cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Patients learning to read their doctors' notes: the importance of reminders.

Objective To examine whether patients invited to review their clinicians’ notes continue to access them and to assess the impact of reminders on whether patients continued to view notes. Materials and methods We followed OpenNotes trial participants for 2 years at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC) and Geisinger Health System (GHS). Electronic invitations alerting patients to signed notes stopped at GHS after year 1, creating a natural experiment to assess the impact of reminders. We used generalized linear models to measure whether notes were viewed within 30 days of availability. Results We identified 14 360 patients (49 271 visits); mean age 52.2; 57.8% female. In year 1, patients viewed 57.5% of their notes, and their interest in viewing notes persisted over time. In year 2, BIDMC patients viewed notes with similar frequency. In contrast, GHS patients viewed notes far less frequently, a change starting when invitations ceased (RR 0.29 [0.26–0.32]) and persisting to the end of the study (RR 0.20 [0.17–0.23]). A subanalysis of BIDMC patients revealed that black and other/multiracial patients also continued to view notes, although they were overall less likely to view notes compared with whites (RR 0.75 [0.67–0.83] and 0.93 [0.89–0.98], respectively). Discussion As millions of patients nationwide increasingly gain access to clinicians’ notes, explicit email invitations to review notes may be important for fostering patient engagement and patient-doctor communication. Conclusion Note viewing persists when accompanied by email alerts, but may decline substantially in their absence. Non-white patients at BIDMC viewed notes less frequently than whites, although their interest also persisted.
The economic value and sustainable harvest of plants and animals from the tropical forest: Assumptions, hypotheses, and methods

Recent studies of non-timber products from tropical rain forests have emphasized the economic value of these products and the sustainability of present harvests. Many of these studies rely upon a set of untested assumptions about the effects of harvesting upon the forest and the economic value of non-timber forest products in both the marketplace and in the daily life of rural people. These assumptions were formulated as a series of hypotheses during the workshop held in the Regional Community Forestry Training Center, Kesetsart University, Bangkok, in May 1992. The six hypotheses developed by workshop participants will be used to guide future research. As the hypotheses are tested, the data will be used to create a more realistic assessment of the sustainability and economic value of extraction of non-timber products from tropical forests.
Stimulus complexity in reminiscence therapy and scores on the Beck Depression Inventory of a small group of nursing-home residents

A pilot study of the efficacy of groups given single and multistimulus reminiscence therapy versus no treatment controls gave no significant effect in reducing depression in 12 nursing-home residents 68.5 yr. of age. However, the data indicate that effectiveness of treatment was likely attenuated by including participants with dementia.
Strangles and its complications

Summary Strangles, caused by the Gram-positive bacteria Streptococcus equi subspecies equi (S. equi), is a highly contagious upper respiratory infection in horses. The infection is transmitted by inhalation or direct contact with mucopurulent discharge from an infected animal, resulting in fever, depression, and submandibular and retropharyngeal lymph node enlargement that can lead to respiratory distress. Complications include secondary cellulitis at external abscessation sites, guttural pouch empyema and its persistence into the carrier state, purpura haemorrhagica, metastatic abscessation, emergency tracheostomies and rarely secondary S. equi pneumonia or myositis. Control of outbreaks requires strict isolation protocols and hygiene measures. Detection methods of the index case and carrier state are constantly being refined to assist in the identification and prevention of disease perpetuation.
Morphological changes in livers of rats fed polychlorinated biphenyls: light microscopy and ultrastructure.

Male and female Sherman strain rats were fed polychlorinated biphenyls Aroclor 1260 and Aroclor 1254 at 0, 20, 100, 500 and 1,000 ppm in their diet. Rats received the dietary levels for eight months. Light microscopic changes consisted of hypertrophy of the liver cells, inclusions in the cytoplasm, brown pigment in Kupffer cells, lipid accumulation, and, at the higher dietary levels, adenofibrosis. Ultrastructural changes of the livers of exposed animals consisted of an increase in smooth endoplasmic reticulum and atypical mitochondria. Lipid vacuoles were occasionally surrounded by concentric membranes. The epithelial component of adenofibrosis consisted of goblet cells and cells that resembled the epithelium which lines the bile ducts. In general, the effect of Aroclor 1254 on the liver was more pronounced than that of Aroclor 1260.
Pulmonary lesions induced by chronic exposure to ozone. I. Biochemical alterations.

The effect of prolonged and repeated exposure of mice to low levels of ozone was studied during a 120-day period. During this time, severe alterations were observed in the synthesis of lung DNA (decreased), RNA (decreased), and protein (increased). Parallel studies involving key enzymes (glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, lactic dehydrogenase, and alkaline phosphatase) correlated with the aforementioned synthesis suggested that the effects of ozone, later demonstrable in the appearance of lung abnormalities, are first preceded by biochemical changes, all of which are related to cell injury.
History of the nuclear stockpile

New details of the largely secret history of nuclear warhead production reveal that an astounding array of weapons has been created for every conceivable purpose by a gigantic, self-perpetuating system.
Broadband on-chip near-infrared spectroscopy based on a plasmonic grating filter array.

