cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Supination external rotation ankle fractures: A simpler pattern with better outcomes.

Background: Rotational injuries are the most common and usually classified as per the Lauge Hansen classification; with the most common subgroup being the supination external rotation (SER) mechanism. Isolated fractures of the distal fibula (SE2) without associated ligamentous injury are usually treated with a splint or brace and the patient may be allowed to weight bear as tolerated. This study reports the functional outcomes following a stable, low energy, rotational ankle fracture supination external rotation (SER2) when compared to unstable SER4 fractures treated operatively. Materials and Methods: 64 patients who were diagnosed and treated nonoperatively for a stable SER2 ankle fracture were followed prospectively. In the comparison group, 93 operatively treated fibular fractures were extracted from a prospectively collected database and evaluated comparison. Baseline characteristics obtained by trained interviewers at the time of injury included: Patient demographics, short form-36, short musculoskeletal functional assessment (SMFA) and American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) questionnaires. Patients were followed at 3, 6 and 12 months postsurgery. Additional information obtained at each followup point included any complications or evidence on fracture healing. Data were analyzed by the Student's t-test and theFisher's Exact Test to compare demographic and functional outcomes between the two cohorts. P Results: The average of patients' age in the stable fracture cohort was 43 versus 45 in the SER4 group. Nearly 64% of the patient population was female when compared with 37% in the operative group. In the SER2 by 6 months all patients had returned to baseline functional status. There were 18 delayed unions (all healed by 6 months). Based on the functional outcome scores all patients had returned to preoperative level. In comparison, SE4 patients had less functional recovery at 3 and 6 months (P Conclusions: An SER2 ankle fracture is a relatively benign injury with functional limitations resolving by 3 months while the need for surgical fixation in SER ankle fractures appears to affect lower extremity function to a greater degree for a longer time period. Patients should be counseled as to these expected outcomes.
Electrophoretic studies of human upper gastrointestinal mucosal acid proteinases

The pattern of acid proteinase zymogens, seven pepsinogens (Pg) and slow moving protease (SMP), in normal human gastric mucosa has been reported. No significant differences were found in appearance of individual pepsinogens in oxyntic mucosa in the two sexes, but in pyloric mucosa, Pg 3 occurred significantly more often in men. Rapidly migrating pepsinogens (constituents of Group I pepsinogens) were seen in pyloric mucosa as well as in oxyntic mucosa. The duodenal mucosa contained small amounts of proteinases, the activity being largely confined to the slower moving proteinases (constituents of Group II pepsinogens).
Representing employee requirements in labour tour scheduling

Abstract In this paper, we use the methodology of simulation to evaluate six approaches for handling employee requirements in an LP-based labour tour scheduling heuristic. We model employee requirements both as minimum acceptable staffing levels—where understaffing is unacceptable—and as target staffing levels—where both under- and overstaffing are acceptable. For each representation of employee requirements, we evaluate forms of the heuristic that use problem-specific and problem-independent information on the costs of employee surpluses and, if appropriate, employee shortages. Over an extensive test data set, the target-staffing approach using problem-specific cost information outperformed all other procedures. Specifically, it generated schedules costing less than 87% of those developed using the approach most commonly found in the literature. Its schedules were also almost 5% cheaper than those of its closest competitor. We discuss the managerial and research implications of the findings and provide suggestions for future research.
RANDOM DISTRIBUTION OF AFFECTED BIRTH RANKS IN ANENCEPHALIC AND SPINA BIFIDA SIBSHIPS WITH TWO AFFECTED CASES.

IN a recent investigation of anencephalus and spina bifida in New York State1 it was demonstrated that these malformations have an increased incidence in siblings of affected cases. Since sibships with more than one affected member afford an opportunity to examine possible contagious or time-limited factors which might be involved in the causation of these malformations, the following investigation was carried out.
Effect of bounded noise on the chaotic motion of a Duffing Van der pol oscillator in a ϕ6 potential

Abstract This paper investigates the chaotic behavior of an extended Duffing Van der pol oscillator in a ϕ6 potential under additive harmonic and bounded noise excitations for a specific parameter choice. From Melnikov theorem, we obtain the conditions for the existence of homoclinic or heteroclinic bifurcation in the case of the ϕ6 potential is bounded, which are complemented by the numerical simulations from which we illustrate the bifurcation surfaces and the fractality of the basins of attraction. The results show that the threshold amplitude of bounded noise for onset of chaos will move upwards as the noise intensity increases, which is further validated by the top Lyapunov exponents of the original system. Thus the larger the noise intensity results in the less possible chaotic domain in parameter space. The effect of bounded noise on Poincare maps is also investigated.
Application of coronary angioplasty to the septal perforator arteries.

