cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Decompositions into submanifolds that yield generalized manifolds

Abstract The paper sets forth several examples of decompositions of ( n + k )-manifolds ( k >2) such that the associated space B is not a generalized manifold. On the other hand, a fundamental technical result, derived from a spectral sequence argument, reveals that B always has cohomological dimension k ; the main result attests that if each g in G has trivial Cech homology in dimensions 1,2,…, k −1, where n ⩾ k ⩾2, and if B is finite dimensional, then it is a generalized k -manifold. By way of application, when each g ϵ G has the shape of S n , it follows that p : M → B is an approximate fibration.
Effects of indomethacin on adhesion formation after repair of zone II tendon lacerations in the rabbit

The flexor digitorum profundus tendon of the second medial toe of the hind foot was completely divided and repaired in zone II in 30 New Zealand white rabbits. Half of the animals received indomethacin solution (1 mg/kg/day) injected subcutaneously 2 hours before operation and daily for 4 weeks. The remaining 15 animals received daily injection of the same volume of saline solution. At 4 weeks the animals were killed and measurements were made of the angular motion of the distal interphalangeal joint and the excursion of the tendon. The animals treated with indomethacin had a greater tendon excursion and angular rotation of the joint than the control animals, implying a suppression of adhesions.
Precipitation and Complement-Fixation Reactions with Pneumococcus Soluble Specific Substance

SummaryThe results of the 2 tests, precipitation and complement-fixation, paralleled one another so closely with this highly purified soluble specific substance of Type I pneumococcus that the reactions appear to represent union of the same antigen and antibody. The comparative titration of complement, however, is the more sensitive measure of the specific activity of an immune serum. Within the zone of optimum reactivity the amount of complement fixed was directly proportional to the amount of immune serum present.
Determining a computing center environment

An investigation is described in which several generally unavailable parameters descriptive of a computing center environment are obtained. The actual data collection and reduction is described, and the results of one month of this collection are tabulated and summarized.
Structural and Electronic Transitions in Ytterbium Metal to 202 GPa

Ytterbium (Yb), a member of the rare earth group metals with a filled $f$ shell and a divalent electronic character, has been studied under static high pressures in a diamond anvil cell to 202 GPa. We report a new transformation from a face-centered-cubic structure to a hexagonal phase with 3 atoms/cell (space group ${P3}_{1}21$ referred to as $\mathrm{hP}3$) at $98\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}5\mathrm{GPa}$. This $\mathrm{hP}3$ phase is similar to that observed in trivalent neodymium and samarium at pressures near 40 GPa. Our high pressure study thus clearly demonstrates that Yb is no longer an ``irregular'' member of the rare earth metals, and divalent to trivalent electronic transition is completed at megabar pressures.
POTENTIAL ROLE OF PHARMACOGENOMICS IN REDUCING ADVERSE DRUG REACTIONS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

ContextAdverse drug reactions are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. Although many adverse drug reactions are considered nonpreventable, recent developments suggest these reactions may be avoided through individualization of drug therapies based on genetic information, an application known as pharmacogenomics.ObjectiveTo evaluate the potential role of pharmacogenomics in reducing the incidence of adverse drug reactions.Data SourcesMEDLINE English-language only searches for adverse drug reaction studies published between January 1995 and June 2000 and review articles of variant alleles of drug-metabolizing enzymes published between January 1997 and August 2000. We also used online resources, texts, and expert opinion.Study SelectionDetailed inclusion criteria were used to select studies. We included 18 of 333 adverse drug reaction studies and 22 of 61 variant allele review articles.Data ExtractionAll the investigators reviewed and coded articles using standardized abstracting forms.Data SynthesisWe identified 27 drugs frequently cited in adverse drug reaction studies. Among these drugs, 59% are metabolized by at least 1 enzyme with a variant allele known to cause poor metabolism. Conversely, only 7% to 22% of randomly selected drugs are known to be metabolized by enzymes with this genetic variability (range, P = .006-P<.001).ConclusionsOur results suggest that drug therapy based on individuals' genetic makeups may result in a clinically important reduction in adverse outcomes. Our findings serve as a foundation for further research on how pharmacogenomics can reduce the incidence of adverse reactions and on the resulting clinical, societal, and economic implications.
Measuring cognitive change in a cohort of patients with Alzheimer's disease.

Annualized rates of cognitive change in Alzheimer's disease (AD), an important index of disease progression, show marked variability. To determine factors leading to such variability, we computed rates of change in a cohort of patients with AD tested annually with the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the more detailed Dementia Rating Scale (DRS). Estimates of rates of change (slopes) and intercepts were calculated using least squares and best linear unbiased predictors (BLUPs). Potential predictors of rates of change were examined using multivariate linear regression analysis. We found that the MMSE had more noise than the DRS. For the MMSE, slopes showed a moderate floor effect and a slight ceiling, depending on initial MMSE scores. These effects were less prominent for the DRS, for which slopes increased as intercepts decreased. In analyses of predictors of change, the MMSE was less useful than the DRS. In multiple linear regression models using DRS data, predictors showed statistically stronger effects and explained a greater extent of variation of slopes than did similar models using MMSE data. For example, among patients who died and underwent brain examination at autopsy, neuropathology of Lewy bodies plus AD (Lewy Body variant; LBV) was associated with significantly faster rates of cognitive decline compared to pure AD in analyses that used the DRS, but only trends were identified with the MMSE. The metric properties and longitudinal characteristics of cognitive tests and the statistical methods used to calculate change are key factors in obtaining reliable estimates of change in studying cohorts of patients with AD.
Hoist On Your Own Petard: When Prejudiced Remarks Are Recognized and Backfire On Speakers

