cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Information-Theoretic Based Target Search with Multiple Agents.

This paper proposes an online path planning and motion generation algorithm for heterogeneous robot teams performing target search in a real-world environment. Path selection for each robot is optimized using an information-theoretic formulation and is computed sequentially for each agent. First, we generate candidate trajectories sampled from both global waypoints derived from vertical cell decomposition and local frontier points. From this set, we choose the path with maximum information gain. We demonstrate that the hierarchical sequential decision-making structure provided by the algorithm is scalable to multiple agents in a simulation setup. We also validate our framework in a real-world apartment setting using a two robot team comprised of the Unitree A1 quadruped and the Toyota HSR mobile manipulator searching for a person. The agents leverage an efficient leader-follower communication structure where only critical information is shared.
Pelvic floor, abdominal and uterine tenderness in relation to pressure pain sensitivity among women with endometriosis and chronic pelvic pain.

Abstract Objective Pelvic floor pain, abdominal wall pain, and central nervous system pain amplification can be contributing factors in chronic pelvic pain (CPP), however; limited research has investigated the association of pelvic floor, abdominal, and uterine tenderness with central nervous system pain amplification. We assessed whether pressure pain thresholds on the non-dominant thumbnail, a marker of central nervous system pain amplification, were associated with pelvic floor, abdominal, and uterine tenderness among women with endometriosis or CPP. Study design We conducted a cross-sectional study among 88 females with endometriosis and/or CPP. Abdominal (6 locations), pelvic floor (6 locations) and uterine (1 location) tenderness were assessed via a standardized physical exam. Participants reported their pain levels (0–10 scale) with application of 2 kg of pressure at each area, with a pain rating of ≥4 on the 0–10 scale considered moderate to severe pain. Pain sensitivity was measured on the non-dominant thumbnail by applying discrete pressure stimuli using a previously validated protocol. Results Overall, 50% (44/88), 42% (37/88), and 58% (51/88) of participants reported high pelvic floor, abdominal, and uterine tenderness, respectively. Pressure intensities needed to elicit ‘faint’ and ‘mild’ pain were lower for participants with high vs. low pelvic floor tenderness (median intensity for ‘faint’ pain = 0.50 kgf/cm2(min–max:0.25–3.25) vs. 1.06(0.25–3.00), p-value = 0.006; median intensity for ‘mild’ pain = 2.00(0.63–4.88) vs. 2.63(0.75–6.00), p-value = 0.03). No association was observed between pressure pain sensitivity and abdominal or uterine tenderness (p > 0.11). Participants with endometriosis without pain were less likely to have high pelvic floor (22.2%), abdominal (11.1%), and uterine (25.9%) tenderness compared to participants with endometriosis with pain (63.0%, 50%, 65.2%, respectively) and participants with chronic pelvic pain (60%, 73.3%, 93.3%, respectively). Conclusions These results suggest that high pelvic floor tenderness among women with endometriosis/CPP may be a marker of heightened pain sensitivity suggestive of central nervous system pain amplification and may impact treatment response. Future research should examine whether this clinical phenotype predicts response to medical and behavioral treatments (e.g, anti-convulsants, behavioral therapy, Physical Therapy).
A novel two-phase location analytics model for determining operating station locations of emerging air taxi services

Abstract Air taxi is a new and emerging form of urban air mobility (UAM) for reducing traffic congestion in metropolitan cities by providing on-demand aviation services to millions of customers daily. These aviation services leverage the electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) technology, and hence, could operate even from building rooftops. This study aims to determine the location of infrastructure facilities for efficient eVTOL air taxi network operation in urban areas and its neighborhood. We utilize a unique two-phase procedure that integrates the multi-criteria warm start technique with an iterative k-means clustering algorithm. To evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed approach, we compare the model’s performance with the results obtained in the previous studies for various settings, such as percentage of time savings, demand satisfaction, passenger willingness to fly rate, and on-road travel limits. The results show the proposed methods yield a better solution than previous studies in terms of several metrics such as the Davies Bouldin index, number of clusters, and multi-criteria attributes.
Improved Boneh-Shaw Content Fingerprinting

We improve on the Boneh-Shaw Fingerprinting scheme in two ways: (i) We merge a Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) embedding layer with the first Boneh-Shaw layer (the so called "? code"), effiectively increasing the protected object size by about four orders of magnitude. As a result we have more than one order of magnitude improvement on the size of collusions that we can overcome. (ii) We replace the "marking assumption" with a more realistic assumption, allowing random jamming on the so called "unseen" bits.
Growing Oca, Ulluco, and Mashua in the Andes: Socioeconomic differences in cropping practices

Farmers in Andean communities depend on complex farming systems that combine native and introduced crops, production for subsistence, and production for the market. Home to the well-known potato, the Andean region is also the native place of hundreds of lesser known varieties of tubers such as oca, ulluco, and mashua. Using data from interviews and field observation in the Peruvian community of Picol, we describe the economic and social relevance of these tuber crops in the context of the local farming system. A cross-case comparison of households is used to examine the relationship between socioeconomic status and the allocation of family resources. We also explore how different agricultural practices relate to the biodiversity of indigenous tuber crops.
Slowing the nanotechnology treadmill: impact science versus production science for sustainable technological development

