cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Study on hyperspectral remote sensing retriveral models about winter wheat stripe rust severity

The canopy reflectance of winter wheat that infectes different severity stripe rust was measured through artificial inoculation and the disease index(DI)of the wheat corresponding to the spectra which were acquired in the field.The correlation between DI and the first derivative data was analyzed.The estimation models about DI were built using linear and non-linear regression methods,and different varieties wheat samples were used to test its precision.The result showed that there was high correlation between DI and the first derivative data in the regions of 432-582 nm,637-701 nm and 715-765 nm,and the linear model contained the ratio of the sum of first derivative within red peak regions(725-735 nm,SDr′)and sum of first derivative within green peak regions(521-530 nm,SDg′)was the best one.The model had the highest predicted precision and it was relatively insensitive to species.The conclusion of this paper has great practice and application value to monitor the disease and disease severity of corps using hyperspectral remote sensing data.
A PEDAGOGY FOR JUSTICE: KANT , HEGEL, MARCUSE AND FREIRE ON EDUCATION AND THE GOOD SOCIETY

OF DISSERTATION A PEDAGOGY FOR JUSTICE: KANT, HEGEL, MARCUSE AND FREIRE ON EDUCATION AND THE GOOD SOCIETY Rousseau’s educational treatise Emile is a well-known pedagogical work often noted for its progressive educational insights. Although Kant’s Lectures on Pedagogy is much less well known, Kant suggests a solution to an educational problem Rousseau is unable to solve: the problem of whether or not education can work for the good of humanity. Rousseau is concerned that society, and the schools in society, inflames people’s passions and leads to inequality and enslavement. Rousseau sketches an educational program that ideally develops students’ autonomous moral reasoning untainted by inflamed passion, an education which enables students to be moral and just citizens, working for the good of humanity. I argue that Rousseau’s educational philosophy ultimately fails because Rousseau maintains a deep skepticism that society, and therefore schools, can ever be a good place for humans. Rousseau suggests education must go to extreme measures such as isolating students in a rural environment and manipulating all aspects of their lives to prevent passions from becoming inflamed. Implementing this kind of education is not only improbable for individual students; it is especially improbable that it could be implemented on a large scale. I further argue that Kant’s educational philosophy provides a solution to the problems which beset Rousseau’s educational philosophy. Kant embraces negative passions as necessarily educative, and so his educational philosophy does not require extreme measures to combat negative passion. In addition, Kant argues that is only in society and through these negative passions that humanity develops. Kant’s educational philosophy is achievable for both the individual student and also on a large scale because it focuses on developing three key aspects of students that draw on capacities within the student and that are developed in community with others: a robust will bent towards the good; good and skilled moral judgment; and a commitment to the ethical commonwealth. Lastly, I argue that Hegel, Marcuse and Freire, three philosophers who follow after Kant, develop important aspects of Kant’s solution to Rousseau’s problem. Taken together, these four philosophers present a compelling educational philosophy which suggests that education not only can but indeed must work for the good of humanity.
Necrotizing Fasciitis as a Complication of a Continuous Sciatic Nerve Catheter Using the Lateral Popliteal Approach.

Objective Necrotizing fasciitis is an infection of the soft tissue that is characterized by rapidly spreading inflammation and subsequent necrosis. It is a rare complication of peripheral nerve blocks. We report a rare case of necrotizing fasciitis after placement of a peripheral nerve catheter. Case Report A 58-year-old woman presented for an elective right second metatarsal resection and received a sciatic nerve catheter for postoperative pain control. On postoperative day 7, clinical examination and imaging supported the diagnosis of necrotizing fasciitis. Conclusions Multiple reports have been published of necrotizing fasciitis after single-shot peripheral nerve block injections, neuraxial anesthesia, and intramuscular injections. This case highlights the potential for the rare complication of necrotizing fasciitis after peripheral nerve catheter placement.
Blood Glucose Levels After Local Musculoskeletal Steroid Injections in Patients With Diabetes Mellitus: A Clinical Review.

Context:Diabetes mellitus (DM) has become an epidemic in the United States and is associated with increased risk of multiple comorbidities, including painful musculoskeletal conditions. A common tr...
Expression and function of spineless orthologs correlate with distal deutocerebral appendage morphology across Arthropoda

