cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reading The Web with Learned Syntactic-Semantic Inference Rules

We study how to extend a large knowledge base (Freebase) by reading relational information from a large Web text corpus. Previous studies on extracting relational knowledge from text show the potential of syntactic patterns for extraction, but they do not exploit background knowledge of other relations in the knowledge base. We describe a distributed, Web-scale implementation of a path-constrained random walk model that learns syntactic-semantic inference rules for binary relations from a graph representation of the parsed text and the knowledge base. Experiments show significant accuracy improvements in binary relation prediction over methods that consider only text, or only the existing knowledge base.
Indicator principal component kriging

An alternative to multiple indicator kriging is proposed which approximates the full coindicator kriging system by kriging the principal components of the original indicator variables. This transformation is studied in detail for the biGaussian model. It is shown that the cross-correlations between principal components are either insignificant or exactly zero. This result allows derivation of the conditional cumulative density function (cdf) by kriging principal components and then applying a linear back transform. A performance comparison based on a real data set (Walker Lake) is presented which suggests that the proposed method achieves approximation of the conditional cdf equivalent to indicator cokriging but with substantially less variogram modeling effort and at smaller computational cost.
Modified maleic anhydride copolymers as e-beam resists

MOdified Maleic Anhydride Copolymers as E-Beam ResistsSandeep Malhotra1, Bernard C. Dems2, Yarrow M.N. Namaste2,Ferdinand Rodriguez2, S..Kay Obendorf2,1Advanced Technology Center, Motorola Inc., Mesa, AZ 85202,2Olin Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853.ABSTRACFCopolymers of maleic anhydride with styrene, ethylene, and methyl vinyl ether were modified andevaluated for use as negative working resist materials in electron beam lithography. The copolymers usedwere modified by reaction with an organometallic compound, which resulted in incorporation of tin in thependant chains of the copolymers. The polymers were blended with a reactive plasticizer, dipentaerythritolpentaacrylate (DPEPA), to enhance sensitivity and to improve resolution. The esterified copolymer ofstyrene and maleic anhydride was fractionated to obtain fractions with a range of molecular weights anddispersities. The fractions obtained were used to determine effects of molecular weight and dispersity of thebase polymer on sensitivity and contrast of the resist. The lithographic response of the modified copolymerswas compared with that of the original unmodified base copolymer. Incorporation of tin into the copolymerresulted in an increase in sensitivity to electron beam. It also improved the dimensional stability of the resistmaterial. There was a dramatic increase in oxygen reactive ion resistance by incorporation of tin, which wasa result of formation of an etch-resistant passivating barrier. The etch resistance of the tin modifiedcopolymer containing approximately 20 weight % tin was about twenty fold higher than that of poly(methylmethacrylate) under identical etching conditions. Blending the polymer with dipentaerythritol pentaacrylateresulted in a twenty fold increase in electron beam sensitivity over the base copolymer. Tin modifiedpolymers blended with this plasticizer yielded sensitivities in the range of 0.2 to 1 .5tC/cm2. Fractions ofcopolymer obtained were blended with DPEPA and evaluated for lithographic properties. Increase inmolecular weight of the base polymer results in increase in sensitivity of the resist. Monodisperse polymersyielded higher contrast and better resolution. The effect of molecular weight of base copolymer on contrastwas determined independent of molecular weight distribution.1. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
DESIGN OF AN ACTIVE MASS DAMPER FOR A TALL TV TOWER IN NANJING, CHINA

The design of an active mass damper to reduce the effects of wind vibrations on a tall (340 m) communication tower in Nanjing, China is presented herein. The existing tower has excessive vibrations under the design wind loads, beyond the comfort level. The design of a mass damper needs to meet several constraints resulting from space, strength and power limitations. The selection of an active alternative for the mass damper is the result of economical and performance considerations within the specified constraints. The paper emphasizes the use of a single mode approach for the design evaluations vs the multi-modal approach. Nonlinear control strategies combined with the design constraints produce a feasible solution for the damper design. The paper emphasizes the system approach to the design in which the performance, the physical constraints and the implementation issues, such as power-force relations and frictional effects, are simultaneously considered. Neglecting any of the above issues may result in an inadequate solution.
Initiation of irreversible differentiation in vaginal epithelium

Ovariectomized mice were given estrogen and progesterone either independently, or simultaneously, or in sequence. Thymidine-H3 was also injected, and the tissues were radioautographed. Analysis of modulation and differentiation was based on the morphological changes seen in cell populations identified by the presence or absence of radioactive nuclei. Estrogen induced cells newly formed in the basal layer to differentiate into a stratified squamous, keratinizing epithelium but did not convert the slowly proliferating surface cells. Progesterone accelerated basal cell proliferation, although this effect was expressed about a day later than when estrogen was used. When both hormones were used in succession, neither could do more than modify the appearance of the cells produced under the influence of the other hormone. However, either hormone could cause proliferation, migration and differentiation of cells from the same basal cells that had previously been the source of cells induced to differentiate by the other hormone. Therefore, the same basal cells can give rise to either stratified squamous or mucous epithelium. Shortly after cells leave the basal layer under the influence of one hormone they cannot be induced to follow the opposite path of differentiation by reversal of hormone treatment. That is, estrogen or progesterone can induce true differentiation as cells leave the basal layer, but only modulation above this level. Consequently, the initiation of relatively irreversible differentiation in this system is closely associated with the stage at which a cell is produced by mitosis from a less differentiated cell and does not appear related to obvious cytoplasmic differentiation.
A two-component model for two-body nucleon diffraction dissociation and comparison with data from π-p at 3.9 GeV/c and p-p at fermilab and ISR energies

