cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Recent advances in mining time series data

Much of the world’s supply of data is in the form of time series. Furthermore, as we shall see, many types of data can be meaningfully converted into ”time series”, including text, DNA, video, images etc. The last decade has seen an explosion of interest in mining time series data from the academic community. There has been significant work on algorithms to classify, cluster, segment, index, discover rules, visualize, and detect anomalies/novelties in time series. In this talk I will summarize the latest advances in mining time series data, including: – New representations of time series data. – New algorithms/definitions. – The migration from static problems to online problems. – New areas and applications of time series data mining. I will end the talk with a discussion of “what’s left to do” in time series data mining.
Neutron-induced soft errors, latchup, and comparison of SER test methods for SRAM technologies

In this work we compare neutron-induced soft error rates (SER) and latchup in SRAMs from a variety of manufacturers. SER is found to vary widely between different vendors and technology generations, and some SRAMs show extreme sensitivity to neutron-induced latchup. Continuous spectrum neutron and monoenergetic proton accelerated soft error rate test methods are compared.
Accountability and Independent Central Banks: Europeans and Distrust of the European Central Bank

This article explores whether Europeans distrust the European Central Bank (ECB) because they dislike its policies or think they cannot control the institution. Distrust of the ECB is a function of individuals believing the bank cannot be counted on to fulfill the duties that Europeans have assigned it.
The effect of helium on swelling in stainless steel: Influence of cavity density and morphology

The interaction of displacement damage and transmutant helium is thought to be an important factor in the evolution of cavity microstructures. A plausible sequence of events involves the growth of bubbles to a critical size or critical number of helium atoms. Above this critical size, determined by the local point defect fluxes, the cavities grow rapidly as voids. Cavities growing at matrix-precipitate interfaces convert to voids at a lower helium content than matrix cavities due to surface energy and other effects. Such precipitate-associated voids are the major source of swelling in austenitic stainless steels in fast reactors. Because of several competing mechanisms, the increased helium to displacement (He/dpa) ratios characteristic of fusion and mixed-spectrum fission reactors can lead to either significant increases or decreases in net cavity swelling when compared with fast reactors. Cavity density is believed to be a critical factor and it is increased at higher He/dpa ratios. We use a calibrated rate theory swelling model to examine the combined effect of cavity density and helium generation rate; the influence of precipitates is also modeled. At very high cavity densities, which may be produced at high He/dpa ratios, a bifurcation in the swelling path is observed: precipitate-associated voids give way to matrix bubbles and reduced swelling. At lower cavity densities swelling is enhanced at higher helium levels, primarily due to reduced incubation exposures. Most significantly, the theory predicts non-monotonic swelling behavior as a function of the He/dpa ratio. These results have important implications with respect to use of fast spectrum (low He/dpa ratio) and mixed-spectrum (high He/dpa ratio) fission reactor data to predict swelling in fusion spectra at intermediate He/dpa ratios. Indeed, the model suggests the peak swelling is near the fusion He/dpa ratio for some austenitic stainless steels.
Possible roles for cell-to-substratum adhesion in neuronal morphogenesis.

Abstract The role of cell-to-substratum adhesion in the initiation, elongation, and branching of axons from embryonic sensory neurons was investigated. Cells from sensory ganglia of 4–8-day-old chicken embryos were cultured on several substrata: including collagen; polyornithine-, polylysine-, and polyglutamate-coated surfaces, and tissue culture dishes. The air-blaster method was used to measure growth cone-substratum adhesion. Growth cones adhere much more strongly to polyornithine- or polylysine-coated surfaces and to the upper surfaces of glial cells than to tissue culture plastic. Axons, too, adhere tightly to these substrata, and are crooked, whereas on tissue culture plastic, axons are not adherent and are straight. The fraction of neurons that form axons and the rates of axonal elongation and branching are markedly increased when cells are cultured on polyornithine-coated dishes as compared to tissue culture dishes. This correlation of strong adhesion and enhanced neuronal morphogenesis suggests that adhesive interactions between the growth cone and the microenvironment in an embryo are crucial parts of the initiation and elongation of neuronal processes. Regulation of neuronal morphogenesis may be expressed through the physicochemical properties of the interacting cell surfaces and extracellular environment.
Saturation adsorption at interfaces of surfactant solutions.

Plots of the surface or interfacial tension of aqueous surfactant solutions versus the logarithm of the bulk concentration of the surfactant frequently become linear at concentrations from 10 to 30% of the critical micelle concentration. According to the Gibbs equation, the surface excess concentration of the surfactant in the linear region is constant; saturation adsorption is said to exist. However, the surface or interfacial tension continues to decrease considerably with increasing bulk concentration of the surfactant throughout the saturation adsorption region until the critical micelle concentration is reached. This decrease is explained as follows. While the surface excess concentration of the surfactant reaches a constant upper limit at the onset of saturation adsorption, the total surfactant concentration in the surface layer, which consists of the surface excess concentration plus the surfactant concentration present in an equivalent volume of bulk solution, continues to increase slightly with increasing bulk concentration throughout the saturation adsorption region. As the bulk concentration approaches the critical micelle concentration, the total surface concentration of the surfactant exceeds its surface excess concentration by small but increasing amounts. Because the surfactant monolayer in the saturation adsorption region is densely packed, slight increases in the total surface concentration produce disproportionately large decreases in the surface or interfacial tension. This explanation is illustrated with experimental data.
The anterior tibial compartment syndrome: tissue gas tension measurement

