cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Classical molecular dynamics simulation of electronically non-adiabatic processes

Both classical and quantum mechanics (as well as hybrids thereof, i.e., semiclassical approaches) find widespread use in simulating dynamical processes in molecular systems. For large chemical systems, however, which involve potential energy surfaces (PES) of general/arbitrary form, it is usually the case that only classical molecular dynamics (MD) approaches are feasible, and their use is thus ubiquitous nowadays, at least for chemical processes involving dynamics on a single PES (i.e., within a single Born-Oppenheimer electronic state). This paper reviews recent developments in an approach which extends standard classical MD methods to the treatment of electronically non-adiabatic processes, i.e., those that involve transitions between different electronic states. The approach treats nuclear and electronic degrees of freedom (DOF) equivalently (i.e., by classical mechanics, thereby retaining the simplicity of standard MD), and provides "quantization" of the electronic states through a symmetrical quasi-classical (SQC) windowing model. The approach is seen to be capable of treating extreme regimes of strong and weak coupling between the electronic states, as well as accurately describing coherence effects in the electronic DOF (including the de-coherence of such effects caused by coupling to the nuclear DOF). A survey of recent applications is presented to illustrate the performance of the approach. Also described is a newly developed variation on the original SQC model (found universally superior to the original) and a general extension of the SQC model to obtain the full electronic density matrix (at no additional cost/complexity).
Changing methods for feminist public scholarship: lessons from Sarah Koenig’s podcast Serial

Against some claims of post-feminism, feminist public scholarship continues to run an amplified risk of public backlash. Consider for example Anita Sarkeesian’s Feminist Frequency project, a series...
Love Thy Baby: Breastfeeding and Its Relation to Infant Attachment Security

A popular assumption among authors is that breastfeeding promotes a strong relationship between the mother and baby. Publications on the topic often make unsubstantiated claims about the positive effects of breastfeeding on a maternal bond with the infant or on the attachment of the infant to His/Her mother. This notion is so pervasive that mothers report improvement of their relationship with their infants, rather than health or developmental effects as their main reason for breastfeeding. A UK study by Murphy (recently reviewed by Jansen et al.) found that those intending to bottle-feed were more commonly accused of being poor mothers-an attitude likely to cause inordinate stress and guilt in those who are unable to breastfeed for whatever reason. This paper reviews the existing empirical scientif ic literature, and argues that there is not enough evidence to support the claim that breastfeeding has a significant advantage over bottle-feeding on infant attachment security, positing mediating factors such as maternal sensitivity and overall dyadic interaction quality, as well as an effect of demographic variables such as socioeconomic status and race, particularly the influence of cultural beliefs and childrearing practices on both breastfeeding initiation/duration and attachment security outcomes.
Focus-variation microscopy for measurement of surface roughness and autocorrelation length

Spatial bandwidth limitations frequently introduce large biases into the estimated values of RMS roughness and autocorrelation length that are extracted from topography data on random rough surfaces. The biases can be particularly severe for focus-variation microscopy data because of the technique’s spatial bandwidth limitations (limited lateral resolution and field-of-view). We recently developed a measurement protocol that greatly reduces the bias due to limited resolution[1]. In the present paper, we describe an extension of the protocol to correct for limited field-of-view, and present measurements on a series of commercial surface roughness comparator samples to validate the protocol. The protocol strictly applies to the case of surfaces that are isotropic, and whose topography displays an autocovariance function that is exponential, with a single autocorrelation length. However, we find that applying the protocol yields extracted values of roughness and autocorrelation length for each surface that are accurate and consistent among datasets obtained at different magnifications (i.e. among datasets obtained with different spatial bandpass limits), even for samples that are not in any way selected to conform to the model’s assumptions.
Evaluation of transcatheter heart valve biomaterials: Biomechanical characterization of bovine and porcine pericardium.

Abstract Objective Bovine pericardium (BP) has been identified as a choice biomaterial for the development of surgical bioprosthetic heart valves (BHV) and transcatheter aortic valves (TAV). Porcine pericardium (PP) and younger BP have been suggested as candidates TAV leaflet biomaterials for smaller-profile devices due to their reduced thickness; however, their mechanical and structural properties remain to be fully characterized. This study characterized the material properties of chemically treated thick (PPK) and thin (PPN) PP, as well as fetal (FBP), calf (CBP) and adult (ABP) BP tissues in order to better understand their mechanical behavior. Methods Planar biaxial testing and uniaxial failure testing methods were employed to quantify tissue mechanical responses and failure properties. Fiber characteristics were examined using histological analysis. Results ABP and CBP tissues were significantly stiffer and stronger than the younger FBP tissues. Histological analysis revealed a significantly larger concentration of thin immature collagen fibers in the FBP tissues than in the ABP and CBP tissues. While PP tissues were thinnest, they were stiffer and less extensible than the BP tissues. Conclusions Due to comparable mechanical properties but significantly reduced thickness, CBP tissue may be a more suitable material for TAV manufacturing than ABP tissue. FBP tissue, despite its reduced thickness and higher flexibility, was weaker and should be studied in more detail. Although PP tissues are the thinnest, they were least extensible and failed at earlier strain than BP tissues. The differences between PP and BP tissues should be further investigated and suggest that they should not be used interchangeably in the manufacturing of TAV.
Boundary Control of 2-D Burgers’ PDE: An Adaptive Dynamic Programming Approach