Nanotechnology is promoted as a solution to problems as diverse as world hunger, energy dependence, and environmental degradation. Nanotechnology research aims to provide new materials, production processes, and military and commercial applications that will transform social relations and economies. While some view nanotechnology as advancing ecological modernization, this analysis of science funding structures, priorities, and institutional goals raises the concern that the past decade of nanotechnology investment has served to accelerate the Treadmill of Production. The transnational race to develop nanotechnological capacity provides an opportunity to examine how scientific potential is developed and unleashed, and to what ends. Investment patterns in nanotechnology research demonstrate an emphasis on production science, and relatively little attention to impact science aimed at understanding the environmental and public health risks nanotechnology may pose. The result of that skewed allocation of rese...
On Dumpster Diving

Lars Eighner (b. 1948) dropped out of the University of Texas at Aurx after his third,year and took a job at a state mental hospital. After lea\=: his job over a policy dispute in 1988 and falling behind in his rent pz ments, Eighner became homeless. For three years, he traveled benl-zrz Austin and Los Angeles with his dog, Lizbeth, earning what money k t could from writing stories for magazines. Eighner's memories of his ?:periences living on the street, Puvels tuih Lizbetb (1993), was written ori computer he found in a Dumpster. The following chapter from that bc: 5: details the practical dangers as well as the many possibilities he discover?: in his "Dumpster diving." Eighner now lives in Austin and works as a fr<t lance writer and writing coach. [3ac!yiro~lncl on .ihe homeless: Although the number of homeless people is difficult ro measure accurately, homelessness has become r highly visible issue in the past two decades. It is estimated, for exampI2that a s many as ten million people experienced homelessness in tkz country in the late 1980s alone. A number of causes have been attribute, to this surge in homelessness. Perhaps most important, a booming rzL estate market led to asignificant drop in affordable housing in many are= of the country. In several cities, single-room-occupancy hotels, which ha: long provided cheap Iodging, were demolished or converted into 1usur:apartments. At the same time, new technologies left many unskilled workers jobless. Government policies against detaining the nondangerous mentally ill against their will also played a significant role. (About I quarter of all homeless people are thought to be mentally ill.) Currently. the U.S. Depxcrnent of Health and Human Services estimates that homelessness affects two to three million Americans each year.
New approaches to advising and mentoring in science and technology

In this fast-paced world of daily technological innovations, university students are caught up in a treadmill of activities, functions, deadlines, finances, and academic challenges. This is particularly difficult for first and second-year students who have to modify their high school habits and create new habits, especially if pursuing a degree in the sciences or an associated technology field. Because of the results of the University's Noel-Levitz survey, a new advising and mentoring model was formulated. This paper describes the new approaches to advising and mentoring implemented at Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi (TAMU-CC) and the successes achieved.
Therapeutic approaches for prion and Alzheimer's diseases.

Alzheimer's and prion diseases belong to a category of conformational neurodegenerative disorders [Prusiner SB (2001) N Eng J Med344, 1516–1526; Sadowski M & Wisniewski T (2007) Curr Pharm Des 13, 1943–1954; Beekes M (2007) FEBS J 274, 575]. Treatments capable of arresting or at least effectively modifying the course of disease do not yet exist for either one of these diseases. Alzheimer's disease is the major cause of dementia in the elderly and has become an ever greater problem with the aging of Western societies. Unlike Alzheimer's disease, prion diseases are relatively rare. Each year only approximately 300 people in the USA and approximately 100 people in the UK succumb to various forms of prion diseases [Beekes M (2007) FEBS J 274, 575; Sigurdsson EM & Wisniewski T (2005) Exp Rev Vaccines 4, 607–610]. Nevertheless, these disorders have received great scientific and public interest due to the fact that they can be transmissible among humans and in certain conditions from animals to humans. The emergence of variant Creutzfeld–Jakob disease demonstrated the transmissibility of the bovine spongiform encephalopathy to humans [Beekes M (2007) FEBS J 274, 575]. Therefore, the spread of bovine spongiform encephalopathy across Europe and the recently identified cases in North America have put a large human population at risk of prion infection. It is estimated that at least several thousand Britons are asymptomatic carriers of prion infections and may develop variant Creutzfeld–Jakob disease in the future [Hilton DA (2006) J Pathol 208, 134–141]. This delayed emergence of human cases following the near elimination of bovine spongiform encephalopathy in the UK may occur because prion disease have a very prolonged incubation period, ranging from months to decades, which depends on the amount of inoculum, the route of infection and the genetic predisposition of the infected subject [Hilton DA (2006) J Pathol 208, 134–141]. Therefore, there is a great need for effective therapies for both Alzheimer's disease and prion diseases.
The American Constitution and the Debate over Originalism: The Problem of Objectivity

