cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Decision-making surrounding the use of preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy reveals misunderstanding regarding its benefit

We aimed to explore how patients make decisions regarding use of preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy (PGT-A) for in vitro fertilization (IVF). This is a cross-sectional survey at an academic medical center. Three hundred subjects initiating an IVF cycle over 8 weeks were asked to complete a validated survey to determine how they decided whether or not to pursue PGT-A. All patients were previously counseled that the primary goal of PGT-A is to maximize pregnancy rates per embryo transfer. Survey responses were compared between those who elected PGT-A and those who did not with a chi-squared or t test. Of 191 subjects who completed the survey, 117 (61%) planned PGT-A, while 74 (39%) did not. Among those who decided to undergo PGT-A, 56% stated their primary reason was to have a healthy baby, while 18% chose PGT-A to reduce the incidence of birth defects, and 16% aimed to decrease the risk of miscarriage. Patients who decided not to pursue PGT-A stated they prioritized avoiding the scenario in which they might have no embryos to transfer (36%) or reducing cost (31%). Both groups rated physicians as the single most important source of information in their decision-making (56% vs 68%, p = NS). Patients who chose to undergo PGT-A have different priorities from those who do not. Many patients planning PGT-A do so for reasons that are not evidence-based. While patients cite physicians as their primary source of information in the decision-making process, rationales for selecting PGT-A are inconsistent with physician counseling.
Managing the Next Generation of Sales, Gen Z/Millennial Cusp: An Exploration of Grit, Entrepreneurship, and Loyalty

Purpose: The current study explores the latest generation of the workforce, Generation Z/Millennial cusp, and the loyalty concerns hiring managers’ experience. The authors explore how the character...
Retiming for Low Power

The operation of retiming consists of repositioning the registers in a sequential circuit, while maintaining its external functional behavior. Retiming was first proposed in [3] as a technique to improve throughput by moving the registers in a circuit.
Block copolymer composition drives function of self-assembled nanoparticles for delivery of small-molecule cargo

Nanoparticles are useful for the delivery of small molecule therapeutics, increasing their solubility, in vivo residence time, and stability. Here, we used organocatalytic ring opening polymerization to produce amphiphilic block copolymers for the formation of nanoparticle drug carriers with enhanced stability, cargo encapsulation, and sustained delivery. These polymers comprised blocks of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), poly(valerolactone) (PVL), and poly(lactide) (PLA). Four particle chemistries were examined: (a) PEG-PLA, (b) PEG-PVL, (c) a physical mixture of PEG-PLA and PEG-PVL, and (d) PEG-PVL-PLA tri-block copolymers. Nanoparticle stability was assessed at room temperature (20 °C; pH = 7), physiological temperature (37 °C; pH = 7), in acidic media (37 °C; pH = 2), and with a digestive enzyme (lipase; 37 °C; pH = 7.4). PVL-based nanoparticles demonstrated the highest level of stability at room temperature, 37 °C and acidic conditions, but were rapidly degraded by lipase. Moreover, PVL-based nanoparticles demonstrated good cargo encapsulation, but rapid release. In contrast, PLA-based nanoparticles demonstrated poor stability and encapsulation, but sustained release. The PEG-PVL-PLA nanoparticles exhibited the best combination of stability, encapsulation, and release properties. Our results demonstrate the ability to tune nanoparticle properties by modifying the polymeric architecture and composition. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2019, 57, 1322-1332.
LOW DOSE CT SCAN FOLLOWING PERIACETABULAR OSTEOTOMY: ASSESSMENT OF REDUCTION AND CORRELATION WITH RADIOGRAPHIC MEASURES:

Introduction:Periacetabular osteotomy (PAO) has become a favored treatment for symptomatic acetabular dysplasia worldwide. Nevertheless, the parameters for optimal correction to avoid residual inst...
Can the Markovian influence graph simulate cascading resilience from historical outage data

It is challenging to simulate the cascading line outages that can follow initial damage to the electric power transmission system from extreme events. Instead of model-based simulation, we propose using a Markovian influence graph driven by historical utility data to sample the cascades. The sampling method encompasses the rare, large cascades that contribute greatly to the blackout risk. This suggested new approach contributes a high-level simulation of cascading line outages that is driven by standard utility data.
Extreme Suppression of Waveguide Crosstalk with All-Dielectric Metamaterials

We present and demonstrate an exceptional coupling in extreme skin-depth waveguides for the extreme suppression of waveguide crosstalk. The anisotropic dielectric perturbation of metamaterial claddings causes such an exceptional coupling and results in an extremely long coupling length.
From Adipogenic Viruses to Antidiabetic Drug: A Translational Journey

Obesity is a complex disease with multifactorial etiology requiring cause-specific treatment approaches. Among the various causes, obesity due to microbial infections has been reported since 1982, linking several microbes to obesity. Among them, avian adenovirus SMAM-1 and the human adenovirus Ad36 have been extensively studied for the past 25 years. Experimental Ad36 infection causes obesity in animal models, yet paradoxically improves glycemic control. The E4orf1 gene of Ad36 has been shown to be necessary and sufficient for adipogenesis and also responsible for better glycemic control. Animal models show that E4orf1 may be a candidate to treat type 1 or type 2 diabetes or nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Collectively these studies show a causational and correlational link of Ad36 to animal and human obesity. Overall, developing vaccines to prevent virus-induced obesity and harnessing the antihyperglycemic potential of E4orf1 are the two long-term goals of this line of investigation.
Characteristics of Mental Health and Substance Use Service Facilities for Older Adults: Findings from U.S. National Surveys.

