cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Impact of polyelectrolyte-surfactant interactions on the rheology and wet lubrication performance of conditioning shampoo.

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study is to understand the impact of the cationic polymer merquat on the rheological behavior of the mixed surfactant system of sodium lauryl ether sulfate (SLES) and cocamidopropyl betaine (CapB) as well as the impact of varying formulation conditions on the wet lubrication performance of the SLES-CapB-Merquat system. METHODS Rotation mechanical Rheometry was used to study the rheological response of the SLES-CapB-Merquat systems. Frequency sweeps were conducted to analyze the rheological properties of the system at low frequency ranges and bulk viscosity of the system was studied at high shear rates at varying salt and polymer concentrations. Wet combing tests and hair friction tests were run on the Dia-stron MTT175 flexible miniature tensile tester in order to evaluate the conditioning effects of the different formulations. RESULTS The SLES-CapB system on its own exhibits very little viscosity. The bulk rheology results show that the addition of Merquat enhances the viscosity and viscoelastic properties of the SLES-CapB-Merquat system indicating the presence of electrostatic interactions between the surfactant and polyelectrolyte. Addition of salt had a significant impact on the system's rheological response due to the charge screening effect of salt. Wet combing force data indicate that the charged polyelectrolyte binds to the hair substrate resulting in reduced combing force values after the product was applied. The addition of silicone oil to the formulation seemed to greatly enhance the conditioning effect of the formulation. CONCLUSION The charge interactions between SLES, CapB and Merquat results in the formation of an integrated gel like network, thus building the viscosity of the system. Variation of parameters like polymer and salt concentration has the potential to modify the bulk rheological properties and consequently the wet lubrication properties of the system.
Serving Those Who Serve: Increasing Understanding of Mental Health Needs in Military Families

The United States has a large population of military personnel and connected family members, including spouses and children. Military families experience many stressors and challenges associated with the military lifestyle, which can have a significant negative impact on the mental health of military-connected youth. Deployments, trauma or disability, fear of injury, and frequent moves can place significant stress on these families and can result in mental health challenges and difficulty accessing care. These challenges are often compounded for military-connected youth, often resulting in poorer mental health outcomes. Although the military provides a range of mental health services, there are often gaps in these services or barriers to access. One of these gaps is a lack of programs for children and a need for empirically supported prevention and treatment programs. A combination of research, government-based support, and community involvement can help improve existing services for military-connected youth and address the ongoing needs of military families. In this context, the importance of school behavioral health programming for these youth is being increasingly recognized and spurring the growth of these programs around the nation.
Therapeutic Targeting of Alternative RNA Splicing in Gastrointestinal Malignancies and Other Cancers

Recent comprehensive genomic studies including single-cell RNA sequencing and characterization have revealed multiple processes by which protein-coding and noncoding RNA processing are dysregulated in many cancers. More specifically, the abnormal regulation of mRNA and precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA) processing, which includes the removal of introns by splicing, is frequently altered in tumors, producing multiple different isoforms and diversifying protein expression. These alterations in RNA processing result in numerous cancer-specific mRNAs and pathogenically spliced events that generate altered levels of normal proteins or proteins with new functions, leading to the activation of oncogenes or the inactivation of tumor suppressor genes. Abnormally spliced pre-mRNAs are also associated with resistance to cancer treatment, and certain cancers are highly sensitive to the pharmacological inhibition of splicing. The discovery of these alterations in RNA processing has not only provided new insights into cancer pathogenesis but identified novel therapeutic vulnerabilities and therapeutic opportunities in targeting these aberrations in various ways (e.g., small molecules, splice-switching oligonucleotides (SSOs), and protein therapies) to modulate alternative RNA splicing or other RNA processing and modification mechanisms. Some of these strategies are currently progressing toward clinical development or are already in clinical trials. Additionally, tumor-specific neoantigens produced from these pathogenically spliced events and other abnormal RNA processes provide a potentially extensive source of tumor-specific therapeutic antigens (TAs) for targeted cancer immunotherapy. Moreover, a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms associated with aberrant RNA processes and the biological impact they play might provide insights into cancer initiation, progression, and metastasis. Our goal is to highlight key alternative RNA splicing and processing mechanisms and their roles in cancer pathophysiology as well as emerging therapeutic alternative splicing targets in cancer, particularly in gastrointestinal (GI) malignancies.
The Effect of Age and Fasting on Serum Cholesterol Levels and Cholesterol Esterification in the Rat

Free and total serum cholesterol levels and the in vitro rate of cholesterol esterification were measured in rats of age 2, 12 and 24 months. Free and total cholesterol increased with age in animals fed ad Libitum and decreased as the result of a one day fast in the two older groups. Prolonged fastings (up to six days) resulted in further decreases of serum cholesterol levels particularly in the 24 month-old-group.
A parallel algorithm for helix mapping between 3d and 1d protein structure using the length constraints

