cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Olivopontocerebellar Atrophy with Retinal Degeneration: An Electroretinographic and Histopathologic Investigation

Background: Olivopontocerebellar atrophy is an uncommon disorder with variable clinical manifestations that affects the cerebellum, the spinocerebellar tracts, and other structures of the brainstem. A deficiency of glutamate dehydrogenase, which results in an excess of glutamate, has been suggested to play a role in the pathogenesis of olivopontocerebellar atrophy. In experimental animals, toxic levels of glutamate are known to cause a selective loss of the b-wave on electroretinographic (ERG) testing and a degeneration of the inner retinal layers. One of the subtypes of olivopontocerebellar atrophy, type II, according to Harding's classification, is associated with retinal degeneration. Methods: The authors describe the ophthalmologic and ERG findings in a family with olivopontocerebellar atrophy type II. Histopathologic study of an eye from a 6-yearold family member who died of severe neurologic deterioration secondary to olivopontocerebellar atrophy type II was performed. Results: Electroretinographic changes may be present in affected family members who are entirely asymptomatic and have a normal ophthalmologic evaluation. The changes on the ERG in one patient suggest that cone dysfunction is one of the subtle changes that may be seen in olivopontocerebellar atrophy type II. Our ERG results did not show a selective loss of the b-wave but instead showed a loss of both the a-wave and b-wave in affected family members. Results of light and electron microscopic examination showed diffuse and extensive degeneration of the photoreceptors involving both rods and cones, the most prominent changes being present in the macula. An amorphous debris, presumably degenerated photoreceptors, was noted between the outer nuclear layer and retinal pigment epithelium. Conclusion: Patients with olivopontocerebellar atrophy type II have photoreceptor abnormalities as revealed in abnormal ERGs seen in many patients and histopathologic study of an autopsy eye from an affected 6-year-old boy. Our results do not support the hypothesis that glutamate toxicity may be responsible for the development of retinal degeneration in this condition.
Stardust: The Origins of Life, Evolution and Adaptation

If we are to understand human space colonization as a continuation of fundamentally evolutionary processes, then we have to understand the origin of life - that which evolves - itself; and to understand life, we need an understanding of the origins of the Solar System and the Universe from which the building blocks of life are ultimately assembled. In this chapter, we cover a large span, from the origin of the Universe to the origin of Earth and major events in Earth life evolution so far, including the evolution of humanity’s unique, grammar-directed language and consciousness in our genus, Homo. We then comment on how knowledge of this evolutionary context can help us best plan human space colonization as an adaptive endeavor.
Policies for Implementing Cervical Cancer Preventive and Control Strategies

Research on cervical cancer is rapidly generating fundamental knowledge that is increasing our understanding of this disease. Effective control of cervical cancer requires that this new knowledge be translated into interventions that reach all populations at risk for developing and dying of this disease. However, the application of effective interventions in diverse medical and public health settings usually requires policy decisions by responsible authorities. By ‘policy’, we refer to the various courses of action that can be taken by governments, organized medical systems (e.g. health plans), and professional entities that have the power to influence decisionmaking with regard to health and cancer-related programs. For example, policies may be made by governments to cover payment for the early detection of cervical neoplasia, by professional societies in generating guidelines for care, or by organized health care systems that adopt evidence-based protocols for behavioral interventions. This chapter will examine cervical cancer control policies that are already in place as well as opportunities for new policies anticipated in the near future.
Flume experiments on flow and sediment supply controls on gravel bedform dynamics

Abstract We present results from a flume experiment in which we investigate how the formation and dynamics of gravel bedforms are affected by changes in discharge and sediment supply. We conducted experiments in a straight rectangular sediment feed flume using a unimodal mixture of fine gravel and coarse sand. The experiment consisted of three phases: (1) equilibrium sediment supply and steady flow, (2) equilibrium sediment supply and repeated hydrographs, and (3) doubled sediment supply and repeated hydrographs. During the experiments, low-amplitude, migrating bedforms resembling alternate bars developed and their dynamics were characterized and tracked via collection of repeated structure-from-motion topographic data sets. Channel-scale morphology was essentially the same for steady and unsteady flow at the same sediment supply, but the bedform celerity was much lower with unsteady flow than it was under constant discharge. Bedform amplitudes increased on the rising limb of the hydrograph and declined on the falling limb, but their wavelength was largely insensitive to flow variation. When the sediment supply was increased, the dominant channel response was an increase in slope. The bedform celerity increased, but not to the same rate as under steady flow. Although our experiment developed alternate bars, the width-to-depth ratio of 8 indicates that present theory would not predict the occurrence of bars for our conditions. Our observations show that alternate bars may develop under low width-to-depth conditions and suggest that further theoretical development is needed to identify the mechanism responsible for their formation.
Maternal and paternal warmth impact recovery support and social network composition for substance dependent African American and non-African American women

