cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of Pulpwood Fiber on Oxygen Consumption and Swimming Endurance of the Fathead Minnow, Pimephales promelas

Abstract Sublethal levels of suspended conifer groundwood impaired oxygen uptake and swimming ability of fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas). In fiber-free water active metabolism at 15, 18, and 21 C was 11.7, 13.0, and 14.9 mg O2/kg of fish per min, respectively, when oxygen was not limiting. Fiber suspensions of 100 to 800 ppm were tested, and at 21 C for each doubling in fiber concentration, active metabolism was reduced by about 1.3 mg/kg per min and the decrease was about the same at all dissolved oxygen (D. O.) levels. At 15 C, for each doubling in fiber concentration, active metabolism was reduced by 1.0 mg/kg per min at low D. O. levels (2.5 ppm) and by 0.2 mg/kg per min at high D. O. levels (9.0 ppm). Swimming endurance was reduced by suspended fiber with the effect being greatest at low D. O. levels. Hematocrit rose by approximately 2 for each doubling in concentration of suspended fiber and rose by 1.4 for each 1 ppm decrease in D. O. Gill-cleaning reflexes increased markedly with increase in...
Nocturnal blood pressure dipping: a consequence of diurnal physical activity blipping?

This study was designed to describe the interaction between physical activity (PA), quantified objectively by electronic activity monitors, and ambulatory blood pressure (ABP), and to test the hypothesis that modifying daily PA can effect significant changes in the diurnal variation in blood pressure and may result in altered dipping/nondipping status of an individual. Initially, 70 individuals underwent simultaneous ABP and electronic activity monitoring (actigraph devices manufactured by Gaewihler Electronics, Switzerland) over a 24-h period. Then, in a prospective study, the dipping/nondipping status of 43 subjects was assessed using ABP recorded over two 24-h periods of differing activity levels. Of the 70 subjects (age 49 +/- 11 years, 42 male) the diurnal variation in systolic blood pressure (20 +/- 12%, step-up from night [120 +/- 12 mm Hg] to day [144 +/- 13 mm Hg]) and diurnal variation in PA score (increment from sleep, 44 +/- 17 units) correlated significantly (R2 = 0.29; P < .05). Of the 43 subjects who underwent ABP monitoring on a more active day, four had a nondipping BP profile; 12 of these same 43 subjects had a nondipping BP profile when monitored on a less active day (chi2 = 4.9; P < .05). These results provide a quantitative description of the contribution of PA, including the sleep/awake status, to blood pressure variation in a group of normotensive and hypertensive individuals. The magnitude of this effect underscores the importance of interpreting 24-h ABP data only in the presence of adequately quantified activity data.
Diode ring lasers for integration with microwave circuits

Waveguide diode ring lasers (WDRL) in a triangular geometry exhibit a unique combination of characteristics including low-noise, medium power output, small size, good efficiency and low cost integrability and manufacturability which make them attractive candidates for analog optical links requiring large dynamic range and bandwidth. We show that 10 - 20 mw low noise (< -150 dBm) lasers appear feasible which provide low cost manufacturability and integrability. With integrated small amplifiers 85 mW single mode output has been shown. Because these WDRLs operate with unidirectional traveling waves in entirely single mode waveguide and contain a natural output coupler, they show a combination of attractive features not found in other lasers.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Osteopenia in young adult survivors of childhood cancer.

Background Improved survival of children with malignant diseases is in part due to the application of intensive, multimodality therapies, including radiotherapy, surgery, glucocorticoids, and cytotoxic agents. Such interventions have the potential to induce complex hormonal, metabolic and nutritional effects that may interfere with skeletal mass acquisition during childhood and adolescence: it is possible that such childhood cancer survivors may therefore reach adulthood with diminished peak bone mass and be at increased risk for clinically significant osteoporosis later in their life. Procedure A bone mineral density (BMD) was measured in 26 unselected former cancer patients attending the Pediatric Long-Term Clinic at M.D. Anderson Cancer Center. BMD was measured at the lumbar spine and the hip using dual X-ray absorptiometry (Hologic QDR-4500W). In addition, the patients' complete medical records were reviewed with particular attention to disease type, age modalities of treatment, and hormonal residual deficiencies. Results The median age of patients at the time of cancer diagnosis was 8 years (range, 0.3 to 16 years). Median age at BMD determination was 23 years (range, 18 to 41 years), and the median interval since cancer diagnosis and BMD was 18 years (range, 5 to 29). Overall, their BMD was decreased relative to peak bone mass at all sites: osteopenia was especially pronounced in patients with a history of cranial irradiation who had developed evidence of pituitary insufficiency during childhood or adolescence. Overall, the median BMD T-score was −1.41 at the lumbar spine, −1.04 at the femoral neck, and −1.06 for total hip. For patients with prior cranial irradiation, T-score at the lumbar spine was −2.18 (range, −4.06 to −0.98), at the femoral neck −1.92 (range, −4.11 to +1.10), and for total hip −1.67 (range, −4.79 to +0.56); BMD for irradiated patients was significantly lower than BMD of patients without cranial irradiation. We could not discern an independent impact of other disease characteristics or treatment modalities in this small group of patients. Conclusions Osteopenia is a prominent finding in young adults who are survivors of childhood cancers; it is likely that antineoplastic treatments during childhood and adolescence impede peak bone mass acquisition. We suggest that systematic attention to this potential complication is needed in order to identify what subgroups of children may require regular surveillance and what interventions are required for its prevention or treatment. Med. Pediatr. Oncol. 32:272–278, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Lloyd's mirror for MTF testing of MISR CCD

