cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Evolution of MHC Class II Genes within the Genus Mus

The class II genes of the I region in the murine major histocompatibility complex (H-2) are a tightly-linked cluster of highly polymorphic genes which control immune responsiveness (reviewed by Klein 1986). A physical map of the I region has been produced, and the expressed class II genes (Aa, Aβ, Eα, and Eβ) are present on a segment of about 100 kilobases (kb) of DNA (Steinmetz et al. 1982). The Aα, Aβ, and Eβ genes are remarkably polymorphic. About 30 alleles of each gene are estimated to be prevalent in natural mouse populations (Duncan et al. 1979, Wakeland and Klein 1981), with major alleles differing in 5 to 10% of their nucleotide sequence (Benoist et al. 1983, Estess et al. 1986). Serologic studies have demonstrated that many of these alleles are globally-distributed with frequencies ranging from 1% to 10% in wild mouse populations (Gotze et al. 1980, Nadeau et al. 1981). H-2 polymorphism is thought to be advantageous in natural mouse populations due to the adaptive value of diversifying the capacities of individuals to respond to endemic microbial pathogen. However, the precise evolutionary mechanisms responsible for the production and maintenance of this polymorphism are unknown.
Trade-off Between Thermal Quality and Predation Risk at Timber Rattlesnake Gestation Sites

Trade-offs can cause conservation measures designed to improve habitat for one aspect of a species life history to inadvertently decrease its suitability in other ways. We explored the potential trade-off between thermal characteristics and risk of predation in important habitat for Timber Rattlesnakes (Crotalus horridus). Although typically a woodland species, pregnant C. horridus congregate in sunny, rocky clearings known as gestation sites that provide improved thermal habitat for embryonic development. Gestation sites can become overgrown with vegetation and, thus, sites may vary in canopy openness. We hypothesized that gestation sites with more canopy openness will be warmer but leave the snakes more exposed to predators. We used hemispherical photography to calculate canopy openness and operative temperature models to quantify thermal quality. Rattlesnake foam models and time-lapse cameras were deployed to quantify the relative predator richness and risk of predation. We found that more-open gestation sites were warmer than enclosed sites. We found that potential for predator encounters was similarly common regardless of gestation site canopy openness. However, we did find that predator species richness increased with canopy openness, with the most dangerous predators (raptors, mustelids, and felids) being only present at the most-open gestation sites. These results suggest that conservation actions for C. horridus that involve opening up the canopy at existing gestation sites may have unintended fitness consequences, as more dangerous predators appear to visit these more-open sites.
Linguistic Re-Formation in Florida Heartland Schools: School Erasures of Indigenous Latino Languages:

By law, language information of students in U.S. schools must be identified during enrollment. This information affects language screening, federal reporting, provision of services, and so on. In t...
A new model of monodeuterated ethane (C2H5D) spectrum: Enabling sensitive constraints on the D/H in ethane emission in comets

Abstract Similar to ethane (C2H6), monodeuterated ethane (C2H5D) has a bright series of Q-branches in the CH stretch region, between about 2960 - 3020 cm − 1 (3.38 - 3.31 µm). As the progressions in the different isotopes are slightly offset from one another, the new C2H5D model enables sensitive constrains of the D/H ratio in spectra from comets, in organics across the Solar System and beyond. Specifically, the D/H ratio of organic molecules in comets is a critical cosmogenic indicator, which not only provides insights into the formation processes of our Solar System, but also allows for a test of our understanding of solid-state astrochemistry. High D/H ratios are predicted in a number of astrochemical models, which can be benchmarked using the new spectroscopic information of C2H5D and C2H6. We present a quantum band model for C2H5D in the mid-infrared. Our model is based on rotationally resolved spectra of C2H5D and C2H6 obtained at 85K between 2050 - 3050 cm − 1 (4.88 - 3.28 µm) using a Bruker IFS-125HR equipped with a cryogenic Herriott cell at JPL. High-level quantum chemical calculations were carried out at the CCSD(T)/ANO1 level of theory to aid vibrational assignments, with the anharmonic frequencies and vibrational corrections determined from second-order vibrational perturbation theory (VPT2). As a first demonstration of the applicability of the model, we obtained a stringent upper limit to the organic D/H ratio (18.2 VSMOW) in comet C/2007 W1 (Boattini) from high resolution fluorescence spectra obtained with Keck/NIRSPEC.
Attempting to simplify methods in parasitology of archaeological sediments: An examination of taphonomic aspects

