cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Energy and Performance Benchmarking of a Domain Wall-Magnetic Tunnel Junction Multibit Adder

The domain-wall (DW)-magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) device implements universal Boolean logic in a manner that is naturally compact and cascadable. However, an evaluation of the energy efficiency of this emerging technology for standard logic applications is still lacking. In this article, we use a previously developed compact model to construct and benchmark a 32-bit adder entirely from DW-MTJ devices that communicates with DW-MTJ registers. The results of this large-scale design and simulation indicate that while the energy cost of systems driven by spin-transfer torque (STT) DW motion is significantly higher than previously predicted, the same concept using spin–orbit torque (SOT) switching benefits from an improvement in the energy per operation by multiple orders of magnitude, attaining competitive energy values relative to a comparable CMOS subprocessor component. This result clarifies the path toward practical implementations of an all-magnetic processor system.
Effects of Whole Milk and Full-Fat Dairy Products on Blood Pressure in Patients with Elevated Blood Pressure

We have previously demonstrated that the solitary addition of nonfat dairy products to the normal routine diet was capable of lowering blood pressure. Currently, it is not known if whole milk and f...
Refactorization of the midpoint rule

Abstract An alternative formulation of the midpoint method is employed to analyze its advantages as an implicit second-order absolutely stable timestepping method. Legacy codes originally using the backward Euler method can be upgraded to this method by inserting a single line of new code. We show that the midpoint method, and a theta-like generalization, are B-stable. We outline two estimates of local truncation error that allow adaptive time-stepping.
The effect of veno-arterial extracorporeal oxygenation and nasogastric tube administration on the pharmacokinetic profile of abacavir, lamivudine and dolutegravir: a case report.

Background Pharmacokinetic (PK) changes can affect antiretroviral (ARV) systemic exposure for critically ill patients living with HIV (CI-PLWH). Studies to guide ARV adjustments in this population are limited. Methods A PK analysis was conducted in a 44-year-old CI-PLWH who presented for a heart and lung transplant on veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA ECMO). Home ARV therapy (ART) of co-formulated abacavir/lamivudine/dolutegravir (ABC/3TC/DTG) was continued. ARV serum concentrations were obtained during and after VA ECMO. Two blood levels were drawn at 1 h, for maximum serum concentration (Cmax) and a serum trough (Ct). ARVs were given as a single tablet crushed via nasogastric tube. Results Area under the concentration-time curve (AUC0-t) was calculated using non-compartmental analysis. Cmax and AUC0-t were higher during VA ECMO compared with post-decannulation. The Cmax of ABC was >2.5-fold higher than the mean in the reference. Cmax and Ct post VA ECMO were within range of referenced literature for all ARVs. Cmax and AUC0-t of DTG post VA ECMO was approximately four- to fivefold lower than referenced literature. HIV virological suppression was maintained throughout the hospitalization. Conclusions ART adjustments would not be required for this patient. Additional studies are needed to assess effects of VA ECMO and crushed tube administration of ARVs in CI-PLWH.
On Seeing Otherwise: Johann Jakob Breitinger’s Poetics of Attention

This article contextualizes Johann Jakob Breitinger’s Critische Dichtkunst (1740) within a transdisciplinary discourse on Aufmerksamkeit (attention) in eighteenth-century epistemology and science. ...
The Distribution and Community Structure of Megafauna at the Galapagos Rift Hydrothermal Vents

The distributions of the twenty-two megafaunal species at the Galapagos Rift hydrothermal vents vary markedly with respect to the discharging warm water. Vent associated water temperature ranged to 14.72°C, substantially above the 2.01°C ambient temperature of the area. Because it is a conservative property, temperature is a general index of vent-water quality. Some animals (the vestimentiferan, limpets, clam, a shrimp, an anemone, and for the most part, the mussel) are limited to the mouths of vents, where the temperature is several degrees above ambient. Others (serpulid worm, a second anemone, galatheid crab, turid gastropod) are abundant around the vents, but avoid the vent openings and so never experience much more than a degree above ambient. A third group (the siphonophore, brachiopod, a third anemone, enteropneust, a shrimp, ophiuroid) remains at the periphery of the vent field where temperature is at most a few tenths of a degree above ambient. Some mobile species (vent fish, brachyuran crab, galatheid crab, amphi-pods) are most abundant at vent openings but range even into non-vent terrain. Among the taxa that are peripheral or at least avoid vent openings are species which also live in the vast nonvent milieu, but most vent field species are endemic. Conversely, most members of the nonvent environment are absent from vent fields. While vents are obviously a source of abundant nutrition, most deep-sea animals are probably not adapted to the elevated temperature and/or unusual chemistry. Some may be inhibited by interference competition. Those that are totally excluded must be especially sensitive because dilution at the periphery is high.
Characteristics and Outcomes Among Patients With Early Venous Thromboembolic Events After Lung Transplant.

