cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Structure function analysis of chemical tracer trails in the mesosphere‐lower thermosphere region

Trimethyl aluminum (TMA) trails released from sounding rockets have been used extensively as a tracer of the neutral atmospheric motions in the mesosphere/lower thermosphere region and serve as a tracer of the atmospheric structure in the altitude range where the trails are released. In addition to the bulk motion corresponding to the winds, smaller-scale structure is also evident in the trail images, which can be an indication of turbulence or small-scale wave behavior. In the 90 to 100 km altitude range, the trails are often visible for periods of 20 to 30 min or even longer, so that the horizontal scale sizes spanned by the trails increase significantly as the trails expand due to the combined effects of turbulent diffusion and horizontal displacements due to vertical shears in the winds. We describe a study involving data from high-, middle-, and low-latitude TMA releases. In each case the structure function for the fluctuation structure within the trails was calculated for a sequence of trail images. Each image in the sequence corresponds to an outer horizontal spatial scale that increases with time. By analyzing the time evolution of the structure function, changes in the dynamical processes associated with the form of the structure function have been identified as a function of time and thus also of the increasing horizontal spatial scale size. A consistent pattern is found for all locations, namely a transition in fitted exponent for the structure function that suggests a change from more isotropic turbulence immediately after the trail is released to stratified turbulence at the later times when the horizontal scale size has increased to several hundred kilometers. The transition is found to occur near a horizontal spatial scale in the range between 100 and 200 km.
A Common Mesh Implementation for Both Static and Moving Boundary Process Simulations

This paper illustrates a common mesh implementation for use in both static and moving boundary process simulations. By using a single mesh server to support the different requirements of those two types of process simulations, it eliminates many interfaces between different simulators and simplifies the simulation process flow. Each simulation module only needs to communicate directly with the mesh program through a well defined common procedure interfaces. By providing a persistent and consistent storage of mesh and field data, the mesh server also greatly reduces the possibility of data loss when transported between simulation steps.
Pseudo-random generators for all hardnesses

(MATH) We construct the first pseudo-random generators with logarithmic seed length that convert s bits of hardness into sΩ(1) bits of 2-sided pseudo-randomness for any s}. This improves [8] and gives a direct proof of the optimal hardness vs. randomness tradeoff in [15]. A key element in our construction is an augmentation of the standard low-degree extension encoding that exploits the field structure of the underlying space in a new way.
Association of knee injuries with accelerated knee osteoarthritis progression: data from the Osteoarthritis Initiative.

While knee osteoarthritis is typically a slowly progressive disorder, it has recently been appreciated that 5 to 17% of knees have a rapid progression of structural damage (e.g. from normal to end-stage disease within 4 years) (1, 2). Characterization of the structural aspects of this phenomenon and its risk factors may provide insights into the nature of osteoarthritis progression and allow us to identify an at-risk subset for intervention. Identification of knee osteoarthritis phenotypes, such as those with accelerated knee osteoarthritis progression, may allow us to refine sampling for clinical studies (2-5) and develop interventions targeted at specific subtypes. Individuals with a history of joint trauma are 3 to 6 times more likely to develop knee osteoarthritis (6, 7) and are diagnosed approximately 10 years earlier than individuals without a history of joint trauma (8). Within 5 years of injury, knees have structural changes reflective of altered joint health (e.g., altered cartilage composition, altered bone structure) (9-12). Knee injuries are a strong risk factor for knee osteoarthritis and may distinguish knees with accelerated knee osteoarthritis from common knee osteoarthritis progression or knees with no knee osteoarthritis. We aimed to evaluate if a recent knee injury was associated with accelerated knee osteoarthritis. Furthermore, we conducted preliminary analyses to determine if participants with accelerated knee osteoarthritis progression, common knee osteoarthritis progression, and no knee osteoarthritis differed based on key baseline characteristics, which we selected a priori. These preliminary analyses helped us verify which variables should be adjusted for in our primary analyses.
The dynamics of viscous compressible fluid in a fracture

We solve a problem of fluid dynamics in an arbitrarily shaped fracture containing proppant. The fracture is embedded in an absolutely rigid solid. The fluid flow is induced by normal harmonic oscillations of fracture walls that are permeable, allowing the fluid to filtrate into the surrounding formation. The amplitude of oscillations can be described as a function of a spatial coordinate along the fracture. Fluid flow inside the fracture is described by Biot’s modification of Darcy’s law that includes both inertia and filtration terms. Filtration inside the fracture may drastically change its acoustic characteristics. The acoustic resonance along the length of the fracture filled with proppant can be observed only if the permeability of the proppant is extremely high; otherwise filtration of the fluid in the fracture dampens the resonance. If the resonance is observed, its period differs from that in a fracture without internal filtration. The apparent acoustic velocity in the fracture is lower than sound...
Influence of sputtering damage on chemical interactions at Cr‐SiO2 interfaces

