cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Genthelvite Overgrowths On Danalite Cores From A Pegmatite Miarolitic Cavity In Cheyenne Canyon, El Paso County, Colorado

Abstract A miarolitic cavity in a pegmatite in Cheyenne Canyon, El Paso Co., Colorado has an unusual mineral assemblage that includes epitaxial genthelvite overgrowths on danalite cores. The cavity was lined with white microcline crystals with clear epitaxial albite overgrowths, small clear to slightly smoky quartz crystals, micas completely altered to sericite, and fluorite up to 10 cm in size. In addition to the genthelvite/danalite, accessory columbite-(Fe), ilmenite, and bastnasite-(Ce) are present. Late-stage trivalent iron minerals, generally goethite, coat the feldspar, quartz, and sericite. This mineral assemblage is, in part, the result of the alkaline nature of the melt that leads to the formation of helvine-group minerals rather than beryl. The epitaxial overgrowths of genthelvite on danalite are particularly unusual because these two minerals do not coexist in equilibrium, and thus record changing conditions in the miarolitic cavity. Decreasing f S 2 from the early to late pocket forming stage resulted in the change from danalite to genthelvite crystallization. Increasing f O 2 is indicated by both the cessation of danalite crystallization as well as the change in crystallizing oxide phases, from siderite to hematite to “limonite.” Compositional changes in the late stage fluid include a decrease in trace element abundances as well as an increase in Fe/Mn ratios. This increase is indicated by the change from earlier-formed red genthelvite overgrowths with Fe > Mn as compared to the more Fe-depleted late stage beige genthelvite coatings on exposed danalite faces. In the final stages of mineralization, an extremely late-stage fluid may have altered the final mineral assemblage to produce an outer genthelvite rind that is enriched in trace elements. The mineral assemblage in this small pegmatite pocket in Cheyenne Canyon illustrates that variability in fluid composition in small pegmatite systems can be as complex as those in larger pegmatite systems.
Down regulation of Peroxiredoxin-3 in 3T3-L1 adipocytes leads to oxidation of Rictor in the mammalian-target of rapamycin complex 2 (mTORC2)

Mitochondrially-derived oxidative stress has been implicated in the development of obesity-induced insulin resistance and is correlated with down regulation of Peroxiredoxin-3 (Prdx3). Prdx3 knockout mice exhibit whole-body insulin resistance, while Prdx3 transgenic animals remain insulin sensitive when placed on a high fat diet. To define the molecular events linking mitochondrial oxidative stress to insulin action, Prdx3 was silenced in 3T3-L1 adipocytes (Prdx3 KD) and the resultant cells evaluated for mitochondrial function, endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER stress), mitochondrial unfolded protein response (mtUPR) and insulin signaling. Prdx3 KD cells exhibit a two-fold increase in H2O2, reduced insulin-stimulated glucose transport and attenuated S473 phosphorylation of the mTORC2 substrate, Akt. Importantly, the decrease in glucose uptake can be rescued by pre-treatment with the antioxidant N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC). The changes in insulin sensitivity occur independently from activation of the ER stress or mtUPR pathways. Analysis of mTORC2, the complex responsible for phosphorylating Akt at S473, reveals increased cysteine oxidation of Rictor in Prdx3 KD cells that can be rescued with NAC. Taken together, these data suggest mitochondrial dysfunction in adipocytes may attenuate insulin signaling via oxidation of the mammalian-target of rapamycin complex 2 (mTORC2).
Visual Pigments and Photoreceptor Physiology

We who work with the visual pigments are fortunate in our field. It offers unique opportunities to engage, and we hope perhaps to solve, some of the central problems of present-day biology. It projects also into some of the most interesting problems of present-day physical chemistry.
Migration-Facilitating Capital: A Bourdieusian Theory of International Migration:

Despite the centrality of the notion of “capital,” scholarship on international migration has yet to fully explore the generative potential of Bourdieu’s theory. This article “thinks with” Bourdieu...
Uncertainty in intraevent spatial correlation of elastic pseudo-acceleration spectral ordinates

The probabilistic nature of seismic ground motion intensity measures such as peak ground acceleration and spectral acceleration ordinates has been extensively studied during the last decades. However, their spatial correlation is mostly considered without any event-to-event variability, using a mean estimate from a number of seismic events. The present study quantitatively evaluates the event-to-event uncertainty of intraevent spatial correlations, using 39 well-recorded earthquakes. Results indicate a high event-to-event variability in the correlation model parameters, which if taken explicitly into account, would improve regional hazard and risk analyses. Event magnitude was found to be a statistically significant predictor variable of the model parameter, however it explains less than 20% of the total event-to-event variability. Moreover, clustering of site conditions, tectonic region, and fault mechanism are not statistically significant as predictor variables of the spatial correlation model parameter. Finally, this paper proposes a simple Monte Carlo approach for considering the high event-to-event variability of spatial correlation models, taking advantage of the Markov dependence of residuals for reducing the number of correlated variables to be simulated. This approach can be used with different intraevent spatial correlation models, as long as proper estimates of the dispersion of their parameters are considered.
Heuristic machine cognition to predict fire-induced spalling and fire resistance of concrete structures

