cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Serologic and cross-immunity studies with contagious ecthyma and goat pox virus isolates from the western United States.

Contagious ecthyma and goat pox viruses were isolated from goats affected with papulopustular epidermal lesions. Results ofin vitro serum neutralization andin vivo cross-immunity studies indicate that these contagious ecthyma and goat pox isolates from the western United States are antigenically dissimilar and that exposure or vaccination with one isolate could not be used as a method of inducing immunity to the other. Exposure to each isolate conferred immunity to re-exposure with the same agent. The serum neutralization test indicates that the severity and persistance of lesions to goat pox infection influences the nature of the antibody response to an initial exposure.
Effects of protein kinase C activation on norepinephrine-induced phosphatidylinositide hydrolysis in intact rat aorta.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of protein kinase C in the regulation of α1-adrenoceptor-mediated phosphatidylinositide hydrolysis in intact vascular smooth muscle. Phorbol myristate acetate (0.1 and 1 μM) and staurosporine inhibited and potentiated, respectively, norepinephrine-induced inositol phosphate formation in intact rat aorta. In contrast, 30 μM prostaglandin F2α, which activated protein kinase C to a similar magnitude as 1 μM phorbol myristate acetate, was without effect on norepinephrine-induced inositol phosphate formation. These results suggest that protein kinase C activated in response to physiologic agonists, but not in response to phorbol esters, may be compartmentalized within the smooth muscle cell.
Refugee mathematicians in the United States of America, 1933–1941: Reception and reaction

Summary The coming of mathematicians to the United States fleeing the spread of Nazism presented a serious problem to the American mathematical community. The persistence of the Depression had endangered the promising growth of mathematics in the United States. Leading mathematicians were concerned about the career prospects of their students. They (and others) feared that placing large numbers of refugees would exacerbate already present nationalistic and anti-Semitic sentiments. The paper surveys a sequence of events in which the leading mathematicians reacted to the foreign-born and to the spread of Nazism, culminating in the decisions by the American Mathematical Society to found the journal Mathematical reviews and to form a War Preparedness Committee in September 1939. The most obvious consequence of the migration was an enlarged role for applied mathematics.
Toward a Critical Youth Policy Praxis: Critical Youth Studies and Participatory Action Research

Critical youth studies and participatory action research reflect critical methodology to question what is participation in policy making and educational reform. We discuss Mestizo Arts and Activism (MAA), a participatory action research collective made up of young people who focused their research on the educational rights of undocumented students, coupled with the emotional and economic impacts of stereotypes of immigrant communities. MAA's participatory process offers a type of radical inclusion that starts with informed understanding of personal experiences by those being legislated upon and then moves toward social analysis, critical inquiry, and reform. We merge critical youth studies with participatory action research to question how policy makers and educators can form policy: that values knowledge created in collaboration and in action; that is informed by a strength-based approach that works with and not for young people; and that engages new audience towards action by questioning the impact of r...
Low-energy neutral atom emission from the Earth's magnetosphere

Imaging of the terrestrial magnetosphere is possible through the detection of low-energy neutral atoms (LENA5) produced by charge exchange between magnetospheric plasma ions and neutral atoms of the Earth's geocorona. We present calculations of both hydrogen and oxygen line-of-sight LENA fluxes expected on orbit for various plasma regimes as predicted by the Rice University Magnetospheric Specification Model. To decrease the required computation time, we are in the process of adapting our code for massively parallel computers. The speed gains achieved from parallel algorithms are substantial, and we present results from computational runs on the Connection Machine CM-2 data parallel supercomputer. We also estimate expected image count rates and image quality based on realistic instrument geometric factors, energy passbands, neutral atom scattering in the instrument, and image accumulation intervals. The results indicate that LENA imaging instruments will need a geometric factor ( G ) on the order of 0.1 cm 2 sr eV/eV to be capable of imaging storm time ring currents, and a G of 1.0 cm 2 sr eV/eV in order to image the quiet time ring current fluxes, ion injections from the tail, and subsequent ion drifts toward the dayside magnetopause.
Utilizing state estimation to determine the source location for a contaminant

In the event of an atmospheric contaminant release, it is crucial to ascertain the source information for the contaminant, both for mitigation purposes and to predict subsequent transport and dispersion. Here, obtaining part of this information, namely the contaminant source location, is accomplished by adopting a state estimation approach for instantaneous and continuous contaminant releases. The relevant state components that we exploit here are the contaminant cloud’s axis and spread. For an instantaneous release, we can adopt a Lagrangian approach to obtain the source location by extrapolating state observations back to the initial state. In contrast, the formulation for a continuous release cannot adopt this strictly Lagrangian approach because a steady flow of contaminants implies that the contaminant cloud is statistically stationary with respect to the sensor grid. Therefore, the concentration data are averaged in time and a hybrid Lagrangian/Eulerian framework is used to determine the average state. It is shown that with these frameworks it is possible to ascertain the contaminant source location for both dense and sparse sensor grids. An advantage of these algorithms is that no meteorological input is required. The algorithms in the form presented here, are relevant for short-range transport and dispersion. However, the source term estimation method presented here can be extended to longer-range applications by relaxing assumptions on the contaminant atmospheric transport and dispersion.
Endothelin-1 promotes steroidogenesis and stimulates protooncogene expression in transformed murine Leydig cells.

