cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Newly Identified Star Clusters in NGC 6822, and the Age Distribution of Its Cluster System

From past ground-based imaging and our current Hubble Space Telescope images, we have identified 51 candidate open clusters in the dwarf irregular galaxy NGC 6822. Of these, 25 candidates are located on our HST images with standard wideband filters, 16 of which are securely identified as true clusters. Integrated photometry in B, V, and I for seven clusters, and in V and I for eight clusters, was performed on the HST images. We present integrated magnitudes and colors for these clusters and compare their color-magnitude and two-color diagrams with those of cluster systems of other galaxies. We derive rough age estimates and the cluster formation rate and discuss the age distribution in terms of the cluster disruption rate. The cluster-specific frequency is intermediate between that of cluster-rich galaxies such as the LMC and a first look at cluster-poor galaxies such as IC 1613.
What are the Expectations of Interlibrary Loan and Electronic Reserves During an Economic Crisis

The recent economic crisis has affected many institutions, including the once thought recession-resistant higher education. Declines in funding have forced libraries to look at ways to cut spending. As the public face of the library, access services departments face particularly tough decisions when the library makes financial cuts. Reduced spending in other departments can increase the workload for reserves and interlibrary loan departments. Significant changes in staffing or services can create a negative public image. This article will offer a few ideas about what might be done to save money and avoid these negative side effects.
Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry study of sterols from Pinus elliotti tissues

A comparative study of the sterol components of slash pine (Pinus elliotti) callus tissue cultures, seeds, and seedlings was carried out using GC-MS techniques. Cholesterol, desmosterol, campesterol, stigmasterol, sitosterol and cycloeucalenol were identified in all tissues while lophenol and 24-methylenelophenol were identified in only the seed and seedlings. 24-Ethylidenelophenol was detected in trace concentrations in only the seedlings. Sitosterol was the predominant sterol component, i.e., 80.8, 38.1 and 47.8% of the tissue culture, seed and seedling sterols, respectively.
Admirable Immorality, Dirty Hands, Ticking Bombs, and Torturing Innocents

Abstract Is torturing innocent people ever morally required? I rebut responsesto the ticking-bomb dilemma by Slote, Williams, Walzer, and others. Iargue that torturing is morally required and should be performedwhen it is the only way to avert disasters. In such situations, tortur-ers act with dirty hands because torture, though required, is vicious.Conversely, refusers act wrongly, yet virtuously, thus displaying admi-rable immorality. Vicious, morally required acts and virtuous, morallywrong acts are odd, yet necessary to preserve the ticking-bombdilemma’s phenomenology, the role of habituation in moral develop-ment, the virtue/continence distinction, and morality’s overridingness,consistency, and plausibility. 1. Introduction Do you think torture might be justified? – Senator J. Biden I am not going to issue or otherwise discuss hypotheticals.I will leave that to academics. – Attorney General J. AshcroftU. S. Senate Hearing, June 8, 2004 I shall begin by debunking four mistakes about moral theorythat connect in different ways to the concepts of dirty handsand admirable immorality. Then I shall advance a thesis of my
Room temperature growth of biaxially aligned yttria-stabilized zirconia films on glass substrates by pulsed-laser deposition

Room temperature deposition of biaxially textured yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) films on amorphous glass substrates was successfully achieved by conventional pulsed-laser deposition. The influence of the surrounding gases, their pressure and the deposition time on the structure of the films was studied. A columnar growth process was revealed based on the experimental results. The grown biaxial texture appears as a kind of substrate independence, which makes it possible to fabricate in-plane aligned YSZ films on various substrates.
Molecular Dissection of Actopaxin-Integrin-linked Kinase-Paxillin Interactions and Their Role in Subcellular Localization

Paxillin is a focal adhesion adapter protein involved in integrin signaling. We have recently reported that the paxillin LD1 motif acts as a binding interface for both the actin-binding protein actopaxin and the serine/threonine integrin-linked kinase (ILK). In this report we demonstrate the direct association between actopaxin and ILK and dissect the role of the respective interactions in their subcellular localization. Co-immunoprecipitation experiments were employed to map the binding sites on ILK and actopaxin. ILK binds to the CH2 domain of actopaxin. However, an actopaxin CH2 domain mutant defective for paxillin binding (paxillin binding subdomain mutant) retains the capacity to bind ILK, indicating that paxillin and ILK binding sites on actopaxin are distinct. Actopaxin binds to the C terminus of ILK. Despite the direct binding between actopaxin and ILK, mutation analysis confirmed a primary role for paxillin in their localization to focal adhesions. Interestingly, an ILK mutant (E359K) that was previously reported to act as dominant negative for ILK function was unable to bind actopaxin or paxillin and failed to localize to focal adhesions. This mutant also exhibited in vitro kinase activity comparable with wild-type ILK. Taken together, these data suggest that normal ILK signaling is dependent on efficient localization involving multiple protein interactions.
Scattered data interpolation and approximation with error bounds

