cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ultrasonic Sensor For Measuring Surface Roughness

Ultrasonic reflectance/scattering measurements have been made on metal samples possessing a large range of surface roughness values. The root-mean-square roughnesses Rq ranged from 0.3 to nearly 40 µm on the mostly periodic surfaces. The echo amplitude from short incident pulses of ultrasound in the frequency range of 1 to 30 MHz was used, in the manner of a comparator, to measure relative roughnesses with an area-averaging approach defined by the ultrasonic beam spot size. Ultrasonic wavelengths ranged from about 50 to 300 µm at these frequencies, and the beam spot sized varied from 0.2 to 5 mm in diameter. Both air and fluid coupling techniques were used between the sensor (transducer) and surface, on both static and rapidly (in excess of 5 m/sec surface speed) moving parts. On static surfaces, a resolution of better than 1.0 µm Rq was achieved at the higher ultrasonic frequencies. By focusing the ultrasonic beam at 30 MHz, a profilometry capability was demonstrated on a 1 µm Rq sinusoidal specimen of 800 µm wavelength.
Shape and 3D acoustically induced vibrations of the human eardrum characterized by digital holography

The eardrum or Tympanic Membrane (TM) transfers acoustic energy from the ear canal (at the external ear) into mechanical motions of the ossicles (at the middle ear). The acousto-mechanical-transformer behavior of the TM is determined by its shape and mechanical properties. For a better understanding of hearing mysteries, full-field-of-view techniques are required to quantify shape, nanometer-scale sound-induced displacement, and mechanical properties of the TM in 3D. In this paper, full-field-of-view, three-dimensional shape and sound-induced displacement of the surface of the TM are obtained by the methods of multiple wavelengths and multiple sensitivity vectors with lensless digital holography. Using our developed digital holographic systems, unique 3D information such as, shape (with micrometer resolution), 3D acoustically-induced displacement (with nanometer resolution), full strain tensor (with nano-strain resolution), 3D phase of motion, and 3D directional cosines of the displacement vectors can be obtained in full-field-ofview with a spatial resolution of about 3 million points on the surface of the TM and a temporal resolution of 15 Hz.
Neutrino Magnetic Moment

The neutrino magnetic moment ${f}^{\ensuremath{\nu}{\ensuremath{\nu}}^{\ensuremath{'}}}$ is calculated in the SU(2) \ensuremath{\bigotimes} U(1) gauge model with the doublets, $a{(\ensuremath{\nu}, {L}^{\ensuremath{-}})}_{L}$, $b{({\ensuremath{\nu}}^{\ensuremath{'}}, {L}^{\ensuremath{-}})}_{R}$. The order of magnitude of ${f}^{\ensuremath{\nu}{\ensuremath{\nu}}^{\ensuremath{'}}}$ is barely within the upper bound for ${f}^{{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}}$ obtained from ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}\ensuremath{-}e$ elastic scattering data.
Discrete-basis-set approach to nonspherical scattering. II.

A method is described for computing scattering amplitudes for a cylindrically symmetric potential using square-integrable basis functions. The addition of variational corrections using the Kato formula is also outlined. Results for a two-center Gaussian potential are presented.
Radiographic study of oral structures and their relation to anterior tooth position.

Abstract Lateral cephalometric roentgenograms were made of 50 subjects who had all of their natural anterior teeth and most of their posterior teeth in position. Tracings of certain cranial landmarks were made on acetate paper from the roentgenograms. The landmarks observed included the incisor teeth, the lips, and selected surfaces of mucous membranes that were made visible by a radiopaque paste. Reference lines were drawn and measurements were made between selected anatomic landmarks and the reference lines drawn on these tracings. The variations in the measurements confirmed the fact that each patient is an individual with anatomic relationships characteristic only of himself. However, certain findings may be used as guides in the initial placement of the anterior teeth and in shaping the base material of trial dentures. The tooth positions and the shape of the base material must be revised according to observations made in the mouth.
An in situ real-time x-ray diffraction study of phase segregation in Au-Pt nanoparticles.

In situ real-time x-ray diffraction was used to study phase segregation and coarsening of Au–Pt nanoparticles supported on silica powder, and porous alumina membranes. Contrary to the expectations from the bulk phase diagram, silica supported Au–Pt nanoparticles have an alloyed structure that is preserved even after extensive annealing at temperatures as high at 700 °C. In stark contrast, alumina supported Au–Pt nanoparticles exhibit a rich phase behaviour that is sensitive to alloy composition and the details of the synthesis process. In particular, low-density as-prepared Au41Pt59 nanoparticles exhibit the signature of incipient phase segregation that develops into full phase separation during annealing at high temperature.
Endoscopic management of bile duct stones