In this paper, an adaptive dynamic programming-based near optimal boundary controller is developed for partial differential equations (PDEs) modeled by the uncertain Burgers’ equation under Neumann boundary condition in 2-D. Initially, Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman equation is derived in infinite-dimensional space. Subsequently, a novel neural network (NN) identifier is introduced to approximate the nonlinear dynamics in the 2-D PDE. The optimal control input is derived by online estimation of the value function through an additional NN-based forward-in-time estimation and approximated dynamic model. Novel update laws are developed for estimation of the identifier and value function online. The designed control policy can be applied using a finite number of actuators at the boundaries. Local ultimate boundedness of the closed-loop system is studied in detail using Lyapunov theory. Simulation results confirm the optimizing performance of the proposed controller on an unstable 2-D Burgers’ equation.
Complex Case: Rotational Atherectomy in Preparation for TAVR

An 84-year-old man with class III angina and heart failure is noted to have critical AV stenosis and severe calcific obstructive disease of the RCA. In preparation for TAVR, PCI of the RCA is undertaken demonstrating rotational atherectomy can be safely performed in patients with critical aortic stenosis.
UV irradiation-induces DNA hypermethylation and that leads to the transcriptional silencing of the tumor suppressor genes in UV-exposed skin and tumors

2535 Epigenetics, the heritable processes that modulate gene activity without changes in the DNA sequence, have gained considerable recent interest especially in the areas of cell cycle control, DNA damage and repair, angiogenesis, cancer and aging. Cancer epigenetics is an emerging field dealing with important processes like DNA methylation and histone modification patterns that can either activate oncogenes or inactivate tumor suppressor genes, the crucial steps in tumor development. Exposure of skin to solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation induces DNA damage and inflammation, which contribute to development of melanoma and nonmelanoma skin cancers. Since CpG islands acquire abnormal methylation at the 5’regulatory region of genes in most of the diseases, we sought to determine the global DNA methylation pattern in the UV-exposed skin and tumors. For this purpose SKH-1 hairless mice were subjected to photocarcinogenesis protocol. When tumor yield was stabilized, mice were sacrificed and skin and tumor samples collected for the analysis. The status of DNA methylation patterns were determined by immunostaining using a monoclonal antibody specific to 5-methylcytosine and by a quantitative assay to measure the global DNA methylation levels. Hypermethylation pattern of DNA was found in UV-exposed skin compared to non-UV-exposed skin. The expression levels of the various DNA methyltransferases, e.g., Dnmt1, Dnmt3a and Dnmt3b, were found to be 2-4- folds higher in UV-exposed skin than non-UV-exposed controls, as analyzed by immunostaining and real-time PCR. The overall activity of Dnmts was higher by ~50% in the UV-exposed skin compared with the normal skin. Similar pattern of DNA methylation was also observed in UV-induced skin tumors; however the levels of DNA hypermethylation were greater in tumors than UV-exposed skin. The hypermethylation of DNA in UV-exposed skin and tumors may lead to silencing of tumor suppressor genes, thereby contributing to the risk of skin cancer. We also have analyzed the methylation status of the various tumor suppressor genes, like P16INK4a, RASSF1A and CDH1, on UVB exposure through methylation specific PCR and the relative repression levels of their mRNA using real-time PCR, which indicated that the levels of these tumor suppressor genes were downregulated in UV-exposed skin and tumors on hypermethylation. The increased expression of the MeCP2, a methyl binding protein, and histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC 1), in UV-exposed skin shows that the aberrant hypermethylation of DNA recruited the HDAC 1 to the methylated CpGs through MeCP2 which had caused the repressive effect of the genes either by their direct association with DNA or by complexing with HDAC 1. These data suggest in detail for the first time that UV-induced hypermethylation in DNA may have a role in UV-induced skin cancer development.
Groundwater Flow: Models, Data, and Uncertainties

This paper addresses three major problems in groundwater flow determinations. First, a quantitative method is provided to show how data can be used to help disentangle more appropriate models of groundwater flow from less appropriate, and a quantitative definition is provided for such resolution. An example is given from steady-state one-dimensional flow to illustrate the method using a continuous, perfectly measured head data field. Second, the method is generalized to show how it operates with finitely sampled, but perfect, data. Third, the effects of data uncertainty are examined and a procedure provided which allows determination of parameters, and their uncertainties, in models from the uncertain data field. An example is given to illustrate when it is appropriate to collect more data of higher quality (less uncertainty) and when it is appropriate to improve model resolution before one embarks on further data collection.
5-Fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine: role of schedule in its therapeutic efficacy.

