cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Odyssey of Kent Wilson: Holding Molecules in the Light

Anyone pursuing laser chemistry is indebted to Kent Wilson as an inspiring architect of the field. Many are now using innovative laser techniques conceived by him to probe the molecular dynamics of chemical and biochemical reactions. Many will know too that, as a remarkably wide-ranging physical chemist, he also contributed much seminal work, both theoretical and experimental, to several other fields, among them economics, engineering, computer science, environmental science, archaeology, and educational filmmaking.
Molecular Biology of Borna Disease Virus

Originally described in the early nineteenth century as a fatal encephalitis in horses, Borna disease (BD) has become an extraordinarily valuable model for the study of both molecular mechanisms and biological consequences of persistent virus infection in the CNS (Nicolau and Galloway 1928; Zwick 1939, this volume). BD is an immune-mediated neurologic syndrome characterized by behavioral abnormalities, meningeal and parenchymal inflammatory cell infiltrates in the brain, and the accumulation of disease-specific antigen in limbic system neurons (Joest and Degen 1911; Seifried and Spatz 1930; Ludwig et al. 1988; Richt et al. 1992). As a natural infection, BD has only been confirmed to occur in horses and sheep, but experimentally it can be transmitted to an extraordinary wide range of host species, including birds, rodents and nonhuman primates (Zwick et al. 1926; Nicolau and Galloway 1928; Zwick 1939; Matthias 1954; Nitzschke 1963; Heinig 1969; Anzil et al. 1973; Ludwig et al. 1973; Metzler et al. 1976; Ludwig and Thein 1977; Sprankel et al. 1978; Stitz et al. 1980; Hirano et al. 1983, Narayan et al. 1983; Gosztonyi and Ludwig 1984; Kao et al. 1984; Ludwig et al. 1985; Waelchli et al. 1985; Richt et al. 1992). Serological data indicate that the host range may even extend to humans, although no infectious material has been isolated from human subjects (Amsterdam et al. 1985; Rott et al. 1985, 1991 ; Bode et al. 1988, 1992).
Effect of Prescription Size on Opioid Use and Patient Satisfaction After Minor Hand Surgery: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

OBJECTIVE To determine the influence of initial prescription size on opioid consumption after minor hand surgeries. Secondary outcomes include efficacy of pain control, patient satisfaction, and refill requests. BACKGROUND Retrospective studies have shown that opioid prescriptions for acute pain after surgical procedures are often excessive in size, which encourages misuse. This is the first prospective randomized trial on the influence of initial prescription size on opioid consumption in the setting of acute postsurgical pain. METHODS In a prospective randomized trial at a single-academic institution, patients were provided an initial prescription of either 10 or 30 hydrocodone/acetaminophen (5/325 mg) pills after surgery. Two hundred opioid-naive patients, aged 19 to 69, undergoing elective outpatient minor hand surgeries were enrolled over 9 months, with a follow-up period of 10 to 14 days. RESULTS One hundred seventy-four patients were included in this analysis. Patients initially prescribed 30 pills (n = 79), when compared with patients initially prescribed 10 pills (n = 95), used significantly more opioid (P = <0.001, mean 11.9 vs 6.4 pills), had significantly more leftover medication (P = <0.001, mean 20.0 vs 5.2 pills), and were over 3 times more likely to still be taking opioid at follow-up (15% vs 4%). There was no significant difference in refills requested, or in patient satisfaction with postoperative pain control. CONCLUSIONS Providing large opioid prescriptions for the management of acute pain after minor upper extremity surgeries increases overall opioid use when compared with smaller initial prescriptions. The size of initial opioid prescription is a modifiable variable that should be considered both in patient care and research design.
Competition Law and Tech - A New Approach

In the past two years, the European Commission and national agencies have concluded investigations into a wide range of tech companies’ practices. Running alongside enforcement activity, there has been a series of public policy debates about the role of technology in society more generally, the architecture of digital platforms, and the rights and interests of users. My remarks here focus on how Google can work with antitrust agencies on issues to do with market power and contestability.
Advancing Insights Into Diabetic Eye Disease: 5th Annual American Society of Retina Specialists Presidents’ Young Investigator Award Lecture:

Diabetes and its complications are an emerging public health crisis. Since vision changes can be irreversible in diabetic retinopathy (DR), early detection, recognition of prognostics, and treatmen...
Optic disc localization in retinal images using deep learning frameworks

Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) is one of the most common eye diseases related to diabetics. If the diagnosis and treatment are conducted too late, it may result in various degrees of vision loss, even blindness. Therefore, individuals with diabetes should have a regular annual eye exam. Studies showed that early detection can prevent vision loss in earlier stages. However, in places such as undeveloped or developing countries, and even sometimes rural areas in developed countries, may not have enough resources for DR screening. Furthermore, even though these places may have adequate equipment, the diagnosis may take a few days to obtain results for the analysis of the ophthalmologists. Developing an automated detection algorithm is an emerging research area to diagnose DR remotely using a retina image. Localizing the optic disc and fovea is an essential task in these DR detection algorithms. After locating the optic disc, finding other components of the retina is easier. Technological developments in recent years enable the acceleration of diagnosis of such diseases including DR. Deep learning techniques are becoming an essential part of the medical field. In the last years, there have been many attempts to automatize the analysis of medical disorders such as breast cancer, glaucoma, diabetic macular edema, and diabetic retinopathy. In this paper, we presented the utilization of a pre-trained deep learning framework to localize the optic disc in the retina images. Using the transfer learning approach for AlexNet with a linear regression output, we localized the optic disc center. Retina images with labeled ground truth values of optic disc center were used to retrain the AlexNet. We tested our proposed deep learning-based optic disc localization approach with three different publicly available datasets including EyePACS, Messidor, and IDRID. Based on the results, the deep learning-based optic disc localization method shows high detection accuracy. The best results for optic disc detection were observed with cross dataset images as the accuracy of 88.35%, while a 97.66% testing accuracy was observed for the merged dataset using transfer learning approach for the pretrained AlexNet.
A male patient with pseudobulbar affect caused by post-traumatic normal pressure hydrocephalus successfully managed with ventriculoperitoneal shunt

Abstract Background and importance Pseudobulbar affect (PBA) is characterized by sudden, uncontrollable laughing, crying, or both in the absence of an appropriate triggering stimuli. Usually due to an underlying neurological condition, PBA has been reported less commonly in traumatic brain injury (TBI) and patients with normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH). This case documents the successful management of a male patient with PBA and post-traumatic NPH with ventriculoperitoneal shunt placement. Clinical presentation An 88-year-old male initially presenting with acute right subdural hematoma after a fall underwent right decompressive hemicraniectomy and cranioplasty. On 2-month follow-up, the patient was diagnosed with PBA as well as post-traumatic hydrocephalus, confirmed with Center for Neurologic Study – Liability Scale (CNS-LS) questionnaire as well as a cerebrospinal fluid tap test (CSF-TT), respectively. The patient underwent ventriculoperitoneal shunt placement with successful resolution of PBA and post-traumatic NPH. Conclusion A select subset of patients presenting with post-traumatic NPH may demonstrate successful resolution of PBA symptoms following surgical intervention to address the underlying neurological disorder potentiating pseudobulbar affect.
Early Postoperative Pneumonia After Elective Primary Total Hip Arthroplasty in "COVID-19 Survivor": A Case Report.

Case A 57-year-old woman with a history of COVID-19 pneumonia, myelodysplastic syndrome, type II diabetes mellitus, and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis underwent elective total hip arthroplasty 3 months after her COVID-19 infection had clinically resolved. Her postoperative course was complicated by COVID-19-negative pneumonia within 24 hours postoperatively requiring ICU admission. Conclusion Patients who have previously recovered from COVID-19 infection may have long-lasting cardiopulmonary effects that may be asymptomatic. Further assessment of postoperative risk and guidance on preoperative evaluation of COVID-19 "survivors" is needed.
Anesthetic Considerations in Patients With Achondroplasia.

Anesthetic management of achondroplastic patients warrants special anatomical and physiological considerations due to significant variations in the airway as well as the spine in regional techniques. In this report, we present the case of a 30-year-old morbidly obese male with achondroplasia, end-stage renal disease (ESRD) on hemodialysis, and renal osteodystrophy, who was scheduled for incision and drainage of a rectal abscess. Preoperative evaluation revealed Mallampati IV airway with a short neck and a scoliotic spine with possible atlantoaxial instability.
Catch the next designer drug: A comparison of methods for predicting in vitro pharmacological profiles using molecular fingerprints

Facing the growing trend of emerging new psychoactive substances (NPS) and their threat to public health, more effective methods of NPS prediction and identification are of critical importance. In this study, we aimed to compare methods for predicting the pharmacological profile of unknown compounds based on the chemical structures described by molecular fingerprints. We built predictive models based on the high-throughput screening (HTS) data sets using four different machine learning algorithms for a total of 10 targets and validated the performance of the models using in vitro bioassay data collected from the literature for an external NPS compound set. Clustering analysis revealed that the MACCS fingerprint may be more suitable for describing the similarity of pharmacological profiles of NPS, indicated by the highest adjusted Rand index (0.46) between the two clustering trees. The SVM classifiers validated by the external NPS set achieved ROC AUC above 0.80 and MCC above 0.45, therefore were used to generate the multi-target pharmacological profiles. The hit rate for retrieving pharmacologically similar compound pairs using MACCS calculated Tanimoto coefficient was below 1.85%, in contrast, the models were more successful in identifying similar compound pairs (MCC = 0.72), which were otherwise considered dissimilar by molecular fingerprints.
Prevalence and Clinical Correlation of Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction in African American Population with Ischemic Stroke (P02.044)