We demonstrate an ultra-compact, broadband on-chip near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy system based on a narrow-band plasmonic filter array. The entire filter array, consisting of 28 individual subwavelength metallic gratings, was monolithically integrated in a thin gold film on a quartz substrate, covering a 270 nm spectra from 1510 nm to 1780 nm. In order to achieve a high spectral resolution, extremely narrow slits are created for the gratings with a polymer waveguide layer on top, generating narrow-band guided-mode resonances through coupling with the surface-plasmon resonances of the metallic gratings. Experimental results show that the transmission bands of the filter array have full width at half-maximum of only 7 nm–13 nm, which is sufficient for NIR spectroscopy. The NIR absorption spectroscopy of xylene using the on-chip plasmonic filter array matches very well with the results from conventional Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, which proves the great potential for NIR sensing applications.
Trends in the Utilization of Total Wrist Arthroplasty versus Wrist Fusion for Treatment of Advanced Wrist Arthritis.

Background Total wrist arthroplasty (TWA) provides the requisite range of motion to accomplish activities of daily living, especially for low-demand patients with bilateral wrist arthritis. However, there are no large epidemiologic studies to evaluate nationwide trends of TWA and wrist fusion (WF). Questions/Purposes To analyze data collected from the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) to compare utilization, demographic, and outcome data among patients undergoing TWA versus total WF. We hypothesized that utilization rates of TWA have significantly increased over the prior decade in the United States. Methods NIS data from 2001 to 2010 were reviewed. Procedures were identified by ICD-9-CM codes 81.73 (TWA) and 81.25 (WF). Utilization rates, primary treatment diagnoses, patient demographic and medical comorbidity data, and procedure costs were compared between TWA and WF. Results There was a decrease in the number of procedures per year for TWA, while the number of WF remained relatively unchanged. There was, however, a transient increase in the frequency of TWA procedures performed from 2005 to 2008, following a decline in 2005. Patients with traumatic arthritis were more likely to receive WF. Rheumatoid patients were more likely to receive TWA. Patients receiving TWA tended to be older, female, be insured by Medicare, have a greater comorbidity burden, and have rheumatologic disease. Conclusion WF was performed nearly four times more frequently than TWA. A trend was demonstrated toward a decreasing number of TWA being implanted, and in patients with more underlying comorbidities. TWA was associated with a higher hospitalization charge, which may be expected given the higher implant costs associated with arthroplasty. Level of Evidence Level II, prognostic study.
Forensic Ancestry Assessment Using Cranial Nonmetric Traits Traditionally Applied to Biological Distance Studies

Abstract In the bioarchaeological literature cranial nonmetric trait data have consistently been used to reveal patterns of biological affinity in regional populations. They have proven especially useful for assemblages with poor preservation where craniometric analyses are impossible. A natural extension of this work is the development of ancestry classification models for forensic applications. This study addressed the hypothesis that models using cranial nonmetric trait data would effectively classify an unknown individual by ancestral group. Data were collected from 200 crania of African and European ancestry from the Robert J. Terry Collection. Multiple datasets were evaluated using decision tree, random forest, and support vector machine methods. The classification models failed to sort individuals into ancestral groups to the level of accuracy required for forensic application. These results indicate that this class of data is not useful for comparing populations without a recent common ancestry.
Urinary Enzymes and Calcium Oxalate Urolithiasis

Male Sprague-Dawley rats were challenged with various hyperoxaluric agents including ammonium oxalate, hydroxy-L-proline, and ethylene glycol. All treatments resulted in increased urinary oxalate. Associated with hyperoxaluria was an increase in urinary levels of renal enzymes, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase, and alkaline phosphatase. Most of the rats did not demonstrate any significant change in urinary levels of beta-galactosidase. There was a highly significant positive correlation between urinary oxalate and N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase.
Verfestigung/Stabilisierung von Schadstoffbelasteten Böden — ein Überblick

Stabilisierungs-/Verfestigungsverfahren zur Immobilisierung von gefahrlichem Sondermull werden seit etwa 15 Jahren angewendet. Diese Verfahren werden nun zur Immobilisierung von Schadstoffen in belasteten Boden benutzt. Diese Abhandlung gibt einen Uberblick uber das Thema. Sie gibt Beschreibungen der angewendeten Methoden, der zugrundeliegenden Regelungen, der Arten von Abfallstoffen, fur die diese Methoden anwendbar sind, der Prinzipien der Immobilisierung, der Auslaugmechanismen und der verfugbaren Prufmethoden fur den erreichten Grad der Immobilisierung
Privilege or procedure

Existing information security literature does not account for an employee's status (hierarchical relationship (rank order) among employees) within the organizational chain of command when theorizing about his/her information security policy compliance behaviors and behavioral intentions. We argue that this is a potentially important theoretical gap specifically concerning socially interactive threats and controls within hierarchical organizations, because an individual's status within these types of social structures impacts his/her capacity to control another person's resources, behaviors, and outcomes. In this paper, we investigate the main and moderating effect of an employee's status within the organizational hierarchy on an individual's perceived behavioral control related to interactive security threats and controls, specifically tailgating (i.e., the act of gaining access to a restricted area by following someone who has legitimate access). In a survey of Department of Defense employees, we find that the effect of status on perceived behavioral control over tailgating behaviors is positive for employees who report average and above average levels of controllability of coworkers but negative for employees who report below average levels of controllability of coworkers. Our paper has both theoretical and practical value for socially interactive security behaviors within hierarchical organizations with respected levels of command and control.
Acute encephalopathy in a 2-year-old pot-bellied pig following accidental intoxication with clonazepam.

