cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Infectious mononucleosis mimicking a B cell immunoblastic lymphoma associated with an abnormality in regulatory T cells

An elderly woman is described with infectious mononucleosis in whom cervical node biopsy was interpreted as showing immunoblastic lymphoma. Concomitant reactive lymphocytosis, Epstein-Barr virus serologic results consistent with an acute infection, and demonstration of polyclonal B cell infiltration of other tissues argued against intervention. Defective in vitro T cell responses were demonstrated during the acute phase of Epstein-Barr virus infection. Infectious mononucleosis has rarely been reported as mimicking a non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. At 18 months, our patient's course has been typical for infectious mononucleosis with no evidence of disseminated malignancy.
Tying up loose ends: nonhomologous end-joining in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The ends of chromosomal DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) can be accurately rejoined by at least two discrete pathways, homologous recombination and nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ). The NHEJ pathway is essential for repair of specific classes of DSB termini in cells of the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Endonuclease-induced DSBs retaining complementary single-stranded DNA overhangs are repaired efficiently by end-joining. In contrast, damaged DSB ends (e.g., termini produced by ionizing radiation) are poor substrates for this pathway. NHEJ repair involves the functions of at least 10 genes, including YKU70, YKU80, DNL4, LIF1, SIR2, SIR3, SIR4, RAD50, MRE11, and XRS2. Most or all of these genes are required for efficient recombination-independent recircularization of linearized plasmids and for rejoining of EcoRI endonuclease-induced chromosomal DSBs in vivo. Several NHEJ mutants also display aberrant processing and rejoining of DSBs that are generated by HO endonuclease or formed spontaneously in dicentric plasmids. In addition, all NHEJ genes except DNL4 and LIF1 are required for stabilization of telomeric repeat sequences. Each of the proteins involved in NHEJ appears to bind, directly or through protein associations, with the ends of linear DNA. Enzymatic and/or structural roles in the rejoining of DSB termini have been postulated for several proteins within the group. Most yeast NHEJ genes have homologues in human cells and many biochemical activities and protein:protein interactions have been conserved in higher eucaryotes. Similarities and differences between NHEJ repair in yeast and mammalian cells are discussed.
Molecular dynamics studies of radiation effects in silicon carbide

We discuss results of molecular dynamics computer simulation studies of 3 keV and 5 keV displacement cascades in {beta}-SIC, and compare them to results of 5 keV cascades in pure silicon. The SiC simulations are performed with the Tersoff potential. For silicon we use the Stillinger-Weber potential. Simulations were carried out for Si recoils in 3 dimensional cubic computational cells With periodic boundary conditions and up to 175,616 atoms. The cascade lifetime in SiC is found to be extremely short. This, combined with the high melting temperature of SiC, precludes direct lattice amorphization during the cascade. Although large disordered regions result, these retain their basic crystalline structure. These results are in contrast with observations in pure silicon where direct-impact amorphization from the cascade is seen to take place. The SiC results also show anisotropy in the number of Si and C recoils as well as in the number of replacements in each sublattice. Details of the damage configurations obtained will be discussed.
The Link Between Management Behavior and Ethical Philosophy in the Wake of the Enron Convictions

The current linkages between ethical theory and management behavior are investigated in the wake of the much-publicized convictions of Enron executives. The vignettes used in this investigation represent ethical dilemmas in the areas of coercion and control, conflict of interest, physical environment, and personal integrity. Since 2003, and after the successful prosecution of Enron executives, the link between ethical philosophy and management behavior has shifted somewhat dramatically. There has been a significant change in the rational basis for managerial decision making. In 2003, even after the Enron scandal was publicized, practitioners still relied heavily on both act and rule utilitarian ethical philosophies when making business decisions. Currently, the majority of respondents are likely to select ethically appropriate actions based on either rule utilitarian or rights rationales. It appears that ethical behavior is now more in line with ethical rhetoric, which may positively impact the ethical climate of business decision making. Apparently, business scandals of the past did not really impact actual ethical behavior much, but the high-profile prosecutions, convictions, and jail sentences may have impressed on managers that now is the time to incorporate ethics into business decisions.
Ambient light modifies gonadotropin-releasing hormone pulse generator frequency in the rhesus monkey.