Endoscopic sphincterotomy is the procedure of choice for choledocholithiasis in patients who have had a cholecystectomy. The bile duct is cleared of stones in about 80 to 90 percent of patients. Available data, largely retrospective, suggest that surgery and endoscopic sphincterotomy are about equal with respect to removal of stones, morbidity, and mortality. Certain technical problems are discussed, including inability to insert the papillotome, the large stone, and problems relating to anatomy such as peripapillary diverticulum and prior gastrectomy. The treatment of patients with bile duct stones who have not had a cholecystectomy, with and without cholelithiasis, is controversial. Endoscopic sphincterotomy without subsequent cholecystectomy is adequate treatment for the majority of patients who are unfit for surgery, even if there are stones in the gallbladder, provided they are asymptomatic after endoscopic removal of stones from the bile ducts. Endoscopic sphincterotomy has been performed in the treatment of gallstone-induced pancreatitis, acute obstructive cholangitis, and sump syndrome. The complication rate for endoscopic sphincterotomy ranges from 6.5 to 8.7 percent, with a mortality rate of 0 to 1.3 percent. The most common serious complications are perforation, hemorrhage, acute pancreatitis, and sepsis.
Measurement of the far infrared optical properties of solids with a michelson interferometer used in the asymmetric mode: Part I, mathematical formulation∗☆

Abstract A tutorial formulation of the relationships between the interferograms obtained with and without a sample in one beam of a Michelson interferometer is given. The relationship between the interferograms and the impulse response function of the sample is developed and shown to be useful in measuring the optical constants of the sample. The results obtained in the 20–200 cm−1 region with Mylar and polyethylene films in transmission and a KBr crystal in reflection are given to demonstrate the method. An elementary analysis to show the alteration of the ideal results produced by sampling the interferogram, by apodizing the interferogram, and by the noise errors on the interferogram is included. The extra phase information obtained from the asymmetric interferograms that cannot be obtained by conventional spectroscopy together with the signal-to-noise improvement afforded by the multichannel technique are seen to be the important advantages of this method for measuring optical properties of solids.
Iridoid glycosides and host-plant specificity in larvae of the buckeye butterfly,Junonia coenia (Nymphalidae).

Larvae of the buckeye,Junonia coenia (Nymphalidae) feed primarily on plants in four families: Scrophulariaceae, Plantaginaceae, Verbenaceae, and Acanthaceae. These plant families have in common the presence of a group of plant secondary compounds, the iridoid glycosides. Larvae were reared on three plant species and two artificial diets, one with and one without iridoid glycosides.Larvae grew poorly and had low survivorship on the artificial diet without iridoid glycosides, while growth and survival on the artificial diet with iridoid glycosides was comparable to that on plants. Choice tests using artificial diets with and without iridoid glycosides showed that larvae: (1) chose diets with iridoid glycosides (in the form of a crude extract or pure compound) over a diet without; (2) showed no preference between the diet with the crude extract and that with pure iridoid glycoside, and (3) preferred the artificial diet with ground leaves of the host plant,Plantago lanceolata, over the diet with pure iridoid glycosides. The artificial diet that larvae had been reared on prior to these tests had no effect on subsequent larval preferences in the choice tests.
Wavelength and time-resolved imaging of material ejection in infrared matrix-assisted laser desorption

The dynamics of glycerol ablation at atmospheric pressure was studied using fast photography. A mid-infrared optical parametric oscillator was used to irradiate a droplet of glycerol at normal inci...
Discussions and extension of van Vliet’s noise model for high speed bipolar transistors

Abstract The general van Vliet noise model for transistors was derived for base minority carriers only under adiabatic boundary conditions. This paper extends the model by including the emitter minority carrier noise and the base–collector space charge region (CB SCR) effects based on the mathematical framework developed by van Vliet. Both the finite surface recombination velocity at polysilicon emitter and the finite carrier exit velocity at CB SCR are considered. It is proved that the van Vliet model can be directly used to include the emitter minority carrier noise, and the model holds when the two finite velocity boundary conditions are imposed. A new set of equations are derived to include the effect of CB SCR delay on noise.
Postnatal changes in tryptophan hydroxylase and serotonin transporter immunoreactivity in multiple brainstem nuclei of the rat: Implications for a sensitive period

Previously, we found that the brainstem neuronal network in normal rats undergoes abrupt neurochemical, metabolic, and physiological changes around postnatal days (P) 12-13, a critical period when the animal's response to hypoxia is also the weakest. This has special implications for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), insofar as seemingly normal infants succumb to SIDS when exposed to respiratory stressors (e.g., hypoxia) during a narrow postnatal window. Because an abnormal serotonergic system has recently been implicated in SIDS, we conducted a large-scale investigation of the 5-HT-synthesizing enzyme tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) and serotonin transporter (SERT) with semiquantitative immunohistochemistry in multiple brainstem nuclei of normal rats aged P2-21. We found that 1) TPH and SERT immunoreactivity in neurons of raphe magnus, obscurus, and pallidus and SERT in the neuropil of the pre-Botzinger complex, nucleus ambiguus, and retrotrapezoid nucleus were high at P2-11 but decreased markedly at P12 and plateaued thereafter until P21; 2) SERT labeling in neurons of the lateral paragigantocellular nucleus (LPGi) and parapyramidal region (pPy) was high at P2-9 but fell significantly at P10, followed by a gradual decline until P21; 3) TPH labeling in neurons of the ventrolateral medullary surface was stable except for a significant fall at P12; and 4) TPH and SERT immunoreactivity in a number of other nuclei was relatively stable from P2 to P21. Thus, multiple brainstem nuclei exhibited a significant decline in TPH and SERT immunoreactivity during the critical period, suggesting that such normal development can contribute to a narrow window of vulnerability in postnatal animals.
Influence of Lateral Restraint on the Stability of Stiffened Plates Under Uniform Compression

