cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Socio-Political-Economic Framework of Agriculture in the Rural-Urban Fringe

HE movement of people from the central cities into rural areas has created a new environment for agriculture and a different set of problems than those with which farmers have been accustomed. There are some gains, to be sure, but the social, political and economic power of the urban is not easy to handle. Farmers, in most cases, find themselves wrestling with urban problems in a rural setting. And with very little, if any, experience on how to handle them. The situation which farmers face is clearly depicted in population shifts in recent years. Within 212 Standard Metropolitan Areas, the population of the city itself in the past 10 years rose 1%2 percent; that outside the city limits but within the metropolitan areas rose by 44 percent; but in rural areas within the metropolitan areas but beyond the central city and the suburbs as they existed in 1950, the population rose 85 percent. Metropolitan areas have been the fastest growing sectors of this country since 1900. In that year, they included less than one-third of the total population of the United States. By 1960, they contained over 60 percent. It is significant that in the nation as a whole, 80 percent of the growth in metropolitan areas between 1950 and 1960 took place in the suburbs. Predictions by many students of population are that by 1975, the population of the United States will be over 220 million, with two-thirds of these in metropolitan areas and almost 60 percent of the metropolitan population residing in the suburbs. There is much being written about saving the central city. And this is one of the problems of this country. But there seems to be no prospect of a sizeable population flow from the suburbs or fringe areas back to the central city. If anything, the fringe will grow larger with extensions deeper into rural areas. The central city must find a new reason for existence than a place for people to live. Cities generally have chosen to grow horizontally rather than vertically. The flight to the suburbs or the open country is evidence of this fact. The desire for room by a people who can afford it is doubtless one of the principal reasons. Especially is this true with automobiles in abundance and good roads over which to travel. And possibly another factor is land at lower prices than that which could be purchased in the cities. But whatever the reason, millions of families prefer a house of their own in the country to an apartment house in town. Credit is available to the
Relational Learning with Social Status Analysis

Relational learning has been proposed to cope with the interdependency among linked instances in social network analysis, which often adopts network connectivity and social media content for prediction. A common assumption in existing relational learning methods is that data instances are equally important. The algorithms developed based on the assumption may be significantly affected by outlier data and thus less robust. In the meantime, it has been well established in social sciences that actors are naturally of different social status in a social network. Motivated by findings from social sciences, in this paper, we investigate whether social status analysis could facilitate relational learning. Particularly, we propose a novel framework RESA to model social status using the network structure. It extracts robust and intrinsic latent social dimensions for social actors, which are further exploited as features for supervised learning models. The proposed method is applicable for real-world relational learning problems where noise exists. Extensive experiments are conducted on datasets obtained from real-world social media platforms. Empirical results demonstrate the effectiveness of RESA and further experiments are conducted to help understand the effects of parameter settings to the proposed model and how local social status works.
Pulmonary Hypertension in Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia

Background A subset of patients with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) develops pulmonary hypertension (PH) by mechanisms including pulmonary arterial hypertension, high flow, and elevated pulmonary arterial wedge pressure (PAWP). We aimed to describe echocardiographic and hemodynamic characteristics of patients with coexisting HHT and PH. Methods We conducted a single-center cohort study of patients with confirmed HHT who underwent right-sided heart catheterization (RHC) and transthoracic two-dimensional echocardiography for suspected PH between June 1, 2003 and September 1, 2013 at Mayo Clinic Rochester, Minnesota. Results Of 38 patients with confirmed HHT who underwent RHC and echocardiography, 28 (74%) had a mean pulmonary artery pressure (MPAP) ≥ 25 mm Hg. Of those 28, 12 (43%) had pulmonary arterial hypertension. Two patients had normal PAWP and pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR), with PH secondary to either an atrial septal defect or high cardiac flow. Fourteen patients (50%) had elevated PAWP (≥ 15 mm Hg), nine with evidence of high flow. RHC in all 28 patients demonstrated a MPAP of 41 ± 11 mm Hg, PAWP of 17 ± 10 mm Hg, and PVR of 4.5 ± 4.2 Wood units. Echocardiography demonstrated moderate/severe right ventricular dysfunction in nine patients (32%). The presence of PH trended toward worse survival ( P = .06). Conclusions PH in patients with HHT occurs by different mechanisms, and there is a trend toward worse survival in patients who develop PH despite the mechanism. The equal predilection toward all subtypes of PH illustrates the necessity of RHC to clarify the hemodynamics.
The Cost of Carbon Capture and Storage for Natural Gas Combined Cycle Power Plants

This paper examines the cost of CO(2) capture and storage (CCS) for natural gas combined cycle (NGCC) power plants. Existing studies employ a broad range of assumptions and lack a consistent costing method. This study takes a more systematic approach to analyze plants with an amine-based postcombustion CCS system with 90% CO(2) capture. We employ sensitivity analyses together with a probabilistic analysis to quantify costs for plants with and without CCS under uncertainty or variability in key parameters. Results for new baseload plants indicate a likely increase in levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) of $20-32/MWh (constant 2007$) or $22-40/MWh in current dollars. A risk premium for plants with CCS increases these ranges to $23-39/MWh and $25-46/MWh, respectively. Based on current cost estimates, our analysis further shows that a policy to encourage CCS at new NGCC plants via an emission tax or carbon price requires (at 95% confidence) a price of at least $125/t CO(2) to ensure NGCC-CCS is cheaper than a plant without CCS. Higher costs are found for nonbaseload plants and CCS retrofits.
Interracial marrage-its statutory prohibition, genetic import, and incidence.