Abstract The isospin | M 1 2 o | 2 amplitude measured by means of π±p interactions at 3.9 GeV/c is compared to the low mass diffraction dissociation distributions in the process p+p→p+X at incident momentum from 175 to 400 GeV/c and p+p→(nπ+)+p at 1500 GeV/c. The comparison is made within the framework of a two-component model which predicts that the properties of the |M 1 2 o | 2 amplitude at 3.9 GeV/c should be describe the p-p process. This predictio n is shown to be in excellent agreement with the high energy data.
Ultrastructural changes in the hepatocytes of green sunfish, Lepomis cyanellus Rafinesque, exposed to solutions of sodium arsenate

The rate and level of arsenic accumulation in the liver of green sunfish is greater than that in the other organs examined. The level to which arsenic is concentrated is positively associated with the concentration of arsenic, in solution in the immediate environment of a fish, the duration of exposure to arsenic, and water temperature, Since it was found that accumulation causes histopathological changes, a study was made to examine the appearance of and rate of change in hepatocyte ultrastructure morphology following exposure to arsenic concentrations of 0, 30, or 60 ppm and after exposure times of one, two, or three weeks at 20°C. As arsenic concentration and exposure time increased, electron dense particles were observed, and the numbers of intranuclear and cytoplasmic electron dense particles and aberrant mitochondria increased. Also, lysosomes and smooth endoplasmic reticulum increased in number, while the number of myelin figures decreased.
Goldberg revisited: What's in an author's name?

The present research was a replication and extension of Goldberg's 1968 study of performance evaluation. 360 college students (180 male; 180 female) were asked to evaluate an academic article in the fields of politics, psychology of women or education (judged masculine, feminine, and neutral, respectively) that was written either by a male, female, or an author whose name was initialized. Results indicated that the articles were differentially perceived and evaluated according to the name of the author. An article written by a male was evaluated more favorably than if the author was not male. Subjects' bias against women was stronger when they believed the author with the initialized name was female.
Addition of maltodextrins to the nonreducing-end of acarbose by reaction of acarbose with cyclomaltohexaose and cyclomaltodextrin glucanyltransferase

Abstract New kinds of acarbose analogues were synthesized by the reaction of acarbose with cyclomaltohexaose and cyclomaltodextrin glucanyltransferase (CGTase). Three major CGTase coupling products were separated and purified by Bio-Gel P2 gel-permeation chromatography. Digestion of the three products by beta-amylase and glucoamylase showed that they were composed of maltohexaose (G6), maltododecaose (G12), and maltooctadecaose (G18), respectively, attached to the nonreducing-end of acarbose. 13 C NMR of the glucoamylase product ( d -glucopyranosyl-acarbose) showed that the d -glucose moiety was attached α- to the C-4-OH group of the nonreducing-end cyclohexene ring of acarbose, indicating that the maltodextrins were attached α-(1→4) to the nonreducing-end cyclohexene of acarbose.
Comparison of the Catalytic Roles Played by the KMSKS Motif in the Human and Bacillus stearothermophilus Tyrosyl-tRNA Synthetases

The Class I aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are characterized by two signature sequence motifs, "HIGH" and "KMSKS." In Bacillus stearothermophilus tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase, the KMSKS motif (230KFGKT234) has been shown to stabilize the transition state for tyrosine activation through interactions with the pyrophosphate moiety of ATP. In most eukaryotic tyrosyl-tRNA synthetases, the second lysine in the KMSKS motif is replaced by a serine or an alanine residue. Recent kinetic studies indicate that potassium functionally compensates for the absence of the second lysine in the human tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase (222KKSSS226). In this paper, site-directed mutagenesis and pre-steady state kinetics are used to determine the roles that serines 224, 225, and 226 play in catalysis of the tyrosine activation reaction. In addition, the catalytic role played by a downstream lysine conserved in eukaryotic tyrosyl-tRNA synthetases, Lys-231, is investigated. Replacing Ser-224 and Ser-226 with alanine decreases the forward rate constant 7.5- and 60-fold, respectively. In contrast, replacing either Ser-225 or Lys-231 with alanine has no effect on the catalytic activity of the enzyme. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the KMSSS sequence in human tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase stabilizes the transition state for the tyrosine activation reaction by interacting with the pyrophosphate moiety of ATP. In addition, although they play similar roles in catalysis, the overall contribution of the KMSKS motif to catalysis appears to be significantly less in human tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase than it is in the B. stearothermophilus enzyme.
Effect of short-term storage on quality parameters, DNA integrity, and oxidative stress in Russian (Acipenser gueldenstaedtii) and Siberian (Acipenser baerii) sturgeon sperm