The fluorinated pyrimidines 5-fluorouracil (FUra) and 5-fluoro-2′-deoxyuridine (FdUrd) are drugs that have been shown to have clinical activity against colorectal carcinoma and other malignancies. Attempts to enhance the effectiveness of FUra have been based on considerations of both the biochemical pathways of FUra activation and the site of FUra action, which in some cases involves inhibition of thymidylate synthase (TS) by 5-fluorodeoxyuridine monophosphate (FdUMP), the active metabolite of both FUra and FdUrd and in others involve the incorporation of 5-fluorouridine triphosphate (FUTP) into RNA.1–4
Machine Learning Helps Identify New Drug Mechanisms in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer

This paper demonstrates the ability of mach- ine learning approaches to identify a few genes among the 23,398 genes of the human genome to experiment on in the laboratory to establish new drug mechanisms. As a case study, this paper uses MDA-MB-231 breast cancer single-cells treated with the antidiabetic drug metformin. We show that mixture-model-based unsupervised methods with validation from hierarchical clustering can identify single-cell subpopulations (clusters). These clusters are characterized by a small set of genes (1% of the genome) that have significant differential expression across the clusters and are also highly correlated with pathways with anticancer effects driven by metformin. Among the identified small set of genes associated with reduced breast cancer incidence, laboratory experiments on one of the genes, CDC42 , showed that its downregulation by metformin inhibited cancer cell migration and proliferation, thus validating the ability of machine learning approaches to identify biologically relevant candidates for laboratory experiments. Given the large size of the human genome and limitations in cost and skilled resources, the broader impact of this work in identifying a small set of differentially expressed genes after drug treatment lies in augmenting the drug-disease knowledge of pharmacogenomics experts in laboratory investigations, which could help establish novel biological mechanisms associated with drug response in diseases beyond breast cancer.
Technical note: A global database of the stable isotopic ratios of meteoric and terrestrial waters

Abstract. The hydrogen and oxygen stable isotope ratios of water have been used to identify sources, transport pathways, and phase-change processes within the water cycle, supporting hydrologic, forensic, ecologic, and hydroclimatic investigations. Here, we introduce a unique, open-access, global database of stable water isotope ratios ( δ18O , δ17O , and δ2H ) from various water types. This database facilitates data preservation, supports standardized metadata collection, and decreases the time investment for meta-analytic research and reference dataset discovery. As of July 2019, the database includes 231 586 samples from 52 210 sites, associated with 218 projects, spanning 1949 through 2019. Key information stored includes the hydrogen and oxygen isotope ratios, water type, collection date and time, site location, and project information. To promote rapid data discovery and collaboration, the database exposes metadata such as data owner contact information of embargoed data, but only permits downloads of public data. The database is supported by two companion apps, one for processing and upload of analytical data from laboratories and the other an iOS application that supports the digital collection of sample metadata.
Model-Free Online Neuroadaptive Controller With Intent Estimation for Physical Human–Robot Interaction

With the rise of collaborative robots, the need for safe, reliable, and efficient physical human–robot interaction (pHRI) has grown. High-performance pHRI requires robust and stable controllers suitable for multiple degrees of freedom (DoF) and highly nonlinear robots. In this article, we describe a cascade-loop pHRI controller, which relies on human force and pose measurements and can adapt to varying robot dynamics online. It can also adapt to different users and simplifies the interaction by making the robot behave according to a prescribed dynamic model. In our controller formulation, two neural networks (NNs) in the “outer-loop” predict human motion intent and estimate a reference trajectory for the robot that the “inner-loop” controller follows. The inner-loop imposes a prescribed error dynamics (PED) with the help of a model-free neuroadaptive controller (NAC), which uses a NN to feedback linearize the robot dynamics. Lyapunov stability analysis gives weight tuning laws that guarantee that the error signals are bounded and the desired reference trajectory is achieved. Our control scheme was implemented on a Personal Robot 2 robot and validated through an exploratory experimental study in point-to-point collaborative motion. Results indicate fast convergence of our controller, and the resulting tracking error, motion jerk, and human control effort are comparable with other methods that require prior training, knowledge, and calibration.
The relationship between fitness app use and physical activity behavior is mediated by exercise identity

Abstract The relationship between self-selected fitness application software use (henceforth, fitness apps) and physical activity behavior is not well studied, nor is the role that exercise identity may play in predicting fitness app use. This study examined these relationships by evaluating the ability of exercise identity to mediate a hypothesized positive association between fitness app use and physical activity behavior. Data were collected from college students (N = 310) who completed survey instruments assessing: physical activity behavior, exercise identity, and fitness app use. The following groups were established: apps group (those with fitness apps) and no apps (those without fitness apps). As hypothesized, the apps group participated in significantly more physical activity than the no apps group. Additionally, the apps group reported significantly greater exercise identity. Exercise identity was significantly and positively associated with physical activity. Finally, when controlling for exercise identity via partial correlation, physical activity differences between app groups became non-significant. This suggests that differences in physical activity between participants with and without a fitness app on their cell phone were mediated by exercise identity. In other words, exercise identity may serve as the explanatory mechanism behind the observed difference in physical activity across the two app groups.
Identification of the natural origin of waterproofing pine pitch in historical Southwest Native American basketry through gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

