cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Assessment of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tagetis as a biocontrol agent for Canada thistle

Abstract Growth chamber and field experiments were conducted to assess the potential of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tagetis (Pst) as a biocontrol agent for Canada thistle. Silwet L-77, an organosilicone surfactant, was required to facilitate Pst penetration into Canada thistle leaves. Growth chamber experiments indicated that maximum Pst populations inside leaves were obtained with a Silwet L-77 concentration of 0.3% (v/v) or greater. High Pst populations (109 colony-forming units [cfu] per gram fresh weight) were found in leaves 48 h after treatment with 108 or 109 cfu ml−1 Pst plus Silwet L-77 (0.3%, v/v). In growth chamber experiments, foliar application of Pst (109 cfu ml−1) plus Silwet L-77 (0.3%, v/v) on 4- to 5-wk-old Canada thistle reduced shoot dry weight by 52% (measured 14 d after treatment) and chlorophyll content of emerging leaves by 92% (measured 10 d after treatment). In field trials conducted in 1999 and 2000, Pst (109 cfu ml−1) plus Silwet L-77 (0.3%, v/v) were applied at 700 L ha−1, and th...
Existence and Uniqueness Theorems

In this chapter our ultimate goal is to show the existence and uniqueness of solutions to certain ordinary differential equations. To do so we use the setting of the previous chapter, a Banach space, and a device known as a contraction mapping. The results are then applied to an integral equation. These are in turn applied to certain ordinary differential equations. Finally, the results are extended and refined.
Respiratory Diseases in Relation to Changes in Atmospheric Pressure

In this paper are reviewed the present status of respiratory diseases in relation to high and low altitude environments. H igh A ltitu d e Sickness I n t k o d u c t i o n Mountain sickness occurs in both an acute form and a chronic form. Only re­ cently has this been studied to any degree; however, the first description was by a Peruvian in 1897.8 In 1937, Hurtado de­ scribed a case of pulmonary edema in an Indian who became acutely ill after return­ ing home from sea level to the high alti­ tude.7 In 1945, a 39 year old man was examined who had developed pulmonary edema after going to a height of 11,550 feet. In 1949, a 29 year old man was described who died from an acute pulmonary illness in La Oroya, Peru, at an elevation of 12,250 feet. Lundberg, in 1952, described several cases of acute pulmonary edema. Mountain sickness or high altitude pulmonary edema occurs in individuals who quickly go from sea level to altitudes of 9,000 to 15,000 feet. Natives who have lived at high altitudes for a considerable time and then visit at sea level are most susceptible when they return to their mountain homes. Young children are also particularly susceptible under these circumstances. Most episodes in mountaineers occurred on their initial exposure to high altitude without proper acclimatization time. Men living at high altitudes have a higher total blood volume and a greater proportion of pulmonary blood volume than that present in sea level inhabitants. Persons going to high altitudes tend to develop greater blood volume in the pulmonary bed. Houston had reported mountaineers who have described cases of rapid death attributed to pneumonia. This occurred in healthy persons who were en­ gaged in strenuous exercise over 14,000 feet. Death in 12 to 24 hours resulted if the symptoms were severe and remained untreated. The period of acclimatization should be gradual in going to different altitudes and should last from 3 to 7 days. Persons who develop high altitude pulmonary edema have stayed at sea level any where from two days to two months. There seems to be an individual predisposition to high alti­ tude pulmonary edema.15 During acclima­ tization, undue physical exertion should be avoided for the first 48 hours. Mountain sickness can be divided into two types, the
Chevron for Juries

Chevron U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc. rests on two now-familiar premises. First, for some statutes, the traditional tools of statutory interpretation more readily yield a range of plausible meanings than a single correct reading. Second, judges are not always the officials best positioned to select one interpretation of a statute from among the plausible options. Chevron relied on these premises to decide that when a court finds ambiguity in a statute administered by an agency, it must defer to the agency’s interpretation of the statute, so long as it is reasonable. But while administrative law provided a doctrinal context for the Court’s decision, Chevron’s interpretive premises were about statutes generally, not statutes administered by agencies. Commentators seldom recognize the general nature of Chevron’s interpretive premises. This article shines a spotlight on it by applying the premises to a class of statutes outside administrative law. Judges, I argue, are not the best-situated actors in our legal system to pick from among the legally plausible readings of conduct-regulating statutes of general applicability. Indeed, they are not even the best-situated actors in the courtroom. Juries possess epistemic and political qualities that make them expert interpreters of conduct-regulating statutes that are generally applicable. I invoke that expertise to propose “Chevron for Juries,” a series of procedural reforms that would transfer interpretive primacy for this class of statutes to juries.
One Fish, Two Fish

111 Maderia Rockfish Scorpaena maderensis. Dr. Seuss’ red fish could be an Ocean Perch Sebastes alutus in New England or a Red Drum Sciaenops ocellatus in the Gulf of Mexico. The Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS; itis.gov) includes common names for fishes within a total of about 700,000 animal, plant, fungi, and microbe species. My master’s work was on Alewife Alosa pseudoharengus, which ITIS also lists as Bigeye
Feasibility and potential clinical applications of co-registered MR and 18F-FDG PET fusion imaging in pediatric oncology

