cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract 13383: Atrial Fibrillation Alters Both Left and Right Atrial 3D Hemodynamics

Introduction: In patients with atrial fibrillation, pulmonary embolism and right atrial (RA) thrombus are less common than stroke and left atrial (LA) thrombus. Prior studies have linked thrombus formation to decreased blood flow velocity (stasis) promoting blood clotting. We hypothesized LA stasis is more evident than RA stasis. Methods: Whole heart 4D flow MRI was performed in n=70 subjects: 33 AF patients in sinus rhythm (SR) during imaging (AF-SR, age = 62±10 years), 29 AF patients in AF (AF-afib, age = 67±12 years), and 8 age-matched controls (age = 59±5 years). 3D segmentation (MIMICS, Materialise, USA) of the LA and RA geometry was performed to calculate the flow velocity distribution for all atrial voxels and cardiac time frames. Velocity histograms normalized by the total number of entries (figure 1A) were used to assess mean and median atrial velocities and the % of LA and RA with velocities Results: Compared to controls (LA = 0.20±0.2m/s, RA = 0.19±0.02m/s), both LA and RA velocities were significantly reduced in AF-SR (LA = 0.16±0.03m/s, RA = 0.16±0.04m/s, p Conclusions: In both controls and AF patients, there was no evidence for increased stasis in the LA vs RA. Although stasis likely contributes to clot formation, other factors such as atrial geometry in combination with individual LA vs. RA flow differences may account for the more prevalent formations in the LA vs. the RA.
Are High Levels of Existential Security Conducive to Secularization? A Response to Our Critics

Is there a link between feelings of existential insecurity and the strength of religious values? Previous work suggests such a relationship, but proxy measures of insecurity have been limited to noisy aggregate-level indicators, such as each society’s level of per capita GDP. This chapter addresses these issues. We summarize the theory of existential security and review what we know and also the data sources and methods we use. We draw upon new evidence concerning from the 2005–2007 World Values Survey conducted in 55 nations as well as from the 2007 Gallup World Poll conducted in 132 nations. The results reveal the impact of experiential security on religiosity, utilizing the Gallup Lived Poverty index. Building upon this foundation, we pay particular attention to perceptual or subjective measures of security and risk from the 5th wave WVS. We conclude that the dynamics of secularization are much more complex than the simple decline of religion proposed by some early theories or a universal revival of religion worldwide, as suggested by many contemporary commentators. We demonstrate that rising existential security brings declining emphasis on religion in many post-industrial societies worldwide. In short, there is a growing religiosity gap worldwide.
The flat sour bacteria.

Publisher Summary In 1897, Prescott and Underwood published a paper, which described the souring of canned sweet corn. These authors distinguished between two types of souring, one which resulted in swelling of the can and the other which did not. It is possible that some of the souring without swelling of the can may have been the flat sour spoilage, as it is known today. They stated that one part of a particular canner's single-day production was shipped to the northern part of the United States, whereas another portion was shipped to the southern part of the United States. The canned corn sent to the northern part was perfect at the end of a year, while the corn shipped to the South became sour. The original batch of canned corn could have had flat sour spores present, which caused spoilage when the corn was stored at a warm temperature. The canning industry has described spoilage of low-acid foods by B.stearothermophilus as flat sour spoilage and spoilage of tomato juice by B.cougulans as aciduric flat sour spoilage. These bacteria produce acid, but no gas, from carbohydrates and produce the typical flat sour spoilage in canned foods. This chapter discusses about the distribution of spores of flat sour bacteria through soil and water, milk, sugar and starch, various other ingredients, wheat and wheat products. Next, this chapter looks at the resistance of spores to lethal agents. This is followed by a discussion on sources of contamination in canning plant. This chapter ends with the discussion on control of flat sour bacteria and its biology.
Hypoxic-ischemic brain injury: Pathophysiology, neuropathology and mechanisms

Hypoxic-ischemic brain injury is a well known consequence of cardiac arrest. Variable injuries can occur with purely hypoxic or histotoxic insults such as asphyxiation and carbon monoxide poisoning. The injury may happen at the time of the insult, but there may also be continued damage after circulation and oxygenation are reestablished. The nature and extent of the damage appears to depend on the severity, time course and duration of the oxygen deprivation and lack of blood supply, as well as on the underlying mechanism. This review describes the pathophysiological and molecular basis of hypoxic ischemic brain injury, and differentiates between the mechanisms of injury by cardiac arrest, pure respiratory arrest, and arrest secondary to cytotoxicity (e.g. carbon monoxide poisoning).
High breakdown voltage, sub-micron, strained InGaAlAs/GaAs FET's

Submicron gate GaAs FETs with a pseudomorphic surface layer of InGaAlAs used to increase breakdown voltage have been fabricated. A 0.2- mu m gate length device with f/sub max/ of 80 GHz had a saturation current of 360 mA/mm and a gate-to-drain breakdown of 11.5 V. The effect upon device performance of gate length, source-to-drain spacing and Al mole fraction was also investigated. The breakdown voltage showed only small changes with changes in gate length at submicron dimensions. The source-to-drain spacing changed not only the breakdown voltage but also appeared to change the mechanism that limits high-voltage performance. >
CARDIOVASCULAR STUDIES ON COPPER-DEFICIENT SWINE. III. PROPERTIES OF ISOLATED AORTIC ELASTIN.

