cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Clinical and Laboratory Diagnosis

Osteomyelitis is an infectious inflammatory disease of bone. Unlike superficial soft-tissue infections, bacteria associated with osteomyelitis possess a multitude of virulence factors and biofilm forming adhesions, which contribute to the development and characteristic chronicity of the disease. Early and accurate diagnosis of osteomyelitis is imperative to facilitate effective treatment and to decrease associated morbidity of affected patients. There is no single clinical sign, symptom, or laboratory value that can independently diagnose osteomyelitis. The presence of fever, pain, erythema, edema, and other symptomatic identifiers are not consistent due to a variety of factors and are influenced by concomitant patient comorbidities. White blood cell count and acute phase reactants (erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein, procalcitonin) may be normal, elevated, or extremely elevated in patients with or without osteomyelitis. As a result, there is much confusion in the literature regarding proper interpretation of clinical findings such as the probe-to-bone test and acute phase reactant laboratory values. Therefore, it is critical that the treating physician fully understand how to analyze both clinical and laboratory findings when considering the diagnosis of osteomyelitis. Certain patient and wound characteristics make this diagnosis even more challenging and a combined approach involving proper interpretation of clinical and laboratory findings will help guide the physician towards deciding if additional diagnostic testing, such as pathologic and microbiologic bone examination and advanced imaging modalities, is indicated.
Evaluation of Sticky Traps for Collecting Face Flies (Diptera: Muscidae) from Different Locations in an Irrigated Pasture

Four sticky-trap designs were evaluated for their effectiveness in capturing the face fly, Musca autumnalis De Geer, from three different locations in an irrigated pasture. The trap site where most flies were collected (67%) was near resting cattle. Fly collections from open pasture and areas bordered by trees represented 20 and 13%, respectively, of the season total. Pyramid traps, when placed at each of the three locations, captured significantly more male and female flies per unit time than did a cylinder, square panel, or blood board. Catches on the cylinder and square panel were not significantly different. The blood board captured the fewest flies of either sex. The pyramid also captured significantly more female flies per unit surface area when placed near areas where cattle rested. Physiological age of trapped female flies was determined for each location and trap design. Nearly equal numbers of nulliparous and uniparous flies were captured on both pyramid and square-panel traps placed where cattle rested. At that site, uniparous flies outnumbered nulliparous flies by nearly 2:1 when captured on the cylinder design. Pyramid traps captured 80% (117 of 146) of gravid flies (nulliparous, uniparous, and biparous+) trapped during the study. The pyramid trap was also useful in assessing incidence of the nematode, Heterotylenchus autumnalis Nickle, and reproductive diapausing face fly females.
Seasonal affective disorder: light makes right.

un-starved northerners have long flown south in the winter, as much for the psychological "lift" of bright light and long days as to escape the snow. Apparently, they intuitively knew what scientists are only now establishing: For some people, sunlight is curative. Light has been shown effective in treating a pattern of symptoms known as seasonal affective disorder (SAD)(1). SAD is a psycho-physiological syndrome characterized by symptoms of depression: most commonly, hypersomnia, social withdrawal, irritability, reduced libido, lethargy, weight gain, and an insatiable appetite, often with insatiable cravings for carbohydrates and/or sweets(2-4). Some victims whose SAD depression is severe may become suicidal(5). Symptoms usually appear in the fall and subside in the spring, but they may also react to changes in latitude, thus distinguishing this disorder from other forms of depression(6). Seasonal affective disorder has yet to be recognized as a distinct syndrome in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, published by the American Psychiatric Association and widely accepted in the United States as the "bible" of mental-health clinicians and researchers. However, the DSMIII-R (third edition, revised) does suggest that certain depressive disorders be examined for a "seasonal pattern," which is defined as "a regular cyclic relationship between onset of the mood episodes and a particular 60-day period ofthe year"(7).
A PROCEDURE FOR RAPID RECOVERY OF AFLATOXINS FROM CHEESE AND OTHER FOODS

A rapid and efficient method has been developed to recover aflatoxin from cheese and other foods. The procedure involves: (a) blending the sample with a mixture of chloroform, methanol, and water (...
MicroRNAs: how many in inflammatory bowel disease?

Purpose of review MicroRNAs (miRNAs), small noncoding RNA molecules of approximately 22 nucleotides, have emerged as critical mediators of gene expression. As the dysregulation of gene expression can have far reaching impact on health and disease, miRNAs are being examined as potent new mediators of disease as either biomarkers or potential therapeutic targets. The purpose of this review is to evaluate the contribution of miRNAs to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) pathophysiology. Recent findings Recent studies have evaluated the expression of miRNAs in tissue and body fluid specimens from patients with the main subtypes of IBD - Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Unique miRNA expression patterns that may distinguish IBD subtypes have been uncovered. Summary Significant progress has been made in illuminating the complex interactive networks of miRNAs and gene targets in IBD. The potential use of miRNAs as disease biomarkers or therapeutics shows promise. However, there are still significant hurdles to overcome before miRNA-based therapeutics and diagnostics will be of clinical utility.
Uncertainty Analysis, Nuclear Waste, and Million-Year Predictions

