cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Contesting the Erotic Zone: Margaret Mead's Fieldwork Photographs of Samoa

Margaret Mead's photographs taken during her first ethnographic fieldwork in the South Pacific have received little scholarly attention. While some of Mead's images borrowed from earlier photographic conventions, her pictures also challenged prevailing representations of Polynesian women. Mead's photos experimented with alternative visual narratives about Samoan women's bodies and their everyday lives, in contrast to signature images of Pacific Islander women as commoditized sex objects, exoticized women of power, or as romanticized primitives. Mead's first effort at using a camera in the field provided a spectrum of representations useful for re-interpreting female embodiment and the gender politics of the photographic gaze.
A Modern Magnetic Implant for Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

A magnetic implant for the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) was Food and Drug Administration–approved in 2012 and has been extensively evaluated. The device is a ring of magnets that are placed around the gastroesophageal junction, augmenting the native lower esophageal sphincter and preventing reflux yet preserving lower esophageal sphincter physiologic function and allowing belching and vomiting. Magnetic force is advantageous, being permanent and precise, and forces between magnets decrease with esophageal displacement. Multiple patient cohorts have been studied using the magnetic device, and trials establish consistent, long-term improvement in pH data, GERD symptom scores, and proton-pump inhibitor use. A 5-year Food and Drug Administration trial demonstrated that most patients achieved normal pH scores, 85% stopped proton-pump inhibitors, and GERD health-related quality of life symptom scores improved from 27 to 4 at 5 years. Seven studies have compared magnetic augmentation with laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication and demonstrated that the magnetic device achieved comparable efficacy with regard to proton-pump inhibitor cessation, GERD symptom score improvement, and heartburn and regurgitation scores. However, to date there have been no randomized, controlled trials comparing the 2 techniques, and the study cohorts are not necessarily comparable regarding hiatal hernia size, severity of reflux, body mass index scores, or esophagitis scores. Dysphagia incidence was similar in both groups. Reoperation rates and safety profiles were also comparable, but the magnetic device demonstrated significant beneficial differences in allowing belching and vomiting. The magnetic device is safe, with the main adverse event being dysphagia with an approximate 3%–5% chronic incidence. Device removals in clinical trials have been between 0% and 7% and were uneventful. There have been no erosions, perforations, or infections in FDA clinical trials; erosions have rarely been noted in practice. Magnetic augmentation of the lower esophageal sphincter is a safe and effective operation for GERD, and should be considered a surgical option for those seeking a fundic-sparing operation, particularly those with parameters consistent with study cohorts. Additional randomized, controlled trials are underway.
Bid-based signal control with all passive players

In this paper, we present a realization of bid-based control strategy in which all drivers are modeled as passive players, and movement managers develop bidding strategies based on state-observer system principles. Their bidding strategies blend engineering attributes (length of dynamic queue, and number of turns since last win, which is analogous to delay) with economic attributes (the account balances of the movement managers). Movement managers bid for green time for their respective turning movements. Arriving motorists pay fees so the movement managers can bid for discharge slots. Movement managers pay the municipality what they bid when use of the intersections space is contested; otherwise, they pay a nominal fee. An intersection between two one-way streets has been used to test these ideas. To provide benchmarks against which to compare the results from bid-based control, a model of an actuated controller is employed. The results suggest that bid-based control strategy produces lower delay and cycle length distributions than those produced by actuated control strategy.
Ideal digestible lysine level for early- and late-finishing swine

Two hundred sixteen crossbred (PIC line 26 x Camborough 15) pigs were used in three trials to determine optimal digestible lysine levels during early (EF = 50 to 95 kg) and late (LF = 90 to 110 kg) finishing periods. Pigs were self-fed in sex groups of two in all trials. The assay diets for EF and LF periods were 11 and 10% CP corn-soybean meal diets, respectively, supplemented with threonine, methionine, tryptophan, valine, and isoleucine. Corn-soybean meal positive-control diets were included in each trial (14.5% CP for EF and 13.5% CP for LF). This dietary CP regimen was shown to give the same performance and carcass quality as a 17% CP corn-soybean meal diet fed during both EF and LF. Plateau portions of the lysine response curves resulted in performance levels that were equal to or greater than those achieved with pigs fed the 14.5/13.5% CP positive-control diets. Early-finishing pigs responded (P < .05) to graded doses of digestible lysine (.41 to .71%) for daily weight gain, gain:feed, longissimus muscle area, 10th-rib fat depth, lean gain, and plasma urea N. Digestible lysine requirement estimates based on average plateau points were .58% for EF barrows and .64% for EF gilts. Late-finishing pigs responded (P < .05) to digestible lysine doses (.35 to .65%) for daily weight gain, gain:feed, lean gain, and plasma urea N. Digestible lysine requirement estimates based on average plateau points were .49% for LF barrows and .52% for LF gilts.
Tall fescue forage mass in a grass-legume mixture: predicted efficiency of indirect selection

