cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Educational Psychology Perspectives on Teachers’ Emotions

In this chapter we focus on teacher emotion from an educational psychology lens. In doing so, we explicate some of the current theories related to the nature of emotion. In recent years, there has been renewed interest in the debates about the nature and structure of emotion in psychology and educational psychology. In other words, are there distinct categories of emotions (e.g., anger, fear) or is it more useful to conceptualize emotion with a dimensional model (e.g., pleasant vs. unpleasant, active vs. inactive)? We use those perspectives to help us understand teachers’ emotions and discuss research related to how teachers negotiate relationship boundaries with their students, how teachers develop useful emotional climates in their classrooms, and how teachers attempt to deal with the emotional labor needed in negotiating their role as a teacher.
Disinfection byproduct precursor dynamics and water treatability during an extreme flooding event in a coastal blackwater river in southeastern United States.

Abstract Coastal blackwater rivers, characterized by high concentrations of natural organic matter, are source water for millions of people in the southeastern US. In October 2015, large areas of coastal South Carolina were flooded by Hurricane Joaquin. This so-called “thousand-year” rainfall mobilized and flushed large amounts of terrestrial organic matter and associated pollutants (e.g. mercury) into source water, affecting water quality and safety of municipal water supply. To understand the dynamics of water quality and water treatability during this extreme flood, water samples were collected from Waccamaw River (a typical blackwater river in the southeastern US) during rising limb, peak discharge, falling limb, and base flow. Despite decreasing water flow after peak discharge, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) levels (increased by up to 125%), and formation potentials of trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids (increased by up to 150%) remained high for an extended period of time (>eight weeks after peak discharge), while variation in the N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) FP was negligible. Coagulation with alum and ferric at optimal dosage significantly reduced concentrations of DOC by 51–76%, but up to 10 mg/L of DOC still remained in treated waters. For an extended period of time, elevated levels of THMs (71–448 μg/L) and HAAs (88–406 μg/L) were quantified in laboratory chlorination experiments under uniform formation conditions (UFC), exceeding the United States Environmental Protection Agency's (USEPA) maximum contaminant level of 80 and 60 μg/L, respectively. Results demonstrated that populations in coastal cities are at high risk with disinfection by-products (DBPs) under the changing climate.
More Is Meaningful: The Magnitude Effect in Intertemporal Choice Depends on Self-Control:

Impulsivity is a variable behavioral trait that depends on numerous factors. For example, increasing the absolute magnitude of available choice options promotes farsighted decisions. We argue that this magnitude effect arises in part from differential exertion of self-control as the perceived importance of the choice increases. First, we demonstrated that frontal executive-control areas were more engaged for more difficult decisions and that this effect was enhanced for high-magnitude rewards. Second, we showed that increased hunger, which is associated with lower self-control, reduced the magnitude effect. Third, we tested an intervention designed to increase self-control and showed that it reduced the magnitude effect. Taken together, our findings challenge existing theories about the magnitude effect and suggest that visceral and cognitive factors affecting choice may do so by influencing self-control.
Abstract WP426: Early Non-white Matter Changes in Cerebrovascular Integrity in Mouse Brain Following Bilateral Carotid Artery Stenosis

Bilateral carotid artery stenosis (BCAS) is an experimental model of vascular dementia which leads to white matter lesions and cognitive dysfunction in mice. Unfortunately, with time the white matter pathology worsens and spreads to the hippocampus and cortex. While some variability in the temporal and spatial distribution of brain injury may result from inter-mouse strain differences in cerebrovascular anatomy, coil size employed to constrict the carotids and surgical technique, it is generally accepted that hippocampal, striatal and cortical pathology is not significantly present prior to 30 days. However, as changes in cerebrovascular integrity, i.e. blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, are known to precede more overt brain pathology in stroke, we hypothesized that BBB changes could occur earlier after BCAS in the hippocampus, striatum and cortex and be a precursor of longer term pathology in these regions. In our study, 3 month old male C57/Bl6 mice underwent BCAS with 0.18 mm coils or sham surgery control and cerebrovascular integrity was analyzed by collagen IV (vascular basement membrane component), tomato-lectin (marker of endothelial cells) and Ki-67 (marker of cell proliferation) immunohistochemistry after 7, 14, or 21 days (n=4 animals per group per day). By day 14 we noted that collagen IV staining density was significantly less in the hippocampus compared to sham controls. Surprisingly, both collagen IV and tomato-lectin staining pattern indicate blood vessel disruption in not only the hippocampus but the striatum as well. Expression of Ki-67 increased in both of these regions, and further co-labeling studies will shed light on cell specificity. Similar differences were noted at all days tested, with few changes observed in the cortex. In conclusion, this study demonstrates for the first time that changes in cerebrovascular integrity occur earlier than expected after BCAS and suggests that such changes might underlie the gradual development of BCAS non-white matter pathology.
A fluid human interactive proof in virtual environment

With the advance of mobile technologies, virtual reality (VR) is coming to every corner of our life. The technology presents a major opportunity for retailers as they lure fickle shoppers to visit their virtual stores, particularly since modern consumers have shifted more of their buying habits online. Currently, merchants face the challenge to weed out malicious software from legitimate users to protect their online store. This paper presents a proof-of-concept technique to prevent abusing of a merchant's online resources in a virtual environment. The technique exploits the large gap in ability between humans and software programs in spatial interaction while current methods determine whether or not a user is human by conducting various challenge-response tests based on reading. We design and implement a prototype system which demonstrates that the novel technique is capable of discriminating computerized interaction from real human input actions. The new technique improves user experience in virtual environment and system reliability by tackling the inaccessible-by-design nature of existing solutions in 2D interaction.
Varieties of learning in an experiential group.

