cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Achieving budget-balance with Vickrey-based payment schemes in exchanges

Generalized Vickrey mechanisms have received wide attention in the literature because they are efficient and strategy-proof, i.e. truthful bidding is optimal whatever the bids of other agents. However it is well-known that it is impossible for an exchange, with multiple buyers and sellers, to be efficient and budget-balanced, even putting strategy-proofness to one side. A market-maker in an efficient exchange must make more payments than it collects. We enforce budget-balance as a hard constraint, and explore payment rules to distribute surplus after an exchange clears to minimize distance to Vickrey payments. Different rules lead to different levels of truth-revelation and efficiency. Experimental and theoretical analysis suggest a simple Threshold scheme, which gives surplus to agents with payments further than a certain threshold value from their Vickrey payments. The scheme appears able to exploit agent uncertainty about bids from other agents to reduce manipulation and boost allocative efficiency in comparison with other simple rules.
Building text features for object image classification

We introduce a text-based image feature and demonstrate that it consistently improves performance on hard object classification problems. The feature is built using an auxiliary dataset of images annotated with tags, downloaded from the Internet. We do not inspect or correct the tags and expect that they are noisy. We obtain the text feature of an unannotated image from the tags of its k-nearest neighbors in this auxiliary collection. A visual classifier presented with an object viewed under novel circumstances (say, a new viewing direction) must rely on its visual examples. Our text feature may not change, because the auxiliary dataset likely contains a similar picture. While the tags associated with images are noisy, they are more stable when appearance changes. We test the performance of this feature using PASCAL VOC 2006 and 2007 datasets. Our feature performs well, consistently improves the performance of visual object classifiers, and is particularly effective when the training dataset is small.
Multistage linear add/drop (LAD) architecture for high capacity WDM-PON network testbed

We propose and demonstrate a flexible, scalable and high capacity multistage LAD architecture for PONs which provides WDM traffic in both directions. It's fully symmetric operating at 2.5 Gbps and capable of broadcasting complete video band.
Claimsmakers and Contexts in Early Constructions of Homelessness: A Comparison of New York City and Washington, D.C.

This study compares the emergence of homelessness as a “ new” social problem from 1977 through 1981 in New York City and Washington, D.C. The two cases illustrate a comparative constructionist method that analyzes evolving claimsmaking activities, the context in which they were embedded, and the interplay between claimsmaking and context. The method aided in identifying why homelessness became primarily a problem of dee cient and pathological individuals requiring rehabilitation rather than a problem of poverty and inadequate housing. Resources at stake in New York caused city- and state-level government ofe cials, who advocated a medicalized view, to become central claimsmakers. This typie cation eventually became dominant nationally. Washington’ s lack of similar resources allowed advocates framing homelessness as a problem of social justice to take the lead. This proved to be a less durable typie cation. Both groups were also embedded in different relevant histories and cultures, which also ine uenced claimsmaking and its resonance with the public. The e rst wave of homelessness in the twentieth century was a product of the mass unemployment characterizing the Great Depression. That era’ s thousands of itinerant would-be working-men were dubbed “ rail-riding hobos,” “ tramps,” “ vagrants,” “ bums,” and “ derelicts” by those who recorded their plight. These images, with their connotations of eccentricity, resourcefulness, hard-drinking independence, and disenfranchisement, remained in the popular imagination long after the men who gave rise to them had all but disappeared to the war and to postwar prosperity. When homelessness reappeared as a social problem in the late 1970s and early 1980s, we turned e rst to these images to characterize the “ new” homeless. By the end of the twentieth century, however, this older image of homelessness and homeless people, with its implied rights and justice frame (Benford 1997), has given way to a medicalized one in which homeless people are predominantly
Internal thoracic artery flow competition: studies in a canine H-graft model

Objective: Internal thoracic artery (ITA) flow competition is a diversion of graft flow through intact ITA branches with a net decrease in perfusion to the grafted coronary. Although a widely acknowledged phenomenon, the conditions under which flow competition occurs have not been established. This is examined in a canine H-graft model. Methods: Eight dogs had a right ITA segment interposed (H-graft) between their in situ left ITA (LITA) and the snared left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery. Proximal LITA and H-graft flows were measured at baseline and during pacing-induced tachycardia, phenylephrine-induced hypertension, and nitroprusside-induced hypotension. Flows were measured with the distal LITA open and occluded. Two additional animals were subjected to eight separate 2-min periods of LAD ischemia, after which post-ischemic H-graft flow measurements were obtained with and without distal LIMA occlusion. Results: During baseline conditions, proximal LITA flow was greater when the distal LITA was open rather than occluded (46 ^ 15 versus 35 ^ 12 ml/min, respectively; P ¼ 0:002), but H-graft flow did not change significantly (32 ^ 18 versus 35 ^ 18 ml/min, respectively; P ¼ 0:21). Similarly, occlusion of the distal LITA had no impact on H-graft flow during tachycardia, hypertension, or hypotension. Only in animals subjected to transient LAD ischemia did H-graft flow increase with distal LITA occlusion, albeit marginally (65 ^ 7‐70 ^ 9 ml/min, occluded versus open, respectively; P ¼ 0:04). Conclusions: Mild diversion of flow from the LAD was demonstrated during immediate post-ischemic coronary reperfusion only, and could not be elicited under any other physiologic condition. These data suggest that flow competition is unlikely to constitute a clinically significant limitation to the use of H-grafts or other modalities that leave ITA branches patent. q 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Focal adhesion kinase and its signaling pathways in cell migration and angiogenesis

Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase that plays critical roles in integrin-mediated signal transductions and also participates in signaling by other cell surface receptors. In integrin-mediated cell adhesion, FAK is activated via disruption of an auto-inhibitory intra-molecular interaction between its amino terminal FERM domain and the central kinase domain. The activated FAK forms a complex with Src family kinases, which initiates multiple downstream signaling pathways through phosphorylation of other proteins to regulate different cellular functions. Multiple downstream signaling pathways are identified to mediate FAK regulation of migration of various normal and cancer cells. Extensive studies in cultured cells as well as conditional FAK knockout mouse models indicated a critical role of FAK in angiogenesis during embryonic development and cancer progression. More recent studies also revealed kinase-independent functions for FAK in endothelial cells and fibroblasts. Consistent with its roles in cell migration and angiogenesis, increased expression and/or activation of FAK are found in a variety of human cancers. Therefore, small molecular inhibitors for FAK kinase activity as well as future development of novel therapies targeting the potentially kinase-independent functions of FAK are promising treatments for metastatic cancer as well as other diseases.
Finite sequences of St. Petersburg games: inferences from a simulation study

The St. Petersburg game consists of performing Bernoulli trials until a success occurs, with each additional trial doubling the gambler’s payoff. Despite the centuries-long history of this game, its analysis remains surprisingly incomplete. For example, the statistical properties of the average payoff distribution and the distribution of the maximum number of trials needed for success (the maximum, for short) over a finite sequence of games are unknown. Even more surprising is the absence of an extensive simulation study of finite St. Petersburg sequences from the literature. Such a study may be indispensable in the case of the average payoff because a theoretical analysis of this random variable may not be feasible. This article relies on extensive simulations to infer several new properties of finite St. Petersburg sequences. For instance, a statistical analysis of the simulations reveals that for large sequences, the suitably shifted average payoff distribution is stationary. The simulations also revea...
Nonnegative Principal Component Analysis for Cancer Molecular Pattern Discovery

As a well-established feature selection algorithm, principal component analysis (PCA) is often combined with the state-of-the-art classification algorithms to identify cancer molecular patterns in microarray data. However, the algorithm's global feature selection mechanism prevents it from effectively capturing the latent data structures in the high-dimensional data. In this study, we investigate the benefit of adding nonnegative constraints on PCA and develop a nonnegative principal component analysis algorithm (NPCA) to overcome the global nature of PCA. A novel classification algorithm NPCA-SVM is proposed for microarray data pattern discovery. We report strong classification results from the NPCA-SVM algorithm on five benchmark microarray data sets by direct comparison with other related algorithms. We have also proved mathematically and interpreted biologically that microarray data will inevitably encounter overfitting for an SVM/PCA-SVM learning machine under a Gaussian kernel. In addition, we demonstrate that nonnegative principal component analysis can be used to capture meaningful biomarkers effectively.
High Milk-Protein Bread

Summary The protein content of bread was increased from 13.96 to 18.04% on a dry basis, or nearly 30%, by including 25 parts of nonfat dry milk per 100 of flour in the bread formula. The loaves had excellent flavor and good toasting quality; symmetry and crust color were substandard; crumb color, texture and grain, and cell structure good. The biological value of the protein was nearly doubled in comparison with the protein in bread containing only four parts nonfat dry milk per 100 of flour and, at the same time, the bread had good consumer acceptability in limited, preliminary trials.
Disorders of the circadian clock: etiology and possible therapeutic targets.

