cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Intracerebroventricular administration of β-endorphin releases immunoreactive met-enkephalin from the spinal cord in cats, guinea pigs and mice

Abstract It has previously been reported that β-endorphin, given intraventricularly, releases methionine-enkephalin from the spinal cord in rats. The present studies sought to determine whether β-endorphin, given supraspinally, also released immunoreactive met-enkephalin from the spinal cord in cats, guinea pigs and mice. Intracerebroventricular injection of β-endorphin caused a dose-dependent increase of the release of immunoreactive met-enkephalin from the spinal cord in these animals. The results support the hypothesis that the pharmacological actions produced by β-endorphin are mediated by the release of met-enkephalin.
Interruption of the Aortic Arch with Associated Cardiac Anomalies: Survival to Adulthood

Interruption of the aortic arch is a rare and usually lethal cardiac malformation. We report a rare case of a patient with IAA distal to the left subclavian artery associated with double outlet right ventricle, subaortic VSD and patent DA who survived to adulthood. In this patient, the complete diagnosis was made by cardiac catheterization and angiocardiography. We discuss the probable mechanisms, diagnostic problems and therapeutic implications of such long survival.
Patient-Blaming and Representation of Risk Factors in Breast Cancer Images

ABSTRACT Media coverage of some cancers in the past often equated cancer with a death sentence. Breast cancer coverage in 1990s magazines, however, has become less fatalistic, more frequent, and discusses a broader range of issues than before. This study examined whether the visual images accompanying magazine articles about breast cancer have also evolved. We used Goffman's (1976) rituals of subordination to measure patient-blaming and subordinating, disempowering images. We also analyzed race/ethnicity, body type, and age of females in the images to gauge whether these demographic risk factors were represented in a random sample of images from nine magazines over a 30-year period. Magazines analyzed represented three genres-women's magazines, fashion/beauty, and general news. Findings suggest that patient-blaming images have decreased in some categories and women portrayed are slightly more representative of risk factors of age and race/ethnicity. Magazine images tended to reinforce stereotyped portraya...
BE-TANOS: Feasibility and technology limitations

The aim of this work is to investigate the physical mechanisms behind the write/erase and retention performances of band gap engineering (BE) layers used as tunnel oxide in charge trap memory stack. The investigation of the BE layers alone will be completed with the analyses of its integration within a TANOS (TaN/Alumina/Nitride/Oxide/Silicon) stack, pointing out the correlation between electrical performance and reliability limits. Good write/erase/retention performances can be achieved with BE tunnel oxide by using silicon nitride layer integrated in SiO"2-Si"3N"4-SiO"2 stack, as long as all different mechanisms are taken into account in optimizing stack composition: hole injection which improves erase efficiency, charge trapping and de-trapping from the thin silicon nitride which causes program instabilities and initial charge loss which does not significantly impact long term retention. All these phenomena make very crucial the BE tunnel process control and difficult its use for multi-level application.
Elder Abuse Among African Americans

ABSTRACT Perceptions of extreme, moderate, and mild forms of elder abuse among African-American women (n = 25) and men (n = 10) were examined. African-American respondents emphasized physical abuse when giving examples of extremely abusive behavior. Along with physical abuse, verbal abuse was the most frequently identified form of abuse, and was significantly related to age in complex ways: the older the respondents, the more examples they provided of verbal abuse as an extreme form of mistreatment; while the younger the respondents, the more examples they gave of verbal abuse as a mild form of mistreatment. Examples of neglect and abandonment were listed most frequently as forms of extreme abuse, and were listed significantly more frequently by females than by males. Findings have relevance for prevention and intervention efforts, indicating the types of elder maltreatment that appear to be most salient to the African-American community.
High-confidence control: Ensuring reliability in high-performance real-time systems

Technology transfer is an especially difficult proposition for real-time control. To facilitate it, we need to complement the “high-performance” orientation of control research with an emphasis on establishing “high confidence” in real-time implementation. Two particular problems are discussed and recent research directed at their solutions is presented. First, the use of anytime algorithms requires dynamic resource management technology that generally is not available today in real-time systems. Second, complex algorithms have unpredictable computational characteristics that, nevertheless, need to be modeled; statistical verification is suggested as a possible approach. In both cases, a synthesis of control engineering and computer science is required if effective solutions are to be devised. Simulation-based demonstrations with uninhabited aerial vehicles (UAVs) serve to illustrate the research efforts. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Correlation of CD44S expression in renal clear cell carcinomas with subsequent tumor progression or recurrence.

