cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Do Brief Alcohol Interventions Reduce Tobacco Use among Adolescents and Young Adults? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

This meta-analysis synthesizes studies of brief interventions (BIs) that targeted alcohol consumption and reported both alcohol and tobacco outcomes. It examines whether BIs reduce alcohol and tobacco use for adolescents and young adults among interventions that (1) directly targeted tobacco and alcohol use, or (2) did not target tobacco use but measured it as a secondary outcome. Multiple databases and grey literature sources were searched (1980-2012) resulting in the identification of 18 randomized or controlled quasi-experimental studies (5949 participants). Analyses were conducted using random effects inverse-variance weighted three-level models. BIs were associated with a significant reduction in alcohol consumption relative to control groups [g = 0.11, 95 % CI (0.04, 0.17)] but not with a significant decrease in tobacco use [g = 0.07, 95 % CI (-0.01, 0.16)]. Directly addressing tobacco was not a significant moderator affecting tobacco use outcomes. Post-hoc exploratory analysis revealed potential questions to address with future research.
Optimal estimation of time-frequency representations from corrupted observations

Statistical time-frequency analysis is potentially very useful for estimating the parameters of nonstationary signals from measurements corrupted by nonstationary noise or interference which is a common situation in many signal processing applications. However, most existing time-frequency estimation techniques are ad hoc and invoke the quasi-stationarity assumption, which severely limits their scope. We overcome these limitations by deriving a statistically optimal kernel, within Cohen's(1989) class of time-frequency representations (TFRs), for estimating a particular TFR of a realization of a random signal from a correlated observation. Both time-frequency invariant and time-frequency varying kernels are derived, and it is shown that optimal estimation may require smoothing filters very different from those based on a quasi-stationarity assumption. Examples illustrate the impressive performance of the proposed scheme. In particular, the ability of the optimal kernel to suppress interference is quite remarkable, thus making the proposed framework potentially useful for interference suppression via time-frequency filtering. >
Fingerprinting Method For Identifying Spatiotemporal-Frequency Motifs In Electrocorticographic Data. (P6.338)

OBJECTIVE: Development of a method for data mining of spatiotemporal-frequency motifs of cortical oscillation patterns in electrocorticographic (ECoG) data. BACKGROUND: In brain connectomics, network patterns or ‘motifs’ have been utilized to identify the conserved structural or functional patterns of different neural networks. Electrophysiologic time-series ‘motifs’ can be characterized as recurring, similar subseries of a larger time-series superset. Conserved EEG/ECoG motifs have been useful in understanding the relationship of brain structure and function, e.g. sleep spindles in thalamocortical networks. Currently, there is a paucity of methods for the automatic detection and classification of salient EEG/ECoG motifs. DESIGN/METHODS: We describe a novel fingerprinting method to automatically detect recurring oscillation patterns in ECoG data. A wavelet-based transform is used to generate spectra of cortical oscillations recorded by ECoG. The spatial spectral peak fingerprint is quantized for efficient search with a combinatorial hash function. For motif discovery, an ECoG sample is divided into 3 second subsamples which are sequentially fingerprinted then compared against each other to generate recurrence dot plots of the data superset. RESULTS: The method is able to accurately identify both exact and inexact matches of subsamples from an ECoG dataset. We illustrate recurrence dot plots of ECoG data with recurring motifs and structural patterns such as seizures. Statistical significance of the similarity between inexact motif matches is shown by wavelet-based ANOVA. CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrate a novel fingerprinting method for automatic discovery and data mining of spatiotemporal-frequency motifs of cortical oscillations occurring in ECoG data. We also show preliminary evidence that ECoG motifs may be potentially useful for seizure detection. The method may be advantageous in the indexing and searching for neural oscillation patterns in massive amounts of neural data, such as in prolonged EEG/ECoG recordings and in brain computer interfaces. Disclosure: Dr. Bernardo has nothing to disclose. Dr. Pluta has nothing to disclose. Dr. Shin has nothing to disclose.
SER MÁS PRO O MENOS PRO: VARIACIÓN EN LA EXPRESIÓN DE SUJETO PRONOMINAL EN EL CASTELLANO LIMEÑO

Este estudio tiene dos propositos: por un lado, establecer los factores que determinan la expresion de sujeto pronominal en la variedad castellana de Lima, Peru; por otro, comparar dichos factores con aquellos que condicionan la misma variable en otros dialectos. A traves de un estudio variacionista con el programa estadistico Goldvarb, se determino que los factores que favorecen la ocurrencia de sujetos pronominales en esta variedad son segunda persona singular, primera persona singular, verbos psicologicos, verba dicendi, cambio referencial y desinencia ambigua de tiempo, modo y aspecto. En general, los resultados son similares a los de los demas dialectos, aunque la jerarquia de los factores involucrados es diferente. Ademas, se hallo que la variedad limena tiene la menor tasa de sujetos pronominales estudiada, y que, en ese sentido, armoniza con dialectos peninsulares y mexicanos. Se concluye que la variedad limena es conservadora en cuanto a la expresion de sujeto pronominal.
Comparison of chip crossing delay in various packaging environments

