cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Statistical methods for analysing responses of wildlife to human disturbance.

Summary 1. Off-road recreation is increasing rapidly in many areas of the world, and effects on wildlife can be highly detrimental. Consequently, we have developed methods for studying wildlife responses to off-road recreation with the use of new technologies that allow frequent and accurate monitoring of human‐wildlife interactions. To illustrate these methods, we studied the response of Rocky Mountain elk Cervus elaphus L. to all-terrain vehicles (ATVs), one of the most prominent forms of summer recreation in North America. We studied elk because the species is not only of keen economic and social interest across North America and Europe but also exemplifies species that can be sensitive to human disturbance. 2. The study was part of a controlled landscape experiment where global positioning system (GPS)-equipped recreationists traversed an established 32-km route inside a 1453-ha elk-proof enclosure. Elk locations before and during the human disturbances were monitored using an automated telemetry system. The unique data set and study objectives led to our development of statistical methods for analysing the response of wildlife to human disturbance. 3. We developed a statistical method, referred to as a probabilistic flight response, which accounted for daily circadian rhythms in movement behaviour of elk, and related the probability of flight to distance to the disturbance and a number of environmental covariates. We also present methods for estimating spatially and temporally explicit movement vectors as a way of detecting and visualizing landscape-level movement patterns. 4. Using these methods, we observed that elk appeared to respond at relatively long distances (> 1000 m) to ATVs, and that the estimated probability of flight appeared to be higher when elk were closer to the ATV routes, even when the distance to an ATV was large. 5. Synthesis and applications . Our study quantifies the response of wildlife to human disturbance at a resolution well beyond previous work, and provides methods to improve our understanding of wildlife‐human interactions related to management of wildlife and recreation. These methods may be used for any study involving accurate, frequent monitoring of animals and humans with the use of GPS or similar technologies now commonly available.
Bush outlines climate stance in wake of National Academy Report

Whether or not one agrees with U.S. President George W. Bush's positions on climate change and his rejection of the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, the early handling of these matters—which foreign policy advisor Condoleezza Rice recently acknowledged could have been better finessed and communicated to other countries—seems to have prompted the Bush administration to take a more thorough and engaged look at the entire issue of climate change. Two widely anticipated products of this review were unveiled in early June: a report by the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) on the science of climate change, and an address by the president in which he outlined the administration's evolving stance on the issue and proposed a series of initiatives to deal with it.
the structural and demographic implications of nicknames in Navanogal, Spain1

This paper examines the distribution and function of nicknames in a Castilian mountain village. It seeks to show that nicknames can only be understood through analyzing the different ways they are employed among discrete segments of the community. Comparative data are used to determine why nicknames seem to flourish only in communities of a limited population range.
A spatially explicit Bayesian framework for cognitive schooling behaviours

Social aggregations such as schools, swarms, flocks and herds occur across a broad diversity of animal species, strongly impacting ecological and evolutionary dynamics of these species and their predators, prey and competitors. The mechanisms through which individual-level responses to neighbours generate group-level characteristics have been extensively investigated both experimentally and using mathematical models. Models of social groups typically adopt a ‘zone’ approach, in which individuals’ movement responses to neighbours are functions of instantaneous relative position. Empirical studies have demonstrated that most social animals such as fish exhibit well-developed spatial memory and other advanced cognitive capabilities. However, most models of social grouping do not explicitly include spatial memory, largely because a tractable framework for modelling acquisition of and response to historical spatial information has been lacking. Using fish schooling as a focal example, this study presents a framework for including cognitive responses to spatial memory in models of social aggregation. The framework utilizes Bayesian estimation parameters that are continuously distributed in time and space as proxies for animals’ spatial memory. The result is a hybrid Lagrangian–Eulerian model in which the effects of cognitive state and behavioural responses to historical spatial data on individual-, group- and population-level distributions of social animals can be explicitly investigated.
Organizational Theories: Some Criteria for Evaluation

A set of ground rules and vocabulary to facilitate focused discussion about the structure of organization and management theories are proposed. The many previous efforts at defining and evaluating theory help establish criteria for theory construction and evaluation. In the establishment of these criteria, description is distinguished from theory, and a matrix of criteria for evaluating the variables, constructs, and relationships that together compose a theory is developed. The proposed matrix may be useful both for defining the necessary components of good theory and for evaluating and/or comparing the quality of alternative theories. Finally, a discussion of the way theories fit together to give a somewhat broader picture of empirical reality reveals the lines of tension between the two main criteria for evaluating theory.
NONUNIFORM PARTICLE DEPOSITION ON TRACHEOBRONCHIAL AIRWAYS: IMPLICATIONS FOR LUNG DOSIMETRY