Abstract Methods for interpolating and approximating three-dimensional scattered data are presented. These methods consist of several local least squares approximations, followed by a piecewise bicubic Hermite interpolant to gridded data, and then optionally followed by a modified Shepard's method. Error bounds are derived for the interpolation and approximation methods that depend on the maximum distance from the nearest data point. The visual smoothness and the discrete errors for these methods applied to known functional data compare favorably with other methods in the literature. The storage and computational complexities of these methods are linear in the number of data points.
Export quotas versus export tariffs in the presence of domestic monopoly

The purpose of this paper is to show that export quotas and export tariffs are different in their economic effects when there is domestic monopoly. In the presence of domestic monopoly, an export quota may not reduce the domestic price of the exportable good, whereas an export tariff will always reduce it. This is true whether the country concerned is a small country or a large country.
Psychographics and New Product Adoption: An Exploratory Study:

To study the role of venturesomeness in new product purchase, lifestyle items regarding new products were collected from a sample of students using the Nominal Group Technique. The items were combi...
Structure and Polymorphisms of the Human Annexin III (ANX3) Gene

A 75-kb region encompassing the human annexin III (ANX3) gene on chromosome 4q21 was characterized from directly amplified genomic DNA and from six genomic clones in phage [lambda] ([lambda]ANX3-1 to [lambda]ANX3-6). The gene was mapped with restriction enzymes BamHI, EcoRI, HindIII, SacI, and XbaI, and primers were developed for nine sequence-tagged sites throughout the gene. The transcribed region spans 58 kb and contains 12 introns ranging from 0.3 to 19.1 kb and 13 exons ranging from 53 to 374 bases. Northern blots showed a single mRNA species of approximately 1.7 kb in all tissues examined. Three intragenic polymorphisms were identified: a tandem repeat of the sequence TAAA with at least six alleles, a two-allele SalI polymorphism detectable by polymerase chain reaction, and a two-allele BglII polymorphism. 32 refs., 4 figs., 4 tabs.
Reevaluating Amdahl's law in the multicore era

Microprocessor architecture has entered the multicore era. Recently, Hill and Marty presented a pessimistic view of multicore scalability. Their analysis was based on Amdahl's law (i.e. fixed-workload condition) and challenged readers to develop better models. In this study, we analyze multicore scalability under fixed-time and memory-bound conditions and from the data access (memory wall) perspective. We use the same hardware cost model of multicore chips used by Hill and Marty, but achieve very different and more optimistic performance models. These models show that there is no inherent, immovable upper bound on the scalability of multicore architectures. These results complement existing studies and demonstrate that multicore architectures are capable of extensive scalability.
Dipolar magnetic order in the pyrochlore structure

Abstract The classical ground state of a system of magnetic dipoles having the pyrochlore structure is calculated numerically, as a function of g factor anisotropy. The results are compared with previous calculations in the limits g ∥ =0 and g ⊥ =0. Relevance for the rare earth pyrochlore oxides is discussed, including “spin ice”.
Couples Therapy with One Partner

Abstract Systemic Couples Therapy (SCT) can be used when only one partner in the couple is attending therapy, whether the partner is unable or unwilling to attend. The model uses integrated components of Structural, Strategic, Bowen Family Systems, Behavioral, and Solution-focused therapies. The philosophy, integrated concepts, and various stages of therapy are illustrated through the case of Amy, a substance abusing woman.
Apoptosis during lymphoid development

Recent investigations have provided important insights into how signaling through the antigen receptors determines whether a cell survives or dies. In T cells, Grb2 and MAP kinases play essential roles in differentiating between apoptotic and survival signals. The PTEN phosphatase and Bim, a pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family member, regulate apoptosis in both T and B cells. In B cells, antigen receptor-mediated death can be rescued by co-stimulation, in which the roles of protein kinase C and BAFF, a TNF family member, have been recently elucidated. In a recently identified mechanism of regulating inflammation, receptors such as c-mer and glycoproteins such as MFG-E8 were found to participate in the clearance of apoptotic cells.
Modeling the relationship between transportation-related carbon dioxide emissions and hybrid-online courses at a large urban university

Purpose – This paper aims to investigate the relationship between hybrid classes (where a per cent of the class meetings are online) and transportation-related CO2 emissions at a commuter campus similar to San Jose State University (SJSU). Design/methodology/approach – A computer model was developed to calculate the number of trips to campus for a student body similar to SJSU. Different scenarios considered the theoretical effectiveness of implementing a hybrid course system to reduce CO2 emissions. Findings – Increases in hybrid courses resulted in decreased student trips to campus and associated CO2 emissions. The utility of such a relationship is demonstrated through a case study where the required increase in online class meetings needed to eliminate the need for an overflow parking lot is studied. Finally, preferential scheduling of online meetings can further reduce trips to campus. Research limitations/implications – A limitation of the model is that student schedules are random. Future research co...
Preliminary observations of Rauwiloid-hexamethonium combined therapy of hypertension.

