cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Resonant and non-resonant effects in photonic glasses

Abstract Over the past ten years, a large amount of research has been done investigating materials, both glasses and polymers, which exhibit large non-linear susceptibilities, χ 3 . The measured χ 3 for a wide range of inorganic glasses are presented and discussed in terms of chemical composition. The experimental results from a single mode fiber with a large non-resonant χ 3 are presented. An argument is made for the choice of the non-resonant non-linear effect in cylindrical optical waveguides as the most practical route toward the realization of devices utilizing non-linear interactions. The argument takes into account various aspects that influence device performance other than the magnitude of χ 3 alone. A brief discussion of the resonant non-linear phenomena derived from band-filling in semiconductor doped glasses and the photorefractive effect in SiO 2 GeO 2 waveguide materials is included for comparison.
Distinct patterns of cytogenetic and clinical progression in chronic myeloproliferative neoplasms with or without JAK2 or MPL mutations

Chronic myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN), including essential thrombocythemia (ET) and primary myelofibrosis (PMF), result from interactions between initiating growth factor mutations and secondary genomic changes. Codon 617 mutation of the JAK2 kinase is found in 40-50% of ET/PMF, whereas the mutation of codon 515 in the JAK2-linked thrombopoietin receptor MPL is found in approximately 20% of JAK2-unmutated cases of ET and PMF. Using quantitative mutation assays, we compared patterns of clinical and cytogenetic progression in MPL-mutated MPN (n=21) to those with JAK2 V617F mutation (n=383) or neither mutation (n=109). Among patients with MPL mutations, ET was seen in 9 and PMF in 12. Median mutation levels in pretreatment ET samples were significantly higher for MPL-mutated cases (60%) than for JAK2-mutated cases (24%; P=0.01), as was presentation with anemia. Differential genomic changes included +9 in JAK2-mutated cases and chromosome 1 alterations in MPL-mutated ones, implicating dosage effects related to gene copy number. Decreases in the levels of MPL mutation were seen in sequential marrow samples from some patients under treatment with biologic therapies, but not in those treated with kinase inhibitors, consistent with selective response of the MPL-mutated clone similar to the responses seen in JAK2-mutated MPN.
Studies of microhardness and mar resistance using a scanning probe microscope

Abstract Scanning probe microscopy (SPM) is in a period of rapid development. It shows great promise for characterizing coating surfaces. This paper describes modification of an SPM so that it can be used to mar the surfaces of coatings under controlled conditions and to characterize the mars. Mar resistance of coatings is analyzed in terms of a `three response, two mechanism model.' The three responses (fracture, elastic, and plastic) can be measured quantitatively using the SPM. Of the three responses, only two (fracture and plastic deformation) are marring mechanisms – elastic deformations recover instantaneously. In some cases mars resulting from plastic deformation may recover slowly with time or with immersion in water; this phenomenon is attributed to viscoelastic creep. Microhardness is also measured with the modified SPM. Some thermoset coatings appear to be substantially harder near their surfaces than in the mass of material, and such materials may respond quite differently to stress applied at different levels near the surface. This finding has important implications for all coating properties that are strongly influenced by the surface. A quantity called `micro mar resistance' is defined. It may be useful for comparing different coatings under specified conditions of marring. However, there can be no single quantity that expresses `mar resistance' of a coating under all conditions.
Fast-timing measurements using a Chevron microchannel plate electron multiplier

The output pulse shape and timing characteristics of a Bendix Chevron electron multiplier have been investigated. Pulse heights were found to be non-uniform with a maximum height of approximately 1000 mV into 50 Ω. The output pulse is about 3 ns wide at half-maximum, triangular in appearance, with rise and fall times of approximately 1.5 ns. The use of the Chevron in a fast—slow delayed-coincidence system is described. 60Co beta-particles were detected by the Chevron and a plastic scintillator was used to detect gamma rays. Prompt fwhm (450 ps), fwtm (850 ps), and slopes (<80 ps) were obtained. These values are upper limits, as the time resolution was limited by the scintillator arm of the system. Half-life measurements of the 1289.1 keV [(1.07 ± 0.10)ns] and the 100.1 keV [(1.53 ± 0.10)ns] levels in 182W were made and found to be in agreement with those found by other investigators.
Beginning Experiences with Simulation: Asthma in a Pediatric Patient

Abstract Current research in high-fidelity simulation demonstrates high student satisfaction, a method for active learning, a safe learning environment, an ability to recreate scenarios among several groups of students, and the ability for students to experience rare patient problems. This case study describes the integration of a simulated clinical experience into a junior-level baccalaureate pediatric nursing course to provide consistent clinical experiences for all students. Student and faculty comments reflected a positive experience. Lessons learned from this case study support additional simulation in the nursing curriculum, recognition of the time and resources required to integrate simulation into a nursing course and faculty, and need for student flexibility with this learning tool.
‘Safety first’: A simple and practical safety manual for the analytical laboratory