Poor early relationship experiences during the first 16 years of life may negatively impact adults' capacity to establish and utilize social support (Suchman, McMahon, Slade, & Luthar, 2005). This is especially of concern for women with substance use disorders (SUD) for whom social support is associated with recovery maintenance and treatment retention (Gregoire & Snively, 2001). The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of early relationship experiences, specifically paternal and maternal warmth, on recovery related social support and personal network characteristics among African American (AA) and non-AA women in treatment for SUD. Data were collected from 254 women in substance abuse treatment, 146 AA and 108 non-AA. Ordinal logistic, Poisson or multiple linear regressions were fitted to predict the impact of maternal and paternal warmth during childhood on adult social network composition and recovery support. Greater maternal warmth was associated with greater recovery-specific social support for both AA (β = 0.12) and non-AA (β = 0.15) women. Paternal, but not maternal, warmth significantly predicted the number of social network members who supported recovery for non-AA women (AOR = 1.04), and number of network members who used drugs and alcohol for AA women (IRR = 0.99). Developmental experiences associated with fathers appear to affect different domains of adult functioning than those associated with mothers, and those effects are different for AA versus non-AA women. Attention to these differences may inform culturally relevant substance abuse prevention and treatment efforts.
The transformation of the political position of the Armenian community in Istanbul vis-à-vis the declaration of the Republic of Turkey

ABSTRACTThis article analyzes the transformation of the political position of the Ottoman Armenian community by focusing on the community’s reactions vis-a-vis a major turning point in modern Turki...
Cardiac function dependence on carbon monoxide

Nitric oxide, studied to evaluate its role in cardiovascular physiology, has cardioprotective and therapeutic effects in cellular signaling, mitochondrial function, and in regulating inflammatory processes. Heme oxygenase (major role in catabolism of heme into biliverdin, carbon monoxide (CO), and iron) has similar effects as well. CO has been suggested as the molecule that is responsible for many of the above mentioned cytoprotective and therapeutic pathways as CO is a signaling molecule in the control of physiological functions. This is counterintuitive as toxic effects are related to its binding to hemoglobin. However, CO is normally produced in the body. Experimental evidence indicates that this toxic gas, CO, exerts cytoprotective properties related to cellular stress including the heart and is being assessed for its cytoprotective and cytotherapeutic properties. While survival of adult cardiomyocytes depends on oxidative phosphorylation (survival and resulting cardiac function is impaired by mitochondrial damage), mitochondrial biogenesis is modified by the heme oxygenase-1/CO system and can result in promotion of mitochondrial biogenesis by associating mitochondrial redox status to the redox-active transcription factors. It has been suggested that the heme oxygenase-1/CO system is important in differentiation of embryonic stem cells and maturation of cardiomyocytes which is thought to mitigate progression of degenerative cardiovascular diseases. Effects on other cardiac cells are being studied. Acute exposure to air pollution (and, therefore, CO) is associated with cardiovascular mortality, myocardial infarction, and heart failure, but changes in the endogenous heme oxygenase-1 system (and, thereby, CO) positively affect cardiovascular health. We will review the effect of CO on heart health and function in this article.
Compassionate love and dispositional forgiveness: does compassionate love predict dispositional forgiveness?

Despite the conceptual link between love and forgiveness, empirical evidence for the relationship between the two is scarce. Also, controversy exists surrounding the use of a self-evaluated forgive...
Technology and Consciousness Workshops (2017): An Introductory Overview

This report introduces the activities of eight one-week workshops that were held during the summer of 2017 on the topic “Technology and Consciousness.” Participants in the series of workshops appro...
Technical Note—Waterfall and Agile Product Development Approaches: Disjunctive Stochastic Programming Formulations

When engaging in the development of new products, the primary objective of start-up companies is to generate a specified return level quickly and with high confidence. Achieving this goal is compli...
Applications and integration of multiplatform omics data in environmental epidemiology

The epidemiologic application of high-density data approaches for evaluating the molecular consequences of environmental/occupational chemical exposures is rapidly expanding as a result of technica...
The behavioral economics of alcohol demand in Greek-affiliated college students.

BACKGROUND College students affiliated with fraternity and sorority, or "Greek" life represent a known high-risk group for alcohol consumption and related consequences, but little is known about demand for alcohol in this population. The current study examined behavioral economic demand for alcohol in a sample of Greek life-affiliated undergraduate students using the alcohol purchase task (APT) and a novel variation of the APT that included a fixed-price, nonalcoholic alternative (APT Choice). METHODS Participants (n = 229) completed the APT, APT Choice, Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), and Daily Drinking Questionnaire (DDQ). Group demand indices were calculated for the entire sample and then separately for participants who met or did not meet the legal drinking age (21+ or underage, respectively). Independent-sample t tests assessed whether there were any significant differences between the two age cohorts in the percent change in each behavioral economic index from the APT to APT Choice. Tests of correlation evaluated the construct validity of the demand indices from both hypothetical purchase tasks. RESULTS Descriptive statistics on alcohol use in this Greek-affiliated sample revealed "hazardous" drinking scores, with AUDIT-C scores exceeding the threshold of alcohol misuse. These measures were significantly correlated with demand indices from both APT conditions, and demand was inversely related to price; however, demand for alcohol was reduced when a nonalcoholic alternative was available. Both age cohorts reported a reduction in BP1 (highest price of nonzero consumption) and an increase in α (rate of change in elasticity), but these changes were significantly greater among underage participants. CONCLUSIONS Although Greek life-affiliated students demonstrate high demand for alcohol, the concurrent availability of a nonalcoholic alternative reduces alcohol demand, particularly for underage students. These findings suggest that nonalcoholic options may enhance the effectiveness of increasing alcohol prices to reduce alcohol consumption among students at higher risk for alcohol use.
Fungi Isolated from Flue-Cured Tobacco Sold in Southeast United States, 1968-1970