Abstract Twenty-five patients with essential hypertension have been subjected to combined Rauwiloid-hexamethonium therapy. This therapy resulted in a greater number of patients obtaining an adequate reduction of blood pressure than that from any single drug or combination of drugs previously reported from this investigative center. There was also a reduction in the frequency and severity of the unpleasant side reactions which have previously been observed when hexamethonium is used alone but the beneficial side effects of Rauwiloid have persisted. The dose of hexamethonium could be reduced on combined Rauwiloid-hexamethonium therapy, and the blood pressure was reduced further and was better stabilized. Thus, it is suggested that most patients with severe essential hypertension can be initially treated with Rauwiloid but those patients who do not respond within six to eight weeks should also be treated with hexamethonium.
Enhancement of interferon production by poly(rI)-poly(rC) in mouse cell cultures by ascorbic acid.

WE have reported1 an increased response to interferon induction in mice fed a diet containing vitamin C, and have now found a similar phenomenon in vitro. Addition of L-ascorbate to cultures of mouse cells (transformed L cells and normal embryonic fibroblasts) stimulated with polyinosinic acid · polycytidylic acid (poly(rI)·poly(rC)) resulted in increased synthesis of interferon.
Effect of Screening Abdominal Ultrasound Examination on the Decision to Pursue Advanced Diagnostic Tests and Treatment in Dogs with Neurologic Disease

Background Abdominal ultrasound examinations (AUS) are commonly performed before advanced neurodiagnostics to screen for diseases that might affect diagnostic plans and prognosis. Objectives Describe the type and frequency of abnormalities found by AUS in dogs presenting with a neurological condition, identify risk factors associated with abnormalities, and evaluate treatment decisions based on findings. Animals Seven hundred and fifty-nine hospitalized dogs. Methods Retrospective study. Medical records of dogs presented from 2007 to 2009 for neurologic disease were searched for signalment, neuroanatomic localization, and AUS findings. Whether dogs had advanced neurodiagnostics and treatment was analyzed. Results Fifty-eight percent of dogs had abnormal findings on AUS. Probability of abnormalities increased with age (P < 0.001). Nondachshund breeds had higher probability of abnormal AUS than dachshunds (odds ratio [OR] = 1.87). Eleven percent of dogs did not have advanced neurodiagnostics and in 1.3%, this was because of abnormal AUS. Dogs with ultrasonographic abnormalities were less likely than dogs without to have advanced neurodiagnostics (OR = 0.3 [95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.17, 0.52]), however, the probability of performing advanced diagnostics was high regardless of normal (OR = 0.95 [95% CI: 0.92, 0.97]) or abnormal (OR = 0.85 [95% CI: 0.81, 0.88]) AUS. Treatment was more often pursued in small dogs and less often in dogs with brain disease. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Findings from screening AUS had a small negative effect on the likelihood of pursuing advanced neurodiagnostics. Although it should be included in the extracranial diagnostic workup in dogs with significant history or physical examination abnormalities, AUS is considered a low-yield diagnostic test in young dogs and dachshunds.
Computational methods for optimum design of large complex systems

Computational procedures for optimal design of large complex systems are described. Requirements of a good algorithm are discussed. A general design optimization model applicable to several classes of problems is defined. Several optimization algorithms are outlined and differences between them are highlighted. Modern algorithms generate and use approximate Hessian of the Lagrange function to calculate the search direction. They are quite reliable and become extremely efficient when a potential constraint strategy is incorporated into them. Based on recent experience with them, they are recommended for general engineering design applications. Several other computational aspects are also discussed, such as robust implementation of algorithms, use of knowledge base in providing consulting and diagnostic support to the designer, interactive use of optimization, and role of a database and database management system in design optimization.
Pressurizing System for Observation of Marine Zooplankton

Planktonic animals occur from the surface to the sea bottom and they are exposed to hydrostatic pressure throughout their lifetime. A hydrostatic pressure apparatus integrating ideas of past apparatuses was developed to investigate effects of hydrostatic pressure on marine zooplankton. The pressure apparatus system is composed of a peristaltic pump, a pressure chamber, a specimen holder which is placed in the pressure chamber, a temperature-controlled bath, a CCD camera, a monitor and a video-recorder. This hydrostatic pressure apparatus made it possible (1) to incubate at a constant temperature by connecting it with a temperature-controlled bath, (2) to observe live zooplankton through a window, (3) to increase pressure gradually from 1 to 150 atm and (4) to continually record the behavior of specimens by using a CCD camera and a video-recorder. Effects of hydrostatic pressure on the egg of the marine zooplankton, were examined using the newly designed hydrostatic pressure apparatus. The apparatus is practical for experiments using a wide size range of specimens, from eggs to adult size of mesozooplankton (100-10000 mum size range). In present study, egg development time of planktonic copepod was examined; C. sinicus is the dominant zooplankton community in the coastal area of Japan. The egg development time at different experimental pressure conditions (1, 10, 50 and 100 atm) were similar to that at 1 atm. The hatching success of C. sinicus eggs at 1 atm was generally higher than 80 % within the temperature range from 5 to 25degC. At higher pressure conditions of 10, 50 and 100 atm, highly significant decreases in egg hatching success of C. sinicus occurred as pressure increased. Thus, hydrostatic pressure does not inhibit egg development but egg hatching of C. sinicus.
Climate consequences of natural gas as a bridge fuel

