cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Relationship Between Parenting Style, Cognitive Style, and Anxiety and Depression: Does Increased Early Adversity Influence Symptom Severity Through the Mediating Role of Cognitive Style?

Despite the central role accorded to cognitive style in mediating the relationship between negative parenting and the development of anxiety and depression, few studies have empirically examined this relationship. Using a clinical sample, this study examined the relationship between early experiences with low care, increased control, abuse and neglect, and symptoms of anxiety and depression, via the mediating effects of cognitive style. It was found that individuals who rate their parents as being more abusive and neglectful reported a greater degree of depression and that this relationship was mediated by dysfunctional cognitive style. These findings contribute to the growing literature by providing support for the role of cognitions in mediating the link between negative parenting and psychopathology.
Modeling the Transition From Conventional to Auxetic Behavior in Compressed Foams

In theory, a negative Poisson’s ratio (i.e. auxetic) material has improved hardness, impact resistance, fracture toughness, and shear modulus over one with a positive Poisson’s ratio and comparable stiffness. These enhanced properties make them attractive candidates for a wide range of applications, including ones in the biomedical industry. Over the past two decades there has been increasing interest in auxetic materials leading to the discovery and development of new auxetic materials at the micro- and macro-scales. It has been reported in the literature that some human trabecular bone is auxetic; however verification of this claim and measurement of the Poisson’s ratio of biological materials remains a challenge. This research need is the motivation for the current work. The central research objective of this project is to develop an approach to gain fundamental insight into the geometric characteristics of auxetic open cell materials by studying the underpinning mechanics behind the transition from positive to negative Poisson’s ratio that takes place when open-cell foam is compressed and heat treated. The approach involves detailed image analysis and finite element modeling of the microstructure of polyurethane foam, which is commonly used as a test material to model the structure of human cancellous bone. By studying both conventional and auxetic foam, and the process by which conventional foams are transformed to auxetic, we seek to identify the critical features of auxetic open-cell structures. The results will lead to a better understanding of auxetic cellular materials in general, and will be used to develop a framework for use in determining the mechanical properties and potential auxeticity of human trabecular bone and to aid in the design of synthetic auxetic biomaterials. In this paper we report on preliminary results of our modeling efforts.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Proton Stripping Strengths for Levels of C 11

States of $^{11}\mathrm{C}$ were studied with the $^{10}\mathrm{B}(^{3}\mathrm{He},d)^{11}\mathrm{C}$ reaction at a bombarding energy of 21 MeV. The data were found to favor the assignments ${J}^{\ensuremath{\pi}}={\frac{7}{2}}^{+} \mathrm{and} {\frac{5}{2}}^{+}$ to the levels at 8.65 and 8.69 MeV, respectively. A distorted-wave analysis of the angular distributions for negative-parity states in $^{11}\mathrm{C}$ yielded spectroscopic factors whose relative values agreed well with the predictions of Cohen and Kurath, even though the excited-state energies were found to be in better agreement with the predictions of the unified rotational model.
Securing a future for wild Indochinese tigers: Transforming tiger vacuums into tiger source sites

A century ago, tigers (Panthera tigris Linnaeus, 1758) were so common in parts of Southeast Asia as to be considered pests, and governments sponsored their killing. Habitat loss and fragmentation, market-driven poaching and loss of prey have since led to the disappearance of Indochinese tigers from most their former range. Despite 15 years of dedicated tiger conservation funding, national estimates of Indochinese tiger subpopulations can at best only be roughly approximated. The future for the subspecies appears grim unless very focused efforts can be applied to stabilize and recover subpopulations. On a regional scale, the 2 proposed subspecies Panthera tigris corbetti and P. tigris jacksoni are effectively managed as separate conservation units. Evaluating where to place conservation efforts should consider the vulnerability (likelihood of extinction) and irreplaceability (likelihood that an area contributes uniquely to regional conservation) of tiger subpopulations. Only 1 site in Thailand supporting 10 000 km2) block of dry forest habitat available in the region. A reintroduction program is the only option to recover tigers there.
Auditory and endocrine inputs to forebrain centers in anuran amphibians

Vertebrate reproduction requires the coordinated expression of somatomotor behavior and visceral responses. Acoustic communication signals and circulating gonadal steroids are two important cues used by anuran amphibians to prime and trigger reproductive behavior. An examination of central nervous system auditory pathways and the binding sites for gonadal steroids shows that somatomotor (striatum) and visceromotor (preoptic area and ventral hypothalamus) control regions of the forebrain each receive an independent, parallel input from auditory relay nuclei in the thalamus, and each contains receptors for gonadal steroid hormones. This suggests that the different aspects of anuran reproductive behavior are coordinated by having the different areas responsible for each aspect concurrently primed by circulating gonadal steroids and simultaneously provided with information regarding the presence of conspecific acoustic communication signals.
Histaminergic mechanism for drinking elicited by insulin in the rat

