cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Extending ethical consumerism theory to semi-legal sectors: insights from recreational cannabis

Ethical consumerism theory aims to describe, explain, and evaluate the ways in which producers and consumers use the market to support social and environmental values. The literature draws insights from empirical studies of sectors that largely take place on the legal market, such as textiles and agri-food. This paper takes a first step toward theorizing ethical consumerism in semi-legal sectors where market activities occur legally and illegally. How does extant theory extend to sectors such as sex work, cigarettes, and recreational drugs? This study draws on the case of recreational cannabis (marijuana) in Portland, OR (USA). Data from 33 interviews, structured fieldwork at 64 dispensaries, and the US Census Bureau American Community Survey are analyzed using qualitative, quantitative, and spatial methods. The findings are compared to 12 suggestions that emerge from the literature on fair trade, organics, alternative agriculture, and political consumerism. I argue that not all ethical consumerism theory extends to semi-legal sectors. Cannabis closely resembles theoretical expectations in terms of supply/demand, prioritization of ethical issues, and pervasiveness of false claims, but differs in terms of who organizes, which types of strategies are pursued, and how ethical products are framed. The differences stem from several pervasive stigmas about cannabis. I also argue that the stigmas that set cannabis apart from other (more legal sectors) and present challenges to ethical consumerism in cannabis are directly related to the War on Drugs. These insights suggest that prohibition (and its lingering effects) can inhibit the emergence of ethical consumerism.
Review of Grammatical theory: From transformational grammar to constraint-based approaches, volumes 1 and 2, 2016

This review takes a closer look at Stefan Muller’s (2016) recent open-access textbook that surveys grammatical theories (with a focus on syntax).
Student Phones and Laptops as Probable Sources of Community-Acquired Infections

There is a growing trend of rightfully promoting the incorporation of information and communication technology ICT in school curriculums This has increased the use of electronic gadgets like mobile phones tablets and laptops in student lives Despite innumerable benefits these devices can act as infection vectors posing serious risk to public health in the form of community acquired infections This cross sectional study was aimed at inspecting microbial presence on mobile phones and laptops of on International Baccalaureate Diploma Program IBDP students Further the sanitizing effect of simple wipe with alcohol swab was tested as a probable preventive intervention Samples were taken from mobile phones and laptops of IBDP students and inoculated on nutrient agar petri plated Each gadget was wiped with alcohol swab and second samples were taken Petri plates were incubated at room temperature for two weeks Colonies were observed and count color and regularity were noted Gram staining was done for preliminary identification All test samples presented a substantial growth of bacterial and rarely fungal colonies Observational analysis of laptop and mobile phone samples indicated different sizes and textures of colonies with colors ranging from red orange and yellow to black grey and white Gram staining indicated mostly gram negative streptococci with some gram positive cocci and some filamentous organisms There was a noticeable and p lt reduction in colony counts after wiping the laptops and mobile phones respectively The pathogenic nature of these organisms and their correlation with absenteeism of students need to be explored Vital contributions have made the use of ICT inevitable These gadgets are reservoirs of microbes and mandate hygiene practices Public awareness is crucial to minimize risk of community acquired infection nbsp
Job-Embedded Professional Development for Teachers of English Learners: Preventing Literacy Difficulties Through Effective Core Instruction:

This mixed methods descriptive study examined the effects of job-embedded professional development (JEPD) in reading on the content knowledge and instructional practice of teachers of English learn...
Diagnosis and Percutaneous Drainage of a Perinephricabscess by Ultrasound and Fluoroscopy

We describe 3 patients with perinephric abscesses in whom the perinephric fluid collections were identified by ultrasonic examination. In 2 cases thin needle aspiration of these collections using sonographic guidance provided the preoperative diagnosis. Percutaneous tube drainage under ultrasound and fluoroscopy was used successfully in 1 patient whose medical condition precluded surgical drainage. We recommend that percutaneous drainage be considered in severely ill patients with perinephric abscesses.
Nasopharyngeal cancer in Alaska Native people: A cancer health disparity.

1574Background: Cancer is a leading cause of death in Alaska Native (AN) people. Significant cancer health disparities exist in both incidence and mortality between AN people and the US Whites. Nas...
Establishing the psychometric properties and construct validity of the Painful and Provocative Events Scale-Revised.