Abstract Archaeological and ethnographic records document a long and rich history of plant-based resource use by Indigenous peoples of the American Southwest. The history of this resource use tells a complex story of human-environment relationships in this arid landscape. Indigenous peoples of the American Southwest have historically made use of pine pitch to waterproof their basketry. Here, we have identified the pine species origin of the pitch used to construct historical baskets utilizing gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Resin samples were collected from the three main resinous plants in the Four Corners area: Pinus edilus, Pinus ponderosa, and Juniperus scoplulorum, and their GC chromatograms were analyzed for characteristic molecular components. Furthermore, some of these resin samples were heated to simulate the pitch-application process to ensure the characteristic molecular components were still present after baking. We have found that the ratio of γ-muurolene to longifolene provides a reliable indication of the pines species origin of the pitch, even after being exposed to elevated temperatures, and that all 14 of the historical baskets analyzed were waterproofed primarily with resinous material collected from the Pinus edilus species.
Intentionality in art: empirical exposure

In academicized art history, artworks were traditionally construed to embody historical time and place as well as the particulars of artistic production, from the intentions of the artist to the br...
A Note on the Uniqueness of Zero-Divisor Graphs with Loops (Research)

It is known that rings which have isomorphic zero-divisor graphs are not necessarily isomorphic. Zero-divisor graphs for rings were originally defined without loops because edges are only defined on pairs of distinct nonzero zero-divisors. In this paper, we study zero-divisor graphs of a ring R that may have loops. We denote such graphs by Γ0(R). If R is a noncommutative ring, \(\overrightarrow {\Gamma }_0(R)\) denotes the directed zero-divisor graph of R that allow loops. Consider two sets of finite rings: {R1, R2, …, Rm} and {S1, S2, …, St}, where each of the Ri or Sj is either a finite field or of the form of \(\mathbb Z_{p^{\alpha }}\) with p being a prime number and α being a positive integer. Suppose that R≅R1 × R2 ×⋯ × Rm, S≅S1 × S2 ×⋯ × St, and neither R nor S is a finite field. We show that if Γ0(R)≅ Γ0(S), then R≅S. We further investigate directed zero-divisor graphs with loops of upper triangular matrices over finite fields. We claim that if R and S are two n by n upper triangular matrices over finite fields such that \(\overrightarrow {\Gamma }_0(R)\cong \overrightarrow {\Gamma }_0(S)\), then R≅S.
Expression of miR-720 is correlated with DNMT3 in Oral squamous cell carcinomas

Many factors are involved with cellular differentiation and pluripotency, such as long non-coding and microRNAs (miRNA). miR-720 has been demonstrated to affect development, differentiation and pluripotency in dental pulp stem cells but has also been linked to many cancers (renal, prostate, skin, colorectal, breast, cervical and esophageal) through shared pathways including DNA methyltransferase family members (DNMT)3a and DNMT3b, which are highly upregulated in many oral cancers. However, little is known about the expression (or function, if expressed) of miR-720 in oral cancers. Based upon this lack of information, the primary objective of this project was to evaluate the expression of miR-720 among oral squamous cell carcinomas. RNA was extracted from commercially available oral cancer cell lines (SCC4, SCC9, SCC15, SCC25 and CAL27). This was subsequently screened for DNMT1, DNMT-3a, DNMT-3b, and miR-720 expression using high-specificity primers and polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Proliferation assays were performed to determine the proliferation rate of each cell line. Variable expression of miR-720 was observed among the oral cancers. More specifically, expression was low or absent among SCC4 and SCC25 that correlated with relatively low expression of DNMT3a and DNMT3b mRNA expression. High expression was observed among CAL27, SCC15, and SCC9 cells that correlated with relatively higher levels of DNMT3a and DNMT3b. Pearson’s correlation found an association between proliferation rate of each cell line and expression of miR-720 assessed by RT-PCR; R = 0.8488. Although much is known about miR-720 – no studies to date have examined expression among oral cancers and tumor cell lines. This study may be the first to examine miR-720 expression in normal and cancerous oral tissues. These results demonstrate that miR-720 can be found in the most rapidly proliferating cell lines and may also correlate with expression of DNMT3a and DNMT3b expression in these same cell lines.
Acoustic Shadow Moiré Interference, Experimental Proof

Shadow moire techniques are developed for optical waves to image 3D objects to determine their surface topology. In this paper we prove experimentally that also ultrasound can be used to create moire images. Using moire techniques will enhance ultrasound applications, such as medical imaging and material characterization. In our experiment, we used a grating mask made of aluminum, an ultrasound source in the megahertz range, and an acousto-optic detector to create and capture Talbot images for the grating. Talbot images are captured using and acousto-optic camera. The captured image was created from ultrasound waves with λ=0.43 mm. The fringes of the images proved that they are shadow moire fringes.
Run-Time Assurance: A Rising Technology

