cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Assessment of ZooImage as a tool for the classification of zooplankton

ZooImage, image analysis software, was evaluated to determine its ability to differentiate between zooplankton groups in preserved zooplankton samples collected in Prince William Sound, Alaska. A training set of 53 categories were established to train the software for automatic recognition. Using the Random forest algorithm, ZooImage identified particles in the training set with less than 13% error. Despite reasonable results with the training set, however, ZooImage was less effective when this training set was used to identify particles from field-collected zooplankton samples. When all particles were examined, ZooImage had an accuracy of 81.7% but this dropped to 63.3% when discard particles (e.g. marine snow and fibers) were removed from total particles. Copepods, the numerically dominant organisms in most samples, were examined separately and were correctly identified 67.8% of the time. Further investigation suggested size was effective in determining identifications; medium size copepods (e.g. Pseudocalanus sp., Acartia sp.) were accurately identified 73.3% of the time. ZooImage can provide a coarse level of taxonomic classification and we anticipate continued improvement to this software should further enhance automatic identification of preserved zooplankton samples.
Coordination of autonomous underwater vehicles for acoustic image acquisition

Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks (UW-ASNs) consist of stationary sensors or Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) like propeller-driven vehicles and gliders that are equipped with sensors for performing collaborative monitoring tasks. In this paper, a task optimization framework for image acquisition using a fleet of underwater gliders and AUVs is proposed. The objective of the framework is to form the best possible team and to find the optimal trajectory to reach the selected target object. In this paper, the use of a team of underwater gliders and AUVs for acquiring still images of underwater objects is envisaged. Research specific to this area has been limited. Hence, a framework based on energy minimization for a team of gliders to complete the mission in given time bound is proposed. Further, performance of propeller-driven AUVs and gliders is compared to prove the energy efficiency of the gliders over AUVs for missions with large time bound.
Partitioning of Chromosomal DNA during Establishment of Cellular Asymmetry in Bacillus subtilis

The switch from symmetric to asymmetric cell division is a key feature of development in many organisms, including Bacillus subtilis sporulation. Here we demonstrate that, prior to the onset of asymmetric cell division, the B. subtilis chromosome is partitioned into two unequally sized domains, with the origin-proximal one-third of the future forespore chromosome condensed near one pole of the cell. Asymmetric chromosome partitioning is independent of polar division, as it occurs in cells depleted of FtsZ but depends on two transcription factors that govern the initiation of sporulation, sigma(H) and Spo0A-P. It is also independent of chromosome partitioning proteins Spo0J and Soj, suggesting the existence of a novel mechanism controlling chromosome structure. Thus, our results demonstrate that, during sporulation, two separable events prepare B. subtilis for asymmetric cell division: the relocation of cell division sites to the cell poles and the asymmetric partitioning of the future forespore chromosome.
Generalized Theory of Code Tracking with an Early-Late Discriminator Part II: Noncoherent Processing and Numerical Results

Code tracking is an important attribute of receivers for Global Positioning System (GPS) and other global navigation satellite systems (GNSS). This paper and its antecedent provide analytical expressions for performance of code-tracking loops using early-late discriminators, under small-error conditions. Expressions are provided for output signal-to-noise-plus-interference ratio (SNIR) and code-tracking error, for arbitrary signal spectra, and Gaussian noise and interference having arbitrary spectral shapes. This second paper addresses noncoherent early-late processing (NELP) for given receiver precorrelation bandwidth and given early-late spacing, comparing the results to results for coherent early-late processing (CELP) and to a lower bound (LB) on code-tracking error. Theoretical expressions are derived and compared, and numerical results are provided to examine the effect of different modulation designs and interference conditions.
Trial-to-trial, uncertainty-based adjustment of decision boundaries in visual categorization

Categorization is a cornerstone of perception and cognition. Computationally, categorization amounts to applying decision boundaries in the space of stimulus features. We designed a visual categorization task in which optimal performance requires observers to incorporate trial-to-trial knowledge of the level of sensory uncertainty when setting their decision boundaries. We found that humans and monkeys did adjust their decision boundaries from trial to trial as the level of sensory noise varied, with some subjects performing near optimally. We constructed a neural network that implements uncertainty-based, near-optimal adjustment of decision boundaries. Divisive normalization emerges automatically as a key neural operation in this network. Our results offer an integrated computational and mechanistic framework for categorization under uncertainty.
Modelling and control of eye-movement with musculotendon dynamics

Recent anatomical studies of extraocular muscles (EOM) demonstrate the stability of muscle paths. This is due to the fact that each rectus EOM passes through a pulley consisting of an encircling ring or sleeve of collagen. In this paper, the EOMs are modeled using the Hill type musculotendon complex and the effect of extraocular pulleys are studied. The model proposed by Martin and Schovanec (1999) for horizontal eye movement has been used as a basic starting point. The extraocular pulleys are then introduced and analyzed mainly to study how Listing's law is enforced and how it implements an oculomotor plant which appears commutative to the brain.
Design of an 80V-class high-side capable double-resurf JI L-IGBT

