cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Magnet therapy: what's the attraction?

Purpose To review the current state of the science of magnet therapy with respect to pain management and to view magnet therapy from a nursing perspective. Data Sources Extensive review of the world-wide scientific literature and of scientific peer-reviewed journals regarding magnet therapy. Conclusions Magnet therapy is gaining popularity; however, the scientific evidence to support the success of this therapy is lacking. More scientifically sound studies are needed in order to fully understand the effects that magnets can have on the body and the possible benefits or dangers that could result from their use. Implications for Practice Credibility for advanced practice will be established across disciplines as nurses demonstrate their ability to critically evaluate practices. Alternative therapies are accepted and used by many patients today. While magnet therapy is popular, the scientific evidence to support its use is limited, at best. Advanced practice nurses have more effective treatment modalities in their repertoire and are advised to avoid practices for which efficacy is unsupported.
On the intrapsychic specificity of happiness1

A correlation analysis of a heterogeneous sample of religiously active individuals provided two main findings. Firstly, persons determined to be more psychologically mature were found to be happier. This finding held for both a Maslovian measure of motivational maturation and for a measure of religious maturity developed by Allport. Secondly, the meaning of happiness, or at least the meaning of our measure of well-being which we used to index this trait, appeared to change as individuals became more mature. For mature individuals moderator analyses indicated that apparently greater discrimination was made between simple well-being and the basic acceptance of oneself. The personological tradition offers theoretically meaningful accounts of both this form of intrapsychic specificity as well as of the simpler more nomothetic relations of maturation and happiness.
Karate injuries in children and adolescents

Objecti6es: To identify risk factors for injury and to establish safety guidelines for children in Uechi‐Ryu karate. Design: A 1-year retrospective survey of injuries. Setting: A private karate school (Uechi‐Ryu style) in Plymouth, MA. Patients: A total of 68 athletes (age 6‐16 years; mean age 10 years) who participated in karate during the 1995‐1996 season. Inter6entions: None. Main outcome measures: The presence or absence of injury, with grading of injuries as major, moderate or minor. The types of injuries and body region involved were also analyzed. Results: Twenty eight percent of athletes sustained at least one injury. All injuries were minor, with no time off from training required. The injuries consisted primarily of bruises (11 of 19). Other injuries included mild sprains or strains (5 of 19) and having their ‘wind knocked out’ (3 of 19). Most injuries were localized to the extremities. Logistic regression analysis identified risk factors for injury. Risk of injury increased with number of years of training (odds ratio 2.95; 95% confidence interval 1.81‐4.82; PB 0.0001), number of hours per week (odds ratio 2.12; CI 1.15‐4.21; P0.016) and rank, specifically brown belt versus lower belts (odds ratio 6.56; CI 2.02‐21.26; P 0.006). Conclusions: Karate is a relatively safe sport for children and adolescents when properly taught. Risk of injury increases with experience; therefore, greater supervision is required of higher ranks. Injury increases with weekly training; however, 3 h a week or less appears to be associated with a low risk of significant injury in this age group. © 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Measuring the technical efficiency of production

Production technology is commonly modelled by means of a production function, which in the scalar output case specifies the maximum output obtainable from an input vector. The degree to which the actual output of a production unit approaches its maximum is called the technical efficiency of production. A technically efficient unit must operate on its production function, although this condition is not sufficient; a technically inefficient unit may operate beneath its production function, although this condition is not necessary. If the notion of technical efficiency is to have empirical content, it must be based on a proper measure, or index, of the technical efficiency of a production unit. It is the purpose of this paper to specify a set of properties such an efficiency measure should satisfy, to show that the widely used measure proposed by Farrell [4] does not satisfy these properties, and to introduce a new measure that does satisfy these properties. The pioneering work on technical efficiency is that of Farrell. Inspired by the work of Debreu [2] and Koopmans [7], Farrell suggested a measure of technical efficiency that can be interpreted, somewhat loosely for the moment, in either of two ways: as the ratio of technically minimal to actual inputs, given output and the input mix, or as the ratio of actual to technically
An empirical study of user satisfaction with a microcomputer-based campus-wide

The expansion of computing resources at colleges and universities throughout the country has encouraged a decentralized approach to providing computer resources. This decentralization is most evident in the widespread proliferation of microcomputers on college campuses. Universities are currently exploring the use of networking technology to connect all the resources and maximize the tremendous investment in hardware and software. This research examined a project at Lehigh University, where networking technology was used to combine the power and storage capacity of the mainframe computer with the ease of use of the personal computer. The major objective of the project was to provide the Lehigh campus — of over 7000 faculty, staff and students — with computer networking services.
Textile Applications of Adjustable-Frequency Drives with Digital Ratio Control

The application of digital techniques to program and to process the input signals to adjustable-frequency inverters for the control of rugged ac motors is becoming widespread. It was perhaps inevitable that digital signal control would eventually be combined with the inherently digital adjustable-frequency power inverter to produce systems having high overall line speed accuracy, adjustable ``digital gearing'' between sections, locked-in-step acceleration from creep to run speed, and in-train digital jogging. A short introduction to adjustable-frequency motor control is given, and the use of digital techniques for controlling adjustable-frequency inverters to produce digital speed systems is described. Early applications of the first solid-state inverters to synthetic fiber spinning and their continued use is described. Specific current applications of digitally controlled adjustable-frequency speed systems are discussed, and potential applications that demonstrate how the capabilities of such systems can be used to provide economic solutions to many textile industry drive problems are reviewed.
The role of hydroperoxides in the photo-oxidation of crosslinked polymer coatings

Abstract Iodometric titration has been used to measure hydroperoxide concentrations in a series of unstabilized acrylic melamine and acrylic urethane coatings as a function of laboratory weathering time. Hydroperoxide concentrations are found to be a function of the initial free radical formation rates, the exposure conditions used, and the crosslinker type. For coatings with high initial free radical formation rates, the hydroperoxide level rises rapidly to a maximum and then decreases. For a given copolymer, the hydroperoxide level in the melamine crosslinked coating is always significantly lower than that in the urethane crosslinked coating. For coatings with low initial radical formation rates, the initial rise in hydroperoxide concentration is small. The hydroperoxide concentration in the melamine coating remains small, while that in the urethane coating slowly increases suggesting autocatalytic oxidation. Hydroperoxides contribute significantly to free radical formation at long exposure times, especially in the urethane coatings. The lower level of hydroperoxide in the melamine coatings is attributed to the ability of the melamine crosslinker to decompose hydroperoxides.
NMR strategy for unraveling structures of bioactive sponge-derived oxy-polyhalogenated diphenyl ethers.

The overexpression of the Mcl-1 protein in cancerous cells results in the sequestering of Bak, a key component in the regulation of normal cell apoptosis. Our investigation of the ability of marine-derived small-molecule natural products to inhibit this protein−protein interaction led to the isolation of several bioactive oxy-polyhalogenated diphenyl ethers. A semipure extract, previously obtained from Dysidea (Lamellodysidea) herbacea and preserved in our repository, along with an untouched Dysidea granulosa marine sponge afforded 13 distinct oxy-polyhalogenated diphenyl ethers. Among these isolates were four new compounds, 5, 6, 10, and 12. The structure elucidation of these molecules was complicated by the plethora of structural variants that exist in the literature. During dereplication, we established a systematic method for analyzing this class of compounds. The strategy is governed by trends in the 1H and 13C NMR shifts of the aromatic rings, and the success of the strategy was checked by X-ray cry...
Controllable fabrication and properties of polypropylene nanofibers

Thermoplastic nanofibers in yarn form were prepared by melt extrusion of immiscible blends of cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB) and thermoplastic polymers and subsequent removal of the CAB matrix. Isotactic polypropylene (iPP) nanofiber, with diameters ranging from 75 to 375 nm, were made by using CAB/iPP blends, with a ratio of 97.5–2.5, and a hot-drawn ratio of 25 in a twin-screw extruder. Dispersion of iPP in CAB and shear and elongational deformation are major factors to result in nanosized fibers. The spheres and nanofibers with different diameters of iPP dispersed phases in the CAB matrix can be well controlled by changing the flow field and the blend ratio. Differential scanning calorimeter and wide angle X-ray diffraction results showed that the nanofibers had lower crystallinity and crystallite thickness compared with bulk iPP. The atomic force microscopy images presented the well-defined nanofiber morphology and the excellent manipulability of single iPP nanofiber separated from a bundle of iPP nanofibers. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 47:1865–1872, 2007. © 2007 Society of Plastics Engineers
Temperature dependence study of Pd–Cu supported bimetallic films by photoelectron spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry

Abstract Vapor deposition method is used to prepare layered Pd–Cu bimetallic films, with different thickness of Pd over a Cu film supported on glassy carbon. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements of core level binding energy (BE) and valence band region are used to investigate the contribution of charge transfer resulting from the bonding of these two dissimilar metals in a layered structure. As this layered bimetallic film is annealed at increasing temperature from 298 to 650 K, atomic inter-diffusion occurs to form an alloy. We differentiate this interfacial charge transfer effect between these two dissimilar metals from that of surface alloying resulting from the annealing effect. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) tests combined with XPS confirm that (1) the surface is free of Cu atoms for Pd films with thicknesses between 2.0 and 7.0 ± 0.3 nm at room temperature and (2) Pd–Cu inter-diffusion propagates to the surface and the formation of surface alloys take place at temperature greater than 350 K. For these Pd thicknesses, the difference in BE shifts of Cu 2p and Pd 3d peaks between layered and alloyed structures are +0.16 eV and −0.17 eV, respectively. This difference in BE shifts allows for a clear distinction between these two bimetallic structures and the tailoring of the optimum configuration that enhances catalytic activity toward formic acid. Additionally, angle resolved XPS data as a function of temperature and XPS depth profiling at room temperature provide insight about the inter-diffusion length. Furthermore, CV measurements in H2SO4 and formic acid confirm that for a Pd–Cu bimetallic surface with a 3.8 ± 0.3 nm Pd film over Cu shows significantly improved activity toward formic acid oxidation compared to bulk Pd at 298 K and after being annealed at temperature of 350 K.
Spousal Dissimilarity, Race, and Marital Dissolution

I test the claims that spousal differences in ideational, behavioral, and other traits contribute to elevated rates of marital dissolution among African Americans. Using data from 3 waves of the National Survey of Families and Households (N = 5,424), I find that African American spouses experience high levels of dissimilarity in traits that may produce incompatibility. That dissimilarity can account for part of the difference in marital dissolution risk between African Americans and other groups. African Americans’ higher levels of spousal dissimilarity in certain areas may result from less resolution of spousal differences during initial relationship stages rather than from differences in assortative mating. The results argue for increased focus on how couple-level factors early in relationships influence racial variation in marital dissolution.
The effect of temperature oscillation on the passive corrosion properties of Alloy 22

Abstract A temperature-oscillating heated electrode technique (TOHET) was developed for investigating the temperature effect on the passive corrosion properties of Alloy 22 (UNS N06022, Ni–22Cr–13Mo–3W–3Fe), which has been selected as the corrosion-resistant material (CRM) of the waste package outer barrier for the high level nuclear waste (HLNW) repository at Yucca Mountain, NV, USA. Cyclic and potentiostatic polarization tests were conducted on a temperature-controlled hot surface of Alloy 22, which was immersed in simulated Yucca Mountain ground waters. The current recorded during cyclic polarization tests was sensitive to temperature changes when the temperature amplitude was greater than 2 °C. Corrosion potential increased from −293 mV to −256 mV (Ag/AgCl) when temperature was decreased from 102 °C to 72 °C. Current variation was also observed during a potentiostatic test at −150 mV over which temperature oscillated between 65 °C and 95 °C. The log–linear plot of passive current density vs. temperature exhibited a linear relationship. In summary, the TOHET method is a valuable technique for studying the effects of temperature on the corrosion rate of passive alloys.
Compound feature recognition by web grammar parsing

A method is presented to automatically recognize compound features using web grammar parsing on a solid model graph. A compound feature is a class of regional shapes with a variable topology. Examples of compound features are connected features, which contain a variable number of simple features connected together, and intersecting features, which intersect one another creating different shapes from the original simple features conceived. The simple features are regional shapes related to preestablished application processes. A solid object, stored as a boundary representation, is transformed to a web representation (a node-labeled graph) which is the input of a web parsing system for feature recognition. And a compound feature is described as a web grammar. From the web representation of an object shape, the compound feature recognition can be accomplished by parsing the web with the web grammar. The application of a web grammar enables a user to define a compound feature and makes feature recognition a formalized process for subsequent recognition.
A simple and low-cost paper-bridged method for Salmonella phase reversal

We have developed a simple, rapid, and low-cost "paper-bridged" method for Salmonella phase reversal. More than 3500 isolates were tested in our laboratory, and the results indicated that this paper-bridged method is a useful alternative for phase reversal.
Zirconium-Doped Tantalum Oxide Gate Dielectric Films Integrated with Molybdenum, Molybdenum Nitride, and Tungsten Nitride Gate Electrodes

Electrical properties of zirconium-doped tantalum oxide (Zr-doped TaO x ) high-k gate dielectric films integrated with Mo, MoN, and WN gate electrodes were studied. The Zr-doped TaO x film with the Zr/(Ta + Zr) ratio of 0.33, which showed good dielectric properties in previous studies, was used as the high-k film in this study. A single metallic Zr/Ta alloy target was used for the sputter deposition. The resistivities of the MoN and WN films were minimized by adjusting the N 2 concentration in the sputtering gas, i.e., 10% N 2 (90% Ar) for MoN and 2.5% N 2 for WN, respectively. Microstructures of the gate electrodes were investigated with X-ray diffraction. Current density, equivalent oxide thickness, breakdown strength, flatband voltage, hysteresis, interface state density, and frequency dispersion of capacitors with different gate electrode materials were analyzed and compared. Device characteristics changed drastically with the gate electrode material, mainly due to the difference in work functions.
Minimizing noisy functionals in hilbert space: An extension of the Kiefer-Wolfowitz procedure

LetH be an infinite-dimensional real separable Hilbert space andR the real line. Given an unknown functionalg:H→R that can only be observed with random error, we consider a recursive method to locate an extremum ofg. Applications to optimal stochastic control are presented.
Effect of the arginine analog, canavanine, on the synthesis and secretion of procollagen.

Abstract Canavanine was shown to competitively inhibit the activation of arginine when tested with tRNA and synthetases prepared from whole chick embryos. The canavanine has no effect when tested with other amino acids. The K m for arginine was 2.5 μ m and the K i for canavanine was 35 μ m . When fibroblasts from embryonic chick tendons were incubated with [ 3 H]arginine and increasing concentrations of canavanine, there was a progressive decrease in the incorporation of [ 3 H]arginine so that at 3 m m the incorporation into nondialyzable protein was only 14% of the control. A much smaller decrease in the incorporation of other radioactive amino acids was observed. Amino acid analysis of proteins isolated from cells incubated with canavanine showed conclusively that the analog was incorporated. When the cells were incubated with [ 14 C]proline or [ 3 H]glycine and 3 m m canavanine, the labeled procollagen containing the canavanine was secreted more slowly than normal and accumulated intracellularly. The retained procollagen chains were normally hydroxylated, disulfide linked, and triple helical. However, slab gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate demonstrated that they migrated with a lower mobility than control procollagen chains. We postulate that incorporation of canavanine inhibits normal proteolytic processing of signal sequences resulting in delayed secretion of the procollagen.
The Ventilated Thermocline

Abstract A simple theoretical model for the oceanic thermocline and the associated field of current is presented. The model consists of a finite but arbitarily large number of inviscid, homogeneous fluid layers each with a different density. The dynamical balances everywhere are Sverdrupian. IN regions where the Ekman pumping is negative (downward) the surface density is specified, i.e., the position of the outcrop of density interfaces is specified. This outcropping of density layers allows deep motion to be excited by the ventilation provided by Ekman pumping even in latitudes far south of the outcrop where the layer is shielded from direct influence of the wind. Analytical solutions are presented in the case where the density-outcrop lines are coincident with latitude circles. The solutions are not self-similar and important sub-domains of the solution are defined by critical potential vorticity trajectories which separate the ventilated from the unventilated regions in the lower thermocline. These cri...
The formation of n-propyl alcohol by Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Abstract The fermentation of glucose by Saccharomyces cerevisiae results in the formation of a number of aliphatic primary alcohols in addition to ethanol. Normal propyl alcohol is a major constituent of this higher alcohol mixture. Evidence is presented here that n -propyl alcohol is formed from α-ketobutyric acid, an intermediate in isoleucine synthesis, probably by decarboxylation and subsequent reduction. Added α-aminobutyric acid stimulates the formation of both n -propyl alcohol and active amyl alcohol. Metabolism of α-aminobutyric acid-2-C 14 by the yeast results in n -propyl alcohol-1-C 14 . One threonine mutant produced neither n -propyl alcohol nor active amyl alcohol, while two others produced both alcohols. Higher alcohols produced by yeasts, therefore, appear to be overflow products of isoleucine, valine, leucine metabolism of yeasts.
The distribution and condition of soil phosphate under old permanent pasture.

The distribution and condition of soil phosphate under old permanent pasture on Tree Field at Cockle Park was investigated. Two cereal crops were then grown to estimate the residual value of the phosphatic dressings which had been applied over a long period of time.
Public budgets and public capital in boom towns

Local governments are subject to severe stress in periods of rapid change such as boom town growth - a common problem of both rural and urban towns in the sunbelt. We quantify this stress by measuring, with an econometric model, the budget deficits and the inadequacy of public facilities resulting from growth. The model emphasizes capital adjustment costs and bureaucratic inertia which slow the response of government budgets to the changing demands of their citizens. The efficacy of existing intergovernmental aid programs and other policies in mitigating growth-related problems is evaluated.
Strategies for Addressing Inequality in Coastal Settings

Many coastlines are home to growing populations of poor people. In such places the gap between the rich and the poor is often widening and the resulting inequalities in access to natural resources and political power, combined with few opportunities for personal advancement, are dominant challenges. If we accept that Integrated Coastal Management (ICM) must address both the environmental and the human dimensions of planning and decision making then the complexities of poverty and social inequality need to be a central to the agendas of ICM programs where these conditions prevail. Yet many ICM practitioners are educated as engineers and natural scientists and feel ill prepared to address such issues. Many ICM programs have made environmental and bio-physical issues their focus and done little to address the societal and governance issues that are priority concerns for the people of the place. This paper suggests a set of strategies for making issues of poverty and social inequality central themes in ICM programs. This is essential in settings where constituencies for ICM must built among the poor and disenfranchised. Without the active support of those most dependent upon their immediate surroundings ­ be they urban or rural - the necessary reforms to coastal planning and decision making will not take root and generate positive outcomes over the long term.
A Reduced-Form Model for Dynamic Efficiency Measurement: Application to Dairy Farms in Germany and The Netherlands

The stochastic distance function model is extended to allow for the inefficiency component of the error term to be autocorrelated, as implied by a dynamic model of firm behavior. The autocorrelation parameter can then be interpreted as a measure of the persistence of inefficiency. The model is viewed from a state-space perspective, and Kalman filtering techniques are proposed for estimation. The model is applied to two panels of dairy farms from Germany and the Netherlands. The results suggest a very high degree of persistence of inefficiency through time.
Is anybody listening? a survey of strategies and attitudes

The author examines how writers feel about the relationships between themselves and their readers. He addresses seven questions from a survey administered to the IBM Information Development community in Kingston, New York. The focus of this work is the obligations that writers feel toward their audiences, and writers' confidence that those obligations are met. Writers are unanimous about the importance of knowing their readers' needs backgrounds, and, to a lesser degree, attitudes. They feel strongly, however, that they do not know what their readers want and that the information they do provide is often misunderstood. Closing the communication loop by increasing feedback can be effective in increasing information developers' confidence that someone is listening and that they are reaching their audiences. >
Material parameters of InGaAsP and InAlGaAs systems for use in quantum well structures at low and room temperatures

Abstract The set of material parameters for quantum well structures is of immense importance because of its usage in the development of theories, extraction of experimental data, and the proper design of devices. In particular, the (Al,In)GaAs/GaAs, InGaAs/InP and (In,Ga)AlAs/InGaAs quantum well systems have drawn a lot of attention. They form the center core of materials used for fundamental basic research and device applications. Despite the presence of some review articles and reference books, there is a lack of clear reference on the accurate determination of the material parameters for quantum wells. This review aims to provide a comprehensive and systematic set of material parameters for the above quantum well systems grown on (1 0 0) substrates at two different temperatures, below 10 K and at around 300 K. The parameters are compared against experimental data from various fabrication sources, measurement techniques, and quantum well structures. The values presented here serve as an accurate and up to date source of reference.
SELF-REPORTED VERSUS MEASURED WEIGHT AND HEIGHT IN AN OLDER ADULT MEAL PROGRAM POPULATION

Background Self-reported weight and height are used to compute ponderal indices in studies where it is impractical to obtain objectively measured data. Little is known about the associations between self-reported and measured weight and height in older adults. Methods Participants in congregate and home-delivered meal programs in a rural Wisconsin county recorded their height and weight on a questionnaire as part of a study on nutritional risk and quality of life. Objective measurements of height and weight were made on the same day. Data for 131 subjects, ranging in age from 62-92 years, were analyzed to evaluate associations between self-reported and measured weights and heights. Results Correlation coefficients between self-reported and measured values suggested that self-reported weight was somewhat more valid than self-reported height in this population. However, self-reported weight was misreported by 10 pounds or more in 20% of the sample. Conclusions More data are needed to evaluate the utility of self-reported data for weight and height in groups of older people. Judging from this study, self-reported height and weight data, if used at all for older adults, should only be used as a continuous variable rather than for classifying subjects into relative weight categories.
Prediction of Senior Travelers’ Motorcoach Use from Demographic, Psychological, and Psychographic Characteristics

Senior travelers (those 55 or older) are a substantial and accessible market for motorcoach operators because they represent a major portion of the motorcoach market. This study examined Pennsylvania senior travelers’ motorcoach use and their important considerations in selecting a motorcoach tour. It was found that senior travelers’ taking motorcoach tours could be predicted from their demographic, psychological, and psychographic characteristics. The study provides practical implications that could be helpful for tourist destinations and motorcoach companies to target senior travelers and to build a sound marketing planning strategy.
HOW DIFFERENT TEAM DOWNSIZING APPROACHES INFLUENCE TEAM-LEVEL ADAPTATION AND PERFORMANCE

This study examined the relative effectiveness of three structural approaches to reducing team size. Seventy-one five-person teams engaged in a simulated interactive task in which the approach to downsizing was manipulated. Results suggest that the structural approaches to reducing team size differentially impact team performance, and this relationship is mediated by how and to what degree teams adapt their task-related behaviors. Moreover, results from this study emphasize the importance of team composition in cases of team downsizing. Specifically, emotional stability and extraversion can help mitigate the negative effects associated with reducing team size.
Heat radiation between simply‐arranged surfaces having different temperatures and emissivities

An analysis of radiant interchange is made which takes account of possible surface variations in incident radiation flux, heat transfer, and leaving radiant flux. This represents a generalization of standard calculation methods which postulate that the radiant fluxes and heat transfer are uniformly distributed on a surface. Consideration is given to pairs of simply-arranged surfaces having different emissivities, one of which is essentially black. The surface temperatures may be arbitrarily different. The generalized analysis reveals that there may be significant variations in the local heat transfer along a surface, and this stands in contrast to the results of standard (and more approximate) calculation methods. The over-all heat transfer results are also compared with those predicted by the standard calculation procedure. For the surface which is essentially black the errors arising in the standard procedure are found to be tolerable as long as the net over-all heat transfer exceeds 20% of the radiant emission. For the nonblack surface the two methods are in agreement.
Dancing in the Fire: Ritually Constructing Hindu Identity in a Malaysian Landscape

Hindus have been a part of the plural society of Malaysia since colonial times. Imported by the British to work on rubber plantations and to build railroads, Hindus transplanted both great tradition and little tradition practices to their new homeland. National cultural policies and local competition for social power among diverse Hindu groups places pressure on the salience of specific manifestations of Hindu culture, particularly on the form and function of temples and the performance of public rituals. Local context and the ambiance of particular landscapes situate specific acts of resistance and resolution in the forms of Sanskritization and parochialization. Thus Hindu communities in Pulau Pinang contest and recapture their interpretation of Hinduism through the renovations of temples and an annual festival that draws upon symbolic acts of both little tradition ritual performance and the Sanskritized temple so essential to their historical and contemporary identity as Hindus in Malaysia.
Vacuum frying of high-quality fruit and vegetable-based snacks

Sweet potato, green beans, Tommy Atkins mango, and blue potato were fried in a vacuum frying process at a temperature of 120e130 � 1 � C. Before frying, green beans and mango slices were soaked in a 50% maltodextrine 0.15% citric acid solution. The products were also fried in a traditional (atmospheric pressure) fryer at 160e165 � 1 � C for 4 min. A 30-member consumer panel rated the sensory quality of both types of fried snacks using a 1e9 hedonic scale. Compared with traditional frying, oil content of vacuum-fried sweet-potato chips and green beans was 24% and 16% lower, respectively. Blue potato and mango chips had 6% and 5% more oil, respectively, than the traditional-fried samples. Anthocyanin (mg/100 g d.b.) of vacuum-fried blue potato chips was 60% higher. Final total carotenoids (mg/g d.b.) were higher by 18% for green beans, 19% for mango chips, and by 51% for sweet-potato chips. Sensory panelists overwhelmingly preferred (p < 0.05) the vacuum-fried products for color, texture, taste, and overall quality. Most of the products retained or accentuated their original colors when fried under vacuum. The traditional-fried products showed excessive darkening and scorching. These results support the applicability of vacuum frying technology to provide high-quality fruit and vegetable snacks.
Prevention of type 1a diabetes mellitus

: Type 1 diabetes begins with the progressive autoimmune mediated destruction of the insulin-producing beta cells. When sufficient beta cell function is lost, the endocrine phase, characterized by insulin deficiency and hyperglycemia, supervenes. While a genetic predisposition to diabetes is an important precondition, most believe an environmental factor or factors serve as the trigger for initiating this process. In this paper we review trials designed to prevent or delay the clinical onset of diabetes. In these studies, high-risk individuals are identified by their genetic predisposition to diabetes, and/or by the presence of immune markers indicating activation of the autoimmune process directed against islet cells. The Deutsche Nicotinamide Intervention Study (DENIS) randomized 55 high-risk subjects to either nicotinamide or placebo and found no significant benefit. The European Nicotinamide Diabetes Intervention Trial (ENDIT) completed enrollment in May 1998. ENDIT screened over 40 000 relatives, randomizing 552 to either nicotinamide or placebo. Results are expected in May of 2003. Designed to test if avoidance of cow's milk in infancy will decrease the incidence of diabetes, the Trial to Reduce Type I Diabetes in the Genetically at Risk (TRIGR). High-risk infants are randomly assigned to different supplemental formulas in the first 6 months of life. Initial results suggest that removing cow's milk has a protective effect. The ongoing, NIH funded, multicenter Diabetes Prevention Trial – Type 1 (DPT-1) is testing two antigen-based (insulin) interventions in relatives at high risk for diabetes. Now in its sixth year, the DPT-1 study group has screened over 84 000 individuals. As of November 2000, 339 subjects have been randomized in the parenteral insulin study, completing the enrollment phase. Enrollment continues in the oral insulin study. Results of this trial are not yet available. Different epitopes of insulin and its analogs, monoclonal antibodies, and cytokine-based therapy, among others, have all been proposed as potential new interventional agents. While a great deal of effort will be required to test these approaches, the potential benefits of prevention justify these research efforts.
Data-Mining Discovery of Pattern and Process in Ecological Systems

Most ecologists use statistical methods as their main analytical tools when analyzing data to identify relationships between a response and a set of predictors; thus, they treat all analyses as hypothesis tests or exercises in parameter estimation. However, little or no prior knowledge about a system can lead to creation of a statistical model or models that do not accurately describe major sources of variation in the response variable. We suggest that under such circumstances data mining is more appropriate for analysis. In this paper we 1) present the distinctions between data-mining (usually exploratory) analyses and parametric statistical (confirmatory) analyses, 2) illustrate 3 strengths of data-mining tools for generating hypotheses from data, and 3) suggest useful ways in which data mining and statistical analyses can be integrated into a thorough analysis of data to facilitate rapid creation of accurate models and to guide further research.
High-Fidelity simulation of large-scale structures

