cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Public Knowledge of Fair Housing Law: Does It Protect against Housing Discrimination?

Abstract Enforcement of the law prohibiting housing discrimination depends largely on actions initiated by persons who believe they have been victimized and, presumptively, on their knowledge of their legal rights. It is therefore important to establish what people know about fair housing law. A recent national survey examines this topic and explores whether public knowledge makes any difference. A majority of the public is aware of and approves of many aspects of fair housing law, although the size of that majority varies depending on which aspect of the law is considered. By contrast, only a minority of the public is aware of and accepts protections provided to renter families with children. There is an association between knowledge of the law, recognition of conduct perceived to contradict it, and willingness to respond to such conduct, suggesting a link between knowledge and likelihood of self‐protective responses, as envisioned by the Fair Housing Act.
Hydronephrosis in the Fetus and Neonate: Causes, Management, and Outcome

Hydronephrosis is one of the most commonly identified prenatal anomalies, and the severity may vary from mild to severe, depending on the underlying cause, many of which stem from disruptions in the formation of the renal collecting system. Permanent renal damage may occur if the condition progresses before birth, and in some cases, oligohydramnios may result in lung hypoplasia, a potentially fatal condition. Many cases resolve spontaneously before birth, but for those that do not, the additional prenatal evaluation can identify cases sufficiently severe to require fetal intervention to preserve renal function. The benefits of these interventions are not completely clear and must be balanced against the significant risks of the procedures and their sequelae as well as the questions that remain about long-term efficacy. For other cases, a process of further evaluation before and after birth is warranted, and factors such as cause, severity, and whether the condition is uni- or bilateral are used to formulate decisions about additional assessment and potential intervention. The long-term outcome of the common causes of hydronephrosis and the impact of each of these factors and medical and surgical intervention on this outcome are reviewed.
Simple high-sensitivity, electro-optic sagnac spectral shearing interferometry for short optical pulse characterization

A stable Sagnac spectral shearing interferometer generating a 0.7-nm shear and interferograms resolvable with a low-resolution spectrometer is demonstrated for real-time optical pulse characterization at microwatt average power.
Rapid prototyping of robust and versatile microfluidic components using adhesive transfer tapes

A rapid prototyping technique of microfluidic devices is presented using adhesive transfer tapes. Lab on a chip systems can integrate multiple microfluidic functions in a single platform. Therefore, any rapid prototyping technique should be flexible and robust to accommodate different aspects of microfluidic integrations. In this work, the versatility of using adhesive transfer tapes for microfluidic applications is demonstrated by fabricating a wide range of platform. Prototypes demonstrating microfluidic mixing, dielectrophoretic trapping, complex microchannel networks and biologically relevant high temperature reactions were fabricated in less than 30 min. A novel ready to use world-to-chip interface was also developed using the same fabrication platform. All components (e.g. tapes, electrodes, acoustic sources or heaters) were obtained as finished products alleviating any chemical or clean-room specific processing. Only a 2D CAD software, a CO2 laser cutter and a seam roller was utilized to fabricate the devices. Adhesive transfer tapes provide additional flexibility compared to common double sided tapes as they do not contain any carrier material layer. Demonstrated ability to sustain in a wide range of dynamic physical processes (mechanical, electrical, or thermal) validates the robustness and the versatility of adhesive transfer tapes as an option for developing integrated lab on a chip systems.
On-line gas sensors

Many utilities rely upon a laboratory analysis of dissolved gas as their primary condition monitor for power transformers. The routine sampling period is annually but some utilities extend this to up to three years. The author briefly outlines the development of gas sensors since the 1970s mentioning their advantages and drawbacks.
Noisy filtered sparse processes: Reconstruction and compression

In this paper we consider estimation and compression of filtered sparse processes. Specifically, the filtered sparse process is a signal x ∈ ℝn obtained by driving a k-sparse signal u ∈ ℝn through an arbitrary unknown stable discrete-linear time invariant system H of a known order. The signal x(t) is measured noisily. We consider estimation of x(t) from noisy measurements. We also consider compression of x(t) by means of random projections analogous to compressed sensing. For different cases including AR and MA systems we show that x can indeed be reconstructed from O(k log(n)) measurements. We develop a novel LP optimization algorithm and show that both the unknown filter H and the sparse input u can be reliably estimated.
Application of stochastic measurement models to visual function rating scale questionnaires.