Abstract Paleoparasitological analysis of shaft feature sediments, such as latrines and wells, has a long trajectory. Recovery of parasite eggs in ideal preservation has long been achieved through palynological processing. However, most laboratories are not equipped for this method. We experimented with abbreviated pollen processing with the goal of presenting a safe method that could be employed in most labs. Soil samples from latrines are processed using a formalized method derived from palynological studies to assess a) the efficacy of the method and b) determine the array of taphonomic changes affecting egg morphology. Results demonstrated the efficacy of the palynological processing in recovering eggs and preserving their morphology unaltered. In addition, two simplified techniques are also tested, and the results compared to further comprehend how laboratory procedures affect egg morphology. Results from the simplified methods also confirm their effectiveness as well as offering a viable alternative to non-specialized labs to facilitate future research. A second goal was to assess the numbers of degraded eggs that researchers can expect from archaeological soils. In recent years, there has been an increased reporting of degraded parasite eggs from archaeological contexts, particularly of eggs of Ascaris lumbricoides. Researchers have been reporting the finding of “decorticated” ascarid eggs, a process in which such eggs lose the diagnostic outer layer of the shells. We quantify the preservation types for these species and found that decorticated eggs are very rare. Although these data are cautionary, we advance that researchers who find only decorticated eggs are likely to make misdiagnoses. We also quantify eggs of Trichuris trichiura and assess taphonomic changes altering their morphology. This paper considers preservation aspects to determine what researchers can expect to find with regard to egg degradation of A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura from archaeological sediments.
74) Viral load and oxygen saturation index patterns in mechanically ventilated infants with RSV

BACKGROUND: Infants with severe RSV bronchiolitis often require mechanical ventilation (MV). Previous studies have shown that viral load (VL) is associated with higher disease severity and infants requiring MV. The effects of viral load on disease severity during MV are unknown. METHODS: This prospective observational study of pediatric patients aged < 2 years, with RSV bronchiolitis, who required …
Of Goals and Goods and Floundering About: A Discensus Report on Clinical Ethics Consultation

This paper argues that those that engage in Clinical Ethics Consultation ought not to pursue credentialing or accreditation as a group, or pursue anything equivalent to board certification. In so doing, they lose one of the greatest goods of clinical ethics consultation, namely floundering about in localized moral inquiry.
Targeting Contrast Agents With Peak Near-Infrared-II (NIR-II) Fluorescence Emission for Non-invasive Real-Time Direct Visualization of Thrombosis

Thrombosis within the vasculature arises when pathological factors compromise normal hemostasis. On doing so, arterial thrombosis (AT) and venous thrombosis (VT) can lead to life-threatening cardio-cerebrovascular complications. Unfortunately, the therapeutic window following the onset of AT and VT is insufficient for effective treatment. As such, acute AT is the leading cause of heart attacks and constitutes ∼80% of stroke incidences, while acute VT can lead to fatal therapy complications. Early lesion detection, their accurate identification, and the subsequent appropriate treatment of thrombi can reduce the risk of thrombosis as well as its sequelae. As the success rate of therapy of fresh thrombi is higher than that of old thrombi, detection of the former and accurate identification of lesions as thrombi are of paramount importance. Magnetic resonance imaging, x-ray computed tomography (CT), and ultrasound (US) are the conventional non-invasive imaging modalities used for the detection and identification of AT and VT, but these modalities have the drawback of providing only image-delayed indirect visualization of only late stages of thrombi development. To overcome such limitations, near-infrared (NIR, ca. 700-1,700 nm) fluorescence (NIRF) imaging has been implemented due to its capability of providing non-invasive real-time direct visualization of biological structures and processes. Contrast agents designed for providing real-time direct or indirect visualization of thrombi using NIRF imaging primarily provide peak NIR-I fluorescence emission (ca. 700-1,000 nm), which affords limited tissue penetration depth and suboptimal spatiotemporal resolution. To facilitate the enhancement of the visualization of thrombosis via providing detection of smaller, fresh, and/or deep-seated thrombi in real time, the development of contrast agents with peak NIR-II fluorescence emission (ca. 1000-1,700 nm) has been recently underway. Currently, however, most contrast agents that provide peak NIR-II fluorescence emissions that are purportedly capable of providing direct visualization of thrombi or their resultant occlusions actually afford only the indirect visualization of such because they only provide for the (i) measuring of the surrounding vascular blood flow and/or (ii) simple tracing of the vasculature. These contrast agents do not target thrombi or occlusions. As such, this mini review summarizes the extremely limited number of targeting contrast agents with peak NIR-II fluorescence emission developed for non-invasive real-time direct visualization of thrombosis that have been recently reported.
Predictors of hepatitis A immunity in adults in California in order to better utilize hepatitis A vaccine.

BACKGROUND Hepatitis A vaccine recommendations now include homelessness, illegal drug use, and HIV, as well as traditional risk factors and travel to areas endemic for hepatitis A. We examined a large diverse population for predictors of Hepatitis A immunity in order to better utilize Hepatitis A vaccine. METHODS We performed a cross-sectional descriptive study of members of a large integrated health plan with a test for Hepatitis A Immunoglobulin G (IgG) between January 1st, 2007, and December 31st, 2017. Exclusion criteria included age <18 years, <6 months of continuous enrollment, and Hepatitis A vaccine prior to Hepatitis A test. Variables of interest were age, gender, primary language spoken, ethnicity/race, neighborhood household income, and history of travel or history of jaundice. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to evaluate the association of risk factors on Hepatitis A immunity. RESULTS Of the 318,170 persons ≥ 18 years tested for Hepatitis A immunity, 155, 842 persons had a reactive Hepatitis A IgG test (49%). The lowest prevalence was for Whites at 28.1% followed by Blacks at 35.8%. Hispanics and Asian/Pacific Islanders had prevalence rates of 63% and 68.2% respectively. In adjusted analyses, Asian/Pacific Islanders, Hispanics and Blacks were 5.17, 3.44 and 1.42 times more likely to have Hepatitis A immunity than Whites. Those that spoke Spanish or language other than English or Spanish as their primary preferred language were 6.11 and 3.27 time more likely to have immunity than English speakers. Known travel history conferred a 2.16 likelihood of Hepatitis A immunity. CONCLUSIONS Persons of Hispanic and Asian/Pacific Islander background as well as persons with a preferred spoken language other than English have a high prevalence of Hepatitis A immunity. Testing for Hepatitis A immunity prior to vaccination should be considered for these groups.
C2H2 zinc finger proteins of the SP/KLF, Wilms tumor, EGR, Huckebein, and Klumpfuss families in metazoans and beyond.

