cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A numerical study of wedge-induced detonations

The structure of detonations generated by the flow of a combustible mixture over a wedge is examined numerically. A recently designed, unsplit algorithm which integrates the convective and reaction source terms simultaneously, is employed for the simulations. The chemical kinetics is assumed to follow a simple one-step Arrhenius law. Two different geometrical configurations are considered. In the first one, the wedge is assumed to be long enough so that its top corner can not affect the structure of the reaction zone. In the second one, the wedge is short so that this corner can influence the reaction zone. It is observed that for moderate wedge angles the leading shock curves smoothly until it reaches a final angle. A stable detonation and a steady flow-field is established near the wedge. For higher wedge angles, an explosion occurs at the leading shock and the detonation becomes unstable. Grid-convergence studies for both stable and unstable detonations are presented and comparisons with earlier results are made.
Detection of the rate of exchange of chains between micelles formed by diblock copolymers in aqueous solution

A fluorescence method is described for the measurement of the rate of exchange of chains between micelles formed by diblock copolymers in aqueous solution. The method requires two samples of the diblock copolymer. One sample is labelled with a Forster donor, the other sample is labelled with a Forster acceptor. Successful application of the method is demonstrated with diblock copolymers composed of polystyrene and poly(ethylene oxide). The donor and acceptor are naphthalene and pyrene, respectively. The label is covalently attached to the copolymers at the junction points between the two blocks. Solutions with micelles are formed independently by the two labelled samples. At the time of mixing of the two solutions, no micelle contains both a donor and an acceptor. Micelles containing both types of labels may be formed at later times as a consequence of the exchange of labelled chains. The efficiency of nonradiative singlet energy transfer from naphthalene to pyrene is measured as a function of time after mixing of the two solutions. At 60° C the rate constant deduced from the time dependence of the fluorescence is on the order 10-5 s-1. At ambient temperature, however, no exchange can be detected, presumably because of the difficulty in extraction of a polystyrene block from the glassy core.
The calibration of treatment effects from clinical trials to target populations

Standard practice teaches that randomized clinical trials should be preferred to observational studies if the aim is to obtain unbiased estimates of efficacy. It is often acknowledged that treatment efficacy might differ in the general population than in the clinical trial, but the source of those differences is often poorly understood or not regarded as important. Substantive differences between RCT and observational study results are typically ascribed to confounding of the latter. Recent literature [1,2] suggests that differences between the results seen in an RCT and in an observational study can be larger than expected not because of confounding, but because of differences between their respective patient populations. These efficacy estimates can differ enough to change treatment recommendations. The paper by Weisberg et al. in this issue [3] is a very clear and innovative example of such emerging literature. But there is another important message that one should derive from this work. That is, RCT results are useful only if we can calibrate their results to predict treatment efficacy in the target population of interest. This editorial makes the case for why calibration requires both clinical knowledge from observational studies, and new statistical insights.
Pulmonary Hypertension Associated with Cirrhosis of the Liver and with Portacaval Shunts

Pulmonary hemodynamics were studied in 11 patients with hepatic cirrhosis who had undergone surgical portal decompression several years earlier. Four of the patients had both clinical and physiological evidence of pulmonary hypertension; two others had mild, subclinical pulmonary hypertension. Autopsy examination of two patients who had clinical evidence of pulmonary hypertension revealed thickening of the small pulmonary arteries and multiple small pulmonary emboli. Before the portosystemic venous anastomosis was created, all of the patients had had normal cardiorespiratory performance. These studies suggest that emboli from the portal vein may have been involved in the genesis of the pulmonary hypertension in these patients. The role of surgical portal decompression is unclear. Retrospective studies of 70 clinical records and of 17 autopsy protocols in a similar group of patients did not clarify the role of the surgical decompression in the genesis of the pulmonary hypertension.
Partial Price Adjustments and Equity Carve-Outs

We examine the extent to which market-adjusted ex date returns reflect public information for 271 equity carve-outs in 1988–2006. Although prior studies focus on ex post determinants of equity carve-out and initial public offering returns, our study is the first to explore ex ante predictors of equity carve-out returns. We use three primary variables: filing range adjustments, the percentage of the offering used to retire subsidiary debt or to pay dividends, and the CBOE Volatility Index (VXO) to predict initial returns. We show that 11–35% of the variation in market-adjusted equity carve-out returns can be predicted using public information known prior to the offer date.
Dissertation Abstract: Decision-Theoretic Models of Market Equilibration

