cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modeling Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder: Validating an Ex Vivo Primary Hippocampal Cell Culture System.

Background Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) is the leading nongenetic cause of mental retardation. There are no treatments for FASD to date. Preclinical in vivo and in vitro studies could help in identifying novel drug targets as for other diseases. Here, we describe an ex vivo model that combines the physiological advantages of prenatal ethanol (EtOH) exposure in vivo with the uniformity of primary fetal hippocampal culture to characterize the effects of prenatal EtOH. The insulin signaling pathways are known to be involved in hippocampal functions. Therefore, we compared the expression of insulin signaling pathway genes between fetal hippocampi (in vivo) and primary hippocampal culture (ex vivo). The similarity of prenatal EtOH effects in these 2 paradigms would deem the ex vivo culture acceptable to screen possible treatments for FASD. Methods Pregnant Sprague–Dawley rats received 1 of 3 diets: ad libitum standard laboratory chow (control-C), isocaloric pair-fed (nutritional control), and EtOH containing liquid diets from gestational day (GD) 8. Fetal male and female hippocampi were collected either on GD21 (in vivo) or on GD18 for primary culture (ex vivo). Transcript levels of Igf2, Igf2r, Insr, Grb10, Rasgrf1, and Zac1 were measured by reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Results Hippocampal transcript levels differed by prenatal treatment in both males and females with sex differences observed in the expression of Igf2 and Insr. The effect of prenatal EtOH on the hippocampal expression of the insulin pathway genes was parallel in the in vivo and the ex vivo conditions. Conclusions The similarity of gene expression changes in response to prenatal EtOH between the in vivo and the ex vivo conditions ascertains that these effects are already set in the fetal hippocampus at GD18. This strengthens the feasibility of the ex vivo primary hippocampal culture as a tool to test and screen candidate drug targets for FASD.
Research on the Information Quality of Cost Accounting from the Perspective of Response to Antidumping Lawsuits

Response to anti-dumping lawsuits is a fight of accounting data under the framework of antidumping laws.From the perspective of response to anti-dumping lawsuits,this paper analyzes the features of information quality of cost accounting for response to anti-dumping lawsuits and the existing problems,and points out that product accounting system is not the essential factor influencing lawsuit-related cost information quality,and the quality of enterprise cost information and the fidelity factor of the conversion of cost information into lawsuit response cost information may be the real barriers affecting the information quality of response to anti-dumping lawsuits for enterprises.Finally,this paper puts forward such corresponding solutions as establishing response to anti-dumping lawsuits-oriented cost accounting system,strengthening antidumping accounting training for accountants of enterprises,setting up full-time antidumping accountant like European countries and America do,etc.
A Hydrogen Ignition Mechanism for Explosions in Nuclear Facility Pipe Systems

Hydrogen and oxygen generation due to the radiolysis of water is a recognized hazard in pipe systems used in the nuclear industry, where the accumulation of hydrogen and oxygen at high points in the pipe system is expected, and explosive conditions exist. Pipe ruptures at nuclear facilities were attributed to hydrogen explosions inside pipelines, in nuclear facilities, i.e., Hamaoka, Nuclear Power Station in Japan, and Brunsbuettel in Germany. Prior to these accidents an ignition source for hydrogen was questionable, but these accidents, demonstrated that a mechanism was, in fact, available to initiate combustion and explosion. Hydrogen explosions may occur simultaneously with water hammer accidents in nuclear facilities, and a theoretical mechanism to relate water hammer to hydrogen deflagrations and explosions is presented herein.
Predictive analytics for non-stationary V2I channel

Vehicle to Infrastructure (V2I) channels are particularly difficult to analyze because of high mobility and localized scattering from nearby vehicles and road-side features. The spatio-temporal variation of the scattering environment makes the channel a non-stationary stochastic process, which renders conventional, receiver-side channel conditioning techniques ineffective for this emerging application. Our work takes a radically different approach to introduce predictive analytics at the Road-Side Unit (RSU) to proactively compensate for channel variations over time and frequency while precisely fitting into contemporary protocols like Dedicated Short Range Communication (DSRC) and Wireless Access in Vehicular Environment (WAVE). By assimilating the channel state feedback built into these protocols, we employ an iterative learning algorithm to gather localized knowledge of the channel profile. This acquired knowledge is used to pre-condition the downlink waveform to lower the Bit Error Rate (BER) by ≈ 100 times, when compared to the current vehicular communication standards even at a relatively high Signal to Noise (SNR) of 17 dB. Further, our algorithm is able to predict the non-stationary V2I channel with an average absolute error of 10−2 in dense scattering environment.
Heat exchanger network design

