cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Value streams in science & technology: A case study of value creation and intelligent tutoring systems

Science and technology (S&T) involves a broad community of investors, sponsors, investigators, adopters, and end-users. This wide range of stakeholders adds value in a variety of ways, resulting in what are termed value streams. This article focuses on elaborating and formalizing S&T value streams. This formulation is evaluated in the context of a case study of computer-based intelligent tutoring systems. The value streams identified in this context span several decades of S&T investments, R&D in numerous organizations, and deployments in a variety of school settings. Insights gained from this case study enable proposing a general model of value creation in S&T. The phenomena embodied in this model suggest several central hypotheses. Approaches to evaluating these hypotheses are discussed. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Eng 6: 76–91, 2003
The Atmospheres of Venus, Earth, and Mars: A Critical Comparison

The physical conditions and structures, chemical compositions, origins, and evolutions of the earth, Mars, and Venus atmospheres are compared, summarizing the results of recent theoretical and observational investigations. Data are compiled in extensive tables, graphs, and diagrams and characterized in detail. Consideration is given to the roles of chemical cycles and biology; global changes in atmospheric composition; the secondary origin of all three atmospheres; volatile retention by solid grains in the solar nebula; volatile degassing and atmosphere formation; and evolutionary processes, sources, cycles, and sinks.
Molecular characterisation and developmental expression of a cellulose-binding protein gene in the soybean cyst nematode Heterodera glycines.

Secretory proteins encoded by ‘parasitism genes’ expressed in the oesophageal gland cells of plant-parasitic nematodes play key roles in nematode infection and parasitism of host plants. A cellulose-binding protein-encoding cDNA, designated Hg-cbp-1, was cloned from a Heterodera glycines oesophageal gland-cell long-distance PCR cDNA library. The cDNA hybridised to genomic DNA of H. glycines in Southern blots, and the genomic sequence of Hg-cbp-1 contained only one intron. The Hg-cbp-1 cDNA contained an open reading frame encoding 132 amino acids, with a predicted signal peptide sequence for secretion and a cellulose-binding domain. Bacterial expressed recombinant HG-CBP-1, minus the signal peptide sequence, had no hydrolytic activity on carboxymethyl-cellulose but was able to bind to cellulose. The developmental expression of Hg-cbp-1, determined by real-time reverse transcriptase PCR, showed that Hg-cbp-1 is expressed throughout the parasitic cycle of H. glycines, with a relatively higher expression level in developing parasitic stages.
The Dynamics of the Adoption of Product and Process Innovations in Organizations

While many researchers have fruitfully explored the patterns of adoption of product and process innovations across industries, few have studied these same patterns within individual firms. In this study we address this issue, examining the dynamics that govern the adoption of product and process innovations at the firm level over time. We examine questions such as: Which type of innovation is more readily adopted? Does the adoption of one type of innovation lead or lag the adoption of the other type? And, would the pattern of adoption of innovation types have an effect on organizational performance? Using data on the innovations introduced between 1982 and 1993 by a sample of 101 commercial banks in the United States, we find that: (1) product innovations are adopted at a greater rate and speed than process innovations; (2) a product-process pattern of adoption is more likely than a process-product pattern; (3) the adoption of product innovations is positively associated with the adoption of process innovations; and (4) high-performance banks adopt product and process innovations more evenly than low-performance banks.
Effect of Regenerated Roots and Shoots on Nicotine Production in Tobacco Tissue Culture

The accumulation of nicotine in regenerated shoot and root tissues of Nicotiana tabacum L. cv MD 872 grown from callus culture has been examined by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) procedures. The presence of roots on callus tissue dramatically increased the accumulation of nicotine in both callus without shoots and in callus which had regenerated shoots. When shoots were regenerated, the concentration of nicotine that accumulated in callus decreased whether roots were present or not. When varying concentrations of the nicotine precursors ornithine and putrescine were fed to callus derived tissue with and without regenerated roots, the rooted tissue was able to take up the precursors and accumulate nicotine in the shoots in amounts greater than controls. The half-life turnover rate for ’H-nicotine absorbed by the roots and transported into shoots was approximately 48 hours. These experiments indicate that although the root is the major site of synthesis of nicotine in tobacco, the accumulation of nicotine in various parts of the plant is regulated by the interaction of both root and shoot tissue.
Raising Turkeys in Partial Confinement

Abstract The number of turkeys on Indiana farms has shown a consistent decrease from 1890 to the present time. The census report of 1890 listed Indiana as having over five hundred thousand turkeys while the report of 1920 showed slightly more than one hundred thousand and the number is still diminishing. This situation applies to all but four of the north central states in the United States. The states of Kansas and Nebraska have shown an increase in the number of turkeys in the past decade, South Dakota has shown an increase since 1900 and North Dakota since 1890. Many Indiana farmers attempt to raise turkeys each year and the result is usually a keen disappointment. Successful turkey production would help many farmers, especially through the southern section of the state, in placing their farms on a more profitable basis. The decrease in the number of turkeys kept and the apparent . . .
Charge transfer and “band lineup” in molecular electronic devices: A chemical and numerical interpretation

