cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Starburst Nature of Lyman Break Galaxies: Testing Ultraviolet Extinction with X-Rays

We derive the bolometric–to–X-ray correlation for a local sample of normal and starburst galaxies and use it, in combination with several UV reddening schemes, to predict the 2–8 keV X-ray luminosity for a sample of 24 Lyman break galaxies in the Hubble Deep Field and Chandra Deep Field North. We find that the mean X-ray luminosity, as predicted from the Meurer UV reddening relation for starburst galaxies, agrees extremely well with the Brandt stacking analysis. This provides additional evidence that Lyman break galaxies can be considered as scaled-up local starbursts, and that the locally derived starburst UV reddening relation may be a reasonable tool for estimating the UV extinction at high redshift. Our analysis shows that the Lyman break sample cannot have far-IR to far-UV flux ratios similar to nearby ultraluminous infrared galaxies, since this would predict a mean X-ray luminosity 100 times larger than observed, as well as far-IR luminosities large enough to be detected in the submillimeter. We calculate the UV reddening expected from the Calzetti effective starburst attenuation curve and the radiative transfer models of Witt & Gordon for low-metallicity dust in a shell geometry with homogeneous or clumpy dust distributions and find that all are consistent with the observed X-ray emission. Finally, we show that the mean X-ray luminosity of the sample would be underpredicted by a factor of 6 if the far-UV is unattenuated by dust.
Ordering in bio-inorganic hybrid nanomaterials probed by in situ scanning transmission X-ray microscopy

Phospholipid bilayer coated Si nanowires are one-dimensional (1D) composites that provide versatile bio-nanoelectronic functionality via incorporation of a wide variety of biomolecules into the phospholipid matrix. The physiochemical behaviour of the phospholipid bilayer is strongly dependent on its structure and, as a consequence, substantial modelling and experimental efforts have been directed at the structural characterization of supported bilayers and unsupported phospholipid vesicles; nonetheless, the experimental studies conducted to date have exclusively involved volume-averaged techniques, which do not allow for the assignment of spatially resolved structural variations that could critically impact the performance of the 1D phospholipid-Si NW composites. In this manuscript, we use scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM) to probe bond orientation and bilayer thickness as a function of position with a spatial resolution of ∼30 nm for Δ9-cis 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine layers prepared Si NWs. When coupled with small angle X-ray scattering measurements, the STXM data reveal structural motifs of the Si NWs that give rise to multi-bilayer formation and enable assignment of the orientation of specific bonds known to affect the order and rigidity of phospholipid bilayers.
A definition of information, the arrow of information, and its relationship to life

A new definition of information is proposed that is minimalistic and incorporates a lifetime requirement for conditions, (which we define here) applied to anything that can be considered to be information. The definition explicitly treats a state in thermodynamic equilibrium as an effectively zero information state. The definition includes the absolute requirement of selection for achieving information; the selection criterion being that the information directly or indirectly contributes to its own replication. The definition also explicitly incorporates the Laws of Thermodynamics, the Second Law leading to the requirement for replication. Finally, the definition explains the origin of information and predicts the monotonic increase of information with time. Published 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity, 2011 (This article is a US Government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)
Cancer causes increased mortality and is associated with altered apoptosis in murine sepsis

Objective: Whereas most septic patients have an underlying comorbidity, most animal models of sepsis use mice that were healthy before the onset of infection. Malignancy is the most common comorbidity associated with sepsis. The purpose of this study was to determine whether mice with cancer have a different response to sepsis than healthy animals. Design. Prospective, randomized controlled study. Setting: Animal laboratory in a university medical center. Subjects: C57BI/6 mice. Interventions: Animals received a subcutaneous injection of either 250,000 cells of the transplantable pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell line Pan02 (cancer) or phosphate-buffered saline (healthy). Three weeks later, mice given Pan02 cells had reproducible, nonmetastatic tumors. Both groups of mice then underwent intratracheal injection of either Pseudomonas aeruginosa (septic) or 0.9% NaCl (sham). Animals were killed 24 hrs postoperatively or followed-up 7 days for survival. Measurements and Main Results: Mice with cancer and healthy mice appeared similar when subjected to sham operation, although cancer animals had lower levels of T- and B-lymphocyte apoptosis. Septic mice with cancer had increased mortality compared to previously healthy septic mice subjected to the identical injury (52% vs. 28%; p = .04). This was associated with increased bacteremia but no difference in local pulmonary infection. Septic mice with cancer also had increased intestinal epithelial apoptosis. Although sepsis induced an increase in T- and B-lymphocyte apoptosis in all animals, septic mice with cancer had decreased T- and B-lymphocyte apoptosis compared to previously healthy septic mice. Serum and pulmonary cytokines, lung histology, complete blood counts, and intestinal proliferation were similar between septic mice with cancer and previously healthy septic mice. Conclusions. When subjected to the same septic insult, mice with cancer have increased mortality compared to previously healthy animals. Decreased systemic bacterial clearance and alterations in intestinal epithelial and lymphocyte apoptosis may help explain this differential response.
Intracellular Growth and Phagocytosis of Blastomyces dermatitidis by Monocyte-Derived Macrophages from Previously Infected and Normal Subjects