This paper proposes a suitable design of an 80V-class high-side capable double-resurf lateral IGBT (L-IGBT) using our cost-effective HV-MOS process, which excludes SOI/DTI structures. This junction-isolated (JI) L-IGBT, unlike a drift-NMOSFET, suffered a large substrate leakage caused by a parasitic PNP BJT whose collector was a p-substrate. It also had a disadvantage in turn-off time due to the floated n-drift layer. We tried a unique, promising approach — the p+ collector was connected to the outmost enclosing n+ sinker internally by n-drift region resistor and externally by metallization, which needs no additional process steps. Our measurement results show that it successfully eliminated both problems without almost any sacrifice in performance of current drivability per area, breakdown voltage, HCI, and ESD endurance.
A method of calculating pumping induced leakage

Summary We have discussed pumping induced leakage in a leaky-confined aquifer bounded by a relatively thin aquitard whose storage effect is neglected. Both constant-rate and constant-drawdown, fully penetrating vertical pumping wells are considered. We have derived closed-form analytical solutions of the steady-state leakage rates and volumes within any given radial distance from the well for both the constant-rate and constant-drawdown pumping wells. For the constant-rate well, we have derived the closed-form analytical solutions for the total leakage rate and volume over the entire aquitard–aquifer boundary at a given time; and the semi-analytical solutions for calculating the leakage rate and volume within any radial distance from the pumping well at a given time. For the constant-drawdown well, we have further provided the analytical solutions of the leakage rate and volume in the Laplace domain; those solutions are numerically inverted to yield results in the real time domain. With the scale-invariant relationship of [Butler Jr., J.J., Tsou, M.-S., 2003. Pumping-induced leakage in a bounded aquifer: an example of a scale-invariant phenomenon. Water Resour. Res. 39(12), 1344, doi: 10.1029/2002WR001484.], the solutions of the total leakage rates and volumes can be generalized to finite size aquifers with lateral impermeable boundaries. These solutions are useful for managing multi-layer aquifers in which pumping induced water transfer across the aquitards can occur.
Service and Surveillance: Infrapolitics at Work among Casino Cocktail Waitresses

With its surveillance mechanisms, tipping system, and sexualized environment, the casino industry is an intriguing site for a gendered diagnostics of workplace politics. Drawing on 18 months of participant observation at three casinos, I argue that managers, coworkers, and customers attempt to control waitress appearance and behavior through surveillance, gendered hegemony, and financial incentives. Cocktail waitresses resist in subtle forms—“infrapolitics” and occasionally collective action. Feminist research, to consider women such as cocktail waitresses as multidimensional actors, must both avoid a common binary between sexual and nonsexual gendered work and take into consideration women’s own subjectivities. Feminist workplace ethnography is particularly well suited to help us understand women workers’ experiences of power and modes of resistance.
State-of-the-art report: GCL shear strength and its measurement

This paper presents a comprehensive source of information on the shear strength and shear strength testing of geosynthetic clay liners (GCLs). Essential concepts of shear stress–displacement behavior and shear strength interpretation are presented, including long-term performance issues, followed by detailed discussions on the laboratory measurement of the shear strength of GCLs and GCL interfaces. The paper also provides recommendations for the selection of design failure envelopes for stability analyses and checklists to assist users in the specification of GCL shear testing programs. North American practice is emphasized and discussions are focused primarily within the context of landfill bottom liner and cover systems. Conclusions are drawn with regard to GCL shear strength behavior and current GCL strength testing practice, improvements for GCL strength testing and reporting are suggested, and future research needs are identified.
Energy-Efficient Pipeline Templates for High-Performance Asynchronous Circuits

We present two novel energy-efficient pipeline templates for high throughput asynchronous circuits. The proposed templates, called N-P and N-Inverter pipelines, use a single-track handshake protocol. There are multiple stages of logic within each pipeline. The proposed techniques minimize handshake overheads associated with input tokens and intermediate logic nodes within a pipeline template. Each template can pack a significant amount of logic in a single stage, while still maintaining a fast cycle time of only 18 transitions. Noise and timing robustness constraints of our pipelined circuits are quantified across all process corners. We present completion detection scheme based on wide NOR gates, which results in significant latency and energy savings especially as the number of outputs increase. To fully quantify all design trade-offs, three separate pipeline implementations of an 8x8-bit Booth-encoded array multiplier are presented. Compared to a standard QDI pipeline implementation, the N-Inverter and N-P pipeline implementations reduced the energy-delay product by 38.5p and 44p respectively. The overall multiplier latency was reduced by 20.2p and 18.7p, while the total transistor width was reduced by 35.6p and 46p with N-Inverter and N-P pipeline templates respectively.
Cutaneous Mycobacterium thermoresistibile Infection in a Heart Transplant Recipient

