cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Identification of Epidemiological Traits by Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 Sequences

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused the ongoing global COVID-19 pandemic that began in late December 2019. The rapid spread of SARS-CoV-2 is primarily due to person-to-person transmission. To understand the epidemiological traits of SARS-CoV-2 transmission, we conducted phylogenetic analysis on genome sequences from >54K SARS-CoV-2 cases obtained from two public databases. Hierarchical clustering analysis on geographic patterns in the resulting phylogenetic trees revealed a co-expansion tendency of the virus among neighboring countries with diverse sources and transmission routes for SARS-CoV-2. Pairwise sequence similarity analysis demonstrated that SARS-CoV-2 is transmitted locally and evolves during transmission. However, no significant differences were seen among SARS-CoV-2 genomes grouped by host age or sex. Here, our identified epidemiological traits provide information to better prevent transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and to facilitate the development of effective vaccines and therapeutics against the virus.
Small Sample Properties of an Adaptive Filter Applied to Low Volume SPC

In many manufacturing environments, such as the nuclear weapons complex, emphasis has shifted from the regular production and delivery of large orders to infrequent small orders. However, the challenge to maintain the same high quality and reliability standards while building much smaller lot sizes remains. To meet this challenge, specific areas need more attention, including fast and on-target process start-up, low volume statistical process control, process characterization with small experiments, and estimating reliability given few actual performance tests of the product. In this paper we address the issue of low volume statistical process control. We investigate an adaptive filtering approach to process monitoring with a relatively short time series of autocorrelated data. The emphasis is on estimation and minimization of mean squared error rather than the traditional hypothesis testing and run length analyses associated with process control charting. We develop an adaptive filtering technique that a...
Measurement of inflammatory properties of fatty acids in human endothelial cells.

Publisher Summary The chapter focuses on dietary fatty acid-induced proinflammatory pathways mediated by the induction of oxidative stress, activation of redox-regulated transcription factors, and the inflammatory genes. Fatty acids can modulate inflammatory responses in numerous tissues, including the vascular endothelium. At least two different independent pathways can be responsible for these effects. These pathways are linked to either eicosanoid production or redox-regulated gene expression. Traditionally, lipid-mediated cellular inflammatory reactions have been linked to the release of arachidonic acid from the cellular membranes, activation of cyclooxygenases, and lipoxygenases with the subsequent overproduction of eicosanoids. The chapter describes several methods that determined that treatment of human endothelial cells with selected dietary fatty acids can induce oxidative stress, decrease cellular glutathione content, activate redox-responsive transcription factors, and induce expression of the inflammatory mediators, such as MCP-1, inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α), and adhesion molecules (ICAM-1 and VCAM-1). Treatment with linoleic acid induced the most significant oxidative stress, alterations of cellular redox status, and induction of inflammatory genes.
Abstract 3801: Small molecule inhibitor of Stat3 induces antitumor cell effectsin vitroand antitumor effectsin vivoagainst human glioma or breast cancer model

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA Aberrant activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3) is prevalent in many human cancers. Compelling evidence shows that constitutively-active Stat3 constitutes a point of convergence in oncogenic tyrosine kinase signaling, functioning as a master regulator of events crucial for tumorigenesis and malignant progression. We show herein that the small-molecule, SH5-07 abrogates constitutive activation of Stat3 and Stat3-dependent functions in human glioma and breast cancer cells. SH5-07 inhibits in vitro Stat3 DNA-binding activity with an IC50 value of 3.9 μM. Treatment of human glioma U251MG and breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells that harbor aberrantly-active Stat3 with low micromolar SH5-07 blocks Stat3 phosphorylation, DNA-binding, and transcriptional activities in a time and dose-dependent manner. By contrast, SH5-07 shows little or no effect on the induction of pJAK2, pSrc, pErk1/2, and pShc in glioma and breast cancer cells. SH5-07 preferentially inhibited viability of human glioma and breast cancer cells that harbor aberrant Stat3 activity, with IC50 of 1.1-5.2 µM, compared to IC50 of 6.0-10.8 µM for cells that do not. Inhibition of aberrantly-active Stat3 by SH5-07 preferentially suppresses the anchorage-dependent and independent growth, induces apoptosis, and blocks migration and invasion in vitro of human glioma and breast cancer cells that harbor constitutively-active Stat3. Moreover, oral administration of SH5-07 inhibits the growth of human breast tumor xenografts in mice. Data together indicates SH5-07 is a promising small-molecule Stat3 inhibitor and a suitable drug candidate for clinical development. Citation Format: Peibin Yue, Francisco Lopez-Tapia, Marcus Tius, James Turkson. Small molecule inhibitor of Stat3 induces antitumor cell effects in vitro and antitumor effects in vivo against human glioma or breast cancer model. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 3801. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-3801
Dworkin's Theoretical Disagreement Argument