Blastomyces dermatitidis evokes responses of human cellular immunity typical of other intracellular fungal pathogens. Differences in growth rates of intracellular Blastomyces yeast and the differences in amounts of yeast phagocytized by macrophages were determined for macrophages derived from peripheral blood monocytes from 11 persons with treated blastomycosis and 11 normal, healthy persons. Cellular immunity was examined by lymphocyte uptake of [3H]thymidine in response to a specific antigen of Blastomyces yeast. Yeast were more readily phagocytized by macrophages from the previously treated donors when compared with those from the normal donors; the yeast were confirmed to be intracellular by transmission electron microscopy. Likewise, a decrease in growth rates of yeast was demonstrable in cultures of macrophages from previously treated donors as compared with normal donors. This greater efficiency of phagocytosis and growth inhibition of B. dermatitidis reflects another mechanism of human cellular immunity to this fungal infection.
Directed forgetting in incidental learning and recognition testing: Support for a two-factor account

Instructing people to forget a list of items often leads to better recall of subsequently studied lists (known as the benefits of directed forgetting). The authors have proposed that changes in study strategy are a central cause of the benefits (L. Sahakyan & P. F. Delaney, 2003). The authors address 2 results from the literature that are inconsistent with their strategy-based explanation: (a) the presence of benefits under incidental learning conditions and (b) the absence of benefits in recognition testing. Experiment 1 showed that incidental learning attenuated the benefits compared with intentional learning, as expected if a change of study strategy causes the benefits. Experiment 2 demonstrated benefits using recognition testing, albeit only when longer lists were used. Memory for source in directed forgetting was also explored using multinomial modeling. Results are discussed in terms of a 2-factor account of directed forgetting.
Empowerment Education: A Case Study of the Resource Sisters/Compañeras Program

Empowerment education is a social action process that promotes participation of communities in gaining control over their lives and their community. The Resource Sisters/Companeras Program represents a case study in implementing an empowerment education effort. The program developed skills of women from the community to facilitate peer support groups that brought other women together. The program attempted to foster community development while also providing individual case management services. The program, its challenges, and its successes are described. The difficulties of possibly conflicting goals and objectives are discussed.
Linear Pharmacokinetic Models for Evaluating Unusual Work Schedules, Exposure Limits and Body Burdens of Pollutants

The adverse effects of workplace exposures to pollutants relate more accurately to the concentrations of pollutants in the body than in the environment. In many cases pharmacokinetic models may represent the external to internal concentration relationships with useful accuracy. Simplified equations are presented for stepwise calculations on a series of time-averaged, external concentrations to give a corresponding series of internal concentrations. Accurate results were obtained for averaging times not exceeding one-fourth of the biological half-life of the pollutant. A convenient measure of internal concentration is the external concentration that would be at in vivo equilibrium with it (termed biologically effective concentration). Three measures of damage burden are proposed, each appropriate for different toxic mechanisms. The calculations readily may be carried out on a programmable calculator or microcomputer. Illustrative examples show how unusual work schedules may be compared with an 8 hr/day, 5 ...
An interprocedural data flow analysis algorithm

A new interprocedural data flow analysis algorithm is presented and analyzed. The algorithm associates with each procedure in a program information about which variables may be modified, which may be used, and which are possibly preserved by a call on the procedure, and all of it subcalls. The algorithm is sufficiently powerful to be used on recursive programs and to deal with the sharing of variables which arises through reference parameters. The algorithm is unique in that it can compute all of this information in a single pass, not requiring a prepass to compute calling relationships or sharing patterns. A lower bound for the computational complexity of gathering interprocedural data flow information is derived and the algorithm is shown to be asymptotically optimal. The algorithm has been implemented and it is practical for use even on quite large programs.
PsbU Provides a Stable Architecture for the Oxygen-Evolving System in Cyanobacterial Photosystem II†