Sprague-Dawley male albino rats showed in a dose-response study a maximal drinking response to a 5 U/kg dose of SC insulin in a 2-hr test. Drinking elicited by 5 U/kg insulin was reduced to baseline (i.e., no insulin) level by combined antagonism of H1 and H2 receptors for histamine using IP 1 mg/kg dexbrompheniramine plus 16 mg/kg cimetidine. Antagonism of histamine receptors in this fashion was specific for drinking elicited by histamine because such antagonism reduced to baseline level drinking elicited by 2.5 mg/kg SC histamine, but failed to inhibit drinking after 8- or 24-hr water deprivation or drinking after 0.63 mg/kg SC serotonin (5-HT). These results demonstrate a histaminergic mechanism for drinking elicited by exogenous insulin which is consistent with the published report that exogenous insulin can release gastric mucosal histamine in the rat. Moreover, because eating is known to elicit the release of endogenous insulin, the results reported here suggest a working hypothesis that endogenous insulin is a component for drinking around mealtime in the rat.
Fostering the post‐secondary aspirations of gifted urban minority students

Gifted urban minority students rarely hear the “achievement message,” which includes plans for attending a good college or university. Changing the attitudes of gifted urban minority youth so that they seek the requisite college experiences will necessitate changes in the attitudes of those people who have the most influence over their education. The authors offer suggestions for teachers, counselors, administrators, parents, and the students themselves to help them become more attentive to the differential requirements of this population of gifted students.
Reduction of CO2 to free CO by a Pd(I)-Pd(I) dimer.

Reaction of CO2 with a Pd(I)–Pd(I) dimer supported by amido/bis(phosphine) pincer PNP ligands produces free CO in the presence of Me3SiCl and Me3SiOTf.
Visual form discrimination: Multidimensional analyses

Nonmetric multidimensional scaling techniques were used to evaluate discrimination latency as a similarity measure. A three dimensional Euclidian solution was found for a sample of random polygons. The dimensions were labeled compactness, jaggedness, and elongation. The spatial configuration was highly similar to results obtained from similarity estimates and the dimensions were systematically related to physical shape measures.
Visualizing the Activity and Anatomy of Brain Circuits: Optogenetic Sensors and Tissue Clearing Approaches

Dr. Gradinaru’s group studies the mechanism of action for deep brain stimulation (DBS) and develops tools and methods for neuroscience: optogenetic actuators and voltage sensors; tissue clearing, e.g. CLARITY, and imaging.
Leukocyte chemotaxis: A new in vivo testing technique

A new and sensitive technique is introduced for evaluating in vivo leukocyte chemotaxis. A small, disposable plastic chamber is used for holding the test solution, and an electric ink eraser for controlled abrasion of the skin test site. Another innovation is the use of capturing micropore membranes that, when placed between the test solution and the skin, collect cells for a permanent record. The small size of the chamber, the ease of application and immobilization, and the short time needed for cell collection permit experimentation with laboratory animals as well as with human volunteers. The accumulation of leukocytes in the chambers containing previously frozen or complement-activated autologous serum was 20 to 40-fold greater than in buffer controls after 3 h. Cell counts of approximately (1–2)×103 leukocytes per mm3 were obtained in 3 h when serum diluted 1∶1 with Hank's solution was applied to human or rabbit skin. Although predominantly polymorphonuclear leukocytes were detected in the chambers after just 3 h, prolonged incubations of 6–12 h found mononuclear cells also invading the chambers. These results clearly simulate the sequence of cellular emigration commonly observed in local inflammation.
Deciding the immutability of regular codes and languages under finite transductions

Abstract A definition for the concept of the immutability of a language with respect to a binary relation is proposed that extends the recently given definition of the immutability of a code. A polynomial-time decision procedure is then given for deciding immutability when the language is regular and the binary relation is specified by means of a finite transducer. In recent literature immutability has been discussed for finite codes which are subjected to distortions made possible by an explicitly allowed set of character transitions. Such settings are subsumed here by choosing the regular language to be the subsemigroup generated by the given code and by expressing the set of allowed transitions as a finite transducer.
A longer acting rFVIII, safe and effective

In this issue of Blood, Mahlangu et al describe a well-designed and executed phase 3 multicenter study of a recombinant factor VIII (rFVIII) product fused with the Fc fragment of immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) in 165 patients with severe hemophilia A.
3D rapid prototyping of terahertz computer-generated volume holograms

New 3D rapid prototyping technology has allowed for fast and inexpensive fabrication of terahertz gradient-index components. We report on our progress in the fabrication and testing of terahertz computer-generated volume holograms.
Difficulty assessing endotracheal tube placement in a patient with undiagnosed iatrogenic tracheoesophageal fistula.