Many have recently speculated that natural gas might become a “bridge fuel”, smoothing a transition of the global energy system from fossil fuels to zero carbon energy by temporarily offsetting the decline in coal use. Others have contended that such a bridge is incompatible with oft-discussed climate objectives and that methane leakage from natural gas system may eliminate any advantage that natural gas has over coal. Yet global climate stabilization scenarios where natural gas provides a substantial bridge are generally absent from the literature, making study of gas as a bridge fuel difficult. Here we construct a family of such scenarios and study some of their properties. In the context of the most ambitious stabilization objectives (450 ppm CO2), and absent carbon capture and sequestration, a natural gas bridge is of limited direct emissions-reducing value, since that bridge must be short. Natural gas can, however, play a more important role in the context of more modest but still stringent objectives (550 ppm CO2), which are compatible with longer natural gas bridges. Further, contrary to recent claims, methane leakage from natural gas operations is unlikely to strongly undermine the climate benefits of substituting gas for coal in the context of bridge fuel scenarios.
Critiquing the Couple: Commentary on Cheuvront

The inevitability of Cheuvront's questions issues from three ironies. First, the relational turn in psychoanalysis may be said to have the unintended consequence of putting into question the very structure it has placed at center stage: the couple. Second, as the cultural critique of heterosexual monogamy has intensified and diverse forms of intimacy have proliferated, the psychoanalytic literature has seen an increased use of the terms analytic couple and nursing couple. Third, this phenomenon probably issues from an attempt to preserve tradition in response to a cultural and economic context that is seeing a decreased interest in psychoanalysis.
Victim Resistance: Theory and Data on Understanding Perceptions of Sexual Harassment

This article reports on a study of perceptions of sexual harassment when a victim offers verbal resistance, and introduces the theoretical application of the notion that women sometimes use token resistance to sexual attention. Perceptions of sexual harassment were examined based on a vignette in which physical or verbal harassment and victim's facial expression were varied. Participants were 337 undergraduates (91% European American, 5% African American, 1% Hispanic American, 1% Asian American). Perceptions of sexual harassment were stronger for physical harassment than verbal harassment, except when the target smiled. Overall, women had stronger perceptions of harassment than did men. Also, a stronger belief in women's use of token resistance to sex was associated with weaker perceptions of sexual harassment. These findings suggest that a number of factors influence perceptions of harassment, even when a victim verbally resists.
Fermi acceleration revisited-from cosmic rays to discharge heating

Summary form only given, as follows. The motion of a ball bouncing between a fixed and an oscillating wall was originally proposed by Fermi in 1949 as a model for cosmic ray acceleration. Expectations that the ball could be heated to very high energies gave way to the realization that while the motion is chaotic at low energies, the phase space has an intricate fractal structure and there is an adiabatic limit to the heating. Adding a small dissipation changes the steady state chaos to a transient phenomenon, but a larger dissipation restores steady state chaos on a new fractal structure-a strange attractor. The application of these ideas to the "collisionless" or "stochastic" heating of charged particles in plasma discharges by time-periodic fields has been very fruitful. However, the purely dynamical phase randomization is here replaced by a (interparticle) collisional randomization at all but the lowest gas pressures. In both cases, a phase-averaged Fokker-Planck description of the motion can be used to determine the heating rate. Especially at low pressures, collisionless heating has been found to be important in RF-driven capacitive discharges, in microwave-driven electron cyclotron resonance discharges, and, more recently, in RF-driven inductive discharges. The latter application harks back to the discovery by Pippard, also in 1949, of the anomalous high frequency skin resistance in metals at low temperatures.
Speckle analysis and smoothing of synthetic aperture radar images

Coherent processing of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data makes images susceptible to speckles. Basically, the speckles are signal-dependent and, therefore, act like multiplicative noise. This paper develops a statistical technique to define a noise model, and then successfully applies a local statistics noise filtering algorithm to a set of actual SEASAT SAR images. The smoothed images permit observers to resolve fine detail with an enhanced edge effect. Several SEASAT SAR images are used for demonstration.
Classification of symmetry enriched topological phases with exactly solvable models

