cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
LY367265, an inhibitor of the 5-hydroxytryptamine transporter and 5-hydroxytryptamine2A receptor antagonist: a comparison with the antidepressant, nefazodone

The potential antidepressant, LY367265 (1-[2-[4-(6-fluoro-1H-indol-3-yl)-3, 6-dihydro-1(2H)-pyridinyl]ethyl]-5,6-dihydro-1H,4H-[1,2, 5]thiadiazolo[4.3.2-ij]quinoline-2,2,-dioxide) has been shown to have a higher affinity for the 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) transporter (K(i)=2.3 nM) and 5-HT(2A) (K(i)=0.81 nM) receptor than the clinically effective antidepressant, nefazodone. It is a potent inhibitor of [3H]5-HT uptake into rat cortical synaptosomes (IC(50)=3.1 nM) and shows selectivity over that for [3H]noradrenaline (IC(50)>1000 nM). It potentiates potassium-induced [3H]5-HT outflow from prelabelled guinea pig cortical slices both in the presence (EC(50)=950 nM) and absence (EC(50)=250 nM) of a saturating concentration of the 5-HT transport inhibitor, paroxetine, indicating a low level of activity at the 5-HT(1B/1D) autoreceptor. These studies indicate that LY367265 is a putative antidepressant which, because of its 5-HT(2A) receptor antagonist activity, has the potential to produce less sleep disturbance and sexual dysfunction than selective serotonin uptake inhibitors.
The medical archival system: an information retrieval system based on distributed parallel processing

Abstract The Medical ARchival System (MARS) is an information retrieval system utilizing distributed parallel processing. It features a modular design, machine independence, and a Boolean query interface, based in a UNIX environment. Developed at the University of Pittsburgh in response to the information needs of a large academic health center, MARS integrates textual data from a wide variety of sources to create a single, comprehensive medical records information system. It currently contains 850,000 medical reports, 2,500,000 medical references, and 500,000,000 indexed words. This paper describes the software design of MARS and its implementation as a practical system for large-scale information management.
The impact of usage monitoring on the evolution of an online-documentation system: a case study

An analytical case study is reported in which improvements in the usefulness of online-documentation retrieval and delivery software, as well as design constraints on the software's evolution, arose from extensive usage monitoring. A decade of cumulative, overall usage statistics revealed that increases both in online passage viewing and in on demand document printing accompanied growth in the user community served, with viewing consistently rising faster than printing. Detailed, sequential program-execution transcripts further revealed that most passage-viewing episodes were short, were error-free, accessed a single document, and included a look at the document's keyword index. Two-thirds of the errors that did occur involved a mismatch of available keywords and user search terms. Usage monitoring therefore suggests improvements that stress printing and viewing from a shared database, reference reading online, and iterative search refinement. >
Podocyte-specific knockout of myosin 1e disrupts glomerular filtration

Myosin 1e (myo1e) is an actin-dependent molecular motor that plays an important role in kidney functions. Complete knockout of myo1e in mice and Myo1E mutations in humans are associated with nephrotic syndrome and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. In this paper, we tested the hypothesis that myo1e is necessary for normal functions of glomerular visceral epithelial cells (podocytes) using podocyte-targeted knockout of myo1e. Myo1e was selectively knocked out in podocytes using Cre-mediated recombination controlled by the podocin promoter. Myo1e loss from podocytes resulted in proteinuria, podocyte foot process effacement, and glomerular basement membrane disorganization. Our findings indicate that myo1e expression in podocytes is necessary for normal glomerular filtration and that podocyte defects are likely to represent the primary pathway leading to glomerular disease associated with Myo1E mutations.
Development in the STORM

The recent invention of superresolution microscopy has brought up much excitement in the biological research community. Here, we focus on stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy/photoactivated localization microscopy (STORM/PALM) to discuss the challenges in applying superresolution microscopy to the study of developmental biology, including tissue imaging, sample preparation artifacts, and image interpretation. We also summarize new opportunities that superresolution microscopy could bring to the field of developmental biology.
Scheduling of Inbound and Outbound Trucks at Cross-Docks: Modeling and Analysis

A model is developed for both time and space scheduling of inbound and outbound trucks at a cross-dock facility under various objectives. Three different objectives in optimizing cross-dock operations are presented, and the justification for the use of these objectives is given. A linear mixed integer formulation of the problem is presented, and a restriction–approximation approach is developed and applied to determine the truck scheduling at a sample cross-dock facility. This paper also analyzes the behavior of each of the objectives and provides a comprehensive analysis of the results. Pareto and post-Pareto analyses of the multiobjective problem are presented.
Evolutionary Conservation of Amino Acid Composition in Paralogous Insect Vitellogenins