Heat exchanger networks are designed to reach energy targets obtained by the problem table analysis with the help of the pinch design method. The method is adapted to allow trade-offs between energy, number of units, and capital; and to cover retrofit of existing plants. This chapter gives a synoptic view of advanced concepts that include: more complex maximum energy recovery or minimum energy requirement (MER) designs involving stream splitting, network relaxation, elimination of small exchangers with a minor energy penalty, situations with constraints, multiple pinches, utility pinches and pinch regions, revamp and retrofit of existing heat exchanger networks, and operability aspects and multiple base cases. Heat exchange equipment is divided into three families: shell and tube used for liquids but which may include gases or condensing streams, plate that is used for liquids, and recuperative exchangers that are used for gas streams. Heat recovery to and from solid streams is difficult. A multi-stream heat exchanger is therefore used as an alternative to the splitting of streams into parallel branches for achieving MER. Threshold problems are cases where one utility is not required. Available types of heat exchangers and key themes are illustrated by application to the case study on organics distillation.
Hierodulic Slavery: The Status of Kumari, the Living Goddess

It has been argued that the Kumari worship of Nepal is a form of hierodulic slavery and should be abolished. In this paper, I provide a history of the notion as an instance of Shakti reverence, and...
DETERMINATION OF THE THERMAL DIFFUSIVITY FOR POLYCRYSTALLINE GRAPHITES AT HIGH TEMPERATURE

Two methods have been developed and employed for determining the thermal diffusivity of graphites. The first method utilizes a “steady” sinusoidal heat input at one end of a thin walled tube which is placed in a uniformly heated space. Measurements of the longitudinal diffusivity were performed in the temperature range 120-650°C. In the second method a rod is initially heated to equilibrium conditions by passing an electrical current through it and then permitted to cool by radiation and convection. Using this method the transverse thermal diffusivity of several different graphites was measured over the temperature range 750-2800°C. The reproducibility appears to be reasonably good if oxidation of the surface is avoided. The thermal diffusivity values obtained by the use of the second method were compared with values calculated from K/dc where K, the thermal conductivity, was (during the same runs) determined by using the technique of Powell and Schofield, and Strauss. It was found that the values for the measured thermal diffusivity are up to about 30% lower than the corresponding values calculated from the thermal conductivity. A satisfactory explanation of at least a large part of this discrepancy has not yet been found.
The Application of the Prussian Blue Stain to Previously Stained Films of Blood and Bone Marrow

A simple method for staining non-hemoglobin iron in erythrocytes, normoblasts, macrophages, and other cells containing particulate iron in new or old films of cellular fluids or imprints of tissues and organs is presented. This method consists in using the prussian blue reagent as a type of counterstain; no separate decolorization is necessary. The preparations obtained resemble the original preparations except that iron stands out as a vivid blue-green material. The method is particularly useful in studying conditions accompanied by varying degrees of iron excess or hemosiderosis of the marrow. The stainable iron is all virtually the same color. The diffuse blue-green color of the cytoplasm of macrophages might be attributed to the more soluble form of iron, ferritin. Stainable iron is visible in normoblasts and erythrocytes as well as in macrophages in sections subjected to the prussian blue reaction. A prussian blue method using formalin fixation on fresh films of marrow 7 has also been shown to be useful in the demonstration of particulate iron in previously stained films of marrow and blood. The formalin fixation appears to bring about a higher percentage of siderocytes.
A reevaluation of the presence of low midpoint potential cytochrome 551.5 in the green photosynthetic bacterium Chloropseudomonasethylica

Abstract A soluble cytochrome with an α band having a maximum absorbance at 551.5 nm when reduced has been reported to be present in Chloropseudomonas ethylica . Recent results indicate that all C. ethylica strain 2-K cultures examined in this laboratory to date are mixtures of a photosynthetic bacterium, Chlorobium limicola , and at least one colorless heterotrophe. At least one type of colorless bacterium in C. ethylica cultures reduces oxidized forms of sulfur. It is proposed that the low midpoint redox potential, soluble c 3 cytochrome 551.5 found in cultures previously designated C. ethylica , is contained in such a sulfur reducer. The cytochrome is absent from the only photosynthetic microbe ( Chlorobium ) isolated from such mixtures.
The Boundaries of Humanity: The Ethics of Human–Animal Chimeras in Cloning and Stem Cell Research

Advances in molecular and cell biology are opening new possibilities for combining human and animal cells, tissues, and organs. These projects could have important scientific and medical benefits, but open ethical dilemmas that challenge our traditional notions of the boundaries of humanity. Beginning with an overview of the goals and likely limitations of this research, we seek a framework of fundamental principles that can at once open avenues of scientific advance and defend human dignity. Reflection on these difficult dilemmas can promote a deeper understanding and appreciation of what defines and distinguishes the human creature.
Uma Acustemologia da Floresta Tropical

This text has the purpose of giving a voice to a sort of alternating reality, to a kind of resonant sensibility I have found by way of anthropological research of the ecology of language, of music and acoustics. My hope is that when granting spaces to marginalized voices from where they can speak out, scream and sing, therefore anthropology could in certain measure counteract the rooted arrogance of colonial and imperial authority, the same of history written in just one tongue, history with one voice as if unique and possible narrative.
Tranexamic Acid Is Efficacious at Decreasing the Rate of Blood Loss in Adolescent Scoliosis Surgery: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial.

