cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The cAMP-induced G protein subunits dissociation monitored in live Dictyostelium cells by BRET reveals two activation rates, a positive effect of caffeine and potential role of microtubules.

To study the dynamics and mechanisms controlling activation of the heterotrimeric G protein Gα2βγ in Dictyostelium in response to stimulation by the chemoattractant cyclic AMP (cAMP), we monitored the G protein subunit interaction in live cells using bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET). We found that cAMP induces the cAR1-mediated dissociation of the G protein subunits to a similar extent in both undifferentiated and differentiated cells, suggesting that only a small number of cAR1 (as expressed in undifferentiated cells) is necessary to induce the full activation of Gα2βγ. In addition, we found that treating cells with caffeine increases the potency of cAMP-induced Gα2βγ activation; and that disrupting the microtubule network but not F-actin inhibits the cAMP-induced dissociation of Gα2βγ. Thus, microtubules are necessary for efficient cAR1-mediated activation of the heterotrimeric G protein. Finally, kinetics analyses of Gα2βγ subunit dissociation induced by different cAMP concentrations indicate that there are two distinct rates at which the heterotrimeric G protein subunits dissociate when cells are stimulated with cAMP concentrations above 500 nM versus only one rate at lower cAMP concentrations. Quantitative modeling suggests that the kinetics profile of Gα2βγ subunit dissociation results from the presence of both uncoupled and G protein pre-coupled cAR1 that have differential affinities for cAMP and, consequently, induce G protein subunit dissociation through different rates. We suggest that these different signaling kinetic profiles may play an important role in initial chemoattractant gradient sensing.
Effect of Curvature on Shock Loading Response of Aluminum Panels

Accidental explosions or bomb blasts cause extreme loadings on civilian and military structures. These structures have different curvatures, which affect their blast mitigation properties. Thus a controlled study has been performed to understand the effect of curvature on blast mitigation. The shock tube apparatus was utilized to obtain a controlled blast loading. Aluminum 2024 T3 panels having three different curvatures (infinity, 304.8 mm, and 111.76 mm) were used in the experiments. All the panels had un-deformed dimensions of 203.2 mm × 203.2 mm × 2 mm. A fully clamped boundary condition was applied. Digital Image Correlation (DIC) techniques were applied to obtain full-field in-plane and out-of-plane deformation data and in-plane strain on the back face of the panel. The results show that the panel with a 304.8 mm radius of curvature had a better blast resistance as compared to the other two panels.
Transcatheter Management of Neoplasms

The development of novel angiographic equipment and techniques as well as improved skills and new pharmaceuticals transformed the role of the Interventional Radiologist from that of one who diagnoses and stages neoplasms into an integral member of a multidisciplinary team that cares for the cancer patients. Transcatheter techniques are no longer limited to angiography but are taking an increasingly important and diverse role in the management and treatment of neoplasms and associated conditions and complications. Common applications include Transarterial Chemoembolization (TACE), embolization with drug eluting beads (DEB), Transarterial Radioembolization (TARE) as well as blunt embolization for cancer treatment or symptom or hemorrhage control. These techniques can be applied to any neoplasm in virtually any part of the body and are limited only but technical considerations or possible patient exclusion criteria. New techniques and pharmaceuticals are currently under investigation and promise an increasingly important role for the transcatheter management of neoplasms.
Predicting cell-cycle expressed genes identifies canonical and non-canonical regulators of time-specific expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The collection all TFs, target genes and their interactions in an organism form a gene regulatory network (GRN), which underly complex patterns of transcription even in unicellular species. However, identifying which interactions regulate expression in a specific temporal context remains a challenging task. With multiple experimental and computational approaches to characterize GRNs, we predicted general and phase-specific cell-cycle expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae using four regulatory data sets: chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), TF deletion data (Deletion), protein binding microarrays (PBMs), and position weight matrices (PWMs). Our results indicate that the source of regulatory interaction information significantly impacts our ability to predict cell-cycle expression where the best model was constructed by combining selected TF features from ChIP and Deletion data as well as TF-TF interaction features in the form of feed-forward loops. The TFs that were the best predictors of cell-cycle expression were enriched for known cell-cycle regulators but also include regulators not implicated in cell-cycle regulation previously. In addition, ChIP and Deletion datasets led to the identification different subsets of TFs important for predicting cell-cycle expression. Finally, analysis of important TF-TF interaction features suggests that the GRN regulating cell cycle expression is highly interconnected and clustered around four groups of genes, two of which represent known cell-cycle regulatory complexes, while the other two contain TFs that are not known cell-cycle regulators (Ste12-Tex1 and Rap1-Hap1-Msn4), but are nonetheless important to regulating the timing of expression. Thus, not only do our models accurately reflect what is known about the regulation of the S. cerevisiae cell cycle, they can be used to discover regulatory factors which play a role in controlling expression during the cell cycle as well as other contexts with discrete temporal patterns of expression.
Friction stir welding of a hypoeutectic Al–Si alloy: microstructural, mechanical, and cyclic response

