cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Colonization of a newly constructed commercial chicken further processing plant with Listeria monocytogenes.

This study was undertaken to determine potential sources of Listeria monocytogenes in a newly constructed chicken further processing plant and document the eventual colonization of the facility by this pathogen. To ascertain the colonization status of the plant, floor drains were sampled after a production shift and again after a cleanup shift on roughly a monthly basis for 21 months. Potential sources of L. monocytogenes to the plant included incoming raw meat, incoming fresh air, and personnel. Nearby environment and community samples were also examined. All L. monocytogenes detected were subjected to DNA sequence–based subtyping. L. monocytogenes was not detected in the plant before the commencement of processing operations. Within 4 months, several subtypes of L. monocytogenes were detected in floor drains, both before and after cleaning and sanitizing operations. No L. monocytogenes was detected on filters for incoming air, samples associated with plant employees, or a nearby discount shopping center...
Neo-Political Art After Post-Modernism

Jean Baudrillard’s commodity radicalism has influenced the anglophone art world and even generated a sub-school of ‘Neo-Geo’ art. Ever cynical regarding the fallen consumer culture of the middle class and ever romantic regarding its own capacities to negate that culture, art in the modern age is an appropriate landing site for a nostalgic theory of simulation, one that sees everywhere an increase of degradation that can only be matched by an inflation of lethargic dismissiveness. Baudrillard is in some respects the perfectly modern post-modern aesthete, the purely detached figure of pure detachment, Pater as a semio-fetishist. He synthesizes a grandiloquent inflation of discourse with a marketable discourse value that is in keeping with the tremendous increase in sheer money worth of modern art itself, which has become a magnet for capital fleeing less enduring forms of value. The theory of commodities becomes through the production of books like Cool Memories that aestheticize the most fragmentary droppings of the world-travelling tourist-cum-theorist a commodification of theory. Life itself is a version of romantic art, an object of detached, cynical contemplation, one more item in the repertoire — post-modernism as the art of neo-colonial pillage.
A Theoretical Framework For Simulation Validation: Popper’S Falsifications

This paper provides a philosophical yet scientific assessment of simulation validation. It suggests that the activity of simulation validation has firm theoretical roots in falsificationism, Karl P...
Laser-Induced Acoustic Desorption Atmospheric Pressure Photoionization via VUV-Generating Microplasmas

We demonstrate the first application of laser-induced acoustic desorption (LIAD) and atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI) as a mass spectrometric method for detecting low-polarity organics. This was accomplished using a Lyman-α (10.2 eV) photon generating microhollow cathode discharge (MHCD) microplasma photon source in conjunction with the addition of a gas-phase molecular dopant. This combination provided a soft desorption and a relatively soft ionization technique. Selected compounds analyzed include α-tocopherol, perylene, cholesterol, phenanthrene, phylloquinone, and squalene. Detectable surface concentrations as low as a few pmol per spot sampled were achievable using test molecules. The combination of LIAD and APPI provided a soft desorption and ionization technique that can allow detection of labile, low-polarity, structurally complex molecules over a wide mass range with minimal fragmentation.
NMR detection of intermolecular interaction sites in the dimeric 5'-leader of the HIV-1 genome

HIV type-1 (HIV-1) contains a pseudodiploid RNA genome that is selected for packaging and maintained in virions as a noncovalently linked dimer. Genome dimerization is mediated by conserved elements within the 5′-leader of the RNA, including a palindromic dimer initiation signal (DIS) that has been proposed to form kissing hairpin and/or extended duplex intermolecular contacts. Here, we have applied a 2H-edited NMR approach to directly probe for intermolecular interactions in the full-length, dimeric HIV-1 5′-leader (688 nucleotides; 230 kDa). The interface is extensive and includes DIS:DIS base pairing in an extended duplex state as well as intermolecular pairing between elements of the upstream Unique-5′ (U5) sequence and those near the gag start site (AUG). Other pseudopalindromic regions of the leader, including the transcription activation (TAR), polyadenylation (PolyA), and primer binding (PBS) elements, do not participate in intermolecular base pairing. Using a 2H-edited one-dimensional NMR approach, we also show that the extended interface structure forms on a time scale similar to that of overall RNA dimerization. Our studies indicate that a kissing dimer-mediated structure, if formed, exists only transiently and readily converts to the extended interface structure, even in the absence of the HIV-1 nucleocapsid protein or other RNA chaperones.
The effects of tibial intraosseous versus intravenous amiodarone administration in a hypovolemic cardiac arrest procine model

