cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Selective sensitivity of synaptosomal membrane function to cerebral cortical hypoxia in newborn piglets.

The effect of hypoxia on the structure and function of the synaptosomal membranes and myelin fraction (glial cells, neuronal cell bodies and axonal membranes) was investigated by measuring Na+,K+-ATPase activity and levels of lipid peroxidation products in cerebral cortical synaptosomal membranes and myelin fractions obtained from newborn piglets. Hypoxic hypoxia was induced and cerebral hypoxia was documented as a decrease in the ratio of phosphocreatine to inorganic phosphate (PCr/Oi) using31P-NMR spectroscopy. PCr/Pi decreased from baseline of2.93 ± 0.76to0.61 ± 0.36 during hypoxia. The synaptosomal membrane Na+,K+-ATPase activity decreased from a control value of56.6 ± 3.7to40.4 ± 6.0 μgmol Pi/mg protein/h during hypoxia. The level of conjugated dienes increased from zero (reference value) to4.5 ± 2.7 nmol/mg lipid and the level of fluorescent compounds increased from23.5 ± 2.2to92.6 ± 46.4 ng quinine sulfate/mg lipid in the synaptosomal membranes during hypoxia. No change in myelin fraction Na+,K+-ATPase activity or levels of lipid peroxidation products were noted. These data indicate that sunaptosomal membranes, rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, are more susceptible to oxygen free radical mediated lipid peroxidative damage during hypoxia.
Constructing the Black Masculine: Identity and Ideality in African American Men's Literature and Culture, 1775-1995

Constructing the Black Masculine: Identity and Ideality in African American Men's Literature and Culture, 1775-1995 Maurice O. Wallace. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2002. Constructing the Black Masculine provides a fascinating, thought-provoking look at how conceptions of black masculine identity have come to be formed by the "monocularistic (flat, dissociative, fixed) gaze" of Western whites. From the earliest black American fraternities of the eighteenth century to thoroughly modern twentiethcentury images, Wallace traces the construction of black masculine identity through such varied media as photography, autobiography, freemasonry, architecture, narrative, and dance. Along the way, he pauses to consider several figurative works of literature and infuses his analysis with the theoretical approaches of Dernda, Foucault, and Bourdieu, among others. Indeed, Wallace skillfully weaves elements of several cultural genres into an interdisciplinary study of African American masculinity. Eminently relevant and generously illustrated, this text provides an important window into how vision, image, and representation have functioned to construct the black masculine and to what ends. Wallace presents what he terms an "ocularcentric thesis" (5): that the black male body is at once both too little seen and too much seen. As a result, the racialist gaze fixes (or "frames," in photographic terms) the black male in stereotypic representations. This inability to "see" black subjects clearly has vast implications, and Wallace works to illuminate "how dangerously reductive, how morally wounding, the machinations of colonial enframing can be" (173). He insists that our ocular orientation is not inherently problematic; it is our monocular vision that results in the worst kind of representation: two-dimensional dichotomous paradigms of seeing the not-self within such binaries as "master/slave, subject/ object, black/white, colonizer/colonized, either/ or" (177). Wallace uses each chapter of his book to demonstrate how black men have responded to the racialist gaze, noting that artistic forms such as architecture and dance can be seen as weapons of protection in the psychological warfare being waged on black male identity. Leaping back and forth between examples of photographic and narrative pictorialization, Wallace applies his ocular thesis to the realms of freemasonry, autobiography, architecture, dance, and the FBI surveillance of Richard Wright and James Baldwin. …
Investigation of three-dimensional separation at wing/body junctions in supersonic flows using TVD MacCormack's scheme

A Total Variation Diminishing (TVD) MacCormack scheme is used to study the three-dimensional separation at wing/body junctions in supersonic flows. The new scheme is robust, resolves discontinuities well with-out any numerical oscillations present in the flow field. Moreover, this new scheme does not contain any problem dependent parameters to be adjusted and many production codes employing MacCormack algorithm can be easily updated to good effect. Numerical simulation carried out in laminar supersonic junction flows using the new scheme yields improved prediction for the separation location and the axial velocity profiles in the separated flow region.
Source identification of personal exposure to fine particulate matter using organic tracers