The purpose of this research was to explore when people recognize prejudice in those who make bigoted remarks, and whether such expressions of bigotry backfire to harm those who express them. The results of Study 1 suggest that people attribute prejudice to speakers who make stereotypical generalizations about either ascribed (e.g., race, age, sexual orientation) or assumed (e.g., occupational) groups, but have more difficulty recognizing prejudice in those who express positive stereotypes. Study 2 found that bigoted speakers were perceived as less likeable, even by in-group members who agreed with their remarks. Study 3 replicated these findings in a more realistic paradigm, and found that those who made prejudiced remarks were spontaneously described as bigoted. Such negative reactions were again obtained even from like-minded in-group members, with follow-up analyses suggesting that these reactions primarily characterized a subset who spontaneously noted the bigotry and that these reactions mediated negative impressions.
Corresponding-states correlations for estimating partial molar volumes of nonelectrolytes at infinite dilution in water over extended temperature and pressure ranges

Abstract Analysis has been made of a large volume of data to obtain the partial molar volumes of aqueous solutes at infinite dilution for temperatures up to 700 K and pressures up to 50 MPa. Values of V 2 ∞ are expressed in terms of the infinite dilution water–solute direct correlation function integral (DCFI) at the conditions of interest reduced by the solute's DCFI at 298.15 K, 0.1 MPa. Empirical equations have been found for the temperature-density dependence of these reduced DCFIs for solute classes of: simple fluids, nonpolar compounds, aromatic compounds, monohydric alcohols, monocarboxylic acids, nitriles, amides, and other organic solutes. A reliable, but less accurate generalization, based on pure water DCFI, has also been developed for the reduced DCFI for solute classes of: simple fluids, nonpolar compounds, polar substances, and compounds containing chemically bonded water. At high densities, the reduced DCFI for all solutes is the same as that for water, which is consistent with the behavior of hard-sphere mixtures.
Prevalence of reading nutrition and ingredient information on food labels among adult Americans: 1982-1988

Abstract Comparisons of five Food and Drug Administration Health and Diet Surveys conducted in the 1980s provide estimates of the numbers of consumers who report that they pay attention to ingredient lists and nutrition labels and identify trends based on replicated measures. Recent estimates indicate that more than four out of five U.S. consumers report that they pay attention to one or both types of label information, with just under three-fourths reporting use of each individual information source. There was no net increase in consumer use of the food label ingredient list from 1982 to 1986, but use of the nutrition label increased significantly. Consumers who use both types of labels are more likely to be young (25–34), white, female, better educated, and to follow a self-initiated or doctor-prescribed low-sodium or low-cholesterol diet. Educators now face a challenge—to address remaining knowledge gaps, particularly among population groups who are less likely to use labels, and to develop practical strategies to help all consumers make more effective use of food label information in dietary management.
The influence of adjuvants on the elimination of soluble protein antigens and the associated antibody responses.

sponse has been thought to be the slowing of the absorption, destruction and elimination of the antigen. In the case of the Freund adjuvant used with bacterial antigens, this retention of antigen at the injection site has been demonstrated.1,2 The present report deals with the quantitative determination of the ability of water-in-oil emulsions (modified Freund adjuvant) and alum to hold soluble protein antigens at subcutaneous injection sites. Il31 -labelled protein antigens prepared as previously described8 have been used with these adjuvants, and the amount of antigen remaining at the injection site has been followed by external measurement of the 7 radiation. The associated antibody responses have also been followed by appropriate serum antibody determinations.
The sinusoidal galvanic body-sway response

Galvanic body-sway responses to sinusoidal stimulus currents were obtained from eight neurootologically normal young adult male subjects. In all subjects, the body swayed sinusoidally in response to the sinusoidal stimulus. The most effective stimulus frequency differed in different subjects and ranged from 0.025 Hz to 0.200 Hz. The responses of all subjects declined abruptly as frequency was increased above 0.200 Hz and were barely recognizable at 0.800 Hz. Trapezoidal galvanic-response wave form and sinusoidal frequency response appeared to be related. Subjects with “a.c.” trapezoidal responses had negative sinusoidal stimulus-response phase angles at low frequencies and a low-frequency “cutoff.” Subjects with “d.c.” trapezoidal responses had positive phase angles at low frequencies and relatively flat frequency-response curves across the low-frequency range. Clinical cases demonstrating depression of the sinusoidal galvanic body-sway response coincident with depression of the trapezoidal response are p...
Neutrophil interactions with sialyl Lewis X on human nonsmall cell lung carcinoma cells regulate invasive behavior.