There has been a surprising dearth of decision-theoretic approaches to market equilibration within the extended Arrow-Debreu-McKenzie framework. While game theory is replete with learning and evolutionary models in which Nash equilibria are not necessarily the only stable states of a game, general equilibrium theorists have generally been content to accept the attainment of competitive equilibrium as a matter of faith. The first two chapters of this dissertation advance the study of behaviorally plausible models of market equilibration. First, we develop the epsilon-intelligent competitive equilibrium algorithm. According to this model, the actions of minimally sophisticated agents based on local information will lead an exchange economy to approximate competitive equilibrium in a larger set of economics than Walras’ tatonnement. The algorithm also supports a behavioral interpretation of Negishi’s existence proof of competitive equilibrium. The second chapter is an empirical analysis of laboratory markets designed to test the extent to which human behavior is consistent with the algorithm’s behavioral restrictions, and suggest alternative hypotheses. The chief finding is that while subjects sufficiently sophisticated to consistently secure competitive utility for themselves exist, the majority are satisficers who follow small modifications of a simple utility-improvement rule. While general equilibrium theory has lacked a behaviorally plausible foundation of price equilibration, behavioral economic models typically ignore general equilibrium implications. In the third chapter of this dissertation, I present the surprising result that loss aversion and diminishing sensitivity for gains imply a greater redistribution of endowments than when otherwise identical preferences are reference-independent. The result is surprising because loss aversion was developed in part to account for the status quo bias, whereby people tend to value a good more when it is in their possession than when it is not. One might reasonably suspect trade to be inhibited by this bias. The counter-intuitive result is driven by the fact that, given the axiomatization of loss aversion and diminishing sensitivity for gains, the acquisition of some quantity of a good increases one’s taste for that good, thus perpetuating a taste for more trade.
Street Phenomenology The Go-Along as Ethnographic Research Tool

This article introduces and evaluates the go-along as a qualitative research tool. What sets this technique apart from traditional ethnographic methods such as participant observation and interview...
Monoacylglycerol Production from Butteroil by Glycerolysis with a Gel-Entrapped Microbial Lipase in Microaqueous Media

Reaction parameters were optimized to support polyethyleneglycol-based and polypropyleneglycol-based gel-entrapped lipase-mediated glycerolysis of butteroil to yield monoacylglycerol. Single liquid-phase reactive mixtures contained 25% (w/w) butteroil dissolved in t-butanol, to which glycerol and water was added. Optimum reaction conditions were 35-40 o C, and 5-10 mg enzyme reagent and 0.10g glycerol/mL substrate solution. Optimum acyl group:glycerol molar ratio was about 0.64. The optimum water content was dependent on glycerol content and was about 6% (w/w) of (he glycerol at 0.10 g glycerol/mL substrate solution. The gel-entrapped lipases had half-lives of about 35-46 cycles of 72 hr each
Analysis of Nitrogen for Small Concentrations of Carbon Monoxide by Mass Spectrometry

Due to coincidence of major peaks of nitrogen and carbon monoxide at mass 28, analysis of combustion gases for carbon monoxide content becomes difficult at concentrations below 5%. Measurement of the relative concentrations is then dependent upon the mass 12 and 14 peaks. With the General Electric Analytical Mass Spectrometer, the carbon monoxide mass 14 peak is approximately 1/200th and the mass 12 peak approximately 1/100th of the mass 28 peak. The nitrogen mass 14 peak is approximately 1/20th of the mass 28 peak. Thus, a small concentration of carbon monoxide in any nitrogen containing sample is not easily and accurately measurable. Chemical conversion of the carbon monoxide to some other gas could facilitate such analyses.
High-temperature mechanical properties of Y-PSZ HIPed under an oxygen-containing atmosphere

On etudie les proprietes mecaniques d'une zircone partiellement stabilisee par Y 2 O 3 , pressee isostatiquement a chaud en atmosphere oxygenee et soumise a un vieillissement a haute temperature
How to write a scientific paper

The well-written scientific paper has two essential ingredients: organization and appropriate language within that organization. The component parts of a scientific paper are reviewed: title, abstract, introduction, materials and methods, results, discussion, acknowledgement, and literature cited; and, with quoted material, inappropriate language use is illustrated.
Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease Among Koreans Residing in California and Seoul

Abstract The objectives of this study are to assess (1) the prevalence of six cardiac risk factors among California residents of Korean descent and Koreans living in Seoul, Korea; and (2) the differences in risk factors by gender, and acculturation. Participant selection used probability sampling to represent the adult populations of California and Seoul, Republic of Korea, and administered a telephone survey to 2,830 adult Korean Californians and 500 adult Koreans living in Seoul. Male gender significantly predicted tobacco use, BMI, exercise, passive smoke exposure (PSE), hypertension (Californians only), and number of risk factors. Californian residence significantly predicted higher smoking prevalence in women and lower smoking prevalence in men, higher BMI, higher fat diet, a sedentary lifestyle, and greater number of risk factors. Acculturation significantly predicted lower smoking prevalence (men only), lower prevalence of PSE exposure (women only), lower BMI (women only), more exercise, a higher f...
Some methyl substituted benzo[b]naphtho[2,3-d]thiophenes

