cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Surface-Catalyzed Oxygen Exchange during Mineral Carbonation in Nanoscale Water Films

Properties of nanoconfined adsorbed H2O on mineral surfaces are distinct from those of bulk H2O, and this can lead to significant differences in reactivity. Here, we investigate how O-exchange between H2O and CO2 depends on the thickness of H2O films on the mineral, forsterite (Mg2SiO4), which at sufficient adsorbed H2O is highly reactive toward carbonation. Rates of O-exchange measured using O-isotopic tracers and infrared spectroscopy increase with adsorbed H2O concentration and are two orders of magnitude faster than those for inert substrates such as fumed silica (SiO2). Quantum chemical calculations demonstrate that O-exchange can be catalyzed through interactions with active Mg2+ sites that lower the barrier for carbonic acid formation. These active metal centers exist as ≡Mg–bicarbonate surface complexes or dissolved Mg2+ with predominantly bicarbonate counterions, as evidenced by infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopies. Intermolecular proton hopping to bicarbonate can form a carboni...
Disparity of Colon Cancer Outcomes in Rural America: Making the Case to Travel the Extra Mile.

Rural patients experience disparities in cancer care compared to urban patients. We hypothesized that rural patients with colon cancer who traveled to high-volume centers for treatment have similar survival compared to urban patients who also traveled to high-volume centers to seek treatment for colon cancer. The National Cancer Database was interrogated for patients treated for stage I–III colon cancer (2004–2015). Travel distance to treatment centers and annual hospital volume were divided into quartiles. Two groups of patients were identified and compared: (1) rural patients who traveled to high-volume hospitals and (2) urban patients who also traveled to high-volume centers. The primary outcome was overall survival (OS). Of 647,949 patients, 634, 447 were urban and 13,502 were rural. Rural patients were more likely to be Caucasian, with lower income, more comorbidities, and be treated at non-academic centers. In multivariable analysis, rural patients had worse OS compared to urban patients (hazard ratio [HR] 1.08; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.04–1.12; p = < 0.001). There were 46,781 (7%) urban patients and 1276 (9%) rural patients who traveled a long distance (median 40 and 108 miles, respectively) to high-volume centers. There was no difference in adjusted OS between urban and rural patients who traveled to high-volume centers for treatment (HR 1.06; 95%CI 0.94–1.20; p = 0.36). This nationwide analysis suggests that rural patients with colon cancer experience worse survival than urban patients, but that this disparity might be mitigated by rural patients traveling to high-volume centers for treatment.
Non-linear Control Techniques of LIMs

This chapter deals with non-linear control techniques of linear induction motor (LIM) drives. Initially, the basic ideas underlying scalar control (SC) of LIMs are presented. Afterwards, the principle of field oriented control (FOC) of RIMs is described. The particularization of FOC to LIMs is presented, with particular reference to the secondary flux oriented control. The basics of feedback linearization control (FLC) are introduced, with particular attention to the input-output feedback linearization. Starting from these concepts, this chapter describes two versions of the FLC applied to LIMs. The first version if an input-output FLC taking into consideration the LIM end effects. The second version is an adaptive version of the FLC. This last controller has been purposely developed with the aim of overcoming one of the main drawbacks of the FLC, as a model-based control strategy: the sensitivity versus parameters variations. All the proposed non-linear control techniques have been experimentally tested on a suitably developed test set-up.
Accountability and Responsiveness at the Municipal Level: Views from Canada

What constitutes a positive contribution by Canadian citizens to their local government? Is it informed voting for their local officials, or something more? With Canadian voting in local elections ...
Latinos’ deportation fears by citizenship and legal status, 2007 to 2018

Deportation has become more commonplace in the United States since the mid-2000s. Latin American noncitizens-encompassing undocumented and documented immigrants-are targeted for deportation. Deportation's threat also reaches naturalized and US-born citizens of Latino descent who are largely immune to deportation but whose loved ones or communities are deportable. Drawing on 6 y of data from the National Survey of Latinos, this article examines whether and how Latinos' deportation fears vary by citizenship and legal status and over time. Compared with Latino noncitizens, Latino US citizens report lower average deportation fears. However, a more complex story emerges when examining this divide over time: Deportation fears are high but stable among Latino noncitizens, whereas deportation fears have increased substantially among Latino US citizens. These trends reflect a growing national awareness of-rather than observable changes to-deportation policy and practice since the 2016 US presidential election. The article highlights how deportation or its consequences affects a racial group that the US immigration regime targets disproportionately.
Sociosexual environments can drive the evolution of plasticity in mating behavior.

How do male mating behaviors evolve in response to a competitive social environment? Using an experimental evolution approach, Dore et al. demonstrated that sociosexual environments can lead to the evolution of novel plastic male mating behaviors in Drosophila melanogaster, with both mating latency and mating duration extended in male-biased populations after exposure to male rivals.
Simplifying the ISCHEMIA Trial Algorithm for Clinical Practice: Identifying Left Main Coronary Artery Disease Using Coronary Artery Calcium Scans.