Recently a new class of quantum phases of matter: symmetry protected topological states, such as topological insulators, attracted much attention. In presence of interactions, group cohomology provides a classification of these [X. Chen et al., arXiv:1106.4772v5 (2011)]. These phases have short-ranged entanglement, and no topological order in the bulk. However, when long-range entangled topological order is present, it is much less understood how to classify quantum phases of matter in presence of global symmetries. Here we present a classification of bosonic gapped quantum phases with or without long-range entanglement, in the presence or absence of on-site global symmetries. In 2+1 dimensions, the quantum phases in the presence of a global symmetry group SG, and with topological order described by a finite gauge group GG, are classified by the cohomology group H^3(SGxGG,U(1)). Generally in d+1 dimensions, such quantum phases are classified by H^{d+1}(SGxGG,U(1)). Although we only partially understand to what extent our classification is complete, we present an exactly solvable local bosonic model, in which the topological order is emergent, for each given class in our classification. When the global symmetry is absent, the topological order in our models is described by the general Dijkgraaf-Witten discrete gauge theories. When the topological order is absent, our models become the exactly solvable models for symmetry protected topological phases [X. Chen et al., arXiv:1106.4772v5 (2011)]. When both the global symmetry and the topological order are present, our models describe symmetry enriched topological phases. Our classification includes, but goes beyond the previously discussed projective symmetry group classification. Measurable signatures of these symmetry enriched topological phases, and generalizations of our classification are discussed.
The outlook for improved carbon capture technology

Abstract Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is widely seen as a critical technology for reducing atmospheric emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) from power plants and other large industrial facilities, which are major sources of greenhouse gas emissions linked to global climate change. However, the high cost and energy requirements of current CO2 capture processes are major barriers to their use. This paper assesses the outlook for improved, lower-cost technologies for each of the three major approaches to CO2 capture, namely, post-combustion, pre-combustion and oxy-combustion capture. The advantages and limitations of each of method are discussed, along with the current status of projects and processes at various stages in the development cycle. We then review a variety of “roadmaps” developed by governmental and private-sector organizations to project the commercial roll-out and deployment of advanced capture technologies. For perspective, we also review recent experience with R&D programs to develop lower-cost technologies for SO2 and NOx capture at coal-fired power plants. For perspective on projected cost reductions for CO2 capture we further review past experience in cost trends for SO2 and NOx capture systems. The key insight for improved carbon capture technology is that achieving significant cost reductions will require not only a vigorous and sustained level of research and development (R&D), but also a substantial level of commercial deployment, which, in turn, requires a significant market for CO2 capture technologies. At present such a market does not yet exist. While various incentive programs can accelerate the development and deployment of improved CO2 capture systems, government actions that significantly limit CO2 emissions to the atmosphere ultimately are needed to realize substantial and sustained reductions in the future cost of CO2 capture.
Obesity intervention among African-American children and adolescents

Often, researchers and clinicians approach the African-American community from a deficit model with African Americans viewed as having less desirable health practices and higher disease risk; however, in developing interventions for African Americans, it is important to keep in mind positive aspects of black culture as they relate to obesity. For example, the cultural acceptance of a larger body type and less negative views toward overweight individuals need not be viewed as problematic or abnormal. In fact, it could be argued that majority culture has a dysfunctional view of body image and obesity. The fact that whites are less likely to be overweight than African Americans may stem from a value system that places undue emphasis on thinness, youth, and external beauty and a culture that imbues women with shame about how they look and what they eat. Thus, rather than holding whites and majority culture as the ideal, it may be important to incorporate the positive elements of black culture regarding body image and food rather than attempting to shift their values toward those of European Americans. How best to achieve a reduction in obesity and its medical consequences, without inducing undesirable shifts in body image and attitudes toward food, is a formidable but important challenge.
Distinct subclassification of DRG neurons innervating the distal colon and glans penis/distal urethra based on the electrophysiological current signature

Spinal sensory neurons innervating visceral and mucocutaneous tissues have unique microanatomic distribution, peripheral modality, and physiological, pharmacological, and biophysical characteristics compared with those neurons that innervate muscle and cutaneous tissues. In previous patch-clamp electrophysiological studies, we have demonstrated that small- and medium-diameter dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons can be subclassified on the basis of their patterns of voltage-activated currents (VAC). These VAC-based subclasses were highly consistent in their action potential characteristics, responses to algesic compounds, immunocytochemical expression patterns, and responses to thermal stimuli. For this study, we examined the VAC of neurons retrogradely traced from the distal colon and the glans penis/distal urethra in the adult male rat. The afferent population from the distal colon contained at least two previously characterized cell types observed in somatic tissues (types 5 and 8), as well as four novel cell types (types 15, 16, 17, and 18). In the glans penis/distal urethra, two previously described cell types (types 6 and 8) and three novel cell types (types 7, 14, and 15) were identified. Other characteristics, including action potential profiles, responses to algesic compounds (acetylcholine, capsaicin, ATP, and pH 5.0 solution), and neurochemistry (expression of substance P, CGRP, neurofilament, TRPV1, TRPV2, and isolectin B4 binding) were consistent for each VAC-defined subgroup. With identification of distinct DRG cell types that innervate the distal colon and glans penis/distal urethra, future in vitro studies related to the gastrointestinal and urogenital sensory function in normal as well as abnormal/pathological conditions may be benefitted.
Pain-related fear, disability, and the fear-avoidance model of chronic pain

Chronic pain is a significant public health concern that imposes substantial burdens on individuals and healthcare systems, and factors that contribute to the development and maintenance of pain-related disability are of increasing empirical and clinical interest. Consistent with the fear-avoidance model of chronic pain, greater pain-related fear has consistently been associated with more severe disability and may predict the progression of disability over time. Recent evidence indicates that treatments designed to reduce pain-related fear are efficacious for improving disability outcomes, and several clinical trials are currently underway to test tailored intervention content and methods of dissemination. Future research in this area is needed to identify factors (e.g., substance use, comorbid psychopathology) that may influence interrelations between pain-related fear, response to treatment, and disability.
Repeatability of autorefraction and axial length measurements after laser in situ keratomileusis.

