cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Emulating concurrency in a circuit card assembly system

Typical component-placement systems for populating surface mount technology printed circuit boards now exhibit a high degree of concurrency in their functional operations. This concurrency ideally yields high “burst-rate” estimates of throughput. However, if the concurrency is not properly understood and exploited, the burst rate is severely degraded, as exhibited by process rates observed in the actual production environment. This discernment requires an experimental characterization of the system's functional operation, which must also reflect the peculiarities of the controller. Such an experimental analysis is an essential precursor to performance-optimization procedures of numerically controlled flexible manufacturing systems. This article describes our analysis of an extremely complex workcell with a high degree of concurrency. Due to its enveloping complexity, the methodological framework for the analysis should be applicable to a broad class of concurrent systems. Empirically verifying the characterization required the development of an emulator that quantitatively defines the system to be modeled. As such, it is a numerical, off-line design and analysis tool. It has been utilized to obtain the process rate for particular products, preevaluate proposed engineering changes, interactively construct setups and sequences, and obtain parameters required for line-balancing procedures.
Charge transfer during redox of bismuth molybdate catalysts

Abstract Charge transfer to and from silica-supported bismuth molybdate catalysts MoO 3 , Bi 2 O 3 · 3 MoO 3 + 0.25 Bi 2 O 3 , 3 Bi 2 O 3 , · MoO 3 , and Bi 2 O 3 (designated as M, B/M-0.7, B/M-6, and B, respectively) has been investigated by measuring the changes of the electrical conductance and of the ESR line due to Mo 5+ during exposure of the catalysts to propylene or oxygen and during steady-state catalysis. For reduction by propylene at 600 and 660 K, the order of the initial charge transfer rates ( t M > B/M-6 > B. Upon extended reduction ( t > 5 sec) the order is unchanged at 660 K and at 600 K is reversed for catalysts B/M-0.7 and M. The initial rapid rate exhibited by catalyst B/M-0.7 is most likely due to reactive surface oxygen, while subsequent rates appear to be limited by bulk diffusion. Upon extended reduction of catalyst B/M-07 at 600 K, the electrical conductance increases continuously but according to ESR data the formation of Mo 5+ ceases. At 660 K, the initial charge transfer rates upon reduction of catalysts M and B/M-0.7 are nearly the same. This behavior is ascribed to rapid exchange of bulk and surface oxygen. The kinetics of charge transfer upon oxidation is analyzed in terms of a model in which the rate of incorporation of oxygen in the lattice depends on the oxygen vacancy concentration. Such an analysis demonstrates dissociative chemisorption of oxygen as a rate-limiting process. The temperature dependence of the charge transfer rates upon initial oxidation and reduction gives apparent activation energies of 18 kcal/mole for oxidation and 23 kcal/mole for reduction. The charge-transfer kinetics exhibit half-order dependence on oxygen and first-order dependence on propylene pressures. During catalytic oxidation of propylene, the process of charge transfer is postulated to be associated with hydrogen removal from propylene by surface oxygen of the catalyst. Subsequent steps in the oxidation mechanism determine catalyst selectivity.
Orientation of Oxide Films on Metals

IT was suggested by Tammann1 in 1922 that the different rates of oxidation exhibited by iron crystals of different orientations can best be explained by a fixed orientation relationship between the lattice of the iron crystal and the lattice of the oxide film. During the succeeding years, fixed orientation relationships have been demonstrated for reaction products of many kinds, such as recrystallisation structures, products of transformation in the solid state, Widmanstatten figures and others ; in view of the general occurrence of such orientation relationships, it now seems more than likely that oxide (and other) reaction films grown on metal crystals will upon analysis also be found to exhibit fixed orientation relationships. Indeed the results of Finch and Quarrell2, published during the course of our work, seem to prove that films of zinc oxide on zinc, and magnesium oxide on magnesium possess such a relationship, though the analysis does not seem to be complete. We have been successful in demonstrating a fixed orientation relationship for wustite (“FeO”) films grown on iron, and for cuprous oxide films grown on copper.
TWO-DIMENSIONAL COULOMB INTERACTIONS IN A MAGNETIC FIELD

We consider the 2D Hamiltonian of N charged particles in a magnetic field. We show how the Coulomb interactions cause the first Landau level to split in the essential spectrum.
An Integrated Interactive Computerized Radiotherapy Treatment Planning System

The computer requirements of a Department of Radiotherapy are indicated. A computer system is being developed which will meet these requirements. The system presently incorporates both an on-line tumor registry and an interactive, graphicallyoriented, treatment-planning capability. The system uses a dedicated PDP 11 computer. With this system the radiotherapist will query the registry for plans associated with maximum success in similar cases. He will then interactively adapt this plan to the needs of a specific patient.
Anterior thoracic spine reconstruction using a titanium mesh cage and pedicled rib flap.

