cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fault Prognosis Parameters Selection and Setting in Electronic Equipment

Fault prognosis is the key technique of PHM(Prognostic and Health Management).Aimed at the difficult problems of parameters selection and setting in fault prognosis of electronic equipment,the paper proposes a new method of parameters selection and setting in fault prognosis.Firstly,the parameter set which can reflect fault state of electronic equipment is extracted by using the multi-signal flow graphs model.By introducing the relative risk of biostatistics,the optimized parameters of fault prognosis are selected by using the data-driven method.The prognostic parameter threshold in the confidence level of 95% is got by building statistical model trend graph.The experiment validates that the optimized prognostic parameters can be quickly and effectively selected and set by the proposed method.Simultaneously the complicated analyses of fault mode,fault state,fault diagnosing bases and the influence pf subjective factors are avoided.
Androgen priming and response to chemotherapy in advanced prostatic cancer.

AbstractA total of 67 patients with progressive stage D2 prostatic cancer refractory to orchiectomy was entered in a controlled clinical trial to test whether androgen priming enhances the efficacy of cytotoxic drugs. All patients were treated continuously with aminoglutethimide and hydrocortisone to lower adrenal androgen secretion and were given cyclic intravenous chemotherapy. In addition, the 34 patients randomized to the stimulation arm received fluoxymesterone for 3 days before and on the day of chemotherapy. There were 33 controls. The median duration of followup was 24 months.A modestly higher response rate (objective remission plus disease stabilization) was observed in the stimulation arm (85 versus 72 per cent, p less than 0.05) when the analysis was restricted to the evaluable patients. However, a larger fraction of unevaluable patients was present in the stimulation group (41 versus 16 per cent), mostly as a result of toxicity from fluoxymesterone, which prompted early discontinuation of trea...
Urban birds and planting design: strategies for incorporating ecological goals into residential landscapes

Private residential property occupies a major part of the urban land base, yet considerable potential remains for improving the ecological performance of private gardens and landscapes. Ecologically-oriented approaches to design of residential properties, however, are only valuable if they are compatible with private landowner interests and needs–otherwise they may never be implemented. Landscape designers would benefit from more comprehensive guidance for ecologically-oriented planting design that best fits within residential settings. This paper identifies plant-based design strategies that may improve avian species richness, reviews scientific literature supporting these options, and describes three years of structured design research to evaluate how these strategies can be compatible with the programmatic and aesthetic goals of residential landowners. We worked with three New York State communities beginning with a community/neighborhood-scale visioning and goal setting process and ending with parcel-scale landscape designs. The project, in total, developed residential landscape designs for 50 private properties, each incorporating urban ecological benefits in combination with the interests and needs of the owner. We share here a set of planting design strategies for enhancing avian habitat on residential private property generated during this process. They include planting strategies that: a) contribute to landscape networks; b) build vegetative structure at sites; c) provide microrefugia; d) optimize forage resource availability; and e) enhance plant diversity. Qualitative and quantitative evaluation of design results for the strategies is discussed.
Five decades of pediatric heart transplantation: challenges overcome, challenges remaining.

Purpose of review Pediatric heart transplants continue to be the therapy of choice for children with end stage heart failure. The interplay of limited donor supply, improvement in ventricular assist device (VAD) technology and utilization, and a focus on optimizing long-term outcomes make it critically important for practitioners to be aware of an evolving diagnostic and therapeutic arsenal. Recent findings Data suitable to define best practices for pediatric heart transplantation consist of an amalgam of small single center series, registry reviews and judicious inference from adult studies. Large-scale prospective pediatric studies are essentially nonexistent; the pediatric heart transplant study group continues to be highly productive while new collaboratives are emerging. Summary Outcomes for pediatric transplants continue to improve. Technology and innovation continue to drive shifts in management. Improvements in VAD support along with refinement of solid-phase assays require clinicians to develop a deeper understanding of pre and post transplant management of donor-specific antibodies and antibody-mediated rejection. Expertise in retransplantation and the care of adults with congenital heart disease will be critical in the future.
Growth and Enterotoxin Production by Staphylococci in Genoa Salami1

Staphylococcus aureus strains 265 and 243 which produce enterotoxins A and B, respectively, were inoculated into meat being made into Genoa salami in the amount of 103, 105, and 107, cells/g. No lactic starter culture was added. Samples were taken at different stages of processing to determine the microbial populations, percentage moisture, total acidity, pH, and enterotoxin content. Staphylococcal populations varying from about 107 to 5 × 108/g were detected during tempering of the salami. Enterotoxin A was detected in surface but not in core samples of salami inoculated with 105 and 107 S. aureus 265 cells/g. However, no enterotoxin B was detected in the salami inoculated with S. aureus 243, which requires a relatively high aw for enterotoxin production. Staphylococcal counts were higher in surface samples than in core samples, attributable to the difference in oxygen, but there was no significant difference in microaerophilic lactic Kid bacteria in different portions of the salami.
Fulminant Reversible Cerebral Vasoconstriction Syndrome

Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome (RCVS) is increasingly being recognized as a diagnosis in patients presenting with thunderclap headaches. In the vast majority of the cases, the syndro...
A Pseudopotential Approach to Some Problems in Binary Alloys of Simple Metals

Some recent calculations of binary alloy properties are described. The importance of choosing a good pseudopotential is stressed and it is pointed out that a wide variety of physical properties can be calculated successfully without any experimental input. Specializing to the alloy problem, homovalent simple metal alloys appear to be well described by pseudopotential techniques but finite concentrations of non-homovalent impurities appear to present some difficulties beyond the scope of standard pseudopotential approaches.
Writing Your Grant for the Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI)

The Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI) represents a new way of doing research by emphasizing patient and stakeholder engagement and supporting comparative effectiveness research. In addition to investigator-initiated projects, PCORI also funded a national data network called PCORnet. PCORnet was established to foster observational and experimental comparative effectiveness research by providing a mechanism to collect electronic medical record data from hospitals, physicians’ offices, and clinics. Two sets of networks were created, one based on system-based networks from hospitals, health plans, and practice-based networks called clinical data research networks (CDRNs). The other network is operated and governed by patient groups and their partners called patient-powered research networks (PPRNs). Five priorities for PCORI funding include the following: assessment of prevention, diagnosis, and treatment options; improving healthcare systems; communication and dissemination research; addressing disparities; and accelerating patient-centered outcomes and methodological research. PCORI has funded 551 projects to date as of November 1, 2016, awarding 1.57 billion dollars in grant support. Even if PCORI is not renewed, it is anticipated that the CDRN and PPRNs established through PCORI will seek and be supported through funding from other agencies taking advantage of the large amounts of data representing populations across the country.
Acute Esophageal Necrosis in an Alcoholic after Successful Resuscitation from Cardiac Arrest.

Introduction. We present a patient who presented to the ICU after successful resuscitation from cardiac arrest who was subsequently diagnosed with AEN. Case Presentation. A 66-year-old female presented after cardiac arrest in which return of spontaneous circulation was achieved within 7 minutes after the initiation of CPR. She was intubated on the scene and found to have coffee ground emesis in her bathroom when found unresponsive. Due to the hemodynamically significant GI bleed, patient was started on IV proton pump inhibitor, octreotide, and levophed. Subsequent endoscopy showed diffuse severe mucosal changes characterized by blackness, erythema, friability, granularity, inflammation, and decreased vascular pattern in the middle third of the esophagus and in the lower third of the esophagus. Discussion. AEN is a rare syndrome with a prevalence ranging from 0.001 to 0.2% of EGD. This patient is especially rare as this patient was female and had AEN in the middle esophagus along with lower esophagus. The pathophysiology in this patient is hypothesized that she had cardiac arrest secondary to acute upper GI hemorrhage. Subsequent low-flow state (cardiac arrest) in addition to being in the setting of severe alcohol abuse led to esophageal necrosis.
Selling Painful Yet Pleasurable Service Offerings: An Examination of Hedonic Appeals

People consume service experiences that combine pleasure and pain (e.g., roller-coaster rides and massage therapy)—but the question of how to market such experiences is not well understood. To addr...
Working with Numbers

The main objective of this chapter is to develop your ability to handle simple problems involving numbers on the computer. As in all the other chapters the emphasis is on problem solving and programming, not on mathematics.
A Personal History of Photodynamic Therapy

Photodynamic therapy (PDT), which utilizes a photoactivated drug (photosensitizer) to destroy malignant or certain other undesirable tissue, is approved by health agencies worldwide, mainly for the treatment of early- and late-stage lung cancer and premalignant and obstructive esophageal cancer. The clinical and scientific development of PDT began in the early 1970s at Roswell Park Cancer Institute in Buffalo, NY. This paper presents the history of this process at Roswell Park.
Lehrer on Knowledge and Causation

Keith Lehrer has argued that it is possible to have knowledge of a proposition despite the fact that one’s belief in that proposition is causally unrelated to one’s epistemic reasons. This is an interesting and contentious claim, but an assessment of it is not the task of this paper. Instead, I will argue that Lehrer, and perhaps one critic as well, both take Lehrer’s theory to entail that knowledge is possible without causation by reasons, but that this is mistaken. Lehrer’s theory as it stands actually delivers no verdict on the issue of whether proper causation is necessary for knowledge or a belief’s being justified. While this means that the coherence of Lehrer’s theory can be saved should his treatment of these issues yield counterintuitive results, it also means that the theory as it currently stands is incomplete. The theory simply does not make any predictions about certain kinds of examples, and this reveals that Lehrer’s theory is unfinished in an important respect.
Strategic Partnerships versus Captive Buyer and Supplier Relationships

