cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mixed-mode, high-cycle fatigue-crack growth thresholds in Ti–6Al–4V: I. A comparison of large- and short-crack behavior

Abstract Mixed-mode, high-cycle fatigue-crack growth thresholds are reported for through-thickness cracks (large compared to microstructural dimensions) in a Ti–6Al–4V turbine blade alloy with a bimodal microstructure. Specifically, the effect of combined mode I and mode II loading, over a range of phase angles β= tan −1 (ΔK II /ΔK I ) from 0° to 82° (ΔKII/ΔKI∼0–7), is examined for load ratios (ratio of minimum to maximum loads) ranging from R=0.1 to 0.8 at a cyclic loading frequency of 1000 Hz in ambient temperature air. Although the general trend for the mode I stress-intensity range at the threshold, ΔKI,TH, is to decrease with increasing mode mixity, ΔKII/ΔKI, and load ratio, R, if the crack-driving force is alternatively characterized in terms of the strain-energy release rate, ΔG, incorporating contributions from both the applied tensile and shear loading, the threshold fatigue-crack growth resistance increases significantly with the applied ratio of ΔKII/ΔKI. The pure mode I threshold, in terms of ΔGTH, is observed to be a lower bound (worst case) with respect to mixed-mode (I+II) behavior. These results are compared with mixed-mode fatigue thresholds for short cracks, where the precrack wake has been machined to within ∼200 μm of the precrack tip. For such short cracks, wherein the magnitude of crack-tip shielding which can develop is greatly reduced, the measured mixed-mode fatigue-crack growth thresholds are observed to be markedly lower. Moreover, the dependence of the mixed-mode fatigue-crack growth resistance on the applied phase angle is significantly reduced. Comparison of the large- and short-crack data suggests that the increase in the large-crack fatigue threshold, ΔGTH, with an increasing mode mixity (ΔKII/ΔKI) is largely due to shielding from shear-induced crack-surface contact, which reduces the local crack-driving force actually experienced at the crack tip. Quantification of such shielding is described in Part II of this paper.
The Analysis of Natural Microbial Populations by Ribosomal RNA Sequences

Recombinant DNA methodology and rapid nucleotide sequence determinations have changed the face of cell biology in the past few years. This technology offers powerful new tools to the microbial ecologist as well. In this chapter we describe technical strategies we are developing which use these methods to analyze phylogenetic and quantitative aspects of mixed, naturally occurring microbial populations.
Clinical comparison between a continuous Lembert pattern wrapped in a carboxymethylcellulose and hyaluronate membrane with an interrupted Lembert pattern for one‐layer jejunojejunostomy in horses

Summary Reasons for performing study: Although experimental studies have demonstrated differences in performance between methods for handsewn jejunojejunostomy in horses, information on clinical results after different methods of anastomosis are rare. Hypothesis: A continuous Lembert pattern wrapped in a carboxymethylcellulose and hyaluronate membrane would perform better than an interrupted Lembert pattern for jejunojejunostomy in horses. Methods: Data was reviewed on 32 horses that underwent jejunojejunostomy from 1993–2002. Kaplan-Meier analyses and rates for post operative colic and death were used to compare outcomes after an interrupted Lembert pattern (15 horses with strangulating lesions and 5 horses with nonstrangulating lesions) and a continuous Lembert pattern with membrane (12 horses with strangulating diseases). Results: None of the 32 horses had post operative ileus or post operative endotoxaemia. One horse with a continuous pattern required a repeat celiotomy for anastomotic impaction. Short-term survivals for the interrupted Lembert were 100% (nonstrangulating lesions) and 93% (strangulating lesions) and for the continuous pattern 92% (all strangulating). Long-term rates for mortality and colic episodes were less for the continuous Lembert pattern with membrane compared with the interrupted Lembert for strangulating lesions (P<0.05) and were less for strangulating lesions than for nonstrangulating lesions (P<0.05). For strangulating lesions, Kaplan-Meier analyses yielded a survival probability of 70% for up to 9 years after the interrupted Lembert pattern and 80% for up to 5 years for the continuous Lembert pattern. Conclusions and relevance: Both Lembert patterns performed well in clinical use, although the continuous pattern with the carboxymethylcellulose and hyaluronate membrane had superior long-term outcomes with less colic and mortality from colic.
The Effect of Social Media Comments on Consumers’ Responses to Food Safety Information

The increasing popularity of social media has prompted the need to examine the effects of social media comments on consumers’ responses to food safety information. By adopting and extending a dual-process model, this study assessed the effect of source credibility, the content of comments, and relationship quality on consumer responses to social media comments using a scenario-based survey. The results showed a significant interaction effect between source credibility and content of comments; while negative comments induced negative responses regardless of source credibility, positive, or mixed comments led to less negative responses when the source was highly credible than when the source was less credible. The insignificant effect of relationship quality signified a stronger influence of the information itself compared to the influence of the relationship quality with the person delivering information.
Simple Method for Collection of Samples from a Frozen Food

The conical end of a plastic funnel can be sterilized and used for aseptic collection, transfer, and distribution of shaving samples drilled from a frozen-food product.
Irritability and Severity of Anxious Symptomatology Among Youth With Anxiety Disorders.

