cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Scale‐dependent relationships between native richness, resource stability and exotic cover in dock fouling communities of Washington, USA

Aim In terrestrial plant communities, the relationship between native species diversity and exotic success is typically scale-dependent. It is often proposed that within local neighbourhoods, high native diversity limits resources, thereby inhibiting exotic success. However, environmental variation that manifests over space or time can create positive correlations between native diversity and exotic success at larger scales. In marine habitats, there have been few multi-scale surveys of this pattern, so it is unclear how diversity, resource limitation and the environment influence the success of exotic species in these systems. Location Washington, USA. Methods I analysed nested spatial and temporal surveys of fouling communities, which are assemblages of sessile marine invertebrates, to test whether the relationships between native richness, resource availability and exotic cover supported the diversity-stability and diversity-resistance theories, to test whether these relationships changed with spatio-temporal scale, and to explore the temperature preferences of native and exotic fouling species. Results Survey data failed to support diversity-stability theory: space availability actually increased with native richness at the local neighbourhood scale, and neither space availability nor variability decreased with native richness across larger spatio-temporal scales. I did find support for diversity-resistance theory, as richness negatively correlated with exotic cover in local neighbourhoods. Unexpectedly, this negative correlation disappeared at intermediate scales, but emerged again at the regional scale. This scale-dependent pattern could be partially explained by contrasting water temperature preferences of native and exotic species. Main conclusions Within local neighbourhoods, native diversity may inhibit exotic abundance, but the mechanism is unlikely related to resource limitation. At the largest scale, correlations suggest that native richness is higher in cooler environments, whereas exotic richness is higher in warmer environments. This large-scale pattern contrasts with the typical plant community pattern, and has important implications for coastal management in the face of global climate change.
Where's what and what's where: The language of objects in space

Abstract Many traditional views of language learning emphasize the importance of non-linguistic knowledge in constraining children's interpretations of the utterances they hear as they learn form-meaning correspondences. In the present paper, I propose that the structure of the human spatial-cognitive system may impose massive limitations on how the language of objects and places can be represented during first language learning. Specifically, the separation and respective structures of the ‘what’ and ‘where’ systems (as documented by neuropsychologists) show striking correlation with the properties of geometric representations underlying object names and place expressions (as proposed by Landau and Jackendoff 1993). Spatial representations underlying object names seem to be linked to detailed object shape (along with possible relevant shape transformations), while the representations underlying place-functions (spatial prepositions in English) seem to be linked to object descriptions preserving principal axes, but no detailed shape. Evidence is reviewed that these distinct representations are reflected in children's early comprehension, production, and learning of names for objects and places. Additional evidence from cross-linguistic studies of spatial terms appears to be consistent with the account given, although challenges remain. As a whole, the linguistic and psychological evidence support the notion that non-linguistic representational systems may play a part in shaping some of the character of languages.
Mutual fund performance: false discoveries, bias, and power

We analyze the performance of mutual funds from a multiple inference perspective. When the number of funds is large, random fluctuations will cause some funds falsely to appear to outperform the rest. To account for such “false discoveries,” a multiple inference approach is necessary. Performance evaluation measures are unlikely to be independent across mutual funds. At the same time, the data are typically not sufficient to estimate the dependence structure of performance measures. In addition, the performance evaluation model can be misspecified. We contribute to the existing literature by applying an empirical Bayes approach that offers a possible way to take these factors into account. We also look into the question of statistical power of the performance evaluation model, which has received little attention in mutual fund studies. We find that the assumption of independence of performance evaluation measures results in significant bias, such as over-estimating the number of outperforming mutual funds. Adjusting for the mutual fund investment objective is helpful, but it still does not result in the discovery of a significant number of successful funds. A detailed analysis reveals a very low power of the study. Even if outperformers are present in the sample, they might not be recognized as such and/or too many years of data might be required to single them out.
Study Quality Assessment in Systematic Reviews of Research on Intervention Effects

Objective: The goal of this study is to advance an approach to the assessment of the quality of studies considered for inclusion in systematic reviews of the effects of social-care interventions. Method: To achieve this objective, quality is defined in relation to the widely accepted validity typology; prominent approaches to study quality assessment are evaluated as to their adequacy. Results: Problems with these approaches are identified. Conclusion: A formal, yet explicit, multidimensional approach to assessment grounded in substantive issues relevant to the intervention and the broader context in which it is embedded is promoted. Uncritical and exclusive use of indicators of study quality such as publication status, reporting quality, and single summative quality scores are rejected.
Diffusion coefficients by NMR-spin echo methods for the systems water ammonium chloride, water succinonitrile, and acetone succinonitrile

Abstract Diffusion coefficients for the ammonium ion were obtained at 15–45°C by nuclear magnetic resonance ( 15 N-NMR) spin-echo techniques in 72 and 86 wt% aqueous ammonium chloride 98% enriched with 15 N. Diffusion coefficients for succinonitrile and water in a 9.4 wt% aqueous mixture (25–45°C) and for succinonitrile and acetone (35–55°C) in a mixture with 8.8 wt% acetone were obtained similarly with 1 H-NMR. The coefficients were compared with those from earlier studies of these systems, which are models for the solidification of metals.
Chaotic dynamics and collective modes

Abstract General properties of nuclear collective excitations interacting with a chaotic background are discussed, both in the discrete spectrum and in the continuum. Strength functions and spreading widths at weak and strong damping are considered and related to the observable reaction cross sections. Theory predicts saturation of the spreading width, restoration of isospin purity and disappearance of the collective strength at high excitation energy.
Residual stress in glass: indentation crack and fractography approaches.

