cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
APPLICATION OF GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY TO ANALYSIS OF EXHAUST GAS

With recognition of auto exhaust gas as a significant air pollutant, came recognition of need for radically improved analytical procedures. The need for specific identification and measurement of individual components of the exhaust effluent at parts-per-million concentrations became apparent. Analytical procedures then existing were wholly inadequate to the newly uncovered need but the procedures of gas chromatography offered exceptional promise in development of the required analytical capability. The CRC entered into cooperative work with the Bureau of Mines, Bartlesville, Okla., to develop methods for analysis employing GLC procedures specifically adopted to the unique problems and requirements of exhaust analysis. By July 1957 work in the BuMines-CRC cooperative project had advanced to the point that both equipment and techniques were suitable for separation of the major portion of the hydrocarbon component of exhaust gas condensate into separate fractions with identification and quantitative measurement of each fraction. In general, however, determinations were limited to C/sub 7/ or lighter hydrocarbons and did not include, or where included did not differentiate, the oxygenated products of combustion. In the procedure described, about 500 ml of raw exhaust gas are required for the determinations to be made. Information is given on the technique of analysis, exhaustmore » gas sampling and transfer procedures, and on the identification of fractions separated by the GLC technique.« less
Improving Evacuation Planning with Sensible Measure of Effectiveness Choices: Case Study

This paper advocates the importance of selecting appropriate measures of effectiveness (MOE) for evacuation planning and optimization purposes. In addition to evacuation time, which is often the choice MOE used by many practitioners, this paper also presents several increasingly more complex and useful MOEs that consider average evacuee travel time, delay, and temporal-spatial-based exposure risks. By studying a real-world transportation network in the event of a hypothetical nuclear power plant incident, the paper demonstrates that the superiority of one evacuation plan (or an optimization strategy) over others is highly dependent on the MOE selected for evaluation. Optimization efforts based on a single and ill-chosen MOE may not yield the best evacuation plan, as one might expect. The overall space-based or time- and space-based risk exposure may be increased if the optimization process is focused on travel time or some other time-based measure alone. Depending on the specifics of an emergency scenario...
Immunosuppression and Immune Monitoring After Renal Transplantation

Monitoring of immunosuppression therapy in renal transplant recipients is essential for good patient and graft survival. Monitoring includes frequent laboratory assays of serum immunosuppression levels, patient visits to assess and treat side effects, and vigilance for medication interactions. We review the various immunosuppression medications commonly used in renal transplantation, including usual dosing and side effects. Monitoring assays are discussed, as well as the frequency of monitoring and patient visits. Finally, we discuss several common clinical scenarios that often require adjustment of immunosuppression medications or regimens.
The effect of interocular distance upon operator performance using stereoscopic displays to perform virtual depth tasks

When presenting virtual images to a user performing a simple task requiring depth perception, the use of stereoscopic projections results in a ten-fold reduction in mean alignment error as compared to the use of monocular projections. Although average physiological interocular distance is 6.3 cm, it is found that any interocular distance of greater than 3 cm used in the stereo projection model is adequate to provide a user with maximal performance in the depth perception task. No statistically significant increase in performance can be correlated to increasing interocular distances greater than 3 cm. Since it is often beneficial to reduce retinal disparity between the left and right images to increase the presentable depth range, reduce image fusion problems, and reduce operator fatigue, these results suggests that smaller than physiological interocular distances should be considered when implementing a stereoscopic vision system for virtual environments and telepresence systems. >
New Developments in PET Instrumentation: Quo Vadis PET?

The growth of nuclear medicine at the end of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st has been caused mostly by recognition of the clinical value of coincidence imaging, or PET. In the mid-1990s, hybrid SPECT–PET systems were developed along with a new generation of clinically oriented
Behavior Change Among Agents of a Community Safety Program: Pizza Deliverers Advocate Community Safety Belt Use

Discusses the pizza deliverers' role as intervention agents for a community safety belt campaign sponsored by their stores. Evaluation on the behavior change of the intervention agents; Profiles of the intervention agents; Procedures in data collection and behavioral observations; Total number of vehicular observations administered.
The Health Manpower Challenge to Internal Medicine

Excerpt Health manpower planning is an uncertain and humbling business. Decisions to expand or constrict physician supply or to modify specialty mix have enduring consequences. For example, the dec...
Dissolution of fungal cell walls by a streptomycete chitinase and β-(1→3) glucanase

Abstract A streptomycete enzyme system active in lysing Aspergillus oryzae and Fusarium solani hyphal walls contained chitinase and several β-(1 → 3) glucanase components. The extracellular β-(1 → 3) glucanase and chitinase were shown to be instrumental in the process of dissolution of hyphal walls. The β-(1 → 3) glucanase and chitinase components alone did not effect solubilization of the hyphal walls, but they were active when used in combination. The major hyphal wall components were chitin and a glucan with β-(1 → 3) linkages. No cellulose was found. The presence of a wall core containing chitin but no glucan was demonstrated by incomplete enzymic hydrolysis. Digestion of F. solani walls yielded 14% glucose, 47% N-acetylhexosamine, and 6% of an insoluble residue which contained mannose, galactose, and a uronic acid.
Cholinergic regulation of sexual behavior in female hamsters.