PsbU is a lumenal peripheral protein in the photosystem II (PS II) complex of cyanobacteria and red algae. It is thought that PsbU is replaced functionally by PsbP or PsbQ in plant chloroplasts. After the discovery of PsbP and PsbQ homologues in cyanobacterial PS II [Thornton et al. (2004) Plant Cell 16, 2164-2175], we investigated the function of PsbU using a psbU deletion mutant (DeltaPsbU) of Synechocystis 6803. In contrast to the wild type, DeltaPsbU did not grow when both Ca2+ and Cl- were eliminated from the growth medium. When only Ca2+ was eliminated, DeltaPsbU grew well, whereas when Cl- was eliminated, the growth rate was highly suppressed. Although DeltaPsbU grew normally in the presence of both ions under moderate light, PS II-related disorders were observed as follows. (1) The mutant cells were highly susceptible to photoinhibition. (2) Both the efficiency of light utilization under low irradiance and the chlorophyll-specific maximum rate of oxygen evolution in DeltaPsbU cells were 60% lower than those of the wild type. (3) The decay of the S2 state in DeltaPsbU cells was decelerated. (4) In isolated PS II complexes from DeltaPsbU cells, the amounts of the other three lumenal extrinsic proteins and the electron donation rate were drastically decreased, indicating that the water oxidation system became significantly labile without PsbU. Furthermore, oxygen-evolving activity in DeltaPsbU thylakoid membranes was highly suppressed in the absence of Cl-, and 60% of the activity was restored by NO3- but not by SO4(2-), indicating that PsbU had functions other than stabilizing Cl-. On the basis of these results, we conclude that PsbU is crucial for the stable architecture of the water-splitting system to optimize the efficiency of the oxygen evolution process.
Synthesis of 14C-labeled flame retardants. 14C-labeled-tetrabromophthalic anhydride and tetrabromobisphenol-A

The multistep syntheses of tetrabromophthalic-1,2,3,4,5,6-U-14C anhydride 6, and 3,5,3′,5′-tetrabromo-4,4′-isopropylidenedi-(phenol-U-14C) 11, are described. The synthesis pathway to 6 includes a novel preparation of phthalic acid-1,2,3,4,5,6-U-14C acid from benzene-U-14C. Both 6 and 11 were obtained in 9% overall radiochemical yield (based on benzene-U-14C).
Urban leptospirosis presenting as afebrile jaundice.

A case of leptospirosis due toL icterohemorrhagiae in a 56-year-old man is reported. The infection most likely resulted from immersion in a contaminated urban river, and presented as afebrile jaundice. Severe hepatorenal decompensation developed, but neither myalgia nor conjunctival suffusion occurred. Complete recovery occurred with nonspecific therapy.
Magnetic order at Tb surfaces determined by electron capture spectroscopy (ECS)

Abstract The magnetic order at surfaces of the 4f-rare earth metal terbium is investigated using electron capture spectroscopy (ECS). ECS probes the magnetic order of the topmost surface layer. In ECS, the capture of spin-polarized electrons during grazing-angle ion-surface reflection is used to determine the electron spin polarization (ESP) due to long-ranged and short-ranged surface magnetic order. It is found that long-ranged ferromagnetic order exists far above the bulk Curie temperature T cb of Tb. using magneto-optical Kerr effect and ferromagnetic induction, T cb is found to be at 220 K. At 140 K, the long-ranged ESP amounts to 24%. With increasing temperature, the ESP decreases monotonically up to the bulk Neel temperature T Nb = 228 K , then exhibits a pronounced maximum at T = 238 K and vanishes at the surface Curie temperature T Cs found to be located at 248 K. These novel and striking results on enhanced magnetic order at Tb surfaces suggest the presence of very large surface anisotropies .
Thermal injection well falloff testing

Knowledge of the swept volume permits calculation of important economic parameters including the fuel concentration in a combustion test and heat loss in a steamflood. A study was conducted to find field case histories of swept volume determination from pressure transient tests at an injection well. Several case histories are presented from both in-situ combustion and steamflood projects. An investigation for each case history shows the information that may be obtained from pressure transient tests. Pressure transient testing of the injection well may prove useful in evaluating and controlling the performance of thermal recovery projects. 16 refs.
An initial exploration of port capacity bottlenecks in the USA port system and the implications on resilience

Ports are clearly important to the national and global economies. Several high profile events highlight the need not only to harden ports but to decrease recovery times when failures do occur to increase the resilience of the system as a whole. Our research suggests that disruptions occur with regular frequency and, with outliers removed, range from 6 to 20 days in duration. Furthermore, we find key commodity classes, such as chemicals and food and farm products may be especially sensitive to those disruptions due to geographic cargo concentrations. While the US port system is capable of supporting current cargo volumes, it is sensitive to adverse events, leading us to conclude that stakeholders must place renewed focus on resilience in order to reduce economic impacts when major port disruptions occur. The port resilience research has been generously supported by the U.S. Department of Homeland Security through the National Center for Secure and Resilient Maritime Commerce (CSR) at Stevens Institute of Technology in Hoboken, NJ.
THE STABILITY OF NATIONAL SUICIDE RATES OVER TIME

National suicide rates in one year were strongly associated with the rates 32 and 48 years later, indicating their reliability for use in research.
Reaction of chlorophyll with 2,2′-dithiobis(5-nitropyridine)

Abstract Chlorophyll a reacts photochemically with 2,2′-dithiobis (5-nitropyridine), incorporating 5-nitropyridinethiyl residues. On nmr evidence, substitution occurs principally at the α and δ meso positions, and not at the β. The products are markedly less fluorescent than chlorophyll itself, especially in polar solvents, and it is proposed that fluorescence quenched by electron transfer to the nitropyridine residue.
Influence of winter cover crop and residue management on soil nitrogen availability and corn

