cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dramatic stabilization of ferricytochrome c upon reduction

Abstract By combining measurements of the free energy of denaturation of the C102T variant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae iso-1-ferricytochrome c with determination of the formal potentials for the native and chemically-denatured states we have determined the free energy of denaturation of the ferro form of the protein. We report that the simplest of all chemical modifications, addition of an electron, increases the stability of ferricytochrome c by approximately 10 kcal mol −1 at 300 K, pH 4.6. This makes reduced cytochrome c one of the most stable proteins yet investigated.
Hardware And Software Advancement For Infrared (IR) Detection Of Microwave Fields

This paper describes enhancements made to an AGA ThermovisionR 780 IR Scanner to permit its use in determining transient thermal distributions induced in a resistive screen by a pulsed microwave source. Examples of data taken using both pulsed and continuous microwave sources are presented.
A Postmodern Theory of Cyberterrorism: Game Theory

ABSTRACT This article analyzes how the battle between computer security experts and cyberterrorists can be explained through game theory. This article is important because it not only applies game theory to the study of cyberterrorism, which has been rarely done so far, but it also breaks new ground by intersecting the game theoretical model with another theory, social network theory. An important thesis of this analysis is that under the principles of game theory, each player is assumed to be rational; all players wish the outcome to be as positive or rewarding as possible. Another key argument is that game theory is a postmodern theory; against opponents who wage attacks in a postmodern fashion, conventional strategies lead nowhere. The cyberterrorist and the cyber forensics expert not only engage in real-time game play but also use tactics that are not conceivable in conventional conflict.
Mental retardation and elevated serotonin levels in adults.

Abstract Thirty-six patients with mental retardation and high serotonin levels were examined. Common symptoms were noted and included aggressiveness, seizures and hearing or visual defects. The degree of mental retardation was correlated with serotonin levels.
The nature of God's love and forgiveness

God, a being who is good in the best possible combination of ways, loves us. But does he feel sorrow on our behalf? Thomas Aquinas argues that: every passion is specified by its object. That passion, therefore, whose subject is absolutely unbefitting to God is removed from God even according to the nature of its proper species. Such a passion, however, is sorrow or pain, for its subject is the already present evil, just as the object of joy is the good present and possessed. Sorrow and pain, therefore, of their very nature cannot be found in God.
On insirumental response interaction as explaining the influences of Pavlovian CS+s upon avoidance behavior

Abstract The finding that Pavlovian signals for food or shock influence avoidance responding might be explained either by interaction of conditioned central mediational states or interaction of learned instrumental responses. Using three groups of dogs, the two hypotheses were pited one against the other in a three-stage transfer-of-control experiment. In the initial conditioning phase, tones were established as signals for food, shock, or neither; additionally the tones also cued a common instrumental response. Following avoidance training, the tone was tested for its influence upon avoidance. If the lone had signaled food, avoidance was suppressed; if shock, avoidance was facilitated; if neither, avoidance was unaffected. This was interpreted as supporting the hypothesis that interaction of central states mediates the transfer-of-control.
Updating the Model Definition of the Gene in the Modern Genomic Era with Implications for Instruction

Gericke and Hagberg (G & H, Sci Educ 16:849–881, 2007) recently published in this journal a thoughtful analysis of the historical progression of our understanding of the nature of the gene for use in instruction. This analysis, however, did not include the findings of the Human Genome Project (HGP), which must be included in any introductory genetics in the modern genomic era today. Many of these findings, especially the limited number of genes and the similarity of this number to that of primitive animals such as roundworms, were surprising and led to questions about the definition of the gene, many of which are addressed in this manuscript. The G & H models are also amended to include crucial concepts, including the history of determining that DNA and not protein is the molecule of inheritance, the work of Barbara McClintock and the discovery of transposons, polygenic/multi-factorial inheritance, and reverse transcription. The following discussion further extends the G & H work to include the more recent work of the ENCyclopedia Of DNA Elements (ENCODE) Project. The results of this work have resulted in even more fundamental questions about the gene. For example, large sections of the genome that were previously identified as non-protein-coding ‘junk’ have been shown to be transcribed into RNA that is likely involved in regulation of genome function that might be more crucial than the coding DNA itself in distinguishing simpler from more complex species. Should these transcribed but not translated sequences be recognized as genes? This level of questioning of our basic definition has not occurred since the modern synthesis of genetics based on the work of Watson and Crick and makes this one of the most exciting times for genetics and medicine.
Subsistence farming in transitional economies: lessons from Bulgaria

Abstract Transition to market economies in Central and Eastern Europe has increased the practice of small-scale subsistence farming. Consequently agriculture is characterised by a dualistic structure of market-oriented commercial farms and much small-scale subsistence farming. An important part of the production and consumption of many food products is not marketed and this large share of subsistence makes agriculture performance unpredictable. The widespread prevalence of subsistence farming is a problem in predicting the aggregate effects of agricultural and rural policies. Analysis of this phenomenon is therefore important for policy making which will lead to adjustments in the agricultural and rural economy. Detailed study of one country in transition, Bulgaria, is presented. Findings and conclusions are then expanded to other CEECs.
Relationship between mineral coating on roots and yield performance of wheat under waterlogging stress