Dworkin's theoretical disagreement argument, developed in Law's Empire, is presented in that work as the motivator for his interpretive account of law. Like Dworkin's earlier arguments critical of legal positivism, the argument from theoretical disagreement has generated a lively exchange with legal positivists. It has motivated three of them to develop innovative positivist positions. In its original guise, the argument from theoretical disagreement is presented as ‘the semantic sting argument’. However, the argument from theoretical disagreement has more than one version. This article briefly discusses two versions and the leading replies to them, then focuses on the most influential (recast) version, directed at Hartian positivism. The article surveys the leading positivist rejoinders to the recast version, indicating key Dworkinian replies or assessing the strength of these rejoinders, and concludes with a rejoinder of its own, making a new case that the argument from theoretical disagreement isn't fatal for Hartian legal positivism.
Effect of Headspace Volume of Retort Pouches on Simulated Transport Hazards

Institutional retort pouches containing either water or 5% starch solution were filled with varying amounts of headspace volume to determine if adding gaseous volume to the package can help it survive laboratory simulated engineering tests. Fixed displacement vibration testing and compression testing of the pouches yielded no differences in the amount of headspace volume. Significant differences were noted as a result of the shock testing (free fall drop method) when comparing the water filled pouches, but no headspace volume effect was observed for the 5% starch solution pouches. The results from this study showed increasing the headspace volume of a retort pouch does provide increased protection to transport hazards (shock) for a low viscosity food simulant as compared with a highly viscous product packaged similarly.
Nitrogen Fixation in Soils (Symbiotic)

The Importance of Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation in Soil The Legume-Rhizobial Symbiosis The Actinorhizal-Frankia Symbiosis Keywords: actinorhizal symbiosis; legume inoculation; nitrogen cycle; nitrogen fixation; nitrogen fixation in soils; symbiotic nitrogen fixation
The Psychiatric Team and the Social Definition of Schizophrenia

The Psychiatric Team and the Social Definition of Schizophrenia. Rob Barrett. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.337 pp.
Ab Initio Cluster Studies of La2CuO4

The discovery of the first high temperature cuprate superconductor by Bednorz and Muller1 has spurred enormous experimental and theoretical activity aimed at determining the “unique” aspects of the electronic structure of these materials2. The straightforward application of local-density-functional (LDF) band theory3 predicts the parent compound La2CuO4 to be a metal, when it is in fact an anti-ferromagnetic insulator with a gap of ~2eV. The local Coulomb interactions which drive the superexchange interaction4 are certainly at the heart of the anti-ferromagnetism and so one goal of electronic structure theory has been to develop simple models which capture these effects and can then be extended to the infinite system. At one extreme in the first principles approaches to this problem are the constrained LDF methods5,6. They essentially carve out a local region of space within the LDF band structure in order to generate the parameters for a tight-binding model including the appropriate Coulomb interactions. The latter are determined by monitoring the total energy of the system as a function of the charge constrained to reside within the local region. At the other extreme lie first principles cluster approaches7,8,9 whose essential philosophy is that the parameters characterizing a small cluster should be transferrable to the solid and largely determine its properties. Although the local interactions can be treated with great sophistication in this approach, approximations must be made concerning the treatment of the background used to imbed the cluster. Most efforts utilize a point-charge background for these materials; an extremely different environment from the metallic background of the constrained LDF approaches. The “truth” presumably lies somewhere between these two extremes.
Personality disorders in offenders with intellectual disability: a comparison of clinical, forensic and outcome variables and implications for service provision

Aim To establish any differences between patients with and without a diagnosis of personality disorders, being treated in a secure inpatient service for offenders with intellectual disability (ID) in the UK. Method A cohort study involving a selected population of people with ID and offending behaviours. Results The study included a total of 138 patients, treated over a 6 year period – 77 with a dissocial or emotionally unstable personality disorder and 61 without. Women were more likely to be in the personality disorder group. Both groups had high prevalence of abuse with no significant differences. Depressive disorders and substance abuse were more common in the personality disorder group, while epilepsy and autistic spectrum disorders were more common in the non-personality disorder group. Rather than differences, what was more striking was the rate and range of these comorbidities across both groups. Although past histories of violence and institutional aggression were no different, compulsory detention under criminal sections and restriction orders were more common in the personality disorder group. There were no differences in treatment outcomes. Conclusions Although about half of patients detained in secure units for offenders with ID have a personality disorder, there were more similarities than differences between this group and the rest. While good treatment outcomes supported the case for specialised secure treatment units for people with ID, the case for establishing a more specialised ID–personality disorder unit was less convincing. There is also a need to explore whether there are alternative diagnostic models that can delineate better the group with personality difficulties in this population.
Breadwinner and caregiver: A cross-sectional analysis of children's and emerging adults’ visions of their future family roles