What should government do with a former nuclear-reprocessing site, contaminated with hundreds of thousands of curies of shallow-buried radioactive waste, including high-level waste, some in only plastic bags and cardboard boxes, all sitting on a rapidly eroding plateau? Some of the waste will remain lethal for millions of years, and a contaminated underground plume has already reached drinking-water supplies. If cleanup costs are billions of dollars, government may unscientifically and unethically do what the US Department of Energy (DOE) is doing at West Valley, New York. This chapter argues that DOE is (1) avoiding doing any classic uncertainty analysis to assist in site decisionmaking, and (2) arbitrarily redefining “uncertainty analysis,” so that it can claim to have shown that by the time lethal amounts of nuclear waste migrate, they will cause only minor harm. Therefore DOE (3) practicing special-interest science, using flawed analytic methods to arrive at questionable, predetermined conclusions.
Novel photon-counting energy-resolving ultra-fast X-ray detector

We propose to explore extremely fast digital switching devices used in telecommunications for use as photon counting, energy resolving x-ray detectors. The HEMT (High Electron Mobility Transistor), used in ultra-fast switches and low noise amplifiers, offers a very low noise and high frequency operation (up to 600GHz has been achieved). For this study a novel HEMT-based photon-counting energy-resolving ultra-fast x-ray detector is proposed and studied via simulations.
Multidetector CT of Surgically Proven Blunt Bowel and Mesenteric Injury

In blunt abdominal trauma, familiarity with the direct and indirect imaging features of bowel and mesenteric injury is critical to avoid the substantial morbidity and mortality associated with a delay in diagnosis.
Preference for various surrogate surfaces among infant rhesus monkeys

Two infant rhesus monkeys were tested in terms of contact time for preference among four surrogate mothers with different body surfaces. Durations of contact differed significantly among the surrogate surfaces, which ranked from greatest to least time in the following order: cotton sock, rayon and vinyl (equal), and sandpaper. The results indicate that infant monkeys have clear-cut preferences among surrogate surfaces.
A textured insole improves gait symmetry in individuals with stroke.

AbstractPurpose: Gait asymmetry is a common consequence of stroke and improving gait symmetry is an important goal of rehabilitation. We investigated the effect of a single textured insole in improving gait symmetry in individuals with stroke.Method: Seventeen individuals with stroke who had asymmetrical gait were recruited and required to walk with a textured insole positioned in the shoe on the unaffected side or without the insole. Gait parameters were evaluated using the instrumented walkway. Gait velocity, cadence, and symmetry indices for the spatial and temporal parameters of gait and center of pressure displacements were obtained.Results: When walking with a textured insole, symmetry indexes for stance, single support phases of gait, as well as center of pressure displacements improved significantly. While using a textured insole, the duration of the stance phase and a single support phase decreased on the unaffected side and increased on the affected side significantly. Gait velocity and cadence ...
Monitoring of Stormwater Treatment Practices

Monitoring, the most comprehensive level of assessment, is achieved by collecting and analyzing influent and effluent runoff samples and/or measuring influent and effluent flow rates as a function of time over the course of one or more natural runoff events. Monitoring, which is not limited by the size of the stormwater treatment practice, can be used to assess the performance of a practice with regard to reduction in contaminant load or concentration and reduction of runoff volume. This chapter discusses and explains the techniques of monitoring and how to carry out a monitoring program for various stormwater treatment practices. It also provides guidance about which stormwater treatment practices are best suited for monitoring and which are not. It ends with a case study of a monitoring effort on a dry detention pond.
New Ways of Knowing and Researching: Integrating Complexity into a Translational Health Sciences Program

The PhD in Translational Health Sciences (THS) at the George Washington School of Medicine and Health Sciences (GW SMHS) seeks to educate the next generation of health scientists to address complex health issues through an interdisciplinary, collaborative approach which promotes systematic uptake of research findings for greater social impact. This paper explores our application of a complex adaptive systems approach to creating a model and conceptual framework to guide our efforts toward expanding and extending traditional research practices, to encouraging doctoral students to cull their interests with more system-wide intentionality, and to fulfill the promise of greater social impact from dissertation research that integrates a translational, cross-disciplinary emphasis.
Neural computing for scientific computing applications: more than just machine learning

Neural computing has been identified as a computing alternative in the post-Moore's Law era, however much of its attention has been directed at specialized applications such as machine learning. For scientific computing applications, particularly those that often depend on supercomputing, it is not clear that neural machine learning is the exclusive contribution to be made by neuromorphic platforms. In our presentation, we will discuss ways that looking to the brain as a whole and neurons specifically can provide new sources for inspiration for computing beyond current machine learning applications. Particularly for scientific computing, where approximate methods for computation introduce additional challenges, the development of non-approximate methods for neural computation is potentially quite valuable. In addition, the brain's dramatic ability to utilize context at many different scales and incorporate information from many different modalities is a capability currently poorly realized by neural machine learning approaches yet offers considerable potential impact on scientific applications.
Ignition delay times, laminar flame speeds, and species time-histories in the H2S/CH4 system at atmospheric pressure