A B s NESTHESIOLOGISTS ASSESS endotracheal tube (ETT) placement using immediately available clinical inormation. With visualization of the tube passing between the ords, bilateral breath sounds, chest rise, negative epigastric uscultation, cyclic condensation in the ETT, and capnography, t is highly unusual to encounter uncertainty regarding intratraheal tube position. Detection of esophageal intubation is typcally equally unambiguous when clinical evidence of audible ir leak, sounds of esophageal insufflation, positive epigastric uscultation, progressive abdominal distention, and the absence f signs of endotracheal intubation are present. A confusing ituation arises when clinical evidence of both endotracheal and sophageal tube placement is present. This situation was enountered in a patient with a postoperative iatrogenic nonmaignant tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF) undiagnosed at the ime of induction of anesthesia. Conflicting clinical signs rompted the anesthesiologist to conduct several investigative teps that resulted in a timely diagnosis of TEF. Preoperatively ndiagnosed TEF was rarely reported in the anesthesiology iterature in adult patients.1,2
The groups of the semigroup of compact subsets of a topological group

The compact subsets of a topological groupG form a semigroup,S(G), when multiplication is defined by set product. This semigroup is a topological semigroup when given the Vietoris topology. It would be expected that the subgroups ofS(G) should in some way be related to the groupG. This is the case. It is shown that the subgroups ofS(G) are both algebraically and topologically exactly the groups obtained as quotients of certain subgroups ofG. One consequence of this is that every subgroup ofS(G) is a topological group. Conditions are also given for these subgroups to be open or closed.
Oxygen uptake and nutrient exchange of sediments measured in situ using a free vehicle grab respirometer

A free vehicle grab respirometer is describe. It can measure oxygen uptake and nutrient exchange of deep-sea sediments and then return to the surface with four replicate box cores containing the undisturbed sediment and overlying water on which these measurements were made. Total oxygen uptake and nutrient exchange were measured in situ in the eastern North Pacific at two stations, one in the Dan Diego trough at a depth of 1193 m and one off the Patton Escarpment at 3815 m. Both stations underlie the eutrophic California Current system. There was no significant difference in total oxygen uptake between stations, but the values were significantly higher than previous measurements made at comparable depths. Ammonia, nitrite, and phosphate were evolved while nitrate was taken up at 1193 m. At the deeper station, all the nitrogenous compounds were evolved but phosphate was taken up. A delicate ammonia gradient seems to exist across the sediment-water interface.
Changes in blood pressure and plasma urate induced by the metabolism of alcohol in humans

Changes in blood pressure (BP) and plasma urate produced by the bio-transformation of a moderate dose (0.75ml(20%) ethanol/kg body weight) of alcohol were determined after 1h, 6h (oxidation phase) and 12h (post oxidation phase) of consuming the alcohol dose. Twenty healthy Nigerians (ten males and ten females) were randomly selected for the study after their informed consent. Statistical analyses of the results using ANOVA showed a significant decrease (p Key Words: Blood pressure, plasma urate, hypertension, alcohol. Global Jnl Medical Sciences Vol.2(2) 2003: 157-160
Magnetic resonance study of the transmembrane nitrite diffusion

Nitrite (NO(2)-), being a product of metabolism of both nitric oxide (NO(*)) and nitrate (NO(3)-), can accumulate in tissues and regenerate NO() by several mechanisms. The effect of NO(2)- on ischemia/reperfusion injury was also reported. Nevertheless, the mechanisms of intracellular NO(2)- accumulation are poorly understood. We suggested significant role of nitrite penetration through biological membranes in the form of undissociated nitrous acid (HNO(2)). This hypothesis has been tested using large unilamellar phosphatidylcholine liposomes and several spectroscopic techniques. HNO(2) transport across the phospholipid bilayer of liposomes facilitates proton transfer resulting in intraliposomal acidification, which was measured using pH-sensitive probes. NO(2)(-)-mediated intraliposomal acidification was confirmed by EPR spectroscopy using membrane-impermeable pH-sensitive nitroxide, AMC (2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-yloxy-2,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-3-ium-4-yl)-aminomethanesulfonic acid (pK 5.25), and by (31)P NMR spectroscopy using inorganic phosphate (pK 6.9). Nitrite accumulates inside liposomes in concentration exceeding its concentration in the bulk solution, when initial transmembrane pH gradient (alkaline inside) is applied. Intraliposomal accumulation of NO(2)- was observed by direct measurement using chemiluminescence technique. Perfusion of isolated rat hearts with buffer containing 4 microM NO(2)- was performed. The nitrite concentrations in the effluent and in the tissue, measured after 1 min perfusion, were close, supporting fast penetration of the nitrite through the tissue. Measurements of the nitrite/nitrate showed that total concentration of NO(x) in myocardium increased from initial 7.8 to 24.7 microM after nitrite perfusion. Physiological significance of passive transmembrane transport of NO(2)- and its coupling with intraliposomal acidification are discussed.
Scaling Analyses for Large-Scale Space-Based Membrane Optics