The deutocerebral (second) head segment is putatively homologous across Arthropoda, in spite of remarkable disparity of form and function of deutocerebral appendages. In Mandibulata this segment bears a pair of sensory antennae, whereas in Chelicerata the same segment bears a pair of feeding appendages called chelicerae. Part of the evidence for the homology of deutocerebral appendages is the conserved function of homothorax (hth), which has been shown to specify antennal or cheliceral fate in the absence of Hox signaling, in both mandibulate and chelicerate exemplars. However, the genetic basis for the morphological disparity of antenna and chelicera is not understood. To test whether downstream targets of hth have diverged in a lineage-specific manner, we examined the evolution of the function and expression of spineless (ss), which in two holometabolous insects is known to act as a hth target and distal antennal determinant. Toward expanding phylogenetic representation of gene expression data, here we show that strong expression of ss is observed in developing antennae of a hemimetabolous insect, a centipede, and an amphipod crustacean. By contrast, ss orthologs are not expressed throughout the cheliceral limb buds of spiders or harvestmen during developmental stages when appendage fate is specified. RNA interference-mediated knockdown of ss in Oncopeltus fasciatus, which bears a simple plesiomorphic antenna, resulted in homeotic distal antenna-to-leg transformation, comparable to data from holometabolous insect counterparts. Knockdown of hth in Oncopeltus fasciatus abrogated ss expression, suggesting conservation of upstream regulation. These data suggest that ss may be a flagellar (distal antennal) determinant more broadly, and that this function was acquired at the base of Mandibulata.
Characterization of urinary extracellular vesicle proteins in muscle-invasive bladder cancer.

// Christopher R. Silvers 1 , Hiroshi Miyamoto 1, 2, 3 , Edward M. Messing 1 , George J. Netto 3 and Yi-Fen Lee 1, 2 1 Department of Urology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA 2 Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA 3 Departments of Pathology and Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA Correspondence to: Yi-Fen Lee, email: yifen_lee@urmc.rochester.edu Keywords: extracellular vesicles, exosomes, bladder cancer, proteomic, transaldolase Received: January 10, 2017 Accepted: July 26, 2017 Published: August 08, 2017 ABSTRACT The mechanisms of bladder cancer progression are unknown, and new treatments and biomarkers are needed. Patient urinary extracellular vesicles (EVs) derive in part from bladder cancer cells and contain a specific protein cargo which may provide information about the disease. We conducted a proteomics study comparing EVs from the muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) cell line TCCSUP to EVs from normal urothelial line SVHUC. GO term analysis showed that TCCSUP EVs are enriched in proteins associated with the cell membrane, extracellular matrix, and inflammation and angiogenesis signaling pathways. Proteins characteristic of cancer EVs were further screened at the mRNA level in bladder cancer cell lines. In Western blots, three of six proteins examined showed greater than fifteenfold enrichment in patient urinary EVs compared to healthy volunteers ( n = 6). Finally, we performed immunohistochemical staining of bladder tissue microarrays for three proteins of interest. One of them, transaldolase (TALDO1), is a nearly ubiquitous enzyme and normally thought to reside in the cytoplasm. To our surprise, nuclei were stained for transaldolase in 94% of MIBC tissue samples ( n = 51). While cytoplasmic transaldolase was found in 89–90% of both normal urothelium ( n = 79) and non-muscle-invasive samples ( n = 71), the rate falls to 39% in MIBC samples ( P < 0.001), and negative cytoplasmic staining was correlated with worse cancer-specific survival in MIBC patients ( P = 0.008). The differential EV proteomics strategy reported here successfully identified a number of proteins associated with bladder cancer and points the way to future investigation.
Theories of Nonviolence

The role of sound theory is vital in psychology and within all fields in the social sciences. A good theory puts forth conjectures about causal relationships and causal inferences in coherent, parsimonious, and general terms that are falsifiable (Fiske, 2004). An important function of theory is to derive hypotheses that direct research and advancing knowledge within a field. Therefore, if our understanding of nonviolence and nonviolent action is to move forward, theories of nonviolence are crucial.
Pathogen Distribution and Antimicrobial Resistance Among Pediatric Healthcare-Associated Infections Reported to the National Healthcare Safety Network, 2011–2014

OBJECTIVE To describe pathogen distribution and antimicrobial resistance patterns for healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) reported to the National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) from pediatric locations during 2011-2014. METHODS Device-associated infection data were analyzed for central line-associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI), catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTI), ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), and surgical site infection (SSI). Pooled mean percentage resistance was calculated for a variety of pathogen-antimicrobial resistance pattern combinations and was stratified by location for device-associated infections (neonatal intensive care units [NICUs], pediatric intensive care units [PICUs], pediatric oncology and pediatric wards) and by surgery type for SSIs. RESULTS From 2011 to 2014, 1,003 hospitals reported 20,390 pediatric HAIs and 22,323 associated pathogens to the NHSN. Among all HAIs, the following pathogens accounted for more than 60% of those reported: Staphylococcus aureus (17%), coagulase-negative staphylococci (17%), Escherichia coli (11%), Klebsiella pneumoniae and/or oxytoca (9%), and Enterococcus faecalis (8%). Among device-associated infections, resistance was generally lower in NICUs than in other locations. For several pathogens, resistance was greater in pediatric wards than in PICUs. The proportion of organisms resistant to carbapenems was low overall but reached approximately 20% for Pseudomonas aeruginosa from CLABSIs and CAUTIs in some locations. Among SSIs, antimicrobial resistance patterns were similar across surgical procedure types for most pathogens. CONCLUSION This report is the first pediatric-specific description of antimicrobial resistance data reported to the NHSN. Reporting of pediatric-specific HAIs and antimicrobial resistance data will help identify priority targets for infection control and antimicrobial stewardship activities in facilities that provide care for children. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2018;39:1-11.
An electromagnetic rotational energy harvester using sprung eccentric rotor, driven by pseudo-walking motion