ABSTRACT This paper investigates the influence of lateral restraint on the buckling behavior of stiffened plates under uniform compression. As a first stage, a numerical procedure is presented for stability analysis of stiffened plates. The structure is idealized as assembled plate and beam elements, rigidity connected at their junctions. Strain energy components for plate and stiffener elements are then derived in terms of out- and in-plane displacement functions. The Sequential Quadratic Programming (SQPr technique is then used to determine the critical buckling load for given plate/stiffener geometric properties. Results are presented, showing the transition from the overall mode to the local mode by increasing stiffener depth for various concentric and eccentric stiffening configurations. Finally, the influence of lateral restraint on buckling behavior of multi-stiffened plates is illustrated.
Coordination between digit forces and positions: interactions between anticipatory and feedback control

Humans adjust digit forces to compensate for trial-to-trial variability in digit placement during object manipulation, but the underlying control mechanisms remain to be determined. We hypothesized...
Congenital aggressive lipomatosis

Three cases of congenital lipomatosis involving the thoracic region posteriorly are presented delineating the natural history of the disease and depicting underlying bone and soft tissue changes. The rib widening and pleural thickening appear to be related to increased intercostal vascularity feeding the overlying tumor, as delineated by angiography. This entity is not described in the radiologic literature.
Economic Impact of Double‐Crested Cormorant, Phalacrocorax auritus, Depredation on Channel Catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, Aquaculture in Mississippi, USA

The Yazoo River Basin of Mississippi, USA, supports the largest concentration of hectares devoted to channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, aquaculture production in North America. The Yazoo Basin also supports large numbers of resident, wintering and migrating fish-eating birds, with the Double-crested Cormorant, Phalacrocorax auritus, implicated as the most serious depredating species. We used data from aerial surveys of numbers and distribution of cormorants in the Yazoo Basin and on commercial catfish ponds during winters (November–April) 2000–2001 and 2003–2004 to refine estimates of regional economic losses due to cormorant depredation. In both periods, the greatest monthly estimates of cormorant foraging occurred from 1 January to 31 March. Losses in terms of biomass, number, and dollar value were greater for foodfish ponds than fingerling ponds. Monthly weighted estimates of catfish consumed were 1775.3 and 1346.6 m.t. over winters 2000–2001 and 2003–2004, respectively. Total estimated losses for foodfish and fingerling ponds in 2000–2001 were $11.56 and $0.48 million, respectively, and in 2003–2004 were $5.22 and $0.40 million, respectively. Maximum dollar loss occurred during March in 2000–2001 and during February in 2003–2004. In this study, the volatility in variable production costs and nominal sales price, and distribution of cormorants on pond types and regionally were key factors in resulting economic loss estimates.
Synthesis of the Purported ent-Pochonin J Structure Featuring a Stereoselective Oxocarbenium Allylation

The synthesis of the alleged natural product pochonin J is presented. Key steps of this convergent synthesis include a chemoselective Wacker oxidation, and an Evans’ anti-reduction of the resulting ketone. Upon ozonolysis, this intermediate undergoes a 6-exo-trig cyclization to give a hemiketal intermediate, the key oxocarbenium precursor. The construction of the α-C-glycoside subunit is highlighted by a mismatched oxocarbenium cation formation/allylation sequence. An olefin metathesis afforded the 14-membered macrolactone, and final oxidation provided the “desired” compound that does not spectroscopically correlate to the initially described natural product.
Workplace health and safety regulations: Impact of enforcement and consultation on workers' compensation claims rates in Washington State.

Background There has been considerable debate in the public policy arena about the appropriate mix of regulatory enforcement and consultation in achieving desired health and safety behavior across industries. Recently there has been a shift in federal policy toward voluntary approaches and constraining the scope of enforcement programs, although there is little evidence that this might improve health and safety outcomes. To address this, we examined changes in lost time workers compensation claims rates for Washington State employers who had (1) no OSHA State Plan (WISHA) activity, (2) enforcement, (3) consultation, and (4) both types of visits. Methods Compensable claims rates, hours, and WISHA activity were determined for each employer account with a single business location that had payroll hours reported for every quarter from 1997–2000 and more than 10 employees. We used a generalized estimating equations (GEE) approach to Poisson regression to model the association between WISHA activity and claims rate controlling for other external factors. Results Controlling for previous claims rate and average size, claims rates for employers with WISHA enforcement activity declined 22.5% in fixed site industry SIC codes compared to 7% among employers with no WISHA activity (P 0.10). WISHA consultation activity was not associated with a greater decline in compensable claims rates (−2.3% for fixed sites and +3.5% for non-fixed sites). WISHA activity did not adversely affect worksite survivability through the study period. Conclusions Enforcement inspections are significantly associated with decreasing compensable workers compensation claims rates especially for fixed site employers. We were unable to identify an association between consultation activities and decreasing claims rates. Am. J. Ind. Med. 43:483–494, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
In Defence of Heroides 9

