cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Kinetochore reproduction in animal evolution: Cell biological explanation of karyotypic fission theory

Karyotypic fission theory of Todd offers an explanation for the diverse range of diploid numbers of many mammalian taxa. Theoretically, a full complement of acrocentric chromosomes can be introduced into a population by chromosomal fission. Subsequent inheritance of ancestral chromosomes and paired fission derivatives potentially generates a diploid range from the ancestral condition to double its number of chromosomes. Although it is undisputed that both chromosomal fission and fusion (“Robertsonian rearrangements”) have significantly contributed to karyological diversity, it is generally assumed that independent events, the fission of single chromosomes or the fusion of two chromosomes, are the sources of such change. The karyotypic fission idea by contrast posits that all mediocentric chromosomes simultaneously fission. Here I propose a specific cell biological mechanism for Todd's karyotypic fission concept, “kinetochore reproduction theory,” where a complete set of dicentric chromatids is synthesized during gametogenesis, and kinetochore protein dephosphorylation regulates dicentric chromatid segregation. Three postulates of kinetochore reproduction theory are: (i) breakage of dicentric chromosomes between centromere pairs forms acrocentric derivatives, (ii) de novo capping of newly synthesized acrocentric ends with telomeric DNA stabilizes these derivatives, and (iii) mitotic checkpoints regulate chromosomal disjunction to generate fissioned karyotypes. Subsequent chromosomal rearrangement, especially pericentric inversion, increases the probability of genetic isolation amongst incipient sympatric species polytypic for fission-generated acrocentric autosomes. This mechanism obviates the requirement for numerous independent Robertsonian rearrangements and neatly accounts for mammalian karyotype evolution as exemplified in analyses of Carnivora, Artiodactyla, and Primates.
Tight junctional inhibition of entry of Toxoplasma gondii into MDCK cells.

Various conditions of cultures were performed to investigate the role of tight junctions formed between adjacent MDCK cells on the entry of Toxoplasma. When MDCK cells were cocultured with excess number of Toxoplasma at the seeding density of 1 x 10(5), 3 x 10(5), and 5 x 10(5) cells/ml for 4 days, the number of intracellular parasites decreased rapidly as the host cells reached saturation density, i.e., the formation of tight junctions. When the concentration of calcium in the media (1.8 mM in general) was shifted to 5 microM that resulted in the elimination of tight junction, the penetration of Toxoplasma increased about 2-fold (p less than 0.05) in the saturated culture, while that of non-saturated culture decreased by half. Trypsin-EDTA which was treated to conquer the tight junctions of saturated culture favored the entry of Toxoplasma about 2.5-fold (p less than 0.05) compared to the non-treated, while that of non-saturated culture decreased to about one fifth. It was suggested that the tight junctions of epithelial cells play a role as a barrier for the entry of Toxoplasma and Toxoplasma penetrate into host cells through membrane structure-specific, i.e., certain kind of receptors present on the basolateral rather than apical surface of MDCK cells.
Selection for drinking in the dark alters brain gene coexpression networks.

Background Heterogeneous stock (HS/NPT) mice have been used to create lines selectively bred in replicate for elevated drinking in the dark (DID). Both selected lines routinely reach a blood ethanol (EtOH) concentration (BEC) of 1.00 mg/ml or greater at the end of the 4-hour period of access in Day 2. The mechanisms through which genetic differences influence DID are currently unclear. Therefore, the current study examines the transcriptome, the first stage at which genetic variability affects neurobiology. Rather than focusing solely on differential expression (DE), we also examine changes in the ways that gene transcripts collectively interact with each other, as revealed by changes in coexpression patterns. Methods Naive mice (N = 48/group) were genotyped using the Mouse Universal Genotyping Array, which provided 3,683 informative markers. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis used a marker-by-marker strategy with the threshold for a significant logarithm of odds (LOD) set at 10.6. Gene expression in the ventral striatum was measured using the Illumina Mouse 8.2 array. Differential gene expression and the weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA) were implemented largely as described elsewhere. Results Significant QTLs for elevated BECs after DID were detected on chromosomes 4, 14, and 16; the latter 2 were associated with gene-poor regions. None of the QTLs overlapped with known QTLs for EtOH preference drinking. Ninety-four transcripts were detected as being differentially expressed in both selected lines versus HS controls; there was no overlap with known preference genes. The WGCNA revealed 2 modules as showing significant effects of both selections on intramodular connectivity. A number of genes known to be associated with EtOH phenotypes (e.g., Gabrg1, Glra2, Grik1, Npy2r, and Nts) showed significant changes in connectivity. Conclusions We found marked and consistent effects of selection on coexpression patterns; DE changes were more modest and less concordant. The QTLs and differentially expressed genes detected here are distinct from the preference phenotype. This is consistent with behavioral data and suggests that the DID and preference phenotypes are markedly different genetically.
Impact of Cannabis Use on the Development of Psychotic Disorders

