cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comments on “some evidence against the existence of the liquid‐liquid transition. IV. The temperature dependence of shear viscosity”

A formal definition of TLL as a function of Mn for polystyrene was prepared with literature TLL values from torsional braid analysis (TBA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and zero-shear melt viscosity η0. Data from six authors using anionically prepared PS and blends thereof were involved. The resultant linear least-squares regression line, TLL(°C) = 148.5 − 11.487 × 104M [standard error in TLL (calculated) 4.056 K, correlation coefficient R2 = 0.9534] is considered valid from Mn = 2000 to the entanglement molecular weight Mc = 35,000. The “best” TLL values reported by Orbon and Plazek from double Arrhenius plots are well below this line for Mv = 47,000, 16,400, 3400, and above it for Mv = 1100. These best TLL values are artifacts arising from no or insufficient data points above or below TLL and/or too many data points near Tg. The associated high enthalpies of activation which they report confirm this diagnosis. The fact that these artificial TLL values tend to disappear when checked by the three-parameter Vogel equation, logη = logA + B exp[(T − T∞)−1], has no relevance to the controversy concerning the existence and meaning of TLL. The claim by Orbon and Plazek that TLL values obtained by TBA, DSC, and melt viscosity are all artifacts of the individual methods by which they were obtained is inconsistent with the excellent master plot which they generate. Alternative plotting devices which reveal TLL > Tg from η0 vs. T−1 data, as developed by van Krevelen and Hoftyzer and by Utracki and Simha (not previously considered by either party), are reviewed. A statistical examination of the nature of the Vogel–Fulcher–Tammann–Hesse equation, based on synthetic data, is presented. Evidence for TLL in atactic polypropylene is offered based on published data by Plazek and Plazek. TLL is considered to possess both relaxational and quasiequilibrium attributes, just as Tg does.
Hyperfine structures in the v = 1–0 vibrational band of the B∼3Πg-A∼3Σu+ of N2

Abstract Hyperfine splittings were measured in selected rotational lines of the (1–0) vibrational band of the B ∼ 3 Π g - A ∼ 3 Σ u + transition of 14 N 2 in a low pressure discharge. Frequency modulated saturation dip spectroscopy produced hyperfine resolved, sub-Doppler lines with typical full-width at half-maximum line widths of 7 MHz. Hyperfine transitions within 27 rotational lines in the R 33 , Q 33 , Q 21 , Q 22 , R 11 , and Q 11 branches were recorded for J between 2 and 12, and fit with the same Hamiltonian used previously by Geisen, Neuschafer and Ottinger [Z. Phys. D 4 , 263 (1987)]. The resulting parameters are (in MHz, with one standard deviation in parentheses): α = 13.19(13), β = −12.36(18), e 2 q 0 Q = −1.19(25) for the ( v ″ = 0 ) A ∼ 3 Σ u + state; and K 11 = 98.52(50), D 11 = 13.09(59), D 1−1 = −44.11(16), G 11 = 70.00(52), Q 11 = 1.390(98) and Q 1−1 = 1.65(11) for the ( v ′ = 1) B ∼ 3 Π g state.
Making a living in the tropical forest: Yuquí foragers in the Bolivian Amazon

Questions concerning the availability of resources in tropical rain forests have given rise to the current debate centering on whether human subsistence based solely on foraging is possible in these biomes without agricultural subsidies. This paper takes the position that changing perspectives on ecological pattern and process in tropical forests and the significant variation among tropical forests on a worldwide as well as regional scale must be taken into consideration. Human disturbance is also proposed as a cause of dependence on agriculture by modern human foragers rather than as a necessary precondition for successful exploitation of the tropical forest. These issues are discussed against the background of a case study of the Yuqui, who, until very recently, were true foragers in the Bolivian Amazon. For the Yuqui, the sustainability of their subsistence system depended on a finegrained knowledge of their environment and the freedom of movement over a large territory to access resources within it.
Agony and Avoidance: Pixar, Deniability, and the Adult Spectator

Abstract:Pixar films expand the limitations typically binding G-rated films by employing a postmodern adaptation of the “principle of deniability,” a producer-designed multivalence. This deniability allows adult spectators to identify with the object, to distance themselves from “grown-up” cinema, and to contemplate adult fears through the guise of animation.
Astrophysics: Rough times in the Galactic countryside

Knowledge of how the Milky Way formed and evolved is deficient. Simulations show that a past encounter with another galaxy may account for the Galaxy's intricate morphology. See Letter p.301 Since its discovery more than a decade ago, the Sagittarius dwarf galaxy (Sgr), a satellite galaxy of our own Milky Way, has been recognized as a local analogue to the numerous mergers thought to be common in galaxies throughout the Universe. Traditionally, Sgr has been treated as a negligible perturber to the Galactic disk. New simulations of the response of the Milky Way to the infall of the Sgr reveal that, on the contrary, Sgr has played an important part in shaping the disk morphology. Past impacts have triggered the formation of spiral structure and influenced bar evolution.
Free amino acids in plasma and tissue of rats born to underfed dams.