Determining 3-dimensional (3D) structures of proteins is still a challenging problem. Certain experimental techniques can produce partial information about protein structures, yet not enough to solve the structure. In this paper, we investigate the problem of relating such partial information to its protein sequence. We developed an algorithm of building a library to map helices in a 3D structure to its 1-dimensional (1D) structure using the length constraints of helices, obtained from such partial information. We present a parallel algorithm for building a mapping tree using dynamic distributed scheduling for load balancing. The algorithm shows near linear speedup for up to 20 processors tested. If the protein secondary structure prediction is good, the library contains a mapping that correctly assigns the majority of the helices in the protein.
Parthenogenetic Stem Cells

One of the most exciting and contentious issues in biomedical science today is the potential use of stem cells as a therapeutic intervention for a wide range of diseases with pathologies that involve cellular destruction. Stem cell therapy is currently practiced, or under active research, to repair the effects of neuromuscular degeneration, autoimmune response, ischemic attack, malignant carcinoma, congenital defects, metabolic disorders, and alcohol-related pathologies. When stimulated in a proliferative environment, stem cells may also provide the raw material for large-scale ex vivo tissue regeneration. There are several sources of human stem cells for laboratory culture, but the primary source of pluripotent human embryonic stem cells is the inner cell mass of in vitro fertilized embryos. Despite the potential rewards to medicine, experimentation using cells from viable human fetuses has triggered global political and ethical controversy that has slowed down the pace of research. An alternative source of human embryonic stem cells that circumvents some of these issues would significantly enhance research in this area. Parthenogenetically derived stem cells may represent such a resource. Parthenogenesis involves activation of the oocyte without sperm, and produces a nonviable blastocyst. That is, the activated egg develops to the blastocyst (and so can be used to generate stem cells), but it will not produce a viable pregnancy in mammals. The unique genesis of the embryo, and its arrested development at blastocyst, may afford sufficient moral and political latitude to enable its acceptance as an experimental entity. Research is ongoing to assess the genetic and phenotypic similarity of parthenogenetic stem cells (PSCs) to other stem cell types from mammalian models and to human stem cells derived from fertilized embryos. Keywords: Chimera; Genomic Imprinting; Parthenogenesis; Parthenote; Teratoma; Uniparental Disomy
Chapter Six. Limits On The Duration Of Copyright: Theories And Practice

The question of how long a copyright should last has troubled scholars and policymakers ever since the first copyright statute was enacted. The controversy continues because there are two divergent views concerning the basic rationale underlying copyright law. Under the natural rights view, the author of a literary or artistic work has a natural right to profit from the fruits of his or her artistic labor. The logical extreme of the natural rights view is that copyright should be perpetual and is limited in duration only because of certain practical considerations. Under the utilitarian view, however, copyright exists primarily to encourage the creation and distribution of new literary and artistic works. Public choice theory is a branch of economics that applies game theory and decision theory to government action. It works very well in explaining how decisions concerning the duration of copyright are made. Keywords: copyright; natural rights view; public choice theory; utilitarian view
ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GANGS AND SOCIAL ORGANIZATION

The present paper goes beyond Monti’s (1996) critique of the “social disorganization” hypothesis regarding gangs in the United States and the research and theorizing based on it. Advanced is an alternative hypothesis that finds gangs structure and behavior fitting in with established customs and organizational routines in American society. The model for this alternative hypothesis is found in the work of Tilly et al (1975) who looked at the relation between routine and non-routine collective actions in European societies for several hundred years. Our convention understanding of gang structures and behavior in the United States does not parallel what Tilly et al found in some instances. However, the basic point that groups like gangs do reflect or mimic more conferential customs and organizational routines shows greater promise for helping us to understand U.S gangs than does this “social Organization” hypothesis advanced by American social scientist. Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE X-NONE
Parent and Child Perspectives of Family Leisure Involvement and Satisfaction with Family Life

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between family leisure involvement and satisfaction with family life. The sample consisted of 179 families. Data were analyzed at the paren...
La teoría kantiana de la Definición

Resumen es: En las discusiones modernas sobre la posibilidad de las proposiciones sinteticas a priori, la teoria de la definicion tiene una importancia capital, porq...
Socialization, revolutionary states and domestic politics

Domestic politics is central to whether, how and when revolutionary states become socialized. Although socialization is supposed to operate most heavily on new actors, in fact revolutionary states often resist such processes, especially because they are hard to reassure. Domestic and international factors are likely to interact, as they did with Gorbachev’s USSR and probably are doing with contemporary Iran, and this points to the importance of domestic politics within the other states in the system as well. For the United States domestic politics enters in both directly and in the American perceptions of the other’s domestic system because of its tradition of ‘second image’ thinking, to use Waltz’s term.
Aversive control of following in imprinted ducklings