Background Several recent trials have evaluated invasive versus medical therapy for stable ischemic heart disease. Importantly, patients with significant left main coronary stenosis (LMCS) were excluded from these trials. In the ISCHEMIA trial, these patients were identified by a coronary CT angiogram (CCTA), which adds time, expense, and contrast exposure. We tested whether a coronary artery calcium scan (CACS), a simpler, less expensive test, could replace CCTA to exclude significant LMCS. Methods We hypothesized that patients with ≥50% LMCS would have a LM CACS score > 0. As a corollary, we postulated that a LM CACS = 0 would exclude patients with LMCS. To test this, we searched Intermountain Healthcare's electronic medical records database for all adult patients who had undergone non-contrast cardiac CT for quantitative CACS scoring prior to invasive coronary angiography (ICA). Patients aged Results Among 669 candidate patients with CACS followed by ICA, 36 qualifying patients were identified who had a quantitative CACS score and LMCS ≥ 50%. Their age averaged 71.8 years, and 81% were men. Angiographic LMCS averaged 72% (range 50%-99%). Median time between CACS and ICA was 6 days. Total CACS score averaged 2,383 Agatston Units (AU), range 571-6,636. LM CACS score averaged 197 AU, range 31-610. Importantly, no LMCS patient had a LM CACS score of 0 vs 57% (362/633) of non-LMCS controls (P Conclusions Our results support the hypothesis that an easily administered, inexpensive, low radiation CACS can identify a large subset of patients with a very low risk of LMCS who would not have the need for routine CCTA. Using CACS to exclude LMCS may efficiently allow for safe implementation of an initial medical therapy strategy of patients with stable ischemic heart disease in clinical practice. These promising results deserve validation in larger data sets.
Evidence for Layer-Specific Connectional Heterogeneity in the Mouse Auditory Corticocollicular System.

The auditory cortex (AC) sends long-range projections to virtually all subcortical auditory structures. One of the largest and most complex of these - the projection between AC and inferior colliculus (IC, the corticocollicular pathway) - originates from layer 5 and deep layer 6. Though previous work has shown that these two corticocollicular projection systems have different physiological properties and network connectivities, their functional organization is poorly understood. Here, using a combination of traditional and viral tracers combined with in vivo imaging in both sexes of the mouse, we observed that layer 5 and layer 6 corticocollicular neurons differ in their areas of origin and termination patterns. Layer 5 corticocollicular neurons are concentrated in primary AC while layer 6 corticocollicular neurons emanate from broad auditory and limbic areas in the temporal cortex. In addition, layer 5 sends dense projections of both small and large (> 1 µm2 area) terminals to all regions of non-lemniscal IC, while layer 6 sends small terminals to the IC most superficial 50-100 µm of the IC. These findings suggest that layer 5 and 6 corticocollicular projections are optimized to play distinct roles in corticofugal modulation. Layer 5 neurons provide strong, rapid and unimodal feedback to the non-lemniscal IC while layer 6 neurons provide heteromodal and limbic modulation diffusely to the non-lemniscal IC. Such organizational diversity in the corticocollicular pathway may help explain the heterogeneous effects of corticocollicular manipulations and, given similar diversity in corticothalamic pathways, may be a general principle in top-down modulation. Significance statement: We demonstrate that a major descending system in the brain is actually two systems. That is, the auditory corticocollicular projection, which exerts considerable influence over the midbrain, comprises two projections: one from layer 5 and the other from layer 6. The layer 6 projection is diffusely organized, receives multisensory inputs and ends in small terminals while the layer 5 projection is derived from a circumscribed auditory cortical area and ends in large terminals. These data suggest that the varied effects of cortical manipulations on the midbrain may be related to effects on two disparate systems. These findings have broader implications because other descending systems derive from two layers. Therefore, a duplex organization may be a common motif in descending control.
The discourse article: Critical examinations of timely topics in leisure research

As scientists, our curiosity for knowledge, commitment to critical thinking, and interest in intellectual discourse is rarely if ever sated. We are drawn to well-reasoned perspectives that are diff...
Screen Adaptation: A Scriptwriting Handbook

Contents: Introduction Principles of Dramatic Writing Characterization Structure Kramer vs Kramer Social Issue Case History of The Bridges of Madison County The Short Story Case History of The English Patient Plays Dialog and the Marketplace Appendix Bibliography Index
Analysis of the Stability of a Type III Secretion System Containing Pathogenicity Island in the Human Pathogen Vibrio cholerae

Vibrio cholerae is an enteric pathogen that is the causative agent of the secretory diarrhea, cholera, that affects millions each year. While the O1 serogroup V. cholerae strains are the most well ...
Targeting Occupations For Displaced Workers: A Test In Wisconsin Regions