High fertilizer prices and improved environmental stewardship have increased interest in grass-legume mixed pastures. It has been hypothesized, but not validated, that the ecological combining ability between grasses and legumes can be improved by breeding specifically for mixture performance. This experiment examined the predicted efficiency of selection in a grass monoculture environment to indirectly improve tall fescue (Lolium arundinaceum (Schreb.) Darbysh.) forage mass in a grass-legume mixture. Heritability, genetic and rank correlations, and selection efficiencies were estimated for forage mass in a tall fescue half-sib population grown as spaced-plants overseeded with either turf-type tall fescue (monoculture) or alfalfa (mixture). Heritability for tall fescue forage mass in monoculture ranged from 0.32 to 0.70 and were always similar or greater than those in mixture (range 0.27–0.55) for four successive harvests and annual total. Genetic correlations between monoculture and mixture tall fescue forage mass varied with values of 0.48, 0.92, −0.31, 0.70, and 0.25 in June, July, August, October, and annual total, respectively. Indirect selection efficiencies exceeded or approached direct selection for mixtures only in July and October (1.29, and 0.73, respectively). Whereas, indirect selection efficiencies were low in June, August, and annual forage mass (0.58, −0.31, and 0.28, respectively). Moreover, low Spearman’s rank correlations (−0.03 to 0.35) indicated differing half-sib family performance between the monoculture and mixture environments. Results indicate that direct selection should be used to improve tall fescue forage mass in a grass-legume mixture, and support the hypothesis of increasing ecological combining ability by breeding for mixtures per se.
We Know More Than We Can Tell About Diabetes and Vascular Disease: The 2016 Edwin Bierman Award Lecture

The Edwin Bierman Award Lecture is presented in honor of the memory of Edwin L. Bierman, MD, an exemplary scientist, mentor, and leader in the field of diabetes, obesity, hyperlipidemia, and atherosclerosis. The award and lecture recognizes a leading scientist in the field of macrovascular complications and contributing risk factors in diabetes. Clay F. Semenkovich, MD, the Irene E. and Michael M. Karl Professor and Chief of the Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipid Research at Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, received the prestigious award at the American Diabetes Association's 76th Scientific Sessions, 10-14 June 2016, in New Orleans, LA. He presented the Edwin Bierman Award Lecture, "We Know More Than We Can Tell About Diabetes and Vascular Disease," on Sunday, 12 June 2016.Diabetes is a disorder of abnormal lipid metabolism, a notion strongly supported by the work of Edwin Bierman, for whom this eponymous lecture is named. This abnormal lipid environment continues to be associated with devastating vascular complications in diabetes despite current therapies, suggesting that our understanding of the pathophysiology of blood vessel disease in diabetes is limited. In this review, potential new insights into the nature of diabetic vasculopathy will be discussed. Recent observations suggest that while the concept of distinct macrovascular and microvascular complications of diabetes has been useful, vascular diseases in diabetes may be more interrelated than previously appreciated. Moreover, the intermediary metabolic pathway of de novo lipogenesis, which synthesizes lipids from simple precursors, is robustly sensitive to insulin and may contribute to these complications. De novo lipogenesis requires fatty acid synthase, and recent studies of this enzyme suggest that endogenously produced lipids are channeled to specific intracellular sites to affect physiology. These findings raise the possibility that novel approaches to treating diabetes and its complications could be based on altering the intracellular lipid milieu.
New developments in state of the art silicon drift detectors (SDD) and multiple element SDD

Over the past few years, Silicon Drift Detectors (SDD) have become more and more popular in the field of X-ray detection, especially for microanalysis applications, and are about to replace lithium-drifted silicon detectors (Si(Li)). The functional principle and properties have been described elsewhere [1].
Implantable and Wearable Defibrillator Therapy

Based on the results of multiple prospective randomized trials, the implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) has become the dominant strategy for primary and secondary prevention of sudden cardiac death. When used in conjunction with cardiac resynchronization therapy for patients with impaired left ventricular function, left bundle-branch block, and heart failure, ICDs have resulted in decreased heart failure hospitalizations and prolonged survival. These improved outcomes are also accompanied by reverse remodeling based on echo parameters. More recently, a totally subcutaneous implantable cardioverter defibrillator has been developed. While it eliminates the transvenous lead, it has no bradycardia or antitachycardia pacing. The role of the wearable cardiac defibrillator in prevention of sudden cardiac death in high-risk populations remains less clearly defined due to the absence of appropriate designed prospective randomized trials.
Who Learns from Whom? Divisionalization and Local Learning

This paper examines how firm divisionalization affects new practice implementation in the context of multi-unit firms. Specifically, I challenge the assumption that multiunit firms unilaterally ben...
A review of influenza detection and prediction through social networking sites