Purpose: To test hypotheses that low vision patient responses to visual function rating scale questionnaires conform to an additive conjoint structure and that the Likert score is a sufficient statistic for the latent patient trait; to compare results for two competing stochastic measurement models; and to determine if different questionnaires measure the same construct in low vision patients. Methods: Visual function rating scale questionnaires were administered to 284 low vision subjects by telephone. Each subject was administered two of four questionnaires: ADVS, NEI VFQ-25 plus supplement, expanded VAQ, and VF-14. Results: Data were analyzed with the Muraki item response model and the Andrich measurement model. The estimates of latent person, item, and response threshold measures from the two models are linearly related. The Muraki model produced a better overall fit to the item response data, the Andrich model produced a better fit to the average ratings for each person and item. Fit statistics for t...
The AT1 Receptor Antagonist, L-158,809, Prevents or Ameliorates Fractionated Whole-Brain Irradiation–Induced Cognitive Impairment

Purpose We hypothesized that administration of the angiotensin type 1 (AT1) receptor antagonist, L-158,809, to young adult male rats would prevent or ameliorate fractionated whole-brain irradiation (WBI)-induced cognitive impairment. Materials and Methods Groups of 80 young adult male Fischer 344 x Brown Norway (F344xBN) rats, 12–14 weeks old, received either: (1) fractionated WBI; 40 Gy of γ rays in 4 weeks, 2 fractions/week, (2) sham-irradiation; (3) WBI plus L-158,809 (20 mg/L drinking water) starting 3 days prior, during, and for 14, 28, or 54 weeks postirradiation; and (4) sham-irradiation plus L-158,809 for 14, 28, or 54 weeks postirradiation. An additional group of rats (n = 20) received L-158,809 before, during, and for 5 weeks postirradiation, after which they received normal drinking water up to 28 weeks postirradiation. Results Administration of L-158,809 before, during, and for 28 or 54 weeks after fractionated WBI prevented or ameliorated the radiation-induced cognitive impairment observed 26 and 52 weeks postirradiation. Moreover, giving L-158,809 before, during, and for only 5 weeks postirradiation ameliorated the significant cognitive impairment observed 26 weeks postirradiation. These radiation-induced cognitive impairments occurred without any changes in brain metabolites or gross histologic changes assessed at 28 and 54 weeks postirradiation, respectively. Conclusions Administering L-158,809 before, during, and after fractionated WBI can prevent or ameliorate the chronic, progressive, cognitive impairment observed in rats at 26 and 52 weeks postirradiation. These findings offer the promise of improving the quality of life for brain tumor patients.
Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of human cervical spondylosis at 3T.

A single-center magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopic study involving 21 patients with advanced cervical spondylosis and 11 healthy controls. We assessed the utility of magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) to quantify biochemical changes within the spinal cord and serve as a potential biomarker in patients with cervical spondylosis with or without T2 hyperintensity within the cord. Los Angeles, California, USA. Twenty-one patients with cervical spondylosis and eleven healthy controls were evaluated. Single-voxel MRS was performed in the cervical cord. Morphometry of the spinal canal space was measured. N-Acetyl aspartylglutamic acid (NAA), choline (Cho), myo-inositol (Myo-I), glutamine–glutamate complex (Glx) and lactate metabolite concentration ratios with respect to total creatine (Cr) were quantified using an LC model algorithm and compared between healthy controls and spondylosis patients. Correlation of MRS metabolites with modified Japanese Orthopaedic Association (mJOA) score was also performed. The spinal canal space was significantly different between patients and controls (analysis of variance (ANOVA), P<0.0001). Total Cho-to-Cr ratio was significantly elevated in patients with spondylosis and T2-hyperintensity compared with healthy controls (ANOVA, P<0.01). A significantly higher Cho-to-NAA ratio was observed in spondylosis patients compared with healthy controls (ANOVA, P<0.01). Slightly elevated Glx and Myo-I were encountered in patients with stenosis without T2 hyperintensity. A linear correlation between Cho-NAA ratio and mJOA was also observed (P<0.01). MRS appears sensitive to biochemical changes occurring in advanced cervical spondylosis patients. The Cho/NAA ratio was significantly correlated with the mJOA score, providing a potentially clinically useful radiographical biomarker for the management of advanced cervical spondylosis patients. NIH NINDS 1R21NS65419-1A1; NIH/NINDS 1R01NS078494-01A1.
Predicting the Performance of Low-Loss On-Chip Inductors Realized Using Carbon Nanotube Bundles

Within the analog realm, integrated inductors continue to limit the performance of mixed-signal systems. To improve the performance of integrated inductors for future mixed-signal systems, alternative technologies must be investigated. In this paper, we propose low-loss on-chip inductors leveraging single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) bundles, which have the potential to provide conductors with significantly lower resistivity than traditional copper technology. We develop a model for high-frequency current redistribution in SWCNT bundles, which we find can have a large effect on the resistance and quality factor of nanotube-based inductors. Leveraging a compact RLC circuit model, we examine the potential quality factor improvement provided by nanotube-based inductors over copper-based inductors for mixed-signal circuit applications. The results indicate that the optimized SWCNT bundle-based inductors can potentially provide a significant increase in quality factor. To demonstrate the performance advantages of optimized nanotube-based inductors, we find that their increased quality factors can lead to a noise figure and power consumption improvement in low-noise amplifiers, which are critical radio frequency circuits in integrated wireless receivers. If the integrated circuit fabrication challenges associated with high-density nanotube-based wires can be overcome, nanotube-based inductors could enable future mixed-signal and wireless systems with greater performance.
SOME FEATURES OF THE SUBMICROSCOPIC MORPHOLOGY OF SYNAPSES IN FROG AND EARTHWORM

