cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Leaving the Land of Easy Answers: Regulatory Takings, Rucho and the Nature of Constitutional Analysis

The following is the latest draft of a symposium article to appear in the Wisconsin Law Review. 2020 Wis. L. Rev. 363. Every facet of constitutional law raises the same basic question: when will or should the adjudicative process substitute its judgment for the political process. The basic issue of constitutional law is who decides or, more exactly, what decides since the decision-making alternatives are not individuals but large processes or institutions. Thus, constitutional law is institutional choice and the central issue of constitutional analysis is how this institutional choice should be made. There are several conventional analytical approaches including examining the text of the Constitution, seeking the meaning given that text by its framers and focusing on essential constitutional values or goals. Or the institutional choice question can be addressed directly by assessing the relative merits of the adjudicative and political processes in any given setting. In this article, I show that especially when the analysis is normative – when we are asking what constitutional law should be – the conventional approaches are inherently insufficient unless they seriously address institutional comparison and comparative institutional analysis. I use the regulatory takings doctrine to demonstrate the essential role of institutional analysis in constitutional law and the problems created when these considerations are ignored. In the first section of this article, I examine just compensation in a world of costly information and advance the notions of optimal ignorance and optimal arbitrariness. In the second section of the article, I explore the connection between political malfunction and just compensation, the role of just compensation in correcting political malfunction and the basis for shifting the determination of just compensation from the political process to the courts. Here I present an analytical framework capable of understanding both the political and adjudicative processes. In the third section, I use this framework to show the limits of regulatory takings and the impossibility and even perversity of sweeping definitions of regulatory takings. In the fourth section, I review the existing regulatory takings doctrine and explain why it is far less than its advocates desire. In the fifth section, I consider the wisdom of retaining a doctrine that does little but create mischief. In the sixth section, I use the insights from the analysis of regulatory takings to show the inadequacy of constitutional approaches like essentialism and originalism that do not take institutional analysis seriously. Here I employ the issue of partisan gerrymandering to explore the optimal use of judicial review.
Risk of primary graft dysfunction following lung transplantation in selected adults with connective tissue disease-associated interstitial lung disease.

Background Previous studies have reported similarities in long-term outcomes following lung transplantation for connective tissue disease-associated interstitial lung disease (CTD-ILD) and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). However, it is unknown whether CTD-ILD patients are at increased risk of primary graft dysfunction (PGD), delays in extubation, or longer index hospitalizations following transplant compared to IPF patients. Methods We performed a multicenter retrospective cohort study of CTD-ILD and IPF patients enrolled in the Lung Transplant Outcomes Group registry who underwent lung transplantation between 2012 and 2018. We utilized mixed effects logistic regression and stratified Cox proportional hazards regression to determine whether CTD-ILD was independently associated with increased risk for grade 3 PGD or delays in post-transplant extubation and hospital discharge compared to IPF. Results A total of 32.7% (33/101) of patients with CTD-ILD and 28.9% (145/501) of patients with IPF developed grade 3 PGD 48-72 hours after transplant. There were no significant differences in odds of grade 3 PGD among patients with CTD-ILD compared to those with IPF (adjusted OR 1.12, 95% CI 0.64-1.97, p = 0.69), nor was CTD-ILD independently associated with a longer post-transplant time to extubation (adjusted HR for first extubation 0.87, 95% CI 0.66-1.13, p = 0.30). However, CTD-ILD was independently associated with a longer post-transplant hospital length of stay (median 23 days [IQR 14-35 days] vs17 days [IQR 12-28 days], adjusted HR for hospital discharge 0.68, 95% CI 0.51-0.90, p = 0.008). Conclusion Patients with CTD-ILD experienced significantly longer postoperative hospitalizations compared to IPF patients without an increased risk of grade 3 PGD.
AI/ML applications and the potential transformation of Fintech and Finserv sectors

This paper discusses the potential transformation of Fintech and Finserv sectors in light of the increased use and deployment of Artificial Intelligence (AI)/Machine Learning (ML) applications. By drawing on quick scan of available literature, the paper provides an overview of aspects of Fintech and Finserv sectors which are likely to change and the aspects of these sectors which are likely to remain unchanged. The paper highlights the trend towards long-term structural changes to the financial economy, potential growth in the use of personalised AI platforms in conjunction with the rise of RegTech (including algorithmic regulation) of Fintech and Finserv sectors. The findings suggest scope for further comprehensive assessment of the nature of transformation in Fintech and Finserv sectors due to AI/ML.
Physics Informed Deep Reinforcement Learning for Aircraft Conflict Resolution