Abstract Elevated anterior tibial compartment pressure (50, 70, and MAP mm Hg) produced a prompt decrease in tissue p O 2 and an increase in tissue p CO 2 . Compartment pressures of 10 and 30 mm Hg did not alter tissue p O 2 and p CO 2 .
Wearing different hats as a family therapist an integrated four-phase training model

A current dilemma facing teachers and supervisors of family therapy trainees concerns how to provide a broadly based, eclectic approach that integrates circular/systems thinking with linear/developmental thinking. This article presents an integrated four-phase training model that attempts to integrate the four main types of family therapy (process, form, historical, and evolutionary) into an eclectic but organized training format. A detailed case history illustrates the use of the training model in actual practice.
Free-radical telomerization of tetrafluoroethylene in supercritical carbon dioxide

It is shown that CO 2 is an exceptional medium in which to perform free-radical telomerizations of tetrafluoroethylene using perfluoroalkyl iodide telogens without chain transfer to solvents which plagues most all other solvent choices
Analysis of Musculoskeletal Loadings in Lower Limbs During Stilts Walking in Occupational Activity

Construction workers often use stilts to raise them to a higher level above ground to perform many tasks, such as taping and sanding on the ceiling or upper half of a wall. Some epidemiological studies indicated that the use of stilts may place workers at increased risk for knee injuries or may increase the likelihood of trips and falls. In the present study, we developed an inverse dynamic model of stilts walking to investigate the effects of this activity on the joint moments and musculoskeletal loadings in the lower limbs. The stilts-walk model was developed using the commercial musculoskeletal simulation software AnyBody (version 3.0, Anybody Technology, Aalborg, Denmark). Simulations were performed using data collected from tests of four subjects. All subjects walked without or with stilts through a 12-m straight path. The moments of the knee, hip, and ankle joints, as well as forces in major muscles or muscle groups in the lower limbs, for stilts walking were compared with those for normal walking. Our simulations showed that the use of stilts may potentially increase the peak joint moment in knee extension by approximately 20%; induce 15% reduction and slight reduction in the peak joint moments in ankle plantar flexion and hip extension, respectively. The model predictions on the muscle forces indicated that the use of stilts may potentially increase loadings in five of eight major muscle groups in the lower extremities. The most remarkable was the force in rectus femoris muscle, which was found to potentially increase by up to 1.79 times for the stilts walking compared to that for the normal walking. The proposed model would be useful for the engineers in their efforts to improve the stilts design to reduce musculoskeletal loadings and fall risk.
RADCOR 2002: Conclusions and outlook

Abstract General impressions of the RADCOR 2002 and Loops and Legs in Quantum Field Theory meeting are given. The connection between experiments and quantum loop effects is illustrated by recent developments: 1) A possible signal for “New Physics” when the anomalous magnetic moment of the muon, aμ, and precision electroweak data embodied in Δr(mH) and Δ r (m H ) are combined 2) a “strange” new twist in an old CKM unitarity test. An outlook for future expectations is also given.
Identification of an Alternative Nucleoside Triphosphate: 5′-Deoxyadenosylcobinamide Phosphate Nucleotidyltransferase in Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum ΔH

Computer analysis of the archaeal genome databases failed to identify orthologues of all of the bacterial cobamide biosynthetic enzymes. Of particular interest was the lack of an orthologue of the bifunctional nucleoside triphosphate (NTP):5'-deoxyadenosylcobinamide kinase/GTP:adenosylcobinamide-phosphate guanylyltransferase enzyme (CobU in Salmonella enterica). This paper reports the identification of an archaeal gene encoding a new nucleotidyltransferase, which is proposed to be the nonorthologous replacement of the S. enterica cobU gene. The gene encoding this nucleotidyltransferase was identified using comparative genome analysis of the sequenced archaeal genomes. Orthologues of the gene encoding this activity are limited at present to members of the domain Archaea. The corresponding ORF open reading frame from Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum Delta H (MTH1152; referred to as cobY) was amplified and cloned, and the CobY protein was expressed and purified from Escherichia coli as a hexahistidine-tagged fusion protein. This enzyme had GTP:adenosylcobinamide-phosphate guanylyltransferase activity but did not have the NTP:AdoCbi kinase activity associated with the CobU enzyme of S. enterica. NTP:adenosylcobinamide kinase activity was not detected in M. thermoautotrophicum Delta H cell extract, suggesting that this organism may not have this activity. The cobY gene complemented a cobU mutant of S. enterica grown under anaerobic conditions where growth of the cell depended on de novo adenosylcobalamin biosynthesis. cobY, however, failed to restore adenosylcobalamin biosynthesis in cobU mutants grown under aerobic conditions where de novo synthesis of this coenzyme was blocked, and growth of the cell depended on the assimilation of exogenous cobinamide. These data strongly support the proposal that the relevant cobinamide intermediates during de novo adenosylcobalamin biosynthesis are adenosylcobinamide-phosphate and adenosylcobinamide-GDP, not adenosylcobinamide. Therefore, NTP:adenosylcobinamide kinase activity is not required for de novo cobamide biosynthesis.
Aerodynamic Sensitivity Analysis Methods for the Compressible Euler Equations