A cutaneous infection by Mycobacterium thermoresistibile occurred 3 months after cardiac transplantation near the surgical scar in a diabetic patient. The organism's growth and biochemical characteristics are described, along with extensive susceptibility data. Only two previous human infections with this organism have been reported, both pulmonary. Response to oral rifampin, ethambutol, and isoniazid was complete but slow, although the organism was isoniazid-resistant. Mycobacterial infections of the compromised host are uncommon in relation to the other pathogens encountered. In heart transplant recipients, atypical and classic mycobacterial infections have been infrequently reported. The former appear to follow nocardial infections with considerable frequency [1]. A recent survey of nontuberculous mycobacterial infections at Stanford University Hospital has identified 14 such infections among 502 heart transplant recipients [2]. We present herein a case of cutaneous mycobacterial infection that appears to be unique.
The Characterization of Rolled Sheet Alloy using Infrared Microscopy

Iron aluminides are a group of intermetallic alloys containing primarily iron and aluminum and have a resistance to high temperature oxidation.1 The focus of this work is nondestructive evaluation of thin (203 μm) rolled iron aluminide alloy using thermal microscopy techniques for quality control during manufacturing.
Isolation and culture of bone marrow-derived human multipotent stromal cells (hMSCs).

Abstract We have developed protocols whereby a total of 30-90 x 10(6) hMSCs with an average viability greater than 90% can be produced in a single multilevel Cell Factory from a relatively small (1-3 mL) bone marrow aspirate in 14-20 d. It is possible to generate as many as 5 x 10(8) multipotent stromal cells (MSCs) from a single sample, depending on the number of Cell Factories seeded from the initial isolated hMSCs. Briefly, mononuclear cells are collected from a bone marrow aspirate by density gradient centrifugation. The cells are cultured overnight and the adherent cells are allowed to attach to the flask. Nonadherent cells are removed and the culture expanded for 7-10 d with periodic feeding of the cells. The cells are then harvested and seeded at low density (60-100 cells/cm2) into Nunc Cell Factories. The cells are allowed to expand for an additional 7-10 d, and are then harvested.
The Effects of Chemicals on the Structure of Terrestrial Ecosystems: Mechanisms and Patterns of Change

Chemicals introduced into natural terrestrial ecosystems can be considered disturbances, similar in mode of action to natural disturbances such as fires, windstorms, and species invasions. The effects of releases of chemicals on the structure of terrestrial ecosystems have not been studied extensively. However, responses of ecosystems to natural disturbances have received substantial scientific scrutiny. Exploration of the parallels between disruptions brought about by chemicals and by natural forces is useful because, in the absence of a large body of experimental evidence or case studies that have followed the effects of chemical releases, we are forced to extrapolate from the numerous studies of the effects of natural disturbances. It is critical, therefore, to evaluate the ways in which ecosystems are likely to respond differently to chemicals than they respond to natural disturbance. We must identify the patterns and mechanisms of change in terrestrial ecosystems exposed to chemical inputs that are unique to this type of anthropogenic disturbance.
Land Economic Research in the Alluvial Valley of the Lower Mississippi River

HE economy of the alluvial valley of the Mississippi River is based upon an elaborate series of reclamation projects designed to protect the land from the annual rises of the Mississippi and tributary streams, and to remove surface water. Levees, drains, and pumps constitute a vast interrelated system, extending from Cape Girardeau, Missouri, to the Gulf of Mexico. This system is the result of a long and complex effort whose history encompasses the development of new engineering techniques, new or improved economic and social methods and institutions for handling the financial and social aspects of the expensive works, and even the evolution of political concepts. Nowhere has this work of reclamation been completed, nor is it likely to be. Experience has shown that to succeed, the processes used in flood control must be as dynamic as the great river which dominates the life and history of the Valley. Drainage works are in constant need of repair and improvement. Not only is the reclamation incomplete but there is a noticeable variation in the level of accomplishment, measured either in terms of relative perfection in reclamation or in level of economic output. Thus, a fascinating opportunity is offered for comparison of the physical, economic, and social processes in the several areas as they bear on the level of land development and ultimately upon group welfare.
Extensão do período de garantia para veículos populares.

Since their creation in the beginning of 90 decade, the popular vehicles, which main characteristic is the use of engines up to 1.0 liter of volumetric capacity, have strongly influenced the Brazilian market of vehicles, having more than 50% of participation in the market share since the beginning of their sales. Based on the current scenario of the Brazilian Automotive Industry, this work has the objective of suggesting a model to evaluate the warranty extension for popular vehicles to 36 months as a market competitive advantage. The study, supported by reliability and product failures theoretical concepts, consists of using the field failure data to estimate the warranty cost in 36 months exposure in the field, which allows analyzing its advantages and disadvantages for company decision making. This study also recommends a technical validation plan for warranty extension that consists of submitting vehicles from the company proving ground to high mileages to verify their parts durability and reliability in 36 months of field exposure. The warranty extension implementation plan recommends the implementation of two years warranty in the market, monitoring the failures and customers complaints during this period to generate information for company for decision making to implement the three years warranty. Finally, the warranty extension for popular vehicles is possible since all levels of the organization are committed and a previous plan must be done using all the information and resources available for company decision making.
Analysis of Electrical Discharge Plasma in a Gas‐Liquid Flow Reactor Using Optical Emission Spectroscopy and the Formation of Hydrogen Peroxide