Abstract In this work, an electromagnetic energy harvesting device using a sprung eccentric rotor has been designed, optimized and characterized to harvest power from pseudo-walking signals (a single frequency sinusoidal signal derived from motion of a driven pendulum that approximates the swing of a human-arm during walking). Our analysis shows that a rotor with an eccentric mass suspended by a torsional spring enhances the mechanical energy captured from low-frequency excitations (e.g., those produced during human walking, running/jogging). An electromagnetic transducer in the sprung eccentric rotor structure converts the captured mechanical energy into electrical energy. An electromechanical dynamic model of a sprung eccentric rotor has been developed and an optimization routine was performed to maximize output power under pseudo-walking excitation. The structure of the electromagnetic transducer was refined using Finite Element Analysis (FEA) simulations. A prototype energy harvester was fabricated and tested in a pseudo wrist-worn situation (by mounting on a mechanical swing-arm) to mimic the low-frequency excitation produced during human walking. A series of pseudo-walking motions was created by varying the swing profile (angle and frequency). The prototype with optimal spring stiffness generates a maximum 61.3 μW average power at ±25° rotational amplitude and 1 Hz frequency which is about 6-times higher than its unsprung counterpart under same excitation condition. The experimental results are in good agreement with the simulation results.
Investigating Niche Construction in Dynamic Human-Animal Landscapes: Bridging Ecological and Evolutionary Timescales

Human influence on the environment is evident at all landscape and ecological scales, from local to global, shaping both abiotic and biotic processes. Niche construction theory provides a means by which to investigate the consequences of these anthropogenic effects, but primatological research has been slow to integrate ecological and evolutionary timelines. We review methods that can be used to study how human niche construction influences nonhuman primates including phenological assessment, nonhuman primate behavioral observations, and ethnographic interview techniques. We argue that this approach provides a starting place to examine niche construction theory but that scholars of primate behavioral ecology must expand our methodologies to bridge the disconnect between ecological and evolutionary research time frames. We suggest areas of research and methods that have been underused but offer opportunities for integrative, innovative research. We conclude that an integrated, synthetic methodological approach is a major goal and that it will likely require a cross-disciplinary, collaborative effort.
Introductory computer programming: gender, major, discrete mathematics, and calculus

This paper describes an investigation of factors that may affect student performance in an introductory computer programming course. The data constituted scores obtained on a test that comprised multiple-choice questions and word programming problems. 96 students enrolled in CS, EE, and MIS majors participated in the study. Performance on the test was examined in respect to the type of test questions, academic major, gender, and type of mathematics background factors. The results of the study indicate that a particular type of mathematical background, namely, having taken two courses, Discrete Mathematics and Calculus, constitutes a significant factor in student performance in the computing course; two Calculus courses do not show the same level of benefits in learning computer programming. In general, the gender and academic major factors were not found to be significant.
Rapid Measurement of Adsorption Isotherms of Emulsifiers on Latex Particles

The adsorption of emulsifier on latex particle surfaces often determines the stability of the latex. However, relatively few adsorption isotherms have been published because these experiments are difficult and time-consuming. This paper describes the determination of adsorption isotherms using a new serum replacement technique, which was developed to characterize latex particle surfaces by removing adsorbed emulsifier from the latex particle surfaces and solute electrolyte from the aqueous phase. The latex is confined in a cell with a Nuclepore filter membrane, and doubly-distilled, deionized water is pumped through the latex to replace the serum. This method allows complete recovery of the serum, as well as determination of the concentration profile of the desorbing species in the effluent stream. To determine adsorption isotherms, a known amount of emulsifier is added to a cleaned latex and the concentration profile of the emulsifier in the effluent stream is measured. A material balance between added emulsifier and desorbed emulsifier (from the concentration profile) gives the adsorption isotherm. This adsorption isotherm is correlated with the predictions of a mathematical model of the process. The adsorption of technical-grade sodium lauryl sulfate, Aerosol MA, and Aerosol OT on a Dow monodisperse polystyrene latex of 190 nm diameter determined at 23 ± 2° follows a Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The mole-r culac areas at saturation are 42 - 43 A2 , 39 - 45 A2, and 85 -100 A2, respectively. The adsorption of sodium lauryl sulfate on a monodisperse polymethyl methacrylate latex of 330 nm diameter also follows a Langmuir absorption isotherm and gives a molecular area at saturation of 57 A2. The adsorption of sodium lauryl sulfate on a monodisperse polyvinyl acetate latex of 165 nm diameter does not follow a Langmuir adsorption isotherm, but instead gives a curve characteristic of porous surfaces. The molecular area at saturation is 30 A2.
Axial Effects During Reversed Torsional Deformation

