cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sport and Nation Building: A Comparison of the United States and South Africa

The relevance of the research. This paper analyses the case of the USA and South Africa and its experiences in the sports sector since the period of apartheid, in an effort to explore the processes necessary to understand the potential sports may hold for peace building. By identifying initiatives of the USA in South Africa at the national, community and individual level of analysis, the paper outlines the possible effects of sports on reconciliation in divided states. Using a comparative historical approach, the connection between race as a cultural and political category rooted in the history of slavery and colonialism, and the development of the nation states was analyzed. It was characterized how each country's differing efforts to establish national unity and other institutional impediments have served, through the nation-building process and into their present systems of state power, to shape and often crystallize categories and divisions of race. The purpose of the research is to experimentally verify the effectiveness of sports as an integral part of the country, influencing culture. Methods of the research. The research methods used in the process of writing the paper involve the use of general scientific and empirical techniques of physical culture and educational sciences based on a systematic approach. In addition, in the process such general research methods as generalization and comparison analyses were used. The results of the research. As a result of the analysis, we have identified the main range of problems arising from globalization processes and a number of measures aimed at raising the level of sports and cultural image of the developed countries in the World society.
Opioid Prescribing to Adolescents upon Discharge from an Admission of 48 Hours or Less

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to examine prescribing patterns and identify characteristics associated with an adolescent being prescribed an opioid at time of discharge from a hospital stay...
Iodoacetic acid inhibits follicle growth and alters expression of genes that regulate apoptosis, the cell cycle, estrogen receptors, and ovarian steroidogenesis in mouse ovarian follicles

The reaction between disinfectants and organic matter or inorganic matter in source water generates disinfection by-products (DBPs) such as iodoacetic acid (IAA). DBPs are associated with health effects such as bladder cancer and adverse reproductive outcomes, but the effects of IAA on the ovary are not well known. This study determined whether IAA exposure affects ovarian follicle growth, steroidogenesis, and expression of apoptotic factors, cell cycle regulators, estrogen receptors, and steroidogenic factors in vitro. IAA exposure significantly decreased follicle growth, expression of cell cycle stimulators, and the proliferation marker Ki67. In contrast, IAA increased expression of the cell cycle inhibitor Cdkn1a. Moreover, IAA exposure increased expression of pro-apoptotic factors, whereas it decreased expression of anti-apoptotic factors. IAA exposure also altered expression of steroidogenic factors and estrogen receptors, disrupting steroidogenesis. These data demonstrate that IAA exposure inhibits follicle growth, decreases cell proliferation, and alters steroidogenesis in mouse ovarian follicles in vitro.
Fatigue of polymer composites

Abstract This chapter is a review and analysis of the mechanisms of fatigue in unidirectional polymer composites. A previously proposed conceptual framework for interpreting the roles of the constituents in determining fatigue failure, called fatigue life diagram (FLD), is described in detail. Following this, recent efforts at modeling the trends predicted by the FLD are reviewed. Fatigue of laminates is then discussed, and the mechanisms-based approach to modeling fatigue behavior is emphasized. The role of FLDs in addressing the final stage of laminate fatigue is pointed out.
Cycloplegia in Children: An Optometrist’s Perspective

Purpose To determine the current scope of practice with regards to cycloplegic examinations, specifically in the pediatric population. Methods A comprehensive literature review was conducted using PubMed, ScienceDirect, Elsevier, and Google Scholar databases using keywords such as "cyclopentolate"; "tropicamide"; "pediatric"; "cycloplegia"; "atropine"; and "cycloplegic" from inception to October 2019. Results Atropine has the strongest cycloplegic effect and is recommended for cases of large accommodative esotropia. Because of the undesired side effects and risks from atropine, cyclopentolate has been found to offer a very effective cycloplegia even for moderate to high hyperopia and has become the standard of care for traditional pediatric cycloplegic exams. Tropicamide has also been shown to offer adequate cycloplegia with less toxicity and side effects. Of all agents, tropicamide presents the least side effects and toxicity, whereas atropine presents the greatest. Cyclopentolate is a very safe cycloplegic agent that has risk of toxicity which increases with higher doses and concentrations. Conclusion The American Optometric Association's current pediatric cycloplegic guidelines have proven both safe and effective, as they recommend a conservative approach of using cyclopentolate 0.5% in infants and cyclopentolate 1% in those older than one-year old to avoid undesired side effects. Topical ophthalmic drops and spray instillation have both proved equally efficacious and therefore each have their place within a clinical setting. Using Cycolmydril under six months old and cyclopentolate 1% over 6 months old as recommended by the AAO, also provides a safe and effective guideline for cycloplegic examinations within the pediatric population.
PlanIT! A New Integrated Tool to Help Novices Design for Open-ended Projects

