cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Inflow Performance Relationships of Horizontal and Multibranched Wells in a Solution- Gas-Drive Reservoir

In predicting and optimizing the performance of single and multiple wells, or complex well architecture, within a drainage or flow unit, we have favored benchmark analytical or semianalytical models. Recently, a general productivity model has been constructed and presented that allows for the performance prediction of any single- and multi-well configuration within any reservoir geometry in both isotropic and anisotropic media. Such an approximation is known to have limitations when applied to two-phase reservoir flow. This work used a numerical simulator to generate IPR's for horizontal or multibranched wells producing from a solution-gas-drive reservoir. First, a base case is considered with typical fluid, rock, and reservoir properties. Then, variations from the base case are investigated. These variations cover a wide range of fluid, reservoir, and well characteristics. The effects of numerous reservoir and fluid properties on the calculated curves are investigated. Bubblepoint pressure and reservoir depletion have a significant effect on the curves. A generalized dimensionless IPR based on nonlinear regression analysis of simulator results is developed. This IPR curve is then used to predict the performance of horizontal and multibranched wells in a solution-gas-drive reservoir combined with our productivity model. For relatively low bubblepoint pressures, the curves coalesce on Vogel's classic relationship. For higher pressures they deviate substantially.
Influence of Maternal Diet and Perishability on Caching and Consumption Behavior of Juvenile Eastern Woodrats

We tested the hypotheses that juvenile eastern woodrats ( Neotoma floridana ) learned to select appropriate foods to cache by cues from the maternal diet and that the effect of perishability affected caching and consumption behavior of juvenile woodrats. In May 1993, female woodrats were mated and placed on a diet of garlic-flavored chow. Females in group A were fed garlic-flavored chow until offspring were weaned. Females in group B were fed garlic-flavored chow until parturition and then were placed on a diet of standard laboratory chow. All offspring were weaned at 45 days postpartum and maintained on a diet of standard laboratory chow. In October and November 1993, juveniles were tested to determine their preference for caching and consumption of garlic-flavored chow or a novel (mint) flavored chow. Juveniles in group A cached more garlic-flavored chow than juveniles in group B ( P = 0.04). There was no difference between groups in the amount of garlic chow consumed ( P = 0.5). Naive juveniles preferred to cache dry apple ( P = 0.01) but preferred to consume fresh apple ( P = 0.01). The outcome of our experiments suggests that maternal diet influences the cache-food selection of naive woodrats. Further, naive juvenile woodrats treat perishable and non-perishable foods in a manner similar to adults suggesting that their response to such foods is not learned.
Accurate structures and binding energies for stacked uracil dimers

The face-to-face and face-to-back stacked uracil dimers have been investigated by second-order Moller−Plesset (MP2) perturbation theory and by the coupled-cluster singles and doubles method augmented with a perturbative contribution from connected triple substitutions [CCSD(T)]. Full MP2 geometry optimizations were performed with a TZ2P(f,d)++ basis and with the 6-31G* basis for which harmonic vibrational frequencies were computed as well. Complete basis set MP2 binding energies were obtained from basis set extrapolations using the correlation-consistent basis sets cc-pVXZ (X = D−5) and aug-cc-pVXZ (X = D−Q). Higher-order correlation effects were gauged by computing the MP2 → CCSD(T) shift in the counterpoise-corrected binding energy using a modified 6-31G* basis set. By adding this correction to the infinite basis set limit MP2 binding energies, final estimates of 9.7 and 8.8 kcal mol-1 are obtained for the binding energies of the face-to-face and face-to-back structures, respectively.
Photodissociation of CH4+ via ion cyclotron resonance

The molecular methane ion CH4+ was observed to dissociate to the methyl cation and a hydrogen atom upon irradiation with while light from a 2.5 kW xenon are lamp. The maximum photodissociation cross section was estimated as 3×10−19 cm2 at 3350 A and a spectrum was obtained.
Mathematical analysis of inter-band intermodulation for concurrent dual-band mixers

Recently concurrent dual-band receivers are being investigated to help improve data rates and ease roaming across different network standards. Traditionally, nonlinear behavior has been confined to two-tone tests where the tone spacing is relatively small. In concurrent dual-band systems, however, two bands must be received simultaneously with an arbitrary spacing between the bands. In this paper, the intermodulation issues between bands and between the signals within a given band are analyzed. It is found that there are certain band spacings that must be avoided because of significant intermodulation distortion. Based on this analysis, a frequency plan to avoid inter-band nonlinear distortion is proposed. These results are then verified with Matlab simulations.
The effect of estrogen on amino acid transport in rat uterus

Abstract 1. 1. Some characteristics of amino acid transport in the isolated rat uterus have been studied using the non-metabolized amino acid analogue α-aminoisobutyric acid. The effect of estrogen injection into ovariectomized rats on the rate of transport of α-aminoisobutyric acid was also determined. 2. 2. A single injection of estrogen increased the initial rate of α-aminoisobutyric acid transport into uterine cells. The effect was evident by 1 h and maximal at 8 h; it persisted for more than 24 h. Control values were reached again by 48 h. The rate of α-aminoisobutyric acid uptake in vitro was the same in the presence or absence of glucose. 3. 3. Several natural amino acids inhibited transport of α-aminoisobutyric acid to a greater or lesser extent, whereas others were without effect. 4. 4. It is concluded that estrogen increases the rate of uptake of α-aminoisobutyric acid by the isolated rat uterus, and that it may increase the rate of transport of a number of the natural amino acids.
Interleukin-1 as intermediary causing prolonged sleep apnea and SIDS during respiratory infections.

