cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Experiments Probing the Viability of Donor–Acceptor Norbornenes for (5 + 2)-Annulation

This Note details experiments that probe the mechanism by which donor–acceptor norbornene systems epimerize. A number of mechanistic studies indicate that epimerization in these systems occurs via a Lewis acid catalyzed retro-Diels–Alder/Diels–Alder sequence, rather than bond rotation in an intimate ion pair. These results suggest that, under the reaction conditions examined, the ring strain present in norbornene is inadequate to induce zwitterion formation analogous to that observed with donor–acceptor cyclopropanes.
Research in Organization Change & Development: Trajectories and Insights of ROCD Volume 21 Authors

The first annual volume of Research in Organization Change and Development was published by JAI Press in 1987. Since then, ROCD has provided a special platform for scholars and practitioners to sha...
Exhaled gas analysis. Technical and clinical aspects of capnography and oxygen consumption.

As a result of technological progress, capnography and oxygen uptake measurements are receiving increasing attention in the clinical management of critically ill patients. Continuous, noninvasive gas monitoring may provide valuable information related to ventilatory, cardiac, and metabolic status. In order for such instrumentation to be of value in the intensive care unit, the clinician must recognize both its limitations as well as clinical utility in practice. Selected aspects of end-tidal carbon dioxide monitoring and oxygen consumption measurement are discussed.
Assessment for Surface-to-Air Missile Weapon System Effectiveness Based on UML

The surface-to-air missile weapon system effectiveness was analyzed and assessed applying UML.The purpose was to improve the surface-to-air missile weapon system effectiveness in course of constructing information engineering,to frame the metric space,to further analyzeand contrive the schemes facing to all fundament objects from assessment for firepower unit effectiveness and complete the high layer of computer engineering.A conclusion was drawn that the way or direction improving the kill probability of firepower unit effectiveness was obtained through improving the precision of control and guidance under the circumstance of information sustainability.
Solid Phase Extraction of Abused Drugs.

The current standard for acceptable practice in forensic urine drug testing, as reflected in both National Institute for Drug Abuse (NIDA) and military guidelines, requires an initial immunoassay followed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) confirmation. The GC/MS confirmatory procedures mandate extraction of the drug from the urine matrix, followed in most cases by chemical derivatization, prior to injection into the gas chromatograph. Classically, the extraction step has been accomplished using liquid-liquid techniques, but in recent years, the use of solid phase chromatographic techniques has become increasingly popular. Numerous companies now market solid phase columns that are designed specifically for extraction of drugs, some of them containing as many as three different components for extracting acidic, basic, and neutral drugs. A survey of NIDA laboratories, conducted specifically for this review article, revealed that 40 to 50% of the extraction procedures currently performed involved the use of solid phase cartridges. This article reviews chromatographic separation techniques in general, specific products that are currently available on the market, the performance of those products, and examines the results of the survey of NIDA-certified laboratories.
Visionario: Israel at 100

ABSTRACTVisionarios are a tool to explore and test assumptions about a system, in this case a small element, and perhaps an optimistic depiction, of Israel at 100. When used in conjunction with functions such as planning or training in an institution, like many that are described in the story, the ability to understand the complex relationships that exist in real world systems or the ability to see unintended consequences of decisions can become more obvious. Typically, visionarios are developed through discussions with subject matter experts. Visionarios, coupled with decision-support tools such as system mapping or complex computer models that simulate reality, enable policymakers and decision makers to think through the ramifications of potential approaches to problem solving and improve system performance. Usually, next steps include the development of a systems map, with its key elements and their interdependencies. Visionarios are usually a part of an overall planning process that includes risk anal...
Gomez-Lopez-Hernandez Syndrome: Expanded Phenotype

Since the first patient with cerebello-trigeminal-dermal dysplasia, later called Gomez-Lopez-Hernandez syndrome, was reported in 1979 by Gomez et al, six more cases have been added to the literature.
Seasonal variation in human semen quality.

In regions with warm climates the birth rate is reduced during the spring season1–3. Could summer heat nine months earlier have caused semen quality to deteriorate and diminish the rate of conception? Human testes and epididymides, carried in the scrotal sac, are more likely to be influenced by environmental temperatures than are female reproductive organs, located inside the pelvic cavity and protected by the full complement of the body’s homeostatic mechanisms4. Even mild scrotal warming after two to three weeks can temporarily reduce both concentration and number of sperm in ejaculates5. A decrease in the frequency of sexual intercourse might account for a diminished rate of conception during summer, but the available evidence suggests, if anything, that the opposite may occur4,6–8.
Pushing the limits of lithography for IC production

Advanced lithography approaches will be reviewed from the point of view of volume production applications. Three key questions will be considered: 1. At what design rule will optical lithography die? 2. What are the requirements for a production-worthy lithography? 3. What are the prospects for a non-optical lithography meeting all of these requirements? The high productivity and maturity of optical lithographic processes constitutes a huge "activation energy barrier" that any non-optical approach must break through. At the present time, all non-optical lithographic techniques are far behind the overall production capability of optical techniques. 1x X-ray proximity printing is the most mature post-optical lithography.
A post-conference evaluation of the 2015 National Occupational Injury Research Symposium.