Abstract Background Engagement in painful and provocative events is central to hypotheses for how capability for suicide develops. However, the existing measure of painful and provocative events is not psychometrically sound. We developed a measure with improved psychometric properties: the Painful and Provocative Events Scale (PPES)-Revised. Method In study 1, 447 adults (53.5% women, mean age = 35.4 years) answered 77 items describing painful and/or provocative experiences. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was performed. In study 2, 403 adults (55.1% women, mean age = 38.1 years) answered the retained items and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was performed. The scale's factorial invariance across gender was examined. Estimates of convergent and discriminant validity were obtained. Results EFA yielded a two-factor structure, which was confirmed with CFA. The factor structure was invariant across men and women. Estimates of convergent and discriminant validity were promising. Limitations Limitations include non-weighted items, additional need for CFA among high-risk groups, lack of assessment of person-specific painful and provocative events, and need for prospective research to establish the scale's predictive validity. Conclusions By assessing painful and provocative events more uniformly and reliably than the existing measure, the PPES-Revised has the potential to advance the understanding of capability for suicide.
Spatially organized genomic and physiological heterogeneity of the olfactory bulb mitral cell layer

Abstract Sensory inputs to the dorsal vs ventral olfactory bulb derive from distinct receptor families, and drive distinct behaviors. To address whether second-order OB neurons and circuits exhibit matching heterogeneity for input-specific readout, we clustered spatial expression profiles of >2,000 genes from the mitral cell layer (MCL). We observed clear dorsal and ventral clusters, together with dorsoventral differences in mitral cell physiology. Bulbar circuits may therefore be tuned for zone-specific computation.
Frequency of safety net errors in the emergency department: Effect of patient handoffs.

Abstract Objectives The objective of this study was to determine physician awareness of abnormal vital signs and key clinical interventions (oxygen provision, intravenous access) in the emergency department, and to measure the effect of patient handoffs on this awareness. Methods This was a prospective observational study at two large, urban, academic emergency departments. Emergency department physicians were asked the following about each of the physician's patients: 1) the number of IV lines, 2) whether the patient was on supplemental oxygen, and 3) whether the patient had any abnormal vital signs. Physicians were blind to the nature of the study prior to enrollment. Error rates between physician responses and actual patient status were calculated, and logistic regression, adjusted for physician clustering, was used to calculate association of errors with multiple situational factors, including handoff status. Results We analyzed 463 patient encounters from 74 physicians. Physicians missed abnormal vital signs in 19.4% of encounters. They made errors in oxygen status and number of IV lines in 16.6% and 35.8% of encounters, respectively. Physicians were significantly more likely to make all types of errors on patients who had undergone handoff as opposed to their primary patients. Conclusion Emergency physicians make frequent errors regarding awareness of their patients' vital signs, oxygen and vascular status and patient handoffs are associated with an increased frequency of such errors.
Preliminary Efficacy and Feasibility of a Business Leadership Training Program for Small Child Care Providers

It is important to equip small child care providers with business and administrative operations skills so that they can avoid shut down and provide quality child care services in a sustainable manner. This study provides initial efficacy and feasibility of the Small Business Innovation Course program. The goal is to contribute to a deeper understanding about strategies to support the business operations of these small child care providers serving young children from high-poverty communities. There were 34 small child care business providers enrolled in the program and pre–post evaluation suggested significant changes in participants’ self-efficacy on business management skills. Emerging evidence also suggested that many participants were able to apply new knowledge (e.g., budget and marketing) and implement practices to promote business functioning. Discussion and implications are provided.
A Case Against the Use Doctrine in Trademark Law

Mindful of the current trend within the United States to revive the focus on the use of trademark to determine a mark’s ability as a source indicator, this paper highlights how focusing on use can create disparate results by examining the role of use when dealing with well-known marks. Hence, this paper implicates the prescriptions from harmonized trade regime, especially trademark law. In doing so, the paper outlines larger public policy concerns that will ensue especially considering the role of the use doctrine in the context of international harmonization of protection of well-known trademarks. In order to do so, this paper examines protection of foreign marks in two jurisdictions, India and the United States to identify global public policy concerns which has national implications. First, the paper also debunks the myth that that harmonization would result in trading partners extending reciprocal treatment. That is, inapposite to the touted position, this paper uses the well-known marks example to outline disparate outcomes that ensue when focusing on use as source indicator. Second, in highlighting how harmonization has not resulted in uniformity or predictability internationally to identifying and recognizing well-known trademarks, this paper discusses how a lack of predictability under a harmonized system has raised strong public policy as well as economic outcomes that may be detrimental to some markets but benefit others. Overall, this paper asserts that a coherent approach will have to necessarily involve some level of flexibilities to determine what fame is for a foreign trademark in each jurisdiction depending on the market in question.
Enhancing Voltage Scalability of Asynchronous Circuits through Logic Transformation

Asynchronous circuits in general offer better voltage scalability compared to their synchronous counterparts due to the lack of clock and flexible timing requirement. NULL Convention Logic (NCL), a quasi-delay-insensitive asynchronous paradigm, is comprised of threshold gates as fundamental logic building components. The structure of these gates directly impacts performance and power aspects of the entire circuit. This paper introduces an alternative design methodology for NCL gates called logic transformation (LT) for supporting low operating voltages. Representative NCL gates and NCL components are implemented and presented to compare their performance. The results and analysis can be used by designers for selecting the most appropriate design for their specific applications.
A Note on Efficient Fitting of Stochastic Volatility Models

