cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Intraarticular corticosteroid injections of the temporomandibular joint in juvenile idiopathic arthritis.

Objective To describe the clinical and radiographic outcomes in a series of patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) who underwent one or more intraarticular corticosteroid (IAS) injections of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) performed without imaging guidance. Methods Retrospective chart review was performed for all patients with JIA diagnosed and treated at our institution between January 1, 2000, and January 1, 2006, who underwent one or more IAS injections of their TMJ. IAS injections were performed by the same oral and maxillofacial surgeon without imaging guidance, using either triamcinolone acetonide or triamcinolone hexacetonide. The primary outcomes assessed were maximal incisal opening (MIO) measurements, patient-reported symptoms, physical examination findings, and imaging results. Results Twenty-five patients were identified. Twenty-one (84%) had radiographic evidence of TMJ disease when TMJ disease was first suspected by their physician. The 25 patients underwent 74 IAS injections on 47 separate occasions. When baseline MIO measurements were compared to the last MIO measurements of the study period, there was a mean increase in MIO of 6.9 mm (p = 0.002; 95% CI 3, 10.7). There was a mean increase in MIO of 3.8 mm following each IAS injection (p = 0.003; 95% CI 1.4, 6.2). Patients who underwent multiple IAS injections had a mean increase in MIO after first injection of 6.6 mm (p Conclusion In this patient population, there was an overall increase in MIO measurements following initial IAS injection and during the study period. Patients tended to have minimal response to subsequent injections. IAS injections performed without imaging guidance by an experienced oral and maxillofacial surgeon were well tolerated with only rare adverse events. The presence of radiographic changes when the physician first suspected TMJ disease in 84% of patients emphasizes the need for better screening and early intervention for synovitis in this joint.
Circularly polarized antenna using metasurface with interdigital capacitor and tilted slot loadings

In this paper a metasurface-based circularly polarized antenna is designed and simulated. The metasurface (MS) loaded with interdigital capacitors and titled slots are proposed to convert linearly polarized (LP) signal from the feeding monopole into circularly polarized (CP) signal radiated at broadside. The MS based antenna has a compact footprint of 0.31λ 0 2 and a thickness of 0.07λ 0 . According to the full-wave simulation results, in spite of a small dimension, the antenna still achieves a gain of 5.7 dBi, a high front-to-back ratio, and an axial ratio < 3 dB within a wide bandwidth.
The structure and expression of two defective adenovirus 2/simian virus 40 hybrids

Two new defective adenovirus 2/simian virus 40 hybrids (Ad2+ D1 and Ad2 + D2) have been isolated from the population known as Ad2++ HEY (Lewis & Rowe, 1970). The structure of their genomes has been determined by analysis with restriction enzymes, hybridization and electron microscopy. The DNA of Ad2+D1 is almost equal in size to that of its helper, adenovirus 2. It contains an insertion of simian virus 40 (SV40) sequences 3.2 × 103 bases long in place of the 3.5 × 103 base segment of adenovirus 2 DNA which maps between 0.64 and 0.74 fractional genome lengths from the left end of the viral DNA. The insertion which encompasses the entire early region of the SV40 genome, comprises the segment of DNA lying between positions 71 and 10: it is oriented with the sequences coding for the carboxy terminus of the A gene protein to the left. The DNA of Ad2+D2 is shorter than that of adenovirus 2 by approximately 6%. The segment mapping between 0.76 and 0.96 fractional genome lengths from the left end of adenovirus 2 DNA is absent: in its place is inserted a stretch of DNA, 5.0 × 103 bases in length which comprises all the sequences of the SV40 genome apart from those lying between map positions 54 and 63. By contrast to Ad2+D1, the ‘early’ SV40 sequences in Ad2+D2 are transcribed from left to right. RNA complementary to the ‘early’ sequences of the E strand of SV40 DNA is present in the cytoplasm at both early and late times after infection of monkey cells by Ad2+D1. No transcripts of the viral L strand were detected. SV40-specific RNA was found in the cytoplasm of cells infected with Ad2+D2, only at late times after infection. The most abundant species was complementary to the coding sequences of the E strand of SV40 DNA. Transcripts of the L strand were also present, but in significantly lesser quantity. Proteins related to SV40-specific T antigen were detected in infected cells by immunofluorescence and by immunoprecipitation with sera from hamsters bearing tumors induced by SV40. The major polypeptide precipitated from extracts of cells infected with Ad2+D1 migrated through sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gels at the same rate as SV40 T antigen: its apparent molecular weight is 96,000. A significantly larger polypeptide (Mr = 115,000) is precipitated from extracts of cells infected by Ad2+D2. Consideration of the structures of the genomes of Ad2+D1 and Ad2+D2 leads us to believe that Ad2+D1 may have arisen by recombination between members of the Ad2++HEY hybrid pool and adenovirus 2, while Ad2+D2 was most likely generated by recombination events between adenovirus 2 and free SV40.
822 DECREASED NUMBERS OF T CELLS AND SUBPOPULATIONS, INCREASED MITOGEN REACTIVITY AND DEFECTIVE IMMUNOGLOBULIN SYNTHESIS IN ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA IN LONG TERM REMISSION