Abstract Background Despite several previous studies reporting a high frequency of venous thromboembolism (VTE) after lung transplant (LT), few actionable risk factors have been identified. There are limited data regarding the practice patterns of anticoagulation use among patients with LT. Methods All adult patients with single or bilateral LT between 2012 and 2016 were included (n = 324; mean age, 56.3 ± 13.3 years; male, 61.1%). Demographic, clinical, and laboratory variables before and after LT were recorded. Follow-up data included survival up to 3 years post-transplant. Development of VTE during the first 30 days after LT was the primary outcome variable. Results The overall incidence of VTE during the first 30 days after LT was 29.9% (n = 97), among which the majority were upper extremity thromboses. Female sex, personal history of VTE, hospitalization at the time of transplant, and use of 3 or more central venous catheters during index hospitalization were independently associated with VTE. The use of anticoagulants was independently associated with a reduced risk of VTE. Despite increased morbidity, the development of VTE was not associated with worse post-transplant survival. Conclusions A significant proportion of patients develop early VTE after LT. Limiting the number of central catheters to
A feasibility study to evaluate early treatment response of brain metastases one week after stereotactic radiosurgery using perfusion weighted imaging.

Background To explore if early perfusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (PWI) may be a promising imaging biomarker to predict local recurrence (LR) of brain metastases after stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS). Methods This is a prospective pilot study of adult brain metastasis patients who were treated with SRS and imaged with PWI before and 1 week later. Relative cerebral blood volume (rCBV) parameter maps were calculated by normalizing to the mean value of the contralateral white matter on PWI. Cox regression was conducted to explore factors associated with time to LR, with Bonferroni adjusted p<0.0006 for multiple testing correction. LR rates were estimated with the Kaplan-Meier method and compared using the log-rank test. Results Twenty-three patients were enrolled from 2013 through 2016, with 22 evaluable lesions from 16 patients. After a median follow-up of 13.1 months (range: 3.0–53.7), 5 lesions (21%) developed LR after a median of 3.4 months (range: 2.3–5.7). On univariable analysis, larger tumor volume (HR 1.48, 95% CI 1.02–2.15, p = 0.04), lower SRS dose (HR 0.45, 95% CI 0.21–0.97, p = 0.04), and higher rCBV at week 1 (HR 1.07, 95% CI 1.003–1.14, p = 0.04) had borderline association with shorter time to LR. Tumors >2.0cm3 had significantly higher LR than if ≤2.0cm3: 54% vs 0% at 1 year, respectively, p = 0.008. A future study to confirm the association of early PWI and LR of the high-risk cohort of lesions >2.0cm3 is estimated to require 258 patients. Conclusions PWI at week 1 after SRS may have borderline association with LR. Tumors <2.0cm3 have low risk of LR after SRS and may be low-yield for predictive biomarker studies. Information regarding sample size and potential challenges for future imaging biomarker studies may be gleaned from this pilot study.
Detection of Unfolded Protein Response by Polymerase Chain Reaction

The unfolded protein response is a cellular adaptive mechanism localized in the endoplasmic reticulum. It involves three phases: the detection of increased presence of unfolded proteins as a result of cellular stressors; the execution of an adaptive cascade of events aimed at the enhancement of proper protein folding and degradation of improperly folded proteins; and finally, when stress is not alleviated, the execution of programmed cell death. The main effectors of the UPR are transcription factors involved in the upregulation of either chaperone proteins or proapoptotic proteins. Two of these transcription factors are CHOP and the spliced variant of XBP-1 (XBP1s). In this chapter, we describe a quantitative PCR method to detect the upregulation of CHOP and XBP1s mRNA during Tunicamycin-induced UPR.
New channel segmentation model and associated routing algorithm for high performance FPGAs

In the model considered, a channel is partitioned into several regions and each region consists of tracks of equal length segments, but segment length is varied uniformly across the regions. Each region is allocated a certain number of tracks. The segments are arranged in a staggered fashion. In order to make optimum use of the model, a routing algorithm is developed. The key feature of the routing algorithm is the assignment of the nets to the appropriate tracks by delay computation and delay matching techniques. Experimental results show that the model and the algorithm improve the longest net delay by as much as 75.16% and the average net delay by 48.28% as compared to the conventional uniformly segmented model. >
Pandemic Birthing: Childbirth Satisfaction, Perceived Health Care Bias, and Postpartum Health During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

To examine the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on birth satisfaction and perceived health care discrimination during childbirth, and in turn, the influence of these birth experiences on postpartum health. We conducted a cross-sectional, bilingual web survey of 237 women who gave birth at two hospitals in New York City and assessed patient-reported experience and outcomes following the first wave of SARS-CoV-2 infections in the New York region. We ascertained SARS-CoV-2 status at delivery from the electronic medical record using participant-reported name and date of birth. We compared birth experience during the COVID-19 pandemic (March 15, 2020–May 11, 2020) to a pre-pandemic response period (January 1, 2020–March 14, 2020). We estimated risk ratios for associations between birth experience and anxiety, depressive symptoms, stress, birth-related PTSD, emergency department visits, timely postpartum visit, and exclusive breastfeeding. Multivariable models adjusted for age, race-ethnicity, insurance, education, parity, BMI, previous experience of maltreatment/abuse and cesarean delivery. Women who gave birth during the peak of the pandemic response, and those that were SARS-CoV-2 positive, Black, and Latina, had lower birth satisfaction and higher perceived health care discrimination. Women with lower birth satisfaction were more likely to report higher postpartum anxiety, stress, depressive symptoms, and lower exclusive breastfeeding. Experiencing one or more incident of health care discrimination was associated with higher levels of postpartum stress and birth-related PTSD. Hospitals and policy-makers should institute measures to safeguard against a negative birth experience during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, particularly among birthing people of color.
Concentrating Proteins for Protein Blotting