Objective To describe a case of successful management of clonazepam toxicity causing encephalopathy in a pot-bellied pig. Case Summary A 2-year-old female pot-bellied pig weighing 13.5 kg was presented for evaluation of clinical signs of acute encephalopathy. Based on the animal's history and clinical signs, a tentative diagnosis of benzodiazepine (BZP) intoxication was made. The results of a urinary drug screening test designed to detect illicit substances in human urine indicated benzodiazepine exposure. Gas chromatography and mass spectrometry analysis later confirmed clonazepam (urinary concentration 496 ng/mL) as the intoxicating substance. The pig responded favorably to treatment which included administration of flumazenil, decontamination with enteral activated charcoal, and intravenous isotonic crystalloid administration. The pig had a rapid improvement in mentation 10 minutes following IV flumazenil administration and was considered mentally appropriate following 24 hours of hospitalization. The pig was discharged from the hospital after 48 hours of care, and was reported to be doing well 6 months later. New Information Provided Intoxication with prescription benzodiazepines can occur in companion animals and result in clinical signs of acute encephalopathy. Urinary drug screening tests designed for human use may provide rapid results to indicate drug intoxication and guide therapeutic intervention in veterinary species. Administration of flumazenil resulted in a rapid improvement in mentation following clonazepam intoxication in a pot-bellied pig.
Bone Morphogenetic Protein Signaling in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension

A wealth of evidence from human genetics, developmental and cell biology, and translational science has implicated members of the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β ) signaling family in the pathogenesis of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). The discovery of loss-of-function germline mutations in BMPR2 and in functionally related BMP/TGF-β signal transduction molecules as causes of heritable PAH and several overlapping congenital vascular syndromes has catalyzed work to elucidate how BMP signals critically regulate vascular development, vascular homeostasis, inflammation, metabolism and pathogenic remodeling. This work in vascular biology and experimental medicine has in turn led to a more nuanced understanding by which the structurally diverse family of BMP ligands and receptors achieve their tissue-specific and context-dependent functions. Recently this work has shed light on promising new strategies by which dysregulated BMP/TGF-β might be modulated for therapeutic benefit in PAH and related conditions.
Securing our children's future: New approaches to juvenile justice and youth violence

Some time ago, I represented a thirteen-year-old boy charged with murder. I represented him in an unsuccessful effort to keep his case in juvenile court. I was his lawyer in criminal court. He was convicted and sentenced to a long prison term. This boy was identified in the popular press as one of the dangerous "super-predators" plaguing our inner-cities. Our investigation of the case revealed that the murder with which our client was charged was ordered by the higher-ups in a gang. Our investigation also revealed the names of those gang leaders. That information was shared with the prosecution, but it was clear that prosecutors and police already knew, as did local community members, who was ultimately responsible. This wasn't a "juvenile" or a "super-predator" case, it was a case in which an entire community was being intimidated by a gang. Had some of the strategies described in Securing Our Children's Future: New Approaches to Juvenile Justice and Youth Violence been in place at the time my young client was arrested, the older gang members might have been discouraged or prevented from terrorizing their community through violence and the threat of violence. A murder might have been avoided, and a young person might not have had his best years taken from him as the result of a long period of incarceration.
Abstract 446: Differential effects of folate depletion on metabolic reprogramming and oxidative stress in nonmetastatic and metastatic claudin-low breast cancer cells