Seven benzo[b]naphtho[2,3-d]thiophenes have been prepared with methyl groups substituted in the 6,7, and 8-positions. These compounds are structurally related to the sulfur analogs of cholanthrene and methylcholanthrene.
Comparing discriminating transformations and SVM for learning during multimedia retrieval

On-line learning or "relevance feedback" techniques for multimedia information retrieval have been explored from many different points of view: from early heuristic-based feature weighting schemes to recently proposed optimal learning algorithms, probabilistic/Bayesian learning algorithms, boosting techniques, discriminant-EM algorithm, support vector machine, and other kernel-based learning machines. Based on a careful examination of the problem and a detailed analysis of the existing solutions, we propose several discriminating transforms as the learning machine during the user interaction. We argue that relevance feedback problem is best represented as a biased classification problem, or a (1+x)-class classification problem. Biased Discriminant Transform (BDT) is shown to outperform all the others. A kernel form is proposed to capture non-linearity in the class distributions.
Magnetohydrodynamic heat transfer in two-phase flow between parallel plates

This study dealt with two-phase magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow and heat transfer in a parallel-plate channel. Both phases were incompressible and the flow was assumed to be steady, one-dimensional and fully developed. The present study was expected to be useful in the understanding of the effect of the presence of slag layers on the heat transfer characteristics of a coal-fired MHD generator.
Paralysis recovery in humans and model systems

Considerable evidence now demonstrates that extensive functional and anatomical reorganization following spinal cord injury occurs in centers of the brain that have some input into spinal motor pools. This is very encouraging, given the accumulating evidence that new connections formed across spinal lesions may not be initially functionally useful. The second area of advancement in the field of paralysis recovery is in the development of effective interventions to counter axonal growth inhibition. A third area of significant progress is the development of robotic devices to quantify the performance level of motor tasks following spinal cord injury and to 'teach' the spinal cord to step and stand. Advances are being made with robotic devices for mice, rats and humans.
Function of a colonic J pouch continues to improve with time.

Background: J pouch–anal anastomosis is thought to give superior functional results to straight coloanal anastomosis after rectal resection. Follow-up studies have suggested that this improvement is not maintained and that evacuatory difficulties may increase. Methods: Some 119 consecutive patients had a coloanal anastomosis after resection for rectal carcinoma over 113 months, 62 with a J pouch and 57 with a straight coloanal anastomosis. Functional results were determined by patient questionnaire. The two groups were compared for the first and second 5-year intervals of study. Results: Patients who had a J pouch had significantly better median Kirwan continence scores for the duration of the study and 5–9 years after surgery: 1 versus 2 (P = 0·05) and 1 versus 2 (P < 0·01), respectively. Some 5–9 years after surgery the median number of nocturnal bowel movements was significantly lower in patients who had a J pouch than in those with a straight coloanal anastomosis (0 versus 1; P = 0·02). Similarly, significantly better results were seen with regard to evacuation difficulties and urgency of defaecation. Conclusion: The function of the J pouch was superior to that of the straight coloanal anastomosis and appeared to improve with time. © 2001 British Journal of Surgery Society Ltd
Determination of colloid stability using photon correlation spectroscopy

Description d'une nouvelle methode permettant de mesurer la vitesse de formation des doublets (1re etape de coagulation) dans des suspensions de particules en coagulation: la spectroscopie de correlation photonique. Cas des suspensions de Cr(OH) 3 et de SiO 2
Functions of heparan sulfate proteoglycans in cell signaling during development

Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) are cell-surface and extracellular matrix macromolecules that are composed of a core protein decorated with covalently linked glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains. In vitro studies have demonstrated the roles of these molecules in many cellular functions, and recent in vivo studies have begun to clarify their essential functions in development. In particular, HSPGs play crucial roles in regulating key developmental signaling pathways, such as the Wnt, Hedgehog, transforming growth factor-β, and fibroblast growth factor pathways. This review highlights recent findings regarding the functions of HSPGs in these signaling pathways during development.
An accurate method for the determination of complex coefficients of single crystal piezoelectric resonators I: Theory

This paper presents the theoretical derivation for a method of accurately determining the complex coefficients of single crystal piezoelectric materials. The vibration equations are analytically solved for a piezoelectric plate and a piezoelectric thin rod in an arbitrary crystallographic orientation. The solutions provide the distributions of the stresses and the vibration velocities inside the sample and the electrical impedance between the electrodes. Based on the analysis of the solutions, the complex dielectric, elastic, and piezoelectric coefficients are determined from the impedance or admittance measurements near the resonance frequencies. The measurement for LiNbO/sub 3/ single crystals is used as an example to demonstrate the experiment and calculation procedures and to indicate the comparisons with previous methods.
Postoperative myocardial infarction and cardiac arrest following primary total knee and hip arthroplasty: rates, risk factors, and time of occurrence.

