formulation with the potential to allow the manufacture of cucumber pickles with low salt, enhanced food safety, and reduce environmental impact and water usage. Pilot commercial scale cucumber fermentations brined with such ingredients are to reveal the efficacy of this process ready formulation in the presence of oxygen from air in tanks, as opposed to 3.8 L (1-US gal) closed jars in the laboratory.
Academic Detailing with Provider Audit and Feedback Improve Prescribing Quality for Older Veterans

Abstract Suboptimal prescribing persists as a driver of poor quality care of older veterans and is associated with risk of hospitalization and emergency department visits. We adapted a successful medication management model, Integrated Management and Polypharmacy Review of Vulnerable Elders (IMPROVE), from an urban geriatric specialty clinic to rural community‐based clinics that deliver primary care. The goals were to promote prescribing quality and safety for older adults, including reduced prescribing of potentially inappropriate medications (PIMs). We augmented the original model, which involved a pharmacist‐led, one‐on‐one medication review with high‐risk older veterans, to provide rural primary care providers (PCPs) and pharmacists with educational outreach through academic detailing and tools to support safe geriatric prescribing practices, as well as individual audit and feedback on prescribing practice and confidential peer benchmarking. Twenty PCPs and 4 pharmacists at 4 rural Georgia community‐based outpatient clinics participated. More than 7,000 older veterans were seen in more than 20,000 PCP encounters during the 14‐month intervention period. Implementation of the IMPROVE intervention reduced PIM prescribing incidence from 9.6 new medications per 100 encounters during baseline to 8.7 after the intervention (P = .009). IMPROVE reduced PIM prevalence (proportion of encounters involving veterans who were taking at least 1 PIM) from 22.6% to 16.7% (P < .001). These approaches were effective in reducing PIMs prescribed to older veterans in a rural setting and constitute a feasible model for disseminating geriatric best practices to the primary care setting.
Rheumatoid Arthritis Pathogenesis and Pathophysiology

The etiology of RA is complex with a combination of genetic and environmental risk factors contributing to disease onset. It is likely that there may be no primary etiology attributable to all cases of RA. Similarly, the final common phenotype that defines RA is itself quite heterogeneous, and the etiopathogenesis in each individual patient is likely slightly different. In this chapter we will discuss risk factors which contribute to the onset of RA as well as the cellular and humoral mediators which contribute to the pathology observed in both the articular and extra-articular manifestations of RA.
Colaboraciones técnicas y políticas trasatlánticas: América Latina y la OIT (1928-1946)

espanolDesde Ginebra, la Oficina Internacional del Trabajo se intereso desde muy temprano por vincularse con tecnicos, profesionales, intelectuales y dirigentes sindicales del continente americano. Las relaciones entre America Latina y la propia OIT, hoy sigue siendo una tematica que presenta muchas opacidades en la historiografia de las relaciones internacionales, laborales e institucionales. Esta investigacion explora la relacion que establecieron Moises Poblete Troncoso (chileno) y Vicente Lombardo Toledano (mexicano), que es un ejemplo de muchas otras, y que es hora de describir y explicar para interpretar de mejor forma la institucionalidad laboral de America Latina y el Caribe, ampliando las perspectivas que han centrado su atencion exclusivamente en las “practicas obreras”. EnglishFrom Geneva, the International Labour Office was interested from early linked to technicians, professionals, intellectuals and union leaders in the Americas. Latin America and the ILO itself, today remains a subject that has many opacities in the historiography of international, labor and institutional relations. This research explores the relationship established Moises Poblete Troncoso (Chile) and Vicente Lombardo Toledano (Mexico), which is an example of many others, it is time to describe and explain, to interpret to better labor institutions in Latin America and the Caribbean, expanding perspectives have focused exclusively on the “labor practices”.
Eastern Screech-Owls Neither Guard Nor Avoid Food Caches in Cavities

To determine whether Eastern Screech-Owls (Megascops asio; hereafter “screech-owl”) typically guard or avoid food items cached within cavities, we conducted an experiment involving the addition of dead mice to paired roosting boxes during the nonbreeding season. Multiple factors may influence the tendency of a screech-owl to cache food: the value of the item(s), the likelihood of pilferage, the degree to which cached carcasses attract predators, and the availability of alternative cavities for roosting and/or caching. We hypothesized that providing roosting screech-owls with paired cavities (nest boxes) and a standardized windfall of food could reveal important information about food-caching behavior in this species. Twice per month over the course of a winter, we provided roosting owls with either 200 g of frozen mice or nothing on day 1 of the experiment. On day 2, we visited all box pairs occupied on day 1 and determined whether the experimental and control owls remained in the original box, shifted to the adjacent box, or roosted elsewhere. We also noted whether the experimental owls sought to scatter-hoard the mice by moving some into the adjacent box. We found that screech-owls neither guard nor avoid prey in roosting cavities: owls provided with mice shifted roost sites at the same frequency as owls not provided with mice. Additionally, we found no evidence that screech-owls scatter-hoard prey into an adjacent cavity when provided with a windfall of food.
Perioperative considerations in free flap surgery: A review of pressors and anticoagulation

Given the high stakes for microvascular reconstruction, the majority of reconstructive surgeons have developed paradigms for pre, intra, and postoperative management that have proven to result in individual high success rates. Much has been done to identify and avoid perioperative factors that could potentially increase flap failure rates. Two example of this practice has been the generalized use of anticoagulation in free tissue transfer and the prohibition against vasopressor use in patients that are undergoing free tissue transfer. This manuscript will discuss these issues.
Pesticidal Copper (I) Oxide: Environmental Fate and Aquatic Toxicity

Besides being a naturally occurring element and an essential micronutrient, copper is used as a pesticide, but at generally higher concentrations. Copper, unlike organic pesticides, does not degrade, but rather enters a complex biogeochemical cycle. In the water column, copper can exist bound to both organic and inorganic species and as free or hydrated copper ions. Water column chemistry affects copper speciation and bioavailability. In all water types (saltwater, brackish water, and freshwater), organic ligands in the water column can sequester the majority of dissolved copper, and therefore, organic ligands play the largest role in copper bioavailability. In freshwater, however, the geochemistry of a particular location, including water column characteristics such as water hardness and pH, is a significant factor that can increase copper bioavailability and toxicity. In most cases, organic ligand concentrations greatly exceed copper ion concentrations in the water column and therefore provide a large buffering capacity. Hence, copper bioavailability can be grossly overestimated if it is based on total dissolved copper (TDCu) concentrations alone. Other factors that influence copper concentrations include location in the water column, season, temperature, depth, and level of dissolved oxygen. For example, concentrations of bioavailable copper may be significantly higher in the bottom waters and sediment pore waters, where organic ligands degrade much faster and dissolved copper is constantly resuspended and recycled into the aquatic system.