Abstract The effect of cholinergic manipulations on sexual behavior in female hamsters was determined in a series of experiments. The cholinergic receptor antagonist, scopolamine, reduced total lordosis duration following systemic (1 mg/kg) or intraventricular (10 and 20 μg bilaterally) administration to ovariectomized hamsters primed with estrogen and progesterone. The inhibitory effect of scopolamine on lordosis occurred within 15 min after either treatment route and persisted at 2 hr after systemic administration. Intraventricular administration of the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, physostigmine (10 μg bilaterally), activated lordosis of short duration in ovariectomized hamsters primed only with estrogen. These results indicate that the cholinergic system plays a facilitative role in the regulation of sexual behavior in female hamsters similar to that demonstrated previously in female rats. The activational effect of cholinergic neurotransmission on female sexual behavior may be a neural mechanism common to a number of mammalian species.
Symposium: on the role of market belief in economic dynamics, an introduction

Papers in this symposium were presented at a Stanford University conference on August 10–14, 2009 entitled “When Are Diverse Beliefs Central?” They reflect the rapidly growing literature on the impact of diverse beliefs. It may thus be helpful to the reader if I use this introduction to highlight some ideas of this literature as reflected in the papers of this volume. As the era of Rational Expectations (in short RE) comes to a close it is important to clarify two points. First, the success of RE in disciplining macroeconomic modeling should not obscure the fact that the term “rational” is merely a label. Rationality of actions and rationality of beliefs have little to do with each other and using the term “rational” in RE has tended to brand other beliefs as “irrational.” Studying axioms of belief rationality is actually a fruitful area of research that can fill the wide open space between RE and true irrational beliefs. A second point relates to private information. Not wishing to contradict RE, many adopted the device of asymmetric private information as the “cause” of diverse beliefs. Indeed, some view diverse beliefs as equivalent to asymmetric information. This is theoretically and empirically the wrong solution and in Kurz (2008, 2009) I explain why. It suffices to say that in large markets behavior under private information is different from behavior under diverse beliefs with common information. Also, all empirical evidence associates diverse forecasts with diverse modeling or diverse interpretation of public information. Finally, due to stochastic independence of private information over agents and time, RE models with asymmetric private information fail to deliver the key dynamic properties that are the central implications of
Analyzing the effects of compiler optimizations on application reliability

As transistor sizes decrease, transient faults are becoming a significant concern for processor designers. A rich body of research has focused on ways to estimate the vulnerability of systems to transient errors and on techniques to reduce their sensitivity to soft errors. In this research, we analyze how compiler optimizations impact the expected number of failures during the execution of an application. Typically, optimizations have two effects. First, they increase structures occupancies by allowing more instructions in flight, which in turn increases their susceptibility to soft errors. Additionally, they decrease execution time, decreasing the time during which the application is exposed to transient errors. In particular, we focus on how optimizations impact occupancies in three processor structures, namely the Reorder Buffer, the Instruction Fetch Queue and the Load Store Queue. We explain the interplay between compiler and reliability by studying the changes in the code made by the compiler and the resulting responses at the microarchitectural level. Results from this research allow us to make decisions to keep an application within its performance goals and its vulnerability during its runtime within a well defined FIT target.
Nonlinear optics of conjugated polymers: A coupled exciton-phonon-gas approach

Conjugated polymers are modeled as a system of one-dimensional \ensuremath{\pi} electrons interacting via a short-range Coulomb interaction and coupled to an underlying harmonic lattice, i.e., as an extended Peierls-Hubbard model. A perturbative bosonization procedure is employed to map the original Hamiltonian onto an effective one describing a coupled, one-dimensional exciton-phonon gas (EPG), which should be especially useful in discussing nonlinear optics. This approach treats excitons as ideal Bose (quasi)particles subject to effective interactions, which in turn are the microscopic origin of the nonlinear optics response of the material. In particular, we derive effective interaction vertices for (i) exciton-exciton scattering, (ii) exciton-phonon coupling, and (iii) (nonlinear) exciton-light coupling within a semiclassical approximation. As an application of the EPG model to nonlinear optics of conjugated polymers, we study, in the collisionless regime, the steady-state response of a coherently pumped EPG with respect to a spectrally broad test laser. The EPG approach discusses this particular four-wave-mixing experiment in terms of an externally driven, interacting two-component Bose gas. It explains optical Stark effects and inverse Raman scattering as due to composite excitations whose electronic and phononic degrees of freedom depend upon pump frequency and pump intensity. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Comments on “anomalous distribution of suspended matter” by M. Kajihara K. Matsunaga and Y. Maita

