cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Extracellular pH in the isolated retina of the toad in darkness and during illumination.

1. Extracellular pH (pHo) was measured in the isolated retina preparation of the toad, Bufo marinus, using H(+)-selective microelectrodes. During superfusion with phosphate-buffered solution (pH 7.8), which had a low buffering capacity, pHo in the inner retina was 7.0-7.2 and there was a pHo gradient throughout the distal retina and into the bathing solution. 2. The retinal acidity appears to be due in part to the combined reactions of glycolysis and ATP hydrolysis, since anoxia greatly increased the pHo gradient, while superfusion with either glucose-free pyruvate solution or strophanthidin decreased this gradient. 3. Maintained illumination evoked both an acidification in the proximal retina and an alkalinization in the distal retina. Blocking synaptic transmission to second-order neurones (1.0 mM-aspartate) decreased the acidification but had little effect on the alkalinization, consistent with the notion that the alkalinization is of receptoral origin, while the acidification is of post-receptoral origin. 4. Retinal neurones extrude a significant amount of acid via Na(+)-H+ exchange, since 2.0 mM-amiloride, a blocker of Na(+)-H+ exchange, caused a sustained alkalinization in darkness and decreased the light-evoked changes in pHo, while 1.0 mM-4-acetamido-4'-isothiocyanatostilbene-2.2'-disulphonic acid (SITS), a blocker of Cl(-)-HCO3- exchange, produced a much smaller alkalinization. 5. Switching to a bicarbonate-buffered solution having a 75 times greater buffering capacity than the phosphate-buffered solution caused retinal pHo to become less acidic and significantly decreased the amplitude of the light-evoked pHo changes. 6. Addition of 2.0 mM-acetazolamide, a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, to the bicarbonate-buffered solution increased both the pHo gradient and the light-evoked changes in pHo. These data are consistent with the idea that carbonic anhydrase, which is concentrated in Muller (glial) cells and to a lesser extent in horizontal cells, increases the effectiveness of the bicarbonate buffer system. 7. Switching from bicarbonate-buffered to phosphate-buffered solutions attenuated the b-wave of the electroretinogram, most likely by acidifying pHo. Overall, our results emphasize the importance of the bicarbonate buffer system in buffering pHo during periods of variable acid extrusion in light and in darkness.
Videomagnetograph studies of solar magnetic fields. II - Field changes in an active region

Using the Caltech videomagnetograph, we obtained a 61/2 h movie of the magnetic fields in a young active region. The major contribution to the short term magnetic evolution of the region was provided by many discrete magnetic points which move in apparently random directions with typical velocities of 0.4–1.0 km s−1. The majority of these features appear to be footpoints of new EFR's, which emerge at an observed rate of one to two per hour. The pattern of the motions suggests that the magnetic evolution of a growing region cannot be principally due to photospheric convective cells.
Ultra-Precision Linear Actuator for optical systems

The Ultra-Precision Linear Actuator presented in this paper was developed for the Next Generation Space Telescopes' (NGST) primary mirror surface figure control. The development was a joint effort between Alson E. Hatheway, Inc (AEH) and Moog, Schaeffer Magnetics Division (SMD). The goal of this project was to demonstrate an extremely light weight, relatively high stiffness actuator capable of operating uniformly well over the range of 20°K to 300°K and achieving diffraction-limited performance (±10 nm) in the optical band for weeks at a time, while consuming no electrical power and dissipating no heat. The essence of the design challenge was to develop a lightweight, high stiffness, low power, thermally stable linear positioning mechanism. Actuation systems with resolutions comparable to that of this design normally are operated in a closed-loop control system to compensate for any non-linearities and hysteresis inherent in their enabling technologies, such as piezoelectric and magnetostrictive transducers. These technologies require continuous application of power and therefore are not low power consumption devices. The development challenge was met through the use of Alson E. Hatheway's (AEH) patented Rubicon tm elastic transducer which consists of two elastic elements; a soft spring and a stiff flexural member. Deflection of the soft spring applies a force input to the stiff flexure, which responds with a proportionally reduced output deflection. To maintain linearity, the displacements, and hence the stresses, developed in both elastic members are kept well below the elastic yield strength of the material. The AEH transducer is inherently linear and hysteresis free.
Glaucomatous damage of the macula