The interaction of SiO2 surfaces with ultrathin layers of 4–16 A of Cr evaporated in ultrahigh vacuum has been studied by x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Auger electron spectroscopy. The surfaces were treated either by Ar sputtering, sputtering, and simultaneous annealing, or by annealing in O2. A room‐temperature reaction occurs on sputtered samples and produces a new XPS peak at a binding energy 4.9 eV lower than that of oxidized Si 2p and a shoulder in the O 1s line. These effects are less pronounced in sputtered‐annealed samples and insignificant in nonsputtered ones. Our results suggest the presence of silicon in a Cr‐rich environment which is at a maximum concentration away from the SiO2‐Cr interface, following a buffer region richer in oxygen.
Computer aided contour plotting of geophysical survey data

Geophysical survey data represent a class of information currently subjected to computer contouring techniques. The gridded network is a feature inherent to a large portion of these surveys. Taking advantage of this feature, a simple and highly efficient computer program has been developed, minimizing the contouring effort in terms of the money, time and programming involved in the interpretation process. The program includes interpolation between data points in two directions, determination of contour line coordinates, and subsequent plotting.
Response of infinite periodic structures

Abstract The response of infinite and semi-infinite periodic structures to harmonic loads is investigated. The method developed requires the eigenvalues of the transfer matrix of a typical substructure. Consequently, the algorithm is capable of analyzing an infinite periodic structure with the same computational effort necessary to analyze a single substructure. Furthermore, the solution is given in terms of known boundary conditions and no eigenvectors of the transfer matrix are required. Several examples are included. Additional simplifications can be obtained when the substructure is symmetric.
Humidity effects on the mass spectra of single aerosol particles

Abstract On-line laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry has developed into a widely used method for chemical characterization of individual aerosol particles. In the present study, the spectra of laboratorygenerated particles were obtained as a function of relative humidity to elucidate potential artifacts associated with ambient measurements. Several anionic electrolytes typically found in marine aerosols were studied, including chloride, nitrate, sulfate and methanesulfonate. In most experiments, negative ion mass spectra were assessed. Particles were conditioned at humidities both above and below the respective deliquescence-relative humidities (DRH). The mass spectra of the conditioned particles could be affected by relative humidity in several ways: an abrupt transition between a “wet”- and “dry”-particle spectrum over a narrow humidity range, a gradual transition over a broad humidity range, or virtually no change with humidity. Particulate phase water influenced both the distribution of ions observed and their relative intensities. In most instances, water remained associated with the particle well below the DRH, yielding spectra similar to those of aqueous droplets. Particulate phase water below the DRH appeared to be the result of surface adsorption under ambient conditions rather than condensational growth in the mass spectrometer inlet. Signal quenching in multicomponent aerosols was more prevalent in the spectra of aqueous droplets than dry particles. For mixed composition droplets, only nitrate and chloride could be unambiguously identified from intense peaks in the spectra, while signals due to ions from methanesulfonate and sulfate were suppressed. In contrast, all components could be detected at low relative humidities.
Fracture Strength of Photovoltaic Silicon Wafers Evaluated Using a Controlled Flaw Method

Propagation of pre-existing micro cracks and their associated residual contact stresses, generated from the wafer sawing process, is the leading cause for photovoltaic (PV) silicon wafer/cell breakage during handling and processing. In the current work, the impact of a single micro crack on the fracture strength of PV silicon wafer is investigated based on a controlled flaw method. Radial/median cracks with controllable scales are introduced through microindentation at the center of a PV silicon sample to simulate micro cracks resulting from wafer sawing, handling, or thermal processing. Results indicate that the fracture strength of PV silicon wafer decreases linearly with the increasing of the microindentation load (radial crack scale). In addition, it is found that the impurity carbon plays an important role in the contact cracking-fracture process. The fracture strength increased ≈21% when the substitutional carbon concentration is increased from 1.2 × 1018 to 6.4 × 1018 cm−3.
Electrochemical determination of hydrogen sulfide at carbon nanotube modified electrodes

Abstract Carbon nanotube (CNT) modified glassy carbon electrodes exhibiting a strong and stable electrocatalytic response towards sulfide are described. A substantial (400 mV) decrease in the overvoltage of the sulfide oxidation reaction (compared to ordinary carbon electrodes) is observed using the CNT-modified electrode, with oxidation starting at ca. −0.3 V (versus Ag/AgCl; pH 7.4). The CNT-coated electrodes thus allow highly sensitive, low potential (+0.1 V), stable amperometric sensing. A wide linear dynamic range (1.25–112.5 μM) was achieved with a detection limit of 0.3 μM (9 ppb). The enhance sensitivity is coupled to an improved stability. Such ability of carbon nanotubes to promote the sulfide electron-transfer reaction suggests great promise for miniaturized sensors for hydrogen sulfide.
P-45: A Study on the Relationships between Human Perception and the Physical Phenomenon of Speckle