Objective To test the hypothesis that the indentation crack technique can determine surface residual stresses that are not statistically significantly different from those determined from the analytical procedure using surface cracks, the four-point flexure test, and fracture surface analysis.
GABAA receptors in the posterior, but not anterior, ventral tegmental area mediate Ro15-4513-induced attenuation of binge-like ethanol consumption in C57BL/6J female mice

GABA(A) receptors have been shown to modulate dopaminergic output from the ventral tegmental area (VTA) in studies of both natural and drug rewards, including alcohol. Ro15-4513, the imidazobenzodiazepine derivative and allosteric modulator at the GABA(A) receptor, reliably antagonizes the behavioral effects of alcohol. Various models of alcohol consumption show a decrease in consummatory behaviors, specific to ethanol, following acute administration of the drug. In the present study, Ro15-4513 was systemically administered, or microinjected into the anterior or posterior VTA, to explore the role of GABA(A) receptors at this region in modulating the high pattern of alcohol consumption by C57BL/6J inbred mice in the Drinking in the Dark (DID) model. Animals had 2h access to ethanol for 6 days prior to drug manipulations. Immediately before the seventh day of access, mice were systemically (I.P.) or site-specifically administered Ro15-4513. Systemic Ro15-4513 (at 10mg/kg) decreased binge-like ethanol intake in the DID paradigm. Additionally, there was a stepwise decrease in consumption following Ro15-4513 microinjection into the posterior VTA, with the highest dose significantly decreasing ethanol intake. There was no effect found following microinjection into the anterior VTA, nor was there an effect of systemic or intra-posterior VTA Ro15-4513 on consumption of a 5% sucrose solution or water. The present findings support a role for Ro15-4513 sensitive VTA-GABA(A) receptors in modulating binge-like ethanol consumption. Moreover, the work here adds to the growing body of literature suggesting regional heterogeneity in the VTA.
The Importance of Significant others in Youth's Decision Making about Drug Use and other Deviant Acts

The purpose of the study was to investigate youth's decision making processes as related to committing deviant acts as well as acts considered positive. Results indicate a lack of formal decision making prior to committing deviant acts by youth.
Drifters and the Dancing Mad: The Public School Music Curriculum and the Fabrication of Boundaries for Participation.

AbstractRecent reforms in the general music curriculum have, for the most part, failed to lessen the attrition rates of African Americans from public school music programs. In this article I assert that an embodied ideal of cultural nobility, exemplified by Auguste Rodin’s famous statue, The Thinker, has unconsciously operated as a template for participation. As a model comportment in the Western musical tradition, The Thinker has a broader relevance insofar as other school subjects emerged from similar cultural ideals.Beginning with the early period of public music instruction up to the present, I examine the construction of racial boundaries by linking a specific body comportment hailed as worthy by the music curriculum to historically constructed notions of Whiteness. This issue has been underexplored in research in both music and general education. For that reason, this article examines overlapping systems of reasoning about music, comportment, class, religion, language, nationality, and race in profe...
N-Ethylmaleimide Profiling of Yeast NADP-Dependent Isocitrate Dehydrogenase

Abstract Yeast NADP-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase is inactivated by N -ethyl-maleimide (NEM) at pH 7.7 and 30°C. Reaction with cysteine 382 occurs most rapidly and is accompanied by loss of about 50% of the enzymatic activity. A slower phase of inactivation ensues during which lysine 343 is the major target of NEM, while minor products result from reaction at cysteine 73 and cysteine 354 . Protection against the second phase of inactivation is provided by NADP, NADPH, or manganous-isocitrate. Comparison of the time-dependence of inactivation and the products of reaction with N -ethyl-maleimide (NEM profiling) of the pig heart (G. E. Smyth and R. F. Colman, 1991, J. Biol. Chem. 266, 14918-14925) and yeast NADP-specific isocitrate dehydrogenases have been coupled with an examination of the crystal structure of the Escherichia coli isocitrate dehydrogenase. The following conclusions have been reached: while no cysteine is essential for activity, yeast Cys 382 /pig Cys 379 is close to the adenine portion of the NADP binding site, and pig Cys 269 is located in the region of the metal-isocitrate binding site.
Dynamic evaluation of hardware trust

