cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
VDD Scaling for FinFET Logic and Memory Circuits: the Impact of Process Variations and SRAM Stability

As CMOS technology is fast moving towards the scaling limit, the FinFET is considered as the most promising structure down to 22nm node (Frank et al., 1992; Huang et al., 1999). Both FinFET-based logic and SRAM have been demonstrated recently (Rainey et al., 2002; Nowak et al.,2002). However, with scaling of the device dimensions, process-induced variations cause an increasing spread in the distribution of circuit delay and power, and affecting the robustness of VLSI designs (Burnett et al., 1994). SRAM has become the focus of technology scaling since embedded SRAM is estimated to occupy nearly 90% of the chip area in the near future (2003). Due to the area-constrained limit, the device fluctuation in the SRAM cell is significant. In this paper, we explore the performance of FinFET technology in digital circuit applications at 90 nm technology node under various device parameter variations. Comprehensive comparison of FinFET vis-a-vis PD-SOI has been done for logic gates as well as memory structures that are most commonly used in commercial VLSI designs. We also compare the performance of these two technologies at ultra-low voltages for future low-power applications
Interactions of trifluroethanol with the Trp‐cage peptide

It has been suggested that aggregation of fluorinated alcohols in water solutions is involved with the abilities of these alcohols to provoke conformational changes in peptides and proteins. The extent of fluoroalcohol aggregation depends on the degree of fluorination: hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) is more extensively aggregated than is TFE. We previously described a study of the interactions of HFIP with the peptide Trp-cage and provided evidence for the formation of long-lived complexes between this fluoroalcohol and the peptide. In the present work, we have examined the interactions of the less-fluorinated TFE with Trp-cage, in order to probe the role of fluoroalcohol aggregation in the phenomena observed. Intermolecular (1)H{(19)F} nuclear Overhauser effects arising from interactions of TFE with the hydrogens of the peptide in a solution containing 42% TFE were determined at sample temperatures from 5 to 45 degrees C. It is shown that the folded state of the peptide under these conditions is essentially the same as that observed in water and in 30% HFIP-water. The observed peptide-solvent NOEs indicate formation of complexes of Trp-cage with TFE that persist for times of the order of 1 ns. The interactions leading to complexes with TFE are somewhat weaker than those involved in complex formation with HFIP. There are no indications that the aggregation of fluoroalcohol is a necessary concomitant of the interactions of TFE or HFIP with Trp-cage. Rather, the stronger and more long-lived interactions of HFIP with Trp-cage appear to be primarily the result of the greater hydrogen-bonding ability and hydrophobicity of this fluoroalcohol.
Bleaching of peroxy radical in SiO2 glass with 5 eV light

Abstract Peroxy radical (POR) in SiO 2 glass has been found to be bleached out by illumination with 5 eV light without accompanying changes in E ′ and non-bridging oxygen hole centers. An absorption band centered at 4.8 eV (FWHM; ≈ 0.8 eV is also bleached together with POR. It is suggested that these results can be explained if POR in SiO 2 glass has 4.8 eV optical band.
Velopharyngeal insufficiency in patients with cleft palate.

Bernard J. Costello, DMD, MD*, Ramon L. Ruiz, DMD, MD, Timothy A. Turvey, DDS Departments of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Pediatric Dentistry, and Pediatric Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Magee-Women’s Hospital, and Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA University of Pittsburgh Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA University of Pittsburgh School of Dental Medicine, 3471 Fifth Avenue, Suite 1112, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of North Carolina Craniofacial Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA Pediatric Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, North Carolina Children’s Hospital, Brauer Hall, CB# 7450, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7450, USA
Comparison between experimental and predicted specific absorption rate of functionalized iron oxide nanoparticle suspensions

Radio-frequency heated magnetic nanoaparticle suspensions have potential applications in cancer hyperthermia. To optimize these systems for hyperthermia applications it is important to be able to predict how their heat generation or specific absorption rate (SAR) is influenced by various factors, including nanoparticle coating or functionalization and aggregation. However, at present it is unclear how well-existing models predict experimental SAR results. Direct comparisons between predicted and measured SAR are scarce, despite an abundance of works reporting on heat generation rate of various magnetic nanoparticles suspensions. The main objective of this paper is to experimentally assess the validity of current models for SAR and extract information on the effects of coating and aggregation on heat generation rate. In this context, AC susceptibility and magnetization of suspensions of uncoated particles, as well as particles with aminosilane and carboxymethyl-dextran functionalizations, were measured. These properties were then used to predict the heat generation rate in alternating magnetic field starting from first principles, which was then compared to measured SAR. It was found that experimental SAR agrees relatively well with predictions (by a factor of two) when using experimental susceptibility values for the SAR calculation. However, for uncoated and amine-functionalized particles poor agreement (more than an order of magnitude difference) was found when the experimental susceptibility was substituted with predictions based on the Debye model. This apparent discrepancy is attributed to dipolar interactions between nanoparticles within aggregates in these samples, which enhances the imaginary part of the susceptibility and, consequently, the SAR values. The results also suggest that the thermal resistance effect of the coating has little influence on the SAR.
Václav Klofáč and the Czechoslovak National Socialist Party

