cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Consequences of adolescent drug use on psychiatric disorders in early adulthood

This article summarizes the existing literature on the relationship between adolescent drug use and abuse and the development of psychiatric disorders in adulthood. In recent years, there has been increased awareness of the co-occurrence of drug abuse and psychiatric disorders in adolescence and young adulthood. Few longitudinal studies, however, have examined specifically the impact of earlier drug use and abuse on later psychiatric disorders. The literature suggests three possible models to explain the relation between drug use and abuse and psychiatric disorders. According to the first model, adolescent psychiatric disorders precede drug use and abuse. A second model postulates that psychiatric disorders and drug use are correlated because they share one or more common aetiological factor(s). The third model posits that drug use and abuse predict or precede certain psychiatric disorders. We present data from a recent longitudinal study to support this latter model. As drug use and abuse have been shown to increase the likelihood of psychiatric disorders, it is clear that medical attention needs to be given to adolescents who use drugs of abuse. It is expected that a decrease in adolescent drug abuse should lead to an accompanying reduction in later psychiatric disorders.
Linkage mapping of serotonin transporter protein gene SLC6A4 on chromosome 17

Abnormalities in monoamine metabolism, including serotonin metabolism, have been implicated in the pathophysiology of affective disorders, schizophrenia, suicide, and other psychiatric disorders. Serotonin transporter protein (SERT) allows neurons to retrieve serotonin that has been released into a synapse. SERT is a site of action for several drugs with CMS effects, including both therapeutic agents (e.g., antidepressants) and drugs of abuse (e.g., cocaine). This gene had previously been physically mapped to chromosome 17. We used a PCR product corresponding to the 3′ untranslated region of the gene as a probe to identify restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), which we then used to establish that the SLC6A4, genetic locus for SERT, is near 17q12 and probably flanked by D17S58 and D17S73 (a location consistent with observed crossovers). These data should be useful for linkage studies of neuropsychiatric disorders. (Joyce et al. 1993). Neurotransmitter reuptake sites (including also the norepinephrine transporter protein and the dopamine transporter protein) are logical candidate genes for susceptibility to psychiatric illness. We have previously (Gelernter et al. 1993) mapped the norepinephrine transporter protein to chromosome 16q21. We describe here linkage mapping of the serotonin transporter protein gene (gene symbol SLC6A4, for “solute carrier family 6 (neurotransporter, serotonin), member 4”), which was cloned in 1991 (Blakely et al. 1991; Hoffman et al. 1991) and previously assigned to chromosome 17, most likely to band 17q11.2, by in situ hybridization (Ramamoorthy et al. 1993). Our linkage results confirm the initial mapping of SLC6A4 and place it in the linkage map of proximal 17q.
Keltonia , a New Genus Near Reuteroscopus Kirk., With Descriptions of New Species (Hemiptera: Miridae)

A new genus Keltonia is described, with two new species from Florida, rubrofemorata and fuscipunctata . Psallus sulphureus Reuter (1907), formerly included in Reuteroscopus Kirkaldy (1905), is placed in this genus (n. comb.), and Psallus conspurcatus Blatchley (1928) is considered a synonym of sulphureus (n. syn.). Psallus balli Knight (1926) is transferred to Keltonia (n. comb.).
Navigating in the storm: using Astrolabe for distributed self-configuration, monitoring and adaptation

The dramatic growth of computer networks creates both an opportunity and a daunting distributed computing problem for users seeking to build applications that can configure themselves and adapt as disruptions occur. The problem is that data often resides on large numbers of devices and evolves rapidly. Systems that collect data at a single location scale poorly and suffer from single-point failures. Here, we discuss the use of a new system, Astrolabe, to automate self-configuration, monitoring, and to control adaptation. Astrolabe operates by creating a virtual system-wide hierarchical database, which evolves as the underlying information changes. Astrolabe is secure, robust under a wide range of failure and attack scenarios, and imposes low loads even under stress.
The Power of Expectation

Abstract In 1999, the first author and his colleagues at the Smithsonian Institution published an article in Curator: The Museum Journal introducing research on the experiences visitors find satisfying in museums. Subsequent data collection has expanded on these findings, as this Research Note will elucidate. In general, the team found that experiences that visitors were looking forward to on entrance tended to have a distribution similar to that of the experiences they found satisfying on exit. The aim of this note is to present data that demonstrates this consistency, and to observe that visitors’ expectations that they would have certain types of experiences upon entering a museum or exhibition were a much larger factor in determining their responses than were minor differences in museum or exhibition content or presentation. In other words, on the whole they came in knowing what experiences they expected, and they left having found them, regardless of what museum personnel presented to them inside.
Application of a reverse dot blot DNA–DNA hydridization method to quantify host-feeding tendencies of two sibling species in the Anopheles gambiae complex

