cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Be going to and will: talking about the future using embodied experience*

English speakers expressing futurity have the choice of two primary verb forms, will or be going to (BGT). Previous studies establish that BGT has multiple meanings not associated with will. Langacker (1987) rejected a metaphoric analysis of BGT (time is motion) as inadequate and offered a binary feature analysis. Brisard (2001) expanded on this analysis and argued that manipulating the configurations of binary features explains the semantic differences between will and BGT. However, Brisard’s analysis overlooks the semantic overlap among will, BGT, and the simple present. Moreover, it does not provide a framework that treats will and BGT as part of the larger English modal verb system. Finally, it lacks a persuasive explanation of how the meanings associated with will versus BGT arose. We address these gaps by proposing a polysemy-based explanation that emphasizes invited inferences (e.g., Bybee, Perkins, & Pagliuca, 1994) and embodied experience; a particularly novel aspect of the analysis is that all the meanings of BGT are related straightforwardly to components of the human walk cycle. Further, we argue that the shared future meaning of will and BGT represent inter-lexical polysemy (Evans, 2015b), thus providing additional evidence for the Theory of Lexical Concepts and Cognitive Models (LCCM).
Dynamics of profits, rents and their shares

Profits and rents are two distributive variables that depend on quite different production factors and economic operators. Profits depend on capital, a producible factor, and entrepreneurship. Rents depend on a scarce factor, either nonproducible, non-reproducible or non-reproduced, and ownership. It could therefore appear advisable to deal with rents and profits separately. In particular, considering rent alone would seem the natural corollary of having in our analysis Npmp as scarce factor of production. However, there are also reasons for dealing jointly with these two categories of income because, given the unit wage, we notice that in the long run the real antagonism is between profits and rents. Moreover, because technology and accumulation, which are decided by the technology-maker operator, affect the distributive weights of profit and rent, it is useful to analyze these two variables together. A different choice would have been required if we assumed given the rate of profit instead of the unit wage. An exogenous rate of profit rises conflicting interests between rents and wages, and in this situation the two latter categories should be studied together.
Physics of the Mind

Is it possible to turn psychology into "hard science"? Physics of the mind follows the fundamental methodology of physics in all areas where physics have been developed. What is common among Newtonian mechanics, statistical physics, quantum physics, thermodynamics, theory of relativity, astrophysics... and a theory of superstrings? The common among all areas of physics is a methodology of physics discussed in the first few lines of the paper. Is physics of the mind possible? Is it possible to describe the mind based on the few first principles as physics does? The mind with its variabilities and uncertainties, the mind from perception and elementary cognition to emotions and abstract ideas, to high cognition. Is it possible to turn psychology and neuroscience into "hard" sciences? The paper discusses established first principles of the mind, their mathematical formulations, and a mathematical model of the mind derived from these first principles, mechanisms of concepts, emotions, instincts, behavior, language, cognition, intuitions, conscious and unconscious, abilities for symbols, functions of the beautiful and musical emotions in cognition and evolution. Some of the theoretical predictions have been experimentally confirmed. This research won national and international awards. In addition to summarizing existing results the paper describes new development theoretical and experimental. The paper discusses unsolved theoretical problems as well as experimental challenges for future research.
Inflammatory pseudotumor after ceramic-on-ceramic total hip arthroplasty

We present a unique case of a symptomatic adverse local tissue reaction in a patient with a ceramic-on-ceramic total hip bearing surface. To our knowledge, this pathological finding has not yet been described in a ceramic-on-ceramic articulation without a cobalt-chromium alloy trunnion or modular neck component as a source of metal wear. We conclude that despite its mechanical mostly benign wear characteristics, ceramic wear debris is not entirely inert and may lead to the development of adverse local tissue reaction.
Validating an electronic health literacy scale in an older hispanic population.

Aim To examine the validity of the Spanish version of an instrument used to measure electronic health literacy (eHEALS) with an older Hispanic population from a number of Spanish-language countries living in New York City in the United States (US). Background Although the Internet is available globally, complex skills are needed to use this source of valuable health-related information effectively. Electronic health literacy is a multifactorial concept that includes health literacy but also requires technology skills. Design Cross-sectional. Method Recruitment occurred at a Senior Organization located in a largely Hispanic neighbourhood in New York City (N = 100). Participants completed eHEALS and selected items from the Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS) which assesses how adults use different communication channels, including the Internet, to obtain vital health information. Data from the US HINTS sample (N = 162) were matched to the Senior Organization sample on age range and Hispanic ethnicity. The average Senior Organization participant was 68 years old, female, born in one of six different Spanish-language countries, and completed high school while the average HINTS participant was 67 years old, female and had high school or less education. Results Although there was no relationship with the two HINTS subscales and electronic health literacy, there were significant relationships between electronic health literacy and health status and confidence in self-care. Conclusions Inadequate electronic health literacy is a barrier to positive health outcomes. The Spanish version of eHEALS could be used as a screening instrument to identify gaps and tailored interventions could be developed to increase consumer confidence in using the Internet for reliable health-related information. Relevance to clinical practice Knowledge in self-management is related to positive health outcomes; all persons irrespective of their electronic health literacy should be able to use all sources of health information to enhance their self-care.
A Workforce of Micro-Entrepreneurs: Online Labor Platforms in the Sharing Economy

