cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Observations on the β→ζ m massive transformation in two-phase (β+ζ) alloys of the Cu−Ga−Ge system

Optical metallography, transmission electron microscopy, and thermal arrest measurements, have been used to study the transformation, on quenching, of an initial two-phase (β+ζ) microstructure, in the Cu−Ga−Ge system. The two phases bcc (β) and hcp (ζ) coexist in a narrow temperature range near 635°C in a ternary Cu-21.0Ga-1.5Ge alloy. The microstructure at high temperature typically consists of β regions outlining ζ grains. Upon rapid quenching of such a structure, the hexagonal ζ grains remain stable, but each β region transforms via a massive transformation to an hcp ζm structure without change of composition. Growth of such ζm grains takes place only from certain original β/ζ boundaries, but not from others. A ξm grain adopts the same crystallographic orientation as the adjacent ζ grain at which it initiated. However, the coherent ζ/ζm “boundary” which develops exhibits a lattice parameter discontinuity across it, due to the difference in composition. The process amounts to massive growth without conventional nucleation. The significance of these findings, particularly in terms of the desirability of the presence or absence of certain initial crystallographic relationships between the β and ζ grains is discussed.
An Iterative Calibration Curve Procedure

Calibration curves are an important part of many measurement processes. The user of a fitted calibration curve must know its precision and accuracy. These are determined in a timely fashion using the data iteratively. This paper gives a method that divides the data into training and test groups. The test group is iteratively checked to see that a prechosen nominal confidence interval probability of coverage is met. If on the basis of this check the calibration experiment is completed, the nominal probability level is shown to still be valid.
Unusual Therapeutic Response of Massive Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Bladder to Aggressive Radiation and Surgery

We report a case of stage D, poorly differentiated invasive squamous cancer of the bladder. Following transurethral resection of the tumor (170 gm.) and urinary diversion, the patient received 6,500 rad external radiation. After completion of radiation the bladder was converted from an inoperable (fixed to the pelvis) to an operable (mobile) condition. A cystectomy was performed and the patient was without evidence of disease 4 years later. The controversies of the therapeutic approach to squamous cancer of the bladder are discussed.
Murine Ia genes: organization, polymorphism and heterogeneity.

The genes of the major histocompatibility complex have been identified and analyzed in many species. Homology between species indicate that these genes evolved millions of years ago, and that they are part of a super-gene family. Studies in man and mouse have clearly identified at least four classes of MHC genes, class I, class II, class III and class IV. The class I genes code for the classical ‘transplantation antigens’ which consist of a 45,000 molecular weight chain associated with a 12,000 dalton β2 microglobulin and are expressed on all nucleated cells. The class I genes can be further subdivided into those involved in the rejection of transplants and which serve as restriction molecules for cytotoxic T lymphocytes (K, D, L in mouse and HLA-A, -B, -C in humans), and a set of class I genes with unknown function (Qa and Tla in mouse). The class II genes code for the classical ‘Ia antigens’ which consists of two polypeptide chains of 31,000 and 28,000 daltons in a non-covalent association and expressed predominantly on lymphoid cells. These molecules are involved in the presentation of non-self antigens and activation of the T-helper cell. The class III genes code for the classical ‘complement components’, C4, C2 and bf. A new set of genes involved in synthesis of certain enzymes (neuraminidase, 21-hydroxylase), tumor necrosis factor and cytochrome P450 proteins are grouped as the class IV genes. In this paper, we will concentrate primarily on the organization and polymorphism of the class II Ia genes.
Dynamics of Acoustic Phonon Decay: Experiment and Simulation

Monochromatic acoustic phonons are generated in LiYF4:Pr3+ using defect induced one phonon absorption of far infrared radiation. The spectral and temporal dynamics associated with anharmonic decay are determined using an absorption vibronic sideband spectrometer. Experimental results are compared with Monte Carlo simulations based upon the isotropic dispersionless model for spontaneous three phonon anharmonic processes.
Gender Norms and Age-Disparate Sexual Relationships as Predictors of Intimate Partner Violence, Sexual Violence, and Risky Sex among Adolescent Gang Members