Project-based learning can encourage and motivate students to learn through exploring their own interests, but introduces special challenges for novice programmers. Recent research has shown that novice students perceive themselves to be "bad at programming, especially when they do not know how to start writing a program, or need to create a plan before getting started. In this paper, we present PlanIT, a guided planning tool integrated with the Snap! programming environment designed to help novices plan and program their open-ended projects. Within PlanIT, students can add a description for their project, use a to do list to help break down the steps of implementation, plan important elements of their program including actors, variables, and events, and view related example projects. We report findings from a pilot study of high school students using PlanIT, showing that students who used the tool learned to make more specific and actionable plans. Results from student interviews show they appreciate the guidance that PlanIT provides, as well as the affordances it offers to more quickly create program elements.
Inactivation of Coronaviruses and Phage Phi6 from Irradiation across UVC Wavelengths

Ultraviolet (UV) devices emitting UVC irradiation (200–280 nm) have proven to be effective for virus disinfection, especially on surfaces and in air, due to their rapid effectiveness and limited to...
A case of placenta previa with increta with a history of pelvic radiation.

Abstract Background Prior pelvic radiation increases risks of pregnancy complications that can be life threatening. No documented pregnancy has successfully occurred with pelvic radiation dosing of >45 Gy. This case report describes a successful conception after receiving 54 Gy with subsequent severe pregnancy complications. Case 34 yo G4P2012 with a history of pelvic radiation who presented with painless vaginal bleeding at 12w6d gestation resulting from a donor egg embryo transfer. She was subsequently diagnosed with a subchorionic hemorrhage, complete placenta previa, and placenta increta leading to a gravid hysterectomy at 23w0d due to concern for hemodynamic instability. Conclusion History of pelvic radiation increases risk of severe life-threatening pregnancy complications. This case report details the complications that can arise to provide assistance for counseling and management for future providers.
Increased interhemispheric somatomotor functional connectivity and mirror overflow in ADHD

Mirror overflow is a developmental phenomenon defined as unintentional movements that mimic the execution of intentional movements in homologous muscles on the opposite side of the body. In children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), mirror overflow is commonly excessive, abnormally persistent, and correlated with ADHD symptom severity. As such, it represents a promising clinical biomarker for disinhibited behavior associated with ADHD. Yet, the neural underpinnings of mirror overflow in ADHD remain unclear. Our objective was to test whether intrinsic interhemispheric functional connectivity between homologous regions of the somatomotor network (SMN) is associated with mirror overflow in school age children with and without ADHD using resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging. To this end, we quantified mirror overflow in 119 children (8-12 years old, 62 ADHD) during a finger sequencing task using finger twitch transducers affixed to the index and ring fingers. Group ICA was used to identify right- and left-lateralized SMNs and subject-specific back reconstructed timecourses were correlated to obtain a measure of SMN interhemispheric connectivity. We found that children with ADHD showed increased mirror overflow (p < 0.001; d = 0.671) and interhemispheric SMN functional connectivity (p = 0.023; d = 0.521) as compared to typically developing children. In children with ADHD, but not the typically developing children, there was a significant relationship between interhemispheric SMN functional connectivity and mirror overflow (t = 2.116; p = 0.039). Our findings of stronger interhemispheric functional connectivity between homologous somatomotor regions in children with ADHD is consistent with previous transcranial magnetic stimulation and diffusion-tractography imaging studies suggesting that interhemispheric cortical inhibitory mechanisms may be compromised in children with ADHD. The observed brain-behavior correlation further suggests that abnormally strong interhemispheric SMN connectivity in children with ADHD may diminish their ability to suppress overflow movements.
Adverse Histopathologic Characteristics in Small Papillary Renal Cell Carcinomas Have Minimal Impact on Prognosis.

Objectives Tumor size has long been used in the management decision-making of patients with renal masses. Active surveillance had recently gained traction in selected patients with tumor size of 4 cm or less. Adverse histopathologic characteristics in papillary renal cell carcinoma (PRCC) have been shown to correlate with worse prognosis. We aimed to study whether such features in small PRCCs provide additional prognostic information. Methods Nephrectomies from our institution were collected and reviewed to evaluate for adverse histopathologic features. Clinical follow-up information was collected for all cases. Relationships between the variables were examined by Wilcoxon test and logistic regression. Results We identified 291 consecutive cases of PRCC. Adverse tumor histopathologic characteristics were significantly related to size. In PRCCs with size greater than 4 cm, there were more cases with high World Health Organization/International Society of Urological Pathology grade and necrosis. Adverse histologic features are less commonly seen in small PRCC and are not associated with lower disease-free survival or disease-specific survival. Conclusions Identification of these features in small PRCCs (≤4 cm) through needle core biopsy examination would not provide additional prognostic information in patients for whom active surveillance is considered. Clinical and radiologic follow-up in patients with small renal masses that have a known histologic diagnosis of PRCC should be sufficient.
Long-Segment Peripheral Neuropathies after COVID-19: Magnetic Resonance Neurography Findings (4645)