Abstract The surface density of deposited particles measured at bifurcations of hollow human airway casts exceeds that along airway lengths for cyclic inspiratory flow for a variety of flow rates and particle sizes from 0.2 to 8.0 μm. This is critical for deposited particles which affect tissue on contact. Measurements of alpha particles on the mucosal surface in autopsy specimens of human lungs suggest that nonunifomity persists. The ratio of particle density at bifurcations compared with airways is about 4:1. The dose at bifurcations may be as much as an order of magnitude greater than on adjacent airway surfaces.
Domestic Jobs and Foreign Wages

It is plausible that the labour demand decisions of multinational corporations (MNCs) depend not only on domestic, but also on foreign labour costs. This hypothesis is tested by estimating labour demand equations for a sample of Swedish MNCs. Indeed, higher foreign costs increase an MNC's Swedish employment and reduce its foreign employment. As MNCs become more important in many OECD countries, the responsiveness of domestic output and employment to foreign labour costs is likely to increase.
Measuring Information Technology Payoff: A Meta-Analysis of Structural Variables in Firm-Level Empirical Research

Payoffs from information technology (IT) continue to generate interest and debate both among academicians and practitioners. The extant literature cites inadequate sample size, lack of process orientation, and analysis methods among the reasons some studies have shown mixed results in establishing a relationship between IT investment and firm performance.In this paper we examine the structural variables that affect IT payoff through a meta analysis of 66 firm-level empirical studies between 1990 and 2000. Employing logistic regression and discriminant analyses, we present statistical evidence of the characteristics that discriminate between IT payoff studies that observed a positive effect and those that did not. In addition, we conduct ordinary least squares (OLS) regression on a continuous measure of IT payoff to examine the influence of structural variables on the result of IT payoff studies.The results indicate that the sample size, data source (firm-level or secondary), and industry in which the study is conducted influence the likelihood of the study finding greater improvements on firm performance. The choice of the dependent variable(s) also appears to influence the outcome (although we did not find support for process-oriented measurement), the type of statistical analysis conducted, and whether the study adopted a cross-sectional or longitudinal design. Finally, we present implications of the findings and recommendations for future research.
Analysis of the melanoma epidemic, both apparent and real: data from the 1973 through 1994 surveillance, epidemiology, and end results program registry.

Background: The incidence of melanoma has been increasing faster than that of any other cancer in the United States. It is unclear whether the increase is related to increased surveillance or other changes in the disease. Objective: To examine changes in melanoma rates by several measures of severity of disease and to review the ways in which increased surveillance may cause leadtime bias through early detection or length bias through detection of clinically insignificant lesions as a basis for interpreting these changing rates. Design: Population-based incidence rates for 1973 through 1994.
Characteristics of Response to Nonstationary White Noise: Theory

New methods of analysis are developed to study characteristics of the response of linear systems to nonstationary stochastic input. An envelope of the response based on the Hilbert transformation of the process is used, and derivations are made with respect to stationary response properties. The analysis begins with a derivation of the statistics of the response of general linear systems to modulated white‐noise input. Then, the important case of oscillator systems is examined and, by use of functional operator concepts, approximations are obtained for the second‐order statistics of the oscillator response. It is found that the original expressions for these statistics, involving lengthy double integrals, become reduced to simple, closed‐form expressions, which are stated in terms of the oscillator properties and one convolution integral of the modulation function. The results provide physically meaningful insight into the characteristics of nonstationary response and its envelope. The relationships betwe...
Isolation of Human Immunodeficiency Virus from Genital Ulcers in Nairobi Prostitutes

Recent epidemiologic studies have implicated genital/anorectal ulcer disease as an important cofactor for acquisition and transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) during sexual intercourse. To better understand the mechanism for the association between genital ulcers and HIV, exudates from 62 genital ulcers of 56 HIV-seropositive prostitutes in Nairobi (Kenya) were cultured for HIV. Twenty-six ulcer cultures could not be evaluated for the presence of HIV because of bacterial or fungal contamination. HIV was isolated from 4 (11%) of the 36 remaining uncontaminated ulcer cultures (2 introital, 1 vaginal, and 1 cervical) from 4 separate women. HIV was isolated from the cervical os from only 2 of the 4 women. HIV p24 antigen was detected in exudate from 1 of the 4 culture-positive ulcers and 0 of 32 culture-negative ulcers. Genital ulcers in seropositive patients should be regarded as potential sources of HIV, which could be important in transmission of HIV during intercourse. Public health measures aimed at controlling sexually transmitted genital ulcer diseases should be an integral part of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) prevention programs.
A First Look at Media Conferencing Traffic in the Global Enterprise

