cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The slippery slope of arthritis.

Farshid GuilakThe synovial joint is one of nature’s true marvels,boasting frictional properties that remain unmatched byhuman-made joints. The coefficient of friction ( for its lubricating properties, and early studies showed)ofcartilage gliding on cartilage has been measured to be aslow as 0.002 (1,2), meaning that a contact force of1,000N ( 225 pounds) across the joint produces africtional shear force that is 1/500th of this value, or just2N ( 0.45 pounds) at the cartilage surface (see Table 1 forexamples of values for other common joint materials).Such low frictional properties provide for a load-bearingsurface that, under normal circumstances, exhibits virtuallyno wear over tens of millions of cycles of use, whilewithstanding loads of several times the body weight.The mechanisms by which the synovial jointachieves these frictional properties involve an intricatecombination of biomechanical and biomolecular factorsacting at a variety of scales. For example, congruity ofthe joint surfaces serves to distribute joint loading over alarger contact area, thereby minimizing contact stresses.Furthermore, the high water content and low permeabil-ity of the cartilage extracellular matrix provide a uniquemechanism of supporting loads (3), whereby fluid pres-surization within the tissue can bear nearly 90% of theload, greatly minimizing the stresses on the solid extra-cellular matrix (4,5). Synovial fluid plays multiple rolesinjointlubricationbyprovidingahighviscosity“squeezefilm” layer that delays cartilage-to-cartilage contact un-der dynamic loading (6,7) as well as a source of bound-ary lubricant molecules for the cartilage surface. Bound-ary lubricants are molecules that are adsorbed or bound tothe joint surface, potentially as a single layer. This layer ofmolecules on each side of the joint transmits loads to thetissue and provides a mechanism for decreasing frictiononce the tissue surfaces actually come in contact with oneanother. Indeed, the lubricating properties of synovial fluidled investigators to hypothesize even decades ago thatspecific moieties present in synovial fluid were responsibleevidence of the loss of these lubricating properties withosteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis (8).In the last 2 decades, a wealth of information hasemerged on the composition, structure, and propertiesof molecules present in the synovial fluid and thecartilage surface that serve as the primary boundarylubricants of the synovial joint. The first such molecule,an 227-kd glycoprotein termed lubricin (9), was iden-tified from bovine synovial fluid by density-gradientsedimentation and gel-permeation chromatography.Surprisingly, purified lubricin was found to lubricatearticular cartilage as effectively as whole synovial fluid.This molecule is a product of synovial fibroblasts ex-pressing the megakaryocyte-stimulating factor (MSF)gene(alsotermed
Characterizing the Stability of Carbon Nanotube Enhanced Water as a Heat Transfer Nanofluid

Heat dissipation is a major challenge for many technologies. Possible solutions include thermal energy transfer via coolant fluid to a phase change material (PCM), with higher thermal conductivity a design goal. In recent years, heat transfer nanofluids (fluids with suspended nanoparticles) have received attention based on their potential for improving thermal conductivity. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are an attractive additive due to their enhanced thermal conductivity and ability to remain suspended over long times. However, characterizing their potential is difficult due to the many design variables and the need for repeated thermal conductivity tests for comparison. Since thermal conductivity enhancement is dependent on a dispersed nanotube network, the electrical conductivity of CNTs can be exploited to monitor the stability of such nanofluids, as such testing is quick and simple. The aim of this research was to evaluate electrical conductivity testing as a means to monitor stability of CNT-enhanced distilled water as a PCM, with varying CNT size, type, and concentration; and various other processing variables. The prepared nanofluids were tested after repeated phase change cycles. Results indicate that electrical conductivity testing is a practical means of monitoring the nanofluid stability, and CNT-based nanofluids show both promise and limitations as a PCM.
Functional anatomy of AV conduction: changing concepts in the ablation era.