Abstract Personal exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is due to both indoor and outdoor sources. Contributions of sources to personal exposure can be quite different from those observed at ambient sampling locations. The primary goal of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of using trace organic speciation data to help identify sources influencing PM2.5 exposure concentrations. Sixty-four 24-h PM2.5 samples were obtained on seven different subjects in and around Boulder, CO. The exposure samples were analyzed for PM2.5 mass, elemental and organic carbon, organic tracer compounds, water-soluble metals, ammonia, and nitrate. This study is the first to measure a broad distribution of organic tracer compounds in PM2.5 personal samples. PM2.5 mass exposure concentrations averaged 8.4 μg m −3 . Organic carbon was the dominant constituent of the PM2.5 mass. Forty-four organic species and 19 water-soluble metals were quantifiable in more than half of the samples. Fifty-four organic species and 16 water-soluble metals had measurement signal-to-noise ratios larger than two after blank subtraction. The dataset was analyzed by Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to determine the factors that account for the greatest variance. Eight significant factors were identified; each factor was matched to its likely source based primarily on the marker species that loaded the factor. The results were consistent with the expectation that multiple marker species for the same source loaded the same factor. Meat cooking was an important source of variability. The factor that represents meat cooking was highly correlated with organic carbon concentrations ( r = 0.84). The correlation between ambient PM2.5 and PM2.5 exposure was relatively weak ( r = 0.15). Time participants spent performing various activities was generally not well correlated with PCA factor scores, likely because activity duration does not measure emissions intensity. The PCA results demonstrate that organic tracers can aid in identifying factors that influence personal exposures to PM2.5.
Social Dynamics and Behavior Problems in Multiple-Dog Households

Certain behavior problems can be aggravated by the presence of conspecifics. Behavior problems that can occur in multiple-dog households as a result of social facilitation are discussed, along with behavior modification and pharmacologic treatments necessary to manage the problem.
Effect of bilateral optic nerve section on visual system monophasic wave activity in the cat.

Abstract In a series of 9 chronic experiments the effect of bilateral optic nerve section on monophasic wave activity was studied. Observations were made both before and in the 150 day period following nerve section and include the following: 1. 1. Optic nerve section had no effect upon the visual cortex monophasic waves which appear during paradoxical sleep. 2. 2. Optic nerve section had no immediate effect upon the lateral geniculate monophasic waves of paradoxical sleep, but in the following 4–10 days, monophasic waves gradually became confined to the first 10–15 sec of each paradoxical sleep episode. At longer time intervals after nerve section, no further change was noted and waves continued to appear at the start of each episode. 3. 3. In the first few days following nerve section, monophasic waves continued to appear in both the visual cortex and the lateral geniculate nucleus during arousal. The long term persistence of lateral geniculate monophasic waves after optic nerve section tends to rule out the hypothesis that the waves are generated by optic tract fiber terminals but is compatible with the centrifugal axon hypothesis of wave generation.
Regional Decline of Brain Perfusion in Healthy Aging Detected with Arterial Spin Labeling at 4T

Healthy aging is associated with gradual but progressive decline of cognitive function, but the underlying mechanisms remain obscure. Anatomical MRI studies of aging report gray and white matter loss, especially in the frontal, temporal, and parietal lobes (1, 2). On the other hand, whether cerebral perfusion also declines with healthy aging remains controversial (3). Moreover, failure to correct for brain atrophy may have confounded previous findings of perfusion changes with age (3). Using arterial spin labeling (ASL) MRI at 1.5T, we previously found a weak inverse relationship between brain perfusion and age, after correction for brain atrophy (4). However, the sensitivity to measure perfusion was limited by poor signal-to-noise of ASL at 1.5T. Since ASL sensitivity increases substantially at higher magnetic fields (5), we performed an ASL pilot study at 4T on aging. Specifically, our goal was to explore if ASL-MRI at 4T detects a regional pattern of diminished brain perfusion with age.
Chemical Sequence and Kinetics of Alkali–Silica Reaction Part II. A Thermodynamic Model

This manuscript describes development of a thermodynamic model for the chemical sequence of the alkali–silica reaction (ASR) process in the model, closed reactive system consisting of mixture of reactive silica mineral, calcium hydroxide, and alkali hydroxide solution. The focus of the first part of the study is on formulating the kinetic rate law for silica dissolution as a function of several factors, including pH, temperature, concentration of alkalis in solution, and type of the reactive silica mineral. This kinetic rate law was then incorporated into the commercial modeling software (Geochemist's Workbench®) in an attempt to simulate the chemical sequence of the ASR process. Once the proper input data and parameters were selected, the model generated reasonably accurate predictions of the distribution of species in the reacting system and captured distinct features of experimental data. In addition, this model suggested that the thermodynamic equilibrium condition among reactant (reactive silica mineral), products, and ionic species in the solution resulted in the threshold value of alkali concentration needed for the ASR to take place. Though the application of the proposed model is currently limited to the closed ASR system, the model may offer the possibility of the establishment of the unified theory which can bridge the gap between fundamental (chemical) mechanisms of ASR and the mechanical responses of concrete by providing the kinetic basis for the evolution of ASR process.
The growth industry of the nineties

This article critically reviews the current state of knowledge relating to outcome following decompressive surgery for lumbar spinal stenosis. Non-biased reviews of outcome are rare, follow-up times are not uniform and generally short, surgical techniques are not standardized. Rationale regarding the efficacy of concomitant spinal fusion is unconvincing. A procedure that is becoming ever more common in the neurosurgical armamentarium appears to be poorly described with respect to outcomes.
CAPTURE OF GLYCEROL BY CELLS OF ESCHERICHIA COLI.

