cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Natural resource management in an energy-constrained future in the United States

The plenary theme at the 2008 annual conference of The Wildlife Society was, “Thriving within limits: toward a scenario of hope.” Wildlife professionals are still grappling with how wildlife management relates to sustainability as global limits, especially energy, become more obvious in affecting resource management. “Sustainability” as used in this paper is derived from the commonly cited, Brundtland Report definition of sustainable development as, “…development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.” Further, it is activity that simultaneously addresses the interlinked aspects of economy, environment, and social well-being. To be effective in the future, natural resources agencies and organizations (NGOs) will be compelled to 1) reduce energy use by increasing efficiency of unavoidable uses and reducing optional energy uses; 2) anticipate how energy costs will affect resource use by various stakeholders; and 3) mitigate climate change by reducing combustion processes and thereby greenhouse gases. Because of their fundamental missions, natural resource entities have a special obligation to employ exemplary conservation practices. Challenges are great, but opportunities are significant. Higher fuel costs will constrain some management practices, but may limit further development of more rural and underdeveloped lands, thereby reducing habitat fragmentation and often wildlife damage complaints. Will energy costs promote smaller vehicles, reduction of some management practices, greater focus on recreational areas closer to population centers, consolidation of offices with other entities, and more video-conferencing of meetings? Will wildlife management be effectively integrated into landscapes where energy crops are produced along with food and where “life-cycle analysis” measures the full ecological footprint of land management? Agencies and NGOs can partner with stakeholders to design landscape use that is more sustainable (less pollution, conserving of energy and soil, more biologically diverse), provides better connections to nature, and enhances overall resource conservation. Educational institutions have a critical role because they are instrumental in preparing future resource managers. © 2014 The Wildlife Society. © 2014 The Wildlife Society.
Identification of Quantitative Trait Loci for Haloperidol-Induced Catalepsy on Mouse Chromosome 14

Previous studies have established that neuroleptic-induced catalepsy in mice is a highly heritable trait. The current study focuses on the detection of quantitative trait loci (QTL) for haloperidol-induced catalepsy in a BALB/cJ × LP/J F 2 intercross. One thousand thirty-seven F 2 animals were phenotyped and divided into four categories: very responsive (RR), responsive, nonresponsive, and very nonresponsive (NN). The RR and NN phenotypes comprised approximately 18% each of the total and differed in their haloperidol sensitivity by >10-fold. Sex differed significantly between the NN and RR groups (χ 2 = 14.0; p 2 = 30, p Ednrb ) and 5-hydroxytryptamine 2A ( Htr2a ) loci. Although the parental BALB/cJ and LP/J strains differed significantly in striatal 5-hydroxytryptamine 2A receptor binding, no marked differences were detected between the phenotypic extremes. A second QTL was detected on chromosome 14 (peak LOD = 6.9), which was located more proximally and included the Chat locus. No QTLs were detected on chromosomes 1 and 9, thus differentiating this cross from previous results obtained for a C57BL/6J × DBA/2J intercross.
Early recognition of Cushing's disease: a case study.

Purpose To present a case study of a 34-year-old woman with Cushing's disease and provide nurse practitioners (NPs) with the understanding of the clinical presentation needed for early recognition and treatment of the disease. Data sources A comprehensive review of published literature on Cushing's disease. Findings from history, physical examination, and diagnostic studies of a woman presenting to primary care NPs, physicians and other healthcare providers with multiple symptoms of Cushing's disease. Conclusions Cushing's disease is the result of the pituitary gland producing excess amounts of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) causing the overproduction of cortisol. The disease is fairly rare and is seen mostly in women. Common chief complaints include increased facial hair, weight gain, amenorrhea, changes in the face, neck, and abdomen, with muscle wasting of the lower extremities. Untreated, diabetes mellitus and hypertension can occur and increase the patient's morbidity and mortality. Early recognition and appropriate referral can reverse the signs and symptoms over time and lead to a significantly improved quality of life. Implications for practice This case presented the challenges faced by NPs and physicians in diagnosing patients with Cushing's disease.
Structure of coprecipitated gold–iron oxide catalyst materials

Abstract Ultra-fine gold particles supported on iron oxide have been synthesized by coprecipitation and subsequently heat treated in air at temperatures of 200°C and above. Structure analyses have revealed variations in the degree of crystallinity of the iron oxide support as well as gold particle size and size distribution with heat treatment temperature. Significantly, X-ray diffraction reveals an ultra fine crystallite structure in as-prepared and lower temperature heat treated samples, while Mossbauer spectroscopy suggests the possibility of gold incorporation into the α -Fe 2 O 3 phase in the lower temperature annealed samples.
SERUM BILIRUBIN, BILIRUBIN PRODUCTION AND WEIGHT LOSS IN BREAST-FED ONLY OR FORMULA-FED ONLY WELL TERM INFANTS. |[dagger]| 1871

