cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Globalization: The Epochal Imperatives and Developmental Tendencies

In this essay, an attempt has been made to situate the meaning of the contemporary globalization in the context of transnationalization of social capital and spread of its circuits beyond the nation-state. The essay begins with the transnationalization of basic forms of capital-commodity, money, and productive capital-and the evolution of their corresponding global circuits. Globalization, so defined, is a tendency to the unified and worldwide cheapening of labor power, a macro phenomenon that is otherwise known as global technological change. This has led to worldwide hegemony of social capital and the emergence of global social relations beyond the nation-state.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection/AIDS

For any practitioner treating patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), this chapter provides a framework for considering the varied array of neurological complications. HIV can affect both central and peripheral nervous systems. Some of these complications, such as HIV-associated neurocognitive dysfunction, are the direct result of HIV itself. Other complications are due to opportunistic infections or are adverse effects of the treatments that are used against HIV. The clinical manifestations of these complications are reviewed, with emphasis on the key features useful for making proper and timely diagnoses. Up-to-date treatment recommendations, based on the most recent research and expert opinion, are included.
HPLC–NMR, Pharmaceutical Applications☆

The use of directly coupled HPLC and NMR spectroscopy is described with illustrations using various pharmaceutical studies principally of drug metabolism. The additional coupling with MS is also exemplified. This is a specialized application of the more general approach of hyphenating chromatography with NMR spectroscopy as described elsewhere in the encyclopedia.
Integration of the Community Collaborative Rain, Hail, and Snow Network (CoCoRaHS) observations into the West Gulf River Forecast Center operations

This article will introduce the Community Collaborative Rain, Hail and Snow (CoCoRaHS) network and illustrate its integration into the daily operations at the National Weather Service West Gulf River Forecast Center (WGRFC). An example will be shown on how the data were used during a specific flood event and will illustrate our extensive use of this data during Hurricane Harvey. The benefits of this network will be discussed. The network provides the WGRFC a source of rain gauge data where other sources of rainfall data are sparse and allows for verification of radar-based precipitation estimates. Members of CoCoRaHS provide observations that are vital in assisting the WGRFC with flood forecasting operations. Information on joining this important network is presented in this article. Citation: Story GJ. 2018. Integration of the Community Collaborative Rain, Hail, and Snow Network (CoCoRaHS) observations into the West Gulf River Forecast Center operations. Texas Water Journal. 9(1):96-107. Available from: https://doi.org/10.21423/twj.v9i1.7071.
Increased Rates of BK Virus-Associated Hemorrhagic Cystitis and BK Viremia in Haploidentical Stem Cell Transplantation

Introduction In haploidentical transplantation, increased infectious risk compared to matched related donor (MRD) and matched unrelated donor (MUD) transplants is a complication that contributes to patient morbidity and mortality. This study investigated the 1-year post-transplant rates of BK virus-associated hemorrhagic cystitis and BK viremia in the haploidentical population compared to the non-haploidentical population. Objectives The objectives of this study were to compare the rates of BK virus-associated hemorrhagic cystitis and BK viremia in haploidentical patients compared to MRD and MUD patients within 1 year after transplant. In addition, we investigated whether patients with BK virus-associated hemorrhagic cystitis were at higher risk for also developing BK viremia in the haploidentical population. Methods This was a retrospective study that analyzed the outcomes of patients who underwent allogeneic stem cell transplants from haploidentical donors, MRD, or MUD. BK virus infection was assessed through urine samples and via a quantitative serum detection test. Statistical analysis was performed using the Fisher Exact Probability Test with p-values Results Out of 174 transplant patients, 44 (25%) transplants were from haploidentical donors and 130 (75%) from non-haploidentical donors (MRD and MUD). BK viruria was detected in a significantly higher amount of haploidentical patients, with 15 (34%) haplo and 13 (10%) non-haplo patients affected (p = 0.004). All cases of BK viruria were associated with hemorrhagic cystitis. The rate of BK viremia was also significantly higher in the haploidentical population, affecting 7 (16%) haplo patients vs. 1 (0.1%) non-haplo patient (p Conclusion Our results indicated that amongst the haploidentical population, there were significantly higher rates of BK virus-associated hemorrhagic cystitis and BK viremia compared to the non-haploidentical population. In addition, out of all allogeneic transplant patients who were found to have BK viruria, a frequently reported infection in the transplant population, haploidentical patients were at greater risk of developing BK viremia as well. These findings were also in the context of similar rates of GVHD between haplo and non-haplo patients, indicating that the higher rates of infections were not due to increased GVHD immunosuppression. Further investigation is warranted to confirm these findings and propose prophylactic approaches to BK virus infections in the haploidentical population.
Teledentisry and Dental Hygiene