Waterlogging stress limits the productivity of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. emend. Thell.) in many parts of the world. When wheat is grown under waterlogged conditions, a reddish-brown mineral coating can form on the epidermal surface of the roots. In wetland plants such as rice, the amount of mineral coating formed on root surfaces is positively related to yield. This study was conducted to determine whether mineral coating on the roots of wheat is related to yield potential under waterlogged conditions. Root mineral coatings formed under waterlogged conditions were studied in 12 cultivars and two breeding lines over three years of greenhouse pot studies. Soil redox potential in the waterlogged treatment ranged between -46 and 171 mV, and grain yield was suppressed by 28-49% compared to well-drained controls. Mineral coating formed on the roots from the waterlogged treatment was determined to be composed primarily of iron, based on ICP elemental analysis, iron-specific staining, and ion-mapping by scanning electron microscopy using an X-ray detector. Of 11 elements quantified by ICP spectroscopy, six were significantly affected by waterlogging treatment, and three of these, Fe, Mn and P, were well-correlated negatively to yield. Aerenchyma formation in the heavily coated waterlogged roots appeared to disrupt the internal root structure, and exceeded 40% of crosssectional area in one cultivar. Unlike rice, which shows a positive relationship between oxygen release from roots, grain yield and mineral coating, in winter wheat, the amount of mineral coating is negatively related to grain yield under waterlogged conditions.
Fasting times in caregivers of children presenting for ambulatory surgery.

Summary Background: It has been the anecdotal experience in this unit that many parents and guardians of children presenting for day-case surgery also fast along with their child for prolonged periods of time. There have been several episodes of parents feeling dizzy or nauseated on leaving the anesthetic room after induction of anesthesia, and many incidents of fainting in recovery when collecting their child. Our purpose was to investigate this theme further, by auditing the fasting times of caregivers coming to the induction room over a 3-month period. This information has not been previously described in the literature. Methods: We carried out a prospective audit of current practice. Data were collected by questionnaire, which caregivers were requested to complete in the holding area, after the child was checked in for theatre. Results: Two hundred and fifty-seven caregivers fasted for 0–6 h and 223 fasted for >6 h. One hundred and fourteen caregivers fasted for 7–12 h and 109 caregivers fasted between 13 and 19 h. Conclusions: A large proportion of parents choose to fast with their children. Some caregivers fast for long periods. In general, this does not cause any ill effects, although some parents missed routine medications while fasting.
Understanding the Agglomeration Behavior of Selected Copper Ores Using Statistical Design of Experiments

The drum agglomeration of two different crushed copper ores (I and II) has been optimized using Taguchi's L16 (45) orthogonal array design to determine the optimum conditions for maximizing the average agglomerate size and minimizing the amount of fines. The effects of controllable operating factors including moisture content (ore I: 9.6–11.1%; ore II: 12.8–14%), retention time (2–4 min), drum speed (15–45% critical), drum load (ore I: 13–32%; ore II: 6–24%) and acid concentration (6.5–90 g/L) on the performance of the agglomeration process were studied. For ore I, the maximum average agglomerate size and minimum percent fines (−1 mm) occurred under the conditions: drum load (22.75%), moisture (10.35%), time (4 min), drum speed (30% critical), and acid concentration (41 g/L), whereas for ore II, the same conditions occurred under the drum load (18%), moisture (13%), time (3 min), drum speed (30% critical), and acid concentration (30 g/L). Under the conditions studied for ore I, the most effective paramete...
Creating a Place for Perioperative Nursing in Graduate Programs

Creating a place for perioperative nursing in graduate programs can be challenging but rewarding for the hospital, student, and instructor. Adding perioperative content into an existing academic program is possible, and doing so allows students to focus on their chosen specialty. A higher education degree, such as a master's degree in nursing or a doctorate, benefits the nurse. Ultimately, nurses who attain higher education degrees benefit every health care institution in which they serve.
Towards optimal actuator placement for dissipative PDE systems in the presence of uncertainty

We consider the issue of actuator placement for transport-reaction processes when there is significant time-varying disturbance present. Such processes are commonly mathematically modeled by perturbed linear dissipative partial differential equations (PDEs). The proposed method is based on previous work by the authors on actuator placement for PDEs, however the presence of noise and/or model uncertainty precludes their direct application. By Using modal decomposition for space discretization and employing the concept of spatial and modal norms, an optimization problem is formulated that considers the controllability of specific modes, minimizes the spillover effects to the fast modes and takes explicitly into consideration the spatial distribution of noise or model uncertainty. The proposed method is successfully applied to a representative one-dimensional parabolic PDE, where the optimal location of multiple actuators is computed.
Relationship of Family History of Type 2 Diabetes, Hypoglycemia, and Autoantibodies to Weight Gain and Lipids With Intensive and Conventional Therapy in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial

Intensive therapy for type 1 diabetes results in greater weight gain than conventional therapy. Many factors may predispose to this greater weight gain, including improved glycemic control, genetic susceptibility to obesity, and hypoglycemia. To study this, relationships among family history of type 2 diabetes, frequency of severe hypoglycemia, β-cell autoantibodies, and weight gain were examined in 1,168 subjects aged ≥18 years at baseline randomized to intensive and conventional therapy groups in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial. With intensive therapy, subjects with a family history of type 2 diabetes had greater central weight gain and dyslipidemia characterized by higher triglyceride levels and greater cholesterol in VLDLs and intermediate-density lipoproteins compared with subjects with no family history. Neither the frequency of severe hypoglycemia nor positivity to GAD65 and insulinoma-associated protein 2 antibodies was associated with increased weight gain with either intensive or conventional therapy. These data support the hypothesis that increased weight gain with intensive therapy might be explained, in part, by genetic traits.
High-speed electronic beam steering using injection locking of a laser-diode array.

High-speed electronic steering of the output beam of a 10-stripe laser-diode array is reported. The array was injection locked to a single-frequency laser diode. High-speed steering of the locked 0.5°-wide far-field lobe is demonstrated either by modulating the injection current of the array or by modulating the frequency of the master laser. Closed-loop tracking bandwidths of 70 kHz and 3 MHz, respectively, were obtained. The beam-steering bandwidths are limited by the FM responses of the modulated devices for both techniques.
The Orbison Visual Illusion and Radar Scopes

In the Orbison visual illusion, the sides of a square, although straight, appear to be bowed when the square is superimposed over a set of concentric circles. In the present study, the illusion is demonstrated for moving objects. Male and female college students watched carets move either across a background of four concentric circles or across a plain background. The carets moved across the top or along the left side of the scene. A number of situations were assessed. It was found that subjects do make errors that can be attributed to the Orbison illusion.
Effect of femoral component section modulus on the stress distribution in the proximal human femur.

The study tested the hypothesis that femoral prostheses having a reduced section modulus will provide a distribution of stress in the proximal femur that better matches the stress field present in the normal intact femur. Four embalmed femora from adult human cadavers were instrumented with bonded-foil strain gauges and the states of strain present in the proximal-medial cortex after implantation of three different femoral components were compared with the strain present before implantation. In all cases, low modulus stems showed higher strains than the standard prosthesis. Strains as high as 74 per cent of intact were found at the calcar region, although due to wide variation among specimens the differences were not statistically significant. Our results suggest that, while lower stiffness stems provide better retention of stress levels, other factors including proximal stem geometry, changes in bending moment after implantation of the prosthesis and cortical bone thickness also played an important role in the strain distribution in bone.
Induced recovery of a suppressed idiotype by immunization with anti-idiotype.

Abstract Neonatal Balb/c mice were suppressed forthe H8/T15 idiotype by injection of homologous anti-H8 (D. S. Strayer, D. A. Rowley, and H. Kohler, et al J. Immunol. 114 , 722, 1975. Six to eight weeks later groups of these suppressed mice were immunized up to three times with isologous anti-H8 raised in Balb/c. After a rest of 4 weeks each group was challenged with R36a vaccine and bleedings were obtained before and after this challenge. All sera were assayed for total anti-PC and H8 idiotype amounts by solid-phase radioimmunoassay. After two-preimmunizations with isologous anti-H8 no increase of the H8 levels was observed though these mice responded to R36a immunization with an increase of total anti-PC antibodies. After the third preimmunization, however, the H8 idiotype was increased in sera taken before and after challenge with R36a. These findings demonstrate that the state of neonatal idiotype suppression can be broken by immunization with complementary anti-idiotype.
Use of splenic artery embolization to relieve tense ascites following liver transplantation in a patient with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria

Recurrent venous thrombosis following liver transplantation for Budd-Chiari syndrome is common, particularly in the setting of an underlying myeloproliferative disorder. We describe a patient who developed refractory ascites due to portal vein thrombosis following liver transplantation for Budd-Chiari syndrome in the setting of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. Extensive portal vein thrombosis, dense abdominal adhesions, and portosystemic collaterals precluded the use of a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt or surgical portosystemic shunt to manage the patient's ascites. Splenic artery embolization to decrease portal hypertension was performed, and this resulted in complete resolution of ascites. This case demonstrates the successful use of splenic artery embolization to manage ascites due to portal vein thrombosis following liver transplantation. Splenic artery embolization may be considered as an alternative option for the management of refractory ascites due to portal hypertension in patients who are unable to undergo safe transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt or surgical shunt placement.
Differences that suggest female investment in, and male distance from, children