Protein-related research work often requires solutions containing proteins to be concentrated. Concentrating protein helps improve protein concentration and, with appropriate methods, helps remove unwanted salts or solvents. This chapter presents several available methods to concentrate proteins in the laboratory – all described recently by Dr. Dean Goldring.
The Role of Stereo-electroencephalography to localize the Epileptogenic Zone in Children with Nonlesional Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging

ABSTRACT Objective This study aimed to assess the clinical outcome and outcome predictive factors in pediatric epilepsy patients evaluated with stereo-electroencephalography (SEEG). Methods Thirty-eight patients who underwent SEEG implantation at the Pediatric Epilepsy Center in New York Presbyterian Hospital between June 2014 and December 2019 were enrolled for retrospective chart review. Postoperative seizure outcomes were evaluated in patients with at least 12-months follow up. Meta-analysis was conducted via electronic literature search of data reported from 2000 to 2020 to evaluate significant surgical outcome predictors for SEEG evaluation in the pediatric population. Results In the current case series of 25 postsurgical patients with long-term follow up, 16 patients (64.0%) were seizure free. An additional 7 patients (28.0%) showed significant seizure improvement and 2 patients (8.0%) showed no change in seizure activity. Patients with nonlesional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) achieved seizure freedom in 50% (5/10) of cases. By comparison, 73% (11/15) of patients with lesional MRI achieved seizure freedom. Out of 12 studies, 158 pediatric patients were identified for inclusion in a meta-analysis of the effectiveness of SEEG. Seizure freedom was reported 54.4% (n =86/158) of patients at last follow up. Among patients with nonlesional MRI, 45% (n = 24) achieved seizure freedom compared with patients with lesional MRI findings (61.2%, n:= 60) (p = 0.02). The risk for seizure recurrence was 2.15 times higher [95% confidence interval [CI] 1.06–4.37, p = 0.033] in patients diagnosed with nonlesional focal epilepsy compared to those with lesional epilepsy [ 1.49 (95% CI 1.06–2.114, p = 0.021]. Conclusion Evaluation by SEEG implantation in pediatric epilepsy is effective in localizing the epileptogenic zone with favorable outcome. Presence of a non-lesional brain MRI was associated with lower chances of seizure freedom. Further research is warranted to improve the efficacy of SEEG in localizing the epileptogenic zone in pediatric patients with non-lesional brain MRI.
The effects of the IMF on expropriation of foreign firms

This paper seeks to explain the determinants of foreign expropriation in the developing world. We argue that the International Monetary Fund (IMF) helps to reduce the likelihood of nationalization because of the direct leverage the Fund holds over borrowers, especially as expropriation is a blatant violation of international property rights. Using expropriation data from 1961 to 2006, and several different measures for the Fund, we find that countries under IMF agreements are less likely to nationalize foreign firms. We also show that the Fund’s influence is greatest when the IMF loan represents a larger share of the borrower country’s gross domestic product (GDP) as well as in countries with weaker political institutions. The takeaway is that IMF continues to influence policy choices in the developing world.
Implementing Process Improvement into Electronic Reserves: A Case Study

SUMMARY Process improvement is a managerial technique that seeks to improve both the activities within a workflow and the workflow itself. To do this, we first identify which value the process should create and then optimize activities against this defined value. It then seeks to improve the overall workflow by increasing efficiencies and removing inefficiencies from the organization of these activities. The University of Notre Dame Libraries recently finished its third of three process improvement projects. All three of these cases were conducted within the constraints of limited resources and little administrative support. Electronic reserves were identified as one of the best environments for such an implementation. This paper will discuss both the theory of process improvement, and the insights garnered from the implementations at Notre Dame in order to explain why these factors contributed to making electronic reserves a good candidate for process improvement.
Wolf, Canis lupus, visits to white-tailed deer, Odocoileus virginianus, summer ranges: Optimal foraging?