The mammalian circadian clock in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) of the hypothalamus conveys 24-hr rhythmicity to sleep-wake cycles, temperature, locomotor activity and virtually all other behavioral and physiological processes. In order for these cycles to be adaptive, they must be synchronized, or entrained, to the 24-hr light/dark cycle produced by the rotation of the Earth. The timing of circadian variables relative to the light/dark cycle, i.e., the phase angle of entrainment, is influenced by intrinsic circadian clock properties that are to an extent genetically determined, and thus varies between individuals. In extreme cases (advanced or delayed sleep phase syndrome) or during shift work or jet lag, the phase angle of entrainment may be incompatible with work requirements or other social demands, resulting in negative consequences to health and productivity. This review describes the etiology of circadian disorders within the context of formal circadian clock properties and summarizes studies in humans and in other species which link specific genetic loci to circadian clock function and malfunction. The proteins encoded by these genetic loci play key roles in the intracellular feedback loop that generates circadian rhythms, and thus represent therapeutic targets for the treatment of both endogenous and exogenous circadian disorders.
Engineering vertically aligned InAs/GaAs quantum dot structures via anion exchange

P/As anion exchange is exploited to modify stacked InAs/GaAs quantum dot structures grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). It is shown that the vertical alignment and size uniformity can be remarkably improved via P/As anion exchange. This, therefore, demonstrates a promising approach to tuning the quantum dot morphologies and structures, and hence, the electronic and optoelectronic properties.
Use of a hydrogel sealant in epithelial ingrowth removal after laser in situ keratomileusis.

We describe 2 cases in which clinically significant epithelial ingrowth was removed by debridement and followed by the use of a hydrogel sealant (Resure) to seal the flap edge. In both cases, the epithelial ingrowth was seen after otherwise uneventful laser in situ keratomileusis retreatment. The visual outcomes were good with no recrudescence of interface epithelium. Financial Disclosure Neither author has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.
The Role of Impulsivity in the Relation Between Negative Affect and Risky Sexual Behaviors

While risky sexual behavior associates with negative affect, and impulsivity often increases during negative affective states, little is known about the interrelations of these factors. This study examined whether impulsivity explained the relation between negative affect and risky sex among college students. Negative affect exhibited an indirect effect via impulsivity on number of sexual partners for both males and females, and on inconsistent condom use for females, but not males. Results suggest risky sex may serve to regulate negative affect, proposing the importance of negative affect in future strategies to reduce risky sex among young adults.
Multicriteria Design of Manufacturing Systems

In this paper, we consider the difficulties associated with considering multiple performance measures (criteria) in the design of manufacturing systems. First, the motivation for considering these multiple criteria is given, followed by brief discussions of the current state of the art of mathematical modeling for system design, and of multicriteria optimization techniques. The important characteristics of these design problems, with respect to the choices of a multicriteria optimization technique and of a modeling technique, are presented. Finally, three separate applications of multicriteria optimization techniques for system design are presented.
Notes: Analysis of the Trend in Concepts about Smoking in Health Textbooks

(1962). Notes: Analysis of the Trend in Concepts about Smoking in Health Textbooks. Research Quarterly. American Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation: Vol. 33, No. 3, pp. 486-488.
Synthesis and Characterization of Anionic, Neutral, and Cationic PNP Pincer PdII and PtII Hydrides

The synthesis and characterization of anionic, neutral, and cationic hydride complexes of platinum and palladium are reported utilizing the PNP (PNP = 2,6-bis(di-tert-butylphosphinomethyl)pyridine) ligand. Comparisons by IR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography are made across the series. Evaluation of the metal hydride stretching frequencies of the cationic through anionic complexes shows a trend of increasing M–H bond activation. The reactivity of these metal hydrides with oxygen is evaluated and compared to previously reported oxygen insertion reactions.
Detecting and Quantifying Set Marks on Woven Fabrics

Set marks in woven fabrics occur when a loom is stopped and restarted. The pick spacing at these areas varies from the rest of the fabric. This paper details a method by which set marks in a fabric can be assessed. The surface profile of the fabric is read with a KES surface tester, and the data are analyzed by fast Fourier transform. Statistical studies validate the results obtained with the FFT analysis and establish the influence of different stoppage times on the degree of set marks formed on the fabric.
Barriers to involvement in nonmetropolitan LGBTQ organizations

AbstractLesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) organizations are spaces in which LGBTQ individuals can access support and community, yet they have received little empirical attention, particularly outside urban areas. Given the benefits of LGBTQ community involvement, this study examined the barriers to involvement in nonmetropolitan LGBTQ organizations. Three qualitative methods were employed: interviews, focus groups, and participant observation sessions. Thematic analyses identified eight barriers originating within the individual (managing one's LGBTQ identity, individual characteristics), organization (lack of diversity, group dynamics, lack of awareness of programs, workplace/school climate), and community (size, hostility). Implications for reducing barriers in nonmetropolitan LGBTQ organizations are discussed.
A new jump-landing protocol identifies differences in healthy, coper, and unstable ankles in collegiate athletes