Abstract Elastin was isolated from the aortas of copper-deficient swine by extraction with formic acid. The residue was compared to that isolated from the aortas of controls given copper. The percentage of insoluble elastin residue in the copper-deficient animals was reduced to half that of the control animals. The tensile strength of the deficient elastin was about one-third that of the control. Force-extension curves were markedly altered in the deficients, showing an irregularity in the breaking pattern. The elastic modulus of the deficients was about half that of the controls. These changes in properties of elastin may be correlated with the spontaneous aortic rupture reported in copper-deficient swine.
Cognitive ability and physical performance in middle-aged african americans

Objectives: To investigate the association between cognitive ability and physical performance in a population-based sample of middle-aged African Americans. Design: Cross-sectional study, 2000/2001. Setting: St. Louis, Missouri. Participants: Nine hundred ninety-eight African Americans born between 1936 and 1950. Measurements: Cognitive function was measured using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the Animal Naming Test of verbal fluency. Physical performance was measured using eight tests: chair stand, semitandem stand, tandem stand eyes open, tandem stand eyes closed, one-leg stand, usual gait speed, grip strength, and peak expiratory flow. Results: There was a statistically significant and monotonic (progressively worsening) trend of the eight physical performance measures across cognitive tertiles in all eight MMSE analyses and five of eight Animal Naming analyses, controlling for age, sex, education, geographic area, depressive symptoms, and comorbid conditions. Conclusion: The association between physical performance and cognitive function appears robust. The results extend previous reports for adults aged 65 and older to a measure of verbal fluency and to a population-based sample of African Americans aged 49 to 65. Further research is needed to disentangle the temporal sequence and identify potential interventions to prevent declines in function.
Primitive Myxoid Mesenchymal Tumor of Infancy Involving Chest Wall in an Infant: A Case Report and Clinicopathologic Correlation:

Primitive myxoid mesenchymal tumor of infancy (PMMTI) is a rare mesenchymal tumor of early childhood characterized by aggressive local infiltration of surrounding structures, rare metastases, and poor response to chemotherapy. Surgery alone appears to be the most effective treatment given the lack of predilection for metastasis and poor response to traditional chemotherapy. Below we report a patient with PMMTI successfully managed with surgery and observation and summarize the existing literature on histopathologic features and treatment of this lesion.
The active site of the thrombin-thrombomodulin complex. A fluorescence energy transfer measurement of its distance above the membrane surface.

Abstract The location of the active site of the membrane-bound anticoagulant complex of thrombin and thrombomodulin has been determined relative to the membrane surface using fluorescence energy transfer. Thrombin was reacted with 5-(dimethylamino)-1-naphthalenesulfonylglutamylglycylarginyl chloromethyl ketone (DEGR-CK) to yield DEGR-thrombin, an analogue of thrombin with a fluorescent dye covalently attached to its active site. When DEGR-thrombin was titrated with thrombomodulin that had been reconstituted into phospholipid vesicles containing octadecylrhodamine, singlet-singlet energy transfer was observed between the donor dyes, each in an active site of a DEGR-thrombin bound to thrombomodulin, and the acceptor dyes at the outer surface of the phospholipid bilayer. The extent of energy transfer reached a maximum when DEGR-thrombin and thrombomodulin were equimolar in the sample, as expected for the formation of a 1:1 complex between thrombin and thrombomodulin. This energy transfer was dependent upon the binding of DEGR-thrombin to thrombomodulin because no energy transfer was observed with vesicles that lacked thrombomodulin, and the extent of energy transfer was reduced greatly by the addition of excess unmodified nonfluorescent thrombin to compete with DEGR-thrombin for binding to the thrombomodulin. From the dependence of the energy transfer upon the acceptor density and assuming kappa 2 = 2/3, the distance of closest approach between a dye in the active site of the thrombin-thrombomodulin complex and a dye at the membrane surface was determined to average 66 A (65 +/- 3 A for phosphatidylcholine vesicles without and 67 +/- 5 A for those with 20% phosphatidylserine). This distance was also insensitive to the presence or absence of Ca2+. These direct measurements indicate that the active site of the membrane-bound thrombin-thrombomodulin complex is located far above the phospholipid surface, that the peptide bond cleaved during the activation of protein C is situated about 66 A above the membrane, that the thrombin binding site on thrombomodulin is positioned more than 45 A above the membrane, ant that thrombin, with a diameter near 40 A, is not positioned alongside thrombomodulin near the membrane to form the thrombin-thrombomodulin complex but is instead bound "on top" of thrombomodulin.
Variation of Neck Muscle Strength along the Human Cervical Spine