Study design A retrospective clinical study. Objectives To evaluate the safety and efficacy of using an integrated titanium mesh cage and pedicled rib flap for thoracic spine reconstruction in patients at high risk of pseudarthrosis. Summary of background data A variety of materials are available for interbody thoracic reconstruction; however, the optimal treatment of patients at high risk of pseudarthrosis remains a challenging problem. Free or pedicled bone flaps have been shown to be highly effective in terms of promoting fusion and titanium mesh cages provide excellent structural support. Methods Eleven patients who underwent anterior thoracic corpectomy and spinal reconstruction using an integrated titanium mesh cage and pedicled rib flap were analyzed with a mean follow-up of 37 months (range, 25-55 months). The etiology of spinal disease was infection in 7 (64%) patients and tumor in the remaining 4 (36%) patients. Seven (64%) patients were treated with only an anterior approach while the remaining 4 (36%) patients underwent circumferential spinal reconstruction. Results All patients demonstrated clinical and radiographic evidence of spinal fusion at the time of follow-up. All patients had stable or improved Frankel grades after surgery. There was a mean kyphosis correction of 7 degrees for both the focal and regional thoracic kyphosis. There were three significant postoperative complications: bilateral pleural effusion, gram-negative bacteremia, and transient right lower extremity weakness requiring reoperation and pedicle screw revision. Two patients died after surgery: one from aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage and the other from complications of breast cancer. Conclusions The use of an integrated rib flap and titanium mesh cage construct appears to be a safe and effective means of providing immediate and substantial anterior column support as well as achieving arthrodesis in challenging fusion candidates.
Estimating a mixing distribution in a multiple observation setting

Abstract Given unobservable i.i.d. r.v.'s Mi with c.d.f. F, and observable r.v.'s Yij with E(Yij|Mi) = Mi; we study a nonparametric estimate of F based on the Yij's by conditioning and kernel techniques. This investigation extends previous works of Blischke (1965) and James (1978).
Electrotransport of vanadium, niobium and tantalum in thorium

Abstract The electrotransport behavior of vanadium, niobium and tantalum was measured in β (b.c.c.) thorium over the temperature range 1370–1665 °C. The concentration profiles of the solutes were measured using spark source mass spectrometry as the method of analysis. All three solutes migrated in the same direction as the electron flow. Vanadium was found to have the highest electric mobility, followed by niobium and tantalum. Values for the diffusivity and effective valence were also determined at each of four temperatures. From a least squares treatment of the diffusion data, values of D0 and ΔH in the equation D = D0 exp (−ΔH/RT) were determined as follows: vanadium, D0 = 0.019 cm2s−1, ΔH = 31.0 kcal mol−1; niobium, D0 = 0.50 cm2s−1, ΔH = 48.2 kcal mol−1; tantalum, D0 = 0.57 cm2s−1, ΔH = 50.3 kcal mol−1.
The effects of four commonly used fungicides on the growth of Cyanobacteria

Four fungicides used commonly in agriculture are shown to be inhibitory to the axenic cultures of several species of cyanobacteria. Thus, fungicides may limit the beneficial effects of these microorganisms on soil nutrition.
Field aflatoxin contamination of corn in South Georgia

The weather conditions in 1977 were generally not favorable for corn production in many of the southeastern states. A combination of stress factors, weather conditions, and insect damage was favorable for ear mold by species of theAspergillus flavus group.A. flavus was the dominant fungus in preharvest corn, and this led to extensive aflatoxin contamination.
Gap junctions and rhombic particle arrays in planaria

Freshwater planaria ( Dugesia ) were found to have three distinct forms of gap junctions. The three forms differ from one another in morphology and in the kinds of cells that they are found between. Utilizing freeze-fracture and lanthanum tracer preparations, the three types were recognized by differences in the spacing and pattern of their particles or subunits and in the membrane faces to which the particles adhere. One of the three types is associated with gastrodermal, parenchymal, and excretory cells; another is found on muscles and nerves; and the third is localized apparently on secretory cells. The possibility of the three junctional forms being correlated with functional differences is discussed. Muscle and nerve cells also have a nonjunctional type of specialization consisting of intramembranous particles arranged in a rhombic pattern.
Viscous impedance is an important indicator of abnormal esophageal motility

Background Non-obstructive Dysphagia (NOD) is one of the most common symptoms evaluated using esophageal manometry. Although manometry is considered the gold standard, many NOD patients have normal evaluations. Esophageal function testing with combined multichannel intraluminal impedance and esophageal manometry (MII-EM) is performed using ten 5-mL swallows of a liquid and a viscous material and provides supplemental information about bolus transit. The aim of this study was to evaluate esophageal function using combined MII-EM in patients with NOD who had normal evaluations with liquid manometry. Methods Multichannel intraluminal impedance and esophageal manometry was performed in consecutive patients presenting for evaluation of NOD. Patients were excluded if any abnormality was detected during liquid manometry. Viscous manometry and liquid and viscous impedance data were analyzed to detect manometric or bolus transit abnormalities. Patients referred for GERD evaluation without any swallowing complaints were used as patient controls and were subject to the same exclusion criteria as the NOD group. All swallow evaluations were performed with 10 liquid and 10 viscous swallows. Key Results Data from 240 patients were evaluated, 129 with NOD and 111 patient controls. In the NOD group, 9% (12/129) had abnormal liquid impedance and 29% (37/129) had abnormal viscous impedance. In the control group, 4% (4/111) had abnormal liquid impedance and 16% (18/111) had abnormal viscous impedance. Chi-square analysis showed a significant difference between the two study groups for viscous impedance (P = 0.02) but not for liquid impedance (P = 0.12). Conclusions & Inferences Our data support our belief that a normal liquid manometry with an abnormal viscous impedance analysis in a patient with NOD indicates abnormal esophageal motility. Therefore, viscous impedance should be performed on all patients during the evaluation of NOD.
Application of a Discontinuous Galerkin Finite Element Method to Liquid Sloshing