Abstract Hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) composes up to 30% of certain natural-gas resources (“sour gas”) and can considerably alter combustion properties of methane (CH 4 ), but few data on H 2 S/CH 4 are available in the literature. In this work, new shock-tube and laminar flame speed data were obtained to facilitate future model validation. For the shock-tube experiments, a fuel-lean (φ = 0.5) 30/70 H 2 S/CH 4 blend in 99% argon by volume was shock-heated to temperatures between 1538 and 2144 K and pressures near 1 atm. Laser absorption diagnostics at 4.5 and 1.4 µm were employed to measure CO and H 2 O time-histories, respectively. OH* chemiluminescence profiles were measured using an emission diagnostic at 307 nm. For the laminar flame speed experiments, measurements were carried out in a constant-volume vessel at 295 K and 1 atm for CH 4 /argon and H 2 S/CH 4 /argon (8.25% H 2 S) mixtures from φ = 0.7 to φ = 1.4. The predictions of several recent chemical kinetics mechanisms were compared to the data, leading to the conclusion that species containing both carbon and sulfur are unimportant for shock-tube conditions but can be quite influential for laminar flames. By combining the modeling efforts of two recent works, a tentative new model is proposed that shows marked improvement over the older models in terms of shock-tube ignition delay times. Flame speed predictions show a discrepancy with the new model but follow general experimental trends. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study provides the first shock-tube data and laminar flame speeds measured in the H 2 S/CH 4 system.
Supply chain management: an empirical study in Brazil

Supply Chain Management has quickly become a new forefront for companies interested in competitive advantages. More and more, companies are using Supply Chain Management to exploit the links between themselves and their suppliers and customers, providing many of the benefits of vertical integration without the associated losses in cost and flexibility. This article presents some basic concepts of Supply Chain Management and discusses some results from an empirical study conducted on five representative manufacturing companies operating in Brazil The analysis highlights the current focus on the restructuring and consolidation of the supply chain.
Ovarian cancer and lower limb lymphedema.

C.W., is a 46-year-old white female who presented to her gynecologist complaining of an egg-shaped mass between her right hip bone and umbilicus, and irregular menstrual cycles. Physical examination confirmed a large palpable mass in her lower abdominal area. Past medical history was unremarkable. She was not taking any regular medications. She has been married for 17 years and has worked as a respiratory therapist for 16 years in a large pediatric hospital. She had been actively participating in a program of daily exercise at an area health club that included aerobics and weight training. She is a social drinker and denies any illicit drug use.
Metastability-assisted fatigue behavior in a friction stir processed dual-phase high entropy alloy

Metastability-based high entropy alloy design opens a new strategic path for designing high-strength materials. However, high strength is always coupled with poor damage tolerance under cyclic load...
The Realm of Dream and Memory: Poe’s England

This chapter examines place imagery in four tales—“Ligeia,” “Usher,” “William Wilson,” and “The Man of the Crowd”—as fantastic projections of an imaginary England pieced together in part from recollections of Poe’s childhood years, 1815–1820, a time spent in or near London with visits to Scotland. A reconstruction of Poe’s probable experience there must begin with cultural history, contextualizing Regency England; it must also make use of period maps and recognize important correlations, like the proximity of the British Museum to John Allan’s residences. The chapter will chiefly elucidate the problem of place as articulated via the crucial sites and scenes envisioned in the principal tales. These works seem particularly provocative, suggesting that Poe wished to invest remembered places with something like the complex architecture of the unconscious.
A residual-driven local iterative corrector scheme for the multiscale finite element method

Abstract We describe a local iterative corrector scheme that significantly improves the accuracy of the multiscale finite element method (MsFEM). Our technique is based on the definition of a local corrector problem for each multiscale basis function that is driven by the residual of the previous multiscale solution. Each corrector problem results in a local corrector solution that improves the accuracy of the corresponding multiscale basis function at element interfaces. We cast the strategy of residual-driven correction in an iterative scheme that is straightforward to implement and, due to the locality of corrector problems, well-suited for parallel computing. We show that the iterative scheme converges to the best possible fine-mesh solution. Finally, we illustrate the effectiveness of our approach with multiscale benchmarks characterized by missing scale separation, including the microCT-based stress analysis of a vertebra with trabecular microstructure.
Update on Pharmacotherapy for Irritable Bowel Syndrome.