Abstract Two epidemiologic features of sudden infant death sydrome, respiratory infections and prolonged sleep apnea, have not been linked by a known mechanism. Muramyl peptide, acting through interleukin-1, is proposed as that link. Both agents produce fever, activation of the immune system, and of particular significance, increased deep or slow wave sleep. Although sleep apnea is universal, prolonged apnea can, if uninterupted by arousal, lead to hypoxic apnea, coma, and death. Infants in the first six months of life are particularly vulnerable when arousal mechanisms may not be fully developed, after 9 months of fetal life when life does not depend on respiration.
Cu(II)Gly2HisGly Oxidation by H2O2/Ascorbic Acid to the Cu(III) Complex and Its Subsequent Decay to Alkene Peptides

Protonation and stability constants for Gly2HisGly and its Cu(II) complexes (βmhl), determined at 25.0 °C and μ = 0.10 M (NaClO4), have values of log β011 = 7.90, log β021 = 14.51, log β031 = 17.55, log β101 = 7.82, log β1-21 = −0.80, and log β1-31 = −12.7 (where the subscripts refer to the number of metal ions, protons, and ligands, respectively). The reaction of CuII(H-2Gly2HisGly)- with l-ascorbic acid and H2O2 at p[H+] 6.6 rapidly generates CuIII(H-2Gly2HisGly) with λmax at 260 and 396 nm, which is separated chromatographically. The Cu(III) complex decomposes to give alkene peptide isomers of glycylglycyl-α,β-dehydrohistidylglycine that are separated chromatographically and characterized. These alkene peptide species are present as geometric isomers with imidazole tautomers that have distinct spectral and chemical characteristics. The proposed major isomeric form (94%), Z-Nτ−H, has a hydrogen on the τ nitrogen of the imidazole ring and three conjugated double bonds. It has absorption bands at 295 and ...
Determination of oligomers in vinyl chloride polymers by steric exclusion chromatography

Abstract Low-molecular-weight materials were isolated from poly(vinyl chloride) resins by diethyl ether soxhlet extraction and these were subsequently fractionated on a combination of steric exclusion columns. Estimations of oligomer levels in the isolated molecular weight fractions were made on the basis of gravimetric measurements and micro chlorine determinations. The presence in each fraction of a large number of species was demonstrated by high-performance steric exclusion chromatography and mass spectrometry was employed for attempted characterisation.
The leader RNA of vesicular stomatitis virus is bound by a cellular protein reactive with anti-La lupus antibodies

Abstract The leader RNA transcript of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) has been immunoprecipitated from infected BHK cell extracts by anti-La specific sera from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). This association was specific as lupus antisera with other specificities failed to precipitate leader RNA. The amount of leader RNA associated with the La antigen peaked 4 hr post infection and then declined. Leader RNA complexed with viral nucleocapsid proteins increased at a slower rate but eventually predominated 6 hr post infection. By 16 hr all of the leader RNA was associated with nucleo-capsid proteins. Although a significant portion of the leader RNA was present in isolated nuclei 4 hr post infection, all of the leader RNA outside the nucleus was bound to La protein. Leader RNA is the first non-RNA polymerase III product found to associate with the La protein. The proposed function of the leader-La complex in VSV transcription and replication and in viral cytopathology is discussed.
Mapping theory: a new approach to design of multi-sensor monitoring of reconfigurable machining systems (RMS)

Abstract Effective monitoring of a manufacturing process is essential for ensuring product quality. Single-sensor systems have often proven not to be very effective due to the relatively large number of parameters and the complexity of machining processes. Multi-sensor systems have therefore been investigated in recent years to improve the reliability of tool failure monitoring. This paper outlines a fundamental theory (“Mapping Theory”) that will form a framework for selecting an appropriate monitoring system for any given machining system. In particular, such a theory should facilitate development of monitoring systems for reconfigurable machining. Presented are the concepts of Fault, Sensor, Signal Processing, and Computing Spaces, and their generic characteristics. Study of their fundamental properties reveals that there are certain levels of uncertainty involved in describing them. This has led to the adoption of fuzzy systems theory as a fundamental tool for development of the “Mapping Theory.” This article reports on recent progress made in this regard and outlines some of the preliminary results obtained. It is shown that, based on the characteristics of the faults and the type of machining operations, it is possible to rank the sensors based on their characteristics and to come up with an appropriate multi-sensor monitoring system. Examples are provided to show the effectiveness of the approach.
Molecular association of CH3OD vapor

