cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thrombolytic Treatment of Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke

Acute thrombus formation or migration is the principal acute pathologic event for two-thirds or more of ischemic stroke patients angiographically studied within 6 h of symptom onset [1]. Consequently, the potential therapeutic role of thrombolytic agents for ischemic cerebral infarction has evoked considerable interest. Clinical studies have been facilitated by the ability to rapidly exclude patients with hemorrhagic stroke by computed tomography (CT), and investigators have been encouraged by the major clinical benefits demonstrated for thrombolytic therapy in treatment for another acute thrombotic disorder, acute myocardial infarction [2].
Comprehensive cost-utility analysis of newborn screening strategies.

BACKGROUND. Inborn errors of metabolism are a significant cause of morbidity and death among children. Inconsistencies in how individual states arrive at screening strategies, however, lead to marked variations in testing between states. OBJECTIVE. To determine the cost-effectiveness of each component test of a multitest newborn screening program, including screening for phenylketonuria, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, congenital hypothyroidism, biotinidase deficiency, maple syrup urine disease, galactosemia, homocystinuria, and medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency. METHODS. A decision model was used, with cohort studies, government reports, secondary analyses, and other sources. Discounted costs, quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs), and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios were measured. RESULTS. All except 2 screening tests dominated the “no-test” strategy. The 2 exceptions were screening for congenital adrenal hyperplasia, which cost slightly more than $20000 per QALY gained, and screening for galactosemia, which cost $94000 per QALY gained. The screening test with the lowest expected cost was tandem mass spectrometry. The results found in our base-case analysis were stable across variations in nearly all variables. In instances in which changes in risks, sequelae, costs, or utilities did affect our results, the variation from base-case estimates was quite large. CONCLUSIONS. Newborn screening seems to be one of the rare health care interventions that is beneficial to patients and, in many cases, cost saving. Over the long term, funding comprehensive newborn screening programs is likely to save money for society.
A Congestion Control Method to Support Coordinated Bandwidth Allocation

In networked data fusion or control applications, a data sink node may require participating source nodes to transmit data according to certain bit-rate allocations, or bit-rate ratios that are determined by the fusion or control task. In a shared network, the coordinated flows of a fusion or control application will need to coexist with the flows of other applications. In this paper, we examine the problem of congestion control of coordinated flows of a fusion or control application along with flows of ordinary data transfer applications. Through a simple modification of a utility function to accommodate the rate coordination, we employ network utility maximization methods to derive window flow control algorithms for both ordinary and coordinated flows. While the congestion control method for the ordinary flows remains unchanged, the coordinated flows require scalar feedback from a sink node to maintain rate coordination. We examine the equilibria, and the impact of the rate coordination algorithm on the ordinary flows, and provide simulation results that demonstrate the efficacy of the new congestion control method.
DISEASES OF DOMESTIC RABBITS: A BIBLIOGRAPHY

Textbooks dealing with laboratory animal diseases and management are lacking in specific descriptions of the diseases of the rabbit, Oryctolagus cuniculus. In 1956, a bibliography of the rabbit was published (Makepeace, 1956). This bibliography, while including references to studies of rabbit diseases, included references to many other studies covering areas of physiology, nutrition, and management. Further, the 1956 bibliography made no distinction between domestic and wild rabbits. While monitoring the health of rabbits in the facilities at the University of Tennessee Memorial Research Center, we have become acutely aware of the exhaustive literature search required to gain rather general information concerning the aetiology, history, and nature of rabbit diseases. The disease problems encountered in our facility have included congenital defects, metabolic disorders, various infectious diseases, and parasitism. After studying many reports, we concluded t~at the diseases appearing in our facilities, which are fully accredited by t,he American Association for Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care, probably occur wherever rabbits are housed. Other less obvious diseases are also probably widespread in rabbit colonies. Many of these diseases are poorly understood and have been studied only in a superficial manner. In reviewing the literature relative to these diseases, and later during a systematic examination of Biological Abstracts (1958-69), a comprehensive list of reports dealing with diseases of rabbits was compiled. 'Rabbit' was used as a key word, and the titles and abstracts were then studied to ascertain if the diseases reported and studied occurred naturally in domestic rabbits. This bibliography presents a comprehensive survey of studies of naturallyoccurring rabbit diseases. We believe this bibliography will be a valuable
Automated test data generation for programs with procedures

Test data generation in program testing is the process of identifying a set of test data that satisfies a selected testing criterion, such as, statement coverage or branch coverage. The existing methods of test data generation are limited to unit testing and may not efficiently generate test data for programs with procedures. In this paper we present an approach for automated test data generation for programs with procedures. This approach builds on the current theory of execution-oriented test data generation. In this approach, test data are derived based on the actual execution of the program under test. For many programs, the execution of the selected statement may require prior execution of some other statements that may be part of some procedures. The existing methods use only control flow information of a program during the search process and may not efficiently generate test data for these types of programs because they are not able to identify statements that affect execution of the selected statement. Our approach uses data dependence analysis to guide the process of test data generation. Data dependence analysis automatically identifies statements (or procedures) that affect the execution of the selected statement and this information is used to guide the search process. The initial experiments have shown that this approach may improve the chances of finding test data.
A single-phase voltage sag generator for testing electrical equipments