Participants were 150 school-age boys and girls, 58 high school students, and 145 university students drawn from communities in the Southeastern United States. In this cross-sectional study, family role attitudes and expectations were examined across development. Parental work traditionality (occupational prestige and traditionality, and employed hours) predicted daughters' social role attitudes and plans for future family roles, such that daughters' envisioned families resembled that of their parents. Sons' and daughters' own attitudes about adult family roles predicted their plans to work or stay home with their future children; however, mothers' work traditionality predicted daughters' future plans over and above daughters' own attitudes. The only exception to this was in the case of university daughters, where university women's attitudes about social roles fully mediated this relationship. It may be that, as young women approach adulthood and the formation of families, they adjust their vision of their future self to match more closely their own attitudes about the caregiving role.
Learning optimal strategies in complex environments

Behavior becomes difficult to analyze when there are many stimuli and many response options. As a consequence, in most laboratory experiments the numbers of stimuli and choices are limited, with the two-alternative forced-choice experiment the most widely adopted. This minimal approach has been successful in studying reinforcement learning, in which responses to rewarded stimuli lead to predictable changes in behavior (1). To what extent can the basic principles of reinforcement learning, coupled with a complex environment and a large memory, account for more complex behaviors? The leaders of the cognitive revolution in the 1950s assumed that reinforcement learning could not account for cognitive behaviors such as language and reasoning, but surprisingly, recent advances in computational theory and experimental studies have challenged this assumption. A tour de force study in PNAS (2) adds to this evidence by showing that reinforcement learning can explain not only behavioral choice in a complex environment, but also the evolution toward optimal behavior over a long time.
Universally free logic and standard quantification theory

Interest has steadily increased among logicians and philosophers in versions of quantification theory which meet the following criteria: (1) no existence assumptions are made with respect to individual constants, and (2) theorems are valid in every domain including the empty domain. Logics meeting the former of these criteria are calledfree logics by Lambert and have been investigated in a series of papers by him and by van Fraassen, and by Leblanc and Thomason.' Although it is natural to impose (2) in the presence of '1), the criteria are independent.2 Hence we baptize logics which meet both criteria universallyfree. The purpose of the present essay will be to supply a simple axiomatization of a pure universally free quantification theory and to show its equivalence to a certain fragment of standard first order quantification theory without identity, in the sense that for every wff of universally free quantification theory we can effectively define a wff A* of standard quantification theory such that A is a theorem of universally free quantification theory iff A* is a theorem of the standard calculus. We shall derive from this a proof that our axiomatization is consistent and complete.3
Crustal structure of the South Florida Platform, eastern Gulf of Mexico: An ocean-bottom seismograph refraction study

Five seismic refraction lines, 70–90 km long, were shot in the South Florida Platform region of the Gulf of Mexico using digital ocean-bottom seismographs. Apparent velocities and depths were calculated from the refracted arrivals using a flat-layer model for the region. The two dominant refractors have apparent compressional-wave velocity ranges of 5.6 to 5.9 km s−1 and 6.2 to 6.7 km s−1. On the Sarasota Arch, the depth to the top of a 5.8–5.9km/s layer is 3–4 km below sea level. This depth corresponds to the depth to the crystalline basement. The basement dips to the north and to the south from the arch, with velocity of the upper crust increasing from 5.8–5.9 km s−1 to a maximum of 6.7 km s−1 at a depth of 6.3 km. Under the continental slope, the crust has presumably been thinned and extended. The deepest refractor has an apparent velocity of about 7.5 km s−1 at a depth of 25 km. The thickness of the crustal section and the absence of any mantle arrivals in these long refraction profiles on the platform suggest that thick continental crust underlies the South Florida Platform. A north-south cross-section through the platform suggests the presence of two structural highs separated by a portion of the South Florida Basin, which contains at least 5 km of sediment.
Cardiac-Directed Expression of Adenylyl Cyclase VI Facilitates Atrioventricular Nodal Conduction

Objectives The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that cardiac-directed expression of adenylyl cyclase VI (ACVI) facilitates atrioventricular (AV) nodal conduction. Background Cardiac-directed expression of ACVI, unlike other strategies to increase cyclic adenosine monophosphate generation, reduces mortality in murine cardiomyopathy. Recent reports suggest that ACVIexpression may also protect against lethal bradycardia. Methods We performed immunofluorescence staining for ACVIin the AV node of transgenic mice. We then performed electrophysiologic studies (EPSs) using a 1.7-F octapolar catheter at the AV junction in 11 transgenic ACVImice and 14 control mice. Results Immunofluorescence staining revealed increased ACVIexpression in the AV node of transgenic mice versus controls. During EPS, AV intervals approximated PR intervals (R2= 0.99) and related linearly to atrial-to-His intervals (R2= 0.98; both p Conclusions Cardiac-directed expression of ACVIfacilitates AV nodal conduction without altering sinus node function. These results suggest the need to define a role for ACVIgene transfer in treating diseases of AV conduction.
Wireless laptops in the classroom (and the Sesame Street syndrome)

Give instructors the option of turning off wireless Web access to accommodate their students' learning styles, in some cases to save them from themselves.
Aminoglycosides block the Kv3.1 potassium channel and reduce the ability of inferior colliculus neurons to fire at high frequencies.

