cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Magnetic Pulsations: Their Sources and Relation to Solar Wind and Geomagnetic Activity

Ultra low frequency (ULF) waves incident on the Earth are produced by processes in the magnetosphere and solar wind. These processes produce a wide variety of ULF hydromagnetic wave types that are classified on the ground as either Pi or Pc pulsations (irregular or continuous). Waves of different frequencies and polarizations originate in different regions of the magnetosphere. The location of the projections of these regions onto the Earth depends on the solar wind dynamic pressure and magnetic field. The occurrence of various waves also depends on conditions in the solar wind and in the magnetosphere. Changes in orientation of the interplanetary magnetic field or an increase in solar wind velocity can have dramatic effects on the type of waves seen at a particular location on the Earth. Similarly, the occurrence of a magnetospheric substorm or magnetic storm will affect which waves are seen. The magnetosphere is a resonant cavity and waveguide for waves that either originate within or propagate through the system. These cavities respond to broadband sources by resonating at discrete frequencies. These cavity modes couple to field line resonances that drive currents in the ionosphere. These currents reradiate the energy as electromagnetic waves that propagate to the ground. Because these ionospheric currents are localized in latitude there are very rapid variations in wave phase at the Earth’s surface. Thus it is almost never correct to assume that plane ULF waves are incident on the Earth from outer space. The properties of ULF waves seen at the ground contain information about the processes that generate them and the regions through which they have propagated. The properties also depend on the conductivity of the Earth underneath the observer. Information about the state of the solar wind and the magnetosphere distributed by the NOAA Space Disturbance Forecast Center can be used to help predict when certain types and frequencies of waves will be observed. The study of ULF waves is a very active field of space research and much has yet to be learned about the processes that generate these waves.
Model Curicula for Four-Year Computer Science and Engineering Programs: Bridging the Tar Pit

The Model Curricula Subcommittee of the IEEE Computer Society Education Committee was formed some 16 months ago to develop an IEEE Computer Society-sanctioned four-year curriculum in computer science and engineering to be used by colleges and universities beginning instruction in this discipline, and by many institutions with existing programs. To date, the subcommittee has concerned itself with the four-year BS degree in computer science and engineering. The subcommittee members are Michael C. Mulder (subcommittee chairman), Bonneville Power Administration; Taylor Booth, University of Connecticut; C. L. Coates, Purdue University; George Davida, University of Wisconsin ( Milwaukee); Alvin Despain, Utah State University; Oscar Garcia, University of South Florida; Harvey Garner, University of Pennsylvania; Sakti Ghosh, IBM San Jose; Herb Hellerman, SUNY Binghamton; Ronald Hoelzeman, University of Pittsburgh; Richard Kopka, U. S. Air Force Academy; David Pessel, University of Rochester; C. V. Ramamoorthy, UC Berkeley; David Rine, West Virginia University.
Application of Leading-Edge Vortex Manipulations to Reduce Wing Rock Amplitudes

HE extension of an airplane's performance envelope into the high angle-of-attack region to improve maneuverability often carries the penalty of undesirable instabilities. One frequently encountered lateral instability is the limit-cycle roll oscillation, "wing rock," which is driven by strong, concentrated vortices originating from the leading edges of highly swept lifting surfaces.!~8 Mathematical models9"17 at various levels of complexity have clarified the role of these vortices in driving the rolling motion. Simultaneously accumulated experimental evidence18-19 indicates that a wing's rolling moment can be affected by mechanical or pneumatic manipulation of these vortices. Since these vortices generate the much needed high-lift coefficients at larger angles of attack, it is logical to assume that control of this undesirable roll oscillation is possible by manipulating the strength and/or location of the vortices18"20 that cause the wing rock. In the present study, a simple flap system was incorporated into the front section of a slender double-delta wing where the leading-edge vortex motion could be influenced by moving these flaps (Fig. 1). Since analytical studies21 on the control of wing rock indicate that a feedback of the roll oscillation rate, or a frequency shift between the wing motion and the control device, can generate damping of the motion, the proposed flap system was activated (mechanically) at the same frequency of the rolling motion. Also, instead of feeding back the roll rate, a relative phase shift (between the oscillatory motions of the flaps and wing) was imposed due to the mechanical simplicity required for such a wind-tunnel model. Experimental Apparatus A schematic description of the "free-to-roll" wind-tunnel model is shown in Fig. 1 (top) and additional geometrical details of the model are provided in the bottom of Fig. 1. Each leading-edge flap was mounted on two roller bearings to reduce friction, and the size of these bearings dictated the wing thickness. Intuitively, the flaps should have been placed at the most forward position, starting at the apex, but because of the large size of the bearings the flaps were moved approximately 45% of the chord behind the appex. Consequently, to increase the likelihood of being able to manipulate leading-edge vortex location by such simple leading-edge flap deflections, a double-delta wing shape was used. This choice is based on experimental evidence22"24 indicating that a second vortex forms near the leading-edge break point and, therefore, the flaps were placed behind this point. (As most highspeed airplanes have thin, highly swept strakes that cannot house movable control surfaces, the above placing permits
Towards sustainable commercial moss harvest in the Pacific Northwest of North America