The aim of this study was to describe and explain the variation of neck muscle strength along the cervical spine. A three-dimensional model of the head-neck complex was developed to test the hypothesis that the moment-generating capacity of the neck musculature is lower in the upper cervical spine than in the lower cervical spine. The model calculations suggest that the neck muscles can protect the lower cervical spine from injury during extension and lateral bending. The maximum flexor moment developed in the lower cervical spine was 2 times higher than that developed in the upper spine. The model also predicted that the neck musculature is 30% stronger in the lower cervical spine during lateral bending. Peak compressive forces (up to 3 times body weight) were higher in the lower cervical spine. These results are consistent with the clinical finding that extension loading of the neck often leads to injuries in the upper cervical spine. Analysis of the model results showed that neck flexor strength was greater in the lower cervical spine because of the relatively large size of the sternocleidomastoid muscle. The hyoid muscles developed significant flexor moments about the joints of the upper cervical spine, as these muscles had relatively large flexor moment arms; however, this effect was offset by the action of the sternocleidomastoid, which exerted a large extensor moment in the upper spine. Lateral bending strength of the neck muscles was governed by geometry (i.e., moment arms) rather than by muscle size.
Absolute Widths of Some Embeddings

The absolute widths of the natural identity operator Inpq, mapping lnp to lnq, for 1 � q � p � ∞, are considered. The main result of this work is the following:THEOREM 1. If 1 � q � p � ∞, 0 � m � n,dam(Inpq) = (n � m)1/q�1/q,wheredam(u) stands for the absolute width of the operator u.
Microwave frequency shifting using photon acceleration

Using a Bostick Gun as a plasma source, we have been investigating the effects of a moving plasma front on the frequency of an incident R.F. signal. We have been able to measure frequency shifts of 10 MHz frequency with a 2.6 GHz signal. The density is such that the plasma frequency is well above the transmitter frequency 1.3 meters from the plasma source. No magnetic field is used.
An adaptive approach to planning and decision-making

A formal process of adaptive management will be required to maximize the benefits of any option for land and natural resource management and to achieve long-term objectives through implementation of ecosystem management. The process itself is straightforward and simple: new information is identified, evaluated, and a determination is made whether to adjust strategy or goals. While relatively straightforward, applying the concept of adaptive management to complex management strategies requires answers to several critical questions. What new information should compel an adjustment to the management strategy? What threshold should trigger this adjustment? Who decides when and how to make adjustments? What are the definitions and thresholds of acceptable results? Adaptive ecosystem management depends on a continually evolving understanding of cause-and-effect relationships in both biological and social systems. Planning for and adapting to surprise will provide an actionary rather than a reactionary basis for more informed decisions.
DOIs for DICOM Raw Images: Enabling Science Reproducibility

By being a front-runner, the imaging community has everything to gain, because original DICOM raw data exposure to the wider science audience is likely to speed standardized image acquisition as well as engender greater confidence in the clinical imaging literature.
Surface coated iron particles via atom transfer radical polymerization for thermal–oxidatively stable high viscosity magnetorheological fluid

A surface grafting technique for poly(2-fluorostyrene) onto iron particles via atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) is described. Grafted poly(2-fluorostyrene)–iron particles were synthesized by immobilizing 2-4(-chlorosulfonylphenyl)-ethyltrichlorosilane to the iron particles through the covalent bond of a silanol group, followed by the polymerization of 2-fluorostyrene monomer. The grafted polymer–iron particles display a higher thermal transition temperature compared to bulk polymer because the covalent bond between the polymer backbone and the surface of the iron particles restricts the molecular mobility. The molecular weight of the synthesized poly(2-fluorostyrene) has been measured and it has a narrow molecular weight distribution (Mw/Mn < 1.1). From thermogravimetric analysis, the thermal stability of poly(2-fluorostyrene) is superior to polystyrene. Also, the high viscosity magnetorheological fluid (HVMRF) prepared from surface coated iron particles has excellent thermo–oxidative stability, having nearly constant viscosity. These materials exhibit a large increase in shear yield stress for the off- and on-state as compared to a benchmark high viscosity magnetorheological fluid (HVMRF) and -coated iron particle HVMRF. In addition, this type of fluid eliminates iron particle settling which is a common problem found in traditional magnetorheological fluids (MRFs). © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Adaptive Backstepping Sliding Mode Nonlinear Control for Buck DC/DC Switched Power Converter

DC/DC switched power converter is one of main control power source in DC driving systems. It determines the performances of DC driving systems, such as speedup calmness and fast response. This paper designed the controller based on the adaptive backstepping sliding mode control principle to drive a class of buck DC/DC switched power converters to operate. The controller combined both the merits of adaptive backstepping control and sliding mode control. It can track the reference output voltage trajectory well, and has good robustness with respect to the parameter uncertainty. The effectiveness of the proposed control scheme is verified by the simulation.
An approximate solution for E-polarization coupling into a coaxial cylinder with an infinite axial slot

