cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Two-Box Model of a Zonal Atmospheric Circulation in the Tropics

A simple fixed-SST model of a zonal circulation in the tropical atmosphere has been developed that has separate boxes for the ascending and descending branches of the atmospheric circulation. This circulation resembles the Walker circulation. This is the first box model to determine the fractional widths of the warm and cold pools. The atmospheric model contains an explicit hydrologic cycle, a simplified but physically based radiative transfer parameterization, and interactive clouds. Results indicate that the intensity of the tropical circulation is crucially dependent on the amount and vertical distribution of water vapor above the cold-pool boundary layer (CPBL). In response to increasing precipitable water over the CPBL, the radiative cooling rate of the free troposphere increases. To a good approximation, subsidence warming balances radiative cooling in the subsiding branches of the circulation. If the fractional width of the cold pool (CP) does not change too much, the circulation must intensify as the subsidence rate increases. To compensate for a stronger circulation and to restore energy balance in the Walker cell, the precipitable water over the warm pool (WP) must decrease. A ‘‘moist-outflow’’ experiment shows that the Walker circulation intensifies if air is advected to the subsiding regions from lower altitudes in the WP. As the advection level decreases, air supplied to the CP becomes warmer and moister, and so the column water vapor in the CP free troposphere increases. The mechanism described above then leads to a strengthening of the circulation. This moist-outflow experiment also shows that when the authors try to moisten the atmosphere by specifying a lower advection level for water vapor, the atmosphere adjusts so as to dry out. This effect is very strong.
Adhesion and reattachment of compound ascidians to various substrata: weak glue can prevent tissue damage.

Sessile, soft-bodied, compound ascidians are successful competitors for substrata in crowded benthic and epibiotic marine communities and can be effective colonists of new sites, through adult rafting and reattachment. Adhesion to the substratum is essential for these ecologically important functions; we therefore studied the material properties of colony attachment to various substrata in the rafting ascidians Botrylloides sp. We found that, compared with the strength of the colony tissues, the glue attaching Botrylloides sp. to the substratum is very weak. This relative weakness may protect the soft-bodied colonies from damage if they are ripped from their host. For sessile animals, such a weak-glue 'strategy' is only effective if the animals can later reattach to a substratum. By detaching Botrylloides sp. colonies from host eelgrass blades and allowing them to reattach, before measuring peel strengths, we learned that the initial reattachment of a colony depends upon rapid new growth of the colony rather than on fresh secretion of glue beneath old zooids. We also found that the propagation peel force necessary to remove Botrylloides sp. from different substrata (e.g. mussel shells, barnacle basal plates or eelgrass blades) depends upon the surface texture of the host. Thus, the overall tenacity of a colony is affected by the types of substrata that it overgrows.
Cannabis DNA Typing Methods

This article focuses on Cannabis , primarily, the development of biomarkers to classify and uniquely identify marijuana. DNA methods such as short tandem repeat, amplified fragment length polymorphism, and single-nucleotide polymorphism are discussed with an emphasis on forensic data-basing applications and the benefits and limitations of each method. It also provides an overview of marijuana regarding the history of cultivation in the United States, associative evidence at crime scenes and current law enforcement concerns in the US, and microscopic and chemical methods for classification, geo-sourcing and high-throughput screening.
Early prediction of response in patients with advanced/metastatic non-small cell lung cancer during chemotherapy with FDG-PET-CT

13154 Background: To evaluate the use of 18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT) for prediction of response and survival early during the course of treatment...
A Prospective Study of Back Pain and Risk of Falls Among Older Community-dwelling Women

BACKGROUND: Back pain and falls are common health conditions among older U.S. women. The extent to which back pain is an independent risk factor for falls has not been established. METHODS: We conducted a prospective study among 6,841 community-dwelling U.S. women at least 65 years of age from the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures (SOF). Baseline questionnaires inquired about any back pain, pain severity, and frequency in the past year. During 1 year of follow-up, falls were summed from self-reports obtained every 4 months. Two outcomes were studied: recurrent falls (≥2 falls) and any fall (≥1 fall). Associations of back pain and each fall outcome were estimated with risk ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) from multivariable log-binomial regression. Adjustments were made for age, education, smoking status, fainting history, hip pain, stroke history, vertebral fracture, and Geriatric Depression Scale. RESULTS: Most (61%) women reported any back pain. During follow-up, 10% had recurrent falls and 26% fell at least once. Any back pain relative to no back pain was associated with a 50% increased risk of recurrent falls (multivariable RR = 1.5, 95% CI: 1.3, 1.8). Multivariable RRs for recurrent falls were significantly elevated for all back pain symptoms, ranging from 1.4 (95% CI: 1.1, 1.8) for mild back pain to 1.8 (95% CI: 1.4, 2.3) for activity-limiting back pain. RRs of any fall were also significantly increased albeit smaller than those for recurrent falls. CONCLUSIONS: Older community-dwelling women with a recent history of back pain are at increased risk for falls. Language: en
A Contextualized Approach to Faith-Based HIV Risk Reduction for African American Women