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional GI disorder that affects a large percentage of the population and presents a significant socio-economic burden on the society. In this article, we reviewed the evidence supporting various pharmacological treatment options for IBS. Rifaximin, eluxadoline, and alosetron have demonstrated that they reduce symptom severity improving quality of life in patients with IBS–diarrhea. Ramosetron is a promising agent in development. Peppermint oil has also demonstrated a positive impact on some symptoms of IBS. For IBS with constipation, traditional laxatives have failed to demonstrate significant benefit. However, lubiprostone, linaclotide, and plecanatide have demonstrated improvement of IBS with constipation in large, placebo-controlled trials. Tenapanor, a sodium/hydrogen exchanger 3 inhibitor, appears to be a promising treatment option in the pipeline. There are multiple pharmacologic agents with a variety of mechanisms that have demonstrated efficacy in IBS with diarrhea and constipation. There are no established pharmacologic agents for IBS with a mixed bowel pattern. There is a promising pipeline for additional novel therapies for IBS.
Increased mtDNA Abundance and Improved Function in Human Barth Syndrome Patient Fibroblasts Following AAV-TAZ Gene Delivery

Barth syndrome (BTHS) is a rare, X-linked, mitochondrial disorder caused by mutations in the gene encoding tafazzin. BTHS results in cardiomyopathy, muscle fatigue, and neutropenia in patients. Tafazzin is responsible for remodeling cardiolipin, a key structural lipid of the inner mitochondrial membrane. As symptoms can vary in severity amongst BTHS patients, we sought to compare mtDNA copy numbers, mitochondrial fragmentation, and functional parameters between primary dermal BTHS fibroblasts isolated from patients with two different mutations in the TAZ locus. To confirm cause‒effect relationships and further support the development of gene therapy for BTHS, we also characterized the BTHS cells following adeno-associated virus (AAV)-TAZ transduction. Our data show that, in response to AAV-TAZ transduction, these remarkably dynamic organelles show recovery of mtDNA copy numbers, mitochondrial structure, and mitochondrial function, providing additional evidence to support the therapeutic potential of AAV-mediated gene delivery for BTHS. This study also demonstrates the direct relationship between healthy mitochondrial membrane structure and maintenance of proper levels of mtDNA copy numbers.
Seasonal plasticity in GABAA signaling is necessary for restoring phase synchrony in the master circadian clock network.

In winter, as the days become shorter, millions of people find that their mood and energy levels start to drop. They crave carbohydrates, struggle with their weight, and find it harder to get out of bed in the mornings. These individuals are suffering from the ‘winter blues’ or seasonal affective disorder (SAD), and most find that their symptoms spontaneously improve in the spring when the days become longer again. Many also benefit from bright light therapy during the winter months, but not everyone responds fully to this treatment, so additional options are needed. The winter blues occur when the brain adjusts to changes in day length with the onset of winter. The brain region responsible for making this adjustment is the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). The SCN is the master clock of the brain that coordinates the body’s circadian rhythms – the daily fluctuations in things like appetite, body temperature, sleep and wakefulness. But as well as being the brain’s clock, the SCN is also the brain’s calendar. In winter, when the days are short, SCN neurons coordinate their activity and fire in synchrony. But in summer, when the days are long, SCN neurons divide into two clusters, which fire at different times. By transitioning between these two states, the SCN helps the body adjust to seasonal changes in day length. Rohr, Pancholi et al. now provide new insight into the mechanism behind this process by showing that light alters the neurochemistry of the SCN. Exposing mice to long days causes a brain chemical called GABA to switch from inhibiting neurons in the SCN to activating them. Blocking this switch from inhibition to activation locks the SCN into its 'summer state'. Rohr, Pancholi et al. propose that this failure to transition to the winter state may be an interesting way to prevent the winter blues. While much remains to be learned about this process, these findings pave the way for better understanding the neurobiology of winter depression and how best to treat it.
Gulf War Illness Symptom Severity and Onset: A Cross-Sectional Survey.

Introduction Gulf War illness (GWI) affects 25 to 32% of the 693,826 veterans of the First Persian Gulf War. The etiology and pathophysiology of GWI remain controversial, but the condition is attributed to toxic exposures and stress in the deployed setting. The Kansas criteria used for GWI diagnosis highlight 37 symptoms that were more prevalent in deployed compared to nondeployed veterans. This study employed the Kansas criteria to identify recent symptom severity, assess the perceived burden of disease for veterans with GWI, and characterize disease course over the past three decades. Materials and methods The Kansas criteria were operationalized into a questionnaire to provide a summary of symptom severity, approximate year of onset, and an aid for diagnosis. The online version of the questionnaire was completed by 485 veterans with GWI. Symptom data were grouped for analysis based on observed trends. This study received approval from the Georgetown University Institutional Review Board (IRB 2018-0430). Results Symptom severity for the past 6 months demonstrated a high burden of disease for veteran participants. Frequency analysis of total severity scores (out of 148) showed a unimodal distribution with a median score of 95 (1st quartile = 78, 3rd quartile = 110), minimum score of 19, and maximum of 146. Over 89% of respondents had moderate or severe fatigue, sleep disturbances, pain, and abdominal symptoms over the past 6 months. The veterans who participated in this study reported cumulative frequencies higher than those in a meta-analysis of 21 GWI large epidemiologic cross-sectional studies for symptoms around 1998. The cumulative frequency of symptoms indicated long duration of symptoms, although recall bias must be taken into consideration. Conclusions This cross-sectional sample of self-selected veterans with GWI demonstrates a high current burden of disease and reveals symptom onset patterns. The information from this study can be used to better understand the long-term trajectory of GWI and be integrated into the treatment and diagnosis of impacted veterans. It can also be used as historical deployed health data and inform the future medical care of combat veterans experiencing health effects from war exposures.
Orthotopic Transplantation of Breast Tumors as Preclinical Models for Breast Cancer