To meet future requirements, space telescopes are envisioned to require primary mirrors that will be on the scale of ≥ 10 m in diameter. Packaging restrictions of current and foreseeable launch vehicles prohibit the use of a single rigid monolithic mirror of that size. Membrane-optics research seeks to create large-diameter apertures out of thin flexible filmlike reflective material. In this analysis, structures with embedded in-plane-actuated piezoelectric elements for active surface shape control were examined. By analyzing the nondimensional form of the governing differential equation, relative effects of linear and nonlinear terms are apparent. Then, through a series of MSC Nastran finite element models, scalability issues are explored to include the effects of nonlinear terms, existing membrane pretension, and unimorph-versus-bimorph actuation. Results show that although small-scale (existing) test articles may respond in accordance with linear models, they may mask the nonlinear characteristics that dominate large full-scale membrane optics in the proposed applications.
iScreen Image-Based High-Content RNAi Screening Analysis Tools

High-throughput RNA interference (RNAi) screening has opened up a path to investigating functional genomics in a genome-wide pattern. However, such studies are often restricted to assays that have a single readout format. Recently, advanced image technologies have been coupled with high-throughput RNAi screening to develop high-content screening, in which one or more cell image(s), instead of a single readout, were generated from each well. This image-based high-content screening technology has led to genome-wide functional annotation in a wider spectrum of biological research studies, as well as in drug and target discovery, so that complex cellular phenotypes can be measured in a multiparametric format. Despite these advances, data analysis and visualization tools are still largely lacking for these types of experiments. Therefore, we developed iScreen (image-Based High-content RNAi Screening Analysis Tool), an R package for the statistical modeling and visualization of image-based high-content RNAi screening. Two case studies were used to demonstrate the capability and efficiency of the iScreen package. iScreen is available for download on CRAN (http://cran.cnr.berkeley.edu/web/packages/iScreen/index.html). The user manual is also available as a supplementary document.
Temperature dependence of third-order elastic constants of potassium manganese fluoride.

The nonlinearity parameters along the three principal symmetry directions have been measured for ${\mathrm{KMnF}}_{3}$ from 298 to 350 K by means of acoustic second-harmonic generation. In conjunction with our earlier data on the temperature dependence of the pressure derivatives of the elastic constants, the complete set of the six third-order elastic (TOE) constants has been determined in this temperature range. For ${c}_{111}$, ${c}_{123}$, and ${c}_{166}$ the temperature dependence is linear, suggesting that the effect of the improper ferroelastic transition at 186 K is no longer present above 300 K. This permits us to eliminate the effects of zero-point and thermal motion and of the structural phase transition by linear extrapolation of the data to absolute zero temperature. The bare TOE constants thus obtained differ significantly from the room-temperature values. The bare (and the room-temperature) values exhibit large deviations from the Cauchy relations, indicating significant contributions from many-body forces.
Integral scattering cross-sections for Ar++CO

Abstract Recently Hamilton and Knewstubb [Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Processes, 57 (1984) 329] have reported integral scattering cross-sections for collisions of Ar+ + CO. We have computed these cross-sections using a new method from the theoretical potential energy surfaces surfaces determined by Parlant. [J. Chem. Phys., 92 (1990) 1211]. A comparison of experiment and theory indicates that the repulsive forces in the potential surfaces are too strong. The possible consequences for the calculation of charge transfer cross-sections using these surfaces are considered.
Random-walk simulation of the solvability theory for the Saffman-Taylor problem.

We test the predictions of the solvability theory in the Saffman-Taylor problem by a random-walk simulation. By a suitable modification of the surface tension in accordance with the solvability theory, we observe a dynamically stable cusp to develop on the finger profile leading to a substantial reduction in a finger width. Identifying this cusp with that originating from the solvability theory, we find an excellent agreement between the simulation results and the solvability theory.
On the signature of positively charged dust particles on plasma irregularities in the mesosphere

Abstract Recent rocket payloads have studied the properties of aerosol particles within the ambient plasma environment in the polar mesopause region and measured the signature of the positively charged particles with number densities of ( 2000 cm − 3 ) for particles of 0.5–1 nm in radius. The measurement of significant numbers of positively charged aerosol particles is unexpected from the standard theory of aerosol charging in plasma. Nucleation on the cluster ions is one of the most probable hypotheses for the positive charge on the smallest particles. This work attempts to study the correlation and anti-correlation of fluctuations in the electron and ion densities in the background plasma by adopting the proposed hypothesis of positive dust particle formation. The utility being that it may provide a test for determining the presence of positive dust particles. The results of the model described show good agreement with observed rocket data. As an application, the model is also applied to investigate the electron irregularity behavior during radiowave heating assuming the presence of positive dust particles. It is shown that the positive dust produces important changes in the behavior during Polar Mesospheric Summer Echo PMSE heating experiments that can be described by the fluctuation correlation and anti-correlation properties.
Use of CAD Software in Microwave Engineering Courses at Rensselaer

Technological developments in computers, microwave devices and CAD microwave software has brought about the need to revise and. adjust the subject areas covered in microwave undergraduate courses. In this paper we describe the revisions and development of a new course in the microwave engineering program that we have made at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute to take advantage of the-availability of inexpensive Personal Computers and powerful CAD microwave software.
Asymmetric synthesis of tropanes by rhodium-catalyzed [4 + 3] cycloaddition.

