cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Understanding factors that influence the risk of a cascade of outages due to inverter disconnection

Because of the rapid growth in distributed solar generation, there is growing concern that inverter-connected generators, which are designed to automatically disconnect under abnormal voltage conditions, could disconnect in a manner that would lead to a cascade of outages and ultimately instability or voltage collapse. This paper studies the conditions under which a cascading inverter collapse of this sort could occur. More specifically, we identify engineering design parameters, such as time constants, that influence the speed and nature of these cascades. While this model is preliminary, the results suggest that risk increases with a number of factors including: large transmission or distribution line impedances, a large variance in inverter voltage setpoints, and an inappropriate number of inverter-based resources that can contribute to supplying too much or not enough power.
The role of nutrition in asthma prevention and treatment

Asthma is a chronic respiratory condition characterized by airway inflammation and hyperreactivity. Prevalence has continued to rise in recent decades as Western dietary patterns have become more pervasive. Evidence suggests that diets emphasizing the consumption of plant-based foods might protect against asthma development and improve asthma symptoms through their effects on systemic inflammation, oxidation, and microbial composition. Additionally, increased fruit and vegetable intake, reduced animal product consumption, and weight management might mediate cytokine release, free radical damage, and immune responses involved in the development and course of asthma. The specific aim of this review paper is to examine the current literature on the associations between dietary factors and asthma risk and control in children and adults. Clinical trials examining the mechanism(s) by which dietary factors influence asthma outcomes are necessary to identify the potential use of nutritional therapy in the prevention and management of asthma.
Beta phase distribution in Al-Mg alloys of varying composition and temper

Abstract The ASTM G67 Nitric Acid Mass Loss Test (NAMLT) is not a universally accurate proxy for intergranular stress corrosion cracking (IG-SCC) susceptibility in Al-Mg alloys. This study aims to understand this discrepancy via an electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) and ammonium persulfate etching/overlay analysis to characterize the linear grain boundary β coverage (LGBBC). Testing at three NAMLT levels of AA5083-H131, AA5083-H116, AA5083-SHTQ, and AA5456-H116 derived from fracture specimens demonstrates that LGBBC is a more accurate metric to describe the IG-SCC susceptibility, however the correlation degrades for materials with divergent yield strengths. These results provide insights necessary to improve upon ASTM G67.
Introduction to Passive Microwave Retrieval Methods

This chapter introduces the reader to the basic concepts behind the remote sensing of precipitation from passive microwave radiation. Distinctions are drawn between emission-based frameworks that work well over radiometrically cold oceans, scattering methods that work better over land, and the newer optimal estimation methods that incorporate both of these concepts as well as principles adopted from the atmospheric sounding community. The reader is introduced simultaneously to the basic spaceborne sensors, and their evolution, to show how sensors and algorithms have evolved over time, leading to the current GPM satellite concept. This chapter is not a comprehensive review of all the algorithms that have been developed. Instead, it highlights individual algorithms that represent the spectrum of algorithm being employed.
A Collaborative Electronic Laboratory Notebook

We have developed a secure, collaborative, web-based electronic notebook (EN) designed to provide researchers and students with a means to record and share their primary research notes and data. The Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) Electronic Laboratory Notebook (ELN) supports a variety of common multimedia formats and can easily be extended to allow entry and display of custom data types. Based on a combination of Java, JavaScript, and Perl, the ELN provides a hierarchical chapter/page structure for organizing entries and includes features such as search, automated email notification of new entries, and a programmatic interface for automated data submission. The most recent version also includes public-key authentication and digital signatures. The ELN is being used in a variety of scientific research projects at PNNL and is publicly available from our website. Experience at our laboratory and a variety of collaborating institutions suggests that the unique capabilities of the ELN can make it a valuable addition to or a replacement for paper notebooks in a variety of situations.
Heterogeneous beliefs and local information in stochastic fictitious play

Abstract Stochastic fictitious play (SFP) assumes that agents do not try to influence the future play of their current opponents, an assumption that is justified by appeal to a setting with a large population of players who are randomly matched to play the game. However, the dynamics of SFP have only been analyzed in models where all agents in a player role have the same beliefs. We analyze the dynamics of SFP in settings where there is a population of agents who observe only outcomes in their own matches and thus have heterogeneous beliefs. We provide conditions that ensure that the system converges to a state with homogeneous beliefs, and that its asymptotic behavior is the same as with a single representative agent in each player role.
Characterization of Drain Current Variations in FeFETs for PIM-based DNN Accelerators

We analyze the impact of drain current $(I_{DS})$ variation in 28 nm high-K metal-gate Ferroelectric FET devices on FeFET-based processing-in-memory (PIM) deep neural network (DNN) accelerators. Non-Normal variation in I DS is observed due to repeated read operation on FeFET devices with different channel dimensions at various read frequencies. Device-circuit co-analysis using the measured current distribution shows a 1 to 3 percent accuracy degradation of an FeFET-based PIM platform when classifying the Fashion-MNIST dataset with the LeNET-5 DNN model. This accuracy drop can be fully recovered with variation-aware training methods, showing that individual FeFET device current variation over many read cycles is not prohibitive to the design of DNN accelerators.
Genetics of bacteriophage P22: II. Gene order and gene function