Abstract The emerging analytical laboratory of the late 1990s is based on the technical, quality assurance/quality (QA/QC) control, and safety manuals. While much emphasis has been placed on analytical techniques and QA/QC programs, laboratory safety should not be addressed only in cases of emergency. However, following safety guidelines may not be simple. In many cases in the United States, Federal or State laws, and city or county ordinances are not clear, or limited in scope. University‐affiliated laboratories can often rely on the office of safety and environmental health for university‐wide safety policies. Because these policies are often difficult to implement and because relying on common sense for laboratory safety is insufficient, we drafted ‘Safety First’, a simple and practical laboratory safety manual. Its objective is to highlight the ‘details’ that make the laboratory a safe and pleasant place to work in. It is not intended to replace any other official safety document. It is primarily inte...
Continuous monitoring of mixed venous oxygen saturation as an indicator of pharmacologic intervention

This prospective study evaluated the ability of continuous SvO2 measurements to predict the onset and duration of action of the oral vasodilator, fenoldopam. Eight patients with New York Heart Association functional class 3 CHF received 100 mg fenoldopam in the fasted state. Serial hemodynamic parameters and SvO2 measurements were obtained at baseline and up to eight hours postdose. Although wide interpatient variability was observed, the SvO2-time response curve produced a similar trend as the CI-time response curve. The SvO2 may be a useful drug monitoring parameter in patients with NYHA class 3 CHF. Seriously ill patients may not have a good CI/SvO2 correlation. This is most likely due to an unstable oxygen consumption rate at the tissue level. Therefore, we recommend establishing the relationship between CI and SvO2 prior to its use as a drug monitoring parameter. (Chest 1989; 95:406-09)
The microwave spectrum, barrier to internal rotation, and dipole moment of trans 3-penten-1-yne

Abstract The microwave spectrum of trans 3-penten-1-yne has been observed in the range 8–26.5 GHz. Analysis of the spectrum yielded rotational constants: A = 38370 ± 100 MHz, B = 2247.00 ± 0.02 MHz and C = 2150.46 ± 0.02 MHz. The dipole-moment components are: μa = 1.04 ± 0.03 D, μb = 0.23 ± 0.08 D, and μtotal = 1.06 ± 0.05 D. Six internal-rotation splittings were measured giving a barrier to internal rotation for the methyl group of 1903 ± 50 cal/mole.
Effects of subleading operators in the heavy quark effective theory

Abstract The heavy quark effective theory is a powerful approach for calculating form factors for hadronic processes involving heavy (c and b) quarks. In this note, we investigate the leading order effects of the finite charm quark mass on semileptonic B decays and c c production. We find that the matrix elements of dimension-four operators suppressed by one power of Λ QCD m c in the weak hadronic current may be parameterized by a single new non-perturbative function and one unknown dimensionful constant. Dimension-five operators in the effective lagrarian which break the spin-flavour SU(4) of the lowest order lagrangian introduce corrections of the same order of magnitude; these require the introduction of three more non-perturbative form factors. However, when the initial and final velocities of the heavy quark are equal, the Λ QCD m c corrections vanish and the absolutely normalized lowest order predictions remain valid.
Differentiation of Insulin-Producing Cells from Human Neural Progenitor Cells

Background Success in islet-transplantation-based therapies for type 1 diabetes, coupled with a worldwide shortage of transplant-ready islets, has motivated efforts to develop renewable sources of islet-replacement tissue. Islets and neurons share features, including common developmental programs, and in some species brain neurons are the principal source of systemic insulin.
Endogenous bone morphogenetic proteins mediate 1α, 25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3‐induced expression of osteoblast differentiation markers in human dermal fibroblasts

Human dermal fibroblasts are generally considered to be restricted to a fibroblastic lineage. Although dermal fibroblasts do not typically express markers of osteoblastic differentiation, they have previously been shown to undergo osteoinduction when stimulated with bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) or vitamin D3. However, involvement of BMP signaling in vitamin D3-mediated osteoinduction has not been reported. In this study, human dermal fibroblasts were cultured in chemically defined medium containing vitamin D3, in the presence of the BMP antagonist noggin or neutralizing antibodies specific for BMP-4 or BMP-6, and characterized for markers of osteoblastic differentiation. Treatment of dermal fibroblasts with vitamin D3 induced expression of BMP-4 (1.2 ± 0.2, 1.7 ± 0.2, and 1.8 ± 0.2 relative fold increase) and BMP-6 (9.1 ± 0.3, 23.3 ± 2.1, and 30.4 ± 3.0 relative fold increase) at 3, 14, and 21 days, respectively. Vitamin D3 was also shown to induce the expression of the osteoblast-specific markers, alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin, in a dose-dependent manner in human dermal fibroblasts. Addition of noggin, BMP-4 antibodies, and BMP-6 antibodies resulted in a downregulation of alkaline phosphatase activity (by 42%, 22%, and 20%, respectively) and secreted osteocalcin (by 20%, 31%, and 49%, respectively) after 21 days in culture. However, blocking BMP signaling did not result in complete recovery of a fibroblastic phenotype. Taken together, these results suggest that BMP signaling plays a role in the induction of an osteoblastic phenotype in human dermal fibroblasts in response to vitamin D3 stimulation. © 2008 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 27:162–168, 2009
The origin of photon absorption below and above surface plasmon resonance of gold colloids confined in dielectric media