Active structures capable of responding to external stimulii represent the emerging frontier in structural design. Robust and real-time sensing, control, and actuation pose fundamental challenges that must be addressed in this context. As part of an ambitious project funded by the National Science Foundation, researchers at Purdue, Rice, Florida State, and the Catholic (Belgium) Universities have undertaken development of these core technologies. Over the past 18 months, considerable progress has been made in the areas of model reduction and control, sensing, and simulation-based validation. This paper describes our results in high-fidelity simulations of large structures, subject to various (mechanical and thermal) stresses. A high-fidelity simulation infrastructure poses a number of challenges. These include geometric modeling (generating a suitable mesh for the structure), physical modeling (developing mathematical models for coupling between various phenomena, specifying material properties), computational modeling (developing efficient numerical schemes and their parallel formulations), and appropriate visualization techniques. We have made fundamental contributions in each of these areas. Here, we overview some of our major contributions, along with sample simulations of existing structures. As part of our ongoing work, we also aim to perform a high-fidelity simulation of the tragic World Trade Center (WTC) crash. To this end, we have developed, from available blueprints, a highly resolved geometric model of the WTC. We also aim to complement all of our computational studies with detailed experimental validation on full-scale structures at the Bowen Lab for Structural Engineering. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive effort to fully integrate simulation and modeling with sensing, control, and actuation in an experimental setting. In this sense, we believe that this project is a novel realization of the concept of dynamic data-driven application systems in the realm of large-scale structures.
N‐Sulfinyl‐p‐toluenesulfonamide

[4104-47-6] C7H7NO3S2 (MW 217.29) InChI = 1S/C7H7NO3S2/c1-6-2-4-7(5-3-6)13(10,11)8-12-9/h2-5H,1H3 InChIKey = VKTSIMMJOIPMGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N (used to generate electrophilic N-tosyl aldimines;4-7 can act as an enophile in ene reactions2, 8 and as a dienophile in Diels–Alder reactions;10, 11 participates in Wittig-type reactions17) Alternate Name: 4-methyl-N-sulfinylbenzenesulfonamide. Physical Data: mp 53 °C; bp 130–140 °C/0.06 mmHg. Solubility: sol benzene, toluene, halogenated solvents. Form Supplied in: bright yellow solid; commercially available. Preparative Methods: the most common method of preparing N-sulfinyl-p-toluenesulfonamide (TsNSO) 1 is by heating p-toluenesulfonamide with excess Thionyl Chloride in benzene (eq 1).2 (1) An alternative procedure is the treatment of p-toluenesulfonamide with N-chlorosulfinylimidazole, which is derived from thionyl chloride and Imidazole (eq 2).3 The latter method benefits from shorter reaction times and better yields. (2) Handling, Storage, and Precautions: should be weighed out in a glove bag or dry box, since it readily hydrolyzes to p-toluenesulfonamide. Can be prepared just prior to use and used in situ or stored for extended periods of time in an inert environment.
Statins Promote Potent Systemic Antioxidant Effects Through Specific Inflammatory Pathways

Background— The pleiotropic actions of hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) include antiinflammatory and antioxidant actions. We recently reported that statins induce reductions in plasma protein levels of nitrotyrosine (NO2Tyr), a modification generated by nitric oxide–derived oxidants. Whether alternative oxidative pathways are suppressed in vivo after statin administration has not yet been reported. Methods and Results— As an extension of our prior study, hypercholesterolemic subjects with no known coronary artery disease were evaluated at baseline and after 12 weeks of atorvastatin therapy (10 mg/d). Plasma levels of protein-bound chlorotyrosine, NO2Tyr, dityrosine, and orthotyrosine, specific molecular fingerprints for distinct oxidative pathways upregulated in atheroma, were determined by mass spectrometry. In parallel, alterations in lipoproteins and C-reactive protein were determined. Statin therapy caused significant reductions in chlorotyrosine, NO2Tyr, and dityrosine (30%, 2...
Transmutation in the Nuclear Fuel Cycle: Approaches and Impacts

It is possible, through nuclear reactions, to transmute long-lived radionuclides into shorter-lived or stable nuclides. Much attention has recently been focused on approaches to transmutation of spent nuclear fuel and on the potential benefits and risks of transmutation. Drawing on findings from studies carried out in different countries, this paper assesses the potential impacts of transmutation in standard thermal and fast reactors. A parametric scoping using standard methods to analyze mass flows and waste hazards gives a sense of the limitations and key variables in transmutation. With respect to waste, the impacts of the transmutation effort are found to depend strongly on the separation efficiency of the reprocessing system, the performance of the disposal repository, and the transmutation rate in the reactor.
A Second Elasticity Element Using the Matrix Bubble

We presented a family of finite elements that use a polynomial space augmented by certain matrix bubbles in [Math. Comp., 79 (2010), 1331–1349]. In this sequel, we exhibit a second family of elements that use the same matrix bubble. This second element uses a stress space smaller than the first, while maintaining the same space for rotations (which are the Lagrange multipliers corresponding to a weak symmetry constraint). The space of displacements are of one degree less than the first method. The analysis, while similar to the first, requires a few new adjustments as the new Fortin projector may not preserve weak symmetry, but we are able to prove optimal convergence for all the variables. Finally, we present a sufficient condition wherein a mixed method with weakly imposed stress symmetry in fact yields an exactly symmetric stress tensor approximation.
Two Views on the Deterioration of European Labor Market Outcomes

This paper challenges the consensus view on the deterioration of European labor market outcomes relative to the United States. When looking at employment to population ratios rather than unemployment rates, I find that the deterioration begins in the mid-1950s and continues through the mid 1990s. I also present evidence to suggest that the key to understanding this deterioration is to understand why Europe has not developed a market service sector similar to the United States. (JEL: E2, J2).
Thermal convection, morphological stability and the dendritic growth of crystals

New data on the dendritic growth and microstructure of ice crystals in quiescent pure water are reported for small subcoolings of 0.035 K <ΔT<1.000 K, where thermal or natural convection is prevalent. Accurate and systematic measurements of the growth velocity VG and the tip radii of the edge and basal planes R1 and R2 were made as functions of time. The central point of this work is that with the harmonic mean of the tip radii Rm as the lengthscale, the intensity of natural convection can be correlated accurately by using the thermal convection analogy, Gr = Re2. On this basis, natural convection has a crucial effect on dendritic growth of ice at ΔT<0.35 K, the region of subcooling in which the tip of the dendrite splits consistently. The experiments show that the morphological stability parameter C* is independent of subcooling and equals 0.075, when the lengthscale is Rm. With the observed values of R1 and R2, the aspect ratio is 28, and the growth velocity for small ΔT is significantly higher than that predicted by the conduction theory of Horvay and Cahn (1961). Thus, the effect of convection on the growth of ice crystals is more important as the subcooling decreases. Moving boundary solutions of the three-dimensional Navier-Stokes and energy equations for the dendritic growth of an elliptical paraboloid were obtained here with the Stokes flow approximation. Experimental observations of the quantities, VG, R1, and R2, agree well with predictions of this theory when Gr=Rem2 is based on Rm. In contrast, if convection is neglected in the theory, it does not agree with the experiments and the difference increases significantly as the subcooling is decreased.
A nickel(II) di-μ2-phenolato bridged dinuclear complex: Weak antiferromagnetic interactions in nickel(II) dimers

Abstract [Ni(dpmap)(H 2 O)] 2 (ClO 4 ) 2 · 3(CH 3 ) 2 CO, a dinuclear nickel(II) complex of 2-{[[Di(2-pyridyl)methyl](methyl)amino]methyl}phenol, dpmapH has been synthesized. X-ray diffraction analysis indicates that each nickel(II) center is coordinated by two dpmap − ligands and two water molecules. The two nickel(II) centers are bridged by μ 2 -phenolate oxygen donors. The two nickel(II) centers each have distorted octahedral symmetry, comprised of cis -coordinated pyridyl nitrogen, a tert -amino nitrogen and a bridging phenolate oxygen. Hexacoordination is completed by an oxygen atom of a water molecule. The water molecules at each nickel center are trans - to each other across the Ni 2 O 2 basal plane. The two Ni atoms are separated by 3.170 A. Variable temperature and field magnetic measurements reveal weak antiferromagnetic coupling ( J = −0.85 cm −1 ) between the nickel(II) centers. The χ m T versus T data were fit using a model, derived from Kambe’s method and include zero-field splitting ( D = −1.6 cm −1 ). Broken-symmetry density functional theory (BS-DFT) indicates that the weak antiferromagnetism is due to electron density delocalization onto the ligand framework and the inability of the out-of plane phenolato-bridges to mediate superexchange.
Counseling with Children An Opportunity for Tomorrow

Counseling psychology and children, long thought to be mutually exclusive domains, in fact share complementary services and needs. In this article, historical and conceptual bases of counseling psychology are examined relative to their fit for work with children, from birth to 12 years of age. Attention is given to the mental health needs of today's children, and it is argued that counseling psychologists can make a legitimate contribution to the prevention and remediation of common problems that children encounter during the course of their development in a culturally diverse society.
Electronic Health Records and the Quest to Achieve the “Triple Aim”∗

In 2004, President George W. Bush called for interoperable electronic health records (EHRs) for the majority of Americans within 10 years and established the Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology (HIT), directed by Dr. David Brailer, whose Framework for Strategic
Physics of Black: beyond the middle passage epistemology

In the opening pages of Physics of Blackness: Beyond the Middle Passage Epistemology, Michelle Wright speaks to the political economy of blackness by highlighting its ubiquity. From blackness being...
Chemical mapping of cement pastes by using confocal Raman spectroscopy

In the present study, chemical mapping on the hydration process of cement paste with water-to-cement (w/c) ratio of 0.60 was implemented by Raman spectroscopy (RS). The RS was applied to study the paste from 12 hours after mixing to 28 days. Cement ingredients and hydration products, including calcium silicates (C3S and C2S), calcium hydroxide (CH), and ettringite, were quantitatively studied. From the research, it is observed that calcium silicates were consumed gradually with the increased hydration age. Calcium hydroxide increased and tended to cluster in the pore vicinity during hydration. Ettringite was found to form on the surface of the unreacted particles, which was shown as a mixed zone of ettringite and calcium silicates in the maps. It is concluded from the study that chemical mapping was an effective method to assist in visualizing particle dispersion and connection on top of the quantitative analysis.