Objectives: To describe the characteristics of U.S. mental health and substance use service programs dedicated/tailored for older adults (age 65+).Methods: Data came from the 2012 and 2019 National...
Optimized Optics for Highly Efficient Photovoltaic Devices

Luminescence extraction has played a tremendous role in improving the efficiency of solar photovoltaics. This has been assisted by the development of a highly reflective rear mirror. At the same time, thermophotovoltaic efficiency has shown to benefit from a rear mirror. The low-energy, unabsorbed photons in the thermophotovoltaic cells can be reflected by the mirror, thereby assisting in photon regeneration. In both cases, it has been shown that device efficiency has an increasing return with improvement rear mirror reflectivity. However, the realization of broadband mirrors with reflectivity >98% has remained elusive. Here, we demonstrate a mirror that can achieve broadband 99.3% reflectivity, for thermophotovoltaic cells. The design concept can be equally extended to photovoltaic cells as well, thereby enhancing the efficiencies closer to the thermodynamic limits.
A theory of corporate responsibility to race (CRR): communication and racial justice in public relations

This article introduces the theory of the corporate responsibility to race (CRR). It holds that corporations should communicate in ways that advocate for racial justice, attempt to improve race rel...
How Strong Is a Mother’s Love? Exploring the Mediating Role of Mother-Child Relationship Quality on the Link between Child Abuse Experiences and Adult Intimate Partner Violence Perpetration

PurposeIntimate partner violence (IPV) has detrimental effects on individuals physical and mental health. Intergenerational violence transmission theory posits that child abuse (CA) is an important determinant of later IPV perpetration due to socially learned aggression and expectations of violence in romantic relationships. However, less research exists on family protective factors like the mother-child relationship, the strength of which may mediate this link. The present study explored the association between mother-child relationships, child abuse, and adult IPV perpetration--specifically, whether mother-child relationship quality mediated the effects on the link between child abuse and later IPV. MethodsThis study analyzed data from individuals who completed Waves I and Wave IV of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (N=3718 respondents). Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to investigate mediation dynamics between CA, mother-child relationship, and adult IPV perpetration. ResultsStructural equation model fit the data well (CFI = .918, RMSEA = .051 [.045, .057]). The mediation model revealed that the direct effect of childhood abuse on IPV was .067 (p<.001), while the indirect effect of childhood abuse on IPV (i.e., the effect operating through the mother-child relationship) was .005 (p<.001). ConclusionsWhile CA remains a significant risk factor for adult IPV perpetration, findings suggest that high-quality mother-child relationships may have a buffering effect and aid in preventing intergenerational violence transmission. Continued efforts to research, fund, and implement interventions that build healthy family dynamics are needed to support traumatized children into adulthood and end intergenerational violence.
Patient Experience Surveys Reveal Gender-Biased Descriptions of Their Care Providers

Patient experience surveys (PES) are collected by healthcare systems as a surrogate marker of quality and published unedited online for the purpose of transparency, but these surveys may reflect gender biases directed toward healthcare providers. This retrospective study evaluated PES at a single university hospital between July 2016 and June 2018. Surveys were stratified by overall provider rating and self-identified provider gender. Adjectives from free-text survey comments were extracted using natural language processing techniques and applied to a statistical machine learning model to identify descriptors predictive of provider gender. 109,994 surveys were collected, 17,395 contained free-text comments describing 687 unique providers. The mean overall rating between male (8.84, n = 8558) and female (8.80, n = 8837) providers did not differ (p = 0.149). However, highly-rated male providers were more often described for their agentic qualities using adjectives such as “informative,” “forthright,” “superior,” and “utmost” (OR 1.48, p < 0.01)—whereas highly-rated female providers were more often described by their communal qualities through adjectives such as “empathetic,” “sweet,” “warm,” “attentive,” and “approachable” (OR 2.11, p < 0.0001). PES may contain gender stereotypes, raising questions about their impact on physicians and their validity as a quality metric which must be balanced with the need for unedited transparency. Future prospective studies are needed to further characterize this trend across geographically and racially diverse healthcare providers.
Optimizing the evaluation of gene-targeted panels for tumor mutational burden estimation.