This study presents a mathematical formulation developed for aerodynamic sensitivity coefficients based on a discretized form of the compressible 2D Euler equations. A brief motivating introduction to the aerodynamic sensitivity analysis and the reasons behind an integrated flow/sensitivity analysis for design algorithms are presented. The finite difference approach and the quasi-analytical approach are used to determine the aerodynamic sensitivity coefficients. A new flow prediction concept, which is an outcome of the direct method in the quasi-analytical approach, is developed and illustrated with an example. Surface pressure coefficient distributions of a nozzle-afterbody configuration obtained from the predicted flowfield solution are compared successfully with their corresponding values obtained from a flowfield analysis code and the experimental data.
The metabolism of methylhistidine compounds in animals.

Abstract 1-Methylhistidine, 3-methylhistidine, and 1,3-dimethylhistidine, labeled with C 14 in the methyl groups, were injected into rats, rabbits, chicks and frogs. The methyl groups were not oxidized or transferred from these methylhistidine compounds in any of the species. 1-Methylhistidine was incorporated into anserine in all species except the rat, but there was no incorporation of radioactivity from any of these methylhistidine compounds into other peptides or proteins.
Molecular typing of major histocompatibility complex class I alleles in the Indian rhesus macaque which restrict SIV CD8+ T cell epitopes.

The utility of the rhesus macaque as an animal model in both HIV vaccine development and pathogenesis studies necessitates the development of accurate and efficient major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genotyping technologies. In this paper, we describe the development and application of allele-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification for the simultaneous detection of eight MHC class I alleles from the rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) of Indian descent. These alleles were selected, as they have been implicated in the restriction of CD8+ T cell epitopes of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). Molecular typing of Mamu-A*01, Mamu-A*02, Mamu-A*08, Mamu-A*11, Mamu-B*01, Mamu-B*03, Mamu-B*04, and Mamu-B*17 was conducted in a high throughput fashion using genomic DNA. Our amplification strategy included a conserved internal control target to minimize false negative results and can be completed in less than 5 h. We have genotyped over 4,000 animals to establish allele frequencies from colonies all over the western hemisphere. The ability to identify MHC-defined rhesus macaques will greatly enhance investigation of the immune responses, which are responsible for the control of viral replication. Furthermore, application of this technically simple and accurate typing method should facilitate selection, utilization, and breeding of rhesus macaques for AIDS virus pathogenesis and vaccine studies.
Thymic alymphoplasia associated with the hemolytic-uremic syndrome*

A 6-month-old generally healthy boy became acutely ill with the hemolytic-uremic syndrome. During the succeeding 3 weeks lymphopenia, rapidly falling immunoglobulin levels, and terminal pancytopenia developed. Postmortem examination revealed the typical findings of thymic alympohoplasia, severe hypoplasia of the bone marrow, and renal lesions consistent with the hemolytic-uremic syndrome. The sequence of events in this case suggests, as one interpretation, that the classical peripheral features of thymic alymphoplasia may require time or additional stress to become manifest. The hemolytic-uremic syndrome has been observed in other immunologically deficient patients.
Strain-dependent renal toxicity of a nonsteroid antiinflammatory agent.

Abstract Manor Farms SPF and Charles River CD rats were given a nonsteroid antiinflammatory agent (1- p -chlorobenzylidine-5-methoxy-2-methyl-3-indeneacetic acid) po, at dose levels of 3, 6, or 12 mg/kg/day, for periods up to 29 wk. Hematuria was observed in all groups of male Manor Farms SPF rats, both control and drug-treated. The incidence of hematuria was dose-dependent, and occurred 6, 12, or 24 times more often in male rats receiving 3, 6, or 12 mg/kg/day than in the controls. In contrast, hematuria was not observed in any control females and was infrequent in drug-treated females. The hematuria observed in the Manor Farms SPF rats was due to lesions in the renal papilla. The initial lesion consisted of focal hyperplasia of the epithelium covering the renal papilla. Single small foci progressed to large, multiple, polypoid hyperplastic lesions. Areas of necrosis frequently observed within hyperplastic epithelium led to hemorrhage from the underlying vasa rectae. Basically the lesions were identical in the control and treated rats, but were more severe in the latter. In contrast, renal lesions were not observed in untreated Charles River CD rats of either sex. When this strain of rat was treated with the same compound at the same doses, hematuria was rarely seen, and no lesions of the renal papillary epithelium were found. On the other hand, very slight interstitial edema and necrosis were observed in the interior of the papilla of a few drug-treated rats. These observations demonstrate a type of problem that can arise in the safety evaluation of a compound due to strain-specific lesions.
Heave Mode Dynamics of a Tracked Air Cushion Vehicle With Semiactive Airbag Secondary Suspension

