cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sensitivity of PBL model predictions to model design and uncertainties in environmental inputs

A simple time-dependent one-dimensional model of the planetary boundary layer (PBL) is described and used to examine the degree to which model design decisions affect model output variables. The model's sensitivity to changes in the environmental conditions is also explored. Averages of the surface fluxes, near-ground wind speeds and other PBL properties from 48 h simulations are compared to control runs. The model-calculated surface fluxes are most sensitive, in decreasing order of importance, to the vertical grid spacing, the form of closure between the surface temperature and the atmosphere, the use of vertical diffusivity smoothing, the choice of maximum time step and choice of turbulence closure scheme. These fluxes are relatively insensitive to mixing-length scaling or choice of implicit time step weighting factor. Sensitivity to changes in soil type exceeds any of the design criteria tested. The modeled fluxes are moderately sensitive to small variations in the horizontal pressure gradient, to unsteadiness in the geostrophic wind and to variations in surface roughness. They are relatively insensitive to uncertainties in local vertical velocities and small (25%) variations applied separately to soil thermal diffusivity or heat capacity. The sensitivity of the average PBL depth (Zi) to model and environmental changes are similar to those of surface fluxes except thatZi is more sensitive to changes in mixing length, albedo and imposed vertical velocity then are the surface fluxes.
Is the gender difference in peak VO2 greater for arm than leg exercise

Based on observations that the difference between men and women in estimates of arm musculature is greater than the difference in leg musculature, it was hypothesized that the gender difference in peak oxygen uptake ( $$\dot V_{O_2 }$$ ; l · min−1) would be greater for arm exercise than leg exercise. To test this hypothesis, 19 (10 men, 9 women) highly trained swimmers (HT) and 20 (10 men, 10 women) untrained students (UT) were tested for peak Vo2 on cycle and arm-crank ergometers. Arm and leg fat-free volumes (FFV) were measured to provide an estimate of muscle distribution. No gender difference was observed in either the arm-to-leg peak $$\dot V_{O_2 }$$ ratio (0.699 for the men vs 0.696 for the women) or in the arm-to-leg FFV ratio (0.410 for the men vs 0.402 for the women). Although the proportion of musculature in the arms as assessed by the FFV appeared to be the same in men and women, the similarity in muscle distribution was probably not responsible for the identical average arm-to-leg peak $$\dot V_{O_2 }$$ ratios. The variance in the muscle distribution accounted for only 2–4% of the variance in the arm-to-leg peak $$\dot V_{O_2 }$$ differences within individuals. We conclude that factors other than arm and leg muscle dimensions account for the variability in the arm-to-leg peak $$\dot V_{O_2 }$$ ratio and that the gender difference in peak $$\dot V_{O_2 }$$ is the same for arm and leg exercise.
Follicular lymphomas and histiocytic/dendritic neoplasms related?

The rarity of dendritic-cell tumors and the little that is known about their pathogenesis makes them a fascinating subject. The availability of new methodologies to confirm dendritic-cell lineage and awareness of the broadening morphologic spectrum have resulted in wider recognition of this tumor. There are no known etiologic factors, although cases with features of inflammatory pseudotumor have been associated with the Epstein-Barr virus, and there is an association with Castleman disease of the hyaline vascular type.1 In the cases associated with Castleman disease, dendritic cells proliferate outside of the follicles and form clusters and sheets, suggesting that the neoplasm has evolved from the follicles. In an earlier study, Nayer et al showed clonal cytogenetic abnormalities and Bcl2 rearrangement with t(14;18) in a case of interdigitating dendritic-cell sarcoma. 2 Now, Feldman and colleagues report on a group of patients with both follicular lymphoma and histiocytic sarcoma, including 5 derived from follicular dendritic cells and 1 interdigitating dendritic-cell sarcoma. The sarcomas were synchronous in all but 3 of the 8 tumors, which developed up to 12 years after the follicular lymphomas. In no case did the histiocytic/dendritic-cell (H/DC) tumor precede the onset of lymphoma. Molecular studies, which were performed on all 8 of the tumor pairs, provide convincing evidence of a clonal relationship between these apparently disparate neoplasms. All of the H/DC neoplasms showed t(14;18) by fluorescent in situ hybridization. Polymerase chain reaction sequencing identified identical IgH rearrangements and Bcl2 gene breakpoints in all patient tumor pairs that could be tested. Follicular dendritic-cell sarcoma with syncytial proliferation of spindle cells. Note the characteristic sprinkling of lymphocytes within the tumor. The inset shows the ultrastructural appearance of dendritic cells with villous cell processes and prominent ... Plasticity between myeloid cells and dendritic cells is well known, and Paquette et al have shown that myeloid cells can be induced to differentiate into dendritic cells with interferon alpha.3 It now appears that a similar lack of lineage fidelity can occur between neoplastic lymphoid cells and H/DCs. Although this is a small group of patients, these findings have obvious implications for transforming events including clonal evolution and development of secondary neoplasms in patients with common types of low-grade lymphoma.
Capsule commentary on Stevens et al., primary care medical home experience and health-related quality of life among adult Medicaid patients with type 2 diabetes.