SummaryAmino acids were determined in plasma, muscle, and liver tissues of adult male rats born of mothers on restricted or nonrestricted diets during pregnancy and lactation. The concentrations of plasma alanine, glutamic acid, glycine, proline, argi-nine, and valine were significantly lower in the progeny of restricted mothers as compared to non-restricted mothers. Similar changes were observed in liver tissues. The concentrations of free amino acids in muscle of the perinatally malnourished progeny, however, did not differ significantly from those of the controls. The differences determined in this study are of special significance in view of the fact that the animals studied had been maintained on an adequate diet since weaning.The demonstrated effect of the maternal diet on the plasma aminogram of the offspring some months later must be considered when interpreting plasma aminograms in studies of malnourished children.
Analysis of Techniques to Secure the Renal Hilum During Laparoscopic Donor Nephrectomy: Review of the FDA Database

Objectives To characterize the mechanisms of failure and patient outcomes during complications with the use of endoscopic stapling devices, nonlocking titanium clips, and locking polymer clips during laparoscopic donor nephrectomy. Methods The Food and Drug Administration's medical device complication database, Manufacturer and User Facility Device Experience database (MAUDE), was evaluated for pure and hand-assisted laparoscopic donor nephrectomies from 1992 to 2007 with the broadest keywords possible. In an attempt to estimate the failure rates by device type, a "denominator of use" was calculated using Organ Procurement and Transplant Network data multiplied by previously published survey-determined usage rates. Results In the 92 complications identified, 59 (64%), 21 (23%), and 12 (13%) failures of endoscopic staplers, titanium clips, and locking clips had occurred, respectively. The most common mechanisms of stapler failure were missing/malformed staple lines (51%) and failure to release (25%). The most common titanium clip failures resulted from scissoring or malformation (52%), jamming (19%), and dislodgement (14%). Clip dislodgement was most common with the locking clip, either postoperatively in 7 (58%) or intraoperatively in 3 (25%). Intraoperative conversions were required for 21 (36%), 1 (5%), and 2 (17%) for staplers, titanium clips, and locking clips, respectively. The estimated overall failure rate was 3.0% for staplers, 4.9% for titanium clips, and 1.7% for locking clips. Conclusions The anticipation of potential device-specific failures during laparoscopic donor nephrectomy, coupled with knowledge of how to handle failure when it does occur, could improve procedure safety.
CT and MRI lower extremity torsional profile studies: measurement reproducibility

Background Assessment of lower extremity (LE) torsional profile using computed tomography (CT) imaging is a well-recognized imaging method that supplements the clinical examination. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is another advanced imaging modality that can be used as an alternative, since there are many growing concerns of radiation exposure with traditional CT studies, particularly in the skeletally immature population.
Influence of dosage and timing of application of platelet-derived growth factor on early healing of the rat medial collateral ligament

In previous studies, platelet-derived growth factor has demonstrated beneficial in vivo effects on wound healing. We report the results of two studies of platelet-derived growth factor in the rat medial collateral ligament injury model. Experimental injury sites were implanted with platelet-derived growth factor, whereas contralateral controls received only collagen. Twelve days postoperatively, the femur-medial collateral ligament-tibia complex was tested mechanically. Our first study found a marked drop in the effectiveness of platelet-derived growth factor when it was administered more than 24 hours after injury. Dose-response testing showed maximum increases in strength (90%) with 5.0 micrograms of platelet-derived growth factor, but the 1.0 microgram group showed similar strength increases, indicating a probable plateau effect in the response. These results indicate that platelet-derived growth factor has promise for healing ligaments but that it must be administered in appropriate doses soon after injury.
Granulocyte transfusions: from neutrophil replacement to immunereconstitution

Neutropenia and its related opportunistic infections have always been a concern. The addition of chemotherapy to the cancer treatment options 40 years ago brought up morbidity and mortality related to marrow hypoplasia. These problems are as worrisome today as they were in the past.1–3 Paradoxically, improvement in the area of antibiotic therapies, as well as increased use of hematopoietic growth factors, can be considered major culprits. Specifically, more potent antibiotics and growth factors combined provided wider margins for the use of higher doses of chemotherapy, with some regimens approaching marrow transplantation ablative potency. While the supportive use of growth factors and improved antibiotics have advanced cancer treatment, they have not, even in combination, provided enough support to counterbalance deeper peaks of neutropenia and prolonged nadirs caused by the more aggressive chemotherapy strategies. As a consequence, fewer cycles of chemotherapy induce longer periods of marrow aplasia with consequently longer recovery periods. One procedure employed to overcome this problem is to provide adequate amounts of allogeneic functional granulocytes to granulocytopenic patients
Transactive Memory Systems in Organizations: Matching Tasks, Expertise, and People

