cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Application of neural networks to automated assignment of NMR spectra of proteins

Simulated neural networks are described which aid the assignment of protein NMR spectra. A network trained to recognize amino acid type from TOCSY data was trained on 148 assigned spin systems from E. coli acyl carrier proteins (ACPs) and tested on spin systems from spinach ACP, which has a 37% sequence homology with E. coli ACP and a similar secondary structure. The output unit corresponding to the correct amino acid is one of the four most activated units in 83% of the spin systems tested. The utility of this information is illustrated by a second network which uses a constraint satisfaction algorithm to find the best fit of the spin systems to the amino acid sequence. Application to a stretch of 20 amino acids in spinach ACP results in 75% correct sequential assignment. Since the output of the amino acid type identification network can be coupled with a variety of sequential assignment strategies, the approach offers substantial potential for expediting assignment of protein NMR spectra.
A conceptual basis for the design of parabolic troughs for different design environments

In this paper, a rational approach for multi-objective design and optimization of parabolic trough solar collectors for different design environments is presented. A macro and micro-level partitioning of the design problem is implemented. In this process, environmental goals, objectives, and limitations are accounted for at the macro-level of design. At the micro-level of design, subsystem designs that were developed at the macro-level design are integrated such as to maximize the collector all-day thermal efficiency. A seven-step procedure is developed to optimize the collector dimensions at the micro-level of design. The process is demonstrated through illustrative examples.
The caudal sublenticular region/anterior amygdaloid area is the only part of the rat forebrain and mesopontine tegmentum occupied by magnocellular cholinergic neurons that receives outputs from the central division of extended amygdala

Ascending cholinergic projections and the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) have both been implicated in attentional and orienting mechanisms leading to adaptive behavioral responses. In view of this, the present study was carried out to identify relevant neuroanatomical relationships in the form of projections from the CeA and a related structure, the dorsolateral divison of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (dlBST), to parts of the basal forebrain and mesopontine tegmentum that contain magnocellular cholinergic neurons. The CeA and dlBST are components of the 'central division of extended amygdala'. Following injections of the anterogradely transported compounds, Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin or biotinylated dextran amine, into the CeA or dlBST, sections were processed with immunohistochemical reagents to localize the anterograde tracer and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT). The trajectories of efferent projections from CeA and dlBST were qualitatively similar. Few ChAT-immunoreactive (ir) neurons were present within the extended amygdala or regions containing the dense terminations of its efferent projections, with the striking exception of the caudal sublenticular/anterior amygdaloid region. The ChAT-ir neurons there, however, were significantly smaller and weakly ChAT-ir as compared to those located outside of the dense extended amygdaloid terminations. In the mesopontine tegmentum, the robust downstream projection from the extended amygdala was centered medial to ChAT-ir neurons of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus. The differentiated character of the relationships between extended amygdala and forebrain and mesopontine districts containing ChAT-ir neurons that give rise to ascending projections may have significant implications for the control of cortical and diencephalic acetylcholine release and accompanying effects on attention, vigilance and locomotor activation.
Impact of a cyclonic eddy on phytoplankton community structure and photosynthetic competency in the subtropical North Pacific Ocean

Abstract A synoptic spatial examination of the eddy Haulani (17–20 November 2000) revealed a structure typical of Hawaiian cyclonic eddies with divergent surface flow forcing the upward displacement of deep waters. Hydrographic surveys revealed that surface water in the eddy center was ca. 3.5°C cooler, 0.5 saltier, and 1.4 kg m −3 denser than surface waters outside the eddy. Vertically integrated concentrations of nitrate+nitrite, phosphate and silicate were enhanced over out-eddy values by about 2-fold, and nitrate+nitrite concentrations were ca. 8× greater within the euphotic zone inside the eddy than outside. Si:N ratios were lower within the upper mixed layer of the eddy, indicating an enhanced Si uptake relative to nitrate+nitrite. Chlorophyll a concentrations were higher within the eddy compared to control stations outside, when integrated over the upper 150 m, but were not significantly different when integrated over the depth of the euphotic zone. Photosynthetic competency, assessed using fast repetition-rate fluorometry, varied with the doming of the isopycnals and the supply of macro-nutrients to the euphotic zone. The physical and chemical environment of the eddy selected for the accumulation of larger phytoplankton species. Photosynthetic bacteria ( Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus ) and small ( 3 μm diameter) were more abundant inside the eddy than outside. Diatoms of the genera Rhizosolenia and Hemiaulus outside the eddy contained diazotrophic endosymbiontic cyanobacteria, but these endosymbionts were absent from the cells of these species inside the eddy. The increase in cell numbers of large photosynthetic eukaryotes with hard silica or calcite cell walls is likely to have a profound impact on the proportion of the organic carbon production that is exported to deep water by sinking of senescent cells and cells grazed by herbivorous zooplankton and repackaged as large fecal pellets.
AN EXTREME VALUE THEORY APPROACH TO THE ALLOCATION OF MULTIPLE ASSETS