Though whole exome sequencing (WES) is the gold-standard for measuring tumor mutational burden (TMB), the development of gene-targeted panels enables cost-effective TMB estimation. With the growing number of panels in clinical trials, developing a statistical method to effectively evaluate and compare the performance of different panels is necessary. The mainstream method uses R-squared value to measure the correlation between the panel-based TMB and WES-based TMB. However, the performance of a panel is usually overestimated via R-squared value based on the long-tailed TMB distribution of the dataset. Herein, we propose angular distance, a measurement used to compute the extent of the estimated bias. Our extensive in silico analysis indicates that the R-squared value reaches a plateau after the panel size reaches 0.5 Mb, which does not adequately characterize the performance of the panels. In contrast, the angular distance is still sensitive to the changes in panel sizes when the panel size reaches 6 Mb. In particular, R-squared values between the hypermutation-included dataset and the non-hypermutation dataset differ widely across many cancer types, whereas the angular distances are highly consistent. Therefore, the angular distance is more objective and logical than R-squared value for evaluating the accuracy of TMB estimation for gene-targeted panels.
Rapid mapping of insertional mutations to probe cell wall regulation in Cryptococcus neoformans.

Random insertional mutagenesis screens are important tools in microbial genetics studies. Investigators in fungal systems have used the plant pathogen Agrobacterium tumefaciens to create tagged, random mutations for genetic screens in their fungal species of interest through a unique process of trans-kingdom cellular transconjugation. However, identifying the locations of insertion has traditionally required tedious PCR-based methods, limiting the effective throughput of this system. We have developed an efficient genomic sequencing and analysis method (AIM-Seq) to facilitate identification of randomly generated genomic insertions in microorganisms. AIM-Seq combines batch sampling, whole genome sequencing, and a novel bioinformatics pipeline, AIM-HII, to rapidly identify sites of genomic insertion. We have specifically applied this technique to Agrobacterium-mediated transconjugation in the human fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans. With this approach, we have screened a library of C. neoformans cell wall mutants, selecting twenty-seven mutants of interest for analysis by AIM-Seq. We identified thirty-five putative genomic insertions in known and previously unknown regulators of cell wall processes in this pathogenic fungus. We confirmed the relevance of a subset of these by creating independent mutant strains and analyzing resulting cell wall phenotypes. Through our sequence-based analysis of these mutations, we observed “typical” insertions of the Agrobacterium transfer DNA as well as atypical insertion events, including large deletions and chromosomal rearrangements. Initially applied to C. neoformans, this mutant analysis tool can be applied to a wide range of experimental systems and methods of mutagenesis, facilitating future microbial genetic screens.
China's Anti-Monopoly Law: Protectionism or a Great Leap Forward?

Thirty years since China’s markets opened to the world, the People’s Republic has seen impressive growth, in large part due to an openness to foreign investment. In 2009, China was one of few nations to experience GDP growth. With a market based on competition for the first time in decades, China has begun to promulgate antitrust legislation to curb anticompetitive behavior. The creation of an Anti-Monopoly Law in 2008 has prompted concern from outside China that the law will be used to promote a protectionist agenda, shielding Chinese domestic industry from foreign competition or investment. This Note examines the root cause of such concerns using a recent decision by Chinese antitrust authorities to prevent a merger between a domestic Chinese fruit juice company and Coca-Cola. This Note recommends an implementation of merger guidelines by the Chinese government in order to provide more transparency in its antitrust
The metabolism of progesterone in the hysterectomized woman

Abstract Progesterone has been injected into hysterectomized women and recovered, in part, in the urine as pregnanediol. The percentage recovered was the same as that observed for a normal woman in the follicular phase of the cycle who was injected with an equal amount of the hormone. Pregnanediol, in amounts comparable to those found in normal cyclic women, was recovered from the urine of hysterectomized women at a time when they were estimated to be in the luteal phase of the cycle. It is estimated that the hysterectomized woman is able to metabolize both exogenous and endogenous progesterone.
An experimental feedback loop for implementing coherent control based on the genetic algorithm

Many papers have recently reported optical coherent control of dynamical phenomena by intuitively choosing the optimal field for achieving control based on knowledge of the system. However, intuitive control may fail either when the inherent dynamics are not well understood or in the presence of experimental uncertainties. One way to overcome this difficulty is to perform the control experimentally, in real time. For example, real-time feedback has been used to compress fs pulses by phase correction. Here, we present an experimental feedback loop to optimize the pulse characteristics in a pump-probe experiment in the presence of experimental noise. Our experiment runs entirely within a PC based feedback loop.
VMAT2 and Parkinson's Disease: Old Dog, New Tricks

The cause of degeneration of nigrostriatal dopamine (DA)neurons in idiopathic Parkinson disease (PD) is stillunknown. Intraneuronally, DA is largely conﬁned to synapticvesicles by the vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT2),which protects against DA metabolic degradation and asso-ciated toxicity. Indeed, defects in cytosolic handling of DAincrease levels of DA-generated oxy- radicals, ultimatelyresulting in the degeneration of DAergic neurons.
Understanding impulse bandwidth specifications of EMI receivers