Background:Tranexamic acid (TXA) is an antifibrinolytic drug that reduces surgical blood loss. Evidence supporting its efficacy in surgery for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis is not robust. This trial was designed to validate the clinical efficacy of TXA in surgery for adolescent idiopathic scoliosi
The Interplay Between Subjective Response to Alcohol, Craving, and Alcohol Self-Administration in the Human Laboratory.

Background Despite a rich literature on human laboratory paradigms of subjective response (SR) to alcohol, craving for alcohol, and alcohol self-administration, few studies have examined the interplay across these 3 constructs. The present study addresses this gap in the literature by examining the interplay between SR, craving, and self-administration in the human laboratory. Methods Data were culled from a medication study (NCT02026011) in which heavy drinking participants of East Asian ancestry completed 2 double-blinded and counterbalanced experimental sessions. In each experimental session, participants received a priming dose of intravenous (IV) alcohol to a target breath alcohol concentration (BrAC) of 0.06 g/dl and measures of SR (stimulation and sedation) and alcohol craving were collected across rising BrACs. The IV alcohol challenge was immediately followed by a 1-hour alcohol self-administration period. Results Mixed model analyses found a positive and significant relationship between the slope of stimulation and the slope of craving during the alcohol challenge. The relationship between sedation and craving, however, was not significant. The slope of craving during the alcohol challenge significantly predicted a higher number of mini-drinks consumed and lower latency to first drink. Further, mediation analyses found that craving was a significant mediator of the relationship between stimulation and total number of mini-drinks consumed, but the same pattern was not found for sedation. Conclusions Insofar as alcohol self-administration represents the end point of interest for a host of experimental and clinical research questions, the present study suggests that alcohol craving represents a more proximal predictor of self-administration than measures of alcohol-induced stimulation. It is recommended that human laboratory models interpret measures of SR and craving in light of their relative predictive utility for drinking outcomes.
Hybrid Navigation Information System for Minimally Invasive Surgery: Offline Sensors Registration

Current Minimally Invasive Surgery (MIS) technology, although advantageous compared to open cavity surgery in many aspects, has limitations that prevents its use for general purpose surgery. This is due to reduced dexterity, cost, and required complex training of the currently practiced technology. The main challenges in reducing cost and amount of training is to have an accurate inner body navigation advisory system to help guide the surgeon to reach the surgery location. As a first step in making minimally invasive surgery affordable and more user friendly, quality images inside the patient as well as the surgical tool location should be provided automatically and accurately in real time in a common reference frame. The objective of this paper is to build a platform to accomplish this goal. It is shown that a set of three heterogeneous asynchronous sensors is a minimum requirement for navigation inside the human body. The sensors have different data rate, different reference frames, and independent time clocks. A prerequisite for successful information fusion is to represent all the sensors data in a common reference frame. The focus of this paper is on off-line calibration of the three sensors, i.e. before the surgical device is inserted in the human body. This is a pre-requisite for real time navigation inside the human body. The proposed off-line sensor registration technique was tested using experimental laboratory data. The result of calibration was promising with an average error of 0.1081 mm and 0.0872 mm along the x and y directions, respectively, in the 2D camera image.
The Revival of Democracy

The increased revolutionary temperament in Italy placed upon France and England a great obligation to seek a settlement on the broad question of Italy. England’s role in this regard was conducted simultaneously at Vienna and Paris for a solution favorable to the Italians, at the cost of both the papacy and Austria. The issue of power complicated these clear lines the English had settled upon nonetheless, for if the Palmerston government distrusted French motives toward self-aggrandizement, it also feared that the patience of Austria would, as in 1859, vanish at a critical moment, and thus precipitate a general war from the area of northern Italy. Palmerston’s anxiety was never greater than in December 1861 when he predicted that France would initiate a general war in the spring, integrate its military efforts with the revolutionary movements in Italy and Hungary, at a moment when England would (Palmerston thought inevitably) fall into conflict with the Federal Government in America. He recognized that Ricasoli would soon fall from power, but showed no great concern with this prospect, since the succession of Rattazzi promised a better avenue for resolving the Italian question, by turning the eyes of the patriots from Rome to some other sector. If Ricasoli had refused to exchange the island of Sardinia for either Rome or Venice, Palmerston believed Rattazzi would agree to such a trade. To salvage some of Austria’s declining power, to preserve it from a war which it could not finance and could not win, Palmerston also returned to the idea of selling Venetia.1 Italian problems, by this view, became entangled with the Eastern question, and Palmerston began to meditate upon a project which would keep the peace in Europe and yet solve the most inflamed of the national questions.
Institutional Isomorphism & the Rise of a Hybrid Model in Education Philanthropy