Objective: We report magnetic resonance neurography (MRN) findings in 3 patients with long-segment peripheral neuropathies following COVID-19 infection. Background: Post-infectious neurologic sequelae of COVID-19 are being increasingly reported. To date, no imaging findings of COVID-19-associated peripheral neuropathy have been published. Design/Methods: IRB-approved, retrospective review of clinical, electrodiagnostic (EDX), and MRN findings in 3 patients with COVID-19-associated long-segment peripheral neuropathies. Results: Patient 1: 50-year-old male awoke after a 3-week intubation (no prone positioning) for COVID-19 with inability to plantarflex/dorsiflex his left foot/toes and severe neuropathic pain. EDX 6 weeks later confirmed a severe sciatic neuropathy. Thigh MRN 3 months post onset revealed diffuse, T2-weighted (T2W) signal hyperintensity of the sciatic nerve and hamstring muscle denervation. Patient 2: 55-year-old male awoke after a 7-week intubation (no prone positioning) for COVID-19 with severe, left, upper-extremity weakness, numbness and pain. EDX suggested a patchy brachial plexopathy. MRN 3 months post onset revealed patchy, T2W signal hyperintensity of nerves from plexus to elbow and extensive denervation of arm muscles. Preliminary results from a medial brachial cutaneous nerve biopsy demonstrated marked axonal loss. Patient 3: 24-year-old female developed paresthesias in the right ulnar nerve distribution 3 months after mild COVID-19, with profound hand weakness the following day. Initial EDX identified an ulnar nerve conduction block at the elbow. One month later, EDX showed reduced ulnar motor amplitudes and prolonged ulnar motor distal latency at the wrist. MRN 7 weeks post onset demonstrated ulnar nerve T2W signal hyperintensity from elbow to wrist, with denervation of all ulnar-innervated hand muscles. Conclusions: MRN in all COVID-19 patients demonstrated long-segment, T2-weighted signal hyperintensity of affected nerves, a scenario most commonly seen in inflammatory neuropathies. Those interpreting MRN should consider COVID-19 as an etiology when presented with a case of long-segment, peripheral neuropathy in a patient with active or recent infection. Disclosure: Sophie Queler has nothing to disclose. The institution of Darryl Sneag, 12603 has received research support from GE Healthcare. Christian Geannette has nothing to disclose. Dr. Shin has nothing to disclose. Christopher Winfree has nothing to disclose. Dr. Simpson has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a Consultant for Allergan. Dr. Simpson has received personal compensation in the range of $5,000-$9,999 for serving as a Consultant for Merz. Dr. Simpson has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving on a Scientific Advisory or Data Safety Monitoring board for Merz. Dr. Simpson has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving on a Speakers Bureau for Averitas.
Photothermal actuation of levitated pyrolytic graphite revised

The significant diamagnetism of pyrolytic graphite (PyG) allows it to be passively levitated above permanent magnet arrays and translated in the plane of these arrays via optical irradiation, which promotes applications in frictionless milli-scale robotics. Previous explanations for the translation effect have cited photothermal heating of levitated PyG and the thermal dependence of PyG’s magnetic susceptibility, as observed through measurements of samples at uniform temperatures. In this article, we offer a revision to the theory of photothermal actuation of levitated PyG. Through experiments and simulations, we demonstrate that the gradient of PyG’s diamagnetism with temperature—as measured for samples at uniform temperatures—is insufficient to explain the magnitude of forces required by the optically induced translation phenomenon. We hypothesize that the contrast in diamagnetism of PyG samples under asymmetric photothermal heating is at least an order of magnitude greater than that expected from measurements where the sample temperature is uniformly varied. We propose that the origin of the enhanced diamagnetic contrast under asymmetric optical irradiation is a photothermoelectric effect, which impacts the concentration of electrons in diamagnetically significant orbital states in graphite. To support this hypothesis, we take qualitative measurements, demonstrating the n-type thermoelectricity of PyG samples under optical irradiation while also characterizing the graphitic material with scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy. We highlight the new understanding of the origin of the photothermal actuation through experiments using PyG samples with modified geometries that exhibit a pronounced preference in the axis of translation.
A Bibliometric Analysis of Physics-Based and Data-Driven Hybrid Modeling

Abstract Manufacturing evolved substantially over the years and with it the inherent complexity increased well. Currently organizations are transitioning towards smart manufacturing and implementation of industry 4.0 paradigms. Artificial intelligence and machine learning can help organizations of any size on this journey. The physics of manufacturing processes have been extensively studied and documented as relationships and equations. Machine learning algorithms rely on quality data to enable inferences and smart actions. At the intersection of these two methods lies hybrid analytics which captures the knowledge in the defined physics-based relationships and uses data-driven methods to fill the gaps that the physics-based model may have. The goal of this paper is to identify approaches and use cases of hybrid modeling wherein the term hybrid is used to indicate the combination of a physics- or first-principle-based modeling component and a data-driven modeling component. VOSViewer, Voyant Tools, and Microsoft Excel have been used to understand the relationships between various attributes associated with the articles on hybrid modeling. The papers cited the most, the organizations/regions that funded the research in this domain, the contents of recent papers, and what categories and keywords are frequently used are discussed. This work is the basis for an extended literature review to understand in detail the algorithms, use cases, and implementation issues of hybrid analytics. This bibliometric analysis uses the state of the art references and procedures mentioned in the documentation of VOSViewer and Voyant Tools.
Diagnosis of orthostatic tremor using smartphone accelerometry