Although I am unwilling to renew the dispute over the authenticity of Heroides 9,1) there are certain unifying thematic elements of this letter which have been overlooked and which might help to salvage some of Ovid's technical reputation vis-?-vis this letter and lend credence to its authenticity. D.W.T.C. Vessey has recently written about the serious doubts he has concerning the authenticity of Heroides 9 on the basis of its metrical anomalies and lack of structural integrity2). Although the metrical anomalies will remain an area for discussion, like Howard Jacobson, I do not find them, in and of themselves, convincing arguments against authenticity3). In terms of the structural integrity of the letter, I would like to suggest that Heroides 9 does show a coherent unity and is organized on the basis of a developing crescendo of events and emotions. This crescendo is formed from Deianira's response to her life with Hercules and it uses the figure of Iole as a catalyst. The refrain in the final lines of the letter arrests the movement of the crescendo and serves
A new instrument for clinical studies of Tourette's syndrome.

Tourette's syndrome (TS) consists of multiple motor and phonic symptoms with a waxing and waning course. Frequency and type of symptoms may be influenced by environment (home, school, clinic) and the patient's state. Clinical, neurobiological, and other types of research on TS require reliable and valid rating instruments sensitive to individual components of the disorder and patient global status. Ideally such an instrument would not be unduly affected by the variability of individual tics. We have developed a multidimensional scale for rating symptom frequency and disruptiveness in TS; estimates of inter-rater reliability for specific symptoms and the global score are promising. Evidence concerning the validity of the TS Global Scale in the context of a pharmacological study and in an outpatient setting is presented.
Antibacterial activity of WY-49605 compared with those of six other oral agents and selection of disk content for disk diffusion susceptibility testing.

The in vitro antimicrobial activity of an oral penem, WY-49605, was compared with those of six other oral antimicrobial agents against 598 bacterial isolates representing 51 different species. WY-49605 exhibited good activity against most gram-positive bacteria and members of the family Enterobacteriaceae. It had little activity against nonfermenting gram-negative bacilli, Enterobacter spp., Serratia spp., enterococci, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Its activity was unaffected by the beta-lactamases of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Haemophilus influenzae, and staphylococci. Disk diffusion susceptibility tests were performed with 5-, 10-, 15-, and 30-micrograms WY-49605 disks. The 5-micrograms disk is recommended, with tentative breakpoints of > or = 16 mm for susceptibility (MIC, or = 8.0 micrograms/ml).
Inertially driven buckling and overturning of jets in a Hele-Shaw cell

We study a fluid jet descending through stratified surroundings at low Reynolds number in Hele-Shaw flow. The jet buckles and overturns inside a conduit of entrained fluid which supports smooth or unstable traveling waves. A model of the recirculating flow within the conduit shows that buckling and waves arise from Kelvin-Helmholtz instabilities and quantitatively accounts for the main experimental observations. Beyond the onset of the instability, a damped, forced Burgers' equation obtained from corrections to Darcy's law for small Reynolds number governs the interface dynamics and supports singularities corresponding to the observed jet overturning and unstable waves.
The Effect of an Experiential Learning Program on Middle School Students' Motivation toward Mathematics and Science.

A mixed methods design was used to evaluate the effects of four experiential learning programs on the interest and motivation of middle school students toward mathematics and science. The ExpectancyValue model provided a theoretical framework for the exploration of 336 middle school student participants. Initially, participants were generally positive and had relatively high mathematics and science motivation (Eccles et al., 1983). Overall interest in mathematics increased after completing the program, but a decrease in the importance of mathematics on students’ sense of self and some gender differences were detected, with males showing more gains than females. While few significant differences were found on the pre-post student self-ratings, other evidence suggests the program brought about meaningful change. Several potential reasons for the lack of detectable changes on self-reported student motivation measure are discussed. This article concludes with a discussion about the implications for the evaluation of science enrichment programs.
Tumor growth, weight loss and cytokines in SCID mice

It has been proposed that immunoregulatory cytokines play a role in the onset and development of cancer cachexia, although evidence supporting this theory remains inconclusive. In the present study, SCID mice were implanted with one of two tumor cell lines known to induce weight loss in rats. Growth of the Morris 7777 hepatoma was associated with weight loss as well as increased levels of tumor necrosis factor and interleukins 1 and 6 in spleen cells of tumor-bearing mice. Growth of the MCA sarcoma did not induce weight loss, nor did it increase cytokine expression in spleen cells of tumor-bearing mice. We conclude that increased cytokine expression is associated with weight loss in tumor-bearing SCID mice, and immune activation for cytokine expression does not require the presence of T or B cells.
Identification and Characterization of HIV-1 CD8+ T Cell Escape Variants with Impaired Fitness

In this study, amino acid sequence variation in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 Gag CD8 + T cell epitopes was examined in untreated mother-infant pairs. Several HIV-1 CD8 + T cell escape variants were identified within maternal plasma viral p17 and p24 sequences that were either not detected or did not persist in the plasma of their non-HLA-matched HIV-1-infected infants. Viruses constructed with each of these mutations demonstrated reduced viral replication in vitro and reduced expression of p17 and p24 proteins compared with wild type. Reduced recognition of the variant sequences compared with wild-type sequence was also demonstrated by enzyme-linked immunospot assays. Nontransmission or reversion after transmission was thus associated with reduced viral fitness cost in vivo. Better understanding of the balance between CD8 + T cell selective pressures and viral fitness cost may facilitate the identification of optimal viral sequences for inclusion in HIV-1 vaccines.
Exploring intended infant feeding decisions among low-income women.