The U.S. healthcare system can be characterized as providing low value; it is very expensive compared to the outcomes it achieves. One recent system reform is the patient-centered medical home (PCMH), a model of care delivery that emphasizes access, comprehensiveness, and integration into the family and community to improve the health of people and populations.1 Full adoption of the PCMH model is stymied by the current payment system that emphasizes procedures and office visits. Full adoption of PCMH models has occurred only in capitated systems (such as the DOD and the VA) or as a payment reform experiment in limited markets. Unfortunately for those wanting data on PCMH outcomes, most pilots lack adequate evaluation plans.2 The National Committee for Quality Assurance (NCQA) has developed criteria for recognizing practices that have adopted PCMH principles, and several studies have found that adoption of these principles improves patients’ satisfaction with their experience, although data regarding the impact on health outcomes has been limited.3 Stevens et al.4 attempt to help inform that debate by providing evidence that practices with a greater number of PCMH features, as defined by the NCQA, have had better health-related quality of life among diabetics. This type of research is important; proof that drastic reform of our primary care health care system could result in improved quality of care at comparable costs and with improved patient satisfaction would help build a case for the types of payment reform required to adopt the PCMH model. Unfortunately, the type of research that would settle the question would be difficult to accomplish; practices that have greater PCMH-like features likely have other confounding characteristics that might affect patient outcomes. Many of the principles of PCMH are at the heart of good primary care. Care that is comprehensive, coordinated, continuous, and longitudinal is a goal nearly all primary care providers strive to achieve, regardless of the fragmented and contrary health systems they may find themselves in.
Time allocation and the evolution of group size

Group size is a core trait defining social systems, social complexity and social structure, so understanding group-size evolution is critical to understanding the evolution of sociality. Traditional views of group-size evolution focus on ecological factors such as predation risk and physical resources, but the additional factor of time has remained largely unexplored. Time is a valuable limited resource for all animals, and its partitioning both is influenced by sociality and may constrain sociality. Time allocation may in fact be an important mechanism through which predation risk, resource needs and other factors influence the evolution of group size. Classic group-size and time-use hypotheses make no consistent evolutionary predictions, so comparative analyses are necessary to determine which of the predicted processes are active on broad evolutionary scales. To evaluate these predictions, we conducted a comparative study using 50 species of diurnal primates as a model taxon for cohesive group-living animals. The evolution of group size was correlated with time spent resting, even after controlling for life-history variables such as body mass and diet type. We suggest that constraints on time allocation should be better integrated into models of the causes and consequences of sociality and that these constraints may have implications for conservation.
Responses to corporate versus individual wrongdoing

For many years, researchers assumed that the public was indifferent to corporate wrongdoing, but recent surveys have discovered evidence to the contrary. Taking insights from these data a step further, this study employed an experimental design to examine whether people responded differently to corporate versus individual wrongdoers. We varied the identity of the central actor in a scenario involving harm to workers. Half the respondents were informed that a corporation caused the harm; the remainder were told that an individual did so. Respondents applied a higher standard of responsibility to the corporate actor. For identical actions, the corporation was judged as more reckless and more morally wrong than the individual. Respondents' judgments of the greater recklessness of the corporation led them to recommend higher civil and criminal penalties against the corporation.
Binarization of camera-captured document using A MAP approach

Document binarization is one of the initial and critical steps for many document analysis systems. Nowadays, with the success and popularity of hand-held devices, large efforts are motivated to convert documents into digital format by using hand-held cameras. In this paper, we propose a Bayesian based maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimation algorithm to binarize the camera-captured document images. A novel adaptive segmentation surface estimation and normalization method is proposed as the preprocessing step in our work and followed by a Markov Random Field based refine procedure to remove noises and smooth binarized result. Experimental results show that our method has better performance than other algorithms on bad or uneven illumination document images.
Maximum entropy chromatogram reconstruction

Maximum entropy has been successfully applied to problems of optical images and NMR spectroscopy. In this paper, we present the results of maximum entropy deconvolution applied to simulated and real chromatographic data. A brief theoretical discussion is given. The technique is tested both qualitatively and quantitatively using simulated data. Peak resolution can be dramatically improved but quantitative accuracy is limited. The technique is applied to a re-analysis of Pioneer Venus chromatographic data and to storage column data.
Neuronal Controls of a Behavioral Response Mediated by the Abdominal Ganglion of Aplysia

