cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Normative Preferences and Responses to Dissension on the U.S. Supreme Court

With high profile cases being decided by 5-4 votes divided along ideological lines, there is a worry that frequent ideological disagreement over the Constitution will erode the legitimacy of the U....
Roots, Routes, and Crossing Borders: Embracing Cosmopolitanism in a Transcultural World

We are now at a crossroads for the world created by the Coronavirus Pandemic. This essay is meant to help us understand the present dilemma we are in, and the New World we may be entering, by revisiting the roots and routes of some of the great transformative educators of the twentieth century, those giants whose shoulders we stand on as we face the terrifying uncertainty of the Pandemic. The value of cosmopolitan thinking is that it sees both global obligations and the celebration of local differences as important. Embracing a critical cosmopolitanism and moving border thinking from the margins to the center will enable and empower all of us to imagine a new future together.
Probabilistic Wavelet Method for Intelligent Prediction of Turbomachinery Damage

This paper develops an innovative integrated methodology for turbomachinery event detection and prediction by using multivariate noisy operation data. The method seamlessly integrates probabilistic method with multiple advanced analytics techniques, including wavelets and entropy information theory. Wavelets based multi-scale principal component analysis is employed to de-noise the raw data for each tag/variable. Probabilistic principal components analysis is further developed to extract useful information from multiple corrected variables, and entropy information feature is extracted as a precursor of the event, the measure of disorder in a thermodynamic system. The proposed method is so-called Wavelet PCA Entropy. The method considers uncertainty in multivariate data, and provides proof-of-concept of advanced analytics for prediction of challenging events in turbomachinery. The feasibility of the presented methodology is demonstrated with the prediction of combustor lean blow out event and data collected from a real-world gas turbine. This study provides a novel intelligent approach to turbomachinery damage diagnostics and prognostics.
Capsule endoscopy

Video capsule endoscopy is a major innovation that provides high-resolution imaging of the entire small intestine in its entirety. In the 4 years since its introduction, capsule endoscopy has demonstrated its viability as a first-line investigation in patients with obscure gastrointestinal bleeding after a negative esophagogastroduodenoscopy and colonoscopy, and it has a positive impact on the outcome. Video capsule endoscopy is also useful in the evaluation of inflammatory and neoplastic disorders of the small bowel. Its role in children and in the evaluation of esophageal disorders is currently being explored and defined.
Radiofrequency pasteurization of inoculated ground beef homogenate

Abstract Inactivation of nonpathogenic Escherichia coli in ground beef homogenate using radio-frequency (RF) heating both individually and in combination with antimicrobial treatments was investigated. Beef homogenate was prepared in phosphate buffer (pH 5.8). Inoculated beef homogenate was heated in an RF oven without antimicrobials to end-point temperatures of 50 °C resulting in 0.84 log reductions and 55 °C resulting in 0.94 log reductions. Adding antimicrobials-potassium, sodium, and ammonium bicarbonates (0.5 and 1.5%); citric acid (0.5%); potassium lactate (2.5%); and a blend of potassium bicarbonate (1.5%) and citric acid (0.5%) to the beef homogenates before RF heating did not inactivate E. coli. E. coli inactivation was also not affected in beef homogenates containing antimicrobials when heated to 50 °C in the RF oven. Heating to 55 °C did reduce E. coli more than 5 log (CFU/mL) reduction of E. coli in homogenates containing 2.5% potassium bicarbonate, 0.5% citric acid, and blends of citric acid and potassium bicarbonate at varying concentrations (0.5% citric acid + 0.5% Citric acid and 1.5% bicarbonate). This study offers scope and potential for the application of RF assisted pasteurization with antimicrobial systems as interventions to enhance the overall ground beef safety. The findings of this study should provide potential to explore industrial scale RF pasteurization of beef and other meat products while ensuring that the quality characteristics are maintained.
Effect of Time at Load on Fatigue Response of [(0/ ± 45/90) s ] 2 T300/5208 Graphite-Epoxy Laminate

Results of an experimental program, designed to test a time at load fatigue failure hypothesis for composites, are discussed. In order to minimize the influence of various test and material variables, testing was performed using a trapezoidal loading waveform with constant loading rates and sufficiently long hold times at load to minimize the effect of hysteresis heating. The results indicate that the fatigue life of [(0/′45/90) s ] 2 T300/5208 graphite-epoxy specimens can be explained by using time at load as a fatigue criterion.
Contribution of Free Fatty Acids to the Flavor of Rancid Milk

Abstract Fatty acids, added to fresh milk in the quantities reportedly liberated by lipase, produced a flavor similar to the flavor of rancid milk. Samples of milk with groups of fatty acids and fatty acids singly omitted from the fatty acid mixture were evaluated for rancidity by a flavor panel. The flavor panel results indicated that the even-numbered fatty acids from butyric to lauric accounted for the fatty acid contribution to rancid flavor and that the fatty acids above lauric acid contributed little, if any, to the rancid flavor. No single fatty acid in the butyric to lauric acid series exerted a predominating influence in its contribution to the rancid flavor.
Cdc42 and Its Cellular Functions