Abstract Introduction The National Occupational Injury Research Symposium (NOIRS) is the only national forum focused on occupational injury research findings, data and methods, and prevention strategies; it has been convened every 3–5 years since 1997. Held in May 2015, the 6th symposium's theme was “Advancing Occupational Injury Research through Integration and Partnership.” Organizers requested that attendees complete a post-meeting evaluation to assess meeting impact, and gather information useful in planning subsequent meetings and activities. Method The questionnaire was publicized via a quick response code and link to the survey on symposium book cover, and mentioned at each scientific session. The online survey was designed to be completed in ≤ 15 min; no identifying information was collected. Survey link remained open for seven days post-symposium. Results About 50% of registered attendees responded. Almost half were attending their first NOIRS. Most were researchers (69%); 45% were affiliated with government and 38% with university or research institute. Five of six reported that the symposium mostly or completely met expectations. Reasons for attending included gaining exposure to new areas of research (87%), sharing their research (80%), and to develop new ideas for conducting research (79%). The majority (90%) reported that the symposium provided adequate networking opportunities. The conference venue was reported as good or better by 69%, moreso among repeat attendees (77%) compared to first-timers (61%). Discussion The evaluation demonstrated that NOIRS was valuable to attendees, and provided a forum for sharing research results, developing new research ideas, and networking. Respondents provided input on different aspects of NOIRS and suggestions useful in planning next NOIRS, tentatively scheduled for 2018. NOIRS 2015 objectives for integration across disciplines and partnership with industry and safety professionals were partially met. In planning NOIRS 2018, more attention should be paid to attracting and engaging a broader spectrum of attendees.
Fostering better policy adoption and inter-disciplinary communication in healthcare: A qualitative analysis of practicing physicians' common interests.

Purpose In response to limited physician adoption of various healthcare initiatives, we sought to propose and assess a novel approach to policy development where one first characterizes diverse physician groups’ common interests, using a medical student and constructivist grounded theory. Methods In 6 months, a medical student completed 36 semi-structured interviews with interventional radiologists, gynecologists, and vascular surgeons that were systematically analyzed according to constructivist grounded theory to identifying common themes. Common drivers of clinical decision making and professional values across 3 distinct specialty groups were derived from physicians’ descriptions of their clinical decision making, stories, and concerns. Results Common drivers of clinical decision making included patient preference/benefit, experience, reimbursement, busyness/volume, and referral networks. Common values included honesty, trustworthiness, loyalty, humble service, compassion and perseverance, and practical wisdom. Although personal gains were perceived as important interests, such values were easily sacrificed for the good of patients or other non-financial interests. This balance was largely dependent on the incentives and security provided by physicians’ environments. Conclusions Using a medical student interviewer and constructivist grounded theory is a feasible means of collecting rich qualitative data to guide policy development. Healthcare administrators and medical educators should consider incorporating this methodology early in policy development to anticipate how value differences between physician groups will influence their acceptance of policies and other broad healthcare initiatives.
Interaction of laser radiation with plaque and vessel wall

Effective laser angioplasty treatment requires melting or disintegration of plaque with no or minimal damage to the underlying vessel. To understand laser interaction with plaque deposits and vessel wall and optimize the treatment parameters, optical and thermal properties of plaque deposits and vessel wall are determined. Surface and subsurface temperature distributions are measured. Ablation front temperatures are determined and the effect of conducting medium and overall response of tissue is studied.Effective laser angioplasty treatment requires melting or disintegration of plaque with no or minimal damage to the underlying vessel. To understand laser interaction with plaque deposits and vessel wall and optimize the treatment parameters, optical and thermal properties of plaque deposits and vessel wall are determined. Surface and subsurface temperature distributions are measured. Ablation front temperatures are determined and the effect of conducting medium and overall response of tissue is studied.
Constraining Misuse of Funds From Intergovernmental Grants: A Legal Analysis

Intergovernmental grants allow centralized governments to ensure that decentralized units have sufficient funds to make available a minimal level of a particular good to all constituents, or to induce decentralized governments (which I refer to as “localities”) to produce a greater level of public goods than they would produce if they employed only internally generated funds. (1984) distinguishes four reasons for making grants: (1) to encourage localities to take account of the external effects of their services; (2) to enforce grantor preferences; (3) to correct for fiscal imbalance between the various tiers of government (revenue sharing); and (4) for equalization. I refer to grants that satisfy any of these conditions as an “ideal” grant and to the requirements that the central government imposes for use of the grant and the ways in which the locality expends grant funds as the “terms” of the grant. Although grants are not costless, in that they require additional bureaucracies at both the central and decentralized levels, ideal grants promote either efficiency or distributional goals within a multi-tiered political system.
A Rare Case of Cutaneous Plasmacytosis in a Korean Male