The effects of endothelin-1 (ET-1), a potent vasoconstrictor and mitogen to various cell types, on proliferation and differentiated functions of the murine Leydig tumor cell line MA-10 were investigated. Kinetic binding experiments at room temperature showed that [125I] ET-1 bound to MA-10 cells and reached equilibrium in 2 h. The data from competitive binding experiments yielded an apparent single class of high affinity binding sites characterized by a Kd and maximum binding capacity of 1 nM and 59 fmol/10(6) cells, respectively. For steroidogenic assays, cells were incubated with ET-1 (1 pM to 1 microM) and with epidermal growth factor (10 ng/ml) for 4 h at 37 C, and the progesterone levels in the medium were measured by RIA. Like epidermal growth factor, ET-1 caused about a 6-fold increase in progesterone production. ET-1 also enhanced the transient expression of the protooncogenes c-jun and c-myc by 3- and 2-fold, respectively. For proliferation studies, ET-1 (1 pM to 1 microM) was added to quiescent ...
Ventricular tachycardia in nonpostoperative pediatric patients: role of radiofrequency catheter ablation.

Experience concerning radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA) of ventricular tachycardia (VT) in pediatric patients is limited. In adults, success rates vary widely based on the etiology of the VT. Highest success rates have been achieved in patients without structural heart disease. Between March 1998 and December 1999, five young patients (age, 5 months to 15 years; body weight, 5.5–61.6 kg) underwent RFCA for VT at our institution [structurally normal heart (n = 4), preoperative tetralogy of Fallot (n = 1)]. Monomorphic VT was present in four children, and an infant with MIDAS syndrome had polymorphic VT. Clinical presentation varied: palpitations, n = 2, congestive heart failure, n = 3. All patients had been proven to be unresponsive to one to six (median, three) antiarrhythmic drugs. In all five patients, VT could be successfully eliminated by RFCA after a total of nine (range, 1–4) procedures. Activation mapping and pace mapping were used to identify the anatomical substrate, which was located in the right ventricle/right ventricular outflow tract in all four patients with monomorphic VT and in the left ventricular septum/left ventricular free wall in the infant with polymorphic VT. There were no significant complications in any patient. During follow-up (20–42 months), all patients are in normal sinus rhythm. Left ventricular function recovered in all three patients who had initially presented with congestive heart failure. RFCA can be effective, safe, and life saving in children with medically resistant VT who have not been operated on for congenital heart disease, even when the VT is polymorphic. Although the number of patients is small, RFCA may be the treatment of choice for symptomatic VT in pediatric patients.
A mechanism for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS): stress-induced leak via ryanodine receptors.

Background Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is the leading cause of postneonatal mortality in the United States. Mutations in the RyR2-encoded cardiac ryanodine receptor cause the highly lethal catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT1) in the young. Objective The purpose of this study was to determine the spectrum and prevalence of RyR2 mutations in a large cohort of SIDS cases. Methods Using polymerase chain reaction, denaturing high performance liquid chromatography, and direct DNA sequencing, a targeted mutational analysis of RyR2 was performed on genomic DNA isolated from frozen necropsy tissue on 134 unrelated cases of SIDS (57 females, 77 males; 83 white, 50 black, 1 Hispanic; average age=2.7 months). RyR2 mutations were engineered by site-directed mutagenesis, heterologously expressed in HEK293 cells, and functionally characterized using single-channel recordings in planar lipid bilayers. Results Overall, two distinct and novel RyR2 mutations were identified in two cases of SIDS. A 6-month-old black female hosted an R2267H missense mutation, and a 4-week-old white female infant harbored a S4565R mutation. Both nonconservative amino acid substitutions were absent in 400 reference alleles, involved conserved residues, and were localized to key functionally significant domains. Under conditions that simulate stress [Protein Kinase A (PKA) phosphorylation] during diastole (low activating [Ca2+]), SIDS-associated RyR2 mutant channels displayed a significant gain-of-function phenotype consistent with the functional effect of previously characterized CPVT-associated RyR2 mutations. Conclusions Here we report a novel pathogenic mechanism for SIDS, whereby SIDS-linked RyR2 mutations alter the response of the channels to sympathetic nervous system stimulation such that during stress the channels become "leaky" and thus potentially trigger fatal cardiac arrhythmias.
Optical rotary dispersion of mucopolysaccharides III. Ultraviolet circular dichroism and conformation al specificity in amide groups

The circular dichroism of glycosaminoglycans and ganglioside in distilled water are described, showing two bands in the region of amide and carboxyl transitions. The first, negative hand is common to all polymers and the amino sugar derivatives. The characteristics of the second band depend upon polymer structure. Those containing 4–1-linked amino sugars show a second, positive, resolved band about 190 mμ, while those with 3–1-linked amino sugars show a second, negative band less resolved from the first usually ≤185mμ, but clearly centered at 188mμ for dermatan sulfate. Ultraviolet optical absorption from 300 to ∼183 mμ showed inflection regions around 190 mμ for most compounds.
Stochastic disaster recovery systems with external resources