The rapid growth of online labor platforms such as Uber and TaskRabbit has been accompanied by substantial controversy. These firms view themselves as technology companies that provide opportunitie...
Effects of nonequilibrated topological charge distributions on pseudoscalar meson masses and decay constants

We study the effects of failure to equilibrate the squared topological charge ${Q}^{2}$ on lattice calculations of pseudoscalar masses and decay constants. The analysis is based on chiral perturbation theory calculations of the dependence of these quantities on the QCD vacuum angle $\ensuremath{\theta}$. For the light-light partially quenched case, we rederive the known chiral perturbation theory results of Aoki and Fukaya, but using the nonperturbatively valid chiral theory worked out by Golterman, Sharpe and Singleton, and by Sharpe and Shoresh. We then extend these calculations to heavy-light mesons. Results when staggered taste violations are important are also presented. The derived ${Q}^{2}$ dependence is compared to that of simulations using the MILC Collaboration's ensembles of lattices with four flavors of dynamical highly improved staggered quarks. We find agreement, albeit with large statistical errors. These results can be used to correct for the leading effects of unequilibrated ${Q}^{2}$, or to make estimates of the systematic error coming from the failure to equilibrate ${Q}^{2}$. In an appendix, we show that the partially quenched chiral theory may be extended beyond a lower bound on valence masses discovered by Sharpe and Shoresh. Subtleties occurring when a sea-quark mass vanishes are discussed in another appendix.
Vegetables and the World Food Supply

World population is important in considering the food supply. At the present time the population of the world is increasing at the rate of approximately 2% per year. At this rate it doubles every 30–35 years. It is estimated that the present world population of 4.3 billion (1979), will be over 7 billion in the year 2000 AD and the demand for food will increase accordingly.
Eliding consent in extractivist states: Bolivia, Canada, and the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples

Ten years ago, the United Nations adopted the Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, which articulates global minimum standards for indigenous rights. What are the effects of the declarat...
An In(ter)vention of Tradition: Medical Male Circumcision in KwaZulu-Natal, 2009–2016

This article explores the voluntary medical male circumcision campaign in the KwaZulu-Natal province of South Africa from 2009 to 2016, situating this biomedical intervention within broader narrati...
Metasurfaces with wavelength-controlled functions

We demonstrate single-layer metasurfaces with controllable multi-wavelength functions. A multiwavelength achromatic metalens for red, yellow, green and blue light, and metasurfaces generating focused beams with different orbital angular momentum states are designed and fabricated.
Safety and clinical activity of combining systemic ipilimumab with isolated limb infusion in patients with in-transit melanoma.

9078 Background: Isolated limb infusion(ILI) for melanoma results in a limb response(CR + PR) of 50%, with 11% of patients progression free(PFS) at one year. Ipilimumab(10mg/kg) for M0 melanoma has...
Why was Standing Rock and the #NoDAPL campaign so historic? Factors affecting American Indian participation in social movement collaborations and coalitions

Is the #NoDAPL mobilization, which was historically unusual as a national scale grassroots campaign featuring American Indians grassroots activists and tribal governments in coalition with others, ...
MECHANISM OF GAS ABSORPTION BY TURBULENT LIQUIDS

A theoretical and experimental study was made of the mechanism of absorption of gases of low solubility by a turbulent mass of water. It is concluded that the most satisfactory physical model for this mechanism is an interfacial laminar liquid film which is being continuously replaced in a random manner by liquid from beneath the surface. This model leads to a mathematical formulation which provides a good fit to the experimental results.
The Impact of Financial Education on Savings and Asset Allocation

The responsibility to save and contribute to a pension is increasingly left to the individual worker. Understanding how households save and prepare for retirement is of paramount importance. There is concern in the U.S. that many families have little or no wealth even close to retirement. In this project, I use data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), a nationally representative sample of the cohort born between 1931 to 1941, to examine the financial situation of older households and their retirement plans. I first show that many families have not thought about retirement even though they are a few years away from retirement and the event is imminent. This finding confirms the results of other surveys, such as the Retirement Confidence Survey, that show that a large majority of workers have not made any plans for retirement.
Die Gesetze der Physik und ewige Naturgesetze

