cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Six-degree-of-freedom Laser Vibrometer, Part II: Experimental Validation

Abstract The operational principle and evaluation of a novel multi-co-ordinate vibration transducer is discussed in this paper. The measurement system can determine three translational and three rotational displacements of a vibrating structure. In Part I of this paper the analytical development of the technique was discussed. In this paper the practical implementation of the technique and its experimental validation will be discussed. A prototype system is presented. Systematic geometric errors from manufacturing tolerances and assembly misalignment were found to induce sufficient crosstalk between the target translation and rotation variables to degrade the data quality. The errors were reduced by applying a Marquardt kinematic calibration to estimate the effective geometric values of the prototype. Laboratory tests yielded a measured static translational displacements accuracy of 50 μm translational and 0·06° rotational displacements. 99% statistical confidence interval precision values of 20 μm for translation and 0·01° for rotation were obtained. The dynamic measurement capabilities of the technique were evaluated via a structural impact test of a cantilever beam. The resulting frequency response and coherence functions where of high quality with expected characteristics. The results from both static and dynamic tests prove the feasibility of the 6-DOF laser vibrometer concept.
The University Case for Sustainability.

A university president and environmental studies professor comment on the business case for sustainability from a university perspective.
Detecting Abrupt Leaks in Blended Underground Storage Tanks

We suggest and compare two multiple change-point algorithms (segmentation and sequential) for accurate detection of the onset of abrupt leaks in blended underground storage tanks. We apply these algorithms to two simulated scenarios to demonstrate the advantages of the sequential algorithm, and then we apply the sequential algorithm to the Cary blended site data. In addition, we obtain a confidence set for the locations of the change points conditional on the number of change points by inverting the related hypothesis test.
Statistical analysis of persistent explosive activity at Stromboli, 1971; implications for eruption prediction

Abstract In September 1971 three vents within the summit crater of the volcano Stromboli intermittently ejected molten lava and hot gas to heights of several hundred meters. Field observations were conducted over four consecutive days (5–8 September 1971) and a chronological record of 399 discrete eruptions was compiled. Frequency distributions of intereruption (repose) periods at each vent can be statistically represented by a normal (Gaussian) distribution at the 99.9% confidence level. This implies that the eruption triggering mechanism operating at each vent is a completely random process, if the vents are individually considered to be independent volcanic systems. Regression analysis of the complete chronological record reveals, however, that the length of a vent's repose period is generally correlated with the number of eruptions occurring at the other two summit vents. Such intercorrelations can be used to increase the accuracy of eruption predictions by 18–87% compared with eruption forecasts that simply anticipate the average repose period between successive eruptions at each vent. The results of this study imply that in the case of persistent explosive activity at several vents, it may be possible to predict the outbreak of individual eruptions quite accurately on the basis of parameters reflecting the nature and intensity of eruptions occurring at other vents. In addition, intercorrelations between the explosive activity occurring at several active vents can be used to develop physical models of subsurface volcanic systems.
Molecular Mechanics (MM3) calculations on sulfides

The structures of eleven sulfide compounds including methanethiol, ethanethiol, dimethyl sulfide, ethyl methyl sulfide, di-tert-butyl sulfide, thiacyclopentane, thiacyclobutane, 5-thiabicyclo [2.1.1] hexane and 7-thiabicyclo [2.2.1] heptane have been calculated to agree with experimental data, along with the vibrational spectra of the first three of these. The heats of formation of 24 sulfides (including mercaptans) have also been calculated to agree with experimental data. In general, the force field for sulfides seems to be similar in accuracy with that for hydrocarbons.
Role of PET in gynecologic malignancy.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this review is to outline the current state-of-the-art use of PET imaging for patients with gynecologic malignancies. RECENT FINDINGS Recent findings with clinical impact when PET is utilized in patients with gynecologic cancer are primarily limited to patients with cancer of the uterine cervix and for patients with ovarian cancer. PET is used in patients with other gynecologic cancers such as endometrial cancer, uterine sarcomas, vulvar cancer, and vaginal carcinoma but with less well defined clinical impact than cervical and ovarian cancers. SUMMARY PET is utilized in patients with cervical cancer for initial staging, guiding therapy, evaluating response to therapy, and for long-term follow-up. The primary uses of PET in patients with ovarian cancer are for the evaluation of adnexal masses and for the diagnosis and evaluation of recurrent disease.
Return of individual research results from genome-wide association studies: experience of the Electronic Medical Records and Genomics (eMERGE) Network.

Return of individual research results from genome-wide association studies: experience of the Electronic Medical Records and Genomics (eMERGE) Network
Optimal set anode potentials vary in bioelectrochemical systems.