Background Primary orthostatic tremor (OT) is a rare movement disorder characterized by a 13-18 Hz leg tremor, which arises when standing and is relieved by walking/sitting. Those affected generally do not fall, but experience fear of falling, lessened by ambulation. Because of its low amplitude, the tremor is not readily visible, and diagnosis requires confirmation with surface electromyography (sEMG). Recently, applications using the accelerometer feature of smartphones have been used to detect and quantify tremors, including OT, though the accuracy of smartphone accelerometry (SPA) in diagnosing OT is unknown. Methods We completed SPA in consecutive adults (18+ years), who presented to our neurology clinic with either subjective leg shakiness upon standing or unsteadiness when standing that lessened with ambulation, which comprised 59 of 2578 patients. We assessed tremor using the StudyMyTremor application on an iPhone 6 s adhered with tape to the patient's tibialis anterior. Surface electromyography was completed on the same muscle. The primary outcome of this study was to determine SPA's sensitivity and specificity in detecting OT compared with surface electromyography. Results Fifty-nine patients with the following diagnoses were included: OT (6), Parkinson's disease, Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia, orthostatic hypotension, essential tremor, spinal cerebellar ataxia, sensory ataxia and functional movement disorder. Smartphone accelerometry detected a 13-18 Hz tremor in 5 of 6 patients diagnosed with OT by sEMG with no false positives in other conditions, yielding a sensitivity of 83%, specificity of 100% in the cohort we studied. Conclusions Though a larger sample size is desirable, preliminary data suggest that smartphone accelerometry is an alternative to surface electromyography in diagnosing OT.
Developmental Psychology: Person-centered, not variable-centered

In his introductory chapter to this volume, Paul van Geert attempts to lay out the conceptual issues that must be confronted by anyone attempting to provide an adequate theoretical basis for developmental psychology. He does an admirable job of raising almost all of the necessary considerations. Neither he nor anyone else can provide us with the definitive answer to many of his antinomies since their resolution is achieved only by the deliberate selection of one point of view rather than another for a given enterprise.
Hyperactivation of developing cortical circuits by acetylcholine and the ontogeny of abnormal cognition and emotion: findings and hypothesis.

Publisher Summary This chapter outlines a hypothesis t explaining some of the ontogenetic causes of emotional and cognitive disturbances characteristic of psychiatric disorders in terms of deviations in activity-dependent processes that may occur during the initial wiring of specific cortical circuits. It is postulated that a combination of proximal factors generating excessive activation of circuits related to cognition and emotion, if present during a specific developmental period that also coincides with a period when these circuits are exceedingly plastic, could irreversibly alter the developmental program required for proper connectivity in these circuits, such that their functional capacity is rendered suboptimal thereafter. Another postulate states that a key element of the vulnerability of specific cognitive and emotional circuits is the ability of their neurons to exhibit the property of sustained firing. The physiology and pharmacology of waves of network activation are also reviewed. The chapter also discusses the muscarinic activation of developing cortical networks.
1974 ACCIDENT EXPERIENCE WITH AIR CUSHION RESTRAINT SYSTEMS

An air cushion restraint system has been available to the public on certain model passenger cars since January 1974. In response to this opportunity to obtain field experience, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration has established a nationwide reporting network and investigative capability for accidents involving air-bag equipped cars. This paper summarizes the experience during the first year of the program, during which time the rate of accident occurrence was far less than originally expected. /SAE/
A Design Model for Computer-based Guideline Implementation Based on Information Management Services

Clinical practice guidelines must be implemented effectively if they are to influence the behavior of clinicians. The authors describe a model for computer-based guideline implementation that identifies eight information management services needed to integrate guideline-based decision support with clinical workflow. Recommendation services determine appropriate activities in specific clinical circumstances. Documentation services involve data capture. Registration services integrate demographic and administrative data. Explanation services enhance the credibility of automated recommendations by providing supportive evidence and rating the quality of evidence. Calculation services measure time intervals, suggest medication dosages, and perform other computational tasks. Communication services employ standards for information transfer and provide data security. Effective presentation services facilitate understanding of complex data, clarify trends, and format written materials (including prescriptions) for patients. Aggregation services associate outcomes with specific guideline interventions. The authors provide examples of the eight services that make up the model from five evidence-based practice parameters developed by the American Academy of Pediatrics.
Interdecadal change in the deep Puget sound benthos