The regional portfolio variance technique and the National Industry-Occupation Employment Matrix are used to identify re-employment options for workers displaced during recession. The technique developed identifies sectors that create jobs during recession in occupations that displaced workers can fill quickly without substantial retraining or migration from the region. The compatibility between the occupations of displaced workers and the jobs created in growing sectors is based on the occupation-changing behavior observed in the Current Population Survey, January /990, Special Survey of Dis- placed Workers. The sectors which created the most jobs compatible with the skills of a selected group of displaced workers tended to be in the workers' former major industry group, although sectors with compatible occupations were found in a wide variety of industries.
Are Comets Connected to the Origin of Life

The available evidence seems to indicate that comets date back from the origin of the solar system and have been kept in their pristine state by storage in the deep cold of space. The elemental abundances of their volatile fraction still seem to be very close to cosmic abundances, except for hydrogen which has been depleted by a factor of 1000. For this reason, their oxido-reduction ratio seems to be in the vicinity of H/0 = 1.8. This approximate ratio seems to be the best known feature of their chemistry, which is still very uncertain. Spectroscopy reveals only those molecular fragments that are steadily escaping from the cometary exosphere with a velocity close to that of sound, after having been dissociated from uncertain “parent” molecules and3reshuffled by charge-exchange reactions in a small “collision zone” (103 to 1044 km) surrounding the tiny nucleus (1 to 10 km). Comparison with interstellar molecules suggests that there is an extremely close connection - and probable identity - between interstellar “frost” and cometary snows. Although the origin of the solar system is far from being clearly understood, probable scenarios link interstellar frosty grains and comets. Isotopic anomalies of 26Mg in the Allende chondrite imply 26Al as a possible heat source for cometary nuclei, some 4.5 billion years ago.
Abstract #5683: Loss of function screen in rhabdomyosarcoma uncovers CRKL: Biological assessment confirms a role in tumor progression in vitro and in vivo

AACR Annual Meeting-- Apr 18-22, 2009; Denver, CO Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is the most common soft tissue sarcoma in children. The 2 major histologic subtypes of RMS include embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma (ERMS) that is characterized by LOH at 11p15 and alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma (ARMS) characterized by a Pax3/Pax7-forkhead fusion gene. We sought to identify genes that were necessary for survival of both subtypes of RMS cell lines using a loss of function shRNA screen. A tetracycline regulated shRNA library was delivered to RMS cell lines (ERMS and RMS) by retrovirus. Each shRNA retroviral vector contains a unique 60 nucleotide sequence, acting as a bar code, allowing abundance of shRNAs in a transduced cell population to be measured using microarrays of the barcode sequences. Missing bar codes from transduced cells with tetracycline-induced shRNA expression were interpreted as genes required for RMS cell survival. Thirty-nine genes were identified in this screen that appeared to be required for RMS cell line survival but did not affect the survival of four lymphoma cell lines. The CRKL gene was selected out of the thirty-nine for initial validation based on its role in RTK signaling. CRKL is an SH2/SH3 domain-containing adaptor protein involved in receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signaling pathways. RTK signaling pathways, such as the IGF, FGF, and c-met, have been previously reported to be activated in RMS cell lines. Validation of the role of CRKL in rhabdomyosarcoma survival and growth was confirmed using distinct shRNAs to CRKL in vitro and in tumor xenografts in vivo. Furthermore, over expression of CRKL enhanced RMS proliferation in vitro and tumor growth in mice. Finally because of the role of CRKL in RTK signaling we combined shCRKL with an IGFIR antibody and found this combination led to additive suppression of in vitro cell growth in RMS cell lines. Our results demonstrate that CRKL plays a role in RMS growth in vitro and in vivo and demonstrated the utility of high throughput shRNA screening approaches to identify \#8220;growth addiction pathways\#8221; in tumor cell lines. Finally, there appears to be an interaction between CRKL signaling and IGFIR signaling in RMS and the mechanism of this interaction is currently being pursued. Citation Information: In: Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res; 2009 Apr 18-22; Denver, CO. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; 2009. Abstract nr 5683.
AMK Ranch Cultural Landscape Study Grand Teton National Park

During summer, 2005, the University of Wyoming American Studies Program conducted an intensive cultural landscape survey and analysis at the AMK Ranch. Research Scientist Mary Humstone, working with graduate assistant Sarah Schill, documented the historic buildings and landscape features that tell the history of the Sargents Bay peninsula. The team updated the existing National Register of Historic Places nomination to include detailed building and landscape descriptions and a comprehensive history. The following report is excerpted from the National Register nomination.
Approximating capacitated k-median with (1 + ε)k open facilities

In the capacitated k-median (CKM) problem, we are given a set F of facilities, each facility i ∈ F with a capacity ui, a set C of clients, a metric d over F ∪ C and an integer k. The goal is to open k facilities in F and connect the clients C to the open facilities such that each facility i is connected by at most ui clients, so as to minimize the total connection cost.In this paper, we give the first constant approximation for CKM, that only violates the cardinality constraint by a factor of 1 + e. This generalizes the result of [Li15], which only works for the uniform capacitated case. Moreover, the approximation ratio we obtain is O([EQUATION] log [EQUATION]), which is an exponential improvement over the ratio of exp (O([EQUATION])) in [Li15]. The natural LP relaxation for the problem, which almost all previous algorithms for CKM are based on, has unbounded integrality gap even if (2 -- e)k facilities can be opened. We introduce a novel configuration LP for the problem, that overcomes this integrality gap. On the downside, each facility may be opened twice by our algorithm.
Joint segregation of biochemical loci in Salmonidae. II. Linkage associations from a hybridized salvelinus genome (S. namaycush X S. fontinalis).