The Pacific Northwest is the main source of commercially harvested forest moss in North America, but management guidelines have only included this nontimber forest product for ca. 15 years and research on sustainable harvest practices is barely a decade old. This review summarizes the results of recent research, identifies future research needs, and proposes guidelines for the sustainable management of tree moss (a mixture of mosses and liverworts). The epiphytic species most affected by harvest are Isothecium myosuroides, Neckera douglasii, and Porella navicularis, but dozens of taxa are thought to be impacted. Harvest impacts include reductions in biomass and cover and changes in relative species composition, but it is too early to tell if the species composition will return to pre-harvest conditions. Biomass recovery is slow and estimated rotation periods are 15–25 years. Inventory estimates are still lacking, but harvestable quantities of epiphytic moss are most abundant in low elevation and riparian areas and absent in stands that are very dark and/or lack hardwood tree and shrub species (e.g., <70-year-old Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) plantations). Future research should focus on locating unimpacted reference sites and evaluating the ecosystem functions provided by harvestable moss mats, including the provision of habitat and nutrient and water cycling. Management recommendations include prohibiting commercial moss harvest in forests managed toward old-growth condition, obtaining region-specific estimates of resource inventory and recovery rates, and rotating areas open for moss harvest to allow sufficient recovery between harvest entries.
Lightning maps reveal makeup of storm

The clearest picture yet of the electrical activity that evolved from a tornado-producing thunderstorm shows that cloud-to-ground lightning hugged the leading edge of the storm center and became active only after the tornado died off. This data has been gained from a National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration study of last spring's major tornado in Lawton, Oklahoma. The storm was one of 11 produced when an intense squall line formed in northern Texas and central Oklahoma. The severe storm activity on April 10, 1979, killed 54 persons in Lawton, and in Wichita Falls and Vernon, Texas.
Undergraduates as behavioral technicians on an adult token economy ward

The training procedure, rationale, and utilization of undergraduate students as behavioral technicians on a token economy program for chronically mentally ill male adult inpatients is described. Included are specific training procedures and duties performed by the students.
A conceptual investigation into the effects of cultural animosity on Middle Eastern consumers' purchase intentions

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to outline a conceptual model for the investigation of cultural animosity and its effects on purchasing intentions in the Middle East.Design/methodology/approach – The proposed methodology consists of three well‐known Western (preferably American) franchises being evaluated based on survey research of local Middle Eastern consumers. Data are collected and compared for the three franchises with emphasis implied within the survey on the invasion of Iraq (2003). Respondents are compared based on their individual levels of animosity and how that animosity translates into purchasing intentions.Findings – The paper proposes a direct link between brand perceptions/brand equity and Middle Eastern consumers' purchasing intentions with a moderating influence of cultural animosity and individualism/risk propensity.Practical implications – In response to an increasingly hostile geopolitical environment, it is important for marketers to assess political animosities in consumer‐br...
Subnanosecond transient photocurrents in a-Si:H: A probe of thermalization within shallow band-tail states

Abstract The measurement of transient photocurrents in amorphous semiconductors has been shown to be a powerful way of exploring the thermalization of excess carriers within the manifold of localized states adjacent to the band edges. The extent to which thermalization within the shallowest states can be resolved in controlled by the experimental observation time. Reported here are measurements of transient photocurrents, using high-speed stripline techniques, in glow-discharge a-Si:H carried out in the time regime (0.6 ↔ 100 nsec) and the temperature range 150 ↔ 320K. We find an effective electron drift mobility of = 1–3 cm2/Vsec at t=0.6 nsec and T=300K and a time-dependent activation energy, ϵ(t), for the photocurrent magnitude. The initial photocurrent decay (t
Modeling of a Dynamic Mirror Actuator

A novel dual-actuated dynamic mirror actuator (DMA) is presented for laser beam steering. The DMA is driven by a pair of piezoelectric stack actuaors (PESAs). The piezoelectric stacks are modeled using a linear model and five variations of constitutive models from literature. The resulting DMA models are simulated. While the constitutive models capture some higher order dynamics, the linear model provides the best combination of accuracy to experimental data and simplicty of model between DC and the first natural frequency of the DMA. For control of the DMA up to the first natural frequency of the DMA, a linear model should be adequate.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
GJB2 and GJB6 Mutations in Children with Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection

Congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is a leading cause of sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) in children. Whether connexin mutations are factors in the development of CMV-related hearing loss has not been explored. We examined gap junction protein beta-2 (GJB2) and gap junction protein beta-6 (GJB6) mutations in 149 children with congenital CMV infection and 380 uninfected neonates. Mutations in GJB2 and GJB6 were assessed by nucleotide sequencing and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods, respectively. The study population was predominantly African American, and 4.3% of the subjects were carriers of a connexin 26 mutation. The overall frequency of GJB2 mutations was significantly higher in the group of children with CMV infection and hearing loss (21%) compared with those with CMV infection and normal hearing (3%, p = 0.017) and the group of uninfected newborns (3.9%, p = 0.016). Eight previously reported mutations (M34T, V27I, R127H, F83L, R143W, V37I, V84L, G160S), and four novel mutations (V167M, G4D, A40T, and R160Q) were detected. None of the study children had the 342-kb deletion (delGJB6-D13S1830) in GJB6, which suggests that this mutation does not play a role in hereditary deafness in the African American population. Although GJB2 mutations were detected in children with and without CMV-related hearing loss, those with hearing loss had a higher frequency of GJB2 mutations.
Effects of contingent observation on the disruptive behavior of a toddler in a group setting

Contingent observation and redirection procedures were investigated to determine their relative effectiveness in reducing high levels of disruptive behaivor of a female toddler in a day care setting. Contingent observation was more effective than redirection in reducing highly disruptive behavior. The efficacy of contingent observation in day care settings is discussed.
Can force feedback and science learning enhance the effectiveness of neuro-rehabilitation? An experimental study on using a low-cost 3D joystick and a virtual visit to a zoo

In this paper, we demonstrate that healthy adults respond differentially to the administration of force feedback and the presentation of scientific content in a virtual environment, where they interact with a low-cost haptic device. Subjects are tasked with controlling the movement of a cursor on a predefined trajectory that is superimposed on a map of New York City’s Bronx Zoo. The system is characterized in terms of a suite of objective indices quantifying the subjects’ dexterity in planning and generating the multijoint visuomotor tasks. We find that force feedback regulates the smoothness, accuracy, and duration of the subject’s movement, whereby converging or diverging force fields influence the range of variations of the hand speed. Finally, our findings provide preliminary evidence that using educational content increases subjects’ satisfaction. Improving the level of interest through the inclusion of learning elements can increase the time spent performing rehabilitation tasks and promote learning in a new context.
Some applications of a technique of Sakoda and Sipser

Sakoda and Sipser [Sa78] introduced a technique for constructing certain regular languages over a large alphabet and used these languages as candidates for proving lower bounds on the size increase when converting a nondeterministic finite automaton (NFA) to a deterministic one (DFA). The purpose of this note is to show that their method is quite useful in solving several problems in the theory of regular languages. In view of its intuitive appeal, we recommend it as a pedagogic aid for presenting lower bound proofs.
An Empirical Model for Predicting Crack Growth Behavior of Gas Turbine Stage 1 Nozzles

Expenditure of maintenance cost for gas turbines can be greatly reduced if the parts can be well managed during the service to avoid excessive fallout rate or unplanned forced outage. In order to achieve the optimum part life management plan, the ability to accurately predict the life capabilities and fallout rates of the life limiting components becomes very important. An empirical model for the stage 1 nozzle of F-class frame 9 GE gas turbine has been developed based on Weibull statistic analysis of measured crack dimensions at observed critical locations of the nozzle. The crack measurements were taken during the hot gas path inspections and data from several different machine units which had different operating histories were used to establish relationship between Weibull parameters and elapsed operation histories. The fallout rate as function operation history is predicted by performing a Monte Carlo analysis to account for the combined effects of multiple cracks.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Patient satisfaction with community pharmacy: comparing urban and suburban chain-pharmacy populations.

Abstract Background Patient satisfaction with pharmaceutical care can be a strong predictor of medication and other health-related outcomes. Less understood is the role that location of pharmacies in urban or suburban environments plays in patient satisfaction with pharmacy and pharmacist services. Objectives The purpose of this study was to serve as a pilot examining urban and suburban community pharmacy populations for similarities and differences in patient satisfaction. Methods Community pharmacy patients were asked to self-administer a 30-question patient satisfaction survey. Fifteen questions addressed their relationship with the pharmacist, 10 questions addressed satisfaction and accessibility of the pharmacy, and five questions addressed financial concerns. Five urban and five suburban pharmacies agreed to participate. Data analysis included descriptive statistics and chi-square analysis. Results Most patients reported high levels of satisfaction. Satisfaction with pharmacist relationship and service was 70% or higher with no significant differences between locations. There were significant differences between the urban and suburban patients regarding accessibility of pharmacy services, customer service and some patient/pharmacist trust issues. Conclusions The significant differences between patient satisfaction in the suburban and urban populations warrant a larger study with more community pharmacies in other urban, suburban and rural locations to better understand and validate study findings.
Morphogenesis of ductal networks in the mouse prostate.