AbstractVariously described as enhancing sentience, supporting professional identity, providing insight and introducing the resident to covert group processes, the experiential group has been a part of residency education for over 25 years. This article specifically focuses on and identifies the potential areas for learning about group process in such an experience. These areas are organized around the contribution of individual psychological, social-psychological, and group-as-a-whole issues in the group. Actualization of the learning depends on the psychological state and level of emotional preparedness of the individual member, the consultant's orientation and style, the composition and development of the group, and its relationship to the organization in which it takes place. An example is provided to highlight the areas of potential learning, and there is a discussion of some applications to the patient role and the practice of group psychotherapy.
Culture, social relations, and consumption

This chapter focuses on both the social performance of consumption and the relational work that these performances help consumers accomplish. The chapter begins with retail shopping because consumption messages and the interactions between consumers, their loved ones, and meaningful objects become manifest in public spaces. The chapter then leaves the public for the private sphere of household consumption, where delicate negotiations unfold over the kinds of obligations parents have to children, kids have to their friends, and people in communities have to one another. The final section of the chapter enters the world of rituals, demonstrating how sacred and profane distinctions and the traditions that communities hold dear can be enacted through branded goods and through commercialized festivals.
Teacher identity and crossing the professional-personal divide on twitter

Abstract Teachers have public personas that often combine aspects of their personal and professional identities, but little research has analyzed how this overlap manifests in their social media activities. We analyzed profiles and tweets from K-12 teacher Twitter accounts (n = 33,184) to determine the degree to which accounts appeared to be used for personal and professional purposes. The analysis suggested that the accounts generally maintained a professional focus and disclosed limited personal information. We discuss these findings in relation to teacher identity in our current era of ubiquitous social media and consider implications for policy, practice, and research.
PURA Syndrome and Myotonia: A Case Report and Review of the Literature (P3.336)

Objective: To describe the first reported case of PURA syndrome involving myotonia. Background: Mutations in PURA (purine-rich element binding protein A) have recently been shown to cause the neurodevelopmental disorder previously associated with 5q31.3 microdeletion syndrome. To date, children with PURA syndrome have been described with neonatal hypotonia, hypersomnolence, hypothermia, respiratory compromise, and feeding difficulties. All reported patients have moderate-severe neurodevelopmental delays (including motor and speech delays) with some later developing epilepsy and nonepileptic movements (dystonia, dyskinesia, eye movement abnormalities). Design/Methods: Case report with review of the literature. Results: A 37 weeks gestation male infant was admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit for further management of hypotonia, respiratory insufficiency, and possible seizure-like activity. Hypotonia was profound on initial presentation and did not improve during his hospitalization. He also demonstrated significant hypersomnolence. Respiratory difficulties included both central and obstructive apneas. Abnormal movements included posturing, lip smacking, myoclonic jerks, arching, and eye fluttering/blinking. He also later began to develop an excessive startle. EEG repetitively demonstrated excessive discontinuity without frank epileptic activity. He had recurrent episodes of apnea, bradycardia, and desaturation. He fed poorly and required nasogastric feeds. MRI of the brain was normal. EMG was performed which demonstrated myotonic discharges and spontaneous insertional activity. Whole exome sequencing resulted a de novo nonsense mutation, c.733C>T (p.R245X). Conclusions: Mutations and deletions in the PURA gene have been shown to result in a distinct phenotype that includes hypotonia, respiratory insufficiency, feeding difficulties, hypersomnolence, and seizures or seizure-like activity in the immediate newborn period. Our patient also was found to have myotonia on EMG which, to date, has never been described in a patient with PURA syndrome. Disclosure: Dr. Trau has nothing to disclose. Dr. Pizoli has nothing to disclose.
Cardiac and genetic predictors of cardiovascular risk in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes

Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) comprise a spectrum of clonal blood cancers characterized by ineffective clonal hematopoiesis and the risk of progression to acute myeloid leukemia (AML) [1]. The me...
Second Demographic Transition

Abstract The Second Demographic Transition (SDT) is a term used to describe dynamic interrelationships between fertility rates, a constellation of innovative demographic behaviors, and changing values in countries characterized by sustained below-replacement fertility. Key demographic changes accompanying the emergence of very low fertility include delayed marriage and childbearing, and substantial increases in cohabitation, nonmarital fertility, childlessness, maternal employment, and divorce. The core shift in values associated with the SDT involves movement away from viewing marriage and childbearing as either unquestioned or obligatory toward a life orientation in which family formation is something purposively chosen for its role in self-actualization.
The Harmful Effects of Unenforceable Contract Terms: Experimental Evidence