An approximate solution is derived for determining the total current induced on a centrally located conducting wire within a two-dimensional axially slotted cylinder for the case of E-polarization. Its validity is tested against a full moment-method numerical solution of the describing integral equation. The derivation of the approximate solution is similar to the hollow-cylinder case presented by P.M. Morse and H. Feshbach
Coherent structures and chaos: A model problem

Abstract The Ginzburg-Landau equation is examined in the chaotic regime. A complete set uncorrelated coherent structures is extracted from this motion and used as a basis for the dynamical description of coherent structures in the attractor set. The reduced system is shown to describe motions over a wide parameter set.
Cleavage of pig embryos after labeling with fluorescent dyes

Abstract In studies on embryonic development, treated and control ova could be co-mixed before transfer to recipients if nontoxic labels for ova were available. These experiments were conducted to determine whether pig ova would continue to cleave after being stained with the fluorochromes tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate (TRITC) and fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC). In the first experiment, pig ova stained with TRITC and unstained control ova were transferred into opposite oviducts of recipient gilts. In the second experiment, ova stained with TRITC and ova stained with FITC were transferred into opposite oviducts of recipient gilts. Embryos were recovered 96 h after transfer (Day 6; Day 0 = onset of estrus), the presence of fluorescence was determined, and the number of nuclei per embryo was assessed. Stained ova retained sufficient fluorochrome to permit detection until the zonae pellucidae were shed. Development of embryos stained with TRITC was equal to that of unstained control embryos. However, development of embryos stained with FITC appeared slightly retarded in comparison to that of TRITC-stained embryos. These findings demonstrate the efficacy of the fluorescent staining technique for pig ova during the first six days of pregnancy.
Five reasons for scenario-based design

Abstract Scenarios of human–computer interaction help us to understand and to create computer systems and applications as artifacts of human activity—as things to learn from, as tools to use in one's work, as media for interacting with other people. Scenario-based design of information technology addresses five technical challenges: scenarios evoke reflection in the content of design work, helping developers coordinate design action and reflection. Scenarios are at once concrete and flexible, helping developers manage the fluidity of design situations. Scenarios afford multiple views of an interaction, diverse kinds and amounts of detailing, helping developers manage the many consequences entailed by any given design move. Scenarios can also be abstracted and categorized, helping designers to recognize, capture and reuse generalizations and to address the challenge that technical knowledge often lags the needs of technical design. Finally, scenarios promote work-oriented communication among stakeholders, helping to make design activities more accessible to the great variety of expertise that can contribute to design, and addressing the challenge that external constraints designers and clients face often distract attention from the needs and concerns of the people who will use the technology.
Sodium channels need not open before they inactivate

Most, if not all, types of voltage-gated channels inactivate. Channels that have been driven open by a depolarization will enter a non-conducting, inactivated state if the depolarization is maintained long enough. This inactivated state is different from the resting closed state because inactivated channels cannot be forced open by depolarization. Opinion about the mechanism of inactivation has ranged from Hodgkin and Huxley's original supposition that the inactivation process proceeds independently of events leading to channel opening1–3 to the more recent view that a channel normally must open before inactivating4–5. Intermediate theories suppose that activation processes—but not necessarily the actual opening of channels—are more or less tightly coupled to inactivation6–9. We now provide evidence, based on recordings of currents flowing through single sodium channels, that channel opening is not a prerequisite for inactivation to occur, and that inactivation seems to proceed independently of activation.
Q-band tunable negative refractive index metamaterial using Sc-doped BaM hexaferrite

A simple structured tunable negative refractive index (n) metamaterial (TNIM) has been designed, fabricated and tested in a Q-band rectangular waveguide. The structure consists of one slab of single crystalline scandium-doped barium hexaferrite (Sc-BaM), aligned parallel to two rows of periodic copper wires. The magnetic field tunable passband is measured indicating the occurrence of negative n. The centre frequency of the 5 GHz wide passband, having a transmission peak of −13 dB, is shifted linearly from 40.9 to 43.9 GHz by varying the bias field (H) from 4.0 to 7.0 kOe. The impact of ferrite volume factor (FVF) of the Sc-BaM slab upon the performance of the TNIM composite has been studied qualitatively. A tradeoff effect is illustrated in which the desirable negative permeability (μ) of the ferrite is offset by the detrimental impact of its dielectric property in suppressing the negative permittivity (e) of the nearby plasmonic wires.
Breast Cancer‐Related Lymphedema: Implications for Family Leisure Participation