Significant coronary artery disease affecting the septal perforator arteries can cause anginal pain, rhythm disturbances, or septal infarction. However, since these vessels are usually inaccessible to coronary bypass surgery, there is a tendency among angiogra-phers and angioplasters to overlook lesions of the septal perforator arteries. Our experience suggests that if medical treatment is not sufficient to treat clinical manifestations resulting from septal perforator disease, then coronary angioplasty can be considered a therapeutic alternative for revascularization. We herein present 11 patients who underwent coronary angioplasty of a major septal artery and discuss angiographic and technical aspects of the procedure.
Semantic Indexing and Searching Using a Hopfield Net

This paper presents a neural network approach to document semantic indexing. A Hopfield net algorithm was used to simulate human associative memory for concept exploration in the domain of computer science and engineering. INSPEC, a collection of more than 320,000 document abstracts from leading journals, was used as the document testbed. Benchmark tests confirmed that three parameters (maximum number of activated nodes, ∊ - maximum allowable error, and maximum number of iterations) were useful in positively influencing network convergence behavior without negatively impacting central processing unit performance. Another series of benchmark tests was performed to determine the effectiveness of various filtering techniques in reducing the negative impact of noisy input terms. Preliminary user tests confirmed our expectation that the Hopfield net algorithm is potentially useful as an associative memory technique to improve document recall and precision by solving discrepancies between indexer vocabularies a...
A functional genomics approach to viral-host interactions for HIV

New screening methodologies developed over the past five years, based on a revolution in understanding the biology of double-stranded DNA and RNA interference, provide the tools for genetic screening of mammalian cells. HIV is a straightforward RNA virus, and the challenge our team has tackled is to identify the host proteins the virus needs to replicate using short strands of small interfering RNA (siRNA) to block their function. The siRNA screen is an arrayed format—siRNAs to one gene per well—using liquid-handling robots. Cells are transiently transfected with siRNAs, producing protein knock-down in a gene-specific manner that is effective for about a week. Using a SMARTpool library produced by Dharmacon with four siRNAs per pool and 21,121 genes, we completed a validation round with the four individual siRNAs. Seventy-two hours after transecting the cells with siRNA, infected cells and supernatant were harvested, and the viral load measured. The cellular analysis indicated how well the virus had infected the cell and expressed a key capsid protein p24 protein; the supernatant indicated how efficiently the virus budded out of the cell in a functional form. We discovered several proteins that appear to be genetically important to the HIV lifecycle. Using bioinformatics, we were able to map out the role the host factors played in the viral life cycle, from the virus getting into the cell, to its integration into the DNA of the cell’s nucleus, to the messenger RNA (mRNA) processing of the virus; and to its export into the cytoplasm and out of the cell. Genetic screening results provided a rediscovery of all known host dependency factors in the HIV lifecycle states and confirmation of Host Dependency Factors (Rab6, Vps53, TNPO3, Med28), suggesting the model is effective. One of the proteins identified in the screen (TPNO3), a karyopherin, is likely to be the host factor that permits HIV access to our nucleus for integration into our genome. Our research demonstrates that when TPNO3 was knocked out by any one of eight siRNAs, the virus was prevented from infecting the cell and integrating into the genome. Utilizing unbiased whole genome screens which can be used for any pathogen, to identify host proteins that actively support replication could provide new drug targets. The way the screen is designed can profoundly influence which genes are uncovered and different screening platforms will yield different results, making the technique potentially very flexible.
Technological Change in Information-Processing Industries and Regional Income Differentials in Developing Countries

It is generally believed that the computer revolution and advances in information processing will erode one of the last constraints on the location of economic activities, namely the reliance on face-to-face contacts in the quaternary industries. There will be no need for these activities to cluster in core region metropolitan cities. They can become footloose and disperse to other regions according to locational preferences or other reasons. Whatever the merits of this idea, this paper argues that this will not happen in developing countries. Using a core-periphery model, it shows that as long as unit transport, communication, and contact costs are higher in the periphery than in the core, the impact of technological progress in the information-processing sector will tend to widen coreperiphery disparities rather than to narrow them. The policy options in this situation are quite limited.
Flame Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes

Flames offer a potential for the synthesis of carbon nanotubes in large quantities at modest costs. This study aims to examine the conditions for carbon nanotube formation in premixed flames and to characterize the morphology of solid carbon deposits and their primary formation mechanisms in the combustion environment. Single walled nanotubes have been observed in the post-flame region of a premixed acetylene/oxygen/argon flame operated at 50 Torr (6.7 kPa) with iron pentacarbonyl vapor used as a source of metallic catalyst. A thermophoretic sampling method and transmission electron microscopy were used to characterize the solid material present in the flame at various heights above burner (HAB), giving resolution of formation dynamics within the flame system. Catalyst particle formation and growth are observed in the immediate post-flame region, 10 to 40 mm HAB, with coagulation leading to typical particle sizes on the order of 5 to 10 nm. Nanotubes were observed to be present after 40 mm HAB (∼34 milliseconds) with nanotube inception occurring as early as 30mm HAB (∼25 ms). Between 40 and 70 mm HAB (∼30 ms), nanotubes are observed to form and coalesce into clusters. Based on the rapid appearance of nanotubes in this region, it appears that once initiated, the nanotube growth occurs quite rapidly, on the order of 10 νm/s. A nanotube formation ‘envelope’ is evident with a formation limited to fuel equivalence ratios between a lower limit of 1.5 and an upper limit of 1.9. A continuum of morphologies ranging from relatively clean clusters of nanotubes to amorphous material is observed between the lower and upper limits. We suggest that the diversity of morphologies is due to competition between carbon precipitation pathways. High resolution TEM revealed the nanotubes to be primarily single walled. Raman spectroscopy confirmed the presence of single wall nanotubes and indicated a broad range of diameters and differences in chirality to plasma-arc generated material.
Adolescent alcohol-related risk cognitions: The roles of social norms and social networking sites.