A Runge-Kutta discontinuous Galerkin (RKDG) finite element method is applied to the liquid sloshing problem using the depth-averaged shallow water equations in a rotating frame of reference. A weak statement formulation is developed by multiplying the equations by a test function and integrating over a typical element. The basis functions are Legendre polynomials of degree one, resulting in formally second-order spatial accuracy. Second-order time integration is achieved using a second-order Runge-Kutta method. A minmod slope limiter is incorporated into the solution near discontinuities to control nonphysical oscillations and to ensure nonlinear total variation bounded stability. The method is first applied to the dam-breaking problem with zero rotation to validate the basic numerical implementation. Grid independence of the solutions is established and solution error is quantified by computing the L 1 norm and comparing the estimated convergence rates to theoretical convergence rates. Stability is demonstrated subject to a Courant-Fredricks-Lewey restriction. Sloshing in a nonrotating tank with a prescribed initial water surface elevation is first investigated to demonstrate the ability of the method to capture the wave speed of traveling waves, followed by a tank undergoing sinusoidal rotation. Time histories of water surface elevation at selected locations, as well as pressure distribution on the tank walls and the corresponding moment about the tank centerline are computed and compared to experimental data and to previous computations. Finally, a limited parameter study is performed to determine the effect of varying roll angle, depth to width ratio, and forcing frequency on the resulting maximum moment about the tank centerline.
Do you get what you pay for? Type of counsel and its effect on criminal court outcomes

Abstract Although the Sixth Amendment of the constitution guarantees assistance of counsel to indigent criminal defendants, questions exist about the quality of this representation. Critics assert that ‘you get what you pay for’ and that public defenders are less effective than privately retained counsel regarding criminal justice outcomes. Some research, however, reveals that public defenders are as effective as privately retained counsel because of their working relationships with prosecutors and judges, the so-called courtroom workgroup. The current study tested the assertion that ‘you get what you pay for’ by examining the effect of type of counsel (public defenders versus private attorneys) on four different case processing outcomes for a large mid-western jurisdiction. Results generally show that type of counsel has no significant direct effect. Tests for interaction, however, suggest that for some defendants, type of counsel interacts with other key variables to influence certain outcomes.
Civic Education and Citizen Engagement: Mobilizing Voters as a Required Field Experiment

This article explains the benefits and challenges of requiring undergraduate political science students to act outside the classroom to mobilize voters. Although several published articles 1 describe student engagement with social service agencies, policy research, community outreach, and classroom simulations, this article fills a gap in the political science literature on civic education and service learning: the value of involving students directly in electoral politics.
Neuronal-visceral GM1 gangliosidosis in a dog with beta-galactosidase deficiency

A 9-month-old dog with a history of progressive motor dysfunction was shown to have a deficiency in brain beta-galactosidase activity. The canine disease, like that of children with GM1 gangliosidosis, is characterized by accumulation of GM1 ganglioside in the brain, liver, and spleen, and membranous cytoplasmic bodies in neurons. The dog9s pedigree suggests an autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance.
Possible role of superheated magma in the formation of orbicular granitoids

Orbicular structures in granitoid rocks generally occur in minor intrusions inside or at the edges of larger granitoid plutons. Some orbs are associated with comb-layering at or near pluton margins. The orbs typically consist of cores (enclaves) of various rock types, around which are concentric shells of rhythmically precipitated felsic and mafic layers dominated by radial and tangential arrangements of elongate crystals. The orbs therefore contrast strongly with the enclosing granitoid rock, which has a typical granitoid microstructure with randomly distributed crystals. Orbicular shells and comb-layering have similar features, and both require the absence of nuclei in the magma, which permits a significant degree of undercooling and forces crystallization to occur only on solid objects. Superheating is an effective way of destroying nuclei, as has been shown experimentally, and so orbicular granitoids may have crystallized from formerly superheated magma. Effective superheating could be caused by engulfment of hydrous felsic or intermediate magma by hot mafic magma or, more probably, by injection of water into a felsic or intermediate magma. The rarity of orbicular granitoids implies that superheating situations are also rare, most magmas carrying sufficient nuclei to permit normal crystallization.
Focus tracks: specializing in IT education

