cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chromosome 22q and the mind–brain interface: Bedside to bench to bedside

“All mental processes, even the most complex psychological processes, derive from operations of the brain.”—Eric Kandel, MD, 19981 An article in this issue of Neurology by Graf et al.2 explores the mind–brain interface through the implementation of pharmacologic intervention strategies based on the unique molecular genetics of the 22q11 deletion syndrome.3 This composite microdeletion syndrome, which encompasses DiGeorge syndrome, velocardiofacial syndrome, and conotruncal anomaly face syndrome (Takao syndrome), has an incidence of 1:4000 to 5000 per live births. In addition to numerous structural malformations associated with gene deletions at 22q11, developmental delay, learning disability, and neuropsychiatric disturbance are common. Cognitive function ranges from average intelligence to moderate mental retardation, the mean IQ being approximately 70. Psychiatric features are variable as well and may include attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and poor socialization in childhood, anxiety and depression during puberty, and …
Availability and accessibility of diabetes clinics on Trinidad: An analysis using proximity tools in a GIS environment

Non-communicable diseases (NCDs), account for a growing number of deaths worldwide. The English-speaking Caribbean has the highest per capita burden of NCDs in the region of the Americas [1]. This paper presents an overview of availability and accessibility based on clinic hours and physician fulltime equivalents (FTE) on the island of Trinidad devoted to diabetes and wound care. The project integrates a Geographic Information System (GIS) with epidemiologic and bio-statistical data to provide a necessary spatial analysis not otherwise possible. It examines the island’s ability to effectively deliver treatment to residents with diabetes by providing a geographic perspective to data published on the internet by the Trinidad-Tobago Ministry of Health and the Central Statistical Office. Results indicate a significant regional variability in both numbers of physicians and office hours devoted to diabetes treatment.
SOLUTION OF INVERSE STEFAN PROBLEMS BY A SOURCE‐AND‐SINK METHOD

A method has been developed for the solution of inverse heat diffusion problems to find the initial condition, boundary condition, and the source and sink function in the heat diffusion equation. The method has been used in the development of a source‐and‐sink method to find the boundary conditions in inverse Stefan problems. Green's functions have been used in the solution, and the problems are solved by using two approaches: a series solution approach, and a time incremental approach. Both can be used to find the boundary conditions without reliance on the flux information to be supplied at both sides of the interface. The methods are efficient in that they require less equations to be solved for the conditions. The numerical results have shown to be accurate, convergent, and stable. Most of all, the results do not degrade with time as in other time marching schemes reported in the literature. Algorithms can also be easily developed for the solution of the conditions.
Effect of finite edge radius on ductile fracture ahead of the cutting tool edge in micro-cutting of Al2024-T3

Abstract Evidence of ductile fracture leading to material separation has been reported recently in ductile metal cutting [S. Subbiah, S.N. Melkote, ASME J. Manuf. Sci. Eng. 28(3) (2006)]. This paper investigates the effect of finite edge radius on such ductile fracture. The basic question of whether such ductile fracture occurs in the presence of a finite edge radius is explored by performing a series of experiments with inserts of different edge radii at various uncut chip thickness values ranging from 15 to 105 μm. Chip–roots are obtained in these experiments using a quick-stop device and examined in a scanning electron microscope. Clear evidence of material separation is seen at the interface zone between the chip and machined surface even when the edge radius is large compared to the uncut chip thickness. Failure is seen to occur at the upper, middle, and/or the lower edges of the interface zone. Based on these observations, a hypothesis is presented for the events leading to the occurrence of this failure when cutting with an edge radius tool. Finite element simulations are performed to study the nature of stress state ahead of the tool edge with and without edge radius. Hydrostatic stress is seen to be tensile in front of the tool and hence favors the occurrence of ductile fracture leading to material separation. The stress components are, however lower than those seen with a sharp tool.
The Mental Health Internet

As a group, mental health professionals are not ahead of the curve in learning Internet skills. Unlike medicine, where computers have become a part of everyday clinical practice, they are not as ubiquitous in mental health settings, where often only the receptionist uses a terminal. This article presents a guide that has been used to teach the Mental Health Internet to mental health professionals in continuing education workshops and classes with psychology graduate students. It includes descriptions of the major mental health Webliographies, followed by sites with resources, such as diagnostic, treatment, and medication information, mental health news, journal articles, client self-help resources, and online seminars. The directory is categorized by topics that cut across disciplinary boundaries.
A Powerful Nonparametric Statistical Framework for Family-Based Association Analyses

