cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prescriptive crop and pest management software for farming systems involving potatoes

Societal concerns about pesticide and fertilizer use and the intensive management of cropping systems involving potatoes have focused attention on the choice, timing and application rates of agricultural inputs. An integrated pest management (IPM) program was developed for the Wisconsin potato industry because 1) growers have traditionally been progressive and interested in IPM tactics, 2) the crop is intensively managed with multiple inputs of pesticide, fertilizer and irrigation, 3) potato is a high value/high risk crop, 4) the crop is often grown in environmentally sensitive areas, and 5) a strong research base existed to support the IPM effort. An important aspect of the Wisconsin IPM program was the development of specialized computer software to assist growers in management decisions. Computer software has provided an effective on-farm tool for analyzing complex environmental and crop information and providing specific management recommendations. The Potato Crop Management (PCM) software was developed at the University of Wisconsin through a multidisciplinary team effort. The program contains modules for predicting crop emergence, scheduling irrigation, managing pests (diseases, insects and weeds) and assessing storage ventilation needs. Since its release to growers and IPM consultants in 1989, use of the PCM software has continued to increase. Growers and consultants now use the software on approximately 28,300 ha of potato production. Savings related to reduced use of pesticides and irrigation are estimated to exceed US $ 5,890,000 annually when compared with inputs prior to use of this software. The current software, however, has application to only a few of the many decisions confronting growers. Software enhancements are underway that focus on potato canopy development, crop nutrition, seedpiece decay and farm record-keeping. The PCM program is also being converted from an MS-DOS® environment to a Microsoft Windows™ platform. The new software entitled WISDOM will allow easier data input and exchange, graphical presentation of data and comparison of environmental and crop/pest data between fields and years. The WISDOM software will expand opportunities for managing the farming enterprise including crops often grown in rotation with potato. Modules are being developed for management of snap beans (irrigation scheduling, insect management, and risk assessment for white mold) and sweet corn (irrigation scheduling and insect management). Program modularity will facilitate the future addition of new potato and rotational crop modules as new information becomes available from field and laboratory research.
Health care resource use, health care expenditures and absenteeism costs associated with osteoarthritis in US healthcare system.

Summary Objectives We determined incremental health care resource utilization, incremental health care expenditures, incremental absenteeism, and incremental absenteeism costs associated with osteoarthritis. Design Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS) for 2011 was used as data source. Individuals 18 years or older and employed during 2011 were eligible for inclusion in the sample for analyses. Individuals with osteoarthritis were identified based on ICD-9-CM codes. Incremental health care resource utilization included annual hospitalization, hospital days, emergency room visits and outpatient visits. Incremental health expenditures included annual inpatient, outpatient, emergency room, medications, miscellaneous and annual total expenditures. Results Of the total sample, 1354 were diagnosed with osteoarthritis, and compared to non osteoarthritis individuals. Incremental resource utilization, expenditures, absenteeism and absenteeism costs were estimated using regression models, adjusting for age, gender, sex, region, marital status, insurance coverage, comorbidities, anxiety, asthma, hypertension and hyperlipidemia. Regression models revealed incremental mean annual resource use associated with osteoarthritis of 0.07 hospitalizations, equal to 70 additional hospitalizations per 100 osteoarthritic patients annually, and 3.63 outpatient visits, equal to 363 additional visits per 100 osteoarthritic patients annually. Mean annual incremental total expenditures associated with osteoarthritis were $2046. Annually, mean incremental expenditures were largest for inpatient expenditures at $826, followed by mean incremental outpatient expenditures of $659, and mean incremental medication expenditures of $325. Mean annual incremental absenteeism was 2.2 days and mean annual incremental absenteeism costs were $715.74. Total direct expenditures were estimated at $41.7 billion. Conclusion Osteoarthritis was associated with significant incremental health care resource utilization, expenditures, absenteeism and absenteeism costs.
Identification of five Mitragyna alkaloids in urine using liquid chromatography-quadrupole/time of flight mass spectrometry.

Abstract Mitragyna speciosa (Kratom) is a psychoactive plant that has recently emerged as a recreational drug. Mitragyna alkaloids are not within the scope of traditional forensic toxicology screening methods, which may contribute to under-reporting. Solid phase extraction (SPE) and liquid chromatography-quadrupole/time of flight mass spectrometry (LC-Q/TOF-MS) were used to identify five alkaloids in urine. Target analytes included the two known psychoactive compounds, mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine, in addition to speciociliatine, speciogynine, and paynantheine. Two deuterated internal standards (mitragynine-D3 and 7-hydroxymitragynine-D3) were employed. Using traditional reversed phase chromatography all compounds and isomers were separated in 10 min. The procedure was validated in accordance with the Scientific Working Group for Forensic Toxicology (SWGTOX) Standard Practices for Method Validation. Extraction efficiencies were 63–96% and limits of quantitation were 0.5–1 ng/mL. Precision, bias and matrix effects were all within acceptable thresholds, with the exception of 7-hydroxymitragynine, which is notably unstable and unsuitable for quantitative analysis. In this paper we present a simultaneous quantitative analytical method for mitragynine, speciociliatine, speciogynine and paynantheine, and a qualitative assay for 7-hydroxymitragynine in urine using high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS).
Hearing loss in PHACE syndrome: clinical and radiologic findings.