A complete genetic map of the temperate Salmonella phage P22 has been constructed using a variety of methods. The map is circular, about 100 map units (percent recombination) in length, and shows clustering of related functions. The map order by function closely resembles the order reported for the temperate coliphage λ.
Arithmetic and Logic Operations

This chapter contains sections titled: Arithmetic Operations: Fundamentals and Applications Logic Operations: Fundamentals and Applications Tutorial 6.1: Arithmetic Operations Tutorial 6.2: Logic Operations and Region of Interest Processing Problems ]]>
The coordination of sterol and phospholipid synthesis in cultured myogenic cells. Effect of cholesterol synthesis inhibition on the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine.

Abstract The coordination of biosynthesis of cholesterol and phosphatidylcholine has been investigated in a myoblast cell line, L6, grown in lipid-depleted medium. The addition of 25-hydroxycholesterol or compactin to this medium inhibits cholesterol synthesis by over 95%. The rate of [3H]choline incorporation into phosphatidylcholine begins to decline after 6 h and eventually falls to 45% of control. Measurements of choline flux through the CDPcholine pathway and of the pool sizes of choline-containing intermediates indicate that the formation of CDPcholine is the rate-limiting step in phosphatidylcholine synthesis in L6. The rate of CDPcholine synthesis was measured in vivo by pulse-chase experiments. Culturing cells with 25-hydroxycholesterol or compactin results in an inhibition of this step, which parallels the inhibition of incorporation of [3H]choline into phosphatidylcholine. The specific activities of the enzymes of phosphatidylcholine synthesis were assayed under optimal substrate conditions. Growth in the presence of sterol-synthesis inhibitors for 24 h has a significant, but variable, effect on the activity of microsomal and cytosolic cholinephosphate cytidylyltransferase. Inhibition is seen in approximately one-half of the preparations and ranges up to 60%. The degree of inhibition of the enzyme in vitro correlates with an elevation of cytosolic triacylglycerol and phospholipid levels, and is not eliminated by the inclusion of excess stimulatory phospholipids in the assay. The pool sizes of the substrates, cholinephosphate and CTP, are unaffected by cholesterol synthesis inhibition. In contrast to the effects on cholinephosphate cytidylyltransferase, the microsomal enzymes glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase and choline phosphotransferase are stimulated 2-fold or more. Choline kinase specific activity was inhibited 2-fold after 24 h of treatment with 25-hydroxycholesterol; however, no effect on this step was observed in vivo. These results indicate that the coordination of cholesterol and phosphatidylcholine synthesis involves regulation at the cytidylyltransferase-catalyzed step.
The Psychology of the Terrorist: An Interview with Jerrold M. Post

Abstract The psychological factors that motivate terrorist acts-par-ticularly ones such as the suicide bombings that characterized the September 11th attacks-can be especially difficult to fathom. Understanding the psychology of terrorism, however, can be invaluable in helping victims of terrorism work toward making sense of what they have been subjected to and why. Dr. Jerrold Post, a psychiatrist who specializes in political psychology and who has considerable experience in the study and profiling of terrorists, is interviewed. He explains what constitutes terrorism, its purpose, how profiling “at-a-distance” is conducted, the various categories in a typology of terrorism, and the psychological and socio-political forces that support terrorism in general and suicide bombings in particular.
Anorexia nervosa: A study of psychiatrists' and psychologists' opinions and practices

A structural questionnaire was used to determine the opinions of psychiatrists and psychologists regarding various aspects of anorexia nervosa. The results of the survey indicate that both professional groups agreed as to the many signs of anorexia nervosa but differed as to the significance of physical overactivity, anxiety related to food intake, and presence of additional psychological illness. There were more similarities than differences regarding precipitating events and therapeutic treatment of anorexia nervosa.
Metabolism of Herbicides

Herbicide metabolism in plants and microorganisms is a major factor in the dissipation of these compounds in the environment. Metabolic degradation of herbicides by plant enzymes is the main mechanism of plant resistance to such phytotoxic chemicals. Alternatively, some plant enzymes can metabolize certain nonphytotoxic chemicals (termed proherbicides) to yield active herbicides within the plant. Generally, metabolism of pesticides can be categorized into three separate phases: phase I (enzymatic conversion of a herbicide to a less active compound), phase II (enzymatic conjugation of the parent compound or metabolites generated from phase I), and phase III (conversion of phase II metabolites into secondary conjugates of bound residues). These categories are discussed generally and specifically using typical herbicides as examples. The metabolic divergences and similarities of plant and microbial metabolism are discussed in general, and selected compounds from various herbicide families are used to illustrate metabolic routes of herbicides in plants and microorganisms. Keywords: acetanilide herbicide; aryl acylamidase; bioengineered herbicide resistance; bioherbicide; bioremediation; biotransformation; bound herbicide residue; carbamate herbicide; carbon-phosphorus bond herbicide; chlorohydrolase; cometabolism; conjugation; dealkylation; dehalogenase; detoxification; dinitroaniline herbicide; diphenylether herbicide; enzyme; enzyme action; esterase; evolved metabolically based herbicide resistance in weeds; glutathione conjugation; glutathione transferase; herbicide class; herbicide family; herbicide metabolite; herbicide safener; herbicide synergist; hydrolytic enzyme; hydrolysis; malonyl conjugation; microbial metabolism; mineralization; mono-oxygenase; naturally occurring phytotoxin; nitrile herbicide; oxidative enzyme; oxygenase; phenoxyacetic acid herbicide; phenylurea herbicide; plant metabolism; proherbicide; sulfonylurea herbicide; thiocarbamate herbicide; triazine herbicide; xenobiotic metabolism
Do Bad Boards Allow Bad Acquisitions