The use of Teledentistry is the future of the way traditional dental practices will practice. Its use is controversial due to the cost of equipment, time for training of personnel, and lack of reimbursement for services billed. However, the many advantages range from reduced fees for patients to the increase use of dental hygienists, midlevel providers, and/or advanced dental therapists in non-traditional settings. Moreover, the use of Teledentistry affords underserved populations in rural and urban areas equity with regard to access to dental and medical services. For the facilitation of Teledentistry to be successful, the conversion of paper patient charts must be converted to a digital format (EHR or electronic health record) for radiographs, medical/dental histories, and prescriptions. The new millennium ushers the use of more computer systems, email, text messages, smartphones, and digital media for both the medical and dental professions in the inter-disciplinary approach to treatment of patients nationwide.
Catalytic Oxidation of NH3 on a Polycrystalline Pt Surface Studied by Laser Induced Fluorescence

The catalytic oxidation of NH3 is currently a key industrial synthetic process for HNO3 production. The reaction is known to be very fast and highly efficient [1]. The major products of the reaction on Pt surfaces are H2O and N2 or NO, depending on reaction temperature and the relative concentration of NH3 and O2 according to the following stoichiometries: $$ 4N{H_3}+3{O_2} \to2{N_2}+6{H_2}O $$ $$ 4N{H_3}+5{O_2}\to 4NO + 6{H_2}O.$$
Theta-Burst Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

Objective:Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a highly prevalent psychiatric disorder associated with disruption in social and occupational function. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) rep...
The Thoroughbred Riding Horse

The order Perissodactyla, odd-toed, hoofed mammals, includes horses, asses, zebras, rhinoceroses, and tapirs. A small primitive horse, Eohippus, differentiated from the early ungulates in the Eocene Age (40 mya). By the beginning of the Ice Age, large, single-toed horses could be found on every continent except Australia. Horses actually walk on tiptoe; only one toe—the remaining middle one—supports the weight. This toe has evolved a hoof, which consists of a curved covering of horn composed mostly of keratin that protects the distal digit. Horses have long tails made up of heavy coarse hairs that can swish away irritating insects. Their front teeth are sharp for cropping grass; farther back in the jaw, they have large, flat molars for grinding their foodstuff, grass and hay. A mare produces and nurtures a foal about once every 2 years. Riding horses are almost always thoroughbreds, the so-called “hot-blooded” strain, which results from crossbreeding with an Arabian strain. Many of our wild horses, including the mustang, have Arabian blood inherited from the horses brought in by the invading Spaniards.
Chapter 8 – Phospholipid Catabolism

Metabolism of membrane-associated phospholipids is achieved by a group of enzymes called phospholipases (PLases). PLases hydrolyse phospholipid substrates at varying chemical positions, with the major classes of PLases including A1, A2, C and D. These different classes of enzymes have specificity for site of hydrolysis and typically have more efficient activity on a membrane surface when compared to a monomeric substrate. The majority of these enzymes are soluble and interact with the membrane in a transient fashion brought about by changes in secretion of the enzyme, binding to calcium, appearance of a high affinity lipid substrate, or posttranslational modification. PLases also have different roles in cellular properties and disease states and in some cases are viable drug targets. Overall, this chapter gives an overview of the structure and function of the various types of PLases found in prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms.
Multilateral Constraints on Chinese Behavior in South China Sea Territorial Disputes

Why have the bargaining strategies of the interested states in South China Sea (SCS) territorial disputes changed over time? To date, scholarship has analyzed states’ overall strategies towards the SCS, domestic determinants of bargaining strategies, and China’s remarkable growth and unique position in the world system. But what about international constraints on crisis bargaining? This paper will argue that China’s willingness to engage in restrained negotiating behavior during the bargaining process is constrained by the degree to which it is accountable to the international institutional status quo and the financial system that supports it. China’s decision to exercise restraint in bargaining passes through two analytical dimensions: an assessment of its power relative to neighbors and an analysis of the costs and benefits of defying multilateral institutions. My theory predicts unrestrained, more aggressive bargaining when relative power is high and the state in question is decreasingly accountable to international multilateral institutions. Using case studies and historical sources, this paper finds that restraint in bargaining behavior in the South China Sea from the 1970s to the present is directly related to relative power and the extent to which China’s behavior is constrained by its accountability to international multilateral institutions. These findings are applicable to academics and policymakers considering the engagement between countries and the world order.
Adult Saethre-Chotzen Syndrome: A Unique Abnormal Breathing Pattern.