Abstract The sperm of Russian sturgeon ( A. gueldenstaedtii ) and Siberian sturgeon ( A. baerii ) was used to evaluate the effects of short-term (liquid) storage on functional parameters (spermatozoa motility and velocity), DNA integrity and oxidative stress indices. Spermatozoa showed >50% motility during 6 days of storage with an average velocity of 133.12±15.4 to 87.9±11.23μm s −1 in both species. No motile spermatozoa were recorded after nine days of storage. Analysis of Russian sturgeon sperm showed no significant differences in DNA damage expressed as percent tail DNA and Olive Tail Moment for first three days of storage. In Siberian sturgeon significant differences in DNA damage were detected after two days of storage. The level of oxidative stress indices (TBARS, CP) and antioxidant activity (SOD) increased significantly with storage time in both species. Results of this study can be utilized for successful reproduction management and cryopreservation protocols of these endangered species.
Phonon Precursors to the High Temperature Martensitic Transformation in Ti50Pd42Cr8

Inelastic neutron scattering measurements were carried out on the Ti 50 Pd 50-x Cr x alloy, which is a high temperature shape memory material. For x=0, the transformation temperature is -800K and for the composition studied (x=8 at.%) M s ∼ 400K. The majority of the measurements were performed in the parent, B2-phase, up to 873K. Most of the phonons propagating along the three symmetry directions [ζ00], [ζζζ], and [ζζ0] were well defined with the exception of the [ζζ0] transverse acoustic mode with displacements along the [-ζζ0] corresponding to the C'=1/2(C 11 -C 12 ) elastic constant in the ζ → 0 limit. These phonons are well defined for small ζ, but for ζ>0.10 they are strongly overdamped near the transition temperature and become better defined at higher temperatures. An elastic peak develops in the cubic phase at ζ=0.22 and increases in intensity as M s is approached. However, the dispersion curves show no anomaly at this particular wavevector, in marked contrast to the lattice dynamic studies of other systems exhibiting Martensitic transformations.
An excess of ‘national exceptionalism’: towards a new political geography of american foreign policy

Abstract The political geography of inter-state behavior has often had distinct overtones of ‘national exceptionalism’. This is the tendency for a political geographer to assume or argue for his particular country's unique ‘mission’ or ‘destiny’ in the world. ‘Expansion’ and ‘containment’, which together define the basic geographical metaphors of this genre, have been justified in terms of each country's unique character. American exceptionalism has been a particularly powerful doctrine. In an attempt to confront this conventional wisdom, the idealist roots of exceptionalism are exposed and an alternative approach to the political geography of inter-state behavior, using American foreign policy as an illustrative case, is outlined. The alternative approach involves focusing upon the global context of competitive inter-state relations associated with the growth of a modern world political economy. The main conclusion is that though the political geography of American foreign policy has changed considerably over the years, and this can be explained within a world political economy perspective, exceptionalist arguments offer much the same by way of justification today as they did in the early 19th century. Their ‘transcendental idealism’ offers no means of accounting for the changed political geography.
Nuclear magnetic resonance and relaxation of 195Pt in platinum-palladium alloys☆

Nuclear magnetic resonance experiments on 195Pt in Pt1-xPdx show that the local d-spin susceptibility in these alloys is much smaller at the platinum sites than at the palladium sites.
The complementary class of generalized flow cover inequalities

Abstract This note gives the complement of the class of ‘generalized flow cover’ inequalities for a single-node structure as derived originally by Van Roy and Wolsey (1986). Despite the similarity with earlier results, there are some elegant relationships between the original and the complementary class of generalized flow covers. It is demonstrated how this class can be of benefit when used in conjunction with the original one.
Speaking the Impossible 'No'

A critical appreciation of the impact of Talal Asad's "The Construction of Religion as an Anthropological Category" to the study of religion.
Tunable and active metasurface-based on-chip antennas

In this paper, a metasurface structure is designed specifically for a 60 GHz on-chip antenna implementation. The design concept, characteristics and fabrication are discussed and the simulation results are well compared with the measurement. Then, the advantage of using metasurface integrated with both active loads and Varactors to enhance the tunability is explored.
Extreme Requirements for Robotics in Space Exploration and Utilization

This article intends to list and analyze the class of specific requirements implied in the R&D work for robotic systems suited for space exploration and utilization. The requirements can be called as "extreme" relative to application of robotic systems on Earth when the following facts are considered for space applications: (i) the function or work to be performed in space, (ii) how to get the robotic system to its workplace in space, (iii) specific workplace conditions in space, (iv) power supply to the working robot system in space, (v) sufficient and safe local autonomy embedded in the robot system for successful operation in space, (vi) secure and effective two-way communication from Earth with the remote robot system in space
An analytic benchmark solution to the linear, time-dependent isothermal laminar flow fission-product plateout problem