In the present study, the effect of friction stir welding (FSW) parameters, tool traverse, and rotational speeds has been studied on microstructural evolution, mechanical properties, and cyclic (fatigue) response of hypoeutectic Al–10Si aluminum sheets. The main objective of the present paper is to establish the correlations between microstructure/mechanical property/fatigue response/friction stir welding parameters. Results show significant improvement in all aspects (mechanical, microstructural, cyclic) of the friction stir-welded joins thanks to elimination of casting porosities, grain refinement, and silicon fragmentation/spheroidization. The latter one is attributed to the severe plastic deformation imposed by the FSW rotating tool, which translate as-cast blade-shaped eutectic silicon particles to fragmented/spheroidized silicon particles, which are evenly distributed in the aluminum matrix.
Proceedings of the 2012 ACM SIGPLAN X10 Workshop

We are delighted to welcome you to the 2012 ACM SIGPLAN X10 Workshop | X10'12. This second edition of the workshop provided a forum for X10 developers, researchers, and educators to interact with the larger X10 community by sharing their insights, experiences, and plans. The call for papers attracted eight submission. The program committee accepted six papers that cover a variety of topics, including applications written in X10, compilers for X10, garbage collection for X10, libraries for X10, and compilers that use X10 as a target language. Slides for all presentations are available at the workshop website (x10-lang.org). We hope that these proceedings will serve as a valuable reference for programming language researchers, educators, and developers. In addition to the six presentations, the program also included an introduction to the language, a discussion of future language directions and community feedback, as well as several invited talks.
Imprint of Racism: White Adult Males’ Transformational Experience from Racial Antipathy to Racial Reconciliation

Since the election of the first African American president in 2008, race relations have deteriorated in the United States. In May 2017, the emergence of the “alt-right” movement advocating for white nationalism caused further polarization between the races. This transcendental phenomenological research examined how white adult males’ exposure to racist ideologies influenced their perceptions towards African Americans, and how they emancipated from environments that promoted racist tenets. The study was guided by three research questions: How have white males been impacted by their exposure to racial antipathy and discrimination? What events or circumstances have white males experienced that led them to denouncing negative racial stereotypes and/or participation with hate groups? And, what efforts have they made to reconcile with individuals or groups they have harmed in the past? The literature review revealed racial conflict is a social phenomenon evolving from historical narratives posited by fear, social class, and white superiority. By employing qualitative data analysis, interviewing eight participants, and applying the theoretical lenses of critical race theory, social Darwinism, hate theory, and regenerative justice, the primary essence of the phenomenon acknowledged individuals are mentally and emotionally affected by negative historical narratives about racism. Six major themes evolved: 1) Familial Influences, 2) Southern White Experience, 3) Education and Race Relations, 4) Spiritual Convictions, 5) Immersion into the African American Experience, and 6) Physical and Mental Emancipation. The findings in this study contribute to the field of conflict resolution by advocating for advanced exploration into socio-psychology, racial reconciliation, and restorative justice.
Israel’s Arabs and the Palestinian Problem (1977)

This chapter presents both descriptive information and explanatory insights about the political circumstances and resulting political attitudes of the Palestinian Arab citizens of Israel. In the 1970s, these Arabs were a religious minority in a Non-Secular state, as they had been since Israel gained its independence in 1948, and the vast majority of Palestinians living within what became Israel’s borders involuntarily left their homes and became refugees. Palestinians called this exodus the naqba, the catastrophe. Those Palestinians who remained within Israel became Israeli citizens, but as a community, Israel’s Arabs were impoverished, fragmented, and leaderless. In addition to being Israelis by virtue of their citizenship, these Palestinian Arab Israelis were also part of the larger Palestinian population that had fought against Zionist forces in the 1947–1948 war. Thus, in addition to struggling to find their place and achieve greater equality within the Israeli state, Israel’s Arab citizens were asking themselves about the meaning of their Palestinian as well as their Israeli identity. The Arab-Israeli wars of June 1967 and October 1973 intensified the salience of questions about the identity and loyalty of Israel’s Arab population, as did changes in the ideology and leadership of the Palestine Liberation Organization during this period. Against this background, this chapter presents the results of a 1974–1975 survey that asked Israel’s Arab citizens about their identity as Israelis and as Palestinians, about the degree to which they judged themselves to be integrated into or alienated from Israeli society, about their attitudes toward the Arab-Israeli conflict, and about the inter-relationships among these three sets of attitudes.
Functional Parcellation of the Speech Production Cortex.

Neuroimaging has revealed a core network of cortical regions that contribute to speech production, but the functional organization of this network remains poorly understood. Purpose We describe eff...
Salvage image guided radiation therapy to the prostate after cryotherapy failure.