Ich gehe nun zu dem zweiten Gesichtspunkt uber, hinsichtlich dessen die primitive Auffassung von der Physik zu modifizieren ist. Gemas dem logischen Schema “Begriff, Urteil, Schlus“ handelt es sich dabei um die physikalischen Urteile, also um die Gesetze, welche die Physik aufstellt. Nach der landlaufigen Ansicht besteht die physikalische Forschung im Auffinden der unabanderlichen Naturgesetze. Danach sollte man denken, das die in der Physik gefundenen Gesetze, so wie die mathematischen Satze, einen dauernden Bestand feststehender Wahrheiten bilden, der sich beim Fortschreiten der physikalischen Erkenntnis immer nur erweitert.
Dual Glucose and Lactate Electrochemical Biosensor

We report a sensitive amperometric dual glucose and lactate biosensor based on pyroloquinoline quinone glucose dehydrogenase (PQQ-GDH) and a lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) for the detection of glucose and lactate, respectively. The electrochemical sensing platform comprise multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) for the immobilization of the PQQ-GDH and LDH at the respective working electrodes. Platinum and Ag/AgCl counter and reference electrodes were integrated to construct a three-electrode system. The lactate biosensor component exhibited a linear response towards lactate over a concentration range of 1 to 10 mM lactate $(\mathbf{r}^{2}=\mathbf{0.998})$ and exhibit a sensitivity of $\mathbf{2.9}\mu \mathbf{A}$ mM−1 cm−2, whereas the glucose biosensor exhibited a linear response range of 1 to 10 mM glucose $(\mathbf{r}^{2}= \mathbf{0.990})$ and a sensitivity of $\mathbf{345.7}\ \mu \mathbf{A}$ mM−1 cm−2, These results show that the dual glucose and lactate biosensor possess important potential for application in clinical analysis and sports medicine.
Multidimensionality of the PROMIS self-efficacy measure for managing chronic conditions

This study investigated the PROMIS Self-Efficacy Measure for Managing Chronic Conditions (PROMIS-SE) domain distributions and examined the factor structure of the PROMIS-SE. A total of 1087 individuals with chronic conditions participated in this study. PROMIS-SE’s item banks and two short forms (eight-item and four-item) measuring five behavioral domains (daily activities(DA), Emotions(EM), medications and treatments(MT), social interactions(SS), and Symptoms(SX)) were examined. PROMIS-SE’s T-score ranges and distributions were examined to identify domain metric distributions and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted to test a multidimensional model fit to the PROMIS-SE. PROMIS-SE domains showed different T-score ranges and distributions for item banks and two short forms across all five domains. While PROMIS-SE EM demonstrated the highest T-scores (least negatively skewed), MT had the lowest T-scores (most negatively skewed) for all three forms. In general, respondents were more likely to achieve highest self-efficacy ratings (very confident) for domains DA, MT, and SS as compared to domains EM and SX. CFA confirmed that a multidimensional model adequately fit all three PROMIS-SE forms. Our results indicate that self-efficacy T-distributions are not consistent across domains (i.e., managing medications and treatments domain was more negatively skewed difficult than other domains), which is a requirement for making inter-domain comparisons. A multidimensional model could be used to enhance the PROMIS-SE’s estimate accuracy and clinical utility.
The Language of Design and the Design of Language

Abstract This short essay is a commentary on the article by Michael Lissack, and it provides a point of view. In this point of view it is seen that while one can admit that the channel capacity for human observers is limited, it is exactly this limitation that has led to the emergence of language and the use of language to transcend these very limitations. The problems of the present day can be solved by each observer/participant attending to design. It is in the design and use of language that individuality and balance can emerge.
Socioeconomic status and differential psychological and immune responses to a human-caused disaster

Abstract Objective Individuals from different socioeconomic status (SES) backgrounds may respond variably to stressful events, and such differences are likely to contribute to health disparities. The current study leveraged data collected before and after a petrochemical explosion and aimed to investigate how individuals from different SES backgrounds responded to this unexpected stressor in terms of perceived social support, perceived stress, and systemic inflammation. Methods Data were drawn from 124 participants (Mage = 55.9 ± 16.1 years, 69.4% female, 29.0% White) living close to a petrochemical complex where the explosion occurred in 2005. SES was assessed at baseline, and perceived stress and inflammatory markers (i.e., C-reactive protein [CRP], interleukin-6 [IL-6]) were assessed at both pre- and post-explosion. Perceived social support was assessed at post-explosion. Results Lower SES was associated with less perceived social support. Lower SES was also associated with a larger increase in perceived stress and higher levels of IL-6, but not CRP. Perceived social support did not moderate or mediate the effects of SES on changes in perceived stress, IL-6, or CRP. The associations between SES and inflammatory markers were also not explained by changes in perceived stress. Conclusion Findings from this study support the idea that individuals from different SES backgrounds respond differently to stressors at both the psychosocial (perceived social support and perceived stress) and biological (inflammation) levels. Our findings also suggest that these two processes appear to act independently from each other.
Nonconscious nonverbal synchrony and patient and physician affect and rapport in cancer treatment discussions with black and white patients.