A DNA-DNA hybridization method, reverse dot blot analysis (RDBA), was used to identify Anopheles gambiae s.s. and Anopheles arabiensis (Diptera: Culicidae) hosts. Of 299 blood-fed and semi-gravid An. gambiae s.l. collected from Kisian, Kenya, 244 individuals were identifiable to species; of these, 69.5% were An. arabiensis and 29.5% were An. gambiae s.s. Host identifications with RDBA were comparable with those of conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) followed by direct sequencing of amplicons of the vertebrate mitochondrial cytochrome b gene. Of the 174 amplicon-producing samples used to compare these two methods, 147 were identifiable by direct sequencing and 139 of these were identifiable by RDBA. Anopheles arabiensis bloodmeals were mostly (94.6%) bovine in origin, whereas An. gambiae s.s. fed upon humans more than 91.8% of the time. Tests by RDBA detected that two of 112 An. arabiensis contained blood from more than one host species, whereas PCR and direct sequencing did not. Recent use of insecticide-treated bednets in Kisian is likely to have caused the shift in the dominant vector species from An. gambiae s.s. to An. arabiensis. Reverse dot blot analysis provides an opportunity to study changes in host-feeding by members of the An. gambiae complex in response to the broadening distribution of vector control measures targeting host-selection behaviours.
The BaBar softwares architecture and infrastructure

Abstract The B a B ar experiment has in place since 1995 a software release system (SRT Software Release Tools) based on CVS (Concurrent Version System) which is in common for all the software developed for the experiment, online or offline, simulation or reconstruction. A software release is a snapshot of all B a B ar code (online, offline, utilities, scripts, makefiles, etc.). This set of code is tested to work together, and is indexed by a release number (e.g., 6.8.2) so a user can refer to a particular release and get reproducible results. A release will involve particular versions of packages. A package generally consists of a set of code for a particular task, together with a GNUmakefile, scripts and documentation. All B a B ar software is maintained in AFS (Andrew File System) directories, so the code is accessible worldwide within the Collaboration. The combination SRT, CVS, AFS, has demonstrated to be a valid, powerful and efficient way of organizing the software infrastructure of a modern HEP experiment with collaborating Institutes distributed worldwide, both in a development and production phase.
SmashGuard: A Hardware Solution to Prevent Security Attacks on the Function Return Address

A buffer overflow attack is perhaps the most common attack used to compromise the security of a host. This attack can be used to change the function return address and redirect execution to the attacker's code. We present a hardware-based solution, called SmashGuard, to protect against all known forms of attack on the function return addresses stored on the program stack. With each function call instruction, the current return address is pushed onto a hardware stack. A return instruction compares its address to the return address from the top of the hardware stack. An exception is raised to signal the mismatch. Because the stack operations and checks are done in hardware in parallel with the usual execution of instructions, our best-performing implementation scheme has virtually no performance overhead (because we are modifying hardware, it is impossible to guarantee zero overhead without an actual hardware implementation). While previous software-based approaches' average performance degradation for the SPEC2000 benchmarks is only 2.8 percent, their worst-case degradation is up to 8.3 percent. Apart from the lack of robustness in performance, the software approaches' key disadvantages are less security coverage and the need for recompilation of applications. SmashGuard, on the other hand, is secure and does not require recompilation of applications
Laser Doppler velocimetry of basilar membrane vibration.

A method is described for the measurement of basilar membrane (BM) vibration using a commercially made laser Doppler velocimeter (LDV). The instrumentation was coupled to a compound microscope which served to visualize reflective glass microbeads placed on the BM. The laser beam of the LDV was focused in the microscope object plane and positioned over the reflective bead. We show examples of frequency tuning curves and displacement input/output intensity functions obtained with the technique.
Auto-pipe and the X language: a pipeline design tool and description language

Auto-Pipe is a tool that aids in the design, evaluation and implementation of applications that can be executed on computational pipelines (and other topologies) using a set of heterogeneous devices including multiple processors and FPGAs. It has been developed to meet the needs arising in the domains of communications, computation on large datasets, and real time streaming data applications. This paper introduces the Auto-Pipe design flow and the X design language, and presents sample applications. The applications include the Triple-DES encryption standard, a subset of the signal-processing pipeline for VERITAS, a high-energy gamma-ray astrophysics experiment. These applications are discussed and their description in X is presented. From X, simulations of alternative system designs and stage-to-device assignments are obtained and analyzed. The complete system permits production of executable code and bit maps that may be downloaded onto real devices. Future work required to complete the Auto-Pipe design tool is discussed.
Maintaining integrity constraints in relational to OWL transformations

A large portion of the Semantic Web is expected to be generated from the hidden Web of relational databases. The methods to translate relational content to OWL/RDF are reasonably straightforward, however these methods tend to lose most, if not all, important integrity constraints that are present in the relational data. In this paper, we present a para-consistent logic based method to maintain several important categories of relational integrity constraints while translating relational data into OWL. In addition, we are able to further enforce OWL-like constraints on the resulting RDFs which are essential to fully exploit the expressiveness and logical inference power of OWL. Most importantly, with our method, the problem of inconsistency checking of OWL instances reduces to simple instance matching within two classes.
Supply chain operation and performance evaluation based on networked manufacturing