We investigate the portfolio construction problem for risk-averse investors seeking to minimize quantile based measures of risk. Using dependence measures from extreme value theory, we find that most international equity markets are asymptotically independent. We also find that the few cases of asymptotic dependence occur mostly in markets which are in close geographic proximity. We then examine how extremal dependence affects the asset allocation problem. Following the structure variable approach, we focus on the portfolio and model its tail in a manner consistent with extreme value theory. We then develop a methodology for asset allocation where the goal is to guard against catastrophic losses. The methodology is tested through simulations and applied to portfolios made up of two or more international equity markets. We analyze in detail three typical types of markets, one where the assets are asymptotically independent and the ratio of marginal risks is not constant, the second where the assets are asymptotically independent but the ratio of marginal risks are approximately constant and the third where the assets are asymptotically dependent and the ratio of marginal risks is not constant. The results are compared with the optimal portfolio under the assumption of normally distributed returns. Surprisingly, we find that the assumption of normality incurs only a modest amount of extra risk for all but the largest losses. We make the software written in support of this work freely available and describe its use in the appendix.
Staged allocation: a compositional technique for specifying and implementing procedure calling conventions

We present staged allocation, a technique for specifying calling conventions by composing tiny allocators called stages. A specification written using staged allocation has a precise, formal semantics, and it can be executed directly inside a compiler. Specifications of nine standard C~calling conventions range in size from 15 to 30 lines each. An implementation of staged allocation takes about 250 lines of ML or 650~lines of C++. Each specification can be used not only to help a compiler implement the calling convention but also to generate a test suite.
Trait inferences as a function of automatically activated racial attitudes and Motivation to Control Prejudiced Reactions

This study investigated how automatically activated racial attitudes and motivation to control prejudiced reactions contribute to the impressions formed of targets whose photos varied by race, gender, and occupation. In earlier sessions, participants completed Dunton and Fazio's (1997) Motivation to Control Prejudiced Reactions scale, and underwent a priming procedure (Fazio, Jackson, Dunton, & Williams, 1995) that provided an unobtrusive estimate of their automatically activated racial attitudes. In the final session, participants provided trait ratings of a number of target photos. Automatically activated racial attitudes were related to the trait inferences participants made of Blacks compared to matched Whites. However, this effect was moderated by motivation to control prejudiced reactions. Among the more motivated, both those with more negative and those with more positive attitudes displayed evidence of correction for their attitudes. This discussion focuses on the ways in which different kinds of ...
A note on applying option pricing theory to emerging mortgage and mortgage-backed securities markets

Option-based models have been the dominant paradigm for researches on the risks and pricing of mortgages and Mortgage-Backed Securities (MBS) in the USA. However, the adaptability and flexibility of option-based models in the emerging mortgage markets has been obviously neglected. This study provides the first analysis of the potential strengths and weaknesses of application of the option pricing theory to emerging markets with referring to both theoretical and empirical literatures. This study finds that the mortgage type, the attitude of mortgagees to risk and the institutional features are the key determinants of success of application of the option pricing theory to emerging mortgage and MBS markets. The option pricing literature in finance has been extended to study the risks and pricing of mortgages and MBS in the USA over the last three decades. However, given the robust and rapid growth of emerging mortgage and mortgage-related capital markets, there is surprisingly little known about to what exte...
Facile Azidothermal Metathesis Route to Gallium Nitride Nanoparticles

This report describes a straightforward, metathesis (exchange) reaction between gallium chloride and sodium azide that produces gallium nitride nanoparticles below 210 °C. Slowly heating these two reagents together circumvents rapid, exothermic reactions, which can decompose the nitride product. The resulting GaN powders are nanocrystalline and crystallize to the hexagonal phase upon annealing. Well-formed nanoparticles (ca. 50 nm) are clearly resolved in annealed samples, while as-synthesized particles sizes are near 10 nm.
Damage characterization in non-isothermal stretching of acrylics. Part I: Theory

Abstract An improved version of dual-mechanism constitutive model was proposed to describe thermo-mechanical response of amorphous polymers below and above glass transition temperature ( θ g ). Material property definitions and plastic flow rules were revisited to provide a smooth and continuous transition in material response around θ g . The elastic–viscoplastic constitutive model was developed based on thermodynamics framework and was implemented in a fully coupled thermo-mechanical simulation of non-isothermal testing of PMMA in Part II [Gunel, E. M., Basaran, C., 2010. Damage characterization in non-isothermal stretching of acrylics. Part II: Experimental validation. Mechanics of Materials]. For damage evolution in complex thermo-mechanical problems such as polymer processing operation, irreversible entropy production was considered as the measure of damage.
Electrothermal Curing of Filament Wound Composite Cylinders