The face of customer relationship management has shifted as business partners on both sides of the relationship deploy technology to better manage relationships, streamline business processes and achieve integration. The phenomenon of captive buyer and supplier relationships grounded in substantial unilateral monetary and organizational investments in achieving business objectives contrast with strategic partnerships, which emerge through bilateral investments. The current research examines buyer/supplier relationship dyads finding that buyers’ trust has a direct effect on the occurrence of captive buyer relationships; moreover, captive buyer and supplier relationships have a direct effect on each parties’ respective perceived benefits. More importantly, each partners’ trust has a direct effect upon the occurrence of strategic partnerships, which in turn has a direct effect on perceptions of derived benefits for each.
History: Caves and other underground spaces in medieval Britain and Ireland

Abstract It is not surprising that the people living in Britain and Ireland have included caves in their histories since at least the Middle Ages. The islands contain, after all, many caves. In the 12th century, English historiographers inserted many subterranean narratives within their histories and other writings. Although interest in caves and other underground spaces was not uncommon in earlier or subsequent histories, the 12th century saw an uptick in these stories, some with shared characteristics and some that seem entirely original. From stories about purgatory to mysterious underground worlds governed by little people, some of verdant hue, these narratives reveal a sustained, and often overlooked, interest in caves and other underground spaces in the Middle Ages.
Did Austin Remain an Austinian

The vast majority of writers on Austin’s legal philosophy have assumed that it did not change after the publication in 1832 of The Province of Jurisprudence Determined, the only book that he published in his lifetime. This assumption has been sharply criticized, however, by Lotte and Joseph Hamburger in their excellent biography, Troubled Lives: John and Sarah Austin. They argue that by the end of his life Austin no longer believed in the science of jurisprudence set forth in his book. They base their argument almost entirely upon A Plea for the Constitution, a very conservative political pamphlet that Austin published in 1859, the year of his death. My paper is a critique of this interpretation, the nature of which is discussed at some length. I also explain in detail what it means to be an Austinian, at least as I see it. I subsequently argue that Austin’s pamphlet does not support the Hamburger;s interpretation. In it he discusses incidentally only a few of the basic principles, notions, and distinctions of his jurisprudence, all of which are repetitions of what he says about them in his book. Although he does modify somewhat his interpretation of the principle of utility, he still employs it as the “ultimate principle” or “test” of laws and political institutions. In short, there is no compelling evidence that Austin changed his legal philosophy in the final year, or years, of his life.
You Can't Publish Replication Studies (and How to Anyways).

Reproducibility has been increasingly encouraged by communities of science in order to validate experimental conclusions, and replication studies represent a significant opportunity to vision scientists wishing contribute new perceptual models, methods, or insights to the visualization community. Unfortunately, the notion of replication of previous studies does not lend itself to how we communicate research findings. Simple put, studies that re-conduct and confirm earlier results do not hold any novelty, a key element to the modern research publication system. Nevertheless, savvy researchers have discovered ways to produce replication studies by embedding them into other sufficiently novel studies. In this position paper, we define three methods -- re-evaluation, expansion, and specialization -- for embedding a replication study into a novel published work. Within this context, we provide a non-exhaustive case study on replications of Cleveland and McGill's seminal work on graphical perception. As it turns out, numerous replication studies have been carried out based on that work, which have both confirmed prior findings and shined new light on our understanding of human perception. Finally, we discuss how publishing a true replication study should be avoided, while providing suggestions for how vision scientists and others can still use replication studies as a vehicle to producing visualization research publications.
Bioinformatics and DNA-extraction strategies to reliably detect genetic variants from FFPE breast tissue samples

Archived formalin fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) samples are valuable clinical resources to examine clinically relevant morphology features and also to study genetic changes. However, DNA quality and quantity of FFPE samples are often sub-optimal, and resulting NGS-based genetics variant detections are prone to false positives. Evaluations of wet-lab and bioinformatics approaches are needed to optimize variant detection from FFPE samples. As a pilot study, we designed within-subject triplicate samples of DNA derived from paired FFPE and fresh frozen breast tissues to highlight FFPE-specific artifacts. For FFPE samples, we tested two FFPE DNA extraction methods to determine impact of wet-lab procedures on variant calling: QIAGEN QIAamp DNA Mini Kit (“QA”), and QIAGEN GeneRead DNA FFPE Kit (“QGR”). We also used negative-control (NA12891) and positive control samples (Horizon Discovery Reference Standard FFPE). All DNA sample libraries were prepared for NGS according to the QIAseq Human Breast Cancer Targeted DNA Panel protocol and sequenced on the HiSeq 4000. Variant calling and filtering were performed using QIAGEN Gene Globe Data Portal. Detailed variant concordance comparisons and mutational signature analysis were performed to investigate effects of FFPE samples compared to paired fresh frozen samples, along with different DNA extraction methods. In this study, we found that five times or more variants were called with FFPE samples, compared to their paired fresh-frozen tissue samples even after applying molecular barcoding error-correction and default bioinformatics filtering recommended by the vendor. We also found that QGR as an optimized FFPE-DNA extraction approach leads to much fewer discordant variants between paired fresh frozen and FFPE samples. Approximately 92% of the uniquely called FFPE variants were of low allelic frequency range ( T|G > A” mutational signature known to be representative of FFPE artifacts resulting from cytosine deamination. Based on control samples and FFPE-frozen replicates, we derived an effective filtering strategy with associated empirical false-discovery estimates. Through this study, we demonstrated feasibility of calling and filtering genetic variants from FFPE tissue samples using a combined strategy with molecular barcodes, optimized DNA extraction, and bioinformatics methods incorporating genomics context such as mutational signature and variant allelic frequency.
Hay relación entre los estilos educativos de las madres y la inteligencia emocional de los hijos