Abstract Three experiments examined the control of following in imprinted ducklings by electric shock. It was found that following was suppressed by response-contingent shock (punishment) and enhanced by response-independent shock (Experiment I). A second experiment demonstrated that the obtained suppression was independent of shock frequency in that high rates of response-independent shock did not suppress following. Experiment III revealed that recovery from punishment was relatively rapid and sensitive to prevailing contingencies. These results provide support for an interpretation which regards following as maintained and controlled by consequent events.
The Symbolic Dimensions of Spectator Sport

This paper argues that examining the symbolic dimensions or meanings of spectator sport is a useful approach to understanding its powerful appeal. Spectator sport is analyzed through six categories of symbolicity: recurring life issues, transcendence of human limitations, rebellion against industrialized society, aesthetic unity and completion, religious overtones, and political dimensions. Beyond demonstrating the usefulness of these categories, this theoretical introduction should inspire researchers to look for other meanings which spectator sport carries.
Dexamethasone suppresses the expression of multiple rat carboxylesterases through transcriptional repression: Evidence for an involvement of the glucocorticoid receptor☆

Carboxylesterases play important roles in the metabolism of xenobiotics and detoxication of insecticides. Without exception, all mammalian species studied express multiple forms of carboxylesterases. Several rat carboxylesterases are well-characterized including hydrolase A, B and S, and the expression of these enzymes is significantly suppressed by glucocorticoid dexamethasone. In this study, we used multiple experimental systems and presented a molecular mechanism for the suppression. Rats receiving one or more daily injections of dexamethasone consistently expressed lower HA, HB and HS. The suppression occurred at the levels of mRNA, protein and hydrolytic activity. In hepatoma cell line H4-II-E-C3, nanomolar dexamethasone caused significant decreases in HA, HB and HS mRNA, and the decreases were abolished by antiglucocorticoid RU486. Additionally, dexamethasone at nanomolar concentrations repressed the promoters of carboxylesterases, and the repression was reduced by glucocorticoid receptor-β, a dominant negative regulator of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). In contrast, co-transfection of the pregnane X receptor (PXR) increased the reporter activities, but the increase occurred only at micromolar concentrations of dexamethasone. These findings establish that both GR and PXR are involved in the regulated expression of rat carboxylesterases by dexamethasone but their involvement depends on the concentrations.
Survival after myocardial infarction in rats: captopril versus losartan.

Objectives. This study sought to compare the effects of angiotension-converting enzyme inhibition versus angiotensin II receptor blockade on survival in rats with myocardial infarction. Background. The effects of speciifc nonpeptide angiotensin receptor blocking agents on survival after myocardial infarction are unknown. Methods. Rats with a moderate to large myocardial infarction were treated with captpril (2 g/liter drinking water, n= 87) or losartan (2 g/liter drinking water, n= 96). Therapy was initiated immediately after coronary artery ligation and continued for 1 years. Results. Uncensored median survival in captopril-treated rats that survived at least 48 h was 201.5 days versus 236.0 days for losartan-treated rats (p = 0.066). Median survival censored for rats with lung infections was 201.5 days in captopril-treated rats versus 243.0 days for losartan-treated rats (p = 0.028). Conscious hemodynamic measurements and remodeling data obtained at 1 year in the surviving rats (n = 5 for captopril; n = 9 for losartan) revealed no differences in heart weight, left ventricular pressure, dP/dt, cardiac index, time constant of relaxation or any variable of left ventricular remodeling. The only differences (mean ± SD) were an increase in heart rate (293 ± 19 vs. 260 ± 15 beats/min, p < 0.05) and a decrease in peak developed pressure (153 ± 21 vs. 180 ± 16 mm Hg, p < 0.05) in the losartan-treated rats. Conclusions. We conclude that in this experimental model of heatr failure, there was no difference between survival after angiotensin II receptor blockade with losartan and with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition with captopril.
Gamma-gamma directional correlations in 205Pb

Abstract Gamma-gamma directional correlation measurements in the decay of 15.3 d 205 Bi were undertaken employing a Ge(Li)γ-detector in coincidence with an NaI detector. The correlation coefficients were used to study the spin-parity assignments of accessible states in 205 Pb, and to obtain mixing ratios of electromagnetic transitions with error limits lower than those obtained from internal conversion results.
Low temperature characterization of carbon epoxy composites : an application of resonant ultrasound spectroscopy

Abstract Resonant ultrasound spectroscopy is the study of spectra obtained by forced mechanical resonance of samples by swept frequency excitation. A novel apparatus is used to measure the amplitude/frequency resonance spectrum of a right rectangular parallelepiped specimen of AS4/3501-6 carbon epoxy composite material ([0, 60, 120] 192 lay-up) at 1 °C intervals between −177 °C and 25 °C. It is important to know the mechanical properties of this material at low temperatures for underwater, polar and space applications. The spectra indicate increasing stiffness with decreasing temperature and phase transitions. The damping decreases slightly with decreasing temperature. Analysis of the resonance spectrum, calculation of theoretical resonance spectrum, and computation of elastic stiffness tensor will be discussed.
Contrast discrimination with and without spatial uncertainty.