Our study used the objective and subjective evaluation to show a practical quantitative measurement of speckle in relation to real usage. Speckle sensitivity was measured as a function of luminance, viewing distance and image content. We examined the relationships between human perception and the physical phenomenon of speckle.
Broken links on the web: local laws and the global free flow of information

Across the World Wide Web there is government censorship and monitoring of political messages and "morally-corrupting" material. Google have been in the news recently for capitulating to the Chinese government's demands to ban certain kinds of content, and also for refusing topass logs of browsing habits to the US government (while Microsoft and Yahoo complied wth the request). How can the Web survive as a unified, global information environment in the face of government censorship? Can governments and the private sector come to an agreement on international legal standards for the free flow of information and privacy.
CD81 Protein is Expressed at High Levels in Normal Germinal Center B cells and in Subtypes of Human Lymphomas

CD81 is a tetraspanin cell surface protein that regulates CD19 expression in B lymphocytes and enables hepatitis C virus infection of human cells. Immunohistologic analysis in normal hematopoietic tissue showed strong staining for CD81 in normal germinal center B cells, a cell type in which its increased expression has not been previously recognized. High-dimensional flow cytometry analysis of normal hematopoietic tissue confirmed that among B- and T-cell subsets, germinal center B cells showed the highest level of CD81 expression. In more than 800 neoplastic tissue samples, its expression was also found in most non-Hodgkin lymphomas. Staining for CD81 was rarely seen in multiple myeloma, Hodgkin lymphoma, or myeloid leukemia. In hierarchical cluster analysis of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, staining for CD81 was most similar to other germinal center B cell-associated markers, particularly LMO2. By flow cytometry, CD81 was expressed in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma cells independent of the presence or absence of CD10, another germinal center B-cell marker. The detection of CD81 in routine biopsy samples and its differential expression in lymphoma subtypes, particularly diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, warrant further study to assess CD81 expression and its role in the risk stratification of patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.
Circadian entrainment of the squirrel monkey by extreme photoperiods: Interactions between the phasic and tonic effects of light

To examine the role that the phasic and tonic aspects of the light-dark (LD) cycle play in entraining the circadian timing system of primates, squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) were exposed to 24 hr LD cycles in which the light duration (photoperiod) was varied from 1 sec to 23 hr. The monkeys were maintained in isolation and the circadian rhythm of drinking was monitored. The photoperiod was first gradually shortened until constant darkness was reached. Even in extremely short photoperiods of only one second of light per day, the drinking rhythm remained synchronized to the 24 hr period of the LD cycle. In the second set of experiments, the photoperiod was gradually lengthened until constant light was achieved. The drinking rhythm of all monkeys was synchronized by 21 hr photoperiods (LD 21:3), but free-ran in 23 hr photoperiods (LD 23:1) which provided a 1 hr dark pulse each day. The tonic effects of light may contribute to the difference between the ability to entrain to short versus long photoperiods. In constant darkness the free-running period was close to 24 hr, thus reducing the phase-resetting necessary to achieve entrainment to a 24 hr period by short light pulses. However, in constant light or in the long photoperiods which did not entrain (LD 23:1) the free-running period of the drinking rhythm was greater than 25 hr, thus requiring a much larger daily phase shift to achieve entrainment to a 24 hr period.
An overset grid method for integration of fully 3D fluid dynamics and geophysics fluid dynamics models to simulate multiphysics coastal ocean flows

It is now becoming important to develop our capabilities to simulate coastal ocean flows involved with distinct physical phenomena occurring at a vast range of spatial and temporal scales. This paper presents a hybrid modeling system for such simulation. The system consists of a fully three dimensional (3D) fluid dynamics model and a geophysical fluid dynamics model, which couple with each other in two-way and march in time simultaneously. Particularly, in the hybrid system, the solver for incompressible flow on overset meshes (SIFOM) resolves fully 3D small-scale local flow phenomena, while the unstructured grid finite volume coastal ocean model (FVCOM) captures large-scale background flows. The integration of the two models are realized via domain decomposition implemented with an overset grid method. Numerical experiments on performance of the system in resolving flow patterns and solution convergence rate show that the SIFOM-FVCOM system works as intended, and its solutions compare reasonably with data obtained with measurements and other computational approaches. Its unparalleled capabilities to predict multiphysics and multiscale phenomena with high-fidelity are demonstrated by three typical applications that are beyond the reach of other currently existing models. It is anticipated that the SIFOM-FVCOM system will serve as a new platform to study many emerging coastal ocean problems.
Carbon monoxide concentrations and the effect of aminopterin on its production in the gas bladder of Physalia Physalis

Abstract 1. 1. The folic acid inhibitor aminopterin in concentration of 50 μg/ml or more decreases the in vitro production of carbon monoxide by Physalia gas gland tissue. This supports the possibility that tetrahydrofolates are neccessary cofactors in CO production by this coelenterate. 2. 2. CO-producing capacity was highly variable among gas glands tested. CO concentration in the float is also variable. Floats of healthy, average-sized adult Physalia were found to contain 8–14 per cent CO by volume. CO concentration in smaller specimens generally ranged from 18–28 per cent.
Calibrating Late Quaternary terrestrial climate signals: radiometrically dated pollen evidence from the southern Sierra Nevada, USA