Cutaneous and systemic plasmacytosis are reactive disease processes that occur in middle-aged Japanese and Chinese men. Systemic plasmacytosis, defined by plasmacytic infiltration of two organ systems, might rarely progress to lymphoma. Cutaneous plasmacytosis, however, is chronic and benign and is characterized by the development of multiple plasma cell-rich infiltrates in the skin. We present a case of cutaneous plasmacytosis in a 46-year-old Korean male. The patient demonstrated classic features of the disease entity, including disseminated red-brown plaques, differentiated plasmacytoid infiltrates on biopsy, hypergammaglobulinemia, and the absence of systemic disease.
Triclosan (TCS) and triclocarban (TCC) induce systemic toxic effects in a model organism the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans.

Abstract The broad application of triclosan (TCS) and triclocarban (TCC) as antimicrobials in household and personal care products has led to the concerns regarding their human health risk and environmental impact. Although many studies have examined the toxicological effects of these compounds to a wide range of aquatic organisms from algae to fish, their potential toxicity to an important model organism the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans has never been systematically investigated. Here we assessed the toxicological effects of TCS and TCC in C. elegans using endpoints from organismal to molecular levels, including lethality, reproduction, lifespan, hatching, germline toxicity, and oxidative stress. L4 stage or young adult worms were exposed to TCS or TCC and examined using above-mentioned endpoints. Both TCS and TCC showed acute toxicity to C. elegans , with 24-h LC50s of 3.65 (95% CI: 3.15, 4.3) mg/L and 0.91 (95% CI: 0.47, 1.53) mg/L, respectively. TCS at 0.1–2 mg/L and TCC at 0.01–0.5 mg/L, respectively, induced concentration dependent reduction in the worm's reproduction, lifespan, and delay in hatching. Using a DAF-16:GFP transgenic strain, we found both compounds induced oxidative stress in the worm, indicated by the relocalization of DAF-16:GFP from cytoplasm to the nucleus upon exposure. Germline toxicity of the two compounds was also demonstrated using a xol-1:GFP transgenic strain. These findings suggest that TCS and TCC induce systemic toxic effects in C. elegans . Further studies are needed to elucidate the potential mechanisms of toxicity of these antimicrobials in the model organism, especially their potential endocrine disruption effects.
Switching dynamics of TaOx-based threshold switching devices

Bi-stable volatile switching devices are being used as access devices in solid-state memory arrays and as the active part of compact oscillators. Such structures exhibit two stable states of resistance and switch between them at a critical value of voltage or current. A typical resistance transient under a constant amplitude voltage pulse starts with a slow decrease followed by a rapid drop and leveling off at a low steady state value. This behavior prompted the interpretation of initial delay and fast transition as due to two different processes. Here, we show that the entire transient including incubation time, transition time, and the final resistance values in TaOx-based switching can be explained by one process, namely, Joule heating with the rapid transition due to the thermal runaway. The time, which is required for the device in the conducting state to relax back to the stable high resistance one, is also consistent with the proposed mechanism.
The Joint Optimization of Critical Interdependent Infrastructure of an Electricity-Water-Gas System

Electricity, water, and gas systems are critical infrastructures that are sustaining our daily lives. This paper studies the joint operation of these systems through a proposed optimization model and explores the advantage of considering the system of systems. Individual and joint optimizations are studied and compared. The numerical results show that the total electricity cost for these three systems can be reduced by 11.3% via joint optimization. Because the water system and gas system intrinsically include the storages in their systems, the power system can use these storages as the regulation capacity to shift load from peak hours to off-peak hours. Since the saving on the power generation cost surpasses the incremental cost in the operation and maintenance (O&M), the overall economic performance is improved by the joint optimization.
A common statistical misunderstanding in Psychology and Neuroscience: Do we need normally distributed independent or dependent variables for linear regression to work?