The effect of packaging on computer performance is becoming increasingly significant because of delay due to package parasitics and connectivity between functional blocks. The first issue is addressed with an example of how chip crossing delay is influenced by the choice of packaging environment. Five separate packaging technologies are investigated. Simulation of this delay is useful for comparing packaging technologies and can provide guidelines for making appropriate choices to a system designer. >
NiO resistance change memory with a novel structure for 3D integration and improved confinement of conduction path

Among the candidates for future non-volatile memory, transition metal oxide (TMO) resistance change random access memory (RRAM) has shown potential for superior scalability with relatively high speed [1, 7]. The ultimate size of a TMO RRAM cell is expected to be a few tens of nm or smaller based on the filamentary conduction model [2, 3, 4, 9]. However, due to the filamentary conduction property, it is important to confine the conduction path of the current in a TMO RRAM cell because it affects the uniformity of operating voltages and currents, as well as the distribution of the low resistance state (LRS) [8]. In this work, we fabricated and characterized nanoscale Ti-doped RRAM cell arrays with i) a conventional structure (Structure 1) where the NiO is in between two metal electrodes, and ii) a novel structure where the NiO is deposited over crossing metal lines (Structure 2) for improved confinement of the conduction path. In the new structure, the memory cells showed lower RESET currents (∼90µA), larger ON/OFF ratio and improved LRS uniformity over the conventional structure. The smallest fabricated cell size is 48 nm X 48 nm, which is one of the smallest reported among NiO memory.
A Randomized Trial of a Behavioral Intervention for High Risk Substance-Using MSM

Substance-using men who have sex with men (MSM) are among the groups at highest risk for HIV infection in the United States. We report the results of a randomized trial testing the efficacy of a small group sexual and substance use risk reduction intervention based on empowerment theory compared to an enhanced efficacious control condition among 515 high risk not-in-treatment MSM substance users. Effect sizes for sexual risk and substance use outcomes were moderate to large: HIV transmission risk frequency, d = 0.71 in the control versus 0.66 in the experimental group; number of anal sex partners, d = 1.04 versus 0.98; substance dependence symptoms, d = 0.49 versus 0.53; significant differences were not observed between conditions. Black MSM reduced their risks at a greater rate than White or Latino men. The findings point to a critically important research agenda to reduce HIV transmission among MSM substance users.
Action spectra for killing and mutation of Chinese hamster cells exposed to mid- and near-ultraviolet monochromatic light ☆

We have examined the response of Chinese hamster V79 cells to monochromatic light of selected wavelengths in the mid- to near-UV region, using cell survival and induction of mutants resistant to 6-thioguanine (6-TG) or ouabain (OUA) as end points. As the wavelength increased from 313 to 405 nm, the induction of mutants resistant to 6-TG and to OUA decreased to a greater degree than did cell survival. Cells resistant to OUA were induced with considerably lesser efficiency at wavelengths of 313 and 334 nm than cells resistant to 6-TG. No mutants resistant to either 6-TG or OUA were induced by 405-nm light, and no mutants resistant to OUA were induced by 365-nm light. Thus, cell killing and mutation induction have different action spectra, and furthermore, action spectra for mutation induction at the HGPRT and Na+/K+-ATPase loci are different from each other. These observations imply important differences in the cellular mechanisms, and/or lesions, for cell inactivation, induction of 6-TG and OUA resistance for V79 cells exposed to near-UV monochromatic light.
Presumed toxoplasmosic anterior optic neuropathy.

Purpose: To describe the clinical findings and course of toxoplasmic anterior optic neuropathy and to differentiate primary and secondary involvement. Methods: Retrospective observational case series from a tertiary referral institution. Clinical and photographic charts of 13 patients with toxoplasmosis with direct optic nerve head involvement were reviewed and data were collected throughout the length of follow-up. Results: Toxoplasmic anterior optic neuropathy was divided into two types. Type I was defined as secondary infectious involvement of the optic nerve head from an adjacent focus of chorioretinitis that resolved with chorioretinal scarring. Type II was defined as primary involvement of the optic nerve head that resolved without chorioretinal scarring. Visual acuity improved after treatment in both Type I and Type II patients; however, the visual prognosis was worse in Type I patients due to macular involvement. Eighty-three percent of Type II patients had a final visual acuity equal to or better...
Subbarrier nucleon transfer: Doorway to heavy-ion fusion.

Nucleon-transfer cross sections have been measured at subbarrier energies in collisions between Sn target nuclei and light ${(}^{16}$,18O) and heavy ${(}^{58}$Ni) projectile nuclei. Large differences in cross sections correlate directly with the subbarrier fusion enhancement, suggesting nucleon transfer as an important doorway to fusion with a direct dependence on the overall transfer strengths. Simple two-level mixing considerations support this picture.
ABC goal achievement predicts microvascular but not macrovascular complications over 6-years in adults with type 1 diabetes: The Coronary Artery Calcification in Type 1 Diabetes Study

