cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Is soil respiration a major contributor to the carbon budget within a Pacific Northwest old-growth forest?

Carbon dioxide(CO2) exchangewasmeasuredabovetheforestfloorofa temperateDouglas-fir(Pseudotsuga menziesii(Mirbel) Franco) and Western Hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.) old-growth forest in southern Washington State. Continuous flux measurements were conducted from July 1998 to December 2003 using the eddy-covariance technique. Maximum observed fluxes were +6 mmol m � 2 s � 1 onamonthly average insummer decreasingto+1to+2 mmol m � 2 s � 1 in winterand early spring.Nighttime soil and understory exchangewas well described by an exponential function of soil temperature at a depth of 50 mm during periods of moderate soil moisture, but moisture effects required a modification of the equation at low (0.25 m 3 m � 3 ) and very high (0.35 m 3 m � 3 ) soil moisture. Interannual variation was observed in soil respiration and understory carbon exchange and linked to interannual variability in soil moisture and temperature. Maximum CO2 exchange occurred at different times amongst years; a maximum daily CO2 flux was measured as early as May in 2000 and as late as July in 2001. Summer understory photosynthesis was shown to be up to � 2 mmol m � 2 s � 1 with some interannual variability. Understory net photosynthesis never exceeded net CO2 efflux on a half-hourly basis, implying at no time was all of the soil respiration recycled by understory photosynthesis. Maximum daily carbon exchange ranged from +5 to +7 g C m � 2 day � 1 in the summer months and was greatly reduced (but was still non-zero) in thewintertime due to lower soil temperatures, with daily values ranging from +0.5 to +1 g C m � 2 day � 1 . Annual estimates of soil and understory respiration range from 8.7 to 12.8 Mg C ha � 1 year � 1 for a period of 5.5 years with an average of 11.1 � 1.5 Mg C ha � 1 year � 1 . The large observed annual soil efflux is consistent with the presence of large carbon stocks at
Role of Hsl7 in Morphology and Pathogenicity and Its Interaction with Other Signaling Components in the Plant Pathogen Ustilago maydis

The phytopathogenic fungus Ustilago maydis undergoes a dimorphic transition in response to mating pheromone, host, and environmental cues. On a solid medium deficient in ammonium (SLAD [0.17% yeast nitrogen base without ammonium sulfate or amino acids, 2% dextrose, 50 μM ammonium sulfate]), U. maydis produces a filamentous colony morphology, while in liquid SLAD, the cells do not form filaments. The p21-activated protein kinases (PAKs) play a substantial role in regulating the dimorphic transition in fungi. The PAK-like Ste20 homologue Smu1 is required for a normal response to pheromone, via upregulation of pheromone expression, and virulence, and its disruption affects both processes. Our experiments suggest that Smu1 also regulates cell length and the filamentous response on solid SLAD medium. Yeast two-hybrid analysis suggested an Hsl7 homologue as a potential interacting partner of Smu1, and a unique open reading frame for such an arginine methyltransferase was detected in the U. maydis genome sequence. Hsl7 regulates cell length and the filamentous response to solid SLAD in a fashion opposite to that of Smu1, but neither overexpression nor disruption of hsl7 attenuates virulence. Simultaneous disruption of hsl7 and overexpression of smu1 lead to a hyperfilamentous response on solid SLAD. Moreover, only this double mutant strain forms filaments in liquid SLAD. The double mutant strain was also significantly reduced in virulence. A similar filamentous response in both solid and liquid SLAD was observed in strains lacking another PAK-like protein kinase involved in cytokinesis and polar growth, Cla4. Our data suggest that Hsl7 may regulate cell cycle progression, while both Smu1 and Cla4 appear to be involved in the filamentous response in U. maydis.
Integration of Satellite Telemetry Data and Land Cover Imagery: A Study of Migratory Cranes in Northeast Asia

The present study describes a procedure for quantitatively analyzing satellite telemetry data to identify interspecific land use differences among four threatened crane species. The inherent inaccuracy of satellite telemetry data points, the temporal autocorrelation of those points, and the resolution of two land-cover imagery products from the IGBP-DISCover Global Land-Cover Characterization Project (derived from AVHRR data) were assessed and integrated in a GIS. Satellite telemetry is a system where animals are tracked using battery-operated transmitters and locations are calculated using triangulation from satellites. Using the variable spatial inaccuracy of the telemetry locations, each point was buffered using a radius based on the accuracy of the point, and then intersected with the land cover imagery. The research concluded that the methodology is valuable for studies of birds at a regional scale, with interspecific differences clearly evident, but that diurnal and nocturnal differences were not discernable due to the coarse resolution of both satellite telemetry and land-cover data.
Pragmatic Language in autism and fragile X syndrome: Genetic and clinical applications

