cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Covariance-Based Realization Algorithm for the Identification of Aeroelastic Dynamics from In-Flight Data

The unsteady, aerodynamically induced resonance of aircraft structures may lead to potentially destructive vibrations when left unaccounted for in flight control system design. Such aeroelastic modes are difficult to accurately predict analytically, and computational models require calibration, verification, and validation. The successful design of control systems that actively suppress aeroelastic vibrations thus requires the capability to identify unbiased parametric estimates of aeroelastic resonance modes. We present a novel subspace system identification method inspired by covariance estimates and classical realization techniques that constructs system estimates from measured input-output data. The resulting covariancebased realization algorithm allows for the identification of parametric system models from data sets of large signal dimension and is applicable to data perturbed by colored noise and acquired in closed-loop operation due to the unbiased estimation of cross-covariance functions, even in low signalto-noise conditions. The algorithm is applied to data measured on board the NASA Active Aeroelastic Wing F/A-18. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the algorithm in efficiently computing accurate, unbiased linear dynamic models ∗Graduate Student, Dept. of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, d6miller@ucsd.edu, Student Member AIAA. †Professor, Dept. of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, callafon@ucsd.edu. ‡Aerospace Engineer, martin.j.brenner@nasa.gov, Senior Member AIAA.
Motivations for Pregnancy Planning Among Mexican Immigrant Women in North Carolina

Objectives: To enhance understanding of 1) Mexican immigrant women’s attitudes toward planning their pregnancies and the factors that influence their fertility preferences, and 2) the effect of migration on their pregnancy planning decisions. Methods: Qualitative in-depth interviews were conducted with 11 Mexican immigrant women living in North Carolina. Participants were recruited by means of snowball sampling. Interviews were conducted in Spanish in the women’s homes. Interviewing and analysis were conducted iteratively to allow emerging themes and interpretations to be developed and validated in subsequent interviews. Results: The women were strongly motivated to plan their pregnancies. Their primary considerations in pregnancy planning were their ability to give their children a good life and their ability to enjoy their families. Individual personal aspirations did not emerge as an important consideration. Migration intensified the women’s felt need to plan their pregnancies. Conclusions: The Mexican immigrant women in this study had a strong familistic orientation. Far from diminishing their interest in planning their pregnancies, however, the high value they placed on family was their primary motivation for pregnancy planning. Migration to the U.S. intensified their felt need to plan their pregnancies. Understanding of the women’s motivations for family planning may help health care providers better address the family planning needs of Mexican immigrant women.
Activation of human and rabbit prokallikrein by serine and metalloproteases

Activation of human and rabbit prokallikrein by serine and metalloproteases. Human and rabbit kidney and urine contain an inactive form of kallikrein. Studies on the mRNA sequence suggested that the active form of the enzyme and the propeptide are linked by a peptide bond between a basic and hydrophobic amino acid. We studied the activation of prokallikrein by serine proteases and a neutral metalloproteinase, thermolysin, because serine proteases cleave the peptide chain after a basic amino acid and thermolysin before a hydrophobic amino acid. The activity of kallikrein was measured by RIA and with a fluorogenic peptide substrate. Trypsin was used as a standard reference activator. We found that human plasmin and plasminogen, activated by urokinase, activate prokallikrein. Pronase coupled to Sepharose also enhanced the activity of the renal kallikrein zymogen. On a molar basis, thermolysin was a more effective activator of prokallikrein than trypsin. The activation by thermolysin was blocked by the inhibitor phosphoramidon, but not by DFP or SBTI. These experiments indicate that, in addition to serine proteases, neutral metalloproteases of tissues may activate prokallikrein. Activation de la prokallicreine d'homme et de lapin par les serine et metalloproteases. Le rein et les urines d'homme et de lapin contiennent une forme inactive de kallicreine. Des etudes de la sequence du mRNA ont suggere que la forme active de l'enzyme et le propeptide sont relies par une liaison peptidique entre des acides amines basique et hydrophobe. Nous avons etudie l'activation de la prokallicreine par des serine proteases et par une metallo proteinase neutre, la thermolysine, car les serine proteases clivent la chaine peptidique apres un acide amine basique, et la thermolysine avant un acide amine hydrophobe. L'activite de la kallicreine a ete mesuree par RIA et avec un substrat peptidique fluorogene. La trypsine a ete utilisee comme standard activateur de reference. Nous avons trouve que la plasmine et le plasminogene humains, actives par l'urokinase, activent la prokallicreine. La pronase couplee au Sepharose a egalement stimule l'activite du zymogene renal, la kallicreine. Sur une base molaire, la thermolysine etait un activateur plus efficace de la prokallicreine que la trypsine. L'activation par la thermolysine etait bloquee par le phosphoramidon, un inhibiteur, mais non par le DFP ou le SBTI. Ces experiences indiquent qu'en plus des serine proteases, les metalloproteases neutres tissulaires peuvent activer la prokallicreine.
Uncertainty in calculating vorticity from 2D velocity fields using circulation and least-squares approaches