Many enterprise networks have grown far beyond a single large site to span tens to hundreds of branch offices across the globe, each connected over VPNs or leased lines. With the emergence of the globally-connected enterprise and the trend towards enterprise all-IP convergence, including transitioning the enterprise PBX to VoIP servers, IP-based audio/video conferencing for telepresence has challenged the notion that bandwidth is abundant in the enterprise. We take a first look at media conferencing traffic in the global enterprise and, by instrumenting measurement of call quality and network statistics, we quantify the impact on call quality for a range of factors in the enterprise, such as wired vs. wireless access, inter- vs. intra- branch office communication, QoS mechanisms like VLAN tagging and DiffServ DSCP marking, and VPN vs. public Internet access.
Pathway and Evolutionary Implications of Diphenylamine Biodegradation by Burkholderia sp. Strain JS667

Diphenylamine (DPA) is a common contaminant at munitions-contaminated sites as well as at aniline manufacturing sites. Little is known about the biodegradation of the compound, and bacteria able to use DPA as the growth substrate have not been reported. Burkholderia sp. strain JS667 and Ralstonia sp. strain JS668 were isolated by selective enrichment from DPA-contaminated sediment. The isolates grew aerobically with DPA as the sole carbon, nitrogen, and energy source. During induction of DPA degradation, stoichiometric amounts of aniline accumulated and then disappeared, which suggested that aniline is on the DPA degradation pathway. Genes encoding the enzymes that catalyze the initial steps in DPA degradation were cloned from the genomic DNA of strain JS667. The Escherichia coli clone catalyzed stoichiometric transformation of DPA to aniline and catechol. Transposon mutagenesis, the sequence similarity of putative open reading frames to those of well-characterized dioxygenases, and (18)O(2) experiments support the conclusion that the initial reaction in DPA degradation is catalyzed by a multicomponent ring-hydroxylating dioxygenase. DPA is converted to aniline and catechol via dioxygenation at the 1,2 position of the aromatic ring and spontaneous rearomatization. Aniline and catechol are further biodegraded by the well-established aniline degradation pathway. Genes that encode the complete aniline degradation pathway were found 12 kb downstream of the genes that encode the initial dioxygenase. Expression of the relevant dioxygenases was confirmed by reverse transcription-PCR analysis. Both the sequence similarity and the gene organization suggest that the DPA degradation pathway evolved recently by the recruitment of two gene clusters that encode the DPA dioxygenase and aniline degradation pathway.
Techniques for molecular imaging probe design.

Molecular imaging allows clinicians to visualize disease-specific molecules, thereby providing relevant information in the diagnosis and treatment of patients. With advances in genomics and proteomics and underlying mechanisms of disease pathology, the number of targets identified has significantly outpaced the number of developed molecular imaging probes. There has been a concerted effort to bridge this gap with multidisciplinary efforts in chemistry, proteomics, physics, material science, and biology—all essential to progress in molecular imaging probe development. In this review, we discuss target selection, screening techniques, and probe optimization with the aim of developing clinically relevant molecularly targeted imaging agents.
Future microscopic developments for the GDR in hot nuclei

Abstract The application of auxiliary-field Monte Carlo techniques to the giant-dipole resonance (GDR) in hot nuclei is described. The method allows for a fully microscopic description of the GDR that includes all effects that were previously modeled macroscopically. Preliminary results obtained with a schematic interaction are presented for 16 O and 20 Ne using the 0p — 1s0d — 0ƒ 7 2 shell-model configuration space. The difficulties inherent in the method are detailed, and suggestions for future work are given.
A Macromarketing Ethics Framework: Stakeholder Orientation and Distributive Justice:

This article develops a framework for macromarketing ethics. Macromarketing ethics is concerned with the economic and social impact of the fair distribution of products and other resources through ...
CSST: An Efficient Secure Split-Test for Preventing IC Piracy

With the high costs associated with modern IC fabrication, most semiconductor companies have gone fabless, i.e., they outsource manufacturing of their designs to contract foundries. This horizontal business model has led to many well documented issues associated with untrusted foundries including IC overproduction and shipping improperly or insufficiently tested chips. Entering such chips in the supply chain can be catastrophic for critical applications. We propose a new Secure Split-Test to give control over testing back to the IP owner. Each chip is locked during test. The IP owner is the only entity who can interpret the locked test results and unlock passing chips. In this way, SST can prevent shipping overproduction and defective chips from reaching the supply chain. The proposed method considerably simplifies the communication required between the foundry and IP owner compared to the original version of the secure split test. The results demonstrate that our new technique is more secure than the original and with less communication barriers.
Social rhythm disrupting events increase the risk of recurrence among individuals with bipolar disorder