Results: The mean difference between visits for axial length measurements was 0.008 mm G 0.04 (SD). The between visits repeatability for all refractive error measurements were !0.75 diopter (D). The mean difference between the subjective refraction and the Humphrey autorefractor for spherical equivalent was statistically significant under noncycloplegic conditions (‐0.90 D, P!.0001) and cycloplegic conditions (‐2.05 D, P!.0001). The mean difference between subjective refraction and Grand Seiko autorefraction measurements was not significant under noncycloplegic conditions (C0.05 D, 95% limits of agreement [LoA] Z � 0.99, 1.09; P Z .52) conditions but was statistically significant, but not clinically relevant, under cycloplegic conditions (C0.17 D, 95% LoA Z � 0.73, 1.07; P Z .03). Conclusions: Refractive error measurements after LASIK using the Grand Seiko autorefractor are reliable and agree well with subjective refraction measurements. J Cataract Refract Surg 2005; 31:1025–1034 a 2005 ASCRS and ESCRS
Book review: The Design and Analysis of Efficient Learning Algorithms by Robert E. Schapire (MIT Press, 1992)

This monograph is a slightly modified version of Schapire's 1991 MIT PhD thesis which won the 1991 ACM Doctoral Dissertation Award. The thesis, completed under the direction of Ronald L. Rivest, makes several major contributions to the field of computational learning theory.
Targeted deep resequencing of the human cancer genome using next-generation technologies

Next-generation sequencing technologies have revolutionized our ability to identify genetic variants, either germline or somatic point mutations, that occur in cancer. Parallelization and miniaturization of DNA sequencing enables massive data throughput and for the first time, large-scale, nucleotide resolution views of cancer genomes can be achieved. Systematic, large-scale sequencing surveys have revealed that the genetic spectrum of mutations in cancers appears to be highly complex with numerous low frequency bystander somatic variations, and a limited number of common, frequently mutated genes. Large sample sizes and deeper resequencing are much needed in resolving clinical and biological relevance of the mutations as well as in detecting somatic variants in heterogeneous samples and cancer cell sub-populations. However, even with the next-generation sequencing technologies, the overwhelming size of the human genome and need for very high fold coverage represents a major challenge for up-scaling cancer genome sequencing projects. Assays to target, capture, enrich or partition disease-specific regions of the genome offer immediate solutions for reducing the complexity of the sequencing libraries. Integration of targeted DNA capture assays and next-generation deep resequencing improves the ability to identify clinically and biologically relevant mutations.
Broke but unbroken: grassroots social movements and their radical solutions to poverty

Broke but unbroken: grassroots social movements and their radical solutions to poverty, by Augusta Dwyer, Halifax, Fernwood Publishing, 2011, 169 pp., $19.95 (paperback), ISBN 9781565494473 Written...
Anomalous e + e - and μ + μ - events produced in e + e - annihilation

Abstract We have observed events of the form e + +e − → e + +e − and e + +e − → μ + + μ − in which there are no other detected particles and there is substantial missing energy; and which cannot be explained by conventional electromagnetic interactions. We show that these events can be explained as the decay products from the pair production, e + +e − → τ + + τ − , of a new charged lepton, τ ± , of mass ≈1800 MeV/ c 2 . Some properties of these events are presented. In particular, this production cross section is inconsistent with the τ being an electron-related paralepton.
High pT Physics in the Forward Region

Abstract Two of the most interesting results to emerge from RHIC have been suppression of high pT particles produced at y = 0 in AuAu collisions and a suppression of high pZ particles in d-Au collisions. These have been explained in terms of quark energy loss in the final state and suppression of the initial soft gluon density respectively. In gold-gold collisions one would naively expect the first effect to get weaker and the second stronger with increasing rapidity. Intriguingly the nuclear modification factor shows almost no change with rapdity. We will use several tools to try to understand this result. The theoretical constructs of color glass condensate and quark recombination have been proposed as answers to this problem. The experimental work begins with operational definitions of high pT and forward rapidity and a review of pp collisions. Using a wide range of data on limiting fragmentation, proton/pion ratios and the dependence of RAuAu on energy density we tentatively conclude that the hot partonic matter extends into the forward region and that high pT particles emerge from the surface of this matter.
Induction and modulation of cell-type-specific gene expression in Dictyostelium.