Objective: This study compared the effects of amiodarone via tibial intraosseous (TIO) and intravenous (IV) routes on return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC), time to ROSC, maximum drug concentration (Cmax), time to maximum concentration (Tmax), and mean concentrations over time in a hypovolemic cardiac arrest model. Design: Prospective, between subjects, randomized experimental design. Setting: TriService Research Facility. Subjects: Yorkshire-cross swine (n = 28). Intervention: Swine were anesthetized and placed into cardiac arrest. After 2 minutes, cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) was initiated. After an additional 2 minute, 300 mg of amiodarone were administered via the TIO or the IV route. Blood samples were collected over 5 minutes. The plasma concentrations were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Main Outcome Measurements: ROSC, time to ROSC, Cmax, Tmax, and mean concentrations over time. Results: A multivariate analysis of variance indicated that there were no significant differences in the TIO and IV groups in ROSC (p = 0.515), time to ROSC (p = 0.300), Cmax (p = 0.291), or Tmax (p = 0.475). The mean Cmax of the TIO group was 56,292 ± 11,504 ng / mL compared to 74,258 ± 11,504 ng / mL for the IV group. The Tmax for TIO and IV groups were 120 ± 25 and 94 ± 25, respectively. A repeated measures analysis of variance indicated that there were no significant differences between the groups relative to concentrations over time (p > 0.05). Conclusion: The TIO provides rapid and reliable access to administer lifesaving medications during cardiac arrest.
Sequence and Functional Diversity Across the Kinesin Superfamily

Members of the kinesin superfamily are defined by the presence a kinesin motor domain containing signature sequences for nucleotide and microtubule binding. A variety of biochemical and biophysical studies of the core kinesin-1 motor domain have illuminated how nucleotide binding and hydrolysis lead to force generation and motility along microtubules. Alternating catalysis by the two motor domains enables processive motility along the microtubule surface. It has been assumed that this is the mechanistic paradigm for all kinesin motors. However, recent work indicates that sequence divergence within the kinesin motor domain endows different kinesin motors with distinct microtubule-based properties. We examined how evolutionary tuning of the core motor domain endowed kinesin-3 motors with a high microtubule on-rate, high velocity, and superprocessivity. We also examined sequence divergence within the kinesin-4 family of motors such that some members of this family lost the ability to undergo processive motility.
Placement of EV charging stations integrated with PV generation and battery storage

This paper introduces an optimal way to configure a grid-connected charging station for electric vehicles (EVs), in which the photovoltaic (PV) generation and local battery storage are integrated. The proposed method aims at generating the optimum combination of EV chargers, PV panels and local batteries, while considering: 1) EV mobility and uncertainties (PV generation, electricity price, etc.); 2) the impact on the grid; and 3) stochastic charging demand from EVs. The Erlang-loss system and the stochastic programming are adopted to model the EV mobility and uncertainties. Besides, the attribute sets as well as the clustering-based scenario generation method are proposed to generate necessary scenarios for stochastic programming. Finally, numerical experiments are conducted to validate the effectiveness of the proposed approach and show the impact of different factors on the final placement scheme.
A Note on Response Rate and Conditioned Suppression

Three pigeons were trained on a multiple VI-3 FR-50 schedule of reinforcement. An Estes-Skinner conditioned suppression procedure, with a 1 min. CS, was then superimposed on the VI component. After the suppression was stable, the number of responses required per reinforcement in the FR component was progressively increased to produce an increase in the response rate during the VI component. The results indicated no change in suppression accompanied by substantial changes in the baseline rate of response during the VI component as the FR requirement was increased. These data were interpreted to indicate that an increase in the baseline response rate is not a sufficient condition to produce a change in conditioned suppression on a variable interval schedule.
Failure to Thrive: Strategies for Evaluation and Intervention

Failure to thrive (FTT) is an early physical marker of risk with long-term consequences for children's health and development, and includes a multifactorial conceptualization. Using ecological theo...
Pathologic manifestations of bronchiolitis, constrictive bronchiolitis, cryptogenic organizing pneumonia, and diffuse panbronchiolitis.

Abstract This article reviews the histopathological findings in a variety of inflammatory bronchiolar diseases. The emphasis is on differentiating syndromes of idiopathic airflow limitation (constrictive bronchiolitis and diffuse panbronchiolitis) from cryptogenic organizing pneumonia (idiopathic bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia). The histopathological findings in each of these conditions are relatively nonspecific; therefore, it is imperative that pathological findings are correlated with clinical and roentgenographic information before a specific diagnosis is made.
Preponderance of the Evidence: Some History

Although much has been written on the history of the requirement of proof of crimes beyond a reasonable doubt, this is the first study to probe the history of its civil counterpart, proof by a preponderance of the evidence. It turns out that the criminal standard did not diverge from a preexisting civil standard, but vice versa. Only in the late eighteenth century, after lawyers and judges began speaking of proof beyond a reasonable doubt, did references to the preponderance standard begin to appear. Moreover, United States judges did not start to instruct juries about the preponderance standard until the mid-nineteenth century, and English judges not until after that. The article explores these developments and their causes with the help of published trial transcripts and newspaper reports that have only recently become accessible. The history thus revealed casts a new light on two subjects that have aroused much scholarly attention during the last few years: the fact that European civil law systems do not proclaim differing standards for civil and criminal proceedings; and the questionable policy foundations on which the preponderance standard rests.
Frequency and predictors of health services use by Native Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders: evidence from the U.S. National Health Interview Survey.