Abstract Specificity proteins (SPs) and Kruppel-Like Factors (KLFs) are C2H2-type zinc finger transcription factors that play essential roles in differentiation, development, proliferation and cell death. SP/KLF proteins, similarly to Wilms tumor protein 1 (WT1), Early Growth Response (EGR), Huckebein, and Klumpfuss, prefer to bind GC-rich sequences such as GC-box and CACCC-box (GT-box). We searched various genomes and transcriptomes of metazoans and single-cell holozoans for members of these families. Seven groups of KLFs (KLFA–G) and three groups of SPs (SPA–C) were identified in the three lineages of Bilateria (Deuterostomia, Ecdysozoa, and Lophotrochozoa). The last ancestor of jawed vertebrates was inferred to have at least 18 KLFs (group A: KLF1/2/4/17, group B: KLF3/8/12; group C: KLF5/5l; group D: KLF6/7; group E: KLF9/13/16; group F: KLF10/KLF11; group G: KLF15/15l) and 10 SPs (group A: SP1/2/3/4; group B: SP5/5l; group C: SP6/7/8/9), since they were found in both cartilaginous and boned fishes. Placental mammals have added KLF14 (group E) and KLF18 (group A), and lost KLF5l (KLF5-like) and KLF15l (KLF15-like). Multiple KLF members were found in basal metazoans (Ctenophora, Porifera, Placozoa, and Cnidaria). Ctenophora has the least number of KLFs and no SPs, which could be attributed to its proposed sister group relationship to other metazoans or gene loss. While SP, EGR and Klumpfuss were only detected in metazoans, KLF, WT1, and Huckebein are present in nonmetazoan holozoans. Of the seven metazoan KLF groups, only KLFG, represented by KLF15 in human, was found in nonmetazoans. In addition, two nonmetazoan groups of KLFs are present in Choanoflagellatea and Filasterea. WT1 could be evolutionarily the earliest among these GC/GT-box-binding families due to its sole presence in Ichthyosporea.
Physics of Continuous Media: Problems and Solutions in Electromagnetism, Fluid Mechanics and MHD, by Grigory Vekstein: Scope: reference, text book. Level: postgraduate, advanced undergraduate, early career researcher, teacher, engineers

This book written by Dr Vekstein is a good resource for advanced undergraduates, graduate students and early-stage researchers in engineering and applied physics. The book covers a wide range of to...
Kinetochore: Structure, Function and Evolution

Kinetochores are complexes of centromere DNA and proteins. Spindle microtubules bind to chromosomes at the kinetochore, and these complexes are required for accurate chromosome segregation during mitosis. The human kinetochore is a supramolecular complex of DNA and proteins that is involved in various mitotic activities. Keywords: kinetochore; centromere; mitosis; chromosome segregation; spindle checkpoint
Introduction of DNA into yeast cells.

The most commonly used yeast transformation protocol is the lithium acetate procedure (described here). It is reasonably fast and provides a transformation efficiency of 10(5) to 10(6) transformants/microg. This efficiency rivals that achieved for most, but not all, strains with the more difficult and time-consuming spheroplast procedure presented here. However, the fastest and easiest of the transformation methods is electroporation, as described in this unit. For a number of strains, electroporation offers the highest transformation efficiency, and may prove especially useful with limiting quantities of transforming DNA. Unlike the lithium acetate procedure, however, electroporation saturates at low DNA levels, restricting its general utility.
Understanding photovoltaic hosting capacity of distribution circuits

A widespread integration of residential photovoltaics (PVs) into the distribution system may potentially disrupt the nominal circuit operating conditions and result in power quality issues. The objective of this paper is to investigate the impacts of residential PVs on distribution voltages. A stochastic analysis framework is used to simulate possible PV deployment scenarios. The PV integration limit, termed hosting capacity, is calculated with respect to bus overvoltages, voltage deviations, and voltage unbalance. A thorough interpretation of PV hosting results is presented, and several factors potentially affecting the circuit's voltage quality are identified. Additionally, the impacts of increasing the circuit's minimum load on the PV hosting capacity are evaluated. Finally, the voltage quality impacts of PV locations are identified, and, based on the results, useful and generic recommendations for PV integration are presented.
At Night We Play Hearts