Abstract The main purpose of these experiments was to examine in detail how successfully the uncertainty reduction explanation accounts for the effects of spatial cues in a temporal forced-choice contrast discrimination task in which any one of four well-separated Gabor patches is incremented. In preliminary experiments, it was shown that in the absence of uncorrelated contrast jitter, observers could use either of at least two different decision strategies, whereas in the presence of random contrast jitter, their response was based on the largest contrast value in the two intervals of a trial. Independent spatial cues were used in each interval to minimize the likelihood of eye movement artifacts. Cues either preceded each stimulus presentation by 100 ms, or were coincident with it. Precues were only slightly more effective than simultaneous cues, and either of them improved performance nearly as much as could be expected from the uncertainty reduction account of spatial attention.
Mining the cypher: branding and breakdance

Purpose – This paper is a companion piece to the short documentary Breakin' Away. The paper aims to touch on Texas b‐boy culture and tourism, the hip‐hop industry at large, book publishing, intra‐industry media‐synergy, the Hollywood film industry and related aspects of pop culture.Design/methodology/approach – Part ethnographic memoir, part confessional, part anecdotal how‐to, the article is written in the first person and fits within the tradition of autoethnography.Findings – Given its autoethnographic focus, the paper follows several unique cases rather than attempting to abstract generalizable principles.Originality/value – The paper provides an inside view of Texas b‐boy subculture and reveals specific aspects of the hip‐hop industry.
Higher Risk of Mismatch Repair-Deficient Colorectal Cancer in α1-Antitrypsin Deficiency Carriers and Cigarette Smokers

Abstract Microsatellite instability (MSI) is a genomic alteration observed in 15–30% of colorectal cancer (CRC). Two MSI phenotypes have been defined for CRC: MSI-H is characterized by MSI at ≥30% of the examined loci and MSI-L by MSI at 1–30% of the loci. An absence of MSI at any examined loci has been defined as a microsatellite stable (MSS) phenotype. Current data suggest the majority of MSI tumors are the result of defective DNA mismatch repair (MMR). In this study, we have determined the α 1 -antitrypsin deficiency carrier (α 1 ATD-ht) status of 161 CRC patients whose MSI phenotype and protein expression states had previously been determined. Cases were selected to enrich a larger number of MSI-H cases. Among 51 CRC patients with MSI-H tumors, the α 1 ATD-ht rate was 21.6%; among 110 patients with MSI-L/MSS tumors, the rate was 9.1% (MSI-H vs MSI-L/MSS, P = 0.02); and among the 191 population-based controls the α 1 ATD-ht rate was 9.4% (MSI-H vs controls, P = 0.02). The estimated relative risk of having MSI-H CRC among α 1 ATD-ht was 3.1 after adjusting for age, gender, and smoking history. The risk of having MSI-H CRC among current and past smokers was 6.6 and 2.7, respectively. Patients who were α 1 ATD-ht and smoked had a 20-fold increased risk of developing an MSI-H CRC compared to nonsmokers who were homozygous normal at the α 1 ATD locus. Our findings suggest an etiologic link between α 1 ATD alleles and development of CRC with defective MMR, and a synergistic effect between smoking and α 1 ATD allele in the development of MSI-H CRC.
The utility of magnetic resonance imaging for diagnosis and surgical planning before transvaginal periurethral diverticulectomy in women

The objective of this paper is to report the value of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the evaluation of urethral diverticulum in women. Medical records were identified by a query of urethral diverticulectomy billing data from January 1, 2000 through December 31, 2004. Patient demographics, preoperative evaluation data, and surgical outcomes were collected. Twenty-seven women were diagnosed with a urethral diverticulum during the study period. The cohort presented with a variety of symptoms. The mean time from onset of symptoms to diagnosis of a urethral diverticulum was 47 months. Seven (26%) women had a history of one or more prior diverticulectomies, and 8 (30%) had prior incontinence or other urethral surgery. Twenty-one (78%) had undergone a preoperative MRI, which detected the diverticulum in all cases. In three women, multiple other prior imaging studies had failed to identify the diverticulum despite clinical suspicion of its presence. MRI revealed an unsuspected intradiverticular carcinoma in one patient. Twenty-six women were treated with periurethral diverticulectomy, and one patient was treated with cystourethrectomy. Average follow-up was 9 (range 1-60) months. No patients had significant intraoperative complications. One patient was diagnosed (by MRI) with a recurrent diverticulum. The use of preoperative MR imaging altered the management in 15% of our patients. Furthermore, this study cohort had a long duration of complex symptoms with one-third having had prior urethral surgery. The use of MR imaging allows for accurate diagnosis and improved surgical planning.
The effect of adult nutrition on the reproduction and development of the estuarine nudibranch, Tenellia adspersa (Nordmann, 1845)

