cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Male Nurses: A Case Study in Status Contradiction and Prestige Loss

Male nurses in a psychiatric hospital were compared and contrasted to their female colleagues with respect to their conceptions of their intra-hospital status and their place in the general stratification system outside the hospital. Within the hospital, the male nurses differed from the females in their views of the other occupational groups with whom nurses are in contact. The menus involvement in an occupation usually reserved for women also affected their view of the general stratification system, especially in terms of a relatively low estimate of their own self-esteem. SEVERAL discussants of status relations have devoted specific attention to disL parities between characteristics assumed to adhere to foci of ascription (like age and sex), and characteristics that members of certain occupations are expected to possess.' One of these discussants, Hughes, has provided the term contradiction of status for cases where the combination of ascribed status characteristics 1 Ralph Linton, "Status and Role," in Logan Wilson and William L. Kolb (eds.), Sociological Analysis (New York: Harcourt, Brace and Co., 1949); Everett C. Hughes, "Dilemmas and Contradictions of Status," Aitierican Journal of Sociology, 50 (1944-45), pp. 353-359; Allison Davis, "American Status Systems and the Socialization of the Child," in Clyde Kluckhohn et al, Personality in Nature, Culture, and Society (New York: Knopf, 1953); Theodore Caplow, The Sociology of Work (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, 1954), especially chapter 10, "Occupations of Women"; Josephine Williams, "Patients and Prejudice: Lay Attitudes Toward Women Physicians," American Journial of Sociology, 51 (1945-46), pp. 283-287. Less directly applicable but still relevant is Leo Schnore, "Social Mobility in Demographic Perspective," American Sociological Review, 26 (1961), pp. 407-423. This content downloaded from 157.55.39.159 on Sun, 18 Sep 2016 05:46:43 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
HTSC substrate and buffer layer compounds, A2MeSbO6 where A = Ba, Sr and Me = Sc, In and Ga

Abstract Compounds in the series A 2 MeSbO 6 where A = Ba, Sr and Me = Sc, In and Ga have been used as substrate/buffer layers with YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7−δ thin films. These materials were prepared by solid-state reaction of the oxides and carbonates The compounds are ordered perovskites except for Ba 2 InSbO 6 . All compounds are cubic except Sr 2 ScSbO 6 and Sr 2 GaSbO 6 which are pseudo-cubic, tetragonal. Dielectric constant and loss tangent are reported for each bulk compound. Herein is described the succesful deposition of thin films A 2 MeSbO 6 on YBCO, A 2 MeSbO 6 /(00l) YBCO/(100) MgO by pulsed-laser ablation.
Gene expression profiling and functional proteomic analysis reveal perturbed kinase-mediated signaling in genetic stroke susceptibility.

The stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHRSP) is a model of heritable hypertension-associated cerebrovascular injury. This study sought to compare SHRSP to the stroke-resistant SHR strain...
Plasma turbulence measurements from forbidden transitions in argon and neon

Possible forbidden transitions are suggested as sources of satellites for the study of plasma turbulence. These transitions are in argon and neon and have some advantages over previously used helium lines.
Guest Editorial: Special Section on Optical Interconnects

Increasing delay of interconnects over devices at advanced nodes indicates a need for drastic change for interconnect. Such drastic changes have traditionally been possible through material changes. However, an alternative change in design may be near. In particular, on-chip optical interconnections are on the verge of being introduced to be able to cope with system-scale performance roadmaps. Thereby, photon-based information transfer may take the place of charge-based transfer that has been utilized within and across semiconductor chips for decades. Such a change would trigger significant updates to the design flows and circuitry.
Effects of olfactory bulb removal on aggression: A reevaluation

Abstract The effects of olfactory bulb removal on natural frog-killing, mouse-killing, intermale aggression and irritability were examined. Bilateral olfactory bulb lesions suppressed natural frog-killing in nonmouse-killing rats despite the fact that these lesions induced mouse-killing in many of the same rats. The effects of bulbectomy on natural mouse-killing were quite different: the lesions suppressed the natural mouse-killing. Thus the removal of the olfactory bulbs was found to suppress natural killing behavior but also to induce killing in some rats that did not naturally kill mice. Olfactory bulb ablations also affected intermale aggression in several rats and the effects were associated with the extent of the lesions. Those rats in which intermale aggression was facilitated had only partial olfactory bulb lesions, while those rats in which there was a suppression of intermale aggression had complete olfactory bulb ablations and frequently some damage to the olfactory peduncles.
Structural perturbations on the bridging oxygen 17O NMR EFG parameters in ultraphosphates: an ab initio study