The stochastic volatility model is a popular tool for modeling the volatility of assets. The model is a nonlinear and non‐Gaussian state space model and presents some challenges not seen in general. Many approaches have been developed for Bayesian analysis that rely on numerically intensive techniques such as Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC). Convergence and mixing problems still plague MCMC algorithms used for the model. We present an approach that ameliorates the slow convergence and mixing problems when fitting stochastic volatility models. The approach accelerates the convergence by exploiting the geometry of one of the targets. We demonstrate the method on various numerical examples.
Validity, consonant plausibility measures, and conformal prediction

Abstract Prediction of future observations is an important and challenging problem. The two mainstream approaches for quantifying prediction uncertainty use prediction regions and predictive distributions, respectively, with the latter believed to be more informative because it can perform other prediction-related tasks. The standard notion of validity, what we refer to here as Type-1 validity, focuses on coverage probability of prediction regions, while a notion of validity relevant to the other prediction-related tasks performed by predictive distributions is lacking. Here we present a new notion, called Type-2 validity, relevant to these other prediction tasks. We establish connections between Type-2 validity and coherence properties, and show that imprecise probability considerations are required in order to achieve it. We go on to show that both types of prediction validity can be achieved by interpreting the conformal prediction output as the contour function of a consonant plausibility measure. We also offer an alternative characterization of conformal prediction, based on a new nonparametric inferential model construction, wherein the appearance of consonance is natural, and prove its validity.
Critical History Monographs and Intersectionality in Social Studies: A Case From Enslavement

With a focus on methods courses, this article makes a case for social studies teacher educators to employ in their pedagogy an intersectional perspective. I ask social studies teacher educators to ...
Hot and sour: parasite adaptations to honeybee body temperature and pH.

Host temperature and gut chemistry can shape resistance to parasite infection. Heat and acidity can limit trypanosomatid infection in warm-blooded hosts and could shape infection resistance in inse...
Estimation of Stochastic Volatility Models for the Purpose of Option Pricing

The paper complements the reviews on the stochastic volatility models and option pricing. We discuss recent advances in modeling and estimation techniques which allow to investigate models with latent factors and non-unique risk-neutral probability measures. The issues related to the optimal data utilization and volatility filtering are highlighted. We also discuss some of the future research in this area.
Non-oncologic applications of diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) in the genitourinary system

Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) has become an increasingly used tool in abdominal and pelvic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), primarily in the oncologic setting. DWI sequences are being added to routine MRI protocols at many institutions, and as its use has spread, more non-oncologic applications have been explored. The purpose of this article is to provide a review of DWI applications in inflammatory, infectious, autoimmune-mediated, and ischemic processes affecting the genitourinary system.
Asymptotic Formulae in Spectral Geometry

A great deal of progress has been made recently in the field of asymptotic formulas that arise in the theory of Dirac and Laplace type operators. Asymptotic Formulae in Spectral Geometry collects these results and computations into one book. Written by a leading pioneer in the field, it focuses on the functorial and special cases methods of computing asymptotic heat trace and heat content coefficients in the heat equation. It incorporates the work of many authors into the presentation, and includes a complete bibliography that serves as a roadmap to the literature on the subject. Geometers, mathematical physicists, and analysts alike will undoubtedly find this to be the definitive book on the subject.
AntiECN marking: a marking scheme for high bandwidth delay connections

In this paper we describe a simple scheme that uses feedback from underutilized high capacity links to allow a TCP connection to aggressively increase its sending rate. The feedback is in the form of a single bit in the packet header and is given per packet. The scheme uses aggregate information to provide feedback and does not require the routers to maintain per flow state. We show through simulations that such a scheme allow TCP connections to efficiently utilize high capacity links without increasing the implementation complexity at the routers.
The Exponential Map

The exponential map, introduced for closed Lie subgroups of \(\mathrm{GL}(n, \mathbb{C})\) in Chap. 5, can be defined for a general Lie group G as a map Lie(G) → G.
Computer-automated focus lateralization of temporal lobe epilepsy using fMRI

Purpose To compare the performance of computer-automated diagnosis using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) interictal graph theory (CADFIG) to that achieved in standard clinical practice with MRI, for lateralizing the affected hemisphere in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Materials and Methods Interictal resting state fMRI and high-resolution MRI were performed on 14 left and 10 right TLE patients. Functional topology measures were calculated from fMRI using graph theory, and used to lateralize the epileptogenic hemisphere using quadratic discriminant analysis. Leave-one-out cross-validation prediction accuracy of CADFIG was compared to performance based on expert manual analysis (MA) of MRI, using video EEG as the "gold standard" for focus lateralization. Results CADFIG correctly lateralized 95.8% (23/24) of cases, compared to 66.7% (16/24) with expert MA of MRI. Combining MA with CADFIG allowed all cases (24/24) to be correctly lateralized. CADFIG correctly identified the affected hemisphere for all patients (8/8) where MRI failed to lateralize. Conclusion CADFIG based on fMRI lateralized the affected hemisphere in TLE with superior performance compared to expert MA of MRI. These results demonstrate that functional patterns in fMRI can be used with automated machine learning for diagnostic lateralization in TLE. Addition of fMRI-based tests to existing protocols for identifying the affected hemisphere in presurgical assessment can improve diagnostic accuracy and surgical outcome in TLE.J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2015;41:1689–1694. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Chromosomal effects on mutability in the P-M system of hybrid dysgenesis in Drosophila melanogaster.