Optical emission spectroscopy was used to characterize an electrical discharge plasma reactor with a liquid H2O film contacting different carrier gases. The plasma gas temperatures for Ar, He, and 1% N2 in Ar were 1000–1200 K and did not vary significantly with liquid flow rate. Increasing solution conductivity by adding KCl to deionized water in the Ar case lowered the temperature by 13%, increased the discharge power and lowered the H2O2 formation rates. The temperature was highest in the case of air (2400 K), and in the case of Ar the temperature increased with the addition of O2. The temperatures for this reactor are comparable to previous studies with discharges in humid gases, while the effects of liquid conductivity were similar to those reported with direct discharge in the liquid phase.
Dynamic Load Balancing Algorithm Based on Heterogeneous Servers

This paper proposes a novel heterogeneous server load balancing method,It is a way that witch is on the base of the tra ditional equilibrium system throughput,considering the processing capacity of each server,we use the server’s processing capacity weights and the probability vector,each incoming request is assigned by calculating its probability vector.In theory,this approach should be able to solve the resources minimal cost for system scheduling,it can maintain maximum possible load balancing of differ ent performance server,and make the customer requests receive a reply within the shortest possible time.Experimental results show that this method is effective.
A Quantum Chemical View of the Initial Photochemical Event in Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis is the process in which light energy is used to convert carbon dioxide, one of the most stable molecules naturally occurring, into sugars and starches. This process is responsible for essentially all of the carbon atomic fixation on our planet — for essentially all of the biomass on earth. Quite literally, the earths atmosphere has been converted from one of reducing power to one of oxidizing power by photosynthesis. Without the efficiency of this process life as we know it could not exist.
The acute aseptic meningitis syndrome

The acute aseptic meningitis syndrome is an entity that presents a diagnostic challenge to the clinician. Although many infectious and noninfectious etiologies exist for this syndrome, viruses, especially nonpolio enteroviruses, are the classic and most important agents encountered. The incidence of polio and mumps meningitis has declined dramatically in the vaccine era, but recently described pathogens, such as human immunodeficiency virus and Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme disease agent) are now important considerations in the differential diagnosis. Specifically treatable entities (eg, mycobacterial or fungal meningitis, herpes simplex encephalitis, parameningeal infection) that may mimic aseptic meningitis in their initial presentations must not be overlooked. A careful approach to the patient and a rational use of laboratory studies are the basis for establishing a specific diagnosis and assuring a favorable outcome.
Extracellular Vesicle-Associated Aβ Mediates Trans-Neuronal Bioenergetic and Ca 2+-Handling Deficits in Alzheimer's Disease Models

Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is an age-related neurodegenerative disorder in which aggregation-prone neurotoxic amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) accumulates in the brain. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small 50-150 nanometer membrane vesicles that have recently been implicated in the prion-like spread of self-aggregating proteins. Here we report that EVs isolated from AD patient CSF and plasma, from the plasma of two AD mouse models, and from the medium of neural cells expressing familial AD presenilin 1 mutations, destabilize neuronal Ca2+ homeostasis, impair mitochondrial function, and sensitize neurons to excitotoxicity. EVs contain a relatively low amount of Aβ but have an increased Aβ42/ Aβ40 ratio; the majority of Aβ is located on the surface of the EVs. Impairment of lysosome function results in increased generation EVs with elevated Aβ42 levels. EVs may mediate transcellular spread of pathogenic Aβ species and that impair neuronal Ca2+ handling and mitochondrial function, and may thereby render neurons vulnerable to excitotoxicity.
Exploring the Interconnected Trauma of Personal, Social, and Structural Stressors: Making “Sense” of Senseless Violence

Although violence is a timeless characteristic of human behavior and history, its prevalence and many forms are proliferated repeatedly through the media. In particular, "senseless" violence against both random and targeted victims puzzles and petrifies onlookers and survivors. Integrating developmental psychology with critical theory, this manuscript begins with a conceptual definition of senseless violence that is coupled with a mapping of the personal, social, and structural etiologies of such violence. This inquiry explores the origins, contexts, and varied manifestations of violence, helps redirect sense-making around such violence, and informs how to cope with and possibly reduce or mitigate it. Utilizing a person-centered perspective from multiple points of view, the analysis focuses primarily on the everyday or chronic experiences of stressors and their relation to internalized and externalized types of violence (i.e., mass shootings, interpersonal violence, self-injury). The manuscript concludes with ways to reduce violence and promote justice on personal, social, and structural levels.
Cataloging 19th-Century Children’s Books