Fifteen patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia in long term remission were studied. Nine patients were in remission for 6 months to 4 years following 5 years of chemotherapy and 6 patients were 3 years into remission and receiving maintenance chemotherapy. T cells were enumerated by the E-sheep-red-cell rosette method, subpopulations of T cells (Tγ and Tμ) by ox-red cell IgM and IgG rosette formation, B cells by membrane immunoglobulin fluorescence. Mitogen stimulated cultures used phytohemagglutinin, concanavalin A and pokeweed mitogen. Immunoglobulin synthesis was estimated by a radioimmunoassay of the supernatant of pokeweed mitogen stimulated cultures. The total leukocyte count was significantly decreased (p 0.1). T cells were significantly decreased (p<0.005). Subpopulations of T cells, Tγ and Tμ cells showed significantly lowered numbers, more so in the patients who were receiving chemotherapy, (p<0.05). Mitogen stimulated cultures in 3 patients showed normal to increased H3 thymidine incorporation in fetal calf serum, allogenic serum and autologous serum. Preliminary studies detected low immunoglobulin levels in pokeweed mitogen stimulated supernates of 2 patients tested.
Phase relationships of the oxygen-containing 20 and 25 percent zirconium-niobium alloys☆

Abstract The oxygen addition mechanism of the 20 and 25 at.% zirconium-niobium alloys was studied at 1000°, 1100° and 1200°C. The high-temperature oxygen-solubility limit was found to be less than 100 p.p.m. (0.05 at.%) and essentially temperature-independent. As the solubility limit is exceeded, the equilibrium phase which formed was identified as oxygen-saturated α-zirconium.
Intensive care unit and hospital mortality in patients with obstructive sleep apnea.

Abstract Introduction Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common disorder affecting between 5% and 24% of men and women. The prevalence of OSA in the intensive care unit (ICU) population is unknown. This study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of OSA in patients admitted to the ICU and to determine if OSA is an independent predictor of mortality. Methods This is a retrospective study using an Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation III database cross-referenced to a comprehensive clinical database to identify patients with and without OSA admitted to medical, surgical, and mixed ICUs at a large academic medical center. Results Between January 2003 and December 2005, 15 077 patients were admitted to the ICUs; and of these, 1183 (7.8%) had a physician-documented diagnosis of OSA. Eight hundred thirty-five (71%) patients had polysomnographic testing at our institution with a documented apnea-hypopnea index more than 5 per hour. Patients with OSA were younger (59.1 ± 14.0 vs 62.3 ± 18.0), male (58.9% vs 53.7%), and had lower Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation III scores (45.3 ± 24.1 vs 54.9 ± 27.7). Predicted mortality (10.3% ± 16.4% vs16.3 ± 21.7), median ICU length of stay (1.13 vs 1.50 days), ICU mortality (2.4% vs 6.2%), and hospital mortality (3.9% vs 11.4%) were all reduced in patients with OSA, P values Conclusions Obstructive sleep apnea is common in patients admitted to the ICU. Obstructive sleep apnea was associated with a reduction in both ICU and hospital mortality.
Fistula from the superior mesenteric artery to duodenum: A rare cause of death from pancreatic carcinoma

A fistula from the superior mesenteric artery to the duodenum is an extremely rare complication of pancreatic carcinoma. It presents with overwhelming upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage and can lead to death from blood loss.
Production of organic molecules in the outer solar system by proton irradiation: Laboratory simulations

Preliminary experiments to investigate the formation of colored polymers and other interesting molecules by the irradiation of gas mixtures with protons are discussed. As in previous experiments, colored polymers were produced. An important feature of the present work is the presence or absence of absorption at 5 microns in the different materials produced; Titan is quite dark at this wavelength and Io is fairly bright. Such features may provide criteria for accepting or rejecting various materials produced in these experiments as reasonable coloring agents for the outer solar system.
Coulomb plasticity within the fault zone

