cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Survey of Magnetic Helicity Injection in Regions Producing X-Class Flares

Virtually all X-class flares produce a coronal mass ejection (CME), and each CME carries magnetic helicity into the heliosphere. Using magnetograms from the Michelson Doppler Imager on the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory, we surveyed magnetic helicity injection into 48 X-flare-producing active regions recorded by the MDI between 1996 July and 2005 July. Magnetic helicity flux was calculated according to the method of Chae for the 48 X-flaring regions and for 345 non-X-flaring regions. Our survey revealed that a necessary condition for the occurrence of an X-flare is that the peak helicity flux has a magnitude >6 × 1036 Mx2 s-1. X-flaring regions also consistently had a higher net helicity change during the ~6 day measurement intervals than nonflaring regions. We find that the weak hemispherical preference of helicity injection, positive in the south and negative in the north, is caused by the solar differential rotation, but it tends to be obscured by the intrinsic helicity injection, which is more disorganized and tends to be of opposite sign. An empirical fit to the data shows that the injected helicity over the range 1039-10 43 Mx2 s-1 is proportional to magnetic flux squared. Similarly, over a range of 0.3-3000 days, the time required to generate the helicity in a CME is inversely proportional to the magnetic flux squared. Most of the X-flare regions generated the helicity needed for a CME in a few days to a few hours.
Fabrication and properties of a tin-lithium alloy.

A Sn-25 at.% Li alloy has been fabricated by starting with pure Sn and Li. The alloy was cast into various shapes and sent to researchers in several organizations in the United States and abroad for property measurements. The fabrication procedure involved gradual addition of Li from a separate vessel into a vessel that contained Sn; continuous stirring of the mixture during Li addition increased the Li content of the alloy gradually from 0 to the final value of 25 at.%. The melting temperature of the alloy was 334 C; its density was 6.36 g/cm{sup 3}. Results are presented on microstructure, chemical composition, phase distribution, and microhardness of the alloy. Several experiments were conducted to evaluate the chemical reactivity of the alloy with air, water, and steam. Results showed that the alloy undergoes catastrophic oxidation when T >250 C in air and develops an oxide scale in water at temperatures up to 95 C. Exposure in low-pressure steam at 200 C caused significant swelling and cracking of the alloy.
Effect of glucose on the synthesis of testicular proteins separated by disc electrophoresis.

Abstract 1. The effect of glucose on the synthesis of testicular proteins has been studied in saline, Triton X-100, and sodium lauryl sulfate extracts. 2. The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether glucose preferentially stimulates the formation of certain proteins or whether protein synthesis in general is affected. 3. Employing dual-labeling, we observed no significant alteration in the ratio of 14C/3H in any protein fraction from each respective extract. 4. Therefore, the stimulatory effect of glucose on the synthesis of acid-precipitable testicular proteins appears to be a reflection of a non-specific effect involving all proteins being synthesized.
Collective Choice in the Commons: Experimental Results on Proposed Allocation Rules and Votes

We analyse and empirically examine a multi-level common-pool resource (CPR) game consisting of a collective-choice level game and an operational-level game. In the collective-choice game, participants anonymously propose allocation rules to be used in the operational game and vote anonymously on the proposed rules. Majority and unanimity rules are investigated. Our major finding is that both types of voting rules substantially increase efficiency relative to a baseline with no opportunity for collective choice, but the distributional consequences of the rules differ. To understand the process by which efficiency is improved better, we examine four predictive theories related to proposals, votes, and outcomes.
Sagittal Plane Knee Biomechanics and Vertical Ground Reaction Forces Are Modified Following ACL Injury Prevention Programs: A Systematic Review

Context:Injuries to the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) occur because of excessive loading on the knee. ACL injury prevention programs can influence sagittal plane ACL loading factors and vertical ground reaction force (VGRF).Objective:To determine the influence of ACL injury prevention programs on sagittal plane knee biomechanics (anterior tibial shear force, knee flexion angle/moments) and VGRF.Data Sources:The PubMed database was searched for studies published between January 1988 and June 2008. Reference lists of selected articles were also reviewed.Study Selection:Studies were included that evaluated healthy participants for knee flexion angle, sagittal plane knee kinetics, or VGRF after performing a multisession training program. Two individuals reviewed all articles and determined which articles met the selection criteria. Approximately 4% of the articles fulfilled the selection criteria.Data Extraction:Data were extracted regarding each program’s duration, frequency, exercise type, population, su...
Proton irradiation-induced creep of ultra-fine grain graphite

Abstract The objective of this work was to systematically study the effects of applied tensile stress, dose rate, temperature, and accumulated dose on the in situ proton irradiation-induced creep behavior of graphite. Experiments were performed on ultra-fine grain POCO Graphite Inc. ZXF-5Q. The irradiation creep rate exhibited a linear dependence on applied tensile stress, dose rate, and temperature and no dependence on dose to a total accumulated value of 1.0 dpa. These dependencies showed reasonably good agreement with in-reactor creep data. Analysis of the crystal structure and crystallite size parameters following irradiation under load revealed that the most-probable source of structural change is formation of interstitial clusters between basal planes and uncollapsed vacancy lines, in agreement with changes observed for graphite irradiated in-reactor. The parametric dependencies and the change of the lattice parameters, and crystallite dimensions, were compared with dependencies from several potential mechanisms of irradiation-induced creep and revealed, via process of elimination, that Stress-Induced Preferential Absorption (SIPA) is the most likely mechanism to explain irradiation-induced creep in this material.
Phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors increase Herceptin transport and treatment efficacy in mouse metastatic brain tumor models