Data on bilirubin production in breast-fed infants are scarce. The principal objective of our study was to compare bilirubin production rates in breast-fed and formula-fed infants. We measured the end-tidal carbon monoxide level corrected for inhaled CO (ETCOc), an index of total bilirubin production, in breast-fed only (B) or formula-fed only (F), well term infants, using an electrochemical CO detector system. Inclusion criteria: cesarean delivery, birthweight >2500g, gestational age >37 weeks, and absence of any illness in the neonatal period. ETCOc measurements were obtained between 2 and 8 hours of age, serum bilirubin levels at 72 +12 hrs, and weights daily. The mean ETCOc for B infants (1.3 +0.7 ppm, n = 66) did not differ from that of F infants (1.3 + 0.8ppm, n = 210). The mean serum bilirubin level at 72±12 hrs for B infants (8.5 + 3.4 mg/dl) was higher than that of F infants (6.8 + 3.4 mg/dl; p 12 mg/dl at 72 + 12 hrs. B infants lost a mean of 8.6% of their birth weight in the first five days of life, significantly more than F infants who lost 4.3% (p<0.0001). These data are consistent with those previously reported for a smaller sample with mixed gestational ages showing no difference in total bilirubin production between bottle-fed and breast-fed infants (Pediatrics 65:1170-2,1982).
Consistent least squares nonparametric regression

Abstract The regression model is studied. Let {ϵi} be an independent sequence of identically distributed random variables with mean equal to zero. Let f be a function ‘almost’ in a known finite dimensional collection of functions, F. The data {(zi, ti)} are modeled as zi = f(ti)+ϵi. The least squares estimate examined is the minimizer over hϵS+F of Σin=1(zi−h(ti))2. S is a compact (in sup-norm) set of functions. Given a weak condition on the covariates {ti}, the least squares estimate, f n ∗ , converges in sup-norm to f almost surely. Under further conditions on S, derivatives of f n ∗ converge almost surely to the derivative of f.
Prolyl Hydroxylase Domain Protein 2 (PHD2) Binds a Pro-Xaa-Leu-Glu Motif, Linking It to the Heat Shock Protein 90 Pathway

Prolyl hydroxylase domain protein 2 (PHD2, also known as Egg Laying Defective Nine homolog 1) is a key oxygen-sensing protein in metazoans. In an oxygen-dependent manner, PHD2 site-specifically prolyl hydroxylates the master transcription factor of the hypoxic response, hypoxia-inducible factor-α (HIF-α), thereby targeting HIF-α for degradation. In this report we show that the heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) co-chaperones p23 and FKBP38 interact via a conserved Pro-Xaa-Leu-Glu motif (where Xaa = any amino acid) in these proteins with the N-terminal Myeloid Nervy and DEAF-1 (MYND)-type zinc finger of PHD2. Knockdown of p23 augments hypoxia-induced HIF-1α protein levels and HIF target genes. We propose that p23 recruits PHD2 to the HSP90 machinery to facilitate HIF-1α hydroxylation. These findings identify a link between two ancient pathways, the PHD:HIF and the HSP90 pathways, and suggest that this link was established concurrent with the emergence of the PHD:HIF pathway in evolution.
Globus sensation after laser-assisted uvolopalatoplasty

Purpose: To determine the cause of globus sensation following laser-assisted uvulopalatoplasty (LAUP). Materials and Methods: Sixty consecutive LAUP patients were questioned regarding globus sensation. Palate sensation on globus patients was mapped and compared with asymptomatic LAUP control patients. Symptomatic patients were tested again 2 months later. Results: There was a 25% incidence of globus with 8% rated severe and 16% rated mild. The globus sensation corresponds to an insensate area of palate (P < .01). Resolution of the symptoms coincides with reemergence of sensation on the palate. Conclusion: Sensory dennervation of the central palate is a likely source of post-LAUP globus sensation. As sensation returns, symptoms abate. Palate surgery should be designed with this in mind. It is possible that undiagnosed globus patients may have areas of anesthetic pharynx.
Value Conflict: Student Development and The Costs and Benefits of Entrepreneurial Partnerships in Higher Education

The focus on business efficiency contrasts with holistic student development values and the goals of higher education. While resources are needed if we are to accomplish our goals, we must consider the costs of creating partnerships.
A transform approach for constructing quasi-cyclic Euclidean geometry LDPC codes

A method for constructing quasi-cyclic Euclidean geometry (QC-EG) LDPC codes in the Fourier transform domain is presented. Given a Euclidean geometry over a finite field of characteristic 2, base matrices in the Fourier transform domain are first constructed. Then the inverse Fourier transforms of these base matrices, combined with row and column permutations, result in low-density arrays of circulant permutation matrices and/or zero matrices. The null spaces of these low-density arrays give a family of QC-EG-LDPC codes. Codes in a special subclass have large minimum distances and their Tanner graphs contain no harmful trapping sets with sizes smaller than their minimum distances.
Correlation of cosmic-ray ionization measurements at high altitudes, at sea level, and neutron intensities at mountain tops