This paper describes a transformer-based voltage sag generator (VSG) suitable to evaluate the susceptibility of electrical equipment to voltage sag. The built VSG utilized one auto-transformer and two solid state relays (SSRs) to provide nominal voltage and sag voltage to the load. The switch statuses of two SSRs are controlled by nominal voltage and sag voltage duration signal produced by electronic circuits. The VSG operating result shows that it enables effective control of sag magnitude, duration, beginning and ending points on output voltage wave. If needed, it can work as a voltage swell generator and a voltage interruption generator. By supplying high voltage (HV) transformer from the primary side, the VSG also can provide HV sag, swell, and interruption. The presented VSG is easier to set up in the lab, and the construction cost is much lower than buying VSG products at the current market.
Reducing the health risks of diabetes: how self-determination theory may help improve medication adherence and quality of life.

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to apply the self-determination theory (SDT) model of health behavior to predict medication adherence, quality of life, and physiological outcomes among patients with diabetes.MethodsPatients with diabetes (N = 2973) receiving care from an integrated health care delivery system in 2003 and 2004 were identified from automated databases and invited to participate in this study. In 2005, patients responded to a mixed telephone-and-mail survey assessing perceived autonomy support from health care providers, autonomous self-regulation for medication use, perceived competence for diabetes self-management, medication adherence, and quality of life. In 2006, pharmacy claims data were used to indicate medication adherence, and patients' non—high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, A1C, and glucose levels were assessed.ResultsThe SDT model of health behavior provided adequate fit to the data. As hypothesized, perceived autonomy support from health care providers related positi...
Novice to Expert: An Exploration of How Professionals Learn.

Although researchers have recently focused on the nature of expertise, the link between learning and the development of expertise remains to be more fully explored. The purpose of this study was to analyze the different learning processes undertaken by novices and experts. Twenty semi-structured interviews were conducted with novice and expert nurses for the purpose of analyzing and comparing how their learning developed in clinical practice. Results indicated that novice learning is contingent on concept formation and assimilation. Novice learning is also framed by the feelings novices experience in the context of practice. Expert learning, on the other hand, was identified as a constructivist process using active concept integration and self-initiated strategies. Additionally, novices and experts identified different organizational factors that facilitated or hindered their learning. Experts were able to articulate systemic issues that affected their learning, whereas novices identified disparate indivi...
Peptidoglycan Differences in Strains of Bacillus cereus Constitutive and Inducible for Penicillinase Production

Strains of Bacillus cereus differing in penicillinase production were shown to possess cell walls of differing muramic acid contents.
BLADDER NECK COLLAGEN INJECTION RESTORES ANTEGRADE EJACULATION AFTER BLADDER NECK SURGERY

A 36-year-old man with a history of Y-V plasty of the bladder neck during childhood presented with primary infertility and low volume ejaculate. Physical examination was normal. Semen analyses consistently demonstrated a diminished ejaculate volume, as well as impaired sperm density and motility (see table). Post-ejaculate urine specimens contained large numbers of sperm, indicative of retrograde ejaculation. Initially, oral pseudoephedrine was prescribed for 4 weeks without any improvement in ejaculate volume. Subsequently, 2 cycles of intrauterine insemination using sperm recovered from bladder washes were unsuccessful. After a nonreactive skin test 7.5 cc collagen were injected submucosally and circumferentially at the bladder neck. Although initial postoperative semen analyses showed increased volumes and counts, the couple elected intrauterine insemination. Intrauterine insemination with an antegrade ejaculate 3 weeks postoperatively resulted in a pregnancy, which ended in a first trimester miscarriage. Collagen injection was repeated in identical fashion 6 months later because of decreasing semen volumes. Within 1 month postoperatively pregnancy was achieved using an antegrade ejaculate with intrauterine insemination. At the time of this report, gestation is progressing normally at 4 months. The patient had no difficulty with urination and examination of
Bishop Lamont and Hermeneutics of Play: Hip Hop, Religion, and the Study of American Religious History

This paper investigates the subject of hip-hop within the study of religion and the study of American religion and culture. In particular, the paper focuses on the corpus of California hip-hop artist Bishop Lamont in developing a "hermeneutics of play" through a combinative "lived religion" approach as a way of reading and reflecting on the larger religious significance of hip-hop in late 20th century America. As both a reading practice and a subject of study for both historians and religious studies scholars, hip-hop comes into view in this paper as an essential component in narrating an American religious history of the last three decades. Hip-hop and its study also reveals its own understandings of religion, America, and American religion as articulated through post-industrial and a variety of religious vocabularies that have been largely ignored by scholars of religion. In essence, this paper argues that by exploring the rhetorical, religious, and existential complexity found within hip-hop cultures, a more complex post-1965 American religious landscape emerges for both the historian and theorist of religion.
Trick My Routine: Redesigning Routines for Replication