Current research into Trojan detection suggests that exhaustive Trojan detection in a chip during limited manufacturing test time is an extremely difficult problem. Indeed, an especially nefarious form of Trojan known as the time bomb has a payload activated in a delayed manner making it extremely hard to detect. As a result, chip trust detection at manufacturing test time may not be adequate especially for critical applications. This suggests that some form of dynamic trust detection of the chip both preliminary (possibly during a preproduction phase) and during in-field use at run time is required. We explore an approach to this problem that combines multicore hardware with dynamic distributed software scheduling to determine hardware trust during in-field use at run time. Our approach involves the scheduling and execution of functionally equivalent variants (obtained by different compilations, or different algorithm variations) simultaneously on different PEs and comparing the results. The process dynamically achieves trust determination by identifying the existence of Trojans with a high level of confidence.
Two Pathways through Cdc42 Couple the N-Formyl Receptor to Actin Nucleation in Permeabilized Human Neutrophils

We developed a permeabilization method that retains coupling between N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine tripeptide (FMLP) receptor stimulation, shape changes, and barbed-end actin nucleation in human neutrophils. Using GTP analogues, phosphoinositides, a phosphoinositide-binding peptide, constitutively active or inactive Rho GTPase mutants, and activating or inhibitory peptides derived from neural Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome family proteins (N-WASP), we identified signaling pathways leading from the FMLP receptor to actin nucleation that require Cdc42, but then diverge. One branch traverses the actin nucleation pathway involving N-WASP and the Arp2/3 complex, whereas the other operates through active Rac to promote actin nucleation. Both pathways depend on phosphoinositide expression. Since maximal inhibition of the Arp2/3 pathway leaves an N17Rac inhibitable alternate pathway intact, we conclude that this alternate involves phosphoinositide-mediated uncapping of actin filament barbed ends.
Terahertz Coherent Synchrotron Radiation in the MIT-Bates South Hall Ring

We investigate the terahertz coherent synchrotron radiation (CSR) potential of the South Hall Ring (SHR) at MIT-Bates Linear Accelerator Center. The SHR is equipped with a unique single cavity, 2.856 GHz RF system. The high RF frequency is advantageous for producing short bunch length and for having higher bunch current threshold to generate stable CSR. Combining with other techniques such as external pulse stacking cavity, femtosecond laser slicing, the potential for generating ultra-stable, high power, broadband terahertz CSR is very attractive. Beam dynamics issues related to short bunch length operation, such as multi-bunch instability (perhaps associated with the high frequency RF system), are considered. The SHR is ideal for experimental exploration of such issues, which could affect bunch length, bunch intensity and beam stability. Results of initial tests of low momentum compaction lattices and bunch length measurements are presented and compared to expectations.
Lumbar Spine MRI for Low Back Pain: Indications and Yield

OBJECTIVE. Low back pain is one of the most common causes of physician visits in the United States with an enormous socioeconomic burden. Because of this burden, numerous studies have focused on its diagnosis and management. New technologies have been quickly adopted with the hope that they will improve our understanding of the physiopathology of the disease and assist us in alleviating patients' pain and discomfort. Unfortunately, previous studies have not been able to show that higher utilization of advanced imaging technology is associated with improvements in patient outcome. This article highlights practices that are evidence-based versus those that are common, or heterogeneous, but not supported by existing evidence. We also highlight outstanding areas for further research.CONCLUSION. Clinicians and researchers should be encouraged to follow standardized practices in accordance with evidence-based medicine guidelines. The use of such guidelines will decrease variation in care, allowing researchers t...
Counting Down HIV Prison-Based Peer Education Programs and Their Connection to Reduced Disciplinary Infractions

Involvement in prosocial prison activities can ameliorate rule-breaking conduct and assist in the reinforcement of conventional behavior. Extant research shows a connection between participation in traditional educational/vocational programs and reduced prison infractions. However, studies that examine a correlation between less traditional prison programs and better institutional conduct are lacking. This study analyzed rates of disciplinary infractions among 49 female prisoners that worked in two HIV prison-based peer programs (AIDS, Counseling, and Education [ACE] and CARE [Counseling, AIDS, Resource, and Education]) as peer educators during their incarceration. These women were unlikely to jeopardize their position by engaging in unlawful or deviant behaviors. Results showed that working in programs like ACE/CARE prevented periods of maladjustment and subsequent disciplinary infractions during incarceration.
Pathological mechanism of lumbar disc herniation resulting in neurogenic muscle hypertrophy