Resumen es: Introduccion. En el campo academico, la inteligencia emocional ha sido propuesta como una facultad humana que puede tener un fuerte impacto en diferentes...
Bleeding peptic ulcer: medical management.

The treatment of the patient with a bleeding ulcer is the joint responsibility of the internist and the surgeon. It requires hospitalization of the patient, an adequate source of blood, and good laboratory facilities. At the onset of severe hemorrhage, medical therapy yields better results than surgical therapy. The necessity for operation can usually be determined by the patient's course during the first 48 to 72 hours.
Quality Performance of Rural and Urban Home Health Agencies: Implications for Rural Add-On Payment Policies.

Purpose To examine the differences in quality performance among agencies in urban areas and those in high utilization, low population density, and all other rural areas, defined in the Bipartisan Budget Act (BBA). Methods We conducted a retrospective study using 2015 data: the Home Health Compare, the Home Health Agency Utilization and Payment Use, the Provider of Services, and the Area Health Resources Files, and a file with rural categories in BBA. The quality measures included (1) hospitalizations, (2) emergency visits, (3) patient experience, (4) composite scores for improvement in activities of daily living (ADL), (5) improvement in pain and treating symptoms, (6) preventing harm, and (7) treating wounds and preventing pressure sores. We applied weighted least squares regression. Findings Among all quality measures, differences in emergency visits of the 3 rural categories from urban agencies were the largest. The adjusted mean emergency visit for urban agencies was 12.42%, with agencies in rural areas having 1.01-1.96 percentage points higher rates than urban agencies (95% CI: 0.72-1.29 for high utilization areas, 95% CI: 0.51-3.42 for low population areas, and 95% CI: 1.28-1.78 for all other areas). Conclusions The differences in the quality of care among agencies in 3 categories of rural areas were small, except for emergency visits. Given policies to reduce rural add-on payments for home health services, continued monitoring of the services provided and the quality of care by home health agencies in rural areas is recommended.
Effects of Random Measurement Error on Lung Cancer Screening Decisions: A Retrospective Cohort-Based Microsimulation Study.

Background Self-reported tobacco pack-year history plays a large role in decisions about low-dose CT screening for lung cancer, yet is challenging to measure accurately. Research Question To what extent does random measurement error in pack-year information impact screening decisions and screening effectiveness? Study Design and Methods Retrospective cohort study of 10,449 patients with pack-year history documented at least twice between October 2013 and July 2017 across 8 academic Veterans Affairs sites. Outcome measures included (1) observed reliability of pack-year information based on all repeat measures for the study population and (2) each person’s statistically “true” pack-year information based on best linear unbiased predictor from a multilevel linear random effects model. To examine how unreliability leads to misclassification of screening eligibility and inaccuracy in estimating lung cancer risk, we simulated pack-year observations for each person, first comparing simulated pack-year and lung cancer risk values with true values, then comparing outcomes when basing screening decisions on unreliable pack-year information vs true information. Results Reliability of assessing pack-year information in routine practice varied across sites. Thus, we examined the clinical impact of two different levels of reliability, based on the range of intraclass correlation coefficients observed. Using a ≥ 30-pack-year threshold led to a high rate of eligibility misclassifications (48.1% misclassified with higher reliability pack-year information and 60.7% misclassified with lower reliability information). However, using a lung cancer risk threshold leads to fewer misclassifications (47.3%-49.7% misclassified when using lower reliability pack-year information) and maintains screening effectiveness better when using unreliable pack-year information. Interpretation Random error in real-world pack-year assessments leads to a substantial rate of misclassifying who should be offered CT screening if a ≥ 30-pack-year criterion is used. However, using a lung cancer risk threshold mitigates the impact of unreliable pack-year information. Decision-makers concerned about the impact of unreliable pack-year information should consider using risk-based approaches to CT screening.
Therapeutic Reconstitution of Human Viral Immunity by Adoptive Transfer of Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Clones