Unequal gender norms and age-disparate sexual relationships can lead to power imbalances and are also associated with intimate partner violence (IPV), sexual coercion and violence, and sexual risk behaviors. The present study examined these variables from both victim and perpetrator perspectives among adolescent gang members. Age-disparate sexual relationships were defined as sex partners 5 or more years older among female participants and 5 or more years younger among male participants. Participants were recruited from a mid-sized Midwestern city and completed a 60–90-min audio computer-assisted self-interview in a community-based setting. Participants in this study included 107 female gang members (68 % African-American, 19 % Latina; mean age, 17.6) and 169 male gang members (62 % African-American, 28 % Latino; mean age, 17.7). As hypothesized, endorsing unequal gender norms toward women was significantly related to IPV victimization among female participants and perpetration among male participants, and engagement in group sex in the past month among both female and male participants (ps < 0.05). Additionally, unequal gender norms were significantly related to male participants’ perpetrating rape (p < 0.05). As hypothesized, female gang members who had been in age-disparate sexual relationships were significantly more likely to have experienced more IPV and report being raped and males gang members who had age-disparate sexual relationships were significantly more likely to perpetrate IPV in the past year and perpetrate rape (ps < 0.05). Age-disparate sexual relationships were also significantly related to being gang raped among female gang members and participating in a gang rape among male gang members, and engaging in group sex among both female and male gang members (ps < 0.05). Female participants who had been in age-disparate sexual relationships were more likely to have been pregnant (ps < 0.05). It is essential for researchers and public health practitioners to create programs for female adolescents to reduce or avoid risky situations, such as inability to negotiate condom use with older sex partners. Additionally, programs must be developed for both female and male gang members to help them understand and identify unequal gender norms, and interpersonal and sexual coercion/violence. Early intervention will also be necessary as these adolescent gang members are already engaged in extremely high-risk, coercive, and violent behaviors.
Influence of Selected Solutes on Thermally Induced Death and Injury of Salmonella Typhimurium

A study was conducted to determine the influence of various solutes on heat-induced RNA breakdown, injury (as measured by inability to proliferate on salt containing media), and death of Salmonella typhimurium. Results showed that heating cells in phosphate buffer was more deleterious than heating in distilled water. Concentration of buffer was a significant factor in the effect of heat on the cells. Magnesium, spermine, and sucrose in the heating menstruum protected salmonellae from heat destruction. Conditions could be manipulated such that measurable RNA breakdown did not occur yet significant portions of the ceil population were killed. Evidence accrued indicating that RNA breakdown was not the primary cause of cell death at 48 C.
Visual discrimination training improves Humphrey perimetry in chronic cortically induced blindness

Objective: To assess if visual discrimination training improves performance on visual perimetry tests in chronic stroke patients with visual cortex involvement. Methods: 24-2 and 10-2 Humphrey visual fields were analyzed for 17 chronic cortically blind stroke patients prior to and following visual discrimination training, as well as in 5 untrained, cortically blind controls. Trained patients practiced direction discrimination, orientation discrimination, or both, at nonoverlapping, blind field locations. All pretraining and posttraining discrimination performance and Humphrey fields were collected with online eye tracking, ensuring gaze-contingent stimulus presentation. Results: Trained patients recovered ∼108 degrees 2 of vision on average, while untrained patients spontaneously improved over an area of ∼16 degrees 2 . Improvement was not affected by patient age, time since lesion, size of initial deficit, or training type, but was proportional to the amount of training performed. Untrained patients counterbalanced their improvements with worsening of sensitivity over ∼9 degrees 2 of their visual field. Worsening was minimal in trained patients. Finally, although discrimination performance improved at all trained locations, changes in Humphrey sensitivity occurred both within trained regions and beyond, extending over a larger area along the blind field border. Conclusions: In adults with chronic cortical visual impairment, the blind field border appears to have enhanced plastic potential, which can be recruited by gaze-controlled visual discrimination training to expand the visible field. Our findings underscore a critical need for future studies to measure the effects of vision restoration approaches on perimetry in larger cohorts of patients.
Ecological Model for Classifying and Monitoring of Green Needlegrass/Western Wheatgrass/Blue Gramma/Buffalograss Ecological Type

A multivariate statistical model was developed to classify plant seral stages and to monitor succession of the green needlegrass (Nassella viridula (Trin.) Barkworth), western wheatgrass (Pascopyrum smithii (Rydb.) A Love), blue grama (Bouteloua gracilis (Willd. ex Kunth) Lag. ex Griffiths), buffalograss (Bouteloua dactyloides (Nutt.) J.T. Columbus) ecological type on grasslands of North and South Dakota, eastern Montana and Wyoming. Seral stages are objectively derived groupings of vegetation composition based on the range of natural variability within the current grassland ecological type. The model developed in this paper can be used by range and wildlife managers to evaluate management objectives by monitoring changes in plant species cover and composition within and among seral stages and community phases. Four ecological seral stages representing early to late succession were quantitatively identified with an estimated 98 percent accuracy. Three common perennial grasses provide the information to assign seral stages and monitor trends based on index values (canopy cover (%) x frequency of occurrence (%)) for western wheatgrass, buffalo grass and green needlegrass. Estimates of canopy cover and frequency of occurrence of these three plant species are all that is required for the model. The four defined seral stages provide resource managers with options to quantitatively evaluate management alternatives and objectives associated with state and transition community phases. The developed model for this ecological type is simple to use, reliable, repeatable, accurate and cost effective to meet management objectives and monitoring plans.
Commercial Transactions in Children: The Case of Ghana.