A novel method for aircraft conflict resolution in air traffic management (ATM) using physics informed deep reinforcement learning (RL) is proposed. The motivation is to integrate prior physics understanding and model in the learning algorithm to facilitate the optimal policy searching and to present human-explainable results for display and decision-making. First, the information of intruders' quantity, speeds, heading angles, and positions are integrated into an image using the solution space diagram (SSD), which is used in the ATM for conflict detection and mitigation. The SSD serves as the prior physics knowledge from the ATM domain which is the input features for learning. A convolution neural network is used with the SSD images for the deep reinforcement learning. Next, an actor-critic network is constructed to learn conflict resolution policy. Several numerical examples are used to illustrate the proposed methodology. Both discrete and continuous RL are explored using the proposed concept of physics informed learning. A detailed comparison and discussion of the proposed algorithm and classical RL-based conflict resolution is given. The proposed approach is able to handle arbitrary number of intruders and also shows faster convergence behavior due to the encoded prior physics understanding. In addition, the learned optimal policy is also beneficial for proper display to support decision-making. Several major conclusions and future work are presented based on the current investigation.
Localized Transitions and Quantum Tunneling

In this chapter we consider the different types of quantum tunneling localized transition (TLT) models. We describe four different types of TLT models: ground state tunneling (GST) model, irradiation ground state tunneling (IGST) model, excited state tunneling (EST) model, and thermally assisted excited state tunneling (TA-EST) model. We provide R codes for exploring the properties of each model, discuss their physical principles, and code approximate analytical solutions to the differential equations describing each model. R codes are provided for simulating the nearest neighbor distribution in a random distribution of defects in a solid and also provide an example of analyzing experimental data to obtain the g-factor for the anomalous fading (AF) phenomenon. Additional R codes simulate simultaneous irradiation and tunneling, and excited state tunneling phenomena. We show how to analyze experimental TL and OSL data for freshly irradiated samples, using the analytical Kitis–Pagonis equations KP-TL and KP-CW. Finally, we present the thermally assisted excited state model used in low temperature thermochronometry studies and show how quantum tunneling phenomena can be simulated using the TUN functions in the package RLumCarlo.
The Evolving Role of Nutrition and Exercise in the Lives of Transgender Men: A Narrative Inquiry

Objectives The purpose of this study was to explore the lived experiences of transgender men related to nutrition, exercise, and body image throughout their transition. Our objectives were to 1) describe changes in attitudes and awareness related to nutrition, exercise, and body image throughout the process of transitioning, 2) explore the persistence of feminine or masculine schemas related to these variables, and 3) capture the role of nutrition and exercise as physical embodiments of gender expression.
Economic Philosophies: Liberalism, Nationalism, Socialism: Do They Still Matter?

Economics began as “moral philosophy” but modern mainstream economics has sought to expunge philosophy and value-judgments to make economics “scientific.” In this book, Alessandro Roselli argues th...
Abstract 3073: Exploring the malignancy-promoting interaction between neural stem cells and lateral ventricle-associated glioblastoma

Introduction: Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and malignant primary brain tumor in adults. The interaction of GBM with the lateral ventricles (LVs) has a significant effect on patient outcome, where LV-proximal GBM results in increased distal recurrence, increased stem cell marker expression, and decreased overall survival compared to LV-distal counterparts. Though the reason for this is unknown, it may be due in part to interaction of GBM with the subventricular zone (SVZ), the largest neurogenic niche. The SVZ contains populations of neural stem cells (NSCs) throughout life that produce many proteins supporting stem cell growth and maintenance. The goal of this project is to identify a bidirectional signaling axis between GBM cells and NSCs and determine its contribution to GBM malignancy. Methods: In vitro, patient-derived GBM brain tumor initiating cells (BTICs) were co-cultured with human fetal NSCs for 48 hours. Both BTICs and NSCs were analyzed for levels of viability, proliferation, migration, and the expression of malignancy-associated factors at a gene and protein level. A method for unbiased cell-specific proteomic labeling was established in vitro by cloning L274G-mutated methionyl tRNA synthetase (MetRS*) into a lentivirus with puromycin resistance. In vivo, Nestin-Cre-ERT2 mice were crossed with the STOPflox R26-MetRS line to establish a tamoxifen-inducible model to label NSC proteins. Results: BTICs co-cultured with NSCs showed increased viability, proliferation, and migration compared to controls. NSCs showed decreased proliferation and increased migration when co-cultured with BTICs. Both show increased levels of malignancy-associated genes and proteins including osteopontin, vimentin, tenascin C, and PDGFA upon co-culture. MetRS*-labeled cells successfully incorporate azide-labeled methionine analog in a cell-specific manner, and labeled proteins are able to be isolated for future proteomic analysis. In vivo, tamoxifen successfully induces the expression of MetRS* and GFP. Conclusion: We have determined that there is a bidirectional signaling axis between NSCs and BTICs that contributes to proliferation, migration, and malignancy-associated factors in GBM. Future studies looking at proteomic changes in both GBM and NSCs using the MetRS* labeling are needed to fully characterize the interaction between these cells in vitro and in vivo to identify new therapeutic targets for LV-associated GBM. Citation Format: Emily S. Norton, Lauren A. Whaley, Anna Carrano, Natanael Zarco, Montserrat A. Lara-Velazquez, Alfredo Quinones-Hinojosa, Hugo Guerrero-Cazares. Exploring the malignancy-promoting interaction between neural stem cells and lateral ventricle-associated glioblastoma [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2021; 2021 Apr 10-15 and May 17-21. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(13_Suppl):Abstract nr 3073.
STRATEGI PENGEMBANGAN AGILE KNOWLEDGE WORKER DI DIVISI FINANCE PT PFIZER INDONESIA BERDASARKAN PERSPEKTIF HUMAN CAPITAL DAN KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT (The Development Strategic of Agile Knowledge Worker in Finance Division PT Pfizer Indonesia based on Human Capital and Knowledge Management Perspectives)