When measuring emissions with an EMI receiver or spectrum analyzer, different signal types may be encountered. Their classification as narrowband or broadband is dependent on the signal's spectral distribution relative to the receiver's resolution bandwidth used for the measurement. It is essential to know which type of signal is being measured to avoid erroneous test results and the wrong interpretation of data. In this context, the knowledge of the instrument's impulse bandwidth is necessary to correctly determine the absolute amplitude value of an emission. The determination of the receiver's impulse bandwidth can be done with a series of measurements, but not simply by multiplication of its 3 dB or 6 dB bandwidth with a constant factor. Only the accurate knowledge of this parameter allows a meaningful comparison of the measured emission levels to a limit line and verification of a product's compliance with an EMI standard.
Left–right asymmetry in the sea urchin

Summary The sea urchin is a penta-radial marine invertebrate of the phylum Echinodermata, yet sea urchins develop initially as bilaterally symmetric embryos and become penta-radial secondarily during development of the adult. Late in embryogenesis indirectly developing larvae produce molecular asymmetries that dictate the positioning and formation of the adult rudiment on the left side. The rudiment gives rise to the radially symmetric adult during metamorphosis. The mechanism of left–right (L–R) establishment in sea urchin involves highly conserved signaling pathways including Nodal, BMP, Notch, and perhaps Hedgehog. Thus, L–R symmetry-breaking in the sea urchin appears to utilize a mechanism that is conserved among deuterostomes. At the same time establishment of L–R symmetry in the sea urchin deploys a number of features that are mechanistically unique. Here we review this mechanism and the uncertainties that remain. genesis 52:481–487, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Retaliatory Aggression and the Effects of Point of View and Blood in Violent Video Games

In this study, an experimental design was utilized to test, first, the effect of a violent game versus a no game control on physical and verbal aggression and retaliatory aggression against a confederate. In addition, the effects of two internal video game manipulations were explored. Overall, those in the violent game condition were more verbally and physically aggressive than those in the no game condition. In terms of internal game features, third-person play with the blood on, especially when combined with aggressive cognitions and to some extent, hostile affect, encouraged more aggressive outcomes.
Interaction of halothane with lipid bilayers.

The bilayer-saline partition coefficient of halothane (2-bromo-2-chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane) was directly measured as a function of temperature in phospholipids of various hydrocarbon chain lengths and degrees of saturation, both with and without cholesterol. The major conclusions of this research can be summarized as follows: 1) The bilayer-saline partition coefficient as a function of temperature is similar for the lipids dilaurylphosphatidylcholine, dioleoylphosphatidylcholine and egg phosphatidylcholine over a temperature range from 10 to 60°, where each lipid is in the liquid-crystalline state. Over this range the partition coefficient versus temperature curve exhibits a change from positive to negative slope for all three lipids. 2) The bilayer-saline partition coefficient increased with increasing temperature by a factor of 4 at the phase transition (40°) of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine. At this temperature, the partition coefficients of all four lipids mentioned were similar. 3) The addition of cholesterol to egg phosphatidylcholine reduces the partition coefficient by a factor of 2 at a 2:l mole ratio and 2.7 at a 1:l mole ratio at 25°. In these bilayers the partition coefficient was independent of temperature. 4) From (3) and other data we suggest that the reduced partial pressure necessary to produce anesthesia at lower temperatures for halothane is not due to an increase in the bilayer-saline partition coefficient.
Radar observations of changing orientations of hydrometeors in thunderstorms

Abstract Changing orientations of hydrometeors due to rapidly changing electric fields in thunderstorms were observed by the 11-cm polarimetric Doppler radar that was operated by the Geophysics Directorate of Phillips Laboratory in Sudbury, Massachusetts. The radar transmitted signals of right circular polarization and received signals of right and left circular polarization in a dual-channel receiver. The effects of electric fields at heights of 711 km in thunderstorms appear as differential phase shifts in the propagation medium due to highly oriented ice particles. These effects are evident in rangewise profiles of the cross-covariance amplitude ratio derived from the two received signals. Some of the observations show specific differential phase shifts up to 1.6° km−1 in range intervals of a few kilometers and up to 0.8° km−1 in range intervals up to 18 km with a distinct tendency of increasing phase shift prior to an occurrence of lightning. Many occurrences of lightning were accompanied by sudden i...
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder does not Increase Recurrent Intimate Partner Violence

ABSTRACT To determine whether posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) increases the risk of recurrent intimate partner violence, I conducted a secondary analysis of longitudinal data from 321 women in the Chicago Women's Health Risk Study. PTSD at baseline showed a moderate unadjusted association with recurrent IPV in the 2-year follow-up period. However, when important confounding factors, such as severity of previous abuse and use of control tactics by the partner, were controlled in a logistic regression model, there was no association between PTSD and recurrent victimization.
Fear conditioning fragments REM sleep in stress-sensitive Wistar–Kyoto, but not Wistar, rats