The results of more than 300 pairwise examinations of biochemical loci for joint segregation in brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) and in the hybridized genome of lake trout (S. namaycush) x brook trout are summarized. Nineteen loci have been assigned to the following eight linkage groupings on the basis of nonrandom assortment, including cases of both classical linkage and pseudolinkage: ODH with PMI with PGI-3, PGI-2 with SDH, ADA-1 with AGP-2, AAT-(1,2) with AGP-1 with MDH-1, MDH-3 with MDH-4, LDH-3 with LDH-4, IDH-3 with ME-2 and GUS with CPK-1. Pseudolinkage (an excess of nonparental progeny types) was observed only for male testcross parents. The results suggest that this phenomenon involves homeologous chromosome arms as evidenced by the de novo association of presumed duplicate loci in each case. Classical linkage has not been found for the five pairs of duplicate loci examined in Salvelinus, suggesting that not all of the eight metacentrics in the haploid complement involve fusions of homeologous chromosomes. Females consistently showed a greater degree of recombination.
An Oak Ridge legacy: the specific locus test and its role in mouse mutagenesis.

WITHIN the last two decades, mouse genetics has undergone a revolution, an event initiated by breakthroughs in molecular biology and tissue culture techniques. Previous to this explosion, most scientists were content to puzzle over the thousand or so spontaneous mutants, deletion stocks, and
Quality Partitioned Meshing of Multi-Material Objects.

We present a simple but effective algorithm for generating topologically and geometrically consistent quality triangular surface meshing of compactly packed multiple heterogeneous domains in 3. By compact packing we imply that adjacent homogeneous domains or materials share some 0, 1, and/or 2 dimensional boundary. Such packed multiple material (or multi-material) solids arise naturally from classification/partitioning/segmentation of homogeneous domains in 3 into different sub-regions. The multi-materials may also represent separate functionally classified sections or just be multiple component copies tightly fused together as perhaps by layered manufacturing processes. The input to our algorithm is a geometric representation of the entire multi- material solid, and a volumetric classification map identifying the individual materials. As output, each individual material region is represented by a triangulated 2-manifold boundary, with adjacent material regions having shared boundaries. Our algorithm has been implemented, and applied to different multi-material solids, and the results are additionally presented with quantitative analysis of detection and cure of non-manifold interfaces as well as spurious small components. These meshes are useful for combined boundary element analysis, however these simulation results are not presented.
The Effect of Epinephrine on the Myocardium of the Embryonic Chick

The myocardium of the embryonic chick heart, before it has been innervated, responds to concentrations of epinephrine as dilute as 1 part in 20,000,000 by an abrupt acceleration in its inherent rate of pulsation. The more slowly the heart beats initially, the more marked is the accelerating effect of epinephrine. Usually the initial acceleration is followed by a period during which the heart slows to a rate intermediate between the initial and the maximal. This deceleration is not due to a decrease in the stimulating effect of the drug applied.
Autoregulation of pituitary growth hormone messenger ribonucleic acid levels in rats bearing transplantable mammosomatotrophic pituitary tumors.

Female Wistar-Furth rats were implanted sc with GH3 rat pituitary tumor cells. Tumors were palpable by 4 weeks, and animals were killed periodically from 5–9 weeks. Tumor-bearing rats (n = 10) were heavier than their respective controls, reaching a weight of 372 ± 3 by 9 weeks vs. 195 ± 5 g in controls (mean ± SE). Circulating serum GH levels increased in tumor-bearing animals from 218 ± 50 to 9067 ± 962 ng/ml. Serum insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) levels were elevated 3-fold in tumor-bearing rats. After death, pituitary glands were excised, and their total RNA was extracted. GH mRNA was assayed by dot hybridization of immobilized pituitary RNA with [32P]cDNA for rat GH. The hybridization signal was quantified by densitometry of autoradiographs. Pituitary rat GH mRNA levels were suppressed 50% in tumor-bearing animals after 5 weeks. By the end of the 9-week period, pituitary GH mRNA levels were undetectable in tumor-bearing animals. The results show that GH tumor-bearing animals exhibit high levels o...
Seasonal and Wavelength Dependence of Urban/Rural Radiance in Iowa

Abstract LANDSAT measurements show that the radiance of urban areas is higher in the summer than that of rural areas and lower in the winter, aiding the heat budget of cities and tending to save energy. The radiance of both urban and rural areas increases with snow cover in winter, but cities have less radiance than the country. In the early summer the country has low radiance in the near infrared, and in the late summer it has low radiance in the visible region of the spectrum; the radiance of urban areas follows these trends in a very limited way.
Strategic candidacy for multivalued voting procedures