Experimental and theoretical investigation of gold implanted in silica and gold colloids in solution has been conducted. It is shown that the effective medium theories can be successfully used to predict surface plasmon absorption (SPA) energy. However, the model calculation failed to explain the relatively stronger absorption below and above the gold SPA regions. It is argued that the lower energy photon absorption of SP resonance can be attributed to the change of the real part of the dielectric constant resulting from the ion implantation damage. The strong optical absorption above the SPA energy may be due to the physical and quantum confinement effects on both conduction and valence bands thereby changing the oscillator strength of the interband transitions.
Bone lead levels are associated with measures of memory impairment in older adults

Accumulating evidence suggests a link between lead exposure and memory impairment but assessments based on predictive and validated measures are lacking. We conducted a pilot study of 47 healthy subjects 55-67 years of age to examine associations between bone lead levels and 4 tests sensitive to the natural history of Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). These include 3 subtests of the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (delayed match-to-sample, paired associates learning and spatial recognition memory) and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment Test. Bone lead concentrations were measured at the mid-shaft of the tibia and the calcaneus with K X-ray fluorescence. Higher tibial and calcaneal bone lead values were significantly (p<0.05) associated with lower performance levels on delayed match-to-sample and paired associates learning in unadjusted analyses with Spearman rank correlation coefficients of about 0.4. Multiple linear regression analyses (i.e., least-squares means of cognitive test scores across tertiles of lead exposure) adjusted for age, education and smoking status continued to show an association of higher calcaneal lead levels with increasing memory impairments on delayed match-to-sample (p=0.07). As might be expected, additional adjustment for history of hypertension reduced the strength of this association (p=0.19). Given the demonstrated impact of lead exposure on hypertension and the vascular etiology of certain dementias, we speculate that hypertension could play a mediating role in the association between lead exposure and memory impairment.
Standardizing thoracic organ procurement for transplantation.

In direct contrast to the transplant procurement of abdominal solid organs, in which transplant surgeons routinely accept organs that have been harvested by other surgical groups, there has been a general lack of enthusiasm for sharing organ procurement responsibilities among thoracic transplant surgeons. This has resulted in reduced donor organ usage, increased expense in an already expensive venture, and inefficiency in human resource allocation in the treatment of end-stage cardiac and pulmonary dysfunction. The elimination of variation in thoracic organ procurement technique is the mandatory first step in a much-needed dialogue aimed at improving thoracic organ procurement efficiency. Toward this end, a standardized procedure for adult heart and lung donor organ procurement is proposed.
Radial diffusion in the Uranian radiation belts: inferences from satellite absorption loss models

Low-energy charged particle (LECP) phase space density profiles available from the Voyager/1986 Uranus encounter are analyzed, using solutions of the time-averaged radial diffusion equation for charged particle transport in a dipolar planetary magnetic field. Profiles for lower-energy protons and electrons are first analyzed to infer radial diffusion rate as a function of L, assuming that satellite absorption is the dominant loss process and local sources for these particles are negligible. Satellite macrosignatures present in the experimentally derived profiles are approximately reproduced in several cases, lending credence to the loss model and indicating that magnetospheric distributed losses are not as rapid as satellite absorption near the minimum satellite L shells for the particles. Diffusion rates and L dependences are found to be similar to those previously inferred in the inner Jovian magnetosphere (Thomsen et al., 1977) and for the inner Saturnian magnetosphere (Hood, 1985). Profiles for higher energy electrons and protons are also analyzed using solutions that allow for the existence of significant particle sources as well as sinks. Possible implications for radial diffusion mechanisms in the Uranian radiation belts are discussed.
Pharmacokinetics & drug resistance of melphalan in regional chemotherapy: ILP versus ILI

Two forms of regional chemotherapy for the treatment of advanced melanoma or sarcoma of the extremity are isolated limb perfusion (ILP) and the more recently described isolated limb infusion (ILI). Melphalan is the most commonly employed agent in both ILP and ILI, although it is often used in conjunction with other cytotoxic and/or biologic therapies. While ILP and ILI are far more effective for the treatment of extremity disease than is systemic therapy, there is still significant room for improvement in outcomes, from the standpoint of both response rate and toxicity. An understanding of the pharmacokinetics of regional chemotherapy would allow for the prediction of tumor response and toxicity and therefore patient outcomes. In addition, elucidating the mechanisms of drug resistance would lead to opportunities to develop effective chemo-modulators that enhance the effectiveness of ILP and ILI. This paper reviews progress in these two key areas of active investigation.
Complete genome sequence of the endosymbiont Blattabacterium from the cockroach Nauphoeta cinerea (Blattodea: Blaberidae).