Flue-cured tobacco leaves, from low- and middle-stalk positions, offered for sale in each of two markets, within each of five tobacco types, were evaluated for moisture content (MC) and filamentous fungi during August through October in 1968, 1969, and 1970. Alternaria alternata, Penicillium cyclopium, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus repens, and Aspergillus flavus were most frequently isolated from cultured tissue. Other filamentous fungi that grew from the tissue included species from four genera of field fungi and seven species of storage fungi. Although the MC ranged from 11.0 to 22.5%, it averaged 16.4, 16.8, and 15.9% for samples taken in 1968, 1969, and 1970, respectively. Average populations of fungi per sample over the three years ranged from 0 to 1,528,500 colonies/g of tobacco.
A Review of “Systemic Family Therapy: From Theory to Practice”

Graduate students studying family therapy are presented with the daunting challenge of familiarizing themselves with the wide range of approaches found in the literature as well as to decide upon s...
Dynamic reconfiguration in modular robots using graph partitioning-based coalitions

We consider the problem of dynamic self-reconfiguration in a modular self-reconfigurable robot (MSR). Previous approaches to MSR self-reconfiguration solve this problem using algorithms that search for a goal configuration in the MSR's configuration space. In contrast, we model the self-reconfiguration problem as a constrained optimization problem that attempts to minimize the reconfiguration cost while achieving a desirable configuration. We formulate the MSR self-reconfiguration problem as finding the optimal coalition structure within a coalition game theoretic framework. To reduce the complexity of finding the optimal coalition structure, we represent the set of all robot modules as a fully-connected graph. Each robot module corresponds to a vertex of the graph and edge weights represent the utility of a pair of modules being in the same coalition (or, connected component). The value of a coalition structure is then defined as the sum of the weights of all edges that are completely within the same coalition in that coalition structure. We then use a graph partitioning technique to cluster the vertices (robot modules) in the constructed graph so that the obtained coalition structure has close to optimal value. The clustering algorithm has time complexity polynomial in the number of agents, n, and yields an O(log n) approximation. We have verified our technique experimentally for a variety of settings. Our results show that the graph clustering-based self-reconfiguration algorithm performs comparably with two other existing algorithms for determining optimal coalition structures.
Reflexiones sobre la dirección escénica y la praxis teatral

This article reports on the artistic perspective of 115 Latin American theatrical direc- tors on issues related to the mise-en-scene; interviews took place in 19 countries all over the three Americas. Grouped into 6 volumes published under the title Art and Craft of the Theater Director in Latin America, interviews cover multiple aspects involved in the process of producing a show (reading of the dramatic text, rehearsals, performan- ce, promotion, etc.). They establish a corpus of knowledge on theatrical praxis; such knowledge constitutes a database of enormous wealth because it not only opens a new debate on professional issues but also gives a broad overview of the director’s work in different socio-cultural contexts.
Scan-Conversion Algorithm for Ridge Point Detection on Tubular Objects

Anatomical structures contain various types of curvilinear or tube-like structures such as blood vessels and bronchial trees. In medical imaging, the extraction and representation of such structures are of clinical importance. Complex curvilinear structures can be best represented by their center lines (or skeletons) along their elongated direction. In this paper, a gradient-based method for ridge point extraction on tubular objects is presented. Using the gradients of distance maps or intensity profiles usually generates skeleton surfaces for 3D objects, which is not desirable for representing tubular objects. To extract only the points on the centerline, we first employ the gradient vector flow (GVF) technique and then apply eigenanalysis of the Hessian matrix to remove false positive points. We present various results of the method using CLSM (Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy) images of blood fibrins and CT images of a skull and lungs. Our method is efficient and allows for completely automatic extraction of points along the centerline of a tubular object in its elongated direction.
Sex discrimination and the affirmative action remedy: The role of sex stereotypes

This paper explores the psychological phenomena of sex stereotypes and their consequences for the occurrence of sex discrimination in work settings. Differential conceptions of the attributes of women and men are shown to extend to women and men managers, and the lack of fit model is used to explain how stereotypes about women can detrimentally affect their career progress. Commonly-occurring organizational conditions which facilitate the use of stereotypes in personnel decision making are identified and, lastly, data are provided demonstrating the way in which affirmative action programs and practices can act to promote the stereotyping of women suggesting, that rather than being a remedy for sex discrimination, such programs might in fact be another contributor to the problem. Conclusions focus on the importance of attending to the role sex stereotypes play in hindering women’s career progress when procedures to combat sex discrimination in organizations are designed and implemented.
New Insights Into Androgen and Estrogen Receptor Regulation of the Male Skeleton