The fundamental role of a competent host T lymphocyte response for promoting the resolution of acute viral infections is supported by the severe and progressive infections observed in individuals with primary or acquired deficiencies of T cell function (Rosen et al. 1984a, b; Redfield et al. 1987; Englund et al. 1988; Ljungman et al. 1989). The critical immune response is comprised of CD8+ cytotoxic T cells (CTL) and CD4+ helper T cells (Th), which recognize degraded fragments of proteins derived from pathogens and presented in association with class I and class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, respectively (Braciale et al. 1987; Yewdell and Bennink 1990). CD8+ CTL function to eradicate viral infection by the direct lysis of infected cells and by the secretion of cytokines such as γ-interferon. The predominant function of CD4+ Th in the host response to infection is the production of cytokines, which in addition to direct antiviral effects facilitate the antiviral activities of macrophages, B cells, and other T cells including CD8+ CTL.
Improving the Quality of the TUSZ Corpus

The Temple University Hospital Seizure Detection Corpus (TUSZ) [1] has been in distribution since April 2017. It is a subset of the TUH EEG Corpus (TUEG) [2] and the most frequently requested corpus from our 3,000+ subscribers. It was recently featured as the challenge task in the Neureka 2020 Epilepsy Challenge [3]. A summary of the development of the corpus is shown below in Table 1.
A Comparison of Two Diabetes Self-Management Education Programs for the Reduction of Participant A1c Levels:

Purpose:Compare the effectiveness of two educational teaching methods for diabetic patients.Design:Quasi-experimental study comparing two interventions using a pretest/post-test design.Setting:Thre...
The Choice of Energy Mix at the Household Level: The Case of Sri Lanka

This paper seeks to analyze the choice of energy for cooking at the household level by using the Sri Lanka Household income and expenditure survey 2012/13. The study will identify based on the data analysis in the paper whether the energy ladder hypothesis exists in Sri Lanka at the household level.
Anaerobic Infections: Diagnosis and Management

Virulence of Anaerobic Bacteria. Anaerobes as Normal Flora. Diagnosis of Anaerobic Infections. Infections in Newborns. Central Nervous System Infections. Ocular Infections. Dental Infections. Head and Neck Infections. Ear, Nose and Throat Infections. Pulmonary Infections. Intra-Abdominal Infections. Pelvic Infections. Urinary Tract and Genital Infections. Cutaneous and Soft Tissue Abscesses and Infections. Surgical Wound Infections. Bite Infections. Bone and Joint Infections. Colitis. Cardiac Infections. Bacteremia. Botulism. Tetanus. Treatment of Anaerobic Infections
Imaging modality utilization trends in patients with stage III-IV oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma

The objective of this study is to establish the utilization trends of CT, MRI, and FDG-PET/CT for evaluation of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) patients. A total of 173 patients with newly diagnosed stage III or IV OPSCC between 2003 and 2009 were included. Frequency of imaging modality use, divided into four time periods (2003-04, 2005-06, 2007-08 and 2009), was evaluated. For initial staging, percentage of PET/CT use was 64.6%, 87.5%, 94.1% and 96.3%, with an increasing trend (p < 0.001). The CT (p = 0.762) and MRI (p = 0.224) use demonstrated no change in trend. For post-treatment imaging, percentage of PET/CT use was 59.5%, 68.6%, 89.7% and 100%, with an increasing trend (p < 0.001). The CT use demonstrated a decreasing trend (p = 0.004) and MRI showed no trend change (p = 0.231). PET/CT is used with an increasing trend for initial staging and has become a central imaging modality for follow up evaluation after treatment, for advanced OPSCC.
The role of the endothelial dependent relaxing factor in the regulation of cerebral circulation

It has recently been demonstrated that vessel dilation induced by several physiological agents is dependent on an intact vascular endothelium. In order to explain this endothelium dependence, it has been hypothesized that a still unknown chemical substance, generically named Endothelium Dependent Relaxing Factor (EDRF) is necessary for physiological vasodilation. The role of this EDRF in the cerebrovascular physiology is not yet well understood. In this article the cerebrovascular physiological control is reviewed in relationship with possible EDRF actions. The importance of endothelial lesions in the cerebrovascular responses is discussed.
Cyanobacteria in Geothermal Habitats