In the course of previous studies using continuous monitoring of the electrophysiological correlates of GnRH pulse generator activity, characterized by episodic increases in hypothalamic multiunit electrical activity (MUA volley), it was noticed that the nocturnal slowing of pulse generator frequency was an acute phenomenon observable in the first MUA volleys after the lights were turned off, as was the increase in frequency when the lights were turned on in the morning. This suggested that the reduction in pulse generator frequency at night may not be the consequence of an intrinsic diurnal rhythm, but an effect of light per se. Indeed, as reported herein, such an effect was observed when the lights were turned on or off at times other than the normal illumination period (normal light schedule, lights on from 0700-1900 h). That this was not simply a response to arousal was shown by awakening the animals with loud recorded noises in total darkness at the same unaccustomed times without a resulting change ...
From Graduate School to the STEM Workforce: An Entropic Approach to Career Identity Development for STEM Women of Color

Career development programs for graduate students should acknowledge the multiple and often conflicting demands placed on underrepresented scholars.
Enantioselective Synthesis of Dihydropyrans. Catalysis of Hetero Diels−Alder Reactions by Bis(oxazoline) Copper(II) Complexes

C2-symmetric bis(oxazoline)−Cu(II) complexes 1 and 2 catalyze the inverse electron demand hetero Diels−Alder reaction of α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds (heterodiene) with electron-rich olefins (heterodienophile) in high diastereo- and enantioselectivity. α,β-Unsaturated acyl phosphonates and β,γ-unsaturated α-keto esters and amides are effective heterodienes, while enol ethers and sulfides function as heterodienophiles. A range of substitution patterns is possible on the heterodiene: terminal alkyl, aryl, alkoxy, and thioether substituents are all tolerated. The enantioselective synthesis of dihydropyrans by this method has been shown to be straightforward: cycloadditions may be conducted with as little as 0.2 mol % of the chiral catalyst and are readily run on multigram scale. The reactions exhibit a favorable temperature−enantioselectivity profile, with selectivities exceeding 90% even at room temperature. A simple reaction protocol that employs a solid air-stable catalyst, convenient reaction tem...
Biological effect of different IMRT delivery techniques: SMLC, DMLC, and helical tomotherapy.

Purpose: Intensity-modulated radiotherapy(IMRT) is delivered using a variety of techniques with differing temporal dose characteristics. Spatial dose metrics are generally used to evaluate treatment plan quality. However, the use of this information alone neglects the effects of the significant differences in dose delivery duration and dose accumulation patterns, both of which can impact cell survival. This study uses the linear-quadratic model with dose protraction corrections to evaluate the biological effectiveness of different IMRT delivery techniques, including fixed gantry IMRT in SMLC (step-and-shoot) and DMLC (sliding window) modes and a rotational IMRT technique (helical tomotherapy) for the treatment of prostate and head/neck sites. Methods: The temporal dose pattern was measured using a small volume ion chamber (A1SL— 0.057 cm 3 ) to calculate the protraction factor, and biological equivalent dose (BED) was calculated for a range of repair half-times and α / β ratios. The treatment BED is compared to an ideal delivery of the target prescription dose, in which dose is delivered instantaneously ( G ( t 0 ) = 1 ) , to evaluate loss in biological effectiveness due to protraction in delivery. In the case of a conventional prescription, the loss in biological effectiveness was further evaluated using published tumor control probability (TCP) data. Results: With SMLC and DMLC IMRT delivery, for both prostate and head/neck, the expected additional loss in BED is about 1% compared to 3D CRT, which corresponds to a predicted 2%–3% reduction in TCP. For tomotherapy, the prostate BED loss is smaller in comparison to 3D CRT; hence, the authors expect a TCP increase of the order of 2%–3%. The aforementioned differences are due to the dose accumulation time. Conclusions: While it is theoretically possible to compensate for changes in biologically effective dose, this would be hindered by large uncertainties in parameters used for such calculations; therefore, it is advantageous to irradiate target volume elements as rapidly as possible. The results of this study indicate that temporal dose delivery pattern is an important component in determining the biological effects of IMRTtreatment.
The placement of Datura gigantea (Solanaceae), a misunderstood Mexican species

Datura gigantea, based on material grown from seed of decumbent plants originating in western Mexico, is shown to be a synonym of D. quercifolia, of which D. villosa is also a synonym.
Oxidation kinetics of hydride-bearing uranium metal corrosion products

Abstract The oxidation behavior of hydride-bearing uranium metal corrosion products from Zero Power Physics Reactor (ZPPR) fuel plates was studied using thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) in environments of Ar–4%O 2 , Ar–9%O 2 , and Ar–20%O 2 . Ignition of corrosion product samples from two moderately corroded plates was observed between 125°C and 150°C in all environments. The rate of oxidation above the ignition temperature was found to be dependent only on the net flow rate of oxygen in the reacting gas. Due to the higher net oxygen flow rate, burning rates increased with increasing oxygen concentration. Oxidation rates below the ignition temperature were much slower and decreased with increasing test time. The hydride contents of the TGA samples from the two moderately corroded plates, determined from the total weight gain achieved during burning, were 47–61 wt% and 29–39 wt%. Samples from a lightly corroded plate were not reactive; X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed that they contained little hydride.
Functional forms for technical change functions

In this paper we examine the four properties of technical change functions introduced by Sato [1980, 1981], paying particular attention to the composition property. We show by way of examples that two of the properties are independent, but that a third is a necessary consequence of two others. A theorem providing a necessary condition for the composition property is stated and proved. Finally, we identify the general continuous functional form of technical change functions for which the efficiency of factor i is independent of the quantities of all factors j ≠ i. Noting an unappealing characteristic of a member of this class of transformations, we propose an additional property for technical change functions and note that it is independent of the others.
Informing cancer prevention strategies for African Americans: the relationship of African American acculturation to fruit, vegetable, and fat intake.