Beginning with the report in 1994 that an adult male with homozygous loss of estrogen receptor α (ERα) had unfused epiphyses and osteopenia,(1) there is now considerable evidence from observational and interventional studies (summarized in Khosla and colleagues(2)) that estrogen is the dominant regulator of bone metabolism in men. Indeed, a legitimate argument can be made that testosterone is largely a prohormone for the skeleton, with its effects on bone mediated principally via aromatization to estrogen, although it remains likely that testosterone contributes to bone size via effects on periosteal apposition and perhaps indirectly to bone mass by increasing muscle mass.
CCR 20th Anniversary Commentary: Simpson's Paradox and Neoadjuvant Trials

The research article by Carey and colleagues, published in the April 15, 2007, issue of Clinical Cancer Research, described the relationship between response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy and outcome by tumor subtype. Today neoadjuvant clinical trials are often designed to provide correlative data to help identify predictive biomarkers or to focus on poor-risk patients identified by residual disease after neoadjuvant treatment.
Comparative Analysis of the Entropy of Radiative Heat Transfer and Heat Conduction

Many thermodynamic texts incorrectly imply that the entropy flux of thermal radiation (TR) is the same as that for heat conduction, the heat flux divided by the local temperature (q/T). However, for blackbody radiation (BR) emission a 4/3 factor occurs. BR represents the maximum entropy for all radiation with the same emission temperature, as well as all radiation with the same energy radiance. However, using Planck’s formulas it is shown that BR emission has the lowest entropy-to-energy ratio, and thus the lowest entropy factor, for all radiation with the same emission temperature or radiation with an enclosed energy spectrum. In practice, analysis of radiative transfer includes incident, reflected and emitted fluxes. Case-specific integration, based on Planck’s entropy formula, can be used to determine the net radiative entropy flux. However, this net entropy flux can be put in the form n(q/T), where n is a coefficient unique to the radiative fluxes involved. This allows the net entropy flux to be easily calculated given the energy flux and the temperature of the opaque absorbing material. This entropy coefficient can vary greatly, taking on values less than unity, and values greater than unity. This implies that the misuse of the heat conduction entropy flux expression can vary from overestimating (n 1) the net radiative entropy flux. Graphical tools and simplified approximate expressions are presented that allow the entropy coefficient n to be quickly determined in certain general scenarios of radiative transfer encountered in practice.
Cytokine receptor signalling

Many cell functions are regulated by members of the cytokine receptor superfamily. Signalling by these receptors depends upon their association with Janus kinases (JAKs), which couple ligand binding to tyrosine phosphorylation of signalling proteins recruited to the receptor complex. Among these are the signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs), a family of transcription factors that contribute to the diversity of cytokine responses.
An objective analysis of two techniques of teaching delivery in public speaking

(1939). An objective analysis of two techniques of teaching delivery in public speaking. Quarterly Journal of Speech: Vol. 25, No. 4, pp. 561-569.
The interaction of hemerythrin with sodium dodecyl sulfate and the release of iron from the product with desferrioxamine B.

The interactions with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) of methemerythrin, the anionic derivatives and oxyhemerythrin from Phascolopsis gouldii have been examined at 25°C, I = 0.5 M and pH 6.3 and 7.8. Absorbance changes in the 350–500 nm range were used to monitor the rates. The denaturation is slow (k = 10−2–10−3s−1) and only slightly dependent on SDS concentration. Perchlorate is a very effective inhibitor of the SDS reaction with methemerythrin, and it is concluded that rapid binding of SDS near to the cysteine-50 site is an essential to unfolding. Myohemerythrin (from Themiste zostericola) and the monomeric N-ethylmaleimide derivatives of methemerythrin from P. gouldii and T. zostericola, in contrast, react rapidly with SDS. The products from denaturing of all proteins appear similar, having reduced α-helix content, very small absorbance in the 350–500 nm region and loss of anion or oxygen binding capacity. They do, however, retain the two irons, which can readily be removed with desferrioxamine B.
Plasma renin activity is associated with bone mineral density in premenopausal women

Bone mineral density (BMD), plasma renin activity (PRA) and dietary calcium and sodium were evaluated in 47 Caucasian premenopausal women. All subjects were free of any disorder or medications known to affect calcium or bone metabolism. Those subjects with low PRA ( 3400 mg/day, as evidenced by the suppression of PRA, may affect bone mass and the effect may be modified by the level of calcium intake. Additional research is needed to replicate our findings with a larger sample size.
The arthropod gap junction and pseudo-gap junction: isolation and preliminary biochemical analysis.