Abstract The exceptional behavior of concrete under fire conditions is often jeopardized by concrete's propensity to spall. While published works seem to agree on the complexity and randomness of fire-induced concrete spalling, attempts carried out in the past few years continue to be short of developing a systematic methodology that enables accurate prediction of this phenomenon. Unlike previous works, this study aims at understanding fire-induced spalling of concrete through a modern perspective. In this study, Machine Cognition (MC), a branch of Machine Intelligence (MI), is used to derive expressions able of accurately tracing fire response of concrete structures. These expressions take into account geometric, material, and specific features/properties of reinforced concrete (RC) columns in order to predict occurrence and intensity of fire-induced spalling as well as to evaluate fire resistance of such structural members. The derived expressions implicitly account for high-temperature properties of concrete and steel, and thus do not require input of such properties nor special simulation environment. These expressions, arrived at through observations obtained from actual fire tests, have been calibrated and validated for fire exposures far exceeding that of 4 h and their prediction capability was examined against commonly used calculation methods such as those adopted in European and Australian codes.
Optimizing Generalized PageRank Methods for Seed-Expansion Community Detection

Landing probabilities (LP) of random walks (RW) over graphs encode rich information regarding graph topology. Generalized PageRanks (GPR), which represent weighted sums of LPs of RWs, utilize the discriminative power of LP features to enable many graph-based learning studies. Previous work in the area has mostly focused on evaluating suitable weights for GPRs, and only a few studies so far have attempted to derive the optimal weights of GPRs for a given application. We take a fundamental step forward in this direction by using random graph models to better our understanding of the behavior of GPRs. In this context, we provide a rigorous non-asymptotic analysis for the convergence of LPs and GPRs to their mean-field values on edge-independent random graphs. Although our theoretical results apply to many problem settings, we focus on the task of seed-expansion community detection over stochastic block models. There, we find that the predictive power of LPs decreases significantly slower than previously reported based on asymptotic findings. Given this result, we propose a new GPR, termed Inverse PR (IPR), with LP weights that increase for the initial few steps of the walks. Extensive experiments on both synthetic and real, large-scale networks illustrate the superiority of IPR compared to other GPRs for seeded community detection.
Label Dependent Deep Variational Paraphrase Generation

Generating paraphrases that are lexically similar but semantically different is a challenging task. Paraphrases of this form can be used to augment data sets for various NLP tasks such as machine reading comprehension and question answering with non-trivial negative examples. In this article, we propose a deep variational model to generate paraphrases conditioned on a label that specifies whether the paraphrases are semantically related or not. We also present new training recipes and KL regularization techniques that improve the performance of variational paraphrasing models. Our proposed model demonstrates promising results in enhancing the generative power of the model by employing label-dependent generation on paraphrasing datasets.
Towards an affective understanding of processes of racialization

In this article, we apply developments from the affective turn—in particular, the concept of assemblages—to understand the relationship between race, affect, and emotions. We use the example of a B...
The Limits of Faith-Based Organizations: Lessons from a Big Idea

Studies of faith-based organizations (FBOs) often ignore the theologies that inform the communicative behavior and constitution of FBOs. As such, they miss components of how discourse establishes a...
Pediatric patient interaction: provider vs. parent expectations

Background: Healthcare provider (HCP) interactions with pediatric patients and their parents requires methods of communication differing from the HCP/adult patient experience. Gaps remain in unders...
Online recruitment of youth for mHealth studies