A large proportion of acquisitions results in shareholder wealth destruction. This study examines who is responsible for allowing bad acquisitions. Using a sample of 349 tax-free, stock-for-stock, pooling acquisitions over 1993-2001, the announcement period abnormal returns of acquirers are found to be negatively associated with weak corporate governance, e.g., staggered boards, infrequent board meetings and a single person serving as both the CEO and chairman. The presence of external stakeholders also influences announcement returns, which are positively associated with larger debt and stock ownership by trust funds. The presence of external monitors continues to be associated with superior performance in the long run, whereas the role of the board appears to diminish. Overall, the results indicate that active boards, stronger governance structures and external monitors are associated with value-enhancing acquisitions. In contrast, weak boards, dominant management and the absence of external monitoring appear to allow bad acquisitions to occur.
Closing the gap between clinical research and clinical practice: can outcome studies with thiazolidinediones improve our understanding of type 2 diabetes?

Summary Recent clinical research has provided a wealth of information to support optimal management strategies in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In particular, outcome studies appropriately have had an increasingly important impact on clinical decision-making. Additional, new data are required, however, to close the current gaps in clinical knowledge and improve patient outcomes in T2DM. These outcome studies are particularly important in assessing the long-term benefit of newer agents for which data are available for short-term glycaemic control, effects on lipids and some data on non-traditional cardiovascular risk markers, but outcome data for harder end points relevant to the natural history of T2DM, particularly β-cell function, are lacking. Outcome studies such as ADOPT and DREAM are investigating the impact of thiazolidinediones (TZDs) on β-cell function and disease progression in T2DM and impaired glucose tolerance, respectively, the results of which are eagerly anticipated. The primary focus of this article is on TZD outcome studies evaluating β-cell function and disease progression.
The Hematopoietic Development of Dendritic Cells: A Distinct Pathway for Myeloid Differentiation

Dendritic cells (DC) are leukocytes that are specialized to capture antigens and initiate T cell-mediated immune responses. Because DC can prime animals in the absence of any other adjuvant, they have been termed 'nature's adjuvant'. DC express high levels of antigen presenting major histocompatibility complex (MHC) products (HLA-DP, DQ, DR; HLA-A, B, C) as well as several accessory molecules (e.g., B7-1, B7-2, LFA-3, ICAM-1, ICAM-3, CD40) that mediate T cell binding and costimulation. This review outlines some of the ways in which DC are distinguished from two other myeloid lineages, macrophages and granulocytes. Recent data regarding DC development from class II MHC-negative precursors in the mouse, as well as unselected and selected CD34+ progenitors in human bone marrow and peripheral and cord blood, are reviewed. Additional pathways via post-colony-forming units, intermediate cell types have also become evident in suspension cultures where the cytokine milieu can alter terminal differentiation. The availability of larger numbers of DC is opening new avenues for immune therapy that use this physiologic adjuvant.
Information Models and Virtual Prototyping in Nanomanufacturing

This paper discusses the use and creation of virtual reality based models and information oriented process models related to the study of Nanomanufacturing. EML, (which is an evolving language), was originally proposed [1] to enable the capture of information rich contexts at various levels of the manufacturing levels. In this paper, the use of EML models as a basis for describing and analyzing nano manufacturing processes will be described; their subsequent use in the creation of simulation models is also discussed. A framework for analysis, reasoning and simulation is proposed which includes a virtual reality based simulation module. Our experience in using VRML 2.0 (Virtual Reality Modeling Language) for the creation of such virtual reality environments will also be addressed.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Path Dependence of Free Energy Components in Thermodynamic Integration

Abstract In this article it is shown that the decomposition of free energy differences, as evaluated by molecular simulations using thermodynamic integration, in terms of components corresponding to terms in the Hamiltonian, cannot be uniquely performed. This path dependence of the contributions to the total free energy difference is shown for the calculated difference in free energy of hydration of ethanol and ethane. The conclusion of this study is that the individual free energy difference contributions from such calculations should, in general, be interpreted with care.
Social costs of displacement in Louisiana after Hurricanes Katrina and Rita