HIV/AIDS has a devastating impact on African Americans, particularly women and young adults. We sought to characterize risks, barriers, and content and delivery needs for a faith-based intervention to reduce HIV risk among African American women ages 18 to 25. In a convergent parallel mixed methods study, we conducted four focus groups (n = 38) and surveyed 71 young adult women. Data were collected across four African American churches for a total of 109 participants. We found the majority of women in this sample were engaged in behaviors that put them at risk for contracting HIV, struggled with religiously based barriers and matters of sexuality, and had a desire to incorporate their intimate relationships, parenting, and financial burdens into faith-based HIV risk-reduction interventions. Incorporating additional social context-related factors into HIV risk-reduction interventions for young African American women is critical to adapting and developing HIV interventions to reduce risk among young adult women in faith settings.
Cross-sectional Imaging Review of Tuberous Sclerosis

Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a multisystem, genetic disorder characterized by development of hamartomas in the brain, abdomen, and thorax. It results from a mutation in one of 2 tumor suppressor genes that activates the mammalian target of rapamycin pathway. This article discusses the origins of the disorder, the recently updated criteria for the diagnosis of TSC, and the cross-sectional imaging findings and recommendations for surveillance. Familiarity with the diverse radiological features facilitates diagnosis and helps in treatment planning and monitoring response to treatment of this multisystem disorder.
Salespeople as Researchers: Help or Hazard?:

This article describes the background, methodology, and results of a pilot study which compared the market research results achieved by airline representatives versus professional interviewers. The...
CT Angiography Analysis of Axillary Artery Diameter versus Common Femoral Artery Diameter: Implications for Axillary Approach for Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement in Patients with Hostile Aortoiliac Segment and Advanced Lung Disease.

Objective. The use of the axillary artery as an access site has lost favor in percutaneous intervention due to the success of these procedures from a radial or brachial alternative. However, these distal access points are unable to safely accommodate anything larger than a 7-French sheath. To date no studies exist describing the size of the axillary artery in relation to the common femoral artery in a patient population. We hypothesized that the axillary artery is of comparable size to the CFA in most patients and less frequently diseased. Methods. We retrospectively reviewed 110 CT scans of the thoracic and abdominal aorta done at our institution to rule out aortic dissection in which the right axillary artery, right CFA, left axillary artery, and left CFA were visualized. Images were then reconstructed using commercially available TeraRecon software and comparative measurements made of the axillary and femoral arteries. Results. In 96 patients with complete data, the mean sizes of the right and left axillary artery were slightly smaller than the left and right CFA. A direct comparison of the sizes of the axillary artery and CFA in the same patient yielded a mean difference of 1.69 mm ± 1.74. In all patients combined, the mean difference between the axillary artery and CFA was 1.88 mm on the right and 1.68 mm on the left. In 19 patients (19.8%), the axillary artery was of the same caliber as the associated CFA. In 8 of 96 patients (8.3%), the axillary artery was larger compared to the CFA. Conclusions. Although typically smaller, the axillary artery is often of comparable size to the CFA, significantly less frequently calcified or diseased, and in almost all observed cases large enough to accommodate a sheath with up to 18 French.
Analysis of Influence Factors on Energy Consumption in Chinese Steel Industry from 1995 to 2010

Based on the data of energy consumption and steel production of Chinese steel industry from 1995~2010,factor decomposition was conducted to analyze energy consumption by using logarithmic mean Divisia index method,including energy consumption structure,energy consumption per ton of crude steels and production.The results showed that energy consumption increased 35 967.00 tce in total from 1995 to 2010.The variety steel production contributed the biggest part of the steel industry energy consumption,accounting for 157.50%.The energy consumption per ton of crude steel took second place on the contribution of the energy consumption,accounting for- 57.53%.The last effect part was energy structure,which only contributed for 0.03%of the energy consumption.Thus,it is a key method to realize energy conservation by decreasing the energy consumption per ton of crude steels.There was a drop of404.35 kgce/t of the energy consumption per ton of crude steels from 1995 to 2010,among which29.37%and 70.63%of the drop came from steel ratio coefficients and process energy consumption,respectively.
Monitoring analysis of collective children unintentional injury in kindergarten in Xicheng district of Beijing from 2005 to 2011

Objective To understand the condition of collective children unintentional injury in kindergarten in Xicheng district from 2008-2012,and provide the scientific instruction for the prevention of child unintentional injury in local kindergartens. Method The monitoring data of collective children injury and accident in kindergarten in Xicheng district were retrospective analyzed,to describe the occurrence of child injury and accident in kindergarten. Results During 2008-2012,the incidence rate of collective children unintentional injury in kindergarten in Xicheng district was 0.43%.Falls were the main injury type,with the incidence rate 0.22%~0.48%,and showed declining trend year by year(χ 2=13.32,P= 0.01).The major accident type was fracture,with incidence rate 0.04%~0.10%in past four years. Conclusion Xicheng district has low incidence rate of collective children unintentional injury in kindergarten.The important mission of injury intervention is preventing child falls and fracture.
Utility of SOX10 in Diagnosing Salivary Gland Oncocytic Tumors in Fine Needle Aspiration Cell Blocks

