cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
IMPROVING CUP PLACEMENT IN TOTAL HIP ARTHROPLASTY: AN EVALUATION OF 425 PRIMARY THA'S PERFORMED WITH COMPUTER ASSISTED NAVIGATION

Introduction Total hip arthroplasty has become an increasingly common procedure. Improper cup position contributes to bearing surface wear, pelvic osteolysis, dislocations, and revision surgery. The incidence of cup malposition outside of the safe zone (40° ± 10° abduction and 15° ± 10° anteversion) using traditional techniques has been reported to be as high as 50%. Our hypothesis is that computer assisted navigation will improve cup placement in total hip arthroplasty compared with traditional techniques. Methods This study retrospectively evaluated the position of 425 consecutive cups placed during primary total hip arthroplasty performed over a two-year period, from 8/1/2012 to 8/1/2014. All cups were placed with a direct-anterior muscle-sparing approach with computer-assisted imageless navigation by a single surgeon. Real-time intraoperative “screen shots” were taken of cup placement. Standard antero-posterior postoperative radiographs of the pelvis were taken within 6 weeks of surgery in the operating surgeon9s office using the same standardized protocol for each patient. The radiographs were evaluated by two separate investigators for final abduction and anteversion utilizing the same method as other studies. Statistics were descriptive in nature. Results Intraoperative navigation screenshots from 425 hips showed that 100% were within the safe zone for abduction and anteversion. Postoperative radiographic review showed that 97% were within the safe zone for abduction (Mean 41 degrees, Range 29–54 degrees), 96% were within the safe zone for anteversion (Mean 16 degrees, Range 4–38 degrees) and 94% were within the safe zone for both abduction and anteversion. Conclusion In our series, computer assisted navigation improved cup placement in total hip arthroplasty compared with traditional techniques as reported in current literature. Cup position in our study, was within the safe zone for abduction and version at a comparable rate to similar studies examining THA9s performed with navigation.
Three-dimensional image reconstruction using bundle adjustment applied to multiple texel images

The importance of creating 3D imagery is increasing and has many applications in the field of disaster response, digital elevation models, object recognition, and cultural heritage. Several methods have been proposed to register texel images, which consist of fused lidar and digital imagery. The previous methods were limited to registering up to two texel images or multiple texel swaths having only one strip of lidar data per swath. One area of focus still remains to register multiple texel images to create a 3D model. The process of creating true 3D images using multiple texel images is described. The texel camera fuses the 2D digital image and calibrated 3D lidar data to form a texel image. The images are then taken from several perspectives and registered. The advantage of using multiple full frame texel images over 3D- or 2D-only methods is that there will be better registration between images because of the overlapping 3D points as well as 2D texture used in the joint registration process. The individual position and rotation mapping to a common world coordinate frame is calculated for each image and optimized. The proposed methods incorporate bundle adjustment for jointly optimizing the registration of multiple images. Sparsity is exploited as there is a lack of interaction between parameters of different cameras. Examples of the 3D model are shown and analyzed for numerical accuracy.
Isolation and Characterization of Electrochemically Active Subsurface Delftia and Azonexus Species.

Continental subsurface environments can present significant energetic challenges to the resident microorganisms. While these environments are geologically diverse, potentially allowing energy harvesting by microorganisms that catalyze redox reactions, many of the abundant electron donors and acceptors are insoluble and therefore not directly bioavailable. Extracellular electron transfer (EET) is a metabolic strategy that microorganisms can deploy to meet the challenges of interacting with redox-active surfaces. Though mechanistically characterized in a few metal-reducing bacteria, the role, extent, and diversity of EET in subsurface ecosystems remains unclear. Since this process can be mimicked on electrode surfaces, it opens the door to electrochemical techniques to enrich for and quantify the activities of environmental microorganisms in situ. Here, we report the electrochemical enrichment of microorganisms from a deep fractured-rock aquifer in Death Valley, California, USA. In experiments performed in mesocosms containing a synthetic medium based on aquifer chemistry, four working electrodes were poised at different redox potentials (272, 373, 472, 572 mV vs. SHE) to serve as electron acceptors, resulting in anodic currents coupled to the oxidation of acetate during enrichment. The anodes were dominated by Betaproteobacteria from the families Comamonadaceae and Rhodocyclaceae. A representative of each dominant family was subsequently isolated from electrode-associated biomass. The EET abilities of the isolated Delftia strain (designated WE1-13) and Azonexus strain (designated WE2-4) were confirmed in electrochemical reactors using working electrodes poised at 522 mV vs. SHE. The rise in anodic current upon inoculation was correlated with a modest increase in total protein content. Both genera have been previously observed in mixed communities of microbial fuel cell enrichments, but this is the first direct measurement of their electrochemical activity. While alternate metabolisms (e.g. nitrate reduction) by these organisms were previously known, our observations suggest that additional ‘hidden’ interactions with external electron acceptors are also possible. Electrochemical approaches are well positioned to dissect such extracellular interactions that may be prevalent in the subsurface.
Bayesian Particle Tracking of Traffic Flows