Transactive memory is the shared division of cognitive labor with respect to the encoding, storage, retrieval, and communication of information from different knowledge domains, which often develops in groups and can lead to greater efficiency and effectiveness. Although discussions of transactive memory theory suggest that components of the theory are dynamic, research tends to treat transactive memory as evolving linearly, using static measures rather than assessing development over time. In response, we offer a model emphasizing both linear and cyclical aspects of transactive memory development in work groups, and we propose that task is a major influence on developmental processes. We introduce task representation and the task-expertise-person (TEP) unit as basic constructs involved in transactive memory development, and we provide a dynamic model of how TEP units are constructed, evaluated, and utilized. Regarding observable changes over time, we propose that transactive memory systems can vary in terms of accuracy (the degree to which group members' perceptions about others' task-related expertise are accurate), sharedness (the degree to which members have a shared representation of the transactive memory system), and validation (the degree to which group members participate in the transactive memory system). Convergence is the optimal state of transactive memory systems and reflects high levels of accuracy, sharedness, and validation.
Classification and extraction of trees and buildings from urban scenes using discrete return LiDAR and aerial color imagery

Airborne Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) is used in many 3D applications, such as urban planning, city modeling, facility management, and environmental assessments. LiDAR systems generate dense 3D point clouds, which provide a distinct and comprehensive geometrical description of object surfaces. However, the challenge is that most of the applications require correct identification and extraction of objects from LiDAR point clouds to facilitate quantitative descriptions. This paper presents a feature-level fusion approach between LiDAR and aerial color (RGB) imagery to separate urban vegetation and buildings from other urban classes/cover types. The classification method used structural and spectral features derived from LiDAR and RGB imagery. Features such as flatness and distribution of normal vectors were estimated from LiDAR data, while the non-calibrated normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) was calculated by combining LiDAR intensity at 1064 nm with the red channel from the RGB imagery. Building roof tops have regular surfaces with smaller variation in surface normal, whereas tree points generate irregular surfaces. Tree points, on the other hand, exhibit higher NDVI values when compared to returns from other classes. To identify vegetation points an NDVI map was used, while a vegetation mask was also derived from the RGB imagery. Accuracy was assessed by comparing the extraction result with manually digitized reference data generated from the high spatial resolution RGB image. Classification results indicated good separation between building and vegetation and exhibited overall accuracies greater than 85%.
Random thoughts on numbers: The need for minimum uniform statistical reporting standards for U.S. depository libraries

Abstract This essay suggests that librarians at federal depository libraries have neglected to adequately report statistics representing their depository collections. The consequence of this situation is that they in turn find themselves too often being neglected by administrators and colleagues planning and budgeting library resources. The U.S. Government Printing Office has abrogated leadership responsibility in the area of depositories' statistical reporting — this to the detriment of GPO itself, as well as to the detriment of the depository library community. Reliable and compatible statistical data is the lynchpin missing in GPO planning and the various state planning efforts currently underway. A modest proposal is offered to correct the present statistical disarray.
Memory-constrained ML-optimal tree search detection

In this paper, we propose a memory-constrained tree search (MCTS) algorithm for the detection in multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems. The MCTS algorithm offers a wide range of trade-offs between computational complexity and memory requirement, and is guaranteed to achieve the exact maximum-likelihood performance. By tuning the memory size, the MCTS algorithm ranges from being memory-efficient to being computation-efficient with abundant choices in between.We show that the MCTS algorithm visits slightly fewer nodes and requires slightly less memory than the sphere decoding (SD) algorithm in the memory-efficient case, and visits similar number of nodes and requires significantly less memory than the stack algorithm in the computation-efficient case.
Fractional quantum Hall states at v= {7}/{11} and {9}/{13}

Abstract Low temperature magnetotransport coefficients of high-quality two-dimensional electron systems display anomalous features near filling factors v = 7 11 and 9 13 . These features show a non-activated temperature dependence and vanish upon tilting of the sample with respect to the magnetic field.
Evaluating the interface of health data and policy: Applications of geospatial analysis to county-level national data

ABSTRACTIntroduction: The objective of this research was to spatially analyze linked health data for geographic trends in factors impacting children’s health. Traditional linear regression analyses of county-level data tend to inflate R2. Spatial regression represents a robust approach for improved analysis of geographic data. Methods: We used GeoDa 1.6.0 to regress 3,221 U.S. county-level child health outcomes (e.g., infant mortality, child mortality) on independent variables (e.g., low birth weight, percent race/ethnicity, uninsured, emotional support). Statistical analyses included spatial R2, Moran’s I, and multicollinearity measures. The data source was the 2014 County Health Rankings. Results: Three spatial regression models (health, socioeconomic, and combined) were compared for infant and child mortality. The combined model for infant mortality rate yielded the largest adjusted R2 = 0.428 (F = 110.9, p < 0.001), similarly for child mortality rate R2 = 0.411 (F = 94.3, p < 0.001). The strongest pre...
D600 binding sites on voltage-sensors for excitationcontraction coupling in frog skeletal muscle are intracellular