Publisher Summary This chapter provides a general appreciation for the different cellular processes that come under the regulation of Cdc42, and then alludes to some of the current challenges confronting investigators. The initial discovery of a mammalian/human homolog for the product of the yeast CDC42 gene suggests that GTPase must play a fundamentally important role in cell biology. Cdc42 participates in the regulation of a wide variety of cellular functions aside from its role in the establishment of cell polarity, including gene transcription, cell-cycle progression, vesicular trafficking, and receptor endocytosis. The small GTPases play fundamentally important roles in cell biology, functioning as molecular switches in cellular signaling pathways and other biological processes. Future efforts are likely to be directed at understanding how the proper GEFs and target/effectors are positioned to enable Cdc42 to efficiently trigger its many different cellular responses, and whether these various activities need to be coordinated such that the effects of Cdc42 on cell growth can be synchronized with its regulation of cell shape and movement.
Urinary gonadotropin fragments (UGF) in cancers of the female reproductive system. II. Initial serial studies.

Abstract Levels of UGF, which constitute the free β-subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin, asialo free β-subunit, and a core fragment of asialo free β-subunit, detected by a single immunoradiometric assay, were monitored in the urines of 28 woman undergoing therapy for gynecologic cancer (3 cervical, 8 endometrial, and 17 ovarian). During a 7-month study, 24 of the 28 woman had elevated UGF levels (>0.2 ng/ml). Correlation was observed of UGF levels and changing clinical status during therapy in 23 of these 24. Normal range CA 125 (
Education: The Forgotten Cornerstone of Society

To say the least, the education system of Illinois is in shambles and faces a crisis that must be recognized immediately by our state government. Numerous districts do not have adequate funds to effectively run their schools, let alone operate them. Districts are facing bankruptcies and massive deficits. The month of March was truly "March Madness" since hundreds of teachers have been given notices of their layoffs. Governor Blagojevich must focus on this issue since it is one of the most controversial and important issues facing the state of Illinois at this moment. Cover Page Footnote To say the least, the education system of Illinois is in shambles and faces a crisis that must be recognized immediately by our state government. Numerous districts do not have adequate funds to effectively run their schools, let alone operate them. Districts are facing bankruptcies and massive deficits. The month of March was truly "March Madness" since hundreds of teachers have been given notices of their layoffs. Governor Blagojevich must focus on this issue since it is one of the most controversial and important issues facing the state of Illinois at this moment. This article is available in Res Publica Journal of Undergraduate Research: http://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/respublica/vol8/iss1/9 Education: The Forgotten Cornerstone of Society
Language difference and expansive learning : negotiating concepts, contexts, and identities in writing-related transfer studies.

ion of previously acquired knowledge resources that may assist a learner with performing a required task. Perkins and Salomon make a further significant distinction between positive and negative transfer. Positive transfer, by their formulation, occurs when what is learned in a previous setting enhances learning in the present setting, whereas learning delayed or hindered by what is learned in the previous setting is referred to as negative transfer. They additionally define forward-reaching transfer as the ability to anticipate how learning in a present context will be helpful for learning in a future context, while backward-reaching transfer is used to describe a process of actively recalling relevant past experiences and applicable knowledge to aid with a task in the present situation. Ultimately, their essay works to establish an “ideal” kind of transfer in educational contexts: high-road, positive, and forward-reaching. While Perkins and Salomon’s (1988) metacognitive view continues to have a profound impact on cross-disciplinary conceptualizations of learning transfer, it has been called into question for its unclear stance on the role of individual agency. In effect, their model tends to depict action as somewhat predetermined – given the “right” conditions and the appropriate instruction, individuals will act in particular ways. Further questions
Use of Injectable Cultured Human Fibroblasts for Percutaneous Tissue Implantation: An Experimental Study

• Large quantities of cultured human facial dermal fibroblasts were propagated from randomly selected patients to determine their relative suitability as percutaneously injectable living implants. Volumetric and histologic comparisons were made between the following implants that were injected subcutaneously into athymic nude mice: (1) cultured human fibroblasts (HFb); (2) cultured human fibroblasts dispersed in Zyderm II collagen (HFb + Zyd); (3) Zyderm II collagen (Zyd); and (4) Zyplast collagen (Zyp). Both the HFb and HFb + Zyd implants were accepted as primary takes but regressed volumetrically at significantly greater rates than either the Zyd or Zyp implants. Correlative immunohistochemical staining revealed that, by 10 days, 90% of the cells within the HFb implants and 80% within the HFb + Zyd implants were of human origin; however, by 9 weeks, approximately 25% of the cells were of human origin in both types of implants. These results indicated that cultured human fibroblasts can be successfully injected as living grafts; however, the subsequent gradual attrition in the numbers of implanted cells, as noted in this model system, limits the long-term retention of the implants. ( Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg . 1989;115:837-844)
Thoracic cardiovascular CT: technique and applications.

