cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Oxidative Stress in the Dahl Hypertensive Rat

Enhanced production of oxygen free radicals may play a role in hypertension by affecting vascular smooth muscle contraction, resistance to blood flow, and organ damage. The aim of this study was to determine whether oxygen free radicals are involved in the development of salt-induced hypertension. Dahl salt-sensitive (Dahl-S) and salt-resistant (Dahl-R) rats were fed either a high salt (6.0% NaCl) or low salt (0.3% NaCl) diet for 4 weeks. The high salt diet caused the development of severe hypertension in Dahl-S animals and had no effect on blood pressure in Dahl-R animals. A tetranitroblue tetrazolium dye was used to detect superoxide radicals in microvessels of the mesentery. Light absorption measurements revealed enhanced staining along the endothelium of arterioles and venules in hypertensive Dahl-S animals, with significantly lower values in normotensive animals. In addition, a Clark electrochemical electrode was used to measure hydrogen peroxide levels in fresh plasma. Hypertensive Dahl-S animals had a higher plasma hydrogen peroxide concentration compared with their normotensive counterparts (2.81+/-0.43 versus 2.10+/-0.41 micromol/L), while no difference was detected between high- and low salt-treated Dahl-R animals (1.70+/-0.35 versus 1.56+/-0.51 micromol/L). The plasma hydrogen peroxide levels of all groups correlated with mean arterial pressure (r=.77). These findings demonstrate an enhanced production of oxygen free radicals in the microvasculature of hypertensive Dahl-S rats.
The Efforts of the United Nations

Following the conclusion of the Second Great War, the victorious powers again attempted to protect human rights at the international level, and the United Nations employed essentially the same strategy as the defunct League of Nations. Although the U.N. was to achieve much more success than its predecessor, the inescapable fact remains; the global approach was again doomed to failure.1 This is to say, effective protection of the individual by the U.N. was impossible because of the divergent forces within the World Body.2
Advances in nutrition care of children with neoplastic diseases: a review of treatment, research, and application.

Within the last decade, significant advances have been made both in treating children with cancer and in providing proper nutrition support. Oncologic treatment and nutrition research and their application to the nutrition care of children with cancer are reviewed. Quality nutrition care is now possible because of an improved understanding of (a) the prevalence and significance of proteinenergy malnutrition (PEM) in high-risk groups, (b) the staging and assessment of nutritional status, and (c) the efficacy and limitations of nutrition support options. Nutrition staging, assessment, and support should be integrated into treatment protocols for children with neoplastic diseases. Common risk factors for the development of PEM have been identified from serial monitoring of newly diagnosed children with a variety of tumors. Certain tumor types and their treatment can be classified within either low or high nutritional risk groups. A comprehensive nutrition program (intense nutrition counseling, favorite nutritious foods) is preferred for low nutritional risk groups but is ineffective in preventing or reversing PEM in high-risk groups. For high-risk patients, central parenteral nutrition (CPN) is the method of choice as a relatively short-term but important support measure that allows children to withstand long intervals of intense treatment during periods of growth and development. Current data suggest that bone marrow suppression may be attenuated and treatment tolerance improved with the use of CPN in selected children with advanced cancer (e.g., acute nonlymphocytic leukemia or advanced neuroblastoma).
FLOCCULATION, REINFORCEMENT, AND GLASS TRANSITION EFFECTS IN SILICA-FILLED STYRENE-BUTADIENE RUBBER

Abstract The introduction of silanes to improve processability and properties of silica-reinforced rubber compounds is critical to the successful commercial use of silica as a filler in tires and other applications. The use of silanes to promote polymer–filler interactions is expected to limit the development of a percolated filler network and may also affect the mobility of polymer chains near the particles. Styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) was reinforced with silica particles at a filler volume fraction of 0.19, and various levels of filler–filler shielding agent (n-octyltriethoxysilane) and polymer–filler coupling agent (3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane) were incorporated. Both types of silane inhibited the filler flocculation process during annealing the uncured rubber materials, thus reducing the magnitude of the Payne effect. In contrast to the significant reinforcement effects noted in the strain-dependent shear modulus, the bulk modulus from hydrostatic compression was largely unaltered by the silan...
Generalized Stochastic Petri Nets

The key factor that limits the applicability of SPN models is the complexity of their analysis. This is due to many elements. The possibly very large number of reachable markings is the most critical one. Other aspects may add to the model solution complexity. One of these is due to the presence in one model of activities that take place on a much faster (or slower) time scale than the one relating to the events that play a critical role on the overall performance. This results in systems of linear equations which are stiff, i.e., difficult to solve with an acceptable degree of accuracy by means of the usual numerical techniques. On the other hand, neglecting the “fast” (or “slow”) activities may result in models that are logically incorrect. It may also happen that in the construction of the topology of an SPN model, the analyst inserts transitions that correspond to purely logical aspects of the system behavior, so that no timing can be reasonably associated with time [Ajm90].
CacheDedup: in-line deduplication for flash caching