Abstract Pavlovian conditioning is commonly used to investigate the mechanisms of fear learning. Because the Wistar–Kyoto (WKY) rat strain is particularly stress-sensitive, we investigated the effects of a psychological stressor on sleep in WKY compared to Wistar (WIS) rats. Male WKY and WIS rats were either fear-conditioned to tone cues or received electric foot shocks alone. In the fear-conditioning procedure, animals were exposed to 10 tones (800 Hz, 90 dB, 5 s), each co-terminating with a foot shock (1.0 mA, 0.5 s), at 30-s intervals. In the shock stress procedure, animals received 10 foot shocks at 30-s intervals, without tones. All subjects underwent a tone-only test both 24 h (Day 1) and again two weeks (Day 14) later. Rapid eye movement sleep (REMS) continuity was investigated by partitioning REMS episodes into single (inter-REMS episode interval > 3 min) and sequential (interval ≤ 3 min) episodes. In the fear-conditioned group, freezing increased from baseline in both strains, but the increase was maintained on Day 14 in WKY rats only. In fear-conditioned WKY rats, total REMS amount increased on Day 1, sequential REMS amount increased on Day 1 and Day 14, and single REMS amount decreased on Day 14. Alterations were due to changes in the number of sequential and single REMS episodes. Shock stress had no significant effect on REMS microarchitecture in either strain. The shift toward sequential REMS in fear-conditioned WKY rats may represent REMS fragmentation, and may provide a model for investigating the neurobiological mechanisms of sleep disturbances reported in posttraumatic stress disorder.
Transcriptional reprogramming during T helper cell differentiation.

Our laboratory employs reporter transgenic mice as model systems to study the transcriptional reprogramming that accompanies Thelper cell differentiation. These studies demonstrate that changes in the activity of simple transcriptional elements associated with the IFN-γ gene can recapitulate alterations in gene expression. In addition, our studies have revealed a key role for the transcription factor, CAMP response element binding protein (CREB), in the protection of differentiating T cells from apoptosis. Together, these findings further our understanding of the logic employed by T cells to alter gene expression profiles in response to differentiation signals.
Pilomatrixoma: Clinicopathologic study of 51 cases with emphasis on cytologic features

The clinical and pathologic features of 51 cases of pilomatrixoma found in our archives from 1990-1999 were reviewed, with emphasis on the cytopathologic features of the 22 cases that were sampled by fine-needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy prior to excision. Although uncommon, almost 20% of the pilomatrixomas in this series occurred in adults over age 30. Of the commonly reported features, the presence of basaloid cells and ghost cells in FNA smears, associated with a cutaneous location of the lesion, was sufficient for a confident cytologic diagnosis of pilomatrixoma. The presence of foreign body-type giant cells, nucleated squamous cells, and calcification, alone or in combination, was less specific, but supported a diagnosis of pilomatrixoma. Although infrequently reported, prominent nucleoli in basaloid cells and smears containing refractile keratin clumps were very useful clues in the diagnosis of pilomatrixoma. Finally, the routine use of cell blocks is recommended because in many of the cases presented ghost cells were fragmented or obscured in smears, but were more readily identified in cell block sections.
Depression in diabetic patients: The relationship between mood and glycemic control

Abstract Problem Evidence from prospective and cross-sectional studies demonstrates that the presence of diabetes doubles the risk of comorbid depression. This commonly overlooked comorbidity affects more than one quarter of the diabetic population, making its recognition and treatment in diabetic patients clinically relevant. Methods PubMed, PsycINFO, and MEDLINE databases were searched (search words: diabetes, depression, metabolic control, hyperglycemia, hypoglycemia) for articles that evaluated outcomes, relationships, and/or management of comorbid depression and diabetes published between 1980 and 2002. This review represents a synthesis of the findings including treatment recommendations. Results Concurrent depression is associated with a decrease in metabolic control, poor adherence to medication and diet regimens, a reduction in quality of life, and an increase in health care expenditures. In turn, poor metabolic control may exacerbate depression and diminish response to antidepressant regimens. Psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy are effective in the presence of diabetes; both cognitive behavior therapy and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are weight neutral and have been associated with glycemic improvement in some studies. Conclusion Depression is common in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes and has significant effects on the course and outcome of this medical illness. Conventional antidepressant management strategies are effective and the regimen should be tailored to the individual patient. Enhanced efforts toward good glycemic control may also contribute to improvements in mood and perceptions of well-being.
Replicating MISTERS: an epidemiological criminology framework analysis of a program for criminal justice-involved minority males in the community.

The Men in STD Training and Empowerment Research Study (MISTERS) program and epidemiological criminology began their development in Atlanta at about the same time. MISTERS focuses on men recently r...
Violence-Related Attitudes and Beliefs Scale Construction and Psychometrics

The 50-item Violence-Related Attitudes and Beliefs Scale (V-RABS) includes three subscales measuring possible causes of violent behavior (environmental influences, biological influences, and mental illness) and four subscales assessing possible controls of violent behavior (death penalty, punishment, prevention, and catharsis). Each subscale demonstrates good internal consistency and test-retest reliability. Thus, the V-RABS and its component subscales can be valuable research tools for understanding people's beliefs about the causes and controls of violent crime.
Desperately Seeking Surveillance Studies: Players in Search of a Field:

McAdam, Doug. 1982. Political Process and the De velopment of Black Insurgency, 1930-1970. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. McAdam, Doug, John D. McCarthy, and Mayer N. Zald, eds. 1996. Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements: Political Opportunities, Mo bilizing Structures, and Cultural Framings. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. McAdam, Doug, Sidney Tarrow, and Charles Tilly. 2001. Dynamics of Contention. New York: Cambridge University Press. Stanley, William. 1996. 7The Protection Racket State: Elite Politics, Military Extortion, and Civil War in El Salvador. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. Tarrow, Sidney. 1998. Power in Movement: Social Movements and Contentious Politics. 2d ed. New York: Cambridge University Press. Tilly, Charles. 2005. "Repression, Mobilization, and Explanation." Pp. 211-226 in Repression and Mobilization, edited by Christian Davenport, Hank Johnston, and Carol Mueller. Minneapo lis: University of Minnesota Press.
A normative approach to the study of uncertainty and communication

Uncertainty reduction theory (Berger & Calabrese, 1975) was formulated to explain relationships between the frequency of communication behaviors, level of uncertainty, and level of relational qualities. In this essay, I advocate attention to an alternative set of research questions addressed to the meanings and evaluations of uncertainty and communicative responses to uncertainty. This normative approach entails a shift in focus from measuring level of uncertainty to examining multiple and potentially conflicting meanings of uncertainty, a shift from measuring communication behaviors to evaluating communication practices, and a shift from predicting what people will do to predicting and explaining the effectiveness and appropriateness of what they do in response to uncertainty. Four case studies from various sociocultural contexts illustrate phenomena that are explained by a normative approach to uncertainty and communication. Since its formulation in 1975, uncertainty reduction theory has produced a steady stream of literature examining the experience of uncertainty, the ways in which individuals respond to uncertainty, and the outcomes associated with uncertainty. The theory began as an explanation of initial interaction between strangers, but interest has expanded far beyond these boundary conditions to include examination of uncertainty in ongoing personal relationships, organizational settings, health care interactions, and interactions among individuals from different sociocultural backgrounds. This steady interest in uncertainty reduction theory has occurred despite the original theory’s rather mixed track record of predictions (for reviews, see Sunnafrank, 1986, 1989). Clearly, one of the greatest contributions of uncertainty reduction theory has been its heuristic value in directing our attention to the role of uncertainty in various communication situations and to practical concerns with how individuals manage uncertainty in problematic situations. Uncertainty reduction theory was intended as a covering law theory (cf. Berger, 1977), designed to predict and explain the frequency with which various communicative behaviors would occur, the relationship between frequency of behaviors and amounts or degrees of uncertainty, and ways in which this might
Big Chips and Beyond

This column addresses the issues facing microarchitecture and processor design, including and beyond big chips.
Cystic kidney disease in Hajdu‐Cheney syndrome

We report on 2 unrelated patients with Hajdu-Cheney acroosteolysis syndrome, who had cystic kidneys with ultrasono-graphic changes similar to those of auto-somal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Neither had a family history of Hajdu-Cheney syndrome or polycystic kidneys, nor manifestations of any other syndrome. On the basis of the findings in these 2 patients and a review of published cases, we suggest that cystic kidneys are an important component of Hajdu-Cheney syndrome. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
SEMIDISCRETE VARIATIONAL PEIERLS FRAMEWORK FOR DISLOCATION CORE PROPERTIES

The classic Peierls theory of dislocations is critically examined and shown to contain a number of inconsistencies. For narrow core dislocations, as in Si, the classic theory leads to gross overestimation of the barrier to dislocation motion. We present a new, semidiscrete theory which corrects the inconsistencies of the classic theory, and gives results remarkably similar to actual atomistic calculations, both qualitatively and quantitatively. Our theory provides a link between accurate nanometer-scale quantum mechanical calculations of the dislocation core energetics to mesoscale continuum descriptions.
Stability of Al-rich glasses in the Al–La–Ni system

Abstract The stability of Al-rich glasses in the Al–La–Ni ternary system has been measured. Glasses with critical thicknesses ranging from 270 to 780 μm have been achieved. An in-situ two-phase amorphous region containing as much as ∼10 vol.% of nanocrystals was also observed with critical thicknesses ranging from 420 to 950 μm. Measurements of T g , T x and T l , as well as other empirical measures of thermal stability based on these quantities, confirm the unusual thermal stability of these glasses. These results suggest that bulk Al-based glasses with a maximum critical thickness exceeding 1 mm may be possible in alloys based on this system.
Theoretical analysis of comparative studies of complex formation: Solubility, spectral, and kinetic techniques

The stoichiometric ratios and the equilibrium constants describing the extent of formation of complexes are the basic information required in studies of complex formation between two species. Some of this information can be obtained by measuring the apparent solubility, the absorption spectrum, or the reactivity of one species (the substrate) as a function of the concentration of the other species (the ligand). The stability constant evaluated by these methods, assuming that a single complex of 1:1 substrate ligand ratio is present, can be related to the actual constants of the system. Analyses of some of the complex systems most likely to be encountered show that the three experimental approaches may not always yield the same numerical result and that comparative studies with several techniques may yield valuable information concerning the natures of the complexes. The solubility, spectral, and kinetic methods for studying complexes are, in general, subject to about the same degree of nonselectivity in their responses to multiple complexes and interactions.
A principle of o. szász and the sendov-iiyeff problem for polynomials near Z n−1