The hepatopancreas of the crayfish, Procambarus clarkii, contains an unusual abundance of gap junctions, suggesting that this tissue might provide an ideal source from which to isolate the arthropod-type of gap junction. A membrane fraction obtained by subcellular fractionation of this organ contained smooth septate junctions, zonulae adhaerentes, gap junctions and pentalaminar membrane structures (pseudo-gap junctions) as determined by electron microscopy. A further enrichment of plasma membranes and gap junctions was achieved by the use of linear sucrose gradients and extraction with 5 mM NaOH. The enrichment of gap junctions correlated with the enrichment of a 31 Kd protein band on polyacrylamide gels. Extraction with ≥20 mM NaOH or ≥0.5% (w/v) Sarkosyl NL97 resulted in the disruption and/or solubilization of gap junctions. Negative staining revealed a uniform population of 9.6 nm diameter subunits within the gap junctions with an apparent sixfold symmetry. Using antisera to the major gap junctional protein of rat liver (32 Kd) and to the lens membrane protein (MP 26), we failed to detect any homologous antigenic components in the arthropod material by immunoblotting-enriched gap junction fractions or by immunofluorescence on tissue sections. The enrichment of another membrane structure (pseudo-gap junctions), closely resembling a gap junction, correlated with the enrichment of two protein bands, 17 and 16Kd, on polyacrylamide gels. These structures appeared to have originated from intracellular myelin-like figures in phagolysosomal structures. They could be distinguished from gap junctions on the basis of their thickness, detergent-alkali insolubility, and lack of association with other plasma membrane structures, such as the septate junction. Pseudo-gap junctions may be related to a class of pentalaminar contacts among membranes involved in intracellular fusion in many eukaryotic cell types. We conclude that pseudo-gap junctions and gap junctions are different cellular structures, and that gap junctions from this arthropod tissue are uniquely different from mammalian gap junctions of rat liver in their detergentalkali solubility, equilibrium density on sucrose gradients, and protein content (antigenic properties).
Inhibition of Werner Syndrome Helicase Activity by Benzo[a]pyrene Diol Epoxide Adducts Can Be Overcome by Replication Protein A

RecQ helicases are believed to function in repairing replication forks stalled by DNA damage and may also play a role in the intra-S-phase checkpoint, which delays the replication of damaged DNA, thus permitting repair to occur. Since little is known regarding the effects of DNA damage on RecQ helicases, and because the replication and recombination defects in Werner syndrome cells may reflect abnormal processing of damaged DNA associated with the replication fork, we examined the effects of specific bulky, covalent adducts at N(6) of deoxyadenosine (dA) or N(2) of deoxyguanosine (dG) on Werner (WRN) syndrome helicase activity. The adducts are derived from the optically active 7,8-diol 9,10-epoxide (DE) metabolites of the carcinogen benzo[a]pyrene (BaP). The results demonstrate that WRN helicase activity is inhibited in a strand-specific manner by BaP DE-dG adducts only when on the translocating strand. These adducts either occupy the minor groove without significant perturbation of DNA structure (trans adducts) or cause base displacement at the adduct site (cis adducts). In contrast, helicase activity is only mildly affected by intercalating BaP DE-dA adducts that locally perturb DNA double helical structure. This differs from our previous observation that intercalating dA adducts derived from benzo[c]phenanthrene (BcPh) DEs inhibit WRN activity in a strand- and stereospecific manner. Partial unwinding of the DNA helix at BaP DE-dA adduct sites may make such adducted DNAs more susceptible to the action of helicase than DNA containing the corresponding BcPh DE-dA adducts, which cause little or no destabilization of duplex DNA. The single-stranded DNA binding protein RPA, an auxiliary factor for WRN helicase, enabled the DNA unwinding enzyme to overcome inhibition by either the trans-R or cis-R BaP DE-dG adduct, suggesting that WRN and RPA may function together to unwind duplex DNA harboring specific covalent adducts that otherwise block WRN helicase acting alone.
The maximum number of cycles in the complement of a tree

Abstract In this paper we investigate trees on a fixed set of vertices whose complements contain the maximum possible number of cycles. Let T be a tree and c ( T ′) be the number of cycles in the complement of T . We prove that for every tree T of n ⩾6 vertices and with diameter d between 4 and n −2 inclusive, there is a tree T 1 of n vertices with diameter at least d +1 so that c ( T ′ 1 )> c ( T ′). We further deduce that among all trees of n ⩾9 vertices, a path on n vertices has the maximum number of cycles in its complement. This settles in the affirmative a conjecture of K.B. Reid.
S-induced triangular pitting on Fe(111)