Abstract 476 Objectives Superior soft tissue contrast and lack of ionizing radiation in Magnetic Resonance (MR) imaging favors PET-MR as a novel hybrid technique in evaluation of selected pediatric cancers. Using retrospective co-registration and fusion of separately-acquired MR and 18F-FDG PET scans of pediatric oncology patients, we aim to demonstrate 1) feasibility of this technique and 2) any improvement in diagnostic accuracy compared to separately-interpreted PET and MR scans. Methods From 2004 to 2012, 50 pediatric oncology patients at our institution underwent 124 pairs of 18F-FDG PET-CT and MR scans within a 2-month interval. The paired PET and MR scans were analyzed separately, and again after image co-registration and fusion, by a pediatric radiologist and a nuclear radiologist. The fused images were reviewed within the MR field of view, for concordance or discordance of the individual PET and MR findings. Results Tumor types (n=50) consisted of: soft tissue sarcoma (13); Ewing sarcoma(10); lymphoma (6); osteosarcoma (3); neuroblastoma (2); rhabdomyosarcoma (1); GIST (2); paraganglioma(2); others (7); benign neoplasm (3). Concordance/discordance: Of 124 paired scans, 101 (81.5%) had concordant findings on individual PET and MR, while 23 (18.5%) had discordant findings. The reasons for discordance included: definition of tumor boundaries, interval changes of disease progression or improvement, additional lesions/lymph nodes identified within in the MR field of view, and distinguishing residual tumor from post-treatment changes. Suboptimal fusion was encountered with upper extremity scans due to marked differences in patient positioning. Conclusions Our study shows good concordance (81.5%) between separately-acquired MR and 18F-FDG PET scans. 18.5% of paired MR and PET scans had discordant findings, and co-registration and fusion was able to determine the reasons for discordance. We suggest that PET-MR (fusion of separately-acquired scans or concurrent scans from a combined scanner) could have an important future role in selected pediatric malignancies.
The 'Supreme Board of Sign Review': Reed and its Aftermath

First Amendment jurisprudence is fickle. Sometimes it is transformed in prominent, widely known cases, like Citizens United. At other times, it is quieter, lesser known cases that revolutionize the doctrine. One of last summer’s cases, Reed v. Town of Gilbert, falls squarely into the latter category. The Supreme Court’s redefinition of content discrimination in Reed has led to rapid changes in how courts across the country are evaluating First Amendment challenges. Many courts have read the ruling as requiring them to strike down various state and local laws. Other courts have attempted to sidestep the implications of Reed by applying different First Amendment doctrines to evaluate the challenges that come before them. This divergence in the approaches taken by courts in First Amendment cases illuminates the complexity that results when courts try to apply Reed’s expanded content discrimination doctrine to real-world cases.
Exact and Approximation Algorithms for Data Mule Scheduling in a Sensor Network

We consider the fundamental problem of scheduling data mules for managing a wireless sensor network. A data mule tours around a sensor network and can help with network maintenance such as data collection and battery recharging/replacement. We assume that each sensor has a fixed data generation rate and a capacity upper bound on storage size. If the data mule arrives after the storage capacity is met, additional data generated is lost. In this paper we formulate several fundamental problems for the best schedule of single or multiple data mules and provide algorithms with provable performance. First, we consider using a single data mule to collect data from sensors, and we aim to maximize the data collection rate. We then generalize this model to consider k data mules. Additionally, we study the problem of minimizing the number of data mules such that it is possible for them to collect all data, without loss. For the above problems, when we assume that the capacities of all sensors are the same, we provide exact algorithms for special cases and constant-factor approximation algorithms for more general cases. We also show that several of these problems are NP-hard. When we allow sensor capacities to differ, we have a constant-factor approximation for each of the aforementioned problems when the ratio of the maximum capacity to the minimum capacity is constant.
A Finite-element Model of Radial and Axial Conductivities for Individual Roots: Development and Validation for Two Desert Succulents

A morphologically explicit numerical model for analysing water uptake by individual roots was developed based on a conductor network, with specific conductors representing axial or radial conductivities for discrete root segments. Hydraulic conductivity (L p ; m s -1 MPa -1 ) was measured for roots of Agave deserti Engelm. and Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Miller by applying a partial vacuum to the proximal ends of excised roots in solution. L p was also measured for 40- to 80-mm segments along a root, followed by measurements of axial conductivity and calculation of radial conductivity (...)
Treatment of status asthmaticus and respiratory failure.

