cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characteristics and Transmission Dynamics of COVID 19 in Healthcare Workers in a Pediatric COVID care Hospital in Mumbai.

Objective To evaluate if Healthcare workers (HCWs) at the frontline of COVID-19 response in a pediatric hospital are at an increased risk of acquiring SARS-CoV-2. Methods The Hospital Infection Control Committee (HICC) and virology testing records were combined to identify SARS-CoV-2 positive HCWs and study the transmission dynamics of COVID-19 over 6 months. Results COVID-19 cases in our HCWs cohort rose and declined parallel to community cases. Forty two out of 534 HCWs (8%) were SARS-CoV-2 positive with no fatalities. No clinical staff in the special COVID ward or ICU was positive. Significant proportion of non-clinical staff (30%) were SARS-CoV-2 positive. About 70% of SARS-CoV-2 positive staff had likely community acquisition, with a significant proportion having travelled by public transport or having a contact history with a positive case in the community. Twenty four percent of positive staff were asymptomatic and detected positive on re-joining test. Conclusions Sustained transmission of SARS-CoV-2 did not occur in our cohort beyond community transmission. Appropriate PPE use, strict and constantly improving infection control measures and testing of both clinical and non-clinical staff were essential methods for restricting transmission amongst HCWs.
Predicting the onset of myopia in children: results from the CLEERE study.

Research often attempts to identify risk factors associated with prevalent disease or that change the probability of developing disease. These factors may also help in predicting which individuals may go on to develop the condition of interest. However, risk factors may not always serve as the best predictive factors and not all predictive factors should be considered as risk factors. A child’s current refractive error, parental history of myopia, and the amount of time children spend outdoors are excellent examples. Parental myopia and time outdoors are meaningful risk factors because they alter the probability of developing myopia and point to important hereditary and environmental influences. A child’s current refractive error points to no particular mechanism and is therefore a poor risk factor. However, it serves as an excellent predictive factor for identifying children likely to develop future myopia. Risk factors may explain how a child reached a particular level of refractive error, but knowledge of that history may not be needed in order to make an accurate prediction about future refractive error. Current refractive error alone may be sufficient. This difference between risk factors and predictive factors is not always appreciated in the literature, including a recent publication in BMC Ophthalmology. This letter attempts to make that distinction and to explain why parental myopia and time outdoors are significant risk factors in the Collaborative Longitudinal Evaluation of Ethnicity and Refractive Error, yet are not significant for predicting future myopia in a multivariate model that contains current refractive error.
The Heartland of Inner Asia: Mongolia and Steppe Pastoral Nomadism

The Mongolian economy is still reliant on pastoral nomadism for food, materials, and export products such as cashmere. Chapter four situates the research questions of this book in the world of the eastern steppe and the pastoral nomadic peoples that inhabit Inner Asia today. Following a brief description of Inner Asian geography and environments, I discuss the significant results of Simukov’s research on Mongolian mobility patterns during the early twentieth century. I then follow with an overview of recent ethnography at the two study areas of Egiin Gol and Baga Gazaryn Chuluu where modern mobile herding is the dominant local lifeway.
Lawrence v. Texas: Evolution of Constitutional Doctrine

The right of lesbians and gay men to be free from governmental intrusion into their sexual lives underwent a profound transformation between 1986 when Bowers v. Hardwick was decided and 2004 when Bowers was overruled by Lawrence v. Texas. Based in part on an earlier piece, The Use of Criminal Sodomy Laws in Civil Litigation, 79 Texas Law Review 813 (2001), this short essay traces the dramatic eighteen-year transformation in due process law on the topic of sodomy and speculates about some of the forces that led to the Court's decision in Lawrence.
Funding Versus Control in Intergovernmental Relations

Governmental programs are occasionally required by one level of government in a federal system, but funded through taxes or fees raised at another level. This arrangement creates opportunities for one government to exploit the fund-raising capabilities of another. But separating the functions of mandating and funding the program may, in some instances, generate a more efficient allocation of collective goods. A review of mechanisms that might be used to restrict this arrangement to situations in which efficient collective goods provision can be assured reveals that the relationship between central and decentralized governments provides the best protection against exploitation.
Alcoholic liver disease: Pathogenesis, management, and novel targets for therapy

Alcohol use is a leading cause of preventable morbidity and mortality worldwide, with much of its negative impact as the result of alcoholic liver disease (ALD). ALD is a broad term that encompasses a spectrum of phenotypes ranging from simple steatosis to steatohepatitis, progressive fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. The mechanisms underlying the development of these different disease stages are incompletely understood. Standard treatment of ALD, which includes abstinence, nutritional support, and corticosteroids, has not changed in the last 40 years despite continued poor outcomes. Novel therapies are therefore urgently needed. The development of such therapies has been hindered by inadequate resources for research and unsuitable animal models. However, recent developments in translational research have allowed for identification of new potential targets for therapy. These targets include: (i) CXC chemokines, (ii) IL-22/STAT3, (iii) TNF receptor superfamily, (iv) osteopontin, (v) gut microbiota and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), (vi) endocannabinoids, and (vii) inflammasomes. We review the natural history, risk factors, pathogenesis, and current treatments for ALD. We further discuss the findings of recent translational studies and potential therapeutic targets.
Promotion/Prevention Focus