Early prediction of seasonal epidemics such as influenza may reduce their impact in daily lives. Nowadays, the web can be used for surveillance of diseases. Search engines and social networking sites can be used to track trends of different diseases seven to ten days faster than government agencies such as Center of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). CDC uses the Illness-Like Influenza Surveillance Network (ILINet), which is a program used to monitor Influenza-Like Illness (ILI) sent by thousands of health care providers in order to detect influenza outbreaks. It is a reliable tool, however, it is slow and expensive. For that reason, many studies aim to develop methods that do real time analysis to track ILI using social networking sites. Social media data such as Twitter can be used to predict the spread of flu in the population and can help in getting early warnings. Today, social networking sites (SNS) are used widely by many people to share thoughts and even health status. Therefore, SNS provides an efficient resource for disease surveillance and a good way to communicate to prevent disease outbreaks. The goal of this study is to review existing alternative solutions that track flu outbreak in real time using social networking sites and web blogs. Many studies have shown that social networking sites can be used to conduct real time analysis for better predictions.
Friends and Neighbors—Interactions in a System: Phase Equilibria

So far we have considered only homogeneous solutions. Such systems, while composed of a number of constituents, contain them in a single homogeneous phase. A phase is considered to be a state in which there is both chemical and physical uniformity. In a biological system, such a presumption is not realistic. Biological systems have many heterogeneous characteristics. Many of the processes in cells and living organisms involve the transfer of chemical species from one phase to another. For example, the movement of ions across a membrane such as the cell membrane or an intracellular organelle is often treated as transport between two phases, one inside and the other outside. The nature of the equilibria that can exist between phases will be the focus of this section. When different phases come into contact with each other, an interface between them occurs. This interface is a surface, and the properties of a surface are different from those of either of the phases responsible for creating it.
Determination of Fibrosis from Cryostat Sections Using High Performance Liquid Chromatography: Skeletal Muscle

Analysis of hydroxyproline (collagen) and pyridinoline (collagen cross-links) in biopsies prepared for routine histological evaluation with OCT compound was performed. Frozen sections (250 µm-thick) were cut from cardiac muscle, diaphragm, liver, and soleus muscle from the rat. After removal of OCT compound by rinsing, the samples were dried, weighed and hydrolyzed in 6 N HCl. A portion of the hydrolysate was analyzed for hydroxyproline using high performance liquid chromatography with collagen type I as the standard. Collagen concentrations ranged from 6.6 µg/mg dry weight (liver) to 74.7 µg/mg dry weight (diaphragm). From the remainder of the hydrolyzate, pyridinoline cross-links of collagen were separated and analyzed similarly by high performance liquid chromatography. The concentration of pyridinoline ranged from 2.6 ng/mg dry weight (liver) to 35.6 ng/mg dry weight (diaphragm). These techniques were adequate to analyze both collagen and pyridinoline (i.e. collagen cross-links) in small biopsy samples (<1 mg dry weight) routinely used in clinical pathology. The method proved useful in the quantitation of focal fibrosis in a partially denervated rat soleus. Denervation was confirmed using fast myosin immunohistochemistry which revealed large areas of small myofibres containing fast myosin. Collagen concentration increased by five-fold and collagen cross-links by more than 7-fold consistent with fibrotic changes known to occur with denervation.
Abstract 1653: Design and synthesis of basic amino selective estrogen receptor degraders (BA-SERDs) for treatment-resistant breast cancer

About 1 in 8 United States women (about 12%) will develop invasive breast cancer during their lifespan. Approximately 40,000 women are expected to die from breast cancer each year. The largest single breast cancer subtype is defined as estrogen receptor alpha (ERα; ESR1) positive breast cancer (75%), wherein ERα played a critical role in cancer cell survival, proliferation and metastasis. The dysregulation of ER signaling formed the most important molecular event in the ER positive (ER+) breast cancer. Endocrine therapy (ET) had been successfully employed on such breast cancer patients and most of them had substantial reduced risks of breast cancer recurrence and mortality in the initial 5-10 years. However, the development of resistance to ET has the greatest impact on clinical use. The emergence of resistance is inevitable over time and will eventually become metastatic disease after long term of ET. Recent studies confirmed treatment failure of SERMs and AIs in ER+ metastatic settings, whereas ERα remains engaged in the advanced disease and contributes to disease pathogenesis. Fortunately, the treatment resistant breast cancer patients remain responsive to fulvestrant (ICI182,780) which has been described as a “pure antagonist” and caused ERα degradation as a SERD. Nonetheless, the pharmaceutical liabilities of fulvestrant including poor solubility and pharmacokinetics (PK) resulted in poor compliance. The clinical development of orally bioavailable SERDs i.e. GDC-0810, AZD9496, RAD1901 is needed to overcome these shortcomings. Herein, our lab identified a novel class of BA-SERDs to circumvent drug resistance. Citation Format: Yunlong Lu, Gregory R. Thatcher. Design and synthesis of basic amino selective estrogen receptor degraders (BA-SERDs) for treatment-resistant breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 1653.
Fast Parallel Computation using Periodic Synchronization

Using parallel computing to solve partial differential equations (PDEs) for simulations of physical phenomena usually requires communication of data between the processing elements (PEs) for synchronization of the computations being done across them. Especially as the number of PEs increase, time required for this communication may be a significant part of the overall time required for the simulation. We study analytically and experimentally the effect of reducing the frequency of communication in such a situation. Specifically, we impose periodic communication and synchronization between the PEs. The system is modeled as a switched dynamical system and the reduction of simulation time is shown.
Venous thromboembolism in head and neck surgery: Risk, outcome, and burden at the national level.