An estimated 20% of breast cancer survivors face the chronic condition of breast cancer-related lymphedema. This study explored the ways in which women with this condition experienced changes in their participation in family leisure as one indicator of family functioning. Participants (N = 27) were interviewed regarding lifestyles before and after lymphedema, perceptions of personal independence, relationships with others, and personal coping. Data were analyzed using a cooperative, inductive format. Participants described a heightened sense of caution regarding participation in family leisure activities. Participants coped with lymphedema by either modifying the way they participated or not taking part in family leisure activities. Professionals may use these findings to assist women and their families in modifying leisure activities and exploring new activities.
Inherited burden of disease: agricultural dams and the persistence of bloody urine (Schistosomiasis hematobium) in the Upper East Region of Ghana, 1959–1997

A major agricultural development project was commissioned to celebrate Ghana's independence in 1957. In the Upper Region along the border with Upper Volta now named Burkina Faso, a total of 185 clay-core dams were constructed in 15 years to enhance village water supplies during the 6-month dry season. In a concentrated area of N.E. Ghana (now the Upper East Region) no fewer than 104 dams were erected in only 3 years. The beneficial impacts of the dams are indisputable, and life today would be unthinkable without them, despite severe problems of neglect of maintenance. Equally undeniable has been a negative disease impact whereby the regional rate of schistosomiasis tripled in 1 or 2 years from 17% to 51% prevalence. Thus, an agriculturally induced hyperendemicity of "red water" or "bloody urine" disease was established. To test the longevity of community disease impact, a survey of hematuria (bloody urine) was conducted in the same areas in 1997. It showed a 40-year ecological entrenchment of elevated levels of schistosomiasis, that is, seemingly permanent alteration of regional disease ecology. The consequences of planning negligence have left a generational impact in that hematuria has become a "rite of passage" for young boys and girls. Unprepared and overburdened rural health care systems are ill-equipped in the face of competing demands to respond to the presence of schistosomiasis. Yet excellent medication is available to break the transmission cycle provided that there is a sufficiency of political will, accompanied by effective, inter-sectoral campaign coordination.
Eclipse Timings of the Low-Mass X-Ray Binary EXO 0748–676. II. Detection of an Apparent Orbital Period Change and of Orbital Period Noise

The rare eclipsing low-mass X-ray binary EXO 0748-676 has now been monitored accurately for over a decade in the hope of detecting orbital period evolution. We report observations of 10 complete eclipses at resolution less than 0.1 s with the Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer during 1996 May and 1996 August. We have timed the eclipses with an accuracy limited by photon statistics to 0.2-0.5 s. When combined with historical measurements, the eclipse timings imply an unexpectedly large orbital period derivative, orb=3.3 × 10−11, and a rapid timescale for orbital evolution, τorb = 1.3 × 107 yr. The observations also require considerable intrinsic jitter in the mideclipse timings; a maximum likelihood estimate is 0.15 s per orbital cycle. We consider various models and scenarios that might account for these unexpected results.
Backscattered microstructural noise in ultrasonic toneburst inspections

A model is presented which relates the absolute backscattered noise level observed in an ultrasonic immersion inspection to details of the measurement system and properties of the metal specimen under study. The model assumes that the backscattered noise signal observed for a given transducer position is an incoherent superposition of echoes from many grains. The model applies to normal-incidence, pulse-echo inspections of weakly-scattering materials using toneburst pulses from either a planar or focused transducer. The model can be used in two distinct ways. Measured noise echoes can be analyzed to deduce a “Figure-of-Merit” (FOM) which is a property of the specimen alone, and which parameterizes the contribution of the microstructure to the observed noise. If the FOM is known, the model can be used to predict the absolute noise levels that would be observed under various inspection scenarios. Tests of the model are reported, using both synthetic noise echoes, and measured noise echoes from metal specimens having simple and complicated microstructures.
CHANGING PERSPECTIVES IN COGNITIVE NEUROPSYCHOLOGY

Abstract Neuropsychology, the study of behavioral and mental disorders resulting from brain damage, seeks to integrate observable mental and motor functions with knowledge of nervous system structure and function. The first part of this paper deals with the empirical and theoretical contributions that arise from the study of classical clinical syndromes, from cognitive psychology based on information processing, and from the computationally-based study of complex cognitive systems such as language. The second part of this paper deals with two areas of neuropsychological research, memory mechanisms and motor behavior, that exemplify some of the methodological and conceptual problems that arise in trying to bridge animal and human studies, or psychological and physiological levels of analysis. Suggestions are made for how greater progress can be made by considering fundamental processes, and, by focusing on levels of abstraction useful to both the psychologist and the biologist. The last part of the paper b...
Epileptogenesis in the immature brain: Neonatal seizures in hypoxic/ischemic encephalopathy

Neonatal hypoxic/ischemic encephalopathy is the most common cause of neonatal seizures, and these seizures are refractory to conventional antiseizure drugs and can lead to later life epilepsy and congitive deficits. Data from human tissue studies as well as rodent models suggest unique age-specific mechanisms underlying these neonatal seizure and their consequences, and are leading to a number of new therapeutic targets. For an expanded treatment of this topic see Jasper's Basic Mechanisms of the Epilepsies, Fourth Edition (Noebels JL, Avoli M, Rogawski MA, Olsen RW, Delgado-Escueta AC, eds) published by Oxford University Press (available on the National Library of Medicine Bookshelf [NCBI] at www.ncbi.nlm. nih.gov/books).
Synergism and antagonism among multiple stressors