Evidence suggests a strong genetic basis to autism. Our research program focuses on identifying genetically meaningful phenotypes in autism through family-genetic and cross-population methods, with a particular focus on language and social phenotypes that have been shown to aggregate in families of individuals with autism. In this article, we discuss recent findings from family study research implicating particular language and personality features as markers for genetic liability to autism and Fragile X syndrome and Fragile X Mental Retardation 1 (FMR1)–related variation in relatives. We conclude with consideration of the clinical implications of such findings.
Acid rain in China and Japan: A game-theoretic analysis

Chinese sulfur dioxide emissions cause acid rain in China and in Japan. This is an interesting case of transboundary pollution to which economists have paid little attention. We examine simultaneous and sequential noncooperative games to illustrate the shortcomings of decentralized policy making. Sequentiality seems to be important, since one may interpret China's disposition against limiting its sulfur dioxide emissions as signaling policy leadership vis-a-vis Japan. Motivated by the inefficiency of decentralized behavior, we design an efficient and potentially implementable international scheme under which a benevolent international agency, mirrored after the Global Environment Facility, makes income transfers from Japan to China.
The Diagnosis of Mental Disorders: The Problem of Reification

A pressing need for interrater reliability in the diagnosis of mental disorders emerged during the mid-twentieth century, prompted in part by the development of diverse new treatments. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), third edition answered this need by introducing operationalized diagnostic criteria that were field-tested for interrater reliability. Unfortunately, the focus on reliability came at a time when the scientific understanding of mental disorders was embryonic and could not yield valid disease definitions. Based on accreting problems with the current DSM-fourth edition (DSM-IV) classification, it is apparent that validity will not be achieved simply by refining criteria for existing disorders or by the addition of new disorders. Yet DSM-IV diagnostic criteria dominate thinking about mental disorders in clinical practice, research, treatment development, and law. As a result, the modern DSM system, intended to create a shared language, also creates epistemic blinders that impede progress toward valid diagnoses. Insights that are beginning to emerge from psychology, neuroscience, and genetics suggest possible strategies for moving forward.
Control performance monitoring — a review and assessment

Abstract In this paper we present an overview of current status of control performance monitoring using minimum variance principles. Extensions to PID-achievable performance assessment, trade-off between performance and robustness, and trade-off between deterministic and stochastic performance objectives are discussed. Future directions are pointed out for research and practice with regard to root-cause diagnosis, plant-wide performance assessment, multivariable assessment, adequacy assessment of existing control strategies, performance assessment of model predictive control, and the use of intelligent field devices and artificial intelligence to form a systematic diagnostic methodology. A brief tutorial on performance assessment is given in the appendix with an industrial process example.
Preventive services: An educational or political issue?

Abstract A major concern about health care in the United States, as we move into the 1980s, is the spiraling cost of such services. Thoughts and efforts surrounding the issues of how to control those costs have ranged from the establishment of different payment mechanisms and “professional services review” of care quality to means of avoiding the need for health care in the first place. If we are to alternate our approach to traditional health care, then we must bring the consumer back into the position of responsibility. This will call for a rethinking of our attitude toward intervention and prevention measures. This article looks at some of the issues and controversy which presently surround the implementation of the “prevention” concepts. The author suggests the answer lies with increased participation from both patient-consumer and the health professional.
High-density 3-D metal-fuse PROM featuring 1.37µm 2 1T1R bit cell in 32nm high-k metal-gate CMOS technology

A 4Kbit high-density PROM array design featuring a high-volume manufacturable metal-fuse technology in 32nm high-k metal-gate CMOS is introduced. In contrast to a traditional salicided polysilicon based 2-D fuse cell, the metal-fuse technology enables a 3-D cell topology with program device and fuse element stacked on each other, achieving a 1.37µm2 cell footprint. The 128-row by 32-column array with an asymmetric tunable static sense scheme can operate down to 0.5V and provides multi-bit programming capability. A 100% programming success rate at 2V-1µs condition is achieved along with security protection.
Intra-uterine position and anogenital distance in house mice: consequences under field conditions

Intra-uterine position is related to anogenital distance in female house mice, and possibly male house mice. Consequences of intra-uterine position as tested in the laboratory include effects on aggression, reproductive behaviour and hormone biology. The behavioural and reproductive consequences of variation in intra-uterine position, using anogenital distance in young mice as a bioassay, were tested using wild house mice,Mus domesticus, in eight 0.1-ha field enclosures. Male mice with larger anogenital distances were more aggressive as adults, had larger mean home range size and were more likely to disperse than males with smaller anogenital distances. Female mice with smaller anogenital distance were more likely to attain reproductive status, had a higher rate of pregnancy and had more pregnancies on average than females with smaller anogenital distance. Survival was not related to anogenital distance for either sex. These findings indicate that intra-uterine position has consequences for behaviour and reproduction in mice. In utero exposure to higher levels of testosterone apparently enhances behaviour patterns related to reproductive success for males and decreases reproductive success for females. Differences in exposure to oestrogen in utero may also be a possible mechanism for some of these effects in males.
Motivating Factors for Small and Midsized Businesses to Implement Worksite Health Promotion