Forty of the fifty states at one time or another prohibited Negroes from marrying whites. Today seventeen states prohibit various forms of interracial marriage. They are the eleven Southern states of the Confederacy and six border states.1 The repeals in the Northern states occurred principally either immediately before or after the Civil War. Pennsylvania repealed its prohibition in 1780, while Indiana and Wyoming retained their miscegenation statutes until 1965. The Western states, with their proportionately higher population of Orientals, repealed their statutes in the post World War II period, during which a new attitude was developed towards Japanese and Nisei.2
Gefitinib: a new antineoplastic for advanced non-small-cell lung cancer.

PURPOSE: The pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and safety of gefitinib and its role in the management of non-small-cell lung cancer are reviewed. SUMMARY: Gefitinib is indicated for patients with locally advanced or metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer who have not responded to chemotherapy with platinum-based regimens or docetaxel. Gefitinib is administered orally at a dosage of 250 mg/day. Peak plasma levels are attained within 3-7 hours and steady-state levels are achieved in 7-8 days. Food does not affect the drug's absorption. Gefitinib is metabolized by the cytochrome P-450 isoenzyme system and may be affected by other drugs that influence this enzyme activity. Its elimination half-life is 14-48 hours. Clinical trials have shown an average response rate of 93% when gefitinib is used as a second- or third-line agent. Median survival with gefitinib therapy is 3-6.6 months. There was no response or survival benefit with the addition of gefitinib to standard two-drug combination chemotherapy regimens in two large, randomized, placebo-controlled trials. However, there is some evidence that the combination of gefitinib and docetaxel may be more active than docetaxel alone. Gefitinib has been shown to improve pulmonary symptoms and quality of life in patients who did not have an objective response to treatment. The most common adverse effects are diarrhea and skin rash. Severe interstitial lung disease, which may be fatal, occurs at a rate of approximately 1%. CONCLUSION: Gefitinib is active as a second- or third-line agent in patients who have few therapeutic options available after initial and first-line salvage chemotherapy have failed.
Using visuomotor tendencies to increase control performance in teleoperation

Robotic teleoperation is increasingly being used across the world to perform tasks where it is dangerous or impossible for a human to be physically present and complete the task directly themselves. However, robotic teleoperation is difficult due to the disconnect between the operator and the robot caused by the lack of depth in the video feedback presented to the operator. To overcome this problem, this paper presents a novel human-in-the-loop system in which the user is actively involved in the control. In the presented system, the operator's gaze is employed to intuitively indicate the target while their hands are directing the robot towards it. A novel potential field method is used to combine the indicated target with the operator's joystick commands. The control parameters needed to achieve better motion accuracy and user experience are also discussed. Initial validation results show the ability of the system to improve accuracy, execution time, and reduce operator error.
Distinct Calcium Sources Support Multiple Modes of Synaptic Release from Cranial Sensory Afferents

Most craniosensory afferents have unmyelinated axons expressing TRP Vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) receptors in synaptic terminals at the solitary tract nucleus (NTS). Neurotransmission from these synapses is characterized by substantial asynchronous EPSCs following action potential-synched EPSCs and high spontaneous rates that are thermally sensitive. The present studies blocked voltage-activated calcium channels (CaV) using the nonselective CaV blocker Cd2+ or the specific N-type blocker ω-conotoxin GVIA to examine the calcium dependence of the synchronous, asynchronous, spontaneous, and thermally gated modes of release. In rat brainstem slices containing caudal NTS, shocks to the solitary tract (ST) triggered synchronous ST-EPSCs and trailing asynchronous EPSCs. Cd2+ or GVIA efficiently reduced both synchronous and asynchronous EPSCs without altering spontaneous or thermal-evoked transmission. Activation of TRPV1 with either the selective agonist resiniferatoxin (150 pm) or temperature augmented basal sEPSC rates but failed to alter the synchronous or asynchronous modes of release. These data indicate that calcium sourced through TRPV1 has no access to the synchronous or asynchronous release mechanism(s) and conversely that CaV-sourced calcium does not interact with the thermally evoked mode of release. Buffering intracellular calcium with EGTA-AM or BAPTA-AM reduced asynchronous EPSC rates earlier and to a greater extent than synchronous ST-EPSC amplitudes without altering sEPSCs or thermal sensitivity. Buffering therefore distinguishes asynchronous vesicles as possessing a highly sensitive calcium sensor located perhaps more distant from CaV than synchronous vesicles or thermally evoked vesicles from TRPV1. Together, our findings suggest separate mechanisms of release for spontaneous, asynchronous and synchronous vesicles that likely reside in unique, spatially separated vesicle domains. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Most craniosensory fibers release glutamate using calcium entry from two sources: CaVs and TRPV1. We demonstrate that calcium segregation distinguishes three vesicle release mechanisms. Most surprisingly, asynchronous release is associated with CaV and not TRPV1 calcium entry. This reveals that asynchronous release is an additional and separate phenotypic marker of unmyelinated afferents rather than operated by TRPV1. The functional independence of the two calcium sources expands the regulatory repertoire of transmission and imbues these inputs with additional modulation targets for synaptic release not present at conventional CaV synapses. Peptides and lipid mediators may target one or both of these calcium sources at afferent terminals within the solitary tract nucleus to independently modify release from distinct, functionally segregated vesicle pools.
Performance analysis of weighted centroid algorithm for primary user localization in cognitive radio networks