Native Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders (NHPIs) are one of the fasting growing racial groups in the United States (US). NHPIs have a significantly higher disease burden than the US population as a whole, yet they remain underrepresented in research. The purpose of this study is to examine factors associated with health care utilization among NHPIs. Drawing from the 2014 NHPI-National Health Interview Survey, we used stereotype logistic regressions to examine utilization of emergency department (ED) and outpatient services among 2172 individuals aged 18 and older. NHPIs with chronic diseases were twice as likely to be multiple ED users and nearly four times as likely to be frequent-users of outpatient services. Social support played a protective role in preventing multiple use of ED. Having a usual source of care made it more than eight times as likely to be a frequent-user of outpatient services. Use of eHealth information increased the odds of using ED and outpatient services. Ability to afford health care increased the odds of using outpatient services. There was no association between health insurance coverage and use of ED and outpatient services among NHPIs. This research provides the first available national estimates of health services use by NHPIs. Efforts to improve appropriate use of health services should consider leveraging the protective factors of social support to reduce the odds of frequent ED use, and having a usual source of care to increase use of outpatient services.
Online Multi-Robot Coverage: Algorithm Comparisons

We consider the common assumptions made when multi-robot systems are used for exploration and coverage and the metrics used to compare performance. We then take three algorithms -- the Rolling Dispersion Algorithm (RDA), the Multi-Robot Depth-First-Search (MR-DFS) algorithm, and the BoB algorithm -- chosen for their different strengths and assumptions, and compare, using a set of common metrics, their performance in different simulation environments. We present two simple extensions to RDA -- RDA-MS (multi-start) and RDA-EC (extended communication), which preserve RDA's original assumptions, but are able to perform as well as the algorithms that make more demanding assumptions.
Functional connectivity in central executive network protects youth against cardiometabolic risks linked with neighborhood violence

Although violent crime has declined in recent decades, it remains a recurring feature of daily life in some neighborhoods. Mounting evidence indicates that such violence has a long reach, which goes beyond family and friends of the victim and undermines the health of people in the surrounding community. However, like all forms of adversity, community violence elicits a heterogeneous response: Some remain healthy, but others deteriorate. Despite much scientific attention, the neural circuitries that contribute to differential adaptation remain poorly understood. Drawing on knowledge of the brain's intrinsic functional architecture, we predicted that individual differences in resting-state connectivity would explain variability in the strength of the association between neighborhood violence and cardiometabolic health. We enrolled 218 urban youth (age 12-14 years, 66% female; 65% black or Latino) and used geocoding to characterize their exposure to neighborhood murder over the past five years. Multiple aspects of cardiometabolic health were assessed, including obesity, insulin resistance, and metabolic syndrome. Functional MRI was used to quantify the connectivity of major intrinsic networks. Consistent with predictions, resting-state connectivity within the central executive network (CEN) emerged as a moderator of adaptation. Across six distinct outcomes, a higher neighborhood murder rate was associated with greater cardiometabolic risk, but this relationship was apparent only among youth who displayed lower CEN resting-state connectivity. By contrast, there was little evidence of moderation by the anterior salience and default mode networks. These findings advance basic and applied knowledge about adaptation by highlighting intrinsic CEN connectivity as a potential neurobiological contributor to resilience.
The Impact of Final Term Exam Exemption Policy: Case Study at MAAP

A final term examination exemption policy was recently implemented at the Maritime Academy of Asia and the Pacific which primarily aimed to motivate students to strive harder in academics. This paper describes the perceived improvement of students in terms of their learning strategy because of the implementation of the exemption policy. This study also discusses the direct and indirect effects of the policy on students. Based on the data collected from 403 third-class and fourth-class cadets of MAAP, 91.8% favored the implementation of the policy, indicating the policy's positive acceptance among undergraduate students taking Marine Engineering and Marine Transportation programs. Acceptance of the policy is not influenced by any demographic variables. In effect, students' learning strategies improved and positive extrinsic motivation heightened. Some negative effects were also noted in this paper. Regular evaluation should be conducted to track the policy's long-term impact.
Implantation-and etching-free high voltage vertical GaN p-n diodes terminated by plasma-hydrogenated p-GaN: revealing the role of thermal annealing

Low-damage, low-temperature, and easy-to-implement hydrogen-plasma-based termination is attractive for fabricating implantation- and etching-free GaN power p–n diodes. This work investigates in detail the hydrogenation process and unveils the critical role of thermal annealing. A subsequent thermal annealing is key to thermally driving down hydrogen to fully hydrogenate p-GaN to form the termination. The devices showed a specific on-resistance of 0.4 mΩ cm2 and a breakdown voltage (BV) of ~1.4 kV. They also exhibited improved BV compared with mesa-etched devices. High temperature performance was also investigated. These results can serve as important references for future developments of GaN power electronics.
Dietary Fat-Fiber Interactions: Effect on Colonic Mediators of Cell Cytokinetics