Abstract The absorption of infrared radiation by methanol-d vapor in the region 2400 to 2800 cm−1 has been studied at 305° and 335°K as a function of vapor density. As in ordinary methanol, the results best correlate with the model that methanol-d vapor is composed of monomer, dimer, and tetramer, with little or no trimer present. The enthalpy of dissociation of the dimer is found to be approximately 5 kcal/mole, and that of the tetramer approximately 14 kcal/mole.
Live and let live type behavior in a multi-market setting with demand fluctuations☆

Abstract This paper formalizes a cooperative mode of behavior which captures essential elements of the live and let live philosophy, and shows that adoption of such a policy tends to benefit firms in oligopolistic markets. It is indicated that multiplicity of contacts and exposure to demand fluctuations may simplify coordination and enhance the potential and profitability of live and let live type behavior.
Characterization of water-soluble organic aerosol in coastal New England: Implications of variations in size distribution

Abstract Size distributions up to 10-micron aerosol diameter (DP) of organic carbon (OC) and water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) were measured at two sites in coastal New England, slightly inland at Thompson Farm (TF) and offshore at Isles of Shoals (IOS). Significant OC concentrations were measured across the full size distribution at TF and IOS, respectively. The WSOC fraction (WSOC/OC) was largest in the accumulation mode with values of 0.86 and 0.93 and smallest in the coarse mode with values of 0.61 and 0.79 at TF and IOS, respectively. Dicarboxylic acids containing up to five carbon atoms (C5) were concentrated in droplet and accumulation mode aerosol with only minor contributions in the coarse mode. C1–C3 monocarboxylic acids were generally near or below detection limits. Results from proton nuclear magnetic resonance (H+-NMR) spectroscopy analyses showed that the organic functional group characterized by protons in the alpha position to an unsaturated carbon atoms ([H–C–C ]) was the dominant WSOC functionality at both TF and IOS, constituting 34 and 43% of carbon-weighted H+-NMR signal, respectively. Size distributions of each H+-NMR-resolved organic functionality are presented. Source apportionment using H+-NMR fingerprints is also presented, and results indicate that nearly all of the WSOC at TF and IOS spectroscopically resembled secondary organic aerosol, regardless of DP.
Fluid accumulation, survival and recovery of kidney function in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury

Fluid accumulation is associated with adverse outcomes in critically ill patients. Here, we sought to determine if fluid accumulation is associated with mortality and non-recovery of kidney function in critically ill adults with acute kidney injury. Fluid overload was defined as more than a 10% increase in body weight relative to baseline, measured in 618 patients enrolled in a prospective multicenter observational study. Patients with fluid overload experienced significantly higher mortality within 60 days of enrollment. Among dialyzed patients, survivors had significantly lower fluid accumulation when dialysis was initiated compared to non-survivors after adjustments for dialysis modality and severity score. The adjusted odds ratio for death associated with fluid overload at dialysis initiation was 2.07. In non-dialyzed patients, survivors had significantly less fluid accumulation at the peak of their serum creatinine. Fluid overload at the time of diagnosis of acute kidney injury was not associated with recovery of kidney function. However, patients with fluid overload when their serum creatinine reached its peak were significantly less likely to recover kidney function. Our study shows that in patients with acute kidney injury, fluid overload was independently associated with mortality. Whether the fluid overload was the result of a more severe renal failure or it contributed to its cause will require clinical trials in which the role of fluid administration to such patients is directly tested.
Mean spherical approximation for the Yukawa fluid radial distribution function

Waisman has obtained the direct correlation function (DCF) for the Yukawa fluid using the mean spherical approximation (MSA). Although his result has been used to obtain the thermodynamic functions of this fluid, the resultant radial distribution function (RDF) has not been calculated. In this study, the RDF is calculated by obtaining the Laplace transforms of the DCF and RDF of this fluid by analytic integration. These Laplace transforms are then converted to Fourier transforms that can be inverted numerically. Results are reported for a value of the decay parameter (z = 1.8) that mimics a Lennard-Jones (LJ) 12–6 fluid and for z = 5, which has been used in perturbation theory. For the cases studied, the RDF at contact is greater for the Yukawa fluid than for the hard-sphere fluid and increases monotonically with decreasing temperature. At low densities, the difference between the hard-sphere and LJ-like Yukawa RDFs is appreciable. However, at high densities this difference is much smaller. The dependence...
Tensile and Compression Testing of Single-Crystal Gamma Ti-55.5 Al

Gamma based titanium aluminides are considered to be promising high temperature application alloys because of their exceptional high temperature mechanical properties and good oxidation resistance. Moreover, with a density less than half of current nickel based super alloys, the increased power to weight ratio that can be realized by using titanium aluminides is very attractive to the automotive and aircraft industries. Here the orientation and temperature dependence of the flow strength of {gamma}-TiAl is being measured to promote a fundamental understanding of the deformation mechanisms that are active in this alloy. High quality single crystals of {gamma}-Ti-55.5 Al have been grown using an optical float zone furnace, which allows for crystal seeding and provides a containerless growth environment. These crystals have been oriented using back reflection Laue and TEM and cut into microsample tensile specimens by electric discharge machining. The microsample testing technique developed at Johns Hopkins is being utilized to measure the orientation, temperature and tension/compression dependence of the flow strength of TiAl. An outline of the microsample testing techniques that have been developed for this study and preliminary results follow in this paper.
Avian response to warm-season grass use in pasture and hayfield management