In bioelectrochemical systems (BESs), the anode potential can be set to a fixed voltage using a potentiostat, but there is no accepted method for defining an optimal potential. Microbes can theoretically gain more energy by reducing a terminal electron acceptor with a more positive potential, for example oxygen compared to nitrate. Therefore, more positive anode potentials should allow microbes to gain more energy per electron transferred than a lower potential, but this can only occur if the microbe has metabolic pathways capable of capturing the available energy. Our review of the literature shows that there is a general trend of improved performance using more positive potentials, but there are several notable cases where biofilm growth and current generation improved or only occurred at more negative potentials. This suggests that even with diverse microbial communities, it is primarily the potential of the terminal respiratory proteins used by certain exoelectrogenic bacteria, and to a lesser extent ...
Synthesis and X-ray crystal and solution structures of 2,5-anhydro-3,4-O-(1,2-ethanediyl)-D-mannitol : a locked 4T3 furanose conformer

2,5-Anhydro-3,4-O-(1,2-ethanediyl)-D-mannitol (1) was prepared from 2,5-anhydro-D-mannitol (2) in three steps. The fused ring system was introduced by a phase-transfer alkylation using 1,2-dibromoethane. Its conformation in solution was determined by NMR studies at 500 MHz. Variable-temperature studies showed no lineshape change from 25 to 80 degrees in D2O. The data indicate that the five-membered ring is locked by the trans-fused six-membered 1,4-dioxane ring into a twist 4T3 conformation. A single-crystal X-ray study was carried out. The crystals are orthorhombic, C222(1), a = 4.7252 (6), b = 14.0364 (12), c = 13.268 (2) A, Z = 4, with R = 0.032 for 894 observations. The molecule lies upon a crystallographic two-fold axis, and thus the five-membered ring exists in a perfect 4T3 conformation with a pseudorotation angle of 0 degree and amplitude of 47.2 degrees, in agreement with the NMR results. We have shown earlier that, among twenty possible conformers, phosphofructokinase acts specifically on the 4T3 conformer of the beta anomer of D-fructose 6-phosphate.
Organizational Culture for Knowledge Management Systems: A Study of Corporate Users

Knowledge is increasingly being viewed as a critical component for organizations. It is largely people-based and the characteristics of groups of individuals, in the form of organizational cultures, may play a key role in the factors that lead to either the acceptance or rejection of knowledge management systems (KMS). The primary objective of this research is to explore how dimensions of organizational culture influence factors that lead to the acceptance of KMS. While researchers have agreed that culture plays an important role in KMS, the literature has only recently begun to examine organizational culture within this context. We examined the effects of three dimensions of organizational culture through a research model that was tested and analyzed utilizing a field survey of corporate knowledge management users. Our results indicated that both process-oriented and open communication system organizational cultures significantly influenced the factors that led to the acceptance of KMS.
Laser-Induced Decomposition of TNAZ

The initial decomposition products of 1,3,3-trinitroazetidine (TNAZ) are characterized using time-of-flight mass spectrometry. To induce thermal decomposition, solid samples of TNAZ are irradiated with 248 nm laser pulses. Products released to the gas phase are ionized by a pulse of 118 nm light, and the ions are detected using a time-of-flight mass spectrometer. Neutral time-of-arrival scans are used to determine the translational temperature and the relative yields of the products. The translational temperature is found to depend linearly on the decomposition laser fluence, consistent with a photothermal decomposition mechanism. Analysis of the temperature dependence of the relative product yields shows that two reactions are important in the initial decomposition of TNAZ: unimolecular nitro−nitrite rearrangement followed by loss of NO and a bimolecular reaction generating nitrosodinitroazetidine (NDNAZ). Loss of NO2 appears to be an early, but not initial, decomposition step. Experiments with isotopic...
An Advanced Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy Course Blending Online and Face-to-Face Instruction

Objective. To assess the effectiveness of online instruction in a cardiology pharmacotherapy elective. Design. Eight drug-focused lectures and 6 introductory presentations were added to a cardiology pharmacotherapy course. Students completed an online quiz after each online drug-focused lecture and scores were compared to quizzes taken at the beginning and end of the course, as well as on a cardiology advanced pharmacy practice experience (APPE). For online introductory presentations, students completed a quiz at the beginning of the next face-to-face session. A survey was conducted at the end of the course to obtain student feedback. Assessment. Compared to baseline scores, student learning was demonstrated after online drug-focused lectures by higher quiz scores attained immediately after completing the lecture, at the end of the course, and at the beginning of the APPE. Furthermore, students performed better on quizzes at the beginning of face-to-face sessions if they first completed an online introduc...
Prepubertal ovarian function is finely regulated by direct adrenergic influences. Role of noradrenergic innervation.