A model was developed which describes heating of filament wound composite cylinders by applying voltage across the fibers. Two situations were examined: power applied both during and after the wind, and power applied only after completion of the wind. Electrical connections in series and in parallel were modeled.The model yields temperature and cure profiles within the laminate as functions of time during and after the filament wind process. Sample calculations were performed showing the effects of geometry and power applied on the temperature, degree of cure, and manufacture time of the cylinder. The temperature, degree of cure, and manufacture time were also calculated for a filament wound cylinder cured conventionally in an oven. Assessments were made on the merits of electrothermal curing versus curing in an oven.
Kinetics of the Hydrogen Abstraction from Carbon-3 of 1-Butanol by Hydroperoxyl Radical: Multi-Structural Variational Transition-State Calculations of a Reaction with 262 Conformations of the Transition State

We estimated rate constants for the hydrogen abstraction from carbon-3 of 1-butanol by hydroperoxyl radical, a critically important reaction in the combustion of biofuel. We employed the recently developed multi-structural variational transition-state theory (MS-VTST), which utilizes a multifaceted dividing surface that allows us to include the contributions of multiple structures for reacting species and transition states. First, multiconfigurational Shepard interpolation—based on molecular-mechanics-guided interpolation of electronic-structure Hessian data obtained by the M08 HX/jun-cc-pVTZ electronic model chemistry—was used to obtain the portion of the potential energy surface needed for single-structure variational transition-state theory rate constants including multidimensional tunneling; then, the M08-HX/MG3S electronic model chemistry was used to calculate multi-structural torsional anharmonicity factors to complete the MS-VTST rate constant calculations. The lowest-energy structures of the trans...
W. Cameron Forbes and the Hoover commissions to Haiti, 1930

This book details the tragedy of our withdrawal from Haiti and summarizes through it the failure of our entire Latin American policy. In effect, the author states the Good Neighbor Policy of the Hoover-Roosevelt administrations became the Forgotten Neighbor Policy.
Activation of HIV gene expression during monocyte differentiation by induction of NF-kB

THE latent period of AIDS is influenced by factors which activate human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication in different cell types. Although monocytic cells may provide a reservoir for virus production in vivo1–8, their regulation of HIV transcription has not been defined. We now report that HIV gene expression in the monocyte lineage is regulated by NF-kB, the same transcription factor known to stimulate the HIV enhancer in activated T cells9; however, control of NF-kB and HIV in monocytes differs from that observed in T cells. NF-kB-binding activity appears during the transition from promonocyte to monocyte in U937 cells induced to differentiate in vitro and is present constitutively in mature monocytes and macrophages. In a chronically infected pro-monocytic cell, Ul, differentiation is associated with HIV-1 replication as well as NF-kB binding activity. These findings suggest that NF-kB binding activity is developmentally regulated in the monocyte lineage, and that it provides one signal for HIV activation in these cells.
Hypnosis for Smoking Cessation: A Randomized Trial

The purpose of this study was to determine whether hypnosis would be more effective in helping smokers quit than standard behavioral counseling when both interventions are combined with nicotine patches (NP). A total of 286 current smokers were enrolled in a randomized controlled smoking cessation trial at the San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center. Participants in both treatment conditions were seen for two 60-min sessions, and received three follow-up phone calls and 2 months of NP. At 6 months, 29% of the hypnosis group reported 7-day point-prevalence abstinence compared with 23% of the behavioral counseling group (relative risk [RR] = 1.27; 95% confidence interval, CI 0.84-1.92). Based on biochemical or proxy confirmation, 26% of the participants in the hypnosis group were abstinent at 6 months compared with 18% of the behavioral group (RR = 1.44; 95% CI 0.91-2.30). At 12 months, the self-reported 7-day point-prevalence quit rate was 24% for the hypnosis group and 16% for the behavioral group (RR = 1.47; 95% CI 0.90-2.40). Based on biochemical or proxy confirmation, 20% of the participants in the hypnosis group were abstinent at 12 months compared with 14% of the behavioral group (RR = 1.40; 95% CI 0.81-2.42). Among participants with a history of depression, hypnosis yielded significantly higher validated point-prevalence quit rates at 6 and 12 months than standard treatment. It was concluded that hypnosis combined with NP compares favorably with standard behavioral counseling in generating long-term quit rates.
Complexity classification of network information flow problems

We address the network information flow problem, in which messages available to a set of sources must be passed through a network to a set of sinks with specified demands. This differs from traditional multicommodity flow, because information can be duplicated and encoded. Previous work has focused on the special case of multicasting using linear coding. In this paper, we explore the applicability of network coding to a breadth of problems and consider the greater potential of nonlinear coding techniques. Our main contribution is a taxonomy of network information flow problems. We establish a three-way partition consisting of problems solvable without resorting to network coding, problems requiring network coding that are polynomial-time solvable, and problems for which obtaining a linear network coding solution is NP-hard. We also demonstrate limitations of linear coding: for multicasting, nonlinear codes may employ a smaller alphabet than any linear code and, more generally, there exist solvable information flow problems that do not admit a linear solution.
New results in ω photoproduction using high-statistics data obtained from CLAS at Jefferson Lab