Two manifestations of hybrid dysgenesis were studied in flies with chromosomes derived from two different P strains. In one set of experiments, the occurrence of recessive X-linked lethal mutations in the germ cells of dysgenic males was monitored. In the other, the behavior of an X-linked P-element insertion mutation, sn w, was studied in dysgenic males and also in dysgenic females. The chromosomes of one P strain were more proficient at causing dysgenesis in both sets of experiments. However, there was variation among the chromosomes of each strain in regard to the ability to induce lethals or to destabilize snw. The X chromosome, especially when it came from the stronger P strain, had a pronounced effect on both measures of dysgenesis, but in combination with the major autosomes, these effects were reduced. For the stronger P strain, the autosomes by themselves contributed significantly to the production of X-linked lethals and also had large effects on the behavior of snw, but they did not act additively on these two characters. For this strain, the effects of the autosomes on the X-linked lethal mutation rate suggest that only 1/100 P element transpositions causes a recessive lethal mutation. For the weaker P strain, the autosomes had only slight effects on the behavior of snw and appeared to have negligible effects on the X-linked lethal mutation rate. Combinations of chromosomes from either the strong or the weak P strain affected both aspects of dysgenesis in a nonadditive fashion, suggesting that the P elements on these chromosomes competed with each other for transposase, the P-encoded function that triggers P element activity. Age and sex also influenced the ability of chromosomes and combinations of chromosomes to cause dysgenesis.
A flexible high performance robot arm controller

A robot arm controller was developed with a dual emphasis on performance and flexibility. It includes a general-purpose interface for a host microcomputer, and can be configured with up to two floating-point signal processors. The controller responds to high-level control commands from the host, computes the arm trajectory, and corrects motion errors in real time using Newton-Euler equations. By relieving the host computer of all computational requirements, this controller design permits one host to control multiple robot arms while maintaining maximum performance. >
Expression of nuclear retinoic acid receptors in wild-type and mutant embryonal carcinoma PCC4.aza1R cells.

Retinoic acid (RA) induces differentiation of murine embryonal carcinoma PCC4.aza1R cells. In this study, the expression of nuclear retinoic acid receptors (RARs) in PCC4.aza1R cells is examined. Analyses of [3H]RA-labeled nuclear extracts prepared from PCC4.aza1R cells by size-exclusion high-performance liquid chromatography demonstrated the presence of a specific RA-binding activity that migrated with a molecular weight of approximately 50,000. More than 95% of this binding activity was associated with the nuclear fraction. In contrast to cytosolic retinoic acid-binding protein, the RARs bound RA analogues of the Ch-series very effectively. Northern blot analyses of total RNA with complementary DNA probes specific for RAR alpha, RAR beta, and RAR gamma showed that PCC4.aza1R cells contain predominantly transcripts encoding RAR alpha and RAR gamma; RAR beta transcripts were undetectable. Treatment of PCC4.aza1R cells with RA increased the levels of RAR beta mRNA in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The RA concentration for half-maximum induction of RAR beta mRNA was 1 nM. An increase in RAR beta mRNA was detectable as early as 2 h after the addition of RA. This increase was not abrogated by cycloheximide, suggesting that protein synthesis is not required for this response. The ability of several retinoids to increase RAR beta mRNA levels in PCC4.aza1R cells correlated well with their binding affinity to the RARs but not with their binding affinity to cytosolic retinoic acid-binding protein. Two mutant cell lines, PCC4(RA)-1 and (RA)-2, which do not undergo differentiation after RA treatment, contained levels of RAR-binding activity very similar to those of the parental cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Assessing Arthritis in the Temporomandibular Joint.