Objective Most research on irritability and child psychopathology has focused on depressive disorders, bipolar disorder, and/or oppositional defiant disorder (ODD). Less is known about relationships between child anxiety and irritability and moderators of such associations. Method Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to examine associations between anxiety severity and irritability in a large sample of treatment-seeking youth with anxiety disorders (N = 663, aged 7–19 years, mean = 12.25 years), after accounting for comorbid depressive disorders and ODD. Additional analyses examined whether associations were moderated by child gender, age, and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) status. Results There was a direct link between child anxiety and irritability even after accounting for comorbid depressive disorders and ODD. Links between child anxiety and irritability were robust across child gender and age. Furthermore, relationships between child anxiety and irritability were comparable across youth with and without GAD, suggesting that the anxiety–irritability link is relevant across child anxiety disorders and not confined to youth with GAD. Conclusion Findings add to an increasing body of evidence linking child irritability to a range of internalizing and externalizing psychopathologies, and suggest that child anxiety assessment should systematically incorporate irritability evaluations. Moreover, youth in clinical settings displaying irritability should be assessed for the presence of anxiety. Treatments for childhood anxiety may do well to incorporate new treatment modules as needed that specifically target problems of irritability.
Sociology as a Partial Influence on Evaluation Research

Although most evaluators are not sociologists, Sociology is represented in the evaluation profession. To what extent does the presence of sociologists affect the content and emphases of evaluation projects? Reflecting on four projects on which I have served as an evaluator, I conclude that a background in Sociology has been important in the sense that it has led to an emphasis on structural arrangements that may provide a basis for a program’s lasting impact. However, it is apparent that an evaluator’s disciplinary background is only one of several influences on the content of an evaluation project. Stakeholder mandates and standard evaluation practices also have important influences on how an evaluation is conducted. The impact of discipline-based content on the thinking and decisions of program administrators will vary according to the willingness of evaluation researchers to maintain regular communications, to insure that the rationale for discipline-based content is understood, and to present results in terms that can be understood by people outside one’s discipline.
A nonlinear lumped fiber model for the analysis of fracture behavior of notched unidirectional metal-matrix composites

Abstract A nonlinear lumped fiber model is formulated to predict the deformation characteristics and notch sensitivity of center-notched unidirectional metal-matrix composites subjected to uniaxial quasi-static loading. The model incorporates the shear stress-strain behavior of the metal matrix which is capable of deforming plastically with power-law strain hardening. The effect of matrix shear stress-strain behavior on the deformation and stress fields is addressed. As illustrative examples, three different types of matrix shear stress-strain behavior, i.e. linear elastic-perfectly plastic, elastic-linear hardening, and power-law strain hardening are discussed. The results indicate that the predicted stress and deformation fields can be significantly affected by the assumptions made regarding the in-situ shear stress-strain behavior of the matrix material. Predictions of crack opening displacement (COD) are in an excellent agreement with results obtained from finite element analysis. The predicted stress-COD and notch sensitivity curves are in excellent agreement with experimental results as well.
Middle East respiratory syndrome: obstacles and prospects for vaccine development

The recent emergence of Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) highlights the need to engineer new methods for expediting vaccine development against emerging diseases. However, several obstacles prevent pursuit of a licensable MERS vaccine. First, the lack of a suitable animal model for MERS complicates the in vivo testing of candidate vaccines. Second, due to the low number of MERS cases, pharmaceutical companies have little incentive to pursue MERS vaccine production as the costs of clinical trials are high. In addition, the timeline from bench research to approved vaccine use is 10 years or longer. Using novel methods and cost-saving strategies, genetically engineered vaccines can be produced quickly and cost-effectively. Along with progress in MERS animal model development, these obstacles can be circumvented or at least mitigated.
Estimating firing rates from calcium signals in locust projection neurons in vivo.

Combining intracellular electrophysiology and multi-photon calcium imaging in vivo, we studied the relationship between calcium signals (sampled at 500-750 Hz) and spike output in principal neurons in the locust antennal lobe. Our goal was to determine whether the firing rate of individual neurons can be estimated in vivo with calcium imaging and, if so, to measure directly the accuracy and resolution of our estimates. Using the calcium indicator Oregon Green BAPTA-1, we describe a simple method to reconstruct firing rates from dendritic calcium signals with 80-90% accuracy and 50ms temporal resolution.
Thinking Through Living: Experience and the Production of Archaeological Knowledge