Flash caching has emerged as a promising solution to the scalability problems of storage systems by using fast flash memory devices as the cache for slower primary storage. But its adoption faces serious obstacles due to the limited capacity and endurance of flash devices. This paper presents CacheDedup, a solution that addresses these limitations using in-line deduplication. First, it proposes a novel architecture that integrates the caching of data and deduplication metadata (source addresses and fingerprints of the data) and efficiently manages these two components. Second, it proposes duplication-aware cache replacement algorithms (D-LRU, DARC) to optimize both cache performance and endurance. The paper presents a rigorous analysis of the algorithms to prove that they do not waste valuable cache space and that they are efficient in time and space usage. The paper also includes an experimental evaluation using real-world traces, which confirms that CacheDedup substantially improves I/O performance (up to 20% reduction in miss ratio and 51% in latency) and flash endurance (up to 89% reduction in writes sent to the cache device) compared to traditional cache management. It also shows that the proposed architecture and algorithms can be extended to support the combination of compression and deduplication for flash caching and improve its performance and endurance.
Immunological neutralization of various erythropoietins.

SummaryIncreased serum erythropoietin levels were produced in mice, rats, rabbits, and a sheep in response to hypoxia or phenylhydrazine anemia. In all cases, including that of the rabbit, the serum erythropoietin was neutralized on addition of serum from rabbits previously immunized with an erythropoietin extract of human urinary origin. Also, an erythropoietin extract prepared from phenylhydrazine anemic sheep plasma was neutralized by such serum. These data suggest that erythropoietins of the various animal species studied are similar.
Effect of Various Nucleoside Triphosphates on the Catalytic Activity of Chicken Liver Fructose Diphosphatase

Abstract Effect of various nucleoside triphosphates on the catalytic activity of chicken liver fructose diphosphatase was studied. It was found that ATP, UTP, and GTP at the concentration of 0.5 mM inhibited about 50% of the enzyme activity while ITP, TTP, and CTP though inhibitory are relatively less potent. Inhibition by all these nucleoside triphosphates was significantly reduced with an increase of pH. Effect of Mg++ on ATP and GTP inhibition was investigated. The concentrations of these two nucleotides required to inhibit 50% of activity increased about 4 times as Mg++ increased from 1.0 mM to 15 mM. Treatment of the enzyme with 3.0 mM ATP or GTP followed by extensive dialysis failed to recover more than 15% of the enzyme activity. Both the ATP- and the GTP-treated enzymes significantly reduced the affinity for the substrate (FDP).
A study of simulation and test on rockbrust prevention measurements of pressure-relief slot in the “three hard”mine

Based on the 8931 roadway in a"three hard"mine of Datong and according to the theory of coal or rock under the static load,the pressure-relief slot is selected as the measurement for prevention of rockburst inthe "three hard"mine. This paper uses the FLAC3Dsoftware to simulate unloading effect of three kinds of pressure-relief slots on the 8931 roadway,compares and analyzes the simulation results of displacements of two sides of the pressure-relief slot and plastic zone of pressure-relief slot. The convergence of surrounding rock deformation,shear stress contour of roadway and maximum principal stress contour of roadway show that,for the roadway parallel to direction of maximum in-situ stress,surrounding rock pressure relief effect of side vertical pressure-relief slot is the best,followed by the central vertical pressure-relief slot,the poor relief effect of surrounding rock is the horizontal pressure-relief slot. The test of using side vertical pressure-relief slot to prevent and control rockbrust is carried out in the field. Displacement of the surrounding rock at the place where the pressure-relief slot exists ranges from 15 to 23 mm,otherwise it varies between 34 and 44 mm.Application of the electromagnetic emission technology to examining the test results affirms the unloading effect of pressure-relief slot. The research results indicate that the pressure-relief slot is a feasible measurement for prevention of rockburst in the "three hard " mine,which can effectively control the surrounding rock deformation and maintain the roadway stability.
“Presto Change-o! Tyrone Slothrop’s English Again!”: Puritan Conversion, Imperfect Assurance, and the Salvific Sloth in Gravity’s Rainbow

In 1650, Thomas Pynchon’s first Anglo-American ancestor, William Pynchon, published a pamphlet entitled The Meritorious Price of Our Redemption . Its 158 pages constitute a dialogue between a “Tradesman” and a “Divine” arguing that Jesus did not suffer God’s wrath in atonement for the sins of the Elect, nor did he descend into hell, as the Nicene Creed holds. Rather, according to William, Christ endured the worst of what the devil could dish out, though God did allow Satan to do so. In a sense, William claimed Christ’s suffering on the cross in the gospels resembles Job’s experience in the Old Testament. Most Puritans disagreed with his conclusions: it is clear that New England’s first Pynchon was a far better merchant than a Puritan religious scholar.
Avoidance and Subversion of Eukaryotic Homeostatic Autophagy Mechanisms by Bacterial Pathogens