We present a 33-year-old man with 5-year history of low back pain who presented with an enlarging right calf. The patient underwent an extensive workup including biopsy without diagnosis. The patient's examination was significant for diminished pinprick sensation in the right L5/S1 dermatome. Reflexes were absent in the right ankle. The circumference of the right calf (58 cm) was twice that of the left. MRI revealed a herniated lumbar disc at the L5/S1 level. He then underwent a L5/S1 microdiscectomy. Following this surgery, the patient noted complete resolution of all sensory deficits in his lower extremity. His calf circumference had decreased by 5 cm at 4 months and by a total of 8 cm at his 2-year post-operative visit. Histological examination of the affected muscle demonstrated severe grouped atrophy of both type I and type II fibers. There was also evidence of compensatory fiber hypertrophy as well as fiber splitting. We concluded that the patient suffered from a herniated lumbar disc causing radiculopathy with calf hypertrophy (neurogenic hypertrophy). To our knowledge this is the first report of both grouped atrophy and compensatory hypertrophy of both muscle fiber types seen in this phenomenon.
Whistler Modes in Highly Nonuniform Magnetic Fields

Whistler mode propagation has been studied in a laboratory plasma with nonuniform magnetic fields. The field configurations include magnetic null points and magnetic islands with gradient scale lengths comparable to the wavelength. Oblique whistlers can be trapped on closed field lines when propagating as Gendrin eigenmodes. Whistlers propagate around magnetic nulls.
Effect of Traps and Self Heating on the Microwave Performance of SiC MESFETs

The impact of traps and self-heating on the performance of SiC MESFETs, operating in the microwave range has been investigated. A non-quasi-static model that includes these effects has been developed. The model's simulation results were found to be in full agreement with the measured data. The results show that an increase of the trap concentration from 1014 cm-3 to 1016 cm -3 reduces the cutoff frequency by about 40%, and an increase in the temperature by about only 5 OK above the room temperature reduces the cutoff frequencies by about 45%
Chimeric Genes as a Source of Rapid Evolution in Drosophila melanogaster

Chimeric genes form through the combination of portions of existing coding sequences to create a new open reading frame. These new genes can create novel protein structures that are likely to serve as a strong source of novelty upon which selection can act. We have identified 14 chimeric genes that formed through DNA-level mutations in Drosophila melanogaster, and we investigate expression profiles, domain structures, and population genetics for each of these genes to examine their potential to effect adaptive evolution. We find that chimeric gene formation commonly produces mid-domain breaks and unites portions of wholly unrelated peptides, creating novel protein structures that are entirely distinct from other constructs in the genome. These new genes are often involved in selective sweeps. We further find a disparity between chimeric genes that have recently formed and swept to fixation versus chimeric genes that have been preserved over long periods of time, suggesting that preservation and adaptation are distinct processes. Finally, we demonstrate that chimeric gene formation can produce qualitative expression changes that are difficult to mimic through duplicate gene formation, and that extremely young chimeric genes (dS < 0.03) are more likely to be associated with selective sweeps than duplicate genes of the same age. Hence, chimeric genes can serve as an exceptional source of genetic novelty that can have a profound influence on adaptive evolution in D. melanogaster.
Total Intravenous Anesthesia Versus Inhalation Anesthesia: A Drug Delivery Perspective

HEN FORMULATING an anesthetic plan, the anesthesiologist deliberates over numerous therapeutic decisions. Perhaps chief among these is whether to proceed with an inhalation or intravenous anesthetic technique. Although there are many differences between the 2 approaches, they differ most fundamentally in terms of how the anesthesiologist gains access to the circulation for delivery of the anesthetic. This brief review aims to compare and contrast inhalation anesthesia with total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) from a drug delivery perspective, making the case that advances in TIVA drugs, clinical pharmacology concepts, technologies, and techniques over the last 25 years have transformed TIVA into an attractive alternative to more traditional inhalation anesthesia methods.
Cadmium-Induced Proteome Remodeling Regulated by Spc1/Sty1 and Zip1 in Fission Yeast

Stress-activated protein kinases and transcription factors are crucial for surviving exposure to cadmium and other environmental toxicants, but their effects on the proteome remain largely unexplored. In this study, isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantitation reveals that cadmium stress triggers rapid proteome remodeling in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Spc1/Sty1, a mitogen/stress-activated protein kinase homologous to human p38 and Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hog1, controls many of these changes, including enzymes of the oxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathway and trehalose metabolism. Genetic studies indicate that control of carbohydrate metabolism by Spc1 is required for cadmium tolerance. The bZIP transcription factor Zip1, which is functionally related to human Nrf2 and S. cerevisiae Met4, has a smaller effect on cadmium-induced proteome remodeling, but it is required for production of key proteins involved in sulfur metabolism, which are essential for cadmium resistance. These studies reveal how Spc1 and Zip1 independently reshape the proteome to modulate cellular defense mechanisms against the toxic effects of cadmium.
Why Isn't the Whole World Developed? Lessons from the Cotton Mills