BACKGROUND Recent reports have shown altered expression of CD44 in renal cell carcinomas. However, to the authors' knowledge there are no data correlating CD44 expression in renal cell carcinomas with subsequent tumor progression or recurrence, nor is there information about the presence of particular splice variants of CD44 in these tumors. METHODS The authors examined the immunohistochemical expression of CD44S, the standard isoform of CD44, in renal cell carcinomas from 43 patients using 2 different monoclonal antibodies, Mab2137 and Hermes-3. In addition, they stained the renal cell carcinomas with antibodies to 2 splice variants of CD44, CD44v3 and CD44v6. RESULTS Increased staining of renal clear cell carcinomas with Mab2137 was observed in high grade versus low grade tumors (45% vs. 0%, P = 0.013), whereas increased staining of clear cell carcinomas with Hermes-3 was noted in high stage versus low stage tumors (40% vs. 0%, P = 0.006). Few tumors stained with antibodies to CD44v3. Although increased expression of the splice variant CD44v6 was noted in papillary versus clear cell carcinomas, and increased staining of papillary carcinomas with Mab2137 and with antibodies to CD44v6 was noted for low stage versus high stage tumors, these differences did not achieve statistical significance. Clinical follow-up of at least 43 months was available for 26 patients. Six of these patients (five with clear cell carcinoma and one with papillary carcinoma) developed progressive or recurrent disease. The primary tumors from all 5 patients with progressive or recurrent clear cell carcinoma showed staining with Mab2137, whereas the primary tumors from only 2 of the 15 patients with at least 43 months follow-up and no evidence of progressive or recurrent clear cell carcinoma (13%) showed staining with Mab2137 (P = 0.001). Alternatively, 5 of 7 clear cell carcinomas (71%) that stained with Mab2137 were from patients who subsequently developed recurrence or progression, compared with 0 of 13 clear cell carcinomas that did not stain. Similar findings were not observed for papillary carcinomas, which appeared to be biologically distinct from clear cell carcinomas. CONCLUSIONS CD44S staining with Mab2137 correlates with progression or recurrence of clear cell renal cell carcinoma. CD44S may, therefore, play a pathogenetic role in tumor progression. [See editorial on pages 2195–7, this issue.] Cancer 1999;86:2320–6. © 1999 American Cancer Society.
Integrating behavior therapy and traditional insight treatment procedures with stutterers

Abstract A therapy process for stutterers which incorporates traditional psychotherapeutic procedures and behavior therapy procedures is described. The assumption is made that the therapy process described initially facilitates the client's adoption of more accurate perceptions and subsequently enables the client to achieve maximum success with conditioning procedures for the elimination of instrumental habit patterns associated with chronic stuttering behavior. Four therapy stages are described: Identification and Structuring, Examination and Confrontation, Introspection and Testing, and Symptom Modification.
Cost-Effectiveness of Oseltamivir Treatment for Children with Uncomplicated Seasonal Influenza

Objective To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of oseltamivir treatment for seasonal influenza in children and consider the impact of oseltamivir resistance on these findings. Study design We developed a model to evaluate 1-year clinical and economic outcomes associated with 3 outpatient management strategies for unvaccinated children with influenza-like-illness: no antiviral treatment; diagnostic testing and oseltamivir treatment when positive; and empiric oseltamivir treatment. The model depicted a hypothetical non-pandemic influenza season with a 29% level of oseltamivir resistance in circulating viruses, and 14% to 54% probability of seasonal influenza with influenza-like-illness. Strategies were compared with incremental cost-effectiveness ratios. Results In our primary analysis, empiric oseltamivir treatment consistently produced the greatest benefit. The incremental cost-effectiveness of this alternative, compared with testing and treating, was Conclusion Empiric oseltamivir treatment of seasonal influenza is associated with favorable cost-effectiveness ratios, particularly in children aged 1 to
Variations on a theorem of Petersen

For an (r − 2)-edge-connected graphG (r ≥ 3) for orderp containing at mostk edge cut sets of cardinalityr − 2 and for an integerl with 0 ≤l ≤ ⌊p/2⌋, it is shown that (1) ifp is even, 0 ≤k ≤ r(l + 1) − 1, and $$\mathop \sum \limits_{v \in V(G)} |\deg _G v - r|< r(2 + 2l) - 2k$$ , then the edge independence numberβ 1 (G) is at least (p − 2l)/2, and (2) ifp is odd, The sharpness of these results is discussed.
An efficient and simple β-acylvinyl anion equivalent for cyclohexenones

Abstract Dilithio species available from treatment of Δ 3,4 bromocyclohexenone ketals with two equivalents of n -butyllithium serve as one-pot equivalents of β-vinyl-carbanions of cyclohexenones. These former ketals are available in good yield from the corresponding β-bromocyclohexenone by direct ketalization under controlled conditions.
Perturbation theory calculation of the pressure for an electron–ion system

Abstract By means of finite-temperature, many-body perturbation theory we derive through order e4 the corrections to an ideal Fermi gas plus an ideal Maxwell–Boltzmann gas of ions. This computation is carried out for general values of the de Broglie density. The behavior of these coefficients is reported, and their implications for the ionization profile at low densities are described.
High density 3D integration using CMOS foundry technologies for 28 nm node and beyond

Technology challenges and solutions in the development and fabrication of high-density three dimensional (3D) chip integration structures have been investigated. Critical 3D integrated circuit (IC) enabling technologies, such as through silicon via (TSV), wiring and redistribution layer (RDL), wafer thinning and handling, micro-bump (µ-bump) processes and joining, that form the building blocks for 3D IC technology were developed based on established Si foundry technologies. Test vehicles (TV's) have been designed to develop and optimize the processes, structures, as well as to evaluate the performance, yield and reliability of the 3D integration scheme.
Novel Tastes: the foodvoice of claude mcckay's banjo

This paper makes use of the Food Voice concept to create an original interpretation of Claude McKay's important yet sometimes overlooked novel written during the Harlem Renaissance. The paper demonstrates McKay's use of food as an expression of social, economic and political forces. Theoretical bases touched on come from postcolonial theory, anthropology and sociology. I argue that McKay uses food to express powerful, painful and politically charged messages reflecting personal identity, world economics and social realities.
Use of Self-Monitoring of Attention with LD Students: Research and Application.