Abstract Purpose Cryotherapy is an option for the primary treatment of localized prostate cancer, along with radical prostatectomy, external beam radiation therapy, and brachytherapy. Although it is known that local recurrence can occur in >20% of patients treated with primary cryotherapy, unfortunately there is a paucity of data on later salvage treatments. The use of external beam radiation therapy is an attractive option after cryotherapy failure, but there is little data on its efficacy and toxicity. We evaluated the biochemical control and complication rates of salvage dose-escalated image guided intensity modulated radiation therapy (IG-IMRT) after cryotherapy failure. Methods and materials Patients who were treated at our institution from 2005 to 2016 were reviewed for those who underwent cryotherapy as initial treatment followed by salvage IGRT. Patients were treated with dose-escalated IG-IMRT using standard treatment margins of 3 mm posterior and 7 mm in all other directions and daily cone beam computed tomography or kv imaging to implanted fiducial markers. Biochemical progression was defined in accordance with the Phoenix consensus conference definition. Results Eight patients were identified as having received post-cryotherapy salvage radiation within the study period. The median total dose was 77.7 Gy (range, 75.6-81.0 Gy). Median follow-up was 55 months (range, 6-88 months). Six patients remained biochemically controlled at the latest follow-up. One patient developed distant metastases after 22 months and one experienced biochemical failure at 30 months with no evidence of distant metastases. No patients experienced acute gastrointestinal toxicities of grade 2 or higher. There were no cases of late gastrointestinal or genitourinary toxicity. Conclusions High-dose IG-IMRT results in high rates of salvage and extremely low rates of serious late toxicity for patients with locally recurrent prostate cancer after cryotherapy. Although the results are encouraging, given the small number of patients in this and other series, we remain cautious with regard to this treatment and believe the use of salvage radiation therapy after cryotherapy warrants further study.
Web-based Oral Reading for Language in Aphasia (Web ORLA®): A pilot randomized control trial.

Objective:To investigate an intensive asynchronous computer-based treatment delivered remotely with clinician oversight to people with aphasia.Design:Single-blind, randomized placebo-controlled tri...
Farm Households’ Adoption of Climate-smart Practices in Subsistence Agriculture: Evidence from Northern Togo

Climate change (CC) effects on agriculture development and households' vulnerability are widely recognized. Being aware of the induced effects of climatic risks, farmers have adopted adaptation strategies to build resilience. Analyzes the determinants of choice of adaptation strategies using binary models can lead to an estimation bias, since the number of adopted strategies may be correlated. This paper analyzes farm households' perception of CC, the determinants of choice of the number of adopted practices, and correlation between the most used climate-smart strategies in subsistence agriculture. Zero-inflated Poisson regression and multivariate analysis are employed using data collected from 704 farm households in Northern Togo. Households' minimum consumption needs, gender, land, access to credit and extension services are the main determinants of the choice of the number of adopted strategies. The use of resistance and high yielding varieties, crops and livestock integration, soil and water conservation practice, the use of organic fertilizer, and adjustment of sowing time are the most adopted farming practices. A strong complementarity between the adopted practices for agriculture development was found. Factors that influence households' choice of adaptation strategies include gender, household location, education level, family size, and allocated labor. Institutional factors including market access, access to credit, and extension services are also key determinants in promoting the use of climate-smart practices that are environmentally friendly.
Impaired Binaural Hearing in Adults: A Selected Review of the Literature

Despite over 100 years of study, there are still many fundamental questions about binaural hearing that remain unanswered, including how impairments of binaural function are related to the mechanisms of binaural hearing. This review focuses on a number of studies that are fundamental to understanding what is known about the effects of peripheral hearing loss, aging, traumatic brain injury, strokes, brain tumors, and multiple sclerosis (MS) on binaural function. The literature reviewed makes clear that while each of these conditions has the potential to impair the binaural system, the specific abilities of a given patient cannot be known without performing multiple behavioral and/or neurophysiological measurements of binaural sensitivity. Future work in this area has the potential to bring awareness of binaural dysfunction to patients and clinicians as well as a deeper understanding of the mechanisms of binaural hearing, but it will require the integration of clinical research with animal and computational modeling approaches.
Beyond the Binary: Troubling Blackness through an Exploration of Institutional and Individual Identity Construction in Ghanaian Higher Education

The influence of Western ideologies in Ghanaian higher education is undeniable and scholars have long called for a reframing of higher education policies to reflect the desires, culture, and instit...
Mapping and reflecting on integration of the components of pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) for teaching natural selection: A case study of an experienced middle-school science teacher

Abstract This study examined the ways pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) components were integrated during a middle school teacher's teaching of natural selection and explored how she reflected on those connections. A PCK map approach was used to analyze a natural selection lesson. Major findings include knowledge of instructional strategies and representation (KISR) and knowledge of science content (KSC) were the most frequently connected with other PCK components while knowledge of assessment (KAs) had the most limited connection with other components. Analysis of a joint reflective conversation found both productive and unproductive reflective episodes, the nature of which will be discussed.
Risk of Cancer and Cost of Surgery Outweigh Urgency and Messaging in Hypothetical Decisions to Remove Tumors