In 1910 one New England cotton textile operative performed as much work as 1.5 British, 2.3 German, and nearly 6 Greek, Japanese, Indian, or Chinese workers. Input substitution, and differences in technology, management, and workers' training or inherent abilities do not explain this. Instead local culture seems to have determined worker performance. Such differences, if widespread, would explain much of the international variation in wages. They also have important consequences for understanding labor migration, the choice of technique, and the sources of economic growth.
What, We Worry? The Pleasures and Costs of Defective Memory for Qualitative Sociologists

Inevitably, more is forgotten than is remembered; what is lost to memory may be viewed as collective amnesia. This article considers the development of qualitative sociology as a distinct social world within the discipline; its emergence reflects sociology's growth and shifts in publishing practices that encouraged sociology's division into separate specialties. However, these developments have costs: ethnography is increasingly divorced from its historical context, and despite receiving considerable lip service, synthetic grounded theory is uncommon. Ethnographers need to consider both the benefits and the costs of these developments.
Translation-lookaside buffer consistency

Nine solutions to the cache consistency problem for shared-memory multiprocessors with multiple translation-lookaside buffers (TLBs) are described. A TLB's function is defined, and it is shown how TLB inconsistency arises in uniprocessor and multiprocessor architectures. The problem of TLB consistency is solved in a uniprocessor and in multiprocessors with a shared bus, virtual-address caches, and hardware cache consistency. Solutions that can be implemented in multiprocessors with more general interconnection networks and without hardware cache consistency are presented. >
In vivo human hippocampal cingulate connectivity: A corticocortical evoked potentials (CCEPs) study

Abstract Objective To investigate the human limbic system using cortico-cortical evoked potential (CCEP), which reveals the brain networks. Methods Five patients with nonlesional medically intractable focal epilepsy with ictal onset outside the limbic system were enrolled. All patients underwent stereoelectroencephalogram electrode implantation in order to delineate the epileptogenic zone. Alternating 1 Hz electrical stimuli were delivered to the hippocampus and posterior cingulate gyrus. A total of sixty stimuli were averaged in each trial to obtain CCEP responses. Results Hippocampal stimulation elicited prominent CCEP responses in the posterior cingulate gyrus. The latencies of early (N1) and late (N2) negative peak ranged 20–60 ms and 102–175 ms respectively. In addition, CCEP responses were observed in the posterior parahippocampal gyrus, medial superior frontal gyrus (SFG) and orbitofrontal cortex. Stimulation of posterior cingulate contacts induced CCEPs in the hippocampus with N1 and N2 latencies of 25–43 ms and 90–234 ms respectively in all five patients. Conclusion This finding supports the assertion that the hippocampus is connected with the posterior cingulate gyrus, posterior parahippocampal gyrus, medial SFG and orbitofrontal cortex. The hippocampus and posterior cingulate gyrus have a bidirectional network through the cingulum. Significance The present study provides new insight into the human limbic network.
IBM 2750 Voice and Data Switching System: System Generation and Simulation

A large number of IBM 2750 system configurations is available. Any particular 2750 system configuration runs under control of a personalized program package, and each personalized program package is generated on a remote system/360 using as input a generalized program package, written in a macro assembly language, in conjunction with a set of configuration parameters. The output of the generation process is a set of absolute binary paper tapes which are loaded directly into the 2750 system. The reliability of the personalized program package is ensured by running it under the control of a program that simulates the operation of the 2750 system. This paper describes the structure of the generalized program package and the technique used for the generation and simulation of personalized program packages.
Air Pollution Export from and Import to North America: Experimental Evidence

North America (Canada and the USA) contains only 5% of the world’s population but accounts for 15–23% of the world’s emissions in terms of trace gases important for the radiative processes of the atmosphere, ozone formation and acid rain. As a result, North America has a strong impact on global atmospheric chemistry. The bulk of North American trace gas and particulate matter emissions originate in the heavily populated eastern region, especially in the USA. The emission regions, coupled with the formation of deep convective systems and mid-latitude cyclones determines the export pathways of North American pollution plumes. Deep convection can rapidly loft surface pollutants to the upper troposphere over relatively small spatial areas. In contrast mid-latitude cyclones loft pollutants via slantwise ascent over several days, but can potentially vent the boundary layer of a region as large as the eastern seaboard in just one or two days. The warm conveyor belt airstream of mid-latitude cyclones is the mechanism most strongly associated with rapid intercontinental transport of pollution; this and other transport pathways are discussed in terms of transport from Asia to North America and from North America to Europe. The impacts of North American emissions on tropospheric chemistry, and the implications of emissions from other continents on North American air quality are also discussed.
Multiple-Pulse 1H and 19F NMR Techniques

The NMR spectroscopy of solids has developed into a useful tool for chemists in the last decade and a half because the control of the time evolution of the nuclear systems allows one to choose the effects one wishes to emphasize in a particular experiment. This remarkable concept — that one could analyze only parts of the contributions to the time evolution of a nuclear magnetic system -grew out of an understanding of the physics of radiofrequency excitation of nuclear spins, as developed in several research laboratories in the middle-to-late 1960’s [1]. In particular, the early experiments concentrated on the dipole-dipole interactions among protons or fluorines in strongly coupled solid materials. Thus, the first experiments in this class were ones that subverted the dipole-dipole coupling among the abundant spins of a system to reveal subtler interactions such as the chemical shift.
Myoglobin solvent structure at different temperatures