Charge movements were measured in frog cut twitch fibres mounted in a double Vaseline gap chamber at 14° C with 30μM D600 in the external solution. TEST-minus-CONTROL current traces appear normal with a hump current component (Iγ) embedded in the decay phase of the early current component (Iβ) in the ON-segment and an exponentially decaying current transient in the OFF-segment. When a conditioning depolarization to 0 mV is applied at around 6° C, charge movement is greatly reduced but not completely suppressed and no hump component can be visualized in the ON-segment. In addition, an extra capacitive component is generated having a time course slower than, and a polarity opposite to, that of the usual charge movement. This extra component makes the transients in both the ON- and OFF-segments appear bisphasic. When temperature is restored to 14° C, the bisphasic nature is greatly enhanced. After the application of a conditioning hyperpplarization, the shape of the TEST-minus-CONTROL current trace is converted back to that before paralysis, but the total amount of charge reprimed is less than 100% of control. In general, more Qβ is reprimed than Qγ, and the amount of Qγ reprimed varies over a wider range from fibre to fibre than that of Qβ. Extracellularly applied D890 cannot reproduce the blocking effect of D600 whereas intracellularly applied D890 can. As D890 is permanently charged and cannot permeate through the plasma membranes, it can be concluded that the binding sites for D600/D890 on the charge movement macromolecules must be on the myoplasmic side. This adds another parallelism between the charge movement entities and L-type calcium channels. However, the specific prerequisites for the blockage of the former not shared by the latter differentiates the two physiological units.
What's different among banks?

Abstract Based on commercial paper being a nearly perfect substitute for certificates of deposits (CDs) and CD reserve requirements creating a higher cost of funds for banks, Fama shows that the banking industry must have some monopoly power relative to other financial institutions. His analysis does not resolve whether this monopoly power is vested in banks collectively, vis-a-vis other financial institutions, or if the monopoly power extends to the level of individual banks. Using an event study framework to examine the elimination of a reserve requirement, we find significant evidence of monopoly power at the level of individual banks.
Structural and electronic properties of titanium dioxide

Calculations have been performed using ``soft-core'' ab initio pseudopotentials constructed within the local-density approximation, and a plane-wave basis for the structural and electronic properties of titanium dioxide in the rutile structure. The ground-state structural and cohesive properties were obtained by self-consistently minimizing the total energy with respect to the structural parameters a, c, and u. Our calculated cohesive and structural properties at ambient pressure agree to within 5% and 1% of experimental values, respectively. The structural and elastic properties under pressure are also in good agreement with experiment. The interplay between ionic and covalent bonding between Ti and O is investigated through the valence-charge density and compared to experimental charge-deformation maps. The electronic band structure is found to be in good agreement with experimental results. We analyze the optical spectrum of rutile and obtain agreement with experiment away from the fundamental absorption edge. Our study suggests material properties for early-transition-metal oxides are well reproduced within the local-density approximation.
Student Ability, Task Difficulty, and Inappropriate Classroom Behavior A Study of Children with Behavior Disorders

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of a mismatch between student ability and task difficulty upon inappropriate classroom behavior in children with behavior disorders. The mismatch condition was evaluated both with and without a reinforcement contingency on task accuracy. An experimenter-constructed pretest was used to assess the level of math functioning in the 15 subjects. Variations on the A-B—a single-subject experimental design were used to evaluate the independent variables. An increase in inappropriate behavior was found during the mismatch condition both with and without a reinforcement contingency on task accuracy. Results suggested that failure-level academic tasks resulted in significant increases in inappropriate behavior for some students. Implications of this study for special educators are discussed.
Threonine supplementation of low-protein, lysine-supplemented, sorghum-soybean meal diets for growing-finishing pigs

Abstract An investigation was conducted to determine whether low-protein (LP), lysine-supplemented, sorghum-soybean meal (S-SBM) diets are deficient in threonine (Thr) for pigs fed ad libitum. Treatments were replicated eight times with four or five pigs each. Average initial and final weights were 32.9 and 103.4 in experiment 1 and 30.1 and 100.6 kg in experiment 2. The crude protein contents of the basal grower and finisher diets were 13.7 and 15.0% respectively. Experiment 1 consisted of the following treatments: (1) S-SBM; (2) S-SBM+0.1% L-Thr; (3) LP, S-SBM+0.10% L-lysine (Lys); (4) LP, S-SBM+0.1% Lys+0.1% Thr. Gain: feed ratio was lower (P 0.01) in pigs fed diet 3 than in pigs fed diets 1, 2 and 4. Average backfat thickness was higher (P 0.10) by diet. Low-protein, Lys-supplemented S-SBM diets may be deficient in Thr for growing-finishing pigs.
Banting Lecture 1980: of Pregnancy and Progeny