Ankle sprains are the most common injury in sport. With stability being an important risk factor for ankle sprains, a jump-landing protocol that can elicit differences in time-to-stabilisation (TTS) is necessary. The objective of this study was to develop a jump-landing protocol that could identify differences in TTS among healthy, 'coper', and unstable ankles of high-level athletes. 61 Division I collegiate athletes (32 females, 29 males; age: 19.9 ± 1.2 years; height: 176.6 ± 9.5 cm; mass: 74.3 ± 10.8 kg) participated in a jump-landing protocol that utilised sporting movements with preparatory steps and a vertical propulsion of the body in two multi-directional jumps. Utilising the landing on a force plate, ground reaction forces were used to quantify TTS. TTS of the unstable group (1.58 ± 0.62s) was significantly longer than the healthy (1.19 ± 0.37s; p = 0.050) and 'coper' (1.13 ± 0.49s; p = 0.019) groups in the forward hops. In addition, TTS of the lateral hops in the unstable group (1.55 ± 0.63s) was also significantly longer than the healthy (1.14 ± 0.37s; p = 0.026) and 'coper' (1.15 ± 0.39s; p = 0.028) groups. This new jump-landing protocol was able to elicit differences in TTS in high-level athletes that were not found using previous protocols. This new jump-landing protocol could be an effective tool to identify injury risk for high-level athletes.
2016 Real Estate Industry Leader Profile: MaryAnne Gilmartin

Excerpt] Cornell University and the Baker Program in Real Estate are pleased to announce the 2016 Real Estate Industry Leader Award recipient: MaryAnne Gilmartin, President & CEO of Forest City Ratner Companies. MaryAnne’s leadership in the real estate industry has made a powerful and positive impact on society as a driving force behind several of the highest-profile, largest-scale additions to the urban landscape of New York City.
European health systems and the integration problem of modern societies

With reference to the national health systems in Germany and the UK we must acknowledge that it was in particular Bismarck's Reform, originally directed toward a solidarity among the socially weak, which entailed in its development a marked redistribution via progressive health fees and standardized health services. In view of Alfred Marshall's original expectations this has resulted in a specific integration of the socially weak and with some difference for nationally tax-financed and social security financed health systems to a genuine contribution towards integration of modern society. An open research question is whether as a consequence of solidarity and integration through health systems there is a decline of social inequality for health. Equally open is the question as to the socio-structural and economic consequences the expansion of modern health systems has.
Ablative Focused Ultrasound Synergistically Enhances Thermally Triggered Chemotherapy for Prostate Cancer in Vitro.

High-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) can locally ablate biological tissues such as tumors, i.e., induce their rapid heating and coagulative necrosis without causing damage to surrounding healthy structures. It is widely used in clinical practice for minimally invasive treatment of prostate cancer. Nonablative, low-power HIFU was established as a promising tool for triggering the release of chemotherapeutic drugs from temperature-sensitive liposomes (TSLs). In this study, we combine ablative HIFU and thermally triggered chemotherapy to address the lack of safe and effective treatment options for elderly patients with high-risk localized prostate cancer. DU145 prostate cancer cells were exposed to chemotherapy (free and liposomal Sorafenib) and ablative HIFU, alone or in combination. Prior to cell viability assessment by trypan blue exclusion and flow cytometry, the uptake of TSLs by DU145 cells was verified by confocal microscopy and cryogenic scanning electron microscopy (cryo-SEM). The combination of...
Behavioral Thermoregulation in Field Populations of Amphibian Larvae

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses procedure and observation of laboratory experiment of behavioral thermoregulation in amphibian larvae. Amphibians are ectothermic, and their larvae (termed tadpoles in frogs and toads-larvae in salamanders) require a narrow range of temperatures for optimal growth, development, and metamorphosis. To maintain this narrow range, amphibians often behaviorally thermo-regulate. Quick growth and development are especially important in ephemeral ponds, where amphibian larvae have only a limited time to reach the minimum size suitable for metamorphosis. In addition, maximizing growth through optimal use of temperature within the pond should be under strong selection, because body size at metamorphosis is correlated with adult fitness in a number of amphibian species. In habitats where there are short growing seasons and/or extreme variation in ambient daily temperature (such as high-elevation ponds and desert pools), maintaining optimal temperature is even more important. However, there are potential costs to behavioral thermoregulation, including increased exposure to predators during migrations to warm areas and the lost opportunity cost if prey are most abundant in areas of the pond not used for thermoregulation.
Benefit/Cost Analysis Using AHP

In today’s world, there are many decisions to be made at every level of management. Learning to closely examine all benefits, opportunities, costs, and risk factors that will affect the decision to launch a project are important skills for decision-makers.
Using Social Networking Analysis to Measure Changes in Regional Food Systems Collaboration: A Methodological Framework

This article presents a methodological approach to studying and evaluating increasingly complex regional food systems. Social network analysis has been used to measure collaborations in health and education and is potentially a tool for regional food systems. The authors demonstrate the methodological advantages of using social network analysis to track changes in collaboration over time, illustrated through a case study of a multitiered, three-year food systems project in North Carolina. There are multiple benefits of using social network analysis; for food systems two of the most useful are its ability to create illuminating visualizations of collaborators, and its ability to use inferential statistics to evaluate significance of changes in food system projects.
Pathways of Islamist adaptation: the Egyptian Muslim Brothers’ lessons for inclusion moderation theory