In the rat, the main source of adrenergic fibers innervating nonvascular ovarian tissue is the superior ovarian nerve (SON). To determine the influence of the SON on prepubertal ovarian function and, hence, on the time of puberty, several experiments were conducted. Transection of the SON in early juvenile rats (day 24) led to more than 60± depletion in ovarian norepinephrine (NE) content, but affected neither the timing of vaginal opening nor that of first ovulation. SON section, however, produced a 2-fold increase in β-adrenergic receptor density, with no change in affinity, suggesting that hypersensitivity by denervation had developed. Removal of all adrenergic influences from ovarian granulosa cells by culturing the isolated cells in vitro produced a striking increase in β-adrenergic receptor number, which was maximal at 72 h. In spite of this elevated receptor content, the β-adrenergic agonist Zinterol did not induce progesterone release unless the cells were previously exposed for 48 h to a physiolo...
Upper Limits for the Number of Bound States Associated with the Yukawa Potential

The number of bound-state solutions of the Schrodinger equation for the screened Coulomb potential (Yukawa potential), -(Clr) exp( -ar), occurs frequently in theoretical discussions concerning, for example, gas discharges, nuclear physics, and semiconductor physics. The number of bound states is a function of (Cia). Three upper limits for the number of bound states associated with the Yukawa potential are evaluated and com­ pared. These three limits are those given by Bargmann, Schwinger, and Lieb. In addition, the Sobolev inequality states that whenever (Cia) 1.98. The Bargmann limit is the least restrictive.
A neural network based outlier identification and removal scheme

Identifying and removing the outliers is important in order to make the data more trustworthy and improve the reliability of fault detection, since outliers in the measured data can cause false alarms. An online outlier identification and removal (OIR) scheme, suitable for nonlinear dynamic systems, is proposed in this paper. A neural network (NN) is utilized to estimate the actual outlier-free system states using only the measured system states which involve outliers. Outlier identification is performed online by finding the difference between measured and estimated states and comparing it with its median and standard deviation over a dynamic time window. Furthermore, the neural network weight update law is designed such that the detected outliers will not affect the state estimation. The proposed OIR scheme is then combined with fault diagnosis scheme as a preprocessing unit, in order to improve fault detection performance. A separate model-based fault detection observer is designed which uses the estimated outlier-free states to perform fault diagnosis. Finally a simple linear system is used to verify the scheme in simulations followed by a piston pump test bed study.
Properties of Tropical Cloud Ensembles Estimated Using a Cloud Model and an Observed Updraft Population

Abstract A simple cloud model is developed which is designed for both diagnostic studies and mesoscale cumulus parameterization experiments. The cloud model is combined with an observed population of tropical convective updrafts and used to examine the vertical distributions of convective beating and moistening produced by tropical cloud ensembles. Although the cloud model ensembles are dominated by deep cumulonimbi, their vertical beating and moistening profiles differ significantly from those of individual clouds. These profiles and the total rainfall are sensitive to assumptions that affect the vertical mass flux distributions of the clouds. The ensemble heating and moistening profiles are in general agreement with large-scale budget analyses except for a tendency for the former to concentrate more of the heating above 600 mb. Modeled convective properties are found to be highly sensitive to assumptions concerning the convective environment immediately surrounding the updrafts and downdrafts. This has ...
Effects of phospholipid on pyrite oxidation in the presence of autotrophic and heterotrophic bacteria

Abstract Pyrite oxidation occurring in solutions containing iron oxidizing autotrophic bacteria, Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ( A. ferrooxidans ), and/or heterotrophic bacteria, Acidiphilium acidophilum ( A. acidophilum ), has been investigated. Under the conditions used, the amount of pyrite oxidized in the presence of both species was similar to the amount oxidized in the presence of A. ferrooxidans alone over a period of 30 days. Pretreatment of pyrite with the phospholipid, [1,2-bis(10,12-tricosadiynoyl)- sn -glycero-3-phosphocholine (23:2 Diyne PC)], to form an adsorbed organic layer reduced the amount of pyrite oxidation in the absence of bacteria and in the presence of A. ferrooxidans . The addition of lipid to pyrite prior to its exposure to a mixed A. ferrooxidans / A. acidophilum solution also showed initial oxidation suppression. However, after 4–5 days the effectiveness of the lipid in suppressing pyrite oxidation was lost and oxidation of the mineral proceeded at a rate that was similar to lipid-free pyrite in the presence of both microbial populations. If, however, lipid/pyrite was pretreated with UV radiation to induce cross-linking of the lipid tails (via polymerization of diacetylene groups in the tails), the lipid layer showed a strong suppression of pyrite oxidation for up to at least 30 days in the presence of both microbial populations. It was also shown with in situ atomic force microscopy (AFM) that the introduction of lipid to pyrite with colonized A. ferrooxidans led to the displacement of a fraction of surface bound bacteria. This lipid-induced displacement was confirmed by ex situ attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR).
Dynamic Neural Network Based Nonlinear Control of a Distillation Column

Taking advantage of the knowledge of top and bottom compositions of a distillation column, a dynamic neural network (DNN) is designed to identify the input-output relationship of the column. The weight-training algorithm is derived from a Lyapunov function. Based on this empirical model, a nonlinear H∞ controller is synthesized. The effectiveness of the control strategy is demonstrated using simulation results.
Simulations of the interaction between a light wave and an ionization front in a DC magnetic field