Background Social networking sites and apps have emerged as an opportunity to engage in research young men who have sex with men (YMSM) at risk of HIV infection who may not be otherwise reached by in-person recruitment efforts. This paper highlights lessons learned, best practices and on-going recruitment challenges in the iTech network of the NIH Adolescent Trials Network for HIV Interventions. Methods Recruitment was conducted for four randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of mHealth HIV prevention interventions for YMSM living in 10 US cities. Advertising was purchased on Facebook, Instagram, Snapchat, Twitter and Grindr. Users who clicked on banner ads were taken directly to a study-specific eligibility screener and if eligible, were asked to provide contact information for follow-up by respective study site staff. Ad and screening metrics (impressions, clicks, cost per click (CPC), click-through rate (CTR), number screened, number eligible, number who provided contact information and cost per eligible contact) were compared across platforms, studies and geographic areas (where available). Screening metrics were also calculated for in-person recruitment efforts. Results Grindr and Snapchat ads produced the highest CTRs as compared to Facebook ads. However, these ads had the lowest proportions of users who initiated eligibility screeners and ultimately Facebook ads yielded the lowest cost per eligible contact across studies. Instagram ads yielded the highest proportions of eligible contacts who were racial/ethnic minorities and under the age of 18. Geographic variability in cost per eligible contact was observed for studies with identical eligibility criteria running concurrently in different regions, driven by both advertising costs and the screening and eligibility rates. Despite lower eligibility rates, the total numbers of eligible contacts were higher for online advertising campaigns, as compared to other recruitment efforts, for all studies except P3. Ads recruiting for P3 had the highest cost per eligible contact, likely due to this study having the most stringent eligibility criteria of the studies described. Conclusions We implemented a successful online advertising strategy to recruit YMSM at high risk for HIV infection into four RCTs of mHealth interventions. This report provides a framework for evaluation of data from future online recruitment efforts across platforms and geographic areas, regardless of inevitable changes in the digital marketing space.
Changing Climate, Changing Terrain: The Stasis Metaphor and the Climate Crisis:

Rhetorical theory has frequently relied on metaphors of place and positioning as heuristics to build better arguments. This article utilizes one such metaphor, that of stasis theory, as a method by...
A prospective study of the incidence of intracranial hemorrhage in survivors of out of hospital cardiac arrest

Abstract Aim Intracranial Hemorrhage (ICH) is an important cause of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA), yet there are no United States (US), European, or Australian prospective studies examining its incidence in patients who sustained OHCA. This study aims to identify the incidence of ICH in US patients with OHCA who obtain return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC). Methods We prospectively analyzed consecutive patients with OHCA who achieved ROSC at a single US hospital over a 15-month period. Before beginning patient enrollment, we implemented a standardized emergency department order-set for the initial management for all patients with ROSC after OHCA. This order-set included a non-contrast head computed-tomography (NCH-CT) scan. Patient and cardiac arrest variables were recorded, as were NCH-CT findings. Results During the study period, 85 patients sustained an OHCA, achieved ROSC, survived to hospital admission, and underwent a NCH-CT. Three of these 85 patients had ICH (3.5%). Survival to discharge was seen in 23/82 (28.0%) patients without ICH and in 1/3 patients with ICH. Survival with good neurologic outcome was seen in 14/82 (17.1%) patients without ICH and in 0/3 patients with ICH. Patients with ICH tended to be older than patients without ICH. Conclusions In our US cohort, ICH was an uncommon finding in patients who sustained OHCA and survived to hospital admission, and no patients with ICH survived to discharge with good neurologic outcome. Additionally, the incidence of ICH was lower than reported in previous studies.
Ambient fine particulate matter air pollution and leisure-time physical inactivity among US adults

Abstract Objectives There is mounting evidence documenting the adverse health effects of short- and long-term exposure to ambient fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) air pollution, but population-based evidence linking PM 2.5 and health behaviour remains lacking. This study examined the relationship between ambient PM 2.5 air pollution and leisure-time physical inactivity among US adults 18 years of age and above. Study design Retrospective data analysis. Methods Participant-level data ( n = 2,381,292) from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System 2003–2011 surveys were linked with Wide-ranging Online Data for Epidemiologic Research air quality data by participants' residential county and interview month/year. Multilevel logistic regressions were performed to examine the effect of ambient PM 2.5 air pollution on participants' leisure-time physical inactivity, accounting for various individual and county-level characteristics. Regressions were estimated on the overall sample and subsamples stratified by sex, age cohort, race/ethnicity and body weight status. Results One unit (μg/m 3 ) increase in county monthly average PM 2.5 concentration was found to be associated with an increase in the odds of physical inactivity by 0.46% (95% confidence interval = 0.34%–0.59%). The effect was similar between the sexes but to some extent (although not always statistically significant) larger for younger adults, Hispanics, and overweight/obese individuals compared with older adults, non-Hispanic whites or African Americans, and normal weight individuals, respectively. Conclusions Ambient PM 2.5 air pollution is found to be associated with a modest but measurable increase in individuals' leisure-time physical inactivity, and the relationship tends to differ across population subgroups.
LabelBoost: An Ensemble Model for Ground Truth Inference Using Boosted Trees

We introduce LabelBoost, an ensemble model that utilizes various label aggregation algorithms to build a higher precision algorithm. We compare this algorithm with majority vote, GLAD and an Expectation Maximization model on a publicly available dataset. The results suggest that by building an ensemble model, one can achieve higher precision value for aggregating crowd-sourced labels for an item. These higher values are shown to be statistically significant.
Early diagnosis of chronic pulmonary vascular obstruction. Value of pulmonary function tests.