Discounting is a description of the devaluing of an outcome based on increased delay or decreased probability of that outcome. This framework can be extended to virtually any choice situation, including preventive medical procedures. One third of Americans will be diagnosed with cancer in their lifetimes. Identifying how key factors affect decisions to engage in preventive care could inform interventions that are designed to promote equitable access to care. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to better understand how individuals would weigh key factors in the decision to have surgery to remove a premalignant tumor. Two experiments were conducted. In each experiment, participants (n = 50) were provided with hypothetical situations in which they were faced with the decision to undergo surgery to remove a premalignant tumor. Probability of cancer, delay to onset of cancer, frame, and cost of surgery were varied across questions. Surgical cost and probability of malignancy had the most effect on tumor removal. Delay of cancer onset and the question being framed as malignant or benign also had a small effect on tumor removal. Most participants also reported having delayed a real medical procedure due to cost, indicating that cost is a major factor in health-related decision making. Likelihood of cancer and cost of health care is a major determinant of decision making when removing a premalignant tumor. Changes in the U.S. health-care system that decrease direct costs to patients could encourage important preventative procedures, and lower potentially worse long-term cancer outcomes and increased costs due to treatment.
Trading Portfolios: The Stability of Coalition Governments

In this chapter, we explore the question of how the inclusion of a niche party influences the allocation of ministries in coalition governments. In particular, we ask whether niche parties have an advantage because of higher values that they place on certain ministries that the other parties are less interested in. We provide a model where two parties are dividing a portfolio of three ministries, and compare the stable coalitions formed by two mainstream parties with those formed by a mainstream party and a niche party. The results show that in some cases the niche party is able to form stable coalitions with higher payoffs than the mainstream party. This advantage, however, makes the niche party a less desirable coalition partner because the latter cannot commit not to ask for better payoffs.
The development of sustainable practices in complex organizations

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to document the integration of sustainability into the accounting curriculum. Compared to many disciplines in the social and administrative sciences, the greening of the curriculum in accounting is a recent phenomenon. Nevertheless, there has been a remarkable growth in both the content and the coverage of sustainability topics integrated into the accounting curriculum. Design/methodology/approach – The approach to the paper is multidisciplinary. It has combined organizational sociology and ecological anthropology approaches in the integration of sustainability into the accounting curriculum. In accounting, there is an increasing emphasis on the application of social science perspectives, particularly sociology and anthropology in curriculum development and pedagogical issues. This paper demonstrates that the influence of these two disciplines in accounting education is substantial. Findings – Sustainability in accounting has both theoretical and practical implicatio...
Mechanisms of acetylcholine-mediated vasodilatation in young and aged human skin

Thermoregulatory cutaneous vasodilatation (VD) is attenuated in aged skin. While acetylcholine (ACh) plays a role in thermally mediated VD, the precise mechanisms through which ACh-mediated VD acts and whether those downstream mechanisms change with ageing are unclear. We tested the hypotheses that both nitric oxide (NO)- and prostanoid-mediated pathways contribute to exogenous ACh-mediated VD, and that both are attenuated with advanced age. Twelve young (Y: 23 ± 1 years) and 10 older (O: 69 ± 1 years) subjects underwent infusions of 137.5 μm ACh at four intradermal microdialysis sites: control (C, Ringer solution), NO synthase inhibited (NOS-I, 10 mml-NAME), cyclooxygenase inhibited (COX-I, 10 mm ketorolac) and NOS-I + COX-I. Red blood cell flux was monitored using laser-Doppler flowmetry, and cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC) was calculated (laser-Doppler flux/mean arterial pressure) and normalized to maximal CVC (%CVCmax) (28 mm sodium nitroprusside + local heating to 43°C). Baseline %CVCmax was increased in the O at COX-I sites (COX-I 16 ± 1, NOS-I + COX-I 16 ± 2 versus C 10 ± 1%CVCmax; P < 0.001) but not in the young, suggesting an age-related shift toward COX vasoconstrictors contributing to basal cutaneous vasomotor tone. There was no difference in peak %CVCmax during ACh infusion between age groups, and the response was unchanged by NOS-I (O: NOS-I 35 ± 5 versus C 38 ± 5%CVCmax; P= 0.84) (Y: NOS-I 41 ± 4 versus C 39 ± 4%CVCmax; P= 0.67). COX-I and NOS-I + COX-I attenuated the peak CVC response to ACh in both groups (COX-I O: 29 ± 3, Y: 22 ± 2%CVCmaxversus C; P < 0.001 both groups; NOS-I + COX-I O: 32 ± 3 versus Y: 29 ± 2%CVCmax; versus C; P < 0.001 both groups). ACh mediates cutaneous VD through prostanoid and non-NO-, non-prostanoid-dependent pathways. Further, older subjects have a diminished prostanoid contribution to ACh-mediated VD.
Detention as Seizure: Deriving a Constitutional Infrastruture for U.S. Detention Policy