One of the most significant advances in imaging evaluation of paediatric cardiovascular disorders has been multidetector CT angiography (MDCTA). While MDCTA remains a supplemental problem solving technology for both echocardiography and catheter angiography, the technique has also emerged as a first line diagnostic modality, especially as the diminished role of radiography is recognized [1]. At the same time, MDCTA can impart high radiation doses, and this must be understood when considering CTA in children. Proper technique is fundamental since errors can substantially impact diagnostic benefit. The objectives of the following material are to discuss the role of MDCTA, and to describe technical guidelines, being mindful of what is currently understood about radiation dose from this technology. Applications will be summarized, and will also serve to illustrate technical principles.
Consistency and solubility changes in herring (Clupea harengus) light muscle homogenates as a function of pH.

Fish muscle proteins can be isolated from a variety of low-value raw materials by solubilization in either acid or base. If the consistency of the resulting solution is sufficiently low, it is possible to recover most of the solubilized proteins and remove most of the lipids by centrifugation. Lipid removal should greatly stabilize the isolated proteins. In a previous investigation into the use of herring for production of these protein isolates, it was observed that this species had particularly high consistency values when the proteins were solubilized. This study was undertaken to determine the consistencies obtained with herring light muscle tissue over the pH range covered by the two processes, from about pH 2.7 to 10.8. Protein solubility was compared to consistency of the resultant solutions. Maximum consistencies of the homogenates, ∼220 and ∼175 mPa·s, were obtained at pH values of approximately 3.5 and 10.5, respectively. Consistency began to increase approximately when solubilization began. Storage of homogenates at pH 2.7 decreased the consistency over a 10 min time period. The magnitude of the consistency peaks at both acid and alkaline pH values increased when using ice-stored as well as frozen-stored herring, especially in the acid range. Protein solubility at pH <4 and pH ≥10.8 slightly decreased after post-mortem storage of the herring muscle. It is suggested that the observed changes in consistency result from the expansion and solvation of protein aggregates which eventually dissociate into smaller units, perhaps even monomers.
Economic Costs of Childhood Diseases and Disabilities Attributable to Environmental Contaminants in Washington State, USA

This study estimates the economic costs associated with childhood diseases and disabilities attributable to environmental contaminants in Washington State, USA, including asthma, cancer, lead exposure, birth defects, and neurobehavioral disorders. The estimates are based on “cost of illness” models that include direct healthcare costs and indirect costs. The estimates are also based on an “environmentally attributable fraction” model which quantifies the proportions of each disease or disability that can reasonably be attributed to environmental contaminants. The study concludes that the annual cost of selected childhood diseases and disabilities attributable to environmental contaminants in Washington State is $1875 million in 2004 $, comprising $310.6 million in direct healthcare costs and $1565 million in indirect costs, and with a range of $1600–$2200 million a year. These estimates are consistent with other studies. Like the previous studies, a significant proportion of the estimated costs can be attributed to lead exposure. This estimate is equivalent to about 0.7% of the total Washington Gross State Product, and the estimated direct healthcare costs are equivalent to at least 0.2% of the total Washington State health expenditures. These costs could be lessened or prevented if exposures to environmental contaminants were reduced or eliminated. This study argues for the need for an ecosystem approach to human health in which the condition of the environment, in terms of exposures to environmental contaminants, must be addressed taking a systemic perspective.
Synergistic action of E74B and ecdysteroid receptor in activating a 20-hydroxyecdysone effector gene

A number of insect effector genes activated by the steroid hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) are dually controlled by the ecdysteroid receptor (EcR/USP) and products of ecdysteroid early responsive genes (E74, E75, and Broad). However, the molecular mechanism of this dual action is poorly understood. Here we examined transcriptional activation of the vitellogenin (Vg) gene in the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti, by EcR/USP and E74 in response to an elevation of 20E titers. There are two isoforms of the Aedes E74 gene, AaE74A and AaE74B, which have a common C-terminal Ets DNA-binding domain and isoform-specific N termini in the female mosquito. Inhibiting expression of AaE74B but not AaE74A by RNA interference led to substantial reduction in the Vg gene expression. AaE74B and the ecdysteroid receptor synergistically enhanced 20E-induced transcription of the Vg promoter. This action required the E74-binding sites and the ecdysone response elements in the Vg 5′ regulatory region. Two-hybrid assays and coimmunoprecipitation analyses demonstrated direct interaction between AaE74B and AaEcR/AaUSP. Moreover, disruption of this interaction by a dominant negative E74 mutant abolished the enhanced activation of Vg. Therefore, the cooperative interaction between AaE74B and the ecdysteroid receptor is required for high-level expression of the Vg gene in vivo. The synergistic activation is accomplished through their 20E-dependent protein-protein interaction on the gene promoter. This study reveals how the 20E direct-indirect regulation of an effector gene is achieved at the molecular level.
Network Structures and Online Technology Adoption