The networked manufacturing aims to satisfy customerpsilas individual demands. It has three-tier architecture: customer server-Web server-logic server and it realizes the functions of individual customization and cooperative design. The supply chain based on networked manufacturing is distinguished from the traditional supply chain. It unfolds its operation by the supporting of technique center. Networked manufacturing-based supply chain employs B/S(Browser/ Server) structure. It can realize the functions of product search, goods order, inventory search and customer support, etc. From the perspective of information flow, material flow, funds flow and resource sharing ability, the methods of grey relation and information entropy were used to evaluate the performance. Through the performance analysis of a numerical example, the methods were proved to be valid for performance evaluation.
A phase–field paradigm for grain growth and recrystallization

A new model is presented for the mesoscale modelling of grain–boundary motion. Grain boundaries are treated as regions of disorder across which orientation parameters change. The framework uses a set of lattice parameters to track grain orientation, and this is done with fewer equations than the more standard approach, which requires one equation for each grain orientation. An asymptotic analysis relates the theory to classical sharp–interface kinetics. A class of equilibrium states is analytically derived. The theory is numerically implemented in one dimension in order to illustrate the existence of stable grain structures. An ad hoc dislocation substructure energy is also used to demonstrate how the associated driving force causes grain boundaries to move, an essential ingredient in simulating recrystallization.
The Financial System of the Mediaeval Papacy in the Light of Recent Literature

I. Literature. Character previous to the opening of the Vatican Archives, 251. — Notable recent works, 254. — II. Administration. Development of a financial department, 260. — Central organization, 263. — External agents, 267. — III. Revenues. Classification, 273. — Census, 275. — Income taxes, 280. — Benefice taxes, 282. — Fees and miscellaneous receipts, 292.
Respiratory care controversies II.

Despite a plethora of publications on the art and science of respiratory care, a number of basic issues remain unanswered. These clinical controversies are often settled by expert opinion and personal bias. By definition, a controversy has compelling arguments for each side of the issue. This Respiratory Care Journal Conference addressed 12 clinical controversies, ranging from spirometry screening for chronic lung disease to the timing of tracheostomy. This paper is a concise synopsis of the salient points of each side of each argument and provides the points of consensus and points of contention. When appropriate, further research is suggested to address still unanswered questions.
Holography 1975: the first decade: From the inside lookingout

Two views are presented in this column this month of the exhibition held at the International Center of Photography in New York City last summer (8 July–21 September).
Abstract 114: Serum Amyloid A Plays an Important Role in Making HDL Lose Its Anti-inflammatory Effect on Adipocytes

Adipose tissue inflammation associates with insulin resistance and increased cardiovascular disease risk. HDL has both anti-inflammatory and atheroprotective properties. We recently showed that HDL from healthy humans and lean mice inhibits palmitate-induced monocyte chemotactic factor expression by decreasing lipid raft (LR) content in adipocytes. However, little is known regarding whether inflammation would cause HDL to lose these anti-inflammatory effects on adipocytes. To generate HDL under conditions of sterile inflammation, HDL was purified from plasma of AgNO3-injected C57BL/6 mice. In 3T3L-1 adipocytes, “inflamed HDL” did not disrupt the formation of LR or inhibit monocyte chemotactic factor expression. Moreover, inflamed HDL lost its ability to facilitate cholesterol efflux in adipocytes. To determine causal factors of HDL that might be responsible for this loss of anti-inflammatory effect on adipocytes, we investigated role of serum amyloid A (SAA), levels of which are increased up to 1000 fold in HDL by acute inflammation. In a loss of function study, inflamed HDL from AgNO3-injectd SAA1/2 double knockout (DKO) mice restored part of its anti-inflammatory and cholesterol efflux capacity. Conversely, in a gain of function study, increasing the SAA content in uninflamed HDL by exposure to 293 HEK cells with lentiviral overexpression of SAA2 resulted in a partial loss of its anti-inflammatory effect and cholesterol efflux capacity. To determine whether HDL from moderately inflamed humans had similar effects on adipocyte inflammation, HDL isolated from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (n=18) also demonstrated impaired anti-inflammatory effects in adipocytes. The extent of impairment associated positively with plasma SAA levels ( r =0.80; p <0.001), and negatively with cholesterol efflux capacity of the HDL ( r =-0.74; p <0.001). These findings indicate that inflamed HDL loses its anti-inflammatory effect and cholesterol efflux capacity on adipocytes. The presence of SAA in HDL may contribute to the generation of dysfunctional HDL and should be considered as a causal factor, not simply as a biomarker of dysfunctional HDL.
Comparison of a commercial identification kit and conventional biochemical tests used for the identification of enteric Gram-negative rods.