Increased public awareness that sellers routinely insert one-sided or exploitative terms into their boilerplates has resulted in growing pressure throughout the world for broader substantive regulation of consumer contracts. However, recent evidence suggesting that sellers and landlords routinely contravene these regulatory measures by inserting unenforceable terms into their contracts casts doubt on the effectiveness of such regulatory changes. This Article empirically demonstrates the implications of this continuous practice for the non-drafting parties. Building on previous research showing that residential rental agreements often contain unenforceable terms, this Article explores how such terms influence tenants’ post-contract decisions and behavior. The experimental studies reported here expose the harmful effects of unenforceable terms, revealing that tenants are significantly more likely to bear costs that the law imposes on the landlord after reading an unenforceable term as opposed to an enforceable term or even a silent lease. These findings lead to a troubling conclusion: While consumers generally enter into contracts without reading them, and thus do not notice any unenforceable terms, these same terms may adversely affect consumers ex post, when a problem or dispute with the seller arises and they then consult the contract. This new evidence suggests that even substantive regulation of consumer markets could fail to achieve its objectives as long as it relies on uninformed consumers to enforce their mandatory rights and protections. The Article discusses the significance of these findings for public policy and regulation.
Activation of stimulus-specific processing regions at retrieval tracks the strength of relational memory

Many theories of episodic memory posit that the subjective experience of recollection may be driven by the activation of stimulus-specific cortical regions during memory retrieval. This study examined cortical activation during associative memory retrieval to identify brain regions that support confidence judgments of source memory in stimulus-specific ways. Adjectives were encoded with either a picture of a face or a scene. During a source memory test, the word was presented alone and the participant was asked if the word had been previously paired with a face or a scene. We identified brain regions that were selectively active when viewing pictures of scenes or faces with a separate localizer scan. We then identified brain regions that were differentially activated to words during the source memory test that had been previously paired with faces or scenes, masked by the localizer activations, and examined how those regions were modulated by the strength of the source memory. Bilateral amygdala activation tracked source memory confidence for faces, while parahippocampal cortex tracked source memory confidence for scenes. The magnitude of the activation of these domain-specific perceptual-processing brain regions during memory retrieval may contribute to the subjective strength of episodic recollection.
Outcomes of NCAA Defensive Football Players Following Achilles Tendon Repair

Background:The incidence of Achilles ruptures has been on the rise in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) football players, but the career impact of this injury is not fully understood....
Effects of yeast fermentate supplementation on cecal microbiome, plasma biochemistry and ileal histomorphology in stressed broiler chickens

Abstract Heat stress, a common stressor in commercial poultry production, negatively affects growth and intestinal function of broiler chickens. Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae-derived yeast fermentation product on cecal microbiome and indicators of intestinal barrier function in stressed broiler chickens. Yeast fermentate (YF) was added to the feed (1.25 kg/t) or drinking water (1.60 mL/L) for the duration of each experiment. In Exp. 1, 1- D -old male broiler chickens (N = 300 birds/treatment) were assigned to 1 of 3 treatments: stressed control (CS), stressed + YF in the feed (XS), and stressed + YF in the drinking water (AS). All birds were reared on re-used litter (d 0 to 42) and spray-vaccinated for coccidiosis (d 0). On d 18, all birds were spray-vaccinated for Newcastle/Bronchitis, then exposed to a 12 h concurrent heat stress and feed and water withdrawal. Cecal microbiome did not differ in composition or diversity between or within treatments on d 42. In Exp. 2, 1- D -old male broiler chickens (N = 40 birds/treatment) were reared to 43 d of age. Treatments included CS, XS, AS, non-stressed control (CN), non-stressed + YF in the feed (XN), and non-stressed + YF in the drinking water (AN). Stressed treatments were exposed to cyclic heat stress d 28 to 43 for 12 h/d. Blood samples collected on d 42 were used to analyze plasma chemistry, interleukin(IL)-1α, IL-8, and alpha-1-acid glycoprotein (α1-AGP); ileum samples collected on d 43 were used to assess histomorphology. Heat stress increased plasma creatine kinase (P
Abstract A02: SYK kinase inhibition causes autophagy pathway activation via suppression of mTORC1 in KRAS-mutant pancreatic cancer cells

The spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) is highly expressed in a subset of KRAS-mutant pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cell lines. This prompted our interest in investigating SYK as a candidate therapeutic target in PDAC cell lines. Here, we use a selective SYK kinase inhibitor (PRT-062607) in pharmacologic and mechanistic studies of SYK kinase signaling in PDAC cell lines. SYK kinase inhibition causes dose-dependent decreases in cell proliferation of “SYK-high” PDAC cell lines YAPC and DAN-G. Furthermore, combined SYK and MEK inhibition causes additive effects on reducing cell proliferation. Mechanistically, SYK inhibition causes reduced S6K and rpS6 phosphorylation, which is independent of MEK/ERK and PI3K/AKT signaling. Therefore, SYK activates mTORC1 activity through an unknown mechanism. The mTORC1 complex is a key activator of the macroautophagy pathway (autophagy), which is implicated as a driver of PDAC progression. However, autophagy can cause tumor suppression in some contexts. We demonstrate that SYK inhibition or shRNA-mediated depletion results in increased autolysosomal biogenesis and autophagic flux that occur with latency following treatment of cells with the SYK inhibitor. These effects are partly mediated by the nuclear localization and activation of MITF, which is a key transcriptional regulator of genes that control lysosomal biogenesis and autophagy. Taken together, our results demonstrate that SYK is a positive regulator of mTORC1 activity in a subset of PDAC cell lines. SYK kinase inhibition or shRNA-mediated depletion causes a strong reduction in mTORC1 activity and subsequent MITF activation and nuclear localization. The net effect is increased autolysosomal biogenesis and autophagic flux in YAPC and DAN-G PDAC cell lines. Therefore, SYK inhibition in combination with KRAS pathway inhibitors may serve as a potential therapeutic strategy to perturb autophagy pathway homeostasis and pancreatic cancer cell survival. Citation Format: Kevin L. Hua, Michelle Pan, Minoo Rafati, Anurag Singh. SYK kinase inhibition causes autophagy pathway activation via suppression of mTORC1 in KRAS-mutant pancreatic cancer cells [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Targeting PI3K/mTOR Signaling; 2018 Nov 30-Dec 8; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Res 2020;18(10_Suppl):Abstract nr A02.
Taxonomy of the Rod-Shaped Filamentous Viruses

In this account I have as far as possible adhered to the taxonomy and nomenclature set out by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) (Matthews, 1982) and circulated since then in unpublished proposals among members of the Plant Virus Subcommittee of the ICTV. I have also used as a guide the Descriptions of Plant Viruses published in England, formerly by the Commonwealth Mycological Institute (CMI) and the Association of Applied Biologists (AAB), and now by the AAB, and edited by A. F. Murant and B. D. Harrison. Three other publications that have been useful in writing this chapter and that will be of interest to the reader are those of Kurstak (1981), Francki et al. (1985), and Yora et al. (1983). Edwardson and Christie (1986a,b,c) have made an important survey of legume viruses, including many filamentous ones; Christie and Edwardson (1986) have summarized their work on light microscope techniques for detection of plant virus inclusions; Fauquet et al. (1986a,b) have made an interesting statistical analysis of the amino acid compositions of plant virus coat proteins in relation to classification; Tollin (1986) has reviewed the structure of filamentous plant viruses and their proteins; and Valverde et al. (1986) have examined the double-stranded RNAs generated in plants infected with some filamentous viruses. Of more general interest to the pathologist, and containing practical data on filamentous and other viruses, is the ongoing Disease Compendium series of the American Phytopathological Society.
Addressing COVID-19 Health Disparities & Latinidad.

After the November 2020 U.S. presidential election, many political analysts looked at the voting patterns of Latinx communities with consternation and surprise. Some analysts noted that “Latinx” ha...
The Effect of Workplace Gender Composition on Investment Interest in Hypothetical Companies.

The current study extends previous work on gendered workplace attitudes by manipulating the workplace gender composition (CEO gender, employee gender) of traditional male and female employment sect...
A slice of multivariate dimension reduction

Abstract We describe how many dimension reduction strategies are connected conceptually and philosophically, paving the way for a unified approach to multivariate dimension reduction in statistics. Specific methods covered include envelopes, sufficient dimension reduction methods like SIR and SAVE, principal components, principal fitted components, and partial least squares.
Insulation Design on High-Frequency Transformer for Solid-State Transformer

A Solid-state transformer (SST) directly reduces medium voltage to low voltage (e.g. 1.1 kV) with minimized power conversion stages. High-frequency transformer plays an important role in the DC/DC module of the SST from insulation and power density points of view. Thanks to wide bandgap semiconductors, the switching frequency can be pushed higher to shrink transformer volume. However, for safety reasons, insulation also has a significant impact on volume, and thus limits the power density majorly. In this paper, compact insulation designs are proposed to achieve high power density while meeting the insulation requirement of overvoltage and partial discharge. The manufacturing process and some manufacturing considerations affecting the partial discharge level are also listed. The high-frequency transformer designed for 13.2 kV input voltage systems is evaluated with partial discharge inception voltage (PDIV) level over AC 17.2 kVrms and Applied voltage test over 34kVrms.
Chapter 25 Scallop aquaculture and fisheries in Brazil

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on aspects of the biology and aquaculture of Nodipecten nodosus in Brazil. A small recreational fishery based upon this species is also described. The information available on the biology, aquaculture, and fishery of Euvola ziczac are discussed. N. nodosus is widespread in shallow tropical waters in the Caribbean, south of the Greater Antilles, the Virgin Islands, and eastern Antilles. The specimens of Nodipecten spp. are rarely observed alive, and are deduced from shell features or obtained through studies with other pectinids. N. nodosus can probably be included within the group of long-lived, iteroparous, large size species, which includes most of the commercially important scallops from temperate regions. In Brazil, N. nodosus inhabits mainly subtropical waters. The main shell features of Nodipecten spp. are the prominent nodes and ledges. A natural predator of N. nodosus in South Brazil is Octopus vulgaris. Octopus caves are surrounded by several empty scallop shells, and octopuses preying upon scallops are observed during underwater surveys. Interest in culturing Euvola ziczac is limited in Brazil compared to Nodipecten nodosus, a species with high interest in commercial culture.
Amino acid synthesis by the mitochondria of Neurospora crassa. I. Dependence on respiration of mitochondria.