The most common method for determining vorticity from planar velocity information is the circulation method. Its performance has been evaluated using a plane of velocity data obtained from a direct numerical simulation (DNS) of a three dimensional plane shear layer. Both the ability to reproduce the vorticity from the exact velocity field and one perturbed by a 5% random “uncertainty” were assessed. To minimize the sensitivity to velocity uncertainties, a new method was developed using a least-squares approach. The local velocity data is fit to a model velocity field consisting of uniform translation, rigid rotation, a point source, and plane shear. The least-squares method was evaluated in the same manner as the circulation method. The largest differences between the actual and calculated vorticity fields were due to the filter-like nature of the methods. The new method is less sensitive to experimental uncertainty. However the circulation method proved to be slightly better at reproducing the DNS field. The least-squares method provides additional information beyond the circulation method results. Using the correlation $$\overline {P\omega \omega }$$ and a vorticity threshold criteria to identify regions of rigid rotation (or eddies), the rigid rotation component of the least-squares method indicates these same regions.
Fc gamma-like determinants on immunoglobulin variable regions: identification by staphylococcal protein A.

Protein A from Staphylococcus aureus is widely known as a ligand specific for the Fc portion of the IgG molecule. However, recent reports suggest that a minor proportion of immunoglobulins may also carry protein-A-reactive sites in their Fab portion. I Found that about 5% of polyclonal Fabγ and Fabμ fragments strongly bound protein A. Moreover, 2 of 18 human IgG myelomas showed a similar reactivity. This interaction was not due to a conventional anti-protein-A antibody activity, since it was possible to obtain F(ab′)2, from human IgG anti-tetanus toxoid, and Fab. from mouse IgG anti-sheep erythrocytes, which were able to bind protein A and the immunogen. The finding that a proportion of Fv fragments (VH+VL domain), obtained from normal human IgM, also interacts with protein A suggests that the reactive site is located within the framework of the variable portion of a subset of immunoglobulins. The ability of these F(ab′)2 fragments to inhibit efficiently the binding of [1251]protein A to immobilized human Feγ fragment, suggests that these immunoglobulins express, within their variable regions, determinants that possess Fcγ-like properties.
Effects of symmetry on instability-driven chaotic energy transport in near-integrable, Hamiltonian systems

Abstract Various remarkable nonlinear phenomena have been confirmed, discovered and explored through computer simulations of nearly integrable, Hamiltonian, large dimensional lattices with periodic boundary conditions. Here we pick the periodic sine-Gordon example of an “a priori unstable” integrable system which is then discretized spatially by an explicit non-integrable scheme. We then study the dynamics of this fixed, near-integrable Hamiltonian lattice and explore the transitions in short-time and long-time behavior as we initialize either far from or nearby integrable homoclinic structures. For this volume we specifically highlight the effects of symmetry. We illustrate a subtle phenomenon whereby small errors, on the order of machine arithmetic and roundoff error, may break a symmetry of the data and the equations, unleashing a symmetry-breaking instability absent in the symmetric subspace, and thereby exciting significant stochastic dynamics and energy transport nonexistent in the corresponding symmetric simulation.
Language classification, language contact, and amazonian prehistory

The linguistic map of Amazonia presents a startling jumble of languages and language families. While some families – most notably Carib, Arawak, Macro-Je, and Tupi– are distributed widely throughout the region, their spread is interspersed with many dozens of tiny, localized families and language isolates, particularly in the Amazonian periphery. At the same time, distributions of lexical, grammatical, and phonological features suggest that this linguistic patchwork is overlaid in places by contact regions, where multilingualism has fostered lexical and/or structural resemblances among languages. This complex distribution of languages and linguistic features presents many challenges to our understanding of Amazonian prehistory. How did Amazonia's language families arrive at their present distribution? Why did some families spread over huge distances, while others came to occupy only tiny geographical pockets or are limited to a single language? What kinds of interactions among peoples led to the formation of contact zones, and how are these regions defined? Complicating these questions further is the fact that very little is known about many Amazonian languages, and relationships among them are in many cases a matter of conjecture. This article surveys our current understanding of language classification and language contact in Amazonia, and addresses various perspectives concerning the implications of these relationships for Amazonian prehistory.
Abstract 5504: A potential source in oxidative cell death mediated by thymidylate synthase inhibitors: NADPH oxidase 2