Abstract Transitional cell populations (TCs) are located adjacent to the compact AV node in the rabbit. TCs located superior to the compact AV node and inferior to the interatrial septum (midpathway) have the longest Wenckebach cycle length (WBCL) (208 [plusmn] 12 ms), but fail to determine AV WB when the posterior and/or anterior inputs remain intact. When all 3 TC populations remain intact, AV WB is determined at a shorter CL (195 [plusmn] 15 ms) by TCs of the posterior input. With transection of the posterior TC input into the compact AV node, AV conduction is maintained at a longer AV WBCL consistent with WB within TCs located superior and anterior to the compact AV node. AV conduction remains intact in most hearts after transection of posterior and anterior TC populations from the compact AV node, with AV WB determined by TC input from the midpathway at a prolonged CL (214 [plusmn] 10 ms) consistent with the pretransection midpathway WBCL. In a separate set of experiments, surgical separation of the 3 TC inputs from each other was performed while maintaining connection of the 3 individual TC inputs to the compact AV node remained intact. Stimulation of the proximal input from any 2 of the 3 TC inputs summated to produce a longer AV WBCL than observed from either AV nodal input alone. Data provided by the ablation of AV nodal inputs show the existence of 3 anatomically and functionally distinct populations of TCs providing independent and summated atrial input into the compact AV node.
Utilizing contract theory to reduce double marginalization for pre-recorded music products within the retail supply chain – A case study

The purpose of this case study is to analyze the effectiveness of three types of supply chain contracts within the pre-recorded music products supply chain. This article will analyze buyback contracts, revenue-sharing contracts and quantity flexibility contracts. The article will explain why managers in the pre-recorded music industry should adopt these supply chain contract approaches to increase revenues. The models described in the case study could be seamlessly utilized by music distributors and major consumer electronic retailers to maximize their revenues and profits within this highly competitive industry.
Library home page design : A comparison of page layout for front-ends to ARL library Web sites

The author examined the home pages of all 120 libraries in the Association of Research Libraries (ARL) in order to compare design similarities and differences. This was accomplished by first filling out a questionnaire on each home page and then tabulating the findings using simple averages and medians. Areas examined were: backgrounds, document headers, document footers, document body, page length, number of steps to library home page from parent institution Web site, and domain name servers. A typical home page is discussed using the averages of these results.
Greedy Signal Recovery and Uncertainty Principles

This paper seeks to bridge the two major algorithmic approaches to sparse signal recovery from an incomplete set of linear measurements - L1-minimization methods and iterative methods (Matching Pursuits). We find a simple regularized version of the Orthogonal Matching Pursuit (ROMP) which has advantages of both approaches: the speed and transparency of OMP and the strong uniform guarantees of the L1-minimization. Our algorithm ROMP reconstructs a sparse signal in a number of iterations linear in the sparsity, and the reconstruction is exact provided the linear measurements satisfy the Uniform Uncertainty Principle. In the case of inaccurate measurements and approximately sparse signals, the noise level of the recovery is proportional to log n parallel e parallel 2 where e is the error vector.© (2008) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Ending violent ethnic conflicts: Separation or sharing as options for negotiation

Conflict‐management strategies frequently prove unsuccessful in protracted ethnic conflicts. A principle reason is that communal leaders, armed with irreconcilable agendas, prefer avoiding real negotiations, unless they promise to achieve what otherwise might be imposed through military victory. In negotiations and mediation, third parties should encourage national identity groups to think and act politically; that is, to consider alternative, rather than wished for, outcomes and to weigh the potential consequences of pursuing one over another. Meaningful negotiations require substantive political discourse. The logical place to begin deciding ‘who rules what’ is to have the participants determine whether they can live together or only apart.
Integrating EMDR into Phase-Oriented Treatment for Trauma

ABSTRACT Originally introduced a century ago by Pierre Janet, phase-oriented treatment has been independently proposed by many authors and is now widely considered by trauma specialists to be the treatment of choice for PTSD and other posttraumatic disorders. Much more recently, introduced by Francine Shapiro in 1989, Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) has also become available for the treatment of PTSD and other trauma-based disorders. EMDR has become widely accepted by clinicians and has received strong support regarding its efficacy from a wide range of empirical studies. However, with a very few exceptions (highlighted in this paper), these two major approaches for treating trauma have developed largely independently. The present paper integrates the major EMDR developments with the different stages of the phase-oriented approach to assess if such an integration is conceptually and clinically useful. The EMDR developments integrated into the phases of trauma treatment include: Shapir...
ANALYTIC MODEL OF THE IBEX RIBBON WITH NEUTRAL SOLAR WIND BASED ION PICKUP BEYOND THE HELIOPAUSE