Abstract The time-dependent convective-diffusion equation with radioactive decay is solved analytically in axisymmetric cylindrical geometry for laminar and slug velocity profiles under isothermal conditions. Concentration-dependent diffusion is neglected. The laminar flow solution is derived using the method of separation of variables and Frobenius' technique for constructing a series expansion about a regular singular point. These solutions, which describe the transport of fission products in a flowing stream, are then used to determine the pointwise and integrated concentrations of radioactive material deposited on a conduit wall using a standard mass-transfer model. Extensive parametric investigations have been conducted by varying the wall mass-transfer coefficient, diffusion coefficient, flow velocity, pipe radius and species half-life in the deposition models. The computational results indicate that the plateout estimates for the slug flow model are typically 5–100% greater than for the laminar model. The effect of axial diffusion is necessarily negligible for Peclet numbers greater than 100. Little increased plateout is observed for Peclet numbers less than 100; an additional 8% is predicted for a Peclet number of 20 if axial diffusion is included. Characteristic stream, wall and integrated deposition profiles are shown. Representative results from the analysis of fission-product deposition measurements for diffusion tubes in the Fort St Vrain high-temperature gas-cooled reactor plateout probe are presented. Using single-region slug and laminar models, the wall mass-transfer coefficients, diffusion coefficients and inlet concentrations are determined using least-squares analysis. The diffusion coefficients and inlet concentrations are consistent between tubes. The computed diffusion coefficients and wall mass-transfer coefficients are in agreement with known literature values. The analysis indicates that little difference can be discerned between computed laminar and slub flow-model parameters unless accurate data is obtained under strictly regulated conditions.
Anomalous development of the hepatobiliary system in the inv mouse

Extrahepatic biliary atresia (BA) is a devastating disease of the neonate in which the hepatic and/or common bile duct is obliterated or interrupted. Infants and children with this diagnosis constitute 50% to 60% of the pediatric population that undergoes orthotopic liver transplantation. However, there is still very little known about the etiology and pathogenesis of BA. Several recent studies have demonstrated that anomalies of situs determination are more commonly associated with BA than previously recognized. In this study, we examined the pathogenesis of jaundice in the inv mouse, a transgenic mouse in which a recessive deletion of the inversin gene results in situs inversus and jaundice. The results show that these mice have cholestasis with conjugated hyperbilirubinemia, failure to excrete technetium-labeled mebrofenin from the liver into the small intestine, lack of continuity between the extrahepatic biliary tree and the small intestine as demonstrated by Trypan blue cholangiography, and a liver histological picture indicative of extrahepatic biliary obstruction with negligible inflammation/necrosis within the hepatic parenchyma. Lectin histochemical staining of biliary epithelial cells in serial sections suggests the presence of several different anomalies in the architecture of the extrahepatic biliary system. These results suggest that the inversin gene plays an essential role in the morphogenesis of the hepatobiliary system and raise the possibility that alterations in the human orthologue of inversin account for some of the cases of BA in which there are also anomalies of situs determination.
Infective Endocarditis Complicated by Acute Ischemic Stroke from Septic Embolus: Successful Solitaire FR Thrombectomy

Infective endocarditis (IE) is often complicated by systemic embolization. Acute stroke due to septic emboli is a particularly dreaded complication. Optimal treatment for acute stroke in IE has not been well outlined. Fibrinolytic therapy may be associated with increased risk for hemorrhagic transformation in patients with acute stroke in the setting of IE. We present a case of IE complicated by acute stroke which was successfully treated with mechanical thrombectomy. This case illustrates a role of mechanical thrombectomy devices in this patient population.
Radiogenic Male Breast Cancer with in Vitro Sensitivity to Ionizing Radiation and Bleomycin

A cytogenetically normal man with gynecomastia and a family history of diverse cancers developed adenocarcinoma of the breast 30 years following thymic irradiation. In vitro experiments measuring colony-forming ability of cultured skin fibroblasts from family members implied that the patient had a small but significant increase in sensitivity to ionizing radiation, and a moderate increase in sensitivity to bleomycin, a radiomimetic drug. Enhanced radiosensitivity of fibroblasts from the patient's mother, and bleomycin sensitivity of fibroblasts from the sister suggested, but did not prove, that genetic susceptibility affected the risk of radiogenic cancer in this individual. In vitro studies of cancer-prone kindreds are a useful research strategy in delineating mechanisms of carcinogenesis.
Physical indicators in clinical nursing research or Why do I need to know what