OBJECTIVE: To know the prevalence of left ventricular systolic dysfunction (LVSD) and clinical correlation in African American (AA) population with ischemic stroke (IS). BACKGROUND: LVSD is a known risk factor (RF) for IS. Embolic strokes mostly originate from the heart with morbidity and mortality depending on location of stroke. AA population is in the high risk category for stroke but there is paucity of data regarding LVSD as a RF for IS in this population. DESIGN/METHODS: Retrospective chart analysis was done on all diagnosed IS patients from January 2010 to March 2012. Transthoracic 2-dimensional echocardiography was used to assess LV systolic function and categorized as normal (>50%), mildly (41% to 50%), moderately (31% to 40%) or severely ( RESULTS: 147 total IS patients were identified. Normal ejection fraction (EF) was present in 114/147 patients (77.55%) and abnormal EF in 33/147 (22.45%) - (mild -9/147, moderate -8/147, severe -16/147). In mildly reduced EF group, smoking was the most common RF, stroke was mostly on right side and most frequent location was cerebellum. In moderately reduced EF group, hypertension (HTN) was the most common RF, stroke was mostly bilateral and most frequent location was fronto-parietal. In severely reduced EF group, HTN was the most common RF, stroke was mostly bilateral and most frequent location was frontal lobe. Complete internal carotid occlusion was present in one patient and intracranial stenosis was present in two patients within the abnormal ejection fraction group. CONCLUSIONS: In this study the prevalence of LVSD in AA population with ischemic stroke was 22.45%. Among these, there was correlation between location of stroke and severity of LVSD. However prospective randomized studies are needed to validate our results. Disclosure: Dr. Devulapalli has nothing to disclose. Dr. Dunlap has nothing to disclose. Dr. Wilson has nothing to disclose. Dr. Cockburn has nothing to disclose. Dr. Kurukumbi has nothing to disclose. Dr. Jayam-Trouth has nothing to disclose.
Reliability of different methods of scoring throwing accuracy.

Abstract The throwing accuracy performance of 62 high school freshman males was obtained for test and retest sessions. Each throw was scored in five dimensions—concentric circle, horizontal deviation and direcional, and vertical deviation and directional. Reliability estimates of each scoring procedure were derived by the product-moment correlation and analysis of variance techniques. Both procedures yielded different reliability estimates for each accuracy scoring method, with the concentric circle scoring system yielding the highest reliability in both methods of estimation.
Further Evidence for the Deep-Level Reasoning Question Effect

This experiment sought to generalize to middle-and high-school students the learning gains observed through deep-level reasoning questions among college students in vicarious environments. 342 eighth through eleventh graders were presented with either content alone, content preceded by deep-level reasoning questions, or an interactive session with a virtual tutor. Students exposed to the deep-level reasoning questions outperformed the interactive and content-only groups, suggesting that deep-level reasoning questions do indeed aid in knowledge representation amongst middle-and high-school students.
Corticotropin-releasing Factor Decreases Vasogenic Brain Edema

We report the first series of studies comparing the anti-edematous effects of human corticotropin-releasing factor (hCRF) and dexamethasone in an experimental model of vasogenic peritumoral brain edema. Both hCRF and dexamethasone effectively decreased blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability of intracerebral RG2 gliomas in rats as observed by contrast-enhanced T(1)-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. A decrease in the water content of tumor and peritumoral brain tissue was observed with proton-density magnetic resonance imaging and confirmed by direct wet/dry tissue measurements. The calculated ED(50) for hCRF was 59 micrograms/kg s.c. twice a day, and that for dexamethasone was 0.61 mg/kg i.m. twice a day; the hCRF:dexamethasone dose-potency ratio was 120:1 on a molar basis. The anti-edematous action of hCRF is not mediated by the release of adrenal corticosteroids. A direct action of hCRF on the tumor microvasculature results in restoration of BBB integrity and up-regulation of BBB-specific protein expression. The average survival time with chronic treatment was prolonged significantly in the hCRF-treated group (35 days) compared with the dexamethasone-treated group (28 days; P < 0.05) and the saline-treated control group (22 days; P < 0.0001). hCRF, as an alternative to corticosteroid therapy, may provide substantial benefits with respect to reducing the major side effects encountered with long-term, high-dose corticosteroid treatment.
Distribution of the admixture test for the detection of linkage under heterogeneity.

The admixture test for the detection of linkage under heterogeneity is considered. We show that the null distribution of this test statistic has half its weight concentrated on zero and the other half on a complicated distribution that can be approximated by max (X, ,X2) where XI and X2 are independent x: variables. We also investigate the stability of the size of the test for small samples. The power of this test to detect linkage, when heterogeneity is present, can be substantially greater than the standard test that assumes homogeneity. Even when heterogeneity is not present, the test is only slightly less powerful than the homogeneous test. This would suggest the use of the admixture test in preference to the homogeneous test if the presence of heterogeneity is at all suspected. 0 1993 Wiley-Liss. Inc.
From Knowledge to Words to Wayfinding: Issues in the Production and Comprehension of Route Directions

The production and comprehension of route directions may be considered a successful adaptation in the face of a challenging wayfinding task-travel to an unfamiliar destination.Four important issues related to this adaptation are considered: The overall structure of direction-giving episodes, a component analysis of the content of route descriptions, suggested conventions for conveying wayfinding information, and individual differences in the production and comprehension of route directions. As a final consideration, it is suggested that technological innovations aimed at providing verbal information to assist wayfinding activity be incorporated within a framework focused on the ecology of wayfinding behavior.
Neuropsychological Characteristics of Autism Spectrum Disorders