Hundreds of thousands of Louisiana citizens were displaced from their homes as a result of Hurricanes Katrina and Rita. Of those displaced within Louisiana some relocated to other parishes, some to other residences within the same parish, and others were able to return to their pre-storm residence. This article draws upon data gathered by the 2006 Louisiana Health and Population Survey to examine the social costs of displacement across 18 Louisiana parishes approximately 1 year after the hurricanes. Specifically, we examine how displacement affected housing, economic, and health outcomes for individuals and families. Further, we compare the implications of two types of displacement (1) internal displacement—within-parish relocation versus (2) external displacement—relocation across parish lines. We found that the displaced had lower odds of owning their homes, living in detached housing, and retaining access to primary health care facilities. The displaced were also more likely to be unemployed and exhibit symptoms consistent with severe mental illness. The externally displaced suffered income declines. These trends are critically important for understanding both the short- and long-term ramifications of displacement after disaster. Our findings have implications for theories, policy makers, and planners considering the larger social costs of disaster and large-scale displacement.
Role of aldosterone in the control of sodium excretion in patients with advanced chronic renal failure.

Role of aldosterone in the control of sodium excretion in patients with advanced chronic renal failure. The factors that regulate sodium and potassium excretion in patients with chronic renal failure have not been fully clarified. The role of aldosterone in the control of sodium and potassium excretion was therefore examined in eight normokalemic patients with chronic renal failure (mean creatinine clearance, 14.3 ml/min). With a normal sodium intake (120 to 151 mEq/24 hr), plasma aldosterone levels were above normal in five of the eight patients and in five of six patients with a creatinine clearance of less than 15 ml/min. Aldosterone levels were further increased in all eight patients by assumption of an upright posture (from a mean of 523 to 1,454 pg/ml, P
Stress-induced modulation of NK activity during influenza viral infection: Role of glucocorticoids and opioids

Activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) and sympathetic nervous system by stress has been shown to modulate both innate and adaptive immunity during an experimental influenza A/PR8 viral infection. HPA activation alters levels of glucocorticoids (GC) and opioids which are associated with suppression of lymphoid cellularity and NK activity. These experiments were designed to investigate the role that stress-induced GC and opioids have in modulating NK activity during an influenza viral infection. C57BL/6 mice were treated daily with mifepristone (RU486), a GC receptor antagonist or naltrexone (NTX), a non-specific opioid receptor antagonist. Mice were infected intranasally with A/PR8 virus and underwent daily restraint stress (RST). Phenotypic analysis of splenic cell populations and NK cytotoxicity were assessed at 3 days post-infection. RST of infected mice significantly suppressed splenic CD3(-)DX5+ cellularity and NK cytolytic activity. RU486 administration fully restored splenic NK cellularity but not cytolytic activity. NTX administration restored NK cytolytic activity but not splenic NK cell number. A similar restoration in NK cytolytic activity was observed after administration of beta-funaltrexamine (FNA), a mu-specific opioid receptor antagonist, but not the delta- or kappa-specific opioid receptor antagonists naltrindole or nor-binaltorphimine, respectively. Co-administration of RU486 and NTX restored both NK cellularity and cytolytic activity. The restoration of RST-induced suppression of NK activity by RU486 and NTX or FNA suggests that glucocorticoids modulate NK cellularity and opioids that bind to the mu-opioid receptor modulate NK cytotoxicity during periods of stress and viral infection.
Vapor−Liquid Equilibrium in the Carbon Dioxide−Propylene Carbonate System at High Pressures

Vapor−liquid equilibrium data (P, T, x, y) for the binary mixture of carbon dioxide + propylene carbonate were measured on four isotherms from 298.15 K to 373.15 K and at pressures ranging from 41.4 to 206.8 bar (600−3000 psi). Comparisons are made between experimental results and calculations of the Soave−Redlich−Kwong (SRK) cubic equation of state with three interaction parameters. The experimental data of other ester compounds are also modeled with the SRK equation, and the interaction parameters are presented.
The Differential Impact of PTSD and Depression on HIV Disease Markers and Adherence to HAART in People Living with HIV

Despite high rates of comorbidity, research has typically focused on the independent impact of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression symptoms in people living with HIV (PLWH). The present study examined the independent and comorbid influence of PTSD and depression symptoms on medication adherence, CD4 cell counts, and viral load, over the course of 3 months in 57 PLWH (82% men, 54% Caucasian, 44% African American) recruited from a clinic or social service agency. Both PTSD and depressive symptoms predicted lower subsequent adherence. However, only depressive symptoms predicted lower CD4 counts and presence of a detectable viral load. Participants reporting symptoms consistent with diagnostic levels of comorbid PTSD and depression were less likely to adhere to HAART and were more likely to have a detectable viral load. These results highlight the influences of PTSD and depression on adherence and HIV disease markers, and underscore the importance of examining comorbid symptomatology in PLWH.
The effects of starvation and refeeding on hexosemonophosphate shunt enzyme activity and DNA, RNA, and nitrogen content of rat adipose tissue.