Direct measurement of CCD MTF using a unique Lloyd's mirror fringe projector is described. MTF measurements on the MISR linear CCD arrays have been performed as a function of spatial frequency, wavelength, number of charge transfers, radiation dosage, and device architecture. Test results are reported here.
Why diamond is very hard

Diamond is mechanically exceptional in three ways. First, it resists volume changes more than any other known substance (it has an exceptional bulk modulus, B). Second, it resists shear stress more than any other substance; and its octahedral shear modulus is 14% larger than B. Third, it is harder (scratching, and/or indentation) than anything else. Simple quantitative theories of the bulk modulus, the shear modulus, and the stress t needed to move dislocations in diamond are developed, and compared with experimental measurements.
New directions in antiinfective therapy for community-acquired pneumonia in the emergency department.

The emergency department is becoming an increasingly important setting for the management of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). This trend reflects the shortened hospital stays and decreased mortality among elderly hospitalized patients resulting from rapid administration of antimicrobials. In addition, decisions about the site of care (inpatient vs outpatient) and antimicrobial therapy frequently are made in the emergency department. Recent research and subsequent clinical guidelines may help with these decisions. For example, recently issued guidelines, such as those of the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the American Thoracic Society, suggest that selection of antimicrobials for CAP (which is typically empiric) should be based on the potential pathogens and likelihood of antimicrobial resistance. Macrolides and tetracyclines are recommended in younger patients with mild-to-moderate disease. Patients with more severe disease and those at risk for drug-resistant pathogens should be treated with broad-spectrum therapy, such as a newer fluoroquinolone or a cephalosporin plus a macrolide. When hospitalization is required, early switch from intravenous to oral therapy, followed by early discharge, can be a highly successful strategy. Antimicrobials that are available in both intravenous and oral formulations, such as the newer fluoroquinolones (e.g., levofloxacin and gatifloxacin), can simplify switch therapy. For outpatients, an initial long-acting parenteral dose of azithromycin, ceftriaxone, or levofloxacin followed by oral therapy is an effective protocol. In addition, use of a prediction rule to identify low-risk patients with CAP may help guide decisions about the need for hospital admission.
Transport Phenomena in Heterogeneous Media

Abstract Classical work on transport in heterogeneous media is reviewed to show the broad interest in it as well as the specific need for a thorough treatment of a more comprehensive model. Such a model is presented and it consists of a random distribution of one or more dispersed phases in a continuous phase. Both the stab and spherical geometry are also considered. Both the transient and steady state transport solutions are developed for each of three different cases. The equivalent diffusivities are extracted from the steady state solutions. Applications are considered to illustrate the validity of the work. It is emphasized that the flux Ji for phase i can be complex as discussed elsewhere in the literature and all of this without any detraction from the exposition presented. It is also pointed out that this exposition is apparently the first to establish the connection between a realistic model, its transient solutions and its steady state solutions from which the equivalent diffusivities have been extracted. In the case of dead-end pores the results suggest application to experimental data to serve as a precision test for the presence and amount of dead-end pores. The advantages of testing under steady state conditions are discussed in detail. An appropriate diffusion cell design is referenced. The results can be useful in the research and design of barrier materials, catalysts, etc.
The effect of aluminium on growth of and nitrogen fixation in vegetable soybean germplasm

Vegetable soybeam germplasm was screened for its tolerance to 0, 50 and 100 μM Al in solution culture. Plants were inoculated with prescreened acid-Al tolerantBradyrhizobium japonicum strain USDA 110 and a localRhizobium isolate SM867. Aluminum concentrations of 0, 50, and 100 μM affected the root lengths of all germplasm lines in the first few weeks of their growth. At 100 μM, the plants had severely stunted roots throughout the growing period of 35 days, but at 50 μM the initial stunting of the roots was overcome after the third week of growth, and there were no significant differences between the root lengths of these plants and of the controls. The appearance of the first nodule was delayed for 2–3 and 4–5 days at 50 μM and 100 μM Al, respectively. There was a significant reduction in nodule numbers and acetylene reduction activity (ARA) at 100 μM Al. At 50 μM Al, even though the number of nodules was decreased significantly, nodules were larger in size, so there was no significant reduction in nodule fresh weight and ARA. No significant differences in nitrogen fixing abilities of the soybean lines were observed between the twoRhizobium strains. Germplasm line Kahala showed the greatest tolerance to 50 μM Al, and Kahala, Kim and Wolverine tolerated 100 μM Al better than other germplasm lines.
Calculation of enhanced dynamic wedge factors for symmetric and asymmetric photon fields.