121Background: Clinical communication is poorer with Black patients than with White patients, but most studies are limited to verbal communication. Nonverbal synchrony, the nonconscious coordinatio...
New Edgeworth-type expansions with finite sample guarantees

We establish higher-order expansions for a difference between probability distributions of sums of i.i.d. random vectors in a Euclidean space. The derived bounds are uniform over two classes of sets: the set of all Euclidean balls and the set of all half-spaces. These results allow to account for an impact of higher-order moments or cumulants of the considered distributions; the obtained error terms depend on a sample size and a dimension explicitly. The new inequalities outperform accuracy of the normal approximation in existing Berry--Esseen inequalities under very general conditions. For symmetrically distributed random summands, the obtained results are optimal in terms of the ratio between the dimension and the sample size. The new technique which we developed for establishing nonasymptotic higher-order expansions can be interesting by itself. Using the new higher-order inequalities, we study accuracy of the nonparametric bootstrap approximation and propose a bootstrap score test under possible model misspecification. The results of the paper also include explicit error bounds for general elliptical confidence regions for an expected value of the random summands, and optimality of the Gaussian anti-concentration inequality over the set of all Euclidean balls.
Validation of the ask suicide-screening questions (ASQ) with youth in outpatient specialty and primary care clinics

Abstract Objective Validate the Ask Suicide-Screening Questions (ASQ) with youth in outpatient specialty and primary care clinics. Method This is a cross sectional instrument validation study assessing the validity of the ASQ with respect to the standard criterion, Suicidal Ideation Questionnaire (SIQ/SIQ Jr.). The sample included 515 English speaking youth ages 10–21 years old from outpatient specialty and primary care clinics. ASQ sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values (PPV/NPV), positive and negative likelihood ratios, c statistic and respective receiver operating characteristic curves were assessed. Results A total of 335 outpatient specialty and 180 primary care clinic participants completed the study. In outpatient specialty clinics, the ASQ showed a sensitivity of 100.0% (95% CI: 80.5–100.0%), specificity of 91.2% (95% CI: 87.5–94.1%), and NPV of 100.0% (95% CI: 98.7–100.0). In the primary care clinic, the ASQ showed a sensitivity of 100.0% (95% CI: 59.0–100.0%), specificity of 87.9% (95% CI: 82.0–92.3%), and NPV of 100.0% (95% CI: 97.7–100.0). Forty-five (13.4%) outpatient specialty clinic participants and 28 (15.6%) primary care clinic participants screened positive for suicide risk on the ASQ. Conclusions The ASQ is a valid screening tool for identifying youth at elevated suicide risk in outpatient clinical settings.
50 Year Old Male with Confluent, Scaly Plaque Covering the Inguinal Area and Extending to Both Inner Thighs

A 50-year-old male presented for an evaluation for painful lesions found on his interior thigh and groin. The patient states he has been hospitalized and had surgical excision for these lesion, but they have not completely resolved. The patient has no known drug related allergies, has a 33.9 % BMI and presents with Stage 2 hypertension, blood pressure of 160 Sys/100 Dias.
Dynamic Interaction of a Layer and a Half-Space

The equations of the theory of linear elasticity are used to compute dispersion curves for free time-harmonic waves propagating in a layer and a supporting half-space of different material properties. Both welded and smooth contacts are considered, and the layer may be acoustically softer or stiffer than the half-space. An infinite number of modes exists if the velocity of shear waves in the layer is less than the velocity of shear waves in the half-space. Generally, only one mode exists in the opposite case. The phase velocities of the two lowest modes approach, with decreasing wave length, the velocities of Rayleigh waves in the layer and the velocity of Stoneley waves, if the latter waves are possible. The phase velocities of all higher modes, if these modes exist, approach the velocity of shear waves in the layer. The conditions for existence of Stoneley waves are established.
Form & Substance in Nancy Kim's Wrap Contracts

Nancy Kim’s book, Wrap Contracts, is ambitious and well worth reading. Kim coins the term “wrap contracts” to expose, explain and demystify the world of mostly online contracting. By revealing the ubiquity (and audacity) of wrap contracts, Kim also skillfully demonstrates that just about everything we do or want to do now involves a contract and, as a result, non-drafting parties like consumers have no choice but to accept the terms imposed by wrap contracts if they want to participate in modern society. In demonstrating so persuasively that drafters of wrap contracts consistently make more aggressive use of even more one-sided terms in their contracts than their offline counterparts, Kim has effectively made the case that wrap contracts pose significant problems for non-drafting parties in particular and society in general. That said, the crux of the problem posed by wrap contracts is the (mis)use of bargaining power within a contract law system that permits the (mis)use of unequal bargaining power to go unchecked and unimpeded. Kim’s solutions — the duty to draft reasonably and specific assent — do not effectively address this fundamental problem built into modern contract law. Consequently, it is unclear how Kim’s solutions end up assisting non-drafting parties in any meaningful way. On the contrary, her solutions appear to elevate form over substance in ways that will produce two adverse outcomes for non-drafting parties both of which will make it harder for non-drafting parties to get out of problematic wrap contracts. This is clearly not Kim’s intent. But I fear it will be the result.
Fixation Not Required: Characterizing Oculomotor Attention Capture for Looming Stimuli