Information about primary user (PU) location is crucial in enabling several key capabilities in cognitive radio networks, including improved spatio-temporal sensing, intelligent location-aware routing, as well as aiding spectrum policy enforcement. The weighted centroid localization (WCL) scheme uses only the received signal strength information, which makes it simple and robust to variations in the propagation environment. In this paper we present the first theoretical framework for WCL performance analysis in terms of its localization error distribution parameterized by node density, shadowing variance and correlation distance. Using this analysis, we quantify the robustness of WCL to various physical conditions and conclude that the performance gain by increasing node number in uncorrelated shadowing environment tends to saturate at large node density, and including more nodes in correlated shadowing environments can be harmful to the localization accuracy.
Infant attention to same- and other-race faces

We recorded visual attention to same- and other-race faces in Hispanic and White 11-month-old infants, an age at which face processing is presumably biased by an own-race recognition advantage. Infants viewed pairs of faces differing in race or ethnicity as their eye movements were recorded. We discovered consistently greater attention to Black over Hispanic faces, to Black faces over White faces, and to Hispanic over White faces. Inversion of face stimuli, and infant ethnicity, had little effect on performance. Infants' social environments, however, differed sharply according to ethnicity: Hispanic infants are almost exclusively exposed to Hispanic family members, and White infants to White family members. Moreover, Hispanic infants inhabit communities that are more racially and ethnically diverse. These results imply that race-based visual attention in infancy is closely aligned with the larger society's racial and ethnic composition, as opposed to race-based recognition, which is more closely aligned with infants' immediate social environments.
Palliative Radiotherapy for Advanced and Metastatic Gynecologic and Genitourinary Malignancies

Locally advanced, metastatic, and recurrent pelvic malignancies, including gynecologic and genitourinary (GU) cancers, can cause severe symptoms. Common symptoms at presentation of gynecologic cancers include vaginal bleeding, foul-smelling discharge, pelvic pain, and obstructive symptoms related to compression of the pelvic viscera and lymphatic vessels. In the case of GU malignancies hematuria, urinary retention, or obstruction, dysuria and pelvic pain are the most common symptoms requiring palliative intervention
Rhetorical Criticism as Essential Legal Skill: Some Thoughts on Developing Lawyers as 'Public Citizens'

The Model Rules of Professional Conduct for lawyers, upon which nearly all fifty state supreme courts base their legal ethics codes, direct lawyers to pursue the public good in their role as "public citizen[s] with special responsibility for justice." Yet, the lawyer as a public citizen is undertheorized in the literature and is not the focus of legal education. And even if this role is deemed important, questions remain of what, exactly, is the lawyer's responsibility as a "public citizen" and what skills a lawyer should possess to fulfill this role.This talk first describes how the Model Rules of Professional Conduct — the lawyer's ethical rules — rhetorically construct the public citizen role but offer little on how the lawyer should implement this role in her professional life. It then offers how others have attempted to put flesh on the bones of the "public citizen" role so as to have as complete a view as possible of what that role means for lawyers. It explains the generally well-accepted view that law schools have largely failed to teach skills and instill values related to lawyers' roles as public citizens. And, finally, it argues that teaching rhetorical criticism skills in law school can play a central part in giving lawyers the intellectual skills to perform their roles as fiduciaries of the rule of law and participatory democracy and to understand themselves as moral actors in the public sphere.
Platelet Junctional Adhesion Molecule-A Regulates Thrombosis by Negatively Regulating Outside-in Signaling through Integrin αIIbβ3.

Abstract 155 Platelet aggregation plays an important role in physiological hemostasis and pathological thrombosis. Platelet agonists induce a series of signaling events called inside-out signaling that leads to the activation of integrin αIIbβ3. Upon ligand binding to integrin αIIbβ3, a cascade of signaling known as outside-in signaling is induced through the integrin that regulates platelet aggregation and clot retraction. How these signaling events are regulated is not well understood. We have previously identified JAM-A, a junctional adhesion molecule, on the platelet surface. Genetic ablation of Jam-A significantly (P Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Response of Hodgkin Lymphoma Patients of Different Ethnic Groups to Standard ABVD with or without Involved Field RT.