A method is introduced to calculate wedge factors for an enhanced dynamic wedge (EDW). An analytic formula has been derived that allows the determination of wedge factors at the center of symmetric and asymmetric photon fields. The formalism is an extension of the “MU fraction approximation,” which holds that the dynamic wedge factor is equal to the fraction of MU delivered to the point of calculation. Extensive data are presented, comparing measured enhanced dynamic wedge factors with the current method and the MU fraction model for both symmetric and asymmetric fields. For both 6 and 18 MV photons, the current method demonstrates improved results: Agreement to within 1% is obtained in all symmetric fields and within 2% for all asymmetric fields compared with discrepancies of up to 4% obtained with the MU fraction model.
An Attachment Theory Approach to the Short-Term Treatment of a Woman With Borderline Personality Disorder and Comorbid Diagnoses

The current case study highlights the treatment of “Thelma,” a 48-year-old woman of African American and Hispanic descent who was diagnosed with borderline personality disorder (BPD), major depressive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, and bulimia. An attachment theory approach was used to elicit core structure change in Thelma's BPD symptoms after traditional modern cognitive approaches proved ineffective. It was hypothesized that treating her Axis II disorder would actually serve to reduce her Axis I symptoms. The attachment approach entailed a shift toward second-order change processes, a shift away from problem-solving approaches, a focus on the quality and intensity of the relationship, and a more relaxed approach to boundary setting in the context of treatment. The approach did appear to reduce many Axis I symptoms including self-mutilation, suicidal ideation, and binging and purging behaviors and appeared to improve her interpersonal functioning.
A note on correlation functions in AdS5/SYM4 correspondence on the Coulomb branch

Abstract We compute certain two-point functions in D =4, N =4 , SU( N ) SYM theory on the Coulomb branch using SUGRA/SYM duality and find an infinite set of first order poles at masses of order ( Higgs scale )/(g YM N ) .
On coding and filtering stationary signals by discrete Fourier transforms (Corresp.)

This correspondence concerns real-time Fourier processing of stationary data and examines the widespread belief that coefficients of the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) are "almost" uncorrelated. We first show that any uniformly bounded N \times N Toeplitz covariance matrix T_N is asymptotically equivalent to a nonstandard circulant matrix C_N derived from the DFT of T_N . We then derive bounds on a normed distance between T_N and C_N for finite N , and show that \mid T_N - C_N \mid ^ 2 = O(1/N) for finite-order Markov processes. Finally we demonstrate that the performance degradation resulting from the use of DFT (as opposed to Karhunen-Loeve expansion) in coding and filtering is proportional to \mid T_N - C_N \mid and therefore vanishes as the inverse square root of the block size N when N \rightarrow \infty .
Caring for “Socially Undesirable” Patients

Mr. Bernard was a homeless man, aged 58. His medical history revealed alcohol abuse, seizure disorder, and two suicide attempts. Brought to the emergency room at a local hospital after being found “semi-comatose,” his respiratory distress led to his being intubated and placed on a ventilator. The healthcare team suspected the patient ingested antifreeze. Transferred from that hospital to the intensive care unit (ICU) of the university hospital, his diagnosis was “high osmolar gap with high-anion gap metabolic acidosis, most likely secondary to ethylene glycol ingestion and renal insufficiency.”
Structures of Three New (Phenylsulfonyl)Indole Derivatives

Three new 1-(phenylsulfonyl)indole derivatives, 3-acetyl-2-ethyl-1-(phenylsulfonyl)indole, (I), 2-benzyl-1-(phenylsulfonyl)indole, (II), and 3-trimethylsilylethynyl-1-(phenylsulfonyl)indole, (III), have been synthesized and their crystal structures determined by single crystal X-ray crystallography. (I), C18H17NO3S, is triclinic with space group P-1 and cell constants: a = 8.6129(2) A, b = 8.8366(2) A, c = 11.0108(2) A, α = 72.7920(1)°, β = 75.0120(1)°, γ = 77.2550(1)°, V = 763.79(3) A3 and Z = 2. (II), C21H17NO2S, is monoclinic with space group P21/n and cell constants: a = 10.8355(18) A, b = 10.6987(19) A, c = 14.472(3) A, β = 75.0120(1), V = 1675.2(5) A3 and Z = 4. (III), C19H19NO2SSi, is monoclinic with, space group P21/c and cell constants: a = 12.9596(1) A, b = 10.543(3) A, c = 13.543(2) A, β = 93.58°, V = 1846.8(6)A3 and Z = 4. All three have the same (phenylsulfonyl)indole skeleton with different ligands attached to the 2- and 3-sites of the indole ring. The angle between the mean planes of the indole and benzyl groups is 76.9(6)° (I), 82.9(3)° (II), 89.6(2)° (III) and between the sulfonyl group with the indole and benzyl rings is 61.2(9)° (I), 59.0((5)° (II), 51.5(6)°, 42.5(8)° (III) and 51.5(6)°(I), 44.3(8)° (II), 47.2(8)° (III), respectively. In addition to the ligand substitutions, weak intermolecular C–H···O hydrogen bond interactions and π stacking interactions between the π orbitals of nearby indole and phenyl rings influence these twist angles. Comparison to a MOPAC AM1 computational calculation supports these observations. Crystal Structures of three derivatives of (phenylsulfonyl)indole are reported and their geometric and packing parameters described and compared to a MOPAC AM1 theoretical calculation.
Differential effects of neonatally administered glutamate on the ultradian pattern of circulating growth hormone regulating expression of sex-dependent forms of cytochrome P450