Background: Chemotherapeutic drugs and newly developed therapeutic monoclonal antibodies are adequately delivered to most solid and systemic tumors. However, drug delivery into primary brain tumors and metastases is impeded by the blood-brain tumor barrier (BTB), significantly limiting drug use in brain cancer treatment. Methodology/Principal Findings: We examined the effect of phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) inhibitors in nude mice on drug delivery to intracranially implanted human lung and breast tumors as the most common primary tumors forming brain metastases, and studied underlying mechanisms of drug transport. In vitro assays demonstrated that PDE5 inhibitors enhanced the uptake of [ 14 C]dextran and trastuzumab (HerceptinH, a humanized monoclonal antibody against HER2/neu) by cultured mouse brain endothelial cells (MBEC). The mechanism of drug delivery was examined using inhibitors for caveolae-mediated endocytosis, macropinocytosis and coated pit/clathrin endocytosis. Inhibitor analysis strongly implicated caveolae and macropinocytosis endocytic pathways involvement in the PDE5 inhibitor-enhanced Herceptin uptake by MBEC. Oral administration of PDE5 inhibitor, vardenafil, to mice with HER2-positive intracranial lung tumors led to an increased tumor permeability to high molecular weight [ 14 C]dextran (2.6-fold increase) and to Herceptin (2-fold increase). Survival time of intracranial lung cancer-bearing mice treated with Herceptin in combination with vardenafil was significantly increased as compared to the untreated, vardenafil- or Herceptin-treated mice (p,0.01). Log-rank survival analysis of mice bearing HER2-positive intracranial breast tumor also showed a significant survival increase (p,0.02) in the group treated with Herceptin plus vardenafil as compared to other groups. However, vardenafil did not exert any beneficial effect on survival of mice bearing intracranial breast tumor with low HER2 expression and co-treated with Herceptin (p.0.05). Conclusions/Significance: These findings suggest that PDE5 inhibitors may effectively modulate BTB permeability, and enhance delivery and therapeutic efficacy of monoclonal antibodies in hard-to-treat brain metastases from different primary tumors that had metastasized to the brain.
Cardiovascular implications of HIV-induced dyslipidemia

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is currently the second most frequent cause of death (after cancer) among HIV-positive subjects. The clinical use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has dramatically reduced mortality and morbidity in HIV-positive population, leading to prolonged and improved quality of life. However, as mortality and morbidity from AIDS-related conditions improve, CVD assumes increasing magnitude. It is estimated that by 2015 more than 50% of HIV-positive patients will be older than 50 years. Since age is a major unmodifiable cardiovascular risk factor, the risk for CVD in this population will significantly and progressively increase in the near future. A large part of the risk for cardiovascular events appears to be a result of lipid abnormalities characterizing HIV-positive persons. This review focuses on HIV-associated lipid abnormalities and CVD. Lipid abnormalities may be related to either viral infection, HAART or both. Dyslipidemia characterizing HIV-infected patients has become a therapeutic target to reduce cardiovascular risk of HIV-treated patients. HAART-treated patients show an atherogenic lipid profile comprised of low HDL-cholesterol levels, hypertrigliceridemia and increased levels of small-LDL particles. Current guidelines for the treatment of dyslipidemia and reducing cardiovascular risk in HIV-positive patients suggest that when lifestyle modifications (i.e., diet and exercise) and switching antiretroviral therapy are not enough, statins should be the first-line therapy for dyslipidemia. HDL raising interventions (niacin and fibrates) should be considered to raise HDL levels and lower triglyceride in HIV-infected patients. Implications of lipid-related interventions in HIV-treated patients to avoid drug interactions and their adverse effects are also discussed.
Post-1906 stress recovery of the San Andreas fault system calculated from three-dimensional finite element analysis