Comparison of paralogous vitellogenins in 10 insect species representing six orders showed a remarkable degree of conservation of amino acid composition in spite of sequence differences. For example, the correlation between the percentages of the 20 amino acids in two vitellogenins from the beetle Tribolium castaneum was 0.975, even though the two amino acid sequences differed from each other at 49.4% of sites. There was a positive correlation between the frequency of occurrence of reciprocal pairs of amino acids in more distantly related paralogs, and this correlation was generally strongest when both of the amino acids in the pair were nutritionally essential. These results imply that conservation of amino acid composition occurs through amino acid replacements that result in a balanced loss and gain of each amino acid residue. Thus insect vitellogenins seem to be subject to an unusual kind of purifying selection, where the amino acid content is conserved rather than the sequence per se, selection apparently arising from the nutritional needs of the developing embryo appears to be responsible for maintaining the balance of amino acids.
Group Selection, Pluralism, and the Evolution of Altruism

"multi-level" view of natural selection, in which group selection can play a significant role, and argue that group selection was involved in the evolution of altruistic behavior in humans. The book is entirely persuasive in its argument that attempts to marginalize group-selectionist ideas in the latter part of the 20th century were mistaken. Sober and Wilson also apply their multilevel evolutionary framework to the question of whether the psychological mechanisms underlying human behavior are wholly egoistic or in part genuinely altruistic. In this review we focus on Sober and Wilson's treatment of the "units of selection" question, and the relation between this issue and the evolution of altruism. So we leave untouched their applications of group
The Tyranny Of Choice

Americans today choose among more options in more parts of life than has ever been possible before. To an extent, the opportunity to choose enhances our lives. Assessments of well-being by various social scientists--among them, David G. Myers of Hope College and Robert E. Lane of Yale University--reveal that increased choice and increased affluence have, in fact, been accompanied by decreased well-being in the U.S. and most other affluent societies. But we know from the research of Nobelist psychologist Daniel Kahneman of Princeton University and his late colleague Amos Tversky of Stanford that losses have a much greater psychological impact than gains. INSETS: THE MAXIMIZATION SCALE;FEELINGS EVOKED BY EVER MORE CHOICES.
Structured learning algorithm for detection of nonobstructive and obstructive coronary plaque lesions from computed tomography angiography

Visual identification of coronary arterial lesion from three-dimensional coronary computed tomography angiography (CTA) remains challenging. We aimed to develop a robust automated algorithm for computer detection of coronary artery lesions by machine learning techniques. A structured learning technique is proposed to detect all coronary arterial lesions with stenosis ≥25%. Our algorithm consists of two stages: (1) two independent base decisions indicating the existence of lesions in each arterial segment and (b) the final decision made by combining the base decisions. One of the base decisions is the support vector machine (SVM) based learning algorithm, which divides each artery into small volume patches and integrates several quantitative geometric and shape features for arterial lesions in each small volume patch by SVM algorithm. The other base decision is the formula-based analytic method. The final decision in the first stage applies SVM-based decision fusion to combine the two base decisions in the second stage. The proposed algorithm was applied to 42 CTA patient datasets, acquired with dual-source CT, where 21 datasets had 45 lesions with stenosis ≥25%. Visual identification of lesions with stenosis ≥25% by three expert readers, using consensus reading, was considered as a reference standard. Our method performed with high sensitivity (93%), specificity (95%), and accuracy (94%), with receiver operator characteristic area under the curve of 0.94. The proposed algorithm shows promising results in the automated detection of obstructive and nonobstructive lesions from CTA.
Picosecond lattice dynamics in conducting polymer thin films

Abstract Two new picosecond transient spectroscopic techniques have been devised for studying vibrations in real time in thin films of conducting polymers. Picosecond ultrasonics has been used for measuring acoustical phonon dispersion relation in polythiophene and polyacetylene in the frequency range of 1 to 500 GHz. Picosecond photoinduced resonant Raman scattering (RRS) has been applied to polydiacetylene and polyacetylene for measuring the excited states dynamics and to achieve phonon hole burning.
On the size of classes with weak membership properties

Abstract It is shown that the following classes have resource-bounded measure 0 in E: the class of P-selective sets, the class of P-multiselective sets, the class of cheatable sets, the class of easily countable sets, the class of easily approximable sets, the class of near-testable sets, the class of nearly near-testable sets, the class of locally self-reducible sets. These are corollaries of a more general result stating that the class of sets that are P-isomorphic to P-quasi-approximable sets has measure 0 in E. By considering the recent approach of Allender and Strauss for measuring in subexponential classes, we obtain similar results with respect to P for classes having weak logarithmic time membership properties.
Thermally reversible dendronized linear ab step-polymers via "click" chemistry

The synthesis and characterization of thermally labile dendronized linear AB step-polymers is described. First through third generation dendritic AB monomers 14a−c containing both a furan and furan-protected maleimide functionality were prepared by the Cu(I)-catalyzed azide−alkyne cycloaddition reaction followed by polymerization via the thermally reversible furan-maleimide Diels−Alder reaction. The assembly, disassembly, and reassembly behavior of linear dendronized step-polymers 16a−c was studied by GPC.
Rapid Determination of Mercury in Plant and Soil Samples Using Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy, a Comparative Study