The originalism debate in contemporary American constitutional theory can be usefully understood as a three-dimensional phenomenon. The first and most immediate dimension of this debate is practical and political: The contemporary originalism debate springs from the historically specific political context of the cultural struggle over the sixties waged by liberals and conservatives in the final quarter of the twentieth century. The second dimension of the debate is theoretical and jurisprudential: The originalism debate in contemporary American constitutional theory is a particular formulation of an ongoing concern with the nature of constitutional interpretation that stems from the fact that we live under a written constitution. As long as we have a written constitution, we are going to have arguments over the nature of constitutional interpretation. Thus, while the contemporary originalism debate may have been set off by a particular political context, its roots lie in the very nature of the American constitutional system itself. An opponent of origina-lism would be wrong to dismiss it as nothing more than theoretical cover for a purely partisan, political agenda, for it is a powerful normative account of the binding capacity that we consider to be central to the very concept of a written constitution. The third dimension of the debate, however, is rather more abstract but nonetheless interesting: It is a metatheoretical argument over textuality and the nature of language, interpretation, and objectivity. The key to this metatheoretical issue is the concept of the “interpretive turn.”
Hydrogenolysis of Carbon‐Halogen Bonds with Chromium(II)‐en Perchlorate: Naphthalene from 1‐Bromonaphthalene

Hydrogenolysis of carbon-halogen bonds with chromium(II)-en perchlorate: naphthalene from 1-bromonaphthalene reactant: 6.01 g. (0.100 mole) of ethylenediamine reactant: 1.66 g. (0.00802 mole) of 1-bromonaphthalene product: naphthalene Keywords: reduction, CX CH; assay methods, for chromium(II) perchlorate; chromium(II) perchlorate, preparation of
Present Nightmares and Realizable Futures.

The article reflects on the work of Henry Giroux, focusing on his latest book Youth in a Suspect Society. It attempts to capture the experience of reading Giroux and what Giroux's critical engagements across a wide array of cultural and pedagogical formations provide in terms of assisting us in articulating substantive criticisms of and insights into current crises, burdens and challenges. Additionally, it examines the force of Giroux's insistence on pedagogies of hope and possibility that offer tools for meaningfully intervening in the world in order to awaken and develop our critical individual and social agency directed toward modes of transformation necessary in this time of creeping neoliberal cynicism and pessimism, a prowling global fatalism, and a growing contentment with the malaise. In reading Giroux we will be disturbed; it is this creative disturbance, roiling indignation and enlivened action of an awakened public that will provide us grounds for hope that new modes of resistance emergent with...
Polymorphism in the aerobactin-cloacin DF13 receptor genes from an enteroinvasive strain of Escherichia coli and pColV-K30 is associated only with a decrease in cloacin susceptibility.

Abstract We have cloned chromosomal genes mediating the aerobactin iron transport system from the enteroinvasive strain Escherichia coli 978-77. The physical map of the region spanning the siderophore biosynthesis genes and the upstream portion of the receptor gene in strain 978-77-derived clones was identical to the corresponding regions in pColV-K30, while the downstream portion was different. Recombinant plasmids derived from strain 978-77 encoded a 76-kDa outer membrane protein, in contrast to the 74-kDa polypeptide encoded by similar clones derived from pColV-K30. No differences were found in the uptake of ferric aerobactin mediated by either the 76-kDa- or the 74-kDa-encoding plasmids. In contrast, cells containing the 76-kDa-encoding plasmids showed a 16-fold decrease in susceptibility to cloacin compared with cells harboring the 74-kDa-encoding plasmids. Two classes of chimeric aerobactin receptor genes were constructed by exchanging sequences corresponding to the downstream portion from the aerobactin receptor gene of both systems. The pColV-K30-978-77 chimeric gene encoded a 76-kDa outer membrane protein which mediated a low level of cloacin susceptibility, whereas the 978-77-pColV-K30 type encoded a protein of 74 kDa determining a level of cloacin susceptibility identical to that mediated by pColV-K30.
Raman spectroscopy of model membrane monolayers of dipalmitoylphosphatidic acid at the air–water interface using surface enhancement from buoyant thin silver films

A novel method for the acquisition of surface enhanced Raman (SER) spectra of model membranes of dipalmitoylphosphatidic acid (DPPA) in Langmuir layers at the air-water interface is reported. The approach is based on the electrochemical formation of a buoyant thin layer of coalesced silver colloids in the vicinity of the phosphatidic acid head groups at the interface. This Ag layer is an excellent platform for SER scattering, which shows the spectral features from all parts of the molecule and water between the Ag surface and the DPPA layer. The observation of the spectral response from the phosphatidic acid head groups is of particular significance, allowing insight into their chemical state and orientation at the air-water interface.
Estimation of past seepage volumes from calcite distribution in the Topopah Spring Tuff, Yucca Mountain, Nevada