SOX10 is a transcription factor expressed from the developmental stage to adulthood in acinar and intercalated ducts of major salivary glands, and in some salivary gland tumors. Its role in cytologic specimens has been rarely documented. This study was performed to evaluate its utility in the diagnosis of salivary gland oncocytic tumors on fine …
Rapid Learning of Pattern Sequences: A Novel Network Model

This paper describes a neural architecture -- the KATAMIC memory, designed specifically to store sequences of binary patterns. The model integrates continuous learning with concurrent recall based on a step by step sequence predictions which allows memorized sequences to be recalled in response to cues -- short sub-sequences. A novel neuron-like computing element -- the PREDICTRON is introduced which learns to generate at each time step a prediction of the next input pattern based on the interaction of the memories of previously learned sequences (long term memory) and the recent states of the network (short term memory). A complete mathematical description of the KATAMIC algorithm is presented. The memory was implemented on the CM-2 Connection Machine and in *Lisp and results of some basic simulation studies are discussed.
Finding the Invisible Women: Gender Stereotypes versus Student Interest in Foreign Policy and Security Subfields

Foreign policy and security studies typically are considered male-dominated domains in the discipline of international relations (IR), yet many women work in these policy domains, particularly in the United States. The “invisible women” working in foreign policy often come from fields such as IR, in which gender stereotypes may influence their understanding of the careers available to them. This research project seeks to understand student assumptions about gender roles in IR and the effects of those assumptions. Survey data collected from students in IR courses in 2011 and 2012 reveal that stereotyping of IR subfields is common but that individual students’ academic and career interests often diverge from those stereotypes. This finding is relevant not simply because it may explain the presence of women in foreign-policy careers but also because it provides useful pedagogical information for instructors in the IR field.
Chronicle History, Cosmopolitan Romance: Henry V and the Generic Boundaries of the Second Tetralogy

Romance in its dramatic form, I argued in the previous chapters of this book, helped fill in gaps, expand representations, and reshape the traffic of the early modern stage in the face of new global imperatives. This was the ambivalent admission of Sidney, who saw the early modern stage integrating material previously unknown within English dramatic culture with the help of romance. Such translations of the narrative form required dramatic adaptations that helped reshape the early commercial theater in London. In cartographic culture, as well as in stage romance, the fantasies of English empire and expansion could fill in those parts of the map that were still subject to speculation. As King Arthur’s supposed imperial history resurfaced in travel narratives and maps, the knights of the Round Table could be found on the stage prepared for new conquests abroad.
Principles of Ocular Pharmacology.

Recently, in a poll by Research America, a significant number of individuals placed losing their eyesight as having the greatest impact on their lives more so than other conditions, such as limb loss or memory loss. When they were also asked to rank which is the worst disease that could happen to them, blindness was ranked first by African-Americans and second by Caucasians, Hispanics, and Asians. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms of disease progression in the eye is extremely important if we want to make a difference in people’s lives. In addition, developing treatment programs for these various diseases that could affect our eyesight is also critical. One of the most effective treatments we have is in the development of specific drugs that can be used to target various components of the mechanisms that lead to ocular disease. Understanding basic principles of the pharmacology of the eye is important if one seeks to develop effective treatments. As our population ages, the incidence of devastating eye diseases increases. It has been estimated that more than 65 million people suffer from glaucoma worldwide (Quigley and Broman. Br J Ophthalmol 90:262–267, 2006). Add to this the debilitating eye diseases of age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and cataract, the number of people effected exceeds 100 million. This chapter focuses on ocular pharmacology with specific emphasis on basic principles and outlining where in the various ocular sites are drug targets currently in use with effective drugs but also on future drug targets.
A THREE-PRONG STRATEGIC APPROACH TO SUCCESSFUL DISTANCE LEARNING DELIVERY

Rio Salado College, headquartered in Tempe, Arizona, is nationally recognized as a role model for innovation and excellence in online education and as the “college of choice” for adults who balance their studies with work and family. One of the ten Maricopa Community Colleges, Rio Salado College has had a distance learning program since its inception in 1978. This paper describes a systems approach to the growth of successful online programs, using data for continuous improvement.
Antibody Drug and Radionuclide Conjugates for GI Cancers