This study was designed to test for synergism (increased stress) or antagonism (decreased stress) among multiple environmental stressors using additive, multiplicative, and simple comparative effects models. Model predictions were compared to empirical results of laboratory experiments measuring interactions among thermal stress, toxin exposure, and low food on reproduction and survival of two species of cladoceran zooplankton. Stress was defined operationally as a reduction in reproduction or survival relative to optimal conditions over a 7-d period. These experiments are particularly applicable to episodic stresses such as those associated with short-term heat waves. Toxin or low food in combination with 30°C temperatures were generally more harmful than high temperature alone. However, most multiple stress effects were antagonistic, in that effects in combination were not as severe as predicted based on the sum or the product of their individual effects. In rare cases, interaction among stressors even diminished effects of the worst single stressor. Optimal conditions for reproduction and survival occurred at 25°C, high food and 0 mg liter ' toxin (a surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulfate). Suppressive effects of stressors examined individually ranked: high temperature (30°C) > SDS (10 mg liter -1 ≥ low food (∼100 μg C liter -1 ) > low temperature (20°C). Daphnia pulex isolated from a pond which experiences high summer temperatures throughout was more tolerant of 30°C conditions than Daphnia pulicaria isolated from a lake with a cold-water refuge. Differences were observed in individuals exposed as either adults or as 24-h neonates.
Developing a Tourism Destination Monitoring System: A Case of the Hawaii Tourism Dashboard

To develop and manage a tourism destination sustainably, it is important for all stakeholders to understand the interrelated tourism dimensions and activities within a destination. One way of determining the conditions of a destination's “health” is to establish a process by which existing data on various aspects of a destination can be assessed. For this purpose, this paper presents the development processes of the Hawaii Tourism Dashboard (HTD), an online information clearinghouse for multiple stakeholders and a diagnostic tool to monitor the conditions of Hawaii's tourism. As a joint effort between the industry and academia, it is hoped that the HTD can play an important role in increasing public awareness about tourism's multifaceted characteristics and in assisting decision-making and policy development by the government and the industry.
Neuroendocrine tumors of the sinonasal tract. Results of a prospective study incorporating chemotherapy, surgery, and combined proton-photon radiotherapy.

BACKGROUND The authors report the results of a prospective study of patients with malignant neuroendocrine tumors of the sinonasal tract who received multimodality treatment incorporating high-dose proton-photon radiotherapy. METHODS Nineteen patients with olfactory neuroblastoma (ONB) or neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC) were treated between 1992 and 1998 on a prospective study. Four patients had Kadish Stage B disease, and 15 patients had Kadish Stage C disease. The median patient age was 44 years. Patients received chemotherapy with 2 courses of cisplatin and etoposide followed by high-dose proton-photon radiotherapy to 69.2 cobalt–Gray equivalents (CGE) using 1.6–1.8 CGE per fraction twice daily in a concomitant boost schedule. Two further courses of chemotherapy were given to responders. RESULTS Of 19 patients, 15 patients were alive at the time of this report with a median follow-up of 45 months (range, 20–92 months). Four patients died from disseminated disease 8–47 months after their original diagnosis. The 5-year survival rate was 74%. There were two local recurrences, and both patients underwent salvage surgery. The 5-year local control rate of initial treatment was 88%. Acute toxicity of chemotherapy was tolerable, with no patient sustaining more than Grade 3 hematologic toxicity. Thirteen patients showed a partial or complete response to chemotherapy. One patient developed unilateral visual loss after the first course of chemotherapy; otherwise, visual preservation was achieved in all patients. Four patients who were clinically intact developed radiation-induced damage to the frontal or temporal lobe by magnetic resonance imaging criteria. Two patients showed soft tissue and/or bone necrosis, and one of these patients required surgical repair of a cerebrospinal fluid leak. CONCLUSIONS Neoadjuvant chemotherapy and high-dose proton-photon radiotherapy is a successful treatment approach for patients with ONB and NEC. Radical surgery is reserved for nonresponders. Due to the precision of delivery of radiation with stereotactic setup and protons, no radiation-induced visual loss was observed. Cancer 2002;94:2623–34. © 2002 American Cancer Society. DOI 10.1002/cncr.10537
Nanostructured palladium–iron membranes for hydrogen separation and membrane hydrogenation reactions

Abstract Hydrogen permselectivity and poisoning resistance of nanostructured palladium–iron alloy films were examined to evaluate these materials for potential membrane applications. At 200 °C, nanostructured palladium–iron films had hydrogen/helium selectivities of up to 35:1 and hydrogen fluxes of up to 10 sccm/cm 2 . The rate-limiting step for hydrogen transport was diffusion through the bulk metal. Hydrogen flux in the nanostructured palladium-based membranes decreased with increasing iron content. The nanocrystalline membranes had higher hydrogen fluxes than coarse-grained polycrystalline systems of similar compositions. Nanostructured membranes also exhibited better resistance to hydrogen sulfide poisoning than polycrystalline membranes. When applied for the hydrogenation of ethene, the palladium–iron nanocrystalline membranes displayed stable activities over long time periods.
Application of one-dimensional machine vision in the textile industry