Objective. This study explores the decision-making process, including motivating factors, for small and midsized businesses in the Midwest to implement health promotion initiatives. Method. This a ...
Sustainable Alternatives in Low Volume Road Base Course Applications Evaluated through Accelerated Pavement Testing

Depletion of good quality aggregate sources combined with strict environmental regulations has forced transportation agencies to consistently seek unconventional and sustainable alternatives for pavement construction materials. Accordingly, the Illinois Department of Transportation (IDOT) uses a wide variety of recycled materials for pavement construction platform as well as base/subbase course applications. However, no established design standards are available to govern the design and construction of pavement systems incorporating such recycled materials. This paper presents findings from an ongoing research study at the University of Illinois focused on the performance evaluation of different unconventional aggregates in low volume road base/subbase course applications through accelerated pavement testing (APT). Seven different aggregate materials incorporating different proportions of recycled concrete and reclaimed asphalt pavement materials were used to construct twenty four full-scale pavement test sections. Performance under loading of each pavement section is currently being studied through accelerated pavement testing and periodic rut-depth measurements after different number of load applications. Results from accelerated testing of four such pavement sections are presented in this paper.
Parametric Optimization: Simultaneous Perturbation & Meta-Heuristics

This chapter discusses simulation-based methods for stochastic parametric optimization. The problem of parametric optimization has been discussed in Chapter 5.
Low HIV/AIDS Knowledge among Hispanic Adolescents

Introduction: Hispanic adolescents domiciling in Florida rank second in the U.S. with respect to HIV/AIDS incidence and prevalence. Extending studies showing that risky sexual behavior is associated with limited access to information, this project surveyed knowledge about HIV etiology, prevention and treatment. Methods: The sample consisted of 400 Hispanic youth between 11-18 years of age living in Miami, Florida. The sample is enrolled in an ongoing project Role of Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor in Decision Making (ROBIM). The HIV Knowledge Questionnaire (HIV-KQ-18), an 18 item self-administered questionnaire was used to measure HIV knowledge, particularly transmission and prevention. Results: Less than 10% of the sample had comprehensive knowledge about HIV/AIDS. Approximately 25% incorrectly answered all of the questions. Questions pertaining to transmission were incorrectly answered by more than half of the sample. The most frequent topics reflecting absence of knowledge are related to high-risk sexual behaviors (sex during the menses) and infection prevention methods (e.g. condoms). A majority of youth believed incorrectly that HIV could be cured (61%), an effective vaccine is available (61%), and antibiotics protect against HIV infection (76%). School (28%) and parents (26%) were the most frequent sources of knowledge about HIV/AIDS. However, youth receiving information from parents had significantly higher knowledge scores than peers receiving education in school (7.4 ± 4.15 vs. 6.1 ± 4.5 scores, p = 0.037). Yet, 68% of the sample had never discussed condom use with their parents. Conclusions: These findings indicate Hispanic youths, although at very high risk, are poorly informed about prevention of HIV/AIDS. Moreover, the most frequent source of information, namely schools, inculcates less knowledge than parents. Lastly, youths who discuss sex with parents do not typically dialog about condoms, the most readily available protection from HIV/AIDS. These findings identify gaps that need to be addressed for lowering the high rate of HIV infection in Hispanic youths.
TNF-α pretreatment prevents subsequent activation of cultured brain cells with TNF-α and hypoxia via ceramide

We have developed a cellular model in which cultured astrocytes and brain capillary endothelial cells preconditioned with tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) fail to upregulate intercellular adhesion m...
A two-step blocking scheme learner for scalable link discovery

A two-step procedure for learning a link-discovery blocking scheme is presented. Link discovery is the problem of linking entities between two or more datasets. Identifying owl:sameAs links is an important, special case. A blocking scheme is a one-to-many mapping from entities to blocks. Blocking methods avoid O(n2) comparisons by clustering entities into blocks, and limiting the evaluation of link specifications to entity pairs within blocks. Current link-discovery blocking methods use blocking schemes tailored for owl:sameAs links or that rely on assumptions about the underlying link specifications. The presented framework learns blocking schemes for arbitrary link specifications. The first step of the algorithm is unsupervised and performs dataset mapping between a pair of dataset collections. The second supervised step learns blocking schemes on structurally heterogeneous dataset pairs. Application to RDF is accomplished by representing the RDF dataset in property table form. The method is empirically evaluated on four real-world test collections ranging over various domains and tasks.
A Comparison of Line and Supervisory Officers and the Impact of Support on Commitment to the Prison Organization

With the increasing number of studies examining work outcomes among prison staff, it is surprising that little attention has been paid to corrections officers who hold supervisory positions. Using ...
High Pressure Equilibria of Dimethylamine Borane, Dihydridobis(dimethylamine)boron(III) Tetrahydridoborate(III), and Hydrogen