Bond graph modeling techniques are used to develop a fully nonlinear heave mode model of a tracked air cushion vehicle incorporating a semiactive airbag secondary suspension. The governing state space equations were simulated for various deterministic guideway inputs and comparisons were made with the exact solution of the linearized equations. An experimental test stand is described which provides experimental corroboration of the mathematical models for the case of totally passive secondary suspension elements. Theoretical results are presented which demonstrate the superior vehicle ride characteristics with respect to passenger-guideway isolation provided by the combination of soft airbag springs and semiactive dampers.
Susceptibility of chromosomes from patients with Down's syndrome to 7,12‐dimethylbenz(a) anthracene‐induced aberrations in vitro

The susceptibility of chromosomes from seven patients with Down's syndrome to damage in vitro by 7,12-dimethylbenz (a)anthracene (DMBA) was significantly greater than that of the chromosomes from ten healthy donors. Chromatid gaps or breaks comprised the vast majority of aberrations produced in the chromosomes of both groups. Small numbers of isochromatid exchanges and dicentric chromosomes were also observed. The lymphocytes of patients with Down's syndrome were not deficient in their ability to repair DNA damage induced by ultraviolet light or 4-nitro-quinoline-N-oxide and, at the doses used to produce chromosomal aberrations, DMBA did not significantly inhibit either replicative DNA synthesis or the repair of damage induced by ultraviolet light or 4-nitroquinoline-N-oxide in normal lymphocytes or in those from patients with Down's syndrome. DMBA did not stimulate unscheduled DNA synthesis in the lymphoeytes from patients with Down's syndrome or from normal controls.
Reduced Expression of Inflammatory Genes in Deceased Donor Kidneys Undergoing Pulsatile Pump Preservation

Background The use of expanded criteria donor kidneys (ECD) had been associated with worse outcomes. Whole gene expression of pre-implantation allograft biopsies from deceased donor kidneys (DDKs) was evaluated to compare the effect of pulsatile pump preservation (PPP) vs. cold storage preservation (CSP) on standard and ECD kidneys.
Coherent excitation of cadmium J=0,1,2 autoionizing levels by electron impact.

We have measured ({ital e},2{ital e}) energy spectra in cadmium for the 4{ital d}{sup 9}5{ital s}{sup 2}5{ital p} {ital J}=1 autoionizing region. The ejected-electron energy range investigated was from 2.6 to 4.8 eV with an incident electron energy of 150 eV and a scattering angle of 3{degree}. Small differences were found in spectra taken at ejected-electron directions 180{degree} apart. We ascribe these differences to interference terms arising from coherent excitation of the {ital J}=1 and overlapping 5{ital pnp} {ital J}=0,2 autoionizing levels. A calculation of these effects is presented that agrees quite well with the experimental data. We obtain experimental excitation amplitude ratios and assign a previously undetected autoionizing level to 5{ital p}6{ital p} {sup 3}{ital D}{sub 2}.
On the pricing of European and American foreign currency options: a clarification

Abstract This paper amends misprints in Adams-Watt (1987) of simulated American foreign currency call prices and, for purposes of completeness, provides simulation results for corresponding European calls and European and American puts on spot foreign exchange.
Forces in molecules

Formulas have been developed to calculate the forces in a molecular system directly, rather than indirectly through the agency of energy. This permits an independent calculation of the slope of the curves of energy vs. position of the nuclei, and may thus increase the accuracy, or decrease the labor involved in the calculation of these curves. The force on a nucleus in an atomic system is shown to be just the classical electrostatic force that would be exerted on this nucleus by other nuclei and by the electrons' charge distribution. Qualitative implications of this are discussed.
Enhanced optical breakdown in KB cells labeled with folate-targeted silver-dendrimer composite nanodevices

Abstract Enhanced optical breakdown of KB tumor cells folate-targeted with silver-dendrimer composite nanodevices (CNDs) is described. CNDs [(Ag 0 ) 25 -PAMAM_E5.(NH 2 ) 42 (NGly) 74 (NFA) 2.7 ] were fabricated by reactive encapsulation, using a biocompatible template of dendrimer–folic acid (FA) conjugates. Preferential uptake of the folate-targeted CNDs (of various treatment concentrations and surface functionality) by KB cells was visualized with confocal microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Intracellular laser-induced optical breakdown threshold and dynamics were detected and characterized by high-frequency ultrasonic monitoring of resulting transient bubble events. When irradiated with a near-infrared, femtosecond laser, the CND-targeted KB cells acted as well-confined activators of laser energy, enhancing nonlinear energy absorption, exhibiting a significant reduction in breakdown threshold and thus selectively promoting intracellular laser-induced optical breakdown. From the Clinical Editor This study presents a novel method to selectively destroy cancer cells by combining biochemical targeting with topical laser irradiation. A human epidermoid cancer cell line was targeted with folated silver-dendrimer composite nanodevices and the labeled cancer cells were subsequently destroyed by the microbubbles generated due the enhanced energy uptake of the silver nanoparticles from the laser irradiation, as compared to unlabeled cells.
Detection of ascending aorta thrombi with transesophageal echocardiography in patients with systemic embolization.