Acculturation has been associated with health-related behaviors in African Americans. We sought to determine if there is a relationship between acculturation and dietary intake in African Americans. African Americans in the PREMIER trial completed the African American Acculturation Scale (AAAS) and 2 nonconsecutive 24-h dietary recalls (n = 238). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and canonical correlation were used to assess relationships between acculturation and dietary intakes. Canonical correlation (p = 0.05) showed that traditional African Americans had lower intakes of fruits/vegetables and milk/dairy with higher intakes of fats, meat, and nuts. This pattern was supported by differences in the ANOVA. African American acculturation is related to dietary intake. These findings have implications for the design of cancer-related public health messages targeted to African Amercans.
When prefetching improves/degrades performance

We formulate a new method for evaluating any prefetching algorithm (real or hypothetical). This method allows researchers to analyze the potential improvements prefetching can bring to an application independent of any known prefetching algorithm. We characterize prefetching with the metrics: timeliness, coverage, and accuracy. We demonstrate the usefulness of this method using a Markov prefetch algorithm. Under ideal conditions, prefetching can remove nearly all of the pipeline stalls associated with a cache miss. However, in today's processors, we show that nearly all of the performance benefits derived from prefetching are eroded and, in many cases, prefetching loses performance. We do quantitative analysis of these trade-offs, and show that there are linear relationships between overall performance and coverage, accuracy, and bandwidth
Ethical Issues and Practical Problems in Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis

Author argues the preimplantation genetic diagnosis is ethically acceptable for currently intended uses, but a variety of ethical and practical issues will arise with further development of this technology.
Interaction of reflected ions with the firehose marginally stable current sheet: Implications for plasma sheet convection

The firehose marginally stable current sheet, which may model the flow away from the distant reconnection neutral line, assumes that the accelerated particles escape and never return to re-encounter the current region. This assumption fails on the earthward side where the accelerated ions mirror in the geomagnetic dipole field and return to the current sheet at distances up to about 30 R(E) down the tail. Two-dimensional particle simulations are used to demonstrate that the reflected ions drive a 'shock-like' structure in which the incoming flow is decelerated and the Bz field is highly compressed. These effects are similar to those produced by adiabatic choking of steady convection. Possible implications of this interaction for the dynamics of the tail are considered.
Parasympathetic Innervation Regulates Tubulogenesis in the Developing Salivary Gland

A fundamental question in development is how cells assemble to form a tubular network during organ formation. In glandular organs, tubulogenesis is a multistep process requiring coordinated proliferation, polarization and reorganization of epithelial cells to form a lumen, and lumen expansion. Although it is clear that epithelial cells possess an intrinsic ability to organize into polarized structures, the mechanisms coordinating morphogenetic processes during tubulogenesis are poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that parasympathetic nerves regulate tubulogenesis in the developing salivary gland. We show that vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) secreted by the innervating ganglia promotes ductal growth, leads to the formation of a contiguous lumen, and facilitates lumen expansion through a cyclic AMP/protein kinase A (cAMP/PKA)-dependent pathway. Furthermore, we provide evidence that lumen expansion is independent of apoptosis and involves the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), a cAMP-regulated Cl(-) channel. Thus, parasympathetic innervation coordinates multiple steps in tubulogenesis during organogenesis.
Identification of novel DNA-methylated genes that correlate with human prostate cancer and high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia

Identification of novel DNA-methylated genes that correlate with human prostate cancer and high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia
Acute complications of central line placement in profoundly thrombocytopenic cancer patients

BACKGROUND Morbidities associated with the insertion of central venous catheters in severely thrombocytopenic cancer patients were analyzed in this prospective observational study. One hundred fifteen consecutive thrombocytopenic patients requiring central venous access (internal jugular or subclavian vein cannulation by a modified Seldinger technique) were evaluated. METHODS One hundred fifteen catheters were inserted. For each patient, the following factors were documented: age; sex; diagnosis; previous catheterization; prior neck, chest, breast, or axillary surgery or radiation therapy; presence of other lines prior to venipuncture; site and indication for line insertion; complications; PT and PTT; platelet counts; and hematocrit. RESULTS Of the total number of catheters inserted, 63 (55%) were subclavian and 52 (45%) were internal jugular. Successful cannulations with no complications (n = 91; 79% of the total) were achieved with 1.2 ± 0.5 attempts. Twenty-four major and minor complications (20%) occurred with an average of 1.6 ± 1 attempts (P = 0.003). The mean preprocedure platelet counts were 14.8 ± 4.5 × 109/L for the subclavian group and 14.3 ± 4.8 × 109/L for the internal jugular group. With platelet transfusion, the mean postprocedure platelet counts for the subclavian and internal jugular groups were 23.9 ± 12.8 × 109/L and 24.6 ± 15 × 109/L, respectively. In the subclavian group, seven patients (6%) experienced minor complications. There were 17 minor complications (15%) and 1 pneumothorax in the internal jugular group. Patients experiencing more than one attempt at cannulation had more complications (P = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS With the appropriate precautions and platelet transfusions, central venous catheters can be inserted safely with minimal complications into thrombocytopenic cancer patients. Fewer attempts are associated with fewer complications. High risk procedures should be attempted only by experienced personnel or under their direct and strict supervision. Cancer 1996;78:2025-30.
Pharmacotherapeutic Uses of Hormones