Preclinical models that faithfully recapitulate tumor heterogeneity and therapeutic response are critical for translational breast cancer research. Immortalized cell lines are easy to grow and genetically modify to study molecular mechanisms, yet the selective pressure from cell culture often leads to genetic and epigenetic alterations over time. Patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models faithfully recapitulate the heterogeneity and drug response of human breast tumors. PDX models exhibit a relatively short latency after orthotopic transplantation that facilitates the investigation of breast tumor biology and drug response. The transplantable genetically engineered mouse models allow the study of breast tumor immunity. The current protocol describes the method to orthotopically transplant breast tumor fragments into the mammary fat pad followed by drug treatments. These preclinical models provide valuable approaches to investigate breast tumor biology, drug response, biomarker discovery and mechanisms of drug resistance.
INVISIBLE ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI. I. SAMPLE SELECTION AND OPTICAL/NEAR-IR SPECTRAL ENERGY DISTRIBUTIONS

In order to find more examples of the elusive high-redshift molecular absorbers, we have embarked on a systematic discovery program for highly obscured, radio-loud 'invisible active galactic nuclei' using the Very Large Array Faint Images of the Radio Sky at Twenty centimeters radio survey in conjunction with the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) to identify 82 strong ({>=}300 mJy) radio sources positionally coincident with late-type, presumably gas-rich galaxies. In this first paper, the basic properties of this sample are described including the selection process and the analysis of the spectral energy distributions (SEDs) derived from the optical (SDSS) + near-IR (NIR) photometry obtained by us at the Apache Point Observatory 3.5 m. The NIR images confirm the late-type galaxy morphologies found by SDSS for these sources in all but a few (6 of 70) cases (12 previously well studied or misclassified sources were culled). Among 70 sources in the final sample, 33 show galaxy type SEDs, 17 have galaxy components to their SEDs, and 20 have quasar power-law continua. At least nine sources with galaxy SEDs have K-band flux densities too faint to be giant ellipticals if placed at their photometric redshifts. Photometric redshifts for this sample are analyzed andmore » found to be too inaccurate for an efficient radio-frequency absorption line search; spectroscopic redshifts are required. A few new spectroscopic redshifts for these sources are presented here but more will be needed to make significant progress in this field. Subsequent papers will describe the radio continuum properties of the sample and the search for redshifted H I 21 cm absorption.« less
Evaluation of Unmanned Aircraft Flying/Handling Qualities Using a Stitched Learjet Model

Over the past 20 years, unmanned aircraft have taken over military missions that were deemed to be too “dull, dirty, or dangerous” for manned aircraft. The urgent demand for aircraft that can execu...
Quantifying Heterogeneity of Testicular Histopathology in Men with Nonobstructive Azoospermia.

Purpose:We sought to determine if testicular histopathological heterogeneity is associated with sperm retrieval rates (SRRs) in men with nonobstructive azoospermia (NOA) who are undergoing microdis...
Right-Wing Populism and Vigilante Violence in Asia

Right-wing populism is threatening pluralist underpinnings of diverse democracies around the world by staking claims of privilege for dominant ethnic groups and undermining minority rights. Existing scholarship has evaluated these threats in terms of the majoritarian vision peddled by charismatic politicians seeking electoral victory and the enactment of discriminatory policies through the dismantling of institutional constraints by those already in power. This article looks beyond these macro consequences of right-wing populism and examines vigilante violence as the mechanism through which these movements articulate and enforce their vision at the grassroots level. It compares the experience of India and Indonesia to evaluate factors that have enabled right-wing populists to deploy vigilantism for dismantling democratic protections against majoritarianism. I argue that the intrinsic properties of vigilantism as an efficient and transformative form of violence make it a valuable tool for right-wing populists. However, its use for political ends in two of the world’s largest democracies is enabled by three factors. First, because pluralist constitutions make it difficult to curtail minority rights through top-down legislation in India and Indonesia, vigilantism has become an appealing extra-legal strategy for undermining these rights from the bottom up. Second, widespread social legitimacy associated with everyday forms of vigilantism allows right-wing populists to scale up local templates of violence for national goals. Third, similar pathologies of state-building in both countries enable right-wing vigilantes to act with impunity. I conclude by arguing that while vigilantism has long been thought of as a way in which disempowered citizens cope with dissatisfactory provision of order by the state, right-wing populists are transforming vigilante violence into means for engineering social dominance.
Mass Deployment of Neural Networks: Proof-of-Concept with Screening of Intracranial Hemorrhage Using an Open Dataset