Abstract Hypothesis Vascular complications of type 1 diabetes are thought to cluster. We examined the prevalence and incidence of vascular complications and American Diabetes Association's ABC goal achievements in a prospective cohort of adults with type 1 diabetes. We hypothesized that ABC achievement at baseline would predict both micro- and macrovascular complications over 6-years. Methods Participants (N = 652) were 19–56 year old at baseline and re-examined 6-years later. Microvascular complications included diabetic nephropathy (DN), defined as incident albuminuria (AER ≥ 20 μg/min) or rapid GFR decline (> 3.3%/year) by CKD-EPI cystatin C and proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR), defined as laser eye-therapy. Macrovascular complications were defined as coronary artery calcium progression (CACp), measured by electron-beam computed-tomography. ABC goals were defined as HbA1c Results ABC control was suboptimal with only 6% meeting all goals. Meeting no ABC goals at baseline compared to meeting all goals was associated with increased odds of developing microvascular complications (OR: 8.5, 2.3–31.5, p = 0.001), but did not reach significance for CACp (OR: 1.7, 0.8–3.9, p = 0.19). Conclusion ABC achievement at baseline strongly predicted microvascular but not macrovascular complications over 6-years in adults with type 1 diabetes, suggesting a need for novel therapeutic targets to complement conventional risk factors in treating macrovascular complications.
CHANGES IN CALCIUM, HYDROXYPROLINE AND MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES IN VARIOUS AORTIC SEGMENTS OF ARTERIOSCLEROTIC BREEDER RATS.

Summary The calcium and hydroxyproline content of rat aortae has been determined chemically in both arteriosclerotic breeder rats and non-arteriosclerotic virgin rats. In the case of male breeders with microscopic arteriosclerosis, the calcium content of the aorta was essentially the same as that found in virgin male rats. Very little difference was found in hydroxyproline content in male virgin and breeder aortae. However, a substantial difference was found in both calcium and hydroxyproline content of female virgin aortae and female breeder aortae. The difference in calcium and hydroxyproline between male and female breeders has been associated with the more severe arteriosclerosis found in the female breeder. The concentration of calcium was found to be greatest in the upper portions of the aorta and to decrease in the more distal portions. Calcium concentration increased with ascending degrees of arteriosclerosis in the carotid, arch, thoracic and abdominal segments of the aorta. The hydroxyproline concentration decreased with ascending degrees of arteriosclerosis. Histologically, these same aortae also showed subintimal accumulation of mucopolysaccharides which became transformed into fibrous tissue. Little or no lipid was found in these lesions. Medial mucopolysaccharides showed increasing concentration with ascending degrees of arteriosclerosis. Hemorrhage, ulceration, elastosis and aneurysm formation were all associated with alterations in the mucopolysaccharides of the ground substance. The state of mineralization of the aorta, as represented by the calcium content and the availability of collagen, as represented by the hydroxyproline determinations, indicate that the dystrophic calcification, elastosis, cartilaginous metaplasia and bone formation in these animals is probably related to the observed biochemical changes in calcium and collagen.
Counting Depth Zero Patterns in Ballot Paths

The purpose of this work is to extend the theory of finite operator calculus to the multivariate setting, and apply it to the enumeration of certain lattice paths. The lattice paths we consider are ballot paths. A ballot path is a path that stays weakly above the diagonalyD x, starts at the origin, and takes steps from the set"";!"D "u;r". Given a stringp from the set"u;r" , we want to count the ballot paths with a given number of occurrences ofp. In order to use finite operator calculus, we must put some restrictions on the stringp we wish to keep track of. A ballot path ending on the diagonal can be viewed as a Dyck path, thus all of our results also apply to the enumeration of Dyck paths with a given number of occurrences of p. Finally, we give an example of counting ballot paths with a given number of occurrences of two patterns.
The Place of Framing: Multiple Audiences and Antiwar Protests near Fort Bragg

Social movement leaders regularly invoke geographic places—such as cities, parks, and monuments—as symbols in strategic efforts to frame social movement activity. This article examines how place affects framing processes inside a movement and counterprotester responses with an ethnography of anti-Iraq War protests in Fayetteville, North Carolina. We show how place attracts the attention of movement leaders, creates opportunities for local community members to assert their interests, suppresses some frames within the movement, and encourages opponents to co-opt the meaning of place for their own ends. The multiple meanings of place can broaden the scope of conflict and reduce a movement leader’s ability unilaterally to define a movement’s agenda and public image.
Evaluation of a small beach nourishment project to enhance habitat suitability for horseshoe crabs