How do social network structures influence online technology adoption? As few studies have examined the impact of social network structures on technology adoption, especially with regard to online teams deciding what technology to adopt, the answer to this question has remained elusive. In this research, we argue that comembership is one of the most important mechanisms through which online social networks are built and online network structures emerge. We further test the magnitude of the influence of network structures on technology adoption in virtual workspaces. We focus on three key network structure variables: network centrality, network closure, and network brokerage. We argue that network centrality and network brokerage are positively related to online technology adoption, yet network closure has the opposite impact. To illustrate our theory and test the hypotheses, we build online social networks using open-source software development data and examine the adoption of the latest software version control technology. Methodologically, we address the heterogeneity and simultaneity issues between network structures and adoption behavior; thus, we show a compelling relationship between network structures and online technology adoption.
Design sensitivity analysis and optimization of nonlinear structuralresponse using incremental procedure

This paper describes procedures for design sensitivity analysis of nonlinear structural response using the incremental solution scheme. The total and updated Lagrangian approaches are discussed. Sensitivity analyses for the stress, strain, and displacement constraints are developed. In the optimization process, the buckling load constraint is also imposed. Numerical aspects of design sensitivity analysis are discussed. Three numerical examples are solved to illustrate the design sensitivity analysis and optimization process. The numerical procedures are stable and work well. They can be applied to more complex structures to optimize them.
Optomechanical design for cost-effective DEMVAL systems

Sticker shock for optomechanical hardware designed for advanced optical DEMVAL systems can lead to program loss. In optomechanical design it is important to manage this risk through easily manufacturable and inexpensive hardware to meet demands of lower budget programs. The optical and optomechanical design teams must work closely to optimize system design for ease of manufacture, and assembly, while at the same time minimizing the impacts to system performance. Effective teaming often results in unique/creative design solutions which enable future system development. Outlined are some novel optomechanical structure concepts, with 5 degrees of freedom (DOF), used to design a low cost DEMVAL optical system. The concepts discussed include inexpensive repeatable magnetic kinematic mounts, flexure rings for lens preloading, simplistic drop-in lens housing designs, and adjustable tooling ball metering rods which accommodate alignment in 5 DOF.
India On-line: Electronic Bulletin Boards and the Construction of a Diasporic Hindu Identity

The Hindu diaspora is being written through the lines—the techno-informational lines of electronic bulletin boards. These “nets” provide a space for South Asian Hindus to construct and contest iden...
Three-dimensional structure of frozen-hydrated paracrystals of myosin rod

Myosin rod, the tail fragment of myosin, aggregates into various structures at physiological ionic strength. One form, the type II paracrystal, a thin, ribbon-like species, has recently been studied using conventional electron microscopy and was shown to possess two-dimensional order and, further, is likely to be useful in the investigation of the arrangememt of myosin molecules in the backbone of the vertebrate muscle thick filament (Ward & Bennett, 1989). We have now examined this aggregate in the frozen-hydrated state by cryo-electron microscopy. Image analysis indicated that the projected structure has the same p121 plane group symmetry as seen after negative staining. A three-dimensional map, calculated from projections, indicated that the structure comprises a bilayer arrangement of strands of grouped rod molecules, with the strands parallel in each layer. The layers themselves are related by screw symmetry. Strands in adjacent layers have opposing polarity with their long axes at an angle of 32° to each other. Protein density measurements, carried out on unstained specimens using electron energy-loss spectroscopy, showed that the 44 × 13 × 13 nm unit cell is composed of 40 % protein. The density measurements indicated that 9–12 rod molecules pass through each strand. Modelling rod molecules with 43 nm parallel overlaps in a bodycentred tetragonal lattice produced a strand that compared favourably with the reconstructed strand. The size and content of these strands suggests that they are analogous to subfilaments observed in the vertebrate myosin thick filament.
Enhancement of laser-induced field emission in tungsten due to a metastable d band

A possible theory explaining the experimentally observed large enhancement of the field emission current from a tungsten needle exposed to a laser beam is presented. Calculations based on the density functional theory indicate a large density of 5d states and less dense 6p states above the Fermi level. The incident laser beam of 2.5 eV pumps the electrons to an unoccupied 6p band, some of which then de-excite to 5d states at lower energies, forming metastable states since the radiative decay from 5d states to the ground state 6s band is forbidden. On the other hand, the tunneling time from the metastable state is shorter than that from the ground state because of a smaller surface barrier, which may lead to the observed enhancement of the emitted current.
Simplified electronic signal processing in the small nuclear physics laboratory

