cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
DNA, RNA AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS IN ANUCLEATE FRAGMENTS OF SEA URCHIN EGGS

Abstract DNA, RNA and protein syntheses were examined in artificially activated anucleate fragments of eggs of the sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus . Most of the RNA synthesized by anucleate fragments within 1 h after activation has less secondary structure than ribosomal RNA when examined by benzoylated-DEAE-cellulose chromatography. This new RNA was associated entirely with the 15,000 x g pellet of the homogenate of the fragments. Artificially activated anucleate fragments synthesized proteins which associated with mitochondria which were purified by sucrose buoyant density gradient centrifugation. This synthesis was unaffected after 6 h stringent inhibition of the RNA synthesis with ethidium bromide. However, ethidium bromide inhibited the synthesis of protein in the 100,000 x g supernatant fraction by approximately 39 %.The cytoplasmic proteins which migrated with a molecular weight of 10,000 to 20,000 in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels were especially affected by ethidium bromide, being inhibited by more than 53 %. Tritiated thymidine was incorporated into DNA in artificially activated anucleate fragments. The results from several methods of investigation suggest that mitochondrial DNA was not the template for the DNA synthesis. The results from these investigations include: a) the molecular weight of 7.6 × 105, calculated from the width of the band of DNA at equilibrium in CsCl; b) the failure of 3H-thymidine to be incorporated into closed circular mitochondrial DNA as prepared by CsCl-ethidium bromide buoyant density centrifugation; c) the failure of 3H-thymidine to become incorporated into the 27 S nicked mitochondrial DNA in isolated mitochondria; d) the failure to discover replicative forms among the non-closed (nicked) circular mitochondrial DNA through preliminary electron microscopic investigations. The use of uridine and thymidine as precursors to nucleic acid synthesis in the above studies led to the demonstration that uridine is converted to cytidine in artificially activated anucleate fragments and that the polysaccharide fraction becomes labeled during extended pulses with 3H-thymidine.
New topological states in HgTe quantum wells from defect patterning

To explore new methods for the realization of the quantum spin Hall (QSH) effect in two-dimensional (2D) materials, we have constructed a honeycomb geometry (HG) by etching rows of hexagonal holes in HgTe quantum wells (QWs). Theoretical calculations show that multiple Dirac cones can be produced by HG, regardless of whether the band inversion occurs or not. Furthermore, the topological states originating from a narrow HG region in a wide ribbon show strong localization at the physical edges of the ribbon, making them easy to manipulate and exploit. When the band inversion condition for QW states is satisfied, the topological states generated by two different mechanisms may coexist. Our studies pave the way to produce and control multiple QSH states in 2D materials as desired for the design of innovative spintronic materials.
"Independent" and "Dependent" Scattering by Particles in a Multi-Particle Group

The terms “independent” and “dependent” scattering are ubiquitous in the phenomenological discipline of light scattering by particulate media. Yet there is a wide range of ad hoc definitions of these terms, many of which are vague and conceptually inconsequential. In this paper we perform a first-principles analysis of these terms based on the rigorous volume-integral-equation formulation of electromagnetic scattering. We argue that scattering by a multi-particle group can be called independent if certain optical observables for the entire group can be expressed in appropriate single-particle observables. Otherwise one deals with the dependent scattering regime. The prime (and perhaps the only) examples of independent scattering are scattering scenarios described by the first-order-scattering approximation and the first-principles radiative transfer theory.
Anatomy and Physiology of Cerebrospinal Fluid Dynamics

Abstract As a fluidic medium in direct contact with the central nervous system (CNS), cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) plays an important role in biomechanical support and physiological function of the brain and the spinal cord. Although the mechanisms driving pulsatile CSF flow are still not fully understood, novel imaging techniques have illuminated the normative range of this flow as well as its variations in the presence of neural disorders. The significance of CSF dynamics in normal and neuropathological conditions has been investigated in multiple in vivo and numerical studies. CSF also provides an alternative route for the delivery of therapeutic agents to the CNS. Intrathecal drug delivery techniques facilitate transport of large biomolecules to the CNS by bypassing the blood–brain barrier. Future studies on CSF can shed more light on its importance in the assessment and treatment of neurological conditions.
Wild Zoos: Conservation of Primates in Situ

For the last 20 years, conservation biology has been concerned with populations that live in discontinuous habitat. As deforestation and fragmentation continue at an alarming rate, we must develop new means of protecting remaining isolated populations. For managers, knowing the natural history details of all organisms within a fragment will allow for anticipation of interactions and will better predict potential collapse of the system (Janzen, 1986a). The ecological role of primates in a fragmented forest is critical for many reasons. First, primates have a number of beneficial effects on the forest as seed dispersers, pollinators, and “shapers” of their habitat (Janzen, 1970; Dirzo and Miranda, 1990a; Murcia, 1996; Garber and Lambert, 1998). Second, primates tend to be large arboreal frugivores and account for a high proportion of the biomass in a forest remnant (Chapman, 1995). Primates may be the top of the food chain in many fragments where carnivores have vanished (Marsh, 1999; Terborgh et al., 2001). And finally, primates tend to be important educational and conservation icons for local people (Savage et al., 1997; Weber, 1995; Dietz and Nagagata, 1995).
Untangling the Grip of White Privilege in Education through Consultation and Systems Change: Introduction to the Special Issue