Abstract The synthesis of valine, isoleucine, alanine, glutamate, and aspartate by isolated mitochondria of Neurospora crassa was markedly enhanced by the addition of ADP, inorganic phosphate, and succinate to an incubation mixture containing the precursors, pyruvate, and α-ketobutyrate. The addition of either 2,4-dinitrophenol or oligomycin to the incubation mixture caused a significant reduction in the amount of amino acids produced. KCN caused an even more marked reduction. It is concluded that the synthesis of these amino acids by the mitochondria is in part dependent on respiration and associated oxidative phosphorylation. It was shown by using 14 C-labeled succinate that carbon from succinate is not incorporated into either alanine or valine, but it is into aspartate and glutamate. The relative amount of incorporation into the latter two amino acids can be varied by adding or omitting exogenous pyruvate. While exogenous pyruvate is incorporated into valine, it is also apparent that a pool of endogenous source of precursor exists which contributes significantly to valine synthesis in respiring mitochondria.
City Administrators as Political Animals: Environmental Group Access and Local Political Markets for City Sustainability Policies and Programs

To what extent do local administrators include business interests in their informal bargaining and negotiation on issues involving economic development and environmental and sustainability policies? Political market theory has provided us with significant insight into the decisions of local elected officials and top city managers, including some of the conditions under which city officials are favorably disposed toward development and pro-environmental land use policies. In this paper, we extend political market theory to decisions made by a wider array of local administrative officials. We investigate which kinds of administrators are more receptive to business advocacy than others? For example, are economic development administrators more accommodating to business associations in the policy development processes than other administrators in other types of agencies? We investigate this and related questions with a multilevel analysis that uses a survey data set of 413 local government administrators in 50 of the 54 largest U.S. cities. This unique design and data provide new insights into local administrators’ willingness to grant access to competing interests. At the individual level we examine how variations in administrators’ personal positions, experiences, and environmental concerns, as well as the extent and efficacy of their network relations, shape business interest access. At the city level we account for variations in government size, demographic characteristics, ideology, and policy priorities of local government.
Review of Benjamin H. Dunning, Aliens and Sojourners: Self as Other in Early Christianity. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2009.

Kristi Upson-Saia reviews Benjamin H. Dunning, Aliens and Sojourners: Self as Other in Early Christianity . Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2009.
The Evolution of Equity Financing: A Comparison of Dual-Class and Single-Class SEOs

This study compares the SEO activity of young dual- and single-class firms. Because they hold stock with superior voting rights, dual-class insiders weigh different costs and benefits when issuing equity. Most importantly, the marginal dilution of voting power resulting from an SEO is lower in dual-class firms. This suggests that dual-class firms may issue equity more frequently, or under a different set of circumstances than singles. We find dual-class firms require a significantly lower post-IPO run-up in stock price to trigger an SEO issuance than do single-class firms. Moreover, returns prior to SEO announcements are smaller for dual-class firms, suggesting that the threshold at which SEO benefits outweigh costs is lower for these firms. We interpret this finding as evidence that single-class issuers signal more severe overvaluation when they sell their own shares in an SEO compared to dual-class insiders. Overall, SEO announcement returns are similar for both firm types.
Gadd45α Regulates p38-Dependent Dendritic Cell Cytokine Production and Th1 Differentiation

Gadd45alpha inhibits the activation of p38 by the T cell alternative pathway involving phosphorylation of p38 Tyr(323). Given that T cell p38 may play a role in Th1 development, the response to Th-skewing Ags was analyzed in Gadd45alpha(-/-) mice. Despite constitutively increased p38 activity in Gadd45alpha(-/-) T cells, the Th1 immune response to Toxoplasma gondii Ag (STAg), was diminished. In contrast to T cells, dendritic cells (DC) lacked the alternative p38 activation pathway. Gadd45alpha(-/-) DCs responded to STAg with low levels of MAP kinase cascade-dependent p38 activation, IL-12 production, and CD40 expression. Wild-type T cells transferred into Gadd45alpha(-/-) recipients had a diminished Th1 response to STAg, whereas Gadd45alpha(-/-) T cells transferred into wild-type hosts behaved normally. Therefore, Gadd45alpha has tissue-specific and opposing functions on p38 activity, and Gadd45alpha-regulated p38 activation in DCs is a critical event in Th1 polarization in vivo.
Autolytic Enzyme System of Streptococcus faecalis III. Localization of the Autolysin at the Sites of Cell Wall Synthesis

