cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rhodium Carbenoid Approach for Introduction of 4-Substituted (Z)-Pent-2-enoates into Sterically Encumbered Pyrroles and Indoles

An unusual rhodium carbenoid approach for introduction of 4-substituted (Z)-pent-2-enoates into sterically encumbered pyrroles and indoles is described. These studies show that (Z)-vinylcarbenoids have a greater tendency than (E)-vinylcarbenoids to react at the vinylogous position of the carbenoid rather than at the carbenoid center.
Ionic liquid processing of cellulose

Utilization of natural polymers has attracted increasing attention because of the consumption and over-exploitation of non-renewable resources, such as coal and oil. The development of green processing of cellulose, the most abundant biorenewable material on Earth, is urgent from the viewpoints of both sustainability and environmental protection. The discovery of the dissolution of cellulose in ionic liquids (ILs, salts which melt below 100 °C) provides new opportunities for the processing of this biopolymer, however, many fundamental and practical questions need to be answered in order to determine if this will ultimately be a green or sustainable strategy. In this critical review, the open fundamental questions regarding the interactions of cellulose with both the IL cations and anions in the dissolution process are discussed. Investigations have shown that the interactions between the anion and cellulose play an important role in the solvation of cellulose, however, opinions on the role of the cation are conflicting. Some researchers have concluded that the cations are hydrogen bonding to this biopolymer, while others suggest they are not. Our review of the available data has led us to urge the use of more chemical units of solubility, such as ‘g cellulose per mole of IL’ or ‘mol IL per mol hydroxyl in cellulose’ to provide more consistency in data reporting and more insight into the dissolution mechanism. This review will also assess the greenness and sustainability of IL processing of biomass, where it would seem that the choices of cation and anion are critical not only to the science of the dissolution, but to the ultimate ‘greenness’ of any process (142 references).
A new approach to phorbol by [4 + 3] oxyallyl cycloaddition and intramolecular Heck reaction.

A new synthetic strategy for a functionalized tricyclic core of phorbol has been developed by means of a [4 + 3] oxyallyl cycloaddition and subsequent intramolecular Heck reaction. The [4 + 3] oxyallyl cycloadduct 7 was chosen as the B-ring precursor of phorbol. Subsequent elaboration took advantage of its well-defined diastereofacial bias to afford the tricycle 5. This method should be of general value in the construction of 6,7- or 5,7-fused bicyclic systems.
Measured Performance of Building Integrated Photovoltaic Panels

The photovoltaic industry is experiencing rapid growth. Industry analysts project that photovoltaic sales will increase from their current $1.5 billion level to over $27 billion by 2020, representing an average growth rate of 25 %. (Cook et al. 2000) [1]. To date, the vast majority of sales have been for navigational signals, call boxes, telecommunication centers, consumer products, off-grid electrification projects, and small grid-interactive residential rooftop applications. Building integrated photovoltaics, the integration of photovoltaic cells into one or more of the exterior surfaces of the building envelope, represents a small but growing photovoltaic application. In order for building owners, designers, and architects to make informed economic decisions regarding the use of building integrated photovoltaics, accurate predictive tools and performance data are needed. A building integrated photovoltaic test bed has been constructed at the National Institute of Standards and Technology to provide the performance data needed for model validation. The facility incorporates four identical pairs of building integrated photovoltaic panels constructed using single-crystalline, polycrystalline, silicon film, and amorphous silicon photovoltaic cells, One panel of each identical pair is installed with thermal insulation attached to its rear surface. The second paired panel is installed without thermal insulation. This experimental configuration yields results that quantify the effect of elevated cell temperature on the panels' performance for different cell technologies. This paper presents the first set of experimental results from this facility. Comparisons are made between the electrical performance of the insulated and non-insulated panels for each of the e four cell technologies. The monthly and overall conversion efficiencies for each cell technology are presented and the seasonal performance variations discussed. Daily efficiencies are presented for a selected month. Finally, plots of the power output and panel temperatures are presented and discussed for the single-crystalline and amorphous silicon panels.
High-Energy Emission from the Double Pulsar System J0737?3039

We discuss the effects of particle acceleration at the bow shocks expected in the binary pulsar system J0737-3039, because of the wind from pulsar A interacting with both the interstellar medium (ISM) and the magnetosphere of pulsar B. In this model, we find that the likeliest source for the X-rays observed by Chandra is the emission from the shocked wind of pulsar A as it interacts with the ISM. In this case, for favorable model parameter values, better statistics might help Chandra marginally resolve the source. A consequence of the model is a power-law high-energy spectrum extending up to 60 keV, at a level of ~2 × 10-13 ergs cm-2 s-1.
Understanding the Forward Premium Puzzle: A Microstructure Approach

High interest rate currencies tend to appreciate relative to low interest rate currencies. We argue that adverse selection problems between participants in foreign exchange markets can account for this "forward premium puzzle." The key feature of our model is that the adverse selection problem facing market makers is worse when an agent wants to trade against a public information signal. So, when based on public information, the currency is expected to appreciate, there is more adverse selection associated with a sell order than with a buy order.
New Product Profile Chart