This article introduces the articles in the special issue, School consultation grounded in social justice: Dismantling white privilege in education. The authors first highlight salient aspects of e...
The Identity of the Child and the Right to Integration

In this paper I propose to develop a principle (a philosophical principle) which bears directly on the rights of children and which should prove useful to many people working in many different fields. The principle states that when a free society imposes its values upon people and particularly upon children, then a division arises in individual consciousness and with it arises the right of the individual to achieve integration. This right is prior to all others with the exception of the right to life itself.
Unleashing Our Chemistry Superpowers: Promoting Student Success and Well-Being at a Black Women's College during COVID-19

Spelman College, a small (∼2150 students) Black women’s liberal arts college located in Atlanta, GA, USA, is dedicated to empowering women of African descent to become global leaders and change age...
Ileosigmoid Anastomosis in Laparoscopic Subtotal Colectomy

This chapter will describe in detail how to set up and construct an ileosigmoid anastomosis using suturing techniques. A brief discussion of the methods of mobilization of the colon in preparation for the anastomosis will be presented as well. Recognizing there are a variety of dissection tools and techniques, the primary focus of this chapter will be the reconstruction and how intracorporeal suturing skills can save sigmoid length, and, thereby, bowel function for the patient undergoing a subtotal colectomy.
Retrospective Evaluation of Rabbit Anti-Thymocyte Globulin (rATG) Induction in Heart Transplant Patients

Purpose The use and dosing intensity of rATG as induction therapy in heart transplantation remains controversial. We sought to evaluate the efficacy and safety of rATG at a total dose of 4.5mg/kg compared to less than 4.5mg/kg. Methods This study was a cross-sectional retrospective chart review of adults who underwent heart transplantation from January 1, 2016 - December 31, 2018 at a single quaternary care center. Exposure was defined as a full rATG (4.5mg/kg total) induction per institutional protocol compared to partial (less than 4.5mg/kg) induction. The primary outcome was the incidence of ISHLT 1990 defined acute cellular rejection (ACR) at two years. Secondary outcomes were all-cause mortality, proportion of infections, and time to therapeutic tacrolimus levels. Results A total of 201 patients met inclusion criteria. 61 received partial rATG induction and 140 received full rATG induction. When comparing partial vs full induction, there was no difference in any-grade of ACR (78.7% vs 88.6%, p=0.11). There was a trend toward a higher cumulative incidence of ACR grade 2 or above over two years in the partial as compared to the full induction group (18% vs 11.4%, p=0.21). On multivariate Cox PH analysis, partial vs full induction, the estimated hazard ratio was 1.45 (CI 0.62-3.37, p=0.39). Adjusted landmark survival analysis conditional on survival to 1 month showed no difference between the two groups. The number of patients with at least one infection within 3 months of transplant was similar between the groups (partial 29.5% vs full 20.0% p=0.20). Both groups achieved therapeutic tacrolimus levels by day 7 after initiation. Conclusion The dose of rATG does not appear to affect the overall incidence of biopsy-proven rejection, though there appears to be a trend towards severe rejection with rATG induction doses less than 4.5mg/kg. The total cumulative dose of rATG induction did not impact medium-term survival. Prospective, randomized, controlled trials are needed to validate these observations.
Holding Iron Measurement to a Gold Standard: Comparing Reticulocyte Hemoglobin Content to Traditional Biomarkers in Predicting Response to Intravenous Iron Supplementation in Hemodialysis Patients