Routines are important to competitive advantage. While the routines literature deals with their replication, it tends to ignore their origins. One exception is Winter and Szulanski who argue routines are discovered over time. We offer a competing view that routines be designed-- to both improve replication and improve the quality and consistency of what gets replicated. As a step toward a theory of routines design we conduct an exploratory study of the redesign process wherein a chain was "tricking" a highly evolved routine. Since this is unanticipated by theory, we felt the tricking process was an opportunity to better understand (re)design of routines. The case demonstrates the process affects the design and accordingly subsequent performance and provides preliminary observations on how to improve both.
An Analysis of Naturalistic Interventions for Increasing Spontaneous Expressive Language in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder

The purpose of this review was to identify naturalistic language interventions for increasing spontaneous expressive language (defined in this review as absence of verbal prompt or other verbalization from adults or peers) in young children with autism spectrum disorder. Also, the methodological rigor and effectiveness of each study were evaluated to determine which interventions confidently led to increases in the target behavior. A total of 24 studies that included 45 participants, 2 to 9 years of age, used a naturalistic language intervention. When using What Works Clearinghouse (WWC) guidelines to evaluate design standards, 50% of studies had adequate rigor and 33% of those studies demonstrated positive effects in the target behavior. In addition, the components of each intervention were coded and grouped by function. Implications for teachers, practitioners, and researchers are provided.
Potent Inhibition of Pseudogymnoascus destructans, the Causative Agent of White-Nose Syndrome in Bats, by Cold-Pressed, Terpeneless, Valencia Orange Oil

The causative agent of White-nose Syndrome (WNS), Pseudogymnoascus destructans, has been shown to be fatal to several species of bats in North America. To date, no compounds or chemical control measures have been developed which eliminates the growth of the fungus in the environment or in affected animals. In the current study, we evaluated the activity of cold-pressed, terpeneless orange oil (CPT) against multiple isolates of P. destructans in vitro. For all assays, a modified Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion assay was used. Standardized spore suspensions were prepared, adjusted to a specific optical density, and used to plate fungal lawns. Plates were incubated at either 15°C or 4°C for up to 6 months and checked at regular intervals for growth. Once controls had grown, zones of inhibition were measured (mm) on test plates and compared to those obtained using current antifungal drugs. All P. destructans isolates were completely inhibited by 100% CPT (10 μL) at 1 month of incubation regardless of temperature (4°C and 15°C). Complete inhibition persisted up to 6 months following a single exposure at this concentration. Of the standard antifungals, only amphotericin B demonstrated any activity, resulting in zone diameters ranging from 58 mm to 74 mm. CPT, at the highest concentration tested (100%), had no significant effect against a variety of other environmental organisms including various filamentous fungi, bacteria and aerobic actinomycetes. Given that CPT is relatively non-toxic, the possibility exists that the all-natural, mixture could be used as an environmental pre-treatment to eradicate P. destructans from bat habitats. Additional studies are needed to assess any undesirable effects of CPT on bat behavior and health and overall impacts on other members of the interconnected ecosystem(s).
Fever response in laboratory-maintained and free-ranging chuckwallas (Sauromalus obesus)

The fever response was studied in laboratory-maintained and free-ranging chuckwallas. Five animals were used in a self-pairing laboratory experiment in which each animal was first injected with a sterile, pyrogen-free saline solution. Approximately 7 days later, each individual was injected with a solution of 4.75 x 10(9) Aeromonas sobria (formerly A. hydrophila). Saline-injected individuals had a mean preferred body temperature (MPBT) of 36.8 +/- 0.4 (SE) degrees C, whereas bacteria-injected animals had a MPBT of 39.1 +/- 0.6 (SE) degrees C (an increase of 2.3 degrees C). The within-animal variance associated with MPBT was significantly decreased in bacteria-injected animals. In the natural environment, 10 chuckwallas were divided into five pairs, so that both animals of a pair could be monitored simultaneously. One animal in a pair was given an injection of sterile, pyrogen-free saline, whereas the other animal received an injection of 4.75 x 10(9) A. sobria. On day 2, both the MPBT and the rate of heating were greater in bacteria-injected animals. The between-animal variation in fever MPBT was greater than the mean increase in MPBT of fever animals. Also, the absolute level of the MPBT during the fever response was related to time of the year, with spring-active animals having the highest fever MPBTs.
‘Urban bias’: A fresh look

Focusing on non‐conforming cases, the articles in this special issue abandon the method of stylised facts and highlight instead variation over space and time. In so doing, they detect errors of commission and omission in the earlier literature on urban bias. They call for a focus on the economic role of political institutions, the political role of markets for assets, and the political significance of technical change.
New Investigator Editorial: Professional Skills Training in Effective Science Teaching