BACKGROUND: The carbohydrate sialyl Lewis X (sLeX) is expressed on leukocytes and carcinoma cells and binds to selectins during inflammatory processes and early metastasis. Synthesis of sLeX depends on activity of enzymes, including α(1,3/1,4) fucosyltransferase (FucT-III). Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) up-regulates FucT-III, resulting in increased sLeX in the airways of patients with respiratory disease; however, the mechanisms that regulate sLeX in the inflammatory tumor microenvironment are not well understood. METHODS: The authors stably transfected human lung carcinoma cell lines with the FucT-III gene and exposed them to TNF-α to investigate its role in regulation of sLeX expression and selectin-binding ability using semiquantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and flow cytometry. Cytokine expression was examined in transfected cells using chemiluminescent arrays and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, and invasion was studied using Matrigel assays and alterations in morphology. Human lung tissue arrays were analyzed for immunohistochemical detection of sLeX and neutrophils. RESULTS: Stimulation of FucT-III–transfected cells with recombinant human (rh) TNF-α up-regulated sLeX expression and increased E-selectin binding. Transfected cells secreted high levels of interleukin 8, growth-regulated oncogene-α, and mast cell proteinase-1. Cells exposed to rhTNF-α, neutrophil-conditioned media, and cultures with a 5:1 ratio of neutrophils to cancer cells had significantly increased sLeX expression and invasiveness and underwent nonadherent morphologic changes. In lung carcinomas, but not in normal lung tissues, 71% of tumors were highly positive for sLeX expression in areas of increased neutrophil infiltration. CONCLUSIONS: The current results indicated that neutrophils may be recruited to areas of FucT-III activity and sLeX expression in lung carcinomas to enhance the invasive and metastatic potential of lung cancer cells. Cancer 2011. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
The HNK-1 reactive sulfoglucuronyl glycolipids are ligands for L-selectin and P-selectin but not E-selectin.

E-selectin, L-selectin, and P-selectin are related cell adhesion molecules that bind via their lectin domains to sialyl Lewis x and related carbohydrate determinants. Reports have indicated that sulfated glycolipids and polysaccharides also bind selectins. To extend these findings, we compared binding of selectin-IgG chimeras to immobilized sulfated and sialylated glycosphingolipids. E-, L-, and P-selectin chimeras all bound to surfaces absorbed with 2,3-sialyl Lewis x glycolipid or sulfatide (galactosylceramide I3-sulfate) but not to surfaces adsorbed with control sulfated lipids (octadecyl sulfate, sphingosine sulfate). Notably, the L- and P-selectin chimeras but not E-selectin chimera bound to surfaces adsorbed with sulfoglucuronyl glycosphingolipids (SGNL lipids; e.g., IV3 glucuronylneolactotetraosylceramide V3-sulfate). These unusual lipids have been reported as antigenic determinants for monoclonal IgM antibodies produced in patients with neuropathy associated with paraproteinemia and react with the mouse monoclonal antibody HNK-1. Binding of L- and P-selectin chimeras to SGNL lipids was specifically inhibited by appropriate anti-selectin antibodies. While binding of all three selectin chimeras to sialyl Lewis x was blocked by removal of calcium, binding to SGNL lipid was only modestly reduced by EDTA. Chemically desulfated SGNL lipid retained binding activity for L- and P-selectin chimeras, while methyl esterification of the glucuronic acid eliminated binding. We conclude that SGNL lipids, unlike sialyl Lewis x and sulfatides, selectively support L- and P-selectin but not E-selectin chimera binding. The presence of SGNL lipids on brain microvascular endothelium (and other endothelia) may implicate these molecules in leukocyte trafficking to the nervous system and elsewhere.
Microbiology and Ecology of Filamentous Sulfur Formation

A highly motile chemoautotrophic strain of hydrogen sulfide – oxidizing bacteria from coastal seawater produces solid sulfur filaments of dimensions 0.5 to 2.0 micrometers by 20 to 500 micrometers. Filamentous sulfur is rapidly produced by direct excretion by a vibrioid organism, and the newly produced filaments are thickened by the deposition of sulfur by other members of the population. Microscopic observations of the flocculent discharge material collected from diffuse-flow hydrothermal vents (9°N, East Pacific Rise) revealed that the material from this source is composed largely of filamentous sulfur of morphology nearly identical to that obtained in the model laboratory system.
Perceptions of the organizational context and psychological contract breach: Assessing competing perspectives

This study examines how employees’ perceptions of specific features of the organizational context—organizational politics and procedural justice—are related to their evaluations of psychological contract breach and subsequent attitudes and behaviors. Across three studies, we examined the appropriateness of four models for describing relationships among the focal constructs. Results of these studies support (a) an environmental responsiveness model in which psychological contract breach mediates the effects of politics and justice on employee outcomes, and (b) a general fairness evaluation model where politics, justice, and psychological contract breach serve as indicators of a higher order factor that predicts employee attitudes and behavior. Implications and directions for future research are presented.
Influence of Terminal Hydrophobe Branching on the Aqueous Solution Behavior of Model Hydrophobically Modified Ethoxylated Urethane Associative Thickeners