A factorial between subjects experiment was conducted with sex of respondent, level of success, sex of stimulus parent, and sex of stimulus child as the independent variables. Two hundred seventy-two undergraduates without parenting experience constituted the sample. The attributions made to explain parenting success/failure and the ratings made both of the child and the parent on the same 60 personality item were the dependent variables. Female respondents were not only especially success-oriented, but evidenced a view of parenting emphasizing deliberation and skill, whereas their male counterparts were comparatively more inclined to explain failure in terms of it being the child's fault and to overstate a child's meanness.
Growth and oxidation of ultra-thin Al films on the Re (0001) surface

The growth and oxidation of ultra-thin Al films on the Re (0001) surface are studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), low energy ion scattering (LEIS) and high resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS). The first monolayer of Al grows in a two-dimensional fashion and almost completely covers the Re (0001) substrate at 300 K. Al films of thickness <15 A are oxidized by annealing to 970 K in 1 × 10−4 Torr oxygen to form stoichiometric aluminium oxide films. LEIS results show that the oxide films formed at 970 K cover the substrate completely. Hexagonal LEED patterns are observed from the aluminium oxide films, consistent with ordered structures similar to those of crystalline α- or γ-Al2O3. The XPS Al 2s and O 1s binding energies of the aluminium oxide films increase as a function of the film thickness; this thickness-dependent shift may be related to Schottky barrier formation at the Al2O3Re interface.
Forecasting plant labor productivity with a time series model

Abstract Plant labor productivity index, defined as the ratio of the standard labor hours and actual labor hours, is an important factor in the determination of the future manpower needs at Cessna Aircraft Co. (Pawnee Division). In this paper, a time series model based on the Box-Jenkins modelling approach is developed. A greater accuracy in forecasting future labor productivity index has been achieved by using this model.
Forensic Analysis of Two Contrasting Satellite Rainfall Products for Detection of the July 2002 Flooding in South-Central Texas

This study is a forensic investigation of how two well-known satellite rainfall products, available at native scales that are much coarser than that ideally needed for detecting heavy rainfall-induced localized flooding, might have performed for July 2002 flooding in south-central Texas. These two products are: 1) the Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) rainfall product available at 1° and daily resolution; and 2) the Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission (TRMM) Multi-satellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA) product 3B42RT available at 0.25 degree and 3 hourly resolution. Both products are considered sufficiently coarse for the flooding that evolved in the typically Hortonian (infiltration-excess) catchments of south-central Texas. An error assessment was performed on these rainfall datasets based on ground validation (GV) data. Compared with the hydrographs of gauge points located within the flooding region, both satellite rainfall products showed promise in detecting the rising and receding t...
Understanding cytokinesis: lessons from fission yeast

For decades after the discovery that a contractile ring made of actin filaments and myosin II produces the force to constrict the cleavage furrow of animal cells, the complexity of cytokinesis has slowed progress in understanding the mechanism. Mechanistic insights, however, have been obtained by genetic, biochemical, microscopic and mathematical modelling approaches in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Many features that have been identified in fission yeast are probably shared with animal cells, as both inherited many cytokinesis genes from their common ancestor about one billion years ago.
Upregulated monocytic expression of CXC chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL-10) and its relationship with serum interleukin-6 levels in the syndrome of frailty.

Frailty is an important geriatric syndrome that predicts disability and mortality. Substantial evidence suggests inflammation marked by elevated IL-6 levels as a key pathophysiologic factor that contributes to frailty. CXCL-10, a potent pro-inflammatory chemokine, has increased levels with age and is implicated in several inflammatory conditions. To better understand molecular mechanisms of inflammation activation in frailty, we evaluated monocytic expression of CXCL-10 and other inflammatory pathway genes by pathway-specific gene array analysis and quantitative RT-PCR. Frailty status was determined by the validated criteria. Sixteen pairs of community-dwelling frail and age-, race-, and sex-matched non-frail participants (mean age 83 years, range 72–94) completed the study. Here we report that frail participants had higher CXCL-10 expression levels than matched non-frail controls (1.05 ± 0.88 versus 0.53 ± 0.39, p = 0.04). CXCL-10 expression correlated with IL-6 levels only in frail participants (Spearman correlation coefficient r = 0.52, p = 0.03). Furthermore, frailty-associated CXCL-10 upregulation was highly correlated with IL-6 elevation, both measured by frail-over-non-frail ratios (r = 0.93, p < 0.0001). These findings suggest upregulated monocytic expression of CXCL-10 as an important molecular mechanism that contributes to inflammation activation in frail older adults. Therapeutic implications include potential development of CXCL-10-based interventional strategies for the prevention and treatment of frailty in older adults.
A Novel Technique of Portal-Endocrine and Gastric-Exocrine Drainage in Pancreatic Transplantation