If you have an effective research and development organization it should, and normally does, have more projects than it can handle with its available money and manpower. This is a healthy situation as it allows you to select the best projects-providing you have an effective and reasonably reliable method of evaluating the candidates. The stumbling block lies in the phase "reasonably reliable method of evaluating," when there are so many factors to consider and so little data to go by in the early stages. Let's define first just what, when, and whom we are talking about in the evaluation and selection of products and projects. After stressing the need for additions to a company's product coverage, Joel Dean, in his "Managerial Economics," puts development of new products into three stages: • Scouting-out potential product additions. • Appraising these proposals and making the product selection. • Launching each new product venture ...
Uniqueness in law for a class of degenerate diffusions with continuous covariance

We study the martingale problem associated with the operator $$ Lu(s, x) = \partial_su(s, x) + \frac{1}{2} \sum_{i,j=1}^{d_0} a^{ij}(s, x) \partial_{ij}u(s, x) + \sum_{i,j=1}^d B^{ij} x^j \partial_iu(s, x), $$ where d 0 ≤ d. We show that the martingale problem is well-posed when the function a is continuous and strictly positive definite on $${\mathbb{R}^{d_0}}$$ and the matrix B takes a particular lower-diagonal, block form. We then localize this result to show that the martingale problem remains well-posed when B is replaced by a sufficiently smooth vector field whose Jacobian matrix satisfies a nondegeneracy condition.
The hydration number of Na+ in liquid water

Abstract An ab initio molecular dynamics simulation of a Na+ ion in aqueous solution is presented and discussed. The calculation treats a Na+ ion and 32 water molecules with periodic boundary conditions on a cubic volume with water density 0.996 g/cm3 and at a temperature of 344±24 K. Analysis of the last half of the 12 ps trajectory shows 4.6 water molecules occupying the inner hydration shell of the Na+ ion on average, with 5 being the most probable occupancy. The self-diffusion coefficient observed for the Na+ is 1.0×10−5 cm2/s. The quasi-chemical theory of solutions provides the framework for two more calculations. First a complementary calculation, based on electronic structure results for ion–water clusters and a dielectric continuum model of outer sphere hydration contributions, predicts an average hydration shell occupancy of 4.0. This underestimate is attributed to the harmonic approximation for the clusters in conjunction with the approximate dielectric continuum model treatment of outer sphere contributions. Finally a maximum entropy fitting of inner sphere occupancies that leads to insensitive composite free energy approximations suggests a value in the neighborhood of −68 kcal/mol for the hydration free energy of Na+(aq) under these conditions with no contribution supplied for packing or van der Waals interactions.
Dead end words in lamplighter groups and other wreath products

We explore the geometry of the Cayley graphs of the lamplighter groups and a wide range of wreath products. We show that these groups have dead end elements of arbitrary depth with respect to their natural generating sets. An element $w$ in a group $G$ with finite generating set $X$ is a dead end element if no geodesic ray from the identity to $w$ in the Cayley graph $\Gamma(G,X)$ can be extended past $w$. Additionally, we describe some nonconvex behavior of paths between elements in these Cayley graphs and seesaw words, which are potential obstructions to these graphs satisfying the $k$-fellow traveller property.
CURRENT-SHEET VELOCITY IN A COAXIAL PLASMA ACCELERATOR.

Current sheet velocity in coaxial plasma accelerator, noting drag due to insulator ablation and degassing
Cryogenically Cooled Broad-Band Gaas Field-Effect Transistor Preamplifier

A cryogenically cooled 1-2 GHz low-noise broad-band prototype preamplifier utilizing GaAs field-effect transistors is described. The preamplifier has an average gain of 30 dB and 35 dB at ambient temperatures of 293°K and 18°K, respectively. The noise figure has a minimum value of 0.75dB at 300°K and 0.24dB at 18°K. The optimum preamplifier operating conditions for a minimum noise figure at temperatures of 293°K, 80°K and 18°K are given and are discussed. Also, the phase-shift characteristics, the input and output voltage standing-wave ratio as a function of frequency and intermodulation products content as a function of the input power level were measured.
Prediction of Aqueous Solubility of Organic Compounds from Molecular Structure

Multiple linear regression (MLR) and computational neural networks (CNN) are utilized to develop mathematical models to relate the structures of a diverse set of 332 organic compounds to their aqueous solubilities. Topological, geometric, and electronic descriptors are used to numerically represent structural features of the data set compounds. Genetic algorithm and simulated annealing routines, in conjunction with MLR and CNN, are used to select subsets of descriptors that accurately relate to aqueous solubility. Nonlinear models with nine calculated structural descriptors are developed that have a training set root-mean-square error of 0.394 log units for compounds which span a −log(molarity) range from −2 to +12 log units.
Reconstruction of oversampled band-limited signals from Sigma Delta encoded binary sequences