The interaction of hydrogen and deuterium with dimethylamine borane (Me2NHBH3) was studied at pressures from 0 to 10 GPa. Me2NHBH3 is stable to isothermal compression in noble gas pressure media up to 16 GPa. During these compressions a strong positive pressure dependence of the frequencies of BN and BH stretching fundamentals was observed. The opposite trend was observed with NH modes. Me2NHBH3 + He mixtures remain phase separated over the entire 0–16 GPa range. During the isothermal compression of Me2NHBH3 + H2 mixtures two separate phases are observed at low pressure which subsequently collapse into one phase above 3 GPa. Prior to the formation of the Me2NHBH3/H2 phase loss of the H2 vibron was observed concurrently with the growth of broad features in the 3600–4000 region. Further compression of the Me2NHBH3:H2 results in the growth of new Raman-active BN, BH, and NH modes not present in noble gas compressions. These modes are assigned to the new high pressure solid: [(Me2NH)2BH2+][BH4–] similar to th...
A Second Look at Descartes' Rule of Signs

(1979). A Second Look at Descartes' Rule of Signs. Mathematics Magazine: Vol. 52, No. 4, pp. 237-238.
Spirituality Index of Well-Being Scale: development and testing of a new measure.

Objective To evaluate the reliability and validity of the Spirituality Index of Well-Being (SIWB) Scale in a patient population. Study design Cross-sectional survey. Population Community-dwelling elderly individuals (n = 277) recruited from primary care clinic sites in the Kansas City metropolitan area. Outcomes measured Internal consistency, concurrent construct validity, discriminant validity, and factor analysis with Varivax rotation. Results The initial version of the SIWB contained 40 items: 20 from a self-efficacy domain and 20 from a life scheme domain. Factor analysis yielded 6 items loaded most strongly on factor 1 (intrapersonal self-efficacy) and 6 other items loaded strongly on factor 2 (life scheme). The Self-efficacy subscale had an alpha of.83 and the Life Scheme subscale had an alpha of.80; the total 12-item SIWB Scale had an alpha of.87. The SIWB had significant and expected correlations with other quality-of-life measures related to subjective well-being: EuroQol (r =.18), Geriatric Depression Scale (r = -35), the Physical Functioning Index from the Short Form 36 (r =.28), and the Years of Healthy Life Scale (r = -.35). Religiosity did not correlated significantly with the SIWB (r =.12, P =.056). Conclusions The 12-item SIWB Scale is a valid and reliable measure of subjective well-being in an older patient population.
Lasing Characteristics of 1.5-µm in-GaAsP/InP - Buried Heterostructure Distributed Feedback (BH-DFB) Laser

Dynamic single-longitudinal-mode (DSM) lasers as the light source in the 1.5-µm region of ultralong-distance optical communication systems have been investigated in several laboratories. A DSM laser is considered more advantageous than a multimode laser to obtain a wide transmission bandwidth in combination with single-mode optical fibers. As the DSM lasers, DFB and DBR semiconductor lasers have been studied extensively.1-4 Our company has been trying to make wide applications of optical fibers and has studied various optical components and devices. Experimental results on 1.5-µm BH-DFB laser diodes are presented.
The impact of Eugene Garfield through the prism of Web of Science

The paper attempts to quantify the impact of the scholarly publishing activity of Dr. Eugene Garfield, the founder and Chairman Emeritus of the Institute for Scientific Information, the father of citation indexing of academic literature. In the project the most current version of the Web of Science system was used with five of its component databases. It provides the most comprehensive, but still not complete, set of cited reference enhanced bibliographic records for Garfield's journal articles, conference papers, reviews, essays, commentaries, letters to the editors, and for the 6,500 citations that his publications received, and could be credited to a matching record in the master file of Web of Science. The paper also analyzes the effect of the fact that his books, book chapters, technical reports are not considered in calculating the impact measures reported by the informative Citation Report module of Web of Science, and the consequences of the approximately 7,000 "stray" and "orphan" references received by all his works that would more than double Garfield's traditionally measured impact factor, the average rate of citations per publication, for his entire ouvre. There is a short discussion about improvements that should be made in the citation matching algorithm that -in his case- distorts the distribution of citations among his more than 1,000 essays and commentaries in Current Contents, Current Comments and The Scientist for reason of an exceptional bibliographic and chronological-numerical designation pattern. Suggestions are made to make the browsing, searching, sorting, and processing of the reference entries and cited reference counts in the separate index file of cited references of Web of Science, which in his case amount to a combination of more than 13,300 matching, orphan and stray references in the more than 3,300 reference entries to his publications that were cited at least once.
The Effects of Glucagon-Inhibiting Factors on Second Messengers in a Pancreatic α-Cell Line