I had a good buzz going by the time I was dropped off in Gardiner, Montana by Wayne, a ranch hand who'd fished cans of Pearl from a Coleman cooler strapped into the bed of his pickup as he drove the twenty miles from Miner at breakneck speed. Before that I'd smoked a bowl with two French-Canadian seminarians who'd played "Dinah-Moe-Humm" over and over on a boombox inside their VW van, such that when they dropped me off at the turnoff for Pray and the head of a trail they were going to hike into the Absaroka Range, Frank Zappa's funk-inspired classic satire about a sexual dare gone wrong (or right, depending on how you looked at it) was grinding in my head and would be for days. Inside Red's Blue Goose Saloon I ordered another Pearl. It was too early to hitchhike to the Boiling River Hot Spring, and I didn't relish the prospect of baking on Yellowstone's North Entrance Road. From where I sat, Roosevelt Arch, two stone pillars supporting voussoir and spandrel, wavered in the dis tance like a mirage into which a person might vanish. Better to arrive at the hot spring at twilight, I told myself, as I had the previous summer when I'd stumbled onto an orgy and found myself naked in a natural bath with more than a dozen naked strangers, three-quarters of them female and all of them drunk or stoned or tripping. That summer I'd worked for the Hamilton Stores Corporation selling fishing tackle, light groceries, and camping supplies to tourists staying at the Lake Campground and wouldn't have known about the spring at all?it wasn't officially designated on any map?if a hippie couple a few years older than me hadn't come into the store needing duct tape to mend a rip in the floor of their tent. The woman was slender and gorgeous with straight dark hair that fell to breasts covered by blue threadbare crepe and pupils con tracted to the size of periods. The man looked both young and wizened, his eyes sparkling as if through his sun-bleached curls they saw what ordinary mortals could not. As I waited on them, he told me they had wintered in Big Bend National Park, where at night they'd waded across the Rio Grande to the Mexican village of Boquias, purchased peyote buttons for six pesos a piece, and brought them back to the campground where they sold them at a 131
Data Base Systems For Remote Sensing

Landsat and other satellites are returning ever-increasing amounts of data, with the eventual possibility of building a total data base of the order of 1018 bits. The data, from a multiplicity of sources, must be validated, calibrated, and accurately geographically located to be of highest value. Because increasing amounts of data are digital, the correlation of digital to non-digital data is required. Formats and cataloguing philosophy must be formulated soon to maximize compatibility of the data archives. The data are being used operationally, requiring of the system timely data delivery (both upon initial acquisition and upon retrieval from an archive), data in formats which are easy to use, and at reasonable cost. The various sources are essentially uncoordinated and diverse, resulting in archives which will require additional operations to accomplish the required formatting. Decisions on a number of issues must be made, some of them quickly; what type(s) of data are to be handled, expected customer base and data traffic (quantity and timeliness), geographic referencing schemes, formats, archive locations, pre-processing and data services to be provided, validation philosophy, cataloguing techniques, storage media, pricing policy, policy on conversion of existing data, technique of system build-up. Propositions for some of these are advanced.
CMHJ Editorial Comments for November 2015 Issue

In this issue we have included several articles that reflect some components of Narrative Medicine. Part of the mission statement of the Columbia Program of Narrative Medicine (http://narrativemedicine.org) notes ‘‘Narrative Medicine fortifies clinical practice with the narrative competence to recognize, absorb, metabolize, interpret, and be moved by the stories of illness.’’ Often in academic medical scholarly writings, research findings are reported in graphs and figures. The prose, while enlightening and instructive, may feel barren and bereft of any emotional content. We are trained to be objective, to report and receive findings in a structured, clinical, and/or scientific fashion. However, at times the inclusion of actual patient or provider comments can elucidate the meaning and impact of illness and treatment in a far more instructive fashion. Let us know if articles are helped or hindered by the inclusion of these narratives. Please be aware that the Board of the American Association of Community Psychiatrists continues to move forward with strategizing how to meet the needs of our constituencies, including you, our readers. As such, revised mission and vision statements have been developed, are posted on our website, and are as follows:
The Soviet VLF Navigation System

The VLF navigation system operated by the Soviet Union for the past 20 years is described. Issues discussed include grid geometry, signal frequencies, format, transmitted power, receiver structures, on air/off air schedule, phase stability relative to a local cesium time standard, and the regular, sudden phase shifts at 2100 Z daily. The reason for pursuing the study is now primarily of historical interest. However, with recent statements from Soviet officials indicating that the system may be operated in the future for worldwide civil use, its potential use in conjunction with the existing Omega system is of renewed interest. In more technical areas, it may be possible to use propagation data on Soviet transmissions to derive information both on the propagation of Omega signals into the Soviet Union and in support of research into the measurement of phase velocities and diurnal phase variations throughout the VLF band.
Breed-specific dog hypersensitivity in humans☆☆☆

Abstract The contribution of allergenic components of dander and serum from individual dog breeds in human hypersensitivity and the different responses to the various breeds in vivo and in vitro were examined. Differences in IgE antibodies directed against 13 individual dog breed danders and five different breed-specific sera were measured in groups sensitive and nonsensitive to dogs by the radioallergosorbent test (RAST). Cross-reactivity between dander extracts and sera was examined by RAST inhibition. Mean RAST binding to dog danders and sera was 15.9% and 14%, respectively, for the dog-sensitive group versus 0.6% for both danders and sera in the nonsensitive group. The mean difference in binding between groups was statistically different for all dander extracts and sera. The variances in binding were statistically greater for danders than sera in six of eight dog-reactive subjects. RAST binding and intradermal skin tests at a 1:10,000 wv dilution correlated well (p
Is there a simple theory of sonoluminescence