A stimulus moving toward us, such as a ball being thrown in our direction or a vehicle braking suddenly in front of ours, often represents a stimulus that requires a rapid response. Using a visual search task in which target and distractor items were systematically associated with a looming object, we explored whether this sort of looming motion captures attention, the nature of such capture using eye movement measures (overt/covert), and the extent to which such capture effects are more closely tied to motion onset or the motion itself. We replicated previous findings indicating that looming motion induces response time benefits and costs during visual search Lin, Franconeri, & Enns(Psychological Science 19(7): 686–693, 2008). These differences in response times were independent of fixation, indicating that these capture effects did not necessitate overt attentional shifts to a looming object for search benefits or costs to occur. Interestingly, we found no differences in capture benefits and costs associated with differences in looming motion type. Combined, our results suggest that capture effects associated with looming motion are more likely subserved by covert attentional mechanisms rather than overt mechanisms, and attention capture for looming motion is likely related to motion itself rather than the onset of motion.
Three dimensional aspects of sub- critical flaw growth

ABSTRACT By combining the principles of linear elastic fracture mechanics with the methods of frozen stress photoelasticity and moire analysis, a general experimental approach has been developed for estimating both stress intensity factor (SIF) distributions and crack shapes during sub-critical flaw growth which includes all three modes of local deformation. After briefly tracing the development and features of the method and citing its limitations, recent results of the use of the method will be presented to support some fundamental observations on three dimensional sub-critical flaw growth.
Alendronate for osteoporosis. Safe and efficacious nonhormonal therapy.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: To review the evidence concerning alendronate (Fosamax) therapy for postmenopausal osteoporosis. QUALITY OF EVIDENCE: The efficacy of alendronate for postmenopausal women with osteoporosis was primarily demonstrated by two primary phase III clinical trials, three other 2-year trials, and one 3-year trial. All six trials were randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trials; 3854 postmenopausal women were studied. The Fracture Intervention Trial consisted of 2027 women with postmenopausal osteoporosis and provides the most evidence that 3 years of treatment with alendronate reduces all clinically relevant fractures, including hip fractures. MAIN FINDINGS: In postmenopausal women, alendronate has been shown to increase bone mineral density significantly at the lumbar spine, femoral neck, and trochanter and in the total body, regardless of baseline bone mineral density, age, bone turnover, or the presence of previous fractures. In addition, alendronate has been shown to reduce risk of new vertebral and hip fractures by about 50% and of all clinical fractures by about 30%. Continuous daily dosing with alendronate (10 mg) was found to be well tolerated. In addition, alendronate was shown to have no adverse effects on bone mineralization or microstructure. CONCLUSION: This evidence shows alendronate to be safe and effective; it should be considered the nonhormonal therapy of choice for treating osteoporosis in postmenopausal women at risk for hip and vertebral fractures.
The Connection between Macro and Micro Levels: States' Spending for Hospitals and Their Suicide Rates

A trend analysis of states' spending for hospitals and their suicide rates in 1960, 1970, 1980, and 1984 showed that states' spending for hospitals was not directly related to their suicide rates until 1984. The analysis also showed that in 1984, states' spending for hospitals was not only directly and inversely related to their suicide rates, but also accounted for a 5% increase in their variance. Drawing on Durkheim's theory of social integration, the analysis took into account the effects of states' divorce rates, rates of population change, population density, and the economic level and racial composition of states' population. Following policy trends in health care more generally, the findings call attention to the wider implications of institutional norms of cost containment at all costs and states' suicide rates, and thus to the largely ignored connection between macro and micro levels.
Profit, rent and the terms of trade: A rejoinder

Abstract In response to my article in this issue, Gibson and McLeod argue that, by ignoring a viability condition, I incorrectly conclude that a positive profit rate is not necessary for the perverse profit response. Furthermore, they argue that a positive profit rate, not the technology parameters, is the profoundly important social determinant of their original result. It is shown here that the imposition of the viability condition does not contradict my conclusion. The relevance ascribed by Gibson and McLeod to their positive profit rate condition is disputed and an unexpected relationship between rural wages and profit rates is uncovered. Technology is again shown to be the modulator of the distributional struggle. Finally, the empirical evidence presented by Gibson and McLeod in support of a fixed-profit equilibrium trap for U.S. agriculture is examined and its relevance questioned.
Regional and systemic distribution of anti-tumor x anti-CD3 heteroaggregate antibodies and cultured human peripheral blood lymphocytes in a human colon cancer xenograft