Abnormalities in glucagon secretion from the pancreatic α-cells worsen the hyperglycemia in diabetic patients, and a treatment to correct the glucagon output from their α-cells would be beneficial towards improving euglycemia in these patients. Glucose and various paracrine factors strongly inhibit glucagon secretion from islet α-cells, but the mechanisms of action remain elusive. Here, we present our approach to quantitatively measure the effects of these glucagon modulators on intracellular second messengers, such as Ca2+ and cAMP, and correlate those results with secretion. We use αTC1clone6 cells as a model of glucagon-secreting cell, and we transfect them with the fourth generation Epac-based FRET sensor for cAMP to perform confocal spectral imaging under multiple treatment conditions. The spectral response of the sensor to various cAMP concentrations is recorded in the same cell line so later we can use the spectral response of the sensor to estimate [cAMP] in cell compartments. At the same time, we use other FP-based genetically encoded sensors to monitor effects on intracellular [Ca2+]. Finally, we use fluorescent-protein-tagged β-actin to monitor changes in actin structures during stimulated glucagon secretion and in response to the treatments. The results of these experiments can be used to identify other glucagon modulators and their targets in the pancreatic α-cell.
On the optimality of zero-forcing and treating interference as noise for K-user MIMO interference channels

In this work, we first establish that for the class of interference channels identified by Geng et al. where treating interference as noise (TIN) is optimal from the generalized degrees-of-freedom (GDoF) perspective, if the number of antennas at each node is scaled by a common constant factor, then the GDoF region scales by the same factor almost surely, and the TIN scheme remains optimal for the entire GDoF region. Next, we demonstrate that for K-user MIMO interference channels with different antenna numbers for transmitters and receivers, there exist non-trivial parameter regimes where a simple scheme of zero-forcing strong interference and treating the others as noise achieves the sum GDoF.
Increased Activity of the Chondrocyte Translational Apparatus Accompanies Osteoarthritic Changes in Human and Rodent Knee Cartilage.

Objectives Degeneration of articular cartilage is central to OA pathology; however, the molecular mechanisms leading to these irreversible changes are still poorly understood. Here, we investigated how changes in the chondrocyte translational apparatus may contribute to the pathology of OA. Methods Normal and OA human knee cartilage was used to analyze the activity of different components of the translational machinery. Chondrocytes isolated from lesional and non-lesional areas of OA cartilage were used to estimate relative rate of protein synthesis by metabolic labeling. Experimental OA was induced by transection of the anterior cruciate ligament in rats to investigate changes in the translational apparatus associated with OA. The role of IL-1β signaling was assessed in vitro using rat articular chondrocytes. Expression of mRNAs was analyzed by qPCR and protein levels by immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. Results We identified several novel traits of OA chondrocytes, including upregulation of the Serine/Threonine kinases AKT2 and AKT3 at the post-transcriptional level and increased rate of total protein synthesis, likely due to inactivation of 4E-BP1, a known repressor of cap-dependent translation. We found that 4E-BP1 inactivation is mTOR-dependent and crucial for upregulation of protein synthesis in general and in particular for MMP13 and ADAMTS5 expression. In addition, IL-1β treatment led to 4E-BP1 inactivation and upregulation of protein synthesis in articular chondrocytes. Conclusions Precise control of protein synthesis is vital for cartilage homeostasis and its dysregulation contributes to the molecular pathology of OA. Our study therefore identifies a novel set of potential therapeutic targets. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Alterations of intrinsic tongue muscle properties with aging.

Introduction: Age-related decline in the intrinsic lingual musculature could contribute to swallowing disorders, yet the effects of age on these muscles is unknown. We hypothesized reduced muscle fiber size and shifts to slower MyHC fiber types with age. Methods: Intrinsic lingual muscles were sampled from 8 young-adult (9 months) and 8 old (32 months) Fischer 344/Brown Norway rats. Fiber size and MyHC were determined by fluorescent immunohistochemistry. Results: Age was associated with a reduced abundance of rapidly-contracting muscle fibers, and more slowly-contracting fibers. Decreased fiber size was found only in the transverse and verticalis muscles. Discussion: Shifts in muscle composition from faster to slower MyHC fiber types may contribute to age-related changes in swallowing duration. Decreasing muscle fiber size in the protrusive transverse and verticalis muscles may contribute to reductions in maximum isometric tongue pressure found with age. Differences among regions and muscles may be associated with different functional demands. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Error analysis and reliability metrics for software in safety critical systems

Safety critical systems often rely on hardware only solutions because there exist well-established, consistent, repeatable processes for measuring hardware reliability. But as systems become more complex, incorporating software into safety critical systems is an attractive option. Previously we demonstrated a method to specify provably correct software modules for use in hardware/software safety critical systems. However, there is still a need to develop techniques to demonstrate software reliabilty using metrics comparable to those available for hardware. The method that we present here demonstrates a testing and error recording process that can support a software reliability metric comparable to hardware reliability metrics in strength and repeatability. We also describe a proposed set of standard benchmarks which can be used to help evaluate software reliability measurement processes.
Study of data analysis methods in functional connectivity photoacoustic tomography (fcPAT)

Resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) is a method to monitor the health of the brain and find out abnormalities in brain networks. Recently functional connectivity photoacoustic tomography (fcPAT) has been used to study RSFC in the mouse brain. The current method of RSFC data analysis is called “seed-based”. This method is not data-driven, and involves user intervention. Alternative signal processing approaches, such as singular value decomposition (SVD) and independent component analysis (ICA), will be explored to complement and cross validate the seed-based approach, possibly substituting them for the seed-based method. The methods are implemented and applied on the fcPAT data of a mouse brain.
Factor Graphs for Robot Perception

Factor Graphs for Robot Perception reviews the use of factor graphs for the modeling and solving of large-scale inference problems in robotics. Factor graphs are a family of probabilistic graphical models, other examples of which are Bayesian networks and Markov random fields, well known from the statistical modeling and machine learning literature. They provide a powerful abstraction that gives insight into particular inference problems, making it easier to think about and design solutions, and write modular software to perform the actual inference. This book illustrates their use in the simultaneous localization and mapping problem and other important problems associated with deploying robots in the real world. Factor graphs are introduced as an economical representation within which to formulate the different inference problems, setting the stage for the subsequent sections on practical methods to solve them. The book explains the nonlinear optimization techniques for solving arbitrary nonlinear factor graphs, which requires repeatedly solving large sparse linear systems. Factor Graphs for Robot Perception will be of interest to students, researchers and practicing roboticists with an interest in the broad impact factor graphs have had, and continue to have, in robot perception.
Dual-Polarization Printed Holographic Multibeam Metasurface Antenna

Multibeam antennas have emerged as a promising concept for applications where selective beam coverage is required. Multibeam radiation can be achieved leveraging the concept of metasurfaces, enabling the radiated wavefronts to be tailored in an all-electronic manner, making reconfigurable multibeam operation possible without the need for bulky feeding structures or complex phase shifting circuits. Here we demonstrate a simple, planar, printed-circuit-board-based parallel-plate waveguide (PPW) holographic metasurface antenna capable of producing dual-polarized multibeam radiation patterns. The metasurface is synthesized using an array of subwavelength slot-shaped unit cells (or irises) coupling to a guided-mode reference wave launched into the PPW using a single coaxial feed. As a design example, we demonstrate numerically and experimentally a metasurface antenna creating polarization-dependent multibeam radiation patterns with three main lobes in azimuth and elevation planes.
Effect of Initial Speciation of Copper- and Silver-Based Nanoparticles on Their Long-Term Fate and Phytoavailability in Freshwater Wetland Mesocosms

Ag0- and CuO-engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) or their sulfidized forms are introduced into freshwater wetlands through wastewater effluent and agricultural runoff. Knowledge about the rates of transformations of these ENMs in realistic environments and the impact of the form of the incoming ENM (i.e., sulfidized or pristine) on bioavailability and fate is limited. Here, five freshwater wetland mesocosms were exposed to 3 g of total metal as CuO, CuS, Ag0, or Ag2S ENMs or soluble CuNO3 added weekly for 1 month. Total metal and metal speciation was measured in sediment and plant samples collected 1, 3, 6, and 9 months after addition. The form of the added ENM did not affect the metal distribution, and ENMs distributed similarly to added ionic Cu or Ag. For the dosing condition used, ∼50% of the added Ag or Cu metal mass was found in Egeria densa plant tissue, with the remainder primarily in the surficial sediment. Ag0 and CuO ENMs transformed quickly in sediment, with no evidence of CuO and only ∼4% of silv...
Investigation of fatigue and thermal cracking behavior of rejuvenated reclaimed asphalt pavement binders and mixtures

Abstract Bio-based rejuvenators are being under extensive study to enhance the properties of aged binders. Industry professionals and state transportation agencies are wary about incorporating high amounts of reclaimed asphalt pavements (RAP) into new mixtures owing to their high stiffness and low creep rate. In this research, a soybean-derived rejuvenator is used to rejuvenate an extracted stiff RAP binder. The rejuvenator is initially added to a PG58-28 binder using a 12% dosage. The modified PG58-28 is then blended with an extracted RAP binder at a ratio of 1:5. The critical high and low temperatures of the rejuvenated RAP binder are significantly lowered as revealed by the dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) and the bending beam rheometer (BBR) testing. A study of the BBR master curves shows significant improvement in the creep compliance of the rejuvenated RAP binder indicating the ability of the binder to dissipate thermal fatigue loading. The fatigue cracking of the rejuvenated RAP binder is considerably enhanced as suggested by both the fatigue and Glover-Rowe parameters. Disk compact tension (DCT) specimens made of 100% RAP mixed with the modified PG58-28 showed higher fracture energy compared to specimens made of 100% RAP and the neat PG58-28, when tested at −6 °C. To simulate full blending conditions, additional mixtures were prepared using extracted RAP binder blended with the neat PG58-28 and the modified PG58-28, and subsequently mixed with the recovered bare RAP aggregates. These mixtures simulating full blending conditions showed a further increase in fracture energy.
A Source Coding Perspective on Node Deployment in Two-Tier Networks