We would have preferred to see a more detailed description of the sites involved, in as much as the sedimentary and energy regimes appear to be quite different at the different locations. One must take care, when studying extremely shallow environments, not to make assumptions pertaining to deep water areas. For example, the saltation transport of quartz particles along the bottom in high energy areas could seriously affect quartz/feldspar X-ray determination. Also, with water depths of 20–60 meters, major variations in water temperatures, productivity, salinity, and tidal activity could “ be expected over short time spans, and could produce significant changes in results.
Anatomy and physiology of otolith-controlled ocular counter-rolling

Ocular counterrolling (OCR) is the approximately conjugate rotational movement of the eyes about their visual axes, rotating opposite to the direction of head tilt. When the eyes are induced to rotate without head rotation, either by stimulation or voluntarily (2), the phenomenon is called ocular torsion. The earliest known observations on OCR were in 1786 by an English anatomist, John Hunter, and in 1848 by Bernard von Gudden, Prince Ludwig's physician (10). OCR may have some functional significance in stabilizing images on the retina, even though OCR does occur in certain head rotations when no such visual function is served (12).
Discrimination Against Competent Women1

Although women have complained about job discrimination, the experimental literature has revealed little discrimination against competent women. On the thesis that discrimination would only occur when a competent woman was in interaction with a man, a 2 × 3 × 2 × 2 experiment factorially varied sex of subject, type of interaction (competition, cooperation, observation), sex of others, and competency of others. As predicted, males like the competent woman only when they observed her performance and were not involved in the interaction. Furthermore, both males and females were more likely to exclude a competent women from their group than a competent man, and to include an incompetent woman than an incompetent man. Although competent women were not discriminated against on a leadership measure, it was clear that an atmosphere conducive to low performance by women was established. These findings were interpreted in terms of the disconfirmation of stereotypic beliefs regarding the relative competencies of men and women, and ethnocentrism.
Development of Logical Reasoning: Children's Ability to Verbally Explain the Nature of the Distinction between Logical and Nonlogical Forms of Argument.

Previous research by D. Moshman and B. Franks (1986) supported the hypothesis that children do not explicitly understand the nature of the distinction between logical and nonlogical forms of argument. This research examined the performance of 8-11-year-olds (N = 220) on Moshman and Franks's experimental tasks when the children were cued to apply particular comprehension strategies. Findings from 2 experiments indicated that a significant number of children are capable of explicitly recognizing the necessity of logical forms and the indeterminacy of nonlogical forms and that this competence must be distinguished from their tendency to fail to attend to structural relationships between propositions and to monitor the intrusion of extraneous personal knowledge in assessing the validity of an argument. The findings suggest that all of these competencies are important components of the ability to distinguish logical and nonlogical arguments.
Aging changes in osteon mineralization in the human femoral neck.

Age-related mineral changes are associated with material property changes in cortical bone, which may affect its ability to transmit loads and resist fracture from falling. Aging changes in the mineral content of the femoral neck cortical bone are partly determined by osteonal remodeling events. The objective of this study was to measure mineral differences within the osteonal unit in the human femoral neck. In this study, cadaveric femora from male Caucasians of two age groups (25 ± 7, n = 6; 64 ± 4, n = 6) were sectioned at the midfemoral neck. Using backscattered electron imaging, osteons from each of eight circumferential cortical regions were analyzed to determine osteonal mineral differences between regions, between the two age groups, and due to radial location within the osteons. Graylevel values from the backscattered electron imaging method were calibrated in equivalent ash content (wt%) units to provide a better understanding of the magnitude of differences observed. A pattern (p < 0.05) of decreasing osteonal mineralization was observed with distance from the central Haversian canal. Additionally, osteonal mineralization was highest in the superior (most lateral) regions of the femoral neck from both age groups, indicating that circumferential location is an influencing factor. The average overall equivalent ash content of osteons from the 17–35-yr group was 59.4 ± 0.4% (mean ± SE) by weight, while: osteons of the group aged 60–71 measured 52.0 ± 0.4% equivalent ash content, a decrease of 12.4%. An average 8–10% reduction (p < 0.05) in osteonal equivalent ash content occurred at each circumferential location with age, providing similar age-related mineral reductions at each location. The data of this study demonstrate the magnitude of differences that could be expected in the cortex of the male femoral neck, and indicate that mineral changes due to osteonal remodeling may be one of the several factors that determine the failure site in femoral neck fracture.
Multi-layer thin-film substrates for multi-chip packaging

It is commonly recognized that multiple chip module (MCM) packaging offers great advantages in system performance by virtue of the elimination of an entire level of interconnection. Multilayer thin-film module technologies for high-performance multiple chip packaging were developed and integrated. The technologies, which feature four copper layers, polyimide dielectric, controlled-impedance transmission lines, and solder bump assembly, were demonstrated on a variety of vehicles including, recently, a 4-kbyte RAM module operating at above 100-MHz clock frequency. The generic MCM substrate technology is described. The process can be designed to be compatible with a number of substrate materials as required for specific applications. >
Woodhouse, babbage, peacock, and modern Algebra