The present study examined the impact of socially based descriptive norms on willingness to drink alcohol, drinker prototype favorability, affective alcohol attitudes, and perceived vulnerability for alcohol-related consequences within the Prototype Willingness model. Descriptive norms were manipulated by having 189 young adolescents view experimenter-created profile pages from the social networking site Facebook, which either showed older peers drinking or not. The results provided evidence that descriptive norms for alcohol use, as portrayed by Facebook profiles, significantly impact willingness to use, prototypes, attitudes toward use, and perceived vulnerability. A multiple mediation analysis indicated that prototypes, attitudes, and perceptions of use mediated the relationship between the content of the Facebook profile and willingness. These results indicate that adolescents who perceive that alcohol use is normative, as evidenced by Facebook profiles, are at higher risk for cognitions shown to predict alcohol use than adolescents who do not see alcohol use portrayed as frequently on Facebook.
Repeat Large-Volume Paracentesis Versus Tunneled Peritoneal Catheter Placement for Malignant Ascites: A Cost-Minimization Study.

OBJECTIVE. The objective of this study was to determine the point in time at which tunneled peritoneal catheter placement becomes less costly than repeat large-volume paracentesis (LVP) for patient...
Development and Quantitative Analysis of an Adaptive Scheme for Bluetooth and Wi-Fi Co-Existence

A smart radio algorithm to supplement the Adaptive Frequency Hopping (AFH) scheme used by Bluetooth devices is developed and studied. The investigation focuses on the Media Access Control (MAC) layer of the Bluetooth. Collision detection, and Bluetooth channel hopping information are used to detect when an IEEE 802.11 wireless Access Point (AP) is operating and the AP's Radio Frequency (RF) channel number (1 through 11). The algorithm then adapts the Bluetooth device to avoid the spectral region occupied by the AP. The performance of this scheme is tested via simulation, and compared with the native AFH system employed by Bluetooth devices.
A Class of Deterministic Production Planning Problems

A deterministic production planning problem with limited backlogging, inventory and production capacity constraints is considered. The model also includes a certain type of production cost function which is neither convex nor concave. A characterization of the extreme points is provided and an algorithm is suggested for the problem with equal production capacities. It is also shown how initial inventory can easily be incorporated into the model.
A fault-tolerant java virtual machine

We modify the Sun JDK1.2 to provide transparent faulttolerance for many Java applications using a primarybackup architecture. We identify the sources of nondeterminism in the JVM (including asynchronous exceptions, multi-threaded access to shared data, and the nondeterminism present at the native method interface) and guarantee that primary and backup handle them identically. We analyze the overhead introduced in our system by each of these sources of non-determinism and compare the performance of different techniques for handling multithreading.
Tunable N-fold multicasting and pulsewidth of 40 Gb/s channels by variable periodic slicing of a supercontinuum

We demonstrate tunable-fold multicasting of 40 Gb/s RZ-OOK channels via supercontinuum slicing by a polarization based tunable periodic filter. 2-, 4-, and 8-fold multicasting are achieved with average power penalties of 0.1, 0.26, 0.44 dB, respectively, at a BER of 10−9.
Humanoid Robots in Waseda University—Hadaly-2 and WABIAN

This paper describes two humanoid robots developed in the Humanoid Robotics Institute, Waseda University. Hadaly-2 is intended to realize information interaction with humans by integrating environmental recognition with vision, conversation capability (voice recognition, voice synthesis), and gesture behaviors. It also possesses physical interaction functions for direct contact with humans and behaviors that are gentle and safe for humans. WABIAN is a robot with a complete human configuration that is capable of walking on two legs and carrying things as with humans. Furthermore, it has functions for information interactions suite for uses at home.
Wavelet-based Space Partitioning for Symbolic Time Series Analysis

Recent literature has reported symbolic time series analysis of complex systems for real-time anomaly detection. A crucial aspect in this analysis is symbol sequence generation from the observed time series data. This paper presents a wavelet-based partitioning, instead of the currently practiced method of phase-space partitioning, for symbol generation. The partitioning algorithm makes use of the maximum entropy method. The wavelet-space and phase-space partitioning methods are compared with regard to anomaly detection using experimental data.
Insulin regulates its own delivery to skeletal muscle by feed-forward actions on the vasculature