ABSTRACT Experimental and analytical techniques are used to study the behavior of a constrained, 304L stainless steel, thin-walled tube during reverse straining following a finite shear prestrain. Results indicate axial deformation becomes nonuniform in the test sample and that axial stress and strain responses strongly depend upon test system compliance.
Genetics and Chronic Kidney Disease

Abstract Several genes associated with the development of chronic glomerular and tubulointerstitial kidney diseases have been detected. Recent developments include an improved understanding of potential mechanisms involved in nondiabetic glomerulosclerosis, including apolipoprotein L1 gene (APOL1)-associated nephropathy, as well as autosomal dominant tubulointerstitial kidney disease. The identification of genes associated with diabetic kidney disease has proven more challenging. Nephropathy susceptibility genes are changing the classification of common complex kidney diseases, offering new insights into pathogenesis and providing hope for novel treatments. This chapter reviews genetic associations and mechanisms of injury in diabetic and nondiabetic glomerular and tubulointerstitial kidney diseases.
Evolution of Western Library Catalogs: The Rising Expectations of Users

This paper traces the historical development of library catalogs from primitive catalogs in ancient times to current next generational catalogs, which are summarized into three stages: the agricultural catalog stage, the industrial catalog stage and the information catalog stage. In particular, this paper focuses on the discussion of the rise of users’ expectations on library catalogs at different stages and gives emphasis to what impact they have created accordingly.
Impacts of the retirement of the Beaver Valley and Three Mile Island nuclear power plants on capacity and energy prices in Pennsylvania

Abstract Low electric energy prices in the PJM market are financially threatening some of Pennsylvania's nuclear power plants. An analysis of capacity and energy markets with and without two of Pennsylvania's most economically threatened nuclear power stations suggests that the retirement of these plants will not materially raise energy costs for Pennsylvania ratepayers. In the near term, the pace of investment in efficient generation capacity will be the more important factor affecting the state's electricity costs.
Tri-arginine exosite patch of caspase-6 recruits substrates for hydrolysis

Caspases are cysteine–aspartic proteases involved in the regulation of programmed cell death (apoptosis) and a number of other biological processes. Despite overall similarities in structure and active-site composition, caspases show striking selectivity for particular protein substrates. Exosites are emerging as one of the mechanisms by which caspases can recruit, engage, and orient these substrates for proper hydrolysis. Following computational analyses and database searches for candidate exosites, we utilized site-directed mutagenesis to identify a new exosite in caspase-6 at the hinge between the disordered N-terminal domain (NTD), residues 23–45, and core of the caspase-6 structure. We observed that substitutions of the tri-arginine patch Arg-42–Arg-44 or the R44K cancer-associated mutation in caspase-6 markedly alter its rates of protein substrate hydrolysis. Notably, turnover of protein substrates but not of short peptide substrates was affected by these exosite alterations, underscoring the importance of this region for protein substrate recruitment. Hydrogen–deuterium exchange MS–mediated interrogation of the intrinsic dynamics of these enzymes suggested the presence of a substrate-binding platform encompassed by the NTD and the 240's region (containing residues 236–246), which serves as a general exosite for caspase-6–specific substrate recruitment. In summary, we have identified an exosite on caspase-6 that is critical for protein substrate recognition and turnover and therefore highly relevant for diseases such as cancer in which caspase-6–mediated apoptosis is often disrupted, and in neurodegeneration in which caspase-6 plays a central role.
Characterizing extremely negative reviews of total joint arthroplasty practices and surgeons on yelp.com.

Abstract Background Although physicians tend to prefer data-driven quality metrics, emerging evidence suggests that patients prefer crowd-sourced information containing patient narrative descriptions of the care experience. Currently, yelp.com is the most commonly accessed Web resource among patients who use online information to choose a surgeon. The purpose of this study is to characterize extremely negative reviews of total joint arthroplasty surgeons and practices on yelp.com. Methods We searched yelp.com for one-star (out of 5) reviews of total joint providers and practices in 8 major US metropolitan areas. These reviews were then classified into categories based on content: clinical, nonclinical, or both. Reviews were further subcategorized as “surgical” and “nonsurgical” representing reviews of a nonsurgical experience (eg, initial office visit). Results A higher proportion of reviews came from patients who did not report prior surgery by the surgeon or practice named in the review than form those who reported surgery (240 reviews, 75.0%, 95% confidence interval: 70.0%-79.4% vs 80 reviews, 25.0%, 95% confidence interval: 20.6%-30.0%, P Conclusions The vast majority of extremely negative reviews of total joint arthroplasty surgeons and practices were related to nonclinical concerns posted by patients who did not report prior surgery by the surgeon or practice being reviewed. The results of this study may help explain the wide disparity commonly observed between conventional quality metrics and crowd-sourced online reviews.
Task-matching and short-term size shifts in foragers of the harvester ant, Messor pergandei (Hymenoptera: Formicidae).