[1] The M = 7.8 1906 San Francisco earthquake cast a stress shadow across the San Andreas fault system, inhibiting other large earthquakes for at least 75 years. The duration of the stress shadow is a key question in San Francisco Bay area seismic hazard assessment. This study presents a three-dimensional (3-D) finite element simulation of post-1906 stress recovery. The model reproduces observed geologic slip rates on major strike-slip faults and produces surface velocity vectors comparable to geodetic measurements. Fault stressing rates calculated with the finite element model are evaluated against numbers calculated using deep dislocation slip. In the finite element model, tectonic stressing is distributed throughout the crust and upper mantle, whereas tectonic stressing calculated with dislocations is focused mostly on faults. In addition, the finite element model incorporates postseismic effects such as deep afterslip and viscoelastic relaxation in the upper mantle. More distributed stressing and postseismic effects in the finite element model lead to lower calculated tectonic stressing rates and longer stress shadow durations (17–74 years compared with 7–54 years). All models considered indicate that the 1906 stress shadow was completely erased by tectonic loading no later than 1980. However, the stress shadow still affects present-day earthquake probability. Use of stressing rate parameters calculated with the finite element model yields a 7–12% reduction in 30-year probability caused by the 1906 stress shadow as compared with calculations not incorporating interactions. The aggregate interaction-based probability on selected segments (not including the ruptured San Andreas fault) is 53–70% versus the noninteraction range of 65–77%.
Climatological distributions of pH, pCO2, total CO2, alkalinity, and CaCO3 saturation in the global surface ocean, and temporal changes at selected locations

Abstract Climatological mean monthly distributions of pH in the total H+ scale, total CO2 concentration (TCO2), and the degree of CaCO3 saturation for the global surface ocean waters (excluding coastal areas) are calculated using a data set for pCO2, alkalinity and nutrient concentrations in surface waters (depths Lueker et al. (2000) and for boric acid by Dickson (1990) . Linear potential alkalinity-salinity relationships are established for 24 regions of the global ocean. The mean monthly distributions of pH and carbon chemistry parameters for the reference year 2005 are computed using the climatological mean monthly pCO2 data adjusted to a reference year 2005 and the alkalinity estimated from the potential alkalinity-salinity relationships. The equatorial zone (4°N-4°S) of the Pacific is excluded from the analysis because of the large interannual changes associated with ENSO events. The pH thus calculated ranges from 7.9 to 8.2. Lower values are located in the upwelling regions in the tropical Pacific and in the Arabian and Bering Seas; higher values are found in the subpolar and polar waters during the spring-summer months of intense photosynthetic production. The vast areas of subtropical oceans have seasonally varying pH values ranging from 8.05 during warmer months to 8.15 during colder months. The warm tropical and subtropical waters are supersaturated by a factor of as much as 4.2 with respect to aragonite and 6.3 for calcite, whereas the cold subpolar and polar waters are supersaturated by 1.2 for aragonite and 2.0 for calcite because of the lower pH values resulting from greater TCO2 concentrations. In the western Arctic Ocean, aragonite undersaturation is observed. The time-series data from the Bermuda (BATS), Hawaii (HOT), Canary (ESTOC) and the Drake Passage show that pH has been declining at a mean rate of about -0.02 pH per decade, and that pCO2 has been increasing at about 19 μatm per decade tracking the atmospheric pCO2 increase rate. This suggests that the ocean acidification is caused primarily by the uptake of atmospheric CO2. The relative importance of the four environmental drivers (temperature, salinity, alkalinity and total CO2 concentration) controlling the seasonal variability of carbonate chemistry at these sites is quantitatively assessed. The ocean carbon chemistry is governed sensitively by the TA/TCO2 ratio, and the rate of change in TA is equally important for the future ocean environment as is the TCO2 in ocean waters increases in the future.
Visualization of spatio temporal GPS uncertainty within a GIS environment

The importance of accurate registration of GPS (Global Positioning System) tracked objects embedded within a GIS (Geographic Information Systems) context has emerged as a critical need in several land, marine, and air navigational systems both for civilian and defense applications. The object of this work is to measure, model and geo-spatially register the positional accuracy of objects carrying GPS receivers against a GIS background. Although positional accuracy is affected by a number of factors, in this work we have focused on GPS modes (standalone or differential), type of environment (urban or foliage), and type of expected movement of objects. The Ashtech Z-12 sensor is used to collect the data. Linear models are used to estimate the errors associated with the horizontal position information. This error is then visualized upon a `1/2 foot resolution aerial imagery of the UCSC (University of California, Santa Cruz) campus. Estimates of speed and direction errors are used to create visualizations of spatio-temporal uncertainty associated with an object walking through the campus.
Single frequency processing of atmospheric radio occultations

Tracking of the radio signals broadcast by the Global Positioning System (GPS) satellites as they are occulted from a GPS receiver by the Earth's atmosphere can provide high resolution vertical profiles of atmospheric refractivity, temperature and water vapour. Most implementations of this radio occultation technique use two GPS frequencies to correct for ionospheric effects. However, during most soundings, one of the frequencies is degraded by the introduction of the so-called Anti-Spoofing (AS) encryption mode. A retrieval method is discussed in this work for periods when only one of the two frequency signals has good quality. This method uses only the frequency with higher signal-to-noise ratio. We illustrate the quality of the atmospheric profiles obtained from such single frequency retrievals using GPS/MET data from the periods where the AS was turned off and the two frequencies were available. The results enable us to ensure the quality of a climate record of thousands of radio occultations collecte...
Crystallography: Crystallographic evidence for deviating C3b structure (Reply)

We concur with Janssen . 1 that the structure of C3b that we reported (Protein Data Bank entry 2HR0)2 differs from the other two (2ICF (ref. 3) and 2I07 (ref. 4) in the conformation of the CUB and TED domains. The deviation of 2HR0 from 2I07 is probably relevant physiologically, considering that CUB eventually unfolds.
Client disclosure and therapist response in psychotherapy with women with a history of childhood sexual abuse