Abstract Egg size is broadly correlated with development time, development mode and organic content for many marine invertebrates. Variation in egg size and organic content may be related to the adult nutritional state and may translate into differences in larval, juvenile or other life history characteristics. This study examined the role of adult nutrition on reproduction, egg size and offspring development in the estuarine nudibranch, Tenellia adspersa (Nordmann, 1845). I compared adult nudibranchs that were fed on an ad libitum diet of the hydroid, Cordylophora lacustris (Allman), to nudibranchs that had been starved for four to seven days. Adult size, reproductive output, size and weight of eggs, developmental time and developmental mode were measured daily. This experiment was replicated at 20 °C and 25 °C with similar results. In both experiments, adult size and reproductive output rapidly decreased with starvation. Eggs produced by starved adults developed faster and spent more time in the plankton than within the egg capsule. All of the spawn masses produced by starved adults had pelagic lecithotrophic development, whereas 10–15% of the eggs produced by fed adults developed into capsular metamorphic juveniles. This study demonstrates that in T. adspersa , egg size is plastic and related to the adult's nutritional regime. Variation in egg size is related to variation in early life history of the offspring and, as such, may represent a “bet-hedging” strategy, allowing some progeny to survive in an unstable estuarine environment.
Video Motion Segmentation Using New Adaptive Manifold Denoising Model

Video motion segmentation techniques automatically segment and track objects and regions from videos or image sequences as a primary processing step for many computer vision applications. We propose a novel motion segmentation approach for both rigid and non-rigid objects using adaptive manifold denoising. We first introduce an adaptive kernel space in which two feature trajectories are mapped into the same point if they belong to the same rigid object. After that, we employ an embedded manifold denoising approach with the adaptive kernel to segment the motion of rigid and non-rigid objects. The major observation is that the non-rigid objects often lie on a smooth manifold with deviations which can be removed by manifold denoising. We also show that performing manifold denoising on the kernel space is equivalent to doing so on its range space, which theoretically justifies the embedded manifold denoising on the adaptive kernel space. Experimental results indicate that our algorithm, named Adaptive Manifold Denoising (AMD), is suitable for both rigid and non-rigid motion segmentation. Our algorithm works well in many cases where several state-of-the-art algorithms fail.
Notes on the Development of a New Type of Hornless Loud Speaker

The paper describes a series of tests directed to the evolution of a loud speaker, free from resonance. Various types of sound source were tried. For the most part horns were aroided. Diaphragms, when employed, were either so light and stiff that their natural resonance was above the essential frequency range, or so flexible that their resonance was below the lowest important acoustic frequency. Best results were obtained with the latter type, and it is shown on theoretical grounds that a small diaphragm, the motion. of which is controlled by inertia only, and located in an opening in a large flat wall, will give an output sound pressure proportional to the actuating force, independent of frequency. It should be possible to make at ideal sound reproducer on this principle. A practical loud speaker which approximately fulfills the above conditions hats now been evolved. It contsists of a flexibly-supported paper cone actuated by a coil in a magnetic field and provided with a baffle. As coumpared with ordinary loud speakers, this instrument radiates much more of the low tones and more of the very high frequencies which makes for clearer articulation. The extension of the range of response of the loud speaker to higher and lower frequencies, makes defects in the remainder of the system more noticeable, particularly roughness and blasting due to overworked amplifiers. It is, therefore, important that the amplifier used with the new loud speaker be designed to have ample capacity.
Structure and dynamics of the Columbia River tidal plume front

[1] Time-dependent buoyant plumes form at the outflow of tidally dominated estuaries. When estuary discharge velocity exceeds plume internal wave speed c, a sharp front forms at the plume's leading edge that expands from the time-dependent source. Using observations of the Columbia River tidal plume from multiple tidal cycles we characterize time-evolving plume structure and quantify front speed Uf, plume internal wave speed c, front curvature, and ultimate extent. We identify three distinct stages of propagation: (1) Initially, the plume is strongly influenced by shallow bathymetry near the river mouth. (2) As the front advances offshore the plume detaches from the bottom and expands as a freely propagating gravity current with relatively constant Uf, c and frontal Froude number F = Uf/c. Ambient currents explain intracycle variability in Uf and winds alter front shape. Variability in ambient stratification associated with previous cycles' plume remnants leads to complex fronts and internal waves. (3) Finally, the plume decelerates, adjusts toward geostrophy, and may radiate additional internal waves. Using a simple kinematic model, we suggest that constant frontal propagation speed, Uf = 0.9 ± 0.1 m/s, during stage 2 is primarily controlled by linearly increasing volume flux from the Columbia River mouth. As this discharge rate subsides, the plume expands as a fixed volume with decreasing front speed (stage 3). The plume's final extent is controlled by the Rossby radius, which scales with a length based on the total volume discharged. This provides an integral description of plume front evolution based on the time-dependent estuary discharge.
Computer simulation study of the MOCVD growth of titanium dioxide films