Abstract Ab initio molecular orbital calculations (Hartree–Fock, HF and density functional theory, DFT) of the 17 O NMR electrical field gradient (EFG) parameters for the bridging oxygen (O B ) in the model cluster H 4 P 2 O 7 are presented. The variation of the quadrupolar coupling constant ( C Q ) and asymmetry parameter ( η Q ) for the EFG of the bridging oxygen was shown to be a function of both the bridging P–O B –P bond angle and the OP–O B –PO conformation. These ab initio calculations allowed empirical relationships between the 17 O NMR EFG parameters and the P–O B –P bond angle to be tabulated for a wide range of OP–O B –PO conformations. For experimentally realistic ranges of the P–O B –P bond angle, the 17 O NMR EFG parameters are dominated by variations in the P–O B –P bond angle, with minor changes due to the OP–O B –PO conformation. These calculations also demonstrated systematic differences in the predicted 17 O EFG parameters obtained using HF and DFT level of theory.
MEAN FREE PATH FOR SHOWER PRODUCTION BY HIGH-ENERGY Pi MESONS

In order to investigate a possible difference in the mean free paths for shower production by protons and by $\ensuremath{\pi}$ mesons of very high energy, an experiment was carried out at Echo Lake, Colorado (altitude 3260 m) in which the rate of production of penetrating showers by the atmospheric $N$ component was studied as a function of the absorber thickness up to a total of 650-g/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ Pb, or about four proton mean free paths. A difference in the cross sections would then result in the "filtering out" of the component with the shorter mean free path, and manifest itself in an attenuation curve which is the superposition of two exponentials rather than a single exponential curve. By splitting the top absorber into three sections and using three top trays instead of the usual one, with the rigid condition that only a single counter in each tray be discharged, losses due to the complete absorption of all secondaries of an interaction occurring in the top absorber were minimized and could be estimated from the results of the runs with smaller absorber thicknesses in which the lead absorber was distributed in various ways between and above the trays. Three further counter trays, placed in a lead pile, were used to select five types of showers of different multiplicity. The average energy of the primaries of these events were estimated to be about 5.3 Bev ("low-energy group"), 8.3 Bev ("medium-energy group"), and 16-20 Bev ("high-energy group"). Even after correcting for spurious events, the rates of the two latter groups---for which a substantial $\ensuremath{\pi}$-meson component can be expected---do not fit a straight line on a semilogarithmic plot, thus indicating that the mean free paths of the two components are not identical. Under the assumption of equal detection probability for the interactions of both types of primaries, the mean free path for shower production by $\ensuremath{\pi}$ mesons of both energy groups is found to exceed 320 g/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$. It must be stressed that these results should not be interpreted as a proof for an interaction cross section smaller than the geometrical nuclear cross section, but rather as an indication that in collisions of very energetic $\ensuremath{\pi}$ mesons, the number of $\ensuremath{\pi}$-meson secondaries emitted differs from that resulting from proton collisions, perhaps because of a larger probability for the production of other secondary particles.
Family therapy: A client-centered perspective.

>This article first critiques therapist-directed approaches to family therapy in the light of research findings on therapist variables (empathy, warmth, genuineness) associated with positive outcomes in psychotherapy. Second, two polar opposite positions in family therapy — psychodynamic and family systems — are examined and found to have much in common. The two approaches are based on a pessimistic view of the family, which is seen as an intractable unit, resistant to its own growth. Third, an alternative, phenomenological view of the family is developed, which more optimistically assumes the family to be motivated for enhancement and growth. Finally, a client-centered approach to family therapy is described.
Neuroimaging evidence of cerebellar involvement in premenstrual dysphoric disorder.

Background Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) is a debilitating cyclic disorder that is characterized by affective symptoms, including irritability, depression, and anxiety, which arise in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle and resolve soon after the onset of menses. Despite a prevalence of up to 8% in women of reproductive age, few studies have investigated the brain mechanisms that underlie this disorder. Methods We used positron emission tomography with [ 18 F] fluorodeoxyglucose and self-report questionnaires to assess cerebral glucose metabolism and mood in 12 women with PMDD and 12 healthy comparison subjects in the follicular and late luteal phases of the menstrual cycle. The primary biological end point was incorporated regional cerebral radioactivity (scaled to the global mean) as an index of glucose metabolism. Relationships between regional brain activity and mood ratings were assessed. Blood samples were taken before each session for assay of plasma estradiol and progesterone concentrations. Results There were no group differences in hormone levels in either the follicular or late luteal phase, but the groups differed in the effect of menstrual phase on cerebellar activity. Women with PMDD but not comparison subjects showed an increase in cerebellar activity (particularly in the right cerebellar vermis) from the follicular phase to the late luteal phase ( p = .003). In the PMDD group, this increase in cerebellar activity was correlated with worsening of mood ( p = .018). Conclusions These findings suggest that the midline cerebellar nuclei, which have been implicated in other mood disorders, also contribute to negative mood in PMDD.
Cholinergic stimulation of lacrimal acinar cells promotes redistribution of membrane-associated kinesin and the secretory protein, β-hexosaminidase, and increases kinesin motor activity