There is a growing body of evidence that early glaucomatous damage involves the macula. The anatomical basis of this damage can be studied using frequency domain optical coherence tomography (fdOCT), by which the local thickness of the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) and local retinal ganglion cell plus inner plexiform (RGC+) layer can be measured. Based upon averaged fdOCT results from healthy controls and patients, we show that: 1. For healthy controls, the average RGC+ layer thickness closely matches human histological data; 2. For glaucoma patients and suspects, the average RGC+ layer shows greater glaucomatous thinning in the inferior retina (superior visual field (VF)); and 3. The central test points of the 6° VF grid (24-2 test pattern) miss the region of greatest RGC+ thinning. Based upon fdOCT results from individual patients, we have learned that: 1. Local RGC+ loss is associated with local VF sensitivity loss as long as the displacement of RGCs from the foveal center is taken into consideration; and 2. Macular damage is typically arcuate in nature and often associated with local RNFL thinning in a narrow region of the disc, which we call the macular vulnerability zone (MVZ). According to our schematic model of macular damage, most of the inferior region of the macula projects to the MVZ, which is located largely in the inferior quadrant of the disc, a region that is particularly susceptible to glaucomatous damage. A small (cecocentral) region of the inferior macula, and all of the superior macula (inferior VF), project to the temporal quadrant, a region that is less susceptible to damage. The overall message is clear; clinicians need to be aware that glaucomatous damage to the macula is common, can occur early in the disease, and can be missed and/or underestimated with standard VF tests that use a 6° grid, such as the 24-2 VF test.
Effect of prostaglandins on guinea pig myocardial adenyl cyclase

Abstract Recent evidence indicates that the prostaglandins have direct effects on the heart. Since the positive inotropic and chronotropic effects of other hormones are thought to be mediated by the adenyl cyclase-cyclic 3′,5′-AMP system, we examined the effects of the prostaglandins on adenyl cyclase in the particulate fraction of guinea pig heart homogenates. PGE 1 increased the accumulation of cyclic AMP over the concentration range 1 × 10 −11 M to 1 × 10 −9 M . Half maximal activity was approximately 4 × 10 −10 M a value almost 100,000 times smaller than that obtained with norepinephrine in this same preparation and equivalent to estimated values in human plasma. PGE 1 at the peak of its dose response curve produced approximately a 70% increase in cyclic AMP accumulation as compared to 100% for norepinephrine. Two other postaglandins, PGE 2 and PGA 1 , at 1 × 10 −4 M produced increases in cyclic AMP of similar magnitude in the guinea pig whereas PGF 1α and PGF 2α were inactive. In addition, DL-propranolol, 1 × 10 −5 M did not abolish the activation of adenyl cyclase produced by PGE 1 , 1 × 10 −5 M but did abolish the activation produced by 5 × 10 −5 M norepinephrine. Combined maximal doses of PGE 1 and norepinephrine did not produce additive effects on cyclic AMP accumulation. The data suggests that there are separate receptors on one adenyl cyclase in the guinea pig heart, one responsive to prostaglandins the other to norepinephrine.
Aneurysm of a Nonpatent Ductus Arteriosus. An Unusual Cause of Mediastinal Mass

A case of aneurysm of a nonpatent ductus arteriosus is reported. The importance of its recognition is emphasized in the differential diagnosis of any superior mediastinal mass which is being considered for exploratory thoracotomy. The patient also had a large ventricular aneurysm which was diagnosed 12 years after his myocardial infarction. Neither aneurysm was symptomatic. This case is not only the first one of aneurysm of a nonpatent ductus arteriosus to be diagnosed during life, (although the fifth in the literature), but also the only one in which coexistence of aneurysm of ductus arteriosus and ventricular aneurysm has been reported.
Local Oscillator Distribution Using a Geostationary Satellite

A satellite communication system suitable for distribution of local oscillator reference signals for a widely spaced microwave array has been developed and tested experimentally. The system uses a round-trip correction method to remove effects of atmospheric fluctuations and radial motion of the satellite. This experiment was carried out using Telstar-5, a commercial Ku-band geostationary satellite. A typical Ku-band satellite has uplink and downlink capacity at 14– 14.5 GHz and 11.7–12.2 GHz, respectively. For this initial experiment, both earth stations were located at the same site to facilitate direct comparison of the received signals. The local oscillator reference frequency was chosen to be 300 MHz and was sent as the difference between two Ku-band tones. The residual error after applying the round trip correction has been measured to be better than 3 ps for integration times ranging from 1 to 2000 s. For integration times greater than 500 s, the system outperforms a pair of hydrogen masers with the limitation believed to be ground-based equipment phase stability. The idea of distributing local oscillators using a geostationary satellite is not new; several researchers experimented with this technique in the eighties, but the achieved accuracywas 3 to 100 times worse than the present results. Since then, the cost of both leased satellite bandwidth and the Ku-band ground equipment has dropped substantially and the performance of various components has improved. An important factor is the availability of narrow bands which can be leased on a communications satellite. We lease three 100 kHz bands at approximately one hundredth the cost of a full 36 MHz-wide transponder. Further tests of the system using terminals separated by large distances and comparison tests with two hydrogen masers and radio interferometry of astronomical objects are needed.
Prostatic mucinous carcinoma.

Abstract Four criteria are proposed for establishing the pathologic diagnosis of prostatic mucinous carcinoma. Twenty-one reported cases of this rare tumor are reviewed, and a new case is presented. The clinical and pathologic features of 16 authentic cases are analyzed.
Albumin and Australian frogs: molecular data a challenge to speciation model.