Anti-tumor antibody (317G5) covalently coupled to an anti-CD3 antibody (OKT3) produces a heteroaggregate (HA) antibody that can target PBL to lyse tumor cells expressing the appropriate tumor Ag. The i.v. and i.p. distribution of radiolabeled HA antibody 317G5 x OKT3 and of radiolabeled cultured human PBL were studied in athymic nude mice bearing solid intraperitoneal tumor established from the human colon tumor line, LS174T. Mice were injected with 125I-labeled HA antibody, 125I-labeled anti-tumor mAb, or 111In-labeled PBL, and at designated timepoints tissues were harvested and measured for radioactivity. 125I-317G5 x OKT3 localized specifically to tumor sites. Tumor radioactivity levels (percent injected dose/gram) were lower with 125I-317G5 x OKT3 HA antibody than with 125I-317G5 anti-tumor mAb, but were similar to levels reported for other anti-tumor mAb. The major difference in radioactivity levels observed between i.v. and i.p. administration of 125I-317G5 x OKT3 was an increase in hepatic radioactivity after i.v. HA antibody administration. HA antibodies produced from F(ab')2 fragments, which exhibit decreased m. w. and decreased Fc receptor-mediated binding, demonstrated improved tumor:tissue ratios as compared to intact antibody HA. 125I-317G5 F(ab')2 x OKT3 F(ab')2 antibody levels were equivalent to intact HA antibody levels in tumor, but were lower than intact HA antibody levels in the blood, bowel, and liver. Tumor:bowel ratios (20:1 at 48 h) were highest when 317G5 F(ab')2 x OKT3 F(ab')2 was injected i.p. Autoradiography confirmed that anti-tumor x anti-CD3 HA antibodies localized specifically to intraperitoneal tumor; that i.p. administered HA antibodies penetrated tumor directly; and that i.v. administered HA antibodies distributed along tumor vasculature. Cultured human PBL distributed in moderate concentrations to intraperitoneal tumor when administered i.p., but not when administered i.v. The poor localization of i.v. injected PBL to tumor may reflect species disparity in homing receptors and/or endothelial ligands, a problem which may be overcome with a syngeneic model. These results suggest that regional therapy with HA antibodies and PBL may offer advantages over systemic therapy for initial clinical trials.
Effect of tryptophan deficiency on bones and teeth of rats. II. Effect of prolongation.

Abstract A study was made of the histologic changes occurring in the long bones and the alveolar bone of rats maintained on a tryptophan-deficient diet for periods of time varying from three to twenty-six weeks. A narrowing and premature closure of the epiphyseal plate were noted after five weeks on the deficient diet. This closure prevented further growth of the animal. The osteoporosis of the long bones was progressive in nature, becoming intense in those animals on the deficient diet for sixteen to twenty-six weeks. There was a gradual replacement of the myeloid elements of the marrow spaces by fatty tissues. The osteoporosis of the spongiosa of the alveolar bone was a constant finding. As a result of this osteoporosis, the bone was unable to cope with the normal stresses usually imposed upon it, leading to secondary occlusal trauma.
Micro and Macroturbulence in Superfluid Helium

The dynamics of superfluid helium are briefly reviewed. The application of this formalism to gain an understanding of the nature of microscopic (superfluid) turbulence is discussed. We point out that the problem of large-scale macroturbulence in the superfluid has remained largely untouched, and that it raises many interesting questions. In particular, it is not clear what basic equations one should use in discussing this problem, the usual Gorter-Mellink form being clearly inadequate. In fact, it is pointed out that the Gorter-Mellink approximation is of doubtful validity even in the situations where it has been traditionally applied. The main physical issues in formulating these kinds of problems are how the microturbulence interacts with the two velocity fields that describe the flow of superfluid helium to modify the macroscopic turbulence, and how this large scale turbulence acts back on and sustains the microturbulence.
Increased expression of cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant in septic rat liver

Hepatocellular dysfunction in sepsis may be neutrophil mediated. We therefore tested the hypothesis that sepsis-induced neutrophil accumulation is associated with increased expression of the chemokine, cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant (CINC). In Sprague-Dawley rats made septic by cecal ligation and puncture, we demonstrate a time-dependent increase in CINC mRNA, which returns to baseline by 48 h. By in situ hybridization, this mRNA is present in hepatocytes and nonparenchymal cells. CINC protein levels in septic animals parallel mRNA levels and resolve by 48 h. Because CINC expression is induced by cytokines including tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF- alpha), we show, by immunohistochemistry, that sepsis elevates intrahepatic TNF-alpha. Finally, because the CINC promoter is transactivated by the transcription factor, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappa B), we determined that hepatic NF-kappa B DNA binding increases dramatically, peaking 16 h after cecal ligation and puncture. Thus activated NF-kappa B may mediate CINC induction in sepsis. This constellation of findings suggests a mechanism by which sepsis may induce neutrophil accumulation in the liver and may have implications regarding sepsis-induced hepatic dysfunction.
Sorptivity and liquid infiltration into dry soil