Although fluctuations in cosmic rays have been measured at sea level and high altitudes for a number of years, no serious attempt seems to have been made to correlate the two. As a result of a rather long series of balloon flights in the summer of 1951 it now becomes possible to correlate ionization measurements at high and low altitudes. Recent neutron intensity measurements during the same period by Simpson et al. permit a further comparison with this component. There seems to be a good correlation, during this period of observation, between the fluctuations as measured in (1) the ionization at 70,000 ft over North Dakota, (2) the meson component at Cheltenham, Maryland, (3) the meson component at the geomagnetic equator, and (4) the neutron component at mountain tops in Colorado and New Mexico.
Supersonic combustion ramjet missile

During the period of 1962-1978, the Applied Physics Laboratory of Johns Hopkins University developed the technology for a family of missiles named SCRAM for use as fleet defense weapons. SCRAM is the acronym for supersonic combustion ramjet missile. The development work began with the conceptual design of two missile configurations and calculations of the expected performance for a variety of missions to provide defense for the surface fleet. A novel class of multimodule fixed-geometry hypersonic inlets was designed and wind-tunnel models were built and tested at Mach numbers of 4-10 at angles of attack up to 15 deg. Injector and combustor development was carried out in direct connect test apparatus. Considerable effort was directed to the development and testing of a wide variety of storable, reactive liquid fuels including boranes and aluminum alkyls. Many new testing techniques and diagnostic instruments were developed that are still key elements of scramjet test operations. The program culminated with the testing of the entire engine in free jets at Mach numbers of 57.3 and the design of a family of revised vehicle configurations that could exploit the full capability of the performance observed in the ground test program. This article presents the highlights of the technology program and references recently released documents.
The impact of the acculturation process on Asian American youth's psychological well-being.

TOPIC: Acculturation process and Asian American youth's psychological well-being. PURPOSE: This paper provides an overview of acculturation, its correlates, and psychological well-being of Asian American youth. SOURCES USED: Interdisciplinary research related to acculturation, ethnic socialization, and minority youth's psychological outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Familial ethnic socialization is mediated by demographic variables, parents' attitudes, and parent–child relationships. Parent–child relationships during acculturation predicts Asian American youth's psychological outcomes. The key components of culturally sensitive health care for Asian American youth include evaluation of family relationships, congruence in parents' and youth's acculturation patterns, and sensitivity to implications of the model minority image.
The alteration of CO2 respiratory sensitivity in chickens by thoracic visceral denervation.

We measured respiratory movements in nine groups of six cockerels, 20–24 weeks of age. We opened the thorax and all air sacs, and unidirectionally ventilated each lung separately. The right lung received constant PCO2 while the PCO2 was altered to the left lung. There were only small differences in response to PCO2 alterations whether both pulmonary circulations were intact, the left pulmonary circulation was blocked, or the left lung was denervated and the right pulmonary circulation blocked, suggesting (1) that the extrapulmonary and pulmonary PCO2-sensitive afferents (in one lung) have equivalent influence, and (2) the influences of the two afferent systems are not additive. Respiratory sensitivity after bilateral vagotomy is small despite pulmonary innervation by CO2-sensitive spinal afferents, perhaps one reason for abnormal respiration after vagotomy. The respiratory influences of pulmonary vagal and spinal CO2-sensitive afferents are also non-additive, suggesting that non-additive interactions among afferents controlling respiration may be common in the chicken. Rates of response to altered intrapulmonary PCO2 are determined by central mechanisms and not the time for CO2 distribution or receptor response.
A Potassium-Steam Binary Vapor Cycle for a Molten-Salt Reactor Power Plant

A conceptual design for one embodiment of a binary vapor cycle coupled to a molten-salt reactor has been prepared to determine whether such a plant is sufficiently attractive to warrant further investigation. Its overall thermal efficiency is estimated to be 54 percent, while its heat rejection to the condensers is about half of that for a modern steam plant. The quantities of material required for the heat exchangers and piping for both a coal-fired supercritical-pressure steam plant and a nuclear-powered potassium vapor and supercritical-steam plant are estimated and compared along with the associated costs. The resulting cost and performance data indicate that the nuclear plant with a potassium-vapor and steam binary cycle may give both lower capital charges and a much higher overall efficiency than a coal-fired super-critical-pressure steam plant.
The Longitudinal Relationship Between Peer Violence and Popularity and Delinquency in Adolescent Boys: Examining Effects by Family Functioning

Mapping the relationship of peer influences and parental/family characteristics on delinquency can help expand the understanding of findings that show an interdependence between peer and family predictors. This study explored the longitudinal relationship between two characteristics of peer relationships (violence and perceived popularity) with subsequent individual delinquency and the moderating role of family characteristics (cohesion and parental monitoring) using data from the Chicago Youth Development Study. Participants were 364 inner-city residing adolescent boys (54 % African American; 40 % Hispanic). After controlling for the effects of age and ethnicity, peer violence is positively related to boys’ delinquency. The effect of popularity depends on parental monitoring, such that the relationship between popularity and delinquency is positive when parental monitoring is low, but there is no relationship when parental monitoring is high. Furthermore, parental monitoring contributes to the relationship between peer violence and delinquency such that there is a stronger relationship when parental monitoring is low. Additionally, there is a stronger relationship between peer violence and delinquency for boys from high cohesive families. Findings point to the value of attention to multiple aspects of peer and family relationships in explaining and intervening in the risk for delinquency. Furthermore, findings indicate the importance of family-focused interventions in preventing delinquency.
On the relationship between continuing current and positive leader growth