Electron micrographs are presented of synaptic regions encountered in sections of frog sympathetic ganglia and earthworm nerve cord neuropile. Pre- and postsynaptic neuronal elements each appear to have a membrane 70 to 100 A thick, separated from each other over the synaptic area by an intermembranal space 100 to 150 A across. A granular or vesicular component, here designated the synaptic vesicles, is encountered on the presynaptic side of the synapse and consists of numerous oval or spherical bodies 200 to 500 A in diameter, with dense circumferences and lighter centers. Synaptic vesicles are encountered in close relationship to the synaptic membrane. In the earthworm neuropile elongated vesicles are found extending through perforations or gaps in the presynaptic membrane, with portions of vesicles appearing in the intermembranal space. Mitochondria are encountered in the vicinity of the synapse, and in the frog, a submicroscopic filamentary component can be seen in the presynaptic member extending up to the region where the vesicles are found, but terminating short of the synapse itself.
Circadian rhythms in the human pupil and eyelid

The human eye was studied to investigate its use as a noninvasive marker of circadian phase state. Subjects were measured every 30 min over 24 h to observe bilateral changes in pupil size and palpebral fissure. Twelve males and twelve females (ages 18-29 yr, mean = 21.6 yr) were studied around the clock while they remained within a light-controlled facility (< 100 lux). The acrophases (maximums) for pupil diameters and palpebral fissure distances were estimated using a cosine curve-fitting technique applied to each 24-h data set. Pupil diameter acrophases occurred randomly throughout the day. The data demonstrated a significant circadian rhythm for both resting and maximum palpebral fissure values. However, palpebral fissure acrophases were widely distributed, with the largest portion of the peaks occurring between 10:00 A.M. and 10:00 P.M.. These data did not support the hypotheses that sympathetic innervation to the pineal is paralleled in the eye, and results do not demonstrate any applicability of human eye measurements as circadian markers.
Carotid revascularization before open heart surgery: the data-driven treatment strategy.

Optimal management of high-grade obstructive carotid artery disease at the time of open heart surgery (OHS) has never been addressed in a randomized clinical trial. Data suggest that the combined approach of carotid endarterectomy (CEA) and OHS leads to a higher risk of procedural stroke [(1–3)][1
Enhancing the Magnetic Anisotropy of Linear Cr(II) Chain Compounds Using Heavy Metal Substitutions.

Magnetic properties of the series of three linear, trimetallic chain compounds Cr2Cr(dpa)4Cl2, 1, Mo2Cr(dpa)4Cl2, 2, and W2Cr(dpa)4Cl2, 3 (dpa = 2,2′-dipyridylamido), have been studied using variable-temperature dc and ac magnetometry and high-frequency EPR spectroscopy. All three compounds possess an S = 2 electronic ground state arising from the terminal Cr2+ ion, which exhibits slow magnetic relaxation under an applied magnetic field, as evidenced by ac magnetic susceptibility and magnetization measurements. The slow relaxation stems from the existence of an easy-axis magnetic anisotropy, which is bolstered by the axial symmetry of the compounds and has been quantified through rigorous high-frequency EPR measurements. The magnitude of D in these compounds increases when heavier ions are substituted into the trimetallic chain; thus D = −1.640, −2.187, and −3.617 cm–1 for Cr2Cr(dpa)4Cl2, Mo2Cr(dpa)4Cl2, and W2Cr(dpa)4Cl2, respectively. Additionally, the D value measured for W2Cr(dpa)4Cl2 is the largest y...
Working Together to Prepare Teachers of Science and Language: Examining the Value of Collaboration Among Science and Language Faculty

This qualitative study examines the change in a preserve program as our faculty members systematically work together to change the culture of our college to one in which everyone assists future teachers to work with ELLs. The iTeach ELL Systems Framework has promoted understanding of the interconnected nature of student learning, which includes: university/school partnerships designed to impact that learning through more effectively prepared teacher candidates, school and university organizational features, and state statutes and policy regulations. One focus of this work is to infuse problem-based learning (PBL) and ELL strategies into science methods courses. This qualitative study of efforts and approaches to reform science methods courses has identified three themes: a) Value of Agreeing on Terms (b) Value of Integrating Content and Language Learning (c) Value of Presenting a Unified Message. Successes and challenges for supporting pre-service teachers to develop knowledge of both PBL and ELL strategies are discussed.
E-038 CTA Protocol Optimization for Improved Stent Visualization

