cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fetch-Criticality Reduction through Control Independence

Architectures that exploit control independence (CI) promise to remove in-order fetch bottlenecks, like branch mispredicts, instruction-cache misses and fetch unit stalls, from the critical path of single-threaded execution. By exposing more fetch options, however, CI architectures also expose more performance tradeoffs. These tradeoffs make it hard to design policies that deliver good performance.This paper presents a criticality-based model for reasoning about CI architectures, and uses that model to describe the tradeoffs between gains from control independence versus increased costs of honoring data dependences. The model is then used to derive the design of a criticality-aware task selection policy that strikes the right balance between fetch-criticality and execute-criticality. Finally, the papervalidates the model by attacking branch-misprediction induced fetch-criticality through the above derived spawnpolicy. This leads to as high as 100% improvements in performance, and in the region of 40% or more improvements for four of the benchmarks where this is the main problem. Criticality analysis shows that this improvement arises due to reduced fetch-criticality.
SMART: a scan-based movement-assisted sensor deployment method in wireless sensor networks

The efficiency of sensor networks depends on the coverage of the monitoring area. Although in general a sufficient number of sensors are used to ensure a certain degree of redundancy in coverage so that sensors can rotate between active and sleep modes, a good sensor deployment is still necessary to balance the workload of sensors. In a sensor network with locomotion facilities, sensors can move around to self-deploy. The movement-assisted sensor deployment deals with moving sensors from an initial unbalanced state to a balanced state. Therefore, various optimization problems can be defined to minimize different parameters, including total moving distance, total number of moves, communication/computation cost, and convergence rate. In this paper, we propose a Scan-based Movement-Assisted sensoR deploymenT method (SMART) that uses scan and dimension exchange to achieve a balanced state. SMART also addresses a unique problem called communication holes in sensor networks. Using the concept of load balancing, SMART achieves good performance especially when applied to uneven distribution sensor networks, and can be a complement to the existing sensor deployment methods. Extensive simulation has been done to verify the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.
Male Roles and the Male Experience: Introduction

As a feminist social scientific perspective on women emerged in the last decade, it was often said that such a perspective was needed because most social science research and theory is about men. This indictment has been an accurate one, in the sense that it is men's behavior that has received most attention and predominantly male subjects who have been studied. But in another sense it is equally true that, with only a few exceptions (e.g.. Hacker, 1957; Hartley, 1959), social scientists have hardly studied the male role at all. That is, although men and their behavior have been assiduously studied, only recently have researchers begun to study systematically the impact on men of the powerful social expectations they face by virtue of being males: prevalent cultural beliefs about personality characteristics they should have and behaviors they should perform, together with both subtle and overt encouragements to conform to these beliefs. In the last several years, social science has begun to address the male role (see Bibliography of the Men's Studies Collection, Note 1). This recent development of interest in the male role is, of course, strongly indebted to the growing body of research on women—indebted both for many of its specific concepts and
Arginine-Vasotocin, a Synthetic Analogue of the Posterior Pituitary Hormones Containing the Ring of Oxytocin and the Side Chain of Vasopressin

The synthesis of oxytocin (I), arginine-vasopressin (2)) and lysine-vasopressin (3-5) has opened the way for the synthesis of analogues of the natural hormones, thus affording an opportunity to study the relationship between structure and biological activity in these hormones. One of the most interesting analogues thus far prepared is arginine-vasotocin, an octapeptide amide containing the ring of oxytocin and the side chain of arginine-vasopressin. Some time after the synthesis of this substance and the investigation of some of its biological effects in this laboratory (6), the arginine-vasotocin was tentatively identified as a naturally occurring hormone in fowl neurohypophysial extracts by Munsick, Sawyer, and van Dyke (7-9) on the basis of pharmacological and chromatographic evidence. Chauvet, Lenci, and Acher (10) in a preliminary communication have reported the isolation of a peptide from fowl neurohypophysial extracts which appears to be arginine-vasotocin. Thus the evidence is convincing at the present time for the occurrence in nature of arginine-vasotocin. If further work substantiates this conclusion, the synthesis of this compound would represent a remarkable example of the synthesis of a polypeptide hormone before its identification as a natural product. Sawyer, Munsick, and van Dyke (8) have also studied neurohypophysial extracts from cold-blooded vertebrates and have advanced the hypothesis that arginine-vasotocin occurs not only in birds but also in reptiles, amphibians, and teleosts. Their evidence also indicates that it appears in the most primitive living vertebrates, the cyclostomes. The one elasmobranch (spiny dogfish) that they studied appeared to possess an active peptide unlike any that they had encountered elsewhere among the vertebrates. Pharmacological studies on the pituitaries of fish, fowl, and frogs by Pickering and Heller (11) also provided evidence for the presence of a peptide different from arginineor lysine-vasopressin in these species. Maetz et ~2. (12, 13) came to a similar conclusion with regard to cold-blooded vertebrates. More recently Acher et al. (14) isolated a substance from frog posterior pituitaries with a composition corresponding to that of arginine-vasotocin. Furthermore, the biological properties of the isolated product corresponded to those of synthetic arginine-vasotocin furnished to these investigators by our laboratory.
Reliabilities of Short Substance Abuse Screening Tests Among Adolescent Medical Patients