Regulatory focus theory assumes that Self-Regulation operates differently when serving fundamentally different needs, such as the distinct survival needs of nurturance versus security. Keywords: promotion/prevention focus
ERP implementation factors

Past research has identified factors that are important to the successful implementation of enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems. However, the identification of these factors has often been based on the perceptions of senior members within organizations that are implementing these systems. In this study, the perceptions of managers and end‐users on selected implementation factors are compared. Understanding if differences exist in the perceptions of different groups within an organization and the nature of these differences can help implementers develop appropriate intervention mechanisms such as training and communication that can lead to successful ERP implementation.
CHANGE AND THE ETERNAL PART OF THE MIND IN SPINOZA

Spinoza insists that we can during the course of our lives increase that part of the mind that is constituted by knowledge, but he also calls that part of the mind its eternal part. How can what is eternal increase? I defend an interpretation on which there is a sense in which the eternal part of the mind can become greater without changing intrinsically at all.
Criminalising the Purchase of Sex: Lessons from Sweden

In 1999, Sweden criminalized the purchase of sexual services. The Swedish Sex Purchase Act was introduced with the aim of reducing the levels of prostitution and trafficking, while also providing a...
Comparing prognostic strength of acute corticospinal tract injury measured by a new diffusion tensor imaging based template approach versus common approaches

Background Long-term motor outcome of acute stroke patients with severe motor impairment is difficult to predict. While measure of corticospinal tract (CST) injury based on diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) in subacute stroke patients strongly predicts motor outcome, its predictive value in acute stroke patients is unclear. Using a new DTI-based, density-weighted CST template approach, we demonstrated recently that CST injury measured in acute stroke patients with moderately-severe to severe motor impairment of the upper limb strongly predicts motor outcome of the limb at 6 months.
N-acetyl-p- benzoquinone imine a cytochrome P-450 mediated oxidation product of acetaminophen

Abstract N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine (NAPQI) has been proposed as the toxic metabolite of acetaminophen for the past 10 years, although it has never been detected as an enzymatic oxidation product of acetaminophen. We report (i) direct detection of NAPQI formed as an oxidation product of acetaminophen by cytochrome P-450 and cumene hydroperoxide and (ii) indirect evidence that is compelling for NAPQI formation from acetaminophen by cytochrome P-450, NADPH, and NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase. Evidence is provided for the rapid reduction of NAPQI back to acetaminophen by NADPH and NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase such that steady-state levels of NAPQI were below our detection limits of 6.7 X 10(-8) M. In mouse liver microsomal incubations, radiolabeled analogs of both NAPQI and acetaminophen bound covalently to microsomal protein with the loss of approximately equal to 20% of the acetyl group as acetamide. The binding in each case was decreased by glutathione with concomitant formation of 3-S-glutathionylacetaminophen. The binding also was decreased by L-ascorbic acid, NADPH, and NADH with reduction of NAPQI to acetaminophen. Results of partitioning experiments indicate that NAPQI is a major metabolite of acetaminophen, a considerable fraction of which is rapidly reduced back to acetaminophen.
Tunable Pulse Delay Demonstration Using Four-Wave Mixing in Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers

We demonstrate fractional delay exceeding 40 percent for a 1.3ns pulse using non-degenerate four-wave mixing in semiconductor optical amplifiers. Continuously tunable fast and slow light with a total difference of 0.59 ns was obtained.
Cruciferous Vegetables: Cancer Protective Mechanisms of Glucosinolate Hydrolysis Products and Selenium:

Dietetic professionals urge Americans to increase fruit and vegetable intakes. The American Institute of Cancer Research estimates that if the only dietary change made was to increase the daily intake of fruits and vegetables to 5 servings per day, cancer rates could decline by as much as 20%. Among the reasons cited for this health benefit are that fruits and vegetables are excellent sources of fiber, vitamins, and minerals. They also contain nonnutritive components that may provide substantial health benefits beyond basic nutrition. Examples of the latter are the glucosinolate hydrolysis products, sulforaphane, and indole-3-carbinol. Epidemiological studies provide evidence that the consumption of cruciferous vegetables protects against cancer more effectively than the total intake of fruits and vegetables. This review describes the anticarcinogenic bioactivities of glucosinolate hydrolysis products, the mineral selenium derived from crucifers, and the mechanisms by which they protect against cancer. These mechanisms include altered estrogen metabolism, protection against reactive oxygen species, altered detoxification by induction of phase II enzymes, decreased carcinogen activation by inhibition of phase I enzymes, and slowed tumor growth and induction of apoptosis.
Contributions to the knowledge of Formicidae (Hymenoptera, Aculeata): a new diagnosis of the family, the first global male-based key to subfamilies, and a treatment of early branching lineages