The current article represents an examination of commercial transactions involving the sale of children in contemporary Ghana. It presents the results of a criminological analysis of 20 cases of co...
Active smoking and survival following breast cancer among African American and non-African American women in the Carolina Breast Cancer Study.

To examine racial differences in smoking rates at the time of breast cancer diagnosis and subsequent survival among African American and non-African American women in the Carolina Breast Cancer Study (Phases I/II), a large population-based North Carolina study. We interviewed 788 African American and 1,020 Caucasian/non-African American women diagnosed with invasive breast cancer from 1993 to 2000, to assess smoking history. After a median follow-up of 13.56 years, we identified 717 deaths using the National Death Index; 427 were breast cancer-related. We used Cox regression to examine associations between self-reported measures of smoking and breast cancer-specific survival within 5 years and up to 18 years after diagnosis conditional on 5-year survival. We examined race and estrogen receptor status as potential modifiers. Current (vs never) smoking was not associated with 5-year survival; however, risk of 13 year conditional breast cancer-specific mortality was elevated among women who were current smokers at diagnosis (HR 1.54, 95% CI 1.06–2.25), compared to never smokers. Although smoking rates were similar among African American (22.0%) and non-African American (22.1%) women, risk of breast cancer-specific mortality was elevated among African American (HR 1.69, 95% CI 1.00–2.85), but only weakly elevated among non-African American (HR 1.22, 95% CI 0.70–2.14) current (vs. never) smokers (P Interaction = 0.30). Risk of breast cancer-specific mortality was also elevated among current (vs never) smokers diagnosed with ER− (HR 2.58, 95% CI 1.35–4.93), but not ER+ (HR 1.11, 95% CI 0.69–1.78) tumors (P Interaction = 0.17). Smoking may negatively impact long-term survival following breast cancer. Racial differences in long-term survival, as related to smoking, may be driven by ER status, rather than by differences in smoking patterns.
Augmenting cloud architectures to support decentralized applications

Despite the benefits of decentralized applications in terms of resilience and privacy, the overwhelming majority of applications with mainstream adoption are provided in a centralized manner. We argue that this is due to the direct benefits to the developer that centralization provides in terms of performance, monetization, and deployability. In this paper we introduce a new model, untrusted delegation, which joins the simplified deployment model of centralization with the benefits of decentralization. In this model, we decouple administrative ownership from administrative management, and leverage the existence of either a private cloud infrastructure, or a public cloud provider that acts as a neutral third party, that is augmented to support decentralization. Our initial prototype integrates with the Digital Ocean API and as a proof-of-concept, we can deploy Tor relay nodes with users only needing to sign up for a Digital Ocean account.
AS TRADIÇÕES SAGRADAS DE KUWAI ENTRE OS POVOS ARUAQUE SETENTRIONAIS: ESTRUTURAS, MOVIMENTOS E VARIAÇÕES

Resumo As tradicoes sagradas de Kuwai sao uma parte central da heranca cultural e espiritual dos povos de lingua aruaque setentrional, no noroeste da Amazonia, que vivem em uma area desde o alto Rio Vaupes, na Colombia, em toda a bacia do rio Icana, no Brasil, ate os rios Guaviare e Inirida, na Venezuela. O objetivo deste estudo e discutir algumas das dimensoes mais importantes dessa tradicao religiosa, concretamente: mapeando as tradicoes e suas variantes; discutindo as “mitagens” - paisagens miticas - da tradicao, isto e, os conjuntos de lugares sagrados inter-relacionados por narrativas e cantos xamânicos compartilhados por grupos etnolinguisticos; elaborando os significados mais importantes associados a figura de Kuwai, tendo a ver com ancestrais patrilineares, transmissao cultural atraves de geracoes, relacoes identidade/alteridade e xamanismo; e examinando a fertilizacao cruzada de cosmologias nas fronteiras entre a tradicao religiosa Kuwai e tradicoes nao aruaques.
Strategies for Integrating Network and Life Course Perspectives

The concluding chapter in this volume identifies four concrete strategies utilized by authors in this volume to link the life course and social network perspectives: (1) social networks informing individual trajectories, (2) individual trajectories informing social networks, (3) social networks informing life transitions, and (4) life transitions informing social networks. The theoretical foundations underlying each strategy are discussed, and the chapter outlines how authors in the volume used a respective strategy to link life course and network concepts. The strategies provide a useful roadmap for future research aimed at strengthening the bridge between the two perspectives.
Methane and nitrous oxide cycling microbial communities in soils above septic leach fields: Abundances with depth and correlations with net surface emissions