Abstract Background: The phenotypic expression of Hodgkin lymphoma among different ethnic groups is not well described. We conducted a study to look at the characteristics and the clinical response of Hodgkin lymphoma patients of different ethnicities to standard treatment. Method: A retrospective analysis of 65 Hodgkin lymphoma patients diagnosed 2003 through 2006 was undertaken. Patients who have been compliant and completed assigned chemotherapy (ABVD) with or without Involved Field RT were evaluated for response to treatment using CT scan and PET scan. Data was analyzed using fisher exact test. Results: Patients with limited staged disease received 4 to 6 cycles of ABVD +/− RT while those with advanced staged disease received 6 to 8 cycles of ABVD +/− RT. All 50 patients achieved objective response. Complete response rates were 52% Hispanic, 68% African American, and 75% Caucasians. (p=0.4) Conclusion: Hodgkin lymphoma is as common in Hispanics as in African American. The mixed cellularity subtype is more common in the Hispanics; however the nodular sclerosis subtype remains the most common histological subtype. Though more Hispanics had an early clinical stage disease at diagnosis, they had a lower complete response rate compared to the other ethnic groups. How this observation will translate into a poorer survival outcome remains to be seen. Results: Hispanic African American Caucasians N=65 26 27 12 Median age 26 27 38 Nodular Sclerosis subtype 26 27 12 (P=0.08) Mixed Cellularity subtype 6 1 1 Clinical Stage 1–2 16 9 9 (P=0.03) Clinical Stage 3–4 10 18 3 Completed Treatment N=50 23 19 8
Safety Factor in Light of the Bienaymé-Markov and Chebychev Inequalities

We have amply seen in previous chapters that in order to relate the reliability and the safety factor, one needs the knowledge of the probability densities of the involved random variables. Often, such information is missing. It is shown in this chapter that the celebrated inequalities by Irenee-Jules Bienayme (1796–1878), Andrei Andreevich Markov (1856–1922) and Pafnutii Lvovich Chebychev (1821–1894) may come to help in finding bounds on the desired probabilities and safety factors. Short biographical notes about Bienayme and Chebychev are given in the Appendix B.
Fostering Inclusion of Students With Significant Cognitive Disabilities by Using Learning Map Models and Map-Based Assessments

Abstract Although there is widespread agreement among both special education experts and general classroom teachers that students with significant cognitive disabilities should participate in inclu...
Food Availability in School Stores in Seoul, South Korea After Implementation of Food- and Nutrient-Based Policies

BACKGROUND To improve school store food environments, the South Korean government implemented 2 policies restricting unhealthy food sales in school stores. A food-based policy enacted in 2007 restricts specific food sales (soft drinks); and a nutrient-based policy enacted in 2009 restricts energy-dense and nutrient-poor (EDNP) food sales. The purpose of the study was to assess how the 2 policies have changed the school store food environment. METHODS Foods sold in school stores in Seoul, South Korea were observed before (2006, 15 stores) and after (2013, 12 stores) implementation of the school store policies. Food availability in school stores in 2006 and 2013 was compared and EDNP food availability in 2013 was examined. RESULTS When controlling the total number of foods sold in school stores and school characteristics, the mean number of soft drinks sold in a school store in 2013 (0.3 items) was significantly lower than in 2006 (1.9 items, p = .032). Soft drinks were still available in 50% of school stores observed in 2013, with all school stores selling EDNP foods in 2013. CONCLUSIONS South Korean policies have had a modest influence on availability of unhealthy school store foods. Alternative strategies to improve school store food environments are needed.
Heterogeneity at the 5' end of rat acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase mRNA: lipogenic conditions enhance synthesis of a unique mRNA in liver

Abstract Multiple forms of acetyl-CoA carboxylase mRNA were previously detected in the mammary gland (Lopez-Casillas, F., Luo, X., Kong, I.-S., and Kim, K.-H. (1989) Gene, in press). We have now established that the rat liver also contains heterogeneous acetyl-CoA carboxylase mRNA populations that differ in the 5'-untranslated region. In addition, the liver contains a unique form of acetyl-CoA carboxylase mRNA in which the 5'-nontranslated end differs from the species in mammary gland. The 5' end of this unique species was characterized using a procedure for cloning minute amounts of primer extension products (pAU clones). This procedure should also be useful for obtaining full length clones of other mRNAs. The DNA sequence of pAU clones indicates that this liver-specific acetyl-CoA carboxylase mRNA has a 315-base long untranslated region. The first 242 nucleotides replace the 5' end of the predominant acetyl-CoA carboxylase mRNA found in the mammary gland (FL56 type). Under lipogenic conditions the unique liver acetyl-CoA carboxylase mRNA increases and is the major species of acetyl-CoA carboxylase mRNA. Livers from rats fed a normal diet and the mammary glands of lactating rats do not contain detectable amounts of the pAU type mRNA. On the other hand, the epididymal adipose tissue from these animals contains mainly the pAU type and only minimal amounts of the FL56 type. The multiple forms of acetyl-CoA carboxylase mRNA appear to be generated by differential splicing. In addition, transcription appears to be physiologically regulated by the use of tissue-specific acetyl-CoA carboxylase gene promoters.
Brain Structural Abnormalities in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Relations with Sleeping Problems