This paper examines the use of self-monitoring of attention with learning disabled (LD) students in academic settings. Three theoretical models of cognitive behavior modification—the operant model, the cognitive-behavioral model, and the cognitive model —are briefly described, followed by a discussion of the methodological considerations which limit the interpretability of self-monitoring research. A review of self-monitoring studies with LD children reveals that although self-monitoring is effective at increasing on-task behavior, concurrent academic gains are not evident. This failure to produce academic gains is discussed in terms of current conceptualizations of attention which suggest that students must be taught not only how to pay attention, but what to pay attention to. Therefore, attention deficits among LD students may reflect an inability to perceive what is relevant in academic tasks rather than a general inability to attend. Implications for instructional design are discussed.
Biomimetic Optical Polymers

A new class of nanostructured polymer optical materials can mimic biological optical materials. Application to gradient refractive index (GRIN) lenses with an unprecedented variety of index gradients and a nonlinear 1-D photonic crystal are described.
Biosensing: When less is more in a nanopore

Chemically modifying solid-state nanopores with a single nitrilotriacetic acid receptor allows the reversible detection of single proteins.
Renal Vascular Response to Plasma and to Known Vasoactive Substances

SummaryThe isolated rat kidney was perfused at constant flow rate with physiological salt solution (PSS). Addition of rat plasma or a vasoactive fraction of hog plasma caused an increase in renal vascular resistance. The time course of the responses caused by these two agents was the same, but differed from that of the pressor responses caused by epinephrine, angiotensin, KCl, serotonin, or vasopressin. The ability of the vessels to respond to plasma factor was lost during perfusion with “Ca-free” PSS, whereas the ability to respond to epinephrine was not; the constrictor response produced by the plasma factor was greater during perfusion with “high-Ca” PSS, that produced by epinephrine was not.
Polymer gels with engineered environmentally responsive microstructural surface patterns

A class of hydrogels with microstructural surface arrays has been synthesized. The sputter-depositing method is used to imprint the surface of an N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPA) gel with a square array of a gold thin film. The periodicity of the array is about 20 μm and can be varied as a function of temperature or electric field. As the periodicity of the gel surface pattern changes in responsive to the external stimuli, the light diffraction pattern changes accordingly. It is demonstrated that the deformation of a gel under external force can be easily monitored using the gel with the periodic surface array. The temperature-responsive NIPA polymer gel is also deposited on the surface of another non- responsive gel using the method of photosensitized solution polymerization. The patterned area can be rendered invisible reversibly by switching the temperature above or below the low critical solution temperature of the NIPA gel. Furthermore, the patterned area can also change its hydrophilicity with the environment. The gels with engineered microstructural surface patterns may find applications in sensor and display technology.
Discovery of CTCF-Sensitive Cis-Spliced Fusion RNAs between Adjacent Genes in Human Prostate Cells

Genes or their encoded products are not expected to mingle with each other unless in some disease situations. In cancer, a frequent mechanism that can produce gene fusions is chromosomal rearrangement. However, recent discoveries of RNA trans-splicing and cis-splicing between adjacent genes (cis-SAGe) support for other mechanisms in generating fusion RNAs. In our transcriptome analyses of 28 prostate normal and cancer samples, 30% fusion RNAs on average are the transcripts that contain exons belonging to same-strand neighboring genes. These fusion RNAs may be the products of cis-SAGe, which was previously thought to be rare. To validate this finding and to better understand the phenomenon, we used LNCaP, a prostate cell line as a model, and identified 16 additional cis-SAGe events by silencing transcription factor CTCF and paired-end RNA sequencing. About half of the fusions are expressed at a significant level compared to their parental genes. Silencing one of the in-frame fusions resulted in reduced cell motility. Most out-of-frame fusions are likely to function as non-coding RNAs. The majority of the 16 fusions are also detected in other prostate cell lines, as well as in the 14 clinical prostate normal and cancer pairs. By studying the features associated with these fusions, we developed a set of rules: 1) the parental genes are same-strand-neighboring genes; 2) the distance between the genes is within 30kb; 3) the 5' genes are actively transcribing; and 4) the chimeras tend to have the second-to-last exon in the 5' genes joined to the second exon in the 3' genes. We then randomly selected 20 neighboring genes in the genome, and detected four fusion events using these rules in prostate cancer and non-cancerous cells. These results suggest that splicing between neighboring gene transcripts is a rather frequent phenomenon, and it is not a feature unique to cancer cells.
Effect of dietary α‐tocopherol + ascorbic acid, selenium, and iron on oxidative stress in sub‐yearling Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha Walbaum)

