cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Self-configuring localization systems: Design and Experimental Evaluation

Embedded networked sensors promise to revolutionize the way we interact with our physical environment and require scalable, ad hoc deployable and energy-efficient node localization/positioning.This paper describes the motivation, design, implementation, and experimental evaluation (on sharply resource-constrained devices) of a self-configuring localization system using radio beacons. We identify beacon density as an important parameter in determining localization quality, which saturates at a transition density. We develop algorithms to improve localization quality by (i) automating placement of new beacons at low densities (HEAP) and (ii) rotating functionality among redundant beacons while increasing system lifetime at high densities (STROBE).
Resonances of chaotic dynamical systems.

We present analytic properties of the power spectrum for a class of chaotic dynamical systems (Axiom-A systems). The power spectrum is meromorphic in a strip; the position of the poles (resonances) depends on the system considered, but only their residues depend on the observable monitored. In relation with these results we also discuss the exponential or nonexponential decay of correlation functions at infinity. In conclusion, it appears desirable to analyze the decay of correlation functions and the possible analyticity of power spectra for physical time evolutions, and for computer generated simple dynamical systems (non-Axiom-A in general).
Cyclizations wherein an epoxide acts as the source of initiation and termination steps. Evidence for an early transition state in biomimetic epoxide cyclizations

Abstract Epoxides which can competitively cyclize to either a double bond or aromatic group undergo novel bicyclizations where an epoxide is the source of initiating and terminating groups. The results suggest that biomimetic epoxide cyclizations involve early transition states.
From local to global consistency

Abstract In reasoning tasks involving the maintenance of consistent databases (so-called QQconstraint networks/Q/Q), it is customary to enforce local consistency conditions in order to simplify the subsequent construction of a globally coherent model of the data. In this paper we present a relationship between the sizes of the variables' domains, the constraints' arity and the level of local consistency sufficient to ensure global consistency. Based on these parameters a new tractability classification of constraint networks is presented. We also show, based on this relationship, that any relation on bi-valued variables which is not representable by a network of binary constraints cannot be represented by networks with any number of hidden variables.
Agricultural Expansion, Resource Booms and Growth in Latin America: Implications for Long-Run Economic Development

Abstract This paper examines a number of key issues concerning agricultural land expansion, resource booms and economic growth in Latin America. The structural characteristics of agricultural development, represented by cropland share of total land area, agricultural export share of total exports, and cereal yields, appear to influence agricultural land expansion in the region. Long-run agricultural land expansion may also be correlated with a “boom and bust” pattern of economic development. Contributing factors include distorted land and resource markets, ineffective property rights, and the failure to target policies to improve the efficient and sustainable management of natural resources.
The Detection of 3He+ in a Planetary Nebula Using the VLA

We used the VLA to search for 3He+ emission from two Galactic planetary nebulae (PNe): NGC 6572 and J320. Standard stellar models predict that the 3He/H abundance ratios for PNe should be 1-2 orders of magnitude higher than the primordial value (3He/H ~ 10-5 by number) determined from Galactic H II region abundances and confirmed by WMAP cosmic microwave background results. Chemical evolution models suggest that fewer than 5% of all PNe enrich the interstellar medium (ISM) with 3He at the level of standard stellar models. Our target PNe are therefore anomalous in that they were selected from a sample deliberately biased to contain objects with properties that maximized the likelihood of a 3He detection by the VLA. We have detected the 8.665 GHz hyperfine 3He+ transition in J320 at the 4 σ level. The 3He/H abundance ratio is 1.9 × 10-3 with roughly a factor of 2 uncertainty. For NGC 6572 we find an upper limit of 3He/H 10-3. This detection of 3He in J320 makes it the second PN known to have an anomalously high 3He abundance, confirming that at least some low-mass stars produce significant amounts of 3He that survives to the PN stage and enriches the ISM.
The synthesis approach for relational database design: an expanded perspective

Abstract This paper addresses relational database design using the concept of functional dependencies (FDs). The classical synthesis approach processes a given set of functional dependencies to produce one minimal cover. This cover is then used to develop a relational schema; however, a given set of FDs may have more than one minimal cover. In turn, different minimal covers may give rise to different relational schemata. An enhancement is proposed to the traditional synthesis algorithm that aids in efficiently determining all minimal covers for a given set of functional dependencies. The algorithm has been implemented using Turbo Pascal on an IBM PC/AT. The performance of this algorithm is compared with that of the traditional synthesis algorithm.
COSTS OF FINANCIAL DISTRESS AND INTEREST COVERAGE RATIOS

Creditors routinely impose on a borrowing firm a minimum interest coverage ratio that the firm has to maintain. I show that nonlinear costs of financial distress provide a possible explanation of why firms find it optimal to have an interest coverage ratio covenant in their debt indenture, even in the absence of information asymmetries or agency costs.
Excited states and optical absorption of small semiconducting clusters: Dopants, defects and charging