Objectives As outlined in the social zeitgeber hypothesis, social rhythm disrupting (SRD) life events begin a cascade of social and biological rhythm disruption that may lead to the onset of affective episodes in those vulnerable to bipolar disorder. Thus, the study of SRD events is particularly important in individuals with this chronic condition. The purpose of the current study was to evaluate (i) the extent to which SRD life events increased the risk of recurrence of a bipolar mood episode, and (ii) whether the social rhythm disruption associated with the event conferred an increased risk of recurrence, after accounting for the level of threat associated with the life event. Methods We examined the effect of SRD events on recurrence during preventative treatment in a sample of 118 patients with bipolar disorder who achieved remission from an acute episode after receiving psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy. Life events were measured with the Bedford College Life Events and Difficulty Schedule and were rated for degree of SRD and threat. Results Time-dependent Cox proportional hazards models showed that having a higher SRD rating was significantly associated with an increased risk of recurrence, even when accounting for the threat effect of a life event and psychosocial treatment (hazard ratio = 1.33, 95% confidence interval: 1.04–1.70, p = 0.023). However, this finding fell below conventional levels of statistical significance when accounting for other covariates. Conclusions Our findings lend partial support to the social zeitgeber hypothesis.
Reciprocal (and reductionist?) Newswork

This paper builds upon previous research that examines participatory forms of “reciprocal journalism” and “public communication” led by high school and college students in Miami, Florida, USA, in the fall of 2014. In this study, the students’ assessment of local and national media coverage is used to reveal greater details inherent in examining participatory methods of newswork. Collectively, students said that media coverage emphasis on local and national public officials instead of residents and community members who experience sea-level rise first-hand, combined with a lack of scientific explanation of and solutions for sea-level rise reduced the event's potential to build reciprocal relationships with younger audiences.
The Etiquette of Pluralism

Peter Berger’s The Many Altars of Modernity is considered through the lens of the sociological analysis of race, class, and gender in an effort to show the borderlines between faith and seculairty in the modern world. Berger’s theory is praised for its approach to linking macro- and micro-social processes that confirm the mutual existence of faith and seculaity, but always in historical contexts that change over time.
Characterizing and alleviating substrate limitations for improved in vitro ribosome construction.

Complete cell-free synthesis of ribosomes could make possible minimal cell projects and the construction of variant ribosomes with new functions. Recently, we reported the development of an integrated synthesis, assembly, and translation (iSAT) method for in vitro construction of Escherichia coli ribosomes. iSAT allows simultaneous rRNA synthesis, ribosome assembly, and reporter protein expression as a measure of ribosome activity. Here, we explore causes of iSAT reaction termination to improve efficiency and yields. We discovered that phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP), the secondary energy substrate, and nucleoside triphosphates (NTPs) were rapidly degraded during iSAT reactions. In turn, we observed a significant drop in the adenylate energy charge and termination of protein synthesis. Furthermore, we identified that the accumulation of inorganic phosphate is inhibitory to iSAT. Fed-batch replenishment of PEP and magnesium glutamate (to offset the inhibitory effects of accumulating phosphate by repeated additio...
Climate adaption and post‐fire restoration of a foundational perennial in cold desert: insights from intraspecific variation in response to weather

The loss of foundational but fire-intolerant perennials such as sagebrush due to increases in fire size and frequency in semi-arid regions has motivated efforts to restore them, often with mixed or even no success. Seeds of sagebrush Artemisia tridentata and related species must be moved considerable distances from seed source to planting sites, but such transfers have not been guided by an understanding of local climate adaptation. Initial seedling establishment and its response to weather are a key demographic bottleneck that likely varies among subspecies and populations of sagebrush.
Discussed on Curricular Reform of Botany Experiment

This paper analyzed some abuses of the traditional botany experiment teaching,and gave some ideas about botany experiment teaching reform from experiment contents,the degree of student participation,teaching medias and examination methods,in order to provide reference.
Experimental, Numerical, and Analytical Slosh Dynamics of Water and Liquid Nitrogen in a Spherical Tank

Understanding, predicting, and controlling fluid slosh dynamics is critical to safety and improving performance of space missions when a significant percentage of the spacecraft's mass is a liquid. Computational fluid dynamics simulations can be used to predict the dynamics of slosh, but these programs require extensive validation. Many experimental and numerical studies of water slosh have been conducted. However, slosh data for cryogenic liquids is lacking. Water and cryogenic liquid nitrogen are used in various ground-based tests with a spherical tank to characterize damping, slosh mode frequencies, and slosh forces. A single ring baffle is installed in the tank for some of the tests. Analytical models for slosh modes, slosh forces, and baffle damping are constructed based on prior work. Select experiments are simulated using a commercial CFD software, and the numerical results are compared to the analytical and experimental results for the purposes of validation and methodology-improvement.
GENETICS : AN EXPLOSION OF KNOWLEDGE IS TRANSFORMING CLINICAL PRACTICE

Genetics is considered by many to be the field in which the next revolution in medicine will occur. The Human Genome Project, which is an effort to map the entire sequence of human DNA, is already leading to better diagnostics and therapeutics for clinical medicine. The ultimate goal of genetic medicine is to learn how to prevent disease or to treat it with gene therapy or a drug developed specifically for the underlying defect. Other applications include pharmacogenomics and patient counseling about individual health risks, which will be facilitated by new DNA chip technology. Concerns include how to integrate genetic technology into clinical practice and how to prevent genetic-based discrimination. A new coalition is being developed to educate health professionals about genetic medicine.
Pipe Dreams, Ideals and Transformation in Music Education: Lessons from the Field.