To characterize the types of hearing loss, auditory-related imaging findings, and hemangioma characteristics in patients with Posterior fossa malformations, Hemangiomas, Arterial anomalies, Cardiac defects, and abnormalities of the Eye (PHACE) syndrome. Retrospective medical records, audiologic data, and imaging review of all patients presenting to a tertiary care children’s hospital with a proven diagnosis of PHACE syndrome from 2005 to 2016. Twelve patients were identified with hearing and imaging data. 5/12 had hearing loss, 1 had unilateral severe sensorineural loss with minor conductive component, 1 had unilateral moderate sensorineural loss with minor conductive component, 1 had mild bilateral conductive loss, 1 had bilateral hearing loss (left severe mixed and right severe sensorineural), and 1 had moderate bilateral conductive loss. All patients passed their newborn hearing screening. Of the 5 patients with hearing loss, 3 had IAC hemangiomas (1 bilateral), 3 had enlarged IACs with prominent posterior petrous bones (1 bilateral), 2 had dysgenesis of the cerebellar vermis and hemispheres, there was 1 patient each with a deformed pinna and middle ear and mastoid effusions, and 1 patient had no abnormal auditory-related imaging findings. Patients with hearing loss were more likely to have more areas of cutaneous hemangioma involvement (mean 6.4 vs 3.1, p = .05). Laterality of hearing impairment correlated with the side of cutaneous hemangioma in all patients with hearing loss. Treatment with systemic propranolol did not improve hearing. Patients with PHACE are at risk for hearing loss and may demonstrate radiologic abnormalities within the ear structures, although the type of hearing loss, imaging findings, and their respective correlation vary. While our results are limited by our small sample size, comprehensive audiology evaluations (as opposed to newborn screening testing only) should be considered for PHACE patients who have extensive cutaneous hemangioma or auditory-related imaging abnormalities, such as internal auditory canal hemangiomas.
Genetic Aspects of Male Infertility

Genetic abnormalities may account for 15–30% of male factor infertility. Genes and genomic regulation involved in male genital tract development, gonadal development, and function including those related to spermatogenesis may be involved with male infertility. Although many of the genetic factors are still to be elucidated and many of the predicted genetic perturbations are yet to find their place for clinical applications, it is essential to appraise the current information on genetic basis of male reproductive system disorders.
Impact of kissing balloon inflation on the main vessel stent volume, area, and symmetry after side-branch dilation in patients with coronary bifurcation lesions: a serial volumetric intravascular ultrasound study.

Objectives Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) was performed to investigate the impact of kissing balloon inflation (KBI) on the main vessel (MV) stent volume, area, and symmetry after side-branch (SB) dilation in patients with coronary bifurcation lesions (CBL). Background It remains controversial whether KBI would restore the MV stent area and symmetry loss after SB dilation. Methods A total of 88 serial IVUS examinations of the MV were performed after MV angioplasty, MV stenting, SB dilation, and KBI in 22 patients with CBL. The MV stent was divided into proximal, bifurcation, and distal segments; the stent volume index (SVI), minimal stent area (MSA), stent symmetry index (SSI), and external elastic membrane (EEM) volume index were measured in 198 stent segments and compared after MV stenting, SB dilation, and KBI. Results In the bifurcation segment, SVI, MSA, and SSI were significantly smaller after SB dilation than after MV stenting and KBI (SVI was 6.10 ± 1.50 mm3/mm vs. 6.68 ± 1.60 mm3/mm and 6.57 ± 1.60 mm3/mm, respectively, p Conclusions This is the first comprehensive volumetric IVUS analysis of CBL, to our knowledge, demonstrating that KBI restores the MV stent volume, area, and symmetry loss after SB dilation in the bifurcation segment, and induces asymmetric stent expansion in the proximal segment.
Absorption Spectra of Diphenylacetylene and 1,4-Diphenylbutadiyne Cations in Solid Argon

One and two-photon matrix photoionization techniques have been used to prepare diphenylacetylene and 1,4-diphenylbutadiyne cations. Identification of these cations was confirmed by photoelectron spectra and radiolysis studies. Near-infrared absorption bands for each cation correlate with photoelectron spectra and suggest structural relaxation about the molecular axis on ionization, and strong blue absorptions that do not correlate with photoelectron spectra are probably caused by π → π* transitions.
Stall of airfoils with blunt noses at low to moderately high Reynolds numbers