Postnatal growth and development of the glandular architecture of the ventral and dorsolateral lobes of the mouse prostate (VP and DLP) were investigated by microdissection techniques that permitted precise quantification of the numbers of primary ducts emerging from the urethra, the terminal ductal tips, and ductal branchpoints. At birth both the right and left lobe of the VP consisted of 1-3 main ducts that had already undergone secondary and tertiary branching. In contrast, at birth the more complex DLP had 9-12 unbranched main ducts per lobe on both the right and left sides. During the first 15 days after birth, 80.7% of tips and 76.4% of branchpoints of the adult gland formed in the VP, and 70.4% of tips and 53.6% of branch-points formed in the DLP. Ductal branching was completed by 60 to 90 days. The DLP developed in three stages: first, formation of unbranched main ducts (first 10 days); second, distal branching of each main duct resulting in 3-5 terminal branches per main duct (10-15 days after birth); third, elaboration of intraductal mucosal infolding in distal ducts after 30 days of age. Ducts of the lateral prostate (LP), a ventrolateral subdivision of the DLP, initiated branching morphogenesis between I to 5 days after birth. The LP grew into and became embedded within the capsule of the VP, which may explain why the ductal architecture of these two lobes are similar. These heretofore unrecognized differences in the organogenesis and morphology of the mouse VP and DLP and the striking morphological heterogeneity both between and within the lobes of the mouse prostate may be morphological manifestations of functional heterogeneities within the prostate.
The standard enthalpy of formation of LaNi5 The enthalpies of hydriding of LaNi5−xAlx

Abstract The enthalpies of reaction in HCl(aq) of LaNi5(cr), La(cr), and Ni(cr) were measured. From these measurements and appropriate auxiliary quantities, the standard enthalpy of formation, ΔfHmo, of LaNi5(cr) was determined. The enthalpies of reaction between H2 and LaNi5, as well as LaNi4.5Al0.5, and LaNi4Al, have been measured by hydrogen titration calorimetry. The enthalpy of solution of H2 in the α-phase of (LaNi5+H2) is −28 kJ · mol−1, and in the two-phase plateau region the enthalpy of hydriding by H2 is −(31.6±0.2) kJ · mol−1. In the two-phase plateau region of (LaNi5−xAlx+H2) the enthalpy of hydriding by H2 is −38 kJ · mol−1 for LaNi4.5Al0.5 and −46 kJ · mol−1 for LaNi4Al. The relation between the enthalpy of hydriding of the alloy by H2 and its aluminum content was found to be ΔhydHmo(LaNi5−xAlx, cr, 298.15 K) = −(31.6 + 14.4x) kJ · mol−1. The following thermodynamic quantities at T = 298.15 K are reported: Δ f H m o /(kJ · mol −1 ) Δ f S m o /(J · K −1 · mol −1 ) Δ f G m o /(kJ · mol −1 ) LaNi5 −159.1±8.3 3.5±0.8 −160.1±8.3 LaNi5H6.2 −258.6±8.3 −339.5±0.9 −157.4±8.3
Resolution Enhancement and Classification of Virus Particles in Cellular Tomography

The tomographic reconstruction from whole-cell electron tomography, which is used in the study of viruses in situ, is generally noisy and geometrically distorted due to low electron dose and incomplete projection data.
The triglyceride composition ofMyrica carolinensis fruit coat fat (bayberry tallow)

The triglycerides ofMyrica carolinensis fruit coat fat (bayberry tallow) contain only three fatty acids: myristic (21.5 mole %), palmitic (77.5%), and stearic (1.0%). The component triglycerides of this simple fat were determined by gas-liquid chromatography and pancreatic lipase hydrolysis. Triglycerides with carbon numbers 42, 44, 46, 48, and 50 were found. Lipase hydrolysis showed a preferential but not exclusive esterification of myristic acid at the 2-position. The triglyceride composition calculated from the combined experimental results did not conform to a random or 1,3-random-2-random distribution pattern. Regional differences in fatty acid and triglyceride composition within the fruit coat were also observed.
Hysteroscopic management of endometrial polyps

Abstract Objectives: To review the surgical, histologic, intraoperative findings and bleeding patterns of patients treated by operative hysteroscopic polypectomy and compare the accuracy of preoperative assessment tools: transvaginal ultrasound (TVUS), saline infusion sonography (SIS), diagnostic hysteroscopy (HYST), and endometrial biopsy with the final pathology. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted of 201 polypectomy patients (mean age, 55.3 years; 23–88 years) who underwent operative hysteroscopy between 1992 and 1998. Results: Main indications were abnormal uterine bleeding in 172 patients (85.6%) Operative findings included benign endometrial polyps in 91.5%. Histologic abnormalities of the endometrial polyps were detected in 19 cases (9.5%); of these, complex hyperplasia was detected in 13 and atypical hyperplasia in 6. Patients with histologic abnormalities were older and had more medical problems. Sensitivity of the preoperative assessment tools for polyps were: TVUS (16.7%), SIS (83%), HYST (89.5%), and pipelle (10.8%). There were no false-negative results with SIS or hysteroscopy. There were four complications as a result of cervical dilation. After a mean follow-up of 30 months, 88% of patients had excellent clinical response with resumption of normal menstrual pattern or amenorrhea. Conclusions: Endometrial polyps frequently contribute to abnormal uterine bleeding. Benign histology is usual. Preoperative assessment with SIS or HYST are better predictors of intracavitary abnormalities than TVUS or endometrial biopsy. Resolution of menstrual dysfunction occurs in most patients.
CD bias control with in-situ plasma treatment in EPSM photomask etch