The Czechoslovak National Socialist Party powerfully influenced Czech politics during the last two decades of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy (1898–1918) and contributed greatly to the formation, consolidation and political stability of the first Czechoslovak Republic (1918–38). The first part of this essay surveys through five turbulent decades the changing goals and tactics of this party, known officially as the Czech National Socialist Party from 1898 to 1918, as the Czechoslovak Socialist Party from 1918 to 1926, as the Czechoslovak National Socialist Party from 1926 to 1938 and again as the Czechoslovak Socialist Party from 1945 to 1948. The second part of this paper examines the ideas and politics of Vaclav Jaroslav Klofac (1868–1942) — the party’s foremost leader from 9 April 1898, when he helped to found it, until 18 November 1938, when it was forcibly absorbed into the Party of National Unity — with a view to understanding his formidable influence on the development both of the party and of the Czechoslovak Republic.1
Identification of a carbohydrate response element in rat S14 gene.

Abstract To characterize the mechanism by which carbohydrate feeding regulates S14 gene transcription, we created mutations within footprinted sequences of the carbohydrate response region of the S14 gene and either transiently transfected these mutations into rat primary hepatocytes or end-labeled them for gel mobility shift assays. The wild type DNA gave a 2.9 ± 1.0-fold response to raising the media glucose concentration. Mutations within the 3′ footprint eliminated the glucose response and also eliminated hepatic nuclear factor binding. However, mutations within the 5′ footprint did not inhibit the glucose responsiveness and had no effect on hepatic nuclear binding. The gel mobility shift assays were confirmed by appropriate competition gel assays. The 3′ footprint contains a sequence similar to the USF (upstream stimulating factor) binding site (CACGTG) that has been suggested to play a role in carbohydrate regulation. However, the gel shift pattern with purified USF1 is distinctly different from that of rat hepatic nuclear extract. These studies demonstrate that the sequence GGCACCCGTGT is required for the carbohydrate response in the S14 gene.
Note about the multiple group method

This note directs attention to the basic similarity between a factor analysis method described by Holzinger in 1944 and what Thurstone has called the multiple group method. With minor modifications and the application of Holzinger's method in several successive cycles until the residuals vanish, the methods are essentially the same.
Evaluation of iron- and manganese-based mono- and mixed-metallic oxygen carriers for chemical looping combustion

Abstract Chemical looping combustion (CLC) is an emerging technology for clean combustion of fossil fuels with inherent CO2 capture. In the present work, we investigate the use of iron and manganese based mixed oxides (MnxFe1−x–CeO2) supported on CeO2 as oxygen carriers in CLC. The low cost and low toxicity of iron and manganese make them interesting candidates for CLC, but both mono-metallic carriers suffer from issues of low reactivity, and manganese is additionally prone to form undesired spinel structures with typical oxide supports. Mono- and bimetallic oxygen carriers were synthesized across the entire spectrum of compositions from pure Mn to pure Fe (with x = 0, 0.1, 0.33, 0.5, 0.8, 0.9, 1), characterized, and tested in thermogravimetric and fixed-bed reactor studies using H2 and CH4 as fuels. We find that the use of ceria as support results in stable operation for all compositions of the metal phase, including pure Mn. Bimetallic carriers with high Fe content, which contain a FeMnO3 phase, exhibit an unusual, reversible de-alloying/re-alloying behavior during cyclic redox operation, which precludes any synergistic effects between the two metals and results in slowed reduction kinetics. However, Mn-rich carriers show a pronounced increase in carrier reactivity and selectivity for total oxidation of methane due to the addition of small amounts of Fe, indicating the promise of appropriately designed FeMn carriers as low-cost, environmentally benign oxygen carrier materials for chemical looping combustion.
Customer-service training in academic libraries

Abstract In recent years libraries and academia have become increasingly interested in customer service and Total Quality Management issues. Reflecting these interests, academic librarians have implemented a variety of customer-service training programs. This article profiles selected customer-service training programs and popular customer-service videos.
Cellular microstructure development in Sm(Co,Fe,Cu,Zr) 8.35 alloys

TEM studies of Zr-containing 2:17-type permanent magnet alloys show that the cellular microstructure develops from a high temperature 2:17R phase, first by the precipitation of Sm-depleted, Zr-rich "2:17H" platelet phase, then by the precipitation of Cu-rich, Fe- and Zr-depleted "1:5" boundary phase. These results are supportive of, but also suggest refinements to, a model proposed earlier for the metallurgical behavior of these alloys.
A tenth crucial question regarding model use in phylogenetics.