Insulin, at physiological concentrations, regulates the volume of microvasculature perfused within skeletal and cardiac muscle. It can also, by relaxing the larger resistance vessels, increase total muscle blood flow. Both of these effects require endothelial cell nitric oxide generation and smooth muscle cell relaxation, and each could increase delivery of insulin and nutrients to muscle. The capillary microvasculature possesses the greatest endothelial surface area of the body. Yet, whether insulin acts on the capillary endothelial cell is not known. Here, we review insulin's actions at each of three levels of the arterial vasculature as well as recent data suggesting that insulin can regulate a vesicular transport system within the endothelial cell. This latter action, if it occurs at the capillary level, could enhance insulin delivery to muscle interstitium and thereby complement insulin's actions on arteriolar endothelium to increase insulin delivery. We also review work that suggests that this action of insulin on vesicle transport depends on endothelial cell nitric oxide generation and that insulin's ability to regulate this vesicular transport system is impaired by inflammatory cytokines that provoke insulin resistance.
Auditor Selection and Audit Committee Characteristics

The role of the audit committee in corporate governance is the subject of increasing public and regulatory interest. We focus on one frequently noted function of the audit committee: auditor selection. We argue that independent and active audit committee members demand a high level of audit quality because of concerns about monetary or reputational losses that may result from lawsuits or SEC sanction. Auditors who specialize in the client's industry are expected to provide a higher level of audit quality than do nonspecialists. Thus, we predict that firms with audit committees that are both independent and active are more likely to employ an industry‐specialist auditor. We find that firms with audit committees that do not include employees and that meet at least twice per year are more likely to use specialists. This study contributes to our understanding of audit committee functions and provides evidence that industry specialization is an important element of auditor selection.
Racial differences in response to acute dosing with hydrochlorothiazide

Blacks demonstrate a higher response rate to diuretic therapy for hypertension than do whites. This study examined the pharmacokinetic (PK), pharmacodynamic, and neurohumoral effects of hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) administration in a matched group of 9 black and 9 white hypertensive patients (mean +/- SD for black and white). After a 4-week washout period and 7-day control diet, subjects received a single dose of HCTZ (25 mg at 8 AM) with serial blood and urine collections for 36 hours. After HCTZ sodium excretion increased comparably in both groups (blacks: 122 +/- 42 pre to 265 +/- 49 mEq/24 hours post; whites: 117 +/- 29 pre to 255 beta 39 mEq/24 hrs post). Potassium excretion tended to be higher at baseline and was significantly higher following HCTZ in whites (blacks: 45 beta 20 pre to 66 beta 13 mEq at 24 hours post; blacks: 57 +/- 9 pre to 86 +/- 14 mEq at 24 hours post) with most of the post-dosing difference being observed in the hours 0 to 12 after HCTZ. There were no between group PK differences for urinary HCTZ. Aldosterone excretion followed a normal circadian pattern in the whites but did not show this pattern in the blacks. Aldosterone excretion (0 to 12 hours) was generally lower post-dosing in blacks. In conclusion, whereas the PK and single-dose natriuretic response for HCTZ were not racially distinct, potassium excretion was notably less in blacks. Aldosterone excretion was also lower in blacks and without its normal circadian pattern which may, in part, explain their altered potassium excretion pattern.
Distribution of Activator of G-Protein Signaling 3 within the Aggresomal Pathway: Role of Specific Residues in the Tetratricopeptide Repeat Domain and Differential Regulation by the AGS3 Binding Partners Giα and Mammalian Inscuteable

AGS3, a receptor-independent activator of G-protein signaling, is involved in unexpected functional diversity for G-protein signaling systems. AGS3 has seven tetratricopeptide (TPR) motifs upstream of four G-protein regulatory (GPR) motifs that serve as docking sites for Giα-GDP. The positioning of AGS3 within the cell and the intramolecular dynamics between different domains of the proteins are likely key determinants of their ability to influence G-protein signaling. We report that AGS3 enters into the aggresome pathway and that distribution of the protein is regulated by the AGS3 binding partners Giα and mammalian Inscuteable (mInsc). Giα rescues AGS3 from the aggresome, whereas mInsc augments the aggresome-like distribution of AGS3. The distribution of AGS3 to the aggresome is dependent upon the TPR domain, and it is accelerated by disruption of the TPR organizational structure or introduction of a nonsynonymous single-nucleotide polymorphism. These data present AGS3, G-proteins, and mInsc as candidate proteins involved in regulating cellular stress associated with protein-processing pathologies.
Corpus callosum connections of subdivisions of motor and premotor cortex, and frontal eye field in a prosimian primate, Otolemur garnetti

The callosal connections of motor and premotor fields in the frontal cortex of galagos were examined by placing multiple tracers into the primary motor area (M1), dorsal premotor area (PMD), ventral premotor area (PMV), supplementary motor area (SMA), and frontal eye field (FEF) following intracortical microstimulation. Retrogradely labeled neurons in the opposite hemisphere were plotted and superimposed onto brain sections stained with myelin and cytochrome oxidase for architectonic analysis. The main callosal connections of M1 and the caudal portion of PMD (PMDc) were with homotopic sites, and the major callosal connections of the rostral portion of PMD (PMDr), SMA, and FEF were with homotopic sites and adjoining cortex in the frontal lobe. In addition, M1 forelimb representation had sparse callosal connections, whereas M1 trunk and face representations, as well as the premotor areas, had dense callosal connections. The sparse interhemispheric connections of the forelimb sector of M1 suggests that the control of each forelimb is largely from the contralateral M1 in galagos, as in other primates.
DNA metabarcoding illuminates dietary niche partitioning by African large herbivores