Dutta et al. (Econometrica 69 (2001) 1013) (Dutta, Jackson, and Le Breton-DJLeB) initiate the study of manipulation of voting procedures by a candidate who withdraws from the election. A voting procedure is candidate stable if this is never possible. We extend the DJLeB framework by allowing: (a) the outcome of the procedure to be a set of candidates; (b) some or all of the voters to have weak preference orderings of the candidates. When there are at least three candidates, any strongly candidate stable voting selection satisfying a weak unanimity condition is characterized by a serial dictatorship. This result generalizes Theorem 4 of DJLeB. (C) 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
The effect of isomers of DDD on the ACTH-induced steroid output, histology and ultrastructure of the dog adrenal cortex.

Abstract The effect of 3 geometric isomers of DDD on ACTH-induced steroid production, histology, and ultrastructure of the dog adrenal cortex were examined. When administered iv, equal doses of all 3 compounds eventually inhibited ACTH-induced steroid production. The order of onset of inhibition was m,p′-DDD > o,p′-DDD > p,p′-DDD with the inhibition reaching 50% of control values at 27 min, 87 min and between 4–18 hr, respectively. Histologic examination of the various zones of the adrenal cortex showed minimal effects, from any of the isomers, on the zona glomerulosa at times when the internal structure and spacial arrangement of the cells of the zona fasciculata and reticularis were markedly disrupted. Electron micrographs revealed that these DDD isomers exhibited very minimal effects on the mitochondria of the zona glomerulosa. On the other hand, the mitochondria of the zonas fasciculata-reticularis underwent progressive swelling, dissolution, and eventual rupture following DDD treatment. The order of onset of histologic and ultrastructural effects was m,p′-DDD > o,p′-DDD > p,p′-DDD. However, for each isomer the ultrastructural damage was detected prior to the observation of histologic lesions. Thus, there was a marked temporal correlation between the percentage inhibition of ACTH-induced steroid production, the disruption of normal cellular structure and arrangement in the innermost zones of the adrenal cortex, and the severity of the DDD-induced mitochondria damage in the cells of the zonas fasciculata-reticularis by each of the 3 isomers of DDD.
Racial disparities in maternal and neonatal outcomes in HIV-1 positive mothers.

Objective To compare obstetric and neonatal outcomes between human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive (HIV+) and HIV negative (HIV−) women and to determine if racial disparities exist among pregnancies complicated by HIV infection. Study Design This was a retrospective analysis of data from the Consortium of Safe Labor between 2002 and 2008. Comparisons of obstetric morbidity, neonatal morbidity, and indications for cesarean delivery were examined. Included were singletons with documented HIV status, race, and antepartum admission. Chi-square, Fisher exact tests, and logistic regression were used for statistical analysis. Results Included were 178,972 patients (178,210 HIV−, 762 HIV+, 464 HIV+ black, 298 HIV+ nonblack). HIV+ women were more likely to have a cesarean delivery, preterm premature rupture of membranes, another sexually transmitted infection, and delivery at an earlier gestational age. Obstetric outcomes were similar between HIV+ black and HIV+ nonblack women. Neonates of HIV+ mothers had lower birth weights and higher rates of neonatal intensive care admissions. HIV+ black women had lower birth weight neonates than HIV+ nonblack women. Conclusion HIV+ women have higher rates of obstetric complications and deliver at an earlier gestational age than HIV− mothers. Lower birth weight was the only notable complication among HIV+ black women compared with HIV+ nonblack women.
CP-71,362, an unusually potent inhibitor of rat and dog renin

Abstract CP-71,362 (Boc-Phe-His-hexahydroPhe[OH]Leu-Lys-Phe) has been identified as the most potent inhibitor of rat plasma renin (IC50 = 3 nM) and dog plasma renin (IC50 = 3 pM) to date and thus can be used as an important experimental tool in the study of the renin angiotensin system in these established hypertensive models.
Synthesis of the new layered oxides NaRbLnMO5 (Ln = la, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd; M = Nb, Ta)

The new layered transition metal oxides NaRbLnMO{sub 5} (Ln = Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd; M = Nb, Ta) were synthesized by direct solid-state reaction. NaRbLaNbO{sub 5} crystallizes with a tetragonal unit cell [a=5.839(6) A, c=8.313(1) A] analogous to that of the related compound NaKLaNbO{sub 5}, while NaRbLaTaO{sub 5} indexes to a larger monoclinic unit cell [a=9.577(2) A, b=5.834(1) A, c=8.323(2) A, {beta}=93.00(2)]. NaRbLnNbO{sub 5} can be prepared for Ln = Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, and NaRbLnTaO{sub 5} can be prepared for Ln = Nd, Sm. Both series of compounds show the expected decrease in unit cell volume as the size of the lanthanide decreases. NaRbLaNbO{sub 5} is also amenable to ion exchange, forming Li{sub 2-x}Rb{sub x}LaNbO{sub 5} upon reaction with molten lithium nitrate.
A simple model of the relationship between asymmetry and developmental stability