We represent a well-developed fault by a layer of granular material (fault gouge) confined between two competent fault blocks. Slip on such a fault involves plastic shearing of the fault gouge. That is, the fault gouge behaves as a Coulomb material, and the plastic flow is accomplished by slip on the two sets of Coulomb shears appropriate to the stress state and the frictional properties of the gouge. Neither set of Coulomb shears is coplanar with the fault zone. Generally, the initial plastic flow is self arresting, and increased shear stress is required to drive further shear. But as the shear stress is increased a stress state is reached within the gouge in which the plane of maximum shear stress is parallel to the plane of the fault zone. Then the fault gouge shears at whatever rate is required to keep the shear stress across the fault from increasing further as was demonstrated experimentally by Mandl et al. [1977]. In a mature fault previous slip cycles have presumably left the fault gouge in a stress state such that the plane of maximum shear is parallel to the fault plane. Then, with additional shear loading, unlimited shear deformation is possible at the shear stress corresponding to the onset of Coulomb failure, and the fault appears to slip as if friction on the plane of the fault were less than on planes of other orientations. Slip on the fault does not imply that the fault plane coincides with a Coulomb shear as is sometimes assumed.
The Control of Lateral Root Development in Cultured Pea Seedlings. II. Root Fasciation Induced by Auxin Inhibitors

Lateral root development in cultured seedlings of Pisum sativum (cv. Alaska) was modified by the application of auxin transport inhibitors or antagonists. When applied either to replace the root tip or beneath the cotyledonary node, two auxin transport inhibitors, 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA) and 3,3a-dihydro-2-(p-methoxyphenyl)-8H-pyrazolo[5,1-α]isoindol-8-one (DPX-1840), increased cell division activity opposite the protoxylem poles. This resulted in the formation of masses of cells, which we are calling root primordial masses (RPMs), 2 to 3 days after treatment. RPMs differed from lateral root primordia in that they lacked apical organization. Some roots however developed both RPMs and lateral roots indicating that both structures were similar in terms of the timing and location of cell division in the pericycle and endodermis leading to their initiation. Removal of the auxin transport inhibitors allowed many of the RPMs to organize later into lateral root primordia and to emerge in clusters. When the auxin, indoleacetic acid (IAA) was added to the growth medium along with DPX-1840, 3 ranks of RPMs now in the form of fasciated lateral roots emerged from the primary root. The auxin antagonist, p-chlorophenoxy-isobutyric acid (PCIB), also induced RPM formation. In contrast to DPX-1840 treatment, the addition of IAA during PCIB treatment caused normal lateral root development.
Euclidean shortest path in the presence of obstacles

We consider the problem of finding the (Euclidean) shortest path SP(s, t) between two points s and t in the plane, in the presence of obstacles. Lee and Preparata considered a special case, where the obstacles are n disjoint segments parallel to the y-axis. Let V be the set consisting of s, t and the endpoints of the n segments. They showed that the shortest path between s and any point in V is monotone with respect to the x-axis. Let SPT(V) denote the Shortest Path Tree on V that consists of the shortest path from s to each point in V. They presented an O(n log n) algorithm for constructing SPT(V) and an Ω(n log n) lower bound for finding SP(s, t). Their algorithm first sorts the segments according to their abscissae and then constructs SPT(V) by sweeping a vertical line from s to t. Their lower bound proof is based on the fact that any algorithm that finds SP(s, t) must actually sort the segments according to their abscissae. We prove that even if the segments are given in sorted order of their abscissae, Ω(n log n) time is still required to find SPT(V). The sweep-line technique for finding SP(s, t) can be used whenever SP(s, t) is monotone. Lee and Preparata stated that SP(s, t) is monotone for arbitrary obstacles, if the projections of any two obstacles on the x-axis do not overlap. We prove that SP(s, t) is monotone if the projections of any two obstacles do not partially overlap, and s and t are, respectively, to the left and to the right of all the obstacles.
Standard foundations for nonstandard analysis

In the thirty years since its invention by Abraham Robinson, nonstandard analysis has become a useful tool for research in many areas of mathematics. It seems fair to say, however, that the search for practically satisfactory foundations for the subject is not yet completed. New proposals, intended to remedy various shortcomings of older approaches, continue to be put forward. The objective of this paper is to show that nonstandard concepts have a natural place in the usual (more or less “standard”) set theory, and to argue that this approach improves upon various aspects of hitherto considered systems, while retaining most of their attractive features. We do this by working in Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory with non-well-founded sets. It has always been clear that the axiom of regularity may fail for external sets. The previous approaches either avoid non-well-foundedness by considering only that fragment of nonstandard set theory that is well-founded (over individuals; enlargements of Robinson and Zakon [17]) or reluctantly live with it (various axiomatic nonstandard set theories). Ballard and Davidon [2] were the first to propose constructive use for non-well-foundedness in the foundations of nonstandard analysis. In the present paper we adopt a very strong anti-foundation axiom. In the resulting more or less “usual” set theory, the (to the “standard” mathematician) unfamiliar concepts of standard, external and internal sets can be defined and their requisite properties proved (rather than postulated, as is the case in axiomatic nonstandard set theories).
Resolution of basic cellular proteins including histone variants by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis: Evaluation of lysine to arginine ratios and phosphorylation