Abstract The fluid dynamics of an inverted metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) reactor for the growth of TiO 2 films are studied. The coupled transport equations are solved by numerical integration using a control-volume-based finite difference method. The model predicts gas velocity, temperature distribution, concentration of reactant gas, and deposition rate. The effects of radiation heat transfer, external heat transfer for the reactor walls, thermal diffusion, susceptor surface temperature distribution, and reaction rate order are considered. Simulation results are verified by experiment.
Abstract 3055: PD-0332991, a selective cyclin-dependent-kinase 4/6 Inhibitor, upregulates multiple genes promoting invasion and metastasis in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL Deregulation of the Cyclin D-CDK4/6-Rb-E2F signaling pathway is among the most commonly found aberrations in human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). PD-0332991 is an orally available, highly specific and reversible inhibitor for Cdk4 and Cdk6, and demonstrates in vitro and in vivo growth inhibitory effects in multiple tumor types. However, the potential usefulness of PD-0332991 in PDAC is currently unknown. In this study, we examined the effects of PD-0332991 on multiple human pancreatic cancer cell lines, and we found that this agent inhibited Rb phosphorylation and E2F target gene expression, and induced G0/G1 cell cycle arrest. However, the growth inhibitory effect was only transient, due to the rapidly emerging compensatory changes of the G1/S machinery components, including upregulation of CyclinD1, Cdk4, and Cdk6, and downregulation of Rb, p107, and p130. Microarray analysis revealed that incubation with PD-0332991 upregulated multiple genes which promote pancreatic cancer invasion, metastasis, angiogenesis, and chemoresistance, including LAMC2, CYR61, SERPINE1, F3, ABCA1, ASNS, and DUSP1. In addition, using matrigel-coated transwell invasion chambers, we demonstrated that incubation with PD-0332991 enhanced the invasiveness of human pancreatic cancer cells. These observations suggest that PD-0332991 may have the potential to cause deleterious effects in PDAC by modulating gene expression in a manner that could promote cancer spread, metastasis, and chemoresistance. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3055. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-3055
TRANS‐SULPHURATION IN PRIMATE BRAIN: REGIONAL DISTRIBUTION OF CYSTATHIONINE SYNTHASE, CYSTATHIONINE AND TAURINE IN THE BRAIN OF THE RHESUS MONKEY AT VARIOUS STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT

—The regional distributions of cystathionine synthase, cystathionine and taurine in the brain of the Rhesus monkey were determined at various stages of foetal and postnatal development. Activity of cystathionine synthase was highest in cerebellum, cortical grey areas and globus pallidus, and lowest in subcortical white matter and corpus callosum. There was no marked change in activity in any area during development from the first-trimester foetus to the juvenile animal. In the brain of the juvenile monkey concentrations of cystathionine were highest in subcortical white matter, corpus callosum, and globus pallidus, and lowest in cortical grey matter. There was a sharp increase in concentration between late foetal life and the first 2 weeks of postnatal life and a subsequent more gradual increase during the next 2 years. Concentrations of taurine were highest in lateral cerebellum and neostriatum and lowest in brain stem areas and spinal cord. During the first 6 months of postnatal life, there was a marked decrease in concentration as the brain matured. The regional distribution of cystathionine in brain suggests that this compound may be synthesized in the perikaryon of the nerve cell and transported down axons into white matter. The changes during development suggest the further possibility that cystathionine may have some relationship to myelin and/or myelination.
Copper deposition during the corrosion of aluminum alloy 2024 in sodium chloride solutions

Copper and copper-rich particle clusters were observed to deposit on aging aircraft skin material (Al 2024 sheet coupons) after corrosion immersion experiments for 5 days in acidic (pH 3) neutral (pH ∼ 6), and basic (pH 11) 0.6 M NaCl solutions. SEM analysis employing an EDX spectrometer showed a propensity of large Cu particle clusters on Fe-rich or Fe-containing areas while a TEM inventory of second-phase particles in the alloy sheet showed a propensity of Al-Fe-Cu-Mn and Al-Cu-Si particles along with Al-Cu-Mg and Al-Cu-Fe-Mn-Si particles and particle clusters. A modified replication technique was used to lift particles from the corroded coupon surfaces. TEM analysis employing an EDX spectrometer showed a wide range of copper deposits exhibiting microdendritic morphologies in basic and neutral environments, and botryoidal (or nodular) morphologies in acidic environments. The plating or cementation of copper from solution as an electrochemical displacement reaction appears to be a major contributor to the pitting corrosion of 2024 aluminum alloy.
A multiscale modeling approach to scaffold design and property prediction.