Abstract Background: Patients suffering from end stage renal disease (ESRD) commonly develop functional and absolute iron deficiency due to various etiologies, requiring regular intravenous iron supplementation. Current methods of quantifying iron stores, such as serum iron and transferrin saturation (TSAT), may be inaccurate measures for detecting functional iron deficiency. This increases the likelihood of incomplete correction of iron deficiency or the risk of developing iron overload, both resulting in higher healthcare and administrative costs. Recent studies focusing on reticulocyte hemoglobin content (CHr) have shown it to be a specific and sensitive indicator of absolute and functional iron deficiency. Aims: To determine whether CHr is a more sensitive and accurate surrogate measure of response to iron infusion than traditional measurements such as serum iron and TSAT. Methods: We performed a retrospective chart review of patients aged ≥18 years with ESRD receiving dialysis and regular intravenous iron infusions at University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics between October 2016 and March 2017 who also had applicable serial laboratory monitoring. Parameters analyzed included hemoglobin, hematocrit, CHr, serum iron, TSAT, total iron binding capacity, and ferritin. 3 months later, along with the total dose of iron infused over that specific timeframe, we obtained subsequent sets of these values. Results: Fifty-three eligible patients were identified, of which 63% were male and 37% female with a median age of 59 years. The median time interval between initial and subsequent laboratory testing was 91 days; the median cumulative iron infusion was 300 mg with doses ranging from 0 to 2100 mg. Correlation between variables of interest and iron dosing were calculated for serum iron (p = 0.49), TSAT (p = 0.16), and CHr (p = 0.99). With removal of subjects who had received the median 300 mg dose, correlation coefficients were recalculated for serum iron (p = 0.49), TSAT (p = 0.21), and CHr (p = 0.93). Conclusions: Contrary to published data, our study did not show any statistically significant support for CHr as a superior predictor of response to iron infusion when compared to traditional biomarkers. Our negative finding could be tempered by small sample size; this data was also not adjusted for other factors including hemoglobin level or erythropoiesis-stimulating agent administration. Given their reported resilience in response to acute fluctuations in patient inflammatory states and potentially decreased cost of testing versus the traditional iron panel, interest in reticulocyte parameters remains high. We plan to control for or identify any confounding factors by performing a prospective cohort study on a larger population to further elucidate the validity of this finding. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Identifying Novel Genes Involved in Dysregulation of Homologous Recombination and Genomic Integrity in Myeloma

Abstract Genomic instability leads to ongoing acquisition of genomic changes which underlie development and progression of cancer. We have previously demonstrated that homologous recombination (HR), the most precise DNA repair mechanism, is dysregulated in myeloma and contributes to genomic instability and development of drug resistance. Purpose of this study was to identify novel genes and pathways involved in the acquisition of new genomic changes in MM patients. We first developed a gene signature correlating with the genomic instability and survival in myeloma patients. To identify genes whose expression correlates with genomic instability, we used a myeloma patient dataset (gse26863, n=246) which had both the gene expression and CGH array-based copy number information for each patient. Genomic instability in each patient was determined by counting the total number of amplification and/or deletion events; an event was defined as a change in ≥3 and/or 5 consecutive probes. Genes whose elevated expression correlated with increased genomic instability in gse26863 dataset were tested for correlation with survival in two other datasets (IFM70, n=170; gse24080; n=559). Elevated expression of 287 genes correlated with poor overall (OS; P 40% of the genes in our signature belonged to homologous recombination as indicated by our functional screen. We, therefore, initiated a functional siRNA screen of 124 genes to evaluate their impact on HR and nuclease activities. Based on the results, we next selected three genes for detailed evaluation. These included TTK (a dual specificity protein kinase), TPX2 (a spindle assembly factor required for normal assembly of mitotic spindles and microtubules) and USP21 (a deubiquitinase of histone H2A involved in epigenetic transcriptional repression). We suppressed these genes in MM cells using shRNA and confirmed that their suppression significantly reduces HR activity in MM cell lines. Suppression of USP21 was also associated with loss of RAD51 recombinase expression, suggesting its role in RAD51 stability. To monitor the impact of elevated expression of these genes on genomic integrity, we investigated knockdown cells for gH2AX levels using Western blotting. Knockdown of all 3 genes reduced gH2AX levels, indicating inhibition of spontaneous DNA breaks. In summary, our data has identified TTK, TPX2 and USP21 as novel genes involved in dysregulation of HR and genomic integrity in MM cells with potential impact on our understanding of the disease progression. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Computed Potential Energy Surfaces and Minimum Energy Pathways for Chemical Reactions

Computed potential energy surfaces are often required for computation of such observables as rate constants as a function of temperature, product branching ratios, and other detailed properties. We have found that computation of the stationary points/reaction pathways using CASSCF/derivative methods, followed by use of the internally contracted CI method with the Dunning correlation consistent basis sets to obtain accurate energetics, gives useful results for a number of chemically important systems. Applications to complex reactions leading to NOx and soot formation in hydrocarbon combustion are discussed.
Toward genomic selection in Pinus taeda: Integrating resources to support array design in a complex conifer genome.

Premise An informatics approach was used for the construction of an Axiom genotyping array from heterogeneous, high-throughput sequence data to assess the complex genome of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda). Methods High-throughput sequence data, sourced from exome capture and whole genome reduced-representation approaches from 2698 trees across five sequence populations, were analyzed with the improved genome assembly and annotation for the loblolly pine. A variant detection, filtering, and probe design pipeline was developed to detect true variants across and within populations. From 8.27 million variants, a total of 642,275 were evaluated and 423,695 of those were screened across a range-wide population. Results The final informatics and screening approach delivered an Axiom array representing 46,439 high-confidence variants to the forest tree breeding and genetics community. Based on the annotated reference genome, 34% were located in or directly upstream or downstream of genic regions. Discussion The Pita50K array represents a genome-wide resource developed from sequence data for an economically important conifer, loblolly pine. It uniquely integrates independent projects that assessed trees sampled across the native range. The challenges associated with the large and repetitive genome are addressed in the development of this resource.
A Novel Approach to Estimate the Intrinsic Dimension of fMRI Data Using Independent Component Analysis