Background and Purpose: Intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) is considered an emergency that requires rapid medical or surgical management. Previous studies have utilized artificial intelligence to attempt to automate and expedite the diagnosis of this pathology on neuroimaging. However, these studies have utilized local, institution-specific data for training of these networks that limits the deployment of neural networks across broader hospital networks or regions due to data biases. We demonstrate the creation and validation of a neural network based on an openly available imaging data tested on data from our institution demonstrating a high-efficacy, institution-agnostic network. Methods: A retrospective study was completed after institutional review board approval. A dataset was created from de-identified, publicly available non-contrast computed tomography (CT) images of known ICH. This data was used to train a neural network using distinct windowing parameters and custom random augmentation. This network was then validated in two phases using cohort-based (phase 1) and longitudinal (phase 2) approaches. Results :Our CNN was trained on 752,807 openly available slices, which included 112,762 slices containing intracranial hemorrhage. In phase 1, final network performance for intracranial hemorrhage showed a receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) was 0.99. At the inflection point, our model showed a sensitivity of 98% at a threshold specificity of 99%. In phase 2, we obtained an AUC of 0.99 after analysis of 726 scans with a negative predictive value of 99.70% (n=726). Conclusions: To our knowledge, this is the first report that demonstrates an effective neural network trained on completely open data for screening ICH at an unrelated institution. This study demonstrates a proof-of-concept for widespread deployment of screening neural networks to multiple sites, while maintaining high efficacy. Further studies are necessary in multiple hospital system types, with different patient populations, to understand site-specific characteristics that may limit network applicability. Funding Statement: None. Declaration of Interests: No relevant disclosures to report and no conflicts of interest. Ethics Approval Statement: A retrospective study was completed after institutional review board approval.
Positive and negative selection towards tetracycline resistance genes in manure treatment lagoons

Aims: To evaluate the role of manure treatment lagoons of swine operations in the fate of faeces- and feed-borne tetracycline-resistant genes (TRG). Methods and Results: Samples of feed, faeces, lagoon liquid and lagoon sediment in farm’s vicinity were collected at three swine operations varied on their operational practices and analysed on the presence and frequencies of incidence of sixteen TRG in upstream sources (feed, faeces) and downstream receptacles (lagoon liquid and sediments). The highest frequency of TRG incidence was observed in a farm with extensive antibiotic usage and the lowest in the antibiotic-free farm. The study revealed a decrease in TRG richness and diversity in the downstream habitats of each farm. The observed TRG diverged into two groups, the persistent genes that were detected both upstream and downstream, and the transient genes that were detected in the upstream habitats but became nondetectable in the lagoons. Quantitative PCR analysis revealed that upstream concentrations and abundances (determined as TRG/16S rRNA gene ratios) of transient and persistent TRG were similar; however, the former were attenuated in the lagoons to the levels below the detection limit, whereas the latter were ∼ 100-1000 fold amplified in their (mostly) liquid phases and were also detected in farms’ vicinities. Conclusion: Manure lagoons of swine operations imposed both positive and negative selection towards faeces- and feed-borne TRG that, respectively, caused either their proliferation or attenuation in those environments. Significance and Impact of the Study: The study reveals that discharge of antibiotic resistance genes from swine farms to the environment is linked to their positive selection (defined as an impact leading to proliferation of those genes) in manure lagoons.
Recent work with the AL system

A first level implementation of AL, a high-level programming system for manipulator control, has been completed and is now in operation. Several new modules have been added to the system including: POINTY an interactive system for specifying representation of parts, and ALAID an interactive debugger for AL. Recent work in vision has been incorporated into the AL system. This paper describes the present implementation of AL and discusses current work.
Redline: first class support for interactivity in commodity operating systems

While modern workloads are increasingly interactive and resource-intensive (e.g., graphical user interfaces, browsers, and multimedia players), current operating systems have not kept up. These operating systems, which evolved from core designs that date to the 1970s and 1980s, provide good support for batch and command-line applications, but their ad hoc attempts to handle interactive workloads are poor. Their best-effort, priority-based schedulers provide no bounds on delays, and their resource managers (e.g., memory managers and disk I/O schedulers) are mostly oblivious to response time requirements. Pressure on any one of these resources can significantly degrade application responsiveness.We present Redline, a system that brings first-class support for interactive applications to commodity operating systems. Redline works with unaltered applications and standard APIs. It uses lightweight specifications to orchestrate memory and disk I/O management so that they serve the needs of interactive applications. Unlike realtime systems that treat specifications as strict requirements and thus pessimistically limit system utilization, Redline dynamically adapts to recent load, maximizing responsiveness and system utilization. We show that Redline delivers responsiveness to interactive applications even in the face of extreme workloads including fork bombs, memory bombs and bursty, large disk I/O requests, reducing application pauses by up to two orders of magnitude.
Sigma-Models and Strings