A 35-year-old male with Saethre-Chotzen syndrome presented with severe complaints. Neuroimaging showed a Chiari-I malformation, mild ventriculomegaly, a syrinx of the wide central canal, and various cerebral vascular anomalies including a large occipital emissary vein on the right. Ultrasound of this vein confirmed blocking of the outflow-track when turning his head to the right, which also provoked the headaches and bruit. Polysomnography revealed severe positional sleep apnea with a mixed breathing pattern, the central components consisted of periodic breathing with, at times, crescendo-decrescendo reminiscent of a Cheyne-Stokes versus Biot breathing pattern, pointing to possible brain stem/pontine problems. Continuous positive airway pressure was initiated, and the patient was instructed to avoid sleeping in the right lateral position. One year later, nearly all his complaints have resolved. A questionnaire was sent to all adult Saethre-Chotzen patients in our craniofacial unit, none reported any of the severe symptoms as described by our index case.
3D Architected Solid-State Lithium-Ion Battery

Lithium-ion batteries are more and more widely used in portable electric applications with high power demand. Most approaches to high-power batteries gain improvement in power density on the cost of energy density. The rapid development in additive manufacturing technique in the past decade has provided a promising pathway to achieve higher power density without sacrificing energy density, where the ion diffusion distance between electrodes is minimized by improving electrode architectures. Recent approaches in 3D lithium-ion batteries with interdigitated configuration demonstrated new electrode fabrication methods through direct ink-writing. Although the power densities were improved, the large portion of organic materials in electrode inks for adhesion purpose became the "dead weight" in batteries, and also decreased the electrical conductivity of electrodes. In this work, we demonstrate a new method to fabricate 3D interdigitated lithium-ion battery with architected carbon anode, lithium cobalt oxide (LCO) cathode, and gel polymer electrolyte. An oligo(ethylene glycol)-based gel polymer electrolyte was polymerized in-situ when the resin was in direct contact with the electrodes to achieve a highly adherent interface. Stereolithography (SLA) technique was used to 3D print an architected electrode structure with feature size less than 200 μm using an acrylate-based photoresin. The printed polymer structure went through a pyrolysis process, and 3D architected carbon anode was obtained. The architected LCO anode was also fabricated using an SLA system, but through a "swell-in" — calcination method, where lithium and cobalt ions were swelled into a 3D printed hydrogel, and after a calcination process the 3D architected LCO cathode was obtained. The electrodes fabricated in this work have overcome difficulties in reducing the portion of organic materials in 3D printed electrodes, resulting to a 3D interdigitated lithium-ion battery with large percentage of active materials, high electrical conductivity in electrodes, and small ion diffusion distance between electrodes.
Single Cell Analysis of Stored Red Blood Cells Using Ultra-High Throughput Holographic Cytometry

Holographic cytometry is introduced as an ultra-high throughput implementation of quantitative phase imaging of single cells flowing through parallel microfluidic channels. Here, the approach was applied for characterizing the morphology of individual red blood cells during storage under regular blood bank conditions. Samples from five blood donors were examined, over 100,000 cells examined for each, at three time points. The approach allows high-throughput phase imaging of a large number of cells, greatly extending our ability to study cellular phenotypes using individual cell images. Holographic cytology images can provide measurements of multiple physical traits of the cells, including optical volume and area, which are observed to consistently change over the storage time. In addition, the large volume of cell imaging data can serve as training data for machine-learning algorithms. For the study here, logistic regression was used to classify the cells according to the storage time points. The analysis showed that at least 5000 cells are needed to ensure accuracy of the classifiers. Overall, results showed the potential of holographic cytometry as a diagnostic tool.
Improving signal-to-noise ratio through generalized multipulse transmit encoding

Diagnostic imaging of deep targets in the body requires sufficient signal amplitude to overcome effects such as attenuation with depth and thermal noise produced in signal reception. Coded excitation provides several strategies to increase the total transmitted energy without exceeding peak amplitude safety limits. Temporal coding has proven particularly effective, but these frequency or amplitude modulation techniques require additional transmit capabilities and often require complex processing to reduce decoding artifacts. We present an alternative code based on time delays that relies on identical transmit pulses that can be decoded using spatiotemporal synthetic aperture processing. We experimentally demonstrate a 16-pulse code that achieves an 11.1 dB improvement in signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) while maintaining axial resolution and sufficient range lobe performance. We compare our technique to Barker code and observe trade-offs in the resulting point spread function with only a slightly lower gain in SNR.
Legal issues in dementia

The professional care of patients with varying degrees of dementia over time may implicate a variety of legal (as well as ethical) considerations. Important legal issues arise in the context of medical decision making concerning diagnostic tests, therapeutic treatments and research participation. Questions about informed consent, decisional capacity, advance planning, and the extent and limits of surrogate decision makers’ authority to speak on behalf of incapacitated patients are implicated. This article outlines some of the most salient aspects of these legal issues as they pertain to the long term management of persons with dementia.
When Conservative Medicine Triumphed and Feminist Values Failed

Book reviewed in this article: A Calculus of Suffering: Pain, Professionalism and Anesthesia in Nineteenth Century America. By Martin S. Pernick. Sympathy and Science: Women Physicians in American Medicine. By Regina Markell Morantz-Sanchez.
Sampling, amenability and the Kunze-Stein phenomenon