Data from quantitative samples of the benthos at a 200-m site in central Puget Sound, collected twice yearly in most years between 1963 and 1992, were evaluated to determine the extent to which species composition in a continental-shelf depth community exhibits long-term persistence. Study results showed that the most abundant species were consistently present over the 30-year period. However, measures of species composition (e.g., similarity, diversity) reveal a subtle, gradual change in the community over time. Among the changes are (1) multi-year periods of greatly increased abundance of the common species; (2) an overall increase in the total abundance of the benthic community beginning in the mid-1970s; (3) periods of increased abundance, during the late 1970s and early 1980s, of two species that are tolerant of organic enrichment; and (4) the steady decline in abundance of the large burrowing echinoderm, Brisaster latifrons as a consequence of the lack of recruitment to the site since 1970. Despite the conspicuousness of these changes, there are no observed environmental factors that readily explain them. Circumstantial evidence suggests that climate-related change in Puget Sound circulation beginning in the mid-1970s, organic enrichment associated with a nearby large source of primary-treated sewage, and the influence of changes in the abundance of the large echinoderms on the smaller species are potential agents of change. The principle reasons for our inability to identify causes of long-term change in the Puget Sound benthos are (a) inconsistent long-term monitoring of environmental variables, (b) the lack of quantitative information about long-term changes in plankton and fish populations, (c) lack of knowledge of specific predator/prey and competitive interactions in soft bottom benthos, (d) unknown influence of moderate levels of contamination on biota; and (e) lack of understanding of possible linkages between climate regime shifts and fluctuations in local biological populations.
Residual dyslipidemia according to low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and apolipoprotein B among statin-treated US adults: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2009-2010.

Background Despite being on treatment, many persons with dyslipidemia still have suboptimal lipid levels and still experience cardiovascular disease (CVD) events. Objective We examined the extent of residual dyslipidemia in terms of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), non–high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non–HDL-C), and apolipoprotein B (apoB), in the US population, despite treatment with statin therapy. Methods We evaluated the attainment of LDL-C, non–HDL-C, and apoB targets in statin-treated subjects in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2009–2010. We report on percentage of individuals who attained goal and the mean distance from goal. LDL-C goals were set at 20% 10-year CVD risk, Results Of the 5995 US adults aged ≥18 years surveyed, 463 (7.7%) were identified as being on a statin-based therapy. Overall, 64% of statin users were at goal for LDL-C, 63% were at goal for non–HDL-C, but only 52% were at goal for apoB. Of those who did not reach goal, 41%, 29%, and 39% were 30% or more from goal for LDL-C, non-HDL-C, and apoB, respectively. Non-Hispanic blacks and those with CVD or diabetes had the highest proportions that were not at goal for LDL-C, non–HDL-C, and apoB. Among those at goal for non-HDL-C, 50% of those with CHD and 33% of other high risk adults were not at ApoB goals. Conclusions Despite statin treatment, many persons continue to have residual dyslipidemia with LDL-C, non–HDL-C, and/or apoB levels not being at recommended levels.
Changes in 3H-Thymidine Incorporation Into the DNA by Histones From Normal and Tumor Tissues

Attempts were made to isolate a factor from tumor tissue which, after injection, enhances the 3H-thymidine incorporation into the DNA of mice. This factor was in the cell nuclei and was extractable together with acid-soluble nuclear proteins (histones). Additional purification showed that this factor was either closely bound with the very lysine-rich histone (F1), or it was this histone itself. Acid-soluble nuclear proteins prepared from liver and thymus did not influence the incorporation of 3H-thymidine into DNA after injection. The very lysine-rich histone (F1) in these extracts was in an inactive form. It could be activated by separation from other acid-soluble nuclear proteins. Purified, the very lysine-rich histone (F1) enhanced the 3H-thymidine incorporation into DNA, regardless of its being prepared from tumor or nontumor tissues. By enhancing the incorporation of 3H-thymidine into DNA after injection, the very lysine-rich histone (F1) significantly differed from arginine-rich (F2aF3) and lysine-rich (F2b) histones which suppressed the 3H-thymidine incorporation.
Asset Markets and Equilibrium Processes

The failure of the asset market to be complete causes serial dependence in output and prices, which is suboptimal. We consider an economy with white noise shocks. When the asset market is complete, an optimal, competitive allocation inherits this strong stationarity. When the asset market is only sequentially complete, prices and output necessarily display serial dependence at equilibrium. The further incompleteness of a monetary economy explains co-movements in real and nominal variables.
Differentiation Matching Versus Level of Differentiation in Students' Judgments of Teacher Effectiveness

The present study examined the role of differentiation matching and level of differentiation in student-teacher relationships. Subjects were residents, mental health specialists, and medical students enrolled in psychiatry courses and in five core curriculum courses, and the respective faculty professors. All subjects completed measures of differentiation at the beginning of the course and students rated the teaching effectiveness of the faculty at the end. Judged teaching “effectiveness” was associated with a high level of interpersonal differentiation on the part of the teacher. Differentiation matching of teachers and student was related to high effectiveness ratings when the student was more differentiated than the teacher under conditions of frequent teacher exposure and familiarity.
Resistance to Change: Differential Effects of Favourable and Unfavourable Initial Communications*