The objectives of this study were to simplify sample preparation and validate mercury detection in soil and plant samples using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES). A set of mercury contaminated and mercury free soil and plant samples were digested and analyzed by ICP-AES, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), and cold vapor atomic absorption spectroscopy (CVAAS). Results show that mercury measurements in soil and plant samples using ICP-AES were in agreement with those analyzed using ICP-MS and CVAAS. The concentrations of mercury in soils and plant tissues determined by ICP-AES were 92.2% and 90.5% of those determined by CVAAS and ICP-MS, respectively. Digestion of soil samples with 4 M HNO3 and direct measurement by ICP-AES without reduction of Hg2+ to Hg0 gave a reasonable and acceptable recovery (92%) for determining Hg in soils. We conclude that ICP-AES with optimized conditions (addition of gold chloride, extension of washing time, linear working range, and selection of wavelength – 194 nm) resulted in reliable detection of mercury in environmental samples.
Silencing synuclein at the synapse with PLK2

The significance of α-synuclein (α-syn) phosphorylation to Parkinson disease (PD) pathology has been controversial since the initial identification of this posttranslational modification in intracellular Lewy bodies (1, 2). The modification of serine-129 (S129), which appears to be the most common phosphorylation site on α-syn (3, 4), has had the focus of attention. Although several different kinase families have been linked to modification of S129 in vitro, definitive in vivo evidence that a given kinase family causes the modification has been lacking (5). In addition to the lack of clarity regarding which kinases phosphorylate α-syn in a physiologically relevant context, it has been unclear whether phosphorylation of S129 is protective or harmful to neurons. The most significant problem in this regard has been that genetic manipulation of α-syn at S129—by mutation to either alanine or aspartate—has yielded varying results in cultured cells and different model organisms, including flies, worms, and rodents (5). Because the phosphorylation of S129 appeared to have no consistent effect on α-syn function in the cell, it has been unclear whether the process does anything more than reflect the magnitude of total α-syn levels in diseased neurons. In their article in PNAS, Oueslati et al. (6) now reveal a unique and unexpected effect coupled to S129 phosphorylation.
Biology and treatment of primary central nervous system lymphoma

Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is a rare variant of extranodal non-Hodgkin lymphoma that is restricted in distribution to the brain, leptomeninges, spinal cord, and intraocular compartments. Although PCNSL shares overlapping features with systemic lymphoma, recent studies also reveal a unique pattern of gene and protein expression in PCNSL. These findings have yielded new insights into the pathophysiology of the disease, as well as the identification of novel prognostic biomarkers. Immune system compromise, such as is seen in acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), is the best established known risk factor for PCNSL. Like other lesions of the brain, meninges, and eye, the presenting symptoms associated with PCNSL typically include focal neurological deficits related to the site of disease or more global consequences of increased intracranial pressure. Diagnosis of PCNSL typically includes gadolinium-enhanced MRI and pathologic tissue analysis, as well as additional studies aimed at excluding concurrent systemic disease. PCNSL typically has a worse overall prognosis than systemic lymphoma. High-dose chemotherapy, particularly with methotrexate-based regimens, is the backbone of therapy for most patients, and chemotherapy is associated with much lower rates of treatment-related morbidity and mortality than whole-brain irradiation. Autologous stem cell transplantation is an emerging treatment modality, particularly in younger patients with relapsed disease, but high rates of treatment-related mortality are observed in older patients. Immunotherapy, including treatment with intrathecal rituximab, is another area of active research that may have promise in refractory or relapsed disease. Treatment options for intraocular lymphoma parallel those for PCNSL elsewhere in the brain: systemic chemotherapy, radiation, and local delivery of cytotoxic and immunologically active agents such as anti-CD20 antibody.
Intramolecular Diels-Alder reactions of optically active allenic ketones: chirality transfer in the preparation of substituted oxa-bridged octalones.

The intramolecular Diels−Alder reaction of allenic ketones containing a furyl unit (IMDAF) to generate oxatricyclic systems in good yields is described. The alkene dienophiles 1ab give poor yields of the cycloadducts 2ab, presumably due to the facile retro Diels−Alder reaction. However, the analogous allenic dienophile 7 afforded the desired cycloadduct 8 in 91% yield on treatment with dimethylaluminum chloride. When the allene bears an alkyl substituent on the terminal carbon, complete diastereoselectivity is seen in the IMDAF, e.g. cyclization of 14 gave only the cycloadduct 15 in 80% yield presumably due to greater steric hindrance in the transition state II as compared to that in I. Finally we report complete chirality transfer of the stereochemistry of an allene to the carbon framework of the oxatricyclic system. Thus, the optically active allenic ketone 20 afforded only the desired cycloadduct 21 with the correct absolute stereochemistry needed for the synthesis of the arisugacin class of natural pr...
Simulation of aerosol dynamics and transport in chemically reacting particulate matter laden flows. Part II: Application to CVD reactors