One unequivocal characteristic of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is phenotypic heterogeneity. Clinical work and research concerning neuropsychological profiles in ASD reveal uneven profiles, with specific assets and deficits both across and within domains of function. Learning pathways or cognitive profiles of individuals with ASD will have unique characteristics. Treatment approaches may be enhanced when the core areas of strength and vulnerability are identified and evaluated across stages of development. An appreciation of the neuropsychological characteristics of ASD may be relevant not only to studies of pathogenesis, but also to enhancing understanding of how the individual acquires and processes information and in turn forms an internal representation of the world. Keywords: autism; autism spectrum; neuropsychological profiles
Effect of Meat and Isolated Meat Proteins on the Thermal Inactivation of Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B

The thermal inactivation of staphylococcal enterotoxin B was studied in a phosphate-saline buffer, in the presence of two meat proteins, myosin and metmyoglobin (MetMb), and in a ground-beef slurry. When enterotoxin B was incubated at temperatures from 60 to 110 C, it was shown that the initial thermal inactivation at 80 C was faster than at 100 or 110C. The heating of enterotoxin B at 60, 80, and 100 C in the presence of either myosin or MetMb resulted in a rapid loss of the enterotoxin. Thermal loss of the enterotoxin B molecule in the presence of meat proteins was more pronounced at 80 C than at either 60 or 100 C. Thermal loss of enterotoxin B molecule in the presence of meat proteins was more pronounced at 80 C than at either 60 or 100 C. Thermal loss of enterotoxin B in a ground round slurry was rapid when compared to inactivation in a phosphate-saline buffer. The rapid loss of enterotoxin B in the slurry may be due to a combination of thermal inactivation and the binding of enterotoxin molecules to meat proteins.
Evolutionary Perspectives on Violence, Homicide, and War

We review and discuss the evolutionary psychological literature on violence, homicide, and war in humans and nonhumans, and in doing so we argue that an evolutionary perspective can substantially enhance our understanding of these behaviors. We provide a brief primer on evolutionary psychology, describing basic tenets of the field. The theories of sexual selection and parental investment are explained and subsequently used to highlight the evolutionary logic underlying the use of violence by humans and other animals. Our examination of violent behavior begins with a focus on nonhuman animals, reviewing the different contexts in which violence occurs and discussing how an evolutionary perspective can explain why it occurs in these contexts. We then examine violence in humans and illustrate the similarities and differences between human and nonhuman violence. Finally, we summarize what an evolutionary perspective can offer in terms of understanding violence, homicide, and war, and we discuss directions for future research.
The Hypothesis of Locality and Its Limitations

The hypothesis of locality, its origin and consequences are discussed. This supposition is necessary for establishing the local spacetime frame of accelerated observers; in this connection, the measurement of length in a rotating system is considered in detail. Various limitations of the hypothesis of locality are examined.
User-Extensible SimplificationType-Based Optimizer Generators

For abstract data types (ADTs) there are many potential optimizations of code that current compilers are unable to perform. These optimizations either depend on the functional specification of the computational task performed through an ADT or on the semantics of the objects defined. In either case the abstract properties on which optimizations would have to be based cannot be automatically inferred by the compiler. In this paper our aim is to address this level-of-abstraction barrier by showing how a compiler can be organized so that it can make use of semantic information about an ADT at its natural abstract level, before type lowering, inlining, or other traditional compiler steps obliterate the chance. We present an extended case study of one component of a C++ compiler, the simplifier; discuss the design decisions of a new simplifier (simplifier generator) and its implementation in C++; and give performance measurements. The new simplifier is connected to the Gnu C++ compiler and currently performs optimizations at very high level in the front end. When tested with the Matrix Template Library, a library already highly fine-tuned by hand, we achieved run-time improvements of up to six percent.
Singular points of real quartic and quintic curves

There are thirteen types of singular points for irreducible real quartic curves and seventeen types of singular points for reducible real quartic curves. This classification is originally due to D. A. Gudkov. There are nine types of singular points for irreducible complex quartic curves and ten types of singular points for reducible complex quartic curves. There are 42 types of real singular points for irreducible real quintic curves and 49 types of real singular points for reducible real quintic curves. The classification of real singular points for irreducible real quintic curves is originally due to Golubina and Tai. There are 28 types of singular points for irreducible complex quintic curves and 33 types of singular points for reducible complex quintic curves. We derive the complete classification with proof by using the computer algebra system Maple. We clarify that the classification is based on computing just enough of the Puiseux expansion to separate the branches. Thus, the proof consists of a sequence of large symbolic computations that can be done nicely using Maple.
A New Proof of Sklar’s Theorem

Abstract We use the notion of a checkerboard copula to give a short proof of Sklar’s theorem. Our analysis shows that the extension given in the proof of a subcopula to a copula amounts to a multilinear interpolation of the subcopula.
Piezoelectric scanners for atomic force microscopes: design of lateral sensors, identification and control