Many librarians, catalogers among them, assume that cataloging children’s books must be very easy work, and any discussion thereof necessarily brief. One librarian summed it up by saying, “All you have to do is title plus … ‘Bunnies’.” When I hear this I feel a certain amount of righteous indignation; cataloging 19th-century children’s books involves more than title-page transcription and an obvious subject heading. I also feel that it puts the whole matter into perspective. Ultimately, we who are working with historical children’s books are looking at relatively minor publications—but we are looking at them very intensely. The patrons . . .
Exact Properties of Demerit Control Charts

A demerit rating system is used to simultaneously monitor counts of several types of defects in a complex product. The demerit statistic is a linear combination of the counts of these types of defects. The traditional recommendation is to plot the dem..
Induction of abnormal proliferation by non-myelinating Schwann cells triggers neurofibroma formation

2955 Recent evidence suggests that alterations in the self-renewal program of stem/progenitor cells can lead to tumorigenesis. Identification of stem cell-like cells or cancer stem cells raises the possibility that human cancers likely arise from the stem or progenitor cells possessing self-renewal capabilities. However, the nature of the cell(s)-of-origin of central and peripheral nervous system tumors remains largely unknown. Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a common inherited neurological disease, which affects 1 in 3500 newborns worldwide. The hallmark feature of NF1 is the development of benign peripheral nerve sheath tumors or neurofibromas in the peripheral nervous system. Individuals afflicted with this disease carry germline loss-of -function mutations in NF1 gene. The protein product of NF1 gene (neurofibromin) is a tumor suppressor that negatively regulates Ras signaling pathway. Plexiform neurofibroma is the only neurofibroma subtype with potential for malignant transformation and is often observed during early childhood. These clinical observations raise the possibility that this tumor arises from the transformation of fetal stem/progenitor cells during nerve development. By utilizing genetically engineered mouse models of NF1, we demonstrated that plexiform neurofibroma, results from NF1 deficiency in fetal stem/progenitor cells of peripheral nerves. Surprisingly, this did not cause hyperproliferation or tumorigenesis in early postnatal period. Instead, peripheral nerve development appeared largely normal in the absence of NF1 except for a subset of abnormally differentiated Remak bundles, the non-myelinated axon-Schwann cell unit, identified in postnatal mutant nerves. Subsequent degeneration of the abnormal Remak bundles was accompanied by initial expansion of fully differentiated non-myelinating Schwann cells. These results suggest that the abnormally differentiated glia in peripheral nerves can give rise to plexiform neurofibroma. Furthermore, Our study demonstrated that an expansion of non-myelinating Schwann cells was identified in a microenvironment characterized by degeneration of normal unmyelinated axon/Schwann cell relationships and mast cell infiltration in the early stages of tumor formation. These observations suggest potential future therapies for preventing neurofibroma formation by stabilizing axon-Schwann cell interactions and reducing mast cell infiltration.
Determination of UV filters in high ionic strength sample solutions using matrix-compatible coatings for solid-phase microextraction.

Abstract A double-confined polymeric ionic liquid (PIL) sorbent coating was fabricated for the determination of nine ultraviolet (UV) filters in sample solutions containing high salt content by direct immersion solid-phase microextraction (DI-SPME) coupled to high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The IL monomer and crosslinker cations and anions, namely, 1-vinyl-3-decylimidazolium styrenesulfonate ([VImC10][SS]) and 1,12-di(3-vinylbenzylimidazolium) dodecane distyrenesulfonate ([(VBIm)2C12] 2[SS]), were co-polymerized to create a highly stable sorbent coating which allowed for up to 120 direct-immersion extractions in 25% NaCl (w/v) solution without a decrease in its extraction capability. Extraction and desorption parameters such as desorption solvent, agitation rate, extraction time, desorption solvent volume, and desorption time were evaluated and optimized. The analytical performance of the styrenesulfonate anion-based PIL fiber, PIL fiber containing chloride anions, and a commercially available polydimethylsiloxane/divinylbenzene (PDMS/DVB) fiber were compared. Coefficients of determination (R2) for the styrenesulfonate anion-based PIL fiber ranged from 0.995 to 0.999 and the limits of detection (LODs) varied from 0.1 to 5 µg L−1. The developed method was successfully applied in real water samples including tap, pool, and lake water, and acceptable relative recovery values were obtained. The lifetime of the PIL fiber containing chloride anions as well as the PDMS/DVB fiber were considerably shorter than the PIL fiber containing the styrenesulfonate anion, with both fibers showing a notable decrease in reproducibility and significant damage to the sorbent coating surface after 40 and 70 extractions, respectively. The R2 values for the chloride anion containing PIL fiber were at or higher than 0.991 with LODs ranging from 0.5 to 5 µg L−1. For the PDMS/DVB fiber, R2 values ranged from 0.992 to 0.999 and LODs were found to be as low as 0.2 µg L−1 and as high as 5 µg L−1.
State of the Science: Interprofessional Approaches to Aging, Dementia, and Mental Health