The inability of maintenance services to keep a vision system online, along with the multitude of product mix that a system has to inspect, has resulted in unrealized potential in many textile applications. Typical problems have been directly related to programmability, central processing, evolved setup, maintenance, and economics. Although the 1-D linear array vision does not have the capability of the matrix vision system nor the intelligence of a human being performing an inspection, it is shown that it can provide low-cost simplified maintenance and distributed processing in a wide variety of applications. It should be considered as an effective technology for use in textile-plant noncontact gauging and inspection applications. >
Funding the Welfare State: Globalization and the Taxation of Business in Advanced Market Economies

Theorists assert that international capital mobility creates substantial pressure for all democratically elected governments to decrease tax burdens on business. I explicate and critique the genera...
Mesoscale Aspects of the Downshear Reformation of a Tropical Cyclone

The downshear reformation of Tropical Storm Gabrielle (2001) was investigated using radar reflectivity and lightning data that were nearly continuous in time, as well as frequent aircraft reconnaissance flights. Initially the storm was a marginal tropical storm in an environment with strong 850–200-hPa vertical wind shear of 12–13 m s 1 and an approaching upper tropospheric trough. Both the observed outflow and an adiabatic balance model calculation showed that the radial-vertical circulation increased with time as the trough approached. Convection was highly asymmetric, with almost all radar return located in one quadrant left of downshear in the storm. Reconnaissance data show that an intense mesovortex formed downshear of the original center. This vortex was located just south of, rather than within, a strong downshear-left lightning outbreak, consistent with tilting of the horizontal vorticity associated with the vertical wind shear. The downshear mesovortex contained a 972-hPa minimum central pressure, 20 hPa lower than minimum pressure in the original vortex just 3 h earlier. The mesovortex became the new center of the storm, but weakened somewhat prior to landfall. It is argued that dry air carried around the storm from the region of upshear subsidence, as well as the direct effects of the shear, prevented the reformed vortex from continuing to intensify. Despite the subsequent weakening of the reformed center, it reached land with greater intensity than the original center. It is argued that this intensification process was set into motion by the vertical wind shear in the presence of an environment with upward motion forced by the upper tropospheric trough. In addition, the new center formed much closer to the coast and made landfall much earlier than predicted. Such vertical-shear-induced intensity and track fluctuations are important to understand, especially in storms approaching the coast.
Thermal stress evolution in continuously quenched circular bars

This paper presents a finite element method for studying continuous quenching processes with emphasis on thermal and stress analyses of axisymmetric problems. Both the thermal and stress problems involved in the quenching process are formulated in the Eulerian frame. The heat transfer problem is solved with the Petrov-Galerkin method due to the convetion-diffusion nature of the governing equation. For the thermal stress problem, since the acceleration term in the equation of motion is small, it is neglected and the equilibrium equation is solved. The inelastic deformation associated with the quenching process is modeled with the visco-plastic type of constitutive laws. To determine the inelastic deformation of the quenched body, the inelastic strain rates are integrated along the quenched body with the Petrov-Galerkin formulation applied to the material derivatives of the inelastic strain rates. An example problem for a continuous bar quenching process is studied with the method presented in this paper. With the present method, computational time needed is significantly less than that with Lagrangian approaches.
Myogenic motor-evoked potential monitoring using partial neuromuscular blockade in surgery of the spine.

Study design The authors analyzed motor-evoked potentials using transcranial electrical cortical stimulation during spinal surgery in 40 patients under conditions of partial neuromuscular blockade. Objectives The results were used to investigate the utility of motor-evoked potential monitoring to prevent neurologic injury in spinal surgery. Summary of background data Noninvasive transcranial electrical motor-evoked potentials are reportedly effective in predicting postoperative spinal cord deficits caused by intraoperative occurrences. However, the sensitivity and specificity of these predictions have not been assessed under conditions of partial neuromuscular blockade during a wide variety of surgical procedures. Methods Compound muscle action potentials were recorded at the tibialis anterior muscle while general anesthesia was maintained with nitrous oxide, etomidate, and sufentanil. Surgery was performed at all spinal levels for a variety of diagnoses. Results Reference motor-evoked potential amplitudes, measured after induction of partial neuromuscular blockade, ranged from 25 to 7562 microV (median, 600 microV). Variation in intraoperative motor-evoked potential amplitude ranged from signal loss to a 3440% increase. A decrease to less than 20% of the individual reference value for motor-evoked potential amplitude occurred at least once in nine patients (22.5%) but as not associated with postoperative motor deficits. Two patients who had loss of motor-evoked potential signal without recovery did have postoperative motor deficits. Motor-evoked potentials predicted postoperative motor improvement in six patients. An improvement threshold of 160% of the reference amplitude predicted postoperative motor improvement with 100% sensitivity and 81% specificity. Conclusions The authors support the utility of recording transcranial electrical motor-evoked potentials in spinal surgery under partial neuromuscular blockade. Recovery of lost motor-evoked potentials was not associated with postoperative motor deficits, whereas non-recovery of lost motor-evoked potentials was.
Conservative management of upper tract transitional cell carcinoma.