The relationship between developmental stability and morphological asymmetry is derived under the standard view that structures on each side of an individual develop independently and are normally distributed. I use developmental variance of sizes of parts, VD, as the converse of developmental stability, and assume that VD follows a gamma distribution. Repeatability of asymmetry, a measure of how informative asymmetry is about VD, is quite insensitive to the variance in VD, for example only reaching 20% when the coefficient of variation of VD is 100%. The coefficient of variation of asymmetry, CVFA, also increases very slowly with increasing population variation in VD. CVFA values from empirical data are sometimes over 100%, implying that developmental stability is sometimes more variable than any previously studied type of trait. This result suggests that alternatives to this model may be needed.
Reminder induced by training cues and stimulation of the mesencephalic reticular formation

Compared to a standard group of animals fear conditioned by a single presentation of a tone paired with strong footshock, retention is reduced in animals implanted unilaterally in the mesencephalic reticular formation (MRF) and conditioned by pairing the tone and strong footshock, in animals implanted and conditioned by pairing the tone with strong footshock and then given electroconvulsive shock and in animals implanted and conditioned by pairing the tone with weak footshock. Reminder treatments consisting of the factorial combinations of exposure to training cues (present or absent) and stimulation of the MRF (present or absent) differentially increased retention performance in these three basic groups. Memory storage and memory retrieval explanations of these data are discussed.
Electrochemical post-processing of LIGA structures

The Louisiana State University (LSU) Microsystems Engineering Team (μSET) is developing techniques for producing microstructures with predictable 3-D geometry. One approach is based on controlled anodic dissolution of electroplated structures to obtain desired shapes. A finite element model was developed to predict the resulting shapes. As a demonstration of the shaping process, development of LIGA-based scanning probe microscope tips was investigated. An array of micro-posts 1.8 micrometers in diameter and 12 micrometers high was produced using x-ray lithography and subsequent electrodeposition. The posts were sharpened electrochemically. Other geometries are being investigated.
A comparison of two procedures for calculating discriminant function coefficients.

Alternative procedures for calculating discriminant function coefficients have been illustrated in reported research. One method proceeds from data which has been expressed in deviation score units, whereas the other method implies that the data has been expressed in standard units. It is shown algebraically that both procedures yield identical discriminant function coefficients, and therefore, the method involving less mathematical manipulation and computation is preferable.
Abstract LB-249: Oncogene-mediated alterations in chromatin conformation

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL Emerging evidence suggests that chromatin adopts a non-random three dimensional (3D) topology and that the organization of genes into structural hubs and domains affects their transcriptional status. How chromatin conformation changes in diseases such as cancer is poorly understood. Moreover, how oncogenic transcription factors, which bind to thousands of sites across the genome, influence gene regulation by globally altering the topology of chromatin requires further elucidation. To address these questions, we performed unbiased high-resolution mapping of intra- and inter-chromosome interactions upon over-expression of ERG, an oncogenic transcription factor frequently over-expressed in prostate cancer as a result of a gene fusion. By integrating data from genome-wide chromosome conformation capture (Hi-C), ERG binding and gene expression, we demonstrate for the first time that an oncogenic transcription factor can induce global, reproducible and functionally coherent changes in chromatin organization. We also show using spectral karyotyping that ERG over-expression is associated with a specific translocation involving chromosomes 13 and 15 at loci that are enriched in ERG binding. The results presented here have broader implications, as many driving genetic lesions in other cancer types involve altered levels of transcription factors due to genomic alterations (e.g. EWS-FLI1, c-Myc, n-Myc, PML-RARα). Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2222. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-2222
An investigation of contact deformation, fracture, and fatigue behavior in bulk metallic glasses

This article presents the results of a study of the contact-induced deformation, fracture/resistance-curve behavior, and fatigue-crack-growth behavior of two bulk metallic glasses (BMGs), one in the fully amorphous condition and the other containing a dispersion of microscale crystallites. Hertzian contact indentation experiments were performed on both materials under monotonic loading conditions. The contact-induced deformation characteristics observed in the Hertzian experiments are then compared with the stress distribution determined from finite-element analyses. In addition, the cracking patterns associated with resistance-curve behavior in single-edge notched bend (SENB) specimens are incorporated into a fracture-mechanics framework for the estimation of toughening due to microcrack shielding. The predicted steady-state toughness values are shown to be comparable to the measured values obtained from resistance-curve experiments. Subsequently, fatigue-crack-growth rare data obtained at stress ratios of 0.1 and 0.5 are presented and analyzed using a crack-tip opening displacement (CTOD) model. The implications of the results are then discussed.
Understanding ARDS-associated fibroproliferation.