Run-Time Assurance (RTA) is a control architecture wherein a complex or nondeterministic controller operates freely under the supervision of a monitor that may transfer control away from the complex controller to a simpler, more trusted controller any time system behavior exceeds some pre-defined boundary. Based on the simplex architecture advocated by Sha in 2001, the use of such a scheme was intended to improve system reliability and lower software development cost. Research into the use of similar structures has continued up to the present day, fueling a minor movement seeking an alternative means of compliance for complex and nondeterministic avionics. To date, no comprehensive literature review has appeared to document the rise of this architecture. Applications are varied inside the avionics field and beyond, including topics such as satellite orientation, turbofan engine control, small unmanned aircraft, and ground-based vehicles. Many recent papers are discussed in this work in terms of their applications and their specific contributions to the growing body of work in the field of RTA.
Self-Consistent Green's-Function Approach to the Electron-Gas Problem

The electron-gas problem is investigated by means of a self-consistent Green's-function formalism with the aim of developing practical approximation schemes for metallic densities. The work is based on the Dyson equation for the single-particle propagator $G[U]$ as a functional of an external potential $U$. The self-energy functional $\ensuremath{\Sigma}[U]$, appearing in the Dyson equation, is evaluated by perturbation theory in terms of the exact $G[U]$, thereby leading to a self-consistent problem. A hierarchy of approximations is generated by summing successively larger sets of graphs for $\ensuremath{\Sigma}[U]$. The Dyson equation is expanded in a functional Taylor series in $U$ and yields a nonlinear integral equation for the $U=0$ propagator as well as linear integral equations for the $U=0$ higher-order Green's functions, with kernels dependent on $\frac{\ensuremath{\delta}\ensuremath{\Sigma}}{\ensuremath{\delta}U}$. In applications of the theory, the emphasis is on calculating the longitudinal dielectric function $\ensuremath{\epsilon}$ in terms of the contracted four-point Green's function. The linear integral equation for the latter is solved after making a low-momentum dominance approximation to the kernel. The result is a general, but approximate, closed-form expression for $\ensuremath{\epsilon}$ which can be used for different choices of $\ensuremath{\Sigma}$. The following five approximations for $\ensuremath{\epsilon}$, based on different approximations for $\ensuremath{\Sigma}$, are presented: the Hartree-Fock, random-phase, generalized random-phase, second-stage random-phase, and low-high-density approximations. The last approximation is designed to work well at the two extremes of the density spectrum and, hopefully, also at metallic densities. The long-wavelength plasmon dispersion relations obtained from two different versions of the generalized random-phase approximation for $\ensuremath{\epsilon}$ agree closely with the results of Kanazawa et al. and of Singwi et al.
Interstellar Probe: A Practical Mission to Escape the Heliosphere

Since the beginning of space exploration, one of the most ambitious goals has been to explore beyond the boundaries of our solar system. Ground and Earth-orbit based systems have given a deep understanding of the overall characteristics of the heliosphere in the local interstellar medium and how the characteristics of our solar system are similar to and different from other systems. Viewing the heliosphere from outside will allow, for the first time, a more complete understanding of how a star system evolves and interacts with the Universe. Interstellar missions have been studied for decades. The primary reasons we have not yet explored this region are critical limitations in technology. These include a lack of propulsion that can achieve the high speeds needed to get to the heliospheric boundary in reasonable time, reliable systems that can function for the long lifetime needed, reasonable communications capabilities at interstellar range, and constraints on mission resources such as power when more than 100 AU from the Earth. Recent developments in launch systems, execution of long-lived missions such as New Horizons, new radioisotope power systems, and advanced communications systems have for the first time allowed for a practical, feasible near-term mission that can achieve the goal of exploring outside the solar system. We present recent results of a concept study that examined possible missions that could be launched as early as 2030 using existing, or near-existing, technology. These possible missions support significant payloads for heliospheric science, with the potential for additions to the payload for planetary investigations or astrophysics. The concept study includes a detailed look at possible trajectories in launch years from 2030 to 2040 with flyout speeds at least twice that of Voyager 1 and 2, and significant opportunities for tuning the flyout direction to maximize the heliophysics return as well as allow encounters with outer planets or Kuiper Belt Objects. We present a summary of trade studies performed to investigate the constraints and design space for an interstellar probe. These trades include a comparison of trajectories that include gravity assists at Jupiter and at the Sun to increase speed, optimization of the telecommunications architecture to balance data downlink rate with power usage, and spacecraft control methods to allow precise pointing for telecommnications while minimizing propellant usage for an extremely long-lived mission. We present a spacecraft design that can support the potential payloads designed to operate reliably for 50 years, while allowing for communications from 1000 AU.
Catch and Release: A Review of the Mermaid of Black Conch by Monique Roffey

Review of Monique Roffey, The Mermaid of Black Conch: A Love Story. Peepal Tree Press, 2020. 188 pages.
THE GEOPOLITICS OF THE WESTERN ART WORLDS: REFLECTION AND METHODOLOGY

ABSTRACT Reflecting on the origins and methodology of her book, The Rise and Fall of American Art, 19840s-1980s: A Geopolitics of the Western Art Worlds (2015), the author replaces her work in the context of a growing awareness to the multiple stories of art and a need to face this methodological challenge. She then discusses geopolitics as a useful model to think through the complicated historiography of postwar art, tackle the polyphony of art discourses during that period, and study the power dynamics and historiographical mechanisms that give some stories the status of history .
Introduction: Beyond Imagination?