Vertebrate speciation in the southwest of Australia has long been viewed as resulting from multiple invasions of eastern source stocks during the Pleistocene. Microcomplement fixation studies of serum albumin evolution in frogs of the genus Heleioporus provide the first hard data on age and phylogenetic relationships among species in this genus and lead to rejection of the multiple invasion model in favor of speciation occurring in Western Australia. The albumin molecular clock was used to estimate that the species divergences in this genus occurred between 4 million to 12 million years ago in the late Tertiary (Pliocene-Miocene), rather than in the Quaternary (the last 2 million years) .
Alteration of wettability and inhibition of corrosion in narrow aluminium 7075 gaps by thin polymer films

The admicellar polymerization process was adapted to deposit polystyrene (PS) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) onto aluminium 7075 surfaces. Characterization of the films was performed using FTIR spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. Dynamic contact angles confirmed the hydrophobic nature of modified aluminium substrates. Artificial crevices made from coated aluminium 7075 coupons were developed to simulate the crevices formed on aircraft. Water uptake measurements showed that PS delayed water penetration in the crevices for almost 4 h. Accelerated corrosion tests revealed the protective characteristics of PMMA. Image analysis was used to quantify the extent of corrosion in the crevice.
Measurement and modeling of beam wander

We investigate the effects of beam wander on an uncorrected laser system. The goal is to enable an accurate assessment of irradiance at a receiver or target for a shipboard laser system, and in this paper we show that a maritime surface layer turbulence model is important for an accurate vertical profile. The approach is to provide an appropriate and flexible hybrid between high fidelity surface layer similarity theory model and a parametric regression-based model.
Simulations and experiments on capillary optics for x-ray microbeams

ABSTRACT We describe simulations and experiments with straight and tapered glass capillaries for 5keV—25keV x-rays. Effects of tiltingcapillaries on the exiting pattern of x-rays have been investigated in experiments and simulations. The simulations haveemployed two dimensional ray tracing. We have also used simulations to investigate effects of source-to-capillary distance aid ofsource size on transmitted x-ray flux for straight and tapered capillaries. A system using x-ray microbeams for spatially resolvedmapping of microstrucwre, strain, and composition is also briefly described.Keywords: capillary optics, ray tracing, microdiffraction, x-ray microbeams1. Thfl'RODUCTIONGlass capillaries have been used to form small diameter x-ray beams for diffraction and fluorescence measwements withmonochromatic or white radiation. Straight and tapered capifianes have been used to confme and concentrate x-rays fromconventional and synchrotron sources. In 1934 Nahring1 used straight capillaries of 100un inner diameter (ID) and 8cm to10cm length to reduce incident beam divergence losses and exposure times in comparison with pinhole collimation in obtainingDebye-Scherrer and Laue x-ray diffraction patterns. In the early 1950's Hirsch and Kellar2 conducted x-ray microbeamdiffraction experiments using straight glass capillaries of 35pzn ID and 3mm length to collimate x-ray beams, but because of theshortcapillarylengths there was little concentration by external reflection. In 1988, Stern et al. described how linearly taperedcapillaries could be used for improved concentration in forming small x-ray beams, and they demonstrated the concenirationobtained with a 0.88mm ID, 64cm long straight capillary. Further, they explained how greater concentration could be obtainedwith tapered capillaries. Thiel et ai.' produced x-ray beams with diameters as small as 3j.un using tapered glass capillaries andsynchrotron radiation, and they modeled the confinement and concentration of x-rays in these capillaries using ray-tracingsimulations. More recently Bilderback et al. have used tapered glass capillaries to produce x-ray beams of less than 0.1tmdiameter. Yamamoto et ai67 have used ellipsoidally tapered capillaries with a microfocus x-ray source for white beamdiffraction measurements of strain with 0.8im spatial resolution. Wang et ai.8 have described synchrotron-basedmicrodiffraction strain measurements using capillary optics, white radiation, and an energy dispersive x-ray detector. In thispaper, we describe ray-tracing simulations and analytical calculations for straight and linearly tapered capillaries, andexperiments with capillaries using x-rays from synchrotron and conventional sources.
Reduction of l-waves to s-waves for central potentials

Abstract It is shown that, for any central potential V(r) and any angular momentum l, it is possible to construct an “s-equivalent” potential V (r) , such that the s-wave amplitude for V is exactly equal to the l-wave amplitude for V. We use this result to prove that the enhancement factor in the theory of final-state interactions is greater or less than 1 according as V corresponds to an attractive or repulsive force.
On the least time suboptimal control of nonlinear processes

Abstract A design procedure is presented leading to a least time suboptimal feedback control law for nonlinear systems in the presence of “small disturbances”. The proposed method is based on the theory developed for a small-deviation suboptimal control law for the case of linear systems. To clarify the method, a problem of guiding an aircraft to a terminal take-off area in the least time is given as a simulation example.
USE OF CRUMB RUBBER TO IMPROVE THERMAL EFFICIENCY OF CEMENT-BASED MATERIALS