In the mid-1980’s, after it was found that patients rapidly developed neutralising antibodies to tumour-directed ‘therapeutic mouse antibodies’, the concept of using these mouse antibodies to deliver cytotoxic therapeutics emerged. However, success was limited. Anti-mouse antibodies developed even with a limited number of infusions of the antibody-drug conjugates, and often the cytotoxic agents were released in the blood stream producing serious toxicities. The field of antibody-conjugates was quiet while technology for humanisation of mouse antibodies and the means of producing fully human antibodies evolved, and linker chemistry was developed, which allowed stable transport of antibody-conjugates to the target cells and release of the cytotoxic agent inside the target cells (Fig. 4.1) [1–3]. The first antibody-drug conjugate to reach Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval in 2000 was gemtuzumab ozogamicin (Mylotarg), which targeted CD33 on the surface of acute myeloid leukaemia cells and delivered the potent cytotoxic agent, calicheamicin, inside the leukaemia cells. In 2010, gemtuzumab ozogamicin was withdrawn from the market after failing to produce sufficient efficacy in follow-up clinical trials [4]. Two antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1; Kadcyla) and brentuximab vedotin (SGN-35; Adcetris) reached FDA approval in 2014 and 2011 for treatment of metastatic breast cancer and refractory Hodgkin lymphoma and systemic anaplastic large cell lymphoma, respectively [5, 6]. Approximately 50 ADCs have reached clinical trial to date, with more than 40 in trials currently and nearly 20 in, or having completed Phase 2 clinical trials (Table 4.1). The ADCs under investigation target haematological and solid tumours [7, 8]. The current chapter focuses on those that may be useful in the treatment of GI cancers.
Einstein and physics in the 21st century

As a secondary-school physics teacher, I find it somewhat ironic that in the year we celebrate the centenary of Einstein's papers on the photoelectric effect and Brownian motion, no GCSE physics syllabus that I have taught during the past few years contains any mention of either of these works. Perhaps it is a sign of the times, as these topics were previously in the physics syllabus. This could mean that over 95% of pupils in the UK will have no experience of the very things that we are choosing to celebrate. I wonder if this is also true in other countries? If not, then your position really does affect what you observe!
Etherege and the Carolean Theatre

George Etherege (c1636–92), the second of seven children, was born in Maidenhead, Berkshire, to Captain George and Mary (nee Powney) Etherege.1 The elder George served as purveyor to Queen Henrietta Maria from 1636 until 1642 when the Civil War forced the queen to flee London and seek exile in France. Captain Etherege, who died in France in 1650, probably accompanied the queen, leaving his wife and children in the care of his father, a wealthy London vintner. In 1654, Grandfather Etherege apprenticed young George to the prominent attorney George Gosnold in Beaconsfield, Buckinghamshire, where he served as a clerk until autumn 1658. The following year and perhaps with Gosnold’s clout, George gained admittance to Clement’s Inn as preparatory study for law at the Inns of Court. How long Etherege remained at Clement’s is unknown, and although he probably did not complete his law studies, his tenure there afforded him an advanced education, exposing him to Law-Latin, Law-French, and legal instruction as well as providing him with lodgings proximate to the fashionable London world which was to be both his playground and the fodder for his comedies.
Facies Architecture and Provenance of a Boulder-Conglomerate Submarine Channel System, Panoche Formation, Great Valley Group: A Forearc Basin Response to Middle Cretaceous Tectonism in the California Convergent Margin

Tectonic reorganization induced by a rapid increase in plate motion ­obliquity and rate beginning at ca. 100 Ma affected California’s Andean-style convergent margin, with concomitant changes in the accretionary prism of the Franciscan Complex, the Great Valley forearc basin, and the Sierran continental arc. Using facies analysis and a combined provenance approach, we suggest that this ca. 100 Ma tectonic signal is preserved in a Cenomanian (Upper Cretaceous) boulder-conglomerate outcrop along the San Luis Reservoir (SLR) in the southern Great Valley, which represents the thickest and coarsest deep-water deposit ever described in the Great Valley Group (GVG). We document a 1.8-km-thick by 4-km-long depositional-dip profile of an interpreted SE-directed (axial) submarine channel system that is part of a conglomeratic package that stretches 20 km along the east-central Diablo Range. Our facies analysis of the SLR area documents five facies associations within four aggradational channel complex sets, followed by regional abandonment. Sandstone petrography and mudrock geochemical data suggest a dissected continental Sierra Nevadan arc source. Conglomerate clast counts show abundant ophiolitic-type clasts that may be derived from the Coast Range Ophiolite and/or the Western Sierra Nevada Metamorphic Belt. Detrital-­zircon geochronology data also indicate western and central Sierra Nevadan sources; however, we interpret an anomalous (relative to other Cenomanian localities) 105–95 Ma zircon population to indicate the initial erosional products from the volcanic carapace associated with the Late Cretaceous magmatic flare-up within the eastern Sierran arc. This flare-up has been linked to an increase in arc-parallel plate motion that induced deformation along shear zones in the eastern Sierra Nevada, allowing for widespread plutonism. Our provenance interpretation makes the SLR area the earliest Upper Cretaceous GVG locality to receive significant detritus from the flare-up, effectively linking tectonic plate motion changes and coarse-grained, deep-water forearc sedimentation.
[118-POS]: Validation of a maternal recall questionnaire for pregnancy complications associated with increased future risk for cardiovascular disease