It has long been speculated that the source of continuing current (CC) for a negative cloud-to-ground flash is provided by the growth of its positive leader into negative charge regions. In this study, data from the Langmuir Electric Field Array (LEFA) and Lightning Mapping Array (LMA) are used to investigate these speculations. LEFA and LMA data provide a way to estimate the occurrence and duration of CC and channel growth throughout a flash, respectively. By connecting LMA VHF sources onto contiguous channels, the growth of the positive leader associated with each return stroke is inferred. A linear correlation between positive-channel growth and CC duration is found, providing evidence that the positive leader grows with a constant velocity, but no obvious correlation of this velocity with CC occurrence is found. Each return stroke is then sorted by its channel growth rate and further identified by its CC type. This analysis also provides no identifiable correlation linking the positive-channel growth rate to CC occurrence or duration. Finally, the positive-channel growth rate for the whole flash is calculated in 10 ms windows so that any trends occurring before, during, or after the CC can be observed. This analysis too shows no correlation, which implies that positive-channel growth is not the primary mechanism that determines CC occurrence and duration.
Echocardiographic measurement methods for left ventricular linear dimensions in children result in predictable variations in results

Precise quantification of left ventricular (LV) cavity dimensions assumes great importance in clinical cardiology. Pediatric guidelines recommend the left parasternal short axis (PSA) imaging plane for measuring LV cavity dimensions, while measuring from the long axis (PLA) plane is the convention in adult echocardiography. We sought to compare measurements obtained by two-dimensional (2D) and M-mode (MM) techniques in the two imaging planes. Healthy subjects were prospectively recruited for research echocardiography. Complete 2D, spectral and color flow Doppler examinations were performed in a non-sedated state. All subjects had structurally and functionally normal hearts. LV cavity dimensions were obtained in PLA and PSA views using 2D and MM yielding four measurement sets for each subject: PLA direct 2D; PLA 2D-guided MM, PSA direct 2D, PSA 2D-guided MM. A commercially available ultrasound system (Vivid E9, GE) was used and data stored digitally for subsequent analysis (EchoPAC BT11, GE). Acquisition and measurements were made by a single observer from at least three consecutive cardiac cycles, and averaged for each of the four categories. The study cohort consisted of 114 subjects (mean age 9 years, range 1–18; mean BSA 1.1 m2, range 0.42–2.6). The smallest estimate of LV end-diastolic dimension (LVED) was obtained by PLA 2D, with larger estimates by PLA MM, PSA 2D, and PSA MM. Largest estimates of LV end-systolic dimension (LVES) are by 2D methods, with smaller estimates by both MM techniques. The smallest shortening fraction (SF) was by PLA 2D; other methods yielded larger SF. Temporal resolution is limited in 2D methodology and may account for the smaller LVED, larger LVES and smaller SF observed. Long axis methodology may predispose to off-center or non-perpendicular data acquisition and the potential for dimensional underestimation, particularly in diastole. Consistency in method for assessment of LV dimensions in children is an important factor for serial comparisons.
Adaptive multisensor target detection using feature-based fusion

Target detection techniques play an important role in automatic target recognition (ATR) systems because overall ATR performance depends closely on detection results. We propose a multisensor target detection technique based on adaptive feature-based fusion suitable to detect low-contrast and/or blurry targets with relatively low computational complexity. The proposed technique extracts four different features designed to find regions of high contrast, strong edges, or high information content. The proposed multisensor target-detection technique incorporates multiple imaging sensors in different spectral ranges, such as the visible, near-infrared, and far-infrared bands. The images from the multiple sensors are jointly processed via feature extraction and multisensor fusion. In the multisensor fusion process, a multisensor confidence image is created by adaptively combining the features generated from the multisensor images to obtain more accurate potential target locations. Experimental results on multisensor test sequences are provided.
Western Boundary Current Separation Sensitivity Studies Using a Quasigeostrophic Ocean Model

Abstract The sensitivity of the separation of the western boundary current of an idealized single gyre circulation to the specification of various model parameters is investigated through a series of quasigeostrophic simulations. The model parameters considered are the value of β, bottom topography, lateral boundary conditions, deformation radius of the first baroclinic mode, horizontal friction, and model resolution. Changes in these model parameters affect western boundary current separation characteristics, but those parameter changes also produced changes in several measures of the global flow field such as level of mean and eddy kinetic energies. A number of flow field statistics are correlated with the average separation point, and it was found that total average baroclinic kinetic energy is the most highly correlated variable to the average separation point, with higher levels of kinetic energy being correlated with more poleward penetration. In the immediate vicinity of the separation point, the a...
The Irrelevance of Equipoise