Energetic neutral atom (ENA) full sky maps obtained with the Interstellar Boundary Explorer revealed a surprising narrow band of increased intensity, the Ribbon, which has been attributed to the ordering effect of the interstellar magnetic field immediately outside the heliosphere. Among models to explain the enhanced ENA Ribbon intensity, Heerikhuisen et al. base theirs on neutral solar wind origin. It reflects the Ribbon angular and energy distribution correctly, but experiences inherent challenges from the long-term stability of the pickup ion (PUI) ring in velocity space, required for the observed ENA fluxes, and from time variations observed after less than one year due to the long integration length. We provide a simplified analytic model of the neutral solar wind, PUI production beyond the heliopause, and subsequent ENA production. We include convection of the PUIs with the interstellar flow toward the heliopause perpendicular to the interstellar magnetic field, thus far not in any model, extinction of the outward propagating neutral solar wind, and of the PUIs and ENAs on their way inward. Based on hybrid simulations of PUI driven instabilities, with injection rates from this model, scattering and isotropization of the PUIs is noticeably weaker than previously thought, yet too fast for ENA production. Assuming a narrow PUI velocity ring, we find a strong concentration of the ENA origin just outside the heliopause and Ribbon intensities comparable with the observations. Conversely, an isotropic PUI distribution produces ENA fluxes factor of ten too low, thus reemphasizing the need of very slow scattering.
A natural language exchange model for enabling human, agent, robot and machine interaction

Models of communications in heterogeneous systems support exchange between agents of different types. A key component is making the heterogeneous agents appear indistinguishable to and from each other in terms of language, to normalize communication. A goal is to act as an open system, where the agents can come and exit as needed by the requirements of the overall goal of the system. The main goal of this research is the creation of a communicative model to support interaction, organization and collective intelligence features between a heterogeneous set of agents as machines, robots, software agents, and humans, all working in a cooperative organization. Communication appears as a natural language interface between all agents to enable clear, indistinguishable communication between all within the organization.
Creative Daily Scheduling: A Nonintrusive Approach to Challenging Behaviors in Community Residences

How a person's day is organized contributes to his or her quality of life. Some people choose to go about their day in a highly structured manner, whereas others choose to function in a more unplan...
The Boulder Model: Lessons from Clinical Psychology for Social Work Training.

The integration of practice and research concepts into a distinctive social work practice research model has generated considerable interest in our field. The rationale for a practice research mode...
Posttraumatic Growth Inventory: Factor Structure in the Context of DSM-IV Traumatic Events.

Studies examining the dimensionality of the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI) have yielded varying results. To date, no study has investigated the measure's factor structure in the context of DSM-defined traumatic events. The present study examined the structure in an undergraduate student sample ( 𝑁 = 3 7 9 ) reporting DSM-IV Criterion-A potentially traumatic events. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) did not support the original five-factor structure. Follow-up exploratory factor analysis and CFA on random halves of the sample showed poor model fit for 1-, 3-, and 7-factor models. Results suggest that the PTGI factor structure is unclear amongst individuals with DSM-IV traumatic events, and continued use of the total score is most appropriate. Future directions including the utility of the PTGI factors are discussed.
On the Use of ‘Calibration Equations’ in Perception Research