Inspired by recent work on the connection between representation theory and atomic decompositions, we take a look at convolution operators on non-unimodular amenable groups as well as non-compact semi-simple Lie groups. We then discuss this in context of sampling. Furthermore, we look at sampling and optimal sampling sets for some often studied spaces.
Lagrangian least-squares prediction of solar flux (F10.7)

The result of a study on the application of an improved statistical prediction method for estimating the intermediate-term (months) and long-term (years) behavior of solar flux is discussed. The study indicates that better predictions, in a chi square sense, are possible by selecting sets of the solar flux data such that each set (cycle) starts and ends at the maxima (or minima) for the data base and initialization point of the procedure. Then one applies a Lagrangian least-squares statistical technique. Evidence is also presented to support the existence of an aperiodic variation in the periods as well as the amplitudes.
Object Processing in the Infant: Lessons from Neuroscience

Object identification is a fundamental cognitive capacity that forms the basis for complex thought and behavior. The adult cortex is organized into functionally distinct visual object-processing pathways that mediate this ability. Insights into the origin of these pathways have begun to emerge through the use of neuroimaging techniques with infant populations. The outcome of this work supports the view that, from the early days of life, object-processing pathways are organized in a way that resembles that of the adult. At the same time, theoretically important changes in patterns of cortical activation are observed during the first year. These findings lead to a new understanding of the cognitive and neural architecture in infants that supports their emerging object-processing capacities.
Acylcarnitines in plasma and blood spots of patients with long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase defiency

The acylcarnitines in plasma and blood spots of 23 patients with proven deficiency of long-chain 3-hydroxyacylcoenzyme A dehydrogenase were reviewed. Long-chain 3-hydroxyacylcarnitines of C14:1, C14, C16 and C18:1 chain length, and long-chain acylcarnitines of C12, C14:1, C14, C16, C18:2 and C18:1 chain length were elevated. Acetylcarnitine was decreased. In plasma, elevation of hydroxy-C18:1 acylcarnitine over the 95th centile of controls, in combination with an elevation of two of the three acylcarnitines C14, C14:1 and hydroxy-C16, identified over 85% of patients with high specificity (less than 0.1% false positive rate). High endogenous levels of long-chain acylcarnitines in normal erythrocytes reduced the diagnostic specificity in blood spots compared with plasma samples. The results were also diagnostic in asymptomatic patients, and were not influenced by genotype. Treatment with diet low in fat and high in medium-chain triglyceride decreased all disease-specific acylcarnitines, often to normal, suggesting that this assay is useful in treatment monitoring.
Atypical and malignant meningiomas: an outcome report of seventeen cases.

Limited data are available concerning the outcome of patients with atypical and malignant meningiomas. We therefore analyzed the outcome of seventeen patients with meningiomas (9 atypical; 8 malignant) at Thomas Jefferson University Hospital between 1973 and 1996. Strict adherence to the 1993 WHO criteria for the typing of CNS tumors was maintained.
Infection of the cartilages of the foot

Summary Infection of the cartilages of the foot is an uncommon condition, occurring usually secondary to wounds just above the coronary band. Effective treatment relies on surgical debridement of necrotic cartilage, but following this the prognosis for complete recovery is good.
Chemical modification approaches for improved performance of Na-ion battery electrodes

Na-ion batteries have received considerable attention in recent years but still face performance challenges such as limited cycle lifetime and low capacities at high current rates. In this work, we propose novel combinations of preand post-synthesis treatments to modify known Na-ion battery electrode materials to achieve enhanced electrochemical performance. We work with two model metal oxide materials to demonstrate the effectiveness of the different treatments. First, wet chemical preintercalation is combined with post-synthesis aging, hydrothermal treatment, and annealing of α-V 2 O 5 , resulting in enhanced capacity retention in a Na-ion battery system. The hydrothermal treatment resulted in an increased specific capacity of nearly 300 mAh/g. Second, post-synthesis acid leaching is performed on α- MnO 2, also resulting in improved electrochemical capacity. The chemical, structural, and morphological changes brought about by the modifications are fully characterized.
Synaptic localization of neurotransmitter receptors: comparing mechanisms for AMPA and GABAA receptors

Ionotropic neurotransmitter receptors mediate fast synaptic transmission by localizing at postsynapses. Changes in receptor number at synapses induce synaptic plasticity. Thus, mechanisms for the synaptic localization of receptors in basal transmission and synaptic plasticity have been investigated extensively. Recent findings reveal that synaptic localization of tetrameric AMPA receptors in basal transmission requires the PDZ binding of TARP auxiliary subunits, which modulate receptor properties and pharmacology. On the other hand, pentameric GABAA receptors require multiple receptor subunits for their synaptic localization in basal transmission. AMPA receptors seem to utilize distinct mechanisms for basal synaptic localization and synaptic insertion during plasticity. Revealing precise mechanisms for receptor synaptic localization may establish new approaches to control synaptic transmission.
Universal lipid screening: response regarding implications for primary care practice.