As archaeologists, we tend to forget the extent to which our everyday experiences frame our potential understandings of past cultures. Instead of being taken for granted, such experiences need to be explored so that we may more fully acknowledge how our own pasts have an eminent role in the production of archaeological knowledge, from the methods through which we recover and record our data to the kinds of investigations we deem worthy of effort. While our decisions and thought processes are readily recognized to have had genesis in the archaeological and theoretical approaches which came before, an entire body of cultural and experiential knowledge remains ignored. In the interest of addressing this disparity, meticulous reflexive investigations of the day-to-day world of the individual archaeologist can be used to provide insights into the less formal factors informing research trajectories, by providing alternative viewpoints and bringing hidden components of experience to light. This paper discusses a critical thinking exercise which examines the utility of deep descriptions of contemporary commonplace experiences, employing a variety of media and documentation techniques, in assessing our interpretations of the past. A case study of ‘The Virtual Pub Project’ illustrates the practical application of this approach.
UV radiation from the young Sun and oxygen and ozone levels in the prebiological palaeoatmosphere

UV measurements of young T-Tauri stars, resembling the sun at an age of a few million years, have recently been made with the International Ultraviolet Explorer. They indicate that young stars emit up to 10,000 times more UV than the present sun. The implications for the origin and evolution of O2 and O3 in the prebiological palaeoatmosphere are presented here. The results of photochemical calculations indicate that the O2 surface mixing ratio was a factor 10,000-1,000,000 times greater than the standard value of 10 to the -15. This new value reconciles the simultaneous existence of oxidized iron and reduced uranium.
Amphetamine alters behavior and mesocorticolimbic dopamine receptor expression in the monogamous female prairie vole

We have recently established the socially monogamous prairie vole (Microtus ochrogaster) as an animal model with which to investigate the involvement of mesocorticolimbic dopamine (DA) in the amphetamine (AMPH)-induced impairment of social behavior. As the majority of our work, to date, has focused on males, and sex differences are commonly reported in the behavioral and neurobiological responses to AMPH, the current study was designed to examine the behavioral and neurobiological effects of AMPH treatment in female prairie voles. We used a conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm to determine a dose-response curve for the behavioral effects of AMPH in female prairie voles, and found that conditioning with low to intermediate (0.2 and 1.0 mg/kg), but not very low (0.1 mg/kg), doses of AMPH induced a CPP. We also found that exposure to a behaviorally relevant dose of AMPH (1.0 mg/kg) induced an increase in DA concentration in the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) and caudate putamen but not the medial prefrontal cortex or ventral tegmental area (VTA). Finally, repeated AMPH exposure (1.0 mg/kg once per day for 3 consecutive days; an injection paradigm that has been recently shown to alter DA receptor expression and impair social bonding in male prairie voles) increased D1, but not D2, receptor mRNA in the NAcc, and decreased D2 receptor mRNA and D2-like receptor binding in the VTA. Together, these data indicate that AMPH alters mesocorticolimbic DA neurotransmission in a region- and receptor-specific manner, which, in turn, could have profound consequences on social behavior in female prairie voles.
Reaction Kinetics of Sputter-Deposited Ti on SiO2 Substrates During Rapid Thermal Annealing

In this paper, the interactions of sputter-deposited Ti on SiO2 substrates during rapid thermal annealing in nitrogen at 550°C – 900°C for 10 – 60 s have been systematically studied using X-ray diffraction, Auger electron spectroscopy, transmission electron diffraction, TEM & cross-sectional TEM, and sheet resistance measurements.
Shock propagation in variable area ducts with phase changes: an extension of Chisnell's method

Chisnell's approximating ordinary differential equation for the motion of a shock in a variable area duct is generalized to allow for phase changes behind the shock.
The N-terminus of Drosophila ESC mediates its phosphorylation and dimerization.

Abstract The ESC protein, like other Polycomb Group proteins, is required for heritable silencing of the homeotic genes. ESC is phosphorylated in vivo, but the region of ESC that is phosphorylated and its consequences are not known. Here, we show that the amino-terminal region of ESC (residues 1–60) mediates its phosphorylation and dimerization. Phosphorylation of ESC1–60 in vitro by CK1 and CK2 strongly enhances its dimerization. Both phosphorylation and dimerization are conserved in the mammalian ESC homolog EED, suggesting that they play important roles in vivo. One role is suggested by the effect of phosphatase treatment on native ESC complexes, which does not affect the integrity of the 600 kDa ESC/E(Z) complex, but eliminates the 1 MDa ESC/E(Z) complex, which is distinguished from the former by the presence of the additional subunits PCL and RPD3. Thus, stability and perhaps assembly of larger ESC complexes may depend on ESC phosphorylation.
Video coding for decoding power-constrained embedded devices

Low power dissipation and fast processing time are crucial requirements for embedded multimedia devices. This paper presents a technique in video coding to decrease the power consumption at a standard video decoder. Coupled with a small dedicated video internal memory cache on a decoder, the technique can substantially decrease the amount of data traffic to the external memory at the decoder. A decrease in data traffic to the external memory at decoder will result in multiple benefits: faster real-time processing and power savings. The encoder, given prior knowledge of the decoder’s dedicated video internal memory cache management scheme, regulates its choice of motion compensated predictors to reduce the decoder’s external memory accesses. This technique can be used in any standard or proprietary encoder scheme to generate a compliant output bit stream decodable by standard CPU-based and dedicated hardware-based decoders for power savings with the best quality-power cost trade off. Our simulation results show that with a relatively small amount of dedicated video internal memory cache, the technique may decrease the traffic between CPU and external memory over 50%.
Nonlinear goal programming theory and practice: a survey