Abstract The optimum scaffold architecture for bone tissue regeneration is a porous structure with a narrow range of pore sizes, pore density, and a high degree of interconnectivity among pores. To achieve such a design, the microstructure of the scaffold material must be optimized in order to satisfy both biological and mechanical function requirements. In this paper, we present a multiscale modeling approach for designing a scaffold with an optimized porosity and mechanical properties made from a two-phase composite of spherical hydroxyapatite (HAp) particles embedded in a collagen matrix. In particular, first-principles computation is used to calculate the elastic properties and theoretical strengths of nanoscaled HAp particles. The constitutive properties of the HAp/collagen composites are subsequently computed as a function of HAp content via FEM-based micromechanical modeling. The constitutive relations of the composite are then utilized to optimize the mechanical properties of a three-dimensional scaffold for either cortical or cancellous bone by varying the pore size, pore density and volume fractions of HAp in the composite. For the pore size, pore density, volume fractions of HAp considered, the scaffold can be designed to match the mechanical properties of cancellous bone, but not those of cortical bone. The optimized scaffold is one with a pore diameter of 1000 μm, a channel diameter of 100 μm, 27% pore density and at least 20% HAp by volume.
Neurokinin-1 (NK-1) Receptor Is Required in Antigen-Induced Cystitis

Interstitial cystitis (IC) is a debilitating disease that has been adversely affecting the quality of women's lives for many years. The trigger in IC is not entirely known, and a role for the sensory nerves in its pathogenesis has been suggested. In addition to inflammation, increased mast cell numbers in the detrusor muscle have been reported in a subset of IC patients. Experimentally, several lines of evidence support a central role for substance P and neurokinin-1 (NK-1) receptors in cystitis. The availability of mice genetically deficient in neurokinin-1 receptor (NK-1R −/− ) allows us to directly evaluate the importance of substance P in cystitis. An unexpected finding of this investigation is that NK-1R −/− mice present increased numbers of mast cells in the bladder when compared with wild-type control mice. Despite the increase in mast cell numbers, no concomitant inflammation was observed. In addition, bladder instillation of wild-type mice with a sensitizing antigen induces activation of mast cells and an acute inflammatory response characterized by plasma extravasation, edema, and migration of neutrophils. Antigen-sensitized NK-1R −/− mice also exhibit bladder mast cell degranulation in response to antigen challenge. However, NK-1R −/− mice are protected from inflammation, failing to present bladder inflammatory cell infiltrate or edema in response to antigen challenge. This work presents the first evidence of participation of NK-1 receptors in cystitis and a mandatory participation of these receptors on the chain of events linking mast cell degranulation and inflammation.
Air-charged and microtransducer urodynamic catheters in the evaluation of urethral function

This study aimed to compare measurements of urethral pressure profile and Valsalva leak point pressure (VLPP) obtained with air-charged and microtransducer catheters. Forty-five women with urogynecologic dysfunction underwent multichannel urodynamic evaluation including maximum urethral closure pressure (MUCP), functional urethral length (FUL), and VLPP with air-charged balloon catheters as well as microtransducer catheters. Lin’s concordance coefficient was used to examine the agreement of MUCP, VLPP, and FUL measurements with the two catheters. The MUCPs measured with the two catheters had a high concordance coefficient of 0.69 (95% CI 0.50, 0.82). The VLPP measurements obtained with the catheters also agreed well, with a concordance coefficient of 0.71 (95% CI 0.43, 0.87). The measurements of mean FUL had a low concordance of 0.35 (95% CI 0.085, 0.57). Overall, air-charged and microtransducer catheters yield similar information when evaluating VLPP and MUCP. There were differences in FUL and these were likely due to different catheter diameters.
A short proof that N3 is not a circle containment order

A partially ordered set P is called a circle containment order provided one can assign to each x∈P a circle C x so that \(x \leqslant y \Leftrightarrow C_x \subseteq C_y \). We show that the infinite three-dimensional poset N3 is not a circle containment order and note that it is still unknown whether or not [n]3 is such an order for arbitrarily large n.
Thoroughness of skin examination by melanoma patients: influence of age, sex and partner.

The aim of this study was to determine the thoroughness of deliberate skin examination by people with a history of melanoma. Patients were randomized into one of two conditions: either to receive the brief educational and skills training intervention alone or as a couple with their spouse or cohabiting partner. Subjects recorded concerning lesions on body maps. At the 4-month visit, a total body skin examination was performed by a dermatologist blinded to the subjects’ condition and to their recorded responses. The skin surface was divided according to the region’s visibility during skin self-examination and sexual connotations: visible/not sexually sensitive, non-visible/not sexually sensitive and sexually sensitive. The primary point of comparison was missed lesions, defined as the difference between lesions recorded by the subjects and their partners and those recorded by the dermatologist. Among 130 participants, 56 subjects reported partner assistance while performing SSE. Participants missed more lesions in sexually sensitive areas than in the other regions. With the increasing age of the patient, the number of missed lesions in non-visible/not sexually sensitive and sexually sensitive areas decreased. Male patients assisted by female partners missed fewer lesions in all three regions than female patients assisted by male partners. In easily visible areas, male patients missed significantly fewer lesions than female patients (P = 0.01). Older couples performed more thorough partner-assisted skin examinations in non-visible and sexually sensitive areas than younger couples. Male patients who were assisted by female partners performed more thorough partner-assisted skin examinations than female patients assisted by male partners.
An Integrative Model for Understanding and Managing Ethical Behavior in Business Organizations