‘Unfortunately, in most phylogenetic analyses, even if a log-likelihood is calculated, it is never compared with the best log-likelihood value to see if the models being considered are adequate. In fact, the fit is almost invariably awful, which may explain why such comparisons are not often made.’J. Reeves, 1992 [1]
Information flows and news driven business cycles

Abstract How do information flows influence business cycle dynamics in models with anticipated (news shocks) and unanticipated innovations? To address this question, we show how alternative specifications of news affect the equilibrium by deriving the mapping between news shocks and the endogenous variables in a simple analytical model. News shocks are shown to add moving average (MA) components to endogenous variables. We then show how the additional MA components affect equilibrium dynamics. We generalize two popular forms of news processes to demonstrate how information flows impact equilibrium dynamics. To compare these news processes, we establish conditions under which the two processes have identical information content. We find that allowing news shocks to be correlated across time generates hump-shaped impulse response functions and helps mitigate the comovement problem.
Improvements in level set segmentation of 3D small animal imagery

In this paper, we investigate several improvements to region-based level set algorithms in the context of segmenting x-ray CT data from pre-clinical imaging of small animal models. We incorporate a recently introduced signed distance preserving term into a region-based level set model and provide formulas for a semi-implicit finite difference implementation. We illustrate some pitfalls of topology preserving level sets and introduce the concept of connectivity preservation as a potential alternative. We illustrate the benefits of these improvements on phantom and real data.
Controlling IGF-receptor function: a possible strategy for tumor therapy

The insulin-like growth factor-l receptor (IGF-IR) is one of several growth-factor receptors that regulate the proliferation of mammalian cells. However, its ubiquitousness and certain unique aspects of its function make IGF-IR an ideal target for therapeutic interventions against abnormal growth, with very little effect on normal cells.
Persona non grata: dilemmas of being an outsider researching immigration reform activism

Sociologists may encounter myriad obstacles in the research process that affect the research design and outcomes. There is, for example, a certain measure of resistance and hostility experienced in...
Relative EBV antibody concentrations and cost of standard IVIG and CMV‐IVIG for PTLD prophylaxis in solid organ transplant patients

Some centers prefer CMV-IVIG over IVIG for the prophylaxis of EBV-related PTLD in solid organ transplant patients. Our objective was to compare the relative dose-related EBV ELISA antibody concentrations and cost of standard IVIG and CMV-IVIG. The concentration of EBV IgG to VCA was analyzed via ELISA in four lots of IVIG and four lots of CMV-IVIG. Relative EBV ELISA antibody concentrations and cost were compared assuming an IVIG dose of 0.5 gm/kg and CMV-IVIG dose of 0.15 gm/kg in a 50-kg patient. The price of IVIG was $70/gm and CMV-IVIG $430/gm. IVIG contains the same EBV antibody concentrations (20 790 ELISA antibody units/mL) than CMV-IVIG (17 430 ELISA antibody units/mL, p > 0.2) in the four lots of each product sampled. When factoring in the dosing scheme for a 50-kg patient, IVIG contains two times more EBV antibody than CMV-IVIG. Yet, CMV-IVIG is 1.8 times more expensive than IVIG ($3225 vs. $1750). In the four lots of each product sampled, IVIG contains more EBV antibodies and costs less than CMV-IVIG when factoring in the dosing scheme. Studies are needed to determine whether there is clinical efficacy of immunoglobulin products for EBV-related PTLD prophylaxis.
Dynamic diffusion in the d-dimensional termite model.

The coherent-medium approximation is used to study the frequency-dependent diffusion constant of a random walker in the d-dimensional termite model, where two types of jump rates, ``normal'' and ``superconducting,'' are distributed randomly. From the static diffusion constant, a critical exponent u, which characterizes the divergence of the static diffusion constant at the percolation threshold, is found to be (1/2), and the superconducting exponent s and the crossover exponent \ensuremath{\varphi} are found to be 1 and (1/2), respectively. The imaginary part of the dynamic diffusion constant below the percolation threshold at the static limit vanishes linearly in frequency \ensuremath{\omega} when dg2, as \ensuremath{\omega} ln\ensuremath{\omega} when d=2, and as ${\ensuremath{\omega}}^{d/2}$ when 1\ensuremath{\le}dl2. The coefficient of these leading terms diverges at the percolation threshold, indicating an enhancement of the dielectric constant. The critical exponent of this divergence is shown to be 1 when d\ensuremath{\ge}2 and 2-d/2 when 1\ensuremath{\le}d\ensuremath{\le}2. The real part of the dynamic diffusion constant below the percolation threshold approaches the static limit quadratically in frequency when dg4, as ${\ensuremath{\omega}}^{2}$ln\ensuremath{\omega} when d=4 and as ${\ensuremath{\omega}}^{d/2}$ when 1\ensuremath{\le}dl4. The coefficient for dl4 diverges at the threshold with critical exponent 2-d/2. The dynamic diffusion constant near the termite limit shows a crossover from a linear dependence on i\ensuremath{\omega} to a linear dependence on 1/i\ensuremath{\omega} as the frequency is increased. The low-frequency diffusion constant near the termite limit is also discussed at and above the percolation threshold.
Intraocular Camera for Retinal Prostheses: Optical Design

Optical system design considerations are presented for an intraocular camera that is intended for use in conjunction with an epiretinal microstimulator array to form an intraocular retinal prosthesis for restoring functional vision to the blind.
Monomeric Amyloid β Proteins in Reverse Micelles are in Folded β Sheet Structure