Abstract 1. 1. Cells of five independent mutants of Escherichia coli K12 which lack glycerol kinase (EC 2·7·1·30) were all unable to accumulate radioactive material when incubated with [ 14 C]glycerol, whereas wild-type cells were able to do so. 2. 2. Cells of a mutant lacking l -α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.8) but possessig glycerol kinase retained the ability to accumulate radioactive material when exposed to labeled glycerol. Upon analysis of an extract from such cells, virtually all of the radioactive substance was found to be l -α-glycerophosphate and none to be free glycerol. 3. 3. A sensiitive method has been developed for the assay of glycerol kinase at low substrate concentration. It was shown that the K m of glycerol kinase (1.3 μM) correspond fairly closely to the “K m ” of intact cells (0.9 μM). 4. 4. Results obtained in this study showed that these cells do not possess an active transport system for glycerol, that even at very low concentrations the entry of glycerol by free diffusion is not rate-limiting for growth and that the kinase is responsible for the capture of the compound from the growth medium.
Wavelet Analysis on Eddy Structure in Micro Bubble Two Phase Flow Using PIV

The question of “where and how the turbulent drag arises” is one of the most fundamental problems unsolved in fluid mechanics. However, the physical mechanism responsible for the friction drag reduction is still not well understood. Over decades, it is found that the turbulence production and self-containment in a boundary layer are organized phenomena and not random processes as the turbulence looks like. The further study in the boundary layer should be able to help us know more about the mechanisms of drag reduction. The wavelet-based vector multi-resolution technique was proposed and applied to the two dimensional PIV velocities for identifying the multi-scale turbulent structures. The intermediate and small scale vortices embedded within the large-scale vortices were separated and visualized. By analyzing the fluctuating velocities at different scales, coherent eddy structures were obtained and this help us obtain the important information on the multi-scale flow structures in the turbulent flow. By comparing the eddy structures in different operating conditions, the mechanism to explain the drag reduction caused by micro bubbles in turbulent flow was proposed.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Analytic families of semihyperbolic generalized polynomial-like mappings

We show that the Hausdorff dimension of Julia sets in any analytic family of semihyperbolic generalized polynomial-like mappings (GPL) depends in a real-analytic manner on the parameter. For the proof we introduce abstract weakly regular analytic families of conformal graph directed Markov systems. We show that the Hausdorff dimension of limit sets in such families is real-analytic, and we associate to each analytic family of semihyperbolic GPLs a weakly regular analytic family of conformal graph directed Markov systems with the Hausdorff dimension of the limit sets equal to the Hausdorff dimension of the Julia sets of the corresponding semihyperbolic GPLs.
Spinal epidural cavernous angioma presenting as a lumbar radiculopathy with analysis of magnetic resonance imaging characteristics: case report.

ABSTRACTEPIDURAL CAVERNOUS ANGIOMAS are apparently rare lesions. We present an unusual case of chronic lumbar radiculopathy secondary to an epidural cavernous hemangioma extending into the intervertebral foramen. Few such reports have had the benefit of modern neuroimaging techniques to aid in preop
Practical Aspects in the Diagnosis and Management of Aplastic Anemia

Aplastic anemia (AA) is a rare bone marrow failure state (2–6 cases/million persons per year). Pancytopenia and severe marrow hypoplasia characterize the disease. The disease has wide geographic distribution, with a reported high incidence in Latin America and Southeast Asia. The increased rate of the disease in people of low socioeconomic status likely represents a surrogate marker of exposure to causative environmental or toxic factors.
Enhanced electron attachment to superexcited states of nitric oxide

Abstract We report the observation of enhanced electron attachment to laser-excited superexcited states of nitric oxide. These states were produced in multiphoton excitation processes via (i) real and virtual states, and (ii) only virtual states. The attaching electrons were produced in situ via concomitant multiphoton ionization. Several orders-of-magnitude enhancement in the electron-attachment rate constant was observed for the superexcited states compared to the ground electronic state.
Synthesis of C(3) benzofuran-derived bisaryl quaternary centers: approaches to diazonamide A.

Two complementary strategies for the synthesis of the diazonamide A bisaryl quaternary center are described. The first strategy relies upon an extremely facile tandem cyclopropanation/ring-opening sequence, which has proven amenable to chiral catalysis to provide enantioenriched material. The second strategy relies upon a more concise alkylation route ideal for material advancement.
Prediction of Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy in Hemiplegic Patients by Electromyographic Study