We develop a Bayesian particle filter for tracking traffic flows that is capable of capturing non-linearities and discontinuities present in flow dynamics. Our model includes a hidden state variable that captures sudden regime shifts between traffic free flow, breakdown, and recovery. We develop an efficient particle learning algorithm for real time online inference of states and parameters. This requires a two-step approach, first resampling the current particles with a mixture predictive distribution and second propagation of states using the conditional posterior distribution. Particle learning of parameters follows from updating recursions for conditional sufficient statistics. To illustrate our methodology, we analyze the measurements of daily traffic flow from the Illinois Interstate I-55 highway system. We demonstrate how our filter can be used to infer the change of traffic flow regime on a highway road segment based on a measurement from freeway single-loop detectors. Finally, we conclude with directions for future research.
Optical properties and aging of light-absorbing secondary organic aerosol

Abstract. The light-absorbing organic aerosol (OA) commonly referred to as “brown carbon” (BrC) has attracted considerable attention in recent years because of its potential to affect atmospheric radiation balance, especially in the ultraviolet region and thus impact photochemical processes. A growing amount of data has indicated that BrC is prevalent in the atmosphere, which has motivated numerous laboratory and field studies; however, our understanding of the relationship between the chemical composition and optical properties of BrC remains limited. We conducted chamber experiments to investigate the effect of various volatile organic carbon (VOC) precursors, NOx concentrations, photolysis time, and relative humidity (RH) on the light absorption of selected secondary organic aerosols (SOA). Light absorption of chamber-generated SOA samples, especially aromatic SOA, was found to increase with NOx concentration, at moderate RH, and for the shortest photolysis aging times. The highest mass absorption coefficient (MAC) value is observed from toluene SOA products formed under high-NOx conditions at moderate RH, in which nitro-aromatics were previously identified as the major light-absorbing compounds. BrC light absorption is observed to decrease with photolysis time, correlated with a decline of the organic nitrate fraction of SOA. SOA formed from mixtures of aromatics and isoprene absorb less visible (Vis) and ultraviolet (UV) light than SOA formed from aromatic precursors alone on a mass basis. However, the mixed SOA absorption was underestimated when optical properties were predicted using a two-product SOA formation model, as done in many current climate models. Further investigation, including analysis on detailed mechanisms, are required to explain the discrepancy.
Nonlinear model predictive control of functional electrical stimulation

Abstract Minimizing the amount of electrical stimulation can potentially mitigate the adverse effects of muscle fatigue during functional electrical stimulation (FES) induced limb movements. A gradient projection-based model predictive controller is presented for optimal control of a knee extension elicited via FES. A control Lyapunov function was used as a terminal cost to ensure stability of the model predictive control. The controller validation results show that the algorithm can be implemented in real-time with a steady-state RMS error of less than 2°. The experiments also show that the controller follows step changes in desired angles and is robust to external disturbances.
Determination of volatile N-nitrosamines in Frankfurters containing minced fish and surimi

A method was developed to quantitatively measure volatile N-nitrosamines, particularly N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), in cured minced fish or surimi-meat frankfurters. This method is free from artifact formation. First, 2 dry solid-phase extraction columns are prepared. Solvent is passed through the top column containing the fish-meat into a second column containing acid Celite. The eluate from the Celite column is then passed through a third column containing silica gel. Nitrosamines are eluted from the acid Celite column and then from the silica gel column into the same receiver. Recovery of the internal standard, N-nitrosoazetidine, added at the 10 ppb level, was 86.5%. In addition, a few samples of nitrite-treated salmon (lox) were also tested for N-nitrosamines. The results show that the method is applicable to samples containing nitrite-treated fish and fish-derived products.
CamTalk: A Bidirectional Light Communications Framework for Secure Communications on Smartphones

In this paper we present CamTalk, a novel bidirectional communications framework using front-facing cameras and displays of smartphones. In the CamTalk framework, two smartphones exchange information via barcodes: information is encoded into barcodes that are displayed on the screen of the origin device, and those barcodes are captured by the front-facing camera of the destination device and decoded; Both devices can send and receive barcodes at the same time. The general design of data transmission enables CamTalk to support a wide range of applications. More importantly, CamTalk’s communications channels are short-range, highly directional, fully observational, and immune to electromagnetic interference, which makes CamTalk very appealing for secure communications and bootstrapping security applications. We have implemented CamTalk on the Android platform and conducted extensive experiments to evaluate its performance on both Android smartphones and tablets. Our experimental results demonstrate the efficacy of CamTalk in short-range wireless communications.
The sum-product theorem: a foundation for learning tractable models