We use a 1-D particle-in-cell simulation code to investigate the interaction of a light wave with a step relativistic ionization front in the presence of an applied D.C. magnetic field either perpendicular or parallel to the incident wave. It is seen that four transmitted waves are generated in each case. The frequency upshifts and transmission coefficients of those transmitted waves are measured from the simulation and compared to theoretical predictions. Furthermore, the phenomenon of a density ripple associated with the free streaming mode in the perpendicular case is also observed in the simulation, and the modulation rates (?n/n0) are close to theoretical values.
Electrical bursting in neuron models: a step toward understanding the neural network mechanisms

Summary form only given. The author presents dynamic models of the neurons that give rise to bursting. With the models, she then demonstrates the conditions in which the neurons generate an enormously complex bifurcating structure of electrical bursting. >
Self-referencing, non-invasive, ion selective electrode for single cell detection of trans-plasma membrane calcium flux

Biological systems have very different internal ion compositions in comparison with their surrounding media. The difference is maintained by transport mechanisms across the plasma membrane and by internal stores. On the plasma membrane, we can classify these mechanisms into three types, pumps, porters, and channels. Channels have been extensively studied, particularly since the advent of the patch clamp technique, which opened new windows into ion channel selectivity and dynamics. Pumps, particularly the plasma membrane Ca(2+)-ATPase, and porters are more illusive. The technique described in this paper, the self-referencing, ion-selective (or Seris) probe, has the ability to monitor the behavior of membrane transport mechanisms, such as the pumps and porters, in near to real-time by non-invasively measuring local extracellular ion gradients with high sensitivity and square micron spatial resolution. The principles behind the self-referencing technique are described with an overview of systems utilizing ion, electrochemical and voltage sensors. Each of these sensors employs the simple expedient of increasing the system resolution by self-referencing and, thereby, removing the drift component inherent to all electrodes. The approach is described in detail, as is the manner in which differential voltage measurements can be converted into a flux value. For the calcium selective probes, we can resolve flux values in the low to sub pmol.cm(-2)s(-1) range. Complications in the use of the liquid ion exchange cocktail are discussed. Applications of the calcium selective probe are given, drawing on examples from the plant sciences, developmental biology, muscle physiology, and the neurosciences.
Trusting in transparency

In providing security assurances, transparency and trust are inherently intertwined concepts, but their relationship is not well understood.
Entrainment Characteristics of Transient Turbulent Round, Radial and Wall-Impinging Jets: Theoretical Deductions

Expressions for the mass entrained in transient turbulent radial and wall-impinging jets are derived by employing scaling laws derived for quasi-steady jets. Quantitative values of the mass entrained in these jets are compared with that in the round jet through an analytical study. In the case of the round jet, the expression has been derived
Case Report: Vaso-occlusive Crisis-Associated Neutrophil Dysfunction in Patients with Sickle-Cell Disease

ABSTRACT Polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) aggregation and chemotaxis were studied in 27 patients with sickle cell disease (SCD). Pain-free patients with SCD had a significantly impaired aggregation response to stimulation with n-formylmethionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (FMLP) with or without cytochalasin B (CB), compared with normal volunteers (p
Lack of effect of κ-opioid receptor agonism on long-term methamphetamine-induced neurotoxicity in rats

High-dose methamphetamine treatment induces long-term deficits in central monoamine systems. However, the mechanisms underlying these effects are unknown. Previous work has shown that the κ-opioid receptor agonist U-69593 [(+)-(5α, 7α, 8b)-(+)-N-methyl-N-[7-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-1-oxaspiro[4.5]dec-8-yl] benzeneacetamide] attenuates the neurotoxic effects of methamphetamine on extracellular dopamine levels in mice, suggesting that endogenous k-opioid receptor ligands, such as dynorphin, may protect against methamphetamine-induced toxicity and play a role in mediating the long-term consequences of methamphetamine. To further examine the role that dynorphin systems play in methamphetamine-induced neurotoxicity, we administered to male rats a total of four injections of metham-phetamine (7.5 mg/kg, s.c.), with a 2-h interval between each dose. Rats were pretreated with either the κ-agonist U-69593 (0.32 mg/kg, s.c.) or vehicle, 15 min prior to the first and third methamphetamine injection. Furthermore, cages containing the U-69593+methamphetamine-treated rats were placed on heating pads for 30 min after the first U-69593 injection to prevent the drug from blocking methamphetamine-induced hyperthermia. Rats were sacrificed 7 days after treatment. Striatal dopamine and serotonin contents were decreased ≈75% and 55%, respectively, in the methamphetamine-treated rats and ≈88% and 65%, respectively, in rats receiving the U-69593+methamphetamine combination. There was a ≈20% mortality rate in the rats treated with methamphetamine compared to ≈75% mortality rate in rats treated with both U-69593 and methamphetamine. A similar rate of mortality was observed when combining a different κ-agonist, U-50488 [trans-(−)-3,4-dichloro-N-methyl-N[2-(1-pyrrolidinyl) cyclohexyl]benzeneacetamine], with methamphetamine. These data suggest that κ-agonists do not protect against methamphetamine-induced toxicity to monoamines in rats, and may potentiate mortality when co-administered with methamphetamine.
Non-linear vibrations of general structures