A comparison between 11 Minitek biochemical tests and corresponding conventional tubed media was undertaken with 1,089 isolates of enteric gram-negative rods. Overall correlation between Minitek and conventional biochemicals was 97.4%. Minitek proved to be a time- and space-saving miniaturized biochemical system that can be used effectively for the identification of enteric gram-negative rods.
Underwater Pupation by a Psephenid Beetle1

Some water penny beetles can pupate underwater in certain warm springs at depths of 50 cm. This is the first report of underwater pupation for the genus Psephenus .
Experiments with Repellents Against the Corn Root-Aphis

In consequence of reports from farmers of beneficial results of the use of kerosene on seed-corn, a strip through a large field was planted, in 1905, with seed which had been soaked in kerosene, and as a result a considerable percentage of the seed was damaged, though the plants were protected for some weeks against injury by the corn root-aphis. On the supposition that the latter effect was due to the odor, experiments were made during the winter of 1905-06 with carbolic acid, oil of lemon, formalin, minimum quantities of kerosene, and a variety of other volatile oils and odoriferous substances, from which the four above mentioned were selected for trial in the field. The kerosene was used at the rate of a teaspoonful to a gallon of earn, thoroughly stirred in just before planting, the oil of lemon as a 10% solution in alcohol, and the carbolic acid and the formalin as 3% solutions in water. Three ounces each to a gallon of corn were used of the oil of lemon mixture and the carbolic acid solution, and six ounces to the gallon of the solution of formalin. Strips of twelve to twenty-four rows each and eighty rods in length were planted with treated seed, intervening strips being left as sulted in noticeable injury to the seed, showing that this substance as sold is of very unequal quality and apparently of unlike composition.
Using the Theory of Reasoned Action to Examine the Impact of Health Risk Messages

Results from a laboratory experiment indicate that information about risk probability affects the belief that drinking parasite-infested tap water leads to personal illness. In line with Fishbein and Ajzen’s theory of reasoned action, this behavioral belief combined with other components of cognitive structure to affect subjects’ attitudes toward the act of drinking the water. These attitudes, along with subjective norms and perceived behavioral control, then affected behavioral intention to drink the water. Message stylistic variables interacted with information about the characteristics of the hazard to affect personal belief about risk from the contamination. In general, key concepts regarding risk-related behavior are accommodated well by Fishbein and Ajzen’s theory, which appears to be very useful for exploring the effects of risk communication.
A frequency domain algorithm to identify recurrent sedentary behaviors from activity time-series data

Sedentary behaviors such as sitting and watching TV increase the risk of many ailments including diabetes, cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality. Fitness trackers and smartphone apps automatically track users' physical activities and sedentary behaviors to support self-monitoring. These trackers generate activity time-series data that require manual analysis to detect recurrent patterns. We propose a frequency domain algorithm for detecting recurrent sedentary patterns from activity time-series data at multiple timescales (hourly, daily, and weekly). In our experiment, subjects who exhibited recurrent sedentary behaviors yielded periodic functions with a Mean Square Error as low as 0.003817 for predicting recurrent sedentary behaviors. For subjects with no recurrent sedentary behaviors, our algorithm yielded a constant center amplitude value. Our algorithm can be used to predict future occurrences of recurrent sedentary patterns, facilitating many computer-tailored interventions.
The intervention study of elementary school psychological violence in Shenzhen Bao'an District

Objective To compare the effects among different types of intervention on elementary school psychological violence. Methods A total of 3 843 elementary students from the third grade to fifth grade were selected with the stratified-cluster sampling method. The subjects were randomly selected and divided into the control group,the behavior reinforcement group,the health education group,and the life skills group,respectively. The intervention groups had received comprehensive health education,life skills intervention and behavior intervention for the one year,respectively. All participants underwent a survey at the baseline and at the end of the intervention. Results Among the 3 843 students,the incidence of applying psychological violence was 78. 7% The behavioral cognition score after the intervention( 57. 7 ± 5. 8) was higher than that before the intervention( 54. 4 ± 8. 5). Except the education group,the scores of the behavior group and the life skills group were higher than that of the control group. The school psychological violence rate after the intervention( 67. 0%) was lower than that before the intervention( 78. 7%). The school psychological violence rate was lower in the intervention groups than that in the control group. Conclusions School psychological violence among elementary school students is widespread in Shenzhen Baoan District. Behavior reinforcement,health education and life skills intervention can decrease the elementary school violence rate,and improve the students' behavior cognitive conditions. Campus violence intervention mode based on health education is established. With the assistance of the behavior reinforcement and life skills intervention,the serious situation of the current school violence in our country will be effectively curbed.
Diapers and diaper rashes

The diaper-wearing population has expanded from infants and children to include adults, especially the elderly. Nurses caring for patients over a wide age range are commonly asked for advice about diapering choices, and for guidance in evaluation, prophylaxis, and treatment of diaper rashes. Two different diaper types, disposables and reusables, and the advantages and disadvantages of each are discussed. A systematic approach is presented for the nursing evaluation of common diaper rashes and their differentiation from rarer skin eruptions of the groin and perineum in diaper-wearing persons.
On the distribution of microtubule-associated intermediate filament antigens in plant suspension cells