Cell walls from exponential-phase cultures of Streptococcus faecalis ATCC 9790 autolyzed in dilute buffers. Walls were isolated from cultures grown in the presence of (14)C-lysine for about 10 generations and then on (12)C-lysine for 0.1 to 0.8 of a generation (prelabeled). These walls released (14)C to the soluble fraction more slowly than they lost turbidity during the initial stages of autolysis. Walls isolated from cultures grown in the presence of (14)C-lysine for only the last 0.1 to 0.4 of a generation (postlabeled) released (14)C to the supernatant fluid more rapidly than they lost turbidity. Autolysin in both pre- and postlabeled walls was inactivated, and such walls were then incubated in the presence of unlabeled walls containing active autolysin. The inactivated walls lost their (14)C label only very slowly until autolysis of the unlabeled walls was virtually complete and release of soluble autolysin was expected. When this experiment was done in the presence of trypsin, a fourfold increase in the autolysis rate resulted, but the same pattern of (14)C release was observed. A parallel release of (14)C and loss of turbidity from pre- or postlabeled walls was observed upon trypsin "activation" and by addition of isolated soluble autolysin to inactivated walls. We conclude that the wall-bound autolysin acts first on the more recently synthesized portion of the wall. Trypsin appears to speed wall autolysis by activating additional latent autolysin in situ at sites in the older portion of the wall.
Relaxivity enhancement of aquated Tris(β-diketonate)gadolinium(III) chelates by confinement within ultrashort single-walled carbon nanotubes.

Ultrashort single-walled carbon nanotubes loaded with gadolinium ions (gadonanotubes) have been previously shown to exhibit extremely high T1-weighted relaxivities (>100 mm−1 s−1). To further examine the effect of nanoconfinement on the relaxivity of gadolinium-based contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging, a series of ultrashort single-walled carbon nanotube (US-tube) materials internally loaded with gadolinium chelates have been prepared and studied. US-tubes were loaded with Gd(acac)3 · 2H2O, Gd(hfac)3 · 2H2O, and Gd(thd)3 (acac = acetylacetone, hfac = hexafluoroacetylacetone, thd = tetramethylheptanedione). The longitudinal relaxivities of the prepared materials determined at 25°C in a 1.5 T field were 103 mm−1 s−1 for Gd(acac)3 · 2H2O@US-tubes, 105 mm−1 s−1 for Gd(hfac)3 · 2H2O@US-tubes and 26 mm−1 s−1 for Gd(thd)3@US-tubes. Compared with the relaxivities obtained for the unloaded chelates (<10 mm−1 s−1) as well as accounting for the T1 reduction observed for the empty US-tubes, the boost in relaxivity for chelate-loaded US-tubes is attributed to confinement within the nanotube and depends on the number of coordinated water molecules. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Three strategies for bridging different levels of analysis and embracing the biopsychosocial model

The five review articles in this special issue describe the progress that has been made forging links between personality and social psychological theories, methods, and results with biological, social, and cultural factors related to physical health. However, many efforts have fallen short of the goals of the biopsychosocial model. The rationale and description of 3 strategies to achieve a fuller integration across different levels of analysis are highlighted: (a) more cross-disciplinary research collaborations and training; (b) systematic efforts to make research and theory more clinically relevant; and (c) striving for more representative samples, settings, and outcomes.
Singlet oxygen production from the peroxidase catalyzed formation of styrene glutathione adducts.

Abstract Recently, Stock et al. (J. Biol. Chem. 261, 15915–15922 [1986]) described a model enzyme system composed of horseradish peroxidase, hydrogen peroxide, phenol, glutathione and styrene. This system forms glutathione-styrene conjugates. Glutathione radicals and carbon-centered radicals are intermediates in this process. In the present study, this model enzyme system was also shown to generate singlet oxygen, probably via a Russell mechanism. No singlet oxygen was generated in the absence of styrene. Thus, contrary to prior suggestions, the reaction of glutathione radical with oxygen to produce a thiyl peroxyl radical is not a significant source of singlet oxygen.
An internal friction study of stress-induced migration and aggregation of solute ions in silver bromide single crystalsxs