In order to elucidate the biochemical mechanisms by which dietary fat and fiber modulate colonic cell proliferation and thus colon carcinogenesis, groups of 10 rats were fed one of 9 diets for 3 weeks: 3 types of fat at 15% by weight (beef tallow, corn oil, and fish oil) × 2 types of fiber (pectin and cellulose) plus fiber-free as a control group. The overall colonic fatty acid composition in mucosal total phospholipids reflected the incorporation of dietary fatty acids. An increase in the level of mucosal phospholipid arachidonic acid (20:4n-6) mass was associated with increased cell proliferation in the distal colon (r = 0.70, p < 0.05), measured by in vivo incorporation of bromodeoxyuridine (BRDU), whereas, an increase in the total phospholipid levels of fish oil derived n-3 fatty acids (20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3) was associated with decreased cell proliferation (r = −0.73, p < 0.05). The synthesis of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and PGI2 derived from 20:4n-6, was significantly reduced by fish oil feeding (p < 0.01). In distal mucosa, pectin supplementation significantly increased PGE2 and PGI2 biosynthesis ex vivo (p < 0.05). Interestingly, there was a site-specific relationship between PGI2 synthesis and cell proliferation. PGI2 levels were negatively correlated in the proximal colon (r = −0.67, p = 0.048) and positively correlated in the distal colon (r = 0.65, p = 0.059), implying the effects of PG in the colon may be site specific. The main effect of fiber on cell proliferation was noted in the proximal colon, where pectin stimulated proliferation compared to cellulose and fiber-free diets (p < 0.05). Comparatively, the main effect of fat was confined to the distal colon, where beef tallow was more promotive with respect to cell proliferation compared to fish and corn oil fed animals (p < 0.05). However, in the proximal colon, the effect of fiber was highly dependent on the source of fat in the diet. Therefore, dietary fiber and fat modulate colonic cell proliferation in an interactive-site-specific manner. Since the effect of fiber on mucosal cell proliferation was confined to the proximal colon, protein kinase C (PKC) activity in membrane and cytosolic fractions was determined in proximal colonic mucosa. Protein kinase C activity was modulated by both the type of dietary fat and the source of fiber (p < 0.05). Increased membrane PKC activity (r = 0.76, p = 0.02) and increased PKC membrane/cytosol ratio (r = 0.64, p = 0.06) were positively associated with increased colonic crypt proliferative zone. These data suggest that the effects of dietary fibers and fats on colonic cell proliferation may be mediated in part through the modulation of mucosal PKC activity.
Medicine, Subjectivity, and the Representation of Disability in Una posibilidad entre mil

In the 2009 Spanish graphic memoir Una posibilidad entre mil (One in a Thousand), artists Cristina Duran and Miguel Angel Giner Bou depict the first three years of the life of their daughter, Laia,...
Off-Label Use of the WEB Device.

Objective We present our initial experience with the off-label use of the Woven EndoBridge (WEB) device. Methods We performed a retrospective study from 2 institutions of patients with intracranial aneurysms who underwent treatment with the WEB device alone or in conjunction with stenting and/or coiling in an off-labeled location. Results Eleven patients with 12 aneurysms were included. Four (30.8%) aneurysms presented ruptured. Off-labeled locations included 3 aneurysms in the posterior communicating artery, 3 in the supraclinoid ophthalmic artery, 2 in the pericallosal artery, 2 in the posterior inferior cerebellar artery, 1 at the vertebrobasilar junction, and 1 in the cavernous internal carotid artery. Mean dome-to-neck ratio was 1.91 ± 0.9. Average duration of the procedure was 63.9 ± 29.6 minutes. Femoral route was used in 61.5%, and radial access in 48.5% of cases. Five procedures (41.7%) were performed under monitored anesthesia care. We had 1.33 attempts per aneurysm. WEB embolization was supplemented with coiling in 2 cases (16.67%) and stenting in 1 case (8.3%). Based on the O'Kelly-Marotta (“OKM”) grading scale, we report a rate of 0% for grade 1, 33.3% for grade 2, and 33.3% for grade 3. Postprocedural occlusion was complete in 4 (33.3%) and adequate in 8 (66.6%) patients. No procedure-related deaths or symptomatic complications were reported. Conclusions The WEB device was successfully deployed in off-labeled locations, including posterior communicating artery, ophthalmic artery, and pericallosal aneurysms. The efficacy of this usage must be evaluated in multicenter prospective studies, but our preliminary results are promising. Correct characterization of the aneurysm size/morphology, as well as awareness of possible adjunct treatments, are crucial for successful intervention.
Traffic sensor data-based assessment of speed feedback signs

Excessive speed is a significant traffic safety concern on almost all types of roadways. A practical speed management strategy should improve mobility and vehicle progression by reducing nonrecurre...
Individual differences in the course of youth depression: The importance of renitence and reversion