This study investigated the perceptions of adult clients (N=98; M age=32) with a history of childhood sexual abuse (CSA) of the costs and benefits of disclosure of this material. Significant benefits of disclosing included a sense of relief from sharing bottled-up emotions, and feeling more accepted and understood by one's therapist; significant negative consequences included feeling emotionally overwhelmed, and feeling uncomfortably vulnerable and exposed. Linear regressions indicated that CSA patients who generally disclose more have a greater tendency to experience both positive and negative effects of disclosure about abuse. In addition, a hierarchical regression analysis indicated that higher levels of symptomatology were predictive of higher levels of anxiety related to disclosure in therapy, suggesting that clinicians need to be cautious in encouraging disclosure about CSA with patients with severe pathology.
Dual-band, double-negative, polarization-independent metamaterial for the visible spectrum

We present what is to our knowledge the first dual-band negative index metamaterial that operates in the visible spectrum. The optimized four-functional-layer metamaterial structure exhibits the first double-negative (i.e., simultaneously negative permittivity and permeability) band in the red region of the visible spectrum with a figure of merit of 1.7 and the second double-negative band in the green region of the visible spectrum with a figure of merit of 3.2. The optical behavior of the proposed structure is independent of the polarization of the incident field. This low-loss metamaterial structure can be treated as a modified version of a fishnet metamaterial structure with an additional metal layer of different thickness in a single functional layer. The additional metal layer extends the diluted plasma frequency deep into the visible spectrum above the second-order magnetic resonance of the structure and hence provides a dual-band operation with simultaneously negative effective permittivity and permeability. Broadband metamaterials with multiple negative index bands may be possible with the same technique by employing higher-order magnetic resonances. The structure can be fabricated with standard microfabrication techniques that have been used to fabricate fishnet metamaterial structures.
Objectives of engineering education

Engineering is responsible for the social and economic progress that exists in this country today, but the fundamental aims of the engineering school — to develop men with mental integrity able to deal with new problems and new situations — have not changed much in the last century.
Etomidate and telazol.

This article provides a review of the pharmacology and clinical usage of etomidate and Telazol. These injectable anesthetic agents are not commonly used in veterinary practice; however, they have properties that may be utilized in specific patients and procedures. It is important to continue to choose the best anesthetic regimen for each patient. This will help ensure the safety and survival of our patients that require anesthesia.
Inhibition of prostate cancer growth by estramustine and colchicine

Hormone-refractory prostate cancer continues to be associated with a very poor prognosis. Agents that inhibit microtubule function have been found to be cytotoxic to prostate cancer cells in preclinical and clinical settings. It was the aim of this study to assess the activity of estramustine and colchicine, two microtubule inhibitors, in hormone-refractory prostate cancer. In clinically achievable concentrations, the combination of estramustine and colchicine was cytotoxic to both the Dunning rat prostate adenocarcinoma cell line MAT-LyLu (MLL) and human prostate cancer cells (PC-3). Microtubule function was assessed in vitro to evaluate possible mechanisms of action. In motility and cell cycle analysis assays, estramustine and colchicine inhibited cellular motility but not cell cycle transit. In vivo, these two agents both inhibited the growth of implanted Dunning rat prostate adenocarcinoma MLL cells but did not appear to have additive effects. The use of oral colchicine in the treatment of hormone-refractory prostate cancer requires further investigation.
SLA-guided energy savings for enterprise servers

Current hardware and operating system power management mechanisms use heuristics of a general nature that are largely application software independent, thus treating the application as a black box. The resulting communication disconnect between OS power management policies and application-level quality of service goals can either cause breaches in service level agreements (SLA) when the policies are too aggressive, or reduce energy savings when they are too conservative. In this work, we engage enterprise software in the management of its own performance and power by introducing a middleware that we call SLA Governor. The SLA Governor receives periodic updates on application level performance and the applicable SLA. Based on the available leeway and recent history, the SLA Governor makes, and puts into effect, decisions to raise or lower CPU speeds. Compared to state of the art OS based power management, the SLA Governor provides 8.3% better energy savings for an online transaction processing workload (TPoX) using a latest generation machine employing Intel E5-5600 (“Westmere”) series processors.
Crowded growth leads to the spontaneous evolution of semistable coexistence in laboratory yeast populations