Background and Purpose This study was designed to investigate the correlation between reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome (RSDS) in hemiplegic patients and spontaneous electromyographic (EMG) activity, as well as to determine the predictive value of spontaneous EMG activity in early diagnosis of RSDS. Methods An EMG and nerve conduction velocity study of the weak upper limb was conducted on 70 hemiplegic patients at 3 to 4 weeks after cerebrovascular disease (either cerebral hemorrhage or infarction). Clinical assessment for development of the RSDS was done during the following 6 months. The correlation of RSDS development with the presence of spontaneous EMG activity and certain clinical parameters (including sex, age, side affected, cause of stroke, sensory impairment, spasticity, and shoulder subluxation) was analyzed statistically. Results Of the 46 patients who exhibited spontaneous activity, 30 (65%) developed clinical RSDS in their hemiplegic upper extremity, whereas only 1 (4%) of the other 24 patients with no spontaneous EMG activity developed clinical RSDS within 6 months after the onset of hemiplegia ( P Conclusions There is significant correlation between the presence of spontaneous EMG activity and the development of clinical RSDS in the hemiplegic upper extremity after stroke. It is concluded that spontaneous EMG activity in the hemiplegic hands of stroke patients might be a good predictor of the future development of clinical RSDS.
X-ray power and yield measurements at the refurbished Z machine

Advancements have been made in the diagnostic techniques to measure accurately the total radiated x-ray yield and power from z-pinch implosion experiments at the Z machine with high accuracy. The Z machine is capable of outputting 2 MJ and 330 TW of x-ray yield and power, and accurately measuring these quantities is imperative. We will describe work over the past several years which include the development of new diagnostics, improvements to existing diagnostics, and implementation of automated data analysis routines. A set of experiments on the Z machine were conducted in which the load and machine configuration were held constant. During this shot series, it was observed that the total z-pinch x-ray emission power determined from the two common techniques for inferring the x-ray power, a Kimfol filtered x-ray diode diagnostic and the total power and energy diagnostic, gave 449 TW and 323 TW, respectively. Our analysis shows the latter to be the more accurate interpretation. More broadly, the comparison demonstrates the necessity to consider spectral response and field of view when inferring x-ray powers from z-pinch sources.
Projection of the Rouse model onto macroscopic equations of motion for polymers under shear

A projection operator technique is used to show how the Onsager coefficients among collective polymer variables can be expressed in terras of correlation and response functions. For a collection of noninteracting Rouse polymers, and with no external shear imposed, the matrix of Onsager coefficients is calculated for the collective variables of concentration and stress. By including appropriate convective ternis, these Onsager coefficients are used to systematically formulate Langevin equations for concentration and stress variables. Due to memory effects, these equations are non-local in both space and time. Moreover, they can be used to compute the dynamical response functions and the Green functions in the presence of shear flow. The resulting coupled equations for concentration and stress variables turn out to be appropriate generalizations of those obtained from simple phenomenological constitutive equations, such as the upper convected Maxwell model and the second order fluid model.
Neutralizing antibody in nonallergic individuals.

Abstract Neutralizing antibody titrations were carried out in series of nonatopic human volunteers receiving one of the following ragweed preparations: (1) aqueous, (2) dialyzed aqueous, (3) alum precipitated, and (4) tannic acid precipitated extract. Also, extracts were made up to contain one of the following: (5) 10 per cent polyvinylpyrrolidone, (6) pertussis vaccine and (7) 2 per cent sodium gentisate. Number 8 was a preparation in an aluminum monostearateoil menstruum. A total of over 370,000 PNU of ragweed extract was administered during the course of 26 weekly injections. No singificant increase in neutralizing antibody was detected after such a series of injections.
Agriculture in the Soviet Union and China: Implications for Trade: Discussion

reforms makes for a far more dramatic subject than a poorly performing economy with systemic inability to change. Therefore, even if I possessed more than a vague understanding of Soviet agriculture, the temptation to devote most of my comments to China would be irresistible. And the most relevant question to address concerning the Soviet Union is why can not they do the same? Sicular' s paper captures the essentials of the grain-meat-trade nexus in China. In particular, she notes the shift in emphasis from direct grain consumption to indirect consumption through meat and egg production which is underway in China, driven both by rapid increases in grain supply and differential income elasticities of demand. This is accompanied by changes in meat production technology from traditional, apparently grain-saving techniques, to more concentrate-intensive techniques; however, the effect of this change should be to increase feeding productivity, i.e., to improve feed conversion ratios. Even so, the shift from a diet based on vegetable protein to one more dependent on animal protein likely will lead to increases in total demand for grain which in the long run outrun supply. Hence Sicular's projection of a continued net import demand for grain is well justified. However, through an understanding of some developments which she has ignored, the meat-grain-trade nexus can be further clarified, and our ability to predict future trends sharpened. To be specific, the amount of grain marketed is at least as important a variable as the amount produced, and the analysis of trends in official procurement prices should be deepened to consider changes in the relationship between free market prices and official procurement prices as well as the proportions of marketings sold at each price. Finally, growth in stocks has been more important than growth in feed demand in absorbing increased output in the last few years. Let me reinterpret recent trends with emphasis on these aspects of the analysis, for some of which little or no official documentation exists.
Salvage extravesical ureteral reimplantation after failed endoscopic surgery for vesicoureteral reflux.