Background: Cardiac complications are a major cause of postoperative morbidity. The purpose of this study was to determine the rates, risk factors, and time of occurrence for cardiac complications within thirty days after primary unilateral total knee arthroplasty and total hip arthroplasty. Methods: The American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program data set from 2006 to 2011 was used to identify all total knee arthroplasties and total hip arthroplasties. Cardiac complications occurring within thirty days after surgery were the primary outcome measure. Patients were designated as having a history of cardiac disease if they had a new diagnosis or exacerbation of chronic congestive heart failure or a history of angina within thirty days before surgery, a history of myocardial infarction within six months, and/or any percutaneous cardiac intervention or other major cardiac surgery at any time. An analysis of the occurrence of all major cardiac complications and deaths within the thirty-day postoperative time frame was performed. Results: For the 46,322 patients managed with total knee arthroplasty or total hip arthroplasty, the cardiac complication rate was 0.33% (n = 153) at thirty days postoperatively. In both the total knee arthroplasty and total hip arthroplasty groups, an age of eighty years or more (odds ratios [ORs] = 27.95 and 3.72), hypertension requiring medication (ORs = 4.74 and 2.59), and a history of cardiac disease (ORs = 4.46 and 2.80) were the three most significant predictors for the development of postoperative cardiac complications. Of the patients with a cardiac complication, the time of occurrence was within seven days after surgery for 79% (129 of the 164 patients for whom the time of occurrence could be determined). Conclusions: An age of eighty years or more, a history of cardiac disease, and hypertension requiring medication are significant risk factors for developing postoperative cardiac complications following primary unilateral total knee arthroplasty and total hip arthroplasty. Consideration should be given to a preoperative cardiology evaluation and co-management in the perioperative period for individuals with these risk factors. Level of Evidence: Prognostic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Generating stochastic plans for a programmable parts feeder

A programmable parts feeder, a mechanism that can be reprogrammed to handle differently shaped parts, is discussed. The authors present a planning algorithm that accepts an n-sided polygonal part as input and, in time O(n/sup 2/), generates a program (plan) for the feeder that maximizes expected feedrate. They have implemented the planner and verified some of the resulting plans in the laboratory. This work illustrates a stochastic framework for manipulation planning. >
Mechanisms of Statin Treatment in Cerebral Vasospasm

Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG CoA) reductase inhibitors, commonly known as statins, are widely used clinically for their lipid lowering properties. Recent experimental evidence shows that statins are also effective in ameliorating cerebral vasospasm, which occurs as sequelae of subarachnoid hemorrhage. This literature re- view focuses on the literature-based putative mechanisms involvedinstatinmediatedattenuationofcerebral vasospasm, such as eNOS, vascular inflammation, apoptosis, especially the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt (PI3K/Akt) pathway from our experimental study.
Tracing Research Methodology in Occupational Therapy

As a profession, occupational therapy has been repeatedly confronted with the challenge to prove the value of occupation as a therapeutic medium. The types of research pursued by occupational therapists have evolved in response to societal trends, external pressures, and the priorities of individual practitioners. Although many therapists have reconciled the pursuit of research with the roots of occupational therapy through an adherence to naturalistic methods, others continue to value experimental research designs. This article explores the rise of qualitative research methods in occupational therapy and addresses the current dilemma between naturalistic and positivistic designs.
Multidimensional Israeliness and Tel Aviv's Tachanah Merkazit: Hearing Culture in a Polyphonic Transit Hub

Israel's heated public debate over the socio-political implications of increasing demographic diversity plays out with special prominence in Tel Aviv, home to large minority citizen populations and a destination for foreign workers and refugees from Asia and Africa. The city's New Central Bus Station, or tachanah merkazit, is a transit hub and commercial complex in which multiple ethnic groups enact aesthetic and cultural dimensions of Israeli urban and national identity in flux. This paper presents a sensory ethnography of the tachanah: sonic and musical expressions of “local” and “global” Israeliness are analyzed against a backdrop of near-constant motion and transit. The somatic and ideological dimensions of movement enable Jewish Israelis, minority citizens and foreigners to assimilate sounds of culture within the tachanah at deeply-felt, personal levels. The tachanah's sonic activity is inherently political, having the potential to impact collective identity and civic reality in Tel Aviv and across Israel. [soundscape, sensory ethnography, migration, ethnicity, Israel]
Assistive positioning as a control parameter of social-communicative interactions between students with profound multiple disabilities and classroom staff

This study examined the effects of assistive positioning on social-communicative interactions between 10 students, 6 to 12 years of age, with profound multiple disabilities, and their classroom staff. Interactions were videotaped in the students' classrooms when each student was positioned using a wheelchair, a sidelyer, and a mat on the floor. Data were analyzed by repeated-measures analysis of variance. During unstructured interactions, adults initiated communication at higher rates when students were positioned in their wheelchairs. During structured interactions, when students were given standardized opportunities for interaction, students functioning at lower levels of communication development were more communicative when they were supine on a mat than when in their wheelchairs or a sidelyer. In dynamic systems terms, position served as a control parameter of both adult and student communicative behaviors, which should be considered when recommending use of assistive positioning equipment for students with severe disabilities.
Using Cellular Network Signal Strength to Monitor Vegetation Characteristics