Tactile stimulation of the siphon and mantle shelf in Aplysia causes a characteristic withdrawal response of the external organs of the mantle cavity. A similar response also occurs spontaneously. Both responses are mediated by the abdominal ganglion and therefore provide an opportunity for correlating cellular functioning and behavior in a relatively simple and well-studied neuronal system. The withdrawal responses are controlled by five identified motor cells which receive two types of synaptic inputs. One set of excitatory connections, activated by tactile stimulation of the siphon and mantle shelf, mediates the defensive withdrawal reflex. A second set of connections is activated by a spontaneous burst of activity in a group of closely coupled interneurons which are excitatory to some of the motor cells and inhibitory to the others. This second set of connections mediates the spontaneous withdrawal response. These two inputs can therefore switch the same population of motor cells from a simple reflex to a more complex, internally organized response.
PEPTIDES BIND TO EOSINOPHILS IN THE RAT STOMACH

Background: An immunological role for eosinophils has been well established. However, roles for eosinophils in the physiological functions of the organs they populate are little explored. Methods: Fixed, frozen, then vibratomed sections of rat stomach were exposed to biotinylated 1-17 gastrin (bG17), biotinylated gastrin-releasing peptide (bGRP), biotinylated neuromedin C (bNC), biotinylated vasoac- tive intestinal peptide (bVIP), and biotinylated substance P (bSP). Bind- ing sites were identified using an avidin-biotin-glucose oxidase complex and tetranitroblue tetrazolium staining. Results: bG17, bGRP, and bNC all bound to cells in the lamina propria and to a lesser extent in the submucosa. Neither bVIP nor bSP bound to cells in these sections. Stained cells were identified as eosinophils in the light microscope on the basis of their distribution and staining properties using the Luna stain for eosinophils and in the transmission electron microscope (TEM) on the basis of a light/TEM matching process. Plastic sections viewed in the light microscope showed that stain was localized to a granular component in the cytoplasm of the eosinophils. No other cell type, specifically neither mast cells nor plasma cells, stained. G17 com- peted for the bG17 binding site better than did NC. A competition study in which polyglutamic acid failed to compete with bG17 for the binding site, and the observation that bG17, bGRP, and bNC did not bind to other positively charged sites (e.g., collagen, red blood corpuscles), demon- strated that binding was not due to nonspecific electrostatic interactions alone. Binding of bG17 to a CCKB/gastrin-type receptor was ruled out when specific receptor antagonists failed to block binding. Conclusions: The particulate nature of the binding site suggests a secretory substance. If so, eosinophils might use that substance to destroy, neutralize, or control the activity of peptide hormones bound to it in the extracellular space. Anat. Rec. 250:172-181, 1998. r 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Seaglider observations of equatorial Indian Ocean Rossby waves associated with the Madden-Julian Oscillation

During the CINDY–DYNAMO field campaign of September 2011–January 2012, a Seaglider was deployed at 80°E and completed 10 north-south sections between 3 and 4°S, measuring temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen concentration, and chlorophyll fluorescence. These high-resolution subsurface observations provide insight into equatorial ocean Rossby wave activity forced by three Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) events during this time period. These Rossby waves generate variability in temperature O(1°C), salinity O(0.2 g kg−1), density O(0.2 kg m−3), and oxygen concentration O(10 μmol kg−1), associated with 10 m vertical displacements of the thermocline. The variability extends down to 1000 m, the greatest depth of the Seaglider observations, highlighting the importance of surface forcing for the deep equatorial ocean. The temperature variability observed by the Seaglider is greater than that simulated in the ECCO-JPL reanalysis, especially at depth. There is also marked variability in chlorophyll fluorescence at the surface and at the depth of the chlorophyll maximum. Upwelling from Rossby waves and local wind stress curl leads to an enhanced shoaling of the chlorophyll maximum by 10–25 m in response to the increased availability of nutrients and light. This influence of the MJO on primary production via equatorial ocean Rossby waves has not previously been recognized.
A biochemical approach to periodontal regeneration: tetracycline treatment of dentin promotes fibroblast adhesion and growth

One objective of periodontal therapy after resolution of the infectious process is to facilitate a new connective tissue attachment to the root dentin surface. Here we report that a selective advantage for attachment and growth can be conferred on human gingival fibroblasts by biochemical manipulation of the dentin surface. Tetracycline HCL treatment of the dentin surface increases binding of fibronectin. The adsorbed fibronectin stimulates fibroblast attachment and growth, while suppressing epithelial cell attachment and growth. This biochemical manipulation may provide a useful approach for the treatment of periodontally involved teeth.
Reactions of furanoside epoxides: the preparation of bromohydrins from methyl 5-O-acetyl-2,3-anhydro-α(and β)-D-lyxofuranoside