Abstract We report an unusual faceting behavior of the Fe(111) surface induced by the segregation of S. STM measurements of a Fe(111) surface covered with segregated S reveal massive triangular pitting on the surface. This triangular pitting occurs only at a critical S coverage of Auger peak-to-peak S (152) Fe (651) intensity ratios greater than ∼ 1.4 corresponding to more than one “geometric” monolayer of S based on one “geometric” monolayer coverage for the (1 × 1)-S structure. The occurrence of triangular pitting is coincident with the transformation of the (1 × 1) hexagonal LEED pattern to a new, previously unobserved (2√3 × 1)R30° LEED pattern. The pit depths are as large as 50 A. The pits' edges are as long as 800 A. The edges of the triangular pits are oriented along the 〈110〉 direction of the surface. Inside the triangular pits, a step-terrace topography is observed with a preferential formation of a 14 A terrace width. The new surface planes inside the pits correspond to the stepped surface notation [5(111) × (100)]. Atomic resolution images obtained from flat areas near the pits reveal surface buckling with two slightly different packing arrangements corresponding to a (2√3 × 1)R30° superstructure. Reactivity studies with O2 show that the pitted surface is extremely inert toward oxidation at room temperature, resisting oxidation to exposures of up to 1600 L of O2. The passivity of the (2√3 × 1)R30° to oxidation may be due to a combination of geometric and electronic blocking effects of S on O2 dissociation. A comparison of our results to previously reported adsorbate-induced faceting on W(111) and Mo(111) surfaces is briefly discussed.
Stress-induced viscosity changes and the existence of dominant wavelengths in folds

Abstract The theory of folding in stratified media presented by Biot and Ramberg has been extended by considering a more general type of material response. The model consists of a viscous layer embedded in a less viscous medium, compressed parallel to the layering. A transition from Newtonian to non-Newtonian behavior is considered and an approximate solution to the governing equation is discussed. The results give the effect of local, stress-induced changes in the viscosity on the profile of the fold. The results indicate that as the transition to non-Newtonian behavior proceeds, the wavelength selection process described by Biot and Ramberg breaks down; the wavelength of the fold which develops probably will not be the “dominant” wavelength defined by Biot.
Diagnostic Judgments as a Function of Client and Therapist Race

The purpose of the present investigation was to examine the process of differential evaluation of clients as a function of client and therapist race. It was hypothesized that race of client and therapist would interact, influencing the judgments of client psychopathology, appropriateness for therapy, verbal facility, and likelihood of treatment success despite standardization of the clinical stimuli. Graduate students in clinical psychology and with varying levels of training (i.e., 1 to 5 years) were asked to rate videotaped interviews of clients in which race of the client and level of psychopathology (i.e., normal, neurotic, and psychotic) were systematically varied. There were significant differences in ratings as a function of race of client, race of therapist, and level of psychopathology observed. Black clients were not rated differently on degree of psychopathology but were rated as less verbally skilled and less appropriate for treatment but more likely to benefit from treatment than white clients. Contrary to expectations, white therapists tended to underrate the pathology of black clients. On the other hand, black therapists tended to overrate the pathology of white clients and made mixed judgments of black clients. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Comment on the letter 'On the influx of small comets into the earth's atmosphere. II - Interpretation'

Frank et al. (1986a) inferred a terrestrial mass influx of 108 g icy comets of ∼1015g a−1. About 20-40% of the mass of known comets is comprised of chondritic rocky matter, thus the associated influx of chondritic matter is inferred to be at least 2 · 1014 g a−1. Iridium-accumulation evidence indicates a total influx of chondritic extraterrestrial matter having masses in the range 10−14 to 1017 g of 7.8 · 1010 g a−1, 2500 times smaller; >99% of this infalling matter is in masses 1011 g. For bodies in the 107-109 g range the inferred flux is 108 g a−1, a factor of 2 · 106 lower than that inferred for the Frank et al. comets. Because there must be devolatilized objects in the same population, the actual discrepancy is larger, probably ∼3 · 109.
Reversible Photodissociative Laser System

Laser action at 2.7 μ from atomic bromine was produced by flash photolysis of gaseous iodine monobromide. The output consists of a series of sharp pulses having peak powers up to 50 W and a total duration of 5 μsec. Optical gain was estimated to be ∼1 dB/m. Chemical reversibility of the system is very good; regeneration of the starting material occurs spontaneously and requires about 3 msec. The fact that excited bromine rather than excited iodine atoms are formed leads to clarification of previous conflicting spectroscopic assignments.
Remembering the invisible: Soundscape and memory of 1989

ABSTRACTThis article intends to draw attention to the strategic exploitations of cinematic soundscape as a powerful affective tool to reflect personal and social memory, loss and trauma in three exemplary films, Yangguang canlan de rizi/In the Heat of the Sun (Jiang, 1994), Zhantai/Platform (Jia, 2000), and Dongci bianwei/Conjugation (Tang, 2001). Taking a semiotic approach to film sound, I scrutinize how the post-1989 trauma makes its presence as an acoustic and psychologically-penetrating experience. While the June Fourth Crackdown remains a taboo in cultural representations in the PRC, Chinese filmmakers have responded to the psychological, ideological, and socio-economic impacts of the event in various creative ways. Cinematic soundscape, in particular, constitutes powerful acts of remembering, recognizing, and critically reflecting the unspeakable and the invisible.
Internal Energy Distributions Resulting from Sustained Off-Resonance Excitation in Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry. II. Fragmentation of the 1-Bromonaphthalene Radical Cation

The collision energy dependence of the fragmentation of the 1-bromonaphthalene radical cation was studied using sustained off-resonance excitation (SORI) in a 7 T Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer (FTMS). Fragmentation efficiency curves were obtained as a function of collision energy at four different pressures of Ar bath gas corresponding to collision numbers of 3, 5, 15, and 20. The results were modeled using RRKM/QET formalism. A refined analytical form for the collisional energy deposition function is proposed. The ability to obtain accurate fragmentation energetics of a complex system using the present approach is demonstrated. The “effective temperatures” deduced from the average internal energies for C6H5Br+• and C10H7Br+• were found to be the same for both ions provided the bath gas pressure and the maximum value of center-of-mass collision energy were the same. The range of effective temperatures from 1000 to 3700 K sampled in the present study significantly exceeds the ...
Black Women in the Workforce: A New Look at an Old Problem.