High-statistics differential cross sections and spin density matrix elements for the reaction γ p → p ω have been measured using the CLAS at Jefferson Lab for center-of-mass energies, W, from threshold up to 2.84 GeV. An event-based partial wave analysis (PWA) has also been performed on the data. This analysis benefits from access to the world's first high precision spin density matrix element measurements, available to the event-based PWA through the decay distribution of ω → π + π − π 0 . Strong evidence has been found for nucleon resonance contributions.
Pro: etomidate is the ideal induction agent for a cardiac anesthetic.

treated with antiplatelet agents for cardiovascular comorbidities undergoing major noncardiac surgery, intraoperative hypotension was identified as 1 of 3 independent predictors of intraoperative myocardial ischemia and necrosis assessed using postoperative troponin T levels. Given the high risk of poor outcome after postinduction and intraoperative hypotension, the ideal induction agent would avoid any major deviation from baseline hemodynamic parameters. Etomidate was introduced into clinical practice as an intravenous induction agent in 1972. Early reports of its stable hemodynamic profile were published shortly thereafter. 3-5 Because it has minimal effects on cardiovascular parameters, etomidate is the ideal induction agent for patients with cardiovascular compromise. This is because, as an imidazole derivative, etomidate has structural similarities to 2B-agonists. Etomidate binds to peripheral 2B receptors, causing peripheral vasoconstriction, which contributes to the stable hemodynamic profile of this agent. 6,7 Thus, the use of etomidate for the induction of general anesthesia may obviate the treatment of postinduction hypotension. Patients with cardiovascular compromise may be dependent on a high sympathetic tone to maintain their systemic vascular resistance, blood pressure, and cardiac output. 8 Etomidate would appear to be an ideal induction agent when compared with propofol, thiopental, ketamine, or midazolam. Compared with propofol, etomidate has been shown to maintain the sympathetic tone after usual induction doses, whereas propofol decreases this tone.9,10 Hence, arterial blood pressure, heart rate, or systemic vascular resistance is preserved after etomidate but not after propofol induction. 10
Triceps tendons: a biomechanical comparison of intact and repaired strength

Hypothesis Our hypothesis was that the autograft-augmented direct repair of torn triceps tendons would have strength superior than that of direct repair when compared to the strength of intact distal triceps tendons. Materials and methods The strength of the intact distal triceps tendon in 8 unpaired, fresh frozen cadaver specimens was measured to tendon failure by uniaxial tension in the sagittal plane. The torn triceps tendons were then repaired by direct repair (sutures through drill holes) or an autograft-augmented direct repair. Each tendon repair was biomechanically tested to failure, and load to displacement curves and the site of tendon failure were recorded. Tendon strength after each repair was compared with that of the other repair technique and with that of the intact triceps tendon. Significance was set at P Results Average failure loads for intact, direct repair, and augmented repair tendons were 1741, 317, and 593 N, respectively; augmented repairs were significantly stronger than direct repairs. In the intact tendon, failure occurred at the insertion site through a tear at the bone tendon interface or through a small cortical avulsion. In the repaired tendons, all but 1 failure occurred through the suture; 1 augmented repair failed first at the tendon and then through the suture. Discussion There is a paucity of clinical data regarding the optimal repair for distal triceps avulsion. We found that triceps repair affords less strength than the intact tendon, but augmented repair was nearly twice as strong as that of direct repair. Augmented repair may allow earlier range of motion, weightbearing, and rehabilitation, theoretically decreasing complications associated with the procedure. Conclusions Augmented triceps repair is superior to direct triceps repair for a distal triceps avulsion produced in a cadaver model.
EFFECTS OF NONDEGENERACY OF NUCLEAR GROUND STATE ON LOW-ENERGY NEUTRON REACTIONS

The imaginary part of the potential acting on a neutron moving in the nucleus is shown to be very sensitive to the departure of the nuclear ground-state wave function from that of an independent-particle model. The nucleon-nucleon interaction which gives rise to the neutron absorption also leads to correlation structure in the nuclear wave function. This manifests itself both in the partial emptying of the independent-particle states near the Fermi momentum and in the velocity dependence of the real part of the average potential seen by the neutron. These effects are determined by using interaction operators derived in studies of the nuclear saturation problem. The result is that the velocity dependence of the potential reduces ${V}_{\mathrm{Im}}$ by a factor of about eight; the departure of the nuclear state from complete degeneracy gives an increase of roughly 5 in the opposite direction. Thus, the two effects nearly cancel so that the final prediction for ${V}_{\mathrm{Im}}$ at a density corresponding to $R=1.40\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}13}{A}^{\frac{1}{3}}$ cm is close to the empirical value. It is also found that ${V}_{\mathrm{Im}}$ decreases rapidly for higher nuclear densities, suggesting that the neutron absorption may be primarily a surface phenomenon.
The diagnostic value of fungal autofluorescence