Low-temperature calcite and opal record the past seepage of water into open fractures and lithophysal cavities in the unsaturated zone at Yucca Mountain, Nevada, site of a proposed high-level radioactive waste repository. Systematic measurements of calcite and opal coatings in the Exploratory Studies Facility (ESF) tunnel at the proposed repository horizon are used to estimate the volume of calcite at each site of calcite and/or opal deposition. By estimating the volume of water required to precipitate the measured volumes of calcite in the unsaturated zone, seepage rates of 0.005 to 5 liters/year (l/year) are calculated at the median and 95th percentile of the measured volumes, respectively. These seepage rates are at the low end of the range of seepage rates from recent performance assessment (PA) calculations, confirming the conservative nature of the performance assessment. However, the distribution of the calcite and opal coatings indicate that a much larger fraction of the potential waste packages would be contacted by this seepage than is calculated in the performance assessment.
An explanation for similarities in properties of α-phase Pu and TiNi alloys

Abstract References are reviewed which indicate that there are electronic changes in α-phase Pu at several temperatures below ambient. A published theory suggests that periodic lattice distortions (PLDs) can serve the purpose of promoting electrons into holes in the Fermi surface. Therefore PLDs may be responsible for low-temperature Pu metal behavior. Prior publications have shown that there are two modes of electrical conductivity in α-phase Pu. One mode gives a temperature-independent electrical resistivity along the b axis above 125 K. The other mode results in a maximum in electrical resistivity at ~ 100 K, which is seen in measurements parallel to the a - c plane. A positron annihilation experiment has suggested that conduction electron populations may remain nearly the same in all Pu metal phases. The latter experiment may explain why electrical resistivity is almost temperature independent in every Pu metal phase above 125 K. Attention is called to similarities in electrical resistivity and magnetic susceptibility behavior of alpha (α)-phase Pu and TiNi(X) alloys. Theories are examined which can explain why these materials should have the same low-temperature space group (monoclinic, P2 1 /m), and why they should have PLDs and charge-density-wave (CDW) states. The similarity in the physical properties of α-Pu and TiNi alloys may be due to the electronic state of a partially filled or a half-filled band. Both materials may be showing states with characteristics between those of localized core states and weakly correlated valence states.
Effective leadership response to crisis

Purpose – This article offers guidelines for effective crisis response.Design/methodology/approach – Its thesis is: whether an organization survives a crisis with its reputation, operations, and financial condition intact is determined less by the severity of the crisis than by the timeliness and effectiveness of the responseFindings – Companies with effective crisis response saw their stock price recover quickly, and remain above their pre‐crisis price thereafter, closing an average of seven percent above their pre‐crisis price one year after the crisis.Practical implications – Offers do and don't prescriptions for managing a crisis.Originality/value – A consultant recognized as an authority in his field shares his experience in effective crisis management.
Hyper-entanglement based sensor with reduced measurement time and enhanced signal to interference ratio

An array of hyper-entanglement based sensors made up of quantum hyper-entangled systems will be considered. Each hyper-entangled system will consists of a single hyper-entangled signal and single ancilla photon. The effect of noise in every mode as well as loss is included. The signal photon will experience classical loss and each ancilla photon will suffer a low level of loss. Forming an array offers the further advantage of a greater reduction in measurement time. It is shown mathematically that in the large d limit, where d is the number of modes, that different members of the array do not interfere with each other implying they can be put close together. This permits an enormous reduction in the measurement time, i.e. the time-on-target. Each hyper-entangled system making up the array receives a factor of d improvement in the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) and a factor of d reduction in measurement time. If M measurements are needed for a given level of resolution or decision quality then instead of having one hyper-entanglement pair, M hyper-entanglement pairs can be used. Unlike a classical radar or ladar, this system can image a target essentially with a snapshot from the many photon sources making up the array. Closed form results for the wave function, reduced density operator, gamma-expansion, probability of detection, probability of false alarm, SNR, SIR, Quantum Fisher information (QFI), quantum-Cramer-Rao lower bound (QCRLB), quantum Chernoff bound (QCB), and estimates for the number of required measurements are provided.
Effects of environmental chemicals on kidney metabolism and function

The mammalian kidney, because of its high rate of perfusion, active transport capabilities, and concentrating functions, often is exposed to much higher concentrations of chemicals than are other organs. These high concentrations of chemicals may have no effect on the kidney, may produce a beneficial therapeutic response, or may produce harmful (toxic) effects to the organ. Some chemicals may produce a direct renal cytotoxicity, such as that produced by heavy metals (mercury, chromium), by therapeutic agents (aminoglycoside antibiotics, analgesics), or by a variety of widely used chemicals (chloroform, carbon tetrachloride). Certain other chemicals in the environment may produce biochemical changes in the kidney that alone appear to have no functional correlation (that is, no functional nephropathy can be measured) yet may alter the response of the kidney to other agents. The former chemicals produce identifiable functional lesions that may be life-threatening. Their effects are predictable and dose-related, however. Judicious use of therapeutic agents, careful monitoring of the work place, and so forth, can minimize the dangers of these compounds to man. The latter chemicals, on the other hand, produce no functional lesion and are, therefore, more insidious in their effects and may present more of a hazard to man. The kidney is capable of metabolically altering a wide variety of endogenous and exogenous chemicals. Although many of these reactions produce compounds with reduced biological activity, in some specific instances metabolic transformation of a chemical may result in a compound with greater (or different) biological activity. Metabolism of chemicals within the kidney may, therefore, be an important factor in determining the response of the kidney to chemical exposure. The subject of this article will be the relationships between exposure to environmental pollutants and changes in renal biochemistry that may adversely affect kidney function.
Gallai-Edmonds decomposition as a pruning technique