This paper presents our curriculum solution for handling some of the breadth in Information Technology (IT) education. Major topics like networking, web development, data management, and programming must be covered in a curriculum. Within each of these topics are many areas of specialization. The current trend in technical education is to begin with a breadth first approach and then specialize. This approach works to some extent for IT education but as the number of areas of specialization grow, curriculum design becomes more difficult. When combined with the student's individual desires for their own education, this problem could become unmanageable.Our solution developed a series of focus tracks that include specified courses and sets of specialization supporting courses that students can choose to refine their own educational path. The focus tracks reflect the major areas of IT training and industry need. The support electives are organized into themes that further refine training/skills within a focus track. Many of the support electives are taken from other allied disciplines within the university. This solution provides one method of covering the breadth of IT in a manageable manner.
ANOMALOUS DISPERSION AND PHONON LIFETIMES IN GRAPHITE

Spontaneous and thermally stimulated decay and scattering contributions to the lifetime are estimated for phonons in the TA${}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}$ branch of the excitation spectrum of graphite for wave numbers less than 0.6 \AA{}${}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ and temperatures below 200 K. An extended elastic continuum approximation is used for the harmonic excitations; the anharmonic coupling is estimated from the pressure dependence of the ${C}_{44}$ elastic modulus. Over most of the range the scattering term is the dominant contribution to the total rate. The lifetimes are significantly longer than nsec.
Holy mad cow! Facts or (mis)perceptions: A clinical study

The May 20, 2003, announcement confirming diagnosis in a Canadian cow of mad cow disease caused price disturbances in livestock, grain, and stock markets. Price and time data are used to provide a clinical study on the timing, persistency, and rationality of those disturbances in different U.S. markets, showing the three types of uncertainty that C. Avery and P. Zemsky (1998) use to identify herd behavior and the resulting mispricing. Markets react at different times, showing an informational cascading pattern. Misperceptions cause futures contract and stock reactions that are unsupported by the facts. Livestock and grain futures markets reactions suggest that people would replace beef with pork. Biogenetic stocks show price disturbances for companies with no relation to screening or treatment for mad cow disease. The market reactions to the December 23, 2003, announcement of the first incidence of mad cow disease in the United States are examined to see whether the markets have learned from the May event. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 26:315–341, 2006
X-ray crystallography: One size fits most

Crystalline 'sponges' offer a way to impose order on small molecules so that their structures can be solved by X-ray crystallography. This enables nanogram quantities of material to be analysed using the technique. See Article p.461 X-ray single crystal diffraction provides direct structural information of molecules at the atomic level and is recognized as a reliable structure determination method. However, as its name implies, the technique has a limitation, the sample needs to be available as a single crystal, the growth of which can be a time consuming process of trial-and-error. This paper describes a new X-ray analysis protocol that does not require crystallization of the sample itself. Instead, crystalline 'sponges' known as metal organic frameworks are used to soak up a drop of a liquid guest containing the target molecule. The sponges contain pores that recognize the target molecules and bind them in an ordered array, enabling the crystallographic structure analysis of the absorbed guest along with the host framework. The method is demonstrated with the absolute structure determination of a scarce natural product, miyakosyne A, using little more than a trace, 5 μg of sample. Corrected 8 April 2013
Pathways to enabling solid state electrolytically formed batteries: The solid electrolyte interphase

Abstract Electrolytically formed batteries (EFB) which start with a single composite between two current collectors, form positive and negative electrodes in situ theoretically allowing complex cell structures and low cost manufacturing. The fundamental challenge of charging shorts which heal upon removal of the current in electrolytically formed batteries is discussed in detail. In a demonstration EFB cell of LiI composite we show two unique routes towards solving this issue based on in situ formed solid electrolyte interfaces. The chemistry, physical and electrochemical characterization of such approaches are discussed. It is shown how these approaches have enabled the first demonstration of electrolytically formed solid state batteries and present a path to future improvement.
Sexual responsiveness mediated by the corpora allata and its relationship to phonotaxis in the female cricket,Acheta domesticus L.

FemaleAcheta domesticus can be clearly classified as sexually responsive or nonresponsive by their willingness to mount the courting male and assume the copulatory position. Females that were so classified as sexually responsive showed a definite phonotactic response to the calling song of the conspecific male. Immediate retesting of these females showed that a significant proportion exhibited very little movement in response to the sound. The females that did move in response to the calling song oriented phonotactically to the speaker also in the second trial. Females classified as nonresponsive did not react phonotactically to the calling song. The transition from the nonresponsive to the responsive state occurred within 24 h after transplanting the corpora allata from sexually responsive to nonresponsive females.
CI-911: a placebo-controlled study in patients with primary degenerative dementia

Twenty patients with primary degenerative dementia participated in a 6-week, doseranging, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of Cl-911, a cognition activator that enhances performance in animal models of impaired cognition. Cl-911 was well tolerated in these patients, but it did not result in significant improvement on objective measures of cognition, social functioning, or self-care.
Improved aortic enhancement in CT angiography using slope-based triggering with table speed optimization: a pilot study