It is commonly believed in research ethics that some form of equipoise is a necessary condition for justifying randomized clinical trials, that without it clinicians are violating the moral duty to do what is best for the patient. Recent criticisms have shown how complex the concept of equipoise is, but often retain the commitment to some form of equipoise for randomization to be justified. This article rejects that claim. It first asks for what one should be equally poised (scientific or clinical equipoise), then asks who should be equally poised (scientist, clinician, or subject), and finally asks why any of these players need be equally poised between treatment options. The article argues that only the subject's evaluation of the options is morally relevant and that even the subject need not be equally poised or indifferent between the options in order to volunteer for randomization. All that is needed is adequately informed, free, and unexploited consent. It concludes equipoise is irrelevant.
Working for Peanuts: Nonstandard Work and Food Insecurity Across Household Structure

This study investigates the relationship between household head’s work form (by considering number of hours worked and multiple job holding) and household food insecurity utilizing the Food Security Supplement to the Current Population Survey. Households where the head is employed in multiple jobs, in work with varied hours, or part-time work are more likely to be food insecure than households with a head in a regular full-time job, even when controlling for income and other social demographic characteristics. Models are estimated separately for married couple, cohabiting, male-headed, female-headed and single-person households to show the interaction between work form and household structure. The relationship between food insecurity and nonstandard work arrangements may be due to unstable incomes and complex schedules.
Relation of Depression to Coronary Endothelial Function

The purpose of this study was to determine the association between depression and coronary endothelial function and cardiac risk factors in men and women without obstructive coronary artery disease. Patients with no significant coronary artery disease who underwent invasive coronary endothelial function assessment with acetylcholine were studied. Men and women were divided into 2 groups: those with depression and those without. Endothelial function and risk factor profiles were compared between the 2 groups. Seven hundred fifty-nine patients were studied, 603 (79%) without depression and 156 (21%) with depression. Patients with depression were more likely to be women (71% vs 60%, p=0.02), have greater body mass indexes (29.9 ± 6.7 vs 28.2 ± 5.9 kg/m 2 , p=0.002), and be diabetic (12% vs 6%, p=0.02). Depressed patients also had higher levels of C-reactive protein (0.35 vs 0.30 mg/dl, p=0.02). There was no difference in the change in coronary blood flow or diameter in response to acetylcholine between the 2 groups in men and women. In conclusion, the results of this study demonstrate that depression is not associated with coronary endothelial dysfunction in men and women without significant coronary artery disease. It is, however, associated with a cluster of cardiac risk factors that are linked to the progression of atherosclerotic disease.
A dominance hierarchy of auditory spatial cues in barn owls.

Background Barn owls integrate spatial information across frequency channels to localize sounds in space. Methodology/Principal Findings We presented barn owls with synchronous sounds that contained different bands of frequencies (3–5 kHz and 7–9 kHz) from different locations in space. When the owls were confronted with the conflicting localization cues from two synchronous sounds of equal level, their orienting responses were dominated by one of the sounds: they oriented toward the location of the low frequency sound when the sources were separated in azimuth; in contrast, they oriented toward the location of the high frequency sound when the sources were separated in elevation. We identified neural correlates of this behavioral effect in the optic tectum (OT, superior colliculus in mammals), which contains a map of auditory space and is involved in generating orienting movements to sounds. We found that low frequency cues dominate the representation of sound azimuth in the OT space map, whereas high frequency cues dominate the representation of sound elevation. Conclusions/Significance We argue that the dominance hierarchy of localization cues reflects several factors: 1) the relative amplitude of the sound providing the cue, 2) the resolution with which the auditory system measures the value of a cue, and 3) the spatial ambiguity in interpreting the cue. These same factors may contribute to the relative weighting of sound localization cues in other species, including humans.
Trefoil Factor Family-1 Mutations Enhance Gastric Cancer Cell Invasion Through Distinct Signaling Pathways

Background & Aims: Trefoil factor family-1 (TFF1) is a key gastric tumor-suppressor gene. TFF1 knockout mice develop multiple gastric adenomas and carcinomas, and human gastric cancers typically lack TFF1 expression. Recently, TFF1 mutations have been found in human gastric cancer. The purpose of this study was to determine the functionality of these mutants. Methods: Recombinant wild-type TFF1 and the gastric cancer–associated TFF1 mutants (A10D and E13K) were produced and tested for their effect on gastric cancer cell proliferation, apoptosis, and invasion. Molecular modeling was used to guide the choice of mutants and to evaluate structure–function relationships. Results: Molecular modeling suggested that A10D and E13K altered the surface charge of the loop 1 region of TFF1 without disturbing protein stability. Recombinant wild-type TFF1 significantly inhibited cell growth; A10D and E13K lost this tumor-suppressive property along with the ability to block etoposide-induced apoptosis. Although wild-type TFF1 promoted cell invasion, A10D and E13K were even more pro-invasive. Invasion induced by both mutants was blocked by inhibiting PI3-kinase or phospholipase-C, but inhibiting Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) blocked only E13K-induced invasion. Conclusions: The loss of tumor-suppressor activity and gain of invasiveness from single point mutations constitute evidence for a functional role of TFF1 mutations in gastric cancer. These site-directed mutagenesis experiments provide the tools for continued probing of signal transduction mechanisms and structural elements responsible for TFF1 functions.
Concurrent asynchronous learning algorithms for massively parallel recurrent neural networks