Abstract This field study evaluates the effect of nourishing an estuarine beach with gravel to enhance spawning rates by horseshoe crabs. A total of 564 m 3 of coarse sand and gravel were emplaced in two 90 m-long treatment segments at Bowers Beach, Delaware, USA from 9 to 11 April 2002. Field data were gathered between 6 April and 24 May 2002 to characterize the two fill segments and the un-nourished segments between them as well as two control segments at the adjacent Ted Harvey Beach. Sediment samples were taken from the foreshore surface and at depth before and after the nourishment. Bay water levels, wave heights, and beach ground water characteristics were monitored over a 12-hour tidal cycle at one of the nourished (15 May 2002) and the unnourished segment (16 May 2002) at Bowers Beach and at one of the control segments at Ted Harvey Beach (21 May 2002) using piezometers and pressure transducers inserted in wells. The beaches were cored to estimate the density of horseshoe crab eggs deposited during the spawning season. Horseshoe crab eggs were buried in pouches at 0.15 to 0.20 m depth for 30 to 40 days to evaluate their survival in developing into embryo or larval stage. Bulk sediment samples were taken to evaluate moisture characteristics near locations where egg pouches were buried. Density of spawning females at Bowers Beach was 1.04 m − 2 in 2001 and 1.20 m − 2 in 2002. These rates are lower than at Ted Harvey Beach but reveal an increase in spawning while Ted Harvey Beach underwent a considerable decrease (2.63 m − 2 to 1.35 m − 2 ). Sediments low on the foreshore remained nearly saturated throughout the tidal cycle at both beaches. The average hydraulic conductivity on the upper foreshore at the non-treatment section at Bowers Beach (0.19 cm s − 1 ) was less than at Ted Harvey Beach (0.27 cm s − 1 ), and the finer, better sorted sediments at depth at Bowers Beach resulted in a higher porosity, creating greater moisture retention potential. Egg development was greatest at mid foreshore at all sites. Eggs at the lower foreshore elevation remained viable, but did not develop to the embryo stage. Between-beach differences were limited to high elevations where higher mortality occurred at Ted Harvey Beach due to desiccation. Adding small amounts of gravel to a sand beach may change the appearance of the surface but may not appreciably increase mean grain size and sorting at depth or the hydraulic conductivity over the spawning season. The pebble fraction may be important for site selection, but finer sizes may be more important for egg survival because of moisture retention.
He 584 Å airglow emission from Venus: Mariner 10 observations

Observations were made across the bright limb of Venus by the ultraviolet spectrometer on Mariner 10 as the spacecraft flew by this planet on February 5, 1974. The altitude variation of the brightness of 584-A emission is interpreted with respect to the helium distribution in the atmosphere. Resonance scattering of solar radiation is considered as the source of this emission. The comparison of model calculations with the data shows that the observed altitude profile is consistent with a He density of about 2 million/cu cm at 145-km altitude and with an exospheric temperature of the order of 375 K. If the major loss of helium is by solar-wind scavenging only, the present helium content on Venus can be maintained by an outgassing rate of about 200,000 per sq cm per sec from the planet crust. By using these neutral helium measurements, it is found that the He(+) ion density in the outer ionosphere would be of the order of 200/cu cm.
Dependence of cAMP Meditated Increases in Cl- and HCO3- Permeability on CFTR in Bovine Corneal Endothelial Cells

The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) is present on the apical membrane of corneal endothelial cells. Increasing intracellular [cAMP] with forskolin stimulates an NPPB and glibenclamide-inhibitable apical Cl(-) and HCO(3)(-) permeability [Sun, X.C., Bonanno, J.A., 2002. Expression, localization, and functional evaluation of CFTR in bovine corneal endothelial cells. Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol. 282, C673-C683]. To definitively determine that the increased permeability is dependent on CFTR, we used an siRNA knockdown approach. Apical Cl(-) and HCO(3)(-) permeability and steady-state HCO(3)(-) flux were measured in the presence or absence of forskolin using cultured bovine corneal endothelial cells that were transfected with CFTR siRNA or a scrambled sequence control. CFTR protein expression was reduced by approximately 80% in CFTR siRNA treated cultures. Forskolin (10 microM) increased apical chloride permeability by 7-fold, which was reduced to control level in siRNA treated cells. CFTR siRNA treatment had no effect on baseline apical chloride permeability. Apical HCO(3)(-) permeability was increased 2-fold by 10 microM forskolin, which was reduced to control level in siRNA treated cultures. Similarly, there was no effect on baseline apical HCO(3)(-) permeability by knocking down CFTR expression. The steady-state apical-basolateral pH gradient (DeltapH) at 4h in control cultures was increased approximately 2.5-fold by forskolin. In CFTR siRNA treated cells, the baseline DeltapH was similar to control, however forskolin did not have a significant effect. We conclude that forskolin induced increases in apical HCO(3)(-) permeability in bovine corneal endothelium requires CFTR. However, CFTR does not have a major role in determining baseline apical chloride or HCO(3)(-) permeability.
Suppression of plant-parasitic nematodes by application of live and dead infective juveniles of an entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema carpocapsae, on boxwood (Buxus spp.)

Effects of live and dead (heat-killed) infective juveniles (IJs) of the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema carpocapsae on nematodes associated with boxwood Buxus spp. were evaluated in field experiments during 1999 and 2000. Both living and dead IJs of S. carpocapsae were equally effective, causing more than 50% reduction in total populations of plant-parasitic nematodes relative to the control 15 and 30 days after treatment in both years. No significant differences were observed between reductions in populations of plant-parasitic nematodes following entomopathogenic nematode and chemical nematicide (ethoprop) treatments. In 2000, populations of Criconemella, Hoplolaimus, Longidorus, and Rotylenchus were significantly reduced in all treatments relative to the control 30 days after treatment. However, in 1999 these genera were unaffected by treatments even though total plant-parasitic nematode population was decreased. The population of Tylenchorynchus was significantly reduced in all treatments 30 days after treatment in 1999. Further, the population of Tylenchus was significantly reduced in ethoprop and dead S. carpocapsae treatments 15 days after treatment relative to the control whereas the population of Aphelenchoides was unaffected by these treatments in 1999. Live S. carpocapsae showed no significant effect on the population of both these genera either 15 or 30 days after treatment in 1999. No viable symbiotic bacteria were observed in the dead nematodes used in this study indicating that dead nematodes alone or dead nematodes in combination with dead symbiotic bacteria produced the suppressive effect. In contrast to the plant-parasitic nematodes, populations of non-stylet-bearing nematodes were not affected by the application of entomopathogenic nematodes. Although ethoprop reduced population of non-stylet-bearing nematodes relative to the untreated control 15 days after treatment in 2000, no significant differences were observed 30 days after treatment. These findings suggest that allelochemicals produced by dead or live nematodes and/or by their symbiotic bacteria may be selectively acting against plant-parasitic nematodes. Our results demonstrate that both live and dead infective juveniles of S. carpocapsae may provide a possible control strategy for plant-parasitic nematodes on boxwood.
SCIENTIFIC AND RELIGIOUS UNIVERSES OF DISCOURSE