Radical and global changes in the world and also the fast development of knowledge economy era (Drucker, 1990) affected and forced all profit and non-profit organizations to be radically adaptive to the changes. Pfizer Inc, as one of the biggest pharmaceutical corporation in the world, also aware the needs to be adaptive in the radical change. Led be new CEO, Mr. Jeffrey B. Kindler, Pfizer keeps on enhancing and improving itself by conducting Pfizer transformation since early 2006. For Pfizer People, transformation is not a short cut process of reduction costs and restructurization, but transformation are mainly focused to develop healthier and better environment in the world as stated in Pfizer new motto in 2016: “Working for Healthier WorldTM” In finance division PT Pfizer Indonesia, the improvement and enhancement process are led by conducting Finance Survey in 2006. The survey becomes the basic evaluation and the key indicator as Finance Performance. From some theories on human capital compiled with other theories, references and understanding on knowledge management, change management, culture management, learning organization and agile leadership, I summarize the new concept of agile knowledge worker. I strongly support that the limitation of this new concept can be the new thoughts and ideas of the human capital and knowledge management development and implementation
Biogenic UO2 - Characterization and Surface Reactivity

Nano‐scale biogenic UO2 is easier to oxidize and more reactive to aqueous metal ions than bulk UO2. In an attempt to understand these differences in properties, we have used a suite of bulk and surface characterization techniques to examine differences in the reactivity of biogenic UO2 versus bulk UO2 with respect to aqueous Zn(II). Precipitation of biogenic UO2 was mediated by Shewanella putrefaciens CN32, and the precipitates were washed using two protocols: (1) 5% NaOH, followed by 4 mM KHCO3/KCl (NA‐wash; “NAUO2”, to remove surface organic matter), and (2) 4 mM KHCO3‐KCl (BI‐wash; “BIUO2”, to remove soluble uranyl species). BET surface areas of biogenic‐UO2 prepared using the two protocols are 128.63 m2g−1 and 92.56 m2g−1, respectively; particle sizes range from 2–10 nm as determined by FEG‐SEM. Surface composition was probed using XPS, which showed a strong carbon 1s signal for the BI‐washed samples; surface uranium is > 90% U(IV) for both washing protocols. U LIII‐edge XANES spectra also indicate that U(IV) is the dominant oxidation state in the biogenic UO2 samples. Fits of the EXAFS spectra of these samples yielded half the number of uranium second‐shell neighbors relative to bulk UO2, and no detectable oxygen neighbors beyond the first shell. At pH 7, the sorption of Zn(II) onto both biogenic and bulk UO2 is independent of electrolyte concentration, suggesting that Zn(II) sorption complexes are dominantly inner‐sphere. Fits of Zn K‐edge EXAFS spectra for biogenic UO2 indicate that Zn(II) sorption is dependent on the washing protocol. Zn‐U pair correlations are observed for the NA‐washed samples, but not for the BI‐washed ones, suggesting that Zn(II) sorbs directly to the UO2 surface in the first case, and possibly to organic matter in the latter. Further work is required to elucidate the binding mechanism of Zn(II) to bulk UO2.
Metabolism of dethiobiotin in Aspergillus niger.

Investigation of the metabolism of d- and dl-dethiobiotin in Aspergillus niger has revealed the following. 14C-5-Methyl-2-oxo-4-imidazolidine-butyric acid (the 2-carbon shorter side chain analogue) and 14C-5-methyl-2-oxo-4-imidazolidine-acetic acid (the 4-carbon shorter side chain analogue) have been characterized following their isolation by charcoal adsorption and anion exchange chromatography from culture filtrates of A. niger grown on medium enriched with carbonyl-labeled dethiobiotin. Another metabolite has been similarly isolated from both carbonyl- or carboxyl-labeled dethiobiotin and shown to be the l-sulfoxide of biotin. The corresponding shorter side chain analogues of biotin do not accumulate when the carbonyl-labeled vitamin is supplied to growing cultures of A. niger. Both d and l stereoisomers of dethiobiotin seem to be degraded by A. niger to the same over-all extent. Specific activities of the 14C-catabolites indicate that stepwise β-oxidation of the dethiobiotin side chain accounts for the results satisfactorily, and that the l isomer may be somewhat more efficiently converted to its 2-carbon shorter analogue, but the d isomer of the 2-carbon shorter analogue may be more efficiently degraded to its 4-carbon shorter analogue. Some cleavage of the ureido ring system occurs as 14CO2 is lost from carbonyl-labeled dethiobiotin as well as from carboxyl-labeled biotin.
Disordering and Amorphization of Zr3AI by 3.8 MeV Zr3+ Ion Bombardment