Purpose: Open intravesical ureteral reimplantation has been reported to be uncomplicated following dextranomer/hyaluronic acid implantation. However, there are no known reports regarding extravesical ureteral reimplantation following dextranomer/hyaluronic acid failure. We reviewed our experience with extravesical ureteral reimplantation after dextranomer/hyaluronic acid failure.Materials and Methods: We reviewed the charts of 30 patients who underwent extravesical ureteral reimplantation after dextranomer/hyaluronic acid failure. If reflux was initially bilateral and only a unilateral cure was achieved, the cured ureter was not reimplanted. Intraoperative complications, need for stenting or prolonged bladder catheterization, length of hospitalization and radiographic results were noted.Results: At cystoscopy the dextranomer/hyaluronic acid implants were not seen in half of the patients. In the remaining 15 patients the blebs had moved caudally and/or were seen extravesically at the ureteral hiatus or alo...
Particle transport in low-energy ventilation systems. Part 2: Transients and experiments.

Providing adequate indoor air quality while reducing energy con- sumption is a must for efficient ventilation system design. In this work, we study the transport of particulate contaminants in a displacement-ventilated space, using the idealized emptying filling box model (P.F. Linden, G.F. Lane-serff and D.A. Smeed (1990) Emptying filling boxes: the fluid mechanics of natural ventilation, J. fluid Mech., 212, 309-335.). In this paper, we focused on transient contaminant transport by modeling three transient contamination scenarios, namely the so called step-up, step-down, and point source cases. Using ana- lytical integral models and numerical models we studied the transient behavior of each of these three cases. We found that, on average, traditional and low-energy systems can be similar in overall pollutant removal efficiency, although quite different vertical gradients can exist. This plays an important role in estimating occupant exposure to contaminant. A series of laboratory experiments were conducted to validate the developed models.
Antagonism of Pseudomonas cepacia against phytopathogenic fungi

Two strains ofPseudomonas cepacia, RJ3 and ATCC 52796, have been identified as potential antagonists of fungal plant pathogens. We have compared the antagnonistic activity of these two strains against various fungal pathogens. Although both strains displayed high levels of antagonism, ATCC 52796 was slightly more antagonistic than RJ3. The antagonist from RJ3 has been identified as the antifungal compound pyrrolnitrin after purification by HPLC and characterization by UV, IR, NMR, and mass spectroscopy. Both strains also antagonized the fungi by production of volatile compound(s), which have not yet been identified. Both strains are similar with respect to in vitro antagonism, mechanism of antagonism, and sensitivity to antibiotics.
Limiting models for calcification in fibrous tissues adjacent to orthopedic implants: Variational indicator functions and influences of implant stiffness

Calcification and eventual integration of orthopedic implants into bone is important to many load-bearing devices, and the influence of load and implant stiffness on this process are assessed in this mathematical modelling study. Three research questions are posed in this study. First, can limiting material models provide useful information on the overall behavior of the tissue adjacent to a loaded orthopedic implant? Second, can the limiting models lead to optimization criteria? Third, can an optimization approach be used to differentiate between the four prospective remodeling rate equations which are proposed? The answers are yes, yes, and no, respectively. A two degree of freedom lumped parameter model for axial loading of an intramedullary implant is considered. Two limiting composite material models are used, and the strain energy density in the calcified and non-calcified phases are assessed as stimuli for calcification. The rate equations posed here assume that the calcified material volume fraction decreases at high strain-energy densities, and increases at small strain-energy densities. In all four cases (both models, both phases) the steady states for these rate equations find equilibrium points of indicator functions which are a weighted sum of total strain energy and the mass of calcified tissue in the layer considered. The weights on strain-energy density and mass differ in each case. This shows that for appropriate choices of parameters, all four models can yield the same results, and it also shows that an optimization approach does not uniquely determine the appropriate rate equation in these cases. The rate equations showed complicated dynamic behavior and a phase-plane analysis was used which led to upper bounds on load, which depended on implant stiffness and distal support. The predictions of the four cases studied are compared.
The Analysis and Resolution of International Disputes

Summary The principal aim of this paper is to summarize the best ideas emerging during an informal workshop in which sophisticated scholars and practitioners participated in an effort to identify and appraise possible new approaches to analyzing and resolving international disputes. The results are outlined in terms of the analyses and descriptions of such disputes; the measures that might be taken before, during, and after the disputes have arisen; and some of the methodological problems that arise. These diverse, heterogeneous materials can be tentatively synthesized, it is argued, by postulating the ideal attributes of a Homo Pacificus.
Idealized three‐dimensional modeling of seasonal variation in the Alaska Coastal Current