1. Divers Alert Network report on 1991 diving accidents. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Medical Center, 1992. 2. Navy Department. U.S. Navy diving manual, volume 1: air diving. Chapter 8C: recompression therapy. NAVSEA 0994-LP-001-9010. San Pedro: Best, 1985;8.21-8.50. 3. Moon RE. Treatment of gas bubble disease. Probl Resp Care 1991; 4:232-52. 4. Melamed Y, Shupak A, Bitterman H. Medical problems associated with underwater diving. N Engl J Med 1992;326:30-5. 5. Evans DE, Hardenbergh E, Hallenbeck JM. Cardiovascular effects of air embolism. In: Hallenbeck JM, Greenbaum LJ Jr., eds, Arterial air embolism and acute stroke: the Thirteenth Undersea Medical Society Workshop. Bethesda, Md.: Undersea Medical Society, 1977(report 1115-77):20-33. 6. Marini JJ, Culver BH. Systemic gas embolism complicating mechanical ventilation in the adult respiratory distress syndrome. Ann Intera Med 1989;110:699-703. 7. Casualties in individual submarine escape 1928-1957. Naval Submarine Medical Center report no. 438, 1964. 8. Smith RM, Neuman TS. Elevation of serum creatine kinase in divers with arterial gas embolization. N Engl J Med 1994;330:19-24. 9. Davis JC, Treatment of decompression sickness and arterial gas embolism. In: Bove AA, Davis JC, eds. Diving medicine. Philadelphia, Pa.: WB Saunders, 1990:249-60. 10. Thorn, S. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy: a committee report. Bethesda, Md.: Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society, 1992:4-11.
Cdk1 phosphorylation of BubR1 controls spindle checkpoint arrest and Plk1-mediated formation of the 3F3/2 epitope

Accurate chromosome segregation is controlled by the spindle checkpoint, which senses kinetochore– microtubule attachments and tension across sister kinetochores. An important step in the tension-signaling pathway involves the phosphorylation of an unknown protein by polo-like kinase 1/Xenopus laevis polo-like kinase 1 (Plx1) on kinetochores lacking tension to generate the 3F3/2 phosphoepitope. We report here that the checkpoint protein BubR1 interacts with Plx1 and that phosphorylation of BubR1 by Plx1 generates the 3F3/2 epitope. Formation of the BubR1 3F3/2 epitope by Plx1 requires a prior phosphorylation of BubR1 on Thr 605 by cyclin-dependant kinase 1 (Cdk1). This priming phosphorylation of BubR1 by Cdk1 is required for checkpoint-mediated mitotic arrest and for recruitment of Plx1 and the checkpoint protein Mad2 to unattached kinetochores. Biochemically, formation of the 3F3/2 phosphoepitope by Cdk1 and Plx1 greatly enhances the kinase activity of BubR1. Thus, Cdk1-mediated phosphorylation of BubR1 controls checkpoint arrest and promotes the formation of the kinetochore 3F3/2 epitope.
DFT Study of Solvent Coordination Effects on Titanium-Based Epoxidation Catalysts. Part One: Formation of the Titanium Hydroperoxo Intermediate

Density functional theory has been used to study the effects of solvent coordination on the structure and formation of the titanium hydroperoxo species believed to be the active intermediate in oxi...
Bounds on the electrical resistance between contacting elastic rough bodies

A method is developed for placing bounds on the electrical contact conductance between contacting elastic bodies with rough surfaces. An analogy is first established between contact conductance and the incremental stiffness in the mechanical contact problem. Results from contact mechanics and the reciprocal theorem are then used to bracket the mechanical load–displacement curve between those for two related smooth contact problems. This enable bounds to be placed on the incremental stiffness and hence on the electrical conductance for the rough contact problem. The method is illustrated by two simple examples, but its greatest potential probably lies in establishing the maximum effect of neglected microscales of roughness in a solution of the contact problem for bodies with multiscale or fractal roughness.
Effects of Pore Morphology and Bone Ingrowth on Mechanical Properties of Microporous Titanium as an Orthopaedic Implant Material

Successful bone formation which leads to functional osseointegration is determined by the local mechanical environment around bone-interfacing implants. In this work, a novel porous titanium material is developed and tested and then impact of porosity on mechanical properties as a function of bone ingrowth is studied numerically. A superplastic foaming technique is used to produce CP-Ti material with rounded, interconnected pores of 50% porosity; the pore size and morphology is particularly suitable for bone ingrowth. In order to understand the structure-property relations for this new material, a numerical simulation is performed to study the effect of the porous microstructure and bone ingrowth on the mechanical properties. Using ABAQUS, we create two-dimensional representative microstructures for fully porous samples, as well as samples with partial and full bone ingrowth. We then use the finite element method to predict the macroscopic mechanical properties of the foam, e.g., overall Young's modulus and yield stress, as well as the local stress and strain pattern of both the titanium foam and bone inclusions. The strain-stress curve, stress concentrations and stress shielding caused by the bone-implant modulus mismatch are examined for different microstructures in both elastic and plastic region. The results are compared with experimental data from the porous titanium samples. Based on the finite element predictions, bone ingrowth is predicted to dramatically reduce stress concentrations around the pores. It is shown that the morphology of the implants will influence both macroscopic properties (such as modulus) and localized behavior (such as stress concentrations). Therefore, these studies provide a methodology for the optimal design of porous titanium as an implant material.
The generation of airframe finite element models using an expert system