Multi-tier networks have many applications in different fields. We define a novel two-tier quantizer that can be applied to different node deployment problems including the energy conservation in two-tier wireless sensor networks consisting of $N$ access points (APs) and $M$ fusion centers (FCs). We aim at finding an optimal deployment of APs and FCs to minimize the average weighted total, or Lagrangian, of sensor and AP powers. For one FC, $M=1$ , we show that the optimal deployment of APs is simply a linear transformation of the optimal $N$ -level quantizer for density $f$ , and the sole FC should be located at the geometric centroid of the sensing field. We also provide the exact expression of the AP-Sensor power function and prove its convexity. For more than one FC, $M>1$ , we provide a necessary condition for the optimal deployment. Furthermore, to numerically optimize the AP and FC deployment, we propose three Lloyd-like algorithms and analyze their convergence. Simulation results show that our algorithms outperform the existing algorithms.
Immunotherapy and the role of imaging

Significant advances in the genetic and molecular characterization of cancer have led to the development of effective immunotherapies. These therapeutics help the host immune system recognize cancer as foreign, promote the immune system, and relieve the inhibition that allows growth and spread of tumors. Experience with various immunotherapies, particularly the immunomodulatory monoclonal antibody ipilimumab, has demonstrated that unique patterns of response may be encountered that cannot be adequately captured by traditional response criteria, such as the World Health Organization (WHO) criteria and Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST), which have been used primarily with cytotoxic chemotherapies. In response to these observations, several novel response criteria have been developed to evaluate patients who receive immunotherapy, including immune-related response criteria (irRC), immune-related RECIST (irRECIST), and immune RECIST (iRECIST). These criteria are typically used in conjunction with RECIST version 1.1 in the clinical trial setting, because approval of new therapeutics by the US Food and Drug Administration relies on the responses derived from RECIST version 1.1. Finally, a wide variety of immune-related adverse events may affect patients who receive immunotherapy, many of which can be identified on imaging studies such as computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and 2-deoxy-2-(fluorine-18)fluoro-D-glucose-positron emission tomography/computed tomography. In this review, the authors present the role of imaging in the evaluation of patients treated with immunotherapy, including the background and application of irRC, irRECIST, and iRECIST; the imaging of immune-related adverse events; and future directions in advanced imaging of immunotherapy. Cancer 2018;124:2906-22. © 2018 American Cancer Society.
ON AN INEQUALITY FOR THE SHARP FUNCTION

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on an inequality for the sharp function. The inequality for f# is defined in terms of the maximal rearrangement f** for locally integrable functions on IR n . One consequence of this inequality is an improvement and clarification of the proof that interpolation between L 1 and BMO coincides between L 1 and L ∞ . The oscillation of a locally integrable function f on IR n is gauged by its sharp function. The decreasing rearrangement of f will be denoted by f*, and its average t −1 f t 0 f*(s) ds by f**(t).
Latent Fingerprint Image Quality Assessment Using Deep Learning

Latent fingerprints are fingerprint impressions unintentionally left on surfaces at a crime scene. They are crucial in crime scene investigations for making identifications or exclusions of suspects. Determining the quality of latent fingerprint images is crucial to the effectiveness and reliability of matching algorithms. To alleviate the inconsistency and subjectivity inherent in feature markups by latent fingerprint examiners, automatic processing of latent fingerprints is imperative. We propose a deep neural network that predicts the quality of image patches extracted from a latent fingerprint and knits them together to predict the quality of a given latent fingerprint. The proposed approach eliminates the need for manual ROI markup and manual feature markup by latent examiners. Experimental results on NIST SD27 show the effectiveness of our technique in latent fingerprint quality prediction.
Review of Now Peru is Mine. The Life and Times of a Campesino Activist, by Manuel Llamojha Mitma and Jaymie Patricia Heilman

Now Peru is Mine. The Life and Times of a Campesino Activist, by Manuel Llamojha Mitma and Jaymie Patricia Heilman. Duke University Press, 2016
Isolation of Human CD34- Cells with High Aldehyde Dehydrogenase Activity Reveals a Novel Population with Hematopoietic Repopulating Potential.