Abstract Populations of most avian species associated with grasslands have declined in North America over the last few decades. These declines may be related, in part, to changes in species composition and management of pastures and hayfields. The incorporation of native, warm-season grasses into pasture and hayfield management has been suggested as a means of providing suitable habitat for birds in agricultural areas. To examine this, we compared avian abundance, richness, and reproductive success in warm- [i.e. switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) and big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii)] and cool-season grass [i.e. orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata)] fields on private farms in southwest Pennsylvania. Point counts, nest monitoring, and vegetation sampling were conducted on nine pairs (warm- and cool-season grass) of fields in 1996, and 12 pairs of fields in 1997. Compared with cool-season grass fields, warm-season grass fields supported a greater abundance and richness of birds, including several declining species [e.g. song sparrows (Melospiza melodia), field sparrows (Spizella pusilla), chipping sparrows (Spizella passerina), grasshopper sparrows (Ammodramus savannarum), and vesper sparrows (Pooccetes gramineus)]. Additionally, due to lower nest destruction and depredation rates, birds in warm-season grass fields had greater nest success and fledge rates. The positive response of birds to the use of warm-season grasses in pastures and hayfields appears to be due to the increased availability of undisturbed cover. Thus, the establishment of warm-season grasses in pastures and hayfields should be an avian conservation and management priority. Convincing farmers to use warm-season grasses in their fields should not be difficult, as several state and federal programs fund their establishment, and the use of these grasses increases forage production and farm income.
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): A National Survey of Training and Current Assessment Practices in the Schools.

The primary purpose of this research was to survey school psychologists to investigate their training and current assessment practices for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in the schools. The survey consisted of 38 questions regarding participant characteristics and three main areas relevant to ADHD: (a) training, (b) caseloads/referral patterns, and (c) assessment. The respondents reported receiving adequate training in the assessment of ADHD, with doctorate-level psychologists self-reporting being better trained than nondoctorate psychologists. Results confirmed a substantial caseload of ADHD referrals. In the assessment of ADHD, the results indicated school psychologists are using multiple informants, methods, and settings for the assessment of ADHD with rating scales, observations, and interviews the most common methods identified. Limitations of current practices will be discussed. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 40: 583–597, 2003.
Antibiotic susceptibilities of group C and group G streptococci isolated from patients with invasive infections : Evidence of vancomycin tolerance among group G serotypes

A retrospective review of medical records for 32 patients with invasive group C streptococcus (GCS) or group G streptococcus (GGS) infections was performed. MICs and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) of penicillin, erythromycin, and vancomycin for all isolates were obtained. Tolerance of vancomycin, defined as an MBC 32 or more times higher than the MIC, was exhibited by 18 GGS isolates (54%). The identification of tolerance in clinical isolates of GGS and GCS may have clinical implications in treating these seriously ill patients.
Postnatal development of ACTH and α-MSH in the medulla oblongata of rat: α-MSH is the predominant peptide

ALESSI, N. E. AND P. QUINLAN. Postnatal development of ACTH and a-MSH in the medulla oblongata of rat: a-MSH i.s the predominant peptide. PE PTIDES 6: Suppl. 2, 137-141, 1985.-ACTH and a-MSH levels were measured by radioimmunoassays in extracts of the caudal medulla oblongata of developing rats on postnatal (P) days 1-42 at 7 day intervals, and in adult rats. From PI to adulthood, ACTH increased > ! 1-fold from 7.2_ + 1.9 fmol to 82.4_+ 12.6 fmol per medulla section (mean_+ S.E.M.). In comparison, a-MSH increased >7-fold from 68.75_+ 11.0 fmol to 491 _+97.8 fmol during this time period. ACTH/p.g of soluble protein decreased during postnatal development from 0.006_+0.01 to 0.005_+0.001 fmol//zg of protein and a-MSH increased from 0.06_+0.01 fmol//zg of protein to 0.11 -+0.009 fmol//xg of protein between P1 and P7, decreased to 0.015_+0.003 fmol/#g of protein by P42 and increased to 0.03-+0.006 fmol/protein per unit protein by adulthood. These data indicate a significant shift in the levels of a-MSH detected during development with a decrease in the concentration of material occurring from early postnatal development (P1-P7) to adulthood, which does not appear to be solely related to a regional increase in protein. These studies, as well as radioimmunoassays for ACTH and a-MSH in combination with sizing chromatography of pooled extracts at P1. P7 and the adult, demonstrated the predominance of a-MSH at all ages. ACTH te-MSH Medulla oblongata Postnatal development Nucleus tractus solitarius
Ketene Functionalized Polyethylene: Control of Cross-Link Density and Material Properties