Interprofessional education (IPE) is essential to develop the healthcare workforce of the future. Geriatrics healthcare professionals have long championed innovations in IPE and patient care, but there is increased urgency to address challenges in aging, dementia, and geriatric mental health in America. In 2010, the Partnership for Health in Aging multidisciplinary competencies and a related position statement in the Journal of the American Geriatrics Society addressed interdisciplinary team (IDT) training in geriatrics. The position statement reported that training in higher education, academic, and continuing education settings has not been sufficiently responsive to workforce needs. In recent years, health professions educators and health systems leaders have increasingly recognized that IPE should be integrally linked with, and performed within, emerging models of team-based, value-driven health care. In this way, IPE will align with learning healthcare systems' pursuit of the Quadruple Aim: improving patient experience, provider experience, and the health of populations, and reducing per capita health care costs. Backed by decades of developing effective team care models and the skill set needed to care for older adults with complex needs, geriatrics healthcare providers from multiple disciplines are uniquely positioned to lead learning healthcare systems in a new effort to develop, implement, and sustain IPE and practice models congruent with these Aims. We provide recommendations for health professions educators, healthcare systems leaders, and policymakers to realize the potential of IPE and interprofessional collaborative practice (IPCP) to improve the health of all Americans in aging, dementia, and mental health.
Tbx2 is required for the suppression of mesendoderm during early Xenopus development

Background T-box family proteins are DNA-binding transcriptional regulators that play crucial roles during germ layer formation in the early vertebrate embryo. Well-characterized members of this family, including the transcriptional activators Brachyury and VegT, are essential for the proper formation of mesoderm and endoderm, respectively. To date, T-box proteins have not been shown to play a role in the promotion of the third primary germ layer, ectoderm. Results Here, we report that the T-box factor Tbx2 is both sufficient and necessary for ectodermal differentiation in the frog Xenopus laevis. Tbx2 is expressed zygotically in the presumptive ectoderm, during blastula and gastrula stages. Ectopic expression of Tbx2 represses mesoderm and endoderm, while loss of Tbx2 leads to inappropriate expression of mesoderm- and endoderm-specific genes in the region fated to give rise to ectoderm. Misexpression of Tbx2 also promotes neural tissue in animal cap explants, suggesting that Tbx2 plays a role in both the establishment of ectodermal fate and its dorsoventral patterning. Conclusions Our studies demonstrate that Tbx2 functions as a transcriptional repressor during germ layer formation, and suggest that this activity is mediated in part through repression of target genes that are stimulated, in the mesendoderm, by transactivating T-box proteins. Taken together, our results point to a critical role for Tbx2 in limiting the potency of blastula-stage progenitor cells during vertebrate germ layer differentiation. Developmental Dynamics 247:903-913, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Three-ness: Healing world politics with epistemic compassion:

Epistemic compassion can help to heal world politics. It mitigates almost six centuries of Eurocentric ‘epistemic violence’ and ‘epistemicide’ with a trialectical epistemology that bridges even see...
Fretting Corrosion and Fretting Fatigue

Two metals and alloys, in intimate contact, but with a small amount of relative motion between them, will often show excessive weight losses. If the relative motion between the parts is caused by applied stresses the parts may also suffer from premature fatigue failures. The former phenomenon is called fretting corrosion or “wear” corrosion while the latter phenomenon is called fretting fatigue. Fretting is characterized by the production of large amounts of debris consisting mostly of powdered metal oxide with some flakes of unoxidized metal. The damage due to fretting in air increases with increasing pressure between faying parts, increasing relative motion and increasing number of cycles. Damage decreased with increasing temperature, relative humidity and frequency. (1) The effects of cyclic history and frequency have been shown to be environment dependent with no effect of either variable being observed in the absence of oxygen. (1,2) A semi-empirical formula has been developed to describe weight loss in fretting corrosion: $${\rm{W}}\,{\rm{ = }}\,\left( {{{\rm{k}}_{\rm{o}}}\,{{\rm{L}}^{{\rm{1/2}}}}\,{\rm{ - }}\,{{\rm{k}}_{\rm{1}}}\,{\rm{L}}} \right)\frac{{\rm{C}}}{{\rm{f}}}\,{\rm{ + }}\,{{\rm{k}}_{\rm{2}}}\,\ell {\rm{LC,}}$$ where W = weight loss due to fretting L = Load C = No. of cycles f = Frequency l = relative slip k0, k1, k2= constants dependent on alloy systems This equation physically divides the fretting process into environmental effects (frequency dependent) and strictly mechanical effects.
Simulating the success of trail closure strategies on reducing human disturbance to nesting Golden Eagles

ABSTRACT As nature-based recreation grows in popularity, there is concern for reduced fitness of animals exposed to chronic disturbance by these activities. Golden Eagles (Aquila chrysaetos) and other raptors are sensitive to human recreation near their nests, and managers of these species need strategies to mitigate negative effects. We used simulation models to separate the effects of trail density and configuration, land cover configuration, and volume of human recreation on the effectiveness of 2 trail closure strategies to manage disturbance. We simulated a breeding pair of Golden Eagles at 3 territories with varying degrees of trail density under current and increased levels of human activity. We simulated a baseline scenario, a scenario with a 600 m restrictive buffer around the nest, and a scenario where we closed all but the most popular trails to human recreation. We also conducted a trail-swapping simulation with trail configurations of each territory placed into the land cover of the other ter...
Are Current Strategies for Building a Human Kidney Misguided? Speculative Alternatives.