Spatially confined semiconductors form an exciting type of material with potential for numerous applications, many of which rely on the material's optical properties and excitation dynamics. For successful realization of the applications a detailed analysis of excitations in these materials is needed, extending beyond the ideal case and including various defects, such as photoionization, doping and surface dangling bonds. High-level ab initio electronic structure calculations on two representative classes of semiconducting clusters have lead to much progress on achieving a thorough understanding of the excitation properties of these materials when they are altered with charging, doping or dangling bonds. The calculations show that the defects introduce new intra-band transitions, blue-shift the optical absorption spectra and push the normal excitonic and multiexcitonic transitions to higher energies. Generally, doping and charging have similar effects on the excited state properties, while introduction of dangling bonds cause less severe changes, since the latter defect can be partially accommodated by reorganization in the local bonding pattern.
Stability of the k= 3 Read-Rezayi state in chiral two-dimensional systems with tunable interactions

The k = 3 Read–Rezayi (RR) parafermion quantum Hall state hosts non-Abelian excitations which provide a platform for universal topological quantum computation. Although the RR state may be realized at the filling factor ν = 12/5 in GaAs-based two-dimensional electron systems, the corresponding quantum Hall state is weak and at present nearly impossible to study experimentally. Here we argue that the RR state can alternatively be realized in a class of chiral materials with massless and massive Dirac-like band structure. This family of materials encompasses monolayer and bilayer graphene, as well as topological insulators. We show that, compared to GaAs, these systems provide several important advantages in realizing and studying the RR state. Most importantly, the effective interactions can be tuned in situ by varying the external magnetic field, and by designing the dielectric environment of the sample. This tunability enables the realization of RR state with controllable energy gaps in different Landau levels. It also allows one to probe the quantum phase transitions to other compressible and incompressible phases.
The Depositor Behind the Discipline: A Micro-Level Case Study of Hamilton Bank

Though uninsured depositors are recognized as a source of market discipline, the possible disciplinary effect of decisions made by fully insured depositors have gone largely unexamined. Using proprietary administrative deposit data at the account level, this paper analyzes depositor behavior at a recently failed institution. The results suggest that although uninsured deposits exited at a greater rate than insured deposits, the vast majority of deposits withdrawn were fully insured. Among types of deposit accounts, the rates of withdrawal for fully insured individual, joint, and trust accounts were relatively high. Uninsured business account owners were highly sensitive to the bank's deteriorating condition. In contrast, owners of uninsured individual retirement accounts effectively exerted no market discipline.
Phase transition in the two-dimensional classical XY model

Abstract For the two-dimensional classical XY model we present extensive high-temperature-phase bulk data extracted based on a novel finite size scaling (FSS) Monte Carlo technique, along with FSS data near criticality. Our data verify that η = 1 4 sets in near criticality, and clarify the nature of correction to the leading scaling behavior. However, the result of standard FSS analysis near criticality is inconsistent with other predictions of Kosterlitz's renormalization group approach.
On heterotic model constraints

The constraints imposed on heterotic compactifications by global consistency and phenomenology seem to be very finely balanced. We show that weakening these constraints, as was proposed in some recent works, is likely to lead to frivolous results. In particular, we construct an infinite set of such frivolous models having precisely the massless spectrum of the MSSM and other quasi-realistic features. Only one model in this infinite collection (the one constructed in [8]) is globally consistent and supersymmetric. The others might be interpreted as being anomalous, or as non-supersymmetric models, or as local models that cannot be embedded in a global one. We also show that the strongly coupled model of [8] can be modified to a perturbative solution with stable SU(4) or SU(5) bundles in the hidden sector. We finally propose a detailed exploration of heterotic vacua involving bundles on Calabi-Yau threefolds with 6 Wilson lines; we obtain many more frivolous solutions, but none that are globally consistent and supersymmetric at the string scale.
Singlet oxygen in synthesis. Formation of d,l- and meso-isochrysohermidin from a 3,3′-bipyrrole precursor

Abstract A synthesis of the d , l and meso forms of isochrysohermidin 3 is outlined which employs the singlet oxygen oxidation of pyrroles as the key step. The bipyrrole precursor 8 was synthesized from a 3-hydroxy monopyrrole which, in turn, was prepared by addition of methylamine to a vinyl vicinal tricarbonyl.
Seismic imaging of extended crust with emphasis on the western United States

Understanding of the crust has improved dramatically following the application of seismic reflection and refraction techniques to studies of the deep crust. This is particularly true in areas where the last tectonic event was extensional, such as the Basin and Range province of the western United States and much of western Europe. In these regions, a characteristic reflective pattern has emerged, whereby the lower crust is highly reflective and the upper crust and upper mantle are either poorly reflective or strikingly nonreflective. In the metamorphic-core-complex belt in the western United States, where extension can be as much as an order of magnitude greater than in the more classic continental rift zones, the lower crustal reflectivity thickens and rises, yielding a picture of a crust that is reflective throughout. Synthetic seismic studies have documented that the reflectivity in these regions can be modeled by numerous laminae tens of meters thick and hundreds of meters across, characterized by inter-layered high and low velocities. Two geologic factors are interpreted as contributing to this layered character: ductile strain, responding to stress in the thermally weakened middle and lower crust, and intrusive layering, corresponding to injection of subhorizontal sheets of mantle-derived magmas. These two processes yield a variety of geologic structures, including transposed compositional layering, mylonitic ductile shear zones, and intrusive mafic sheets, all of which occur at the proper scales to cause the prominent reflectivity observed. If metamorphic core complexes are representative of extended continental crust world-wide, then these results suggest that magmatism and ductile flow have also contributed to the evolution of the middle and lower crust in many other areas around the world.
Efficient Domino Approaches to Multifunctionalized Fused Pyrroles and Dibenzo[b,e][1,4]diazepin-1-ones