The authors consider the application of Sigma Delta modulators to analog-to-digital conversion. They have previously shown that for constant input signals, optimal nonlinear decoding can achieve large gains in signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) over linear decoding. A similar result is shown for band-limited input signals. The new nonlinear decoding algorithm is based on projections onto convex sets (POCS) and alternates between a band limitation and a time-domain operation to find a signal invariant under both. The band limitations can be based on singular value decomposition of a certain matrix. The time-domain operation results in a quadratic programming problem. Simulation results are shown for the SNR performance of a POCS-based decoder and a linear decoder for the single-loop Sigma Delta modulator and for a specific fourth-order interpolative modulator. Improvements in SNR of up to 20 dB can be achieved for the single-loop modulator depending on the oversampling ratio, and up to 10 dB for the fourth-order modulator. >
Optimal pricing for the growth of innovations with direct network externalities: an agent‐based approach

Purpose – This study aims to explore optimal pricing strategies for innovations with direct network externalities – the effect that the number of adopters of an innovation has on the utility of the innovation to other potential adopters. Examples of such innovations are fax machines, e‐mail, cellular phones, and software programs such as word processors. The success of these innovations requires a minimum number of adopters.Design/methodology/approach – The paper uses agent‐based modeling and simulation.Findings – The relationship between price and net present value (NPV) of revenue resembles an asymmetric inverse U‐shape. A low‐pricing strategy outperforms high‐pricing, while a moderate‐pricing strategy outperforms both low‐ and high‐pricing strategies. Moreover, heterogeneity of consumer price sensitivity positively affects the NPV of sales.Practical implications – Pricing durable new products with network externalities is more challenging than other types of innovations. The results indicate that firms...
Total Synthesis of Apoptolidin: Part 2. Coupling of Key Building Blocks and Completion of the Synthesis.

No less than 30 stereogenic elements, a highly unsaturated 20-membered macrocyclic system, four carbohydrate units, and unique biological activity, make the natural occurring apoptolidin (1) a challenging synthetic target. The retrosynthetic analysis revealed five key building blocks-three for the construction of the macrolide ring B and two prospective pendant saccharide units-which were synthesized in a highly convergent manner and then connected. Apoptolidin's rather labile nature proved particularly challenging in the final deprotection, purification, and characterization procedures.
Resonance in Forced Flux-transport Dynamos

We show that simple two- and three-layer flux-transport dynamos, when forced at the top by a poloidal source term, can produce a widely varying amplitude of toroidal field at the bottom, depending on how close the meridional flow speed of the bottom layer is to the propagation speed of the forcing applied above the top layer, and how close the amplitude of the α-effect is to two values that give rise to a resonant response. This effect should be present in this class of dynamo model no matter how many layers are included. This result could have implications for the prediction of future solar cycles from the surface magnetic fields of prior cycles. It could be looked for in flux-transport dynamos that are more realistic for the Sun, done in spherical geometry with differential rotation, meridional flow, and α-effect that vary with latitude and time as well as radius. Because of these variations, if resonance occurs, it should be more localized in time, latitude, and radius.
A Nonperturbative, Schwinger-Dyson-Equation Analysis of Quark Masses and Mixings in a Model with QCD and Higgs Interactions

The Schwinger–Dyson equation for the quark self-energy is solved in the quenched ladder approximation for several cases of one- and two-quark generations. The exchanges of standard model gluons and Higgs bosons are taken into account. It is found that Higgs boson exchange dominates the quark self-energy in the uv region for sufficiently large input quark masses (> 75 GeV), causing the running quark propagator mass to increase with energy scale. The running of the quark mixing angles is also considered. No running of the quark mixing angles is found for input quark masses up to and including 500 GeV.
Teleoperation from Mars Orbit: A proposal for Human Exploration

Abstract An effective program for Mars exploration should proceed in steps. The best strategy for the initial human missions to Mars may be to put the humans into Mars orbit and explore the surface by telerobotic operation. This could provide the benefits of human exploration at greatly reduced risk and cost. Telecontrol of Mars surface robots from a Mars-orbital habitat would give human nearly “real time” virtual presence with minimum time delay, allowing high-fidelity virtual exploration of the surface. It is a cheaper, simpler, and safer way to explore, and hence it will be a faster way to investigate a wide variety of locations, from the polar caps to near-equatorial canyon regions. Teleoperation also enhances planetary protection in both directions, protecting Mars from contamination by Earth life and keeping humans from exposure to possible Mars microbes, and has the potential for valuable spin-off technologies.
A Stereoselective Intramolecular Halo-Etherification of Chiral Enamides in the Synthesis of Halogenated Cyclic Ethers

A stereoselective halo-etherification of chiral enamides is described here. This work provides an approach to halogen containing cyclic ethers and reveals further mechanistic insights to the chemistry of chiral enamides.
The q-Characters at Roots of Unity

Abstract We consider various specializations of the untwisted quantum affine algebras at roots of unity. We define and study the q -characters of their finite-dimensional representations.
Shape persistence delivers lock-and-key chloride binding in triazolophanes.