Objective. To determine the internal consistency and 1-week test-retest reliability of the Simple Screening Instrument for Alcohol and Other Drug Abuse (SSI-AOD), the CAGE-AA (CAGE questions adapted for adolescents), and 4 modified items from the Drug and Alcohol Problem QuickScreen (DAP-4) among adolescents. Methods. Fifteen- to 18-year-old medical patients ( n = 173) completed screening tests during a routine medical visit and then again 1 week later. Internal consistency for each test and retest was calculated using Cronbach9s α, and 1-week test-retest reliability was calculated by using Winer9s unbiased estimate of the intraclass correlation coefficient ( r ). Results. The SSI-AOD has good internal consistency (α = .83) and the CAGE-AA questions acceptable internal consistency (α = .60). Alpha varied with gender and race, and item analysis indicated the CAGE-AA test could be improved. As expected, the DAP-4 had a lower α score (.46). All screening instruments studied had high 1-week test-retest reliabilities (range r = .82–.90). Conclusions. The SSI-AOD is a reliable substance abuse screening instrument among adolescent medical patients. The CAGE-AA questions must be further revised and tested before their use can be recommended. The DAP-4 questions are likely measuring different, but important, constructs.
Fog and Overspray Cooling for Gas Turbine Systems with Low Calorific Value Fuels

During the summer, power output and the efficiency of gas turbines deteriorate significantly. Gas turbine inlet air fog cooling is considered a simple and cost-effective method to increase power output as well as, sometimes, thermal efficiency. During fog cooling, water is atomized to micro-scaled droplets and introduced into the inlet airflow. In addition to cooling the inlet air, overspray can further enhance output power by intercooling the compressor. With continued increase of volatility of natural gas prices and concerns regarding national energy security, alternative fuels such as low calorific value (LCV) synthetic gases (syngas) derived from gasification of coal, petroleum coke, or biomass are considered as important common fuels in the future. The effect of fogging/overspray on LCV fuel fired gas turbine systems is not clear. This paper specifically investigates this issue by developing a wet compression thermodynamic model that considers additional water and LCV fuel mass flows, non-stoichiometric combustion, and the auxiliary fuel compressor power. An in-house computational program, FogGT, has been developed to study the theoretical gas turbine performance by fixing the pressure ratio and turbine inlet temperature (TIT) assuming the gas turbine has been designed or modified to take in the additional mass flow rates from overspray and LCV fuels. Two LCV fuels of approximately 8% and 15% of the NG heating values, are considered respectively. Parametric studies have been performed to consider different ambient conditions and various overspray ratios with fuels of different low heating values. The results show, when LCV fuels are burned, the fuel compressor consumes about 10–18% of the turbine output power in comparison with 2% when NG is burned. LCV fueled GT is about 10–16% less efficient than NG fueled GT and produces 10–24% of net output power even though LCV fuels significantly increase fuel compressor power. When LCV fuels are burned, saturated fogging can achieve a net output power increases approximately 1–2%, while 2% overspray can achieve 20% net output enhancement. As the ambient temperature or relative humidity increases, the net output power decreases. Fog/overspray could either slightly increase or decrease the thermal efficiency depending on the ambient conditions.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Application-specific architecture framework for high-performance low-power embedded computing

The design space of embedded systems is enormously large. These embedded applications have strict requirements on power consumption, performance, cost, and time to market. It is extremely critical to fully address these constraints when designing microprocessors for embedded systems. This dissertation proposes Framework-based Instruction-set Tuning Synthesis (FITS). FITS is an architectural and microarchitectural innovation that effectively tackles all the above requirements. FITS reduces power consumption by running applications with half the code size and much improved locality, which allows the use of a smaller instruction cache that achieves higher hit rates while requiring less power to operate. FITS improves the performance through custom-tailored application-specific instruction set architecture (ISA) and ground-breaking micro architectural enhancement. The application-specific instruction set tailoring is achieved by synthesizing ISA to match precisely the requirements of the targeted application. The microarchitecture is enhanced by integrating the revolutionary Versatile Integrated Processing (VIP) unit and a Zero-Overhead Loop Execution (ZOLE) unit into it. The VIP unit is a universal data-crunching engine that delivers superior data computing and data streaming performances. The ZOLE unit streamlines the program control flow by removing expensive loop control overhead from both nested and non-nested loops. Both architectural and microarchitectural innovations are accomplished by replacing the fixed instruction decoder of general-purpose embedded processors with a programmable decoder. Using a programmable decoder decouples the microarchitecture from the ISA so that designers can add new capabilities to the microarchitecture without being restricted by the limited instruction space. A general-purpose, fully-capable microarchitecture reduces the design cost and shortens the time to market by leveraging fabrication advantages of a single-chip solution that can amortize high non-recurring engineering cost and long turnaround design cycle through mass production. Through the use of a programmable decoder, and an enhanced general-purpose microarchitecture equipped with VIP and ZOLE, FITS pioneers a new genre of embedded microprocessors that can achieve application-specific processor performance and low energy consumption, while maintaining the fabrication advantages of a mass-produced single-chip solution that yields low production cost and fast time to market.
Antibody-mediated oligodendrocyte remyelination protects axons and restores axonal transport in progressive demyelinating disease