A three-variable central composite design coupled with surface-response analysis was used to examine the effects of dietary alpha-tocopherol + ascorbic acid (TOCAA), selenium (Se), and iron (Fe) on indices of oxidative stress in juvenile spring Chinook salmon. Each dietary factor was tested at five levels for a total of fifteen dietary combinations (diets). Oxidative damage in liver and kidney (lipid peroxidation, protein carbonyls) and erythrocytes (erythrocyte resistance to peroxidative lysis, ERPL) was determined after feeding experimental diets for 16 (early December) and 28 (early March) weeks. Only TOCAA influenced oxidative stress in this study, with most measures of oxidative damage decreasing (liver lipid peroxidation in December and March; ERPL in December; liver protein carbonyl in March) with increasing levels of TOCAA. We also observed a TOCAA-stimulated increase in susceptibility of erythrocytes to peroxidative lysis in March at the highest levels of TOCAA. The data suggest that under most circumstances a progressive decrease in oxidative stress occurs as dietary TOCAA increases, but higher TOCAA concentrations can stimulate oxidative damage in some situations. Higher levels of TOCAA in the diet were required in March than in December to achieve comparable levels of protection against oxidative damage, which may have been due to physiological changes associated with the parr-smolt transformation. Erythrocytes appeared to be more sensitive to variation in dietary levels of TOCAA than liver and kidney tissues. Using the March ERPL assay results as a baseline, a TOCAA level of approximately 350-600 mg/kg diet would provide adequate protection against lipid peroxidation under most circumstances in juvenile Chinook salmon.
Physical Limits in Semiconductor Electronics

Although the limitations of the methods of lithography in use at a particular time are easily recognized and attract substantial attention, experience shows that technological ingenuity keeps pushing them to ever-smaller dimensions. There seems to be no fundamental reason to expect that lithographic limits will not continue to recede. The limits to the advance of miniaturization are to be found in the ability of materials to withstand high electric fields and in the ability of packaging technology to remove heat from active components and provide for power distribution, signal interconnection, and flexible mechanical assembly.
LÖSCH'S SINGLE-GOOD EQUILIBRIUM

ABSTRACT Following Losch's original arguments, much attention has been given to clarifying the properties of spatial equilibrium for a single good (industry). Many contemporary analysts have, however, misrepresented the adjustment process that is compatible with the Loschian equilibrium. The limited solutions advanced for various equilibrium market area characteristics have been iterative in form and often incorrect in content. This paper clarifies various properties of the Loschian equilibrium and then outlines a general method for determining exact equilibrium market area characteristics (price, output, market area radius, and firm density). The nonspace-filling cases are considered in the analysis.
809-3 Desipramine Attenuates the Cardiac Sympathetic Nerve Terminal Abnormalities in Congestive Heart Failure

We have shown that cardiac norepinephrine (NE) reuptake activity and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), a rate-limiting enzyme for NE synthesis, are reduced in congestive heart failure (CHF). To determine whether the changes of TH are caused by neurotoxic effects of NE, we administered the neuronal uptake inhibitor desipramine (DMI, 225 mg/day) to pacing-induced CHF and sham-operated (SHAM) dogs for 6 weeks. CHF was characterized by tachycardia, low aortic pressure, elevated left atrial pressure, decreased left ventricular dP/dt and reduced cardiac output. DMI produced no hemodynamic effects. The effects of OMI on left ventricular NE uptake activity (fmol/mg/15 min) and immunocytochemical TH profiles were: Group NE uptake TH SHAM (n = 12) 133 ± 9 813 ± 43 SHAM + OMI (n = 6) 49 ± 11* 769 ± 14 CHF (n = 12) 64 ± 8* 409 ± 42* CHF + OMI (n = 7) 40 ± 9*,† 642 ± 49*,† Values are mean ± SE * p < 005 vs. SHAM: † P < 0.05 vs. CHF Full-size table Table options View in workspace Download as CSV As expected, DMI reduced NE uptake activity in both SHAM and CHF animals, but its actions on TH differed between the two groups. While it exerted no effect on TH in SHAM animals, DMI reduced the decrease in TH that occurred in CHF. The results suggest that the cardiac sympathetic changes that occur in CHF may be caused by excessive NE, and that the neurotoxic effect of NE on TH involves the NE reuptake mechanism.
Calculational Study of the Protonation of BXH2 and BX2H (X = F and Cl). Structures of BXH3+ and BX2H2+ and Their Dihydrogen Complexes BXH5+ and BX2H4+ 1

Ab initio calculations on monoprotonated BFH2 indicate that the B−H protonated 1a is 9.7 kcal/mol more stable than the F-protonated 1b. Thus the bonded electron pair of the B−H bond is a better don...
On Wolff's law of trabecular architecture.

