cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of some phenylethylamines in rhesus monkeys trained to discriminate (+)-amphetamine from saline

Although the structure-activity relationships (SAR) for the discriminative stimulus (DS) effects of phenylethylamines (PEAs) have been extensively evaluated in rats, only isolated components of the SAR have been studied in other species. Since DS effects in animals predict subjective effects in humans, it is important to establish cross-species generality of substitution results. In the present experiment, rhesus monkeys (n = 4) were trained to discriminate (+)-amphetamine (0.56 or 1.0 mg/kg, i.g.) from saline in a two-lever drug discrimination paradigm. Responding was maintained under a fixed-ratio discrete-trials schedule of shock avoidance. (+)-Amphetamine, and the N-substituted phenylethylamines (+)-methylamphetamine, and (+)-ethylamphetamine all engendered dose-dependent, full substitution for (+)-amphetamine and had no effect on rate of responding. In contrast, the ring-substituted compounds (+/-)-4-methoxyamphetamine (PMA), (+/-)-2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine (DMA), (+/-)-2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine (DOM), and (+/-)-3,4, 5-trimethoxyamphetamine (TMA) occasioned little or no (+)-amphetamine-appropriate response up to doses of 3.0 or 10 mg/kg. Therefore, it appears that monkeys respond to N-substituted amphetamines in the same way as rats, at least qualitatively. Considering that ring-substituted compounds have been found to partially substitute for (+)-amphetamine in rats, it is possible that the (+)-amphetamine DS may be pharmacologically more selective in monkeys. However, methodological differences may also explain differences between experiments.
Bacitracin: A unique topical antibiotic sensitizer

Topical bacitracin appears to be unique for the following reasons: (1) It is becoming a frequent sensitizer, particularly when used after surgery. (2) It may cause not only a delayed, eczematous contact dermatitis but an immediate urticarial reaction and, rarely, anaphylactic shock. (3) Positive patch test reactions to bacitracin often do not appear at the usual 48-hour test reading but may be positive when read at 96 hours. (4) Zinc bacitracin and "plain" bacitracin are two forms of topical bacitracin available, with possibly different degrees of sensitizing potential. (5) Bacitracin injected intradermally has been reported to be a histamine-releasing agent. (6) Bacitracin often coreacts but does not cross-react with neomycin. In this presentation we document the clinical and patch test findings of nine patients seen in the past year with allergic contact dermatitis to bacitracin ointment.
Pain Management in Current Combat Operations

Pain management in the U.S. Military, particularly in combat, shares many of the same principles found in civilian heath care organizations and institutions. Pain is one of the most common reasons for which soldiers seek medical attention in the combat environment, which mirrors the civilian experience. However, the combat environment exacerbates the typical challenges found in treating acute pain and has the additional obstacles of a lack of supplies and equipment, delayed or prolonged evacuation times and distances, devastating injuries, provider inexperience, and dangerous tactical situations. These factors contribute to the difficulty in controlling a soldier's pain in combat. Furthermore, civilian health care providers have also learned the importance of practicing pain management principles in austere and tactical environments because of recent natural and man-made domestic disasters. Pain management research, education, and treatment strategies have been created to try to achieve adequate battlefield analgesia, and these lessons learned may aid civilian health care providers if the circumstances arise. This article presents a brief history and current overview of pain management for combat casualties on today's battlefield. Recent natural disasters and increased threats for terrorist acts have proven the need for civilian health care providers to be properly trained in pain management principles in an austere or tactical environment.
Design and development of IGBT resonant inverters for domestic induction heating applications

In this paper, resonant inverters for induction heating are developed for domestic applications. The design is based on half and full bridge single phase inverter of 1 and 4 kW rating. First, the power circuits of the two topologies are analyzed using computer aided design based on Simplorer package. Then, an experimental system was built and tested using microcontroller chip (PiccoloTMS320F28027). The performances of the topologies are highlighted and assessed. The obtained results show that two systems are able to operate satisfactory under soft switching at high frequency with high efficiency. The power control is more interesting for full bridge particularly when the angle phase control is considered. Further, the experimental results agree well with those obtained with the CAD design. This validates the design model used for the purpose. The experimental system shows high integration and flexibility to incorporate other control strategies whereby higher efficiency can be achieved.
Investigational Antifungal Agents

Several new antifungal agents, including novel compounds in familiar classes and entirely new classes targeting previously untapped mechanisms, are in various stages of the drug development process. Many new triazole antifungal agents are being studied, including voriconazole, posaconazole, and ravuconazole. The echinocandin antifungals, which represent a new class of antifungal agents, possess activity against a variety of fungal pathogens. The sodarin derivatives and nikkomycins are two additional classes of antifungals in early stages of development; future studies will determine their therapeutic usefulness.
Exposure to electric and magnetic (EM) fields increases transcripts in HL-60 cells: Does adaptation to EM fields occur?