Inference in expressive probabilistic models is generally intractable, which makes them difficult to learn and limits their applicability. Sum-product networks are a class of deep models where, surprisingly, inference remains tractable even when an arbitrary number of hidden layers are present. In this paper, we generalize this result to a much broader set of learning problems: all those where inference consists of summing a function over a semiring. This includes satisfiability, constraint satisfaction, optimization, integration, and others. In any semiring, for summation to be tractable it suffices that the factors of every product have disjoint scopes. This unifies and extends many previous results in the literature. Enforcing this condition at learning time thus ensures that the learned models are tractable. We illustrate the power and generality of this approach by applying it to a new type of structured prediction problem: learning a nonconvex function that can be globally optimized in polynomial time. We show empirically that this greatly out-performs the standard approach of learning without regard to the cost of optimization.
Trauma associated sleep disorder: A proposed parasomnia encompassing disruptive nocturnal behaviors, nightmares and REM without atonia in trauma survivors

Study Objectives:To characterize the clinical, polysomnographic and treatment responses of patients with disruptive nocturnal behaviors (DNB) and nightmares following traumatic experiences.Methods:...
A Coupled Shear Stress-Diffusion Model for Adhesively Bonded Single Lap Joints

In this study, a coupled shear stress-diffusion model is developed for the analysis of adhesively bonded single lap joints by applying Fickian diffusion model to the adhesive layer. Differential equations of equilibrium are formulated in terms of adhesive material properties that are time and location-dependent. By invoking a Volkersen approach on the equilibrium equations, a shear stress differential equation is formulated, and numerically solved. Several scenarios are considered for investigating the effect of diffusion on shear stress distribution in adhesively bonded single lap joints. Detailed discussion of the results is presented.Copyright © 2016 by ASME
Laudato Si’ and a Spirituality of Resiliency

This article examines Pope Francis’ encyclical letter, Laudato si’, from the perspective of a spirituality of presence, which it relates to resiliency, or the ability of organizations to respond to current or emerging crises. This spirituality consists of two dimensions: the prophetic and the contemplative. This article explores both dimensions and demonstrates their application in a business context. In addition, an important part of a spirituality of presence is Sabbath, which allows for the rest and re-centering of the individual and organization. Once “frenetic activity” ceases, both the leader and the organization can begin the work of anticipating, preparing for, and responding to crises. The focus of this article, therefore, is on the person of the business leader and how he or she might prepare for resiliency individually and then lead an organization through a crisis. The particular crisis the article is concerned with is environmental deterioration as treated in the papal encyclical.
INCIDENCE AND RISK FACTORS FOR SURGICAL SITE INFECTION FOLLOWING TIBIAL PLATEAU FRACTURE ORIF

Objective To identify risk factors for surgical site infections and to quantify the contribution of independent risk factors to the probability of developing infection after definitive fixation of tibial plateau fractures. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed at a Level I trauma center between 2004 and 2010. A total of 251 consecutive patients (256 cases) were divided into two groups, those with and those without a surgical site infection. Preoperative and perioperative variables were compared between these groups and risk factors were determined by univariate analyses and multivariate logistic regression. Results The overall rate of surgical site infection after tibial plateau ORIF was 7.8% (20 of 256). The most common causative pathogens was Staphylococcus aureus (n=15, 75%). Independent predictors of surgical site infection identified by multivariate analyses were open tibial plateau fracture (odds ratio =3.9; 95% confidence interval=1.3–11.6, p =0.015) and operative time (odds ratio=2.7; 95% confidence interval=1.6 − 4.4; p Conclusions Both open fracture and operative time are independent risks factors for post operative infection.
Regional distribution of feline esophageal blood flow.

The regional distribution of esophageal blood flow has not been studied in man or in an animal whose esophageal musculature is histologically similar. The cat is the only common laboratory animal whose esophagus, like man’s, contains both striated and smooth muscle in the muscularis externa. Nutrient blood flow to sequential mucosal and muscular segments of the feline esophagus was determined by use of the indicator fractionation technique and cardiac output studies. The smooth muscle of the muscularis externa received a slightly higher flow (21 ml per min per 100 g) than did striated muscle (17 ml per min per 100 g). This relative similarity of nutrient flow to these histologically different muscle types may reflect that they function in concert in the esophagus and are under similar neural control. Blood flow to 1 gram of esophageal mucosa and muscularis externa was similar. This distribution differs from that reported for the stomach and small bowel where 1 gram of mucosa receives a greater nutrient flow than does the muscularis externa. These distribution differences reflect functional and morphological differences between these parts of the gastrointestinal tract.
Uber-in-light: Unobtrusive visible light communication leveraging complementary color channel