The Sendov-Ilyeff conjecture asserts that if p is a polynomial all of whose zeros lie in the closed unit disc, and if z 1 is such a zero, then the disc contains a zero of the derivative p′. The purpose of this paper is to prove the Sendov-Ilyeff conjecture for polynomials that are sufficiently “close to” a polynomial of form More specifically, if p is of degree n then let z j be the zeros of p let λj(w) be some enumeration of the w 1/n, re-arrange the z j if necessary so that for all j we have let μn(ρω) be the least real number c such that for all j finally let v n(p) be the minimum of μn(ρ ω). for |ω|=1. In this paper we produce K n > 0 such that p satisfies the Sendov-Ilyeff conjecture if p is of degree n and vn(p)≤Kn. The existence of such K n actually is already known. The novel part of our result is that kn can be taken to be C/n 4 for a certain positive number c. An essential ingredient in our demonstration is an inequality, due to Szasz and later refined by Edrei, for polynomials whose zeros all l...
Martensitic behaviour in the equi-atomic Ni-Ti alloy

Abstract The martensite transformation which occurs either thermally or by plastic deformation in the equi-atomic Ni-Ti alloy has been studied in detail by transmission electron microscopy. The transformation occurs by alternate simple shears on {112} planes and in ⟨111⟩ directions of the parent B2 structure. These shears convert the original lattice into two distinct close-packed monoclinic martensites which may be described as distorted hexagonal close-packed structures if atom types are not considered. In this manner the deformation associated with the transformation is almost perfectly compensated without the introduction of any additional defect. The movement of the atoms involved in this transformation has been determined, in turn accounting for the remarkable memory effect associated with this material.
Innovations in the island pedicle flap for cutaneous facial reconstruction.

BACKGROUND The island pedicle flap is a useful method of reconstruction in dermatologic surgery. Traditionally, the pedicle has been centrally and inferiorly based, with flap movements by rotation or advancement. With innovations, however, the flap is remarkably applicable to a variety of facial defects. OBJECTIVE Our purpose is to introduce modifications of the island pedicle flap, including (1) single lateral pedicle, (2) transposition, and (3) interpolation movements. METHODS Modifications of the island pedicle flap were applied in nine cases of cutaneous repair after Mohs micrographic surgery. Patient records and postoperative photographs were reviewed retrospectively. Both patients and other surgeons were asked to assess outcome variables. RESULTS Patients and physicians judged overall outcome as “excellent” or “good” in 100% and 90.7% of evaluated cases, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Variations of the island pedicle flap, including (1) single lateral pedicle, (2) transposition, and (3) interpolation movements, are viable options in the reconstruction of facial defects after Mohs micrographic surgery.
Nonlethal Weaponry and Post-Cold War Deterrence:

In recent years nonlethal weaponry has become increasingly available for widespread application as a means of promoting national security. Among the fascinating questions raised by this development, the deterrence impact of nonlethal weaponry seems particularly ripe for scrutiny. After a background discussion of definition, motives, history, and dangers surrounding this trend, this article develops a set of highly tentative propositions about the conditions under which nonlethal weaponry is most beneficial and detrimental as an instrument of deterrence. It is hoped that these propositions provide guidance for policymakers in using this coercive instrument to manage domestic and foreign turmoil.
Decay of Mutual Coherence in Turbulent Media

Mutual coherence factor for plane electromagnetic wave propagating in stochastic locally homogeneous and isotropic medium of dielectric turbulence
Internephron heterogeneity of filtration fraction and disparity between protein- and hematocrit-derived values