There are not enough faculty positions available for all of the current PhD students within the biomedical science field. Many trainees will leave research-intensive institutions and apply to faculty positions at academic institutions with a high emphasis on teaching responsibilities. The Professional Skills Training is a novel course offered by the APS for young trainees that provides useful formal training in teaching. This advancement toward the improvement in teaching skills in young trainees in science is critical and has the potential to make a significant impact in students9 lives and career paths.
Biological Delignification of 14C-Labeled Lignocelluloses by Basidiomycetes: Degradation and Solubilization of the Lignin and Cellulose Components

Three basidiomycetes, NRRL 6464, Pleurotus ostreatus, and Phanerochaete chrysosporium, were evaluated for their ability to both solubilize and metabolize to CO2 differentially 14C-labeled, naturall...
Applying Kanban principles to electronic resource acquisitions with Trello

The work of Electronic Resources Management (ERM) is broad in scope yet detailed in nature. One of the key functions of ERM in academic libraries is the acquisition of new resources to support stud...
Methodological Problems in the Study of Psychiatric Wards

curity considerations, as interpreted by the government did play an important role in their conduct. But in Mr. T.'s case, as in the others, several other factors were supportive. He had no great hostility to the Administration that had to be overcome in order to agree with its interpretation of what was best for the national interest. Additional factors were important in influencing his actual conduct. Mr. T. did not deal in high price steel partly because his cautiousness made him fearful of a price drop. Also, his scrap business was such that he could restrict his new steel sales without endangering his livelihood. In short, government definitions play only a minor role, among many other factors, in structuring the normative perception of conduct and thus influencing the choice of conduct. This is true even where actual conduct does conform to the appeals and regulations of the government.'0 Of course, national values in general, and even national security considerations as defined by the government, may be more significant in other circumstances. National values, for example, may serve to legitimate stringent government measures, particularly for those not directly affected. But the point is that national values do not directly determine conduct so that collective action will be pursued.
A Collaborative Decision Model for Low Energy Building Design Optimization

It is noted that improving energy efficiency in buildings is a major priority worldwide. The design groups from different disciplinary may have different design concepts to choose design variables and formulate constraints accordingly. Currently, the building design process treats different disciplines independently which overlooks the coupled relations between different disciplines. In order to bridge these research gaps, a collaborative decision process for an interdisciplinary low energy building design is proposed. Correspondingly, a collaborative decision model, with two disciplines at the subsystem level which focus on an initial envelope investment and total energy consumption respectively and one system agent at the system level assessing the overall energy performance, is developed. A case study is designed based on a residential building in Columbus, Mississippi. The experimental result demonstrates that the proposed decision model can fundamentally improve the existing building design process while reducing energy consumption and cost.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
1,3,5-Triazine as a modular scaffold for covalent inhibitors with streamlined target identification.

Small-molecule inhibitors can accelerate the functional annotation and validate the therapeutic potential of proteins implicated in disease. Phenotypic screens provide an effective platform to identify such pharmacological agents but are often hindered by challenges associated with target identification. For many protein targets, these bottlenecks can be overcome by incorporating electrophiles into small molecules to covalently trap interactions in vivo and by employing bioorthogonal handles to enrich the protein targets directly from a complex proteome. Here we present the trifunctionalized 1,3,5-triazine as an ideal modular scaffold for generating libraries of irreversible inhibitors with diverse target specificities. A divergent synthetic scheme was developed to derivatize the triazine with an electrophile for covalent modification of target proteins, an alkyne as a click-chemistry handle for target identification, and a diversity element to direct the compounds toward distinct subsets of the proteome....
Sun-beams, cucumbers, and purple bacteria : Historical milestones in early studies of photosynthesis revisited.

Discovery of the general outlines of plant and bacterial photosyntheses required the efforts of a large number of gifted scientists over the course of two centuries. The first to suggest that sunlight might affect plants in some way other than through conversion of light to heat was Stephen Hales, in 1725, and this notion was promptly satirized by Jonathan Swift in his description of the “cucumber project” inGulliver's Travels (1726). Considerably later, in 1772, Joseph Priestley reported the first experiments showing the production of “dephlogisticated air” (oxygen gas) by plants, and the interdependence of animal and plant life mediated by gases. Priestley and others, however, had difficulty repeating these experiments, mainly because they were unaware of the requirement for light in photosynthesis. The latter was clearly demonstrated in 1779 by Jan Ingen-Housz, who also determined that leaves were the primary sites of the photosynthetic production of oxygen by plants. When purple bacteria were first studied in the late 19th century by Theodor Engelmann, light-dependent O2 formation could not be detected. Contradictory observations in this connection were reported for a number of decades, but eventually the absence of O2 production in photosynthesis by purple bacteria was conclusively established. Attempts to explain why the bacteria do not evolve O2 led Cornelis van Niel to propose a “unified, comparative biochemical” explanation of photosynthetic processes that was widely accepted. This hypothesis, however, was abandoned soon after photophosphorylation by membranes from purple bacteria and plant chloroplasts was discovered in 1954. Unexpectedly, rapid progress in molecular biological and genetic studies of the membrane-bound reaction centers of purple bacteria indicate that current investigations are on the verge of revealing the detailed mechanisms by which energy conversion occurs in the reaction centers of all photosynthetic organisms.
Do Alcohol and Marijuana Increase the Risk for Female Dating Violence Victimization? A Prospective Daily Diary Investigation.