Autophagy is a conserved lysosomal recycling process, which maintains cellular homeostasis during stress and starvation conditions by degrading and recycling proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates, ultimately increasing nutrient availability in eukaryotes. An additional function of autophagy, termed xenophagy, is to detect, capture, and destroy invading microorganisms, such as viruses, bacteria, and protozoa, providing autophagy with a role in innate immunity. Many intracellular pathogens have, however, developed mechanisms to avoid xenophagy and have evolved strategies to take advantage of select autophagic processes to undergo their intracellular life cycle. This review article will discuss the molecular mechanisms used by the intracellular bacterial pathogens Francisella spp. and Brucella spp. to manipulate components of the autophagic pathway, promoting cytosolic growth in the case of Francisella spp. and facilitating cellular egress and cell-to-cell spread in the case of Brucella spp. These examples highlight how successful, highly infectious bacterial pathogens avoid or subvert host autophagy mechanisms normally employed to maintain eukaryotic homeostasis.
Understanding interpersonal conflicts that are difficult to resolve: A review of literature and presentation of an integrated model

Our review summarizes and integrates existing research on interpersonal conflicts that are difficult to resolve. Research indicates that interpersonal conflicts can adversely impact families, individual health, team functioning, and intercultural relations. Hence, we need to better understand protracted disputes. We focus on two research programs directly related to interpersonal conflict (serial arguments and perpetual problems) and a third area of research that takes a macro approach to studying intractable conflict. We combine elements of the three approaches into an integrative framework that suggests nine questions worthy of future research.
Integration of Olfactory Input by Lobster Olfactory Receptor Neurons

Approximately 50% of lobster olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) support both odor-evoked excitatory and inhibitory conductances. In the present study we show that inhibition rapidly and reversibly diminishes both the intensity and the time course of the output of lobster ORNs within the natural sampling interval. We conclude that the dynamic interplay of opposing, odor-evoked inputs must be considered as a potentially important feature of coding in these neurons.
Separase Protease Activity is Required for Cytokinesis in addition to Chromosome Segregation

Chromosomal segregation and cytokinesis are tightly regulated processes required for successful cell division. The cysteine protease separase cleaves a subunit of the cohesin complex to allow chromosome segregation at anaphase onset. Separase also regulates meiotic cortical granule exocytosis and vesicle trafficking during cytokinesis, both of which involve RAB-11. Separase has non-proteolytic signaling functions in addition to its role in substrate cleavage, and its mechanism in exocytosis is unknown. We sought to determine whether separase regulates RAB-11 vesicle exocytosis through a proteolytic or non-proteolytic mechanism. To address this question, we generated a protease-dead separase, SEP-1PD::GFP, and unexpectedly found that it is dominant negative. Consistent with its role in cohesin cleavage, SEP-1PD::GFP causes chromosome segregation defects. Depletion of the substrate subunit of cohesin rescues this defect, suggesting that SEP-1PD::GFP impairs cohesin cleavage by a substrate trapping mechanism. We investigated whether SEP-1PD::GFP also impairs RAB-11 vesicle trafficking. SEP-1PD::GFP causes a low rate of cytokinesis failure that is synergistically exacerbated by depletion of the core exocytic t-SNARE protein SYX-4. Interestingly, SEP-1PD::GFP causes an accumulation of RAB-11 vesicles at the cleavage furrow site and delayed the exocytosis of cortical granules during anaphase I. Depletion of SYX-4 further enhanced RAB-11::mCherry and SEP-1PD::GFP plasma membrane accumulation during cytokinesis. These findings suggest that the protease activity of separase is required for the exocytosis of RAB-11 vesicles during cortical granule exocytosis and mitotic cytokinesis.
Diagnosis and Treatment of Childhood Migraine.

While the diagnosis of migraine in children is generally straightforward, treatment can seem complex with a number of medication choices, many of which are used “off label.” Patients with intermittent migraines can often be managed with ibuprofen or naproxen taken as needed. Unfortunately, by the time that children present to our practice, they have often tried these medications without improvement. Triptans are frequently prescribed to these patients with good success. It is important to make the patient aware of the possible associated serotonergic reactions. If the patient is having more than one headache per week or the headaches are prolonged, prophylactic treatment is indicated. In our practice, the overwhelming majority of these patients will be treated with amitriptyline or topiramate. We generally allow side effect tolerability to guide our choice of medication. Cyproheptadine is often used in younger patients as it comes in a liquid form. There is evidence supporting the use of propranolol, though the potential worsening of underlying asthma symptoms may limit its use, and sodium valproate, which must be used with caution in female patients of childbearing age due to significant teratogenicity risks. Other prophylactic treatments with less robust evidence include the antiepileptic drugs gabapentin, zonisamide, and levetiracetam; calcium channel blockers such as verapamil and amlodipine; and the angiotensin receptor blocking agent candasartin (not available in the USA). Almost all patients in our practice are advised to take magnesium supplementation. Magnesium is a supplement with relatively few adverse effects and good evidence for improvement of migraine symptoms. We evaluate lifestyle issues and comorbidities in all our patients. Ignoring these will make successful treatment near impossible. Good sleep, adequate hydration, appropriate diet, and exercise are vitally important. Finally, most of our patients benefit from a psychology evaluation with cognitive behavioral therapy. Stress management and biofeedback are tremendously helpful in improving quality of life in migraineurs.
Legal Experimentation: Legal and Ethical Challenges to Evidence-Based Practice in Law, Medicine and Policymaking