Amyloid beta (Aβ) proteins aggregate to form insoluble fibrils in the brains of persons with Alzheimer's disease (AD). X-ray diffraction studies reveal cross-β structure in these fibrils, while solid state NMR studies indicate that this structure consists of in-register parallel β-sheets. Proteins with these characteristics accumulate in over a dozen different diseases, which have come to be known as protein misfolding diseases. The trigger that induces the misfolding of Aβ proteins in AD is unknown, and neither is the mechanism by which monomeric Aβ proteins add to the growing end of a fibril. In order to characterize the structure of Aβ proteins under conditions in which they are monomeric but not aggregated, we have encapsulated the 40-residue form of the Aβ protein (Aβ40) into reverse micelles formed from sodium bis (2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate (AOT) and examined them with transmission FTIR spectroscopy. Several types of evidence indicate that the encapsulated proteins are monomeric, yet the spectra suggest that they have β-sheet secondary structure. The spectra of a polypeptide with the same amino acid composition as Aβ40 but with a scrambled sequence show a random-coil structure. These results suggest that Aβ40 is capable of forming both antiparallel β structures in a reverse micelle, and parallel β structure in an amyloid fibril. We speculate that antiparallel β structure may help pre-organize the protein for adding onto the end of a growing fibril.
Degree of tectal beaking correlates to the presence of nystagmus in children with Chiari II malformation.

Introduction Tectal beaking is a common finding in children born with a myelomeningocele. Quantitation of the presence or absence of this finding correlated with normal or abnormal eye movements is lacking in the medical literature.
The sadomasochist in the closet

Reading Sam Shepard's plays of the 1970s next to the works of Robert Bly and the men's movement, this essay contends that a new masculinity became hegemonic in the US beginning in the mid to late 1970s in response to the Vietnam War and the very limited success of the women's movement. It argues that what Freud called reflexive sadomasochism (in which the ego is split between a sadistic half and a masochistic half) has become the decisive characteristic of what passes for white masculinity during this period of backlash. This figuration is unique in allowing the white male subject to position himself both as an aggressive, authoritative individual and as a victim.
“Reality Shock”: New Early Childhood Education Teachers

Beginning teaching is challenging; this article examines the realities of practice for beginning early childhood teachers. Fourteen participants in their first year of teaching were interviewed; they worked in private and public early childhood education settings. Findings reveal that the reality of moving from the role of the student to teacher was disconcerting for these new teachers. This article reports the beginning teachers' views about the issues they faced, their perceptions of preservice teaching, and the impact that this had on their transition from student to teacher. While in college they were encouraged to start developing their philosophy of teaching, and they describe their experiences of putting their philosophy into practice. They also conveyed their opinions about working in environments where there was a lack of teaching and learning resources. The move to being a “real” teacher was a formidable experience for these participants and this should be recognized relatedly. Early childhood t...
MAINSTREAMING DISABILITY STUDIES

AMIDST THE CAST OF Anthony Trollope's Barchester Towers (1857) is the stunningly beautiful “Signora Madeline Vesey Neroni,” who turns the heads of readers and characters alike. “It was impossible,” the narrator informs us, “that either man or woman should do other than look at her” (ch. 10). Dark and mysterious, brilliant and alluring, Madeline Neroni entices the swains of Barchester to pay her court, then toys with them mercilessly and enjoys watching them writhe. The fact that she is both beautiful and without compunction may do little to set her apart from other Victorian villainesses, Trollope's Lizzie Eustace, for instance, Wilde's Mrs. Cheveley or, more infamously, Thackeray's Becky Sharpe, but while Lizzie, Mrs. Cheveley, and Becky ultimately meet with poetic justice, their fortunes descending as their ruthless self-interest becomes increasingly apparent, Madeline keeps herself carefully protected. Pristinely beautiful from first to last, La Signora Neroni guards her virtue and maintains an even temper, bemused both by those who hate her and by those who court her, ultimately returning with her family to their home in Italy, apparently unchanged by her experience in Barchester society. Madeline has a strange kind of integrity; she is a powerful figure, a force to be reckoned with, able to stand up with equal ease and self-assurance to the daunting Mrs. Proudie, the earnest Arabin, and the slick Mr. Slope.
Advances in bacterial promoter recognition and its control by factors that do not bind DNA.

Structures of RNA polymerase enzymes have advanced our understanding of transcription initiation in all kingdoms of life. This Review discusses bacterial promoter structure, recent advances in our understanding of the successive promoter–RNA polymerase complexes that contribute to the kinetics of transcription initiation and unconventional regulators that target RNA polymerase, but not DNA, for the control of transcription initiation in bacteria. Early work identified two promoter regions, the −10 and −35 elements, that interact sequence specifically with bacterial RNA polymerase (RNAP). However, we now know that several additional promoter elements contact RNAP and influence transcription initiation. Furthermore, our picture of promoter control has evolved beyond one in which regulation results solely from activators and repressors that bind to DNA sequences near the RNAP binding site: many important transcription factors bind directly to RNAP without binding to DNA. These factors can target promoters by affecting specific kinetic steps on the pathway to open complex formation, thereby regulating RNA output from specific promoters.
Quantitative analysis of free phytosterols by gas chromatography using stationary phase OV-101.