A profile characteristic of fuel economy in the mother during normal pregnancy has been delineated. The evidence indicates that pregnancy changes the metabolism of every class of foodstuff. The mechanisms by which the conceptus may be implicated are reviewed. The gestational interactions create a pattern of “accelerated starvation” whenever food is withheld, especially in late pregnancy, and they tend to “facilitate anabolism” when food is ingested. The consequent heightened metabolic oscillations during the shuttlings from fed to fasted state provide a basis for more aggressive therapy with exogenous insulin when endogenous insulin is lacking in pregnancy. It is emphasized that developing fetal structures may be exquisitely attuned to fine alterations in maternal fuel economy and that pregnancy complicated by diabetes may merely exaggerate these normal dependencies since maternal insulin affects all maternal fuels. The manifest changes in the offspring of mothers with. even the mildest limitations in insulin reserve, i.e., gestational diabetes, attest to the sensitivity of the relationships. It is suggested that concepts of teratogensis should be expanded to include alterations occurring subsequent to organogenesis during the differentiation and proliferation of fetal cells. Such changes could cause long-range effects upon behavioral, anthropometric, and metabolic functions. It is hypothesized that all of these could constitute expressions of fuel-mediated teratogenesis and that the potentialities should be incorporated into any evaluation of the outcome of pregnancy in gestations attended by disturbances in maternal fuel metabolism.
Direct Adaptive and Neural Control of Wing-Rock Motion of Slender Delta Wings

The question of wing-rock suppression of slender delta wings is considered. Based on a nonlinear model, an adaptive control law for wing-rock control is derived. In this derivation, it is assumed that the aerodynamic parameters in the nonlinear model are not known. The derivation of a control law for wing-rock suppression using neural networks when the dynamics of wing rock are completely unknown is also treated. A radial basis function network is used for synthesizing the controller. An adaptation law is derived for adjusting the parameters of the network. Digital simulation results show that in the closed-loop system wing-rock motion is suppressed using the adaptive and neural controllers.
Heavy metal content in soil reclaimed from a municipal solid waste landfill

Abstract Residues reclaimed from a municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill were characterized for the concentrations of a number of heavy metals. The residue fractions analyzed included a fine fraction ( 0.425 and
System for fluorescence quantification of thin tissue layers guided by high frequency ultrasound

A system is presented which has been developed for dermatological applications with the need to quantify levels of protoporphyrin IX in diagnosis or therapy. The design was to couple fluorescence sampling onto a high frequency ultrasound system and take multiple optical source-detector samples of the tissue of the fluorescence and transmission signals. The intensity values can then be used to estimate and image the PpIX levels present in tissue samples. The system design, calibration, and initial testing in tissue phantoms are demonstrated here. The component design has been modular and allows easy implementation as a kit which can be assembled from basic components. The control software is more elaborate and provides a seamless way to go from system start up through to fluorescence quantification of PpIX concentrations.
The Problem of Meaning in Personality Psychology from the Standpoints of Dispositional Traits, Characteristic Adaptations, and Life Stories

In recent years, personality psychologists have focused increasing attention on the problem of meaning in human lives. Considering personality from the standpoint of the three layers of dispositional traits (the person conceived as a social actor), characteristic adaptations (the person as a motivated agent), and integrative life narratives (the person as author), this article identifies important features of personality that are associated with a person's sense that he or she is living a meaningful life. Dispositional traits associated with extraversion and conscientiousness appear to enhance meaning, whereas neuroticism is associated with lower levels of meaning in life. Characteristic adaptations, such as motives and goals, tend to specify what kinds of meanings people make and the specific areas in life where they make meaning. Strongly shaped by culture, integrative life stories show how the person authors a broad meaning for his or her entire life as seen over time.
Numerical Simulation of Heavy Particle Dispersion Time Step and Nonlinear Drag Considerations

Numerical experiments can be used to study heavy particle dispersion by tracking particles through a numerically generated instantaneous turbulent flow field. In this manner, data can be generated to supplement physical experiments. To perform the numerical experiments efficiently and accurately, the time step used when tracking the particles through the fluid must be chosen correctly. After finding a suitable time step for one particular simulation, the time step must be reduced as the total integration time increases and as the free-fall velocity of the particle increases. Based on the numerical calculations, we suggest that the nonlinear drag be included in a numerical simulation if the ratio of the particle’s Stokes free-fall velocity to the fluid rms velocity is greater than two.
Microstructure of Fe-didymium-B magnets

Abstract A TEM study has been made to characterize the microstructure and composition of the phases in the Fe-didymium-B magnets. The main phase is the tetragonal RE 2 Fe 14 B phase. In all the samples observed, a triple junction fcc phase which frequently extended into two-grain junctions, was observed with a lattice parameter of 5.24 A and enriched in Ce, Pr and Nd. The magnets with poorer properties had a considerable amount of the rare-earth oxide.
‘A Land that Devours its People’: Mizrahi Writing from the Gut