Abstract Small nuclear physics laboratories of all kinds traditionally have processed the signals from radiation detectors with a variety of discrete NIM- or CAMAC-based electronic modules. The logic signals associated with signal processing are often passed through gate generators, coincidence modules, fan-in/fan-out modules, delay units, counters, and other assorted logic modules. These multi-component systems generate gates for acquisition systems, gates for specific linear electronics modules (ADCs and TDCs), or measure count rates and dead times. This can involve a significant number of individual modules each of which can be quite costly and each of which provides only limited functions. We describe here an upgrade to our acquisition system where all the needed logic functions are performed in just a single unit: a Universal Logic Module based on a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) from JTEC Corporation. This module also contains flash memory that holds three separate configurations allowing for rapid changes from one electronics configuration to a different one. Both CAMAC and VME versions of the unit are available. The system described here is just one example of the huge variety of functionality that can be programmed into this single module. It can accommodate very complicated circuits and is easily reprogrammed. In the small nuclear physics laboratory the Universal Logic Module can save cost when upgrading systems and reduce the number of instances where one has an insufficient number of channels of a particular function.
Linking a spatially explicit watershed model (SWAT) with an in‐stream fish habitat model (PHABSIM): A case study of setting minimum flows and levels in a low gradient, sub‐tropical river

As changes in landuse and the demand for water accelerate, regulators and resource managers are increasingly asked to evaluate water allocation against the need for protection of in-stream habitat. In the United States, only a small number of river basins have the long-term hydrograph data needed to make these assessments. This paper presents an example of how to bridge the conceptual and physical divide between GIS-based watershed modelling of basin-discharge and in-stream hydraulic habitat models. Specifically, we used a Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model for the Hillsborough River to produce data for use in a Physical HABitat SIMulation (PHABSIM) model of the same river. This coupling of models allowed us to develop long-term discharge data in ungauged river systems based on watershed characteristics and precipitation records. However this approach is not without important limitations. Results confirm that accuracy of the SWAT-predicted hydrograph declines significantly when either the DEM resolution becomes too coarse or if DEM data are resampled to a coarser or finer resolution. This is due to both changes in the size and shape of the river basin with the varying DEMs and subsequent shifts in the proportions of land use, soils and elevation. Results show the use of 30 m DEMs produced hydrographic patterns amenable for using in-stream habitat protocols like PHABSIM model, especially where little or no hydrographic and land use information exists. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of Rates of Talking and Correctness of Decisions on Leader Choice in Small Groups

(1969). Effects of Rates of Talking and Correctness of Decisions on Leader Choice in Small Groups. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 79, No. 2, pp. 247-254.
Age-dependent mixing of deep-sea sediments

Abstract Rates of bioturbation measured in deep-sea sediments commonly are tracer dependent; in particular, shorter lived radiotracers (such as 234Th) often yield markedly higher diffusive mixing coefficients than their longer-lived counterparts (e.g., 210Pb). At a single station in the 1240-m deep Santa Catalina Basin, we document a strong negative correlation between bioturbation rate and tracer half-life. Sediment profiles of 234Th (half-life = 24 days) yield an average mixing coefficient (60 cm2 y−1) two orders of magnitude greater than that for 210Pb (half-life = 22 y, mean mixing coefficient = 0.4 cm2 y−1). A similar negative relationship between mixing rate and tracer time scale is observed at thirteen other deep-sea sites in which multiple radiotracers have been used to assess diffusive mixing rates. This relationship holds across a variety of radiotracer types and time scales. We hypothesize that this negative relationship results from “age-dependent mixing,” a process in which recently sedimented, food-rich particles are ingested and mixed at higher rates by deposit feeders than are older, food-poor particles. Results from an age-dependent mixing model demonstrate that this process indeed can yield the bioturbation-rate vs. tracer-time-scale correlations observed in deep-sea sediments. Field data on mixing rates of recently sedimented particles, as well the radiotracer activity of deep-sea deposit feeders, provide strong support for the age-dependent mixing model. The presence of age-dependent mixing in deep-sea sediments may have major implications for diagenetic modeling, requiring a match between the characteristic time scales of mixing tracers and modeled reactants.
Superconducting Wind Turbine Generator Employing $ \hbox{MgB}_{2}$ Windings Both on Rotor and Stator

Compact and lightweight direct-drive generators in large rating are desired for offshore wind farm applications. A key goal for such generators is that they be manufactured and tested in a factory and shipped to the site as fully assembled units. A possible approach to achieving this goal is to construct both rotor and stator windings with high-temperature superconducting (HTS) materials. The magnesium diboride (MgB2) superconductor wire currently becoming available with properties suitable for application in large rotating machines appears to be the most cost-effective option for such machines. This paper presents a design concept for a 10-MW 10-r/min generator using MgB2 wire for both rotor and stator coils. The concept design includes ambient-temperature magnetic iron on both the rotor and the stator. The field winding on the rotor employs race-track-shaped excitation coils operating at 20 K. The armature winding on the stator also uses race track coils operating at 20 K. All coils employ round cables build with commercially available MgB2 wire. Coils are cooled with available off-the-shelf cryocoolers. The concept the 10-MW generator is expected to be less than 5 m in diameter, less than 2 m in axial length, weigh around 52 000 kg, and cost about $3.2 million (including the cost of power electronics).
Radiation from a Dielectric Coated Spheroidal Core Loop Antenna Surrounded by a Plasma Sheath