Recently, both legal scholars and lawmakers have called for evidence-based practice (EBP) across a variety of “practice” areas, including not only clinical medicine, health care delivery and public health practice, but also legal services, education, criminal justice, housing, environmental regulation and many other areas of law- and policy- making. Drawing on the most longstanding version of EBP — evidence-based medicine (EBM) — they reasonably argue that decisions affecting human welfare should be based on sound evidence about the comparative effects of alternatives. Rigorously studying the effects of an innovative practice on a small scale before implementing it more widely limits the extent of any negative impact it might have. And retrospective testing of already-accepted practices can identify ineffective and inefficient practices.But EBM has faced substantial legal and ethical challenges. Regulations in place since the early 1980s — but, fortuitously, now being questioned by both scholars and regulators — often make it difficult to conduct the research (including RCTs, quality improvement/assurance, demonstration projects, analysis of existing data) necessary to inform EBP, not only in medicine but in other practice areas. On the other hand, conducting research and integrating research into practice settings that are traditionally understood to involve fiduciary relationships raise legitimate legal and ethical concerns.This document highlights some of these legal and ethical questions and provides background on the relevant regulations; argues for the need to unite scholars interested in widespread EBP with scholars already working on the challenges to EBM in order to develop legal, ethical and effective approaches to achieving EBP that are suitable for diverse purposes; and discusses a workshop that aims to begin that process.
The President’s Sabbatical

Yielding to the pressure of the faculty senate requesting sabbaticals, Dr. P.R. Coots, president of the much less than prestigious Port Bumby Avenue College, comes up with an unconventional solution—he grants a sabbatical to …himself. The fact that he hasn’t taught a class in over 20 years does not bother him.
Toward Analog Neural Computation

Computationalism about the brain is the view that the brain literally performs computations. For the view to be interesting, we need an account of computation. The most well-developed account of computation is Turing Machine computation, the account provided by theoretical computer science which provides the basis for contemporary digital computers. Some have thought that, given the seemingly-close analogy between the all-or-nothing nature of neural spikes in brains and the binary nature of digital logic, neural computation could be a species of digital computation. A few recent authors have offered arguments against this idea; here, I review recent findings in neuroscience that further cement the implausibility of this view. However, I argue that we can retain the view that the brain is a computer if we expand what we mean by “computation” to include analog computation. I articulate an account of analog computation as the manipulation of analog representations based on previous work on the difference between analog and non-analog representations, extending a view originally articulated in Shagrir (Stud Hist Philos Sci 41(3):271–279, 2010). Given that analog computation constitutes a significant chapter in the history of computation, this revision of computationalism to include analog computation is not an ad hoc addition. Brains may well be computers, but of the analog kind, rather than the digital kind.
Options and uncertainties in planetary defense: Mission planning and vehicle design for flexible response

Abstract This paper is part of an integrated study by NASA and the NNSA to quantitatively understand the response timeframe should a threatening Earth-impacting near-Earth object (NEO) be identified. The two realistic responses considered are the use of a spacecraft functioning as either a kinetic impactor or a nuclear explosive carrier to deflect the approaching NEO. The choice depends on the NEO size and mass, the available response time prior to Earth impact, and the various uncertainties. Whenever practical, the kinetic impactor is the preferred approach, but various factors, such as large uncertainties or short available response time, reduce the kinetic impactor's suitability and, ultimately, eliminate its sufficiency. Herein we examine response time and the activities that occur between the time when an NEO is recognized as being a sufficient threat to require a deflection and the time when the deflection impulse is applied to the NEO. To use a kinetic impactor for successful deflection of an NEO, it is essential to minimize the reaction time and maximize the time available for the impulse delivered to the NEO by the kinetic impactor to integrate forward in time to the eventual deflection of the NEO away from Earth impact. To shorten the response time, we develop tools to survey the profile of needed spacecraft launches and the possible mission payloads. We further present a vehicle design capable of either serving as a kinetic impactor, or, if the need arises, serving as a system to transport a nuclear explosive to the NEO. These results are generated by analyzing a specific case study in which the simulated Earth-impacting NEO is modeled very closely after the real NEO known as 101955 Bennu (1999 RQ36). Bennu was selected for our case study in part because it is the best-studied of the known NEOs. It is also the destination of NASA's OSIRIS-REx sample return mission, which is, at the time of this writing, enroute to Bennu following a September 2016 launch.
Predicting enrollment in two randomized controlled trials of nonpharmacologic interventions for youth with primary mood disorders.