Abstract All cockroaches, with the exception of one cave-dwelling genus, harbor endosymbiotic bacteria, Blattabacterium. After much confusion concerning their function, recent genomic studies indicate that Blattabacterium synthesize amino acids, vitamins, and other compounds. However, the Blattabacterium genomes sequenced so far suggest that the endosymbionts are variable in their genome size, gene composition, and compounds they synthesize. Therefore, there is a need for sequencing additional Blattabacterium genomes to fully comprehend their evolution. Here, we report the complete genome sequence of Blattabacterium (BNCIN) harbored by the host Nauphoeta cinerea (Blaberidae). The BNCIN genome is 622,952 bp long and consists of 581 protein coding regions and 627 genes of putative function. The genome of BNCIN is comparable, with a few structural and functional differences, to the genomes of the other sequenced Blattabacterium. The endosymbiont is involved in complete or partial synthesis of 15 amino acids.
On the stability of the reaction zone of the plane deflagration

Abstract The one-dimensional stability of the reaction-zone of a premixed plane flame is examined. The flame is described busing activation-energy asymptotics and it is shown that the stability of the reaction-zone depends on the Lewis number of the fuel. For the simple kinetic model considered, the critical Lewis number is one.
Feasibility of smaller arterial cannulas in venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.

Objectives To facilitate venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) insertion for cardiogenic shock, we recently adopted a strategy of using a 15F arterial cannula in all patients, rather than 1 designed to maximize flow. We aimed to compare the clinical outcomes of these 2 strategies. Methods In this retrospective study, 101 consecutive patients supported with ECMO via femoral cannulation between March 2007 and March 2013 were divided into 2 groups: Group L (17F-24F arterial cannula to accommodate full flow [ie, cardiac index of 2.5 L/m 2 /min]; n = 51) and Group S (15F arterial cannula; n = 50). The primary outcomes of interest were patients' overall status at 24 hours of support and cannulation-related adverse events. Results There were no significant differences in patient demographics, etiology of cardiogenic shock, or severity of illness before ECMO initiation between the 2 groups. Group L had significantly higher ECMO flow than Group S (flow index at 24 hours: 2.2 ± 0.7 vs 1.7 ± 0.3 L/m 2 /min; P P = .14]), particularly in cannulation site bleeding (28% vs 10% [ P = .03]). Thirty-day survival was 55% in Group L versus 52% in Group S ( P = .77). Bleeding complication occurred in 53% in Group L versus 32% in Group S ( P = .03). Conclusions Compared with the use of larger cannulas, ECMO with a 15F arterial cannula appears to provide comparable clinical support with reduced bleeding complications.
Reduction of glutathione levels in livers of mice treated with N,N'-bis (2-chloroethyl)-N-nitrosourea.

N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU), N-(2-chloroethyl)-N′-(trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)-N-nitrosourea (methylCCNU), and N,N′-bis(2-chloroethyl)-N-nitrosourea (BCNU) were examined for their effect on glutathione (GSH) levels of various tissues of normal and L1210-leukemic mice. BCNU produced significant decreases in the GSH levels of livers of both groups, but caused no change in the GSH content of the L1210 tumor or in the lungs. The GSH content of the kidneys of L1210 tumor-bearing mice, however, was significantly decreased by BCNU at early time points. A small increase in the liver content of oxidized glutathione could not account for the decreased content of GSH. Methyl CCNU and MNU were without effect on any of the tissues examined. These data are consistent with our previous observation that BCNU is a substrate for GSH S-transferase, and suggest that a GSH-dependent process is an important pathway for the metabolism of BCNU.
Conformally natural extensions in view of dynamics

We give an easy description of the barycentric extension of a map of the unit circle to the closed unit disk using some ideas from dynamical systems. We then prove that every circle endomorphism of the unit circle of degree d ≥ 2 (with a topological expansion condition) has a conformally natural extension to the closed unit disk which is real analytic on the open unit disk. If the endomorphism is uniformly quasisymmetric, then the extension is quasiconformal.
Implications of alternate policies on welfare of slum dwellers: Evidence from Pune, India

Abstract In this paper we examine how slum dwellers value location-based amenities. In most developing country cities, residents living in slums have poor-quality dwellings and limited access to basic public services and amenities. Using data from Pune, India, we estimate the residential location choices of slum dwellers, which are conditional on housing quality, neighborhood amenities, and community structure. We use these estimates to simulate the impact of alternate interventions on household welfare. We find that households derive benefits from housing quality and neighborhood amenities. While relocating households to the periphery has adverse consequences for household welfare, we show that households could be adequately compensated out of the increased tax revenue accruing from alternative uses of the vacated central land.
The Impact of Low Trust on Economic Development: The Case of Latin America

Deficiencies of trust in many Latin American countries significantly impede efforts to attain sufficient levels of sustainable, long-term economic growth. This paper discusses the role of trust as seen through the eyes of small entrepreneurs in Latin America. Three tables are discussed that specifically portray the role of trust in society, how entrepreneurs use trust to sustain their enterprises and socioeconomic networks, and the impacts of low trust in economic development in Latin America. This paper confirms what many leading scholars have claimed over the past two decades, that a cultural legacy of fractious civil societies accompanied with disruptive and often-corrupt polities does matter when measuring human progress and economic development.
Tidal and meteorological forcing of sediment transport in tributary mudflat channels

