cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Instantaneous slip length in superhydrophobic microchannels having grooves with curved or dissimilar walls

Superhydrophobic (SHP) surfaces can be used to reduce the skin-friction drag in a microchannel. This is due to the peculiar ability of these surfaces to entrap air in their pores and thereby reduce the contact area between water and the solid surface. The favorable drag-reduction effect, however, can quickly deteriorate if the surface geometry is not designed properly. The deterioration can be sudden, caused by exposure to excessive pressures, or gradual, due to the dissolution of the entrapped air into the ambient water. The formulations presented here provide a means for studying the time-dependent drag-reduction in a microchannel enhanced with transverse or longitudinal SHP grooves of varying wall profiles or wettabilities. Moreover, different mathematical approaches are developed to distinguish the performance of a sharp-edged groove from that of a groove with round entrance. The work starts by deriving an equation for the balance of forces on the air–water interface (AWI) inside a groove and solving this differential equation, along with Henry’s law, for the rate of dissolution of the entrapped air into water over time. It was shown that the performance of a SHP groove depends mostly on the interplay between the effects of the apparent contact angle of the AWI and the initial volume of the groove. The instantaneous slip length is then calculated by solving the Navier–Stokes equations for flow in microchannels with SHP grooves. Our results are compared with the studies in the literature whenever available, and good agreement has been observed.
Repetitive response of the Hodgkin-Huxley model for the squid giant axon.

Abstract The complex frequency current-voltage relation for the membrane, derived by linearizing the Hodgkin-Huxley equations about an assumed steady state, is interpreted in terms of a signal flow diagram of a feedback system. From the Nyquist plots thus obtained, the variation of the angular frequency of the oscillating linearized system with the magnitude of the constant current stimulus is determined and compared with the corresponding relation for the Hodgkin-Huxley model over the range of repetitive activity. The variation of the amplitude of the repetitive response with the magnitude of the constant current stimulus is compared with the corresponding relation derived from a first harmonic approximation. Good agreement is found for both the frequency and amplitude characteristics, except for low values of the constant current stimulus. The frequency of the repetitive response of the Hodgkin-Huxley model is found to be almost linearly related to the d.c. level of membrane potential.
Intelligent tools for managing legal choices

Choosing among alternatives that vary in multiple ways you care about is a fundamental mental activity, and one that is part of nearly all forms of law-related cognition. Yet decisional processes that primarily involve the balancing of competing considerations have rarely been thematized in the AI and Law literature. This article explores opportunities for intelligent support of such processes, using as background a current software project that is developing systems for collaborative deliberation about choices.
Midgut epithelium of the American cockroach: possible sites of neurosecretory release.

Abstract Ultrastructural examination of the cockroach midgut shows numerous axonal ramifications which contain neurosecretory material. The axons are located within a mass of connective tissue interdispersed with muscle bundles. It is postulated that the above-mentioned axons adjacent to the epithelium liberate neurosecretory material which subsequently acts upon a specific localized area to control water movement. The physiological role of these substances and their similarity with ‘planetocin’ are discussed.
CFD modeling of an ion-drag micropump

A two-dimensional numerical simulation study has been performed to model an electrohydrodynamic (EHD) micropump. The micropump consists of an array of interdigitated electrodes along the top and bottom of the micropump channel. The focus of the simulations was to study the effects of electrode gap, stage gap, channel height, and applied voltage. The numerical results were first validated with experimental data and then applied to obtain optimum electrode design and pump characteristics curves for geometries of interest. Additionally, the simulation results provide details about the flow behavior of the micropump and clearly capture local flow induced by EHD forces.
INDEPENDENCE OF CENTRIOLE FORMATION AND DNA SYNTHESIS

The temporal relationship between cell cycle events and centriole duplication was investigated electron microscopically in L cells synchronized by mechanically selecting mitotic cells. The two mature centrioles which each cell received at telophase migrated together from the side of the telophase nucleus distal to the stem body around to a region of the cytoplasm near the stem body and then into a groovelike indention in the early G1 nucleus, where they were found throughout interphase. Procentrioles appeared in association with each mature centriole at times varying from 4 to 12 h after mitosis. Since S phase was found to begin on the average about 9 h after mitotic selection, it appeared that cells generated procentrioles late in G1 or early in S. During prophase, the two centriolar duplexes migrated to opposite sides of the nucleus and the daughter centrioles elongated to the mature length. To ascertain whether any aspect of centriolar duplication was contingent upon nuclear DNA synthesis, arabinosyl cytosine was added to mitotic cells at a concentration which inhibited cellular DNA synthesis by more than 99%. Though cells were thus prevented from entering S phase, the course of procentriole formation was not detectibly affected. However, cells were inhibited from proceeding to the next mitosis, and the centriolar elongation and migration normally associated with prophase did not occur.
Inductive proof of the simplex method

Instead of the customary proof of the existence of an optimal basis in the simplex method based on perturbation of the constant terms, this paper gives a new proof based on induction. From a pedagogical point of view it permits an earlier and more elementary proof of the fundamental duality theorem via the simplex method. Specifically we shall show that there exists a finite chain of feasible basis changes, which results in either an optimal feasible solution or in an infinite class of feasible solutions, such that the objective form tends to minus infinity.
High-Throughput Screening for Novel Inhibitors of Neisseria gonorrhoeae Penicillin-Binding Protein 2