Abstract The reaction of anhydrous magnesium bromide with methyl 5-O-acetyl-2,3-anhydro-β- D -lyxofuranoside results in a mixture of methyl 5-O-acetyl-2-bromo-2-deoxy-β- D -xylofuranoside and methyl 5-O-acetyl-3-bromo-3-deoxy-β- D -arabinofuranoside, with the D -xyloside preponderating. These results contrast with the results of normal nucleophilic opening of an anhydro-β- D -lyxofuranoside, where attack at C-3 predominates to give a D -arabinofuranoside; the reaction represents the second example of predominant attack at C-2, to give a D -xyloside. The reaction of anhydrous magnesium bromide with methyl 5-O-acetyl-2,3-anhydro-α- D -lyxofuranoside follows the normal course, and methyl 5-O-acetyl-3-bromo-α- D -arabinofuranoside was the only product observed.
Identifying MicroRNAs Involved in Aging of the Lateral Wall of the Cochlear Duct

Age-related hearing loss is a progressive sensorineural hearing loss that occurs during aging. Degeneration of the organ of Corti and atrophy of the lateral wall of the cochlear duct (or scala media) in the inner ear are the two primary causes. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), a class of short non-coding RNAs that regulate the expression of mRNA/protein targets, are important regulators of cellular senescence and aging. We examined miRNA gene expression profiles in the lateral wall of two mouse strains, along with exploration of the potential targets of those miRNAs that showed dynamic expression during aging. We show that 95 and 60 miRNAs exhibited differential expression in C57 and CBA mice during aging, respectively. A majority of downregulated miRNAs are known to regulate pathways of cell proliferation and differentiation, while all upregulated miRNAs are known regulators in the pro-apoptotic pathways. By using apoptosis-related gene array and bioinformatic approaches to predict miRNA targets, we identify candidate miRNA-regulated genes that regulate apoptosis pathways in the lateral wall of C57 and CBA mice during aging.
Automatic model generation for production-distribution systems using natural language

Simulation is a powerful tool for system analysis and decision sup port. Managers need sophisticated simulation tools to support time-critical decisions. This paperpresents an intelligent simula tion environment which provides the manager with analytical sup port through a user friendly interface. Using natural language, the user can build system dynamics simulation models. The applica tion domain is multi-level production distribution systems. DYNAMO code for the model is automatically generated.
Observations on the solubility of surfactants and related molecules in carbon dioxide at 50°C

Abstract Qualitative observations regarding the solubility of over 130 surfactants and related molecules in carbon dioxide at 50 °C and pressures of ∼ 100–500 bar are presented. The solubility properties of some surfactant classes are discussed. Related comments on the behavior of the surfactant/carbon dioxide systems when water is added, regarding the possibility of microemulsion formation, are also presented.
Sacroiliitis in the Old Order Amish.

In a study designed to clarify the relationship of HLA-B27 and sacroiliitis, 45 members of seven Old Order Amish families were thoroughly evaluated for sacroiliitis. The primary study group was three sibs who carried HLA-B27 and three of their other sibs who inherited the alternate non-B27 haplotype, their spouses and offspring. The seventh B27 positive family was more distantly related. The study was undertaken with no prior knowledge of disease in these families. These families represented all the B27-positive subjects who had been ascertained up to the time the study began. In these selected families, 24% of the members were found to have sacroiliitis, irrespective of whether they were B27 positive. Analysis of the relevance of HLA to disease in this kindred was confounded by the presence of Bw39 and B17, antigens associated with psoriatic arthritis. However, not all B27-negative cases possessed one or both of these specificities. Rather than clarifying the relationship of B27 to disease, this study, in a highly consanguineous kindred, indicated that other nonlinked loci may be epistatic to B27, that other HLA alleles may be involved, or that certain causes are more prevalent in the Amish than in the non-Amish population.
Computer-driven display facilities for an experimental computer-based library

Project Intrex (information transfer experiments) is a program of research and experiments intended to provide a foundation for the design of future information-transfer systems. The library of the future is conceived as a computer-based communications network, but at this time we do not know enough details about such a network to design it. Lacking are the necessary experimental facts, especially in the area of user's interaction with such a system. To discover these facts, we want to conduct experiments not only in the laboratory, but above all, in the real-life environment of a useful operating library.
Characteristics of wave packets in the upper troposphere. Part I : Northern Hemisphere winter

Abstract Gridded data produced by the ECMWF reanalysis project have been analyzed to document the properties of wave packets in the Northern Hemisphere winter midlatitude upper troposphere. Based on results from earlier investigations, 300-hPa meridional wind variations were chosen for analysis. Wave packet envelopes were also defined by performing complex demodulation on the wind data. The properties of the wave packets are mainly illustrated using time-lagged one-point correlation maps performed both on υ′ and wave packet envelopes. The results show that, over most regions in the Northern Hemisphere winter, with the exception of the deep Tropics and near the Aleutian low, medium-scale waves (dominant wavenumber 5–8) exhibit the characteristics of downstream development and occur within wave trains that propagate with eastward group velocities much faster than the phase speeds of individual phases of the waves. Their group velocity is highly correlated with the local time mean 200–400-hPa wind, while the...
System design for spectrally encoded video-rate near infrared tomography during magnetic resonance imaging of the breast