OBJECTIVE: Dating violence is a serious and prevalent problem, with females being victimized by partners at high rates with numerous negative health consequences. Previous research has been equivocal on whether substance use on the part of the victim temporally precedes and, thus, increases the odds of victimization. While the sole responsibility for violence is always with the perpetrator, knowing this information could provide useful information for theory as well as interventions designed to keep women safe. METHOD: Participants were female college students in a current dating relationship who had consumed alcohol in the previous month (N = 173). Students completed daily surveys on their violence victimization, alcohol use, and marijuana use for up to 90 consecutive days. RESULTS: On any drinking days, heavy drinking days, and as the number of alcoholic drinks consumed increased, women were more likely to be victimized by psychological, physical, and sexual dating violence. Marijuana use also preceded and increased the odds of sexual victimization. Relationship length moderated some of these temporal associations, such that the odds of victimization on a drinking day, or marijuana use day, were increased for participants in longer relationships. CONCLUSIONS: Findings underscore the importance of considering the role that alcohol and marijuana use play in increasing the risk for dating violence victimization among women. Intervention programs for dating violence may benefit by attempting to decrease substance use in order to reduce risk for female victims. Language: en
Rare Copy Number Variants in Patients with Congenital Conotruncal Heart Defects

Background Previous studies using different cardiac phenotypes, technologies and designs suggest a burden of large, rare or de novo copy number variants (CNVs) in subjects with congenital heart defects. We sought to identify disease-related CNVs, candidate genes, and functional pathways in a large number of cases with conotruncal and related defects that carried no known genetic syndrome. Methods Cases and control samples were divided into two cohorts and genotyped to assess each subject's CNV content. Analyses were performed to ascertain differences in overall CNV prevalence and to identify enrichment of specific genes and functional pathways in conotruncal cases relative to healthy controls. Results Only findings present in both cohorts are presented. From 973 total conotruncal cases, a burden of rare CNVs was detected in both cohorts. Candidate genes from rare CNVs found in both cohorts were identified based on their association with cardiac development or disease, and/or their reported disruption in published studies. Functional and pathway analyses revealed significant enrichment of terms involved in either heart or early embryonic development. Conclusion Our study tested one of the largest cohorts specifically with cardiac conotruncal and related defects. These results confirm and extend previous findings that CNVs contribute to disease risk for congenital heart defects in general and conotruncal defects in particular. As disease heterogeneity renders identification of single recurrent genes or loci difficult, functional pathway and gene regulation network analyses appear to be more informative. Birth Defects Research, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Teaching to the opioid epidemic - an interdisciplinary approach.

Dear SirOpioid abuse has emerged as a major public health crisis in the US. As half of opioid-related overdose deaths involve prescription drugs and 80% of patients using heroin begin using opioids...
Detection of Maya Ruins by LiDAR: Applications, Case Study, and Issues

The study of ancient Mesoamerican landscapes and settlement has been significantly impacted in a positive way through the application of LiDAR (light detection and ranging). LiDAR has permitted the recovery of ground data from huge regional areas that are currently under a tropical canopy: the use of traditional methods of survey and mapping could never have resulted in the detailed data that are available through LiDAR. The analyses of LiDAR data are a conjunctive task that involves archaeologists with physicists and computer scientists. This interdisciplinary effort is producing new results and interpretations for all fields, but has also raised issues that need resolution, particularly involving data storage and distribution. LiDAR has already transformed the way in which Mesoamerican settlement survey is done, and future collection of LiDAR data will benefit Mesoamerica through helping to preserve a landscape of the past.
234Th as a tracer of particulate export and remineralization in the southeastern tropical Pacific