This paper presents the identification and control of piezoelectric positioners used in atomic force microscopes (AFM) with the goal of improving probe positioning on the sample surface. A novel sensor was developed for this task and employed to infer a sixth order linear two input two output model of the piezo's lateral dynamics. The piezo model was used to design a controller for tracking reference signals common in AFM operation. The controller and sensor were shown to significantly improve the microscope's ability to position the probe on the sample's surface, enabling the AFM user to precisely scan areas on a surface based on images from previous scans.
English Language Proficiency and Bilingual Verbal Ability Among Chinese, Dominican, and Haitian Immigrant Students

This article describes English language proficiency and bilingual verbal ability for a sample of 209 students aged 10 to 16 from three immigrant groups—Chinese, Dominican, and Haitian. Sources of data included structured student interviews, parent interviews, and individual language assessments. On average, students' English language proficiency was far below their age and grade level with significant differences among the groups. Estimates of students' language ability improved once their skills in their first language were considered as demonstrated by the bilingual verbal ability scores. Results from this study demonstrate the need to consider both English and first language skills in assessing the language abilities of these students and in promoting educational access and equity for recent immigrants.
Being a Family Therapist in the United States: Multicultural Competency Through the Lenses of an Immigrant Therapist

There are very few writings on the challenges of minority therapists working within the mainstream American culture. This article discusses how collectivistic and individualistic cultures differ in the ways they define family relatedness and how some collectivistic values of a female immigrant therapist might influence how she conceptualizes and intervenes in her clients' problems in an individualistic society. A case study is presented to exemplify some of the techniques that might be used from a collectivist perspective to reengage a mother–daughter dyad. Implications and recommendations for clinical, training, and research are included.
Likelihood-Based Methods for Missing Covariates in the Cox Proportional Hazards Model

Problems associated with missing covariate data are well known but often ignored. We present a method for estimating the parameters in the Cox proportional hazards model when the missing data are missing at random (MAR) and censoring is noninformative. Due to the computational burden of this method, we introduce an approximation that allows us to use a weighted expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm to estimate the parameters more easily. When the missing covariates are continuous rather than categorical, we implement a Monte Carlo version of the EM algorithm along with the Gibbs sampler to obtain parameter estimates. We also give the asymptotic distribution of these estimates. The primary advantage of this method over complete case analysis is that it produces more efficient parameter estimates and corrects for bias in the MAR setting. To motivate the methodology, we present an analysis of a phase III melanoma clinical trial conducted by the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group.
Enhancement of anti-DIII antibodies by the C3d derivative P28 results in lower viral titers and augments protection in mice

Antibodies generated against West Nile virus (WNV) during infection are essential for controlling dissemination. Recent studies have demonstrated that epitopes in all three domains of the flavivirus envelope protein (E) are targets for neutralizing antibodies, with determinants in domain III (DIII) eliciting antibodies with strong inhibitory properties. In order to increase the magnitude and quality of the antibody response against the WNV E protein, DNA vaccines with derivatives of the WNV E gene (full length E, truncated E, or DIII region, some in the context of the pre-membrane [prM] gene) were conjugated to the molecular adjuvant P28. The P28 region of the complement protein C3d is the minimum CR2-binding domain necessary for the adjuvant activity of C3d. Delivery of DNA-based vaccines by gene gun and intramuscular routes stimulated production of IgG antibodies against the WNV DIII region of the E protein. With the exception of the vaccine expressing prM/E given intramuscularly, only mice that received DNA vaccines by gene gun produced protective neutralizing antibody titers (FRNT80 titer >1/40). Correspondingly, mice vaccinated by the gene gun route were protected to a greater level from lethal WNV challenge. In general, mice vaccinated with P28-adjuvated vaccines produced higher IgG titers than mice vaccinated with non-adjuvanted vaccines.
The effect of surface roughness and structure on subsequent magneto-Rayleigh-Taylor instability growth in beryllium liner implosions on Z

Summary form only given. Sandia is investigating a new magnetized liner inertial fusion (MagLIF) concept that uses cylindrical Be or Al liners to compress magnetized and preheated fusion fuel. As part of this work, we have been studying the growth of instabilities in initially solid liners driven with 20-24 MA, 100-ns current pulses on the Z pulsed power facility. The magneto-Rayleigh-Taylor instability in particular can disrupt the plasma liner during its implosion. A remarkable degree of azimuthal symmetry is observed near stagnation in beryllium liner implosions. This symmetry is captured in 3D calculations only when some azimuthally correlated perturbations are seeded initially. One possibility is that the MRT instability is directly seeded by azimuthally correlated, fine-scale structures on the surface that result from diamond turning the liner on a lathe. A second possibility is that the electro-thermal instability is seeding the MRT instability. Simulations suggest that the level of instability growth seeded by the ET instability is not strongly dependent on the surface roughness. Understanding the surface finish requirements for liner implosions is an important practical question. We will discuss the results of experiments in which the surface of Be liners was altered by polishing the liners along the axial direction after machining. This removes the azimuthally correlated structure, leaving only axially correlated grooves. The latter should noticeably affect the growth of MRT if the surface structure is directly seeding the instability, but may not have any impact if the ET instability is the dominant seed.
Correlation of the Electronic and Geometric Structures in Mononuclear Copper(II) Superoxide Complexes