In this paper, I draw upon a theoretical framework informed by institutional isomorphism (DiMaggio & Powell, 1983) to analyze the grantmaking practices of traditional and strategic philanthropies, with particular attention to areas of increasing convergence such as the utilization of measurable outcomes and metrics. Drawing on interviews with foundation officers and grant information from Foundation Directory Online, I find that while differences remain between traditional and strategic philanthropies, a new “hybrid philanthropy” model is emerging that blends outcomes-oriented and field-oriented approaches to grantmaking. I also find that the homogenization of practices across foundations and the influence of larger policy trends focused on data-driven decisionmaking may be leading foundations to exercise what might be termed “high stakes grantmaking.” To the extent that this might conflict with what is good for students and communities, and the goals of democratic decision making in education policy more broadly, additional research is needed.
The Changing Face of Academic Surgery: Overrepresentation of Women among Surgeon-Scientists with R01 Funding.

Background There has been a recent focus on sex-based disparities within the field of academic surgery. However, the proportion of female surgeons conducting NIH-funded research is unknown. Study Design The NIH RePORTER (Research Portfolio Online Reporting Tools Expenditures and Results) was queried for R01 grants from surgery departments for which the principal investigator (PI) had a primary medical degree, as of October 2018. Characteristics of the PI and their respective grants were collected. Institutional faculty profiles were reviewed for PI and departmental characteristics. PIs were stratified by sex and compared using standard univariate statistics. Results There were a total of 212 R01 grants in surgery departments held by 159 PIs. Of these, 26.4% (n = 42) of R01-funded surgeons were female compared with the reported 19% of academic surgery female faculty (as reported by the Association of American Medical Colleges; p = 0.02). Women with R01 grants were more likely to be first-time grant recipients with no concurrent or previous NIH funding (21.4% vs 8.6%; p = 0.03) and less likely to have a previous R01 or equivalent grant (54.8% vs 73.5%; p = 0.03). Women were more likely to be from departments with a female surgery chair (31.0% vs 13.7%; p = 0.01) or a department with > 30% female surgeons (35.0% vs 18.2%; p = 0.03). Conclusions Although female surgeons remain a minority in academic surgery, they hold a greater than anticipated proportion of NIH funding, with a high number of first-time grants, forming a crucial component of the next generation of surgeon-scientists.
Sciatic, Femoral, and Lateral Femoral Cutaneous Nerve Ultrasound-Guided Percutaneous Peripheral Nerve Stimulation.

Objective With advances in peripheral nerve stimulation technology, there has been an emergence of new minimally invasive techniques to provide neurostimulation therapies for chronic pain. This technical note describes the utilization of ultrasonography for percutaneous placement of peripheral nerve stimulation leads at the sciatic, femoral, and lateral femoral cutaneous nerves. Methods Ultrasound can be utilized to localize a specific nerve, view neighboring soft tissue anatomy, and plan a needle trajectory. Various ultrasound techniques and transducer orientations allow for multiple options for lead placement relative to the targeted nerve. Conclusions The option of ultrasound-guided percutaneous technique for neurostimulation lead placement allows this treatment modality to be made available to more patients with chronic pain in specific nerve distributions.
The Electronic Wills Act: Facing the Inevitable

In response to increasing legislative activity involving electronic wills, in 2017 the Uniform Law Commission (ULC) appointed the Drafting Committee on Uniform Electronic Wills Act to develop a uniform act providing rules governing the execution of electronic wills. The committee strove to create a statute that would be consistent with existing wills laws but would address differences for wills executed electronically. The committee sought to create rules that would protect the testator from manipulation by others but also from unwanted intestacy. This article describes, from the perspective of the Reporter, the committee’s process in developing the Electronic Wills Act. The article explains each provision of the Act and describes reasons for decisions made in developing the Act, including decisions to exclude certain ideas from the Act. The article also compares the Act’s provisions with provisions of electronic wills statutes enacted in Arizona, Florida, Indiana, and Nevada. The article concludes with a few recommendations for enactment. Given the increasing use of electronic documents and electronic signatures, testators will attempt to execute wills electronically. Although lawyers may prefer wills executed on paper, and paper wills will likely be the norm for many years to come, legislatures should consider enacting statutes that can guide and protect testators who prefer to execute their wills electronically. The Electronic Wills Act provides a thoughtfully developed model for states to use.
Material properties and application of biomechanical principles provide significant motion control performance in experimental ankle foot orthosis-footwear combination.