Abstract Increased levels of c-myc and histone H2B transcripts are detectable after 4 min of exposure of cells to a 60 Hz sinusoidal magnetic field (80 μT). When cells are continuously exposed to the same field, transcript levels for both c-myc and histone H2B remain significantly elevated over control values for at least 2 h, but return to control levels by 4 h. In cells exposed for 20 min, and then removed from the EM field for time periods up to 4 h, a similar pattern of transcript levels was observed. Results from the two sets of exposure conditions show that the responsive time period in the cell following exposure to continuous 60 Hz sine waves is rapid and that neither longer exposures nor removal from the signal significantly affects the pattern or duration of the response.
Cocaine-seeking produced by experimenter-administered drug injections: dose-effect relationships in rats.

Rationale: Relapse to drug taking is a major obstacle to the effective treatment of cocaine abuse. Animal studies have determined that various drugs are able to reinstate extinguished drug-taking behavior. Objectives: This study was designed to determine whether there is specificity in the ability of drugs to lead to cocaine-seeking and to compare potency and efficacy of a variety of drug primes. Another objective was to compare the effect of drugs with a primary dopaminergic mechanism with those having a secondary effect on dopaminergic substrates. Methods: Following acquisition of cocaine self-administration, the ability of injections of cocaine (5.0–20.0 mg/kg), amphetamine (0.30–3.0 mg/kg), methylphenidate (2.0–20.0 mg/kg), nicotine (0.0375–0.60 mg/kg), caffeine (1.25–20.0 mg/kg), morphine (0.10–10.0 mg/kg) or Δ9THC (0.3–3.0 mg/kg) to reinstate extinguished drug taking was measured. Tests were conducted in a single day and were comprised of three phases. The first phase consisted of a 60-min period of cocaine self-administration. During phase 2, the cocaine solution was replaced with saline and responding was extinguished during the next 3-h period. During phase 3, in which saline again was the only solution available for self-administration, responding was monitored for 3–8 h following an injection of a drug prime. Results: Reinstatement was produced by experimenter-administered injections of cocaine, amphetamine, methylphenidate and caffeine but not nicotine, morphine or Δ9THC. The potency and efficacy of cocaine, methylphenidate and caffeine were comparable, whereas amphetamine was more potent and efficacious. Cocaine seeking occurred primarily during the first hour following the injection. Conclusions: These findings suggest that cocaine seeking is only produced following administration of specific drugs. It is suggested that effective drug primes are those that produce a discriminative stimulus that generalizes to the stimulus produced by the reinforcing effects of cocaine.
Slow fashion movement: Understanding consumer perceptions—An exploratory study

Abstract The retail industry currently is dominated by fast-fashion and just-in-time production seeking to increase fashion trends. Yet, due to the economic crisis worldwide, disposable incomes are on the wane and clothes at disposable prices are losing their appeal. There is a growth of a new movement counteracting the demand for fast fashion—the “Slow Fashion” movement. The exploratory study analyzed consumers' perception of purchasing slow fashion garments using focus groups. Four themes emerged (1) Slow fashion defined; (2) Slow Fashion Product Attributes; (3) Slow Fashion as a Lifestyle; (4) Slow Fashion into Retail Mainstream, implications for retailers have been suggested.
Multiscale Simulations of Thermoelectric Properties of PBTE

In this paper, thermoelectric properties of bulk PbTe are calculated using first principles calculations and molecular dynamics simulations. The Full Potential Linearized Augmented Plane Wave (FP-LAPW) method is first employed to calculate the PbTe band structure. The transport coefficients (Seebeck coefficient, electrical conductivity, and electron thermal conductivity) are then computed using Boltzmann transport equation (BTE) under the constant relaxation time approximation. Interatomic pair potentials in the Buckingham form are also derived using ab initio effective charges and total energy data. The effective interatomic pair potentials give excellent results on equilibrium lattice parameters and elastic constants for PbTe. The lattice thermal conductivity of PbTe is then calculated using molecular dynamics simulations with the Green-Kubo method. In the end, the figure of merit of PbTe is computed revealing the thermoelectric capability of this material, and the multiscale simulation approach is shown to have the potential to identify novel thermoelectric materials.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Analysis of dynamic growth of a tensile crack in an elastic-plastic material

Abstract The influence of inertia on the stress and deformation fields near the tip of a crack growing in an elastic-plastic material is studied. The material is characterized by the von Mises yield criterion and J 2 flow theory of plasticity. The crack grows steadily under plane strain conditions in the tensile opening mode. Features of the stress and deformation state at points near the moving crack tip are described for elastic-perfectly plastic response and for several crack propagation speeds. It is found that inertia has a significant effect on the elastic-plastic response of material particles near the crack tip, and that elastic unloading may occur behind the crack tip for higher speeds. The relationship between the applied crack driving force, represented by a remote stress intensity factor, and the crack tip speed is examined on the basis of a critical crack tip opening angle growth criterion. The calculated result is compared with dynamic fracture toughness versus crack speed data for a 4340 steel.
Novel class of bivalent glutathione S-transferase inhibitors.