Introduction/purpose Evaluation of stents using noninvasive imaging can be difficult. Artefact from the metallic struts often limits visibility within the stent on computed tomography angiograms (CTA). Special techniques developed for visualization of cardiac stents using CTA can be adapted for cervical and intracranial stent evaluation. Materials and methods All studies were performed on a 64 slice GE Discovery 750HD CT scanner (GE Healthcare, Little Chalfont, Buckinghamshire, United Kingdom). The standard arterial phase imaging protocol is performed with 100 mL of contrast administered at a rate of 5 ml/sec. Scan acquisition is triggered when contrast arrives in the aortic arch. Scan coverage extends from the carina to the vertex of the head. Slice thickness is 0.625. Pitch is 1.375:1. Rotation time is 0.5 sec. Tube voltage is 120 kv with a dynamic tube current ranging from 200–350 mA. The raw images are then reconstructed through the stent using a bone plus algorithm at 0.625 mm x 0.3 mm and a field of view of 20 mm. Three fellowship trained neuroradiologists compared the standard CTA sequences with those optimised for visualization of the stent. For each stent, the reader described the patency of the stent (patent, occluded, or mild/moderate/severe stenosis) and their confidence level in their interpretation (high, moderate, or low confidence). Each reader then subjectively determined if they felt the stent CTA was beneficial. Results The optimised stent protocol uses a harder reconstruction algorithm, small field of view, and thin cuts to optimise the view of content within the stent. All readers agreed that the stent CTA was useful and improved their confidence in stents that were less than 2.5 mm in diameter. Stenosis was routinely overestimated in stents less than 2.5 mm using the standard protocol. In the representative case, the patient presented with stroke like symptoms attributable to the vascular distribution of the stent. On the original CTA (Figure 1a), the stent was believed to be occluded. However, after reconstructing the image using the stent protocol, the stent was found to be widely patent (Figure 1b). Conclusions With the use of a 64 slice CT scanner and a protocol adopted from the cardiac literature, it may be possible to adequately assess the patency of cervical and intracranial stents using CTA. Disclosures C. Durst: None. R. Starke: None. P. Norton: None. K. Hagspiel: None. J. Gingras: None. H. Hixson: None. K. Liu: None. R. Crowley: None. J. Gaughen: 2; C; Stryker, Covidien, Microvention. M. Jensen: 2; C; Covidien. A. Evans: 2; C; Covidien, Stryker.
A Proof of the Binomial Theorem

(1974). A Proof of the Binomial Theorem. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 81, No. 4, pp. 390-393.
Fate of Hazardous Air Pollutants in Oxygen-Fired Coal Combustion with Different Flue Gas Recycling

Experiments were performed to characterize transformation and speciation of hazardous air pollutants (HAPs), including SO(2)/SO(3), NO(x), HCl, particulate matter, mercury, and other trace elements in oxygen-firing bituminous coal with recirculation flue gas (RFG) from 1) an electrostatic precipitator outlet or 2) a wet scrubber outlet. The experimental results showed that oxycombustion with RFG generated a flue gas with less volume and containing HAPs at higher levels, while the actual emissions of HAPs per unit of energy produced were much less than that of air-blown combustion. NO(x) reduction was achieved in oxycombustion because of the elimination of nitrogen and the destruction of NO in the RFG. The elevated SO(2)/SO(3) in flue gas improved sulfur self-retention. SO(3) vapor could reach its dew point in the flue gas with high moisture, which limits the amount of SO(3) vapor in flue gas and possibly induces material corrosion. Most nonvolatile trace elements were less enriched in fly ash in oxycombustion than air-firing because of lower oxycombustion temperatures occurring in the present study. Meanwhile, Hg and Se were found to be enriched on submicrometer fly ash at higher levels in oxy-firing than in air-blown combustion.
Sarcophaginae identification by DNA-barcoding

In this study,we aimed to establish method for identifying Sarcophaginae by DNA-barcoding and to solve the problem that Sarcophaginae female species could not be identified by morphology.We amplified and analyzed the sequences of these samples in Fujian frontier such as Helicophagella melanura,Parasarcophaga misera,Parasarcophaga sericea,Boettcherisca peregrine,Parasarcophaga brevicornis,Parasarcophaga dux,Parasarcophaga similis,Parasarcophaga albiceps,Parasarcophaga Pingi,and Seniorwhitea reciproca.Secondly,we aligned these sequences with 88 Sarcophaginae species loaded from BOLD.Thirdly,we estimated the genetic distances and built system evolutionary tree.The result of amplification with 5samples showed that length of the obtained COI sequences were 658 bp.And the result of alignment on BOLD line showed that index of similarity of the same species was above 99%.The result of calculation genetic distances showed that intraspecific difference was 0-0.015 4and interspecific difference was 0.024 9-0.153 8.Phylogenetic tree showed that the same Sarcophaginae species stayed together on value of Bootstrap 1000.It came to a conclusion that DNA-barcoding can be the important method to supplement of morphologically identifying Sarcophaginae.
Impact Assessment of Stormwater Alternatives on Generated Runoff in Cities Experiencing Urban Decline

Abstract Shrinking cities have experienced substantial, chronic population decline resulting in the inundation of impervious, vacant or abandoned properties that contribute to the runoff entering the stormwater systems. These cities have the potential to shift land uses, selectively transition excess land to pervious surfaces, or implement green infrastructure to treat stormwater onsite, reducing the runoff and pollutants entering the stormwater systems. This study evaluated the impact on the generated runoff due to: (1) decommissioning impervious surfaces, (2) transitioning land uses, and (3) incorporating bioretention cells at the neighborhood level in vacant lots. Hydrology-hydraulic modeling was used to evaluate the alternatives in two Midwestern shrinking cities, each operating on different stormwater systems (combined and separate) using city-provided and publicly available data. Historic precipitation; short-duration, high-intensity storms; and long-duration, low-intensity storms were assessed. Implementing the alternatives can reduce runoff between 10% and 98% depending upon the alternative and precipitation/storm.
Testing the use of practice facilitation in a cluster randomized stepped-wedge design trial to improve adherence to cardiovascular disease prevention guidelines: HealthyHearts NYC