Abstract Studies of developmental trajectories of depression are important for understanding its etiology. Existing studies have been limited by short time frames and no studies have explored a key factor: differential patterns of responding to life events. This paper introduces a novel analytic technique, growth mixture modeling with structured residuals, to examine the course of youth depression symptoms in a large, prospective cohort (N=11,641, ages 4-16.5). Age-specific critical points were identified at ages 10 and 13 where depression symptoms spiked for a minority of children. However, most depression risk was due to dynamic responses to environmental events, drawn not from a small pool of persistently depressed children, but a larger pool of children who varied across higher and lower symptom levels.
ASSOCIATIONS OF DIABETES AND HYPERTENSION WITH LEFT VENTRICULAR MASS-THE JACKSON HEART STUDY

Diabetes mellitus (DM) and hypertension (HTN) have been associated with left ventricular (LV) remodeling. However, as DM and HTN often occur concurrently, the independent effects of DM on LV remodeling have not been adequately assessed. Jackson Heart Study participants (n=2950 African Americans)
Acute Kidney Function Declines in the Context of Decongestion in Acute Decompensated Heart Failure.

Abstract Objectives This study aimed to examine whether incorporation of a comprehensive set of measures of decongestion modifies the association of acute declines in kidney function with outcomes. Background In-hospital acute declines in kidney function occur in approximately 20% to 30% of patients admitted with acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) and may be associated with adverse outcomes. Methods Using data from EVEREST (Efficacy of Vasopressin Antagonism in Heart Failure Outcome Study With Tolvaptan), we used multivariable Cox regression models to evaluate the association between in-hospital changes in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) with death and a composite outcome of cardiovascular death and hospitalization for heart failure. We evaluated eGFR declines within the context of changes in markers of volume overload including b-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), N-terminal prohormone of B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), and weight, as well as changes in measures of hemoconcentration including hematocrit, albumin, and total protein. Results Among 3,715 patients over a median follow-up of 9.9 months, every 30% decline in eGFR was associated with higher risk of both death (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.19; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.07 to 1.31) and the composite outcome (HR: 1.09; 95% CI: 1.01 to 1.18) in adjusted models. The acute decline in eGFR was no longer associated with higher risk of either outcome as long as there was evidence of decongestion, either by declines in BNP, NT-proBNP, or weight or by increases in hematocrit, albumin or total protein. Interaction testing between decline in eGFR and changes in hematocrit, albumin, and total protein was statistically significant (p interaction of Conclusions Overall, acute declines in eGFR are associated with adverse outcomes, with evidence of modification by changes in markers of decongestion, suggesting that they are no longer associated with adverse outcomes if these markers are concomitantly improving.
Effect of 3-Day and 21-Day Hypoxic Preconditioning on Recovery Following Cerebral Ischemia in Rats

We have previously reported that in a rat model of chronic hypoxia, HIF-1α and its target genes have significantly accumulated by 3 days of exposure, whereas no significant increase in capillary density has occurred; there is a significant increase in capillary density at 21 days of chronic hypoxic exposure. In this study we hypothesize that by utilizing 3 days and 21 days of hypoxic preconditioning, we would distinguish between the relative neuroprotective contributions of the accumulation of HIF-1α and its target genes and angiogenic adaptation in a rat middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model. Rats were randomly assigned to either hypoxic precondition groups (3-day and 21-day hypoxia) or normoxic control group. Hypoxic animals were kept in a hypobaric chamber at a constant pressure of 0.5 atmosphere (380 mmHg, equivalent to 10% normobaric oxygen at sea level) for either 3 or 21 days. Normoxic controls were housed in the same room next to the hypobaric chamber. Erythropoietin (EPO) was measured at 3 and 21 days of hypoxia using Western blotting analysis. Infarct volumes were measured following 24 hours of permanent MCAO. We found that EPO is upregulated at 3 days of hypoxia and returns to baseline by 21 days of hypoxia. The infarct volumes following 24-hour MCAO were significantly reduced with 3-day hypoxic preconditioning when compared to normoxic controls (%, 31.8 ± 5, n = 9 vs. 50.1 ± 10.9, n = 7). No significant differences in infarct volume were seen between the normoxic controls and 21-day hypoxic preconditioned rats. We have shown that a 3-day hypoxic preconditioning, but not 21-day hypoxic preconditioning, provides significant neuroprotection against focal ischemia in rats, supporting a larger role for the accumulations of HIF-1α and upregulation of its target genes in the neuroprotection against focal ischemia.
Inhibition of Bovine Herpesvirus 1 and Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Replication by Genistein

Bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BHV-1, IBR), an alphaherpesvirus, and bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), a pestivirus, are important cattle pathogens. Genistein, a naturally occurring flavonoid in soybeans, inhibits in vitro replication of herpes simplex virus 1, another alphaherpesvirus. Genistein has also been used to protect against a wide range of animal and human conditions including cancer, cardiovascular disease, loss of brain function, osteoporosis and menopausal symptoms. This makes genistein an excellent candidate for use as an anti-viral drug. Genistein was tested for its ability to inhibit the replication of BHV-1 and BVDV.
Vector space algebra for scaling and centering relationship matrices under non-Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium conditions.