The ordered intermetallic compound Zr3Al was irradiated with 3.8 MeV Zr3+ lons at various fluences up to 5 x 1012 ions/mm2 at a temperature of 250 °C and the irradiation-induced microstructures were investigated by transmission electron microscopy. Disordering began at the lowest dose, 0.0033 dpa, and complete loss of chemical long-range order occurred at a dose of 0.33 dpa. The onset of amorphization was also observed at this dose. Electron diffraction patterns from irradiated samples showed satellite reflections along in thin foils in [100] orientation and streaking along in foils oriented [011]. These diffraction effects are attributed to the presence of irradiation-induced microstructural defects that, when imaged in dark field, resemble rows of dislocation loops. A model is proposed for these arrays of loops, which are suggested to have Burgers vectors of the Frank type. The model accounts for the contrast effects observed in the images and the streaking and satellites seen in the diffraction patterns. At the highest dose, 1.6 dpa, a new phase, Zr5A13, appeared unexpectedly, most likely as a consequence of irradiation-induced solute segregation.
Clifford Engs, Conversations In The Abbey: Senior Monks Of Saint Meinrad Reflect On Their Lives

In Conversations in the Abbey, Ruth Clifford Engs documents the lives of eleven senior Benedictine monks of St. Meinrad Abbey in St. Meinrad, Indiana. Using the monks’ responses to her directed int...
The Query Topology in Logic Programming

We define a topology called the query topology on each of two sets — the set of interpretations of a first order language and the set of models of any sentence in the language. We show that in each of these cases, the resulting topology is a perfectly normal, T4-space. In addition, the query topology on the set of interpretations is compact. We derive a necessary and sufficient condition for the query topology on the space of models of sentences to be compact and show, in addition, that the completions of canonical logic programs (cf. Jaffar and Stuckey [12]) have a compact space of models. The familiar T P operator (cf. Lloyd [16]) may now be viewed as a function from a compact Hausdorff space to a compact Hausdorff space. We show that if P is either covered or function-free, then T P is continuous in the query topology. The fact that the space of interpretations of a language is compact Hausdorff allows us to use the well-known theorems in topological fixed point theory to obtain heretofore unknown results on the semantics of logic programming. We present one such result — viz. a necessary and sufficient topological condition that guarantees the J-consistency (a notion defined in the paper) of completions of general logic programs.
An Analysis of the Temporal Relations of Intervals in Relativistic Space-Time

Concurrent systems are subject to a form of temporal uncertainty due to the non-deterministic order of execution. Distributed systems cause additional uncertainty by the lack of a common clock and the communication delays. Adequate methods for checking the specification and design of such systems must allow for sound reasoning about asynchronous activities, while automated methods should perform the reasoning in polynomial time. This paper presents the basis for such deductive systems through a very general temporal relation algebra which can be used with constraint propagation techniques. Based on intervals in relativistic space-time, it naturally incorporates the expression of uncertain and ambiguous temporal relations, as well as concurrent actions. The possible temporal relations are analyzed and named consistently with earlier work of the authors, followed by an explanation of the calculation of compositions of the atomic temporal relations. The resulting table of compositions is the cornerstone of a temporal constraint-based reasoner that presently supports a prototype concurrent system debugger by deducing from partial run-time information the existence of temporal behavior inconsistent with specifications.
Groundwater-induced alterations in elemental concentration and interactions in semi-arid soils of the Southern High Plains, USA

This study examined and compared arsenic (As) and other element [copper (Cu), iron (Fe), potassium (K), manganese (Mn), rubidium (Rb), and zinc (Zn)] distribution, as well as their interactions in historically irrigated and non-irrigated semi-arid agricultural soils of the Southern High Plains (SHP) in the USA, using findings from a portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometer. The portable X-ray fluorescence (PXRF) findings revealed that the concentrations of As (5.1 vs. 3.1 mg kg(-1)), Cu (7.2 vs. 6.2), Fe (7398 vs. 5677), K (8638 vs. 7061), Mn (80 vs. 68), Rb (36 vs. 27), and Zn (19.3 vs. 13.8) were higher in the historically irrigated field compared to the non-irrigated and, when examined within depths, were consistently and significantly higher (P<0.001) in the subsurface soils of the non-irrigated field, a trend not evident in the irrigated field. The strengths of the correlation among elements were higher in the non-irrigated field compared to the irrigated (average R of 0.60 vs. 0.54), suggesting a possible external input of these pollutants in the historically irrigated field which could have altered the natural background concentration and association among them. Furthermore, findings from principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that As, Mn, Rb, Fe, Zn, and K were more closely associated in the non-irrigated field and likely of lithogenic origin. The observed differences in elemental concentration and interaction between the irrigated and non-irrigated soils support the hypothesis that water from the local aquifer could be a potential source of pollutant addition to these semi-arid alkaline soils.
Mandarin listeners' perception of english vowels: Problems and strategies