Abstract The sorptivity S quantifies the effect of capillarity on liquid movement in a porous material. For liquid infiltration into an initially dry material, S is a parameter that is contingent on both liquid and material properties as well as the maximum liquid content behind the infiltrating front, θm. Scaling analyses are used to derive a dimensionless, intrinsic sorptivity S∗ that is constant for different liquids, Miller-similar materials and different values of θm. The analyses confirm that S is dependent on β1/2, where β = cos ϕ is a measure of the wettability of the liquid. They also indicate a power law relationship between S and Se(av), the average liquid saturation behind the infiltrating front. Seventeen water and eleven Soltrol 220 horizontal infiltration experiments are reported in uniform, dry sand. Test results show that water is partially wetting in the sand. They also confirm that S ∝ S e ( av ) d , where d = 3.2 for the experimental conditions. The usefulness of a general, dimensionless Boltzmann variable is demonstrated to normalize infiltration profiles for the different liquids. An approximate method for sorptivity calculation is shown to provide an accurate estimate of S∗.
Correspondence: Genetic epistemology of intelligent natural systems

General systems theory requires that system properties be distributed. In the cognitive domain, intelligence is a concept that characterizes cognitive behavior. Through philosophical analysis, the systemic distribution of artificial and natural intelligence are evaluated with respect to logical primitives in pattern recognition (qualitative intelligence). In order to determine the extent of that distribution, relevant cognitive conditions in machine programs, infrahumans and humans are examined. Qualitative intelligence is shown to be distributed in infrahuman and human systems but not in machine systems.
A nonlinear noise filter employing hysteresis

Abstract A nonlinear filter with hysteresis is presented to detect binary signals. It is shown that key calculations for the bit error rate are reduced to the “exit problem” of stochastic differential equation theory. Employing this formalism, closed form expressions are derived in the transform domain for the probability density function of the filter output in the presence of additive white Gaussian noise. By taking inverse transformations, such expressions can be used to compute several performance measures of binary detectors with hysteresis nonlinearity.
Performance modeling for dynamic Bayesian networks

In recent decades, Bayesian Network (BN) has shown its power to solve probabilistic inference problems because of its expressive representation of dependence relationships among random variables and the dramatic development of inference algorithms. They have been applied for decision under uncertainty in many areas such as data fusion, target recognition, and medical diagnosis, etc. In general, the problem of probabilistic inference for a dynamic BN is to compute the posterior probability distribution of a specific variable of interest given a set of observations cumulated over time. The accuracy of the resulting posterior probability distribution is essential since the correct decision in any partially observable environment depends on this distribution. However, there is no general evaluation methodology available to predict the inference performance for a BN other than extensive Monte Carlo simulation methods. In this paper, we first present a method to model the inference performance for a static BN. This approximate method is designed to predict the inference performance analytically without extensive simulation. We then propose a sequential simulation method based on the particle filter concept to evaluate the inference performance for a dynamic BN. The specific model we deal with is the hybrid partial dynamic BN consists of discrete and continuous variables with arbitrary relationships. Since no exact inference algorithm available for such a model, we use likelihood weighting (LW) method on an unrolled DBN to estimate its true performance bound for comparison with the predicted performance. Comparison and analysis of the experimental results show the potential capability of the sequential simulation method for evaluating the performance of dynamic Bayesian networks.
Decision tree analysis of treatment strategies for mild and moderate cases of clinical mastitis occurring in early lactation

The objective of this study was to develop a decision tree to evaluate the economic impact of different durations of intramammary treatment for the first case of mild or moderate clinical mastitis (CM) occurring in early lactation with various scenarios of pathogen distributions and use of on-farm culture. The tree included 2 decision and 3 probability events. The first decision evaluated use of on-farm culture (OFC; 2 programs using OFC and 1 not using OFC) and the second decision evaluated treatment strategies (no intramammary antimicrobials or antimicrobials administered for 2, 5, or 8 d). The tree included probabilities for the distribution of etiologies (gram-positive, gram-negative, or no growth), bacteriological cure, and recurrence. The economic consequences of mastitis included costs of diagnosis and initial treatment, additional treatments, labor, discarded milk, milk production losses due to clinical and subclinical mastitis, culling, and transmission of infection to other cows (only for CM caused by Staphylococcus aureus). Pathogen-specific estimates for bacteriological cure and milk losses were used. The economically optimal path for several scenarios was determined by comparison of expected monetary values. For most scenarios, the optimal economic strategy was to treat CM caused by gram-positive pathogens for 2 d and to avoid antimicrobials for CM cases caused by gram-negative pathogens or when no pathogen was recovered. Use of extended intramammary antimicrobial therapy (5 or 8 d) resulted in the least expected monetary values.
Refractive-index-based calorimetric studies of RNAse T1 unfolding in small volumes using microinterferometric backscatter