The onset of leading-edge stall on stationary, smooth, thin, two-dimensional airfoils with blunter than classical nose shapes at low to moderately high Reynolds number flows is studied. Global stall is delayed to higher angles of attack as nose bluntness is increased.
The Rise of Compliance-Based Ethics Management

Compliance-based ethics management has become the primary method of maintaining high ethical standards in governmental and non-governmental organizations. There are several reasons why organizations have embraced compliance regulation as the key method of keeping public confidence in their integrity. Compliance-based management (1) provides organizations a certain level of immunity from illegal acts committed by their employees and officials, and (2) significantly reduces pressures to implement integrity-based programs by lowering organizational ethical expectations. The heavy reliance on compliance ethics has made it much more difficult for employees and officials to hold organizations accountable for actions that fall outside the scope of compliance-based ethics laws and regulations.
Science for good? The effects of education and national context on perceptions of science:

Pressing environmental, social, and economic problems require interventions informed by scientific expertise yet skepticism of organized science runs high among some groups. Numerous studies show how individual-level experiences and identities translate into attitudes about science, but less is known about the contextual factors that shape these beliefs. We employ regression models using data from the International Social Survey Program and the World Development Indicators to examine how national levels of scientific activity influence public perceptions of science. Our analysis of data from 76,858 individuals in 41 countries finds that education is associated with greater appreciation of science cross-nationally. This relationship is amplified in countries with high levels of scientific activity and attenuated in countries with less scientific activity. These results underscore the importance of national context for understanding perceptions of science, and suggest that improving science attitudes requires attention to both individual and country-level factors.
Toward a Cooperative Future: Museums and Community

Corona and the Queens Museum each continue to evolve. Programs started by the Queens Museum in Corona have secured their place in the community and extended into avenues not originally envisioned. Change is also inevitable for art museums globally. Museum leaders recognize the power that museums hold to effect political and social change and that they are held accountable for their actions by the art world, artists and scholars, and the public. Leadership values are debated and prominent figures have been fired, and once again the museum’s actions are publicly scrutinized. Cooperation ties museums to residents, artists, community organizations, and policymakers to create opportunities for mutual benefit in their shared futures.
Speedrunning for Charity: How Donations Gather Around a Live Streamed Couch

Games Done Quick (GDQ) is both a week-long video game speedrunning marathon and a successful charity event, raising more than $1.5 million USD in each of its past five events. To understand GDQ's success as an online charity event, we conducted 18 semi-structured interviews with GDQ speedrunners, attendees, hosts, and online viewers, analyzed past donation data, and conducted 72 hours of in-person participant observations at a live GDQ event. We found that central to every GDQ event is "the couch" which reconstructs the environment of a living room. Viewers do not simply donate to support the charity or in response to the technical prowess and ingenuity of speedrunners, but to actively interact with and be part of the couch experience, the ideal social milieu of speedrunning. Building upon previously identified motivations of why viewers donate to online live streamers, our work contributes to understanding how collocated gatherings can reinforce and amplify the cultural and social aspects of online subcultures (even heterogeneous ones) to encourage charitable giving. This opens opportunities for design that evoke a visceral level of engagement with charity events similar to that observed at GDQ.
MIPS MACRA and Payment Models

Payment for medical care has moved from a fee for service model, to a capitated managed care model, to a model that is based on the value of services provided. This chapter will discuss the history of payment models for medical services. The chapter will conclude with a discussion of MIPS and MACRA and the appropriate use of the electronic health record.
Multifamily malware models

When training a machine learning model, there is likely to be a tradeoff between accuracy and the diversity of the dataset. Previous research has shown that if we train a model to detect one specific malware family, we generally obtain stronger results as compared to a case where we train a single model on multiple diverse families. However, during the detection phase, it would be more efficient to have a single model that can reliably detect multiple families, rather than having to score each sample against multiple models. In this research, we conduct experiments based on byte n-gram features to quantify the relationship between the generality of the training dataset and the accuracy of the corresponding machine learning models, all within the context of the malware detection problem. We find that neighborhood-based algorithms generalize surprisingly well, far outperforming the other machine learning techniques considered.
New research on the adoption and transformation of Chinese writing

Abstract A major study has been released on the emergence in East Asia of the logographic, or logo-syllabic, writing systems inherited from Chinese writing, attending primarily to the adaptations and innovations implemented in Korea, Vietnam, Japan and by speakers of the Tai languages of Southern China and Northern Vietnam. It contributes to our understanding of the fundamental mechanisms, of how speakers of different languages transformed the character script. The book points to overarching research problems concerning the relationship between language and writing, how aspects of this relationship are based on universal principles of learning exemplified in bilingual literacy. The research questions presented by the author will ultimately help us better understand literacy learning and the nature of reading and writing ability in general.
Statistical analysis of fatal crash in Michigan using more than two time series models