Motivated by the tremendous trend toward green environment and to reduce the effect of scrap tires on the environment and human health, this research is an a ttempt to find a practical and environmentally soun d solution of the problem of scrap tires by developin g a light weight with low thermal conductivity comp osite construction materials using waste tires. A few lit eratures may be found about the effect of crumb rub ber on thermal conductivity of mortar. Thus, in this resea rch project, an experimental program was establishe d to investigate the effect of the amount and size of cr umb rubber (rubber obtained from recycling scrap ti res) on the thermal properties of mortar. Four levels of cr umb rubber addition: 10, 20, 30 and 40% and three s izes of crumb rubber (#30, #10_20 and a combination of both sizes) were considered to make twelve different mixtures of the rubberized mortar. Specially design ed and constructed heat transfer measurement device was used to measure thermal conductivity of the spe cimens. Results were used to determine the optimal amount of crumb rubber that gives the least thermal conductivity, which directly related to the improv ement in thermal resistance of concrete mixtures. It was found that the size and the amount of crumb rubber had an effect on thermal properties of the specimens inves tigated. The thermal conductivity of rubberized mor tar was decreased by 28% when crumb rubber #10_20 was used. It was also found that #10_20 crumb rubber had more effect on the thermal conductivity reducti on than #30 crumb rubbers. An empirical equation is proposed to predict thermal conductivity of rubberi zed mortar.
The hypermetabolism organ failure complex.

Multisystem organ failure remains the predominant cause of death in the surgical intensive care unit. What used to be thought of as isolated organ failure, such as adult respiratory distress syndrome, is now seen as part of the systemic response to injury and of a systemic injury and repair process. Sepsis has become the systemic inflammatory response to invading microorganisms; the same response is now recognized after severe perfusion deficits and in the presence of continuing sources of dead and injured tissue. Once present, the organ failure syndrome continues to have a high mortality rate. From a treatment perspective, it is being recognized that there is probably no “magic bullet”; that regimens will probably be time-dependent and “multiple-drug”; and that the best treatment is prevention. Malnutrition, as a distinct entity from the changes in body composition that occur as a result of disease process, has become a recognized co-factor in patients with persistent hypermetabolism. In addition, the metabolic processes of hypermetabolism have become increasingly well defined and understood. The result of these 2 processes has been the development of metabolic support principles that are distinct from those of nutritional support and are designed to prevent the end-organ changes of malnutrition, prevent the development of substrate-limited metabolism, to support organ structure and function, and to arrest the metabolic processes. The current state of the art has been to learn to do no harm, an outcome reasonably achieved. In addition, several beneficial results have been recognized, including new substrate techniques to better support total body protein synthesis, hepatic protein synthesis, and energy production. Techniques to better support organ structure and function are currently being tested. No techniques are currently available to control proteolysis and the redistribution of skeletal muscle nitrogen. A great deal of research is necessary in this field which is still in its infancy.
Repeat megavoltage irradiation of pituitary and suprasellar tumors.

Abstract From 1965 to 1984, ten patients with suprasellar or pituitary tumors received repeat courses of radiation therapy at the Joint Radiation Oncology Center of the University of Pittsburgh. The radiation doses varied between 36.00 to 53.65 Gy for the first treatment course and from 35.00 to 49.60 Gy for retreatment. Six patients were treated for pituitary tumors, two for germinoma, one for optic glioma, and one for craniopharyngioma. One died of disease progression 19 years after a second course of radiation. Two patients were dead of intercurrent disease 0.2 and 1.5 years after repeat radiation. The remainder are free of disease progression 1.6 to 20.5 years after repeat irradiation. Optic neuropathy developed in one patient 1.3 years following a second course of treatment to 40 Gy in 20 fractions administered 7.5 years after initial treatment to 46 Gy in 23 fractions. Neither the Nominal Standard Dose nor the Neuret formula provided an adequate estimate of the repair of radiation. An estimation that 40% of the original radiation dose effect is still present appears to be a reasonable “rule of thumb” guideline to account for prior radiotherapy.
Percutaneous retrieval of a fractured biliary guidewire from a reduced liver graft.

We describe a unique case of percutaneous retrieval of a broken guidewire in the biliary tree of a patient with a biliary stricture following liver transplantation with a reduced segment 2, 3 graft, using an Amplatz “goose-neck” snare.
Multistable self-trapping of light and multistable soliton pulse propagation

It is demonstrated that a nonlinear Schrodinger equation with certain nonlinearities allows for an existence of multistate single solitons (i.e., single solitons with the same carried power but different propagation parameters). In nonlinear optics, these solitons may exist either in the form of short bistable pulses, or bistable self-trapping (both two- and three-dimensional).
Unnatural selection: Effects of a male-focused size-selective fishery on reproductive potential of a blue crab population

A male-focused size-selective fishery, like the one targeting the blue crab (Callinectes sapidus Rathbun) along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the U.S., has the potential to reduce the average size of the males in the population, reduce the density of males in the population, and/or raise the ratio of females to males. All of these may affect the mating dynamics of the population by reducing the amount of sperm that males provide to females and decreasing the number of males available for copulation. We investigated the effect of the fishery on a blue crab population in upper Chesapeake Bay by collecting crabs in areas of markedly different fishing pressure. Crabs were taken as individuals and as mating pairs, which permitted assessing the size of males currently mating in nature, and the seminal resources they possess and transfer to females. Average size of males in subpopulations that have been subjected to heavier fishing pressure is indeed smaller, and the smaller males pass less sperm and accessory fluid to females than would larger males if they were still present. Some males in pre-copulatory pairs are as sperm depleted as males that had just completed copulation, indicating that they are mating more frequently than they can replace their seminal resources. The most sperm-depleted males in the population are not even pairing or attempting to mate.
Mammographic unit compression force: acceptance test and quality control protocols.