The influence of terminal hydrophobe branching on the micellar properties of Hydrophobically modified Ethoxylated URethanes (HEURs) is addressed through fluorescence, dynamic light scattering (DLS), solution rheology, and Raman spectroscopy. Model HEURs used in this study are monodisperse and fully substituted with hydrophobic groups of different structures. Two linear hydrophobes (l-C12H25 and l-C16H33) and three branched hydrophobes [b-(C12H26), b-(C16H34), and b-(C20H42)] are coupled to the hydroxyls of POE670 and POE195 through 4,4-methylene bis(dicyclohexyl)diisocyanate (H12MDI) units. Prior low molecular weight surfactant studies observed that a CH2 group, introduced as a branch from a linear hydrophobe, contributes approximately half to the surfactant's hydrophobicity that the same CH2 unit would add to the linear chain. Within hydrophobe equivalent comparisons, greater hydrophobic domains are indicated in pyrene's I1/I3 emission ratio for the linear hydrophobe HEURs, denoting a more hydrophilic co...
Determining joint carrier probabilities of cancer-causing genes using Markov chain Monte Carlo methods.

In genetic counseling for cancer risk, the probability of carrying a mutation of a cancer-causing gene plays an important role. Family history of various cancers is important in calculating this probability. BRCAPRO (Parmigiani et al. [1998] Am J Hum Genet 62:145–158) is a widely used software for calculating the probability of carrying mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes given the family history of breast and ovarian cancer in first- and second-degree relatives. BRCAPRO uses an analytical (exact) calculational procedure. Using Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods, we extend BRCAPRO to handle, in principle, any type of cancer, family history, any number of genes and alleles that each gene may have. When the information used in this MCMC approach is the same as for BRCAPRO (two genes: BRCA1 and BRCA2; two cancers: breast and ovarian; first- and second-degree relatives only), the two approaches give essentially the same answer. Extending the model to include (1) prostate cancer, (2) two mutated alleles of BRCA2, namely, mutations in Ovarian Cancer Cluster Region (OCCR) and non-OCCR region, and (3) relatives of degree greater than second-degree, leads to different carrier probabilities. The MCMC approach is a useful tool in building a comprehensive model to give accurate estimates of carrier probabilities. Such an approach will be even more important as additional information about the genetics of various cancers becomes available. Genet. Epidemiol. 2005. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Chagas' Disease: Microvascular and Interstitial Matrix Abnormalities Characteristic of Congestive Cardiomyopathy of Diverse Etiology

Chagas' disease, due to a chronic and persistent infection with the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, is the cause of one of the most prevalent forms of congestive cardiomyopathy in South and Central America. In common with other congestive cardiomyopathies due to acquired and hereditary etiologies seen worldwide, chagasic cardiomyopathy is characterized by cardiomegaly, ventricular chamber remodeling, myocellular necrosis, and multifocal areas of interstitial and replacement fibrosis. The microscopic presence of the parasite in the late stages of the disease is rare. This review examines some of the evidence for the role of a dysfunctional microvasculature as a pathophysiological mechanism for myocardial damage in chagasic cardiomyopathy. Perturbations of the interstitial connective tissue matrix in Chagas' disease also are described in regard to the remodeling characteristic of the affected ventricle. Similar abnormalities of the microvasculature and matrix have been reported in other congestive cardiomyopathies, thereby suggesting that common pathophysiologic mechanisms may lead to ventricular damage even when the initiating etiologic agent is different. Preventive treatment or palliation of Chagas' cardiomyopathy and other congestive cardiomyopathies may result from a better understanding of these secondary pathogenetic events.
Super-resolution fingerprinting in the far field

We describe a scheme for far-field subwavelength fingerprinting in the mid-IR and THz bands. The approach relies on evanescent wave retrieval, mediated by scattering on a subwavelength nanostructure.
Effect of cigarette smoke extract on nitric oxide synthase in pulmonary artery endothelial cells

Cigarette smoking is associated with impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation and reduced nitric oxide (NO) in the exhaled air of smokers. To explore the mechanism for the impairment of NO-mediated vasodilation, we studied the effect of cigarette smoke extract (CSE) on NO synthase (eNOS) activity and content in pulmonary artery endothelial cells (PAEC). Incubation of PAEC with CSE resulted in a time- and dose-dependent decrease in eNOS activity. The inhibitory effect of CSE on eNOS activity was not reversible. Both gas-phase and particulate-phase extracts of CSE contributed to the inhibition of eNOS activity. The protein kinase c (PKC) inhibitors staurosporine and chelerythrine did not affect the CSE-induced inhibition of eNOS activity. Catalase, superoxide dismutase (SOD), vitamin C, vitamin E, glutathione, and dithiothreitol (DTT) also did not prevent the CSE-induced inhibition of eNOS activity, and incubation of PAEC with 3 mM nicotine did not change the activity of eNOS. Treatment of PAEC with CSE also caused a nonreversible, time-dependent decrease in eNOS protein content detected by Western blot analysis, and in eNOS messenger RNA (mRNA) detected by Northern blot analysis. Treatment of PAEC with CSE had no effect on cell protein or glutathione contents or on lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release. These results indicate that exposure to CSE causes an irreversible inhibition of eNOS activity in PAEC, and suggest that the decreased activity is secondary to reduced eNOS protein mass and mRNA. The decrease in eNOS activity may contribute to the high risk of pulmonary and cardiovascular disease in cigarette smokers.
Concerted clearance of immune complexes bound to the human erythrocyte complement receptor: development of a heterologous mouse model.