BACKGROUND Venous thromboembolism (VTE) can complicate major surgeries. This study examines the risk and outcomes of VTE in patients who underwent head and neck surgeries. METHODS Retrospective cross-sectional analysis utilizing the Nationwide Readmissions Database (2010-2014). Study population included adults (≥18 year) patients who underwent head and neck surgeries. RESULTS A total 386 VTE patients and 116 450 controls included. VTE risk was 0.37%, postoperative mortality was 4.87%. Of VTE, 57.02% identified within the initial admission for surgery, while the rest required readmission within 90 days. VTE high-risk surgeries included: major ear/skull base surgeries, major nose/paranasal sinuses surgeries, major mouth/tonsil surgeries, major salivary glands/ducts surgeries, major maxillofacial bones/mandible surgeries, and major and nonmajor pharynx and larynx surgeries (P < .05). Those same surgeries were also associated with a high risk of readmission (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS VTE is associated with a significant mortality risk. Surgeries that involve the pharynx and larynx have the highest risk of VTE and readmission.
Interfaith Education for All: Theoretical Perspectives and Best Practices For Transformative Action

Note: This review was written by a contributing author of this edited volume. During the last several years, it has been my good fortune to become personally acquainted with dedicated and brilliant...
Specialty Courts, Ex Parte Communications, and the Need to Revise the Texas Code of Judicial Conduct

As of January 2013 there were roughly 140 operational specialty courts in Texas. These specialty courts include an array of focuses, including adult and juvenile drug courts, veteran courts, DWI courts, family drug courts, and mental health courts. These courts differ significantly from the usual adjudicatory model. Instead, these courts tend to provide a problem-solving approach. The Texas Code of Judicial Conduct, however, does not include any provisions that recognize this new role of judges in specialty courts. This Article discusses the shortcomings in this regard in the Texas Code of Judicial Conduct, particularly with regard to ex parte communications; the approach set forth in the American Bar Association’s 2007 Model Code of Judicial Conduct; and the law in several other states. Finally, the Article proposes revisions to the Texas Code of Judicial Conduct pertaining to ex parte communications and specialty courts, and the related topic of disqualifications or recusals.
Telescope and Microscope. A micro-historical approach to global China in the eighteenth century

One of the challenges of global history is to bridge the particularities of individual lives and trajectories with the macro-historical patterns that develop over space and time. Italian micro-history, particularly popular in the 1980s–1990s, has excavated the lives of small communities or individuals to test the findings of serial history and macro-historical approaches. Micro-history in the Anglophone world has instead focused more on narrative itself, and has shown, with some exceptions, less interest for ampler historiographical conclusions.Sino-Western interactions in the early modern period offer a particularly fruitful field of investigation, ripe for a synthesis of the global and the micro-historical. Cultural, social, and economic phenomena can be traced in economic and statistical series, unpublished correspondence, and other non-institutional sources, in part thanks to the survival of detailed records of the activities of East India companies and missionary agencies in China. Recent scholarship has started to offer new conclusions, based on such Western records and matching records in the Chinese historical archive.In this article, I offer a methodological reflection on ‘global micro-history’, followed by four micro-historical ‘vignettes’ that focus on the economic and socio-religious activities of the Roman Catholic mission in Beijing in the long eighteenth century. These fragments uncover unexplored facets of Chinese life in global contexts from the point of view of European missionaries and Chinese Christians in the Qing capital—‘end users’ of the local and global networks of commerce and religion bridging Europe, Asia, Africa, and South and Central America.
Exploring differences in practicing teachers’ knowledge use in a dynamic and static proportional task

Teachers’ knowledge of proportional reasoning is important, particularly in the middle grades in the USA. This exploratory study investigated 32 teachers’ use of knowledge resources in two mathematically similar tasks (one a paper and pencil task, the other a dynamic task) around proportional reasoning. The two tasks invoked different knowledge resources by the same teachers. Results suggest questions to the field around how we access or invoke teacher knowledge and the need to more purposefully explore the potential benefits of using a dynamic task to invoke knowledge resources.
Alprazolam-induced EEG spectral power changes in rhesus monkeys: a translational model for the evaluation of the behavioral effects of benzodiazepines