Abstract Eight patients were studied to determine the origin of their dyspnea. They had no clinical evidence of pulmonary hypertension and the pulmonary artery pressures were normal at rest. Special tests of pulmonary function showed that pulmonary vascular obstruction was present; the diagnosis was confirmed anatomically in five patients and by roentgenologic studies in two patients. In three patients pulmonary hypertension did not develop even during exercise; results of pulmonary angiograms and radioisotope scanning of the lungs in these patients were within normal limits. The discrepancy is explained by the presence of scattered lesions narrowing small pulmonary arteries and arterioles in these patients. The abnormal responses during pulmonary function studies included (1) increased V{inD}: V{InT}, which was present at rest in only two patients, but increased abnormally during exercise in all the patients in whom it was normal at rest; (2) decreased singlebreath diffusing capacity in every patient and decreased pulmonary capillary blood volume in every patient in whom the measurement was made; (3) partially compensated respiratory alkalosis at rest and during exercise in six of eight patients; and (4) significantly decreased arterial O 2 tensions during exercise in two patients (in one the hypoxemia was mainly due to right to left "shunting" of blood, and in one who exercised to high levels it was probably due to a diffusion defect). The abnormalities in pulmonary function not only allowed us to make the diagnosis but also were useful in following the course of the disease. Any patient with dyspnea during exertion who is suspected of having occlusive pulmonary vascular disease deserves detailed pulmonary function studies of the pulmonary circulation, including exercise tests, especially when pulmonary hypertension is absent and roentgenologic methods fail to demonstrate areas of large vessel obstruction.
Disparities in preventive procedures: comparisons of self-report and Medicare claims data

Background Racial/ethnic disparities are assessed using either self-report or claims data. We compared these two data sources and examined contributors to discrepancies in estimates of disparities.
Radionuclide traceability for U.S. Department of Energy Environmental Management Radioanalytical Services

In 1999, the Department of Energy Office of Environmental Management (DOE-EM) National Analytical Management Program (NAMP) established a Radiological Traceability Program (RTP) as a new initiative for the radioanalytical acitivies related to the environmental programs conducted throughout the DOE complex. The National Analytical Management Program entered into an interagency agreement with the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) to establish traceability to the national standard for DOE-EM radioanalytical activities through the NIST/reference laboratory concept as described in ANSI N42.23-1996.1 Using the criteria established by the RTP, NAMP named two DOE-EM laboratories as reference or secondary laboratories and established a program with NIST that demonstrated the concept of traceability. In order to gain and maintain traceability to NIST, each reference laboratory must meet the performance criteria as defined by the RTP and NAMP. Traceability to NIST is tiered down to each radioanalytical laboratory (monitor or service) that successfully participates in the performance-evaluation programs offered by the reference laboratories. Essential to the RTP is the demonstration that the reference laboratories can produce performance-testing (PT) materials of high quality as well as analyze/verify the radionuclide concentration to the required accuracy and precision. This paper presents the elements of the RTP and the program requirements of NIST and the reference laboratories.
Regulating the Modern Financial Firm: Implications of Disintermediation and Conglomeration

Today's financial institutions perform activities ranging from banking to securities underwriting and from asset management to insurance services. In this rapidly changing environment, conglomerates dominate the financial industry and financial market con-ditions play a significant role. Unfortunately, the theory of financial intermediation in which most of banking regulation finds its rationale does not seem to provide answers to the most relevant regulatory questions. This paper surveys the literature on banking regulation and assesses which aspects are the most pertinent under current circumstances. It argues that the principal concern in designing a regulatory framework should be about systemic risk, that the need to contain government-induced moral hazard remains but is not limited to banks, and that solvency regulation aiming at protecting investors is losing its raison d'etre. An overview of open questions in modern financial regulation and suggestions for future research conclude the paper.
Partner preferences across sexual orientations and biological sex

This study examined how partner preferences differ across interpersonal contexts (romantic attachment and relationship expectations) based on sexuality and biological sex. Participants completed measures of attachment and behavioral expectations for their romantic partners, cross-sex friends, and same-sex friends. The attachment anxiety results revealed an effect of sexuality: Single heterosexuals scored higher for their cross-sex friends than same-sex friends, single lesbian/gay individuals scored higher for same-sex friends than cross-sex friends, and bisexuals' attachment anxiety was equal regardless of friends' biological sex. The behavioral expectation results revealed an effect of biological sex indicating that, regardless of sexuality, women are preferred over men for emotional/social needs. Finally, an interaction revealed that lesbians have higher expectations for their girlfriends/wives than straight men have for theirs.
Exploratory failure time analysis in large scale genomics