The Kv3.1 potassium channel is expressed at high levels in auditory nuclei and contributes to the ability of auditory neurons to fire at high frequencies. We have tested the effects of streptomycin, an agent that produces progressive hearing loss, on the firing properties of inferior colliculus neurons and on Kv3.1 currents in transfected cells. We found that in inferior colliculus neurons, intracellular streptomycin decreased the current density of a high threshold, noninactivating outward current and reduced the rate of repolarization of action potentials and the ability of these neurons to fire at high frequencies. Furthermore, potassium current in CHO cells transfected with the Kv3.1 gene was reduced by 50% when cells were cultured in the presence of streptomycin or when streptomycin was introduced intracellularly in the pipette solution. In the presence of intracellular streptomycin, the activation rate of Kv3.1 current increased and inhibition by extracellular TEA become voltage-dependent. The data indicate that streptomycin inhibits Kv3.1 currents by inducing a conformational change in the Kv3.1 channel. The hearing loss caused by aminoglycoside antibiotics may be partially mediated by their inhibition of Kv3.1 current in auditory neurons. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Neurobiol, 2005
Elevated glucose utilization in subfornical organ and pituitary neural lobe of the Brattleboro rat

Homozygous Brattleboro rats have a genetic inability to synthesize vasopressin and therefore manifest the signs and symptoms of diabetes insipidus. Measurement of local cerebral glucose utilization in these rats has revealed increases specifically localized to the subfornical organ and pituitary neural lobe. Vasopressin replacement reverses the increased glucose utilization only in the subfornical organ. The results suggest that vasopressin regulates the rate of glucose metabolism in the subfornical organ.
Thermal Design and Optimization of an IGBT Power Electronic Module

This paper presents thermal design optimization of an insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) integrated power electronic module (IPEM). A commercially available finite element package was used to create a 3D geometric layout of the IGBT module. Thermal simulations were performed under different forced air convection conditions, and for both single and double-sided cooling, to study the effects on the hot-spots and maximum temperature rise of the module. The design optimization for the module was performed by varying parameters (choice of materials and layer thicknesses) and studying their effect on the thermal performance of the module. The results of these studies were several improved designs for the module.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Monte‐carlo calculations of the dimensions of coiling type polymers in solutions of finite concentration

The mean end-to-end distances for linear polymers of 101 segments has been computed for nonintersecting random walks on a five-choice cubic lattice on which a second chain is also present, as a function of the distance between the two chains (i.e., polymer concentration). The polymer dimensions appear to decrease with concentration, linearly at first and then more slowly. The results compare favorably with experiment and with some of the approximate analytic theories and poorly with others.
The effect of crustal scattering on observed high-frequency earthquake seismograms

SUMMARY A comparison of high-frequency (1–100 Hz) local (out to 40 km) earthquake seismograms at stations of the Southern Black Forest Digital Seismic Network is made in an attempt to isolate the effects of near-receiver structure and of crustal scattering on the waveforms of the direct body-waves and on the coda waves. Angle of incidence and azimuth of approach analyses from lower-crustal earthquakes show that near-surface weathering layers with low body-wave velocities and with laterally varying thicknesses exist under all of the stations, even those at hard rock sites of the Black Forest. The similarity of direct P-wave pulse shapes at each site for events of different sizes, the time-domain form of the so-called fmax phenomenon, is attributed to the response from this weathering zone. The amplitude of the P-wave coda of an event is found to be independent of the earthquake radiation pattern and to depend only on the absolute size of the event and on epicentral distance to the receiver. Furthermore, the high-frequency P-wave coda is found to be generated, at least in part, from random crustal scattering, including that within 100 m of the earthquake focus. Direct S waveforms are shown to be more complicated than their P-wave counterparts, probably due to the same near-receiver and crustal scattering phenomena. However, in the case of S waves scattered energy can arrive before as well as at and after the direct S arrival, making the identification of the direct S difficult, especially for nodal arrivals.
Feminism and Shakespeare's Cressida: "If I be false …”

(1990). Feminism and Shakespeare's Cressida: 'If I be false …”. Women's Studies: Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 65-82.
Fluorescent probe studies on binding of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase to phosphatidylinositol liposomes. Further evidence for conformational changes.