50 WFN15-1044 Demyelinating Disorders 3 Antibody-mediated oligodendrocyte remyelination protects axons and restores axonal transport in progressive demyelinating disease B. Wootla, A. Denic, A.E. Warrington, S.I. Macura, M. Rodriguez. Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, USA; Department of Neurology and Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, USA
Emotional Elaboration and Eyewitness Error

Memory’s malleability has long been a problem for the pursuit of justice. Many factors can harm memory accuracy. One of these is emotional elaboration – the recalling of information in an emotional context. Prior literature has explored the effect of negative emotional elaboration, but the effects of positive elaboration have not been explored – until now. One hundred forty-five subjects from a large western US university viewed a 50-slide stimulus depicting an interaction between a young couple, Seth and Christina. After viewing the stimulus, subjects elaborated on both true and false aspects of it in either a positive, negative, or non-emotional frame. All conditions were compared to non-elaborating, non-misinformed controls. Positive elaboration subjects showed higher rates of false memories than did negative elaborators. However, this study failed to replicate a significant additive effect of negative emotional elaboration above and beyond non-emotional elaboration. Implications are discussed, as are future directions for research at the intersection of emotional elaboration and eyewitness memory errors.
Instructional Course Lectures, The American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons - Operative Treatment of Neuropathic Arthropathy of the Foot and Ankle*†

Nonoperative treatment with use of a total-contact cast followed by appropriate bracing and footwear is the so-called gold standard for the treatment of most neuropathic (Charcot) fractures and dislocations of the foot and ankle. However, operative treatment is indicated for chronic recurrent ulceration, joint instability, or, in some instances, pain that has not responded to nonoperative treatment. Acute fractures may also be treated operatively if the patient is seen before demineralization of bone and inflammation of soft tissue have occurred. The goals of operative treatment are to preserve function with the aid of appropriate footwear or bracing and to avoid the need for amputation. These goals are achieved through restoration of the contour or alignment of the affected segment of the foot and ankle. Despite the potential for major operative complications, successful limb salvage and reconstruction was achieved in 124 (87 percent) of 143 patients in eight clinical series1,3,8,13,19,22,26,27. Neuropathic (Charcot) osteoarthropathy is a non-infective, destructive lesion of a bone and joint resulting from a fracture or dislocation, or both, in a patient who has peripheral neuropathy. Diabetes is the most common cause of these deformity-causing fractures in the United States, and they were reported in 101 (0.1 percent) of 68,000 patients who had diabetes mellitus25. There are an estimated sixteen million diabetic individuals in the United States2. Because of improvements in the treatment of diabetes, diabetic patients are living longer. Therefore, neuropathic arthropathy, a late effect of peripheral neuropathy of the foot and ankle, continues to be a problem that is seen in orthopaedic practices. Frequently, a Charcot fracture or dislocation is caused by a minor acute injury, such as a sprain of the ankle or foot, or by …
A top-down approach to projecting market impacts of climate change

A newly developed modelling approach reveals how future global climate change might severely dampen economic growth in poorer countries, while increasing the variability of growth in both poorer and richer countries.
Actors and American Culture, 1880 – 1920. By Benjamin McArthur. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 2000 (reissue); pp. 289, 11 photos. $17.95 paperback.

It is a curious comment on the evolution of American theatre scholarship when a reissue retains nearly its original force. That, however, seems the case with Benjamin McArthur's Actors and American Culture, 1880 – 1920, originally published in 1984 and out of print for several years. McArthur was considerably ahead of the pack in 1984 and drew together a wide range of generally thorough research, and the work thus remains a principal, and the most thorough, overview of a crucial era. Since Iowa's is a reissue rather than a new edition, hindsight prompts more exceptions than on first issue, but its basic direction and impulse reaffirm the book as a valuable, if slightly problematic, resource.
Managing New Products in a Changing Market

The contributions of marketing research to managerial effectiveness can help to raise profits, but research itself is not a decision-making function. The decisions to use the outcome of research wi...
Psychological properties of groups and group learning.