Abstract A procedure is described which resolves histones and other very basic cellular polypeptides from solubilized whole cells by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. The entry of histones into the gel was apparently quantitative when salt and protamine were added to solubilization buffers containing urea and detergents. Histones and basic polypeptides in the histone region of the gels were identified and characterized by comparison with purified histones and by determining lysine to arginine ratios of individual spots. Phosphorylated derivatives of the nucleosome histones were clearly resolved from stained spots in the charge dimension. Some phosphorylated H1's comgrated with the stained spots and some were retarded in the charge dimension. Acetylated nucleosome histones were nearly coincident with stained spots. The usefulness of this technique for evaluating changes in post-translational modification of histones was illustrated by showing that one H1-like protein increased in 32 P content when C-6 cells were treated with a β-adrenergic agonist.
The explosive volcanic eruption signal in northern hemisphere continental temperature records

Several catalogs of explosive volcanic eruptions are reviewed and their limitations assessed. A new, homogeneous set of high quality gridded temperature data for continental regions of the northern hemisphere is then examined in relation to the timing of major explosive eruptions. Several of the largest eruptions are associated with significant drops in summer and fall temperatures, whereas pronounced negative anomalies in winter and spring temperatures are generally unrelated to volcanic activity. The effect of explosive eruptions on temperature decreases latitudinally away from the location of the eruption. High latitude eruptions have the greatest impact on high and mid latitudes; low latitude eruptions mainly influence low and mid latitudes. Temperature depressions following major eruptions are very abrupt but short-lived (1 to 3 months) decreasing in magnitude over the course of the subsequent 1 to 3 years. Generally any signal is indistinguishable from noise after 12 months but a small recurrent drop in temperature is evident about 12 to 24 months after the initial anomaly. Considering all known eruptions which injected material into the stratosphere over the last 100 years (except the 5 largest eruptions) a significant temperature depression is observed over the continents only in the month immediately following the eruption. There is no evidence that large eruptions over the last 100 years have had a significant effect on low frequency temperature changes.
Flow development in a model airway bronchus

Three-dimensional laminar flow profiles were measured at each of three axial stations downstream from the inlet of a slowly tapering tube of constant flow cross-section. It was found that strong inlet wall shear induces significant secondary swirl, whose downstream growth is initially consistent with an inviscid model of vorticity transfer. This secondary flow may act to retard the onset of local flow separation by convecting axial momentum into the boundary layer adjacent to the diverging wall of the tube. These observations could account for the similar geometric shape of major bronchial airways: the suppression of flow separation in pulmonary bifurcations would promote moire effective airway ventilation in the human lung.
Do early ionized calcium levels really matter in trauma patients

Background:Age, injury severity, and base deficit are commonly used prognostic indicators in trauma. This study investigates the relationship between ionized calcium (iCa) levels drawn on arrival to the emergency department, with injury severity, acidosis, hypotension, and mortality.Methods:Adult tr
MicroRNA-mediated Feedback and Feedforward Loops are Recurrent Network Motifs in Mammals

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are regulatory molecules that participate in diverse biological processes in animals and plants. While thousands of mammalian genes are potentially targeted by miRNAs, the functions of miRNAs in the context of gene networks are not well understood. Specifically, it is unknown whether miRNA-containing networks have recurrent circuit motifs, as has been observed in regulatory networks of bacteria and yeast. Here we develop a computational method that utilizes gene expression data to show that two classes of circuits-corresponding to positive and negative transcriptional coregulation of a miRNA and its targets-are prevalent in the human and mouse genomes. Additionally, we find that neuronal-enriched miRNAs tend to be coexpressed with their target genes, suggesting that these miRNAs could be involved in neuronal homeostasis. Our results strongly suggest that coordinated transcriptional and miRNA-mediated regulation is a recurrent motif to enhance the robustness of gene regulation in mammalian genomes.
Computer aided design and manufacturing (CAD/CAM) of hot forging dies

This paper reviews the status of CAD/CAM applications in forging and the significant variables of the forging process, which must be considered in developing and applying computer technology in forging. In addition, the principles of CAD/CAM for design and manufacture of finisher and blocker dies are reviewed. Examples are given to illustrate the computer simulation of metal flow to design blocker shapes for forging applications. Finally, the paper discusses the present status of CAD/CAM in forging, the immediate economic and practical applications of this technology, and the expected future research and development.
Recording oral activity in rats reveals a long-lasting subsensitivity to haloperidol as a function of duration of previous haloperidol treatment