In light of unresponsive White House administration and recent court decisions limiting or dissolving necessary and hard-earned employment rights, meaningful participation for women in the labor force may have reached its zenith. This is especially true for Black women. A number of erroneous beliefs regarding Black women in the labor force exist today. Many Americans assume that Black women have made tremendous progress in the American labor market in the last two decades as a result of civil rights legislation and affirmative-action efforts. Further, it has been speculated that Black women have outpaced Black men in obtaining employment, that Black women earn more than White women, and that their economic and occupational status should be envied rather than deplored. These are misconceptions. Government data do not bear out these beliefs. In 1987, more than 58% of all Black women were gainfully employed (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1989c, p. 377). On average, these women still received lower wages than other groups. In 1988, the median income was $7,349 for Black women, $9,103 for White women, $12,044 for Black men, and $19,959 for White men. In that same year, the median income for Black families was $16,407 as compared to $27,225 for White families. The median income for female householders with no husband present was $10,657 (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1989a).
Blood flow estimation error with intravascular ultrasound due to in-plane component of flow.

Previously, we presented a real-time method to measure blood flow perpendicular to the image plane of an intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) imaging system using a slow-time FIR (finite impulse response) filter bank. Any in-plane flow introduces error in the flow measurement using the filter bank algorithm. Simulations show that for a flow angle of ±10° and velocities between 200 mm/s and 300 mm/s, the energy within the lowest frequency band filter is 6.92 to 7.80 times higher than for perpendicular flow in the worst case. We present a variation of the FIR filter bank algorithm, applying filter coefficients in a tilted fashion to slow-time signals (i.e., combining slow-time and fast-time). An appropriate tilt, which depends on the flow angle and velocity, corrects for the increased energy under the frequency bands. In this case, the energy under the lowest frequency band filter for an angle of ±10° and velocities ranging from 200 mm/s to 300 mm/s is 2.09 to 2.94 times higher than for perpendicular flow, yield...
THE DEPORTATION OF THE MAROONS OF TRELAWNY TOWN TO NOVA SCOTIA, THEN BACK TO AFRICA

Maroons were those Blacks who fled plantation slavery to establish their own communities in inhospitable and isolated areas and who fought to maintain their freedom. Maroon societies existed throughout both North America and South America, wherever slave systems existed. In their attempt to survive the struggle to maintain freedom, the Maroons devised methods of subsistence, military strategies, systems of shared authority, and shared languages. The greatest successes of the Maroons are recognized in their military ability and leadership (Bryan, 1865, p. 108; Kushner et al., 1865). The Maroons were the slave masters’ worst nightmare because of their raids of the plantations to take supplies such as food, ammunition, cattle, horses, and slave women. All of what the Maroons did not take they would destroy by fire—the crops, livestock, barns, and so forth. The Maroons’familiarity with the terrain and the thick forest cover of the country was a valuable asset, enabling them to evade capture and making it possible for them to divert their attacks to other sections of the country, robbing and killing their enemies. They presented so formidable an opposition that an appreciable number of plantations had to be abandoned (Dallas, 1803, Vol. 1; Long, 1774, Vol. 2, pp. 302-345). The Maroons clearly became the front-line fighters in the struggle against slavery. Before any known struggles for independence in the New World, Maroon communities had developed strong
Ninety-three hearts ≥90 years of age

Abstract The amount of information at necropsy in persons having lived ≥90 years is relatively sparse. In 1983, Waller and Roberts 1 described some clinical and necropsy findings in 40 patients aged ≥90 years at death. Since that time, 53 additional patients have been studied at necropsy in this laboratory. This article summarizes certain clinical and necropsy cardiac findings in 93 patients aged ≥90 years.
Self-assembly approach to protein design

A small protein was self-assembled on a template. A metal-binding ligand, 4,4'-dicarboxylic acid-2,2'-bipyridine, was attached to the N-terminus of an oligopeptide with the potential to form an amphiphilic alpha -helix. These bipyridine-modified peptides trimerized to form a three alpha -helix bundle protein in the presence of FE(II). The cumulative binding constant was determined to be >5*1017 M-3, approximately 25 times greater than that of a control compound with no peptide moiety. Aldehyde templates are being developed to assemble unsymmetrical three alpha -helix bundle proteins.
Retina-dependent activation by apomorphine of metabolic activity in the superficial layer of the superior colliculus