ABSTRACTThe Muslim Brothers’ transition from religious movement to majority-seeking party in Egypt’s post 2011 democratic experiment offered a key test of the inclusion-moderation hypothesis. While the MB’s increasing religious and organizational conservatism at new electoral thresholds appears to challenge the hypothesis, I argue that it was the result of strategic adaptation based on functional alternative interpretations of political opportunity that did not require a trade-off between power-seeking and expressive goals, constrained by prior pathways of electoral adaptation, and shaped by the ambiguous political incentives of democratic transition. This article shows that the MB, like other religious parties, has alternated between strategies for electoral adaptation, challenging expectations of linear evolution; that majority-seeking sometimes encourages intra-movement dynamics that are radicalizing as well as moderating; and shows that expressive goals and identity remain important to religious parti...
The Impacts of Service Related Exposures on Trajectories of Mental Health Among Aging Veterans

Objectives Drawing on life-course perspective and cumulative advantage theory, we examined whether service related exposures (SREs)-combat and exposure to death-have lasting impacts on depressive symptom and psychiatric problem trajectories of aging veterans. Methods The Health and Retirement Study and linked 2013 Veterans Mail Survey were used to examine SREs and mental health among older veterans between 2002 and 2012 (N = 1,662). Latent growth curves were used to measure how individuals vary from average mental health trajectories based on SREs and other important covariates. Results Exposure to death had a significant and lasting effect on depressive symptoms for veterans in late life but was reduced to nonsignificance when physical health trajectories were included. Combat and exposure to death had independent and robust impacts on psychiatric problems, which were robust in final models. Discussion SREs presented varied and significant impacts, suggesting that combat does not work alone in driving poor mental health trajectories, and that exposure to death is a more robust risk marker for later outcomes.
The Continuing Evolution of Systems Factorial Theory: Connecting Theory with Behavioral and Neural Data

Two of the most prominent strengths of the conjoined metatheory and methodology in systems factorial theory and the double-factorial paradigm (SFT/DFP) are its generality and its emphasis on strong-inference hypothesis testing. The intellectual history of SFT/DFP shows that these two strengths have been central to the evolution of this approach. We review that intellectual history by considering two critical predecessors—the parallel–serial testing paradigm, and the trichotomy method—and by briefly reviewing a range of studies that have applied the approach. We close by presenting a new application that illustrates and emphasizes the generality of DFT/DFP by showing how the approach can be used with the timing of neural events.
Organizational Change Management For Health Equity: Perspectives From The Disparities Leadership Program.

Leaders of health care organizations need to be prepared to improve quality and achieve equity in today’s health care environment characterized by a focus on achieving value and addressing disparit...
Statistics Help Evaluate Analytical Methods

The literature of analytical chemistry is filled with methods which were well conceived experimentally but were poorly evaluated. Many of the difficulties experienced in interlaboratory test programs are caused by such methods. Proper description of the capabilities of an analytical method requires the use of objective rather than intuitive data analysis. Some objective evaluation procedures will be described with emphasis on the concepts and their relationship to the best means of data collection.
Addressing Needs of Children of Incarcerated Parents With Child-Centered Play Therapy

Children experience the ambiguous loss of a parent to incarceration through disruptions in relational attachments, experiences with stigma and shame, and instability. The prolonged grief responses ...
Violent Lives: Pathways Linking Exposure to Violence to Suicidal Behavior in a National Sample

This study explored the extent to which depression, somatic symptoms, and substance use mediated the effects of exposure to violence on suicidal ideation and attempted suicide, and whether these pa...
1985 National Debate Tournament Final Debate: Should the United States Government Significantly Increase Exploration and/or Development of Space Beyond the Earth's Mesosphere?.

Transcript, editorial analysis, and critiques of the NDT final debate: Should the United States Government significantly increase exploration and/or development of space beyond the earth's mesosphere?
A Research Agenda for the Study of Entropic Social Structural Evolution, Functional Roles, Adhocratic Leadership Styles, and Credibility in Online Organizations and Knowledge Markets

The new social media enabled by the Internet and the Web have deeply changed the ways in which individuals interact and how knowledge is created and exchanged, which is opening up interesting new research questions for social science. A key question is how the notions of expertise and reputation will evolve as a consequence of the emergence and broad use of social media. Addressing such questions is crucial for many different domains, from traditional academic settings and processes (e.g., promotion procedures), to research funding (e.g., assessing the impact of research results), homeland security and intelligence (e.g., detecting campaigns aiming at spreading deceiving information), and healthcare (determining the source and credibility of health information on the Net).
Browsing and Clustering of Chemical Structures