. The author argues, by analyzing the logic implicit in scientific and religious statements, that these two kinds of statements belong to different universes of discourse. Religious statements are not admissible into scientific discourse and scientific statements are not admissible into religious discourse. This separation of discourse into universes of discourse is based on validity conventions which legislate different kinds of truth criteria for statements in different universes.
Keynote address: Translating the cancer genomes

Cancer is the phenotypic endpoint of myriad genetic and epigenetic aberrations that collectivey commandeer key cancer-relevant pathways. Comprehensive characterization of the cancer genome holds enormous potential to (i) provide penetrating insight into the genetic bases of cancer, (ii) identify promising candidate therapeutic targets and diagnostic biomarkers, and (iii) illuminate the path toward personalized cancer medicine. However, translating the complex cancer genomic information into biological insights that can impact in the clinic is an enormous challenge that involves multi-disciplinary collaboration from genomic, computational sciences to cancer genetics and disease biology, and clinical arenas. Importantly, such collaboration begins with and depends on accessing and visualizing the data. Examples will be shared to illustrate the importance and need for visualization.
How Will the Digital Age Enhance the Evaluation of Diabetic Retinopathy

D IABETIC RETINOPATHY HAS AN ILLUSTRIOUS biography encompassing many stages. It was born as a result of the triumphs of medical management of diabetes mellitus, which extended the diabetic life expectancy, unveiling longer-term complications. It was nurtured to the age of therapeutics by landmark clinical trials. Its young adulthood was heralded by the recognition that medical control prevents a large fraction of progression and visual loss. Its middle age is the ongoing oordination of the multidisciplinary efforts of education nd screening, which have enhanced the use of these tools, esulting in a marked reduction of visual loss. A key element driving these developments and efforts is he ability to visualize and image diabetic retinopathy for taging purposes in a given patient. Fundus photography nhanced (and arguably surpassed) ophthalmoscopy as a easure of retinopathy, leading to the development of a obust, standardized grading scheme that has served as a alid benchmark for studying and treating diabetic retiopathy for the past 40 years. The digital age has left its imprint upon imaging in ways that need no elaboration. Film has become relegated to museums by digital photography and imaging. That digital fundus photography is at least equivalent to film has allowed continued application of the classification system. However, the rigorous 7-stereofield photographic set that was an invaluable research tool is generally recognized to be too cumbersome for everyday clinical applicability. Hence, a simpler iteration of the grading scheme has emerged for practical use in the clinic, requiring fewer mages, usually not procured in stereo. Mosaic, composite hotographs of the fundus are attractive for their relative implicity in evaluating the stage of retinopathy. Furtherore, the ability to obtain representative images through n undilated pupil has further widened the potential scope f screening for diabetic retinopathy—effectively taking he diagnosing of diabetic retinopathy out of the ophthalologist’s office and into general medical practice. The study by Silva and associates demonstrates the feasibility of a commercially available, nonmydriatic, ultrawide-field retinal imaging system for detecting diabetic
Proenkephalin gene expression is altered in the brain of spontaneously hypertensive rats during the development of hypertension

Enkephalins have been discovered in various regions of the brain involved in cardiovascular regulation. Sympathoadrenal hyperactivity and altered baroreflex activity have been implicated in the development of hypertension. The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether proenkephalin gene expression is altered in the arterial baroreceptor reflex region of the brain and in neurons involved in regulating sympathetic outflow, during the development of hypertension. Proenkephalin mRNA levels were compared, using in situ hybridization, in 4- and 14 week-old spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY). Systolic blood pressure was measured by tail-cuff impedance plethysmography. There were no differences in blood pressure at 4 weeks, however by 14 weeks resting systolic blood pressure was approximately 40% higher in SHR (162.5 +/- 1.6 vs. 117.3 +/- 1.5 mmHg). Proenkephalin gene expression in the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS), caudal (CVLM) and rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) was lower (approximately 67, 50, and 55%, respectively) in the SHR at 14 weeks. However, in the locus coeruleus (LC), anterior (AH) and lateral hypothalamus (LH), proenkephalin mRNA was significantly increased (approximately 50, 100 and 100%, respectively) in the SHR. The decrease in proenkephalin mRNA in the NTS, CVLM, and RVLM may attenuate arterial baroreceptor reflex activity, while the increase in proenkephalin mRNA in the LC, AH and LH may increase sympathetic tone by inhibiting the activity of sympathodepressor preganglionic neurons in the intermediolateral cell column of the spinal cord.
Reductions of the Graph Reconstruction Conjecture