Abstract We have identified genes that are expressed preferentially in either prestalk or prespore cells in Dictyostelium. The prestalk mRNAs are detectable at 7.5 hr prior to the completion of cell aggregation, while the prespore mRNAs are not detectable until ∼15 hr of development. Exogenous cAMP in the absence of sustained cell contact is sufficient to induce prestalk-specific gene expression, while multicellularity is required for the induction of prespore-specific genes. A gene expressed equally in both cell types, which has the same developmental kinetics as the prestalk genes, is induced in shaking culture in the absence of either cAMP or stable cell associations. Dissociation of aggregates results in the rapid loss of prespore- and prestalk-specific mRNAs, and these can be induced to reaccumulate with the addition of cAMP. We conclude that there are substantial differences in the timing and requirements for tissue-specific gene expression in Dictyostelium.
On the application of image analysis to determine concentration distributions in laboratory experiments

Abstract Image analysis approaches provide an accurate and efficient way to generate detailed concentration distributions from photographic data of flow-tank experiments where the tracer can be observed through a glass or Plexiglas® wall. The technique is non-intrusive, does not disturb plume dynamics, and provides an essentially continuous distribution of sampling points over the whole plume, as observed at the tank wall. Computer processing of the scanned image is required to correct for spatial and temporal lighting nonuniformity, and for heterogeneous media, to account for different grain sizes, and thus differing dye thicknesses along tank walls. In our model study, utilizing a Plexiglas® flow tank (107 cm long, 71 cm high, 5 cm wide), individual concentrations are estimated for square areas approximately 1.3 by 1.3 mm in size over the entire area of a side wall of the tank. The negatives were scanned on an Eikonix® 78/99 digital scanning system at a resolution of 1024 by 1024 by 12 bits. The image analysis system is comprised of a Digital Equipment Corporation Microvax II® computer and a Gould® IP 9527 image processor. It transforms the scanned images, whose pixels represent dye intensity, into images whose pixels represent solute concentration.
Memory disorders in aphasia— I. Auditory immediate recall

Abstract Vascular lesions within the territory of the left middle cerebral artery were identified by CT scans for 28 aphasic adults. When damage involved parts of Heschl's, middle temporal and superior temporal gyri or the inferior parietal lobule, immediate recall of binary sequences of either digits or tones was only 3 ± 1 bits. Lesions to various loci were identified with primacy, recency, transposition, and isolated errors. The discussion considers various neural mechanisms subserving auditory immediate recall.
Osteopontin as a molecular prognostic marker for melanoma.

BACKGROUND. Osteopontin has been suggested as a marker of disease progression in patients with melanoma because of its overexpression in recent microarray analyses. However, its prognostic role in melanoma has not been fully defined. METHODS. Osteopontin expression status was examined using immunohistochemical analysis of a tissue microarray that contained primary cutaneous melanomas from 345 patients. The correlation between osteopontin expression and several histologic markers for melanoma was assessed by using the Chi-square test and the Le directional test. The impact of osteopontin expression on recurrence-free survival (RFS) and disease-specific survival (DSS) of patients with melanoma was examined using Cox regression and Kaplan-Meier analyses. The impact of increasing osteopontin expression on sentinel lymph node (SLN) metastasis was assessed using logistic regression analysis. RESULTS. High osteopontin expression was associated with increased tumor thickness (P = .037), Clark level (P = .035), and mitotic index (P = .046). Kaplan-Meier analysis demonstrated an association between osteopontin expression and reduced RFS (P < .03) and DSS (P = .05). Multivariate Cox regression analysis demonstrated that high osteopontin immunostaining had an independent impact on the DSS of this melanoma cohort (P = .049). In addition, osteopontin expression was significantly predictive of SLN metastasis (P = .009) and SLN burden, as assessed by the mean number of SLN metastases (P = .0025). Multivariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated an independent role for osteopontin expression in predicting SLN status (P = .0062). CONCLUSIONS. The current results validated the role of osteopontin as an independent prognostic marker for melanoma and provided new evidence for its predictive role in melanoma lymph node metastasis. Cancer 2008. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Chronic Cough due to Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: Failure to Resolve Despite Total/Near-Total Elimination of Esophageal Acid

Background While medical therapy may fail to improve cough due to gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), it is not known if inadequate esophageal acid suppression is responsible. Methods In a prospective, before-and-after interventional trial, we assessed the effects of antireflux surgery in eight patients whose chronic coughs were due to GERD resistant to intensive medical therapy. All patients met a profile predicting that cough was likely due to GERD and had an initial positive 24-h esophageal pH monitoring study, and then underwent serial 24-h esophageal pH monitoring on gradually intensified medical therapy until the percentage of time that esophageal pH was 4 min. The effects of medical and surgical therapy on cough were assessed clinically by a visual analog scale (VAS) and the Adverse Cough Outcome Survey (ACOS). Results Before surgery (median, 23.7 days), patients still complained of cough, VAS score was 73.1 ± 6.1, and ACOS score was 15.0 ± 1.1. After surgery (median, 41.2 days and 1 year), cough improved in all, VAS score decreased to 19.1 ± 8.3 and 22.6 ± 8.1 (p = 0.001), respectively, and ACOS score decreased to 2.0 ± 1.3 and 3.6 ± 2.3, respectively (p = 0.002). Conclusions Antireflux surgery can improve chronic cough due to GERD resistant to intensive medical therapy. There is a clinical profile that can predict when GERD is the likely cause of cough. GERD cannot be excluded on clinical grounds as the potential cause of cough. The term acid reflux disease , when applied to chronic cough due to GERD, can be a misnomer.
Interferon‐associated retinopathy during the treatment of chronic hepatitis C: a systematic review