This article reviews the use of hormones and related molecules in pharmacology. Examples of hormones in the treatment of specific diseases is presented, including those where normal physiologic levels of hormones are restored, and others where supraphysiologic levels are used to achieve a therapeutic effect. Examples of the abuse of hormones are also described.
Characterizing nitrate uptake in lettuce using very‐sensitive ion chromatography 1

Abstract The nitrate (NO3) uptake system (<1.0 mM) was characterized in lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) grown under various levels of nitrogen (N) supply (Cn) by monitoring the time‐course of depletion of NO3 from a complete nutrient solution. Nitrate absorption followed typical uptake kinetics, with saturation occurring at low (<15.0 μM) solution NO3 concentrations. While Imax values for NO3 absorption were similar when depletion medium NO3 was measured by either ion chromatography (IC) or ultra‐violet absorption (UV), Km and Co (the minimum concentration for net uptake) were approximately 2‐ and 6‐fold lower, respectively, with IC. The results showed a significant loss of root absorption capacity in plants grown at high N levels (1.0 mM), however, neither Km or Co were appreciably affected by NO3 supply. Imax and Co values tended to decrease while Km remained relatively constant as plant age increased. A comparison of Km values measured by IC with their respective Co values indicated a broad concentration r...
Evaluation of Online Instruction to Improve Medical and Dental Students’ Communication and Counseling Skills:

Online, interactive video modules were created to demonstrate good skills in history taking, counseling, and communication. The authors evaluated the effect of the modules on students’ data gatheri...
11 Gb/s limiting amplifier flip-chip assembled in a BGA package

A 53 dB gain limiting amplifier for OC-192 and 10 GbE applications is developed in a 50 GHz fT SiGe SOI complimentary bipolar process, and has 5 mV pk-pk sensitivity, 1.25 V pk-pk maximum input signal, 14 ps (20/80%) rise/fall times and 450 mV pk-pk output into matched differential 50 Ohm loads, consuming 430 mW on a 3.3 V supply. Input Cherry-Hooper gain stages limit the -3 dB bandwidth to 11 GHz effectively filtering integrated noise to obtain low input sensitivity. A 21 GHz output bandwidth necessary for extremely fast rise times is obtained by incorporating output buffer transistor, ESD and pad parasitics into on-chip transmission lines (TLs) and by using flip chip assembly and ball grid array packaging techniques.
On the class of measurable cardinals without the axiom of choice

Using techniques of Gitik in conjunction with a large cardinal hypothesis whose consistency strength is strictly in between that of a supercompact and an almost huge cardinal, we obtain the relative consistency of the theory “ZF+⇁AC w+κ>ω is measurable iffκ is the successor of a singular cardinal”.
Differences in Mood Among Elite Athletesin Artistic Roller, Figure, and Inline Speed SkatingBefore and After Competition

This study explored whether elite artistic skating athletes differ from elite inline speed skating athletes in terms of mood as assessed before and after competi-tion. Its secondary purpose was to determine whether mood states in athletes generally differ before competition, as compared to after. Thirty-nine athletes in artistic and inline speed skating participated in this study during the German national and European championships. Participants were top-ranked elite skat-ers, including 17 German national champions, nine European and four World champions as well as four participants in recent Olympic Games. Artistic skat-ers exhibited more delight and less listlessness both before and after competi-tion. Inline speed skaters reported greater arousal before competition, whereas artistic skaters reported more arousal after competition. All skaters reported more activation before competition as compared to after competition. These results have implications for athletes’ preparation for and participation in ...
Protein kinase C inhibitors enhance the synergistic mitogenic effects of ethanolamine analogues and insulin in NIH 3T3 fibroblasts.