Benzodiazepines induce electroencephalography (EEG) changes in rodents and humans that are associated with distinct behavioral effects and have been proposed as quantitative biomarkers for GABAA receptor modulation. Specifically, central EEG beta and occipital EEG delta activity have been associated with anxiolysis and sedation, respectively. The extent to which nonhuman primates show the same dose- and topography-dependent effects remained unknown. We aimed at establishing a nonhuman primate model for the evaluation of benzodiazepine EEG pharmacology. Four adult male rhesus monkeys were prepared with fully implantable telemetry devices that monitored activity, peripheral body temperature, and contained two EEG (central and occipital), one electromyography (EMG), and one electrooculography channel. We investigated daytime alprazolam-induced changes in EEG spectral power, sleep–wake states, EMG activity, locomotor activity, and body temperature. Alprazolam (0.01–1.8 mg/kg, i.m.) or vehicle was administered acutely, and telemetry recording was conducted for 1 h. Daytime alprazolam dose-dependently increased central EEG power (including beta activity), increased occipital EEG delta power, and decreased occipital EEG alpha, theta, and sigma power. There was an ~8-fold difference in the potency of alprazolam to increase central EEG beta vs. occipital EEG delta activity (based on relative EEG power). The highest dose, which increased both central EEG beta and occipital EEG delta relative power, induced sedative effects (increased time spent in N1 and N2 sleep stages) and decreased peripheral body temperature and locomotor activity. Alprazolam induces dose- and topography-dependent EEG changes in rhesus monkeys and provides a valuable model for studying benzodiazepine pharmacology.
Interplay between Intermolecular and Intramolecular Singlet Fission in Thin Films of a Covalently Linked Terrylenediimide Dimer

Covalent chromophore dimers having the required energetics can undergo intramolecular singlet fission (SF) in solution; however, in the solid state, intra- and intermolecular SF can compete. Here, ...
A Pilot Study of the Safety and Efficacy of Alkali Therapy on Vascular Function in Kidney Transplant Recipients.

Introduction Metabolic acidosis is associated with cardiovascular events, graft function, and mortality in kidney transplant recipients (KTRs). We examined the effect of alkali therapy on vascular endothelial function in KTRs. Methods We performed an 18-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover pilot study examining the effect of sodium bicarbonate therapy versus placebo on vascular function in 20 adult KTRs at least 1 year from transplant with an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) ≥45 ml/min per 1.73 m2 and a serum bicarbonate level of 20 to 26 mEq/L. Each treatment period was 8 weeks in duration with a 2-week washout period between treatments. The primary outcome was change in brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD) between sodium bicarbonate treatment and placebo. Results Twenty patients completed the study and were included in the primary analysis. The mean (SD) baseline eGFR of participants was 75 (22) ml/min per 1.73 m2, respectively. Serum bicarbonate levels did not increase significantly with treatment (0.3 [1.5] mEq/L, P = 0.37). Sodium bicarbonate therapy was not associated with worsening blood pressure, weight gain, or hypokalemia. There was no significant increase in FMD after 8 weeks of sodium bicarbonate therapy compared to placebo (mean change in FMD 2.2%, 95% CI –0.1 to 4.6, P = 0.06). There were no significant changes in high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, eGFR, or urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio during treatment. Urinary ammonium excretion decreased by 9 mmol/d (P=0.003), with sodium bicarbonate. Conclusions Sodium bicarbonate therapy is safe and feasible in KTRs, and our results strengthen the need for a larger randomized controlled trial.
DESIGN ANALYSIS OF AUTOMOTIVE COMPOSITE STRUCTURES

Advanced fiber reinforced composites offer potential structural mass reduction opportunities due to their many unique properties. Because of major differences in the mechanics of these materials compared with conventional metals, the introduction of advanced composites will have a radical impact on the automotive structural design process. It will require intensive interaction between manufacturing, material and analysis disciplines. In the past, finite element modeling has played an important role in the design analysis of structures composed of conventional materials. This paper discusses a modified finite element analysis procedure appropriate for interaction with an automotive structural composite design program. It is based on SQ5 program which has been modified to use the Tsai-Wu tensor polynomial lamina strain failure criterion.
Insulating and cooling effects of nasal endoscope sheaths and irrigation.

Background Heat generated at the tips of nasal endoscopes have been shown to reach temperatures high enough to cause thermal tissue injury. Endoscope sheaths have the potential to minimize the risk of thermal tissue injury. The purpose of this study was to assess the abilities of plastic and metal endoscope sheaths and sheath irrigation to insulate against dangerous scope tip temperatures. Methods A 4-mm 0-degree rigid nasal endoscope was used with light-emitting diode (LED) and xenon light sources (400-W LED, 300-W, and 175-W xenon) to assess scope tip temperature before and after endoscope sheath placement. Temperatures were assessed again after placement of each sheath, both before and after active saline irrigation. Scope tip temperature was measured using a noncontact infrared thermometer. Results The unsheathed rigid scope tip reached a maximal temperature after 10 minutes at 100% light source intensity. The 400-W LED and 300-W xenon sources generated potentially dangerous scope tip temperatures exceeding 42°C, whereas the 175-W xenon source never generated a maximal temperature over 32.6°C. After placement of plastic and metal sheaths, mean scope tip temperatures were decreased by 2°C (4.8%) and 2.2°C (5.5%), respectively. After active saline irrigation, mean scope tip temperatures were decreased by 5.1°C (12.6%) and 5.2°C (12.8%), respectively. Conclusion With modern light sources, nasal endoscopes have the potential to reach temperatures that may cause thermal tissue injury. Endoscope sheaths lead to decreases in scope temperatures, and the effect is greater with active irrigation. In addition to improving visualization, endoscope sheaths may decrease the risk of thermal tissue injury.
X-ray Observables of Magnetically Dominated Cavities in Clusters