The role of the microtubule-based motor, kinesin, in membrane trafficking has been investigated in resting and stimulated acinar cells from rabbit lacrimal gland, a cholinergically controlled secretory tissue. Microtubule-dependent motors from extracts of control and carbachol-treated acini were isolated by microtubule-affinity purification and their activity was determined using a video-enhanced differential interference contrast microscopy assay for microtubule gliding. The observation that carbachol treatment resulted in a 2.2-fold stimulation of the frequency of GTP-dependent microtubule gliding in fractions isolated by microtubule-affinity purification and GTP release suggested that kinesin was a target of carbachol-induced stimulation. Resolution of membranes from resting cells by fractionation on a sorbitol density gradient followed by partitioning analysis in a dextran-polyethyleneglycol two-phase system revealed that membrane-associated kinesin codistributed with Golgi-derived membranes, a post-Golgi secretory compartment designated Hex1, membranes from a trans Golgi network-like compartment, endoplasmic reticulum and a group of putative lysosomal membranes containing cathepsin B. Comparable fractionation of carbachol-treated acini showed that stimulation caused redistributions of membrane-associated kinesin, the secretory enzyme beta-hexosaminidase, and galactosyltransferase that appeared to reflect both a reorganization within the Golgi complex and a return of material to the Golgi complex from the secretory pathway. Our findings that carbachol promotes activation of lacrimal acinar kinesin as well as major shifts in kinesin-membrane association within the secretory pathway suggests that kinesin plays a major role in secretory vesicle assembly, apical secretion, and/or secretory vesicle membrane recycling in the lacrimal gland.
Pancreatic islet cell necrosis: association with hemolytic-uremic syndrome.

A 3-year-old girt was admitted to a community hospital with 5% dehydration following two days of vomiting, abdominal cramps, and bloody diarrhea. Initial physical examination revealed a slightly dehydrated, irritable child. Serum analysis on admission included Na 138 mEq/L, K 4.2 mEq/L, C1 102, mEq/L, HCO3 18 mEq/L, BUN 15 mg/dl, glucose 179 mg/dl, Hgb 14.9 gm/dl, and Hct 43%. Fluids were administered intravenously. On the second hospital day the child became lethargic and disoriented. The hematocrit was 34% and the platelet count 108,000/ram 3. A review of the blood smear showed fragmented red cells, and a diagnosis of hemolytic uremic syndrome was made. The patient became anuric on the second hospital day and was transferred to University of Colorado Health Sciences Center. On admission, physical examination revealed an alert but irritable child with supine blood pressure of 120/62 mm Hg. The abdomen was distended and diffusely tender, with hypoactive bowel sounds and guarding but no rebound tenderness. The remainder of the examination was normal. Serum analysis revealed Na 127 mEq/L, K 5.0 mEq/L, CI 100 rnEq/L, HCO~ 13.7 mEq/L, BUN 66 mg/dl, creatinine 4.9 mg/dl, glucose 168 mg/dl, WBC 30,500/ram 3 with 52% neutrophils, 16% bands, and 25% Iymphs, Hgb 9.8 gm/dl, Hct 29%, and platelets 55,000/ram 3. Peritoneal dialysis was initiated using a 1,5% dextrose dialysate. The dialysate was changed to 4.25% dextrose as needed to maintain a normal intravascular volume. The patient received intravenous alimentation with 5% dextrose, 1% Freeamine (McGaw Laboratories, Inc., Glendale, Calif.), and Intralipid (Cutter Laboratories, lnc, Berkeley, Calif.) 1 gm/kg/day. Serum glucose concentration remained between 150 to 350 mg/dh
RESISTANCE TO A TUMOR-PRODUCING AGENT AS DISTINCT FROM RESISTANCE TO THE IMPLANTED TUMOR CELLS : OBSERVATIONS WITH A SARCOMA OF THE FOWL.

Ultraviolet light rapidly kills the cells of a transplantable sarcoma of the fowl without notably injuring the etiological agent associated therewith. The Roentgen ray has little effect on either cells or agent. Fowls manifest two sorts of resistance to the avian tumor, one directed against the implanted tumor cells as such, the other against the action of the etiological agent to cause a neoplastic change. In the individual fowl the two resistances appear to be independent of one another, though they may exist together or may both be absent. A recognition of them will perhaps explain some features in the biology of other tumors.
STUDIES IN THE DISTRIBUTION OF TAX BURDENS BY INCOME GROUPS: A CRITIQUE*

s of Doctoral Dissertations 377 put or production is not reduced by changes in the tax structure. Unfortunately many of these studies do not make these basic conceptual limitations explicit. In spite of the many flaws and inherent limitations of "formal incidence" studies, properly prepared, they could be quite useful. They could be fairly valid indicators of the direction of tax pressures, and could be used to compare the distribution of such pressures over different time periods. Used with even more caution they might have some use in the comparison and analysis of the tax system of different countries. But the results of these studies must not be used in daring abandon and are certainly not to be relied on to the nearest percentile point. This content downloaded from 157.55.39.80 on Fri, 22 Apr 2016 05:01:54 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
Infrared thermometry to measure single leaf temperatures for quantification of water stress in sunflower