The diagnosis of the Formicidae is revised, including five new, unreversed apomorphies, of which one is a unique synapomorphy. The first global male-based key to all subfamilies is provided and illustrated, and all ant subfamilies are diagnosed for males on a global scale for the first time. Three lineages of “basal ants” are assessed in detail: the Amblyoponinae, Leptanillinae, and Martialinae. The males of Martialis heureka (Martialinae) and Apomyrma (Amblyoponinae) are described. The Martialinae and Leptanillinae are diagnosed based on males, and additional diagnostic traits for the male of Amblyoponinae and worker of Martialis are provided. The placement of Scyphodon and Noonilla in the Formicidae and Leptanillinae is confirmed. Morphological characters of the Amblyoponinae, the Leptanillinae, and the Martialinae are contrasted, and potentially homologous apomorphies are signaled.
Quadrature prefiltering for high quality antialiasing

This article introduces quadrature prefiltering, an accurate, efficient, and fairly simple algorithm for prefiltering polygons for scanline rendering. It renders very high quality images at reasonable cost, strongly suppressing aliasing artifacts. For equivalent RMS error, quadrature prefiltering is significantly faster than either uniform or jittered supersampling. Quadrature prefiltering is simple to implement and space-efficient; it needs only a small two-dimensional lookup table, even when computing nonradially symmetric filter kernels. Previous algorithms have required either three-dimensional tables or a restriction to radially symmetric filter kernels. Though only slightly more complicated to implement than the widely used box prefiltering method, quadrature prefiltering can generate images with much less visible aliasing artifacts.
Chromaticity tracking with a phase modulation/demodulation technique in the Tevatron

The Tevatron chromaticity tracker (CT) has been successfully commissioned and is now operational. The basic idea behind the CT is that when the phase of the Tevatron RF is slowly modulated, the beam momentum is also modulated. This momentum modulation is coupled transversely via chromaticity to manifest as a phase modulation on the betatron tune. And so by phase demodulating the betatron tune, the chromaticity can be recovered. However, for the phase demodulation to be successful, it is critical that the betatron tune be a coherent signal that can be easily picked up by a phase detector. This is easily done because the Tevatron has a phase locked loop based tune tracker which coherently excites the beam at the betatron tune.
U‐Pb zircon constraints on the age and provenance of the Rocas Verdes basin fill, Tierra del Fuego, Argentina

The Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous Rocas Verdes basin constitutes one of the most poorly understood components of the southernmost Andes. As a result, accurate reconstructions and interpretations of deformation associated with the Andean orogeny and the kinematics of Scotia arc development also remain poorly constrained. In this data brief, we report U-Pb zircon ages from sandstones of the Rocas Verdes basin fill and from a crosscutting pluton in the southernmost Andes of Argentine Tierra del Fuego. Detrital samples contain predominant Early to early Middle Cretaceous (circa 130–105 Ma) U-Pb zircon age populations, with very small or single-grain middle Mesozoic and Proterozoic subpopulations. A very small subpopulation of Late Cretaceous ages in one sample raises the unlikely possibility that parts of the Rocas Verdes basin are younger than perceived. A sample from a crosscutting syenitic pegmatite yields a crystallization age of 74.7 +2.2/−2.0 Ma. The data presented herein encourage further geochronologic evaluation of the Rocas Verdes basin in order to better constrain the depositional ages and provenance of its contents.
Enhanced reactivity of dendrons in the Passerini three-component reaction

Polymer chemistry has embraced multicomponent reactions for synthesizing multifunctional materials, including structurally perfect multimodal dendrimers. An unexpected substituent effect dramatically shortens the time required for the convergent synthesis of dendrimers via the Passerini three-component reaction.
Activity Enhancement of Dense Strontium-Doped Lanthanum Manganite Thin Films under Cathodic Polarization: A Combined AES and XPS Study

La 1-x Sr x MnO 3 cathodes used in solid oxide fuel cells have exhibited enhanced catalytic activity after polarization; however, the origin of this enhancement is not understood. In this study, dense La 0.8 Sr 0.2 MnO 3 thin-film microelectrodes fabricated by sputter- ing were cathodically or anodically polarized, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was used to examine the changes in impedance for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) before and after polarization. Scanning electron and atomic force microscopy revealed surface microstructural changes after polarization. Surface compositions of La 0.8 Sr 0.2 MnO 3 thin films and microelectrodes were analyzed by auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), respectively. Annealed, quenched La 0.8 Sr 0.2 MnO 3 were found to have surfaces significantly enriched in La. Cathodic polarization considerably decreased electrode impedance, which was associated with reduced surface La and increased surface Sr and Mn fractions on the cathode adjacent to the three-phase boundaries. Surface particles of ∼150 to ∼240 nm appeared on the surface regions, where changes in the surface chemical composition of microelectrodes were detected. Acid-etching similarly lowered surface La contents. However, only cracks were found and no change in the surface composition was detected after anodic polarization. The mechanism of ORR activity enhancement induced by cathodic and anodic polarization was discussed.
The Influence of Age on Acute Renal Toxicity of Uranyl Nitrate in the Dog