Several studies suggest that the yield strain in cancellous bone may be uniformly distributed and isotropic. Yield strain was reported to be independent of textural anisotropy in bovine cancellous bone [Turner, J. biomech. Engng 111, 1-5 (1989)] and it is plausible that yield strain is isotropic in human cancellous bone as well. In this paper, it is hypothesized that uniform, isotropic strain represents a goal of cancellous bone adaptation, i.e. cancellous bone alters its structure to maintain uniform, isotropic peak strains. Therefore, textural anisotropy must exactly cancel the anisotropy of the peak principal stresses imposed upon cancellous bone. When evaluating the relationships between mechanical properties of cancellous bone and trabecular architecture, it was found that over 90% of the variance of yield strength can be explained by one term--rho 2H3 (where rho is apparent density and H is the normalized anisotropy (fabric) constant). Furthermore, this single term explains 70-78% of the variance in Young's modulus of cancellous bone. Based upon these findings, it was postulated that fabric adaptation goes as Hi/Hj = [ sigma i/sigma j[, where Hi and Hj are fabric eigenvalues in the i- and the j-direction and sigma i and sigma j are peak principal stresses.
A model for the fracture behavior of polycrystalline Ni3Al

Intermetallic compounds have long been of interest for their superior strength and stability at elevated temperatures. However, the low symmetry crystal structures common to these materials generally lead to a very low level of ductility. While compounds which form in the Ll/sub 2/ (Cu/sub 3/Au) crystal structure do not suffer from a restricted number of available slip systems, many have been found to be prone to intergranular brittleness. One such compound which has received considerable attention is Ni/sub 3/Al. It has been previously demonstrated that polycrystalline Ni/sub 3/Al is inherently susceptible to intergranular failure. Subsequently, another study found that small additions of B could eliminate grain boundary failure and restore ductility to levels found in single crystals. An enormous literature treating ductile versus brittle behavior in Ni/sub 3/Al, and Ll/sub 2/ compounds in general, has evolved in recent years. The action of B in increasing the cohesive strength in grain boundaries in Ni/sub 3/Al and other Ll/sub 2/ compounds is well accepted. However, the regimes in B concentration, temperature, and alloying additions over which the B enhanced grain boundary strength is observed are not well correlated. The purpose of this note is to rationalize the existing experimental literature with amore » simple model based on the competitive nature of the fracture process.« less
Memory performance in individuals with primary degenerative dementia: its similarity to diazepam-induced impairments.

Abstract Impairments of memory storage and retrieval produced by diazepam (2.5 mg, 5 mg, and 10 mg) in normal elderly individuals were compared to those observed in patients with primary degenerative dementia tested under nondrug conditions. The highest diazepam dose affected retrieval as well as storage processes in Buschke's “selective reminding” task, producing impairments qualitatively similar to those shown by demented patients. All diazepam doses impaired Buschke task performance in the normal elderly individuals; normal young subjects, in contrast, showed no impairment with a low (2.5 mg) diazepam dose.
FLAVIN TRIPLET QUENCHING AND SEMIQUINONE FORMATION BY ALIPHATIC α‐SUBSTITUTED ACETIC ACIDS: INTERMEDIATES IN FLAVIN‐SENSITIZED PHOTODECARBOXYLATION*

— The quenching of flavin excited states and the production of radical intermediates by aliphatic α-substituted acetic acids have been investigated using fluorescence and laser photolysis measurements. Stern-Volmer quenching constants for the flavin triplet are 2–4 orders of magnitude smaller than those found previously for aromatic acids. At the high substrate concentrations required to obtain triplet quenching, singlet quenching, probably via exciplex formation, is also observed. When triplet and radical yields are quantitated, it is found that, for pyruvate, glyoxylate and lactate, quenching occurs virtually exclusively by a one-electron transfer mechanism. This supports the contention that the flavin-sensitized photodecarboxylation of these acids proceeds via a radical mechanism.
Interpretation of internal tracer experiments and local sojourn time distributions

Abstract Tracer experiments are a valuable tool in the study of transport phenomena. Most of the theoretical work about tracers has been concerned either with systems having clearly defined inlet and outlet or with recirculating flows. In this article the methods are generalized to more complex situations and an attempt is made to provide a uniform theoretical treatment for local tracer experiments performed at several sites inside the flow systems. Local purging rate and mixing rate are defined and their measurements and applications are discussed. Several sojourn time distribution are discussed, especially that of local remaining life which might be useful in the study of local processes in large flow systems. The results should be of interest in a wide variety of areas in which tracer experiments are used, such as chemical reactor design, physiology, hydrology and the study of dispersion processes in the atmosphere and in oceans.
Discovering a Higgs boson decaying to four jets in supersymmetric cascade decays

The Higgs boson may dominantly decay to four light jets through a light pseudoscalar intermediary: $h\ensuremath{\rightarrow}2\ensuremath{\eta}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}4j$, making reconstruction at the LHC particularly challenging. We explore the phenomenology of such ``buried Higgs'' scenarios in which the primary discovery channel of the Higgs is in cascade decays of superpartners. QCD backgrounds that would otherwise overwhelm the Higgs decay are suppressed by the requirement of high ${p}_{T}$ jets and large missing transverse momentum that are the typical signatures of TeV scale supersymmetry. Utilizing jet substructure techniques, we find that for buried Higgses in the 100--120 GeV range, a $5\ensuremath{\sigma}$ discovery can be expected with roughly $10--25\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{fb}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ of data at ${E}_{\mathrm{CM}}=14\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{TeV}$. For lighter Higgs bosons, the signal is contaminated by hadronically decaying $W$ bosons, and discovery remains an unsolved challenge.
Tritium concentrations in the active Pu'u O'o crater, Kilauea volcano, Hawaii: implications for cold fusion in the Earth's interior