Abstract Four major approaches of Nonlinear Goal Programming are reviewed and discussed; 1. (1) simplex based; 2. (2) direct search; 3. (3) gradient search and 4. (4) interactive approaches. The applications of Nonlinear Goal Programming are also discussed and classified into the following nine areas: 1. (1) engineering design; 2. (2) energy; 3. (3) manufacturing/metal cutting; 4. (4) marketing; 5. (5) finance and accounting; 6. (6) agriculture/farm planning; 7. (7) routing and scheduling; 8. (8) quality control and 9. (9) R&D project selection.
A particular solution for the PN method in spherical geometry

Abstract A particular solution that can be used with the PN method for the solution of radiative heat-transfer problems with spherical symmetry is reported.
Septicemia in surgical patients with intestinal diseases

A study was undertaken to define the microbiologic spectrum of septicemia in surgical patients with intestinal diseases, to learn more about its clinical manifestations, and to determine factors related to its pathogenesis and outcome. During a 2 1/2-year period we detected and treated septicemia in 27 patients, of whom ten died. Results indicated that septicemia was caused by a wide variety of opportunistic bacteria or fungi and was produced by infections in a number of anatomic locations. Underlying noninfectious diseases, especially severe malnutrition and cachexia secondary to intestinal conditions and intractable renal failure, often were important determinants of a fatal outcome of infection. Early manifestations of septicemia frequently were subtle, atypical, or mistaken for expressions of other illnesses. The urinary or respiratory tracts and indwelling intravenous catheters served as apparent portals of entry for septicemia in a sizable proportion of the patients; adoption of additional preventive measures for those types of hospital-acquired infections, hopefully, may further reduce the low incidence of septicemia in our patients in the future.
Psychosomatic concepts in the works of Shakespere

Psychosomatic medical theory of the late European Renaissance is reflected in the works of Shakespere. The period's conceptions of cardiovascular involvement in emotion, experimental causation of psychosomatic disorders, and repression of emotion as pathogenic, are described with reference to quotations from the Shakesperian plays. It is concluded that the premodern holistic approach to organismic functioning lends itself well to interpreting psychophysiological phenomena, and that contemporaries could profit from a philosophical reorientation concerning mind-body relationships in the disease process.
Prospects For Integrated Optics: 1980-2000

The accomplishments of the first decade of integrated optics research are reviewed and the present state of the field summarized. Prospects for integrated optical applications in communications, sensing, and optical processing are discussed. A very brief comment on anticipated trends and needs in the field is also given.
URETHRAL TUMOR RECURRENCE FOLLOWING CYSTECTOMY AND URINARY DIVERSION: CLINICAL AND PATHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS IN 768 MALE PATIENTS

ABSTRACT Purpose: We evaluated the incidence and risks of urethral recurrence following radical cystectomy and urinary diversion in men with transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. Material and Methods: Clinical and pathological results were evaluated in 768 consecutive male patients undergoing radical cystectomy with intent to cure for bladder cancer with a median followup 13 years, including 397 (51%) who underwent orthotopic urinary diversion with a median followup of 10 years and 371 (49%) who underwent cutaneous urinary diversion with a median followup of 19 years. Demographically and clinically these 2 groups were well matched with the only exception being longer median followup in the cutaneous group (p Results: A total of 45 patients (6%) had urethral recurrence at a median of 2 years (range 0.2 to 13.6), including 16 (4%) with an orthotopic and 29 (8%) with a cutaneous form of urinary diversion. Carcinoma in situ and tumor multifocality were not significantly associated with an increased risk of urethral recurrence (p = 0.07 and 0.06, respectively). The presence of any (superficial and/or stromal invasion) prostatic tumor involvement was identified in 129 patients (17%). Prostate tumor involvement was associated with a significantly increased risk of urethral recurrence (p = 0.01). The estimated 5-year chance of urethral recurrence was 5% without any prostate involvement, increasing to 12% and 18% with superficial and invasive prostate involvement, respectively. Patients undergoing orthotopic diversion demonstrated a significantly lower risk of urethral recurrence compared with those undergoing cutaneous urinary diversion (p = 0.02). Patients without any prostate tumor involvement and orthotopic diversion (lowest risk group) demonstrated an estimated 4% year chance of urethral recurrence compared with a 24% chance in those with invasive prostate involvement undergoing cutaneous diversion (highest risk group). On multivariate analysis any prostate involvement (superficial and/or invasive) and urinary diversion form remained independent and significant predictors of urethral recurrence (p = 0.035 and 0.01, respectively). Conclusions: At long-term followup urethral tumor recurrence occurs in approximately 7% of men following cystectomy for bladder transitional cell carcinoma. Involvement of the prostate with tumor and the form of urinary diversion were significant and independent risk factors for urethral tumor recurrence. Patients undergoing orthotopic diversion have a lower incidence of urethral recurrence compared with those undergoing cutaneous diversion. Although prostate tumor involvement is a risk factor for urethral recurrence, it should not preclude orthotopic diversion, provided that intraoperative frozen section analysis of the urethral margin is without evidence of tumor.
Striatal preprotachykinin mRNA levels are regulated by stimulatory agents and dopamine D1 receptor manipulation in rodent organotypic slice cultures