Identifying the mechanisms that create and maintain biodiversity is a central challenge in biology. Stable diversification of microbial populations often requires the evolution of differences in resource utilization. Alternatively, coexistence can be maintained by specialization to exploit spatial heterogeneity in the environment. Here, we report spontaneous diversification maintained by a related but distinct mechanism: crowding avoidance. During experimental evolution of laboratory Saccharomyces cerevisiae populations, we observed the repeated appearance of "adherent" (A) lineages able to grow as a dispersed film, in contrast to their crowded "bottom-dweller" (B) ancestors. These two types stably coexist because dispersal reduces interference competition for nutrients among kin, at the cost of a slower maximum growth rate. This tradeoff causes the frequencies of the two types to oscillate around equilibrium over the course of repeated cycles of growth, crowding, and dispersal. However, further coevolution of the A and B types can perturb and eventually destroy their coexistence over longer time scales. We introduce a simple mathematical model of this "semistable" coexistence, which explains the interplay between ecological and evolutionary dynamics. Because crowded growth generally limits nutrient access in biofilms, the mechanism we report here may be broadly important in maintaining diversity in these natural environments.
High-speed diode laser measurements of temperature and water vapor concentration in the intake manifold of a diesel engine

A diode laser–based sensor system, utilizing absorption spectroscopy, has been developed to provide high-speed (5 kHz) simultaneous measurements of temperature and water vapor concentration in the ...
ESTUARINE HETEROTROPHIC CRYPTOPERIDINIOPSOIDS (DINOPHYCEAE): LIFE CYCLE AND CULTURE STUDIES1

Cryptoperidiniopsoids are an unclassified group of delicately thecate heterotrophic dinoflagellates known to be common in eastern U.S. estuarine waters. Over the past 10 years cryptoperidiniopsoids were isolated from different geographical regions and cultured with cryptophyte algal prey. In the seven clonal isolates examined, reproduction was strongly linked to the availability of prey cells. The dinoflagellates phagocytized the contents of prey cells through a tube-like peduncle, similarly as close relatives of Pfiesteria spp. and several other heterotrophic species. Cell division occurred while encysted, most commonly yielding two biflagellated offspring. Abundant fusing gametes, phagotrophic planozygotes, and cysts with a pronounced nuclear cyclosis characterized persistent sexuality. Cysts with nuclear cyclosis produced two flagellated offspring cells. The resistance of reproductive cysts to antimicrobial treatments was examined, and a simple high-yield technique was developed for population synchronization while ridding the dinoflagellates of most contaminating vacuolar prey DNA and external contaminants. The DNA content and population DNA profiles of synchronously excysted cryptoperidiniopsoids from different isolates were measured using flow cytometry and were related to the life history of these and other dinoflagellates. Cryptophyte-fed cultures with versus without extracellular bacteria were compared, and bacteria apparently promoted cryptoperidiniopsoid feeding and growth. Externally bacteria-free dinoflagellates were cultured in media enriched with dissolved organic nutrients, and nutritional benefit may have occurred in some treatments. The potential for mixotrophic nutrition from maintenance of cryptophyte chloroplasts was examined using flow cytometrically sorted cells, but evidence of kleptoplastidy was not found in these isolates under the conditions imposed.
Enhancing the Sensitivity of Needle-Implantable Electrochemical Glucose Sensors via Surface Rebuilding

Objective:Needle-implantable sensors have shown to provide reliable continuous glucose monitoring for diabetes management. In order to reduce tissue injury during sensor implantation, there is a constant need for device size reduction, which imposes challenges in terms of sensitivity and reliability, as part of decreasing signal-to-noise and increasing layer complexity. Herein, we report sensitivity enhancement via electrochemical surface rebuilding of the working electrode (WE), which creates a three-dimensional nanoporous configuration with increased surface area.Methods:The gold WE was electrochemically rebuilt to render its surface nanoporous followed by decoration with platinum nanoparticles. The efficacy of such process was studied using sensor sensitivity against hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). For glucose detection, the WE was further coated with five layers, namely (1) polyphenol (2)glucose oxidase(3) polyurethane (4)catalase, and (5) dexamethasone-releasing poly(vinyl alcohol)/poly(lactic-co-glycolic ...
Kinetic Studies of Formaldehyde Binding in Tissue

Specimens of rabbit liver were fixed for various periods up to 6 days in buffered 14C-formaldehyde. Binding of the isotope reached a plateau after fixation for approximately 24 hr; the half-maximal binding level was reached after approximately 100 min. Formaldehyde binding at 37 C was faster than at 25 C, and faster at pH 7.0 than at pH 4.0. During rinsing of the fixed tissue in water for up to 26 days there was a progressive decrease in isotope content to 10-20% of the pre-rinse level, indicating that formaldehyde fixation is a reversible process.
Responses of ‘d’Anjou’ pear (Pyrus communis L.) fruit to storage at low oxygen setpoints determined by monitoring fruit chlorophyll fluorescence

Abstract ‘d’Anjou’ pears, which are susceptible to superficial scald (scald), were stored in air or controlled atmospheres containing 1.5 kPa O 2 or a minimal partial pressure determined using real-time monitoring of fruit chlorophyll fluorescence. In two experiments, the low O 2 setpoints were 0.4 and 0.5 kPa. During experiment 1, pears stored continuously at the low O 2 setpoint did not develop scald while scald developed on fruit stored in air, 1.5 kPa O 2 , or 0.5 kPa O 2 for 6 months then 2 months at 1.5 kPa O 2 . Fruit from 2 of 3 lots stored in 0.5 kPa O 2 during year one of the two year study developed peel black speck, a disorder previously reported on d’Anjou fruit stored in pO 2 of 1 kPa or below. All CA environments slowed peel color change with the low pO 2 having a larger effect on color after longer storage durations. Fruit softening was also reduced by the low pO 2 compared with fruit stored in air or 1.5 kPa O 2 . Fruit stored in 0.4 kPa O 2 with 0.1 kPa CO 2 in experiment 2 did not soften to a commercially acceptable value during the shelf life period after removal from storage. The results indicate low O 2 partial pressure set points established by monitoring fruit chlorophyll fluorescence can prevent ‘d’Anjou’ scald but may result in black speck development as well as insufficient softening during a typical shelf-life period.
Postpartum Screening Following GDM: How Well Are We Doing?