Mortality from status asthmaticus is very significant; however, over the past 6 years treatment has been developed which has lowered the number of deaths. This therapy consists of oxygen, fluids, bronchodilators, steroids, physical therapy, isoproterenol, and mechanical ventilation.
Some alternative bivariate Kumaraswamy models

AbstractIn this paper we discuss various strategies for constructing bivariate Kumaraswamy distributions. As alternatives to the Nadarajah, Cordeiro and Ortega (2011) bivariate model, four different models are introduced utilizing a conditional specification approach, a conditional survival function approach, an Arnold-Ng bivariate beta distribution construction approach. Distributional properties for such bivariate distributions are investigated. Parameter estimation strategies for the models are discussed, as are the consequences of fitting two of the models to a particular data set involving the proportion of foggy days at two different airports in Colombia.
Disposition of intravenously or orally administered silver nanoparticles in pregnant rats and the effect on the biochemical profile in urine

Few investigations have been conducted on the disposition and fate of silver nanoparticles (AgNP) in pregnancy. The distribution of a single dose of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)-stabilized AgNP was investigated in pregnant rats. Two sizes of AgNP, 20 and 110 nm, and silver acetate (AgAc) were used to investigate the role of AgNP diameter and particle dissolution in tissue distribution, internal dose and persistence. Dams were administered AgNP or AgAc intravenously (i.v.) (1 mg kg-1 ) or by gavage (p.o.) (10 mg kg-1 ), or vehicle alone, on gestation day 18 and euthanized at 24 or 48 h post-exposure. The silver concentration in tissues was measured using inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The distribution of silver in dams was influenced by route of administration and AgNP size. The highest concentration of silver (μg Ag g-1 tissue) at 48 h was found in the spleen for i.v. administered AgNP, and in the lungs for AgAc. At 48 h after p.o. administration of AgNP, the highest concentration was measured in the cecum and large intestine, and for AgAc in the placenta. Silver was detected in placenta and fetuses for all groups. Markers of cardiovascular injury, oxidative stress marker, cytokines and chemokines were not significantly elevated in exposed dams compared to vehicle-dosed control. NMR metabolomics analysis of urine indicated that AgNP and AgAc exposure impact the carbohydrate, and amino acid metabolism. This study demonstrates that silver crosses the placenta and is transferred to the fetus regardless of the form of silver. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy for Critical Limb Ischemia

Tissue hypoxia as a result of arterial insufficiency can lead to tissue injury and loss. Compromised tissue due to ischemia, even after prompt restoration of arterial flow, following acute injury can be further damaged through the complex processes of reperfusion injury. Threatened tissue due to chronic limb ischemia can manifest as chronic ischemic wounds and rest pain. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBO) is an important tool in hypoxic tissue management by significantly increasing plasma oxygen concentration and oxygen capillary diffusion distance. This chapter will review important physiologic mechanisms of HBO in the management of ischemic injury as well as potential applications to clinical scenarios of ischemia, including critical limb ischemia.
Implementation of a Text-Based Content Intervention in Secondary Social Studies Classes.

We describe teacher fidelity (adherence to the components of the treatment as specified by the research team) based on a series of studies of a multicomponent intervention, Promoting Acceleration of Comprehension and Content Through Text (PACT), with middle and high school social studies teachers and their students. Findings reveal that even with highly specified materials and implementing practices that are aligned with effective reading comprehension and content instruction, teachers’ fidelity was consistently low for some components and high for others. Teachers demonstrated consistently high implementation fidelity and quality for the instructional components of building background knowledge (comprehension canopy) and teaching key content vocabulary (essential words), whereas we recorded consistently lower fidelity and quality of implementation for the instructional components of critical reading and knowledge application.
Overexpression of a Mycobacterium ulcerans Ag85B-EsxH Fusion Protein in Recombinant BCG Improves Experimental Buruli Ulcer Vaccine Efficacy

Buruli ulcer (BU) vaccine design faces similar challenges to those observed during development of prophylactic tuberculosis treatments. Multiple BU vaccine candidates, based upon Mycobacterium bovis BCG, altered Mycobacterium ulcerans (MU) cells, recombinant MU DNA, or MU protein prime-boosts, have shown promise by conferring transient protection to mice against the pathology of MU challenge. Recently, we have shown that a recombinant BCG vaccine expressing MU-Ag85A (BCG MU-Ag85A) displayed the highest level of protection to date, by significantly extending the survival time of MU challenged mice compared to BCG vaccination alone. Here we describe the generation, immunogenicity testing, and evaluation of protection conferred by a recombinant BCG strain which overexpresses a fusion of two alternative MU antigens, Ag85B and the MU ortholog of tuberculosis TB10.4, EsxH. Vaccination with BCG MU-Ag85B-EsxH induces proliferation of Ag85 specific CD4+ T cells in greater numbers than BCG or BCG MU-Ag85A and produces IFNγ+ splenocytes responsive to whole MU and recombinant antigens. In addition, anti-Ag85A and Ag85B IgG humoral responses are significantly enhanced after administration of the fusion vaccine compared to BCG or BCG MU-Ag85A. Finally, mice challenged with MU following a single subcutaneous vaccination with BCG MU-Ag85B-EsxH display significantly less bacterial burden at 6 and 12 weeks post-infection, reduced histopathological tissue damage, and significantly longer survival times compared to vaccination with either BCG or BCG MU-Ag85A. These results further support the potential of BCG as a foundation for BU vaccine design, whereby discovery and recombinant expression of novel immunogenic antigens could lead to greater anti-MU efficacy using this highly safe and ubiquitous vaccine.
A deep learning model for predicting transcription factor binding location at single nucleotide resolution