Gogel's procedure of using "calibration equations" to obtain reports of perceived distance which are at least partially independent of individual differences in response bias, was examined. The procedure involves determining the relationship between reported and physical distances in a full-cue viewing situation. By making four assumptions, this equation can be used to "calibrate" responses gathered from other situations in which perceived distances are under investigation. In the present experiment, both verbal and string-pull measures of perceived distance were obtained for several objects under reduced viewing conditions. Calibration equations were determined for each response measure in a full-cue setting. The usefulness of the calibration technique was tested by comparing the differences between the two response measures for each object seen in reduced viewing, both before and after the application of the calibration procedure. The results indicated that, consistent with the usefulness of the calibration technique, group differences between the measures were almost always decreased by the procedure. However, no general improvement in the agreement of the measures was found when the data were examined on an individual basis. From the results, a modification of the method of calculating calibration equations was suggested that might increase its usefulness by simplifying the arithmetic operations required for the procedure.
Analyzing floor configurations for casino slot machines

Abstract Casino management desires to make effective use of the scarce floor space available for slot machines. Tradeoffs among the key variables were found by combining managerial judgement and data analysis; these were then used to develop an interactive micro-computer model which analyzes slot machine configurations. Although we present a single application, our approach may be employed over a wider range of problems, e.g. salesroom configurations, facility layout, etc.
Parents’ Beliefs about Emotions and Children’s Recognition of Parents’ Emotions

This study investigated parents’ emotion-related beliefs, experience, and expression, and children’s recognition of their parents’ emotions with 40 parent-child dyads. Parents reported beliefs about danger and guidance of children’s emotions. While viewing emotion-eliciting film clips, parents self-reported their emotional experience and masking of emotion. Children and observers rated videos of parents watching emotion-eliciting film clips. Fathers reported more masking than mothers and their emotional expressions were more difficult for both observers and children to recognize compared with mothers’ emotional expressions. For fathers, but not mothers, showing clearer expressions was related to children’s general skill at recognizing emotional expressions. Parents who believe emotions are dangerous reported greater masking of emotional expression. Contrary to hypothesis, when parents strongly believe in guiding their child’s emotion socialization, children showed less accurate recognition of their parents’ emotions.
Recycling of poultry process wastewater by ultrafiltration

Abstract Poultry processing plants use relatively high amount of water with an average consumption of 26.5 L/bird during primary and secondary processing of live birds to meat. The used water contains proteins, fats, carbohydrates from meat, blood, skin and feathers, resulting in much higher biological oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD). Hence the processors are required to remove majority of the soluble and particulate matter in the wastewater prior to discharge from the plant. Treatments for poultry wastewater include screening, diatomaceous earth filtration, ozonation, and chlorine dioxide. Food safety and inspection service regulations allow reconditioned water to replace potable water in prescribed ratios. Recycling of poultry wastewater by ultrafiltration improves the quality of recycled water and provides solution to water resource limitations. Ultrafiltration is basically a pressure-driven process that separates on the basis of molecular diameter. Membrane bioreactors (MBR) that integrate biological degradation of waste products with membrane filtration are also quite effective in removing organic and inorganic contaminants as well as biological entities from wastewater. Value added products like crude proteins could be separated through ultrafiltration from poultry wastewater, subsequently reducing the chemical oxygen demand. Ongoing research in membrane separation techniques involves exploration of new membrane materials and of new module design configurations to address issues of membrane fouling and treatment of waste streams containing high suspended solids or viscous wastes. Industrial relevance Poultry processing plants use large volumes of water at different stages of the process due to set policies regarding the pathogen reduction requirements in the broiler meat. Recovery of process wastewater benefits the plant by reducing fresh water demand, wastewater volume and energy consumption. Microbial safety is the primary concern in reconditioning of process wastewater. Proteins and fats which come from carcass debris and the blood are the major pollutants in the wastewater. These materials are of high nutritional value and should be recovered. The proteins and fats are difficult to harvest by conventional procedures. From an environmental and economic point of view, ultrafiltration is an efficient technique to recondition wastewater and to recover proteins and fats from it. Importantly, this technology addressed the water quantity and quality issues that have been raised in this industry by reducing primary water use and electrical energy. Though the capital costs of ultrafiltration are higher, their life cycle costs are comparable with conventional treatments. Further, foot print of ultrafiltration could be 30–50% of conventional filters with less consumption of chemicals. Hence this paper focuses upon the potential for the use of ultrafiltration membrane processing for recycling poultry process wastewater and recovery of value added products.
Molecular structures and energetics of the (TiO2)n (n = 1-4) clusters and their anions.