Recent advances in molecular biology enabled a much more detailed view of cyanobacteria that inhabit well-studied hot spring habitats. What seemed on the basis of microscopy and culture methods to be a relatively simple story became one which ismore complex. yet more ordered. For example. 16S rRNA studies of one well-studied Yellowstonehot spring cyanobacterial mat. often thought to be constructed by a single cosmopolitan Synechococcus species. revealed many cyanobacterial populations. most probably Synechococcus spp., whose genetic diversity is considerable.Some closely related populations exhibited orderly distributions along thermal and vertical gradients. and provided evidence that “speciation” of thermophilic cyanobacteria may have resulted. in part, from adaptive radiation of specialized ecotypes. These results correspond with previous descriptions of Synechococcus temperature “strains” cultivated from a well-studied Oregon hot spring mat, raising interesting questions which may be answered through molecular analysis. For example, are the same cyanobacteria found in geographically isolated springs, or does limited dispersal also cause divergence ofcyanobacteria with subsequent adaptive radiations in independent lineages? Advances in microelectrode technology provided detailed views of the vertical distribution and dynamics of light, oxygen and sulfide within the photic zone in such mats, which may range from ~0.5 mm to > 1 cm in thickness. These methods increased our knowledge of diel chemical changes within the mats, including the basis for dynamic migrations of motile cyanobacteria. Microelectrode studies ofone Yellowstone mat provided additional evidence for specialization of Synechococcus populations, and led to anew view of oxygenic photosynthesis in such habitats. Intensive localized photosynthesis strongly influences microenvironmental chemistry, whichin turnenhances photorespiration. While very active, these Synechococcus populations partition the majority ofphotosynthate into polyglucose, as opposed to macromolecules needed for growth. Photoexcretion of glycolate and dark fermentation of polyglucose result in a diel cross feeding of most of the fixed carbon to heterotrophs. Thorough investigation of a few hot spring systems, using both contemporary and traditional methods, is providing a more sophisticated view of the biodiversity, ecology and evolution of thermophilic cyanobacteria.
Simulation of Heavy Vehicle Dynamics

This paper gives a history of simulation of commercial vehicles, starting with early models and progressing to today's multibody models. This is followed by a discussion of the key questions faced by simulators. Finally, the paper presents a new method to postprocess results though video animation.
Discrimination Disguised: The Market Access Test of Article 34 TFEU

The European Court of Justice has, at times, utilized a market access test to determine whether a national measure has equivalent effect to a quantitative restriction (MEQR) on imports within the meaning of Article 34 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU). In this piece, I argue that the market access test is not really a pure market access test and, instead, relies heavily upon a discrimination criterion.
Agricultural Economists' Use of Classroom Economic Experiments

Economics belongs in everyone's education once we have learned how to teach it.—George J. StiglerResults are presented from a Web-based survey of instructors in agricultural economics and related departments about their use of, and attitudes about, classroom economic experiments.
KINEMATIC AND ELECTROMYOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF THE FUNCTIONAL ROLE OF THE BODY AXIS DURING TERRESTRIAL AND AQUATIC LOCOMOTION IN THE SALAMANDER AMBYSTOMA TIGRINUM

Summary Aquatic neotenic and terrestrial metamorphosed salamanders {Ambystoma tigrinum) were videotaped simultaneously with electromyographic (EMG) recording from five epaxial myotomes along the animal's trunk during swimming in a flow tank and trotting on a treadmill to investigate axial function during aquatic and terrestrial locomotion. Neotenic and metamorphosed individuals swim using very similar axial wave patterns, despite significant differences in axial morphology. During swimming, both forms exhibit traveling waves of axial flexion and muscle activity, with an increasing EMG-mechanical delay as these waves travel down the trunk. In contrast to swimming, during trotting metamorphosed individuals exhibit a standing wave of axial flexion produced by synchronous activation of ipsilateral epaxial myotomes along the trunk. Thus, metamorphosed individuals employ two distinct axial motor programs - one used during swimming and one used during trotting. The transition from a traveling axial wave during swimming to a standing axial wave during trotting in A. tigrinum may be an appropriate analogy for similar transitions in axial locomotor function during the original evolution of terrestriality in early tetrapods.
Transverse Acoustic Spectroscopy of Superfluid 3He in Compressed Aerogel

The unique nanoporous structure of aerogel provides a rare opportunity to study the role of anisotropic disorder on an anisotropic superfluid 3He. It has been proposed that uniaxial deformation of compliant aerogel would induce global anisotropy and a few compelling effects of global anisotropy on nature of the superfluid phases have been predicted. We measured high frequency shear acoustic impedance in superfluid 3He at 32 bar in a commercially available 98% porosity aerogel under uniaxial compression. At 5% compression, we found evidence of an A-like phase stabilized in a wider temperature width than the A-like phase in uncompressed aerogel.
The association of selected hair minerals and anthropometric factors with blood pressure in a normotensive adult population

Abstract Associations of hair mineral (Cu, Zn, Na, K, Ca, Mg, Pb, Cd, and Cr) concentrations with blood pressure in a young normotensive population were studied (N=74). Other factors that may be associated with blood pressure such as sex, age, and weight/height index were evaluated. Age and weight/height index were positively correlated with systolic and diastolic pressures in males. Weight/height index was positively correlated with diastolic pressures in females. Hair sodium/potassium ratios were negatively correlated with diastolic pressures in males. In females, systolic and pulse pressures were negatively correlated with hair sodium, hair copper, and hair copper/zinc ratios. Hair calcium/magnesium ratios were positively correlated with pulse pressures in females. Hair lead, chronium, and cadmium did not correlate with blood pressure. Partial regression coefficients indicated similar relationships for age, weight/height index, sex, and hair mineral concentrations with blood pressure. This suggested hair mineral concentration associations were independent of other factors studied. Standardized partial regression coefficients suggested in some cases that hair mineral concentrations had an equivalent or a stronger association with blood pressure than age, sex, or weight/height index. The negative relationship of hair copper and copper/zinc ratios with blood pressure is discussed in relation to the hypothesis concerning copper and zinc imbalances in the etiology of coronary heart disease.
Separation of carotenoids in turf bermuda grasses by high performance liquid chromatography