Background Pancreas transplant (PT) is an established treatment for patients with diabetes mellitus. Diagnosis of rejection has continued to be problematic. In 2007, a new technique of PT with gastric exocrine (P-G) drainage was first performed at our institution. This technique facilitates access to pancreas allograft. The purpose of this study was to compare our experience with PT using P-G technique and the technique of portal enteric (P-E) with venting jejunostomy. Study Design Thirty patients who underwent PT between 2007 and 2009 (G-I) and 30 consecutive patients before this time (G-II) were studied. In both groups arterial and venous anastomosis was similar to standard P-E technique. In G-I, the end of allograft jejunum was anastomosed to the anterior aspect of the stomach. In the G-II, allograft duodenum was anastomosed to the Roux-en-Y and end of Roux-en-Y was brought out as venting jejunostomy. Results Donor and recipient demographic data, number of antigen matches, and immunosuppressant were similar in both groups. All patients achieved euglycemia. In G-I, 3 patients underwent pancreatectomy, 2 owing to vessel thrombosis and 1 owing to chronic rejection. Two patients died with functioning pancreatic allografts. In G-II, 1 pancreas was removed owing to vessel thrombosis. Seven patients with cytomegalovirus and 4 patients with rejection in G-I were diagnosed with endoscopy of allograft duodenum. One-year patient and graft survivals were similar. Conclusions This technique has proven to be safe with good patient and allograft survival. Access to donor duodenum and pancreas allograft via endoscopy is unique to this technique and provides the added advantage of life-long easy access to allograft.
Sustaining cooperation in social exchange networks with incomplete global information

In this paper, we build a rating system that shapes the incentives of selfish users in such a way that they find it in their self-interest to cooperate with each other in social exchange networks. A rating system consists of a policy, which provides differential service for users with different ratings and a rating update rule, which rewards or penalizes users depending on whether they cooperate or not when they are asked to provide service. A key novelty of this paper is that we consider social exchange networks where users interact based on only incomplete global information about the rating distribution of the users participating in the network. We rigorously formalize the design problem of the optimal rating system which needs to be solved by the network designer as a coupled two-level optimization: users' incentive problem and the efficiency maximization problem. We study the system dynamics of the social rating when users only have incomplete information. We prove that the users' optimal decision problems exhibit threshold properties and hence, users need to have sufficient “trust” in the other network users to decide to cooperate. We also show how the optimal design depends on specific environment parameters (e.g. the benefit and cost of providing service in these networks) and which of these rating systems are sustainable when users are self-interested.
An amphibian CD3 homologue of the mammalian CD3 gamma and delta genes.

T cell receptor (TCR) genes have been identified in representatives of both cartilaginous and bony vertebrates. The CD3 chains that serve as signal transducing elements of the TCR complex in mammals have been defined to a limited extent in birds. In these studies a CD3 homologue was identified in an amphibian representative, Xenopus laevis, using degenerate oligomer primers designed from conserved regions of avian and mammalian CD3γ/δ subunits. The reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction amplified product of Xenopus splenocyte RNA was then used to isolate full-length cDNA clones from a splenic library. When employed as probes, the cDNA clones hybridized with a 1-kb mRNA transcript in Xenopus T cells, but not in other cell types. Comparison of the deduced amino acid sequence indicated a similar degree of homology with mammalian and avian CD3 γ and δ chains. Genomic analysis indicated that the Xenopus CD3 molecule is encoded by five exons, a structure resembling the mammalian CD3δ gene rather than the seven exon CD3γ gene. Southern blot analysis and sequencing of the 5′ flanking region failed to yield evidence of a related Xenopus gene. This amphibian CD3 gene thus appears to represent an ancestral form of the mammalian CD3 γ and δ genes.
The effect of California's wintertime oxygenated fuels program on ambient carbon monoxide concentrations

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) mandated the use of oxygenated gasoline beginning in the winter of 1992 to reduce the unhealthful carbon monoxide concentrations in many urban areas. The California Air Resources Board (CARB), weighing the potential effects of the program on other pollutants, implemented a modified version of the federal wintertime oxygenated fuels program. In California, the number of violations of the carbon monoxide air quality standard during the three winters associated with the program was dramatically lower than during any winter prior to the program. Because meteorological conditions during the program were very favorable for dispersion of pollutants, any analysis of the impacts of the program must account for the influence of variable meteorological conditions. Analyses of ambient pollutant concentrations suggest that most of the air quality improvement was due to increased atmospheric dispersion. The analyses presented account for the large influence of meteorology on ambient concentrations and indicate that California's modified oxygenated fuels program was responsible for an approximately 5-10% reduction in mean ambient carbon monoxide concentrations, depending on the statistical approach used.
Crystallographic analysis of the dsDNA bacteriophage HK97 mature empty capsid.