Transcriptional regulation by transcription factors (TFs) plays a pivotal role in controlling the gene expression. However, understanding the mechanism through which the transcription factors regulate the gene expression is a challenging task. This is primarily hindered by the low specificity in identifying transcription factor binding sites (TFBS). The emergence of the ChIP-exonuclease (ChIP-exo) method enables the detection of TFBS at single nucleotide sensitivity, providing us an opportunity to study the detailed mechanisms of TF regulation. Nevertheless, there is still a lack of computational tools that can also provide single base pair (bp) resolution prediction of TFBS. In this paper, we propose DeepSNR, a Deep Learning algorithm for Single Nucleotide Resolution prediction of transcription factor binding site. Our proposed method is inspired by the similarity between predicting the specific binding location from input nucleotide sequence and image segmentation. Particularly, we adopted the deconvolution network (deconvNet); a deep learning model designed for image segmentation, and developed a TFBS specific deconvNet architecture constructed on top of ‘DeepBind’. We trained a deconvNet for predicting CTCF binding sites using the data from ChIP-exo experiments. The proposed algorithm achieved median precision and recall of 87% and 77% respectively, significantly outperforming motif search based algorithms such as MatInspector.
Reply to Dong and Zhao: Plant stress via Raman spectroscopy.

Dong and Zhao (1) attempt to provide perspective on our use of Raman spectroscopy in plant stress studies (2). Unfortunately, their experimental criticism is incorrect and their technical suggestions won’t work. The following points support these strong statements.
Non-invasive, Rapid Ablation of Tissue Volume Using Histotripsy

Abstract Histotripsy is a non-invasive, non-thermal ablation technique that uses high-amplitude, focused ultrasound pulses to fractionate tissue via acoustic cavitation. The goal of this study was to illustrate the potential of histotripsy with electronic focal steering to achieve rapid ablation of a tissue volume at a rate matching or exceeding those of current clinical techniques (∼1–2 mL/min). Treatment parameters were established in tissue-mimicking phantoms and applied to ex vivo tissue. Six-microsecond pulses were delivered by a 250-kHz array. The focus was electrically steered to 1000 locations at a pulse repetition frequency of 200 Hz (0.12% duty cycle). Magnetic resonance imaging and histology of the treated tissue revealed a distinct region of necrosis in all samples. Mean lesion volume was 35.6 ± 4.3 mL, generated at 0.9–3.3 mL/min, a speed faster than that of any current ablation method for a large volume. These results suggest that histotripsy has the potential to achieve non-invasive, rapid, homogeneous ablation of a tissue volume.
Protracted dendritic growth in the typically developing human amygdala and increased spine density in young ASD brains

The amygdala is a medial temporal lobe structure implicated in social and emotional regulation. In typical development (TD), the amygdala continues to increase volumetrically throughout childhood and into adulthood, while other brain structures are stable or decreasing in volume. In autism spectrum disorder (ASD), the amygdala undergoes rapid early growth, making it volumetrically larger in children with ASD compared to TD children. Here we explore: (a) if dendritic arborization in the amygdala follows the pattern of protracted growth in TD and early overgrowth in ASD and (b), if spine density in the amygdala in ASD cases differs from TD from youth to adulthood. The amygdala from 32 postmortem human brains (7-46 years of age) were stained using a Golgi-Kopsch impregnation. Ten principal neurons per case were selected in the lateral nucleus and traced using Neurolucida software in their entirety. We found that both ASD and TD individuals show a similar pattern of increasing dendritic length with age well into adulthood. However, spine density is (a) greater in young ASD cases compared to age-matched TD controls (<18 years old) and (b) decreases in the amygdala as people with ASD age into adulthood, a phenomenon not found in TD. Therefore, by adulthood, there is no observable difference in spine density in the amygdala between ASD and TD age-matched adults (≥18 years old). Our findings highlight the unique growth trajectory of the amygdala and suggest that spine density may contribute to aberrant development and function of the amygdala in children with ASD.
Venous Disorders and Cavernous Malformations

This chapter covers the gamut of intracranial venous issues, ranging from the most common entity—developmental venous anomalies—to the nonexistent: “chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency.”
High-aspect ratio micro- and nanostructures enabled by photo-electrochemical etching for sensing and energy harvesting applications

Photo-electrochemical (PEC) etching can produce high-aspect ratio features, such as pillars and holes, with high anisotropy and selectivity, while avoiding the surface and sidewall damage caused by traditional deep reactive ion etching (DRIE) or inductively coupled plasma (ICP) RIE. Plasma-based techniques lead to the formation of dangling bonds, surface traps, carrier leakage paths, and recombination centers. In pursuit of effective PEC etching, we demonstrate an optical system using long wavelength (λ = 975 nm) infra-red (IR) illumination from a high-power laser (1–10 W) to control the PEC etching process in n-type silicon. The silicon wafer surface was patterned with notches through a lithography process and KOH etching. Then, PEC etching was introduced by illuminating the backside of the silicon wafer to enhance depth, resulting in high-aspect ratio structures. The effect of the PEC etching process was optimized by varying light intensities and electrolyte concentrations. This work was focused on determining and optimizing this PEC etching technique on silicon, with the goal of expanding the method to a variety of materials including GaN and SiC that are used in designing optoelectronic and electronic devices, sensors and energy harvesting devices.
The Use of Folktales in Social Work Practice

