cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The syntax and semantics of english relative clauses

Abstract An analysis of English restrictive relative clauses is developed that accounts for many of the differences between them and three other clause types having the same internal structure, namely nonrestrictive relative clauses, cleft clauses, and ‘pseudo-relative’ clauses as in There are many Americans who like baseball . Section 1 is devoted to establishing the surface constituent structures of sentences involving the various relative and relative-like clauses. In sections 1 and 2 I provide evidence that pseudo-relative clauses are not restrictive relative clauses (nor are they nonrestrictive clauses) and indicate which apparent relative clauses must be classed as pseudo-relative. Section 3 is concerned with the derivation of nonrestrictive clauses. Sections 4 and 5 deal with two different analyses of restrictive relatives, each of which is supported by a sizeable body of data and appears to be irreconcileable with the data that support the other analysis. In section 6 an attempt is made to achieve a synthesis of the two analyses on the basis of a ‘core’ of grammatical rules proper and a set of ‘patches’ that serve to extend the speaker's competence to cover cases for which the core rules do not yield admissible derivations. The analyses developed make extensive use of the conception of syntactic category that is developed in McCawley 1977a, 1980b.
“No-touch” Cryosurgical Enucleation: A Minimal Trauma Technique For Eyes Harboring Intraocular Malignancy

Current surgical approaches for cancer are emphasizing minimal trauma—the so-called no-touch technique of tumor removal. Tumor seeding through the circulatory system seems reasonable, particularly with friable and necrotic tumors. Attempts to reduce metastatic seeds should originate with the original procedure. Enucleation of nontumor eyes with simultaneous intraocular manometry has shown which surgical maneuvers elevate intraocular pressure and how ocular massage can be avoided. Our surgical procedure involves a delicate surgical technique coupled with transscleral cryocoagulation to immobilize the tumor's blood supply.
An Introduction to IEEE Software

IEEE Software emphasizes current practice and experience together with promising new ideas that are likely to be used in the near term. It is directed to the practice of the software profession. We welcome papers on topics across the software spectrum. Articles describing how software is developed in specific companies, laboratories, and university environrnents, as well as articles describing new tools to aid in the software and system development process, are welcome. The intent is to provide the reader with information on advances in software technology, specifics on novel features and applications contrasts in designing and programming in the large versus designing and programming in the small, discussions of limitations and failures, and an awareness of the trends in this rapidly evolving area. Tutorials, survey articles, standards, guided tours through descriptions of projects, designs, or algorithms and case studies are also encouraged.
Supersonic Flow Visualization Over Patented Rotors for a Novel Crypto-Steady Pressure Exchange Ejector Using Schlieren Photography

The process of pressure exchange occurs where flows exchange mechanical energy through work of mutually exerted pressure forces at their interfaces. A novel ejector based on the concept of supersonic crypto-steady pressure exchange rather than the more energy dissipative turbulent entrainment phenomenon is being developed. To better understand the flow structures in context of the novel ejector, schlieren photography is being used as a flow visualizaton tool. The crypto-steady mode of pressure exchange can be achieved with rotors that enable the creating of psuedoblades and entrainment gullies by a primary supersonic fluid. The primary fluid can perform work on an entrained subsonic secondary fluid in a non-steady mode of fluid-fluid interaction. The primary fluid jets emanating from the rotor form a helical pattern whereby the secondary fluid becomes entrapped in the interstices of the helices. In the non-rotating case of the rotors, the voids between psuedoblades that create helical structure end up, providing entrainment gullies for the secondary fluid. In the rotating case, work is done by the expanding primary fluid on the secondary fluid by the pressure forces acting across the helical boundary between the two fluids. Crypto-steady pressure-exchange has the potential of providing society with a highly efficient means of compressing a low energy fluid through direct contact with a relatively high energy fluid, thereby circumventing the complexity and the energy dissipation associated with intervening machinery inherent in conventional compressors and turbulent mixing in ejectors. Global entropy can be calculated using steady inviscid two dimensional equations. The paper will report progress made by using schlieren photography on three patented rotors.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Lotic–lentic linkages associated with Lake Okeechobee, Florida

AbstractThe hydroscape of south Florida has been severely altered over the past 50 y by the construction of canals, drainage ditches, levees, water control structures, and pump stations. This alteration has included, in part, channelization of the Kissimmee River, construction of a dike around Lake Okeechobee, increased ditching of pastures for drainage throughout the lake’s watershed, and unnatural connections from Lake Okeechobee to estuaries on the east and west coasts of Florida. Collectively, these processes have reduced the retention of flow in the lake’s watershed, restricted the opportunity for nutrients to be assimilated on the landscape and, in turn, increased the rate of eutrophication in Lake Okeechobee. This paper reviews the history of these changes and current plans for system restoration. The fate and transport of P is used to illustrate how hydrologic changes have influenced the system’s ecology. Improved drainage has been a key factor allowing for the expansion of dairy and beef cattle o...
Enhanced Y1H assays for Arabidopsis