Abstract Oxygen minimum zones (OMZs) are thought to be regions of decreased carbon attenuation in the upper ocean with a biological pump that could deliver a greater percentage of exported carbon to the mesopelagic relative to surrounding waters. However, much is still unknown about carbon cycling through these zones and the areas of extreme oxygen minima (nM O 2 ) or oxygen deficient zones (ODZs) within the OMZs. Paired sampling for 234 Th (t½ ~ 24.1 days) and particulate organic carbon (POC) was performed along a zonal transect between 77 and 152°W during the U.S. GEOTRACES Southeastern Tropical Pacific campaign in 2013 in order to constrain the magnitude of carbon export and remineralization through the Peruvian OMZ. POC export varied by an order of magnitude from the coast to 152°W, reflecting a decrease in POC: 234 Th ratios (> 51 μm) with distance offshore and the influence of upwelling at the coast. Modeling indicated that 234 Th fluxes could be underestimated at coastal stations by up to 4-fold without adjustment for the impact of upwelling, which in turn would produce much lower carbon export estimates. Low carbon Export:NPP ratios ( 7500 km that resulted in, on average, 3% of the POC exported from the euphotic zone reaching 100 m below the Ez. Although the highest percentages (> 10%) of total exported POC at 100 m below the Ez were observed in the coastal ODZ region, the observed remineralization was also most pronounced these stations. While an average of 75% of the carbon export from the euphotic zone remained at Ez + 100 m in the gyre, a range of 10 to 50% was observed at ODZ stations, reflecting increased attenuation. Local subsurface minima in light transmission and maxima in fluorescence were observed in the regions of greatest remineralization at the upper ODZ boundary, suggesting that complex bacterial community dynamics play a role in increased attenuation through these zones. With ODZs and OMZs predicted to grow worldwide with climate change, these areas require further large-scale and seasonal studies to assess the permanency of these attenuation features and the impact of high Gyre and lower ODZ transfer of POC on the overall efficiency of carbon export in the Pacific.
Crime, Laws, and Legalization: Perceptions of Colorado Marijuana Dispensary Owners and Managers:

The legalization of recreational marijuana in Colorado has complicated the relationships between local, state, and federal governments. Such challenges have trickled down to proprietors, managers, ...
Dislocation dynamics modeling of precipitation strengthening in Fe–Ni–Al–Cr ferritic superalloys

Two-dimensional dislocation dynamics (DD) simulations are performed to simulate the increase in strength of ferritic superalloys strengthened by ordered β′(B2)–NiAl precipitates. Parametric studies for three precipitate volume fractions (10, 13, and 20%) and various radii (from 1 to 75 nm) predict strengthening via a mixture of precipitate bypassing and shearing by single- and super-dislocations of edge or screw character. DD strength contributions for various precipitate radii (for a 13% volume fraction) are compared to analytical models for ordered precipitate strengthening: good agreement exists in the overaged state, but not in the peak-aged and underaged states for either dislocation configurations. DD strength contributions, converted to hardness values, are compared to experimental hardness values from previously reported literature on a ferritic superalloy [Fe–10Cr–10Ni–6.5Al–3.4Mo–0.25Zr–0.005B (wt%)] aged at various temperatures and times. DD hardness values from the single-edge dislocation simulations accurately predict the experimental peak hardness, but not the under- and over-aged hardness values or trends. By incorporating the effect of secondary NiAl nanoprecipitates formed on cooling and solid solution strengthening of Fe in the primary precipitates, reasonable agreement is achieved in the overaged condition.
Violence and White Heteronormative Citizenship

In our present political moment, it is rather trite to claim that the 2016 U.S. presidential election was as typical as it was extraordinary. As surprising as Donald Trump’s electoral victory was, ...
The twilight of immunity: emerging concepts in aging of the immune system

Immunosenescence is a series of age-related changes that affect the immune system and, with time, lead to increased vulnerability to infectious diseases. This Review addresses recent developments in the understanding of age-related changes that affect key components of immunity, including the effect of aging on cells of the (mostly adaptive) immune system, on soluble molecules that guide the maintenance and function of the immune system and on lymphoid organs that coordinate both the maintenance of lymphocytes and the initiation of immune responses. I further address the effect of the metagenome and exposome as key modifiers of immune-system aging and discuss a conceptual framework in which age-related changes in immunity might also affect the basic rules by which the immune system operates.
Cross-validation of the Dot Counting Test in a large sample of credible and non-credible patients referred for neuropsychological testing.

Objective: To cross-validate the Dot Counting Test in a large neuropsychological sample. Method: Dot Counting Test scores were compared in credible (n = 142) and non-credible (n = 335) neuropsychol...
1712c Occupational diesel exhaust exposure in relation to lung cancer and ischaemic heart disease mortality

Introduction General population studies of air pollution suggest that particles from diesel exhaust emissions are a potential risk factor for cardiovascular disease, while diesel exhaust is also classified as a known human carcinogen. We used data from the Diesel Exhaust in Miners Study to assess excess risk of lung cancer and ischaemic heart disease mortality associated with occupational diesel exhaust exposure. Methods Analyses were performed in a cohort of non-metal miners in the US (n=12,315), who were exposed to diesel exhaust. We applied the parametric g-formula to assess how hypothetical interventions setting respirable elemental carbon (surrogate for diesel) exposure limits would have impacted lifetime risk of lung cancer, and ischaemic heart disease mortality, while adjusting for time-varying employment status. Results Lung cancer and ischaemic heart disease mortality risk decreased in association with interventions on respirable elemental carbon, with risk ratios of 0.73 (95% confidence interval CI: 0.44 to 1.07) and 0.86 (95% CI: 0.66 to 1.12) respectively, when comparing an intervention setting respirable elemental carbon exposure to zero to the observed natural course. Conclusion Our findings suggest excess risk of lung cancer and ischaemic heart disease mortality associated with diesel exhaust exposure in this occupational setting and that interventions on exposure would have resulted in reduced risk for both outcomes.
Computed Tomography Bronchus Sign and the Diagnostic Yield of Guided Bronchoscopy for Peripheral Pulmonary Lesions. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Rationale: Indeterminate peripheral pulmonary lesions (PPLs) often require tissue diagnosis. If nonsurgical biopsy techniques are considered, deciding between bronchoscopic transbronchial versus co...
Genetic and Biochemical Basis of Virulence in Plant Pathogens