Previous research suggests L2 vowel perception problems are often due to the assimilation of L2 sounds to L1 categories. However, there is also evidence for a universal strategy which states listeners will rely on duration cues whenever spectral cues are not sufficient for discriminating L2 vowel contrasts. This study examines Mandarin listeners' perceptual problems with English vowels. In a perception test, a group of adult Mandarin-English bilinguals residing in Canada identified synthesized English /i/-/I/, /u/-/℧/, and /ae/-/E/ continua that manipulated vowel spectral and duration cues. Compared with a native English group who responded exclusively to the spectral cues, the majority of native Mandarin listeners failed to show native-like perceptual patterns for the three vowel contrasts. However, they responded heavily and consistently to duration cues for the /i/-/I/ but not for the /u/- /℧/ and /ae/-/E/ contrasts. Both group and individual data suggest that native Mandarin listeners used different strategies in perceptual identification of L2 vowel contrasts. Most Mandarin listeners did not appear to have clear category distinctions for /u/-/℧/ and /ae/-/E/ pairs and some established incorrect perceptual representation of the /i/-/I/ contrast. The findings did not fully support the universal strategy of using duration cues when non-native vowel contrasts are difficult to perceive.
Extended structures controlled by intramolecular and intermolecular hydrogen bonding: a case study with pyridine-2,6-dicarboxamide, 1,3-benzenedicarboxamide and N,N′-dimethyl-2,6-pyridinedicarboxamide

Abstract The small organic molecule pyridine-2,6-dicarboxamide, although known in the literature for some time, exhibits interesting and previously unexplored intermolecular and intramolecular hydrogen bonding both in solid state and in solution. With the aid of X-ray crystallography and variable-temperature NMR spectroscopy, we here demonstrate the presence of a very strong hydrogen bonding network for this molecule both in condensed state and solution. Furthermore, a novel extended hydrogen bonding graph-set has been derived for this molecule in crystalline state. Comparison of pyridine-2,6-dicarboxamide with 1,3-benzenedicarboxamide, where the intramolecular hydrogen bonding to the pyridine ring in the former has been removed, yields a different intermolecular hydrogen bonded structure in the solid state. A new graph-set has been determined for the extended structure of 1,3-benzenedicarboxamide in the solid state. In solution, 1,3-benzenedicarboxamide is shown to maintain a hydrogen bonding pattern that is weaker than that observed with pyridine-2,6-dicarboxamide. Replacement of one hydrogen on each carboxamide nitrogen of pyridine-2,6-dicarboxamide by a methyl group also alters the extended structure to a significant extent. In N , N ′-dimethyl-2,6-pyridinedicarboxamide, the three-dimensional hydrogen bonding pattern observed with pyridine-2,6-dicarboxamide all but collapses to one-dimensional chains.
Evaluation of Myocardial Uptake of 99mTechnetium Pyrophosphate in Clinical Exercise-Induced Ventricular Ischemia

Although acute infarction of the myocardium is known to accumulate 99mtechnetium pyrophosphate, it is not entirely clear that ischemia alone without necrosis does not result in abnormal uptake of 99mtechnetium pyrophosphate. The present study investigates whether transient myocardial ischemia is associated with localization of 99mtechnetium pyrophosphate by evaluating images obtained with the scintillation camera at rest and after exercise in 15 patients with unequivocal myocardial ischemia. All patients had angina pectoris, multivessel coronary artery stenoses by selective arteriographic studies, and electrocardiographic ischemic responses on treadmill exercise. Eleven of the 15 patients also underwent radionuclide imaging with 81rubidium at rest and after exercise; the results demonstrated scintigraphic ischemia. The scintiscans with 99mtechnetium pyrophosphate revealed no evidence of increased myocardial radioactivity after exercise compared to rest in 14 of the 15 patients. In contrast, myocardial activity was observed with 99mtechnetium pyrophosphate after treadmill exertion in the remaining patient, in whom a small subendocardial infarction appeared to have occurred with the exercise. It is concluded from these results that transient myocardial ischemia does not cause localization of 99mtechnetium pyrophosphate. These findings support the specificity of abnormal localization of 99mtechnetium pyrophosphate for acute myocardial infarction.
Accidental hypothermia with cardiac arrest: recovery following rewarming by cardiopulmonary bypass.