We present results from magneto-hydrodynamic jet simulations in the magnetically dominated regime and find that they inflate cavities into the intracluster medium. Mock Chandra X-ray observations of our simulations show a strong resemblance to real cavities observed in X-ray images of clusters, both in terms of their morphology and thermodynamic structure. An analysis of the evolution of bubble sizes in the multi-cavity system Hydra A, as well as in a large sample of 64 cavities in 32 clusters shows that bubbles tend to expand much faster than expected in the purely adiabatic regime. Instead, we find that the bubbles follow more closely a trend predicted by our current-carrying jet models.
Investigation of the interhemispheric asymmetry in reverse convection near solstice during northward interplanetary magnetic field conditions using MHD simulations

[1] The reverse convection potential under northward interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) is significantly larger in the summer ionosphere than in the winter. In this study, we use the Coupled Magnetosphere-Ionosphere-Thermosphere model to simulate a Northern Hemisphere winter event where observations have shown asymmetry in both the reverse convection strength between hemispheres and the magnetic field topology associated with the ionospheric reverse convection cells. We show that a topological asymmetry, in which reconnection between the geomagnetic field and the IMF occurs in the summer hemisphere, first drives the interhemispheric asymmetry in reverse convection strength rather than an interhemispheric asymmetry in ionospheric conductivity. We find a large amount of overdraped open magnetic flux connected to the summer hemisphere that results from this reconnection bypasses the winter hemisphere x line and reconnects with the IMF again in the summer hemisphere lobe. This leads to a large amount of circulating lobe flux in the summer hemisphere and stagnant lobe flux in the winter hemisphere, while maintaining a divergence-free field, as well as the weaker reverse convection potential in the winter hemisphere ionosphere.
Theories of Collaborative Cognition: Foundations for CSCL and CSCW Together

Both computer-supported collaborative learning (CSCL) and computer-supported cooperative work (CSCW) are centrally concerned with teamwork, learning, problem solving, knowledge building, task accomplishment, and other cognitive achievements by small groups of people. There are many theories useful for framing the cognitive work that groups undertake in CSCL and CSCW settings, and they may in principle not be reducible to a single theory. However, they seem foundational for both CSCL and CSCW, including their synthesis in CSCL@Work. Collaboration research explores questions involving numerous distinct—though interacting—phenomena at multiple levels of description. It is important to conceptualize these group activities as involving individual participants in group processes within larger community contexts. The useful approach may be to clearly distinguish levels such as individual, small-group, and community units of analysis, and to differentiate terminology for discussing these different levels. Theory in general has evolved dramatically over the ages, with a trend to extend the unit of cognition beyond the single idea or even the individual mind. Seminal theoretical works influential within collaboration research suggest a post-cognitive approach to group cognition as a complement to—if not a foundation for—analyzing cognition of individuals or of communities-of-practice. While CSCL and CSCW can both build upon shared theories of cognition, they may derive different implications from those theories as relevant for students versus professionals and may converge in cases of CSCW at Work.
Axillary artery injuries: importance of early recognition.

Abstract Two cases of axillary arterial injury are presented. The difference in their outcome illustrates some of the important principles in the management of these injuries. Emphasis is placed on the misleading effect of peripheral pulsation and the role of arteriography.
Spatial variability of daily summer rainfall at a local-scale in a mountainous terrain and humid tropical region

Abstract The authors study the spatial variability of daily rainfall in a mountainous terrain and tropical humid region within a grid of 6 km × 6 km using daily rainfall data from 22 non-recording rain gauges over a period of 39 days. Results indicate that (1) the daily coefficient of variation varied from 15% to 53%, and (2) among all, five of the rain gauge locations consistently gave estimates of the spatial daily mean rainfall within root mean square error of 20%, ten locations gave estimates with root mean square errors ranging from 20% to 30%, and the remaining seven locations gave estimates with root mean square error ranging from 30% to 41%. These levels of errors must be acknowledged when using single rain gauges to estimate local-scale spatial means at the daily scale. This also indicates that there are temporally stable rain gauge locations that give consistently lower errors in spatial mean estimates. Such short-term field campaigns can be used to identify time stable rain gauge locations for rain gauge network design.
Paramagnetic Resonance of Iron Group Elements in Rutile. I. The Ti 47 and Ti 49 hfs Interaction