This paper deals with a complex reliability system of main unreliable, spare, and auxiliary spare machines, subject to random breakdowns, repairs, and two replacement policies: one for busy, and another for idle or vacation periods. During vacation periods, when the system performs a mandatory routine maintenance, auxiliary machines are being used for back-ups; the information on the system is naturally delayed. We utilize an analog of the N-policy to restrict the usage of auxiliary machines to some reasonable quantity. Analytically, tractable results are obtained by using a duality principle (which enables us to treat a more rudimentary system), semiregenerative analysis, and the theory of fluctuations of multivariate marked renewal processes. The results are demonstrated in the framework of optimization problems.
Virtual Lash Adjuster for an Electromechanical Valve Actuator Through Iterative Learning Control

The reduction of impacts which occur in electromechanical valve actuators due to the presence of valve lash have been largely neglected in the literature. Instead, the majority of work in this area has focused on impacts occurring elsewhere. As such, a controller is presented here to account for the impacts which occur during the release phase of the valve opening due to the presence of valve lash. A combination of feed forward and iterative learning control are used to achieve trajectory tracking during the release bounding the impact velocity by 0.4 m/s.
C 2 -bound: a capacity and concurrency driven analytical model for many-core design

In this paper, we propose C2-Bound, a data-driven analytical model, that incorporates both memory capacity and data access concurrency factors to optimize many-core design. C2-Bound is characterized by combining the newly proposed latency model, concurrent average memory access time (C-AMAT), with the well-known memory-bounded speedup model (Sun-Ni's law) to facilitate computing tasks. Compared to traditional chip designs that lack the notion of memory concurrency and memory capacity, C2-Bound model finds memory bound factors significantly impact the optimal number of cores as well as their optimal silicon area allocations, especially for data-intensive applications with a none parallelizable sequential portion. Therefore, our model is valuable to the design of new generation many-core architectures that target big data processing, where working sets are usually larger than conventional scientific computing. These findings are evidenced by our detailed simulations, which show with C2-Bound the design space can be narrowed down significantly up to four orders of magnitude. C2-Bound analytic results can be either used in reconfigurable hardware environments or, by software designers, applied to scheduling, partitioning, and allocating resources among diverse applications.
Analytical theory of arbitrary-order achromats.

An analytical theory of arbitrary-order achromats for optical systems with midplane symmetry is presented. It is based on the repeated use of identical cells; but besides mere repetition of cells, mirror symmetry is used to eliminate aberrations. Using mirror imaging of a cell around the {ital x}-{ital y} and {ital x}-{ital z} planes, we obtain four kinds of cells: the forward cell ({ital F}), the reversed cell ({ital R}), the cell in which the direction of bend is switched ({ital S}), and the cell where reversion and switching is combined ({ital C}). Representing the linear part of the map by a matrix, and the nonlinear part by a single Lie exponent, the symplectic symmetry is accounted for and transfer maps are easily manipulated. It is shown that independent of the choice and arrangement of such cells, for any given order, there is a certain minimum number of constraint conditions that has to be satisfied. It is shown that the minimum number of cells necessary to reach this optimum level is four, and out of the sixty-four possible four-cell symmetry arrangements, four combinations yield such optimal systems. As a proof of principle, the design of a fifth-order achromat is presented. {copyright}more » {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}« less
Implications of Terrorist Attacks and other Campus Deaths for On-Going Student Support Needs

A Web survey of 376 students from one university and interviews with a subset of 19 explored responses to the events of September 11, 2001 and campus-specific traumatic events during the 2001-2002 academic year. Participants described their responses, coping behaviors, and the usefulness of university services. Results are discussed in terms of applicability to current and potential traumas affecting college students.
Changes in glutathione and glutathione metabolizing enzymes in human erythrocytes and lymphocytes as a function of age of donor

Studies in animals have demonstrated that glutathione levels and the activities of glutathione S-transferase and glutathione reductase decrease with advanced age in various tissues. We have examined the effects of donor age on erythrocyte and lymphocyte levels of these three parameters in human subjects. The results indicate that glutathione content, and glutathione S-transferase and glutathione reductase activities, are higher in mature middle-age than young individuals but decrease markedly in the aged. These results support the hypothesis that a decrease in glutathione content and glutathione-metabolizing enzymes may contribute to changes associated with aging as well as the increased susceptibility to carcinogens, drugs and disease which occurs with advanced age.
Heteroepitaxial CxSil−X/Si(100) Metastable Alloys

iMetastable Cx Si1−x, epitaxial films have been grown on Si(100) by remote plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition. Carbon Concentrations of ∼ 3 atomic percent have been achieved at a growth temperature of 725 ° C. No evidence for the formation or precipitation of SiC was found using x-ray diffraction, Raman scattering spectroscopy, IR. reflectance, or transmission electron microscopy. IR reflectance data gives a preliminary indication that the carbon has been incorporated onto substitutional sites in the Si lattice.
UPDATING AND BROADENING THE USE OF SINGLE SUBJECT DESIGNS IN READING