Firm compression of the breast in screen-film mammography procedures lowers the radiation dose to patients, enhances image contrast and definition, and improves visibility of pathologic conditions. Most mammography unit compression systems have no force-level indicator. Some systems show force variations with time and others, with angle and region of the compression device. Still other systems give poorly reproducible compression-force levels, and in one unit the force release mechanism jammed repeatedly. Detailed procedures for initial acceptance testing and continuing quality control checks are listed. Recommended measurements include levels of manual and automatic applied force, stability, reproducibility, and dependence on angulation and breast size and evaluation of operation of release mechanisms. Also necessary are observations of the condition and operation of the compression system. Test equipment is described and measurement frequency is specified, as well as suggested tolerance limits. Manufact...
Enhancing effect of troglitazone on porcine adipocyte differentiation in primary culture: a comparison with dexamethasone.

OBJECTIVE This study compares the effects of the thiazolidinedione, troglitazone (TGZ), dexamethasone (DEX), and DEX plus TGZ on preadipocyte differentiation and the expression of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-alpha (C/ EBPalpha) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma). RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES Adipose tissue was obtained from postnatal pigs to isolate stromal-vascular cells. First, we applied 1, 5, or 10 microM TGZ and 10% fetal bovine serum for 3 days and counted the number of recruited preadipocytes. Next, we used either 10 microM TGZ, 80 nM DEX, or DEX plus TGZ with 10% fetal bovine serum for 3 days and then switched to serum-free medium with insulin for 6 days. On day 3 of culture, we counted preadipocytes, and on days 3 and 6 of culture, we performed immunostaining and Western blot analysis to determine the expression of C/EBPalpha and PPARgamma proteins. On day 9 of culture, we stained for lipids with oil red-O and measured the activity of glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase. RESULTS DEX and TGZ equally enhanced recruitment of preadipocytes and late differentiation, but these effects were not additive with DEX plus TGZ treatment. However, TGZ and DEX had a differential effect on morphogenesis; DEX-treated adipocytes were larger and organized in loose clusters, whereas TGZ-treated cells were smaller and formed compact clusters. Both agents increased C/EBPalpha expression but in a temporally distinct manner. DEX was a better inducer than TGZ, and its effect was early and temporary. However, treatment with either TGZ or DEX did not change PPARgamma protein expression as evaluated by a Western blotting, but immunocytochemistry showed a tendency for increased numbers of PPARgamma positive cells. DISCUSSION TGZ and DEX equally enhance early and late adipocyte differentiation, possibly by using some common pathways for preadipocyte recruitment. The differential effect on morphogenesis implies a potential differential effect on the expression of extracellular matrix components. C/EBPalpha may be the critical transcription factor involved in TGZ- and DEX-induced adipogenesis.
Reactions of the rhenacarborane [N(PPh3)2]2[Re(CO)3(η5-7-CB10H11)] with pentamethylcyclopentadienylrhodium and - iridium complexes

The rhenium salt [N(PPh3)2]2[Re(CO)3(η5-7-CB10H11)] (1a) reacts with the group 9 transition-metal complexes [M(NCMe)3(η5-C5Me5)][BF4]2 (M = Rh, Ir) to form neutral binuclear metal compounds [ReM(CO...
Preparation of Tunable 3D Pillared Carbon Nanotube–Graphene Networks for High-Performance Capacitance

We have developed a rational strategy for creating the 3D pillared vertically aligned carbon nanotube (VACNT)-graphene architectures by intercalated growth of VACNTs into thermally expanded highly ordered pyrolytic graphite (HOPG). By controlling the fabrication process, the length of the VACNT pillars can be tuned. In conjunction with the electrodeposition of nickel hydroxide to introduce the pseudocapacitance, these 3D pillared VACNT–graphene architectures with a controllable nanotube length were demonstrated to show a high specific capacitance and remarkable rate capability, and they significantly outperformed many electrode materials currently used in the state-of-the-art supercapacitors.
Study of manganese accumulation in ion implanted GaAs influenced by Fermi energy and annealing technique