Internal friction investigations are made of point defect-dislocation interactions in silver bromide single crystals doped with small concentrations of either divalent cadmium, a prototype “normal” solute, or divalent strontium, which exhibits very strong segregation to dislocations. For AgBr:Cd2+, the results are unexceptional: the temperature dependence of the internal friction parameters gives a solute-dislocation binding energy of about 0.15 eV, and the recovery of the strain amplitude-independent decrement, after perturbation by high-amplitude oscillatory stress, proceeds as predicted for the redistribution of the solute from the crystal bulk. In contrast, the results for the AgBr:Sr2+ are anomalous: the apparent solute-dislocation binding energies are very sensitive to the dopant concentration and to the thermal history of the specimens, and the recovery of the decrement after excitation by high-amplitude oscillatory stress shows several unusual features. All of the results can be qualitatively interpreted with a model in which the strontium pins have a great probability of migrating along the dislocation, without dissociating from it. Thus, an applied stress produces changes in both the complexity of the solute aggregates and also their distribution in the crystal. It is striking that strong evidence is found for the presence of such aggregates even for Sr2+ concentrations as low as a few parts per million. Untersuchungen der inneren Reibung uber Wechselwirkungen zwischen Punktdefekten und Versetzungen werden fur Silberbromid-Einkristalle durchgefuhrt, die mit niedrigen Konzentrationen von entweder zweiwertigem Kadmium, der Prototyp eines „normalen” Soluts, oder zweiwertigem Strontium, welches sehr starke Absonderungen zu Versetzungen zeigt, dotiert sind. Fur AgBr:Cd2+ sind die Ergebnisse normal: die Temperaturabhangigkeit der inneren Reibung gibt eine Solut-Versetzungs-Bindugsenergie von ungefahr 0,15 eV; die Erholung des Dekrements, welches unabhangig von der Deformationsamplitude ist, nach Storung durch eine Schwingungsspannung groser Amplitude, erfolgt wie fur die Wiederverteilung des Soluts fur das Kristallvolumen erwartet. Im Vergleich dazu sind die Ergebnisse fur AgBr:Sr2+ anormal: die auftretenden Solut-Versetzungs-Bindungsenergien sind stark abhangig von der Dotierungskonzentration und der Temperaturvorbehandlung der Probe, und die Erholung des Dekrements nach Storung mit einer Schwingungsspannung groser Amplitude zeigt mehrere ungewohnliche Eigenschaften. Alle diese Ergebnissekonnen qualitativ anhand eines Modells gedeutet werden, in welchem die gebundenen Strontium-Fremdionen eine grose Wahrscheinlichkeit der Bewegung entlang der Versetzung besitzen, ohne sich von ihr zu trennen. Deshalb ruft eine angelegte Spannung Veranderungen sowohl in der Kompliziertheit der Solutaggregate als auch in deren Verteilung im Kristall hervor. Es ist bemerkenswert, das ein starker Hinweis gefunden wird fur die Anwesenheit derartiger Aggregate selbst fur Sr2+-Konzentrationen von einigen ppm.
The U.S. Employment Service Occupational Test-Development Program

The U. S. Employment Service conducts a test-research program for developing testing tools useful in vocational counseling. This article outlines the organization, underlying concepts, accomplishments, and current efforts of the test-research program.
Superconductivity in compressed hydrogen-rich materials: Pressing on hydrogen

Abstract Periodic table of elements starts with hydrogen, a simplest element of all. The simplicity is lost when the element is compressed to high densities or participates in a chemical bonding in compounds, being subjected to “chemical pressure” of surrounding atoms or molecules. The chemical nature of hydrogen is dictated by its simplest electronic shell, which has only one electron. Hydrogen can donate this electron and behave like alkali metal, or accept an extra electron and form a hydride ion with closed shell resembling a group VII element. The complexity of hydrogen goes beyond these simplest configurations, when hydrogen is involved in a multicenter bonding or in hydrogen bonds. This complex behavior is tightly related to the ability of hydrogen to participate in the process of electronic transport in solids and potentially be able to contribute to the superconductivity in a material. Hydrogen by itself when compressed to immense pressures of 400–500 GPa may form a simple atomic phase with very high critical superconducting temperatures (Tc) well above room temperature. While this theoretical insight awaits confirmation at pressures at the limit of current experimental capabilities, a variety of other hydrogen-rich materials have been suggested recently to have record high Tc values. The very existence of many of these materials still lacks experimental confirmation. In this review article, we will present an extensive list of such predicted materials. We will also review superconductivity in classical hydrides (mostly metal hydrides) and current theoretical understanding of relatively low Tc‘s in metal hydrides of transition and noble metals.
Growth and doping of heterostructures for high electron mobilities

In this paper we present a study of MBE growth and doping techniques for modulation doped heterostructures with maximum enhancement of electron mobilities. Mobilities as high as 5.0×106 cm/V·s at a sheet carrier concentration of 1.6×1011 cm-2 were obtained in modulation doped single interface GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructures grown with atomic plane dopant sheets separated by thick undoped spacer layers from the conduction electron regions. In order to investigate the donor incorporation in the barrier layers and the electron scattering by the ionized impurities, we have grown and characterized sets of sheet-doped and uniformly-doped modulation doped heterostructures.
Clearance of antitransferrin receptor immunotoxin from the rabbit eye

Purpose. Antitransferrin receptor immunotoxin has potent antiproliferative effects on proliferating human ocular cells in vitro, and shows promise in the treatment of ocular proliferative diseases, such as proliferative vitreoretinopathy, bleb scarring after trabeculectomy, or corneal epithelial downgrowth syndrome. Before treating patients, the pharmacokinetics of immunotoxin must be known. The purpose of this study was to determine the clearance of antitransferrin receptor immunotoxin from the rabbit eye after ocular injection.Methods. Immunotoxin (1,000 ng/0.1 ml PBS) was injected into the vitreous cavity of gas vitrectomized rabbit eyes. Immunotoxin in aqueous, vitreous, and plasma was measured by ELISA at various times after injection. Similar measurements were obtained after immunotoxin was injected into the anterior chamber or subconjunctival space of eyes which had not received vitrectomy. Cultured human retinal pigment epithelial cells were exposed to vitreous fluid obtained after intravitreal in...
Libero: On-the-go Crowdsourcing for Package Delivery