Managing ethical behavior is a one of the most pervasive and complex problems facing business organizations today. Employees' decisions to behave ethically or unethically are influenced by a myriad of individual and situational factors. Background, personality, decision history, managerial philosophy, and reinforcement are but a few of the factors which have been identified by researchers as determinants of employees' behavior when faced with ethical dilemmas. The literature related to ethical behavior is reviewed in this article, and a model for understanding ethical behavior in business organizations is proposed. It is concluded that managing ethics in business organizations requires that managers engage in a concentrated effort which involves espousing ethics, behaving ethically, developing screening mechanisms, providing ethical training, creating ethics units and reinforcing ethical behavior.
Visual reasoning for discoveries

In our previous research we investigated the structure of the Primary Language of the human brain as introduced by J. von Neumann in 1957. Two components have been investigated, the algorithm optimizing warfighting, Linguistic Geometry (LG), and the algorithm for inventing new algorithms, the Algorithm of Discovery. The ultimate goal of this research and the emphasis of this paper is to make the next step to understanding the Algorithm of Discovery. Our results, introduced in the recent papers, show that this algorithm is based on multiple thought experiments which manifest themselves via mental visual streams (“mental movies”). It appears that those streams are the only interface available for this brain phenomenon. The visual streams can run concurrently and can exchange information between each other. The streams may initiate additional thought experiments, program them, and execute them in due course. Our research reveals the role of analogy in constructing visual model by erasing the particulars of simple examples, utilizing this model as a reference for constructing the new visual object and a symbolic shell attached to this object in the form of symbolic tags. This paper investigates new hypotheses related to the structure of visual streams of the Algorithm of Discovery. They include the nested streams, the programmed experiments, the visual model, the construction set and the Ghost play. These hypotheses are tested on the thought experiments for development of two algorithms in LG: functions next and med for the Grammars of Shortest and Admissible Trajectories and the No-Search Approach based on the State Space Chart. While those algorithms were partly investigated in our earlier papers this paper goes much deeper, i.e., closer to revealing the nature of the Algorithm of Discovery.
Developmental factors in child behavior therapy

This paper examines the contribution that developmental psychology might make to practice and research in child behavior therapy. Drawing upon the specific areas of phobic behavior and attention deficits, the authors examine what developmental research can tell us about the normal experience of fearfulness in childhood and the growth of attending skills with age. Unless the behavior therapist understands how children behave normally and what constitutes normal deviations in behavior, it is sometimes difficult to know when to intervene clinically. Developmental research also has a contribution to make in the selection of treatment procedures for children. Again, from the areas of phobic behavior and attention deficits, the authors examine the development of those skills necessary for the use of imagery and the use of cognitive skills in behavior therapy. The paper argues for the greater use of developmental research in child behavior therapy and points out that developmental research might benefit from the challenge of having to account for deviations as well as normality.
Ventilator-associated pneumonia: bacteremia and death after traumatic injury.

BACKGROUND:The implications of bacteremia in critically ill patients are uncertain. Some reports suggest bacteremia is linked to higher mortality whereas others do not. These differences may, in part, be because of differences in patient cohorts. To address the potential independent relationship bet
Endothelin-1 levels in ischaemia, reperfusion, and haemorrhagic shock in the canine infrarenal aortic Revascularisation model

Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is a potent vasoconstrictive polypeptide produced from vascular endothelial cells. The effects of ischaemia, reperfusion, and exsanguination on plasma ET-1 levels were studied and compared in the mongrel dog after infrarenal aortic cross clamping. Ischaemia produced a trend toward increased ET-1 serum levels ( p p p
The Energy Impact of Air Leakage Through Insulated Walls

Infiltration is customarily assumed to increase the heating and cooling load of a building by an amount equal to the mass flow rate of the infiltration times the enthalpy difference between the inside and outside air--with the latent portion of the enthalpy difference sometimes neglected. An experimental and analytical investigation has been conducted on the actual energy impact of air leakage on a well-characterized insulated stud-cavity wall specimen. Calorimetric measurements conducted on the specimen with measured amounts of air leakage introduced under a variety of controlled conditions and configurations verify earlier test cell measurements showing that infiltration heat exchange can lead to a much smaller change in the energy load due to infiltration than is customarily calculated and show the dependence of infiltration heat exchange on flow rate and path length. A analytical model based on fundamental heat and mass transfer principles has been developed and the predicted values of Infiltration Heat Exchange Effectiveness, {var_epsilon}, as a function of air flow rates and effective path length for five study-cavity wall specimen test configurations were consistent with the experimental results. Significant experimental results include: (i) {epsilon} values in the 0.16--0.7 range in the stud-cavity and (ii) {epsilon} values of 0.16 tomore » 0.34 for air exiting the stud-cavity directly across from the entry. These results indicate that significant heat recovery is probable for most leakage occurring through insulated stud cavities.« less