This study investigated the differential resistance to change of initially favourable and unfavourable impressions when counter-communications are given. The results support the hypothesis that unfavourable initial impressions are more resistant to change than favourable initial impressions over a 10-day interval, though the difference is not apparent immediately following the counter-communication. These findings are discussed with respect to their implications for interpersonal and social change and the need for the development of a comprehensive theory to account for the empirically observed phenomenon.
High pressure voiding urethrographyPrinciple and technique

Abstract A technique of voiding urethrography based on a partial obstruction of the urethral meatus is presented. The increased intraluminal micturitional pressure helps visualize urethral lesions which are radiographically difficult to detect.
Experimental implementation of fiber optic bundle array wide FOV free space optical communications receiver

A gimbal-free wide field-of-regard (FOR) optical receiver has been built in a laboratory setting for proof-of-concept testing. Multiple datasets are presented that examine the overall FOR of the system and the receiver's ability to track and collect a signal from a moving source. The design is not intended to compete with traditional free space optical communication systems, but rather offer an alternative design that minimizes the number and complexity of mechanical components required at the surface of a small mobile platform. The receiver is composed of a micro-lens array and hexagonal bundles of large core optical fibers that route the optical signal to remote detectors and electronics. Each fiber in the bundle collects power from a distinct solid angle of space and a piezo-electric transducer is used to translate the micro-lens array and optimize coupling into a given fiber core in the bundle. The micro-lens to fiber bundle design is scalable, modular, and can be replicated in an array to increase aperture size.
Social Security and Third World Poverty: The Challenge to Policymakers

Although social security emerged in the industrial countries as a mechanism for alleviating and preventing poverty, it has had a negligible impact on the problem of poverty in the developing countries. Because of the high incidence of poverty in the Third World and the need for effective interventions, conventional social security policies should be critically reexamined. Reviewing previous attempts to formulate social security policies that focus on the poor, this paper challenges policymakers to identify innovative social security programs that address the poverty problem directly.
The essential oils of some rosemary cultivars

Twenty-three named cultivars of Rosmarinus officinalis L. were examined. These cultivars, derived from five botanical varieties, show wide ranges in the leading components: 0.06–57.45% α-pinene, 3.55–42.69% 1,8-cineole, 0.20–56.45% camphor, 0.66–21.03% bornyl acetate, and 0.40–14.69% borneol. They may be grouped into six chemical groups: (1) α-pinene > 1,8-cineole, (2) 1,8-cineole > α-pinene, (3) α-pinene > camphor + camphene > 1,8-cineole, (4) camphor + camphene > α-pinene > 1,8-cineole, (5) camphor + camphene > 1,8-cineole > α-pinene, and (6) borneol + bornyl acetate > camphor.
Heterogeneity of myocardial fatty acid tracer uptake in the porcine heart wall

Spatial heterogeneity of myocardial perfusion has been recognized for many years. We have previously shown that whole-body CT is a method for providing the simultaneous measurements of heterogeneity of myocardial perfusion and myocardial blood volume. In the present study we found that the spatial distribution of myocardial metabolism, as indicated by the local accumulation of iodinated phenyl pentadecanoic acid, is slightly more heterogeneous than, but not statistically different from, the heterogeneity of perfusion and blood volume. These findings are consistent with the notion that a common factor is likely to play a major role in determining the spatial heterogeneity of myocardial intravascular blood volume, of myocardial perfusion and of myocardial metabolism.
Electrodeposition of AuCo alloys and multilayers

AuCo alloys and Au/Co multilayers have been fabricated by electrodeposition from non cyanide-containing electrolytes. The effect of pH and citric acid concentration on the deposit composition and current efficiency was investigated. Results showed that a lower citric acid concentration (0.47 m) at pH 6.15 was favored for multilayered Au/Co deposits with disparate compositions in each layer. An increase in the citric acid concentration or pH requires a larger applied current density to achieve the same cobalt concentration, and results in a drop of current efficiency.
Some variables affecting conditioned suppression in humans

An attempt was made with 20 adult male human subjects to produce the behavioral disruption demonstrated in animals and called conditioned suppression or the conditioned emotional response (CER). Various intensities of ac and dc electric shock were used, including maximum intensities which would maintain subjects' attendance at sessions. The preaversive stimuli and the shock were imposed upon lever pressing behavior maintained on VI Schedules of reinforcement and on FI-LH schedules. Animal research suggests that these schedules are highly sensitive to the CER effect. Parameters of the preaversive stimulus such as loudness, duration, and average interstimulus interval were selected which maximize the likelihood of obtaining suppressive effects with animals. No conditioned suppression was obtained. Until further clarification of the status of the CER in humans is available, attempts to describe human behavior in terms of “conditioned anxiety”, viewed as analogous to the CER in animals, appears unwarranted.
Probability of having hypertension: Effects of sex, history of hypertension in parents, and other risk factors

