cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Penetration of Cefazolin into Pleural Fluid

Single doses of cefazolin, 500 mg intramuscularly and 1 g intravenously, were administered to 16 patients having lung pathology who were scheduled for thoracic fluid aspiration. Pleural fluid and serum samples were taken at intervals of 30 to 240 min for determination of cefazolin levels. The levels obtained were variable; however, the levels of cefazolin in pleural fluid generally exceeded the reported minimal inhibitory concentration values for Staphylococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus, and group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus. In addition, the pleural fluid levels exceeded the minimal inhibitory concentration for cefazolin against most of the Klebsiella and Haemophilus influenzae strains. These data show that cefazolin, despite its comparative high protein binding, produces levels in the pleural fluid capable of inhibiting the organisms commonly found in respiratory tract infections.
Independence of the lethal actions of glucocorticoids on lymphoid cells from possible hormone effects on calcium uptake

We have examined the possibility that hormone-induced increases in calcium uptake might initiate the lethal actions of glucocorticoids in two types of lymphoid cells. Hormone-induced increases in nuclear fragility are used as the measure of hormone action, since in both rat thymus cells and in mouse P1 798 lymphosarcoma cells increased nuclear fragility (the inability of nuclei to survive lysis of the cells by hypotonic shock) precedes other indices of cellular deterioration by several hours. In the case of the tumor cells, those from corticosteroid-sensitive lines are less able to withstand incubation in vitro than resistant cells. Such differences in cell survival are predicted both by earlier changes in nuclear fragility and also by differences in calcium uptake. However, there is no detectable early glucocorticoid effect on calcium uptake that precedes or coincides with the substantial hormone-induced increases in nuclear fragility that develop in the sensitive cells by 2 h. In rat thymus cells the absence of calcium in the medium does prevent some of the increase in nuclear fragility and cell disintegration that occurs spontaneously during incubation in vitro. Nevertheless, when cells are exposed to hormones the glucocorticoid effect on nuclear fragility develops in the absence of calcium and is similar in magnitude to that seen in the presence of calcium. We conclude that calcium seems to enhance the spontaneous deterioration of lymphoid cells, and there is a large increase in calcium uptake that occurs as cells deteriorate. It nevertheless seems unlikely that hormone-induced changes in calcium uptake initiate the lethal actions of glucocorticoids. The data also support a proposal made earlier [2] that resistance to glucocorticoids in tumor cells may develop by the selection of cells with hardier membranes.
Characteristics of implicit chaining in cotton-top tamarins ( Saguinus oedipus )

In human cognition there has been considerable interest in observing the conditions under which subjects learn material without explicit instructions to learn. In the present experiments, we adapted this issue to nonhumans by asking what subjects learn in the absence of explicit reinforcement for correct responses. Two experiments examined the acquisition of sequence information by cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus) when such learning was not demanded by the experimental contingencies. An implicit chaining procedure was used in which visual stimuli were presented serially on a touchscreen. Subjects were required to touch one stimulus to advance to the next stimulus. Stimulus presentations followed a pattern, but learning the pattern was not necessary for reinforcement. In Experiment 1 the chain consisted of five different visual stimuli that were presented in the same order on each trial. Each stimulus could occur at any one of six touchscreen positions. In Experiment 2 the same visual element was presented serially in the same five locations on each trial, thereby allowing a behavioral pattern to be correlated with the visual pattern. In this experiment two new tests, a Wild-Card test and a Running-Start test, were used to assess what was learned in this procedure. Results from both experiments indicated that tamarins acquired more information from an implicit chain than was required by the contingencies of reinforcement. These results contribute to the developing literature on nonhuman analogs of implicit learning.
Accomplishing interpersonal relationship: The telephone openings of strangers and intimates

Message‐extrinsic perspectives on relational communication, those treating communicative interaction as consequential to interpersonal relationship‐states, cannot account for the details in the first few seconds of telephone calls. Message‐intrinsic perspectives consider how telephone partners, in the details of talk itself, achieve alignment on relationship‐states and offer an edifying addition to message‐extrinsic perspectives. We argue for a reflexive stance toward the concept of relationship‐state‐one that allows description of message details, and that conceptualizes relationships in terms of communicative accomplishment as well as social categorization. From this stance, we consider how telephone partners accomplish relationship‐states within the first few seconds of telephone conversations. We show some uses to which speakers put these accomplishments.
An investigation of the relationship between four criteria of leadership ability for three different tasks.