Abstract Onsite septic systems use soil microbial communities to treat wastewater, in the process creating potent greenhouse gases (GHGs): methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O). Subsurface soil dispersal systems of septic tank overflow, known as leach fields, are an important part of wastewater treatment and have the potential to contribute significantly to GHG cycling. This study aimed to characterize soil microbial communities associated with leach field systems and quantify the abundance and distribution of microbial populations involved in CH4 and N2O cycling. Functional genes were used to target populations producing and consuming GHGs, specifically methyl coenzyme M reductase (mcrA) and particulate methane monooxygenase (pmoA) for CH4 and nitric oxide reductase (cnorB) and nitrous oxide reductase (nosZ) for N2O. All biomarker genes were found in all soil samples regardless of treatment (leach field, sand filter, or control) or depth (surface or subsurface). In general, biomarker genes were more abundant in surface soils than subsurface soils suggesting the majority of GHG cycling is occurring in near-surface soils. Ratios of production to consumption gene abundances showed a positive relationship with CH4 emissions (mcrA:pmoA, p 0.05). Of the three measured soil parameters (volumetric water content (VWC), temperature, and conductivity), only VWC was significantly correlated to a biomarker gene, mcrA (p = 0.0398) but not pmoA or either of the N2O cycling genes (p > 0.05 for cnorB and nosZ). 16S rRNA amplicon library sequencing results revealed soil VWC, CH4 flux and N2O flux together explained 64% of the microbial community diversity between samples. Sequencing of mcrA and pmoA amplicon libraries revealed treatment had little effect on diversity of CH4 cycling organisms. Overall, these results suggest GHG cycling occurs in all soils regardless of whether or not they are associated with a leach field system.
HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY | As a Discipline

The emergence of historical archaeology as a discipline can be attributed largely to developments in North America during the second half of the twentieth century. There, historical archaeology evolved from a base that was focused on archaeological research supporting restoration of pivotal nationalistic historic sites. Following World War II, emergence of the discipline was fueled by rapidly expanding national archaeology programs in the United States and Canada. By the end of the third quarter of the century, the discipline emerged, seeking to proclaim scholarly legitimacy and, within the United States and to a lesser degree in Canada, a place within anthropology. The maturation of the discipline in the decades that followed has increasingly been influenced by scholars residing in, and scholarship focused on, regions beyond North America. Historical archaeology today is increasingly informed by a global or world perspective….
Rehabilitation for Children With Dystonic Cerebral Palsy Using Haptic Feedback in Virtual Reality: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial.

Background: Cerebral palsy (CP) is the most common developmental motor disorder in children. Individuals with CP demonstrate abnormal muscle tone and motor control. Within the population of children with CP, between 4% and 17% present dystonic symptoms that may manifest as large errors in movement tasks, high variability in movement trajectories, and undesired movements at rest. These symptoms of dystonia typically worsen with physical intervention exercises. Objective: The aim of this study is to establish the effect of haptic feedback in a virtual reality (VR) game intervention on movement outcomes of children with dystonic CP. Methods: The protocol describes a randomized controlled trial that uses a VR game-based intervention incorporating fully automated robotic haptic feedback. The study consists of face-to-face assessments of movement before, after, and 1 month following the completion of the 6-session game-based intervention. Children with dystonic CP, aged between 7 and 17 years, will be recruited for this study through posted fliers and laboratory websites along with a group of typically developing (TD) children in the same age range. We anticipate to recruit a total of 68 participants, 34 each with CP and TD. Both groups of children will be randomly allocated into an intervention or control group using a blocked randomization method. The primary outcome measure will be the smoothness index of the interaction force with the robot and of the accelerometry signals of sensors placed on the upper limb segments. Secondary outcomes include a battery of clinical tests and a quantitative measure of spasticity. Assessors administering clinical measures will be blinded. All sessions will be administered on-site by research personnel. Results: The trial has not started and is pending local institutional review board approval. Conclusions: Movement outcomes will be examined for changes in muscle activation and clinical measures in children with dystonic CP and TD children. Paired t tests will be conducted on movement outcomes for both groups of children independently. Positive and negative results will be reported and addressed. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03744884; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03744884 (Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/74RSvmbZP) International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID): PRR1-10.2196/11470
How to Organize Crime