Higher plants are routinely exposed to microorganisms, both above and below the ground. Yet, each plant is susceptible to infection by only a handful of them. Indeed, as with animals and microorganisms, susceptibility of plants to infectious agents is an exception in nature, while resistance is the rule. The special properties which enable microorganisms to inflict economically or biologically significant damage on living plants are a main theme of research in plant pathology. Equally interesting, and at least as important in scope, are the properties which make plants susceptible to infection, the biochemical mechanisms by which the cellular damage is sustained, and the nature of plant resistance to microorganisms with a demonstrated pathogenic potential on other plants often within the same narrow taxonomic group (species, genus, etc.).
The housefly interfacetal hair: ultrastructure of a presumed mechanoreceptor.

The external and internal fine structure of the housefly interfacetal hair and its sensory dendrite was studied with the scanning and transmission (high and low voltage) electron microscopes. The hair shaft contains no dendrites, and is usually situated within a socket on the lens surface. Immediately beneath and directly connected to the base of each hair is a bipolar neuron whose dendrite tip is enveloped in a sheath cell which, in turn, is surrounded by a second sheath cell. Septate junctions are seen between all these cells and contiguous portions of a large pigment cell. At the hair base, the dendrite of the neuron terminates in a tubular body only 1.5 μm in diameter which is filled with about 400 microtubules in highly ordered (in parallel pentagonal and hexagonal) arrays and whose sides are fused to neurofilaments in parallel. Another filament (ca. 70 A diameter) is in the center of each microtubule-neurofilament polygon. Structures proximal to the tubular body are typical for a scolopoid sensillum, i.e., connecting cilium (9×2+0 microtubules) with rootlet and basal bodies, unmodified dendrite, perikaryon and axon. The axon has not been traced to its synapse. The high degree of internal organization and shortness of the tubular body, as well as its eccentric insertion into the hair shaft lead to the hypothesis that this hair may be a highly sensitive mechanoreceptor. On the basis of their single innervation, these hairs could monitor flight speed from the degree of hair deflection caused by wind in general or particular laminar air currents flowing past the eyes during flight.
Scaling Wireless Power Transfer Through Code Division Multiple Access

Scalability has been a persistent barrier to the intersection of wireless power transfer (WPT) with the Internet of Things (IoT). These densely connected networks of electronic devices require the ability to exchange power as freely as they can exchange information. Existing approaches for multiple access often require cumbersome additional circuitry, complex feedback techniques, or dedicated slots in time, frequency, or space. These methods suffer from drawbacks and limit the scalability of WPT. This paper examines how code division multiple access (CDMA) enables scalability in wireless power transfer. A framework for CDMA for WPT is presented along with a simple yet effective coding scheme and a transceiver design.
Pathogenic and non-pathogenic Escherichia coli colonization and host inflammatory response in a defined microbiota mouse model

Most Escherichia coli strains in the human intestine are harmless. However, enterohemorrhagic E . coli (EHEC) is a foodborne pathogen that causes intestinal disease in humans. Conventionally-reared (CONV) mice are inconsistent models for human infections with EHEC because they are often resistant to E . coli colonization in part due to their gastrointestinal (GI) microbiota. Although antibiotic manipulation of the mouse microbiota has been a common means to overcome colonization resistance, these models have limitations. Currently, there are no licensed treatments for clinical EHEC infections, and thus new tools to study EHEC colonization need to be developed. Here, we used a defined microbiota mouse model consisting of the altered Schaedler flora (ASF) to characterize intestinal colonization and compare host responses following colonization with EHEC strain 278F2 or non-pathogenic E . coli strain MG1655. Significantly higher ( P P E. coli MG1655 colonized C3H/HeN ASF mice. In addition, EHEC 278F2 differentially modulated inflammatory-associated genes in colonic tissue of C3H/HeN ASF mice compared to E. coli MG1655 colonized mice. This approach allowed for prolonged colonization of the murine GI tract by pathogenic and non-pathogenic E . coli strains and for evaluation of host inflammatory processes. Overall, this system can be used as a powerful tool for future studies to assess therapeutics, microbe-microbe interactions, and strategies for preventing EHEC infections.
Multiscale Modeling of Structure, Transport and Reactivity in Alkaline Fuel Cell Membranes: Combined Coarse-Grained, Atomistic and Reactive Molecular Dynamics Simulations.