Quantification of water stress by infrared thermometry is routinely done on complete plant canopies to minimize the influence of viewed soil surface. When plants are small or widely spaced, canopies may not be complete. This study was conducted to determine if Crop Water Stress Index (CWSI) values computed from infrared thermometer measurements of single-leaf temperatures of sunflower [Helianthus annuus (L.) 'Triumph 566DW'] were correlated with other measures of plant water stress. Plants were grown under an automated rainout shelter and subjected to four water treatments ranging from 0.0 to 100% replacement of evapotranspirational losses. The soil type is a Rago silt loam (fine, montmorillonitic, mesic Pachic Argiustoll). Statistically significant correlations were found between CWSI calculated from single-leaf temperatures and stomatal conductance, CO2 exchange rate, leaf water potential, transpiration rate, and percent available water in the active root zone. Calculating CWSI from single-leaf temperatures measured with an infrared thermometer can provide a rapid means of assessing plant water status in incomplete canopies
Does aortic valve sclerosis predicts the severity and complexity of coronary artery disease

Abstract Aim We assessed the association of aortic valve sclerosis (AVS) with atherosclerotic risk factors and severity and complexity of coronary artery disease (CAD). Methods In this retrospective study, a total of 482 eligible patients were divided into 2 groups: AVS present and AVS absent. All major cardiovascular risk factors and coronary lesion characteristics were included. Results Age was the only independent predictor of AVS. AVS was not independently associated with the number of obstructive vessels, degree of lesion obstruction and SYNTAX score. Conclusion AVS is probably a benign marker of age-related degenerative changes in the heart independent of the severity and complexity of CAD.
Incidence and seasonality of hypothermia among newborns in southern Nepal.

Objective To quantify incidence, age distribution, and seasonality of neonatal hypothermia among a large population cohort. Design Longitudinal cohort study. Setting Sarlahi, Nepal. Participants A total of 23 240 newborns born between September 2, 2002, and February 1, 2006. Main Exposures Community-based workers recorded axillary temperature on days 1 through 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 21, and 28 (213 636 total measurements). Main Outcome Measures Regression smoothing was used to describe axillary temperature patterns during the newborn period. Hypothermia incidence in the first day, week, and month were estimated using standard cutoffs. Ambient temperatures allowed comparison of mild hypothermia (36.0°C to Results Measurements lower than 36.5°C were observed in 21 459 babies (92.3%); half (48.6%) had moderate or severe hypothermia, and risk peaked in the first 24 to 72 hours of life. Risk of moderate or severe hypothermia increased by 41.3% (95% confidence interval, 40.0%-42.7%) for every 5°C decrease in average ambient temperature. Relative to the highest quintile, risk was 4.03 (95% confidence interval, 3.77-4.30) times higher among babies exposed to the lowest quintile of average ambient temperature. In the hot season, one-fifth of the babies (18.2%) were observed below the moderate hypothermia cutoff. Conclusions Mild or moderate hypothermia was nearly universal, with substantially higher risk in the cold season. However, incidence in the hot season was also high; thus, year-round thermal care promotion is required. Research on community, household, and caretaker practices associated with hypothermia can guide behavioral interventions to reduce risk.
Continuity and Change in the Regimes of Ethnicity in Austria, Germany, the USSR/Russia, and Turkey: Varieties of Ethnic Regimes and Hypotheses for Change*

After World War I, Austria, Germany, Russia, and Turkey moved from dynastic-imperial political regimes to quasi-republican regimes justified on the basis of popular legitimacy. Prior to this transition, in the management and political (in)significance of ethnic categories these empires broadly resembled each other. After World War I, the core successor states to these four empires pursued radically different policies in dealing with ethnicity as a social category. One can therefore speak of distinct Austrian, German, Soviet/Russian, and Turkish models in managing multi-ethnic populations, models which persisted since the 1920s. Both the emergence of different regimes of ethnicity in the 1920s and the persistence of these policies throughout the twentieth century present very intriguing puzzles for political science. It is not possible to “explain” either the emergence or the persistence of these distinct policies within the confines of this paper. Instead, the major differences between state policies in these four countries will be described in detail in order to highlight the important differences and the most significant features of each case. Since the major contours of these policies did not change throughout the twentieth century, I will limit myself to a brief description of period-specific nuances in the distinct national trajectories between the 1920s and the 1990s. Finally, I will focus on a period of significant change in the late 1990s in Germany, Russia, and Turkey, and inquire as to the causes of these changes.
Visually Perceived Force Feedback in Simulated Robotic Surgery

Current robotic systems for minimally invasive surgery do not have effective means of providing haptics to the surgeon. It was hypothesized that providing an analog for force feedback through the visual channel could benefit performance in the absence of actual force feedback. An experiment was conducted to examine performance in a simple line-drawing task in a simulator box using a conventional laparoscopic grasper with inherent force feedback and a robotic manipulator with no force feedback. The task was performed on a hard surface and a soft surface. Physical deformation on the soft surface provided additional visual cues regarding the forces applied during the task. Results showed better performance, in the absence of force feedback, when the visual analog of force was provided. Task completion time was best when physical force feedback was combined with augmented visual feedback. This research has implications for the implementation of haptics in robotic surgical systems.
Synthesis, reactivity investigation, and X-ray diffraction structures of new platinum(II) compounds containing redox-active diphosphine ligands