As mask feature size decreases, etch bias control during Cr and shifter etch becomes more critical factor in Embedded Phase Shifter Mask (EPSM) mask making processes. Since the etching characteristics of the shifter materials, Molybdenum Silicide (MoSi), are sensitive to etching surface condition, Critical Dimension (CD) performance of the shifter layer strongly depends on incoming surface condition from Cr etch. In this paper, lateral etch component of MoSi etch was investigated as a function of various substrate conditions so that a new in-situ plasma treatment was suggested to control the CD bias during MoSi etch. The CD performance was characterized within the surface treatment plasmas and also correlated with some plasma parameters and substrate temperature. As a result, it was found that plasma surface modification could be an in-situ technique to better control the shifter CD in EPSM process and an essential option for redundancy tools in mask production environment.
Bot fly larvae (Cephenemyia spp., Oestridae) in mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) from Utah.

Ninety-nine mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) from four Utah counties (Cache, Utah, Sanpete and Sevier) were examined for larvae of Cephenemyia spp. in 1985 and 1986. Numbers of first, second and third stage bot fly instars were related to age, sex, year and geographic location of the mule deer. Fawns and adult deer ≥5.5 yr had a significantly (P ≤ 0.05) higher intensity (x = 37 and x = 68, respectively) of infection than the 1.5- and 2.5-yr-old age groups (x = 19 and x = 26, respectively). Infection by larvae was not significantly different between sexes. Infection was 100% in both years, but the mean intensity was significantly lower in 1986 (P < 0.05). The decline may be related to differences in soil moisture between the 2 years. In 1985, 82% of the deer examined were infected with all three instars. Seventy-seven percent of all first instar larvae were observed in the trachea, usually in the fold immediately posterior to the epiglottis and corniculate cartilages. This new site of attachment for fir...
Higher order data compression with neural networks

A data compression method using a neural-network-based architecture is presented. This network will accept a large amount of scene or image data, compress it for storage or transmission, retrieve it and reproduce the original image. The architecture of the network is a feedforward four-layer network. The network is trained by using a nested training algorithm. The authors previously (1990) presented limited results on the performance and the operation of such a system. In this paper, the authors present an extensive detailed performance evaluation by computer simulation of this system using 512*512 pixels and 8 bits/pixel images. >
Analysis of Deterministic Binary Interference Channels Via a General Outer Bound

We present a new outer bound for the general two-user discrete memoryless interference channel (IFC) and use it to establish the capacity region of the binary erasure IFC, whose determination was left open in . We also show that there are essentially two deterministic binary IFCs, in addition to the binary erasure IFC, whose capacity regions are not obvious from previous results. We determine the capacity region of one of these and apply the aforementioned general outer bound to obtain the best available bound on the maximum achievable sum-rate for the other. We also show that the new general outer bound is tight for one-sided deterministic IFCs that belong to the class studied by El Gamal and Costa.
Sparse graphical models for exploring gene expression data

We discuss the theoretical structure and constructive methodology for large-scale graphical models, motivated by their potential in evaluating and aiding the exploration of patterns of association in gene expression data. The theoretical discussion covers basic ideas and connections between Gaussian graphical models, dependency networks and specific classes of directed acyclic graphs we refer to as compositional networks. We describe a constructive approach to generating interesting graphical models for very high-dimensional distributions that builds on the relationships between these various stylized graphical representations. Issues of consistency of models and priors across dimension are key. The resulting methods are of value in evaluating patterns of association in large-scale gene expression data with a view to generating biological insights about genes related to a known molecular pathway or set of specified genes. Some initial examples relate to the estrogen receptor pathway in breast cancer, and the Rb-E2F cell proliferation control pathway.
Potential hierarchical decomposition: controlling hierarchical planning with uncertainty and resource constraints

The authors explore the hierarchical structuring of probabilistic decision models. The potential hierarchical decomposition (PHD) method computes an optimal sequential control strategy for hierarchical search with uncertainty and resource constraints. It is assumed that multiple competing hierarchical structures exist in a given domain and a problem space is depicted by an AND/OR graph with the known cost and the distribution of resource consumption for each link. The resource-bounded optimal performance of the PHD approach is achieved by controlling the concurrent exploration of these alternative hierarchical structures. The basic algorithm computes an optimal control strategy for conditionally independent distributions, has exponential complexity, and is an application of dynamic programming. It is shown that an optimal strategy in the case of uncertain costs depends only on the expected values of costs and not on the whole distributions. The algorithm is extended to handle dependencies and arbitrary interruptability of the actions. >
Caudal Fin Mercury as a Non-Lethal Predictor of Fish-Muscle Mercury