Abstract The assertion that deuterium-deuterium fusion may occur at low temperature suggests a potential new source of geothermal heat. If a cold-fusion-like process occurs within the Earth, then a test for its existence would be a search for anomalous tritium in volcanic emissions. The Pu'u O'o crater is the first point at which large amounts of water are degassed from the magma that feeds the Kilauea system. The magma is probably not contaminated by meteoric-source ground water prior to degassing at Pu'u O'o, although mixing of meteoric and magmatic H 2 O occurs within the crater. Tritium contents of samples from within the crater are lower than in samples taken simultaneously from the nearby upwind crater rim. These results provide no evidence in support of a cold-fusion-like process in the Earth's interior.
Self-administration of medication by patients and family members during hospitalization

Abstract The current trend of shorter hospital stays has heightened concern about the adequacy of preparation of patients and their families to understand and follow prescribed medication regimens properly following discharge. Cooperative Care, an education-intensive unit incorporating a living-in family member or friend acting as a ‘care partner,' has had a self-administration of medication program (SAM) for the past 16 years. This paper describes SAM and reports on two studies of its effectiveness. The first was a 1-week survey of all patients (151) admitted to the unit. 126 (83.4%) were taking a mean of five medications, with a range of one to 17. Of those, 102 (80.9%) were able to participate in SAM independently, and 11 (8.7%) were on SAM with supervision by their care partners. The second study reviewed medication administration errors within Cooperative Care and the traditional nursing units of Tisch Hospital over a 4-year period (1991–1994). Cooperative Care accounted for 19.4% of discharges (22 164114 206) and 10.3% of patient days (97 037944 230), but only 4.6% of medication errors (801723). The medication error rate per 1000 discharges was 3.6 for Cooperative Care, and 17.8 for the traditional units. Comparative error rates per 10 000 medication orders were 3.06 at Cooperative Care and 4.01 on the traditional units. 74.8% of Cooperative Care patients were on SAM, but only 30% of the errors were attributed to patients or care partners. The other errors were attributed to nursing staff (50%), equipment defects (12.5%) or pharmacists (5%). Our data indicate that SAM during hospitalization is a safe and effective modality of care.
Beyond genetics: epigenetic code in chronic kidney disease

Epigenetics refers to a heritable change in the pattern of gene expression that is mediated by a mechanism specifically not due to alterations in the primary nucleotide sequence. Well-known epigenetic mechanisms encompass DNA methylation, chromatin remodeling (histone modifications), and RNA interference. Functionally, epigenetics provides an extra layer of transcriptional control and plays a crucial role in normal physiological development, as well as in pathological conditions. Aberrant DNA methylation is implicated in immune dysfunction, inflammation, and insulin resistance. Epigenetic changes may be responsible for 'metabolic memory' and development of micro- and macrovascular complications of diabetes. MicroRNAs are critical in the maintenance of glomerular homeostasis and hence RNA interference may be important in the progression of renal disease. Recent studies have shown that epigenetic modifications orchestrate the epithelial-mesenchymal transition and eventually fibrosis of the renal tissue. Oxidative stress, inflammation, hyperhomocysteinemia, and uremic toxins could induce epimutations in chronic kidney disease. Epigenetic alterations are associated with inflammation and cardiovascular disease in patients with chronic kidney disease. Reversible nature of the epigenetic changes gives a unique opportunity to halt or even reverse the disease process through targeted therapeutic strategies.
Room temperature fracture and high temperature creep characteristics of 20 vol.% Nb particulate reinforced alumina

Abstract Composites consisting of an alumina matrix with 0.05 wt.% MgO and 20 vol.% Nb with an average particle size of 30 and 100 μm, respectively, were produced by dry mixing and sintering to near their theoretical densities. Fracture toughness tests were carried out in three point bending on chevron notched samples. The results indicate that the R-curve of the composites exhibited a more than 300% increase in crack growth resistance compared with the crack growth resistance of the alumina produced by the identical procedure. The crack growth resistance curve of the composites increased with increasing Nb particle size. The metallographic investigations indicated that the failure of the Nb particles in the crack path ranged from full interface separation, without any significant deformation of Nb particles, to cleavage failure, without any evidence of interface separation. Although the creep rates of the composites were about an order of magnitude higher than those seen for the unreinforced matrix material with a grain size 9–14 μm, they were similar to those seen for the unreinforced alumina having smaller grain sizes. In the creep regime, while grain boundary facet cracks, resulting from grain boundary cavitation, was widespread in the unreinforced alumina, localization of creep damage only to regions of the Nb particles was seen in the composites.
Functional neuroanatomy of the parahippocampal region in the rat: The perirhinal and postrhinal cortices