This paper is to analyse Michigan fatal crash (MFC) in 1974-2014 as time series data using auto regressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) (0,0,1)-GARCH models to predict future values and trends. The author would like to use the heteroskedasticity from the object, such as the rates of incidence, is tested by the autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity (ARCH) or generalised autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity (GARCH). The best model of ARCH is to measure the volatility of the MFC so that the future values are predicted. Both ARIMA and ARCH or GARCH models are used to predict future values. The results suggest that GARCH modelling clinch the dynamic change of variance exactly. It suggests that the ARIMA-ARCH/GARCH hybrid modelling is the best method to predict the ahead values of covering the heteroskedastic original objects. Finally, using both ARCH/GARCH forecasting models to predict the future values and the trend of MFC. The results show downward trends.
High Cotinine and Healthcare Utilization Disparities Among Low-Income Children.

Introduction This study assesses the associations of child salivary cotinine, parent-reported smoking, and child tobacco smoke exposure with the number of child healthcare visits and hospital admissions over a 6-month period. This study also assesses the relationships between participant characteristics and child cotinine. Methods Longitudinal data were evaluated from a sample of 313 clinically ill children aged 0–9 years who lived with a smoker and presented to a pediatric emergency department or urgent care in 2016–2018. In 2020, cotinine measurements were log transformed, and Poisson and linear regression were performed. Results The majority of the children came from low-income homes (66.1%) and had public insurance/self-pay (95.5%). Child cotinine concentrations ranged from 0.1 to 332.0 ng/mL (geometric mean=4.8 ng/mL, 95% CI=4.1, 5.5). Poisson regression results indicated that each 1-unit increase of log-cotinine concentration was associated with an increase in pediatric emergency department visits over a 6-month period after the baseline visit, with an adjusted RR of 1.16 (95% CI=1.01, 1.34). Each 1-unit increase of log-cotinine concentration was associated with an increase in the frequency of hospital admissions over the 6-month period, with an adjusted RR of 1.50 (95% CI=1.08, 2.09). No differences were found between parent-reported smoking or child tobacco smoke exposure and healthcare utilization. Linear regression results indicated that children who were younger (β= −0.227, p=0.049), were White (geometric mean=5.5 ng/mL), had a medical history of prematurity (geometric mean=8.1 ng/mL), and had a winter baseline visit (geometric mean=6.5 ng/mL) had higher cotinine concentrations. Children living in apartments (geometric mean=5.5 ng/mL) and multiunit homes (geometric mean=5.5 ng/mL) had higher cotinine concentrations than those in single-family homes (geometric mean=3.6 ng/mL). Conclusions Routine biochemical screening could identify children who are in need of intensive tobacco smoke exposure reduction interventions.
Direct Oxidation of Aryl Malononitriles Enabling a Copper-Catalyzed Intermolecular Alkene Carbochlorination

A copper-catalyzed carbochlorination of alkenes with aryl malononitriles and chloride is disclosed. This net oxidative transformation proceeds with activated and unactivated alkenes with moderate to excellent yields. Mechanism experiments suggest addition of the malononitrile radical to form a secondary carbon radical which is intercepted by a chloride source. The resultant products can be transformed into biologically important γ-lactones in one further step.
The Impact of the Hybridoma Technology on the R&D of Idiotypic Antibodies.

The PubMed data set was scanned with the title and abstract term “Idiotype” followed by secondary searches with “Vaccine” and “Clinical trial.” The retrieved references were analyzed from the perio...
An MINLP model for the conceptual design of a carbothermic aluminium reactor

Abstract Systematic design and optimization set the standard in today's petrochemical industries, but their impact is limited when considering most proceses in metallurgical industries. The present study presents an, MINLP model developed for design and optimization of the electrode heating system of a new multistage high-temperature carbothermic reactor. The focus here is the optimization of electrode placement and imposed voltage profile; the model and conclusions can effectively assist ongoing multiscale process modeling.
Security Issues with the Global Command and Control System (GCCS)

The Global Command and Control System (GCCS) was one of the most ambitious and largest software integration tasks in the history of the Department of Defense. As the Chief Systems Engineer for GCCS, I found architectural differences among command and control systems presented unique integration and interoperability challenges. In this paper I present 3 security-related examples of specific problems I encountered when I attempted to integrate several systems into GCCS. I also discuss the problem of system-level security analysis and introduce a framework that software engineers can use to evaluate security.
Compassion Fatigue Among Social Work Students in Field Placements

This pilot study, conducted with BSW and MSW field students at a public university in Southwestern United States, explored the psychological effect of compassion fatigue and compassion satisfaction on social work students in field placements. Results from the Professional Quality of Life Scale's compassion satisfaction and fatigue subscales indicated that social work students appear to be motivated and committed to the profession and have higher scores of compassion satisfaction than the instrument average. Students' scores on their risk for burnout were slightly higher than those of other helping professionals and their risk for compassion fatigue during their field experience was similar to more experienced helping professionals.
Finding the Right Jobs for the Reasonable Person in Employment Law