Video rate diffuse tomography can be implemented within the magnetic resonance breast exam. The following paper outlines the basics of a spectrally encoded source set up, being designed and tested for use in breast imaging within a specialized breast surface coil. The system design maximizes input power to the breast, while confining the spectrum to a 10 nm bandwidth of near-infrared light. The center spectral band can be varied, since it is supplied by a tunable Ti:Sapphire laser. The encoding of each source is achieved by splitting the signal into individual nanometer bands through a high resolution grating, and focusing the output of this into each source fiber. This source configuration then requires spectral detection at the output, and so each detection fiber is delivered to a high resolution spectrometer to resolve the detected intensities. Breast imaging with this system has some subtle dynamic range issues, which means that light from sources farthest from the detector pickup are likely not providing useful data, but the closest 4-6 fibers near each source can provide useful data. The implementation of this is being carried out within a magnetic resonance breast array, and initial testing of the signals is shown, along with diagrams and photographs of the system configuration.
Optimal Design of Conductor Clamps Based on Abaqus

Three dimensional models and finite element models of conductor clamps are built in software Solidworks and Abaqus. Different forces are loaded on finite element model of conductor clamps to obtain distributions of stress and displacement. Optimal design of conductor clamps is performed with finite element analysis and field test data. The results show that optimal design scheme achieves optimal target.
Modeling, design, and control of 6-DoF flexure-based parallel mechanisms for vibratory manipulation

Abstract Small amplitude periodic motion of a 6-degree-of-freedom (DoF) rigid plate causes rigid parts on the surface to slide under the influence of friction as if immersed in a configuration-dependent velocity field. A plate whose motion is fully programmable is therefore a simple yet versatile manipulator. To develop such a manipulator, this paper addresses the design and control of a 6-DoF parallel mechanism intended for small-amplitude, high frequency vibration. We derive a linear model for the class of parallel mechanisms consisting of a rigid plate coupled to linear actuators through flexures. Using this model, we discuss manipulator design geared toward either universal parts feeding or single task automation. The design process is formulated as a constrained optimization over a design space that includes the geometry of the manipulator (actuator orientations and flexure attachment points) and the viscoelastic properties of the flexures. Finally, we present a frequency-based iterative learning controller for tracking periodic plate acceleration trajectories in R 6 for all designs. Experimental data collected from our PPOD2 manipulator is used to validate the model and demonstrate the performance of the controller.
The effect of prepartum intravaginal bacteriophage administration on the incidence of retained placenta and metritis.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of prepartum intravaginal administration of an anti-Escherichia coli bacteriophage cocktail on uterine health and reproductive performance of lactating dairy cows. The study was conducted on a commercial dairy farm located near Ithaca, New York, from March to September 2012, and 107 cows were enrolled. The cows were divided randomly into 2 groups (treatment and control); treatment group cows were submitted to 3 intravaginal administrations of 20 mL of a bacteriophage cocktail including 10 different phages in a lysate with titration of approximately 10 9 plaque-forming units, on d 230, 260, and 275 of gestation. Control cows were not treated with a placebo, and physical examination and sample collection was conducted equally for both groups. Vaginal swabs were collected at d 230, 260, and 275 d of gestation, cervical swabs were collected at 3 ± 1 d in milk, and blood was collected at 275 d of gestation for nonesterified fatty acids and interleukin (IL)-6 serum level measurements and at 10 DIM for β-hydroxybutyrate and IL-6 serum level measurements. The bacteriophage cocktail significantly increased the incidence of retained placenta and metritis. Swab samples were cultured for E. coli and no difference was found between treatment and control groups. The lysate contained 6 × 10 9 IU of lipopolysaccharide/mL and could have caused prepartum overstimulation of toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4)-chemokine pathway, leading to a weaker immune response. However, IL-6 was not affected by treatment, although sample size was insufficient to prove a treatment effect on the suppression of the chemokine cascade and innate immune system. Bacteriophage treatment had an excellent bactericidal effect in previous in vitro trials; however, special attention must be given to production of the cocktail to obtain a purified solution free of E. coli bacterial products and fragments, particularly lipopolysaccharide.
On Reconstructing School Segregation: The Efficacy and Equity of Single-Sex Schooling.