HealthyHearts NYC (HHNYC) will evaluate the effectiveness of practice facilitation as a quality improvement strategy for implementing the Million Hearts’ ABCS treatment guidelines for reducing cardiovascular disease (CVD) among high-risk patients who receive care in primary care practices in New York City. ABCS refers to (A) aspirin in high-risk individuals; (B) blood pressure control; (C) cholesterol management; and (S) smoking cessation. The long-term goal is to create a robust infrastructure for implementing and disseminating evidence-based practice guidelines (EBPG) in primary care practices. We are using a stepped-wedge cluster randomized controlled trial design to evaluate the implementation process and the impact of practice facilitation (PF) versus usual care on ABCS outcomes in 250 small primary care practices. Randomization is at the practice site level, all of which begin as part of the control condition. The intervention consists of one year of PF that includes a combination of one-on-one onsite visits and shared learning across practice sites. PFs will focus on helping sites implement evidence-based components of patient-centered medical home (PCMH) and the chronic care model (CCM), which include decision support, provider feedback, self-management tools and resources, and linkages to community-based services. We hypothesize that practice facilitation will result in superior clinical outcomes compared to usual care; that the effects of practice facilitation will be mediated by greater adoption of system changes in accord with PCMH and CCM; and that there will be increased adaptive reserve and change capacity. NCT02646488
The Pre-war Gold Standard

Although since 1901 ever smaller coffee crops and the exchange rate stability achieved until 1904 had taken a little of the heat out of the debate on coffee problems, in 1905 unexpectedly large foreign capital inflow and export earnings resulted in upward pressures on the exchange rate which were beyond the powers of Banco da Republica, to offset.1 At the beginning of the year the bank let the rate float and after two unsuccessful attempts to peg it at higher levels, was finally able to regain control of the market in September and managed to stabilise it at around 30 per cent above its pre-rise level.
Prologue: “The Humble Afric Muse’s Seat”

Phillis Wheatley’s Miltonic Poetics responds to the critical and disciplinary divisions and prejudices that have limited recognition of how Wheatley positions herself as an American Milton in her 1773 POEMS. Calling for new theorization of the methods of literary history and (inter) textual analysis, this volume shows how Wheatley uses Milton to develop a sublime poetics whose assertions of imaginative power and fanciful freedom both envision an ideal Anglo-American nation and resist the coercions of the English transatlantic. Arguing that Wheatley uses Milton’s inaugural miscellany as her structural model and his poetical works as her library of English literary and Protestant materials, the author identifies five thematic sections in POEMS: ministerial authority and elegiac challenge; poetics of fanciful and imaginative sublimity; transatlantic trauma, travel, and loss; the charity of major elegiac consolation; and poetical envisioning of an ideal polity.
SHRM's Staffing Strategically Series (Book Summary)

SHRM’s Staffing Strategically Series (2009):Staffing Forecasting and Planning, Assessing External Job Candidates,Assessing Internal Job Candidates, The Legal Context of Staffing, andStaffing to Support Business Strategy.Authors: Jean M. Phillips and Stanley M. Gully
Estate Tax Exemption Portability: What Should the IRS Do? And What Should Planners Do in the Interim?

The estate tax exemption is not portable. As a result, when one spouse dies without having used the exemption, it disappears and cannot be used by the surviving spouse. While portability legislation has been proposed, Congress has thus far failed to act. This has made estate planning difficult for a significant number of married couples who have what might be described as intermediate-level wealth. In a series of four private letter rulings, the Internal Revenue Service has responded sympathetically, creating in effect an administrative solution to the portability problem. The difficulty for taxpayers, however, is that, they are unable to rely on such rulings: In the absence of published guidance, the Service may decide to change its position and then apply its new position to taxpayers who have utilized the previously approved drafting blueprint without having secured their own ruling. This is particularly problematic because the Service's analysis in these rulings may well be incorrect. Indeed, if this analysis were incorporated in published guidance, it could undermine the Service's enforcement of the Code in unrelated contexts. In this article, we suggest a new approach. Under our approach, taxpayers would be able to navigate the portability problem, and the Service would not weaken unrelated Code provisions. After explaining the portability problem, we explore the Service's private letter rulings. We then critique the Service's analysis and present an alternative solution for the portability problem. Finally, we suggest that the Service implement this solution administratively and show how taxpayers can safely employ our approach in the interim.
Wastewater disposal and the earthquake sequences during 2016 near Fairview, Pawnee, and Cushing, Oklahoma