A variety of characteristics make the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) distinct from other joints: (1) The bony connection with the contralateral TMJ, through the mandible, and the great variety of movement directions and trajectories make movements in this joint extremely complex and render an exact assessment of the range of motion of each single TMJ impossible; (2) the tight temporomandibular ligament, part of the lateral joint capsule, impedes the palpatory assessment of joint swelling or effusion; (3) the joint surface is covered with fibrous cartilage, below which immediately follows a zone of pluripotent proliferating cells promoting the growth of the whole mandible, the bone with the highest growth rate of the head; and (4) although pain from the temporomandibular region is not uncommon, it is highly unspecific and not a reliable indicator for TMJ arthritis1. In this issue of The Journal , Stoll, et al present their study about intraarticular (IA) infliximab therapy for TMJ arthritis in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA)2. Because of the lack of convincing treatment strategies for TMJ arthritis, especially in children, this report is of high interest. While for most other joints IA steroid injections are a recommended treatment option3, there is increasing awareness of severe negative effects of steroid injections … Address correspondence to Dr. R.K. Saurenmann, Department of Rheumatology, University Children’s Hospital, Steinwiesstr. 75, Zurich, Switzerland, CH-8032; E-mail: traudel.saurenmann{at}kispi.uzh.ch
A new method of culturing and transferring iris pigment epithelium

Purpose To optimize a culture technique and transfer iris pigment epithelial (IPE) cells for cellular studies in vitro. Methods Porcine iris tissues were obtained, and IPE cells were isolated and cultured at high densities by plating them in the form of drops. Spherically shaped structures containing a high concentration of cells were formed after 7 to 10 days of culture. Cells were subcultured by transferring spheres to new culture dishes without employing enzymatic dissociation. The purity of IPE cells was determined by pigmentation and cytokeratin labeling. Proliferation was assessed by incorporation of 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine. Cellular structure was analyzed under the light and electron microscopes and function was assayed by rod outer segment phagocytosis. Results Iris pigment epithelial cells, when cultured at high densities, tended to form elevated spherical structures containing viable cells. The cultured cells were pigmented and showed positive labeling with a monoclonal cytokeratin antibody. The IPE cells proliferated and migrated from the spheres to form monolayers. Cells originating from the transferred spheres also continued to proliferate and to migrate in a similar manner to the originally cultivated cells to form monolayers after 7 to 10 days. These cells were able to phagocytose rod outer segments. Conclusions This new method provides a simple method of culturing a large quantity of IPE cells. The high yield of pure IPE cells and the ease of transfer provide an ideal means to study them at the cellular level.
Characterization of cu/ZnO methanol synthesis catalysts by analytical electron microscopy

Abstract The structure, morphology and composition have been determined for 30/70 and 67/33 Cu/ZnO catalysts to establish whether activity for methanol synthesis could be promoted by the presence of copper in the zinc oxide phase. Analysis of pure zinc oxide for copper in CuO/ZnO physical mixtures demonstrated that unwanted copper X-ray signals did not interfere with the analysis of ZnO in the catalyst specimens as long as adjacent copper particles were at a distance of more than 1.5-times the electron probe size used in the analysis. The morphology of the 67/33 catalyst permitted maintenance of this ‘safe distance’, and the results of the analysis indicated that the zinc oxide phase contained an average copper concentration of approximately 2 to 3 at.% for the calcined, reduced and tested states of the catalyst. Because of the high degree of interdispersion of phases, ‘safe distances’ were more difficult to achieve in the analysis of the 30/70 catalyst. Analysis of thin areas of the zinc oxide with low density of copper particles indicated an average copper concentration of 15 at.% in the reduced 30/70 catalyst which could not be accounted for on the basis of the observed number of copper particles in the analyzed area. This result suggests that up to about one-half of the copper in the 30/70 catalyst is unresolved by electron microscopy.
Spacefilling curves and the planar travelling salesman problem

To construct a short tour through points in the plane, the points are sequenced as they appear along a spacefilling curve. This heuristic consists essentially of sorting, so it is easily coded and requires only O(N) memory and O(N log N) operations. Its performance is competitive with that of other fast methods.
Crisis for biodiversity collections.

Although we agree with Donald Kennedy about the importance of seed and other germplasm collections (“Agriculture and the developing world,” Editorial, 17 Oct., p. [357][1]), and we support the efforts of the Global Conservation Trust and the Consultative Group on International Agricultural
Multi-scale analysis of oxygen demand trends in an urbanizing Oregon watershed, USA.

Abstract Human alteration of the landscape has an extensive influence on the biogeochemical processes that drive oxygen cycling in streams. We estimated trends from the mid-1990s to 2003, using the seasonal Mann–Kendall's test, for percent saturation dissolved oxygen (DO), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), and ammonia-nitrogen (NH 3 -N) for 12 sites in the Rock Creek watershed, northwest Oregon, USA. In order to understand the influence of landscape change, scale, and stormwater runoff management on dissolved oxygen trends, we calculated land cover change through aerial photo interpretation at full-basin, local (near sample point) basin, and 100 m stream buffer scales, for the years 1994 and 2000. Significant ( p ⩽0.05) trends occurred in DO (increasing at five sites), COD (decreasing at seven sites), TKN (decreasing at five sites, increasing at one site), and NH 3 -N (decreasing at one site, increasing at one site). Significant land cover change occurred in agricultural land cover (−8% for the entire basin area) and residential land cover (+10% for the entire basin area) ( p ⩽0.05). Correlation results indicated that: (1) forest cover negatively influenced COD at the full basin scale and positively influences NH 3 -N at local scales, (2) residential land cover influenced oxygen demand variables at local scales, (3) agricultural land cover did not influence oxygen demand, (4) local topography negatively influenced TKN and NH 3 -N, and (5) stormwater runoff management infrastructure correlated positively with COD at the local scale. This study indicates that landscape factors influencing DO conditions for the study streams act at multiple scales, suggesting that better knowledge of scale-process interactions can guide watershed managers’ decision making in order to maintain improving water quality conditions.
A selective patient information system.