The Expert Panel guidelines for cardiovascular health and risk reduction in childhood,1 commissioned by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, are a valuable resource for pediatric care providers, addressing the major risk factors associated with development of atherosclerosis. Endorsed by the American Academy of Pediatrics, the recommendations correspond with the age and developmental stages in Bright Futures2 so they can be incorporated into routine health maintenance. The recommendations are presented with a summary of the evidence, allowing clinicians to apply their own knowledge and experience in deciding what is necessary for each child and family. The Expert Panel was selected to include representatives from pediatrics, family medicine, cardiology, nutrition, and nursing. Each brought their expertise to evaluation of the evidence and recommendations that can be readily integrated into …
Representations of Positive Definite Hermitian Forms with Approximation and Primitive Properties

Abstract Let M be a positive definite hermitian lattice of rank m ≥ 2 n + 1 and T be a finite set of primes containing the prime divisors of 2 vol( M ). If N is a hermitian lattice of rank n which is locally representable by M and min( N ) is sufficiently large, then there exists a global representation ƒ: N → M such that ƒ approximates the given local representations at T and ƒ( N p ) is primitive in M p for all primes p ∉ T ∪ { q } where q is any fixed prime not in T .
Dermatopsychosomatics: Classification, physiology, and therapeutic approaches

Psychosomatic dermatology is practiced in some manner by every dermatologist. In spite of this, there has been a virtual void in the literature from the middle 1950s until the present time. The relationship to physiologic phenomena, as well as a classification of psychosomatic dermatology, is reviewed. Dermatologic patients are divided into three groups: the primary group in which the emotional disorder is the primary disease and the cutaneous disorder merely part of its expression; the secondary group in which the basic cause is organic but does affect the person emotionally in various degrees; and the collaborative group in which the organic causes and emotional disorders combine in different degrees to cause the skin disorder. This paper discusses anxiety and depression along with methods of dermatologic psychosomatic therapy consisting of antianxiety drugs, especially the benzodiazepines, antidepressants, hypnosis, behavior therapy, and the doctor/patient rapport. We conclude that one of the objectives for every dermatologist is to treat the entire patient—the psyche along with the soma.
An extreme events laboratory to provide network centric collaborative situation assessment and decision making

Rapid improvements in communications infrastructure and sophistication of commercial hand-held devices provide a major new source of information for assessing extreme situations such as environmental crises. In particular, ad hoc collections of humans can act as "soft sensors" to augment data collected by traditional sensors in a net-centric environment (in effect, "crowd-sourcing" observational data). A need exists to understand how to task such soft sensors, characterize their performance and fuse the data with traditional data sources. In order to quantitatively study such situations, as well as study distributed decision-making, we have developed an Extreme Events Laboratory (EEL) at The Pennsylvania State University. This facility provides a network-centric, collaborative situation assessment and decision-making capability by supporting experiments involving human observers, distributed decision making and cognition, and crisis management. The EEL spans the information chain from energy detection via sensors, human observations, signal and image processing, pattern recognition, statistical estimation, multi-sensor data fusion, visualization and analytics, and modeling and simulation. The EEL command center combines COTS and custom collaboration tools in innovative ways, providing capabilities such as geo-spatial visualization and dynamic mash-ups of multiple data sources. This paper describes the EEL and several on-going human-in-the-loop experiments aimed at understanding the new collective observation and analysis landscape.
Efficacy of lithium in rheumatoid arthritis with granulocytopenia (felty's syndrome)

Lithium carbonate was given orally for 6 weeks in varying doses to 10 patients with Felty's syndrome. All patients receiving 900 mg of lithium daily showed statistically significant elevations in granulocyte count during therapy. The effect was usually noted within a week and did not persist when the drug was withdrawn. The percentage increase in mean absolute granulocyte count varied between 138% and 617% of control value in different patients; the lower values were observed in those patients with basal serum lithium concentrations less than 0.5 mEq/liter. It is concluded that a consistent rise in peripheral blood granulocytes was achieved by lithium carbonate in a dosage of 900 mg daily in patients with Felty's syndrome.
Physiology and Pathophysiology of the Biliary Tract: The Gallbladder and Sphincter of Oddi—A Review

The biliary tract collects, stores, concentrates, and delivers bile secreted by the liver. Its motility is controlled by neurohormonal mechanisms with the vagus and splanchnic nerves and the hormone cholecystokinin playing key roles. These neurohormonal mechanisms integrate the motility of the gallbladder and sphincter of Oddi (SO) with the gastrointestinal tract in the fasting and digestive phases. During fasting most of the hepatic bile is diverted toward the gallbladder by the resistance of the SO. The gallbladder allows the gradual entry of bile relaxing by passive and active mechanisms. During the digestive phase the gallbladder contracts, and the SO relaxes allowing bile to be released into the duodenum for the digestion and absorption of fats. Pathological processes manifested by recurrent episodes of upper abdominal pain affect both the gallbladder and SO. The gallbladder motility and cytoprotective functions are impaired by lithogenic hepatic bile with excess cholesterol allowing the hydrophobic bile salts to induce chronic cholecystitis. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is the standard treatment. Three types of SO dyskinesia also cause biliary pain. Their pathophysiology is not completely known. The pain of types I and II usually respond to sphincterotomy, but the pain due to type III usually does not.
Plutonium, radiocesium and radiocobalt in sediments of the Hudson River estuary