Rats pretreated with no drug or with one of two dose levels of continuous haloperidol for 6, 12, or 24 weeks were then given a 5 month drug free interval followed by a single injection of 1 mg/kg haloperidol. Oral movement activity was recorded 2 days before and 7 days after the acute injection of haloperidol using a computerized scoring apparatus. Whereas prior to the acute injection there were no differences between groups, postinjection scores indicated a linear response curve, with the animals which had the least time of exposure showing the greatest increases in oral movement behavior. These data indicate that duration of treatment is a more important factor than is dose level in the development of persistent changes in dopamine-mediated oral activity.
P-28: A Novel Medical Diagnostic Tool for Non-Invasively Measuring Hemoglobin Utilizing Switchable H-PDLC Display Technology

We present results on a novel medical diagnostic tool using holographically formed polymer dispersed liquid crystal (H-PDLC) display cells. Anemia can be diagnosed through inspection of the palpebral conjunctiva. While qualitative inspection is insensitive, spectroscopically characterizing the conjunctiva significantly improves diagnoses. Spectral differences of the conjunctiva with changing hemoglobin concentration are given; along with changing CIE chromaticity coordinates. The ability of an H-PDLC stack to model these changes is explored, followed by experimental data showing representative responses of ten-micron H-PDLC stacks.
Comprehension of Pronominal Reference by Speakers of Black English

This study was concerned with the comprehension of pronoun reference by children from north Texas who used features of black English in their oral language. Forty-eight children were included in th...
Evaluation of delayed puberty in the female adolescent with chronic renal failure.

The purpose of this report is to discuss the differential diagnosis of delayed puberty in the adolescent female with chronic renal failure. The appropriate therapy varies depending on the etiology of the delay. Frasier syndrome — chronic renal failure with true gonadal dysgenesis — should be considered in the diagnosis of a normal phenotypic female with end-stage renal disease and delayed puberty.
The Incidence of the Mortgage Interest Deduction: Evidence from the Market for Home Purchase Loans

This article examines the incidence of the largest housing-related subsidy in the federal budget, the home mortgage interest deduction (MID). The author uses the difference in interest rates for loans made around the MID limit to identify the incidence of the subsidy. Using data on individual mortgages originated in 2004, the author estimates that for every $1,000 borrowed without the MID, the interest rate on the entire loan decreases by between 3.3 and 4.4 percent. Results suggest that lenders capture between 9 and 17 percent of the subsidy created by the home MID through higher mortgage interest rates.
Embolization of blunt trauma in the pediatric patient

The use of embolization for control of hemorrhage following blunt trauma is well accepted in the adult population. This paper describes 2 cases in which embolization techniques were used successfully to control hemorrhage following blunt trauma in pediatric patients.
IMMUNOGLOBULINS IN NZB/BL MICE : I. SERUM IMMUNOGLOBULIN LEVELS AND IMMUNOGLOBULIN CLASS OF ERYTHROCYTE AUTOANTIBODY

Determination of serum immunoglobulin levels in NZB and normal mice has indicated that an elevation of the γM-globulin level occurs in NZB mice. This can be demonstrated in young NZB mice well before other autoimmune manifestations are observed. A slight elevation of γM-globulin was also observed in NZB hybrid mice. Erythrocyte autoantibodies were analyzed by the direct Coombs' test with specific antiimmunoglobulin reagents. Autoantibodies in NZB mice can be of all immunoglobulin classes, although predominantly of γG1-class. In (NZB x NZC)F1 hybrid mice, although Coombs' positivity develops around the same age as in NZB mice, there is a greater restriction of the autoantibodies into γM- and γG1-classes. Preliminary attempts to quantitate immunoglobulins coating NZB red cells have shown that there are approximately 400 molecules of γM and 5000 molecules of γG-globulin per NZB mouse red cell.
Transcranial direct current stimulation enhances verbal working memory training performance over time and near transfer outcomes

Studies attempting to increase working memory (WM) capacity show promise in enhancing related cognitive functions but have also raised criticism in the broader scientific community given the inconsistent findings produced by these studies. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has been shown to enhance WM performance in a single session [Fregni, F., Boggio, P., Nitsche, M., Bermpohl, F., Anatal, A., Feredoes, E., et al. Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation of prefrontal cortex enhances working memory. Experimental Brain Research, 166, 23—30, 2005]; however, the extent to which tDCS might enhance learning on a WM training regime and the extent to which learning gains might transfer outside the training task remains largely unknown. To this end, participants engaged in an adaptive WM training task [previously utilized in Richmond, L., Morrison, A., Chein, J., & Olson, I. Working memory training and transfer in older adults. Psychology & Aging, 26, 813—822, 2011; Chein, J., & Morrison, A. Expanding the mind's workspace: Training and transfer effects with a complex working memory span task. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 17, 193—199, 2010] for 10 sessions over 2 weeks, concurrent with either active or sham stimulation of dorsolateral pFC. Before and after training, a battery of tests tapping domains known to relate to WM abilities was administered. Results show that tDCS enhanced learning on the verbal portion of the training task by 3.65 items. Furthermore, tDCS was shown to enhance near transfer to other untrained WM tasks in comparison with a no-contact control group. These results lend support to the idea that tDCS might bolster training and transfer gains in populations with compromised WM abilities.
Selection of Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO-K1) with reduced glutamate and aspartate uptake