Studies of the effect of the dopamine agonist apomorphine on local cerebral glucose utilization by means of the carbon-14-labeled deoxyglucose method demonstrate a dose-dependent metabolic activation in the superficial layer of the superior colliculus in the rat. Apomorphine stimulated glucose utilization in a number of other cerebral structures, but only the effect in the superficial layer of the superior colliculus depended on an intact retinal input. This effect was present with the animal in the light or in the dark, but was abolished by enucleation, which left the effects in other cerebral structures unimpaired. Activation of the superificial layer of the superior colliculus appears, therefore, to be secondary to an action of apomorphine on dopaminergic systems within the retina.
Ghrelin-induced food intake and growth hormone secretion are altered in melanocortin 3 and 4 receptor knockout mice

Ghrelin stimulates food intake in part by activating hypothalamic neuropeptide Y (NPY) neurons/agouti related peptide (AGRP) neurons. We investigated the role of AGRP/melanocortin signaling in ghrelin-induced food intake by studying melanocortin 3 and 4 receptor knockout (MC3R KO and MC4R KO) mice. We also determined whether reduced ghrelin levels and/or an altered sensitivity to the GH-stimulating effects of ghrelin accompany the obesity syndromes of MC3R KO and MC4R KO mice. Compared to wild-type (WT) mice, the effects of ghrelin on food intake were reduced in MC3R KO and MC4R KO mice and circulating ghrelin levels were reduced in female MC4R KO mice. Female MC3R KO and MC4R KO mice exhibited a diminished responsiveness to the GH-releasing effects of ghrelin. Thus, deletion of the MC3R or MC4R results in a decreased sensitivity to ghrelin and verifies the involvement in the melanocortin system in ghrelin-induced food intake.
Comparison of stability and dispersion characteristics of organic pigment agglomerates

The dispersion of pigment agglomerates is affected by the morphology of the constituent solids, chemical interactions between the solids and the processing medium, and the presence of the suspension medium within the agglomerate. Differences in the dispersion characteristic of two prototypical pigments, carbon black and copper phthalocyanine, were contrasted in terms of these governing factors. Stability tests of the pigments in a variety of solvents point out the differences in interaction of the solids with the processing medium. Cohesivity tests performed on the solids indicate the role of particle morphology. Rates of infiltration of the suspending fluid matrix into the agglomerates depend on the packing structure of the agglomerate. Measurements of the rate of dispersion of dry and soaked agglomerates show the influence of the degree of saturation on dispersion tendencies.
Clinical, serologic, and immunogenetic studies in childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus.

Objective. To determine the frequency of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)—associated clinical manifestations, autoantibodies, and HLA class II alleles in a large cohort of patients with childhood-onset SLE. Methods. Eighty children with SLE onset before age 18 (27 before age 11) were studied for the frequency of renal, neuropsychiatric, and hematologic complications as well as for anti—native DNA, Ro, La, Sm, and U1 RNP autoantibodies. HLA—DR, DQ, and DP alleles were determined by oligotyping. The results were compared with findings in 213 adults with SLE onset at or after age 18 years. Results. Renal involvement was more frequent in those with childhood-onset SLE, especially those with onset before age 11 (82%, compared with 53% in adults). Anti—U1 RNP was more common in American blacks with SLE onset before age 18. HLA—DRB1*0301, DQA1*0501, DQB1*0201 was more common in Caucasians and DRB1*1503, DRB5*0101, DQA1*0102, DQB1*0602 in American blacks, regardless of age at SLE onset. Anti-Sm autoantibodies were most highly associated with HLA—DQA1*0102 and DQB1*0602. Conclusion. While childhood-onset SLE shares many immunogenetic and serologic similarities to adultonset disease, important clinical differences nevertheless exist in children with this disease.
Quantitative study of the carboxylic acids in Green River oil shale bitumen

Abstract Bitumen fractions were extracted by a benzene/methanol reflux of Green River oil shale (GROS) before and after treatment with HCl, HF, and HCl/HF. Acid leaching released 80% more bitumen than could be extracted without acid treatment. This additional bitumen had greater concentrations of carboxylic acids and their salts than the untreated oil shale bitumen. The carboxylic acids were separated from all bitumen fractions (untreated, post HCI, post HF, and post HF/HCl) and individual acids were identified and quantified by gas chromatography—mass spectrometry and high resolution mass spectrometry. The same types of acids were present in all four bitumen fractions but showed significant differences in their relative abundances. These carboxylic acids and salts were present in the original GROS and were not formed during the treatment. The post-HCl bitumen fraction contained Mg and Fe salts of long-chain aliphatic carboxylic acids with carbon numbers in the range of 21–38. Significantly, even though calcium is the major cation in the carbonate minerals of GROS, no Ca was present in the ash of these carboxylic acid salts. These results indicate that there is a strong interaction between carboxylic acids present in GROS and its mineral matrix (especially carbonate minerals). These carboxylic acids are possible coupling agents that ‘glue’ mineral and organic material together. The treatment of the oil shale also resulted in the formation of highly purified kerogen, low in ash yield (2 wt %) which had undergone only very mild acid treatment.