Abstract An accurate and precise gas chromatographic procedure for the quantitative determination of cholesterol, campesterol, stigmasterol, and β-sitosterol is described. The phytosterols are separated as free sterols on a glass column packed with 5% OV-101 on Anakrom ABS, 80 90 mesh. The quantification is carried out by adding cholestane as the internal standard and measuring peak ratios of peak areas. This procedure is easily used on a routine basis with biological samples and has been applied to the quantitative analysis of tobacco sterols.
Spherical clusters of simple metals: Madelung energies and structures

Abstract The Madelung energies of simple metal spheres are calculated for bcc, fcc, and hcp structures as well as for fully relaxed structures. It is found that for clusters of up to 40 atoms the structure generally does not have the symmetry of any simple lattice. The variation of the structural part of the total energy is shown to be slightly smaller than the variation arising from the filling of discrete single-electron energy levels.
Structure and Stability of Palladium−Carbon Cations

A theoretical study has been carried out to explore various isomers of palladium−carbon cations, PdCx+. By using the B3LYP density functional method, the geometries have been optimized for linear PdCx+ as well as several classes of cyclic, bicyclic, and graphitic isomers. Linear clusters are shown to be the most stable isomers for x 10, a result consistent with the B3LYP prediction of rings as the most stable isomer. The ion mobility experiments did not produce any results for x < 10, which may be due to the reactivity of the linear PdCx+, which are predicted by B3LYP to be the most stable isomers at those sizes. Bicyclic PdC20+ is shown to be less stable than the monocyclic rings, but the appearance of bi...
Computer program for the discrete linear restricted Chebyshev approximation

Abstract This paper constitutes a computer program for the discrete linear restricted Chebyshev approximation problem. The program is written in ANSI basic FORTRAN language. The ordinary Chebyshev solution, the one-sided Chebyshev solutions and the Chebyshev approximation by non-negative functions may be calculated as special cases by this program.
Form, function and feedbacks in a tidally dominated ooid shoal, Bahamas

Although the general aspects of oolitic depositional systems are well documented, seascape-scale (� 10 3 –10 6 m 2 ) patterns of oolitic shoals and the details of processes acting on them are not well understood or quantified. To begin to fill this basic gap in understanding, this paper describes the morphology and hydrodynamics of Lily Bank, a Modern tidally dominated Bahamian ooid shoal. In this study, integrating remote sensing imagery with quantitative, geo-located bathymetrical, hydrological and granulometric data in a Geographic Information System documents geomorphic and sedimentological patterns and facilitates interpreting these patterns in the context of the processes operating in this system.The results of these analyses reveal that parabolic bars up to several kilometres in wavelength and several metres in height form a common morphologic motif, although there is considerable variation on that general theme. The seascape-scale configuration of bars and superimposed sedimentary structures is closely linked to spatial patterns of tidal movements, and includes the presence of mutually evasive flood and ebb channels. Sedimentologically, bars are neither homogenous nor random bodies; instead, granulometric parameters such as sorting and percentage mud vary systematically, as shaped by hydro-geomorphic controls. The best sorted, coarsest ooids are on bar crests, whereas the finest grains are found in the lower energy, deeper interior and flanking regions. In short, results clearly document hydrodynamic-bathymetrical influences on these ooid shoals and their granulometry, linkages akin to siliciclastic analogues. Sedimentological, hydrodynamic and geomorphic observations are consistent with a conceptual model for the formation of parabolic bars in which initial irregularities in nonparabolic bars are enhanced through their effect of focusing flow. Constricted flow leads to higher flow velocities, tidal flow velocity asymmetries, differential net sediment transport and growth of bathymetrical highs. This bathymetrical divergence creates separate paths for flood- and ebb-tides, facilitating emergence of better-developed parabolic forms. The resultant parabolic geometries and component bedforms appear to be either in dynamic equilibrium with both ebb- and flood-tide flows, or evolving toward that state.In exploring patterns and processes within carbonate shoals, this study illustrates some of the first documented insights on quantitative details of morphology and dynamics and in the links between geomorphic framework and grain-size and sorting in an oolitic carbonate system. Assuming a
A STUDY OF THE MEAN WIND AND TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION IN THE VICINITY OF THE POLAR FRONT IN WINTER

Abstract A mean cross section is constructed from a number of individually analyzed daily cross sections, using the frontal layer as a reference for the coordinates. This preserves the thermal gradients observed in the individual cases, and minimizes the effect of observational errors. Computed wind velocity, wind shear, and vorticity patterns are discussed, particularly with regard to the strong anticyclonic shear and low absolute vorticity found to the south of the jet stream near the tropopause level.
RF characterization and parameter extraction for CMOS device models

We describe the measurement and extraction of high-frequency compact model parameters of MOSFETs for use in design of RF applications
Pros and cons of organ shielding for CT imaging