[1] Seasonal variation of the buoyancy- and downwelling-wind-forced Alaska Coastal Current (ACC) and the fate of freshwater contained in it is considered using idealized analytical and numerical models of the ACC formed from a half-line source of buoyant inflow. The coastal current initially develops two-dimensionally but becomes three-dimensional from a balance between coastal influx of buoyancy and its downstream transport, which leads to a coastal current depth limit Hmax = ()1/2, where x is along-shelf distance, Q is the line source strength for unit length, f is the Coriolis frequency, and g′ is the reduced gravity of the buoyant inflow. This limit is unchanged under downwelling wind stress and is reached on timescales of less than 1 month for the ACC. The coastal current width is roughly constant in x and increases in time at the same rate as the two-dimensional solution. Imposition of a downwelling wind stress τ results in an approximate balance among wind stress and along- and cross-shelf momentum advection so that the current width is reduced to Ywind ≈ LD ()1/2, where LD is the Rossby radius of deformation, τ is the wind stress and ρ0 is a reference density. Waves/eddying motions eventually grow in the half-line source coastal current with wavelengths proportional to the coastal current width and with a downstream phase speed slower than the maximum current speed. These features cause an offshore flux of buoyant water, a broader coastal current, and further accumulation of buoyancy on the shelf. Increasing downwelling wind stress reduces the effects of the instabilities. Continual accumulation of buoyancy on the shelf occurs during all model runs but is nearly absent under maximum winter downwelling wind stress. It is suggested that freshwater accumulation on the shelf during spring, summer, and fall may be largely lost downstream during winter.
Lunar Gravitational Focusing of Meteoroid Streams and Sporadic Sources

Recent work on the gravitational focusing of meteoroid streams and their threat to satellites and astronauts in the near-Earth environment has concentrated on Earth acting as the gravitational attractor, totally ignoring the Moon. Though the Moon is twelve-thousandths the mass of the Earth, it too can focus meteors, albeit at a much greater distance downstream from its orbital position in space. At the Earth–Moon distance during particular phases of the Moon, slower speed meteoroid streams with very compact radiant diameters can show meteoroid flux enhancements in Earth’s immediate neighborhood. When the right geometric alignment occurs, this arises as a narrowed beam of particles of approximately 1,000 km width. For a narrow radiant of one-tenth degree diameter there is a 10-fold increase in the level of flux passing through the near-Earth environment. Meteoroid streams with more typical radiant sizes of 1° show at most two times enhancement. For sporadic sources, the enhancement is found to be insignificant due to the wide angular spread of the diffuse radiant and thus may be considered of little importance.
Introduction: Deregulation and Reform of Housing and Housing Finance Markets: Recent Lessons from Western and Central Europe

Recent years have seen the emergence of substantial scholarly research devoted to cross-national comparisons of real estate markets and financial institutions. In part, these analyses evaluate real estate market efficiency and the distributional outcomes associated with diverse institutions and economies. Further, these analyses draw from the experience of different markets and institutions in a normative sense, so as to help facilitate the development of appropriate real estate market mechanisms and policy in emerging market economies.
Effect of difenopenten-ethyl on isolated corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max L.) mitochondrial membrane integrity and physiological activities

Abstract The study examined the effects of difenopenten-ethyl (ethyl 4-[4-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]-2-pentenoate), a selective postemergence grass herbicide, on several metabolic processes of isolated corn ( Zea mays L. “B73×Mo17”) and soybean ( Glycine max L. “Amsoy 71”) mitochondria. Difenopenten-ethyl inhibited respiratory coupling (as indicated by ADP O and respiratory control ratios), inhibited state III and protonophore-stimulated respiration and caused extensive irreversible swelling of both isolated corn and soybean mitochondria. Disruption of membrane integrity appears to account for the numerous effects of difenopenten-ethyl on both isolated corn and soybean mitochondria. Because difenopenten-ethyl was equally effective in impairing corn and soybean mitochondrial activity, it appears that phytotoxic selectivity is not at the mitochondrial level.
Clinical recommendations for repair of orbital facial fractures.

Purpose of reviewOrbital facial fractures are a common result of facial trauma. Enophthalmos, diplopia resulting from extraocular muscle dysfunction, and infraorbital nerve hypesthesia may occur. The indications and timing for fracture repair are debated.Recent findingsThe timing and treatment indic
On the numerical integration of trimmed isogeometric elements

Abstract A numerical algorithm is proposed to construct efficient quadrature rules for trimmed isogeometric elements of arbitrary shape and topology as part of the standard finite element preprocessing step. The constructed integration rule is unique to an element and it is considered to be optimal in the sense that the final quadrature points and weights satisfy the moment fitting equations within the trimmed domain up to a predefined tolerance. The resulting quadrature points are in the interior of the trimmed domain and the positivity of the weights is preserved. The accuracy and efficiency of the quadrature scheme are assessed and compared to traditionally employed integration techniques. Results indicate that the proposed integration rules are more precise and inhibit the proliferation of quadrature points observed in competing approaches. Selected problems of elastostatics, elastodynamics, and elasto-plastic dynamics are used to further demonstrate the validity and efficacy of the method.
FT-IR analysis of chemical warfare agents