We demonstrate a new application for cellular communications equipment in monitoring vegetation. We analyze how the vegetation in a cornfield affects the received signal power recorded at cell modems in the field, and we show that the received signal power exhibited long-term and diurnal patterns related to the properties of the vegetation biomass. A novel aspect of this letter is that we recorded the signal strength data at the cellular modem in the field rather than at a cell phone tower and therefore does not require the cooperation of the cell tower owner.
Methodological Thoughts from the Linguistic Field

Data are the heart and soul of any linguistic research. Regardless of how incisive an analysis might be, or how clever, it can never be any better than the data it is based upon. For the field linguist gathering data, important considerations include the selection of informants, the number of informants selection, and data collection techniques. Different research objectives, be they descriptive, prescriptive or theory-driven, require techniques appropriate to those particular goals and should be evaluated within the context of inquiry. What follows is a consideration of the techniques generally used by field linguists with a general descriptive goal within the framework of generative linguistics.
Crowdsourcing 101: putting the WSDM of crowds to work for you

Crowdsourcing has emerged in recent years as an exciting new avenue for leveraging the tremendous potential and resources of today's digitally-connected, diverse, distributed workforce. Generally speaking, crowdsourcing describes outsourcing of tasks to a large group of people instead of assigning such tasks to an in-house employee or contractor. Crowdsourcing platforms such as Amazon Mechanical Turk and CrowdFlower have gained particular attention as active online market places for reaching and tapping into this glut of a still largely under-utilized workforce.Crowdsourcing offers intriguing new opportunities for accomplishing different kinds of tasks or achieving broader participation than previously possible, as well as completing standard tasks more accurately in less time and at lower cost. Unlocking the potential of crowdsourcing in practice, however, requires a tri-partite understanding of principles, platforms, and best practices. This tutorial will introduce the opportunities and challenges of crowdsourcing while discussing the three issues above. This will provide attendees with a basic foundation to begin applying crowdsourcing in the context of their own particular tasks.
Agents in a nutshell-a very brief introduction

Agent-based approaches are becoming increasingly important because of their generality, flexibility, modularity, and ability to take advantage of distributed resources. Agents are used in information retrieval, entertainment, coordinating multiple robots, and modeling economic systems. Agents can recommend music, tell stories, and interact with people. They are useful for reducing humans' work and information load in tasks such as medical monitoring and battlefield reasoning. Agents are already changing the way in which we gather information, manage investments, and conduct business. This article provides an introduction to agent issues, outlines motivations for using agent-based paradigms, and describes some of their current uses.
Anonymous subject identification in privacy-aware video surveillance

The widespread deployment of surveillance cameras has raised serious privacy concerns. Many privacy-enhancing schemes have been recently proposed to identify selected individuals and redact their images in the surveillance video. To identify individuals, the best known approach is to use biometric signals as they are immutable and highly discriminative. If misused, these characteristics of biometrics can seriously defeat the goal of privacy protection. In this paper, we propose an anonymous subject identification system based on homo-morphic encryption (HE). It matches the biometric signals in encrypted domain to provide anonymity to users. To make the HE-based protocols computationally scalable, we propose a complexity-privacy tradeoff called k-Anonymous Quantization (kAQ) which narrows the plaintext search to a small cell before running the intensive encrypted-domain processing within the cell. We validate a key assumption in kAQ that privacy is better preserved by grouping biometric patterns far apart into the same cell. We also improve the matching success rate by replacing the original bounding boxes with e-balls as basic units for grouping. Experimental results on a public iris biometric database demonstrate the validity of our framework.
Interstitial cystitis antiproliferative factor (APF) as a cell-cycle modulator

Interstitial cystitis (IC) is a chronic bladder disorder of unknown etiology. Antiproliferative factor (APF), a peptide found in the urine of IC patients, has previously been shown to decrease incorporation of thymidine by normal bladder epithelial cells. This study was performed to determine the effect of APF on the cell cycle of bladder epithelial cells so as to better understand its antiproliferative activity. Explant cultures from normal bladder biopsy specimens were exposed to APF or mock control. DNA cytometry was performed using an automated image analysis system. Cell cycle phase fractions were calculated from the DNA frequency distributions and compared by two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). APF exposure produced statistically significant increases in the proportion of tetraploid and hypertetraploid cells compared to mock control preparations, suggesting a G2 and/or M phase cell cycle block and the production of polyploidy. APF has a specific effect on cell cycle distributions. The presence of a peptide with this activity may contribute to the pathogenesis of interstitial cystitis through disruption of normal urothelial proliferation and repair processes.
Preconditioned Conjugate-Residual Solvers for Helmholtz Equations in Nonhydrostatic Models