The modern covariant approach to string theory is based on the Polyakov ansatz: The dual model scattering amplitude is given by an expression $$ \sum\limits_{topo\log ies}{\int{\left[ {{d}_{{{\gamma }_{\mu \nu }}}} \right]}}\left[ d{{X}^{m}} \right]\,\exp \left[ \frac{1}{2}\int{d\zeta d\tau \sqrt{\gamma }{{\gamma }^{\mu \nu }}{{\partial }_{\mu }}{{X}_{m}}{{\partial }_{\nu }}{{X}^{m}}} \right]\cdot V\left( {{k}_{1}},{{s}_{1}} \right)V\left( {{k}_{2}},{{s}_{2}} \right)\cdots \,V\left( {{k}_{n}},{{s}_{n}} \right) $$ (1) where \( \int{\left[ {{d}_{{{\gamma }_{\mu \nu }}}} \right]\left[ d{{X}^{m}} \right]} \) represents functional integration over all possible embeddings of the two-dimensional world-sheet with coordinates (ζ, τ) into D-dimensional space-time with coordinates X m , and over all possible (gauge-inequivalent) metrics on the world-sheet, and the sum is over all topologies of the world-sheet. The V’s are vertex functions \( V\left( {{k}_{i}},{{s}_{i}} \right)=\int{d{{\zeta }_{i}}d{{\tau }_{i}}V\left( {{k}_{i}},{{s}_{i}},{{X}_{i}} \right)} \) for emission of particle species s i with momentum k i [1].
Chapter 13 Biomimetic synthesis of natural products isolated from Bignoniaceae

Publisher Summary Pinnatal and isopinnatal were isolated from tropical trees that belong to the plant family of Bignoniaceae. Pinnatal was found in a root bark extract from Kigelia pinnata. Ethnobotanic investigation into Kigelia pinnata led to the isolation of isopinnatal, kigelinol, and isokigelinol. Isopinnatal and the kigelinols have been evaluated for their cytotoxicity antiprotozoal, and antimalarial activity. Structurally, these related natural products share a modified hydroxy-naphthoquinone core fused to a variety of carbo- and heterocycles. Pinnatal, isopinnatal, and sterekunthal B bear a complex caged heterotricyclic system, while the pyranokunthones A and B display relatively simple mono- or bicyclic pyrans. The remaining members of the family feature carbocycles fused to the naphthoquinone core. The kigelinols feature an unusual bicyclic cross-conjugated π-system. The cycloreversion of pinnatal leads to chromene, which when opened in the sense of a 6π-electrocyclization gives alkylidene trione. In turn, alkylidene trione would arise from aldol condensation of aldehyde and 1,2,4-trione.
The fine cytokine line between graft acceptance and rejection

Cytokines regulate the immune response to transplanted tissue, and are involved in determining whether a tranplant is accepted or rejected. Graft rejection may reflect, in the end, as much the way in which the graft is poised to respond to the cytokines as it does the particular cytokines produced by the graft (pages 549–555).
Material Science and Engineering with Neutron Imaging

This chapter summarizes some of the results related to the use of neutron imaging (radiography and tomography) as applied to the broad area of materials science and engineering research. These include multi-phase flow visualization in metal casting techniques, energy-selective imaging of materials and its use for texture and stress imaging in polycrystalline materials, characterization of discrete particle systems, flow through porous media, and stroboscopic imaging. The importance of spatial resolution and neutron detector type for given engineering applications is also addressed.
PRACTITIONER'S CORNER: The Covariance Transformation and the Instrumental Variables Estimator of the Fixed Effects Model

The covariance transformation is a useful and often necessary procedure to estimate the fixed effects model. When some explanatory variables are contemporaneously correlated with the disturbance term, the slope coefficients can be consistently estimated by an instrumental variables estimator. This paper describes how to use the covariance transformation to compute the instrumental variables estimator as a two-stage-least-squares estimator. Discussions of the relative asymptotic efficiency of alternative sets of instrumental variables and how to construct a consistent estimator of the asymptotic covariance matrix of the instrumental variables estimator are also provided. Copyright 1991 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd
A Fast Generic Sequence Matching Algorithm

A string matching -- and more generally, sequence matching -- algorithm is presented that has a linear worst-case computing time bound, a low worst-case bound on the number of comparisons (2n), and sublinear average-case behavior that is better than that of the fastest versions of the Boyer-Moore algorithm. The algorithm retains its efficiency advantages in a wide variety of sequence matching problems of practical interest, including traditional string matching; large-alphabet problems (as in Unicode strings); and small-alphabet, long-pattern problems (as in DNA searches). Since it is expressed as a generic algorithm for searching in sequences over an arbitrary type T, it is well suited for use in generic software libraries such as the C++ Standard Template Library. The algorithm was obtained by adding to the Knuth-Morris-Pratt algorithm one of the pattern-shifting techniques from the Boyer-Moore algorithm, with provision for use of hashing in this technique. In situations in which a hash function or random access to the sequences is not available, the algorithm falls back to an optimized version of the Knuth-Morris-Pratt algorithm.
Multi-mode CMOS low dropout voltage regulator for GSM handsets