Abstract Background As recruitment and retention are often challenging in randomized controlled trials (RCTs), this study sought to identify predictors of participation (i.e., trial enrollment). Method These analyses identified predictors of enrollment among 119 youth, ages 7–14, with a primary mood disorder, who screened eligible for the Omega-3 and Therapy pilot studies; 95 (79.8%) actually participated in the treatment. Results Youth who received some form of travel assistance (16.0%) almost uniformly enrolled in the treatment portion of the RCT. Youth who lived further away from the study site (p = .047) or whose primary caregiver never married (p = .01) were less likely to enroll. Of note, socioeconomic status (SES) variables (parent education and child insurance status) did not significantly predict enrollment, suggesting that study incentives or accommodations may have adequately addressed barriers commonly associated with SES. Limitations Due to the fairly high trial enrollment rate (approximately 80%), there likely was limited power to detect some differences between groups. Generalizability may be limited to youth with a primary mood disorder diagnosis. Conclusions Despite retaining a large proportion of the youth who screened eligible, participant self-selection is a limitation of any RCT. A silent inclusion criterion of any RCT is willingness to be randomized.
Gastrointestinal Polyps and Hemorrhage as a Presentation of Primary Systemic Light Chain Amyloidosis

Light-chain amyloidosis is caused by deposition of immunoglobulin light chains within multiple organs, including the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Gastrointestinal hemorrhage is a less frequent presentation. Endoscopic findings are nonspecific, and bleeding mucosal polyps are rare. We report a 59-year-old Hispanic woman with a history of gastric polyps who presented with recurrent GI hemorrhage from mucosal polyps. She had periorbital purpura and macroglossia. Biopsy of the gastric polyp confirmed amyloid deposition. Bonemarrow biopsy revealed plasma cell myeloma. She was treated with endoscopic intervention and arterial embolization to control the bleeding, and with chemotherapy for multiple myeloma.
Ecologically Unequal Exchange and Raw Materialism: The Material Foundations of the Capitalist World-Economy

This chapter brings the ecologically unequal exchange (EUE) literature into dialogue with another world-systems theoretical model, raw materialism. This theoretical model focuses attention on the raw materials-based industries and linked transport systems that are used to solve the most fundamental challenge to rapid economic growth: how to acquire growing volumes of raw materials at lower costs and in greater and more secure volumes than other competing economies. Historically, many rising economies used raw materials access strategies that focused on stealing raw material peripheries from established hegemons. The current historical juncture in China’s economic ascent and in the coal industry creates an opportunity for integrating the insights of EUE and raw materialism to understand the multidimensional causes and consequences of global inequalities over the very long term.
Soil Physics Explores the Hidden Turmoil in the Field

Peruse me, O Reader, if you find delight in my work. … And come, men, to see the wonders which may be discovered in nature by such studies.
A comparison of advection schemes in variable-density, highly conductive, ground water domains

Publisher Summary Simulated equilibrium salinity distributions are compared as a function of advection scheme in highly conductive, variable-densities of the coastal ground water domains. Distributions are compared with respect to several criteria, including the existence of numerical dispersion or artificial oscillations in the solution, isohaline location and orientation, mass conservation, and computational demand. Numerical simulations are performed with the variable-density saltwater intrusion model called “SEAWAT” that utilizes three unique time domains: stress periods; time steps for transport or transport steps; and time steps for flow. Six advection schemes are evaluated in the chapter—namely, finite difference with central-in-space weighting, finite difference with upstream weighting, the method of characteristics, the modified method of characteristics, a hybrid method of characteristics, and a total variation diminishing scheme. The finite difference upstream method outperforms the other schemes with respect to the comparison criteria. The hyper-conductive domain advects the family of isohalines approximately 900% further landward than the highly conductive domain. The location of an isohaline varies as a function of advection scheme by a maximum of 20% of the advected distance.
Hybrid electrochemical sensor platform for capsaicin determination using coarsely stepped cyclic squarewave voltammetry.

Abstract A small, standalone electrochemical hybrid sensor platform, combining flexible electronics and screen-printed electrodes, is demonstrated in the determination of capsaicin through adsorptive stripping voltammetry. The sensing scheme was simplified to be compatible with a low-cost device. The simplification involved eliminating the need for additional modification of the electrode and employing a coarsely stepped squarewave voltammetry, a technique which is applicable with less sophisticated instrumentation. This architecture was found to be suitable for concentrations up to at least 5000 µM with a detection limit of 1.98 µM. The screen-printed carbon graphite electrodes were made reusable through an ethanol rinsing protocol. The effect of ethanol/buffer volumetric ratio in the test sample was shown to ﻿greatly influence the analytical data, and a fixed 10% (v/v) was chosen as a compromise between signal-to-noise ratio and not exceeding the solubility limit of the desired upper range.
Correction to: Die antiklerikale Reformation und ihr Feindbild, der „Dr. Theologiae” Faustus

In the original publication of the article, the following symbols were published incorrectly throughout the article. These errors were introduced after the regular proofing process had been completed.
Impact of funding allocation on physical therapist research productivity and DPT student graduates: an analysis using panel data.