In a recent article, J. M. Dubbey [Historia Mathematica 4 (1977), 295–302] showed that George Peacock's A Treatise on Algebra (1830) was similar to an unpublished work written by Charles Babbage in 1821. Evidently perplexed about the absence of a dispute over priority, Dubbey concluded that Peacock had unconsciously assimilated Babbage's ideas, and that Babbage was too busy with other activities to be concerned. The thesis of this article is that the innovative aspects of the work of both Babbage and Peacock are extensions of ideas put forth in 1803 by Robert Woodhouse, and that probably neither Babbage nor Peacock was overly concerned with acknowledgments because their approach to algebra was not unique at Cambridge.
Vacuum System for the NAL Booster Synchrotron

The 96 combined function magnets in the Booster Synchrotron at NAL are arranged in a 500 ft diameter ring. There are 24 periods in the magnet lattice, each containing four magnets and one 6-meter long straight section. The long straight sections provide space for rf accelerating cavities, injection, extraction, and beam detectors.
Rothberger's Property in All Finite Powers

Abstract A space X has the Rothberger property in all finite powers if, and only if, its collection of ω-covers has Ramseyan properties.
Measurement of Optical Properties of Foods in Near- and Mid-Infrared Radiation.

Near-infrared radiative properties are important in existing, as well as novel radiant heating processes, such as when using a halogen lamp. Spectral reflectance, transmittance, and penetration dep...
Gamma-Ray Spectrometry of Marine Shales in Outcrop--A Tool for Petroleum Exploration and Basin Analysis: ABSTRACT

Gamma-ray spectrometry was conducted on outcrops of marine shale and chalk deposited in the Cretaceous Western Interior seaway. Study of the Cenomanian-Turonian Greenhorn cyclothem of Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah showed that profiles of gamma-ray spectra are useful in evaluating organic carbon content, interpreting paleoenvironments, and correlating otherwise homogenous sequences of marine shale. Gamma-ray spectra provide estimates of total gamma radiation and K, U, and Th contents. Th/U and K/U ratios can be used to estimate relative abundances of detrital minerals and organic matter, whereas the Th/K ratio is an indicator of clay mineralogy. Variations in these ratios reflect both local depositional processes and widespread events that can be correlated for hundreds o kilometers across lithofacies boundaries. Profiles of total gamma radiation can be used to help map shale facies. Spectrometer surveys can be used to show directions of sediment transport, to indicate proximities of paleoshorelines, and to aid in estimation of lateral and temporal variations in paleosalinity. Outcrop profiles can be compared directly with well logs of gamma-ray spectra. Gamma-ray spectrometry of shale outcrops is a versatile technique. Results can be interpreted in the field, the sampling program can be modified as it progresses, and the effects of event deposits such as bentonites and bone beds can be characterized. If lead shielding is used to keep sample mass and geometry constant, reproducible results can be obtained even from shales that contain below-average concentrations of K (< 2%), U (< 2 ppm), and Th (< 10 ppm). End_of_Article - Last_Page 542------------
The Univac® M-460 computer

The Univac M-460 is a computer of advanced design from both the logical and engineering standpoints. It is the intent of this paper to describe its more interesting features.
Macrophages Inhibit Neovascularization in a Murine Model of Age-Related Macular Degeneration

Background Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of blindness in people over 50 y of age in at least three continents. Choroidal neovascularization (CNV) is the process by which abnormal blood vessels develop underneath the retina. CNV develops in 10% of patients with AMD but accounts for up to 90% of the blindness from AMD. Although the precise etiology of CNV in AMD remains unknown, the macrophage component of the inflammatory response, which has been shown to promote tumor growth and support atherosclerotic plaque formation, is thought to stimulate aberrant angiogenesis in blinding eye diseases. The current theory is that macrophage infiltration promotes the development of neovascularization in CNV. Methods and Findings We examined the role of macrophages in a mouse model of CNV. IL-10−/− mice, which have increased inflammation in response to diverse stimuli, have significantly reduced CNV with increased macrophage infiltrates compared to wild type. Prevention of macrophage entry into the eye promoted neovascularization while direct injection of macrophages significantly inhibited CNV. Inhibition by macrophages was mediated by the TNF family death molecule Fas ligand (CD95-ligand). Conclusions Immune vascular interactions can be highly complex. Normal macrophage function is critical in controlling pathologic neovascularization in the eye. IL-10 regulates macrophage activity in the eye and is an attractive therapeutic target in order to suppress or inhibit CNV in AMD that can otherwise lead to blindness.
Teratogen-induced eye defects mediated by p53-dependent apoptosis