Abstract Anthropogenic radionuclides have reached the Hudson estuary as global fallout from nuclear weapons testing and through local releases from commercial nuclear reactors. Significant activities of 238 Pu and 239,240 Pu (fallout-derived), 134 Cs and 60 Co (reactor-released), and 137 Cs (derived from both sources), have accumulated in the sediments throughout the estuary, with the primary zone of accumulation near the downstream end of the system in New York harbor. The estuary appears to have trapped nearly all of the 239,240 Pu delivered as fallout, and consequently, ocean dumping of dredged harbor sediment is currently the primary means for the net transport of these nuclides to coastal waters. In contrast, only 10–30% of the 137 Cs, 134 Cs and 60 Co delivered to the estuary have been retained on the fine particles which accumulate at a rapid rate in the harbor. The primary factors which have governed the distribution of anthropogenic radionuclides in Hudson sediments are: (1) spread of fine particles labeled with both fallout and reactor nuclides throughout the axis of the estuary, (2) differences in timing of the peak fallout years (1962–1964) and years of maximum reactor releases (1971–1972), (3) large variations in sediment accumulation rates, ranging from a few millimeters per year or less to many tens of centimeters per year, (4) appreciable desorption of 137 Cs and 134 Cs from particles at higher salinities, and (5) possible enhanced desorption of 60 Co at higher salinities (relative to 134 Cs and 137 Cs) which may be associated with the release of reduced manganese from the harbor sediments.
Acute bronchospasm and resolution captured on dynamic CT

Computed tomography (CT) imaging provides a noninvasive window beneath the skin, defines lung pathology, and facilitates virtual and multimodality fusion interventions. A CT scan of acute bronchospasm is shown during a CT-guided lung intervention. Dynamic or sequential CT imaging can depict and perhaps even quantify acute reversible bronchospasm, and could potentially play a role in better understanding pharmacologic interventions for reactive airways and the resulting effects.
The Other Hollywood: the Organizational and Geographic Bases of Television-Program Production

The article opens with a brief statement on the historical relations between feature-film and television-program production in Hollywood. The basic corporate context within which television-program production and distribution are accomplished is described in detail. Special attention is paid here to issues of vertical integration and disintegration across the entire chain of activities in the television industry. The geography of television-program production in the United States is analyzed and the pre-eminence of Hollywood in this regard is underlined. The dynamics of locational agglomeration in Hollywood are scrutinized. A case study of a primetime television show is presented in which it is demonstrated how production of the show depends upon an extraordinarily detailed system of procurements from suppliers in and around Hollywood. The accelerating process of decentralization of certain kinds of television production activities from Hollywood is then subject to analysis. The article concludes on a spe...
Structural failures precipitated by weld discontinuities

Abstract A literature review was conducted to assess the effects of weld defects upon the failure of welded structures. This effort was focussed on storage tank failures with emphasis on those fabricated for cryogenic liquid containment in order to assess the significance of past storage tank failures relative to the 9% nickel steel storage tanks currently in service. Consideration of past failures can be instructive for insuring the integrity of these vessels. Along with other documented failures, three cryogenic storage tank failures are documented herein. One of these was a liquefied natural gas (LNG) tank, the other two were designed to store liquid ethylene. Although details of design differed slightly, the overall design was the ‘tank within a tank’ concept. In each of the three failures detailed in this review, a breach of the outer tank integrity resulted when cryogenic liquid came in contact with the outer tank wall. This can be attributed to the fact that the outer steel wall was brittle at service temperatures. In addition to the above failures, this review has revealed a pattern of failures in pressure vessels resulting from faulty welds (usually fillet welds) associated with nozzle attachments and branch connections. These are undoubtedly areas of concern in cryogenic storage tanks along with the ones delineated more fully in this review.
BOSONIZATION IN THE TWO-CHANNEL KONDO MODEL

The bosonization of the S=1/2 anisotropic two-channel Kondo model is shown to yield two equivalent representations of the original problem. In a straight-forward extension of the Emery-Kivelson approach, the interacting resonant level model previously derived by the Anderson-Yuval technique is obtained. In addition, however, a compactified ``(\ensuremath{\sigma},\ensuremath{\tau})'' description is also found. The strong coupling fixed point of the (\ensuremath{\sigma},\ensuremath{\tau}) model was originally postulated to be related to the intermediate coupling fixed point of the two-channel Kondo model. The equivalence of the \ensuremath{\sigma},\ensuremath{\tau} model to the two-channel Kondo model is formally established. A summary of what one may learn from a simple study of these different representations is also given.
The Wave Theory of American Social Movements