Abstract Background: Low-income women have the lowest rates of breastfeeding in the United States. Greater understanding of factors that predict intention to feed artificial breastmilk substitute is needed to inform the design and timing of interventions to promote breastfeeding among vulnerable women. This study aimed to identify demographic and reproductive characteristics and other factors associated with intent to feed artificial breastmilk substitute among low-income women. Materials and Methods: Data from 520 low-income women interviewed at 24–41 weeks of gestation during enrollment in a prenatal breastfeeding education intervention study were analyzed. Participant characteristics, reasons for feeding decision, and sources and types of information received were compared among women intending to feed only artificial breastmilk substitute and other women. Results: Most participants (95%) had already chosen an infant feeding method at the time of interview. There were no differences in plans to return ...
Electronic excited state energy transfer, trapping by dimers and fluorescence quenching in concentrated dye solutions: Picosecond transient grating exp

Abstract Picosecond transient grating experiments are used to examine electronic excited state dynamics in concentrated dye solutions. A model based on radiationless excited state transport and trapping by dimers describes the phenomena responsible for fluorescence quenching. The trapping rate constant is found to have a cubic concentration dependence. Rhodamine 6G dimer lifetimes in glycerol and ethanol are 830 ps and
Identification of Alpha Interferon-Induced Genes Associated with Antiviral Activity in Daudi Cells and Characterization of IFIT3 as a Novel Antiviral Gene

A novel assay was developed for Daudi cells in which the antiviral (AV) and antiproliferative (AP) activities of interferon (IFN) can be measured simultaneously. Using this novel assay, conditions allowing IFN AV protection but no growth inhibition were identified and selected. Daudi cells were treated under these conditions, and gene expression microarray analyses were performed. The results of the analysis identified 25 genes associated with IFN-α AV activity. Upregulation of 23 IFN-induced genes was confirmed by using reverse transcription-PCR. Of 25 gene products, 17 were detected by Western blotting at 24 h. Of the 25 genes, 10 have not been previously linked to AV activity of IFN-α. The most upregulated gene was IFIT3 (for IFN-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 3). The results from antibody neutralizing experiments suggested an association of the identified genes with IFN-α AV activity. This association was strengthened by results from IFIT3-small interfering RNA transfection experiments showing decreased expression of IFIT3 and a reduction in the AV activity induced by IFN-α. Overexpression of IFIT3 resulted in a decrease of virus titer. Transcription of AV genes after the treatment of cells with higher concentrations of IFN having an AP effect on Daudi cells suggested pleiotropic functions of identified gene products.
Validating Aircraft Models in the Gap Metric

A framework based on the gap metric is proposed to validate mathematical models of aircraft dynamics using flight data. The approach derives stability margin requirements, and hence is ideally suited to support model-based design and certification of flight control algorithms. This paper shows that the gap metric is an extension of the Theil inequality coefficient: a widely used metric for model validation. The approach is demonstrated on a case study with a small unmanned aircraft.
Deaths Involving Methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) in Upper East Tennessee

Two deaths involving 3, 4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) are reported. MDPV is a synthetic cathinone stimulant found in "bath salts" with neurological and cardiovascular toxicity. Biological specimens were analyzed for MDPV by GC/MS and LC/MS. A White man was found dead with signs of nausea and vomiting after repeatedly abusing bath salts during a weekend binge. Femoral venous blood and urine had MDPV concentrations of 39 ng/mL and 760 ng/mL. The second fatality was a White man with a history of drug and bath salt abuse found dead at a scene in total disarray after exhibiting fits of anger and psychotic behavior. Femoral venous blood and urine had MDPV concentrations of 130 ng/mL and 3800 ng/mL. The blood and urine MDPV concentrations are within the reported recreational concentration ranges (blood 24-241 ng/mL and urine 34-3900 ng/mL). Both decedents' deaths were attributed to relevant natural causes in a setting of MDPV abuse. Language: en
Effect of soil texture, tailwater height, and pore-water pressure on the morphodynamics of migrating headcuts in upland concentrated flows†