Abstract Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from rabbit muscle can be adsorbed on charged lipid bilayers by electrostatic forces. Upon binding to phosphatidylinositol liposomes the enzyme modifies its conformational state as it is shown by resonance energy transfer experiments. In the presence of 2-mercaptoethanol o -phthaldialdehyde reacts with amino groups of the protein and the covalently bound fluorophore is an acceptor of excitation energy transferred from tryptophanyl residues of the protein. The observed decrease of energy transfer efficiency upon binding to phosphatidylinositol liposomes is compared with the influence of the urea on the fluorescence spectra of the labelled protein. Significance of conformational changes of the enzyme upon adsorption on liposomes in the regulating function of cell membranes is discussed.
Functional Characterization of Desaturases Involved in the Formation of the Terminal Double Bond of an Unusual 16:3Δ9, 12, 15 Fatty Acid Isolated from Sorghum bicolor Root Hairs *

Sorgoleone, produced in root hair cells of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), is likely responsible for much of the allelopathic properties of sorghum root exudates against broadleaf and grass weeds. Previous studies suggest that the biosynthetic pathway of this compound initiates with the synthesis of an unusual 16:3 fatty acid possessing a terminal double bond. The corresponding fatty acyl-CoA serves as a starter unit for polyketide synthases, resulting in the formation of 5-pentadecatrienyl resorcinol. This resorcinolic intermediate is then methylated by an S-adenosylmethionine-dependent O-methyltransferase and subsequently dihydroxylated, yielding the reduced (hydroquinone) form of sorgoleone. To characterize the corresponding enzymes responsible for the biosynthesis of the 16:3 fatty acyl-CoA precursor, we identified and cloned three putative fatty acid desaturases, designated SbDES1, SbDES2, and SbDES3, from an expressed sequence tag (EST) data base prepared from isolated root hairs. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR analyses revealed that these three genes were preferentially expressed in sorghum root hairs where the 16:2 and 16:3 fatty acids were exclusively localized. Heterologous expression of the cDNAs in Saccharomyces cerevisiae revealed that recombinant SbDES2 converted palmitoleic acid (16:1Δ9) to hexadecadienoic acid (16:2Δ9,12), and that recombinant SbDES3 was capable of converting hexadecadienoic acid into hexadecatrienoic acid (16:3Δ9,12,15). Unlike other desaturases reported to date, the double bond introduced by SbDES3 occurred between carbons 15 and 16 resulting in a terminal double bond aliphatic chain. Collectively, the present results strongly suggest that these fatty acid desaturases represent key enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of the allelochemical sorgoleone.
Using penumbral imaging to measure micrometer size plasma hot spots in Gbar equation of state experiments on the National Ignition Facility

We have developed an experimental platform for absolute equation of state measurements up to Gbar pressures on the National Ignition Facility (NIF) within the Fundamental Science Program. We use a symmetry-tuned hohlraum drive to launch a spherical shock wave into a solid CH sphere. Streaked radiography is the primary diagnostic to measure the density change at the shock front as the pressure increases towards smaller radii. At shock stagnation in the center of the capsule, we observe a short and bright x-ray self emission from high density (∼50 g/cm3) plasma at ∼1 keV. Here, we present results obtained with penumbral imaging which has been carried out to characterize the size of the hot spot emission. This allows extending existing NIF diagnostic capabilities for spatial resolution (currently ∼10 μm) at higher sensitivity. At peak emission we find the hot spot radius to be as small as 5.8 +/− 1 μm, corresponding to a convergence ratio of 200.
Collocalia mucoid: a substrate for myxovirus neuraminidase.

Abstract A potent inhibitor of myxovirus hemagglutination has been derived by aqueous extraction from the nest-cementing substance (salivary secretions) of the Oriental swiftlet (genus Collocalia ). The active material contains about 50% carbohydrate, is susceptible to the neuraminidase of influenza virus of all strains thus far tested, and lacks detectable blood group antigens. Observations on the relation between viral hemagglutinin, neuraminidase activity, and the conversion of myxoviruses to “indicators” are presented and discussed. Evidence is presented to indicate that the enzymic and hemagglutinative properties of myxovirus may be separate and dissociable functions.
Tradeoffs in Random Network Coded Multiple-Access Relay Networks

We consider random linear network coding in noisy multiple-access relay channel where multiple sources communicate with a single destination with the help of multiple relays. The channels are subject to path loss, fading, and noise, and the sources and relays are randomly located inside a unit square centered around the destination. We derive the union bound on the average probability of decoding error with the maximum likelihood decoding at the destination and determine the fundamental tradeoff among node density, rate, reliability, and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). The tradeoff provides a complete view on the reliability-rate tradeoff at any given SNR and node density, and shows how the energy and node density can be traded in achieving a given reliability-rate pair. The insight provided by the analysis is useful for understanding the performance of network coding in noisy multiple-access relay channel.
History and Perspectives of the Left