Single subject designs, developed in clinical settings, are currently being used for diagnosis and instruction in schools. Three of these designs are useful in diagnosing student problems and in measuring the effectiveness of specific interventions. The designs can be used to graph individual or small group progress. Moreover, each is selected on the basis of the type of learning task that the teacher deems appropriate. If the rules of each design are followed, the teacher can obtain instructionally relevant information and keep precise records. These designs present substantial evidence that can be used in assessment, instruction, and evaluation of individual students, intervention strategies, and curricula.
Aerosolized LTB4 produces delayed onset increases in pulmonary gas trapping

Airway obstruction, as measured by increases in postmortem pulmonary gas trapping, and lung inflammatory changes were examined in guinea pigs exposed for up to 4 h to aerosols of leukotriene B4 (LTB4) or its non-chemotactic isomer, 6-trans-12-epi-LTB4. Airway obstruction and cytological responses in isomer-exposed animals were similar to those of unexposed control animals. LTB4-exposed animals had minimal inflammatory changes at 0.5 h but became dyspneic by 2 h and had increased airway obstruction, bronchoalveolar lavage neutrophils and eosinophils, and pulmonary tissue granulocyte scores. The LTB4-induced effects at 4 h were similar to those at 2 h, except for further increases in BAL neutrophils and eosinophils. LTB4-induced airway obstructive and inflammatory changes were prevented by pretreatment with the LTB4 receptor antagonist SC-41930, but were unaffected by indomethacin. Thus, prolonged LTB4 inhalation can produce delayed onset airway obstruction that is stereospecific, cyclooxygenase-independent, and temporally associated with the influx of granulocytes into lung airways.
A Comparison between Hemogram Data as Measured by Technical and Non-Technical Personnel Using the QBC II™

Summary Diagnostic testing is becoming relatively common practice in small laboratories associated with physicians' offices. Often the tests that can be performed in this setting are limited to those that use relatively inexpensive equipment that can be operated by personnel who are not trained laboratorians. The QBC II™ is an instrument that has been promoted as a semiautomated instrument that is particularly appropriate in this setting. This study addressed the question of comparability of data produced by technical and non-technical operators.
Extension of life-span in Caenorhabditis elegans by a diet lacking coenzyme Q

The isoprenylated benzoquinone coenzyme Q is a redox-active lipid essential for electron transport in aerobic respiration. Here, we show that withdrawal of coenzyme Q (Q) from the diet of wild-type nematodes extends adult life-span by approximately 60%. The longevity of clk-1, daf-2, daf-12, and daf-16 mutants is also extended by a Q-less diet. These results establish the importance of Q in life-span determination. The findings suggest that Q and the daf-2 pathway intersect at the mitochondria and imply that a concerted production coupled with enhanced scavenging of reactive oxygen species contributes to the substantial life-span extension.
Functional analysis by imaging of melanophore pigment dispersion of chimeric receptors constructed by recombinant polymerase chain reaction

Abstract Analysis of functional aspects of the molecular structure of proteins often requires a means to selectively alter structure and subsequently analyze function. We have adapted a method of overlap extension polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to generate multiple domain replacements in G-protein coupled receptors. The examples described herein are β2-adrenergic receptors whose G-protein coupling domains have been replaced by homologous domains of olfactory receptors, but the procedure has also been used to produce constructs with mutations, deletions, and fusions of two complete open reading frames. The chimeric olfactory-adrenergic receptors were assayed by functional expression in clonal lines of Xenopus melanophores. The ability of G-protein coupled second messenger pathways to cause translocation of pigment organelles within melanophores allows the use of video microscopy to assay the function of the chimeric receptors. Digital automation of microscope stage, camera, and image processing allows multiple parallel experiments to be performed. Melanophores allow responses mediated by the Gs, Gq and Gi pathways to be assayed with equal efficiency and the specificity of the coupling between chimera (or receptor) and G-protein subtypes can be rapidly determined.
Structural and functional analysis of spectrin from neonatal erythrocytes.

Abstract Spectrin was purified by rate zonal sedimentation from low-salt extracts of red cell membranes from neonatal and adult blood. Neonatal and adult spectrin cosedimented in sucrose density gradients, comigrated on SDS gels and displayed identical two-dimensional chymotryptic 123I-labelled peptide maps. Neonatal spectrin and adult spectrin exhibited equivalent affinity for both neonatal and adult ankyrin sites on spectrin-depleted inverted membrane vesicles. Purified spectrin heterodimers from neonatal and adult red cells displayed similar self-association equilibrium constants in a fluid phase dimer-dimer association assay. These results suggest that the unique membrane characteristics of the neonatal erythrocytes are not due to a structural or functional alteration of spectrin. Several alternative hypotheses involving other membrane proteins and their linkages are discussed.
Influence of the semi-permeable membrane on the performance of dynamic field gradient focusing.