Family-based study design is commonly used in genetic research. It has many ideal features, including being robust to population stratification (PS). With the advance of high-throughput technologies and ever-decreasing genotyping cost, it has become common for family studies to examine a large number of variants for their associations with disease phenotypes. The yield from the analysis of these family-based genetic data can be enhanced by adopting computationally efficient and powerful statistical methods. We propose a general framework of a family-based U-statistic, referred to as family-U, for family-based association studies. Unlike existing parametric-based methods, the proposed method makes no assumption of the underlying disease models and can be applied to various phenotypes (e.g., binary and quantitative phenotypes) and pedigree structures (e.g., nuclear families and extended pedigrees). By using only within-family information, it can offer robust protection against PS. In the absence of PS, it can also utilize additional information (i.e., between-family information) for power improvement. Through simulations, we demonstrated that family-U attained higher power over a commonly used method, family-based association tests, under various disease scenarios. We further illustrated the new method with an application to large-scale family data from the Framingham Heart Study. By utilizing additional information (i.e., between-family information), family-U confirmed a previous association of CHRNA5 with nicotine dependence.
Penetrating Keratoplasty in Pseudophakic Bullous Keratopathy

We studied 25 consecutive patients who underwent penetrating keratoplasty for pseudophakic bullous keratopathy. Follow-up time averaged 20 months. Ten patients required postimplantation surgical procedures because of complications after lens implantation. The time from lens implantation to onset of corneal edema averaged 18 months in patients without postimplantation surgical procedures and five months in patients with postimplantation procedures. The lens implants were removed in 11 patients at keratoplasty. Corneal clouding caused by graft rejection occurred in three patients, while 22 grafts remained clear. Final visual acuities were 6/6 (20/20) to 6/12 (20/40) in 13 patients, 6/15 (20/50) to 6/30 (20/100) in four patients, and 6/60 (20/200) or less in eight patients. We found no difference in final visual acuity between patients with lens implants removed at keratoplasty and those with lens implants left in place. Significant retinal pathology included cystoid macular edema, macular degeneration, and retinal detachment.
Nestmate recognition and incompatibility between colonies of the acacia-ant Pseudomyrmex ferruginea

1. Compatibility between workers of 21 different colonies of the acacia-ant Pseudomyrmex ferruginea was examined. The colonies were reared from foundress queens in the greenhouse, on a clone of Acacia hindsii. Widespread incompatibility between colonies was encountered in these tests. Since diet and nesting environment are uniform, these results strongly suggest that the ants are producing recognition pheromones. 2. Worker brood from a stock colony was separated into groups of larvae and pupae, and each group was reared by a different foster reproductive female. The absence of antagonistic reactions between workers reared in the different groups indicates that the reproductive females are not the direct source of colony recognition pheromones.
Elastic Scattering of Lambda Hyperons from Protons

The $\ensuremath{\Lambda}$-proton elastic scattering cross section has been measured to be 20\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}5 mb. This value represents an average over the momentum interval 150-1500 MeV/c. It is based on 26 events observed in a propane bubble chamber. The $\ensuremath{\Lambda}$ hyperons were produced by the interactions of 1.15-BeV/c ${K}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ mesons in the propane.
Concurrent chemo-radiotherapy with mitomycin C compared with porfiromycin in squamous cell cancer of the head and neck: final results of a randomized clinical trial.

Purpose Previous randomized trials have shown a benefit with concurrent use of the hypoxic cell cytotoxin mitomycin C (MC) and radiation (RT) in the management of squamous cell cancer of the head and neck (SCCHN). We conducted a randomized trial comparing MC with porfiromycin (POR) in combination with RT in the management of SCCHN. Methods and materials Between 1992 and 1999, 128 patients with SCCHN were enrolled in this prospective randomized trial. Patients were stratified by management intent, and balanced with respect to stage and site of disease. They were randomized to receive MC (15 mg/M 2 ) or POR (40 mg/M 2 ) on Days 5 and 47 (or last day) of RT. Of 121 evaluable patients, 61 were randomized to MC and 60 to POR. Patients were treated with standard daily RT to a total median dose of 64 Gy over 47 days. Patients were well balanced with respect to management intent, stage, site, age, sex, hemoglobin levels, tumor grade, radiation dose, and days on treatment. Results There were no significant differences between the two arms with respect to acute hematologic or nonhematologic toxicities. As of January 2003 with a median follow-up of 6.3 years, there have been 19 local relapses (4 MC vs. 15 POR), 21 regional relapses (7 MC vs. 14 POR), 24 distant metastases (11 MC vs. 13 POR), and 66 deaths (33 MC vs. 33 POR). MC was superior to POR with respect to 5-year local relapse-free survival (91.6% vs. 72.7%, p = 0.01), local-regional relapse-free survival (82% vs. 65.3%, p = 0.05), and disease-free survival (72.8% vs. 52.9%, p = 0.026). There were no significant differences between the two arms with respect to overall survival (49.2% vs. 54.4%) or distant metastasis–free rate (79.9% vs. 75.9%). Conclusions Despite promising preclinical data, and an acceptable toxicity profile, POR was inferior to MC as an adjunct to RT in the management of SCCHN. This randomized trial emphasizes the need for randomized studies to evaluate new agents in the management of SCCHN.
Price Maintenance in the Book Trade