The title of the article refers to the excessive ideological force deployed in Zionism to foster national and religious unity. As a closed and totalizing system, the Zionist enterprise precludes the representation of minority cultures and has yet to provide, if it ever can, an adequate definition of Palestinians, Mizrahim (Jews of Middle Eastern and North African origins) and other minorities – Karaites, Bedouins and Samaritans – much less one of gender sexuality, religion or personhood. Ironically, it was through the contemporization of Hebrew that a distinctive Israeli society was forged, which set the limits of the imagined geography of the body. Modern Hebrew also produced a hierarchy of different literatures, each with its own ideological parameters of inclusion and exclusion. Paradoxically, as I argue, the cacophonous intertextualiy of the Hebrew canon drowns out the voices of minority Jewish writers, who are ‘relegated to constantly repositioning themselves’ within dominant (Ashkenazi) Israeli cult...
A Goldsmith Exercise for Learning Money Creation

In this article, the authors outline a classroom exercise involving goldsmiths designed to improve undergraduate students’ understanding of how banks create money. This concept is important to macroeconomics and money and banking courses, yet students frequently struggle with it, largely due to the nonphysical nature of deposits and reserves. In contrast, gold-based banking systems tend to be more intuitive because of the physical nature of gold. By simulating interactions among a goldsmith, a depositor, a merchant, and a borrower in a gold-based system, students gain a deeper understanding of reserves and money creation. In particular, the exercise illuminates the intricate link between lending and the creation of new money, and highlights the importance of fractional reserve banking and reserve deposits.
Functional reorganization supporting learning and maintenance in a case of phonologic alexia

There were no statistically significant di!erences in accuracy between the sets of to-be-trained (13% correct) or untrained (10%) words at T1/ pre-treatment. McNemar tests between trained/overlearned words and untrained words were statistically significant (p < .001) at T2/post-treatment (54% vs. 19%); T3/post-overlearning (89% vs. 9%); and T4/maintenance (83% vs. 14%). There were no statistically significant di!erences in BOLD signal between to-be-trained and untrained words pre-treatment. Post-treatment, in contrasting trained vs. untrained words, three clusters of activation were centered in left and right inferior frontal cortex and in the left lingual gyrus (cluster FWE-corrected p < .05), with the greatest spatial extent and degree of activation in the cluster centered in right homologous Broca’s area (BA45). Post-overlearning, greater activation was observed in left hemisphere structures, including perilesional activation in left (L) superior and inferior parietal cortex and precuneus, and L middle and anterior
Collection Development of Electronic Resources at the Science, Industry and Business Library (SIBL)

ABSTRACT Selection of electronic resources should be integrated into existing collection development policies and procedures. Such selection is complicated by the number of options available, such as: multiple formats and access methods; pricing schemes; interface designs; differences in scope, timeliness and coverage; and technical support issues. At SIBL, the selection of electronic resources was done by an interdepartmental committee which drew upon subject specialists and which based selection on the existing collection development policy. The implementation of electronic resources at SIBL was accomplished in tandem with training for staff and for the public.
Spatially resolved, polarized photoluminescence from wurtzite InGaAs/GaAs nanoneedles

We spatially resolve photoluminescence from wurtzite InGaAs/GaAs core-shell nanoneedles and characterize their nonuniform quantum well emission. Polarization measurements reveal anisotropy behavior that is reminiscent of GaN and other wurtzite materials.
Segmentation of small structures in MR images: semiautomated tissue hydration measurement.

Segmentation of small anatomic structures in noisy magnetic resonance (MR) images is inherently challenging because the edge information is contained in the same high-frequency image component as the noise. The authors overcame this obstacle in the analysis of the sural nerve in the ankle by processing images to reduce noise and extracting edges with an edge detection algorithm less sensitive to noise. Anatomic accuracy of the segmentation was confirmed by a neuroradiologist. A nerve hydration coefficient was determined from the signal intensity of the nerve in these segmented images. These semiautomated measurements of hydration agreed closely with those obtained with a previously described manual method (n = 44, P = .76). Each image in the study was analyzed identically, with no modification of the computer algorithm parameters. The data suggest that this robust method may be useful in a multicenter evaluation of diabetes treatment protocols.
Reversal of endocrine resistance in breast cancer: interrelationships among 14-3-3ζ, FOXM1, and a gene signature associated with mitosis