The functionalization and cross-linking of polyethylene is synthetically challenging, commonly relying on highly optimized radical based postpolymerization strategies. To address these difficulties, a norbornene monomer containing Meldrum's acid is shown to be effectively copolymerized with polyethylene using a nickel α-iminocarbaxamidato complex, providing high-melting, semicrystalline polymers with a tunable incorporation of the functional comonomer. Upon heating the copolymer to common polyethylene processing temperatures, the thermolysis of Meldrum's acid to ketene provides the desired reactive group. This simple and versatile methodology does not require small molecule radical sources or catalysts, and the dimerization of the in situ generated ketenes is shown to provide tunable cross-linking densities in polyethylene. Subsequent rheological and tensile experiments illustrate the ability to tune cross-linked polyethylene properties by comonomer incorporation and elucidate valuable structure/property relationships in these materials. This study illustrates the power of well-defined and synthetically accessible functional groups in polyolefin synthesis and functionalization.
Evaluating computer systems through simulation

A review of computer systems simulation is presented. Existing and proposed programs for simulating computer systems are described and recommendations are made about the desirable characteristics of a simulator. Attention is primarily focused upon those simulators that may be used to study time-sharing, multiprogramming, and multiprocessing systems. It appears that a higher order, special purpose simulation language is needed for simulating computer systems. CSS and LOMUSS II seem to be representative of the most promising type of computer system simulators.
2H-4 In vivo Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse Imaging of the Cardiac Cycle

In vivo ARFI images of an exposed canine heart were acquired through multiple cardiac cycles. The matched eletrocardiogram (ECG) was also recorded. Sequences with the radiation force pulse amplitude set to zero were also acquired to measure potential artifacts within the ARFI images. A radiofrequency ablation was performed on the pericardial surface of the left ventricular free wall, creating a lesion that did not vary in stiffness during a heartbeat though continued to move physiologically with the rest of the heart. The ARFI images showed a semispherical, stiffer region at the ablation site that displaced and varied less throughout entire cardiac cycle. When registered with the ECG, the changing displacements within the sequence of ARFI images reflect the expected stiffness changes of the myocardium during the entire cardiac cycle. The results show great promise for realtime cardiac ARFI imaging
Effect of improved assay sensitivity on luteinizing hormone pulse detection after gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist treatment in man.

When serum levels of a hormone are at or below the detection limit of the measurement system, accurate characterization and quantitation of pulsatile hormone secretion may be difficult. This point is well illustrated in this study, which used two immunoassays with markedly different assay sensitivities to quantitate pulsatile LH secretion in men in whom serum LH levels had been suppressed by the administration of a GnRH antagonist. Five normal men received 5 mg Nal-Glu, sc, daily for 21 days. Blood was drawn at 10-min intervals over 8 h on days 0 and 21. Samples were assayed in triplicate in both a conventional LH RIA with a sensitivity of 0.6-1.0 IU/L and a two-site-directed ultrasensitive immunofluorometric assay (IFMA) with assay sensitivity ranging from 0.05-0.125 IU/L. LH pulses were analyzed by Cluster analysis (C) and were corroborated by the Detect algorithm (D). Nal-Glu suppressed LH (C) pulse amplitude from 4.0 +/- 0.7 to 0.40 +/- 0.03 IU/L by LH RIA and from 7.8 +/- 2.1 to 0.21 +/- 0.04 IU/L by...
On the Partitioning of Function in Distributed Collaboration Systems

A large number of experimental (and a few commercial) distributed synchronous collaboration support systems have been developed to date for the UNIX4/X environment. These systems typically fall into one of two categories: toolkits for collaborative application development, and shared window systems. Collaboration toolkits usually focus on supporting the development of collaboration-aware applications, and shared window systems are typically in tended to make existing single-user (collaboration-unaware) applications available to multiple users concurrently. The two types of systems are usually developed and used independently; that is, integrated systems with the capabilities of both types of systems are rare.This field of research is now mature enough that we can identify the major components of such systems and the functions they typically provide. In this paper we analyze a typical partitioning of function among the usual set of components, and suggest changes that can be made to this partitioning to improve the characteristics of future collaborative support systems. In the process, we find that our re-distribution of function makes it easier to develop integrated systems supporting both collaboration-aware and collaboration-unaware applications.
Interactions of Exo1p with components of MutLα in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Previously, we reported evidence suggesting that Saccharomyces cerevisiae MutLα, composed of Mlh1p and Pms1p, was a functional member of the gyrase b/Hsp90/MutL (GHL) dimeric ATPase superfamily characterized by highly conserved ATPase domains. Similar to other GHL ATPases, these putative ATPase domains of MutLα may be important for the recruitment and/or activation of downstream effectors. One downstream effector candidate is Exo1p, a 5′-3′ double stranded DNA exonuclease that has previously been implicated in DNA mismatch repair (MMR). Here we report yeast two-hybrid results suggesting that Exo1p can interact physically with MutLα through the Mlh1p subunit. We also report epistasis analysis involving MutLα ATPase mutations combined with exo1Δ. One interpretation of our genetic results is that MutLα ATPase domains function to direct Exo1p and other functionally redundant exonucleases during MMR. Finally, our results show that much of the increase in spontaneous mutation observed in an exo1Δ strain is REV3-dependent, in turn suggesting that Exo1p is also involved in one or more MMR-independent mutation avoidance pathways.
Enhancing the dexterity of a robot hand using controlled slip