I. Introduction. Prevalence of organizations in the book trade, 86.— Methods of distributing books, 87. — Fixation of book prices, 89.— II. Price maintenance in the German Book Trade. — Early efforts, 90. — Organization of the Exchange Association of German Book Dealers, 91. — Increase of customers' discounts, 92. — Rise of local and district book trade associations, 93. — Adoption of a price maintenance policy (1887), 94. — Opposition of book buyers, 95. — III. English Experience. Early attempts, 96. — Increase of price cutting, 97. — Organization of booksellers; the Publishers' Association (1896); adoption of the net price plan (1899), 98. — The Times and the Book War (1905–1907), 99. — IV. The American Book Trade, 101. — The American Publishers' Association, 102.—The American Booksellers' Association, 102. — Adoption of the net system, 103. — Opposition; the Macy htigation, 104. — Present status of price maintenance in the book trade, 106. — V. Summary and Conclusion, 106.
Mechanisms of astrocyte-directed neurite guidance

Astrocytes have recently become better recognized as playing vital roles in regulating the patterning of central nervous system neurites during development and following injury. In general, astrocytes have been shown to be supportive of neurite extension, but alterations in the biochemical properties of astrocytes in particular areas during development and in gliotic tissue may act to confine neurite outgrowth and thus provide guidance cues. In vivo studies indicate that restrictive astrocytes function through their altered expression of specific extracellular matrix molecules, including tenascin, chondroitin, and keratan sulfate proteoglycans. In addition, several in vitro models suggest that other cell surface molecules are utilized by restrictive astrocytes to direct neurite trajectories.
Adherence and surface properties of Tritrichomonas mobilensis, an intestinal parasite of the squirrel monkey.

Adherence properties of the potentially enteropathogenicTritrichomonas mobilensis were studied in vitro. Axenically cultivated trichomonads readily attached to isolated intestinal epithelial cells and mucus of the squirrel monkey. The kinetics and nature ofT. mobilensis cytadherence were microscopically evaluated in cell-suspension assay using Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells and in microplate hemagglutination assay with human erythrocytes. Adherence of the parasites to target cells was concentration- and time-dependent; it was inhibited by sialic acid (N-acetylneuraminic orN-glycolylneuraminic acid) and sialyllactose. Neither trypsinization of the flagellates nor their exposure to low temperature (4° C) affected their cytadherence capacities. The data indicate the presence of adhesin(s) with lectin properties onT. mobilensis. Aggulutination of live protozoa by animal and plant lectins with various carbohydrate-binding specificities as well as the occurrence of an electron-dense cell coat on plasma membrane suggest marked glycosylation of the parasite surface.
Defining the Ischemic Penumbra Using Hyperacute Neuroimaging: Deriving Quantitative Ischemic Thresholds

Despite three decades of promise, a neuroimaging biomarker capable of delineating the ischemic penumbra is yet to be definitively demonstrated. Much progress has been made, especially with MR imaging. However, in order to rigorously define an imaging biomarker of the ischemic penumbra, carefully designed studies which can derive ischemic thresholds using quantitative imaging parameters may be required. Two thresholds are of interest: one which distinguishes the ischemic core from penumbra, and another which distinguishes the penumbra from benign oligemia. In this review, we discuss one possible approach to define these thresholds by following tissue fate in the presence or absence of early reperfusion.
Space-filling curves and Kolmogorov superposition-based neural networks

Kolmogorov superpositions and Hecht-Nielsen's neural network based on them are dimension reducing. This dimension reduction can be understood in terms of space-filling curves that characterize Kolmogorov' s functions, and the subject of this paper is the construction of such a curve. We construct a space-filling curve with Lebesgue measure 1 in the unit square, [0,1]2, with approximating curves Λk, k = 1,2,3 ..... each with 102k rational nodal-points whose order is determined for each k by the linear order of their image-points under a nomographic function y = α1ψ(x1) + α2ψ(x2) that is the basis of a computable version of the Kolmogorov superpositions in two dimensions. The function ψ:[0,1 ] → [0,1] is continuous and monotonic increasing, and α1, α2 are suitable constants. The curves Λk are composed of families of disjoint closed squares of diminishing diameters and connecting joins of diminishing lengths as k → ∞.
How to do things with slurs: Studies in the way of derogatory words

Abstract This article provides an original account of slurs and how they may be differentially used by in-group and out-group speakers. Slurs are first distinguished from other terms and their role in social interaction is discussed. A new distinction is introduced between three different uses of slurs: the (a) paradigmatic derogatory use, (b) non-paradigmatic derogatory use, and (c) non-derogatory in-group use. I then account for their literal meaning and explain how a family-resemblance conception of category membership can clarify our understanding of the various natural-language uses of slurs, (a)–(c). The focus is restricted primarily to race-based and sex-based slurs used in the context of English speakers, and the article concludes with desiderata to be met by any subsequent analyses of slurs.
Risk classification at the time of diagnosis differentially affects the level of residual disease in children with B-precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia after completion of therapy.