We have utilized an organotypic slice culture system to determine factors which directly influence the expression of striatal preprotachykinin (PPT) mRNA. Striatal slices were generated from 3-day-old male rat pups and cultured on Millicell-CM inserts in serum-containing media. Under these conditions, striatal PPT mRNA levels fell significantly (-55.7+/-6.2%) in slices cultured for 2 days in vitro (2DIV) as compared to slices placed in culture for 3 h (0DIV). However, striatal PPT mRNA expression did not decline further in 4DIV cultured slices (-59.6+/-7.1%). When 2DIV slices were exposed to combined high potassium (K(+), 10 mM) and forskolin (10 microM) stimulation for 3 h, PPT mRNA levels were increased within areas of the brain normally associated with tachykinin production. Application of the dopamine (DA) D1 receptor agonist SKF-38393 (10 microM) at 2DIV for 3 h also increased (+162.9+/-28.9%) PPT mRNA expression, but increases were localized within the striatum. SKF-38393-stimulated increases were completely blocked by the D1 antagonist SCH-23390 (10 microM), which alone had no effect on mRNA levels. However, a 3-h incubation with SKF-38393 on 0DIV slice cultures did not affect PPT mRNA expression whereas SCH-23390 decreased PPT message levels (-24.5+/-5.4%). These findings indicate that tachykinin gene expression is inducible within slice culture preparations and that the maintenance of normal striatal PPT mRNA levels depends on DA D1 receptor tone.
Microbial Diversity of Septic Tank Effluent and a Soil Biomat

Microbial diversity of septic tank effluent (STE) and the biomat that is formed as a result of STE infiltration on soil were characterized by 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. Results indicate that microbial communities are different within control soil, STE, and the biomat and that microbes found in STE are not found in the biomat. The development of a stable soil biomat appears to provide the best on-site water treatment or protection for subsequent groundwater interactions of STE.
Intraneural Ganglion of the Suprascapular Nerve: Case Report

We present a case of multicystic ganglion of the suprascapular nerve in an 18-year-old man. Pain and shoulder weakness were present and examination showed weakness and atrophy of the supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles. Electromyography showed severe denervation of the infraspinatus and supraspinatus muscles. At surgery a multicystic lesion of the suprascapular nerve extending approximately 5.7 cm from its origin was resected and reconstructed by sural nerve grafting. Type of study/level of evidence Therapeutic, Level V.
SCREENING CRITERIA FOR CO2 STORAGE IN OIL RESERVOIRS

ABSTRACT Oil fields are likely to the first category of geologic formation where carbon dioxide (CO2) is injected for sequestration on a large scale, if geologic sequestration proves feasible. About 1.4 BCF per day (69 300 tonnes/day) of CO2 are currently injected for oil recovery in the U.S. Replacing this naturally occurring CO2 with anthropogenic CO2 would have a minor, but measurable, effect on overall CO2 emissions. However, CO2 is injected into only a small fraction of reservoirs and it is estimated that upwards of 80% of oil reservoirs worldwide might be suitable for CO2 injection based upon oil recovery criteria alone. These facts combined with the generally extensive geologic characterization of oil reservoirs and the maturity of CO2–oil recovery technology make oil reservoirs attractive first targets as CO2 sinks. This paper lays the groundwork necessary to evaluate whether an oil reservoir might be suitable for CO2 storage. As such, a series of criteria for injection into currently producing, d...
Steady state kinetic mechanism of the Escherichia coli coenzyme A transferase.

Abstract An investigation of the initial velocity and product inhibition patterns of the reaction catalyzed by the Escherichia coli acetyl CoA:acetoacetate CoA transferase demonstrated that the steady state reaction mechanism is ping-pong. These results were consistent with our previous demonstration of an enzyme-CoA compound and the exchange of [14C]acetate into acetyl-CoA in the absence of acetoacetate. Our present results also showed that, in the direction of acetyl-CoA formation, acetoacetyl-CoA was a competitive substrate inhibitor of acetate with Ki of 0.34 m m . All of the kinetic constants were consistent with the Haldane relationships for the proposed mechanism. The equilibrium constant for the reaction in the direction of acetoacetyl-CoA formation was 0.13 as calculated from the Haldane relationships. A comparison of the kinetic properties of the CoA transferase and acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase suggest that the overall conversion of acetoacetate to acetyl-CoA in E. coli is regulated by the rate at which the CoA transferase generates acetoacetyl-CoA for thiolysis by the acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase.
Fluoroelastomer Copolymers Incorporating Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane

The aggregation of polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) in copolymers was studied by incorporation of POSS into fluorinated copolymers, namely poly(octafluoropentyl acrylate) elastomers. The aggregation of POSS in copolymers affords unique materials. Studies of these novel polymers show POSS aggregates in these copolymers with both the phenyl and isobutyl peripheries, as the chain-repulsive fluorinated chains help drive this aggregation. The isooctylPOSS copolymers, however, do not have POSS aggregation. Thermal studies of these copolymers also show an increase in the decomposition temperature by incorporation of POSS, which is directly dependent on the POSS periphery.
Special Issue: Information Technology and Organizational Governance: The IT Governance Cube

(2013). Special Issue: Information Technology and Organizational Governance: The IT Governance Cube. Journal of Management Information Systems: Vol. 30, No. 3, pp. 7-12.
An Eight-Month Sample of Marine Stratocumulus Cloud Fraction, Albedo, and Integrated Liquid Water

As part of the FIRE/Extended Time Observations (ETO) program, extended time observations were made at San Nicolas Island (SNI) from March to October, 1987. Hourly averages of air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and direction, solar irradiance, and downward longwave irradiance were recorded. The radiation sensors were standard Eppley pyranometers (shortwave) and pyrgeometers (longwave). The SNI data were processed in several ways to deduce properties of the stratocumulus covered marine boundary layer (MBL). For example, from the temperature and humidity the lifting condensation level, which is an estimate of the height of the cloud bottom, can be computed. A combination of longwave irradiance statistics can be used to estimate fractional cloud cover. An analysis technique used to estimate the integrated cloud liquid water content (W) and the cloud albedo from the measured solar irradiance is also described. In this approach, the cloud transmittance is computed by dividing the irradiance measured at some time by a clear sky value obtained at the same hour on a cloudless day. From the transmittance and the zenith angle, values of cloud albedo and W are computed using the radiative transfer parameterizations of Stephens (1978). These analysis algorithms were evaluated with 17 days of simultaneous and colocated mm-wave (20.6 and 31.65 GHz) radiometer measurements of W and lidar ceilometer measurements of cloud fraction and cloudbase height made during the FIRE IFO. The algorithms are then applied to the entire data set to produce a climatology of these cloud properties for the eight month period.
Effect of Tempo on Pitch Perception

The purpose of the study was to investigate the perceptions of music majors and nonmusic I majors concerning combined frequency and tempo changes in music across a range of musical tempi. The subje...
A quasi-periodic route to chaos in a near-integrable pde

Abstract Pattern formation and transitions to chaos are described for the damped, ac-driven, one-dimensional, periodic sine-Gordon equation. In a nonlinear Schrodinger regime, a generic quasi-periodic route to intermittent chaos is exhibited in detail using a range of dynamical systems diagnostics. In addition, a nonlinear spectral transform is exploited: (i) to identify and quantify coordinates of space-time attractors in terms of a small number of soliton modes of the underlying integrable system; (ii) to use these analytic coordinates to identify homoclinic orbits as possible sources of chaos; and (iii) to demonstrate the significance of energy transfer between coherent and extended states in this chaotic system.
Oxidative dehydrochlorination of heptachlor by Daphnia magna

Abstract [14C]Heptachlor is metabolized by the freshwater microcrustacean, Daphnia magna, to 1-hydroxychlordene, 1-ketochlordene, 1-hydroxy-2,3-epoxychlordene, and their glucosides, sulfates, and other conjugates. 1-Hydroxychlordene is converted to 1-ketochlordene, indicating that in vivo formation of 1-ketochlordene may proceed via oxidative dehydrochlorination of HC-Cl in heptachlor to CHOH (1-hydroxychlordene) followed by oxidation of the latter to 1-ketochlordene. The ketone formation from heptachlor may not result via a chlorohydrin intermediate.
Self-Defined Retirement Status and Engagement in Paid Work among Older Working-Age Women: Comparison between Childless Women and Mothers

Utilizing data from the 1992–1994 Health and Retirement Study (HRS), this paper examines the question of whether three groups of older working-age women—childless women, mothers with at least one child at home or temporarily away at school, and mothers with all their children living away from home—were different or similar in their likelihood of retirement and their actual work status. The results show that the childless group and the child-not-at-home group were more likely than the child-at-home group to define themselves as retired, although the three groups were equally likely to engage in paid work activities. Both early childbearing history and ongoing parental financial obligations appear to influence women’s willingness to assume a retiree versus a nonretiree status. The findings may reflect an emerging trend of retirement being a status symbol rather than a marker of complete cessation from the world of work.
Individual ethical beliefs and perceived organizational interests