The influence of age upon uranyl nitrate (UN) induced acute renal failure (ARF) was evaluated in 30 canine puppies 1-2 wk and 3-5 wk old. Renal function and morphologic studies were performed 2 h (initiation phase) and 24 h (maintenance phase) after UN administration. Age-matched controls received vehicle alone. Administration of UN to 1-2-wk-old puppies produced no changes in whole kidney glomerular filtration rate (GFR), despite a significant reduction in renal plasma flow (RPF) (P less than 0.01). In contrast, during the maintenance phase, GFR was 60% lower than in the control group (P less than 0.02) whereas values for RPF were nearly identical to control values. In 3-5-wk-old puppies the magnitude of response to the heavy metal was much greater and GFR was nearly completely suppressed during the maintenance phase. This major alteration of GFR was independent of changes in RPF, because RPF remained similar to control values. Morphologic alterations consistent with the nephrotoxic effects of UN were observed in the proximal tubules of the most differentiated nephrons. These age-related morphologic alterations correlated well with the functional response (GFR) observed after UN administration, i.e., a proportionately greater degree of both morphologic and functional alterations followed the administration of the heavy metal in the oldest group of puppies.
Palliative care in end-stage renal disease: illness trajectories, communication, and hospice use

Palliative care is comprehensive, interdisciplinary care focusing on pain and symptom management, advance-care planning and communication, psychosocial and spiritual support, and, in end-stage renal disease (ESRD), the ethical issues in dialysis decision making. End-of-life care is one aspect of palliative care and incorporates all of the previously mentioned components as well as hospice and bereavement care. ESRD patients and their families are appropriate candidates for palliative care because of their high symptom burden, shortened survival, and significant comorbidity. The usual pattern of illness trajectory in ESRD is a progressive decline punctuated by episodes of acute deterioration prompted by sentinel events like limb amputation or myocardial infarction. Such events provide opportunities for advance-care planning and communication between providers and patients and families. Although communication is an integral component of palliative care, little is understood about effective provider-patient communication, especially in estimating and discussing prognosis. Palliative care has much to offer toward improving the quality of dialysis patients' lives as well as planning for and improving the quality of their deaths. The palliative care issues of illness trajectory, communication, and hospice use among ESRD patients will be reviewed.
High-frequency link parallel resonant convertor with fourth-order commutation network

A technique of steady-state analysis for the fourth-order parallel resonant convertor circuit is proposed. The method makes use of the two-dimensional state-plane diagram that has been used successfully to analyse resonant convertors of lower order. Our theoretical results are verified by computer simulations.
Materials derived from synthetic organo-clay complexes as novel hydrodesulfurization catalyst supports.

A series of mesoporous synthetic organo-clay complexes has been prepared by hydrothermal crystallization of gels containing silica, magnesium hydroxide, lithium fluoride, and an organic of choice, followed by calcination to remove the organics. The organic serves to impart structural order to the inorganic network that does not disappear upon its removal. The choice of organic modifier can be used to control the pore structure of the resulting mesoporous materials. Pore size distributions appear in some cases to be related to the type of polymer packing upon clay formation in situ. These materials are being explored as Co Mo hydrodesulfurization (HDS) catalyst supports. Preliminary HDS results show performance commensurate with commercial catalysis for the mesoporous materials when a model heavy oil feed is used (1 wt% S as dibenzothiophene in hexadecane). Temperature programmed reduction experiments of used catalysts suggest a relationship between HDS activity and ease of reduction of the CoMo/clay catalysts. Reactivity of the CoMo clay also correlates with the percentage of mesopore volume remaining after reaction. Losses in mesopore volume are largely recouped by recalcination, suggesting that reversible coke is formed inside the pore structure of clays faster than inside conventional alumina.
Fluxless Bonding of Silicon to Molybdenum Using Sn-rich Solders

A fluxless bonding process between a 2" silicon wafer and a 2" x 2" molybdenum substrate with Sn-rich solder has been successfully developed. To achieve high quality joints, flux is avoided during bonding process. The flux or flux residues could be easily trapped in the joint, resulting in voids and uneven solder layer. Flux residues, if not completely removed, could also cause potential reliability problem. The key to carry out fluxless bonding is the oxygen-free environment during solder manufacture and bonding process. A thin Ag capping layer is electroplated immediately over the Sn layer after a thick Sn layer is electroplated on the Mo substrate with Cr/Au structure. This outer Ag layer prevents the inner tin from oxidation when the sample is exposed to air. The electroplated Mo substrate with Cr/Au/Sn/Ag structure is then bonded to a silicon wafer with Cr/Au structure in vacuum environment to suppress tin oxidation. Therefore, no flux is used. Microstructure and composition of the joints are studied under scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Scanning acoustic microscopy (SAM) is also used to verify the quality of joints over the entire sample. Nearly void-free joints are achieved and the composition of the joints is more than 97 at. % Sn. The Sn-rich solder helps release the stress in a bonded pair and improves reliability of joints. The success of this development shows that it is indeed possible to bond an entire wafer to a different material by Sn-rich solder without using any flux.
Psychiatric liaison on a bone marrow transplantation unit

Patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation experience some unique coping problems which differentiate them from other cancer patients. Problems structuring time are particularly difficult for patients while waiting in isolation for the success or failure of their transplant. The authors discuss the establishment of a psychiatric liaison to a bone marrow transplantation unit. As a result of the new liaison with this unit, psychiatric consultations to all cancer patients tripled within 1 year.
Texture of Raw and Canned Jicama (Pachyrrhizus tuberosus) and Chinese Water Chestnut (Eleocharis dulcis)

Analyses showed raw jicama had a texture profile between white potato and Chinese water chestnut. Histological examination showed Chinese water chestnut had uniform cell sizes and intercellular spaces with relatively thick cell walls. Jicama had varied cell sizes, irregular intercellular spaces and thin cell walls. Canning reduced crispness of jicama by 65% and that of water chestnut by 20% of that of raw produce. Jicama had endogenous pectin methyl esterase activity. A thermal processing method was developed to produce canned jicama with 70% of the crispness of raw jicama.
Spectrum of congenital heart disease in CHARGE association

L'association CHARGE decrit les malformations associees aux anomalies des choanes et des yeux
A shock tube study of the auto-ignition of toluene/air mixtures at high pressures

Abstract The auto-ignition of toluene/air mixtures was studied in a shock tube at temperatures of 1021–1400 K, pressures of 10–61 atm, and equivalence ratios of Φ = 1.0, 0.5, and 0.25. Ignition times were measured using endwall OH∗ emission and sidewall piezoelectric pressure measurements. The measured pressure time-histories do not show significant pre-ignition energy release, in agreement with the rapid compression machine study of Mittal and Sung [G. Mittal, C.-J. Sung, Combust. Flame 150 (2007) 355–368] and disagreement with the shock tube study of Davidson et al. [D.F. Davidson, B.M. Gauthier, R.K. Hanson, Proc. Combust. Inst. 30 (2005) 1175–1182]. Kinetic modeling predictions from three detailed mechanisms are compared. Sensitivity analysis indicates that the reaction of toluene (C 6 H 5 CH 3 ) and the benzyl radical (C 6 H 5 CH 2 ) with molecular oxygen are important and examination of the rate coefficients for these reactions suggests that improved rate parameters for the multi-channel C 6 H 5 CH 2 + O 2 reaction may improve model predictions.
C/EBPβ at the core of the TGFβ cytostatic response and its evasion in metastatic breast cancer cells

Breast cancers may evade the growth-inhibitory action of TGFbeta by accumulating defects of unknown nature that selectively eliminate cytostatic gene responses. We found the transcription factor C/EBPbeta to be essential for TGFbeta induction of the cell cycle inhibitor p15INK4b by a FoxO-Smad complex and repression of c-MYC by an E2F4/5-Smad complex in human epithelial cells. These cytostatic responses are selectively missing in metastatic breast cancer cells from half of the patients that we tested. The basis for this loss was traced to an excess of the C/EBPbeta inhibitory isoform LIP. We suggest that C/EBPbeta plays a key role in the coordination of TGFbeta cytostatic gene responses, and its malfunction may trigger evasion of these responses in breast cancer.
On the ratio integral formula for the likelihood ratio of a maximal invariant

The usual ratio of an integral formula for the likelihood ratio of a maximal invariant in a group model is shown to be correct under assumption that the denominator integral is finite almost everywhere. The limitation of this assumption is discussed, and an application to invariant suffciency is given.
QUALITATIVE KINETIC BEHAVIOR OF PHOTOCHEMICAL CASCADE SYSTEMS

— The equations describing concentration changes of cascading chemical intermediates after pulsed activation are discussed in terms of a matrix description of the entire unimolecular reaction sequence. Unidirectional unbranched and parallel branched cascades are treated in terms of relative pathway utilization. Qualitatively distinct kinetics are associated with these systems. Application to kinetic model selection for testing the bacteriorhodopsin photocycle is shown.
Relation between Exploratory and Choice Factors and Decisional Progress

Abstract This study tested the hypothesis that a positive relation would exist between progress in career decision making and (a) academic choice and vocational preference congruence, (b) circumscribed vocational preferences with respect to field and level, and (c) adaptive exploratory activity. Using a sample of college students, canonical correlation analysis along with semi-partial multivariate models were used to assess the mutual and unique shared variance between the nature of choice variables and the three variables used in tandem to assess decisional progress (i.e., vocational self-concept crystallization, vocational commitment, and pre-implementation readiness). The results revealed that only the exploration constructs were consistently associated with the measures of decisional progress. The measures of field and level consistency were modestly related to the progress variables, while the congruence variables emerged as nonsignificant predictors. The results were related to research and theory.
Reconstitution of transcription factor SL1: exclusive binding of TBP by SL1 or TFIID subunits