Abstract A change to Title IX has spurred new single-sex public schooling in the US. Until recently, nearly all gender-segregated schools were private, and comprehensive data for public school comparisons are not yet available. To investigate the effects of single-sex education, I focus on within private sector comparisons, and additionally address selection bias using an index comparing expectations to outcomes and quantile regressions. Compared to graduates from private coed schools, girls’ school alumnae are no more likely to pursue college degrees, and both genders are less likely to meet their own educational expectations. However, single-sex schooling may support gender equity, as single-sex schools yield the least segregated college major choices. On the other hand, higher mean starting salaries among single-sex school graduates do not persistent in regression results. Much of the benefit from single-sex schooling accrues to students already likely to succeed, but selection bias does not explain all gains. There are some benefits for African-American men and low income students.
RESPONSES OF THE HUMAN OVARY TO GONADOTROPIC PRINCIPLES

The ovarian responses to gonadotropic principles have not been the same in any two species of animals investigated. Varying degrees of luteinization of mature follicles with no constancy of ovulation have been observed in the immature mouse following injections of these principles. In the ovaries of the immature rat after similar injections there occurred cystic follicles with little evidence of luteinization. In the rabbit there were cystic and often hemorrhagic follicles. Intravenous injections of these principles produce ovulation in the mature rabbit. Corpora lutea were not produced in the ovaries of the immature Macacus monkey by the use of a single extract, but Engle (1) observed their occurrence following subcutaneous injections of a gonadotropic extract prepared from the anterior lobe of the pituitary followed by the intravenous administration of this extract and a similar one from pregnancy urine. Studies of the ovaries of the human (2) following the use of pregnancy urine extract and after a gon...
Atomistic sliding mechanisms of the Σ=5 symmetric tilt grain boundary in bcc iron

Atomistic computer simulations were performed to investigate the mechanisms of grain-boundary sliding in bcc Fe using molecular statics and molecular dynamics with embedded-atom method interatomic potentials. For this study we have chosen the Σ = 5, (310)[001] symmetrical tilt boundary with tilt angle θ = 36.9°. Sliding was determined to be governed by grain-boundary dislocation activity with Burgers vectors belonging to the displacement shift complete lattice. The sliding process was found to occur through the nucleation and glide of partial grain-boundary dislocations, with a secondary grain-boundary structure playing an important role in the sliding process. Interstitial impurities and vacancies were introduced into the grain boundary to study their role as nucleation sites for the grain-boundary dislocations. While vacancies and H interstitials act as preferred nucleation sites, C interstitials to not.
When is sex environmentally determined

THERE are several sex determining mechanisms which produce two sexes in a population (dioecy or gonochorism)1–5. In many of these, the offspring's sex is determined at or before conception, as in male or female heterogamety. In several organisms, however, the offspring's sex is determined later than conception, by some environmental influence upon the offspring. We consider here why these environmental mechanisms have been maintained; that is, why have they not been replaced with an alternative system that determines sex at conception? We propose that labile sex determination (not fixed at conception) is favoured by natural selection when an individual's fitness (as a male or female) is strongly influenced by environmental conditions and where the individual has little control over which environment it will experience. Our argument also applies to sex expression in hermaphrodites6,7.
Active and passive Na+ fluxes across the basolateral membrane of rabbit urinary bladder

The apical membrane of rabbit urinary bladder can be functionally removed by application of nystatin at high concentration if the mucosal surface of the tissue is bathed in a saline which mimics intracellular ion concentrations. Under these conditions, the tissue is as far as the movement of univalent ions no more than a sheet of basolateral membrane with some tight junctional membrane in parallel. In this manner the Na+ concentration at the inner surface of the basolateral membrane can be varied by altering the concentration in the mucosal bulk solution. When this was done both mucosal-to-serosal22Na flux and net change in basolateral current were measured. The flux and the current could be further divided into the components of each that were either blocked by ouabain or insensitive to ouabain. Ouabain-insensitive mucosal-to-serosal Na+ flux was a linear function of mucosal Na+ concentration. Ouabain-sensitive Na+ flux and ouabain-sensitive, Na+-induced current both display a saturating relationship which cannot be accounted for by the presence of unstirred layers. If the interaction of Na+ with the basolateral transport process is assumed to involve the interaction of some number of Na+ ions,n, with a maximal flux,Mmax, then the data can be fit by assuming 3.2 equivalent sites for interaction and a value forMmax of 287.8pm cm−2 sec−1 with an intracellular Na concentration of 2.0mm Na+ at half-maximal saturation. By comparing these values with the ouabain-sensitive, Na+-induced current, we calculate a Na+ to K+ coupling ratio of 1.40±0.07 for the transport process.
Thermal expansion data on several iron- and nickel-aluminide alloys