A patient information system is described in the light of present needs and possibilities. Current medical records shortcomings are in the areas of completeness, organization, timeliness, and retrievability. As part of the solution the use of an on-line computer system in a Department of Therapeutic Radiology is described. Essentials for success include careful planning and having the medical staff input the data and use the computerized record as part of the patient record, not as a duplicate. Using the information retrievable with the computer to advantage will take research and education, because such information has not been readily available hitherto. Costs of the system are shown to be comparable to current manual record keeping due to recent dramatic improvements in cost-performance of large mini-computers. This kind of hardware, together with computer software such as “MUMPS,” has enabled us to enter every patient treated by the department on an on-line basis since the initiation of the system in early 1972. Refinement of the medical data items is, however, still in progress, pointing up the fact that the start-up effort of a computerized patient information system is only a small part of the work required to make it truly useful in the long run. Cancer 33:1653–1663, 1974.
Comparative studies of Trypanosoma vespertilionis Battaglia and Trypanosoma dionisii Bettencourt & França.

SYNOPSIS. In diphasic blood agar media Trypanosoma vespertilionis developed spheroid clusters as compared to rather long, sausage-shaped (sometimes branched) clusters formed by Trypanosoma dionisii. The former species attained a greater population density (∼6 × 107 organisms/ml) than the latter (∼ 2 × 107 organisms/ml). Greater numbers of epimastigotes, some in active binary divisions, were observed during the logarithmic phase of growth, and morphologic changes occurred during cultivation which correlated with increased acidity and a depletion of glucose. Maximum numbers of trypomastigote forms were found during the stationary and early death phases. Most of the forms observed after 20 days were sphaeromastigotes. Glucose concentrations decreased to 0 M in T. vespertilionis and to 4.4 × 10−5 M in T. dionisii cultures during the stationary and death phases. By the 12th day of incubation cultures of T. vespertilionis were more acid (pH 5.5) than those of T. dionisii (pH 6.5). No antigenic changes during cultivation of each of the parasites were detected by immunodiffusion. Trypanosoma vespertilionis and T. dionisii contained common and specific antigens. At least 2–3 common antigens were detected in extracts reacted against heterologous antisera. Specific antigens were observed as nonidentical lines formed by extracts reacted against homologous and heterologous antisera and with antisera absorbed with heterologous antigens. At least 2 specific antigens were evident in extracts of T. vespertilionis and 1 in extracts of T. dionisii.
Performance evaluation of heterogeneously integrated 3J InGaP/GaAs/Si tandem solar cells on Si substrate for concentrated photovoltaics

Integration of III–V multijunction solar cells on Si substrate is highly sought for achieving lower levelized cost of energy by unifying the high-efficiency merits of III–V materials with low-cost and abundance of Si. Triple-junction (3J) InGaP/GaAs/Si solar cells with an active Si bottom cell are investigated for concentrated photovoltaic (CPV) operation under AM1.5d spectrum. We present key insight into the design of GaAs buffer architecture for the optimal down-selection of the buffer doping and thickness to maximize the photon flux penetration to the bottom Si subcell. Ideal case scenario employing dislocations free III–V solar cells directly integrated onto the Si subcell without a buffer layer yielded current-matched 1-sun 3J efficiency of 32.13% and 36.39% under AM1.5d and AM1.5g spectra, respectively. Under AM1.5d the efficiency dropped to 29.30% and 27.32% at a threading dislocation density (TDD) of 106 cm−2 and 107 cm−2, respectively, when 0.5 µm thick GaAs buffer was employed between the III–V subcells and the bottom Si subcell. Finally, we present a novel design for heterogeneously integrated 3J InGaP/GaAs/Si tandem solar cell incorporating a TDD of 106 cm−2 with an efficiency exceeding 33% at 200 suns, indicating a promising future for III–V on Si photovoltaics for CPV operation.
Fundamental differences in the reliability of n-modular redundancy and redundancy and N-version programming

Abstract N-Modular redundancy is an approach to increasing the reliability of hardware systems constructed from component devices that are subject to failure. The analogous approach in software is known as N-version programming. There are a number of well-known reliability implications of the hardware approach that result from assuming independent failures of the hardware components. This paper reviews these and examines the analogous results of N-version programming where an equivalent assumption of independent failures of the component versions may not be valid. It is shown that the results are not equivalent although both approaches can improve system reliability.
Bounds for the difference between median and mean of gamma and poisson distributions