We introduce a generic propagation mechanism for constraint programming. The method is based on the results of matching theory which is a mature and well-studied subject of graph theory. A first benefit of our new pruning technique comes from the fact that it can be applied on several global constraints whose solution is representable by a matching in a particular graph. In this work we describe a filtering scheme for such a family based on the Gallai-Edmonds Structure Theorem. In a number of important cases our method achieves hyper-arc consistency in polynomial time.
Two new taxa of Sedum section Gormania (Crassulaceae) endemic to the Trinity Mountains in California

Two taxa, narrowly endemic to the Trinity Mountains in northwestern California, are described.Sedum laxum subsp.flavidum is a tetraploid (n = 30) and is found on metabasaltic outcroppings, andSedum obtusatum subsp.paradisum is a diploid (n = 15) and occurs on granite outcroppings.
Post-translational modifications and the Warburg effect

Post-translational modification (PTM) is an important step of signal transduction that transfers chemical groups such as phosphate, acetyl and glycosyl groups from one protein to another protein. As most of the PTMs are reversible, normal cells use PTMs as a 'switch' to determine the resting and proliferating state of cells that enables rapid and tight regulation of cell proliferation. In cancer cells, activation of oncogenes and/or inactivation of tumor suppressor genes provide continuous proliferative signals in part by adjusting the state of diverse PTMs of effector proteins that are involved in regulation of cell survival, cell cycle and proliferation, leading to abnormally fast proliferation of cancer cells. In addition to dysregulated proliferation, 'altered tumor metabolism' has recently been recognized as an emerging cancer hallmark. The most common metabolic phenotype of cancer is known as the Warburg effect or aerobic glycolysis that consists of increased glycolysis and enhanced lactate production even in the presence of oxygen. Although Otto Warburg observed aerobic glycolysis nearly 90 years ago, the detailed molecular mechanisms how increased glycolysis is regulated by oncogenic and/or tumor suppressive signaling pathways remain unclear. In this review, we summarize recent advances revealing how these signaling pathways reprogram metabolism through diverse PTMs to provide a metabolic advantage to cancer cells, thereby promoting tumor cell proliferation, tumorigenesis and tumor growth.
Capacity and flow assignment issues in MPLS networks

MPLS technology enables IP networks to accept the challenge raised by emerging communication paradigms. This paper describes a nonlinear model with path capacity as design variables and space priority as constraints. The analysis shows that the close-form solution exists if traffic flows are allocated by an independent protocol.
Policing in an Information Age: The Prevalence of State and Local Law Enforcement Agencies Utilising the World Wide Web to Connect with the Community:

Recognising the importance of police departments in the USA to create and maintain a positive public perception, the goal of this analysis was to determine whether law enforcement agencies are util...
Perceived discrimination as a stressor for close relationships: identifying psychological and physiological pathways.

Approaching the inverse association between perceived discrimination and close relationship functioning from a stress and coping framework, we propose and test a novel model incorporating psychological (emotion dys- regulation) and physiological (chronic inflammation) pathways. Analyses of data from a sample of African American participants (N = 592) enrolled in the Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) study revealed support for the proposed model. Specifically, results from structural equation modeling analyses showed that perceived dis- crimination was indirectly associated with increased emo- tion dysregulation (venting and denial) through stressor appraisals and directly associated with increased inflam- mation (interluekin-6, e-selectin and c-reactive protein). Furthermore, relationship strain with family, friends and spouses was associated with greater levels of emotion dysregulation and chronic inflammation. Overall, the pro- posed model fit the data well and provides support for new avenues of research on the social, psychological and physiological correlates of perceived discrimination and close relationship functioning. To conclude, evidence for the proposed biopsychosocial model is summarized and directions for future research on these topics are discussed.
Implementing ILLiad: A Successful Collaboration of the Systems and Interlibrary Loan Departments in an Academic Library

In libraries, collaboration between departments or individuals can be the best way to implement a new project. This article will examine the implementation of ILLiad at the University of Toledo and show how a successful collaborative relationship was formed between the Interlibrary Loan and Systems Departments. It will demonstrate that, although challenging at times, collaboration is worth the effort in order to introduce a new service successfully.
Microtechnology Processes and Cooperative Behavior of Third Grade Children

This study investigates four variations of a microtechnology process and its effect on the development of cooperative behavior in 96 third grade children. Subjects were randomly assigned to one of four treatment groups. The treatments were the complete microtechnology process and three variations of the process. Findings suggest that: cooperative behavior can be significantly (p < .01) increased by use of microtechnology techniques; the microtechnology process is effective without the self-confrontation component; and the behavior developed exhibited short-term retention.
Stabilizing colloidal crystals by leveraging void distributions