Abstract Neonatal male rats were treated with monosodium glutamate (MSG) at either 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0 or 4.0 mg/g body weight on alternate days during the first 9 days of life. As adults, rats were catheterized to obtain unstressed, serial blood samples for the determination of ultradian patterns of circulating growth hormone. In addition, the levels of drug-metabolizing enzymes (i.e. hexobarbital hydroxylase, cytochromes P450 and b 5 , NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase and ethoxyresorufin O -deethylase as well as sex-dependent forms of cytochrome P450 [i.e. male-dependent cytochromes P450 2c (IIC11), 2a (IIIA2) and RLM2 (IIA2) and female-dependent cytochromes P450 2d (IIC12) and 3 (IIA1)] and/or their catalytic activities were measured in the hepatic microsomes of the treated rats. The results demonstrated a dose-dependent, graded response to MSG treatment. As the dose of MSG increased from 0.5 to 4.0 mg, there was a concurrent decline in the amplitudes of the characteristically masculine, episodic bursts of growth hormone, until at the highest dose (4mg), the pulses were no longer detectable. Associated with this dose-dependent alteration in the ultradian pattern of growth hormone secretion was a measurable change in the activities of the sex-dependent hepatic enzymes. As the pulse heights of the hormone declined to 10–20% of their normal amplitudes, the levels of the male-dependent enzymes (i.e. the drug-metabolizing enzymes, as well as the male forms of cytochrome P450 and their specific steroid hydroxylases) were maintained, and in some cases, exceeded the levels normally found in males. However, as the hormone pulse heights declined, there appeared an accompanying increase in the activities of some of the female-dependent enzymes. Finally, with the loss of all detectable levels of circulating growth hormone, the normal masculine profile of hepatic enzymes was reversed to an apparently normal (with the exception of cytochrome P450 2d) feminine profile. Summarizing, the results indicate that (1) neonatal administration of MSG can produce dose-dependent, graded, long-term developmental defects in the ultradian rhythm of circulating growth hormone and associated sex-dependent hepatic enzymes, and (2) while the male-dependent hepatic enzymes can be maintained at normal or even higher levels in the face of an up to 90% reduction in the pulse heights of plasma growth hormone, the activities of the female-dependent enzymes may begin to increase.
The use of isozyme data for inferring ancestry of polyploid pteridophytes

Abstract Numerous pteridophyte species are of polyploid origin, but the identity of diploid ancestors is well documented in few cases. Recent studies of pteridophyte polyploid complexes using isozyme electrophoresis have demonstrated the value of this technique for elucidating the ancestry of polyploids. This paper reviews these studies and considers various aspects of the isozyme technique and accompanying data analysis germane to polyploid pteridophytes. The relatively high speed and low cost of obtaining isozyme data are pointed out. Interpretation of banding patterns in polyploids is discussed, including different approaches used for locus and allele designations. The use of isozyme data in discriminating between autopolyploids and allopolyploids, and (more appropriately for pteridophytes) between intraspecific and interspecific polyploids, is addressed. Detailed attention is given to the use of isozyme data to test between competing hypotheses of ancestry for interspecific polyploids. Complicating factors resulting from evolution of both progenitor diploids and polyploid derivatives are discussed. A method is proposed for evaluating seemingly equivocal results on the ancestry of interspecific polyploids using statistical likelihood, as in paternity analysis. It is argued that isozyme electrophoresis will continue to be an important analytical tool in studying the evolution of polyploids and, in the future, will be used in conjunction with studies on nucleic acids, as well as morphology and cytology.
Field population biology of citrus whitefly, Dialeurodes citri (Ashmead) (Heteroptera: Aleyrodidae), on oranges in California

Populations of Dialeurodes citri (Ashmead) on oranges were studied in two orange orchards in southern California, USA, to quantify developmental times and mortalities affecting this species. Four populations were followed in detail for three generations over 2 years, by monitoring the development and survival of 200 individuals in each population. Overall, preimaginal mortality among the generation studied varied from 56 to 94%. No evidence of disease or parasitism was present in the populations, and mortality was likely due to generalist predators. Weather records for the period were typical for the region, and periods of rainfall or elevated temperatures did not show any correlation with periods of mortality in the populations. Overall, the populations have high survival rates for whitefly populations, and this high survival is likely a major contributing factor to their pest status in California orchards. Addition of natural enemies to reduce the survival rates of these populations is proposed as the next course of action in suppressing populations below damaging levels.
Staying Healthy: Evangelism and Health Perception Differences by Gender in a Guatemalan Marketplace

This study examines the health status of market vendors in Antigua, Guatemala. Two general questions are raised. First, do women evaluate their health status differentially from men? Second, in a country where religious conversion is one of the principal aspects of social change today, does religious preference influence how individuals look at their own well-being? Specifically, we will evaluate differences in health between Roman Catholics and Evangelical Protestants. Significant differences between men and women exist. Men rate their health status routinely as being better than women's, and overall they feel that their health has improved during the past year. Religion plays an important role in shaping the social construction of medical well-being among Antiguan market vendors. To a significant degree, Evangelical Protestants regard their health situation more favorably than do their Roman Catholic counterparts.
Parotid Enlargement Due to Alcoholism