Rill and gully erosion in upland and agricultural areas can result in significant soil degradation worldwide, and headcuts are the primary mechanism by which this landscape dissection occurs. Experiments were conducted to further examine the morphodynamic behavior of actively migrating headcuts in upland concentrated flows with varying boundary conditions. The effect of soil texture greatly modified the erodibility of the select soils, and headcut migration rates, scour depths, and sediment discharges were correlated to the critical shear stress and erodibility of the select soils. The effect of increasing tailwater height greatly reduced the nappe entry angle at the brink of the headcut, completely arresting the soil erosion processes. Altering subsurface pore-water pressures markedly changed the erodibility coefficients of the select soil, which caused greater headcut migration rates and sediment discharges, yet shallower scour holes, in the presence of a subsurface water table. Current analytic formulations based on jet impingement theory successfully predicted these experimental observations, further demonstrating the utility of such analytic formulations in advancing watershed management technology. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rapid, Simultaneous Quantification of Morphine, Codeine, and Hydromorphone by GC/MS

Morphine, codeine, and hydromorphone were extracted from blood or serum using a one step extraction. The extract was derivatized and the trifluoroacetyl opiates were quantified by GC/MS selected ion monitoring (SIM) using nalorphine as the internal standard. Calibration curves were linear and sensitivity as low as .02 mg/L for morphine and codeine, and .08 mg/L for hydromorphone, was achieved. Urine or tissue homogenates could be processed similarly after acid hydrolysis.
Automated system for text detection in individual video images

Text detection in video images is a challenging research problem because of the poor spatial resolution and complex back- ground, which may contain a variety of colors. An automated system for text detection in video images is presented. It makes use of four modules to implement a series of processes to extract text regions from video images. The first module, called the multistage pulse code modulation (MPCM) module, is used to locate potential text regions in color video images. It converts a video image to a coded image, with each pixel encoded by a priority code ranging from 7 down to 0 in accordance with its priority, and further produces a binary thresholded image, which segments potential text regions from the background. The second module, called the text region detection module, applies a sequence of spatial filters to remove noisy regions and eliminate regions that are unlikely to contain text. The third module, called the text box finding module, merges text regions and produces boxes that are likely to contain text. Finally, the fourth module, called the optical character recognition (OCR) module, eliminates the text boxes that produce no OCR output. An extensive set of experiments is conducted and demonstrates that the proposed system is effective in detecting text in a wide variety of video images. © 2003 SPIE and IS&T. (DOI: 10.1117/1.1584050)
Content and Face Validity of the Marwit-Meuser Caregiver Grief Inventory (Short Form) in African American Caregivers

There may be cultural differences in the experience of predeath grief in African American (AA)/Black caregivers for persons with Alzheimers disease (AD). The most commonly used screening tool, the Marwit and Meuser Caregiver Grief Inventory—Short Form (MMCGI-SF), was developed from focus groups with primarily Caucasian/White caregivers. Interviews were held with 19 AA spouse and adult child caregivers for persons with mild, moderate, and severe AD, and data were coded and compared with scale items on the MCMGI-SF to assess validity. Results from this study provide evidence for content and face validity of the MMCGI-SF for use in AA caregivers.
Family Temples and Religious Learning in Contemporary Japanese Buddhism

It is well known that in the modern period, the various Buddhist schools in Japan followed the example of the Jōdo Shinshū in adopting clerical marriage and a family inheritance system for the transmission of parish temples. This article highlights the importance of family as the context in which religious professionals are produced in contemporary Japanese Temple Buddhism. I examine how temple sons become resident priests in the Rinzai Zen, Tendai, and the Jōdo Shin schools in order to demonstrate how scholarship that focuses on ordination, taking precepts, and undergoing training at a monastery tends to neglect the less formalized—and less documented—process of young successor-priests acquiring authority and expertise by virtue of their position within the temple family.
Improving both the performance benefits and speed of optimization phase sequence searches

The issues of compiler optimization phase ordering and selection present important challenges to compiler developers in several domains, and in particular to the speed, code size, power, and cost-constrained domain of embedded systems. Different sequences of optimization phases have been observed to provide the best performance for different applications. Compiler writers and embedded systems developers have recently addressed this problem by conducting iterative empirical searches using machine-learning based heuristic algorithms in an attempt to find the phase sequences that are most effective for each application. Such searches are generally performed at the program level, although a few studies have been performed at the function level. The finer granularity of function-level searches has the potential to provide greater overall performance benefits, but only at the cost of slower searches caused by a greater number of performance evaluations that often require expensive program simulations. In this paper, we evaluate the performance benefits and search time increases of function-level approaches as compared to their program-level counterparts. We, then, present a novel search algorithm that conducts distinct function-level searches simultaneously, but requires only a single program simulation for evaluating the performance of potentially unique sequences for each function. Thus, our new hybrid search strategy provides the enhanced performance benefits of function-level searches with a search-time cost that is comparable to or less than program-level searches.
The Learning-by-Doing Principle

Learning by doing has been a principle for thousands of years; it has had many proponents, including Plato, Thomas Hobbes, English and Spanish epigrammatists, Karl Marx and Mao Zedong, cultural anthropologists, Montessori, John B. Watson, and B. F. Skinner; and it has had many forms, including learning by doing, discovery versus instruction, practical experience versus book-learning, the practice-theory-practice dialectic, and proof upon practice. The paper includes discussion of several of the forms, with examples, to establish what the principle means; modifications of the principle such as instructed learning-by-doing and a role of reasoning; and possible explanations of its effectiveness.
Evaluation of a Quality Improvement Collaborative in Asthma Care: Does it Improve Processes and Outcomes of Care?