After reviewing a number of research methods in nursing a case was made for the use of sensors, such as electrodes, thermisters, thermometers, designed to note or sense change in physical indicators or measurable signs and symptoms. These sensors, it is argued, afford clinical nursing research appropriate measurement and recording tools for any type of study. It is conceded that physical indicators used in research must be subjected to some form of consensual validation and calibration and advice is provided. The author concludes that even the experimental studies are largely descriptive but contends that the instruments of today forecast a miniscule view of tomorrow's possibilities for improving the quality of patient care and adding to the ‘science of practice’.
Malignancyin vivo of chick embryo cells infected with Rous sarcoma virusin vitro

Des cultures de cellules d'embryons de poulet mâles infectees avec le virus du sarcome de Rous sont cancerigenes lorsqu'elles sont inoculees dans l'aile de poulets de la meme souche Leghorn (‘inbred’). Les sarcomes produits dans l'animal et les cellules transformees en culture ont la meme chromatine sexuelle mâle, meme si les tumeurs se sont developpees dans des femelles. Au contraire, si les tumeurs sont produites par le virus, et non pas par des cellules infectees, la chromatine est du meme sexe que l'animal recepteur.
Assessing response of therapy for acute and chronic graft-versus-host disease.

Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Currently, there are no formal guidelines for assessing the response to GVHD therapy, limiting clinical care and the development of clinical trials. There are proposals for assessing response to acute GVHD therapy. For example, response to therapy at day 28 is predictive of treatment-related mortality. Response to therapy at the same time point may also be predictive of overall survival. The NIH Response Criteria Working Group of the Consensus Conference has proposed guidelines that will help make collection of chronic GVHD (cGVHD) response data more uniform so that response assessment can be formally studied. Core measures of cGVHD including organ-specific assessments and the Lee cGVHD symptom scale were first proposed. In addition, provisional criteria for definition of response were suggested. Finally, biomarkers may provide a powerful tool for predicting resp...
Should helicopter frequent flyers wear head protection? A study of helmet effectiveness.

Flight helmets have been recommended as aircrew head protection since 1908, yet debate continues regarding their effectiveness. Estimates of helmet use in civilian helicopter aeromedical programs range from 6.5% to 13%. The effectiveness of the Army's SPH-4 flight helmet in reducing severe head injuries sustained during helicopter accidents was evaluated using the accident data base at the US Army Safety Center, Fort Rucker, Alabama. Analysis was restricted to severe (Class A) accidents that were at least partially survivable, using US Army Safety Center criteria. Occupants not wearing a protective helmet were significantly more likely to sustain severe and fatal head injuries than were occupants wearing the SPH-4 (RR = 3.8 and 6.3, respectively; P less than .01). Unhelmeted noncockpit occupants were at higher risk of head injuries (RR = 5.3 and 7.5; P less than .01). All personnel regularly participating in helicopter flight, civilian or military, should be equipped with protective headgear.
Leadership amid the constraints of trust

The leader’s role is a two‐fold cultural and teaching enterprise: institutionalizing cultural principles in their organizations and then teaching followers to internalize these cultural principles in their actions. The specific features of an organization’s culture condition what leaders do and how they do it. However, leaders also condition the culture by their actions and beliefs. Seen this way, a leader’s primary activity is to create a culture supportive of desired values. As followers internalize these cultural values, they develop a devotion to the institution that cannot come in any other way. This both requires trust and encourages trust. The task is not simple; it is fraught with difficulty, pitfalls, and barriers. This article explains some constraints that hinder the development of a culture based on trust specifically and the enterprise of leadership in general.
Criminalizing Ecological Harm: Crimes Against Carrying Capacity and the Criminalization of Eco-Sinners

This article examines how a broader class of environmentally harmful behavior can be examined from a criminological frame of reference. By using examples of soil degradation and anthropogenic climate change, it is argued that environmentally damaging behavior is similar to many other types of crime. Particularly when taken from the standpoint that environmentally harmful behavior is ultimately detrimental to human social organizations by undermining ‘carrying capacity’, outright criminalization might strike many as a valid option. Nonetheless, there are also some fundamental differences that will ultimately prevent a strict legalistic perspective from being successful in minimizing ecological harm. Instead, this article argues that criminologists need to emphasize the importance of shaming and status rewards in pursuing a greener future.
DNA isolation from a dried blood sample, PCR amplification, and population analysis: Making the most of commercially available kits

A 3-week undergraduate molecular biology laboratory exercise combining commercially available kits is described. The laboratory involves DNA extraction from a human dried blood sample, amplification of an Alu-repeat sequence found on chromosome 8, and analysis of the genetic and allelic frequency in the class population using Hardy-Weinberg statistics. The use of the prepared kits provides a means for the instructor of an undergraduate biochemistry course to explore molecular biology techniques on a limited budget and with a minimal time investment.
Genome mapping of polyploid tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) with RFLP markers.