The link between cannabis use and psychosis comprises three distinct relationships: acute psychosis associated with cannabis intoxication; acute psychosis that lasts beyond the period of acute intoxication; and persistent psychosis not time-locked to exposure. Experimental studies reveal that cannabis, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and synthetic cannabinoids reliably produce transient positive, negative, and cognitive symptoms in healthy volunteers. Case studies indicate that cannabinoids can induce acute psychosis that lasts beyond the period of acute intoxication but resolves within a month. Exposure to cannabis in adolescence is associated with a risk for later psychotic disorder in adulthood; this association is consistent, temporally related, shows a dose response, and is biologically plausible. However, cannabis is neither necessary nor sufficient to cause a persistent psychotic disorder. More likely, it is a component cause that interacts with other factors to result in psychosis. The link between cannabis and psychosis is moderated by age at onset of cannabis use, childhood abuse, and genetic vulnerability. While more research is needed to better characterize the relationship between cannabinoid use and the onset and persistence of psychosis, clinicians should be mindful of the potential risk of psychosis, especially in vulnerable populations, including adolescents and those with a psychosis diathesis.
Sensitivity analysis of the role of free radical, organic and transition metal reactions in sulfate production in clouds

Abstract The role of free radicals, organic compounds and transition metals on in-cloud sulfate production is studied using a flow through reactor model approach. The sensitivity of the model predictions to initial conditions and model parameters are evaluated by calculation of local elementary sensitivity coefficients and by calculation of the Green's function. The presence of organic species is shown to affect sulfate production by changing the free radical concentrations and by the formation of higher peroxides, aldehydes and organic acids. Soluble iron, under daytime conditions, increases sulfate production by increasing the OH concentration.
Simple formulas for the energy loss of ultrarelativistic muons by direct pair production

Simple formulas for direct pair production are derived from the general equation for deeply inelastic lepton scattering. Applications to energy loss by ultrarelativistic muons are discussed. For muons above the critical energy, Ecμ ≳ 200 GeV, where the radiative effects of direct pair production and bremsstrahlung are dominant, the expressions for energy losses are considerably simplified when quoted in terms of the fractional energy loss per radiation length. The differential probability for direct pair production in a thickness x of material of radiation length X0 for an incident lepton of energy E, mass M, can be expressed as where ν is the energy of the produced pair, υ is the fractional energy loss, υ = νE, me is the electron mass and the variable z is defined by z = υM4me For indicent muons, this simple expression agrees very well with the exact calculation to within ∼ 30% over the entire range of υ, for E ≳ 1 TeV. At higher energies complete screening occurs, and the agreement is further improved, to better than ∼ 15% (except for the range 0.005 ≤ υ ≤ 0.01 where it is ⋍ 25%). The integral of this expression gives the energy loss due to direct pair production by muons (complete screening) which is accurate to ∼ 10%: −1EdEpairdx = 7.32×10−5X0 .
Simple and rugged SPE method for the determination of tetracycline antibiotics in serum by HPLC using a volatile mobile phase

A simple and rugged SPE method for the determination of tetracycline (TC), minocycline (MC) and demeclocycline (DCC) in porcine serum by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was developed. The spiked serum sample was pretreated with 2% phosphoric acid followed by a simple and rugged solid-phase extraction procedure using the OasisTM HLB extraction cartridges. High and reproducible recoveries were obtained even though the cartridges were run dry. The extracted sample analytes were injected onto a Waters SymmetryShieldTM RP8 column. The mobile phase was a simple volatile solution containing 0.1% TFA, 2% methanol and 7% acetonitrile in Water. The antibiotics were detected at 350 nm. The calibration curves were linear from 2.0 to 25.0 μg mL−1 of TC and MC with DCC as the internal standard at a concentration of 25.0 μg mL−1. For six replicate analyses, the average recoveries of TC and MC from porcine serum sample fortified at the level of 2.5 μg mL−1 were 96.1% with 1.3% RSD and 101% with 0.54% RSD; at level of 0.5 μg mL−1 the average recoveries were 88% with 1.6% RSD and 97.8% with 1.4% RSD.
Facile stabilization of gold-silver alloy nanoparticles on cellulose nanocrystal

Uniform Au−Ag alloy nanoparticles have been synthesized on cellulose nanocrystal (CNXL) by the co-reduction method of corresponding metal ions. CNXL that plays a dual role of a matrix and of a stabilizer has been used to obtain stable dispersions of alloy nanoparticles. The composition of alloy nanoparticles indicates a quantitative deposit of metal ions on CNXL surface followed by reduction. The sizes of alloy nanoparticles were controlled in the range of 3−7 nm by capping agent, sodium citrate, and their average diameter was increased with an increase of Ag content. Aqueous suspensions of Au−Ag alloy nanoparticles and their dried films are characterized by UV−vis spectroscopy, field emission-scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD).
Timing of Magnesium Therapy Affects Experimental Infarct Size