(1949). An Investigation of the Relationship between Four Criteria of Leadership Ability for Three Different Tasks. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 27, No. 1, pp. 245-261.
Malolactic Activity of Lactic Acid Bacteria during Sauerkraut Fermentation

ABSTRACT: The frequency of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) involved in sauerkraut fermentation with (MDC+) or without (MDC-) the ability to decarboxylate malic acid was determined. The MDC+ phenotype was found in > 99% of homofermentative LAB isolated from commercial fermentations. In contrast, heterofermentative LAB isolates from 0.25, 3, 7, and 10 d had only 53%, 54%, 15%, and 11% MDC+ phenotype, respectively, indicating that more than 1 strain or species was involved. The malolactic reaction was demonstrated in cabbage juice with known strains of Leuconostoc mesenteroides, raising the question of desirability of such activity in cultures selected for the controlled fermentation of cabbage.
Statistical–Dynamical Predictions of Seasonal North Atlantic Hurricane Activity

Skillfullypredicting North Atlantichurricane activitymonths in advance is of potential societal significance and a useful test of our understanding of the factors controlling hurricane activity. In this paper, a statistical‐ dynamical hurricane forecasting system, based on a statistical hurricane model, with explicit uncertainty estimates,andbuiltfromasuiteofhigh-resolutionglobalatmosphericdynamicalmodelintegrationsspanning a broad range of climate states is described. The statistical model uses two climate predictors: the sea surface temperature (SST) in the tropical North Atlantic and SST averaged over the global tropics. The choice of predictorsis motivatedby physicalconsiderations, aswell astheresultsofhigh-resolutionhurricanemodeling and statistical modeling of the observed record. The statistical hurricane model is applied to a suite of initialized dynamical global climate model forecasts of SST to predict North Atlantic hurricane frequency, which peaks during the August‐October season, from different starting dates. Retrospective forecasts of the 1982‐2009 period indicate that skillful predictions can be made from as early as November of the previous year; that is, skillful forecasts for the coming North Atlantic hurricane season could be made as the current one is closing. Based on forecasts initialized between November 2009 and March 2010, the model system predictsthattheupcoming2010NorthAtlantichurricaneseasonwilllikelybemoreactivethanthe1982‐2009 climatology, with the forecasts initialized in March 2010 predicting an expected hurricane count of eight and a 50% probability of counts between six (the 1966‐2009 median) and nine.
Measurement of Single Jersey Fabric Stiffness : A Simple Method

A method of measuring the bending length of limp and/or curly fabrics is described. The method is based on Peirce's Heart-Loop test. Results obtained on a set of 12 knit fabrics correlate extremely well with sensory assessments of the bending stiffness. No difficulty was experienced in handling and measuring loose fabrics, and no systematic errors were apparent for curly fabrics. It is concluded that the test provides a method of measuring fabric stiffness with simple unsophisticated equipment for fabrics which were previously difficult or impossible to handle.
Debugging parallelized code using code liberation techniques

A technique is presented that enables the debugging of transformed and parallelized sequential programs from the point of view of the sequential code. Global renaming is applied first to convert the sequential program to single-assignment form. The code is then parallelized using any desired parallelizing transformation. After parallelization is complete, names that are not useful for parallelization or debugging are reclaimed, limiting the storage enlargement usually associated with single-assignment code. Techniques have been applied in a prototype tool designed for FORTRAN 77 code.
Suing as a First Resort: A Review of Marks's The Suing of America and Lieberman's The Litigious Society

A 24-year-old Colorado man sought $350,000 damages in a suit against his mother and father for improper parenting. He claimed that his parents willfully and wantonly neglected his need for food, clothing, shelter, and psychological support. Among the "wanton" incidents on his parents' part he cited as proof: after he was suspended from school for smoking and selling marijuana, his parents punished him by making him cut weeds in the back yard; after he quit tenth grade and subsequently was expelled from a private school, his parents conditioned any further support on his either attending school or seeking employment.' Press coverage of cases like this have led to the popular perception that we have become a suing society. Jerold S. Auerbach, professor of history and law at Wellesley College has commented: "Few Americans, it seems, can tolerate more than five minutes of frustration without submitting to the temptation to sue."2 And indeed, some of the suits that are brought seem to support Auerbach's accusation. In Washington, football fans sued a referee after his disputed call on a touchdown pass.' A man who left a lottery ticket as a tip for a bartender sued to claim the proceeds when the ticket won $10,000 in prize money.4 And the Italian Historical Society sought to enjoin the U.S.
Template-independent poly(A) · poly(U) synthesizing activity of different forms of Bacillus subtilis RNA polymerase

Several, but not all, forms of bacillus subtilis RNA polymerase found in vegetative and sporulating cells can synthesize poly(A) x poly(U) in vitro. The vegetative delta-containing form of RNA polymerase (E delta) has little or no poly(A) x poly(U)-synthesizing activity, whereas RNA polymerase core (E) and sigma-containing core (E delta) both have significant activity. When purified vegetative delta factor was added to core, the core synthetic activity was reduced essentially to that of the vegetative enzyme E delta. When E sigma enzymes from vegetative and sporulating cells were compared for their salt sensitivity, it was found that the sporulation enzyme E sigma retained much more of its activity at 0.1 M KCl than the vegetative enzyme E sigma. Furthermore, when sporulation enzyme E delta 1 was compared with vegetative enzyme E sigma, it was found that the activity of the E sigma 1 form was much more resistant to high KCl concentrations than that of the vegetative E sigma form. These differences in enzyme activity, as affected by salt concentrations, suggest that the conformations of the sporulation E sigma and E delta 1 enzymes are different from that found in vegetative E sigma enzyme. These differences in conformation may be involved in selective gene expression during sporularion.
Comparison of Low-Temperature Field Performance and Laboratory Testing of 10 Test Sections in the Midwestern United States:

Current standards for evaluation of asphalt mixtures for low-temperature performance are based heavily on asphalt binder properties. These standards ignore the interactions between the binder and the aggregate, both chemically and physically. These interactions have been shown to have significant influence on the cracking resistance of asphalt mixtures. This paper investigates three laboratory tests that evaluate cracking resistance of asphalt mixtures at low temperatures. The first test is the traditional tensile strength test, the indirect tensile test (IDT). The two other tests are fracture tests: semicircular bending (SCB) and disk-shaped compact tension [DC(T)]. Field cores were obtained from 10 pavement sections in Minnesota and Illinois for testing in the lab. Results from the three laboratory tests were compared and correlated with field performance data. Results showed that the tensile strength from the IDT did not vary significantly for the 10 mixtures. The SCB and DC(T) correlated relatively we...
A pilot study of the effects of atomoxetine on driving performance in adults with ADHD.

Objective: There is a high risk of vehicular crashes, traffic citations, and poorer driving performance in adults with ADHD. This pilot study examines the value of a new nonstimulant (atomoxetine) for improving the driving performance of adults with ADHD.Method: Atomoxetine (1.2 mg/kg daily for 3 weeks) and a placebo are studied on 18 adults with ADHD (M age = 37 years) using ratings of ADHD symptoms, impairment, and safe driving behavior; a virtual reality driving simulator; and ratings of simulator performance.Results: Atomoxetine improves self-ratings of ADHD symptoms, impairments, safe driving behavior, and simulator driving performance. No effects of atomoxetine are evident on others’ ratings of driving behavior or on the simulator. Practice effects on the simulator may have obscured those drug effects.Conclusion: The authors find a mixed pattern of results such that atomoxetine warrants further study for its effects on driving in this high-risk population.
Interictal pain in cluster headache.

Introduction: Cluster headache is characterized by severe attacks of unilateral pain, but many patients experience symptoms more commonly associated with migraine such as persistent pain.Patients a...
Increasing Primary Care Physicians' Competency as Geriatric Educators

Abstract This article reports on a two-part process to design and disseminate geriatric educational modules for use within residency curricula. First, a “train the trainer” approach was used to instruct expert geriatricians to systematically design the educational modules. Second, expert geriatricians, in consultation with instructional designers, subsequently developed ten geriatric educational modules that were pilottested, revised, and duplicated for distribution to independent residency sites. As adult primary care residency sites have limited experienced geriatricians available to provide required instruction, this process represents one method to ensure primary care residents obtain necessary geriatric education.
A study of heavy-ion reactions in the algebraic scattering theory

Abstract Applications of algebraic scattering theory (AST) to heavy-ion collisions are presented. It is shown that the algebraic approach provides a simple and yet detailed description of complex coupled channel problems.
Resonant inter-subband optic phonon scattering in quasi-one dimensional structures

Abstract Transport properties of multi-subband quasi-one dimensional (1-D) structures are investigated with Monte-Carlo simulation. The confinement conditions are varied to produce Resonant Inter-Subband (polar) Optic Phonon Scattering (RISOPS) during the transport process. The spatial degeneracy which occurs when the y- and z-energy levels overlap results in noticeable features in the subband carrier concentrations and the transport parameters. RISOPS is similar to Magneto-phonon effects but exhibits novel features which unlike longitudinal Magneto-tranport, occur in absence of azimuthal symmetry.
Peering into darkness with a vortex spatial filter

I propose to use as a window the dark core of an optical vortex to examine a weak background signal hidden in the glare of a bright coherent source. Applications such as the detection of an astronomical object, forward-scattered radiation, and incoherent light are described whereby signal enhancements of at least 7 orders of magnitude may be achieved.
Free energy model for bonding in a-Si alloys

A free energy model (FEM) for predicting the bonding in amorphous covalent alloys has been developed and applied to alloys of a-Si. The bonds favored by chemical ordering (CO) and their relative concentrations have been determined by minimizing the Gibbs free energy of mixing G M = H M - TS M of the alloys, where H M and S M are the enthalpy and entropy of mixing, respectively. Predictions of the FEM will be given for the a-Si w N x , a-Si w N x H z , a-Si w O y H z , a-Si w N x O y H z , a-Si x C y , and a-Si x C y H z alloy systems. The bonds favored by CO in these alloys will be identified.
Dual-Doppler Radar Coverage Area as a Function of Measurement Accuracy and Spatial Resolution

Abstract The area effectively covered by dual-Doppler radars is presented as a function of spatioal resolution and accuracy of horizontal velocity measurement. Implications of this relationship for the spacing of a dual-Doppler network tornadic storm research are discussed.
Optical and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Studies of Hypoxia in Human Tissue and Tumors