In this study, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of hydrated anion-exchange membranes (AEMs), comprised of poly(p-phenylene oxide) (PPO) polymers functionalized with quaternary ammonium cationic groups, were conducted using multiscale coupling between three different models: a high-resolution coarse-grained (CG) model; Atomistic Polarizable Potential for Liquids, Electrolytes and Polymers (APPLEP and ReaxFF. The advantages and disadvantages of each model are summarized and compared. The proposed multiscale coupling utilizes the strength of each model and allows sampling of a broad spectrum of properties, which is not possible to sample using any of the single modeling techniques. Within the proposed combined approach, the equilibrium morphology of hydrated AEM was prepared using the CG model. Then, the morphology was mapped to the APPLE&P model from equilibrated CG configuration of the AEM. Simulations using atomistic non-reactive force field allowed sampling of local hydration structure of ionic groups, vehicular transport mechanism of anion and water, and structure equilibration of water channels in the membrane. Subsequently, atomistic AEM configuration was mapped to ReaxFF reactive model to investigate the Grotthuss mechanism in the hydroxide transport, as well as the AEM chemical stability and degradation mechanisms. The proposed multiscale and multiphysics modeling approach provides valuable input for the materials-by-design of novel polymeric structures for AEMs.
Targeting Cancer Stemness in the Clinic: From Hype to Hope

Tumors are composed of non-homogeneous cell populations exhibiting varying degrees of genetic and functional heterogeneity. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are capable of sustaining tumors by manipulating genetic and non-genetic factors to metastasize, resist treatment, and maintain the tumor microenvironment. Understanding the key traits and mechanisms of CSC survival provides opportunities to improve patient outcomes via improved prognostic models and therapeutics. Here, we review the clinical significance of CSCs and results of potential CSC-targeting therapies in various cancers. We discuss barriers to translating cues from pre-clinical models into clinical applications and propose new strategies for rational design of future anti-CSC trials.
Neuronal Intermediate Filament Autoimmunity (S52.005)

Objective: To describe a novel autoimmune neurological entity with neuronal intermediate filament (NIF)-IgGs as biomarkers, specifically diagnosable by a 2-step diagnostic algorithm. Background: Neurofilament antibodies have been previously reported, though with limited clinical specificity (by ELISA or Western blot alone). In contrast, we have previously demonstrated autoimmune GFAP astrocytopathy as a specific entity (tissue-based indirect immunofluorescence assay [IFA] followed by human recombinant antigen-specific HEK293 cell based assay [CBA]). Design/Methods: Forty adults had archived serum or CSF yielding neuronal filamentous staining patterns by IFA. Autoantigens were identified by western blot and mass spectrometry. NIF specificity was confirmed by dual IF staining on tissue sections and NIF-specific CBAs. Results: NIF autoimmunity required positivity by IFA and >/= 1 of 5 CBAs. Patients IgG profiles (>1 IgG in 75%) consisted of: alpha internexin, 25; neurofilament light (NF-L) chain, 15; neurofilament medium chain, 29; neurofilament heavy chain, 26, and peripherin, 13. Neurological symptom onset (available in 38) was subacute in all. Patients had ≥1 of encephalopathy, cerebellar ataxia or neuropathy in 36/38 (95%); disorders were multifocal in 14 (37%). Syndromes included: encephalopathy, 19; peripheral neuropathy, 11; cerebellar ataxia, 9; myelopathy, 6; optic neuropathies, 2; other, 5. NF-L-IgG ( P = 0.027) and peripherin-IgG ( P = 0.032) were independent predictors of neuroendocrine-lineage carcinomas (Merkel cell, small cell). Merkel cell carcinoma, from a patient with ataxia accompanying NIF autoimmunity, had immunoreactivity for 4/5 NIFs. Of 11 immunotherapy-treated patients, 9 improved. Two patients recovered spontaneously; neither had cancer, nor NF-L-IgG, nor peripherin-IgG. Three patients died; all had cancer, and NF-L-IgG and peripherin-IgG. Occasional neurological controls (5%) had reactivity by CBA only (never IFA). Two small cell carcinoma controls had reactivity by CBA and IFA. Conclusions: NIF-specific IgGs represent novel autoimmune neurological biomarkers. Certain NIF-IgG profiles predict neuroendocrine-lineage carcinoma. A 2-step diagnostic algorithm (IFA to screen, recombinant human cDNA-transfected CBA to confirm) is required. Study Supported by: The Mayo Clinic Center for Individualized Medicine Disclosure: Dr. Basal has nothing to disclose. Dr. Kryzer has nothing to disclose. Dr. Dubey has nothing to disclose. Dr. Guo has nothing to disclose. Dr. Hinson has nothing to disclose. Dr. Majed has nothing to disclose. Dr. Benarroch has nothing to disclose. Dr. Lucchinetti has nothing to disclose. Dr. Pittock has nothing to disclose. Dr. Lennon has received royalty, license fees, or contractual rights payments from RSR, royalties from sale kits for AQP4 IgG detetction and from clinical service assays performed outside Mayo clinic. Dr. McKeon has received research support from Medimmune, Euroimmun, Grifols and Alexion.