We present first-principles based calculation of charge transfer and “band lineup” in molecular electronic devices using as an example the device formed by a phenyldithiolate molecule bridging two gold electrodes and local-spin-density-functional theory with a Gaussian-type orbital basis. We show that significant charge transfer from the metal to the molecule occurs, reflecting the partially ionic character of the sulfur–gold bond and localized in the interfacial region. Such charge transfer increases the electrostatic potential in the molecule which changes the molecular energy level structures. The interaction between the molecular orbitals under the self-consistent potential and the surface metal states determines the lineup of molecular levels relative to the metal Fermi level. We also discuss the implications of our work on device engineering at the molecular scale.
Home for now: A mixed-methods evaluation of a short-term housing support program for homeless families

The use of short-term rental subsidy vouchers offers a new approach to addressing the housing needs of families facing homelessness. In Massachusetts, the Family Home pilot program placed homeless families in housing instead of shelter, providing two years of rental subsidy plus support services with the goal of enabling families to maintain market rate housing. This mixed-method case study complements staff and participant interview data with participant survey and administrative data to evaluate the implementation and short-term outcomes of Family Home in one region. Data point to improved family well-being in housing but also persistent barriers to achieving longer-term housing and economic stability. Of the families who had exited the program at the end of the study, one quarter were able to retain their housing at market rate, only 9% returned to shelter, and one in five moved in with families/friends. Lack of affordable housing in a high rental cost region and jobs that pay living wages were among the major reasons that families struggled to maintain housing. This research points to the need for integrating supportive services from the program's start, including targeted workforce development, to plan for the end of the short-term rental subsidy.
Multifocal motor neuropathy presenting with respiratory failure

Multifocal motor neuropathy is a disorder characterized by slowly progressive asymmetrical limb weakness and multiple motor conduction blocks. We report a 56-year-old woman with this disorder who presented unusually with respiratory failure and who initially had absent responses to phrenic nerve stimulation bilaterally. The mechanism of the patient's respiratory failure may have been chronic conduction blocks in the phrenic nerves leading to diaphragmatic weakness.
Too Many Friends: Social Integration, Network Cohesion and Adolescent Depressive Symptoms

Using a nationally representative sample of adolescents, we examine associations among social integration (network size), network cohesion (alter-density), perceptions of social relationships (e.g., social support) and adolescent depressive symptoms. We find that adolescents with either too large or too small a network have higher levels of depressive symptoms. Among girls, however, the ill effects of over-integration only occur at low levels of network cohesion. For boys, in contrast, the ill effects of over-integration only occur at high levels of network cohesion. Large social networks tend not to compromise positive perceptions of friend support or belonging; whereas, small networks are associated with low perceptions of friend support and belonging. Hence, perceptions of social relationships mediate the ill effects of under-integration, but not over-integration, on depressive symptoms.
Finasteride Induced Gynecomastia

A 67-year-old white man presented in November 1995 complaining of scrotal pain and right inguinal pain 1 month in duration despite 3 courses of antibiotic therapy, which included ciprofloxacin, tetracycline and trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole. Medical history was significant for an ankle fracture, cholecystectomy and several inguinal herniorrhaphies. He had no known drug allergies. Other history was significant for arthritis and urinary calculi (calcium oxalate). Medications included simvastatin, hydroxyzine pamoate and diclofenac sodium. An excretory urogram obtained elsewhere ruled out urinary calculi. Other urinary symptoms included nocturia 2 to 4 times and a weak stream with spraying. Physical examination revealed a well developed, well nourished man with a circumcised penis free of plaques or lesions and no evidence of gynecomastia. The testes were descended into the scrotum, and were normal in size, shape, position and consistency, with small bilateral hydroceles. The prostate was tender, boggy and nonnodular. Laboratory evaluations included a prostate specific antigen of 1.9 ng./ml. (normal 0 to 4) and a low total testosterone of 240 ng./dl. (normal 300 to 1,000) with a low free testosterone of 2.06 ng./dl. (normal 2.50 to 10.50) and a free testosterone of 0.86% (normal 0.6 to 1.75). Prostatitis and epididymitis were diagnosed. Amoxicillin was prescribed for prostatitis as well as sitz baths and doxazosin for BPH. Subsequently, a recurrent right inguinal hernia was discovered and herniorrhaphy was performed in December 1995. The patient remained on doxazosin during this period. Followup in February 1996 revealed that the symptoms had improved. However, because of persistent prostatic tenderness and nocturia times 2 he was started on finasteride. In April the patient presented for evaluation of unilateral gynecomastia. He had a 3-month history of tenderness in the left breast followed by enlargement with no change in libido or sexual function. Of note, he had episodic sexual dysfunc-
A first generation CAD compiler for surface acoustic wave filters using bidirectional transducers