In criminal organizations, diffusing information widely throughout the organization might lead to greater internal efficiency (in particular, since these organizations are self-sustaining, through enhancing trust). However, this may come at the cost of leaving the organization more vulnerable to external threats such as law enforcement. We consider the implications of this trade-off and characterize the optimal information structure, rationalizing both “hierarchical” structures and organization in cells. Then, we focus on the role of the external authority, characterize optimal detection strategies, and discuss the implications of different forms of enforcement on the internal structure of the organization and policy. Finally, we discuss a number of applications and extensions. In this paper, we study the interplay between trust within an illegal organization and its vulnerability to the authorities. Illegal organizations function more effectively when the people who constitute them trust each other. We argue that information sharing is an important factor in building internal trust and cohesion but that can leave the organization vulnerable. Understanding how this trade-off affects an organization’s information structure and productivity can allow us to assess detection policies designed to destabilize such organizations. Since 9/11, the U.S. Congress has passed a $400 billion annual budget for the war on terror; new domestic institutions have been created or enhanced (among many others, the Counterterrorism section at the U.S. Department of Justice’s Criminal division); international intelligence cooperation has been strengthened; and new protocols and controversial legal tools such as the Patriot Act have been developed. However, these new agencies and institutions face the same basic questions that have challenged the prosecutors fighting organized crime in Italy, South America, and Eastern Asia, as well as authorities fighting terrorism all over the world now and in the past. How can we learn about the internal structure of criminal organizations? How should we go about investigating a criminal organization in order to break its internal cohesion? How does a criminal organization react to investigation policies? We highlight the fact that simply understanding the information links within an organization gives us insight into addressing these questions. The anecdotal evidence suggests that there is a wide heterogeneity across the information structures of different criminal organizations. The most credited theory about the Mafia, developed in the early 1990’s, has identified the so-called Cupola as the highest level of the organization—supposedly consisting of agents who hold large amounts of information about the organization itself and carry out the enforcement needed for the organization to function. 2 These crucial agents are shielded from the authorities since they are typically not directly involved in criminal activities. This theory suggests a centralized information and enforcement structure. 1. Previous drafts have circulated under the titles “Power and Organizational Structure under an External Threat”
Identifying opioid prescribing patterns for high-volume prescribers via cluster analysis.

Abstract Objective Despite recent decreases in opioid prescribing rates, evidence suggests there is substantial variation in the way opioids are prescribed by providers. This study aims to identify patterns in high-volume opioid prescribing. Methods We conducted partitioning-around-medoids cluster analysis using the IQVIA Prescriber Profile dataset, including the number of opioid prescriptions filled at US retail pharmacies aggregated at the prescriber-level from July 2016 through June 2017. Clustering was used to identify prescription patterns within a sample of 10,000 high-volume opioid prescribers (defined as the top 10% of prescribers by number of opioid prescriptions during the 12-month period). Clustering variables included prescription counts by opioid type, and prescriber specialty, age, and region. Results Family medicine (32%), internal medicine (23%), and orthopedics (11%) were the most common high-volume prescribing specialties. Across specialties, hydrocodone and oxycodone were the most-frequently prescribed opioid types. Thirty-five clusters of prescribers were obtained, consistently comprised of a single majority specialty and region. All majority high-prescribing specialties were represented in Southern clusters, indicating consistently high volume opioid prescribing across specialties in the region. Prescribing patterns varied by drug type and region - across every Northeastern cluster, oxycodone prescribing was higher than hydrocodone. While clusters of pain medicine specialists had the highest median total prescriptions, emergency medicine specialist clusters had some of the lowest. Conclusions These results provide a clearer picture of current patterns among high-volume prescribers, who accounted for almost two-thirds of all opioid prescriptions. In light of the ongoing opioid overdose epidemic, this knowledge is critical for prevention activities.
How Mediation Works : Resolving Conflict Through Talk

Using conversation analysis to study the interaction between mediators and disputants, this study shows how mediation is used to resolve conflict in small claims and divorce mediation sessions. Angela Garcia explores the techniques mediators use to help disputants tell their stories, make and respond to complaints and accusations, and come up with ideas for resolving the dispute. By analyzing these techniques in their interactional context, she shows how they impact the experience and responses of disputants, and demonstrates that mediator techniques can empower disputants, maximize disputant autonomy, and display mediator's neutrality while in some cases, the organization of talk in mediation may work against these goals. This book is the first to use conversation analysis to study how mediation works and how mediators can best help disputants.This book is no. 34 in the Studies in Interactional Sociolinguistics series. In some copies, it has mistakenly been printed as no. 33.
Supervised machine learning for prediction of zirconocene-catalyzed α-olefin polymerization

Abstract A new approach is demonstrated in which an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) was trained with first-principles data to predict the chain length, polydispersity (Đ) and adiabatic temperature for a zirconocene-catalyzed polymerization reaction. The ANN-generated data shows good agreement with the theoretical results, with an overall R 2 of 0.9987. Using its significantly enhanced computational speed, the ANN was used to analyze the reaction space, providing insights into trends seen in molecular weight and Đ with various combinations of kinetic parameters, particularly pointing out regions of desirable and undesirable operation. The network was trained in reverse and used to generate reaction rate constants from chain length and Đ, enabling a new form of kinetic deduction for polymerization reactions. This training was used to derive potential rate constants for different catalysts reported in the literature. Overall, this data indicates that ANNs are a plausible tool for analyzing data from complex metallocene-catalyzed olefin polymerizations.
How Do You Say Gay in Arabic? Being Essential Under "Don't Ask, Don't Tell"