Transport of L-[3H]glutamate into Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO-K1) was characterized and the results used to design a tritium suicide selection for cells with transport defects. Replicas of surviving colonies on polyester cloth disks were scrrened by autofluorography for reduced uptake and two mutant clones, Ed-A1 and Ed-B8, were obtained. Uptake of glutamate through a sodium-dependent system in both mutants was characterized by significant reductions inVmax and increases inKm compared to parental cells, but their response to removal of extracellular sodium differed, suggesting distinct mutations in the two lines. TheVmax of aspartate uptake through this system was reduced in both mutants, to one-ninth in the case of Ed-B8. Glutamate uptake through a sodium-independent system was not altered in either mutant. Surprisingly, acid-soluble intracellular pools of several amino acids were higher in both mutants.
Everyone thinks that an ability to do otherwise is necessary for free will and moral responsibility

Seemingly one of the most prominent issues that divide theorists about free will and moral responsibility concerns whether the ability to do otherwise is necessary for freedom and responsibility. I defend two claims in this paper. First, that this appearance is illusory: everyone thinks an ability to do otherwise is necessary for freedom and responsibility. The central issue is not whether the ability to do otherwise is necessary for freedom and responsibility but which abilities to do otherwise are necessary. Second, I argue that we cannot determine which abilities are necessary until we have determined the nature and justification of moral responsibility. Thus, theorizing about moral responsibility ought to take pride of place in theorizing about free will.
Bayesian hierarchical multi-subject multiscale analysis of functional MRI data

We develop a methodology for Bayesian hierarchical multi-subject multiscale analysis of functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) data. We begin by modeling the brain images temporally with a standard general linear model. After that, we transform the resulting estimated standardized regression coefficient maps through a discrete wavelet transformation to obtain a sparse representation in the wavelet space. Subsequently, we assign to the wavelet coefficients a prior that is a mixture of a point mass at zero and a Gaussian white noise. In this mixture prior for the wavelet coefficients, the mixture probabilities are related to the pattern of brain activity across different resolutions. To incorporate this information, we assume that the mixture probabilities for wavelet coefficients at the same location and level are common across subjects. Furthermore, we assign for the mixture probabilities a prior that depends on a few hyperparameters. We develop an empirical Bayes methodology to estimate the hyperparameters and, as these hyperparameters are shared by all subjects, we obtain precise estimated values. Then we carry out inference in the wavelet space and obtain smoothed images of the regression coefficients by applying the inverse wavelet transform to the posterior means of the wavelet coefficients. An application to computer simulated synthetic data has shown that, when compared to single-subject analysis, our multi-subject methodology performs better in terms of mean squared error. Finally, we illustrate the utility and flexibility of our multi-subject methodology with an application to an event-related fMRI dataset generated by Postle (2005) through a multi-subject fMRI study of working memory related brain activation.
Effects of chronic exposures to Co60 radiation on Pinus rigida seedlings

Abstract An experiment was designed to test effects of differential exposures to ionizing radiations at various stages of development and periods of growth on the survival, height growth, productivity, and cytology of Pinus rigida Mill, seedlings. Seedlings were exposed to radiation at 9 levels (0–20 R/20 hr day) in the Gamma Field at the Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York. Treatment consisted of transferring seedlings from each exposure level in the Gamma Field to a control field at various times of the year. This resulted in 5 groups of seedlings of different durations of exposure (156–485 days) at all levels. Radiation had a marked effect on terminal shoot growth inhibition and in the stimulation of sprouting. Shoot growth decreased, and flushing was delayed with increasing exposure, while sprouting increased. Sprouting was responsible for the survival of many of the seedlings. Increased exposure to radiation also resulted in a decrease in subterminal bud formation and, at the higher levels (15 and 20 R/day), no axial primordia developed and the apical primordia were damaged. Needle length decreased with increasing exposure but cell damage in the needle meristems was slight. Two microsporangiate strobili were produced in 1 month on a sprout from a seedling that had been exposed to a total of 6800 R at a rate of 20 R/day, representing a considerable shortening of the normal phenology. Observations of sprouting in the spring of 1963 showed that in seedlings exposed to higher levels of radiation, sprouting was suppressed, probably as a result of the general weakening of the plants. Stem sprouting was inhibited to a greater extent than was basal sprouting. Basal sprouting was probably the result of partial shielding of the root collars by soil.
Phospholipid effects on the rat lens transport systems