Internephron heterogeneity of filtration fraction and disparity between protein and hematocrit-derived values. The variability of single nephron filtration fraction (SNFF) and the relationship between filtration fractions determined simultaneously from 125 I albumin (SNFF ALB ) and hematocrit (SNFF HCT ) values were assessed by multiple samplings, 5 to 8 per kidney, in normal, hydropenic, Munich-Wistar rats. Single nephron filtration rate (SNGFR) measurements served as an independent marker of internephron heterogeneity. Whether derived as SNFF ALB or SNFF HCT , a wide degree of internephron variability in SNFF, comparable to that found for SNGFR (P > 0.2) was observed in all kidneys. Hematocrit-derived SNFF values, however, were some 80% higher than those obtained with 125 I albumin (SNFF HCT 0.447 ± SEM 0.016 versus SNFF ALB 0.258 ± 0.009, P g ) is assigned a value 17 ± SEM 1.4% higher than the corresponding femoral arterial hematocrit and might well be a reflection of the perfusion of superficial glomeruli with erythrocyte rich blood produced by the "plasma-skimming" phenomenon. The data suggest that multiple estimates of SNGFR and SNFF in a given rat kidney are needed to provide representative mean values for glomerular dynamic studies. Heterogeneite internephrons de la filtration fraction et disparite entre les valeurs derivees des concentrations de proteine et d'hematocrite. La variabilite de la fraction de filtration des nephrons individuels (SNFF) et la relation entre les fractions de filtration determinees simultanement a partir de 125 I albumine (SNFF ALB ) et de l'hematocrite (SNFF HCT ) ont ete evaluees par des prelevements multiples, 5 a 8 par rein, chez des rats Munich-Wistar normaux, hydropeniques. La mesure du debit de filtration glomerulaire des nephrons individuels (SNGFR) a servi de marqueur independant de l'heterogeneite entre les nephrons. Qu'elle soit calculee a partir de SNFF ALB ou de SNFF HCT la fraction de filtration des nephrons individuels a mis en evidence une variabilite internephrons importante, comparable a celle observee pour SNGFR (P 125 I albumine (SNFF HCT 0,447 ± SEM 0,016 vs SNFF ALB 0,258 ± 0,009, P g ) recoit une valeur de 17 ± SEM 1,4 pour cent superieure a celle de l'hematocrite correspondant de l'artere femorale, ce qui peut etre le reflet de la perfusion des glomerules superficiels par un sang enrichi en globules rouges du fait du phenomene d'ecremage. Les resultats suggerent que des estimations multiples de SNGFR et de SNFF pour un rein de rat donne sont necessaires afin de fournir une moyenne representative dans les etudes de dynamique glomerulaire.
The recent warming in eastern Minnesota shown by ground temperatures

Soil and ground (here defined as beyond the depth of weathering or soil) temperatures can be superior to surface temperatures as indicators of climatic trends, because the [open quotes]noise[close quotes] common to the latter has been effectively reduced or removed. As a result, the 12.8 m ground temperatures recorded routinely at the University of Minnesota St. Paul campus climatological observatory since 1963 can provide valuable information on climatic trends. The observatory, located in the midst of land that has been in agricultural test plots since 1885, was instrumented with copper-constantan thermocouples buried at various depths in the soil and ground. The two air temperature measurements, with which the 12.8 m ground temperature is compared, are made with maximum and minimum glass thermometers housed in standard temperature shelters. The mean air temperature increases of 0.049[degrees]C and 0.035[degrees]C per year, 1963--1990, at the observatory and the nearby Eastern Minnesota station, respectively compare favorably with the 12.8 m ground temperature mean increase of 0.041[degrees]C per year. Due to the brevity of the record and to its approximate coincidence with the most recent northern hemisphere warming period, the extrapolation of these rates beyond the record period must be done with care. 24 refs., 2more » figs., 1 tabs.« less
Accumulation of F-actin during cytokinesis in Allium. Correlation with microtubule distribution and the effects of drugs

The distribution of F-actin in the phragmoplast/cell plate complex of formaldehyde-fixedAllium root cells was visualized with rhodaminephalloidin (RP). Increased RP fluorescence appears in late anaphase in a broad zone between separating chromosomes. The fluorescence is mostly amorphous in appearance and does not resemble the distinct actin fibers seen in interphase cells. The actin becomes more concentrated near the midplane by telophase and takes the form of a relatively bright layer of fluorescence adjacent to the forming cell plate. This distribution differs markedly from that of phragmoplast microtubules (MTs) which extend back from the plate toward the daughter nuclei. F-actin continues to accumulate in new parts of the expanding phragmoplast, while RP fluorescence gradually decreases near older portions of the plate. It disappears completely near the new wall in most interphase cells. Treatment of root tips with cytochalasin B or D before fixation markedly reduces RP fluorescence, but phragmoplast MTs remain. Colchicine or oryzalin treatment leads to the disappearance of both phragmoplast actin and MTs. The possible function of actin in the phragmoplast/cell plate complex is discussed.
Microscale culture of human liver cells for drug development

Tissue function depends on hierarchical structures extending from single cells ( approximately 10 microm) to functional subunits (100 microm-1 mm) that coordinate organ functions. Conventional cell culture disperses tissues into single cells while neglecting higher-order processes. The application of semiconductor-driven microtechnology in the biomedical arena now allows fabrication of microscale tissue subunits that may be functionally improved and have the advantages of miniaturization. Here we present a miniaturized, multiwell culture system for human liver cells with optimized microscale architecture that maintains phenotypic functions for several weeks. The need for such models is underscored by the high rate of pre-launch and post-market attrition of pharmaceuticals due to liver toxicity. We demonstrate utility through assessment of gene expression profiles, phase I/II metabolism, canalicular transport, secretion of liver-specific products and susceptibility to hepatotoxins. The combination of microtechnology and tissue engineering may enable development of integrated tissue models in the so-called 'human on a chip'.
WHY DEVELOPING SOCIETIES NEED MARKETING TECHNOLOGY

This article proposes a conceptual framework and a research methodology for transferring marketing technology to developing countries to address important societal problems. The methodology developed by the author is described and illustrated with an empirical investigation. Guidelines for implementation of this methodology in developing countries are also provided.