The purpose of this article is to use the lens of the author’s teaching experience to examine the complexities and understand the difficulties involved in transforming instructional practices in secondary schools in the USA. The study is an autoethnography, which is a research approach that examines personal experiences to understand how beliefs are shaped and thereby allow us to interpret our work and the world in a meaningful manner. The paper reviews concerns that critics have expressed regarding the difficulties of reforming large ensemble music instruction in secondary schools. The author’s experiences in attempting to transform his own practice suggest that unexamined underlying values, axioms and power relationships inhibit meaningful change and reform in public school music education. Lessons from testing reform-based ideas by actually working with students and teachers in secondary settings provide insights into the intransient nature of school music practice. The article concludes with suggestio...
MO-DE-201-00: Medical Physics Leadership Academy

Medical physicists possess technical knowledge and problem solving skills required to deliver high quality diagnosis and treatment in the clinic, to provide excellence in research, or to transfer expertise in industrial or regulatory environments. As the healthcare industry rapidly evolves, medical physicists must make a case for ensuring recognition of their value. One of many ways the AAPM is working to ensure stewardship of the profession is through development of the Medical Physics Leadership Academy (MPLA). This session will provide an introduction to the MPLA and one of its focus areas of emotional intelligence. The session will make the case for emotional competencies in addition to technical competencies. MPLA work group representatives will share consolidated results from conducting 360 feedback assessments used to measure emotional competencies of medical physicists. Some emotional competencies contribute more to professional success than others, and the session will explain how to overcome shortcomings. Two specific emotional competencies will be covered: selfawareness and empathy. Learning Objectives: 1.Understand the importance of medical physics leadership in the future of health care 2.Understand emotional intelligence and emotional competencies and ways they can be measured 3.Utilize self-awareness and empathy to improve management of our own emotions and others
Future Time Perspective Connectedness to a Career: The Contextual Effects of Classroom Knowledge Building

Professor Willy Lens has provided inspiration through his scholarship and mentorship for research in Future Time Perspective (FTP) theory. The traditional conceptualization of FTP consists of hierarchically organized psychological constructs that define individual differences in perceptions of the future across varying levels of specificity. The levels of specificity create a nested variable structure that is often described in a top-down fashion, from domain-general to context-specific. In the current study, relations among measures of connectedness, an FTP construct regarding concern for and planfulness about the future, are examined at three levels of specificity: domain-general, domain-specific, and context-specific. We examine interactions between domain-specific and domain-general levels of FTP. A sample of 3962 undergraduate engineering majors (mean age 20) from a large research university in the southwestern United States of America were surveyed. Hierarchical linear modeling was used to examine the hypothesis that aggregate classroom levels of student knowledge building moderate relations in the nested connectedness variable structure. At the student level of analysis measures of students’ domain-general, domain-specific, and context-specific connectedness were significantly and positively related. At the classroom level of analysis, results indicated that higher levels of aggregate classroom knowledge building shifted the direction of relations suggesting that in more engaging classroom contexts perceived value of learning for reaching a future goal may shape how students plan for future careers (domain-specific FTP). Implications for FTP theory are discussed.
Influence of Pt Nanoparticle Induced Defects and Surface Coverage in Determining Asymmetric Programming/Erasing Signatures for Nanocrystal Embedded Nonvolatile Memory Applications

Metal nanocrystal embedded nonvolatile memory (NVM) devices have attracted significant attention over the past two decades as promising alternatives to conventional floating gate memory devices. This study explores the applicability of sub-2 nm Pt nanoparticle (NP) embedded in ALD Al2O3 as charge storage nodes in Si-based NVM devices. The influence of Pt NP-induced border traps within Al2O3 near the Si surface and their surface coverage dependent pinning of Pt NP work function are explored as part of this study. The pinning of the nanocrystal memories induced by a high density of dangling bonds near the Pt NP/Al2O3 interface skews the expected charging/discharging characteristics with electron programming favored over holes. The degree of this pinning has been probed utilizing C–V measurements and has been dependent on the density of Al2O3 dangling bonds near the Pt NP surface. This density of dangling bonds acting as border traps has been observed as an increasing function of the Pt NP surface percent coverage. Gaining adequate understanding the location, energy, and positioning of the energy levels of these defects at the metal/high-k interface relative to Si band gap can help overcome poor retention and leakage issues that typically compromise the performance of new generation memory devices.
Disseminated pilomyxoid astrocytoma in infancy with novel MUTYH mutation.