The increasing prevalence of N. gonorrhoeae strains exhibiting decreased susceptibility to third-generation cephalosporins and the recent isolation of two distinct strains with high-level resistance to cefixime or ceftriaxone heralds the possible demise of β-lactam antibiotics as effective treatments for gonorrhea. To identify new compounds that inhibit penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs), which are proven targets for β-lactam antibiotics, we developed a high-throughput assay that uses fluorescence polarization (FP) to distinguish the fluorescent penicillin, Bocillin-FL, in free or PBP-bound form. This assay was used to screen a 50,000 compound library for potential inhibitors of N. gonorrhoeae PBP 2, and 32 compounds were identified that exhibited >50% inhibition of Bocillin-FL binding to PBP 2. These included a cephalosporin that provided validation of the assay. After elimination of compounds that failed to exhibit concentration-dependent inhibition, the antimicrobial activity of the remaining 24 was tested. Of these, 7 showed antimicrobial activity against susceptible and penicillin- or cephalosporin-resistant strains of N. gonorrhoeae. In molecular docking simulations using the crystal structure of PBP 2, two of these inhibitors docked into the active site of the enzyme and each mediate interactions with the active site serine nucleophile. This study demonstrates the validity of a FP-based assay to find novel inhibitors of PBPs and paves the way for more comprehensive high-throughput screening against highly resistant strains of N. gonorrhoeae. It also provides a set of lead compounds for optimization of anti-gonococcal agents.
Molecular metastases in stage I pancreatic cancer: improved survival with adjuvant chemoradiation.

Abstract Background: Reports of improved survival rates for patients with resected adenocarcinoma of the pancreas coincide with the adoption of adjuvant chemoradiation protocols. The impact of nodal micrometastases demonstrated by molecular assays and adjuvant therapy on survival of patients with stage I pancreatic cancer has not been adequately assessed. Methods: A retrospective analysis of postoperative chemoradiation on survival in 61 patients undergoing resection of pancreatic adenocarcinomas from 1984 to 1997 was performed. Archival tumors and regional nodes from 25 patients with stage I cancers were tested for a Kiras oncogene mutation using polymerase chain reaction and analysis for restriction fragment length polymorphisms (PCR/RFLP). Results: Adjuvant chemoradiation was associated with improved survival for stage I ( P P Conclusions: The majority of patients with stage I pancreatic cancer have PCR/RFLP evidence of lymph node micrometastases. Adjuvant chemoradiation improves survival in these patients by treating micrometastases not detected by histology. Adjuvant chemoradiation should be used for patients with stage I pancreatic cancers. (Surgery 1998;124:663-9.)
Growth of the face and jaws after resection of the septal cartilage in the rabbit

Varying amounts of the cartilaginous nasal septum were resected in 15 growing rabbits at 21 days of age. Ten additional rabbits were used as unoperated on and operated on controls. The postoperative survival ranged from 105 to 145 days. Within 60 to 90 days postoperatively, antemortem findings were noted in the experimental animals of a shorter snout and overeruption and malocclusion of the incisors. Postmortem gross findings of the dissected, sectioned and x-rayed skulls of the experimental animals revealed that the snout was shorter and smaller with a severe relative mandibular prognathism, the nasal and premaxillary bones were smaller, the nasal cavity and piriform aperture were smaller than in the control animals. As a result of the shorter snout the upper incisors were lingual to the lower incisors. This was the reverse of the normal findings. In addition, the incisors were overerupted, malaligned and fractured. At the posterior border of the septal defect a marked downward and forward deflection of the nasal bones was noted. This was in contrast to the smoothly curved dorsum of the operated on and unoperated on control animals. The extent and severity of the deformity varied approximately with the extent of the septal defect.
Quantitative cell culture biocompatibility testing of medical devices and correlation to animal tests.

The biocompatibility of a wide variety of biomaterials was quantitatively assessed, in a physiologically normal environment" as to cytotoxicity induced in WI-38 cells by cell culture medium extracts. Materials tested included PVC plastic, rubber, silicone rubber, polyethylene, polypropylene, acetal, polyurethane, Teflon, nylon, epoxy, and polystyrene. Cell culture test results were correlated to U.S.P. animal tests. Potential test artifacts, lead, barium, cadmium, and endotoxin were tested for cytotoxicity in WI-38 cells. Cell culture methods yielded more positive tests, particularly rubber, PVC plastic and silicone rubber compounds, than observed in U.S.P. animal tests. Positivity in animal tests did not correlate quantitatively to cytotoxic titers in cell culture. Discrepancies between cell cultures tests and animal tests, specifically rubber compounds, were attributable, in some instances, to differentials in elution efficiency between saline, cottonseed oil, and complete MEM cell culture medium. In other instances, particularly PVC plastics, differences between cell culture and animal test results were due to an inherent difference in the two indicator systems to respond to specific toxic moieties.
Adrenergic influences on uterine smooth muscle