Environmental Context. Surveys to assess the body burden of mercury in fish to support research or contamination advisory programs typically involve capturing and killing fish and analyzing muscle tissue for mercury. Lethal sampling may not be feasible in protected waters or in studies involving threatened or endangered species. We analyzed tail fin samples of two fish species for total mercury and compared results with muscle-tissue mercury and concluded that fin-Hg can be used as a predictor of muscle-Hg. This approach enables catch and release studies for mercury in fish. Abstract. The caudal (tail) fins from 17 walleye (Sander vitreus) and 12 northern pike (Esox lucius) from three northern Arizona lakes (Long Lake, Soldier Lake, and Upper Lake Mary) were analyzed for total-Hg by combustion–atomic absorption spectrometry. Results indicate that the fin contains measurable Hg that correlates with muscle-Hg concentrations. As the body burden of Hg increased, the concentration in the fin increased relative to the muscle. Mercury concentrations also increased with fish length and weight, although the relationship was lake- and species-dependent. Fish from Soldier Lake had the most efficient uptake of Hg, likely due to the trophic structure of the lake or the condition of the fish, but possibly due to an acute source of Hg. Overall, this study demonstrates that caudal fin clippings can be used as a non-lethal predictor of muscle-Hg concentrations, which can reduce the number of fish killed in routine monitoring programs.
The impact of graduation from psychoanalytic training.

To examine candidates' experience of graduation from psychoanalytic training, 1997—2001 graduates of the Columbia University Center for Psychoanalytic Training and Research were sent a confidential questionnaire about their first year after analytic training. Of this group, 72 percent (23/32) returned the survey. Questions focused on the impact of graduation on time availability, net income, professional advancement, and sense of personal and professional autonomy. Graduates from analytic training were found to have more income in their first postgraduate year, a mean increase of $30,000, and more available time, a mean increase of sixteen hours. Increased earnings came primarily from seeing more patients during the time made available with the end of classes. In addition, graduates did not terminate their control cases or stop supervision. Graduates most valued their sense of professional accomplishment and ability to spend more time with their families. Although graduates also experienced relief from ev...
The President's Questioners: Consequential Attributes of the White House Press Corps

Are members of the White House press corps unified in their treatment of the president at any given time, or does their behavior differ by demographic and professional attributes? This study addres...
Shape, flapping and flexion: wing and fin design for forward flight

Both kinematics and morphology are critical determinants of performance in flapping flight. However, the functional consequences of changes in these traits are not yet well understood. Traditional aerodynamic studies of planform wing shape have suggested that high-aspect-ratio wings generate more force per area and perform more efficiently than low-aspect-ratio wings, but these analyses may neglect critical components of flapping flight such as unsteady fluid dynamics and wing or fin flexion. In this paper, we use an unsteady potential flow analysis that incorporates wing flexion to test predictions of optimal wing shape under varying degrees of unsteady motion and wing flexion. We focus on forward flapping flight and examine the effects of wing/fin morphology and movements on thrust generation and efficiency. We test the model by comparing our predictions with kinematic data derived from the aquatic flight of the ratfish Hydrolagus colliei. Our analyses show that aspect ratio and the proportion of area in the outer one-fifth of the wing can characterize wing shape in terms of aero- or hydrodynamic performance. By comparing the performance of wings that vary in these two parameters, we find that traditional predictions of optimal wing shape are valid only under limited circumstances (when flapping frequency is low, wings are stiff or wings are tapered at the tips). This indicates a complex relationship between locomotor traits and performance and helps explain the diversity of wing kinematics and morphologies observed in nature.
Illumination adaptation with rapid-response color sensors

Smart lighting solutions based on imaging sensors such as webcams or time-of-flight sensors suffer from rising privacy concerns. In this work, we use low-cost non-imaging color sensors to measure local luminous flux of different colors in an indoor space. These sensors have much higher data acquisition rate and are much cheaper than many o_-the-shelf commercial products. We have developed several applications with these sensors, including illumination feedback control and occupancy-driven lighting.
Analysis of Retention Time Distribution of Embedded DRAM - A New Method to Characterize Across-Chip Threshold Voltage Variation

In this paper, we investigate the retention time distribution of IBM's 65nm node embedded DRAM. We demonstrate that subthreshold current is the dominant leakage mechanism that determines data retention time, and the retention distribution can be attributed to array Vt variation. Based on this study, we present a new technique for characterization of across-chip Vt variation. The Vt median value and standard deviation of transfer devices within an eDRAM array are estimated by analyzing the retention characteristics. The evaluation results are confirmed by the parametric test data. The proposed method is fast and can be used to monitor Vt variation in both technology development and manufacture. The impact of array Vt spread on the retention and performance of eDRAM is discussed.
COMBATING GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE: WHY A CARBON TAX IS A BETTER RESPONSE TO GLOBAL WARMING THAN CAP AND TRADE