Techniques for browsing and clustering of chemical structures, as implemented in the SOCRATES chemical databank system, are described. Both are based on a quantitative calculation of intermolecular similarity. Browsing, i.e., nearest-neighbour searching, offers easy access to chemical structure files, without the necessity of learning any query language. It also provides a means for identifying analogies, based on overall molecular similarity, thus avoiding bias based on the user’s preconceptions. Clustering allows an overview of structural variation within a file, and gives a means of selecting representative subsets of compounds. Subsets can also be chosen, e.g., for biological testing, so that the compounds selected are as dissimilar as possible from each other.
Two Euler’s Identities and Two q-Exponential Functions

Now we have two binomial formulas, namely Gauss’s binomial formula (5.5) (with x and a replaced by 1 and x respectively) $$ (1 + x)_q^n = \sum\limits_{j = 0}^n {q^{j(j - 1)/2} } \left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}c} n \\ j \\ \end{array} } \right]x^j , $$ and Heine’s binomial formula (8.1) $$ \frac{1} {{(1 - x)_q^n }} = \sum\limits_{j = 0}^\infty {\frac{{[n][n + 1] \cdots [n + j - 1]}} {{[j]!}}} x^j . $$
Duration of Heightened Ischemic Stroke Risk After Acute Myocardial Infarction.

Background The duration of heightened stroke risk after acute myocardial infarction (MI) remains uncertain. Methods and Results We performed a retrospective cohort study using claims between 2008 a...
Synthesis of 2-D-L-Tryptophan by Sequential Ir-Catalyzed Reactions.

Abstract Herein, we report a practical synthesis of 2-D- l -tryptophan via sequential Ir-catalyzed C H borylation, and Ir-catalyzed C-2-deborylative deuteration steps. In this synthetic sequence, deprotection of the Boc and methyl ester groups proved challenging, due to replacement of deuterium with hydrogen. However, mild deprotection conditions were developed to avoid this D/H scrambling. Further, 2-D-L-Tryptophan is stable in many buffers used for biological studies.
Psychology, History of (Early Period)

This article is a revision of the previous edition article by M.G. Ash, volume 18, pp. 12399–12405, © 2001, Elsevier Ltd.
THE (UN)INTENDED CONSEQUENCES OF BILINGUAL EMPLOYMENT POLICIES: Ethnoraciality and Labor Market Segmentation in Alameda County, CA

Recent immigration and migration patterns have altered the ethnoracial composition of Alameda County, California. Sociopolitical leaders have struggled to adjust to these changes. In an effort to facilitate limited English speakers’ access to critical municipal services, Oakland—the largest municipal in Alameda County—passed an Equal Access to Services Ordinance on May 8, 2001, which is a groundbreaking language access legislation for the City of Oakland’s public administration. Using data from the 2000 Census and the 2005–2011 American Community Survey, this study examines the impact of bilingual employment policies on the ethnoracial segmentation of Alameda County workers. Logistic regression reveals that bilingual employment policies have reorganized both targeted (i.e., public contact) and non-targeted occupations within the local government public administration sector. Specifically, Spanish/Chinese bilingual speakers made gains in the public administration sector (the intended effects), while Black monolingual English speakers experienced losses (the unintended effects). The representation of Black monolingual English speakers in public contact jobs within the local government public administration sector declined by as much as 18 percentage points after the implementation of the nation’s first municipal-level bilingual employment policy. The impact of bilingual employment policies on the East Bay’s Black/Brown relations and African American’s hold on low-skilled jobs in service industries is examined.
Interventions for Daily Living Skills in Individuals with Intellectual Disability: a 50-Year Systematic Review

There has been a recent upward trend in studies evaluating the effectiveness of interventions to increase adaptive behavior in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD); however, fewer studies have focused on individuals with intellectual disability (ID) without comorbid ASD. The aim of the present review was to conduct a systematic review of studies published over the last 50 years that aimed to improve activities of daily living in children and adults with ID. The database PsycInfo was searched using specific keywords with a publication date range of 1968 to August 2018. The results of this search yielded 193 total results. Based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, 20 studies were included in the present review. Various aspects of these studies, including target skills, intervention techniques, and outcomes, are summarized. A variety of behavioral principles were found to effectively increase acquisition and use of daily living skills. Certain trends in the literature, such as a focus on parent or caregiver training and a move toward more technology-based interventions, were identified. Future research on this population has clinical implications for access to behavioral interventions for individual with developmental disabilities.
An upper bound on the number of (132,213)-avoiding cyclic permutations

Abstract We show a n 2 ⋅ 2 n ∕ 2 upper bound on the number of ( 132 , 213 ) avoiding cyclic permutations. This is the first nontrivial upper bound on the number of such permutations. We also construct an algorithm to determine whether a ( 132 , 213 ) avoiding permutation is cyclic that references only the permutation’s layer lengths.
Optical coherence tomography of 19th century glass: facts and phantoms