Throughout the world, millions of people walk, bike, and run the same routes at the same time, every day. This patterned, collective effort represents a potentially valuable yet underutilized resource for sensing, transporting goods, or completing small tasks that advance individual and societal goals. In this paper, we introduce a system called Libero, which utilizes people's existing routine for package delivery by incorporating just-in-time notifications in hopes of reducing task distance to an extreme (50 meters) and having a community support itself in doing simple tasks for one another. The results of preliminary studies show that just-in-time notifications helped promoting delivery, but other factors, such as reciprocity, community building, and social obligation were also important drivers for promoting participation.
Effect of exchange on the magnetic surface states of yttrium iron garnet films

Abstract The spin-wave modes of a thin yttrium iron garnet film are calculated including dipole, exchange and finite thickness effects. The surface state dispersion curve is repelled by the exchange state curves and split into segments. At long wavelengths these segments closely follow the Damon-Eshbach magnetostatic dispersion curve. States with surface character exist at shorter wavelengths where the exchange energy is large but no continuous surface state dispersion curve can be defined.
The Influence of Dominance Rank on the Reproductive Success of Female Chimpanzees

Female chimpanzees often forage alone and do not display obvious linear dominance hierarchies; consequently, it has been suggested that dominance is not of great importance to them. However, with the use of data from a 35-year field study of chimpanzees, high-ranking females were shown to have significantly higher infant survival, faster maturing daughters, and more rapid production of young. Given the foraging behavior of chimpanzees, high rank probably influences reproductive success by helping females establish and maintain access to good foraging areas rather than by sparing them stress from aggression.
Controlled release of diphosphonate to inhibit bioprosthetic heart valve calcification: dose-response and mechanistic studies

Abstract Calcification is the Principal cause of the clinical faliure of bioprosthetic heart valves (BHV) fabricated from glutaraldehy de-treated porcine valves or bovine pericardium. This study examined the dose—response of local controlled-release disodium 1-hydroxyethylidene diphosphonic acid (EHDP) therapy for BHV calcification and its mechanism of action. Controlled release of EHDP from ethylene—vinyl acetate matrices was regulated by co-incorporation of the insert filler inulin, and subdermal calcification of BHV cusps was studied with the co-implantation of these matrices in rats. Subdermal BHV tissue calcification was inhibited in vivo for 7, 60, and 84 days, without any adverse effects. At 84 days matrices (0.2, 2 and 20% w/w EHDP) co-implanted with BHV resulted in explant calcification levels of 210.4, 39.1, and 11.7 μg/mg in comparison to control values of 213.2 μg/mg (a level equivalent to that of clinically failed BHV). The partition coefficient of EHDP into unimplanted BHV ( Ca 2+ = 1.23 μg / mg ) was K p = 0.57, increasing with early calcification (72 h implant, Ca 2+ = 19.6 μg / mg , K p =1.6). The diffusion coefficient of EHDP through BHV was 0.8 × 10 −10 cm 2 /s reflecting low tissue permeability and high affinity. It is concluded that both in vitro and in vivo release of EHDP from the 20% w/w EHDP matrices was suitable to inhibit BHV calcification and that this effect is most likely due to interaction of EHDP with the BHV tissue surface.
Age dependent reaction of mouse thymus cells with autologous and syngeneic erythrocytes.

Abstract The age dependent events influencing the rosette forming capacity of Balb/c thymus and spleen cells against autologous or syngeneic erythrocytes were examined. A large number of autologous and syngeneic rosette forming cells (RFC) were observed in normal Balb/c mice in vitro . RFC were significantly greater in the thymus than in the spleen. The rosette forming T-cells (T-RFC) have the following characteristics: newborn Balb/c thymus has T-cells which react with syngeneic erythrocytes from older donors. The T-RFC showed broad cross-reactivity with erythocytes from other mouse strains but low reactivity with human or sheep erythrocytes. The auto and syngeneic T-RFC could be enhanced by non-specific serum proteins (FCS or BSA) or EDTA but was effectively inhibited by normal mouse serum. T-RFC resided in the cortisone sensitive population. The data indicate that the development of autologous and syngeneic rosette formation of thymus cells is dependent on the age of the erythrocyte donor. The age dependent change on the erythrocyte surface occurred relatively early in the life of the animal. The results also imply that certain subpopulations of thymus lymphocytes are capable of recognizing possible surface antigenic changes of the erythrocytes.
Power spectra of velocity fluctuations in plages

Spatial power spectral densities of velocities in plages were compared with velocity power spectra of the quiet photosphere. The comparison suggests that photospheric oscillations are not gravity waves.