A highly computationally efficient and accurate semi-implicit numerical technique based on the concept of operator splitting (described in detail in Part I of this paper) has been used to solve the General Dynamic Equation in complex, non-isothermal reacting flows to predict aerosol dynamics and particle deposition rates. The numerically efficient algorithm has made it possible to solve the GDE in complex two-dimensional and three-dimensional simulations, hitherto not done due to the computational intensiveness. Simulations have been performed to elucidate the role of different process parameters on aerosol dynamics and particle deposition rates in idealized and commercial horizontal single wafer CVD reactors. Specifically, it has been demonstrated that the gas phase kinetics, particle formation, growth and deposition rates result in very complex aerosol size distributions in the reactor that cannot be captured with simplistic models that do not couple the GDE to the detailed flow field simulations. Guidelines for minimizing particle contamination in CVD reactors on the basis of the simulation results are presented.
A direct measure of the uptake efficiency of a xenobiotic chemical across the gills of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) under normoxic and hypoxic conditions

1. An in vivo whole fish preparation was evaluated for measuring the uptake efficiency of chemicals directly from the water across the gills of transected brook trout. 2. A continuous-flow system allowed a determination of the effects of environmental variables (i.e. dissolved oxygen) on the movement of chemicals across the blood-water interface at the gills. 3. Endrin uptake efficiency at two water concentrations (0.046 and 0.072 μg endrin/1) was 81 ± 9% and 80 ± 8%, respectively, indicating no significant effect of endrin concentration on uptake efficiency. 4. Total mean endrin taken up across the gills (dose) at 11–12°C was ca. 7.1 μg/kg per day at the low endrin concentration and 13.2 μg/kg per day at the high. 5. Mean ventilation volume increased from 72 ± 21 ml/min at oxygen saturation to 310 ± 67 ml/min at 30% of saturation substantially increasing endrin exposure of the gills. 6. Oxygen utilization (%) decreased from a mean of 60 ± 11% oxygen saturation to 44 ± 10% at 30% saturation, while endrin uptake efficiency dropped from a mean of 80 ± 11% at saturation to a low of 47 ± 11% at 30% of saturation. 7. In spite of decreased oxygen utilization (%) and endrin uptake efficiency (%), the total uptake of endrin and oxygen increased as the oxygen content of the water was decreased, to 50% of saturation. 8. A threshold for oxygen and endrin uptake occurred between 50 and 30% of water oxygen saturation beyond which brook trout could no longer increase uptake of oxygen or endrin despite a larger respiratory volume.
Infrared Bands of Slightly Asymmetric Molecules

As an aid in the interpretation of the infrared spectra of nearly linear, slightly asymmetric molecules, calculations have been made upon molecular models of varying degrees of asymmetry in order to determine the general characteristics of their infrared bands. ${A}_{x}$, ${A}_{y}$, and ${A}_{z}$ have been chosen as the principal moments of inertia and the atoms comprising the molecule have been taken to be coplanar such that ${A}_{x}={A}_{y}+{A}_{z}$. For convenience of calculation, a parameter $\ensuremath{\rho}$ has been chosen where $\ensuremath{\rho}=\frac{{A}_{z}}{{A}_{y}}$ and calculations have been made for ten values of $\ensuremath{\rho}$, varying in steps of $\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\rho}=0.02$ from $\ensuremath{\rho}=0.20$ to $\ensuremath{\rho}=0.00$. In the computation of the intensities of lines, Boltzmann factors were used corresponding to a largest moment of inertia ${A}_{x}=2.0\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}39}$ gm \ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{} ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$. As in the work of Dennison on completely asymmetric molecules, of which this is essentially an extension, charts have been prepared depicting the general characteristics of the three types of bands which may occur.Type A bands. Type A bands arise from vibrations of the electric moment along the $z$-axis or least axis of inertia and may be seen to consist of $P$, $Q$, and $R$ branches. The members of the $P$ and $R$ branches are not single lines as in the symmetric rotator, but are groups of closely spaced lines spreading out as $\ensuremath{\rho}$ increases. The $Q$ branch also is complex and decreases in intensity as $\ensuremath{\rho}$ decreases finally vanishing in the limiting linear case where $\ensuremath{\rho}=0$.Type B bands. Type B bands arise from vibration of the electric moment along the $y$-axis or intermediate axis of inertia. They too may be seen to consist, not of single lines, but of groups of closely spaced lines. As $\ensuremath{\rho}$ decreases the spacing between these groups becomes coarser and coarser until finally where $\ensuremath{\rho}=0$, this type of band vanishes completely. Type B consists essentially only of one branch.Type C bands. Type C bands arise from vibrations of the electric moment along the $x$-axis or the largest axis of inertia and for the class of molecules here considered are very similar to type B bands. As in the former case the spacing between line groups becomes coarser and coarser, the band finally vanishing completely where $\ensuremath{\rho}=0$.
Total mercury content of meat and liver from inshore Newfoundland-caught harp seal (Phoca groenlandica)

During the past five years, a total of 324,219 harp seals slaughtered for pelts by inshore Newfoundland seal hunters (ANON. 1977-81) provided a total of 4,379,508 kg of harp seal meat which were available and suitable for human consumption (BOTTA et al. 1980, 1982a, b). In general, the vast majority of these seals were beaters, bedlamers, and harps (Table I) slaughtered along the Northeast coast of Newfoundland and Labrador (ANON. 1977-81) by hunters who were out of port for only a few days; however, only a small fraction of the carcasses was actually utilized for human consumption.
Intravenous pentamidine is effective as second line Pneumocystis pneumonia prophylaxis in pediatric oncology patients.