Abstract Background This study, the first of its kind, originated with the need for a brace (an ankle foot orthosis), to constrain ankle plantarflexion and dorsiflexion within a motion threshold of Methods Two experiments were conducted: a quasi-static loading study, using cadaveric limbs (n = 2), and a gait study with healthy subjects (n = 14). Conditions tested were STOP, FREE, and CONTROL. Data for all studies were collected using six motion-capture cameras (Vicon, Oxford, UK; 120 Hz) tracking bone-anchored markers (cadaveric limbs) and skin-anchored markers (subjects). In the quasi-static loading study, loading conditions were congruent with the gait study. Study 1 involved a quasi-static loading analysis using cadaveric limbs, compared motion data from a conventional thermoplastic solid brace and the experimental brace. Study 2 involved quantifying ankle plantarflexion and dorsiflexion in subjects during treadmill walking, in brace STOP, FREE, and CONTROL conditions. Findings The experimental brace in STOP condition consistently constrained ankle plantarflexion and dorsiflexion below the motion threshold of Interpretation Collectively, these findings demonstrate (1) that a conventional thermoplastic, solid brace was ineffective for clinical applications that required significant motion control, and (2) that ankle motion control is most effective when considered as a relationship between the brace, the ankle-foot complex, and the external forces that affect them both.
Neurotrophic Factors Secreted by Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Retinal Progenitors Promote Retinal Survival and Preservation in an Adult Porcine Neuroretina Model

Purpose: Paracrine factors released by pluripotent stem cells have shown great potential as therapeutic agents in regenerative medicine. The purpose of this study was to characterize trophic factor secretion of retinal progenitor cells (RPCs) derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and to assess its impact on retinal survival ex vivo. Methods: RPCs were generated from human 3D1 iPSCs following previously established protocols with modifications. Conditioned medium (CM) was harvested from iPSC-derived retinal progenitors and analyzed for trophic factor composition through multiplex enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Retina-preserving capability of the collected CM was examined using a degenerative porcine neuroretina model. Viability of the CM-treated retina explants was evaluated using the resazurin-based PrestoBlue reagent, whereas the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay was used to assess retinal cytotoxicity. Retina explants were also analyzed morphologically through immunohistochemistry for glial cell activation and apoptosis. Results: We have successfully generated and characterized iPSC-derived RPCs that secreted an array of neuroprotective factors, including osteopontin, hepatocyte growth factor, stromal cell-derived factor 1, and insulin-like growth factor-1. Retina explants cultured in CM derived from iPSC-RPCs (iPSC-RPC-CM) showed better preservation of the retinal microarchitecture and fewer terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL)+ nuclei, and reduced reactive gliosis. Furthermore, we saw a reduction in extracellular LDH levels in CM-treated retina explants, which also exhibited higher metabolic activity than the untreated controls. Conclusions: iPSC-derived RPCs secrete many trophic factors that have been shown to promote neuroprotection, tissue repair, and regeneration in the retina. Overall, we have demonstrated the neuroprotective effects of iPSC-RPC-CM through a degenerative neuroretina model ex vivo.
Retinal Detachment After Endophthalmitis: Risk Factors and Outcomes.

Purpose To analyze the risk factors, clinical course, and visual and anatomic outcomes of retinal detachment (RD) after endophthalmitis. Patients and Methods This retrospective study included 108 patients diagnosed with endophthalmitis between August 2014 and May 2019 at a single tertiary referral center. Sixteen patients developed RD after endophthalmitis. Retrospective analysis was performed to compare the cohort of endophthalmitis alone versus the cohort that developed RD after endophthalmitis, with analysis of potential risk factors for RD after endophthalmitis and treatment outcomes. Results The incidence of RD after endophthalmitis was 14.8% (N=16/108). The median time to develop RD after endophthalmitis was 27 days (range: 1-581 days, IQR: 25.3). Thirteen (81.3%) cases of RD occurred less than 2 months after the diagnosis of endophthalmitis. The incidence of aphakia (p=0.023) and posterior synechia (PS) (p=0.014) were significantly higher in the RD group. The mean initial and final visual acuity (VA) of the endophthalmitis alone group was 1.9±0.8 logMAR and 1.2±1.0 logMAR (p<0.0001), respectively, and 1.9±0.9 logMAR and 1.3±1.2 logMAR (p=0.07) in the RD group, respectively. Enucleation or evisceration occurred in 31.3% of cases with RD after endophthalmitis. The rate of final retinal re-apposition for the RD cohort was 56.3%. Conclusion The anatomic and functional outcomes for RD after endophthalmitis remain poor, with significant risk for permanent vision loss. Aphakia and posterior synechiae were seen more often in cases with RD after endophthalmitis.
Social status and wanting popularity: different relationships with academic motivation and achievement

The academic consequences of being popular are well established, but much less is known about the academic consequences of desiring to be popular. Extant research on popularity goals only focuses on the implications for students’ school engagement, help-seeking, and academic achievement. The current study expands these findings by examining the interplay between social status, popularity goals, academic motivation, and academic performance. The current study examined 349 9th–12th graders from a single US school using a questionnaire assessing students’ social status, popularity goals, academic achievement goals, and mindset as well as overall GPA and language arts achievement. The results suggest that social status and popularity goals have different academic motivation and achievement outcomes, with social status relating to achievement and popularity goals aligning with performance goals. Thus, having social status and having popularity goals may have key and differential implications for academic outcomes.
Toward a flow-dependent phase-stability criterion: Osmotic pressure in sticky flowing suspensions.