The parahippocampal region in the rodent brain includes the perirhinal, postrhinal, and entorhinal cortices, the presubiculum, and the parasubiculum. In recent years, the perirhinal and postrhinal cortices have been a focus in memory research because they supply highly processed, polymodal sensory information to the hippocampus, both directly and via the entorhinal cortex. Available evidence indicates that these cortices receive different complements of cortical information, which are then forwarded to the hippocampus via parallel pathways. Here we have summarized the cortical, subcortical, and hippocampal connections of the perirhinal and postrhinal cortices in order to provide further insight into the nature of the information that is processed by these regions prior to arriving in the hippocampus. As has been previously described, the cortical afferents of the rodent postrhinal cortex are dominated by structures known to be involved in the processing of visual and spatial information, whereas the cortical afferents of the perirhinal cortex result in remarkable convergence of polymodal sensory information. The two regions are also differentiated by their cortical efferents. The perirhinal cortex projects more strongly to piriform, frontal, and insular regions, whereas the postrhinal cortex projects preferentially to visual and visuospatial regions. The subcortical connections of the two regions provide further evidence that they have different functions. For example, the perirhinal cortex has strong reciprocal connections with the amygdala, which suggest involvement in processing affective stimuli. Subcortical input to the postrhinal cortex is dominated by projections from dorsal thalamic structures, particularly the lateral posterior nucleus. Although the perirhinal and postrhinal cortices are considered to contribute to the episodic memory system, many questions remain about their particular roles. A detailed description of the anatomical connections of the perirhinal and postrhinal cortices will permit the generation of new, anatomically guided, hypotheses about their role in episodic memory and other cognitive processes.
Synthesis of Adjustable Linkages for Precise Function Generation Using the Optimal Link Length Adjustment

Nonadjustable four-bar linkages can only generate the desired functions precisely at a limited number of points. With one link length adjustment, the whole desired function can be generated precisely. This paper uses the coupler or the driven link length adjustment to generate the desired functions precisely. The synthesis model of adjustable linkages is established based on the optimal link length adjustment. For different applications, the desired functions can be generated precisely by using the continuous adjustment or approximately by fixing the adjustable link at an appropriate length after the adjustable linkage is optimally synthesized. The optimal fixed length of the adjustable link is selected by minimizing the maximum absolute structural error between the generated function and the desired function. The synthesis approach proposed in this paper is verified by two demonstrated examples.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Multicast with aggregated deliveries

An increasing number of distributed systems relies on forms of message correlation, which result in atomic delivery of multiple messages aggregated by following process-specific criteria. Generally, more than one process is aggregating messages, implying that messages are multicast. While delivery guarantees for multicast scenarios with single message delivery are well understood, existing systems and models for aggregated deliveries either consider only unicast, centralized setups, or focus on efficiency thus providing only best-effort guarantees.This paper investigates the foundations of Multi-Delivery Multicast (MDMcast) in asynchronous distributed systems with crash-stop failures. We first describe a succinct aggregation model with a concise and generic predicate grammar for expressing conjunctions of types on messages and properties for a corresponding multicast primitive, which we term Conjunction-MDMcast (C-MDMcast). We show that for processes interested in identical conjunctions to achieve agreement on delivered messages, a total order on individual messages (or equivalent oracle) is not only useful but necessary, which is clearly opposed to single-message deliveries. We show this indirectly by exhibiting an algorithm implementing C-MDMcast on top of Total Order Broadcast (TOBcast) and viceversa for a majority of correct processes.Then, we extend our predicate grammar with disjunctions, leading to the specification of Disjunction-MDMcast (D-MDMcast). We exhibit an algorithm implementing D-MDM-cast, derived from our algorithm implementing C-MDMcast. We formalize several additional properties for both of our specifications, including ordering properties on aggregated messages and show how our respective algorithms implement these.
Unsymmetric dendrimers containing a single ureidopyrimidine unit: generation-dependent dimerization via hydrogen bonding.

A new series of unsymmetric Newkome-type dendrimers have been prepared and characterized. These dendrimers contain a single ureidopyrimidine residue covalently attached to their apical positions. I...
A stable long-term hepatocyte culture system for studies of physiologic processes: cytokine stimulation of the acute phase response in rat and human hepatocytes.

Prior studies on the in vitro hepatic acute phase response have involved either hepatoma cell lines or conventional short-term cultures of primary hepatocytes. No data are available on the response of primary hepatocytes in stable long-term culture systems. In this study, the acute phase response of rat and human hepatocytes in a new long-term culture system was examined in response to interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α). The cultured cells were sandwiched between two layers of collagen in a (double-gel) configuration which has been shown to preserve both hepatocyte function and morphology over prolonged periods of time. The stability of this culture configuration enabled us to investigate, for the first time, the temporal aspects of the response in addition to the effects of the mediators on protein secretion. Exposure of rat hepatocytes to IL-6 after culture for 16 days resulted in a 2-fold reduction of albumin secretion and a 15-fold increase in the secretion rates of fibrinogen and α2-macroglobulin. In all instances, the peak response occurred at 48 h after IL-6 exposure, and all protein secretion rates returned to pretreatment values within 5 days post-treatment. Changes in the mRNA levels of these proteins in response to IL-6 corresponded with those changes seen with the secreted products, indicating pretranslational regulation. Administration of IL-1β to rat hepatocytes produced a similar decline of albumin secretion and a 5-fold increase of fibrinogen secretion, whereas α2-macroglobulin secretion remained undisturbed. In contrast, TNF-α did not affect the secretion of any protein examined. Human hepatocytes in a double-gel culture configuration reacted to IL-6 and IL-1β with an approximate 40-fold increase in serum amyloid A secretion, peaking at day 3 posttreatment. Both the secretion pattern and temporal response of these cultured hepatocytes to cytokines appear to closely mimic the in vivo hepatocellular response. The double-gel culture system is a stable, attractive tool for further investigation of the acute phase and other hepatocellular responses to physiologic stimuli.
Structural diversity of marginal (Lamina l) neurons in the adult monkey (Macaca mulatta) lumbosacral spinal cord: A Golgi study