Correlations of energy state with response to therapy are more difficult to analyze because of the large effect of tumor clearing and oxygenation upon the tumor energy state as detected by PMRS alone. The combination of time-resolved hemoglobinometry using picosecond laser technology and localized PMRS seems appropriate to unravel the complexities of therapeutic intervention, tumor energetics, and oxygenation.
Glass-like carbon: A CxH polymer intercalation compound

Abstract The structure and annealing behavior of glass-like carbon show that it is a polymer carbon but similar to other carbons that have been extensively studied. X-ray and neutron diffraction indicate a crystalline size of 2.0–5.0 nm, but lattice fringe images show continuous interwound laths made up of 5 – 10 layers of graphite planes. During heating above tbout 2000°C the interlayer spacing decreases, hydrogen is removed, and the sign of the Hall coefficient changes. It is proposed that these phenomena indicate de-intercalation of hydrogen from an intercalation compound of stage 1 composition, C 3 H.
MR EVALUATION OF INTRA AND EXTRACRANIAL EXTENSION OF NASAL ADENOCARCINOMA IN A DOG AND CAT

Nasal adenocarcinomas have been reported to extend into the cranial vault and cause neurologic disease. This report discusses a dog and cat with nasal adenocarcinoma which extended into the retrobulbar space, base of the cranial vault and adjacent soft tissues. The invasive characteristics of the neoplasms were documented by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Documentation of the extent of tumor is important if radiation therapy or surgery is planned. MRI was valuable in identifying extracranial and intracranial tumor invasion in these patients.
Sirolimus-associated Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP): Report of three cases and review of the literature

centre. CMV serostatus of donor (D) and recipient (R) was determined at time of transplant. CMV mismatches (MM D R-) received 3 months prophylaxis with oral ganciclovir (GCV). CMV positive recipients (CMV ) were followed up with weekly quantitative CMV-PCR, but received no prophylaxis. CMV D /R LTx served as control group. All patients were followed with sequential lung function testing and surveillance bronchoscopy to identify infection and episodes of acute rejection. Results: Over a study period of 10–54 months, 25 patients developed BOS according to the ISHLT criteria. Of 31 MM recipients, three developed BOS, one of which had CMV disease. Of 49 CMV recipients, eight developed BOS, two of whom had CMV disease. Of the 45 CMV D /R group, none had evidence of CMV disease or infection. 14 patients in this group developed BOS, a significantly higher incidence compared to the other groups (p 0.05) using Fisher’s exact test. Conclusions: In our series CMV-viraemia does not appear to be associated with BOS. Indeed, surprisingly the highest incidence of BOS occurred in what is generally considered the lowest risk group. The incidence of BOS was not affected by GCV treatment, acute rejection episodes or bacterial infection. The low incidence of CMV disease might be explained by our CMV protocol: only MM LTx receive GCV prophylaxis, but we also perform QPCR surveillance for IgG LTx (since 2000) and introduced a viral load cut-off of 1.0x10 copies/ml for commencing pre-emptive therapy (GCV for 2/52) in 2001.
18S rRNA gene sequencing identifies a novel species of Henneguya parasitizing the gills of the channel catfish (Ictaluridae)

In the southeastern USA, the channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus is a host to at least eight different species of myxozoan parasites belonging to the genus Henneguya, four of which have been characterized molecularly using sequencing of the small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) gene. However, only two of these have confirmed life cycles that involve the oligochaete Dero digitata as the definitive host. During a health screening of farm-raised channel catfish, several fish presented with deformed primary lamellae. Lamellae harbored large, nodular, white pseudocysts 1.25 mm in diameter, and upon rupturing, these pseudocysts released Henneguya myxospores, with a typical lanceolate-shaped spore body, measuring 17.1 ± 1.0 μm (mean ± SD; range = 15.0–19.3 μm) in length and 4.8 ± 0.4 μm (3.7–5.6 μm) in width. Pyriform-shaped polar capsules were 5.8 ± 0.3 μm in length (5.1–6.4 μm) and 1.7 ± 0.1 μm (1.4–1.9 μm) in width. The two caudal processes were 40.0 ± 5.1 μm in length (29.5–50.0 μm) with a spore length of 57.2 ± 4.7 (46.8–66.8 μm). The contiguous SSU rRNA gene sequence obtained from myxospores of five excised cysts did not match any Henneguya sp. in GenBank. The greatest sequence homology (91 % over 1,900 bp) was with Henneguya pellis, associated with blister-like lesions on the skin of blue catfish Ictalurus furcatus. Based on the unique combination of pseudocyst and myxospore morphology, tissue location, host, and SSU rRNA gene sequence data, we report this isolate to be a previously unreported species, Henneguya bulbosus sp. nov.
Gating techniques for imaging digicon tubes