The (TiO2)n clusters and their anions for n = 1−4 have been studied with coupled cluster theory [CCSD(T)] and density functional theory (DFT). For n > 1, numerous conformations are located for both the neutral and anionic clusters, and their relative energies are calculated at both the DFT and CCSD(T) levels. The CCSD(T) energies are extrapolated to the complete basis set limit for the monomer and dimer and calculated up to the triple-ζ level for the trimer and tetramer. The adiabatic and vertical electron detachment energies of the anionic clusters to the ground and first excited states of the neutral clusters are calculated at both levels and compared with the experimental results. The comparison allows for the definitive assignment of the ground-state structures of the anionic clusters. Anions of the dimer and tetramer are found to have very closely lying conformations within 2 kcal/mol at the CCSD(T) level, whereas that of the trimer does not. In addition, accurate clustering energies and heats of for...
Network virtualization in GpENI: Framework, implementation & integration experience

Great Plains Environment for Network Innovation (GpENI) is an international testbed for future Internet research. A key component of GpENI is programmable network virtualization (GpENI-VINI). The scope of this paper is to present the framework, implementation and integration experience with network virtualization in GpENI. In particular, this is described through our experience of implementing and integrating the XORP (eXtensible Open Router Platform) routing platform into GpENI-VINI. Preliminary results on measurements and validation are presented.
Hybridization of the in vitro products of bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase to restriction fragments of T7 DNA

Abstract The products synthesized by bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase in vitro were separated by electrophoresis through polyacrylamide gels, and then hybridized to Hpa I restriction fragments of T7 DNA that had been immobilized on nitrocellulose membrane filters. By reference to a restriction map of the T7 genome: McDonell, M., Simon, M. N., and Studier, F. W. (1977). J. Mol. Biol. , 110 , 119–146, we have determined the region of transcription for each of the major in vitro products and have identified those restriction fragments which contain initiation and termination signals for the phage RNA polymerase. RNA species IIIa, IV, and V are initiated at 47, 55, and 58 T7 units, respectively, and terminated at position 61. (Positions are given as percentages of the total length of T7 DNA measured from the left end of the genetic map.) Species I, II, and IIIb are initiated at 61, 66, and 84 units and are terminated near the right end of the genome (at 99 units). Three minor transcription products of high molecular weight were identified as read-through products, initiated at the promoters for species IIIa, IV, and V and terminated at 99 T7 units. In vitro , the phage RNA polymerase transcribes the class II genes (genes 1.7 to 6) much less efficiently than the class III genes (genes 7 to 19). Transcription of the class II genes is initiated in the region from 16 to 25 T7 units and is terminated at position 61. Thus there is an overlap in the transcription region for the class II and class III RNAs which lies within restriction fragment Hpa I·A. The hybridization results presented here, together with results of previous investigators, permit a more accurate alignment of the genetic and physical maps in the late region of the T7 genome: The boundary between genes 10 and 11 is located at 61 T7 units.
Duration of Time on Intensive Insulin Therapy Predicts Severe Hypoglycemia in the Surgically Critically Ill Population

Background Hypoglycemia has emerged as a barrier to the practice of intensive insulin therapy. Current literature suggests that hypoglycemia occurs at variable rates and has different effects on outcomes in surgical and medical populations. We sought to determine the incidence, independent predictors, and effect on outcome of severe hypoglycemia (≤ 40 mg/dl) in a surgical population.
Re: Autoimmune pancreatitis: An illustrated guide to diagnosis

Thearticleclearlydescribes the key role of imaging in an important treatablecause of pancreatitis, which responds readily to steroidtreatment. However, we would like to comment on thediagnostic criteria where the authors mention the impor-tance of Asian Consensus Diagnostic Criteria and HISORtcriteria from the Mayo Clinic for autoimmune pancreatitis.These criteria, although used previously, do not representcurrently updated diagnostic criteria for diagnosing auto-immune pancreatitis (AIP). We would like to update thereaders with the development of International ConsensusDiagnostic Criteria (ICDC) for AIP.
Quantitative evaluation of six different viral suppressors of silencing using image analysis of transient GFP expression