Abstract Based on the finite element and perturbation procedures, an analytical-numerical approach to non-linear vibrations is developed. In particular, the overall solution employs the finite element method to handle spatial dependencies while the constrained version of the perturbation procedure is used to treat the temporal behavior. Due to the generality of the method developed, any combination of structure and boundary restraints can be treated as well as the possibility of conservative and non-conservative situations wherein the system can have any number of frequency branches. Furthermore, the procedure is not restricted to excitations in the neighborhood of specific frequencies, but rather applies to the full range. To demonstrate the capabilities of the solution approach, the results of several numerical studies are included along with experimental verification.
A numerical study of heat and momentum transfer for flexible tube bundles in cross flow

Abstract A numerical scheme is developed in order to calculate the heat transfer and pressure drop coefficients in heat exchangers made of flexible tubes. The vibrating tubes are modeled in a quasistatic way by taking the first tube of the row to be in 15 asymmetric (with finite eccentricity) positions with respect to the rest of the tubes and averaging in time the steady-state solutions corresponding to each one of these geometries.The results show that the eccentricity of the first tube affects the velocity and temperature profiles significantly.The time-averaged heat transfer and pressure drop coefficients are higher than those for the case of rigid, symmetrically placed, tube bundles.Comparison of the present results shows very good agreement with experimental data from flexible tube heat exchangers.
New method for quantification of vuggy porosity from digital optical borehole images as applied to the karstic Pleistocene limestone of the Biscayne aquifer, southeastern Florida

Vuggy porosity is gas- or fluid-filled openings in rock matrix that are large enough to be seen with the unaided eye. Well-connected vugs can form major conduits for flow of ground water, especially in carbonate rocks. This paper presents a new method for quantification of vuggy porosity calculated from digital borehole images collected from 47 test coreholes that penetrate the karstic Pleistocene limestone of the Biscayne aquifer, southeastern Florida. Basically, the method interprets vugs and background based on the grayscale color of each in digital borehole images and calculates a percentage of vuggy porosity. Development of the method was complicated because environmental conditions created an uneven grayscale contrast in the borehole images that makes it difficult to distinguish vugs from background. The irregular contrast was produced by unbalanced illumination of the borehole wall, which was a result of eccentering of the borehole-image logging tool. Experimentation showed that a simple, single grayscale threshold would not realistically differentiate between the grayscale contrast of vugs and background. Therefore, an equation was developed for an effective subtraction of the changing grayscale contrast, due to uneven illumination, to produce a grayscale threshold that successfully identifies vugs. In the equation, a moving average calculated around the circumference of the borehole and expressed as the background grayscale intensity is defined as a baseline from which to identify a grayscale threshold for vugs. A constant was derived empirically by calibration with vuggy porosity values derived from digital images of slabbed-core samples and used to make the subtraction from the background baseline to derive the vug grayscale threshold as a function of azimuth. The method should be effective in estimating vuggy porosity in any carbonate aquifer.
Heavy metals in sediments of two Chesapeake Bay tributaries — Wicomico and Pocomoke Rivers

Abstract Aquatic sediments can be both sinks and sources of heavy metals. The objective of this study was to measure the concentrations of heavy metals in sediments and sediment-porewaters of two Chesapeake Bay tributaries — Wicomico (WR) and Pocomoke (PR) Rivers so as to better understand the contributions of point (sewage treatment plant — STP) or non-point (agricultural runoff) sources of pollution. Sediment samples from three different depths (3″, 6″ and 9″) at four different sites (one mile before, adjacent to, one and two miles after the STP) on each of the two rivers were collected. This part of WR is residential and receives only STP effluent; whereas this part of PR gets effluents from both the STP and agricultural runoff including runoff from a poultry production farm that generates and stores large amounts of litter. The samples were analyzed for zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd) and arsenic (As) using atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). The concentrations of metals in sediment were normalized against organic carbon content and the correlation coefficient was found to be high in all cases. Concentrations of these metals were significantly higher in the second (near the STP outlet) and third (near the poultry farm) sampling sites in WR and PR, respectively. Metal concentrations decreased significantly (p ≤ 0.05) with depth in both the rivers. High concentrations of ammonia and nitrate in the WR indicate STP as the source of pollution, whereas a large amount of organic matter in PR sediment points toward agricultural runoff (from the poultry farm). As there was no baseline or earlier data on metal concentrations in these rivers the exact anthropogenic metal input could not be estimated.
By Chance or Design? On the Locations of Controversial Billboards in Urban Ohio during the 2012 Election