Background Pneumocystis jirovecii, formerly carinii, pneumonia (PCP) poses a life-threatening risk to oncology patients. The use of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ) prophylaxis virtually eliminates the risk of infection; however, many patients cannot tolerate TMP-SMZ. We performed a retrospective analysis to determine the PCP breakthrough rate in pediatric oncology patients receiving intravenous pentamidine as second line PCP prophylaxis.
A phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase pleckstrin homology domain that binds phosphatidylinositol 4-monophosphate.

Pleckstrin homology (PH) domains are found in many proteins involved in signal transduction, including the family of large molecular mass phosphatidylinositol (PI) 4-kinases. Although the exact function of these newly discovered domains is unknown, it is recognized that they may influence enzyme regulation by binding different ligands. In this study, the recombinant PI 4-kinase PH domain was explored for its ability to bind to different phospholipids. First, we isolated partial cDNAs of the >7-kilobase transcripts of PI 4-kinases from carrot (DcPI4Kα) andArabidopsis (AtPI4Kα). The deduced primary sequences were 41% identical and 68% similar to rat and human PI 4-kinases and contained the telltale lipid kinase unique domain, PH domain, and catalytic domain. Antibodies raised against the expressed lipid kinase unique, PH, and catalytic domains identified a polypeptide of 205 kDa in Arabidopsis microsomes and an F-actin-enriched fraction from carrot cells. The 205-kDa immunoaffinity-purified Arabidopsis protein had PI 4-kinase activity. We have used the expressed PH domain to characterize lipid binding properties. The recombinant PH domain selectively bound to phosphatidylinositol 4-monophosphate (PI-4-P), phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PI-4,5-P2), and phosphatidic acid and did not bind to the 3-phosphoinositides. The PH domain had the highest affinity for PI-4-P, the product of the reaction. Consideration is given to the potential impact that this has on cytoskeletal organization and the PI signaling pathway in cells that have a high PI-4-P/PI-4,5-P2 ratio.
The production of urban vacant land: Relational placemaking in Boston, MA neighborhoods

Abstract The persistence of vacant land in urban areas exhibits geographic unevenness. While central cities have experienced waves of reinvestment over the past decades, vacant lands often persist in adjacent low-income neighborhoods. Thus a networked local-scale perspective is integral for understanding metropolitan areas. Local scale analyses require an understanding of informal decision-makers and institutions and the ways that they connect more broadly with other actors. Drawing on focus groups with civil society organizations (CSOs) and a neighborhood design/build case study, this paper characterizes “on the ground” perceptions of and responses to vacant lots in urban neighborhoods in order to provide insight into their analysis and management. The fieldwork extends insights from studies of community gardens to suggest that access to and potential ownership of vacant parcels, in addition to the political economic forces driving land-use change, are critical factors that drive vacant land governance at the neighborhood-scale. Public–civic partnerships in weak market areas have the potential to strengthen this access and ownership in a way that improves vacant lot management.
Endoplasmic Reticulum/Plasma Membrane Junctions Function as Membrane Protein Trafficking Hubs

Outside of striated muscle, endoplasmic reticulum/plasma membrane (ER/PM) junctions are best known for their role in store-operated Ca2+ influx via the Stim/Orai complex. Adding to their functional significance we demonstrate here that these microdomains also operate as trafficking hubs for membrane protein transport to and from the cell surface. We first monitored exocytosis in HEK cells using TIRF microscopy and the transferrin receptor fused to a pH-sensitive GFP variant, superecliptic pHluorin (TfR-SEP). ER/PM junctions were defined by the fluorescent ER markers DsRed2-ER or ER-Tracker Green within the TIR illumination field which typically accounted for 10-20% of the cell footprint. Exocytic delivery of TfR-SEP was detected as the transient appearance and subsequent diffusion of bright puncta on the PM. Greater than 80% of the TfR-SEP delivery events occurred adjacent to ER/PM junctions indicating these microdomains are preferred sites for TfR exocytosis. The temperature-sensitive VSV-G protein mutant (YFP-VSV-G-ts045) was delivered to the cell surface at these microdomains following temperature-dependent release from the ER, demonstrating that ER/PM junctions are trafficking hubs for nascent membrane proteins. Automated tracking of Qdot-labeled GFP-Kv1.4-loopBAD channels indicated that this ion channel also trafficked both to and from the cell surface at ER/PM junctions. To highlight sites of endocytosis we expressed RFP clathrin light chain (RFP-CLC) which formed dynamic puncta. TfR-SEP formed similar puncta which co-localized with RFP-CLC when expressed together. Endocytosis of both types of puncta was observed frequently suggesting these puncta are endocytic sites. Almost 90% of both types of puncta were present within 0.3 μm of the ER perimeter. Together, these data indicate that both exo- and endocytosis preferentially occur adjacent to ER/PM junctions. This suggests that ER/PM junctions are trafficking hubs and are playing a role more central to basic cell biology than previously appreciated.
Policy considerations for the introduction and promotion of the lactational amenorrhea method: advantages and disadvantages of LAM.