HK97 is a member of the Siphovirus family of dsDNA bacteriophages. It is similar in architecture to bacteriophage λ, the type member of this family, with an icosahedral capsid of triangulation number T = 7. No high-resolution structural information is available for the dsDNA phages, and HK97 is the only dsDNA bacteriophage capsid to produce crystals which diffract X-rays. At 650 A in diameter, the large size of the particle and resultant large unit cell create crystallographic challenges. The empty Head II (mature) particles were expressed in Escherichia coli and assembled in vitro, but they have the same morphology as the mature HK97 capsid. Previously reported Head II crystals diffracting to 3.5 A resolution are examined here in detail. Although the cell dimensions suggest an orthorhombic lattice, further analysis demonstrated that the space group was monoclinic. This has been confirmed by the present study. Images were recorded on the F1 beamline at CHESS and they were processed and scaled, resulting in a data set with a cumulative completeness of 65% and a scaling R factor of 7.7% to 7 A. The cell dimensions after post-refinement were a = 580, b = 626, c = 788 A, β = 90.0°. From the particle dimensions determined by cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM), there were determined to be two particles per unit cell. Systematic absences of even reflections along the 0k0 lattice line indicate that the space group is P21. The rotation function was used to determine the orientation of the particles in the unit cell and to confirm the space group. An icosahedral twofold axis is approximately, but not exactly, aligned with the crystallographic screw (b) axis. An icosahedral twofold axis orthogonal to the one approximately parallel to the b axis, is rotated 18° away from the a axis. The centers of the two particles must be positioned close to the minimum-energy packing arrangement for spheres, which places one particle at (1\over4, 0, 1\over4) and the other particle at (3\over4, 1\over2, 3\over4). The particle position and orientation were confirmed by calculating a Patterson function. The particles interact closely along icosahedral threefold axes, which occurs both along the crystallographic a axis and along the b axis. The particle dimensions derived from this packing arrangement agree well with those determined by cryo-EM and image reconstruction. The cryo-EM reconstruction will be used as a model to initiate phase determination; structure determination at 7 A is under way.
Microbiologically influenced corrosion of copper-based materials exposed to natural seawater

Abstract Copper surfaces exposed to natural seawater were colonized by bacteria within 3 weeks of exposure independent of alloy composition. In all cases, corrosion rates were higher for copper alloys in natural seawater compared with artificial seawater. The complexity of impedance spectra was attributed to the formation of surface layers and the contributions of charge transfer and mass transport controlled reactions mediated by surface layers. Intergranular corrosion and denickelification of 70Cu:30Ni was observed after 1 month.
A spatial color‐sound model for mixed reality

Purpose – The objective of this paper is two‐fold: to share information about color and to solicit information about sound, with the ultimate goal of producing a simple formula for generating a cybernetic mixed reality environment; and to serve as a vehicle for inviting conversation at the “Cybernetics: Art, Design and Mathematics 2010” Conference.Design/methodology/approach – The majority of research in color focuses on the perceptual, experiential, phenomenon. Conceptual color is a perceptual and non‐experiential. It is color observed as a thought. By engaging in study, from this methodological approach, color can be modeled as a simple computational system of inter‐related abstract elements. This makes the complexity of the perceptual environment understandable and translatable to abstract data, but also makes the transition from the abstract back to actual possible.Findings – The conceptual model approach has yielded a number of features for future study, not least of which is color, as a true mathema...
Residential greenspace and vegetation in a mature city: Syracuse, New York

Abstract Greenspace and vegetation were examined on 487 residential lots in ten selected census tracts in Syracuse, NY to identify their variation in physical characteristics. Variation in residential lot size is about equally attributable to tracts, blocks, and individual lots; while areas of structures and paving have greater heterogeneity within tracts, and little relationship to lot areas. Among greenspace components, only lawn area shows substantial variation attributable to tracts and is highly correlated with the total greenspace area of lots. Shrub, other groundcover, and especially garden areas, are highly individual lot features and show little pattern among tracts. Most of the variation in tree number and canopy area on lots also cannot be attributed to factors identified in this study. Distribution and care of greenspace components in front, side, and back yards of lots were examined as evidence of resident orientations to the neighborhood, adjacent neighbors, and more personal interests. The greespace and trees, including tree species composition, of the residential lots were compared with the more limited resources of the adjacent public streetsides. This study documents a large, heterogeneous, and practically managed greenspace and vegetation resource on residential lots in Syracuse.
Early stages of decay of Lythrum salicaria L. and Typha latifolia L. in a standing-dead position