To assess whether a scan triggering technique based on the slope of the time-attenuation curve combined with table speed optimization may improve arterial enhancement in aortic CT angiography compared to conventional threshold-based triggering techniques. Measurements of arterial enhancement were performed in a physiologic flow phantom over a range of simulated cardiac outputs (2.2–8.1 L/min) using contrast media boluses of 80 and 150 mL injected at 4 mL/s. These measurements were used to construct computer models of aortic attenuation in CT angiography, using cardiac output, aortic diameter, and CT table speed as input parameters. In-plane enhancement was calculated for normal and aneurysmal aortic diameters. Calculated arterial enhancement was poor ( 200 HU; 13/16 scenarios) to excellent-quality (>300 HU; 3/16 scenarios) enhancement in all cases. Slope-based triggering with table speed optimization may improve the technical quality of aortic CT angiography over conventional threshold-based techniques, and may reduce technical failures related to low cardiac output and slow flow through an aneurysmal aorta.
Perspectives on the assessment of human sperm chromatin integrity

Apoptosis plays a significant role in regulating germ cell development by removing damaged germ cells from seminiferous tubules, thereby safeguarding the genome of a given species. The unique chromatin-packing process of the spermatozoon has important implications for both the development of male infertility screening tests and understanding of sperm chromatin characteristics, which may affect assisted reproductive technology outcomes. Sperm deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) integrity tests have been proposed as a means to assess male gamete competence. Although these assays are currently gaining popularity, and are more often used as a supplement to traditional semen analysis, the point at which DNA damage occurs during spermiogenesis, and to what degree, remains to be elucidated. Here, we examined current studies of DNA fragmentation, to understand its origin and import, as well as its impact on pre- and post-implantation development. As the DNA fragmentation index is strongly correlated with the motility characteristics of a semen specimen, controlling for this factor may be helpful. Utilization of more sensitive assays, possibly on the actual spermatozoa used for insemination, may generate healthier conceptuses.
Herbicides in Karst Groundwater in Southeast West Virginia

A field study was conducted to determine the karst groundwater impact of herbicide application to feed crops in support of livestock production in southeast West Virginia. Grab samples were taken on a weekly/biweekly schedule at three resurgences for two agriculturally intensive karst watersheds. Two surface water sites were also sampled. The samples were analyzed for the presence of 12 different analytes : atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-1,3,5-triazine), its two metabolites, desethylatrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-amino-1,2,5-triazine) and desisopropylatrazine (2-chloro-4-amino-6-isopropylamino-1,3,5-triazine), and nine additional triazine herbicides. Little impact was detected at the two surface water sites. In contrast, 6 of the 10 herbicides were detected in at least two of the three resurgences. Three of them, atrazine (ATR), metolachlor [2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl) acetamide], and simazine [2-chloro-4-6-(ethylamino)-s-triazine], were detected in more than 10% of all samples at all three resurgences. ATR and desethylatrazine (DES) were detected in more than 50% of samples at all three resurgences ; median ATR values were 0.060, 0.025, and 0.025 μg/L. DAR*, the ratio of DES to ATR plus DES, was used to differentiate atrazine leaching following storage for long periods in the soil, from transport that bypassed deethylation in the soil through sinkholes and other solutionally developed conduits. DAR* was low (median of <0.5) and highly varied during the periods immediately following ATR application, indicating that significant quantities of ATR were present. In the winter, a release of ATR metabolites from the soil was evidenced by a steadier, and higher DAR* (median of 0.64). The maximum detected ATR concentration was 1.20 μg/L, which is within the USEPA maximum contaminant level of 3 μg/L.
Errors in the DTA and DSC measurement of crystallization interface temperature

Abstract Calculations of crystallization kinetics from amorphous specimens by the DTA and DSC type one thermocouple measurement may be somewhat erroneous when performed by conventional techniques. This error arises due to a temperature difference between the measured and the actual interface temperature. The magnitude of this difference depending on where the thermocouple is placed is proportional to the crystal growth rate, heat of fusion and is inversely proportional to the thermal conductivity of the sample and the heat transfer coefficient. It is possible to describe a dimensionless term that estimates the magnitude of this error for various materials.
Borel sets and Ramsey's theorem

Definition 1. For a set S and a cardinal κ,In particular, 2ω denotes the power set of the natural numbers and not the cardinal 2ℵ0. We regard 2ω as a topological space with the usual product topology.Definition 2. A set S ⊆ 2ω is Ramsey if there is an M ∈ [ω]ω such that either [M]ω ⊆ S or else [M]ω ⊆ 2ω − S.Erdos and Rado [3, Example 1, p. 434] showed that not every S ⊆ 2ω is Ramsey. In view of the nonconstructive character of the counterexample, one might expect (as Dana Scott has suggested) that all sufficiently definable sets are Ramsey. In fact, our main result (Theorem 2) is that all Borei sets are Ramsey. Soare [10] has applied this result to some problems in recursion theory.The first positive result on Scott's problem was Ramsey's theorem [8, Theorem A]. The next advance was Nash-Williams' generalization of Ramsey's theorem (Corollary 2), which can be interpreted as saying: If S1 and S2 are disjoint open subsets of 2ω, there is an M ∈ [ω]ω such that either [M]ω ⋂ S1 = ∅ or [M]ω ∩ S2 = ⊆. (This is halfway between “clopen sets are Ramsey” and “open sets are Ramsey.”) Then Galvin [4] stated a generalization of Nash-Williams' theorem (Corollary 1) which says, in effect, that open sets are Ramsey; this was discovered independently by Andrzej Ehrenfeucht, Paul Cohen, and probably many others, but no proof has been published.
Chemoprevention of familial adenomatous polyposis in ApcMin/+ mice by phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC)

Phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC) is an isothiocyanate which is a major constituent of watercress and other cruciferous vegetables. Its chemopreventive potential has been previously shown in various rodent models of cancer. In this study, we investigated the chemopreventive efficacy of PEITC in the ApcMin/+ mouse model. ApcMin/+ mice were fed with diet supplemented with 0.05% of PEITC for 3-wk. Our results clearly demonstrated that ApcMin/+ mice fed with PEITC supplemented diet developed significantly less (31.7% reduction) and smaller polyps in comparison to mice fed with the standard AIN-76A diet. Subsequent mechanistic study using Western blotting shows that inhibition of growth of adenomas by PEITC is associated with increase of apoptosis (cleaved-caspase-3, -caspase-7, and PARP). Treatments also led to the inhibition of cell cycle-related biomarkers such as the cyclins (D1, A, and E) and activation of p21. However, PEITC has no effect on the expression of p-Erk, p-JNK or p-p38. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that PEITC is a potent natural dietary compound for chemoprevention of gastrointestinal cancers. Its mechanism of actions may include induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Root growth and trace element uptake in acid soils treated with coal combustion by-products

Abstract Root growth of wheat seedlings (Triticum aestivum) and trace element levels in ryegrass (Lolium multiorum) were determined in acid soils treated with 1.25 to 80 g kg−1 of eight coal combustion by-products: fly ash (FA), bed ash (BA), cyclone ash (CA), limestone injection residue ( LIMB), spray drier residue (SD), scrubber sludge (CS), stabilized scrubber sludge (SS) and gypsum-like material (G). Low application rates of by-products did not inhibit wheat seedling root growth. FA and G did not limit root growth at any application rate while BA, LIMB, SD and CA inhibited root growth at high rates. Ryegrass concentrations of Cu, Zn, Ni, Pb, Cd and Cr were similar in treated and untreated soil. B, Se, As and Mo were increased in ryegrass grown in treated soil, but Se from FA treatments was the only potential food chain risk from a single application of these materials. The G material would seem to be the most benign for land application because it improved root growth without producing elevated trace element levels in plant material or soil solution.
Specific-to-general learning for temporal events

We study the problem of supervised learning of event classes in a simple temporal event-description language. We give lower and upper bounds and algorithms for the subsumption and generalization problems for two expressively powerful subsets of this logic, and present a positive-examples-only specific-to-general learning method based on the resulting algorithms. We also present a polynomial-time computable "syntactic" subsumption test that implies semantic subsumption without being equivalent to it. A generalization algorithm based on syntactic subsumption can be used in place of semantic generalization to improve the asymptotic complexity of the resulting learning algorithm. A companion paper shows that our methods can be applied to duplicate the performance of human-coded concepts in the substantial application domain of video event recognition.
Prostaglandin E2 and interleukin-1 concentrations in nicotine-exposed oral keratinocyte cultures

Oral keratinocytes are the first cells in contact with tobacco components and are capable of producing various inflammatory mediators, including PGE2 and IL-1. The purpose of this study was to examine PGE2 and IL-1 concentrations in nicotine-exposed oral keratinocyte cultures. Gingival keratinocyte cultures were established from healthy gingival tissues obtained from 7 subjects. Cultures were divided into 4 groups exposed to serum free medium (control), 0.1 microM, 10 microM or 1 mM nicotine for 4, 24 or 48 h. Using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, PGE2 and IL-1 alpha were quantified in culture supernatants; IL-1 alpha and beta were also measured in lysed cells. A repeated measures analysis of variance was used to identify significant differences over time and treatment. Nicotine exposure did not significantly alter PGE2 levels at any given time period; however, PGE2 quantities declined significantly (p = 0.0001) over time. At both 24 and 48 h, IL-1 alpha concentrations in lysates from 1 mM nicotine-exposed cells were significantly (p < 0.01) greater than those for all other treatments. Interleukin-1 alpha quantities also declined significantly (p = 0.037) over time in the cultures. Interleukin-1 beta concentrations were elevated, albeit not significantly, in the 1 mM treated cells at 24 and 48 h. Cell viability, mass and counts were not affected by nicotine treatment; these parameters increased significantly (p < 0.005) over time. In summary, nicotine treatment significantly increased IL-1 alpha concentrations in cultured keratinocytes; however, PGE2 synthesis was not altered. Elevated IL-1 production by keratinocytes may have implications in tobacco-induced lesions, given the central role IL-1 plays in tissue response to injury.
Increased detection of high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia utilizing an optical detection system as an adjunct to colposcopy