Abstract A simple, rapid high-performance liquid chromatographic method has been developed to separate and quantify the major carotenoids present in turf Bermuda grasses ( Cynodon dactylon ) without isomerization and oxidation. A reversed-phase isocratic solvent system of water—acetonitrile—chloroform (2:83:15) provided a clear separation of neoxanthin, violaxanthin, lutein and β-carotene. Separation occurred within 10 min with detection at 470 nm and a sensitivity at 0.01 a.u.f.s. β- apo -8′-Carotenal was used as an internal standard to quantify all the compounds. This method was found to be very reproducible with coefficients of variation less than 3% in 5 sample analyses. The amount of neoxanthin, violaxanthin, lutein and β-carotene in turf Bermuda grasses was 106, 127, 535 and 253 μ/g, respectively.
Local influenza-like illness surveillance at a university health system during the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic.

Background The 2009 novel H1N1 influenza epidemic generated interest in regional and national influenza surveillance methods. Some systems revamped traditional syndromic and laboratory surveillance techniques, whereas others tracked influenza by Internet-based searches or other unique methods. We hypothesized that an influenza-like illness (ILI) surveillance system at a single university hospital would be accurate and useful for monitoring local influenza activity and impact. Methods We developed a system of ILI surveillance at 8 sentinel sites associated with a university health care system before the pandemic 2009-10 influenza season. Most sentinel sites used a symptom-based definition of ILI, whereas others used electronic medical records-based definitions. Results Results of the local ILI surveillance network correlated well with the onset and peak of the influenza season compared with state and regional ILI data, closely approximated cases of microbiologically confirmed influenza, demonstrated early onset of illness in one site in the sentinel site network, and were available several days sooner than data from existing surveillance systems. Conclusions Local influenza surveillance at a single-institution level provided timely, useful, and accurate information, which helped guide resource utilization during the pandemic influenza season. The system was an important supplement to state and regional influenza surveillance.
The topside ionosphere at mid-latitudes during local sunrise.

Abstract Electron-density and scale height distributions obtained from more than 1000 Alouette I ionograms have been used to study the structure and variations of the mid-latitude topside ionosphere during the sunrise period from 21 May to 4 July 1963. With the assumption that the ionosphere is in a state of diffusive equilibrium, the scale heights are interpreted in terms of combined electron and ion temperature distributions and relative ion concentrations. During the overall sunrise period, there was a strong latitudinal variation of the electron density and scale height altitude distributions. It was the latitudinal scale height distribution which determined the effects of solar zenith angle variations at specific latitudes on the temperature and ion mass distributions. For latitudes south of ~55°N geomagnetic latitude, scale height variations due to solar zenith angle changes are interpreted in terms of temperature increases and mean ion mass changes. For latitudes north of ~55°N, however, these variations are characterized by temperature increases mostly. The electron densities at fixed topside altitudes decreased with increasing illumination at all altitudes and latitudes until about ground sunrise.
Trapping force calibration in biological applications of optical tweezers

In this work we analyzed the calibration of optical trapping forces. One calibration technique utilizes the controlled motion of a trapped object in a fluid with known viscosity where the trapping force is calculated from the Stokes’ Law based on inertia-free assumptions (i.e., neglecting velocity and acceleration of the trapped object). In our study, we calculated the displacement of the trapped object from the trapping center using Fourier analysis of the equation of motion. Waveforms of different frequencies were used both in theoretical modeling and experiments to control the motion of the trapped object in an aqueous solution. Calibration data obtained experimentally were compared to theoretical results. The dynamic analysis of the trapped object showed that trapping force can significantly differ from theoretically predicted values under inertia-free assumptions. Various factors including type of the waveform used to control the motion of a trapped object during calibration, its frequency, viscosity of the calibration fluid, mass and dimensions of the trapped object, stiffness of the optical trap and frequency response of the equipment used to control the motion of the trapped object contribute to the differences.
The family's viewpoint of chronic pain

Abstract An identical questionnaire was administered separately to 100 chronic pain patients and a close family member of each. The majority of patients and relatives agreed on the answers to these questions about the pain problem. Highest congruency between patient and relative was associated with cases in which there were management problems and an ultimately poor treatment result. Rather than reflecting excellent communication between patient and relative, this appears to indicate an undesirable mutuality. Patient answers indicate to us as examiners that their pain is greater than they have revealed to relatives, yet the relatives say the patient is showing more than he realizes.
Nonrelational processing of a sequential duration discrimination by pigeons