Abstract Synchronism is a critical issue in the implementation of massively parallel neural networks. Typically, there is no global synchronism in a biological neural system. It is important, therefore, to develop a model for massively parallel neural networks to mimic the asynchronism of a biological neural system. In this paper, a mathematical basis for a concurrent, asynchronous relaxation method for parallel learning of recurrent neural networks is proposed. The condition for this asynchronous relaxation learning method to converge in multiprocessor systems is developed on the basis of partially asynchronous gradient descent optimization theory. We have successfully implemented this parallel asynchronous learning algorithm of recurrent neural networks on a CRAY X-MP using Macrotasking and an iPSC/2 using asynchronous communication. The recurrent neural network is trained to learn the behavior of a class of aperiodic or chaotic nonlinear delay-differential equations by Mackey and Glass. Speedup of the asynchronous algorithm vs the synchronous algorithm is achieved.
Dimethyl sulfide on Cu{111}: molecular self-assembly and submolecular resolution imaging.

The literature contains many studies of thiol-based, self-assembled monolayers (RSH); however, thioethers (RSR) have barely begun to be explored, despite having the potential advantages of being mo...
Electrical resistance drift of molybdenum silicide thin film temperature sensors

Abstract For a thermometer to be of practical use, its accuracy of temperature indication must be within a tolerable range. In this paper, patterned molybdenum disilicide (MoSi2) thin film temperature sensors were fabricated to study their thermoresistance, i.e. resistance vs. temperature (R-T) characteristics. The R-T characteristic of MoSi2 thin films exhibits a positive deviation from linearity (termed “superlinearity”) instead of showing a simple linearity as for most metals. This superlinear behavior was attributed to thermal expansion and the consequent decrease in the Debye characteristic temperature of MoSi2. For long-term duration at elevated temperatures, the variation in thickness and composition of the sensor film due to oxidation and other factors may produce drift in the electrical resistance. In this study, the electrical resistance drifts of the sensors as a function of time at temperatures of 1200, 1300 and 1350 °C are presented. For the sensor film tested at 1300 °C, the resistance drift due to the thickness change of the sensor layer was well corrected with the help of an analysis of the oxidation rate of the sensor material. On the other hand, the in-depth composition profile analyzed by Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) indicated no significant composition variation, implying that we could neglect the correction factor for the composition variation in the present study. After the thickness factor was corrected for, a minor drift was still observed; this was also found for the same sensor film tested in an Ar ambient. The exact source of the minor drift is not well understood; further investigations are required.
NI-16INTRA-OPERATIVE USE OF FLUORESCEIN FOR MALIGNANT GLIOMA RESECTION DIFFERENTIATES TUMOR FROM NORMAL BRAIN TISSUE BASED ON HISTOPATHOLOGIC ANALYSIS

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether the use of IV fluorescein during surgery for malignant glioma can reliably be used to differentiate between infiltrative tumor and normal brain tissue. BACKGROUND: Fluorescein sodium is a molecular compound with fluorescent capabilities between light wavelengths of 520-530nm, appearing yellow-green (1). Neurosurgical application of fluorescein has been studied primarily for increasing intra-operative visibility of malignant gliomas (1). The mechanism of action has been hypothesized to involve disruption of the blood brain barrier (BBB) (2). Cells in areas with disrupted BBB take up fluorescein with a sensitivity of 94% and specificity of 89% for high-grade gliomas (2). We performed histopathologic analysis on tissue obtained during fluorescein-guided tumor resections to evaluate the differences between fluorescent and non-fluorescent tissue. METHODS: Two adult patients with suspected high-grade gliomas underwent surgical resection. Prior to opening of the dura 3mg/kg of IV fluorescein was given. A Zeiss OPMI Pentero microscope (Carl Zeiss Meditech Inc.) with a yellow 560nm filter was used to visualize the tumor. At the tumor margins, tissue was identified as "bright" and "dark" and sent as separate specimens for histopathological analysis. RESULTS: Histological sections of specimens labeled "bright" contained infiltrating glioma with focal microvascular proliferation. Histological sections of specimens labeled "dark" contained gray matter and focal subcortical white matter with no high-grade glioma identified. Final grading for both patients was WHO Grade IV, glioblastoma. CONCLUSION: Intra-operative use of fluorescein in surgical resection of malignant gliomas can help to distinguish between infiltrating tumor and normal brain tissue based on histopathological analysis. Further evaluation of the utility of flurorescein during high and low-grade glioma surgery is necessary.
Relational and Overt Aggression in Childhood and Adolescence: Clarifying Mean-Level Gender Differences and Associations with Peer Acceptance

Research on relational aggression has drawn attention to how girls may be likely to aggress, but the role of gender is not fully understood. There are opposing views regarding whether relational aggression is most common among girls. Current findings demonstrate that when gender differences in relational aggression are assessed with peer nominations, gender differences favoring girls are more likely: a) in adolescence than childhood and b) when statistical overlap with overt aggression is controlled. Results also indicated that associations of relational aggression with peer acceptance depend on the aggressor's gender, the peer rater's gender, and whether overlap with overt aggression is controlled. Associations of relational aggression with lower acceptance became non-significant when overt aggression was controlled, suggesting that relational aggression displayed in isolation may not damage acceptance. In fact, in mid-adolescence, girls' relational aggression predicted greater liking by boys. Reducing relational aggression among adolescent girls may be especially challenging if the behavior is linked with acceptance by boys.
Effect of hypolipidemic drugs, nafenopin and clofibrate, on the concentration of ligandin and Z protein in rat liver