A 3-month-old girl presented with 5 days of abnormal eye movements. Neurological examination was significant for axial hypotonia. MRI of the brain revealed extensive T2 prolongation and enhancement within the optic chiasm, optic nerves, bilateral basal ganglia, cerebellum and temporal lobes (figure 1). MRI of the spine showed extensive enhancement along the cervicomedullary junction and cervical and thoracic cord consistent with leptomeningeal metastatic disease (figure 2). The patient underwent right frontotemporal craniotomy for debulking of the tumour and biopsy. Neuropathology revealed a moderately cellular tumour with uniform nuclei, small amounts of myxoid material and perivascular clearing consistent with pilomyxoid astrocytoma …
When Emotional Pain Becomes Physical: Adverse Childhood Experiences, Pain, and the Role of Mood and Anxiety Disorders

Objective We examined the association between retrospective reports of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and painful medical conditions. We also examined the mediating and moderating roles of mood and anxiety disorders in the ACEs–painful medical conditions relationship. Method Ten-year longitudinal data were obtained from the National Comorbidity Surveys (NCS-1, NCS-2; N = 5001). The NCS-1 obtained reports of ACEs, current health conditions, current pain severity, and mood and anxiety disorders. The NCS-2 assessed for painful medical conditions (e.g., arthritis/rheumatism, chronic back/neck problems, severe headaches, other chronic pain). Results Specific ACEs (e.g., verbal and sexual abuse, parental psychopathology, and early parental loss) were associated with the painful medical conditions. Baseline measures of depression, bipolar disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder were also associated with the number of painful medical conditions. Anxiety and mood disorders were found to partially mediate the ACEs–painful medical conditions relationship. We determined through mediation analyses that ACEs were linked to an increase in anxiety and mood disorders, which, in turn, were associated with an increase in the number of painful medical conditions. We determined through moderation analyses that ACEs had an effect on increasing the painful medical conditions at both high and low levels of anxiety and mood disorders; though, surprisingly, the effect was greater among participants at lower levels of mood and anxiety disorders. Conclusion There are pernicious effects of ACEs across mental and physical domains. Dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal stress response and the theory of reserve capacity are reviewed to integrate our findings of the complex relationships.
Resolving ambiguities in accelerometer data due to location of sensor on wrist in application to detection of smoking gesture

Diseases resulting from prolonged smoking are the most common preventable causes of death in the world today. Automated identification of smoking gestures can help to initiate the appropriate intervention method and prevent relapses in smoking. In previous work, we investigated the success of utilizing accelerometer sensors in smart watches to identify smoking gestures. Our experiments have indicated that identification of smoking gestures is indeed possible with 85%–95% accuracy through the use of Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs). As a follow-up study we present an investigation into the ambiguities in accelerometer data that arise due to the position of the smart watch on a person's wrist. As such, we have developed a method for transforming data to resolve the ambiguities for eight common configurations on the wrist. In this study we have utilized sensor data from the Pebble Time Steel smart watch. Results of our investigation indicate 100% success in recovery of individual smoking gestures after our developed transformation. Additionally our results indicate an average increase of 29.6% in detection accuracy when the method is applied to continuous smoking sessions. The methodology created in this work will be integrated into a mobile application for the automated detection of smoking to make it more flexible and robust. Inclusion of this method will greatly increase the accuracy of the ANN when it is faced with varying configurations of the watch.
Benefactors and Beneficiaries? Disability and Care to Others

Individuals with disabilities often have limitations that require care from others to increase functioning and facilitate activities of daily living. Despite these care-receiving needs, evidence suggests people with disabilities are also care givers. This study uses the 2008–2015 American Time Use Survey to examine the association between the presence of sensory, mental or cognitive, physical, or multiple limitations and the likelihood and intensity of time spent in primary child care, secondary child care, adult care, care of nonhouseholders, and support care (housework). Net of socioeconomic characteristics, the authors do not observe consistent differences in predicted child care time by disability status, although men with disabilities spend less time in care to adults and nonhouseholders. The largest difference in predicted care time by disability status occurs in support care. Overall, the results challenge the traditional focus on people with disabilities as only beneficiaries of care to document their role as benefactors.
Machismo and higher education: Examining the relation between caballerismo and ethnic identity, support seeking, and sense of connectedness among college Latinos

Latino men, part of the nation’s largest and fastest-growing minority group, stand to benefit from new knowledge related to factors that positively influence college persistence. In this study, the...
Policy Preferences and Policy Change: Dynamic Responsiveness in the American States, 1936–2014