Our ability to draw conclusions from experiments often relies on the application of inferential statistics, such as those included within the general-linear-modeling framework. The purpose of this commentary is to direct attention a common fallacy that can be observed in paper reviews and professional exchanges in the field of Psychology and Neuroscience pertaining to multiple regression analysis. The fallacy concerns the confusion of the requirements on the residuals of a linear-regression model with requirements on the dependent or independent variables themselves. A simple thought experiment, algebraic demonstration, and simulation study can demonstrate this misconception. It is our hope that consideration of the fallacy may help clarify distinctions between technical statistical issues and conceptual interpretation of research findings.
Kenya's Credible Commitment to Keep its Date with the ICC

Louis Moren O'Campo, the ICC Prosecutor has named six Kenyans suspected of committing crimes against humanity. He seeks to have an ICC Pre-Trial Chamber confirm these planned indictments early in 2011. Subsequently, the Kenyan Parliament voted to have Kenya withdraw from the Rome Statute. This vote will not affect the planned indictments since a notification for a country's withdrawal from the Rome Statute would have to have been in place much earlier to stop the investigation and possible indictments. In any event, O'Campo will have no easy task to prove that crimes against humanity were committed in Kenya. Unlike with Kenyan Parliamentarians, the Kenyan public is overwhelmingly in favor of O’Campo proceeding with the prosecutions. At the Hague, these high-ranking Kenyans will have no control over the prosecutor’s case in the same way that Kenya by repeatedly frustrating the establishment of a local tribunal to try post election violence offenders. The moment for accountability for those most responsible for the violence in the highest echelons of the government is best guaranteed at the Hague. This short article argues that there is perhaps no better example exemplifying one of the most credible theories of compliance with international law than the Kenyan government’s commitment to cooperate with the ICC, (that is notwithstanding the aforesaid Parliamentary vote), since credible domestic prosecutions are a near impossibility. In short, weak domestic institutions are anchored or backed up by international institutions as an alternative. The only other possible explanation is that when Kenya ratified the Statute of the ICC, it did not believe that its own leading politicians would land before the ICC. Yet, the evolving scenario so far suggests that the intended prosecutions not only make up for the inability of Kenya to have its own credible ones, but will also likely help Kenya avoid future violence and to consolidate a durable peace. Clearly, there are outcomes that cannot easily be achieved in the absence of treaties and it seems Kenya’s ratification of the ICC statute, Parliament's subsequent enactment of implementing legislation and the incorporation of international law as a source of Kenyan law in the widely ratified 2010 Constitution, clearly foreswore Kenya to resort to the ICC in the event of the kind of post-election violence following the 2007 General Election.
Does it Take a Village? Kin Coresidence and Child Survival in Tanzania

Children in Tanzania live in a variety of family structures, many of which contain related and unrelated non-parental adults. In this article, I use data from the Rufiji Health and Demographic Surveillance System in Tanzania to examine the role of coresident non-parental adults in childrearing. First, I use quantitative demographic data to investigate the association between kin coresidence and child survival, differentiating by lineage. I also examine the role of unrelated coresident adults. Second, I test whether coresident non-parental adults moderate the association between parental absence and child survival. Finally, I draw from qualitative interview data to investigate childrearing practices and beliefs, with a particular focus on parental absence and kin coresidence. I find that, despite the institutionalization of kin caregiving, coresidence with kin is not beneficial, and kin are unable to compensate for parental absence. The two-parent living arrangement is viewed as ideal, although the reality of childrearing in the setting is complex and fluid. While absent parents try to maintain support of their children, such assistance is insufficient in times of health crisis. Kin care for children with absent parents, but their willingness to assist depends on the reason for the absence.
DSM-5 substance use disorders among college-age young adults in the United States: Prevalence, remission and treatment

Objective: To determine the prevalence, remission, and treatment associated with DSM-5 substance use disorders (SUDs) among young adults based on college attendance. Participants: The population-ba...
Using video education to improve outcomes in heart failure.

Abstract Background Heart Failure (HF) guidelines recommend HF self-care education. An optimal method of educating HF patients does not currently exist. Objectives To evaluate the effectiveness of supplementing usual HF education with video education and evaluate patients’ satisfaction with video education. Methods A mixed methods design was used. A convenience sample of 70 patients was recruited from an academic medical center. Participants completed the Atlanta Heart Failure Knowledge Test and the Self-care of Heart Failure Index before and after receiving video education, to measure HF knowledge, self-efficacy, and self-care respectively. Video usage and satisfaction with video education data were collected. All-cause 30-day readmissions data were compared to a historical group. Results HF knowledge and self-care maintenance scores increased significantly. Self-efficacy, self-care management and all-cause 30-day readmissions did not significantly improve. Most HF patients were highly satisfied. Conclusion Supplementing usual HF education with VE was associated with improved HF knowledge and self-care maintenance.
Review of the effects of barred owls on spotted owls

Barred owls (Strix varia) are forest‐dwelling owls, native to eastern North America, with populations that expanded westward into the range of the spotted owl (Strix occidentalis). Barred owls exert an overwhelmingly negative influence on spotted owls, thereby threatening spotted owl population viability where the species co‐occur. In this review, we provide an overview of the barred owl’s range expansion and detail and synthesize previously published literature on spotted and barred owls within the range of the spotted owl as related to potential future outcomes for the northern spotted owl (S. o. caurina). We include research on diet, habitat use and selection, effects of barred owls on spotted owl demography and behavior, hybridization with spotted owls, parasites, contemporary management, and future research needs for spotted owl populations given continued barred owl expansion throughout western North America. Our literature review and synthesis should provide managers with the information necessary to develop strategies that mitigate deleterious effects of barred owls at local and landscape scales.
Predicting performance on a 3rd grade high-stakes reading assessment