We present an Arabidopsis thaliana full-length transcription factor resource of 92% of root stele-expressed transcription factors and 74.5% of root-expressed transcription factors. We demonstrate its use with enhanced yeast one-hybrid (eY1H) screening for rapid, systematic mapping of plant transcription factor-promoter interactions. We identified 158 interactions with 13 stele-expressed promoters, many of which occur physically or are regulatory in planta.
Linking endoplasmic reticulum stress to cell death in hepatocytes: roles of C/EBP homologous protein and chemical chaperones in palmitate-mediated cell death

Prolonged endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR) have been linked to apoptosis via several mechanisms, including increased expression of C/EBP homol...
Depth Profiling by SIMS: Depth Resolution, Dynamic Range and Sensitivity

Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) utilizes a beam of energetic primary ions to sputter away a solid [1] surface producing ionized sputtered particles which can be mass spectrometrically detected. This technique provides in-depth information on atomic constituents by recording one or more mass peaks as the sputtering process erodes the sample, thus producing the detected signal from increasingly greater depths beneath the original sample surface. This depth profiling technique has become one of the most important uses of SIMS, but the accuracy with which the data reflect the original atomic profile within the sample depends on many parameters. Several critical reviews on depth profiling exist in the Ref. [2,3,36] which broadly cover most aspects of this mode of analysis. The present work is limited to three major aspects: 1) depth resolution, 2) dynamic range, and 3) sensitivity. The relationships between these areas will be discussed, as well as how they influence the accuracy of the final profile.
Noise-Source Separation Using Internal and Far-Field Sensors for a Full-Scale Turbofan Engine

Noise-source separation techniques for the extraction of the sub-dominant combustion noise from the total noise signatures obtained in static-engine tests are described. Three methods are applied to data from a static, full-scale engine test. Both 1/3-octave and narrow-band results are discussed. The results are used to assess the combustion-noise prediction capability of the Aircraft Noise Prediction Program (ANOPP). A new additional phase-angle-based discriminator for the three-signal method is also introduced.
Deep 10 and 18 Micron Imaging of the HR 4796A Circumstellar Disk: Transient Dust Particles and Tentative Evidence for a Brightness Asymmetry

We present new 10.8 and 18.2 km images of HR 4796A, a young A0 V star that was recently dis- covered to have a spectacular, nearly edge-on, circumstellar disk prominent at D20 km (Jayawardhana and coworkers ; Koerner and coworkers). These new images, obtained with OSCIR (the University of Florida Observatory Spectrometer/Camera for the Infrared) at Keck II, show that the disks size at 10 km is comparable to its size at 18 km. Therefore, the 18 kmemitting dust may also emit some, or all, of the 10 km radiation. Using these multiwavelength images, we determine a ii characteristic ˇˇ diameter of 2¨3 km for the mid-infraredemitting dust particles if they are spherical and composed of astronomical silicates. Particles this small are expected to be blown out of the system by radiation pressure in a few hundred years, and therefore these particles are unlikely to be primordial. Rather, as inferred in a com- panion paper (Wyatt and coworkers), they are probably products of collisions that dominate both the creation and the destruction of dust in the HR 4796A disk. Dynamical modeling of the disk, the details of which are presented in the companion paper, indicates that the disk surface density is relatively sharply peaked near 70 AU, which agrees with the mean annular radius deduced by Schneider and coworkers from their NICMOS images. Interior to 70 AU, the model density drops steeply by a factor of 2 between 70 and 60 AU, falling to zero by 45 AU, which corresponds to the edge of the previously discovered central hole ; in the context of the dynamical models, this ii soft ˇˇ edge for the central hole occurs because the dust particle orbits are noncircular. The optical depth of mid-infraredemitting dust in the hole is D3% of the optical depth in the disk, and the hole is therefore relatively very empty. We present evidence (D1.8p signi—cance) for a brightness asymmetry that may result from the presence of the hole and the gravitational perturbation of the disk particle orbits by the low-mass stellar companion or a planet. This ii pericenter glow,ˇˇ which must still be con—rmed, results from a very small (a few AU) shift of the disks center of symmetry relative to the central star HR 7496A ; one side of the inner bound- ary of the annulus is shifted toward HR 4796A, thereby becoming warmer and more infrared-emitting. The possible detection of pericenter glow implies that the detection of even complex dynamical eUects of planets on disks is within reach. Subject headings : circumstellar matterinfrared : starsstars : individual (HR 4796A)
Correlation of end-tidal CO2 measurements to arterial Paco2 in nonintubated patients

Study objective: To determine the accuracy of end-tidal carbon dioxide levels as a measure of arterial carbon dioxide levels in non-intubated patients presenting to an emergency department for care. Design: A prospective, cross-sectional analysis. Setting: University hospital ED. Type of participant: Nonintubated adult patients presenting to the ED for care of a variety of problems. Interventions: Patients who had arterial blood gas samples taken as part of their ED evaluation were asked to breathe normally through an endotracheal tube adapter or a modified nasal cannula connected to a side port sampling capnometer while a sample for arterial blood gas was drawn from the radial artery. Measurements: End-tidal carbon dioxide levels (mm Hg) were recorded at the time of arterial blood gas sampling. The difference between end-tidal carbon dioxide and Paco 2 was tested with the paired t -test at a significance level of .05. The corrlation of end-tidal carbon dioxide to Paco 2 was tested in all patients and in subgroups using simple linear regression. Results: Seventy-six patients were enrolled. In all patients, end-tidal carbon dioxide was 3.5 mm Hg lower than Paco 2 and correlated well with Paco 2 ( r 2 =.772). In patients with hypocapnia, there was no significant difference between end-tidal carbon dioxide and Paco 2 ( P =.17), and the correlation of end-tidal carbon dioxide to Paco 2 was stronger ( r 2 =.838). In patients with a respiratory or metabolic acidosis, the difference between end-tidal carbon dioxide and Paco 2 was 6 mm Hg ( P =.005), but end-tidal carbon dioxide correlated well to Paco 2 ( r 2 =.899). Conclusion: Measurements of end-tidal carbon dioxide concentrations correlate well with Paco 2 values in nonintubated patients presenting with a variety of conditions to EDs. End-tidal carbon dioxide measurements may be sufficient measures of Paco 2 in selected patients and obviate the need for repeat arterial blood gas determination. Further study is warranted.
ν2 and ν4 Bands in the Infrared Spectrum of Phosphine

The low frequency fundamentals ν2 and ν4 in the spectrum of phosphine have been measured and analyzed. The effects of the Coriolis interaction between the ν2 and ν4 bands have been discussed. The “K-type doubling” of the RR(8,3), RR(9,3) and RR(10,3) lines in the ν4 band has been observed. This doubling has been explained as arising out of a term of second order importance in the Hamiltonian which removes the degeneracy of the K = ± 4, l = ± 1 levels as well as the K = ± 2, l = ± 1 levels. The difference band 2ν2 – ν2 has also been identified and its band center is approximately 2.5 cm−1 from the band center of ν2.
A New Modeling Paradigm for Dynamic Authorization in Multi-domain Systems

The emergence of powerful, full-featured and small form-factor mobile devices enables rich services to be offered to it’s users. As the mobile user interacts with multiple administrative domains, he acquires various attributes. In such dynamic usage scenarios, attributes from one domain are interpreted and used in another domain. This motivates the need for dynamic authorization at the time of interaction. In this paper, we investigate the requirements of multi-domain interactions and explore a new paradigm for modeling these requirements using the UCON model for Usage Control [5]. We propose extensions to UCON in order to accommodate dynamic authorizations requirements.
Optimizing communication in embedded system co-simulation

The Pia hardware-software co-simulator provides substantial speedups over traditional co-simulation methods by permitting dynamic changes in the level of detail when simulating communication channels between system components. However, it places a burden on the designer to develop several communication routines, at different levels of abstraction, for each communication operation. This often requires an intimate understanding of both the simulator and the design being simulated. We present and demonstrate a way to use communication transaction annotations to provide a platform independent language for describing fast communication primitives. Additionally we show a tool for automatically generating some of these annotations, so that the designer does not even require an intimate understanding of the design under simulation. This can be important when simulating systems where the design itself is synthesized by automatic tools, and is liable to change frequently.
Effects of disrupted β1-integrin function on the skeletal response to short-term hindlimb unloading in mice

The study was designed to determine whether β1-integrin plays a role in mediating the acute skeletal response to mechanical unloading. Transgenic (TG) mice were generated to express a dominant nega...
Paternal Behavior and Offspring Aggression

Aggression can have a critical impact on the functioning of societies. Some aspects of aggression have received considerable attention, such as links between parenting behavior and offspring aggression in humans. Although acknowledged as being important to the understanding of human aggression, animal aggression has been relatively unstudied. Recent mammalian animal research is emerging that addresses issues relevant to the study of parenting and aggression. This has been accomplished primarily by focusing on nontraditional mammalian model systems. We integrate human and nonhuman animal studies to (a) further elucidate the potential impact that the behaviors of fathers have on offspring aggression, (b) study the influence of paternal behavior on the behavior of offspring and transfer of aggression across generations, and (c) explore neural and physiological underpinnings for variation in paternal behavior and aggression.
Neurokinin A levels in the hypothalamus of rats and mice: Effects of castration, gonadal steroids and expression of heterologous growth hormone genes