The 2012 American Presidential Election was preceded by widespread efforts to promote stronger voting requirements in states across the nation. In one case, a private, anonymous foundation purchased advertising spots on billboards in urban Ohio to communicate that voter fraud is a felony punishable by fines and imprisonment. This action drew criticism from civil rights groups, who argued that a majority of the billboards were located in minority census tracts, and that the advertisements utilized intimidating language and imagery. This article applies probability theory to the debate in order to determine the likelihood that the observed patterns of billboards in two cities—Cleveland and Columbus—could have occurred by chance. First, simulation is employed to compare the observed allocations of billboards to white and non-white census tracts to patterns generated under Complete Spatial Randomness (CSR). Second, simulation draws from probit regression models, in which the dependent variable is the presence of a billboard within a census tract, are used to generate distributions of first differences between1) the expected value of the dependent variable given that the census tract is majority white and2) the expected value of the dependent variable given that the census tract is majority non-white. The results suggest that the billboard locations in Cleveland were not significantly different from patterns produced under CSR, and that the probability of a given census tract containing a billboard is not significantly different for white and non-white majority tracts. The opposite inferences are made for Columbus.
CEBPG Exhibits Allele-Specific Expression in Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells

Inter-individual variation in CCAAT/enhancer binding protein gamma (CEBPG) transcript expression in normal human bronchial epithelial cells (NBEC) is associated with predisposition to lung cancer. We hypothesize that this inter-individual variation is in part explained by cis-acting genetic variation in CEBPG. To test this hypothesis we measured transcript expression derived from each parental copy of CEBPG (ie, allele-specific expression; ASE). There was a significant 2.9-fold higher cell cycle-specific variation in ASE of CEBPG rs2772 A compared to C allele (P < 0.001). In 20% of NBEC samples, CEBPG rs2772 A allele was expressed on average 2.10 fold greater than rs2772 C allele. These data support the hypothesis that genetic variation in linkage disequilibrium with rs2772 influences regulation of CEBPG transcript expression through a trans-effect downstream of RNA polymerase II transcription and confirm that cis-acting genetic variation contributes to inter-individual variation in CEBPG transcript expression in NBEC, which is associated with variation in lung cancer risk.
The role of self‐disclosure and self‐awareness in affinity‐seeking competence

In this study we examined (a) the relationship between affinity‐seeking competence and self‐disclosure and (b) the role of self‐awareness in mediating this relationship. According to Social Penetration Theory, people who are able to develop affinity in relationships tend to self‐disclose to increase the intimacy of a relationship; a person who self‐discloses should have higher affinity‐seeking competence. Four hundred respondents completed measures of affinity‐seeking ability, self‐disclosure, and self‐awareness. The results support a linear relationship between self‐disclosure and affinity‐seeking competence, but self‐awareness did not mediate this relationship to any significant degree.
The Emerging Potential of Re-Os Isotope Geochemistry for Source Rocks and Maturation-Migration Histories

Just a few years ago, the petroleum industry relied almost solely on lithostratigraphy, biostratigraphy, and U-Pb dating of volcanic tuffs and flows for correlations across basins in the sedimentary record. Re-Os technology was first applied to synsedimentary pyrite to obtain depositional ages for sedimentary rocks. Subsequently, organic-rich shales with their anomalous metal contents became the target for direct dating of source rock deposition. If organic material extracted from a source rock provides depositional ages, so too should the creation of new hydrocarbon be datable. Precise dating of organic-rich shales using Re-Os has immediate applications for hydrocarbon exploration by placing time pins at intervals of earth crises marked by anoxia and euxinia. These are the events that create rich source rock. In addition, unlike other geochronometers, Re-Os isochron ages carry key information on environmental conditions during source rock deposition through trace metal concentrations, stable isotope compositions, and the Os initial ratio. Trace metal abundances reflect the extent of anoxia and sedimentation rates, both of which impact concentration and preservation of organic material. Stable isotope compositions reflect the type of organic material. The Os initial ratio is a powerful proxy for marine and lacustrine conditions during shale deposition – for example: What was eroding and how fast? What are the depositional rates for accumulation of organic-rich material? What kinds of fluids were present and mixing in a basin and for how long? The nuances derived from this kind of information are far-reaching. For shales at maturation, with some or all of the generated hydrocarbons still residing in the shale (unconventional hydrocarbon), the timing of maturation can be teased from the Re-Os data. For conventional migrated hydrocarbon, good scientific interpretation requires the creativity to analyze players along migration paths before the reservoir is reached. We will present an accessible and understandable overview of Re-Os geochemistry and geochronology in the context of case studies. The field is new and the potential is enormous for petroleum exploration.
Ethics of managing interpersonal conflict in organizations