Suppose that one were asked to design a human organ, the principle functions of which are to maintain external balance for a variety of ions and solutes and to allow for the elimination of molecules that are deleterious to bodily function. Would one come up with a design for an organ that would
Task Statements and Training Design

This chapter begins the section of the book that addresses the question of how to use the information that results from a work analysis. This chapter specifically addresses questions related to the design of training programs, when the training content is drawn mostly from a task analysis. Any meaningful discussion about designing training programs based on task information is virtually nonexistent in the human resource development (HRD) literature. Part of the issue is the misconception that task analysis is best suited for analyzing work that is relatively simple, procedurally based, and technical in nature. In that sense, any training program based on this information would be considered simple and straightforward as well. As discussed throughout the book, the reality is that work has become much more knowledge-based, requiring that workers engage in much more critical thinking along with engaging in their actions. So the understanding of tasks and task analysis should progress far beyond the preconceived notions of the past. The question of concern for many HRD professionals now should be how to design training programs based on knowledge-based tasks? This chapter will not address the entire training design process, which would require an entire book unto itself. This chapter will cover only two aspects of particular importance when designing training programs: deriving training objectives from task statements and organizing the knowledge components of tasks. The knowledge components often represent the prerequisites of the task.
Covering the private parts: the (re-)nationalisation of housing finance

Is state power or control over financial markets really withering? Most narratives/analyses of financialisation see a growing penetration of private capital into everyday life that runs parallel to...
Persistent homology for the automatic classification of prostate cancer aggressiveness in histopathology images

In this study, we present an automated approach to classify prostate cancer (PCa) whole slide images (WSIs) as high or low cancer aggressiveness using features derived from persistent homology, a tool of topological data analysis (TDA). This extends previous work on the use of these features for representing the characteristics of prostate cancer architecture in region of interest (ROI) images, and demonstrates the value of features derived from persistent homology to predict cancer aggressiveness of WSIs on an ROI basis. We compute persistence on ROI images and summarize persistence as a persistence image. Using this summary we construct a random forest classifier to predict cancer aggressiveness. We demonstrate the potential of persistent homology to capture the architectural differences between low and high grade prostate cancers in a feature representation that lends itself well to machine learning approaches.
Declining trends in Medicare physician reimbursements for shoulder surgery from 2002 to 2018.

Background As the current health care system evolves toward cost-containment and value-based approaches, evaluating trends in physician reimbursements will be critical for assessing and ensuring the financial stability of shoulder surgery as a subspecialty. Methods The Medicare Physician Fee Schedule Look-up Tool was used to retrieve average reimbursement rates for 39 shoulder surgical procedures (arthroscopy with or without repair, arthroplasty, acromioclavicular or clavicular open reduction–internal fixation, fixation for proximal humeral fracture and/or shoulder dislocation, open rotator cuff repair or tendon release and/or repair, and open shoulder stabilization) from 2002 to 2018. All reimbursement data were adjusted for inflation to 2018 dollars. Results After adjusting for inflation to 2018 dollars, average reimbursement for all included procedures decreased by 26.9% from 2002 to 2018. After stratifying the analysis by 3 distinct time groups, we observed that reimbursement decreases were the most significant prior to 2010. However, reimbursement rates still declined by an average of 2.9% from 2010 to 2014 and 7.2% from 2014 to 2018. Arthroscopic rotator cuff repair, capsulorrhaphy, and biceps tenodesis experienced smaller declines in reimbursement than their open-surgery counterparts. Conclusion Medicare physician reimbursements for shoulder surgical procedures have decreased over time. Health care policy makers need to understand the impact of decreasing reimbursements to develop agreeable financial policies that will not only ensure provider satisfaction but also maintain access to care for patients.
Cooperativity between Orthosteric Inhibitors and Allosteric Inhibitor 8-Anilino-1-Naphthalene Sulfonic Acid (ANS) in Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2

While kinases have been attractive targets to combat many diseases, including cancer, selective kinase inhibition has been challenging, because of the high degree of structural homology in the active site, where many kinase inhibitors bind. We have previously discovered that 8-anilino-1-naphthalene sulfonic acid (ANS) binds an allosteric pocket in cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (Cdk2). Here, we detail the positive cooperativity between ANS and orthosteric Cdk2 inhibitors dinaciclib and roscovitine, which increase the affinity of ANS toward Cdk2 5-fold to 10-fold, and the relatively noncooperative effects of ATP. We observe these effects using a fluorescent binding assay and heteronuclear single quantum correlation nuclear magnetic resonance (HSQC NMR), where we noticed a shift from fast exchange to slow exchange upon ANS titration in the presence of roscovitine but not with an ATP mimic. The discovery of cooperative relationships between orthosteric and allosteric kinase inhibitors could further the development of selective kinase inhibitors in general.
Competitive tight-binding inhibition of VKORC1 underlies warfarin dosage variation and antidotal efficacy