The structure of the solvent surrounding myoglobin crystals has been analyzed using neutron diffraction data, and the results indicate that the water around the protein is not disordered, but rather lies in well-defined hydration shells. We have analyzed the structure of the solvent surrounding the protein by collecting neutron diffraction data at four different temperatures, namely, 80, 130, 180, and 240K. Relative Wilson Statistics applied to low resolution data showed evidence of a phase transition in the region of 180K. A plot of the liquidity factor, Bsn, versus distance from the protein surface begins with a high plateau near the surface of the protein and drops to two minima at distances from the protein surface of about 2.35A and 3.85A. Two distinct hydration shells are observed. Both hydration shells are observed to expand as the temperature is increased.
History, Historiography and the Hermeneutics of the Hard Drive

This paper contrasts the traditional metaphors for digital forensics – computer science, geology and archeology – with the new metaphors of history and historiography. Narratology, the study of how narratives operate, is used to develop a construct for identifying narratives from within digital evidence. Knowledge management is suggested as a core digital forensic process. The paper describes how the investigative paradigm and traditional theories of forensic science can be integrated using two theoretical constructs, the hermeneutic and narrative theories of digital forensics. Also, natural language processing techniques are used to demonstrate how subjects can be identified from the Enron email corpus.
Land and Water in the Nile Basin

Global water stress is continuingly increasing along with the increase in water demand. Rivers are the most relatively accessible sources with better water quality. Water quantity and quality of river water issues have become a source of conflicts. The Nile basin is a model for a water-stressed transboundary basin. Water quantity and sharing are creating conflict while water quality problems are growing. Watersheds and rivers are linked and watershed management adversely or positively affects river water quantity and quality. Land grab in the Nile basin, at the current scale, is a new phenomenon that is introducing new interests in the water. Failure by the riparian countries to come into agreement of water management and sharing will increase unilateral water control projects. In this chapter, basic information on the current cause of conflict on transboundary water rights, the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam, is provided.
Abscess Formation in a Nonfunctioning Pituitary Adenoma

Background Pituitary abscesses are rare clinical entities that can occur in the setting of a normal gland or underlying disease, including adenoma, craniopharyngioma, or Rathke cleft cyst. Although once believed to be indolent, when these secondary abscesses occur in the setting of an adenoma, they can be associated with significant clinical morbidity. Most patients present with visual disturbances or headache without fever or meningitis. Case Description We present the case of a 63-year-old woman with remote history of Staphylococcus osteomyelitis who presented with 1 week of diplopia, partial left third nerve palsy, and bitemporal hemianopsia who was found to have a pituitary abscess in the setting of an adenoma. She underwent drainage of the abscess and resection of her adenoma followed by complete resolution of her symptoms. Conclusions This case highlights the need for prompt treatment of pituitary abscesses, with the possibility of excellent neurologic recovery.
Second Thoughts on Second Opinions—Conflicted Advisors Exaggerate More When They are Second-Guessed

Second opinions have been advocated as an antidote to bias in advice when primary advisors have conflicts of interest. However, in two experiments, we find that primary advisors give more biased ad...
Effect of adrenalectomy and adrenal demedullation on the retention of an avoidance response in the rat

Forty nine female rats were trained on an avoidance procedure until they met a criterion of 12 consecutive avoidance responses. They were then divided into 4 groups: adrenalectomized, adrenal demedullated, operated control, and normal control. Twenty-two days later the Ss were tested for retention of the avoidance response. The results showed that the adrenalectomized Ss took significantly longer to reach criterion than did any of the other groups, and the other groups did not differ. Since adrenalectomy does not interfere with the acquisition of an avoidance response, it is suggested that adrenalectomy after learning interferes with retention because the S is responding to different internal cues during retention than he was during acquisition.
WHAT, IF ANYTHING, IS A RABBIT?

The title of this paper is slightly modified from that of an article I encountered some years ago, which appeared to be approaching the problem of the relationships of the Lagomorpha, or rabbits and their relatives, from the most basic point of view. This paper, entitled "Gibt es Leporiden ?", seemed to be questioning the very existence of such animals. Investigation showed, however, that the question involved was not whether members of the family Leporidae existed, but whether rabbit-hare hybrids did (E.B.C., 1908). Since then, I have met no one who questions the existence of rabbits and hares, and I have been reluctantly forced to accept them. Furthermore, there seems to be no question but that they are mammals. But just where, among the mammals, they belong is still unsettled. Unfortunately, there is no good popular name for the order, "rabbit" being also used for those genera of leporids that are not hares. Perhaps "bunny" is the best vernacular name for the lagomorphs, for which it is already used at times. This group of animals are currently referred to an order, the Lagomorpha, containing only two living families, the Leporidae or rabbits and hares, andthe Ochotonidae or pikas. The lagomorphs are a rather distinctive group, and there rarely seems to be any question as to whether any given animal is or is not a lagomorph. Both families have been traced back to the Oligocene, and both seem to have had a basic Holarctic distribution then
Dexamethasone in children mechanically ventilated for lower respiratory tract infection caused by respiratory syncytial virus: a randomized controlled trial.