It is perhaps surprising that, nearly eight years after the events of September 11, 2001, the United States has yet to craft a comprehensive, cohesive legal framework for dealing with the detention of suspected terrorists. Only in 2008, with the Supreme Court’s decision in Boumediene v. Bush, did detention decisions by the Executive branch become susceptible to judicial review as a constitutional matter. Still, the substantive content of detention law remains largely undefined. Though much scholarly ink has been spilled on the subject, there are no definitive answers yet. One things does seem likely, however: terrorist detention law will blend aspects of criminal, military, and even “administrative” models. This essay does not attempt a comprehensive proposal to the problem of terrorist detention. Instead, using analogies to Fourth Amendment seizure law, it sketches a useful “constitutional infrastructure” that should undergird and guide detention decisions in the war on terrorism. To that end, the broad outlines of seizure law are reviewed, revealing three pillars of this constitutional infrastructure: reasonableness, proportionality, and judicial review. These pillars are then examined in light of the challenge of terrorist detention, and some general suggestions are offered.
Phosphoproteomics and mass-action modeling to predict optimal drug combination in signaling networks

Targeted therapeutics hold tremendous promise in inhibiting cancer cell proliferation. However, targeting proteins individually can be compensated for by bypass mechanisms and activation of regulatory loops. Designing optimal therapeutic combination must therefore take into consideration the complex dynamic networks in the cell. In this study, we analyzed the insulinlike growth factor (IGF-1) signaling network in the MDA-MB231 breast cancer cell line using reverse phase protein arrays to quantify the dynamic crosstalk between the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathways. We developed a computational procedure that integrated mass-action modeling with particle swarm optimization to train the model against the experimental data and infer the unknown model parameters. The trained model was used to predict how targeting individual signaling proteins altered the rest of the network and identify drug combination that minimally increased phosphorylation of other proteins elsewhere in the network. Experimental testing of the modeling predictions showed that optimal drug combination inhibited cell signaling and proliferation, while non-optimal combination of inhibitors increased phosphorylation of non-targeted proteins and rescued cells from cell death. The integrative approach described here is useful for generating experimental intervention strategies that could optimize drug combination and discover novel pharmacologic targets for cancer therapy.
Recent Contributions to Economic History: The United States, 1789-1860

For the period between the adoption of the Constitution and the outbreak of the Civil War recent contributions have been considerable in amount and particularly notable for a high degree of concentration on the relationship between government and the economy. In 1945 a reader of the literature in the field would have found little to warn him against the assumption that the statesmen and legislators of the ante-bellum republic were faithful adherents, particularly in the economic field, of the Jeffersonian doctrine that that government is best which governs the least. Current scholarship, however, has forced a revision of this traditional view; and it is now clear that American governments intervened actively on a wide range of economic questions and in varied and complex interrelations with the activities of individuals and corporations. This significant correction has resulted in large part from two related shifts in the direction of research that have given increased attention to the economic role of state, and even local, authorities as contrasted with that of the national government, and to the promotive as contrasted with the regulatory functions of government.
Fully differential floating-gate programmable OTAs with novel common-mode feedback

This paper describes two floating-gate OTAs (FG-OTAs). The OTAs have a pFET input stage and employ current mirror topology. A floating-gate (FG) common-mode feedback (CMFB) circuit as well as a conventional CMFB circuit is described for use with these OTAs. Their performance is compared. Expressions are derived for the differential and common-mode frequency-response of the OTAs. Typical simulation and experimental results are shown for prototypes fabricated in a 0.5/spl mu/m CMOS process available through MOSIS. The prototype operate from a single 3.3V supply with typical bias currents in the 10-100 nA range. A second order G/sub m/-C filter section was built from these OTAs and the experimental results are presented.
Evaluation of a curved handle and handle positions for manual materials handling

Abstract Previous studies of handles for two-handed box handling have shown that the best angle for a handle on a box varies with height above the floor. In order to minimize the accommodation between handle and wrist required at different heights, a curved handle was proposed. Six manual materials handling workers lifted 9 kg and 13 kg boxes between conveyors at floor and waist heights for three minutes while body angles were analysed from video tape recordings. Two symmetric and two asymmetric handle positions were tested. Both straight and curved handles resulted in excellent hand/handle fit but were not significantly different from each other on any measures.
Development of Pelvic Abscess Following Water-Skiing Injury

Several descriptions of hydrostatic injuries while water-skilng have been described, including lacerations of the perineum, vagina, and cervix. Salpingitis or pelvic abscess resulting from water-skiing injuries are rare but important complications. A case of a pelvic abscess following a fall while water-skiing is described. The abscess was drained laparoscopically, resulting in a good clinical outcome. The mechanism of injury and recommendations for prevention are also presented. Upper genital tract infection may result from water-skiing injuries due to hydrostatic pressure forcing bacteria and water through the vagina and cervix into the endometrium, fallopian tube, and peritoneal cavity. While an uncommon complication, physicians and other practitioners caring for women should be aware of this potential complication from water-skiing.
Long-distance pollinator flights and pollen dispersal between populations of Delphinium nuttallianum.