The objective of the present study was to determine whether paternal and maternal history of hypertension contributes to the probability of an individual having hypertension before and after other measured traits, including sex, are considered. A cross-sectional sample of 217 men and 196 women was selected from the general Caucasion population of Rochester, Minnesota without respect to the hypertension status of subjects and their parents. Logistic regression analyses indicated that when no other information was considered, paternal history of hypertension contributed to the probability of having hypertension in men (chi 2 = 4.14, df = 1, p = 0.042) and in women (chi 2 = 4.12, df = 1, p = 0.042). The odds ratio associated with paternal history of hypertension was 2.80 in men (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.0-8.0); the odds ratio was 4.11 in women (95% CI = 0.9-19.3). Maternal history of hypertension provided a marginally significant contribution to the prediction of probability of having hypertension in men (chi 2 = 3.86, df = 1, p = 0.049 in men), and less so in women (chi 2 = 3.31, df = 1, p = 0.068). The odds ratios associated with maternal history of hypertension were 2.85 in men (95% CI = 0.9-8.8) and 3.60 in women (95% CI = 0.8-16.9). A stepwise selection algorithm was used to select other predictors of hypertension in men and women. Other predictors of hypertension identified in men were age and sodium-lithium countertransport level. After these other predictors were considered, paternal but not maternal history of hypertension contributed to the probability of having hypertension in men. In a model that contained these other predictors, the partial odds ratio associated with paternal history of hypertension was 3.38 (95% CI = 1.1 = 10.1). Other predictors identified in women were age, apolipoprotein (apo) B, and apo B squared. After these other predictors were considered, neither paternal nor maternal history of hypertension made a statistically significant contribution to the probability of having hypertension in women. These results suggest that evaluation of the hypertension risk of an individual depends on the sex of the individual, the sexes of the individual's hypertensive parents, and the values of other measured risk factor traits.
Back to the future: revisiting precise program verification using SMT solvers

This paper takes a fresh look at the problem of precise verification of heap-manipulating programs using first-order Satisfiability-Modulo-Theories (SMT) solvers. We augment the specification logic of such solvers by introducing the Logic of Interpreted Sets and Bounded Quantification for specifying properties of heap-manipulating programs. Our logic is expressive, closed under weakest preconditions, and efficiently implementable on top of existing SMT solvers. We have created a prototype implementation of our logic over the solvers Simplify and Z3 and used our prototype to verify many programs. Our preliminary experience is encouraging; the completeness and the efficiency of the decisionprocedure is clearly evident in practice and has greatly improved the user experience of the verifier.
Thyroid hormone, neural tissue and mood modulation.

The successful treatment of affective disorders with thyroid hormone exemplifies the suggested interrelationship between endocrine and neuronal systems in these disorders. Thyroid hormones have a profound influence on behaviour and appear to be capable of modulating the phenotypic expression of major affective illness. Specifically, there is good evidence that triiodothyronine (T3) may accelerate the antidepressant response to tricylic antidepressants, and some studies suggest that T3 may augment the therapeutic response to antidepressants in refractory depressed patients. Open studies have also indicated that adjunctive supraphysiological doses of thyroxine (T4) can ameliorate depressive symptomatology and help stabilize the long-term course of illness in bipolar and unipolar patients, especially women refractory to standard medicationsDespite acceptance of the essential role of thyroid hormone on brain maturation and differentiation, and the clinical and therapeutic observations in association with mood...
Hispanic college attendance and completion: Evidence from the high school and beyond surveys

Abstract The problem of low high school completion rates among Hispanics has received considerable attention. Less is known, however, about the higher educational experiences of Hispanic high school graduates. This study uses the High School and Beyond Surveys of the 1980 senior class to examine the higher educational outcomes of Hispanics. Although Hispanic high school graduates are as likely as whites to attend college, differences in college completion are significant among those who attend college. As expected, socio-economic status and traditional academic measures such as grades are shown to be strong predictors of high educational outcomes. Differences in college completion between Hispanics and other students seem to arise more from their unique educational experiences, such as delayed entry into college, attending 2-year colleges, and frequent transfers from full and part-time student status.
Correlation of the Scores on Barron's Ego Strength Scale with the Scores on the Conformity Scale of the Jackson Personality Inventory:

The purpose of the present study was to determine the degree of relationship between the scores on Barron's Ego Strength Scale and those on the Conformity scale of the Jackson Personality Inventory. The total N of 45 consisted of 33 females and 12 males. The mean age for the entire sample was 23.13. The obtained coefficient of -.63 was significant beyond the .01 level.
A Rare Case Report of Extensive Polyostotic Gorham's Disappearing Bone Disease Involving the Upper Extremity