Abstract Background: Many birth defects are believed to involve gene–environment interactions, although the mechanisms involved are poorly understood. Apoptosis is a common effect of many kinds of environmental stresses on the developing embryo; therefore, mechanisms of teratogenesis may be approached within the context of the cell death program. The p53 tumor suppressor gene encodes a transcription factor which functions as a critical regulator of apoptosis in response to environmental stress. Results To investigate the relationship between p53 -dependent apoptosis and teratogenesis, we subjected day 8 mouse embryos with different p53 gene backgrounds to a genotoxic stress, 2-chloro-2′-deoxyadenosine. Treatment rapidly stimulated nuclear p53 accumulation and triggered apoptosis in some (head-fold) but not other (primitive heart) developing structures. Induced cell death was p53 gene-dose dependent, as shown by the intermediate sensitivity of 4–5 somite stage embryos bearing only a single effective p53 allele and the lack of sensitivity of p53 -null mutants. Abnormal development was manifested as eye defects by day 11, particularly lens agenesis. Overall the incidences of these defects at term were 73.3 % for p53 wild-type fetuses, 52.5 % for heterozygous mutants, and 2.2 % for p53 -null mutants. Statistical analysis indicated that the interaction between teratogen and genotype was highly significant (P ≤ 0.001) for cell death on day 8 and eye defects on day 17. Conclusion We conclude that teratogen induction of p53 -dependent apoptosis in the developing embryo is positively coupled to the determination of congenital eye defects.
Locus of Control and Social Influence Susceptibility: Are Externals Normative or Informational Conformers?

Abstract The personality variable locus of control has been related empirically to social influence susceptibility, but it is not clear if this relation is due to a normative or informational process. One hundred and fifty-seven undergraduate students completed Rotter's locus of control scale and Sistrunk's Survey of Normative and Informational Predispositions. Locus of control was significantly correlated with normative tendencies but not informational tendencies. Sex differences were investigated and found to be statistically nonsignificant. It was concluded that externals would conform more than internals when situations produce normative pressure but would not conform more when situations invoke an informational process.
Changes in the structure and activity of λ DNA in a superinfected immune bacterium

Labeled intracellular λ DNA isolated from superinfected lysogenic Escherichia coli K12 exhibits a very low level of infectivity. Sedimentation studies revealed that the residual infectivity was due to a few fully infectious molecules (species III), but that a majority of the labeled phage DNA was present as two new and non-infectious species (I and II). At neutral pH, intracellular species I sedimented 1·9 times faster and species II 1·14 times faster than λ DNA isolated from mature phage. In alkali, species II co-sedimented with denatured mature DNA molecules while species I moved 3·8 times faster. During storage, tritiated species I is converted slowly into II and also loses its distinctive capacity to renature readily after alkali treatment. It is suggested that intracellular species I is a condensed form of λ DNA, species II is a circular molecule and species III is a normal linear duplex molecule similar to those obtained from mature phage.
Missing heavy flavor backgrounds to Higgs boson production

We investigate characteristics of the signal and backgrounds for Higgs boson decay into WW at the Fermilab Tevatron and CERN Large Hadron Collider. In the the lepton-pair-plus-missing-energy final state, we show that the background receives an important contribution from semileptonic decays of heavy flavors. Lepton isolation cuts provide too little suppression of these heavy flavor contributions, and an additional 4 to 8 orders-of-magnitude suppression must come from physics cuts. We demonstrate that an increase of the minimum transverse momentum of nonleading leptons in multilepton events is one effective way to achieve the needed suppression, without appreciable loss of the Higgs boson signal. Such a cut would impact the efficiency of searches for supersymmetry as well. We emphasize the importance of direct measurement of the lepton background from heavy flavor production.
Insulin receptor exon 11+/− is expressed in Zucker (fa/fa) rats, and chlorogenic acid modifies their plasma insulin and liver protein and DNA

In vivo studies confirmed that chlorogenic acid (CGA) improved glucose tolerance and mineral pool distribution in obese Zucker (fa/fa) rats. We found a significant decrease (P .05) were found between groups for the hepatic G-6-PASE activity. The insulin receptor exon 11(+) and the exon 11(-) variants were expressed in the liver of Zucker (fa/fa) rats without significant changes (P>.05). Chlorogenic acid improved some cellular mechanisms that are stimulated by insulin.
Substitution of synthetic chimpanzee androgen receptor for human androgen receptor in competitive binding and transcriptional activation assays for EDC screening

The potential effect of receptor-mediated endocrine modulators across species is of increasing concern. In attempts to address these concerns, we are developing androgen and estrogen receptor binding assays using recombinant hormone receptors from a number of species across different vertebrate classes. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) Office of Science Coordination and Policy (OSCP) requested that we develop a nonhuman mammalian receptor-binding assay for possible use in their Endocrine Disruptor Screening Program (EDSP). Since the chimpanzee androgen receptor is very similar to that of humans and thus possesses properties which could be exploited in future endocrine studies, we synthesized and expressed this gene in eukaryotic expression plasmids, baculovirus expression vectors and replication deficient adenovirus. In all ligand-binding and transcriptional activation assays tested, the chimpanzee receptor performed essentially identically to the human receptor. This suggests that the chimpanzee gene could substitute for the human gene in endocrine screening assays.
The costs of failure: Negative externalities in high school course repetition