Abstract We have previously reported that children with B-precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) who remained in remission after successfully completing therapy had leukemia cells detectable by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (N Engl J Med 1997;336(5):317–23).These patients were treated by an institutional protocol (P89-04) that lacked the post-remission intensification features of the contemporary Berlin–Frankfurt–Munster (BFM) based ALL protocols. In this report, we compared residual leukemia levels for patients on the P89-04 ( n =15) and BFM-based Children’s Cancer Group (CCG) studies ( n =23) and for patients stratified according to risk group. Our goal was to establish which risk factors correlated with level of residual disease. Patients enrolled on the CCG protocols had lower levels of residual disease after completion of therapy than the P89-04 patients ( P P P
Intermediate filament, laminin and integrin expression in lacrimal gland acinar cells: comparison of an immortalized cell line to primary cells, and their response to retinoic acid.

PURPOSE. The goal of this study was to characterize intermediate filament, integrin and laminin expression by rabbit lacrimal gland acinar cells in culture, to determine whether retinoic acid (RA) alters expression of these proteins and to compare primary cells to an immortalized rabbit lacrimal gland acinar cell line using flow cytometric analysis. METHODS. Primary cells, maintained in serum free medium, were exposed to 10 -6 M retinoic acid for 24 hours. Immortalized cells were grown in defined medium with Nu-Serum and exposed to retinoic acid. Cells were labeled with monoclonal antibodies to cytokeratins (AE1, AE2, AE3, AE5, CK10/13, CK18), integrins (a 3, a 6, a V, s 1, s 2, s 3 and s 4) , laminin, or vimentin and with FITC-conjugated secondary antibodies. Cells were analyzed for antigen expression by flow cytometry and immunocytochemistry. RESULTS. Primary and immortalized cells expressed type I and type II epithelial cytokeratins (AE1 and AE3), cytokeratin 18, and cytokeratin 3 (AE5) Both cell types...
Two distinct types of the inhibition of vasculogenesis by different species of charged particles

Background Charged particle radiation is known to be more biologically effective than photon radiation. One example of this is the inhibition of the formation of human blood vessels. This effect is an important factor influencing human health and is relevant to space travel as well as to cancer radiotherapy. We have previously shown that ion particles with a high energy deposition, or linear energy transfer (LET) are more than four times more effective at disrupting mature vessel tissue models than particles with a lower LET. For vasculogenesis however, the relative biological effectiveness between particles is the same. This unexpected result prompted us to investigate whether the inhibition of vasculogenesis was occurring by distinct mechanisms.
Metrizamide washout as a measure of CSF bulk flow.

Metrizamide was injected into the ventricular system of three adults and five children with indwelling ventricular catheters and subcutaneous CSF reservoirs. A first-order rate constant, k, for metrizamide washout from one lateral ventricle was determined with reference to ventricular metrizamide concentration on serial (up to six) postinjection CT scans. Lateral ventricular volume, V v, was estimated after metrizamide injection by a planimetric method and by partial volume analysis, an interactive computerized technique. The rate of lateral ventricular CSF formation, I f, was calculated as k × V v and ranged from 0.0622 to 0.103 ml/min. Precise measurements of lateral ventricular CSF bulk flow depend upon adequate mixing of the injected contrast material with ventricular CSF and accurate measurements of lateral ventricular volume.
Paradigmatic Language Training for Learning Disabled Children

In last month's Journal, Suiter and Potter demonstrated that like normals, LD children use categories to organize material for recall. Similarly, this article shows that LD children can benefit from preorganized material and that the positive effects are not lost soon after teaching, as is often reported in clinical observations of LD children. These studies may suggest avenues of strength—avenues differing in their conceptual level as opposed to their modality — which can be used in the teaching process. — G.M.S.The effect that training paradigmatic language structures has upon the reading process is investigated with LD children. The effects of intelligence, special training, and training over time were analyzed in a pretest-posttest control group design. Findings reveal that paradigmatic thought products are both testable and teachable structures and are inherent in both oral and written communication. Children who received training made rapid and positive gains on all criterion measures, and gains wer...
STABILITY OF OIL-IN-WATER EMULSIONS. 2. Effects of Oil Phase Volume, Stability Test, Viscosity, Type of Oil and Protein Additive

SUMMARY –Stability of oil-in-water emulsions stabilized in sodium caseinate, gelatin and soy sodium proteinate was found to be increased by either an increase in the aqueous phase protein concentration (0.5–2.5%) or oil phase volume (20–50%). Both factors were significantly interrelated. Emulsions stabilized by soy sodium proteinate were generally higher in stability as compared to those stabilized by gelatin or sodium caseinate. With emulsions containing gelatin, greater stability occurred when the stability testing temperature was increased from 37–70°C and when the time interval was decreased from 24 hr to 90 min. Maximum relative viscosities of emulsions stabilized by gelatin and sodium caseinate were 2.0 and 2.5, respectively. Emulsions stabilized by soy sodium proteinate were quite viscous, with relative viscosity from 1.5–30 depending on both protein concentration and oil phase volume. Interchanging the emulsified oil among corn, soybean, safflower and peanut oils did not alter emulsion stability when examined at three concentrations of soy sodium proteinate. Changing the oil to olive oil significantly increased emulsion stability at each soy sodium proteinate level with oil phase volumes of 30, 40 and 50%.
Small-scale vertical distribution of bacterial biomass and diversity in biological soil crusts from arid lands in the Colorado plateau.