Each of the three earthquake sequences in Oklahoma in 2016 – Fairview, Pawnee, and Cushing – appears to have been induced by high-volume wastewater disposal within 10 km. The Fairview M5.1 mainshock was part of a two-year sequence of more than 150 events of M3, or greater; the mainshock accounted for about half of the total moment. The foreshocks and aftershocks of the M5.8 Pawnee earthquake were too small and too few to contribute significantly to the cumulative moment; instead, nearly all of the moment induced by wastewater injection was focused on the mainshock. The M5.0 Cushing event is part of a sequence that includes 48 earthquakes of M3, or greater, that are mostly foreshocks. The cumulative moment for each of the three sequences during 2016, as well as that for the 2011 Prague, Oklahoma, and nine other sequences representing a broad range of injected volume, were all limited by the total volumes of wastewater injected locally.
In-School Predictors of Postschool Employment for Youth Who Are Deaf-Blind:

Youth with deaf-blindness have difficulty transitioning to adulthood and experience poor employment outcomes, yet research on this population is limited. To identify predictors of postschool employ...
Unsupervised nonlinear unmixing of hyperspectral images using sparsity constrained probabilistic latent semantic analysis

Unsupervised spectral unmixing (i.e., endmember extraction and abundance estimation) of nonlinear mixture is a very challenging subject in hyperspectral image analysis. In this paper, we present a new interpretation of the reflectance mixture by normalizing the absolute reflectance value into a unit L 1 norm vector, such that the spectral reading can be treated as a probability distribution. The abundance can then be interpreted as the possibility that a spectral distribution belongs to an endmember distribution. Both endmember extraction and abundance estimation can be handled by the proposed sparsity constrained probabilistic latent semantic analysis (SC-pLSA). Experimental results using both synthetic and real data as compared to other unmixing algorithms show apparent advantage of the proposed method.
Azamacrocyclic-based metal organic frameworks: Design strategies and applications

Abstract Polyazamacrocycles and its functionalized derivatives have been employed recently as organic building blocks in the construction of extended metal–organic frameworks (MOFs). Incorporating azamacrocycles into the MOF architectures not only merges the chemistry of MOFs with supramolecular chemistry of the macrocycles, but also brings out novel properties from the hybrid frameworks produced. In this review, we describe recent advances of the fabrication of azamacrocycles into MOF structures along with the most prominent applications based upon azamacrocycle-containing MOFs, which include molecular recognition and separation, template synthesis, gas adsorption, and heterogenous catalysis.
THE ROLE OF ION MOVEMENTS IN THE CONTROL OF METABOLISM IN SKELETAL MUSCLE

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses experiments focusing on the role of ion movements in the control of metabolism in skeletal muscle. One group of observations examined what fraction of the resting oxygen consumption is linked to the efflux of Na from frog skeletal muscle. A separate group of experiments examined the effects of sodium dantrolene, an agent that uncouples excitation from contraction by interferring with Ca++ release from sarcoplasmic reticulum on the depolarization-induced stimulation of oxygen uptake observed in frog skeletal muscle. The oxygen uptake of muscles incubated at 22°C in a “Yellow Springs Respirometer” was measured. The chapter lists the results of a series of experiments in which the addition of the glycoside was measured on the oxygen uptake. Ouabain reduced O2 uptake from 1.89 ± 0.53 to 1.59 ± 0.49 × 10−6 M g−1 h−1. The control value is close to the range of values previously reported for frog muscle. The chapter also lists the values showing that only about half of the Na efflux is sensitive to the effects of cardiac glycosides.
Types and forms of knowledge (patterns): taxonomies and concept hierarchies

Taxonomies, also called concept hierarchies, are presented as a form of knowledge useful in knowledge discovery in databases (KDD). Their strength relies on compact description that can represent rich empirical contents. This results in predictive capabilities that can tolerate missing values. The applications and limitations of taxonomies are discussed and their relations to other forms of knowledge.
Distributed Systems on the Pragmatic Object Web — Computing with Java and Corba

We review the growing power and capability of commodity computing and communication technologies largely driven by commercial distributed information systems. These systems are built from CORBA, Microsoft’s COM, JavaBeans, and rapidly advancing Web approaches. One can abstract these to a three-tier model with largely independent clients connected to a distributed network of servers. The latter host various services including object and relational databases and of course parallel and sequential computing. High performance cari be obtained by combining concurrency at the middle server tier with optimized parallel back end services. The resultant system combines the needed performance for large-scale HPCC applications with the rich functionality of commodity systems. Further the architecture with distinct interface, server and specialized service implementation layers, naturally allows advances in each area to be easily incorporated. We illustrate how performance can be obtained within a commodity architecture and we propose a middleware integration approach based on JWORB (Java Web Object Request Broker) multi-protocol server technology. We illustrate our approach on a set of prototype applications in areas such as collaborative systems, support of multidisciplinary interactions, WebFlow based visual metacomputing, WebFlow over Globus, Quantum Monte Carlo and distributed interactive simulations.
"Mastomania" Breastfeeding and the Circulation of Desire in Nineteenth-Century France