The formal title of this three day public conference at the University of Sao Paulo, August 13–15, 2003, was “History and Perspectives of the Left,” but the infratext for this gathering of scholars, analysts and activists from four continents—Europe, Africa, North and South America—was what are the lessons from the experience of the Left in government elsewhere that the new leftist government in Brazil and its leading party—the Workers Party (PT)—should keep in mind? This was underscored in the formal introductions and welcomes of the sponsors: the PT's Fundacao Perseo Abramo, the French Socialist party's Fundacion Jean Juares, the University of Sao Paulo and the office of the PT mayor of Sao Paulo, Marta Suplicy. As her secretary for international relations, Keld Jakobsen, stressed: this is the first time that the Brazilian left has the opportunity to govern their country and it is important that they do it well. For that reason, it is also important that they learn from other experiences of the left in government.
Education and the Rise of the Global Economy

Joel Spring investigates the role of educational policy in the evolving global economy, and the consequences of school systems around the world adapting to meet the needs of international corporations. The new global model for education addresses problems of technological change, the quick exchange of capital, and free markets; policies to resolve these problems include "lifelong learning," "learning societies," international and national accreditation of work skills; international and national standards and tests; school choice; multiculturalism; and economic nationalism. The distinctive contribution Spring makes is to offer an original interpretive framework for examining and understanding the interconnections among education, imperialism and colonialism, and the rise of the global economy. He offers a unique comparison of the educational policies of the World Bank, the United Nations, the European Union, and the Organization for Economic Development and Cooperation. Additionally, he provides and weaves together important historical and current information on education in the context of the expansion of international capitalism; much of this information, gathered from many diverse sources, is otherwise not easily available to readers of this book. In the concluding chapters of the volume, Spring presents a thoughtful analysis and a powerful argument emphasizing the importance of human rights education in a global economy. This volume is a sequel to Spring's earlier book, Education and the Rise of the Corporate State (1972), continuing the work he has been engaged in since the 1970s to describe and analyze the relationship between political, economic, and historical forces and educational policy.
Accident and emergency services for children within Trent region.

Objectives —To investigate the provision of accident and emergency (A&E) services for children within Trent region, and to compare these with published recommendations. Methods —A postal questionnaire was sent to all A&E and minor injury units within Trent region providing services for children. Findings were compared with published recommendations including those of the Multidisciplinary Working Party into Accident and Emergency Services for Children. Results —Thirty six units provided A&E services for children within Trent: 17 mixed units, 17 minor injury units and two children9s units. Within mixed A&E units complete audio-visual separation from adult patients was provided by six units (35%), inpatient paediatric facilities were available at 11 units (65%) and a minimum of one registered children9s nurse was always on duty in three units (18%). Conclusions —Few A&E units within Trent region currently meet the recommendations of the Multidisciplinary Working Party. The most common shortfall identified was in the provision of registered children9s nurses.
Simple connectedness of hyperplane complements in some geometries related to buildings

For a class of parapolar spaces that includes the geometries E"6","4, E"7","7, and E"8","1 with lines of size at least three, the metasymplectic spaces with lines of size at least four, and the polar line Grassmannians with lines of size at least four except D"4","2(3), we show that the subgraph of the point-collinearity graph induced on the complement of a hyperplane is simply connected. We also show that these parapolar spaces have Veldkamp lines.
Gas in the spinal canal in association with the lumbosacral vacuum phenomenon: CT findings

Twenty-two of 79 patients examined for lumbar spinal stenosis with CT showed the vacuum phenomenon. Three of these cases also had free gas in the spinal canal. The CT findings of vacuum phenomena and free gas in the spinal canal are discussed.
Laser-induced breakdown as a function of pulse duration: from 7 ns to 150 fs

Single-shot laser induced breakdown, in wide band gap materials such as SiO2 and MgF2, has been studied over almost 5 orders of magnitude in duration from 150 fs to 7 ns. A Ti:sapphire chirped pulse amplification system was used in this experiement, so the pulse duration could be continuously adjusted without changing any other parameters. The damage threshold was detected by looking at the plasma formation and the change of material transmission coefficient. The avalanche mechanism was found to dominate over the entire pulse-width range even for 150 fs pulses where we would expect multi-photon processes to take over. A strong departure from the conventional fluence threshold scaling law is observed for pulses shorter than 10 ps, where beyond this point the fluence threshold increases. Also, it is observed for the first time that for short pulses the damage threshold becomes very accurate and less statistical than that for longer pulses.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
TEAK: Topology Enrichment Analysis frameworK for detecting activated biological subpathways