Triazolophanes have recently surfaced as a new class of shape-persistent macrocycles that bind anions. Bearing only triazole- and phenyl-derived CH hydrogen bond donors, these receptors have shown extraordinary Cl− binding strengths (>106 M−1, CH2Cl2). The attributes of the triazolophane that are responsible are presented herein alongside recent literature accounts that have utilized similar strategies in new and exciting supramolecular systems. This review describes how triazolophanes leverage the structural pre-organization characteristic of spherands to take advantage of non-traditional hydrogen bonds originating from extrinsic CH donors.
The effects of resolution on users playing first person shooter games

Computer games are often played on devices with varying display resolutions. While higher resolutions generally provide more immersive game play they can yield reduced frame rates and/or increased costs, making choosing the optimal resolution important. Despite this importance, to the best of our knowledge, there has been no extensive study of the effects of resolution on users playing computer games. This paper presents results from extensive user studies measuring the impact of resolution on users playing First Person Shooter games. The studies focus on the effects of resolution in conjunction with low and high contrast virtual environments, full screen and windowed modes and identification of long-range objects. Analysis indicates resolution has little impact on performance over the range of conditions tested and only matters when the objects being identified are far away or small and are reduced to too few pixels to be distinguishable.
The intrinsic luminosity and initial period of pulsars

The observed properties of pulsars are modeled on the assumption that they evolve by emitting magnetic dipole radiation and have exponentially decaying magnetic fields. The models are constructed by using Monte Carlo techniques to generate a Galactic sample of pulsars having particular distributions of initial periods, magnetic dipole moments, and positions. By choosing a relationship between the radio luminosity L(r), the period (P), and the P derivative, it is determined which pulsars of the generated sample could be detected by one of the major pulsar surveys. Detailed account is taken of known selection effects in these surveys. Models in which the size of the pulsar emission cone is dependent on the period are considered. The properties of the detectable pulsars are compared with the properties of the observed pulsars, and the initial distributions and luminosity relation of the model are adjusted until a satisfactory agreement is obtained. A crucial point is that the observed relation between L(r) and P, P derivative is affected by selection effects and does not apply to the actual pulsar population. It is found that the best fits are obtained with models in which the pulsars are injected with relatively long periods, about 0.5 sec.
Identifying controlling features of engineering design iteration

Engineering design often involves a very complex set of relationships among a large number of coupled problems. It is this complex coupling that leads to iteration among the various engineering tasks in a large project. The design structure matrix DSM is useful in identifying where iteration is necessary. The work transformation matrix model developed in this paper is a powerful extension of the DSM method which can predict slow and rapid convergence of iteration within a project, and predict those coupled features of the design problem which will require many iterations to reach a technical solution. This model is applied to an automotive brake-system development process in order to illustrate the model's utility in describing the main features of an actual design process.
The Bootstrap Multiscale Analysis for the Multi-particle Anderson Model

We extend the bootstrap multi-scale analysis developed by Germinet and Klein to the multi-particle Anderson model, obtaining Anderson localization, dynamical localization, and decay of eigenfunction correlations.
The Origin of Stereoselective Opening of Chiral Dioxane and Dioxolane Acetals: Solution Structure of Their Lewis Acid Complexes+

On demontre une forte preference pour la complexation des acetals cycliques asymetriques et on propose une explication pour l'ouverture unidirectionnelle du cycle de ces composes
PHOSPHORUS SORPTION CAPACITY OF SIX IOWA SOILS BEFORE AND AFTER FIVE YEARS OF USE AS VEGETATIVE TREATMENT AREAS

Abstract. Accumulation of phosphorus in soil is a major factor limiting the operational life (period of time where the soil can serve as an effective phosphorus sink) of land application waste disposal systems. Better evaluation of phosphorus operational life requires improved understanding of how manure application to soil can affect its phosphorus sorption characteristics. In this study, laboratory experiments were conducted to investigate the impact of feedlot runoff effluent application on phosphorus sorption capacities, equilibrium phosphorus concentrations, and phosphorus buffering capacities of six Iowa soils. Soil samples were collected from vegetative treatment areas that had received feedlot runoff application for the previous five years and from a paired grassed area that did not. Subsamples of each soil were incubated with a series of 12 phosphorus solutions ranging in concentration from 0 to 200 mg P/L to determine the sorption characteristics and results fitted to the Langmuir model to determine the phosphorus equilibrium concentration, phosphorus buffering capacity, and maximum phosphorus sorption capacity. Results indicated that vegetative treatment areas generally had elevated phosphorus equilibrium concentrations, indicating an elevated risk of loss of dissolved phosphorus. In most cases, the ability of the soil to sorb phosphorus was significantly increased, as was the remaining phosphorus sorption capacity of the soil. These results indicate that vegetative treatment area life could be greatly extended due to soil property modifications that occur as a result of system operation.
Needs before Tools: Using Technology in Environmental Conflict Resolution

Environmental conflict resolution practitioners have become increasingly interested in using information technology to work collaboratively across sectors. Discussions to date, however, have focused on specific tools rather than the underlying objectives that software can accomplish. Technology, like any other technique in a practitioner's repertoire, is a solution to a specific challenge identified through reflection-in-action. Explicitly defining the needs one wishes software to meet prevents using technology for technology's sake, provides criteria to choose between similar products or evaluate a tool's success, and helps identify needs for which suitable tools do not currently exist.
Open mass spectrometry search algorithm.