Abstract Substitution of the 1,5-cyclooctadiene (cod) ligand in PtCl 2 (cod) ( 1 ) by the diphosphine ligand 4,5-bis(diphenylphosphino)-4-cyclopenten-1,3-dione (bpcd) yields PtCl 2 (bpcd) ( 2 ). Knoevenagel condensation of 2 with 9-anthracenecarboxaldehyde leads to the functionalization of the bpcd ligand and formation of the corresponding 2-(9-anthracenylidene)-4,5-bis(diphenylphosphino)-4-cyclopenten-1,3-dione (abpcd) substituted compound PtCl 2 (abpcd) ( 3 ), which is also obtained from the direct reaction of 1 with the abpcd ligand in near quantitative yield. The reaction of 3 with disodium maleonitriledithiolate (Na 2 mnt) affords the chelating dithiolate compound Pt(mnt)(abpcd) ( 4 ). Compounds 2 – 4 have been fully characterized in solution by IR and NMR spectroscopies ( 1 H and 31 P), and their molecular structures established by X-ray crystallography. The electrochemical properties of 2 – 4 have examined by cyclic voltammetry, and the nature of the HOMO and LUMO levels in these systems has been established by MO calculations at the extended Huckel level, the results of which are discussed with respect to electrochemical data and related diphosphine derivatives.
L-Threonine induces heat shock protein expression and decreases apoptosis in heat-stressed intestinal epithelial cells.

Abstract Objectives Osmotically acting amino acids can be cytoprotective following injury. As threonine (THR) induces osmotic cell swelling, our aim was to investigate the potential for THR to induce cellular protection in intestinal epithelial cells and evaluate possible mechanisms of protection. Methods Cells treated with a range of THR doses were evaluated following heat stress (HS) injury. Alpha-aminoisobutyric acid (AIB), a non-metabolizable amino acid analog, was used as an osmotic control. MTS assays were used to assess cell survival. Heat shock protein (HSP) expression and cleaved caspase-3 (CC3) were evaluated via Western blot. Cell morphology and cell size were analyzed via microscopy. Result Following HS, THR treatment increased cell viability in a dose dependent manner vs. non-THR treated cells (CT). The non-metabolized amino acid analogue, AIB, also increased cell survival in heat-stressed cells versus HS controls. HSP70 and HSP25 expression increased with THR and AIB treatment versus HS controls. THR also increased HSP25 in non-stressed cells. Microscopic evaluation revealed both THR and AIB preserved the structural integrity of the actin cytoskeleton in heat-stressed cells versus HS controls. THR, but not AIB, enhanced nuclear translocation of HSP25 during HS. This nuclear translocation was associated with a 60% decrease in apoptosis in heat-stressed cells with THR. No antiapoptotic effect was observed with AIB. Conclusions This is the first demonstration that THR increases HSP70 and HSP 25 and protects cells from HS. THR's mechanism of protection may involve cytoskeletal stabilization, HSP up-regulation and nuclear translocation, and decreased apoptosis. THR's protection appears to involve both cell-swelling–dependent and –independent processes.
Microscopic particle image velocimetry measurements of transition to turbulence in microscale capillaries

The character of transitional capillary flow is investigated using pressure-drop measurements and instantaneous velocity fields acquired by microscopic PIV in the streamwise–wall-normal plane of a 536 μm capillary over the Reynolds-number range 1,800 ≤ Re ≤ 3,400 in increments of 100. The pressure-drop measurements reveal a deviation from laminar behavior at Re = 1,900 with the differences between the measured and the predicted laminar-flow pressure drop increasing with increasing Re. These observations are consistent with the characteristics of the mean velocity profiles which begin to deviate from the parabolic laminar profile at Re = 1,900, interpreted as the onset of transition, by becoming increasingly flatter and fuller with increasing Re. A fully-turbulent state is attained at Re ≅ 3,400 where the mean velocity profile collapses onto the mean profile of fully-developed turbulent pipe flow from an existing direct numerical simulation at Re = 5,300. Examination of the instantaneous velocity fields acquired by micro-PIV in the range 1,900 ≤ Re < 3,400 reveal that transitional flows at the microscale are composed of a subset of velocity fields illustrating a purely laminar behavior and a subset of fields that capture significant departure from laminar behavior. The fraction of velocity fields displaying non-laminar behavior increases with increasing Re, consistent with past observations of a growing number of intermittent turbulent spots bounded by nominally laminar flow in macroscale pipe flow with increasing Re. Instantaneous velocity fields that are non-laminar in character consistently contain multiple spanwise vortices that appear to streamwise-align to form larger-scale interfaces that incline slightly away from the wall. The characteristics of these “trains” of vortices are reminiscent of the spatial features of hairpin-like vortices and hairpin vortex packets often observed in fully-turbulent wall-bounded flow at both the macro- and micro-scales. Finally, single-point statistics computed from the non-laminar subsets at each transitional Re, including root-mean-square velocities and the Reynolds shear stress, reveal a gradual and smooth maturation of the patches of disordered motion toward a fully-turbulent state with increasing Re.
A long term apsidal motion study of the algol triple system