Background Controversy exists regarding the use of magnesium in the treatment of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) because of apparent conflicting results from clinical trials. One hypothesis to explain the various clinical observations proposes that the timing of magnesium administration significantly influences its therapeutic effect; ie, supraphysiological levels of Mg2+ must be present at the time of reperfusion for magnesium to produce clinical benefit. Methods and Results These experiments evaluated the effect of varying the timing of magnesium administration during AMI. Female Yorkshire swine (34 to 42 kg) underwent thoracotomy and 50 minutes of left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) occlusion, followed by 3 hours of reperfusion. In the first group, MgSO4 (250 mg of magnesium diluted in 60 cm3 saline) was infused into the LAD over 12 minutes, beginning immediately with the onset of reperfusion (n=6, Mg-early group). In the second group, MgSO4 was given after 1 hour of reperfusion (n=6, Mg-l...
DGAT1, DGAT2 and PDAT Expression in Seeds and Other Tissues of Epoxy and Hydroxy Fatty Acid Accumulating Plants

Triacylglycerol (TAG) is the main storage lipid in plants. Acyl-CoA: diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT1 and DGAT2) and phospholipid: diacylglycerol acyltransferase (PDAT) can catalyze TAG synthesis. It is unclear how these three independent genes are regulated in developing seeds, and particularly if they have specific functions in the high accumulation of unusual fatty acids in seed oil. The expression patterns of DGAT1, DGAT2 and a PDAT in relation to the accumulation of oil and epoxy and hydroxy fatty acids in developing seeds of the plant species Vernonia galamensis, Euphorbia lagascae, Stokesia laevis and castor that accumulate high levels of these fatty acids in comparison with soybean and Arabidopsis were investigated. The expression patterns of DGAT1, DGAT2 and the PDAT are consistent with all three enzymes playing a role in the high epoxy or hydroxy fatty acid accumulation in developing seeds of these plants. PDAT and DGAT2 transcript levels are present at much higher levels in developing seeds of epoxy and hydroxy fatty acid accumulating plants than in soybeans or Arabidopsis. Moreover, PDAT, DGAT1 and DGAT2 are found to be expressed in many different plant tissues, suggesting that these enzymes may have other roles in addition to seed oil accumulation. DGAT1 appears to be a major enzyme for seed oil accumulation at least in Arabidopsis and soybeans. For the epoxy and hydroxy fatty acid accumulating plants, DGAT2 and PDAT also show expression patterns consistent with a role in the selective accumulation of these unusual fatty acids in seed oil.
Accelerators for Heavy-Ion Fusion

Large fusion devices will almost certainly produce net energy. However, a successful commercial fusion energy system must also satisfy important engineering and economic constraints. Inertial confinement fusion power plants driven by multi-stage, heavy-ion accelerators appear capable of meeting these constraints. The reasons behind this promising outlook for heavy-ion fusion are given in this report. This report is based on the transcript of a talk presented at the Symposium on Lasers and Particle Beams for Fusion and Strategic Defense at the University of Rochester on April 17-19, 1985.
Sociolinguistic Folklore in the Study of African American English

Although sociolinguists have performed a valuable service in challenging folk theories about African American English (AAE), they also have unwittingly participated in the construction of sociolinguistic folklore about variation and change in AAE. Several examples of sociolinguistic myths are presented, including the supraregional myth, the change myth, and the social stratification myth. Data used to challenge the canon of AAE description include empirical studies of different types of rural Southern African American communities as well as ethnographic observation. Historical circumstance, social and professional enculturation, and academic exclusivity are considered in explaining the construction of these questionable axioms about AAE. The examination indicates that unchallenged assumptions, unilateral explanations, and imagined dichotomies need to be scrutinized more critically with regard to the canon of AAE description.
A three-stage discrete-time population model: continuous versus seasonal reproduction.

We consider a three-stage discrete-time population model with density-dependent survivorship and time-dependent reproduction. We provide stability analysis for two types of birth mechanisms: continuous and seasonal. We show that when birth is continuous there exists a unique globally stable interior equilibrium provided that the inherent net reproductive number is greater than unity. If it is less than unity, then extinction is the population's fate. We then analyze the case when birth is a function of period two and show that the unique two-cycle is globally attracting when the inherent net reproductive number is greater than unity, while if it is less than unity the population goes to extinction. The two birth types are then compared. It is shown that for low birth rates the adult average number over a one-year period is always higher when reproduction is continuous. Numerical simulations suggest that this remains true for high birth rates. Thus periodic birth rates of period two are deleterious for the...
GADD45A is a mediator of CD437 induced apoptosis in ovarian carcinoma cells

Ovarian cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer death in women. A number of studies have suggested that synthetic retinoids may play an important role as an ovarian cancer chemotherapeutic agent. The synthetic retinoid CD 437 induces apoptosis in ovarian tumor cells by a mechanism that is not completely understood. In this study we demonstrate that CD437 treatment leads to an increase in GADD45A and GADD45B mRNA expression in CA-OV3 cells but not in CA-CD437R cells, a cell line which is resistant to CD437. This induction is specific to CD437 since no change in expression of either GADD45A or GADD45B was observed with either all-trans-RA or 4-HPR treatment. Western blot analysis demonstrated that the induction of GADD45A mRNA in the CA-OV3 cell line by CD437 was accompanied by an increase in GADD45A protein. Upregulation of GADD45A by CD437 is regulated at least in part at the post-transcriptional level. In contrast, CD437 regulates GADD45B expression by different mechanisms. The importance of GADD45A induction in mediating apoptosis was demonstrated in CA-OV3 cells overexpressing GADD45A antisense RNA (GADD45A-AS cells). Our results suggest that induction of GADD45A expression might play a role in mediating the apoptotic response of ovarian cancer cells to the synthetic retinoid CD437.
One-year functional magnetic resonance imaging follow-up study of neural activation during the recall of unresolved negative life events in borderline personality disorder.