Exploiting the principle of bivalent binding, we have designed symmetrical, bifunctional inhibitors to simultaneously occupy both active sites of cytosolic glutathione S-transferase, with enhanced specificity for the P1-1isoform. We have prepared two series of compounds that differ in their binding domains-the first is a series of bis-glutathione conjugates, and the second is a series of compounds each possessing two equivalents of Uniblue A, an analogue of Cibacron Blue. For each series, a monofunctional reference compound was also prepared to determine the relative advantage of the bivalent inhibitors. Within each series, the most potent inhibitors exhibited IC 5 0 values 2 orders of magnitude lower than the relevant reference compounds. Moreover, within the bis-glutathionyl series, a 10-fold increase in selectivity was achieved for GST P1-1 over the A1-1 isoform. Isothermal titration calorimetry with a representative bis-glutathione conjugate and a monofunctional reference compound indicates that the bivalent inhibitor exhibits the expected increase in intrinsic affinity and decrease in stoichiometry relative to the monofunctional compound, supporting the overall design strategy.
Liquid crystals under high-power, nanosecond laser irradiation

High-damage threshold liquid crystal optical elements are used for high-power laser applications as mirrors, waveplates and optical power limiters. Several nonlinear optical effects under high-power, nanosecond laser irradiation of liquid crystals will be outlined: (1) athermal helical pitch dilation and unwinding of cholesteric mirrors by the field of a light wave (in free space and in a laser resonator); (2) dependence of nonlinear refraction of liquid crystal on the laser beam diameter in presence of two-photon absorption; (3) cumulative effects in nonlinear absorption and refraction at low repetition rate (5-10 Hz); (4) feedback-free kaleidoscope of patterns in dye-doped liquid crystals (hexagons/stripes).
Toeplitz matrices with banded inverses

Abstract Given a Toeplitz matrix T with banded inverse [i.e., ( T −1 ) ij =0 for j − i > p ], we show that the elements of T can be expressed in terms of the roots of a polynomial. Then, using properties we have previously established, we generalize this result appropriately to allow singular T and show that the converse also holds. Finally, we give a sufficient condition for the decay of the elements of T as one moves away from the diagonal.
The utility of zebrafish for studies of the comparative biology of motor systems

Although zebrafish are best known as a model for studies of development, there is now a growing role for the model in studies of the functional organization of the nervous system, including studies of a variety of sensory systems, central processing, and motor output. The zebrafish has much to offer for such work because of the unique combination of genetics, optical methods, and physiology it allows. Here I illustrate, using three examples, the broad range of avenues along which zebrafish can inform us about motor systems. The examples include efforts to understand the functional organization and evolution of spinal interneurons, the role of mutants in informing us about motor dysfunction and human disease, and the ability to use the special features of zebrafish to explore strategies to restore function after injury. The most important aspects of these studies are evident only when they are placed in a comparative context, so they serve to highlight the power of zebrafish in studies of the comparative biology of motor control.
Infectious cDNA, Cell Receptors and Transgenic Mice in the Study of Sabin's Poliovirus Vaccines

Abstract Abstract. The determination of the nucleotide sequence of the poliovirus genome, the isolation of infectious poliovirus cDNAs, and the identification of the cell receptor for poliovirus and establishment of a transgenic mouse model for poliomyelitis have all contributed to our understanding of the live, attenuated Sabin poliovirus vaccines. These highly effective vaccines have been studied extensively by many laboratories to determine the molecular basis for their attenuation phenotype. For this special issue I would like to review how our research has improved the understanding of Sabin's poliovirus vaccines, and highlight Albert's influence on our work.
Diesel exhaust particle induction of IL-17A contributes to severe asthma.

Background IL-17A has been implicated in severe forms of asthma. However, the factors that promote IL-17A production during the pathogenesis of severe asthma remain undefined. Diesel exhaust particles (DEPs) are a major component of traffic-related air pollution and are implicated in asthma pathogenesis and exacerbation. Objective We sought to determine the mechanism by which DEP exposure affects asthma severity using human and mouse studies. Methods BALB/c mice were challenged with DEPs with or without house dust mite (HDM) extract. Airway inflammation and function, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cytokine levels, and flow cytometry of lung T cells were assessed. The effect of DEP exposure on the frequency of asthma symptoms and serum cytokine levels was determined in children with allergic asthma. Results In mice exposure to DEPs alone did not induce asthma. DEP and HDM coexposure markedly enhanced airway hyperresponsiveness compared with HDM exposure alone and generated a mixed T H 2 and T H 17 response, including IL-13 + IL-17A + double-producing T cells. IL-17A neutralization prevented DEP-induced exacerbation of airway hyperresponsiveness. Among 235 high DEP–exposed children with allergic asthma, 32.2% had more frequent asthma symptoms over a 12-month period compared with only 14.2% in the low DEP–exposed group ( P = .002). Additionally, high DEP–exposed children with allergic asthma had nearly 6 times higher serum IL-17A levels compared with low DEP–exposed children. Conclusions Expansion of T H 17 cells contributes to DEP-mediated exacerbation of allergic asthma. Neutralization of IL-17A might be a useful potential therapeutic strategy to counteract the asthma-promoting effects of traffic-related air pollution, especially in highly exposed patients with severe allergic asthma.
Hydriding behavior of gas-atomized AB5 alloys