We tested whether Wolf ( Canis lupus ) visits to individual female White-tailed Deer ( Odocoileus virginianus ) summer ranges during 2003 and 2004 in northeastern Minnesota were in accord with optimal-foraging theory. Using GPS collars with 10- to 30-minute location attempts on four Wolves and five female deer, plus eleven VHF-collared female deer in the Wolves' territory, provided new insights into the frequency of Wolf visits to summer ranges of female deer. Wolves made a mean 0.055 visits/day to summer ranges of deer three years and older, significantly more than their 0.032 mean visits/day to ranges of two-year-old deer, which generally produce fewer fawns, and most Wolf visits to ranges of older deer were much longer than those to ranges of younger deer. Because fawns comprise the major part of the Wolf's summer diet, this Wolf behavior accords with optimal-foraging theory.
Campbell, Donald Thomas (1916–96)

This article is reproduced from the previous edition, volume 3, pp. 1435–1439, © 2001, Elsevier Ltd.
Preparing Tomorrow's Science Teachers to Use Technology: Guidelines for Science Educators

The explosion of digital technology has created a revolution similar to the "hands-on" movement of the 1960s. The flexibility, speed, and storage capacity of contemporary desktop computers is causing science educators to redefine the meaning of hands-on experience and rethink the traditional process of teaching. The challenge facing both science educators and science teacher educators is to evaluate relevant applications for information technologies in the science curriculum. At the same time, instruction utilizing information technologies must reflect what is known about the effectiveness of student-centered teaching and learning. The impact of digital technologies on science teacher education is more pervasive than any curricular or instructional innovation in the past. The impact can be felt on three fronts. First, as with the hands-on science movement, digital technologies are changing the ways teachers interact with students in the classroom. Psychological theories (Borich & Tombari, 1997) based on the importance of language to learning, the ways organizing and relating information facilitates understanding, and the influence of social factors in the classroom are all impacted by digital technologies. Second, teacher education courses are not only influenced by new K-12 curricula, they are also influenced by instructional approaches, fueled by the National Science Education Standards (NRC, 1996), that incorporate a variety of digital technologies. Technological applications go beyond K-12 curriculum to the delivery of college level content. For instance, faculty and students explore web resources for educational statistics or education-related reports and course resources.
High Pressure Studies of Soft Mode Transitions in Solids

An overview of the soft mode concept and of high pressure studies of soft; mode transitions in solids is given. Typical results on dis-placive ferroelectric (SbSI) antiferrodistortive [Gd2(MoO4)3 and BaMnF4] transitions as well as on coupled proton-phonon soft mode transitions (KH2PO4) are used to demonstrate that hydrostatic pressure can strongly modify the balance of forces responsible for soft mode behavior. Emphasis is placed on the physical implications of the results and on the general trends of the available data on the different classes of soft mode transitions, for it is such trends that have led to a greater understanding of the nature of the forces involved.
Constraining eye movement when redirecting walking trajectories alters turning control in healthy young adults

Humans use a specific steering synergy, where the eyes and head lead rotation to the new direction, when executing a turn or change in direction. Increasing evidence suggests that eye movement is critical for turning control and that when the eyes are constrained, or participants have difficulties making eye movements, steering control is disrupted. The purpose of the current study was to extend previous research regarding eye movements and steering control to a functional walking and turning task. This study investigated eye, head, trunk, and pelvis kinematics of healthy young adults during a 90° redirection of walking trajectory under two visual conditions: Free Gaze (the eyes were allowed to move naturally in the environment), and Fixed Gaze (participants were required to fixate the eyes on a target in front). Results revealed significant differences in eye, head, and trunk coordination between Free Gaze and Fixed Gaze conditions (p < 0.001). During Free Gaze, the eyes led reorientation followed by the head and trunk. Intersegment timings between the eyes, head, and trunk were significantly different (p < 0.05). In contrast, during Fixed Gaze, the segments moved together with no significant differences between segment onset times. In addition, the sequence of segment rotation during Fixed Gaze suggested a bottom-up postural perturbation control strategy in place of top-down steering control seen in Free Gaze. The results of this study support the hypothesis that eye movement is critical for the release of the steering synergy for turning control.
A directional change in the genetic constitution of a natural population of Drosophila pseudoobscura

A directional change in the genetic constitution of a natural population of Drosophila pseudoobscura
Performance assessment of treating aliased signal as target-dependent noise

The applicability of two theories that account for aliasing artifacts, introduced by spatial sampling, on target acquisition performance is addressed. Currently the Army's imager performance model, the Targeting Task Performance (TTP) metric uses a parameterized model, based upon a fit to a number of perception experiments, called MTF squeeze. MTF squeeze applies an additional degradation to the TTP metric based upon the amount of spurious response in the final image. While this approach achieves satisfactory results for the data sets available, it is not clear that these results extend to a wider variety of operating conditions. Other models treat the artifacts arising from spurious response as a target-dependent noise. Modeling spurious response as noise allows proper treatment of sampling artifacts across a wider variety of systems and post-processing techniques. Perception experiments are used to assess the performance of both the MTF squeeze and aliasing as noise methods. The results demonstrate that modeling all of the aliased frequencies as a target-dependent noise leads to erroneous predictions; however, considering only aliased signals above the Nyquist rate as additive noise agrees with experimental observations.
Balancing muscle hypertrophy and atrophy

The body carefully balances muscle atrophy and muscle hypertrophy in response to stimuli such as starvation or immobilization. Three new studies point to Akt1 phosphorylation of the transcription factor Foxo as a central regulator of this balance.
Adsorption of Ethylene Glycol Vapor on α-Al2O3 (0001) and Amorphous SiO2 Surfaces: Observation of Molecular Orientation and Surface Hydroxyl Groups as Sorption Sites