Genetic mapping using molecular markers such as restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) has become a powerful tool for plant geneticists and breeders. Like many economically important polyploid plant species, detailed genetic studies of hexaploid tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) are complicated, and no genetic map has been established. We report here the first tall fescue genetic map. This map was generated from an F2 population of HD28-56 by ‘Kentucky-31’ and contains 108 RFLP markers. Although the two parental plants were heterozygous, the perennial and tillering growth habit, high degree of RFLP, and disomic inheritance of tall fescue enabled us to identify the segregating homologous alleles. The map covers 1274 cM on 19 linkage groups with an average of 5 loci per linkage group (LG) and 17.9 cM between loci. Mapping the homoeologous loci detected by the same probe allowed us to identify five homoeologous groups within which the gene orders were found to be generally conserved among homoeologous chromosomes. An exception was homoeologous group 5, in which only 2 of the 3 homoeologous chromosomes were identified. Using 12 genome-specific probes, we were able to assign several linkage groups to one of the three genomes (PG1G2) in tall fescue. All the loci detected by the 11 probes specific to the G1 and/or G2 genomes, with one exception, identified loci located on 4 chromosomes of two homoeologous groups (LG2a, LG2c, LG3a, and LG3c). A P-genome-specific probe was used to map a locus on LG5c. Comparative genome mapping with maize probes indicated that homoeologous group 3 and 2 chromosomes in tall fescue corresponded to maize chromosome 1. Difficulties and advantages of applying RFLP technology in polyploids with high levels of heterozygosity are discussed.
Human dynamics: computation for organizations

The human dynamics group at the MIT Media Laboratory proposes that active pattern analysis of face-to-face interactions within the workplace can radically improve the functioning of the organization. There are several different types of information inherent in such conversations: interaction features, participants, context, and content. By aggregating this information, high-potential collaborations and expertise within the organization can be identified, and information efficiently distributed. Examples of using wearable machine perception to characterize face-to-face interactions and using the results to initiate productive connections are described, and privacy concerns are addressed.
Measuring Governance and Corruption through the Worldwide Governance Indicators: Critiques, Responses, and Ongoing Scholarly Discussion

Since 1996 the World Bank Institute and the Research Department of the World Bank have been developing six governance indicators called the Worldwide Governance Indicators (WGI). The six dimensions of governance include control of corruption, measuring perceptions on corruption. Based on the literature review as well as the data itself, this paper concludes that the conceptual and empirical issues on building governance indicators constitute an ongoing project.
Interfacial properties between CoO (100) and Fe(3)O(4) (100)

Using molecular beam epitaxy 1\char21{}20 ML thick CoO (100) films were grown monolayer by monolayer on ${\mathrm{Fe}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}$ (100) substrates. The stoichiometry of the films was verified by low-energy-electron diffraction and reflection-high-energy-electron diffraction patterns, as well as x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Auger measurements as a function of CoO film thickness indicated a layer-by-layer growth mode. Ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) was used to monitor the thin film electronic properties. The evolution of the density of states in the $\mathrm{O}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}2p∕\mathrm{Fe}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}3d$ and $\mathrm{O}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}2p∕\mathrm{Co}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}3d$ bands exhibits a shift in the position of the CoO valence band for ultrathin films relative to bulklike thick films. The measured spectra (when aligned to cancel the band shift) are compared to models of the spectra that would be expected based on the bulk compounds, with and without additional interfacial electronic states. Electronic states at the ${\mathrm{Fe}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{Co}\mathrm{O}$ interface have been identified, and their UPS spectrum has been determined.
Exhaustible Resource Models: The Value of Information

This paper investigates the effect of future uncertainties on current policy decisions relating to resource depletion. The analysis is based on an extension of the Hotelling-Nordhaus exhaustible resource model. It is assumed that existing extraction capacity will be gradually replaced as the more expensive backstop technologies become economically competitive. Under plausible conditions, it is found that short-run investment and pricing decisions are insensitive to distant future uncertainties. Hence the expected value of perfect information is low. This indicates that deterministic scenarios may provide a good approximation to a stochastic problem, and this may be used to simplify the work of policy analysis. A numerical model of the U.S. economy is employed to illustrate these ideas.
Destructive adsorption of chlorinated hydrocarbons on ultrafine (nanoscale) particles of calcium oxide. 2

As a one-step approach to the safe destruction of chlorocarbons, the reaction of carbon tetrachloride with ultrafine particles of calcium oxide to give calcium chloride and carbon dioxide (CCl4(g) + 2CaO(s) → CO2(g) + 2CaCl2(s)) has been studied in detail. Calcium oxide prepared by an aerogel/hypercrytical drying method (AP−CaO) is superior to a conventionally prepared (CP−CaO) sample, and both are vastly superior to commercial CaO (CM−CaO). Optimum temperature for this gas−solid reaction is 450 °C, although AP−CaO reacted with reasonably high capacity as low as 300 °C. The effects of surface −OH, added water, CCl4 pressure, and a wide range of temperatures are discussed. Conditions for the suppression of byproducts C2Cl4 and Cl2CO are presented. Morphological changes in the particles after CCl4 reaction were studied by atomic force microscopy. A wide range of other techniques have been applied toward complete characterization of the process and products, including FT-IR, pulsed U-tube reaction studies, g...
Enzyme and radioimmunoassays for specific murine IgE and IgG with different solid-phase immunosorbents.