Folate coenzymes play an important role in biosynthesis and methylation reactions. Aberrant folate metabolism has been implicated in the development of several cancer types, though mechanisms underlying folate metabolism and cancer development remain unclear. We previously showed that a folate-restricted diet can exert differential effects on metastatic versus nonmetastatic murine claudin-low breast cancer cells in vivo. Specifically, folate restriction increased growth and invasion of orthotopically transplanted M-Wnt (nonmetastatic) tumor cells, but decreased growth and lung metastases of transplanted metM-Wnt cells, a metastatic subclone of M-Wnt cells. The current study set out to explore the underlying mechanism. To examine the effect of long-term folate depletion (LFD) on M-Wnt and metM-Wnt cell metabolism, oxidative stress and autophagic flux in vitro, the two cell lines were grown in standard and folate-depleted media for 14 days. metM-Wnt cells showed higher oxidative stress, as measured by ROS staining and Nrf2 expression, and phosphorylation of the key nutrient sensor, AMPK, compared to M-Wnt cells when grown in standard growth medium. LFD M-Wnt cells showed an increased dependence on glycolysis compared to those cultured in standard medium. Both M-Wnt and metM-Wnt cells displayed a high autophagy level in LFD, measured by LC3B cleavage, and AMPK phosphorylation. However, LFD metM-Wnt cells showed low viability, increased apoptosis and loss of redox defense, as measured by cleaved-caspase 3 and Nrf2 expressions. These results suggest that non-metastatic M-Wnt cells undergo metabolic reprogramming, including a shift from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis that may fuel cell growth and proliferation. Further, an elevated autophagic flux may mitigate nutrient stress induced by folate depletion, which allows them to withstand LFD and which may contribute to a more invasive primary tumor in response to folate restriction. In contrast, metM-Wnt cells are unable to undergo this metabolic adaptation, and display increased oxidative stress and cell death in response to LFD, preventing the development of metastatic lesions in vitro. This study highlights different responses of primary and metastatic breast cancer cells to folate depletion. The results provide additional rationale for targeting folate metabolism as a potential strategy for treating metastatic breast cancer. Citation Format: Xuewen Chen, Ciara H. O9Flanagan, Stephen D. Hursting. Differential effects of folate depletion on metabolic reprogramming and oxidative stress in nonmetastatic and metastatic claudin-low breast cancer cells [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 446. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-446
MEASURING SOCIAL MEDIA ACTIVE LEVEL (SMACTIVE) AND ENGAGEMENT LEVEL (SMENGAGE) AMONG PROFESSIONALS IN HIGHER EDUCATION

Introduction: Social media (SM) has gained rapid adoption and provided new opportunities for communication. This study pilot tested a suite of SM use indexes to better measure and quantify the active and engagement levels for improved teaching and learning. An online survey was administered to an adult sample in higher education settings (n=372). Four major SM platforms were examined: Facebook, LinkedIn, Twitter, and YouTube. Six SM indexes were developed, with three assessing how active a person is in using SM, one measuring the likelihood of SM adoption, and two measuring engagement levels. The results demonstrated satisfactory internal consistencies. All indexes showed positive and clear linear correlations with participants’ view towards SM, demonstrating strong (criterion) validity (all p<.001). The findings also showed strong scale discriminant validities between early versus late adopters. This study provides a validated measurement tool to better describe how people have used SM and quantifies SM active and engagement levels. Keywords: Social Media, Engagement, Measurement Validation, Higher Education To cite this document: Su-I Hou, "MEASURING SOCIAL MEDIA ACTIVE LEVEL (SMACTIVE) AND ENGAGEMENT LEVEL (SMENGAGE) AMONG PROFESSIONALS IN HIGHER EDUCATION", International Journal of Cyber Society and Education, Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 1-16, 2017. Permanent link to this document: http://dx.doi.org/10.7903/ijcse.1520
Postcranial diversity and recent ecomorphic impoverishment of North American gray wolves

Recent advances in genomics and palaeontology have begun to unravel the complex evolutionary history of the gray wolf, Canis lupus . Still, much of their phenotypic variation across time and space remains to be documented. We examined the limb morphology of the fossil and modern North American gray wolves from the late Quaternary ( ca 70 ka) to better understand their postcranial diversity through time. We found that the late-Pleistocene gray wolves were characterized by short-leggedness on both sides of the Cordilleran–Laurentide ice sheets, and that this trait survived well into the Holocene despite the collapse of Pleistocene megafauna and disappearance of the ‘Beringian wolf9 from Alaska. By contrast, extant populations in the Midwestern USA and northwestern North America are distinguished by their elongate limbs with long distal segments, which appear to have evolved during the Holocene possibly in response to a new level or type of prey depletion. One of the consequences of recent extirpation of the Plains ( Canis lupus nubilus ) and Mexican wolves ( C. l. baileyi ) from much of the USA is an unprecedented loss of postcranial diversity through removal of short-legged forms. Conservation of these wolves is thus critical to restoration of the ecophenotypic diversity and evolutionary potential of gray wolves in North America.
Relaxin and porcine uterine growth and remodeling

Uterine growth is the result of mitogenic activity of uterine cells, as well as remodeling of the connective tissue framework of the uterus, to facilitate uterine expansion. The stimulation of uterine growth during pregnancy is critical to accommodate growing fetuses. Among the causes of early embryo loss is competition for limited maternal resources, due to insufficient uterine accommodation, which reduces uterine capacity. Relaxin stimulates uterine growth and remodeling in prepubertal [1], pregnant [2] and ovariectomized, steroid-treated animals [3]. While the uterotropic effects of relaxin have been documented, the mechanism of relaxin action in promoting uterine growth is less clear. In our laboratory we are studying the ability of relaxin to stimulate uterine growth, independently of estradiol, using an in vivo, prepubertal gilt model in which the uterotropic actions of relaxin were first reported by Hall et al. [1]. Studies from our laboratory indicate that relaxin interacts with the IGF-I system in promoting uterine growth [4]. In addition, our working hypothesis is that relaxin acts as a growth factor in the uterus by increasing expression of elements that enhance remodeling and cell communication such as connective tissue proteases, connexin gap junction proteins and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF).
Systems and Models in Urban Design - A Tutorial Overview

A framework for large-scale system analysis is presented. Within this framework various concepts of system modeling are examined, and a philosophy of system analysis and system modeling is discussed. Next, urban form is defined, and the relationship between urban form and urban function is outlined. Several areas of urban modeling are reviewed. A possible scheme for investigating the interaction of energy and urban form is developed. Finally, an example analysis of urban form is conducted, and the effects of introducing energy conservation into the analysis are analyzed. Institute participants are invited to participate in the analysis.
Physician Choice of Hypothyroidism Therapy: Influence of Patient Characteristics.