Background. Recall of adverse life events under brain imaging conditions has been shown to coincide with activation of limbic and prefrontal brain areas in borderline personality disorder (BPD). We investigate changes of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) activation patterns during the recall Of unresolved adverse life events (ULE) over 1 year. Method. Thirteen female BPD patients participated in the study During fMRI measurement subjects recalled ULF and negative but resolved life events (RLE) after individual cue words to Stimulate autobiographical memory, retrieval. Subjective intensity of emotional and sensoric experiences during recall was assessed as well as standardized measures of psychopathology. Results. A 2 x 2 factorial analysis of fMRI data (Delta t1/t2 x Delta ULE/RLE) revealed major right more than left differences of activation (i.e. t1 > t2) of the posterior more than anterior cingulate, superior temporal lobes, insula, and right middle and superior frontal lobes (second-level analysis, t = 3.0, p(uncorrected) = 0.003). The opposite contrast (Delta t2/t1 x Delta ULE/RLE) did not reveal an), differences. We did not find changes of emotional or sensoric qualities during recall (ULF versus RLE) or of psychopathology measures over the 1-year period. Conclusions. Although subjective and clinical data did not change within 1 year, we observed a substantial decrease of temporo-frontal activation during the recall of ULF from t1 to t2 If future research confirms these findings, the question arises whether the decrease of neural activation precedes clinical improvement in BPD.
Thin-layer chromatography for quantitative polychlorinated biphenyl analysis

Abstract The use of silica gel plates and hexane for identification of polychlorinated biphenyls, naphthalenes and terphenyls is discussed. Quantitation of polychlorinated biphenyls is described using a linear, thin-layer chromatographic scanner and silver nitrate/UV chromogenesis. Sensitivity is 0.5 p.p.m. in muscle tissue, egg and fat with a precision of ± 0.05 p.p.m.
SU‐E‐T‐305: An Automated Program for Shielding Calculation of a Radiotherapy Vault

Purpose: Shielding calculations for megavoltage radiotherapy facilities with mazes are generally straightforward but highly critical. Excel spreadsheets are often used to expedite the process; but with numerous parameters and variables setting up the spreadsheet can be more time consuming than hand calculations. In busy clinical departments the patient load may leave the physicist unable to dedicate the desirable amount of resources to pay the detailed attention due for a timely and accurate shielding calculation. The purpose of this investigation is to automate this process by streamlining workload calculations, programming lookup tables for easy access, and calculate the necessary dimensions of the primary shielding. The results of a newly written automated shielding calculator program will be compared with hand calculations performed according to NCRP Report 151. Methods: A visual basic program was written, using NCRP Report 151 as a model, to calculate the shielding needed for a linear accelerator in a simple treatment vault. In an attempt to streamline the coding of the program, a set of conditional calculations is used to accurately calculate the thickness of secondary shielding. Results: The visual basic program was able to accurately calculate the thickness of primary and secondary shielding to NCRP Report 151 calculations. Conclusion: The program can be used to calculate shielding thicknesses with accuracy for radiotherapy rooms. To make the program more pragmatic, maze shielding and neutron shielding calculations should be added. The detail of the programming steps to accommodate the NCRP 151 formulas and parameters will be presented.
Invertibly Positive Linear Operators on Spaces of Continuous Functions.

Abstract : A proof is given that any positive linear transformation of a space of continuous functions with a positive inverse has a certain specific form. The characterization is the same as that found by Kaplansky and others, but here it is obtained under weaker assumptions as to the topological space X and the linear space F of real-valued functions. The study was motivated by a problem in logistics, which, mathematically, was to find conditions necessary and sufficient for a positive matrix to have one of its powers equal to the identity matrix. (Author)
Production of unsaturated polyesters by Pseudomonas oleovorans.

Pseudomonas oleovorans was grown separately on 3-hydroxy-6-octenoic acid and 3-hydroxy-7-octenoic acid as the only carbon source and under ammonium nutrient-limiting conditions to produce storage polyesters. The polyesters produced contained mainly unsaturated C8 units. Small amounts of both the saturated and the unsaturated C6 units were also present, but only about 1% of the saturated 3-hydroxyoctanoate units was detected. The polyester obtained from 3-hydroxy-6-octenoic acid, which was a mixture of the cis and trans isomers, also contained units with cis and trans double bonds. The weight average molecular weights of the polymers produced were in the range of 339,000-383,000 as determined by g.p.c. relative to polystyrene, with Mw/Mn ratios of 1.8-2.1. The mechanism of PHA formation from n-octene previously reported is discussed in relation to the present results, and the two were found to be in good agreement.
Transport properties of non-equilibrium ionized argon gas