A high vacuum high voltage linear accelerator tube referred to as a DIGICON is used for the collection of low light level signals. Two techniques are described for gating the tube on and off to extend photocathode lifetime and to reject unwanted signals.
STRIDULATION OF BUENOA LIMNOCASTORIS HUNGERFORD AND SYSTEMATIC NOTES ON THE BUENOA OF THE DOUGLAS LAKE REGION OF MICHIGAN, WITH THE DESCRIPTION OF A NEW FORM. (NOTONECTIDAE-HEMIPTERA)

Several years ago the writer discovered stridular areas on the anterior femora and tibiae of the males of Buenoa margaritacea Bueno. These he figured in an account of the life history of this backswimmer which appeared in the Entomological News, Vol. XXVIII, pp. 174–183, 1917. Of course it was surmised that these structures were concerned with sound production although the insects had not been heard to stridulate. On various occasions since that time B. margaritacea Bueno males have been confined in aquaria in the laboratory with the hope that a chance observation might be made regarding their chirping but without results. Since no real effort had been made to secure information on this point, it was determined to study the behavior of the species in the vicinity of the University of Michigan Biological Field Station on Douglas Lake.
Release of endothall from aquathol granular aquatic herbicide

Abstract The release of endothall from Aquathol Granular Aquatic Herbicide (Aquathol) was determined in two static shake flask tests. A zero-order release rate of 1.58 mg l−1 h−1 and a half-life of 5.06 h were calculated from the replicate studies. These experiments show that Aquathol releases endothall relatively rapidly in a static environment; however, this release would be expected to be faster in a dynamic aquatic system.
Influence of internal heat removal upon effectiveness, stability of an exothermic catalytic film: Implications for process intensification

Abstract Microreactors employing thin catalytic films present a unique situation in catalyst design owing to the removal of symmetric internal boundary condition (i.e. zero heat flux) employed in catalyst design analysis to-date. The allowance for substantial heat removal and/or addition rates at the internal boundary of the catalytic film via process intensification (e.g. heat-exchanger reactors, recuperative combustors) can have significant implications on catalyst effectiveness and ignition/extinction behavior. This manuscript presents a simplified one-dimensional model of two catalytic thin films exchanging heat through a common dividing wall to demonstrate the importance of catalyst design for the cases of (i) internal cooling or heating of a catalytic film, and (ii) coupling of exothermic and endothermic reactions via separate catalytic films. The former case is analogous to microreactor designs for heat removal from an exothermic process, while the latter addresses catalyst design for heat-exchanger reactors coupling endothermic reactions (e.g. steam reforming) with exothermic reaction (e.g. partial oxidation). For a single film catalyzing an exothermic reaction, internal cooling was found to expand the region of steady-state multiplicity and simultaneously decrease catalyst effectiveness, whereas internal heating resulted in stabilization. For the case of two films separately catalyzing exothermic and endothermic reactions and exchanging heat via a common supporting wall, a combination of high wall thermal conductance and intermediate Thiele modulus for the endothermic reaction was capable of preventing ignition/extinction behavior while maintaining individual film effectivenesses in excess of unity. These findings not only give practical insight into the intrinsic behavior of catalysts employed in recuperative and heat-exchanger reactors, but also illustrate the need for future development of rigorous stability criteria for such systems.
School psychologists' perceived competence and training needs for student substance abuse*.

Background: School psychologists are some of the most likely personnel to deliver mental health services, including substance abuse, in school settings, but there is limited research on the perceived competence of school psychologists to address student substance abuse concerns. The 3 aims of this study were to determine how school psychologists perceive their training in 9 competence areas related to student substance abuse and to identify which training areas they indicate as being most needed to address student substance and which substances they perceive as being the most common in their schools. Methods: A descriptive survey study was conducted with a national sample of 210 school psychologists working in high schools. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance to test for differences between competency areas; descriptive statistics and correlation analyses were employed to determine key training areas for school psychologists. Results: Findings indicated that school psychologists varied in their ratings of perceived competence to address student substance abuse concerns. Participants identified screening and assessment, consultation, and individual interventions as the most important areas for future training. Conclusions: School psychologists need and want more training for working with students who use or abuse substances. Implications for pre-service and in-service training are discussed and directions for future research are provided.
DMD-encoded spectral photoacoustic microscopy

We present a spectrally encoded photoacoustic microscope based on a digital mirror device (DMD). It enables fast spatially resolved spectral measurements of optical absorption. The imaging system can quickly tune the laser illumination spectrum at the laser pulse repetition rate of 2 kHz. To demonstrate multi-wavelength absorption measurements, we imaged optically absorbing solution phantom. Compared with spectral scanning, spectral encoding recovers chromophore absorption spectra with improved accuracy by enhancing photoacoustic amplitude signal-to-noise ratio.
The Family Life Cycle: Developmental Crises and Their Structural Impact on Families in a Community Mental Health Center

A typology for troubled families was developed based on the configuration of family members and the position of the identified patient within the family structure. This typology was investigated by surveying the demographic and clinical characteristics of 110 families of patients treated in a day hospital. Four types or "constellations" were found in the sample population. The families in the four Constellations differed significantly from one another in the gender, age, and diagnoses of the identified patient and the income level of the families. The Constellations thus appeared to constitute distinct clinical entities in the population studied. The reasons for the differences among Constellations are discussed in terms of the stress families experience during developmental crises involving structural change.
Prenatal and Neonatal Pharmacologic Stress on Early Behavior and Sexual Maturation in the Hamster