Removing cover crop top growth in the spring for forage or to prevent incorporation problems is one management option. The effects of this residue management on soil quality and productivity need to be determined. This study, conducted from 1994 to 1998 at Puyallup, WA, determined effects of various winter cover crops and residue management on soil N availability, soil C and N, and corn (Zea mays L.) yield. Included in the study were monocultures of rye (Secale cereale L.), ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam), and vetch (Vicia villosa Roth subsp. villosa ) and biculture of vetch and rye or ryegrass. Each year, the cover crops were seeded in the fall and incorporated into, or removed from, the soil in the spring. Average top-growth biomass was higher for the bicultures than for the monocultures. Total N accumulation was generally greatest under vetch, followed by the bicultures, and lowest for the monocultured rye or ryegrass. Whereas removing top growth of monocultured vetch or bicultures depressed presidedress soil NO 3 -N (N i ), the effect was generally not found for monocultured rye or ryegrass. Corn yields were affected by amounts of N i and N fertilizer applied (r 2 > 0.789), irrespective of cover crop species and residue management. Removing top growth of the cover crops limited residue C input and reduced soil organic C and N after 5 yr. Soil organic C and N accumulation, as well as increasing soil C sequestration to reduce CO 2 release into atmosphere, should be considered when deciding which residue management option to choose.
Formulation, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of topical microbicides

The development of safe topical microbicides that effectively prevent human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is a major goal in curbing the human immunodeficiency virus pandemic. A number of past failures resulting from mucosal toxicity or lack of efficacy have informed the field. Products that caused toxicity to the female genital tract mucosa, and thereby increased the likelihood of HIV acquisition, included nonoxynol 9, cellulose sulfate, and C31 G vaginal gel Savvy ® . Topical products that were ineffective in preventing HIV infection include BufferGel ® , Carraguard ® , and PRO 2000 ® . Antiretroviral drugs such as tenofovir and dapivirine formulated into microbicide products have shown promise, but there is much to learn about ideal product formulation and acceptability, and drug distribution and disposition (pharmacokinetics). Current formulations for water-soluble molecules include vaginally or rectally applied gels, vaginal rings, films and tablets. Dosing strategies (e.g. coitally dependent or independent) will be based on the pharmacokinetics of the active ingredient and the tolerance for less than perfect adherence.
Linear programming in the foreign exchange markets

This article demonstrates the use of a linear programming model to achieve an optimal allocation of liquid funds among various currencies in different countries. The model takes into account interest rates, projected changes in currency values, relative risk and corporate policies and safeguards.
INHIBITION OF 4-(METHYLNITROSAMINO)-1-(3-PYRIDYL)-1-BUTANONE CARCINOGENESIS IN MICE BY D-LIMONENE AND CITRUS FRUIT OILS

The effects of D-limonene and citrus fruit oils, i.e. orange oil and lemon oil, on 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK)-induced neoplasia of the lungs and forestomach of female A/J mice were investigated. D-Limonene and the citrus fruit oils given p.o. 1 h prior to NNK, also administered p.o., inhibited pulmonary adenoma formation and the occurrence of forestomach tumors. In an additional experiment, D-limonene given p.o. 1 h prior to NNK administered i.p. again showed pronounced inhibition of pulmonary adenoma formation. This study provides additional data demonstrating that non-nutrient constituents of the diet can inhibit carcinogen-induced neoplasia when administered at a short time interval prior to carcinogen challenge.
Time dependent crack tip enrichment for dynamic crack propagation

We study several enrichment strategies for dynamic crack propagation in the context of the extended finite element method and the effect of different directional criteria on the crack path. A new enrichment method with a time dependent enrichment function is proposed. In contrast to previous approaches, it entails only one crack tip enrichment function. Results for stress intensity factors and crack paths for different enrichments and direction criteria are given.
Short circuiting stress protein expression via a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, herbimycin A

We set out to identify pharmacological means by which to activate the so-called heat shock or stress response and thereby harness the protective effect afforded to the cell by its acquisition of a thermotolerant phenotype. An earlier report by Murakami et al. (1991, Exp. Cell Res., 195: 338–344) described the increased expression of the 70 kDa heat shock proteins in human A431 cells exposed to Herbimycin A (HA), a benzoquinoid ansamycin antibiotic. We show here that treatment of cells with HA results in the increased expression of all of the constitutively expressed stress proteins and confers upon the cells a thermotolerant-like phenotype. Increases in the expression of the stress proteins continued for as long as the cells were exposed to the drug and was independent of the pre-existing levels of the stress proteins. Unlike heat shock or other metabolic stressors, we did not observe any adverse cellular effects following HA exposure. For example, unlike most agents/treatments that elicit the stress response HA-treated cells exhibited no obvious abnormalities with respect to protein maturation, protein insolubility, the integrity of the intermediate filament cytoskeleton, or overall cell viability. In addition, unlike other metabolic stressors, HA treatment did not result in the translocation of hsp 73 into the nucleus/nucleolus. Finally, for at least rodent cells, HA exposure did not result in any obvious activation of the heat shock transcription factor. Based on these findings, we suggest that HA treatment of cells results in a “short-circuiting” of the pathway(s) that normally regulates the expression of the stress proteins. These results are discussed as they pertain to the potential use of HA in animals as a way to harness the protective effects afforded by the stress response. © 1995 Wiley-Liss Inc.
Spin relaxation in single-layer and bilayer graphene