20 groups of Ss were given the task of learning to operate a model railroad which required the coordinated action of the members. The results indicated that the more the group consists of self-confident decision makers, possesses one person outstanding in this quality, or consists of individuals strongly oriented to others, the poorer the initial performance. The more intelligent the members of the group are, the better is their initial performance; and the more the group consists of a person who is uncontested as a self-confident decision maker, the better is its performance at later stages in learning.
Nonverbal Communication as a Pain Reliever: The Impact of Physician Supportive Nonverbal Behavior on Experimentally Induced Pain.

ABSTRACTDespite the evidence for the potential of supportive communication to alleviate physical pain, no study to date has assessed the impact of supportive nonverbal behavior on the objective and subjective experience of pain. This analogue study examined the impact of an actor-physician’s supportive nonverbal behavior on experimentally induced pain. Participants (N = 205) were randomly assigned to interact with a videotaped physician conveying high or low supportive nonverbal behaviors. Participant pain was assessed with subjective and objective measures. Participants interacting with the high nonverbal support physicians showed increased pain tolerance and a reduction in the amount of pain expressed compared to those interacting with the low nonverbal support physicians. For subjectively rated pain, a gender difference existed such that for men, high physician nonverbal support decreased pain ratings and memory of pain, but for women, high physician nonverbal support increased pain ratings and memory ...
Arachidonic Acid Regulated Calcium Channel

Although the field of receptor-activated Ca 2+ entry has been dominated by the concept of store-operated entry, and despite the widespread presence of such pathways in cells, studies have shown that alternative store-independent pathways of Ca 2+ entry may predominate at low, physiologically relevant, levels of stimulation. The Arachidonic acid regulated Ca 2+ (ARC) channels represent the most thoroughly characterized of these store-independent pathways. ARC channels are a highly Ca 2+ -selective conductance whose activation is specifically mediated by low levels of receptor-generated arachidonic acid. Interestingly, recent studies on the molecular bases of their structure and regulation have revealed close relationships with the classic store-operated CRAC channels, including the involvement of members of the Orai family of proteins in the formation of the channel pore, and the dependence on STIM1 for their activation. However, the Orai protein composition and stoichiometry of these channels is entirely distinct, as is the pool of STIM1 responsible for their activation. Physiologically, several studies have shown that the ARC channels serve unique and important functions in cells, including the modulation of the frequency of Ca 2+ oscillations at low agonist concentrations, providing the predominant source of Ca 2+ entry necessary for pancreatic exocrine secretion and contributing to the secretagog-stimulated release of insulin in pancreatic β cells.
Fully printed varactors and phase shifters based on a BST/polymer ink for tunable microwave applications

A fully printed varactor and a phase shifter using direct ink writing methodologies will be described. A novel ferroelectric ink was developed to print high dielectric constant, low loss, and electrostatically-tunable dielectrics on plastic substrates. The dielectric is based on multiphase Barium Strontium Titanate (BST)/polymer composite made by suspending nano/submicron-sized particles of BST in a thermoplastic polymer, namely Cyclic Olefin Copolymer (COC). After printing with the ink, a low temperature curing process was performed at temperatures below 200°C. RF measurements and characterizations showed that the sinter-less dielectric had a very high relative permittivity of er = 42 and a very low dielectric loss of tanδ = 0.0005 at ƒ = 10GHz. As a result, all-printed, voltage-variable capacitors with up to 10% capacitance tunability at microwave frequencies were realized. Subsequently, the tunable BST/COC ink was used in a left handed transmission line design to realize a printed tunable phase shifter.
Flunarizine in Alternating Hemiplegia

The effects of flunarizine, a calcium-entry blocker, in alternating hemiplegia are reported in the first 12 children included in an international study coordinated from the Dept Pediatrics, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
1.53 [micro sign]m GaInNAsSb laser diodes grown on GaAs(100)

GaInNAsSb/GaNAs double quantum well ridge waveguide laser diodes with room temperature lasing wavelength of 1532 nm are reported. The devices exhibit leakage-corrected threshold current densities as low as 969 A cm−2 per quantum well in pulsed mode, with characteristic temperatures as high as 90 K.
Crystalline WS2 via Room Temperature, Solution-Phase Synthesis.

Crystalline tungsten disulfide (WS2) has been prepared from the reaction of bis(cyclopentadienyl)tungsten dihydride with sulfur at room temperature and ambient pressure in organic solvents. WS2 was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, resonance Raman spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray absorption spectroscopy, and the resulting WS2 is highly crystalline by X-ray diffraction. The low-temperature synthesis is hypothesized to be a result of highly mobile surface W–Cp groups that are able to facilitate crystallization.
Effects of stimulus meaningfulness on the acquisition of conditional relations and the emergence of symmetrical relations in adult humans