An abiding issue in cavitation science is the focusing of energy by the collapse of a gas bubble in water. In particular, one would like to understand the origin of the flash of light ('sonoluminescence') that accompanies bubble collapse1. Hilgenfeldt et al.2 have presented a simple explanation for this light emission, based on a hydrodynamic (Rayleigh–Plesset) analysis of bubble dynamics. Here we argue that their model is too simple, on the grounds that it cannot account for some well-established observations and that it involves the application of this hydrodynamic equation outside its range of validity.
Portable acoustic tracking system for divers (PATS)

A portable acoustic tracking system (PATS) has been developed for the Navy to track underwater construction teams in water depths to 200 ft. The tracking system can be deployed and operated by the divers and is intended for use in remote areas and for nearshore survey, maintenance, and construction work. A self-calibrating system provides a geographically justified track for up to eight divers. Diver position coordinates are computed from acoustic measurements at periodic intervals and displayed for control purposes. The positions are also recorded for future reference.
Landsat 7 on-orbit geometric calibration and performance

The Landsat 7 Image Assessment System was developed to characterize and calibrate the radiometric and geometric performance of the Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Pius (ETM+) instrument. Algorithms and software assess the geometric performance of the Landsat 7 spacecraft and ETM+ sensor system and perform geometric calibration by estimating sensor and spacecraft geometric parameters. Following the initial on-orbit calibration, performed during the Landsat 7 on- orbit initialization and verification period, all geometric performance goals were met. Geometric characterization and calibration activities will continue for the life of the Landsat 7 mission.
Ready to Secede to the Ottoman Empire: Habsburg Hungary after the Vasvár Peace Treaty (1664-1674)

In the period following the 1664 Vasvar Peace Treaty, which ended four years of warfare between the Ottoman and Habsburg Empires, large segments of the Hungarian noble elite seriously considered switching their allegiance from Vienna to Istanbul. This essay explores some of the reasons for this dramatic but little studied chapter in Hungarian history. At the center of the analysis are the secret instructions to an emissary who was to negotiate with Grand Vezir Ahmed Kopulu the conditions for Royal Hungary’s secession to the Ottomans. This article examines the historical circumstances under which these instructions originated and argues that the initiative came primarily from Hungarian Protestant nobles who sought the sultan’s protection to guarantee the survival of their religion which had come under threat by a brutal Habsburg-sponsored Counter-Reformation campaign. The evidence presented here sheds light on the emergence of close personal relations between Hungarian Protestant nobles and Ottoman powerbrokers, which was a crucial precondition for the Lutheran magnate Imre Thokoly’s success in gaining control over large parts of Habsburg Hungary with Ottoman support during the early 1680s.
Evaluation of lipopeptide (daptomycin) aggregation using fluorescence, light scattering, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.

ABSTRACT The aggregation behavior and critical aggregation concentration (CAC) values of daptomycin in aqueous solutions were evaluated under the external factors of pH, temperature, daptomycin concentration, and calcium ions concentration by using the complementary characterization techniques, fluorescence, dynamic and static light scattering, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. On the basis of the intrinsic fluorescence resonance energy transfer of daptomycin, the CAC values were identified by an upward inflection of the fluorescence emission from Kyn-13 at 460 nm. The pH-dependent CAC values were determined to be 0.14 mM at pH 3.0, 0.12 mM at pH 4.0, and 0.20 mM at pH 2.5 and 5.0. The CAC values obtained by fluorescence spectroscopy were confirmed by dynamic light scattering and NMR spectroscopy.
Electrochemical reduction of some α-substituted nitroalkanes

Abstract The reductions of 2,2-dinitropropane (1A), 1,1-dinitrocyclopentane (1B), 1-nitrocyclohexyl p-tolyl sulfone (1C), 1-cyano-1-nitrocyclohexane (1D) and ethyl 2-nitroisobutyrate (1E) were investigated by cyclic voltammetry, controlled potential electrolysis, redox catalysis and pulse radiolysis. Compounds 1A and 1B were found to follow the same reaction scheme established in an earlier study of 1,1-dinitrocyclohexane. In the first stage, the dinitro compounds are reduced in an ECE-DISP1 scheme giving the corresponding nitronate and nitrite. The nitronate then reacts with starting material in a radical chain reaction to give more nitrite and a dimer that is a vic-dinitro compound. A key step in the ECE-DISP1 reaction is cleavage of nitrite from the radical anions of 1A and 1B, a reaction that was significantly faster than found for the 1,1-dinitrocyclohexane studied earlier. By contrast, the reduction of the sulfone 1C results in cleavage of a CS bond at the anion radical stage with ejection of p-toluenesulfinate, a reaction that is much slower than the reactions of the dinitro anion radicals as confirmed by both cyclic voltammetry and pulse radiolysis. The vic-dinitro dimer is formed upon reduction of 1C but electrolysis of 1C gives the olefin product of vic-dinitro dimer reduction plus additional nitrite. Pulse radiolysis reveals a very rapid decomposition of the radical anion of the cyano derivative 1D. The reaction could not be characterized by redox catalysis, partly because the cyanoalkyl radical abstracts hydrogen atoms efficiently from the medium. Studies of the nitro ester 1E by redox catalysis yielded a rate constant for decomposition of its anion radical (mainly cleavage of nitrite) of 1 × 106 s−1. As with the cyano derivative, substantial amounts of hydrogen atom abstraction occurred.
An infinite family of nearly neighborly centrally symmetric 3-spheres