In this note we shall show that the Graph Reconstruction Conjecture (also called the Kelly-Ulam conjecture [1, p. 11]) is equivalent to a conjecture about the algebraic properties of certain directed trees and their homomorphic images. We shall also show that the Graph Reconstruction Conjecture is equivalent to recognizing the (abstract) group of a graph from the tree (generalized ''deck'') of the graph.
Bisexuality—and the Case Against Kinsey

This chapter from esteemed author Jonathan Gathorne-Hardy's 2000 biography of Alfred C. Kinsey, Kinsey: Sex the Measure of All Things, makes a stark reappraisal of Kinsey's bisexuality amid criticism that Kinsey's own “immoral” sexual predilections affected his research. The article examines in detail heterosexist and biphobic bias in the James Jones biography of Kinsey and shows how Jones perpetuated projections and distortions about Kinsey's private sexual behavior to sensationalize his book. Chapter 18 is reprinted here with its chapter footnotes changed to endnote format; footnotes added at this writing are followed by an asterisk; for full references, readers are directed to the compendious bibliographies appended in Gathorne-Hardy's definitive work.
Characterizing post-glossectomy speech using real-time magnetic resonance imaging

We investigate articulatory behavior in post-glossectomy speech using real-time magnetic resonance imaging. Our data reveal that listeners judge speech produced by partial-glossectomy patients as atypical when the surgical procedure affected the oral tongue. Speech produced by patients whose procedure affected the base of tongue, however, was judged as typical. We observe that preservation and compensation mechanisms are exhibited by the patients with atypical speech. They preserve appropriate modulation of F1 using tongue and/or jaw height despite inability to appropriately modulate F2 due to the reduced size and/or mobility of the tongue. Further, durational differences between tense and lax vowels are maintained. The preservation of these features serves as evidence in support of a framework within which individual gestural parameters are independently controlled; when achievement of a particular parameter specification (e.g., constriction location) is compromised, the remaining (e.g., constriction degree, activation duration) are unchanged. Compensatory behavior is exhibited when coronal tongue movement has been impeded and is exemplified by (i) production of labiodental stops in place of target coronal stops and laterals and (ii) forming a velar constriction to produce frication in place of the alveolar frication for /s/.
Analysis of Survival Data with Missing Measurements of a Time-Dependent Binary Covariate

The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of the number and timing of a binary time-dependent covariate on the bias using the last-observation carried forward in the proportional hazards model. Under various assumptions of censoring rates, transition probabilities of the time-dependent covariate, sample size, and the log hazard-ratio for the covariate, we empirically examined the impact that the number and timing have on the bias of the estimator of the covariate. An example from the Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program was used. Inference on the effect of systolic blood pressure on survival is strongly affected by the number and timing of systolic blood measurements.
Do Clinicians Screen Medicaid Patients for Syphilis or HIV When They Diagnose Other Sexually Transmitted Diseases

Background: Patients diagnosed with gonorrhea or chlamydia are at high risk for HIV and syphilis, and should be offered screening for both. Goal: This study measures HIV and syphilis screening rates among Medicaid patients diagnosed with another sexually transmitted disease (STD). Study Design: Using 1998 Medicaid claims data from 4 states, we identified individuals diagnosed with gonorrhea, urogenital chlamydia, or pelvic inflammatory disease, and then measured the proportion receiving screening tests for HIV and syphilis. Results: Only 25% of STD-diagnosed Medicaid patients received screening tests for syphilis and only 15% for HIV. We found significant state-to-state variability in screening rates. Conclusion: Medicaid patients diagnosed with a nonbloodborne STD represent a high-risk group that is not adequately screened for syphilis and HIV despite repeated contact with medical professionals. Interventions should focus on eliminating missed opportunities for screening these high-risk individuals.
Efficient Computer Manipulation of Tensor Products

Abstract : It is shown how to construct a modified version sub i of a (presumably efficient) subroutine sub i for solving the linear system A sub i x = b , i=1,...,k, so that the linear system can be solved by just one call to each of the subroutines SUB sub i . i=1,...,k. Polynomial interpolation and spline interpolation in several variables are given as examples. (Author)
Identifying Introgressive Hybridization in Native Populations of California Golden Trout Based on Molecular Markers

Abstract The California golden trout Oncorhynchus mykiss aguabonita is one of three subspecies within the rainbow trout–redband trout complex endemic to the Kern River basin and historically restricted to Golden Trout Creek and the South Fork Kern River. Past allozyme studies have indicated that native populations of California golden trout in the Golden Trout Creek drainage may have become introgressed with rainbow trout alleles through interaction with hybrids of rainbow trout and California golden trout stocked into nearby headwater lakes that are connected to tributaries in the drainage. We used six microsatellites and a minisatellite marker to estimate the genetic diversity and levels of introgression in approximately 700 California golden trout taken from 23 locations in Golden Trout Creek, its tributaries, and surrounding lakes. Indications of introgression were found in all but one of the sampled Golden Trout Creek drainage locations, the lowest average levels (0–8%) occurring in the lower reaches...
Feedback quantum control of molecular electronic population transfer