We characterized, at millimeter resolution, bacterial biomass, diversity, and vertical stratification of biological soil crusts in arid lands from the Colorado Plateau. Microscopic counts, extractable DNA, and plate counts of viable aerobic copiotrophs (VAC) revealed that the top centimeter of crusted soils contained atypically large bacterial populations, tenfold larger than those in uncrusted, deeper soils. The plate counts were not always consistent with more direct estimates of microbial biomass. Bacterial populations peaked at the immediate subsurface (1–2 mm) in light-appearing, young crusts, and at the surface (0–1 mm) in well-developed, dark crusts, which corresponds to the location of cyanobacterial populations. Bacterial abundance decreased with depth below these horizons. Spatially resolved DGGE fingerprints of Bacterial 16S rRNA genes demonstrated the presence of highly diverse natural communities, but we could detect neither trends with depth in bacterial richness or diversity, nor a difference in diversity indices between crust types. Fingerprints, however, revealed the presence of marked stratification in the structure of the microbial communities, probably a result of vertical gradients in physicochemical parameters. Sequencing and phylogenetic analyses indicated that most of the naturally occurring bacteria are novel types, with low sequence similarity (83–93%) to those available in public databases. DGGE analyses of the VAC populations indicated communities of lower diversity, with most types having sequences more than 94% similar to those in public databases. Our study indicates that soil crusts represent small-scale mantles of fertility in arid ecosystems, harboring vertically structured, little-known bacterial populations that are not well represented by standard cultivation methods.
Gonadotropin Binding and Aromatase Activity in Granulosa Cells of Young Proestrous and Old Constant Estrous Rats

This study was designed to determine whether chronic anovulation in old constant estrous rats is associated with alternations in gonadotropin binding and/or aromatase enzyme activity of granulosa cells. Granulosa cells, isolated from mature Graafian follicles of old constant estrous rats (25-26 months of age) and young proesrrous rats (4-5 months of age), were tested for their capacity of 1) bind human 1’ 2 �Il iodo-chorionic gonadotropin specifically and to 2) aromatize androstenedione into estrogens. Scatchard plot analysis of binding data indicated specific, high affinity, hCG receptor sites on granulosa cells of both young and old rats and there was no significant difference in the binding parameters between the two groups. The apparent dissociation constant (Kd) of the high affinity receptor was 4.3 (±0.6) X 10’ ‘ M and 5.0 (±0.7) X 10’’ ‘ M for granulosa cells from young and old rats, respectively. The number of hCG binding sites/granulosa cell was determined to be 8,772 (±708) and 10,408 (±1,854) from young and old rats, respectively. The aromatase activity was comparable in granulosa cells of young and old rats. After a 5 h incubation with increasing concentrations of androstenedione, a dose related increase in estrogen
Surgical Approaches to Childhood Cancer

A local and regional determination of the extent of disease, or staging, is performed at diagnosis and relapse (Leonard 2002). A system of staging exists for many pediatric tumors and helps one to determine both prognosis and treatment. It is based on the premise that cancer of similar histologic features and sites of origin grows and metastasizes in a similar manner. All treatment protocols are based on the stage of the tumor, which determines such factors as use of radiotherapy and intensity of chemotherapy. Correct staging allows the medical team to minimize therapy and yet maximize cure. This further provides the opportunity to limit therapy to minimize the long-term sequelae of different treatments.
Infrared Radiation of Titanium Boronitride

The infrared radiation properties and characteristics of the ternary solid, titanium boronitride, were investigated in the wavelength region from 1.0 to 10.0μ at 1300°K. The normal spectral emittance, integrated normal total emittance, and infrared radiation intensity were determined for this material with both rough and polished surfaces. The normal total emissivity of the material was also calculated based on the weighted average of the normal total emissivities of the constituent compounds. The results are in good agreement with the experimental values.
Radish anthocyanin extract as a natural red colorant for maraschino cherries