Large numbers of MS/MS peptide spectra generated in proteomics experiments require efficient, sensitive and specific algorithms for peptide identification. In the Open Mass Spectrometry Search Algorithm (OMSSA), specificity is calculated by a classic probability score using an explicit model for matching experimental spectra to sequences. At default thresholds, OMSSA matches more spectra from a standard protein cocktail than a comparable algorithm. OMSSA is designed to be faster than published algorithms in searching large MS/MS datasets. Keywords: protein identification • algorithm • bioinformatics • mass spectrometry • proteomics • significance testing
Stress control of seismicity patterns observed during hydraulic fracturing experiments at the Fenton Hill hot dry rock geothermal energy site, New Mexico

Abstract Seismicity accompanying hydraulic injections into granitic rock is often diffuse rather than falling along a single plane. This diffuse zone of seismicity cannot be attributed to systematic errors in locations of the events. A new scheme for determining orientations and locations of planes along which the microearthquakes occurred was recently developed. The basic assumption of the method, called the three-point method, is that many of the events fall along well-defined planes; these planes are often difficult to identify visually in the data because planes of many orientations are present. The method has been applied to four hydraulic fracturing experiments conducted at Fenton Hill as part of a hot dry rock geothermal energy project. While multiple planes are found for each experiment, one plane is common to all experiments. The ratio of shear to normal stress along planes of all orientations is calculated using a best estimate of the current stress state at Fenton Hill. The plane common to all experiments has the highest ratio of shear to normal stress acting along it, so it is the plane most likely to slip. The other planes found by the three-point method all have orientations with respect to current principal stresses that are favourable for slip to occur along pre-existing planes of weakness. These results are consistent with the assertion that the rock contains pre-existing joints which slip when the effective stress is reduced by the increased pore fluid pressure accompanying the hydraulic injection. Microearthquakes occur along those planes that are favourably aligned with respect to the current stress field.
Transmission coefficients for minibands formed in quantum dot arrays under bias

Arrays of colloidal quantum dots have a number of potential optoelectronic applications that depend on the efficiency of carrier collection form the matrix-embedded array of quantum dots. Herein, carrier transmission coefficients are calculated for bound states and quasi-bound states in a 3-dimensional superlattice formed by an alternating structure of colloidal quantum dots and matrix materials, including conductive polymers.
Cobalt-free corrinoids as vitamin B12 antagonists

Abstract The anti-vitamin B12 properties of four descobalto-corrins isolated from Chromatium cells were compared with vitamin B12-anilide, vitamin B12-monocarboxylic acid, cobinamide, and Friedrich's C′3-2-methyl-2-aminopropanol(1)-vitamin B12 (compound S-102). Among the systems where response to cyanocobalamin was markedly inhibited by the descobalto-corrin additions were the growth response of Escherichia coli (Davis 113-3), Euglena gracilis, and Arthrobacter duodecadis. The inhibition indices obtained with two of the descobalto-corrins were similar to those obtained with Friedrich's S-102, and considerably lower than those noted with vitamin B12-anilide, vitamin B12-monocarboxylic acid, and cobinamide. The growth response of Lactobacillus leichmannii (ATCC 7830) was not affected when descobalto-corrins were added to the cyanocobalamin-supplemented media. In experiments with porcine intrinsic factor preparations, two of the descobalto-corrins were potent inhibitors of vitamin B12 binding, but not as active as hydroxocobalamin, vitamin B12-anilide, or Friedrich's S-102 compound; they were more active than cobinamide and vitamin B12-monocarboxylic acid. The descobalto-corrins were not effective in blocking vitamin B12-binding by human gastric juice or ascitic fluid from mice with Ehrlich ascites tumor.
Light-Element Depletion in Contracting Brown Dwarfs and Pre-Main-Sequence Stars