RNA polymerase I and II transcription factors SL1 and TFIID, respectively, are composed of the TATA-binding protein (TBP) and a set of TBP-associated factors (TAFs) responsible for promoter recognition. How the universal transcription factor TBP becomes committed to a TFIID or SL1 complex has not been known. Complementary DNAs encoding each of the three TAFIs that are integral components of SL1 have not been isolated. Analysis of subunit interactions indicated that the three TAFIs can bind individually and specifically to TBP. In addition, these TAFIs interact with each other to form a stable TBP-TAF complex. When TBP was bound first by either TAFI110, 63, or 48, subunits of TFIID such as TAFII250 and 150 did not bind TBP. Conversely, if TBP first formed a complex with TAFII250 or 150, the subunits of SL1 did not bind TBP. These results suggest that a mutually exclusive binding specificity for TBP intrinsic to SL1 and TFIID subunits directs the formation of promoter- and RNA polymerase-selective TBP-TAF complexes.
Distribution of neuropeptide F-like immunoreactivity in the Eastern Subterranean termite, Reticulitermes flavipes.

The nervous system and gut of worker, soldier and alate castes of the eastern subterranean termite, Reticulitermes flavipes Kollar (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) were examined for immunoreactivity to an antiserum to Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) (Leipidoptera: Noctuidae) MP-I (QAARPRF-NH2), a truncated form of neuropeptide F. More than 145 immunostained axons and cell bodies were seen in the brain and all ganglia of the ventral nerve cord. Immunoreactive axons exiting the brain projected anteriorly to the frontal ganglion and posteriorly to the corpora cardiaca and corpora allata. In the stomatogastric nervous system, immunoreactive axons were observed over the surface of the foregut, salivary glands, midgut and rectum. These axons originated in the brain and from 15–25 neurosecretory cells on the foregut. Staining patterns were consistent between castes, with the exception of immunostaining observed in the optic lobes of alates. At least 600 immunoreactive endocrine cells were evenly distributed in the midguts of all castes with higher numbers present in the worker caste. Immunostaining of cells in the nervous system and midgut was blocked by preabsorption of the antiserum with Hez MP-I but not by a peptide having only the RF-NH2 in common. This distribution suggests NPF-like peptides coordinate feeding and digestion in all castes of this termite species.
Insertional tagging of at least two loci associated with resistance to adenine arabinoside in Toxoplasma gondii, and cloning of the adenosine kinase locus.

Abstract A genetic approach has been exploited to investivate adenylate salvage pathways in the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii, a purine auxotroph. Using a new insertional mutagenesis vector designed to facilitate the rescue of tagged loci even when multiple plasmids integrate as a tandem array, 15 independent clonal lines resistant to the toxic nucleoside analog adenine arabinoside (AraA) were generated. Approximately two-thirds of these clones lack adenosine kinase (AK) activity. Parallel studies identified an expressed sequence tag (EST) exhibiting a small region of weak similarity to human AK, and this locus was tagged in several AK-deficient insertional mutants. Library screening yielded full-length cDNA and genomic clones. The T. gondii AK gene contains five exons spanning a ∼3 kb locus, and the predicted coding sequence was employed to identify additional AK genes and cDNAs in the GenBank and dbEST databases. A genomic construct lacking essential coding sequence was used to create defined genetic knock-outs at the T. gondii AK locus, and AK activity was restored using a cDNA-derived minigene. Hybridization analysis of DNA from 13 AraA-resistant insertional mutants reveals three distinct classes: (i) AK− mutants tagged at the AK locus; (ii) AK− mutants not tagged at the AK locus, suggesting the possibility that another locus may be involved in regulating AK expression; and (iii) mutants with normal AK activity (potential transport mutants).
Protecting the DUV process and optimizing optical transmission

It has been well documented that DUV lithographic processes are sensitive to airborne contamination such as ammonia and n- methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP). Chemical filtration technologies have aided in minimizing the problems associated with these contaminants in the photolithographic process. As the demand for smaller features increases, so will the need to operate within even cleaner environments than are available today. One such area where airborne contamination has proven to be of significant concern, is within the lensing system of the tool. With decreasing feature size, the lithographic process has proven to be more sensitive to contamination of the lens itself, and within the environment surrounding the lens. Condensation on the lens (hazing) and the presence of contamination between the lens and substrate can result in poor optical transmission. To minimize these problems, a purge gas is typically employed. Even though high purity gases are used, contamination within the gas still is an issue. This work describes our efforts directed at understanding the purge gas and lens environments. In addition, we will address our efforts that have focused on the development of chemical filters that provide environments for optimized optical transmission in lithographic applications.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
‘Injuns!’: Native Americans in the Movies – By Edward Buscombe

Despite the title, the author of this book analyzes far more than Native American portrayals in film. Instead, he presents a concise and readable survey of the “idea of the Indian” in Western thoug...
Simplified CLARITY for visualizing immunofluorescence labeling in the developing rat brain