Rhodium-catalyzed [4 + 3] cycloaddition between methyl 2-(siloxy)vinyldiazoacetate and pyrroles results in the enantioselective synthesis of highly functionalized 8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octa-2,6-dienes (tropanes). The reaction proceeds via a rhodium−carbenoid intermediate and involves a tandem cyclopropanation/Cope rearrangement mechanism. The optimum chiral dirhodium catalyst for this transformation is the adamantyl glycine-derived complex, Rh2(S-PTAD)4.
Presurgical psychiatric evaluations of candidates for bariatric surgery, part 1: reliability and reasons for and frequency of exclusion.

OBJECTIVE: Many bariatric surgery programs include psychiatric evaluations as part of the pre-operative screening procedure. Surveys of surgeons and mental health professionals have found variability in opinion regarding what psychosocial problems warrant denial of clearance for surgery. Few studies have reported the number of patients who are not cleared for surgery due to psychiatric reasons, and no study has reported the reliability of decision making. The goals of the present study were to examine the reliability of decisions to clear candidates for surgery, determine the percentage of candidates who were not cleared for surgery, and detail the reasons candidates were not cleared for surgery. METHOD: Five hundred candidates for bariatric surgery were evaluated from July 2004 until July 2006 with semistructured diagnostic interviews for DSM-IV Axis I and Axis II disorders supplemented by a module specific to this population. Reliability for determining clearance was evaluated in 73 patients. Reasons for not clearing patients were recorded on the Surgery Clearance Form. RESULTS: Eighteen percent (N = 92) of the patients were not cleared for surgery. The kappa coefficient of reliability of determining surgical clearance was 0.83. The most common reasons for the negative recommendation were overeating to cope with stress or emotional distress, current eating disorder, uncontrolled psychopathology, and the presence of significant life stressors. Only 1 patient was excluded for a lack of understanding of the potential risks of surgery. CONCLUSIONS: The decision whether to clear candidates for bariatric surgery can be made reliably. Approximately 1 in 5 surgical candidates did not pass the initial psychiatric screening, usually because of current eating pathology, other forms of uncontrolled psychopathology, or difficulty coping with current life stressors.
Distribution of cortical neurons projecting to the superior colliculus in macaque monkeys

To better reveal the pattern of corticotectal projections to the superficial layers of the superior colliculus (SC), we made a total of ten retrograde tracer injections into the SC of three macaque monkeys (Macaca mulatta). The majority of these injections were in the superficial layers of the SC, which process visual information. To isolate inputs to the purely visual layers in the superficial SC from those inputs to the motor and multisensory layers deeper in the SC, two injections were placed to include the intermediate and deep layers of the SC. In another case, an injection was placed in the medial pulvinar, a nucleus not known to be strongly connected with visual cortex, to identify possible projections from tracer spread past the lateral boundary of the SC. Four conclusions are supported by the results: 1) all early visual areas of cortex, including V1, V2, V3, and the middle temporal area, project to the superficial layers of the SC; 2) with the possible exception of the frontal eye field, few areas of cortex outside of the early visual areas project to the superficial SC, although many do, however, project to the intermediate and deep layers of the SC; 3) roughly matching retinotopy is conserved in the projections of visual areas to the SC; and 4) the projections from different visual areas are similarly dense, although projections from early visual areas appear somewhat denser than those of higher order visual areas in macaque cortex.
Effects of lateral perturbations and changing stance conditions on anticipatory postural adjustment

Abstract The study investigates the role of lateral muscles and changing stance conditions in anticipatory postural adjustments (APAs). Subjects stood laterally to an aluminum pendulum released by an experimenter and were required to stop it with their right or left hand. Stance conditions were manipulated by having the subjects stand in the following positions: on a single limb (SS), with feet together (narrow base of support, NB), and with feet shoulder width apart (regular base of support, RB). Bilateral EMG activity of dorsal, ventral, and lateral trunk and leg muscles and ground reaction forces were recorded and quantified within the time intervals typical of APAs. Anticipatory postural adjustments were seen in all experimental conditions, and their magnitudes depended on the stance and the side of perturbation. Accordingly, APAs in lateral muscles increased on the side of perturbation in SS condition, while simultaneous activation of dorsal muscles occurred on the contralateral side. Smaller APAs were seen in lateral muscles in conditions with a wider base of support (NB, RB) and APAs in dorsal muscles were smaller in NB – in comparison to RB – stance. The results of the present study provide new data on the role of lateral, ventral, and dorsal muscles in anticipatory postural control when dealing with lateral perturbations in conditions of postural instability.
Tribute to Professor W. Kleemann

It is a great pleasure and sincere honor to be called upon paying tribute to the scientific lifework of my foremost mentor Professor Wolfgang Kleemann on the occasion of his 70th birthday. This spe...
An analysis of setup cost reduction in a two stage system with power investment function

Recently, a framework for analyzing investment decisions as they relate to setup cost reduction in two stage production processes has appeared in the literature. Closed form results were developed for the case of logarithmic investment function. This paper extends the results to the case of power investment function. We present an algorithm for calculating the optimal values of the decision variables. A numerical example is utilized to reveal some interesting aspects of this system.
Tsunami Bore Forces on Walls