Scales are linear combinations of variables with coefficients that add up to zero and have a similar meaning to “contrast” in the analysis of variance. Scales are necessary in order to incorporate genomic information into relationship matrices for genomic selection. Statistical and biological parameterizations using scales under different assumptions have been proposed to construct alternative genomic relationship matrices. Except for the natural and orthogonal interactions approach (NOIA) method, current methods to construct relationship matrices assume Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium (HWE). The objective of this paper is to apply vector algebra to center and scale relationship matrices under non-HWE conditions, including orthogonalization by the Gram-Schmidt process. Vector space algebra provides an evaluation of current orthogonality between additive and dominance vectors of additive and dominance scales for each marker. Three alternative methods to center and scale additive and dominance relationship matrices based on the Gram-Schmidt process (GSP-A, GSP-D, and GSP-N) are proposed. GSP-A removes additive-dominance co-variation by first fitting the additive and then the dominance scales. GSP-D fits scales in the opposite order. We show that GSP-A is algebraically the same as the NOIA model. GSP-N orthonormalizes the additive and dominance scales that result from GSP-A. An example with genotype information on 32,645 single nucleotide polymorphisms from 903 Large-White × Landrace crossbred pigs is used to construct existing and newly proposed additive and dominance relationship matrices. An exact test for departures from HWE showed that a majority of loci were not in HWE in crossbred pigs. All methods, except the one that assumes HWE, performed well to attain an average of diagonal elements equal to one and an average of off diagonal elements equal to zero. Variance component estimation for a recorded quantitative phenotype showed that orthogonal methods (NOIA, GSP-A, GSP-N) can adjust for the additive-dominance co-variation when estimating the additive genetic variance, whereas GSP-D does it when estimating dominance components. However, different methods to orthogonalize relationship matrices resulted in different proportions of additive and dominance components of variance. Vector space methodology can be applied to measure orthogonality between vectors of additive and dominance scales and to construct alternative orthogonal models such as GSP-A, GSP-D and an orthonormal model such as GSP-N. Under non-HWE conditions, GSP-A is algebraically the same as the previously developed NOIA model.
The Surface Chemistry of Amorphous Synthetic Silica—Interaction with Organic Molecules in an Aqueous Medium

The chemical structure of the silica surface plays a key role in the adsorption and bonding of organic molecules from aqueous solution. This paper summarizes the known variables in surface structure, such as the state of hydration and dehydration, ionic charge, and the presence of aluminum as anionic aluminosilicate sites. These variables affect the degree to which organic molecules are bound to the surface through the three known forces, namely, ionic attraction, hydrogen bonding, and hydrophobic bonding. The latter probably has not been sufficiently widely appreciated in the case of pyrogenic silicas which have surfaces that are partly hydrophobic.
Project Management — Pulling It All Together

The project management organization and relationships for the Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority and its General Engineering Consultant are reviewed in summary form. No new innovative managerial techniques are developed. Primary organizational mechanisms which provided for control and coordination during the first billion dollar phase of the rapid rail system are examined. Several important project decisions are presented to illustrate the framework for decision making on complex public projects.
Teaching Technique in Football

(1935). Teaching Technique in Football. The Journal of Health and Physical Education: Vol. 6, No. 7, pp. 32-54.
Severe valvular aortic stenosis in patients over 65 years of age: A clinicopathologic study

Abstract Clinical and anatomic data are presented in 21 autopsy cases of patients over 65 years of age with severe valvular aortic stenosis. Attention is called to the unusual nature of the valvular lesion in the elderly compared to its manifestations in younger adults. The degree of aortic stenosis even in the very elderly may be extreme. The aortic valve in 2 patients was congenitally bicuspid, and in 19, tricuspid. The latter valves usually were characterized by the uniform distribution of nodular calcific deposits on the aortic aspects of the cusps and by the lack or near lack of commissural fusion. Calcification of the mitral annulus occurred in 16 of the 21 patients. Clinically, aortic stenosis in the elderly is characterized by several features that are either absent or more prominent than in younger subjects with this valvular lesion: The systemic arterial pulse pressure may be increased due to systolic hypertension; a harsh right basal systolic murmur may be relatively inconspicuous, whereas a pure musical systolic murmur may be prominent at the apex; a coexisting apical systolic murmur of mitral regurgitation may be related to mitral annular calcification and not to left ventricular failure; and systemic systolic hypertension can result in a comparatively small pressure gradient despite severe left ventricular outflow obstruction.
Selection of a Highly Monensin-Resistant Prevotella bryantii Subpopulation with Altered Outer Membrane Characteristics