PURPOSE We wanted to examine whether a collaborative to improve asthma care infl uences process and outcomes of care in asthmatic adults. METHOD We undertook a preintervention-postintervention evaluation of 185 patients in 6 intervention clinics and 3 matched control sites that participated in the Institute for Healthcare Improvement Breakthrough Series (BTS) Collaborative for asthma care. The intervention consisted of 3, 2-day educational sessions for teams dispatched by participating sites, which were followed by 3 action periods during the course of a year. RESULTS Overall process of asthma care improved signifi cantly in the intervention compared with the control group (change of 10% vs 1%, P = .003). Patients in the intervention group were more likely to attend educational sessions (20% vs 5%, P = .03). Having a written action plan, setting goals, monitoring peak fl ow rates, and using long-term asthma medications increased between 2% and 19% (not signifi - cant), but asthma-related knowledge was unchanged for the 2 groups. Patients in the BTS Collaborative were signifi cantly more likely to be satisfi ed with clinician and lay educator communication (62% vs 39%, P = .02). Health-related quality of life, asthma-specifi c quality of life, number of bed days caused by asthma-related illness, and acute care service use were not signifi cantly different between the 2 groups. CONCLUSIONS The intervention was associated with improved process-of-care measures that have been linked with better outcomes. Patients benefi ted through increased satisfaction with communication. Follow-up of patients who partici- pated in the intervention may have been too brief to be able to detect signifi cant improvement in health-related outcomes.
Involvement of PKCδ and PKD in pulmonary microvascular endothelial cell hyperpermeability

The involvement of PKC, the isoforms of which are categorized into three subtypes: conventional (α, βI, βII, and γ), novel [δ, ϵ, η, and μ (also known as PKD),θ], and atypical (ζ and ι/λ), in the r...
Using multiple communication channels for efficient data dissemination in wireless sensor networks

This paper presents McTorrent and McSynch, two multichannel sensor network protocols for data dissemination. Both protocols are designed to take advantage of the spatial multiplexing properties of the half-duplex radio transceivers available on the current generation of sensor nodes. McTorrent is used for reliable end-to-end dissemination of a large data object. Compared to existing protocols, we show that McTorrent significantly reduces the amount of time required to propagate a large data object throughout a sensor network. McSynch is used to achieve data object synchronization within a local cluster of nodes. By using a scheduled channel access approach and an appropriate number of transmission channels, McSynch can significantly reduce the amount of time required to update a local cluster. We also describe our experiences implementing a multichannel system, and report on lessons learned for channel and frequency settings
SET-LRP of hydrophobic and hydrophilic acrylates in trifluoroethanol

Efficient disproportionation of CuBr–Me6-TREN in 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol (TFE) to produce “nascent” Cu(0) and CuBr2–Me6-TREN indicates that this semifluorinated alcohol has the potential to be an excellent solvent for Cu(0) mediated single electron transfer-living radical polymerization (SET-LRP). Herein, we report the SET-LRP of a range of hydrophobic and hydrophilic acrylates, including methyl acrylate (MA), n-butyl acrylate (nBA), tert-butyl acrylate (tBA), 2-ethylhexyl acrylate (EHA) and 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate (HEA) using 2-bromopropionate (MBP) and 2-ethylbromoisopropionate (EBiB) as initiators, and Me6-TREN as ligand in TFE. Analysis of the kinetics of polymerization and of the polymer chain ends by a combination of 1H NMR, GPC, MALDI-TOF and chain-end functionalization by “thio-bromo” click reaction demonstrated the synthesis of perfect or near-perfect chain-end functional polyacrylates by SET-LRP in TFE.
A media maniac's guide to removable mass storage media

The background section of "A Media Maniac's Answer to Where Storage Will be in 2000" provides a rich history that applies to this paper. This paper addresses at a high level, the many individual technologies available today in the removable storage arena. It discusses recording data on removable magnetic tapes, magnetic floppies, optical disks and optical tape.
Towards understanding paternal extragenic contributions to early amphibian pattern specification: the axolotl ts-1 gene as a model system.

As a model system for understanding the role sperm extragenic components might play in early embryogenesis the genetics and phenotype of the ts—1 axolotl ( Ambystoma mexicanum ) mutant gene are reviewed. That mutant gene displays parental effects. It exhibits both maternal (egg-mediated) as well as paternal (sperm-mediated) phenotypic effects. A variety of possible modes of action of the ts—1 gene are reviewed. Comparisons of various precedents to the ts—1 genetic data are made. In addition, novel models which account for the ts—1 phenotypic data are presented.
Harold Wolpe and the labour question

Steven Friedman comes to the task of revisiting the work of South African Marxist intellectual, Harold Wolpe, with an ideal resume. A student radical at the University of Witwatersrand in the early...
Direct Observation of the Transition-State Region in the Photodissociation of CH3I by Femtosecond Extreme Ultraviolet Transient Absorption Spectroscopy