Dose control of warfarin is a major complication in anticoagulation therapy and overdose is reversed by the vitamin K antidote. Improving the dosage management and antidotal efficacy requires mechanistic understanding. Here we find that effects of the major predictor of warfarin dosage, SNP -1639 G>A, follow a general correlation that warfarin 50% inhibitory concentration decreases with cellular level of vitamin K epoxide reductase (VKORC1), suggesting stoichiometric inhibition. Characterization of the inhibition kinetics required the use of microsomal VKORC1 with a native reductant, glutathione, that enables effective warfarin inhibition in vitro. The kinetics data can be fitted with the Morrison equation, giving a nanomolar inhibition constant and demonstrating that warfarin is a tight-binding inhibitor. However, warfarin is released from purified VKORC1-warfarin complex with increasing amount of vitamin K, indicating competitive inhibition. The competition occurs also in cells, resulting in rescued VKORC1 activity that augments the antidotal effects of vitamin K. Taken together, warfarin is a competitive inhibitor that binds VKORC1 tightly and inhibits at a stoichiometric (1:1) concentration, whereas exceeding the VKORC1 level results in warfarin overdose. Thus, warfarin dosage control should use VKORC1 level as a major indicator, and improved antidotes may be designed based on their competition with warfarin.
In situ investigation into temperature evolution and heat generation during additive friction stir deposition: A comparative study of Cu and Al-Mg-Si

Abstract Additive friction stir deposition is an emerging solid-state additive manufacturing technology that enables site-specific build-up of high-quality metals with fine, equiaxed microstructures and excellent mechanical properties. By incorporating proper machining, it has the potential to produce large-scale, complex 3D geometries. Still early in its development, a thorough understanding of the thermal process fundamentals, including temperature evolution and heat generation mechanisms, has not been established. Here, we aim to bridge this gap through in situmonitoring of the thermal field and material flow behavior using complementary infrared imaging, thermocouple measurement, and optical imaging. Two materials challenging to print via beam-based additive technologies, Cu and Al-Mg-Si, are investigated. During additive friction stir deposition of both materials, we find similar trends of thermal features (e.g., the trends of peak temperature T P e a k , exposure time, and cooling rate) with respect to the processing conditions (e.g., the tool rotation rate Ω and in-plane velocity V ). However, there is a salient, quantitative difference between Cu and Al-Mg-Si; T P e a k exhibits a power law relationship with Ω / V in Cu but with Ω 2 / V in Al-Mg-Si. We correlate this difference to the distinct interfacial contact states that are observed through in situ material flow characterization. In Cu, the interfacial contact between the material and tool head is characterized by a full slipping condition, so interfacial friction is the dominant heat generation mechanism. In Al-Mg-Si, the interfacial contact is characterized by a partial slipping/sticking condition, so both interfacial friction and plastic energy dissipation contribute significantly to the heat generation.
Currency returns and downside risk: Debt, volatility, and the gap from benchmark values

Abstract The paper considers competing portfolio-balance specifications of currency returns, including one based on expected utility theory and another on prospect theory. The prospect theory specification relates downside risk to the gap between the exchange rate and its benchmark value. The empirical analysis uses survey data on exchange rate expectations to test directly the models’ predictions concerning ex ante excess returns. It also relies on the cointegrated VAR framework, which is well suited for testing competing models and dealing with unit roots. Like earlier studies, we find little support for the expected utility theory model in three major currency markets. By contrast, the prospect theory model’s predictions are largely borne out in the data, including those about sign reversals. We find the strongest support for a hybrid model that incorporates the risk factors of both models.
Book Review: Father, Son, and Constitution: How Justice Tom Clark and Attorney General Ramsey Clark Shaped American Democracy, by Alexander Wohl

In Father, Son, and Constitution, Alexander Wohl brings to life two major figures of American law: Tom C. Clark and his son, Ramsey Clark. The story focuses primarily on the middle third of the twentieth century and the many heated constitutional challenges that arose during that era. With an engaging literary style, Wohl perceptively examines not merely the lives and careers of Tom and Ramsey Clark, but the key roles they played in the issues of their day. The story proceeds from Pearl Harbor and World War II, to the Cold War, to desegregation, to the problems that beset President Johnson’s efforts to build the Great Society. At so many different junctures, over several decades, the Clarks were at the center of the constitutional struggles that defined the legal balance between the exercise of individual rights and the maintenance of public order, and for each juncture, Wohl’s account is vivid and fresh. Father, Son, and Constitution is a timely book. Many of the key constitutional issues in our digital age and the ongoing war on terror are merely updated versions of struggles that were fought at mid-century. Those battles, like today’s, sought to define proper balance between individual rights and personal privacy on the one hand, and national security on the other. Father, Son, and Constitution contains a rich tribe of historical analysis that can inform the handling of constitutional issues now and in the future.