1. The mechanism of β adrenergic inhibition of pregnant rat myometrium was investigated. 2. Isoproterenol (4 x 10 -7 mol/l) caused membrane hyperpolarization of about 12 mV . The magnitude of this hyperpolarization was unaffected by K-free and Cl-free (isethionate substitution) solutions, and was reduced by about 50 % in the presence of ouabain (10 -3 mol/1) and at 10 °C. Hyperpolarization was calcium -dependent, was partially reduced by 12.5 mmol/1 [Ca 2+ ]0 and was abolished when 2.0 mmol/1 La was added to the bathing solution. 3. Isoproterenol (4 x 10 -7 mol/1) increased tissue cyclic AMP levels with a time course paralleling that of the relaxation both at 37 and at 10 °C. Papaverine (10 -4 mol/1) also showed similar actions. 4. Tissue calcium content as measured by the lanthanum technique increased during a K induced contracture and decreased when isoproterenol (4 x 10 -7 mol/1), papaverine (10 -4 mol/1), or dibutyryl cyclic AMP (10 -3 mol/1) relaxed the K contracture. 5. Another relaxant, D-600, a methoxy derivative of verapamil, (10-5 mol/1) had no effect on membrane polarization, tissue cyclic AMP or tissue calcium content. 6. It is concluded that there is an active component to the β adrenergic hyperpolarization of the rat myometium, although an electrogenic sodium pump is not likely to be involved. Rather an electrogenic calcium pump, possibly activated by cyclic AMP, is consistent with the data obtained. Moreover, a mechanism in which cyclic AMP stimulates calcium extrusion may underlie the adrenergically mediated relaxation in the myometrium .
Can Support for Democracy and the Market Be Learned in School? A Natural Experiment in Post‐Communist Poland

A new program in civic education was introduced in Poland in 1994 to foster support for democracy and a market economy among youth. This program was based on the active teaching/learning model of education, with frequent student participation in “democratic games” and ”market simulations.“ This paper focuses on a sample of students, ages 14 and 15, who participated in this program and contrasts them with students subjected to the traditional civics program. The main analysis of cross-sectional data (gathered in 1996) reveals two countervailing effects: Relative to students in the control group, students in the treatment group were less likely to take extreme anti-democratic or extreme anti-market positions, and they were less likely to take extreme pro-democratic or extreme pro-market positions. Additional analysis of panel data (1994–1996) supports the conclusion that active participation in civic education results in students' political attitudes regressing toward the mean, that is, in their rejection of extreme stances. These findings not only contradict the no-effect hypothesis but also demonstrate a peculiar, partially intended and partially unintended, impact of civic education in schools on political learning.
Effect of craniotomy on regional brain blood flow and ECF pH changes during isocapnic hypoxia.

Abstract Regional cerebrovascular responses to 30 min of isocapnic hypoxia were examined in anesthetized rabbits. In some of the animals, a left-side craniotomy was performed and cortical ECF pH was measured either 1 mm or 2–3 mm below the surface. In the animals with open cranium, the increase in blood during hypoxia was greater in the right cortex than in the left cortex. In animals with closed cranium, the increases in blood flow were equal in both right and left crania. ECF pH measured 1 mm below the cortical surface decreased throughout the entire 30 min of exposure, while pH measured 2–3 mm below the surface was increased for the first 6 min, after which it began to decrease. Our results indicate that craniotomy reduces the local vasodilation in response to hypoxia which in turn favors a decrease in local ECF pH.
OPEC's Incentives for Faster Output Growth

This paper addresses the question of whether OPEC producers are likely to expand their oil output substantially over the next two decades - more than doubling in the Gulf countries by 2020. Such projections, made by the International Energy Agency (IEA) and the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), are not based on behavioral analysis of Gulf countries' decisions, but are merely the residual demand for OPEC oil - the difference between projected world oil demand and Non-OPEC supply, given some assumed price-path. I employ a simulation model to compare OPEC's payoffs from faster or slower output growth, under various parametric assumptions about the responsiveness of world oil demand and Non-OPEC supply to income and price changes. The payoffs to OPEC are relatively insensitive to faster output growth; aggressive output expansion yields slightly lower payoffs than just maintaining current market share. Analysis of intra-OPEC decisions - between the Core countries and the others - suggests a similar conclusion: these two groups are engaged in a constant-sum game. Thus, the significant increases in OPEC output projected by IEA and DOE are implausible.
Big Data and IT-Enabled Services: Ecosystem and Coevolution

Big data goes beyond datasets and is more than an IT priority. This article positions big data in the context of business, technology, and innovation, and presents a service-oriented and evolutionary view of big data as a case of disruptive IT-enabled innovation. Big data services are IT-enabled services that emerge as a result of combining diverse data-focused resources from the ecosystem of technologies, market needs, social actors, and other institutional contexts. These services have already had far-reaching effects on business practices. The big data services ecosystem has changed over time through an evolutionary process of variation and selective retention. Businesses and governments should actively experiment with novel big data services by dynamically configuring heterogeneous resources from the ever-changing big data ecosystem.
Diffusion-based guidance system for autonomous agents