Estimating the intrinsic dimensionality of data in the presence of noise is an important and well-known problem in signal processing, and there has been extensive work in the literature addressing the problem. However, these existing methods either assume the Gaussian noise in the model to be white or if correlated, require the noise covariance structure to be specified. For fMRI data as well, the estimation of the dimension is an equally important problem and the signal-theoretic methods primarily using information-theoretic approaches are implemented. Unfortunately, for fMRI data, the noise has strong temporal autocorrelation with a complex structure and the covariance structure is unknown. Hence, the traditional methods often provide a biased estimate of true dimension in fMRI data. In this article, independent component analysis (ICA) is used to obtain a crude estimate of the covariance structure of the noise. The estimated structure is then used to whiten the noise, which facilitates a more accurate estimation of the dimension using established information-theoretic methods such as minimum description length (MDL), Bayesian information criteria (BIC) and its Laplace approximation. Results using both real and simulated data are presented, which clearly demonstrate improved performance with the proposed method.
On convergence of derivatives of Voronovskaja-type expansion for Bernstein type operators

Abstract In this paper, for new defined Bernstein type operators, we show that taking derivatives and taking the limit are sequence independent when the Voronovskaja-type expansion is differentiated.
Formal techniques for automatically generating marshalling code from high-level specifications

This paper presents the application of automated code generation to the development of marshalling code (also known as presentation conversion code). The techniques and automated tools as well as the results of an industrial application are described. Marshalling code amounts to approximately half of the signalling software in subscriber radio, and as such constitutes approximately 20% of the total software in a radio. Development of marshalling code is considered to be a difficult, error-prone, and labor-intensive task. We have successfully developed significant portions of the infrastructure and subscriber software for the TETRA (Terrestrial Trunked Radio) protocol standard through automated code generation techniques using the process outlined in this paper.
On the Problem of Coefficient Assignment of Discrete Time Multi-Input Multi-Output Linear Time Varying Systems

We consider a linear time varying autoregressive moving average (ARMA) system and pose and analyze a time varying version of the coefficient assignment problem well known in time invariant system theory as the pole placement problem. We consider a r-tuple of discrete time, linear time varying plants with m inputs and p outputs together with a single p input m output linear time varying compensator. The design objective is to construct a single compensator which "coefficient assigns," and hence "bounded input bounded output stabilizes" under suitable additional technical assumptions, the set of r plants simultaneously in the closed loop. Such a problem is useful in robust design of linear time-varying control systems in the closed loop. Among the results, it is shown that a generic r-tuple of p × m plants (in a suitable topology) is simultaneously coefficient assignable, provided that r ≪ m/p. The design procedure involves splitting the closed loop system into an ARMA system in cascade with a moving average system. The coefficient assignment problem consists of assigning the coefficients of the autoregressive part of the ARMA subsystem. Thereby we obtain an algorithm which is non-recursive and involves solving for each time instant, a system of linear equations with time-varying coefficients. Additionally we consider the problem of coefficient assignment of the autoregressive part of the ARMA system in the closed loop, without splitting up into a cascade of two subsystems as before. A new recursive algorithm to analyse this problem has been introduced.
Early Intracellular Events in the Replication of T4 Bacteriophage Deoxyribonucleic Acid VII. 32P Suicide Stabilization

Abstract The relationship between 32P suicide stabilization and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) replication during infection of Escherichia coli by bacteriophage T4 was reinvestigated. Replication of the parental phage DNA was detected at early stages of stabilization.
Finding Four Million Large Random Primes

A number n is a (base two) pseudoprime if it is composite and satisfies the identity $$ 2^{n - 1}\equiv 1\left( {\bmod n} \right). $$ (1) Every prime satisifies (1), but very few composite numbers are pseudoprimes. If pseu- doprimes are very raTe, then one could even find large “industrial strength” primes (say for cryptographic use) by simply choosing large random values for n until an n is found that satisfies (1). H ow rare are pseudoprimes? We performed an experiment that attempts to provide an answer. We also provide some references to the literature for theoretical analyses.
James Madison: A Strategic, Hidden Hand Public Communicator

Throughout his presidency, James Madison faced formidable challenges. These at first involved enforcing unpopular restrictions on foreign trade and conducting diplomacy with France and England to avoid war. Eventually, Madison concluded that war against England would almost surely be necessary. In an effort to create support for his policies, Madison pursued an extensive program of public communication through his presidential newspaper, the National Intelligencer. This paper examines these mass media public communication efforts by Madison during the first term of his presidency.
Integral Representations in Wavefield Theory