Utilizing the Golgi technique, the present study provides a structural analysis of primate marginal (lamina I) neurons in the lumbosacral spinal cord. Marginal neurons are classified on the basis of major structural differences in dendritic conformation, distribution, and specialization. Cell size and shape alone were not found to be reliable criteria. Marginal cells can be divided into four major groups. Group I (Aspiny Neurons with Thick, Blunt Dendrites) consists of neurons with relatively thick dendrites which have an abrupt, blunt termination and few spines. This heterogeneous group includes large, medium, and small neurons of various shapes. Group II cells (Large to Medium Spiny Neurons) can be subdivided into two distinct groups: Group IIA neurons, which have longitudinal spiny dendritic arbors, and Group IIB cells, which have a moderately spiny, fan-shaped dendritic arbor which spreads across the lateral portion of the dorsal marginal zone. Both Groups A and B exhibit several types of spines. Group III (Aspiny Neurons with Thin, Tapering Dendrites) consists of small to medium size neurons which can be further divided into two groups: Group IIIA, which is characterized by oval- to fusiform-shaped neurons with tortuous, fine, tapered dendrites which ramify in the dorsolateral fasciculus and the lateral funiculus, and Group IIIB, which is composed of fusiform-, pyramidal- and polygonal-shaped neurons with fine, tapering dendrites confined to lamina I. Group IV (Small Spiny Neurons) are characterized by a small fusiform-to pyramidal-shaped cell body and delicate longitudinal dendrites with small, short-necked pedunculated spines. This group is subdivided into Group IVA cells, which are found within lamina I proper and Group IVB cells, which are located in the dorsolateral fasciculus and have unmyelinated axons. The present study demonstrates considerably more structural diversity within the marginal zone than has been previously reported, and offers sufficient variation to correlate with functional differences described for lamina I neurons.
RhoC-GTPase is a Novel Tissue Biomarker Associated with Biologically Aggressive Carcinomas of the Breast

Summary Background. There is a need for reliable predictors of breast cancer aggressiveness that will further refine the staging classification and help guide the implementation of novel therapies. We have identified RhoC as being nearly always overexpressed in the most aggressive form of breast cancer, inflammatory breast cancer (IBC); in subsequent work we identified RhoC to be a promising marker of aggressive behavior in breast cancers less than 1 cm in diameter. We hypothesized that RhoC expression would identify aggressive, non-IBC tumors breast cancer patients at any stage with worse outcomes defined as recurrence and/or metastasis. Methods. We constructed four high-density tissue microarrays (TMAs) using 801 tissue cores from 280 patients. These tissues represent a wide range of normal breast and breast disease, including intraductal hyperplasia, ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), invasive carcinomas, and distant metastases. The TMAs were immunostained using a polyclonal anti-RhoC antibody developed in our laboratory. Cytoplasmic RhoC expression was scored as negative, weak, moderate, or strong by a previously validated scoring schema. Results. RhoC expression increases with breast cancer progression. All samples of normal breast epithelium had negative to weak staining, whereas staining intensity increased in hyperplasia, DCIS, invasive carcinoma, and metastases (Kruskal–Wallis p < 0.001). In patients with invasive carcinoma, high RhoC expression was associated with features of aggressive behavior including high histologic grade, positive lymph nodes, and negative hormonal receptor status. High RhoC expression was a predictor of overall survival in patients with breast cancer (log rank test, p= 0.002) and was associated with 100% increase in the risk of death as compared to patients with low RhoC expression. Importantly, high RhoC was an independent predictor of poor response to doxorubicin-based chemotherapy with a hazard ratio of 3.1 and a 95% CI of 1.2–7.7 ( p= 0.02). Conclusion. RhoC expression increases with breast cancer progression and RhoC protein level in tumor tissue is strongly associated with biologically aggressive invasive carcinomas of the breast. RhoC expression, if validated, may identify patients who are less likely benefit from doxorubicin therapy and suggests RhoC overexpression as a new target for intervention.
Dynamic response testing of columnar composite structures subjected to impulsive loading

An experimental technique designed to study the dynamic response of columnar composite structures to impulsive loading has been developed. The technique uses a vibration shaker to subject a vertically mounted specimen to impulsive forces. Miniature accelerometers are used to monitor the dynamic response of the specimen. Results obtained from impulse tests with bone specimens have been presented to illustrate the testing technique.