Background: Most endocrinologists encounter patients who are dissatisfied with their current hypothyroidism therapy and request combination therapy with either liothyronine (LT3) or thyroid extract...
Effects of cocaine on the discriminative stimulus and reinforcing effects of mephedrone in male rats.

Abuse of cathinones has been a worldwide health concern for some time. Their chemical structures and wide variation in pharmacodynamic effects have led to clinical and preclinical effects that can be both similar to and different from other psychoactive substances such as methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), methamphetamine, and cocaine. The present study examined the discriminative stimulus and reinforcing effects of mephedrone to further characterize the behavioral and pharmacological profile of this first-generation substituted methcathinone. Rats were trained to discriminate mephedrone (3.2 mg/kg) from saline under a fixed-ratio 20 (FR-20) schedule of food presentation. After establishing dose-effect curves for increasing cumulative doses of mephedrone, substitution tests were conducted with bupropion (5.6–32 mg/kg), cocaine (1.8–18 mg/kg), morphine (0.56–10 mg/kg), and amitriptyline (3.2–32 mg/kg). In addition, cocaine (3.2–18 mg/kg) and the serotonin type-2 (5-HT2) receptor antagonist ritanserin (1, 3.2, and 10 mg/kg) were administered prior to the cumulative doses of mephedrone. Lastly, varying infusion doses of cocaine were substituted for mephedrone in subjects trained to self-administer mephedrone, and varying infusion doses of mephedrone were substituted for cocaine in subjects trained to self-administer cocaine to assess the importance of drug history on the reinforcing effects of mephedrone. Of the drugs tested, cocaine had the highest level of mephedrone-lever responding when administered alone (73.5%). In combination with mephedrone, cocaine shifted the mephedrone dose-effect curve upwards in an infra-additive manner. Ritanserin had a small, but non-significant, effect on mephedrone’s discriminative stimulus effects. An extensive history (baseline) of cocaine self-administration increased mephedrone self-administration compared to that obtained in mephedrone-trained subjects, whereas a baseline of mephedrone self-administration decreased cocaine self-administration compared to that obtained in cocaine-trained subjects. The similarity between the discriminative stimulus effects of cocaine and mephedrone in male rats suggests an important overlap and the relative importance of the dopamine (DAT) and serotonin (SERT) transporters. The self-administration data suggest that mephedrone is less reinforcing than cocaine, but that a history of responding for cocaine can increase the reinforcing effects of mephedrone.
Kröner method for thermal or electrical conductivity of polycrystals and other aggregates of anisotropic particles

Abstract We reformulated the self-consistent Kroner scheme to calculate thermal conductivities of aggregates of anisotropic particles, including polycrystals. The only assumption of this scheme is that all the particles have the same shape and, therefore, the average temperature gradient in a particle coincides with the remotely applied. We specified the expression for overall conductivity for different cases of particles shape and orientation distributions. The accuracy of the approach is verified on experimental and computational data available in literature.
GPCRs in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

Abstract Current standard therapies for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) include surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, but therapeutic outcomes remain poor. Targeted therapies have been developed by taking advantage of the aberrant EGFR signaling cascade in HNSCC. These include monoclonal antibodies, such as cetuximab, which target EGFR. However, cetuximab has shown only moderate efficacy in the clinic. Since aberrant GPCR activity has been linked to some of the most prevalent human diseases, including many cancers, they represent promising candidates to target in HNSCC. Here, we present a comprehensive analysis of mutations, differential gene expression, and copy number variations of GPCRs in HNSCC, and also highlight emerging functional impacts of GPCRs in lymph node metastasis, angiogenesis, tumor-promoting oncocrine signaling networks, including EGFR transactivation, and immune evasion.
The need for abstraction in phonology: A commentary on Ambridge (2020):

In this commentary, I discuss why, despite the existence of gradience in phonetics and phonology, there is still a need for abstract representations. Most proponents of exemplar models assume multi...
Electrocardiographic Diagnosis of Myocardial Infarction During Ventricular Pacing

The diagnosis of myocardial infarction during ventricular pacing can be made in a substantial number of patients, mostly by applying the diagnostic criteria that are useful in the presence of complete left bundle branch block. There are, however, important exceptions to this general rule during ventricular pacing, and normal depolarization patterns must be recognized to avoid the erroneous diagnosis of myocardial infarction.
Efficacy of a Nasogastric Tube Educational Intervention for Nursing Staff.