Field observations of flow and sediment transport in a tributary channel through intertidal mudflats indicate that suspended sediment was closely linked to advection and dispersion of a tidal salinity front. During calm weather when tidal forcing was dominant, high concentrations of suspended sediment advected up the mudflat channel in the narrow region between salty water from San Francisco Bay and much fresher runoff from the small local watershed. Salinity and suspended sediment dispersed at similar rates through each tidal inundation, such that during receding ebbs the sediment pulse had spread spatially and maximum concentrations had decreased. Net sediment transport was moderately onshore during the calm weather, as asymmetries in stratification due to tidal straining of the salinity front enhanced deposition, particularly during weaker neap tidal forcing. Sediment transport by tidal forcing was periodically altered by winter storms. During storms, strong winds from the south generated wind waves and temporarily increased suspended sediment concentrations. Increased discharge down the tributary channels due to precipitation had more lasting impact on sediment transport, supplying both buoyancy and fine sediment to the system. Net sediment transport depended on the balance between calm weather tidal forcing and perturbations by episodic storms. Net transport in the tributary channel was generally off-shore during storms and during calm weather spring tides, and on-shore during calm weather neap tides.
Trace-level measurement of complex combustion effluents and residues using multidimensional gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (MDGC–MS)

The identification and quantitation of non-method-specific target analytes have greater importance with respect to EPA's current combustion strategy. The risk associated with combustion process emissions must now be characterized. EPA has recently released draft guidance on procedures for the collection of emissions data to support and augment site-specific risk assessments (SSRAs) as part of the hazardous waste incineration permitting process. This guidance includes methodology for quantifying total organic (TO) emissions as a function of compound volatility. The ultimate intent is to compare the amount of organic material identified and quantified by target analyte-specific methodologies to organic emissions quantified by the TO methodology. The greater the amount accounted for by the target analyte-specific methodologies, the less uncertainty may be associated with the SSRAs. A limitation of this approach is that the target analyte-specific methodologies do not routinely quantify compounds of low toxicological interest; nor do they target products of incomplete combustion (PICs). Thus, the analysis can miss both toxic and non-toxic compounds. As a result, it is unknown whether the uncharacterized fraction of the TO emission possesses toxic properties. The hypothesis that we propose to test is that organic emissions and organics extracted from particulate matter (PM) are more complex than standard GC-MS-based instrumentation can currently measure. This complexity can affect quantitation for toxic compounds, thereby potentially affecting risk assessments. There is a pressing need to better characterize these organic emissions from hazardous waste incinerators and PM extracts from various other combustion sources. We will demonstrate that multidimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (MDGC-MS) procedures significantly improve chromatographic separation for complex environmental samples. Sequential repetitive heart-cutting MDGC, with coupled mass spectrometry will be shown to be a complete analysis technique. The ability of this technique to disengage components from complex mixtures taken from hazardous and municipal waste incinerators will be shown.
Regional Assessments of Low Clouds against Large-Scale Stability in CAM5 and CAM-CLUBB Using MODIS and ERA-Interim Reanalysis Data

AbstractDaily gridded cloud data from MODIS and ERA-Interim reanalysis have been assessed to examine variations of low cloud fraction (CF) and cloud-top height and their dependence on large-scale dynamics and a measure of stability. To assess the stratocumulus (Sc) to cumulus (Cu) transition (STCT), the observations are used to evaluate two versions of the NCAR Community Atmosphere Model version 5 (CAM5), both the base model and a version that has implemented a new subgrid low cloud parameterization, Cloud Layers Unified by Binormals (CLUBB).The ratio of moist static energy (MSE) at 700–1000 hPa (MSEtotal) is a skillful predictor of median CF of screened low cloud grids. Values of MSEtotal less than 1.00 represent either conditionally or absolutely unstable layers, and probability density functions of CF suggest a preponderance of either trade Cu (median CF 1.00), an abundance of overcast or nearly overcast low clouds ...
Inverse eigenvalue problem for a circular membrane

The problem of determining the density distribution of a circularly symmetric elastic membrane, fixed on the edge, from its frequencies of free vibration, is examined. An asymptotic analysis implies that a density function that is a small perturbation from a homogeneous membrane is determined, up to a finite number of parameters, by two infinite spectra of appropriate angular orders. An algorithm for reconstructing the density from the spectra is presented. The results are illustrated by numerical simulations.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Comparison of cytopathogenicity, immunofluorescence and In situ DNA hybridization as methods for the detection of adenoviruses