Although managers spend over twenty percent of their time in conflict management, organization theorists have provided very few guidelines to help them do their job ethically. This paper attempts to provide some guidelines so that organizational members can use the styles of handling interpersonal conflict, such as integrating, obliging, dominating, avoiding, and compromising, with their superiors, subordinates, and peers ethically and effectively. It has been argued in this paper that, in general, each style of handling interpersonal conflict is appropriate if it is used to attain organization's proper end.
CONFLICT AND SHARED IDENTITY IN GEOGRAPHICALLY DISTRIBUTED TEAMS

Though geographically distributed teams are rapidly increasing in prevalence, empirical research examining the effect of distance on group process has not kept pace. In a study of 24 product development teams located within five companies, we attempt to bridge the gap between research and practice by comparing the amount of affective and task conflict reported in collocated versus geographically distributed teams. We further examine how conflict is impacted by shared team identity, cultural heterogeneity, and reliance on technology for communication. As hypothesized, shared team identity was associated with less task conflict within distributed, but not collocated teams. Similar effects were found for affective conflict, suggesting that a shared identity may help distributed teams to better manage conflict. Our results also suggest more task conflict on teams that rely heavily on technology to mediate their communications. In examining performance, we found some support for our hypothesis that conflict would be more detrimental for distributed than collocated teams.
Using an injury diary to describe the ecology of children's daily injuries.

Abstract Problem: Two problems were addressed in this study. First, are daily injury diaries an effective means to gather information about children's unintentional injuries? Second, what are the circumstances of children's injuries as recorded through the diary method? Method: Two studies were conducted with a total of 172 children to describe the ecology of children's daily unintentional injuries. Families completed a daily diary for 14 days, describing the circumstances surrounding the injuries children experienced each day. Results: Descriptive data is provided on the locations, causes, and types of injuries children incurred, as well as who was present when they were injured. Daily injury rate was modestly related to the number of major injuries children had incurred in their lifetimes. Discussion: The diary methodology was an effective means to study the ecology of children's daily injuries. Children's injuries occur in a wide range of circumstances that can be quantified through diary techniques. Impact on Industry: Data obtained from daily injury diaries may be useful in a variety of areas, including study of the etiology of childhood injury, design of interventions to prevent injury, and engineering of toys and playground equipment for children.
Efficiency of neutrophil migration in the neonate.

Summary: To assess release of neutrophils from the neutrophil storage pool (NSP) and subsequent neutrophil migration into tissue sites, poly vinyl sponge discs were placed into subcutaneous pockets in either newborn or 4-wk-old rats. After 20 hr, the sponges were removed, and the animals' NSP size and the number of neutrophils which had migrated into the sponges were measured. In response to the sponge stimulus, neonatal rats released 83.6 ± 1.2% (mean ± S.E.) of their NSP (106.3 ± 15.3 × 105 neutrophils), whereas the older animals released 28.4 ± 5.0% (628.5 ± 124.4 × 105 neutrophils) of their NSP (P < 0.001). Neonatal neutrophils displayed a decreased ability to successfully migrate from the NSP to the sponges. The proportion of released neutrophils accumulating in the sponges was 9.2 ± 0.6% in the neonates, compared with 58.5 ± 7.8% (P < 0.001) in the 4-wk-old rats.
Cross-study validation for the assessment of prediction algorithms

Motivation: Numerous competing algorithms for prediction in highdimensional settings have been developed in the statistical and machine-learning literature. Learning algorithms and the prediction models they generate are typically evaluated on the basis of crossvalidation error estimates in a few exemplary datasets. However, in most applications, the ultimate goal of prediction modeling is to provide accurate predictions for independent samples obtained in different settings. Cross-validation within exemplary datasets may not adequately reflect performance in the broader application context. Methods: We develop and implement a systematic approach to ‘cross-study validation’, to replace or supplement conventional cross-validation when evaluating high-dimensional prediction models in independent datasets. We illustrate it via simulations and in a collection of eight estrogen-receptor positive breast cancer microarray gene-expression datasets, where the objective is predicting distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS). We computed the C-index for all pairwise combinations of training and validation datasets. We evaluate several alternatives for summarizing the pairwise validation statistics, and compare these to conventional cross-validation. Results: Our data-driven simulations and our application to survival prediction with eight breast cancer microarray datasets, suggest that standard cross-validation produces inflated discrimination accuracy for all algorithms considered, when compared to cross-study validation. Furthermore, the ranking of learning algorithms differs, suggesting that algorithms performing best in cross-validation may be suboptimal when evaluated through independent validation. Availability: The survHD: Survival in High Dimensions package (http:// www.bitbucket.org/lwaldron/survhd) will be made available through
Learning from testing data: A new view of incremental semi-supervised learning