Summary The incidence of retinopathy in patients with chronic hepatitis C treated with interferon-based regimens has been variably reported in the literature. There is no consensus regarding ophthalmologic screening before and during treatment with interferon-based therapy. To assess the incidence of retinopathy in patients with chronic hepatitis C being treated with interferon-based regimens and estimate the rate of resolution. A systematic literature search was performed to locate all relevant publications. Pooled incidence of retinopathy was calculated in patients treated with interferon or pegylated interferon. We also estimated the rate of discontinuation of treatment and resolution after the treatment was stopped. A total of 21 studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The overall incidence of retinopathy using random effect model was 27.7% (95% confidence interval [CI] 20.9–34.5%). The pooled incidence of retinopathy in 10 studies that only used pegylated interferon was 20.9% (95% CI: 11.6–29.8). The incidence of retinopathy with pegylated interferon in diabetic and hypertensive patients (high-risk group) was 65.32% and 50.7%, respectively. This was significantly higher compared with the incidence of retinopathy (11.7%) in patients without these risk factors. Overall pooled estimate for the resolution of retinopathy was 87% (95% CI 75.7–98.4%). The rate of discontinuation of treatment was 6.3%. The incidence of retinopathy with pegylated interferon in patients without hypertension and diabetes is low, but the risk is higher in patients with diabetes and hypertension. Routine pretreatment fundoscopic screening may not be warranted in all patients and can be limited to the patients with these risk factors.
Monkeys match and tally quantities across senses.

We report here that monkeys can actively match the number of sounds they hear to the number of shapes they see and present the first evidence that monkeys sum over sounds and sights. In Experiment 1, two monkeys were trained to choose a simultaneous array of 1–9 squares that numerically matched a sample sequence of shapes or sounds. Monkeys numerically matched across (audio–visual) and within (visual–visual) modalities with equal accuracy and transferred to novel numerical values. In Experiment 2, monkeys presented with sample sequences of randomly ordered shapes or tones were able to choose an array of 2–9 squares that was the numerical sum of the shapes and sounds in the sample sequence. In both experiments, accuracy and reaction time depended on the ratio between the correct numerical match and incorrect choice. These findings suggest monkeys and humans share an abstract numerical code that can be divorced from the modality in which stimuli are first experienced.
Life-cycle case study comparison of permeable reactive barrier versus pump-and-treat remediation.

A permeable reactive barrier (PRB) is a passive remediation technology, which over decades of use, may reduce lifetime environmental impacts when compared with a conventional pump-and-treat system (PTS). Greater material production requirements to install PRBs may offset the expected reductions in operational phase impacts and the trade-offs can be investigated in a life-cycle assessment (LCA). The life-cycle environmental impacts of a zerovalent iron (ZVI) containing PRB with a funnel and gate configuration and a PTS were compared in a case study. Potential impacts of the model PRB are driven by the ZVI reactive medium and the energy usage during construction, while for the PTS they are driven by the operational energy demand. Medium longevity governed the magnitude of the potential PRB impacts and the extent to which it was optimal relative to the PTS. Even at conservatively low estimates of longevity, the PRB offers significant environmental advantages in impact categories of human health and ozone dep...
Mixing induced by oscillatory stratified flow past a right-circular cylinder

A series of laboratory experiments was performed to investigate the overall mixing characteristics of oscillatory stratified flow past an isolated topography. The experiments were conducted by oscillating a right-circular cylinder in an otherwise quiescent linearly stratified fluid contained in a rectangular basin. The mixing was largely confined to the turbulent ‘core’ region around the cylinder. This mixed fluid was then injected into the fluid interior of the basin by numerous intrusive tongues. These intrusions were accompanied by return currents of unmixed stratified fluid into the turbulent core. The overall effect of this mixing process was to increase the potential energy of the fluid in the basin. An expression is derived to relate the rate of change of potential energy of the system to the basin-averaged buoyancy flux. This formula was then used to calculate the mean buoyancy flux from measurements of the rate of change of potential energy of the fluid system. Basin-averaged diapycnal eddy diffusivities for the experiments were evaluated and the results were found to be in good agreement with the predictions of a heuristic model based on the energetics of the mixing. Observations on the spreading of intrusions and the evolution of the density field are also presented.