The qualitative and quantitative FT-IR analyses of dilute aqueous solutions of GA (tabun), GB (sarin), GD (soman), and VX were evaluated using the CIRCLE CELLTM. Infrared spectra were recorded using a Nicolet 60SX FT-IR spectrometer fitted with a liquid nitrogencooled MCTA detector. The CIRCLE CELLTM used a high pressure micro-flow-through sampling accessory fitted with a ZnSe internal reflection element. Peak heights were evaluated with the Nicolet SUPER QUANT program after spectral subtraction of the solvent. TheP=0 stretching absorption band, centered around 1240 cm−1 for theG-type agents and 1180 cm−1 for VX, produced good quantification. At a concentration of 2.0 mg/ml for theG-type agents and 1.0 mg/ml for VX, quantitative analysis produced coefficients of variation of 3% or less. The detection limit was observed to be around 0.1 mg/ml.
Autonomy and Psychic Socialization: From Non-Alienated Labour to Non- Surplus Repressive Sublimation

The work of Herbert Marcuse, unlike that of certain of his col leagues at the Institut fur Sozialforschung, is most often maligned as being excessively positive and identitarian. His work on Freud, for example, is criticized for being grounded in a crude biological determinism which points towards an ultimate reconciliation of both psychic and social conflict. This essay will attempt to counter such readings by critically juxtaposing Marcuse's concept of non-repressive sublimation with Cornelius Castoriadis's understanding of psychic socialization. It will be suggested that the affinities between Marcuse and Castoriadis's appropriations of Freudian metapsychology reveals the degree to which the former can be read as a radical democratic thinker affirming the values of autonomy and creativity. This reading demonstrates that Marcuse has much to contribute to contemporary debates on the role of the aesthetic and the sensuous in democratic theory.
Identity-plus-row matrix decomposition and its application in design of parallel projection algorithms

Many image processing operations can be abstracted into matrix operations. With the help of matrix analysis, we can understand the inherent properties of the operations and thus design better algorithms. In this paper, we propose a matrix decomposition method referred to as identity-plus-row decomposition. The decomposition is particularly useful in design of parallel projection algorithms on mesh-connected computers. Projection is a frequently used process in image processing and visualization. In volume graphics, projection is used to render the essential content of a three-dimensional volume onto a two-dimensional image plane. For Radon transform, projection is used to transform the image space into a parameter space. By applying the identity-plus-row matrix decomposition method, we solve the data redistribution problem due to the irregular data access patterns present in those applications on single instruction stream, multiple data stream (SIMD) meshconnected computers, developing fast algorithms for volume rendering and Radon transform on SIMD mesh-connected computers.
Fluvial Processes in River Engineering

Since 1971, when W. H. Grafs book, Hydraulics of Sediment Transport, was published, a number of other texts that also provide somewhat personal perspectives on water-sediment interactions in open-channel flows have appeared. The latest of these is Fluvial Processes in River Engineering, by Howard H. Chang. This text updates recent developments in the study of hydraulics and sediment transport of natural stream channels, but unlike the earlier books, it expands consideration to geomorphic processes and models of channel change. The author states that the book is intended as a text for senior and graduate-level engineering students. It appears that Chang has succeeded in tailoring the book for that audience, but it also appears that no fewer than two semesters of classroom time would be required to provide an adequate basis for understanding the considerable variety of subject matter covered.
Street-Level Leadership: Rethinking the Role of Public Servants in Contemporary Governance:

Demands for governmental reform and reinvention have created new pressures on public servants to help create a government that works better and costs less. At the same time, changes in management a...
Selecting essential medicines: How economic data are used throughout the WHO decision making process

addressed through non-structured interviews with nine hospital-based pharmacists in Phase 3. Results from the different phases were converged during the interpretation phase. Phase 1 survey results were compared to themes identified from observations (Phase 2) and interviews (Phase 3) to confirm actual PTC structure and activities. Ethical clearance was obtained from Medunsa Campus Research and Ethics Committee and permission granted by provincial authorities. Findings: The results showed that most professionals were represented in the PTCs, with variations according to hospital level of care. Membership of all PTCs included a pharmacist, who in the majority of cases fulfilled the secretariat position. Most of the PTCs conducted meetings at least once/month. Main PTC activities included dissemination of decisions (100%) and formulary management (89.5%). Reporting of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) and medication errors PTC function was poor at all levels. Lack of expertise in pharmacoeconomics and evidence-based decision-making was identified as one of the challenges in formulary management. Survey results and interviews with pharmacists revealed that insufficient staff and poor attendance of meetings hindered PTC activities. Interpretation: Lack of expertise on the application of pharmacoeconomic analysis and evidence-based decision-making in formulary management, and limited ADR reporting in attaining rational medicines use at all levels, were identified as the main challenges in the activities of the PTCs. Future programmes should strengthen PTCs in specialised aspects of formularymanagement, and further training in the principles of pharmacovigilance is required to enhance ADR reporting, as well as to ensure compliance with both WHO and provincial guidelines. Strong institutional support of PTCs should be encouraged in order to ensure better participation of staff in PTC activities to guarantee rational medicines use in public sector hospitals in Gauteng Province. Funding: Self funded. Abstract #: 02GMHE005
Risk factors for diminished bone mineral density among male hemodialysis patients—a cross-sectional study

Summary This cross-sectional study was performed to characterize the factors affecting bone mass in male hemodialysis subjects. We found that of all the factors analyzed, the strongest correlation was with body mass index. In fact, after adjusting for body weight, the correlations with bone turnover markers and sex hormones were no longer significant.
Upper extremity compartment syndrome secondary to acquired factor VIII inhibitor. A case report.