In this chapter, we introduce the basic integral representations for scalar and vector wavefields. We present the derivations of the integral equations for the acoustic (scalar) and vector wavefields using the properties of the corresponding Green’s functions. Based on these integral equations, we derive a family of integral approximations of the acoustic and vector wavefields, including Born, quasi-linear, quasi-analytical, and Kirchhoff approximations. These representations play an important role in forward modeling and in calculating the Frechet derivative of the forward modeling operator, thus providing the foundation for solution of the inverse problem. For example, the Kirchhoff approximation has proved to be especially useful in forward and inverse wave propagation problems where the distribution of the reflecting boundaries is the main target.
Uncoupling of myofilament Ca2+ sensitivity from troponin I phosphorylation by mutations can be reversed by epigallocatechin-3-gallate

Aims Heart muscle contraction is regulated via the β-adrenergic response that leads to phosphorylation of Troponin I (TnI) at Ser22/23, which changes the Ca2+ sensitivity of the cardiac myofilament. Mutations in thin filament proteins that cause dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) and some mutations that cause hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) abolish the relationship between TnI phosphorylation and Ca2+ sensitivity (uncoupling). Small molecule Ca2+ sensitizers and Ca2+ desensitizers that act upon troponin alter the Ca2+ sensitivity of the thin filament, but their relationship with TnI phosphorylation has never been studied before. Methods and results Quantitative in vitro motility assay showed that 30 µM EMD57033 and 100 µM Bepridil increase Ca2+ sensitivity of phosphorylated cardiac thin filaments by 3.1- and 2.8-fold, respectively. Additionally they uncoupled Ca2+ sensitivity from TnI phosphorylation, mimicking the effect of HCM mutations. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) decreased Ca2+ sensitivity of phosphorylated and unphosphorylated wild-type thin filaments equally (by 2.15 ± 0.45- and 2.80 ± 0.48-fold, respectively), retaining the coupling. Moreover, EGCG also reduced Ca2+ sensitivity of phosphorylated but not unphosphorylated thin filaments containing DCM and HCM-causing mutations; thus, the dependence of Ca2+ sensitivity upon TnI phosphorylation of uncoupled mutant thin filaments was restored in every case. In single mouse heart myofibrils, EGCG reduced Ca2+ sensitivity of force and k ACT and also preserved coupling. Myofibrils from the ACTC E361G (DCM) mouse were uncoupled; EGCG reduced Ca2+ sensitivity more for phosphorylated than for unphosphorylated myofibrils, thus restoring coupling. Conclusion We conclude that it is possible to both mimic and reverse the pathological defects in troponin caused by cardiomyopathy mutations pharmacologically. Re-coupling by EGCG may be of potential therapeutic significance for treating cardiomyopathies.
The cost-efficiency of supported employment programs: A literature review

Twenty-one studies on the cost-efficiency of supported em­ ployment were reviewed to answer three questions: (a) “Is supported employment cost-efficient?” (b) “Are supported employees with severe or multiple disabilities cost-efficient?” and (c) “Are certain models of supported employment more cost-efficient than others?” This review concluded that sup­ ported employment is eventually cost-efficient from the work­ er’s and taxpayer’s perspectives. Further, all supported em­ ployees are cost-efficient, however, individuals with mild mental retardation are more cost-efficient than individuals with severe mental retardation. Finally, although literature is sparse, individual placements appear to be the most costefficient methods of supported employment.
Identification of two Calcium-Binding Proteins in Human Small Intestine: A preliminary report

At least two separate proteins with calcium-binding activity have been detected in the human duodenum. One of these proteins migrates rapidly during electrophoresis, has a molecular weight of about 20,000 (similar to the vitamin D-sensitive protein in the chick or monkey), and contains no detectable carbohydrate or phosphate. Whether it is vitamin D-dependent is as yet uncertain. The activity of the calcium-binding protein has been found to vary linearly as a function of the background binding activity of the resin used in the assay. Accurate determinations of calcium-binding activity depend, therefore, upon correction of all values to correspond to a standard background binding activity.
An Interview with Martin Sheen

Abstract:This article presents an interview with Martin Sheen conducted in New Orleans on April 1, 2015, by Journal of Popular Film & Television editors Michael T. Marsden and Gary R. Edgerton.
A single activity with a practice quality improvement project for faculty and a quality improvement project for residents