Abstract We constructed a radiometrically calibrated proxy record of Late Pleistocene and Holocene climate change exceeding 230,000 yr duration, using pollen profiles from two cores taken through age-equivalent dry lakes—one core having greater age control (via 230Th alpha mass-spectrometry) and the other having greater stratigraphic completeness. The better dated of these two serial pollen records (Searles Lake) served as a reference section for improving the effective radiometric age control in a nearby and more complete pollen record (Owens Lake) because they: (1) are situated ∼90 km apart in the same drainage system (on, and immediately leeward of, the eastern flank of the Sierra Nevada), and (2) preserved strikingly similar pollen profiles and concordant sequences of sedimentological changes. Pollen assemblages from both lakes are well preserved and diverse, and document serial changes in Late Pleistocene and Holocene plant zone distribution and composition in the westernmost Great Basin; they consist of taxa now inhabiting montane forest, woodland, steppe, and desert-scrub environments. The studied core intervals are interpreted here to be the terrestrial equivalent of marine δ18O stages 1 through 9; these pollen profiles now appear to be among the best radiometrically dated Late Pleistocene records of terrestrial climate change known.
A stacked delta-nabla self-adjoint problem of even order

Existence criteria for two positive solutions to a nonlinear, even-order stacked delta-nabla boundary value problem with stacked, vanishing conditions at the two endpoints are found using the method of Green's functions. A few examples are given for standard time scales. The corresponding even-order nabla-delta problem is also discussed in detail.
A framework for refining similarity queries using learning techniques

In numerous applications that deal with similarity search, a user may not have an exact idea of his information need and/or may not be able to construct a query that exactly captures his notion of similarity. A promising approach to mitigate this problem is to enable the user to submit a rough approximation of the desired query and use the feedback on the relevance of the retrieved objects to refine the query. In this paper, we explore such a refinement strategy for a general class of SQL similarity queries. Our approach casts the refinement problem as that of learning concepts using examples. This is achieved by viewing the tuples on which a user provides feedback as a labeled training set for a learner. Under this setup, SQL query refinement consists of two learning tasks, namely learning the structure of the SQL query and learning the relative importance of the query components. The paper develops appropriate machine learning approaches suitable for these two learning tasks. The primary contribution of the paper is a general refinement framework that decides when each learner is invoked in order to quickly learn the user query. Experimental analyses over many real life datasets and queries show that our strategy outperforms the existing approaches significantly in terms of retrieval accuracy and query simplicity.
The effect of pelvic list on the vertical displacement of the trunk during normal walking

Abstract We measured pelvic list in three normal ambulators, and calculated the vertical displacement of the trunk that is due to pelvic list. Pelvic list was found to be maximum at approximately toe-off and nearly neutral (less than 2°) at midswing for freely-selected gait. The effect of pelvic list on the vertical displacement of the trunk, for normal, freely-selected gait, was mainly to decrease the mean vertical position by 2–4 mm and shift the waveform in phase by about 10–15° lag. The magnitude of the trunk's vertical excursion was determined to be virtually unaffected by pelvic list. This finding is in conflict with conventional wisdom that pelvic list reduces the vertical excursion of the body during normal walking.
Chemotype variation of the weed Melaleuca quinquenervia influences the biomass and fecundity of the biological control agent Oxyops vitiosa.

Host plant nutritional and non-nutritional variability can have a significant effect on herbivore populations by influencing survival, larval performance, and fecundity. The effect of chemical and physical variation of the leaves of two chemotypes of the weed Melaleuca quinquenervia was determined on the biomass and fecundity of the biological control agent Oxyops vitiosa (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). M. quinquenervia chemotypes were distinguished by the principal terpenoids E-nerolidol and viridiflorol using gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy. Not only were the terpenoid profiles of the two chemotypes different but the viridiflorol leaves had greater toughness (1.2-fold) and reduced nitrogen (0.7-fold). When the larvae and adults were fed leaves of the E-nerolidol chemotype increased adult biomass (1.1-fold) and fecundity were found (2.6- to 4.5-fold) compared with those fed leaves of the viridiflorol chemotype. Regardless of the larval diet, when adults were fed the E-nerolidol chemotype leaves they had greater egg production compared with those adults fed the viridiflorol leaves. Moreover, adult pre-oviposition period was extended (1.5-fold) when individuals were fed the viridiflorol leaves compared with those fed the E-nerolidol leaves. By rearing the O. vitiosa weevil on the more nutritious chemotype plants these results assisted in the mass production and establishment of the M. quinquenervia biological control agent.
Cloning and regulation of the rat mdr2 gene