Chronic swelling of the parotid glands can be a result of alcoholism even in patients who do not have cirrhosis of the liver. Three men with this condition who were heavy drinkers were examined. A biopsy specimen from one of them showed fatty deposition in the parotid glands, believed to result from unknown disturbance of lipid metabolism in alcoholics.
Sand pseudomorphs of dinosaur bones: Implications for (non-) preservation of tetrapod skeletal material in the Hartford Basin, USA

Abstract Early Jurassic tetrapod tracks are common in the Hartford and adjacent Deerfield Basins (Newark Supergroup) of Connecticut and Massachusetts, USA, but skeletal material is rare. Among the few examples is a set of several bones preserved as natural casts on the base of a slab of arkosic sandstone that probably derived from the Portland Formation of Middletown, Connecticut. This mode of preservation is otherwise unknown in the Hartford Basin, and examination of this specimen suggests a complex taphonomic history. The bones were fluvially transported and arranged in a v-shaped pattern as they were deposited on a muddy substrate. Longitudinal cracks, gouging, breakage, rounding, and invertebrate boring indicate significant alteration prior to preservation as casts. Furthermore, the boring represents the first record of osteophagy in the Hartford Basin. Details of the cast preservation, such as sediment rims that wrapped up and over some of the bones, suggest that the bones were dissolved in the subsurface prior to lithification of the overlying sand bed. The decrease in pH that led to bone dissolution probably resulted from the infiltration of naturally acidic rainwater. Root respiration and the decomposition of plants under oxidative conditions may have contributed as well. The depauperate skeletal fossil record of the Hartford Basin is attributable to dissolution under acidic and oxidative sediment conditions. These natural casts offer a unique view of the actions of bone dissolution as a taphonomic process. The lack of body fossils in similar aged deposits elsewhere may also be due to groundwater acidity.
A New Species of Guntheria (Acari: Trombiculidae) from New Zealand

Cuntheria (Derrickiella) apteryxi is described from specimens collected from a kiwi, Apteryx australis mantelli , taken in New Zealand.
Persistent High Mortality in Advanced HIV/TB Despite Appropriate Antiretroviral and Antitubercular Therapy: an Emerging Challenge

Approximately 1.1 million, or 13 %, of all TB cases in 2013 were coinfected with HIV, and in some African countries, such as Botswana and Swaziland, 60–80 % of TB cases are coinfected with HIV. Effective therapies for both HIV and TB exist, yet patients presenting with TB and advanced HIV still experience high rates of morbidity and mortality despite initiation of both antitubercular and antiretroviral therapy (ART). Previous reviews and research have focused largely on TB-associated immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (TB-IRIS) as a type of complicated outcome on ART in advanced HIV/TB, but recent data indicate that immunologic failure despite suppressive ART is associated with early mortality. In this review, we examine recent findings regarding early mortality in HIV/TB and emerging concepts in the pathophysiology of TB-IRIS, in order to provide an integrated view of factors determining outcomes in coinfected people as well as highlight key needs for future research and therapeutic development.
Premature weaning of rat pups results in prolongation of neonatal tolerance to hyperoxia.

ABSTRACT: Neonatal rats usually lose their marked tolerance to hyperoxia at about 1 mo of age. We examined the hypothesis that the marked dietary change that occurs at weaning might be important to this loss of O2 tolerance. We, therefore, prematurely weaned rat pups at 15–17 d of age, expecting to find an earlier loss of O2 tolerance. Surprisingly, the prematurely weaned rats showed consistently prolonged relative O2 tolerance compared with normally weaned rats at all ages tested from 35–85 d of life. For example, when challenged with > 95% O2 exposure for 7 d, the composite survival rate of the prematurely weaned rats (at 35–85 d of age) was nearly twice that of the normally weaned group (83 of 107 = 78% versus 44 of 107 = 41%, p < 0.01). In the two experimental groups, nearly all comparative parameters examined were similar, including: 1) growth rate; 2) lung DNA, RNA, and protein; 3) lung antioxidant enzymes and enzyme responses to hyperoxia; 4) lung morphometry; and 5) lung elastin and collagen content. Only serum corticosterone and triiodothyronine levels differed considerably in the two groups. We conclude that premature weaning has a very marked and sustained positive effect on the relative retention of O2 tolerance in the growing rat.
A kinetics study of the O(3P)+CH3Cl reaction over the 556–1485 K range by the HTP and LP-ST techniques