The redistribution of Mn during post‐implantation annealing in bulk semi‐insulating GaAs and GaAs vapor phase epitaxial buffer layers is studied by secondary ion mass spectrometry for Si, Se, and Cd implanted materials annealed capless in an As4‐H2 atmosphere. The secondary ion mass spectrometry chemical profiles are correlated to the electrical profiles of the implanted layers and agree with the stages of approach toward equilibrium during annealing. We have developed a model for Mn diffusing by an interstitial‐substitutional mechanism and one that agrees with the relative amount and type of implantation damage due to stoichiometric disturbances generated during the implantation process. Mn accumulation caused by differences between donor and acceptor implants, the effects of annealing temperature, time, and atmosphere are discussed. The implant fluences used in this investigation are appropriate for GaAs field‐effect transistor device applications.
Monitoring tool wear during wood machining with acoustic emission

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine the degree of change in acoustic emission (AE) during cutting as a cutter tool was worn. AE is defined as the stress or pressure waves generated during dynamic processes in materials and is generated during fracture, delamination, deformation and distortion of wood during cutting. Previous work has shown that AE is sensitive to changes in the chip formation process and therefore could be used to monitor continuously the state of the cutting process. For this study a single-point cutting tool was worn by turning a green-white fir ( Abies concolor (Gord. and Glend.) Lindl.) log on an engine lathe equipped with an automatic feed. The relationship between the AE output and the amount of wood cut was close to linear in the initial stages of the blade wear. As the blade became severely worn, the AE levels dropped dramatically and an asymptotic relationship between the two variables became evident.
Pesticides in urban streams and early life stages of pacific coho salmon

Pesticides are frequently detected in urban streams and are believed to be primarily the result of homeowner use. Although concentrations in most cases are low (<1 µg/L), there is concern that pesticide inputs threaten efforts to restore and enhance salmon habitat. The authors exposed early life stages of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) to a pesticide mixture (“cocktail”) representative of those pesticides most frequently reported in urban streams in western Washington State, USA. Life stages were continuously exposed to pulses of the cocktail simulating those in urban streams in fall and winter when coho salmon eggs and sac fry are present. Nominal concentrations of eight herbicides, two insecticides, a fungicide, and a breakdown product were the maximum detected. Fertilization, hatching success, survival, deformities, and growth of fry were not significantly affected. A reduction in fertilization success (19–25%) was not reproducible even when gametes were exposed to 100 times the maximum concentrations detected. Based on the end points examined in the present study, the results suggest that direct exposure to the pesticides most frequently detected in urban streams in western Washington does not impair early life stages of coho salmon and is not a major factor governing the recovery of salmon populations. The extent to which pesticide exposure would affect smoltification, outmigration, and ocean survival needs to be determined. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2013;32:920–931. © 2013 SETAC
Steady-state and flow-injection response of a metallic silver electrode for potentiometric detection of metal cyanide complex formartion

Abstract A metallic silver electrode provides a potentiometric response to Ag(I), Hg(II), Fe(III), Cu(II), Zn(II), Co(II) and Ni(II) ions, and large changes in the electrode potential of up to 400 mV are observed when these ions are injected into a 0.29 mM soulution of cyanide ion. Injection 10-μl aliquots into a reagent stream with a cyanide concentration of 0.1 mM is shown to give the expected sigmoidal-shaped response curve for peak height as a function of metal ion concentration. Sub-nanomole quantities of metal ions are detectable with a peak height of ca. 20 mV, depending on the cyanide concentration.
THE EFFECT OF ADVERTISING ON THE PROPENSITY TO CONSUME

SUMMARY That advertising and other sales promotion increases consumption and the propensity to consumes is commonly assumed by both economists and trade apologists. But because promotion demonstrably increases demand for particular products and brands is not sufficient evidence that it increases aggregate demand. Rather, promotion might only redistribute purchases among products and brands. This paper considers the plausibility of the possibilities that promotion does and does not affect the propensity to consume, adducing both argument and empirical evidence. There is a slight amount of shaky evidence to suggest that, on balance, promotion does affect consumption levels.
Phonon-Based Position Determination in SuperCDMS iZIP Detectors

SuperCDMS is currently operating a 10-kg array of cryogenic germanium detectors in the Soudan Underground Laboratory to search for weakly interacting massive particles, a leading dark matter candidate. These detectors, known as iZIPs, measure ionization and athermal phonons from particle interactions with sensors on both sides of a Ge crystal. The ionization signal can be used to efficiently tag events at high radius and near the top and bottoms surfaces, where diminished charge collection can cause events to mimic WIMP-induced nuclear recoils. Using calibration data taken with a $$^{206}$$ Pb source underground at Soudan, we demonstrate rejection of surface events of $$(4.5 \pm 0.9) \times 10^{-4}$$ with 46 % acceptance of nuclear recoils using the phonon signal only. We also show with $$^{133}$$ Ba calibration data underground that the phonon channels can efficiently identify events near the sidewall. This phonon-based approach can also be extended to lower energies than the ionization-based position reconstruction.
The politics of military rule in Brazil, 1964-85