Financial support for institutional research is relatively stagnant, and thus institutions are likely to seek tuition revenue to offset the costs of research and teaching. It is likely that this has led to increases in tuition driven activities, and thus has limited research activities of academic physical therapy (PT) programs in particular. However, the relationships between sources of program revenue, the number of graduates from PT programs, and the scholarly production of PT faculty have not been studied. The purpose of this paper is to study the effects of types of funding—including research grants and tuition—on the number of physical therapy graduates from each program and the research productivity of physical therapy faculty. Data from 2008 to 2016 were utilized to perform a fixed-effects panel analysis. Panel models created predictions for the number of graduates and the number of peer-reviewed publications for programs from grant funding, annual tuition, and number of funded faculty members. In any given program, a 1% increase in annual tuition is associated with 24% more graduates per year, but a single percentage point increase in the mix of NIH grant funding over other funding types is associated with 8% fewer graduates, all else equal. For every 1% increase in annual tuition, a program can expect to have 41% fewer publications per year. Those institutions with higher numbers of graduates tended to have higher numbers of publications. Higher annual program tuition appears to be associated with both higher numbers of physical therapy graduates and lower levels of publications. Different funding sources have variable effects on degree production and scholarly productivity. Data are self-reported by programs on the Annual Accreditation Report, and cause and effect cannot be established through observational design.
CHAPTER 3 – Resistances in Parallel

This chapter discusses standard RETMA values, color coding, and the methods of obtaining resistance. Resistance to the flow of electricity is greater when the wire or other conductor is very narrow, similar to the flow of water in a very narrow pipe. At higher temperatures, the atoms of the conductive material move around randomly and are therefore not in their usual positions within the material, which also slows the net forward motion to some degree. Also, the electrons tend to collide with each other, which cause them to deviate from a straight path. The heating effect is used in a special type of thermistor device, where temperature can be measured by noting the rise in resistance. The inexpensive resistors to be used in this course are mostly the carbon composition type, which are graphite plus clay with a plastic insulating coating around the outside. The insulating coating around the resistor is usually epoxy plastic. A water pump analog of two resistors in parallel and the electrical example are also discussed in the chapter.
Negative impacts of summer heat on Sierra Nevada tree seedlings

Understanding the response of forests to climate change is important for predicting changes in biodiversity and ecosystem services, including carbon storage. Seedlings represent a key demographic stage in these responses, because seedling establishment is necessary for population persistence and spread, and because the conditions allowing seedlings to survive and grow are often more restrictive than those adults can tolerate. However, detailed long‐term data on the responses of individual seedlings to climatic variation are rare. Here, we analyze a decade of seedling growth and survival data collected in 25 long‐term plots located in Sequoia and Yosemite National Parks. The forest types represented range from lower‐elevation mixed conifer, to red fir‐dominated, to high‐elevation western white pine stands. Twelve species, including two oaks and ten conifers, are found across these plots. Survival and transition to larger size classes are modeled within a Bayesian framework as a function of species, size, fire, and various climate variables. We initially expected that precipitation‐related variables would have a strong effect on seedling survival and growth in this Mediterranean‐climate region and that some species might respond positively to higher temperatures if they are adapted to warmer low‐elevation areas or to higher‐than‐average temperatures if they are high‐elevation species whose growing seasons are limited by cold. However, we found that higher July maximum temperature or temperature anomalies were associated with lower survival and growth for most species, while precipitation and snow effects were weaker and more variable. Higher precipitation had a positive effect on survival of most species, but snow effects and precipitation effects on growth could be negative. Given the estimated climate responses, under potential future scenarios of higher summer temperatures and altered precipitation, most species are predicted to have lower survival and reduced growth. This is likely to favor species that have relatively high survival and growth and less negative responses to climatic shift (such as several of the pines) and perhaps lead to a more open forest structure—or potentially transition to non‐forest vegetation types where seedling recruitment does not keep pace with adult mortality.
Unit Selection Based on Counterfactual Logic

Author(s): Li, Ang | Advisor(s): Pearl, Judea | Abstract: The unit selection problem aims to identify a set of individuals who are most likely to exhibit a desired mode of behavior, which is defined in counterfactual terms. A typical example is that of selecting individuals who would respond one way if encouraged and a different way if not encouraged. Unlike previous works on this problem, which rely on ad-hoc heuristics, we approach this problem formally, using counterfactual logic, to properly capture the nature of the desired behavior. This formalism enables us to derive an informative selection criterion which integrates experimental and observational data. We show that a more accurate selection criterion can be achieved when structural information is available in the form of a causal diagram. We further discuss data availability issue regarding the derivation of the selection criterion without the observational or experimental data. We demonstrate the superiority of this criterion over A/B-test-based approaches.
Modulation of DNA structure formation using small molecules.