Abstract Feedback quantum control, where the sample `teaches' a computer-controlled arbitrary lightform generator to find the optimal light field, is experimentally demonstrated for a molecular system. Femtosecond pulses tailored by a computer-controlled acousto-optic pulse shaper excite fluorescence from laser dye molecules in solution. Fluorescence and laser power are monitored, and the computer uses the experimental data and a genetic algorithm to optimize population transfer from ground to first excited state. Both efficiency (the ratio of excited state population to laser energy) and effectiveness (total excited state population) are optimized. Potential use as an `automated theory tester' is discussed.
Maintainability design criteria for packaging of spacecraft replaceable electronic equipment.

Maintainability must be designed into long-duration spacecraft and equipment to provide the required high probability of mission success with the least cost and weight. The ability to perform repairs quickly and easily in a space environment can be achieved by imposing specific maintainability design criteria on spacecraft equipment design and installation. A study was funded to investigate and define design criteria for electronic equipment that would permit rapid removal and replacement in a space environment. The results of the study are discussed together with subsequent simulated zero-g demonstration tests of a mockup with new concepts for packaging.
Fetal lung-head ratio is not related to outcome for antenatal diagnosed congenital diaphragmatic hernia

Abstract We asked if fetal lung-to-head ratio (LHR) of 1.0 or lower or liver herniation had a statistical effect on survival or need for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), compared with LHR above 1.0 in patients with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH). Methods Antenatal records of all patients diagnosed with CDH from January of 2002 to June of 2005 were examined. Inclusion criteria were isolated left-sided CDH and absence of significant cardiac or other anomalies/syndromes, treated solely at this institution. Lung-to-head ratio values were compared based on the value currently proposed for fetal intervention: LHR of 1.0 or lower vs LHR above 1.0. Outcome was assessed as survival (discharge to home) or need for ECMO. Results Twenty-eight patients met inclusion criteria. Overall survival was 86% (24/28). Postnatal survival in fetuses with LHR of 1.0 or lower (8/11) was not statistically different from LHR above 1.0 (16/17) (73% vs 94%, P = .114). The need for ECMO in the group with LHR of 1.0 or lower (3/11) was not significantly different from those with LHR above 1.0 (1/17) (27% vs 6%, P = .114). Herniation of the fetal liver into the chest did not affect survival or need for ECMO (P = .228). Conclusion Neither LHR of 1.0 or lower nor liver herniation identified a risk factor significant enough to warrant fetal intervention. Multicenter studies may be more appropriate to investigate this clinical problem.
Comparison of the muscle protein paramyosin from different molluscan species.

Abstract 1. 1. Paramyosin was isolated and purified from the molluscan bivalves Crassostrea virginica and Mercenaria mercenaria, the whelk Busycon contrarium and the chiton Acanthopleura granulata. For this purpose, three different extractive procedures were compared. Only paramyosin of the two species of bivalves appeared to be partially degraded if care was not taken to prevent proteolytic attack during the isolation procedure. 2. 2. The molecular weight, electrophoretic behavior, solubility at neutral pH and susceptibility to denaturation by guanidine-HCl were compared for paramyosins from the four species. All were similar in these properties and each was denatured by guanidine-HCl in multiple stages. 3. 3. Paramyosins from the four species wcre compared for susceptibility to proteolysis by pepsin and trypsin. In all cases a proteolysis-resistant segment of 110,000–150,000 Daltons accumulated. These results suggest that regions of paramyosin vary in stability, that these regions are of about the same size for the four species and that the variations of stability may be of physiological significance for function.
Effect of afferent renal nerve stimulation on blood pressure, heart rate and noradrenergic activity in conscious rats

Abstract The effects of electrical stimulation of afferent renal nerves on arterial pressure, heart rate, and α-methyltyrosine-induced disappearance of norepinephrine in the hypothalamus, contralateral kidney, intestine, and skeletal muscle were studied in conscious rats. There was a significant increase in arterial pressure in response to afferent renal nerve stimulation. There was no significant change in the turnover of norepinephrine in the hypothalamus. However, there was a significant increase in the turnover of norepinephrine in the skeletal muscle, a tendency toward an increase in the intestine, and no change in the contralateral kidney. These results indicate that activation of afferent renal nerve fibers does not change noradrenergic activity in the hypothalamus yet produces a differential sympathetic outflow. Secondly, the increased turnover of norepinephrine in skeletal muscle may be contributing to
Alaskan stakeholder-defined research needs in the context of climate change

Alaska residents are already feeling the tangible impacts of climate change and are concerned about future impacts. In response, they have generated a large quantity of documents that describe their climate change-related research needs. This paper reviews and codes 63 stakeholder-generated documents that address climate change research needs in Alaska in order to synthesize common research needs and assess gaps in needs assessment. We find that research needs related to infrastructure, economics, hazards and safety, and terrestrial ecosystem impacts are most frequently mentioned. The review identifies a current focus on broad-scale expert assessments, and a gap in local-scale and participatory approaches. The majority of identified information needs cross traditional disciplines and require interdisciplinary approaches. Finally, this research suggests that scientists, stakeholders, and information translators in Alaska engage in iterative dialog in order to better link scientific inquiry to practice.
Characteristics of strained In/sub 0.65/Ga/sub 0.35/As/In/sub 0/./sub 52/Al/sub 0/./sub 48/As HEMT with optimized transport parameters