Abstract The orbits of the triple system have been analyzed by a differential correction scheme, described in the paper, that allows the simultaneous adjustment of the mean daily apsidal, motion, the systemic velocity, and the usual spectroscopic elements of both the long and short period orbits. The data consists of 542 radial velocity observations, gleaned from four different investigations conducted between 1907 and 1961. Systematic corrections are determined for there data sets and improved orbital elements for the triple system are obtained. The apsidal period of the short period orbit is found to be 28.4 ± 2.1 yrs. (s.e.). Radial velocity observations of Algol C are combined with the new elements to yield a velocity curve semi-amplitude of 30.2 ± 1.3 km/sec. (s.e.). Mass functions are found to be: f ( M B ) = 0.02525 ± 0.00043 M ⊙ , f ( M A + B ) = 1.83 ± 0.24 M ⊙ , f ( M C ) = 0.0694 ± 0.0065 M ⊙ . The mass ratio is M A + B = 2.98 ± 0.16 M A + B C . Individual masses are calculated from parameters determined in other studies.
The relative ability of BSO and other γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase inhibitors to both deplete glutathione and alter drug metabolizing enzyme activities

Abstract Buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) is widely used for its ability to deplete glutathione (GSH). However, BSO also induces key drug metabolizing enzymes, potentially complicating the interpretation of experimental results. The prothionine and hexathionine analogs of BSO were synthesized and evaluated as alternative agents which might offer an advantage over BSO by depleting GSH without inducing the enzyme activities.
Takada and Kohn respond.

A reply to the comment on the interaction of helium with a corrugated surface is presented. (AIP)
The relationship of bacterial penetration and pulpal pathosis in carious teeth

Abstract This study was based on the histologic examination of forty-six virgin carious human teeth. In each specimen measurements were made of the distance between the deepest penetration of the bacteria and the pulpal tissue. The pulpal pathosis was graded according to the type of lesion and the amount of reparative dentine formation. Specimens in which the distance between the penetrating bacteria and the pulp, including the thickness of the reparative dentine, averaged 1.11 mm. or more revealed insignificant pathologic lesions. Specimens with no reparative dentine also presented only minimal pathosis or none at all. When the reparative dentine itself was invaded by the bacteria, however, pathosis of real consequence and of an irreversible nature was found.
Improving health care provision to neonates in the United States.

Any discussion concerning the possible approaches toward improving health care provision to neonates naturally encompasses the improvement of health care provision to their mothers, both before and after delivery. In a larger sense, it encompasses solving the deficiencies in health care provision to the entire population, as babies and their mothers are only two of the overlapping circles in this large Venn diagram. Thirty-seven million Americans are without health insurance, and therefore frequently without access to necessary care. Simultaneously, we devote a larger portion of our gross domestic product to health care than any other industrialized country, yet we rank 15th in male life expectancy, seventh in female life expectancy, and 19th in infant mortality. There is a national realization, by politicians and the public alike, that health care costs are not only excessively high, but that health care resources are unwisely and inequitably distributed. 1 A change in perception
A Computational Technique for Increasing the Effective Sampling Volume of the PMS Two-Dimensional Particle Size Spectrometer.

Abstract Equations are developed to compute the size of particles partially contained within the sampling area of the PMS two-dimensional particle size spectrometer. This technique permits the effective sampling volume of the device to be increased considerably over the sampling volume obtained by the two other techniques in common usage. Size spectra obtained by this technique are compared with size spectra obtained by the two other techniques and with spectra from two other probes on the T-28 aircraft in a thunderstorm in northeast Colorado.
Transnational Vietnamese American Marriages in the New Land

This article examines the transnational marriages between Vietnamese men living abroad and Vietnamese women living in Vietnam. By presenting conceptual and cultural evidence to discern the dynamics of gender roles and marriage expectations in transnational marriages, the article seeks to uncover the uniqueness of roles and expectations within this culture. A closer look reveals possible marital issues based on incongruent expectations between the two parties, which may lead to possible mental health and domestic violence issues. Further, the article expounds on the barriers in receiving help. Practice, policy, and research suggestions are included.
School desegregation and black political involvement