Abstract Administration of the hypolipidemic agents, Clofibrate and Nafenopin, to rats reversibly increases liver weight and Z protein concentration; ligandin concentration is depressed but total hepatic content is unaffected. Method for determination of Z protein by radioimmune assay is described.
ANATOMY OF FEMORAL VESSELS IN INFANTS AND GUIDELINES FOR VENOUS CATHETERIZATION

An ultrasound study was performed to formulate and validate guidelines for femoral venous catheterization. 36 infants (2 wk to 20 mo) were evaluated in a supine, straight leg position. The sector scan transducer was oriented vertically and perpendicular to the axis of the femoral vessels, 1 cm below the groin skin crease. No difference was detected in distance between central points of veins and arteries bilaterally and distance between vessels was not related to age, height, or weight (p>.05). Because symmetry was demonstrated, further evaluation was performed on the right side only. Guidelines were formulated from observations in half the patients, and independently validated by inspection of scans of the others, with random selection of groups. For 18 patients, the central point of femoral veins lay 5.3mm medial to the central point of the artery. Hypothetical success in catheterization of the other 18 patients was evaluated by assuming that successful catheterization requires entering the central half of the vein's horizontal diameter. It was also assumed that the central point of the artery corresponds to the palpable pulse. Successive needle insertion attempts first at 5.3mm, then 6.3mm, and finally at 4. 3mm medial to the pulse would result in cumulative successful IV catheterization in 11/18 (61%), 12/18 (67%), and 11/18 (7859, respectively. No arterial punctures would result from the first 2 attempts, but 2/18 (11%) would occur from the attempt closest to the artery. Among both extremities in all 36 patients, the vein was located inaccessibly behind the artery in 2/72 in 2 different infants.
The phospholipid requirement for RH0(D) antigen activity: Mode of inactivation by phospholipases and of protection by anti-Rh0(D) antibody

Abstract Previous studies have suggested a membrane phospholipid requirement for Rh0(D) antigen activity. Isolated erythrocyte membranes incubated with phospholipase A2 from both bee venom and porcine pancreas undergo loss of Rh antigen activity. The mode of attenuation of this antigen activity as indicated by double-reciprocal binding plots suggests substantial loss of sites accompanied by an apparently increased association constant. In the presence of anti-Rh0(D), but not anti-A, bound to group A Rh0(D)-positive membranes prior to hydrolysis, there is marked protection: almost complete preservation of sites at the expense of a decreased association constant. This pattern of protection is not seen with phospholipase C, which cleaves the polar headgroup in contrast to the A2-enzymes, which hydrolyze the fatty acid in the 2-position. Analysis of the products of digestion shows a trend to protection of bulk phospholipids of all major classes in the presence of bound specific antibody. The hydrophobic fatty acid chain may be the site with which the bound anti-Rh0(D) antibody is in closest proximity.
A Game Theoretic power control framework for spectrum sharing in competitive environments

This paper presents a Game Theoretic framework for the analysis of distributed spectrum sharing in a Cognitive Radio Network (CRN). We consider competitive interactions among selfish secondary users (SUs) under realistic physical interference constraints. Subject to a per-user average power budget, SUs choose their transmission powers with the objective of satisfying minimum signal-to-interference plus noise ratio (SINR) constraints at the intended receivers. We investigate self-enforcing spectrum sharing strategies of the SUs which correspond to Nash Equilibria (NE) points in a single shot scenario. We carry out an equilibrium analysis by considering the mixed strategy space and provide closed form expressions of the equilibria points. Numerical examples are further presented for illustration.
Ecological Restoration: Guidance from Theory

A review of the science and practice of ecosystem restoration led me to identify key ecological theories and concepts that are relevant to planning, implementing, and sustaining restoration efforts. From experience with actual restoration projects, I provide guidance for improving the restoration process. Despite an abundance of theory and guidance, restoration goals are not always achieved, and pathways toward targets are not highly predictable. This is understandable, since each restoration project has many constraints and unique challenges. To improve restoration progress, I advise that sites be designed as experiments to allow learning while doing. At least the larger projects can be restored in phases, each designed as experimental treatments to test alternative restoration approaches. Subsequent phases can then adopt one or more of the treatments that best achieved goals in earlier phases while applying new tests of other restoration measures. Both science and restoration can progress simultaneously. This phased, experimental approach (called “adaptive restoration”) is an effective tool for improving restoration when monitoring, assessment, interpretation and research are integrated into the process.
Glutamatergic agents for cocaine dependence.