ABSTRACTThe goal of the present study was to investigate the effects of stimulus meaningfulness of sample and comparison stimuli on the acquisition of conditional relations and the emergence of symmetrical relations. Eight college students were trained on two types of baseline conditional discrimination tasks involving meaningful (English words) and non-meaningful (Swahili words) stimuli. One task involved English samples and Swahili comparisons (English–Swahili), whereas the other task involved Swahili samples and English comparisons (Swahili–English). Test trials, without programmed consequences, presented the symmetry probe of the baseline relations trained. That is, the English–Swahili baseline relations presented on the training trials were presented as the Swahili–English symmetrical relations on the test trials. Similarly, the Swahili–English baseline relations on the training trials were presented as the English–Swahili symmetrical relations on the test trials. The results show that the English–Sw...
Science Signaling Podcast for 14 March 2017: The Cancer Moonshot

Abstract This Podcast features a conversation with Science Signaling ’s Chief Scientific Editor Michael Yaffe about opportunities for signaling researchers to contribute to the Cancer Moonshot, a federally funded initiative to accelerate cancer research. Administered by the National Cancer Institute (NCI), the goal of the program is to improve the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of cancer. Signaling pathways are not only critical for the initiation and progression of cancer; they are also critical targets for treatment. In addition to developing new therapies, there are many other opportunities for signaling researchers to advance the goals of the Cancer Moonshot, such as improving methods of diagnosis and prevention. Listen to Podcast
Durability of repaired concrete structures

Abstract: : The main structural/material requirements for the design of durable repairs to concrete structures are reviewed. A strategy for durability assessment of repaired concrete structures is also outlined, including examples of various instrumentation and data analysis techniques that are found particularly useful for field research. Three selected case studies are presented, each featuring some of the key methods used to assess the in-service performance and durability of repaired concrete structures, along with the main findings obtained in these field studies. The chapter concludes by providing recommendations to achieve durable repaired concrete structures.
Bone Marrow Cell Therapy for Ischemic Heart Disease and the Role of Cardiac Imaging in Evaluation of Outcomes

Cell therapy for cardiac repair has gained vigorous momentum over the past two decades. Several different types of cells, including skeletal myoblasts, cardiac stem cells, and bone marrow cells (BMCs) have been used in patients with myocardial infarction and cardiomyopathy. A large number of clinical trials of BMC therapy that each enrolled a small number of patients have already been completed. Although results from these trials utilizing diverse cell types injected via different routes in greatly variable numbers have been disparate, findings from the majority of meta-analyses indicate that BMC therapy is beneficial. These results show a modest yet significant improvement in cardiac structural and functional parameters in BMC-treated patients compared with controls. Importantly, subgroup analysis of pooled data shows generally concordant findings with regard to changes in LV structure and function measured by left ventriculogram, echocardiography, SPECT and MRI. However, the selection of imaging technique(s) for cell therapy trials often depends on not only accuracy of data, but also logistics and patient characteristics. Furthermore, besides information gathered by imaging, the effects of cell therapy are also reflected in patient outcomes. Cumulative evidence from meta-analyses also indicates that BMC therapy is associated with improvement in patient survival and other important clinical end-points. The outcomes from ongoing large randomized controlled trials are eagerly awaited at this time for conclusive answers in an emerging and highly promising field.
Research and Scholarship in Group Work: Scope and Emergent Themes Over 20 Years

The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) was utilized for the reporting of the research literature in The Journal for Specialists in Group Work (JSGW) since a 1997 special issue focused on contemporary issues in the research of group work was published. The focus of this review was to explore the scope of specific research methods and the contribution to the understanding, practice, and study of group work over the course of the last 20 years. Implications for continued evolution and areas of future research are provided.
Characterization of urea hydrolysis in fresh human urine and inhibition by chemical addition

Urea hydrolysis is a chemical reaction that occurs in soils, the human body, and in wastewater urine diversion systems. The reaction, which transforms the urea in urine into ammonia and bicarbonate, results in ammonia volatilization and mineral scaling in bathroom fixtures, piping, and storage tanks. Urea hydrolysis is inhibited through different chemical additions that affect the function of the urease enzyme. Bench-scale batch experiments were performed where urea hydrolysis was simulated by adding Jack bean urease to both synthetic and real, fresh human urine. Urea hydrolysis was characterized by measurements of urea concentration, ammonia concentration, conductivity, and pH over time. Conductivity was positively correlated with ammonia concentration and negatively correlated with urea concentration making conductivity a simple, surrogate measurement for tracking the extent of urea hydrolysis. Acetic acid, citric acid, and vinegar were effective at inhibiting urea hydrolysis at concentrations varying from 3.2 × 101 to 1.6 × 102 meq L−1 in both synthetic and real, fresh urine as indicated by the conductivity and pH remaining constant throughout the experiments. Fluoride did not inhibit urea hydrolysis in real, fresh urine at concentrations of 3.2 × 10−2, 3.2 × 10−1, and 3.2 meq L−1. Ionic zinc and ionic silver were ineffective inhibitors of urea hydrolysis due to interactions with phosphate and chloride in urine, respectively, which caused precipitative loss of the metals from solution.
Prepulse Inhibition of the Startle Reflex: A Window on the Brain in Schizophrenia

Prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the startle response is an important measure of information processing deficits and inhibitory failure in schizophrenia patients. PPI is especially useful because it occurs in the same lawful manner in all mammals, from humans to rodents, making it an ideal candidate for cross-species translational research. PPI deficits occur across the “schizophrenia spectrum” from schizophrenia patients to their clinically unaffected relatives. Parallel animal model and human brain imaging studies have demonstrated that PPI is modulated by cortico-striato-pallido-thalamic (and pontine) circuitry. This circuitry is also implicated in schizophrenia neuropathology and neurophysiology. The finding of PPI deficits in schizophrenia patients has been replicated by many groups, and these deficits correlate with measures of thought disorder and appear to be “normalized” by second generation antipsychotic (SGA) medications. Consistent pharmacological effects on PPI have been demonstrated; among these, dopamine agonists induce PPI deficits and (in animal models) these are reversed by first and SGA medications. PPI is also significantly heritable in humans and animals and can be used as a powerful endophenotype in studies of families of schizophrenia patients. Genomic regions, including the NRGL-ERBB4 complex with its glutamatergic influences, are strongly implicated in PPI deficits in schizophrenia. PPI continues to hold promise as an exciting translational cross-species measure that can be used to understand the pathophysiology and treatment of the schizophrenias via pharmacological, anatomic, and genetic studies.
Spatial and temporal analysis of the 27 April 2011 tornado outbreak in Central Alabama

This study investigates the spatial and temporal patterns of the 27 April 2011 tornado outbreak in Central Alabama. Disasters, and vulnerabilities to such events, vary across space and time. The 2011 Super Outbreak was the largest, most costly, and one of the most deadly tornado outbreaks ever recorded in U.S. history. In this study, the results of 29 documented tornado tracks (889 data points total) in Central Alabama reveal findings related to complex topography and its effects on tornado intensity and damage. The temporal patterns of this particular outbreak are consistent with other studies’ evidence that suggests a small peak in nocturnal tornado activity in the southeast U.S. These are a few of the many factors that contribute to tornado vulnerability in the Deep South.
Iron(II)-Catalyzed Azidotrifluoromethylation of Olefins and N-Heterocycles for Expedient Vicinal Trifluoromethyl Amine Synthesis

We report herein an iron-catalyzed azidotrifluoromethylation method for expedient vicinal trifluoromethyl primary-amine synthesis. This method is effective for a broad range of olefins and N-heterocycles, and it facilitates efficient synthesis of a wide variety of vicinal trifluoromethyl primary amines, including those that prove difficult to synthesize with existing approaches. Our preliminary mechanistic studies revealed that the catalyst-promoted azido-group transfer proceeds through a carbo-radical instead of a carbocation species. Characterization of an active iron catalyst through X-ray crystallographic studies suggests that in situ generated, structurally novel iron-azide complexes promote the oxidant activation and selective azido-group transfer.
Fourier plane imaging and illumination-direction-multiplexing using a rotating diffracting element for fourier ptychographic microscopy

Abstract We demonstrate a practical method for imaging periodic structures with periods beyond the Rayleigh resolution limit of the imaging system employed. The sample was simultaneously illuminated from several directions using a combination of a source of collimated white-light, a diffracting element, and a microscope objective lens. By rotating the diffracting element, several pairs of real plane and Fourier plane images were obtained. A high-resolution image of the periodic structure was numerically reconstructed by processing the experimental images using the Fourier ptychographic algorithm. We used the Fourier plane imaging microscopy technique to approximate the initial optical disturbance in the phase-recovery algorithm.
An Attenuated HSV-1 Live Virus Vaccine Candidate that is Replication Competent but Defective in Epithelial Cell-to-Cell and Neuronal Spread

Live attenuated vaccines represent the most successful approach for the prevention of alphaherpesvirus infections, including varicella zoster virus, pseudorabies virus, and equine herpes virus 1. It is reasonable to consider that live virus vaccines may also be effective for the prevention of other alphaherpesviruses, such as herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) and 2 (HSV-2). An HSV-1 mutant strain that is deleted in glycoprotein E (gE), NS-gEnull, is replication competent but is defective in spread from one epithelial cell to another, from epithelial cells to axons, and from the neuron cell body into axons. The defect in spread likely accounts for the favorable safety profile of the live virus vaccine candidate in mice. The NS-gEnull mutant is also defective in immunoglobulin G (IgG) Fc receptor binding, which is a process used by the virus to escape antibody attack. NS-gEnull when used as an immunogen is highly effective in providing protection against epidermal and vaginal challenge by wild-type (WT) HSV-1 and HSV-2. NS-gEnull represents a novel HSV-1 vaccine approach that retains replication competency while impairing virus spread at the inoculation site and in neurons. Only gE is deleted from the vaccine strain, ensuring that most viral antigens are presented to the host. This strategy is worth considering for prevention of HSV-1 and possibly HSV-2.
Porcupine Neural Networks: Approximating Neural Network Landscapes