Abstract Failure in US high school courses is common, but little is known about its effects. This paper investigates the extent to which course repeaters in high school mathematics courses exert negative externalities on their course-mates. Using individual and school-specific course fixed effects to control for ability and course selection, it shows that increasing the share of repeaters in a given course results in a moderate, significant increase in the probability of course failure for first-time course-takers. Results suggest that the negative effect is only evident when the share of repeaters reaches a threshold of five to ten percent of the total number of course-takers. The possibility that grading to a curve generates the effect cannot be ruled out, but is not fully supported in the data. Evidence is also presented that course repetition externalities may be distinct from low-ability peer effects.
Bridging in β‐Haloalkyl Radicals a Critique of Published Criticisms

The evidence in support of bridging in β-halogen alkyl radicals together with an examination of the criticisms of this hypothesis are reviewed and analyzed.
Attention during looking and reaching as assessed by heart rate in 7½‐month‐old infants

Attention mediates the acquisition and encoding of information about the world and is central to motor action. Heart rate deceleration and behavioral inhibition are sensitive indices of the attentional process, but it is unknown whether these indices are valid in the context of overt action. The current study investigated the relationship between visual attention, action, and heart rate during reaching in 7½-month-old infants. We found that infants showed prolonged looking and large heart rate decelerations on reaching and looking trials. We conclude that overt action itself does not prevent the autonomic and behavioral changes that are also seen in attention to simple visual displays and that attention is maintained throughout the act of reaching. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 42: 292–300, 2003.
Analysis of milling dynamics for simultaneously engaged cutting teeth

This paper investigates the stability of a milling process with simultaneously engaged teeth and contrasts it to prior work for a single tooth in the cut. The stability analyses are performed with the Chebyshev collocation method and the state-space TFEA technique. These analyses show that a substantially different stability behavior is observed. In addition, the stability lobes are shown to undergo rapid transitions for relatively small changes in the radial immersion ratio; these transitions are explained in terms of the specific cutting force profiles. The stable periodic motion of the tool was also investigated using a harmonic balance approach and a dynamic map created with the TFEA technique. The findings suggest that a large number of harmonics are required for the harmonic balance approach to obtain the correct solution.
Use of Kinetic Isotope Effects to Delineate the Role of Phenylalanine 87 in P450BM-3

Abstract The substrate oxidation rates of P450 BM-3 are unparalleled in the cytochrome P450 (CYP) superfamily of enzymes. Furthermore, the bacterial enzyme, originating from Bacillus megaterium , has been used repeatedly as a model to study the metabolism of mammalian P450s. A specific example is presented where studying P450 BM-3 substrate dynamics can define important enzyme-substrate characteristics, which may be useful in modeling ω-hydroxylation seen in mammalian P450s. In addition, if the reactive species responsible for metabolism can be controlled to produce specific products this enzyme could be a useful biocatalyst. Based on crystal structures and the fact that the P450 BM-3 F87A mutant produces a large isotope in contrast to the native enzyme, we propose that phenylalanine 87 is responsible for hindering substrate access to the active oxygen species for nonnative substrates. Using kinetic isotopes and two aromatic substrates, p -xylene and 4,4′-dimethylbiphenyl, the role phenylalanine 87 plays in active-site dynamics is characterized. The intrinsic KIE is 7.3 ± 2 for wt P450 BM-3 metabolism of p -xylene. In addition, stoichiometry differences were measured with the native and mutant enzyme and 4,4′-dimethylbiphenyl. The results show a more highly coupled substrate/NADPH ratio in the mutant than in the wt P450 BM-3 .
Modeling impact of catalyst loading on polyurethane foam polymerization

Abstract A MATLAB model based on the simultaneous solution of several differential equations was developed to include the impact of catalyst loading for the reactions and physical processes of a urethane box foaming process. Experiments with different amounts of catalyst loading were conducted to fit the model parameters for this thermoset polymerization. Rate constants for the polyurethane foaming reaction were determined by polyol types, catalyst types and reaction temperatures. By combining these factors polyurethane reaction rates during whole foaming process can be calculated in this model and the model can be used to predict the performance of foams which have multiple combinations of isocyanate, polyols, catalysts, chemical blowing agents, and physical blowing agents in recipes when parameters on pure component (e.g. single polyol) performance are behavior.
Meiotic Cohesin Promotes Pairing of Nonhomologous Centromeres in Early Meiotic Prophase

A period of pairing between nonhomologous centromeres occurs early in meiosis in a diverse collection of organisms. This early, homology-independent, centromere pairing, referred to as centromere coupling in budding yeast, gives way to an alignment of homologous centromeres as homologues synapse later in meiotic prophase. The regulation of centromere coupling and its underlying mechanism have not been elucidated. In budding yeast, the protein Zip1p is a major component of the central element of the synaptonemal complex in pachytene of meiosis, and earlier, is essential for centromere coupling. The experiments reported here demonstrate that centromere coupling is mechanistically distinct from synaptonemal complex assembly. Zip2p, Zip3p, and Red1p are all required for the assembly of Zip1 into the synaptonemal complex but are dispensable for centromere coupling. However, the meiotic cohesin Rec8p is required for centromere coupling. Loading of meiotic cohesins to centromeres and cohesin-associated regions is required for the association of Zip1 with these sites, and the association of Zip1 with the centromeres then promotes coupling. These findings reveal a mechanism that promotes associations between centromeres before the assembly of the synaptonemal complex, and they demonstrate that chromosomes are preloaded with Zip1p in a manner that may promote synapsis.
Short-term memory affects color perception in context.