Abstract We have cloned the complete cDNA encoding the rat mdr2 gene by a combination of library screening and the polymerase chain reaction. The sequence of rat mdr2 cDNA is highly similar to other members of the mdr gene family but the initiation of transcription, tissue distribution and regulation of expression of rat mdr2 diverge from the other isoforms. Primer extension analysis showed rat mdr2 mRNA to have a major transcription start point at -277 and a minor one at approximately -518. We constructed gene specific probes for rat mdr2 and mdr1b and compared the expression patterns of these two genes. The highest expression of mdr2 mRNA was in the muscle, heart, liver and spleen. Both mdr2 and 1b mRNA levels were elevated in the livers of rats treated with CCl4 or following partial hepatectomies although the time course of induction of each gene differed. Mdr1b increased by 12 to 24 hours while mdr2 did not increase until 48 hours. Treatment of isolated hepatocytes or RC3 cells with cycloheximide did not effect mdr2 mRNA. In contrast, mdr1b expression was increased. These data suggest that rat mdr2, unlike mdr1b, is not regulated by a negative trans-acting protein factor.
Three-point velocity correlation for grid-turbulence

Abstract An algebraic expression for the three-point velocity correlation of grid-turbulence is formulated by combining related experimental evidence for the two-point velocity correlation with known theoretical constraints about three-point correlations in general. Related results suggest the existence of a second “triad-interaction” between wave-numbers which is completely independent of the well-known classical triad-interaction. Two Re-dependent scalars present in the formulation are determined by postulating an energy-exchange function applicable to turbulence in general. An emergent inconsistency peculiar to the analysis of “inviscid” turbulence is discussed.
Sports Clubs and Political Integration in the Yemen Arab Republic

Although not often studied, sport can be an important agency for developing a national consensus. This paper examines how the North Yemen government has used sports to promote political integration...
Resistance to Cucumber mosaic virus in Cowpea and Implications for Control of Cowpea Stunt Disease.

Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) and Blackeye cowpea mosaic virus (BlCMV) interact synergistically in dually infected plants of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata subsp. unguiculata) to cause cowpea stunt disease, the most damaging viral disease of this crop in the U.S. Sources of resistance to BlCMV are known and are present in cultivars of cowpea such as Pinkeye Purple Hull-BVR. However, no sources of CMV resistance have been found previously in cowpea. In 1998, PI 441918, a cowpea line growing in regeneration plots, was observed to have few viral symptoms, was not infected with BlCMV, and had a low titer of CMV when tested using direct antigen coating-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DAC-ELISA). In greenhouse tests, infection of PI 441918 with CMV resulted in a lower titer of virus if the inoculated plants were from white seeds of PI 441918 than if the plants were from tan seeds of this PI, and a lower titer of virus than plants of the susceptible cultivar Coronet. In the field, with CMV- and BlCMV-infected plants of Coronet in spreader rows, plants from white seed of PI 441918 had no infection with BlCMV and a low infection rate with CMV. PI 441918 offers a high level of resistance to BlCMV and moderate resistance to CMV, which are important characteristics in a parental line to develop cultivars of cowpea resistant to cowpea stunt disease.
Isolation and characterization of a link protein from bovine aorta proteoglycan aggregate

Proteoglycan aggregates were isolated from bovine aorta by extraction with 0.5 M guanidine hydrochloride in the presence of proteinase inhibitors and purified by isopycnic CsCl centrifugation. The bottom two-fifths (A1) of the gradient contained 30% of proteoglycans in the aggregated form. The aggregate had 14.8% protein and 20.4% hexuronic acid with hyaluronic acid, dermatan sulfate and chondroitin sulfates in a proportion of 18:18:69. A link protein-containing fraction was isolated from the bottom two-fifths by dissociative CsCl isopycnic centrifugation. The link protein that floated to the top one-fifth of the gradient was purified by chromatography on Sephadex G-200 in the presence of 4 M guanidine hydrochloride. It moved as a single band in SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with a molecular weight of 49 000. The amino acid composition of link protein resembled that of link protein from cartilage, but was strikingly different from that of the protein core of the proteoglycan monomer. The neutral sugar content of link protein was 3.5% of dry weight. Galactose, mannose and fucose constituted 21, 62 and 16%, respectively of the total neutral sugars. In aggregation studies the link protein was found to interact with both proteoglycan monomer and hyaluronic acid. Oligosaccharides derived from hyaluronic acid decreased the viscosity of link protein-free aggregates of proteoglycan and hyaluronic acid but not of link-stabilized aggregates, demonstrating that the link protein increases the stability of proteoglycan aggregates.
Abstract 5706: High-throughout library screening identifies phytochemical inducers of phase II metabolism enzymesGSTP1andNQO1in human lung cells