Once diagnosed with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), a woman has a sevenfold increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes relative to women who do not have diabetes during pregnancy. In addition, up to one third of women with GDM have overt diabetes, impaired fasting glucose, or impaired glucose tolerance identified during postpartum glucose screening completed within 6 to 12 weeks. Therefore, the American Diabetes Association, the World Health Organization, and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists currently recommend postpartum glucose screening following GDM. However, despite this recommendation, in many settings the majority of women with GDM fail to return for postpartum glucose testing. Studies conducted to date have not comprehensively examined the health care system, the physician, or the patient determinants of successful screening. These studies are required to help develop standard clinical procedures that enable and encourage all women to return for postpartum glucose screening following GDM.
Risk Perceptions, Worry, or Distrust: What Drives Pregnant Women’s Decisions to Accept the H1N1 Vaccine?

To determine how risk perceptions, worry, and distrust relate to pregnant women's intentions to accept the H1N1 vaccine. Cross-sectional survey of 173 pregnant women recruited from two OB/GYN practices at an urban academic medical center. Survey items were adapted from validated measures of risk, worry, and health care distrust. Vaccination intention was analyzed as a dichotomous variable. Analyses were with student's t tests, chi squared tests, and logistic regression. Study participants were, on average, 25.6 years old with parity=2.8. 55% of respondents were Black; 32% completed a high school diploma or less; and half were publically or un- insured. 63% of the respondents reported that they "definitely" or "probably" would accept the H1N1 vaccine. Intention to receive the H1N1 vaccine did not vary by sociodemographic factors nor by source of health information. In univariate analysis, intention was related to higher risk perceptions about probability of and susceptibility to H1N1 influenza (57.9 vs. 31.8%, P=.001 and 67.0 vs. 45.3%, P=.005, respectively), worry about getting H1N1 influenza (48.1 vs. 15.6%, P=<.001), and less distrust in the health care system (mean score 1.07 vs. 1.51, P<.001). In multivariable analysis, only worry about getting H1N1 was related to vaccination intention (OR=3.43, P=.04). Worry about acquiring disease was a stronger predictor of vaccine intention than risk perceptions, distrust, or worry about vaccine safety. With growing numbers of vaccines being offered during pregnancy and immediately postpartum, these results have important implications for future vaccination intervention, education, and messaging efforts in urban settings.
Mediated Intergroup Conflict: The Discursive Construction of “Illegal Immigrants” in a Regional U.S. Newspaper

Using an intergroup communication framework, this article examines how a newspaper in southeastern Virginia discursively constructs the "illegal immigrant" as a metonym for Latino immigrants. This mixed methods study traces the development of this newspaper discourse about illegal immigrants from1994 to 2006 using quantitative lexical analysis. It then shows how two local news events further instantiate an illegal immigrant metonymy influencing perceptions of Latinos, subsequent media discourse about immigration, and local immigration policies using critical discourse analysis. The quantitative findings suggest that news discourse focusing on (illegal) immigration tended to use lexical items low in optimism and commonality, consistent with out-group negativity. The qualitative findings show how two incidents involving "illegal immigrants" attached negative stereotypes to this category, which then potentially influenced perceptions of Latinos more broadly. This analysis shows some of the ways that media discourse influences perceived intergroup threats at the local and national levels.
Modeling Acoustic/Structural Interaction of Synthetic Jet Actuators

A new model is proposed to capture the interaction between the acoustic waves and the membrane vibration in synthetic jet actuators (SJA). Synthetic jet actuators are a class of actuators recently developed for active flow control. They usually contain a structure membrane as the vibrating resource, a cavity as the resonator, and an orifice for jet output. The vibrating membrane is used to create pressure fluctuations, which then propagate, bounce and resonate (under certain conditions) inside the walls of the cavity, and thus produce an oscillating jet through the orifice. The proposed modeling approach is to solve a 1-D acoustic equation with the vibrating membrane as one of the boundaries and the orifice for jet output as another. This approach results in a state-space model, which will not only help make synthetic jet actuators operate away from the structural resonance of the membrane (and thus extend the life of synthetic jet actuators), but also provide a convenient way of designing and optimizing ...
In search for a reliable assay to detect vascular infection with Chlamydia pneumoniae

Abstract Infection of blood vessels by Chlamydia pneumoniae cannot be clinically determined at present time. Detection of circulating C. pneumoniae DNA represents an attractive alternative since circulating C. pneumoniae DNA has been shown to be associated with presence of viable C. pneumoniae organism in the vasculature; nevertheless, additional larger studies are needed to confirm these observations in different populations at risk. A reliable assay to detect vascular infection with C. pneumoniae and to monitor treatment is much needed.
Electronic scanning spectrometer for measurements of rapidly changing spectra.