In large scale genomic analyses dealing with detecting genotype-phenotype associations, such as genome wide association studies (GWAS), it is desirable to have numerically and statistically robust procedures to test the stochastic independence null hypothesis against certain alternatives. Motivated by a special case in a GWAS, a novel test procedure called Correlation Profile Test (CPT) is developed for testing genomic associations with failure-time phenotypes subject to right censoring and competing risks. Performance and operating characteristics of CPT are investigated and compared to existing approaches, by a simulation study and on a real dataset. Compared to popular choices of semiparametric and nonparametric methods, CPT has three advantages: it is numerically more robust because it solely relies on sample moments; it is more robust against the violation of the proportional hazards condition; and it is more flexible in handling various failure and censoring scenarios. CPT is a general approach to testing the null hypothesis of stochastic independence between a failure event point process and any random variable; thus it is widely applicable beyond genomic studies. A novel procedure called Correlation Profile Test (CPT) is proposed.A novel permutation test, the hybrid permutation test, is proposed.CPT fits genomics applications better than common survival analysis methods.CPT is general and can have wide applications beyond genomics.
Through the looking glass: thinking through the internet of things

Purpose – This column aims to explore how the concept of the “Internet of Things” technology will impact everyday life, and examine its implications for libraries. The Internet serves as the foundation for a staggering array of connections between humans and computers all over the world. As a conceptual model, the “Internet of Things” (IOT) begs the question, what if the Internet expanded beyond humans and computers to include the other everyday objects that surround us? Design/methodology/approach – This column will explore how this technology might impact everyday life, and examine this technology’s implications for libraries. Findings – Companies of all kinds, including Intel, Microsoft, AT & T and DHL are all investing in the IOT, citing a variety of reports that estimate tremendous future growth. For example, a recent report by Business Insider predicts that by 2019, the IOT will be the largest device market in the world (overshadowing desktop computers and mobile devices combined) and create $1.7 tr...
The Enminded Body. Spinoza, Descartes and the Philosophy of Cognitive Sciences - A Critical Note on a Major Ontological Issue

Ontologically, Spinoza must be wrong and Descartes must be right about mind and meaning. Nevertheless, Spinoza’s mysticism and resounding Spinozist rejections of Cartesian rationalism can be found in most basic assumptions of current cognitive science. The main issue of this ’metaphysical’ debate is the status of mind, of mental representations, meaning, and therefore the possibility of a cognitive linguistics, semantics, and semiotics.
Rating and Reliability of Existing Bridges in a Network

Currently, the load rating is the method used by State DOTs for evaluating the safety and serviceability of existing bridges in the United States. In general, load rating of a bridge is evaluated when a maintenance, improvement work, change in strength of members, or addition of dead load alters the condition or capacity of the structure. The AASHTO LRFD specifications provide code provisions for prescribing an acceptable and uniform safety level for the design of bridge components. Once a bridge is designed and placed in service, the AASHTO Manual for Condition Evaluation of Bridges provides provisions for determination of the safety and serviceability of existing bridge components. Rating for the bridge system is taken as the minimum of the component ratings. If viewed from a broad perspective, methods used in the state-of-the-practice condition evaluation of bridges at discrete time intervals and in the state-of-the-art probability-based life prediction share common goals and principles. This paper briefly describes a study conducted on the rating and system reliability-based lifetime evaluation of a number of existing bridges within a bridge network, including prestressed concrete, reinforced concrete, steel rolled beam, and steel plate girder bridges. The approach is explained using a representative prestressed concrete girder bridge. Emphasis is placed on the interaction between rating and reliability results in order to relate the developed approach to current practice in bridge rating and evaluation. The results presented provide a sound basis for further improvement of bridge management systems based on system performance requirements.
Efficient Estimation for Diagnosis Using Factored Dynamic Bayesian Network

Abstract Robust and efficient estimation of hidden state variables of a system in the presence of measurement noise and modeling errors is crucial for online model based fault diagnosis of continuous systems. Dynamic Bayesian Networks (DBNs) provide generalized and systematic methods for reasoning under uncertainty. This paper presents an approach to improve estimation efficiency by partitioning the DBN into smaller factors and invoking estimation algorithms on each factor independently. The factors are generated by replacing some state variables with algebraic functions of some measurement variables, thus reducing the across-time links between these state variables. Hence, given the measurements, these state variables become conditionally independent of the state variables in other factors, and the states of each factor can be estimated separately. This paper derives an algorithm for generating these factors and presents experimental results to demonstrate the effectiveness of our factoring approach for accurate estimation of system behavior.
DETERMINATION OF SULFAMYLUREA HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS AND THEIR METABOLITES IN BIOLOGICAL FLUIDS.

Amine metabolites (basic) are separated from their parent sulfamylureas and sulfamide metabolites (both acidic) by extraction. Sulfamylureas are hydrolyzed by acid to the corresponding amine for assay, under which conditions sulfamides are unaffected. Sulfamides are similarly hydrolyzed to an amine under basic conditions, sulfamylureas being stable. Flourine-containing sulfamylureas were assayed by Schoniger combustion and determination of the resultant fluoride ion.
An overview of operationalizing criteria for ME, ME/CFS, and CFS case definitions.