Experiments in primates have demonstrated that immune complexes (IC) bound to erythrocytes (E) via complement receptor 1 (CR1) are cleared to the liver in a process which removes CR1, but otherwise spares the E. Human E are stabilized for >1 h in the circulation of the mouse if the terminal complement pathway is blocked, and we used this paradigm to examine clearance in a mouse model. Human E were opsonized with an anti-CR1 mAb cross-linked to dsDNA (antigen-based heteropolymer, AHP), and then incubated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) plasmas containing IgG anti-dsDNA to form IC in situ. These IC stably bind to E CR1 in the complete absence of complement, thus allowing analysis in a model which does not require human C3b to facilitate E binding. Dual label experiments, based on RIA, flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy, were employed to monitor separately E and IC. When opsonized E-IC were injected into A/J mice, >90% of the IC were rapidly removed from the E coincident with loss of CR1. The E remained in the circulation while IC were localized to the liver, mainly to Kupffer cells. Preliminary experiments in NZB/W mice, which spontaneously develop IgG anti-dsDNA, indicated that infusion of E-AHP led to rapid binding of murine IgG to the E-AHP, followed by removal of the nascent IC from E, and loss of CR1 in a concerted reaction. These studies provide additional evidence that E CR1 functions as a privileged site for IC clearance, and that the key step in clearance requires removal of CR1 from E to release bound IC for uptake by acceptor macrophages. This model can be extended to genetically altered mice to investigate the role of specific Fcγ receptors as well as complement receptors in IC clearance.
Doxorubicin pharmacokinetics—The effects of protein deprivation

Abstract Recent studies suggest that protein-calorie malnutrition decreases tumor response to chemotherapy. This study was designed to evaluate the effects of dietary protein deprivation on the pharmacokinetics and distribution of Adriamycin. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned randomly to receive either in a regular diet or a high-carbohydrate, protein-free diet for the duration of the experiment. Ten days after the initiation of the designated diet, all animals received a single dose (5.0 mg/kg) of Adriamycin intravenously. Animals were sacrificed at 0.5, 1.2, 6, 24, and 48 hr following drug administration, and the concentration of Adriamycin in serum, urine, and tissue was determined by fluorometric assay. Animals maintained on the regular diet continued to gain weight during the study interval, while animals provided the protein-free diet lost an average of 21% of their initial study weight ( P P P
Vascular biology of collagenases in vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques

Abstract Disruption of the vulnerable atherosclerotic plaque often triggers acute coronary syndromes including acute myocardial infarction, unstable angina, and cardiac sudden death. Interstitial collagen may play a critical role in the mechanical strength of the artery. Members of the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family produced by macrophages, particularly interstitial collagenases (MMP-1/collagenase-1, MMP-8/collagenase-2, and MMP-13/collagenase-3), likely contribute to plaque vulnerability. Recent preclinical and clinical studies have suggested that lipid lowering prevents coronary events by reducing plaque vulnerability (“stabilization”) rather than merely shrinking the atheroma burden (“regression”). We have shown in hypercholesterolemic rabbits that lipid lowering by either diet alone or statin treatment can reduce a number of features typical of the vulnerable plaque. An inverse relationship between reduced MMP-1/collagenase-1 and increased collagen in rabbit atheromata suggests the important role of collagenase action in collagen metabolism in atheromata. However, further studies are needed to address direct in vivo evidence that links collagenase action with regulation of the plaque collagen, critical to the clinical complications of coronary atherosclerosis.
Simple Derivation of the Retardation Equation and Application to Preferential Flow and Macrodispersion

The equation to calculate the retardation factor of sorbing chemicals moving in aqueous solution through aquifers and vadose zones is derived using a linear sorption isotherm and a mass-balance approach. The procedure is very simple and clearly illustrates the roles of porosity and water content, including those for saturated flow, unsaturated flow, and preferential flow or other systems with both mobile and immobile phases of the water. Applications of the equation to preferential flow in the vadose zone and macrodispersion in a layered aquifer are illustrated with numerical examples for hypothetical cases.
Archetypical modeling and amphiphilic behavior of cobalt(II)-containing soft-materials with asymmetric tridentate ligands