THE WAVE THEORY of social movements explains the cyclical alternation of human-rights and property–rights eras throughout American history. This article applies anthropological concepts from the study of history, society, and ecology to develop a theory of social change in American culture, [political anthropology, social movements, American society]
Experiments in Control of a Flexible-Link Robotic Manipulator With Unknown Payload Dynamics: An Adaptive Approach

This article presents technology that extends the concept of end-point control of a flexible-link robot arm to handle payloads with unknown internal dynamics. The approach is based on merging high-performance control with an innovative identification algorithm in a self-tuning regulator framework. Payload dynamics are identified in real time using recently de veloped subspace fitting techniques. Sufficient excitation issues are addressed. End-point feedback controllers are formulated using frequency-weighted linear quadratic gaussian design methods.Experimental results demonstrating precision control of a very flexible single-link robot arm with unknown dynamic payloads are presented.
Terpenoids as Major Precursors of Dissolved Organic Matter in Landfill Leachates, Surface Water, and Groundwater

13C NMR analyses of hydrophobic dissolved organic matter (DOM) fractions isolated from a landfill leachate contaminated groundwater near Norman, OK; the Colorado River aqueduct near Los Angeles, CA; Anaheim Lake, an infiltration basin for the Santa Ana River in Orange County, CA; and groundwater from the Tomago Sand Beds, near Sydney, Australia, found branched methyl groups and quaternary aliphatic carbon structures that are indicative of terpenoid hydrocarbon precursors. Significant amounts of lignin precursors, commonly postulated to be the major source of DOM, were found only in trace quantities by thermochemolysis/gas chromatography/mass spectrometry of the Norman Landfill and Tomago Sand Bed hydrophobic DOM fractions. Electrospray/tandem mass spectrometry of the Tomago Sand Bed hydrophobic acid DOM found an ion series differing by 14 daltons, which is indicative of aliphatic and aryl-aliphatic polycarboxylic acids. The product obtained from ozonation of the resin acid, abietic acid, gave a similar ion series. Terpenoid precursors of DOM are postulated to be derived from resin acid paper sizing agents in the Norman Landfill, algal and bacterial terpenoids in the Colorado River and Anaheim Lake, and terrestrial plant terpenoids in the Tomago Sand Beds.
From “gay is good” to the scourge of AIDS: The evolution of gay liberation rhetoric, 1977‐1990

Between 1977 and 1990, the capacity to be free remained a central and continuing goal of the gay community. Filled with both sociopolitical and rhetorical situations that could not be ignored, those dates frame an important chapter in the evolution of the gay rights movement. This study of the rhetoric of the gay liberation during those years begins by examining, first, the conceptual framework for the case study and, second, the relationship between catalytic events and rhetorical movements. The focus of the study, however, is the movement's rhetoric itself, after which observations are made concerning that rhetoric, the efficacy of the catalytic model, and research on social movements in general.
Allison P. Coudert. The Impact of the Kabbalah in the Seventeenth Century: The Life and Thought of Francis Mercury van Helmont (1614–98). Brill's Series in Jewish Studies. Leiden: Brill, 1999. xx, 418 pp.

Allison Coudert is not the first historian to underscore the importance of the seventeenth century as a critical moment in the history of Jewish-Christian relations in Western civilization. Scholars engaged in Spinoza's thought have focused for some time now on the rich converso culture of Amsterdam and its mediating role between Judaism and Christianity.1. I refer here generally to the many volumes edited and written by Richard Popkin, Yosef Kaplan, David Katz, E. G. E. Van der Wall, and many others. More recently, the messiahship of Shabbetai Zevi and the crisis his apostasy precipitated in the Jewish world have been scrutinized within the broader context of Jewish-Christian interactions.2. See, for example, the work of Yosef Kaplan, Jacob Barnai, and Elishevah Carlebach. Coudert is the first, however, to study closely the circle of Christian thinkers and their fascination with the Kabbalah at the court of Sulzbach, especially Francis Mercury Van Helmont, the son of a famous Paracelsian physician, and his close colleague, Christian Knorr von Rosenroth, the compiler of the greatest Latin collection of Kabbalist writings ever published, the Kabbala denudata.
Cervical ripening before induction of labor: a randomized trial of prostaglandin E2 gel versus low-dose oxytocin.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare prostaglandin E 2 gel and a low-dose infusion of oxytocin for cervical ripening before labor induction. Study Design: A total of 158 women were randomized to receive either two intracervical doses of 0.5 mg prostaglandin E 2 gel 6 hours apart or 12 hours of intravenous oxytocin up to 4 mlU/min. After cervical ripening labor was induced with high-dose oxytocin infusion and amniotomy. Results: There was no difference between the prostaglandin E 2 and low-dose oxytocin groups in the likelihood of being in labor or having a Bishop score favorable for induction after ripening (64.2% vs 52.0%, p = 0.12) or in the incidence of vaginal delivery (75.9% vs 74.7%). Progstaglandin E 2 treated patients were delivered sooner (20.2 ± 8.1 hours vs 25.0 ± 10.5 hours, p = 0.002). Among delivered patients the likelihood of vaginal delivery within 24 hours was greater with prostaglandin E 2 ripening (63.7% vs 47.2%, p = 0.04), but there was no difference at 36 hours (76.2% vs 75.0%). Uterine hyperstimulation and fetal distress during ripening occurred only in the prostaglandin E 2 group, at a rate of 4.8%. Conclusions: After cervical ripening with prostaglandin E 2 gel or low-dose oxytocin vaginal delivery can be expected in three fourths of patients within 24 to 36 hours. We recommend that patients with an unfavorable cervix who require delivery undergo cervical ripening and induction of labor rather than automatic delivery by cesarean section.
Stem cells: Tips for priming potency.