Many pathogenic and saprophytic fungi fluoresce under ultraviolet light. Autofluorescence usually persists even if the specimen has undergone fixation, paraffin embedding, and staining with hematoxylin and eosin. Thus, fluorescence microscopy can help to identify organisms in histopathologic sections of ocular and periocular tissue. It may reveal microorganisms that do not stain with hematoxylin and eosin, and it does not alter or adversely affect microscopic sections. We describe a case of periocular cutaneous blastomycosis which was misdiagnosed clinically and histologically as squamous cell carcinoma. Fluorescence microscopy of the initial hematoxylin and eosin stained section revealed microorganisms that were not appreciated on the first skin biopsy.
Chaos, Communications Theory, and God's Abundance

As the creator, God is the source of the abundance for immense variety manifest in creation. The reservoir for this abundance is the primordial chaos, identified as the Pandemonium Tremendum. God manages this inexhaustible “storehouse of the snow” through decisions or “willings,” giving rise to constraints that result in the ordered array of creation. Without this active and decisive vigilance, the Pandemonium Tremendum would scour and ravage the creation. Also, as an omniscient, unobtrusive, and impartial witness, God manages the primordial chaos without compromising its unfettered variety. What is the role of chaos as the Ungrund? All creatures are the consequence of acts of decision. God alone is self-decisive and, hence, the uniquely sovereign creator. That is, God arises spontaneously through an aboriginal act of in–speaking. Otherwise, and in utter contradiction to its radically unprincipled character, the primordial chaos would provide the arche or sufficient reason for divine causation. This mythic and metaphysical account falls in the tradition of Meister Eckhart and Nicolas Berdyaev and is expressed in the rubric of communication theory.
Isotope Effect Study of κ-(BEDT-TTF)2Cu(NCS)2: Labeling in the Anion

Abstract Isotopic labeling in the anion of the organic superconductor κ-(BEDT-TTF)2Cu(NCS)2, with 13C and 15N isotopes in the thiocyanate groups, has been carried out. This labeling does not lead to an isotope effect on the superconducting transition temperature (T c).
Visual recognition in infant pigtailed macaques after a 24-hour delay.

Comparative studies of memory in monkey and human subjects suggest similarities in visual recognition memory across human and nonhuman primates. In order to investigate developmental aspects of visual recognition memory in monkey infants, the familiarization-novelty procedure, developed for use with human infants, was employed with pigtailed monkey infants to study long-delay recognition memory. Subjects were familiarized with a black-and-white abstract pattern. Twenty-four hours later they were tested with the familiar pattern paired with a novel one. Results indicated a significant visual preference for the novel stimulus, providing evidence for recognition memory. These results parallel those obtained with human infants, suggesting further similarities in the development of visual recognition memory.
Automating IEEE 1500 Core Test—An EDA Perspective

Standardized design and test practices enable automation. This article describes a methodology and corresponding tool set that combines automated support for IEEE Std 1500 and test data compression in one. In this article, we also provide some solutions to the problem of migrating core test patterns to the SoC design.
Erosion-corrosion of carbon steel by particles in circulating fluidized bed combustors

Abstract The characteristics of particles in circulating fluidized bed combustors (CFBCs) were investigated to determine what effects particular variables had on erosivity. Several bed materials, sands and limestones from two different CFBCs, were studied using both laboratory and in-service test exposures. It was determined that erosivity increased with particle angularity, size, and SiO 2 content and decreased with calcium compound content as the result of the formation of a protective scale.
Causes of Asset Shortages in Emerging Markets

We first illustrate that emerging markets (EMs) face a shortage of financial assets, with financial assets not growing as rapidly as domestic savings. We then estimate the asset shortage in EMs for 1995-2008. We develop a model that explains how asset shortage develop, and then econometrically estimate the causes of asset shortages. We conclude with policy implications.
Arranging a Cellular Checkerboard

Biological patterns are all around us, ranging from the complex patterns on butterfly wings to the baroque architecture of kidney tubules. These patterns reflect the organization of millions of cell types in intricate yet reproducible ways to build tissues and organs. Even more remarkable, these patterns often arise through the self-assembly of undifferentiated cells. Understanding how this occurs is a key challenge for biologists. On page 1144 in this issue, Togashi et al. ( 1 ) implicate the interactions between nectin adhesion molecules in this process.
Solutions to an integro-differential parabolic problem arising in the pricing of financial options in a Lévy market