Abstract The upper bound problem for a class of objects (.e.g, convex polytopes or simplicial spheres) asks: if the dimension and number of vertices of a member S of the class is fixed, what is the largest possible number of i -faces if S ? The construction in the present note solves the upper bound problem for centrally symmetric simplicial 3-spheres.
Anatexis, hybridization and the modification of ancient crust: Mesozoic plutonism in the Old Woman Mountains area, California

Abstract A compositionally expanded array of granitic (s.l.) magmas intruded the > 2 Ga crust of the Old Woman Mountains area between 160 and 70 Ma. These magmas were emplaced near the eastern (inland) edge of the Jurassic/Cretaceous arcs of western North America, in an area where magma flux, especially during the Jurassic, was considerably lower than to the west. The Jurassic intrusives and over half of the Cretaceous intrusives are predominantly metaluminous and variable in composition; a major Cretaceous suite comprises only peraluminous monzogranite. Only the Jurassic intrusions show clear evidence for the presence of mafic liquids. All units, including the most mafic rocks, reveal isotopic evidence for a significant crustal component. However, none of the Mesozoic intrusives matches in isotopic composition either average pre-intrusion crust or any major unit of the exposed crust. Elemental inconsistencies also preclude closed system derivation from exposed crust. Emplacement of these magmas, which doubled the volume of the mid- to upper crust, did not dramatically change its elemental composition. It did, however, affect its Nd and especially Sr isotopic composition and modify some of the distinctive aspects of the elemental chemistry. We propose that Jurassic magmatism was open-system, with a major influx of mantle-derived mafic magma interacting strongly with the ancient crust. Mesozoic crustal thickening may have led to closed-system crustal melting by the Late Cretaceous, but the deep crust had been profoundly modified by earlier Mesozoic hybridization so that crustal melts did not simply reflect the original crustal composition. The clear evidence for a crustal component in magmas of the Old Woman Mountains area may not indicate any fundamental differences from the processes at work elsewhere in this or other magmatic arcs where the role of pre-existing crust is less certain. Rather, a compositionally distinctive, very old crust may simply have yielded a more readily identifiable crustal fingerprint. The same processes that were involved here—mafic magma influx, hybridization, and remelting of hybridized crust—are likely to be typical of arc settings.
University of california at Santa Barbara Anisotropy Program: degree scale results from the South Pole 1990-1991

Abstract We report on the preliminary result of a search for anisotropy in the cosmic background radiation (CBR). Our receiver operates with four equally spaced channels from 25 to 35 GHz with a beam size of approximately 1.5 degrees full width at half maximum. The system operated successfully for 500 hr at the South Pole during 1990-1991 austral summer. The data from one region, representing 25 hr after editing, are presented here. A strong signal is present in the lower-frequency channels with a spectrum unlike CBR fluctuations. The highest-frequency channel has the smallest contribution from this signal and has been used to set a 95% confidence level upper limit DeltaT/T </= 1.4 10-5.
Yeast UCS proteins promote actomyosin interactions and limit myosin turnover in cells.

Two functions are proposed for the conserved family of UCS proteins: helping to fold myosin motor proteins and stimulating the motor function of folded myosins. We examined both functions in yeast. The fission yeast UCS protein (Rng3p) concentrates in nodes containing myosin-II (Myo2) and other proteins that condense into the cytokinetic contractile ring. Both the N-terminal (central) and C-terminal (UCS) domains of Rng3p can concentrate independently in contractile rings, but only full-length Rng3p supports contractile ring function in vivo. The presence of Rng3p in ATPase assays doubles the apparent affinity (KATPase) of both native Myo2 and recombinant heads of Myo2 for actin filaments. Rng3p promotes gliding of actin filaments by full-length Myo2 molecules, but not Myo2 heads alone. Myo2 isolated from mutant strains defective for Rng3p function is soluble and supports actin filament gliding. In budding yeast the single UCS protein (She4p) acts on both myosin-I isoforms (Myo3p and Myo5p) and one of two myosin-V isoforms (Myo4p). Myo5p turns over ≈10 times faster in she4Δ cells than wild-type cells, reducing the level of Myo5p in cells 10-fold and in cortical actin patches ≈4-fold. Nevertheless, Myo5p isolated from she4Δ cells has wild-type ATPase and motility activities. Thus, a fraction of this yeast myosin can fold de novo in the absence of UCS proteins, but UCS proteins promote myosin stability and interactions with actin.
Effects of temperature on the energy budgets of Hydra pseudoligactis.