Vapor adsorption is an important process influencing the migration and the fates of many organic pollutants in the environment. In this study, adsorption of ethylene glycol (EG) vapor onto single crystal α-Al2O3 (0001) and fused SiO2 (amorphous) surfaces was studied with sum frequency generation spectroscopy, a well-suited surface specific technique for probing interfacial phenomena at the molecular scale. Air−aqueous EG solutions were also investigated to compare to the adsorption at the air−solid interface in the presence of water vapor. The gauche conformer of EG molecules dominates the air−aqueous EG solution interface, and EG molecules act as hydrogen acceptors at the air−liquid interface. Water and surface hydrophilic/hydrophobic properties play important roles for the adsorption of EG onto silica and alumina surfaces. The adsorbed EG molecules interact in different ways at the two different oxide surfaces. EG molecules weakly physisorb onto the α-Al2O3 (0001) surface by forming relatively weak hydr...
Diagnosis and Management of Pulmonary Metastasis from Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis

Abstract Objective We sought to review the current and proposed management, as well as bring about discussion, of managing the patient with distal tracheal and pulmonary parenchymal involvement by recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP). Design, setting, and patients We conducted a review of 6 patients with pulmonary metastasis from RRP at 3 academic tertiary care hospitals. Interventions included surgical and medical management with antiviral, chemotherapeutic, and/or immune-modulating agents. Results Although treatment with α–2-β interferon, isotretinoin, and methotrexate have not proved to eradicate pulmonary involvement by RRP, possible epithelial stabilization and slowing of disease progression are noted. Conclusions The rates of distal tracheal and pulmonary metastasis as seen in our cohort were higher than previously reported. Approximately 12% of our patients with RRP have distal tracheal spread and as many as 7% of all patients with RRP at our institutions have pulmonary dissemination. Also, high suspicion for malignant conversion to squamous carcinoma in the patient with pulmonary spread should be maintained. In addition, aggressive treatment, although not proved to eradicate the pulmonary disease, should be undertaken due to the high morbidity and mortality associated with pulmonary dissemination of RRP in our cohort.
Compound Semiconductor Surface And Interface Problems In Liquid Phase Epitaxy (LPE)

The morphologies observed on layers of III-V compounds and their alloys grown by Liquid Phase Epitaxy (LPE) are reviewed; these include: facets, terraces and the effect of small misorientation of the substrate; effects due to both the moving and the static three-phase boundary line on the surface of the crystal; nucleation effects; and the effects of insoluble particles in they solutions.© (1982) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Effect of FHIT Gene Replacement on Growth, Cell Cycle and Apoptosis in Pancreatic Cancer Cells

Abstract The human FHIT gene is altered or lost in many cancers and FHIT has been shown to be a tumor suppressor. However, the mechanism of tumor suppression by the FHIT gene remains unclear. FHIT expression is lost in primary pancreatic cancer and human pancreatic cancer cell lines. To gain insight into the function of FHIT gene, we replaced the FHIT gene in a FHIT-null pancreatic cancer cell line, and established stable fhit-expressing clones. Expression of the exogenous fhit was at similar levels as in other cultured cell lines and fhit protein was found predominantly associated with perinuclear area. fhit replacement resulted in reduced cell proliferation in transfected Panc-1 cells. Cell cycle distribution analysis indicated increased accumulation of G0/G1 phase cells in transfected clones indicating a retardation of cell cycle progression. We observed specific up-regulation of cdc2 and cyclin D3 upon fhit replacement. Furthermore, Bcl-2 family members Bad, Bak, and Bcl-xS protein levels were increased in FHIT transfected clones when compared with Panc-1 cells. Multiplex RT-PCR of apoptosis pathway related genes revealed that Bcl-2 is absent and Bcl-xS message increases in FHIT transfected clones. Our data suggested that exogenous expression of FHIT in Panc-1 cells affects genes regulating cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, and these molecular changes may contribute to the tumor suppressor activity of the FHIT gene.
Equation-of-Motion Calculations on an Isolated Chain of Polyacetylene

Abstract An equation-of-motion (EOM) method for calculating the excited states of one-dimensional systems is discussed. This method is similar to configuration-interaction theory except the ground state is constrained to remain the Hartree-Fock ground state. Issues relating to the size-consistency of the method are briefly discussed. EOM calculations are performed using the semi-empirical Hamiltonian appropriate for gas-phase polyenes. In these calculations, electrons and holes are created on the Hartree-Fock ground state. In the low energy states, the electrons and holes get bound together by Coulomb forces into many-body excitations, or effective particles. These effective particles are delocalized over the entire polymer, but there is limited separation between the electrons and holes within the particle. The effective particles may have significant contributions from both single and double electron-hole pair configurations. It is speculated that dielectric screening may be much weaker for states with ...
Foreign direct investment under oligopoly: Profit shifting or profit capturing?