Numerical integration of the compressible nonhydrostatic equations using semi-implicit techniques is complicated by the need to solve a Helmholtz equation at each time step. The authors present an accurate and efficient technique for solving the Helmholtz equation using a conjugate-residual (CR) algorithm that is accelerated by ADI preconditioners. These preconditioned CR solvers possess four distinct advantages over most other solvers that have been used with the Helmholtz equations that arise in compressible nonhydrostatic semi-implicit atmospheric models: the preconditioned CR methods 1) can solve Helmholtz equations containing variable coefficients, alleviating the need to prescribe a reference state in order to simplify the elliptic problem; 2) transparently include the cross-derivative terms arising from terrain transformations; 3) are efficient and accurate for nonhydrostatic models used across a broad range of scales, from cloud scales to synoptic-global scales; and 4) are easy to formulate and program. These features of the CR solver allow semi-implicit formulations that are unconstrained by the form of the Helmholtz equations, and the authors propose a formulation that is more consistent than those most often used in that it includes implicit treatment of all terms associated with the pressure gradients and divergence. This formulation is stable for nonhydrostatic-scale simulations involving steep terrain, whereas the more common semi-implicit formulation is not. The ADI preconditioners are presented for use in simulations of both hydrostatic and nonhydrostatic scale flows. These simulations demonstrate the efficiency and accuracy of the preconditioned CR method and the overall stability of the model formulation. The simulations also suggest a general convergence criteria for the iterative algorithm in terms of the solution divergence.
Optimal structure identification with greedy search

In this paper we prove the so-called "Meek Conjecture". In particular, we show that if a DAG H is an independence map of another DAG G, then there exists a finite sequence of edge additions and covered edge reversals in G such that (1) after each edge modification H remains an independence map of G and (2) after all modifications G =H. As shown by Meek (1997), this result has an important consequence for Bayesian approaches to learning Bayesian networks from data: in the limit of large sample size, there exists a two-phase greedy search algorithm that---when applied to a particular sparsely-connected search space---provably identifies a perfect map of the generative distribution if that perfect map is a DAG. We provide a new implementation of the search space, using equivalence classes as states, for which all operators used in the greedy search can be scored efficiently using local functions of the nodes in the domain. Finally, using both synthetic and real-world datasets, we demonstrate that the two-phase greedy approach leads to good solutions when learning with finite sample sizes.
Testing Climate Models Using Thermal Infrared Spectra

Abstract An approach to test climate models with observations is presented. In this approach, it is possible to directly observe the longwave feedbacks of the climate system in time series of annual average outgoing longwave spectra. Tropospheric temperature, stratospheric temperature, water vapor, and carbon dioxide have clear and distinctive signatures in the infrared spectrum, and it is possible to detect trends of these signals unambiguously from trends in the outgoing longwave spectrum by optimal detection techniques. This approach is applied to clear-sky data in the tropics simulated from the output of an ensemble of climate models. Estimates of the water vapor–longwave feedback by this approach agree to within estimated errors with truth, and it is likely that an uncertainty of 50% can be obtained in 20 yr of a continuous time series. The correlation of tropospheric temperature and water vapor anomalies can provide a constraint on the water vapor–longwave feedback to 5% uncertainty in 20 yr, or 7% ...
A new algorithm for primary hypospadias repair based on tip urethroplasty.

Abstract Background/Purpose: Decision making in hypospadias repair potentially can be simplified by tubularized incised plate (TIP) urethroplasty. The authors report management and outcomes in a consecutive series of primary hypospadias repairs in which the intent was to perform TIP. Methods: Records of 106 consecutive boys undergoing hypospadias repair by 1 surgeon were reviewed. Position of the meatus, degree and management of curvature, technical details of the urethroplasty, and postoperative complications were recorded. Results: Curvature was noted in 24 (23%) of patients, but could be corrected with preservation of the urethral plate in all but 3. In another boy, the incised plate was thought "unhealthy" for tubularization. The remaining 102 underwent TIP, of whom, 75 had distal and 27 had proximal hypospadias. Complications, primarily fistulas, occurred in 14 (13%) of these patients. The other 4 boys underwent staged repairs that utilized TIP for the glanular urethra at the second operation. Conclusions: The authors found decision making was no longer determined by meatal location as in the past, but by severity of curvature and appearance of the incised urethral plate. Because severe curvature requiring plate transection or an "unhealthy" incised plate are uncommonly encountered, TIP repair can be performed for most hypospadias operations.
Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of individuals with very high rapid plasma reagin