This paper is part of our continued effort to understand the underlying principles of dynamic field gradient focusing. In this investigation, we examined three problems associated with the use of a semi-permeable membrane. First, the influence of steric and ionic exclusion of current carrying ions through the membrane was examined. It was found that resistance to the transport of ions across the membrane resulted in a shallowing of the electric field profile and an increase in the size of the defocusing zone, which is where the slope of the electric field is reversed so that it disperses rather than concentrates solutes. These problems could be reduced by using a membrane with large pores relative to the size of the buffering ions and completely void of fixed charges. Next, a numerical simulation was used to investigate concentration polarization of protein onto the surface of the membrane. Due to the presence of a transverse electric field, species were pulled toward the membrane. If the membrane is restrictive to those species, a concentrated, polarized layer will form on the surface. The simulation showed that by decreasing the channel to a depth of 20 μm, the concentrated region next to the membrane could be reduced. Finally, it was found that changes in column volume due to loss of membrane structural integrity could be mitigated by including a porous ceramic support. The variation in peak elution times was decreased from greater than 20% to less than 3%.
In vitro and in vivo survival of morphologically atypical embryos in rabbits.

IN a series of investigations of the storage of rabbit embryos, different types of morphologically atypical embryos were encountered1,2. These abnormalities were: presence of excessive red blood cells or air bubbles in mucin coat, persistence of corona radiata cells until 48 h, ruptured zona pellucida, embryos with angularly shaped blastomeres, irregular mucin coat and abundance of hypha-like projections, flattened and lentil-shaped morulae.
An effective version of Dilworth’s theorem

0. Introduction. Loosely speaking, a subset A of the natural numbers is recursive iff there exists an algorithm (i.e., a finite computer program) which upon input of a natural number n outputs " 1" if n E A and "0" otherwise. Similarly a partial ordering (A, A) is recursive iff there is an algorithm which upon input of an ordered pair of natural numbers (a, b) outputs "1" if a < b and "0" otherwise. For a more careful definition of recursive relations see [R]. One of the attractions of linite combinatorics over infinite combinatorics is its explicit constructions. One never has to consider whether a finite object "really" exists. This paper is part of a program to enlarge the domain of finite combinatorics to certain infinite structures while preserving the explicit constructions of the smaller domain. We shall consider a recursive combinatorics whose domain is the recursive structures. Since finite structures are trivially recursive this domain does indeed extend that of finite combinatorics. Moreover each structure in this domain is explicitly exhibited by some finite computer program. Questions from the graph theory of this combinatorics have been studied by Bean [B], [Bi], Kierstead [K], and Schmerl [S], [Si]. Generally their results relate the chromatic number of a recursive graph with certain properties to its recursive chromatic number. The following example illustrates these ideas. Dilworth's theorem [D] asserts that any partial ordering of finite width n can be covered by n chains. If the partial ordering is finite, then one can actually exhibit these chains (by trial and error, if by no other method). The following easy argument demonstrates how Dilworth's theorem for countably infinite partial orderings follows from Dilworth's theorem for finite partial orderings. Let P = {pi: i E N). We show by induction that for all i E N there exist chains CO,..., C,:'-1 such that: (i) ifj < i and k < n then Ck C k (ii)pi E CO+l U ... U Cn_1; (iii) if Q is a finite subset of P then Co, . . ., C,'1 can be extended to chains that cover Q.
Numerical improvement of asymptotic solutions for shells of revolution with application to toroidal shell segments

Abstract A simple technique for the analysis of shells of revolution is presented and its application to toroidal shells shown. The method employs the leading term of the formal asymptotic solution and the eigenvalue of the exact coefficient matrix. The one-term approximation is then used as a trial solution in an integral equation form of the problem. Through the method of successive substitutions, better approximations are obtained by numerical integration. The one-term solution provides the correct boundary-layer behavior for the steep shell and the successive integration converge to the exact solution in the shallow region. In contrast to finite element and finite difference methods, this technique becomes more efficient as the radius-to-thickness ratio of the shell increases.
Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha-mutant Mice Exhibit High Frequency Hearing Loss

Exogenous tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) plays a role in auditory hair cell death by altering the expression of apoptosis-related genes in response to noxious stimuli. Little is known, however, about the function of TNF-α in normal hair cell physiology. We, therefore, investigated the cochlear morphology and auditory function of TNF-α-deficient mice. Auditory evoked brainstem response showed significantly higher thresholds, especially at higher frequencies, in 1-month-old TNF-α−/− mice as compared to TNF-α+/− and wild type (WT); hearing loss did not progress further from 1 to 4 months of age. There was no difference in the gross morphology of the organ of Corti, lateral wall, and spiral ganglion cells in TNF-α−/− mice compared to WT mice at 4 months of age, nor were there differences in the anatomy of the auditory ossicles. Outer hair cells were completely intact in surface preparations of the organ of Corti of TNF-α−/− mice, and synaptic ribbon counts of TNF-α−/− and WT mice at 4 months of age were similar. Reduced amplitudes of distortion product otoacoustic emissions, however, indicated dysfunction of outer hair cells in TNF-α−/− mice. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that stereocilia were sporadically absent in the basal turn and distorted in the middle turn. In summary, our results demonstrate that TNF-α-mutant mice exhibit early hearing loss, especially at higher frequencies, and that loss or malformation of the stereocilia of outer hair cells appears to be a contributing factor.
Synthesis of sulfated mucopolysaccharides by chick corneal fibroblasts in vitro.