We use elementary methods and the Poisson-Gamma relationship to obtain bounds for the difference between median and mean of Gamma and Poisson distributions.
Classes of emulators

Comparison among various host machines when emulating a specific image machine or various image machines form an important basis for host machine performance evaluation. With the increasing availability of host machines which are not biased to particular image machines and the use of these machines in the emulation of a variety of images, subtle differences in the interpretation of a specific image may give rise to significant differences in performance of the emulation.
The Assembly of ASB9 with Ubiquitin Degradation Substrate CKB

Ankyrin repeat and SOCS box containing protein 9 (ASB9) belongs to the largest family (ASB family) of SOCS box containing proteins. The ASB family acts as the substrate recognition subunits of ElonginBC-Cullin-SOCS-box (ECS) type E3 ubiquitin ligase complexes. There are 18 members of the ASB family, with ASB9 being the most characterized. ASB9 has an N-terminal ankyrin repeat domain (ARD) and a C-terminal SOCS box. The ASB9-ARD has been implicated in binding to creatine kinase (CK) isoforms and the SOCS box in complex with Elongin B/C and Cullin 5 to ubiquitinate and target CK for degradation. However, our knowledge is limited regarding the interaction of ASB9 with CKs. We have performed analytical ultracentrifugation (AUC) and small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) experiments on various N-terminal truncations of ASB9 (1-252, 19-252, and 35-252), CKs and their complexes. Our results suggest that ASB9 and CKB/CKM form a 1:1 complex dependent upon the presence of the disordered ASB9 N-terminus. Surprisingly, binding of ASB9-ARD to CK appears to break up the dimers of CK into monomers. This monomerization pathway could possibly explain the loss of enzymatic activity of CK upon binding ASB9. Further characterization of this complex requires a thorough understanding of the molecular details of this interaction. Crystal structures of both CKs and ASB9 have been published, but a recent docking attempt to model the complex was not very successful. Therefore, we are using HDXMS data to determine the minimal region of ASB9 that binds to CK and attempting to determine the crystal structure of the complex between ASB9 and CK. The data reported here will be of use for the future characterization of other ASB family proteins with their substrates.
Forensic analysis of Salvia divinorum using multivariate statistical procedures. Part II: association of adulterated samples to S. divinorum

Salvia divinorum is a plant material that is of forensic interest due to the hallucinogenic nature of the active ingredient, salvinorin A. In this study, S. divinorum was extracted and spiked onto four different plant materials (S. divinorum, Salvia officinalis, Cannabis sativa, and Nicotiana tabacum) to simulate an adulterated sample that might be encountered in a forensic laboratory. The adulterated samples were extracted and analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, and the resulting total ion chromatograms were subjected to a series of pretreatment procedures that were used to minimize non-chemical sources of variance in the data set. The data were then analyzed using principal components analysis (PCA) to investigate association of the adulterated extracts to unadulterated S. divinorum. While association was possible based on visual assessment of the PCA scores plot, additional procedures including Euclidean distance measurement, hierarchical cluster analysis, Student’s t tests, Wilcoxon rank-sum tests, and Pearson product moment correlation were also applied to the PCA scores to provide a statistical evaluation of the association observed. The advantages and limitations of each statistical procedure in a forensic context were compared and are presented herein.
Optimum radar signal for detection in clutter [Correspondence]

It is shown that in order to maximize the detectability of a radar target in clutter whose Doppler is unknown and is uniformly distributed over the Doppler bandwidth a simple CW or narrowband signal is optimal. The optimality criterion is the average deflection coefficient, with the averaging being over target Doppler frequency. Most remarkably the result does not depend on the clutter spectrum but holds for any distribution of clutter energy with frequency.
Surface structures involved in target recognition by human cytotoxic T lymphocytes

Cloned human cytotoxic T lymphocytes and monoclonal antibodies inhibiting their function (anti-T3A, anti-T4A, and anti-T8A) were used to elucidate the role of T cell surface glycoproteins in cell-mediated lympholysis involving individual classes of gene products of the major histocompatibility complex on target cells. The results indicate that several surface molecules are required for specific target recognition: T3 and T4 on T4+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes and T3 and T8 on T8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes.
Isolating Epilepsy Genes and Their Comorbidiites