The concept of sexual pleasure while breastfeeding, still faintly scandalous in the twenty-first century, circulates in a variety of nineteenth-century French texts, from medical discourse to the fictional works of Balzac, Flaubert, and Zola. Although some medical authorities condemned sensual breastfeeding, or “mastomania,” as a vice, others used the promise of sexual pleasure to entice recalcitrant mothers to breastfeed. In representations of maternal breastfeeding found in both literary and medical texts, it is often the male gaze that constructs meaning. The reciprocal desire of mother and infant shifts to include a third person, the narrator-spectator, whose own desire for the breast creates a fantasy of maternal erotic response that is then condemned as a vice. This confusion of subject and object of desire raises complex questions about the motivations of the male authors of these texts. This article uses psychoanalytic theories of Freud, Klein, and Kristeva to argue that the erotic dimension of the breastfeeding couple is tolerated, and even celebrated, in nineteenth-century literature but only if the male gaze constructs and controls the mother’s desire.
Introduction to the Special Issue on the 2019 International Solid-State Circuits Conference

Two papers were selected from the digital hardware related sessions of ISSCC 2019. Both papers propose energy-efficient architectures and circuits for accelerating deep neural networks inference and training. The first paper, by Kim et al. , demonstrates a mobile processor that can perform reinforcement learning at high energy efficiency (2.1 TFLOPS/W) via a novel experience compression scheme. The second paper, by Lee et al. , proposes another energy-efficient processor for learning. It can flexibly support 8-bit floating point (FP8) to 16-bit floating point (FP16) and achieves 25.3 TFLOPS/W.
Mars Trojan Orbits for Continuous Earth-Mars Communication

This investigation selects orbits appropriate for a deep-space relay terminal to ensure continuous communication between Earth and Mars. Geometric constraints are derived and are used to evaluate the fitness of several periodic orbit families in the sun-Earth and sun-Mars circular-restricted three-body systems. It is determined that Mars Trojan orbits provide the best solution. Families of these orbits are presented and studied for stability in a multibody model. It is shown that with no station-keeping, appropriately chosen orbits satisfy the geometric telecommunication constraints for decades. Outbound transfer costs from Earth and orbit insertion costs are computed in both Keplerian and ephemeris-level multibody regimes. The use of an outbound Mars flyby significantly lowers the orbit insertion cost.
Automated Lipid Droplet Quantification System for Phenotypic Analysis of Adipocytes using CellProfiler

Adipogenic differentiation is the process by which preadipocytes become mature adipocytes, cells that store energy and regulate metabolic homeostasis. During differentiation, neutral lipids that accumulate in adipocytes can be detected using stains and used as an index of cell differentiation. However, imaging tools for evaluating intracellular lipid droplets remain at their infancy. Nutrition, stress, or chemical exposure can dysregulate adipogenic differentiation and lipid metabolism. Therefore, the aims of this study were to develop an accurate, standardized approach to quantify lipid droplet size of mature adipocytes and a clustering approach to analyze the total lipid content per adipocyte. For the lipid droplet analysis, we used two approaches, the free online computer software of reference, ImageJ, and another free online computer software, CellProfiler. For ImageJ, we used an already developed macro designed to identify particles and quantify their area, and for CellProfiler, we developed a new analysis pipeline. Our results show that CellProfiler is able to accurately identify a greater number of lipid droplets compared to ImageJ. A clustering analysis is also possible using CellProfiler which allows for the quantification of total lipid content per individual adipocyte to provide insight into single-cell responsiveness to adipogenic stimuli. CellProfiler streamlines the lipid droplet phenotypic analysis of adipocytes compared to more traditional analysis methods. In conclusion, this novel image analysis tool can provide a more precise evaluation of lipid droplet and adipogenesis dysregulation, a critical need in the understanding of metabolic disorders.
Chapter 8 – Relativistic Interactions

Chapter 8 incorporates important applications of 4-vectors and four-dimensional dot product in particle interactions. The notions of center of mass and lab frames are introduced and used in various examples to investigate particle collisions and decays. Lorentz transformations to and from the center of mass are derived and two-particle collisions are discussed in detail. Examples include nuclear excitation, Compton scattering, elastic scattering of particles, calculation of cosmic ray energies, minimum energy required for production of particles, dissociation of nuclei, decay of one particle into two or three particles, the Mossbauer effect, and the fusion process in stars known as the proton-proton cycle. The chapter ends with a simple introduction to relativistic quantum mechanics, Dirac's discovery of antimatter, and the connection between special relativity and spin.
The role of cue enhancement and frequency fine-tuning in hearing impaired phone recognition

A speech-based hearing test is designed to identify the susceptible error-prone phones for individual hearing impaired (HI) ear. Only robust tokens in the experiments' noise levels had been chosen for the test. The noise-robustness of tokens is measured as SNR90s of the token, which is the signal to the speech-weighted noise ratio where an NH listener would recognize the token with an accuracy of 90% on average. Two sets of tokens T1 and T2 having the same consonant-vowels but different talkers with distinct SNR90s had been presented at flat gain at listeners' most comfortable level. We studied the effects of frequency fine-tuning of the primary cue by presenting tokens of the same consonant but different vowels with similar SNR90s. Additionally, we investigated the role of changing the intensity of primary cue in HI phone recognition, by presenting tokens from both sets T1 and T2. On average, 85% of tokens are improved when we replaced the CV with the same CV but with a more robust talker. Additionally, using CVs with similar SNR90, on average, tokens are improved by 28%, 28%, 25%, and 19%, when we replaced the vowel with ɑ, ɛ, ə, and ɪ. The confusion pattern in each case provides insight into how these changes affect the phone recognition in each HI ear. We propose to prescribe hearing aid amplification tailored to individual HI ears, based on the confusion pattern, the response from cue enhancement, and the response from frequency fine-tuning of the cue.
Self‐exciting point processes with spatial covariates: modelling the dynamics of crime