Efficient domino approaches for the synthesis of multifunctionalized tricyclic fused pyrroles and dibenzo[b,e][1,4]diazepin-1-ones have been established. The reaction pathways were controlled by varying enaminones with different substituted patterns to give a series of new fused pyrroles and dibenzo[b,e][1,4]diazepin-1-ones selectively. The complete anti diastereoselectivity was achieved for the first reaction.
Robust Stability of Monetary Policy Rules under Adaptive Learning

Recent research has explored how minor changes in expectation formation can change the stability properties of a model (Duffy and Xiao 2007; Evans and Honkapohja 2009). This article builds on this research by examining an economy subject to a variety of monetary policy rules under an endogenous learning algorithm proposed by Marcet and Nicolini (2003). The results indicate that operational versions of optimal discretionary rules are not robustly stable, as in Evans and Honkapohja (2009). In addition, commitment rules are not robust to minor changes in expectational structure and parameter values.
The Influence of Bars on Nuclear Activity

Gravitational torques induced by a stellar bar on the interstellar medium of a disk galaxy instigate radial inflow of gas toward the central regions of the galaxy. Accordingly, the presence of a bar should reinforce nuclear star formation activity or the fueling of an active galactic nucleus (AGN). We test this hypothesis by comparing the detection rate and intensity of nuclear H II regions and AGNs among barred and unbarred galaxies in a sample of over 300 spirals selected from our recent optical spectroscopic survey of nearby galaxies. The AGN group includes Seyfert nuclei as well as low-ionization nuclear emission-line regions (LINERs). Among late-type spirals (Sc-Sm), as opposed to early-type spirals (S0/a-Sbc), we observe in the barred group a very marginal increase in the detection rate of H II nuclei and a corresponding decrease in the incidence of AGNs. The minor differences in detection rates, however, are statistically insignificant, most likely stemming from selection effects and not from a genuine influence of the bar. The presence of a bar seems to have no noticeable impact on the likelihood of a galaxy for hosting either nuclear star formation or an AGN. The nuclei of early-type barred spirals (S0/a-Sbc) do exhibit measurably higher star formation rates than do their unbarred counterparts, as indicated by either the luminosity or the equivalent width of Hα emission. By contrast, late-type spirals do not show such an effect. These results agree with previous studies and can be explained most easily in terms of structural differences between bars in early-type and late-type spirals. Nuclear H II regions spanning a wide range of intensities are found regardless of the presence of a bar, suggesting that a bar is neither a necessary nor a sufficient condition for star formation to occur in galactic nuclei. Other factors, such as the availablity of gas, must be equally important. Bars, on the other hand, have a negligible effect on the strength of the AGNs in our sample, regardless of the Hubble type of the host galaxy. This result confirms conclusions reached by other studies based on much smaller samples. Assuming that AGNs are fueled by gas from the interstellar medium of the host galaxy, some inferences concerning the fueling process can be made. We speculate that inner Lindblad resonances, particularly common in barred galaxies with large bulge-to-disk ratios, prevent gas which has been radially transported from large scales from reaching the nucleus. We discuss the feasibility of sustaining the power output of nearby AGNs with debris from tidal disruption of stars by a supermassive black hole as well as with mass loss from evolved stars. We conclude that such processes should be sufficient for fueling the low-luminosity nuclear sources found in many nearby galaxies.
1-(2-Ethoxyethyl)-1H-pyrazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidines as potent phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) inhibitors

1H-Pyrazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidines are a class of potent and selective second generation phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) inhibitors. This work explores the potency, selectivity and efficacy of 1-(2-ethoxyethyl)-1H-pyrazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidines as PDE5 inhibitors resulting in the advancement of a clinical candidate.
Hilbert functions and the finite degree Zariski closure in finite field combinatorial geometry

The polynomial method has been used recently to obtain many striking results in combinatorial geometry. In this paper, we use affine Hilbert functions to obtain an estimation theorem in finite field geometry. The most natural way to state the theorem is via a bounded degree Zariski closure operation: given a set, we consider all polynomials of some bounded degree vanishing on that set, and then the common zeros of these polynomials. For example, the degree d closure of d + 1 points on a line will contain the whole line, as any polynomial of degree at most d vanishing on the d + 1 points must vanish on the line. Our result is a bound on the size of a finite degree closure of a given set. Finally, we adapt our use of Hilbert functions to the method of multiplicities.
Sperm kinematics of cryopreserved normozoospermic specimens after artificial stimulation.