Abstract Whole corneas and the three corneal cell-types (epithelium, endothelium, and fibroblasts) were incubated in vitro for varying lengths of time and then labeled with [ 35 S]sulfate. Freshly isolated whole corneas, corneal stromas, and isolated corneal fibroblasts all incorporated [ 35 S]sulfate into keratan sulfate-like polysaccharide. Neither the corneal epithelium nor the endothelium incorporated label into this polysaccharide. After 48 hr in vitro under a variety of culture conditions, no tissue or isolated cell population continued to synthesize keratan sulfate-like polysaccharide. The cultured corneal tissues continued to synthesize and secrete chondroitin 4-sulfate as well as heparan sulfate, chondroitin 6-sulfate, and a dermatan sulfate-like material. The latter three polysaccharides are not thought to be normal components of the cornea.
A Correct Polarization Technique To Calibrate Hard Targets For Coherent Lidar Systems

This paper discusses the use of an integrating sphere in a comparison technique to calibrate hard targets. Real targets do not completely depolarize the incident laser radiation. The directional-hemispherical, conical-hemispherical, and bihemispherical reflectance of a real target is a (4x4) matrix. This matrix can be only be measured if the walls of the integrating sphere do not completely depolarize the incident radiation on the first strike. The best method to measure the monostatic reflectance of a target is via a direct measurement.
The utility of independent subgoals in theorem proving

This paper views theorem proving as a two-level process. The top level breaks theorems into subgoals which are achieved by contemporary theorem proving methods. A method for generating an AND/OR tree of subgoals is described. It is emphasized that all of the subgoals generated by this method are “independent.” This is important because solving independent subgoals may yield an exponential savings. Examples are given to illustrate the subgoal generation method and its utility.
Heat capacity of Th(NO3)4·5H2O from 5 to 350 K

Abstract The heat capacity of crystalline Th(NO3)4·5H2O has been determined by adiabatic calorimetry primarily to enable evaluation of the standard partial molar entropy and heat capacity of aqueous thorium(IV) ion. No thermal anomalies were detected, and at 298.15 K Cp(T), So(T), and −{G o (T) − H o (0)} T are 114.9 ± 0.1, 129.8 ± 0.1, and 63.87 ± 0.06 calth K−1 mol−1, respectively.
Ranitidine-associated autoimmune hemolytic anemia in a health maintenance organization population

Abstract Reversible hematologic abnormalities including hemolytic anemia [l] with a positive direct Coombs' test have been associated with ranitidine. In addition to the case report cited above, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration had received five other cases of hemolysis associated with recent intake of ranitidine as of February 1991. To investigate the possible association of ranitidine with autoimmune hemolytic anemia, a study was conducted to determine how often diagnoses of hemolytic anemia or abnormal Coombs' test results followed dispensing of ranitidine using the automated medical and pharmacy records of a large health maintenance organization. No occurrences of hemolytic anemia were identified among 12,054 individuals following 38,686 prescriptions for this medication. The 95% upper confidence bound was 3.1 cases/ 10,000 exposed persons. One abnormal direct Coombs' test with mild anemia was discovered during routine prenatal testing of an asymptomatic patient who was dispensed ranitidine two and a half months previously. Hemolysis, however, was not demonstrated and an association with prior ranitidine use could not be confirmed. Additional analyses indicate that in only 30% of ranitidine courses was a blood count obtained. In those courses with hematocrits below 40%, less than 1 % had a Coombs' test performed. Chart review suggests that the majority of individuals with severe anemia have alternative explanations other than autoimmune hemolysis for their anemia. This analysis indicates that ranitidine is unlikely to be a common cause of clinically recognized autoimmune hemolytic anemia and demonstrates the utility of large automated medical and pharmacy data bases to conduct post-marketing studies of spontaneously reported adverse drug effects.
Kinetic studies on the erythrocyte hexokinase of the domestic pig, Sus scrofa.

Abstract 1. 1. Pig erythrocyte hexokinase (ATP: d -hexose-6-phosphotransferase E.C.2.7.1.1) was isolated in a partially purified preparation by Sephadex G-100 gel filtration. 2. 2. In the mature pig (> 1 year of age), a high affinity component exhibits a maximum velocity at 0·2–0·4 mM glucose. This component seems to be inhibited by excessive glucose concentrations ( > 0·5 mM ). 3. 3. The young, adult pig (3–6 months of age) possesses a hexokinase which exhibits a maximum velocity at 1·0 μM glucose. 4. 4. 2,3-Diphosphoglycerate inhibits the enzyme at low concentrations of Mg2+ (0·05 mM), but the inhibition is relieved as the concentration of Mg2+ is increased beyond 1·0 mM. 5. 5. These findings indicate that the mature erythrocyte of the pig may possess unique biochemical properties that have not been observed in other mammalian red blood cells.
Pressure and Temperature Dependence of the Static Dielectric Constants and Raman Spectra of Ti O 2 (Rutile)