Niche partitioning facilitates species coexistence in a world of limited resources, thereby enriching biodiversity. For decades, biologists have sought to understand how diverse assemblages of large mammalian herbivores (LMH) partition food resources. Several complementary mechanisms have been identified, including differential consumption of grasses versus nongrasses and spatiotemporal stratification in use of different parts of the same plant. However, the extent to which LMH partition food-plant species is largely unknown because comprehensive species-level identification is prohibitively difficult with traditional methods. We used DNA metabarcoding to quantify diet breadth, composition, and overlap for seven abundant LMH species (six wild, one domestic) in semiarid African savanna. These species ranged from almost-exclusive grazers to almost-exclusive browsers: Grass consumption inferred from mean sequence relative read abundance (RRA) ranged from >99% (plains zebra) to <1% (dik-dik). Grass RRA was highly correlated with isotopic estimates of % grass consumption, indicating that RRA conveys reliable quantitative information about consumption. Dietary overlap was greatest between species that were similar in body size and proportional grass consumption. Nonetheless, diet composition differed between all species-even pairs of grazers matched in size, digestive physiology, and location-and dietary similarity was sometimes greater across grazing and browsing guilds than within them. Such taxonomically fine-grained diet partitioning suggests that coarse trophic categorizations may generate misleading conclusions about competition and coexistence in LMH assemblages, and that LMH diversity may be more tightly linked to plant diversity than is currently recognized.
Prospective Evaluation of Pretreatment Executive Cognitive Impairment and Depression in Patients Referred for Radiotherapy

Purpose: Cancer patients are at risk of cognitive impairment and depression. We sought to ascertain the prevalence of executive, visuospatial, memory, and general cognitive performance deficits before radiotherapy in a radiation oncology clinic referral population and correlate the neurocognitive measures with the depression symptom burden. Methods and Materials: A total of 122 sequential patients referred for radiotherapy evaluation were administered a test battery composed of the Executive Interview (EXIT25), Executive Clock Drawing Task (CLOX1 and CLOX2), Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), Memory Impairment Screen (MIS), and Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS). The mean age {+-} standard deviation was 58 {+-} 17 years. Of 122 patients, 24 (20%) had been referred for breast cancer, 21 (17%) for gastrointestinal cancer, 17 (14%) for genitourinary disease, and 8 (7%) for brain lesions; the rest were a variety of tumor sites. The cognitive performance among the tumor cohorts was compared using Bonferroni-corrected analysis of variance and Tukey-Kramer tests. Pearson correlation coefficients were determined between each cognitive instrument and the GDS. Results: Of the 122 patients, 52 (43%) exhibited a detectable executive cognition decrement on one or more test measures. Five percent had poor memory performance (MIS), 18% had poor visuospatial performance (CLOX2), and 13% hadmore » poor global cognition (MMSE). Patients with brain tumors performed substantially worse on the EXIT25. No between-group differences were found for CLOX1, CLOX2, MIS, or GDS performance. The EXIT25 scores correlated significantly with the GDS scores (r = 0.26, p = 0.005). Conclusions: The results of this study have shown that patients referred for radiotherapy exhibit cognitive impairment profiles comparable to those observed in acutely ill medical inpatients. Executive control impairment appears more prevalent than global cognitive deficits, visuospatial impairment, or depression.« less
Effects of epinephrine on glucose transport and metabolism in adipose tissue of normal and hypothyroid rats

Epinephrine increases the oxidation of glucose in adipose tissue even when its lipolytic effects are markedly reduced or abolished by propranolol, nicotinic acid, ouabain, or thyroidectomy. In order to locate the site(s) at which epinephrine stimulates glucose utilization, we studied the effects of epinephrine on the oxidation of various metabolites of glucose. Epinephrine neither increased the production of (14)CO(2) from 1- or 3-(14)C-pyruvate nor affected pyruvate conversion to glyceride-glycerol. To assess the possibility that epinephrine might accelerate the entry of glucose into adipocytes, we studied the accumulation of the nonmetabolized sugar l-arabinose in the intracellular water of adipose tissue. Epinephrine increased arabinose penetration into adipocytes to a degree comparable with that caused by 0.1 mU/ml of insulin. Virtually identical results were obtained in tissues from thyroidectomized rats in which the lipolytic effects of epinephrine were significantly reduced. It is concluded that epinephrine increases glucose oxidation by promoting its entry into adipose tissue and that the effect is independent of lipolysis.
The Characterization of Silicon Damaged by Low Energy Argon Ion Etching