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA Thymidylate synthase (TS) catalyzes the reductive transfer of a methyl group from N5,N10-methylenetetrahydrofolate (CH2-THF) to dUMP, forming dTMP and dihydrofolate (DHF). It is generally accepted that inhibition of the enzyme leads to a deficiency of dTMP, followed by genome damage and programmed cell death. As such, TS has long been viewed as an important target of anti-neoplastic agents, such as 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and raltitrexed (RTX), which lead to inhibition of the enzyme. Oxidative stress is well-recognized as having a central role in cellular response to a number of DNA damaging agents, and may be a proximate cause of therapy-induced cell death. Despite such recognition, little detail exists on the origin and regulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during TS-directed chemotherapy. We have undertaken a detailed examination of the origin, nature, and role of ROS in cell death mediated by TS inhibitors. We have previously identified NADPH oxidase (NOX) as the primary source of increased ROS following exposure to TS-directed agents, as indicated by the observation of decreased ROS production and apoptotic indices in presence of NOX inhibitors. We have found that in response to TS inhibitors, NOX enzyme activity increases in association with induction of the transcript for p67phox, which specifically regulates the NOX2 isoform. This result is also verified by silencing p67phox gene in HCT116 cells. Silencing p67phox gene inhibits drug-induced NOX activity and decreases drug-induced apoptotic indices. To substantiate and expand results obtained from HCT116, we used other colorectal cancer cells, including HCT15, SW480, DLD-1, LoVo, MOSER and LS180. We have determined that colon cancer cells exhibit diverse responses in both basal and drug-inducible levels of apoptosis, NOX activity and mRNA of NOX2 regulatory subunits, implicating the heterogeneity in colorectal cancer cells. Based on these results, we conclude that augmentation of NOX2 activity via induction of p67phox mRNA expression is the proximate cause of programmed cell death elicited by dTMP deficiency in HCT116 cells. Each colorectal cancer cells might have different mechanism to undergo ROS-mediated cell death. Citation Format: Ufuk Ozer, Franklin George Berger, Karen Wood Barbour. A potential source in oxidative cell death mediated by thymidylate synthase inhibitors: NADPH oxidase 2. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 5504. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-5504
Sulfate radical-based ferrous-peroxymonosulfate oxidative system for PCBs degradation in aqueous and sediment systems

Abstract Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the environment pose long-term risk to public health because of their persistent and toxic nature. This study investigates the degradation of PCBs using sulfate radical-based advanced oxidation processes (SR-AOPs). These processes are based on the generation of sulfate radicals through iron (Fe(II), Fe(III)) mediated activation of peroxymonosulfate (KHSO 5 , PMS) or persulfate (Na 2 S 2 O 8 , PS). This study is the first instance for coupling of Fe(II)/Fe(III) with PMS for PCB degradation in aqueous and sediment systems. The high oxidation efficiencies of the free radicals (SO 4 − ), in combination with the slow rate of consumption of the oxidants, make these processes very effective for the degradation of recalcitrant organic compounds. The effectiveness of the process was evaluated based on the degradation of a model polychlorinated biphenyl, 2-chlorobiphenyl and total organic carbon (TOC) removal. The kinetics of 2-chlorobiphenyl degradation along with the effect of oxidant and catalyst concentrations on the degradation efficiency was studied. Near complete removal of 2-chlorobiphenyl was observed when Fe(II) was used with PMS or PS. Fe(II) acts as a sulfate radical scavenger at higher concentrations indicating that there is an optimum concentration of Fe(II) that leads to most effective degradation of the target contaminant. A chelating agent, sodium citrate, was used to control the quantity of iron in the solution for activation of the oxidant. For the first time, we studied the feasibility of the activation of PMS using iron citrate complexes for PCB degradation. In the presence of sodium citrate, increase in degradation efficiency was observed up to a metal:ligand ratio of 1:2, after which the increase in citrate concentration led to a decrease in removal efficiency. Fe(II)/PMS systems were found to be very effective in degrading PCB in a sediment-slurry system with more than 90% PCB removal being observed within 24 h.
Efficacious and safe tissue-selective controlled gene therapy approaches for the cornea.

Untargeted and uncontrolled gene delivery is a major cause of gene therapy failure. This study aimed to define efficient and safe tissue-selective targeted gene therapy approaches for delivering genes into keratocytes of the cornea in vivo using a normal or diseased rabbit model. New Zealand White rabbits, adeno-associated virus serotype 5 (AAV5), and a minimally invasive hair-dryer based vector-delivery technique were used. Fifty microliters of AAV5 titer (6.5×1012 vg/ml) expressing green fluorescent protein gene (GFP) was topically applied onto normal or diseased (fibrotic or neovascularized) rabbit corneas for 2-minutes with a custom vector-delivery technique. Corneal fibrosis and neovascularization in rabbit eyes were induced with photorefractive keratectomy using excimer laser and VEGF (630 ng) using micropocket assay, respectively. Slit-lamp biomicroscopy and immunocytochemistry were used to confirm fibrosis and neovascularization in rabbit corneas. The levels, location and duration of delivered-GFP gene expression in the rabbit stroma were measured with immunocytochemistry and/or western blotting. Slot-blot measured delivered-GFP gene copy number. Confocal microscopy performed in whole-mounts of cornea and thick corneal sections determined geometric and spatial localization of delivered-GFP in three-dimensional arrangement. AAV5 toxicity and safety were evaluated with clinical eye exam, stereomicroscopy, slit-lamp biomicroscopy, and H&E staining. A single 2-minute AAV5 topical application via custom delivery-technique efficiently and selectively transduced keratocytes in the anterior stroma of normal and diseased rabbit corneas as evident from immunocytochemistry and confocal microscopy. Transgene expression was first detected at day 3, peaked at day 7, and was maintained up to 16 weeks (longest tested time point). Clinical and slit-lamp eye examination in live rabbits and H&E staining did not reveal any significant changes between AAV5-treated and untreated control corneas. These findings suggest that defined gene therapy approaches are safe for delivering genes into keratocytes in vivo and has potential for treating corneal disorders in human patients.
Ants accelerate litter decomposition in a Costa Rican lowland tropical rain forest