Femtosecond extreme ultraviolet (XUV) pulses produced by high harmonic generation are used to probe the transition-state region in the 266 nm photodissociation of CH3I by the real-time evolution of core-to-valence transitions near the iodine N-edge at 45-60 eV. During C-I bond breaking, new core-to-valence electronic states appear in the spectra, which decay concomitantly with the rise of the atomic iodine resonances of I((2)P3/2) and I*((2)P1/2). The short-lived features are assigned to repulsive valence-excited transition-state regions of (3)Q0 and (1)Q1, which can connect to transient core-excited states via promotion of 4d(I) core electrons. A simplified one-electron transition picture is described that accurately predicts the relative energies of the transient states observed. The transition-state resonances reach a maximum at ∼40 fs and decay to complete C-I dissociation in ∼90 fs, representing the shortest-lived chemical transition state observed by core-level, XUV, or X-ray spectroscopy.
A New Species of Hyalinobatrachium (Anura: Centrolenidae) from the Highlands of Guyana

A new species of Hyalinobatrachium is described from the highlands of Guyana. This is the third centrolenid species reported from Guyana and the second of the genus Hyalinobatrachium. The new species is one of 13 Hyalinobatrachium found in northeastern South America (Venezuela, Guyana, Surinam, and Guyane); it can be differentiated from Hyalinobatrachium taylori, the only other Hyalinobatrachium in Guyana, by the color of the bones, which are white, and the color of the dorsum in preservative (lavender vs. cream in the new species). Variation and relationships within the genus in this region are discussed. The tadpole of the new species is described and illustrated.
Determining the Type and Starting Time of Land Cover and Land Use Change in Southern Ghana Based on Discrete Analysis of Dense Landsat Image Time Series

Rural to urban migration and relatively high fertility rates have influenced rapid land cover and land use change (LCLUC) in southern Ghana, which warrants more frequent monitoring. We develop and test approaches for semiautomatically and more frequently identifying the type and date of LCLUC from time series of Landsat ETM+ imagery from 2000 to 2014. Clouds, cloud shadows, and scan line corrector-off create missing data in $\text{ETM}+$ images. Forty-one dates of $\text{ETM}+$ images that partially contain missing data were utilized. The general approach is to conduct a per-pixel supervised classification on each image of a Landsat time series after masking missing data. Spatial, temporal, and logical filters are applied to correct for misclassification and missing data. Each image is classified into three general classes: 1) Built; 2) Natural Vegetation; 3) and Agriculture, with expansion of Built being our main focus. Reference data for Change-to-Built were independently selected from all available high-spatial resolution satellite images (e.g., Quickbird, GeoEye, Worldview, and Google Earth imagery), and the type and beginning time of LCLUC was recorded. Results show that the temporal-filtered product identified both the location and the start of Change-to-Built more precisely and accurately than the nonfiltered and other filtered products. Based on reference data, 40% of the Change-to-Built samples were correctly identified without filtering; whereas, when a temporal filter was applied, 80% were correctly identified with low amounts of false positive Change-to-Built pixels. The temporal-filtered product has the highest temporal precision and accuracy ( $\text{mean time difference} = 2.1 \text{years}$ ) in identifying the start of Change-to-Built.
Overview of ASHP Guidelines on Emergency Medicine Pharmacist Services

The purposes of these guidelines are to define the role of the emergency medicine (EM) pharmacist (EMP), to suggest goals for providing EMP services to meet institution-specific needs, and to establish a definition of best practices for EMP services to the emergency department (ED). These guidelines
Dynamic deformation characteristics of zirconium diboride–silicon carbide under multi-axial confinement

Abstract Multiaxial quasi-static and dynamic compression experiments were performed on zirconium diboride-5wt% silicon carbide (ZrB 2 -5wt%SiC) ceramic composite processed via spark plasma sintering technique. Cylindrical ZrB 2 –SiC specimens were confined using thick walled metal sleeves to generate various levels of confinement pressure on the lateral surface and then subjected to axial loads under quasi-static and dynamic conditions. Postmortem analysis revealed formation of a macroscopic shear plane in the recovered specimens and slip bands within ZrB 2 grains. Compressive strengths of up to 5.6 GPa and 9.8 GPa, respectively, were reached under quasi-static and dynamic strain rates. To capture the strain rate dependent and pressure dependent response the Johnson–Holmquist (JH-2) model was used and relevant parameters were determined for future high velocity impact or shock response simulations utilizing the experimental data generated from low and high strain rate confined compression tests. A comparison of JH-2 model constants for ZrB 2 –SiC along with other structural ceramics revealed that pressure alone plays a deterministic role in defining the constitutive response of all brittle ceramics including ZrB 2 –SiC.
Resistance in Broccoli to the Garden Symphylan

Differences in resistance to Scutigerella immaculata (Newport) were shown among 5 broccoli cultivars in greenhouse studies. The cultivars, ‘Crusader’, ‘Green Duke’, and ‘Bravo’, showed a higher level of resistance to the garden symphylan than ‘Waltham 29’ and ‘Spartan’. Crusader was most resistant and Spartan most susceptible. Results of field experiments showed similar differences in symphylan resistance among the cultivars and confirmed the results of the greenhouse studies.