An automation system has been developed for the design and analysis of SAW (surface acoustic wave) bidirectional transducers and filters and has been implemented on a personal-computer-class workstation. All dominant SAW acoustic and electrical effects have been modeled for nonreflecting transducers in a modular architecture. These synthesis and analysis tools form the core of the design-automation system. An automation shell used with the design tools forms the basis of a SAW compiler that is capable of noninteractive filter design. The first-generation set of SAW-filter design rules is implemented in a declarative language that provides logical-decision control of the automation system. The highest level of design choices, such as synthesis technique, transducer weighting, and substrate material, has been implemented in the design-rule system. The design-automation system controls the execution and iteratively evaluates options, corrects errors, and decides on an optimum design choice within the set of design rules. The system accepts user input of a frequency-domain specification and noninteractively outputs a filter meeting these specifications. A design automation system example is shown and experimental results using the CAD (computer-aided design) tools are presented. >
Sr and Nd analyses of upper Eocene spherules and their implications for target rocks

Upper Eocene impact ejecta has been discovered all over the world. The number of upper Eocene impact layers and the geographic distribution of each layer, based on major chemical composition and biostratigraphic data, are not agreed upon. We have performed four Sr-Nd isotopic analyses of clinopyroxene-bearing spherules (cpx spherules) and three Sr-Nd analyses of microtektites from five Deep Sea Drilling Project/Ocean Drilling Program (DSDP/ODP) sites in the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans. Our data support the hypothesis that there is only one cpx spherule layer in upper Eocene sediments. We also find that the microtektites associated with the cpx spherule layer in the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans are not part of the North American tektite strewn field, but belong to the same event that produced the cpx spherules. The microtektites, together with cpx spherules, are more heterogeneous than microtektites/tektites from other strewn fields. No direct link has been established between the microtektites from this study and possible target rock at the Popigai crater.
Third variable analysis: Application to causal sequences among nutrient intake, maternal weight, birthweight, placental weight, and gestation

We applied a set of procedures, aimed at enhancing the strengh of inferences about the direcion of causal paths among variables measured at the same time, to foetal and maternal indices recorded at birth and collected for study of the Dutch famine of 1944/5. The analysis of three-variable sets yielded strong inferences about the relations among caloric intake, maternal weight, birthweight, placental weight, and length of gestation. These procedures constitute not only a useful preliminary to the construction of multivariate path models, but produce useful results in their own right.
Using leaf optical properties to detect ozone effects on foliar biochemistry.

Efficient methods for accurate and meaningful high-throughput plant phenotyping are limiting the development and breeding of stress-tolerant crops. A number of emerging techniques, specifically remote sensing methods, have been identified as promising tools for plant phenotyping. These remote sensing methods can be used to accurately and rapidly relate variations in leaf optical properties with important plant characteristics, such as chemistry, morphology, and photosynthetic properties at the leaf and canopy scales. In this study, we explored the potential to utilize optical (λ = 500–2,400 nm) near-surface remote sensing reflectance spectroscopy to evaluate the effects of ozone pollution on photosynthetic capacity of soybean (Glycine max Merr.). The research was conducted at the Soybean Free Air Concentration Enrichment (SoyFACE) facility where we subjected plants to ambient (44 nL L−1) and elevated ozone (79–82 nL L−1 target) concentrations throughout the growing season. Exposure to elevated ozone resulted in a significant loss of productivity, with the ozone-treated plants displaying a ~30 % average decrease in seed yield. From leaf reflectance data, it was also clear that elevated ozone decreased leaf nitrogen and chlorophyll content as well as the photochemical reflectance index (PRI), an optical indicator of the epoxidation state of xanthophyll cycle pigments and thus physiological status. We assessed the potential to use leaf reflectance properties and partial least-squares regression (PLSR) modeling as an alternative, rapid approach to standard gas exchange for the estimation of the maximum rates of RuBP carboxylation (V c,max), an important parameter describing plant photosynthetic capacity. While we did not find a significant impact of ozone fumigation on V c,max, standardized to a reference temperature of 25 °C, the PLSR approach provided accurate and precise estimates of V c,max across ambient plots and ozone treatments (r 2 = 0.88 and RMSE = 13.4 μmol m−2 s−1) based only on the variation in leaf optical properties and despite significant variability in leaf nutritional status. The results of this study illustrate the potential for combining the phenotyping methods used here with high-throughput genotyping methods as a promising approach for elucidating the basis for ozone tolerance in sensitive crops.
Symptom Interference Severity and Health-Related Quality of Life in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension

Abstract Context While assessing symptom severity is an important component of evaluating symptoms, understanding those symptoms that interfere with patients' lives is also key. Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a chronic disease resulting in right heart failure and increased mortality. Patients with PAH experience multiple symptoms but we do not know which symptoms and to what extent their symptoms interfere with daily life. Objectives To: 1) describe the prevalence of those symptoms that interfere with life; 2) describe the severity of symptom interference; and 3) determine those sociodemographic and clinical characteristics and interfering symptoms associated with health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in patients with PAH. Methods A convenience sample of 191 patients with PAH completed a sociodemographic form, the Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Symptom Interference Scale (PAHSIS) and the Medical Outcomes Survey Short Form-36 to measure HRQOL. Hierarchical multiple linear regression was used to analyze demographic and medical characteristics along with symptom interference from the PAHSIS as predictors of HRQOL from the composite mental and physical health summary scores of the Short Form-36. Results The most interfering symptoms reported were fatigue, shortness of breath with exertion, and difficulty sleeping. Age, gender, functional class, oxygen use, fatigue, dizziness, and Raynaud phenomenon were associated with the HRQOL physical health summary scores. The symptoms fatigue and SOB while lying down were associated with the HRQOL mental health summary scores. Conclusion Patients with PAH are experiencing multiple symptoms that are interfering with their HRQOL and ability to function.
Henry Ford’s plan for the American suburb: Dearborn and Detroit

In Henry Ford’s Plan for the American Suburb, Heather Barrow examines the role that industrialist Henry Ford and the Ford Motor Company played in building the American suburb of Dearborn. Located t...
High Speed Public Policy for Algae-Based Biofuel as an Energy Alternative

This paper will explore whether algae-based biofuel is a viable alternative energy option and how the proposed federal tax incentive and other governmental programs could help propel this unique technology to become a more sustainable energy option. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the problem of developing technologies in the algae-based biofuel industry. No current regulation exists specifically with respect to algae-based biofuel as it falls into the broad category of cellulosic biofuels. This paper suggests public policy imperatives in Florida in concert with the proposed algae-based biofuel tax credit to address the economic issue of having this renewable energy alternative become sustainable and less cost-prohibitive to encourage larger scale usage.
A New Round of Tax Cuts

[© Brookings Institution] In the aftermath of the forum held in Waco, Texas, President Bush is considering a new round of tax cuts. This paper examines the provisions. Our conclusion is that the proposals are fundamentally flawed because the government should not be in the business of insuring investors against short-term stock market fluctuations; the proposals are not well-designed to stimulate the economy in the short run; they would do little if anything to shore up retirement accounts for most workers; and they would add to the Federal budget deficit over the longer term.
Simple Test Functions in Meshless Local Petrov-Galerkin Methods

Two meshless local Petrov-Galerkin (MLPG) methods based on two different trial functions but that use a simple linear test function were developed for beam and column problems. These methods used generalized moving least squares (GMLS) and radial basis (RB) interpolation functions as trial functions. These two methods were tested on various patch test problems. Both methods passed the patch tests successfully. Then the methods were applied to various beam vibration problems and problems involving Euler and Beck's columns. Both methods yielded accurate solutions for all problems studied. The simple linear test function offers considerable savings in computing efforts as the domain integrals involved in the weak form are avoided. The two methods based on this simple linear test function method produced accurate results for frequencies and buckling loads. Of the two methods studied, the method with radial basis trial functions is very attractive as the method is simple, accurate, and robust.
Drug inhibition of mast cell secretion.

Interest in inhibitors of mast cell secretion derives from two purposes one is the explication of the mechanism of secretion; the other is the development of clinically applicable drugs to prevent the unwanted consequences of mast cell secretion. Inhibition studies directed at an understanding of mast cell secretion are focused on postulated components of the process and thus typically utilize drugs whose actions are known. Studies in the second category are more likely to use new, potential drugs in an empirical mode. However, the distinction between the two types of studies should not be taken too seriously, since on the one hand the mechanism of action of drugs is not always as purported, and, on the other, empirically selected drugs may turn out to function through explicable actions on critical components of the secretory mechanism.
Review of W Results from D

The D∅ experiment collected ~15 pb−1 of data in 1992–93 and ~89 pb−1 in 1994–95 at the Fermilab Tevatron Collider using \(p\bar p\) collisions at \(\sqrt s = 1.8\) TeV. From W → ev,μv and Z → ee,μμ decays, the W and Z production cross sections and the W width are determined. Events with W → τv decays are used to determine the ratio of W couplings. Using W → ev and Z → ee decays, the W boson mass is measured. Limits on the anomalous trilinear gauge boson couplings are obtained at the 95% confidence level from four diboson processes: Wγ, WW, WZ and Zγ.
Toward a Peaceful Future

This chapter looks at the similarities and differences between Gaza and Northern Ireland, and suggests seven areas where the Northern Ireland Peace Process might inform the situation between Israel and Gaza: retelling an empathic narrative, using back-channel negotiations to begin the conversation, finding a suitable honest broker, disarming and rejecting violence, employing the principle of self-determination, repatriating political prisoners, and affirming the plasticity of religious tradition in a pluralist society.
Asymmetric Longitudinal Lesion Geometry: Expanding Clinical Applications of Biomechanics