The effects of six different plant viral suppressors of gene silencing were compared using an automated image collection and analysis system developed for continual monitoring of GFP expression. Suppressors were introduced into lima bean cotyledonary tissues either as 3′-GFP translational fusions or as co-introductions with the GFP gene on a separate plasmid. The resultant transient expression profiles for each suppressor depended on whether the suppressor was introduced as a fusion or co-introduced on separate plasmids. As co-introductions, the silencing suppressors HCPro (from Tobacco etch virus), p19 (from Tomato bushy stunt virus), γb (from Barley stripe mosaic virus) and p21 (from Beet yellows virus) led to an almost twofold increase in initial GFP expression levels, followed by a rapid decline. In contrast, fusions of HCPro, p19, and γb to the 3′-end of GFP resulted in slightly lower but more prolonged GFP expression. Compared with the co-introductions, all GFP::Suppressor translational fusions gave reduced GFP fluorescence levels, suggesting interference of the fusion partner with GFP fluorescence. Regardless of the configuration, introductions of the silencing suppressors AL2 (from Tomato golden mosaic virus) and 126-kDa protein (from Tobacco mosaic virus) resulted in very low GFP fluorescence. This is the first report that directly compares the effects of a large number of viral suppressors of silencing on transient transgene expression using both translational fusions and co-introductions.
Navigating into, through, and beyond the middle grades: the role of middle grades attendance in staying on track for high school graduation

In this longitudinal study, we investigated the use of attendance during middle school as a behavioral indicator of engagement to predict whether students are on track toward high school graduation. We used administrative data from four cohorts of students in New York City schools (N=303,845) to (a) explore patterns of change in attendance between Grades 4 and 8 and (b) determine the extent to which changes in attendance between Grades 4 and 8 predict which students are on track in Grade 9 for going on to graduate from high school. RESULTS of latent growth modeling indicated that students demonstrate the most substantial declines in attendance during Grade 8 and that attendance changes are most variable in this year, with some students demonstrating much more dramatic declines than others. In addition, these changes in attendance were robust predictors of whether students were on track for high school graduation. To identify students who are at risk for not graduating for the purposes of providing appropriate interventions, educators should pay attention to their commonly collected data on attendance rates as a behavioral indicator of engagement. Language: en
Representative path selection for post-silicon timing prediction under variability

The identification of speedpaths is required for post-silicon (PS) timing validation, and it is currently becoming time-consuming due to manufacturing variations. In this paper we propose a method to find a small set of representative paths that can help monitor a large pool of target paths which are more prone to fail the timing at PS stage, to reduce with the validation effort. We first introduce the concept of effective rank to select a small set of representative paths to predict the target paths with high accuracy. To handle the large dimension and degree of independent random parameter variations, we then allow modeling target path delays using segment delays and formulate it as a convex problem. The identification of segments can be incorporated in design of custom test structures to monitor PS circuit timing behavior. Simulations show that we can use the actual timing information of less than 100 paths or segments to accurately predict up to 3,500 target paths (statistically-critical ones) with more than 1,000 process variables.
Coronary vasospasm secondary to hypercholinergic crisis: An iatrogenic cause of acute myocardial infarction in myasthenia gravis

Patients with myasthenia gravis undergo lifelong treatment with anticholinesterase agents. While the heart is usually unaffected by this disease, clinicians should bear in mind the potential adverse interaction between cardiac function and the underlying myasthenic disease or its specific medications. In the present article we report, to the best of our knowledge for the first time in the literature, a case of vasospastic acute myocardial infarction due to iatrogenic hypercholinergic crisis secondary to anticholinesterase therapy in an elderly female with myasthenia gravis. This clinical vignette emphasizes the importance of taking into account the potential vasospastic effect of anticholinesterase drugs. Indeed, prompt recognition of the pathophysiology of myocardial ischemia due to iatrogenic hypercholinergic crisis is pivotal to the timely and appropriate management of this medical emergency, as well as prevention of future recurrences.
Yolk Inhibition of Lysozyme Activity in Egg White