Many phytochemicals possess anti-oxidant and cancer-preventive properties, some putatively through phase II metabolism-mediated mutagen/oxidant quenching. However, in studies to date, most candidate agents are not active in human lung cells. In vitro and in vivo screening studies for discovery are clearly needed for new, more potent chemopreventive agents for lung cancer. Here we applied an mRNA-specific gene expression-based high-throughout screening approach to identify phytochemical inducers of phase II metabolism enzymes GSTP1 and NQO1 in primary normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cells and immortalized human bronchial epithelial cells (HBEC). We have screened 800 compounds in the MicroSource Natural Products Library for inducers of GSTP1 and NQO1 expression, and identified 2, 3-dihydroxy-4-methoxy-4′-ethoxybenzophenone, triacetylresveratrol, ivermectin, sanguinarine sulfate, and daunorubicin as new inducers for GSTP1 and NQO1 mRNA expression. Consistent with this effect, the induction of NQO1 protein expression by immunoblot was found for all these agents in both HBEC and NHBE cells at the same concentration that induced NQO1 mRNA expression. However, GSTP1 protein expression did not significantly change with any selected agents. Proliferation/viability assays showed that HBEC and NHBE were significantly inhibited by ivermectin, sanguinarine sulfate, and daunorubicin. These data demonstrate the feasibility of high-throughput screening for inducers of NQO1. Moreover, the data identify 2, 3-dihydroxy-4-methoxy-4′-ethoxybenzophenone and triacetylresveratrol as the most potent and low toxicity inducers [≥3-6-fold, at the protein level], implying they are potential new agents for further in vitro and preclinical in vivo testing for prevention of oxidant-related disease. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5706.
Imbuing Aqueous Solubility to Amphotericin B and Nystatin with a Vitamin

Aqueous solubilities of many drugs in current clinical use are very low, necessitating formulations that often present problems for parenteral administration, including toxicities due to the excipients used. Recognizing that pharmacologically active compounds frequently possess amines, we asked whether pyridoxal phosphate (PLP), an inoccuous, water-soluble vitamin, could be utilized to form prodrug-like complexes via the formation of imine or iminium adducts and whether the vitamin would impart solubilizing properties to such complexes. Direct spectroscopic and crystallographic data obtained using model primary and secondary amines showed that PLP forms stable imine adducts with primary amines under entirely aqueous conditions and at physiologic pH, while no reaction was observed for secondary amines; the basis of the exceptional stability appears to be a consequence of favorable H-bond interactions of the imine nitrogen with the 5-OH group of PLP. Amphotericin B and nystatin in their native forms display...
Developmental eye and neural tube defects in the eye blebs mouse.

In the mouse, eye blebs (eb) is a spontaneous mutation that presents a useful model for the study of abnormal eye development. Since its initial description three decades ago, little information has been generated regarding the developmental course of eb eyes. Although the gene for eb has not been identified, much can be learned from the developmental defects present in the eb mouse. First detected in the eye at embryonic day 11.5 (E11.5), the eb defect is observed as an increased vascularization throughout the developing eye and head region. As development proceeds, the embryonic eye fills with blood, and the resulting hematoma distorts the shape of the iris. The eyelids fail to close, and animals are born with open eyes. Lens degeneration and retinal folding are characteristic of eb, as are microphthalmia and thick, disorganized irises. A second presentation of the eb defect is disruption of neural tube closure in the anterior and hindbrain neuropores. These eb animals are born with open neural tubes but with apparently normal eyes. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Method of correlated basis functions for low levels of 16O

Abstract The ground-state energy of 16 O is calculated variationally for simple models of the bare two-nucleon interaction, assumping a correlated trial function of Jastrow type. The low odd-parity levels are determined by configuration mixing in a truncated basis of likewise-correlated one-particle-one-hole states.
A refined curved element for thin shells of revolution

A refined axisymmetric curved finite element for the analysis of thin elastic-plastic shells of revolution is described in the paper. The improved element is obtained by employing cubic polynomials in terms of local Cartesian co-ordinates for the assumed in-plane and out-of-plane displacements. This introduces into the solution two internal degrees of freedom in the cord direction of each element. These internal degrees of freedom are removed by static condensation before assembling the individual element stiffness matrices, and are subsequently recovered after the nodal displacements are obtained. On comparison with the previous formulation, this procedure greatly improves the accuracy of the solution especially with regards to in-plane stress-resultants at discontinuities in the meridional curvature and interelement equilibrium of forces. The latter fact makes it possible to analyse shells with a discontinuous meridional slope. In using this element, improvement in the convergence of the elastic-plastic solutions has also been observed. Several examples illustrate the quality of solutions. The reported study is limited to axisymmetric loadings cum boundary conditions.
Kinetics of proton-linked flavin conformational changes in p-hydroxybenzoate hydroxylase.