The effects of temperature [(4-500)\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K] and hydrostatic pressure (0-4 kbar) on the static dielectric constants ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{a}$ and ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{c}$ and on the frequencies of the four Raman-active phonons ${B}_{1g}$, ${E}_{g}$, ${A}_{1g}$, and ${B}_{2g}$ of single-crystal rutile were investigated. The temperature and pressure dependence of the frequency of the infrared-active soft ferroelectric (FE) mode ${A}_{2u}$ were deduced from the dielectric-constant data. The Gr\"uneisen parameter $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ of each of the modes was determined. Particularly important are the results that $\ensuremath{\gamma}({A}_{2u})$ is large and increases with decreasing temperature-unique properties of the FE mode-and that $\ensuremath{\gamma}({B}_{1g})$ is relatively large and negative. This latter result, which is in agreement with an earlier measurement, may be significant from the standpoint of a pressure-induced phase transition in rutile. The temperature and pressure results are combined with thermal expansion and compressibility data to evaluate the pure-volume and pure-temperature contributions to the isobaric temperature dependence of each of the frequencies and dielectric constants. The results yield some important conclusions about the lattice dynamics of rutile. The pure-temperature contribution arises from cubic and quartic anharmonicities. It plays a dominant role in determining the anharmonic self-energy shift of the FE mode and accounts for 20% of the mode energy at 300 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. The Szigeti effective ionic-charge ratio for rutile is found to be $\frac{{e}^{*}}{e}=0.64$ at 4 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K and 0.62 at 296 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. These results are discussed briefly.
Astrocyte pVHL and HIF-α isoforms are required for embryonic-to-adult vascular transition in the eye

Successful transition from embryonic to adult circulation is critical for survival of mammalian organisms. This shift occurs in the central cardiovascular circulation and in the eye as oxygen tension increases. However, its regulation is not well understood. We have used combinatorial gene deletion and overexpression assays to assess the effect of astrocyte-targeted deletion of von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor (Vhl), hypoxia-inducible factor-αs (Hif-αs), and Vegf on the normal regression of the hyaloidal vessels, the fetal ocular circulation system. Astrocytic Vhl deletion induced accelerated hyaloidal regression and subsequent massive secondary outgrowth. Combinatorial gene deletion involving Vhl, Hif-αs, and Vegf genes revealed that HIF-2α/vascular endothelial growth factor signaling induces secondary outgrowth in Vhl mutants. Conversely, HIF-1α regulated macrophage migration inhibitory factor and promoted macrophage infiltration that accelerates hyaloidal vessel regression. The phenotype observed in Vhl mutants strongly resembles human persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous cases and may provide insights into vascular remodeling mechanisms in other systems.
Non-Medical Use of Non-Opioid Psychotherapeutic Medications in a Community-Based Cohort of HIV-Infected Indigent Adults

Background Non-opioid psychotherapeutic medications significantly increase the risk of opioid overdose-related deaths. We prospectively followed HIV-infected indigent adults sampled from the community to examine rates of and factors associated with non-medical use of benzodiazepines, muscle relaxants, and prescription stimulants.
AN EMPIRICAL MODEL FOR THE FORCE‐DEFORMATION RELATIONSHIPS OF CYLINDRICAL FOOD SPECIMENS IN QUASI‐STATIC RADIAL LOADING 1 ISABELLE ROY and M. PELEG

Des echantillons de gel d'agar (2,5 %), de pomme, cheddar et pomme de terre, de forme cylindrique ou demi-cylindrique, sont soumis a une compression. Courbe de deformation en fonction de la force appliquee ; etablissement d'une equation mathematique valable pour les 4 echantillons testes
A new technique for the investigation of some analgesic drugs on a reflexive behavior in the rat

The analgetic action of a series of analgesic and psychotropic agents was tested in a situation in which variable intensities of electric shock to a rat's feet were used to elicit two distinguishable reflexive responses: a “flinching” response at low shock values, and a “jumping” response at higher shock values, By using a modified method of limits, reliable threshold for the two responses were obtained. Chlorpromazine, perphenazine, morphine, codeine, nalorphine and acetylsalicylate were found to raise the threshold to “jump”, but had little or no effect on the threshold to “flinch”. PIH, JB 835, iproniazid, reserpine, tetrabenazine, and amphetamine were found to have no effect on either the “jump” or the “flinch” thresholds. A combination of amphetamine and codeine was found to produce a synergistic potentiation. A combination of morphine and nalorphine was found to produce an antagonism. The results were discussed in terms of Beecher's hypothesis that the analgetic action of drugs is due to a diminution of the emotional components of an animal's reaction to pain and in terms of the relationship of brain amine change to analgetic action.
1164 EFFICACY OF RIBAVIRIN FOR TREATING RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS (RSV) PNEUMONIA IN HIGH-RISK INFANTS

1164 EFFICACY OF RIBAVIRIN FOR TREATING RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS (RSV) PNEUMONIA IN HIGH-RISK INFANTS
Structural analysis of heparin by methylation and g.l.c.-m.s.: preliminary results.