We investigate spin relaxation in graphene spin valves and observe strongly contrasting behavior for single-layer graphene (SLG) and bilayer graphene (BLG). In SLG, the spin lifetime (τ(s)) varies linearly with the momentum scattering time (τ(p)) as carrier concentration is varied, indicating the dominance of Elliot-Yafet (EY) spin relaxation at low temperatures. In BLG, τ(s) and τ(p) exhibit an inverse dependence, which indicates the dominance of Dyakonov-Perel spin relaxation at low temperatures. The different behavior is due to enhanced screening and/or reduced surface sensitivity of BLG, which greatly reduces the impurity-induced EY spin relaxation.
A Theory of Cation Exchange Reactions with Clay Minerals

A consideration of the possible cation exchange reactions with clay-mineral surfaces in aqueous media leads to an equilibrium expression with which it is possible to obtain a good correlation of data in the literature. Free-energy considerations based on approximate equilibrium constants also support the theory. The ionic-strength contribution of the various clay minerals is shown to be large enough to account for displacement of curves due to differences in clay-water concentration.
SU‐GG‐T‐80: Accounting for Prostate Motion in Interstitial Prostate LDR Brachytherapy for Aiding Post‐Implant Dosimetry

Purpose: This study examines the utility of 4DCT for post‐implant dosimetry in interstitial LDR prostate brachytherapy.Method and Materials: Static and “free‐breathing” CTimages of a customized CIRS torso phantom were acquired on a Philips 16‐slice 4DCT scanner. The phantom was positioned at an angle on a 1D motion platform to simulate 2D longitudinal and vertical motion. The breathing signal was acquired using the Varian RPM system. Free‐breathing image sets were acquired at 10 and 30 cycles/minute (CPM) with an amplitude of 2 mm to simulate prostate motion (the minimum achievable with our motion stage). The 4DCT images were binned in 4 phases and reconstructed retrospectively. The prostate gland was simulated by adding a 12.5 cc wax cylinder to the central rod of the phantom. Forty five dummy seeds were placed peripherally and within the cylinder volume, such that any two seeds were separated by at least 3 mm relative to each other. Seed type, strength and total dose was chosen to be I‐125, 0.389U and 145Gy, respectively. Post‐implant dosimetry was performed with the Variseed software using the auto‐detection feature to identify seed locations. Results: While V100 and V90 were independent of cycle rate, there were variations up to 30% in D90 between the various phases of the 4DCT and the static scan. At 10 CPM, D90 varied from 114–154% across the 4 phases; at 30 CPM the D90 range across the phases was 111–117%. The static scan D90 was 123%. Conclusion: This preliminary study suggests that accounting for respiratory induced prostate motion may provide greater accuracy in post‐implant dosimetry. Based on the extent to which the target dose coverage is compromised as a result of motion, one may be able to perform corrective action, such as adding an external beam boost to the prostate to achieve the intended dose coverage.
Transfer of Marketing Know-How in International Strategic Alliances: An Empirical Investigation of the Role and Antecedents of Knowledge Ambiguity

The competitive nature of knowledge transfer and the process of organizational learning between partners constitute a fundamental challenge for both academics and practitioners alike. By focusing on one type of competency - marketing know-how - this research examines the role of knowledge ambiguity pertaining to the process of knowledge transfer in international strategic alliances. Based on a cross-sectional sample of 151 multinationals and a structural equation methodology, this study empirically investigates the antecedents of knowledge ambiguity: tacitness, asset specificity, complexity, experience, partner protectiveness, cultural distance, and organizational distance. Further, the strength of the relationships between these theoretical constructs and ambiguity is examined in light of the possible moderating effects of collaborative experience, firm size, and the duration of the alliance entered. Consistently, tacitness emerges as the most significant determinant of knowledge transferability. Moreover, the effects of cultural distance, asset specificity, and prior experience are moderated respectively by the firm's level of collaborative experience, the duration of the alliance, and the firm's size.
Conformance testing in the presence of multiple faults