Congress is likely to consider domestic climate change legislation during 2009, with a cap-and-trade system continuing to draw support from the Obama Administration and many leaders in Congress. Yet cap-and-trade regulations would take years for EPA to develop and implement, the desired price signal for carbon dioxide might be difficult to achieve until years later, and administration and enforcement of a comprehensive cap and trade system poses significant challenges. The urgency of the climate change crisis calls for immediate action, which can be provided best by a carbon tax imposed on all coal, natural gas, and oil produced in the United States and imported from other countries. A carbon tax could be implemented and enforced without the need for a complex new regulatory scheme and would provide an immediate carbon price signal. In addition, revenue from a carbon tax could support research and development of alternative energy and ease any regressive effects of the tax. Moreover, adoption of a carbon tax during 2009 would provide the United States much needed credibility on climate change issues and would allow the United States to focus its climate change efforts on negotiation of a new international agreement that provides meaningful carbon dioxide emission reductions by industrialized nations and less developed countries.
New Advances in Iron Chelation Therapy

The emergence of new chelators is likely to have a major impact on the treatment of thalassemia major, sickle cell disease and other hematologic disorders for which regular red cell transfusions are required either to correct severe anemia or to prevent major complications of the underlying disease. In comparison with deferoxamine, which requires prolonged parenteral infusion to achieve negative iron balance, orally active chelators offer the promise of easier administration and better compliance. Moreover, the availability of more than one iron chelator opens up the possibility of combination therapy to target iron in specific organs and to enhance overall iron excretion. Long-term studies, employing new technologies to measure tissue iron, are required to determine whether the new chelators will be as safe and effective as deferoxamine in maintaining control of iron stores and preventing iron-induced cardiac disease, the major complication of transfusional iron overload.
Erythromycin and feeding intolerance in premature infants: a randomized trial

To evaluate the effectiveness of low-dose oral erythromycin to treat feeding intolerance in preterm infants. This study was a prospective, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial on 60 premature infants suffering from feeding intolerance. Thirty infants were given oral erythromycin 1 mg/kg every 8 h and 30 infants were given placebo (normal saline). Randomization was stratified on enrollment according to gestational age whether >32 weeks or ⩽32 weeks. The primary end point was the length of time taken to establish full enteral feeding since enrollment. Potential adverse effects associated with erythromycin were also monitored. Groups of each corresponding stratum were compared using two-tail t-test and Mann–Whitney for continuous variables, and χ2 and Fisher's exact for categorical variables. For infants with gestational age >32 weeks, the erythromycin group achieved full enteral feeding earlier than placebo group (10.5±4.1 vs 16.3±5.7 days, respectively; P=0.01) had fewer episodes of gastric residuals (P 32 weeks gestation. A similar effect on younger preterm infants was not demonstrable.
HAPTOGLOBINS AND TRANSFERRINS IN PATIENTS WITH DOWN'S SYNDROME.

Summary 100 institutionalized patients with Down's syndrome were examined for their haptoglobin and transferrin patterns. The haptoglobin patterns in mongols were found to be essentially the same as those in the normal population samples. All the mongols were found to have a transferrin C pattern and therefore they were considered to be no different from the general English population. We wish to thank Prof. L. S. Penrose for his suggestions and assistance; and Dr A. Shapiro and M. Ridler of Harperbury Hospital for their co-operation.
Pixel size limit for a holographic memory system

Compact holographic memory architecture with phase conjugate readout and diffraction suppression by internal reflection is investigated. The pixel size requirement for a competitive system is determined. The bandwidth of the holographic recording in LiNbO3 is broad enough to support the pixel size requirement by theoretical calculation and experimental measurement. Holograms of 1 mu m(2) pixel size binary data are recorded and reconstructed with this system. The pixel size limit, signal noise ratio (SNR) and the storage density for holographic recording in photorefractive crystals are discussed.
From Musical Detectives to DJs: Expanding Aural Skills and Analysis Through Engaging Popular Music and Culture

Many music educators address aural skills and analysis by drawing on strategies designed for the realm of Western classical music. Focusing solely on aural skills and analysis within paradigms of W...
Modeling larval connectivity of the Atlantic surfclams within the Middle Atlantic Bight: Model development, larval dispersal and metapopulation connectivity

To study the primary larval transport pathways and inter-population connectivity patterns of the Atlantic surfclam, Spisula solidissima, a coupled modeling system combining a physical circulation model of the Middle Atlantic Bight (MAB), Georges Bank (GBK) and the Gulf of Maine (GoM), and an individual-based surfclam larval model was implemented, validated and applied. Model validation shows that the model can reproduce the observed physical circulation patterns and surface and bottom water temperature, and recreates the observed distributions of surfclam larvae during upwelling and downwelling events. The model results show a typical along-shore connectivity pattern from the northeast to the southwest among the surfclam populations distributed from Georges Bank west and south along the MAB shelf. Continuous surfclam larval input into regions off Delmarva (DMV) and New Jersey (NJ) suggests that insufficient larval supply is unlikely to be the factor causing the failure of the population to recover after the observed decline of the surfclam populations in DMV and NJ from 1997 to 2005. The GBK surfclam population is relatively more isolated than populations to the west and south in the MAB; model results suggest substantial inter-population connectivity from southern New England to the Delmarva region. Simulated surfclam larvae generally drift for over one hundred kilometers along the shelf, but the distance traveled is highly variable in space and over time. Surfclam larval growth and transport are strongly impacted by the physical environment. This suggests the need to further examine how the interaction between environment, behavior, and physiology affects inter-population connectivity. Larval vertical swimming and sinking behaviors have a significant net effect of increasing larval drifting distances when compared with a purely passive model, confirming the need to include larval behavior.
Mechanisms of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Agonist Action in the Human Male