Having now spoken publicly for over a year about my experiences as a gay Arabic linguist serving under—and later discharged by—the “Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell” policy, I find it difficult to talk about “my story” anymore without resorting to bullet points. In most venues, this method of presentation has worked well, if only for clarity and poignancy. People, who minutes before hearing about “the discharged gay linguists” would have argued the necessity of keeping DADT, often are equally passionate about explaining why expunging linguists of any sexual orientation is contrary to the national interest. In this article, I hope to address my experiences living under DADT and my subsequent challenge to the policy that ended my career.
Identifying the Picky Shopper

Shopper pickiness is an individual difference that is fundamentally associated with how individuals make choices. From lay intuition, we all know someone who is “picky”. Yet to date, research in marketing has neither systematically defined the construct nor provided the means by which to assess relative degrees of pickiness among shoppers. This paper theorizes that individual differences in shopper pickiness are characterized by two primary factors: precise preferences (PP) and flaw sensitivity (FS). The authors develop the Picky Shopper scale and find that pickier shoppers describe their ideal products in more detail, are more critical of advertised products, are less susceptible to social influence, are more likely to spread negative word of mouth, and form smaller consideration sets. In addition, the authors find that picky shoppers care about a wide range of attributes when they make selections, even when deciding on horizontal attributes (e.g. color, taste). Finally, the Picky Shopper scale reliably identifies pickiness across various shopping contexts.
Parenting Together: Understanding the Shared Context of Positive Parenting Among Low-Income Black Families

This study examined the relations between family demographics and positive parenting dimensions among urban-residing, low-income, Black caregiving dyads. Participants were 100 co-caregivers affilia...
Mixed-integer linear programming for scheduling unconventional oil field development

The scheduling of drilling and hydraulic fracturing of wells in an unconventional oil field plays an important role in the profitability of the field. A key challenge arising in this problem is the requirement that neither drilling nor oil production can be done at wells within a specified neighborhood of a well being fractured. We propose a novel mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) formulation for determining a schedule for drilling and fracturing wells in an unconventional oil field. We also derive an alternative formulation which provides stronger relaxations. In order to apply the MILP model for scheduling large fields, we derive a rolling horizon approach that solves a sequence of coarse time-scale MILP instances to obtain a solution at the daily time scale. We benchmark our MILP-based rolling horizon approach against a baseline scheduling algorithm in which wells are developed in the order of their discounted production revenue. Our experiments on synthetically generated instances demonstrate that our MILP-based rolling horizon approach can improve profitability of a field by 4–6%.
A 3mm heterodyne imaging array

A heterodyne imaging array is under construction to tune the 95-115 GHz range with a 3×5 array. The mixers will use Schottky diodes operated at 20 K with integrated HEMT IF amplifiers. Image sideband rejection is done with a quasi-optical filter which terminates the image at 20 K. Polarization interleaving is used to minimize the array size on the sky.
Comprehensive decomposition optimization method for locating key sets of commenters spreading conspiracy theory in complex social networks

With the power of social media being harnessed to coordinate events and revolutions across the globe, it is important to identify the key sets of individuals that have the power to mobilize crowds. These key sets have higher resources at their disposal and can regulate the flow of information in social networks. They can maximize information spread and influence/manipulate crowds when they are coordinating. But due to the inherent drawbacks in node-based and network-based community detection algorithms, neither of these types of algorithms can be used to detect/identify these key sets. In this study, we present a bi-level max-max optimization approach to identify these key sets, where the degree centrality is used to identify individuals’ influence at the commenter-level, while the network-level is designed to evaluate the spectral modularity values. We also present a set of evaluation metrics that can be used to rank these key sets for an in-depth investigation. We demonstrated the efficacy of the proposed model by identifying key sets hidden in a YouTube network spreading fake news about the conflict in South China Sea. The network consisted of 47,265 comments, 8477 commenters, and 5095 videos. A co-commenter network was constructed, where two commenters were linked together if they comment on same video. The proposed model efficiently identified key sets of commenters spread information to the whole network to manipulate YouTube’s recommendation and search algorithm to increase the information dissemination. Moreover, the projected approach could identify sets of commenters that were key connectors to multiple groups, high influence across the network, higher interactions, and reachability than other regular communities. Besides, the Girvan–Newman modularity method, the depth-first search method, and text analysis was applied to validate the outcomes, categorize the identified key sets, and monitor the commenters’ behaviors and information spread strategies in the network. In addition, the model considered a multi-criteria problem to rank these key sets of commenters based on the small real-world networks’ features.
Amplifying Legal Research in the 1L Curriculum: Reimagining the Research Log as a Tool to Teach Students Legal Research Analysis