The stabilization of a bivalent oxidation state in cobalt complexes of phenolate-based asymmetric tridentate ligands with iodo and bromo substituents is studied. The complexes [CoII(LIA)2]·2CH3OH (1) and [CoII(LBrA)2]·CH3OH (2) were characterized by means of several spectroscopic and spectrometric techniques. The molecular structure of 1 was determined by diffractometric analysis and reveals the cobalt(II) ion in a distorted-octahedral geometry. The centrosymmetric metal ion adopts a local D2h symmetry and is surrounded by facially coordinated ligands. Equivalent donor sets in both ligands are trans to each other, and DFT calculations suggest that the fac−trans configuration is favored by a small margin when compared to the fac−cis isomers. Both DFT calculations and EPR spectroscopy agree with a high-spin S = 3/2 electronic configuration given by [ag1, b1g1, ag1, b2g2, b3g2]. This oxidation state was indirectly observed by the lack of a pπphenolate → dσ*cobalt(III) charge-transfer band, which is found bet...
An improved radionuclide distribution profile from a fixed array whole-body counter using a mathematical analysis technique.

Abstract A matrix analysis technique has been used to extract an improved radionuclide distribution profile from data recorded in the Brookhaven 54-detector whole-body counter. When applied to several case studies, the computed profiles reveal features that are otherwise smoothed out in the count rate profiles, and can be useful to locate organ-seeking radionuclides. However, large statistical errors and the difficulties involved in setting up the Response Matrix make the information obtained more of a qualitative than quantitative nature.
Random coil to globular thermal response of a protein (H3.1) with three knowledge-based coarse-grained potentials.

The effect of temperature on the conformation of a histone (H3.1) is studied by a coarse-grained Monte Carlo simulation based on three knowledge-based contact potentials (MJ, BT, BFKV). Despite unique energy and mobility profiles of its residues, the histone H3.1 undergoes a systematic (possibly continuous) structural transition from a random coil to a globular conformation on reducing the temperature. The range over which such a systematic response in variation of the radius of gyration (Rg) with the temperature (T) occurs, however, depends on the potential, i.e. DTMJ < 0.013–0.020, DTBT < 0.018–0.026, and DTBFKV < 0.006–0.013 (in reduced unit). Unlike MJ and BT potentials, results from the BFKV potential show an anomaly where the magnitude of Rg decreases on raising the temperature in a range DTA < 0.015–0.018 before reaching its steady-state random coil configuration. Scaling of the structure factor, S(q) / q 21/n , with the wave vector, q=2p/l, and the wavelength, l, reveals a systematic change in the effective dimension (De,1/n) of the histone with all potentials (MJ, BT, BFKV): De,3 in the globular structure with De,2 for the random coil. Reproducibility of the general yet unique (monotonic) structural transition of the protein H3.1 with the temperature (in contrast to non-monotonic structural response of a similar but different protein H2AX) with three interaction sets shows that the knowledge-based contact potential is viable tool to investigate structural response of proteins. Caution should be exercise with the quantitative comparisons due to differences in transition regimes with these interactions.
Physical oceanography of the North Carolina continental shelf during the fall and winter seasons: implications for the transport of larval menhaden

The circulation over the continental shelf off the southern Middle Atlantic Bight (MAB) and northern South Atlantic Bight (SAB) is examined for the fall and winter periods. Observational data are compared with results from a three-dimensional numerical model to identify the dominant processes on the shelf. By considering wind-forcing, tides, and a specified upstream inflow (into the MAB), the observed and modelled flow fields are in close agreement in the mid- and inner shelf regions. The resulting larval drift indicates a seasonal dependence of transport pathways from spawning grounds to estuarine nursery areas for menhaden larvae and other offshore-spawning estuarine-dependent fish. Specifically, the physical oceanography of the MAB and SAB during the fall and winter months suggests a north-to-south shift in spawning areas providing recruits to the Carolina estuaries, in agreement with the observed migration of the spawning populations.
Orlistat for the long-term treatment of obesity.

Orlistat, a potent gastrointestinal lipase inhibitor, is a member of a new class of drugs designed for the long-term treatment of obesity. When given with a fat-containing meal, orlistat reduces dietary fat absorption by approximately 30%, which equates to a decrease in caloric absorption of approximately 200 kilocalories per day. A 2-year European study found a mean decrease in body weight of 10.2% (10.3 kg) in the orlistat group compared to 6.1% (6.1 kg) in the placebo group at 1 year. Additionally, 9.3% of the orlistat group versus 2.1% of the placebo group lost >20% of their initial weight. Serum lipids and diabetes control are also improved by orlistat. Related to orlistat's mechanism of action, side effects include oily spotting, flatulence and frequent loose stools, but not frank diarrhea or intestinal malabsorption. Vitamin D and beta-carotene levels decreased, but remained within the normal range. In summary, orlistat is the first example of a new class of antiobesity drugs that enhances weight loss and weight maintenance by interfering with dietary fat absorption. Orlistat has tolerable gastrointestinal side effects and no major drug toxicity. Orlistat is a viable adjunct to lifestyle interventions used in the long-term management of obesity.
Optional Versus Mandatory Psychotherapy in Methadone Maintenance

Treatment outcomes of 23 methadone maintenance patients who were offered optional psychotherapy were compared with those of 31 methadone maintenance patients who received mandatory psychotherapy. There were no statistically significant differences in pretreatment characteristics between the optional group and the mandatory group. Patients in the optional group received less than half as many hours of therapy as patients in the mandatory group. Differences between the two groups in retention, employment, illicit drug use, and arrests were nonsignificant during a 1-year study period. The findings were compatible with those of most previous studies of the effectiveness of psychotherapy in methadone maintenance, which suggest that outcomes with or without psychotherapy do not differ significantly.
Relative growth of the kidney in male rats.