Recently, Visible Light Communication (VLC) over a screen-camera channel has drawn considerable attention to unobtrusive design. It overcomes the distractive nature of traditional coded image approaches (e.g., barcodes). Previous unobtrusive methods fall into two categories: 1) utilizing alpha channel, a well known concept in computer graphics, to encode bits into the pixel translucency change with off-the-shelf smart devices; and 2) leveraging the spatial-temporal flicker-fusion property of human vision system with the fast frame rate of modern displays. However, these approaches heavily rely on high-end devices to achieve both unobtrusive and high accuracy screen-camera-based data communication without affecting video-viewing experience. Unlike previous approaches, we propose Uber-in-light, a novel unobtrusive and accurate VLC system, that enables real-time screen-camera communication, applicable to any screen and camera. The proposed system encodes the data as complementary intensity changes over Red, Green, and Blue (RGB) color channels that could be successfully decoded by camera while leaving the human visual perception unaffected. We design a MFSK modulation scheme with dedicated frame synchronization signal embedded in an orthogonal color channel to achieve high throughput. Furthermore, together with the complementary color intensity, an enhanced MUSIC-based demodulation scheme is developed to ensure highly accurate data transmission. Our user experience experiments confirmed the effectiveness of delivering unobtrusive data across different types of video content and resolutions. Extensive real-time performance evaluations are conducted using our prototype implementation to demonstrate the efficiency and reliability of the proposed system under diverse wireless environments.
Parenthood re-discovered: Views of recovered parents

AbstractThere is a growing body of research on the effects of parents’ alcohol and substance abuse problems on family members, which examines for example the effects and risks to children. In this article, we approach the theme from the perspective of parents who have recovered from alcohol and substance abuse problems. The research question in this study asks how recovered parents describe their re-discovered parenthood. The study is part of a wider “Growing up in the Finnish Drinking Culture” -project, conducted by the National Institute for Health and Welfare, Finland. The qualitative data consist of individual, pair and group interviews with parents (N = 32). The parents were diagnosed with alcohol and or substance abuse problems and they all had undergone successful treatment. The data were analysed using subject position analysis, with six subject positions identified in parents’ accounts: Apprentice, Experienced; Emotion worker, Functional parent; Struggler and Optimist. Our study contributes to un...
The IRIDIUM communications system

The IRIDIUM communications system is to be a global, digital, satellite-based, personal communications system primarily intended to provide low-density, portable service via hand-held subscriber units, using low-profile antennas. Calls could be made and received anywhere in the world with a personal, pocket-size, portable unit. A constellation of small satellites are to be internetted to form the network's backbone. Small, battery-powered, cellular-telephone-like user units are to communicate directly with the satellites. Terrestrial gateways are to interface the satellite network with the Public Switched Telephone Network. The system is intended to complement the terrestrial telephone network in densely populated areas by providing a similar service everywhere else in the world. Brief descriptions are given of the components of IRIDIUM: the G6-satellite constellation, the system control facility, the gateways, the subscriber units, and the communication networks. >
Multi-soliton pulse characterization and compression

Shaper-based characterization and compression of the multi-soliton output of a large-mode area photonic-crystal fiber pumped at 1550 nm is presented. Spectral phase correction of each soliton in the output results in sub-30 fs pulses.
Molecular signatures associated with ZIKV exposure in human cortical neural progenitors

Zika virus (ZIKV) infection causes microcephaly and has been linked to other brain abnormalities. How ZIKV impairs brain development and function is unclear. Here we systematically profiled transcriptomes of human neural progenitor cells exposed to Asian ZIKVC, African ZIKVM, and dengue virus (DENV). In contrast to the robust global transcriptome changes induced by DENV, ZIKV has a more selective and larger impact on expression of genes involved in DNA replication and repair. While overall expression profiles are similar, ZIKVC, but not ZIKVM, induces upregulation of viral response genes and TP53. P53 inhibitors can block the apoptosis induced by both ZIKVC and ZIKVM in hNPCs, with higher potency against ZIKVC-induced apoptosis. Our analyses reveal virus- and strain-specific molecular signatures associated with ZIKV infection. These datasets will help to investigate ZIKV-host interactions and identify neurovirulence determinants of ZIKV.
PathScore: a web tool for identifying altered pathways in cancer data.