Objectives To determine the most accurate questions for providers to ask patients when taking a history of pregnancy complications, as recommended by the 2011 American Heart Association’s (AHA) Guidelines for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Women. Methods A pregnancy recall questionnaire was administered to 971 patients who agreed to be contacted for future research after participating in a prospective, longitudinal cohort of 1608 pregnant women, initiating care between 2006 and 2009. The survey included several questions for each pregnancy complication, informed by a literature review and pilot study. Medical records from the study pregnancy were used as the gold standard. Prevalence, sensitivity (sens), specificity (spec), positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV) and/or Spearman’s correlation coefficients were calculated for each question. Results 54% (526) of individuals re-contacted responded. Responders were more likely to be older, white, educated, nulliparous, and deliver low birthweight infants at the time of the index pregnancy than non-responders. Mean length of recall was 4.35 years (SD 0.46) postpartum. The individual, binary questions, “Did you have gestational diabetes during the study pregnancy?” and “During the study pregnancy, did you have preeclampsia?” most accurately discriminated GDM (sens 92%, spec 98 %) and preeclampsia (sens 82%, spec 96%). The continuous questions, “What was the birthweight of the baby?” and “How many weeks pregnant were you when you delivered?” out-performed categorical questions for both birthweight (r = 0.95) and gestation length (r = 0.85). Conclusions This validated questionnaire demonstrates that the majority of women can accurately recall their pregnancy history, on average, more than 4 years post-partum. Further validation of this pregnancy recall instrument in other patient populations may be helpful for clinical application of the 2011 AHA recommendations in order to identify women at high risk of developing cardiovascular disease. Disclosures E.B. Carter: None. J.J. Stuart: None. L.V. Farland: None. J. Rich-Edwards: None. C. Zera: None. T.F. McElrath: None. E.W. Seely: None.
Stochastic SH Waves along a Frictional Interface

The reflection, refraction, and adsorption of a planar SH wave with stochastic time dependence at a frictionally bonded interface between elastic solids is considered. The incident stress wave is assumed to be a sample function from a zero-mean Gaussian random process with known power spectral density. Exact and approximate solutions are presented for the probability density functions of the transmitted and reflected stress waves and for the rate of slip at the interface. Results are also presented for the stationary and nonstationary mean-square values of these quantities, the mean energy flux partitioning between the various waves, and the mean rate of energy dissipation at the interface. It is shown that for small levels of incident stress, the interface behaves as though perfectly welded, but, for high levels, it behaves as though perfectly lubricated.
High‐Fidelity Microstructural Characterization and Performance Modeling of Aluminized Composite Propellant

Image processing and stereological techniques were used to characterize the heterogeneity of composite propellant and inform a predictive burn rate model. Composite propellant samples made up of ammonium perchlorate (AP), hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB), and aluminum (Al) were faced with an ion mill and imaged with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and x-ray tomography (micro-CT). Properties of both the bulk and individual components of the composite propellant were determined from a variety of image processing tools. An algebraic model, based on the improved Beckstead-Derr-Price model developed by Cohen and Strand, was used to predict the steady-state burning of the aluminized composite propellant. In the presented model the presence of aluminum particles within the propellant was introduced. The thermal effects of aluminum particles are accounted for at the solid-gas propellant surface interface and aluminum combustion is considered in the gas phase using a single global reaction. Properties derived from image processing were used directly as model inputs, leading to a sample-specific predictive combustion model.
Role of Neurobiological Factors

The study of the biology of aggression has always been limited by complex research issues and ethical limitations in performing human research. Early research relied on anecdotal reports in the literature and animal models. Anecdotal studies are inherently limited in their generalizability, as are animal studies which may reveal some basic mechanisms of aggression in more primitive animals but are unable to take into account those changes which occur in brain organization with the development of the more complex areas seen in human research. This research has more recently been enhanced by the introduction of neuroradiological devices which can measure the structure of the human brain (e.g., computed tomography [CT] and magnetic resonance imaging [MRI]) and the metabolic unction of the human brain (e.g., positron emission tomography [PET] and functional magnetic resonance imaging [fMRI]) in intact and live human brain, although not when they are showing violent tendencies. This chapter reviews the major trends in this research.
Corruption, state capture, and the effectiveness of anticorruption agency in post-communist Ethiopia

AbstractIn 2001, Ethiopia established a centralised anti-corruption agency (ACA), the Federal Ethics and Anti-corruption Commission (FEACC), purportedly to be used for curbing the rampant corruptio...
Framing Energy Efficiency with Payback Period: Empirical Study to Increase Energy Consideration during Facility Procurement Processes

AbstractThe federal government is the country’s largest energy user and government facilities are responsible for 40% of total energy emissions, yet traditional energy-efficiency methods are not re...
Enthusiasm curbed: Home value implications of curbside parking rights

While property rights assignment can be more politically acceptable than limiting access to public resources through higher costs, assigning property rights via residential permitting transfers the value of those resources to particular groups or individuals. This study quantifies the home value increase associated with transferring public parking spaces to residential permitting using spatially explicit difference-in-difference and triple-difference hedonic price models. Results suggest that homes within walking distance of a destination location—a large state university—increase in value by $31,000 after the introduction of residential parking policies that limit the ability of other citizens to commute and park near campus.
THE DESIGN OF THE ELMO BUMPY TORUS PROOF-OF-PRINCIPLE DEVICE