Abstract Three different methods were compared for their efficiency at detection of adenoviruses. The samples examined for viral analysis consisted of concentrates prepared from raw sewage, chosen as providing a representation of the spectrum of viruses being intestinally shed from a large population at any given time. When using one single cell line, HEp-2, the overall numbers of adenoviruses detected using cytopathogenicity and immunofluorescence were roughly equal. In situ hybridization was approx. 40% more sensitive than either of these other methods as determined by average virus titers for the different samples, and also proved to be better by means of a nonparametric comparison. The 293 cell line was approx. 5 times more sensitive for detecting adenoviruses by cytopathogenicity as compared with the HEp-2 cell line, but proved unsuitable in our hands for quantitatively detecting indigenous adenoviruses by immunofluorescence. The relative number of indigenous adenoviruses present in the sewage concentrates we examined was, on average, 94-fold greater than that of enteroviruses. Assay of enteroviruses was performed by plaque assay in the BGM cell line.
Teacher Self-Disclosure and Student Classroom Participation: A Reply to Wambach and Brothen

Goldstein and Benassi (1994) found that teacher self-disclosure correlated positively with student classroom participation. Wambach and Brothen (1997lthis issue) offered methodological, empirical, and conceptual criticisms. We address their criticisms and indicate weaknesses in their work. We reaffim our original conclusions.
The sex gap in work and wages

B etween 1950 and 1980 the proportion of women in the paid labor force rose dramatically, from 28 percent to 51 percent. In the 1950s the increase came mostly from women over thirty-five returning to jobs when their children were older. The 1960s and 1970s brought unabated increases for women of all ages, but especially for married women with children. By 1980, 45 percent of married women with children under six and 41 percent of those with children under three were in the labor force. Yet most women still work in female-dominated jobs. Associated with this segregation has been a nearly constant sex gap in wages. Women who work full time all year earn about 60 percent of what is earned by men who work full time. I shall provide an overview of research from sociology, economics, and psychology that explains the persistence of job segregation and the sex gap in earnings.
Cross-cultural examination of the tripartite model in adults.

Clark and Watson's (1991) tripartite model is commonly viewed as the preferred model for examining the relationship between anxiety and depression. The tripartite model proposes that the overlap and distinction between anxiety and depression can be best understood along three dimensions: positive affect, negative affect, and physiological hyperarousal. Although the tripartite model has received support in a wide variety of samples, little has been done to examine whether the tripartite model holds cross‐culturally. Using a highly diverse sample of undergraduate students (n = 923), this study set out to determine the generalizability of the tripartite model among students who identified themselves as African American/Black (non‐Hispanic), Caucasian/White (non‐Hispanic), Hispanic/Latino(a), and Asian. The results of the present study suggest that the model fits generally for each group, but the study did not find cross‐group equivalence in the relationships between constructs. Possible reasons for the lack ...
Rapid detection of viable Salmonella typhimurium in a selective medium by monitoring oxygen consumption with electrochemical cyclic voltammetry

A new method for in situ monitoring Salmonella typhimurium in a selective medium was developed by measuring the cathodic peak current of oxygen in cyclic voltammograms during bacterial proliferation with an electrochemical voltammetric analyzer. The rapid oxygen consumption at a time during the growth of bacteria resulted in a sharp decline of the curves. The detection times (threshold values) obtained from the oxygen consumption curve were inversely related to the concentrations of S. typhimurium in the medium. This method for detection of S. typhimurium is more sensitive than nucleic acid-based polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods and any of the antibody-based methods such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technology, electrochemical immunoassays, immunosensors, and it has a sensitivity similar to conventional culture methods and impedimetric methods but is more rapid than either of them. A calibration curve was obtained by plotting initial cell concentrations (CFU ml−1) determined by conventional plate counting, as a function of the detection time. A linear response was found on the calibration curve for S. typhimurium between 1–2×100 and 1–2×106 cells per ml. The detection time for 1–2×100 and 1–2×106 cells per ml of viable S. typhimurium in the medium was 10 and 2.1 h, respectively.
Returned Chinese Students from America and the Chinese Leadership (1846-1949)

Between 1846 and 1949 about 150,000 Chinese students studied abroad.1 There are no statistics available on the total number of Chinese students who studied in the United States during this period. What we do know are the numbers of Chinese students who studied in America in specific years. There were more than 10 in 1890; 50 in 1903; more than 500 in 1910; 650 in 1911; 594 in 1912; 1,300 in 1914; 1,461 in 1915; 1,500 in 1917; 1,673 in 1924; 2,500 in 1925; 2,500 in 1926; 2,500 in 1927; 1,279 in 1929; 1,504 in 1935; 1,580 in 1936; 1,733 in 1937; 1,163 in 1939; 987 in 1942; 2,710 in 1948, and 3,797 in 1949.
Physical Sorting of Coded Documents

A large number of coded items such as bank checks are initially mixed randomly. It is desired to sort them into k categories using a sorting device with m pockets (m < k). Several possible objectives are noted, and a new criterion oriented to the average time until categories are sorted out is analyzed. A simple strategy is shown to minimize the average number of sorting passes that elapse until an item is sorted out.
Women in management: a Malaysian perspective