Micro-interferometry, a novel technique developed by the authors, employs a linearly polarized laser, a fused silica capillary tube housing for the sample and a charged coupled device as a detector. A back scattered interference pattern, observed as a high contrast fringes, is produced when the laser is directed onto the capillary containing the sample. The positional change of the fringe pattern is a function of the refractive index of the media in the capillary. In the present work, the RNA enzyme RNase T1 is heated in the sample cell over a temperature range of 30 degrees C to 60 degrees C. Over this temperature range the molecule unfolds form the quaternary to the tertiary structure. This structure change is manifested as a refractive index change and is observed by monitoring the fringe position while ramping the cell temperature in a controlled fashion. From the refractive index response over the temperature range, the Gibbs free energy associated with unfolding is calculated. The authors show milli-degree temperature stability with a 0.1 micro-liter probe volume, thus demonstrating the application of this device in micro- calorimetric investigations.
Quantum kinetic theory for a condensed bosonic gas

We present a kinetic theory for Bose-Einstein condensation of a weakly interacting atomic gas in a trap. Starting from first principles, we establish a Markovian kinetic description for the evolution towards equilibrium. In particular, we obtain a set of self-consistent master equations for mean fields, normal densities, and anomalous fluctuations. These kinetic equations generalize the Gross-Pitaevskii mean-field equations, and merge them consistently with a quantum-Boltzmann-equation approach.
Assessing the Risk of Nonsexual and Sexual Victimization Using Incident-Based Police Reports

Abstract Current research has affirmed that black women are most at risk for rape, assault, and intimate partner violence in the United States. These findings are often based on statistics from surveys like the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS). The NCVS collects data from a stratified sample of households in the United States from which one can establish victimization risk and rates at the national level. We know very little about a person's risk of violent crime victimization from police records at the local and state level because until recently the data were not available. This study, therefore, adds to current victimization research by utilizing state-level police data to examine violent crime victimization patterns. Specifically, using data from the U.S. Census Bureau and West Virginia Incident-Based Reporting System (WVIBRS), we construct a model to examine the risk of nonsexual and sexual victimization over a lifetime by sex and race. Our findings indicate that black females in West Virgi...
Postać Elżbiety Batory w historiografii

The aim of the paper is to present the figure of Elisabeth Bathory as it is shown in historiography and to confront the myths surrounding her person with the findings of the researchers, especially Hungarian scholars who studied her life. It has been shown that Elisabeth Bathory fell victim to the plot of the palatine Gyorgy Turzo, probably instigated by the court in Vienna. Unfortunately, Polish historians have so far neglected to address this issue in their research.
Wavelet-based simulation of fractional Brownian motion revisited

Abstract We reexamine the wavelet-based simulation procedure for fractional Brownian motion proposed by Abry and Sellan. We clarify in what sense the wavelet-based simulation procedure works, shed light on the structure of associated fractional low- and high-pass filters, and consequently suggest some modifications to the simulation algorithm.
On crossover adjustment in satellite altimetry and its oceanographic implications

It is argued that, to remove the satellite orbital errors, the crossover adjustment method that represents orbital errors in terms of Fourier series is preferable to the conventional bias-and-tilt crossover adjustment method. However, no matter what technique is used in the crossover adjustment, orbital errors will introduce a geographically dependent error (mostly a large-scale slope, which, in terms of spherical harmonics, is represented by the degree 1 terms) into the derived sea surface topography. This is because the responsible orbital errors have left no traces in crossover differences and therefore can never be removed. However, it is possible to reduce this fundamental uncertainty substantially if the record length is long enough; its implications on observing the basin-scale ocean circulation by satellite altimetry are discussed. New methods for observing the large-scale oceanic variability are also proposed (the conventional approach being limited to observing the mesoscale variability).
Curvature distributions of wind-created water waves

Measurements made using a small water-wind tunnel, having a maximum fetch of 26 inches, indicate that water waves are not formed until the wind velocity reaches approximately seven knots. After this threshold there is a sudden build-up of the waves. Between seven and 20 knots, the mean curvature of the surface c in cm−1 is related to the wind velocity v in knots by the expression c = 0.046v. The standard deviation a in cm−1 of the curvature is related to the wind velocity by the expression σ = 0.036v−0.11. The momental skewness of the curvature distribution was positive and averaged about 0.8 standard deviation unit.
X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Investigation of the Interaction of NF3 with Silicon

The interaction of nitrogen trifluoride (NF3) with silicon (Si) surfaces has been investigated by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Si (100) surfaces were subjected to NF3 ion bombardment as a means of approximating plasma processing under controlled conditions. Samples were also exposed to actual NF3 DC plasmas and the results compared to ion beam and plasma processing using nitrogen (N2). The results indicate that nitridation of silicon is possible using NF3 although it seems to be limited by simultaneous etching. Additionally, results suggest bonding between both Si-F and Si-N species and perhaps F-N-Si moieties. NF3 plasma processing has lead to curious results for F ls spectra which are not fully understood at present.