Prevotella bryantii cultures treated with monensin grew more slowly than untreated cultures, but only if the monensin concentration was greater than 1 μM. Cultures that were repeatedly transferred (eight transfers or 25 doublings) with monensin always grew rapidly, even at a 10 μM concentration. The amount of monensin needed to facilitate half-maximal potassium depletion (Kd) from monensin-selected cells was 16-fold greater than “unadapted” wild-type cultures (3,200 versus 200 nM). Cells taken from continuous culture had a Kd of 100 nM, and these inocula could not grow in batch culture when the monensin concentration was greater than 300 nM. Continuous cultures treated with monensin nearly washed out, but the surviving cells had a Kd of 1,300 nM. When wild-type cells were transferred in batch culture with 10 μM monensin, the Kd did not reach its maximum value (3,200 nM) until after eight transfers (25 doublings). Kd declined when monensin was removed, and it took eight transfers to reach the control value (200 nM). The most probable number of wild-type cells was 1,000-fold lower than of the monensin-selected cells, but calculations based on relative growth advantage and Kd indicated that the wild-type culture had 1 to 10% highly monensin-resistant cells. Cell pellets of wild-type cultures were more difficult to disperse than were monensin-selected cells, and water-soluble phenol extracts of monensin-selected cells had 1.8-fold more anthrone-reactive material than did the wild type. Wild-type cultures that were washed in Tris buffer (pH 8.0) released little alkaline phosphatase and were agglutinated by lysozyme. Monensin-selected cultures leaked ninefold more alkaline phosphatase and were not agglutinated by lysozyme. Wild-type colonies taken from high-dilution agar roll tubes retained the lysozyme agglutination phenotype even if transferred with monensin, and monensin-selected colonies were never agglutinated. These observations indicated that wild-type P. bryantii cultures had a subpopulation with different outer membrane characteristics and increased monensin resistance.
MANAGING FOREIGN SUBSIDIARIES: AGENTS OF HEADQUARTERS, OR AN INTERDEPENDENT NETWORK?

In this study, two different theoretical perspectives are used to develop sets of hypotheses regarding the mechanisms used to manage foreign subsidiaries of multinational corporations. First, agency theory serves as the basis for a model that predicts the use of monitoring mechanisms and incentive compensation. Then, it is argued that these mechanisms are insufficient for managing subsidiaries characterized by high levels of intra-firm international interdependence, the management of which is critical to many of today's complex global firms. A second set of hypotheses is argued, linking international interdependence to several social control mechanisms. Primary and secondary data from U.S. based multinational corporations were used to test both sets of hypotheses. The results indicate that agency theory, although a useful foundation for studies of control within MNCs, is limited in its ability to explain fully the phenomenon of foreign subsidiary control, however, the model based on intra-firm interdependence had much greater predictive ability. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
'Now I stay in a house': renovating the matchbox in apartheid-era Soweto

Abstract Most Sowetans continued to invest substantial amounts of energy and money in their ‘matchbox’ houses even after the state restricted their rights of tenure in the 1960s. Their alterations were often not apparent ‐ for example, plastering walls and installing interior doors ‐ but they carried heavy significance for the families involved in such activities. Upgrading related on many levels to the worries and aspirations of working‐class adults regarding their tenuous positions as urban Africans and particularly to their efforts to gain and preserve respectability in the township. The stories people tell about their houses, as well as the actual material forms that home improvements took, suggest that respectability rested less on conspicuous display of taste and wealth than on the application of traditional African understandings. Upgrading offered Sowetans a way of quietly setting down roots and establishing, to others and to themselves, their places as urban South Africans.
Red states, green laws: Ideology and renewable energy legislation in the United States

Abstract We develop a novel, mixed methods approach to examine the relationship between political ideology and support for renewable energy and energy efficiency (REEE) policies. Through qualitative analysis of interviews with state-government legislators in the U.S., we show that when legislators evaluate and justify their support for and opposition to different types of renewable energy and energy efficiency (REEE) policies, they distinguish bills based on frames that are related to ideological differences (e.g., tax decreases, government efficiency, regulation, mandates, government spending). In turn the qualitative distinctions among bills are associated with quantitative differences in levels of support and success for the policies. Using data from a longitudinal analysis of 188 major state-government laws passed from 2004 to 2014 and a cross-sectional set of 709 passed and unpassed laws from 2011 to 2012, we show that REEE policies configured as mandates (e.g., renewable portfolio standards) have consistently lower levels of support than for similar REEE policies configured as tax reductions, reduction of government waste by increasing building efficiency, authorization of local government action, and regulatory reduction. Thus, via both quantitative and qualitative analysis, we show that there are important ideology-associated differences in REEE policy that point to opportunities for more successful policy design.
Position Effects of Variable Region Carbohydrate on the Affinity and In Vivo Behavior of an Anti-(1→6) Dextran Antibody

IgG is a glycoprotein with an N-linked carbohydrate structure attached to the CH2 domain of each of its heavy chains. In addition, the variable regions of IgG often contain potential N-linked carbohydrate addition sequences that frequently result in the attachment of V region carbohydrate. Nonetheless, the precise role of this V region glycan remains unclear. Studies from our laboratory have shown that a naturally occurring somatic mutant of an anti-dextran Ab that results in a carbohydrate addition site at Asn58 of the VH has carbohydrate in the complementarity-determining region 2 (CDR2) of the VH, and the presence of carbohydrate leads to an increase in affinity. However, carbohydrate attached to nearby positions within CDR2 had variable affects on affinity. In the present work we have extended these studies by adding carbohydrate addition sites close to or within all the CDRs of the same anti-dextran Ab. We find that carbohydrate is attached to all the novel addition sites, but the extent of glycosylation varies with the position of the site. In addition, we find that the position of the variable region carbohydrate influences some functional properties of the Ab, including those usually associated with the V region such as affinity for Ag as well as other characteristics typically attributed to the Fc such as half-life and organ targeting. These studies suggest that modification of variable region glycosylation provides an alternate strategy for manipulating the functional attributes of the Ab molecule and may shed light on how changes in carbohydrate structure affect protein conformation.
Translational regulation of gene expression