Abstract Monomethylethanolamine (1 mM) and dimethylethanolamine (1 mM) stimulated DNA synthesis 10- and 15-fold, respectively, in NIH 3T3 fibroblasts. In addition, simultaneous treatments with insulin (500 nM) and methylated ethanolamine analogues (1 mM or less) resulted in synergistic activation of DNA synthesis. The order of mitogenic potency of ethanolamine analogues was dimethylethanolamine > monomethylethanolamine > ethanolamine. Choline (1–5 mM) alone had no effect on DNA synthesis, but it increased the combined effects of lower concentrations of ethanolamine analogues and insulin. The synergistic effects of ethanolamine analogues, choline and insulin were considerably (1.7- to 1.9-fold) enhanced by GF 109203X (3 μM), a specific inhibitor of protein kinase C. The results suggest that ethanolamine analogues enhance insulin-induced DNA synthesis by a mechanism which is inhibited by the protein kinase C system.
Two-dimensional visual search

Consider the problem of sequentially searching for a single target in an image. Let the image be divided into M × M equal sized segments where M determines the resolution of the search. The goal is to find the segment that contains the target quickly and accurately. In each step, the player can visually inspect an allowable combination of the segments, and the outcome of the inspection is noisy. In this paper, a lower bound on the optimal total cost is derived. Furthermore, two heuristic policies are considered: A policy that visually inspects a segment with the highest probability of having the target; and a policy that in each step inspects a combination that maximizes the Extrinsic Jensen- Shannon divergence. Via numerical and asymptotic analysis, the performance of the above policies are investigated.
The use of noscapine (narcotine) as an antitussive agent.

and similar compounds is based on a phenanthrene nucleus, whereas Noscapine is an isoquinoline derivative (related to papaverine). It is readily absorbed after oral or parenteral administration, disappears rapidly from the blood stream, and only traces appear in the urine. Its fate is unknown. It has been referred to as the least toxic of the opium alkaloids in mice, rats, and man. Up to 3 grams by mouth have been given to man with only minor side reactions. Chronic toxicity studies did not demonstrate any cumulative effects. No depressant action on respiration or the central nervous system has been observed up to toxic doses; stimulation may appear with higher doses. The effects of Noscapine on the gastrointestinal tract were insignificant. No effects on secretory activity and minimal effects on gastrointestinal movements were reported. Occasionally emesis and constipation were noted only with large doses. No significant analgesc action was observed. Potentiation of morphine analgesia with antagonism to side effects have been reported, but not definitely established. The parenteral use of Noscapine has been limited because of local pain. In experimental cough in animals and man, it was described as effective as codeine. No tolerance to the drug developed. Finally, although no antihistaminic action was found, it did inhibit the “allergic cough” in sensitized guinea pigs exposed to aerosols of specific antigen. It did not, however, prevent anaphylactic shock after injected antigen. In a study centering about the experimental production of cough in normal and asthmatic subjects, small doses of Narcotine (5 and 15 mg.) were demonstrated to have greater anti
Debts, Taxation, their Cost, and Social Welfare

The current paper discusses the enormous debts, the current tax system, and the ultimate objective of a nation, which is the social welfare of its citizens. The high taxes reduce the disposable income and make savings negative (dissaving or borrowing). This increases further the debt of individuals and the low taxes on businesses have magnified the budget deficits and the national debt. People are borrowing the present value of their uncertain future wealth and their high debt and low income raise the risk and this high risk premium heighten the interest rate on loans, especially on the usurious credit cards. Government has to increase corporate taxes and reduce the national debt by lowering government expenditures (military expenditures and national defense). The current tax system needs to be changed and an interest rate floor on deposits (savings) and an interest rate ceiling on individuals' loans (borrowings) is necessary to impove social welfare, fairness, and justice in our society. The middle class cannot work only to pay taxes and interest on its debt (redistribution of their wealth to government and banks), due to low disposable income. The disappearing of the middle class will wffect negatively the entire socio-economic structure of the nation and after losing its power, it will start declining, as history has shown to us with so many empires that do not exist anymore. We hope the leaders to regain their power and lead the abandoned people to their ultimate objective, which is their perfection and the nation to its highest social welfare.
Temporal systematic errors using stationary Hadamard encoding masks

Abstract Temporal systematic errors result from the use of a stationary Hadamard encoding mask in a Hadamard transform spectrometer when the time between encodements is made too short relative to the mask response time. These errors have been characterized and an empirical method has been developed to correct for the resulting artifacts appearing in the spectra. It is then possible to operate the Hadamard transform spectrometer with a shorter data acquisition time. Typical examples are presented and discussed.
Visualization of Privacy Filters for Sharing Sensor-Based Health Data

This research explores interactive data visualization techniques for understanding how privacy filters in an electronic personal health record system govern the sharing of sensed health data. The research is intended to reveal insight into how well users can grasp the concepts of privacy and manipulate graphical entities to control how much and what aspects of their personal health records they are willing to share with family, friends, medical teams, and others.
Improving Boyer-Moore-Horspool using machine-words for comparison

In this paper, we describe an approach to improve the performance of the Boyer-Moore-Horspool algorithm. Instead of comparing the pattern to the text character by character, we compare the pattern to the text machine-word by machine-word. We show that by comparing machine-words, we can significantly improve performance, particularly for large patterns.
Metabolism of mutagenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by photosynthetic algal species