In this study, we investigated the predictive value of Dynamic Indicators of Basic Early Literacy Skills (DIBELS) measures for performance on a high-stakes reading assessment at the end of third gr...
Negotiating status hierarchies in middle school inquiry science: implications for marginal non-participation

While previous classroom studies of status hierarchies tell us who has low status and how to increase those learners’ participation in small group contexts via teacher-led interventions, we know little about how one becomes low status, or the role peers play in legitimating or delegitimating inequitable relations. This study used the sociocultural concept of marginal non-participation to describe interactional moves learners use to navigate status hierarchies in an inquiry science context where student authority may permit learners to obstruct peers’ participation. Participants were three collaborative groups of 3–4 learners in 7th grade science classrooms where a series of inquiry curriculum units were being implemented. Interviews were used alongside a microgenetic analysis of video-recorded group work observations to identify interactions that legitimated and delegitimated status hierarchies. Legitimation involved communicating acceptance of differential belonging and competence while delegitimation involved challenging differential reward by fostering widespread participation. Low- and high-status group members were active in both processes. Results suggest that diffuse status characteristics and science capital inform how status hierarchies are negotiated and that learners adapt disciplinary norms for status legitimating and delegitimating ends. Implications for learners’ participation in scientific practices and identification with science are discussed.
Early Mobility for Critically Ill Patients: Building Staff Commitment Through Appreciative Inquiry.

Background Immobility contributes to many adverse effects in critically ill patients. Early progressive mobility can mitigate these negative sequelae but is not widely implemented. Appreciative inquiry is a quality improvement method/change philosophy that builds on what works well in an organization. Objectives To explore whether appreciative inquiry would reinvigorate an early progressive mobility initiative in a medical intensive care unit and improve and sustain staff commitment to providing regular mobility therapy at the bedside. Secondary goals were to add to the literature about appreciative inquiry in health care and to determine whether it can be adapted to critical care. Methods Staff participated in appreciative inquiry workshops, which were conducted by a trained facilitator and structured with the appreciative inquiry 4-D cycle. Staff members' attitudes toward and knowledge of early progressive mobility were evaluated before and after the workshops. Performance of early progressive mobility activities was recorded before and 3 and 10 months after the workshops. Results Sixty-seven participants completed the program. They rated the workshops as successfully helping them to understand the importance of early progressive mobility (98%), explain their responsibility to improve patient outcomes (98%), and engender a greater commitment to patients and the organization (96%). Regarding mobility treatments, at 3 months orders had improved from 62% to 88%; documentation, from 52% to 89%; and observation, from 39% to 87%. These improvements were maintained at 10 months. Conclusion Participation in the workshops improved the staff's attitude toward and performance of mobility treatments. Appreciative inquiry may provide an adjunct to problem-based quality improvement techniques.
Diagnostic performance of McMaster, Wisconsin, and automated egg counting techniques for enumeration of equine strongyle eggs in fecal samples

Abstract Fecal egg counts are the cornerstone of equine parasite control programs. Previous work led to the development of an automated, image-analysis-based parasite egg counting system. The system has been further developed to include an automated reagent dispenser unit and a custom camera (CC) unit that generates higher resolution images, as well as a particle shape analysis (PSA) algorithm and machine learning (ML) algorithm. The first aim of this study was to conduct a comprehensive comparison of method precision between the original smartphone (SP) unit with the PSA algorithm, CC/PSA, CC/ML, and the traditional McMaster (MM) and Wisconsin (MW) manual techniques. Additionally, a Bayesian analysis was performed to estimate and compare sensitivity and specificity of all five methods. Feces were collected from horses, screened with triplicate Mini-FLOTAC counts, and placed into five categories: negative (no eggs seen), > 0 - ≤ 200 eggs per gram (EPG), > 200 - ≤ 500 EPG, > 500 - ≤ 1000 EPG, and > 1000 EPG. Ten replicates per horse were analyzed for each technique. Technical variability for samples > 200 EPG was significantly higher for MM than CC/PSA and CC/ML (p 0 was numerically highest for CC/PSA, but with samples > 200 EPG, MM had a significantly lower CV than MW (p = 0.001), MW had a significantly lower CV than CC/PSA (p 98 % for all five methods with no significant differences. Specificity, however, was significantly the highest for CC/PSA, followed numerically by SP/PSA, MM, CC/ML, and finally MW. Overall, the automated counting system is a promising new development in equine parasitology. Continued refinement to the counting algorithms will help improve precision and specificity, while additional research in areas such as egg loss, analyst variability at the counting step, and accuracy will help create a complete picture of its impact as a new fecal egg count method.
Intrinsic brain activity gradients dynamically coordinate functional connectivity states