This paper presents an expert system-based procedure for the creation of airframe finite element models from the geometric model available in a computer-aided design system. The objectives of the approach presented is the computerization of a process that is currently carried out in a semimanual manner, include previous modeling knowledge into the system, and provide a clear path for an ever-increasing level of automation in the process of creating analysis models for this class of structure. A main feature of the system developed is the combined use of algorithmic procedures and expert knowledge operating on data provided by previously run design software to produce an entirely different form of model to be used as input to a numerical analysis.
Effect of aminonucleoside (of puromycin) on normal and encephalomyocarditis (EMC) virus-infected L cells

Abstract The aminonucleoside of puromycin was found to be more inhibitory to L-cell growth than was the parent compound puromycin. The primary effect of aminonucleoside appeared to be an inhibition of cellular RNA synthesis, which was then followed by slowing of protein synthesis. DNA synthesis was unaffected by the drug over the time periods studied. Measurements of the kinetics of RNA synthesis suggested that certain species of cellular RNA might be relatively resistant to inhibition by aminonucleoside. Furthermore, the growth of encephalomyocarditis virus (EMC) was not inhibited by aminonucleoside; on the contrary, increased yields of this RNA-containing virus could be obtained in the presence of the drug.
Hydrophobicity and hydrophilicity of biosurfaces

Hydrophobic interaction and hydrophilic repulsion occur in aqueous media and are caused by Lewis acid-base interactions of molecules, membranes or vesicles, with and among the surrounding water molecules. Recent scientific literature has been concerned with hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity of amino acids and proteins; protein adsorption and desorption (including influence of the secondary configuration of proteins, kinetics of protein adsorption and desorption, desorption and attenuation of adsorption of proteins, role of hydrophobic sites of proteins); hydrophilic repulsion and stabilization; aqueous partitioning (including coacervation and complex-coacervation); and phospholipids, membranes and vesicles (including inclusion of peptides into phospholipid layers, inclusion of polyethylene oxide into phospholipid layers, dissociation and lysis of phospholipid bilayers, removal of sterols from phospholipid monolayers, influence of plurivalent cations on charged and neutral phospholipid layers).
Hontologie: The Chronotope of Shame in Jean Rhys’s Good Morning, Midnight

Abstract Jean Rhys’s 1939 novel, Good Morning, Midnight, is a modernist masterpiece of temporal, spatial, and linguistic fragments and collisions. This analysis begins with an application of what Bakhtin established as the mutual enmeshment in the genre of the novel of space and time, or “chronotope,” to Rhys’s novel, and goes on to identify Sasha’s primal experience of shame as the cause of temporal collapse. The mere recall of a shameful moment can ignite a blush, make the body burn—in short, erase the temporal distance between the past and the present, and Sasha exists in a state of shame so extreme that she exemplifies Bruno Chaouat’s concept of hontologie. Rhys records the violent destruction of linear time by the seismic force of the shame effect.
Hooking Up as an Individualistic Practice: A Double-Edged Sword for College Women

An increasingly large body of literature on the casual sex practice, hooking up, has documented that it tends to yield a wide range of positive and negative outcomes for college women. However, no research exists that provides an integrated explanation of these divergent outcomes. One recent influential attempt to highlight the benefits of hooking up for college women has implied that the individualistic character of the practice facilitates these positive outcomes. By contrast, the research here illuminates how the costs of hooking up can also be the result of its individualism (in addition to the commonly identified cause of gender inequality). The article presents the results of in-depth qualitative interviews with 30 college women from diverse backgrounds concerning their hookup experiences. The data suggest that the individualistic norms of hooking up (in combination with gender inequality) may be core contributors to the problems women can experience in the practice. Thus, the research identifies the individualism of hooking up as a “double-edged sword” for college women, potentially facilitating the costs, not just the benefits. It is claimed that this discovery contributes to a more holistic perspective than currently exists concerning the effects of hooking up on young women.
We are sponges: Phylogenetic systematics is getting a tad silly

Phylogenetic systematics, as espoused in a recent book review by Harry W. Greene published in this journal, promotes the idea that paraphyly obscures the recognition of phylogenetic relationships and other aspects of organismic biology. I argue here that this viewpoint is not only without merit (what, in fact, do derived taxa tell us about paraphyletic taxa?), but that insistence on holophyly in itself may obscure ready appreciation of phylogenetic relationships. It has been recognized and accepted for the better part of this century that taxonomic groups at all levels may be derived from within other taxonomic groups, resulting in paraphyly. This phenomenon is becoming more and more evident as cladistic analyses of molecular and morphological data are more penetrating, and many well-defined taxa, including sponges, are now seen as probably paraphyletic. Computer-based cladistic analysis, integrating both molecular and morphological characters, is a powerful and increasingly essential approach for sorting out and establishing both sister-group and paraphyletic relationships. Paraphyletic taxa should be recognized as such for the fascinating perspective they provide in unraveling evolutionary patterns.
ADIPOSITY AND DIABETES MELLITUS IN A MONKEY WITH HYPOTHALAMIC LESIONS1