We have used a variety of characterization techniques including electron spin resonance (ESR), photothermal deflection spectroscopy (PDS), ellipsometry, and I–V and C-V analysis to study silicon samples damaged by 500–1500 eV Ar ions from a Kaufman ion source. In agreement with our ballistic penetration calculations, PDS and ellipsometry data show that the majority of the lattice damage lies within 40A of the surface. The ellipsometry results are well modelled as a thin, damage-induced layer of a- Si with a high (4.63) refractive index, while the PDS measurements show an Urbach-like subgap adsorptance tail. In addition to Schottky barrier height alterations produced by Ar bombardment, we also observe marked changes in electrically active dopant densities in boron doped silicon samples. C-V analyses show that these changes extend quite far (1–2 μm) into the sample and are readily removed by a mild (150°C) thermal anneal. Hydrogen, injected from surface adsorbed H2O or hydrocarbons, appears to be the source of these effects. We will also discuss our upper limit estimate of 1013 “dangling bond” spins/cm2 for our damaged samples in light of prior ESR observations on similarly treated surfaces.
The Products Liability Problem

The problem of fixing legal responsibility for productcaused injury or death comes before today's courts with increasing frequency. American courts have begun to look not merely at the product itself and the harm caused, but also at the way in which the product was advertised and especially how it was described in the advertising. It is implied, therefore, that improper advertising can be the CAUSE of injury. And this means that both advertising agencies and advertisers have serious moral and legal responsibilities to see to it that this does not happen. PRODUCTS LIABILITY is a lawyer's term, and one of relatively recent origin. But it is the kind of lawyer's language that has a real place in the vocabulary of modern businessmen, and especially in the vocabularies of advertisers and advertising agencies. Broadly defined, products liability refers to the legal responsibility of a manufacturer or seller of a product to compensate a consumer who has been harmed by the product. When an automobile accident occurs because a car's braking system was defectively designed, when a child is hurt by the sharp edge of his toy, when infection results from use of a household detergent -in each of these situations there is the "seed" of a products liability claim against a manufacturer or seller. A moment's thought makes clear the way in which products liability and product advertising are related. What an advertiser says or an advertising agency says for him is designed to influence the purchase of the advertised product and the manner in which the product is to be used. And it is these factors-the product's nature and manner of use-that are determinative of whether the product will ever actually injure a consumer.
Photoinduced mixed valency in zinc porphyrin dimer of triruthenium cluster dyads.

The preparation, electrochemistry, and spectroscopic characterization of three new species, (ZnTPPpy)Ru3O(OAc)6(CO)-pz-Ru3O(OAc)6(CO)L, where ZnTPPpy = zinc(II) 5-(4-pyridyl)-10,15,20-triphenylporphyin, L = pyridyl ligand, and pz = pyrazine, are reported. These porphyrin-coordinated Ru3O–BL–Ru3O (BL = bridging ligand) dyads are capable of undergoing intramolecular electron transfer from the photoexcited Zn porphyrin to Ru3O donor–bridge–acceptor dimer systems. Seven reversible redox processes are observed in the cyclic voltammograms of the newly synthesized dyads, showing no significant electrochemical interaction between the redox active porphyrin and the pyrazine-bridged ruthenium dimer of Ru3O trimers. From the electrochemical behavior of the dyads, large comproportionation constants (Kc = 6.0 × 107 for L = dmap) were calculated from the reduction potentials of the RuIIIRuIIIRuII clusters, indicating a stable mixed-valence state. Electronic absorption spectra of the singly reduced mixed-valence species...
Analysis of the Domestic Drinking Water Quality Monitoring Results in Liwan District from 2004 to 2008

Objective To investigate the quality of end water and the secondary drinking water supply in Fangcun of Liwan District,and evaluate the water quality monitoring.Methods Data on water quality monitoring in Fangcun of Liwan District during 2004-2008 were analyzed and compared with the Ministry of Public Health Sanitary Standard for Drinking Water 2001.Results The overall qualification rate of domestic drinking water in this region is 91.30%.And the qualification rate of the end water(95.17%) is higher than the secondary drinking water supply(85.88%).It's only 88.53% for lead qualification rate in secondary drinking water.The qualification rate of both kinds of water in winter is lower than other seasons.Conclusion The overall qualification rate of domestic drinking water in Fangcun of Liwan District is higher than in Guangzhou,but the quality of the secondary drinking water supply is poor in Fangcun.There are larger changes in water quality in different seasons.Strong management of the drinking water especially the secondary drinking water supply and improvement of the disinfection quality of end water were needed.New technology in water treatment in Secondary water supply should be used.
A quaternary ammonium glucuronide is the major metabolite of lamotrigine in guinea pigs. In vitro and in vivo studies.