The DC and microwave performance of a strained In/sub 0/./sub 65/Ga/sub 0/./sub 35/As/In/sub 0/./sub 52/A1/sub 0/./sub 48/As HEMT (high-electron-mobility transistors) is reported. Its design is based on theoretical and experimental studies including low- and high-field transport characterization of heterostructures with different strains. The intrinsic DC transconductance and cutoff frequence of 1.4- mu m-long gate HEMTs are 574 mS/mm and 38.6 GHz, respectively. The increased indium (In) composition in the channel enhances the drift velocity from 1.35*10/sup 7/ to 1.55*10/sup 7/ cm/s at 300 K. >
Use of the Van Regemorter formula for collision strengths or cross sections

The accuracy of the widely used Van Regemorter formula (Astrophys. J. 136, 906 (1962)) for calculating the collision strengths needed in applications to high-temperature plasmas is tested by comparison with numerous more accurate calculations. It is found to be frequently a very poor approximation, especially for {Delta}{ital n}{ge}1 excitation transitions from levels with {ital l}{lt}{ital n}{minus}1, and the recommendation is made that with the recent advances in calculational procedures and available accurate atomic data use of the Van Regemorter formula should be discontinued.
Modeling and Stability of a Hydraulic Load-Sensing Pump With Investigation of a Hard Nonlinearity in the Pump Displacement Control System

Certain types of Load-sensing (LS) pumps utilize a hydro-mechanical control system designed to regulate the pressure difference, or margin pressure, between the inlet and outlet of a flow control valve. With a constant margin pressure, predictable flow control can be achieved by controlling the orifice area of the flow control valve. In this work, the stability of the pressure control system will be investigated. A combination of linear analysis and nonlinear analysis is employed to assess the stability of a particular LS pump system. Among many nonlinearities present in the hydro-mechanical system, of particular interest is the saturation inherent in the actuator that is used to displace the pump swash plate and the saturation within the 3-way spool valve that permits flow to reach the actuator. This saturation nonlinearity has been isolated from the rest of the system to enable stability analysis. Analysis of model characteristics is used to make conclusions about the stability of the system consisting of interconnected linear and nonlinear portions. The stability analysis is compared to results obtained through a simulation study using a nonlinear model based on first principles.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Discrete‐time nonlinear feedback control of multivariable processes

Discrete-time nonlinear feedback control laws are derived for multivariable nonlinear processes, whose “delay-free” parts are minimum phase. These include mixed errorand state-feedback, error-feedback, and mixed error- and output-feedback laws, which can induce linear input - output closed-loop response. This study is carried out within the framework of the discrete-time globally linearizing control. The broader class of nonlinear processes, in which controlled outputs as well as some other process variables are measured, are also considered. A mixed error- and output-feedback control law is derived for this class of processes. The conditions under which the mixed error- and output-feedback can be applied to a process operating at or around an open-loop unstable equilibrium point are determined. The application and performance of the derived control laws are illustrated by the numerical simulation of a chemical reactor.
Bis[N‐(p‐toluenesulfonyl)]sulfodiimide

[851-06-9] C14H14N2O4S3 (MW 370.46) InChI = 1S/C14H14N2O4S3/c1-11-3-7-13(8-4-11)22(17,18)15-21-16-23(19,20)14-9-5-12(2)6-10-14/h3-10H,1-2H3 InChIKey = MMRMMPUWWGUAEP-UHFFFAOYSA-N (can act as an enophile in ene reactions4-6 and as a dienophile in Diels–Alder reactions;2,10-12 participates in [2 + 2]4 and [3 + 2]15, 16 cycloaddition reactions; cycloadds to ynamines17) Physical Data: bright yellow solid; mp 48–50 °C. Solubility: sol benzene, toluene, chloroform, and methylene chloride. Preparative Methods: a convenient in situ method for the synthesis of bis[N-(p-toluenesulfonyl)]sulfodiimide (1a) is by treating N-Sulfinyl-p-toluenesulfonamide with dry Pyridine in benzene (eq 1).2 An alternative procedure is the reaction of SCl2 or S2Cl2 with p-toluenesulfonamide in the presence of a base such as pyridine or triethylamine (eq 2).3 (1) (2) Handling, Storage, and Precautions: extremely sensitive to moisture and should be stored in a desiccator and handled only in a dry box or glove bag. Typically the title compound is generated and used in situ.
An Integrated Probe for Magnetic Resonance Imaging Monitored Skin Cryosurgery

Cryosurgery of the skin is a common treatment for both benign and malignant skin cancers. Monitoring the depth of the frozen lesion during cryosurgery, either by estimation based on the lateral spread of freeze at the skin surface or via thermocouples, may be inaccurate because of the heterogeneous nature of tissue. We describe an integrated cryosurgical probe and magnitude resonance imaging probe which we use to obtain high resolution MR images of skin, subcutaneous muscle and the frozen lesion during cryosurgery.