This paper investigates optical coherence tomography (OCT) as an advanced, non-invasive method for 2D and 3D imaging of the surface and subsurface morphology of glass cultural heritage. The OCT system used is a commercial ThorLabs Ganymede II spectral domain-Fourier domain system with a 930 nm center wavelength, axial resolution of 4-6 μm, and lateral resolution of 8 μm. Results from model alkali silicate glass artificially aged at 90°C and 90% RH allow distinction of real features from artifacts produced by the highly reflective glass, and serve as a basis for interpretation of deterioration phenomena. Analytical results from historical glass artifacts are focused on a group of musical glass flutes created in Paris by Claude Laurent between 1807 and 1848. OCT images are compared to results of destructive analysis of the same samples and objects by scanning electron microscopy with backscattered electron imaging of cross-sections, as well as non-invasive light microscopy and NIR fiber optic reflectance spectrometry, the latter of which yields complementary molecular information in terms of water vibrations in hydrated glass.
Antiretroviral Therapy-Induced Bone Loss Is Durably Suppressed by a Single Dose of Zoledronic Acid in Treatment-Naive Persons with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection: A Phase IIB Trial.

BACKGROUND Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and antiretroviral therapy (ART) are associated with bone loss leading to increased fracture rate among persons with HIV (PWH). We previously showed long-acting antiresorptive zoledronic acid (ZOL) prevented ART-induced bone loss through 48 weeks of therapy and here investigate whether protection persisted. METHODS We randomized 63 nonosteoporotic, treatment-naive adult PWH initiating ART to ZOL (5 mg) versus placebo in a double-blinded, placebo-controlled, phase IIb trial. Here we analyzed the long-term outcome data (144 weeks). Plasma bone turnover markers and bone mineral density (BMD) were quantified at weeks 0, 12, 24, 48, 96, and 144. Primary outcome was change in bone resorption marker C-terminal telopeptide of collagen (CTx). Repeated-measures analyses using mixed linear models were used to estimate and compare study endpoints. RESULTS At 96 weeks, mean CTx was 62% lower with ZOL relative to placebo (n = 46; CTx = 0.123 vs 0.324 ng/mL; P < .001); at 144 weeks a 25% difference between arms was not statistically significant. At 48 weeks, lumbar spine BMD with ZOL was 11% higher than placebo (n = 60; P < .001) and remained 9-11% higher at 96 (n = 46) and 144 (n = 41; P < .001) weeks. 144 weeks after ZOL infusion, BMD did not change at the lumbar spine (P = .22) but declined at the hip (P = .04) and femoral neck (P = .02). CONCLUSIONS A single dose of ZOL administered at ART initiation blunts bone resorption and BMD loss at key fracture-prone anatomical sites in treatment-naive PWH for 3 years. A multicenter randomized phase III clinical trial validating these results in a larger population is needed. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION NCT01228318.
Calories, Caffeine and the Onset of Obesity in Young Children.

Abstract Objective High calorie foods and beverages, which often contain caffeine, contribute to child overweight/obesity. We evaluated the results of an educational intervention to promote healthy growth in very young children. Secondarily, we used detailed diet data to explore the association of nutrient intake with the early development of overweight and obesity. Methods Mothers were obese Latina women, enrolled prenatally, and their infants. Specially trained community health workers provided breastfeeding support and nutrition education during 10 home visits, birth to 24 months. At follow-up, age 18 to 36 months, we measured growth and completed detailed diet recalls (1–7 recall days/child). Results Of 174 infants randomized, 106 children were followed for 24 to 36 months. The educational intervention did not prevent overweight/obesity. Forty-two percent of children became overweight or obese. Fifty-eight percent of children consumed caffeine on at least 1 recall day. Mean intake was 0.48 mg/kg/day. Caffeine correlated with higher consumption of calories, and added sugar and decreased intake of protein, fiber and dairy. Compared with days without caffeine, on days when caffeine was consumed, children ingested 121 more calories and 3.8 gm less protein. Children frequently consumed less than the recommended daily intake of key nutrients such as fiber, vegetables, whole fruit, and vitamins. Conclusions Caffeine was a marker for increased intake of calories and decreased intake of key nutrients. When discussing dietary intake in early childhood, practitioners should screen for nutrient deficiency in young children and recommend limiting the intake of caffeinated foods and beverages.
Agent Communications in Edge Computing

The use of edge computing techniques can be extremely beneficial to distributed applications when is it more efficient to process data in proximity to data sources than to transmit data to remote computational resources. The introduction of edge computing has created a number of communication challenges beyond what is typically experienced in the traditional client-server model. While the area of edge computing is in its infancy, few existing implementations address the wide-range of issues related to multi-protocol discovery, identity, messaging, security, and stateful operation of agents operating across heterogeneous computational and network architectures.
An Unusual Initial Presentation of Elderly-Onset Crohn's Disease.