Despite the benefits of estrogen receptor (ER)-targeted endocrine therapies in breast cancer, many tumors develop resistance. 14-3-3 ζ/YWHAZ, a member of the 14-3-3 family of conserved proteins, is over-expressed in several types of cancer, and our previous work showed that high expression of 14-3-3ζ in ER-positive breast cancers was associated with a poor clinical outcome for women on tamoxifen. Therefore, we now probe the role of 14-3-3ζ in endocrine resistance, and we examine the functional dimensions and molecular basis that underlie 14-3-3ζ activities. From analyses of four independent breast cancer microarray datasets from nearly 400 women, we characterized a gene signature that correlated strongly with high expression of 14-3-3ζ in breast tumors and examined its association with breast cancer molecular subtypes and clinical-pathological features. We investigated the effects of altering 14-3-3ζ levels in ER-positive, endocrine sensitive and resistant breast cancer cells on the regulation of 14-3-3ζ signature genes, and on cellular signaling pathways and cell phenotypic properties. The gene signature associated with high 14-3-3ζ levels in breast tumors encompassed many with functions in mitosis and cytokinesis, including aurora kinase-B, polo-like kinase-1, CDC25B, and BIRC5/survivin. The gene signature correlated with early recurrence and risk of metastasis, and was found predominantly in luminal B breast cancers, the more aggressive ER-positive molecular subtype. The expression of the signature genes was significantly decreased or increased upon reduction or overexpression of 14-3-3ζ in ER-positive breast cancer cells, indicating their coregulation. 14-3-3ζ also played a critical role in the regulation of FOXM1, with 14-3-3ζ acting upstream of FOXM1 to regulate cell division-signature genes. Depletion of 14-3-3ζ markedly increased apoptosis, reduced proliferation and receptor tyrosine kinase (HER2 and EGFR) signaling, and, importantly, reversed endocrine resistance. This study reveals that 14-3-3ζ is a key predictive marker for risk of failure on endocrine therapy and serves a pivotal role impacting growth factor signaling, and promoting cell survival and resistance to endocrine therapies. Targeting 14-3-3ζ and its coregulated proteins, such as FOXM1, should prove valuable in restoring endocrine sensitivity and reducing risk of breast cancer recurrence.
The Role of Fire in Natural Communities: An Example from the Southern Sierra Nevada, California

The exclusion of fire from the low-elevation foothills of the southern Sierra Nevada of California over the past century has resulted in large expanses of over-mature, senescent chaparral. The fuel buildup associated with this situation poses a threat, in that any fire which gets started has the potential of becoming a major holocaust.A detailed analysis is made of the vegetational succession following fire in four different-aged stands of Chamise chaparral in the southern Sierra Nevada. Progression from a diverse multi-species herb and shrub community towards a dense, structurally uniform, low-diversity stand dominated by a single woody species, Adenostoma fasciculatum (Chamise), is demonstrated. An increase in shrub cover and height along with the amount of dead material found laddered through the canopy, create optimal conditions for combustion within some 35 years following the last fire. The herbaceous vegetation shows a high diversity and cover in the first few years after burning, but rapidly decreases thereafter. Evidence is presented that frequent fires are required to maintain the chaparral community in a vigorous and healthy state. The need to institute progressive fuel-management programmes which recognize the natural role of fire in the evolution of the chaparral type wherever it is found, is discussed and advocated. Attempts are also made to relate these findings to the preservation of other fire-adapted vegetation types of the world.
Data structures, types and abstractions

The purpose of this paper is to explore the concepts and provide examples of data structures, data types and data abstractions The term data structures has been around for about 30 years; the term data type has been around for about 20 years; and the term data abstraction is a recent one and has been used for the last five years. All these terms are used widely today, and sometimes even interchangeably. After exploring the three terms, the similarities and differences between these will be pointed out and a unified way of looking at the three concepts will be presented. The clarity and precision in the presentation will be achieved by providing pictures wherever helpful, rather than through complex notations to make the reading light and easy. There are a total of 27 diagrams in the paper. The point is to get the key ideas across as easily as possible.
Operant responding of redtailed and Cooper’s hawks to continuous reinforcement

Two redtailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensis borealrs), and two Cooper’s hawks (Accipiter cooperii) were trained to make a key peck response for.64 cm cubes of beef heart which had been trimmed of fat. Each bird received 15 daily sessions during which each key peck produced reinforcement (continuous reinforcement). Each session was approximately 20 min long. The birds acquired the responses readily and the rates were generally comparable.
Subbottom Acoustic Impedance Profiles from Magnitude And Phase Analysis of Echoes

A method for analyzing subbottom echoes is presented using both magnitude and phase analysis. Previous analysis have used only the magnitude of the signal as definitive phase information was not available as the targets insonated were always smaller than the beam size [7], [8]. However, more than half the information is contained in the phase of the signal, which can be obtained from high resolution pencil-point beams. These techniques which have been extensively used in radio and radar sounding of the ionosphere have been applied in this paper in the analysis of sonar sounding of a lake subbottom.
Interposing an ontogenetic model between Genetic Algorithms and Neural Networks

The relationships between learning, development and evolution in Nature is taken seriously, to suggest a model of the developmental process whereby the genotypes manipulated by the Genetic Algorithm (GA) might be expressed to form phenotypic neural networks (NNet) that then go on to learn. ONTOL is a grammar for generating polynomial NNets for time-series prediction. Genomes correspond to an ordered sequence of ONTOL productions and define a grammar that is expressed to generate a NNet. The NNet's weights are then modified by learning, and the individual's prediction error is used to determine GA fitness. A new gene doubling operator appears critical to the formation of new genetic alternatives in the preliminary but encouraging results presented.
End of Life Care in Advanced Heart Failure