Increasing number of neuroimaging studies examine brain structure in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) patients. Limited studies begin to examine the relationship of brain structure and sleep problems in PTSD patients. The current review summarizes the existing findings on structural brain differences between the PTSD patients and control subjects without PTSD, with emphasis on studies related to sleep problems in PTSD patients. The findings of structural differences in hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, insular cortex, and corpus callosum of PTSD patients have been reported in multiple studies, but changes in other brain regions are yet to be reliably replicated. Limited studies on pediatric PTSD suggest different picture of structural abnormalities as compared to adult patients. The longitudinal studies suggest that structural properties of prefrontal cortex in trauma-exposed individuals dynamically change over time, and these dynamic brain changes may associate with progression of PTSD symptoms. Finally, limited studies suggest that structural changes in hippocampus and prefrontal brain regions may be associated with the severity of sleep problems in trauma-exposed individuals, but further investigation on this issue is clearly needed.
Can Biologic Augmentation Improve Clinical Outcomes Following Microfracture for Symptomatic Cartilage Defects of the Knee? A Systematic Review:

Objective To perform a systematic review of clinical outcomes following microfracture augmented with biological adjuvants (MFX+) compared with microfracture (MFX) alone. Design The MEDLINE, Scopus, and Cochrane databases were searched for clinical studies on MFX+ for chondral defects of the knee. Study characteristics and clinical outcome score data were collected. Subjective synthesis was performed using data from randomized controlled studies to determine effect size of MFX+ procedures performed with either injectable or scaffold-based augmentation compared with MFX alone. Results A total of 18 articles reporting on 625 patients (491 MFX+, 134 MFX) were identified. Six studies were level II evidence and 1 study was level I evidence. Mean patient age range was 26 to 51 years, and mean follow-up ranged from 2 to 5 years. All studies demonstrated significant improvement in reported clinical outcome scores at follow-up after MFX+ therapy, and 87% of patients reported satisfaction with treatment. The most commonly reported treatment complication was postoperative stiffness (3.9% of patients). Subjective synthesis on randomized controlled trials demonstrated that 2/2 injectable MFX+ interventions had significantly greater improvements in International Knee Documentation Committee Subjective Knee Form (IKDC; P = 0.004) and Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS; P = 0.012) scores compared with MFX alone, while 2/2 trials on scaffolding MFX+ adjuvants showed comparable postoperative improvements. Conclusions MFX+ biological adjuvants are safe supplements to marrow stimulation for treating cartilage defects in the adult knee. Early literature is heterogenous and extremely limited in quality. Individual trials report both equivalent and superior clinical outcomes compared with MFX alone, making definitive conclusions on the efficacy of MFX+ difficult without higher quality evidence.
Triple Angiokinase Inhibitor Nintedanib Directly Inhibits Tumor Cell Growth and Induces Tumor Shrinkage via Blocking Oncogenic Receptor Tyrosine Kinases.

The triple-angiokinase inhibitor nintedanib is an orally available, potent, and selective inhibitor of tumor angiogenesis by blocking the tyrosine kinase activities of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) 1–3, platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR)-α and -β, and fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) 1–3. Nintedanib has received regulatory approval as second-line treatment of adenocarcinoma non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), in combination with docetaxel. In addition, nintedanib has been approved for the treatment of idiopathic lung fibrosis. Here we report the results from a broad kinase screen that identified additional kinases as targets for nintedanib in the low nanomolar range. Several of these kinases are known to be mutated or overexpressed and are involved in tumor development (discoidin domain receptor family, member 1 and 2, tropomyosin receptor kinase A (TRKA) and C, rearranged during transfection proto-oncogene [RET proto oncogene]), as well as in fibrotic diseases (e.g., DDRs). In tumor cell lines displaying molecular alterations in potential nintedanib targets, the inhibitor demonstrates direct antiproliferative effects: in the NSCLC cell line NCI-H1703 carrying a PDGFRα amplification (ampl.); the gastric cancer cell line KatoIII and the breast cancer cell line MFM223, both driven by a FGFR2 amplification; AN3CA (endometrial carcinoma) bearing a mutated FGFR2; the acute myeloid leukemia cell lines MOLM-13 and MV-4-11-B with FLT3 mutations; and the NSCLC adenocarcinoma LC-2/ad harboring a CCDC6-RET fusion. Potent kinase inhibition does not, however, strictly translate into antiproliferative activity, as demonstrated in the TRKA-dependent cell lines CUTO-3 and KM-12. Importantly, nintedanib treatment of NCI-H1703 tumor xenografts triggered effective tumor shrinkage, indicating a direct effect on the tumor cells in addition to the antiangiogenic effect on the tumor stroma. These findings will be instructive in guiding future genome-based clinical trials of nintedanib.
Control of Flywheel Energy Storage Systems in the Presence of Uncertainties