The successful development of stem cell-based therapies requires a thorough understanding of human hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) populations. Human CD34 − cells engraft NOD/SCID mice with low efficiency by intravenous (IV) transplant. However, intra-femoral injection into immune deficient mice has identified potent human repopulating cells from CD34 + and CD34 − subfractions. We recently described a novel strategy to purify reconstituting HSC from human umbilical cord blood (UCB) by lineage depletion (Lin − ) followed by selection of cells with high aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity. Hematopoietic progenitor function and in vivo reconstituting ability were exclusively maintained within the ALDH hi Lin − population, which demonstrated variable expression of CD34. Here, we compared the repopulating ability of purified CD34 + ALDH hi Lin − and CD34 − ALDH hi Lin − populations to traditionally isolated CD34 + Lin − and CD34 − Lin − cells. Sorting of Lin − cells from human UCB isolated CD34 − ALDH hi and CD34 + ALDH hi cells (>96% purity) at an overall frequency of 4.4±1.3% or 29.1±3.5%, respectively. In contrast to CD34 − Lin − cells, ALDH hi CD34 − Lin − cells demonstrated robust clonogenic progenitor function in vitro (1 CFU in 9 cells, n=3), and total colony production was further increased in ALDH hi CD34 + Lin − cells (1 CFU in 4.5 cells, n=4) (p 3 –10 4 purified ALDH hi CD34 + Lin − cells (n=14). Similarly, intra-femoral injection (IF) of ALDH hi CD34 + Lin − cells resulted in robust human repopulation (n=5). IV injection of equivalent doses of either ALDH hi CD34 + Lin − or CD34 + Lin − cells showed similar levels and frequencies of human hematopoietic engraftment. Repopulating ALDH hi CD34 + Lin − cells also differentiated into cells expressing markers for mature myeloid (CD33, CD14), B-lymphoid (CD19, CD20) cells and primitive repopulating cells (CD34 + CD38 − ) at similar frequencies as CD34 + Lin − cells (n=5). IV injection of 2x10 4 –1x10 5 ALDH hi CD34 − Lin − cells engrafted at 0.2–0.3% in the BM of 3 of 4 NOD/SCID β2M null mice, whereas IV injection of up to 4x10 5 CD34 − Lin − cells produced no detectable human engraftment (n=6). IF-injected ALDH hi CD34 − Lin − cells engrafted the injected bone in 2 of 3 NOD/SCID mice at low levels and did not efficiently migrate to the non-injected femur or tibiae. In summary, the human UCB ALDH hi Lin − population includes both CD34 + and CD34 − cells capable of bone marrow homing and hematopoietic reconstitution. Therefore, isolation of CD34 − cells based on high ALDH activity may reveal a novel population of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells.
Democratized Radio Tomography: Using Consumer Equipment to See through Walls

Using the variation in RF signals to estimate what is happening in a room, commonly referred to as radio tomography, is a rapidly evolving field. Radio tomography has found numerous applications ranging from security to elder care. Although radio tomography has many applications and considerable research literature, many previous implementations use expensive, specialized test benches with closed source algorithms. In this paper, we demonstrate that high-accuracy radio tomography can be implemented using inexpensive, commodity WiFi equipment and free open-source algorithms. We call this system democratized radio tomography and show how it can be used by a broad population to explore and develop new tomography algorithms. In our system, we use the Nexmon open source firmware patch on a Nexus~5 smartphone to monitor fluctuations in the 5~GHz Wifi channel state information (CSI) from a WiFi access point. We use this signal to train a neural network for reliable classification and noise suppression. We perform two experiments with our system. In the first, we recognize a person walking through a room and identifies them from a set of known test subjects. In the second, we identify if water is running in a bathroom. Our trained neural network distinguishes an individual from other individuals in our test set with 86% accuracy, and could identify if water was running in a bathroom with 85% accuracy. These results are obtained with a laptop and less than $200 of additional equipment.
Local injections of the 5-hydroxytryptamine antagonist mianserin into substantia nigra pars reticulata block tremulous jaw movements in rats: studies with a putative model of Parkinsonian tremor.

Abstract Rationale. Atypical antipsychotics such as clozapine and olanzapine have a low liability for producing motor side effects. In addition to being D2 antagonists, these drugs have a complex binding profile that includes affinity for muscarinic, alpha, H1, and various serotonin receptors. Previous work in rats has shown that atypical antipsychotics suppress tremulous jaw movements induced by the anticholinesterase tacrine in rats. Cholinomimetic-induced jaw movements are a putative model of parkinsonian tremor, and the ability of antipsychotic drugs to suppress these movements in rats is correlated with motor side-effect liability in humans. Objective. The present work was undertaken to study the role of central serotonin receptors in the generation of cholinomimetic-induced jaw movements. Results. Systemic injections of the serotonin antagonist mianserin suppressed tacrine-induced jaw movements, with an ED50 of 2.77 mg/kg. Local injections of mianserin directly into substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) also suppressed tacrine-induced jaw movements. Injections into ventrolateral neostriatum, or a control site dorsal to SNr, failed to have any effects on jaw movement activity. Conclusions. These studies suggest that atypical antipsychotics may act both on striatal muscarinic receptors and nigral serotonin receptors to suppress jaw movement activity. It is possible that the unique motor properties of atypical antipsychotics result from actions on multiple receptors in several brain areas. The precise serotonin receptor subtype involved in these effects is unknown, and future work will examine the effects of drugs that act selectively on 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptors.