cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Individual, Collective, and Systems Rationality in Work Groups Dilemmas and Nonmarket Solutions

In work teams, two situations often arise. In the first, one can observe only the output of the work group, not the contributions of each member. In the second, the output of each member depends not only on one's own effort but on the efforts of other workers. The problem that arises in both situations is how to construct reward schemes. Group piece-rate schemes are often suggested as a solution. However, these are susceptible to free rider problems. One classic and non-market-based solution relies on a supervisor who keeps free riders in line. Another solution to the free rider problem retains the market-type character of the piece rate scheme but the relationship between output and reward is highly nonlinear. This article discusses three alternative and non-market-based solutions to the free rider problem: social rewards, altruistic preferences, and moral commitments.
Hierarchical Structure−Ferroelectricity Relationships of Barium Titanate Particles

The aim of this paper is to dissect the hierarchical structures of BaTiO3 particles into primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structural levels and to thoroughly review the corresponding structure−ferroelectricity relationships at all levels. This analytical framework is of growing importance for the fundamental understanding of the ferroelectric properties of BaTiO3 in microelectronic devices, especially as their structural levels are all approaching the same scale in the process of miniaturization. The identification of the most influential structure among others and the deduction of a meaningful structure−ferroelectricity relationship depend on a thorough understanding of the relationships.
Numerical studies about the temperature compensation of microwave circulators

Microwave circulators and isolators are widely used components in various RF devices. During operation the environment temperature can change over broad ranges. Temperature variations cause the magnetic properties of the ferrite material used within the circulator to change and the biasing static magnetic field needs to be adjusted in order to maintain proper operation. Special nickel-iron alloys within the magnetic circuitry can be utilized for this purpose. A numerical approach for the analysis of the RF performance at discrete temperatures is described. General design guidelines, practical aspects and limitations of the temperature compensation are derived from a simple configuration. The method is applicable for various commonly used circulator designs.
Paternal alcohol consumption: effects of age of testing and duration of paternal drinking in mice

Male mice consumed liquid alcohol diets containing 25, 20, 15, 10, 5, or 0% ethanol-derived calories (EDC). Animals receiving the 20-0% EDC diets were pair-fed to those consuming the 25% EDC diet. After 7 weeks of consumption males were bred to nontreated females. Offspring were tested for activity at 16-20 and 75 days of age. Offspring sired by alcohol-consuming males did not differ from controls in litter size, birth weight, or weight at weaning, but were less active than controls on several measures of activity. Many of these decreases were best defined in terms of linear trends. However, these differences were evident only for animals tested prior to 20 days of age for most activity measures. In a second experiment adult males continued to consume alcohol for another 7 weeks and were bred again. Offspring of this second breeding were tested for activity at 16 days of age and were compared with offspring sired by the same father from the previous breeding. Offspring sired after this longer duration of paternal alcohol consumption did not differ significantly from controls in any of the above-mentioned variables.
Orchestrating Multiple Data-Parallel Kernels on Multiple Devices

Traditionally, programmers and software tools have focused on mapping a single data-parallel kernel onto a heterogeneous computing system consisting of multiple general-purpose processors (CPUS) and graphics processing units (GPUs). These methodologies break down as application complexity grows to contain multiple communicating data-parallel kernels. This paper introduces MKMD, an automatic system for mapping multiple kernels across multiple computing devices in a seamless manner. MKMD is a two phased approach that combines coarse grain scheduling of indivisible kernels followed by opportunistic fine-grained workgroup-level partitioning to exploit idle resources. During this process, MKMD considers kernel dependencies and the underlying systems along with the execution time model built with a few sets of profile data. With the scheduling decision, MKMD transparently manages the order of executions and data transfers for each device. On a real machine with one CPU and two different GPUs, MKMD achieves a mean speedup of 1.89x compared to the in-order execution on the fastest device for a set of applications with multiple kernels. 53% of this speedup comes from the coarse-grained scheduling and the other 47% is the result of the fine-grained partitioning.
Carbapenem-Resistant Non-Glucose-Fermenting Gram-Negative Bacilli: the Missing Piece to the Puzzle.

ABSTRACT The non-glucose-fermenting Gram-negative bacilli Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii are increasingly acquiring carbapenem resistance. Given their intrinsic antibiotic resistance, this can cause extremely difficult-to-treat infections. Additionally, resistance gene transfer can occur between Gram-negative species, regardless of their ability to ferment glucose. Thus, the acquisition of carbapenemase genes by these organisms increases the risk of carbapenemase spread in general. Ultimately, infection control practitioners and clinical microbiologists need to work together to determine the risk carried by carbapenem-resistant non-glucose-fermenting Gram-negative bacilli (CR-NF) in their institution and what methods should be considered for surveillance and detection of CR-NF.
The Harvard Expedition to Samaria: Excavations of 1909

The excavations of the Harvard Palestinian Expedition at Samaria in 1909 have revealed for the first time the plan and the masonry of a royal Israelite palace. The view thus given of the material resources and technical skill at the command of the kings of Israel is so enlightening for the history of Palestine that the identification of the palace becomes the point of paramount interest. It must be recorded at once that we have not found a line of Hebrew inscription anywhere in the building, nor have our excavations given us the name of any of the kings of Israel. The identification rests entirely on archaeological grounds; but these, though simple, are direct and clear.
Jerusalem: the spatial politics of a divided metropolis, edited by Anne B. Shlay and Gillad Rosen

Jerusalem by Anne Shlay and Gillad Rosen is “a social and political analysis of the spatial politics underlying the development of contemporary Jerusalem” and to that end provides a comprehensive o...
Germline and somatic mutation at the APRT locus of mice and man.

Somatic cell genetics has its origins in the notion that it is possible to understand gene expression in mammalian cells by in vitro manipulations similar to those used with bacterial cultures. For example, cultures can be propagated in logarithmic fashion and single cell phenotypic variants can be subsequently isolated as clones. It was further assumed that phenotypic variation in cultured mammalian cells would arise by mechanisms similar to those proposed for such events in vivo. Thus it was anticipated that epigenetic variation similar to that observed in organismal ontogeny would be common. However, most early reports described phenomena that have now been demonstrated to be the result of mutations rather than epigenetic changes.
Evaluation of adherence to current guidelines for treatment of hyperlipidemia in adults in an outpatient setting.

Purpose Adherence to the 2013 American College of Cardiology (ACC)/American Heart Association (AHA) cholesterol guideline at an outpatient clinic was evaluated. Methods This retrospective chart review study was conducted from December 1, 2013, through November 30, 2014, at an urban outpatient clinic. Estimated 10-year atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk was calculated based on the pooled cohort equation for all patients. Patients were categorized into one of four statin-benefit groups, in descending order of ASCVD risk. The recommended intensity of a statin and the therapeutic response were determined for each patient. If statin therapy was indicated, patients were assigned to the moderate-intensity, moderate- or high-intensity, or high-intensity group according to guideline recommendations. These guideline-recommended statin intensities were then compared to the patient’s prescribed statin to determine guideline concordance. Therapeutic response, expressed as the percent decrease in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, was determined based on recommended statin intensity. Results A total of 255 patients were initiated on statin therapy; 193 were included for data analysis. Overall adherence to the guideline was 65.8%, with the highest rate in the group of patients with the lowest risk of ASCVD (97.8%). The group with the lowest rate of adherence to recommendations was patients with clinical ASCVD (46.9%). Only 31.6% of patients had a follow-up lipid panel performed, and even fewer achieved a therapeutic response. Conclusion A majority of patients were initiated on the appropriate intensity of statin therapy according to the ACC/AHA cholesterol guideline. Of the small number of patients who had follow-up visits, few achieved a therapeutic response based on their prescribed statin therapy.
Fault identification using piezoelectric impedance measurement and model-based intelligent inference with pre-screening

While piezoelectric impedance/admittance measurements have been used for fault detection and identification, the actual identification of fault location and severity remains to be a challenging topic. On one hand, the approach that uses these measurements entertains high detection sensitivity owing to the high-frequency actuation/sensing nature. On the other hand, high-frequency analysis requires high dimensionality in the model and the subsequent inverse analysis contains a very large number of unknowns which often renders the identification problem under-determined. A new fault identification algorithm is developed in this research for piezoelectric impedance/admittance based measurement. Taking advantage of the algebraic relation between the sensitivity matrix and the admittance change measurement, we devise a pre-screening scheme that can rank the likelihoods of fault locations with estimated fault severity levels, which drastically reduces the fault parameter space. A Bayesian inference approach is then incorporated to pinpoint the fault location and severity with high computational efficiency. The proposed approach is examined and validated through case studies.
Breast Density Legislation in New England: A Survey Study of Practicing Radiologists.

Rationale and Objectives This study aimed to assess radiologists' knowledge about breast density legislation as well as perceived practice changes resulting from the enactment of breast density legislation. Materials and Methods This is an institutional review board-exempt anonymous email survey of 523 members of the New England Roentgen Ray Society. In addition to radiologist demographics, survey questions addressed radiologist knowledge of breast density legislation, knowledge of breast density as a risk factor for breast cancer, recommendations for supplemental screening, and perceived practice changes resulting from density notification legislation. Results Of the 523 members, 96 responded, yielding an 18% response rate. Seventy-three percent of respondents practiced in a state with breast density legislation. Sixty-nine percent felt that breast density notification increased patient anxiety about breast cancer, but also increased patient (74%) and provider (66%) understanding of the effect of breast density on mammographic sensitivity. Radiologist knowledge of the relative risk of breast cancer when comparing breasts of different density was variable. Conclusions Considerable confusion and controversy regarding breast density persists, even among practicing radiologists.
Optical transfer function expansion of quadratic pupils

Quadratic pupils representing Gaussian apodization and defocus are expanded into Zernike polynomials. Combinations of the pupil expansion coefficients are used, in turn to expand the Optical Transfer Function into a novel set of basis functions.
Disruption of GluA2 phosphorylation potentiates stress responsivity.

Cocaine addiction is characterized by persistent craving and addicts frequently relapse even after long periods of abstinence. Exposure to stress can precipitate relapse in humans and rodents. Stress and drug use can lead to common alterations in synaptic plasticity and these commonalities may contribute to the ability of stress to elicit relapse. These common changes in synaptic plasticity are mediated, in part, by alterations in the trafficking and stabilization of AMPA receptors. Exposure to both cocaine and stress can lead to alterations in protein kinase C-mediated phosphorylation of GluA2 AMPA subunits and thus alter the trafficking of GluA2-containing AMPARs. However, it is not clear what role AMPAR trafficking plays in the interactions between stress and cocaine. The current study utilized a mouse with a point mutation within the GluA2 subunit c-terminus resulting in a disruption of PKC-mediated GluA2 phosphorylation to examine stress responsivity. Although no differences were seen in the response to a forced swim stress in naive mice, GluA2 K882A knock-in mice exhibited an increased stress response following cocaine self-administration. Furthermore, we demonstrated that disrupting GluA2 phosphorylation increases vulnerability to stress-induced reinstatement of both cocaine seeking and cocaine-conditioned reward. Finally, GluA2 K882A knock-in mice exhibit an increased vulnerability to social defeat as indicated by increased social avoidance. Taken together these results indicate that disrupting GluA2 phosphorylation leads to increased responsivity to acute stress following cocaine exposure and increased vulnerability to chronic stress. These results highlight the GluA2 phosphorylation site as a novel target for the stress-related disorders.
Genetic and epigenetic susceptibility of airway inflammation to PM 2.5 in school children: new insights from quantile regression.

The fractional concentration of exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) is a biomarker of airway inflammation that has proved to be useful in investigations of genetic and epigenetic airway susceptibility to ambient air pollutants. For example, susceptibility to airway inflammation from exposure to particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter < =2.5 μm (PM2.5) varies by haplotypes and promoter region methylation in inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS encoded by NOS2). We hypothesized that PM2.5 susceptibility associated with these epigenetic and genetic variants may be greater in children with high FeNO from inflamed airways. In this study, we investigated genetic and epigenetic susceptibility to airborne particulate matter by examining whether the joint effects of PM2.5, NOS2 haplotypes and iNOS promoter methylation significantly vary across the distribution of FeNO in school children. The study included 940 school children in the southern California Children’s Health Study who provided concurrent buccal samples and FeNO measurements. We used quantile regression to examine susceptibility by estimating the quantile-specific joint effects of PM2.5, NOS2 haplotype and methylation on FeNO. We discovered striking differences in susceptibility to PM2.5 in school children. The joint effects of short-term PM2.5 exposure, NOS2 haplotypes and methylation across the FeNO distribution were significantly larger in the upper tail of the FeNO distribution, with little association in its lower tail, especially among children with asthma and Hispanic white children. School-aged children with higher FeNO have greater genetic and epigenetic susceptibility to PM2.5, highlighting the importance of investigating effects across the entire distribution of FeNO.
Reduced distortion artifact whole brain CBF mapping using blip-reversed non-segmented 3D echo planar imaging with pseudo-continuous arterial spin labeling.

Abstract Purpose To implement and evaluate interleaved blip-up, blip-down, non-segmented 3D echo planar imaging (EPI) with pseudo-continuous arterial spin labeling (pCASL) and post-processing for reduced susceptibility artifact cerebral blood flow (CBF) maps. Materials and methods 3D EPI non-segmented acquisition with a pCASL labeling sequence was modified to include alternating k-space coverage along phase encoding direction (referred to as “blip-reversed”) for alternating dynamic acquisitions of control and label pairs. Eight volunteers were imaged on a 3T scanner. Images were corrected for distortion using spatial shifting transformation of the underlying field map. CBF maps were calculated and compared with maps obtained without blip reversal using matching gray matter (GM) images from a high resolution 3D scan. Additional benefit of using the correction for alternating blip-up and blip-down acquisitions was assessed by comparing to corrected blip-up only and corrected blip-down only CBF maps. Matched Student t-test of overlapping voxels for the eight volunteers was done to ascertain statistical improvement in distortion. Results Mean CBF value in GM for the eight volunteers from distortion corrected CBF maps was 50.8 ± 9.9 ml/min/100 gm tissue. Corrected CBF maps had 6.3% and 4.1% more voxels in GM when compared with uncorrected blip up (BU) and blip down (BD) images, respectively. Student t-test showed significant reduction in distortion when compared with blip-up images and blip-down images (p Conclusion Pseudo-continuous arterial spin labeling with non-segmented 3D EPI acquisition using alternating blip-reversed k-space traversal and distortion correction provided significantly better matching GM CBF maps. In addition, employing alternating blip-reversed acquisitions during pCASL acquisition resulted in statistically significant improvement over corrected blip-up and blip-down CBF maps.
Remembering One Another's Inhumanity: On Viet Thanh Nguyen's Vietnam War

“All wars are fought twice, the first time on the battlefield, the second time in memory” (Nothing Ever Dies, 4). Viet Thanh Nguyen, the Pulitzer Prize-winning author, begins his 2016 treatise on war and memory with these words. In the deftly named Nothing Ever Dies, Nguyen identifies the excesses of war in general and most notably the excess of the war named the Vietnam War in the US and the American War in Vietnam. There was excessive violence on the battlefields, which ranged throughout Southeast Asia, exceeding the national borders identified by the naming of the war. The experience of war and the meaning of war also exceeded the official dates of the war, chronologized differently by different historical actors but nevertheless used to conveniently bound war in time. Disregarding these official dates, the perpetrators, survivors, and witnesses of war (Nguyen points out that one can belong to more than one of these categories simultaneously) carry with them the memories and violence of war. They relive and reinterpret the war, fighting it again a second time through memory and memorialization.
Benefits and challenges of expanding grid electricity in Africa: A review of rigorous evidence on household impacts in developing countries

Abstract Electrification rates have risen dramatically in many developing countries, but most low-income African countries lag far behind. A growing number of donors are now targeting this issue, notably the United States–sponsored Power Africa initiative. In this paper we summarize research that can inform donors and governments working in this area. We cover challenges to and benefits of expanding grid electricity, prioritizing rigorous impact research in Africa when possible. The evidence we review suggests that potential benefits are large and spread across a variety of economic and noneconomic domains. However, expanding access cost-effectively and sustainably may pose a serious challenge. In particular, relative to the benefits, grid electrification involves substantial costs from building lines, improving capacity, and connecting households—costs that may be higher in Africa than in more densely populated regions of the world. Reducing customer connection costs would increase connection rates and could thus reduce the cost of building new lines per connection but might still not be cost-effective, especially in low-density rural areas.
A Convoluted Treatment Odyssey of a Severely Drug-Addicted Bipolar Disorder Woman in Her Early 20s

Psychiatric treatment of this woman was initiated when she was 20. Her behavior became increasingly erratic and perilous. Bipolar disorder was diagnosed along with her rapidly increasing drug dependence. Her resistance to conventional treatment with psychotropic medication made development of a secure therapeutic alliance imperative for treatment to be sustained and succeed. A strong association between her psychiatrist/therapist and parents also proved important for treatment success. After tenacious resistance by the patient and several failed attempts to involve her in a drug treatment program, the patient voluntarily committed herself for residential treatment. This case illustrates the importance of skillful physician case management in an interpersonally and medically complex case.
Peroxisomes in Humans: Metabolic Functions, Cross Talk with Other Organelles, and Pathophysiology of Peroxisomal Disorders

Peroxisomes play a crucial role in cellular metabolism as exemplified by the devastating consequences caused by deficiencies of one or more peroxisomal enzymes in humans. The major metabolic functions of peroxisomes in humans include fatty acid beta-oxidation, etherphospholipid biosynthesis, fatty acid alpha-oxidation; glyoxylate detoxification, bile acid synthesis, l-pipecolic acid oxidation, and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) formation. Except from the bile acids which are true metabolic end products of bile acid formation in the liver as generated in peroxisomes, all the other products of peroxisome metabolism are not true end products but require continued metabolism in other organelles to reach their final fate. This explains the crosstalk between peroxisomes and other subcellular organelles notably mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum. In this review we will discuss the metabolic functions of peroxisomes in humans and the crosstalk with other subcellular organelles. In addition we will discuss the pathophysiological consequences of genetic defects in peroxisome metabolism.
Evaluation of Safety and Efficacy for an Intranasal Airway Device in Nasal Surgery

ImportancePostoperative packing in nasal surgery often results in nasal obstruction and discomfort. Commercially available silicone intranasal airways (IAs) serve as dual-nasal airway tubes aimed a...
Association of personal vehicle access with lifestyle habits and food insecurity among public housing residents

Abstract Transportation type may play a role in the ease with which a person can access healthy food and recreation facilities. Our objective was to determine the relationship between access to a personal vehicle and diet, food insecurity, and physical activity among public housing residents, which are typically low-income, urban populations. We conducted a cross-sectional survey of randomly selected households within two public housing communities in Baltimore, MD (2014–2015). Our independent variable was whether or not the resident had access to a personal vehicle. Our dependent variables were ‘high’ fruit & vegetable intake (≥6.7 servings/day), ‘high’ added sugar intake (≥39.9 tsp/day), food insecurity, and being physically active. We used Poisson regression with robust error variance to estimate relative risk ratios adjusted for demographics and perceived environmental factors. Our sample included 265 adults (response rate of 48%) with mean age of 45 years, 86% women, and 96% African-American. Only 42% had access to a vehicle. No significant associations existed between personal vehicle access with diet or physical activity outcomes. Access to a personal vehicle was associated with significantly lower risk of food insecurity (RR 0.76, 95%CI 0.63–0.92, p
Assessing anxiety sensitivity

Abstract Anxiety sensitivity is a risk factor for a wide array of psychiatric disorders and behavioral health conditions, as well as a mechanism of change for treatment of these conditions. Instruments for measuring anxiety sensitivity have been widely studied and are well validated in a broad range of populations. The assessment of anxiety sensitivity as part of routine care can be used to: (1) identify those at risk for heightened responding to affect and arousal-based sensations over the course of treatment, (2) identify those who may benefit from interoceptive exposure or other anxiety sensitivity reduction techniques, and (3) evaluate progress in treatment and inform the need for modification of treatment. This chapter provides information on the validity and application of strategies for measuring anxiety sensitivity, as well as specific guidance for the use of measures in clinical care.
A Data-Centric Approach for Image Scene Localization

Due to the ubiquity of GPS-equipped cameras such as smartphones, more photos are getting automatically tagged with camera locations (referred to as geo-tagged images) so large-scale geo-tagged image datasets are available on the Web. And a significant portion of online images such as travel and surveillance may not be meaningful without their location information. Thus, image localization for untagged images has been studied. However, the point camera location of an image might be quite different from the location of the scene depicted in the image (referred to as scene location) rendering image localization inaccurate. To address this problem, we propose a data-centric framework for image scene localization using a CNN-based classification in three steps. First, the framework provides two mechanisms for constructing a reference image dataset tagged with scene locations. Second, a spatial-visual classification approach organizes a dataset spatially using R-tree to generate a set of geographical regions tightly bounding the image scene locations. Then, we train a classifier based on the classes of images corresponding to the generated regions. Finally, to enhance the classification accuracy, we train a set of hierarchical classification models utilizing the spatial hierarchical structure of the R-tree where the trained models enable learning the visual features of images at different geographical granularities. We evaluate our framework using a geo-tagged image dataset obtained from Google Street View and demonstrate that the utilization of scene locations enables localizing images far more accurately as compared with camera location based localization.
The network structure of schizotypal personality traits in a population-based sample.

Abstract Outcomes for people with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders (SSDs) are generally poor, making it important to understand risk states and illness transition. The network approach, which conceptualizes psychopathology as a network of causally interacting symptoms, may hold promise in this regard. Here, we present a network analysis of schizotypal personality traits (i.e., schizophrenia-like cognitive, perceptual, affective, interpersonal, and behavioral anomalies that may index one's vulnerability for a SSD) using an international sample. We analyzed data from 9505 participants between the ages of 14–70 who completed the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire-Brief on TestMyBrain.org . In line with other research, we find that the network of schizotypal traits is densely connected, characterized by three communities of items—interpersonal (I), disorganized (D), cognitive-perceptual (CP)—with I and D features exhibiting the greatest centrality (z-scored M strength: I = 0.56, D = 0.29, CP = −0.84; expected influence: I = 0.54, D = 0.33, CP = −0.84) and predictability (M I = 0.37, D = 0.43, CP = 0.23). Importantly, within our sample, we found the estimated network to be replicable (Network Comparison Test: network structure difference: M = 0.304, p = .420; global strength difference: S = 0.904, p = .530), and estimates of node centrality to be stable (correlation-stability coefficient = 0.75). Further, we find network differences between certain groups differing in levels of SSD risk as a function of age (network structure: difference M = 0.562, p
Platform for Autonomous Sensor Characterization and Generation of Provenance-Aware Datasets

Sensor characterization can be laborious, prone to human error, difficult to repeat precisely, and can produce data that are challenging to interpret. To address these challenges, a new platform for digitally designing measurement recipes, automating data acquisition, and analyzing resulting datasets is presented. This flexible platform is capable of managing a large set of diverse instruments, measurement recipes and characterization datasets. By employing several design abstractions, the platform allows users to design, schedule and execute sensor characterization experiments while archiving results along with their measurement recipes and preserving the provenance of the datasets. The platform eliminates manual errors and human omissions, and permits reliable repeatability. An electrochemical sensor experiment was performed to validate the platform‘s capability to design and capture a digital record of the measurement recipe, automate real-time data acquisition, and view/analyze results.
Nanostructured Thermoset/Thermoset Blends Compatibilized with an Amphiphilic Block Copolymer

Blends of thermoset polymers offer an avenue to combine the mechanical properties of complementary high glass transition temperature systems. An epoxy resin with high tensile strength and modulus, composed of the diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A cured with an anhydride, was combined with polydicyclopentadiene, cured via ring-opening metathesis polymerization, to improve the toughness. An amphiphilic block copolymer, poly(1,4-butadiene-b-ethylene oxide), where 1,4-polybutadiene has a strong affinity for polydicyclopentadiene and poly(ethylene oxide) has a strong affinity for the epoxy resin, was added to control phase separation and manipulate the morphology of the thermoset blend, analogous to compatibilization in thermoplastic blends. A systematic study of the influence of block copolymer loading and blend composition on the structural morphology was performed, using a combination of ultrasmall-angle X-ray scattering (USAXS), small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM)....
The Perils of Interpreting Comparatives with Pronouns for Children and Adults

We present the results of three experiments investigating the interpretation of comparative constructions involving pronominal reference in which binding Principle C is violated. We show that both children and adults retrieve interpretations that are not predicted. On the one hand, children appear to represent elided pronominal material functionally instead of in a strict identity relation with a pronoun on the surface, generating interpretations that are entirely unexpected from the perspective of the adult grammar. On the other, adult participants often appear to ignore Principle C, being influenced by factors such as prosodic focus, the type of comparative (subject v. object), and structural position of the pronoun. We propose that the way in which the sentence processor is deployed in the incremental processing of such comparative constructions gives rise to so-called acceptable ungrammaticality.
Assessment of Liver Function in Clinical Practice

A broad array of biochemical tests are used to assess the various functions of the liver and evaluate patients with suspected or established liver disease. These tests are collectively referred to as “liver function tests,” a term that is often criticized because the most commonly used tests—the aminotransferases and alkaline phosphatase—are not true measures of liver synthetic, excretory, or metabolic function (1). Rather, these values normally indicate hepatocyte damage or liver inflammation or infiltration.
Improving body movement comfort in apparel

Abstract: Providing comfort in clothing for the moving body is a complex task. Interactions among body sizes and shapes, physiological variations, material properties, design choices, environmental challenges, and activities are exponential in their number. In this chapter we will explore some of the problems, solutions, and research methods used to decipher these issues.
1.48 – Mathematical Models in Biotechnology

Biotechnology uses cellular systems to produce biomolecules that benefit society. One of the core challenges of biotechnology is the understanding of how cellular mechanisms result in functional responses. In this article, we outline modeling techniques and software tools that can be used to simulate cellular networks and systems. First, we present a review of stoichiometric models and flux balance analysis and then discuss continuous deterministic models composed of ordinary differential equations. Next, we contrast the continuum descriptions, often used to model signal transduction and gene expression programs, with stochastic models. Finally, we discuss the application of qualitative modeling tools and techniques such as fuzzy logic and Petri nets to the problem of modeling complex intracellular networks.
Information-based optimal subdata selection for big data logistic regression

Abstract Technological advances have enabled an exponential growth in data volumes, and proven statistical methods are no longer applicable for extraordinary large data sets due to computational limitations. Subdata selection is an effective strategy to address this issue. In this study, we investigate existing sampling approaches and propose a novel framework of selecting subsets of data for logistic regression models. We show that, while the information contained in the subdata based on random sampling approaches is limited by the size of the subset, the information contained in the subdata based on the new framework increases as the size of the full data set increases. Performances of the proposed approach and those of other existing methods are compared under various criteria via extensive simulation studies.
Trends in HIV preexposure prophylaxis prescribing in the United States, 2012-2018

The US Preventive Services Task Force recommends use of preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for individuals at risk of acquiring HIV 1 The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimated that 1 1 million US individuals might benefit from PrEP,2 but only 7% of those used it in 2016 3 Clinicians have been slow to prescribe PrEP, citing concerns regarding its effectiveness outside a clinical trial setting, unintended consequences, and ambiguity surrounding which type of clinician is best suited to prescribe PrEP 4 Using a commercial insurance database, this study examined trends in the number of persons prescribed PrEP, prescriptions for PrEP, and specialty of prescribing clinicians
The Dynamics of Risk: Changing Technologies and Collective Action in Seismic Events