Red radish anthocyanin extract (RAE) was investigated for coloring brined cherries as an alternative to FD&C Red No. 40. Red radish (Raphanus sativus L.) anthocyanins were extracted from liquid nitrogen powdered epidermal tissue using acetone, partitioned with chloroform, and isolated using C-18 resin. The monomeric anthocyanin content was determined by pH differential to be 154 ± 13 mg/100 g of epidermal tissue (on pelargonidin-glucoside basis). The major pigments were identified as pelargonidin-3-sophoroside-5-glucoside monoacylated with p-coumaric or ferulic acids by HPLC and spectral analyses. Primary and secondary bleached cherries were sweetened to 40° Brix (pH of 3.50), and colored using two concentrations of RAE (600 and 1200 mg/L syrup, designated Cl and C2) and FD&C Red No. 40 (200 ppm). Color was measured for both cherries and syrup. Reflectance measurements (CIE L*, a*, b*), chroma and hue angle, showed that RAE imparted red color to the cherries and syrup extremely close to that of FD&C Red No. 40. RAE C2 gave the primary bleached cherries the closest color characteristics (L*= 18.20, a*= 20.00, b*= 8.47) to FD&C Red No. 40 (L*= 18.00, a*= 24.35, b*= 12.13). RAE Cl gave the secondary bleached cherries the closest color characteristics (L*= 15.27, a*= 16.21, b*= 5.21) to FD&C Red No. 40 (L*= 16.38, a*= 19.91, b*= 8.99). Color and pigment stability of secondary bleached cherries were evaluated during a year of storage in the dark at 25°C. Monomeric anthocyanin degradation followed first-order kinetics and the half-lives were 29 and 33 weeks for syrups colored with RAE Cl and RAE C2, respectively. However, cherry color showed no significant changes in hue, color intensity nor lightness during storage. Color changes of syrup samples over time were dependant on anthocyanin concentration, higher anthocyanin concentration exerted a protective effect on color stability. Haze formation was observed in syrup samples colored with RAE, possibly due to pigment polymerization. Syrup samples colored with RAE and FD&C Red No. 40 were also exposed to light for a year at 25°C. Light had a small but significant effect on L*, a*, and monomeric anthocyanin content. From color and pigment stability data and visual observations we concluded that RAE was effective in coloring secondary bleached cherries with results very similar to those of FD&C Red No. 40 for 6 months of storage.
Transient response of lattice structures based on exact member theory

The computer program BUNVIS-RG, which treats vibration and buckling of lattice structures using exact member stiffness matrices, has been extended to calculate the exact modal mass and stiffness quantities that can be used in a conventional transient response analysis based on modes. The exact nature of the development allows inclusion of local member response without introduction of any interior member nodes. Results are given for several problems in which significant interaction between local and global response occurs.
Zinc Regulates the Stability of Repetitive Minisatellite DNA Tracts During Stationary Phase

Repetitive minisatellite DNA tracts are stable in mitotic cells but unstable in meiosis, altering in repeat number and repeat composition. As relatively little is known about the factors that influence minisatellite stability, we isolated mutations that destabilize a minisatellite repeat tract in the ADE2 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. One mutant class exhibited a novel color segregation phenotype, “blebbing,” characterized by minisatellite instability during stationary phase. Minisatellite tract alterations in blebbing strains consist exclusively of the loss of one 20-bp repeat. Timing experiments suggest that these tract alterations occur only after cells have entered stationary phase. Two complementation groups identified in this screen have mutations in either the high-affinity zinc transporter ZRT1 or its zinc-dependent transcriptional regulator ZAP1. The Δzrt1 mutant specifically affects the stability of minisatellite tracts; microsatellites or simple insertions in the ADE2 reading frame are not destabilized by loss of ZRT1. The Δzrt1 blebbing phenotype is partially dependent on a functional RAD50. Zinc is known for its role as an essential cofactor in many DNA-binding proteins. We describe possible models by which zinc can influence minisatellite stability. Our findings directly implicate zinc homeostasis in the maintenance of genomic stability during stationary phase.
Tourism patterns and determinants in the Great Lakes Region: populations, resources, roads, and perceptions.

The Great Lakes Region of North America is attractive to tourists because of its vast areas of water, thousands of kilometers of shorelines, huge public forests, numerous parks, extensive commercial tourist facilities, interesting cities, and good highways. Most of the region's 65 million residents live in the southern industrial and agricultural portion so summer recreational travel is largely in a northerly direction to the lakes, shorelines, forests, and privately owned seasonal homes known as “cottages”. This travel involves international border crossings as Americans travel to rural and urban tourism destinations in Ontario, Canadians visit cities in the United States, and residents of both nations take circular tours around the Great Lakes. Each year, Ontario and neighboring American states spend a total of more than 20 million on tourism publicity trying to capture a larger share of the 40 billion spent in the region annually by tourists. However, the amount, nature, and patterns of tourist travel across the border are not well documented because of the lack of exit surveys.
Physiologic changes during chronic congestive heart failure in dogs with tricuspid insufficiency and pulmonic stenosis.

chronic congestive heart failure was studied in dogs with surgically-produced tricuspid insufficiency and pulmonic stenosis. Ascites formed in association with an elevation in mean right atrial pressure. The volume of ascitic fluid and the rate of urinary sodium excretion varied greatly in individual dogs during the course of congestive failure and among the different animals. Sodium retention was most common but periods of sodium balance and natriuresis occurred. Comparative data on the right and left ventricles were obtained from determinations of intracardiac pressures, measurements of ventricular muscle mass at the time of sacrifice and studies of the lungs for evidence of chronic passive congestion. There was significant right ventricular hypertrophy but no evidence of left ventricular hypertrophy or failure.
Inhibition of protein-mediated homologous pairing by a DNA helicase.