A series of experiments have been carried out at Oregon State University to quantify tsunami bore forces on structures. Phase 1 of the tests was carried out in the Tsunami Wave Basin (TWB), while Phase II of the tests were carried out in the Large Wave Flume (LWF) at approximately twice the scale of the Phase I tests. These latter tests included ‘offshore’ solitary waves, with heights up to 1.3 m, that traveled over a flat bottom, up a sloping beach and breaking onto a flat ‘fringing reef’. Standing water depths on the reef varied from 0.05 m to 0.3 m. Resulting bores on the reef measured up to approximately 0.8 m. After propagating along the reef, the bores struck a vertical wall. The resulting forces and pressures on the wall were measured. The test setup for the Phase II tests in the LWF is described and the experimental results are reported. The results include forces and pressure distributions. Results show that the bores propagated with a Froude number of approximately 2, and that the forces follow Froude scaling. Finally, a design formula for the maximum impact force is given. The formula is shown to be an improvement over existing formulas found in the literature. The lateral forces are shown to be quite significant compared to traditional lateral loads on vertical wall elements.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
A 3D finite element model of anterior vaginal wall support to evaluate mechanisms underlying cystocele formation

Objectives To develop a 3D computer model of the anterior vaginal wall and its supports, validate that model, and then use it to determine the combinations of muscle and connective tissue impairments that result in cystocele formation, as observed on dynamic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
Neurotensin effects on brain dopaminergic systems

Neurotensin administered into the rat brain lowered the concentration of dopamine in the corpus striatum and selectively blocked rearing induced by amphetamine. In addition, the peptide inhibited synaptosomal synthesis of dopamine in vitro, with an IC50 of 5 μM. These results suggest that neurotensin may modulate dopaminergic function in a physiologically relevant manner.
Retroviral help for B cells

Endogenous retroviruses are footprints left by past retroviral infections that have incorporated viral elements into our genomes ( 1 ). They constitute an important component of our virome, the collective genomes from viruses peacefully inhabiting our body ( 2 ). These viruses are part of a larger community of commensal and symbiotic microorganisms. The most studied members of this microbiota are commensal bacteria colonizing mucosal organs, including the gut ( 3 ). Besides breaking down food and generating nutrients, gut commensals impede the growth of pathogens and stimulate immune system development, including the production of antibodies by intestinal and systemic B cells ( 4 , 5 ). On page 1486 of this issue, Zeng et al. ( 6 ) show that endogenous retroviruses can also mobilize B cells to rapidly produce antibodies against pathogenic antigens. Protein antigens usually elicit antibody production by B cells through a T cell–dependent pathway that involves B cell–T cell interaction in lymphoid follicles ( 7 ). Engagement of the B cell receptor (BCR) by discrete protein epitopes, as well as the production of B cell–stimulating factors by T cells, trigger the differentiation of follicular B cells into long-lived memory B cells and plasma cells that produce protective immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies ( 8 ).
Epithelial cell interaction in air-liquid interface culture.

A novel culture method has been developed to study the interaction of epithelial cells in the absence of a solid substratum. Starting with either a single cell suspension or aggregates, cells were floated at the interface of air and liquid culture medium. Two epithelial cell lines have been studied in this system: Madin-Darby canine kidney cells (MDCK), and a rat bladder tumor cell line (NBT-II). Starting with a single cell suspension of MDCK, the floating cells coalesced in 24 h into sheets of cells. The cells were morphologically polarized with the apical surface facing the liquid medium. Domes were observed regularly in these sheets of cells. NBT-II cells migrated actively from aggregates at the air-liquid interface. In this floating culture, NBT-II cells produced extensive cell processes similar to those seen in cells grown on a solid surface. Because cells at the air-liquid interface lack a solid substratum for adhesion, cell membrane processes such as lamellapodia, retraction fibers, pseudopods, and long, intercellular connections can only exert a tension equal to or less than the surface tension of the liquid. Dimethyl sulfoxide 2% stimulated desmosome formation in floating NBT-II cells, resulting in a cribriform pattern in the sheet of cells. This method of interface can lead to new understanding of morphogenesis of epithelial cells, and the mechanism, of cell motility and formation of cell processess.
SU-GG-I-96: The “30-30-30 Rule”, a Practical Guide to Setting the Detector Input Exposure Rate for a Fluoroscopic Imager