The March 2011 triple disasters in Japan – a 9.0 magnitude earthquake, 60 foot tsunami, and nuclear meltdowns at the Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear power plant – took the lives of more than 18,400 peop...
SoK: Security and Privacy in Machine Learning

Advances in machine learning (ML) in recent years have enabled a dizzying array of applications such as data analytics, autonomous systems, and security diagnostics. ML is now pervasive—new systems and models are being deployed in every domain imaginable, leading to widespread deployment of software based inference and decision making. There is growing recognition that ML exposes new vulnerabilities in software systems, yet the technical community's understanding of the nature and extent of these vulnerabilities remains limited. We systematize findings on ML security and privacy, focusing on attacks identified on these systems and defenses crafted to date.We articulate a comprehensive threat model for ML, and categorize attacks and defenses within an adversarial framework. Key insights resulting from works both in the ML and security communities are identified and the effectiveness of approaches are related to structural elements of ML algorithms and the data used to train them. In particular, it is apparent that constructing a theoretical understanding of the sensitivity of modern ML algorithms to the data they analyze, a la PAC theory, will foster a science of security and privacy in ML.
Hydro-Mechanical Coupling

We summarize the basic principles that couple rock deformation and fluid flow. Topics covered include linear poroelasticity, consolidation, liquefaction, rock friction, and frictional instability. Together, these are the processes that serve as a starting point for understanding how water and earthquakes influence each other.
Magnetically Controlled Growing Rods: Influence on Intraoperative Fluoroscopic Imaging: A Case Report.

CASE A 7-year-old boy with severe congenital scoliosis and impending thoracic insufficiency syndrome underwent uneventful single magnetically controlled growing rod (MCGR) insertion and removal of his ipsilateral rib-based distraction implants at our institution. Intraoperative fluoroscopy imaging revealed an artifactual bend (S-distortion) of the rod actuator after placement. This artifact was eliminated by moving the image intensifier further from the patient. CONCLUSION We attributed the S-distortion to influences of magnetic fields within the MCGR actuator onto the image intensifier. Surgeons should be aware of such implications which can lead to misleading imaging artifacts. This is a first reported case of such incident with MCGR.
RATIONAL DESIGN OF LIGHT GAGE BEAMS

A method for analyzing light gage cold-formed steel beams with buckled flanges in situations when the bending moment changes sign is described. If the bending moment changes sign, the standard procedure using the same effective width for each buckled flange over the whole length of the beam breaks down. Instead, separate effective widths are established for the compression flanges of each part of the beam with a bending moment of the same sign. The points of zero bending moment are not known a priori and their determination is part of the solution. The governing equations are highly nonlinear and have to be solved by a numerical process of successive approximations. The approximations were found to converge very rapidly.
Insulin and insulin-like growth factor 1 stimulate the phosphorylation on tyrosine of a 160 kDa cytosolic protein in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.

Abstract Insulin and IGF-1 (insulin-like growth factor 1) rapidly stimulate the phosphorylation on tyrosine of a 160 kDa cytosolic protein (pp160) in intact 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Half-maximal phosphorylation of pp160 is attained with either 4 nM-insulin or 20 nM-IGF-1. A semi-quantitative immunoblotting procedure using anti-phosphotyrosine antibody revealed that the insulin-stimulated 3T3-L1 adipocyte possesses approx. 3 x 10(5) and 0.6 x 10(5) phosphotyrosyl sites, respectively, in pp160 and insulin receptor beta-subunit. Removal of insulin from stimulated cells results in the rapid (within 15 min) loss of phosphate groups from tyrosyl residues in both pp160 and receptor beta-subunit. Whereas pp160 remains maximally phosphorylated on tyrosine for up to 60 min in the presence of 100 nM-insulin, IGF-1 at the same concentration induces only a transient response that is maximally 50% of that observed with insulin. pp160 is not phosphorylated on tyrosine in response to platelet-derived growth factor or epidermal growth factor. Although pp160 appears to be a soluble cytoplasmic protein, in the presence of 1 mM-ZnCl2 it becomes membrane-associated. In view of its apparent cytoplasmic localization and its inability to bind to either wheat-germ agglutinin or concanavalin A, pp160 does not appear to be a typical glycoprotein growth-factor receptor. Our results suggest that pp160 may be a physiologically important cellular substrate of the insulin-receptor tyrosine kinase in the intact 3T3-L1 adipocyte.
Thumb II Site Inhibitor Allosterically Suppresses the Dynamics of HCV NS5B RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase

The NS5B RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of human hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major target for drug development in the search for an effective treatment of hepatitis C. Various nucleoside analogs and...
Scalable blind calibration of timing skew in high-resolution time-interleaved ADCs