Conformance testing is the problem of determining if a black-box implementation I is equivalent to a specification S, where both are modeled as finite state Mealy machines. The problem involves constructing a checking sequence based on the specification, which is a sequence of inputs that detects all faulty machines. Traditionally conformance testing algorithms have assumed that the number of states in the implementation does not exceed that in the specification. This is because it is known that, in the absence of this assumption, the length of the checking sequence needs to be at least exponential in the number of extra states in the implementation [41]. However, this has limited the applicability of these techniques in practice where the implementation typically has many more states than the specification.In this paper we relax the constraints on the size of the implementation and investigate the existence of polynomial length checking sequences for implementations with extra states, under the promise that they either have multiple faults or no faults at all. We present randomized algorithms to construct checking sequences that catch faulty implementations with at most Δ extra states, having at least r faults (where Δ and r are parameters to the algorithm), and pass all correct implementations. We demonstrate the near optimality of our algorithms by presenting lower bounds for this problem. One of the main technical lemmas used in our proof is an estimate of the probability that a random walk on directed graphs will reach a large target set. We believe that this lemma will be of independent interest in the context of verifying safety properties.
Petapixel Photography and the Limits of Camera Information Capacity

The monochromatic single frame pixel count of a camera is limited by diffraction to the space-bandwidth product, roughly the aperture area divided by the square of the wavelength. We have recently shown that it is possible to approach this limit using multiscale lenses for cameras with space bandwidth product between 1 and 100 gigapixels. When color, polarization, coherence and time are included in the image data cube, camera information capacity may exceed 1 petapixel/second. This talk reviews progress in the construction of DARPA AWARE gigapixel cameras and describes compressive measurement strategies that may be used in combination with multiscale systems to push camera capacity to near physical limits.
Activated EGL-15 FGF receptor promotes protein degradation in muscles of Caenorhabditis elegans

Signaling by fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) and their receptors has been previously implicated in control of cell proliferation, differentiation and migration. Here we report a novel role for signaling by the EGL-15 FGFR of Caenorhabditis elegans in controlling protein degradation in differentiated muscle. Activation of EGL-15, by means of a reduction of function mutation (clr-1) affecting an inhibitory phosphatase, triggers protein degradation in adult muscle cells using a pre-existing proteolytic system. This activation is not suppressed by mutation in either of the known genes encoding FGF ligands (egl-17 or let-756) but is well suppressed when both are mutated, indicating that either ligand is sufficient and at least one is necessary for FGFR activation. Activity of the Ras pathway through mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) is required to trigger protein degradation. This is the first report that degradation of intracellular protein can be triggered by a growth factor receptor using an identified signal transduction pathway. The data raise the possibility that FGF-triggered proteolysis may be relevant to muscle remodeling or dedifferentiation.
Retirement and Weight Changes Among Men and Women in the Health and Retirement Study

Objectives. Older adults may experience weight changes upon retirement for a number of reasons, such as being less physically active; having less structured meal times; and consuming food in response to losing personal identity, the potential for social interactions, or the sense of accomplishment derived from working. The purpose of this study was to determine whether retirement was associated with either weight gain or weight loss. Methods. We used the 1994–2002 Health and Retirement Study to determine whether retirement between biennial interviews was associated with weight change, separately for men (n ¼ 1,966) and women (n ¼ 1,759). We defined weight change as a 5% increase or decrease in body mass index between interviews. Results. We did not find a significant association between retirement and weight change among men. Women who retired were more likely to gain weight than women who continued to work at least 20 hr per week (odds ratio [OR] ¼ 1.24, 95% confidence interval [CI] ¼ 1.04–1.48). We found a significant relationship between retirement and weight gain only for women who were normal weight upon retiring (OR ¼ 1.30, 95% CI ¼ 1.01–1.69) and who retired from blue-collar jobs (OR ¼ 1.58, 95% CI ¼ 1.13–2.21).
A high density, carbon nanotube capacitor for decoupling applications

We present a novel application for carbon nanotube devices, implementing a high density 3D capacitor, which can be useful for decoupling applications to reduce supply voltage variations. The capacitor consists of staggered layers of interleaved carbon nanotubes, alternately connected to anode and cathode contacts. The device can realize a capacitance/area, significantly larger than the ITRS's projected requirements for year 2018. The capacitance per unit area can exceed 1pF//spl mu/m/sup 2/, with a quality factor greater than 100 at 1GHz.
Adaptive noise cancellation for a class of nonlinear, dynamic reference channels

The computational complexity of nonlinear adaptive noise cancellation can be reduced by restricting the nonlinearity expected in the reference path to the noise canceler. The class of zero memory nonlinearities preceded by linear processors in the reference path is considered. Noniterative and iterative methods of system identification are applied to the determination of processor parameters in the noise canceler. The computational requirements of each of the algorithms are compared, and the iterative method is modified for improved convergence. Experimental results are presented for the modified iterative algorithm.
THE REPONSE OF HYPOPHYSECTOMIZED MALE KILLIFISH TO PROLONGED TREATMENT WITH SMALL DOSES OF THYROTROPIN1