Some social insects produce workers of variable size and/or shape. One hypothesis to explain such variation is that it increases colony efficiency in performing diverse tasks, with greater efficiency leading to greater colony-level fitness. Using the granivorous ant Messor pergandei, which produces a unimodal distribution of worker sizes, I explored two corollaries of this “ergonomic” hypothesis: that there should be detectable task-matching and that the mean size should shift predictably with a change in task. In five experiments conducted in different years and sites in California deserts, colonies were baited with fragments of wheat or millet ground and sieved to different sizes. In six of eight colonies so baited the minimum linear dimension or mass of seeds carried by foragers was significantly related to forager size, with r2values ranging from 3 to 30%. In four of the five experiments, colonies were subsequently baited with either large seed fragments alone or small fragments alone. In three of these four experiments I detected a rapid response, over a few hours or days, in which foragers deployed by colonies shifted to larger or smaller mean size in directions predicted by size of the bait. These results suggest that an ergonomic function is one contributor to worker size polymorphism in M. pergandei. Although task-matching did not explain a substantial amount of the variance in forager size in all experiments, the rapid size shifts provide behavioral evidence that task-matching is important to colonies.
Abstract inference of unchosen option values

Reinforcement learning research has pursued a persistent question: Does reward feedback prompt inferences that transcend simple associations? Reversal learning data suggest an affirmative answer: When the positive stimulus (S+) becomes the negative stimulus (S-), trained humans rapidly switch to choosing the former S-. The operations supporting such inferences remain ambiguous. Do participants identify transitions between stimulus-specific contexts (i.e., A+B- and A-B+), or deduce values by learning the abstract contingency structure? Across two experiments, we probed humans' use of abstract rules to infer the values of unchosen alternatives. In Experiment 1, 37 participants attempted a task that originally demonstrated monkeys' difficulty with this form of inference. We presented modified discrimination problems in which the initially chosen stimulus (abstract inference group) or unchosen stimulus (control group) was replaced with a novel stimulus of identical status on Trial 2. In the abstract inference condition, accurate performance can be achieved by applying the consistent contingency structure (but not memory of stimulus-specific reward associations) to infer to the unchosen stimulus' value. The abstract inference group learned to make accurate choices, but only after committing substantially more errors than were observed among control participants-suggesting that unchosen value inferences are infrequently drawn in standard discrimination scenarios. In Experiment 2, 17 participants completed abstract inference problems that had been modified to be suitable for fMRI investigations. Behavioral results both corroborated the Experiment 1 trends and further revealed marked individual differences in explicit awareness of the novel stimulus values.
Metal-catalyzed, bidentate directing group-assisted C−H functionalization: Application to the synthesis of complex natural products

Abstract Metal-catalyzed, bidentate directing group-assisted, C–H activation and functionalization have expanded exponentially in the past few years and provides numerous opportunities in the synthesis of a range of substrates in a straightforward and step-economic manner. Various bidentate auxiliaries have been introduced for the functionalization of C(sp2)–H and C(sp3)–H bonds to C–C and C–X bonds and applied to the synthesis of complex, bioactive natural products in an efficient manner. This approach reduces the synthetic difficulty of establishing complex architectures by by-passing the pre-functionalization of starting materials. Herein is presented various bidentate directing groups and their use in the metal-catalyzed, C–H functionalization in the total synthesis of complex natural products. Various bioactive natural products, including cyclobutane molecules, complex peptides, lignan molecules, gut metabolites and β-lactone derivatives were successfully synthesized in a short route. Essentially, the core fragments or the key reactions of these natural products were successfully accomplished using bidentate auxiliaries.
Validity and Limitations of the Detection Matrix to Determine Hidden Units and Network Size from Perceptible Dynamics

Determining the size of a network dynamical system from the time series of some accessible units is a critical problem in network science. Recent work by Haehne et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 122, 158301 (2019).PRLTAO0031-900710.1103/PhysRevLett.122.158301] has presented a model-free approach to address this problem, by studying the rank of a detection matrix that collates sampled time series of perceptible nodes from independent experiments. Here, we unveil a profound connection between the rank of the detection matrix and the control-theoretic notion of observability, upon which we conclude when and how it is feasible to exactly infer the size of a network dynamical system.
Discriminative Pattern Mining for Natural Language Metaphor Generation