This paper presents a 1.8 V 400 mA multi-mode low dropout voltage regulator designed in a 0.25 /spl mu/m CMOS process. Multiple power modes are used to increase the efficiency of the regulator under both heavy and light loads. Under heavy loads, a high power driver with dynamic current bias and a DC/DC converter are used to improve the efficiency from 50% to 75%. Under light loads, a low power driver is used to improve the efficiency from 0.2% to 43.5%.
Effects of Human Salivas on Recombinant HIV-1 Proteins:

Human saliva appears to contain factors that are inhibitory to HIV-1 infectivity in vitro. We investigated the effect of incubating human whole, parotid, labial minor salivary gland and sublingual/submandibular salivas with recombinant HIV-1 envelope protein (gp160). Saliva/gp160 mixtures were run on polyacrylamide gels, transferred to nitrocellulose, and assayed for the presence of gp160 using monoclonal antibodies or HIV-1-positive sera. Incubation of the gp160 with whole saliva reduced the intensity of gp160 bands to 35% of control values. Minor salivary gland saliva reduced the band intensities to 65% of control values, while other saliva types diminished gp160 to 75% of control values. Protease inhibitors had no effect. Components of untreated whole human saliva prevent the detection of the HIV-1 envelope protein gp160 by antibodies to gp120 and gp41 in immunoblots. The results suggest that complexes between whole saliva factors and certain domains of gp160 block monoclonal antibody binding or are unable to migrate through polyacrylamide gels.
N‐(tert‐Butoxycarbonyloxy)phthalimide

[15263-20-4] C13H13NO5 (MW 263.25) InChI = 1S/C13H13NO5/c1-13(2,3)18-12(17)19-14-10(15)8-6-4-5-7-9(8)11(14)16/h4-7H,1-3H3 InChIKey = MCWXBNWFVFOQAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N (reagent for protection of amino acids as tert-butyl carbamates1) Physical Data: mp 118 °C (dec). Solubility: sol tert-butanol and THF; insol water. Form Supplied in: solid. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: contact with the reagent may cause irritation. The toxicological properties of the reagent have not been thoroughly investigated.
Biplane Transesophageal Echocardiography: Technique, Image Orientation, and Preliminary Experience in 131 Patients

Transesophageal echocardiography with use of a uniplane phased-array transducer with a transverse or horizontal scanning plane has become a well-established tool for evaluating cardiovascular diseases. Recent introduction of biplane probes has enhanced the diagnostic capability of this imaging technique. This article discusses the technique of biplane transesophageal echocardiographic examination and image orientation. The diagnostic value and advantages of various biplane transesophageal images of the heart, aorta, and aortic arch from various esophageal positions are described.
A series for infinite time ruin probabilities

Abstract This paper presents a series method for calculating the infinite time ruin function. The terms of the series involve convolutions related to the claim size distribution. Approximations to the series are presented, with their error analyses. Three detailed examples are given, two of which involve the inverse Gaussian distribution. A discussion of that distribution is made, including the maximum likelihood estimators of its parameters. The relevance of the Poisson model for numbers of claims stochastic process is considered. Evidence from two very large studies is presented to support that model, at least for some portfolios.
Prevalence and characteristics of pleural effusions in superior vena cava syndrome

Objective and background: The prevalence and characteristics of pleural effusions occurring in adults with the superior vena cava (SVC) syndrome are unknown. The purpose of the present study was to characterize these pleural effusions. Methods: Charts of patients diagnosed with SVC syndrome at a tertiary care referral centre were reviewed. Radiographs were evaluated for the presence and size of pleural effusions, presence and location of masses and mediastinal width. If a pleural effusion was present, the patient's chart and a pre-existing database on pleural effusions were searched to determine whether the effusion was sampled and the results of any laboratory investigations on the fluid. Results: The SVC syndrome occurred in 78 patients. Malignancy was the aetiology in 60% of the cases and bronchogenic carcinoma was the most common malignancy. An intravascular device was the aetiology in the majority of benign cases. Pleural effusion was found in 70% of patients with a malignant aetiology and 58% of those with a benign cause (P = 0.345). The mean size of the effusions was larger in malignant cases (P = 0.012). Of the 44 effusions 22 were sampled (17 in malignancy and five with benign processes); none was transudates, 20 (91%) were exudative (four of these were chylous) and the remaining two were reported as exudates but did not have pleural chemistries documented. Conclusions: More than half of patients with SVC syndrome have pleural effusions, regardless of the aetiology. However, the effusions are larger when associated with malignancy. The majority of these effusions are exudative and occasionally chylous. None was transudates.