Urinary excretion of a variety of quaternary ammonium glucuronides has been generally reported to be confined to humans and some monkeys. Lower animal species appear to lack or have limited ability to form these unusual metabolites. In this report, the excretion of the quaternary ammonium glucuronide of lamotrigine, an investigational 1,2,4-triazine anticonvulsant, in guinea pigs is described. Lamotrigine 2-N-glucuronide accounted for 60% of an i.v. bolus dose of lamotrigine in guinea pig urine. Less than 6% of the dose was excreted unchanged. The pharmacokinetics of lamotrigine after an iv bolus dose of 10 mg/kg were determined with an ion-pairing, reversed-phase HPLC assay. Lamotrigine is a low clearance drug (Cl = 2.51 +/- 0.063 ml/min/kg) with a large volume of distribution (Vss = 2.23 +/- 0.403 liter/kg). The half-life of lamotrigine was 11.5 +/- 2.0 hr. The elimination of the glucuronide was formation rate-limited and it was excreted by extensive tubular secretion. The glucuronide was also formed in Triton-X-100-activated liver microsomes and isolated guinea pig hepatocytes. The KM was 2.10 +/- 0.44 mM and the Vmax was 0.252 +/- 0.0312 nmol/min/mg protein in untreated microsomes. Pretreatment with beta-naphthoflavone did not induce lamotrigine glucuronidation. In hepatocytes, production of the glucuronide was linear for 60 min after a short lag period and 2 mM lamotrigine was not cytotoxic. Lamotrigine is only the second example of a compound that is primarily metabolized to a quaternary ammonium glucuronide in a lower animal species.
Diabetes Prevalence and Risk Factors in Four Asian American Communities

Our objective was to estimate the prevalence of diabetes and pre-diabetes and the risk associated with BMI above the Asian cut-point of 23 in 4 Asian American communities. In a convenience sample of 981 Chinese, Hmong, Korean, and Vietnamese Americans in Sacramento County, California we measured hemoglobin A1c (HbAlc), height, weight, and waist circumference. Diabetes was defined as self-reported diabetes diagnosis or HbA1c ≥ 6.5 %, and pre-diabetes as HbAlc 5.7-6.4 % with no diabetes diagnosis. We computed age-standardized prevalence of diabetes, pre-diabetes, and BMI and waist circumference above standard and Asian cut-points, and developed multivariable models of the association of diabetes and pre-diabetes with BMI and waist circumference. The 4 ethnic groups differed substantially with respect to diabetes prevalence, BMI, and waist circumference. Hmong had the highest prevalence of diabetes (15.0 %, 95 % confidence interval [CI] 10.7-19.4 %). Diabetes and pre-diabetes were associated with BMI ≥ 25 (diabetes: odds ratio [OR] 3.4, 95 % CI 2.1-5.7; pre-diabetes: OR 4.0, 95 % CI 2.7-5.8) or between 23 and 25 (diabetes: OR 1.8, 95 % CI 1.0-3.1; pre-diabetes: OR 1.6, 95 % CI 1.0-2.4). When waist circumference was added to the model, BMI effects were attenuated, and waist circumference ≥40 inches (men) or ≥35 inches (women) was associated with increased risk of diabetes (OR 3.2, 95 % CI 1.6-6.2) and pre-diabetes (OR 1.7, 95 % CI 1.0-2.9). Our findings support the use of a BMI cut-point of 23 and the importance of central adiposity as a risk factor for diabetes in Asians. Diabetes risk reduction interventions for Asians are essential.
Geometric Metastability in Molecules as a Way to Enhance Energy Storage

Abstract This chapter traverses through nearly 20 years of theoretical developments and applications devoted to investigating the geometric metastability of molecules that are speculative, but if they could indeed be made and if they were to scale up to practical applications, they could revolutionize the applications in defense, space travel, etc., where such materials are in high demand. The underlying theme of this research has been the development of new predictive level theory—theory that is accurate and reliable to use in the absence of experiment. Without such assurance from theory, application to “speculative molecules” that are discussed here would have been without merit.
Nernst effect in HYDRA

The ICF design code HYDRA has been used to model Magnetized liner inertial fusion (MagLIF) experiments1 and NIF2 and Omega3 hohlraums with imposed magnetic fields. The current MHD package in HYDRA includes a resistive MHD solver, the dielectric pressure source term, anisotropic electron thermal conduction and magnetic field effects on alpha charged particle transport. We describe the addition of terms in the MHD package and their effect on representative simulations of interest to experimentalists.
Decision-Making in Adolescents and Young Adults

Adolescence, which begins with the onset of puberty (average age of 12) and continues to young adulthood (up until age 21–24), represents a unique period in life characterized by greater freedom to make autonomous and meaningful decisions compared to childhood. However, adolescence is also a time when some areas of decision-making remain limited until age 18 or older, such as when making decisions concerning consenting to or denying medical treatment, choosing whether or not to have an abortion, participating in research, and purchasing and using alcohol and tobacco. These decisions occur juxtaposed to significant physical, cognitive, emotional, and psychosocial changes, which are coupled with societal influences offering mixed messages that both encourage and restrict decision-making autonomy, especially decisions involving health-risk behaviors. The various contexts influencing adolescent and young adult decision-making include cultural messages that encourage autonomy and risk-taking, parental monitoring that seeks to prevent risky health decisions, and peers who can be both a positive and negative influence on health-related decisions. This chapter will explain the foundational processes and theories used to conceptualize and study adolescent and young adult health-related decision-making while also reviewing the most recent findings in the field.
Minority Women and Cardiovascular Disease