Introducing just four specific genes into adult cells causes them to regress to an embryonic stem-cell-like state. At 1%, the efficiency of this process is low, but two tips are at hand on how to make improvements.
Flight x-ray CCD selection for the AXAF CCD Imaging Spectrometer

As part of our program to select and calibrate flight- quality, x-ray CCD detectors for the AXAF CCD imaging spectrometer, we have developed efficient detector screening methods. Our screening protocol, which measures device-level performance parameters (including noise, dark current and charge transfer efficiency) as well as x-ray spectral resolution in the 0.3 - 6 keV band, allows us quickly to identify which of the greater than 30 flight candidate detectors warrant the expenditure of severely limited time available for calibration. The performance criteria used to rank devices are discussed, and the details of the measurement methods are presented. Summary results of the screening measurements are presented for a large sample of devices, and detailed data on selected devices are described. We find that the performance variations among the sample of flight devices to be relatively small but significant.
Palmitic and stearic fatty acids induce Alzheimer-like hyperphosphorylation of tau in primary rat cortical neurons

Epidemiological studies suggest that high fat diets significantly increase the risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In addition, the AD brain is characterized by high fatty acid content compared to that of healthy subjects. Nevertheless, the basic mechanism relating elevated fatty acids and the pathogenesis of AD remains unclear. The present study examines the role of fatty acids in causing hyperphosphorylation of the tau protein, one of the characteristic signatures of AD pathology. Hyperphosphorylation of tau disrupts the cell cytoskeleton and leads to neuronal degeneration. Here, primary rat cortical neurons and astrocytes were treated with saturated free fatty acids (FFAs), palmitic and stearic acids. There was no change in the levels of phosphorylated tau in rat cortical neurons treated directly with these FFAs. The conditioned media from FFA-treated astrocytes, however, caused hyperphosphorylation of tau in the cortical neurons at AD-specific phospho-epitopes. Co-treatment of neurons with N-acetyl cysteine, an antioxidant, reduced FFA-induced hyperphosphorylation of tau. The present results establish a central role of FFAs in causing hyperphosphorylation of tau through astroglia-mediated oxidative stress.
Silent reading fluency using underlining: Evidence for an alternative method of assessment

Assessing silent reading fluency in classroom environments is challenging. This article reports on a method of assessing silent reading using underlining, an approach that solves many problems other silent reading fluency assessment measures face. This method computationally monitors readers' silent reading fluency by the speed they underline words in a text. Traditional silent reading fluency measures were compared with the new underlining methodology. Fourth- and sixth-grade students completed silent reading fluency measures (i.e., moving windows, underlining, and paper-and-pencil reading tasks), along with measures of their oral reading fluency, reading comprehension, and vocabulary knowledge. Strong alternate-form reliability coefficients were found for underlining, which significantly correlated with other measures of silent reading fluency and reading comprehension. Underlining methodology also correlated with common language factors, such as word length and word frequency. Together, these results provide support for the psychometric properties of underlining and suggest that it is a promising alternative method of assessing silent reading fluency. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Enhancement of CIITA transcriptional function by ubiquitin

Although increasing evidence indicates that there is a direct link between ubiquitination and mono-ubiquitination and transcription in yeast, this link has not been demonstrated in higher eukaryotes. Here we show that the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II transactivator (CIITA), which is required for expression of genes encoding MHC class II molecules, is ubiquitinated. This ubiquitination enhanced the association of CIITA with both MHC class II transcription factors and the MHC class II promoter, resulting in an increase in transactivation function and in the expression of MHC class II mRNA. The degree of CIITA ubiquitination was controlled by histone acetylases (HATs) and deacetylases (HDACs), indicating that the crucial cellular processes mediated by these enzymes are linked to regulate transcription. Thus, ubiquitin positively regulates a mammalian coactivator by enhancing its assembly at the promoter.