The decomposition of leaf litter is governed, in part, by litter invertebrates. In tropical rain forests, ants are dominant predators in the leaf litter and may alter litter decomposition through the action of a top-down control of food web structure. The role of ants in litter decomposition was investigated in a Costa Rican lowland rain forest with two experiments. In a mesocosm experiment, we manipulated ant presence in 50 ambient leaf-litter mesocosms. In a litterbag gradient experiment, Cecropia obtusifolia litter was used to measure decomposition rate constants across gradients in nutrients, ant density and richness, with 27 separate litterbag treatments for total arthropod exclusion or partial arthropod exclusion. After 2 mo, mass loss in mesocosms containing ants was 30.9%, significantly greater than the 23.5% mass loss in mesocosms without ants. In the litter bags with all arthropods excluded, decomposition was best accounted by the carbon: phosphorus content of soil (r2 = 0.41). In litter bags permitting smaller arthropods but excluding ants, decomposition was best explained by the local biomass of ants in the vicinity of the litter bags (r2 = 0.50). Once the microarthropod prey of ants are permitted to enter litterbags, the biomass of ants near the litterbags overtakes soil chemistry as the regulator of decomposition. In concert, these results support a working hypothesis that litter-dwelling ants are responsible for accelerating litter decomposition in lowland tropical rain forests.
Use of the Ottawa knee rule: a cost minimization study

Purpose: To determine whether adoption of the Ottawa knee rule will decrease the cost of evaluating adult patients with acute blunt knee trauma compared with not using the rule. Materials and methods: A decision tree was constructed with two arms, one that included explicit use of the Ottawa knee rule and another that did not include adoption of the Ottawa knee rule. Probability estimates for the model were obtained from an internally generated data set, while cost estimates were obtained from hospital charges, Medicare reimbursement rates, and Department of Labor statistics. A societal perspective was adopted. Results: The baseline analysis indicated that adoption of the Ottawa knee rule results in an average savings per patient of US$3. Cost savings increase as the cost of radiography increases. However, under certain conditions, adoption of the Ottawa knee rule may result in increased costs, especially if the sensitivity of the rule drops below .94. Conclusions: Under most conditions, adoption of the Ottawa knee rule results in modest cost savings compared with not using the rule. Individual institutions may wish to determine whether their practice environment (fracture prevalence, cost of radiography, patient waiting time, etc.) is conducive to significant cost savings before formally adopting the knee rule.
Development of a real-time PCR melt curve assay for simultaneous detection of virulent and antibiotic resistant Salmonella

Abstract Multiple drug resistance in Salmonella is an emerging problem in the area of food safety. Depending on the virulence and antibiotic resistance characteristics of the Salmonella strain, infections of varying severity could result. In this study, a multiplex melt curve real-time PCR assay for the detection of virulent and antibiotic resistance strains of Salmonella was developed with two primer sets. The first set targets the virulence gene, invasin (invA), and tetracycline (tetG), streptomycin (aadA2) and sulphonamide (sulI) antibiotic resistance genes, and the second set amplifies ampicillin (blaPSE, blaTEM) and chloramphenicol (floR) resistance genes. The multiplex assay was evaluated using 41 Salmonella strains and was further tested on eight different artificially inoculated food samples. The fluorescent DNA intercalating dye, SYTO9, generated high resolution melt curve peaks and, hence, was used for the development of the assay. This multiplex assay worked efficiently over a DNA concentration range of 20 ng–200 fg and showed a sensitivity of 290 CFU/mL with serially diluted broth cultures. The detection limit for un-enriched artificially inoculated food samples was 104 CFU/g, but an enrichment period of 6 h allowed for detection of 10 CFU/g of cells in the samples.
Pick body-like inclusions in the dentate fascia of the hippocampus in Alzheimer's disease.

Pick body-like inclusions are described in the granular neurons of the dentate fascia in Alzheimer's disease. The inclusions are round, argyrophilic and stained by thioflavine-S. Immunocytochemically they contain antigenic determinants of neurofilaments and of Alzheimer neurofibrillary tangles. Ultrastructurally they are composed primarily of 15–18 nm straight filaments similar to the neurofibrillary pathology of progressive supranuclear palsy and Pick's disease. The dentate fascia inclusions, as well as cerebellar plaques but not amyloid angiopathy, are found most frequently in association with severe neurofibrillary degeneration.
Criteria for the Use of Recombinant Human Growth Hormone in Short Bowel Syndrome

Extensive resection of the intestinal tract with resulting malabsorption is known as short bowel syndrome (SBS). Adaptation and rehabilitation of the remaining small bowel occurs spontaneously after resection and can be enhanced by diet, medications, and use of intestinal trophic factors such as recombinant human growth hormone (r-hGH). Many trials have been published on the influence of r-hGH therapy in SBS patients, with varying results. Analysis of the trials has produced a set of criteria that can be used to define the patient most likely to benefit from r-hGH therapy.
Frame duality properties for projective unitary representations