Legal research has long been a shadow skill within the legal curriculum. Even as other skills began to take prominence in law schools after the MacCrate report advocated the importance of practical lawyering skills, research has been treated as a topic less vital to students' professional success than many others--as shown by the structure, credit load, and word of mouth regarding legal research courses. This is due, at least in part, to false narratives that existing concerning how interesting, challenging, and important legal research is--or more critically, is not. Small changes to the first-year skills curriculum can help rewrite these narratives, while helping students expand their cognitive capacities and strengthening student learning. Part I of this Article will explore three of the primary false narratives that affect students' perception of legal research instruction and explain why these false narratives are detrimental to students who accept them as true. Part II will look at how cognitive load, and the structural and programmatic choices we made to help our students overcome their limited working memories, reinforce these narratives, particularly in light of legal research's role in the first-year skills curriculum. Part III will describe how professors can use scaffolding techniques to overcome the challenges of students' limited cognitive capacity. Part III also recommends a specific scaffolding method--a newly designed research log using the CREAC structure traditionally used in legal writing, that legal research professors can utilize to help overcome these false narratives while ensuring students gain the analytical research skills they need for the successful practice of law.
Satire in Gesellschaft und Öffentlichkeit: Rolle, Funktionen und (digitale) Transformationsprozesse

Satire ist ein „wichtiges Element der politischen Medienoffentlichkeit moderner Gesellschaften“ und integraler Bestandteil der „kommunikativen Infrastruktur heutiger politischer Systeme“. Sichtbar wird die gesellschaftliche und offentliche Relevanz von Satire anhand mehrerer Aspekte. So sind nicht nur, aber auch, insbesondere politikbezogene satirische Medieninhalte Gegenstand journalistischer Berichterstattung und damit medialer Anschlusskommunikation; satirische Beitrage konnen massenmediale Berichterstattung zu bestimmten Themen also beeinflussen oder anstosen.
Extreme ultraviolet laser ablation mass spectrometry for chemical mapping at the nanoscale

We highlight the high spatial resolution capabilities of our extreme ultraviolet laser ablation mass spectrometer (EUV MS) by mapping the chemical information in a uranium fuel pellet at the nanoscale, identifying features of interest that would have been otherwise overlooked at larger spatial scales.
Nihilists, Heroes, Samaritans and I

A wide array of recent scholarly writing has expressed concern with a motivation deficit at the heart of secular liberal individualism. What drives persons to act on a sense of justice that transcends concern for self? This paper surveys two recent arguments—one from an atheist, Simon Critchley, the other from a Christian, Charles Taylor—about what that question means for justice and politics in the contemporary world. Critchley and Taylor agree that heroism is not enough: the actions of an exceptional individual do not necessarily motivate everyone else to act. The two thinkers also agree that motivation comes from somewhere other than the self’s autonomy. However, they disagree about what that outside source is, and in that disagreement we may find useful resources for theorizing—across otherwise contentions divides—the emergence of a renewed commitment to ethical politics within secular liberalism.
Evaluation and Improvement of Sour Property Packages in Unisim Design

This presentation described specialty fluid packages for modeling oil and gas process systems involving sour gases in contact with aqueous phase. UniSim Design is a popular process simulation tool in the oil and gas industry. The sour Peng-Robinson (PR) and sour Soave-Redlich-Kwong (SRK) models are commonly used for handling sour system where hydrogen sulphide (H{sub 2}S), carbon dioxide (CO{sub 2}) or ammonia (NH{sub 3}) are in contact with an aqueous phase. These sour options combine the PR/SRK equation of state and Wilson's API-sour model where the equation of state is used to determine the fugacities of the vapor and liquid hydrocarbon phases, plus the enthalpy for all 3 phases. The Wilson's API-sour method is used for the aqueous phase calculations, which accounts for the ionization of H{sub 2}S, CO{sub 2} and NH{sub 3} in the aqueous phase. The efficiency of these 2 thermodynamic property packages were evaluated in this study by comparing industrial and experimental data and the results from other similar models. The purpose of this study was to improve these property packages for more accurate and reliable modeling of sour systems. tabs., figs.
Structured Risk Assessment and Value-at-Risk

An important question for corporate finance officers is whether risk management systems, such as Value at Risk (VaR), currently are producing accurate results. In contrast to previous research on assessing the accuracy of risk systems or VaR, which has focused on backtesting a large sample of historical observations, we provide tools for real-time assessment, using a time window that varies adaptively with the data. The objective is to quickly signal if the estimation process is systematically biased, subject to a specified rate of false detections. For example, if the volatility is systematically underestimated by 25 percent our procedure detects this in an average of 25 observations. Previous techniques have often backtested thousands of observations. We also discuss the trade-off between increasing detection power at the risk of detecting meaningless errors and suggest a parameter to specify the balance desired for a specific application.
Properties of Condensed Matter Under Planetary Interior Conditions Measured by Femtosecond Spectroscopy