Abstract Genome integrity is essential for proper cell function such that genetic instability can result in cellular dysfunction and disease. Mutations in the human genome are not random, and occur more frequently at “hotspot” regions that often co-localize with sequences that have the capacity to adopt alternative (i.e. non-B) DNA structures. Non-B DNA-forming sequences are mutagenic, can stimulate the formation of DNA double-strand breaks, and are highly enriched at mutation hotspots in human cancer genomes. Thus, small molecules that can modulate the conformations of these structure-forming sequences may prove beneficial in the prevention and/or treatment of genetic diseases. Further, the development of molecular probes to interrogate the roles of non-B DNA structures in modulating DNA function, such as genetic instability in cancer etiology are warranted. Here, we discuss reported non-B DNA stabilizers, destabilizers, and probes, recent assays to identify ligands, and the potential biological applications of these DNA structure-modulating molecules.
Intuitive Autonomy for Real Users of Small Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (sUAV)

Autonomous systems requiring user supervision or manual control of autonomy are becoming more prevalent in real world deployments. These systems will require transitions of control between autonomous and manual operations with users being required to both take control from and cede control to autonomy. Prior work in Human-Drone Interaction (HDI) has observed or designed for user interaction with a perfectly functioning robot, but has not looked at interactions with a robot that is about to fail. In this paper we describe results from initial work on characterizing user responses to failures in aerial autonomous systems. Ongoing and future work involves evaluating user proficiency in system operation and its impact on HDI with semi-autonomous systems. This work is novel in the context of small Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (sUAVs) and will inform sUAV autonomy designers for systems with a range of user training from search and rescue to hobbyist users through recommendations for training, necessary timelines for information sharing, and failure planning or contingency options in HDI.
Examining the Acceptance of Innovations in Learning Technologies in Higher Education—A Malaysian Perspective

Higher education institutions in Malaysia are increasingly moving towards being part of the regional higher education hub through significant progressions to stimulate learning through digital learning technologies. The interpretation of opinions gathered from similar studies provides us with many instances of technology adoption practices which is deemed necessary to overcome the challenges faced by institutions. To provide justification to the merits of learning technologies, it is critical to inspect significant elements which will be helpful in giving an appropriate framework model from within and outside learning institutions. An exploratory study is conducted here on existing work on the provisions and usage of computer learning tools in various higher education institutions (HEI) in Malaysia. The purpose of this study is to explore the framework model as a way to assist teachers improve teaching performance using computing tools so as to support progressive learning in institutions. The study findings could firstly provide pragmatic data on the technology innovations usages in HEI from a Malaysian perspective. Secondly, the study outcome may perhaps guide the HEI authority to establish practical boundaries on current and emerging ICT implementations. Thirdly, this may assist in developing strategies in line with the National Educational Policy on the use of technology-assisted learning for twenty-first century higher education. The study concludes that the use of digital technology tools can be considered as a resourceful alternative to conventional learning and teaching providing suitable recommendations for learning orientation and extend opportunities for future empirical research.
Model eliciting activities: another tool for the elementary teaching toolbox

Maximizing classroom time to include meaningful content-based learning with fun engaging activities that simultaneously challenge and encourage students is a hallmark of a successful school day. Th...
The Influence of the BDNF Val66Met Polymorphism on the Association of Regular Physical Activity With Cognition Among Individuals With Diabetes.

Introduction:Diabetes is associated with cognitive dysfunction that comes with substantial lifetime consequences, such as interference with diabetes self-management and reduced quality of life. Alt...
Reductive stress in cancer.

Abstract Reductive stress is defined as a condition characterized by excess accumulation of reducing equivalents (e.g., NADH, NADPH, GSH), surpassing the activity of endogenous oxidoreductases. Excessive reducing equivalents can perturb cell signaling pathways, change the formation of disulfide bonding in proteins, disturb mitochondrial homeostasis or decrease metabolism. Reductive stress is influenced by cellular antioxidant load, its flux and a subverted homeostasis that paradoxically can result in excess ROS induction. Balanced reducing equivalents and antioxidant enzymes that contribute to reductive stress can be regulated by Nrf2, typically considered as an oxidative stress induced transcription factor. Cancer cells may coordinate distinct pools of redox couples under reductive stress and these may link to biological consequences from both molecular and translational standpoints. In cancer, there is recent interest in understanding how selective induction of reductive stress may influence therapeutic management and disease progression.
A Superfluid Plug for Space