Received: 10 December 2014 Accepted: 13 December 2014 Published online: 8 January 2015 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg and ESICM (outside the USA) 2014 G. U. Meduri ()) Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Memphis Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Memphis, TN, USA e-mail: gmeduri@uthsc.edu M. A. Eltorky Surgical Pathology Division, Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
An improved bio-optical model for the remote sensing of Trichodesmium spp. blooms

L � 1 . Using the in situ data set, this model is trained to successfully predict Trichodesmium blooms (� 92%) while minimizing false positive retrievals (� 16% of nonbloom observations). A validation of the approach applied to Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS) ocean color imagery shows that the model correctly predicts 76% of the bloom occurrences of an independent validation data set of in situ Trichodesmium observations. Ultimately, maps of Trichodesmium bloom occurrence will provide a means of addressing the ecology of Trichodesmium and its contribution to new production of the world oceans.
Intelligence and Lifelong Learning: What's New and How Can We Use It?.

The field of intelligence as applied to lifelong learning has some new ideas about what intellectual abilities are and how they can be measured. The field also has come to a realization of what some of the limitations are both of conventional tests and even of new tests that are starting to emerge. What does the future hold for this field? It is in our hands, as a field, to decide.
Differential effects of interleukin-1β and interleukin-2 on glia and hippocampal neurons in culture

The present study was undertaken to assess the effects of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) and interleukin-2 (IL-2) on glial and neuronal cells in culture. The presence of IL-1 beta-like and IL-2-like immunoreactivity was detected in media collected from both astroglial and microglial cultures, indicating that both lymphokines can be released from either cell type. However, the levels measured in microglial media were significantly higher than in the astroglial media. Moreover, the content of IL-1 beta-like immunoreactive material in the media was approximately five-to 10-fold greater than that of IL-2, although exposure of both microglial and astroglial cultures to IL-1 beta significantly enhanced this measure. A possible role for this glial-derived IL-1 beta as an astroglial growth factor was substantiated by experiments showing that the lymphokine increased the incorporation of [3H]thymidine into astroglial, but not microglial cultures. In contrast, IL-2 did not significantly alter glial proliferation. In hippocampal neuronal cultures, these lymphokines affected neuronal survival differently. Thus, only the highest concentration (500 ng/ml) of IL-1 beta tested decreased the long-term (three day), but not the short-term (one day), survival of these neurons, whereas neuronal survival was compromised by IL-2 even after short-term (one day) exposure. In addition, in the long-term (three-day-old) neuronal cultures exposed to IL-2, extensive cellular swelling, vacuolations and neurite retractions were noted, even in cultures exposed to relatively low concentrations (< 10 ng/ml) of the lymphokine. These effects were not apparent with IL-1 beta or the other lymphokines tested, including IL-3, IL-4 and IL-8. The results suggest that the glial-derived lymphokines IL-1 beta and IL-2 may have different functions in the CNS. Whereas IL-1 beta may have an important role in the developing brain as a maintenance and growth-promoting factor, IL-2 may function as an inhibitory factor, and may be of significance only in instances during which it accumulates in sufficiently high concentrations in the vicinity of neurons.
The current role of mesostructures in composite materials and device fabrication

Abstract This short review is intended to direct the reader to selected current literature where mesostructured (typically surfactant templated) materials have been characterized in terms of their potential applications. Only limited experimental data will be presented. However, one of the primary criteria in the literature selection for this review was that the research be closely related to an application, and ideally have some “figure of merit” results which could be directly correlated with current state of the art commercial performance. The use of mesostructured catalysts, while industrially very important, will not be covered since it is presented elsewhere in this volume.
Computer Simulations of Bathymetric Sidescan Sonar

Bathymetric sidescan sonar systems offer the potential for high-resolution mapping of the ocean bottom at a substantial reduction in survey cost because of their relative simplicity combined with improved area coverage over multibeam bathymetric systems currently in use. However, data obtained to date from bathymetric sidescan systems are not considered sufficiently accurate to meet the required hydrographic standards. We have used REVGEN, a realistic sonar simulation program, to study the performance limitations of such systems. Here, we report on the statistical behavior of the phase difference between the backscattered return received by vertically separated transducer elements, in the presence of sloping bottom features, volume reverberation and ambient noise.
Factors Affecting The Location of Coal-Burning Steam-Electric Generating Plants

(1967). Factors Affecting The Location of Coal-Burning Steam-Electric Generating Plants. The Professional Geographer: Vol. 19, No. 4, pp. 171-174.
A quantum statistical theory of excitonic linewidth in semiconductor quantum well structures

We have developed a very general and a powerful formalism to calculate the linewidths of excitonic transitions in semiconductor quantum well structures with arbitrary potential profiles in the presence of applied electric and magnetic fields. We assume that at low temperatures the dominant mechanism responsible for line broadening is the interface roughness which is always present even in the so called «perfect» samples. We have calculated the variation of the linewidth of the heavy-hole exciton (σ) as a function of well size and magnetic and electric fields in GaAs-Al 0.3 Ga 0.7 As based quantum well structures with three different potential well profiles, namely, rectangular, parabolic, and asymmetric triangular. We find that for a given value of the magnetic field the value of σ increases as the well width is reduced, in all three different structures. For well sizes larger than about 100 A o , the value of σ is the highest in the triangular wells and lowest in the rectangular wells. However, for well width less than 100 A o , the value of σ falls below those in rectangular or parabolic wells. Also, for a given value of the well size'the value of a increases with the magnetic field in all three different quantum well structures. It should be pointed out that our values of the excitonic linewidths are the lowest possible in these structures
Effects on Students of an Interdisciplinary Program Linking Social Studies, Art, and Family Volunteers in the Middle Grades.