To determine the efficacy of dexamethasone in the treatment of mechanically ventilated children with respiratory syncytial virus–severe lower respiratory tract infection. International, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Twelve pediatric intensive care units. Children (<2 yrs) mechanically ventilated for respiratory syncytial virus lower respiratory tract infection. Children were prestratified for severity of oxygen abnormalities on admission. Intravenous dexamethasone (0.6 mg/kg/day, 48 hrs) or placebo. A superiority approach was used in the subgroup of patients with mild oxygen abnormalities (arterial partial pressure of oxygen/fractional inspired oxygen concentration [PaO2/Fio2] >200 mm Hg and/or mean arterial pressure ≤10 cm H2O) and a noninferiority approach in those with severe oxygen abnormalities (PaO2/Fio2 ≤200 mm Hg and mean arterial pressure >10 cm H2O). Primary outcome was the duration of mechanical ventilation. In the subgroup with mild oxygenation abnormalities, 45 of the 89 included patients received dexamethasone and 44 placebo; in the subgroup with severe oxygenation abnormalities, 28 of the 56 included patients received dexamethasone and 28 placebo. Baseline characteristics in both treatment arms were similar for both subgroups. After the third interim analysis, the trial was stopped early for futility taking the slow enrollment into account. At that time, the median duration (interquartile range) of mechanical ventilation was 137 (91–195) hrs in the dexamethasone- and 139 (117–188) hrs in the placebo-treated patients in the subgroup with mild oxygenation abnormalities (p = .6). In the subgroup with severe oxygenation abnormalities, it was 171 (136–212) hrs in the dexamethasone- and 170 (125–201) hrs in the placebo-treated patients (p = .6). In this prematurely ended trial in children mechanically ventilated for severe respiratory syncytial virus–lower respiratory tract infection, we found no evidence of a beneficial effect of dexamethasone in children with mild oxygenation abnormalities. Neither was evidence found that dexamethasone may prolong mechanical ventilation in those with severe oxygenation abnormalities.
Optimization of Extraction Technology for Robinin from Flowers of Robinia pseudoacacia by Response Surface Method

Objective: To optimize extraction technology of robinin from flowers of Robinia pseudoacacia.Method: According to the design principle of Box-Benhnken,effects of ethanol volume fraction,liquid-material ratio,extraction time and extraction times on extraction rate of robinin were studied by response surface method,meanwhile regression analysis of these experimental data was used by SAS 9.2 software.Result: Optimum extraction conditions were obtained as follows: extracted 2 times with 23 times the amount of 76% ethanol,60 min per time.Under these conditions,the average extraction rate of robinin could be up to 1.834% with the transfer rate of 86.88%.Conclusion: These optimized conditions could provide experimental evidence for extracting of robinin from flowers of R.pseudoacacia.
Vesicourethral Anastomosis After Radical Prostatectomy: Experience with the Jewett Modification

AbstractThe author’s experience with the Jewett method of vesicourethral anastomosis after radical prostatectomy is described. Only 1 instance of stress incontinence has been encountered in more than 200 personal cases. The technique is described in detail.
Tamm-Horsfall Autoantibodies in Interstitial Cystitis

AbstractInterstitial cystitis presents a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. Although many etiologies, including autoimmunity, have been proposed its pathogenesis remains obscure. Tamm-Horsfall protein has been identified in the superficial urothelium of patients with interstitial cystitis demonstrating abnormal urothelial permeability. Eight patients with a clinical diagnosis of interstitial cystitis underwent cystoscopy and bladder biopsy. Characteristic cystoscopic findings were present, and each patient had chronic inflammation and mast cells by histopathological analysis. Preoperative anti-Tamm-Horsfall protein serum antibody (IgG) titers were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (range 500 to 8,000, mean 2,750). A control group of 8 patients with a negative urological history also had titers of 0 to 500 (p = 0.02). The humoral response to Tamm-Horsfall protein in these patients suggests a role for Tamm-Horsfall protein in interstitial cystitis. Measurement of serum Tamm-Horsfall protein...
Matthew P. Drennan, Income Inequality: Why it Matters and Why Most Economicsts Didn’t Notice