Folktales and folklore can be used to bridge the gap between cultures and lead to an understanding of different outlooks and values. Examples are given of how folktales can help social workers achi...
5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate synthetase deficiency causes a neurometabolic disorder associated with microcephaly, epilepsy, and cerebral hypomyelination

Abstract Folate metabolism in the brain is critically important and serves a number of vital roles in nucleotide synthesis, single carbon metabolism/methylation, amino acid metabolism, and mitochondrial translation. Genetic defects in almost every enzyme of folate metabolism have been reported to date, and most have neurological sequelae. We report 2 patients presenting with a neurometabolic disorder associated with biallelic variants in the MTHFS gene, encoding 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate synthetase. Both patients presented with microcephaly, short stature, severe global developmental delay, progressive spasticity, epilepsy, and cerebral hypomyelination. Baseline CSF 5-methyltetrahydrolate (5-MTHF) levels were in the low-normal range. The first patient was treated with folinic acid, which resulted in worsening cerebral folate deficiency. Treatment in this patient with a combination of oral L-5-methyltetrahydrofolate and intramuscular methylcobalamin was able to increase CSF 5-MTHF levels, was well tolerated over a 4 month period, and resulted in subjective mild improvements in functioning. Measurement of MTHFS enzyme activity in fibroblasts confirmed reduced activity. The direct substrate of the MTHFS reaction, 5-formyl-THF, was elevated 30-fold in patient fibroblasts compared to control, supporting the hypothesis that the pathophysiology of this disorder is a manifestation of toxicity from this metabolite.
Addressing the “Union Problem” during the Great Recession: State Approaches to Reforming Collective Bargaining:

Conventional narratives suggest that during the Great Recession, Republican-controlled state governments seized a political opportunity to de-unionize labor strongholds by enacting sweeping right-t...
Caenorhabditis elegans , A Simple Worm: Bridging the Gap Between Traditional and Systems-Level Biology

Caenorhabditis elegans is a simple invertebrate roundworm that has served as a model for exploring basic biological questions concerning multicellular organisms and has made numerous contributions to our understanding of human biology. In this chapter we explore some of the approaches C. elegans researchers have employed in an effort to elucidate conserved molecular mechanisms and understand the basic biology underlying many human disorders.
On the Horizon: Research Priorities in Burns for the Next Decade

This review demonstrates that many advances have been made in burn care that have made dramatic differences in mortality, clinical outcomes, and quality of life in burn survivors; however, much work remains. In reality, the current standard of care is insufficient and we cannot be satisfied with the status quo. We must strive for the following goals: no deaths due to burn, no scarring, and no pain. These particular goals have only begun to be confronted.
OPTICAL COMMUNICATIONS USING SURFACE ACOUSTIC WAVES

After a brief review of signal to noise considerations in a general communications link, including matched filtering and correlation techniques, an optical communication system is described which employs a surface wave acousto-optic modulator at the transmitter end and a surface wave acousto-optic correlator at the receiver end. Some experimental results are reported for the transmission and reception of Barker encoded data. Lithium niobate surface wave acousto-optic modulators operated at 100 MHz center frequency and an argon ion laser (5145°A) were used in the system.
A migrant “hot potato” system: The transit camp and urban integration in a bridge society

The literature on migrant camps around urban spaces has concentrated on permanent, long-term camps in destination societies. Yet the 2014–2017 Middle Eastern refugee crisis in Europe demonstrated t...
Neonatal vocal fold motion impairment after complex aortic arch reconstruction: What should parents expect after diagnosis?

Abstract Objectives To study the incidence, sequelae, follow up, and recovery rate of vocal fold motion impairment (VFMI) after complex aortic arch reconstruction in neonates. Study design Retrospective case control study. Methods We retrospectively evaluated 105 neonates who underwent complex aortic arch reconstruction from 2014 to 2016. We compared patients that did have VFMI compared to a control group of patients with normal vocal fold movement. Descriptive statistics were computed for all demographic and clinical variables by treatment group. Results 36% of patients were evaluated for VFMI (n = 38) by an otolaryngologist. The incidence of VFMI was 22% (n = 23). Females were more likely to have VFMI (p = 0.02). Aspiration was more common in patients with VFMI (p = 0.006). The difference in age, weight, incidence of pneumonia, nasogastric tube, gastrostomy, total length of stay, genetic anomaly, and reintubation was not significant between the VFMI group and control group (p > 0.05). Tracheostomy was not performed in any patients with unilateral paralysis. Only 61% of patients followed up in clinic (n = 14). 64% of patients showed improvement or resolution (n = 9). Average time to improvement was 4.8 months. Average time to complete resolution was 10.5 months. Conclusions VFMI after complex aortic arch reconstruction is relatively common. Despite increased aspiration in patients with VFMI, pneumonia did not occur at all in either group. Tracheostomy was not necessary in any patients with a unilateral paralysis. Most patients showed an improvement in the VFMI within 5 months of surgery. Our data support the need for otolaryngology follow-up after the diagnosis of VFMI.
ABET Criterion 3 as a Measure of Engineering Self-Efficacy: Comparing the New Criteria (3.1-7) to the Previous Criteria (3a-k)