We present an analytic calculation of the thermonuclear depletion of the light elements lithium, beryllium, and boron in fully convective, low-mass stars. Under the presumption that the pre-main-sequence star is always fully mixed during contraction, we find that the burning of these rare light elements can be computed analytically, even when the star is degenerate. Using the effective temperature as a free parameter, we constrain the properties of low-mass stars from observational data, independently of the uncertainties associated with modeling their atmospheres and convection. Our results are in excellent agreement with the detailed calculations of D'Antona & Mazzitelli and Chabrier, Baraffe, & Plez. Our analytic solution explains the dependence of the age at a given level of elemental depletion on the stellar effective temperature, nuclear cross sections, and chemical composition. These results are also useful as benchmarks to those constructing full stellar models. Most importantly, our results allow observers to translate lithium nondetections in young cluster members into a model-independent minimum age for that cluster. Using this procedure, we have found lower limits to the ages of the Pleiades (100 Myr) and Alpha Persei (60 Myr) clusters. Dating an open cluster using low-mass stars is also independent of techniques that fit upper main-sequence evolution. Comparison of these methods provides crucial information on the amount of convective overshooting (or rotationally induced mixing) that occurs during core hydrogen burning in the 5-10 M☉ stars typically at the main-sequence turnoff for these clusters. We also discuss beryllium depletion in pre-main-sequence stars. Recent experimental work on the low-energy resonance in the 10B(p, α)7Be reaction has greatly enhanced estimates of the destruction rate of 10B, making it possible for stars with M 0.1 M☉ to deplete both 10B and 11B before reaching the main sequence. Moreover, there is an interesting range of masses, 0.085 M☉ M 0.13 M☉, where boron depletion occurs on the main sequence in less than a Hubble time, providing a potential "clock" for dating low-mass stars.
Assessing and managing the university technology business incubator: An integrative framework

Abstract This article provides a conceptual framework for assessing and managing the university technology business incubator (UTBI) as a tool for new venture creation. It is widely believed that UTBIs contribute to the nurturing of new technology-based firms (NTBFs). However, they have escaped systematic review in the United States due to a lack of historical data. To fill this gap, a new UTBI performance assessment framework is proposed, which is drawn from a combined survey of the existing body of knowledge in the areas of business incubation, the university's involvement in technology and business development support, and the commonly accepted approaches to organizational assessment that provide the necessary building blocks for the integrative framework. The proposed model is comprised of three performance dimensions: (1) program sustainability and growth; (2) tenant firm's survival and growth; and (3) contributions to the sponsoring university's mission. Further, the scope and effectiveness of the facility management policies, and the provision of services are assessed. The application of this framework is illustrated using four representative UTBI cases selected from a field of 30 five-year or older U.S.-based facilities and their 29 tenant firms out of the 84 firms contacted for the survey (35%). A comparative review of these four cases reveals that the framework provides a flexible methodology to assess the performance of UTBIs. The article concludes with a set of elements identified for evaluating UTBIs under the aforementioned three performance dimensions providing measurement indicators. This framework seeks to provide conceptual clarity for those responsible for assessing UTBI performance, directing their operations, or endeavoring to create them.
Fiber Optic Rotation Sensor (FORS) Signal Detection and Processing

The recent development of low-loss single-mode optical fiber waveguides for light has made possible a new class of inertial reference devices built on the principle of a closed loop interferometer. Light circulating through the loop in both directions experiences a relative phase delay proportional to rotation rate about the loop axis. This paper derives the phase delay and discusses signal detection, signal processing techniques and error sources. It is concluded that synchronous modulation and demodulation and an active gain control at the signal calculation level are required to eliminate drift errors. Potential performance is extraordinarily good; rotation rate sensitivity of a few milli-arc seconds per second and angular position random walk errors of an arc second per square root hour appear feasible.
Neutrino oscillation experiments at nuclear reactors

Abstract In this paper I give an overview of the status of neutrino oscillation experiments performed using nuclear reactors as sources of neutrinos. I review the present generation of experiments (Chooz and Palo Verde) with baselines of about 1 km as well as the next generation that will search for oscillations with a baseline of about 100 km. While the present detectors provide essential input towards the understanding of the understanding of the atmospheric neutrino anomaly, in the future, the KamLAND reactor experiment represents our best opportunity to study very small mass neutrino mixing in laboratory conditions. In addition KamLAND with its very large fiducial mass and low energy threshold, will also be sensitive to a broad range of different physics.
Packet reservation multiple access in a metropolitan microcellular radio environment

The author examines the performance of a packet reservation multiple access (PRMA) protocol in a metropolitan microcellular radio environment using computer simulations. Call characteristics, mobility, and channel conditions have an impact on PRMA performance which is measured in terms of the average packet dropping rate per call. In order to maintain a reasonable level of service quality for calls in progress, teletraffic loading can be controlled by introducing a call setup queue and limiting the number of active subscribers. Call mobility is found to have a minor impact on PRMA performance. PRMA is also fairly robust against adverse channel conditions with a drop in performance of about 15% when the channel packet loss rate is less than 0.01. Performance comparisons to other protocols are also carried out. >
Selling to Millennials with online reviews