Intermediate filament antigens are known to coalign, patchily, with cortical microtubules in plant cells, but nothing else is established about this relationship or the form the antigens take. This was studied further using cell suspensions, instead of root tip cells, since their cortex is accessible to antibodies without the rigours of cell separation. Both carrot and sweetcorn suspension cells were labelled with three antibodies known to recognize animal intermediate filaments. The mitotic and cytokinetic apparatus could be stained with these antibodies, which, in interphase cells, also labelled cortical microtubule-like arrays. One antibody (AFB), raised against cytoplasmic bundles of 7nm fibrils from carrot cells, immunostained the bundles but only under conditions of fixation that did not allow the finer, microtubule-associated staining pattern to be seen. By exploring various preparatory conditions it was concluded that these two forms of antigen co-exist: they are not experimentally interconvertible but require different conditions for exposure to different antibodies. Double immunofluorescence established that the intermediate filament antigens do not parallel the actin network, nor did cytochalasin D affect their distribution. Taxol, however, bundled the intermediate filament antigens, whereas they are dispersed when microtubules are depolymerized, rather than collapsing in perinuclear whorls. Under conditions permitting the microtubule associated antigens to be stained by immunofluorescence, carrot protoplasts were cleaved on grids, exposing the cortical microtubules. Immunogold labelling then showed that the antibody raised against fibrillar bundles recognizes patches of electron-dense material, along and between the microtubules, rather than individual filaments. To confirm that the plant antigens are capable of forming filaments, a high salt, detergent-insoluble fraction was prepared from the maize line. By dialysing from urea, intermediate-sized filaments could be reconstituted and they immunoblotted with the broadly cross-reactive antibody to intermediate filament antigens (anti-IFA). These studies underline the problems of visualizing in plants, conformations of intermediate filament antigens that are not directly comparable to the extensively studied animal models, and that appear to be sensitive to the way in which cells are manipulated.
Significance of α-Gal (Galα1-3Galβ1-4GlcNAc-R) Epitopes and α1, 3 Galactosyltransferase in Xenotransplantation

移植手術を必要とする心、肝、腎機能不全患者の多くは、移植臓器を提供するドナー不足のため手術を受けられないでいる。同種移植 (allograft) におけるこの様な臓器不足のため、ブタの臓器をヒトに移植する異種移植 (pig xenograft) の実用化に向けて研究が進められている。近年、ヒトに存在する自然抗体、抗α-gal抗体 (anti-Gal annbody) とブタ移植片細胞表面に大量に発現しているα-gal抗原 (α-galエピトープ) とが認識、反応することが異種移植片生着の大きな障壁になっていることがわかってきた。このα-galエピトープはブタ及び、その他の哺乳類では発現しているが、ヒトでは発現していない。なぜなら、このエピトープを生合成するα1,3ガラクトース転移酵素遺伝子は、霊長類では進化過程において不活化されているからである。本稿では、異種移植片拒絶におけるanti-Ga1、α-galエピトープの意義と、この拒絶反応を回避しうる理論的なアプローチを紹介する。
A Hybrid Scheme based on Big Data Analytics using Intrusion Detection System

Objective: Network security plays a key role for many organizations. Host based and network based Intrusion Detection Systems are available in the market depending upon the detection technology used by them. The objective of this research paper is maintaining security across the heterogeneous data from homogeneous sources and co-relating the heterogeneous data from different sources using hybrid strategy. Methods/Statistical Analysis: A real time detection Intrusion Prevention Systems (IPS), prevents security intrusions by gathering and composing with technologies. Findings: Heterogeneous data from different sources has been collected from KDD Cup Dataset and segregated into learning phase and detection phase. In the learning phase, known attacks will be identified. Similarly detection phase also will consider the same. Applications/Improvements: The proposed system specifies a set of rules and high DoS, R2L, U2R, Probe. One may attempt to get good results by improving the efficiency and reducing the complexity present in the model. In future several reduction techniques may be studied to get more features.
TOWARDS A PHONETICS OF THE DISCOURSE

Experimental phonetics research had been characterized since its beginnings to very recent date, by studies in which the analyses were limited to the Word level. Of course, these limitations were due to the instruments of analysis and not to the researcher. Studies in Experimental Phonetics beyond the word level are of a recent date as a consequence recent developments in speech technology. The study presented her comes from my dissertation (Simoes: 1987) which deals with Experimental Phonetics at the discourse level. The realization of this type f study can be accomplished only if new techniques of segmentation and analysis are developed. For this reason, techniques of segmentation and analysis are developed for the purpose of the present study. The present discourse analysis deals with the relationship between lower level linguistic components (phonetics/phonology) and higher level linguistic components (syntax, discourse) from the experimental analysis of the temporal organization of the three extreme vowels [i], [a], and [u]. D. Klatt’s (1976) model, based on American English, is examined in order to know how it could be adapted to Brazilian Portuguese. Following this comparison, rules are proposed to predict sound-segment duration of Brazilian Portuguese in continuous speech for the particular case of the informant in this study. Data for this investigation were obtained from one speaker from Rio de Janeiro who read a text for children containing over one thousand words.
Message framing as institutional maintenance: The National Collegiate Athletic Association’s institutional work of addressing legitimate threats