Spatial processes in pollination biology are poorly understood, especially at levels above that of the local population. For example, little is known about how pollinators and pollen move among populations, although there is evidence that such movement can exceed what is predicted from intrapopulational movement. We explored pollination success in experimental isolates of the bumblebee- and hummingbird-pollinated wildflower Delphinium nuttallianum. We established a total of 15 arrays of potted plants isolated by 50–400 m from ten natural "source" populations, as well as control arrays embedded within each source. Flowers on potted plants were emasculated, so any pollen received could be assumed to come from source populations. A total of 69 h of observation suggested that pollinators were somewhat less abundant in isolates than in controls, but visited more plants and flowers once within an isolate. Consistent with this, 82.1% of all flowers in isolated arrays received pollen, versus 87.7% in controls. Mean receipt was more than 100 pollen grains per flower in most arrays, and seed set in isolates and controls respectively averaged 69.8% and 74.3% of ovules. Furthermore, pollen receipt in isolates declined relatively slowly with distance from the source. We conclude that pollinators of D. nuttallianum often will fly up to 400 m among populations, and that substantial pollination ensues. Thus isolated populations of this species often belong to metapopulations in terms of pollen dispersal, with important consequences for genetic differentiation, and potential implications for the management of endangered plant species.
Short Time Domain and Double Resonance Techniques in Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy

Abstract In recent years improvements in technology have increased the amount of information obtainable from, and have broadened the areas of application of, electron spin resonance spectroscopy. Some of the techniques that have found wide use in recent years, such as pulse saturation relaxation time measurements, ENDOR and ELDOR, were originally discovered many years ago while others, such as saturation transfer spectroscopy and nanosecond time resolved techniques, are based upon more recent developments. In this review we will survey a number of these techniques, we will explain what they are and what we can learn from them, we will describe some of the spectrometer systems that are required for using them, and we will cite many representative articles which provide further details about them.
Dinitrosyl Iron Complexes Relevant to Rieske Cluster Nitrosylation

Reaction of the Rieske cluster model complex (Et(4)N)(2)[(N(2)CHPh)Fe(2)S(2)(S(2)-o-xyl)] (N(2)CHPh = dianion of 2,2'-(phenylmethylene)bis(3-methylindole); S(2)-o-xyl = dianion of 1,2-phenylenedimethanethiol) with nitric oxide results in disassembly of the iron-sulfur core and formation of {Fe(NO)(2)}(9) dinitrosyliron complexes (DNICs). Isolation and characterization of these DNICs, including the new compound, (Et(4)N)[(N(2)CHPh)Fe(NO)(2)], demonstrates a homology between the synthetic Riekse cluster and purely thiolate-bound Fe(2)S(2) clusters in reactions involving NO. To model the nitrogen-rich environment of Rieske cluster-derived dinitroysliron species, a new type of neutral {Fe(NO)(2)}(9) DNIC was prepared containing a beta-diketiminate ligand. One-electron reduction of this compound affords the isolable {Fe(NO)(2)}(10) DNIC. These compounds represent a rare example of structurally analogous DNIC redox partners.
Inclusion Chemistry in Periodic Mesoporous Hosts

This review provides an overview of different aspects of inclusion chemistry in ordered mesoporous host materials such as MCM-41 or MCM-48 (Mobil codes). A rich field of inclusion chemistry has been explored in this context, including sorption, ion exchange, imbibition followed by reduction, grafting of reactive metal alkoxides, halides etc., grafting of silane coupling agents (sometimes followed by subsequent reactions), grafting of reactive metal complexes, and polymerization in the channels. Finally, co-condensation of reactive species during the mesopore synthesis is a method to incorporate functionality into the walls of the channel system. Important applications of these modified and functionalized systems are heterogeneous catalysis and photocatalysis involving bulky grafted catalysts and/or the conversion of large substrates. Other potential applications include ion exchange and separations, removal of heavy metals, chromatography, stabilization of quantum wires, stabilization of dyes, and polymer...
Roscoe Pound and Karl Llewellyn: Searching for an American Jurisprudence