Abstract We study an integro-differential parabolic problem modeling a process with jumps arising in financial mathematics. Under suitable conditions, we prove the existence of weak solutions to a more general integro-differential equation by using the Schaefer’s fixed point theorem and generalize the result to unbounded domains.
TELEVISION AUDIENCE'S RESPONSE TO MATURE SUBJECT MATTER ADVISORIES

73% of survey respondents said television advisories of “mature subject matter” did not influence their decisions to view or not view programs. Among those influenced, younger respondents were significantly more likely than older respondents to say they would be more likely to watch a program with advisories. Men were significantly more likely than women to say they would watch a program with advisories. The survey was mailed to a random sample of 1,119 persons, and 568 were returned for a return rate of 51%.
R34000, Á Dioxolane Imidazole in the Therapy for Experimental Coccidioidomycosis: Comparison with Miconazole and Econazole

Comparisons were made on the therapeutic influence of three imidazole drugs in experimental lethal coccidioidomycosis of mice. When administered by the intramuscular route, miconazole and a closely related structural analogue, econazole, were effective in preventing death, restricting fungal replication in the lungs, and minimizing the extent of extrapulmonary dissemination. Neither drug was as effective when administered by the oral route as by the intramuscular route. This contrasted sharply with results obtained using R34000, a dioxolane imidazole. It was very highly effective when administered by the oral route and less so by intramuscular injection. All orally treated mice survived a challenge lethal to more than 80 percent of control animals. Plasma or serum concentrations of orally administered R34000 in mice and in man exceeded the minimum inhibitory concentration for a virulent strain of Coccidioides immitis.
Mechanism study of goldenseal-associated DNA damage

Goldenseal has been used for the treatment of a wide variety of ailments including gastrointestinal disturbances, urinary tract disorders, and inflammation. The five major alkaloid constituents in goldenseal are berberine, palmatine, hydrastine, hydrastinine, and canadine. When goldenseal was evaluated by the National Toxicology Program (NTP) in the standard 2-year bioassay, goldenseal induced an increase in liver tumors in rats and mice; however, the mechanism of goldenseal-associated liver carcinogenicity remains unknown. In this study, the toxicity of the five goldenseal alkaloid constituents was characterized, and their toxic potencies were compared. As measured by the Comet assay and the expression of γ-H2A.X, berberine, followed by palmatine, appeared to be the most potent DNA damage inducer in human hepatoma HepG2 cells. Berberine and palmatine suppressed the activities of both topoisomerase (Topo) I and II. In berberine-treated cells, DNA damage was shown to be directly associated with the inhibitory effect of Topo II, but not Topo I by silencing gene of Topo I or Topo II. In addition, DNA damage was also observed when cells were treated with commercially available goldenseal extracts and the extent of DNA damage was positively correlated to the berberine content. Our findings suggest that the Topo II inhibitory effect may contribute to berberine- and goldenseal-induced genotoxicity and tumorigenicity.
Child passenger safety for inner-city Latinos: new approaches from the community

Objective: Motor vehicle crashes injuries, the leading cause of death for Latino children in the United States, can be reduced by the correct use of child safety seats. This study evaluated the ability of a community health worker education program to improve proper child safety seat usage in urban low income Latino families. Methods: At a series of check events, proper child safety seat usage in families who had received an education intervention was compared with similar families who had not. The education intervention, provided by Latino community health workers trained as child passenger safety technicians, used videos and an office demonstrator. Members of the target community initiated the study and participated in its subsequent design and implementation. Results: The families that participated in the study were primarily Mexican with low income, education, and acculturation levels. Forty six rear facing and 44 forward facing child safety seats were checked. Families exposed to the intervention were more likely to have their child’s seat within the manufacturer’s recommended weight/height range, their child facing the correct direction, the harness straps positioned properly, to have not been in a crash, the harness straps snug, the harness retainer clip used correctly, the seat belt routed correctly, and the seat belt locked. Conclusions: Exposure to an educational intervention provided by community health workers trained as child passenger safety technicians was associated with child safety seats being used more properly than seats of families not exposed to the intervention in an urban low income Latino community.
Human-guided visualization enhances automated target detection

Automated target cueing (ATC) can assist analysts with searching large volumes of imagery. Performance of most automated systems is less than perfect, requiring an analyst to review the results to dismiss false alarms or confirm correct detections. This paper explores methods for improving the presentation and visualization of the ATC output, enabling more efficient and effective review of the detections flagged by the ATC. The techniques presented in this paper are applicable to a wide range of search problems using data from different sensors modalities. The information available to the computer increases as ATC detections are either accepted or rejected by the analyst. It is often easy to confirm obviously correct detections and dismiss obvious false alarms, which provides the starting point for the automated updating of the visualization. In machine learning algorithms, this information can be used to retrain or refine the classifier. However, this retraining process is appropriate only when future sensor data is expected to closely resemble the current set. For many applications, the sensor data characteristics (viewing geometry, resolution, clutter complexity, prevalence and types of confusers) are likely to change from one data collection to the next. For this reason, updating the visualization for the current data set, rather than updating the classifier for future processing, may prove more effective. This paper presents an adaptive visualization technique and illustrates the technique with applications.
DISTRIBUTION OF 3:5:3'-TRIIODOTHYROACETIC ACID IN THE RAT1