This study explored several components of middle grades reform including school and family partnerships, interdisciplinary units of work, and student outcomes to increase art awareness, appreciatio...
A Survey of Generic Drug Legislation and Geriatric Pharmacotherapy: Opinions of Those Who Generate the Literature

Eighty-three authors who had published papers within the last five years on pharmacologic therapy in aged humans were surveyed by written questionnaire and their responses analyzed. The survey sought opinions on the scientific, clinical, and social context of legislation on drug product selection (generic legislation) and its relationship to geriatric pharmaco-therapeutics. The majority of respondents: 1) were generally unaware of the content of the clinical or scientific opinion offered on the subject of drug product selection as part of the legislative process; 2) felt that potential cost savings for elderly people was a factor in advancing this legislation; 3) wrote prescriptions so that product substitution could occur despite their ambivalence about such substitutions and about the knowledge of pharmacist and physician concerning product substitution and drug equivalence for the elderly. Clinical pharmacologists and geriatricians, however, were less likely than other respondents to permit substitution. The implications of current opinions and practices regarding drug product selection for geriatric patients are discussed.
Principled versus statistical thinking in diagnosis and treatment of stroke.

Medical science is now synonymous with probability-based statistics. Statistics deals with a group; it does not need probability theory. Probability theory is consistent with the worldview that the universe is infinite, bounded, random, and governed by chance. Its logic is binary, its geometry is Cartesian, its rules offer a scientific method by which hypotheses may be tested. Clinical trials and even hypothesis testing at the bedside have nestled into the probability foundation. As a result, scientific “evidence” now appears only through the lens of probability theory. Because there is no definitive truth in the worldview of probability theory, the truth of evidence lies in probabilities only. The probabilistic view of science has a firm impact on the practice of medicine and implications for medical–legal decisions.
Text categorization for a comprehensive time-dependent benchmark

We present results for automated text categorization of the Reuters-810000 collection of news stories. Our experiments use the entire one-year collection of 810,000 stories and the entire subject index. We divide the data into monthly groups and provide an initial benchmark of text categorization performance on the complete collection. Experimental results show that efficient sparse-feature implementations of linear methods and decision trees, using a global unstemmed dictionary, can readily handle applications of this size. Predictive performance is approximately as strong as the best results for the much smaller older Reuters collections. Detailed results are provided over time periods. It is shown that a smaller time horizon does not appreciably diminish predictive quality, implying reduced demands for retraining when sample size is large.
A statistical study of BRIs (SMCs), isolated substorms, and individual sawtooth injections

[1] There are many similarities and differences in the solar wind drivers during three of the main modes of convection in the magnetosphere (isolated substorms, global sawtooth oscillations, and steady magnetospheric convection (SMC) events, which we term here balanced reconnection intervals (BRI)). Thus, this investigation utilizes statistical analysis to compare the solar wind and interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) drivers and their steadiness (standard deviation divided by the mean) during these three different event types. By including the steadiness of the drivers, the importance of magnitude, sign, and stability of the drivers for the different modes can be investigated. A series of histograms with each mode plotted over top of 6 years of background is used to measure the deviation of the mode drivers from the nominal data, and also allows for a comparison between each event type. We found that the magnitude and direction of Bz are the dominate driver for substorms, while BRIs and sawteeth require both magnitude and steadiness of certain drivers to occur. Both BRIs and sawteeth show similar steadiness in their drivers, while the magnitude of the drivers is much stronger for the sawtooth oscillations. Also included in this study are the substorms that initiate BRIs. The solar wind and IMF drivers for the initiating substorms are similar to drivers for BRIs; thus initiating substorms of BRIs are different from isolated substorms and may play a role in preconditioning the magnetosphere for BRIs.
Long-term outcomes of vaginal mesh versus native tissue repair for anterior vaginal wall prolapse.

Introduction and hypothesis To estimate the risk of repeat surgery for recurrent prolapse or mesh removal after vaginal mesh versus native tissue repair for anterior vaginal wall prolapse.
Analysis of synchronized coupled oscillators with application to radar beam scanning

The stability and nonlinear behavior of synchronized coupled oscillators are studied via nonlinear control theory and applied to radar beam scanning arrays. The analysis indicates that only one stable equilibrium point exists when choosing a specific set of free running frequencies, and it is associated with the desired phase shift, but within a given range of values. Simulation results show that radar beam scanning arrays of oscillators with strong coupling have better angular resolution than arrays with weak coupling, and these arrays are more robust under the influence of randomness of the free running frequency.