Protein-mediated exchange of homologous DNA strands is a central reaction in general genetic recombination and the mechanism by which proteins mediate this process in vivo is a topic of keen interest. The dda protein of the bacteriophage T4 is a DNA helicase that has been shown to accelerate branch migration catalyzed by the phage uvsX and gene 32 proteins in vitro (Kodadek, T., and Alberts, B.M. (1987) Nature 326, 312-314). This study did not address the potential role of the helicase in protein-mediated homologous pairing, the first phase of the overall strand-exchange reaction. It is shown here that the dda protein inhibits uvsX protein-mediated pairing between homologous single and double-stranded DNAs. Experiments using deproteinized heteroduplex joints demonstrate that the dda helicase is capable of unwinding these structures to some extent and suggests that this activity may be responsible for the observed inhibition of pairing. It is found that the helicase also reduces the level of uvsX protein-mediated, single-stranded DNA-dependent ATP hydrolysis in the strand-exchange reactions, suggesting that the helicase may also act to destabilize the uvsX protein-DNA filaments that are important intermediates in the pairing reaction. Three other helicases are found to have no effect on the uvsX protein-mediated pairing reaction. A model rationalizing the ability of the dda protein to both inhibit homologous pairing and stimulate branch migration is presented and possible in vivo roles for this interesting activity are discussed.
Risks, Management, and Monitoring of Combination Opioid, Benzodiazepines, and/or Alcohol Use

The concurrent use of opioids, benzodiazepines (BZDs), and/or alcohol poses a formidable challenge for clinicians who manage chronic pain. While the escalating use of opioid analgesics for the treatment of chronic pain and the concomitant rise in opioid-related abuse and misuse are widely recognized trends, the contribution of combination use of BZDs, alcohol, and/or other sedative agents to opioid-related morbidity and mortality is underappreciated, even when these agents are used appropriately. Patients with chronic pain who use opioid analgesics along with BZDs and/or alcohol are at higher risk for fatal/nonfatal overdose and have more aberrant behaviors. Few practice guidelines for BZD treatment are readily available, especially when they are combined clinically with opioid analgesics and other central nervous system-depressant agents. However, coadministration of these agents produces a defined increase in rates of adverse events, overdose, and death, warranting close monitoring and consideration when treating patients with pain. To improve patient outcomes, ongoing screening for aberrant behavior, monitoring of treatment compliance, documentation of medical necessity, and the adjustment of treatment to clinical changes are essential. In this article, we review the prevalence and pharmacologic consequences of BZDs and/or alcohol use among patients with pain on chronic opioid therapy, as well as the importance of urine drug testing, an indispensable tool for therapeutic drug monitoring, which helps to ensure the continued safety of patients. Regardless of risk or known aberrant drug-related behaviors, patients on chronic opioid therapy should periodically undergo urine drug testing to confirm adherence to the treatment plan.
Unification of the Anelastic and Quasi-Hydrostatic Systems of Equations

Abstract A system of equations is presented that unifies the nonhydrostatic anelastic system and the quasi-hydrostatic compressible system for use in global cloud-resolving models. By using a properly defined quasi-hydrostatic density in the continuity equation, the system is fully compressible for quasi-hydrostatic motion and anelastic for purely nonhydrostatic motion. In this way, the system can cover a wide range of horizontal scales from turbulence to planetary waves while filtering vertically propagating sound waves of all scales. The continuity equation is primarily diagnostic because the time derivative of density is calculated from the thermodynamic (and surface pressure tendency) equations as a correction to the anelastic continuity equation. No reference state is used and no approximations are made in the momentum and thermodynamic equations. An equation that governs the time change of total energy is also derived. Normal-mode analysis on an f plane without the quasigeostrophic approximation and...
The prevalence and incidence of cholecystolithiasis in patients with chronic liver diseases: a prospective study.

To investigate the prevalence and incidence of cholecystolithiasis in hepatitis B surface antigen-positive chronic liver diseases, a prospective study using hepatobiliary ultrasonography was conducted in 933 “healthy” persons and four groups of HBsAg-positive patients: 226 asymptomatic carriers, 73 patients with chronic active hepatitis, 77 patients with early liver cirrhosis and 124 patients with advanced liver cirrhosis. Patients with hepatocellular carcinoma or alcoholism were excluded. The prevalences of cholecystolithiasis increased along with the increasing duration and severity of chronic liver diseases, with a significant linear trend (p < 0.001). The prevalences of cholecystolithiasis in patients with liver cirrhosis (18.5% in males, 31.2% in females) were 4 to 5.5 times higher than that of the healthy population (p < 0.005). In addition, the linear trend of increasing prevalence with increasing age in the healthy population was not observed in patients with chronic liver diseases. On the other hand, five of the 69 patients with early liver cirrhosis were found to develop cholecystolithiasis during a mean follow-up period of 32 months. The calculated annual incidence of cholecystolithiasis was 2.6%. The results suggest that chronic liver disease, particularly liver cirrhosis, is a risk factor for cholecystolithiasis.
General method for incorporating CALPHAD free energies of mixing into phase field models: Application to the α -zirconium/ δ -hydride system