Since the 1950s, many case definitions have been developed for chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) (Holmes etal., 1988; Fukuda etal., 1994), Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (ME) (Carruthers etal., 2011; Ramsa...
Theoretical study of hydrogen-covered diamond (100) surfaces: A chemical-potential analysis

The bare and hydrogen-covered diamond (100) surfaces were investigated through pseudopotential density-functional calculations within the local-density approximation. Different hydrogen coverages, ranging from one to two, were considered. These corresponded to different structures (1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1, 2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1, and 3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1) and different hydrogen-carbon arrangements (monohydride, dihydride, and configurations in between). Assuming the system was in equilibrium with a hydrogen reservoir, the formation energy of each phase was expressed as a function of hydrogen chemical potential. As the chemical potential increased, the stable phase successively changed from bare 2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1 to (2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1):H, to (3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1):1.33H, and finally to the canted (1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1):2H. Setting the chemical potential at the energy per hydrogen in ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ and in a free atom gave the (3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1):1.33H and the canted (1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1):2H phase as the most stable one, respectively. However, after comparing with the formation energy of ${\mathrm{CH}}_{4}$, only the (2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1):H and (3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1):1.33H phases were stable against spontaneous formation of ${\mathrm{CH}}_{4}$. The former existed over a chemical potential range ten times wider than the latter, which may explain why the latter, despite having a low energy, has not been observed so far. Finally, the vibrational energies of the C-H stretch mode were calculated for the (2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1):H phase.
Forward Genetic Analysis of the Apicomplexan Cell Division Cycle in Toxoplasma gondii

Apicomplexa are obligate intracellular pathogens that have fine-tuned their proliferative strategies to match a large variety of host cells. A critical aspect of this adaptation is a flexible cell cycle that remains poorly understood at the mechanistic level. Here we describe a forward genetic dissection of the apicomplexan cell cycle using the Toxoplasma model. By high-throughput screening, we have isolated 165 temperature sensitive parasite growth mutants. Phenotypic analysis of these mutants suggests regulated progression through the parasite cell cycle with defined phases and checkpoints. These analyses also highlight the critical importance of the peculiar intranuclear spindle as the physical hub of cell cycle regulation. To link these phenotypes to parasite genes, we have developed a robust complementation system based on a genomic cosmid library. Using this approach, we have so far complemented 22 temperature sensitive mutants and identified 18 candidate loci, eight of which were independently confirmed using a set of sequenced and arrayed cosmids. For three of these loci we have identified the mutant allele. The genes identified include regulators of spindle formation, nuclear trafficking, and protein degradation. The genetic approach described here should be widely applicable to numerous essential aspects of parasite biology.
Internal thoracic artery grafts for the entire heart at a mean of 12 years.

Abstract Background There is consensus today that the long-term results of bypassing the left anterior descending artery with an internal thoracic artery (ITA) graft are superior to those of a saphenous vein graft. Our hypothesis for this study was that three-vessel revascularization with only ITA grafts would also give excellent results. Methods Using our previously described techniques to enhance the length of ITA grafts by skeletonization and high mediastinal mobilization, we were able to perform tension-free, three-vessel revascularization using only ITA grafts in 125 (83%) of a consecutive series of 150 patients with three-vessel occlusive coronary disease. We followed 100% of these 125 exclusive ITA graft patients (average of 3.9 anastomoses per patient) to their time of death (59; 47.2%) or current living status (66; 52.8%). Results Combined intraoperative graft flows averaged 225 mL/min. Of the 125 patients in this study (average age, 63.5 years), 121 (96.8%) lived beyond 40 days. Of these 121 patients, 55 (45%) died at a mean of 7 years postoperatively and 66 (55%) are still living at a mean of 12.1 years. Of these 121 patients, 112 (93%) had angina at baseline. Of these 112, 92 (85%) were angina free at a mean of 9.1 years postoperatively. Freedom from infarction was 100% at 5 years and 97% at 10 years. Freedom from reintervention was 90% at a mean of 9.8 years. Conclusions Use of ITA grafts for three-vessel coronary revascularization provides excellent results and is both practical and appropriate for many patients.
Finding Image Correspondence by Partial Shape Invariance Based on Multiview Models

This paper presents a method for finding image correspondence by partial shape invariance. The shape invariant features are defined as: the number of keypoints; a set of relative distance between the keypoints and the centroid of an object; a set of edge length between the sequential keypoints in different viewpoints. Shape invariant features within certain viewing range is assumed. Shape features are extracted from edge images,and those edges are converted into polylines or polygons in order to represent shapes in linear features. Multiview models are built based on partial shape invariance. Corresponding points are obtained by comparing input image data with multiview model data.
Pancreatic carcinoma cells are susceptible to noninvasive radio frequency fields after treatment with targeted gold nanoparticles.