Abstract Brain areas are organized into functionally connected networks though the mechanism underlying this widespread coordination remains unclear. Here we apply deep learning-based dimensionality reduction to task-free functional magnetic resonance images to identify the principal latent dimensions of human brain functional activity. We show that each dimension corresponds to a distinct and stable spatial activity gradient. Brain areas are distributed non-uniformly along each gradient, reflecting modular boundaries and hub properties. Gradients dynamically steepen or flatten to produce task-specific activation patterns. Dynamical systems modelling reveals that gradients can interact via state-specific coupling parameters, allowing accurate forecasts and simulations of brain activity during different tasks. Together, these findings indicate that a small set of overlapping global activity gradients determine the repertoire of possible functional connectivity states.
VADER: a variable dose-rate external 137Cs irradiator for internal emitter and low dose rate studies.

In the long term, 137Cs is probably the most biologically important agent released in many accidental (or malicious) radiation disasters. It can enter the food chain, and be consumed, or, if present in the environment (e.g. from fallout), can provide external irradiation over prolonged times. In either case, due to the high penetration of the energetic γ rays emitted by 137Cs, the individual will be exposed to a low dose rate, uniform, whole body, irradiation. The VADER (VAriable Dose-rate External 137Cs irradiatoR) allows modeling these exposures, bypassing many of the problems inherent in internal emitter studies. Making use of discarded 137Cs brachytherapy seeds, the VADER can provide varying low dose rate irradiations at dose rates of 0.1 to 1.2 Gy/day. The VADER includes a mouse "hotel", designed to allow long term simultaneous residency of up to 15 mice. Two source platters containing ~ 250 mCi each of 137Cs brachytherapy seeds are mounted above and below the "hotel" and can be moved under computer control to provide constant low dose rate or a varying dose rate mimicking 137Cs biokinetics in mouse or man. We present the VADER design and characterization of its performance over 18 months of use.
Religious Intolerance, America, and the World: A History of Forgetting and Remembering: by John Corrigan, Chicago, The University of Chicago Press, 2020, viii + 304 pp., US$45.00 (hardback), ISBN 978-022-631393-1

As John Corrigan observes in the introduction to his timely new book, Religious Intolerance, America, and the World, although the history of American religious liberty has proven to be endlessly fa...
Managing the key processes for team innovation

Abstract Team innovation requires that teams use effective approaches to the innovative processes. This involves problem construction, idea generation and their evaluation, selection, and development. As they are considering a problem for creative efforts, team members need to discuss the various ways they can conceptualize the problem (problem construction). This will facilitate the subsequent collaborative ideation processes. Effective collaborative ideation requires efficient means of exchanging ideas, some degree of task relevant diversity, and a high level of motivation. The evaluation and selection process in teams tend to focus on feasible ideas. We outline some of the procedures that will enhance the probability that the highest quality ideas will become part of the innovation development process.
M＃-Convexity and its applications in operations

A new approach for structural analysis of operations models with substitutability structures. In many operations models with substitutability structures, one often ends up with parametric optimizat...
Lecture Notes on the Dynamic Provision of Public Goods

These lecture notes provide an introduction to dynamic public good provision games. These games can be used to model situations in which a group of agents collaborate to complete a project, or computer scientists developing open source software, or individuals contributing to a fundraising campaign. These notes are targeted to advanced masters' of doctoral students.
The Genre of Source Texts Used in Chronographic Narratives of 1-2 Kings

The framework of 1-2 Kings surrounds the narratives of prophets and kings, offering brief notices of the deeds of these kings with chronological interest. Many scholars have hypothesized ancient Ne...
Lawyers' Independence and Collective Illegality in Government and Corporate Misconduct, Terrorism, and Organized Crime

The attached article argues that the conception of lawyers' independence invoked by commentators in the wake of disasters such as Enron is too amorphous a concept to inform analysis. Instead, this article views legal practice as a dialectic between branding and gatekeeping. All lawyers seek to build a brand - to establish a professional identity that is appealing to clients. In addition, however, the legal system requires that all lawyers practice gatekeeping - acting as filters to protect courts, third parties, and the public from misrepresentation or overreaching. To act as an effective intermediary between citizens, entities, and the state, lawyers must achieve an equipoise or balance between branding and gatekeeping norms. The article sets out an equipoise model, and applies it to three important legal arenas: disqualification of criminal defense lawyers, including alleged "in-house counsel" for the mob; regulation of government misconduct in terrorism prosecutions; and provision of legal advice that allegedly facilitates illegal activity by government, corporations, or terrorist groups.
MEDICAL ACTIVITIES OF THE AUGMENTED MILITARY FORCES

Excerpt INTRODUCTION In the course of my talk to you today I shall discuss the broad aspects of the task confronting the Medical Department in the expansion of medical facilities to provide for the...
The photochemistry of 1-alkenylbenzotriazoles : Methodology for the synthesis of indoles

Abstract The synthesis of 2-substituted, 3-substituted, and 2,3-disubstituted indoles based on the photolysis of 1-alkenylbenzotriazoles is described along with the application of this method to the synthesis of the 2,3-dihydropyrrolo[1,2-a]indole nucleus of the mitomycin antitumor antibiotics.
The expanded denatured state: an ensemble of conformations trapped in a locally encoded topological space.