Color-based object selection — for instance, looking for ripe tomatoes in the market — places demands on both perceptual and memory processes: it is necessary to form a stable perceptual estimate of surface color from a variable visual signal, as well as to retain multiple perceptual estimates in memory while comparing objects. Nevertheless, perceptual and memory processes in the color domain are generally studied in separate research programs with the assumption that they are independent. Here, we demonstrate a strong failure of independence between color perception and memory: the effect of context on color appearance is substantially weakened by a short retention interval between a reference and test stimulus. This somewhat counterintuitive result is consistent with Bayesian estimation: as the precision of the representation of the reference surface and its context decays in memory, prior information gains more weight, causing the retained percepts to be drawn toward prior information about surface and context color. This interaction implies that to fully understand information processing in real-world color tasks, perception and memory need to be considered jointly.
Dilatation of Cerebral Arterioles in Response to Activation of Adenylate Cyclase Is Dependent on Activation of Ca2+-Dependent K+ Channels

Abstract The role of Ca 2+ -dependent potassium channels in mediating vascular responses to activation of adenylate cyclase in vivo is not known. The goal of this study was to examine the hypothesis that dilatation of cerebral arterioles in response to activation of adenylate cyclase is mediated by activation of Ca 2+ -dependent potassium channels. Diameters of cerebral arterioles were measured in vivo in anesthetized rabbits. Topical application of forskolin (1 and 10 μmol/L), a direct activator of adenylate cyclase, dilated cerebral arterioles by 40±8% (mean±SEM) and 71±9%, respectively, from a control diameter of 85±4 μm. Iberiotoxin (50 and 100 nmol/L), a selective inhibitor of Ca 2+ -dependent potassium channels, inhibited dilatation in response to both concentrations of forskolin by 45% to 60%. We obtained similar results by using charybdotoxin (50 nmol/L), another inhibitor of Ca 2+ -dependent potassium channels. Vasodilatation in response to dibutyryl cAMP (a cell-permeable cAMP analogue) was also inhibited by iberiotoxin. In contrast, dilatation of cerebral arterioles in response to sodium nitroprusside and acetylcholine (activators of guanylate cyclase) and aprikalim (activator of ATP-sensitive potassium channels) was not inhibited by iberiotoxin. These findings suggest that dilatation of cerebral arterioles in response to forskolin and increases in intracellular concentrations of cAMP are mediated by activation of Ca 2+ -dependent potassium channels. Thus, activation of Ca 2+ -dependent potassium channels may be a major mechanism of cerebral vasodilatation in response to activation of adenylate cyclase in vivo.
Areal Differentiation: A Rejoinder

(1989). Areal Differentiation: A Rejoinder. Annals of the Association of American Geographers: Vol. 79, No. 4, pp. 617-618.
Dynamic programming and inverse optimal problems in mathematical economics

A number of important processes in mathematical economics may be viewed as multistage decision processes, or, equivalently, as control processes, and thus attacked profitably by means of the theory of dynamic programming [l, 21, or by means of the calculus of variations [3, 4, 51.1 As in the fields of engineering and physics, there are considerable benefits to be gained from viewing a process as if it were an optimization process. This leads to the inverse problem of constructing optimization processes for which an observed behavior is an optimal policy [6]. In [7], we indicated some of the advantages of using dynamic programming to study inverse problems of classic type. Here we wish to show that the techniques are equally advantageous in dealing with problems that are characteristically of economic type. Detailed analytic investigations of the problem we use as an example will be found in [I] and [5]. Let us also point out that the methods we employ can be used with equal effectiveness in dealing with stochastic and adaptive processes. In these areas, the calculus of variations is of little use.
Pre-Emulsified Corn Oil, Pork Fat, or Added Moisture Affect Quality of Reduced Fat Bologna Quality

Replacing fat with additional water prevented the increase in firmness normally associated with low-fat meat products. Pre-emulsifying the fat or oil also decreased the firmness of reduced-fat bologna. The color of reduced fat bologna was darker for all except the pre-emul-sified corn oil treatments. Redness values for the intact (reduced) fat were the highest of all treatments. Pre-emulsifying fats caused a reduction in redness values for bologna. Flavor and overall acceptability scores from a consumer sensory panel did not differ among bologna samples, but juiciness scores were higher in bologna containing additional water. Accumulated purge in vacuum packages increased with water content in the products and with addition of pre-emulsified oil.
Localization of lactoferrin binding sites on equine spermatozoa