Lythrum salicaria(purple loosestrife) has invaded wetlands across North America and is known to have negative effects on native plant species and diversity. The effects of this invasion on ecosystem processes are less well known. We examined decomposition of L. salicaria stems versus that of native Typha latifolia (broad-leaved cattail) in a previously cultivated, freshwater marsh in central New York State. We expected different decomposition rates and differences in litter quality of L. salicaria stems and T. latifolia shoots. We also quantified ergosterol concentration, an index of fungal biomass. However, standing-dead T. latifolia shoots and L. salicaria stems had lost similar quantities of mass (20–25%) after 1 year. Subsequent heavy snowfall and winter winds caused tissue fragmentation and much greater mass loss, but still similar for both plant species. Ergosterol concentrations were greater in T. latifolia shoots than in L. salicaria stems; yet, changes in tissue concentrations of nitrogen (N) and Klason lignin were very similar for both plant species. Therefore, although native T. latifolia may be more favorable in wetlands, the results of this study suggest that L. salicaria stems and T. latifolia shoots decompose in a similar fashion and have similar influence on the ecosystem-level processes measured in this study. © 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Supramolecular assemblies prepared from an iron(II) tripodal imidazole complex. A molecular scaffolding for the self assembly of icosahedral complexes of K+, Rb+, Cs+ and NH4+ cations

The iron(II) complex of the 1 : 3 Schiff base condensate of tris(2-aminoethyl)amine (tren) with 2-imidazolecarboxaldehyde, H3L1, [FeH3L1](ClO4)2, was reacted with MClO4 (M = K, Rb, Cs, and NH4). The products were double salts of the formula {[FeH3L1](ClO4)2}·MClO4. The complexes have been characterized by Elemental Analysis, X-ray crystallography, ESMS, IR and Mossbauer spectroscopy. The resultant complexes are all trigonal, crystallize in P and exhibit a hexameric structure in the extended lattice. The cations are located at the origin (0, 0, 0) and c/2 (0, 0, 0.5) on the c axis. The cations are twelve coordinate and exhibit a distorted icosahedral geometry formed by six bidentate perchlorate anions. The perchlorate anions are involved in extensive hydrogen bonding with the iron complexes, which are located at the vertices of the hexagon. Each perchlorate anion has five hydrogen bonds to three iron complexes. The iron complexes use the imidazole NH and imine NCH as donors to the perchlorate oxygen atoms. The imidazole NH is a trifurcated donor and the imine CH is a bifurcated donor. The formation of the double salt and the accompanying hydrogen bonding results in a shift in the spin equilibrium of the parent iron(II) complex from 63% high spin, HS, and 37% low spin, LS, at 295 K to pure LS in the double salts. Attempts to incorporate sodium or silver in the above salts failed due to their size and oxidizing strength, respectively. The analogous manganese complex, [MnH3L1](ClO4)2, failed to give these double salts under identical reaction conditions. The lack of reactivity of [MnH3L1](ClO4)2 does not appear to be due to its solubility or geometric considerations of the hydrogen bonding donor site, but instead to the electronic differences between the high spin [MnH3L1](ClO4)2 and the spin crossover [FeH3L1](ClO4)2.
Development of three genetically related basins associated with detachment-style faulting: predicted characteristics and an example from the central Mojave Desert, California

Three types of sedimentary basins may develop in large-magnitude detachment-type extensional systems. Possible early Miocene examples of these basin types have been identified in association with northeast-directed extension on the central Mojave metamorphic core complex, southern California. From west to east the basins are (1) the Tropico basin, a flexural basin formed on the unextended footwall behind, and bounded by, the detachment breakaway zone; (2) the Pickhandle basin, a supradetachment half graben bounded to the southwest by the detachment breakaway and to the northeast by the hanging wall; and (3) the Clews basin, an intra-hanging-wall basin that formed on the upper plate of the detachment system. Different basin types may be recognized by the nature and geometry of their strata. The footwall flexural basin should be shallow and areally extensive, with basin fill dominated by fine-grained, low-energy deposits. The supradetachment basin typically will be elongate normal to the extension direction and characterized by a thick sequence of volcanic and coarse-grained deposits that reflect its fault-controlled margins. Intra-hanging-wall basins may be of half- or full-graben geometry and will vary in dimension depending on the spacing of the transfer elements. Recognition of these basin types is potentially useful in delineating features of the extensional system that are important to its reconstruction, including the detachment breakaway zone and the boundaries of the extensional system parallel and normal to the extension direction.
Volume as a Determinant of Plasma Aldosterone in Anephric Man

Previous studies from this laboratory have demonstrated that the redistribution of blood volume and concomitant central hypervolemia induced by water immersion to the neck (NI), produces a prompt and profound suppression of plasma renin activity (PRA) and plasma aldosterone concentration (PA) without concomitant alterations in serum sodium and potassium concentrations. The NI model was utilized to assess the responsiveness of PA to volume expansion in 12 anephric subjects. The patients were studied on 2 occasions, 48 h after their last dialysis: during a seated control study (7 of the patients) and during 3 h of NI (all 12 patients). The conditions of seated posture and time of day were identical. Blood for PRA, PA, and cortisol was obtained at 30-min intervals for 5 h. PRA was undetectable in all patients. NI failed to alter PA. Plasma cortisol declined progressively throughout NI; serum potassium concentration remained unchanged. An identical NI study in normal subjects suppressed PA by 60%. These data demonstrate that when plasma composition and posture are maintained constant, marked central hypervolemia does not alter PA in anephric man. The present findings support the role of the renin-angiotensin system as the prepotent mediator of volume-induced changes in PA.
Effect of Methanol Concentration on CTAB Micellization and on the Formation of Surfactant-Templated Silica (STS)