Abstract Enzyme and radioimmunoassays of specific murine IgE and IgG were done using antigen-coated flex vinyl plates, antigen-coupled paper discs or Sepharose 4B beads as solid-phase immunosorbents. These 3 immunosorbents differ in their antibody binding capacities. Only Sepharose beads have a high capacity so that they can be used to assay specific IgE in serum samples without interference from specific IgG which can be present in concentrations of several thousand times greater than those of specific IgE. All 3 types of immunosorbents are equally useful for assaying specific IgG, but the flex vinyl plate is the immunosorbent of choice since it requires less time and gives lower blanks than do the other two. Under the conditions tried, the lowest detectable concentration of specific IgE or IgG was about 1 ng/ml on enzyme or radioimmunoassay. The immunoassays described in this paper are useful for following the kinetics of specific IgE and IgG responses in mice. This was demonstrated with sera from mice immunized with ragweed antigen E.
Chronic Retinopathy of Prematurity

A pathologic analysis of 40 autopsy cases of chronic retinopathy of prematurity is presented. The type of retinal detachment in chronic retinopathy is unique, resulting from progressive changes in the peripheral retina: folding at the site of extraretinal vasoproliferation; scroll-like rolling anteriorly towards the lens; foreshortening of entire retina with detachment; and closure of the retinal "funnel." The biomechanical intraretinal and extraretinal factors operating during this process are discussed. Also presented are some interesting atypical features found in this series: arrested retinopathy; "sea fan" extraretinal vascular fronds; retinopathy in anencephaly; cribriform vanguard; and extramedullary erythropoiesis.
The thyroxine-stimulated enlargement of Mauthner's neuron in anurans.

The atrophy of the two giant neurons of Mauthner in the hindbrain of anuran amphibians has been described as a normal consequence of metamorphosis. Earlier investigators have suggested that this regression is attributable to the direct or indirect action of thyroid hormone. In the present investigation, however, karyometric studies of the Mauthner cells of Rana pipiens larvae treated with strong l-thyroxine solutions (111 μg/liter) showed no regression. By 6 and 8 days there was slight though insignificant enlargement of these cells, and by 9 dyas the Mauthner cells had nuclei significantly larger than those of controls (p < .001). Therefore, the hypothesis is advanced that this hormone possesses the capacity to facilitate neuron enlargement and differentiation. It is suggested that in anurans Mauthner's neuron becomes hormone-dependent during the period prior to metamorphic climax and then regresses in response to the post-metamorphic drop in thyroid gland activity.
Democratizing the visualization of 500 million webcam images

Five years ago we reported at AIPR on a nascent project to archive images from every webcam in the world and to develop algorithms to geo-locate, calibrate, and annotate this data. This archive of many outdoor scenes (AMOS) has now grown to include 28000 live outdoor cameras and over 630 million images. This is actively being used in projects ranging from large scale environmental monitoring to characterizing how built environment changes (such as adding bike lanes in DC) affects physical activity patterns over time. But the biggest value in a very long term, widely distributed image dataset is the rich set of before data that can be analyzed to evaluate changes from unexpected or sudden events. To facilitate the analysis of these natural experiments, we build and share a collection of web-tools that support large scale, data driven exploration. In this work we discuss and motivate a visualization tool that uses PCA to find the subspace that characterizes the variations in this scene, This anomaly detection captures both imaging failures such as lens flare and also unusual situations such as street fairs, and we give initial algorithm to clusters anomalies so that they can be quickly evaluated for whether they are of interest.
Strategies to foster labor flexibility

This empirical study identifies individual, organizational, and job factors of the range‐number element of labor flexibility. Tenure and emotional stability are found to increase a worker's flexibility. Emphases on quality, speed, and flexibility (time) also have positive influences on labor flexibility. Finally, task complexity, joint responsibility for decision making, and automation require workers to expand their skill repertoire and therefore enhance their flexibility. This study focuses on a sound measurement of labor flexibility and proposes strategies to cultivate this capability.
Properties of rat erythrocyte membrane cytoskeletal structures produced by digitonin extraction: digitonin-insoluble beta-adrenergic receptor, adenylate cyclase, and cholera toxin substrate.