Agonist analogs of GnRH are being increasingly utilized to induce medical castration for treatment of a variety of hormonally responsive clinical disorders. However, the mechanism/s of their paradoxical antigonadal action in the human male remain poorly understood. Basal and integrated concentrations of immunoreactive LH after intermediate term (4-16 weeks) GnRH agonist treatment are only modestly decreased and cannot fully account for the far greater decline in serum testosterone (T) concentrations. Bioassayable LH concentrations, however, decrease markedly and parallel the fall in serum T suggesting secretion of qualitatively different LH species with diminished biological activity while the circulating concentrations of beta-subunit parallel the measured bioassayable LH concentrations, free alpha-subunit secretion remains persistently and disproportionately elevated during chronic GnRH agonist treatment. Cross-reactivity of free alpha-subunits in the human LH RIA contributes to this disparity between the LH immuno and bioactivity. Chromatography of serum LH during GnRH agonist treatment suggests secretion of a qualitatively different LH species. Unlike the rat, in which the antifertility effects of the agonist are mediated predominantly by direct inhibition of testicular steroidogenesis, significant direct gonadal effects have not been demonstrated in man. Thus the bulk of evidence points to a predominant pituitary site of action in the human male. The molecular basis of the heterogeneity of LH during GnRH agonist, however, remains to be elucidated. The hypothesis that co- or posttranslational modification by the agonist may attenuate biologic activity of LH has not yet been directly tested.
Continuous Discourse Tracking: An Analysis of the Procedure.

The method of continuous discourse tracking was evaluated in terms of the strategies used by the talker and the types of responses elicited from the listener. Talker utterances were classified into four categories: 1. Complete repetition (of the initial utterance); 2. Partial repetition; 3. Repetition with change in emphasis; and 4. A combined strategy using two or more correction strategies. Listener responses were classified into three categories: 1. Correct repetition of intended utterance; 2. Partially correct repetition; and 3. Totally incorrect repetition or no response. The listeners showed small but statistically significant differences in their response patterns. Much larger differences were observed in the pattern of correction strategies used by the talkers. Differences in correction strategy were also observed between the early and later stages of a talker-listener exchange.
Monofilament insensitivity and small and large nerve fiber symptoms in impaired fasting glucose.

Aims To determine if diabetes or pre-diabetes is associated with monofilament insensitivity and peripheral neuropathy symptoms.
GraP: platform for functional genomics analysis of Gossypium raimondii

Cotton (Gossypium spp.) is one of the most important natural fiber and oil crops worldwide. Improvement of fiber yield and quality under changing environments attract much attention from cotton researchers; however, a functional analysis platform integrating omics data is still missing. The success of cotton genome sequencing and large amount of available transcriptome data allows the opportunity to establish a comprehensive analysis platform for integrating these data and related information. A comprehensive database, Platform of Functional Genomics Analysis in Gossypium raimondii (GraP), was constructed to provide multi-dimensional analysis, integration and visualization tools. GraP includes updated functional annotation, gene family classifications, protein‐protein interaction networks, co-expression networks and microRNA‐target pairs. Moreover, gene set enrichment analysis and cis-element significance analysis tools are also provided for gene batch analysis of high-throughput data sets. Based on these effective services, GraP may offer further information for subsequent studies of functional genes and in-depth analysis of high-throughput data. GraP is publically accessible at http:// structuralbiology.cau.edu.cn/GraP/, with all data available for downloading.
Effect of Specific Power on Fuel Reactivity and Costs in Thorium-Fueled Reactors

S>ACTIVITV AND CCSTS IN THORIUM-FULLED HLACTORS. P. A. Maaon and J. A. ~mlmorp (l~sachuaptte Inst. of Tpch., Cambridgp). Nuclpar Sci. and Eng., 9: 332- 40(Mar. 19b1). In rBactorB fuplpd with thorium, incrpaaing apecific powQr lBadb to rBduction of fupl rpactivity lifptimp and convbrBion ratio bpcauBp of thP apprpCiablP dpcay timP and nPuVon abaompldon cmqQ6 aQction of Paiu. A gpnprulizpd 6tudp of thpap pffQcQ in thorium-- Uw fuplad rpactora is carml#d out uBing a simpWlad rpactor modpl. Thp moBt Urpomtant Bnscific powpr Bffpct on fupl rpactivity iB thp holdup of Pal#, rathpr than ite bummout to Ui64. UBing convQfdorail cobt basQb, thB pffact of Bpecific powpr on thP fucl co6b for thorium fuplpd rpactora iB ahowu to be amall in thB m~j of pracldcal apec~fic powprs. (auth)