Aim: Our aim was to review the current literature describing the endoscopic management of upper tract transitional cell carcinoma (TCC). Materials and Methods: Review of published, peer-reviewed articles relating the primary ureteroscopic or percutaneous management of upper tract TCC was performed using the MEDLINE database. Results: Historically, the gold-standard management for upper tract TCC consists of nephroureterectomy with excision of a bladder cuff. The employment of endoscopic management with these neoplasms was initially instituted in individuals with imperative indications, including bilateral disease, solitary kidney, and/or renal insufficiency. For individuals treated with ureteroscopy, recurrence rates range from 30 to 71% and cancer-specific survival rates from 50 to 93%. Results are dependent primarily on tumor grade and stage. In individuals with low-stage, low-grade tumors treated percutaneously, recurrence rates, and cancer-specific survival rates are 18-33% and 94-100%, respectively. Adjuvant therapy has been employed with thiotepa, mitomycin, and BCG, but none have been able to demonstrate a statistically significant difference in recurrence or cancer-specific survival rates. Conclusions: Endoscopic management is a safe and effective treatment alternative to nephroureterectomy in the management of upper tract TCC. Survival outcomes are comparable, but renal preservation therapy offers the advantage of reduced morbidity, complications, and the potential for better quality of life. Recurrence and disease progression are not uncommon and underscore the need for strict tumor surveillance.
Sociobiology and the naming of adopted and natural children

Abstract A study of ninety-six adoptive families and one hundred and four nonadaptive families revealed that adopted children were significantly more likely to be named after a parent or relative than natural children were. When natural children were namesakes of relatives, they were more likely to be named after a patrilineal than a matrilineal relative, and boys were more likely to be namesaked than girls; neither was true of adopted children. The results are discussed in light of evolutionary theory, with naming seen as a form of parental input inversely related to the certainty of kinship between parent and child.
IMMIGRANTS AND THE CHANGING RACIAL/ETHNIC DIVISION OF LABOR IN NEW YORK CITY, 1970-1990

This paper systematically analyzes alterations in the employment patterns in 11 different sectors for 1970, 1980, and 1990 for three native-born ethnic groups and four foreign-born subpopulations in New York City. We explicitly contrast two methods of employment-change analysis to unpack the complex urban labor-market process of sectorspecific job succession. Our account builds on Roger Waldinger's recent analysis of shifts in the ethnic division of labor in New York City in the 1970s that used an innovative method of employment change decomposition. Waldinger tested the hypothesis that the upward and outward social movement of native-born whites in the city in this decade created a variegated chain of vacancies that other native-born and immigrant groups differentially filled. This paper expands his analysis to a broader set of ethnicities and explores the extent to which the system of job change altered between the 1970s and 1980s. In doing this, we show how Waldinger's method relates to shift-share ana...
Correlation between CALPHAD data and the Cahn–Hilliard gradient energy coefficient κ and exploration into its composition dependence

Abstract Expressions for the Cahn–Hilliard gradient energy coefficient κ for a binary, face-centered cubic crystal are derived by consideration of pair-wise, three-body, and four-body nearest-neighbor interactions. The resulting equations are expressed in terms of the interaction energies of clusters of atoms, and are related to bulk thermodynamic data available in CALPHAD databases. The three- and four-body interactions introduce a composition dependence into the expressions for κ . Values of κ calculated for the Al–Zn system are in good agreement with those reported elsewhere. Equilibrium composition profiles and interfacial energies are calculated using each approximation.
Growth of Three Forage Species in Saline Conditions

Extensive areas of salt deposits are rendering agricultural soils in arid regions unsuitable for arable cropping. Identifying native plant species to grow in salt-affected soils or to grow with saline water may sustain productivity of salt affected lands. The objective of this greenhouse study was to compare biomass production and ion accumulation (i.e., Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , Na + , and Cl m ) in potential salt tolerant forage species grown under simulated saline conditions found near La Junta region in southeast Colorado, USA. Seed-derived plants of tall fescue (Festucaarundinacea), narrowleafed birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus glaber), and broadleafed birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus) were grown in pots filled with soil collected from nonsaline and saline areas near La Junta. Pots were irrigated with one of three qualities of water differing in EC: 0.13, 0.27, and 0.64 S m m 1 . For all treatments, F.arundinacea produced almost twice as much dry matter (DM) as L. glaber and L.corniculatus. Soil/water quality tre...