This Research to Practice Full Paper outlines the process of converting the ABET Criterion 3 - Student Outcomes into an engineering self-efficacy scale (ESE-ABET) and in this format compares the current ABET 3.1-7 items with the previous ABET 3a-k items with undergraduate engineering students. In total, survey responses were collected from undergraduate engineering students (n =561) attending five institutions ranging from larger public universities to smaller private universities. Mean comparison, correlation and regression suggests that the ABET Criterion 3 do make valid and reliable measure of overall “engineeringness” self-efficacy and that self-efficacy scales based on ABET 3.1-7 and ABET 3a-k produce nearly identical results. Factor analysis and hierarchical clustering show that the ABET Criteria 3 items tend to form two groups - “Technical Skills” and “Professional Skills” - and this finding may make it easier to use the criteria as an organizing curricular structure and/or a measure of program effectiveness. Support was also found for a short form version (ESE-SF) of this scale when survey capacity is limited. A discussion of the value of having a valid and reliable ABET-based self-efficacy measure is included.
Apocalypse Here: Reading the Natural World in Native American Mormon Visions

I read two late-nineteenth-century visions, narrated by a Goshute Indian and a Hopi Indian to Euro-American Mormon missionaries, with an eye to how they portrayed the non-human natural world and positioned their own communities’ futures in those environmental contexts. Both visions used imagery quite specific to the visionary’s immediate environment. It is tempting to dismiss Mormons’ reports of these visions as colonialist fantasies that confirmed for their audiences the truth of Mormonism, the success of LDS missionary efforts, and the ultimate triumph of Euro-American society and culture over Native American peoples and their traditions. Such an interpretation, however, misses a great deal of nuance in the ways these visions were narrated and reported. Far from illustrating the defeat of Native peoples and traditions, these visions, which situated well-lived Native lives and apocalyptic end-times in local geographies, demonstrated the cultural resilience of Native people who absorbed elements of Mormonism and narratively grounded them in the deserts and mountains of the Intermountain West. These case studies illustrate that cultural changes such as a conversion to Mormonism may become naturalized by their narrative rooting in local environments, and that Mormonism itself may be adapted through the same process. These visions and others like them both affirmed traditional ideas and values and opened the way for Native American peoples to absorb Mormon beliefs and practices into their changing worlds.
Durability of the Impella 5.0 Micro-Axial Flow Device as a Bridge to Long Term Therapy in Patients with Refractory Cardiogenic Shock

Introduction The Impella 5.0 micro-axial flow device has been increasingly used in refractory cardiogenic shock as a bridge to; long-term therapy or recovery. However, the durability of the device in this population has not been studied. Methods A retrospective study of all consecutive Impella 5.0 devices implanted at Baylor St Luke's Medical Center between 8/2013 - 12/2018. Results Sixty-eight patients received an Impella 5.0 for refractory cardiogenic shock at our institution. The cohort was divided, based on duration of support, into group 1 (≤ 1 week of support), group 2 (> 1 and ≤ 2 weeks of support), group 3 (> 2 and ≤ 3 weeks of support), and group 4 (> 3 weeks of support, up to 83 days). Group 1 (25 patients) had a 40% survival rate, of which 3 patients recovered and 7 patients were bridged to durable LVAD or transplant. Group 2 (17 patients) had 41% survival rate, of which 7 patients were bridged to durable LVAD or transplant. Group 3 (14 patients) had 64% survival rate, of which 2 patients recovered and 7 patients were bridged to durable LVAD or transplant. Group 4 (12 patients) had 58% survival rate, of which 1 patient recovered and 6 patients were bridged to durable LVAD/transplant. The survival difference was not statistically significant with a 2 tailed p-value of 0.39. Conclusion In our single-center experience, the Impella 5.0 device provided durable temporary mechanical circulatory support and was a reliable bridge to decision in patients with refractory cardiogenic shock.
Thoracic duct-to-vein anastomosis for the management of thoracic duct outflow obstruction in newborns and infants: a CASE series.

Abstract Background Thoracic duct (TD) outflow obstruction causes high morbidity and mortality in newborns. It can be congenital/idiopathic or acquired (secondary to central venous thrombosis or injury during cardiothoracic surgery). Re-routing the TD to the venous system by microsurgical techniques to restore lymphatic flow is a potential surgical solution. We present a series of newborns and infants who underwent thoracic duct-to-vein anastomosis (TDVA) to restore TD outflow. Materials and methods A retrospective review of all TDVA September 2015–March 2019 was performed. All patients underwent extensive pre-operative imaging evaluation by dynamic MRI and fluoroscopic lymphangiography. The TDVAs were done under high-power microscopy. Results Eight patients underwent TDVA. Age at surgery was 1 to 9 months. Four patients had a history of cardiac surgery (one with complete thrombosis of the central venous system), one patient had a history of ECMO and thrombosis of the SVC, and three patients had a history of fetal hydrothorax and non-immune hydrops. Six patients had a successful TDVA with restoration of the lymphatic flow through the TD and clinical improvement. Two patients had a technically adequate TDVA but without improvement of the flow due to persistently high central venous pressure. Five patients remain alive, two patients died from complications of the lymphatic disorder, and one patient died from an unrelated cause. Conclusions Patients with congenital or acquired TD outlet obstruction for whom no improvement is achieved by non-surgical interventions may benefit from TDVA. A thorough understanding of the anatomy and physiology of each patient is critical for the success of the operation. Level of Evidence Level IV.
The Road Toward Election: Women’s Exclusion from Electoral Lists