Background Gold and carbon nanoparticles absorb nonionizing radio frequency (RF) energy and release heat. Solid gold nanoparticles are delivered to cancer cells via conjugation with targeting antibodies. Here, 20-nm gold particles were conjugated to cetuximab, which is an epidermal growth factor receptor-1 (EGFR-1) antibody. Methods A pancreatic carcinoma cell line that highly expresses EGFR-1, Panc-1, and Cama-1, which is a breast carcinoma cell line that minimally expresses EGFR-1, were treated with 100-nmol/L cetuximab-conjugated gold nanoparticles for 3 h (n = 4). Thirty-six hours later, the dishes were placed in an RF field with a generator power of 200 W for 5 min. After another 36 h, cell injury and death were evaluated with flow cytometry. Results The targeted cell line Panc-1 had a viability of 46% ± 12%, whereas the Cama-1 cell had a viability of 92% ± 2% after RF field exposure (P Conclusion This technique could be useful in cancer treatment if a cancer-specific antibody is used to localize gold nanoparticles to malignant cells.
Foreperiod duration, range, and ordering effects on acoustic LRT in normal speakers.

Summary One quantitative measure of vocal motor control is phonation onset latency relative to presentation of an external stimulus in a reaction time task. However, variables within the design of reaction time experiments can affect laryngeal reaction time (LRT) values. The present study examines effects of foreperiod characteristics on LRT for normal speakers. Foreperiod is the interval between presentation of warning and response cues. LRT was affected by absolute foreperiod duration, by the average foreperiod duration of a block of trials, and by the ordering and range of foreperiods within a block of trials. Results are discussed with respect to foreperiod effects on the subjective expectancy and objective probability of occurrence of the response cue and on the timing of neurophysiologic processes. Control of subjective effects is critical to assessment of neurophysiologic constraints on LRT.
A digital computation technique for radar scene simulation: Newslar

This paper describes the Point Scattering Model (PSM) for radar-image simulation and its digital implement ation. The model applies to radar images of real and hypothesized scenes. Simulated radar images of real scenes produced via the PSM correlate very favorably with actual radar images of the same scenes. The simulation model requires information about the terrain in the form of a "ground truth data base" and radar backscatter data. Simulated radar images are compared with actual radar images of the same terrain. Flowcharts of the digital im plementation of the PSM are given.A major part of the computing consists of independent parallel tasks and is well adapted to processing on a network of microcomputers. The authors hope that readers of this paper can suggest new configurations of the parallel processing equipment suitable for the rapid and economical execution of programs like those described in the paper.
Purification of human and monkey endonucleases acting on ultraviolet-irradiated DNA.

Abstract A human endonuclease was purified from human spleen. The enzyme causes singlestrand breaks in uv-irradiated but not in nonirradiated DNA, and has properties similar to an endonuclease purified from rat liver. A similar enzyme was also partially purified from monkey liver.
TRACHOMA VIRUSES ISOLATED IN UNITED STATES. VII. RELATIVE TOXICITY OF DIFFERENT STRAINS FOR WHITE MICE.

SummaryYolk-sac suspensions of 3 strains of trachoma and 3 strains of inclusion conjunctivitis virus isolated and grown in this laboratory, and the TE 55 strain of trachoma, were tested for toxicity for mice following intravenous injection. All suspensions were equally toxic for mice, requiring between 3.3 × 105 and 8.4 × 106 ELD 50 per MLD 50, and all contained similar numbers of virus particles, an average of 6 × 109/g of yolk sac. The egg-lethal titers of TE 55 virus suspensions were 10-fold higher than those of the other strains tested, but this strain was no more toxic for mice and possessed the same total number of particles per g of yolk sac. Biological differences of the strains, such as virulence for chick embryos and pathogenicity for the conjunctiva, do not appear to depend on the relative mouse toxicity of the strains.
A Comparison of The Drug Habits and Attitudes of Alcohol and Marijuana Users.

The purpose of this analysis was to contrast the attitudes and patterns of drug use among marijuana and alcohol users and non-users at the University of South Carolina. More specifically, the incidence of drug use, the time of initial drug use, and the motivations for various types of use have been analyzed in this study.
Synchronization methods for supporting distributed 3D virtual environments in Java

This paper presents a 3D distributed virtual environment (DVE). The DVE, created using Java, is intended to allow for the creation of applications to enable multiple users to collaboratively interact in, and communicate about, a virtual world. This DVE is used to primarily support a flight simulator application. Three client-server synchronization methods were developed and compared. The method of transparent synchronization with non-blocking I/O has been found to be the best method for maintaining synchronization among DVEs. The successful creation of the DVE and the positive results collected in the supporting experimental data, leads to the conclusion that Java, with the addition of the non-blocking I/O and 3D API's, can be successfully used to create high performance 3D DVEs.
Clinal variation in morphology among eastern populations of the waterstrider, Aquarius remigis Say (Hemiptera: Gerridae)