In this paper we present our results from mining text to identify syntactic patterns to help discriminate between creative metaphorical expressions and non-metaphorical expressions, and we also present an application of our findings to the generation of novel metaphors. We trained an unsupervised LSTM model and use it in an inference engine to generate novel metaphors, where novelty is ensured in multiple ways. First, we use a weighted random choice with a "constraining factor" to select each word in our metaphor generation. Next, the inference engine checks for originality by ensuring that none of the generated sentence fragments match original fragments from the training data. Finally, the inference engine provides assurance that a metaphorical expression was generated, by checking against the identified syntactic patterns of metaphors that did not show up in the non-metaphorical language. We found that there are 611 repeated sentence patterns for metaphorical expressions that never appeared as the sentence pattern of non-metaphorical expressions. Furthermore, in a test set of 360 automatically generated metaphors, we observed 123 different syntactic patterns. This is a great deal more than the number of patterns used in the current state-of-the-art metaphor generators that rely on templates to generate the metaphors.
Democracies and International Law

Democracies and authoritarian regimes have different approaches to international law, grounded in their different forms of government. As the balance of power between democracies and non-democracies shifts, it will have consequences for international legal order. Human rights may face severe challenges in years ahead, but citizens of democratic countries may still benefit from international legal cooperation in other areas. Ranging across several continents, this volume surveys the state of democracy-enhancing international law, and provides ideas for a way forward in the face of rising authoritarianism.
Impact of cytopathology authors work: Comparative analysis based on Open-access cytopathology publications versus non-Open-access conventional publications

Objectives: Open access (OA) is based on a set of principles and a range of practices through which fruits of research are distributed online, free of cost, or other access barriers. According to the 2001 definition, OA publications are without barriers to copy or reuse with free access to readers. Some studies have reported higher rates of citation for OA publications. In this study, we analyzed the citation rates of OA and traditional nonOA (with or without free access) publications for authors publishing in the subspecialty of cytopathology during 2010–2015. Material and Methods: We observed and compared citation patterns for authors who had published in both OA and traditional non-OA, peer-reviewed, scientific, cytopathology journals. Thirty authors were randomly selected with criteria of publishing a total of at least five cytopathology articles over 2010–2015. Number of citations per article (CPA) (during 2010–2015) for OA publications (in CytoJournal and Journal of Cytology) and non-OA publications (in Diagnostic Cytopathology, Cytopathology, Acta Cytologica, Journal of American of Cytopathology, and Indian Journal of Pathology and Microbiology) was collected and compared statistically using two-tailed Student’s t-est. The data were collected manually through science citation analysis sites, mostly Google Scholar. Results: Thirty authors published 579 cytopathology articles in OA and non-OA journals. Average CPA for OA publications was 26.64. This was 11.35 higher than the average CPA) of non-OA conventional with subscription cytopathology journals (74% increase) and 11.76 higher than the average CPA of conventional cytopathology non-OA journal articles with free access (79% increase). These differences were statistically significantly with P < 0.05. Conclusion: We observed that the cytopathology publications in the OA journal attained a higher rate of CPA than the publications in the traditional non-OA journals in the field of cytopathology during 2010–2015.
Visualizing big science projects

The number, size and complexity of ‘big science’ projects are growing — as are the size, complexity and value of the data sets and software services they produce. In this context, big data gives a new way to analyse, understand, manage and communicate the inner workings of collaborations that often involve thousands of experts, thousands of scholarly publications, hundreds of new instruments and petabytes of data. We compare the evolving geospatial and topical impact of big science projects in physics, astronomy and biomedical sciences. A total of 13,893 publications and 1,139 grants by 21,945 authors cited more than 333,722 times are analysed and visualized to help characterize the distinct phases of big science projects, document increasing internationalization and densification of collaboration networks, and reveal the increase in interdisciplinary impact over time. All data sets and visual analytics workflows are freely available on GitHub in support of future big science studies. This Perspective describes how visualizations help to understand several key aspects of big science projects: productivity and impact over different phases, evolution of teams and their management, big data and cyberinfrastructure, and measuring and communicating success.
Experimental optimization of a Reflex Triode Virtual Cathode Oscillator

Experimental findings on a high power Reflex Triode Virtual Cathode Oscillator (Vircator) at Texas Tech University are reported. In order to optimize performance, changes to the AK gap distance were made. The AK gap was varied from 0.5 to 1.5 cm. The type of cathode material employed was velvet. Cathode radius was 2.5 cm. The Reflex Triode Vircator is driven by a 350 kV Marx generator with a 60 ns, 20 ohm pulsed forming line. Typical peak input power is 4 GW. The output microwave power is measured in the far-field with a waveguide to coax adapter. Thus far we have observed microwave peak power output as high as 330 MW corresponding to a peak power efficiency of ~ 11 %. In an effort to provide premodulation to the vircator region, reflecting strips were added in the downstream waveguide. This technique has been employed with success by this group with a coaxial Vircator.
A new threshold voltage assignment scheme for runtime leakage reduction in on-chip repeaters