Throughout our nation’s complex history, the rule of law and our carefully balanced constitutional system has allowed the nation to confront and successfully navigate many unique existential threats. One of the most significant threats in modern times, growing for many years from the propagation of politically polarizing and destructive disinformation, was realized on January 6, 2021. In the United States, we have long prided ourselves on the peaceful transfer of power after elections. Every four years we hold a presidential election, resulting in a winner. Dissenting voices may object, but the winner is accepted, and the loser moves on. Truth matters, and perhaps more here, in the context of free and fair elections, than in any other. This is the American way. Anything less should be beyond our imagination. The ongoing legitimacy of our nation’s republic requires us all to engage. As we law school deans train the next generation of lawyer-leaders, we must take stock and double down on the rule of law. This work will not be easy. Fourteen of us have collaborated on this work, writing from our perspectives as legal scholars, as deans of our institutions, and as individuals who have been engaged in leadership in various ways. This book is not a partisan undertaking. Our cause is the rule of law; our loyalty is to the Constitution of the United States. We support the American people, not one candidate, elected official, or individual. We have attempted to strike a balance and draw some lines. We want to challenge you, the reader, and we sincerely hope that our work contributes to exposing the problems that allowed us to suffer collectively on January 6, and then to promote healing. We speak for ourselves, not for our institutions. We hope we are speaking up for many people and speaking to our entire society about what once was and should always have been beyond imagination, but which no longer is.
Interface tissue engineering

Abstract Although much attention has been directed at regenerating orthopedic tissues, functional integration—be it of the graft with host tissue or for reestablishing connectivity between soft and hard tissues—remains a frontier challenge in the field. Healing at these interfaces is often undermined by the body’s own inadequate response to injury, generally resulting in the formation of disorganized, fibrous scar tissue. Broadly speaking, the interfaces in the body can be classified as either heterotypic, i.e., between two different tissue types, or homotypic, i.e., between the same tissue types. This chapter focuses on the biology of several heterotypic and homotypic interfaces, such as ligament-to-bone, tendon-to-bone, and cartilage-graft-to-cartilage, and highlights current and emerging strategies used to enhance regeneration at the interface. Recapitulating the complex structure and organization at these junctions is crucial to enabling integration and ensuring the clinical translation of tissue engineered grafts.
Scripture and Law in the Dead Sea Scrolls

1. Introduction 2. The Dead Sea Scrolls and the history of Jewish law and legal exegesis 3. Jewish legal exegesis and the origins and development of the canon 4. Isaiah 58:13 and the Sabbath prohibition on speech in the Dead Sea Scrolls, Part 1: the Damascus Document 5. Isaiah 58:13 and the Sabbath prohibition on speech in the Dead Sea Scrolls, Part 2: 4QHalakha B 6. Isaiah 58:13 and the Sabbath prohibition on speech in the Book of Jubilees and Rabbinic literature 7. Isaiah 58:13 and the restriction on thoughts of labor on the Sabbath in the Dead Sea Scrolls 8. Isaiah 58:13 and the restriction on thoughts of labor on the Sabbath in Philo and Rabbinic literature 9. Jeremiah 17:21-22 and the Sabbath carrying prohibition in the Dead Sea Scrolls 10. Jeremiah 17:21-22 and the Sabbath carrying prohibition in Nehemiah, Jubilees, and Rabbinic literature 11. Non-pentateuchal passages as prooftexts 12. Conclusions.
Synaptic relations in meiotic gene conversion at the iterated CUP1r locus of S. cerevisiae

This study concerns a comparative molecular analysis of copy number changes in two hybrids that differ in the extent of homologies at the CUP1 r locus. Hybrid JW1020 is a diploid wherein each parent contributed nine identical, tandemly arrayed 2.0 kb repeat units. Genomic DNA was isolated from each of the spore colonies in a sample of 200 unselected tetrads. About 15% displayed copy number changes, i.e., increases or decreases of one or more complete units.
The integration of the European economy 1850-1913

At the outset of this study, we argued that, by 1913, Europe was so integrated in most important aspects of its economic life that it could be referred to as the major part of an international economy dealing in agricultural and manufacturing products, and experience movements of substantial capital and labour across borders. We used the term ‘global economy’ in this context, even though there is more to that concept than could possibly have applied to Europe at the end of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth, but we believe we have established that the modern European economy was largely in place by 1913, and that the later arrivals on the scene essentially attached themselves to the existing economic structure in ways dictated by their resources, energies and place in time. We shall now draw the threads of our study together around this theme, with respect to both the theoretical and empirical material that we have presented.
Efficacy and safety of single course versus multiple doses of ibuprofen lysine for the treatment of patent ductus arteriosus