Neural networks have been used prominently in several machine learning and statistics applications. In general, the underlying optimization of neural networks is non-convex which makes analyzing their performance challenging. In this paper, we take another approach to this problem by constraining the network such that the corresponding optimization landscape has good theoretical properties without significantly compromising performance. In particular, for two-layer neural networks we introduce Porcupine Neural Networks (PNNs) whose weight vectors are constrained to lie over a finite set of lines. We show that most local optima of PNN optimizations are global while we have a characterization of regions where bad local optimizers may exist. Moreover, our theoretical and empirical results suggest that an unconstrained neural network can be approximated using a polynomially-large PNN.
ExCYT: A Graphical User Interface for Streamlining Analysis of High-Dimensional Cytometry Data

With the advent of flow cytometers capable of measuring an increasing number of parameters, scientists continue to develop larger panels to phenotypically explore characteristics of their cellular samples. However, these technological advancements yield high-dimensional data sets that have become increasingly difficult to analyze objectively within traditional manual-based gating programs. In order to better analyze and present data, scientists partner with bioinformaticians with expertise in analyzing high-dimensional data to parse their flow cytometry data. While these methods have been shown to be highly valuable in studying flow cytometry, they have yet to be incorporated in a straightforward and easy-to-use package for scientists who lack computational or programming expertise. To address this need, we have developed ExCYT, a MATLAB-based Graphical User Interface (GUI) that streamlines the analysis of high-dimensional flow cytometry data by implementing commonly employed analytical techniques for high-dimensional data including dimensionality reduction by t-SNE, a variety of automated and manual clustering methods, heatmaps, and novel high-dimensional flow plots. Additionally, ExCYT provides traditional gating options of select populations of interest for further t-SNE and clustering analysis as well as the ability to apply gates directly on t-SNE plots. The software provides the additional advantage of working with either compensated or uncompensated FCS files. In the event that post-acquisition compensation is required, the user can choose to provide the program a directory of single stains and an unstained sample. The program detects positive events in all channels and uses this select data to more objectively calculate the compensation matrix. In summary, ExCYT provides a comprehensive analysis pipeline to take flow cytometry data in the form of FCS files and allow any individual, regardless of computational training, to use the latest algorithmic approaches in understanding their data.
The educational attainment and intergenerational mobility of black males: The 1970s and 1980s

The primary interest of this study is to discover the extent to which black males are gaining or losing ground educationally relative to other male populations. The findings of this study show that the relative difference in the percent of black and white males with a high school or associate's degree has converged considerably, but the relative gap between black and white males receiving a bachelor's, or graduate degree has remained constant. The data showed much upward and downward intergenerational educational mobility for black males. Finally the data showed that the educational attainment of black males was significantly associated with their age, their father's educational attainment level, and the size of the place in which they lived at age 16.
Regulating Compensation for Injuries Associated with Medical Error

There is now agreement that around 10 per cent of all hospital admissions to acute care hospitals give rise to preventable adverse events. These high levels of injury throw into sharp relief the unfairness of the tort based system of compensation for medically related injury where a relatively small number of plaintiffs recover compensation. These high levels of injury also highlight the relative ineffectiveness of tort law in improving levels of safety by deterring unsafe conduct. This article argues that in the field of medically related injury tort law is not a good model for providing compensation to patients who sustain injuries associated with medical error. In this field tort law does not and cannot accommodate regulatory initiatives that are designed to improve levels of patient safety. While tort law focuses on particular instances of fault these regulatory initiatives adopt a systemic approach to improving safety. Against this background this article then argues for an experimental and localised approach to developing systems of compensation for injuries associated with medical error. This approach is based on the principle that compensation should be integrated into particular regulatory initiatives that are designed to improve patient safety by reducing the levels of particular classes of preventable adverse events.
Intellectual Disability Affects Case Judgment Differently Depending on Juvenile Race

This research investigated how juvenile race and ctual disability affect case judgment involving recanted confession. We recruited 151 participants to serve as mock jurors using a 2 (juvenile race: Black, White) × 2 (intellectual disability: disabled, nondisabled) between-subjects design. We found that participants rendered more guilty verdicts, had higher confidence in the defendants’ guilt, and estimated a higher probability of crime commission when the juvenile defendants were White instead of Black. Consistent with the “bend-over-backwards” effect and the expectancy-violation theory, participants judged the nondisabled White juvenile defendants harshly but the nondisabled Black juvenile defendants leniently. In addition, intellectual disability was a mitigating factor, but mostly for White juvenile defendants. Black juvenile defendants with intellectual disability were often judged more harshly than Black juvenile defendants without intellectual disability. Finally, juvenile race and intellectual disability interacted to affect the evaluation of confession evidence and case outcome. Overall, the current research extended our understanding of public perception of Black and White juvenile defendants with intellectual disability.
Effect of a New Manure Amendment on Ammonia Emissions from Poultry Litter