Let π be a projective unitary representation of a countable group G on a separable Hilbert space H. If the set B π of Bessel vectors for π is dense in H, then for any vector x ∈ H the analysis operator Θ x makes sense as a densely defined operator from B π to l 2 (G)-space. Two vectors x and y are called π-orthogonal if the range spaces of Θ x and Θ y are orthogonal, and they are π-weakly equivalent if the closures of the ranges of Θ x and Θ y are the same. These properties are characterized in terms of the commutant of the representation. It is proved that a natural geometric invariant (the orthogonality index) of the representation agrees with the cyclic multiplicity of the commutant of π(G). These results are then applied to Gabor systems. A sample result is an alternate proof of the known theorem that a Gabor sequence is complete in L 2 (ℝ d ) if and only if the corresponding adjoint Gabor sequence is l 2 -linearly independent. Some other applications are also discussed.
Very Delayed Infarction after Mild Focal Cerebral Ischemia: A Role for Apoptosis?:

The temporal evolution of cerebral infarction was examined in rats subjected to transient occlusion of both common carotid arteries and the right middle cerebral artery. After severe (90-min) ischemia, substantial right-sided cortical infarction was evident within 6 h and fully developed after 1 day. After mild (30-min) ischemia, no cortical infarction was present after 1 day. However, infarction developed after 3 days; by 2 weeks, infarction volume was as large as that induced by 90-min ischemia. These data suggest that infarction after mild focal ischemia can develop in a surprisingly delayed fashion. Some evidence of neuronal apoptosis was present after severe ischemia, but only to a limited degree. However, 3 days after mild ischemia, neurons bordering the maturing infarction exhibited prominent TUNEL staining, and DNA prepared from the periinfarct area of ischemic cortex showed internucleosomal fragmentation. Furthermore, pretreatment with 1 mg/kg cycloheximide markedly reduced infarction volume 2 weeks after mild ischemia. These data raise the possibility that apoptosis, dependent on active protein synthesis, contributes to the delayed infarction observed in rats subjected to mild transient focal cerebral ischemia.
Comparison of the Monthly Precipitation Derived from the TRMM Satellite

A comparison of monthly rainfall derived from the version 5 of TRMM Microwave Imager (TMI), Precipitation Radar (PR), TRMM Combined algorithm (TCA) and TMI-emission algorithm (TMIE) using two years (1998 to 1999) of TRMM data was made. The global (TRMM domain, 40°N∼ 40°S) average rain rates are 3.29, 2.62 and 2.93 mm/day over land and 3.02, 2.47 and 2.54 mm/day over oceans for TMI, PR, and TCA respectively. The TMIE oceanic average is 2.90 mm/day. For both the global and zonal means, the TMI rain rates are the largest and the PR estimates lowest. Regression analyses show the offsets of algorithms are close to zero. According to a paired t-test, significant differences exist between TMI and PR and between TMI and TCA, especially in oceanic dry regions. However, the difference between PR and TCA was judged to be insignificant. Comparison of PR and TMIE shows that a statistically significant difference is evident in the oceanic dry regions.
The nitridation of GaAs and GaN deposition on GaAs examined by in situ time-of-flight low energy ion scattering and RHEED

Abstract The growth of GaN on traditional zincblende III–V semiconductors such as GaAs is important technologically. Due to the high lattice mismatch between GaAs and III–V nitrides, the use of a buffer layer is always required. This can be achieved through either a low temperature buffer, a strained superlattice, or nitridation of GaAs surfaces by electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) bombardment. While this last process was shown to improve the electrical and optical properties of the nitride thin films, no detailed investigation of the nitridation process has been reported. In this work, in situ time-of-flight low energy ion scattering (TOF-LEIS) and reflection high energy electron diffraction (RHEED) are used to monitor surface structure, major elements, and impurities during the nitridation of GaAs as a function of time, temperature, and ECR power.
Comparison of Health Care Expenditures Among Insured Users and Nonusers of Complementary and Alternative Medicine in Washington State: A Cost Minimization Analysis

Abstract Objectives: The purpose of this analysis was to compare health care expenditures between insured patients with back pain, fibromyalgia syndrome, or menopause symptoms who used complementary and alternative medical (CAM) providers for some of their care to a matched group of patients who did not use any CAM care. Insurance coverage was equivalent for both conventional and CAM providers. Design: Insurance claims data for 2000–2003 from Washington State, which mandates coverage of CAM providers, were analyzed. CAM-using patients were matched to CAM-nonusing patients based on age group, gender, index medical condition, overall disease burden, and prior-year expenditures. Results: Both unadjusted tests and linear regression models indicated that CAM users had lower average expenditures than nonusers. (Unadjusted: $3,797 versus $4,153, p = 0.0001; β from linear regression -$367 for CAM users.) CAM users had higher outpatient expenditures that which were offset by lower inpatient and imaging expenditure...
Knowledge hypermaps and cooperative learning

Abstract The effects of scripted cooperation in two types of non-linear, computer-linked presentations (hypermap and hypertext) were investigated to determine differences in recall, reference accuracy and satisfaction among students learning the material. Cooperative scripts with pilot and navigator roles were developed for both environments, with the pilot using the computer presentation (hypermap and hypertext) and the navigator using large sheets of paper on which printouts of the screens (map or text) had been reproduced. No significant overall differences were found in performance on recall and reference tests. Significant differences among navigators were found in favor of the map group, indicating that maps may increase comprehension. Greater satisfaction and lower frustration was expressed by pilots than by navigators. Students using the map format expressed less frustration than those using the text format. The findings suggest a need for further study of the differential effects of hypermap and hypertext on comprehension, and of other forms of scripted cooperation in hypertext and hypermap environments.
The adsorption of silver on tungsten (110)