Abstract A 22-year-old man eventually had a good neurologic recovery following prolonged coma after extracorporeal rewarming from profound hypothermia (24°C) due to exposure. The patient was in full arrest for 60 minutes prior to institution of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Total bypass time was 50 minutes. Cardiopulmonary bypass is the current rewarming method of choice for severe hypothermia associated with a persistent nonperfusing cardiac rhythm. CPB provides the most rapid core rewarming with the additional benefit of circulatory support during the period of cardiac instability.
Models for Estimating Effects of Origin, Destination, and Mobility

For some time, researchers have wanted to estimate models which include effects of origin, destination, and mobility on various dependent variables, but these models are underidentified. When identifying restrictions have been imposed, either the effects of mobility are insignificant or the restrictions are unreasonable. We argue that the most sensible area in which to expect effects of mobility is emotional wellbeing and propose two types of identifying restrictions on the mobility effects which allow the estimation of main and mobility effects. The first of these constrains the effect of slight upward mobility to be identical to the effect of no mobility. The second constrains the effects of upward and downward mobility to be exponential. For four of five measures of well-being, significant effects are estimated. For three of these, mobility in either direction is associated with improved mental health. For another, the effects of downward mobility are beneficial, and the effects of upward mobility are detrimental. It is critical to remember that these effects are + net of origin and destination. For several decades, sociologists have been concerned with the possible effects of inconsistency on two or more dimensions of social status on a host of different dependent variables-social participation, fertility, emotional well-being, political attitudes and behavior, to name but a few. The theoretical argument behind these investigations is that when an indi
Character Individuation in Phylogenetic Inference

Abstract Ontological questions in biology have typically focused on the nature of species: what are species; how are they identified and individuated? There is an analogous, but much neglected concern: what are characters; how are they identified and individuated? Character individuation is significant because biological systematics relies on a parsimony principle to determine phylogeny and classify taxa, and the parsimony principle is usually interpreted to favor the phylogenetic hypothesis that requires the fewest changes in characters. But no character individuation principle identified so far is adequate. For biological systematics we need a better way of conceiving characters.
The Medical Management of the Paranoid Patient

Patients who are medically ill and distrustful of their care-providers are unfortunately a fact of life for most physicians. Medical management of such patients can be a frustrating experience because their suspiciousness is usually heightened by the stress of medical illness. Most often the patient's mistrust covers profound feelings of personal inadequacy and is a defense against feared passivity. Understanding of basic paranoid thought processes combined with knowledge of practical management techniques will lead to increased confidence and effectiveness when interacting with these difficult patients.
Adverse effects of social pressure to be thin on young women: An experimental investigation of the effects of "fat talk".

Objective Experiments have found that pressure to be thin from the media promotes body dissatisfaction and negative affect, but the effects of social pressure to be thin have not been examined experimentally. Thus, this study tested whether social pressure to be thin fosters body dissatisfaction and negative affect. Method Young women (N = 120) were randomly assigned to a condition wherein an ultra-thin confederate complained about how fat she felt and voiced intentions to lose weight or a control condition wherein she discussed a neutral topic. Results Exposure to social pressure to be thin resulted in increased body dissatisfaction but not negative affect. The effects were not moderated by initial thin-ideal internalization, body dissatisfaction, or social support. Discussion Results support the assertion that peer pressure to be thin promotes body dissatisfaction but suggest that this factor may not contribute to negative affect. © 2003 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 34: 108–117, 2003.
Direct effects of increasing atmospheric CO2 on plants and ecosystems

Abstract The long-term effects of allowing the concentration of CO 2 in the global atmosphere to double by the middle of the next century are not yet predictable. However, it is inevitable that there will be a change in climatic and ecological patterns. Increasing the atmospheric C0 2 concentration under experimental conditions has been shown to alter the growth rate and reproductive potential of plants, and must ultimately affect interactions at the community level and beyond.
Bundle branch reentry: A mechanism of ventricular tachycardia in the absence of myocardial or valvular dysfunction

AbstractObjective, The aim of this study was to present bundle branch recentry as the mechanism of sustained ventricular tachycardia in the absence of myocardial or valvular dysfunction.Background....
Can we stop prostate specific antigen testing 10 years after radical prostatectomy

Purpose: The risk of biochemical recurrence is inversely related to the relapse-free interval after radical prostatectomy. We examined predictors of late biochemical recurrence, and the relationship between timing of biochemical recurrence and long-term survival outcomes.Materials and Methods: Of 10,609 men treated with radical prostatectomy 1,684 had biochemical recurrence. We examined predictors of late biochemical recurrence (more than 10 years after radical prostatectomy), and calculated metastasis-free and cancer specific survival rates from the time of biochemical recurrence. In the subset of 1,583 men with an undetectable prostate specific antigen at 10 years we calculated actuarial metastasis-free and cancer specific survival estimates at 20 years after radical prostatectomy.Results: Of the biochemical recurrence studied 77.0%, 16.6%, 4.9% and 1.5% occurred at 5 or less, greater than 5 to 10, greater than 10 to 15 and more than 15 years postoperatively. Late recurrence was associated with more fav...
The Effect of Schoolwide Positive Behavioral Supports on Children in Impoverished Rural Community Schools

This study describes the 1st-year effects of a Schoolwide Positive Behavior Support on four schools in impoverished communities in rural west Texas. The authors present pre- and postdescriptive data that demonstrate the positive effect upon decreasing discipline referrals, lowering in school suspension rates, and reducing failure rates. The authors hypothesized that using a Schoolwide Positive Behavior Support system is used in rural impoverished schools can help mitigate the negative consequences children experience in communities with few mental health services, thereby increasing their academic engagement and success.
On a class of operators on Hilbert space with applications to factorization and systems theory

Abstract A class of operators is defined in a Hilbert resolution space setting that offers a new perspective on problems of causal invertibility, special factorization, and the theory of quadratic cost optimization problems for dynamical systems. The major results include an extension of the special factorization to a class of noncompact operators and the definition of an abstract state space. These results are then used to obtain an optimal feedback solution to an abstract linear regular-quadratic cost problem.
Cloning of a secretory gelsolin from Drosophila melanogaster.