ABSTRACT Mathematical analysis of the radiation from a dielectric coated prolate spheroidal core loop antenna surrounded by a plasma sheath is considered in this paper. In order to satisfy boundary conditions, the angular prolate spheroidal function S1n (c, η) of one region is expanded in terms of another region. Therefore, the formal results are presented in terms of infinite matrices. A choice of the truncation of such an infinite matrix by a finite number of its elements depends mainly on the rapidity of the convergence of the expansion of the angular spheroidal function for one medium in terms of those for another medium. In order to determine the nature of convergence of such expansion of angular functions, some numerical results are presented. These results should be useful in the final numerical calculation of the field. Numerical results show that the minimum number of terms in the expansion necessary to approximate the function S1l′ (c2 , η) in terms of S1l (c1 , η) within a given accuracy, remai...
Viscosities of moderately concentrated solutions of polyethylene in ethane, propane, and ethylene

The viscosities of moderately concentrated solutions of low-density polyethylenes in ethane, propane, and ethylene have been measured at low shear rate in the temperature range of 150–250°C and in the pressure range of about 15000–30000 psi. Within the precision of the measurements, the relative viscosity is independent of pressure over the range investigated but increases as the solvent is changed from propane through ethane to ethylene. The activation energy for the relative viscosity in ethane varies from about 0.5 to 2.5 kcal/mole as the concentration changes from 5 to 15 g/dl. Effects of polymer concentration and molecular weight on solution viscosity in ethane at 150°C have been determined, and all of the data can be represented by a single straight-line plot of the logarithm of relative viscosity versus the intrinsic viscosity (in p-xylene at 105°C) times concentration. This simple relation is valid over wide ranges of polymer concentration and molecular weight and over more than two orders of magnitude of relative viscosity. The solution viscosities of the polyethylenes in the three supercritical fluid solvents used appear surprisingly low at first sight. This behavior is partly a result of the low solvent viscosities but also might mean that the polymer has an abnormally low segmental friction factor compared to that in solutions under more familiar conditions.
Pattern Classification for GIS Base on GK Clustering Algorithm

Four typical defects in GIS for PD detection are proposed, and the pulse, amplitude, phases, number of PD has been used to form the three-dimensional PQN matrix. Based on the PQN matrix, three two-dimensional distributions of Hqmax~Phi, Hqmean~Phi and Hn~Phi can be achieved. Then the new GK clustering method is introduced to separate the four different defects according to separate the four different partial discharge defects in gas in GIS, according to the parameters of Skewness (Sk), Kurtosis (Ku), number of peaks (Pe), cross-correlation factor (CC) and the discharge factor Q.
A model calibration framework for simultaneous multi-level building energy simulation

Abstract Energy simulation, the virtual representation and reproduction of energy processes for an entire building or a specific space, could assist building professionals with identifying relatively optimal energy conservation measures (ECMs). A review of current work revealed that methods for achieving simultaneous high accuracies in different levels of simulations, such as building level and zone level, have not been systematically explored, especially when there are several zones and multiple HVAC units in a building. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to introduce and validate a novel framework that can calibrate a model with high accuracies at multiple levels. In order to evaluate the performance of the calibration framework, we simulated HVAC-related energy consumption at the building level, at the ECM level and at the zone level. The simulation results were compared with the measured HVAC-related energy consumption. Our findings showed that MBE and CV (RMSE) were below 8.5% and 13.5%, respectively, for all three levels of energy simulation, demonstrating that the proposed framework could accurately simulate the building energy process at multiple levels. In addition, in order to estimate the potential energy efficiency improvements when different ECMs are implemented, the model has to be robust to the changes resulting from the building being operated under different control strategies. Mixed energy ground truths from two ECMs were used to calibrate the energy model. The results demonstrated that the model performed consistently well for both ECMs. Specific contributions of the study presented in this paper are the introduction of a novel calibration framework for multi-level simulation calibration, and improvements to the robustness of the calibrated model for different ECMs.
The binding of cytochrome b5 to phosphatidylcholine vesicles

Abstract Cytochrome b 5 was isolated from rabbit liver by a detergent procedure and by a proteolytic procedure. Only cytochrome b 5 isolated by the detergent procedure would bind to phosphatidylcholine vesicles and the cytochrome b 5 was not removed by 1 M KCl. The E o ′ and visible absorption spectrum of the cytochrome b 5 and its rate of reduction by NADH plus NADH-cytochrome b 5 reductase did not change appreciably upon binding. These data indicate that cytochrome b 5 is bound to phospholipid by a hydrophobic interaction which leaves the heme portion in the aqueous environment.
Encapsulating Bi2Ti2O7 (BTO) with reduced graphene oxide (RGO): an effective strategy to enhance photocatalytic and photoelectrocatalytic activity of BTO.