Surveys of women in management postitions in the USA and elsewhere have indicated a notion of masculine managerial model of “organizational man”. Malaysia presents an interesting case study on attitudes towards women managers because it is a society undergoing rapid changes from its strong traditional religious and cultural norms to modern values about women. This study focuses on the perceptions of Malaysian men and women executives about the female managers in corporate Malaysia. Specifically, the study examines the organizational environment for women managers in Malaysia, how men and women at different ranks feel about women’s advancement in the organization, the differences in the leadership styles of men and women managers and their effectiveness in achieving organizational goals.
L’irréductibilité de la connaissance et l’intentionnalité en contexte de découverte abductive

La connaissance reste une enigme a cause de son aptitude a degager un pattern en operant inductivement sans se voir pour autant limitee aux restrictions d’un denombrement empirique des situations rencontrees. Au lieu de voir le concept comme un objet affaibli representatif d’une realite exterieure, il est suggere ici de comprendre le connaitre comme comblement d’une distance apte a conserver, pour l’agent qui l’eprouve, l’exigence d’une visee exterieure. On invite a se mefier de tout critere exterieur et quantitatif de la verite, en montrant que certaines performances humaines echappent au projet de l’intelligence artificielle. Finalement, l’aspect positif du projet constructiviste cognitif est evalue et il est propose qu’un de ses fruits inattendus permettra d’inserer le pouvoir humain de connaitre dans la nature infrahumaine.
Triple exposure: Regulatory, climatic, and political drivers of water management changes in the city of Los Angeles

The city of Los Angeles has undergone a significant change in its approach to water management and service delivery in the last 30 years. These changes include a shift to local water resource development and more collaborative decision making. Drawing from ideas in the transitions and policy change literatures, we develop an exposure-based framework for explaining major change. We hypothesize that major change in the relationship between cities and the environment is driven by exposure to reinforcing climatic, regulatory and political shifts. Interviews with decision makers, managers, NGOs and academics are used to demonstrate how this triple exposure has led to major change in water management in Los Angeles in the last thirty years. While the changes are significant, there are remaining financial, political and institutional barriers to achieving the city’s goals of greater water independence and collaborative decision making.
The Challenges of CT Colonography Reimbursement

CT colonography has been shown to be an effective method to screen for colorectal cancer. However, at present, full endorsement and reimbursement for screening CT colonography, particularly by the US Preventive Services Task Force and CMS, respectively, are absent, so this screening option is infrequently used, and optical colonoscopy remains the de facto standard screening option. The authors summarize the past accomplishments that led to the current state of reimbursement and outline the remaining challenges and road to full acceptance and reimbursement of screening CT colonography nationally.
Control of Gastric Emptying and Motility

The control of gastric emptying and motility has advanced, particularly in the last 20 years, and more recently has . at­ tracted many investigators. The subJect was last reviewed in various chapters in the Handbook of Physiology, published in 1967. For the pioneering studies in the area of gastric emptying and motility, we are in­ debted to Beaumont, Marbiax, the Sala­ manacas (father and son), Carlson, Al­ varez, Thomas, Ivy and their co-workers, and more recently Code and Daniel and their groups. Particularly, J. N. Hunt and co-workers have made a confusing subject more understandable by their efforts over
Crystallization under nanoscale confinement

Classical crystal growth models posit that crystallization outcomes are determined by nuclei that resemble mature crystal phases, but at a critical size where the volume free energy of nuclei begins to offset the unfavorable surface free energy arising from the interface with the growth medium. Crystallization under nanoscale confinement offers an opportunity to examine nucleation and phase transformations at length scales corresponding to the critical size, at which kinetics and thermodynamics of nucleation and growth intersect and dramatic departures in stability compared to bulk crystals can appear. This tutorial review focuses on recent investigations of the crystallization of organic compounds in nanoporous matrices that effectively provide millions of nanoscale reactors in a single sample, ranging from controlled porous glass (CPG) beads to nanoporous block-copolymer monoliths to anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) membranes. Confinement of crystal growth in this manner provides a snapshot of the earliest stages of crystal growth, with insights into nucleation, size-dependent polymorphism, and thermotropic behavior of nanoscale crystals. Moreover, these matrices can be used to screen for crystal polymorphs and assess their stability as nanocrystals. The well-aligned cylindrical nanoscale pores of polymer monoliths or AAO also allow determination of preferred orientation of embedded nanocrystals, affording insight into the competitive nature of nucleation, critical sizes, and phase transition mechanisms. Collectively, these investigations have increased our understanding of crystallization at length scales that are deterministic while suggesting strategies for controlling crystallization outcomes.
Toward Understanding the Effect of Low-Activity Waste Glass Composition on Sulfur Solubility