p-Hydroxybenzoate hydroxylase (PHBH) is an FAD-dependent monooxygenase that catalyzes the hydroxylation of p-hydroxybenzoate (pOHB) to 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate in an NADPH-dependent reaction. Two structural features are coupled to control the reactivity of PHBH with NADPH: a proton-transfer network that allows protons to be passed between the sequestered active site and solvent and a flavin that adopts two positions: “in”, where the flavin is near pOHB, and “out”, where the flavin is near NADPH. PHBH uses the proton-transfer network to test for the presence of a suitable aromatic substrate before allowing the flavin to adopt the NADPH-accessible conformation. In this work, kinetic analysis of the His72Asn mutant, with a disrupted proton-transfer network, showed that flavin movement could occur in the presence or absence of NADPH but that NADPH stimulated movement to the reactive conformation required for hydride transfer. Substrate and solvent isotope effects on the transient kinetics of reduction of the H...
Selective Mutism: A Case Study

Selective mutism is a rare and poorly understood condition, usually occurring in childhood, that provides a substantial challenge when encountered by the speech-language pathologist. A case study is presented of a 13-year old girl with a history of cognitive, motor, speech, and language delays who was diagnosed by school personnel as selectively mute. The case is unusual because she received speech and language services almost from infancy but was first diagnosed as selectively mute only recently. The case analysis reveals that selective mutism can occur in complex interaction with other developmental and language problems, confounding both its diagnosis and the development of an appropriate therapy strategy.
NASA Technology Transfer System: Under the hood

This paper discusses the modern approach of the implementation NASA Technology Transfer System as a Software as a Service (SaaS) for NASA as a way to reduce cost and increase efficiency. To accommodate scalability and flexibility, a private cloud called XML Datastore (XD) is used as the foundation to provide a SaaS framework. This is implemented to support three verticals, which consists of the NASA Office of Chief Technology, the NASA Office of Chief Engineer and the NASA Office of General Council for a streamlined technology transfer process. The private cloud/SaaS implementation deploys the software as an application hosted on NASA's internal networks. External services to NASA (non-intramural cloud services) failed to provide a guarantee for responsibility for any accountability inherited against safeguarding the sensitive nature of NASA data. But similar to external cloud services, NTTS eliminates the need to install independently stove piped applications by each NASA center and alleviates the burden of software maintenance, ongoing operation, and support for each individual NASA center. From a NASA software acquisition perspective, NASA uses a combination of open source software as well as some specific NASA plug-in, on-demand software. This paper briefly describes how NTTS is supported using the XML Datastore (XD) Framework. XD Framework is an open and extensible database architecture that supports efficient and flexible integration of heterogeneous and distributed information resources. As a fact, XD Framework provides a “schema-less” datastore approach using a document-centered object-relational XML database mapping. This enables structured, unstructured, and semi-structured information to be integrated without requiring document schemas or translation tables. XD Framework utilizes existing international protocol standards of the World Wide Web Consortium Architecture Domain and the Internet Engineering Task Force, primarily HTTP, XML and WebDAV. Through a combination of these international protocols, universal database record identifiers, and physical address data types, XD enables an unlimited number of desktops and distributed information sources to be linked seamlessly and efficiently into an information grid. XD Framework has been used to create a powerful set of novel information management systems for a variety of scientific and engineering applications.
The effect of environment on the mechanism of fatigue crack initiation and propagation in polycrystalline copper

Abstract In order to investigate the mechanisms of intergranular crack nucleation in the high cycle fatigue of oxygen-free high conductivity polycrystalline copper, the details of crack nucleation and propagation have been studied in several kinds of gaseous environments. The variety of gaseous environments included argon and oxygen, both dry and fully saturated with water vapor. This study of the effect of environment revealed that the environment is not the key factor in determining the crack nucleation mode. However, the mechanisms of crack propagation and fatigue life do depend on the environment. The main effect is due to oxygen. Water vapor did not show a significant effect on its own in this study. The presence of oxygen increased the rate of propagation of cracks and hence reduced the fatigue life.
The real core model and its scales

This paper introduces the real core model K(R) and determines the extent of scales in this inner model. K(R) is an analog of Dodd-Jensen's core model K and contains L(R), the smallest inner model of ZF containing the reals R. We define iterable real premice M and show that Σ1(scM)∩P(R) has the scale property when MvR AD. We then prove the following Main Theorem: ZF + AD + V = K(R) ⇒ DC. Thus, we obtain the Corollary: If ZF + AD +P(R)⊈L(R) is consistent, then ZF + AD + DC + ∀α < ω2 (α-Π11)-ADR is also consistent.
Stimulation of Postirradiation Recovery of Cells by Cutting

X-rays and ultraviolet radiations delay regeneration and division of Blepharisma undulans . Irradiated blepharisma which have not been cut divide once or twice fairly soon after the controls then they cease dividing for a period of time (stasis) which may last for many hours or even days. Once they recover from stasis they divide at a rate comparable to controls. Cut irradiated blepharisma on the other hand having to replace lost parts start to divide later than the uncut irradiated individuals but little if any stasis occurs. As a consequence although irradiated with the same dosage cut individuals recover a normal rate of division sooner than uncut ones.
Chemical and biochemical sensors based on advances in materials chemistry

The advance of materials chemistry has influenced the design of analytical sensors, especially those using spectroscopic or electrochemical methods for generating the signal. New methods of immobilizing enzymes, chromophores, and electron-transfer catalysts have resulted from initiatives in materials science. Systems based on sol-gel chemistry are especially noteworthy in this regard, but other important materials for chemical and biochemical sensors include zeolites, organic polymers, and various conducting composites. Applications cited include determinations of inorganic ions, gases, neurotransmitters, alcohols, carbohydrates, amino acids, proteins, and DNA.
Resolution and sensitivity enhancement of heteronuclear correlation for methylene resonances via 2H enrichment and decoupling.