The geometry of mononuclear copper(II) superoxide complexes has been shown to determine their ground state where side-on bonding leads to a singlet ground state and end-on complexes have triplet ground states. In an apparent contrast to this trend, the recently synthesized (HIPT3tren)CuIIO2•– (1) was proposed to have an end-on geometry and a singlet ground state. However, reexamination of 1 with resonance Raman, magnetic circular dichroism, and 2H NMR spectroscopies indicate that 1 is, in fact, an end-on superoxide species with a triplet ground state that results from the single CuIIO2•– bonding interaction being weaker than the spin-pairing energy.
Protease-Activated Receptor 1 (PAR1) coupling to Gq/11 but not to Gi/o or G12/13 is mediated by discrete amino acids within the receptor second intracellular loop

Protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1) is an unusual GPCR that interacts with multiple G protein subfamilies (Gq/11, Gi/o, and G12/13) and their linked signaling pathways to regulate a broad range of pathophysiological processes. However, the molecular mechanisms whereby PAR1 interacts with multiple G proteins are not well understood. Whether PAR1 interacts with various G proteins at the same, different, or overlapping binding sites is not known. Here we investigated the functional and specific binding interactions between PAR1 and representative members of the Gq/11, Gi/o, and G12/13 subfamilies. We report that Gq/11 physically and functionally interacts with specific amino acids within the second intracellular (i2) loop of PAR1. We identified five amino acids within the PAR1 i2 loop that, when mutated individually, each markedly reduced PAR1 activation of linked inositol phosphate formation in transfected COS-7 cells (functional PAR1-null cells). Among these mutations, only R205A completely abolished direct Gq/11 binding to PAR1 and also PAR1-directed inositol phosphate and calcium mobilization in COS-7 cells and PAR1−/− primary astrocytes. In stark contrast, none of the PAR1 i2 loop mutations disrupted direct PAR1 binding to either Go or G12, or their functional coupling to linked pertussis toxin-sensitive ERK phosphorylation and C3 toxin-sensitive Rho activation, respectively. In astrocytes, our findings suggest that PAR1-directed calcium signaling involves a newly appreciated Gq/11-PLCe pathway. In summary, we have identified key molecular determinants for PAR1 interactions with Gq/11, and our findings support a model where Gq/11, Gi/o or G12/13 each bind to distinct sites within the cytoplasmic regions of PAR1.
Modeling of cw Chemical Laser with Annular Unstable Resonator

An analytical model for predicting optical performance of a cw chemical laser has been developed. The model is constructed in which mixing, kinetics, and stimulated emission are coupled with a half-symmetric-unstable resonator with intercavity axicon (HSURIA). The formulation has been tested by anchoring to experimental small signal gain and closed-cavity power. The mixing parameters established from the data anchoring are used to examine the role of the resonator magnification, medium gain length, lasing line selection, optical axis location, and mode width in predicting laser performance. The dependence of laser performance trends on resonator parameters is predicted by the numerical results of the present study. Other resonator parameters affecting the power extraction have also been identified.
Winning the Race against Racism

(1994). Winning the Race against Racism. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance: Vol. 65, Buyer's Guide Issue, pp. 69-74.
The influence of psychotropic drugs on prostaglandin biosynthesis.

Abstract Psychotropic drugs which were either monoamine oxidase inhibitors or tricyclic antidepressants were screened and found to be potent inhibitors of prostaglandin biosynthesis in cell-free homogenates of guinea pig lung. ID50 values are reported. Phenelzine was found to be a more potent inhibitor than indomethacin with an ID50 of 3.7 × 10−7 M .
The Polo-related kinase Cdc5 activates and is destroyed by the mitotic cyclin destruction machinery in S. cerevisiae

Abstract Background: Following chromosome segregation in anaphase, ubiquitin-dependent degradation of mitotic cyclins contributes to the exit from mitosis. A key step in this process is catalyzed by a ubiquitin–protein ligase known as the anaphase-promoting complex (APC), the regulation of which is poorly understood. The Polo-related protein kinase Cdc5 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae might encode a regulator of the APC, because cdc5 mutant cells arrest with a late mitotic phenotype similar to that observed in cells with defective cyclin destruction. Results: We investigated the role of Cdc5 in the regulation of mitotic cyclin degradation. In cdc5-1 mutant cells, we observed a defect in the destruction of cyclins and a reduction in the cyclin–ubiquitin ligase activity of the APC. Overexpression of CDC5 resulted in increased APC activity and mitotic cyclin destruction in asynchronous cells or in cells arrested in metaphase. CDC5 mutation or overexpression did not affect the degradation of the APC substrate Pds 1, which is normally degraded at the metaphase-to-anaphase transition. Cyclin-specific APC activity in cells overexpressing CDC5 was reduced in the absence of the APC regulatory proteins Hct 1 and Cdc20. In G1, Cdc5 itself was degraded by an APC-dependent and Hct1-dependent mechanism. Conclusions: We conclude that Cdc5 is a positive regulator of cyclin-specific APC activity in late mitosis. Degradation of Cdc5 in G1 might provide a feedback mechanism by which the APC destroys its activator at the onset of the next cell cycle.
Trends in Research for Alternate Uses of Milk Fat