Abstract Millennials have heavily influenced social media's evolution into an important source of product information. They are increasingly basing their product evaluations on information gathered from online reviews. Thus, companies targeting Millennials may wish to pay heed to online reviews. Which products are affected by Millennials’ online reviews? Do the reviews tend to be positive or negative? Where do Millennial customers look for information amongst the plethora of online venues? As presented herein, a survey of 227 Millennials reveals that this generation is undeniably posting reviews online and being influenced by these reviews. Respondents show a definite preference for two online venues, Facebook and company websites, when voicing their opinions. Reviews are broken down by positive and negative comments, and how product categories fare for each type. Contrary to popular thinking, the respondents were more prone to post positive reviews than negative reviews. Males voice their opinions online significantly more often than females, and specific gender differences are observed by product category. Recommendations are provided for selling to Millennials by leveraging online reviews.
A Note on the Multiple Unicast Capacity of Directed Acyclic Networks

We consider the multiple unicast problem under network coding over directed acyclic networks with unit capacity edges. There is a set of n source-terminal (si-ti) pairs that wish to communicate at unit rate over this network. The connectivity between the si-ti pairs is quantified by means of a connectivity level vector, [k1 k2 ... kn] such that there exist ki edge-disjoint paths between si and ti. Our main aim is to characterize the feasibility of achieving this for different values of n and [k1 ... kn]. For 3 unicast connections (n = 3), we characterize several achievable and unachievable values of the connectivity 3-tuple. In addition, in this work, we have found certain network topologies, and capacity characterizations that are useful in understanding the case of general n.
Onsager-Machlup Theory for Nonequilibrium Steady States and Fluctuation Theorems

A generalization of the Onsager-Machlup theory from equilibrium to nonequilibrium steady states and its connection with recent fluctuation theorems are discussed for a dragged particle restricted by a harmonic potential in a heat reservoir. Using a functional integral approach, the probability functional for a path is expressed in terms of a Lagrangian function from which an entropy production rate and dissipation functions are introduced, and nonequilibrium thermodynamic relations like the energy conservation law and the second law of thermodynamics are derived. Using this Lagrangian function we establish two nonequilibrium detailed balance relations, which not only lead to a fluctuation theorem for work but also to one related to energy loss by friction. In addition, we carried out the functional integral for heat explicitly, leading to the extended fluctuation theorem for heat. We also present a simple argument for this extended fluctuation theorem in the long time limit.
Evidence that Market Participants Assess Recognized and Disclosed Items Similarly when Reliability is Not an Issue

ABSTRACT : We provide evidence that disclosed items are not processed differently from recognized items when the disclosures are salient, not based on management estimates, and amenable to simple techniques for imputing as-if recognized amounts. For a sample of firms with both capital and operating leases, we find that as-if recognized amounts for leases are generally reliable and that both recognized lease obligations and disclosed lease obligations are associated with proxies for costs of debt and equity. The magnitudes of these associations are not statistically different across accounting treatments, suggesting that market participants impound as-if recognized operating lease obligations and recognized capital lease obligations similarly into costs of capital. Conditioning on the reliability of as-if recognized operating lease obligations, we find a difference in the association between recognized versus as-if recognized lease obligations and proxies for the costs of debt and equity when the operatin...
Use of a robotic system as surgical first assistant in advanced laparoscopic surgery.

Abstract Background To date, the use of robotic systems has concentrated on enhancing the dexterity of the individual surgeon performing advanced laparoscopic surgery. Surgical assistants must still be present. We present a clinical experience using a robotic system as a surgical first assistant, enabling the performance of solo surgery in increasingly complex procedures. Laparoscopic fundoplication was selected as an advanced laparoscopic procedure that has routinely required a human assistant. Study design Between January and April 2001, 10 patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease underwent laparoscopic antireflux surgery. The Zeus Robotic Surgical System (Computer Motion) was used to perform all functions typically handled by surgical assistants. The system was manipulated solely by the surgeon at all times with controls draped within the sterile field. This control console remained at the surgeon's side and at no time did the surgeon leave the sterile field. The presence of the robotic system did not interfere with access to the patient. Results Among 10 operations, 8 were performed completely without the need or use of any human assistance. Set-up of the robotic system averaged 28 minutes per patient, including sterile draping. Operative times ranged from 68 to 155 minutes. There were no adverse events noted in the perioperative period. All patients were discharged the day after the procedure without any complications. Conclusions Robotic assistance to facilitate solo surgery in advanced laparoscopic procedures appears to be a feasible and safe technique. More importantly, this experience seems to demonstrate a potential for the Zeus robotic system for telementoring applications. Given a real-time communication system, a distant mentor could manipulate the robotic arms and guide a local, novice laparoscopic surgeon through an advanced procedure. Additional instrumentation must be available and more study is needed to quantify the clinical usefulness, safety, and efficacy of this new tool.
Wall motion abnormalities with low-dose dobutamine predict a high risk of cardiac death in medically treated patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy.