Neurokinin A is a decapeptide with pharmacological activities and localizations similar to those of substance P. In this report we describe the effects of castration and administration of testosterone, dihydrotestosterone and estradiol, on neurokinin A levels in the hypothalamus of male rats. The effects of estradiol and testosterone on hypothalamic neurokinin A were also examined in normal mice and in transgenic mice carrying the genes for human or bovine growth hormone (hGH, bGH, respectively). Either acute or prolonged castration was followed by a decrease of neurokinin A concentrations in the hypothalamus of male rats. The substitutive administration of testosterone propionate or estradiol benzoate for 14 days resulted in an increase of hypothalamic neurokinin A levels above the values found in intact animals. A lower dose of testosterone propionate or dihydrotestosterone also increased hypothalamic neurokinin A levels in the hypothalamus of castrated rats. In normal intact male mice a single injection of estradiol benzoate significantly increased hypothalamic neurokinin A levels. A similar effect was observed in transgenic mice carrying the bGH gene with phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) promoter, while mice carrying the hGH gene failed to show any response to estradiol. In castrated male mice, either normal or transgenic, carrying the bGH gene with metallothionein promoter, a single injection of testosterone propionate significantly increased neurokinin A levels in the hypothalamus. It is concluded that sex steroids may regulate the levels of neurokinin A in the hypothalamus of rats and mice.
Scale decomposition of precipitation patterns and nowcasting in a high-resolution X-band radar network

Shortterm weather forecasting (nowcasting) performance can be improved by spatially filtering radar images of precipitation patterns and either predicting only those precipitation scales most representative of pattern motion or removing unpredictable scales after prediction. Previous research has shown that improvement in nowcasting precision can be obtained by first applying an elliptical spatial filtering procedure to observed WSR-88D Vertically Integrated Liquid water data to predict larger-scale features believed to better represent the motion of precipitation patterns. Another study used the wavelet transform to develop measures of predictability at each scale and designed adaptive wavelet filters to remove perishable scales from predicted continental-scale reflectivity data. This study investigated the adaptation of both approaches and Fourier filtering to examine the effects of scale filtering on nowcasting performance using a spectral-based nowcasting method and high-resolution Collaborative Adaptive Sensing of the Atmosphere radar reflectivity data.
Grounded Language Modeling for Automatic Speech Recognition of Sports Video

Grounded language models represent the relationship between words and the non-linguistic context in which they are said. This paper describes how they are learned from large corpora of unlabeled video, and are applied to the task of automatic speech recognition of sports video. Results show that grounded language models improve perplexity and word error rate over text based language models, and further, support video information retrieval better than human generated speech transcriptions.
Formaldehyde evolution from an ethylene-using ozone chemiluminescence meter: A new method of calibration

An ethylene-using ozone chemiluminescence meter produces 1.3 moles of formaldehyde per mole of ozone over ozone concentrations of 0.040 to 0.45 ppm. The formaldehyde was quantitated by a variation of the West-Gaeke technique for sulfur dioxide, and is specific for formaldehyde. The constancy of the stoichiometry allows formaldehyde collection to be the basis of a new calibration technique for the meter.
Built-in Current Sensor for Quiescent Current Testing in Analog CMOS Circuits

In this paper we present a new built in current sensor (BICS) for quiescent current testing- IDDQ. This sensor has been designed using forward bias technique to limit the supply voltage degradation caused by quiescent current passing through the BICS to 2% of the supply voltage. A CMOS operational amplifier designed for operation at plusmn 2.5 V in 0.5 mum n-well CMOS process is used as the circuit under test (CUT). The faults simulating possible short and bridging defects are introduced using the fault injection transistors (FIT). A total of twenty short faults have been introduced into the CUT and nineteen of them been detected giving 95% fault coverage.
Long-term results of St Jude Total Therapy Studies 11, 12, 13A, 13B, and 14 for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia

We analyzed the long-term outcome of 1011 patients treated in five successive clinical trials (Total Therapy Studies 11, 12, 13A, 13B, and 14) between 1984 and 1999. The event-free survival improved significantly (P=0.003) from the first two trials conducted in the 1980s to the three more recent trials conducted in the 1990s. Approximately 75% of patients treated in the 1980s and 80% in the 1990s were cured. Early intensive triple intrathecal therapy, together with more effective systemic therapy, including consolidation and reinduction treatment (Studies 13A and 13B) as well as dexamethasone (Study 13B), resulted in a very low rate of isolated central nervous system (CNS) relapse rate (<2%), despite the reduced use of cranial irradiation. Factors consistently associated with treatment outcome were age, leukocyte count, immunophenotype, DNA index, and minimal residual disease level after remission induction treatment. Owing to concerns about therapy-related secondary myeloid leukemia and brain tumors, in our current trials we reserve the use of etoposide for patients with refractory or relapsed leukemia undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, and cranial irradiation for those with CNS relapse. The next main challenge is to further increase cure rates while improving quality of life for all patients.
Object-based place recognition and loop closing with jigsaw puzzle image segmentation algorithm

In this paper we present a novel place recognition method. Instead of directly using large numbers of SIFT features as visual landmarks, we first use a jigsaw puzzle image segmentation algorithm to segment the input scene image into regions that may correspond to objects or parts of objects. Based on these image regions, we further detect a set of salient objects to represent a place and only those SIFT descriptors that were contained in these salient objects were kept in the database. We also designed a range-tree data structure to organize these salient objects to increase the matching efficiency. Experiments show that place recognition can be achieved accurately and efficiently with these salient objects.
Three-year survival and growth of Douglas-fir seedlings under various vegetation-free regimes

Responses of Douglas-fir seedlings were studied for 3 yr following eight vegetation-control treatments in three western Oregon clearcuts. The objectives were to determine seedling growth response to different areas of spot vegetation control and to determine the relative influence of early woody and herbaceous competition on seedling growth. Herbicide treatment areas varied in size from those receiving no control to full control (9.3 m2). Controlled areas were maintained free of herbaceous vegetation for 2 yr and all woody vegetation was controlled for3 yr. Two additional treatments, complete control of woody vegetation only and complete control of herbaceous vegetation only, were also examined. On two sites (Summit and Marcola), seedling growth parameters were maximized at or near full vegetation control with a tree spacing of 3 m x 3 m. On the third site (Pedee), maximum growth response occurred between 5 and 6 m 2 of control. Herbaceous vegetation control resulted in increased seedling growth at all sites while woody vegetation control yielded increased seedling growth only at the Pedee site. Cumulative 3 yr herbaceous cover accounted for 68% and 41% of the variability in stem volume at Summit and Marcola, respectively. Adding cumulative 3 yr woody cover to the model accounted for an additional 18% and 49% of the variability in stem volume at Summit and Marcola, respectively. At Pedee, neither herbaceous nor woody cover significantly influenced 3 yr stem volume, suggesting that factors other than vegetation cover were responsible for differences measured. FOR. Sc. 45(1):117-126.
Proceedings of the 2008 ACM symposium on Applied computing

Welcome to the 23rd Annual ACM Symposium on Applied Computing (SAC 2008). This international event is dedicated to computer scientists, engineers, and practitioners seeking innovative ideas in various areas of computer applications. This year, the conference is hosted by the University of Fortaleza and the Federal University of Ceara, Brazil. The organizing committee is grateful to your participation in this exciting international gathering. The ACM Special Interest Group on Applied Computing is dedicated to further the interests of computing professionals engaged in the design and development of new computing applications, interdisciplinary applications areas, and applied research. The conference provides a forum for discussion and exchange of new ideas addressing computational algorithms and complex applications. This goal is reflected in the wide spectrum of application areas and tutorials designed to provide a variety of discussion topics during this event.
Later-Life Divorce and Parent-Adult Child Contact and Proximity A Longitudinal Analysis

This study explores how parental divorce that occurs after children have reached adulthood affects parent–adult child contact and proximity. Data are from two waves of the National Survey of Families and Households (NSFH) and include 1,463 respondents. The findings suggest that divorce affects parent–child contact and proximity differently for mothers and fathers. Compared with stably married fathers, fathers who divorced were more likely to experience a decline in coresidence and weekly contact with at least one adult child. However, divorced mothers were more likely than stably married mothers to report an increase in weekly contact with an adult child. At the same time, the data intimate that divorce may slightly increase mothers’ likelihood of little or no contact with an adult child.
Progesterone-Induced Asynchrony and Embryo Mortality in Rabbits

Preovulatory administration of low doses of progesterone permits normal ovulation and fertilization, but results in an embryotoxic condition in the uterus of treated rabbits by Days 3 and 4. where Day 0 is the day of breeding. Normal embryos were transferred on Days 2.3 and 4 to control and treated temporary recipients for 24 hand then retransferred to untreated chronologically synchronized final recipients. Day 2 embryos so transferred to the oviducss of treated rabbits were not adversely affected, but normal 3-and 4-day-old embryos exposed for 24 h to the uterus of treated Day 3 and Day 4 rabbits, respectively, were irreversibly damaged. Following retransfer. implantation rates for these embryos were 5 and 4% compared with 40 and 33% for corresponding embryos exposed to untreated rabbits (P(0.0l). The possibility that progesterone-induced embryo-uterine asynchrony was responsible for the toxic effect was tested by transferring Day 4 normal embryos to Day 3 treated temporary recipients and to Day 3 and 4 untreated temporary recipients. Following retransfer. implantation rates were 37. 37 and 36%. providing evidence that the harmful effect could be overcome by adjustment for the induced asynchrony. Exposing Day 3 embryos for 24 h to uteri of does pseudopregnant for 3.4. 5. 6. and 8 days resulted in 45. 53,44,44 and 29% implantations. respectively (P>0.05). Thus the toxicity of the early asynchrony was not mimicked, indicating that the particular uterine protein pattern or other uterine factors induced by the early progesterone treatment were uniquely harmful.
Central infusion of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist blocks the reduction in social behavior produced by prior stressor exposure.