Multimetal oxides (AxByOz) offer a higher degree of freedom compared to single metal oxides (AOx) in that these oxides facilitate (i) designing nanomaterials with greater stability, (ii) tuning of the optical bandgap, and (iii) promoting visible light absorption. However, all AxByOz materials such as pyrochlores (A2B2O7)—referred to here as band-gap engineered composite oxide nanomaterials or BECONs—are traditionally prone to severe charge recombination at their surface. To alleviate the charge recombination, an effective strategy is to employ reduced graphene oxide (RGO) as a charge separator. The BECON and the RGO with oppositely charged functional groups attached to them can be integrated at the interface by employing a simple electrostatic self-assembly approach. As a case study, the approach is demonstrated using the Pt-free pyrochlore bismuth titanate (BTO) with RGO, and the application of the composite is investigated for the first time. When tested as a photocatalyst toward hydrogen production, an...
Transplacental induction of mixed-function oxygenases in extra-hepatic tissues by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin.

Abstract Treatment of pregnant rats with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo- p -dioxin (TCDD) resulted in a dose-dependent induction of a mixed-function oxidase system in fetal and maternal extra-hepatic tissues. At doses of 6 μmg/kg, aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) activity was increased 24-, 22- and 4-fold in fetal lung, kidney and skin, respectively, while maternal lung, kidney and adrenal AHH activity was increased 4-, 2- and 2-fold respectively. High-pressure liquid chromatographic (H.P.L.C.) analysis of benzo(a)pyrene (BP) metabolism after TCDD induction indicated that fetal lung, kidney and skin produced significant quantities of benzo(a)pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol (BP-7,8-diol), benzo(a)pyrene-4,5-dihydrodiol (BP-4,5-diol) and 9- and 3-phenols of BP. The fetal liver produced benzo(a)pyrene-9,10-dihydrodiol (BP-9,10-diol), BP-4,5-diol, BP-7,8-diol and 9- and 3-phenols of BP. Maternal lung also produced BP-9,10-diol, while maternal adrenal gland yielded primarily the 9-phenol of BP. Epoxide hydratase activity was increased 2- to 3-fold in maternal lung, fetal lung and skin after TCDD pretreatment, but was not affected significantly in liver, kidney or placenta. Treatment of pregnant rats with TCDD increased the covalent binding of BP to DNA in preparations containing maternal liver, lung and placenta as well as fetal liver, lung and skin. Pretreatment with TCDD resulted in increased epoxide hydratase and AHH activities in extra-hepatic tissues but only AHH was increased in hepatic tissues, indicating that the inducing capabilities of TCDD differ from, but share some similarities with, both phenobarbital (PB) and 3-methylcholanthrene (MC). Thus, TCDD appears to provide an exceptionally potent and broad-spectrum transplacental induction of carcinogen-transforming enzymes in extra-hepatic tissues.
Facing the Consequences

Many philosophers endorse deterrence justifications of legal punishment. According to these justifications, punishment is justified at least in part because it deters offenses. These justifications rely on empirical assumptions, e.g., that non-punitive enforcement can’t deter or that it can’t deter enough. I’ll challenge these assumptions and argue that extant deterrence justifications of legal punishment fail. I begin by isolating, in a simplified form, important claims common to deterrence justifications. I then endorse an uncontroversial claim about punishment and explore its implications for enforcement. These implications undermine the simple versions of the deterrence claims. I then evaluate several modifications of the claims to see whether they can be improved upon. I argue that they can’t easily be improved upon. In the process, I examine contemporary deterrence research and argue that it provides no support for deterrence justifications. I conclude by considering objections.
Parents, infants, and day-care teachers: Interrelations and implications for better child care

Abstract Many young children are reared today in both family and child-care settings. The relation that exists between these two settings has important implications for child care. Bronfenbrenner's (1979) ecological model is used as a way to view the interrelations among children, families, and child-care programs. Data from a study of infants in day care provide information on the time infants spend in family and day-care contexts, how parents and caregivers view children's behavior in these two settings, and rates of otitis media (ear infections) and other illnesses for these children. Results show that infants spend about twice as many hours per day awake with parents as in day care. Regarding child behaviors, parents and caregivers seem to have similar behaviors they like and dislike, but they each see particular children quite differently with respect to these behaviors. Finally, infants in this sample were diagnosed with illnesses 60% to 70% of the time. Findings are discussed in terms of the ecological model with particular attention given to relations between parents and caregivers.
Functional Impact and Health Utility of Anxiety Disorders in Primary Care Outpatients

Objective:The objective of this study was to examine the relative impact of anxiety disorders and major depression on functional status and health-related quality of life of primary care outpatients.Method:Four hundred eighty adult outpatients at an index visit to their primary care provider were cl
Using Anion Chromatography–Pulsed Amperometry to Measure Amino Compounds in Dairy Manure-Amended Soils