Abstract The in vitro effects of phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, phosphatidyl serine, sphingomyelin, lysophosphatidyl choline, lysophosphatidyl ethanolamine, lysophosphatidyl serine, glycerophosphoryl choline, and phosphatidic acid on rubidium uptake and amino acid transport of rat lens are presented. None of these lipids affected the rubidium uptake mechanism; however, a large increase in the apparent leak-out of rubidium was observed with lysophosphatidyl choline. Lysophosphatidyl choline also inhibited all of the amino acid transport systems (A, ASC, L, Gly, Ly and β) as well as the uptake of inositol.
The hardness of the teeth of five species of echinoids (Echinodermata)

There is no significant (p⩽0·05) difference in the scratch hardness (Mohs' H = 4±0; mean ±1 S.D.) or indentation hardness (34·87±4·79 kp/mm2) of the teeth of Lytechinus variegatus, Arbacia punctulata, Diadema antillarum, Echinometra lucunter, or Eucidaris tribuloides. The hardness of the teeth of these echinoids gives them the ability to scrape or bore into hard carbonate substrata and to ingest calcareous plants. Differences in form and substructure do not affect the hardness of the teeth of these echinoids.
Supervision Methods for Addressing Triangulation Issues with Counselors-in-Training

This article addresses trainee triangulation issues and methods counselor educators can use to foster trainee detriangulation. Specific educational, experiential, and supervision activities are pre...
A general cattle production systems model. Part 2—Procedures used for simulating animal performance

Abstract The methods used for simulating animal performance in the Texas A&M Cattle Production Systems Model are given and discussed. The GRO subroutine is used to calculate feed intake, changes in weight and skeletal size and, if appropriate, milk production level. Growth rates from the GRO subroutine, size, condition, time since calving and the fraction of the animals in the class that were in oestrus the previous month are used in the FERT subroutine to simulate the occurrence of oestrus and conception in open, breeding females. Death rates are simulated in the DIE subroutine as functions of the time of the year, the age and condition of animals in the class and, for cows, whether or not they calved during the current or previous month. The information from these subroutines is used to update the numbers and characteristics of animals in the various classes at the end of each month of simulation.
Anthropometric correlates of basketball free-throw shootings by young girls.

The purpose of this analysis of data from a larger investigation was to assess effects of anthropometric factors on free-throw shooting performance of 15 girls from Michigan and 18 from Puerto Rico. Subjects performed 60 free throws (10 trials × 3 ball sizes × 2 basket heights). Correlations were low, with two exceptions, .53 between shooting performance at the low basket and grip strength (as measured by hand grip dynamometer) for girls from Michigan and .49 for hand width and performance at the low basket for girls from Michigan.
Ontogeny of thymus cell function.

Primitive thymus stem cells were studied with regard to in vitro maturation, sensitivity to x radiation, sensitivity to corticosteroids, and development of thymocytes from nude embryos. Studies were also conducted on thymus helper cell function. (HLW)
Epidemiology of sedation and sedation adequacy for mechanically ventilated patients in a medical and surgical intensive care unit.

Objective:Describe the pharmacoepidemiology of sedative medications and nurse-rated patients' behavior and sedation adequacy.Design:Cohort study, 2001–2003.Patients:Patients ventilated for >36 hrs in a medical or surgical intensive care unit at a university-affiliated hospital. Proxies for 312 eligi
Feeding behavior of two ommastrephid squids Ommastrephes bartramii and Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis off Hawaii

The feeding behaviors of squids Ommastrephes bartramii (n = 315) and Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis (n = 280), collected during yearly 2 wk cruises from 1996 to 2001, were compared. Fish and squid prey dominated the stomach contents and were identified from otoliths and beaks, respec- tively. A total of 2561 otoliths and 424 beaks were recovered; 84% of O. bartramii stomachs contained otoliths while 54% contained cephalopod beaks. For S. oualaniensis, 75% of stomachs contained otoliths while 34% contained cephalopod beaks. Myctophidae were the most prevalent fish prey item for both species in frequency and abundance; however, O. bartramii fed on a wider range of prey items than S. oualaniensis at the family and species level. The myctophid Symbolophorus evermanni was a substantial prey item for both species. Both predators fed substantially on the squid families Onychoteuthidae and Enoploteuthidae, but O. bartramii fed on a wider range of squid prey items than S. oualaniensis. Levins' (1968; 'Evolution in changing environments', Princeton University Press) standardized measure of niche breadth was greater for O. bartramii than for S. oualaniensis when calculated using either otoliths (0.56 vs. 0.086) or beaks (0.22 vs. 0.097). MacArthur & Levins' (1967; Am Nat 101:377-385) measure of niche overlap of S. oualaniensis on O. bartramii was greater than that of O. bartramii on S. oualaniensis, for both fish otoliths (1.16 vs. 0.22) and squid beaks (0.93 vs. 0.46). These results suggested that O. bartramii is a more generalized predator than S. oualaniensis. Competition for food resources appears low between O. bartramii and S. oualaniensis where they overlap in the North Pacific.
Magnetic flux exclusion properties of ferromagnetic/superconductive powder composites

The magnetic flux exclusion properties of composites of ferromagnetic and high temperature superconductor powder are discussed. It is shown that the magnetic state of the former affects the flux exclusion of the latter, and how the combination can be used to construct novel devices utilizing magnetic fields.
Broca's Aphasia Following Damage to Wernicke's Area: For or Against Traditional Aphasiology?