AimWe performed a single-center teaching intervention with nursing providers on nasogastric tube (NG tube) clinical practice. The initial purpose of this study was the validation of whether the tra...
Feather Boas, Black Hoodies, and John Deere Hats: Discussions of Diversity in K-12 and Higher Education

According to the 2010 Census, it is reported that White individuals made up 60.1% of the United States’ population, yielding a population of nearly 40% of individuals from various other races. Given the diverse nature of the U.S., culturally responsive practices and learning modules are imperative to the health and growth of our nation. Joseph R. Jones’ metaphorically titled book Feather Boas, Black Hoodies, and John Deere Hats: Discussions of Diversity in K- 12 and Higher Education speaks to inequities experienced by those entrenched in the fate of “other-ism” by the lack of inclusivity in such a way that galvanizes the reader to relate and reflect on their own experience enough to want to have a conversation.
The Role of IL-13, IL-15 and Granulysin in the Pathogenesis of Stevens-Johnson Syndrome/Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis:

Stevens-Johnson Syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) are Severe Cutaneous Adverse Reactions (SCARS) characterized by fever and mucocutaneous lesions leading to necrosis and sloughing of the epidermis. Conjunctival lesions are reported in 85% of patients. The pathogenesis of SJS/TEN/SCARS is not completely understood. It is hypothesized that IL-13, IL-15 and Granulysin expressed in plasma and skin may play a role. We measured the circulating levels of these cytokines in the plasma using ELISA and their expression in the skin using immunofluorescence microscopy. A total of 12 SJS/TEN skin biopsy samples (8 SJS, 2 SJS/TEN overlap and 2 TEN) were analyzed. Biopsy samples from patients with Lichen Planus (an inflammatory condition of the skin and mucous membranes) served as controls. Studies were also performed in human corneal epithelial cells where expression of these cytokines were measured following a challenge with TNF-α (0, 1, 10 and 100 ng/ml). The intensity of immunofluorescence was measured Using Imaris® software. The results showed significantly increased expression of these cytokines in the skin biopsy samples as measured by the average intensities of IL-13 (6.1 x 133.0 ± 4.231 x 10^8), and Granulysin (4.2 x 123.0 ± 4.231 x 10^8) compared to Lichen planus control (3.0 x 123.0 ±1.62 x 10^5). Increased expression of IL-13 and IL-15 were noted in cell culture studies and in the plasma samples when compared to Normal Human Plasma as controls. It is concluded that IL-13, IL-15 and Granulysin play a role in the pathogenesis of SJS/TEN.
Thermal Analysis of the Solidification Behavior of AA7075 Containing Nanoparticles

The use of high strength, lightweight aluminum alloys in high-tech applications such as aerospace, as well as in the emerging field of electric vehicles, is an integral part of our society’s push towards high energy efficiency. However, solidification processing of such alloys, especially fusion welding and additive manufacturing, remains challenging due to solute segregations and, ultimately, solidification cracking. Recently the use of refractory nanoparticles in hot crack susceptible aluminum alloys showed great potential to mitigate cracking during solidification. This work investigates the solidification mechanisms for aluminum alloy (AA) 7075 treated with a low volume fraction nanoparticles. Using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), we showed a significant deviation in the solidification behavior of nano-treated alloys from their commercial counterparts and found evidence of the underlying mechanisms in the microstructure of the material.
Abstract 231: Hydrogen Sulfide Promotes Macrophage Polarization to Reduce Renal Inflammation in Angiotensin-II Induced Hypertension

Ageing is associated with structural and functional changes in the kidney and the presence of hypertension in this population further contributes to renal complications leading to renovascular sclerosis. Emerging evidence suggests that hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) pathway participates in the pathogenesis of hypertension. Furthermore, chronic inflammation is known to play a critical role in ageing and development of hypertension. In this study, we hypothesized that angiotensin-II (Ang-II)-induced hypertension causes renal fibrosis by sustained activation of pro-inflammatory M1 macrophage promoting the release of inflammatory cytokines and treatment with H 2 S attenuates renal injury and fibrosis by promoting alternate activation of anti-inflammatory M2 macrophage. C57BL/6J (wild type, WT) mice, aged 18 months, were infused with Ang-II (1000ng/Kg/min) or saline using osmotic pumps for 4 weeks and treated without or with H 2 S in drinking water (30μM/L). Animal groups were 1) Saline, 2) Saline + H 2 S, 3) Ang-II, 4) Ang-II + H 2 S. Blood pressure was measured weekly and renal ultrasound was done to measure hemodynamic parameters. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure was increased in mice receiving Ang-II (160.73 ± 4.5 and 129.10 ± 4.9 respectively) and treatment with H 2 S showed significant reduction (134.5 ± 4.8 and 101.1 ± 4.5 respectively). Ultrasound revealed increased renal artery and intra-renal cortical artery resistive index in Ang-II mice (0.73 ± 0.03) which was significantly decreased following H2S treatment (0.61 ± 0.2). Ang-II increased the protein expression and mRNA levels of pro-inflammatory M1 macrophage marker, CD40, and TNF-α and MCP-1, whereas, H2S treatment increased the expression of anti-inflammatory M2 macrophage marker, CD206, and IL-10. Fluorescent probe H2DCF-DA showed increased intracellular reactive oxygen species with Ang-II treatment which was abrogated with H2S treatment. Our data suggests that H 2 S treatment in Ang-II-induced hypertension attenuates inflammation and hypertension by reducing classical activation of inflammatory M1 macrophage and promotes alternate activation of anti-inflammatory M2 macrophage.
Reading x-rays.