The objective of the study was to identify clinical and epidemiological characteristics of patients with infectious syphilis who presented with a high rapid plasma reagin (RPR) titre (≥1: 512) during the year of 2009 at the Miami Dade County Health Department (MDCHD) STD clinic. Potential cases were identified by a search in the electronic database. Among 519 individuals identified with reactive RPR, 190 individuals met criteria for infectious syphilis and 32 of them had at least one RPR titre of ≥1: 512. We found that the majority of individuals with high RPR were men who have sex with men (82%), from ethnic minorities (91%), and HIV infected (75%) but only 3 of them were on antiretroviral therapy. Overall, 50% of these patients with very high RPR titres were symptomatic, and the most common symptom was skin rash (93%).
Screening and detection of human papillomavirus (HPV) high-risk strains HPV16 and HPV18 in saliva samples from subjects under 18 years old in Nevada: a pilot study

Background Human papillomaviruses (HPV) are oncogenic and mainly associated with cervical cancers. Recent evidence has demonstrated HPV infection in other tissues, including oral epithelia and mucosa. Although a recent pilot study provided new information about oral HPV status in healthy adults from Nevada, no information was obtained about oral HPV prevalence among children or teenagers, therefore, the goal of this study is to provide more detailed information about oral prevalence of high-risk HPV among children and teenagers in Nevada.
PTFE based 60 GHz array for active CMOS integration

In this paper, we consider the design of an integrated 60 GHz array using a hybrid silicon-polymer material system. A PTFE (Teflon) printed square array is proposed and analyzed. A discussion of related microfabrication challenges is also presented, along with some processes to overcome these challenges. Finally, the topic of silicon- polymer integration is addressed.
Hematopoietic stem cells and lymphoid progenitors express different Ikaros isoforms, and Ikaros is localized to heterochromatin in immature lymphocytes

The generation of lymphoid cells in mice depends on the function of the Ikaros protein. Ikaros has been characterized as a lymphoid-restricted, zinc-finger transcription factor that is derived from an alternatively spliced message. Ikaros knockout mice have defects in multiple cell lineages, raising the question of whether the protein regulates multiple committed progenitors and/or multipotent stem cells. To address this issue, we examined Ikaros expression in purified populations of multipotent cells and more committed progenitors. We found that the DNA-binding isoforms of Ikaros were localized in the nucleus of the most primitive hematopoietic stem cell subset. Changes in the RNA splicing pattern of Ikaros occurred at two stages: (i) as long-term self-renewing stem cells differentiated into short-term self-renewing stem cells and (ii) as non-self-renewing multipotent progenitors differentiated into lymphoid-committed progenitors. Unexpectedly, we found Ikaros localized to heterochromatin in Abelson-transformed pre-B lymphocytes by using immunogold electron microscopy. These observations suggest a complex role for Ikaros in lymphoid development.
Does I = PAT Work in Local Places?

An aspect of global change currently not well understood is how processes operating on spatial scales finer than those used in recent global circulation models (GCMs) contribute to changes in atmospheric composition and the subsequent changes in climate. We use the ‘IPAT’ formulation as a framework to test relationships among social driving forces and user group greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in northwestern North Carolina. Using regression, correlation, and bivariate mapping to examine relationships between a suite of socioeconomic variables and GHG emissions for the residential, commercial/industrial, and agricultural end-user categories, we find that various measures of population and affluence serve equally well as explanatory variables.
Perfect transmission scheme for a dispersionless channel

Baseband signal formatting is essential for data transmission in order to reduce energy dissipation, provide good spectral efficiency and protect against loss of synchronisation. Most of the present schemes such as AMI, NRZ, pseudoternary, etc. perform in terms of amplitude discrimination or 'north-south dichotomy'. An innovative scheme based on 'east-west dichotomy' is described. It gives robust performance in additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channels, protects against loss of synchronisation, and gives good spectral performance.
Becoming a Small Business Owner: The Hispanic Experience

This study examined the paths to ownership, demographic characteristics, incubator organizations, motivations and attitudes, and start-up experiences of a sample of 92 Hispanic business owners. Results were compared with Cooper, Dunkelberg. Woo and Dennis' s 1990 study examining alternative paths to ownership of a predominantly non-minority sample of owner-managers. The results indicate 85 .7% of Hispanic business owners started their own firm , as opposed to 63.6% in the Cooper, et al. study. Several differences were also found in their ownership profile including: the availability of parents as role models, the age when they became owners , industry representation, education , and the sources of funding available to them.
Toward a general theory of social exchange

Proponents of the individualistic and collectivistic theories of social exchange behavior contend that the two perspectives cannot be integrated because they are based on different assumptions about the relationship between individuals and society. In addition, the opponents of integration argue that such an effort would undermine the polemical development of sociological theory. This paper uses existing ethnographic and anthropological evidence to argue that the individualistic and collectivistic orientations of social exchange theory can be successfully integrated since they are not mutually exclusive as claimed by their proponents. I propose to synthesize the individualistic and collectivistic perspectives into an interactional exchange model of behavior that takes into account the full range of individual and group motives, values and interests.
Quantitative image characteristics of presynaptic dopamine transporter (DAT) scans