Abstract Previous studies of the adsorption of metals on metals, by a mass spectrometric molecular beam technique, have been extended to the case of silver adsorbing on tungsten (110). The adsorption process has been studied by both the adsorption transient technique and the flash filament technique. Two adsorbed phases were observed, having heats of desorption of 66 and 41 kcal/mol. The more tightly bound phase saturated in coverage at 6 × 10 14 molecules/cm 2 . The other phase showed no fixed coverage limit. The equilibrium total coverage, n a , at any value of impingement rate, I , and substrate temperature, T , can be represented by the relation n a = I τ 1 1+ I τ 1 n 0 1+ I τ 2 (T) n 0 , in which τ 1 ( T ) and τ 2 ( T ) are the mean-stay-times for adsorption in the two adsorbed phases and no is the saturation coverage in the tightly bound phase. It was also observed that at impingement rates greater than the equilibrium evaporation rate of the bulk crystal phase of silver, this phase nucleated and grew without requiring an observable critical supersaturation, with a material accommodation coefficient of unity, and epitaxially with the substrate.
Formation of the planets by accretion of planetesimals: Some statistical problems

Abstract We consider some consequences of the hypothesis that planets are formed by the accretion or accumulation of roughly lunar-sized planetesimals. Stochastic coalescence theory predicts that the frequency distribution of masses of planetisimals is approximately an inverse power law with index α, 0 α = 1 2 or α = 2 3 , according to the model chosen). The average mass of the planetary nucleus (largest planetesimal) is about 0.60 ( for α = 1 2 ) or 0.42 ( for α = 2 3 ) the mass of whole planet, and the average mass of the second largest planetesimal (largest planetesimal colliding with the planetary nucleus) is about 0.20 ( for α = 1 2 ) or 0.17 ( for α = 2 3 ) the mass of the whole planet. Some other results about the distribution of relative sizes of the largest planetesimals are also derived. The distribution of the random change in rotational angular momentum of the planet as a result of the accretion of planetesimals with random masses, velocities, and directions is also derived. This distribution is used to show that the discrepancy between our estimate of the relative mass of the second largest planetesimal (0.17–0.20) and Safronov's estimate (10−3 to 10−2) is due to the relatively high collision speeds his model requires. The estimated rms collision speeds for the present Solar System planets are derived and turn out to be surprisingly small—from 0.07 km/sec for Mars to 2.5 km/sec for Jupiter. If these speeds are unacceptably small, one must conclude that most of the initial rotational angular momentum imparted by collisions has somehow been lost or dissipated.
On the anisotropy of multi-chance, high-spin fission

Inclusion of the fission-fragment anisotropy in statistical-model analyses is shown to provide significant constraints on the spin and chance distributions for high-spin fission. Selective anisotropy measurements which should enhance sensitivity to shell or pairing corrections in the late stages of compound-nucleus decay are suggested.
Induction of Increased Antibody Responses to Pneumococcal Type 19F Polysaccharide by Klebsiella Polysaccharide

The level of antibody to pneumococcal 19F polysaccharide (PS) was studied in the serum of mice inoculated with klebsiella K2 PS or pneumococcal 19F PS or both. The serum antibody levels and the IgM plaque-forming-cell (PFC) response after immunization were higher in mice given both K2 PS and 19F PS than in mice of a control group given 19F PS alone. This immune response was also higher than the sum of PFC production in mice given 19F PS or K2 PS separately. Thus, K2 PS produced the cross-reactive antibody to 19F PS and also enhanced the magnitude of the antibody response to 19F PS. This response appeared to be specific for the 19F PS. The resulting high levels of antibody to pneumococcal 19F persisted for eight weeks after the administration of K2 PS and 19F PS. Animals immunized with both type 3 PS and K2 PS did not show an increased antibody response to pneumococcal type 3 PS. Klebsiella K-O3 antigen also stimulated the immune response to 19F PS. Higher immunologic responses to 19F PS were also induced in nude mice injected with the cross-reacting K2 PS or K47 PS and 19F PS. The ability to stimulate an antibody response to 19F PS by administering both K2 PS and 19F PS could not be transferred with spleen cells obtained from mice given both K2 PS and 19F PS.
Drawing on Desargues