Purpose: Introduce an empirical “30‐30‐30 Rule” for determining input exposure to an x‐ray image intensifier (XRII); demonstrate expansion of the rule to a flat panel (FP) imager and to different pulse rates; compare calculated values with vendor settings or measured values; describe the detector input exposure measurement technique. Method and Materials: The rule is based on three fundamental parameters: 1. XRII input diameter (cm), 2. Video frame rate/fluoro pulse rate, and 3. Exposure rate (micro‐R/s) at the input to the XRII. To apply the rule, each of these parameters is first set to the value 30 (hence the name 30‐30‐30 Rule). Adjustments are then made for different input diameters and fluoroscopy pulse rates. The power of the rule is demonstrated by showing how it can be applied to FP detectors.Results: For XRII the only parameters required are the input diameter, and the pulse rate. For FP the pixel pitch is utilized Comparison of calculated values with measured values from a variety of XRII and flat panel imagers showed reasonable agreement for some procedure protocols and for a nominal 30 cm (XRH) or 22 cm (FP) field of view. Results for other fields of view or pulse rates varied widely in their agreement with the rule; however, the discrepancies could sometimes be explained by showing that the measured values followed a modified version of the rule. Conclusion: The 30‐30‐30 rule is based on fundamental physics principles associated with XRII and FP imagers, and can be used as a benchmark for comparison of the expected detector input exposure to the measured value. It can also be readily modified so that measured values of input exposure can be better understood. It thus provides a basis for comparing expected and measured values to determine whether adjustments in the input exposure might be beneficial.
Parathyroid hormone down-regulates 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D receptors (VDR) and VDR messenger ribonucleic acid in vitro and blocks homologous up-regulation of VDR in vivo.

1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3) is a known up-regulator of 1,25(OH)2D3 receptor (VDR) both in vitro and in vivo. However, a 5- to 10-fold increase in plasma 1,25(OH)2D3 induced by dietary calcium deficiency does not result in up-regulation of intestinal VDR, and kidney VDR is down-regulated. Under certain physiological stresses, an increase in plasma PTH precedes increased plasma 1,25(OH)2D3. Therefore, the present study examined the effect of PTH on VDR regulation in vitro in ROS 17/2.8 cells and in vivo in male Holtzman rats. Treatment of ROS cells with PTH (0–5 nM) resulted in a dose and time-dependent decline in VDR from 95 ± 9 to 35 ± 5 fmol/mg protein at 18 h of exposure. The ED60 for PTH was 1 nM. This decline in VDR protein was attended by a 50% decline in VDR messenger RNA (mRNA). The PTHmediated down-regulation of VDR occurred without affecting the affinity of VDR for 1,25(OH)2D3 as determined by Scatchard analysis. Also, the effect of PTH on VDR regulation was specific since cell glucoco...
Direct interactions of ABA-insensitive(ABI)-clade protein phosphatase(PP)2Cs with calcium-dependent protein kinases and ABA response element-binding bZIPs may contribute to turning off ABA response.

Abscisic acid (ABA) signaling via the pyrabactin-resistant and related (PYR/PYL/RCAR) receptors begins with ABA-dependent inactivation of the ABA-insensitive(ABI)-clade protein phosphatases(PP)2Cs, thereby permitting phosphorylation and activation of the Snf1-related (SnRK)2 clade of protein kinases, and activation of their downstream targets such as ABA-response element binding basic leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factors (ABF/AREB/ABI5 clade). Several of these are also activated by calcium–dependent protein kinases such as CPK11. Turning off ABA response requires turnover and/or inactivation of these transcription factors, which could result from their dephosphorylation. To address the hypothesis that the ABI-clade PP2Cs regulate the bZIPs directly, in addition to their indirect effects via SnRKs, we have assayed interactions between multiple members of the ABF/AREB clade and the PP2Cs by yeast two-hybrid, in vitro phosphatase, and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays. In addition, we have expanded the list of documented specific interactions among these bZIP proteins and the kinases that could activate them and found that some PP2Cs can also interact directly with CPK11. These studies support specific interactions among kinases, phosphatases and transcription factors that are co-expressed in early seedling development.
The convergence of mean field procedures for MRFs [image processing]

Convergence of the mean field equations is analyzed for the Ising model with a nonhomogeneous external field. When /spl beta/ is small, the equations are a contraction mapping and thereby convergent. When /spl beta/ is large, however, they can be noncontracting and in this case, contraction is restored by a slight modification of the equations.
Elastic Buckling of a Circular Disk due to Internal Membrane Forces

Residual internal stresses often remain in materials after thermal-mechanical processes. Considerable deformation, such as elastic buckling, may result from such stresses. Some cases of circular-plate buckling due to internal membrane forces are analyzed in this work. The internal membrane-force field is introduced with a nonuniform radial temperature distribution in the disk. Detailed analysis is performed and critical buckling criteria are tabulated for some specific sets of parameters. Although the membrane force in the plate is axially symmetric, symmetry breaking is found at buckling. When the temperature is higher at the disk center, the first buckling mode is dome-shaped, which maintains the polar symmetry. The mode of buckling, however, changes to a saddle shape when the radial temperature distribution is reversed.
Pavement Preservation Optimization Considering Multiple Objectives and Budget Variability