Political parties are gateways to electoral politics in Turkey. That is why the candidate selection process which takes place within the parties is so instrumental in determining women’s political representation. With a lot at stake, the parties tend to relegate the selection of candidates into their well-guarded “secret garden.” It is throughout this non-transparent procedure that female candidates get excluded or placed at the bottom of the electoral lists. Across the political spectrum, women’s inclusion appears to be of secondary importance and women are used as parts of a bargain between the local party structures and party headquarters. This chapter shows that the so-called democratizing measures often produce adverse effects on women’s representation and that centralized selection of women can produce the highest women’s ratio.
The First Growth Cones in the Central Nervous System of the Grasshopper Embryo

What factors guide the advancing tips of individual growth cones during embryonic development? One way to answer this question is to examine and manipulate a developing embryo in which the growth cones of different neurons are confronted with the same environment and yet make different and stereotyped choices of which way to grow. The best such divergent choice to study would be one in which the individual growth cones are identifiable and highly accessible and their environment is stereotyped and relatively simple. We have been studying several different examples in the grasshopper embryo that meet these criteria: identified neurons with growth cones that make divergent choices (e.g., Goodman et al., 1982;Taghert et al., 1982; Raper et al., 1983a,b). In the example described in this chapter, the growth cones make divergent choices very early in embryogenesis when the terrain is relatively simple, the distances short, and the number of possible cells involved small. We will discuss the very first growth cones and the very first axonal pathways in the central nervous system (CNS) of the grasshopper embryo.
Xanthohumol microbiome and signature in healthy adults (the XMaS trial): a phase I triple-masked, placebo-controlled clinical trial

Natural products may provide a source for the discovery and development of adjunctive pharmacological interventions to modulate the inflammatory pathways contributing to chronic disease. Xanthohumol, a flavonoid from the hops plant (Humulus lupulus), has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and may act as a prebiotic to the intestinal microbiota. Xanthohumol is not currently approved as a drug by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), but is available as a dietary supplement and ingredient in medical foods. To formally test the safety of xanthohumol, a phase I clinical trial (“XMaS”) was designed and approved under an Investigational New Drug application to the US FDA. The main objective is to examine the clinical safety and subjective tolerability of xanthohumol in healthy adults compared to placebo. Additional aims are to monitor biomarkers related to inflammation, gut permeability, bile acid metabolism, routes, and in vivo products of xanthohumol metabolism, and to evaluate xanthohumol’s impact on gut microbial composition. The safety and tolerability of xanthohumol in healthy adults will be evaluated in a triple-masked, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Participants will be randomized to either 24 mg/day of xanthohumol or placebo for 8 weeks. Blood cell counts, hepatic and renal function tests, electrolytes, and self-reported health-related quality of life measures will be collected every 2 weeks. Participants will be queried for adverse events throughout the trial. Xanthohumol metabolites in blood, urine, and stool will be measured. Biomarkers to be evaluated include plasma tumor necrosis factor-alpha, various interleukins, soluble CD14, lipopolysaccharide-binding protein, fecal calprotectin, and bile acids to assess impact on inflammatory and gut permeability-related mechanisms in vivo. Stool samples will be analyzed to determine effects on the gut microbiome. This phase I clinical trial of xanthohumol will assess safety and tolerability in healthy adults, collect extensive biomarker data for assessment of potential mechanism(s), and provide comparison data necessary for future phase II trials in chronic disease(s). The design and robustness of the planned safety and mechanistic evaluations planned provide a model for drug discovery pursuits from natural products. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03735420 . Registered on November 8, 2018
137 Genomics of multiple myeloma influences the expression of CAR T-cell targets