Colloids often crystallize into polymorphic structures, which are only separated by marginal differences in free energy. Due to this fact, the face-centred cubic and hexagonal close-packed hard-sphere morphologies, for example, usually crystallize simultaneously from a supersaturated solution. The resulting lack of long-range order in these polymorphic structures has been a significant barrier to the widespread application of these crystals in, for instance, photonic bandgap materials. Here, we report a simple method to stabilize one out of two competing polymorphs by exploiting the fact that they have significantly different spatial distributions of voids. We use a variety of polymeric additives whose geometries can be tuned such that their entropy loss, which is related to crystal void symmetries, is different in the two competing polymorphs. This, in turn, controls which polymorph is most thermodynamically stable, providing a generalizable means to stabilize a selected crystal polymorph from a suite of competing structures.
Interactions of thiols with sedimentary particulate phase: studies of 3-mercaptopropionate in salt marsh sediments from Shelter Island, New York

Abstract 3-Mercaptopropionate (3-MPA) is a major hydrophilic thiol in salt marsh sediments from Shelter Island, New York. It is associated mainly with the sedimentary particulate phase, although the mechanism of its binding has not been clear. In this study, we show that humic substances coated on clay minerals are involved in binding 3-MPA through di- and poly-sulfide linkages. With increasing depth, the abundance of 3-MPA in the fulvic acid fraction decreases with a concomitant increase in the humic acid fraction, suggesting that, with depth, fulvic-bound 3-MPA is converted into humic-bound 3-MPA. We modeled the depth variation with a multi-G model which suggests that there are two types of reactive components in both fulvic acid-bound and humic acid-bound 3-MPA, one changing about 10 times more rapidly than the other. These two 3-MPA pools probably reflect different types of sulfur bridging, with the polysulfide-bridged pool changing more rapidly than the disulfide-bridged pool. As free thiol, 3-MPA is attacked relatively rapidly by anaerobic bacteria, its degradation following firstorder kinetics. However, in the sediment core we studied, humic-bound 3-MPA was present throughout the sediment column, down to 22 cm, corresponding to an age of about 90 years. These results suggest that thiols can escape bacterial degradation in sediments by binding to humic substances. The sedimentary distribution of 3-MPA is an important illustration of the interplay of biological and chemical processes in the fate of thiols in anoxic marine sediments.
Electronic structure of Pu and Am metals by self-consistent relativistic G W method

We present the results of calculations for Pu and Am performed using an implementation of a self-consistent fully relativistic $GW$ method. The key feature of our scheme is to evaluate polarizability and self-energy in real space and Matsubara's time. We compare our $GW$ results with the calculations using local density and quasiparticle approximations and also with scalar-relativistic calculations. We highlight the importance of both relativistic effects and effects of self-consistency in $GW$ calculation for Am and Pu. We also have found that $GW$ enhances the hybridization between $5f$ and $6d$ states in Pu, suggesting that the physics of Pu should not be understood based only on $5f$ electrons.
Thermal studies of the spin liquid state and analog to the 4He melting curve in a geometrically frustrated magnet

Gadolinium gallium garnet, Gd3Ga5O12 (GGG) has an extraordinary low-temperature phase diagram. Although the Curie–Weiss temperature of GGG is ∼−2 K, GGG shows no long-range order down to T∼0.4 K. At low temperatures GGG has a spin glass phase at low fields (≲0.1 T), a field-induced long-range ordered antiferromagnetic state at fields of between 0.7 and 1.3 T, and, at intermediate fields, an apparent spin-liquid state without long-range order. We have characterized the intermediate field (IF) state through heat capacity, thermal conductivity, and magnetocaloric measurements. Our results show a sharp high-field phase boundary of the thermal irreversibility of the spin glass phase of GGG implying that the intermediate field phase is distinct from the spin glass. The lower field boundary of the AFM phase is shown to have distinct minimum at T∼0.2 K, in analogy to the minimum in the melting curve of 4He. The existence of such a minimum is confirmed by measurements of the latent heat of the transition below that temperature.
Population and World Economic Development

In J. J. Spengler9s article, "Population and world economic development" [Science 131. 1497 (20 May 1960)], the heading of the first column in Table I (p. 1499) should have read "Gross reproduction rate," not "Gross reproduction rate (%)."
Designs for group sequential tests

Abstract Several authors have proposed group sequential procedures to satisfy the ethicalneed in clinical trials for interim analyses. We propose here an alternative procedure that offers a good opportunity for early termination when initial results are extreme, while essentially maintaining the power provided by the procedure that applies when the corresponding test statistic is computed only at the predetermined time of final analysis. The new design is also sufficiently flexible to readily allow one to increase the maximum number of analyses for certain reasons such as unexpectedly slow accrual into the study, although not for reasons arising from consideration of outcomes observed at interim analysis.
Energetics of Segregated Early Weaned Pigs