Abstract The hydriding characteristics of some AB 5 alloys produced by high pressure gas atomization (HPGA) have been examined during reactions with hydrogen gas, and in electrochemical cells. The hydrogen storage capacities and the equilibrium pressures for HPGA processed LaNi 5 , LaNi 4.75 Sn 0.25 , and MmNi 3.5 Co 0.8 Al 0.4 Mn 0.3 alloys (where Mm denotes Mischmetal) are found to be nearly identical to annealed alloys produced as ingots. The large discontinuous volume change across the α–β plateau region for gas-atomized LaNi 5 H x was seen to produce extensive fracturing in all but the smallest alloy spheres. However, only the largest spheres of the gas-atomized MmNi 3.5 Co 0.8 Al 0.4 Mn 0.3 and LaNi 4.75 Sn 0.25 H x alloys exhibited any discernible fracturing. The maximum electrochemical storage capacities of the gas-atomized LaNi 4.75 Sn 0.25 and MmNi 3.5 Co 0.8 Al 0.4 Mn 0.3 alloys were found to be smaller than the capacities of annealed alloys prepared from ingots.
Type-II superlattices and quantum cascade lasers for MWIR and LWIR free-space communications

Free-space optical communications has recently been touted as a solution to the "last mile" bottleneck of high-speed data networks providing highly secure, short to long range, and high-bandwidth connections. However, commercial near infrared systems experience atmospheric scattering losses and scintillation effects which can adversely affect a link's operating budget. By moving the operating wavelength into the mid- or long-wavelength infrared enhanced link uptimes and increased operating range can be achieved due to less susceptibility to atmospheric affects. The combination of room-temperature, continuous-wave, high-power quantum cascade lasers and high operating temperature type-II superlattice photodetectors offers the benefits of mid- and long-wavelength infrared systems as well as practical operating conditions for next generation free-space communications systems.
Measurement of initial translational energies of peptide ions in laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry

The initial kinetic energy distribution of [Arg]-vasopressin molecular ions generated by matrix-assisted UV laser desorption/ionization was measured using a delayed ion extraction, linear time-of-flight mass spectrometer. Energy distributions of the nicotinic acid matrix ions, with or without the presence of peptide, were also measured. These were compared with the kinetic energy distribution of gramicidin-S ions using IR laser desorption. The measured molecular ion kinetic energy distribution from vasopressin is much broader than that from gramicidin-S, and is characterized by a high-energy tail that most likely results from entrainment of anlayte ions in the higher velocity matrix ions and fragments as they leave the surface.
Practice characteristics and prior authorization costs: secondary analysis of data collected by SALT-Net in 9 central New York primary care practices

Background An increase in prior authorization (PA) requirements from health insurance companies is placing administrative and financial burdens on primary care offices across the United States. As time allocation for these cases continues to grow, physicians are concerned with additional workload and inefficiency in the workplace. The objective is to estimate the effects of practice characteristics on time spent per prior authorization request in primary care practices.
Human Tripartite Motif 5α Domains Responsible for Retrovirus Restriction Activity and Specificity

The tripartite motif 5alpha protein (TRIM5alpha) is one of several factors expressed by mammalian cells that inhibit retrovirus replication. Human TRIM5alpha (huTRIM5alpha) inhibits infection by N-tropic murine leukemia virus (N-MLV) but is inactive against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). However, we show that replacement of a small segment in the carboxy-terminal B30.2/SPRY domain of huTRIM5alpha with its rhesus macaque counterpart (rhTRIM5alpha) endows it with the ability to potently inhibit HIV-1 infection. The B30.2/SPRY domain and an additional domain in huTRIM5alpha, comprising the amino-terminal RING and B-box components of the TRIM motif, are required for N-MLV restriction activity, while the intervening coiled-coil domain is necessary and sufficient for huTRIM5alpha multimerization. Truncated huTRIM5alpha proteins that lack either or both the N-terminal RING/B-Box or the C-terminal B30.2/SPRY domain form heteromultimers with full-length huTRIM5alpha and are dominant inhibitors of its N-MLV restricting activity, suggesting that homomultimerization of intact huTRIM5alpha monomers is necessary for N-MLV restriction. However, localization in large cytoplasmic bodies is not required for inhibition of N-MLV by huTRIM5alpha or for inhibition of HIV-1 by chimeric or rhTRIM5alpha.
Linking Femininity, Weight Concern, and Mental Health among Latina, Black, and White Women

Studies examining women's appearance ideals and weight concern have predominantly relied on samples of White women. This study addresses this oversight, examining the different relations among embo...
A response surface approach to developing composite dispatching rules for flexible manufacturing systems