Imagine descending a deep mine shaft on a science fiction voyage to the center of the earth. In preparation for this voyage you pack two scientific measuring instruments: 1) an optical polishing apparatus, which allows you to prepare optically flat, mirror surfaces on samples of any materials which you encounter during the descent, and 2) a variable angle spectro-ellipsometer, which allows you to characterize completely the optical reflectance properties of the polished samples over as wide a wavelength range as desired. As you begin your descent, temperature and pressure begin to rise. Before long, the basic properties of surrounding materials begin to change. Crystals undergo plastic deformation, and phase transformations take place. Materials which were crystalline and insulating on the earth’s surface become fluid and conducting at elevated temperature and pressure. Eventually, upon arriving at the lower mantle and upper core, temperature will reach approximately 5000 K (the temperature of the sun’s surface) and pressure will approach 1 Mbar. Now imagine that, at this point, you take out your polishing apparatus and begin preparing mirror surfaces on surrounding materials, somehow maintaining the Mbar pressure on them (remember, this is a science fiction story). Then you begin performing extensive reflectance spectroscopy measurements on the hot pressurized surfaces, which your theoretical colleagues, waiting in cool, atmospheric pressure offices back home, are anxious to test against their latest computer model.
Specificity in the axonal connections of layer VI neurons in tree shrew striate cortex: evidence for distinct granular and supragranular systems

Pyramidal neurons in layer VI of striate cortex are the source of descending projections to the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) as well as a major source of axon terminals in the layers of striate cortex that receive LGN projections. This study examines how the connections of layer VI neurons are arranged with respect to the functionally distinct classes of neurons that compose their cortical and subcortical targets. By placing injections of biocytin into layer VI of tree shrew striate cortex, we identified two sublayers that differ in their intracortical and thalamic connections. Neurons in the upper part of layer VI, layer VIa, terminate in cortical layer IV, whereas those in the lower part of layer VI, layer VIb, terminate throughout the supragranular layers, layers I-III. The selectivity of layer VI subdivisions for the granular and supragranular layers is also evident in their descending projections. Neurons in layer VIa terminate preferentially in the LGN layers that supply layer IV (LGN layers 1, 2, 4, and 5), whereas neurons in layer VIb terminate in the LGN layers that supply layers I-III (LGN layers 3 and 6) and in the pulvinar nucleus. Additional subclasses of layer VIa neurons were identified based on the restriction of their terminal fields to narrow subtiers within layer IV. By influencing the activity of distinct populations of cortical neurons and the thalamic neurons that supply them, layer VI neurons could exert a powerful influence on the flow of activity in functionally distinct cortical circuits.
Synthesizing Studies of Dam Removal

Dam decommissioning is rapidly emerging as an important river restoration strategy in the United States. Hundreds of dams have been removed in the past few decades, including several large ones (>10–15 meters) impounding large sediment volumes (>106 cubic meters) in the past 3 years, notably Condit Dam and the Elwha River dams in Washington State. These removals and the associated studies provide for the first time an opportunity to evaluate the immediate and persistent consequences of these significant fluvial—and in some cases, coastal—perturbations. Understanding dam removal response not only improves understanding of landscape and ecosystem adjustment to profound sediment pulses but also provides important lessons for future watershed restoration efforts.
Does postzygotic isolation result from improper dosage compensation

The X chromosome invariably has the largest effect on postzygotic isolation between animal species. One explanation of this pattern is that inviability and sterility result from a breakdown in the dosage compensation of X-linked genes in hybrids. In Drosophila, such breakdown could result from divergence of the genes used to assess the X/autosomal (X/A) ratio, and thus the sex, of an individual. I test this hypothesis by introducing mutant alleles of the Sex-lethal locus into Drosophila melanogaster-Drosophila simulans hybrids. These mutants "ignore" any perceived anomalous X/A ratio and thus can be used to ensure proper dosage compensation in hybrids. These mutants do not rescue hybrid viability or fertility, implying that postzygotic isolation in this hybridization does not result from a disruption of dosage compensation caused by divergence of the X/A counting system.
Postoperative atelectasis and pneumonia: risk factors

Postoperative pulmonary complications frequently lead to increased patient morbidity and mortality, hospital length of stay, and resource utilization. Atelectasis and infectious complications account for the majority of reported pulmonary complications. Risk factors are thought to exaggerate pulmonary function deterioration, which occurs both during and after surgical procedures. This article reviews the literature and describes risk factors frequently identified in relation to pre-, intra-, and postoperative settings, impact of each risk factor on pulmonary function, and issues related to risk factor evaluation. Eighteen risk factors are reviewed regarding their pathophysiologic impact on pre-, intra-, and postoperative pulmonary function. Key issues related to risk factor evaluation are also discussed. Identification of risk factors and prediction of postoperative pulmonary complications are important. Early identification of patients at risk for postoperative pulmonary complications can guide our respiratory care to prevent or minimize these complications.