Abstract Objectives Cryopreservation of semen is associated with reduced motility after thawing, resulting in a decreased pregnancy rate. Artificial stimulation of motility has been used in fresh semen samples. This study measured the effect of motility stimulants on various motion characteristics and other sperm functions using cryopreserved semen. Methods Frozen semen samples from healthy donors were thawed, and motility stimulants were added in vitro and incubated for 60 minutes. The percentages of motile spermatozoa in each specimen and other motion characteristics were measured. In addition, spermatozoon's viability, membrane integrity, and ability to penetrate bovine cervical mucus were studied after addition of stimulants. Results Percentage motility and all other motion characteristics improved after stimulation with pentoxifylline, caffeine, or 2-deoxyadenosine. Linearity did not significantly differ in the control samples after adding any of the stimulants. Viability, membrane integrity, and penetration ability did not improve significantly and were comparable with control values. Conclusions Pentoxifylline, caffeine, and 2-deoxyadenosine can stimulate sperm motility and other motion characteristics. This may be beneficial in the cryopreservation of sperm from normal donors and oligozoospermic patients for use in assisted reproduction.
Modified independent modal space control method for active control of flexible systems

A modified independent modal space control (MIMSC) method is developed for designing active vibration control systems for large flexible structures. The method accounts for the interaction between the controlled and residual modes. It incorporates also optimal placement procedures for selecting the optimal locations of the actuators in the structure in order to minimize the structural vibrations as well as the actuation energy. The MIMSC method relies on an important feature which is based on time sharing of a small number of actuators, in the modal space, to control effectively a large number of modes. Numerical examples are presented to illustrate the application of the method to generic flexible systems. The results obtained suggest the potential of the devised method in designing efficient active control systems for large flexible structures.
Calculating limits and colimits in pro-categories

We present some constructions of limits and colimits in pro-categories. These are critical tools in several applications. In particular, certain technical arguments concerning strict pro-maps are essential for a theorem about \'etale homotopy types. Also, we show that cofiltered limits in pro-categories commute with finite colimits.
VARIATIONS IN THE AXISYMMETRIC TRANSPORT OF MAGNETIC ELEMENTS ON THE SUN: 1996-2010

We measure the axisymmetric transport of magnetic flux on the Sun by cross-correlating narrow strips of data from line-of-sight magnetograms obtained at a 96 minute cadence by the MDI instrument on the ESA/NASA SOHO spacecraft and then averaging the flow measurements over each synodic rotation of the Sun. Our measurements indicate that the axisymmetric flows vary systematically over the solar cycle. The differential rotation is weaker at maximum than at minimum. The meridional flow is faster at minimum and slower at maximum. The meridional flow speed on the approach to the Cycle 23/24 minimum was substantially faster than it was at the Cycle 22/23 minimum. The average latitudinal profile is largely a simple sinusoid that extends to the poles and peaks at about 35° latitude. As the cycle progresses, a pattern of inflows toward the sunspot zones develops and moves equatorward in step with the sunspot zones. These inflows are accompanied by the torsional oscillations. This association is consistent with the effects of the Coriolis force acting on the inflows. The equatorward motions associated with these inflows are identified as the source of the decrease in net poleward flow at cycle maxima. We also find polar countercells (equatorward flow at high latitudes) in the south from 1996 to 2000 and in the north from 2002 to 2010. We show that these measurements of the flows are not affected by the nonaxisymmetric diffusive motions produced by supergranulation.
Status of the Higgs mass bound

The status of the triviality bound of the Higgs mass in the Minimal Standard Model is reviewed. It is emphasized that the bound is obtained, in the scalar sector, by limiting cutoff effects on physical processes. Results from several regularization schemes, including actions that allow a parameterization and tuning of the leading cutoff effects, are presented. They lead to the conclusion that the Minimal Standard Model will describe physics to an accuracy of a few percent up to energies of the order 2 to 4 times the Higgs mass MH, only if MH </ 710 ± 60 GeV. The status of Higgs and fermion mass bounds in Higgs-fermion models is also briefly reviewed.
Perturbation of the monomer-monomer interfaces of the benzoylformate decarboxylase tetramer.