Die Arbeit behandelt das Verhalten eines teilweise ionisierten Gases in einem elektrischen Feld sowie die experimentalle Bestimmung von Transporteigenschaften, beruhend auf einer modifizierten Grenzschichttheorie und Messungen in einer zweidimensionalen Kanalstromung.
Real-time Structural Transitions Are Coupled to Chemical Steps in ATP Hydrolysis by Eg5 Kinesin

At the biochemical level, motor proteins are enzymatic molecules that function by converting chemical energy into mechanical motion. The key element for energy transduction and a major unresolved question common for all motor proteins is the coordination between the chemical and conformational steps in ATP hydrolysis. Here we show time-lapse monitoring of an in vitro ATP hydrolysis reaction by the motor domain of a human Kinesin-5 protein (Eg5) using difference Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and UV photolysis of caged ATP. In this first continuous observation of a biological reaction coordinate from substrate to product, direct spectral markers for two catalytic events are measured: proton abstraction from nucleophilic water by the catalytic base and formation of the inorganic phosphate leaving group. Simultaneous examination of conformational switching in Eg5, in parallel with catalytic steps, shows structural transitions in solution consistent with published crystal structures of the prehydrolytic and ADP-bound states. In addition, we detect structural modifications in the Eg5 motor domain during bond cleavage between the β- and γ-phosphates of ATP. This conclusion challenges mechanochemical models for motor proteins that utilize only two stages of the catalytic cycle to drive force and motion.
Synthesis of racemic fecapentaene-12, a potent mutagen from human feces, and its regioisomer

Abstract Racemic fecapentaene-12 [3-(1,3,5,7,9-dodecapentaenyloxy)-1,2-propanediol ( 1 )] and its regioisomer 2-(1,3,5,7,9-dodecapentaenyloxy)-1,3-propanediol ( 2 ) have been synthesized. The latter compound is comparably mutagenic to 1 .
Psychometric evaluation of the impact of cancer (IOC-CS) scale for young adult survivors of childhood cancer

Introduction Psychosocial outcomes derived from standardized and disease-specific measures are often used in pediatric oncology; however, the reliability, validity and utility of these instruments in adult survivors of childhood cancer have yet to be established.
Analysis of incidence of lung cancer in various states of the USA

Lung cancer is the second most deadly cancer in this world after prostate cancer and breast cancer. Based on the past research, smoking is the primary cause of the death in lung cancer by age, race and gender. In this research, we have used National Inpatient Sample and census population for the state of CA, FL, TX, NY, IL, RI, VA, SC, and WI to determine the association of geographical variation with the risk factors by population. We have confirmed that incidence of lung cancer cases in CA (biggest state) are lower than smaller states like RI and VA. We confirmed our hypothesis that bigger state need not have to have higher incidence rate, but other like race, gender, pollution play an important role in increasing the occurrences.
902-2 Lesion Composition Impacts Size and Symmetry of Stent Expansion: Initial Report from the STRUT Registry

The STRUT (Stent Treatment Region assessed by Ultrasound Tomography) Registry is a multicenter study using intracoronary ultrasound (ICUS) to examine stents (STs) implanted with high pressure. Analysis of the first 32 STs in 29 patients has revealed a previously unreported relationship between the extent and symmetry of ST expansion, and the presence of localized calcium deposits in the lesion. STs were deployed with a mean pressure of 14.2 ATMs resulting in an overall residual angiographic stenosis of 8.6 ± 12%. At the end of the procedure a slow ICUS pullback (0.5–1.0 mm/sec) was performed through the ST segment. ICUS cross-sectional images were analyzed at 2.5 mm increments throughout the ST and proximal and distal reference segments. Cross-sections within the ST were characterized by ICUS as either heavily calcified (HC: arc g 180° extending g 5 mm) or non/mildly calcified (MC: arc 0–180°,≤ 5 mm). STexpansion was analyzed in terms of: QCA % stenosis; ICUS % diameter expansion (DE = minimum diameter in ST/nominal ST diameter × 100); ICUS % area expansion (AE = minimum area in ST/final balloon area × 100); and asymmetry (maximum divided by minimum diameter within ST). OCA ICUS % DE ICUS % AE Asymmetry MC (n = 19) 8.2 ± 9.9 83 ± 9.2 78 ± 12 0.79 ± 10 HC (n = 13) 9.5 ± 10.4 63 ± 11.7 69 ± 9 0.65 ± 0.09 significance p = NS p l 0.001 p = 003 p l 0.001 Incomplete ST apposition to vessel wall occurred in 7/14 (50%) of HC segments compared to 2/18 (11%) MC lesions. In MC and HC, the balloon to vessel ratio was similar (0.72 ± 0.13 vs. 0.74 ± 0.16, p = NS). In conclusion, target lesion calcification influences the overall expansion, apposition and shape of ST deployment. Potential clinical impact will be assessed by clinical and angio follow-up at 6 months.
The spin-up problem in helium II