SummaryThe growth in weight of the rat's kidneys in relation to body weight can be divided into 3 phases. Kidney weight expressed as % of body weight changes continuously but at 3 different rates.
Oculomotor function in frontotemporal lobar degeneration, related disorders and Alzheimer's disease

Frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) often overlaps clinically with corticobasal syndrome (CBS) and progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), both of which have prominent eye movement abnormalities. To investigate the ability of oculomotor performance to differentiate between FTLD, Alzheimer's disease, CBS and PSP, saccades and smooth pursuit were measured in three FTLD subtypes, including 24 individuals with frontotemporal dementia (FTD), 19 with semantic dementia (SD) and six with progressive non-fluent aphasia (PA), as compared to 28 individuals with Alzheimer's disease, 15 with CBS, 10 with PSP and 27 control subjects. Different combinations of oculomotor abnormalities were identified in all clinical syndromes except for SD, which had oculomotor performance that was indistinguishable from age-matched controls. Only PSP patients displayed abnormalities in saccade velocity, whereas abnormalities in saccade gain were observed in PSP > CBS > Alzheimer's disease subjects. All patient groups except those with SD were impaired on the anti-saccade task, however only the FTLD subjects and not Alzheimer's disease, CBS or PSP groups, were able to spontaneously self-correct anti-saccade errors as well as controls. Receiver operating characteristic statistics demonstrated that oculomotor findings were superior to neuropsychological tests in differentiating PSP from other disorders, and comparable to neuropsychological tests in differentiating the other patient groups. These data suggest that oculomotor assessment may aid in the diagnosis of FTLD and related disorders.
Disentangling the effects of choice and intensity on affective response to and preference for self-selected- versus imposed-intensity physical activity

Abstract Objective To examine the independent effects of physical activity (PA) intensity and choice of PA intensity when comparing affective response to and relative preference for self-selected-intensity versus imposed higher intensity PA. Design Within-subjects experiment. Methods Twenty-nine healthy, low-active women completed four PA bouts over two sessions. The first session consisted of a one-third mile self-selected-intensity treadmill walk during which the speed was recorded, but was not visible to the participants. The second session consisted of three, counterbalanced, one-third mile treadmill conditions: (a) self-selected intensity, (b) same intensity as recorded for the first-session-self-selected-intensity walk, but with the intensity imposed by the experimenter (i.e., yoked-self-selected intensity), and (c) intensity set at 20% higher than the first-session-self-selected-intensity walk (imposed higher intensity). Acute affective valence (pleasure/displeasure) was recorded prior to, during, and following each walking bout. Preference for each walking intensity was assessed using a behavioral-choice paradigm. Results Contrary to hypotheses, there was no effect of condition on acute affective valence. However, consistent with hypotheses, there was a linear trend, F (1, 22) = 11.00, p = .003, indicating preference in descending order from self-selected-intensity to yoked-self-selected-intensity to imposed higher intensity PA. Conclusions Both choice over the intensity and a lower intensity per se contributed to greater preference for self-selected-intensity over imposed higher intensity PA among healthy low-active women; however, there was no evidence to support the notion that affective response to PA mediated this relationship.
Theory and kinematic measurements of the mechanics of stable electrospun polymer jets

We present a simplified approach to understanding the mechanics of stable electrospinning jets based on electrohydrodynamic theory that explicitly incorporates the extensional rheology of polymeric fluids. Flow regimes of electrospun jets are identified by analogy to uniaxial extension of a fluid jet. These flow regimes predict the limiting kinematics of electrospinning jets and identify dimensionless parameters important to the control and operation of electrospinning processes. In situ kinematic measurements validate model assumptions and scaling predictions, and allow the reduction of entire jet radius and velocity profiles to several key parameters. The model predictions are shown to hold both above and below the entanglement concentration, as well as for solutions with added electrolyte and increased conductivity. The analysis also enables direct measurement of the apparent extensional viscosity of solutions at the high extension rates experienced during electrospinning. Finally, dimensional analysis of the model yields a correlation for electrospun fiber diameter in terms of measurable fluid properties, controlled process parameters, and measured jet variables, demonstrating the influence of mechanics in the straight portion of the jet on ultimate fiber morphology.
Collision Scenarios and Probabilistic Collision Damage

This paper examines the influence of collision scenario random variables on the extent of predicted damage in ship collisions. Struck and striking ship speed, collision angle, striking ship type and striking ship displacement are treated as independent random variables. Other striking ship characteristics are treated as dependent variables derived from the independent variables based on relationships developed from worldwide ship data. A Simplified Collision Model (SIMCOL) is used to assess the sensitivity of probabilistic damage extent to these variables. SIMCOL applies the scenario variables directly in a time-stepping simultaneous solution of internal (structural) and external (ship) problems. During the simultaneous solution SIMCOL also calculates struck ship absorbed energy in the longitudinal and transverse directions. These results are compared to absorbed energy estimates based on uncoupled external dynamics only. The necessity and effectiveness of this approach is examined.
Stabilization of High-Sulfate Soils by Extended Mellowing