Objective: In this retrospective observational study, we compared the efficacy and safety of ibuprofen lysine versus indomethacin for the medical treatment of PDA in neonates. Methods: 128 patient charts of infants born less than 32 weeks gestation with clinical or echocardiogram-confirmed diagnosis of PDA were reviewed. The success rate of ductal closure, need for additional treatment, side effects, and complications, were collected and analyzed. Results: The rate of ductal closure was similar in both groups, with 21 (32.8%) patients in the indomethacin group requiring surgical ligation and 23 (35.9%) patients in the ibuprofen group requiring surgical ligation (p = 0.17). Four patients in the ibuprofen group developed NEC requiring surgery versus one patient in the indomethacin group, however this difference was not significant (p = 0.17). Conclusions: Pharmacologic treatment of PDA with indomethacin and ibuprofen lysine yields similar results in relation to clinical efficacy. Treatment with ibuprofen lysine resulted in trend towards higher rates of surgical NEC, but was otherwise similar to treatment with indomethacin in relation to safety outcomes.
Discussion by Mike West

It is no surprise (to a Bayesian) that inferential problems encountered using traditional statistical methods have a tendency to evaporate when the issues are addressed from formal Bayesian perspectives. This paper is largely concerned with cameo examples designed to communicate this precept to astronomers interested and involved in statistical work in their investigations. I like the paper and have a great deal of respect for the entrepreneurial efforts of the author and his co-authors to shift the focus of statistical analysis in the field toward the Bayesian paradigm. That these efforts have been rewarded is clear from browsing some of the referenced articles, notably the works of Loredo and Lamb (referenced in text). Here we find advanced physical and statistical models subjected to formal and rigorous Bayesian analysis, some requiring high dimensional numerical integrations performed via Monte Carlo, that yield inferences in terms of posterior distributions for parameters of interest that clearly and unambiguously address detailed and substantive scientific issues. A reading of these works provides a clear picture of investigators led to adherence to the Bayesian paradigm on pragmatic and empirical grounds — the Bayesian approach gets the (right) job done where all others fail.
Partial Basis Indexation: An Implicit Response to Tax Deferral

Our current income tax contains two significant deviations from an ideal income tax. First, appreciated assets held beyond a single period are undertaxed since the tax on the appreciation can be deferred until disposition without interest. Second, real economic gains are overtaxed since capital investments in property are not adjusted upwards for inflation. Since the two deviations work in opposite directions, much thoughtful analysis has concluded that any response to the inflation problem should be accompanied by a separate anti-deferral mechanism. This Article demonstrates, however, that support for partial basis indexation (under which capital investments other than debt would be indexed upwards for inflation) does not require the complication of a separate deferral response. Partial basis indexation imposes an implicit deferral charge, approximating the short-term government rate, on the exact amount of deferred gain. This deferral charge should be reasonably fair in a significant number of circumstances; in addition, even where understated the charge would be a significant improvement over current law. Thus, each of the inflation and deferral deviations independently supports partial basis indexation. This Article further demonstrates the reciprocity of the implicit interest charge: taxpayers who accelerate taxes by holding loss assets are provided a similar time value compensation. Recognition of this reciprocity allows for significant simplification as well as consideration of supplemental deferral protection on a more limited interval basis.
Third-party−mediated graft rejection and graft-versus-host disease after T-cell−depleted bone marrow transplantation, as demonstrated by hypervariable DNA probes and HLA-DR polymorphism

Graft rejection after marrow transplantation is generally thought to be mediated by alloreactive immune effector cells of host origin. Transfused blood products also contain immune cells capable of alloreactivity against both donor graft and host. To reduce the risk of transfusion-associated graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) and graft rejection, standard procedure is to irradiate all blood products with at least 1,500 rad before transfusion. We report a patient with chronic myelogenous leukemia who developed graft rejection and GVHD after receiving a T-cell-depleted transplant from a serologically HLA-A, B, DR/DQ matched and mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) nonreactive unrelated donor. Cytogenetic analysis of marrow cells collected at the time of graft rejection revealed a PH1-negative female karyotype that was not consistent with donor cells. Use of specific minisatellite DNA probes (YNH 24, H-RAS, and 3' HVR) revealed the exclusive presence of third-party (neither donor nor recipient) restriction-fragment-length polymorphisms (RFLP) in both peripheral blood and marrow. Repeat RFLP analysis 3 days later showed persistence of this unique third-party banding pattern. DNA-based HLA-typing, using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and oligonucleotide probe hybridization, also showed these cells to be derived from an individual whose HLA-DR type was distinct from donor and recipient. Together, these findings suggested the presence of a proliferating population of transfused cells possessing alloreactivity against both donor graft and host, despite prior irradiation of all blood products with 2,000 rad. Limiting dilution analysis to assess the frequency of irradiated lymphocytes able to respond to mitogen revealed an approximate 5- to 6-log reduction at 1,500 to 2,000 rad as compared with unirradiated controls. These data indicate that a small percentage of lymphocytes can survive irradiation at these doses and suggest that existing blood-product irradiation guidelines may require reassessment, especially in T-cell-depleted transplant recipients.
The Pill in Context