In this paper, an optimal nonlinear controller based on model predictive control (MPC) for a flywheel energy storage system is proposed in which the constraints on the system states and actuators are taken into account. In order to control the system in the presence of modeling uncertainties and under the influence of external disturbances, tube-based MPC is utilized as a robust controller. Simulation results demonstrate the merits of the proposed method in controlling the dc link voltage and the fly wheel speed.
Avoiding Neurovascular Risk During Percutaneous Clamp Reduction of Spiral Tibial Shaft Fractures: An Anatomic Correlation With Computed Tomography

The use of percutaneous clamps is often a helpful tool to aid reduction and intramedullary nailing of distal tibial spiral diaphyseal fractures. However, the anterior and posterior neurovascular bundles are at risk without careful clamp placement. We describe our preferred technique of percutaneous clamp reduction for distal spiral tibial fractures with a distal posterolateral fracture spike, with care to protect the adjacent neurovascular structures. We also investigated the relationship between these neurovascular structures and the site of common percutaneous clamp placement. Preoperative computed tomography images of surgically managed patients who sustained this specific common fracture pattern (distal third spiral diaphyseal tibia fracture with a posterolateral fragment) were retrospectively reviewed. On computed tomography, we extrapolated the ideal virtual clamp site on the posterolateral fracture fragment to facilitate reduction. The average distance of this clamp position from the anterior neurovascular bundle was 14 mm (SD = 7.6), with a range of 6-32 mm. The average distance of the clamp site from the posterior neurovascular bundle was 19 mm (SD = 6.1), with a range of 11-30 mm. In 31% of patients, the distal fragment's apex extended anterior to the interosseous membrane, and in 69% of patients, the apex was posterior to the interosseous membrane. We also describe our preferred surgical technique with percutaneous clamping and tibial nailing, which involves sliding the posterolateral tine of the percutaneous clamp along the lateral tibial cortex to prevent neurovascular bundle injury.
Prophylactic ondansetron does not reduce the incidence of itching induced by intrathecal sufentanil.

Purpose Postoperative itching after intrathecal (IT) narcotics may be a difficult and important problem for both the anesthesiologist and the patient in the postanesthetic care unit. Since some studies have reported success in preventing itching with ondansetron, we designed a prospective, randomized, double-blinded, and controlled study to test whether prophylactic iv ondansetron effectively reduces the incidence of IT sufentanil-induced pruritus.
PHASE RECONSTRUCTION FROM AMPLITUDE BASED ON THE RYTOV TRANSFORMATION OF THE WAVE EQUATION

This paper addresses the problem of phase reconstruction from amplitude for a diffracted wave. We utilize the Rytov transformation of the Helmholtz wave equation to relate the phase and amplitude functions; this results in two partial differential equations. We show that each of these PDEs yields a perturbation scheme to reconstruct the phase from amplitude. We also examine issues involved with the implementation of these methods in practice.
Executives’ Stakeholder Values in the Prediction of Work Process Change

Stakeholder values are promoted as a guiding principle for executives, but researchers know very little about how the utilization of stakeholder values by executives actually impacts the firms they lead. In this study, we propose that a positive relationship exists between executive stakeholder values and work process change in organizations. We further hypothesize that the congruence of CEO and top management team (TMT) members’ stakeholder values is positively related to this type of organizational change. Results of the analysis confirm that CEO stakeholder values are related to changes in work processes, but not changes to the formal firm structure involving acquisitions or divestitures. Additionally, we find that congruence between CEO and TMT stakeholder values is associated with changes to work processes, and that these changes tend to occur more when CEO and TMT stakeholder values are aligned at higher levels, compared to lower levels of such values.
Real-Time Image-Guided Cooperative Robotic Assist Device for Deep Anterior Lamellar Keratoplasty

Deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty (DALK) is a promising technique for corneal transplantation that avoids the chronic immunosuppression comorbidities and graft rejection risk associated with penetrating keratoplasty (PKP), the standard procedure. In DALK, surgeons must insert a needle 90% through the 500 μm cornea without penetrating its underlying membrane. This pushes surgeons to their manipulation and visualization limits such that 59% of DALK attempts fail due to corneal perforation or inadequate needle depth. We propose a robot-assisted solution to jointly solve the manipulation and visualization challenges using a cooperatively-controlled, precise robot arm and live optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging, respectively. Our system features an interface handle, with which the surgeon and robot cooperatively hold the tool, and a posterior corneal boundary virtual fixture driven by real-time OCT segmentation. A study in which three operators performed DALK needle insertions manually and cooperatively in ex vivo human corneas demonstrated an 84% improvement in perforation-free needle depth without an increased perforation rate.
Evaluation of a pre-transplant serum biomarker score for allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HCT) and association with clinical factors.

e18537Background: A recent national registry study in patients with AML and MDS found pre-transplant serum c-reactive protein (CRP), ferritin and albumin were associated with overall survival (OS) ...
Deciphering bacterial epigenomes using modern sequencing technologies