: Effective medications for cocaine dependence are needed to improve outcome in this chronic, relapsing disorder. Medications affecting glutamate function are reasonable candidates for investigation, given the involvement of glutamate circuits in reward-related brain regions and evdence of cocaine-induced glutamatergic dysregulation. In addition, it is increasingly apparent that glutamatergic mechanisms underlie several clinical aspects of cocaine dependence, including euphoria, withdrawal, craving, and hedonic dysfunction. Even denial, traditionally viewed as purely psychological, may result, in part, from dysfunctional glutamate-rich cortical regions. We review the involvement of glutamate in reward-related circuits, the acute and chronic effects of cocaine on these pathways, and glutamatergic mechanisms that contribute to the neurobiology of cocaine dependence. We also present preliminary data from our research of modafinil, a glutamate-enhancing agent with promise in the treatment of cocaine-addicted individuals.
Survey of New Testament Textbooks

church-related colleges. The information was incorporated in a doctoral dissertation. There were several indications of dissatisfaction with existing textbooks. Some of the most widely used were published from fifteen to twenty years ago, e.g., The Literature of the New Testament, by E. F. Scott (1932) and An Introduction to the New Testament, by E. J. Goodspeed (1937). Conversations with college instructors disclosed their reluctance to endorse any single text as being fully adequate, and all expressed an interest in the appearance of new books. The National Council on Religion in Higher Education had been aware of possible needs for publication in this field and, after an informal survey made by a special committee, the preparation of a two-volume introduction to the Bible was launched. The New Testament volume is
Granulocytic sarcoma of the prostate. Two cases causing urinary obstruction

Two cases of patients with prostatic granulocytic sarcoma in whom urinary obstruction occurred are presented. The diagnosis was made by tissue examination with hematoxylin and eosin and specific esterase stains. One patient had a myelodysplastic syndrome and the other patient had acute myeloblastic leukemia. In both cases the diagnosis of prostatic granulocytic sarcoma was unexpected. Granulocytic sarcomas should be considered in the differential diagnosis of urinary obstruction in patients with myeloperoliferative or myelodysplastic syndromes. Cancer 59:142–146, 1987.
THE INFLUENCE OF PHENOXYBENZAMINE AND ISOPROPYLMETHOXAMINE (BW 61-43) ON SOME CARDIOVASCULAR, METABOLIC, AND HISTOPATHOLOGIC EFFECTS OF NOREPINEPHRINE INFUSIONS IN DOGS.

The effects of intravenous norepinephrine infusion (0.5 mg/kg in two hours) in conscious dogs can be classified according to the influence of pretreatment with phenoxybenzamine (2 or 5 mg/kg intravenously one hour before norepinephrine) or isopropylmethoxamine (BW 61-43) (8 mg/kg intravenously 20 to 30 minutes before infusion). Effects blocked or reduced by phenoxybenzamine, but not by BW 61-43, include the rise in arterial pressure, electrocardiographic changes, accumulation of pericardial fluid rich in lactic dehydrogenase, the rise in hematocrit, presence of inclusion bodies in liver cells, and necrosis of the adrenal cortex. Effects blocked by BW 61-43, but not by phenoxybenzamine, include the rises in plasma FFA and glucose and the accumulation of triglycerides in liver. Both phenoxybenzamine and BW 61-43 block, at least partially, the accumulation of triglycerides in heart. Neither phenoxybenzamine nor BW 61-43 prevents the norepinephrine-induced depletion of glycogen in liver.
Single-lung transplantation can be performed with acceptable outcomes using selected donors with heavy smoking history

Background We attempt to determine if adult, single-lung transplantation could be performed with acceptable results in heavy-smoking donors (HSDs; > 20 pack-years). Methods The United Network of Organ Sharing database was examined for adult single-lung transplantation from 2005 to 2011. Results Of the 3,704 single-lung transplantations, 498 (13.4%) were from HSDs. The 2 groups were similar in recipient age (60.6 vs 60.7 years, p = 0.20), male gender (61.3% vs 59.8%, p = 0.54), ischemic time (4.1 vs 4.2 hours, p = 0.11), and pre-transplant forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV 1 ; 41.1% vs 40.0% predicted). Recipients of HSDs had lower lung allocation score (39.7 vs 38.0, p = 0.02), less human leukocyte antigen mismatches (4.6 vs 4.5, p = 0.01), and higher class I panel reactive antibody (2.9% vs 3.8%, p p p = 0.01). Recipients with HSDs had longer length of stay (20.5 vs 23.0 days, p 1 after single-lung transplantation (80.1% vs 73.4%, p p = 0.64), post-single-lung transplantation decrement in FEV 1 ( p = 0.07), and median survival (1,516 vs 1,488 days, p = 0.10) were similar. Multivariable analysis found receiving lungs from actively smoking HSDs was associated with mortality (hazard ratio [HR], 1.23, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.05–1.45; p = 0.01). Use of HSDs who were not actively smoking was not associated with mortality (HR, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.59–1.19; p = 0.33). Mortality was associated with recipient age, longer ischemic time, race mismatch, class I panel reactive antibody > 10%, mechanical ventilation, and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation as a bridge to transplantation. Conclusions Although single-lung transplantation with actively smoking HSDs results in worse results, outcomes are acceptable and should continue to be considered.