PathScore quantifies the level of enrichment of somatic mutations within curated pathways, applying a novel approach that identifies pathways enriched across patients. The application provides several user-friendly, interactive graphic interfaces for data exploration, including tools for comparing pathway effect sizes, significance, gene-set overlap and enrichment differences between projects. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION Web application available at pathscore.publichealth.yale.edu. Site implemented in Python and MySQL, with all major browsers supported. Source code available at: github.com/sggaffney/pathscore with a GPLv3 license. CONTACT stephen.gaffney@yale.edu.
Angus Deaton’s Nobel Prize for Confronting Theory with Facts

Angus Deaton, recipient of the 2015 Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel, is broadly recognized as an outstanding applied economist who is well deserving of the prize. He has made a myriad of important contributions—alone and with renowned co-authors—across many fields. In this review of his work, I argue that it is his methodological consistency and focus on the two-way connection between empirics and theory, together with his attention to detail of how things are measured, that support his recognition by his peers. Informed by a career of doing careful econometric work using household surveys—especially on consumption, development, well-being and health—in his popular writing, Deaton chooses to focus on the importance of institutions, history and other disciplines.
Future Economic Information Embedded in High Yield Spreads

Bond spreads aggregate the market participants’ view of future economic activity. In this article, we examine the embedded information in the growth rate of high-yield bond spreads. We predict growth rates of economic variables one, two, three, and four quarters in the future using high-yield bond spreads. We examine 84 economic variables and report significant information embedded in the growth rate of the high-yield bond spread for 58 of the economic variables.
China’s new lost generation: the casualty of China’s economic transformation

AbstractChina’s surge into global middle-income status over the space of three decades has been spectacular. However, a potentially large and burdensome cost has been imposed on a generation of adolescents and young adults who abandoned the countryside, and with it access to basic education, in order to seek the anticipated advantages of jobs in the country’s burgeoning urban-industrial sector. This large swath of off-farm migrants transformed China. It propelled China to the status of the ‘world’s factory’ and created the scale and accumulated learning-by-doing enabling China’s transition to a ‘knowledge economy’ that no longer depends on the labor of China’s new ‘Lost Generation.’ As the Lost Generation and its left-behind children, who suffer from a chronic lack of schooling, thicken the lower tail of China’s income distribution, it may be the rising, prosperous urban middle class that ultimately incurs the social, economic, and political challenges associated with China’s generation of off-farm migran...
Gusts and Shear Within Hurricane Eyewalls Can Exceed Offshore Wind-Turbine Design Standards

Offshore wind-energy development is underway in the U.S.A., with proposed sites located in hurricane-prone regions. Turbine-design criteria outlined by the International Electrotechnical Commission do not encompass the extreme wind speeds and directional shifts of hurricanes stronger than Category 2. We examine a hurricane's turbulent eyewall using large-eddy simulations with Cloud Model 1 (CM1). Gusts and mean wind speeds near the eyewall of a Category 5 hurricane exceed the current Class I turbine design threshold of 50 m s-1 mean wind and 70 m s-1 gusts. Largest gust factors occur at the eye-eyewall interface. Further, shifts in wind direction suggest turbines must rotate or yaw faster than current practice. Although current design standards omit mention of wind direction change across the rotor layer, large values (15–50 deg) suggest that veer should be considered.
ASTRO-ELASTIC AND ASTRO-VISCOELASTIC SYSTEM ENGINEERING: OPTIMUM SOLAR SAIL CONFIGURATIONS BASED ON ASTRODYNAMICS, DESIGNER MATERIALS, SIZING AND GEOMETRIES

A generalized analysis is formulated that extends wind sail aerodynamics to a designer system engineering of solar sails through equivalent astrodynamics, astro-elasticity, astro- viscoelasticity, morphing and optimization. The analytical formulation is cast in terms of an inverse calculus of variations problem that leads to solutions yielding optimum solar sail material properties, sizing and geometries subject to preselected constraints, such as maximum thrust, high strength, minimum weight, stability and control, etc.
Distance to the pre-industrial technological frontier and economic development

This research explores the effects of distance to the pre-industrial technological frontiers on comparative economic development in the course of human history. It establishes theoretically and empirically that distance to the frontier had a persistent non-monotonic effect on a country’s pre-industrial economic development. In particular, advancing a novel measure of the travel time to the technological frontiers, the analysis establishes a robust persistent U-shaped relation between distance to the frontier and pre-industrial economic development across countries. Moreover, it demonstrates that countries, which throughout the last two millennia were relatively more distant from these frontiers, have higher contemporary levels of innovation and entrepreneurial activity, suggesting that distance from the frontier may have fostered the emergence of a culture conducive to innovation, knowledge creation, and entrepreneurship.
Nucleosome fragility is associated with future transcriptional response to developmental cues and stress in C. elegans