Prokaryotic DNA contains three types of methylation: N6-methyladenine, N4-methylcytosine and 5-methylcytosine. The lack of tools to analyse the frequency and distribution of methylated residues in bacterial genomes has prevented a full understanding of their functions. Now, advances in DNA sequencing technology, including single-molecule, real-time sequencing and nanopore-based sequencing, have provided new opportunities for systematic detection of all three forms of methylated DNA at a genome-wide scale and offer unprecedented opportunities for achieving a more complete understanding of bacterial epigenomes. Indeed, as the number of mapped bacterial methylomes approaches 2,000, increasing evidence supports roles for methylation in regulation of gene expression, virulence and pathogen-host interactions.
Twenty-five years in: Landmark empirical findings in the cognitive science of religion

Religious studies’ collective advocacy on behalf of diversity and inclusion stands in poignant contrast to its persisting exclusionary ethos (within most quarters of the field) concerning questions of method. A legacy of prohibitions in religious studies about who can study religions and about how they must proceed when doing so has tended to curb innovation. Born of protectionism or special pleading or outright religious impulses, such prohibitions have skewed the field in favor of the idiosyncratic over the recurrent, of the idiographic over the systematic, and of the interpretive over the explanatory. My long-standing interest in the promise of the cognitive sciences for studying religion has been, in part, to redress those imbalances. Redressing imbalances, however, does not involve dismissing the idiosyncratic, the idiographic, or the interpretive, but only suggests, first, that they are not the whole story and, second, that greater attention to the recurrent, the systematic, and the explanatory will enrich – not eliminate – our understandings and our inquiries. The first of those two propositions follows from the second. My aim in this paper is to substantiate that second proposition. Keywords: cognitive science of religion, explanatory pluralism, interpretive exclusivism, empirical findings.
Emission Spectrum Denoising Algorithm for Microlasers-Based Neurotransducers

Emission spectra from microlasers are noisy due to the presence of higher order optical modes and first order missing modes. Here, the proposed algorithm eliminates the noise and reconstructs the missing peaks.
SPNet: Automated object detection of antinode regions in oscillating steelpan drums

We present a machine learning computer program which applies a neural-network-based object detection algorithm to individual frames of high-speed video of oscillating Caribbean steelpan drums obtained via electronic speckle pattern interferometry (ESPI). This algorithm is trained in a supervised learning context on a dataset of crowd sourced human-annotated images obtained from the Zooniverse Steelpan Vibrations project. The computer code, which we call “SPNet,” is subsequently able to annotate new frames of similar images in a manner consistent with the humans' prior work, albeit much more quickly—hundreds of frames per second. The goal of this annotation work is to better understand the dynamical behavior of these drums such as the coupling of oscillations in different parts of the drum surface, by tracking the development of sympathetic vibration modes and extracting their relevant physics. We present details of the algorithm, performance metrics, and some preliminary physics results.
Integration of remote sensing, county-level census, and machine learning for century-long regional cropland distribution data reconstruction

Abstract The Lower Mississippi Alluvial Valley (LMAV) was home to about ten million hectare bottomland hardwood (BLH) forests in the Southern U.S. It experienced over 80 % area loss of the BLH forests in the past centuries and large-scale afforestation in recent decades. Due to the lack of a high-resolution cropland dataset, impacts of land use change (LUC) on the LMAV ecosystem services have not been fully understood. In this study, we developed a novel framework by integrating the machine learning algorithm, county-level agricultural census, and satellite-based cropland products to reconstruct the LMAV cropland distribution during 1850–2018 at a 30-m resolution. Results showed that the LMAV cropland area increased from 0.78 × 104 km2 in 1850 to 6.64 × 104 km2 in 1980 and then decreased to 6.16 × 104 km2 in 2018. Cropland expansion rate was the largest in the 1960s (749 km2 yr−1) but decreased rapidly thereafter, whereas cropland abandonment rate increased substantially in recent decades with the largest rate of 514 km2 yr−1 in the 2010s. Our dataset has three notable features: (1) the depiction of fine spatial details, (2) the integration of the county-level census, and (3) the inclusion of a machine-learning algorithm trained by satellite-based land cover product. Most importantly, our dataset well captured the continuous increasing trend in cropland area from 1930–1960, which was misrepresented by other cropland datasets reconstructed from the state-level census. Our dataset would be important to accurately evaluate the impacts of historical deforestation and recent afforestation efforts on regional ecosystem services, attribute the observed hydrological changes to anthropogenic and natural driving factors, and investigate how the socioeconomic factors control regional LUC pattern. Our framework and dataset are crucial to developing managerial and policy strategies for conserving natural resources and enhancing ecosystem services in the LMAV.
Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes in Patients Undergoing Primary or Secondary Enucleation or Evisceration After Ocular Trauma.