CLARITY is an innovative technological advance in which intact biological tissue is transformed into a “nanoporous hydrogel-hybridized form” (Chung et al. 2013; Chung and Deisseroth 2013) with markedly improved chemical and optical accessibility, permitting fluorescent visualization and extraction of high-resolution structural data from mm-thick blocks of tissue. CLARITY affords an excellent but as yet unexploited opportunity to visualize the growth and maturation of phenotypically identified neurons and axonal processes in the developing brain. This brief report describes a moderately revised, simplified, and less expensive CLARITY protocol that effectively reveals the structure of chemically identified neurons in whole neonatal/juvenile rat brains and tissue slabs. Rats [postnatal day (P)0–24] were transcardially perfused with one of two fixative/hydrogel solutions, followed by hydrogel polymerization to generate brain hybrids. Whole brain hybrids or 2.0-mm-thick coronal slabs were passively cleared of lipid and then processed for dual immunofluorescence labeling, including labeling using tyramide signal amplification. After refractive index matching using 2,20-Thiodiethanol (60 % solution), a Leica confocal microscope equipped with a CLARITY objective was used to view the hypothalamus in whole brain hybrids or slabs. Collected image stacks revealed the distribution and three-dimensional structure of hypothalamic pro-oxyphysin (oxytocin)-, neuropeptide Y-, glucagon-like peptide-1-, and tyrosine hydroxylase-immunopositive neurons and processes within large tissue volumes. Outstanding structural preservation and immunolabeling quality demonstrates the efficacy of this approach for interrogating chemically defined neural circuits as they develop in postnatal rodent brain.
Underlying Principles of Foreign Language Study

THE task of education is the development, in each individual, of the fullest possible understanding of himself, of his relations to other men, and of the world in which he lives; its goal is fruitful living, in action, thought, and faith. Three main fields of study correspond to these three realms of understanding: the humanities, the social studies, and the natural sciences. But the contributions made by each of these fields to the whole training of the individual may reach beyond the borders of its special content. The processes of education cannot be separated into compartments, for they are as complex as human personality itself. It is not mere traditionalism and inertia which has made of the "liberal"
Three-dimensional reconstruction of the 14-filament fibers of hemoglobin S.

Abstract The supramolocular structure of hemoglobin S has been studied by electron microscopy and computer-based image reconstruction. Negatively stained fibers prepared by the lysis of sickled cells or the stirring of hemoglobin S hemolysates have been observed to be almost exclusively of the 20-nm diameter form. These fibers have a periodic variation in diameter between the extremes of 18 nm and 23 nm. Computed Fourier transforms of the fibers show a, highly complex pattern of reciprocal space maxima, with 30 maxima on 20 layer-lines clearly resolved. The Bessel orders of the maxima were assigned with the aid of a newly developed technique, a combined real-space Fourier-space reconstruction method (REFORM). This method utilizes the filtered image produced by the inverse Fourier transform of the low-resolution maxima to calculate in real space the crosssection of a helical fiber. The REFORM analysis indicated that the fibers have an elliptical cross-section and are composed of 14 hexagonally packed filaments with 10 outer filaments surrounding four inner filaments. On the basis of this cross-section, the Bessel orders of all the maxima were assigned, permitting the calculation of three-dimensional reconstructions by Fourier Bessel synthesis. From these reconstructions details of the location of hemoglobin S molecules of each filament were obtained. Hemoglobin S molecules are staggered in adjacent filaments to produce a closely packed helical structure. Reconstructions of fibers at various stages of disassembly revealed a stable intermediate containing 10 filaments which could be characterized in terms of the loss of two pairs of specific outer filaments. A partially disassembled fiber with only six filaments at positions corresponding to three inner and three outer filaments of the parent structure was also identified. The six-filament structure appears to be produced from the 10-filament structure by the loss of two specific pairs of filaments. Thus pairs of filaments are evidently significant structural units in the stabilization of the complete fibers and the orientation of the molecules in these pairs may be related to the filament pairs known to occur in crystals of hemoglobin S.
Sociolinguistic parallels between choosing scripts and languages

This article demonstrates that many of the same concepts and tools developed for the sociolinguistic study of how language communities choose spoken languages can also be profitably applied to the study of how they choose scripts. These similarities include the choice of a language or script to either identify with or create distance from another group, borrowing elements from other languages and scripts, the death of languages and scripts, contact induced change in languages and scripts, and the identification of languages and scripts with gender.
Non-parametric test of derivative restrictions robust to functional misspecification

Abstract This paper proposes non-parametric test of derivative restrictions using a goodness of fit measure of the regression. The test statistic is constructed using the sum of squared residuals from the non-parametric kernel regression.
Lattice Boltzmann model for multi-component mass transfer in a solid oxide fuel cell anode with heterogeneous internal reformation and electrochemistry