The ELMO Bumpy Torus Proof-of-Principle device, EBT-P, is a major scale up of all device parameters from the existing EBT-S experiment. This device is intended to yield sufficient information on critical issues to establish the validity of the EBT concept.
Wetland-Riparian Wildlife of the Mid-Atlantic Region: An Overview

The Mid-Atlantic Region (MAR) encompasses five major physiographic regions or ecoregions ranging from coastal habitats to mountainous terrain. It includes both unglaciated and glaciated sections. The topography is further differentiated and dissected by several major river basins draining into the Delaware, Susquehanna-Chesapeake, Ohio-Mississippi, and Great Lakes. The biological diversity of the MAR reflects this inherent habitat diversity, with wetland–riparian species well represented. Unfortunately, about 50% of the species of concern in the MAR also are dependent on wetlands, streams, rivers, and riparian areas. This array of diverse taxa is introduced here, with abundant links to prior studies and pub lications, and websites to guide the reader to these sources. In addition, we feature two “flagship species” that occupy and alter wetland–riparian ecosystems, respectively—river otter and beaver.
Multi-channel software-based MAC protocol for UWSNs

Communication in the underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) faces many challenges due to the acoustic wave characteristics. Acoustic wave has very limited bandwidth, long propagation delay, high bit error rate (BER), and unreliable communication compared to the radio wave. Therefore, media access control (MAC) protocols proposed in terrestrial wireless sensor networks (TWSNs) cannot be implemented underwater as TWSNs rely on radio waves and enables multiple transmissions at a time without causing a collision. Besides, underwater nodes operate in a half-duplex mode and only allows one transmission at a time. Designing an efficient MAC protocol for underwater time-sensitive applications, such as the oil/gas pipeline and climate change prediction applications is necessary. While each application has its own requirements, the software-based approach promises great enhancements to meet more than one application's requirements. The software-based approach allows us to reconfigure the variables through a software without additional hardware requirements. To address the above issues, this paper proposes a software-based MAC protocol that utilizes optical and acoustic wave for communication and allows multiple transmissions at a time in different directions. This study aims to maximize throughput, packet delivery ratio (PDR), network utilization while minimizing latency.
The nociceptive innervation of the normal and osteoarthritic mouse knee

Summary Objectives To document the nociceptive innervation of the normal and osteoarthritic murine knee. Methods Knees were collected from naive male C57BL/6 NaV1.8-tdTomato reporter mice aged 10, 26, and 52 weeks (n = 5/group). Destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM) or sham surgeries (n = 5/group) were performed in the right knee of 10-week old male NaV1.8-tdTomato mice, and knees were harvested 16 weeks later. Twenty 20-μm frozen sections from a 400-μm mid-joint region were collected for confocal microscopy. Integrated density of the tdTomato signal was calculated using Image J by two independent observers blinded to the groups. Consecutive sections were stained with hematoxylin & eosin. C57BL/6-Pirt-GCaMP3 mice (n = 5/group) and protein gene product 9.5 (PGP9.5) immunostaining of C57BL/6 wild type (WT) mice (n = 5/group) were used to confirm innervation patterns. Results In naive 10-week old mice, nociceptive innervation was most dense in bone marrow cavities, lateral synovium and at the insertions of the cruciate ligaments. By age 26 weeks, unoperated knees showed a marked decline in nociceptors in the lateral synovium and cruciate ligament insertions. No further decline was observed by age 1 year. Sixteen weeks after DMM, the medial compartment of OA knees exhibited striking changes in NaV1.8+ innervation, including increased innervation of the medial synovium and meniscus, and nociceptors in subchondral bone channels. All results were confirmed through quantification, also in Pirt-GCaMP3 and PGP9.5-immunostained WT mice. Conclusions Nociceptive innervation of the mouse knee markedly declines by age 26 weeks, before onset of spontaneous OA. Late-stage surgically induced OA is associated with striking plasticity of joint afferents in the medial compartment of the knee.
Court Rules on Acceptable Use of Professional Titles in Political Campaigns

In Serafine v. Branaman , 810 F.3d 354 (5th Cir. 2016), Dr. Mary Louise Serafine filed an appeal after the United States District Court for the Western District of Texas denied her claims that the Texas Psychologists' Licensing Act violated her First and Fourteenth Amendments by preventing her from
Association of change in muscle mass assessed by D3 -creatine dilution with changes in grip strength and walking speed.