Abstract Purpose The Next Accreditation System (NAS) requires radiation oncology residents to do a formal quality improvement project during their residency. The American Board of Radiology (ABR) Maintenance of Certification (MOC) program requires certified physicians to complete a Practice Quality Improvement (PQI) project approximately every 3 years. The purpose of our project was to develop a clinical transition of care policy via a process that resulted in quality improvement project credit for residents and PQI credit for participating faculty. Methods and materials Approval for project implementation was obtained from the ABR MOC committee. The PQI project consisted of an initial survey to assess resident perception on resident transition of care in our department, formal sign-out training, and 2 postintervention surveys after 1 and 11 months. The primary endpoint was the percentage of questions with ≤1 unfavorable responses. Sign-test was used to determine response difference from neutral. Results One hundred percent of surveyed residents completed the preintervention (n = 6), postintervention 1 (n = 7), and postintervention 2 (n = 8) surveys. In the preintervention, postintervention 1, and postintervention 2 surveys, 71.4%, 57.1%, and 57.1% of questions were answered with ≤1 unfavorable response, respectively. The number of questions with ≥75% favorable response was 7 (50%), 7 (50%), and 11 (78.5%) in the preintervention, postintervention 1, and postintervention 2 surveys, respectively ( P = .13). A written sign-out template and monthly protected sign-out meetings were instituted. One resident and 3 attending physicians received credit for Accreditation Council of Graduate Medical Education NAS quality improvement and ABR MOC PQI projects, respectively. Conclusions This project shows the feasibility of a combined attending and resident physician effort to improve patient care and fulfill his or her respective ABR MOC PQI and Accreditation Council of Graduate Medical Education NAS requirements. Attending and resident physicians can tailor collaborative projects to fulfill MOC and NAS requirements unique to their subspecialty. Written sign-out templates and protected sign-out time may improve transition of care.
Making people feel guilty in conversations: Techniques and correlates.

Communication plays an important role in eliciting and shaping people's emotions. Yet surprisingly little empirical or conceptual work has explored how social interaction encourages or discourages various emotions. This article summarizes a series of four studies which examined how people, in conversations, go about generating one emotion—that of guilt—in others. In the first study, a typology of 12 guilt moves was inductively devised. The most common ways of making another feel guilty were: reminding the other of his or her obligation to a relationship, listing sacrifices one has made for the other, reminding the other of his or her role responsibilities, comparing the other to someone else, and questioning the other. The primary reason for using guilt in conversations was persuasion. In the second study, the typology's generalizability was confirmed. Findings also revealed that the likelihood of using guilt in conversations increases with greater relationship intimacy and that people believe others are more likely to use guilt than themselves. The 12 techniques for guilt elicitation were examined in the third study for their independence and dimensionality via multidimensional scaling. The results suggest three underlying dimensions (self-nonself, acquiescence-restrictiveness, and commission-omission) and six potential clusters. The final study conceptualized guilt elicitation and sensitivity as individual differences. A brief, multifactor scale of individuals’ tendency to use guilt, to use it with ease, and to be susceptible to guilt moves was developed. The three dimensions correlated significantly with a number of communication-focused personality variables.
Polymer Photovoltaic Devices Employing a Chemically Fixed p–i–n Junction

Polymer photovoltaic devices commonly suffer from low power conversion efficiencies despite the potential for much higher performance. Here we apply a recently reported system for creating a chemically fixed polymer p-i-n junction to polymer photovoltaic devices. Both single-component and blended donor/acceptor devices are fabricated and tested. We study the devices during charging and find that the changes in light and dark current characteristics are consistent with the formation of a p-i-n junction in the active material. While the overall performance of these systems need improvement, the devices show promising open circuit voltages, suggesting the possibility for improving the state-of-the-art in polymer photovoltaic techno logies with continued materials development.
Measuring the potential for bicycling and walking at a metropolitan commuter university

An attitudinal survey was disseminated to faculty, staff, and students at a metropolitan commuter university with the objective to ascertain what travel demand management (TDM) strategies will increase bicycling and walking activity. Using Geographic Information Systems (GIS), the groups were divided spatially into typical walking and bicycling zones from campus. Descriptive analysis was first used to determine attitudinal differences and similarities among the divided groups regarding hypothetical walking and bicycling conditions. It was found that all groups generally favored most bicycling interventions within a bicycling zone versus those who lived outside the zone. Accordingly, most walking facilitators were viewed positively among all groups. A binary logit model was then utilized to understand how distance from campus affected the likelihood that a bicycle or pedestrian mode shift would occur among faculty, students, and staff. Model results indicated that bicycle safety and education may cause faculty to bicycle, whereas higher automobile costs may cause staff to bicycle, and a visible bicycle culture would cause students to bicycle more in a bicycling zone. The probability that staff and students would walk more was linked to increased perceived personal safety. Increased automobile costs and traffic enforcement appeared to be the largest incentive to increase faculty walking activity in a walking zone. The results indicate that a commuter university contains a diverse population, with equally diverse utilitarian non-motorized travel needs. Therefore, effective TDM strategies should reflect this variety by incorporating appropriate bicycling and walking incentives and automobile disincentives that encourage active commuting.
Food Sharing Among Captive Gibbons (Hylobates lar)

A captive family group of gibbons engages in food sharing during consistently patterned sequences of behaviors in which begging gestures are employed. The predominant occurrence of the behavior involves the juvenile female begging from her older, adult sister who acted as her "surrogate mother". An examination of the variables potentially affecting the behavior, such as hunger, the availability and accessibility of preferred foods, the inability to forage individually, and the social relationships between members of the family, indicates that food sharing may assist the young in acquiring appropriate food habits, supplement their foraging capabilities, and may serve to reinforce the social bonds betweeen adult and imma- ture members of the family group.
Numerical calculations of the free-surface flow under a sluice gate