In this paper, we propose a novel method for incremental semi-supervised learning. Unlike the traditional way of incremental learning or semi-supervised learning, we try to answer a more challenging question: given inadequate labeled training data, can one use the unlabeled testing data to improve the learning and prediction accuracy? The objective here is to reinforce the learning system trained offline through online incremental semi-supervised learning based on the testing data distribution. To do this, we propose an iterative algorithm that can adaptively recover the labels for testing data based on their confidence levels, and then extend the training population by such recovered data to facilitate learning and prediction. Multiple hypotheses are developed based on different learning capabilities of different recovered data sets, and a voting method is used to integrate the decisions from different hypotheses for the final predicted labels. We compare the proposed algorithm with bootstrap aggregating (bagging) method for performance evaluation. Simulation results on various real-world data sets illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Infrarenal Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm: Aortoenteric Fistula

Aortic disease continues to be a problem for the medical community and may involve any part of the aorta from the aortic valve to the iliac vessels. The need for correction of these lesions depends on the type of lesion, the patient’s symptoms, and the risk or difficulty of repair. In the abdominal aorta, the most common lesions include aneurysmal formation (especially below the renal arteries) and total aortic occlusion due primarily to the atherosclerotic disease processes – the Leriche syndrome. These lesions occur primarily in the elderly and may present as both acute and chronic situations. The acute process usually involves acute expansion, leak, or rupture of a saccular aortic aneurysm (Fig. 31.1). The chronic problem usually is a slowly progressive expansion of an aneurysm or progressive stenosis and occlusion of the distal aorta. Both endovascular and open techniques may be used to correct the problem. However, either technique may be complicated by infection or fistula formation.
Semantics and syntax of the to possessive in English

The to possessive may be defined as that phrasal possessive construction using to which interchanges with either an inflected possessive or an of possessive or both, and with a sentence using a form of the verb have. For example:(1) father to the bride (to possessive, henceforth to-Poss)(2) bride's father (inflected possessive, henceforth gen-Poss)(3) father of the bride (of possessive, henceforth of-Poss)(4) the bride has this father.
Effect of catalyst distribution in a membrane reactor: Experiments and model

Inorganic membrane reactors combine reaction and separation operations in a single unit. Preferential permeation of a product species through the membrane enhances equilibrium-limited reactions beyond the thermodynamic limit. Proper catalyst formulation and spatial distribution also enhance membrane reactor performance. To minimize reactant loss due to high gas permeation, the thickness of the γ-alumina layer in a composite alumina membrane (Membralox) was increased to 17 μm by slip-casting with alumina sol. Among the catalysts investigated a formulation of 1.10 wt. % Pt and 1.36 wt. % Sn supported on γ-alumina pellets yielded the highest activity, selectivity, and stability for the dehydrogenation of ethane to ethylene. Using this catalyst composition, various nonuniform platinum distributions within the pellets were prepared by solution impregnation, while maintaining a uniform distribution of Sn. The effect of nonuniform catalyst distribution on dehydrogenation of ethane in a packed-bed membrane reactor (PBMR) under well-mixed, isothermal conditions was evaluated both experimentally and theoretically. Reactor performance is maximized when the catalyst is concentrated near the surface of the support. Supraequilibrium conversions, about 80% beyond equilibrium values, were obtained with the narrow surface–step catalyst pellets. Experimental results agree well with theoretical predictions, obtained without the use of any adjustable parameters. The effect of membrane thickness on reactor performance was also investigated, by comparing the 17-μm alumina membrane with a 1.2-mm-thick porous Vycor glass, using pellets with the narrow surface-step distribution. For the experimental conditions employed, relatively low permeation through the porous Vycor resulted in conversions near fixed-bed reactor values.
Convective-scale responses of a large-domain, modelled tropical environment to surface warming

This article explores the response of convective-scale atmospheric characteristics to surface temperature through the lens of large-domain, cloud-system-resolving model experiments run at radiative convective equilibrium. We note several features reminiscent of the response to surface warming in atmospheric general circulation models. These include an increase in the rain rate that is smaller than the modelled increase in precipitable water, a systematic decrease in sensible heating and an increase in clear-sky cooling. However, in contrast to climate models, we note that tropospheric relative humidity increases and columnintegrated water vapour increases at the rate anticipated from the Clausius – Clapeyron relationship, but only when compared with the troposphere mean temperature rather than surface temperature. Also shown are results elucidating the changes in the vertically integrated water budget and the distribution of high precipitation rates shifting toward higher rates. Moist static energy distributions are analyzed and, from these, clouds are implicated in effecting the final equilibrium state of the atmosphere. The results indicate that, while there are aspects of the tropical equilibrium that are represented realistically in current general circulation model climate-change experiments, there are potentially influential local interactions that are sufficiently important as to alter the mean response of the tropical water and energy balance to changes in sea-surface temperature. Convection is shown to dictate the equilibrium state across all scales, including those unresolved in climate models, rather than only responding to surface-induced changes.