Dry matter, nitrogen, and energy budgets were determined for laboratory cultures of Hydra pseudoligactis reared at 10, 15, 20, and 25° C, and fed freshly collected zooplankton. Maximum specific feeding rates increased from 0.24 to 0.91 (KJ food/KJ Hydra) with increasing rearing temperature. The corresponding growth rates increased from 0.14 to 0.29 but gross (growth/ingestion), net (growth/(ingestion-egestion)), and assimilation (gross/net) efficiencies decreased with increasing temperatures. The requisite food densities to maintain maximum ingestion rates (when permitted to feed for 3 hrs day-1) increased from 0.0056 to 0.021 KJ of zooplankton/KJ of Hydra. The combination of increasing energy requirements, decreasing food supply, and efficiencies of food utilization, with increasing water temperatures may contribute to the rapid declines of Hydra populations that are often observed in temperate lakes.
Creating a supportive climate for teacher growth: Developing graduate students as teachers

This article presents several fundamental principles of teacher training which grew from a case study of a successful orientation and training program for graduate teaching assistants at a large mid‐western university. Instructional strategies, observational methods, and evaluative procedures are discussed. A supportive climate is highlighted as a critical component of an effective training program.
Boundary layer resolution in hierarchical plate modelling

The dimensional reduction of an elliptic model boundary value problem on a thin, plate-like domain of thickness 2d is analysed. A class of lower-dimensional models with variable model orders in the interior and near the boundary of the plate is investigated and it is shown that for a sufficiently large model order in a O(d|ln d|)-neighbourhood of the edge the hierarchical models compensate for the boundary layers of the exact solution-in the sense that their asymptotic rate of convergence as d → 0 is the same as the optimal one for compatible, layer-free solutions
Goldilocks effect in magnetic bistability: remote substituent modulation and lattice control of photoinduced valence tautomerism and light-induced thermal hysteresis.

The thermal-induced and photoinduced valence tautomerism of a series of Co(dioxolene)(2)(4-X-py)(2) complexes (dioxolene = 3,5-di-tert-butylcatecholate or 3,5-di-tert-butylsemiquinonate; 4-X-py = 4-(X)pyridine, X = H (1), OMe (2), Me (3), CN (4), Br (5), NO(2) (6)) is described. The thermal valence tautomerism (ls-Co(III)(SQ)(Cat)(4-X-py)(2) hs-Co(II)(SQ)(SQ)(4-X-py)(2)) is only observed for complexes 4, 5, and 6 where each is accompanied by a hysteresis loop of ca. 5 K. When a crystalline sample of 4-6 is held at 10 K in a SQUID magnetometer and irradiated with white light (lambda = 400-850 nm), the hs-Co(II) tautomer is formed. When the light source is removed, and the sample is slowly heated, the hs-Co(II) tautomer persists until ca. 90 K, approximately 40 K higher than the thermal stability of previously reported complexes. Heating and cooling the sample while maintaining irradiation results in the appearance of a new light-induced thermal hysteresis loop below 90 K (DeltaT = ca. 25 K). Below 50 K, the hs-Co(II) tautomer displays temperature-independent relaxation to the ls-Co(III) form, and above 50 K, the relaxation is thermally activated with an activation energy E(a) > ca. 1500 cm(-1). The coordination geometry (trans-pyridines), pyridine substitution, and crystal packing forces conspire to create the comparatively thermally stable photogenerated hs-Co(II) tautomer, thus providing an excellent handle for molecular and crystal engineering studies.
Frequency Allocations for Broadcasting

Any sound plan for frequency allocations for broadcasting must be based on engineering considerations. A broadcasting system?AM, FM or television?may be divided into its component elements, the characteristics of these elements pertinent to allocations may be analyzed, and a technically consistent allocation plan can be developed. The major components are the eye of the television viewer or the ear of the radio listener, the receiving installation, the existing electrical noise, the physical facts of wave propagation, and the transmitting installation. Historically, allocation plans were not developed solely through such engineering studies. AM broadcasting grew in a chaotic manner, and early attempts at governmental regulation were declared illegal by the courts. Remedial legislation resulted in the establishment of the Federal Radio Commission and its successor, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) with legally delegated regulatory responsibilities and authority. Television and FM broadcasting, which came later, were always subject to governmental regulation. Television profited greatly from the high degree of cooperation at the engineering level which has existed between the FCC and the television industry. The practical administration of broadcast allocations depends upon other factors as well as engineering considerations. In analyzing the critical needs of the future, some of these non-engineering factors assume major importance.
Competition between phonon superconductivity and Kondo screening in mixed valence and heavy fermion compounds

We consider competition of the Kondo effect and $s$-wave superconductivity in heavy fermion and mixed valence superconductors, using the phenomenological approach for the periodic Anderson model. Similar to the well known results for the single-impurity Kondo effect in superconductors, we have found the principal possibility of a reentrant regime of the superconducting transition temperature, ${T}_{c}$, in heavy fermion superconductors in a narrow range of model parameters and concentration of $f$ electrons. Suppression of ${T}_{c}$ in mixed valence superconductors is much weaker. Our theory has the most validity in the low-temperature Fermi liquid regime, without reentrant behavior of ${T}_{c}$. To check its applicability, we performed the fit for the $x$ dependence of ${T}_{c}$ in ${\mathrm{Ce}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{La}}_{x}{\mathrm{Ru}}_{3}{\mathrm{Si}}_{2}$ and obtained an excellent agreement with the experimental data, although no reentrance was found in this case. Other experimental data are discussed in the light of our theoretical analysis. In particular, we compare temperatures of the superconducting transition for some known homologs, i.e., the analog periodic lattice compounds with and without $f$ elements. For a few pairs of homologs, superconductivity exists only in the heavy fermion materials, thus confirming the uniqueness of superconductivity mechanisms for the latter. We suggest that for some other compounds, the value of ${T}_{c}$ may remain of the same order in the two homologs, if superconductivity originates mainly on some light Fermi surface, but induces a sizable superconducting gap on another Fermi surface, for which hybridization or other heavy fermion effects are more significant. By passing, we cite the old results that show that the jump in the specific heat at the transition reflects the heaviness of carriers on this Fermi surface independently of mechanisms responsible for superconductivity.
Effects of C-terminal Modifications of GEC1 Protein and γ-Aminobutyric Acid Type A (GABAA) Receptor-associated Protein (GABARAP), Two Microtubule-associated Proteins, on κ Opioid Receptor Expression