The laminar spin-up of Helium II is studied by solving the linearized equations of motion for the normal and superfluid components and the quantized vortex lines in a simple case. The fluid is taken to be confined between two parallel planes whose angular velocity increases at a small, steady rate. The vortex lines are treated as a continuum. No direct interactions between the vortex lines and the walls are included. Two mechanisms are identified for the transfer of angular momentum from the container to the interior fluid. In the first place, classical Ekman pumping occurs in the normal fluid component. Secondly, mutual friction between the normal Ekman layer and the vortex lines produces an (Ekman-like) secondary flow in the superfluid component. In both mechanisms, mutual friction in the interior couples the normal and superfluid components together, so that both components spin up. Normal-fluid Ekman pumping is found to dominate at temperatures close to the λ-point (Tλ=2.17 K), while the second mechanism becomes progressively more important at lower temperatures. In the small-Ekman-number limit, when the vertical container dimension 2a is much larger than the Ekman layer thickness, the spin-up time (i.e., the time lag between the container and the interior fluid) for both components ist spin-up≈f(T)aΩ 0 −1/2 , where Ω0 is the angular velocity andf(T) is a decreasing function of temperature. Although some experimental spin-up times in He II have been reported in the literature, their analysis involves many uncertainties. Thus, new experiments to test this model should be highly desirable.
Resummed memory kernels in generalized system-bath master equations

Generalized master equations provide a concise formalism for studying reduced population dynamics. Usually, these master equations require a perturbative expansion of the memory kernels governing the dynamics; in order to prevent divergences, these expansions must be resummed. Resummation techniques of perturbation series are ubiquitous in physics, but they have not been readily studied for the time-dependent memory kernels used in generalized master equations. In this paper, we present a comparison of different resummation techniques for such memory kernels up to fourth order. We study specifically the spin-boson Hamiltonian as a model system bath Hamiltonian, treating the diabatic coupling between the two states as a perturbation. A novel derivation of the fourth-order memory kernel for the spin-boson problem is presented; then, the second- and fourth-order kernels are evaluated numerically for a variety of spin-boson parameter regimes. We find that resumming the kernels through fourth order using a Pade approximant results in divergent populations in the strong electronic coupling regime due to a singularity introduced by the nature of the resummation, and thus recommend a non-divergent exponential resummation (the “Landau-Zener resummation” of previous work). The inclusion of fourth-order effects in a Landau-Zener-resummed kernel is shown to improve both the dephasing rate and the obedience of detailed balance over simpler prescriptions like the non-interacting blip approximation, showing a relatively quick convergence on the exact answer. The results suggest that including higher-order contributions to the memory kernel of a generalized master equation and performing an appropriate resummation can provide a numerically-exact solution to system-bath dynamics for a general spectral density, opening the way to a new class of methods for treating system-bath dynamics.
Simple technique for intraoperative angiographic localization of small vascular lesions.

BACKGROUND: Precise surgical localization of small arteriovenous malformations (AVMs), arteriovenous fistulae (AVFs), and aneurysms located in the distal portions of the intracranial arteries can be difficult OBJECTIVE: We describe a simple and accurate intraoperative angiographic localization technique for small AVMs, AVFs, and distal aneurysms. METHODS: All patients had routine preoperative diagnostic imaging and evaluations, including catheter angiography. Once anesthetized, the patients were prepared for intraoperative angiography following cannulation of the femoral artery. Craniometric landmarks were utilized to approximately localize the lesion. A wire in the shape of a square was placed over the proposed craniotomy site and an angiogram was performed. With use of real-time angiography, the wire localizer was manipulated until the small vascular lesion was visualized entirely within the wire frame, thus defining the extent of the required craniotomy and the surgical trajectory. RESULTS: The wire localizer was used to target small vascular lesions in 9 cases of AVMs, 4 cases of distal middle cerebral artery aneurysms, and 1 case of a diploic AVF. In all 14 cases, the lesion was accurately localized intraoperatively without further image-guided techniques, and there was no change in the craniotomy. There were no intraoperative complications, and all patients had uneventful recoveries. CONCLUSION: Intraoperative angiography with a simple wire localizer can effectively and accurately aid in the planning of surgery for a range of small and distal vascular lesions with virtually no added cost, minimal setup time, and limited potential for technical errors.
Internal sphincterotomy with hemorrhoidectomy does not relieve pain: a prospective, randomized study.

PURPOSE: Pain after hemorrhoidectomy is universal. Several attempts have been made to reduce or alleviate the pain after excisional hemorrhoidectomy. The origin of pain is undetermined. Current theories propose that the pain is mediated through the internal sphincter. This prospective, randomized study was performed to assess the degree of discomfort in patients with and without a sphincterotomy when performing a closed hemorrhoidectomy. METHODS: Between December 1999 and September 2001, 42 patients (22 males), median age 52 (range, 30–80) years, who underwent excisional hemorrhoidectomy were randomly chosen to have an internal sphincterotomy in the base of the left lateral wound. RESULTS: Thirty-nine patients were available for the study. Parameters elicited in the study were pain, postoperative bleeding, urinary retention, impairment of continence by day and by night, and day the patient returned to work. There was no statistical difference in the postoperative pain in each of the two categories at four hours after surgery, after the first bowel movement, or four days after surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Results showed no difference in the perception of pain after hemorrhoidectomy in patients who had an internal sphincterotomy compared with those who did not. Both groups were equally likely to have difficulty with control of gas and soiling.
Crustal thinning between the Ethiopian and East African Plateaus from modeling Rayleigh wave dispersion