Search strategy is an important component of any system that uses autonomous agents to detect and neutralize mines. We describe a simple and efficient search strategy derived from research on the adaptive spatial behavior of animals. Electromagnetic sensor data are processed to obtain a discrete spatial target distribution. The target distribution is used as input for a dynamic diffusion process. The diffusion surface is used by the demining agent to optimize its spatial moves through a hill climbing technique. The agent chooses to move to the position with the highest diffusion surface value. If the same diffusion surface is available to all agents, the system can be scaled to guide an indefinite number of independent, non-interfering agents.
Optimizing the US Navy's combat logistics force

We study how changes to the composition and employment of the US Navy combat logistic force (CLF) influence our ability to supply our navy worldwide. The CLF consists of about 30 special transport ships that carry ship and aircraft fuel, ordnance, dry stores, and food, and deliver these to client combatant ships underway, making it possible for our naval forces to operate at sea for extended periods. We have modeled CLF operations to evaluate a number of transforming initiatives that simplify its operation while supporting an even larger number of client ships for a greater variety of missions. Our input is an employment schedule for navy battle groups of ships operating worldwide, extending over a planning horizon of 90–180 days. We show how we use optimization to advise how to sustain these ships. We have used this model to evaluate new CLF ship designs, advise what number of ships in a new ship class would be needed, test concepts for forward at-sea logistics bases in lieu of conventional ports, demonstrate the effects of changes to operating policy, and generally try to show whether and how the CLF can support planned naval operations. Published 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 2008
Matrix metalloproteinase-7 facilitates immune access to the CNS in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.

Metalloproteinase inhibitors can protect mice against experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model for multiple sclerosis (MS). Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) has been implicated, but it is not clear if other MMPs are also involved, including matrilysin/MMP-7 – an enzyme capable of cleaving proteins that are essential for blood brain barrier integrity and immune suppression. Here we report that MMP-7-deficient (mmp7-/-) mice on the C57Bl/6 background are resistant to EAE induced by myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG). Brain sections from MOG-primed mmp7-/-mice did not show signs of immune cell infiltration of the CNS, but MOG-primed wild-type mice showed extensive vascular cuffing and mononuclear cell infiltration 15 days after vaccination. At the peak of EAE wild-type mice had MMP-7 immuno-reactive cells in vascular cuffs that also expressed the macrophage markers Iba-1 and Gr-1, as well as tomato lectin. MOG-specific proliferation of splenocytes, lymphocytes, CD4+ and CD8+ cells were reduced in cells isolated from MOG-primed mmp7-/- mice, compared with MOG-primed wild-type mice. However, the adoptive transfer of splenocytes and lymphocytes from MOG-primed mmp7-/- mice induced EAE in naive wild-type recipients, but not naive mmp7-/- recipients. Finally, we found that recombinant MMP-7 increased permeability between endothelial cells in an in vitro blood-brain barrier model. Our findings suggest that MMP-7 may facilitate immune cell access or re-stimulation in perivascular areas, which are critical events in EAE and multiple sclerosis, and provide a new therapeutic target to treat this disorder.
Treatment of optic neuritis with intravenous megadose corticosteroids: a consecutive series

Twelve consecutive patients with optic neuritis of unknown etiology treated with 250 to 500 mg methylprednisolone every 6 hours are described. All patients improved, some dramatically and rapidly. Patients with swollen discs and visual loss for less than 6 weeks improved uniformly, rapidly, and completely. In some patients, progressive visual deterioration was reversed rapidly. Serum serologies and cerebrospinal fluids findings were of limited use in determining etiology or prognosis with treatment. Side effects included exacerbation of a preexisting psychosis, elevated glucose levels, and oral candidiasis. None required cessation of treatment. Patients with optic neuritis may benefit from intravenous megadose corticosteroids.
FAR-ULTRAVIOLET SPECTROSCOPIC EXPLORER OBSERVATIONS OF DEGREE-SCALE VARIATIONS IN GALACTIC HALO O vi

We report Far-Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer (FUSE) observations of interstellar O vi absorption in the halo of the Milky Way toward 12 early-type stars in the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) and 11 in the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC). The mean column densities of O vi associated with the Galactic halo toward the LMC and SMC are loghNðO viÞi ¼ 14:52 þ0:10 � 0:14 and 14:13 þ0:14 � 0:20 , respectively, where the uncertainties represent the standard deviations of the individual measurements about the means. Significant variations in the O vi column densities are observed over all of the angular scales probed by our observations: 0=5–5=0 toward the LMC and 0=05–3=3 toward the SMC. The maximum factors by which the O vi varies between sight lines toward the LMC and SMC are � 2.8 and � 4.2, respectively. Although low-, intermediate-, and high-velocity clouds are present along most of the sight lines toward the LMC, the variations in O vi column densities are found in all of these O vi absorbing structures. The column density variations trace the structure of the hot ionized medium in the Galactic halo on scales of580–800 pc toward the LMC and56–400 pc toward the SMC (assuming that the absorption arises within the first 5 kpc above the Galactic plane). Subject headings: ISM: atoms — ISM: structure — ultraviolet: ISM
Dumbbell-like Pt−Fe3O4 Nanoparticles and Their Enhanced Catalysis for Oxygen Reduction Reaction