Publisher Summary With the development of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based experiments for studying folded proteins, structural analysis of denatured proteins entered a new phase. NMR spectroscopy extracts information about individual residues. This chapter discusses NMR analysis of the denatured state of staphylococcal nuclease. The initial experiments that measure local structural parameters, reported small amounts of persisting helical structure, two turns, and indirect evidence for perhaps a three-strand beta meander. When applied to the denatured state in 6 M urea, the same experiments indicated that most of these features are lost. Recent applications of two types of NMR methodologies that provide long-range structural information have painted a very different picture. From these experiments, the denatured state in 0 M urea and 8 M urea appear to be highly similar, both retaining the same overall spatial positioning and orientation of the chain seen in the folded conformation. Simple computer simulations to estimate the importance of side chain–backbone interactions in encoding the long-range structure in denatured proteins suggest that these simple steric effects are of overriding importance. If this conclusion is correct, it appears that much of the estimated entropy available to a random coil protein chain is lost during its synthesis.
Role of the cytoskeleton in genome regulation and cancer.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the role of cytoskeleton in genome regulation and cancer. It describes two-tiered theory of regulation of the mammalian genome to the problem of cancer. Cancer represents a distortion of normal metabolic regulation. Cancer cells exhibit a loss of differentiation properties and a concomitant loss of growth control. The phenomenon of reverse transformation offers a unique opportunity to study the molecular nature of cancer. The cancer cells revert to the normal phenotype in the presence of cell-specific agonists and return to their original malignant behavior on its removal. The two-tiered scheme for the regulation of the mammalian genome accounts for the mode of action of genes that are differentiation specific in the mammalian organism. The first step in the activation of such tissue-specific genes is their conversion from the sequestered to the exposed state. This involves transfer of the appropriate DNA from the interior of the nucleus to the region of the nuclear periphery and the necessary conformational changes and specific protein interactions that render such DNA susceptible to hydrolysis by DNase I. The second step, which resembles the corresponding process in bacteria, is activation or inactivation of the exposed genes as a result of interaction with appropriate effector molecules in the surrounding medium. The restoration of cytoskeletal control of nuclear function in reverse transformation allows increased genome exposure and access of DNA to specific transcriptional regulators.
Severance tax shifting. A quantitative analysis

Abstract This paper analyzes numerically the extent of severance tax shigting using a dynamic optimal control model. We assume a small state and a dominant state with representative profit maximizing procedures who extract and explore a non-renewable resource. The incidence of the tax is studied by analyzing deadweight losses and tax revenues from consumers and producers. The extent of tax shifting is determined by calculating the percentage of consumers and producers that must be out-of-state for the tax to be welfare neutral.
The Semantics of Shared Submodules Specifications

After reviewing the concept of module specification with import and export interfaces introduced by H. Ehrig for the modular development of software systems, precise definitions of submodule and union of modules specifications are given along with some basic results on their compatibility and semantics. The notion of amalgamated sum is used for the semantics of unions of modules and some connections are made with parametrized specifications. The results are restricted to the basic algebraic case.
Visualizing mammalian brain area interactions by dual-axis two-photon calcium imaging

Fluorescence Ca2+ imaging enables large-scale recordings of neural activity, but collective dynamics across mammalian brain regions are generally inaccessible within single fields of view. Here we introduce a two-photon microscope possessing two articulated arms that can simultaneously image two brain areas (∼0.38 mm2 each), either nearby or distal, using microendoscopes, in awake behaving rodents.
Shear testing of composites

Zbadane zostaly rozklady naprezen, w przekrojach probek z karbami w zalezności od sposobu podparcia i promienia karbu. Badania przeprowadzono na probkach Josipescu i ich modyfikacji oraz metodą asymetrycznej proby zginania.
IL13 activates autophagy to regulate secretion in airway epithelial cells