The East African and Ethiopian Plateaus have long been recognized to be part of a much larger topographic anomaly on the African Plate called the African Superswell. One of the few places within the African Superswell that exhibit elevations of less than 1 km is southeastern Sudan and northern Kenya, an area containing both Mesozoic and Cenozoic rift basins. Crustal structure and uppermost mantle velocities are investigated in this area by modeling Rayleigh wave dispersion. Modeling results indicate an average crustal thickness of 25 {+-} 5 km, some 10-15 km thinner than the crust beneath the adjacent East African and Ethiopian Plateaus. The low elevations can therefore be readily attributed to an isostatic response from crustal thinning. Low Sn velocities of 4.1-4.3 km/s also characterize this region.
Do the Management Components of Supply Chain Management Affect Logistics Performance

The literature suggests that implementation of supply chain management (SCM) programs will lead to improved logistics performance, but empirical research connecting supply chain initiatives with logistics performance remains scarce. This research empirically examined the relationship between seven SCM management components and perceived logistics performance. The results largely support the positive relationship between requirements and performance. Implications for logistics managers and directions for future research are reviewed.
Through the looking glass: the history of aquarium views and their potential to improve learning in science classrooms

Aquarium views, or AqViews, offer a glimpse into a split-phase aquatic system that is not normally afforded to terrestrial viewers. Although geologist Henry De la Beche created the AqView prototype two decades before the advent of the aquarium, this graphic type did not become popular until after the Victorian aquarium craze. We investigate the historical development and construct a comprehensive typology of AqViews that can be used by science teachers. We identify variations on the AqView, as well as a broader category encompassing non-aquatic systems, the PhaseView. Our research indicates that horizontal, cross-sectional representation of underwater scenes now appears to be the default position for some textbook authors, artists, and students. In spite of this, we believe AqViews are currently untapped resources for learning in science classrooms, and offer potential for enhancing science instruction, assessment, and visual literacy.
Review: Interactions Between the Blood-Brain Barrier and Endogenous Peptides: Emerging Clinical Implications

The effects of peptides on brain function suggest therapeutic and pathologic roles for these substances. Many peptides cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) by transmembrane diffusion as a function of their lipid solubilities. Other peptides, such as the enkephalins, Tyr-MIF-1, vasopressin-related peptides, and peptide T-like peptides, are transported by carrier-mediated systems. Passage is influenced by aging, stress, lighting, drugs, amino acids, and neurotoxins. Disruption of the BBB results in complex changes in the blood and CSF levels of peptides. Peptides influence the passage of glucose, amino acids, and inorganic acids and may affect the integrity of the BBB. Peptide-BBB interactions have been suggested to play direct roles in dialysis dementia and maple syrup urine disease; they may be expected to be involved in other disorders of the CNS.
Feature-based classification of SAR data using RBF networks

We describe the application of radial basis function (RBF) classifiers to feature-based automatic target recognition (FBATR) using synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data. FBATR systems are attractive because of their promise for robust, computationally efficient, scalable ATR systems. We compare the performance of RBF classifiers, multi layer perceptron (MLP) networks and a nearest neighbor (1-NN) classifier using a synthetic SAR database. Using this database, this preliminary study attempts to establish how classification performance deteriorates when the measured data is perturbed with additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) prior to feature extraction. Our experimental results indicate that the RBF network performs better and it is more robust to this type of noise when compared to the other feature-based classifiers we considered. Consequently, we conclude that RBF classifiers are strong candidates for FBATR systems.
Extending the No Core Shell Model to heavier mass nuclei

Abstract The No Core Shell Model (NCSM) is an ab initio method for calculating the properties of light nuclei, up to about A = 20 , in which all A nucleons are treated as being active and interacting through realistic nucleon–nucleon (NN) and three-nucleon (NNN) forces. It is difficult to go to larger A values due to the rapid growth of the basis spaces required in order to obtain converged results. In this talk we discuss three techniques, still in development, for extending the NCSM to heavier mass nuclei.
The monthly orientation rhythm of planarians is not generated by the interaction of solar‐ and lunar‐day rhythms

Abstract In order to investigate the role of a circadian clock in the timing of a monthly rhythm, different populations of planarians were maintained in constant darkness or, to manipulate the period of a circadian rhythm, in light‐dark cycles totalling 20 h, 24 h, or 28 h. The orientation response of the planarians was followed for 2 months. If solar‐ and lunar‐day rhythms were interacting to produce a monthly oscillation in the orientation response, the interval between “monthly”; peaks would be predictably altered. However, no difference in the phase or period of the monthly rhythm was observed among the experimental groups.
PS1-44: Reviewing Electronic Medical Records of Patients Assessed for Polycythemia Vera by a Multiphysician/Multicenter Group Practice Can Both Identify Physician Errors and Lead to Targeted Medical Education

Background/Aims In 2005, researchers described an acquired mutation in JAK-STAT signaling, the JAK2V617F mutation which is present in 95% of patients with P. vera (PV). Within three years, testing for this mutation led to new World Health Organization (WHO) criteria for the diagnosis of PV, and other related myeloproliferative neoplasms. This project was initiated to assess the impact of molecular testing within a multiphysician, multicenter group practice and ultimately to use this knowledge to develop educational programs regarding how best to evaluate patients with polycythemia.
Multiple layers of metabolism.