Monodisperse dumbbell-like Pt−Fe3O4 nanoparticles are synthesized by epitaxial growth of Fe onto Pt nanoparticles followed by Fe oxidation. The nanoparticle size in the structure is tunable from 2 to 8 nm for Pt and 6 to 20 nm for Fe3O4. Pt nanoparticles in the Pt−Fe3O4 structure show a 20-fold increase in mass activity toward oxygen reduction reaction compared with the single component Pt nanoparticles and the commercial 3 nm Pt particles. The work proves that it is possible to maximize catalytic activity of the Pt nanoparticle catalyst through the control not only of Pt size and shape but also of its interaction with Fe3O4 nanoparticles.
Long-term memory for pictures under conditions of thematically related foils

Memory for pictures was investigated under conditions of difficult foil discriminability and lengthy retention intervals. The foils preserved the theme of the studied stimulus, but differed in the number and quality of nonessential physical details. In each experiment, subjects viewed colored photographs, black-and-white photographs, elaborated line drawings, and unelaborated line drawings, followed by an old/new (Experiment 1) or a four-alternative forced-choice (Experiment 2) test given either immediately, 1 day, 1 week, or 4 weeks following study; Experiment 3 replicated Experiment 1 but with a 12-week delay. For the old/new procedure, performance was best on colored photographs, with performance differences among the four stimulus types still significant after 4 weeks. For the forced-choice test, performance on colored photographs and unelaborated line drawings was best, with performance differences among stimulus types also still significant after 4 weeks. A confusion analysis indicated that errors were based on physical similarity, even after 12 weeks. These results refute the hypothesis that the memorial representations for pictorial variations converge to a common, thematic code after lengthy delays; instead, non-thematic, analogue information is encoded and preserved for lengthy time periods.
The Effects of Vestibular Stimulation on the Sensory-Motor Performance of Handicapped Individuals: A Critical Review of the Literature

The purpose of this article was to critically examine the literature dealing with the impact of vestibular stimulation on the sensory-motor performance of individuals evidencing handicapping condit...
Energy-driven pattern formation in planar dipole-dipole systems in the presence of weak noise.

We study pattern formation in planar fluid systems driven by intermolecular cohesion (which manifests as a line tension) and dipole-dipole repulsion, which are observed in physical systems including ferrofluids in Hele-Shaw cells and Langmuir layers. When the dipolar repulsion is sufficiently strong, domains undergo forked branching reminiscent of viscous fingering. A known difficulty with these models is that the energy associated with dipole-dipole interactions is singular at small distances. Following previous work, we demonstrate how to ameliorate this singularity and show that in the macroscopic limit only the scale of the microscopic details relative to the macroscopic extent of a system is relevant and develop an expression for the system energy that depends only on a generalized line tension $\ensuremath{\Lambda}$ that in turn depends logarithmically on that scale. We conduct numerical studies that use energy minimization to find equilibrium states. Following the subcritical bifurcations from the circle, we find a few highly symmetric stable shapes, but nothing that resembles the observed diversity of experimental and dynamically simulated domains. The application of a weak random background to the energy landscape stabilizes a wide range of domain morphologies recovering the diversity observed experimentally. With this technique, we generate a large sample of qualitatively realistic shapes and use them to create an empirical model for extracting $\ensuremath{\Lambda}$ with high accuracy using only a shape's perimeter and morphology.
Activation of thin-fiber muscle afferents by a P2X agonist in cats.

The responses of group III and IV triceps surae muscle afferents to intra-arterial injection of α,β-methylene ATP (50 μg/kg) was examined in decerebrate cats. We found that this P2X3 agonist stimul...
Binding Enthalpies for Alkali Cation-Benzene Complexes Revisited

The geometries and binding enthalpies of M+(benzene) complexes (M = Li, Na, K, Rb, and Cs) were obtained from large basis set second-order perturbation theory and coupled cluster theory calculations. The best ΔH298 estimates (in kcal/mol) are Li+(benzene) = −36.8 ± 0.2 (theory) vs −37.9 and −39.3 ± 3.2 (expt), Na+(benzene) = −24.7 ± 0.3 (theory) vs −28.0 ± 1.5 and −22.5 ± 1.5 (expt), K+(benzene) = −20.1 ± 0.4 (theory) vs −19.2 and −17.1 ± 0.9 (expt), Rb+(benzene) = −16.4 ± 0.2 (theory) vs −16.4 ± 0.9 (expt), and Cs+(benzene) = −12.5 ± 0.2 (theory) vs −15.1 ± 1.1 (expt). The present findings include small corrections for core/valence correlation effects and lead to binding enthalpies uniformly larger than those of previous theoretical studies.
Norumbega Fault System of the Northern Appalachians