This spectrometer has a resolution of 15 A over the spectral region 0.6–1 μ, and can obtain electronically read out spectra at selectable scanning rates of up to 10,000 scans/sec. The technique of using an image dissector as the detector holds promise of even faster scan rates. The NEI of 4.6 × 10−5 W/cm2 at 0.8 μ is comparable with that of ir streak films. The instrument is ruggedized for field and airborne use.
Maximum singular value and power of an interval matrix

In this paper we provide solutions for the problems of finding the maximum singular value of an interval matrix and computing the power of an interval matrix at a specified order. First, to calculate the exact value of the maximum singular value of an interval matrix we make use of a solution to finding the eigenvalues of a symmetric interval matrix. Second, we use a sensitivity transfer method to prove that the power of an interval matrix can be found from a set of vertex matrices.
1550nm Optical Interconnect Transceiver with Low Voltage Electroabsorption Modulators Flip-Chip Bonded to 90nm CMOS

A low-voltage 90 nm CMOS optical interconnect transceiver operating at 1550 nm is presented. This is the first system demonstrated using the recent quasi-waveguide angled facet electroabsorption modulator (QWAFEM), featuring simple electronic and optical packaging.
A Cookbook for Building a High-Current Dimpled H − Magnetron Source for Accelerators

A high-current (>50 mA) dimpled H− magnetron source has been built at Fermilab for supplying H− beam to the entire accelerator complex. Despite many decades of expertise with slit H− magnetron sources at Fermilab, we were faced with many challenges from the dimpled H− magnetron source, which needed to be overcome in order to make it operational. Dimpled H− sources for high-energy physics are not new: Brookhaven National Laboratory has operated a dimpled H− source for more than two decades. However, the transference of that experience to Fermilab took about two years because a cookbook for building this type of source did not exist and seemingly innocuous or undocumented choices had a huge impact on the success or failure for this type of source. Therefore, it is the goal of this paper to document the reasons for these choices and to present a cookbook for building and operating dimpled H− magnetron sources.
Immediate acceptance of minerals and HCl by calcium-deprived rats: brief exposure tests

We conducted two experiments to test the hypothesis that calcium consumption by calcium-deprived rats is unlearned and guided by oral cues. In experiment 1, we gave 23.5-h water-deprived control and calcium-deprived rats 30-min tests with water and various taste solutions. Relative to controls, calcium-deprived rats licked significantly less water and more 300 mM Ca.lactate in the first minute, more 50 mM HCl and 125 mM HCl in the first 10 min, and more 75 mM CaCl2, 150 mM CaCl2, and 300 mM CaCl2 by the end of the 30-min session. There was no difference between the groups at any time in lick rates for sodium solutions, quinine hydrochloride, sucrose octaacetate, or saccharin. In experiment 2, we gave 23-h water-deprived control, calcium-deprived, and sodium-deprived rats 10-min tests. During the first minute, calcium-deprived rats licked more than did control and sodium-deprived rats for 100 mM CaCl2, 100 mM FeCl2, and 20 mM Pb.acetate. Sodium-deprived rats licked more than did control and calcium-deprived rats for 600 mM NaCl and less than did controls for 200 mM L-histidine. At the end of the 10-min session, sodium-deprived rats had higher lick rates for 100 mM FeCl2 than did control rats. There were no differences between the groups in lick rates for 1 mM quinine hydrochloride, 100 mM SrCl2, or 20 mM citric acid. The results suggest that calcium-deprived rats use innate oral factors to guide consumption of calcium and other solutions.
Megavoltage radiation therapy for axial and inoperable giant-cell tumor of bone.

Background: Treatment of giant-cell tumor of bone generally involves wide en bloc resection of the lesion and the surrounding bone or curettage with or without bone-grafting or the use of cement. Radiation therapy has been used for patients who cannot be operated on for medical reasons or who have a tumor that is technically difficult to resect or that cannot be resected because of its location. We performed the present study to evaluate the efficacy of megavoltage radiation in terms of lack of tumor progression and treatment-related morbidity. Methods: Twenty patients who had giant-cell tumor of bone were managed with a single course of megavoltage radiation (forty to seventy gray administered at 1.8 to 2.0 gray per fraction with an average total duration of treatment of five to seven weeks) between March 1973 and March 1992. We used megavoltage photons, 160-megaelectron-volt proton beams, or a combination of the two. Results: After a median duration of follow-up of 9.3 years, the tumor had not progressed in seventeen of the twenty patients. Thus, the actuarial ten-year rate for lack of progression was 85 percent. Local regrowth was evident in one patient who had received radiation alone and in two of the thirteen patients who had been managed with partial resection and radiation. Operative treatment was successful in the three patients in whom the radiation treatment had failed. No radiation-induced tumors were observed in our series. Conclusions: We concluded that giant-cell tumor of bone was effectively treated with megavoltage radiation in our series of twenty patients in whom operative resection would have been difficult or was not feasible. The rate of tumors that did not progress with this regimen of radiation is similar to that reported by investigators from several other centers. Furthermore, these results closely rival those obtained with modern curettage procedures. Malignant sarcomatous transformation was not observed in our series. A longer duration of follow-up of a larger group of patients is necessary to provide a better estimate of the risk of malignant transformation.
Genetic and molecular characterization of mating type genes in Cochliobolus sativus