A new layer of gene regulation emerges for the metabolic regulator peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor-δ (PPAR-δ). A team consisting of a Kruppel-like transcription factor and a SUMO protease regulate the expression of PPAR-δ target genes, thereby controlling energy metabolism (pages 656–666).
The septohippocampal projection in the rat: an electron microscopic horseradish peroxidase study.

Abstract In order to identify the specific targets of the septohippocampal projection in the rat, horseradish peroxidase localization at the electron microscopic level was used. Following injections of free horseradish peroxidase into the medial septum, sections of the dorsal hippocampal formation were reacted with diaminobenzidine and processed for electron microscopy by routine methods. Sections were viewed unstained. Horseradish peroxidase labeling in the dentate gyms was predominantly in the supraand infragranular layers. All postsynaptic elements were neuronal. They included granule cell somata and somata and dendrites of hilar cells; these may include pyramidal basket cells. No synaptic contacts with vascular or glial elements were found. These results provide a basis for comparing the specific targets of the septohippocampal projection with those of the sympathohippocampal pathway, which innervates the dentate following lesions of the septohippocampal projection.
The Approach to the Michaelis Complex in Lactate Dehydrogenase: The Substrate Binding Pathway

We examine here the dynamics of forming the Michaelis complex of the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase by characterizing the binding kinetics and thermodynamics of oxamate (a substrate mimic) to the binary lactate dehydrogenase/NADH complex over multiple timescales, from nanoseconds to tens of milliseconds. To access such a wide time range, we employ standard stopped-flow kinetic approaches (slower than 1 ms) and laser-induced temperature-jump relaxation spectroscopy (10 ns-10 ms). The emission from the nicotinamide ring of NADH is used as a marker of structural transformations. The results are well explained by a kinetic model that has binding taking place via a sequence of steps: the formation of an encounter complex in a bimolecular step followed by two unimolecular transformations on the microsecond/millisecond timescales. All steps are well described by single exponential kinetics. It appears that the various key components of the catalytically competent architecture are brought together as separate events, with the formation of strong hydrogen bonding between active site His(195) and substrate early in binding and the closure of the catalytically necessary protein surface loop over the bound substrate as the final event of the binding process. This loop remains closed during the entire period that chemistry takes place for native substrates; however, motions of other key molecular groups bringing the complex in and out of catalytic competence appear to occur on faster timescales. The on-enzyme K(d) values (the ratios of the microscopic rate constants for each unimolecular step) are not far from one. Either substantial, approximately 10-15%, transient melting of the protein or rearrangements of hydrogen bonding and solvent interactions of a number of water molecules or both appear to take place to permit substrate access to the protein binding site. The nature of activating the various steps in the binding process seems to be one overall involving substantial entropic changes.
Decay of 73m,gSe, 75mGe and 77mGe

Abstract The decays of 73m,gSe, 75mGe and 77mGe have been investigated. Energies and intensities have been determined for 49 transitions in 73As. A decay scheme for 73m,gSe consisting of 20 excited states has been constructed from the results of Ge(Li) singles and coincidence measurements. Ge(Li) singles measurements of γ-rays accompanying the decay of the short-lived isomeric states in 75Ge and 77Ge were made. The energy of the isomeric transition in 75Ge was determined to be 139.8±0.1 keV. Logft values for allowed β-decay of this 7 2 + isomeric state to known low-lying 5 2 + and 9 2 + levels in 75As were determined to be greater than 7.8 and 9.4, respectively. The energy of the isomeric transition in 77Ge was determined to be 159.7±0.1 keV. Direct β-decay to levels at 195 and 614 keV has been discovered. The low-energy level structure of 73,75,77As is compared with recent theoretical predictions. Radioactivity
The use of potassium chloride in the treatment of the dehydration of diarrhea in infants.

Summary A new plan for the treatment of diarrhea in infants is described. Thevarious procedures which have been employed during the past twenty years are followed except that replenishment of body electrolyte is accomplished by adding potassium chloride to the solutions containing sodium chloride, sodium lactate, and glucose. In all severely ill patients, blood or plasma infusions are also carried out. The results obtained with the new treatment in the last half of the diarrhea season are compared with the results obtained with the old treatment during the first half of the diarrhea season. The two series of cases were of comparable severity. With the new treatment 3 of 50 patients died; with the conventional treatment 17 of 53 patients died. The decrease in mortality was not accompanied by a shortening of the duration or a decrease in intensity of the diarrhea. Administration of potassium chloride in conjunction with the other established procedures enables the babies to recover from some attacks of diarrhea that would otherwise be fatal. Two complications of the new treatment were encountered: (1) Potassium intoxication with complete heart block developed once, but recovery followed treatment. (2) Five patients developed intense erythema followed, by desquamation. While this complication did not otherwise alter the course, it is probably a consequence of the new treatment. The precautions necessary for the prevention of potassium intoxication are briefly discussed.