Yes, Virginia, the eastern United States can finally claim to have a strike-slip fault of its own on a scale to rival the west coast's San Andreas fault: the Norumbega fault system, which stretches nearly 450 km from central New Brunswick, south to Casco Bay in southern Maine, and perhaps even farther into southern Connecticut. The Norumbega fault was active for 100 Ma, five times longer than the San Andreas. Its displacement is reckoned by one author to be as much as 1768 km (!), five times more than the San Andreas, and it has been exhumed locally to mid-crustal depths. This collection of 12 full-length, standalone papers and preface provides a single venue for a rapidly growing body of interdisciplinary research about a remarkable—though inactive—fault that may prove to be the longest, most long-lived fault with the greatest displacement of any in North America.
Fabrication of Ba1-xSrxTiO3 tunable capacitors with Tl2Ba2Ca1Cu2Ox electrodes

Abstract Tunable coplanar Ba 1− x Sr x TiO 3 (BSTO) thin-film capacitors with superconducting TlBaCaCuO (2212) electrodes have been successfully prepared using RF sputtering onto LaAlO 3 (100) substrates. The capacitors were fabricated in a five-step process consisting of: deposition of a Ba 2 CaCu 2 O x precursor films on LaAlO 3 substrates; patterning of the precursor film into a planar capacitor with a gap of 5 to 40 μm; formation of the superconducting phase by vapor-phase reaction with thallium; deposition of an amorphous BSTO overlayer onto the gap; and finally post-deposition annealing of the BSTO layer in flowing oxygen. The details of each fabrication step are presented. In addition, the structure, microstructure and composition of the films are anaylzed. The temperature- and the voltage-dependence of the low frequency (10 kHz–100 kHz) capacitance and loss tangent are presented. A tunability of 10% at 77 K and 100 kHz was achieved. The capacitance-tunability results are compared with those obtained from YBCO-BSTO-YBCO capacitors.
p53 Immunohistochemical and Genetic Alterations are Associated at High Incidence with Post-Irradiated Locally Persistent Prostate Carcinoma

AbstractPurpose: Several reports have shown that cells with p53 mutations display increased resistance to ionizing radiation, a treatment often used clinically for localized prostate carcinoma.Materials and Methods: Totals of 18 post-irradiated locally recurrent prostatic carcinoma specimens and 25 (no radiation) stage D1 node-positive (TxN+MO) primary prostatic carcinoma specimens were tested for p53 immunoreactivity by immunohistochemistry. Of the 18 post-radiation locally recurrent prostatic carcinomas 10 were further analyzed by single strand conformational polymorphism to assess the validity of using this immunohistochemistry approach in irradiated tissue for detecting p53 alterations. Specimens showing p53 alterations by single strand conformational polymorphism were subjected to nucleotide sequence analysis or tested for loss of heterozygosity at a locus within the p53 gene.Results: Of the 25 stage TxN+MO prostatic carcinomas without radiation 5 (20 percent) were immunoreactive (consistent with the...
Exchange rate overshooting, the trade balance, and rational expectations

Abstract This paper presents a model of exchange-rate determination characterized by imperfect asset substitutability between domestic and foreign bonds, sticky goods-market prices, and rational expectations. The model is used to analyze the response of the exchange rate to a step change in relative money supplies. The assumption of imperfect asset substitutability permits introduction into the analysis of trade flows which respond to relative price changes. These flows create non-monotonic exchange-rate adjustments to long-run equilibrium. These non-monotonic adjustments are consistent with rationality, and may lead to short-run undershooting or overshooting.
Development and Pilot Testing a Social Cognitive Theory-Based Intervention to Prevent Childhood Obesity among Elementary Students in Rural Kentucky

The purpose of this study was to develop and pilot test a social cognitive theory-based intervention for children to prevent childhood obesity. Focus groups were conducted with 5th grade students a...
Millimeter-Wave CMOS Antennas and RFIC Parameter Extraction for Vehicular Applications

This paper reviews recent developments in vehicular radar at 60 GHz and above, with a focus on low cost integrated antennas. We investigate a number of radar and communication antenna systems that can be made inexpensively and in large volumes using standard CMOS semiconductor fabrication methods. As shown here, the electromagnetic characteristics of low cost CMOS processes are often not well understood when applied to mmWave and THz RF applications. Here, we describe several methodologies and measured results to understand electromagnetic behavior of integrated circuits and on-chip antenna performance in a 180nm CMOS process up to 67 GHz. By gaining understanding of the electrical characteristics of older, lower cost semiconductor CMOS processes, it becomes possible to design mmWave on-chip antennas and other passive devices at extremely low cost and with great reliability.
Multilayer coatings with high reflectance in the EUV

Multilayer coatings with a small number of layers were designed to give an increase in normal incidence reflectance in the extreme UV over that of the available single layer coatings. Multilayer coatings based on Al, MgF2 and SiC or B4C showed higher reflectance than single layers of SiC and B4C in the spectral region from 57.9 nm to 121.6 nm H Lyman (alpha) line and above. The major increase in reflectance was obtained at wavelengths close to 121.6 nm. Reflectance degraded slightly over time in the same way as single way as single layer coatings. Preliminary result have recently been obtained wit a second design based on a superposition of films of increasing refractive index form outermost to innermost layer, e.g. with multilayer coatings of SiC on B4C on diamond-like carbon. A combination of both designs, with multilayer coatings of the type Al/MgF2/DLC/B4C/SiC, results in further increase in the EUV reflectance, although their stability has not been determined yet.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Activity-driven clock design for low power circuits