Abstract We present a new approach to scheduling Flexible Manufacturing Systems based on Response Surface Modelling methodology. This experimental technique for model building is used to generate scheduling rules which are then used by the machines in the process of job selection. A systematic procedure to identify factors of interest and utilize them to develop a scheduling mechanism is presented. Issues of automation revision of the rules to adapt to changes in the shop are also discussed. The approach was tested as part of a larger framework of distributed decision making for scheduling and was found to perform significantly better than static heuristic procedures.
How Deaf American Sign Language/English Bilingual Children Become Proficient Readers: An Emic Perspective

A primary tenet underlying American Sign Language/English bilingual education for deaf students is that early access to a visual language, developed in conjunction with language planning principles, provides a foundation for literacy in English. The goal of this study is to obtain an emic perspective on bilingual deaf readers transitioning from learning to read to reading to learn. Analysis of 12 interactive, semi-structured interviews identified informal and formal teaching and learning practices in ASL/English bilingual homes and classrooms. These practices value, reinforce, and support the bidirectional acquisition of both languages and provide a strong foundation for literacy.
A Framework for Computational Strategic Analysis: Applications to Iterated Interdependent Security Games

Past work on tournaments in iterated prisoner's dilemma and the evolution of cooperation spawned by Axelrod has contributed insights about achieving cooperation in social dilemmas, as well as a framework for strategic analysis in such settings. We present a broader, more extensive framework for strategic analysis in general games, which we illustrate in the context of a particular social dilemma encountered in interdependent security settings. Our framework is fully quantitative and computational, allowing one to measure the quality of strategic alternatives across a series of measures, and as a function of relevant game parameters. Our special focus on performing analysis over a parametric landscape is motivated by public policy considerations, where possible interventions are modeled as affecting particular parameters of the game. Our findings qualify the touted efficacy of the Tit-for-Tat strategy, demonstrate the importance of monitoring, and exhibit a phase transition in cooperative behavior in response to a manipulation of policy-relevant parameters of the game.
Interval type-2 fuzzy logic systems: theory and design

We present the theory and design of interval type-2 fuzzy logic systems (FLSs). We propose an efficient and simplified method to compute the input and antecedent operations for interval type-2 FLSs: one that is based on a general inference formula for them. We introduce the concept of upper and lower membership functions (MFs) and illustrate our efficient inference method for the case of Gaussian primary MFs. We also propose a method for designing an interval type-2 FLS in which we tune its parameters. Finally, we design type-2 FLSs to perform time-series forecasting when a nonstationary time-series is corrupted by additive noise where SNR is uncertain and demonstrate an improved performance over type-1 FLSs.
The Burden of Mental Disorders

In the last decade, there has been an increase in interest in the burden of chronic and disabling health conditions that are not necessarily fatal, such as the mental disorders. This review systematically summarizes data on the burden associated with 11 major mental disorders of adults. The measures of burden include estimates of prevalence, mortality associated with the disorders, disabilities and impairments related to the disorders, and costs. This review expands the range of mental disorders considered in a report on the global burden of disease, updates the literature, presents information on the range and depth of sources of information on burden, and adds estimates of costs. The purpose is to provide an accessible guide to the burden of mental disorders, especially for researchers and policy makers who may not be familiar with this subfield of epidemiology.
SAD in the Anthropocene: Brenda Hillman's Ecopoetics of Affect

This article focuses on three collections of poetry by California poet Brenda Hillman, Cascadia, Practical Water, and Pieces of Air in the Epic, reading for the ways in which the poems model an affective interrelation between human and environment. These three works each focus on a traditional element (earth, water, air) in order to explore its co-constitution with the human, treating the element as active, or, in Jane Bennett's term, "vibrant matter." In the Anthropocene, it is no longer an "intentional fallacy" to attribute human emotions to the environment or its elements. Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) is used throughout the article as a way to conceptualise this interrelation of human with environment; SAD suggests that in this era human and environment alike are disordered. I argue that, rather than staging a lyric subject regarding a landscape, Hillman's poems create a confusion of subject/object and foreground/background relations in which the origins of affects are impossible to determine and harms circulate. Affect is vital in understanding human motivations in relation to climate change, and Hillman's ecopoetic practice is an example of how we can shift our understanding of our affective relationship to the environment. Linguistic experimentation can shift awareness toward an understanding of the link between "what it felt like to have been a subject" and "what it felt like to have been earth" 1 as well as what it feels like now to be indeterminately both, intertwined and in crisis.
New foundations for imperative logic III: A general definition of argument validity

Besides pure declarative arguments, whose premises and conclusions are declaratives (“you sinned shamelessly; so you sinned”), and pure imperative arguments, whose premises and conclusions are imperatives (“repent quickly; so repent”), there are mixed-premise arguments, whose premises include both imperatives and declaratives (“if you sinned, repent; you sinned; so repent”), and cross-species arguments, whose premises are declaratives and whose conclusions are imperatives (“you must repent; so repent”) or vice versa (“repent; so you can repent”). I propose a general definition of argument validity: an argument is valid exactly if, necessarily, every fact that sustains its premises also sustains its conclusion, where a fact sustains an imperative exactly if it favors the satisfaction over the violation proposition of the imperative, and a fact sustains a declarative exactly if, necessarily, the declarative is true if the fact exists. I argue that this definition yields as special cases the standard definition of validity for pure declarative arguments and my previously defended definition of validity for pure imperative arguments, and that it yields intuitively acceptable results for mixed-premise and cross-species arguments.
Forehead Reconstruction with Microvascular Flaps: Utility of Aesthetic Subunits