The number of genes underlying monogenic epilepsies in human and animal models continues to grow as the clinical syndromes for a variety of heritable epilepsies yield to neurogenetic analysis. Interestingly, the diversity of co-morbid phenotypes linked to single epilepsy gene defects is also expanding. While many rare familial idiopathic epilepsy disorders are typically defined as "pure" seizure syndromes, many occur in the context of more complex clinical symptomatology. This is not surprising, since genes that alter cortical excitability are expressed in diverse brain networks, as well as in other tissues. In this brief review, two such genes are described. The gene encoding amyloid precursor protein along with related genes contributing to the accumulation of an aberrant peptide cleavage product, Aβ42, has now been placed in a molecular pathway mediating both the dementia of Alzheimer's Disease and seizures. A second gene, KCNQ1, encoding one of the voltage-sensitive ion channels contributing to membrane repolarisation in the heart, is co-expressed in both heart and brain where mutations contribute to cardiac arrhythmias, early mortality, and seizures. KCNQ1, a member of the cardiac LQTS gene family, is the first validated candidate gene for sudden unexplained death in epilepsy (SUDEP). The new strategy of searching for epilepsy genes linked to non-epileptic co-morbidity is providing illuminating examples of the role of neuronal network hyperexcitability in explaining the clinical spectrum of complex human neurological disorders that feature seizures.
Sample Size Calculation in Double Consent Randomized Design

In a conventional randomized trial, the assignment of a patient to receive a treatment after obtaining the patient’s consent may completely depend on a chance mechanism. Thus, neither the patient nor the physician know exactly which treatment the patient will receive at the time of consent. This can compromise the relationship between the patient and the physician. To alleviate this concern, Zelen proposes use of a double consent randomized design, in which we ask each patient for consent after random assignment of patients to treatments. This paper discusses sample size calculation for the double consent randomized design. Because the variance of the test statistic used to derive the required sample size depends upon the null and alternative hypotheses, this paper derives three approximate sample size formulae. The first two formulae tend to provide a lower and an upper limit of the required sample size, and the third one, a simple average of these two formulae, attempts to provide a better approximation. This paper further employs Monte Carlo simulation to evaluate the performance of these approximate sample size formulae with respect to type I error and power. Finally, to help readers employ the results discussed here, tables that summarize the estimated required sample size in a variety of situations are provided.
THE BIBLIOGRAPHY OF AMERICAN LITERATURE AT PHILADELPHIA

The Bibliography of American Creative Literature was started in August 1938 under the auspices of the Works Projects Administration of the United States. At that time Dr. Luther H. Evans was in charge of the historical projects under the WPA. The University of Pennsylvania agreed to furnish the necessary space and certain of the supplies, and Mr. Edward H. O'Neill, a lecturer in English literature at the university, was placed in charge of the project. He remained in that position until the suspension of the work on 22 April 1942. At that time there had been spent upon this project about $150,000, and a force that varied from forty to sixty workers had been employed.
AQUEOUS SOLUTION INFRARED SPECTRA OF COLLAGEN-REACTIVE ALDEHYDES.

Resume 1. 1. Infrared spectra have been obtained on concentrated aqueous solutions of a number of aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes. Saturated compounds which are capable of acting as interchain crosslinking agents for the polypeptide chains of either gelatin sols or native and partially denatured collagen tissue preparations appear to exist in water solution either primarily or exclusively in the hydrated, or gem-dihydroxy configuration. On the other hand, unsaturated aliphatic monoaldehydes probably exist in the β-hydroxy-carbonyl or aldol form, while aldehydes which do not act as collegen crosslinking agents exist in the unhydrated, or free carbonyl form. 2. 2. A “three carbon” selection rule is proposed which, together with previously recorded structural requirements, provides a basis for predicting the collagen crosslinking ability of any mono- or di-aldehyde. Crotonaldehyde appears to represent the only currently known exception to this rule.
SPENT FUEL TRANSPORTATION RISK ASSESSMENT: CONCLUSIONS.

AbstractThe US Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) has recently completed an updated Spent Fuel Transportation Risk Assessment, NUREG-2125. The study reached the following findings. First, the collective dose risks from routine transportation are vanishingly small. These doses are about four to five orders of magnitude less than collective background radiation doses. Second, the routes selected for this study adequately represent the routes for spent nuclear fuel transport, and there was relatively little variation in the risks per kilometre over these routes. Third, radioactive material would not be released in an accident if the fuel is contained in an inner welded canister inside the cask. Fourth, only rail casks without inner welded canisters would release radioactive material, and only then in exceptionally severe accidents. Fifth, if there were an accident during a spent fuel shipment, there is less than one in a billion chance the accident would result in a release of radioactive material. Sixth, i...
Cloning, expression and classification of a kappa3-related opioid receptor using antisense oligodeoxynucleotides

Abstract Using degenerate oligodeoxynucleotide primers based upon the predicted amino acid sequence of the cloned delta receptor in RT-PCR we isolated a cDNA of approximately 500 bases with high homology to the cloned delta, mu and kappa1 receptors. Before proceeding to clone the full length coding region, we designed an antisense oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) and examined its actions in vivo. Administered intracerebroventricularly, the antisense ODN effectively blocks the analgesic actions of the kappa3 agent naloxone benzoylhydrazone (NalBzoH) without affecting morphine (mu) analgesia. A mismatch ODN identical in base composition to the antisense but with four bases out of sequence is inactive. Having established the relevance of the sequence, we proceeded to clone the full length cDNA from a mouse brain library and characterize the expressed protein.