Abstract The activities of the enzymes glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) and 6-phosphogluconic dehydrogenase (6PGD), and the RNA, DNA, and nitrogen content of rat adipose tissue have been estimated during periods of starvation and refeeding. The activities of the enzymes fall on starvation and rise on refeeding, and the RNA content of the fat shows a similar pattern. There is no change in DNA content and adipose tissue nitrogen rises on starvation, remaining high after refeeding has been commenced following a 9-day fast. These data are interpreted as being consistent with the idea that the changes in enzyme activity observed are directly related to changes in protein synthesis in adipose tissue, and reflect atrophy and resynthesis of enzymes during the period studied.
Structural characteristics and non-stoichiometry of β-alumina type compounds

Structural characteristics of β-alumina type compounds are investigated by comparing them with those of isomorphous compounds in the BaO-Fe2O3-MeO system (where Me represents a spinel-forming divalent ion) and by observing the lattice images of a series of β-alumina type compounds by transmission electron microscopy. The results suggest that the stoichiometry of β-alumina is fixed but is far from the idealized formula Na2O·11Al2O3 and that the existence of the solubility range is due to its structural characteristics to accommodate mixed periods in the structure rather than to a change in the Na composition in the “defect” layer. The results also suggest that the charge distribution in the crystal should be balanced locally. The Beevers-Ross structure for β-alumina has been reexamined from this point of view to understand the charge compensation involved in the excess Na ions.
Observation of the backward electrostatic ion-cyclotron wave

The backward branch of the electrostatic ion‐cyclotron wave has been observed for the first time. The wave, which was driven by a phased antenna structure inserted in a neon plasma, exists in the parameter ranges 2Ti/mi≪(ω/k∥)2≪2Te/me, nΩi Ωi. Double‐tip probe interferometry data agree with the theoretical dispersion relation. The antenna couples into the wave more readily on the side of the antenna where it has its smallest wavenumber.
A diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma in a neonate diagnosed by MRI.

A 4-day-old full-term girl with a maternal history of polyhydramnios during the third trimester was transferred from an outside nursery for hypotonia, poor feeding and abnormal respirations. Barium swallow evaluation prior to transfer revealed laryngeal penetration with silent aspiration and absent cough reflex. On physical examination the infant had stridor, increased oral secretions, axial hypotonia, right esotropia and facial weakness. MRI of the brain (figure 1) demonstrated a large tumour centred in the …
Characteristics of regional nucleation events in urban East St. Louis

Abstract Continuous measurements of aerosol size distributions (3 nm–2 μm) were carried out over a 26 month period (1 April 2001–31 May 2003; 650 days with valid data) in urban East St. Louis, IL, as a part of the US Environmental Protection Agency's Supersite program. This paper analyzes data for the 155 days on which “regional nucleation events” were observed during this study. Such events were observed during every month of the study except January 2003. We observed some differences, however, between events in the summer (defined here as April–September) and winter (December–February). Regional nucleation events were observed more frequently in summer months (36±13% of days) than in winter (8±7%), and nucleated particles grew faster in the summer (6.7±4.8 nm h −1 ) than in winter (1.8±1.9 nm h −1 ). The daily maximum in the number concentration of nanoparticles formed by nucleation (4.8±3.5×10 4 cm −3 ) was highly variable and showed no clear seasonal dependence. Particle formation increased particle concentrations by an average factor of 3.1±2.8. Maximum daily rates of 3 nm particle production (17±20 cm −3 s −1 ) were also highly variable and without a clear seasonal dependence. During these events, particle formation rates were typically near their maxima at 08:00–09:00 a.m., but particle production sometimes persisted at diminishing rates until late in the afternoon (15:00–16:00 p.m.).
Teaching Girls To Become More Politically Competent

If women are to achieve equality of opportunity in today's society, they must attain a degree of per sonal autonomy. The writer believes schools can help young women develop the necessary com petencies to reach this goal.
Space tilings and local isomorphism

We prove for a large class of tilings that, given a finite tile set, if it is possible to tile Euclideann-space with isometric copies of this set, then there is a tiling with the ‘local isomorphism property’.
Recurrent excitation in the CA3 region of cat hippocampus.

The deafferented fornix preparation was utilized to detect recurrent excitatory connections of hippocampal pyramidal cells. The intensity and axosomatic locus of the well-known recurrent inhibitory action posed special difficulties for detecting the more subtle recurrent excitation. Therefore, initially negative extra-cellular unitary recordings, in which cellular damage should be minimal, were employed to study the recurrent excitatory actions. Such recordings from identified pyramidal cells of the CA3 region of cat hippocampus revealed synaptic types of activation as well as antidromic invasion upon stimulation of the deafferented fornix. These data thus demonstrate the existence of a recurrent excitatory pathway in this region. This is a previously undisclosed circuit required by recent hypotheses concerning the origin of experimentally induced interictal spike discharges in the hippocampus.
Item gains and losses during hypermnesic recall: Implications for the item-specific-relational information distinction.