Heparin is a complex mixture of polysaccharides differing in biological activity and structure, and attempts to relate this activity to structure have suffered, owing to a lack of sufficiently sensitive and specific analytical methods. Application of methylation analysis to determination of the structure of heparin is described. Carboxyl-reduced heparin was converted into its pyridinium salt, this was dissolved in Me2SO, and free OH and NH groups were methylated with dimethylsulfinyl anion. Sulfate groups were removed by solvolysis, and after dialysis, the polymer was acetylated and depolymerized by acetolysis. The resulting monosaccharides were converted into alditol acetates, which were separated by capillary, gas-liquid chromatography, and identified by both electron impact and chemical ionization mass spectrometry. Seventeen different monosaccharides were identified in the hydrolyzate. All of the expected internal hexosaminyl and glycosyluronic residues were identified. Although several sugars were identified as nonreducing termini, only a hexosamine 6-sulfate was identified as a reducing-terminus sugar. The results indicate that methylation analysis of heparins and other complex, sulfated glycosaminoglycans is feasible.
Photoelectrochemical Corrosion of Semiconductors for Solar Cells

Experimental results on stabilization against photo-induced corrosion of n-Si and n-GaAs in contact with electrolytes are given. Photocorrosion is examined on silicon using voltammetry on GaAs using a rotating ring-disk technique. The most extensive testing of stability was done for n-Si in a solution of N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-p-phenvlenediamine in methanol and for n-GaAs in an aqueous solution of Fe(II) EDTA. Multiple waves were observed for the oxidation of several organic compounds on illuminated n-Si. To explain this auasi-metallic behavior a model based on an intervening thin surface oxide is postulated. In the case of n-GaAs the influence of mechanical surface damage, pH of the solution and redox couple used was studied. It is found that surface defects areativ enhance the susceptibility of the GaAs to photo-induced corrosion.
MRI of malignant fibrous histiocytoma of soft tissue: analysis of 13 cases with pathologic correlation

We reviewed the magnetic resonance (MR) appearances of 13 malignant fibrous histiocytomas (MFH) of soft tissue and correlated each with the respective lesion's histopathology. The MR images were evaluated for signal intensity on T1- and T2-weighted spin echo sequences, homogeneity of the lesion, presence of internal low signal septations, and margin definition. Histologic subtypes of MFH included storiform-pleomorphic, giant cell, myxoid, and inflammatory. We could not establish a correlation between MR appearance and histopathology. Instead, our series exhibited general features suggestive of malignant soft tissue neoplasms, namely poor margin definition, internal low signal septation, and heterogeneous high signal intensity on T2-weighted images.
Antiviral activity of magnesium and magnesium/poly r(A-U) combinations against two RNA viruses.

Magnesium (Mg2+) potentiated the anti-vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) activity of poly r(A-U) or poly r(G-C) and the anti-HIV-1 activity of poly r(A-U). Mg2+ did not affect the anti-VSV activity o...
Hartree-Fock cluster investigations of electronic structure and nuclear quadrupole interaction in the superionic conductor Li 3 N

The nuclear quadrupole interactions for7Li and14N nuclei are studied for lithium nitride crystal using the Hartree-Fock cluster procedure to obtain the electronic structure. The influence of the Madelung potential due to the ions outside the cluster was incorporated in a first-principle manner. Our results for the quadrupole coupling constants will be compared with experimental data and the results of a recent band calculation.
Modeling Spatial Smoothness in Fully 3-D SPECT Image Reconstruction Using Multiresolution B-Splines

We investigated the use of B-spline spatial basis functions to model continuous 3-D tracer distributions in cardiac SPECT studies. This approach is motivated by goals of achieving a well-posed image reconstruction problem and computational efficiency. Uniform B-spline basis functions have the noteworthy property that splines having larger spatial support can be composed from a linear combination of splines having smaller support, thus facilitating creation of a multiresolution spatial model. B-splines can be evaluated quickly when calculating projection data models or displaying reconstructed images, and there is no image "blockiness" because B-splines yield a spatially continuous representation. We used trilinear B-splines to reconstruct images for a 99mTc-sestamibi cardiac SPECT/CT patient study. Attenuation and depth-dependent point response were modeled. Spline coefficients were estimated by minimizing a least-squares criterion by direct matrix inversion. Images were reconstructed with use of (1) more-spatially-compact splines, (2) less-spatially-compact splines, and (3) a multiresolution basis composed of more-compact splines in the heart volume and less-compact splines elsewhere. Image noise was reduced with use of less-compact or multiresolution splines, and the multiresolution basis also yielded good myocardial resolution. Encouraged by these results, we are using multiresolution B-splines to analyze dynamic SPECT data from rest/stress cardiac patient studies.
Using AFM Force Curves To Explore Properties of Elastomers

An upper-division instrumental chemistry laboratory has been developed in which students use atomic force microscopy (AFM) to collect force curves on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) elastomers. Force curves are used to quantify the stiffness of elastomers prepared with different base-to-curing agent ratios. Trends in observed spring constants of the elastomer samples are consistent with Young’s elastic moduli measured in previous studies. This experiment has successfully exposed students to modern instrumental applications addressing surface chemistry in the context of examining cross-linked polymers. Ways to adapt the lab exercise to be used with diverse models of AFM are also discussed.