An analysis was performed of controlled slipping of an object within a robot hand. The possible ways an object can move within a grasp were enumerated. The set of permissible motions was found as a function of the constraint state, that is, the number, location, and types of contact on an object. The constraint state was found as a function of a number of controllable variables, such as grasping force and externally applied forces. >
Air Pollution, Climate, and Heart Disease

Two decades of research have shown that air pollution can trigger heart attacks, strokes, and irregular heart rhythms, particularly in people already at risk for these conditions. Several reviews of these studies, including 2 American Heart Association scientific statements, describe the scientific findings and conclude that air pollution poses a risk to heart health.1–4 You can help protect your health and the health of your family, neighbors, and community from risk caused by air pollution, including the risk to your cardiovascular health. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), American Heart Association, American Stroke Association, and American College of Cardiology have published a concise leaflet on “Heart Disease, Stroke and Outdoor Air Pollution” that is available online (www.epa.gov/airnow/heart_flyer-1-28-10-final.pdf).5 This article provides advice for patients based partially on this leaflet and the EPA website http://airnow.gov/.6 General advice on air pollution and the heart is also available on the EPA website http://www.epa.gov/greenheart/.7 Air pollution is a mixture of gases and particles that come from manmade and natural sources. For heart disease and stroke, very small particles that go down into the airways seem to be the most important form of air pollution for triggering these events, particularly in those at high risk. These particles, measured and reported by the EPA as PM2.5, come from cars and trucks, power plants, industrial boilers, other industrial sources, and wildfires. Globally, cigarette smoking and wood- or biomass-burning stoves used for cooking8 and heating are major sources of indoor particle pollution. Ground-level ozone, known for years to worsen lung disease, may also trigger heart attacks and strokes in susceptible people. It is formed when pollutant gases emitted by cars and trucks, power plants, industrial boilers, refineries, chemical plants, and other sources react chemically in the presence of …
A NEW TECHNIQUE FOR PHOTOBIONT CULTURING AND MANIPULATION

Abstract Comparisons of whole-lichen physiology to the respective photobionts have often been unclear due to inherent differences in isolated photobiont culturing techniques. The use of 13-mm-diameter cellulose-acetate discs allows photobiont cultures access to nutrient agar medium, while improving ease of manipulation and distinct separation from the agar. Adequate culture growth for experimentation is reached in approximately three weeks, a time comparable to standard nutrient agar and liquid cultures. These discs are then available for use in a variety of manipulative techniques. Chlorophyll determination of an entire algal disc culture is obtainable because the discs readily dissolve in dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO), with no interference in the 400–700 nm range. Photosynthesis and respiration may be measured with standard gas exchange equipment. Photobiont discs allow for fumigation in the gas phase with no increase in external pH reported to occur during gaseous fumigations in liquid media. The disc system is also useful for fluorescence studies.Trebouxia ericicultures exhibited a CO2gas exchange on a gram dry weight basis similar to whole lichen systems. The ease with which photobionts can be cultured and manipulated using this system allows for expanded experimentation and comparisons.
Clinical use of reference intervals derived from some CALIPER studies questioned.

To the Editor: The availability of accurate and appropriate reference intervals is imperative for proper screening, diagnosis, and monitoring of disease. It is therefore with great interest that we read the recent reports (1, 2) by the CALIPER (Canadian Laboratory Initiative for Pediatric Reference Intervals)1 group. The efforts of the CALIPER project to provide these reference intervals for a diverse pediatric population is highly commendable, particularly in view of the substantial challenges of establishing them for this demographic. Apart from the rigors of selecting and collecting samples to establish reference intervals, the analytical quality of the data has to be ensured. It is with regard to these aspects of these studies that we would like to raise certain important concerns. Steroid concentrations are known to change substantially with the time of day when the blood sample is drawn. These samples were drawn over a 24-h period; thus, the within-participant variation in concentrations with time was not taken into account. This limitation is probably the most significant criticism of the CALIPER studies. With regard to the study of Bailey et al. (2), diurnal variation in cortisol is present in healthy children from an …
ZYGOTE FORMATION IN ASCARIS LUMBRICOIDES (NEMATODA)

Ultrastructural observations of the in utero sperm of Ascaris lumbricoides reveal that it consists of a relatively clear, ameboid anterior region and a conical posterior region containing numerous surface membrane specializations, dense mitochondria, a lipid-like refringent body of variable size, and a dense nucleus which lacks an apparent nuclear envelope. No acrosomal complex was observed. Pseudopods emanating from the anterior cytoplasm make first contact with the primary oocytes and appear to be responsible for the localized removal of the extraneous coat covering the oolemma. Subsequently the gamete membranes interdigitate and finally fuse. Because this pseudopodial action appears similar to that reported for the acrosomal filaments in flagellated sperm, the anterior region of the Ascaris sperm is thought to serve an acrosomal function. Following gamete-membrane fusion, the sperm nucleus acquires a particulate appearance and becomes disorganized. Once inside the oocyte, the sperm cytoplasm consists of dense mitochondria, ribosomes, and vesicles derived from the surface membrane specializations. The refringent body, whose contents possibly contribute to the synthesis of ribosomes, is usually absent by the time the sperm cytoplasm attains a central position in the egg.
Equilibrium theory for the binding of bivalent antibodies to regularly spaced sites on a DNA molecule