The X-ray structure of benzoylformate decarboxylase (BFDC) from Pseudomonas putida ATCC 12633 shows it to be a tetramer. This was believed to be typical of all thiamin diphosphate-dependent decarboxylases until recently when the structure of KdcA, a branched-chain 2-keto acid decarboxylase from Lactococcus lactis, showed it to be a homodimer. This lent credence to earlier unfolding experiments on pyruvate decarboxylase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae that indicated that it might be active as a dimer. To investigate this possibility in BFDC, we sought to shift the equilibrium toward dimer formation. Point mutations were made in the noncatalytic monomer–monomer interfaces, but these had a minimal effect on both tetramer formation and catalytic activity. Subsequently, the R141E/Y288A/A306F variant was shown by analytical ultracentrifugation to be partially dimeric. It was also found to be catalytically inactive. Further experiments revealed that just two mutations, R141E and A306F, were sufficient to markedly ...
Deep space network enhancement for the Galileo mission to Jupiter

The Galileo mission to Jupiter has unique scientific objectives never attempted before by a planetary mission. These objectives have presented technical challenges to the NASA Deep Space Network. New technologies and system concepts have been developed to meet these challenges. Major implementations are underway to equip the ground stations in the Network. Significant improvement in performance is expected. The ground-based navigation is expected to achieve an angular precision of 50 nanoradians using very-long-baseline interferometry (VLBI). The frequency stability of the ground instrument will be 5 x 10 to the -15th for the detection of gravitational waves. The precision of the Faraday rotation angle measurement of the spacecraft signal will be better than 2 degrees.
Single-well Salt-flank Seismic Imaging

Reservoirs located adjacent to near-vertical salt flanks can be difficult to image accurately using surface seismic techniques. Exxon has developed a single-well profiling tool to seismically illuminate the salt flank from a nearby well among other uses. High-resolution images obtained from this data will aid reservoir assessment and placement of up-dip wells. Seismic imaging of a salt flank was analyzed using synthetic data generated from a computer model. The computer model, containing over three hundred layers, was based on a typical Gulf of Mexico geologic salt flank cross-section. The synthetic data were generated using a finite-difference solution of the two-dimensional acoustic wave equation. Prestack depth migration was used to obtain an image because the velocity model contains rapid lateral variations. The sensitivity of the imaging process to errors in the migration velocity model was tested by migrating the data using various velocity models. As expected, the accuracy of the image varies with the accuracy of the velocity model. The borehole seismic industry is excited about the development of single-well imaging technology to image salt flanks from a nearby well. Three-dimensional modeling and imaging techniques will be developed by a consortium group on Single- Well Seismic Imaging of Salt Dome Flanks.
Base-region optimization of SiGe HBTs for high-frequency microwave power amplification

The base-region optimization of SiGe power heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs) for high-frequency microwave power amplification is investigated. It is found that employing a heavily doped base region in conjunction with a high Ge content of proper profile can effectively improve the large-signal power-gain values of SiGe HBTs while maintaining their high breakdown voltages and thus allow them to be efficiently operated with high power at higher microwave frequencies. More importantly, with such a base-region optimization, not only lateral-scaling requirements can be relaxed but also a common-base configuration for power amplification using these devices can be favored, which further enhances the power-gain values of SiGe power HBTs at high frequencies. Load-pull experimental results are presented to show the highest figure-of-merit power performance of SiGe power HBTs with an optimized base region. The power performance of SiGe power HBTs operated at X-band with different base-region designs was also compared to illustrate the significant benefits that result from the base-region optimization.
Monopolistic competition, credibility and the output costs of disinflation programs An analysis of price controls

Abstract Brazil, Argentina and Israel all used price controls as part of disinflation programs in 1985–1986. In each case they were intended to break an ‘inertial’ component of inflation. This paper focuses on the interaction between lack of credibility of government monetary policy announcements and the price setting behavior of forward looking firms. We show that this interaction can lead to inertia extending well beyond the price setting period. Lack of credibility is then shown to lead to output losses during a disinflation program. The paper analyses asset price behavior during disinflation programs with and without price controls and the influence of credibility problems. Finally, we show that if past government policy has any information content about future government policy, cheating on current announcements of tight policy buys current employment gains during the price control period at the cost of higher inflation afterwards. Sustaining low inflation after the price control period thus requires restrictive monetary policy during the price control period.
Rebels and Their Causes: State Resistance to No Child Left Behind

The formal state resistance to No Child Left Behind (NCLB) may surprise scholars of federalism, who have generally found that states rarely resort to legislative and legal challenges to federal regulation. This article considers that factors influence states’ level of resistance to NCLB. Using an original data set, I estimate a series of ordered logit models with a dependent variable measuring state legislation and legal action against NCLB and find that states with lower poverty rates and a larger Hispanic population offer greater resistance. The discussion uses these results to suggest five factors towards which scholars may look to predict future formal challenges.
Metamagnetic Transition in EuSe2: A New, Metastable Binary Rare-Earth Polychalcogenide

The reaction of Eu with molten lithium polyselenide produced a new rare-earth dichalcogenide, EuSe2. This compound cannot be obtained via direct combination of the elements and is therefore an exam...
Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Influenza Vaccination Among Elderly Adults

OBJECTIVES: To examine whether access to care factors account for racial/ethnic disparities in influenza vaccination among elderly adults in the United States.
Supercell band structure calculations of the two peak photo- and inverse photoemission spectra in Ce and Pr compounds

Abstract We show that the two peak photoemission and inverse photoemission spectra in Ce and Pr compounds can be determined theoretically using a local density supercell approach with different channels to screen the 4f hole in photoemission and antiscreen the extra 4f electron in inverse photoemission.
Active Trifluoromethylating Agents from Well-Defined Copper(I)−CF3 Complexes