Klein, Loftus, Kihlstrom, and Aseron (1989) suggested that the literature on hypermnesia (improved recall across repeated tests) could be explained by reference to the item-specific-relational information distinction. They showed that conditions designed to promote individual-item processing produced more item gains across repeated tests, whereas conditions that induced relational processing resulted in fewer item losses across tests. Five experiments generally replicate the Klein et al. results and provide evidence that item gains and losses can be used to index amount of individual-item and relational processing in a variety of experimental contexts
Trisomy 10 in leukemia

Abstract Previous studies had raised questions about whether the relatively rare finding of trisomy 10 in leukemia is nonrandomly associated with a specific immunophenotype or ethnic origin. To shed light on the above questions, and to obtain additional clinical and pathologic information on this unique class of leukemic patients, we conducted a retrospective study of leukemia cases at our laboratory from July 1, 1990, to July 31, 1996. The results not only support the rarity of trisomy 10, but they also reject the hypotheses that all trisomy 10 cases are CD7-positive, or found in Orientals.
Toward a mechanistic understanding of larval dispersal: insights from genomic fingerprinting of the deep-sea hydrothermal vent tubeworm Riftia pachyptila

Larval dispersal is critical for the maintenance of species populations in patchy and ephemeral hydrothermal vent habitats. On fast-spreading ridges, such as the East Pacific Rise, rates of habitat turnover are comparable to estimated lifespans of many of the inhabiting species. Traditionally, dispersal questions have been addressed with two very different approaches, larval studies and population genetics. Population genetic studies of vent-endemic species have been informative for determining whether patterns of dispersal are suggestive of stepping stone or island models and estimating rates of gene flow (effective migrants per generation) over broad geographic ranges. However, these studies leave fundamental questions unanswered about the specific mechanisms by which larvae disperse and species maintain their populations and biogeographic ranges. With the goal of examining genetic structure and elucidating alternative larval dispersal mechanisms, we employed a genomic DNA fingerprinting technique, amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs). To assess the potential utility of AFLPs, and genetic structure of the hydrothermal vent tubeworm Riftia pachyptila, genomic ‘fingerprints’ were recovered from 29 individuals from five vent fields spanning a distance of up to c. 5000 km along the East Pacific Rise. In contrast to previous population genetic studies that found little to no genetic structure using allozymes and mitochondrial DNA, genetic analyses of 630 polymorphic AFLP loci identified distinct subclades within R. pachyptila populations. Significant levels of differentiation were observed among populations from all vent regions as well as within each region. Discrete assemblages of tubeworms separated by as little as c. 400 m within a given vent region were genetically distinguishable and cohorts (based on size-frequency distribution) within an aggregation were found to be most closely related. These results suggest that mechanisms of larval dispersal act to retain cohort fidelity in R. pachyptila.
Taken with a Grain of Salt: Experimentation and the Chemistry of Archaeological Ceramics from Xaltocan, Mexico

Neutron activation analysis (NAA) of ceramics from Xaltocan (n = 651) displays high values for sodium and potassium and low concentrations of many transition metals and rare earth elements compared to other sites in the Basin of Mexico. Given that Xaltocan was situated on an island in the middle of a saline lake, the potential reasons for this chemical signature are diverse. On one hand, if the sodium and potassium were elevated due to some behavioral aspect of the potters, the Xaltocan chemical groups provide a glimpse at the behaviors of Xaltocan potters that permit more precise source designations. On the other hand, if this chemical fingerprint arose due to contamination in a saline post-depositional environment, the Xaltocan chemical groups would not be valid references for provenance studies. To evaluate these alternative hypotheses, we employ several lines of evidence: (1) comparison of the Xaltocan ceramics to over 5,000 NAA assays of clays and ceramics from the Basin of Mexico, (2) experimental doping of clays with water of different salinities and fired to different temperatures, (3) leaching experiments of archaeological pottery sherds (n = 22) recovered from the site of Xaltocan, and (4) laser ablation–inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry of the clay and temper fraction of a small sample of Xaltocan ceramics to determine which component is responsible for the elevated sodium and potassium values. The results suggest that the high sodium and potassium values were present in the ceramic paste before firing. We then use these newly established reference groups to better understand the role of Xaltocan in the regional economy. The type of experimentation employed in this study has proven to be an important method for determining the behaviors of ancient potters and distinguishing them from post-depositional processes.
The molecular basis of cytoplasmic male sterility and fertility restoration

Abstract Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) is a maternally inherited condition in which a plant is unable to produce functional pollen. It occurs in many plant species and is often associated with chimeric mitochondrial open reading frames. In a number of cases, transcripts originating from these altered open reading frames are translated into unique proteins that appear to interfere with mitochondrial function and pollen development. Nuclear restorer ( Rf or Fr ) genes function to suppress the deleterious effects of CMS-associated mitochondrial abnormalities by diverse mechanisms. There are now several well-characterized CMS systems, for which the mitochondrial sequences thought to be responsible have been described. Possible mechanisms by which nuclear restoration occurs in these systems can now be postulated.
Trilostane but not prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) or cortisol aborts 90-day-pregnant lutectomized sheep☆