The concentration of sulfur in Hanford low-activity waste (LAW) glass melter feed will be maintained below the point where the salt accumulates on the melt surface. The allowable concentrations may range from near zero to over 2.05 wt% (of SO3 on a calcined oxide basis) depending on the composition of the melter feed and processing conditions. If the amount of sulfur exceeds the melt tolerance level, a molten salt will accumulate which may upset melter operations and potentially shorten the useful life of the melter. At the Hanford site, relatively conservative limits have traditionally been placed on sulfur loading in melter feed, which in turn significantly increases the amount of LAW glass that will be produced. Crucible-scale sulfur solubility data and scaled melter sulfur tolerance data have been collected on simulated Hanford waste glasses over the last 15 years. These data were compiled and analyzed. An empirical model was developed to predict the solubility of SO3 in glass based on 253 simulated Hanford LAW glass compositions. This model represents the data well, accounting for over 85% of the variation in data, and was well validated. The model was also found to accurately predict the maximum amount of sulfur in melter feed that did not form a salt layer in 13 scaled melter tests of simulated LAW glasses. The model can be used to help estimate glass volumes and make informed decisions on process options (e.g., scale of supplemental LAW treatment facility, and pretreatment facility performance requirements). The model also gives quantitative estimates of component concentration effects on sulfur solubility. The components that increase sulfur solubility most are Li2O > V2O5 > CaO ≈ P2O5 > Na2O ≈ B2O3 > K2O. The components that decrease sulfur solubility most are Cl > Cr2O3 > Al2O3 > ZrO2 ≈ SnO2 > Others (i.e., the sum of minor components) ≈SiO2. The order of component effects is similar to previous literature data, in most cases.
Elevations of serum cystathionine and total homocysteine in pyridoxine-, folate-, and cobalamin-deficient rats

Abstract Because both basal and postmethionine load hyperhomocysteinemia are correlated with vascular disease, there is a need to determine the underlying causes. Although deficiencies of folate, cobalamin, and pyridoxine have all been implicated there are difficulties in distinguishing among them. The objective was to determine the changes in total homocysteine, cystathionine, and other methionine, one carbon- and tryptophan-related metabolites in rats with dietary induced folate or pyridoxine deficiency and cobalamin analogue induced deficiency. Pyridoxine-deficient diet (0 mg/kg) increased basal serum cystathionine levels (14 fold) after 51 days with a smaller increase in basal total homocysteine. Diets with 0 to 1.5 mg/kg pyridoxine also caused graded increases in serum cystathionine. Total homocysteine and cystathionine were markedly increased postmethionine load in the pyridoxine deficient rats as compared to the control, folate-, or cobalamin-deficient rats. Folate- and cobalamin-deficient rats had marked increases in basal total homocysteine and moderate increases in basal cystathionine, but the increments in postmethionine load values were not different than control. Pyridoxine deficiency decreased liver serine transhydroxymethylase activity to 6%. Post-tryptophan load serum xanthurenic acid was equal in cobalamin- and pyridoxine-deficient rats. Serum quinolinic acid was increased only in the cobalamin-deficient rats. Plasma pyridoxal-5′-phosphate levels were not as sensitive as serum cystathionine in pyridoxine deficiency. Basal and postmethionine load serum cystathionine levels are very sensitive in detecting pyridoxine deficiency and will be useful when determining the cause of clinical hyperhomocysteinemia.
Estimation of age specific incidence rates of childhood burns from a prevalence survey of burn scars.

OBJECTIVES: This paper describes two methods of estimating the age specific incidence rates of childhood burns from a prevalence survey of burn scars. METHODS: A prevalence survey of burn scars was carried out in 1992 on 15,742 Ghanaian children aged 5 years or less. Nine hundred and fifty five (6.1%) of these children had scars from burn, and for 630 (66%) of these children, additional information about the burn incident, including the child's age at the time of the burn, was obtained from the mother two to three months later. Thirty four per cent of mothers of children with burn scars were not interviewed due to absence, relocation, or inaccessibility. Age specific incidence rates of burns were estimated for eight age groups using two methods. In method I, the number of incident cases of burns for each age group were estimated from the burn scars by subtracting the estimated contribution of scars from burns that had occurred at earlier ages. In method II, the estimate was based on the mother's recall of the age of the child at the time of the burn. RESULTS: Slightly different results were obtained with the two methods, and problems were noted with both methods. CONCLUSION: We recommend the use of these methods for estimating age specific incidence rates from retrospective population surveys for health conditions which result in long term residual markers.
Microresonator-enhanced Raman amplification

We study Raman amplification in cascaded microring resonator structures and the scaling of conversion efficiency with respect to parameters such as bandwidth, free spectral range, and number of resonators. We also compare the efficiency of cascaded resonator structures to that of standard waveguides of equivalent group delay, where improvement of more than 1 order of magnitude is obtained in a more compact structure. In these studies, we use linear and nonlinear parameters relevant to silica and silicon integrated optics and include effects due to the two-photon absorption and the generation of free carriers.
A Discriminative Framework for Bilingual Word Alignment

Bilingual word alignment forms the foundation of most approaches to statistical machine translation. Current word alignment methods are predominantly based on generative models. In this paper, we demonstrate a discriminative approach to training simple word alignment models that are comparable in accuracy to the more complex generative models normally used. These models have the the advantages that they are easy to add features to and they allow fast optimization of model parameters using small amounts of annotated data.