Previous investigations (Pickford, 1953b; 1954) have shown that highly purified beef growth hormone preparations contained sufficient thyrotropin to maintain the thyroids of hypophysectomized killifish at a normal level of activity, although there was no evidence of hyper-stimulation. According to Dr. A. E. Wilhelmi, who supplied the growth hormone preparations, the presence of thyrotropin could not be detected by the rat test and it was believed that a contamination of the order of 1% was the maximum that could be expected. The following experiment was undertaken at his suggestion to determine the minimum amount of a standard preparation of thyrotropin that would be sufficient to account for the results noted above. Since the growth hormone was administered at a dosage level of 10 mg. per gram weight thrice weekly, the treatment with thyrotropin was calculated to straddle the 1% level of contamination, at 1 mg. 0.1 mg. and 0.01 mg. per gm. weight.
Transposing the Merton Thesis: Apostolic Spirituality and the Establishment of the Jesuit Scientific Tradition

Despite more than fifty years of debate on the Merton thesis, there have been few attempts to substantiate Merton's argument through empirically based comparative studies. This study of the Jesuit scientific tradition is intended to serve as a test of some of Merton's central claims.Jesuit science is remarkable for its scope and longevity, and is distinguished by its markedly empirical and utilitarian orientation. In this paper I examine the ideological structure of the Society of Jesus and find at its core an “apostolic spirituality” that explains the legitimation of these forms of science within the Society. The values of apostolic spirituality (diligence, practicality, learning, etc.) strongly encouraged an activist mentality among Jesuits, which in turn led to the formation of apostolates in education, at court, and in the overseas missions. The values associated with apostolic spirituality led to the initial acceptance of active-empirical sciences within the Society, which became established as traditions because they were useful in fulfilling the goals of the Society's apostolates.This study, by providing a qualified confirmation of Merton's central claims, suggests the importance of a supra-confessional sanctification of labor and learning in the growth of active-empirical sciences.
The role of identification in the privacy decisions of information system students

This research is aimed at understanding the ethical decision-making process of information systems students, particularly when those decisions involve online privacy. The research model on which the hypotheses are based includes both deontological and teleological factors, as well as something heretofore overlooked by IS ethics researchers. Organizational identification is hypothesized to serve a filtering role, to help the individual faced with an ethical decision to focus on those stakeholders that are most relevant. The research model was tested using survey methods with a sample of senior-level IS undergraduates. The main effects of the deontological and teleological factors explained 35% of the variance in an individual's moral judgment about online privacy. Contrary to expectations, organizational identification did not moderate these two effects. However, the interaction of all three factors was significant, both practically and statistically.
Interleukin-2 receptor blockade with humanized monoclonal antibody for solid organ transplantation.

Importance of the field: Induction therapy has reduced the incidence of acute rejection compared with historical standards. The potency of currently available induction immunosuppression is not without risk and should be carefully considered. Induction with daclizumab, an IL-2 receptor antagonist, has been used safely and effectively for over 10 years across different transplant types. As a result of daclizumab use, transplant centers are able to implement steroid-sparing or calcineurin minimization protocols. Unfortunately, the manufacturing costs have resulted in withdrawal of this agent from the market reducing the options for patients undergoing transplantation.Areas covered in this review: This review will update the reader on recently published daclizumab studies in adult solid organ transplant recipients, focusing on comparative studies with other induction agents.What the reader will gain: This paper will provide a summary of comparative studies between daclizumab and other induction therapies foc...
Prostate-specific antigen, sexual behavior, and sexually transmitted infections in US men 40–59 years old, 2001–2004: a cross – sectional study

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are hypothesized to play a role in the development of prostate cancer, perhaps due to inflammation-induced oncogenesis. We assessed in a nationally representative population of middle-aged men whether sexual behavior indicators for an increased risk of genital infection were associated with serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) concentration, a marker of prostatic disease and inflammation. The percentage of men between the ages of 40 and 59 with a PSA ≥ 4.0 ng/ml was 2.6% (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.8% – 3.8%). The percentage of men between the ages of 40 and 59 self-reporting a past diagnosis of genital warts or genital herpes, or a recent diagnosis of gonorrhea or chlamydia is estimated to be 7.3% (95% CI, 6.2% – 8.6%). Men self-reporting that they had had sex without using a condom in the past month had a lower PSA concentration and higher %fPSA than those who did not. There were no associations between any of the other sexual activity or laboratory measures and PSA or %fPSA. In this nationally representative sample of middle-aged American men, we did not find consistent evidence for an association between sexual behavior or a history of STIs and PSA levels. Therefore, sexual factors are unlikely to lead to falsely elevated PSA tests in this population. We cannot rule out the role of these factors in causing false positive PSA tests in subgroups of the population that have a higher prevalence of high-risk sexual behavior, and more protracted or recent exposures to these agents.
Building competitive advantage through knowledge management and e-commerce in the oscillator manufacturing industry