I individualize my approach to each patient based upon their understanding of their disease process, acuity of their progression to Stage D heart failure, clinical setting (hospitalized vs outpatient), and family needs. My first goal is to prove intolerance of traditional therapies for heart failure by challenging patients with various medication combinations, including staggered dosing regimens and alternatives to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/β-blockers, and by considering cardiac resynchronization therapy if they meet criteria. As patients develop progressive hypotension and side effects from medicines, I often will discontinue these medicines after careful communication. For patients with refractory heart failure, I consider cardiac transplantation for those who are candidates and left ventricular assist device as destination therapy for those who are not transplant candidates, both of which require multidisciplinary input from psychiatrists, social workers, nurses, and cardiac surgeons. If patients are not candidates for these advanced therapies, I try to delineate their goals for living and discuss strategies to maximize their survival (however limited) and increase my focus on their quality of life by minimizing unnecessary testing. For the select patient, I use continuous inotrope support only if this improves their quality of life and possibility of having a meaningful existence outside of the hospital. Palliative care consultants are often involved at this stage. For the patient who is clearly at the end of life, I refer to hospice and focus on comfort. Return ambulatory visits and extent of the care received are guided by the preferences of the patient and their family. When there are disparate views of family members, especially when the patient is not cognitively able to participate in the discussion, I tend to be more paternalistic in my approach to therapeutic options in an attempt to possibly dissipate family dynamic problems occurring after the patient dies.
Multicast Advance Reservation RWA Heuristics in Wavelength-Routed Networks

In this paper we introduce the static multicast advance reservation (MCAR) problem for all-optical wavelength-routed WDM networks. Advance reservation connection requests specify their start time to be some time in the future and also specify their holding times. We investigate the static MCAR problem where the set of advance reservation requests is known ahead of time. We develop two efficient heuristics, ISH and SA, to solve the problem for practical size networks. We also introduce a theoretical lower bound on the number of wavelengths required. To evaluate our heuristics we run simulations over real-world, large scale networks and compare them to our lower bound. We find the SA heuristic provides up to a 21% improvement over ISH (14% on average) on realistic networks. SA provides, on average, solutions 1.5- 1.8x times the cost given by our conservative lower bound on large networks.
Folate-mediated intracellular drug delivery increases the anticancer efficacy of nanoparticulate formulation of arsenic trioxide

Arsenic trioxide (As2O3) is a frontline drug for treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia and is in clinical trials for treatment of other malignancies, including multiple myeloma; however, efforts to expand clinical utility to solid tumors have been limited by toxicity. Nanoparticulate forms of As2O3 encapsulated in 100-nm-scale, folate-targeted liposomes have been developed to lower systematic toxicity and provide a platform for targeting this agent. The resultant arsenic “nanobins” are stable under physiologic conditions but undergo triggered drug release when the pH is lowered to endosomal/lysosomal levels. Cellular uptake and antitumor efficacy of these arsenic liposomes have been evaluated in folate receptor (FR)–positive human nasopharyngeal (KB) and cervix (HeLa) cells, as well as FR-negative human breast (MCF-7) tumor cells through confocal microscopy, inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy, and cytotoxicity studies. Uptake of folate-targeted liposomal arsenic by KB cells was three to six times higher than that of free As2O3 or nontargeted liposomal arsenic; the enhanced uptake occurs through folate-mediated endocytosis, leading to a 28-fold increase in cytotoxicity. In contrast, tumor cells with lower FR density on the surface (HeLa and MCF-7) showed much less uptake of the folate-targeted drug and lower efficacy. In cocultures of KB and MCF-7 cells, the folate-targeted arsenic liposomes were exclusively internalized by KB cells, showing high targeting specificity. Our studies further indicate that folate-targeted delivery of As2O3 with coencapsulated nickel(II) ions (as a nontoxic adjuvant) potentiates the As2O3 efficacy in relatively insensitive solid tumor–derived cells and holds the promise of improving drug therapeutic index. [Mol Cancer Ther 2009;8(7):1955–63]
Klebsiella necrotizing soft tissue infections in liver transplant recipients: a case series

Necrotizing soft tissue infections (NSTI) are rare but carry high mortality rates. NSTI with Klebsiella species have been previously described as associated with Klebsiella liver abscesses and endophthalmitis. Here, we describe 6 cases of NSTI in liver transplant recipients associated with Klebsiella pneumoniae, 4 of which were K. pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC)-producing K. pneumoniae (CRKP). Increased awareness of this emerging pathogen and its association with necrotizing skin and soft tissue infection is critical, as early recognition and debridement may improve survival. Antimicrobial treatment of CRKP infections remains an ongoing challenge and implementation of enhanced infection control measures is essential.
social equality and ritual hierarchy: the Arawakan Wakuénai of Venezuela

The social organization of Eastern Tukanoan peoples in the Northwest Amazon region shows a dual tendency toward egalitarian and hierarchical relationships. This paper provides new data on the neighboring Northern Arawakan peoples of the Isana and Guainia rivers. It explores the equality-versus-hierarchy contrast as a pair of distinct, yet interconnected, modes of structuring that create adaptive flexibility in response to extreme seasonal fluctuations of basic riverine resources.