In nearly 50 monkeys and in over 300 cats lesions have been placed in the hypothalamus, and in only one animal, a monkey, has a definitely pathological adiposity been observed. In this monkey the adiposity was associated with diabetes mellitus and a moderate disturbance in the capacity to regulate body temperature. Several of the cats which developed diabetes insipidus also became obese, but not more so than control cats kept in small cages and given a generous diet.
Transforming Growth Factor-β-Induced Differentiation of Smooth Muscle From a Neural Crest Stem Cell Line

During vascular development, nascent endothelial networks are invested with a layer of supporting cells called pericytes in capillaries or smooth muscle in larger vessels. The cellular lineage of smooth muscle precursors and factors responsible for regulating their differentiation remain uncertain. In vivo, cells derived from the multipotent neural crest can give rise to vascular smooth muscle in parts of the head and also the cardiac outflow tract. Although transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) has previously been shown to induce some smooth muscle markers from primary cultures of neural crest stem cells, the extent of the differentiation induced was not clear. In this study, we demonstrate that TGF-beta can induce many of the markers and characteristics of vascular smooth muscle from a neural crest stem cell line, Monc-1. Within 3 days of in vitro treatment, TGF-beta induces multiple smooth muscle-specific markers, while downregulating epithelial markers present on the parent cells. Treatment with TGF-beta also induces a contractile phenotype that responds to the muscarinic agonist carbachol and is not immediately reversed on TGF-beta withdrawal. Examination of the signaling pathways involved revealed that TGF-beta activation of Smad2 and Smad3 appear to be essential for the observed differentiation. Taken together, this system provides a novel model of smooth muscle differentiation that reliably recapitulates the process observed in vivo and allows for dissection of the pathways and processes involved in this process.
Pseudorandom built-in self-test methodology and implementation for the IBM RISC System/6000 processor

This paper describes a unified self-test and system bring-up methodology. The components involved include a common on-chip processor (COP) that executes the chip self-test sequence and provides an interface to the COP bus, a serial bus (COP bus) that links the chips of OCS and ESP, an on-card sequencer (OCS) that controls the self-test and system initialization sequences, and an engineering support processor (ESP) that is used for system verification, bring-up, and debug. Almost all RISC System/6000 chips contain embedded RAMs such as register files, caches, and directories; therefore, the self-test methodology described here is particularly suitable for logic chips that contain embedded arrays. Logic and RAM self-test is executed by a control processor (COP) integrated on the chips. The COP controls the self-test sequence, generates pseudorandom test vectors, scans them into chip registers, and provides the select lines that establish a one-to-one correspondence between RAM input/output and chip registers.
Impact Damage of the Challenger Crew Compartment

A free-fall water impact of the nose section of the Challenger Orbiter including the crew compartment is investigated. Assuming the structure to be perfectly rigid, forces and accelerations acting on the capsule on entering the water are determined and compared with the survivability limits of the occupants. The peak decelerations corresponding to terminal velocities of 140 and 180 mph (62.6 and 80.5 m/s) were found to be 100 and 150 g, respectively, with a duration of approximately 25 ms. On the NASA human endurance diagrams, the calculated parameters fell within the area of severe injuries. The local pressures were also calculated and found to be of an exponentially decaying character with a maximum value in the range of 4-6 MPa (600-900 psi). A simplified rupture analysis of the outer shell acted upon by the transient pressure pulse was performed and it was found that tearing and fracture of the fuselage will certainly occur almost instantly on contacting water. It can be concluded that abrupt decelerations and loss of integrity of the cockpit upon water impact must have produced severe or fatal injuries. The present findings also shed some light on the problem of survivability of the primary explosion.
Existence of solutions for all Deborah numbers for a non-Newtonian model modified to include diffusion

Abstract We consider the existence of solutions for a non-Newtonian fluid that is based upon a nonlinear dumb-bell model. It is shown that a rigorous existence proof can be obtained for solutions on a bounded domain at arbitrary values of Deborah number provided the model includes a spatial diffusion term that is usually neglected in the derivation of the model by assuming that the structure is spatially homogeneous. Although this diffusion term is critical to the existence proof, it is expected to be numerically small compared to other terms in the constitutive model, except possibly in the vicinity of very large stress gradients, which it will tend to smooth out. The proof also requires that the stress always remain bounded. Although it is likely that this will be true for a model with a nonlinear (FENE) spring, it is difficult to prove rigorously. Hence, in the existence proof we resort to an ad hoc assumption that is equivalent to asserting that the polymer breaks (degrades) if the end-to-end distance exceeds some prescribed values that is less than the full cotour length but is otherwise arbitrary.
Gaussian approximation of peak values in the integrated Sachs-Wolfe effect