Initial in vivo investigations to characterize coronary plaques at high risk to rupture and cause new clinical events focused on assessment of the anatomic aspects of plaque size and composition by intravascular imaging modalities [(1)][1]. In part because of the low positive predictive value of
An introductory microeconomics in-class experiment to reinforce the marginal utility/price maximization rule and the integration of modern theory

Abstract This paper presents an in-class experiment used as a teaching tool in an introductory microeconomics class at the undergraduate college level. It is directed at a critical but challenging concept for principles students—constrained utility maximization and a methodology to intuit preferences. The experimental project is nested in the literature pertaining to the current transition in microeconomic theory motivated by contributions from behavioral economics and transactions-cost economics, among other elements; modern pedagogical models; experimental economics; and experiments as in-classroom teaching tools. While not dispositive as to the general efficacy of in-class experiments, the paper provides an example of an alternative instructional approach which is helpful to principles students under strictly defined protocols. The benefits to students include heightened understanding of the core subject topic, greater interest in the subject matter, a closer connection to real-world economics, and enhanced critical thinking capabilities.
A hypothesis testing approach for real-time multichannel speech separation using time-frequency masks

We propose a new approach to time-frequency mask generation for real-time multichannel speech separation. Whereas conventional approaches select the strongest source in each time-frequency bin, we perform a binary hypothesis test to determine whether a target source is present or not. We derive a generalized likelihood ratio test and extend it to underdetermined mixtures by aggregating the outputs of several tests with different interference models. This approach is justified by the nonstationarity and time-frequency disjointedness of speech signals. This computationally simple method is suitable for real-time source separation in resource-constrained and latency-critical applications.
The Surgical Management of Bladder Polyps in the Setting of Exstrophy Epispadias Complex.

Objective To investigate the surgical course for treating bladder polyps in patients with exstrophy epispadias complex (EEC). EEC bladder polyps are unique pathologic entities, with a distinct difference between polyps discovered at birth and polyps developed after failed exstrophy closure. Methods A prospectively maintained database of 1300 patients with EEC was reviewed for bladder exstrophy patients with bladder polyps. The following data were obtained: patient demographics, polyp type, past medical and surgical history, and continence outcomes. Polyps were categorized as (1) primary, bladder polyps at birth or during neonatal period; and (2) secondary, bladder polyps following a failed exstrophy closure. Results Of 1300 EEC patients, 43 patients with polyps met the inclusion criteria. All closures for primary polyp patients were successful, and continence outcomes remained similar in early and delayed closures (P = .689). Secondary polyp patients were more likely to require augmentation to increase bladder capacity (P = .033). Bladder neck reconstruction (n = 8) was successful in 83.0% of patients with primary polyps, and none were successful for those with secondary polyps (P = .035). Conclusion Delaying primary bladder closure for patients with small polypoid bladder templates did not affect closure or continence outcomes. However, primary and secondary polyps may require different surgical interventions. Bladder neck reconstruction was markedly less successful in secondary polyp patients, and secondary polyp patients were more likely to need augmentation to increase bladder capacity. This study emphasizes the importance of a successful primary closure and suggests that secondary polyps are an indicator of decreasing potential for bladder growth.
Fluorescence Modulation of Green Fluorescent Protein Using Fluorinated Unnatural Amino Acids

The ability to modulate protein function through minimal perturbations to amino acid structure represents an ideal mechanism to engineer optimized proteins. Due to the novel spectroscopic properties of green fluorescent protein, it has found widespread application as a reporter protein throughout the fields of biology and chemistry. Using site-specific amino acid mutagenesis, we have incorporated various fluorotyrosine residues directly into the fluorophore of the protein, altering the fluorescence and shifting the pKa of the phenolic proton associated with the fluorophore. Relative to wild type GFP, the fluorescence spectrum of the protein is altered with each additional fluorine atom, and the mutant GFPs have the potential to be employed as pH sensors due to the altered electronic properties of the fluorine atoms.
Renal tubular ACE-mediated tubular injury is the major contributor to microalbuminuria in early diabetic nephropathy

Diabetic nephropathy is a major cause of end-stage renal disease in developed countries. While angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are used to treat diabetic nephropathy, how intrarenal ACE contributes to diabetic renal injury is uncertain. Here, two mouse models with different patterns of renal ACE expression were studied to determine the specific contribution of tubular vs. glomerular ACE to early diabetic nephropathy: it-ACE mice, which make endothelial ACE but lack ACE expression by renal tubular epithelium, and ACE 3/9 mice, which lack endothelial ACE and only express renal ACE in tubular epithelial cells. The absence of endothelial ACE normalized the glomerular filtration rate and endothelial injury in diabetic ACE 3/9 mice. However, these mice developed tubular injury and albuminuria and displayed low renal levels of megalin that were similar to those observed in diabetic wild-type mice. In diabetic it-ACE mice, despite hyperfiltration, the absence of renal tubular ACE greatly reduced tubulointerstitial injury and albuminuria and increased renal megalin expression compared with diabetic wild-type and diabetic ACE 3/9 mice. These findings demonstrate that endothelial ACE is a central regulator of the glomerular filtration rate while tubular ACE is a key player in the development of tubular injury and albuminuria. These data suggest that tubular injury, rather than hyperfiltration, is the main cause of microalbuminuria in early diabetic nephropathy.
A computer model for a high temperature fuel cell