Abstract Gelsolin is an actin-binding protein with the abilities to sever and cap the barbed end of actin filaments and to promote the assembly of monomeric actin. It has been identified in vertebrates both as a cytoplasmic protein and as a protein secreted into the blood plasma. Here we report the nucleic acid sequence of the full-length complementary DNA for a secretory form of gelsolin from Drosophila . The deduced amino acid sequence of 790 residues ( M r = 87,669) contains a predicted signal peptide of 20 amino acid residues. Comparison of the Drosophila gelsolin sequence with other members of the gelsolin family of actin-binding proteins reveals the characteristic segmental repeat structure found in this class of proteins. A 42% identity is observed between Drosophila secretory gelsolin and human plasma gelsolin when their primary structures are compared. Northern blots resolve a single 3000 base message in third instar Drosophila larvae, a message that appears to be encoded by a single gene located at 82A,B on the right arm of the third chromosome.
Developing an agenda that works: The right choice at the right time

In complex organizations there often are a number of programs that could benefit from evaluation. But which should be selected for study when evaluation resources are limited? This chapter presents one framework that could be utilized to identify programs with the highest potential for payoff to management resulting from evaluation. Criteria for assessing evaluation need are presented as well as standards for prioritizing programs to be evaluated.
High-gain microwatt composite cascode op amps

This article discusses the composite cascode stage, both single-ended and differential, operating in the weak inversion or moderate inversion region. The gain of the MOS composite cascode differential stage can exceed 100,000 V/V, a figure that has never been reported in the literature. For low-frequency applications, this configuration can be used to fabricate op amps that have high-gain, low-power and low-nonlinear distortion. Two different architectures, both having two gain stages are reported. The first op amp uses the Widlar architecture to achieve a gain of 117 dB, a power dissipation of 110 µW and uses a compensation capacitor of only 3.5 pF. The second op amp uses a class AB stage for the second and final stage and utilises the parasitic capacitance at the output of the first stage for compensation. This self-compensating op amp has a gain of 110 dB and a power dissipation of 21 µW.
Construction of asymptotic solutions to discrete Bessel equations

Abstract We construct four finite-difference models for the Bessel differential equation. They correspond respectively, to the standard, Numerov, Mickens-Ramadhani, and combined Numerov-Mickens schemes. The asymptotic behavior of the solutions to these difference equations is calculated and compared to the asymptotic solution of the Bessel differential equation. These results are then related to the problem of numerically integrating Schrodinger type ordinary differential equations.
Theorems and implications of a model independent elimination/distribution function decomposition of linear and some nonlinear drug dispositions. I. Derivations and theoretical analysis

The approach presented enables a model independent representation of the pharmacokinetics of drugs with a linear disposition and some drugs with a nonlinear disposition. The approach is based on a decomposition of the drug disposition into an elimination function q(c) and a distribution function h(t). The qfunction represents the net effect of all disposition processes which work toward a reduction in the systemic drug level. The hfunction represents the net effect of all disposition processes which slow down the rate of decline of the systemic drug level by returning drug from the peripheral environment to the systemic circulation. Several theorems relating qand hto the drug disposition are presented which uniquely define these functions mathematically. The disposition decomposition is of particular significance in three main areas of pharmacokinetics: (1) evaluation of drug absorption, (2) drug level predictions including steady state predictions, and (3)elucidation of drug disposition kinetics. The practical significance of the decomposition method in these three areas is discussed, and various procedures for the application of the method are proposed. The decomposition method represents a model independent alternative to pharmacokinetic models such as linear compartmental models, the recirculation model, and some physiologic models. This also includes nonlinear forms of such models, as long as the nonlinearity is due to a central nonlinear elimination. The greatest promise and significance of the disposition decomposition approach appears to be its application to nonlinear pharmacokinetics. In contrast to linear pharmacokinetics the kinetic analysis in such cases has been limited to model dependent methods employing specific pharmacokinetic models, due to the lack of model independent alternatives. The novel development presented offers such alternatives. For some applications these alternatives appear more rational in the sense that the analysis becomes more general and objective and may be based on fewer assumptions.
Brief report: Infant-killing and infant disappearance following male takeovers in a group of free-ranging howling monkeys (Alouatta palliata) in Costa Rica.