Treating manure with aluminum sulfate (alum) is a best management practice (BMP) which reduces ammonia (NH3) emissions and phosphorus (P) runoff from poultry litter. However, the price of alum has increased markedly in recent years, creating a need for less expensive products to control NH3 volatilization. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of a new litter amendment made from alum mud, bauxite, and sulfuric acid (alum mud litter amendment or AMLA) on NH3 emissions, litter chemistry, and poultry production in a pen trial. Three separate flocks of 1000 broilers were used for this study. The first flock of birds was used to produce the poultry litter needed for the experiment. The second and third flocks of birds were allocated to 20 pens in a randomized block design with four replicates of five treatments: (1) control, (2) 49 kg AMLA/100 m2 incorporated, (3) 98 kg AMLA/100 m2 incorporated, (4) 98 kg AMLA/100 m2 surface applied, and (5) 98 kg alum/100 m2 incorporated. Ammonia flux measurements and litter samples were collected from each pen at day 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42. The average litter pH for both flocks was higher in untreated litter (7.92) compared to incorporating alum (7.32) or AMLA (7.18). The two flocks’ average NH4-N concentrations at day 42 were 38% and 30% higher for the high rates of incorporated alum and AMLA compared to the untreated litter. Compared with untreated litter, AMLA reduced overall NH3 emissions by 27% to 52% which was not significantly different from reductions in emissions by alum (35%). Alum mud litter amendment reduced cumulative NH3 losses from litter as much as, and in some cases more than, alum applied at the same rate. These data indicate that AMLA, which can be manufactured for lower price than alum, is an effective alternative litter amendment for reducing NH3 emissions from poultry litter.
Pre-Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Tissue Distribution and Physicochemical Studies of CLBQ14, a Novel Methionine Aminopeptidase Inhibitor for the Treatment of Infectious Diseases

Introduction CLBQ14, a derivative of 8-hydroxyquinoline, exerts its chemotherapeutic effect by inhibiting methionine aminopeptidase (MetAP), the enzyme responsible for the post-translational modification of several proteins and polypeptides. MetAP is a novel target for infectious diseases. CLBQ14 is selective and highly potent against replicating and latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis making it an appealing lead for further development. Methods The physicochemical properties (solubility, pH stability and lipophilicity), in vitro plasma stability and metabolism, pre-clinical pharmacokinetics, plasma protein binding and tissue distribution of CLBQ14 in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were characterized. Results At room temperature, CLBQ14 is practically insoluble in water ( 80 mg/mL); it has a log P value of 3.03 ± 0.04. CLBQ14 exhibits an inverse Z-shaped pH decomposition profile; it is stable at acidic pH but is degraded at a faster rate at basic pH. It is highly bound to plasma proteins (>91%), does not partition to red blood cells (B/P ratio: 0.83 ± 0.03), and is stable in mouse, rat, monkey and human plasma. CLBQ14 exhibited a bi-exponential pharmacokinetics after intravenous administration in rats, bioavailability of 39.4 and 90.0%, respectively from oral and subcutaneous route. We observed a good correlation between predicted and observed rat clearance, 1.90 ± 0.17 L/kg/h and 1.67 ± 0.08 L/kg/h, respectively. Human hepatic clearance predicted from microsomal stability data and from the single species scaling were 0.80 L/hr/kg and 0.69 L/h/kg, respectively. CLBQ14 is extensively distributed in rats; following a 5 mg/kg intravenous administration, lowest and highest concentrations of 15.6 ± 4.20 ng/g of heart and 405.9 ± 77.11 ng/g of kidneys, respectively, were observed. In vitro CYP reaction phenotyping demonstrates that CLBQ14 is metabolized primarily by CYP 1A2. Conclusion CLBQ14 possess appealing qualities of a drug candidate. The studies reported herein are imperative to the development of CLBQ14 as a new chemical entity for infectious diseases.
Self-perturbing extremum-seeking controller with adaptive gain

Abstract A new extremum-seeking control (ESC) strategy is proposed that can be fully configured from just two macro plant characteristics and that has a negligible oscillation amplitude at steady-state. The strategy is built around a relay with a single gain parameter that affects both the speed of convergence and the amplitude of perturbation. The relay is in a feedback loop that drives the average gradient of a cost function to zero by switching between two states. The strategy is self-perturbing thereby eliminating the need for the traditional ESC dither signal. A second feedback loop adjusts the gain of the relay so that the perturbation amplitude reduces to a small value at steady-state. The ESC strategy was developed with the intent of making it simple to implement and thus viable for use in low cost application areas such as energy systems in buildings. Simulation results using a detailed simulation model of a very common packaged air-conditioning system are presented that demonstrate how the strategy can improve the energy-efficiency compared to current practice.