Ewes were lutectomized and treatments were started 72 h later. Pregnant ewes were treated with vehicle; prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha); cortisol (C); trilostane (TR), a 3beta-hydroxy-steroid dehydrogenase inhibitor; PGF2alpha + C; TR + PGF2alpha; TR + C, or TR + PGF2 + C. TR, TR + PGF2alpha, TR + C, and TR + PGF2alpha + C aborted (P or = 0.05). The average time to abortion of TR-treated ewes was 50.8 h (P or = 0.05) placental secretion of progesterone. It is concluded that TR but not PGF2alpha is an abortifacient in 90-day-pregnant lutectomized ewes and that abortion occurs only when there is a decrease in circulating progesterone and an increase in circulating estradiol-17beta.
West Delta Block 84-Methodology and Analysis of a Previously Orphaned Field

This paper describes the effort to justify, document, and confirm proven, unproven, undeveloped, and bypassed remaining oil and gas reserves in West Delta Block 84 Field; at one time an orphaned field off the coast of Louisiana. The methodology used for the evaluation provides an insight into how to quickly and efficiently identify worthwhile and economic marginal properties, even with incomplete or missing information. This methodology is being used as a part of the development of an expert system for the evaluation of marginal and/or orphaned wells, reservoirs, and fields. West Delta Block 84 is located off the coast of Plaquemines Parish, Louisiana, near the mouth of the Mississippi River in about 20 ft of water. Conoco discovered it in 1955 with the drilling of the SL 2551 No. 1 well to a total depth of 14,500 ft. It has produced over 9.8 MMSTB of oil and 21 BCF of gas. It was shut in for a period of almost ten years while languishing in and out of bankruptcy court from 1990 to 2000, and was actually orphaned by the state at one point during this time. Available data was organized and pieced together for the field, but was still lacking in completeness. As in most cases when dealing with older marginal fields, an ability to deal with missing and incomplete information was necessary to complete the analysis.
Opportunities for Mourning When Grief is Disenfranchised: Descendants of Nazi Perpetrators in Dialogue with Holocaust Survivors:

This article explores the concepts of unmourned and disenfranchised grief as a way to understand the experiences of adult children of Nazi perpetrators, who grew up with cultural norms of grieving ...
Cellular Reprogramming of Human Peripheral Blood Cells

Breakthroughs in cell fate conversion have made it possible to generate large quantities of patient-specific cells for regenerative medicine. Due to multiple advantages of peripheral blood cells over fibroblasts from skin biopsy, the use of blood mononuclear cells (MNCs) instead of skin fibroblasts will expedite reprogramming research and broaden the application of reprogramming technology. This review discusses current progress and challenges of generating induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from peripheral blood MNCs and of in vitro and in vivo conversion of blood cells into cells of therapeutic value, such as mesenchymal stem cells, neural cells and hepatocytes. An optimized design of lentiviral vectors is necessary to achieve high reprogramming efficiency of peripheral blood cells. More recently, non-integrating vectors such as Sendai virus and episomal vectors have been successfully employed in generating integration-free iPSCs and somatic stem cells.
The Anomalous Mole Fraction Effect in Calcium Channels: The Ryanodine Receptor Case Study

The origin of the anomalous mole fraction effect (AMFE) in calcium channels is explored with an ion permeation model of the ryanodine receptor (RyR) calcium channel. This model predicted and experiments verified new AMFEs in RyR. In mole fraction experiments, conductance is measured in mixtures of two ion species (X and Y) as their relative amounts (mole fractions) vary. This curve can have a mimimum (an AMFE). The traditional interpretation of the AMFE is that multiple ions move through the pore in a single file. Nonlinear mole fraction curves without minima are generally interpreted as X displacing Y from the pore in proportion larger than its bath mole fraction (preferential selectivity). We find that the AMFE is also caused by preferential selectivity of X over Y if they have similar conductances. This is a prediction for any channel. Preferential selectivity causes the resistances to current flow in the baths, channel vestibules, and selectivity filter to change differently with mole fraction. This resistors-in-series model provides a fundamentally different explanation of the AMFE that does not require single filing or multiple occupancy. The success of the resistors-in-series model to predict AMFEs in RyR shows that the traditional model should be reconsidered for calcium channels.
Influence of a statewide trauma system on pediatric hospitalization and outcome.