Two contrasting types of individuals were each predicted to agree, for different reasons, that conventional ethical standards of society need not be upheld if organizational interests appear to demand otherwise. The hypotheses were investigated using questionnaire responses from two samples (employed and student, total N=308). Clear support was obtained for the prediction that individuals inclined toward self-interest and behavior counter to conventional standards would agree with the preceding position. Partial support was obtained for the hypothesis that individuals who simply feel obligated to support an employing organization would also agree. While the latter's perspective may be somewhat narrow or perhaps even cynical, they do not seem to reflect the self-interest profile of the first group. This study also extends the groundbreaking work of Froelich and Kottke by exploring individual difference correlates of their promising ethics scale assessing the extent of agreement that organizational interests legitimately supersede more conventional ethical standards.
Reaction of fluorosulfuryl isocyanate with group IIB metal fluorides [1]

Abstract Fluorosulfuryl isocyanate has been found to react with HgF2 and CdF2 in CH3CN solution to form the fluoroformylfluorosulfurylimide salts, Hg[N(SO2F)C(O)F]2·X CH3CN (X = 1,2) and Cd[N(SO2F)C(O)F]2·2 CH3CN. The reaction with CdF2 was incomplete, and no detectable reaction occurred with ZnF2. Hg[N(SO2F)C(O)F]2 reacted with Cl2 to produce mainly COF2, FSO2NCl2, and HgCl2. With CF3C(O)Cl, the products CF3C(O)F, FSO2NCO, and, possibly, Hg[N(SO2F)C(O)F]CCl were formed.
Drug discovery: Propping up a destructive regime.

The Wnt signalling pathway balances the opposing activities of two proteins to transmit signals within cells. An inhibitor that stabilizes one of these proteins reveals a new target for anticancer drug development.
H-2-linked regulation of serum gp70 production in mice.

By using many congenic strains of C57BL/10 (B10) mice and NZB mice, we have demonstrated a genetic system that controls the production of serum gp70. Our system has been tentatively designated asSgp-1 and is composed of three phenotypes, Sgp-1a, 1b, and 1c. This system appears to be closely linked to, but not in theH-2 region on chromosome 17. Sgp-1a, which is associated withH-2d, correlates with relatively large amounts of serum gp70 in B10 congenic lines. Sgp-1b, which appeared in most of theH-2 types tested, corresponds with low serum gp70 output in B10 congenic lines and F1 hybrid offspring of B10 and NZB crosses and with increased gp70 production after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. Sgp-1c, which is associated withH-2s, also relates to small amounts of serum gp70 in B10 congenic lines and their F1 hybrids from NZB matings, but shows lack of serum gp70 responsiveness to LPS. This failure to accelerate serum gp70 production after injection of LPS is independent of other acute phase responses and polyclonal activation of B cells.
Measuring the Sudanese economy: a focus on national growth rates and regional inequality, 1959–1964

Abstract What effect did the adoption of national income accounting as a planning technique have on economic policy-making in Sudan during the first half of the 1960s? This article draws on extensive archival evidence from the World Bank Archives, the British National Archives and the National Records Office in Khartoum, Sudan. The main conclusion is that national income accounting heightened planners' awareness of income inequality between Sudan and other states, but lessened their awareness of regional inequality within Sudan. This article takes the Ten Year Plan of Economic and Social Development, 1961/62–1970/71 as a case study for how policy-makers implement plans that magnify inequality in the name of development. The conclusion offers some suggestions for the connection between growing regional inequality and the October 1964 coup.
Load sensitivity analyses of elastic structures by differential and boundary integral equation formulations

A direct unification of the boundary integral equations (BIE) of elasticity and load sensitivity analysis procedures is proposed in a novel approach. In the so-called BIE formulation, it is found that more than one type of adjoint functions are necessary, which are defined by different integral equations at complementary points of the structural boundary. The presence of double volume/surface integrals and the switching of the source and field points in the fundamental solutions are further interesting characteristics of the proposed formulation. An analytical example is solved by using the standard differential equation formulation, as well as the new BIE formulation of load sensitivity analysis.
ProMC: Input–output data format for HEP applications using varint encoding

Abstract A new data format for Monte Carlo (MC) events, or any structural data, including experimental data, is discussed. The format is designed to store data in a compact binary form using variable-size integer encoding as implemented in the Google’s Protocol Buffers package. This approach is implemented in the ProMC library which produces smaller file sizes for MC records compared to the existing input–output libraries used in high-energy physics (HEP). Other important features of the proposed format are a separation of abstract data layouts from concrete programming implementations, self-description and random access. Data stored in ProMC files can be written, read and manipulated in a number of programming languages, such C++, JAVA, FORTRAN and PYTHON.
Multimode dynamics of a sinusoidally modulated, diode-pumped Nd:YAG laser

Pump modulation is used to explore multimode interactions in an standing-wave Nd:YAG laser. Large amplitude modulation drives the system into apparent period doubling cascades and chaos as are expected for the nonlinear oscillations of the driven relaxation oscillations of the laser. However, examination of the intensity fluctuations and intensity power spectra of individual modes indicates that anti-phased fluctuations and subharmonic resonances are quite common and that they masquerade as simpler period-doubling phenomena. Even the sinusoidal response of a multimode laser to weak modulation is found to reveal multimode couplings in the distortions of the resonant frequency and width of the resonance as the pump current is raised, bringing more modes into the dynamics and strengthening the side modes.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
K-Ras and MSI: Potential Markers of Both Patient Prognosis and Treatment Efficacy