The free-surface flow under a sluice gate is considered. The fluid is assumed to be inviscid and incompressible. The problem is solved numerically by using a boundary integral equation technique. Accurate numerical solutions are obtained when the intersection of the upstream free surface with the gate is a stagnation point. It is shown that the radiation condition is not satisfied far upstream and that there is a train of waves on the upstream free surface. For large values of the downstream Froude number F, the amplitude of the waves is so small that the upstream free surface is essentially flat. However for small values of F, the waves are of large amplitude. They ultimately approach the Stokes' limiting configuration with an angle of 120° at their crest as F is decreased.
PERTURBED-ANGULAR-CORRELATION STUDIES OF THE QUADRUPOLE INTERACTIONS OF $sup 111$Cd IN DIFFERENT METALLIC ENVIRONMENTS AND THE ELECTRIC QUADRUPOLE MOMENT OF THE 247-keV STATE.

The quadrupole interactions of the 247-keV state of $^{111}\mathrm{Cd}$ populated in the decay of $^{111}\mathrm{In}$ have been studied by time-dependent perturbed-angular-correlation measurements in environments of metallic indium and indium-cadmium alloys. Periodic undamped-spin-rotation curves were observed which prove that in both cases the axial-asymmetry parameter of the electric field gradient is close to zero and the spread of the interaction frequencies is negligibly small. The temperature dependence of the interaction frequencies in metallic indium is quite strong but deviates only slightly from that observed by Hewitt and Taylor for the stable indium isotopes in the same environment using the nuclear-quadrupole-resonance (NQR) technique. We draw the conclusion that the localized-moment contribution of the conduction electrons to the electric field gradient must be small in this case, and by using the results of Hewitt and Taylor for a calibration of the effective electric field gradient, we derived for the electric quadrupole moment of the 247-keV state of $^{111}\mathrm{Cd}$ ${Q}_{\frac{5}{2}}=+0.44\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.07\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}24}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$. The quadrupole interactions in the indium-cadmium alloy (0.94 at.% indium) were found to be an order of magnitude larger than in indium. This was expected because of the anomalously large $\frac{c}{a}$ crystal-axes ratio of the hexagonal-close-packed (hcp) lattice of cadmium. The observed temperature dependence gives interesting information about the role of the conduction electrons as well as about the phase diagram of the cadmium-indium system.
Denudation of the continents.

ESTIMATES of denudation often enter into geologic argument and have to be extrapolated backwards over geological intervals of time. The importance of human activity in the present-day erosional cycle has been pointed out by Douglas1 and has been carefully evaluated by Judson2 in a comparison of world-wide river load estimates with data from the nearly undisturbed Congo and Amazon basins. Judson concludes that man's intervention has increased the overall denudation rate from 9 to 24 billion tons a year: far more than enough to discredit the present rate as a geologic parameter. In this communication I attempt to verify Judson's pre-human estimate and to defend its general applicability to the past 300 million years.
Efficiency of a corrugated shell as a radial spring

This paper deals with the problem of radial support of prismatical rods. The radial expansion of the rods and the limits of radial pressure acting on them are prescribed, so that an upper limit of the spring rate is imposed. The weight of the radial support must be kept as low as possible; hence, its efficiency of material utilization should be high. Specifically, the efficiency of a corrugated cylindrical shell employed as a radial-spring system is investigated. As a preliminary convenience, general formulas are set up to describe the efficiency of material utilization in springs. Then, the elastic properties and the stresses of corrugated shells with various shapes of convolutes are established. Finally, from the formulas for the spring efficiency, the elastic properties, and the stress of the corrugated shells, their efficiency of material utilization as springs is established.
Neutrophil migration in response to chemotactic factors: effects of generation conditions and chemotherapeutic agents.

The effects of various chemotactic factor generation conditions and several chemotherapeutic agents on neutrophil migration were determined using in vitro assay systems designed as models for inflammatory processes occurring in the synovial cavities of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The microtubule-promoting agent concanavalin A and the microfilament-disrupting agent cytochalasin B were shown in these systems to inhibit neutrophil migration towards zymosan-activated serum-derived chemotactic factors. Neutrophils, immunoglobulin G aggregates, and serum were required for maximum generation of comparable chemotatic factors. Insoluble immunoglobulin G aggregates with or without rheumatoid factor produced more chemotactic factor activity on interaction with neutrophils than soluble immunoglobulin G aggregates. Exposure of neutrophils to supratherapeutic levels of the nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agent aspirin decreased neutrophil response to chemotactic factors while exposure to the slow-acting or immunomodulating agents gold,d-penicillamine, or azathioprine had no effect on this neutrophil function. In vitro systems employing neutrophils, insoluble aggregates, and serum may offer useful means for assaying drug effects on important functional components of the rheumatoid inflammatory process.
Relationship between ultraviolet radiation-induced immunosuppression and carcinogenesis