Background Multiple Myeloma (MM) is an incurable disease, with a particularly poor prognosis for patients with refractory/relapsed MM or high-risk cytogenetics. Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy targeting BCMA can induce deep responses in highly pretreated RRMM; however, remissions are not sustained, and the majority of patients eventually relapse. We hypothesized that genomic determinants of MM play a role in dictating the expression of surface targets that can be of use for immune targeting. Methods We analyzed the gene expression of 24 immunotherapeutic targets in a combined dataset of 1900 MM patients from three independent expression datasets obtained from the Multiple Myeloma Research Foundation CoMMpass study and Gene Expression Omnibus. Given that CAR T-cell therapy may be especially important for patients with high-risk myeloma, we defined the expression of each target in high-risk MM patients by stratifying patients based on several genomic features impacting prognosis. Additionally, we conducted a gene co-expression network analysis and identified 30 gene modules highly correlated with 16 cell surface targets from our panel, further suggesting that genetic determinants of MM may shape a targetable cell surfaceome. In order to determine whether targeting any of these candidate antigens might cause major toxicity to normal cells, we utilized several repositories providing protein data1 to annotate their expression in several normal cell types. Results We determined that a number of genomic factors could stratify the 24 targets into three general groups: 1) targets that show consistent overexpression in high-risk patients: IGF1R, ITGB7, GPRC5D and CD70, and are thus suitable for most high-risk patients; 2) targets that are down-regulated in patients with high-risk genomic features: CD200, CD19, CD40, CD1D and IGKC, perhaps playing a role in cancer immune escape; and 3) targets associated with one specific genetic abnormality, i.e. t(4;14): FUT3, SLAMF7, CD56, CD138 and BCMA, thus of use for precision CAR therapy in this high-risk patient subset. Conclusions Our work provides a means of target selection for precision CAR therapy, by considering both patient genomic backgrounds and cancer cell surface profiles. Furthermore, our results provide a roadmap for immunotherapy of MM by unbiasedly comparing the expression of top MM cell surface targets in patient data and normal cells and suggest that the genetic landscape of MM may predict the expression of specific targets for precision immunotherapy. The quest for novel MM targets for immunotherapies remains open, and CAR target discovery driven by specific genetic events remains an active area of investigation. Reference Perna F, Berman SH, Soni RK, et al. Integrating proteomics and transcriptomics for systematic combinatorial chimeric antigen receptor therapy of AML. Cancer Cell 2017;32(4):506–19.
Sleepy Psychotherapists: How Clinicians' Biological Factors May Affect the Conduct of Psychotherapy.

Objective:Numerous therapist variables and cognitive biases can affect the quality of the therapeutic alliance and the conduct and outcomes of psychotherapy. This article aims to examine factors th...
The genetics revolution, economics, ethics, and insurance.

This paper considers the revolutionary developments occurring in the field of genetic mapping and the genetic identification of disease propensities. These breakthroughs are discussed relative to the ethical and economic implications for the insurance industry. Individual's privacy rights and rights to employment must be weighed against the insurers desire for better estimates of future loss costs associated with health, life and other insurances. These are in turn related to the fundamental conception of insurance as a financial intermediary versus insurance as a vehicle for social policy.
Barriers and Strategies for Effective Patient Rescue: A Qualitative Study of Outliers

Article-at-a-Glance Background Organizational factors influencing failure-to-rescue (FTR)—or death after postoperative complications—are poorly understood. Case studies were conducted to generate hypotheses that could inform future FTR research and improvement strategies. Methods Publicly reported 2009–2011 data were used to identify 144 outlier hospitals with statistically better or worse FTR performance than the national average. Of these 144 hospitals, 7 were selected for case studies in a purposive sample. Outliers enabled a focus on the organizational factors and processes at the extremes of performance. Semistructured interviews were conducted in 2013 with key informants at each hospital, and transcripts were analyzed using the constant comparative method to identify emergent organizational behavioral themes. Results The 7 hospitals—4 high- and 3 low-performing—yielded 106 interviews. Critical barriers to effective rescue were ineffective communication, lack of psychological safety, staffing discontinuity, imbalance of shared ownership and individual responsibility, lack of appropriate training and education, and difficulty using current metrics. Participants also identified strategies to overcome these barriers—rapid response teams, flattening the hierarchy, escalation strategies, health information technology, structured communication tools, constant team structures, standardized care pathways, and organizational learning. Conclusion FTR is a complex process that is viewed, defined, and acted on differently across and within organizations. Early recognition of patients deviating from normal recovery was enhanced in high-performing hospitals through the use of standardized postoperative recovery pathways and automated escalation protocols. Current FTR measures may be less actionable for the purposes of quality improvement.
Completion for Rewriting Modulo a Congruence

We present completion methods for rewriting modulo a congruence, generalizing previous methods by Peterson and Stickel (1981) and Jouannaud and Kirchner (1986). We formalize our methods as equational inference systems and describe techniques for reasoning about such systems.
LIBERTY BETWEEN THE LINES IN A STATIST AND MODERNIST AGE: UNFOLDING THE ADAM SMITH IN FRIEDRICH HAYEK

This article interprets F. A. Hayek as having been constrained by the statism and modernism of his times, and as writing in a way that obscured some of his central ideas. I suggest that between the lines we can see a focus on liberty understood hardily as others not messing with one's stuff– even though Hayek in The Constitution of Liberty defined liberty in ways that tended to obscure this hardy definition, and Hayek often used code words like ‘competition,’‘the market,’ and ‘spontaneous’ where ‘liberty’ or ‘freedom’ would have been plainer, albeit more offensive to the culture. Seeing the hardy definition of liberty between the lines in Hayek enables us to see his focus on the liberty principle and his case for a presumption of liberty. Such a reading of Hayek, I suggest, is true to Adam Smith, who expounded a central message that by and large the liberty principle holds, and that it deserves the presumption in our culture and politics.