Background Current literature describes the forehead as one aesthetic subunit of the face. We argue for the usefulness of aesthetic forehead subunits when microvascular flap reconstruction is required. Key to utilization of microvascular flaps for restoration of forehead subunits is an understanding of the patient population and defect characteristics most amiable to treatment. Methods We conducted an International Review Board–approved retrospective chart review of nine consecutive patients who had undergone free flap reconstruction for large forehead defects. Results The patients' foreheads included one paramedian defect; one central and paramedian defect; four central, paramedian, and lateral defects; and three lateral defects. Seven patients had ulnar forearm flaps and two had anterolateral thigh flaps. The success rate was 100%. Conclusion A forehead subunit classification system has been devised that provides a suitable option for cases that benefit from distant tissue replacement in a single stage, while preserving the principles of aesthetic replacement.
Pink Bollworm: Reduced Growth and Survival of Larvae Placed on Bolls of Cotton Race Stocks

A majority of primitive race stocks of cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., that had shown antibiosis to pink bollworm (PBW), Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders), in diet bioassays also showed antibiosis when 1st instars were placed on green bolls on plants grown in a greenhouse. Several other breeding stocks, cultivars, and hybrids also showed antibiosis. Insects were affected in one or more of the following ways: reduced boll penetration (mechanism could also be nonpreference); reduced survival of larvae that penetrated the boll; reduced growth rates, leading to longer developmental times and smaller pupae; and reduced adult emergence. The main manifestation of antibiosis was reduced survival (lower pupation percentages). A few race stocks selected as the most promising candidates for future study reduced pupation by 48–84%. Reductions were more modest in the other parameters measured (9–42%). Two approaches are suggested for use of antibiosis to PBW in a cotton breeding program. A field infestation technique can be developed to screen large numbers of plants, and the active materials can be identified chemically so that plants can be assayed directly.
Does a trade-off exist between sexual ornamentation and ecological plasticity? Sexual dichromatism and occupied elevational range in finches

Secondary sexual traits are thought to be costly to produce and maintain, and the allocation of energy to sexual traits could result in reduced investment in traits associated with growth and basic maintenance. It has been suggested that the trade-off between sexual traits and growth and maintenance traits should manifest itself in the correlation between development of sexual traits and resistance to environmental variability. Interspecifically, this hypothesis predicts that species with greater sexual ornamentation and dimorphism should be able to tolerate a narrower width of environmental condition compared to related species with less developed sexual traits. We tested this prediction by examining whether sexual dimorphism in cardueline finches was negatively associated with the width of elevational range occupied during breeding. We assumed that the range in elevations where breeding can occur represents a measure of tolerance of environmental variability We found a positive rather than a negative relationship between breeding range and sexual dimorphism, Finches that were capable of breeding over a large range of elevations were also more dimorphic in plumage. Possible explanations for the observed relationship between sexual dichromatism and ecological breadth could include interspecific differences in food availability and foraging ability, as well as variation in energy required for baseline metabolism.
A reactivity-based [18F]FDG probe for in vivo formaldehyde imaging using positron emission tomography

Formaldehyde (FA) is a reactive carbonyl species (RCS) that plays a broad spectrum of roles in epigenetics, toxicology, and progression of diseases ranging from cancer to diabetes to neurodegeneration, motivating the development of translatable technologies for FA imaging. Here we report formaldehyde-caged-[18F]fluorodeoxyglucose-1 ([18F]FAC-FDG-1), an aza-Cope-based reactivity probe for in vivo FA imaging using positron emission tomography (PET). [18F]FAC-FDG-1 reacts selectively with FA over potentially competing analytes to generate [18F]FDG, allowing its FA-dependent uptake and retention in cell culture as well as in animal models. The relative uptake of [18F]FAC-FDG-1 was evaluated using FA-treated PC3 prostate cancer and U87-MG glioblastoma cells demonstrating a dose-dependent response to exogenously added FA. Moreover, [18F]FAC-FDG-1 is capable of FA detection in vivo using a PC3 tumor xenograft model. In addition to providing a unique tool for monitoring FA in living animals, these data establish a general approach for translatable detection of FA and other reactive biological analytes in vivo by exploiting the widely-available clinical [18F]FDG tracer as a masked aldehyde that can be caged by analyte-responsive triggers.
Public Health's Share of US Health Spending

A letter to the editor in response to the article "Public health's falling share of U.S. health spending" by D.U. Himmelstein and S. Woolhandler which appeared in the 2016 issue, 106 (1), is presented.
Highly Fluorinated Ir(III)–2,2′:6′,2″-Terpyridine–Phenylpyridine–X Complexes via Selective C–F Activation: Robust Photocatalysts for Solar Fuel Generation and Photoredox Catalysis