The capacity of ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation to damage the cutaneous immune system has been extensively documented, and there is good reason to believe that UVB-induced damage is a critical, albeit permissive, factor in the development of sunlight-induced skin cancers. A summary of the evidence shows that acute, low-dose UVB protocols, which resemble quantitatively and qualitatively the manner in which human beings typically experience sun exposure, alter the cutaneous immune system in at least two important ways: they impair the induction of contact hypersensitivity to cutaneous antigens, and induce antigen-specific tolerance. In mice there is compelling evidence that immunogenetic factors dictate whether UVB radiation will impair contact hypersensitivity induction or not. The genetic loci that contain the relevant polymorphic alleles include tumor necrosis factor-α and lipopolysaccharide. Because the effects of UVB radiation on contact hypersensitivity induction are mimicked by intracutaneous injections of subinflammatory doses of tumor necrosis factor-α or cis-urocanic acid, the favored hypothesis to explain the mechanism of action of UVB radiation in UVB-susceptible individuals is that UVB-dependent transformation of trans-to cis-urocanic acid in the epidermis triggers the intracutaneous release of excess amounts of tumor necrosis factor-α. By transiently immobilizing Langerhans cells and other local antigen-presenting cells within the skin, the requirement that hapten be brought to the draining lymph node to sensitive naive hapten-specific ? cells is not met, and contact hypersensitivity fails to develop. Because the UVB-susceptibility and UVB-resistance traits have also been demonstrated in human beings, the hypothesis is advanced that these traits are similarly under control of immunogenetic factors, and that a constellation of immune susceptibility genes contributes to the risk of developing sunlight-induced skin cancer. The cellular and molecular basis of UVB-induced tolerance is not as well described, but current evidence suggests that different mechanisms, and presumably different polymorphic genes, dictate whether tolerance will emerge after UVB exposure in mice. Because acute, low-dose UVB also induces tolerance in human beings, the immunogenetic factors that dictate tolerance of this type may also contribute to the risk of developing sunlight-induced skin cancer. J Invest Dertnatol 103:107S-111S, 1994
Thoracoabdominal shotgun wounds: an evaluation of factors associated with the need for surgical intervention

Abstract Background Shotgun wound classification systems attempt to predict the need for surgical intervention based on the size of wounds, pellet spread, or distance from the weapon rather than clinical findings. Methods A 5-year retrospective review of patients sustaining a thoracoabdominal shotgun wound was performed. Factors believed to be associated with the need for surgical intervention were examined using the Fisher exact test or an independent sample t test. Results Sixty-four patients suffered a thoracoabdominal shotgun wound. Fifty-nine percent required surgical intervention. Factors significantly associated with the need for surgical intervention were a low revised trauma score and systolic and diastolic blood pressure (P Conclusions Clinical indicators of hemorrhage and shock are associated with the need for surgical intervention, whereas pellet spread, pellet size, and distance from the attacker are not. This is a significant departure from traditional classification systems.
An analytical study of Kuznetsov's equation: diffusive solitons, shock formation, and solution bifurcation

Abstract The exact traveling wave solution (TWS), which assumes the form of a diffusive soliton, is determined for Kuznetsov's equation, a PDE arising in nonlinear acoustics. It is shown (a) that a TWS exists iff the Mach number is ⩽ a critical value; (b) that the wave speed suffers a bifurcation and is always supersonic; and (c) that a shock develops as the Reynolds number →∞. Lastly, some shortcomings associated with approximating Kuznetsov's equation with Burgers' equation are noted.
IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α and outcomes of neonatal hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy

Abstract The role of cytokines in the pathogenesis of brain injury and their relation to neurological outcomes of asphyxiated neonates is not fully defined. We hypothesize that interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) correlate with the severity of brain injury and can predict neurological deficits in infants who suffered from hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). A prospective study was conducted on 24 term infants diagnosed with HIE and 13 controls. HIE was clinically classified into mild, moderate and severe according to Sarnat and Sarnat grading. Blood and CSF samples were obtained from all infants in the first 24h of life as part of routine investigations for suspected meningitis and/or sepsis. Neurological examination and Denver Developmental Screening Test II (DDST II) were performed at 6 and 12 months of life. IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α were all significantly increased in HIE infants when compared to control. IL-1β in the CSF correlated with the severity of HIE ( r =0.61, P =0.001) more than IL-6 ( r =0.45, P =0.004) or TNF-α ( r =0.47, P =0.003). IL-1β exhibited the highest CSF/serum ratio among the three studied cytokines suggesting its local release in the brain after the initial hypoxic injury. Abnormal neurological findings and/or abnormal DDST II at 6 and 12 months were best predicted by IL-1β in the CSF (sensitivity=88% and specificity=80%). This study confirms the role of IL-1β in the ongoing neuronal injury that occurs in the latent phase following the original HIE insult.