During the past 2 yr, sales of butter have increased, and the inventory of milk fat in the US has decreased. However, still fresh in memory are the large inventories of butter and low prices for milk fat. Although economic peaks and valleys are a result of consumer preferences, research in the area of milk lipids is very active. This paper is a limited review of the continuing research trends and technological advances in the field of lipids, particularly milk fat. The modification of milk fat composition through cattle nutrition, fractionation by melt crystallization and supercritical fluid extraction, blending, interesterification, and glycerolysis as well as the emerging importance of analysis of lipids are some of the areas for which active research promises future advances in milk fat technology.
Revised Structure of the Active Form of Human Deoxyribonuclease IIα

Abstract Deoxyribonuclease IIα (DNase IIα) is an acid endonuclease found in lysosomes, nuclei, and various secretions. Murine DNase IIα is required for digesting the DNA of apoptotic cells after phagocytosis and for correct development and viability. DNase IIα purified from porcine spleen was previously shown to contain three peptides, two of which were thiol crosslinked, all derived by processing of a single polypeptide. Commercial bovine protein is consistent with this structure. However, screening of 18 human cell lines failed to demonstrate this processing, rather a 45 kDa protein was consistently observed. Incubation of cells with the N-glycosylation inhibitor tunicamycin resulted in a 37 kDa protein, which is close to the predicted formula weight. The protein also contains at least one thiol crosslink. Similar results were obtained with overexpressed DNase IIα. These results suggest that active DNase IIα consists of one contiguous polypeptide. We suggest the previous structure reflects proteolysis during protein purification.
Medical interviewing skills of fourth-year medical students encountering a simulated case of intimate partner violence

Study objectives: Intimate partner violence is a significant public health problem affecting millions of women in the United States. Students and physicians working in an emergency department (ED) setting may be in a unique position to identify victims of intimate partner violence. The objective of this study is to determine the ability of fourth-year medical students to identify a victim of intimate partner violence using a simulated ED encounter. Methods: In July and August of 2003, all 196 fourth-year medical students completed an Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) using standardized patients portraying a 46-year-old woman presenting to the ED with lower back pain simulating a case of intimate partner violence. Each student–standardized patient encounter was limited to 20 minutes. At the conclusion of each student–standardized patient encounter, the standardized patient documented whether the medical student inquired about the possibility of being in an abusive relationship, previous ED visits or injuries, whether the patient felt safe going home, about both the patient's and husband's use of alcohol and illicit drugs, whether the patient wanted to make a report to the police, whether the patient's children have ever been abused, whether the patient has ever been sexually abused, and whether there is a firearm in the home. Results: All 196 fourth-year medical students completed the OSCE using a standardized patient to simulate an ED patient encounter of intimate partner violence. One hundred sixty-seven (85.2%) students inquired whether the standardized patient was a victim of intimate partner violence, and 178 (90.8%) asked about previous ED visits or injuries. In 132 (67.7%) encounters, the standardized patient was asked whether she felt safe returning home. The standardized patient was questioned about her alcohol and illicit drug use in 90 (45.9%) cases, and she was questioned about her spouse's use of alcohol and illicit drug use in 7 (3.6%) of the encounters. The standardized patient was asked in 13 (6.6%) cases whether she would like to make a report to the police. In 126 (64.3%) encounters, the standardized patient was asked whether her children were ever abused, and in 12 (6.1%) encounters, the standardized patient was asked whether she had ever been sexually abused by her partner. In 16 (8.2%) of cases, the standardized patient was asked whether there is a firearm in the home. Conclusion: In most cases, medical students identified that the standardized patient was portraying a victim of intimate partner violence. It is, however, unclear whether this occurred by way of routine screening or as a result of deductive reasoning. Even after identification of intimate partner violence, few students inquired into the social history of the spouse, whether the patient has ever been sexually abused, whether she wanted to make a report to the police, or whether a firearm was present in the home.
B-cell transcription factor expression and immunoglobulin gene rearrangement frequency in acute myeloid leukemia with t(8;21)(q22;q22).