This article examines the reasonable person's role(s) in employment law, which can be best explained as embodying either a normative standard or a descriptive expectation, depending on the context of its usage. The proper usage in any instance should depend on whether the task at hand is to determine whether the actor whose conduct is being judged has satisfied a duty. In most employment litigation, it will be the employer who has a duty to the employee, and a normative application of the reasonable person is, therefore, appropriate. When using the reasonable person device in this way, we are asking: What ought the employer have done, and has the employer done it? However, if the immediate question is not whether one has breached a duty, then a descriptive use of the reasonable person is more appropriate. When using the reasonable person device in this way, we are making an observation about the conduct of the actor whose conduct is being judged, asking: How might we expect one in that position under those circumstances to act? . . . Such differential usage of the reasonable person better comports with the remedial purposes of employment law. . . . To the extent that the reasonable person is used to assess employer conduct, courts do tend to use this approach. But when courts assess the conduct of an employee (who does not owe the employer a duty), the picture is mixed, with courts too often imposing normative requirements on employees.
Burn and Interrogate

Nanotubes can be semiconducting or metallic depending on their diameter and chirality. This feature is very interesting for many applications. In her Perspective, [Dresselhaus][1] highlights the reports by [ Ouyang et al .][2] and [ Collins et al .][3], which advance our understanding of the nanotube conduction process substantially and help us move toward applying this knowledge in nanoelectronics. [1]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/292/5517/650 [2]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/292/5517/702 [3]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/292/5517/706
Dependence of micelle aggregation number on polar head structure

Abstract Aggregation numbers of decyldiethylammonium, decylpyrrolidinium, decylmethylpyrrolidinium, decylmethylpiperidinium, decylmorpholinium, decylmethylmorpholinium, and decylpiperazinium bromide were determined in 0.5 m NaBr and in 0.5 m NaCl. The aggregation number of decylpiperidinium bromide in 0.5 m NaCl was also determined. The smallest micelles were formed by decylmethylpiperidinium bromide and decylmethylmorpholinium bromide (about 36 surfactant ions per micelle in 0.5 m NaCl) and the largest by decylpyrrolidinium bromide (over 159 surfactant ions per micelle in 0.5 m NaBr). Surfactant ions for which the mean distance of closest approach of the counterion to the charge center is small form relatively large micelles. Charge location and hydrogen bonding are other factors which can affect the polar head's role in micelle formation.
STRONGLY COUPLED 2D OCP IN A MAGNETIC FIELD

Several important Coulomb effects in 2D electron systems are discussed. First, a theory of electron correlations which is applicable to a wide range of density is presented. This theory yields the exact exchange specific heat and high and low density series for the ring energy. It explains well the strong density dependence of the effective g-factor and also the valley degeneracy transition in Si [100] inversion layers. Its generalization to the case with a strong magnetic field gives an important prediction that the phase of the dHvA oscillation will change at a point at which the ground state energy becomes negative. Moreover, the amplitude in the gaseous phase is expected to decrease with increasing r s .A self-consistent approach to the dynamical counductivity which goes beyond the RPA explains density variations of the cyclotron resonance parameters. A consideration of many-body coupling results in a new ground state which improves Laughlin's state for the FQHE.
Frank Chin: An Interview with Robert Murray Davis

(1988). Frank Chin: An Interview with Robert Murray Davis. Amerasia Journal: Vol. 14, No. 2, pp. 81-95.
Use of losartan in diabetic patients in the primary care setting: review of the results in LIFE and RENAAL.

SUMMARYObjective: To review outcomes of diabetic patients treated with losartan in two recent randomized, double-blind, clinical trials and compare outcomes to similar studies in diabetics.Methods: The Reduction in ENdpoints with the Angiotensin II Antagonist Losartan (RENAAL) study recruited 1513 patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. The Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction (LIFE) study recruited 9193 hypertensive patients with left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) including 1195 with diabetes mellitus. The maximum losartan dose in both studies was 100 mg daily. All study patients could receive additional antihypertensive medications, excluding angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) and other angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), if blood pressures (BP) < 140/90 mmHg were not achieved. In RENAAL, the control group received placebo whereas in LIFE, controls received atenolol. BP reductions were comparable in the treatment and control groups of both studies. In RENAAL, the primary o...
Autotagging to improve text search for 3d models