The high-temperature photochemistry (HTP) and laser photolysis-shock tube (LP-ST) techniques have been combined to study the kinetics of the reaction between ground-state oxygen atoms with CH 3 Cl over the temperature range, 556–1485 K. In the HTP reactor, used for the 556–1291 K range, O atoms were generated by flash photolysis of O 2 , CO 2 or SO 2 , and the atom concentrations were monitored by resonance fluorescence, while with the LP-ST technique, used for the 916–1485 K range, O atoms were generated by the photolysis of either SO 2 or NO with the 193 nm light from a pulsed ArF excimer laser, and atomic resonance absorption spectroscopy (ARAS) was used to monitor [O] t . In both studies, rate coefficients were derived from the [O] profiles under the pseudo-first-order condition, [O] ≪[CH 3 Cl]. The data obtained by the two techniques are in excellent agreement and are best represented by the expression, k(T) =2.57×10 −11 ( T /K) 0.31 exp(−5633 K/ T ) cm 3 molecule −1 s −1 with a 2σ precision varying from ±6 to ±22% and an estimated 2σ accuracy of ±21% to ±30%, depending on temperature. The rate coefficients for the title reaction are essentially identical to those for the O+CH 4 reaction over the observed temperature range, the reasons for which are discussed.
Preventing perinatal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus in the United States

Prenatal human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testing and treatment instituted in the 1990s is responsible for a substantial reduction in the number of children diagnosed with AIDS, yet the number of children born with HIV infection remains unacceptably high. To prevent perinatal transmission of HIV, the United States must adopt a goal to test all pregnant women for HIV and to provide optimal treatment for women who test positive and their children. To meet this goal, the United States should adopt a national policy of universal HIV testing with patient notification as a routine component of prenatal care. Adopting this policy will require the establishment of, and resources for, a comprehensive infrastructure. This infrastructure must include education of prenatal care providers, the development and implementation of practice guidelines and the implementation of clinical policies, the development and adoption of performance measures and Medicaid managed care contract language for prenatal HIV testing, efforts to improve coordination of care and access to high-quality HIV treatment, interventions to overcome pregnant women's concerns about HIV testing and treatment, and efforts to increase use of prenatal care, as described above.
Contribution of leaf and needle litter to whole ecosystem BVOC fluxes

Abstract Biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) emissions come from a variety of sources, including living above-ground foliar biomass and microbial decomposition of dead organic matter at the soil surface (litter and soil organic matter). There are, however, few reports that quantify the contributions of each component. Measurements of emission fluxes are now made above the vegetation canopy, but these include contributions from all sources. BVOC emission models currently include detailed parameterization of the emissions from foliar biomass but do not have an equally descriptive treatment of emissions from litter or other sources. We present here results of laboratory and field experiments to characterize the major parameters that control emissions from litter. Litter emissions are exponentially dependent on temperature. The moisture content of the litter plays a minor role, except during and immediately following rain events. The percentage of carbon readily available for microbial and other decomposition processes decreases with litter age. These 3 variables are combined in a model to explain over 50% of the variance of individual BVOC emission fluxes measured. The modeled results of litter emissions were compared with above-canopy fluxes. Litter emissions constituted less than 1% of above-canopy emissions for all BVOCs measured. A comparison of terpene oil pools in litter and live needles with above-canopy fluxes suggests that there may be another canopy terpene source in addition to needle storage or that some terpene emissions may be light-dependent. Ground enclosure measurements indicated that compensation point concentrations of BVOCs (equilibrium between BVOC emission and deposition) were usually higher than ambient air concentrations at the temperature of the measurements.
Observation of frequency dependence in the electromechanical properties of ferroelectric thin-layers

Abstract The electromechanical properties of sol-gel derived ferroelectric Pb(Zro.53Tio.47)O3 (PZT 53/47) thin layers deposited on silicon were determined as a function of fieldstrength, measurement frequency and total thickness. Both electrically-induced strains (e) and piezoelectric properties (d33) were characterized by interferometry. Dielectric spectroscopy and polarization switching (P-E) measurements were determined for comparative purposes. An asymmetry between forward and the reverse bias conditions in the e-E displacements was found for both 5-layer deposited and 9-layer deposited structures. However, no asymmetry was observed in the P-E hysteresis characteristics. In addition, the electrically-induced strains and the piezoelectric response were found to be dependent on measurement frequency. No significant frequency dependence was observed in the polarization or dielectric responses. The results are discussed in terms of a possible clamping effect for polarization switching.
Mean shear flows, zonal flows, and generalized Kelvin-Helmholtz modes in drift wave turbulence: A minimal model for L-->H transition

The dynamics of and an interplay among structures (mean shear flows, zonal flows, and generalized Kelvin–Helmholtz modes) are studied in drift wave turbulence. Mean shear flows are found to inhibit the nonlinear generation of zonal flows by weakening the coherent modulation response of the drift wave spectrum. Based on this result, a minimal model for the L→H (low- to high-confinement) transition is proposed, which involves the amplitude of drift waves, zonal flows, and the density gradient. A transition to quiescent H-mode sets in as the profile becomes sufficiently steep to completely damp out drift waves, following an oscillatory transition phase where zonal flows regulate drift wave turbulence. The different roles of mean flows and zonal flows are elucidated. Finally, the effect of poloidally nonaxisymmetric structures (generalized Kelvin–Helmholtz mode) on anomalous transport is investigated, especially in reference to damping of collisionless zonal flows. Results indicate that nonlinear excitation o...
Structure and dynamics of solid C60 and its intercalation compounds