Abstract In this paper a model of taxation of foreign source corporate income is developed when the output market is not perfectly competitive. Profit shifting policies, similar to those in the new trade literature, are also present in the case of foreign direct investment (FDI). There are, however, important differences to the new trade theory since in case of FDI, (i) corporate taxation and double taxation relief are the policy instruments rather than output or revenue taxes, (ii) countries are not symmetric in the sense that the host country has the first right to tax the multinational's profit and the home country reacts by providing double taxation relief, and (iii) output but not corporate taxation is specific to imperfectly competitive industries. It is argued that (a) variants of a tax credit are analogous to export subsidies, (b) when the home country operates a tax credit system the host country's incentive to capture the multinational's profit is bounded under imperfect competition, (c) when the host country offers a tax holiday the home country should imitate this policy, and (d) in the presence of perfect competitive industries, double taxation relief is a good instrument to target imperfectly competitive industries.
Autologous bone marrow mononuclear cells enhance recovery after acute ischemic stroke in young and middle-aged rats

We investigated intra-arterially administered autologous bone marrow mononuclear cells (MNCs) in rats with acute ischemic stroke. Long Evans rats (2 to 3 months or 12 months old) underwent tandem reversible common carotid artery (CCA)/middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion (CCAo/MCAo) for 3 h and then 24 h later underwent tibial bone marrow harvest. Ten million or 4 million cells were re-injected by an intra-carotid infusion. Control animals underwent marrow needle insertion and then saline injection into the carotid artery. Animals were assessed on a battery of neurological tests. MNCs in the ischemic brain were tracked using Q-dot nanocrystal labeling. Infarct volume and cytokines in the ischemia-affected brain were analyzed. Cell-treated animals in the younger and older groups showed improvement from 7 to 30 days after stroke compared with vehicle-treated animals. MNCs significantly reduced infarct volume compared with saline. There was a significant reduction in tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1α (IL-1α), IL-β, IL-6, and a significant increase in IL-10 in injured brains harvested from the cell-treated groups compared with saline controls. Labeled MNCs were found in the peri-infarcted area at 1 h and exponentially decreased over the ensuing week after injection. Autologous bone marrow MNCs can be safely harvested from rodents after stroke, migrate to the peri-infarct area, enhance recovery, and modulate the post-ischemic inflammatory response.
A scaleable multi-document centroid-based summarizer

We are presenting the most recent version of MEAD (v. 3.08), a large-scale public-domain summarizer that has been used in a number of applications, including the 2001 JHU summer workshop and the NewsInEssence project (www.newsinessence.com). A version of MEAD finished in first place on task 4 at DUC 2003 and finished in the top three on two other tasks.
Latino Youths’ Sexual Values and Condom Negotiation Strategies

Adolescents and young adults represent 25% of the sexually active population in the United States, yet account for about half of all diagnosed STDs.1 Latino youth in the United States are at high risk for STDs; compared with non-Latino whites, Latino adolescents have twice the risk of contracting gonorrhea and chlamydia, and four times the risk of contracting syphilis and HIV.1,2 By early adulthood, Latinos are more than four times as likely as their white counterparts to receive an AIDS diagnosis.2 Despite these disparities, research on contextual characteristics that are associated with inconsistent condom use and poor sexual health among Latino youth is scarce, and few STD interventions focus specifically on Latino adolescents and young adults.3 Use of male condoms reduces STD risk, but sexually active young Latinos are less likely than youth from other ethnic groups to use condoms. According to the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System, in 2011, 42% of sexually active Latino youth reported not having used a condom during last intercourse, compared with 41% of whites and 35% of blacks.4 In fact, since the inception of the surveillance system in 1991, Latino youth have consistently reported lower levels of condom use than have their counterparts in other ethnic groups. These data raise important public health concerns, particularly because Latinos are the fastest growing ethnic minority group in the United States and are expected to constitute about 30% of the population by 2050.5 A growing body of research suggests that culture shapes youths’ beliefs about sexuality and sexual behaviors.6–10 Specific cultural values regarding sexuality that are prevalent among Latinos—such as valuing female virginity before marriage, avoiding sexual discussion within a relationship and giving fulfillment of men’s sexual desires precedence over fulfillment of women’s3,11–15—have implications for condom use among Latino youth.3,15 However, it is unclear whether these values are associated with condom-related behaviors, such as negotiation strategies with partners, that may be associated with actual condom use. In this article, we examine whether Latino youths’ sexual values are associated with the condom negotiation strategies they employ within their relationships. Although similar associations may also be applicable to other racial and ethnic groups, a focus on Latinos is important, given the high levels of inconsistent condom use in this population and the dearth of research conducted among Latino youth.
How we see ourselves and how we see others

People see themselves differently from how they see others. They are immersed in their own sensations, emotions, and cognitions at the same time that their experience of others is dominated by what can be observed externally. This basic asymmetry has broad consequences. It leads people to judge themselves and their own behavior differently from how they judge others and those others' behavior. Often, those differences produce disagreement and conflict. Understanding the psychological basis of those differences may help mitigate some of their negative effects.
Semantic foundations for typed assembly languages