A bout four years before Girard Desargues wrote the Lecon deTenebrescontaining thepreceding theorem— a theorem that bears his name to this day—he wrote a 12-page treatise on artistic perspective [6]. Desargues’s perspective treatise was a bit of an IKEA manual: it describes how to draw a gazebo-like object of certain proportions without resorting to the use of vanishing points (see Figure 1), and Desargues did not seem to expect that lay artists would apply its techniques to more general objects. The book was an explanation of an example, not an explanation of a theory; Desargues’s art treatise does not contain Desargues’s triangle theorem. Still, projective geometry has flirted with perspective art ever since. Desargues’s more mathematical Lecon de Tenebres is lost; the closest surviving relative comes in the final several pages of abookbyoneofDesargues’s acolytes,Bosse [2], published a dozen years later, pulls together both the artistic and the mathematical work of Desargues. But Bosse proof of Desargues’s triangle theorem is more mathematical than artistic. It uses the cross-ratio, a tool found in very few artists’ repertoires. And the accompanying diagram? If you, like most people, have a hard time deciphering Bosse’s arrangement (Figure 2), you can try puzzling it out by noting that triangles abl and DEK are perspective from both the point H and the line cfg. Or you could realize that it’s really not a very helpful diagram. Bosse’s is the first in a centuries-long tradition of Desargues’s Theorem illustrations, few of which require as much effort on the part of the reader as Bosse’s. Still, if you search through the projective geometry books in your library, you are likely to find a lot of pencil marks. In our own searches through some 20 different volumes (see [1], [3]–[5], [7]–[10] and [13]–[29]), we found we had to do a lot of erasing if we wanted a ‘‘clean’’ version of the author’s Desargues’s triangle figures. People who have used these books over the years have shaded in triangles, darkened lines, and circled important points so that they could read the diagram more easily. The point of this article is to illustrate—literally—Desargues’s theorem. Many authors have shown that it is possible to ‘‘lift’’ a planar Desargues configuration into 3-dimensions; we will instead view a planar configuration as a drawing of objects already in 3 dimensions. Doing so gives us a lovely and paradoxical academic symmetry: perspective art uses geometrical tools to portray a 3-d world on a 2-d canvas whereas we give 2-d geometrical drawings a 3-d perspective interpretation.
Effect of processing parameters on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Al–steel composite foam

Al–steel composite foams comprise of steel hollow spheres embedded in an aluminum matrix and are processed using a gravity casting technique. The effect of processing parameters such as casting temperature and cooling rate on the microstructure and mechanical behavior was studied to establish structure–property relationships. Results show that the amount and composition of intermetallic phases present in the foam microstructure is directly related to casting temperature and cooling rate. Highest strength and energy absorption were obtained from Al–steel foams with fast solidification rates that minimize the growth of intermetallic phases.
Trifluralin-induced changes in hypocotyls of Phaseolus vulgaris in relation to lesion development caused by Rhizoctonia solani Kühn

Treatment of sandy soil with trifluralin (α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine) at the rate of 1·12 kg ha−1 before planting seeds of Phaseolus vulgaris cv. “Sutter Pink” resulted in an increased size and number of hypocotyl lesions caused by Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn. The overall appearance of seedlings was also changed by trifluralin (T) treatment. Cortical cells developed isotropically instead of elongating as they did in untreated (N) seedlings; trichomes on T-hypocotyls never fully developed. Phosphate buffer extracts of lesions from both N- and T-hypocotyls showed maximum pectolytic activity at pH 4·0 on a pectin substrate. Cross-sectioned discs of N- and T-hypocotyls exposed to these lesion extracts exhibited increased maceration with time. Maceration of N-hypocotyls (measured with spectrophotometric readings of turbidity at 475 nm, light microscopy, and electron microscopy) proved greater than that of T-hypocotyls, even though T-hypocotyls are more susceptible to lesion development.
Automatically determine the membership function based on the maximum entropy principle

Abstract Fuzzy set theory has been successfully applied to many image processing and pattern recognition tasks. In order to use the fuzzy logic approach, membership functions for fuzzy sets must be determined first. Because many properties of images, such as brightness of graylevels, are strongly context dependent, it is not easy to determine the membership function correctly. In this paper, the fuzzy set “brightness of graylevels” of an image is used as an example to illustrate how the membership function can be determined automatically. We start with the concept of fuzzy event and use the maximum entropy principle as the criterion to find a membership function which will best represent the membership of brightness for each graylevel in an image. That is, the membership function is determined by finding a membership function such that the corresponding fuzzy event has maximum entropy. The membership of brightness can be represented by an S-function, whose shape can be determined by the parameters a, b, and c. The problem becomes to find a best parameter combination (aopt,bopt,copt), which is a combinatorial optimization problem. The simulated annealing algorithm is used to solve this problem in this paper. We have done the experiments on several images. The results have shown that the proposed method can automatically and effectively find the brightness membership function for images. The robustness of the proposed algorithm is also proved by the experiments. Though we used image processing as the application domain of the proposed approach, the basic idea can be extended to other applications easily.
Consumption of grapefruit is associated with higher nutrient intakes and diet quality among adults, and more favorable anthropometrics in women, NHANES 2003–2008