Cytokine modulation of autophagy is increasingly recognized in disease pathogenesis, and current concepts suggest that type 1 cytokines activate autophagy, whereas type 2 cytokines are inhibitory. However, this paradigm derives primarily from studies of immune cells and is poorly characterized in tissue cells, including sentinel epithelial cells that regulate the immune response. In particular, the type 2 cytokine IL13 (interleukin 13) drives the formation of airway goblet cells that secrete excess mucus as a characteristic feature of airway disease, but whether this process is influenced by autophagy was undefined. Here we use a mouse model of airway disease in which IL33 (interleukin 33) stimulation leads to IL13-dependent formation of airway goblet cells as tracked by levels of mucin MUC5AC (mucin 5AC, oligomeric mucus/gel forming), and we show that these cells manifest a block in mucus secretion in autophagy gene Atg16l1-deficient mice compared to wild-type control mice. Similarly, primary-culture human tracheal epithelial cells treated with IL13 to stimulate mucus formation also exhibit a block in MUC5AC secretion in cells depleted of autophagy gene ATG5 (autophagy-related 5) or ATG14 (autophagy-related 14) compared to nondepleted control cells. Our findings indicate that autophagy is essential for airway mucus secretion in a type 2, IL13-dependent immune disease process and thereby provide a novel therapeutic strategy for attenuating airway obstruction in hypersecretory inflammatory diseases such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and cystic fibrosis lung disease. Taken together, these observations suggest that the regulation of autophagy by Th2 cytokines is cell-context dependent.
Rethinking Ozone Production

Laboratory data suggest that atmospheric models are missing a source of hydroxyl, which plays a central role in tropospheric ozone production.
Tamoxifen Blocks Estrogen-Induced B Cell Maturation but Not Survival

Estrogen treatment has been shown not only to exacerbate disease activity and accelerate death in spontaneous murine models of lupus but also to induce a lupus-like phenotype in nonspontaneously autoimmune mice. In mice transgenic for the H chain of an anti-DNA Ab, estrogen rescues naive autoreactive B cells that normally are deleted and causes them to mature to a marginal zone phenotype. Estrogen further leads to the activation of this population causing an elevation of serum anti-DNA Ab titers and renal disease. This study was designed to evaluate the therapeutic potential of tamoxifen, a selective estrogen receptor modulator, on estrogen-induced lupus. Mice treated with both estradiol and tamoxifen showed no elevation in anti-DNA Ab titers and consequently no glomerular IgG. The DNA-reactive B cell population that is rescued by estrogen was present in an anergic state in mice treated with both estradiol and tamoxifen. Estradiol enhances transitional B cell resistance to apoptosis and expands the population of marginal zone B cells; tamoxifen did not impede the enhanced resistance to apoptosis, but prevented the development of autoreactive cells as marginal zone B cells. Thus, estrogen-induced autoimmunity proceeds through two distinct molecular pathways, one affecting survival and the other maturation. Activation, but not survival, of autoreactive B cells can be abrogated by tamoxifen. Drugs that modulate even some of the effects of estrogen may be beneficial in patients with lupus. Eventually, understanding the pathways involved in survival and activation of autoreactive B cells will permit the development of therapeutics that target all relevant pathways.
The Probability of Occurrence of Oligomer Motifs in the Human Genome and Genomic Microheterogeneity

Abstract A previously published method for predicting the frequency of random occurrence of a completely specified DNA oligomer in a longer sequence dataset has been generalized to allow degeneracy in the oligomer sequence. With this enhancement, several datasets consisting of sequences from the human genome were searched for the occurrence of consensus binding sites for a set of 13 transcription factors. Although because of the biological significance of these sequences one might predict that they would occur more often than the random frequency, many of the consensus oligomers were found at lower than expected frequencies. Several (G + C)-rich oligomers were found to be moderately over-represented, but this could be accounted for, in part, by the occurrence of (G + C)-rich tracts in the human sequences. Regions very high in (G + C) were found to occur at much higher frequencies than expected in the human genome, and this severely limits the usefulness of this approach for predicting the frequency of (G + C)-rich oligomers. Unexpectedly, more than 1% of the human genome consists of tracts at least 28 bp in length with a (G + C) content greater than 85%.
Isolation and identification of two learning-induced brain peptides.

Abstract Goldfish were trained either to avoid the blue compartment of a tank and swim into the green compartment or, conversely, to avoid green and prefer blue. Preliminary experiments indicated that acquisition of the avoidance behavior was associated with the presence in the brain of two peptides, one found in blue avoiding (BA), another in green avoiding (GA) fish. With the help of behavioral bioassays, the peptides were isolated and purified, and their structure was determined by ultramicroanalytical techniques. The sequence of the BA peptide, pglu-ile-gly-ala-val- phe-pro-leu-lys-tyr-gly-ser-lys-OH was reproduced by synthesis. Sequential analysis of the GA peptide gave two alternative structures, NAc-lys-gly-gln-ile-ala-val-phe-pro-leu-lys-tyr-gly-ser-OH or N NAc-lys-gly-ala-val-gln-ile-phe-pro-lys-tyr-gyl-ser-OH, both of which are being synthetized to be compared with the natural compound. Overlapping sequences between the BA and GA peptides suggest the existence of a family of peptides associated with behavior based on color discrimination.