A computer model is developed for determining the performance characteristics (e.g., current-voltage curves) of a solid oxide fuel cell. The model determines the fuel/oxidant concentration, the temperature profiles and the current density along the fuel and oxidant channels, respectively. Then, the average of the local current density distribution is used to determine the current-voltage curves (IV curves) over the entire range of cell potential, i.e., from open circuit voltage to short circuit voltage.
Walls, Alleys and Dead Ends: Street Walking as Design for Livability and Community

Modernist design creates urban spaces that exclude people and neighborhood cultures. Sustainable urban planning is built with human scale in mind. It is messy, but facilitates community. This paper traces the move to sustainable urban planning and suggests that it parallels the Christian understanding of a God who "sits high, but looks low."
On Polynomial Transformations For Simulating Multivariate Non-normal Distributions

Procedures are introduced and discussed for increasing the computational and statistical efficiency of polynomial transformations used in Monte Carlo or simulation studies. Comparisons are also made between polynomials of order three and five in terms of (a) computational and statistical efficiency, (b) the skew and kurtosis boundary, and (c) boundaries for Pearson correlations. It is also shown how ranked data can be simulated for specified Spearman correlations and sample sizes. Potential consequences of nonmonotonic transformations on rank correlations are also discussed.
Computer-Aided Measurements of Damping in Marine Sediments

In order to describe accurately the propagation of acoustic waves in marine sediments, it is necessary to model the various intrinsic mechanisms by which energy is dissipated. In geophysical and geotechnical applications, the frequency range of interest runs from less than 1 Hz to over 10 kHz and there are a number of different physical processes which modify and attenuate a mechanical wave in this range. Moreover, in the field, the overall attenuation depends not only on the intrinsic damping in each sediment layer but also on the scattering that results from the presence of many layers in the sediment column.
The Measurement of Wall Shear Stress

Knowledge of the wall shear stress is of both fundamental and practical importance. The mean stress is indicative of the overall state of the flow over a given surface while the fluctuating stress is a “footprint” of the individual processes that transfer momentum to the wall. The measurement techniques can be divided into two main categories: direct and indirect. The indirect techniques can be further divided into momentum balance methods and correlation methods.
Effect of fetal hemodynamics on growth in fetuses with single ventricle or transposition of the great arteries

Introduction As birth weight is a critical predictor of neonatal congenital heart defect (CHD) outcomes, the common problem of poor fetal growth in this population is clinically important but not well understood. The impact of fetal hemodynamics on fetal growth and birth weight in CHD has not been assessed. Combined cardiac output (CCO) has been used to evaluate patients with structurally normal heart but rarely in CHD. Middle cerebral artery and umbilical artery pulsatility indices (PIs) have been used to evaluate the relative distribution of circulation in patients with CHD. In this study we sought to evaluate the impact of CCO and PIs on fetal growth in different subgroups of CHD and to study the effects of fetal hemodynamics on late gestation weight gain. We hypothesized that fetuses with CHD will have lower CCO and will be smaller at birth. Methods A retrospective review of fetal echocardiograms from 109 fetuses was performed. The diagnosis was hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS, n=30), non-HLHS single ventricle (non-HLHS SV, n=20), transposition of the great arteries (D-TGA, n=17) and normal controls (n= 42). CCO was calculated using valvar area, velocity time integral and heart rate and indexed to estimated fetal weight. PIs were calculated using systolic, diastolic and mean velocities. Anthropometric measures were recorded. Regression models were used to study CCO, PIs and fetal anthropometric trends over gestational age. To evaluate fetal weight gain in late gestation, z-scores were compared between estimated fetal weight at 30 weeks and birth weight. Regression analysis was used to determine the association of CCO, indexed CCO and PIs at 30 weeks with birth weight, length and head circumference z-scores in addition to weight gain late in gestation. The 30 weeks gestational age was chosen based on previous studies that suggested an evidence of poor weight gain late in gestation in CHD starting around 30 weeks. Results CCO increased in all 4 groups through gestation but the rate slowed in HLHS and SV at the end of gestation. Middle cerebral artery PI values were lower in HLHS compared to non-HLHS SV through gestation suggesting a different cerebral blood distribution. At the end of gestation, fetal weight gain rate slowed in HLHS and SV (similar to CCO curves) and head circumference rate also slowed in all groups but controls. CCO, indexed CCO and PIs did not correlate with any of the birth measurements or with weight gain late in gestation in CHD. Conclusions We found no association of CCO or pulsatility indices with late gestation weight gain or birth anthropometrics in CHD. This does not support fetal hemodynamics as the primary driver of suboptimal fetal growth in SV. Future research may further explain genetic and placental abnormalities that may affect fetal growth in CHD.
The creation of memorable dining experiences: formative index construction.