This paper explores the advantages and disadvantages of the lactational amenorrhea method (LAM) and their implications for policy and use. Clinical trials of LAM have upheld the Bellagio Consensus that the chance of pregnancy is less than 2% in the first 6 months postpartum in amenorrheic women who are fully or nearly fully breast-feeding. Secondary data analyses in numerous settings have resulted in the same conclusion. LAM if used correctly or even if used imperfectly should be a reliable strategy or a method to avoid pregnancy. To the extent that LAM represents an additional contraceptive option this is also positive because a broad array of contraceptive options maximizes the likelihood of finding a good fit between user and method and increases contraceptive use. Other characteristics of LAM represent potentially positive impacts. If LAM is shown to be an effective conduit to other modern methods the implications are profoundly positive. If LAM is cost-effective for households and/or programs this will also make the method extraordinarily attractive. Conversely some aspects of LAM are negative such as the fact that it offers no protection against sexually transmitted diseases it requires counseling from a well-informed provider and intensive breast-feeding can make heavy demands on the womans time. Because LAM is effective in preventing pregnancies and because it extends the range of contraceptive choices considering LAM at the policy level is always appropriate.
TYMPANIC MEMBRANE SENSATION

Sensation from the tympanic membrane is generally believed to be mediated via at least four cranial nerves, some authors describing discrete territories for each of these nerves. The lack of critical evidence for independent sensory areas prompted a clinical study of tympanic membrane sensation in 32 patients having known cranial nerve deficits. Tympanic membrane sensation was tested in four quadrants using a 300 mg bristle under a Zeiss operating microscope. The findings were highly suggestive of a predominantly nociceptive system. Any change relative to the opposite tympanum was usually anaesthesia. No complete trigeminal deficit retained perception in all tympanic quadrants. Facial, glossopharyngeal and vagal deficits alone never affected tympanic sensation. These findings support the trigeminal nerve as the principal sensory nerve to the tympanic membrane, supplemented only inconstantly and incompletely by the other cranial nerves.
Transesophageal Echocardiographic Diagnosis of the Superior Vena Cava Syndrome Resulting From Aortic Dissection: A Multiplane Study

The case of an 82-year-old patient with signs and symptoms of superior vena cava syndrome is described. A multiplane transesophageal echocardiogram demonstrated anatomic and Doppler flow evidence of superior vena caval obstruction due to compression by a dissected, aneurysmal ascending aorta. Multiplane transesophageal echocardiography is particularly useful in the diagnosis of superior vena Cava syndrome when it is a sequela of thoracic aortic disease.
CHORIOCARCINOMA: GROWTH PATTERNS IN HAMSTER TISSUES.

CHORIOCARCINOMA is a highly invasive tumour that retains some of the peculiar properties of normal immature human trophoblast1. In order to study the manner in which it invades tissues, we inoculated small fragments of transplantable human choriocarcinoma into the following sites in 19 young (70–90 g) female Syrian hamsters (Dennen): uterine broad ligament, peritoneal cavity, lung, liver, brain, thigh muscle, vena cava, hepatic portal vein, and internal jugular vein. Testicular inoculation was carried out in one male hamster. The tumour used was the Greene choriocarcinoma (kindly supplied by Dr. Roy Hertz), originally isolated in 1960 by Roy Hertz, carried by serial passage in the hamster cheek pouch, and similar in behaviour to the WO strain described by Hertz2. Although cortisone is not needed to maintain growth of the Greene choriocarcinoma in the cheek pouch, we gave it to 15 of the 19 hamsters in this preliminary work with the hope of ensuring tumour growth at the various inoculated sites3. For direct implantation into organs, two–ten 3-mm tumour fragments were inoculated into each site by cannula (Lundy–Irving caudal needle). For intravenous inoculation, the tumour was minced with Bard Parker knives into fragments less than 1 mm in diameter. About 50 of these tiny fragments were suspended in 0.1 ml. or less of Gey's balanced salt solution, and slowly injected with a tuberculin syringe through a 21-gauge hypodermic needle. All hamsters were autopsied within 7–16 days.
Improving Mechanical Engineering Education Through Use of Case Studies

Business is increasingly conducted in a global environment, and mechanical engineering students are expected to be proficient in leadership skills as well as strong technical skills. Many authors state that instead of adding more material and more courses to the engineering curriculum, which would likely turn students away from engineering, engineering educators need to respond by opening up access to engineering with the larger world. We found that one of the effective ways of bringing real-world issues related to the areas of manufacturing and design, thermal engineering, acoustics, vibration, welding and nondestructive evaluation into classrooms is through the use of case study methodology. The Laboratory for Innovative Technology and Engineering Education (LITEE) at Auburn University has developed eighteen multimedia case studies over the past ten years. Faculty and students partnering with various industries develop these case studies. The case studies focus on real-world problems that actually occurred in the chosen industry. All the technical and business details related to the problem are provided in the case study. Through the use of information technologies we created multi-media case studies that bring real-world decision making from the engineering industry into the classrooms. The students analyze the problem in the class using role-playing, thereby simulating the decision-making scenario that occurred in the industry. The students also have an opportunity to compare their solutions to what happened in the industry. This paper describes the steps involved in developing a LITEE case study, administering this case study in engineering classrooms, and the results of evaluating the effectiveness of this method of instruction. This paper also discusses the details of different case studies related to the above-mentioned areas available through LITEE.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
A roentgenographic stereotaxic technique for implanting and maintaining electrodes in the brain of man.