Knowledge Management and e-commerce are functions that support each other. To be successful in one you must also be successful in the other. One of the keys to success in this area is to make the best use of available technology. A prompt jump in capabilities can be executed by using a vendor supplied'software package. In as little as 60-90 days major improvements can be placed into effect to provide very high levels of customer satisfaction that translate'directly into bottom line sales. The old marketing proverb of "know your customer" is very much in effect. The three key success factors for real estate sales of "location, location, location" are also big factors in the oscillator industry. The new model for knowing your customer is to execute a high level of knowledge management within your organization. The location is now on the Internet. If you neglect this medium for knowledge gathering about your customers and knowledge transfer to your customers, you may miss a great opportunity for generating a major competitive advantage in the future.
Optical properties of divalent rare earth ions in SrAlF5

Abstract A survey was made of the possibility of reducing trivalent rare earth ions in SrAlF5 to the divalent state by fusion of the trivalent doped material with strontium or aluminum metal. Divalent europium, samarium and ytterbium could be produced in SrAlF5 by this technique and were stable. Single crystals of the divalent ion doped materials were grown and optical properties studied. Absorption, emission and excitation spectra of divalent samarium and ytterbium doped materials are presented and discussed. Materials containing trivalent rare earth ions not reduced by fusion with metal show broad band visible luminescence under 254 nm excitation. This luminescence is in addition to any typical absorption or luminescence of the trivalent rare earth ion.
Shared meals among young adults are associated with better diet quality and predicted by family meal patterns during adolescence.

Objective To describe shared meal patterns and examine associations with dietary intake among young adults. Design Population-based, longitudinal cohort study (Project EAT: Eating and Activity in Teens and Young Adults). Setting Participants completed surveys and FFQ in high-school classrooms in Minneapolis/St. Paul, MN, USA in 1998–1999 (mean age = 15·0 years, ‘adolescence’) and follow-up measures online or by mail in 2008–2009 (mean age = 25·3 years, ‘young adulthood’). Subjects There were 2052 participants who responded to the 10-year follow-up survey and reported on frequency of having shared meals. Results Among young adults, the frequency of shared meals during the past week was as follows: never (9·9 %), one or two times (24·7 %), three to six times (39·1 %) and seven or more times (26·3 %). Having more frequent family meals during adolescence predicted a higher frequency of shared meals in young adulthood above and beyond other relevant sociodemographic factors such as household composition and parental status. Compared with young adults who never had family meals during adolescence, those young adults who reported seven or more family meals per week during adolescence had an average of one additional shared meal per week. Having more frequent shared meals in young adulthood was associated with greater intake of fruit among males and females, and with higher intakes of vegetables, milk products and some key nutrients among females. Conclusions Nutrition professionals should encourage families of adolescents to share meals often and establish the tradition of eating together, and work with young adults to ensure that healthy food and beverage choices are offered at mealtimes.
A Pilot Study of the Porterville Developmental Center’s Court Competency Training Program

By statute, in California (and in many other states) if at the time of trial a defendant’s mental competence is called into question, efforts must be made to render that individual competent before proceeding. If such efforts fail, the person is absolved of criminal responsibility. In light of this legal mandate, the Porterville (California) Developmental Center created its Court Competency Training Program. The present study was a limited evaluation of the Porterville program and involved developmentally delayed criminal defendants rather than those who are mentally ill. Results showed that individuals who were adjudged as incompetent to stand trial due to developmental disability and enrolled for 6 months in the training program demonstrated significant gain in Competency Assessment Instrument (CAI) score. The same gain was not evidenced by developmentally delayed Porterville residents who were not criminal defendants and not enrolled in the training program. Although the results were based on a small s...
Photoperiodic regulation of hippocampal neurogenesis in adult male white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus).

Photoperiodic organisms monitor environmental day length to engage in seasonally appropriate adaptions in physiology and behavior. Among these adaptations are changes in brain volume and neurogenesis, which have been well described in multiple species of birds, yet few studies have described such changes in the brains of adult mammals. White-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus) are an excellent species in which to investigate the effects of day length on adult hippocampal neurogenesis, as males, in addition to having reduced hippocampal volume in short days (SD) with concomitant impairments in hippocampus-mediated behaviors, have photoperiod-dependent changes in olfactory bulb neurogenesis. We performed the current experiment to assess the effects of photoperiod on hippocampal neurogenesis longitudinally, using the thymidine analog bromodeoxyuridine at multiple time points across 10 weeks of SD exposure. Compared with counterparts held in long day (LD) lengths, across the first 8 weeks of SD exposure hippocampal neurogenesis was reduced. However, at 10 weeks in SD lengths neurogenic levels in the hippocampus were elevated above those levels in mice held in LD lengths. The current findings are consistent with the natural photoperiodic cycle of hippocampal function in male white-footed mice, and may help to inform research on photoperiodic plasticity in neurogenesis and provide insight into how the complex interplay among the environment, genes and adaptive responses to changing day lengths affects brain structure, function and behavior at multiple levels.