Pigeons were trained on a conditional discrimination involving signal duration. Red and green keylights were presented in succession for different durations. The pigeons were then allowed to choose between the two colors, and responding to the color that had appeared for either the shorter or the longer duration was reinforced. Following acquisition, probe trials were presented in which only one color appeared. Performance on these trials indicated that the pigeons had not learned to process the two duration signals in a relational manner, but instead based responding exclusively on the color with longer duration. Implications for the study of representation in animals are considered.
Growth and macromolecular synthesis phenotypes of a heat-sensitive mutant strain, rip-1, of Neurospora crassa

A heat-sensitive mutant of Neurospora crassa, strain 4M(t), was isolated using ultraviolet-light mutagenesis followed by the inositol-less death enrichment technique. The heat-sensitivity is the result of a single gene mutation which maps to the distal end of the right arm of linkage group II. The mutation defines the rip-1 gene locus. Both conidial germination and mycelial extension are inhibited in the mutant at 35°C and above (the nonpermissive temperature) but prolonged incubation at that temperature is not lethal to either cell type. Analysis of the lateral mycelial growth rates of wild type and of the rip-1 mutant at a variety of temperatures between 10 and 40°C indicated that the maximal growth rate occurs at 35°C in the wild type, and at 25°C in the rip-1 strain. The rip-1 mutant grows 239-times slower at 35°C than at 25°C, whereas the wild type grows 1.4-times faster. Temperature shift-up experiments showed that even 3 h at 20°C is not sufficient to allow germination at 37°C, thereby showing that the mutant cannot accumulate enough heat-sensitive product at the permissive temperature to contribute to germination at 37°C. The reciprocal temperature shift-down experiments showed that the molecular events at 37°C may be qualitatively useful for germination after shifting to 20°C. Studies of macromolecular synthesis showed that the biochemical defect in the heat-sensitive strain appears to affect RNA synthesis before protein synthesis, although there were differences in the relative effects depending on the age of the germinating conidia and the inhibition of the two processes was never complete. Messenger RNA synthesis is normal in the mutant at 37°C. Previous work has shown that the rip-1 mutant strain has a conditional defect in the accumulation of 25S rRNA and, hence, in 60S ribosomal subunit production (Loo et al. 1981). There are also indications from those studies that the 60S ribosomal subunit may be functionally impaired at the higher temperature. Thus, the growth and macromolecular synthesis phenotypes may result as a consequence of a conditional, ribosome function defect and leads to the hypothesis that the mutation in the rip-1 strain may be in a gene for a 60S ribosomal subunit component, perhaps a ribosomal protein.
A comparison of reanalyses in the tropical stratosphere. Part 3: inclusion of the pre-satellite data era

In this study, previous evaluations of the monthly mean structure of the tropical lower stratosphere in reanalyzed datasets are extended to include the period 1958–1978, when no satellite-based observations were available. It is shown that a large discontinuity, in temperatures near the tropical tropopause, in the NCEP data occurred when the Tiros Operational Vertical Sounder (TOVS) became operational. When only rawinsonde data were available, the tropopause temperatures in the NCEP dataset are in better agreement with ERA data for TOVS period. Both NCEP and NASA reanalyses show similar deviations from the ERA data in the TOVS renalyses show similar deviations from the ERA data in the TOVS period. There is also a stepwise change in the lower stratospheric meridional velocity when the TOVS data were introduced into the NCEP reanalyses. This discontinuity is such that in the 1958–1978 period, the annual cycle in zonal mean meridional velocity in the NCEP data resembles that of the ERA data in the 1979–1993 period. The differences are shown to result from large changes in the local meridional flow in the Indonesian region. The temporal consistency of the QBO is examined; it is shown that the NCEP assimilation system is sensitive to the data available. There is a change in the zonally asymmetric structure of the zonal wind over time, presumably related to the changes in input data and the inability of the model to represent the three-dimensional structure of the tropical lower stratosphere. These results provide further evidence of the value of rawinsonde data in data assimilation systems as well as the need to use satellite radiance data in an appropriate manner.
Generalized parton distributions, nucleon form factors, and large-t processes

The connection of generalized parton distributions (GPDs) to processes at large momentum transfer (high-t), and the links between GPDs and elastic nucleon form factors are discussed here. These links, in the form of sum rules, represent powerful constraints on parametrizations of GPDs. A Regge parameterization for the GPDs at small-t, which is surprisingly observed from the chiral quark soliton model results, is extended to the large-t region and it is found to catch the basic features of proton and neutron electromagnetic form factor data. It is furthermore discussed how these GPDs at large-t enter into two-photon exchange processes and resolve the discrepancy between Rosenbluth and polarization experiments of elastic electron nucleon scattering.