To mine gene expression data sets effectively, analysis frameworks need to incorporate methods that identify intergenic relationships within enriched biologically relevant subpathways. For this purpose, we developed the Topology Enrichment Analysis frameworK (TEAK). TEAK employs a novel in-house algorithm and a tailor-made Clique Percolation Method to extract linear and nonlinear KEGG subpathways, respectively. TEAK scores subpathways using the Bayesian Information Criterion for context specific data and the Kullback-Leibler divergence for case-control data. In this article, we utilized TEAK with experimental studies to analyze microarray data sets profiling stress responses in the model eukaryote Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Using a public microarray data set, we identified via TEAK linear sphingolipid metabolic subpathways activated during the yeast response to nitrogen stress, and phenotypic analyses of the corresponding deletion strains indicated previously unreported fitness defects for the dpl1Δ and lag1Δ mutants under conditions of nitrogen limitation. In addition, we studied the yeast filamentous response to nitrogen stress by profiling changes in transcript levels upon deletion of two key filamentous growth transcription factors, FLO8 and MSS11. Via TEAK we identified a nonlinear glycerophospholipid metabolism subpathway involving the SLC1 gene, which we found via mutational analysis to be required for yeast filamentous growth.
Colliding pulse phase detector for picosecond resolution timing measurement

A phase detector consisting of Schottky diode peak detector taps distributed along an integrated GaAs transmission line has been fabricated. Pulses counterpropagate on the line, forward biasing taps in the region of pulse overlap. The relative phase gain, determined from the captured overlap function, is 20 mV/ps.
Simulation modeling and analysis in safety part II: Decision models

Abstract The paper, presented in two parts, introduces and illustrates simulation modeling as a viable approach for dealing with complex issues and decisions in safety and health. Part I (J. Occup. Accidents, 3: 3–20) outlines the essentials of simulation, including model design, data gathering, algorithms, documentation, and simulation experiments. It then concludes by reviewing two studies: fire emergency evacuation and noise evaluation. The fire study presents a model that estimates, among other things, the time required to evacuate a production area with a given geometry and a fixed number of exits. The noise study employs a model to predict the exposure level of employees working with manufacturing processes which generate different random sounds throughout the work shift. Part II of the paper details two additional studies: evaluation of employee exposure to airborne radioactive materials and effectiveness of the safety organization. The first study seeks to define a policy to manage a facility used in testing employees for radiation contamination. An acceptable policy is one that would permit the testing of all employees as defined under regulatory requirements, while not exceeding available resources. The second study evaluates the relationship between safety performance and the characteristics of the organization, its management, its policy, and communication patterns among various functions and levels. Both studies use models where decisions are reached based on the prevailing conditions and occurrence of key events within the simulation environment. Finally, Part II highlights several problem areas suitable for simulation studies.
Photoelectron-diffraction measurements of sulfur and selenium adsorbed on Ni(001)

High resolution angle-resolved photoemission studies were carried out on the surface state reported by Heimann et al. at the {bar M} point of the two-dimensional Surface Brillouin Zone of Cu(001). The symmetry of the state is shown to be odd with respect to the (100) mirror plane, as hypothesized by Heimann et al. Experimental E({rvec k}{parallel}) dispersion relations in good agreement with the earlier study are reported, and accurate determinations of peak width as a function of k{parallel} are shown to be reasonably well-fitted by a simple model. A novel temperature effect is reported along with a possible explanation.
A forbidden rearrangement.

A barrelene derivative fragments to afford benzene and trappable 1,2,3-tricyanocyclopropene. The barrelene anion fragments more easily to liberate benzene and the 1,2,3-tricyanocyclopropenyl anion,...
Muscle activity and kinematics of forefoot and rearfoot strike runners

Abstract Background Forefoot strike (FFS) and rearfoot strike (RFS) runners differ in their kinematics, force loading rates, and joint loading patterns, but the timing of their muscle activation is less clear. Methods Forty recreational and highly trained runners ran at four speeds barefoot and shod on a motorized treadmill. “Barefoot” runners wore thin, five-toed socks and shod runners wore neutral running shoes. Subjects were instructed to run comfortably at each speed with no instructions about foot strike patterns. Results Eleven runners landed with an FFS when barefoot and shod and eleven runners landed with an RFS when barefoot and shod. The 18 remaining runners shifted from an FFS when barefoot to an RFS when shod (shifters). Shod shifters ran with a lower stride frequency and greater stride length than all other runners. All FFS runners landed with more plantarflexed ankles and more vertical lower legs at the beginning of stance compared to RFS runners. FFS runners activated their plantarflexor muscles 11% earlier and 10% longer than RFS runners. Conclusion This earlier and longer relative activation of the plantarflexors likely enhances the capacity for the passive structures of the foot and ankle to store elastic energy, and may also enhance the performance of the active muscle by increasing the storage of elastic strain energy in the cross-bridges and activated titin.
Strategic liberalization. Mapping a course for sustainable infrastructure development

Abstract A variety of policies have been suggested to guide the continuing liberalization of the telecommunications sector in both the developed and developing world. However, the priorities and theoretical foundations of many approaches have omitted what is perhaps the most important factor for future policy development: the sustainability of telecommunications companies and national infrastructures in a competitive environment. This article offers a new perspective on how liberalization can proceed and strengthen the chances for Institutional stability among private and public sector service providers.
Mutant T cell lines as model systems for the dissection of T cell antigen receptor signaling pathways.