Objectives: To assess a large series of patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with t(8;21) for both IGH@ and IGK@ B-cell gene rearrangements and for expression of PAX5, OCT2, and Bob.1 by immunohistochemistry and expression of CD19, CD79a, CD20, and CD22 by flow cytometry immunophenotyping. Methods: A total of 48 cases of AML with t(8;21)(q22;q22) were evaluated by immunohistochemistry and/or heavy chain and light chain immunoglobulin rearrangement studies where paraffin-embedded and/or fresh frozen material was available for study; previously performed flow cytometry studies were also reviewed in available cases. Results: Our study yielded 1 of 19 cases of AML with t(8;21) with an IGH@ gene rearrangement; blasts were associated with weak PAX5 expression. In addition, expression of antigens CD79a by flow cytometry and OCT2 by immunohistochemistry were highly associated with PAX5 expression, and CD19 was expressed in most cases assessed. Conclusions: Although B-cell antigen and B-cell transcription factor expression is seen in the majority of AMLs with t(8;21)(q22;q22) and correlates with PAX5 expression, immunoglobulin gene rearrangements are an uncommon event in this group of leukemias.
Pentoxifylline and intermittent claudication: review of clinical trials and cost-effectiveness analyses.

Intermittent claudication (IC) is common in the elderly ; the prevalence is approximately 6% in 50- to 60-year-old patients and 10-20% in those over the age of 70. Several risk factors, especially smoking, are associated with increased prevalence. Disease progression results in increasingly debilitating and costly surgical intervention for about 20% of patients. This report reviews findings from some of the clinical studies that demonstrated the efficacy of pentoxifylline, the only U.S.-approved medical therapy for IC. Findings from a recently published cost-effectiveness analysis are presented. IC is difficult to study clinically because pain is both variable and subjective. In two multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled studies, carefully monitored treadmill testing showed that pentoxifylline-treated patients had significantly improved walking distances even in the presence of a placebo effect. The pentoxifylline effect was pronounced in patients from a clinical target population defined by low baseline resting pressure ratios (≤0.8) and long disease duration (>1 year). To understand the social implications of these findings, treadmill distances were converted to comparable distances on flat ground. Improvements on pentoxifylline therapy translate to walking distances that enable greater daily function. This improvement has significant practical benefit to the quality of life of IC patients. Using Medicare expenditure data, it was found that pentoxifylline therapy reduced average hospital costs per patients by $1,173. Direct medical cost savings of $69 to $3,090 were suggested by sensitivity analyses. In analyses of practical aspects of walking distance as well as cost-effectiveness analyses, pentoxifylline appears to be a highly useful treatment for IC.
Gas-phase thermochemical properties of the bicarbonate and bisulfite ions

Abstract A combined experimental and theoretical study of the gas-phase thermochemical properties of bicarbonate ion HOCO−2, bisulfite ion HOSO−2, and their conjugate acids is presented. The formation and qualitative identification of the sulfonate ion HSO−3 is also reported. Threshold energies for collision- induced dissociation of OH− ion from HOCO−2 and HOSO−2 have been determined to be 50.3 ± 2.5 and 61.3 ± 2.5 kcal mol−1 respectively, from which the standard heats of formation ΔH°f,298 [HOCO−2, g] = −177.8 ± 2.5 kcal mol−1 and δH°f,298 [HOSO−2] = −165.6 ± 2.5 kcal mol−1 are derived by means of simple thermochemical cycles. The measured HO− binding energies of CO2 and SO2 are in good agreement with ab initio calculations and with the expected values based on empirical correlations between Bronsted and Lewis basicities of negative ions. Reactions between bicarbonate ion and a series of neutral acids in the flowing afterglow indicate an apparent proton affinity of 356 ± 2 kcal mol−1. Bicarbonate ion reacts with H2S to produce both HS− and HS−(H2O), and the deuterium-labelled ion, DOCO−2, reacts also by H/D exchange. Bisulfite ion is found to have an apparent proton affinity of 337 ± 3 kcal mol−1 from its behavior in proton transfer reactions with a series of reference acids. The reaction between HOSO−2 and HCl yields Cl−(SO2) as the major ionic product, along with a small amount of Cl−. DOSO−2 does not exhibit any H/D exchange with HCl or carboxylic acids. Sulfonate ion can be formed at room temperature in the flowing afterglow either by oxygen atom transfer from NO2 to HSO−2, or by hydride transfer from CH3O− to SO3. High level ab initio calculations predict gas-phase acidities (ΔHacid) for carbonic acid (HO)2CO and sulfurous acid (HO)2SO of 339 and 330 kcal mol−1 respectively, and enthalpy changes for their dehydration of −5 and −2kcal mol−1 respectively. The origin of the large differences between the calculated and apparent basicities of HOCO−2 and HOSO−2 is proposed to be due, in part, to a dissociative neutralization mechanism wherein dehydration of the nascent carbonic acid and sulfurous acid molecules accompanies proton transfer.
Intermolecular cross-links in collagen of human placenta.

Abstract 1. 1. There are four reducible cross-links in human placenta collagen. The principal one is dehydrodihydroxylysinonorleucine. The next in abundance is dehydrohydroxylysinonorleucine. The minor components are dehydrolysinonorleucine and dehydrohistidinohydroxymerodesmosine. 2. 2. With increasing length of gestation, the collagen incorporates more tritium radioactivity into its reducible cross-links, with its maximum incorporation at the second trimester. The uptake declines thereafter. 3. 3. Alkaline hydrolysis reveals that both dehydrodihydroxylysinonorleucine and dehydrohydroxylysinonorleucine occur in vivo partly as glycosylated complexes.