Along with its role as the primary social mechanism of knowledge and skill transmission in modern societies, a basic function of education as a social institution involves socialization to citizenship. Moreover, many feel that the educational system may be a major instrument in the shaping of political attitudes and political orientations. As an agent of political socialization, the school provides the content, information, and concepts that expand the early learning experiences of the family. On this point, the evidence from past research is somewhat contradictory. Hess and Torney (1967) perceive the school as the central salient and dominant force in the political socialization of the young child. Greenstein (1965) and Jennings and Niemi (1974), however, question that conclusion. Researchers do generally agree, however, that the schools are more effective agents of political socialization for lower status and minority group youngsters. Langton and Jennings (1968), for example, concluded that high school civics courses exert more influence on the political orientations of minority and lower class youth because of the relatively low level of policical interest, knowledge, or involvement in their home environments. They argue that the curriculum has a lower level of informational redundancy for black students than for white students. Black students are, therefore, more likely to encounter new or conflicting perspectives and content, while the white student encounters a further layering of familiar materials. Unfortunately, however, as Hawley (1971) suggests, civics instruction in general "fails to develop within students an understanding of the capacities and skills needed to participate effectively and democratically in politics." Thus, the schools are viewed as contributing to political passivity among America's youth (Hawley, 1971). This observation apparently applies across racial groups. For example, in the Langton and Jennings study mentioned above, the researchers note that although exposure to civics courses tends to increase the system-loyalty of blacks, it also has the unfortunate consequence of lowering their participant orientation. Recently, researchers have begun to find some limited evidence that schools vary in their capacity to socialize their constituents into active political orientations. Merelman (1971) notes that although high quality schools are superior in conveying political information, they do not appear to engender interest in
Intraoperative computed tomography to facilitate repair of orbitozygomatic fractures

Present-day management of complex orbitozygomatic and large orbital blow-out fractures involves wide exposure to allow for direct inspection of fracture reduction and implant placement. This usually means multiple incisions, and thus prolonged surgical time and expense. Even then, it is not possible to uniformly predict accurate postoperative results. We describe the use of intraoperative computed tomography to immediately evaluate the accuracy of the repairs, thus allowing for revisions, if necessary, at the time of the initial procedure. As the surgical team gains experience with intraoperative scanning, the benefits that should be realized include elimination of the need for wide exposure of all fracture sites, shortened surgical time and expense, and fewer return visits to the operating room for secondary revision procedures.
Integrins in morphogenesis and signaling

Abstract Integrins are a family of heterodimeric transmembrane receptors that provide a physical and biochemical bridge between components of the extracellular matrix and the intracellular physiological environment. Binding of integrins to their ligands results in the formation of cytoplasmic multi-protein assemblies composed of both cytoskeletal and signaling molecules. The composition and activity of these assemblies is regulated by the nature of integrin-ligand interactions, as well as by intracellular regulators that include tyrosine kinases and phosphatases, PKC, and small GTPases. Integrin-mediated cellular physiological responses include the activation of signal transduction, cytoskeletal rearrangements, and co-regulation of growth factor activities. These responses combined with integrin-mediated cell adhesion, play a major role in tissue morphogenesis and developmental processes.
One Thousand-Hour Long Term Characteristics of A Propane-Fueled Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Hot Zone

Abstract One thousand-hour continuous test of a propane-fueled portable solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) based hot zone has been successfully performed in order to assess the degradation characteristics of its performance. Comparing the different operating modes, the degradation rate based on constant current mode was three times lower than that based on constant voltage mode. The stack power output initially increased 3.7% during the first 34 h probably due to electrode activation processes improving cell performance under polarization during the early stage of operation, and then gradually decreased. It has been clearly illustrated that operating condition of constant current is more beneficial to the long term performance test. Further, based on thermodynamics analysis, the electromotive force of nickel oxidation is 13.2 V for the stack voltage at the stack temperature of 740 °C. From the initial current–power curve data, it can be derived that if the hot zone durability test was performed at constant current of 9 A from the beginning, the stack degradation rate would be 15% per 1000 h. The 1000-h durability test and analysis can better understand how to run longer term stability on the hot zone and guide the optimization of hot zone operating conditions.
Risk Intermediation in Supply Chains

In some supply chains, retailers are relatively small and averse to taking risk. In such a situation, traditional methods of contracting, that typically assume risk neutrality on retailers, might not suffice to maximize the seller’s/distributor’s expected profit. We present tools for analyzing and solving such a problem from the viewpoint of a (risk-neutral) seller/distributor. We present two types of models that can be used to create contracts, one set in a discrete setting and the other in a continuous setting. In both settings, individual retailers are characterized with different degrees of risk aversion. We first explain in the discrete setting how the varying degrees of risk aversion present hurdle for the design of a uniform contract for all retailers. We then show how to mitigate the problem using ideas from the theory of mechanism design. We offer a simple solution to the contract design problem and show how it can be easily implemented. We next show that in the continuous setting in which the distribution of retailers is continuous, which could be viewed as a limiting case of the discrete setting, the contract design problem actually simplifies. In this continuous setting, we show that it becomes relatively easy to design contracts and establish their optimality from the seller’s/distributor’s viewpoint. We conclude the chapter with a summary of problems that are still open in this area.
Group holding impedes compensatory growth of hybrid sunfish.