Abstract Yolk inhibits the lytic activity of lysozyme in egg white. Activity was determined by observing the rate of clearing of a cell suspension of M. lysodeikticus. Various levels of yolk were investigated. Observations included pH, salt, urea, temperature, and contrifugation effects on the inhibition of activity. Also, the relative inhibitory effects of two yolk fractions were considered. Degree of inhibition in the first minute of reaction was dependent upon yolk concentration and the ionic condition of the solution. Ten percent yolk produced total inhibition during the first minute of reaction, but lysis occurred after longer reaction times. Activity at various pH levels between 5.0 and 9.0 in egg white containing 5% yolk paralleled that of yolk-free egg white. Maximum activity was observed above pH 8.0. Centrifuging increased the activity of samples containing yolk at low pH values. Both salt and urea partially reactivated yolk-inhibited lysozyme. At pH 8.5, heating yolk-contaminated egg white below 56°C. had no effect on lysozyme activity. Lipovitellin or other constituents of the yolk granules inhibited lysozyme activity. The data suggest that the mechanism of inhibition involves electrostatic interaction between lysozyme and yolk components.
Existence and uniqueness of classical solutions to semigeostrophic equations

In this article, we study the semigeostrophic Equations in meteorology. These equations were introduced by Hoskins and Bretherton[3]. After suitable changes of variables, on can obtain the followinf coupled the Monge-Ampere/Transport problem. we prove the existence and uniqueness of strong solution to the system local in time
Lüscher formula for GKP string

Abstract We investigate finite-size corrections to anomalous dimensions of large-spin twist-two operators in the planar maximally supersymmetric Yang–Mills theory. We develop a framework for analysis of these corrections, that is complementary to the conventional spin-chain approach, by making use of the hole rather than the magnon picture. From the dual string theory perspective where the large-spin operator is identified with the Gubser–Klebanov–Polyakov (GKP) string, our approach is equivalent to constructing the first Luscher correction to the energy of the GKP string by incorporating the contribution of virtual excitations propagating on it. It allows us to propose a formula that controls a particular class of large-spin corrections to the twist-two anomalous dimension and holds at any value of the coupling constant. Compared to wrapping corrections computed with magnons propagating on the spin chain, the finite-size corrections that are encoded in our formalism start at a lower-loop level. Our formalism thus calls for modification of the asymptotic contributions which are conventionally incorporated within the Asymptotic Bethe Ansatz. An educated guess allows us to remedy this pitfall and successfully confront our predictions with known results up to five-loop accuracy at weak coupling. Finally, our formula sheds light on the weak-to-strong coupling transition for the subleading large-spin corrections under study and confirms stringy expectations at strong coupling where they are found to be identical to the first Luscher correction to the vacuum energy of the O ( 6 ) sigma model.
Seismic design of connections between steel outrigger beams and reinforced concrete walls

Cyclic response of "shear" connections between steel outrigger beams and reinforced concrete core walls is presented in this paper. The connections investigated in this paper consisted of a shear tab welded onto a plate that was connected to the core walls through multiple headed studs. The experimental data from six specimens point to a capacity larger than the design value. However, the mode of failure was through pullout of the embedded plate, or fracture of the weld between the studs and plate. Such brittle modes of failure need to be avoided through proper design. A capacity design method based on dissipating the input energy through yielding and fracture of the shear tab was developed. This approach requires a good understanding of the expected capacity of headed studs under combined gravity shear and cyclic axial load (tension and compression). A model was developed and verified against test results from six specimens. A specimen designed based on the proposed design methodology performed very well, and the connection did not fail until shear tab fractured after extensive yielding. The proposed design method is recommended for design of outrigger beam-wall connections.
A data based parsimony method of cophylogenetic analysis