BACKGROUND Muscle mass declines with age. However, common assessments used to quantify muscle mass are indirect. The D3 -creatine (D3 Cr) dilution method is a direct assessment of muscle mass; however, longitudinal changes have not been examined in relation to changes in other measures of muscle mass, strength, and performance. METHODS A convenience sample of 40 men from the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men Study (mean age = 83.3 years, standard deviation = 3.9) underwent repeat assessment of D3 Cr muscle mass, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) lean mass, grip strength, and walking speed at two time points approximately 1.6 years apart (2014-2016). One-sample t-tests and Pearson correlations were used to examine changes in DXA total body lean mass, DXA appendicular lean mass/height2 , DXA appendicular lean mass/weight, D3 Cr muscle mass, D3 Cr muscle mass/weight, grip strength, walking speed, and weight. RESULTS D3 -creatine muscle mass, D3 Cr muscle mass/weight, grip strength, and walking speed all significantly declined (all P 0.05). The change in D3 Cr muscle mass/weight was moderately correlated with change in walking speed (r = 0.33, P < .05). The change in grip strength was weakly correlated with the change in DXA measures of lean mass and D3 Cr muscle mass (r = 0.19-0.32). CONCLUSIONS The results of our study provide new insights regarding the decline in muscle strength and D3 Cr muscle mass. The D3 Cr method may be a feasible tool to measure declines in muscle mass over time.
Cell-type-specific dysregulation of RNA alternative splicing in short tandem repeat mouse knockin models of myotonic dystrophy

Short tandem repeats (STRs) are prone to expansion mutations that cause multiple hereditary neurological and neuromuscular diseases. To study pathomechanisms using mouse models that recapitulate the tissue specificity and developmental timing of an STR expansion gene, we used rolling circle amplification and CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing to generate Dmpk CTG expansion (CTGexp) knockin models of myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1). We demonstrate that skeletal muscle myoblasts and brain choroid plexus epithelial cells are particularly susceptible to Dmpk CTGexp mutations and RNA missplicing. Our results implicate dysregulation of muscle regeneration and cerebrospinal fluid homeostasis as early pathogenic events in DM1.
Gabapentin for Peri-Operative Pain Relief in Office Gynecological Surgery: A Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial

Background: This study aims to validate the use of gabapentin in peri-operative pain management for outpatient gynecological (GYN) office procedures using surgical abortion at gestational ages less than 24 weeks. Methods: We conducted a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of gabapentin in an ambulatory surgical abortion center. Eligible participants were patients 18 years of age and older, English or Spanish speaking, seeking a surgical elective abortion with pain management consisting of local anesthesia and intravenous sedation at gestational ages from 5 to 23 6/7 weeks. The study site was Birth Control Care Center, an affiliated clinic with the University of Nevada Las Vegas School of Medicine. Patients received routine pain control plus either placebo or gabapentin 600 mg 1 - 2 h prior to surgery. The primary outcome measured was post-operative pain scores using a 100-point (100 mm) visual analog scale at 5 min after the procedure. Additionally, pain scores were obtained at 30 min and 24 h post-procedure. Other secondary outcomes measured were nausea and vomiting at 5 min and 24 h post-procedure. Results: From May 2017 to March 2018, 219 patients were recruited to this study from 400 patients who were offered participation. A total of 109 were randomized to gabapentin and 110 were randomized to placebo. Demographic characteristics, pregnancy history and general health conditions were similar. Pain scores at 5 min, 30 min and 24 h after the procedure were not significantly different between arms (P = 0.28), though pain was reported to decrease between 30 min and 24 h post-procedure (P < 0.001) for both groups. Nausea and vomiting were also not significantly reduced in the gabapentin group (P = 0.32 and 0.47), respectively. Conclusions: Patients who received gabapentin, in combination with the routine intravenous pain control and local anesthesia for office-based surgical abortion did not experience less pain at 5 min, 30 min, nor at 24 h after the procedure, compared to the placebo group. Gabapentin did not appear to reduce pain at 24 h after the procedure and is therefore unlikely to reduce narcotic use in this clinic sample treated with intravenous (IV) sedation. Further, gabapentin was not useful to reduce nausea and vomiting post-operatively in this clinic sample. J Clin Gynecol Obstet. 2020;9(4):96-101 doi: https://doi.org/10.14740/jcgo689
Multi-Stage Capital Budgeting with Delayed Consumption of Slack

Capital budgeting frequently involves multiple stages at which firms can continue or abandon ongoing projects. In this paper, we study a project requiring two stages of investment. Failure to fund Stage 1 of the investment precludes investment in Stage 2, whereas failure to fund Stage 2 results in early termination. In contrast to the existing literature, we assume that the firm can limit the manager’s informational rents with the early termination of the project. In this setting, we find that the firm optimally commits to a capital allocation scheme whereby it forgoes positive NPV projects at Stage 1 (capital rationing), while at Stage 2, depending on the manager’s previous report, it sometimes implements projects with a negative continuation NPV but in other situations forgoes implementing projects with positive continuation NPVs.
Measuring How Administration Shapes Citizenship: A Policy Feedback Perspective on Performance Management

Governments increasingly require administrators to develop outcome measurements that reflect a program’s impact on society. But standard approaches to performance measurement have neglected the impact on citizenship outcomes—the individual civic capacities and dispositions and social bonds of civic reciprocity and trust. The concept is adapted from the growing policy feedback literature in political science, which offers strong empirical evidence that certain policies have measurable effects on citizenship outcomes such as political participation, social capital, a sense of civic belonging, and self-worth as a citizen. Using the Program Assessment Rating Tool as an example, the authors demonstrate the failure of performance assessments to consider the civic implications of public policies. They argue that performance management systems should focus on citizenship outcomes and offer a series of suggestions on how to measure such outcomes.
Negligence and Culpability: Reflections on Alexander and Ferzan