Nucleosomes have structural and regulatory functions in all eukaryotic DNA-templated processes. The position of nucleosomes on DNA and the stability of the underlying histone-DNA interactions affect the access of regulatory proteins to DNA. Both stability and position are regulated through DNA sequence, histone post-translational modifications, histone variants, chromatin remodelers, and transcription factors. Here, we explored the functional implications of nucleosome properties on gene expression and development in Caenorhabditis elegans embryos. We performed a time-course of micrococcal nuclease (MNase) digestion and measured the relative sensitivity or resistance of nucleosomes throughout the genome. Fragile nucleosomes were defined by nucleosomal DNA fragments that were recovered preferentially in early MNase-digestion time points. Nucleosome fragility was strongly and positively correlated with the AT content of the underlying DNA sequence. There was no correlation between promoter nucleosome fragility and the levels of histone modifications or histone variants. Genes with fragile nucleosomes in their promoters tended to be lowly expressed and expressed in a context-specific way, operating in neuronal response, the immune system, and stress response. In addition to DNA-encoded nucleosome fragility, we also found fragile nucleosomes at locations where we expected to find destabilized nucleosomes, for example, at transcription factor binding sites where nucleosomes compete with DNA-binding factors. Our data suggest that in C. elegans promoters, nucleosome fragility is in large part DNA-encoded and that it poises genes for future context-specific activation in response to environmental stress and developmental cues.
On Improving Authorship Attribution of Source Code

Authorship attribution of source code is the task of deciding who wrote a program, given its source code. Applications include software forensics, plagiarism detection, and determining software ownership. A number of methods for the authorship attribution of source code have been proposed. This paper presents an overview and critique of the state of the art in the field. An independent comparative study is presented using an unprecedented experimental design and data set, as well as proposals for improvements and future work.
Observation of two-photon photoemission from cesium telluride photocathodes excited by a near-infrared laser

We explore the nonlinear photoemission in cesium telluride (Cs2Te) photocathodes where an ultrashort (∼100 fs full width at half max) 800-nm infrared laser is used as the drive-laser in lieu of the typical ∼266-nm ultraviolet laser. An important figure of merit for photocathodes, the quantum efficiency, we define here for nonlinear photoemission processes in order to compare with linear photoemission. The charge against drive-laser (infrared) energy is studied for different laser energy and intensity values and cross-compared with previously performed similar studies on copper [P. Musumeci et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 104, 084801 (2010)], a metallic photocathode. We particularly observe two-photon photoemission in Cs2Te using the infrared laser in contrast to the anticipated three-photon process as observed for metallic photocathodes.
Flickr30k Entities: Collecting Region-to-Phrase Correspondences for Richer Image-to-Sentence Models

The Flickr30k dataset has become a standard benchmark for sentence-based image description. This paper presents Flickr30k Entities, which augments the 158k captions from Flickr30k with 244k coreference chains, linking mentions of the same entities across different captions for the same image, and associating them with 276k manually annotated bounding boxes. Such annotations are essential for continued progress in automatic image description and grounded language understanding. They enable us to define a new benchmark for localization of textual entity mentions in an image. We present a strong baseline for this task that combines an image-text embedding, detectors for common objects, a color classifier, and a bias towards selecting larger objects. While our baseline rivals in accuracy more complex state-of-the-art models, we show that its gains cannot be easily parlayed into improvements on such tasks as image-sentence retrieval, thus underlining the limitations of current methods and the need for further research.
Effects of maternal work incentives on youth crime

This study exploits differences in the implementation of welfare reform across states and over time to identify causal effects of maternal work incentives, and by inference employment, on youth arrests between 1988 and 2005, the period of time during which welfare reform unfolded. We consider both serious and minor crimes as classified by the Federal Bureau of Investigation, consider differential effects by the youth's gender and age, investigate the extent to which effects were stronger in states with more stringent work incentive policies and larger welfare caseload declines, and use a number of different model specifications to assess robustness and patterns. We find that welfare reform led to reduced arrests for minor crime among youth ages 15-17 years by 9-11 %, with similar estimates for males and females, but that it did not affect youth arrests for serious crimes. The results from this study add to a scant knowledge base about the effects of maternal employment on adolescent behavior by exploiting a large-scale social experiment that greatly increased employment of low-skilled women. The results also provide some support for the widely-embraced argument that welfare reform would discourage undesirable social behavior, not only of mothers, but also of the next generation.
HIP JOINT PRESERVATION: AVOIDING ARTHROPLASTY