The largest and most important country in Latin America, Brazil was the first to succumb to the military coups that struck that region in the 1960s and the early 1970s. In this authoritative study, Thomas E. Skidmore, one of America's leading experts on Latin America and, in particular, on Brazil, offers the first analysis of more than two decades of military rule, from the overthrow of Joao Goulart in 1964, to the return of democratic civilian government in 1985 with the presidency of Jose Sarney. A sequel to Skidmore's highly acclaimed Politics in Brazil, 1930-1964, this volume explores the military rule in depth. Why did the military depose Goulart? What kind of "economic miracle" did their technocrats fashion? Why did General Costa e Silva's attempts to "humanize the Revolution" fail, only to be followed by the most repressive regime of the period? What led Generals Geisel and Golbery to launch the liberalization that led to abertura? What role did the Brazilian Catholic Church, the most innovative in the Americas, play? How did the military government respond in the early 1980s to galloping inflation and an unpayable foreign debt? Skidmore concludes by examining the early Sarney presidency and the clues it may offer for the future. Will democratic governments be able to meet the demands of urban workers and landless peasants while maintaining economic growth and international competitiveness? Can Brazil at the same time control inflation and service the largest debt in the developing world? Will its political institutions be able to represent effectively an electorate now three times larger than in 1964? What role will the military play in the future? In recent years, many Third World nations-Argentina, the Philippines, and Uruguay, among others-have moved from repressive military regimes to democratic civilian governments. Skidmore's study provides insight into the nature of this transition in Brazil and what it may tell about the fate of democracy in the Third World.
DO SCHOOLS CHEAT MINORITY CHILDREN

Large representative samples of Negro and Mexican‐American children from kindergarten to eighth grade in largely de facto segregated schools were compared with white children in the same California school district on a comprehensive battery of tests of mental abilities and of scholastic achievement, in addition to personality inventories and indices of socio‐economic and cultural disadvantage. It was found that when certain ability and background factors, over which the schools have little or no influence, are statistically controlled, there are no appreciable differences between the scholastic achievements (as measured by the Stanford Achievement Tests) of minority and majority pupils. Moreover, there was no evidence of a ‘cumulative deficit’ (an increasing gap from lower to higher grade levels between the mean achievements of minority and majority pupils), when the majority‐minority differences were measured in standard deviation units. It is concluded that schools in the district under consideration do...
Optofluidic particle manipulation and characterization in nanowell sensors

We describe the development of "electroactive" nanowells which exploit extremely localized electrokinetic effects in order to guide and confine nanoparticles into targeted nanostructures. Applications for the devices include sensing and optofluidically adaptable photonics.
Nonexistence of SBR measures for some diffeomorphisms that are ‘Almost Anosov’

The purpose of this paper is to present some simple examples that are hyperbolic everywhere except at one point, but which do not admit SBR measures. Each example has a fixed point at which the larger eigenvalue is equal to one and the smaller eigenvalue is less than one.
Rotating reverse osmosis: A dynamic model for flux and rejection

Reverse osmosis (RO) is a compact process for the removal of ionic and organic pollutants from contaminated water. However, flux decline and rejection deterioration due to concentration polarization and membrane fouling hinders the application of RO technology. In this study, a rotating cylindrical RO membrane is theoretically investigated as a novel method to reduce polarization and fouling. A dynamic model based on RO membrane transport incorporating concentration polarization is used to predict the performance of rotating RO system. Operating parameters such as rotational speed and transmembrane pressure play an important role in determining the flux and rejection in rotating RO. For a given geometry, a rotational speed sufficient to generate Taylor vortices in the annulus is essential to maintain high flux as well as high rejection. The flux and rejection were calculated for wide range of operating pressures and rotational speeds.
Prevalence of neutralizing antibody to respiratory syncytial virus in sera from mothers and newborns residing in the Gambia and in The United States.

The prevalence of maternal respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)-neutralizing antibodies has been documented in developed countries, but there is little information from developing countries. We assessed the prevalence ofRSV-neutralizingantibodyinserafromGambianwomenandtheirnewbornsandcomparedthemwiththeir American counterparts during a similar period. The geometric mean titers of maternal antibodies to RSV subgroup A in the two populations were similar, while titers of antibodies to RSV subgroup B in Gambian mothers were significantly higher (8.7 61.4 versus 7.9 61.3 [mean 6standard deviation],P< 0.001). The titersofneutralizingantibodyinnewbornsinbothpopulationscorrelatedwiththeneutralizing-antibodytiters of their mothers. Thus, the status of neutralizing antibody to both major RSV subgroups was comparable amonginfantsandmothersinadevelopingcountry,TheGambia,andthoseinadevelopedcountry,theUnited States.
SUPERVISOR MULTICULTURAL COMPETENCE AND ITS RELATION TO SUPERVISORY PROCESS AND OUTCOME

This study investigated the direct and indirect effects of marriage and family therapy trainees' perceptions of their supervisors' multicultural competence in supervision on the supervisory working alliance, trainees' multicultural competence (case conceptualization abilities in etiology and treatment), and perceived supervision satisfaction. Path analyses revealed supervisor multicultural competence to be positively associated with supervisory working alliance and perceived supervision satisfaction. In addition, supervisor multicultural competence seemed to have a negative effect on trainee etiology conceptualization abilities. Finally, results suggested supervisory working alliance to be a significant mediator in the relationship between supervisor multicultural competence and supervision satisfaction. Findings are discussed within the context of theoretical, empirical, and practical implications for multicultural supervision.
Beyond spinal manipulation: should Medicare expand coverage for chiropractic services? A review and commentary on the challenges for policy makers.