The energetics of early weaned (13 to 16 days old) pigs were examined under four temperature regimes. The pigs, in groups of 10 (0.28 m2/pig), were housed in the indirect calorimeter chambers at initial air temperatures of 31.1, 28.9, 26.7, or 24.4°C which then were decreased by 1.1°C per week for the three weeks of the post-weaning period. The feed efficiency and average daily gain during the three-week trial for the four temperature regimes were 1.30, 360 g/day; 1.33, 380 g/day; 1.38, 370 g/day; and 1.27, 370 g/day, respectively. Overall feed efficiency was significantly lower (P < 0.05) for the coolest and warmest treatments. Average daily gain was not significantly different for any of the treatments (P > 0.05). The average moisture production for the four treatments was: 4.85, 4.26, 4.13, and 3.85 g H2O/kg-h, respectively. The total heat production and sensible heat loss were: 5.53, 2.21; 5.66, 2.71; 5.83, 3.01; and 5.87, 3.22 W/kg, respectively. Respiratory quotient averaged 0.95 to 0.96 for all regimes. All average energetic responses, except respiratory quotient, had significant differences among treatments (P < 0.05). Energetic responses of this study were substantially higher than data currently used by the ASAE Standard for swine nursery design.
Time in the Streets

The influence of society on the conceptualization of time was noted by Durkheim when he argued that the very concept of time is social in origin. A society's conception of time is an essential part of culture, influencing and being influenced by many other key concepts, including those of the person and proper conduct. Time images are the symbolic representations of time available to persons in a given society. For an alcoholic who envisions no real hope of returning to "normal" society and who has experienced destitution and powerlessness, the arrival of a check signifies some claim to power. The weather is, of course, a major factor in this cycle since the street people are exposed to it to a far greater extent than anyone else in American society. The relationship between time image, time orientation, purpose, and behavior is of crucial importance given the social situation in the United States.
Nitrate regulation of the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway in maize (Zea mays L.) root plastids: induction of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase activity, protein and transcript levels

Abstract We examined the effect of nitrate on the expression of the NADPH producing enzymes of the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGDH) in maize seedlings (Zea mays L. W64A×A182E). In extracts of 5 day old maize roots and leaves treated with 10 mM KNO3, G6PDH and 6PGDH activities increased by 44 and 53%, respectively, relative to untreated roots. In isolated plastids from KNO3 treated roots, G6PDH and 6PGDH specific activities were more than 25- and 12-fold higher than in the untreated control. Western blot analysis showed higher levels of 6PGDH protein in root plastid extracts from KNO3 treated plants. The data suggest that KNO3 specifically affects the plastidic forms of G6PDH and 6PGDH. Three classes of 6PGDH cDNA were identified in maize roots. Of these, one cDNA hybridized with a transcript that accumulated rapidly and transiently in response to low concentrations of external nitrate. The accumulation of this transcript was not affected by pretreating plants with 50 μg/ml cycloheximide, which was previously shown to inhibit cytoplasmic protein synthesis in maize roots by more than 85% (Gowri et al., Plant Mol. Biol. 26 (1998) 679). Neither NH4+ nor K+ treatment affected transcript accumulation. The data indicate coordinated regulation of genes and enzymes required for NO3− assimilation and NADPH production in root plastids.
Racial identity, spatial mobility, and labor in the non-plantation rural South, 1880–1940

Abstract Across much of the rural South in the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries, crop-lien systems of agriculture devoted to plantation crops restricted the spatial and economic mobility of many black Southerners. Where crop-lien systems were infrequent, however, black Southerners had somewhat greater spatial and economic mobility, particularly in connection with the wage labor of the lumber industries. This article investigates the connections between perceptions of racial identity, spatial mobility, and labor in both the lumber industry and in non-plantation agriculture in St. Tammany Parish in southeastern Louisiana using census records, historical newspapers, and archival sources.
Differential Effects of Atrial Natriuretic Factor on Angiotensin II- and Adrenocorticotropin-Stimulated Aldosterone Secretion

The possible role of atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) in the regulation of adrenal sensitivity to angiotensin II (AII) was investigated in vivo and in vitro by analyzing the characteristics of the inhibitory effect of ANF on aldosterone production stimulated by AII and other stimuli. In isolated adrenal glomerulosa cells, ANF caused a dose-dependent inhibition of basal and stimulated aldosterone production by submaximal concentrations of ACTH, AII, and potassium, with an ED50 of about 1 nM for ANF and complete inhibition with 10 nM ANF. ANF increased the ED50 for ACTH from 14.6 +/- 3.2 to 376 +/- 104 pM with no significant decrease in the maximum aldosterone response. In contrast, ANF inhibited the aldosterone responses to all doses of AII, decreasing maximal aldosterone production by 75%, with a small increase in the ED50 for AII. In conscious rats, ANF infusion (100 ng/min) markedly decreased the plasma aldosterone response to AII infusion (5-10 ng/min). With higher AII doses (50 and 100 ng/min), which increased plasma corticosterone (and presumably ACTH secretion), the inhibitory effect of ANF was less marked. When the rise in ACTH secretion was prevented by dexamethasone treatment, ANF decreased the aldosterone response to 100 ng/min AII by 85%. Similarly, ANF had a minor although significant inhibitory effect on the primary ACTH-mediated increases in plasma aldosterone after stress by immobilization for 15 min. The data demonstrate a prominent inhibitory effect of ANF on AII-stimulated aldosterone production in vivo and in vitro. Since plasma ANF levels are increased during atrial distension, these observations support a regulatory role of ANF in the control of the adrenal sensitivity to AII during alterations of extracellular volume.
Characterization of supported molybdenum sulfide catalyst ex ammonium tetrathiomolybdate