Abstract Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) known to produce carcinogenic and mutagenic effects have been shown to contaminate waters, sediments and soils. While it is accepted that metabolites of these compounds are responsible for most of their biological effects in mammals, their metabolism, and to a large extent their bioactivity, in aquatic plants have not been explored. Cultures of photosynthetic algal species were assayed for their ability to metabolize benzo[ a ]pyrene (BaP), a carcinogenic PAH under conditions which either permitted (white light) or disallowed (gold light) photooxidation of the compound. Growth of Selenastrum capricornutum , a fresh-water green alga, was completely inhibited when incubated in white light with 160 μg BaP/1 medium. By contrast concentration at the upper limit of BaP solubility in aqueous medium had not effect on algal growth when gold light was used. BaP quinones and phenol derivatives were found to inhibit growth of Selenastrum under white light incubation. BaP phototoxicity and metabolism were observed to be species-specific. All 3 tested species of the order Chlorococcales were growth-inhibited by BaP in white light whereas neither the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii nor a blue-green, a yellow-green or an euglenoid alga responded in this fashion. Assays of radiolabeled BaP metabolism in Selenastrum showed that the majority of radioactivity associated with BaP was found in media as opposed to algal cell pellets, that the extent of metabolism was BaP concentration dependent, and that the proportion of various metabolites detected was a function of the light source. After gold light incubation, BaP diols predominated while after white light treatment at equal BaP concentrations, the 3,6-quinone was found in the highest concentration. Extracted material from algal cell pellets and from media was tested for mutagenicity in a forward mutation suspension assay in Salmonella typhimurium using resistance to 8-azaguanine for selection. Direct-acting mutagens were detected in extracted media from incubation of Selenastrum with 400 μg BaP/1 for 1 day in gold light. Extracts of media from algae incubated in gold light from 1 to 4 days with 1200 μg BaP/1 were found to have direct-acting mutagens as well as those requiring further metabolism.
Reduction of Maxillary Endites in Larval Anomura and Brachyura

The typical zoeal maxilla is a structurally complex and highly modified appendage. Although reduced in morphology from the generalized crustacean limb so that it appears to be a single segment, certain features remain distinguishable. Coxal and basal endites, usually bilobed and armed with setae, arise from the protopodite (the fused coxa and basis). A unilobate en dopodite, or palp, extends above (distal to) the basal endite and retains a ''stepped" appearance, with groups of setae indicating former segmentation. The scaphognathite, an expanded, flattened lobe fringed with setae, extends laterally from the protopodite. The setation of the endopodite and scaphognathite is of taxonomic value within the Decapoda (Gurney, 1942; Rice, 1980a) as is the shape of the scaphognathite (Van Dover et al., in press), especially within the Anomura and Brachyura. Endite setation is often variable both among species and within a given species (Aikawa, 1929; Gonor & Gonor, 1973), so this feature is of limited taxonomic importance. There are, however, interesting patterns in the degree of endite reduction within the Anomura and Brachyura which I shall discuss below. The extensive literature on the larval development of anomuran and brachyuran decapods includes descriptions and illustrations of the first zoeal maxilla of over 340 species belonging to 31 families. Analysis of these publish ed accounts indicates that well-developed endites (fig. 1A) are by far the most common condition and occur in nearly all of the species in 25 of these 31 families for which the larvae have been described (table I). In the Anomura the most extreme example of endite reduction, to the point where only a simple protopodite exists, is seen in the Hippidae (e.g. Em?rita talpoida (Say, 1817); Rees, 1959). In known larvae of this family the endite setation has been reduced to 3 short, simple setae (fig. IB). A similar reduction occurs in at least one genus of the Albuneidae (Albunea spp.; e.g. Albunea symmysta (L., 1758); Menon, 1937), although in this group the short, simple setae are more numerous than in the Hippidae and are clustered (approximately 11 setae in 3 groups; fig. 1C). In the pagurid Lithopagurus yucatanicus Provenzano, 1968, the galatheid Munidopsis serricornis (Lov?n, 1852) (as M. tridentata; Sars, 1890; Samuelsen, 1972) and the tymolid Cymonomus bathamae Dell, 1971 (Wear & Batham, 1975)
Cultivation legacies alter soil nutrients and differentially affect plant species performance nearly a century after abandonment