Exposure to phenobarbital in utero results in sex-dependent altered neonatal behavior and reproductive maturation in hamsters. Prenatal phenobarbital-exposed (40 mg/kg subcutaneous to pregnant dams) male pups have at least 30% less pivoting activity and ultrasonic calling (high-frequency sounds produced by pups when separated from the nest) when compared with control pups born to saline-injected dams. As prenatal phenobarbital-treated male and female hamsters mature, there is a dose-dependent (20, 40, and 60 mg/kg) 2- to 5-day delay, respectively, according to sex, in puberty onset. Both sexes exhibited 30% lighter than control's adrenal weights associated with prenatal phenobarbital exposure. Although gonadal weights for males exposed to phenobarbital in utero were not affected, females had up to 33% lighter ovarian weights when compared with controls. Females exposed to phenobarbital in utero also had approximately 40% more irregular estrous cycles. Gonadal hormones act by means of Central Releasing Factor on pituitary ACTH secretion. Additional treatment during the neonatal period with 10 IU ACTH decreased the percentage of irregular estrous cycles and shortened the delay in puberty onset to near-control values in prenatally phenobarbital-treated females.
Single-phase source-coupled adiabatic logic

Adiabatic circuits offer a promising alternative to conventional circuitry for low energy design. Their operation is nevertheless subject to fundamental energy-speed trade-offs, just like any other physical realization of boolean logic. Thus, adiabatic circuits with very low energy consumption at low frequencies fail to function at high operating frequencies. Conversely, high-speed adiabatic circuits tend to be dissipative at low clock rates. This paper describes SCAL, a single-phase source-coupled adiabatic logic family that operates efficiently across a wide range of operating frequencies. In layout-based simulations with 0.5 /spl mu/m CMOS process parameters, pipelined carry-lookahead adders developed in our logic function correctly from 10 MHz up to 280 MHz. Our SCAL adders are less dissipative than corresponding designs in alternative adiabatic families that remain functional across the same frequency range. Moreover, they are about as dissipative as other adiabatic circuits that are geared towards very efficient operation at low frequencies. In comparison with their CMOS counterparts, our SCAL adders are 3 to 10 times more energy efficient.
Combined mitral and pulmonary atresia.

Abstract A cyanotic infant of three months died following a Pott's operation (anastomosis between the aorta and the left pulmonary artery). Autopsy showed a hitherto undescribed anomalous structure of the heart. There was atresia of both the mitral and pulmonary valves, together with a questionably patent ductus arteriosus, intact interatrial septum, and an interventricular septal defect.
Incorporating latent semantic indexing into a neural network model for information retrieval

We incorporate the Latent Semantic Indexing (LSl) technique into a competition-based neural network model for information retrieval. The original neural network model was based on a causal inference network, incorporating Roget’s Thesaurus, that connects the index terms and related documents. Since the pmcIess of creating or updating a thesaurus is rather expensive, we apply the LSI technique to provide an automated procedure that captures the semantic relationship between the doctrments and
Nongray radiative transfer in a semi-infinite medium: H-function

Abstract Numerical results are presented for the dimensionless emissive power at the boundary of a nongray semi-infinite medium in radiative equilibrium. The adsorption coefficient of an array of equal intensity, nonoverlapping bands or lines. Specifically, the rectangular, triangular, exponential, Doppler and Lorentz profiles are considered.
Genetic Variation of Seed Dormancy in Synthetic Hexaploid Wheat-Derived Populations

Aegilops tauschii, the D genome donor of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), has strong seed dormancy and genes controlling the trait may be used to improve resistance of cultivars to preharvest sprouting (PHS). Thus, this research project was initiated to identify dormancy genes from Ae. tauschii-derived synthetic hexaploid wheat (SHW). Four permanent segregating populations, developed by crossing four SHW lines with a common wheat line, were grown under field conditions to evaluate dormancy with threshed seeds (kernels) and/or intact seeds on the spike from 2006 to 2008. Significant genotypic and year effects on both kernel and on-spike seed dormancy were detected in each population, with heritability estimates of about 0.4 (0.32-0.48) across the years. Seeds on the spikes were much more dormant than kernels, suggesting the presence of germination inhibitors in the covering tissues. Significant correlations between kernel and on-spike seed germination percentages were detected in all populations; the estimated correlation coefficient (r) was greater for genotypic (0.80) than for phenotypic (0.63) or environmental (0.51) components. Thus, available SHW lines could be an alternative source of dormancy genes for enhancing resistance of wheat cultivars to PHS.
The impact of Medicare's Prospective Payment System on staffing of long-term acute care hospitals: the early evidence.