In the autoimmune disease, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, an individual produces antibodies that bind to his or her own DNA. In this paper we consider a single, long DNA-like molecule in a solution containing bivalent antibodies that can bind to the DNA molecule at regularly spaced sites. The antibody can be attached to DNA by either one or two binding sites. We assume that, when an antibody molecule binds through both its sites, it spans a fixed number of free sites that remain accessible to antibody binding. In this model, antibody molecules can interdigitate along the DNA molecule. We allow steric hindrance within such interdigitating clusters of bound antibodies. We derive analytical expressions for the average number of free, monovalently bound and bivalently bound antibodies, and see how this distribution is influenced by steric hindrance and by the relative binding strengths of the singly and doubly bound antibody.
Lead: Inorganic Chemistry

This article covers basic chemistry of lead(II) including coordination geometries of halides, pseudohalides, oxides, carboxylates, thiolates, and nitrogen and/or phosphorus-containing ligands. Coordination number around lead(II) ranges from 1 to 12 but is by no means comprehensive. Tetrahedral four-coordination is observed only for lead(IV) compounds with bulky ligands. Lead forms halide complexes with both oxidation states but lead(IV) halides are much less stable then monomeric lead(II) halides. Like lead(II) halides, lead pseudohalides also form complexes with donor molecules and these complexes are irregular with high coordination number. Binary and ternary oxides of lead have found importance in electronic and technological applications, while polymeric lead(II) alkoxides [Pb(OR2)] are insoluble and poorly characterized. Ternary and mixed oxides of lead with perovskite structure are electroactive and are characterized by large dielectric constants. Lead(II) chalcogenides especially PbS, are photoconductors and widely used in photoelectric cells and IR detectors. Lead derivatives of oxyacids and organic acid, containing bivalent lead are extensively used in organic synthesis as oxidizing agents. The variable structure of highly coordinate lead(II) carboxylates and their complexes are characterized by intermolecular association. 207Pb NMR and potentiometry have been widely employed for study of lead compounds in solution. Reduction of lead in liquid ammonia or direct fusion of various metals at 700°C results in the formation of anionic clusters. Such species have been identified with 207Pb NMR in solution or recently by laser ablation in gaseous state. Keywords: lead halides; R3Pb·radicals; perovskite structure; ferromagnetic; mixed oxides and alkoxides; photoconductors; 207Pb NMR; Pb – S interactions; amidoplumbylenes; nonorganometallic lead complexes; lead clusters
The global transcriptional effects of the human papillomavirus E6 protein in cervical carcinoma cell lines are mediated by the E6AP ubiquitin ligase.

The function of the human papillomavirus (HPV) E6 protein that is most clearly linked to carcinogenesis is the targeted degradation of p53, which is dependent on the E6AP ubiquitin ligase. Additional functions have been attributed to E6, including the stimulation of telomerase activity and the targeted degradation of other cellular proteins, but in most cases it is unclear whether these activities are also E6AP dependent. While E6 clearly influences the transcriptional program of HPV-positive cell lines through the inactivation of p53, it has been shown that at least a subset of its p53-independent functions are also reflected in the transcriptional program. For this study, we have determined the extent to which E6AP is involved in mediating the set of E6 functions that impact on the global transcriptional program of HPV-positive cell lines. The transcriptional profiles of ∼31,000 genes were characterized for three cell lines (HeLa, Caski, and SiHa cells) after small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated silencing of E6 or E6AP. We found that E6 and E6AP siRNAs elicited nearly identical alterations in the transcriptional profile of each cell line. Some of the expression alterations were apparent secondary effects of p53 stabilization, while the basis of most other changes was not reconcilable with previously proposed E6 functions. While expression changes of the TERT gene (telomerase catalytic subunit) were not revealed by the array, telomerase repeat amplification protocol assays showed that both E6 and E6AP knockouts resulted in a suppression of telomerase activity. Together, these results suggest that E6AP mediates a broad spectrum of E6 functions, including virtually all functions that impact on the transcriptional program of HPV-positive cell lines.
Mammalian-Transmissible H5N1 Influenza: the Dilemma of Dual-Use Research

The National Science Advisory Board for Biosecurity (NSABB)'s recommendation to restrict publication of the details of the generation of mammalian-transmissible H5N1 influenza virus is unprecedented. Dual-use considerations indicated that the potential biosecurity risks of a transmissible H5N1 virus with a possible mortality of 50% in humans outweigh the substantial benefits of open and complete scientific exchange in this case, although the benefits include potential early detection strategies for H5N1 viruses with specific genetic markers and control strategies, including development of antivirals and vaccines. It is argued that both the funding agency (the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases) and the scientists were responding to societal needs and acted entirely responsibly. These studies usher in a new era for life sciences, compelling the research community to confront important decisions: under what conditions should such research be done? How can the principle of full release of information be balanced with the moral imperative to protect the public health?
Comprehensive Activity Travel Pattern Modeling System for Nonworkers with Empirical Focus on Organization of Activity Episodes