Purpose To investigate the frequency of primary versus secondary eye removal, frequency of enucleation versus evisceration, and characteristics and outcomes of patients undergoing these procedures after presenting with severe ocular trauma. Patients and Methods Retrospective chart review of patients presenting to the emergency department (ED) with severe eye trauma necessitating enucleation or evisceration between 2010 and 2018. Results There were 92 eyes from 90 patients included in our study. Twenty-seven percent of eyes underwent primary removal (n=25, 14 enucleation, 11 evisceration), while 73% of eyes underwent secondary removal (n=67, 50 enucleation, 17 evisceration). The mean patient age was 45.2 years (range 4.2-92.6); primary enucleation/evisceration patients were older on average than secondary eye removal patients [53.8 years (range 15.9-91.2) versus 42.2 years (range 4.2-91.6 years), p=0.04]. A median of 34 days passed between ED presentation and secondary enucleation/evisceration. Before undergoing secondary enucleation/evisceration, patients underwent a median of one ocular procedure (range 0-14) for various complications of trauma including orbital infection, choroidal or retinal tear or detachment, and wound dehiscence. Open globe injury repairs comprised 43 of the 92 total procedures (47%) performed prior to secondary enucleation/evisceration. Secondary enucleations/eviscerations required a median of seven clinic visits compared to two clinic visits required after primary surgeries (p<0.01). 10.7% of all patients (n=10) had at least one implant-related complication following enucleation/evisceration, with all but one of these patients being in the secondary enucleation/evisceration group. Conclusion Primary enucleation or evisceration was performed in 27% of all eye removals, and enucleation was performed in 69.6% of all eye removals. Future research is warranted to determine if primary eye removal may be appropriate and when to consider enucleation versus evisceration.
Effective Parallelism for Equation and Jacobian Evaluation in Large-Scale Power Flow Calculation

This letter investigates parallelism approaches for equation and Jacobian evaluations in large-scale power flow calculation. Two levels of parallelism are proposed and analyzed: inter-model parallelism, which evaluates models in parallel, and intra-model parallelism, which evaluates calculations within each model in parallel. Parallelism techniques such as multi-threading and single instruction multiple data (SIMD) vectorization are discussed, implemented, and benchmarked as six calculation workflows. Case studies on the 70 000-bus synthetic grid show that equation evaluations can be accelerated by ten times, and the overall Newton power flow advances the state of the art by 20%.
Fantasy Sports as Markers of a New Collective Identity and a Motivation to Participation in Social Activities (Mainly for Men)

By analyzing the responses of 1075 fantasy sports players, the paper highlights the differences among players of the four leading North American team sports of football, baseball, basketball, and hockey. Motivations for participation vary in each of these sports. Whereas the study confirms that fantasy football is the most prominent among the four, it also highlights key characteristics that define fantasy baseball, basketball, and hockey players. In particular, the study demonstrates that for fantasy football players the main driving force in their participation centers on general sociability, a form of cultural capital and shared connection that is common among friends at the bar and the office. In contrast, for fantasy hockey players, participation in the game is more about reinforcement within their group, a solidification among a self-selected and devoted cluster of fantasy hockey players that revels in its confined, almost cult-like, associativity.
A fluorescence sandwich immunoassay for the real-time continuous detection of glucose and insulin in live animals.

Biosensors that continuously measure circulating biomolecules in real time could provide insights into the health status of patients and their response to therapeutics. But biosensors for the continuous real-time monitoring of analytes in vivo have only reached nanomolar sensitivity and can measure only a handful of molecules, such as glucose and blood oxygen. Here we show that multiple analytes can be continuously and simultaneously measured with picomolar sensitivity and sub-second resolution via the integration of aptamers and antibodies into a bead-based fluorescence sandwich immunoassay implemented in a custom microfluidic chip. After an incubation time of 30 s, bead fluorescence is measured using a high-speed camera under spatially multiplexed two-colour laser illumination. We used the assay for continuous quantification of glucose and insulin concentrations in the blood of live diabetic rats to resolve inter-animal differences in the pharmacokinetic response to insulin as well as discriminate pharmacokinetic profiles from different insulin formulations. The assay can be readily modified to continuously and simultaneously measure other blood analytes in vivo. A bead-based fluorescence sandwich immunoassay implemented in a custom microfluidic chip can continuously measure glucose and insulin with picomolar sensitivity and sub-second resolution.
Sialylation of Host Proteins as Targetable Risk Factor for COVID-19 Susceptibility and Spreading: a hypothesis

Individuals infected with the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-related coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) develop a critical and even fatal disease, called Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), that eventually evolves into acute respiratory distress syndrome. The gravity of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, the escalating number of confirmed cases around the world, the many unknowns related to the virus mode of action, and the heterogenous outcome of COVID-19 disease in the population ask for the rapid development of alternative approaches, including repurposing of existing drugs, that may dampen virus infectivity. SARS-CoV-2 infects human cells through interaction with sialylated receptors at the surface of epithelial cells, such as angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Glycan composition on virus entry receptors has been shown to influence the rate of infection of SARS-CoV-2 and spreading of virions has recently been linked to altered lysosomal exocytosis. These processes could concurrently involve the lysosomal system and its glycosidases. We hypothesize that modulating the activity of one of them, the lysosomal sialidase NEU1, could impinge on both the sialylation status of ACE2 and other host receptors as well as the extent of lysosomal exocytosis. Thus NEU1-controlled pathways may represent therapeutic targets, which could impact on SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility, infectivity, and spread.