T cell antigen receptor (TCR) ligation triggers a cascade of intra-cellular signaling events that culminate in T cell activation, cytokine gene expression, differentiation, or apoptosis. Many of the enzymes and adapter proteins responsible for signal propagation from the cell surface TCR to the cytoplasm and nucleus have now been identified and molecularly cloned. However, a comprehensive understanding of the regulation and functions of these signaling proteins in T cells remains a major challenge. Our laboratory has approached is problem through the generation of a panel of Jurkat T cell-derived somatic mutants that fail to express several critica elements in the TCR-linked signaling cascade. This review highlights the use of mutant T cell lines for functional characterizations of two of these signaling protein—the ZAP-70 tyrosine kinase and phospholipase C-γl.
Silibinin Is a Potent Sensitizer of UVA Radiation‐induced Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis in Human Keratinocyte HaCaT Cells

UVA radiation (315–400 nm), which constitutes ca 95% of the UV irradiation in natural sunlight reaching earth surface, is a major environmental risk factor associated with human skin cancer pathogenesis. UVA is an oxidizing agent that causes significant damage to cellular components through the release of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and leads to photoaging and photocarcinogenesis. Here we investigate the effect of silibinin, the flavonolignan from Silybum marianum, on UVA-induced ROS and cell death in human keratinocyte cell line HaCaT. In addition, the effect of silibinin on UVA-induced intracellular ROS-mediated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress was also analyzed. UVA irradiation resulted in ROS production and apoptosis in HaCaT cells in a dose-dependent manner, and the ROS levels and apoptotic index were found to be elevated significantly when the cells were treated with 75 μmsilibinin for 2 h before UVA exposure. When the cells were pretreated with 10 mmN-acetyl cysteine, the enhancement of UVA-induced apoptosis by silibinin was compromised. Furthermore, we found that silibinin enhances ER stress-mediated apoptosis in HaCaT cells by increasing the expression of CHOP protein. These results suggest that silibinin may be beneficial in the removal of UVA-damaged cells and the prevention of skin cancer.
F1 Hybrid resistance to bn rat myelogenous leukemia parallels resistance to transplantation of normal bn bone marrow

Abstract Short-term BN bone marrow engraftment, and survival after injection of BN myelogenous leukemia were measured in three different F1 hybrid strains which had BN as one parent. The two hybrids that were resistant to BN bone marrow were resistant to BNML, while the hybrid strain that accepted BN marrow died earliest after BNML injection. The results support the hypothesis that BN bone marrow and BNML share antigens that can lead to rejection of tissue grafts. The importance of such presumptive bone marrow alloantigens in the treatment of myelogenous leukemia by bone marrow transplantation is discussed.
Estimating hydrologic budgets for three Illinois watersheds

It is important to simulate the major components of the hydrologic budget to determine the impacts of proposed land management, vegetative changes, groundwater withdrawals, and reservoir management on water supply and water quality. As acquisition of field data is costly and time consuming, models have been created to test various land use practices and their concomitant effects on the hydrologic budget of watersheds. To simulate such management scenarios realistically, a model should be able to simulate the individual components of the hydrologic budget. However, most field studies at the watershed scale attempt to measure only one component (e.g. total streamflow, evapotranspiration (ET), etc.) and are not suitable for validating individual components of a comprehensive model. A field study was completed in the 1950s to estimate several major hydrologic components including surface runoff, groundwater flow, groundwater ET, ET in the soil profile, groundwater recharge, and groundwater heights from measured data from three watersheds in Illinois. These data were used to validate a multicomponent water budget model called SWAT. Comparison of measured and predicted values demonstrated that each component of the model gave reasonable output and that the interaction among components was realistic. This fact should allow more realistic appraisal of various land use management practices on a basin-wide scale.
Comparison of Superpave and Marshall Mix Performance in Alabama

The Alabama Department of Transportation specifies the Superpave® design system for most of its dense-graded HMA mixes. However, there is concern that the number of design gyrations (NDesign) may be too high for specified traffic levels. Mixes designed with an NDesign level that is too high would be rut resistant but may be difficult to compact in the field and may suffer from durability problems such as premature cracking and raveling. The objective of this project is to evaluate the performance of Alabama's mixes designed according to Superpave criteria and compare them to the performance of Alabama's Marshall-designed mixes to determine whether current NDesign levels should be adjusted. The following conclusions are based on an evaluation of 25 Marshall and Superpave projects placed about the same time and serving under approximately the same traffic conditions: (a) Generally, both Marshall and Superpave mixtures are performing quite well with little rutting and cracking after a period of about 4 years...