Background : Dietary guidance recommends consumption of a nutrient-dense diet containing a variety of fruits. The purpose of this study was to estimate usual nutrient intakes and adequacy of nutrient intakes among adult grapefruit consumers and non-consumers, and to examine associations between grapefruit consumption and select health parameters. Methods : The analysis was conducted with data collected in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003–2008. Respondents reporting consumption of any amount of grapefruit or 100% grapefruit juice at least once during the 2 days of dietary recall were classified as grapefruit consumers. Results : Among adults aged 19+ years with 2 days of dietary recall ( n =12,789), 2.5% of males and 2.7% of females reported consumption of 100% grapefruit juice or fresh, canned, or frozen grapefruit during the recalls. Grapefruit consumers were less likely to have usual intakes of vitamin C (males: 0% vs. 47%; females: 0% vs. 43%; P <0.001) and magnesium ( P <0.05) below the estimated average requirement (EAR) compared to non-consumers, and they were more likely to meet adequate intake levels for dietary fiber ( P <0.05). Potassium and β-carotene intakes were significantly higher among grapefruit consumers ( P <0.001). Diet quality as assessed by the Healthy Eating Index-2005 (HEI-2005) was higher in grapefruit consumers (males: 66.2 [95% CI: 61.0–71.5] vs. 55.4 [95% CI: 54.4–56.4]; females: 71.4 [95% CI: 65.1–77.6] vs. 61.2 [95% CI: 59.8–62.6]). Among women, grapefruit consumption was associated with lower body weight, waist circumference, body mass index (BMI), triglycerides, C-reactive protein (CRP), and higher high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol ( P <0.05), However, risk of being overweight/obese was not associated with grapefruit consumption. Conclusion : Consumption of grapefruit was associated with higher intakes of vitamin C, magnesium, potassium, dietary fiber, and improved diet quality. Grapefruit may provide a healthful option for adults striving to meet fruit recommendations. Keywords : grapefruit; juice; citrus; nutrient intake; adults; NHANES; anthropometrics; body weight; BMI (Published: 8 May 2014) Citation: Food & Nutrition Research 2014, 58 : 22179 - http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/fnr.v58.22179 Supplementary files can be accessed here .
A theoretical primer for evaluating and conducting historical research in accounting

Historical research in accounting is flourishing as prestigious journals worldwide encourage authors to incorporate history into their submissions. Although a number of accounting academics are awa...
Tholins as coloring agents on outer Solar System bodies

The red colors of many solid bodies in outer Solar System may be caused by tholins, which are refractory organic complexes, incorporated in their surface materials. Tholins synthesized in the laboratory are shown to match the colors of these bodies when their optical properties are used in rigorous scattering models. We review recent successes in modeling the spectra of icy outer Solar System bodies with tholins as the coloring agents. New work on the systematic laboratory synthesis and analysis of tholins made by cold plasma discharge in mixtures of gaseous CH4/N2 shows that the composition of the tholin depends strongly on the pressure in the reaction chamber, and only weakly on the mixing fraction of CH4 relative to N2. In tholins made at high pressure (e.g., 23 hPa) the abundance of aliphatic hydrocarbons is greater and the abundance of aromatic hydrocarbons is less than in tholins made at low pressure (e.g., 0.13 hPa). Tholins made at low deposition pressures show a greater abundance of N-H bonds.
A comparison, by sweep sampling, of the arthropod fauna of secondary vegetation in Michigan, England and Costa Rica

SUMMARY I. Six 800-sweep samples of English and Michigan (“old field”) secondary vegetation arthropods are compared with Costa Rican samples taken in the same way. 2. Parasitic Hymenoptera and spiders accounted for a larger proportion of the arthropod fauna in the mid-latitude than the tropical samples. 3. In one English field, the seasonal change in insect numbers was 88% of that recorded over all the seasonal and elevational changes examined in Costa Rica. Furthermore, the difference in the total dry weights of the arthropod fauna between December and July was similar to the difference found between the wet and dry seasons in tropical secondary vegetation (also similar to the difference between day and night values during the dry season). 4. Aphids and Psyllidae were far more abundant in the English site than in the Costa Rican mainland sites. 5. In mid-summer, the English field had far more arthropods in it than did any of the tropical sites sampled. An overall appreciation of the structure of the arthropod fauna collected with a standardised sweep net in tropical vegetation is developing (Allan et al., 1973; Janzen, 1973a,b; Janzen et al., 1975; Janzen & Schoener, 1968; Schoener & Janzen, 1968). Hitherto there have been no directly comparable samples from mid-latitude vegetation. This study describes sweep net samples of a Michigan “old field” and English “old fields”, and speculates upon the ecological significance of the more conspicuous differences between them and Costa Rican sweep samples of secondary vegetation (“old fields” in midlatitude terminology). METHODS The sweep samples were taken in the manner described by Janzen (1973a,b), with the same qualiJications and levels of resolution being applicable. In brief, eight subsamples of IOO sweeps each were taken by one of us (C.M.P.) using a 40 cm (IS in) diameter muslin sweep net. The insects in each subsample were killed with ethyl acetate, separated immediately from the vegetation and put (dry) into Petri dishes. Most orders were sorted to species and these were counted while keeping the eight subsamples separate; only after counting were the data pooled to single 800-sweep samples. All determinations to 3 33
Modeling the residual energy and lifetime of energy harvesting sensor nodes

This paper presents SAVE, for Stochastic Analysis and a Vailability of Energy, an analytical framework providing closed form expressions for residual energy and lifetime prediction of wireless sensor nodes. SAVE models a wide umbrella of input factors, including channel characteristics, different energy sources and harvesting policies, link layer parameters (e.g., error control and duty cycling) and various data traffic generation models. Our framework uses stochastic semi-Markov models to derive the residual energy distribution for each harvesting node accounting for practically observed temporal variations. We validate the analytical expressions derived by SAVE by means of simulations, and show that SAVE predictions provide a remarkably close match to the simulation results.