Abstract A single stage roentgenographic stereotaxic technique has been presented which permits accurate placement of stimulating and recording electrodes having flexible leads into subcortical structures of the human brain (visualized by air ventriculography). A simple and rapid system for correcting the roentgenographic mapping errors which result from a noncollimated X-ray beam has been developed. Design information has been given on electrodes and lucite skull buttons which are easily fabricated. The buttons prevent displacement of electrodes from their target positions. Leadwires are flexible, inexpensive, and readily available. These electrodes are comfortably tolerated for periods of time ranging up to two years and are easily connected to equipment for electrical stimulation and recording.
491 LOW DOSE ETHINYL ESTRADIOL (EE2) TREATMENT OF TURNER'S SYNDROME

Short term studies in children with Turner's syndrome showed that EE2 in a dose of 100 ng/kg/day enhanced the rate of ulnar growth whereas a smaller dose was less effective and larger doses were inhibitory (Ross, et al, New Engl J Med 309:1104, 1983). We therefore treated 11 such patients (bone ages 8–15 years) with EE2 100 ng/kg/day for 3–12 months. Seven who had previously been treated with conventional doses of estrogen were taken off therapy for the preceding 3 months. All 4 previously untreated patients exhibited breast changes on therapy. Bone maturation did not accelerate and Somatomedin C levels did not increase. Only the 3 patients with the lowest bone ages showed an appreciable growth response with the youngest showing the greatest enhancement. We conclude that this dose of EE2 appears to be a potent growth stimulus if administered at an earlier age than estrogens are commonly employed. Furthermore, this tiny dose of EE2 does exert the usual systemic effects of estrogens.
In vivo neutron activation analysis; a new technique in nutritional research

In vivo neutron activation analysis (IVNAA) has ushered in a new era of clinical diagnosis, therapy evaluation, and modeling of body composition.~ 3 Direct determination of several key elements of the body has been made possible by delayed and prompt gamma IVNAA. Measurement of total body nitrogen (protein) by prompt gamma neutron activation (PGNAA) is of particular importance in nutrition studies. Measurement of total body calcium (TBCa) by delayed neutron activation (DGNAA) yields accurate information on the bone mineral mass, because 99% of the body calcium resides in skeletal tissue. Along with calcium, total body sodium, chlorine (TBCI), and phosphorus are activated and thus can be measured. Naturally occurring 4°K total body potassium (TBK) is automatically measured by whole body counting. Elemental composition studies made with the use of IVNAA have shown the relationship between body elements and compartments. Body composition models have been considerably refined with the data obtained by in vivo nuclear techniques.l-° Determination of body composition has been used by a number of investigators to achieve nutritional assessment of individuals with a variety of disorders and dysfunctions. 4-9 The analyses rest both on a database derived from measurements made of normal subjects, reflecting the parameters of age and sex, and on serial measurements that reflect ongoing processes and the effects of therapeutic programs, such as nutritional regimens.
Lean in or Opt Out: Career Pathways of Academic Women.

While women in positions of power and authority on American campuses have increased, they are still well below the levels of their male counterparts.Institutions typically fail to reward women for ...
Influence of ionic complexes on phase behavior of polystyrene-b-poly(methyl methacrylate) copolymers

The influence of ionic complexes on phase behavior of PS-b-PMMA copolymers over a wide range of molecular weights and PS volume fractions was investigated by small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), grazing incidence small-angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and neutron reflectivity (NR). The disorder-to-order transition (DOT) in both symmetric and asymmetric copolymers indicates that the overall Flory-Huggins segmental interaction parameter, chi(eff) between polystyrene (PS) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) blocks with lithium-PMMA complexes is increased compared to that of the neat copolymers. This enhanced chi(eff) further results in an order-to-order transition (OOT), from spheres to cylinders, and an increase in the ordering and spacing of microdomains. Moreover, transitional metal ionic complexes, such as copper-PMMA complexes, are found to have the similar influence on phase behavior of PS-b-PMMA copolymers. The formation of ionic complexes in the copolymers not only offers a parameter to tune the degree of microphase separation of PS-b-PMMA copolymers but also provides a way to fabricate multifunctional materials.
Electro-optic cosite interference mitigation