The well-resolved structure of the electron spin resonance (ESR) of ${\mathrm{V}}^{4+}$ and ${\mathrm{Mn}}^{4+}$ in rutile (Ti${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$) is interpreted in terms of the hfs interaction of the ${\mathrm{Ti}}^{47}$ and ${\mathrm{Ti}}^{49}$ ions which occupy the nearest sites along the crystalline $c$ axis. The absence of such structure in the cases of ${\mathrm{Cr}}^{3+}$ and ${\mathrm{Mn}}^{3+}$ is discussed in simple terms.
Do adults who believe in periodic health examinations receive more clinical preventive services

Background Individuals who have periodic health examinations (“checkups”) with physicians even if they feel well have higher rates of screening and other preventive services than individuals who only see physicians when ill. This study assessed whether individuals' beliefs about the advisability of periodic health examinations contribute to the likelihood that they receive recommended clinical preventive services.
Comprehensive head and neck oncology health status assessment.

Background. This article presents the validation of the Head and Neck Cancer Inventory (HNCI), a health status assessment instrument with a small number of multiple-item domains that captures patients' ratings of functional status and attitude about that function. Methods. The HNCI was administered to patients with upper aerodigestive tract carcinoma. An initial, cross-sectional study assessed feasibility and reliability. A subsequent, longitudinal study's factor analysis identified ineffective items and confirmed domain cohesiveness. Construct and criterion-related validity and sensitivity to detect change across time were evaluated. Results. The HNCI was highly reliable. Criterion-related validity was demonstrated through comparisons with other HNC-specific instruments. Construct validity was demonstrated based on significant differences between patient groups (HNC/non-HNC, employment status, clinical stage, and type of treatment). Domain scores were sensitive to change across time. The domains' functional and attitudinal scores were significantly different. Conclusions. The HNCI is a reliable, valid instrument that evaluates the functional and attitudinal components of health status in HNC patients. This survey is recommended for self-reported health status evaluation in HNC clinical trials. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 25: 561–575, 2003
B s -B s¯ mixing in Z ‧ models with flavor-changing neutral currents

Abstract In models with an extra U ( 1 ) ′ gauge boson family non-universal couplings to the weak eigenstates of the standard model fermions generally induce flavor-changing neutral currents. This phenomenon leads to interesting results in various B meson decays, for which recent data indicate hints of new physics involving significant contributions from b → s transitions. We analyze the B s system, emphasizing the effects of a Z ′ on the mass difference and CP asymmetries.
Quantification of Phaeocryptopus gaeumannii colonization in Douglas‐fir needles by ergosterol analysis

Summary Current assessments of infection levels of Phaeocryptopus gaeumannii, the incitant pathogen of Swiss needle cast disease on Pseudotsuga menziesii, typically rely on surveys of abundance of fruit bodies on diseased needles. The relationship between this measure and internal fungal colonization is unknown. In this article, a series of experiments to determine whether ergosterol can be used to quantify P. gaeumannii internal colonization within Douglas-fir needles is reported. It was found that ergosterol content in seven commonly occurring Douglas-fir foliar fungi is proportionally related to biomass, and in P. gaeumannii this relationship is not affected by age of the culture. Furthermore, at four sites tested, P. gaeumannii was the most common fungus species isolated from Douglas-fir needles, accounting for approximately 50% of the isolations. Ergosterol content in these needles was best related to P. gaeumannii despite the presence of other fungi. The strong relationship between ergosterol and P. gaeumannii is attributed to its greater contribution to total fungal biomass compared with all other fungi present within Douglas-fir needles.
CHANGES IN FORAGE YIELD AND COMPOSITION OF WHEAT AND WHEAT-RYEGRASS MIXTURES WITH MATURITY

Abstract Our objectives were to compare wheat and wheat-ryegrass mixtures for patterns of DM accumulation and forage quality changes with maturity. Two genotypes of soft red winter wheat (‘Magnum' and the hybrid ‘HW 3015') were grown alone or in mixture with ‘Marshall' annual ryegrass. Plots were harvested at six wheat growth stages from beginning of pseudostem elongation to soft dough. Handclipped samples were separated into species and leaf and stem (including inflorescence) components, and the components were analyzed for NDF and in vitro DM disappearance. Annual ryegrass in mixture with wheat did not enhance the forage yield over wheat alone; however, the later maturity of ryegrass in relation to wheat resulted in a slower decline in total mixture leaf proportion with advancing maturity than in wheat alone. Enhanced leafiness did not, however, augment total mixture in vitro DM disappearance over that of wheat alone because of the low in vitro DM disappearance of ryegrass stems. If wheat is to be grown for harvest at the soft dough stage for forage, it should not be grown with annual ryegrass, because the latter dilutes the high quality, wheat grain portion with low quality ryegrass stems.
Role of NPY and its receptor subtypes in foraging, food hoarding and food intake by Siberian hamsters

Fasting has widespread physiological and behavioral effects such as increases in arcuate nucleus neuropeptide Y (NPY) gene expression in rodents, including Siberian hamsters. Fasting also stimulate...
Visual acuity development coincides with the sensitive period in kittens