We demonstrated previously that GEC1, a member of the microtubule-associated protein (MAP) family, bound to the human κ opioid receptor (hKOPR) and promoted hKOPR cell surface expression by facilitating its trafficking along the secretory pathway. GABAA receptor-associated protein (GABARAP), a GEC1 analog, also enhanced KOPR expression, but to a lesser extent. The MAP family proteins undergo cleavage of their C-terminal residue(s), and the exposed conserved glycine forms conjugates with phosphatidylethanolamine, which associate with membranes. Here, we examined whether such modifications were required for GEC1 and GABARAP to enhance hKOPR expression. When transiently transfected into CHO or Neuro2A cells, GEC1 and GABARAP were cleaved at the C termini. G116A mutation alone or combined with deletion of Lys117 in GEC1 (GEC1-A) or Leu117 in GABARAP (GABARAP-A) blocked their C-terminal cleavage, indicating that the conserved Gly116 is necessary for C-terminal modification. The two GEC1 mutants enhanced hKOPR expression to similar extents as the wild-type GEC1; however, the two GABARAP mutants did not. Immunofluorescence studies showed that HA-GEC1, HA-GEC1-A, and HA-GABARAP were distributed in a punctate manner and co-localized with KOPR-EGFP in the Golgi apparatus, whereas HA-GABARAP-A did not. Pulldown assay of GST-KOPR-C-tail with HA-GEC1 or HA-GABARAP revealed that GEC1 had stronger association with KOPR-C-tail than GABARAP. These results suggest that because of its stronger binding for hKOPR, GEC1 is able to be recruited by hKOPR sufficiently without membrane association via its C-terminal modification; however, due to its weaker affinity for the hKOPR, GABARAP appears to require C-terminal modifications to enhance KOPR expression.
Dynamics of an electromagnetically flown formation of spacecraft within the Earth's magnetic field

The ultimate limiter of mission lifetime for current space systems is onboard propellant supply. In the past, propellant usage once on-orbit was primarily for station keeping, requiring only a modest amount of mass. However, the increased interest in flying spacecraft in formations that evolve in some prescribed way over time has greatly increased the potential amount of propellant needed over a mission lifetime. For cluster missions that are insensitive to their center of mass location this constraint can be lifted by using internally generated electromagnetic forces between vehicles as an alternative method of formation control. Such missions include rendezvous and docking applications and sparsely distributed apertures for interferometry. The dipole nature of the electromagnetic force allows for full control of the relative degrees of freedom, position and orientation, provided reaction wheels are used for angular momentum storage and control. This paper briefly presents the current research in this area at the MIT Space Systems Laboratory (SSL), and develops the theory behind electromagnetic formation flight under the far field approximation, specifically addressing the operation of clusters within the Earth's magnetic field. Discussion of the hardware technology associated with Electromagnetic Formation Flight (EMFF) and the testbed currently under development at the SSL is also provided.
Abstract 5130: Prostate circulating tumor cells metastasize to bone via E-selectin expressed on endothelial cells.

Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC Abstract Prostate cancer cells preferentially metastasize to bone. Studies show that the preferential adhesion is due to interactions between prostate tumor cells and E-selectin present on human bone marrow endothelial cells. In our study, we used a parallel flow chamber to identify if prostate circulating tumor cells (CTCs) metastasize using similar interactions. CTCs were investigated based on the fact that majority of prostate tumor cells exhibit prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) on their cell surface. Prostate cancer cells, MDA PCa 2b (MDA) were first labeled with anti-PSMA monoclonal antibody J591 conjugated with alexa fluor 488 (J591-488) that recognizes PSMA and is internalized following binding to PSMA. Anti-PSMA labeled MDA cells were then perfused over IL-β stimulated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) using parallel flow chamber under physiological blood flow. Both unlabeled and J591-488 labeled MDA cells showed similar rolling behavior on stimulated HUVECs. This suggests that prostate CTCs can be identified and their interactions with endothelial cells can be studied. Our study will potentially elucidate the mechanism involved in prostate cancer metastasis to bone. Citation Format: Gunjan Gakhar, Guang YuLee, Marco Seandel, Neil Bander, David Nanus. Prostate circulating tumor cells metastasize to bone via E-selectin expressed on endothelial cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5130. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-5130
Highly Coherent, Microcavity Brillouin Laser on Silicon

In this work, we report on a compact silica-on-silicon stimulated Brillouin laser (SBL) that has efficiency in excess of 85% and a measured Schawlow-Townes frequency noise of 60 milliHertz.