Recent advances in the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) have made possible the simulation of multi-component gas transport in complex geometries like porous solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) electrodes. As an example application, a five species LBM mass diffusion model is coupled with a multi-step reaction mechanism for heterogeneous reformation at chemically active sites and electrochemistry at the triple phase boundaries (TPB). A state-of-the-art imaging technique employing high resolution 42.7 nm x-ray computed tomography (XCT) is used to reconstruct the porous anode to provide geometry input to the LBM model. The result is a pore-scale LBM tool that has the potential to simulate the SOFC mass transfer process in unprecedented detail. Some preliminary, two-dimensional (2D) results are presented for mass transfer in an anode-supported SOFC with direct internal reforming of methane. It is seen that the LBM predictions for species concentrations are qualitatively consistent. Future work involves extending the LBM to three dimensions (3D), incorporating detailed geometric information about active sites and TPB location and validation of model predictions with experiments.
Dominance and Deception in Children and Adults: Are Leaders the Best Misleaders?

Relationships between dominance and nonverbal deception skill were investigated in preschool children (Study 1) and in under-graduate men and women (Study 2). Subjects were assessed for dominance during peer group interactions. Later, they encoded and decoded deceptive messages. Raters assessed the credibility of each subject's encoded message using nonverbal cues alone. Ability to encode credible, deceptive messages predicted dominance in preschool children and men but not women. Decoding deception accurately from nonverbal cues was unrelated to dominance. Videotapes of subjects' performances were examined for nonverbal behaviors predictive of deception success. Very young children successfully masked their deception by smiling. Successful adult deceivers made eye contact with the listener and inhibited smiling while delivering deceptive messages. Overall, results were generally consistent with a social skills approach to dominance in which manipulative ability is believed to be integral to achieving and...
Plasma and milk progesterone and plasma LH in ovariectomized lactating cows treated with new or used controlled internal drug release devices

Abstract Lactating ovariectomized Holstein cows were treated with new (NC; 1.9 g progesterone, P 4 ; n = 4) or used (UC; used 9 days; n = 4) controlled internal drug release (CIDR) devices for 9 days. After a 3 day clearance, CIDR types were reversed for a second 9 day period. Blood was collected twice daily for Days −1.5 to +5 and then once daily until Day +11. Milk samples and milk yield data were collected twice daily for Days −1.5 to +11.5. Intensive blood sampling (every 10 min for 8 h) was performed on Days −2, +2, +5 and +9 of Period 1. Plasma P 4 (PP 4 ), milk P 4 (MP 4 ) and luteinizing hormone (LH) were analyzed by validated radioimmunoassays. During CIDR exposure, PP 4 (2.4 ± 0.14 > 1.5 ± 0.14 ng ml −1 ) and MP 4 (7.0 ± 0.37 > 5.2 ± 0.37ng ml −1 ) were higher with a new CIDR ( P 4 (ng ml −1 ± SE(range))during CIDR exposure occurred on Day +2 and averaged 3.4 ± 0.23 (2.8–4.4) for NC and 1.9 ± 0.15 (1.4–2.6) for UC. Maximum MP 4 for NC occurred on Day +2 und averaged 8.8 ± 0.98 (5.2–14.2), and for UC occurred on Day +4 and averaged 6.7 ± 0.62 (5.1–9.7). Minimum PP 4 (ng ml −1 ± SE (range)) during CIDR exposure occurred on Day +8 for both treatments and averaged 1.7 ± 0.24 (1.1–3.2) for NC and 1.1 ± 0.07 (0.9–1.4) for UC. Minimum MP 4 occurred on Day +9 for both treatments and averaged 5.0 ± 0.83 (2.8–10.0) for NC and 3.4 ± 0.35 (2.0–4.7) for UC. Intraclass correlations of PP 4 and MP 4 for cows were high (> 0.6), implying inherent differences among cows in P 4 metabolism. Luteinizing hormone pulse frequency (1 ± 0.1 pulse h −1 ), LH mean (1.78 ± 0.20 ng ml −1 ), baseline (0.98 ± 0.10 ng ml −1 ), and pulse amplitude (2.78 ± 0.48 ng ml −1 ) did not differ between CIDR type or among days. Device removal during LH sampling on Day +9 increased ( P −1 vs. 1.30 ± 0.16 ng ml −1 ; before vs. after device removal). New CIDR increased PP 4 and MP 4 more than UC, but neither affected the dynamics of plasma LH secretion in ovariectomized cows.
Mechanism of actin polymerization

Abstract Polymerization of actin underlies changes in cell shape and motility. New methods of analysis provide a better quantitative understanding of some of the individual steps in actin polymerization and focus attention on probable control points.
Variation of the strong coupling constant from a measurement of the jet energy spread in e+e− annihilation

Abstract A measurement of jet energy spread in the reaction e+e− → hadrons is presented. Using a jet calculus model for the jet development we determine the variation of the strong coupling constant with respect to momentum transfer. The observed variation is consistent with that expected for QCD over a wide range of momentum transfers. This method alone is not sufficient to distinguish QCD from simple limited transverse momentum models.