Objectives Private insurance plans typically reimburse doctors of chiropractic for a range of clinical services, but Medicare reimbursements are restricted to spinal manipulation procedures. Medicare pays for evaluations performed by medical and osteopathic physicians, nurse practitioners, physician assistants, podiatrists, physical therapists, and occupational therapists; however, it does not reimburse the same services provided by chiropractic physicians. Advocates for expanded coverage of chiropractic services under Medicare cite clinical effectiveness and patient satisfaction, whereas critics point to unnecessary services, inadequate clinical documentation, and projected cost increases. To further inform this debate, the purpose of this commentary is to address the following questions: (1) What are the barriers to expand coverage for chiropractic services? (2) What could potentially be done to address these issues? (3) Is there a rationale for Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services to expand coverage for chiropractic services?
Laser patterning of metal oxide superconductor films by reactive solid-state transformation

A planar submicrometer-resolution patterning method has been developed for fabrication of thin-film Ba/sub 2/YCu/sub 3/O/sub x/ devices without photoresist, water, or solvent exposure. The method is based on a rapid transformation from the superconductive to a dielectric phase. The phase change is induced by controlled changes in the oxygen stoichiometry which are induced thermally by local-area laser irradiation of the thin film in a gaseous ambient. Both extended-area pattern projection and scanned-beam direct writing have been demonstrated with a spatial resolution in the submicrometer range and are presently limited by the grain size of available films. Negligible thickness loss is observed in patterning. The method circumvents lithographic techniques which tend to degrade the electronic quality of Ba/sub 2/YCu/sub 3/O/sub x/ superconductors. >
Simulations of electric field domain suppression in a superlattice oscillator device using a distributed circuit model

We present a method for simulating static domain formation in distributed negative differential resistance devices using a distributed circuit array model coupled with quantum transport simulations. This simulation method is applied to the case of a superlattice Bloch oscillator to ascertain the efficacy of electric field domain wall suppression by micro shunt side walls. Two independent simulation mechanisms using the same basic distributed circuit model are employed to separate simulation artifacts from true physical trends. Simulations are presented, suggesting that the presence of the micro shunt can suppress domain formation above a critical device bias voltage. The simulated dependence of this critical voltage on macroscopic device parameters is presented.
Purity of exponential sums on $\mathbb{A}^n$

We give a purity result for two kinds of exponential sums of the type $\sum_{x\in k^n}\psi(f(x))$ , where k is a finite field of characteristic p and $\psi:k\to{\mathbb C}^\star$ is a non-trivial additive character. In the first case, $f\in k[x_1,\dots,x_n]$ is a polynomial of degree divisible by p whose highest-degree homogeneous form defines a non-singular projective hypersurface, and in the second case, f is a polynomial of degree prime to p whose highest-degree homogeneous form defines a projective hypersurface with isolated singularities.
A Frame of Reference for the Measurement of Institutional Leadership Concepts and the Analysis of System States

The purpose of this paper is to review the conceptual and methodological approach of one of the authors who has been identifying and modifying system states while a consultant to educational, industrial, and govern-mental institutions. We set out the approach as follows: First, we identify the elements which comprise the general system andfunction to maintain its existent state. These elements are called GIST (Groups, Individuals, Struc-ture, and Technology) and make up the subsystems of any organization which has begun to undergo bureaucratization. Second, we present the hierarchy of organizational values and human needs which are met depend-ing upon the social-psychological state of the system at a given time. Third, we review the development of social-psychological measurement tools.
Differentiation-dependent and Cell-specific Regulation of the hIGFBP-1 Gene in Human Endometriuma

We analyzed IGFBP-1 gene promoter activity by transient transfection during the progressive decidualization of human endometrial stromal cells. A time study over a 13-day culture period showed that the promoter activity increased exponentially to > 10(4) fold in cells treated with MPA and RLX correlating with the secretion rate and steady-state mRNA levels of the endogenous gene. Deletion analysis showed that two regions in the IGFBP-1 gene promoter are responsible for the activation of the IGFBP-1 gene. The basal promoter region between -1 and -300 bp contains multiple sections of functional elements homologous either to CRE, PRE, or CCAAT. The major difference of IGFBP-1 gene activation in endometrium and the hepatic system lies in the distal promoter region, between -2.6 and -3.4 kb, which mediates 95% of the total promoter activity derived from -3.3 kb to +68 bp. Functional and binding analysis in the distal promoter region showed that multiple Sp1 elements interacting with a novel Sp3 transcription factor activates the hIGFBP-1 gene promoter.