In this paper we investigate activity-driven clock trees to reduce the dynamic power consumption of synchronous digital CMOS circuits. Sections of an activity-driven clock tree can be turned on/off by gating the clock signals during the active/idle times of the clocked elements. We propose a method of obtaining the switching activity patterns of the clocked circuits during the high level design process. We formulate three novel activity-driven problems. The objective of these problems is to minimize system's dynamic power consumption. We propose an approximation algorithm based on recursive matching to solve the clock tree construction problem. We solve the gate insertion problems with an exact algorithm employing the dynamic programming paradigm. Finally, we present experimental results that verify the effectiveness of our approach. Our work in this paper is a step in understanding how high level decisions (e.g. behavioral design) can affect a low level design (e.g. clock design).
Effects of Imipenem-Cilastatin, Ertapenem, Piperacillin-Tazobactam, and Ceftriaxone Treatments on Persistence of Intestinal Colonization by Extended-Spectrum-β-Lactamase-Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae Strains in Mice

Antibiotics that are excreted into the intestinal tract may promote colonization by antibiotic-resistant pathogens due to the disruption of indigenous microflora ([2][1]). However, such antibiotics may also have a protective effect if they inhibit the growth of pathogens ([2][1], [6][2]). For
Hyperkinetic syndrome: The role of depression

The hyperkinetic syndrome is one of many manifestations of minimal brain dysfunction and emotional distrubance. Both physical and psychologic factors can be seen in its etiology. Depression has often been found to be related to hyperkinesis. The children described in this study give ample support to the frequency of this relationship. Some preliminary hypotheses are also drawn about the dynamics of the relationship between depression and the hyperkinetic syndrome.
Genetically designed biosensing systems for high-throughput screening of pharmaceuticals, clinical diagnostics, and environmental monitoring

The genetically-modified binding proteins calmodulin, the phosphate binding protein, the sulfate binding protein, and the galactose/glucose binding protein have been successfully employed as biosensing elements for the detection of phenothiazines, phosphate, sulfate, and glucose, respectively. Mutant proteins containing unique cysteine residues were utilized in the site-specific labeling of environment-sensitive fluorescent probes. Changes in the environment of the probes upon ligand-induced conformational changes of the proteins result in changes in fluorescence intensity.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Reaching for high-hanging fruit in drug discovery at protein–protein interfaces

Targeting the interfaces between proteins has huge therapeutic potential, but discovering small-molecule drugs that disrupt protein-protein interactions is an enormous challenge. Several recent success stories, however, indicate that protein-protein interfaces might be more tractable than has been thought. These studies discovered small molecules that bind with drug-like potencies to 'hotspots' on the contact surfaces involved in protein-protein interactions. Remarkably, these small molecules bind deeper within the contact surface of the target protein, and bind with much higher efficiencies, than do the contact atoms of the natural protein partner. Some of these small molecules are now making their way through clinical trials, so this high-hanging fruit might not be far out of reach.
The X-ray Quantum Calorimeter Sounding Rocket Experiment: Improvements for the Next Flight

We have developed a new calorimeter array to increase our collecting area by a factor of four. The 6×6 pixel device has a total area of 144 mm2, making it one of the largest X-ray microcalorimeter arrays yet constructed. A relatively thin high-z absorber consisting of a 0.7 μm HgTe layer supported on 15 μm high-purity silicon provides good efficiency up to photon energies of 1.5 keV. The heat capacity of this composite is low enough to obtain an energy resolution of ∼6 eV FWHM on the 2 mm×2 mm pixels when operated at a base temperature of 50 mK. The infrared blocking filters have also been improved. Room temperature radiation must be attenuated by about 9 orders of magnitude between 2 μm and 2 cm to avoid having photon shot noise dominate the detectornoise. Accomplishing this while maintaining a high transmission for very soft X-rays that can penetrate only a few μg cm−2 is a problem common to all soft X-ray calorimeters that observe external targets. We are constructing monolithic silicon two-layer support meshes with a 350 μm pitch front layer on a 5 mm pitch backing layer. These are 98% open and have >95% effective transmission over a 60° field of view, while providing robust support for 38 mm diameter filters consisting of 20 nm of aluminum on 50 nm of polyimide. Five of these filters in series provide the necessary infrared attenuation. Integral deicing heaters are ion implanted in the fine mesh to remove contamination when necessary.
Emplacement history of the Tatoosh volcanic-plutonic complex, Washington: Ages of zircons

The Tatoosh volcanic-plutonic complex, exposed in and near Mount Rainier National Park, Washington, is one of a series of Tertiary igneous bodies that are exposed along the axis of the Pliocene to Holocene High Cascades volcanic chain of the Pacific Northwest. It is possible that these Tertiary bodies are the eroded roots of an ancestral calc-alkalic arc. The Tatoosh complex was emplaced in an Eocene and Oligocene volcanic terrane that evidently was oceanic in character. Isotopic ages of zircons from plutonic, hypabyssal, and volcanic phases of the complex show that Tatoosh igneous activity, probably fed by repeated injections of magma from a deep source, spanned some 12 m.y. The earliest activity was emplacement of a dike and sill swarm about 26 m.y. ago. Subsequently, about 25 m.y. ago and again about 22 m.y. ago, magma broke through to the surface to form thick welded tuffs. Magmatism culminated with the rise of the core of the pluton (in part invading its own earlier volcanic and hypabyssal cover) in two stages, 17.5 and 14.1 m.y. ago.
Sex differences in communication skills as measured by a modified relationship inventory