Phylogenies of closely interacting groups, such as hosts and parasites, are seldom completely congruent. Incongruence can arise from biologically meaningful differences in the histories of the two groups, or can be generated by artifactual differences that are merely the result of incorrect phylogenies with weakly supported nodes. We present a method that distinguishes between these sources of incongruence and identifies lineages that are responsible for significant differences between phylogenies. We use the logic of conditional combination in that we first test for statistically significant incongruence using the partition homogeneity test. Then we remove all possible combinations of taxa until a non-significant result of this test is achieved. Finally, we construct a ‘combined evidence’ phylogeny and then reposition the incongruent taxa. This method produces trees for final comparison using reconciliation methods, but it includes only as many incongruence events as can be statistically justified from the data sets. We apply this method to a host–parasite (gopher–louse) data set and identify many fewer incongruence events than do topology based analyses alone. Our method is broadly applicable to comparisons of phylogenies of interacting taxa, such as hosts and parasites, or mutualists. The method should also be useful for other problems involving comparisons of phylogenies, such as multiple gene trees or cladistic biogeography.
NMR spectra and basicities of haloalkylsilyl amines

Abstract N -Methyl 13 C— 1 H coupling constants, 1 H, 13 C, and 29 Si chemical shifts and the change in C—D stretching frequency of CDCl 3 in mixtures were determined for the series of haloalkylsilyl dimethylamines XSi(CH 3 ) 2 N(CH 3 ) 2 , where X = CH 3 , ClCH 2 , BrCH 2 , Cl(CH 2 ) 3 , Cl 2 CH, and (ClCH 2 ) 2 Si(CH 3 )N(CH 3 ) 2 . The coupling constants, basicities and 13 C chemical shifts of the SiCH 3 carbons correlated well with σ ★ and σ I , indicating that these electron-attracting groups remove electron density from the amino group and that there is no evidence for the intramolecular α effect.
Quantitative evaluation of color measurements: II. Analysis of Munsell color values from the Colton and Green River Formations (Eocene, central Utah)

Abstract A case study of Munsell color measurements from the Eocene Colton and Green River Formations in central Utah shows how easily stereoscopic triaxial scatterplots can display the limited overlap of colors within lacustrine and alluvial facies. Grays, drabbish yellow-greens, greens, and 10 YRs are associated with lacustrine limestones and other known lacustrine facies, whereas other yellow-reds and reds are predominantly associated with terrestrial deposits, including fluvial sandstones. Lake beds in Colton Formation show a greater variety of color than those in the Green River Formation, both in terms of a greater range of hues and more extreme lightness and darknesses, apparently reflecting the fact that the Green River Formation represents a single, large, and relatively uniform lake, whereas the many small lakes in the Colton Formation represent a much greater range of lakes types and more diverse lake and shoreline facies. Mottles in lacustrine mudrocks and limestones seem to represent biomechanical mixing of adjacent beds, whereas mottles in floodplain mudrocks show uniquely vivid colors and apparently reflect in situ oxidation–reduction in addition to bioturbation. It was also fruitful to subject the three color parameters to individual Markov chain analyses.
Photodesulfurization of O-alkyl thioesters

Abstract O -Ethyl thioacetate was shown to undergo exclusive conversion to ethyl acetate when photolyzed in the presence of oxygen in carbon tetrachloride solutions. The reaction parameters were explored.
Latchable Phase-Change Actuators for Micro Flow Control Applications

This paper presents a novel latchable phase-change actuator that can potentially be used for flow valving and gating in portable lab-on-a-chip systems, where minimal energy consumption is required. The actuator exploits a low melting-point paraffin wax, whose solid-liquid phase changes allow the closing and opening of fluid flow through deformable microchannels. Flow switching is initiated by melting of paraffin, with an additional pneumatic pressure required for flow switching from open to closed state. After paraffin solidifies the switched state is subsequently maintained passively without further consumption of energy. The actuator can be fabricated from PDMS through the multilayer soft lithography technique. Testing results demonstrate that the actuator has a response time about 60-100 sec for flow switching, and can passively hold a microvalve closed under pressures up to 35 kPa.Copyright © 2005 by ASME