Amino acids and amino sugars comprise the bulk of soil N, so information on their chemical forms and cycling patterns should enable better understanding of soil N cycling. In this study of soil samples that had received animal manure, we evaluated the capabilities of a recently developed analysis for soil amino compounds (19 amino acids, two amino sugars) that consists of methanesulfonic acid extraction, anion chromatography, and pulsed amperometry detection. Soil samples were taken from a 28-d laboratory incubation of nine soils from six soil orders in six U.S. states that were amended with dairy manure slurry at a rate to simulate 300 kg N ha −1 . Manuring resulted in enrichment of the soils by nearly all measured amino compounds but to varying degrees. These enriched levels were relatively stable against mineralization during the short-term incubation, with most compounds having decreased modestly in concentration (mean 11%) by the end of the incubation, in contrast to slight increases (mean 3%) for three compounds that are associated with microbial activity and were not overly abundant in the manure: ornithine, glucosamine, and galactosamine. Several measurements of the extracted amino compounds varied signifi cantly among the nine soils. Our results illustrated some shortcomings of this analytical approach, including instability of small peaks and the need for a second extraction mode to maximize extraction of certain amino compounds. We identifi ed 41 to 43% of the total soil N as amino compounds for all soils and treatments, which is comparable to results reported previously for the conventional analysis involving HCl extraction and cation chromatography. Compared with conventional analysis, this approach might more effi ciently extract basic amino acids and less effi ciently extract acidic amino acids. Overall we found this approach to be a useful analysis.
Kinetics and Mechanism of Hydroxyapatite Crystal Dissolution in Weak Acid Buffers Using the Rotating Disk Method

The model given in this report and the rotating disk method provide a useful combination in the study of dental enamel and hydroxyapatite dissolution kinetics. The present approach is a significant improvement over earlier studies, and both the ionic activity product that governs the dissolution reaction and the apparent surface dissolution reaction rate constant may be simultaneously obtained. Thus, these investigations have established the baseline for the dissolution rate studies under sink conditions. Concurrent studies, under conditions where the acidic buffer mediums are partially saturated with respect to hydroxyapatite have shown another dissolution site for hydroxyapatite that operates at a higher ionic activity product but has a much smaller apparent surface reaction rate constant. This has raised the question of whether the presence of this second site may interfere with the proper theoretical analysis of the experimental results obtained under sink conditions. A preliminary analysis of the two-site model has shown that the dissolution kinetics of hydroxyapatite under sink conditions is almost completely governed by the sink condition site (KHAP = 10(-124.5), k' = 174) established in this report. The difference between the predicted dissolution rate for the one-site model and the two-site model are generally of the order of 4 to 5% where the experiments are conducted under sink conditions and over the range of variables covered in the present study.
Prototype Medical Image Management System (MIMS) at the University of Pennsylvania: Software Design Considerations

A 10 Mbits/second fiber-optic network for the transmission of chest x-ray images has been designed and implemented at our Hospital. Images are acquired with a high-resolution laser scanner. The viewing consoles display images at spatial resolutions of either 512 square or 1024 square. User interfaces have been designed to simplify the digitization and display processes. The applications level networking software and all the image processing software has been developed in-house. The system is now serving a 11-bed critical care facility on a day-to-day basis. This paper will focus on the software design issues. The software will be presented from a systems perspective. The importance of the user in the design process will be stressed and exemplified. The role of intelligent, rule-based software will be demonstrated. Selected clinical results will be discussed.
Amino acid composition of rat and mouse tumors.

Summary1. Percentages of total amino acids in viable tissues of the Walker carcinosarcoma 256 (rat), Sarcoma 180 (mouse), and Taylor tumor (mouse) have been determined by both column and paper chromatography. 2. Values obtained by column chromatography agreed satisfactorily with those determined in the same laboratory by microbiological assay while the majority of values determined by paper chromatography were in poor agreement with those of the other two methods. 3. There was no significant difference in the total amino acid content of tumors from rats or mice.
Measurement of angiotensinogen in human serum by fluorescence polarization immunoassay.

Fluorescence polarization immunoassay (F.P.I.A.) has rarely been used to measure components of the renin system. Using an Abbott TDX polarimeter and fluorescein - labelled angiotensin I as a tracer we measured angiotensin I by F.P.I.A. Combining this procedure with a renin incubation step enabled measurement of angiotensinogen in human serum. Using sera from male patients and from pregnant females, a good correlation between radioimmunoassay (R.I.A.). and F.P.I.A. was found. Two procedures were developed; one involving taking samples from the renin incubation mixture, the other involving measurement of generated angiotensin I at intervals without interrupting the renin incubation procedure. F.P.I.A. is less expensive and somewhat simpler than R.I.A. but, with the instrument used, it