Genetic and molecular approaches were used to characterize the mating type (MAT) genes in Cochliobolus sativus. One hundred and four asco- spore progeny derived from a cross of C. sativus iso- lates ND93-1 (MAT-1) X ND9OPr (MAT-2) were backcrossed with their parents to determine mating type, but only five progeny produced pseudothecia with asci and/or ascospores. When degenerate prim- ers from the conserved high mobility group (HMG) protein domain encoded by the MAT-2 gene in Coch- liobolus species were used in polymerase chain reac- tion (PCR) with genomic DNA of C. sativus as tem- plates, an amplicon of predicted size was amplified only from MAT-2 isolates. The presence of a MAT-2 homolog in these MAT-2 isolates was confirmed by Southern hybridization with the HMG box as a probe. Additionally, the presence or absence of the HMG homolog in the progeny segregated in a 1:1 ratio, as expected for the single gene control of mat- ing type. Using primers based on the conserved re- gions at the 5' and 3' flanks of the idiomorphs in the MAT genes of other Cochliobolus species, the full- length MAT-1 and MAT-2 idiomorphs were cloned by PCR from C. sativus isolates ND93-1 and ND9OPr, respectively. DNA sequence analysis indicated that these two idiomorphs are organized in a manner sim- ilar to their respective counterparts in other Cochliob- olus species. DNA hybridization and PCR amplifica- tion analysis of 54 field isolates of C. sativus collected worldwide showed that both mating types exist in populations around the world. The low frequency of successful backcrosses of progeny to parents in the ND93-1 X ND9OPr cross, combined with the fact that many crosses between isolates of opposite mating type are unsuccessful, suggests that genetic factors other than MAT genes affect the fertility of the fun- gus.
Application of Planar Laser-Induced Phosphorescence to Investigate Jet-A Injection Into a Cross-Flow of Hot Air

This paper describes the development of the Planar Laser-Induced Phosphorescence (PLIP) technique for mapping the fuel temperature and concentration distributions in a jet-in-cross-flow (JICF) spray study. The spray was produced by injecting cold liquid Jet-A into hot cross-flowing air. The application of PLIP required the seeding of liquid fuel with micron-size thermographic phosphor particles before injection. The resulting spray produced phosphorescence and droplets Mie-scattering signals when illuminated by a 355nm planar UV laser sheet of 0.054J/pulse energy. The technique was investigated as a potential alternative to the use of Jet-A Planar Laser-Induced Fluorescence (PLIF) for the mapping of fuel concentration in sprays, because the low signal intensity of Jet-A’s fluorescence at high T prevents the use of the PLIF approach. In contrast, PLIP provides a strong signal at high T, and allows the simultaneous determination of local T and fuel concentration when two spectral bands of the phosphorescence emission are imaged and their ratio-of-intensities (RI) determined. In addition, the locations where liquid fuel droplets exist were imaged from the UV Mie-scattering of the laser-sheet (which can also be done in PLIF).In the present investigation, an optical system that imaged two spectral bands of phosphorescence and one wavelength of Mie-scattering was developed. It consisted of three CCD cameras with dichroic beam-splitters and interference narrow bandpass filters. The spray-pattern within a span of ∼80×30 orifice diameters was captured, with spatial resolution of about 0.1mm/px. The investigated jet-in-cross-flow spray was produced by injecting Jet-A fuel from a 0.671mm diameter orifice located on the wall of a rectangular channel (25.4×31.75mm cross-section). The cross-flow air was preheated to temperatures encountered in modern gas turbines (up to 480°C), while the temperature of the injected Jet-A fuel was in the T = 27–80°C range. YVO4:Eu phosphor particles with a median size of 1.8 microns were used to seed the fuel.Since the emissions of the commonly used Dy:YAG thermographic phosphor were found to be too weak and had wavelengths that overlapped with Jet-A fluorescence signals, YVO4:Eu was used for the JICF studies instead. It was observed that while the emissions of YVO4:Eu were stronger than Dy:YAG, the range of T where it can be applied in the PLIP technique was more limited — just sufficient for the investigated JICF. Preliminary results from the study showed rapid changes in fuel concentration and T from the injector up to z/dinj∼30 for momentum ratios of J = 5, 10 and 20, followed by a more gradual mixing/heat-up downstream. It was also found that deposition of phosphor particles on channel-walls interfered with the spray characterization, reducing the accuracy of the measurements.Copyright © 2014 by ASME