Studies with triiodothyroacetic acid (triac) in myxedema indicate, though similar in metabolic effect, it is less potent than triiodothyronine. Similar results have been obtained when in vitro oxygen consumption of tissues was measured following in vivo administration of these compounds. It is possible that the weak metabolic effect of exogenous triac is due to failure of this compound to enter cells. Tissue concentrations of triac, triiodotltyronine and thyroxine were compared following intravenous administration of tracer (0.01 µg.) quantities of these I131-labelled compounds. Concentrations in plasma, muscle, heart, liver, small intestine and kidney were measured. Thyroxine remained largely within the vascular compartment. Triiodothyronine very rapidly left the intravascular compartment and reached relatively high concentrations in kidney, liver, heart and muscle. The concentration of triac in plasma fell rapidly due to clearance by the liver and excretion into the small intestine. Triac did not accumu...
The use of stochastic simulations and geophysical logs to characterize spatial heterogeneity in hydrogeologic parameters

Characterization of the spatial distribution of hydrogeologic parameters in an aquifer is important to understanding the hydrodynamics of a groundwater flow system. The operational procedure presented in this paper uses core permeability and porosity data and geophysical logs to characterize hydrogeologic parameters, especially hydraulic conductivity (K). The procedure is illustrated with a geostatistical analysis of the permeability distribution along a 120 km cross section of the Milk River aquifer in Alberta, Canada. Geologic and hydrogeologic data from aquifers come in a variety of forms. In deep, regional aquifers, the most ubiquitous form usually is geophysical logs that are used to determine spatial variations in the thickness, porosity, and permeability as well as other rock properties of hydrostratigraphic units. Several methods of deriving hydraulic conductivity values from geophysical logs are evaluated with respect to the Milk River aquifer. Based on a statistical evaluation, a direct relation between porosity and permeability was selected. Once the hydrogeologic data were analyzed and evaluated, a stochastic approach using Bayesian updating with Cholesky decomposition is used to describe the spatial heterogeneity of hydraulic conductivity. This approach produces random-correlated fields of hydraulic conductivity that are conditioned at specific locations by the geophysically derived hydraulic conductivity values. The conditioned, random-correlated fields of hydraulic conductivity are a description of relatively small-scale heterogeneity in the hydraulic conductivity field that can be used in a numerical transport model as a detailed, spatial description of hydraulic conductivity.
Modeling Errors in Sampling Inspection: Effect of Degraded Performance

Studies have shown that inspection is not error-free and is systematically influenced by such factors as time available, the payoffs, complexity of the task, the decision goal, defect rate, and so on. This study shows how models of decision-making can be used to obtain better designs of sampling plans in the presence of human inspection error. This study also outlines a methodology to develop sampling plans under different levels of degraded human performance. Results revealed that sampling plans are sensitive to decision goals and the level of degradation.
A decision guideline for emergency department utilization of noncontrast head computed tomography in HIV-infected patients.

Abstract. Objective: To determine which neurologic signs or symptoms are predictive of new focal lesions on head CT in HIV-infected patients. Methods: Prospective study with convenience sample enrollment of HIV-infected patients who presented to a large inner-city university-based ED over an 11-month period. Patients were assessed using a standardized neurologic evaluation to ascertain whether they had developed new or changed neurologic signs or symptoms. Patients with any new or changed neurologic findings had a head CT scan in the ED. The association between individual complaints or findings and new focal lesions on head CT was assessed by univariate analysis, and sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive values were calculated. Stepwise logistic regression analysis was then carried out to estimate the relative risk for those variables independently associated with new focal lesions on CT scans. A decision guideline was developed incorporating those variables. Results: One hundred ten patients were identified as having new or changed neurologic signs or symptoms and had a head CT done in the ED. Twenty-seven patients (24%) had focal lesions on head CT, of which 19 (18%) were identified as new focal lesions; eight of these (7%) demonstrated a mass effect. Clinical findings most strongly associated with new focal findings on head CT were: 1) new seizure, relative risk (RR) = 73.5, 95% CI = 6.2 to 873.0; 2) depressed or altered orientation, RR = 39.1, 95% CI = 4.6 to 330.0; and 3) headache, different in quality, RR = 27.0, 95% CI = 3.2 to 230.1. Use of these three findings as a screen for ordering head CT in the ED would have identified 95% (18/19) of the patients with new focal intracranial lesions, and resulted in a 53% reduction in the number of head CTs ordered in the ED. Inclusion of one additional parameter (prolonged headache, ≥3 days), would have resulted in identification of 100% of all new focal lesions, with a 37% reduction in the number of head CTs ordered. Among those patients with new focal findings, 74% required emergent management (i.e., seizure control, IV antibiotics, IV steroids or surgery). The most common intracranial lesion among patients with CD4 counts less than 200 cells/μL was toxoplasmosis, while cerebrovascular accidents (ischemic or hemorrhagic) were most common in those with CD4 counts greater than 200 cells/μL. Conclusion: Specific clinical signs and symptoms were associated with the presence of new intracranial lesions in a group of HIV-infected patients who presented to the ED with neurologic complaints. These clinical findings can be incorporated into guidelines for determining the need for emergent head CT. Validation and widespread application of these guidelines could result in limiting the use of emergent neuroimaging to a more well-defined HIV-infected patient population.
Prediction of Regge Parameters of rho Poles from Low-Energy pi N Data