High performance digital circuits require long bus lines to operate at very high frequencies, necessitating a large number of repeaters to be inserted along these lines. Power consumed by repeaters, particularly that contributed by subthreshold leakage, is becoming a major consideration in digital design. We compare several threshold voltage assignment schemes to reduce runtime leakage power in buffers. We explore trade-offs between dynamic and static power by selectively mixing high and low Vt devices within a pull-up or pull-down network. We propose an activity-dependent hybrid Vt assignment scheme that can be applied across a bus. These configurations are shown to reduce total power by up to 38% and runtime leakage by up to 48%, with negligible design or area overhead.
The Philosophers' Secret Fire: A History of the Imagination

Reviewed Medium: book Authors: Patrick Harpur Year: 2003 Pages: xi + 323 Publisher: Ivan R. Dee Prices: $27.50
Stress: an historical perspective

Abstract: Some of the major landmarks in the history of neuroendocrinology, glucocorticoid physiology and psychoneuroendocrinology are discussed in this chapter. The primary emphasis is on the evolution of the major theories and their experimental underpinnings on the regulation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis. Initially an attempt was made to deal with the issues concerning the definitions of stress. The origins of the stress concept, the neural control of the pituitary, the history of the search for corticotrophin–releasing factor (CRF), and the developments that resulted in shaping the current views of the action of the adrenal hormones are elaborated. Further, the role of environment and behavior on the regulation of the HPA axis and the effects of specific neuropeptides on behavior were also covered. The purpose of this chapter is to provide a perspective on the major events that were crucial in the history of stress research that shaped the directions of the field.
The dark web portal project: collecting and analyzing the presence of terrorist groups on the web

While the Web has evolved to be a global information platform for anyone to use, terrorists are also using the Web to their own advantages. Many terrorist organizations and their sympathizers are using Web sites and online bulletin boards for propaganda, recruitment and communication purposes. This alternative side of the Web, which we call the Dark Web, could be analyzed to enable better understanding and analysis of the terrorism phenomena. However, due to problems such as information overload and language barrier, there has been no general methodology developed for collecting and analyzing Dark Web information. To address these problems, we developed a Web-based knowledge portal, called the Dark Web Portal, to support the discovery and analysis of Dark Web information. Specifically, the Dark Web Portal integrates terrorist-generated multilingual datasets on the Web and uses them to study advanced and new methodologies for predictive modeling, terrorist (social) network analysis, and visualization of terrorists' activities, linkages, and relationships.
Numerical Simulation of Instability and Transition in Boundary Layer Flows

In this paper some of the major issues concerning numerical simulations of instability and transition in boundary layers are discussed. Emphasis is on the spatial model in contrast to the temporal model that is usually used for transition simulations by other authors. Therefore no attempt is made to present an objective overview of transition simulations in general. Rather, the material presented here is based on the author’s experience in spatial simulations accumulated over many years of research at both the University of Stuttgart and the University of Arizona. Some new results of transition simulations for a fundamental breakdown and of simulations of the development of three-dimensional wave packets are presented. These examples, and others referenced in this paper, are indicative of the considerable quality that is attainable with spatial simulations when current supercomputers such as the CRAY-II are available.
High-fat diet preference and overeating mediated by postingestive factors in rats

The role of postingestive factors in the preference for and overconsumption of high-fat (HF) foods, relative to high-carbohydrate (HC) foods, was investigated using a self-regulated intragastric fe...
I Atoms in Strong Fields: Photoionization and Chaos*

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the photoionization and chaos for atoms in strong fields. The chapter reviews some phenomenological results for laser-induced breakdown. The perturbation theory of multiphoton ionization is reviewed, and the extensions of perturbation theory are examined to account for intermediate resonances and transition linewidths. Volkov states and the Keldysh approximation have loomed large in the attempts to construct a nonperturbative theory of multiphoton ionization. The chapter discusses the above-threshold ionization and compares the theory and experiment for the photoelectron energy distributions. The experimental observations and some of the theoretical work in high-order harmonic generation are summarized. The chapter introduces the concept of stabilization of atoms that occurs at sufficiently large intensities. The chapter also provides an overview of some key concepts in nonlinear and chaotic dynamics that are useful in the theory of the microwave ionization of hydrogen atoms. The classical and quantum theories of this effect, and an overview of the experimental results, are examined.
Advances in nutritional modifications of infant formulas

Modifications to infant formulas are continually being made as the components of human milk are characterized and as the nutrient needs of diverse groups of infants are identified. Formulas with long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids added in amounts similar to those in human milk have recently become available in the United States; infants fed these formulas or human milk have higher tissue concentrations of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and reportedly have better visual acuity than do infants fed nonsupplemented formulas. Selenium, an important antioxidant, is present in higher concentrations in human milk than in non-fortified cow milk-based formula, and the selenium intakes of infants fed nonfortified formulas are reported to be at or below recommended levels. Blood selenium concentrations and plasma glutathione peroxidase activity are higher in infants fed selenium-supplemented formulas or human milk than in infants fed non-fortified formulas. Nucleotides and their related products play key roles in many biological processes. Although nucleotides can be synthesized endogenously, they are considered "conditionally essential." Nucleotide concentrations in human milk are higher than in unsupplemented cow milk-based formulas, and studies in animals and human infants suggest that dietary nucleotides play a role in the development of the gastrointestinal and immune systems. Formulas for preterm infants after hospital discharge are designed to meet the needs of a population in whom growth failure is common. Several studies have shown that preterm infants fed nutrient-enriched formulas after hospital discharge have higher rates of catch-up growth than do infants fed standard term-infant formulas.
Carbohydrate catabolism of Mima polymorpha. II. Abortive catabolism of glucose.