With the increased importance of CT radiation dose to health care providers, patients and the general public, there is an increased responsibility to minimize patient dose effectively. Bismuth shields offer a simple strategy to reduce dose to certain anterior radiosensitive organs such as breasts and eyes. However, in order to reduce organ dose they must be used properly; improper use can lead to an actual increase in the patient dose. They also create a proportional increase in image noise in the section of the body adjacent to the shield and further reduce the quantitative precision of CT numbers. In addition, shielding can degrade the overall efficiency (by an order of approximately 10%) of the imaging process, reducing the theoretical image quality that can be expected from a certain level of patient dose. However, in spite of their significant disadvantages, there are certain clinical situations and practice considerations that provide qualified justification for their continued use.
Visual Sensing of Saccharides Promoted by Resorcinol Condensation Products

Heating aqueous DMSO solutions of five saccharides in the presence of 1−3 reveals that each receptor promotes solution colors characteristic for each sugar. New compound 3 allows the direct correlation of sugar concentration with visible region absorbance and/or fluorescence intensities.
Infrared multiphoton dissociation of peptide cations in a dual pressure linear ion trap mass spectrometer.

A dual pressure linear ion trap mass spectrometer was modified to permit infrared multiphoton dissociation (IRMPD) in each of the two cells—the first a high pressure cell operated at nominally 5 × 10−3 Torr and the second a low pressure cell operated at nominally 3 × 10−4 Torr. When IRMPD was performed in the high pressure cell, most peptide ions did not undergo significant photodissociation; however, in the low pressure cell peptide cations were efficiently dissociated with less than 25 ms of IR irradiation regardless of charge state. IRMPD of peptide cations allowed the detection of low m/z product ions including the y1 fragments and immonium ions which are not typically observed by ion trap collision induced dissociation (CID). Photodissociation efficiencies of ∼100% and MS/MS (tandem mass spectrometry) efficiencies of greater than 60% were observed for both multiply and singly protonated peptides. In general, higher sequence coverage of peptides was obtained using IRMPD over CID. Further, greater than...
Ab Initio Quantum Mechanical Study of Metal Substitution in Analogues of Rubredoxin: Implications for Redox Potential Control

Substitution of different metals into the redox sites of metalloproteins is a means of studying the structure of the native protein and of varying the redox properties of the protein. The implicit ...
Hall effect at a tunable metal-insulator transition

Using a rotating magnetic field, the Hall effect in three-dimensional amorphous ${\mathrm{Gd}}_{x}{\mathrm{Si}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}$ has been measured in the critical regime of the metal-insulator transition for a constant total magnetic field. The Hall coefficient ${R}_{0}$ is negative, indicating electronlike conductivity, with a magnitude that increases with decreasing conductivity. ${R}_{0}$ diverges at the metal-insulator transition, and displays critical behavior with exponent $\ensuremath{-}1$ $[{R}_{0}\ensuremath{\sim}(H\ensuremath{-}{H}_{C}{)}^{\ensuremath{-}1}].$ This dependence is interpreted as a linear decrease in the density of mobile carriers $n\ensuremath{\sim}{R}_{0}^{\ensuremath{-}1}\ensuremath{\sim}H\ensuremath{-}{H}_{C},$ indicative of the dominant influence of interaction effects.
Photoexcitation dynamics of coupled semiconducting carbon nanotube thin films

Carbon nanotubes are a promising means of capturing photons for use in solar cell devices. We time-resolved the photoexcitation dynamics of coupled, bandgap-selected, semiconducting carbon nanotubes in thin films tailored for photovoltaics. Using transient absorption spectroscopy and anisotropy measurements, we found that the photoexcitation evolves by two mechanisms with a fast and long-range component followed by a slow and short-range component. Within 300 fs of optical excitation, 20% of nanotubes transfer their photoexcitation over 5–10 nm into nearby nanotube fibers. After 3 ps, 70% of the photoexcitation resides on the smallest bandgap nanotubes. After this ultrafast process, the photoexcitation continues to transfer on a ∼10 ps time scale but to predominantly aligned tubes. Ultimately the photoexcitation hops twice on average between fibers. These results are important for understanding the flow of energy and charge in coupled nanotube materials and light-harvesting devices.
Layout-Dependent Strain Optimization for p-Channel Trigate Transistors

In this paper, we investigate the optimization of device layout and embedded source/drain (eS/D) shape profile for strain engineered 22-nm node Si and SiGe p-channel trigate field-effect transistors by finite-element method simulations. A nested trigate layout with dummy gates is found to retain the maximum channel stress for all three conduction planes. The tradeoff between achievable mobility enhancement and active device density for the nested trigate layout is also investigated in this paper. Next, the impact of the eS/D shape on the channel stress for all three conduction planes is studied, and the rounded eS/D shape is found to be the optimal shape contrary to the planar case with sigma-shaped eS/D. Finally, strained SiGe channel trigate transistors are investigated as a potential candidate for future technology nodes. The evolution of formation and relaxation of the average strain of the compressively strained SiGe channel is systematically studied as a function of fin formation, embedded S/D formation, and layout configuration.
Smoothing of automatically generated selectional constraints