Crohn's disease affects individuals across all age groups. However, given that it is more prevalent in younger adults, less attention is typically paid to elderly-onset Crohn's disease. The incidence of late-onset inflammatory bowel disease is around 8 per 100,00 patients per year in the United States. The hallmark symptoms of Crohn's, such as abdominal pain, diarrhea, and weight loss, may be absent in elderly patients, therefore making it more challenging to reach a diagnosis and initiate treatment in a timely manner. Crohn's disease can lead to multiple complications, including abdominal abscess, enteroenteric or perianal fistulas, and bowel obstruction. Nevertheless, it is highly uncommon to have bowel obstruction as the initial sign of the disease.
Uptake and impact of journaling program on wellbeing of NICU parents.

This pilot study evaluated a brief parent journaling program in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Hundred NICU parents were randomized to a control group (no journal) or an intervention group (journal provided). Parents reported pre- and post-intervention anxiety and depression symptoms using the hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS) and qualitative journal use data. The analysis included Student’s paired two-tailed t-test and two-way ANOVA. This study was registered with clinicaltrials.gov on April 1, 2020, NCT04331925. At baseline, clinically significant anxiety was more prevalent than depression (66% vs. 23%). Post-intervention scores were best predicted by baseline scores. Relative to controls, intervention group parents experienced a decrease in anxiety from baseline (t = −1.983, p = 0.056). The same effect was not seen for depression. Most intervention group parents used the journal and provided positive feedback. Journal use rates and positive feedback support the acceptability of a NICU journaling program.
Sex Differences in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has long been considered a disease of older male smokers, although there is increasing recognition that the disease also affects a significant number of women. Over the past 20 years, we have seen a significant increase in research evaluating differences in COPD between the sexes. Specifically, women appear more vulnerable to the adverse effects of tobacco smoke. Women with COPD are more likely to be nonsmokers, are more likely to develop disease at a younger age, and have more respiratory exacerbations compared to men. Emerging research suggests there may be sex-related differences in the underlying pathophysiologic changes that lead to COPD. While there are no sex-specific treatments for COPD, future work may identify traits or disease processes that could be used for more targeted therapy.
Central Sensitization Phenotypes in Post Acute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 Infection (PASC): Defining the Post COVID Syndrome.

ObjectiveTo develop and implement criteria for description of post COVID syndrome based on analysis of patients presenting for evaluation at Mayo Clinic Rochester between November 2019 and August 2...
Problems with Qualitative CSF Antibody Tests

For a cerebrospinal fluid antibody test to be helpful in the diagnosis of CNS infectious disease, it must be sensitive and specific enough to detect antibody against the infectious agent that is produced by plasma cells within the brain or meninges, but not so sensitive as to detect the minute amounts of antibody entering the CSF following production by plasma cells elsewhere in the body. The immunoglobulins in normal CSF are believed to originate from plasma and to enter the CSF primarily via the choroid plexus (l, 2). These immunoglobulins are chiefly of the IgG class and are believed to reflect a proportion of the IgG antibodies in the blood. Therefore, using CSF to diagnose central nervous system (CNS) infections differs from using blood to diagnose systemic infections. If a diagnostic test were very sensitive, it could detect the presence of antibodies in normal CSF that originated only from plasma and were, therefore, not indicative of a CNS infection. The newer antibody tests (immunofluorescence, radio-immuno-assay (RIA), and enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay (ELISA)) are achieving the sensitivity that allows detection of viral, bacterial, and protozoan antibodies in normal CSF.
Beliefs Regarding Lactation Success among Mothers on a University Campus

The purpose of this study is to characterize the beliefs of university-affiliated women regarding pumping breast milk on campus. Using convenience sampling, women were recruited via e-mail, social ...
Duty Per Se: Reading Child Abuse Statutes to Create a Common Law Duty in Favor of Victims

This article examines recent high-profile cases involving the sexual abuse of children. It focuses on a case involving a Delaware pediatrician convicted of sexually molested hundreds of children, and also discusses cases of alleged abuse by priests and by a Pennsylvania State University football coach, Jerry Sandusky. The article proposes that courts use "duty to report" statutes to recognize a common law duty for medical professionals who know or suspect abuse to report it. Failure to discharge that duty should result in liability where the causal connection between that failure and subsequent abuse can be established.The article introduces the concept of duty per se, and, building on insights from the Restatement (Third) of Torts, distinguishes cases of affirmative duty to act from cases of misfeasance that are considered under a negligence per se analysis. It proposes that courts consider four questions in deciding whether a statutory duty to act should create a corresponding duty under common law: (1) How important is the state’s interest in preventing the harm the statute covers? (2) How closely connected is the class of actors upon whom the duty is imposed to the harm suffered? (3) Is the prospect of tort liability for failure to follow the statutory directive likely to cause unintended consequences for those upon whom the duty is imposed? (4) How likely is it that this harm will be adequately addressed by other means?In the case of child abuse statutes, the answers strongly counsel courts to recognize a duty by medical professionals to report child abuse, under penalty of tort liability for failing to do so.