Abstract This research examined how a dominant sport organization (the National Collegiate Athletic Association) within an organizational field (U.S. intercollegiate athletics) addressed legitimate threats to its governance through the strategic framing of its public discourse. Through content analysis methods, changes in communication strategies were documented to highlight the National Collegiate Athletic Association’s (NCAA) responses to recent legal challenges to the organization’s rules regulating the compensation of college athletes in the U.S. In this regard, the NCAA first emphasized the harmful effects of potential changes to the institutional script, effectively denigrating the challengers. Then the organization justified its rules and institutional logics before finally re-institutionalizing its standard discourse, which portrayed the NCAA as a progressive organization that safeguards the interests of college athletes. This study provides further insight into how dominant sport organizations formulate defensive narratives to address contestations that may threaten institutional arrangements within a given field. In this regard, this research provides further insight into the process of message framing as institutional maintenance work.
A unified variational eigen-erosion framework for interacting brittle fractures and compaction bands in fluid-infiltrating porous media

Abstract The onset and propagation of the cracks and compaction bands, and the interactions between them in the host matrix, are important for numerous engineering applications, such as hydraulic fracture and CO2 storage. While crack may become flow conduit that leads to leakage, formation of compaction band often accompanies significant porosity reduction that prevents fluid to flow through. The objective of this paper is to present a new unified framework that predicts both the onset, propagation and interactions among cracks and compaction bands via an eigen-deformation approach. By extending the generalized Griffith’s theory, we formulate a unified nonlocal scheme that is capable to predict the fluid-driven fracture and compression-driven anti-crack growth while incorporating the cubic law to replicate the induced anisotropic permeability changes triggered by crack and anti-crack growth. A set of numerical experiments are used to demonstrate the robustness and efficiency of the proposed model.
Alternate wetting and drying decreases methylmercury in flooded rice (Oryza sativa) systems

In flooded soils, including those found in rice (Oryza sativa L.) fields, microbes convert inorganic Hg to more toxic methylmercury (MeHg). Methylmercury is accumulated in rice grain, potentially affecting health. Methylmercury in rice field surface water can bioaccumulate in wildlife. We evaluated how introducing aerobic periods into an otherwise continuously flooded rice growing season affects MeHg dynamics. Conventional continuously flooded (CF) rice field water management was compared with alternate wetting and drying, where irrigation was stopped twice during the growing season, allowing soil to dry to 35% volumetric moisture content, at which point plots were reflooded (AWD-35). Methylmercury studies began at harvest in Year 3 and throughout Year 4 of a 4-yr replicated field experiment. Bulk soil, water, and plant samples were analyzed for MeHg and total Hg (THg), and iron (Fe) speciation was measured in soil samples. Rice grain yield over 4 yr did not differ between treatments. Soil chemistry responded quickly to AWD-35 dry-downs, showing significant oxidation of Fe(II) accompanied by a significant reduction of MeHg concentration (76% reduction at harvest) compared with CF. Surface water MeHg decreased by 68 and 39% in the growing and fallow seasons, respectively, suggesting that the effects of AWD-35 management can last through to the fallow season. The AWD-35 treatment reduced rice grain MeHg and THg by 60 and 32%, respectively. These results suggest that the more aerobic conditions caused by AWD-35 limited the activity of Hg(II)-methylating microbes and may be an effective way to reduce MeHg concentrations in rice ecosystems.
Statistical process control of in-plane shape deformation for additive manufacturing

Statistical monitoring of additive manufacturing (AM) processes faces major challenge due to the nature of one-of-a-kind manufacturing. In contrast to mass production, AM processes fabricate products with complex shapes and low volumes, which result in disparate training data and small sample sizes. Furthermore, constant changes of product designs demand the capability of monitoring the process of building new products not being tried before. Traditional Statistical Process Control (SPC) therefore can hardly be applied directly. A popular solution is to monitor AM process parameters indicative of process conditions. However, process conditions have to be benchmarked by product quality. This work put forth a prescriptive SPC scheme to monitor shape deformation from shape to shape. Only a limited number of test shapes are required to establish control limits. The strategy is extension of our previous work on the prescriptive modeling and compensation of shape deformation to the field of SPC. Experimental investigation using stereolithography process validates the proposed deformation monitoring approach.
Sensitivity analysis of wearable textiles for ECG sensing