Text search on libraries of 3D models has traditionally worked poorly, as text annotations on 3D models are often unreliable or incomplete. We attempt to improve the recall of text search by automatically assigning appropriate tags to models. Our algorithm finds relevant tags by appealing to a large corpus of partially labeled example models, which does not have to be preclassified or otherwise prepared. For this purpose we use a copy of Google 3DWarehouse, a library of user contributed models which is publicly available on the Internet. Given a model to tag, we find geometrically similar models in the corpus, based on distances in a reduced dimensional space derived from Zernike descriptors. The labels of these neighbors are used as tag candidates for the model with probabilities proportional to the degree of geometric similarity. We show experimentally that text based search for 3D models using our computed tags can approach the quality of geometry based search. Finally, we describe our 3D model search engine that uses this algorithm.
Photonic Integrated Circuits for Optical Routing and Switching Applications

We report on the latest advances in implementation of integrated photonic components required for optical routing: wavelength converters, optical buffers, and mode-locked lasers.
Quantitative analysis of collaborative and mobility networks

This study proposes a quantitative analysis of researcher mobility (i.e. transfer from one institution to another) and collaborative networks on the basis of author background data extracted from biographical notes in scientific articles to identify connections that are not revealed via simple co-authorship analysis. Using a top-ranked journal in the field of computer vision, we create a layered network that describes various aspects of author backgrounds, demonstrating a geographical distribution of institutions. We classify networks according to various dimensions including authors, institutions and countries. The results of the quantitative analysis indicate that mobility networks extend beyond the typical collaborative networks describing institutional and international relationships. We also discuss sectoral collaboration considering the mobility networks. Our findings indicate a limitation of collaborative analysis based on bibliometric data and the importance of tracing researcher mobility within potential networks to identify the true nature of scientific collaboration.
Psychophysical scaling methods reveal and measure context effects

People cannot make independent judgements of stimulus attributes and so “it is necessary to theorize in terms of stimulus structures” (Lockhead 1992, p. 551) rather than in terms of stimulus features. The new commentaries here further this statement and also support the observations in the target article that psychophysical scaling methods allow us to measure (1) how context determines judgments and (2) what people remember about prior stimuli.
Convergence of Wnt Signaling and Steroidogenic Factor-1 (SF-1) on Transcription of the Rat Inhibin α Gene

The action of a variety of peptide hormones is critical for proper growth and differentiation of the urogenital ridge, which ultimately gives rise to the kidney, adrenal cortex, and gonad. One such class of peptides is the Wnt family of secreted glycoproteins that is classically involved in development of cell polarity and cell fate determination. Notably, alterations in Wnt-4 expression in mice and humans result in profound defects in urogenital ridge development, including dysregulation of kidney, gonadal, and adrenal growth. The nuclear receptor steroidogenic factor-1 (SF-1) has been implicated as a downstream effector of peptide hormone signaling during urogenital ridge development as evidenced by both the activation of SF-1-dependent transcription in the adrenal cortex by signaling molecules such as protein kinase A and by the adrenal and gonadal agenesis in mice with null mutations in SF-1. We hypothesized that Wnt-dependent signaling cascades regulate SF-1-dependent transcription of genes required for adreno-gonadal development. Specifically, the data demonstrate that β-catenin synergizes with SF-1 to activate the α-inhibin promoter through formation of a transcriptional complex. The activation requires an intact SF-1 RE and is independent of TCF/Lef. These data support the recent observation that β-catenin can participate in nuclear receptor-mediated transcriptional activation and extend the findings to the monomer binding class of orphan nuclear receptors.
Soil and plant measurements for determining when to irrigate cowpeas ( Vigna unguiculata [L.] Walp.) grown under planned-water-deficits

In a concurrent study we reported that cowpea (Vigna unguiculata [L.] Walp.) had the ability to maintain seed yields when subjected to drought during the vegetative stage provided the subsequent irrigation interval was not too great. A 4 day irrigation interval produced maximum vegetative and seed yields, while an 8 day interval following a vegetative stage drought produced maximum seed yields and water-use-efficiency. Soil and plant measurements were made during flowering and podfilling to develop general methods for scheduling irrigation. Tensiometers provided adequate resolution for maintaining either shoot biomass production or seed yield. Predawn estimates of leaf water potential provided adequate resolution for maintaining seed yield but not biomass production. Measurements of percent actual depletion of available soil water or afternoon values for temperature differences between canopy and air divided by the vapor pressure difference gave adequate resolution for maintaining biomass production. However, nominal depletion of available soil water based upon predicted evapotranspiration appears to be the most practical procedure for scheduling irrigation of cowpeas.
Synthesis of tritiated N1′‐alkyl derivatives of the delta opioid receptor ligand naltrindole

Tritiated N1'-methyl and N1'-ethyl analogues of naltrindole (NTI) have been synthesized for evaluation as radioligands for studies of delta opioid receptors. The two N1'-alkyl-5',7'-dibromo NTI precursors for radiolabeling were prepared by base-promoted alkylation of 2,4-dibromophenylhydrazine with either iodomethane or iodoethane followed by condensation with naltrexone using the Fischer indole synthesis. Catalytic debromotritiation followed by HPLC purification afforded [ 3 H]MeNTI (17.3 Ci/mmol) and [ 3 H]EtNTI (22.5 Ci/mmol) with high chemical and radiochemical purities (≥99.8%).
Evidence for antagonistic activity of endothelin for clonidine induced hypotension and bradycardia.