Acknowledgments Introduction: Discourse, Networks, and Bricolage Prologue: The Crisis of American Jurisprudence Ch. 1: Pound Discovers Sociology and Leaves the Prairie Ch. 2: Pound Finds Joy and Heartache at Harvard Ch. 3: Pound Expounds and Llewellyn Has a New idea Ch. 4: Llewellyn, Pound, and Their Friends Squabble Ch. 5: Legal Realism and Other Ideas Are Put to the Test Ch. 6: Pound Moves to the Right and Llewellyn Applies Himself Conclusion: The Romantic and the Encylopedist Appendix: Llewellyn's Lists of Realists Index
IMPACT OF HOSPITAL CONVERSION TO FOR-PROFIT STATUS ON ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION CARE

The number of non-profit hospitals converting to for-profit status has accelerated over the past decade. There is widespread concern that when hospitals convert, they will focus more on maximizing profits and improving payer mix, and less on quality of care or patient outcomes. We used Medicare
You can't always want what you get: Children's intuitions about ownership and desire.

Abstract Ownership is a central element of human experience. The present experiments were designed to examine the influence of psychological state on ownership judgments. In three experiments, 4-year-olds were asked to make ownership attributions about owners and non-owners who either desired or did not desire a gift. Despite exhibiting a clear sensitivity to the desires of others, children made accurate ownership attributions independent of individuals’ desires. At the same time, there are subtle influences of desires on children's ownership judgments, as well as subtle influences of ownership on children's desire judgments. Thus, the two factors are largely but not wholly distinct in young children's thinking.
Continuous selections avoiding a set

Abstract Conditions are obtained under which a set-valued function ϕ : X ⇒ 2 Y has a continuous selection which avoids a set E ⊏ Y .
Basement membranes in development.

The aim of this review is to introduce the reader to the main ECM constituents and to some of their roles in development. The main functions of the ECM during embryogenesis are the production, prom...
Statics and dynamics of colloidal particles in periodic traps

We show with computer simulations that a rich variety of static and dynamical colloidal phases can be realized for colloids interacting with two-dimensional periodic substrates. For the static case a new type of colloidal state that we term colloidal molecular crystals occurs when there is an integer number of colloids per substrate minima. Here there is a novel orientational ordering in addition to the positional ordering of the colloids. The colloidal molecular crystals exhibit a multi-step melting in which the orientational ordering is lost first, followed by the positional ordering. This multi-step melting phenomenon agrees well with recent experiments. Additionally we show that at fillings where the number of colloids is an incommensurate fraction of the number of substrate minima, as a function of temperature there is a transition to a state in which local incommensurations become thermally activated. With an applied drive we find that a remarkable number of distinct dynamical phases can be realized, including ordered and disordered flows. We also illustrate flow phases in which the colloidal motion locks to a symmetry direction of the underlying lattice.
Response to Hepatitis A and B Vaccine Alone or in Combination in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis C Virus and Advanced Fibrosis

Patients with advanced fibrosis are at increased risk of severe outcomes if they develop acute infection with hepatitis A (HAV) or hepatitis B (HBV) viruses. There are no data on the efficacy of combined HAV/HBV vaccination in patients with advanced fibrosis. Our aim was to evaluate the response to the HAV and HBV vaccine alone or in combination for patients with chronic hepatitis C (HCV) and advanced fibrosis and to evaluate the impact of administering the vaccine while patients were receiving peginterferon for treatment of chronic HCV. In this prospective study of patients with advanced fibrosis (Ishak 3-6), those without serologic evidence of prior exposure were vaccinated with either Havrix HAV, Engerix( HBV, or the TWINRIX HAV/HBV combination vaccine as appropriate, and response was defined as the development of anti-HAV or anti-HBV surface antibodies. Of the 162 eligible patients, the prevalence of prior exposure to HAV and HBV was 30 and 18%, respectively. Of the 84 patients vaccinated, 38% received Havrix, 14% Engerix, and 48% TWINRIX. The response to the HAV vaccine was 75% in those receiving Havrix compared to 78% receiving TWINRIX. In contrast, the response to HBV vaccination was 42% in patients receiving Engerix compared to 60% in those vaccinated with TWINRIX (difference 18.3%; OR 0.29; 95% CI: 0.57-7.79). The presence of diabetes was the only risk factor identified for reduced HBV response (P = 0.01). Responses to both HAV and HBV vaccines when administered alone or in combination were lower than expected in patients with HCV and advanced fibrosis, especially in those with diabetes. The observation that the decline in HBV vaccine response was somewhat lower when this was administered alone as opposed to the combination A/B vaccine suggests that the administration of a combination vaccine may enhance the vaccination response to HBV.
ADULT EDUCATION AND THE OLDER ADULT

This article provides a brief discussion about the issues and concerns in education for the older adult. Those issues considered are (1) an overview of the aged population, (2) adult education and the older adult, and (3) the older adult's ability to learn. A thorough review of the literature on adult education and the older adult with thoughts for future research is presented.
Identification of nascent high density lipoproteins containing arginine-rich protein in human plasma.