Surgical invention to preserve the native hip joint remains a preferred treatment option for hips in young patients with mechanically correctable pathologies prior to the development of significant secondary arthrosis. The two most common pathologies most amenable to joint preservation are hip dysplasia and femoroacetabular impingement. These pathologies sometimes overlap. Untreated acetabular dysplasia of modest severity, if left uncorrected, always leads to arthrosis. Acetabular dysplasia is best treated by periacetabular osteotomy, usually combined with arthrotomy for management of labral pathology and associated cam-impingement, if present. Correction of deformities on the femoral side is now less common and reserved for only the more severe combined femoral and acetabular dysplasias or the rare isolated femoral dysplasia. Pre-operative variables associated with the best long-term outcomes include less secondary arthrosis, younger age, and concentric articular surfaces. Femoroacetabular impingement has become progressively recognised as perhaps the most common cause of secondary arthrosis. The etiology of impingement is multifactorial and includes both genetic factors and stresses experienced by the hip prior to cessation of growth. Cam impingement can be quantified by the alpha angle as measured on plain radiographs and radial MR sequences. Further, significant cam impingement is clearly associated with the development of osteoarthrosis. Treatment can be performed either by arthroscopic or open femoral head-neck osteochondroplasty. As with hip dysplasia, prognosis following treatment is correlated with the severity of pre-operative secondary arthrosis but unfortunately impinging hips more commonly have some degree of arthrosis pre-op whereas dysplastic hips can become symptomatic with the onset of instability in the absence of significant secondary arthrosis. The scientific basis for the treatment of pincer impingement is less strong. Unlike cam impingement and hip dysplasia, pincer impingement pathology in the absence of coxa profunda has not been correlated with arthrosis and so rim trimming with labral refixation is probably performed more often than is clinically indicated. Similarly, caution should be exercised when considering rim-trimming for protrusion since high central contact pressures due to an enlarged acetabular notch are not corrected by rim trimming. Overall, joint preserving surgery remains the preferred treatment for hips with mechanically correctable problems prior to the development of significant secondary arthrosis.
Self-similar Singularity of a 1D Model for the 3D Axisymmetric Euler Equations

We investigate the self-similar singularity of a 1D model for the 3D axisymmetric Euler equations, which approximates the dynamics of the Euler equations on the solid boundary of a cylindrical domain. We prove the existence of a discrete family of self-similar profiles for this model and analyze their far-field properties. The self-similar profiles we find are consistent with direct simulation of the model and enjoy some stability property.
Properties of real metallic surfaces: Effects of density functional semilocality and van der Waals nonlocality

We have computed the surface energies, work functions, and interlayer surface relaxations of clean (111), (100), and (110) surfaces of Al, Cu, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Pt, and Au. We interpret the surface energy from liquid metal measurements as the mean of the solid-state surface energies over these three lowest-index crystal faces. We compare experimental (and random phase approximation) reference values to those of a family of nonempirical semilocal density functionals, from the basic local density approximation (LDA) to our most advanced general purpose meta-generalized gradient approximation, strongly constrained and appropriately normed (SCAN). The closest agreement is achieved by the simplest density functional LDA, and by the most sophisticated one, SCAN+rVV10 (Vydrov-Van Voorhis 2010). The long-range van der Waals interaction, incorporated through rVV10, increases the surface energies by about 10%, and increases the work functions by about 3%. LDA works for metal surfaces through two known error cancellations. The Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof generalized gradient approximation tends to underestimate both surface energies (by about 24%) and work functions (by about 4%), yielding the least-accurate results. The amount by which a functional underestimates these surface properties correlates with the extent to which it neglects van der Waals attraction at intermediate and long range. Qualitative arguments are given for the signs of the van der Waals contributions to the surface energy and work function. A standard expression for the work function in Kohn-Sham (KS) theory is shown to be valid in generalized KS theory. Interlayer relaxations from different functionals are in reasonable agreement with one another, and usually with experiment.
Warm Ionized Medium throughout the Sagittarius–Carina Arm

Wisconsin H-Alpha Mapper (WHAM) observations of H-Alpha and [S II]$\lambda6716$ emission are used to trace the vertical distribution and physical conditions of the warm ionized medium (WIM) along the Sagittarius-Carina arm. CO emission, tracing cold molecular gas in the plane of the Galaxy, is used as a guide to isolate H-Alpha and [S II] emission along individual spiral arms. Exponential scale heights of electron density squared (or emission measure) are determined using H-Alpha emission above (below) the midplane to be $330 \pm 80$ pc ( $550 \pm 230$ pc) along the near Sagittarius arm, $300 \pm 100$ pc ($250 \pm 30$ pc) along the near Carina arm, and $>1000$ pc along the far Carina arm. The emission measure scale height tends to increase as a function of Galactocentric radius along the Sagittarius-Carina arm for $R_G > 8$ kpc. Physical conditions of the ionized gas are analyzed using the [S II]/H-Alpha line ratio, which more closely traces H-Alpha Intensity than height above the plane, z, suggesting a stronger relationship with the in-situ electron density. We interpret this result as further evidence for the majority of the observed diffuse emission originating from in-situ ionized gas as opposed to scattered light from classical H II regions in the plane.
Parental substance abuse and risks to children's safety, health and psychological development

Aims: This study looks at the connection between parents’ substance abuse and their 0–6 years old children’s somatic and psychological health. Methods: A retrospective population-based cohort study...
An Automatic Child-Directed Speech Detector for the Study of Child Language Development.