Rat erythrocyte plasma membranes have been extracted exhaustively with digitonin at low temperature, and the residual, detergent-extracted membrane cytoskeletal material is compared to that prepared with Triton X-100 with respect to protein, glycoprotein, phospholipid, and cholesterol content. Digitonin, a weaker detergent than Triton X-100, solubilizes only 26% of the phospholipids and none of the cholesterol. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis reveals that differences between the proteins extracted by the two detergents are primarily quantitative. In terms of functional preservation, digitonin retains in the cytoskeleton 28% of the β-adrenergic receptor binding activity (with the balance accounted for in the supernatant), >90% of the adenylate cyclase and >90% of the 45,000 mol wt polypeptide cholera toxin substrate. The cytoskeletal-associated β-adrenergic receptor retains binding properties for antagonist and agonist which are identical to those of the native membrane receptor. The digitonin-extracted cytoskeleton containing the β-adrenergic receptor may provide a useful vehicle for the reconstitution of a hormone-sensitive adenylate cyclase.
A computational investigation of the effects of substituents on the CP group

Abstract Recently, there has been a rapid development in the preparation of multiple bond systems with heavy main group elements phosphorus and carbon. Ab initio self-consistent field (SCF) molecular orbital calculations were performed at the 4-31G∗ level to determine the effect of substituent groups -F, -CF3, H-CC-, CH2CH-, and phenyl, on the CP triple bond. A characteristic feature of phospha-alkynes is the weak sensitivity of the CP bond length to the substituent at the carbon atom. The molecular electrostatic potential analysis clearly reflects the strengths of the electronegativities of these substituent groups and their ability to attract the polarizable charge from the CP triple bond. The CP group deactivates the phenyl ring towards electrophilic attack.
Spin exchange optical pumping of hydrogen and deuterium nuclei

Abstract The prospects for the direct production of a nuclear polarized atomic hydrogen or deuterium target by the use of spin exchange optical pumping is analyzed in both a low and a high magnetic field. In a low magnetic field it is found that the optical pumping cell wall coatings must have relaxation times that correspond to thousands of wall collisions if one is to produce a highly polarized target. In a high magnetic field it is found that wall coatings must have relaxation times that correspond to only a few hyndred wall collisions in order to produce a highly polarized atomic hydrogen target but must have relaxation times that correspond to thousands of wall collisions to produce a highly polarized atomic deuterium target.
Language and Reading Outcomes in Young Children Adopted From Eastern European Orphanages

In recent years, many children from Eastern European orphanages have been adopted by families in the United States. When children begin life with their new families, they experience an abrupt language shift in which the learning of their native language halts as the learning of the new language commences. Without the support of their native language, their language-learning experiences differ from those of most children learning English as a second language. To better support these children in their language learning, the language and reading achievement of 44 children adopted from Eastern European orphanages were clinically assessed with standardized tests and natural-language samples to determine the extent and types of problems present in the areas of language (i.e., overall spoken language, receptive language, morphology, semantics, syntax, pragmatics) and reading. Orphanage, adoption, and individual factors that might be associated with language/reading achievement were also explored. As a group, the...
Experiments with Human Integration in Asynchronous and Sequential Multi-agent Frameworks for Architecture Optimization

Abstract Architecting large complex systems is a challenging task due to the presence of uncertainty, ambiguity, and subjectivity as well as the extremely large space of candidate architectures. While the traditional approach to system architecting is a 100% human process, there has been a relatively recent trend to incorporate computational tools to different degrees in the process, thus making it more interactive. Tradespace exploration and optimization tools are among the most frequently used decision-support tools for systems architecting. From a mathematical perspective, architecture optimization problems are usually non-linear, non-convex, and multi-objective combinatorial optimization problems that are at least NP-hard. For these reasons, heuristics are often used to solve architecture optimization problems. These heuristics can be domain-specific, leveraging human knowledge or experience about the problem, or domain-independent, utilizing very little or no domain knowledge. Most applications of optimization in systems architecting consist of a single heuristic or meta-heuristic. However, this approach often results in suboptimal performance and premature convergence, in many cases due to the inability of a single heuristic to adapt to the changing environment of the search space. Humans, on the other hand, can also be considered as heuristics that may be able to adapt more easily to new situations and can naturally recognize patterns in information that can contribute to creating high performing architectures. A hyper-heuristic approach is proposed to combine multiple heuristics, including the human, and adapt the search strategy over time by applying heuristics that display good performance. In order to achieve a beneficial cooperation between humans and computers, this paper discusses and compares two different modes of a multi-agent optimization framework (asynchronous and sequential) that attempt to integrate human and computational agents in a hyper-heuristic architecture optimization algorithm. Experiments are conducted on a real-world problem to architect an Earth observing satellite system with a focus on gathering climate data.
Gender‐related personality traits and interpersonal resource exchange among brother—sister relationships

Brother-sister relationships are understudied within the field of personal relationships. Accordingly, the present study examines patterns of interpersonal resource exchange (drawing upon resource exchange theory; Foa & Foa, 1974), along with influences of gender-related personality traits (i.e., agency and communion) on individuals’giving of interpersonal resources (i.e., affection and respect), among 79 brother-sister pairs. Consistent with predictions, brothers’and sisters’exchanges of both affection and respect were positive and significant. Also, consistent with predictions, communion was a positive and significant predictor of respectful behavior among sisters. However, contrary to hypotheses, communion did not achieve or approach significance as a predictor of respectful behavior among brothers, nor did communion achieve or approach significance as a predictor of affectionate behavior among sisters or brothers Implications for the study of male-female relationships in general—and brother-sister relationships in particular—are discussed.