Pavement preservation programming often involves multiple objective considerations. Traditional single-objective optimization frameworks consider one single objective while imposing competing objectives as constraints in the optimization formulation. This paper proposes an approach for pavement preservation programming that uses multiobjective optimization and chance constraints. This approach can handle multiple incommensurable and conflicting objectives while considering probabilistic constraints related to the available budget over the planning horizon. The implementation of the approach in a case study with two conflicting objectives of: (1) maximizing the network level of service in terms of weighted average state condition; and (2) minimizing the total preservation cost, shows that its application provides a practical and flexible tool to determine optimal allocation of resources for pavement preservation that reflects agency goals, resource limitations, and performance targets.
Dynamic pipelining: making IP-lookup truly scalable

A truly scalable IP-lookup scheme must address five challenges of scalability, namely: routing-table size, lookup throughput, implementation cost, power dissipation, and routing-table update cost. Though several IP-lookup schemes have been proposed in the past, none of them do well in all the five scalability requirements. Previous schemes pipeline tries by mapping trie levels to pipeline stages. We make the fundamental observation that because this mapping is static and oblivious of the prefix distribution, the schemes do not scale well when worst-case prefix distributions are considered. This paper is the first to meet all the five requirements in the worst case. We propose scalable dynamic pipelining (SDP) which includes three key innovations: (1) We map trie nodes to pipeline stages based on the node height. Because the node height is directly determined by the prefix distribution, the node height succinctly provides sufficient information about the distribution. Our mapping enables us to prove a worst-case per-stage memory bound which is significantly tighter than those of previous schemes. (2) We exploit our mapping to propose a novel scheme for incremental route-updates. In our scheme a route-update requires exactly and only one write dispatched into the pipeline. This route-update cost is obviously the optimum and our scheme achieves the optimum in the worst case. (3) We achieve scalability in throughput by simultaneously pipelining at the data-structure level and the hardware level. SDP naturally scales in power and implementation cost. We not only present a theoretical analysis but also evaluate SDP and a number of previous schemes using detailed hardware simulation. Compared to previous schemes, we show that SDP is the only scheme that scales well in all the five requirements.
Issues of informed consent in the geriatric population

H S t c i q HOW DO I KNOW if the elderly patient is competent? What should I do if it is clear that the patient is not competent to sign his or her own surgical consent? What should I do to intervene if I strongly feel that the elderly patient has no idea of what is involved in the procedure that is about to take place? These are common issues that perianesthesia nurses confront in all phases of our practice. We often attempt to resolve them in the immediacy of the moment, yet we have only just met the patient.
Cluster-based query expansion using language modeling in the biomedical domain

Several techniques have been developed, such as query expansion, cluster-based retrieval and dimensionality reduction to resolve low search precision and low search recall issues. Of these techniques, this paper proposed cluster-based query expansion using language modeling. Through our experiments in TREC genomic track ad-hoc retrieval task, we explore and demonstrate clusters that are created based on the whole collection or the initially returned document results of the original query can be utilized to perform query expansion and eventually improve the overall effectiveness and performance of information retrieval system in the biomedical domain.
Enobosarm (GTx-024, S-22): a potential treatment for cachexia.

ABSTRACT Muscle loss and wasting occurs with aging and in multiple disease states including cancer, heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, end-stage liver disease, end-stage renal disease and HIV. Cachexia is defined as a multifactorial syndrome that is associated with anorexia, weight loss and increased catabolism, with increased morbidity and mortality. Currently no therapy is approved for the treatment or prevention of cachexia. Different treatment options have been suggested but many have proven to be ineffective or associated with adverse events. Nonsteroidal selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) are a new class of anabolic agents that bind the androgen receptor and exhibit tissue selectivity. Enobosarm (GTx-024, S-22) is a recently developed SARM, developed by GTx, Inc. (TN, USA), which has been tested in Phase I, II and III trials with promising results in terms of improving lean body mass and measurements of physical function and power. Enobosarm has received fast track des...
Daily image-guided localization for neuroblastoma

The purpose was to quantify the setup margin for pediatric patients with neuro­blastoma using cone beam CT imaging (CBCT) and ultrasound localization. Ten patients, with a median age of 4.3 years (1.8 to 7.9) underwent daily pretreatment localization CBCT and every other day post-treatment CBCT to calculate interfrac­tional and intrafraction movement. Localization was based on CBCT to treatment planning CT registration in the lumbar spine region. Each subject was treated in the supine position under IV general anesthesia using intensity-modulated radia­tion therapy. Patients were repositioned based on the daily pretreatment CBCT. Required setup margins based on inter- and intrafraction positioning errors were calculated based on weekly and daily imaging scenarios. Four patients had ultra­sound localization of the kidneys performed before the CBCT. Correlation between daily CBCT and ultrasound was investigated. A lateral, longitudinal and vertical setup margin of 5.4, 5.6, and 5.9 mm is required without daily CBCT. When daily CBCT was incorporated, the setup margin was reduced to 1.5, 2.1, and 1.7 mm. There was no correlation between the suggested ultrasound shifts and the shifts based on the CBCT. Daily localization based on CBCT of the lumbar spine can reduce the required setup margin for neuroblastoma patients, thereby reducing normal tissue exposure for this young patient population. The internal margin needs further investigation before PTV reduction can be made. Ultrasound localization was highly variable and not correlated to CBCT shifts.