Abstract Pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1beta (IL-1β) in the brain modulate sickness behavior in rodents, in which animals show complex changes in behavior such as the reduction of general activity, reduced social motivation, and fever response. The present studies examined the impact of lipopolysacharide (LPS) and stressor (footshock) exposure on the later expression of social behavior in Sprague–Dawley rats using two separate behavioral paradigms. In Experiment 1, a traditional test for social interaction in which animals were allowed to investigate a juvenile rat in their home cages was conducted at 4 different time points following LPS or footshock treatment. In Experiment 2, social investigation task which allowed the animals to sniff the hole connected to the other chamber where a stimulus animal was placed, but prevented physical contact, was used to measure social investigation at several time points following LPS or footshock treatment. Both systemic infusion of LPS (100 µg/kg) and 2 h footshock exposure (80 shocks, 1 mA, 5 s duration) elicited a time-dependent reduction of social interaction (Experiment 1) and investigation (Experiment 2); LPS-treated rats displayed a more profound reduction of social investigation from 2 h to 6 h after treatment, while rats exposed to footshock showed a reduction 6 h after the footshock exposure. In Experiment 3, the footshock-induced reduction of social investigation was blocked by pretreatment with IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra; 100 µg icv) infusion. Together, these findings support a growing body of literature showing that stress-dependent changes in brain cytokines play a key role in mediating behavioral consequences of stressor exposure.
Cathodic Behavior of ~9% Cr Steel Reinforcement in Concrete

The extent of the oxygen reduction reaction in concrete was evaluated for ~9% Cr rebar approaching the ASTM A1035 specification and compared to that of conventional carbon steel rebar, at ages of up to ~ 1year. Cathodic strength was measured by the cathodic current density developed at -0.35 and -0.40 V (Cu/CuSO4) in cyclic cathodic potentiodynamic polarization tests, both in the as-received condition with mill scale, and with scale removed by glass bead surface blasting. In both conditions the ~9% Cr alloy was a substantially weaker cathode, by a factor of several fold, than carbon steel. Within each material, the surface blasted condition yielded also much lower cathodic current density than the as-received condition. These trends indicate an additional benefit in the application of ~9% Cr alloy as an alternative material to CS. There was strong correlation between the charge storage capability of the interface and the extent of cathodic reaction of oxygen. The result cannot be ascribed solely to differences in effective surface area between the different materials and conditions.
Fibromyoma Angiomatosum of The Uterus

Summary An interpretation has heen presented for the unusual histologic strueture encountered in three, similar, uterine tumors. The microscopic findings inelude (1) innumerable well-formed arteries, (2) paucity of the usual architecture of a fibromyoma, (3) areas of degeneration, and (4) some tendency to compactness of the cellular stroma. These tumors were submucous: two were polypoid; and the other one lacked a capsule on its mucosal snrface. A few mitotic figures have been found in two of the tumors. One shows striking periarterial distribution of tumor cells; this patient eventually died of sarcomatosis. The other patients are reported to be well, one and one-half and two and one-half years, respectively, after operation.
The effect of a fourth element (Co, Cu, Fe, Pd) on the standard enthalpy of formation of the Heusler compound Ni2MnSn

Abstract The standard enthalpies of formation of quaternary Heusler compounds (X, Ni) 2 MnSn (X = Co, Cu, Fe, Pd) were investigated experimentally using high temperature direct reaction calorimetry. Lattice parameters of these compounds were determined using X-ray diffraction analysis. Microstructures were identified using scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy. The effect of an additional X element on the standard enthalpy of formation of the Heusler compound Ni 2 MnSn is discussed.
Impulse: a Formal Characterization of Story

We present a novel representation of narratives at the story level called Impulse. It combines a temporal representation of a story’s actions and events with a representation of the mental models of the story’s characters into a cohesive, logic-based language. We show the expressiveness of this approach by encoding a story fragment, and compare it to other formal story representations in terms of representational dimensions. We also acknowledge the computational complexity of our approach and argue that a restricted subset still provides a high degree of expressive power
Dark Guardian of the Political: Carl Schmitt’s Crypto-Ethical Critique of the Liberal International Order