Abstract Effect of endothelin (ET) on clonidine induced cardiovascular effects was studied in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Clonidine (75 μg/kg, iv) produced significant decrease in blood pressure and heart rate. ET-1 (50 ng/kg, iv) pretreatment completely antagonized the hypotension and bradycardia induced by clonidine. ET-2 (50 ng/kg, iv) and ET-3 (50 ng/kg, iv) had similar antagonistic effect on clonidine induced hypotension and bradycardia. The antagonistic effect of ET lasted for several hours, however, 4 hours after ET pretreatment only partial blockade of clonidine induced hypotension and bradycardia was observed. This indicated that the antagonistic effect of ET was reversible. Initial hypertensive response induced by high dose of clonidine (750 μg/kg, iv) could not be antagonized by ET-1, ET-2 or ET-3, while phenoxybenzamine, an α andrenoceptor antagonist, blocked the hypertensive response of clonidine. Thus, ET has no antagonistic effect on the initial hypertensive response but antagonizes the hypotensive and bradycardic effect induced by clonidine. Clonidine induced hypotension and bradycardia are mediated through central α 2 adrenoceptors while hypertension is mediated through peripheral α 2 adrenoceptors. It is concluded that central α 2 adrenoceptors are different from peripheral α 2 adrenoceptors and ET antagonizes the effect of clonidine only on central α 2 adrenoceptors but has no antagonistic activity on peripheral α 2 adrenoceptors.
Anatomical equivalence class based complete morphological descriptor for robust image analysis and abnormality detection

Groupwise registration and statistical analysis of medical images are of fundamental importance in computational anatomy, where healthy and pathologic anatomies are compared relative to their differences with a common template. Accuracy of such approaches is primarily determined by the ability of finding perfectly conforming shape transformations, which is rarely achieved in practice due to algorithmic limitations arising from biological variability. Amount of the residual information not reflected by the transformation is, in fact, dictated by template selection and is lost permanently from subsequent analysis. In general, an attempt to aggressively minimize residual results in biologically incorrect correspondences, necessitating a certain level of regularity in the transformation at the cost of accuracy. In this paper, we introduce a framework for groupwise registration and statistical analysis of biomedical images that optimally fuses the information contained in a diffeomorphism and the residual to achieve completeness of representation. Since the degree of information retained in the residual depends on transformation parameters such as the level of regularization, and template selection, our approach consists of forming an equivalence class for each individual, thereby representing them via nonlinear manifolds embedded in high dimensional space. By employing a minimum variance criterion and constraining the optimization to respective anatomical manifolds, we proceed to determine their optimal morphological representation. A practical ancillary benefit of this approach is that it yields optimal choice of transformation parameters, and eliminates respective confounding variation in the data. Resultantly, the optimal signatures depend solely on anatomical variations across subjects, and may ultimately lead to more accurate diagnosis through pattern classification.
The Rhetoric of the Know-Nothing Party: Nativism as a Response to the Rhetorical Situation.

Nativism has provided the impetus for several short‐lived political movements. This paper analyzes the rhetoric of the first national political party to successfully use nativism in its platform, the Know‐Nothing party of the 1850's. The analysis of the nativist rhetoric of the party reveals that the source of both its success and failure lies in the traditional values party members used to overcome the constraints traditionally imposed upon the nativist response to the rhetorical situation.
Th-doped Nd2CuO4 homologues

Abstract The critical unexplained fact about the occurrence of superconductivity in Th-doped Nd 2 CuO 4 homologues is that Eu 2− z Th z CuO 4 does not superconduct, while its isoelectronic Ce-doped homologue Eu 2− z Ce z CuO 4 does. Using the charge-reservoir model of superconductivity, the self-consistent bond/charge method and a hard-sphere model of the ions, we propose that this fact is due to the large size of Th +4 , which limits the solubility of (Th, interstitial O) pairs in Eu 2 CuO 4 . These pairs dope the material p -type. Tests for discriminating between the charge-reservoir oxygen model (which requires p -type doping for superconductivity) and conventional cuprate plane models (which permit n -type doping by isolated Th) are proposed.
Well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors: a review covering basic principles to loco-regional and targeted therapies

Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are a complex group of malignancies with variable prognosis and response to treatment. For pancreatic neuroendocrine and carcinoid tumors, traditional cytotoxic chemotherapies have demonstrated minimal activity. Current approaches for treatment of metastatic disease use a combination of loco-regional and targeted biological therapies. Clinical trials remain critical for evaluation of new and promising therapeutic options for patients with NETs.
Note on some Reynolds stress effects of internal waves on slopes