Mata and Rosengart1 believe that interobserver variability in interpreting radiographs may play a part in the disparate incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) reported from various centers. Underlying their contention is the implication that the diagnosis of NEC rests upon abnormal radiographic findings. I do not dispute their observations, but let us examine the underlying premise. Leonidas et al2 and Daneman et al3 analyzed the radiographic signs of NEC. Both groups found bowel dilation to correlate well with severity of the disease, but dilation is a highly subjective sign and is entirely nonspecific.4
VLM Stars toward the Barnard 5 Molecular Cloud

The faint end of the LF is poorly known for stars with masses below 0.3 M ⊙. Concerns regarding the behavior of the low end of the LF continue to centre on issues of selection bias, poor statistics, and completeness. Our research program addresses these issues. It consists of a study of the field star LF down to very faint limiting magnitudes and is dominated by stars located in regions considerably beyond the Solar vicinity. The program uses nearby dark molecular clouds as distance-limiting opaque screens to study the LF. Very deep surveys for intrinsically faint stars are usually confounded by the presence of more luminous, distant stars of similar colors. The screen technique for the most part avoids this difficulty, accurately confining the sample of foreground stars and minimizing the confusion caused by background cool giants. The background objects chosen for survey are the extended, heavily obscured Taurus, ρ Oph and Barnard 5 (B5) molecular clouds. The observations thus far have consisted of deep ccD multicolor (VRI) photometry of the three regions. Preliminary results indicate a total number of stars within the volumes limited by the clouds that significantly exceeds the sum predicted using a Wielen luminosity function. The excess appears to be dominated by very faint, low mass stars, suggesting that the LF begins to rise after the sharp fall-off seen in all luminosity function surveys. In this paper we present the B5 results.
The Pannonian Palaeoecology and Biostratigraphy of Molluscs from Kostanjek - Medvednica Mt., Croatia

On the south-western slope of Medvednica Mt., an 83 m thick geological column Kostanjek-1, composed of strata representing the Sarmatian and Pannonian stages, was investigated in detail. Facies analysis allowed separation of five lithofacies units (A, AB, B, C and D) and the sedimentary mechanisms for particular successions were defined. A rich community of fossil molluscs (50 species) and ostracods (42 species) was sampled and determined. From these fossil determinations, the sediment age was defined, and biofacies analysis allowed the determination of three basic palaeobiocenosis types: 1) a community from Sarmatian brackish lagoons, 2) a community from an Early Pannonian littoral lake, and 3) a lake basin community in the Late Pannonian. The main “record” of the salinity crisis (drop) at the Sarmatian-Pannonian boundary influences in a selective way the majority of organisms, and is shown best in the evolutionary form changes of cardid bivalves, for which phylogenetic series were made. On the basis of dominant and characteristic forms in the entire association of Pannonian molluscs five biozones were separated: I) Lymno cardium praeponticum acrozone, II) Radix croatica - L y m n o c a r d i u m plicataeformis - Gyraulus praeponticus cenozone, III) Neodelminiella venusta - Lymnocardium cekusi cenozone, IV) Congeria banatica Lymnocardium gorjanovici - Gyraulus tenuistriatus cenozone and V) Congeria czjzeki - Lymnocardium winkleri - Gyraulus tenuistriatus cenozone. Many ostracod forms supply and test the stratigraphic value of molluscs and support zonality of Pannonian layers.
Beta-lactam versus beta- lactam/macrolide therapy in pediatric outpatient pneumonia.

Objective The objective was to evaluate the comparative effectiveness of beta-lactam monotherapy and beta- lactam/macrolide combination therapy in the outpatient management of children with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). Methods This retrospective cohort study included children, ages 1-18 years, with CAP diagnosed between January 1, 2008 and January 31, 2010 during outpatient management in the Geisinger Health System. The primary exposure was receipt of beta-lactam monotherapy or beta-lactam/macrolide combination therapy. The primary outcome was treatment failure, defined as a follow-up visit within 14 days of diagnosis resulting in a change in antibiotic therapy. Logistic regression within a propensity score- restricted cohort was used to estimate the likelihood of treatment failure. Results Of 717 children in the analytical cohort, 570 (79.4%) received beta-lactam monotherapy and 147 (20.1%) received combination therapy. Of those who received combination therapy 58.2% of children were under 6 years of age. Treatment failure occurred in 55 (7.7%) children, including in 8.1% of monotherapy recipients, and 6.1% of combination therapy recipients. Treatment failure rates were highest in children 6-18 years receiving monotherapy (12.9%) and lowest in children 6-18 years receiving combination therapy (4.0%). Children 6-18 years of age who received combination therapy were less likely to fail treatment than those who received beta-lactam monotherapy (propensity-adjusted odds ratio, 0.51; 95% confidence interval, 0.28, 0.95). Conclusion Children 6-18 years of age who received beta- lactam/macrolide combination therapy for CAP in the outpatient setting had lower odds of treatment failure compared with those who received beta-lactam monotherapy.
Stress, Symptom Proneness, and General Adaptational Distress During Pregnancy