The use of lime to stabilize expansive soils has been the preferred technique for many years. However, heaving and premature pavement failures in lime-treated expansive subgrades containing sulfates led to the search for alternative stabilization techniques. Of the several techniques developed, precompaction mellowing has the potential to be effective in stabilizing sulfate-bearing soils. Yet this method needs experimental evaluation. In the current study, an attempt was made to assess the stabilization effectiveness of precompaction mellowing on high-sulfate soils. For this task, six natural expansive soils from Texas, with sulfate contents varying from 200 to 44,000 ppm, were collected. Soils with low-sulfate contents were spiked with additional sulfates to make them high-sulfate soils. Basic classification and chemical tests were performed to establish the clay mineralogy of the soils. Three mellowing periods (0, 3, and 7 days) were studied. The test soils were treated with lime and allowed to mellow f...
ACCOUNTING FOR MOLECULAR ABSORPTION WITHIN THE SPECTRAL RANGE OF THE CERES WINDOW CHANNEL

Abstract Infrared active molecular species residing within the atmosphere cause the emerging thermal infrared spectrum of the Earth to be characterized by both line and continuum absorption (emission). Accounting for the molecular absorption within the atmosphere is critical for the proper interpretation of the satellite measured radiances. Thus, correlated k -distribution procedures have been created to account for the molecular line absorption located within the spectral range of the Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System (CERES) infrared window channel (8–12 μm). The derivation of the correlated k -distributions is based upon an exponential sum fitting of transmissions (ESFT) procedure that has been applied to monochromatic calculations at predetermined reference pressure and temperature conditions. In addition, an empirically derived, yet highly accurate parameterization of the CKD-2.1 code has been developed to calculate the atmospheric absorption attributed to the water vapor continuum located within the spectral range of the CERES infrared window channel. The multiplication transmissivity approximation has been employed to account for the overlap of the spectral features of different molecular species. The accuracy of the radiative transfer procedures incorporating the correlated k -distribution routines and the parameterized CKD2.1 continuum routines has been established through comparisons with the reference monochromatic procedures. The correlated k -distribution yields an upwelling top of atmosphere (TOA) flux for the midlatitude summer (MLS) atmosphere that is within 0.1% of the monochromatic procedures for the CERES window channel. Neglecting the contributions from all the molecular species in the correlated k -distribution except H 2 O and O 3 yields an upwelling TOA flux for the MLS atmosphere with a 1.5% overestimation. Under circumstances where rapid processing is extremely critical, an error of this magnitude may be deemed acceptable. Neglecting the contributions from all of the molecular species yields an upwelling TOA flux for the MLS atmosphere with a 17.7% overestimation. An error of this magnitude is certainly not acceptable but does emphasize the need to account for the molecular absorption within the spectral range of the CERES window channel instrument.
Menninger's motives for suicide in genuine, simulated and hoax suicide notes.

Lester (1989) found that anger was present more often in genuine than in simulated suicide notes, but self-blame and the desire to escape were present equally often in both types of notes. Seiden and Tauber (1970) collected samples of notes written by persons who jumped to their death from the Golden Gate Bridge, who faked a suicide from the bridge, or who wrote a simulated note at the request of the investigators. The present analysis was designed to explore the frequency of the three motives proposed by Menninger (1938) (anger, self-blame, and the desire to escape) in these three samples of notes. Anger was present more often i n the hoax notes than in the genuine or simulated notes (23.8% versus 4.8% and 4.8%, respectively; xZZ = 5.32, ns), while self-blame was present signif~cantl~ more often in the genuine notes than in the hoax and simulated notes (50.0% versus 19.0% and 0%, respectively, X , 2 = 15.30, p<.001) and the desire to escape significantly less often (27.3% versus 71.4% and 66.7%, respectively, X,2 = 10.26, p<.01). Then, for this sample of notes, self-blame was the discriminating characteristic for genuine notes.
Oxygen and solvent intermolecular effects on the 13C spin-lattice relaxation process of C60 in deuterated toluene at 303 K

Abstract 13 C spin-lattice relaxation time measurements of buckminsterfullerene were performed in mixtures of protonated and deuterated toluene to determine the magnitude of the intermolecular contribution. Results show that a small but measurable contribution can be attributed to this mechanism. Inclusion of this effect in the analysis of the overall spin-lattice relaxation rate provided a slight improvement in the agreement between the measured reorientational time and a value predicted by a modified Stokes-Einstein-Debye equation for molecular rotation. Relaxation measurements conducted in the presence of molecular oxygen showed a significant paramagnetic effect. This observation indicates that complete removal of molecular oxygen is extremely important when measuring the 13 C relaxation time of buckminsterfullerene in condensed phases.