Using finite-energy sum rules we predict important features of the Regge structure of $\ensuremath{\rho}$ poles from low-energy $\ensuremath{\pi}N$ data. The combined effect of ${N}^{*}$ resonances in generating (via the sum rules) properties of the exchanged $\ensuremath{\rho}$ poles is discussed, thus starting a new type of bootstrap calculation.
Quantification of Green Fluorescent Protein in Cellular Supernatant by Capillary Electrophoresis with Laser-Induced Fluorescence Detection for Measurement of Cell Death

A common method for quantifying cell death is measuring the concentration of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) released by cells as their membranes become unstable. In cells expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP), degradation of the cell membrane also results in the release of GFP into the surrounding supernatant. In this study, we used capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection to measure the levels of GFP in supernatants of UBIGFP/BL6 primary macrophages that had been infected with Salmonella typhimurium, treated with staurosporine, or exposed to H(2)O(2), all known inducers of cell death. We also used a standard LDH assay to measure the release of LDH into supernatants. We observed the rate of cell death quantified by release of GFP and LDH into supernatant to be essentially identical, demonstrating that GFP release is at least as good as an indicator of macrophage cell death as the established LDH release method.
Vascular plexiform leiomyoma mimicking uterine tumor resembling ovarian sex cord tumor

Leiomyomata are common benign smooth muscle neoplasms with a usually easily recognizable histologic pattern. However, there is a wide variety of subtypes described in the literature, characterized by predominance of a particular distinct histologic pattern. Here we describe a case of a highly vascular leiomyoma with a prominent plexiform pattern and cords and tubules of epithelioid cells that mimics a uterine tumor resembling an ovarian sex cord tumor.
Accurate Formula Weight Determination in Physically Separated Systems by Diffusion Coefficient−Formula Weight Correlation

Successful application of physically separated internal references for determination of formula weights of compounds in solution by 31P DOSY NMR is described. The solution-state structures of a variety of manganese compounds were investigated.
LOGO: a long-short user interest integration in personalized news recommendation

In this paper, we initially provide an experimental study on the evolution of user interests in real-world news recommender systems, and then propose a novel recommendation approach, in which the long-term and short-term reading preferences of users are seamlessly integrated when recommending news items. Given a hierarchy of newly-published news articles, news groups that the user might prefer are differentiated using the long-term profile, and then in each selected news group, a list of news items are chosen based on the short-term user profile. Extensive empirical experiments on a collection of news articles obtained from various popular news websites demonstrate the efficacy of our method.
Teaching procedural flow through dialog and demonstration

In order for robots to act as valuable assistants for non-expert users, they need to be able to learn new abilities and do so through natural methods of communication. Furthermore, it is often desirable that tasks be learned quickly without having to provide multiple demonstrations. Training should also be conducted in such a way that the user has a clear understanding of the manner in which environmental features affect the behavior of the learned activity, so that execution behavior is predictable. We present an interactive framework for teaching a robot the flow of an activity composed of elements from a set of primitive behaviors and previously trained activities. Conditional branching and looping, order-independent activity execution, and contingency (or interrupt) actions can all be captured by our activity structures. Additional convenience functionality to aid in the training process is also provided. By providing a natural method of communicating production rules analogous to rigid programming structures, well-defined tasks can be trained easily. We demonstrate our task training procedure on a mobile robot.
Low-Voltage Temperature-Independent Current Reference with no External Components

A low-voltage CMOS temperature-independent current reference is presented. The proposed circuit requires no external component for biasing. Temperature independent voltage is converted to current, and proper operation is guaranteed by a fast startup circuit. The reference current is designed scalable to allow changing the power consumption of the overall system dynamically. The circuit is fabricated in TSMC 0.18mum process and measurement results show less than plusmn100 nA variation between 22deg C and 100deg C.