A comprehensive continuous-time framework is proposed for representation and analysis of the activity travel choices of nonworkers. An econometric formulation is also presented for one component of the comprehensive framework that focuses on the organization of activities in the nonworker's daily activity travel pattern. In conclusion, an empirical analysis using activity travel data from the 1990 San Francisco Bay Area travel diary survey is discussed.
Interactive Workspaces

We are rapidly entering a world in which people equip themselves with a small constellation of mobile devices and pass through environments rich in embedded technology. However, we are still a long way from harnessing the power of this technology in a way that seamlessly and invisibly assists users in their day-to-day activities. Bringing pervasive computing to maturity requires innovations in systems integration and human-computer interaction (HCI). To investigate these challenges, Stanford University's Interactive Workspaces project (http://iwork.stanford.edu/) is exploring team-based collaboration in technology-augmented environments. These workspaces are designed to allow groups of five to ten people to work together using computing and interaction devices on many scales.
Application of a Mixed-Mode Solid-Phase Extraction and Cleanup Procedure for LC/MS Determination of Thiabendazole and Carbendazim in Apple Juice

Recently, a mixed-mode solid-phase extraction (SPE) procedure was developed for rapid extraction and cleanup for determination of the fungicides thiabendazole and carbendazim in various fruit juices. This paper reports the application of that sample preparation procedure to the liquid chromatographic/mass spectrometric determination of these fungicides in apple juice with detection by positive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI/MS). Response was linear for sample concentrations from 2 to 500 μg/L (ppb). Recoveries averaged 74% (9% RSD) for carbendazim and 93% (9% RSD) for thiabendazole. After SPE cleanup, no matrix supression was observed for the ESI+ response for either compound studied. The method was applied to the analysis of incurred residues in 4 store-bought apple juices; carbendazim levels ranged from 10 to 70 μg/L and thiabendazole levels ranged from less than 2 to 130 μg/L.
Redundant Skewed Clocking of Pulse-Clocked Latches for Low Power Soft Error Mitigation

An integrated methodology combining redundant clock tree synthesis and pulse clocked latches mitigates both SEU and SET with reduced power consumption. The approach utilizes commercial CAD tools. An advanced encryption system is implemented with the proposed design is compared to a previous design with non-redundant clock trees and local delay generation. The proposed approach reduces energy per operation by 18% over an improved version of the prior approach, with negligible area impact.
Evaluation of the temporomandibular joint.

Myofacial pain can be caused by a variety of disorders including disorders of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). Several imaging procedures provide important information useful in diagnosing TMJ disorders. Transcranial lateral radiographs and tomograms are helpful in evaluating the TMJ space and the bony structures about the TMJ. On plain radiographs, joint-space narrowing, subchondral cysts, and spurs indicate degenerative joint disease. Computed tomography is also helpful in evaluating the bony structures around the TMJ and can be used to diagnose internal TMJ derangements. Arthrography is also used to diagnose internal derangements as well as provide information about the dynamics of TMJ motion.
Leaf gas exchange characteristics differ among Sonoran Desert riparian tree species.

We investigated leaf gas exchange responses to leaf temperature, leaf-to-air vapor pressure deficit (VPD), and predawn and midday shoot water potential (Ψ pd and Ψ md , respectively) of two native Sonoran Desert riparian tree species, Fremont cottonwood (Populus fremontii S. Wats.) and Goodding willow (Salix gooddingii Ball), and one exotic riparian tree species, saltcedar (Tamarix chinensis Lour. and related species). Measurements were made at two sites over 2 years that differed climatically. Because multiple linear regression models explained less than 29% of the variation in stomatal conductance (g s ) and less than 48% of the variation in net photosynthetic rate (P n ) of all species, we used boundary-line analysis to compare gas exchange responses among species. Gas exchange rates were high in all species. The hyperbolic relationship between P n and g s suggested that initial reductions in g s at high g s did not inhibit P n . Reductions in g s of cottonwood and willow occurred at Ψ md values at or below previously reported xylem cavitation thresholds (-1.6 and -1.4 MPa, respectively), indicating tight stomatal regulation of water loss and a narrow cavitation safety margin. In contrast, reductions in g s of saltcedar occurred at Ψ md values well above the cavitation threshold (-7.0 MPa), but at much lower Ψ md values than in cottonwood and willow, suggesting a wider cavitation safety margin and less tight regulation of water loss in saltcedar. High VPD had a smaller effect on leaf gas exchange in willow than in cottonwood. In contrast, willow had a less negative Ψ pd threshold for stomatal closure than cottonwood. Compared with cottonwood and willow, leaf gas exchange of saltcedar was more tolerant of high VPD and low Ψ pd . These physiological characteristics of saltcedar explain its widespread success as an invader of riparian ecosystems containing native Fremont cottonwood and Goodding willow in the Sonoran Desert.