A series of fluorinated Ir(III)–terpyridine–phenylpyridine–X (X = anionic monodentate ligand) complexes were synthesized by selective C–F activation, whereby perfluorinated phenylpyridines were readily complexed. The combination of fluorinated phenylpyridine ligands with an electron-rich tri-tert-butyl terpyridine ligand generates a “push–pull” force on the electrons upon excitation, imparting significant enhancements to the stability, electrochemical, and photophysical properties of the complexes. Application of the complexes as photosensitizers for photocatalytic generation of hydrogen from water and as redox photocatalysts for decarboxylative fluorination of several carboxylic acids showcases the performance of the complexes in highly coordinating solvents, in some cases exceeding that of the leading photosensitizers. Changes in the photophysical properties and the nature of the excited states are observed as the compounds increase in fluorination as well as upon exchange of the ancillary chloride liga...
AB0335 Prevalence of Residual Inflammation in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patient after One Year of Adalimumab Therapy

Background Studies have previously demonstrated that ultrasound detected power Doppler (PD) activity (implying active synovial inflammation) may be present in a proportion of patients in clinical remission 1,2 and this can be used to accurately predict subsequent radiographic structural progression. 3 It may be hypothesised that such continued subclinical inflammation despite apparent remission as determined by traditional criteria may trigger a subsequent disease flare. Objectives Our study aimed to determine subclinical joint inflammation in patients with rheumatoid arthritis by power Doppler ultrasound in patients with rheumatoid arthritis at 12 months of adalimumab therapy. Methods Patients with RA who had received adalimumab therapy were enrolled. Patients underwent clinical, laboratory, and ultrasonographic assessment with power Doppler assessment of bilateral elbows (posterior recess), wrists (radio-carpal), second and third MCP joints (dorsal recess), MCP II and III, PIP II and III (dorsal recess), knee, ankle and MTPII and MTP V joint at 12th month. Results Power Doppler ultrasound was performed in 62 patients (87 females and 18 males; mean age: 57.09±9.96 years). The mean baseline DAS28 were 8.13±9.52. Baseline PD score (mean ±SD) were 0.852 ±1.051 and after 12 month of adalimumab therapy, the PD score decreased to 0.23±0.42. Ultrasound was performed 12th month at various parts, with the mean GS score: most prominent at right wrist (.810±.924) and left wrist (.774±.909) (Table).Logistical regression confirmed diabetes, positive anti-CCP, high DAS28 had more sonographic inflammation, while hypertension and positive rheumatoid factor (RF) had less sonographic inflammation. MTX, glucocorticoid and cyclosporin therapy had increased inflammation. Conclusions Our data confirm the evidence that even after 1 year of biological therapy, there were still persistent subclinical synovitis, more severe at wrist joints. Baseline high DAS28 and high PD activity had more prone to residual inflammation. So we recommended serial ultrasound follow up of PD ultrasound in patients with rheumatoid arthritis after adalimumab therapy. References Saleem B, et al. Arthritis Rheum. 2009;60(7):1915–22. Brown AK, et al. Arthritis Rheum. 2006;54(12):3761–73. Brown AK, et al. Arthritis Rheum. 2008;58(10):2958–67. Disclosure of Interest None declared
De Rham Cohomology of Manifolds

In this chapter, we study the topology of C ∞-manifolds. We define the de Rham cohomology of a manifold, which is the vector space of closed differential forms modulo exact forms. After sheafifying the construction, we see that the de Rham complex forms a so-called acyclic resolution of the constant sheaf ℝ. We prove a general result that sheaf cohomology can be computed using such resolutions, and deduce a version of de Rham’s theorem that de Rham cohomology is sheaf cohomology with coefficients in ℝ. It follows that de Rham cohomology depends only on the underlying topology. Using a different acyclic resolution that is dual to the de Rham complex, we prove Poincare duality. This duality makes cohomology, which is normally contravariant, into a covariant theory. We devote a section to explaining these somewhat mysterious covariant maps, called Gysin maps. We end this chapter with the remarkable Lefschetz trace formula, which in principle, calculates the number of fixed points for a map of a manifold to itself.
Challenges and Software Architecture for Fog Computing

This article presents a detailed description of fog computing (also known as edge computing) and explores its research challenges and problems. Based on the authors' understanding of these challenges and problems, they propose a flexible software architecture, which can incorporate different design choices and user-specified polices. They present their design of WM-FOG, a computing framework for fog environments that embraces this software architecture, and evaluate their prototype system.
Coming soon to a field near you

One evening in July 1996 I was staying above a country pub near Avebury in Wiltshire, enjoying a week's holiday drive around the prehistoric sites of southern England.
Childhood Adversities and Depression in Adulthood: Current Findings and Future Directions.