AT about ten days of age when a kitten's eyes open, synaptic connections of its visual system are partly laid down1. They are completely developed during the sensitive period2 which lasts from about three weeks of age to three months. During this period of plasticity the formation and modification of synaptic connections respond to features in the visual environment3–6. Both the original and subsequently developed connections may be disrupted or modified by environmental factors during the sensitive or critical period with a sensitivity that peaks at about the fourth week and gradually drops off2.
Semantic cues in reference price advertisements: The moderating role of cue concreteness

Abstract Retailers use a variety of semantic cues to advertise discounts at their stores. In this paper we introduce the concept of cue concreteness and examine its impact on effectiveness of semantic cues. Four studies were conducted which concur with the findings of earlier research in this area and expand our knowledge about the effectiveness of semantic cues. Results indicate that between-store cues are perceived to be more effective than within-store cues at moderate price discount levels only when the cues are concrete in nature. In addition, a between-store cue resulted in more favorable evaluations than a within-store cue when the ad was viewed at home, but only when the cue was concrete. Implications for marketers and public policy makers are discussed.
An exploratory study of the personal health records adoption model in the older adult with chronic illness.

Background Despite international efforts moving toward integrated care using health information technologies and the potential of electronic PHRs to help us better coordinate patient-centered care, PHR adoption in the United States remains low among patients who have been offered free access to them from private-sector companies. If older adult stand to benefit from the use of PHRs for its usefulness in self-managing chronic illness, why have they not been more readily adopted? Since the chronically ill older adult has unique circumstances that impact their decision to participate in self-directed care, a theoretical framework to help understand factors that influence the adoption of PHRs is important. Here we describe the results of an exploratory study that provided an initial test of such a framework. Methods The study used a descriptive survey methodology with 38 older adults. The survey questionnaire asked about the personal barriers and facilitators associated with personal health record adoption and included items measuring each of the PHRAM’s four interacting factors (environmental factors, personal factors, technology factors, and self-management), and the resulting behavioural outcome. Results Younger seniors had a more positive attitude toward computers, knew what health resources were available on the internet, agreed that they had the resources in place to use PHRs, and would be more influenced by a family member than a healthcare provider to use them. Conversely, older seniors reported less confidence in their ability to use Internet-based PHRs and did not perceive that they had the resources in place to use them. Conclusions The results of this study indicated that personal, environmental, technology, chronic illness, and behavioral factors operated concurrently as personal barriers and/or facilitators to the adoption of PHRs among the older adult with chronic illness. These factors cannot be isolated because the person commonly weighs risk with benefit and determines the personal value of adopting PHRs.
Academic underachievement: A neurodevelopmental perspective

Summary Academic underachievement is a common presenting symptom and has many different causes. The disorders that describe academic underachievement are based on the child’s function in cognitive, academic, or behavioral domains. The disorders that are associated with academic underachievement are final common pathways that have different etiologies and mechanisms. Multiple disorders are the rule because brain dysfunction in childhood usually affects multiple functions. Consequently, management programs must be individualized, comprehensive and address issues related to the child, school, and family. Treatment plans include parent training, academic accommodations, techniques to maintain self-esteem, and psychopharmacologic approaches. Ongoing monitoring of the management programs is necessary to detect important comorbidities that may emerge, to modify the program to meet the changing academic and social demands that occur as the child ages, and to provide current information. The outcome for children with academic underachievement is most dependent on the underlying disorder. Health providers have multiple roles to play in the prevention, detection, diagnosis and management of children with academic underachievement.
Salt as a catalyst in the mitochondria: returning cytochrome c to its native state after it misfolds on the surface of cardiolipin containing membranes.

Cytochrome c binding to cardiolipin receptors on the surface of TOCL/DOPC(20% : 80%) liposomes induces a conformational change, which is not reversible after the protein's dissociation at low ionic strength. Addition of 100 mM NaCl switches the protein back to its native state.
A Multiple Resolution Approach To Regularization

Regularization of optical flow estimates and the restoration of noisy images are examples of problems which may be solved by modeling the unknown field as a Markov random field (MRF) and calculating the maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimate. This paper presents a multiple resolution algorithm for maximizing the a posteriori probability associated with a class of MRF's. These MRF's combine the smooth regions found in Gaussian random fields with the abrupt boundaries characteristic of discrete valued MRF's. This makes them well suited for modeling image properties which vary smoothly over large regions but change abruptly at object boundaries. The multiple resolution algorithm first performs the maximization at coarse resolution and then proceeds to finer resolutions until the pixel level is reached. Since coarser resolution solutions are used to guide maximization at finer resolutions, the algorithm is resistant to local maxima and has performance equivalent to simulated annealing, but with dramatically reduced computation. In fact, the multiple resolution algorithm has been found to require less computation than local greedy algorithms because constraints propagate more rapidly at coarse resolutions. Regularization of optical flow problems and the restoration of fields corrupted with additive white Gaussian noise are explicitly treated and simulation results are presented.