BACKGROUND Long-term acute care hospitals (LTACHs) treat patients with complex medical conditions requiring hospital care for extended periods of time. In the last decade, Medicare saw spiraling costs for post-acute care settings. The Balanced Budget Act mandated the use of Prospective Payment System (PPS) for all post-acute care settings including LTACHs. Medicare shifted to PPS for LTACHs in October 2002. PURPOSE This study analyzes the early effect of Medicare's PPS on the staffing intensity of LTACHs. METHODOLOGY/APPROACH The study uses panel data of measures of hospital and market characteristics in years 2001 through 2004. The impact of the payment mechanism, market, and organizational variables on the staffing intensity of LTACHs is evaluated using fixed-effects (within-groups) regression analysis. FINDINGS The fixed-effects regression models found that Medicare's PPS was associated with higher staffing intensity of the LTACHs in years 2003 and 2004. Market-level per capita income was significantly positively associated with staffing intensity. No secular trend in staffing intensity was found. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS The concern that the cost containment incentives of PPS would result in lowered staffing levels of LTACHs was not borne out by this study. Further follow-up is required to assess in the longer term the effects of PPS on staffing and quality of care in LTACHs.
Identification of the vapor phase species of brominated (SN) x

Abstract A mass spectrometric study of the vapor phase evolved from brominated (SN) x is reported. This work identifies the major bromine-containing species in the vapor (SNBr 0.43 ) x using electron impact and field ionization mass spectrometry.
Aging Effects on the Sorption–Desorption Characteristics of Anthropogenic Organic Compounds in Soil

Field studies have demonstrated that prolonged pesticide-soil contact times (aging) may lead to unexpected persistence of these compounds in the environment. Although this phenomenon is well documented in the field, there have been very few controlled laboratory studies that have tested the effects of long-term aging and the role of differing sorbates on contaminant sorption-desorption behavior and fate in soils. This study examines the sorption-desorption behavior of chlorobenzene, ethylene dibromide (1,2-dibromomethane), atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-s-triazine), and 2, 4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) on one soil type after 1 d, 30 d, and 14 mo of aging. Sorption isotherms were evaluated after each aging period to observe changes in the uptake of each compound by soil. Desorption kinetic data were generated after each aging period to observe changes in release from soil, and desorption parameters were evaluated using a three-site desorption model that includes equilibrium, nonequilibrium, and nondesorption sites. The data indicate no statistically significant increase in sorption for ethylene dibromide or chlorobenzene from 1 to 30 d, although sorption of 2,4-D increased slightly, and sorption of atrazine decreased slightly. Statistically significant increases in linear sorption coefficients (Kd), from 1 d to 14 mo of aging, were apparent for ethylene dibromide and 2,4-D. The Kd values for chlorobenzene, measured after 1 d, 30 d, and 14 mo of aging, were statistically indistinguishable. Aging affected the distribution of chemicals within sorption sites. With aging, the desorbable fraction decreased and the nondesorbable fraction, which was apparent after only 1 d of pesticide-soil contact, increased for all chemicals studied.
Antagonists of growth inhibition of Crithidia by allopurinol, a guanine analog.

SYNOPSIS. Allopurinol, 4-hydroxypyrazolo[3,4-d] pyrimidine, a relatively non-toxic xanthine-oxidase inhibitor used to treat gout, inhibited growth (ID0–90 1.0 μg/ml) of the trypanosomatid flagellate of insects Crithidia fasciculata in minimal media in respect to biopterin, folic acid and purine. Allopurinol inhibition was antagonized by thymidine (4.0 μg/ml) when a) biopterin (≥ 1.0 ng) was present alone; traces of folate entering from the inoculum or contamination of chemicals probably sufficed here to satisfy the folate requirement; b) biopterin (5% pure) 1.0 ng was added together with either pteroylglutamic acid (PGA) 4.0 ng or hypoxanthine 0.01 mg. With biopterin absent, full growth was permitted by PGA 10 ng + hypoxanthine 0.03 mg, and completely inhibited by the standard concentration of allopurinol, but in this instance thymidine did not release the inhibition. Allopurinol is therefore useful for investigating pteridine function via inhibition analysis with the singularity that folate acts uniquely in trypanosomatids as precursor of biopterin, and the complication that both pteridines catalyze multiple biosyntheses. The biosynthetic step between folate and biopterin is postulated to be a site of inhibition of allopurinol in Crithidia.
DAMAGE LOCALIZATION UNDER AMBIENT VIBRATION USING CHANGES IN FLEXIBILITY

In recent years, Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) has emerged as a new research area in civil engineering. Most existing health monitoring methodologies require direct measurement of input excitation for implementation. However, in many cases, there is no easy way to measure these inputs - or alternatively to externally excite the structure. Therefore, SHM methods based on ambient vibration have become important in civil engineering. In this paper, an approach is proposed based on the Damage Location Vector (DLV) method to handle the ambient vibration case. Here, this flexibility-matrix-based damage localization method is combined with a modal expansion technique to eliminate the need to measure the input excitation. As a by-product of this approach, in addition to determining the location of the damage, an estimate of the damage extent also can be determined. Finally, a numerical example analyzing a truss structure with limited sensors and noisy measurement is provided to verify the efficacy of the proposed approach.
Multiple Plastic Strain Cycles Effects on Structural Reliability Analysis of Pipes