Abstract Marus, Adrienne (University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio), and Emily J. Bell. Carbohydrate catabolism of Mima polymorpha. II. Abortive catabolism of glucose. J. Bacteriol. 91:2229–2236. 1966.—Mima polymorpha, unable to grow in the presence of glucose as a sole carbon and energy source, is able to obtain supplemental, utilizable energy from the partial catabolism of this substrate. Various enzymes of hexose catabolism have been assayed in this organism and in M. polymorpha M, a mutant obtained by ultraviolet irradiation. The parent strain contains a functional glucose dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, diphosphofructoaldolase, and a 2-keto-3-deoxy-6-phosphogluconate aldolase, but is lacking in glucokinase, gluconokinase, 2-ketogluconokinase, and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase. The enzymes present indicate partially functioning hexose diphosphate and Entner-Doudoroff pathways. The absence of kinases explains the inability of the strain to grow on glucose and an absence of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase would indicate the absence of the complete pentose pathway. The mutant strain, M. polymorpha M, possesses, in addition to those enzymes produced by the wild type, both gluconokinase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase. The presence of the former explains the mutant's ability to grow on glucose, and the presence of the latter indicates a more complete pentose shunt. The supplemental energy obtained from partial glucose catabolism (to gluconic acid) may be obtained from a cytochrome-linked reaction of the glucose dehydrogenase.
The magnitude and distribution of ambient fluctuations in the scalar magnetic field

Total magnetic field measurements were obtained at ocean floor depths averaging about 100 m over a period of several days. Ambient or background fluctuations are deduced from the data by three schemes: high pass filtering in the frequency domain, detrending in the time domain, and synchronous reference subtraction. For frequencies larger than 2(32) mHz, the fluctuations have a vanishing mean, and a standard deviation of 3.3(0.1) nT. Our analysis shows that the magnitude of the background fluctuations, which set the threshold in classical target detection, varies with the high pass frequency and the detrending interval. We discuss the corresponding threshold limitations. We find that the fluctuations, when scaled by their respective standard deviations, have a common probability distribution function. This distribution is neither Gaussian nor exponential but is closely approximated by a stretched exponential (i.e. /spl sim/ e/sup -|/spl eta/|/spl gamma//) with /spl gamma/ < 1 for rms deviations 0.3 < /spl eta/ < 3. The frequency power spectra of the magnetic field measurements have f/sup /spl delta// power-law scaling with /spl delta/ /spl sim/ -2 for frequency 0.06 /spl les/ f /spl les/ 0.6 mHz and /spl delta/ /spl sim/ -11/3 for 1 < f < 10 mHz.
Application of the photocyclization reaction of 1,2-cyclopenta-fused pyridinium perchlorate to formal total syntheses of (−)-cephalotaxine

Abstract Two strategies for the formal total synthesis of (−)-cephalotaxine, based on pyridinium salt photochemistry, are described. The routes begin with photocyclization reaction of 1,2-cyclopenta-fused pyridinium perchlorate. This process efficiently and regioselectively produces a tricyclic aziridine, which undergoes sequential aziridine ring opening and enzymatic desymmetrization to generate enantio-enriched intermediates that contain the spirocyclic D,E-ring system found in cephalotaxine. These substances serve as precursors to late stage key intermediates used by Mori, Tietze, and Yoshida in earlier syntheses of (−)-cephalotaxine.
Impacts of macroeconomic policies on the Mexican output

This paper examines the potential effects of macroeconomic policies, stock market performance, exchange rate fluctuations, and other related variables on real GDP in Mexico. Extending the works by Arango and Nadiri (1981) and Bahmani‐Oskooee and Ng (2002), and applying comparative‐static analysis, possible effects of a change in the exchange rate or government debt on the equilibrium output are examined. All the variables have unit roots and are stationary in first difference. There is a long‐run stable relationship between real GDP and the right‐hand‐side variables. The GARCH(p,q) (Engle 2001) model is applied to estimate regression parameters. Real GDP is positively associated with real M2, government deficit spending, stock prices, U.S. output, and world oil prices, and negatively affected by the government debt ratio, peso depreciation, and the expected inflation rate. Therefore, fiscal policy to incur more debt needs to be pursued with caution, and both net exports and money demand need to be conside...