Cultivation legacies affect native vegeta- tion in old fields of the Great Basin, USA for nearly a century after these fields are abandoned. We hypoth- esized that cultivation lowered soil nutrients and that this legacy would differentially impact plant perfor- mance of four representative Great Basin species. To test these hypotheses, we compared soil nutrients (C, N, P, K, Mg and Ca) between two formerly cultivated and adjacent noncultivated sites in two soil series. We then compared the plant growth and foliar nutrient content of an exotic grass (Bromus tectorum L.), two native grasses (Elymus elymoides (Raf.) Swezey and Achnatherum hymenoides (Roem. and Schult.) Barkworth), and a native forb (Sphaeralcea grossu- lariifolia (Hook. and Arn.) Rydb) grown in these soils in the greenhouse and in the field. Only one sampling site had reduced soil nutrients associated with culti- vation legacies, where most of the negative effects on plant performance were found. E. elymoides appeared to be less affected by cultivation legacies than did A. hymenoides, which had a reduced survivorship and 20 % less above-ground biomass in cultivated soils. No species, including B. tectorum, were favored by cultivation. Our findings suggest that cultivation legacies can affect plant performance of different species in different ways and that altered soil nutrients may interact with other abiotic and biotic cultivation legacies in complex ways.
An extended Kaplan–Meier estimator and its applications

We develop an extension of the Kaplan-Meier estimator for the case of multiple live states. The method can be used to construct prognostic charts for tracking individuals initially in a given condition. It is also the key component in constructing a longitudinal version of the multistate life table.
Discrimination and tracking of individual agents in a swarm of robots

Multi-agent robotic systems utilizing one-to-one communication between individuals necessarily require that each robot has a unique identity, such that shared information is appropriately utilized. When used with a central computer and external vision system, various methods may be used to identify individuals, including unique patterns. This requires a priori knowledge of the patterns, while taxing the vision system. Such methods are discussed along with their limitations. An alternative method is proposed to alleviate the strain on the vision system, eliminating the need for prior knowledge of individual patterns.
High performance testbed for four-beam infrared interferometric nulling and exoplanet detection.

Technology development for a space-based infrared nulling interferometer capable of earthlike exoplanet detection and characterization started in earnest in the last 10 years. At the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, the planet detection testbed was developed to demonstrate the principal components of the beam combiner train for a high performance four-beam nulling interferometer. Early in the development of the testbed, the importance of “instability noise” for nulling interferometer sensitivity was recognized, and the four-beam testbed would produce this noise, allowing investigation of methods for mitigating this noise source. The testbed contains the required features of a four-beam combiner for a space interferometer and performs at a level matching that needed for the space mission. This paper describes in detail the design, functions, and controls of the testbed.
Providing census tabulations to government security agencies in the United States: The case of Arab Americans

Abstract In the summer of 2004, it was revealed that the U.S. Census Bureau had provided tabulations in 2002 and 2003 on Arab Americans to the Department of Homeland Security that included detailed information on the number of people of Arab backgrounds living in selected ZIP codes. Although not a violation of law, the Census Bureau realized that this perceived breach of confidentiality would have a negative impact on public trust, and within a few months following the news of the Arab American tabulations it announced that it would no longer assist law enforcement and intelligence agencies with tabulations on ethnic groups and other sensitive populations. In spite of this damage control, we believe that the Bureau's tabulation of Arab Americans provides momentum to a process that adversely affects data quality by increasing both non-response and the cost of obtaining survey and census data. We argue that there are no “methodological fixes” that can repair the damage, and further that public relations campaigns and internal administrative changes are not optimal solutions because of the governing structure within which the Bureau currently operates. Ultimately, the best way to limit the damage already done is to effect a political solution. Toward this end we describe short- and long-term actions. In the long run, we recommend removing the Census Bureau from the Executive branch of government and re-structuring it under a permanent and non-political oversight panel similar to either the Federal Reserve Board or the Congressional Budget Office. Such a move would make a strong statement that the Bureau is non-partisan federal statistical agency.
Helical CT pulmonary angiography predictors of in-hospital morbidity and mortality in patients with acute pulmonary embolism.

PurposeTo determine if CT variables predict in-hospital morbidity and mortality in patients with pulmonary embolism (PE).Materials and MethodsCT scans and charts of 173 patients with CT scans positive for PE were reviewed. CT scans were reviewed for leftward ventricular septal bowing, increased righ
Role of innate cytokines in mycobacterial infection

Cells of the innate immune system produce cytokines and lipid mediators that strongly influence the outcome of mycobacterial infection. In the case of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the lung is a critical site for this interaction. Here, we review current information on the role of the major innate cytokine pathways both in controlling initial infection as well as in promoting and maintaining adaptive T-cell responses that mediate host resistance or immunopathology. Understanding this important feature of the host-pathogen interaction can provide major insights into the mechanisms of virulence and can lead to new approaches for immunological intervention in tuberculosis and other mycobacterial diseases.
Variability in the Play of Preschoolers with Cognitive Delays across Different Toy Sets.