Typed Assembly Languages (TALs) are used to validate the safety of machine-language programs. The Foundational Proof-Carrying Code project seeks to verify the soundness of TALs using the smallest possible set of axioms: the axioms of a suitably expressive logic plus a specification of machine semantics. This article proposes general semantic foundations that permit modular proofs of the soundness of TALs. These semantic foundations include Typed Machine Language (TML), a type theory for specifying properties of low-level data with powerful and orthogonal type constructors, and Lc, a compositional logic for specifying properties of machine instructions with simplified reasoning about unstructured control flow. Both of these components, whose semantics we specify using higher-order logic, are useful for proving the soundness of TALs. We demonstrate this by using TML and Lc to verify the soundness of a low-level, typed assembly language, LTAL, which is the target of our core-ML-to-sparc compiler.To prove the soundness of the TML type system we have successfully applied a new approach, that of step-indexed logical relations. This approach provides the first semantic model for a type system with updatable references to values of impredicative quantified types. Both impredicative polymorphism and mutable references are essential when representing function closures in compilers with typed closure conversion, or when compiling objects to simpler typed primitives.
End group determination in hydroxyl-telechelic polyisobutylenes by infrared spectroscopy

A convenient method for the quantitative determination of terminal hydroxy functionality of linear α,ω-di (hydroxy) —polyisobutylene and tri-arm star α,ω,δ-tri(hydroxy) polyisobutylene has been developed and evaluated. The method involves infrared quantitation of the free OH absorption at 3640 cm−1 by the use of long path liquid cells in very dilute CCl4, solution (i.e., in a range where H bridges are absent) in conjunction with Mn determination (vapor phase osmometry or gel permeation chromatography). The results obtained by this method confirm earlier end-group analysis data obtained by more cumbersome methods and indicate that the number of OH end-groups in α,ω-di(hydroxy) polyisobutylene and α,ω,δ-tri (hydroxy)polyisobutylene produced by the inifer technique is 2.0±0.1 and 3.0±0.15, respectively.
Training in Psychotherapy During Graduate School

Abstract Psychotherapy training requires a complex mixture of understanding theoretical frameworks and developing applied skills. Hence, training in psychotherapy often begins with classroom exposure and then moves to supervised clinical experience. Throughout the training, students should he evaluated for their competence in several broad domains”, possessing a general knowledge-base relevant to psychotherapy, displaying adequate clinical skills that are common to all forms of psychotherapy, developing specialized skills necessary for particular therapeutic orientations, and demonstrating sound professional judgment. Also, it is important that students develop an adequate professional demeanor, a sensitivity to ethical issues, and a responsiveness to supervision. Each of these domains are discussed, with implications for post-graduate training and continuing education in psychology.
Leydig cell tumor of testis

In adult patients with Leydig cell tumor of the testis, endocrinologic signs occur in 30 per cent of the cases and often precede the onset of a palpable testicular mass. Gynecomastia is the most common endocrinologic manifestation and probably is due to increased estrogen secretion by the Leydig cells. In the patient with adrenogenital syndrome and testicular enlargement it is difficult to distinguish Leydig cell tumor from adrenal rest hypertrophy. Four patients with Leydig cell tumor and endocrinologic manifestations are discussed; three are adults who presented with gynecomastia and the fourth is a patient with congenital adrenogenital syndrome. In the adult patient inguinal orchiectomy is the treatment of choice, while in the patient with adrenogenital syndrome initial management by high-dose steroid suppression should be attempted prior to testicular exploration.
Immunotoxicologic effects of inhaled chromium: role of particle solubility and co-exposure to ozone.

Abstract Soluble and insoluble hexavalent chromium (Cr 6+ ) agents are concomitantly released with ozone (O 3 ) during welding. Although pulmonary/immunologic implications from exposure to each agent individually have been investigated, the effects from simultaneous exposure, as occurs under actual working conditions, are unclear. To investigate immunomodulatory effects of inhaled Cr 6+ , F-344 rats were exposed for 5 h/day, 5 days/week for 2 or 4 weeks to atmospheres containing soluble potassium chromate (K 2 CrO 4 ) or insoluble barium chromate (BaCrO 4 ), each alone at 360 μg Cr/m 3 or in combination with 0.3 ppm O 3 . One day after the final exposure, rats were euthanized, their lungs were lavaged, and pulmonary macrophages (PAM) were recovered for assessment of basal and inducible functions. Rats inhaling K 2 CrO 4 -containing atmospheres had greater levels of total recoverable cells, neutrophils, and monocytes in bronchopulmonary lavage compared to rats exposed to insoluble Cr 6+ atmospheres, O 3 alone, or air; these rats also had a reduced percentage of PAM, although total PAM levels remained unaffected. Although Cr exposure-related changes in PAM functionality were evident, any dependence upon Cr solubility was variable. K 2 CrO 4 -containing atmospheres modulated PAM-inducible interleukins-1 and -6, and tumor necrosis factor-α production to a greater degree than those containing BaCrO 4 . Conversely, BaCrO 4 -containing atmospheres affected PAM basal nitric oxide production and interferon-γ-primed/zymosan-stimulated reactive oxygen intermediate production to a greater extent than did those containing K 2 CrO 4 . In none of the PAM assays did co-inhalation of O 3 result in a modulation of the effects obtained with either Cr 6+ compound itself. The results indicate that, while immunomodulatory effects of inhaled Cr 6+ upon PAM are related to particle solubility, the co-inhalation of O 3 apparently does not cause further modifications of the metal-induced effects.
Factors influencing laboratory workers' decisions to accept or decline anthrax vaccine adsorbed (AVA): results of a decision‐making study in CDC's anthrax vaccination program