Frequency information on co-occurrence patterns can be automatically collected from a syntactically analyzed corpus; this information can then serve as the basis for selectional constraints when analyzing new text from the same domain. Better coverage of the domain can be obtained by appropriate generalization of the specific word patterns which are collected. We report here on an approach to automatically make suitable generalizations: using the co-occurrence data to compute a confusion matrix relating individual words, and then using the confusion matrix to smooth the original frequency data.
Dry gibberellic acid combined with talc or fir bark enhances early stem and tuber growth of Shepody potato

Gibberellic acid (GA3) powder was applied to seed pieces of Shepody potato in combination with water, fir bark and talc carriers. In a greenhouse study, emergence, stem growth and tuber number from seed pieces treated with dry GA3 and carriers were compared with that of an untreated control. All carriers alone reduced stem emergence. GA3 (0.5,1 and 2 mg/ kg) combined with talc, and 0.5 and 2 mg GA3/kg with fir bark+talc enhanced emergence. Only 2 mg GA3/kg enhanced emergence when applied in solution. Emergence of stems from pieces treated with GA3 and fir bark was no different or slower than the control. In the absence of GA3, water and talc increased stem number and fir bark-containing treatments reduced tuber number. All concentrations of GA3 applied with talc or fir bark+talc, and 2 mg GA3/kg with fir bark increased stem and tuber number. With water, 0.5, 1 and 2 mg GA3/kg increased stem number but only 2 mg GA3/ kg resulted in more tubers. One and 2 mg GA3/kg combined with talc resulted in the most stems and tubers 58 days after planting. GA3 was as effective or more effective in speeding emergence and increasing stem and tuber number when applied in the dry form with talc or fir bark+talc as when applied in solution.
Unraveling MCL-1 degradation

Department of Biochemistry, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis,TN 38105, USA* Corresponding author: JT Opferman, Department of Biochemistry, St. JudeChildren’s Research Hospital, 332 N. Lauderdale, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.Tel: þ1-901-495-5524; Fax: þ1-901-525-8025;E-mail: joseph.opferman@stjude.org
Serotoninergic axonal contacts on identified cat spinal dorsal horn neurons and their correlation with nucleus raphe magnus stimulation

This study examined the distribution of serotoninergic (5-HT) immunoreactive axonal contacts on spinal laminae I and II neurons by combining the intracellular horseradish peroxidase (HRP) method with immunocytochemistry. In addition, the 5-HT distribution was correlated with effects produced by electrical stimulation within the nucleus raphe magnus (NRM). Responses of lamina I neurons and lamina II stalked cells to noxious stimulation were markedly suppressed during NRM stimulation. In contrast, responses of nociceptive lamina IIa islet or non-nociceptive lamina IIb islet cells remained unchanged during nucleus raphe magnus stimulation. These inhibitory influences were positively correlated with the distribution of 5-HT immunoreactive contacts on these neurons. Nociceptive lamina I neurons and lamina II stalked cells received a significantly greater number of contacts (average of 74 and 63, respectively) than either nociceptive lamina IIa islet or non-nociceptive lamina IIb islet cells (average of 25 and eight contacts, respectively). Irrespective of cell type, most 5-HT contacts occurred on dendritic shafts rather than spines. These data reveal a differential distribution of 5-HT contacts on neurons in spinal laminae I and II, and indicate that at least a portion of the NRM modulation of dorsal horn neuronal activity is serotoninergic and concentrated on the dendritic shafts of nociceptive lamina I neurons and lamina II stalked cells.
HEPATITIS B SURFACE ANTIGEN COULD HARBOUR THE INFECTIVE AGENT OF AIDS

Hypothese. Epidemiologie. L'agent delta: un modele possible pour l'agent du SIDA. Serologie. Repartition geographique. Vaccination contre l'hepatite B
The surface Albedo distribution of Pluto

Two distinct configurations have been established for the surface albedo distribution of Pluto on the basis of a model fitting absolute photometry data obtained over the 1954-1986 period. The two sets of model parameters primarily differ in the equatorial spots; these generate the rotational lightcurve, while the polar caps yield the orbital lightcurve. While the two models predict similar event lightcurves through the end of 1987, they begin to markedly differ in 1988. Mutual event observations made on January 13, 1988 exhibit agreement with only one of the equatorial spot configurations, having one bright and one dark spot.
Traveling young injection drug users at high risk for acquisition and transmission of viral infections.

Abstract Background Young injection drug users (IDU) are highly mobile. It is not known how mobility affects their risk of acquiring and transmitting viral infections. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study of young (under age 30) IDU in San Francisco (2004–2006). Participants completed a semi-structured interview and testing for hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and HIV infection. We examined whether travel was independently associated with drug, alcohol, sexual risk behaviors, and infection status, after adjusting for demographic characteristics and years injecting. Results Two-thirds (62%) reported past (3 months) travel outside of San Francisco (n = 355). Travelers, as compared to non-travelers, were more likely to be under age 20, female, and planned to leave San Francisco in the coming months. Travel was independently associated with heavy alcohol consumption, drinking alcohol until blackout, poly-substance use, more sexual and injecting partners, and receptive needle/syringe sharing, sharing drug preparation equipment, backloading syringes and pooling money to buy drugs. In an analysis of interactions with travel, younger travelers were more likely to be HCV positive than younger non-travelers. Discussion Traveling young IDU are at exceptionally high risk for acquiring and transmitting viral infections, while their mobility makes it challenging to effectively deliver interventions.
Studies on the mechanism of chloride action on photosynthetic water oxidation