Using eight decades of data, we examine the magnitude, mechanisms, and moderators of dynamic responsiveness in the American states. We show that on both economic and (especially) social issues, the liberalism of state publics predicts future change in state policy liberalism. Dynamic responsiveness is gradual, however; large policy shifts are the result of the cumulation of incremental responsiveness over many years. Partisan control of government appears to mediate only a fraction of responsiveness, suggesting that, contrary to conventional wisdom, responsiveness occurs in large part through the adaptation of incumbent officials. Dynamic responsiveness has increased over time but does not seem to be influenced by institutions such as direct democracy or campaign finance regulations. We conclude that our findings, though in some respects normatively ambiguous, on the whole paint a reassuring portrait of statehouse democracy.
Fluid-structure interaction in turbulent flows; a CFD based aeroelastic algorithm using LES

Abstract Strong (two-way) coupling of fluid and structure presents interest to vary engineering applications, particularly when the flow is turbulent and sensitive to the structure motions. In the present work a CFD based algorithm, using large-eddy simulation, is proposed for the numerical investigation of strong aeroelastic fluid-structure coupling. The present work concerns the highly turbulent flows. The Reynolds number effect on the aeroelastic response of vertical flat plate in cross-flow is subject of investigation. The results of the present work indicate that there is a strong coupling between fluid and structure, and thus the fluid and structure influence each other in a particular manner. Also the results show that the aeroelastic response of the structure depends on the flow Reynolds number. It was observed that the structure's deformations increase with the Reynolds number.
Treatment of Cyclophosphamide-Induced Hemorrhagic Cystitis with Intravesical Carboprost Tromethamine

We review our experience with 18 consecutive patients who received intravesical carboprost tromethamine, an F2-alpha prostaglandin, for severe hemorrhagic cystitis following cyclophosphamide chemotherapy. Of the patients 16 were given cyclophosphamide for conditioning before bone marrow transplantation and 2 received the drug as cytotoxic therapy alone (dose range 3.6 to 15.8 gm.). All patients had severe gross hematuria that was refractory to forced diuresis and to continuous saline bladder irrigation. The intravesical prostaglandin therapy was initiated only after significant transfusion requirements (greater than 1 unit packed red blood cells per day) and/or numerous catheter manipulations for relief of clot retention. Eligible patients underwent complete clot evacuation followed by intravesical instillation of 0.4 to 1.0 mg.% carboprost tromethamine for 2 hours 4 times per day, alternating with continuous saline bladder irrigation for 2 hours. Six patients attempted an alternate protocol of 0.8 to 1.0 mg.% carboprost tromethamine given by continuous saline bladder irrigation. Complete resolution of gross hematuria occurred in 9 patients (50%). Eight patients had a partial response, with decreased transfusion requirements noted. However, complete resolution ultimately required an alternative therapy (for example formalin or urinary diversion). One patient (6%) failed to respond and required formalin therapy on day 4 of carboprost tromethamine therapy. Decreased red blood cell transfusion requirements were noted during and after therapy when compared to pretreatment values. No changes in renal or bladder function were noted during the mean followup of 17 weeks (range 1 to 64 weeks). There were 3 cases of recurrent hematuria. Side effects were limited to bladder spasm in 14 of the 18 patients (78%), with no systemic complications. The results suggest that carboprost tromethamine is a useful bedside therapy for hemorrhagic cystitis due to cyclophosphamide, and treatment appears to have minimal toxicity.
Synthesis of Ethers

One of the most useful applications of phase transfer catalysis in nucleophilic substitution has been in the Williamson ether synthesis. The reaction of an alkoxide anion with an alkyl halide or sulfonate to give either symmetrical or unsymmetrical ethers (depending on reactants) shows significant improvement in convenience, reaction rate, and yield when conducted under phase transfer catalytic conditions.
Code Calibration of Extreme Wind Return Periods

Design wind speeds upon which the Uniform Building Code provisions are based represent the highest gust speed recorded in a 39-yr period at most of the stations for which records were available. The question arises whether this highest wind speed can be related to some mean recurrence interval. It will be shown in this note that such is indeed the case.
HETEROMORPHIC A CHROMOSOMES OF THE TOMATO DIFFERING IN SATELLITE SIZE

In cultivated tomato plants which were largely but not exclusively derived from triploids, chromosomes of two distinct sizes were found associated with the nucleolus in the pollen mother cells. Since a trivalent was found on the nucleolus in the simple trisomic type, triplo-A only, evidently it is the A or first chromosome which is dimorphic. At somatic metaphase this chromosome has a distinct satellite. Satellites of two sizes were found on the nucleolus in early prophase of somatic mitosis, and the difference in the length of the satellites corresponded to the difference in the length of the respective A chromosomes in the pollen mother cells. It is the length of the satellite which differs in long and short A chromosomes, the remainder of the chromosome appearing the same. Diploid plants have either a pair of long A chromosomes (“long long”), a pair of short (“short short”), or a long and a short A chromosome (“long short”). The remaining eleven pairs of chromosomes show no corresponding size difference or changed association in long A long A, short A short A, or long A short A plants.
Brain Lesions: Induction, Analysis, and the Problem of Recovery of Function