Abstract Active sulfide catalysts are conventionally prepared by converting the respective oxides to sulfides. Reductive sulfiding of the oxides is usually difficult and does not proceed in a regular manner. A supported molybdenum sulfide catalyst prepared by the decomposition of ammonium tetrathiomolybdate (ATTM) in hydrogen is unique in two respects, namely, the lower valence state of the supported molybdenum sulfide catalyst, and the presence of few oxygen atoms in the catalyst. The activity of a catalyst prepared by this technique (and subjected to different pretreatments) is compared with the activities of both a conventional and a commercial catalyst. The pretreatment consists of flash or temperature-programmed decomposition of the supported ATTM in helium followed by removal of excess sulfur by temperature-programmed reduction, or the decomposition of supported ATTM in hydrogen. The results clearly indicate that the activity of the catalyst prepared by the decomposition of ATTM is higher than the activities of both the conventionally prepared catalyst and the commercial catalyst.
Isolation and identification of the group B streptococcal toxin CM101 from infants with sepsis.

Abstract Objective: To determine whether the group B streptococcal (GBS) polysaccharide exotoxin CM101, which induces a complement-activated cytokine-driven inflammatory response, is present in body fluids of infants with GBS disease. Study design: With a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, CM101 was measured in plasma, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid from newborn infants who were evaluated for possible infection and from older infants with culture-confirmed GBS disease. Results: Urine from 11 newborn infants with culture-confirmed early-onset disease contained large amounts of CM101 (1.0 to 5.5 mg/48 h). Plasma concentrations were 62.6 ± 10.5 μg/mL in these infants and were 69.0 ± 21.2 μg/mL in 4 older infants with late-onset disease. Plasma CM101 concentrations did not correlate with indexes of illness severity, leukocyte counts, or interleukin-6 or interleukin-8 plasma concentrations. CM101 was present in cerebrospinal fluid of 5 infants with meningitis (8.4 ± 1.6 μg/mL). CM101 was not found in control samples. CM101 isolated from urine had molecular weight and sugar composition similar to those obtained from GBS culture media, and they both elicited a comparable pathophysiologic response when infused intravenously in lambs. Conclusions: CM101 is present in infants with GBS disease, and it appears to be the same as CM101 obtained from GBS culture media. (J Pediatr 2000;137:338-44)
STABLE, MULTI-STATE, TIME-REVERSIBLE CELLULAR AUTOMATA WITH RICH PARTICLE CONTENT

Abstract We discuss a new class of stable multi-state Cellular Automata (CA). The CA significantly extends the two-state, time-irreversible CA proposed by Park, Steiglitz, and Thurston by providing for arbitrary numbers of states as well as time-reversibility. These new CA are dynamical systems possessing an enormous array of coherent particle-like structures. The particle interaction picture is surprisingly rich and includes particle production as well.
Surface biosolids application: effects on infiltration, erosion, and soil organic carbon in Chihuahuan Desert grasslands and shrublands.

Land application of biosolids is a beneficial-use practice whose ecological effects depend in part on hydrological effects. Biosolids were surface-applied to square 0.5-m 2 plots at four rates (0, 7, 34, and 90 dry Mg ha -1 ) on each of three soil-cover combinations in Chihuahuan Desert grassland and shrubland. Infiltration and erosion were measured during two seasons for three biosolids post-application ages. Infiltration was measured during eight periods of a 30-min simulated rain. Biosolids application affected infiltration rate, cumulative infiltration, and erosion. Infiltration increased with increasing biosolids application rate. Application of biosolids at 90 dry Mg ha -1 increased steady-state infiltration rate by 1.9 to 7.9 cm h -1 . Most of the measured differences in runoff among biosolids application rates were too large to be the result of interception losses and/or increased hydraulic gradient due to increased roughness. Soil erosion was reduced by the application of biosolids; however, the extent of reduction in erosion depended on the initial erodibility of the site. Typically, the greatest marginal reductions in erosion were achieved at the lower biosolids application rates (7 and 34 dry Mg ha -1 ); the difference in erosion between 34 and 90 dry Mg ha -1 biosolids application rates was not significant. Surface application of biosolids has important hydrological consequences on runoff and soil erosion in desert grasslands that depend on the rate of biosolids applied, and the site and biosolids characteristics.