Philosophers of criminal punishment disagree about whether infliction of punishment for negligence can be morally justified. One contending view holds that it cannot be because punishment requires culpability and culpability requires, at a minimum, advertence to the facts that make one’s conduct wrongful. Larry Alexander and Kim Ferzan are prominent champions of this position. This essay challenges that view and their arguments for it. Invoking a conceptual distinction between an agent’s being blameworthy for an act and their deserving punishment (or suffering) for that act, it explains that an agent can be blameworthy for negligent conduct, and thus liable to reasonable blaming practices, even if negligence is not culpable, hence not sufficient to ground negative desert. Turning from conceptual inquiry to substantive questions of political morality, it then argues that a faulty actor’s lack of culpability does not render them immune from just punishment, but does significantly limit the severity of punishment that may be inflicted, for punishment should not be disproportionately severe relative to an agent’s culpability in relation to wrongdoing.
Best Practices for Evidentiary Hearings Outside the Administrative Procedure Act

Federal administrative agencies conduct a vast number of evidentiary hearings outside the Administrative Procedure Act (APA). These non-APA evidentiary hearings have often been described as “informal adjudication” and assumed to be procedurally unprotected. This picture is false. Evidentiary hearings outside the APA are not “informal adjudication.” Indeed, many of them are quite as formal, and often more formal, than APA hearings. They are surrounded by ample procedural protections provided by regulations and differ from APA hearings only because they are presided over by administrative judges (AJs) rather than administrative law judges (ALJs). The three-fold mission of this article is to persuade the reader to stop calling non-APA evidentiary hearings “informal adjudication,” to bring into focus the rich network of protections for such hearings provided by procedural regulations, and to provide a catalog of best practices for such regulations.
Internal structure of spiral arms traced with [C II]: Unraveling the warm ionized medium, H I, and molecular emission lanes

Context. The spiral arm tangencies are ideal lines of sight in which to determine the distribution of interstellar gas components in the spiral arms and study the influence of spiral density waves on the interarm gas in the Milky Way. [C ii] emission in the tangencies delineates the warm ionized component and the photon-dominated regions and is thus an important probe of spiral arm structure and dynamics. Aims. We aim to use [C ii], H i ,a nd 12 CO spectral line maps of the Crux, Norma, and Perseus tangencies to analyze the internal structure of the spiral arms in different gas layers. Methods. We used [C ii] l-V maps along with those for H i and 12 CO to derive the average spectral line intensity profiles over the longitudinal range of each tangency. Using the VLSR of the emission features, we located the [C ii], H i ,a nd 12 CO emissions along a cross cut of the spiral arm. We used the [C ii] velocity profile to identify the compressed warm ionized medium (WIM) in the spiral arm. Results. We present a large-scale (∼15 ◦ ) position-velocity map of the Galactic plane in [C ii] from l = 326. ◦ 6 to 341. 4 observed with Herschel HIFI. In the spectral line profiles at the tangencies, [C ii] has two emission peaks, one associated with the compressed WIM and the other the molecular gas photon-dominated regions. When represented as a cut across the inner to outer edge of the spiral arm, the [C ii]‐WIM peak appears closest to the inner edge while 12 CO and [C ii] associated with molecular gas are at the outermost edge. H i has broader emission with an intermediate peak located nearer to that of 12 CO. Conclusions. The velocity-resolved spectral line data of the spiral arm tangencies unravel the internal structure in the arms locating the emission lanes within them. We interpret the excess [C ii] near the tangent velocities as shock compression of the WIM induced by the spiral density waves and as the innermost edge of spiral arms. For the Norma and Perseus arms, we estimate widths of ∼250 pc in [C ii]‐WIM and ∼400 pc in 12 CO and overall spiral arm widths of ∼500 pc in [C ii ]a nd 12 CO emissions; in H i the widths are ∼400 pc and ∼620 pc for Perseus and Norma, respectively. The electron densities in the WIM are ∼0.5 cm −3 , about an order of magnitude higher than the average for the disk. The enhanced electron density in the WIM is a result of compression of the WIM by the spiral density wave potential.
Neural Mechanisms and Eye Growth Control

Neural mechanisms regulate postnatal ocular growth and may at least partly underlie the development of refractive errors. The broad species susceptibility to form deprivation myopia and the appropriate eye growth responses to the wearing of defocussing lenses in chicks, and perhaps monkeys, link retinal image quality, and hence the nervous system, with postnatal ocular development. The altered metabolism of retinal dopamine in form-deprivation myopia, in altered eye growth with lens wear, in recovery from myopia, and in asymmetric vitreous cavity growth from hemi-goggle wear, taken with the lessening of experimental myopia by local administration of dopamine agonists, potentially implicate dopaminergic amacrine cells in the neural circuitry linking vision and eye growth control. Other pharmacologic mechanisms, not as extensively studied, also suggest a role for specific and perhaps interacting subtypes of retinal amacrine cells.