Rapid advances in material science and mobile technology bring the new generation of wearable electrocardiogram (ECG) sensing systems. In particular, sensing textiles have been widely used in cardiac monitoring due to its high flexibility and reusability. Unlike conventional gel electrodes, sensing textiles are non-adhesive, which provide comfortable and stress-free experience. However, the quality of textile-based ECG sensing is more sensitive to external factors (such as sensor placement and contact pressure). There is an urgent need to investigate how the quality of ECG sensing is influenced by these factors and improve the design of wearable textiles. In the literature, little has been reported on the sensitivity analysis of textile-based ECG sensing. In this study, we experimentally investigate the sensitivity of textile-based ECG sensing to four factors, i.e., contact pressure, textile placement, user's activity, and muscle activity. Specifically, ECG signals are collected using sensing textiles under these four factors. Then, heart rate and ECG morphology are characterized from the obtained ECG signals and compared with true signals (obtained from standard gel electrodes). Experimental results show that the quality of textile-based ECG sensing is not sensitive to the contact pressure as long as it is >6N. When the patient is walking, nevertheless, the sensing quality can be strongly influenced by the textile placement. Furthermore, textiles placed on areas with fewer muscles achieve better signal quality. This study shows strong potentials of textile materials for the design of wearable ECG systems to empower smart and connected cardiac health.
A general method to improve 3D-printability and inter-layer adhesion in lignin-based composites

Abstract We report the utilization of a melt-stable lignin waste-stream from biorefineries as a renewable feedstock, with acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber and acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) polymer to synthesize a renewable matrix having excellent 3D-printability. While the initial low melt viscosity of the dispersed lignin phase induces local thermo-rheological relaxation facilitating the composite's melt flow, thermal crosslinking in both lignin and rubber phases as well as at the lignin-rubber interface decreases the molecular mobility. Consequently, interfacial diffusion and the resulting adhesion between deposited layers is decreased. However, addition of 10 wt.% of discontinuous carbon fibers (CFs) within the green composites not only significantly enhances the material performance but also lowers the degree of chemical crosslinking formed in the matrix during melt-phase synthesis. Furthermore, abundant functional groups including hydroxyl (from lignin) and nitrile (from rubber and ABS) allow combinations of hydrogen bonded structures where CFs play a critical bridging role between the deposited layers. As a result, a highly interfused printed structure with 100% improved inter-layer adhesion strength was obtained. This research offers a route toward utilizing lignin for replacement of petroleum-based thermoplastics used in additive manufacturing and methods to enhance printability of the materials with exceptional mechanical performance.
Put your hands up! Gesturing improves preschoolers' executive function.

Abstract This study addressed the causal direction of a previously reported relation between preschoolers’ gesturing and their executive functioning on the Dimensional Change Card Sort (DCCS) sorting–switch task. Gesturing the relevant dimension for sorting was induced in a Gesture group through instructions, imitation, and prompts. In contrast, the Control group was instructed to “think hard” when sorting. Preschoolers (N = 50) performed two DCCS tasks: (a) sort by size and then spatial orientation of two objects and (b) sort by shape and then proximity of the two objects. An examination of performance over trials permitted a fine-grained depiction of patterns of younger and older children in the Gesture and Control conditions. After the relevant dimension was switched, the Gesture group had more accurate sorts than the Control group, particularly among younger children on the second task. Moreover, the amount of gesturing predicted the number of correct sorts among younger children on the second task. The overall association between gesturing and sorting was not reflected at the level of individual trials, perhaps indicating covert gestural representation on some trials or the triggering of a relevant verbal representation by the gesturing. The delayed benefit of gesturing, until the second task, in the younger children may indicate a utilization deficiency. Results are discussed in terms of theories of gesturing and thought. The findings open up a new avenue of research and theorizing about the possible role of gesturing in emerging executive function.
User Interface for Managing and Refining Related Patent Terms

One of the crucial aspects of the patent examination process is assessing the patentability of an invention by performing extensive keyword-based searches to identify related existing inventions (or lack thereof). The expertise of identifying the most effective keywords is a critical skill and time-intensive step in the examination process. Recently, word embedding [1] techniques have demonstrated value in identifying related words. In word embedding, the vector representation of an individual word is computed based on its context, and so words with similar meaning exhibit similar vector representation. Using a number of alternate data sources and word embedding techniques we are able to generate a variety of word embedding models. For example, we initially clustered patent data based on the different areas of interests such as Computer Architecture or Biology, and used this data to train Word2Vec [2] and fastText [3] models. Even though the generated word embedding models were reliable and scalable, none of the models by itself was sophisticated enough to match an experts choice of keywords.
The Hypolipidemic Activity of a Series of 2,3-Dihydrophthalazine-l,4-dione Derivatives in Rodents.