In this paper, we present an automatic child-directed speech detection system to be used in the study of child language development. Child-directed speech (CDS) is speech that is directed by caregivers towards infants. It is not uncommon for corpora used in child language development studies to have a combination of CDS and non-CDS. As the size of the corpora used in these studies grow, manual annotation of CDS becomes impractical. Our automatic CDS detector addresses this issue. The focus of this paper is to propose and evaluate different sets of features for the detection of CDS, using several offthe-shelf classifiers. First, we look at the performance of a set of acoustic features. We continue by combining these acoustic features with several linguistic and eventually contextual features. Using the full set of features, our CDS detector was able to correctly identify CDS with an accuracy of .88 and F1 score of .87 using Naive Bayes.
Bulk locality from modular flow

We study the reconstruction of bulk operators in the entanglement wedge in terms of low energy operators localized in the respective boundary region. To leading order in N, the dual boundary operators are constructed from the modular flow of single trace operators in the boundary subregion. The appearance of modular evolved boundary operators can be understood due to the equality between bulk and boundary modular flows and explicit formulas for bulk operators can be found with a complete understanding of the action of bulk modular flow, a difficult but in principle solvable task. We also obtain an expression when the bulk operator is located on the Ryu-Takayanagi surface which only depends on the bulk to boundary correlator and does not require the explicit use of bulk modular flow. This expression generalizes the geodesic operator/OPE block dictionary to general states and boundary regions.
A Century of Portraits: A Visual Historical Record of American High School Yearbooks

Imagery offers a rich description of our world and communicates a volume and type of information that cannot be captured by text alone. Since the invention of the camera, an ever-increasing number of photographs document our “visual culture” complementing historical texts. Currently, this treasure trove of knowledge can only be analyzed manually by historians, and only at small scale. In this paper, we perform automated analysis on a large-scale historical image dataset. Our main contributions are: 1) A publicly available dataset of 168,055 (37,921 frontal-facing) American high school yearbook portraits. 2) Weakly supervised data-driven techniques to discover historical visual trends in fashion and identify date-specific visual patterns. 3) A classifier to predict when a portrait was taken, with median error of 4 years for women and 6 for men. 4) A new method for discovering and displaying the visual elements used by the classifier to perform the dating task, finding that they correspond to the tell-tale fashions of each era.
Estimating the relationship between labour market tightness, unemployment insurance benefits and union election activity

ABSTRACTUsing detailed data from the US National Labor Relations Board, we find labour market tightness, defined as the ratio of job vacancies to the number of unemployed, has a positive relationsh...
On Sensitivity Value of Pair-Matched Observational Studies

ABSTRACTThis article proposes a new quantity called the “sensitivity value,” which is defined as the minimum strength of unmeasured confounders needed to change the qualitative conclusions of a naive analysis assuming no unmeasured confounder. We establish the asymptotic normality of the sensitivity value in pair-matched observational studies. The theoretical results are then used to approximate the power of a sensitivity analysis and select the design of a study. We explore the potential to use sensitivity values to screen multiple hypotheses in the presence of unmeasured confounding using a microarray dataset. Supplementary materials for this article are available online.
Direct Ensemble Estimation of Density Functionals

Estimating density functionals of analog sources is an important problem in statistical signal processing and information theory. Traditionally, estimating these quantities requires either making parametric assumptions about the underlying distributions or using non-parametric density estimation followed by integration. In this paper we introduce a direct nonparametric approach which bypasses the need for density estimation by using the error rates of k-NN classifiers as “data-driven” basis functions that can be combined to estimate a range of density functionals. However, this method is subject to a non-trivial bias that dramatically slows the rate of convergence in higher dimensions. To overcome this limitation, we develop an ensemble method for estimating the value of the basis function which, under some minor constraints on the smoothness of the underlying distributions, achieves the parametric rate of convergence regardless of data dimension.
Why Do Some Oil-Rich Countries Perform Better Than Others?

Progress in child mortality reduction and education attainment varies widely among oil-rich countries. This paper investigates the causes of this variation using an empirical model that departs from the available literature in allowing for explicit measurement of the impact of initial levels of child mortality and education attainment. The results show that the following four variables are statistically significant and robust across various specifications: public spending on health and education, economic growth rates, caloric sufficiency, and initial levels of child mortality and education attainment. Further analysis was conducted to determine the economic significance of these factors by examining the contribution of each to the fitted growth rates (as a deviation from the sample mean) of child mortality and secondary school enrollment for 14 oil-rich developing countries. The analysis reveals some interesting patterns. First, initial conditions dominate the results for education attainment: the initial level of secondary school enrollment in 1980 is the dominant factor in explaining subsequent improvements in 10 of the 14 oil-rich developing countries for which calculations could be performed. Second, policy factors worked in different ways in different countries. A high degree of caloric sufficiency enabled countries in the Middle East and North Africa to reduce child mortality faster, while low levels of caloric sufficiency prevented African oil-rich countries, such as Angola and the Republic of Congo, from making progress. Third, levels of public spending were not economically critical for gains in school enrollment, although they were important in a few country cases for improvements in child mortality rates.