Iron and nickel aluminides are ordered intermetallic alloys that are being developed for high-temperature structural applications because they have good oxidation resistance at > 1,000 C due to the formation of adherent alumina firms. More complex aluminide alloys have recently been developed to improve their mechanical properties behavior and to improve oxidation/corrosion resistance. The Fe[sub 3]Al alloy composition has a B2-ordered phase structure at about 550 to 900 C but transforms to the D0[sub 3] ordered phase at lower temperatures. While a considerable amount of mechanical property, structural microstructural, and corrosion data has been generated in the development of the iron- and nickel-aluminide alloys, there have been correspondingly little physical properties data. Physical properties like thermal expansion are basic material parameters used by engineers to select materials and by designers to perform stress analyses. The purpose of this paper is to present the preliminary thermal expansion data measured on leading or representative new alloys being developed from each of these three iron- or nickel-aluminide alloy types.
A circulant based space-time coding for multiple input multiple output system in fading channels

In this paper a new space time coding, which is suitable for high data rate communications is proposed. In this approach data is encoded by using a decomposition of a circulant matrix and the output of encoder is splitted into N streams to be transmitted simultaneously to N transmit antennas. The performance of this multiple input multiple output system is evaluated in a Rayleigh fading channel. Its performance in terms of symbol error rate, diversity gain and complexity is obtained. Simulation results show that with a perfect channel estimator, when channel state information (CSI) is available at the receiver, the Circulant Space Time code (CSTC) has a better symbol error rate via signal to noise ratio in compared to the spatial multiplexing and near to orthogonal space time block code.
Physical anthropology and the law: Legal responsibilities of forensic anthropologists

An understanding of the legal responsibilities which accompany involvement with forensic anthropology are essential prior to active participation in this field. Correct procedures of scene investigation, the requirements for handling and security of physical evidence, and the maintenance of a complete chain of custody are an obligation of all forensic scientists. The anthropologist as expert witness must also be cognizant of the implications of the format and language of his or her reports, be comfortable with presenting and substantiating this material in court, and be aware of the ramifications of maintaining a scientific viewpoint within the legal sphere.
Development Of An Evolutionarily Novel Structure: Fibroblast Growth Factor Expression In The Carapacial Ridge Of Turtle Embryos

The turtle shell, an evolutionarily novel structure, contains a bony exoskeleton that includes a dorsal carapace and a ventral plastron. The development of the carapace is dependent on the carapacial ridge (CR), a bulge in the dorsal flank that contains an ectodermal structure analogous to the apical ectodermal ridge (AER) of the developing limb (Burke. 1989a. J Morphol 199:363-378; Burke. 1989b. Fortschr Zool 35:206-209). Although the CR is thought to mediate the initiation and outgrowth of the carapace, the mechanisms of shell development have not been studied on the molecular level. Here, we present data suggesting that carapace formation is initiated by co-opting genes that had other functions in the ancestral embryo, specifically those of limb outgrowth. However, there is divergence in the signaling repertoire from that involved in limb initiation and outgrowth. In situ hybridizations with antisense riboprobes derived from Trionyx spiniferous fibroblast growth factor-10 (tfgf10) and Trachemys scripta (T. scripta) fibroblast-growth factor 8 (tfgf8) cDNAs were performed on sections of early T. scripta embryos (< 30 days). Expression of tfgf10 was localized to the mesenchyme subjacent to the ectoderm of the CR. In the chick limb bud, FGF10 is known to be expressed in the early limb-forming mesenchyme and is capable of inducing FGF8 in the AER to initiate the outgrowth of the limb bud. Although the expression of tfgf8 was found in the AER of the developing turtle limb, it was not seen in the CR. Thus, the initiation of the carapace is in agreement with FGF10 expression in the CR, but FGF8 does not appear to have a role in mediating early carapace outgrowth.
Funk–Hecke Formula for Orthogonal Polynomials on Spheres and on Balls

Analogues of the Funk–Hecke formula for spherical harmonics are proved for Dunkl's h-harmonics associated to the reflection groups, and for orthogonal polynomials related to h-harmonics on the unit ball. In particular, an analogue and its application are discussed for the weight function (1−[mid ]x[mid ]2)μ−1/2 on the unit ball in ℝd.
Orientalism and the Construction of Jewish Identity in France, 1900–1932

This paper explores the image of the Jew as Oriental in French Jewish literature and political discourse in the fin-de-siecle and inter-war years. During the nineteenth century, French Jews sought to distance themselves from their alleged ‘Oriental’ origins in order to facilitate their integration into the larger society. Beginning in the early twentieth century, by contrast, certain French Jews began to describe their imagined connection to the Orient as an aspect of the Jewish personality of which to be proud. This reinvention of the Jew as Oriental, however, was often linked to feelings of loss and alienation, a theme which many Jewish authors emphasised in their novels, plays and poetry. For many of these same figures, embracing Zionism provided a way to overcome this sense of alienation. By linking Zionism to the kind of ‘humanist orientalism’ prominent in French progressive circles during this period, they were able to give validity to their sense of ‘feeling different’ while at the same time expres...
The Atlas of Changing South Africa