Abstract When two-dimensional internal waves encounter a shoaling region, the second order mass and momentum flux carried by the waves must be re-adjusted if no mixing occurs. The re-adjustment occurs by a ‘set-up’ and ‘set-down’ of the mean isopycnals generating a second order mean Eulerian flow to cancel the Stokes drift velocity. Since the effects of Coriolis forces in an infinite flat bottomed channel are analogous to buoyancy forces on a sloping bottom, rotation is easily taken into account, however the problem is degenerate to an arbitrary long-shore geostrophic flow.
A framework for collaborative control of applications

Highly interactive applications are increasingly being used in decision support systems. Highly interactive applications are increasingly being used in decision support systems. Frequently these applications are run in collaborative environments in which interdisciplinary working groups participate to define scenarios, run simulations, and visualize the results. It is most expeditious if participants are able to simply "grab hold" of an application running in the shared environment to make some sort of basic adjustment, query, etc. without the need to move around the room to get to the keyboard and mouse. In this paper we describe the "Remote Application Controller" (RAC), a Java-Swing application running on a personal device that can launch, communicate with, and control a shared set of interactive applications running on various machines in a network. Jini is used for application discovery and to establish basic communication between the RAC and an application. To participate fully in the shared environment, an application is written using the Remote User Interface (RUI) toolkit, a simple C++-based toolkit that creates standard GUI controls on the host device, if appropriate, as well as a platform-independent XML-based description that is exported to requesting personal input devices. We describe the overall architecture of the system, the specifics of the RUI toolkit, and then illustrate the system by describing some sample applications.
Satellite observations of instability in the middle atmosphere

Data from the Limb Infrared Monitor of the Stratosphere (LIMS) have been used to define zonally averaged basic-state temperature and zonal wind fields in the middle atmosphere for several periods during the winter of 1978-79. This basic state has been used to calculate the phase speeds, growth rates, and spatial structures of unstable modes using a linear, quasigeostrophic model. These results have been compared with temperature and ozone variance amplitudes from a spectral analysis of the same LIMS data. The comparison indicates that there is a close match between phase speeds for the most rapidly growing modes predicted by the model and phase speeds for statistically significant temperature and ozone variances. Both calculated and observed modes tend to be limited in latitudinal extent to a few tens of degrees and in vertical extent to about 10 km. These modes also tend to be nondispersive. Examples are given for the Southern Hemisphere near 0.25 mb (60 km) and for low latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere near 15 mb (30 km).
Endocrinology: Effect of opioid blockade on insulin metabolism in polycystic ovarian disease

A total of 17 women affected by polycystic ovarian disease (PCOD) were studied to evaluate the involvement of endogenous opioids in the pathophysiology of the hyperinsulinism in PCOD by administering naltrexone, an oral opioid antagonist. An oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed at baseline (on day 5 of the cycle) and repeated after 6 weeks of naltrexone administration. Plasma glucose, insulin and connecting peptide (c-peptide) concentrations were evaluated in all samples. Based on their insulinaemic response to OGTT, patients were classified as hyperinsulinaemic or normoinsulinaemic. Naltrexone treatment significantly (P < 0.007) reduced the insulin response to OGTT in the hyperinsulinaemic group without affecting the c-peptide incremental area ; in the normoinsulinaemic group there was a slight, but not significant, increase in both c-peptide and insulin incremental areas. The two groups showed similar c-peptide incremental areas after naltrexone treatment. There was no significant difference in the c-peptide:insulin incremental areas molar ratio between the two groups ; after treatment, a significant increase in this ratio was observed in both groups. When we considered the data as an expression of the fractional hepatic extraction of insulin, we found a lower value for hyperinsulinaemic in comparison with normoinsulinaemic patients (not significant), and a significant (P < 0.01) improvement of this parameter in the hyperinsulinaemic group after naltrexone administration. In conclusion, we suggest that the contribution to hyperinsulinaemia in PCOD patients may be at least in part due to both increased pancreatic secretion and reduced hepatic removal of insulin. Chronic pharmacological inhibition of opioid tone could improve the insulin plasma concentration by acting chiefly on the liver metabolism of insulin in hyperinsulinaemic patients.
Global bifurcation of a class of periodic boundary-value problems

Abstract We prove that λ = 0 is a global bifurcation point of the second-order periodic boundary-value problem ( p ( t ) x ′ ( t ) ) ′ − λ x ( t ) − λ 2 x ′ ( t ) − f ( t , x ( t ) , x ′ ( t ) , x ″ ( t ) ) ; x ( 0 ) = x ( 1 ) , x ′ ( 0 ) = x ′ ( 1 ) . We study this equation under hypotheses for which it may be solved explicitly for x ″ ( t ) . However, it is shown that the explicitly solved equation does not satisfy the usual conditions that are sufficient to conclude global bifurcation. Thus, we need to study the implicit equation with regard to global bifurcation.