Background Laboratory technicians, laboratory supervisors, decontamination/remediation workers, and environmental investigators are at increased risk for repeated occupational exposure to Bacillus anthracis. In 2002, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommended pre-exposure vaccination for these occupational groups. Objectives To determine (1) the factors that influenced an individual's decision to either accept or decline Anthrax Vaccine Adsorbed (AVA), and (2) if laboratory workers' concern about AVA safety was related to their information needs and trust in the information provided. Methods We conducted a decision-making survey of 404 participants at 44 Laboratory Response Network laboratories located throughout the United States. All participants were enrolled between October 2002 and December 2004, and all were eligible to receive AVA according to the 2002 ACIP recommendations. Chi-square tests and multivariate logistic regression were used in the analyses. Results The response rate of eligible individuals at participating laboratories was 94% (404/430). Sixty-six percent of respondents accepted and 34% declined AVA. Laboratory workers who declined AVA were more likely to rate their risk of exposure to inhalation anthrax as low (OR = 6.9; 95%CI 1.7, 28.3), report being very concerned (OR = 4.1; 95%CI 1.8, 9.3) or concerned (OR = 2.0; 95%CI 1.3, 3.1) about the safety of the vaccine, report that they did not trust the information provided in the Vaccine Information Statement (VIS) (OR = 2.3; 95%CI 1.1, 4.5), and to be enrolled in the study during 2002 (OR = 24.7; 95%CI 6.4, 95.3) or 2003 (OR = 5.0; 95%CI 2.5, 9.8), the first 2 years of the study. Furthermore, we found a significant association between a participant's level of concern about the safety of AVA and their perception that they received enough information and/or trusted the information in the VIS. Conclusions Low perceived necessity, concern about the safety of the vaccine, and a lack of trust in the VIS were associated with the decision of laboratory workers to decline AVA. Results of this decision-making study may be used to try to improve acceptance rates of AVA among persons considered at high risk, and may inform educational efforts for other adult vaccines. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Flow-through electrochemical cell for accurate pH measurements at temperatures up to 400°C

Abstract We have developed a flow-through electrochemical cell (FTEC) and demonstrated that it operates successfully in both subcritical and supercritical aqueous environments at temperatures up to 400°C. The FTEC consists of a previously developed flow-through external (Ag ∣ AgCl) pressure-balanced reference electrode (FTEPBRE) (Lvov et al., J. Electroanal. Chem. 444 (1998) 186) and a modified flow-through platinum hydrogen electrode (FTPHE). The experimental measurements have been carried out for two solutions: (1) 10−3 mol kg−1 HCl+10−1 mol kg−1 NaCl and (2) 10−2 mol kg−1 HCl+10−1 mol kg−1 NaCl at flow rates between 0.1 and 1.4 cm3 min−1 and at temperatures of 25°C (18.7 MPa), 200°C (23.8 MPa), 350°C (24.2MPa), and 400°C (25.3 MPa). We have also carried out a detailed irreversible thermodynamic analysis of the FTEC and estimated different significant contributions to the measured potentials. Comparison of experimentally observed and theoretically calculated pH values shows an ability to use the FTEC for high precision potentiometric and pH measurements. We conclude that high temperature pH measurements with accuracy better than ±0.03 logarithmic units can now be accomplished. Also, we assume that valuable streaming potential data can be obtained using the FTEC for estimating the surface charge (zeta potential) on the oxide material capillary tube in hydrothermal solutions at temperatures up to 400°C.
Characterization of western corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) population dynamics in relation to landscape attributes

1 The western corn rootworm (WCR), Diabrotica virgifera virgifera Leconte (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), creates economic and environmental concerns in the Corn Belt region of the U.S.A. To supplement the population control tactics of the Areawide Pest Management Program in Brookings, South Dakota, Geographical Information Systems (GIS) were used to examine the spatial relationships from 1997 to 2001 between WCR population dynamics, habitat structure, soil texture and elevation. 2 Using the inverse distance weighted interpolation technique, WCR population density maps were created from georeferenced emergence and post-emergence traps placed in maize fields. For each year, these maps were overlaid with vegetation, soil and elevation maps to search for quantitative relationships. 3 Through visual interpretation and correlation analysis, shifts in landscape structure, such as size, number and arrangement of patches, were shown to associate with WCR population abundance and distribution in varying degrees. Contingency analysis showed that WCR population abundance is associated with soil texture and elevation. 4 An understanding of the interactions between WCR population dynamics and landscape variables provides information to pest managers, and this can be used to identify patterns in the landscape that promote high insect population density patches to improve pest management strategies.