The first examples of isolable and structurally characterized Cu(I)−CF3 complexes are reported. N-Heterocyclic carbene (NHC)-supported copper tert-butoxide complexes reacted with Me3Si−CF3 to afford new (NHC)Cu−CF3 complexes whose structures were dependent on whether or not the C4−C5 positions of the five-membered NHC rings were saturated. In situ generated (SIiPr)Cu−CF3 cleanly transferred its trifluoromethyl group to a number of organic halides under mild conditions.
The rebranding of capital controls in an era of productive incoherence

AbstractThe rebranding of capital controls during the global crisis has widened the policy space in the financial arena to a greater, more consistent degree than following the Asian crisis. How are we to account for this extraordinary ideational and policy evolution? The paper highlights five factors that contribute to the evolving rebranding of capital controls. These include: (1) the rise of increasingly autonomous developing states, largely as a consequence of their successful response to the Asian crisis; (2) the increasing assertiveness of their policymakers in part as a consequence of their relative success in responding to the current crisis; (3) a pragmatic adjustment by the IMF to an altered global economy in which the geography of its influence has been severely restricted, and in which it has become financially dependent on former clients; (4) the need for capital controls by countries at the extremes, i.e. those that faced implosion, and also and more importantly by those that have fared ‘too ...
Analytical alignment tolerances for off-plane reflection grating spectroscopy

Future NASA X-ray Observatories will shed light on a variety of high-energy astrophysical phenomena. Off-plane reflection gratings can be used to provide high throughput and spectral resolution in the 0.3–1.5 keV band, allowing for unprecedented diagnostics of energetic astrophysical processes. A grating spectrometer consists of multiple aligned gratings intersecting the converging beam of a Wolter-I telescope. Each grating will be aligned such that the diffracted spectra overlap at the focal plane. Misalignments will degrade both spectral resolution and effective area. In this paper we present an analytical formulation of alignment tolerances that define grating orientations in all six degrees of freedom. We verify our analytical results with raytrace simulations to fully explore the alignment parameter space. We also investigate the effect of misalignments on diffraction efficiency.
Cost-Utility Analysis of von Willebrand Disease Screening in Adolescents with Menorrhagia

Objective To construct a decision analysis model to evaluate the cost utility of von Willebrand disease (VWD) testing in adolescents with menorrhagia. Study design A 20-year Markov decision analytic model was constructed to evaluate the cost utility of two strategies: testing or not testing for VWD. The model includes probabilities of remaining well, suffering an acute menorrhagia bleeding event, surgical complications, oral contraceptive pill complications, or dying. Probabilities, costs, and utilities were estimated from published literature. The prevalence of type 1 VWD in adolescent females with menorrhagia was estimated at 13%. Results The cost of testing adolescents with menorrhagia for VWD was $1790, versus $1251 for not testing for VWD. The effectiveness of not testing in quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) gained (14.237 QALYs) was similar to the VWD testing strategy (14.246 QALYs). Compared with not testing for VWD, screening for VWD had an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of $62 791 per QALY, a value typically considered economically reasonable. Conclusions In adolescents with menorrhagia, testing for VWD before the initiation of oral contraceptives is cost-effective.
An efficient molecular dynamics scheme for predicting dopant implant profiles in semiconductors

Abstract We present a highly efficient molecular dynamics scheme for calculating the concentration profile of dopants implanted in group-IV alloy, and III–V zinc blende structure materials. Our program incorporates methods for reducing computational overhead, plus a rare event algorithm to give statistical accuracy over several orders of magnitude change in the dopant concentration. The code uses a molecular dynamics (MD) model, instead of the binary collision approximation (BCA) used in implant simulators such as TRIM and Marlowe, to describe ion-target interactions. Atomic interactions are described by a combination of `many-body' and screened Coulomb potentials. Inelastic energy loss is accounted for using a Firsov model, and electronic stopping is described by a Brandt–Kitagawa model which contains the single adjustable parameter for the entire scheme. Thus, the program is easily extensible to new ion-target combinations with the minimum of tuning, and is predictive over a wide range of implant energies and angles. The scheme is especially suited for calculating profiles due to low energy, large angle implants, and for situations where a predictive capability is required with the minimum of experimental validation. We give examples of using our code to calculate concentration profiles and 2D `point response' profiles of dopants in crystalline silicon, silicon–germanium blends, and gallium–arsenide. We can predict the experimental profile over five orders of magnitude for 〈100〉 and 〈110〉 channeling and for non-channeling implants at energies up to hundreds of keV.
Vibronic coupling activity in the resonance Raman spectra of alkyl benzenes

The Raman spectra of the alkyl benzene derivatives toluene, para‐xylene, and mesitylene (1,3,5,‐trimethylbenzene) have been obtained with 212.8 nm laser radiation. This radiation is resonant with the 1La excited state of these benzenoid aromatics. The dominant dipole forbidden character of this electronic transition is reflected in the resonance Raman spectra. The additional substituent‐induced dipole allowed character is clearly evident in the scattering spectra of the D2h and C2v derivatives as well. These results illustrate the validity of the vibronic theory of Raman scattering.
Did the Affordable Care Act's dependent coverage mandate increase premiums?