Cosite interference can be roughly defined as the unintentional degradation of receiver functionality as a result of close proximity to a powerful in-band transmission source; for instance receivers located on modern cellular communication towers often suffer as a result of co-site interference introduced through space limitations and overcrowding. The Opto- Cancellation system was designed as a novel approach to mitigate the problem of co-site interference. The system accomplishes interference cancellation through the integration of traditional EO telecommunications devices into an otherwise wholly RF communications system. This paper will discuss the integration of EO components into an RF communications system as well as the non-traditional integration of EO components to perform co-site interference mitigation. To date the system has performed cancellation up to 80 dB reduction of a narrowband signal and 45 dB reduction of a 100 MHz bandwidth signal without affecting the receiver's signal of interest. The system is able to perform extremely wide-band interference cancellation by utilizing the large instantaneous bandwidth inherent in a fast EO modulator, largely addressing the limitations of traditional RF interference cancellation/mitigation techniques such as digital sampling and filtering.
Design and demonstration of micro-electro-mechanical relay multipliers

This paper describes the micro-architecture and circuit techniques for building multipliers with micro-electromechanical (MEM) relays. By optimizing the circuits and micro-architecture to suit relay device characteristics, the performance of the relay based multiplier is improved by a factor of ∼8× over any known static CMOS-style implementation, and ∼4× over CMOS pass-gate equivalent implementations. A 16-bit relay multiplier is shown to offer ∼10× lower energy per operation at sub-10 MOPS throughputs when compared to an optimized CMOS multiplier at an equivalent 90 nm technology node. To demonstrate the viability of this technology, we experimentally demonstrate the operation of the primary multiplier building block: a full (7:3) compressor, built with 98 MEM-relays, which is the largest working MEM-relay circuit reported to date.
Internal reflection beneath capillary water waves: a method for measuring wave slope.

Ray-tracing simulations were performed to explore total internal reflection of light rays beneath capillary water waves. A vertically oriented light ray, scanned laterally below the wave surface, is mapped to a position that oscillates at a frequency f. It was found that f varies over 2 orders of magnitude as the dimensionless wave height a/λ varies from 0.34 to 0.73. This presents a possible frequency domain method for wave slope measurement in wave tank experiments. A linear relationship between the maximum displacement of the mapped ray and a/λ is also demonstrated for a/λ between 0.54 and 0.73, presenting a second wave slope measurement approach. The consequences of partial internal reflection are considered.
Enzyme-mimicking properties of silicates and other minerals.

Abstract The adsorptive and/or catalytic properties of clays, silicates in general, and other minerals are well known. More recently, their probable role in prebiotic syntheses of bio-organic compounds has become a matter of record. We demonstrate that, in addition to their role in de novo formation of important biomolecules, clays, micas, fibrous silicates and other minerals mimick the activities of contemporary enzymes including oxidases, esterases, phosphatases and glucosidases. The existence of such capabilities in substances likely to be represented on the surfaces of Earth-like planets may offer a challenge to the technology and design of remote life detection systems which must then distinguish between bona fide biological chemistry and mineral-base pseudometabolism. It also raises questions about the importance of mineral surfaces in post-mortem transformations of organic metabolites in our own biosphere.
Advisor, Teacher, Role Model, Friend: On Bring a Mentor to Students in Science and Engineering

Mentorship is one of the fundamental keys to growth and learning in any field, not just science. But our profession is unusual to the degree in which mentoring is used to guide and develop scientists, especially during the years of graduate school. While the Ph.D. advisor is rarely the sole mentor in a student's life, the success or failure of this relationship can literally make or break a young scientist. Most advisors I talk to believe they do an effective job of mentoring their students. Most students I talk to disagree.
Pitfalls in the Neuroimaging of Glioblastoma in the Era of Antiangiogenic and Immuno/Targeted Therapy – Detecting Illusive Disease, Defining Response

Glioblastoma, the most common malignant primary brain tumor in adults is a devastating diagnosis with an average survival of 14-16 months using the current standard of care treatment. The determination of treatment response and clinical decision making is based on the accuracy of radiographic assessment. Notwithstanding, challenges exist in the neuroimaging evaluation of patients undergoing treatment for malignant glioma. Differentiating treatment response from tumor progression is problematic and currently combines long-term follow-up using standard MRI, with clinical status and corticosteroid-dependency assessments. In the clinical trial setting, treatment with gene therapy, vaccines, immunotherapy, and targeted biologicals similarly produces MRI changes mimicking disease progression. A neuroimaging method to clearly distinguish between pseudoprogression and tumor progression has unfortunately not been found to date. With the incorporation of antiangiogenic therapies, a further pitfall in imaging interpretation is pseudoresponse. The Macdonald Criteria that correlate tumor burden with contrast enhanced imaging proved insufficient and misleading in the context of rapid blood brain barrier normalization following antiangiogenic treatment that is not accompanied by expected survival benefit. Even improved criteria, such as the RANO criteria, that incorporate non-enhancing disease, clinical status, and need for corticosteroid use, fall short of definitively distinguishing tumor progression, pseudoresponse, and pseudoprogression. This review focuses on advanced imaging techniques including perfusion MRI, diffusion MRI, MR spectroscopy, and new PET imaging tracers. The relevant image analysis algorithms and interpretation methods of these promising techniques are discussed in the context of determining response and progression during treatment of glioblastoma both in the standard of care as well as clinical trial context.