Abstract Memorable experiences in restaurant settings are not well understood, and little is known about what they represent and how they should be measured. This study filled this knowledge gap by developing a formative index to assess and measure memorable dining experiences (MDE). Drawing upon strategic experiential modules, MDE was conceptualized as a second-order formative construct consisting of five first-order dimensions including sensory, affect, behavioral, social, and intellectual. This study adopted a mixed methods approach combining in-depth interviews and an online survey to determine and evaluate the underlying structure of MDE. Using PLS-PM as the analytical technique, the results of the data supported that MDE was a second-order formative construct, with 37 items capturing the five first-order dimensions. The study provided a comprehensive conceptualization of the MDE and a measurement scale with strong psychometric properties to help hospitality managers create and measure such experiences to gain a competitive advantage in the market. Detailed implications for academics and practitioners are provided.
New insights into the mechanisms of epithelial–mesenchymal transition and implications for cancer

Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a cellular programme that is known to be crucial for embryogenesis, wound healing and malignant progression. During EMT, cell–cell and cell–extracellular matrix interactions are remodelled, which leads to the detachment of epithelial cells from each other and the underlying basement membrane, and a new transcriptional programme is activated to promote the mesenchymal fate. In the context of neoplasias, EMT confers on cancer cells increased tumour-initiating and metastatic potential and a greater resistance to elimination by several therapeutic regimens. In this Review, we discuss recent findings on the mechanisms and roles of EMT in normal and neoplastic tissues, and the cell-intrinsic signals that sustain expression of this programme. We also highlight how EMT gives rise to a variety of intermediate cell states between the epithelial and the mesenchymal state, which could function as cancer stem cells. In addition, we describe the contributions of the tumour microenvironment in inducing EMT and the effects of EMT on the immunobiology of carcinomas. Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) is crucial for embryogenesis, wound healing and cancer development, and confers greater resistance to cancer therapies. This Review discusses the mechanisms of EMT and its roles in normal and neoplastic tissues, the contribution of cell-intrinsic signals and the microenvironment to inducing EMT, and its effects on the immunobiology of carcinomas.
Engaged language policy and practice

In their book, Engaged Language Policy and Practice, Kathryn Anne Davis and Prem Phyak introduce an alternative approach to language policy and planning, what they call “Engaged Language Policy and...
On the connectedness of spectral sets and irreducibility of spectral cones in Euclidean Jordan algebras

Abstract Let V be a Euclidean Jordan algebra of rank n. A set E in V is said to be a spectral set if there exists a permutation invariant set Q in R n such that E = λ − 1 ( Q ) , where λ : V → R n is the eigenvalue map that takes x ∈ V to λ ( x ) (the vector of eigenvalues of x written in the decreasing order). If the above Q is also a convex cone, we say that E is a spectral cone. This paper deals with connectedness and arcwise connectedness properties of spectral sets. By relying on the result that in a simple Euclidean Jordan algebra, every eigenvalue orbit [ x ] : = { y : λ ( y ) = λ ( x ) } is arcwise connected, we show that if a permutation invariant set Q is connected (arcwise connected), then λ − 1 ( Q ) is connected (respectively, arcwise connected). A related result is that in a simple Euclidean Jordan algebra, every pointed spectral cone is irreducible.
ZONE: Zeroth-Order Nonconvex Multiagent Optimization Over Networks

In this paper, we consider distributed optimization problems over a multiagent network, where each agent can only partially evaluate the objective function, and it is allowed to exchange messages with its immediate neighbors. Differently from all existing works on distributed optimization, our focus is given to optimizing a class of nonconvex problems and under the challenging setting, where each agent can only access the zeroth-order information (i.e., the functional values) of its local functions. For different types of network topologies, such as undirected connected networks or star networks, we develop efficient distributed algorithms and rigorously analyze their convergence and rate of convergence (to the set of stationary solutions). Numerical results are provided to demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed algorithms.
Phase Noise Performance of SILPLL based Opto-electronic Oscillator using Sagnac-loop PM-IM Convertor

Forced opto-electronic oscillators (OEO) are important component in future telecommunications and instrumentation systems. Most OEO are realized using intensity modulators (IM) with recent interest shifting to phase modulators (PM). A comprehensive analysis of Sagnac loop based OEO is presented, where phase is converted to intensity (PM-IM). This paper evaluates phase noise performance of SILPLL OEO in terms of Sagnac loop component errors and its impact on the PM-IM conversion. Results are presented for a 10 GHz SILPLL based OEO.
Supporting Students With Co-Occurring Language and Behavioral Deficits in the Classroom:

For all children and youth, language underpins success in academic, social, and behavioral interactions. For students with language deficits, even seemingly simple tasks can be challenging and frus...
Shaming, Rebellion, and Tragedy: Arthur Miller and African American Drama

In her 2018 book Naked: The Dark Side of Shame and Moral Life, Krista K. Thomason analyzes the experience of shame as a tension between a limiting socially imposed identity and the more complex self-concept that the individual has constructed for herself. She argues that violence emerges in response to shame as a rebellion against the diminished vision of self and an attempt to reestablish the broader self-concept through an expression of personal agency. There are similarities between Thomason’s theory and W. E. B. Du Bois’s ideas about “double-consciousness” in his 1903 book The Souls of Black Folk. This theory of shame and rebellion can be applied to characters in many of Arthur Miller’s plays. It helps us to understand Miller’s vision of tragedy, and it points to ways in which the vision of tragedy in African American drama is similar to Miller’s. For Miller, the assault on the self arises in response to specific situations. In African American drama, it often arises against the backdrop of racism.
Survey of Phthalate Mitigation and Distribution in Water, Sediment, and Typha in a Fully Operational Constructed Wetland: A Pilot Study

Wastewater treatment plants (WTTPs) contribute to anthropogenic chemical contamination through the release of treated effluent. A constructed wetland (CW) interfaced with a WTTP could potentially purify and naturalize effluent water. This pilot study aimed to acquire baseline chemical data on the fate and distribution of phthalates in the water, sediment, and vegetation (Typha spp.) of a fully operational horizontal subsurface flow CW adjoined to a WWTP in Oregon, USA. Sample collection followed the flow of water from entrance to exit of the CW. Dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) were the most abundant analogs in all matrices. Results indicate reduction of phthalates in water exiting the CW. Significant concentrations of DBP, DEHP, and other water-soluble phthalates were found in the shoots of Typha, indicating plant uptake as a potentially important removal mechanism.
Preference, performance, and impact of the water‐lily aphid on multiple species of duckweed

The role of herbivores in driving the structure of freshwater macrophyte communities remains poorly understood in comparison with terrestrial ecosystems. For instance, although duckweed (subfamily Lemnoideae) are globally distributed, can be locally highly abundant and ecologically dominant, and are of growing economic importance, their interactions with herbivores remain understudied. To address how herbivores may impact duckweed species composition, we here experimentally quantify the preference and performance of a common duckweed herbivore, the water‐lily aphid (Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae) on four widespread duckweed species. Our two‐way choice experiments reveal that aphids display a preference for Spirodela polyrhiza > Landoltia punctata = Lemna minor > > Wolffia brasiliensis. These results are rarely influenced by natal host species. By evaluating the growth of aphid populations on each duckweed species, we find that preference may be adaptive in certain ecological conditions. Quantifying the population growth rate of duckweed growing in the presence and absence of aphids revealed differential tolerance of herbivory across duckweed species. This study shows that aphids, through preferential feeding and significant differential effects on duckweed growth, can have a significant impact on duckweed population dynamics and potentially community composition.
Care Transitions to the Community from Veterans Affairs Nursing Homes: Experiences of Social Connection and Disconnection.

Abstract Objective This study aimed to further knowledge of older Veterans’ experiences with transitioning to the community from Veterans Affairs nursing homes (Community Living Centers or CLCs) with emphasis on social functioning. Design A qualitative study design was used in addition to administration of standardized depression and mental status screens. Setting and Participants Veterans (n = 18) and caregivers (n = 14) were purposively sampled and recruited from 2 rural CLCs in Upstate New York. Methods Semistructured interviews were completed with Veterans in the CLC prior to discharge (to explore experiences during the CLC stay and expectations regarding discharge and returning home) and in the home 2–4 weeks postdischarge (to explore daily routines and perceptions of overall health, mental health, and social functioning). Caregivers participated in 1 interview, completed postdischarge. The 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire and the Brief Interview for Mental Status were administered postdischarge. Results Thematic analysis of verbatim transcriptions revealed 3 inter-related themes: (1) Veterans may experience improved social connectedness in CLCs by nature of the unique care environment (predominantly male, shared military experience); (2) Experiences of social engagement and connectedness varied after discharge and could be discordant with Veterans’ expectations for recovery prior to discharge; and (3) Veterans may or may not describe themselves as “lonely” after discharge, when physically isolated. Veterans lacked moderate to severe cognitive impairment (Brief Interview for Mental Status: range = 14–15); however, they reported a wide range in depressive symptom severity postdischarge (9-item Patient Health Questionnaire: mean = 4.9, SD = 6.1, median/mode = 3, range = 0–23). Conclusions and Implications This study identified a potential for increased social isolation and disengagement after discharge from Veterans Affairs nursing homes. Nursing homes should integrate social functioning assessment for their residents, while extending care planning and transitional care to address patient-centered social functioning goals.