Abstract We investigate the impact of the Affordable Care Act's dependent coverage mandate on insurance premiums. The expansion of dependent coverage under the ACA allows young adults to remain on their parent's private health insurance plans until the age of 26. We find that the mandate has led to a 2.5–2.8 percent increase in premiums for health insurance plans that cover children, relative to single-coverage plans. We are able to conclude that employers did not pass on the entire premium increase to employees through higher required plan contributions.
Mutual Fund Performance and Changing Market Trends 1990-2001: Does Manager Experience Matter?

Mutual fund performance studies that examine returns over several years typically show that fund managers significantly underperform on a risk-adjusted basis. Using a four-factor risk-adjustment model, the authors of this article observe similar results during the bull market of the 1990s. However, they report that when they run their model using a moving 36-month window, they show that managers, on average, do not underperform on a risk-adjusted basis during the two bear markets that occurred within the full sample period 1990–2001. In fact, for some manager experience levels, they report significant positive risk-adjusted performance, on average, during the latest bear market. Contrary to some prior studies and popular belief, the level of risk-adjusted performance they find is not positively related to manager experience. The article9s conclusions indicate that market trends rather than manager experience more clearly influence the level of risk-adjusted returns generated by fund managers, and thus investors should not pick mutual funds based solely on the tenure of the funds9 managers.
Effect of Thermally Expanding Surfaces on Aerodynamic Roll Torques for Cones

An experimental and analytical study has been made of the aerodynamic roll torque on smoothly ablating, spinning cones. The tests, conducted in the Ames 3.5-Foot Hypersonic Wind Tunnel, indicated that the smoothly ablating model rolling at 0 deg angle of attack experiences roll damping, but when rolling at angle of attack an aerodynamic torque in the direction of spin arises if thermal expansion of the body surface occurs. An analysis of the spinning body at angle of attack is included to show how the relative importance of the ablator thermal expansion and the surface recession rate determines whether the motion is damped or undamped.
Free space optical communication utilizing mid-infrared interband cascade laser

A Free Space Optical (FSO) link utilizing mid-IR Interband Cascade lasers has been demonstrated in the 3-5 μm atmospheric transmission window with data rates up to 70 Mb/s and bit-error-rate (BER) less than 10 -8 . The performance of the mid-IR FSO link has been compared with the performance of a near-IR link under various fog conditions using an indoor communication testbed. These experiments demonstrated the lower attenuation and scintillation advantages of a mid-IR FSO link through fog than a 1550 nm FSO link.
Use of 4-cyanocoumarins as dienophiles in a facile synthesis of highly substituted dibenzopyranones.

A new synthesis of dibenzopyranones 14 is reported via the Diels−Alder cycloaddition of 4-cyanocoumarins 12 with 1-silyloxydienes 10 to give the adducts 13 which are then converted into 14 in one step via treatment with base and loss of the cyano and silyloxy groups.
High-order thermal ghost imaging

We show theoretically that high-order thermal ghost imaging has considerably higher visibility and contrast-to-noise ratio than conventional thermal ghost imaging, which utilizes the lowest-order intensity cross correlation of the object and the reference signal. We also deduce the optimal power order of the correlation that gives the best contrast-to-noise ratio.
US Manufacturing Extension Partnerships: Technology Policy Reinvented?

Abstract The US manufacturing extension partnership (MEP) is examined as an example of the new partnership paradigm in US technology policy. The MEP provides technology assistance services, particularly for small and medium-sized enterprises. Influenced by aims to reinvent government and reorient technology policy, the MEP seeks to be comprehensive, collaborative, and demand-driven. However, the MEP’s partnered management style is constrained by political and industrial systems that continue to operate on traditional lines. After probing these tensions, the paper offers insights for the MEP’s future development and for other technology and innovation policies that seek to emulate the MEP’s partnership approach.
Lithographic performance results for a new 50-kV electron-beam mask writer

Current pattern generation tool designs will be inadequate to meet the advanced requirements for next-generation masks, particularly at the 100 nm node. Etec Systems, Inc. has developed a complete raster-based patterning solution to provide improved resolution, critical dimension (CD) uniformity, positional accuracy, and throughput. This solution meets the challenges of the 130-nm device generation with extendibility to at least 100 nm devices. Our complete patterning solution includes an electron-beam (e-beam) pattern generation system and a new 50 kV process. The e-beam system includes a column with 50 kV accelerating voltage and a new graybeam writing technique. To accomplish this technique, a pulse-width modulated blanking system, per-pixel deflection, retrograde scanning, and multiphase and multipass writing are used. This combination of features results in markedly improved lithographic performance and enables the use of conventional high-contrast resists for faster process implementation. Additional significant innovations of this pattern generation system include a novel stage design, an integrated automated material handling system (AMHS), on-board diagnostics, and improved environmental/thermal management. We believe this comprehensive patterning solution offers the best combination of benefits to the user in terms of versatility and extendibility.
Quick-VDR: interactive view-dependent rendering of massive models