Background: During the years 1987-1991, a statewide trauma system was implemented in Oregon (Ore) but not in Washington (Wash). Incidence of hospitalization, frequency of death and risk-adjusted odds of death for injured children ( 15) had a lower incidence in 1991-1993 of admission to rural hospitals (Ore: 2.98; Wash: 2.82) compared with incidence for entire states (Ore: 4.61; Wash: 4.62); in 1985-1987 the incidence was not different. Furthermore risk adjusted odds of death for seriously injured children was significantly lower in Oregon than in Washington in the later time period. Conclusion: Both states show a similar temporal trend toward a declining frequency of death for children hospitalized with injuries. Injury prevention strategies appear to have reduced the number of serious injuries in both states. However, seriously injured children demonstrated a reduced risk of death in Oregon, consistent with benefit from a statewide trauma system.
A diffusion model for rinsing

The removal, by immersion in water, of solute from a solution adhering to a 14.7-cm. wide flat plate has been experimentally investigated at about 80°F. over a 3.5 to 1,000 sec. range of contact time. Diffusivity was varied over a sixfold range (from 0.5 to 3.0 by 10−5 sq.cm./sec.) by the use of two dilute solutions, pontamine blue dye and 0.09 N nitric acid. Equations relating the effects of film thickness, contact time, and diffusivity on the mass fraction of solute which was not removed during rinsing were developed from a diffusion model, under the assumption that the adhering solution was present throughout as a stagnant film of uniform thickness. The experimentally determined effects of time and diffusivity agreed with those indicated by the idealized model. The agreement of these effects and the magnitude of unremoved solute gave strong indication that diffusion may be considered the controlling mechanism. The experimental dip and rinse method used offers potential as a technique for studying natural convection at transient conditions in the region where diffusion is also important, because it offers the advantage of allowing independent selection of initial fluid densities.
Adjunctive thrombolytic therapy during angioplasty for ischemic rest angina. Results of the TAUSA Trial. TAUSA Investigators. Thrombolysis and Angioplasty in Unstable Angina trial.

BACKGROUND Acute closure is increased after angioplasty in unstable angina, and adjunctive intracoronary thrombolytic therapy has been used successfully to increase angiographic success. The role of prophylactic thrombolytic therapy during angioplasty in unstable angina is unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS Four hundred sixty-nine patients with ischemic rest pain with or without a recent ( 300 seconds during angioplasty. Angiographic end points of thrombus after angioplasty were insignificantly decreased by urokinase (30 [13.8%] versus 41 [18.0%] with placebo; P = NS). Acute closure, on the other hand, was increased with urokinase (23 [10.2%] versus 10 [4.3%] with placebo; P < .02). The difference in acute closure between urokinase and placebo was more striking at the higher dose of urokinase (P < .04) than in phase I at the lower urokinase dose (P = NS). Adverse in-hospital clinical end points (ischemia, infarction, or emergency coronary artery bypass surgery) were also increased with urokinase versus placebo (30 [12.9%] versus 15 [6.3%], respectively; P < .02). Angiographic and clinical end points were worse with urokinase in unstable angina without recent infarction than with angioplasty after a recent infarction. CONCLUSIONS Adjunctive urokinase given prophylactically during angioplasty for ischemic rest angina as administered in this trial is associated with adverse angiographic and clinical events. These detrimental effects may be related to hemorrhagic dissection, lack of intimal sealing, or procoagulant or platelet-activating effects of urokinase.
Incremental entity resolution on rules and data

Entity resolution (ER) identifies database records that refer to the same real-world entity. In practice, ER is not a one-time process, but is constantly improved as the data, schema and application are better understood. We first address the problem of keeping the ER result up-to-date when the ER logic or data "evolve" frequently. A naive approach that re-runs ER from scratch may not be tolerable for resolving large datasets. This paper investigates when and how we can instead exploit previous "materialized" ER results to save redundant work with evolved logic and data. We introduce algorithm properties that facilitate evolution, and we propose efficient rule and data evolution techniques for three ER models: match-based clustering (records are clustered based on Boolean matching information), distance-based clustering (records are clustered based on relative distances), and pairs ER (the pairs of matching records are identified). Using real datasets, we illustrate the cost of materializations and the potential gains of evolution over the naive approach.
The use of repetition in technical communication

The technique of repetition violates what most writers have learned about good writing (and good manners). It is, however, a prominent and effective rhetorical feature of technical communication. In the way that it is used in technical writing, repetition establishes that technical authors are “reader friendly.”
On the aromatic character of 4-pyrones☆

Abstract NMR spectra reveal a ring current in substituted 4-pyrones which is not substantiated by magnetic susceptibility data. IR, polarographic, and hydrogen bonding data on 2,6-diaryl-4-pyrones are correlated with Hammett substituent constants.
Allocation of Attentional Resources in Posthypnotic Suggestion

Highly hypnotizable subjects received a nonhypnotic instruction to respond to a particular digit in a display and a posthypnotic suggestion to respond to a different digit. On some test trials, these 2 responses were tested separately; on others, they were placed in conflict. Overall, subjects were no more responsive to posthypnotic cues than to nonhypnotic cues, nor did their response latencies differ. However, response to posthypnotic cues diminished when they conflicted with the nonhypnotic cues. Analysis of response latencies showed that posthypnotic responding interfered with nonhypnotic responding (and vice versa), even on those trials where there was no procedural conflict. Posthypnotic behavior is not inevitably evoked by the presentation of the prearranged cue. Furthermore, the interference between posthypnotic and nonhypnotic responses indicates that posthypnotic responding consumes attentional resources. Both findings indicate that posthypnotic behavior is not automatic in the technical sense of that term.