Sexual Chemistry A History of the Contraceptive Pill. Lara V. Marks. Yale University Press, New Haven, CT, 2001. 384 pp. $29.95, £20. ISBN 0-300-08943-0. Marks argues that the usual focus on the efforts of male scientists has hidden the important roles women played in initiating, funding, and supporting the development and use of the pill.
Peripheral-Type Benzodiazepine Receptor (PBR) in Human Breast Cancer Correlation of Breast Cancer Cell Aggressive Phenotype with PBR Expression, Nuclear Localization, and PBR-mediated Cell Proliferation and Nuclear Transport of Cholesterol

Aberrant cell proliferation and increased invasive and metastatic behavior are hallmarks of the advancement of breast cancer. Numerous studies implicate a role for cholesterol in the mechanisms underlying cell proliferation and cancer progression. The peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor (PBR) is an Mr 18,000 protein primarily localized to the mitochondria. PBR mediates cholesterol transport across the mitochondrial membranes in steroidogenic cells. A role for PBR in the regulation of tumor cell proliferation has also been shown. In this study, we examined the expression, characteristics, localization, and function of PBR in a battery of human breast cancer cell lines differing in their invasive and chemotactic potential as well as in several human tissue biopsies. Expression of PBR ligand binding and mRNA was dramatically increased in the highly aggressive cell lines, such as MDA-231, relative to nonaggressive cell lines, such as MCF-7. PBR was also found to be expressed at high levels in aggressive metastatic human breast tumor biopsies compared with normal breast tissues. Subcellular localization with both antibodies and a fluorescent PBR drug ligand revealed that PBR from the MDA-231 cell line as well as from aggressive metastatic human breast tumor biopsies localized primarily in and around the nucleus. This localization is in direct contrast to the largely cytoplasmic localization seen in MCF-7 cells, normal breast tissue, and to the typical mitochondrial localization seen in mouse tumor Leydig cells. Pharmacological characterization of the receptor and partial nucleotide sequencing of PBR cDNA revealed that the MDA-231 PBR is similar, although not identical, to previously described PBR. Addition of high affinity PBR drug ligands to MDA-231 cells increased the incorporation of bromodeoxyuridine into the cells in a dose-dependent manner, suggesting a role for PBR in the regulation of MDA-231 cell proliferation. Cholesterol uptake into isolated MDA-231 nuclei was found to be 30% greater than into MCF-7 nuclei. High-affinity PBR drug ligands regulated the levels of cholesterol present in MDA-231 nuclei but not in MCF-7. In addition, the PBR-dependent MDA-231 cell proliferation was found to highly correlate (r = -0.99) with the PBR-mediated changes in nuclear membrane cholesterol levels. In conclusion, these data suggest that PBR expression, nuclear localization, and PBR-mediated cholesterol transport into the nucleus are involved in human breast cancer cell proliferation and aggressive phenotype expression, thus participating in the advancement of the disease.
Die rechtlichen Grundlagen der Verfassungsordnung

Unter einer „geschriebenen“ Verfassung wird verstanden, das die fur den politischen Prozes im wesentlichen masgebenden Normen in einer einzigen Urkunde zusammengefast sind, welcher dann meist, da schwerer abzuandern als ein gewohnliches Gesetz, eine erhohte Bestandsgarantie zugeschrieben wird. Grosbritannien ist bekanntlich einer der ganz wenigen organisierten Staaten, die nach wie vor einer „geschriebenen“ Verfassung ermangeln.1 Nur ein einziges Mal bestand fur kurze Zeit in Cromwells Instrument of Government eine geschriebene Verfassung auch in England. Der Versuch schlug fehl und ihn zu wiederholen wurde heute auf allgemeine Ablehnung stosen, da kein Bedurfnis dazu besteht.
Enhanced local fields in aperiodic rotationally symmetric nanosphere arrays

Local field enhancements in aperiodic arrays of gold nanospheres are studied. The arrays are based on three aperiodic tilings of the plane which display 5, 7, and 8 fold rotational symmetries that are not possible in conventional periodic arrays. Electromagnetic (EM) field calculations are based on the analytical generalized Mie theory (GMT). It will be shown that despite the fact that aperiodic arrays are much sparser than periodic arrays, they display larger local field enhancements. Also due to their higher degree of rotational symmetry, the field enhancements are less dependent on the polarization of the incident radiation. Finally, it will be shown that local fields can be further enhanced by optimally placing perturbing spheres within the prototiles that comprise the aperiodic arrays.