Monodeuterated methylene positions exhibit substantially superior spectral characteristics in 1H−13C correlation experiments as compared to diprotio signals. A combination of 2H decoupling and multiplet editing of HMQC and HSQC experiments provides resolution enhancement for both stereoselective and random fractionally deuterated samples. For HMQC experiments with [2-2Hr, 2-13C]glycine-labeled E. coli thioredoxin (11.7 kDa), 3-fold increases in both 1H and 13C resolution result in a complementary 9-fold enhancement in sensitivity. Owing to a smaller improvement in 13C resolution, the corresponding enhancements for the HSQC experiment are 2-fold less.
Sterilization of the Beet Leafhopper: Induction of Sterility and Evaluation of Biotic Effects with a Model Sterilant (OM-53139) and 60CO Irradiation

Fourteen chemicals comprising alkylating agents, organotin compounds, an antimetabolite (aminopterin), and an antibiotic (porfiromycin) were evaluated as chemosterilants of Circulifer tenellus (Baker). Topical application and contact exposure were found unsatisfactory, but oral administration in sucrose solution through parafilm membranes was satisfactory and was employed throughout the study. Apholate and tepa were toxic at sterilizing dosages. Metepa, tepa, and Compound I ( N, N′ -hexamethelene bis-l-aziridinyl carboxamide) were the most effective sterilants; hempa was the least effective. Because of high sterilant activity and low toxicity, Compound I was selected as a model compound for detailed study. Male leafhoppers were somewhat more susceptible than females to the toxic as well as to sterilant action of Compound I. Susceptibility was highest in late-stage nymphs and it decreased in both sexes with advancing age. High degree of sterility was evident when matings were performed immediately after a 24-hour acquisition period, and it increased to a plateau at 48 hours, remaining constant for the entire 1-month period of observation. Females which mated to sterile males remained monogamous provided the 1st copulation was long enough (approximately 1.6 minutes) to insure passage of seminal fluid. Chemosterilized males, when confined at various ratios with normal males and females, were found to be sexually as competitive as nonsterile individuals, both under optimum environmental conditions and under temperature stress. Sterilization of the insect by 50Co irradiation was also demonstrated, 95% sterility having been obtained with doses of 16–20 krad for males and 4–6 krad for females.
Evaluating the Relationship between Cognitive Style and Pre-Service Teachers' Preconceived Notions about Adopting Console Video Games for Use in Future Classrooms

This article explores the impact of perceptual cognitive styles on pre-service teachers' attitudes toward video games. Using a cognitive style continuum measuring field dependence and field independence, the authors conducted an exploratory study to measure the potential impact of cognitive style on pre-service teachers' dispositions towards the use of games in their future classrooms. Results showed that participants who planned on becoming teachers were generally found to be more field dependent than peers who elected other major fields of study. These participants also demonstrated a general reluctance towards using console games in their future classroom situations. After the brief experience playing the console game, however, these pre-service teachers' attitudes changed significantly with regards to their game playing attitudes and preferences.
A Review of Obesity-Themed Policy Briefs

Context Policy approaches are one of the most promising population-based means of addressing the epidemic of obesity in the U.S., especially as they create supportive environments for healthy living. Policy briefs can be an effective means of disseminating research information to inform obesity prevention efforts; however, they are often ineffective because of length, density, and inaccessibility. The purposes of this project were to identify a collection of obesity-related policy briefs, analyze the content, and make recommendations for model policy briefs. Evidence acquisition In 2010, online searching strategies were developed with criteria that included a primary topical focus on obesity, written between 2000 and 2010, targeting any population age group, including a policy-change message, and being readily available online. The research team developed a coding tool and used it to analyze briefs. A subsample of the briefs was used for further analysis on dissemination. Evidence synthesis Analyses were conducted on 100 briefs. Most (72%) were developed between 2005 and 2010; the average length was five pages. The majority had no tables, few figures, and only 36% included photos. The average reading level was high. A lack of monitoring or evaluating dissemination efforts prevailed. Conclusions Policy briefs represent an effective, often-preferred, potent tool for public health practitioners and researchers to communicate information to policymakers. Recommendations include presenting information clearly, using a concise format, including design elements, noting reference and contact information, employing active and targeted dissemination efforts, and conducting evaluation.