Introduction 1:Before Apartheid 2:Administering Apartheid 3:State Apartheid 4:Urban Apartheid 5:Personal Apartheid 6:Resistance to Apartheid 7:International Response to Apartheid 8:Dismantling Apartheid 9:Legacy of Apartheid
Isoform-specific Monoclonal Antibodies to Na,K-ATPase α Subunits EVIDENCE FOR A TISSUE-SPECIFIC POST-TRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATION OF THE α SUBUNIT

Monoclonal antibodies to isoforms of the Na,K-ATPase have become important tools in the study of the enzyme's distribution, physiological roles, and gene regulation, and when their epitopes are defined, they are useful in the study of enzyme structure as well. Evidence is presented that the α3-specific antibody McBX3 recognizes an unusual epitope that is not present on α3 in the heart. The epitope, which is also found in kidney α1 from some species, was mapped to a site on the large intracellular loop near the ATP binding site. DNA sequencing of reverse transcribed-PCR products encompassing the corresponding regions from α3 from brain (where McBX3 recognizes α3) and heart demonstrated that the tissue difference in epitope is not due to alternative splicing of the mRNA. Instead, hydroxylamine sensitivity indicated that the antibody recognizes a post-translational modification. The epitope for a new antibody for α3, XVIF9-G10, was mapped to a site near the N terminus, a location analogous to the sites for the well-characterized antibodies McK1 (α1) and McB2 (α2). The antibody XVIF9-G10 reacted with the α3 of the heart as well as that of the brain; however, McBX3 and XVIF9-G10 both stained the same cellular structures in sections of the rat retina. A new α1-specific antibody, 6F, was characterized and mapped to another site near the N terminus; this antibody has broader species specificity than the other well-characterized α1 antibody, McK1.
An Investigative Study: Consumers Password Choices on an E-Commerce Site

AbstractGood passwords are essential to the security of any e-commerce site. Unfortunately, consumers generally have the responsibility of creating their own passwords and often do so without guidance from the web site or system administrator. One thing that is well known about passwords is that consumers do not create long or complicated passwords because they cannot remember them. Through an empirical analysis, this paper examines whether the passwords created by individuals on an e-commerce site fall into a predictable category and if individuals use either positive or negative password practices. Additionally, this paper addresses the issue of gender in relationship to password choice. The results of this study will show the actual password practices from an e-commerce site currently in use. Results indicate that males sampled had slightly more secure passwords than females in the sample.
Role-stress differences between salesmen and saleswomen: effect on job satisfaction and performance.

This study investigated differences in amount of role stress for saleswomen and salesmen and tested the impact of five dimensions of role stress on job satisfaction and job performance for both sexes. Analysis for cross-sectional mail survey using 90 saleswomen and 50 salesmen as subjects showed saleswomen were slightly higher on role overload than salesmen. Few differences between salesmen and saleswomen were found when role stress dimensions were used to predict job satisfaction or job performance. These results refute some of the negative impressions of sales positions and negative stereotyping of women in sales.
The role of climate and socialization in developing interfunctional coordination

Interfunctional coordination may be of primary importance to a firm developing a sustainable competitive advantage. This paper suggests that climate and socialization processes facilitate the development of interfunctional coordination, and thus its impact on firm performance. By merging the organizational culture, market orientation, climate, socialization, and competing values framework streams of literature to describe the process by which an organization positions itself in the competitive arena, a framework is developed and research propositions are offered.
Pyrethroid effects on schedule-controlled behavior: time and dosage relationships.

Abstract Pyrethroid insecticides have been divided into Types I and II based on behavioral profiles of toxicity produced by life-threatening dosages. In order to assess potential alterations in acquired (operant) behavior, acute dosage-effect and time-course determinations for permethrin (Type I) and cypermethrin (Type II) were made. Long-Evans rats responded for food according to a multiple schedule consisting of four different variable-interval schedules. Permethrin (100–400 mg/kg) and cypermethrin (7.5–60 mg/kg) were administered PO 1.5 hr pre-session and their effects on response rates and between-component response patterning determined. Permethrin reduced responding in a manner which was independent of the baseline response rate, while the rate reductions following cypermethrin administration showed a dependence on the baseline levels of responding, with low response rates showing differential sensitivity to disruption. When select dosages of each compound were delivered at various pre-session times, onset of and recovery from the rate-decreasing effects were more rapid with cypermethrin, with rates returning to baseline levels by 12 hr post-dosing. Responding was maximally suppressed 24 hr after administration of permethrin and returned to baseline levels 48 hr after administration. The disruption of response patterning following cypermethrin was maximal at 1.5 hr after administration, with complete recovery 12 hr post-dosing. Differential effects on response patterning, in potency, and in the time-course of effects of permethrin and cypermethrin suggest a type-specificity for pyrethroid effects on schedule-controlled behavior at dosages far below those producing lethality in rats.