Events surrounding an infant-killing following a male takeover are described for a group of free-ranging howling monkeys in Costa Rica, and additional evidence is presented for infant disappearances following three previous male takeovers. Infant-killing is best interpreted in this context as a male reproductive strategy, as infant-killing did effectively shorten the interbirth interval, and only infants of high-ranking females died or disappeared following a male takeover. Due to the exclusive access of the dominant male to high-ranking estrous females, an incoming male who had lived as a peripheral male before taking over the group would run little risk of eliminating his own offspring in the course of killing the offspring of high-ranking females.
Linkage mapping and comparative analysis of bovine expressed sequence tags (ESTs).

Summary Bovine expressed sequence tags (ESTs) containing microsatellites are suitable markers for both linkage and comparative maps. We isolated clones from a bovine fetal thigh skeletal muscle cDNA library that were positive for a (CA)10 probe. Thirty individual clones were isolated and characterised by sequencing. Sequences from the 5′ and 3′ ends of a clone were considered as separate ESTs until a contiguous sequence was identified. A total of 47 ESTs were sequenced from the 5′ and/or 3′ ends and full sequence was obtained for the 30 clones. BLAST nucleotide analysis identified significant homology to known mammalian coding regions for 31 of the bovine ESTs, 30 of which also matched human ESTs or sequence-tagged sites (STS). The remaining 16 bovine ESTs represented novel transcripts. Microsatellites were isolated in 27 of the ESTs, 11 of which were developed into markers and placed on the MARC bovine linkage map. Human cytogenetic map positions were available for 20 of the 30 human EST orthologs, and a putative bovine map position for 17 of the sequences could be inferred using comparative mapping data. These results demonstrated that mapping bovine ESTs containing microsatellites is a plausible strategy to increase the density of gene markers on the bovine linkage and comparative maps.
Steroid aerosols for asthma.

Excerpt Corticosteroids are widely and effectively used for treatment of asthma. Although necessary for control of symptoms in many patients, prolonged treatment is associated with unpleasant and d...
Low power ion-beam-assisted etching of indium phosphide

Abstract Ion-beam-assisted etching is a dry etching technique in which the sputter etching component of an ion beam and the chemical etching component supplied by a localized reactive gas flux, such as chlorine, can be independently controlled. In this paper the etching properties of InP as a function of substrate temperature, ion-beam parameters, and reactive chlorine flux in such a system are presented. Sample temperatures greater than 150°C were required to achieve reasonable etch rates and surfaces that were free from an In rich surface layer. By controlling parameters, high aspect ratio structures with vertical side walls and good surface quality were obtained.
Management of adherence and chronic rheumatic disease in children and adolescents

Medical treatment regimens for pediatric rheumatic diseases are complex, have delayed beneficial effects, and require consistent adherence over a long period of time. All of these factors place patients at risk for non-adherence that can compromise the benefits of treatment and the long-term health and quality of life for patients. This chapter provides a definition of adherence and reviews the prevalence of non-adherence to regimens for pediatric rheumatic diseases. It also describes various methods for assessing adherence, including assays, observation, electronic monitoring, pill counts, and provider or patient ratings of adherence. Studies which identify risk factors for non-adherence are also reviewed, with suggestions on how these risk factors might be addressed. The final section reviews the few studies that have reported on efforts to improve adherence to regimens for pediatric rheumatic diseases and offers strategies for providers to promote adherence with their patients.
A Simple and Economical Method for Maintaining Precise, Programmable Thermal Regimes in Recirculating Aquatic Mesocosms

Abstract A programmable and networkable temperature control system was developed for recirculating aquatic mesocosms. The system allows for dynamic diel thermal regimes that are not possible with commercially available temperature controllers. In operation over 2 years from 2004 to 2006, the system has arrays of tanks that were maintained with stable, variable (constant diel cycle) and stochastic (random diel cycle) thermal regimes. As designed, the system's central computer logs the data and changes set points at regular intervals. Because the dual-stage temperature controllers can be operated over a network, the system is easily expanded to accommodate multiple setups. The controllers can also be operated over a wireless network if necessary. In cases in which greater heating and cooling rates are needed, more powerful equipment can be substituted with minimal change to the controller setup.
Temporal evolution of the temperature field in the beam interaction zone during laser material processing

This paper presents a numerical simulation of the temperature field resulting from the impingement of a laser beam on a metal surface. The calculations were based on a hydrodynamic physical model of laser-material interaction, which includes the effect of evaporation recoil pressure on melt flow and the related convective heat transfer. The computations follow an experimentally verified physical model of melt hydrodynamics and the model of laser-induced evaporation developed by Anisimov. The simulations indicate that convective heat transfer which is induced by recoil pressure is significant for absorbed laser intensities from 0.5 MW cm-2 to 10 MW cm-2. This range corresponds to laser welding, cutting and drilling due to melt ejection (hydrodynamic drilling). The simulations also show that the motion of the melt from the centre of the beam interaction zone towards the periphery results in a secondary maxima in the temperature distribution, which in turn can lead to instability of the melt flow and temperature field fluctuations. The model also predicts that the cooling rate in and around the fusion zone is strongly influenced by the recoil-pressure-induced melt flow. At the centre of the beam interaction zone, the cooling rate is much higher (~10 times), and at the periphery, much slower than predicted by a pure heat conduction model.