Gorham's disease is a rare disorder involving the proliferation of endothelial channels resulting in resorption and disappearance of bone. An unusual case of polyostotic Gorham's disease affecting the scapula, humerus, radius, and ulna in a 39-year-old woman is described. The patient had extensive disease spreading across both the glenohumeral and humeroulnar joints. This is the first report of Gorham's disease spreading across multiple joints in the upper extremity.
Upper bound of polymeric membranes for mixed-gas CO2/CH4 separations

Abstract Membrane polymers with high permeability and high selectivity are preferred for gas separations. However, there exists a trade-off or upper bound, i.e., polymers with higher permeability often exhibit lower selectivity, and vice versa. The upper bound for separation of various gas pairs has been empirically drawn and theoretically rationalized using pure-gas data. However, for CO 2 /CH 4 separation, the high pressure CO 2 and non-methane hydrocarbons can plasticize polymers, increasing mixed-gas CO 2 permeability and decreasing mixed-gas CO 2 /CH 4 selectivity. This study aims to apply a modified free volume theory to interpret CO 2 /CH 4 separation performance in polymeric membranes. The model satisfactorily describes the pure-gas upper bounds for various gas pairs including CO 2 /CH 4 , the effect of high pressure CO 2 on mixed-gas CO 2 /CH 4 separation properties, and the practical mixed-gas upper bound for CO 2 /CH 4 separations. The CO 2 is found to have an estimated glass transition temperature of 108 K. The assumptions of this model are discussed, and future work to improve this model is proposed.
Archaeology and the Aztec empire

Abstract This article provides two explanations for the relative lack of archaeological evidence for the existence of the Aztec empire. First, the nature of Aztec imperial strategies and organization did not lead to extensive patterned material remains in provincial areas. Second, archaeologists have been slow to address issues of Aztec expansion with problem‐oriented fieldwork projects. We describe new ethnohistoric and archaeological research on the Aztec empire outside of the Basin of Mexico and show how both kinds of information are needed to provide an adequate account of Aztec imperialism and its effects in Postclassic Mesoamerica.
PDZ Proteins Bind, Cluster, and Synaptically Colocalize with Eph Receptors and Their Ephrin Ligands

Localizing cell surface receptors to specific subcellular positions can be critical for their proper functioning, as most notably demonstrated at neuronal synapses. PDZ proteins apparently play critical roles in such protein localizations. Receptor tyrosine kinases have not been previously shown to interact with PDZ proteins in vertebrates. We report that Eph receptors and their membrane-linked ligands all contain PDZ recognition motifs and can bind and be clustered by PDZ proteins. In addition, we find that Eph receptors and ligands colocalize with PDZ proteins at synapses. Thus, PDZ proteins may play critical roles in localizing vertebrate receptor tyrosine kinases and/or their ligands and may be particularly important for Eph function in guidance or patterning or at the synapse.
Structural Determinants of Local Public Affairs Place Blogging: Structural Pluralism and Community Stress

This study examines the relationship between community-level characteristics and the presence of public affairs place blogs in 232 U.S. cities. Two models to predict the presence of these sites are tested: a structural pluralism model, which suggests that the presence of one of these sites reflects more pluralistic voices, and a community stress model, which suggests that the presence of these sites reflects citizens’ efforts to cope with community problems. Analysis of demographic and crime data using logistic regression suggests that the community stress model is the stronger predictor. Public affairs place blogs are more likely in cities with higher murder rates, poverty rates, more physical decay, and more residents with professional occupations. It is these residents—with more education and income, living on the periphery of the most affected urban neighborhoods—who are most likely to go online to write about obtrusive community problems.
Glutathione regulates integrin αIIbβ3-mediated cell adhesion under flow conditions

The platelet integrin αIIbβ3 mediates the final step of platelet aggregation that requires pre-activation through an inside-out signal initiated by agonists. Experiments conducted under static conditions using platelet-rich plasma show that platelet activation and adhesion activity of αIIbβ3 are regulated by glutathione (GSH-GSSG) redox potential. However, it remains unclear as to whether GSH-GSSG exerts its regulatory role in platelets by direct targeting of αIIbβ3 or intracellular signals that activate the integrin. A role of fluid shear stress is also not known.We examined the effects of GSH-GSSG on the adhesion of CHO cells expressing two HPA variants of human αIIbβ3 to the immobilized fibrinogen and von Willebrand factor (VWF) under flow conditions. GSH-GSSG dose-dependently reduced the number of adherent cells to fibrinogen and VWF under 2.5 dyn/cm2 of shear stress, a physical force calculated to be 110 dyne on platelets. GSH treatment also abolished the hyper-adhesion activity of cells expressing the Pro33 variant of αIIbβ3.The inhibition was also observed with washed platelets. The data differ from the early observation that GSH enhanced platelet aggregation induced by sub-threshold concentrations of platelet agonists. The results suggest that GSH may have distinct effects on agonist- induced αIIbβ3 activation and on the αIIbβ3-fibrinogen or αIIbβ3-VWF bonds when exposed to fluid shear stress. They further suggest that the HPA phenotype may be redox-regulated.