Abstract The variability in the play of 30 preschool children with cognitive delays associated with different toy sets was examined. Twelve dependent variables representing categorical and sequential play were coded from videotaped home‐based independent play sessions using a continuous 15 s interval coding procedure. Analyses of toy effect were conducted both across and within toy sets. Sex by toy set interaction effects emerged for exploration, pretend, ordered multischeme sequences, and global play sophistication. Main effects across toy sets were noted for nonplay, functional play, construction, overall proportion of play, time spent sequencing activities, and length of play sequences. The pattern of play observed within each toy set was strikingly similar across each of the three toy sets. The implications of these results for practice are discussed.
Unsteady forces on spherical bubbles

An experimental investigation of freely rising spherical bubbles through a quiescent liquid is presented. The objective of the experiments is to examine the validity of a recently proposed history force expression for clean, spherical bubbles at finite Reynolds number (Mei et al. 1994). Excellent agreement between the measured and predicted bubble trajectory is obtained when using the proposed history force expression; the data presented herein thus provide an indirect validation of the history force expression. The range of Reynolds number and Weber Number based on the terminal velocity are 13 to 212 and 0.03 to 0.69, respectively. The history force expression is only applicable when the quiescent liquid is free of contaminants. Otherwise, both the steady and unsteady forces are difficult to predict because the liquid/ vapor interface is partially immobilized.
Abstract 1554: Claudin 3 (CLDN3) and claudin 4 (CLDN4) control the growth rate of human ovarian cancer cells in vivo

Claudins are the major integral membrane proteins forming the backbone of tight junctions between epithelial cells. Using gene expression profiling, we and others have found that the genes coding for claudin-3 (CLDN3) and claudin-4 (CLDN4) are highly expressed in ovarian cancers. However, the role of the claudins and their functional importance for the growth of ovarian cancer remain unclear. We compared the in vivo growth rate of human ovarian cancer 2008 cells and sublines in which either CLDN3 or CLDN4 was knocked down, and investigated the mechanisms by which they control the growth rate of human ovarian cancers. Although no difference in growth rate was detected in vitro, strikingly the knockdown tumors grew much faster than the parental 2008 tumors. The tumor volume of the claudin knockdown 2008 xenografts was persistently larger than that of the parental 2008 tumors throughout the whole experimental period. To examine the basis for the difference in growth rate, 2008 and the CLDN3 and CLDN4 knockdown tumors were analyzed by immunohistochemistry for markers of tumor cell proliferation (Ki67), apoptosis (TUNEL) and vascular density (CD31). The effect on these parameters was similar for the CLDN3 and CLDN4 knockdown tumors. The CLDN3 and CLDN4 tumors, respectively, contained 2.9- and 6.8-fold more Ki67-positive cells than the parental 2008 tumors indicating that these knockdown cells possess higher proliferative capacity when grown in vivo. They contained 2.1- and 3.7-fold lower frequency of apoptotic cells suggesting that the death rate of tumor cells was decreased when either CLDN3 or CLDN4 was knocked down. The number of CD31-positive vessels per square millimeter was 130 and 136 in the 2008-CLDN3- and CLDN4- knockdown tumors but only 62 in the parental 2008 tumors reflecting a substantial effect of CLDN3 and CLDN4 on tumor vessel formation. A reduction in the transepithelial electrical resistance across a confluent monolayer confirmed that the knockdown of CLDN3 and CLDN4 impaired the formation of tight junctions. The effect of CLDN3 and CLDN4 knockdown on the expression of other proteins that participate in tight junction formation was determined by Western blot analysis but there were no significant changes in the expression levels of occludin, JAM-1, ZO-1 or E-cadherin when either CLDN3 or CLDN4 was knocked down. Interestingly, knockdown of CLDN3 reduced the expression of CLDN4 at both mRNA and protein level, and knockdown of CLDN4 had the same effect on CLDN3. Taken together, our results indicate that CLDN3 and CLDN4 control ovarian tumor growth in vivo through modulation of the birth rate and death rate of the tumor cells and vascular density within the tumor. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1554. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-1554
Age and temperature related changes in behavioral and physiological performance in the Peromyscus leucopus mouse

Age-related and ambient temperature-related changes in motor activity, body temperature, body weight (b.w.), and food consumption were studied in the long-lived Peromyscus leucopus mouse at environmental temperatures of 29 and 21 degrees C. Major changes in physiological performance were observed between the young (6 months) and old (60-72 month) age groups. The number of daily activity episodes, and total activity output was significantly lower in old mice. Maximum, average and minimum daily body temperature was lower in the old mice and a significant ambient temperature-by-age interaction was found. Maximum, minimum, and average daily b.w. was higher in old mice. Motor activity was evenly distributed over the active (night) phase in young mice but in old mice activity was significantly greater in the late night partition of the active cycle than in the early night partition. Both groups were significantly more active at night than during the day. Most of the food consumption in both groups occurred at night, but young mice consumed significantly more during the late night partition than the early night partition, and the consumption rates for old mice were not significantly different between early and late night partitions. The percentage of activity episodes involved with food consumption in both groups was significantly higher during the night partition, but the percentage during the early night partition was significantly higher in old mice than in young mice. Significant episodes of circadian torpor occurred in a high percentage of old mice at 06:00, on consecutive days, at both environmental temperatures, but young mice expressed no evidence of torpor.