Equilibrium phase instability of colloids is robustly predicted by the Vliegenthart–Lekkerkerker (VL) critical value of the second virial efficient, but no such general criterion has been established for suspensions undergoing flow. A transition from positive to negative osmotic pressure is one mechanical hallmark of a change in phase stability in suspensions and provides a natural extension of the equilibrium osmotic pressure encoded in the second virial coefficient. Here, we propose to study the non-Newtonian rheology of an attractive colloidal suspension using the active microrheology framework as a model for focusing on the pair trajectories that underlie flow stability. We formulate and solve a Smoluchowski relation to understand the interplay between attractions, hydrodynamics, Brownian motion, and flow on particle microstructure in a semi-dilute suspension and utilize the results to study the viscosity and particle-phase osmotic pressure. We find that an interplay between attractions and hydrodynamics leads to dramatic changes in the nonequilibrium microstructure, which produces a two-stage flow-thinning of viscosity and leads to pronounced flow-induced negative osmotic pressure. We summarize these findings with an osmotic pressure heat map that predicts where hydrodynamic enhancement of attractive bonds encourages flow-induced aggregation or phase separation. We identify a critical isobar—a flow-induced critical pressure consistent with phase instability and a nonequilibrium extension of the VL criterion.
Comment on Narveson on Friedman on Abortion

In this chapter, I will comment on contributions by two libertarians, on the philosophically vexing problem of abortion. To wit, on Narveson (2016) and on Friedman (2017). Let us start with the former.
A new technique for modeling in-body and on-body antennas

This paper presents a novel technique using a hybrid FDTD method based on the dipole moment concept for applications relevant to BANs. The authors provide some numerical results for a pin fed patch and a small loop.
Patterns of cellular controls operating in bacteriophage reproduction. II. Effect of 5-fluorouracil on metabolic events in bacteria infected with coliphage T2r.

Abstract The formation of protein and deoxyribonucleic acid in E. coli cells infected with T2r+ phage in the presence of 5-fluorouracil without or with the addition of pyrimidine supplements (uracil, thymidine) was studied. The fluoro compound completely inhibited the synthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid in infected cells; protein still was produced, though at a diminished rate. In the presence of this inhibitor, uracil stimulated only the synthesis of protein, thymidine also that of deoxyribonucleic acid; with both supplements figures surpassing those of control preparations were recorded. The purine and pyrimidine composition of the deoxyribonucleic acid present in the various systems was determined and the fate of the nucleic acid of the infecting phage was followed through the use of 14C-labeled phage and the estimation of total and specific radioactivity of the nucleic acid components.
Metadata standards for educational resources

In the 1990s, recognition of the potential economies of reusing educational materials spawned the development of metadata standards for sharing and storing learning objects. Metadata is data that describes a physical or electronic resource and can be used to manage collections of documents, images, and other information in a repository such as an archive or museum. Some metadata elements, such as title, description, subject, and keywords, are similar to those that libraries use to catalog their holdings. Other elements, such as the uniform resource identifier (URI), are specific to a digital, Web-based environment. Metadata can be stored in a digital library or repository that provides services to search or browse for educational materials. The Dublin Core Metadata Element Set and IEEE Learning Object Metadata are two popular metadata standards that facilitate cataloging, searching, and reuse of such resources.
Indirect color prediction of amorphous carbohydrate melts as a function of thermal history.

Glassy carbohydrate microcapsules are widely used for the encapsulation of flavors in food applications, and are made using various thermal processes (for example, extrusion). During manufacturing, these carbohydrate melts are held at elevated temperatures and color can form due to nonenzymatic browning reactions. These reactions can negatively or positively affect the color and flavor of microcapsules. The rate of color formation of maltodextrin and maltodextrin/sucrose melts at elevated temperatures was determined spectrophotometrically and was found to follow pseudo zero-order kinetics. The effect of temperature was adequately modeled by an Arrhenius relationship. Reaction rate constants and Arrhenius parameters were determined for individual wavelengths in the visible range (360 to 700 nm at 1 nm intervals). Transient processes (temperature changes with time) were modeled as a sequence of small isothermal events, and the equivalent thermal history at a reference temperature calculated using the Arrhenius relationship. Therefore, spectral transmittance curves could be predicted with knowledge of the time/temperature relationship. Validation was conducted by subjecting both melts to a transient thermal history. Experimental transmittance spectrum compared favorably against predicted values. These spectra were optionally converted to any desirable color space (for example, CIELAB, XYZ, RGB) or derived parameter (for example, Browning Index). The tool could be used to better control nonenzymatic browning reactions in industrial food processes.
The Subunit Structure of Myosin I. POLYDISPERSITY IN 5 m GUANIDINE