William E. Scheuerman observes that Schmitt’s oft-expressed outrage at the potentially unlimited barbarism of liberal war-making would not make sense unless Schmitt implicitly shares some typically liberal, universalistic concerns about “the basic equality and value of all human life.”[ii] In my view, any assessment of Schmitt as a “closet liberal” fails to capture the peculiarity of Schmitt’s perspective and the force of his critique. In Part I of this paper, I will analyze four dimensions of Schmitt’s critique of liberalism, which I will label Denial, Discourse, Discretion, and Devastation. I will argue that these concerns are united by an idiosyncratic but consistent ethic which is irreducible to liberal values. In Part II, I will specifically apply these four dimensions of Schmitt’s ethical critique to liberal formulations of international order.
Toward a Dedicated Failure Flow Arrestor Function Methodology

Risk analysis in engineering design is of paramount importance when developing complex systems or upgrading existing systems. In many complex systems, new generations of systems are expected to have decreased risk and increased reliability when compared with previous designs. For instance, within the American civilian nuclear power industry, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) has progressively increased requirements for reliability and driven down the chance of radiological release beyond the plant site boundary. However, many ongoing complex system design efforts analyze risk after early major architecture decisions have been made. One promising method of bringing risk considerations earlier into the conceptual stages of the complex system design process is functional failure modeling. Function Failure Identification and Propagation (FFIP) and related methods began the push toward assessing risk using the functional modeling taxonomy. This paper advances the Dedicated Failure Flow Arrestor Function (DFFAF) method which incorporates dedicated Arrestor Functions (AFs) whose purpose is to stop failure flows from propagating along uncoupled failure flow pathways, as defined by Uncoupled Failure Flow State Reasoner (UFFSR). By doing this, DFFAF provides a new tool to the functional failure modeling toolbox for complex system engineers. This paper introduces DFFAF and provides an illustrative simplified civilian Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR) nuclear power plant case study.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
The Cole Brothers Pump and Lightning Rod Company

A familiar figure on the roads of the Middle West during the second half of the last century was the lightning-rod salesman with his wagon. In an area frequently visited by thunder storms, there was a ready market for the latest adaptation of Franklin's protective device. Even in frontier towns, new buildings were not long unequipped with rods, their points tipped with platinum and perhaps ornamented with glass balls. The preservation of two record books, a ledger, and a few letters enables us to tell the story (or at least part of it) of the firm largely responsible for the widespread acceptance of this method of protection against lightning. Cole Brothers, of Mount Pleasant in southeastern Iowa, was a family company, but the fact that its owners were four brothers does not mean that the minutes of their meetings are any less frank or complete. One must only regret that the surviving volumes start after the business had been under way for some time and stop many years before the firm disbanded. However, the story of the intervening years in the life of the company reveals not only steady growth, despite temporary setbacks, but also the interplay of personalities. An enterprise responsible for a product in common use by our ancestors (one which shows signs of returning popularity) is for a moment illumined.
Data Analysis of Simulating BGP Route Stability

The border gateway protocol (BGP) is the inter-domain dynamic routing protocol used to exchange reach ability information between autonomous system in the Internet. The policy-based configuration of the BGP will cause route oscillations, which can give rise to global routing anomalies.This paper presents a one-year study of the effect that BGP policies have on the route stability and the BGP convergence properties and analyses the simulated data of a classical model of three nodcs.Our analysis shows that the convergence time or/and the number of routing update packets is interrelated with a proper miniannounce-time in the BGP policies and a large delay-time in the link.
On Modules Supported in the Nullcone

We discuss some conjectures for bases of the GL(n) × ℂ* — equivariant K-theory of the closure of the conjugacy class of a nilpotent n × n matrix. One basis is a canonical basis coming from Lusztig’s theory of canonical bases of affine Hecke algebras. The other (conjectural) basis has graded characters which, when expanded in terms of irreducible characters, has coefficient polynomials that are q-analogues of Littlewood-Richardson coefficients.
Oxidation of Ni(II) to Ni(IV) with Aryl Electrophiles Enables Ni-Mediated Aryl-CF3 Coupling.

This communication describes the synthesis and reactivity of NiIV(aryl)(CF3)2 complexes supported by trispyrazolylborate and 4,4′-di-tert-butylbipyridine ligands. We demonstrate that isolable NiIV complexes can be accessed under mild conditions via the oxidation of NiII precursors with S-(trifluoromethyl)dibenzothiophenium triflate as well as with diaryliodonium and aryl diazonium reagents. The NiIV intermediates undergo high yielding aryl–CF3 bond-forming reductive elimination. These studies support the potential viability of NiIV intermediates in nickel-catalyzed coupling reactions involving diaryliodonium and aryldiazonium electrophiles.
Beyond Authenticity: What Should We Value in Assessment in Professional Education?