The performance of high-resolution time-interleaved analog-to-digital converters is often significantly degraded by timing mismatch errors. This paper examines low-complexity methods for performing blind calibration of such converters. In particular, we develop a least squares formulation for estimating the unknown time-skew parameters and for performing signal reconstruction from these estimates. The complexity of the proposed algorithm scales linearly with the number of converters, making it an attractive solution for calibration. Tradeoffs between performance and complexity are also developed.
Revisiting Jack Goody to Rethink Determinisms in Literacy Studies

This article revisits Goody's arguments about literacy's influence on social arrangements, culture, cognition, economics, and other domains of existence. Whereas some of his arguments tend toward technological determinism (i.e., literacy causes change in the world), other of his arguments construe literacy as a force that shapes and is shaped by disparate social processes. This article also reviews the critiques of Goody's work developed in the subfield of sociocultural literacy studies. Although the critics are right to object to the elements of technological determinism in his work, their rejection of his larger project leads them to miss ideas that can help clarify literacy's role in the transformation of society. Moreover, their misreading of Goody's work contributes to the field's underestimation of the distinct force of literacy and overestimation of the force of local cultures. In other words, how they misread Goody's work limits the depth of the answers that they provide to questions about literacy and its relations to culture, economics, politics, and other social spheres. These relations can be better understood when Goody's work is reread with an interaction model of literacy that figures changes in literacy as conditions of and conditional upon changes in other domains. Equipped with this model, researchers may rectify the supposed technological determinism of Goody's approach and the cultural determinism of some sociocultural accounts of literacy. Researchers may then synthesize these ideas to develop approaches that clarify literacy's evolving relations with other aspects of the world. This article concludes by explaining how a revised understanding of genre may bring into view the interplay between literacy and different social processes.
A highly reliable DRAM 3-D wafer thinning process

The mechanical properties of silicon substrate begin to deteriorate with the wafer thinning process particularly when thicknesses approach 50um or below. Key mechanical indexes such as Young's modulus, hardness and fracture toughness are characterized by nanoindentation method to study the impact of thinning wafers on critical electrical parameters. It has been published that the lattice structure of Si substrate becomes highly distorted for wafer thicknesses below 50um. Depending on the magnitude of this distortion in the lattice structure, a reduction in Young's modulus is generally observed. However, we demonstrate a thinning process that shows minimal impact on device reliability.
Arthrodesis of the knee with a vascularized fibular rotatory graft

We retrospectively reviewed the records of thirteen patients who had been managed with an arthrodesis of the knee with use of a vascularized graft from the ipsilateral fibula and fixation with an intramedullary rod. The indications for the operation included a large skeletal defect secondary to the resection of a tumor about the knee in eight patients, an infection at the site of an arthroplasty in four (with failure of a previous conventional arthrodesis in three of the four), and severe rheumatoid gonarthrosis as well as a persistent non-union of the distal part of the femur in one. The average age of the patients at the time of the operation was forty-three years (range, twenty-six to seventy-six years). Most of the patients had had multiple previous procedures (thirty-three operations had been performed in ten patients). Twelve of the thirteen patients had a solid fusion and a successful result after an average duration of follow-up of fifty-one months (range, eight to ninety-three months). The remaining patient, who had had four previous arthroplasties, had a recurrence of an infection seven months after the operation and was managed with an amputation. Six complications--including two superficial wound infections, one deep wound infection, one deep venous thrombosis, one transient peroneal-nerve palsy, and one delayed union--occurred in three patients.
The Prospects for Magneto-Aerodynamics

The equations describing the flow of an electrically conducting fluid in the presence of electric and magnetic fields are written down with the aid of certain simplifications appropriate to aeronautical applications. In order to estimate the probable significance of magneto-aerodynamic effects, some data on conductivity of pure and "seeded" air are first examined. Dimensionless quantities representing the ratios of forces and of currents are then formed and their values studied for conditions of flight in the atmosphere. Some examples of magneto-hydrodynamic and magnetogasdynamic effects in simple flows are given. These include two cases of Poiseuille flow of conducting liquids with applied magnetic fields and the case of quasi-one-dimensional gas flow with applied electrical and magnetic fields. In the last case, attractive possibilities are found for controlled acceleration or deceleration of gas at subsonic and supersonic speeds, even in constant-area channels. The behavior of the flow is characteristically different in different regimes of Mach Number and flow speed relative to certain "significant speeds" that are dependent on the ratio of electrical to magnetic field strengths. These are studied, and a chart is constructed to relate the length to the speed ratio of a maximum-acceleration constant-area channel. I t is concluded that the advantages that may accrue from magneto-aerodynamic methods are sufficiently attractive to justify the considerable research and engineering development that will be required. Among the unsolved engineering problems are the reduction of surface resistance of electrodes in contact with a conducting gas, development of techniques for seeding, and provision of the required magnetic fields in flight.