2519 Objectives Visual assessment of 123I-FP-CIT (DAT) scans are performed to distinguish between Parkinson’s disease (PD) and essential tremor (ET), for which treatment modalities are radically different. The objective of this investigation was to document which quantified image characteristics are sensitive for discriminating between PD and ET. Methods Data were analyzed retrospectively for 29 pts (15M, 14F, age 66±11 yrs) evaluated for movement disorders. All pts underwent SPECT imaging about 3 hrs after injection of 148 MBq 123I-FP-CIT. Data were processed according to the manufacturer’s suggested protocol and were interpreted visually. Diagnoses of PD or ET were obtained from the official clinical report. A reader recorded the total acquired counts, and in the transaxial section exhibiting maximum caudate nucleus counts recorded the total transaxial counts, maximum caudate nucleus counts, maximum putamen counts, and average background counts. Results 15 pts had PD and 14 had ET, for which total counts were similar (1.7±0.5 versus 1.9±0.5 Mcounts, p=0.17), as were transaxial section counts (198±72 versus 241±74 Kcounts, p=0.12). Parameters that were significantly different between pts with PD versus those with ET were maximum caudate counts (20±6 versus 28±6, p=0.003), maximum putamen count (15±4 versus 21±6, p=0.002), and mean background counts (3.3±1.0 versus 4.6±1.4, p=0.01), although caudate-to-background and putamen-to-background ratios were similar (p>0.05). The parameters that agreed most strongly with the discrimination of pts with PD from those with ET were putamen counts Conclusions Image characteristics of DAT SPECT scans correlate strongly with clinical diagnosis, suggesting that under carefully controlled acquisition conditions quantitative measurements may be useful for reinforcing visual assessments of DAT scans
XLIII. On the regelation of snow-granules

(1862). XLIII. On the regelation of snow-granules. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science: Vol. 23, No. 154, pp. 312-313.
Developmental Delay and in Utero Phenytoin Exposure

Psychomotor development was assessed in preschool children exposed to antiepileptic drugs (AED) in utero as part of a population-based longitudinal follow-up study of children born to women with meticulously treated epilepsy during pregnancy at the Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
Dislocated Posterior Tibial Tendon Treated With Plate Buttress Fixation in a Collegiate Gymnast: A Case Report and Review of the Literature.

Dislocation of the posterior tibial tendon (PTT) is a rare pathological process that occurs most often as a result of acute trauma. The injury involves forced dorsiflexion and eversion of the foot against a contracted posterior tibialis. Diagnosis of the injury is often difficult secondary to the rarity of the injury and its similarity with other benign injuries of the medial ankle. Routine diagnostic imaging often does not reveal the injury, and advanced imaging with magnetic resonance imaging or ultrasound to confirm the diagnosis is often required. The injury can be a result of an abnormal retromalleolar groove or a tear of the flexor retinaculum. Because nonoperative treatment frequently results in poor outcomes with continuing pain and progressive flat foot, operative treatment with repair of the flexor retinaculum with correction of the retromalleolar groove is the most described intervention. We report an acute case of PTT dislocation in a collegiate gymnast during competition and offer our techniq...
Differences in Cd Accumulation in Grains of Double-season Planted Indica Rice

The planting experiments of early rice and late rice was conducted in A location and B location of Xiangtan County for eight indica rice cultivars in order to study the accumulation characteristics of Cd in grain.The results showed that there were significant differences in Cd content in rice grain between different varieties and different experiment locations,but the difference in Cd content in rice grain between early rice and late rice was not significant;the correlation between Cd content in rice grain and each agricultural economic characteristics was not significant.
Research on Encryption and Decryption Technology Based on MAX+PLUS

With the development of economy.The market has been occupied by network quickly,which does a great effect on people's life,work and learning.But on the other hand,when people enjoy the convenience of network,they also worried about the safety of network.Network security has become an important issue.Encryption is the core technology of network security,in this paper,firstly,the concept of encryption and encryption system were introduced.Secondly,the principle of data encryption and decryption were analyzed,and the process of encryption and decryption were also simulated by using MAX+PLUS.At last,the application of encryption in electronic commerce and VPN was expounded.
Recent development on the research of network vulnerability and robustness

The recent developments on the network vulnerability and robustness theory were reviewed and discussed.Some relevant concepts,including the centrality measures were provided based on the existing literatures.In addition,the network robustness and its applications in transportation networks and supply chain networks were introduced.Based on these discussions,it is pointed.Out that in the complex network field,too much emphasis has been put on the network topological features and therefore,there lacks a network efficiency/performance measure that takes such important factors as the user behavior,flow,and flow induced cost into account.