Authenticity assessments evaluate learners using methods and contexts that mimic the way the tested content and skills will be used in the real world. While authenticity has long been a goal of assessors across the education spectrum, educators have struggled with the supposed tradeoff inherent to authentic assessment: reliability versus validity. This tradeoff was particularly concerning in the large-scale assessment that characterized K-12 education, but it was a concern of assessors in the professions as well, who worried that by making their assessments authentic, they made them irreproducible and therefore unreliable. Forty plus years after the arrival of authenticity on the professional assessment scene, the discussion has changed. Rigorous investigation into assessment techniques in medical education, in particular, has demonstrated that the authenticity tradeoff as it was originally argued is a fallacious one. Medical educators have discovered a variety of ways to imbue authentic assessments with reliability, and vice versa. This chapter discusses the historical discussion around authenticity, and looks closely at three signatory assessments in medical education to glean lessons for assessors in other professions in bridging this supposed divide.
Characterizing post-disaster reconstruction training methods and learning styles

ABSTRACTLarge disasters damage or destroy infrastructure that is then reconstructed through programmes that train community members in construction techniques that reduce future risks. Despite the number of post-disaster reconstruction programmes implemented, there is a dearth of research on education and training in post-disaster contexts. To address this gap, we applied a mixed methods approach based upon experiential learning theory (ELT) to three shelter programmes administered in Eastern Samar, Philippines following Typhoon Haiyan. First, we characterize post-disaster training programmes based on learning modes and then, compared this to the learning styles of community members. To assess learning modes of training programmes, we analysed qualitative data from interview accounts of community members and aid organizations; and, to delineate community member’s learning style preferences, we analysed quantitative data from survey questionnaires. Findings show that aid organizations administered training...
Robust Security Design

We consider the optimal contract between an entrepreneur and investors in a single-period model when both parties have limited liability, are risk-neutral toward cash flow risk, and are ambiguity-averse. Ambiguity aversion is modeled by multiplier preferences for robustness toward model uncertainty, as in Hansen and Sargent (2001). Efficient ambiguity-sharing implies that the first-best contract consists of either convertible debt or levered equity. As is customary, in the second-best contract, moral hazard is alleviated by giving more cash to investors in low cash flow states. Under many settings in our model, the optimal security has an equity-like component in high cash flow states, providing a contrast to the results in Innes (1990).
A Comparative Analysis of the Collaboration Process Across Different Technologies

Digital technology is central to the maker movement. However, the current field of education technology maintains an unquestioned dependence on technology [6]. This paper aims at exploring the affordances that different kinds of technologies have on collaborative interactions among students in grades 3-6, within a design based learning environment. We analyzed patterns of interaction among the student groups and conducted microanalysis within a group at different time points as they shifted technologies. We found that different technologies facilitate different kinds of interactions. Pervasive digital technologies led to less personal interactions.
1974 Standardizing Behavioral Observation Methods

In the early years of animal behavior studies, the most commonly used methodology was ad hoc observation, with the investigator picking and choosing the animals that seemed most interesting and then recording behavior that drew the investigator’s attention. This was adequate to gain basic natural history knowledge about species, but did not allow for testing hypotheses or for making quantitative comparisons. Rather late in the development of the field, Tinbergen framed his four questions. Only a decade after Tinbergen’s publication Altmann provided a roadmap for making systematic quantitative behavioral observations.
The non-remedial value of dependence on moral testimony

In this paper I defend dependence on moral testimony. I show how going defenses of dependence on moral testimony have portrayed it as second-best by centering on how and why it is an important means to overcoming our defects. I argue that once we consider the pervasiveness of moral testimony in the context of intimate relationships, we can see that the value of dependence on moral testimony goes beyond this: it is not only our flaws and limitations that justify our dependence on moral testimony, but also the importance of such dependence for the flourishing of our intimate relationships. On my view, dependence on moral testimony is not simply for those who cannot realize the ideals of moral agency; it is among those ideals.
Animal Models for Cytomegalovirus Infection: Murine CMV

Publisher Summary This chapter presents murine model of congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections. CMV is the causative agent of various clinical syndromes in the fetus, neonate, and particularly in patients who are immunosuppressed for organ transplantation, during chemotherapy for malignancies, or as a result of another infection such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). All the mice used for the murine model are housed in standard filter top polycarbonate shoebox cages, where the maximum number of mice housed per cage is 15. They are given standard rodent chow and water ad libitum and contact bedding is pine, and cages and water are changed twice a week. They are maintained on a computer-controlled 12-hour off/on light cycle at 35% relative humidity and cages are checked daily for dead or ill animals. Severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice and other immunocompromised mice are housed in controlled environments. All cages, food, and water are autoclaved prior to use and animal handling and cage changing is done in sterile hoods. Three-week-old Balb/c or outbred mice such as CD-1 or Swiss-Webster weighing approximately 10–12 g are used for infection. Intraperitoneal inoculation of 3-week-old Balb/c mice with 106 pfu of MCMV results in an acute, lethal infection with rapid virus replication in lung, liver, spleen, kidney, intestine, salivary gland, and other visceral and glandular tissue, and animals die in about 4–7 days. As this is a lethal infection, the model can be used for rapid identification of potential antiviral compounds.