We use light-scattering techniques to study the effects of methanol concentration on alkaline, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) water:methanol micellar solutions. We use X-ray diffraction, SEM, TEM, 29Si NMR, and gas sorption measurements to study the structure, microstructure, and porosity of surfactant-templated silica (STS), synthesized by adding tetramethoxysilane (TMOS) to the above micellar solutions. The measured critical micelle concentration (cmc) for CTAB at 25 °C in a 0.22 M NaOH (pH 13.2) solvent increases from ∼1.3 × 10-3 M for r = 0% to ∼5.5 × 10-2 M for r = 60% (where r is the wt % methanol in the mixture) as the concentration of methanol increases. In turn, the long-range order of STS decreases as the methanol concentration increases. Ordered STS forms for 0 ≤ r 90% transparent, amorphous chemical gels fo...
684 PRIMARY CARE TRAINING: A MULTI-SITE DATA COLLECTION SYSTEM

Systematic data collection of residents' ambulatory encounters provides a mechanism for individual resident performance assessment, site evaluation, and educational program development based on the actual experience of residents in various settings. Although involvement at multiple sites can hinder standardized data collection, the Pediatric Primary Care Residency Program at the Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center (DHMC) has implemented a multi-site system that collects data at the Program's four types of ambulatory settings - the DHMC ambulatory facility, rural pediatric private practices, rural child health programs, and the emergency department (ED). Because all residents see patients at DHMC, the standard charge sheet was modified and adopted as the data collection tool for all sites. Entry and processing are contracted to the Cooperative Information Project of the Department of Community and Family Medicine, Dartmouth Medical School, a consortium of practices in Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont whose goals concern development of innovative programs in practice management, quality assurance, medical education, and clinical cost-effectiveness research. The data assist staff and faculty in the management and evaluation of the program by displaying the range and depth of trainees' experiences at the various sites. In addition, linkage to the COOP Data Project provides comparison of resident encounters with those of pediatricians in private practice in rural New England.
Experimental Evaluation of Stiffness and Damping of Slider-Air Bearings in Hard Disk Drives

The system identification method was applied to experimentally investigate the dynamic characteristics of slider-air bearings in hard disk drives. The transient responses of sliders were measured, and the modal frequencies and damping ratios that are directly related to the stiffness and damping of the bearings were obtained by data processing and parameter identification. The dynamic property of a particular advanced air bearing (AAB) slider was measured and compared with simulation results. It was found that, contrary to usual perception, the suspension assembly significantly affects the dynamic characteristics of the air bearings. Contacts between the load beam and the flexure may introduce a larger damping and nonlinear property. The preliminary results also show that the proposed method is robust for experimentally evaluating the dynamic properties of slider-air bearings.
An Effective Algorithm for the Futile Questioning Problem

In the futile questioning problem, one must decide whether acquisition of additional information can possibly lead to the proof of a conclusion. Solution of that problem demands evaluation of a quantified Boolean formula at the second level of the polynomial hierarchy. The same evaluation problem, called Q-ALL SAT, arises in many other applications. In this paper, we introduce a special subclass of Q-ALL SAT that is at the first level of the polynomial hierarchy. We develop a solution algorithm for the general case that uses a backtracking search and a new form of learning of clauses. Results are reported for two sets of instances involving a robot route problem and a game problem. For these instances, the algorithm is substantially faster than state-of-the-art solvers for quantified Boolean formulas.
Calcium causes a conformational change in lamin A tail domain that promotes farnesyl-mediated membrane association.

Lamin proteins contribute to nuclear structure and function, primarily at the inner nuclear membrane. The post- translational processing pathway of lamin A includes farnesylation of the C-terminus, likely to increase membrane association, and subsequent proteolytic cleavage of the C-terminus. Hutchinson Gilford progeria syndrome is a premature aging disorder wherein a mutant version of lamin A, D50 lamin A, retains its farnesylation. We report here that membrane association of far- nesylated D50 lamin A tail domains requires calcium. Experimental evidence and molecular dynamics simulations collectively suggest that the farnesyl group is sequestered within a hydrophobic region in the tail domain in the absence of calcium. Calcium binds to the tail domain with an affinity KD z 250 mM where it alters the structure of the Ig-fold and increases the solvent acces- sibility of the C-terminus. In 2 mM CaCl2, the affinity of the farnesylated protein to a synthetic membrane is KD z 2 mM, as measured with surface plasmon resonance, but showed a combination of aggregation and binding. Membrane binding in the absence of calcium could not be detected. We suggest that a conformational change induced in D50 lamin A with divalent cat- ions plays a regulatory role in the posttranslational processing of lamin A, which may be important in disease pathogenesis.