Abstract In this paper, we describe experiments which were designed to probe the mechanism through which Cl − anions exert their influence on electron transport on the oxidizing side of Photosystem II (PS II). We asked whether photosynthetically active Mn was released from and reinserted into the water-splitting enzyme upon Cl − removal and subsequent repletion, and obtained evidence suggesting that it was not. To locate the site of the Cl − -dependent lesion, we counted the number of electrons that were still available in Cl − -free chloroplasts for rapid reduction of P-680 + following a flash, and compared our results with other, previously characterized methods of inhibition. Using both delayed and prompt fluorescence as measures of the lifetime of P-680 + , we found that Cl − -depleted thylakoids could deliver two electrons to the oxidized PS II reaction center. This is interpreted as indicating that two oxidizing equivalents can be generated and transiently stored by PS II after Cl − removal. Two alternative schemes which describe the functional location of electron carriers in this portion of the electron transport chain are proposed to account for our data. An experiment designed to distinguish between them is discussed. We also investigated the stability of oxidants produced by the Cl − -depleted PS II. The apparently contradictory results obtained by prompt fluorescence and luminescence measurements are tentatively resolved by postulating the existence of two pathways through which closed reaction centers reopen, only one of which proceeds via a luminescence-producing recombination mechanism. It is suggested that deactivation of the PS-II oxidizing equivalents through both pathways is accelerated by Cl − removal.
Atmosphere Entry Problems of Manned Interplanetary Flight

Atmospheric entry problems of manned interplanetary flight, including force and stability effects, radiative and convective heating and minimum heat transfer configurations
Pupillary examination: Do i really need to look?

Abstract A pupillary examination takes very little time and does not require expensive equipment. Unfortunately, many ophthalmic personnel do not take the time to thoroughly evaluate pupillary function. Pupillary examinations can be easy if divided into the specific elements to be assessed. These elements should include shape, size, equality, and reaction to stimulus. This article will briefly review some of the more common pupillary abnormalities and review the steps of the pupillary examination
Improved algorithm for nonlinear sound propagation with aircraft and helicopter noise applications

An efficient numerical method to solve nonlinear sound propagation is presented. The frequency-domain Burgers equation, which includes nonlinear steepening and atmospheric absorption, is formulated in the form of the real and imaginary parts of the pressure. The new formulation effectively eliminates possible numerical issues associated with zero amplitude at higher frequencies occurring in a previous frequency-domain algorithm. In addition, to circumvent a high-frequency error that can occur in the truncated higher frequencies, a split algorithm is developed, in which the Burgers equation is solved below a cutoff frequency and a recursive analytic expression is used beyond the cutoff frequency. Finally, the Lanczos smoothing filter is incorporated to remove the Gibbs phenomenon. The new method is found to successfully eliminate high-frequency numerical oscillations and to provide excellent agreement with the exact solution for an initially sinusoidal signal with only a few harmonics. The new method is applied to a broad range of applications with a comparison to other methods to assess the robustness and numerical efficiency of the method. These include sonic boom, broadband supersonic jet engine noise, and helicopter high-speed impulsive noise. It is shown that the new method provides the fastest and most accurate predictions compared to the other methods for all the application problems.
Noise and chaos in a fractal basin boundary regime of a Josephson junction.

By digital simulations and experiment, we study a Josephson system in a highly nonlinear regime. High experimental noise values appear to correspond in simulations to intrinsic chaotic motion in some regions and to noise-induced hopping between periodic solutions in others. Focusing on the latter, we find correlation between high noise sensitivity and the fractal dimension of the boundary between the basins of the periodic attractors. We show that if enough noise is present to push the orbits into the basin boundary, behavior similar to intrinsic chaos results.
Time-resolved non-linear dielectric responses in molecular systems

Abstract Impedance measurements in the 0.1 Hz to 50 kHz range are performed beyond the linear response regime, using a technique where peak fields as high as 450 kV/cm are possible. The main focus is on the effects of the energy that is transferred irreversibly from the external field to a molecular glass-forming liquid. Because the slow degrees of freedom absorb this energy, their heterogeneous configurational temperatures are increased before the heat is transferred to the phonons on the time scale of structural relaxation. We also discuss a time-resolved variant of high-field impedance spectroscopy, where the harmonic field is applied for a number of cycles at a low field, followed by the same signal at a much higher field. Fourier analysis of the resulting voltage and current traces provides a period-by-period time-resolved picture for the response of the configurational temperature with a 5 mK resolution, resulting from a sensitivity on the 5 × 10−5 level for tan δ. It turns out that this energy absorption is responsible for an extremely pronounced non-linearity in the electric field, where the dielectric relaxation can be accelerated by a factor of 2 prior to changing the temperature.