Background Severe and extensive coronary artery disease is the underlying cause of stress-induced wall motion abnormalities (SWMA) with low-dose (10 µg/kg/min) dobutamine suggesting that these abnormalities may identify those with poor outcome. Hypothesis We assessed the prognostic value of low-dose SWMA in medically treated patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy. Methods Low- and peak-dose dobutamine echocardiography was performed in 235 patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy (ejection fraction 31% ± 8%) who were treated with medical therapy. The survival of patients with low-dose SWMA (n = 33) was compared with the survival of patients without ischemia (n = 85) and those with peak-dose SWMA (n = 117). Results There were 123 cardiac deaths (52%) during follow-up of 4.1 ± 3.3 years. Multivariate predictors of cardiac death were age (p = 0.002, hazard ratio [HR]: 1.03), diabetes (p = 0.028, HR: 1.54), New York Heart Association (NYHA) class III, IV heart failure (p = 0.001, HR: 1.94), the presence of peak dose SWMA (p < 0.001, HR: 2.59), and low-dose SWMA (p = 0.005, HR: 2.28). Survival of patients without ischemia was significantly better than those with peak-dose SWMA (p < 0.0001) and those with low-dose SWMA (p = 0.001). The survival of patients with low-dose SWMA was the same as those with peak-dose SWMA (p = 0.89). Conclusions Low-dose SWMA is an independent predictor of cardiac mortality in medically treated patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy. Patients with low-dose SWMA are at equivalent risk to those with peak-dose SWMA. Copyright © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Opacity broadening as a density diagnostic for spot spectroscopy

Abstract A significant advantage of the recently developed spot spectroscopy techniques for plasma diagnostics is that the blowoff resulting from the tracer dots originally imbedded in the target has a well-characterized size. The helium-like resonance line 1s2−1s 2p1P may have appreciable optical depth in these blowoff regions, especially near the original target surface. The observed width of this line is largely determined by opacity broadening, which depends directly on the density. Calculations are presented for aluminum, which allow density determination as a function of measured line width. Scaling of the calculations to tracer elements other than aluminum is also discussed.
Large N reduction with overlap fermions

Abstract We revisit quenched reduction with fermions and explain how some old problems can be avoided using the overlap Dirac operator.
DETECTION OF CLASS I METHANOL (CH3OH) MASER CANDIDATES IN SUPERNOVA REMNANTS

We have used the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array to search for 36?GHz and 44?GHz methanol (CH3OH) lines in a sample of 21 Galactic supernova remnants (SNRs). Mainly the regions of the SNRs with 1720?MHz OH masers were observed. Despite the limited spatial extent covered in our search, methanol masers were detected in both G1.4?0.1 and W28. Additional masers were found in Sgr?A?East. More than 40 masers were found in G1.4?0.1, which we deduce are due to interactions between the SNR and at least two separate molecular clouds. The six masers in W28 are associated with the molecular cloud that is also associated with the OH maser excitation. We discuss the possibility that the methanol maser may be more numerous in SNRs than the OH maser, but harder to detect due to observational constraints.
“Sources of the Great Moderation: A Time Series Analysis of GDP Subsectors

Recent work finds evidence that the volatility of the U.S. economy fell dramatically around the first quarter of 1984. We trace the timing of this so-called “Great Moderation” across many subsectors of the economy in order to better understand its root cause. We find that the interest rate sensitive sectors generally experience a much earlier volatility decline than other large sectors of the economy. The changes in Federal Reserve stabilization policies that occurred during the early 1980s support the view that an improved monetary policy played an important role in stabilizing real economic activity. We find only mild evidence that “good luck” was important and little evidence to support the claim that improved inventory management was important.
Free α-Oxiranyl Amino Acids.

Analogues of natural amino acids, in which the a-proton is replaced by an unsubstituted epoxide ring, are potential mechanism-based inhibitors for pyridoxal phosphate dependent enzymes.' Yet, free a-oxiranyl amino acids have remained elusive until now. The synthesis of an a-(phenyl-substituted)oxiranyl amino ester has been reported. However, the accessibility and stability of the corresponding free, zwitterionic a-oxiranyl amino acid remained an open que~ t ion .~ Herein we report the first synthesis of members of this class of unnatural amino acids. These compounds possess an additional 6-stereocenter and so can exist as two diastereomers, erythro and threo, defined as illustrated in Figure 1. 'O Our goal was, therefore, to develop a general synthesis of a-oxiranyl amino acids, that would provide access to each pure diastereomer, for a given R group. Our synthetic strategy was to generate a-oxiranyl amino acids via the epoxidation of suitably protected a-vinyl amino acids, followed by deprotection of the amino and carboxyl groups. We reasoned that benzyl (carboxyl) and benzyloxycarbonyl (amino) protecting groups would be ideal for this purpose as they might be removed in a single, relatively mild, hydrogenolytic operation. Initially, we developed a convenient and quite general procedure for the synthesis of a-vinyl amino acids from the parent amino acids.l' More recently, we discovered that the free a-vinyl amino acids thereby obtained could