Abstract Objective To evaluate the impact of using a novel optical detection system (ODS) as an adjunct to colposcopy. Methods A multicenter internally controlled trial designed to evaluate the performance of an ODS system (LUMA MediSpectra, Lexington, MA) used as an adjunct to colposcopy among women referred for the evaluation of an abnormal cervical cytology result was conducted at 7 colposcopy clinics in the United States and enrolled 227 women. After exclusions, 193 women remained in the analysis. The main study outcomes were incremental increases in true positives (CIN 2,3 and cancer, or CIN 2+) and false positives (women with additional cervical biopsies not found to be CIN 2+). Results Initial colposcopy identified 41 cases of CIN 2+ for a true positive (TP) rate of 21.2%. Adjunctive use of ODS identified an additional 9 cases of CIN 2+ which corresponds to an incremental ODS TP rate of 4.7% (95% CI 2.2% to 8.7%). Adjunctive use of ODS therefore resulted in a 22.0% (95% CI 6.1% to 37.8%) relative gain in the number of women with CIN 2+ compared to colposcopy alone. The false positive (FP) rate for initial colposcopy was 51.8% (100 of 193 women). An additional 35 subjects had an ODS-directed biopsy that was not diagnosed as CIN 2+, yielding an incremental FP rate of 18.1% (95% CI 13.0% to 24.3%). Conclusions Adjunctive use of ODS with colposcopy provides a significant increase in the detection of CIN 2+ in women referred for the evaluation of abnormal cytology results.
Intimacy without Consent: Lynching as Sexual Violence

At the 2010 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, I presented the harrowing story of Judge Edward Aaron. In 1957, Aaron was tortured and castrated at the hands of several members of the Ku Klux Klan of the Confederacy in an attempt to send a threatening message to black Civil Rights activists. At the conclusion of the panel, a male audience member asked, “Was he [Judge Aaron] raped?” I was stunned by this question; to me, it seemed obvious that Aaron had been sexually violated, at the very least, and my answer relayed my sense of the events as a sexual crime. It was clear, however, that this man, like many others, read the violation of Aaron, and many other black men, as being some other class of crime. In the absence of penetrative sex, he could not frame Aaron's assault as a sexual crime. In part, this is because in the absence of penetration, we do not generally read the male body as vulnerable and open to sexual abuse in the same way as the female body. For obvious reasons, lynching is bound up with sex. The narrative of the “black male rapist” is quite pervasive. Nevertheless, we tend to default to an almost exclusively racial lens when viewing lynching. This essay does not aim to displace this idea but to make a critical intervention in the conversation by suggesting that lynching can be understood as a type of racialized, sexual violence that uniquely harms black men.
Axitinib for renal cell carcinoma.

Background: The approval of sunitinib, sorafenib and temsirolimus has dramatically altered the management of renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Bevacizumab plus IFN may also be added to the therapeutic armamentarium. Axitinib (AG-013736) is an oral and selective tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Objective: Data supporting the development of axitinib for RCC are reviewed. Methods: Preclinical and clinical data available for axitinib for RCC are presented. Results: Axitinib inhibits VEGFR-1, VEGFR-2 and VEGFR-3 with picomolar potencies, and PDGFR-α, PDGFR-β and c-kit with nanomolar potencies. Phase II clinical trials of axitinib in pretreated RCC following sorafenib or cytokine treatment have demonstrated promising activity accompanied by a favorable toxicity profile. Further development of axitinib for RCC is warranted.
On Model Predictive Control for a point absorber Wave Energy Converter

This paper presents the development of Model Predictive Control (MPC) for ocean wave energy applications; specifically for a point absorber Wave Energy Converter (WEC). MPC has several features that make it very attractive for ocean wave energy, in particular the ability to consider constraints on the system forces and limitations in system velocity and position in the context of current future desired velocity or position. The results show that MPC coupled with forecasting can allow the system to optimize energy capture while respecting system limits.
Signs of Silent Suicide Among Depressed Hospitalized Geriatric Patients

BACKGROUND:The overall suicide rate increases both with age and illness. Older hospitalized persons may be most at risk for silent suicide.OBJECTIVE:This study sought to determine whether nurses noted the signs of silent suicide in the medical records of elderly depressed hospitalized patients.STUDY DESIGN:This exploratory study included a retrospective chart review of geriatric patients who were identified as clinically depressed. Review of the charts was limited to the nursing documentation to determine signs related to silent suicide, evidence of psychiatric medications used to intervene, and notation of psychiatric referrals.RESULTS:Fifty of 200 patients had Geriatric Depression Scale scores reflective of depression; 41 of the 50 charts of these patients were retrievable and reviewed. Of the six signs of silent suicide, most charts (82.9%) had nurses’ notations of five to six of the signs. Only two of these patients were referred for any psychiatric consultation.CONCLUSIONS:There is a need for more aw...
Optimal neural network realizations of nonlinear FIR and IIR filters