The accelerating expansion of the universe at recent epochs is encoded in the cosmic microwave background: a few percent of the total temperature fluctuations are generated by evolving gravitational potentials which trace the large-scale structures in the universe. This signature of dark energy, the integrated Sachs-Wolfe effect, has been detected by averaging temperatures in the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) sky maps corresponding to the directions of superstructures in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey data release 6. We model the maximum average peak signal expected in the standard $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}\mathrm{CDM}$ cosmological model, using Gaussian random realizations of the microwave sky, including correlations between different physical contributions to the temperature fluctuations and between different redshift ranges of the evolving gravitational potentials. We find good agreement with the mean temperature peak amplitude from previous theoretical estimates based on large-scale structure simulations, but with larger statistical uncertainties. We apply our simulation pipeline to four different foreground-cleaned microwave temperature maps from Planck and WMAP data, finding a mean temperature peak signal at previously identified sky locations which exceeds our theoretical mean signal at a statistical significance of about $2.5\ensuremath{\sigma}$ and which differs from a null signal at $3.5\ensuremath{\sigma}$.
The Effect of Overtly Categorizing Music on Preference for Popular Music Styles.

This investigation was designed to examine the effect of overt listener categorization on preference for “crossover” excerpts (i.e., instrumental selections of artists nominated for Grammy awards in more than one popular style per year). Results showed no significant differences in nonmusic majors' (n = 534) preferential ratings subsequent to one of the following treatments: (a) stipulated categorization (pop, rock, jazz), (b) no overt categorization, or (c) free-operant categorization (any classification system). Subjects with musical experience responded significantly more positively than did the musically inexperienced, and females' ratings were significantly more positive than were males‘. The investigation's second component compared continuous versus static responses using a Continuous Response Digital Interface (CRDI) and Likert-type scales. Results showed that responses made across time were significantly more positive compared to static responses. Musical experience and gender significantly affec...
Simultaneous determination of temperature and OH concentrations in a solid propellant flame

Rotationally resolved absorption spectroscopy in the A-X (0,0) vibrational band system of OH around 306.4 nm has been performed to determine the temperature and OH concentration in solid propellant flames. OH is sufficiently well characterized that the spectra can be least squares fitted under a variety of conditions. These conditions include the peculiarities of the experimental setup, instrument response parameters and absorption baseline, as well as the temperature and OH concentration. The multiparameter least squares fit of the spectra gives values and statistical uncertainties for temperature, OH concentration, and other experimental design parameters. This technique has been applied to a nitramine propellant flame burning in a windowed combustion vessel pressurized with 1.5 MPa nitrogen. A propellant feed mechanism coupled to the combustion vessel extended the data taking time such that good quality OH absorption spectra could be obtained for this transient event. Here the light source was an arc lamp and the detector a spectrometer with an intensified photodiode array. Experimental OH spectral data have been fitted to temperatures ranging from about 2700 to 2000 K with a standard deviation of about 120 K. Together with these temperatures, concentrations that range from about 640 to 250 ppm with a standard deviation of about 6% are also determined. These OH concentration values are consistent with thermochemical equilibrium values for flame temperatures about 80 K below adiabatic and represent the first absolute determinations in a solid propellant flame environment.
A comparison of module constructs in programming languages

Modules are constructs that help implement the principle of information hiding. Some languages provide general purpose modules, while others provide modules that are more specialised. This paper compares the modules that are provided by some languages.
Why do even satisfied newlyweds eventually go on to divorce

Although divorce typically follows an extended period of unhappiness that begins early in marriage, some couples who are very happy throughout the first several years of marriage will also go on to divorce. This study aimed to identify risk factors early in marriage that distinguish initially satisfied couples who eventually divorce from those who remain married. We identified 136 couples reporting stably high levels of relationship satisfaction in the first 4 years of marriage. We compared the couples who went on to divorce by the 10-year follow-up with the couples who remained married on initial measures of commitment, observed communication, stress, and personality. Divorcing couples displayed more negative communication, emotion, and social support as newlyweds compared with couples who did not divorce. No significant differences were found in the other domains, in relationship satisfaction, or in positive behaviors. Overall, results indicate that even couples who are very successful at navigating the early years of marriage can be vulnerable to later dissolution if their interpersonal exchanges are poorly regulated. We speculate that, paradoxically, the many strengths possessed by these couples may mask their potent interpersonal liabilities, posing challenges for educational interventions designed to help these couples.
Fabrication and surface chemistry of nanoscale bioarrays designed for the study of cytoskeletal protein binding interactions and their effect on cell motility

We have designed a system engineered to mimic biological spatial order. The system consists of nanoscale dots organized into hierarchical arrays in which structural parameters, such as spacing and orientation, are systematically varied. These arrays are used to probe the spatial distributions of binding sites in biomolecules. In this paper, we describe the fabrication process, including lithography and biofunctionalization, and we discuss issues related to surface chemistry that are critical to creating robust, biologically active nanoarrays.