C ompartment syndrome of the upper extremity is a surgical emergency that is usually the result of trauma, most commonly fractures1. We present a case of atraumatic compartment syndrome of the right forearm in an elderly woman who required fasciotomy. The compartment syndrome was a result of spontaneous bleeding due to an acquired factor VIII inhibitor. The patient was informed that data concerning the case would be submitted for publication. A sixty-seven-year-old black woman with a medical history of hypertension and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease but no history of a bleeding disorder presented with a two-day history of increasing pain and swelling in the right forearm. The patient took aspirin (325 mg daily) as well as medications for the treatment of pulmonary disease and hypertension. There was no history of trauma. The patient reported a distinct onset of pain after lifting her coat with the affected arm. The following day, approximately twenty-four hours after the onset of pain, the patient noted increased pain and swelling in the right forearm, hand, and fingers. Approximately forty-eight hours after the onset of symptoms, she presented to the emergency department. Physical examination revealed that the patient had mild discomfort secondary to pain in the right upper extremity. Clinically relevant findings on examination were limited to the right forearm, hand, and digits. There was tenderness to palpation extending from the right forearm to the distal aspects of the digits; the tenderness was greater dorsally than volarly. Radial and ulnar pulses were palpable at the wrist. The patient had mild forearm swelling with soft compartments, intact sensation to touch, and warm skin throughout the extremity. The site of greatest swelling was the mobile wad of Henry. There was minimal discomfort to passive extension of the digits at the metacarpophalangeal joints, with the greatest discomfort …
Selective looking with minimal eye movements

Neisser and Becklen (1975) showed that one of two visually superimposed events could be followed without interference from the other. Neisser and Becklen allowed their subjects to move their eyes without restriction. The present experiment eliminated the possibility that the tracking eye movements of the subjects, which could have been used to maintain the stability of the event on the retina, were instrumental in following the desired event. The experiment of Neisser and Becklen was essentially replicated with one exception: subjects were required to fixate a spot in the center of the visual field during one-half of the trials. It was no more difficult for subjects to follow either a single event or one of two superimposed events when fixation was required. The suggestion was made that eye movements do not initiate a perceptual act, but rather are dependent upon perceptual anticipations.
Determination of Rolling-Element Fatigue Life From Computer Generated Bearing Tests

Two types of rolling-element bearings representing radial loaded and thrust loaded bearings were used for this study. Three hundred forty (340) virtual bearing sets totaling 31400 bearings were randomly assembled and tested by Monte Carlo (random) number generation. The Monte Carlo results were compared with endurance data from 51 bearing sets comprising 5321 bearings. A simple algebraic relation was established for the upper and lower L(sub 10) life limits as function of number of bearings failed for any bearing geometry. There is a fifty percent (50 percent) probability that the resultant bearing life will be less than that calculated. The maximum and minimum variation between the bearing resultant life and the calculated life correlate with the 90-percent confidence limits for a Weibull slope of 1.5. The calculated lives for bearings using a load-life exponent p of 4 for ball bearings and 5 for roller bearings correlated with the Monte Carlo generated bearing lives and the bearing data. STLE life factors for bearing steel and processing provide a reasonable accounting for differences between bearing life data and calculated life. Variations in Weibull slope from the Monte Carlo testing and bearing data correlated. There was excellent agreement between percent of individual components failed from Monte Carlo simulation and that predicted.
DNA single strand breaks in human lens epithelial cells from patients with cataract

In recent years, there has been renewed interest in the association between DNA damage to the lens epithelium and the development of lens opacities. Although a number of in vitro studies have indicated that lens epithelial cells are susceptible to a variety of DNA damaging insults and that these cells posess the capacity to repair such damage, no previous studies have directly addressed whether DNA damage is associated with human cataract in vivo. Utilizing samples of lens epithelial cells obtained from patients undergoing cataract surgery, the percentage of cells containing DNA single strand breaks was directly determined by the single-cell gel assay (SGA) method. Non-cataractous human Eye Bank lenses of similar ages to the cataractous samples and calf lenses were used as controls. In approximately 50% of the cataractous samples analyzed, the proportion of cells containing DNA single strand breaks was significantly higher than in control lenses. No relationship between age and DNA damage was noted. These...