Considerable support exists establishing a relationship between childhood adversities and adult depression. Consistent evidence has emerged linking early life adversities with a more chronic course for depression, as well as to poorer treatment outcomes. What remain decidedly less clear, however, are the moderators and mediating mechanisms underlying this association. This article provides a review of the existing research relating early adversities to adult depression, as well as recent studies suggestive of potential mediators and moderators of this relation. Advances in these areas are important for their potential to lead to the identification of new targets for clinical intervention for adults with a history of childhood adversities, as well as to the development of individually tailored prevention and treatment strategies.
The Japan Trademarks Dataset: A First Analysis (日本商標データセット：初の分析)

English Abstract: This paper discloses and describes a new research dataset on the trademark registration system of Japan. The dataset was built using data provided by the National Center for Industrial Property Information and Training (INPIT), and builds on earlier work by Motohashi et al. for the National Institute of Science and Technology Policy (NISTEP). The current dataset includes application-level information including prosecution history events; registration and maintenance events; mark subject matter and text; and other information. Ancillary files to be made available in future releases include applicant/owner, attorney, and examiner information; Paris Convention and Madrid Protocol claims; goods and services classifications. This paper catalogs the dataset contents and provides some overall descriptive information. In addition, this paper will propose and offer illustrations of possibilities for both domestically-focused and comparative empirical research on industrial property made possible by the new dataset, for example by collating and comparing the data described herein with comparable datasets from other national intellectual property offices (particularly the USPTO) and related sources such as economic data. Japanese Abstract: 本稿では、日本の商標登録制度に関する新しい研究データセットを開示し、説明する。 このデータセットは、工業所有権情報・研修館（INPIT）により提供されたデータを使って 構築し、元橋一之氏ほかが科学技術・学術政策研究所（NISTEP）のために行った初期の研 究の成果を土台にしている。現在のデータセットには、審査経過を含む出願段階の情報、 登録及び維持管理、主題となる標章及び文字、並びにその他の情報が含まれている。将来 の版で提供する補助的なファイルには、出願人／権利者、弁理士等の代理人及び審査官、 パリ条約及びマドリッドプロトコルに基づく出願、商品及び役務の分類の情報を含める。 本稿では、データセットの内容をカタログ化し、一定の全体的記述情報を提供する。また、 本稿では、例えば、ここで説明するデータを他の国家知的財産庁（特にUSPTO）から得られ る同等のデータセットや経済データなどの関連データソースと照合し、比較することによ り、新しいデータセットを利用することで可能になった産業財産について、国内に焦点を 当てるとともに、比較研究的な実証研究の可能性を例証する。
Control of Synthesis, Transport and Release of Dopamine-Beta-Hydroxylase and Tyrosine Hydroxylase

Adrenergic neuronal function is dependent on stimulation-induced release of norepinephrine (NE) from the synaptic vesicles of terminal varicosities of the axons. When neuronal activity is increased, there is an immediate acceleration of NE formation (Weiner, 1970). The enhanced rate of catecholamine synthesis appears to be regulated by a feedback control of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) activity. In addition to this short-term, rapidly responsive method for regulation of levels of enzyme activity, the amount of enzymes present in the adrenergic tissue can also be altered. A variety of pharmacological agents or physiologic stresses which produce increased adrenal medullary or adrenergic neuronal activity have been shown to elevate tissue levels of TH and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH). It is the purpose of the present paper to review current concepts regarding the regulation of TH and DBH, which are essential to the synthesis of catecholamines in the adrenal medulla, sympathetic nerves and brain.
Decomposition of silicon carbide at high pressures and temperatures

We measure the onset of decomposition of silicon carbide, SiC, to silicon and carbon (e.g., diamond) at high pressures and high temperatures in a laser-heated diamond-anvil cell. We identify decomposition through x-ray diffraction and multiwavelength imaging radiometry coupled with electron microscopy analyses on quenched samples. We find that B3 SiC (also known as 3C or zinc blende SiC) decomposes at high pressures and high temperatures, following a phase boundary with a negative slope. The high-pressure decomposition temperatures measured are considerably lower than those at ambient, with our measurements indicating that SiC begins to decompose at $\ensuremath{\sim}2000$ K at 60 GPa as compared to $\ensuremath{\sim}2800$ K at ambient pressure. Once B3 SiC transitions to the high-pressure B1 (rocksalt) structure, we no longer observe decomposition, despite heating to temperatures in excess of $\ensuremath{\sim}3200$ K. The temperature of decomposition and the nature of the decomposition phase boundary appear to be strongly influenced by the pressure-induced phase transitions to higher-density structures in SiC, silicon, and carbon. The decomposition of SiC at high pressure and temperature has implications for the stability of naturally forming moissanite on Earth and in carbon-rich exoplanets.
Drug Sensitization and Drug Abuse

Repeated intermittent exposure to a number of drugs of abuse leads to long-lasting enhancement of a number of behavioral and neuronal responses to these drugs. Because the neuronal systems affected are known to underlie their ability to support self-administration in animals, enhanced reactivity in these systems can represent a critical substrate for the enhanced drug seeking and drug taking that is characteristic of drug abuse. The finding that enhanced behavioral and neuronal responding to these drugs is also produced in the human stresses the importance of understanding sensitization at the molecular, cellular, and systems levels to develop effective therapeutic interventions.