Symptom proneness (SP), the 20 psychiatric items of the Cornell Medical Index, here called the Cornell Psychiatric Items (CPI), and a test developed partially from the Schedule of Recent Experiences called the Utah Stress Scales (STRESS) were used to predict general adaptational distress (GAD) symptoms during pregnancy on a sample of 1306 primigravidas. The causal model explored in seven path analyses developed for months 3-9 of pregnancy is that SP and STRESS affect CPI, and that SP, STRESS, and CPI directly affect GAD symptoms. Results suggest that CPI is most predictive of GAD symptoms until the ninth month when SP and STRESS become more predictive. It is suggested that GAD pregnancy symptoms are affected by situational stress, symptom proneness, and level of psychological upset and that this system of relations changes over the course of pregnancy. This information should have important implications for anticipating potential problems and improving the quality of nursing care of pregnant women.
Charge Performance of a Commercial Nickel Metal Hydride Traction Battery System

We have investigated the charge performance of a commercially available 85Ah nickel metal hydride (Ni-MH) battery system. Each of the Ni-MH battery modules contains 11 prismatic cells designed for electrical vehicle traction applications. This work focused on understanding the operating mechanism of the charging process and the influence of different constant current charge regimes, with rates ranging from C/8 to 1C, on the charge performance. We found that the cell voltage profile was dominated by the potential change of the nickel electrode in the charge regime. At C/4 (20 A), which is commonly used in the charge algorithm, the modules can be effectively and fully recharged with a low degree of overcharge of 1-2%, When being charged at C/2 (40 A) with a proper control of the cell pressure (at a pressure lid of 6.8 atm or 100 psi), the modules can be recharged with a high efficiency to 93% state-of-charge (SOC). In this case we found that the oxygen evolution accelerated after reaching 70% SOC, and an O 2 -oxidizing recombination mechanism was present, based on the observation of the potential variation of the metal hydride electrode. When the modules were charged at I C rate, we found that, in addition to the oxygen evolution/recombination cycle, another H 2 -reducing recombination mechanism was present and was related to the occurrence of -ΔV in the final stage of the charge regime. The presence of the -ΔV resulted in a noticeable capacity loss at high charge rates. Interestingly, most of the capacity loss can be recovered after several recovering cycles operating at a very low rate (e.g., C/8). We attribute this temporary loss of reversible capacity (rechargeability) to severe hydrogen gassing during the high rate charge at the metal hydride electrode and the associated reversed oxidation via the H 2 -reducing recombination on the nickel electrode, This phenomenon subsequently resulted in a significant temperature rise in the cell, causing localized dryout, and a capacity mismatch between the two electrodes.
Cycloaddition of Phosphaalkynes to High-Oxidation-State Metal Alkylidenes: Synthesis and Characterization of a Unique Phosphametallacyclobutene via an Alkoxide Ligand Shift

The phosphametallacycle 3, [ArN][RO]MoC(t-Bu)P(OR)C(H)(t-Bu) (Ar = 2,6-(i-Pr)2-C6H3, R = CMe(CF3)2), is formed from the cycloaddition of tert-butylphosphaacetylene to the high-oxidation-state molybdenum alkylidene [ArN][RO]2MoC(H)(t-Bu), accompanied by an alkoxide metal-to-ligand shift. The 1-phospha-3-molybdacyclobut-2-ene has been characterized by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy and its molecular structure determined by X-ray crystallographic analysis.
Recommended Components of Health Care Provider Training Programs on Intimate Partner Violence

Programs that are effective in training health care providers to recognize and meet the needs of victims of intimate partner violence must be identified and replicated. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has developed criteria for use in developing, enhancing, and evaluating such programs. CDC developed these criteria as a result of continuing efforts to provide useful products for constituents through literature reviews and consultations with experts in the field; evaluations of training programs; creation of an inventory and annotated bibliography of health care provider training programs in the United States and Canada; and development of a framework to assist hospitals and health centers in evaluating their training programs. Training should begin while providers are in professional school and continue in the health care setting. Curricula should be multidisciplinary and should provide information, promote clinical skills, and effectively link providers with resources. Evaluation should assist programs in determining providers' needs and identifying appropriate materials, trainers, and training strategies. CDC is working to establish scientific evidence that provider training programs are effective and to share successful models with others. Providers have an important role in stopping and ultimately preventing intimate partner violence, but they are not alone in this effort. They need to know how to access the growing network of assistance including women's advocates, the criminal justice system, and other members of increasingly dynamic community coalitions.
A Survey of Congenitally Missing Permanent Teeth

Among 14,940 Evanston and Oak Park, Illinois, white and Negro students 11 to 15 years of age, there were 521 children in whom permanent teeth were congenitally missing. The incidence, frequency, and combinations of congenitally missing teeth were studied. An overall incidence of 3.49 was found. The upper lateral incisor was most frequently missing and was the tooth most often involved in the different combinations of congenitally missing teeth.