Abstract. Matthew P. Drennan, Income Inequality: Why It Matters and Why Most Economists Didn’t Notice (Yale University Press, 2015) deserves significant notice. The author focuses on theoretical approaches that might have shown the causes of income inequality with main attention to the theory of consumption, where the mainstream of the economics profession, after some attention earlier, turned away from inequality as a causal factor after the 1950s. He documents that turn, and suggests directions for a new theory. He gives brief mention to policy suggestions, but mainly concerns himself with causal issues on which policy would have to be based. Matthew Drennan has been a Visiting Professor of Urban Planning, Luskin School of Urban Affairs, UCLA since 2004. He is an Emeritus Professor, City and Regional Planning, Cornell University. Keywords. Income, Income inequality, Economicsts. JEL. D31, E01, E24, E25, H24, N30.
For Television-Centered Television Criticism: Lessons from Feminism

This article extracts from feminist texts an analysis of subordination to reflect on the state of television criticism in the hegemony of literary elitists. Examining television criticism itself, the issues of bardic traps, empiricist criteria, corporate authorship, and viewer autonomy are discussed. The liberation of television criticism from its literary and film heritage is seen in the recognition of the oppositional potential of television’s melodramatic form.
Circuitous Genetic Regulation Governs a Straightforward Cell Migration

Drosophila border cells undergo a straightforward and stereotypical collective migration during egg development. However, a complex genetic program underlies this process. A variety of approaches, including biochemical, genetic, and imaging strategies have identified many regulatory components, revealing layers of control. This complexity suggests that the active processes of evaluating the environment, remodeling the cytoskeleton, and coordinating movements among cells, demand rapid systems for modulating cell behaviors. Multiple signaling inputs, nodes of integration, and feedback loops act as molecular rheostats to fine-tune gene expression levels and physical responses. Since key genetic regulators of border cell migration have been shown to be required in other types of cell migration, this model system continues to provide an important avenue for genetic discovery.
Bare-Hand Volume Cracker for Raw Volume Data Analysis

Analysis of raw volume data generated from different scanning technologies faces a variety of challenges, related to search, pattern recognition, spatial understanding, quantitative estimation, and shape description. In a previous study, we found that the Volume Cracker (VC) 3D interaction (3DI) technique mitigated some of these problems, but this result was from a tethered glove-based system with users analyzing simulated data. Here, we redesigned the VC by using untethered bare-hand interaction with real volume datasets, with a broader aim of adoption of this technique in research labs. We developed symmetric and asymmetric interfaces for the Bare-Hand Volume Cracker (BHVC) through design iterations with a biomechanics scientist. We evaluated our asymmetric BHVC technique against standard 2D and widely used 3D interaction techniques with experts analyzing scanned beetle datasets. We found that our BHVC design significantly outperformed the other two techniques. This study contributes a practical 3DI design for scientists, documents lessons learned while redesigning for bare-hand trackers, and provides evidence suggesting that 3D interaction could improve volume data analysis for a variety of visual analysis tasks. Our contribution is in the realm of 3D user interfaces tightly integrated with visualization, for improving the effectiveness of visual analysis of volume datasets. Based on our experience, we also provide some insights into hardware-agnostic principles for design of effective interaction techniques.
Utilization Management in Radiology

Medical imaging is a tremendous diagnostic tool within medicine. The ability to non-invasively detect and screen for disease holds significant impact for medical or surgical treatment decisions. Monitoring of disease progression, whether infectious, inflammatory, or neoplastic is possible due to medical imaging. Over the years, access to medical imaging modalities such as X-ray, ultrasound, magnetic resonance (MR), computed tomography (CT), and positron-emission tomography (PET) has dramatically increased. In addition to expenditures related to pharmaceuticals, imaging is the next largest segment of costs for health plans, both private and public. As a result, significant growth of imaging utilization is a growing concern for healthcare. Appropriate utilization of imaging is a very important topic within healthcare utilization and optimization of decisions support systems, guidelines, and value-based imaging is critical to the future.
Effects of Polymer Additives and Dispersion State on the Mechanical Properties of Cellulose Nanocrystal Films

Films produced from colloidal and nanomaterial dispersions such as aqueous cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) dispersions tend to crack above a critical cracking thickness; this issue limits the ability to produce flow-aligned CNC films at thicknesses above ≈50 μm. This research explores the effects of adding polyethylene oxide (PEO), flocculation with hydrochloric acid (HCl), and the combination of both methods on film cracking, mechanical properties, and mechanical anisotropy. Most research on CNC polymer composites focuses on composites where the polymer is the majority component. To the authors' knowledge there has been only one investigation of CNC films' mechanical anisotropy and no studies of using HCl flocculation to flocculate CNC dispersions prior to shear casting. PEO addition significantly reduces Young's modulus, tensile strength, and toughness, but enhances the Young's modulus anisotropy. Flocculation results in little property deterioration but nearly eliminates mechanical anisotropy. The combination of both techniques results in similar properties as flocculation alone. These findings highlight the trade-offs between these two approaches and can be used to help guide further research on obtaining robust shear cast CNC films over a range of thicknesses.