Abstract A high density lipoprotein fraction accumulates in the plasma of patients with alcoholic hepatitis when a severe lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.43) deficiency is present. The major apoprotein present in this fraction is arginine-rich protein, the fraction is a preferred substrate for lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase, and by electron microscopy appears as stacked bilayer discs. It is proposed that the lipoprotein represents the accumulation of nascent high density lipoprotein and is the principal pathway through which arginine-rich protein is secreted by the liver in man. The results also suggest that apoprotein AI is acquired by normal high density lipoprotein during the course of lipoprotein metabolism.
Lattice Infrared Spectra of Boron Nitride and Boron Monophosphide

The fabrication of highly dense, highly polished compacts consolidated from monocrystalline cubic boron nitride at very high pressures and temperatures has enabled us to record the infrared reflection spectrum of cubic boron nitride from 80 to 550\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. For annealed compacts, the reststrahlen peak reflectivity of about 85% could be obtained. Analysis of data by a damped-oscillator model yields $\mathrm{TO} (\mathbf{k}\ensuremath{\simeq}0):1065$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{0}=7.1$, ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{\ensuremath{\infty}}=4.5$; and $\mathrm{LO} (\mathbf{k}\ensuremath{\simeq}0):1340$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. Infrared transmission measurements on small single crystals were obtained with a beam condenser. Eleven absorption peaks were observed between 600 and 3000 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. These are assigned as combinations of four Brillouin-zone boundary modes: LO 1232 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, TO 1000 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, LA 685 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, and TA 348 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. The reflection spectrum of hot-pressed compacts of boron monophosphide single crystals measured between 600 and 1000 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ showed a monotonic decrease of reflectivity from about 15 to 9% with an extremely weak reststrahlen band around 825 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. The estimated values of long-wavelength optical modes are $\mathrm{TO} (\mathbf{k}\ensuremath{\simeq}0):820$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, and $\mathrm{LO} (\mathbf{k}\ensuremath{\simeq}0):835$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. The results thus suggest an extremely low effective ionic charge (\ensuremath{\sim}0.25) for the crystal. Additional deduced physical properties of cubic boron nitride and boron phosphide are discussed.
Placental Glucose and Amino Acid Transport in Calorie-Restricted Wild-Type and Glut3 Null Heterozygous Mice

Calorie restriction (CR) decreased placenta and fetal weights in wild-type (wt) and glucose transporter (Glut) 3 heterozygous null (glut3+/−) mice. Because placental nutrient transport is a primary energy determinant of placentofetal growth, we examined key transport systems. Maternal CR reduced intra- and transplacental glucose and leucine transport but enhanced system A amino acid transport in wt mice. These transport perturbations were accompanied by reduced placental Glut3 and leucine amino acid transporter (LAT) family member 2, no change in Glut1 and LAT family member 1, but increased sodium coupled neutral amino acid transporter (SNAT) and SNAT2 expression. We also noted decreased total and active phosphorylated forms of mammalian target of rapamycin, which is the intracellular nutrient sensor, the downstream total P70S6 kinase, and pS6 ribosomal protein with no change in total and phosphorylated 4E-binding protein 1. To determine the role of placental Glut3 in mediating CR-induced placental transp...
Anatomic Dimensions of the Bony External Auditory Canal

INTRODUCTION: With increasing numbers of the new generation regularly using high-powered sound technologies but without adequate auditory protection, it is projected that hearing loss will reach record levels in the near future. As such, the hearing aid industry has been, in the past few decades, offering gradually more miniature and lightweight hearing aid technologies. The goal is to meet the current and future demand for patients seeking treatment while preserving a dimension of portability and, if possible, aesthetics. Among the varieties of hearing aids available to patients today, in-the-canal (ITC) and completely-in-the-canal (CIC) devices have received significant attention for their cosmetic appeal.1 In addition to providing a cosmetic effect, these devices also generally provide good auditory function.2-4 Of note, the newest innovation in hearing aid devices, the invisible extended-wear deep-canal device (Lyric®, InSound Medical, Newark, CA), depends entirely on fitting and securing the device in the patient’s external auditory canal (EAC) by an exterior mold.5 Currently, to overcome anatomical variation among different patients, a number of different EAC molds are available for in-clinic test fitting. The human EAC is comprised of two parts – the cartilaginous portion, which is more lateral, and the bony portion, which is more medial. The contours of the bony EAC are reliably visualized using a temporal bone computed tomography (CT) scan.6, 7 To our knowledge, no systematic measurement of anatomic dimensions of the bony and cartilaginous EAC, let alone standardized dimensions for auditory devices that fit into the EAC, has been reported in the literature. In this study, we report a novel method for performing standardized measurements of the bony EAC, as well as average EAC dimensions for 68 patients with special attention to dimensional differences among different age groups. Knowledge of these dimensions may be helpful in guiding surgical procedures or in the design of novel in-the-ear devices (i.e., hearing aids).