The reeling process is one of the most important methods for offshore installations of linepipes. Pipe segments are welded onshore and subsequently bent over a cylindrical rigid surface (reel) in a laying vessel. In a standard cycle the welded pipes are reeled onto a drum, reeled off, aligned and straightened. High plastic deformation is introduced in the pipe. Due to the high loading condition, the high costs of operations and the severe failure consequences, it is necessary to guarantee the integrity of the components during the process. Conventional defect assessment procedures are not explicitly developed for situations with large cyclic plastic strains. In previous work, a fracture mechanics based methodology was developed to obtain an appropriate specific method to assess the structural reliability of reeled pipes. A description of the material resistance toughness and the crack driving force evolution through strain cycles was proposed. This methodology was experimentally verified. In order to expand this model, in this work the case where several reeling cycles are applied is considered. In addition to the fracture mechanics methodology previously developed, a fatigue crack growth (FCG) formulation controlled by ΔJ parameter was developed. This formulation accounts for the crack growth produced during subsequent reeling cycles. Several fatigue laws and methods to calculate ΔJ were evaluated. An experimental program was carried out. Girth welded joints from two different seamless steel pipes were analyzed. Monotonic and cyclic fracture mechanics tests were performed using single edge notch tension (SENT) specimens. Cyclic tests were used to determine experimentally the cyclic crack growth. Experimental measurements were compared to predicted fatigue crack growths for different ΔJ calculation methods and fatigue laws. Comparison between theoretical and experimental results led to the selection of the most realistic fatigue law. A methodology to assess the reliability of pipes during multiple reeling cycles, based on fracture and elastic-plastic fatigue crack growth, was developed. A particular case of interest was presented, tolerable defect sizes were determined for different number of applied reeling cycles. The proposed methodology seems to be an accurate method to assess cases where multiple plastic cycles are taken into account.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Leadership, technology, and education: achieving a balance in new school leader thinking and behavior in preparation for twenty-first century global learning environments

Abstract Expectations for education are changing. The knowledge base of education is changing. Conceptions of how individual learning occurs are changing. The tools available to ‘do’ education are changing. The roles of teachers are changing. Understandings of what should be learned, who should be learning, how they learn, where they learn, and when they learn, are changing. So, in the face of this changing twenty-first century education it is not surprising that expecting school leaders to recreate their conceptions of appropriate leader behavior presents quite a challenge. This article explores the necessity of incorporating authentic global technology experiences in the preparation of school leaders and presents a description of the rationale and developmental stages of the Global Forum on School Leadership. Based on the existing practices of reflection and dialog found in the leader preparation program at Wichita State University in the United States, this Forum brings together leadership perspectives...
Nonlinear beam interactions in 1D discrete Kerr systems.

The interaction between parallel beams in one-dimensional discrete Kerr systems has been investigated using arrays of coupled channel waveguides. The experiments were performed in AlGaAs waveguides at 1550 nm which corresponds to photon energies just below one half the semiconductor’s bandgap. The input intensity and relative input phase between the input beams was varied and the output intensity patterns were recorded. Observed was behavior ranging from a linear response, to soliton interactions between moderately and then strongly localized spatial solitons. Finally the influence of multiphoton absorption and asymmetric beam inputs on these interactions was investigated at very high intensities.
Cutting Edge: Impairment of Dendritic Cells and Adaptive Immunity by Ebola and Lassa Viruses

Acute infection of humans with Ebola and Lassa viruses, two principal etiologic agents of hemorrhagic fevers, often results in a paradoxical pattern of immune responses: early infection, characterized by an outpouring of inflammatory mediators such as TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, vs late stage infections, which are associated with poor immune responses. The mechanisms underlying these diverse outcomes are poorly understood. In particular, the role played by cells of the innate immune system, such as dendritic cells (DC), is not known. In this study, we show that Ebola and Lassa viruses infect human monocyte-derived DC and impair their function. Monocyte-derived DC exposed to either virus fail to secrete proinflammatory cytokines, do not up-regulate costimulatory molecules, and are poor stimulators of T cells. These data represent the first evidence for a mechanism by which Ebola and Lassa viruses target DC to impair adaptive immunity.
Autosomal Dominant Congenital Cataract Associated with a Missense Mutation in the Human Alpha Crystallin Gene CRYAA

Congenital cataracts are a common major abnormality of the eye that frequently cause blindness in infants. At least a third of all cases are familial; autosomal dominant congenital cataract (ADCC) appears to be the most common familial form in the Western world. We have mapped an ADCC gene in family ADCC-2 to chromosome 21q22.3 near the alpha-crystallin gene CRYAA. By sequencing the coding regions of CRYAA, we found that a missense mutation, R116C, is associated with ADCC in this family.