We examined morphological variation among populations of the stream-dwelling waterstrider,Aquarius remigis.A previous analysis of allozyme variation along a transect from southern Quebec to southern North Carolina revealed two distinct ‘types’ ofA. remigis,north and south of a transition zone in southern New York and northern Pennsylvania. To assess the concordance of morphological and allozyme differentiation, adults were sampled from 15 populations along the original transect, as well as 11 additional populations in New York, Connecticut and New Jersey. Eight measurements of leg and body size were taken of preserved individuals. Univariate and multivariate analyses (multiple regression, PCA, discriminant analysis) reveal significant differentiation between northern and southern populations with a transition zone between latitudes 39∘and 42∘north. Strong clines within each region and a clear transition between regions support previous suggestions that there are two distinct ‘types’ of this species in eastern North America. The transition zone in morphology coincides with that revealed by the allozyme variation, but extends further south. The covariance of allozyme frequency and morphometric traits suggests that differentiation has occurred through vicariance and secondary contact, and that in this system, cladistic and adaptive differentiation are coupled.
Galileo Wept: A Critical Assessment of the Use of Race in Forensic Anthropology

Anthropology has been haunted by the misuse of the race concept since its beginnings. Although modern genetics has shown time and again that race is not a biological reality and cannot adequately describe human variation, many anthropologists are unable or unwilling to put aside racial typology as an explanatory tool. Here, we consider the case of forensic anthropology as an example often held up by uncritical anthropologists as evidence that the race concept "works." The logic appears to be that if forensic anthropologists are able to identify races in skeletal remains, races must be biological phenomena. We consider four general viewpoints on the subject of the validity and utility of race in forensic anthropology and offer an argument for the elimination of race as part of the "biological profile" identified by forensic anthropologists.
γ-d-glutamylaminomethyl sulfonic acid (GAMS) distinguishes kainic acid- from AMPA-induced responses in Xenopus oocytes expressing chick brain glutamate receptors

Abstract The effects of the glutamate receptor antagonist γ- d -glutamylaminomethyl sulfonic acid (GAMS) on inward currents induced by bath application of kainic acid (KA) or α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionic acid (AMPA) were studied with single-electrode voltage clamp methods in Xenopus oocytes injected 3–5 days previously with mRNA from the brain of E16–17 chick embryos. Both AMPA and KA induced smooth inward currents, with Hill coefficients of 1.5 (AMPA) and 2.1 (KA). GAMS, at concentrations up to 1 mM, produced no reliable antagonism of AMPA-induced currents but showed a consistent, dose-dependent and reversible antagonism of KA-induced responses; the slope of the Schild plot was 0.76 and the pA2 value 4.32. In the presence of GAMS, however, the Hill coefficient for AMPA binding sites on chick brain glutamate receptors. The selectivities of three quinoxalinedione and AMPA binding sites on chick brain glutamate receptors. The selectivities of three quinoxalinedione antagonists (6,7-dinitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione [DNQX], 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione [CNQX] and 6-nitro-7-sulfamoyl-benzo(F)quinoxaline-2,3-dione[NBQX]) were then compared with that shown by GAMS. DNQX, CNQX and NBQX all blocked the effects of both KA and AMPA completely, competitively, reversibly and dose-dependently, with Schild-plot slopes very close to 1.0. Against AMPA, observed pA2 values were 6.58 for DNQX, 6.43 for CNQX and 6.77 for NBQX. Against KA, pA2 values were 6.42 for DNQX, 6.56 for CNQX and 7.21 for NBQX. The finding that GAMS exhibits much greater selectivity than quinoxalinediones for antagonism of KA-evoked currents in oocytes suggests that GAMS can be used to distinguish the effects of KA and AMPA at non-NMDA receptors.
Reliability Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Columns Exposed to Fire

Abstract A reliability analysis is conducted on reinforced concrete columns subjected to fire load. From an evaluation of load frequency of occurrence, load random variables are taken to be dead load, sustained live load, and fire temperature. Resistance is developed for axial capacity, with random variables taken as steel yield strength, concrete compressive strength, placement of reinforcement, and section width and height. A rational interaction model based on the Rankine approach is used to estimate column capacity as a function of fire exposure time. Various factors were considered in the analysis such as fire type, load ratio, reinforcement ratio, cover, concrete strength, load eccentricity, and other parameters. Reliability was computed from 0 to 4 h of fire exposure using Monte Carlo simulation. It was found that reliability decreased nonlinearly as a function of time, while the most significant parameters were fire type, load ratio, eccentricity, and reinforcement ratio.