Abstract This paper presents a general method of incorporating CALPHAD-based free energies into a phase field model. While CALPHAD-based free energy descriptions provide realistic energetics of alloys, their formulations may pose numerical difficulties for phase field simulations. Specifically, the free energies of mixing for different phases may not necessarily be defined over the same concentration ranges, and their derivatives may exhibit highly nonlinear behavior. The method presented approximates the free energies of mixing using piecewise functions to eliminate the aforementioned characteristics while largely retaining the free energy values and the first and second derivative information, which affect the thermodynamic and kinetic behavior of the system. The method is verified by planar interface simulations of the α-zirconium/δ-hydride system. The phase fractions and compositions obtained from the phase field simulations are compared to the values calculated from the common tangent construction on the original free energies. The results indicate a high degree of accuracy.
Controlling Shapes of Ensembles of Robots of Finite Size with Nonholonomic Constraints

In this paper we focus on the construction of distributed formation control laws that permit the control of individual mobile ground robots in a formation to a desired distribution with minimal knowledge of the global state. As in previous work, we consider an abstraction of the team that is derived from a shape descriptor of the ensemble and the position and orientation of the ensemble. We consider the control of the abstract state with decentralized control laws which are independent of the number of agents. However, we incorporate an important departure from previous work by explicitly modeling the shape of the robot, the geometric, non-interpenetration constraints and nonholonomic, kinematic constraints. Further, we propose a motion planning technique to plan motions for ensembles of robots and a technique for the splitting and merging of groups and subgroups. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the algorithms on a team of differential drive robots in simulation and on real hardware.
Neuronal Firing Rate Homeostasis Is Inhibited by Sleep and Promoted by Wake

Homeostatic mechanisms stabilize neural circuit function by keeping firing rates within a set-point range, but whether this process is gated by brain state is unknown. Here, we monitored firing rate homeostasis in individual visual cortical neurons in freely behaving rats as they cycled between sleep and wake states. When neuronal firing rates were perturbed by visual deprivation, they gradually returned to a precise, cell-autonomous set point during periods of active wake, with lengthening of the wake period enhancing firing rate rebound. Unexpectedly, this resetting of neuronal firing was suppressed during sleep. This raises the possibility that memory consolidation or other sleep-dependent processes are vulnerable to interference from homeostatic plasticity mechanisms. PAPERCLIP.
Continuous renal replacement therapy: mechanism of clearance, fluid removal, indications and outcomes.

Purpose of reviewContinuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) is the most common dialysis modality provided to critically ill children with acute kidney injury (AKI). However, confusion still exists with respect to CRRT terminology and the optimal use of this modality across the entire pediatric dise
Penicillinase-Producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae: Results of Surveillance in the United States

In September 1976 the Center for Disease Control (Atlanta, Georgia) initiated surveillance for cases of infection due to penicillinase-productin Neisseria gonorrhoeae in the United States. One hundred ninety-one cases of penicillinase-producing gonococcal infection were confirmed through June 30, 1977. Of 177 cases for which histories of sexual exposure were available, 69 were traced to sexual contact in the Far East, and one was traced to sexual contact in West Africa. Of 181 cases for which clinical information was available, 174 were uncomplicated anogenital infections, but local complications, such as salpingitis, epididymitis, and a Bartholin's gland abscess, were reported. Spectinomycin is the only drug now recommended by the U.S. Public Health Service for treatment of gonorrhea that is effective against uncomplicated infections due to penicillinase-producing gonococci. For these organisms, the distribution of minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of penicillin, ampicillin, tetracycline, erythromycin, and spectinomycin was higher than and significantly different from the distribution of MICs for isolates of non-penicillinase-producing gonococci collected in this country. Since surveillance began the incidence of confirmed cases of penicillinase-producing gonococcal infection has decreased from 20.8 cases per month in 1976 to 16.8 cases per month in 1977.
Analysis of Deep Load Distribution and Stiffness Characteristics of Deep Groove Ball Bearing

The characteristic of dynamic servo tool is the key component of the CNC.High positioning accuracy ensures the high precision and high reliability.In the study on the reliability of the characteristic of dynamic servo tool,it is very necessary to study load distribution and stiffness characteristics of groove ball bearing and this conclusion also can apply in other cases.In working,groove ball bearing bears radial load and axial which can be ignored when analyzing its performances.The method of mathematical derivation is used to solve load distribution and the contact area size of groove ball bearing,and then seeks to the maximal contact stress and deformation of the contact area.Finally,the curve between the radial load and contact deformation using MATLAB provides theoretical basis for dynamic analysis and fatigue life prediction of groove ball bearings.
A Modern Ars Moriendi

“My father had never heard of the ars moriendi, but I was certain that he would have wanted it. In his living will and family discussions, Dad had been clear that he wanted no mechanical ventilation, no resuscitation, no feeding tubes. And he wanted to die at the ranch.”