A rigorous framework is presented for the design of nonlinear digital and analog filters. The approach followed is based on a Generalized Fock (GF) space framework developed by the Principal Investigator and T.A.W. Dwyer, III. A GF space is a reproducing kernel Hilbert space of discrete or continuous Volterra series with a problem-dependent weighted inner product. The optimal nonlinear filter structure is obtained by an orthogonal projection of the desired filter into the subspace spanned by the representers of interpolating, smoothing, and other design constraint functionals in the appropriate GF space. One of the attractive features of this approach is that the solutions to the filter design problem appear naturally as feedforward (FIR) or recurrent (IIR) artificial neural networks. These results are derived for a GF space F(E/sup N/) on a finite-dimensional Euclidian space E/sup N/. Generalization to functional FIR and IIR nonlinear filters follows immediately from replacing F(E/sup N/) by F(L/sub 2/(I)), where L/sub 2/(I) is the space of square integrable functions on an interval I of the real line.
Declining Rates of High-Grade Cervical Lesions in Young Women in Connecticut, 2008–2011

Vaccines that prevent infection with human papillomavirus (HPV) types 16 and 18 that are known to cause cervical cancer have been available in the United States since 2006. High-grade cervical lesions are important for monitoring early vaccine impact because they are strong surrogates for cancer yet can develop within years after infection as opposed to decades. Trends in high-grade cervical lesions including cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grades 2, 2/3, and 3 and adenocarcinoma in situ among women ages 21 to 39 years old were examined using a statewide surveillance registry in Connecticut from 2008 to 2011. During this time period, HPV vaccine initiation increased among adolescent females from 45% to 61%. Analyses were stratified by age, according to census tract measures of proportion of population Black, Hispanic, living in poverty, and by urban/nonurban counties. The annual rate per 100,000 females ages 21 to 24 years declined from 834 in 2008 to 688 in 2011 (P(trend) < 0.001). No significant declines were observed among women ages 25 to 39 years. Significant declining trends also occurred in census tracts with lower proportions of the population being Black, Hispanic, or living below the federal poverty level. Declines in high-grade cervical lesions have occurred among young women during 2008 to 2011. This is the first report of declines in cervical neoplasia in the United States since HPV vaccines became available. Continued surveillance is needed to measure vaccine impact and monitor health disparities.
Vectorization of quantum chemical algorithms: MC‐SCF procedures

Examples of the types of algorithmic modification needed to achieve substantial enhancement for quantum chemical codes on vector processors such as the Cyber 205 are presented. Specific examples include matrix transformations, 4-index integral transformations, and general multiconfiguration–self-consistent-field (MC-SCF) codes.
Coding of Pediatric Behavioral and Mental Disorders

BACKGROUND: In response to changing reimbursement and other pressures in the health care environment, many physicians have reported the use of alternate coding to substitute for certain clinical diagnoses. However, very little information is available on how physicians who care for children approach diagnosis and coding dilemmas for behavioral and mental disorders, which often present unique additional challenges. OBJECTIVE: Our study sought to describe the frequency of alternate coding, different approaches to coding, and attitudes toward diagnosis and coding practices by physician specialty. METHODS: We conducted a mail survey of 1492 physicians--497 developmental/behavioral pediatricians (DBP), 500 pediatricians (PED), and 495 child and adolescent psychiatrists (PSY). The main outcomes were survey items on frequency of alternate coding (never, rarely, monthly, weekly, daily), use of different coding strategies (use of somatic symptoms, modifiers, and substitution with other terms), and attitudes on coding practices (Likert scales of agreement). We analyzed outcomes by physician specialty and demographics using Pearson's chi2 and multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS: Overall response rate was 62% (787 of 1269 eligible physicians). The majority of physicians had used an alternate code (DBP 83%, PED 68%, PSY 58%), and many respondents reported monthly-daily alternate coding (DBP 60%, PED 36%, PSY 27%). Physicians used multiple approaches to diagnosis and a variety of coding options, which varied by physician specialty. Financial issues were commonly cited reasons for alternate coding--both to obtain patient services and to receive physician reimbursement. However, challenges of diagnostic classification and coding subthreshold symptoms were cited as frequently as reimbursement issues. Stigmatization, confidentiality, and parental acceptance were mentioned, but reported less frequently. Very few practices and providers have organized administrative methods of alternate coding (26%) or receive feedback on denied claims (46%). Most physicians believe that alternate coding is justified in the present system; however, some physicians expressed concerns that these practices may contribute to stigmatization or lead to improper management decisions. CONCLUSIONS: Alternate coding is commonly reported; however, approaches to diagnostic coding vary by provider specialty. Reimbursement issues are important, but other challenges in diagnosis and classification hold special relevance to children with behavioral and mental disorders. There seems to be a great need to reconsider the separate goals and uses of clinical diagnosis and administrative coding. Additional study is needed to assess how reported coding practices may affect administrative data, patient care, and health care economics.