Abstract Structural and dynamical features of the fullerene solids C 60 and C 70 are reviewed. X-ray-derived crystal structures of C 60 intercalation compounds with sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium and iodine are described, and aspects of alkali-C 60 phase equilibria are discussed. Efforts to establish structure-property relationships are presented.
Infinite type germs of real analytic pseudoconvex domains in ℂ3

In Lampert [On the boundary regularity of biholomorphic mappings, Contributions to several complex variables, Aspects Math. E9 (1986), pp. 193–215] and D'Angelo [Several Complex Variables and the Geometry of real Hypersurfaces, Studies in Advanced Mathematics, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1993, ISBN: 0-8493-8272-6] Lempert and D'Angelo showed that germs of real analytic sets in ℂ n of infinite type contain a complex curve. In this article we discuss a very special case of their result, germs of real analytic pseudoconvex domains in ℂ3. We reprove their theorem using a geometric construction which sheds light on the intricate structure of such boundaries in the presence of complex curves of high order tangency. The proof of Lempert and D'Angelo is somewhat more of an ideal theoretic nature.
AMENABLE ACTIONS AND ALMOST INVARIANT SETS

In this paper, we study the connections between properties of the action of a countable group Γ on a countable set X and the ergodic theoretic properties of the corresponding generalized Bernoulli shift, i.e., the corresponding shift action of Γ on M^X, where M is a measure space. In particular, we show that the action of Γ on X is amenable iff the shift Γ → M^X has almost invariant sets.
Performance of smoothing by spectral dispersion (SSD) with frequency conversion on the beamlet laser for the National Ignition Facility

Summary form only given. Inertial confinement fusion (ICF) utilizing direct or indirect laser drive requires the target illumination to be uniform over a wide range of spatial frequencies. A number of approaches have been suggested to achieve the desired level of illumination uniformity; angular dispersion of phase-modulated (FM) light (termed smoothing by spectral dispersion or SSD) is attractive for ICF using glass lasers, since pure phase modulation preserves the uniform intensity profiles necessary for high power laser amplification.
Factors in sexual abuse of children.

Despite current attention to ostensibly widespread sexual abuse of children less emphasis has been directed toward identifying factors which might contribute. Accountability of professionals under mandatory reporting laws in many states now requires protection of children against inadvertent or calculated varieties of abuse. The present discussion lists factors such as family dysfunction, psychopathology, substance abuse, social ineptitude, withdrawal, and isolation, history, and psychosocial stresses and crises, which may be used to estimate the likelihood of sexual abuse of children. While determination of physical and mental abuse, neglect, endangerment, and abandonment were not the focus of the present discussion, these varieties of child abuse seem correlated with the conditions under which sexual abuse occurs. Attention to these factors—applied together with clinical intuitions and other relevant sources of information—might help professionals make more accurate assessments from which possible incid...
Normal Cellular Uptake of Thyroxine From Serum of Patients With Familial Dysalbuminemic Hyperthyroxinemia or Elevated Thyroxine-Binding Globulin

To determine whether thyroid hormone-binding proteins in serum, particularly albumin, facilitate the transfer of T4 into human tissues, we studied cellular T4 uptake (CT4) by human liver (Hep G2) cells from medium containing serum from subjects with familial dysalbuminemic hyperthyroxinemia (FDH) and acquired and familial T4-binding globulin (TBG) excess and patients with normal T4-binding to albumin and normal TBG concentrations. Serum from nine subjects with FDH whose mean serum total T4 (TT4) concentration was 203 +/- 27 nmol/L were matched for TT4 concentrations with serum from nine subjects with acquired TBG excess (TT4, 201 +/- 23 nmol/L) and nine subjects with thyrotoxicosis and normal TBG concentrations (TT4, 205 +/- 28 nmol/L). The subjects' CT4 results were compared to their serum free T4 concentration, measured by equilibrium dialysis (DT4), and their serum free T4 index (FT4I) value. The mean serum DT4 value for the subjects with FDH (23 +/- 5 fmol/L) and those with TBG excess (23 +/- 3 fmol/L) were normal, whereas it was elevated (44 +/- 9 fmol/L; P less than 0.001) for the thyrotoxic patients with normal TBG concentrations. The mean CT4 value also was normal for the subjects with FDH (37.7 +/- 4.9 fmol/plate) and those with TBG excess (36.6 +/- 4.6 fmol/plate), but was elevated for the thyrotoxic patients (62.3 +/- 11.2 fmol/plate; P less than 0.001). In all three groups studied, the relationship between individual CT4 and DT4 values was similar to that previously found in subjects with no T4-binding protein abnormalities. The mean serum FT4I value was lower for the subjects with acquired TBG excess (111 +/- 22) than for the subjects with FDH (133 +/- 22; P less than 0.05), and it was much higher for the subjects with thyrotoxicosis (221 +/- 31; P less than 0.001). In the subjects with FDH and those with thyrotoxicosis the normal relationship between CT4 and FT4I was maintained, while in the subjects with acquired TBG excess, FT4I values were lower than expected. In seven of the nine subjects with TBG excess, the abnormality was associated with conditions known to increase its sialic acid content: hepatitis (one subject), pregnancy (four subjects), and estrogen therapy (two subjects). The CT4 values were similar in nine subjects with acquired TBG excess (seven pregnant women and two subjects with chronic active hepatitis) and five subjects with familial TBG excess (34.8 +/- 4.3 vs. 34.0 +/- 8.6 fmol/plate, respectively).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Weaning Older Patients From Long-term Mechanical Ventilation: A Pilot Study