A report on the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory meeting 'Translational Control', Cold Spring Harbor, USA, 7-12 September 2004.
Brain volume estimation from serial section measurements: a comparison of methodologies

Estimation of brain volume from serial sections typically involves using a rectangular. Cavalieri's, parabolic (Simpson's), or a trapezoidal rule to integrate numerically a curve of cross-sectional area measurements plotted against section number. We practically compare the efficacy of each of these methods using mathematical simulations of regularly- and irregularly-shaped "brain volumes" as well as actual morphometric measures from brain regions. There are no meaningful differences between the various estimates when many sections are used--with fewer sections. Cavalieri's estimator is most accurate. This confirms previous theoretical reports demonstrating the efficiency and accuracy of the Cavalieri estimator of volume, particularly when few sections are analyzed. While the Cavalieri approach provides a better approximation of volume under some circumstances, it requires equally spaced sections. We therefore describe methods for the estimation of brain volume from unequally spaced sections, including an estimator based on the fitting of piece-wise parabolic curves to the data. We outline a series of guidelines for the use of these mathematical rules in the estimation of brain volume from serial sections.
Robust parameter design optimization of simulation experiments using stochastic perturbation methods

Stochastic perturbation methods can be applied to problems for which either the objective function is represented analytically, or the objective function is the result of a simulation experiment. The Simultaneous Perturbation Stochastic Approximation (SPSA) method has the advantage over similar methods of requiring only two measurements at each iteration of the search. This feature makes SPSA attractive for robust parameter design (RPD) problems where some factors affect the variance of the response(s) of interest. In this paper, the feasibility of SPSA as a RPD optimizer is presented, first when the objective function is known, and then when the objective function is estimated by means of a discrete-event simulation.
Comparison of core-shell particles and sub-2μm fully porous particles for use as ultrafast second dimension columns in two-dimensional liquid chtomatography.

Abstract The peak capacity of small columns packed with 2.7 μm core–shell particles and 1.8 μm fully porous particles were compared at high temperatures using very steep (fast) gradient conditions and quite high linear velocities using the same instrument configuration as used to transfer first dimension effluent to the second dimension column as done in on-line comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography. The experimental peak capacities of small columns (2.1 mm × 30 mm) packed with both types of particles were measured with fast gradients (9 s to 2 min) at high temperature (95 °C) using both the same flow rate (1.75 mL/min) and then at different flow rates at the same pressure (400 bar). Equal or slightly better peak capacities were achieved with the core–shell particle columns as compared to the fully porous particle columns at the same backpressure or the same flow rate. However, core–shell particles offer a real advantage over the smaller, fully porous particles because they can be operated at higher flow rates thus gradient mixer flush out and column reequilibration can be done in less time thereby allowing a greater fraction of the second dimension cycle time to be dedicated to the gradient time.
SU-E-T-606: Requirements for Performing a Retrospective Patient Chart Review at the Radiological Physics Center (RPC) for Clinical Trials

Purpose: One of the RPC's quality audits used to assure the NCI and Cooperative Trial Groups that institutions participating in clinical trials deliver and report radiation doses that are clinically comparable and consistent is a retrospective review of clinical patient treatment charts. However, there is no standard regarding what patient and dosimetry data to include within a submitted trial patient's chart depending on treatment modality (brachytherapy vs. external beam) and protocol specific requirements. This work identifies the required data needed to perform a clinical trial quality audit review based on the evaluation of nearly 2000 patient charts. Methods: Since 2005, the RPC reviewed 1997 patient charts equating to over 13,000 points of calculation. In order to perform these dose recalculations, a minimal amount of data is needed for external beam and brachytherapytreatments. A review of these charts has identified the required patient specific and machine specific data required. In addition the data needs to be submitted in a useable format (CTimages submitted in DICOM format, isodose lines and DVHs in color). Results: Comprehensive data requirements for external beam and brachytherapy are presented. Since 2005, the RPC sent out 1021 letters requesting data or clarifications regarding the treatment. 86% of these requests were for patient specific information. The most common information omitted from a brachytherapy chart were the HDR dwell times and locations, and for external beam charts it was the daily treatment records indicating the monitor units delivered per field. Conclusions: For the RPC to state that trial patient doses are clinically comparable and consistent, the necessary patient and dosimetry data must be submitted in a timely manner. Development of a required data submission checklist to be included with each protocol will minimize trial data submission deficiencies and increase the efficiency of the RPC's quality audits. Work supported by PHS grant CA 10953 awarded by NCI, DHHS