We present a novel approach for interactive view-dependent rendering of massive models. Our algorithm combines view-dependent simplification, occlusion culling, and out-of-core rendering. We represent the model as a clustered hierarchy of progressive meshes (CHPM). We use the cluster hierarchy for coarse-grained selective refinement and progressive meshes for fine-grained local refinement. We present an out-of-core algorithm for computation of a CHPM that includes cluster decomposition, hierarchy generation, and simplification. We make use of novel cluster dependencies in the preprocess to generate crack-free, drastic simplifications at runtime. The clusters are used for occlusion culling and out-of-core rendering. We add a frame of latency to the rendering pipeline to fetch newly visible clusters from the disk and to avoid stalls. The CHPM reduces the refinement cost for view-dependent rendering by more than an order of magnitude as compared to a vertex hierarchy. We have implemented our algorithm on a desktop PC. We can render massive CAD, isosurface, and scanned models, consisting of tens or a few hundreds of millions of triangles at 10-35 frames per second with little loss in image quality.
QZ-Based Algorithm for System Pole, Transmission Zero, and Residue Derivatives

The QZ algorithm gives a robust way of computing solutions to the generalized eigenvalue problem. The generalized eigenvalue problem is used in linear control theory to find solutions to Ricatti equations, as well as to determine system transmission zeros. In state-space linear system analysis, the system poles and transmission zeros are particularly important for determining system time and frequency response. Here, we embed calculation of the eigenvalue derivatives in the QZ algorithm such that the derivatives of system poles and transmission zeros are computed simultaneously with the poles and zeros themselves. The resulting method is further exercised in finding generalized eigenvalues and their sensitivities required for finding the derivatives of system residues. This technique should open the door to solutions of problems of interest by unconstrained gradient-based methods. Typical numerical results are presented.
Synthesis and Biological Activity of 3- and 5-Amino Derivatives of Pyridine-2-carboxaldehyde Thiosemicarbazone

A series of 3- and 5-alkylamino derivatives, as well as other structurally modified analogues of pyridine-2-carboxaldehyde thiosemicarbazone, have been synthesized and evaluated as inhibitors of CDP reductase activity and for their cytotoxicity in vitro and antineoplastic activity in vivo against the L1210 leukemia. Alkylation of 3- and 5-amino-2-(1,3-dioxolan-2-yl)pyridines (1, 2) resulted in corresponding 3-methylamino, 5-methylamino, 3-allylamino, 5-ethylamino, 5-allylamino, 5-propylamino, and 5-butylamino derivatives (5, 6, and 11-15), which were then condensed with thiosemicarbazide to yield the respective thiosemicarbazones (7, 8, and 16-20). Oxidation of 3,5-dinitro-2-methylpyridine (21) with selenium dioxide, followed by treatment with ethylene glycol and p-toluenesulfonic acid, produced the cyclic ethylene acetal, 23. Oxidation of 2-(1,3-dioxolan-2-yl)-4-methyl-5-nitropyridine (26) with selenium dioxide, followed by sequential treatment with sodium borohydride, methanesulfonyl chloride, and morpholine afforded the morpholinomethyl derivative 30. Catalytic hydrogenation of 23 and 30 with Pd/C yielded the corresponding amino derivatives 24 and 31. Catalytic hydrogenation of 5-cyano-2-methylpyridine (33) with Raney nickel, followed by treatment with acetic anhydride, gave the amide derivative 35. N-Oxidation of 35, followed by rearrangement with acetic anhydride, produced the acetate derivative, 5-[(acetylamino)methyl]-2-(acetoxymethyl)pyridine (37). Repetition of the N-oxidation and rearrangement procedures with compound 37 yielded the diacetate derivative 39. Condensation of compounds 24, 31, and 39 with thiosemicarbazide afforded the respective 3,5-diaminopyridine-, 4-(4-morpholinylmethyl)-5-aminopyridine-, and 5-(aminomethyl)pyridine-2-carboxaldehyde thiosemicarbazones (25, 32, and 40). The most biologically active compounds synthesized were the 5-(methylamino)-, 5-(ethylamino)-, and 5-(allylamino)pyridine-2-carboxaldehyde thiosemicarbazones (8, 17, and 18), which were potent inhibitors of ribonucleotide reductase activity with corresponding IC50 values of 1.3, 1.0, and 1.4 microM and which produced significant prolongation of the survival time of L1210 leukemia-bearing mice, with corresponding optimum % T/C values of 223, 204, and 215 being obtained when administered twice daily for six consecutive days at dosages of 60, 80, and 80 mg/kg, respectively.
A three component free radical coupling reaction: Vicinal dialkylation of α,β-unsaturated ketones and esters

Abstract A Three component free radical coupling reaction that produces vicinal dialkylated ketones and esters has been investigated. The products possess versatile functionality that is easily manipulated into a variety of other functional groups.