Previous studies have provided some indication that females are more empathic than males and that individuals show greater empathy when relating to persons of the same sex. Because the research has been equivocal, the present study attempted to replicate these findings for not only empathy but also three other communication skills measured by the Barrett-Lennard Relationship Inventory: congruence, regard, and unconditionality of regard. The subjects for this study were 20 male and 41 female students in an undergraduate experiential course in interpersonal relations. All students were placed in training groups, and the co-trainers for these groups completed ratings on a modified Relationship Inventory for each of their students. Reliability data on this inventory were satisfactory. Female students were given slightly higher ratings on all skills at both the beginning and end of the group experience, but none of the differences were significant. Male co-trainers rated the skills of male students higher than did female co-trainers, but a comparable same-sex effect for female students was not demonstrated. Thus, the experimental hypotheses were partially supported.
Development of 3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[1,4]oxazine derivatives as dual thromboxane A2 receptor antagonists and prostacyclin receptor agonists

We discovered a novel series of 3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[1,4]oxazin-8-yloxyacetic acid derivatives as potent dual-acting agents to block the TXA2 receptor and to activate the PGI2 receptor. We report the synthesis, structure-activity relationship, and in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo pharmacology of this series of compounds. 4-[2-(1,1-Diphenylethylsulfanyl)ethyl]-3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[1,4]oxazin-8-yloxyacetic acid N-methyl-D-glucamine salt (7) is a promising candidate for a novel treatment in the anti-thrombotic and the cardiovascular fields avoiding hypotensive side effects.
Glucogenesis in an insect, Manduca sexta L., estimated from the 13C isotopomer distribution in trehalose synthesized from [1,3-13C2]glycerol

Abstract Glucogenesis from [3-13C]alanine and [1,3-13C2]glycerol was demonstrated in the insect Manduca sexta by examining the 13C enrichment of trehalose, a non-reducing disaccharide of glucose synthesized in the insect fat body and released into the blood or hemolymph. In insects maintained on a low carbohydrate diet, trehalose synthesized from [3-13C]alanine was selectively enriched at C1 and C6, and C2 and C5. The 13C-labelling pattern indicated the carboxylation of [3-13C]pyruvate, formed by transamination of the [3-13C]alanine followed by randomization of the label at the fumarate step of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and glucose synthesis via the gluconeogenic pathway. 13C enrichment of trehalose was absent in similarly maintained insect larvae administered 3-mercaptopicolinic acid, an inhibitor of hepatic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase. Insects on the low carbohydrate diet also synthesized trehalose from [1,3-13C2]glycerol. 13C multiplets were observed in trehalose C3 and C4 demonstrating the synthesis of three 13C enriched glucose isotopomers from the 13C-labelled glycerol. The relative contributions of 13C-labelled glycerol and unlabelled 3 carbon substrates to the synthesis of the 13C enriched trehalose isotopomers were determined from the multiplet structure at C3, and calculation of minimal rates of glucogenesis were based on the 13C enrichment of C4. The C4/C3 13C enrichment ratio in trehalose synthesized from [1,3-13C2]glycerol was close to unity, and total glucogenesis was calculated after estimation of the expected contribution of unlabelled trehalose synthesis from 3 carbon substrates by comparison of the ratio of unlabelled and labelled contributions to the 13C enriched trehalose isotopomers with the 13C enrichment of [1,3-13C2]glycerol-3-phosphate. The estimated total rates of glucogenesis varied from 0.33 to 2.80 μmol glucose/g fresh weight/h. The blood sugar level of M. sexta was also highly variable. Although the potential importance of glucogenesis from 3 carbon substrates to the maintenance of blood sugar was not established by the present investigation, insects maintained on the low carbohydrate diet had similar blood trehalose levels to those previously reported by others for insects maintained on a natural food.
Student Selection of Deadline Conditions in a Personalized Psychology Course

Given a choice between five instructor- and five self-set deadlines, more students in a self-paced developmental psychology course chose the former. Students in the two conditions did not differ on a measure of academic performance or the number of testing days used to complete the course. Students who chose to set their own deadlines missed fewer deadlines, showed accelerated pacing, and rated the opportunity to choose more favorably than did those in the instructor-set deadline condition. Most students indicated that, if given the choice again, they would make the same decision, but a higher percentage of students who chose instructor-set deadlines would reverse their choice.
Studies with ethyl chlorophenoxyisobutyrate (clofibrate)

Abstract Clofibrate incorporated into the diet at 0.2 per cent for 21 days produces hepatomegaly in male and female rats. The increase in liver weight is due, at least in part, to an increase in the quantity of protein and phospholipid. Concomitantly, there is a decrease in cholesterol and glycerol glyceride. The rate of release of triglyceride from the liver is also inhibited.