An earlier study with a repeating no-feed/refeed schedule (D2 schedule) elicited compensatory growth (CG) in age-0 hybrid sunfish (F1: female green sunfish, Lepomis cyanellus×male bluegill L. macrochirus) held individually and fed ad libitum on feeding days. Weight gain under these conditions exceeded that of daily-fed controls. The present study sought to determine whether similar growth improvement would result when hybrid sunfish were held in groups and fed to satiation on the D2 schedule. In Experiment 1, age-0 hybrid sunfish were held in groups of 10 fish per 25-l chamber at 24°C and fed four times daily to apparent satiation on feeding days. Under this regime, fish fed according to the D2 schedule gained less weight than the controls (P<0.10). Experiment 2 was run in an effort to duplicate the results of the previous study. When age-0 fish were held individually at 24°C and fed ad libitum on feeding days, those fed on the D2 schedule gained significantly more weight (P<0.10) than the controls. These results indicate that group holding in combination with satiation feeding impedes the full expression of the CG capacity of hybrid sunfish. The major impediment under group holding may be the negative effects of social interactions on food consumption and growth efficiency.
Evolution of repeated DNA sequences by unequal crossover

It is often supposed that highly repetitious DNA's arise only as a result of unusual mechanisms or in response to selective pressure. My arguments and simulations suggest, by contrast, that a pattern of tandem repeats is the natural state of DNA whose sequence is not maintained by selection. The simulations show that periodicities can develop readily from nonreptitious DNA as a result of the random accumulation of random mutations and random homology-dependent unequal crossovers. The lengths of these periodicities, and the patterns of subrepeats within them, would fluctuate in evolution, with the probability of a given pattern being dependent on the unknown exact nature of the crossover mechanism. Qualitatively, then, unequal crossover provides a reasonable and uncontrived explanation for the prevalence of highly repeated sequences in DNA and for the patterns of periodicity they evince.
Network structure and robustness of marine food webs

Previous studies suggest that food-web theory has yet to account for major differences in food-web properties of marine versus other types of ecosystems. We examined this issue by ana- lyzing the network structure of food webs for the Northeast US Shelf, a Caribbean reef, and Benguela, off South Africa. The values of connectance (links per species 2 ), link density (links per spe- cies), mean chain length, and fractions of intermediate, omnivorous, and cannibalistic taxa of these marine webs are somewhat high but still within the ranges observed in other webs. We further com- pared the marine webs by using the empirically corroborated 'niche model' that accounts for observed variation in diversity (taxon number) and complexity (connectance). Our results substanti- ate previously reported results for estuarine, fresh-water, and terrestrial datasets, which suggests that food webs from different types of ecosystems with variable diversity and complexity share fun- damental structural and ordering characteristics. Analyses of potential secondary extinctions result- ing from species loss show that the structural robustness of marine food webs is also consistent with trends from other food webs. As expected, given their relatively high connectance, marine food webs appear fairly robust to loss of most-connected taxa as well as random taxa. Still, the short average path length between marine taxa (1.6 links) suggests that effects from perturbations, such as over- fishing, can be transmitted more widely throughout marine ecosystems than previously appreciated.
Biological control of fire ants: an update on new techniques

Objective To review the present understanding of biological control methods for imported fire ants (IFAs). Data Sources We searched MEDLINE, Biological Abstracts, and the US Department of Agriculture Formis Ant Literature database. Study Selection All articles published in the last 10 years on biological control of fire ants were selected. Results The decapitating flies Pseudacteon tricuspis, Pseudacteon curvatus , and Pseudacteon litoralis have been successfully released in the United States. The continued releases of multiple species of decapitating flies will expand the area of impact, applying greater pressure on IFA populations throughout the southern United States. The microsporidium Thelohania solenopsae causes the slow demise of a fire ant colony. The advantages of T solenopsae as a biological control agent include debilitation of queens, specificity for IFAs, self-sustaining infections, and lower relative tolerance to chemical pesticides. Solenopsis daguerrei has also been shown to have detrimental effects on IFA colony growth, the number of sexual reproductives produced, and the number of host queens in multiple queen colonies; however, this parasite is difficult to rear in the laboratory and to introduce into IFA colonies. Conclusions It is unlikely that IFAs can be completely eradicated from the United States. However, technology using chemicals and/or natural control agents could eventually maintain populations at low levels if an integrated approach is used for control.
Radar's environmental role

Various types of radar and their applications are described. Included are Doppler weather radars, which can measure rainfall windshear, and high-altitude wind profiles; low-frequency radars, for geological probing and buried object detection; and spaceborne radars, for remote sensing. Spaceborne radar is also used to explore the surfaces of other planets. >
The 1970-71 avian cholera epornitic's impact on certain species.

The 1970–71 avian cholera epornitic was the third highest in waterfowl mortalities during the 22 annual California recurrences for which we have records. The most serious aspect of this outbreak was its impact on species which, although not classified as rare and endangered, nonetheless are in low numbers. For example, 7.3 percent of the Ross goose (Chen rossii), and 3.9 percent of the whistling swan (Olor columbianus) populations wintering in California died of avian cholera as well as ten sandhill cranes (Grus canadensis) and one bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus). A possible cause of the large losses of waterfowl was a late winter drought with resultant local high concentrations of birds and heavy contamination of the water.