This experiment is concerned with the problem of containing liquid helium in space. On earth, one maintains cryogenic equipment at 4°K by immersing it in liquid helium and utilizing the latent heat of the liquid to dissipate any heat input. Gravitational phase separation allows the boil-off gas to be withdrawn at the top of the dewar. Two major problems arise in a zero-g environment. First, we no longer may have an open gas-evacuation line because liquid will also be withdrawn. Second, there may not always be enough liquid in contact with the equipment to dissipate the entire heat input; consequently, the temperature of the system will rise.
Exploring genomic context patterns for Rhodobacter sphaeroides in the HERBE knowledge discovery environment

Sophisticated information strategies are increasingly essential for biologists. We have built a powerful knowledge discovery resource using novel genomic context methods, interactive visualization strategies, and computational environment technologies. The Heuristic Entity Relationship Building Environment (HERBE) is a research platform for advanced database technologies that fuses data management solutions with knowledge management components to support the dynamic capture of concepts and observations as biologists explore large-scale data. The Similarity Box visualization software supports the ability of biologists to interact with large-scale computational results and evaluate relationships based on natural reasoning processes. We have applied these knowledge methods in the exploration of complex microbial genome relationships. We extracted a complete set of gene neighbor patterns for Rhodobacter sphaeroides using HERBE to map data structures for chromosomal contiguity against sequence similarity. We then organized these gene neighbor patterns by their phylogenetic profiles using Similarity Box to enable biologists to explore the results.
What's in a name: Mortality and the power of symbols

One's attitude about oneself, and the treatment one receives from others, might be affected, in some small but measurable way, by stigmatic or salutary labeling due to one's name. If names affect attitudes and attitudes affect longevity, then individuals with "positive" initials (e.g., A.C.E., V.I.P.) might live longer than those with "negative" initials (e.g., P.I.G., D.I.E.). Using California death certificates, 1969-1995, we isolated 2287 male decedents with "negative" initials and 1200 with "positive" initials. Males with positive initials live 4.48 years longer (p (term-accident-vs-injury) Language: en
improving performance on gross anatomy practical examination through weekly quizzes (533.7)

A standard to assess first year medical students’ knowledge of gross anatomy is a timed practical examination. Research indicates weekly quizzes are associated with better academic success in an an...
Motivational typologies of drinkers: do enhancement and coping drinkers form two distinct groups?

Aims This study used a person-centered approach to test whether drinking motive typologies could be identified. Design Longitudinal study of college students within the Intensive Multivariate Prospective Alcohol College-Transitions (IMPACTS) data set. Setting University campus in the United States. Participants University students (baseline n reporting alcohol motives = 2158; baseline age = 18.60 years old). Measurements The Drinking Motives Questionnaire-Revised (DMQ-R). Findings Using Steinley & Brusco's cluster analysis approach [based on the theoretical ratio expected between the within sum of squares and the total sum of squares when the data are divided into two clusters when no cluster structure is present; the cut-off for the ratio is 0.25 for uniform (multivariate uniform) distributions and 0.36 for normal (multivariate normal) distributions], we examined whether there was evidence for distinct clusters of individuals that differed on their overall level of motives to drink. We tested the fit of a one-group (cluster) solution compared to multi-cluster solutions. Both cross-sectionally and prospectively, the data could not be partitioned into two or more clusters [regardless of whether the cut-off assuming a multivariate uniform distribution (i.e. 0.25) or the more liberal multivariate normal distribution (i.e. 0.36) was used]. These findings showed that enhancement and coping drinkers do not form two distinct groups but, rather, these motives exist on a continuum such that individuals who are high in one internal motive tend to be high in the other motive. Conclusions Coping and enhancement drinkers do not form two distinct groups. Variable-centered approaches to drinking motives may be a better alternative to classifying all drinkers as either enhancement or coping drinkers for both clinical and research endeavors.
Modeling MESSENGER observations of calcium in Mercury's exosphere

The Mercury Atmospheric and Surface Composition Spectrometer (MASCS) on the MESSENGER spacecraft has made the first high-spatial-resolution observations of exospheric calcium at Mercury. We use a Monte Carlo model of the exosphere to track the trajectories of calcium atoms ejected from the surface until they are photoionized, escape from the system, or stick to the surface. This model permits an exploration of exospheric source processes and interactions among neutral atoms, solar radiation, and the planetary surface. The MASCS data have suggested that a persistent, high-energy source of calcium that was enhanced in the dawn, equatorial region of Mercury was active during MESSENGER's three flybys of Mercury and during the first seven orbits for which MASCS obtained data. The total Ca source rate from the surface varied between 1.2x10(exp 23) and 2.6x10(exp 23) Ca atoms/s, if its temperature was 50,000 K. The origin of this high-energy, asymmetric source is unknown, although from this limited data set it does not appear to be consistent with micrometeoroid impact vaporization, ion sputtering, electron-stimulated desorption, or vaporization at dawn of material trapped on the cold nightside.