Abstract Preparations of rabbit skeletal myosin that are reduced and carboxymethylated in 5 m guanidine-HCl-0.4 m KCl were found to be polydisperse, having a low molecular weight component of the order of 46,000 comprising approximately 17% of the protein, and a heavier fraction with a molecular weight greater than 200,000.
What Happens to Stocks that List Shares Abroad? A Survey of the Evidence and its Managerial Implications

In this paper, I survey the academic literature on the economic implications of the corporate decision to list a company's shares on an overseas stock exchange. The focus is on the valuation and liquidity effects of the listing decision, the impact of listing on the company's global risk exposure and its cost of equity capital. The evidence shows: (1) the share price reacts favorably to cross-border listings in the first month after listing; (2) the post-listing price performance up to one year is highly variable across companies depending on the home and listing market, the company's capitalization, capital-raising needs and other company-specific factors; (3) the total post-listing trading volume increases on average, and, for many issues, home-market trading volume also increases; (4) liquidity of trading in shares improves overall, but depends on the increase in total trading volume, the listing location (e.g., non-U.S. companies listing on the NYSE or Amex experience greater liquidity than those listing on Nasdaq) and the scope of foreign ownership restrictions in the home market; (5) the stock's exposure to domestic market risk is significantly reduced and is associated with only a small increase in global market risk and foreign exchange risk, resulting in a net reduction in the cost of equity capital of 114 basis points on average; (6) American Depository Receipts can represent an effective vehicle to diversify globally; (7) stringent disclosure requirements are the greatest impediment to cross-border listings.
Determination of mechanical properties of the bones of the skull

This paper presents the initial results of a research project concerning the mechanism of head injury. In order to begin to define the mechanism, it is necessary to determine mechanical properties of the various skull bones, organize them into constitutive equations, and develop a structural model of the skull.
Estrogen modulates the expression of L‐arginine:glycine amidinotransferase in chick liver

Identification of estrogen‐responsive genes is important to understand the molecular mechanisms of estrogen action. Suppression subtractive hybridization was employed to screen estrogen‐responsive genes in chick liver. A single injection of estrogen into 6‐week‐old chick induced up‐regulation of several known genes encoded for yolk proteins, such as Vitellogenin I and II and very low density lipoprotein II (apo-VLDL II). One novel sequence displayed a dramatic change (3‐fold increase) in response to estrogen treatment. This cDNA fragment was extended and the resultant sequence was analyzed. Translated amino acid sequence was 90, 88, 83 and 87% identical to the L‐arginine:glycine amidinotransferase of pig, rat, frog and human, respectively. The sequence has a conservative catalytic site of L‐arginine:glycine amidinotransferase. The expression pattern of this gene in organs is consistent with previous reports of L‐arginine:glycine amidinotransferase in chick. Thus, this clone represented the chicken L‐arginine:glycine amidinotransferase. It appeared that estrogen‐induced alteration of arginine:glycine amidinotransferase was not dependent on protein synthesis, because concurrent administration of cycloheximide did not affect the estrogen‐mediated expression pattern. This is the first study demonstrating that L‐arginine:glycine amidinotransferase is a target of the estrogen receptor.
SURVIVAL OF SERRATIA MARCESCENS AFTER FREEZE-DRYING OR AEROSOLIZATION AT UNFAVORABLE HUMIDITY I. Effects of Sugars

Abstract Zimmerman, Leonard (U.S. Army Biological Laboratories, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Md.). Survival of Serratia marcescens after freeze-drying or aerosolization at unfavorable humidity. I. Effects of sugars. J. Bacteriol. 84:1297–1302. 1962.—Suspensions of Serratia marcescens were subjected to freeze-drying or to aerosolization at unfavorable humidity levels. The survival of the cells during one or the other of these treatments was markedly improved in the presence of common sugars, but no one sugar stabilized the cells against both stresses. The protective effects of the sugars were correlated with their penetrability into cells; minimally penetrable sugars stabilized cells against aerosolization, and freely penetrable sugars stabilized cells during freeze-drying. These results were attributed to the modifications of intracellular water content induced by the presence of the sugars in the cell suspensions.
Leadership Behavior and Supervisory Performance

Little research has been reported on the leadership behaviors of clinical supervisors that are most likely to influence supervisory performance, especially as that performance is perceived by the clinicians who are being supervised. The present study attempts to bridge this gap. In a survey of 93 social workers in one state, clinicians were asked to rate the overall performance of their supervisors and to describe the extent to which these supervisors exhibited each of 20 leader behaviors. Results revealed that the best predictors of performance were leader behaviors related to communication, to the development of the clinician's skills, and to decision participation.
A View of Oral Communication Activities in Food Science from the Perspective of a Communication Researcher.