Crime has both varying patterns in space, related to features of the environment, economy and policing, and patterns in time arising from criminal behaviour, such as retaliation. Serious crimes may also be presaged by minor crimes of disorder. We demonstrate that these spatial and temporal patterns are generally confounded, requiring analyses to take both into account, and propose a spatiotemporal self‐exciting point process model that incorporates spatial features, near repeat and retaliation effects, and triggering. We develop inference methods and diagnostic tools, such as residual maps, for this model, and through extensive simulation and crime data obtained from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, demonstrate its properties and usefulness.
Network Traffic Management

Traffic management aims at delivering a negotiated quality of service (QoS) to applications and at controlling congestion in a communication network. In order to accomplish these two goals, several building blocks can be used at traffic senders, receivers, core network routers, and edge routers at the entry and exit of a network domain. These components include routing based on given constraints, admission and policy control for new connections, resource reservation, packet scheduling, policing and shaping, buffer management and closed-loop congestion control. This chapter defines these components, and discusses a number of case studies from Internet architectures. Keywords: traffic management; admission control; policy control; constrained-based routing; policy routing; QoS routing; resource reservation; packet scheduling; buffer management; shaping; policing; congestion control; integrated services; differentiated services; multi-protocol label switching; Transmission Control Protocol (TCP); asynchronous transfer mode (ATM)
Asymmetric Synthesis of Stereogenic Phosphorus P(V) Centers Using Chiral Nucleophilic Catalysis.

Organophosphates have been widely used in agrochemistry, as reagents for organic synthesis, and in biochemistry. Phosphate mimics possessing four unique substituents, and thereby a chirality center, are useful in transition metal catalysis and as nucleotide therapeutics. The catalytic, stereocontrolled synthesis of phosphorus-stereogenic centers is challenging and traditionally depends on a resolution or use of stochiometric auxiliaries. Herein, enantioenriched phosphorus centers have been synthesized using chiral nucleophilic catalysis. Racemic H-phosphinate species were coupled with nucleophilic alcohols under halogenating conditions. Chiral phosphonate products were synthesized in acceptable yields (33–95%) and modest enantioselectivity (up to 62% ee) was observed after identification of an appropriate chiral catalyst and optimization of the solvent, base, and temperature. Nucleophilic catalysis has a tremendous potential to produce enantioenriched phosphate mimics that could be used as prodrugs or chemical biology probes.
How Does Geographic Region Affect the Total and Individual Costs for Medical Students Applying to the Competitive Surgical Residencies

OBJECTIVE Studies have individually assessed the expenses for medical students desiring a surgical residency in neurosurgery, orthopaedic surgery, otolaryngology, plastic surgery, and urology. A detailed comparison of expenses by geographic region have not been reported. The aim was to geographically compare the expenses of United States medical students applying to the 5 most competitive surgical residencies. SETTING/PARTICIPANTS Anonymous nationwide survey of plastic surgery, orthopaedic surgery, otolaryngology, urology, and neurological surgery residency applicants. DESIGN A cross sectional, retrospective analysis of the 2019-2020 Texas STAR Dashboard database, an online tool generated from a nationwide survey of students. Individual (application, away rotation, interview) and total costs for medical school seniors were recorded in addition to applicant characteristics. Mean and median costs were reported for each specialty with percentile distributions and geographic comparisons. A Kruskal-Wallis H test was performed to compare differences in costs between surgical specialties and medical school region. RESULTS In total, 1136 applicants to surgical residency were included. The number of applicants to orthopaedic surgery (OS) (n = 459), neurological surgery (NS) (n = 121), urology (UR) (n = 191), plastic surgery (PS) (n = 117), and otolaryngology (OTO) (n = 248) were reported. Mean total costs were (OS; $8,205), (NS; $11,882), (UR; $8,207), (PS; $10,845), and (OTO; $7,516) (p ≤ 0.029). Application fees were only significantly different in the northeast and southern applicants between the different specialties, notably orthopaedic surgery applicants spent the most. In all geographic regions excluding the west, neurosurgery and plastic surgery applicants spent significantly more than other specialties for interview costs and away rotation costs. In all geographic regions neurosurgery and plastic surgery applicants spent significantly more than other specialties in total costs. CONCLUSIONS Orthopaedic surgery applicants spend the most on application fees in select geographic regions. Neurosurgery and plastic surgery applicants spend more on interviews, away rotations, and total costs in nearly all geographic regions.