Large epidemiological studies have helped define differences in majority and minority population health risks and outcomes. The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) observed African-American, Mexican American, and white non-Hispanic women from 1988 to 1994 and found a striking prevalence of abdominal obesity and metabolic syndrome in both African-Americans and Mexican Americans. The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) was designed to study the prevalence and progression of sub-clinical CVD in multiple ethnicities including whites. The rate of awareness of CVD as the leading cause of death has nearly doubled among women since 1997. Awareness of heart disease is independently correlated with increased physical activity and weight loss. The NHANES study shows that the prevalence of obesity, which can be associated with insulin resistance, is highest in non-Hispanic black women.
Salmeterol was more effective than albuterol in reducing symptoms in asthma

Source Citation D'Alonzo GE, Nathan RA, Henochowicz S, et al. Salmeterol xinafoate as maintenance therapy compared with albuterol in patients with asthma. JAMA. 1994 May 11;271:1412-6.
Arthur von Hippel: The Man Behind the Von Hippel Award

The Von Hippel Award, the most prestigious award of the Materials Research Society was first presented to its namesake, Arthur von Hippel, in 1976. On November 19, 1988, Prof. von Hippel celebrated his 90th birthday, an appropriate occasion to look back on a lifetime of achievement. Through the many testimonials that were heard at his 90th birthday celebration from family, friends, former students and colleagues, emerged a picture of materials science that reflects much that we treasure as the fabric of the Materials Research Society, namely the interdisciplinary approach to materials research. It has become an annual tradition of MRS to celebrate the achievement of the Von Hippel Award winner, and each year the celebrants begin the ceremony with an affirmation of the efficacy of the interdisciplinary approach. In the early years of the Von Hippel Award, our young students often heard greetings from Prof. von Hippel himself during the opening ceremony. But as the size of the meetings has grown, it has become increasingly difficult for “The Professor” to offer personal greetings. Many young people today yearn for contact with their intellectual heritage. Inspired by this need, the leadership of MRS recommended that a brief article be written for the MRS BULLETIN on reminiscences about Prof. Arthur von Hippel and his legacy of the interdisciplinary approach to materials research.
Fulminant Mycosis Fungoides with Tissue Eosinophilia: A Unique Presentation of Two Cases with Acro-Periorbital Ulceration and An Aggressive Clinical Course

We describe two unique cases of fulminant mycosis fungoides with remarkably similar and aggressive clinical courses resulting in death. Both cases demonstrated ulcerated palmar and periorbital plaques and marked tissue eosinophilia, which was confirmed by T-cell receptor γ chain gene rearrangement studies to display identical monoclonality at temporally and anatomically distinct sites. Dense eosinophilic infiltrates on biopsy led to misdiagnosis of inflammatory dermatoses in both instances. While mycosis fungoides may be challenging to diagnose histologically, the presence of eosinophils in progressive disease may herald a poor prognosis and should not exclude the diagnosis.
Wheat blast disease: danger on the move

Wheat blast is caused by the fungus Magnaporthe oryzae Triticum pathotype (MoT). The potential for wheat blast to cause widespread losses demands immediate action to understand and manage this explosive disease. The recent appearance of wheat blast in Bangladesh demonstrates the threat of global spread, which could occur via the movement of infected seed or grain. MoT mainly infects wheat heads, with symptoms closely resembling Fusarium head blight. To date, wheat blast is considered an intractable and dangerous disease and fungicides have shown limited efficacy. Disease management requires identification of new resistance sources and a complete understanding of MoT ecology and wheat blast epidemiology. Understanding the full potential for pathogen variability, including any role for sexual reproduction in the field, is critical. A small number of pathogen avirulence (AVR) genes block other host-adapted M. oryzae pathotypes from infecting wheat; so potential AVR gene mutations leading to new host jumps remain a threat. Indeed, some strains of the closely related Lolium pathotype, causing gray leaf spot of turf grasses, already infect wheat. This review provides the current status of wheat blast research and disease control strategies indicating similarities and differences to rice blast and gray leaf spot. Critical knowledge gaps are discussed.
Carbon Nanotubes, Nanofibers and Nanospikes for Electrochemical Sensing: A Review

The structural and material properties of carbon based sensors have spurred their use in biosensing applications. Carbon electrodes are advantageous for electrochemical sensors due to their increased electroactive surface areas, enhanced electron transfer, and increased adsorption of target molecules. The bonding properties of carbon allows it to form a variety of crystal structures. This paper performs a comparative review of carbon nanostructures for electrochemical sensing applications. The review specifically compares carbon nanotubes (CNT), carbon nanofibers (CNF), and carbon nanospikes (CNS). These carbon nanostructures possess defect sites and oxygen functional groups that aid in electron transfer and adsorption processes.
Posttraumatic growth moderates the effect of posttraumatic stress on quality of life in U.S. military veterans with life-threatening illness or injury.

• Facilitating PTG among U.S. Veterans who experienced life-threatening illness or injury can help to bolster quality of life of those individuals. This is of particular importance in those Veterans who, additionally, have experienced PTSD during their service.