Seminal plasma (SP) contains proteins important to many physiological and immunological functions related to fertility and uterine defense mechanisms. We have previously found that CRISP-3 inhibits neutrophil binding to live spermatozoa and that lactoferrin (LF) promotes neutrophil binding to dead spermatozoa. However, the mechanism of this function has not been determined. The objective of this study was to localize LF binding sites on equine spermatozoa. Biotinylated equine LF was used as a probe for the localization of its binding sites, and biotin was visualized with fluorescent-NeutrAvidin. A total of 5 normal stallions were used for this study. An equal number of spermatozoa from 2 stallions were pooled in each experiment, which was replicated three times with different stallions. Gel-free semen with at least 70% motility was diluted 1:4 with Lactated Ringer’s Solution (LRS) immediately after collection, centrifuged at 400xg/10 min, washed oncewith 30mL of LRS and used within 2-3 h from collection. Spermatozoa (33 million/300 mL) were incubated at room temperature for 1 hour in the following reactions: 1) LRS (negative control); 2) LRS with fluorescent NeutrAvidin (control for endogenous biotin); 3) Biotinylated LF (100 mg/mL); and 4) Biotinylated BSA (100 mg/mL; control for non-specific binding). All treatments contained non-biotinylated BSA (100 mg/mL) to block any non-specific binding sites. At the end of the reaction, samples were centrifuged, and the spermatozoa were washed once in 600 mL of LRS and resuspended in 100 mL of LRS. Fluorescent NeutrAvidin was added at 1:100 dilution, andwetmountswere examined by a fluorescent microscopy at 630x magnification. Post incubation motility was less than 20% (8-18%) and this was true for all treatments as determined with light
Local-area distributed systems

Advances in computing and networking have led to the use of local-area distributed systems. The following are example configurations: workstations and file servers, multiple computers that present the image of a single computer, and heterogeneous workstations and mainframes that cooperate loosely. The paper focuses on the system software. It first discusses the forces leading to distributed systems and the obstacles to realizing the full value of the systems. Discussed also are common current uses of local-area distributed systems. Concepts and models are introduced. Requirements for user and program interfaces and for administration are presented, as well as major design attributes and design issues. Systems that represent the main approaches are described.
The role of neuroimaging in the surgical treatment of epilepsy.

— Resective surgical treatment of medically intractable epilepsy requires accurate identification of the site and extent of the epileptogenic zone responsible for habitual seizures. Epileptogenicity per se is demonstrated electrophysiologically, but interictal and ictal EEG transients, whether recorded extracranially or intracranially, propagate widely and can give rise to false lateralizing and false localizing information. Neuroimaging techniques provide additional important information which greatly enhances confidence in localization derived electrophysiologically. Structural imaging with X-ray computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, as well as functional imaging with positron emission tomography, single photon emission computed tomography, and computerized mapping of electromagnetic activity, used together with other tests of focal functional deficit, 1) increase the confidence with which surgical resection can be performed on the basis of noninvasive tests alone, 2) aid in developing appropriate strategy for intracranial electrode recording when this is necessary, and 3) supplement results of invasive studies sufficiently to justify surgical resection in some patients who otherwise might be rejected for surgery. Addition of these new techniques, therefore, has increased the number of patients considered candidates for surgery, decreased the number of invasive procedures necessary before surgery can be performed, and increased the accuracy of surgical resection.
Developing a Kinematic Estimation Model for a Climbing Mobile Robotic Welding System

Skid steer tracked-based robots are popular due to their mechanical simplicity, zero-turning radius and greater traction. This architecture also has several advantages when employed by mobile platforms designed to climb and navigate ferrous surfaces, such as increased magnet density and low profile (center of gravity). However, creating a kinematic model for localization and motion control of this architecture is complicated due to the fact that tracks necessarily slip and do not roll. Such a model could be based on a heuristic representation, an experimentally-based characterization or a probabilistic form. This paper will extend an experimentally-based kinematic equivalence model to a climbing, track-based robot platform. The model will be adapted to account for the unique mobility characteristics associated with climbing. The accuracy of the model will be evaluated in several representative tasks. Application of this model to a climbing mobile robotic welding system (MRWS) is presented.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Verbal-performance IQ discrepancy score: A comment on reliability, abnormality, and validity

Analyzed the reliability, abnormality, and validity of Verbal-Performance discrepancy scores on the WISC-R in relation to clinical decision-making about learning disabilities. From the standpoint of screening and differential diagnosis, the information of greatest value seems to be the magnitude of the discrepancy that is both reliable and valid for learning-disabled children. Inasmuch as definitive evidence on validity is not available at present, it is recommended that discrepancy scores not be used as the primary diagnostic tool. Information on the abnormality of the scores was judged less useful in this context.