Food science researchers have pronounced the Institute of Food Technologists Success Skills to be the most important competency mastered by graduates entering the work force. Much of the content and outcomes of the Success Skills pertains to oral communication skills of public speaking and interpersonal and group communication. This qualitative study reports the results of an examination of oral communication activities in the classes of 9 faculty in the food science program at Iowa State Univ. The findings revealed communication activities in the classes that support the Success Skills oral communication mandates; however, the food science faculty did not explicitly teach these skills. Faculty assumed the students would acquire proficiency in oral communication through participation in disciplinary activities that required them to practice the skills. A situated communication framework cautions communication researchers to honor the oral communication traditions in other disciplines. Still, the practice of preparing students to communicate in professional contexts without formal instruction raises 2 questions from the perspective of a communication researcher: first, are students aware of the communication skills they applied in classroom activities? Second, are students able to transfer communication skills to other classes and, more importantly to professional practice, when they graduate, as a result of this approach? The discussion suggests exercises that direct students’ attention to the specific skill sets inherent in the oral communication activities in the Success Skills while enabling faculty to maintain the communication traditions of food science as they prepare students for professional practice.
Primary amoebic meningo-encephalitis: An appraisal of present knowledge

Primary amoebic meningo-encephalitis is a recently discovered human disease caused by amoebae quite different from those traditionally regarded as parasitic in man. They are indeed not ordinarily parasitic even in lower animals, but are usually free living in water, moist soil, sewage or other decaying organic matter. They feed mainly on faecal bacteria, proliferate by simple binary fission and can survive the formidable hazards inherent in their environment by their ability to form extremely durable cysts. In stained preparations these amoebae can be distinguished from most of the ordinary parasitic amoebae of man by their smaller size and by their distinctive nucleus which has a large central nucleolus. In the live state they are strikingly different; motility is observed at room temperature (21'C), contractile vacuoles are present, and the organisms grow readily on such simple media as agar seeded with coliform bacteria. Taxonomically they belong to that rather ill-defined group of free-living amoebae often known as limax (Latin for slug or snail) on account of their characteristic slug-like shape and movement {JEPPS, 1956). The classification of this group is still controversial (SINGH, 1952; S[NGH and DAS, 1970) though recently many workers have tended to follow PAGE (1967a and b) who divides the constituent species according to their pattern of nuclear division into 2 families--Vahlkampfiidae dividing by promitosis and Hartmannellidae by mitosis. Amoebae with which this paper is concerned belong to the genus Naegleria within the family Vahlkampfiidae and to the genera Hartmannella and Acanthamoeba within the family Hartmannellidae. These last 2 genera have been regarded by some (ADAM, 1964) as more or less synonymous and are therefore often referred to collectively as Hartmannellid amoebae--a convention I will follow here for the sake of brevity. Medical interest in the limax amoebae was first aroused in 1958 when, in the first of a series of papers on the subject, Culbertson and his co-workers in the U.S.A. demonstrated that Hartmannellid amoebae instilled intranasally into animals could invade the brain directly by the olfactory route to produce a fatal meningo-encephalitis (CULBERTSON, SMITH and MINNER, 1958; CULBERTSON et al., 1959; CULBERTSON, 1961; CULBERTSON,
Microfluidic pumping, routing and metering by contactless metal-based electro-osmosis

Over the past decade, many microfluidic platforms for fluid processing have been developed in order to perform on-chip fluidic manipulations. Many of these methods, however, require expensive and bulky external supporting equipment, which are not typically applicable for microsystems requiring portability. We have developed a new type of portable contactless metal electro-osmotic micropump capable of on-chip fluid pumping, routing and metering. The pump operates using two pairs of gallium metal electrodes, which are activated using an external voltage source, and separated from a main flow channel by a thin micron-scale PDMS membrane. The thin contactless membrane allows for field penetration and electro-osmotic (EO) flow within the microchannel, but eliminates electrode damage and sample contamination commonly associated with traditional DC electro-osmotic pumps that utilize electrodes in direct contact with the working fluid. The maximum flow rates and pressures generated by the pump using DI water as a working buffer are 10 nL min−1 and 30 Pa, respectively. With our current design, the maximum operational conductivity where fluid flow is observed is 0.1 mS cm−1. Due to the small size and simple fabrication procedure, multiple micropump units can be integrated into a single microfluidic device for automated on-chip routing and sample metering applications. We experimentally demonstrated the ability to quantify micropump electro-osmotic flowrate and pressure as a function of applied voltage, and developed a mathematical model capable of predicting the performance of a contactless micropump for a given external load and internal hydrodynamic microchannel resistance. Finally, we showed that by activating specific pumps within a microchannel network, our micropumps are capable of routing microchannel fluid flow and generating plugs of solute.