Background As older persons in the intensive care unit increasingly require long-term mechanical ventilation, accurate indications of readiness for weaning from ventilatory support are needed to avoid premature extubation. Objective To describe temporal changes in pulmonary and systemic variables in older adults receiving long-term mechanical ventilation. Methods After 3 days of unsuccessful attempts at weaning from ventilatory support, 10 trauma and surgical patients more than 60 years old were monitored daily. Previously reported predictors of the duration of mechanical ventilation and weaning outcome were measured, including hemodynamic and gas exchange variables, oxygen cost of breathing, and the score on the Burns Weaning Assessment Program. Results The 6 patients who could be weaned from ventilatory support were younger (median age, 71.5 years) than the 4 patients who could not be weaned (median age, 80 years). Patients who could be weaned were ready for weaning by day 11 of their stay in the intensive care unit and required an additional 5.5 days of mechanical ventilation; those who could not be weaned were not ready for weaning until day 17. All patients initially had increases in oxygen consumption during weaning; those who were successfully weaned had decreases before extubation. Respiratory rate, maximal inspiratory pressure, the ratio of Pao2 to fraction of inspired oxygen, and mean arterial pressure were higher in patients who could be weaned, and oxygen cost of breathing and central venous pressure were lower Conclusion Further study of weaning in older adults is warranted.
Adverbial markers and tone in L1 and L2 students' writing

In the past several decades, analyses of large corpora of published written texts in English have allowed for new insights into the meanings, uses, and functions of adverbials of all types. However, far less is known about the uses of adverbials in second language (L2) text. This paper presents a quantitative analysis of deictic, modifying, and intensifying adverbials, as well as several semantic classes of adverb clauses, and compares their median frequency rates in academic essays written by first-year NS and academically-advanced NNS students. The analysis focuses on NS and NNS uses of twelve semantic and syntactic classes of adverbials. The greatest pronounced differences between the essays of NSs and those of NNSs are identified in the frequency rates of amplifiers and emphatic adverbs, both of which are very common in informal conversations. Because for most NNS academically-oriented learners, the greatest amount of exposure to L2 usage takes place in conversational discourse, the frequency rates of adverb clauses in L2 texts is determined by the frequency of a particular clause type in the conversational genre, i.e. the more common certain types of adverb clauses in conversational discourse, the greater the likelihood of their high frequency rates in L2 academic essays.
Evolutionary Dynamics of Viral Attenuation

The genetic trajectory leading to viral attenuation was studied in a canine parvovirus (CPV) strain grown on dog kidney cells for 115 transfers. Consensus sequences of viral populations at passages 0, 3, 30, 50, 80, and 115 were obtained from PCR products covering 86% of the genome; clones from each of the 80th and 115th passages were also sequenced, covering 69% of the genome. Sixteen changes were fixed in the 115th-passage virus sample. Levels of polymorphism were strikingly different over time, in part because of a plaque-cloning step at passage 112 that reduced variation: passage 80 had 19 variants common among the clones, but passage 115 had only a single common variant. Several mutations increased in the culture at the same time, with most reaching fixation only after the 80th passage. The pattern of evolution was consistent with recombination and not with separate selective sweeps of individual mutations. Thirteen of the changes observed were identical to or at the same positions as changes observed in other isolates of CPV or feline panleukopenia virus.
A review and meta-analysis of the psychopathy checklist and psychopathy checklist-revised: predictive validity of dangerousness

The Psychopathy Checklist (PCL/PCL-R) continues to receive recognition among clinicians and researchers for its ability to predict violent and nonviolent recidivism. This article reviews the psychometric properties and the clinical utility of the PCL-R and reports a meta-analysis of 18 studies that Investigate the relationship between the PCL/PCL-R and violent and nonviolent recidivism. We found that the PCL and the PCL-R had moderate to strong effect sizes and appear to be good predictors of violence and general recidivism. As a component of dangerousness assessments, psychologists may want to consider utilizing the PCL-R when making probability statements regarding placement decisions in institutions, parole and conditional release decisions, and community placement decisions for psychiatric patients. The generalizabilfty of the PCL beyond these groups, which have primarily consisted of Anglo-American samples, is still in question and requires further research.
A Meta-Analysis of the Effect of Time Pressure on Human Performance

A quantitative review of time pressure effects on human performance was conducted. One-hundred-twenty-five references were identified that met selection criteria. These studies provided 827 effect sizes. Analyses revealed an overall small but detrimental effect of time pressure on performance. However, moderator analyses indicated that the effect of time pressure varied as a function of task type and the measure of performance (accuracy vs. speed). As expected, time pressure facilitated speed but impaired accuracy for both perceptual and cognitive tasks. Although there were few studies available for motor tasks, evidence from the available studies indicated that time pressure reduced speed. Accuracy data were inconclusive. Across all analyses there was evidence of substantial variability across studies, indicating that other moderating variables may influence the performance effects of time pressure.