A series of substituted 2,3-dihydrophthalazine-l,4-dione derivatives as well as the corresponding N,N-diaminophthalamides were prepared and were demonstrated to have potent hypolipidemic activity, lowering both serum triglyceride and cholesterol levels significantly at 20 mg/kg/day after 16 days of dosing in CF1 male mice. The parent compound, 2,3-dihydrophthalazine-l,4-dione, lowered serum cholesterol 51% and serum triglyceride 43%. 2-(2-Carboxyethyl)-2,3-dihydrophthalazine-l,4-dione demonstrated the best hypocholesterolemic activity, with a 66% reduction after 16 days. The 2-(p-chlorophenyl) derivative demonstrated good activity (>40% reduction) in both screens, as did the 6-methyl-2,3-dihydrophthalazine-l,4-dione derivative. Of the amides, 4-methyk N,N-diaminophthalamide demonstrated the best hypolipidemic activity, affording a greater than 40% reduction. 2,3-Dihydrophthalazine-l,4-dione was found to inhibit the enzyme activity of acetyl CoA synthetase, ATP-dependent citrate lyase, sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyl transferase, phosphatidylate phosphohydrolase, and mitochondrial citrate exchange of liver. In mice after 16 days of dosing, there was a reduction of cholesterol, triglycerides, neutral lipids, and phospholipids in the liver. Cholesterol and neutral lipids were reduced in rat chylomicrons, very low-density lipoproteins, and low-density lipoproteins. The cholesterol content of the high-density lipoprotein fraction was slightly elevated, but reductions in the triglycerides and phospholipids were observed in this lipoprotein fraction. 3H-Cholesterol distribution studies showed a lower concentration in the major organs and plasma, with a higher 3H-cholesterol content in the stomach and large intestine.
Contact angles measured at mineral surfaces covered with adsorbed collector layers

Improvements in the measurement of contact angles at heterogeneous surfaces and their interpretation were applied to mineral flotation systems where a hydrophilic solid surface is covered by a hydrophobic collector and forms a heterogeneous pattern. The examination of the contact-angle hysteresis and the contact-angle vs. drop-size relationship for the fluorite-carboxylate and apatite-carboxylate systems supports the model of nonuniform formation of adsorbed layers through nucleation and growth of hemimicelles at the mineral surface.
Short communication: estimation of genetic trends for body weight traits in markhoz goat at different ages.

The objective of the present study was to estimate genetic trends for body weight at different ages in Markhoz goat, including birth weight (BW, n = 4758), weaning weight (WW, n= 3685), 6-month weight (6MW, n = 3420), 9-month weight (9MW, n = 3032) and 12-month weight (12MW, n = 2697). Data and pedigree information were collected from 1992 until 2014 at the Breeding Center of Markhoz goat, Sanandaj, Iran. The GLM procedure of SAS was used for selecting the variables and identifying significant fixed effects in the equation of model. Various animal models were applied for genetic analysis and the best model was determined based on Akaike information criteria (AIC). Breeding values of animals were predicted using Wombat program. Genetic trends were obtained by regressing the average predicted breeding values on birth year for each trait. Based on the best model, direct estimated genetic trends were positive and significance for WW, 6MW, 9MW and 12 MW were 15.51, 26.28, 58.36 and 76.70 g/year, respectively ( p <0.001). Maternal genetic trend for BW and WW were 0.61 and 5.47 g/year, respectively ( p <0.01). The low and moderate generic trends obtained in the present study, indicated the possibility of growth traits improvements through genetic selection at all ages in Markhoz goat.
Regulation of the cAMP-Dependent Chloride Current in Cardiac Ventricular Myocytes

The contribution, if any, of Cl− to the electrical activity in cardiac muscle has been debated since the first reports that altering the extracellular Cl− concentration caused changes in the shape of the action potential and rate of spontaneous depolarization in Purkinje fibers (Nutter and Noble, 1961; Carmeliet, 1961). However, it was not until recently that conclusive evidence for a cardiac Cl− conductance was found in ventricular myocytes (Harvey and Hume, 1989a; Bahinski et al., 1989). One reason it took so long to discover this Cl− current may be explained by the unusual way it is regulated. In isolated myocytes, the Cl− current does not appear to be activated unless intracellular cAMP is elevated above basal levels (Harvey and Hume, 1989a; Bahinski et al., 1989), which is a unique feature among ion channels in cardiac tissue. Another unusual characteristic of this Cl− current is the fact it exhibits an unexpected dependence on Na+ Early observations found that replacement of extracellular Na+ attenuated the Cl− current activated by s-adrenergic stimulation without affecting its reversal potential (Bahinski et al, 1989; Harvey et al., 1990), suggesting that the s-adrenergic induced current was Na+-sensitive, but not conducted by Na+ The purpose of the present report is to describe work that has been carried out to identify mechanisms involved in the regulation of the cAMP-dependent Cl− current found in cardiac myocytes.
Imagining a new era of planetary field geology

Kip V. Hodges Harrison H. Schmitt July marked the beginning of a 3-year-long celebration of one of the most remarkable periods of human exploration in history: the Apollo missions to the Moon. Reflections on Apollo have inspired a renewed international interest in sustained lunar exploration. While there are many motivations for traveling to the surface of the Moon, experience shows that a sustained program of science activities on the lunar surface would yield unique and invaluable scientific data. Although the Apollo missions themselves ended nearly five decades ago, Apollo science continues today. Building on field scientific observations and sampling by the Apollo astronauts, we now know that the Moon is very old, forming perhaps only a few tens of million years after the 4.56-billion-year origin of Earth and the Solar System. Unfortunately, our planet preserves only sparse evidence of its own ancient history as a consequence of the continuous recycling of Earth’s crust through plate tectonics. There are no plate tectonics on the Moon and none of the erosional effects of wind, water, and flowing ice that drive most of the surface evolution of Earth. As a consequence, the Moon represents an …