K-Ras and MSI: Potential Markers of Both Patient Prognosis and Treatment Efficacy Kiran Turaga;David Shibata; Annals of Surgical Oncology
Begin the Journey With the End in Mind

This commentary critically examines the issues raised in the article by Bedeian, Van Fleet, and Hyman from a functional perspective, one that might be used in decisions about who should be a member of a prototypic work group. It takes the position that, like a work group, a journal editorial board exists for a purpose, and that purpose (or function) should play a major role in determining the criteria to be used when staffing the board's membership. When contemporary thinking about the staffing of work groups is applied, the current practices of the journals of interest are found to be appropriate and defensible.
Eosinophil adoptive transfer system to directly evaluate pulmonary eosinophil trafficking in vivo

Most in vivo studies of granulocytes draw conclusions about their trafficking based on examination of their steady-state tissue/blood levels, which result from a combination of tissue homing, survival, and egress, rather than direct examination of cellular trafficking. Herein, we developed a unique cell transfer system involving the adoptive transfer of a genetically labeled, bone-marrow–derived unique granulocyte population (eosinophils) into an elicited inflammatory site, the allergic lung. A dual polychromatic FACS-based biomarker-labeling system based on the IL4-eGFP transgene (4get) or Cd45.1 allele was used to track i.v. transferred eosinophils into the airway following allergen or TH2-associated stimuli in the lung in multiple mouse strains. The system was amenable to reverse tagging of recipients, thus allowing transfer of nonlabeled eosinophils and competitive tracking of multiple populations of eosinophils in vivo. The half-life of eosinophils in the blood was 3 h, and migration to the lung was dependent upon the dosage of transferred eosinophils, sensitive to pertussis toxin pretreatment, peaked at ∼24 h after adoptive transfer, and revealed a greater than 8-d eosinophil half-life in the lung. Eosinophil migration to the lung was dependent upon recipient IL-5 and IL-13 receptor α1 and donor eosinophil C-C chemokine receptor type 3 (CCR3) and interleukin 1 receptor-like 1 (ST2) in vivo. Taken together, this unique eosinophil transfer system provides an unprecedented opportunity to examine airway eosinophil migration without the need for extensive efforts to acquire donor source and time-consuming genetic crossing and has already been used to identify a long eosinophil half-life in the allergic lung and a definite role for ST2 in regulating eosinophil trafficking.
Westinghouse: Microcircuit Pioneer from Molecular Electronics to ICs

In the late 1950s and early 1960s, Westinghouse Electric engineers and scientists pursued research and developed many innovations in semiconductor design and manufacturing that found widespread use throughout the industry and later contributed to the important role of ICs in the development of computing.
Explicit and implicit stereotype activation effects on memory: do age and awareness moderate the impact of priming?

Two studies examined the effects of implicit and explicit priming of aging stereotypes. Implicit primes had a significant effect on older adults’ memory, with positive primes associated with greater recall than negative primes. With explicit primes, older adults were able to counteract the impact of negative stereotypes when the cues were relatively subtle, but blatant stereotype primes suppressed performance regardless of prime type. No priming effects under either presentation condition were obtained for younger adults, indicating that the observed implicit effects are specific to those for whom the stereotype is self-relevant. Findings emphasize the importance of social-situational factors in determining older adults’ memory performance and contribute to the delineation of situations under which stereotypes are most influential.
Cooperative behavior as a function of interpersonal style in preschoolers

A study of the effectiveness of preschoolers interpersonal interactions was conducted based upon a circumplex model of interpersonal behavior and the corollary complementarity hypothesis developed by Leary (1957) and Carson (1969) The interpersonal styles of 92 preschoolers' interpersonal interactions was rated in a naturalistic free-play environment These ratings were used to obtain status and affiliation scores for each child which, in turn, were the basis for assigning subjects a complementary or an anticom-plementary partner It was predicted and found that complementary pairs performed a difficult puzzle task more efficiently than did anticomplementary pairs The usefulness of the complementarity hypothesis and implications for its use in future research were discussed
Structural and cultural determinants of adult homicide in developed countries : Age and gender-specific rates, 1955-1989

Abstract Following a review of the literature on cross-national adult homicide rates we develop the first empirical study of 1955–1989 age-standardized and age-specific rates for male and female victims in 21 developed countries. We add Easterlin's relative cohort size to standard measures of social and economic structures that may increase conflict among individuals and groups within nations. We also include the lagged ratio of female / male enrollment in tertiary education with divorce rates as a second indicator of family and sex role conflict. A measure of the rate of rape expands past indicators of the culture of violence. The lagged errors of prediction are included to reduce spurious results that can be caused by measurement and specification error. The resulting 16 equations are robust and suggest that research examining the mechanisms that link structural predictors to homicide rates may well be worth the effort.