The ablation of tissue is a traditional approach to the study of its function, with regard to both peripheral structures and elements within the central nervous system. For many years this was the principal technique used by neuropsychologists in their studies of brain-behavior relationships, and it remains, in many ways, the most simple of the various approaches that are in common use. In this chapter we will discuss some of the basic techniques that are used and problems that occur when brain lesions are produced by (a) an electrode used to destroy all tissue at the target site, (b) a knife used specifically to disjoin fiber tracts, or (c) chemicals administered intracranially in order to destroy selectively certain types of neurons. Then we will discuss some problems in assessing the effects of lesions, with special attention paid to those that are caused by recovery of function within residual elements of the damaged system.
Mechanical design and computational aspects for locomotion and reconfiguration of the ModRED modular robot

In this paper we describe the mechanical construction and AI-based planning techniques for the locomotion and reconfiguration of a modular self-reconfigurable robot(MSR) called ModRED (Modular Robot for Exploration and Discovery). ModRED is a highly dexterous, chain-type MSR with 4 degrees of freedom. It can maneuver in tight spaces and is suitable for autonomous locomotion over unstructured and uneven terrain such those encountered in extra-terrestrial environments like the surface of the Moon or Mars, or, in environments that are difficult to navigate for humans like the inside of a volcanic crater. ModRED uses gait tables for navigating in a fixed configuration. We have developed a fuzzy logic control based approach for dynamically adapting ModRED's gait without changing its configuration, if its goal changes or if its motion is impeded by an obstacle. We also describe our research on reconfiguration planning in ModRED using a coalition game theory based technique that allows the modules to dynamically reconfigure into a new shape while reducing the time and cost expended to achieve the new configuration.
Optimization of Hairy Root Induction in Solanum tuberosum

An efficient protocol for hairy root induction in Solanum tuberosum was established using Agrobacterium rhizogenes. Transformation of Desiree was more efficient than with Shepody or Purple Majesty. Transformation efficiency of Desiree tuber discs (97% transformation efficiency) was higher in comparison to root (67% transformation efficiency), stem (61% transformation efficiency) and leaf (14% transformation efficiency) explants. Bacterial density, culture parameters, explant type, and genotype influenced the transformation efficiency, as well as the growth of hairy roots. Hairy root transformation efficiency in explants treated with acetosyringone was enhanced from 72 to 89% in Purple Majesty tubers and 56 to 80% in roots during co-cultivation. The growth rate of hairy roots from tuber discs was about 5 times greater than that of hairy roots from leaves. Tuber hairy roots were highly resistant to kanamycin in the absence of NPT II. This study describes the efficient generation of hairy roots in different potato tissues and cultivars that can provide a fast method to generate transformed tissue or be used for production of secondary metabolites.
Anytime dynamic A*: an anytime, replanning algorithm

We present a graph-based planning and replanning algorithm able to produce bounded suboptimal solutions in an anytime fashion. Our algorithm tunes the quality of its solution based on available search time, at every step reusing previous search efforts. When updated information regarding the underlying graph is received, the algorithm incrementally repairs its previous solution. The result is an approach that combines the benefits of anytime and incremental planners to provide efficient solutions to complex, dynamic search problems. We present theoretical analysis of the algorithm, experimental results on a simulated robot kinematic arm, and two current applications in dynamic path planning for outdoor mobile robots.
Knowledge Spillovers in High Technology Agglomerations: Measurement and Modelling

Malecki (1980) observed that one of the characteristics of innovative or high-tech firms is that they tend to cluster in relatively few places. In the United States, for instance, a large proportion of the high tech industry is concentrated in Silicon Valley. Indeed, if we use patents to measure innovative activity in the United States, we see that about 50 percent of U.S. patenting activity occurs in only six states: California [where Silicon Valley is located], New York, Texas, Illinois, Michigan, and New Jersey.
Use of a multi-drug regimen gemcitabine, 5-fluorouracil, irinotecan, cisplatin bevacizumab, docetaxel and cyclophosphamide (GFIP/BDC) for heavily pretreated epithelial ovarian (EOC), Fallopian tube (FT) and primary peritoneal (PP) cancer.

e17073Background: Despite initial response rates to standard platinum-based chemotherapy for EOC/FT/PP, the majority of patients relapse. The purpose of this study was to describe response and tole...