• Classic aphasiology has been challenged by studies that have employed cranial computed tomography to test predicted anatomic-behavioral correlations. We treated a patient who developed a classic Broca's aphasia but whose computed tomographic scan revealed damage to Wernicke's area, thus seeming to contradict the principles of traditional aphasiology. However, subsequent information obtained by magnetic resonance imaging, intracarotid amobarbital (Amytal) testing, and electrophysiologic studies, including cortical stimulation, demonstrated that the brain-behavior correlations in this patient can be understood in terms of the formulations of traditional aphasiology.
Structural and environmental HIV prevention for gay and bisexual men

HIV prevention efforts for gay and bisexual men in the United States began as community-mobilizing efforts, but have drifted towards focusing more on the individual. Given lowering prevalence and incidence, it is unreasonable to expect continued community support for high levels of prevention activity. Structural and environmental interventions present one useful, complementary set of alternatives to support prevention efforts. This paper reviews the gay community's relationship with these interventions, including its intensely debated approaches to reducing HIV transmission within bathhouses. The implications for HIV prevention for gay men of larger societal factors, including economic development and economic motivation, migration, and legislation, are then considered. Individual rights, community and public-health interests must be given particularly cautious consideration when designing and implementing structural and environmental interventions.
Hemodynamic effects of argon pneumoperitoneum

The hemodynamic effects of argon pneumoperitoneum were studied to define its possible role as an alternative gas for intraperitoneal insufflation during minimally invasive surgery. Adult pigs were anesthetized and placed on mechanical ventilation. Parameters measured or determined included mean arterial (MAP), pulmonary arterial (PAP), pulmonary arterial wedge (PAWP), right atrial (CVP), and inferior vena cava venous (IVC) pressures, total excretion of CO2 (VCO2), oxygen consumption (VO2), minute ventilation, and arterial blood gases. Also determined were cardiac output, stroke volume, and systemic vascular resistance all indexed to weight (CI, SVI, SVRI). Data were recorded during a 1-h baseline, 2 h of insufflation with argon gas at a constant pressure of 15 mmHg, and 1 h recovery after desufflation. There was no significant change from baseline in VCO2, VO2, MAP, PAP, PAWP, CVP, PaCO2, or arterial pH. Argon pneumoperitoneum significantly increased systemic vascular resistance index and exerted a depressant effect on stroke volume index and cardiac index by 25% and 30% from baseline values, respectively (P < 0.05). Inferior vena cava pressure increased as a reflection of the intraabdominal pressure. Argon insufflation had no effect on respiratory function. Argon gas may not be physiologically inert, and in patients with cardiovascular disease its effects may be clinically important.
Falsification of the hypothesis that word frequency is a unified variable in sentence processing

In this study the relationship of word frequency to sentential processing complexity was investigated. Thirty-two S s listened to sentences and pushed a button in response to a word beginning with a preestablished phoneme (target words), and reaction time was taken as an index of local processing difficulty. Lexical items immediately preceding the target words were manipulated: they were either high or low frequency adjectives, nouns, or verbs. It was found that only low frequency adjectives produced longer RTs. No effect of word frequency for nouns or verbs was observed.
Promoting Civic Virtue Organizational Citizenship Behavior: Contemporary Questions Rooted in Classical Quandaries from Political Philosophy

Abstract Systems of governance proposed by classical philosophers, and debated ever since, address issues not only of structure, but also the roles and skills various governmental forms imply for individual citizens within them. This article describes enduring debates concerning the nature of political citizenship, and the requirements of civic virtue, from political philosophy, the crafting of the American republic, and modern organizational behavior. Finally, the human resource management implications of those theoretical perspectives and developments are suggested.
Tracheal and central bronchial aerodynamics using virtual bronchoscopy

Virtual bronchoscopy reconstructions of the airway noninvasively provide useful morphologic information of structural abnormalities such as stenoses and masses. In this paper, we show how virtual bronchoscopy can be used to perform aerodynamic calculations in anatomically realistic models. Pressure and flow patterns in a human airway were computed noninvasively. These showed decreased pressure and increased shear stress in the region of a stenosis.
Grid-based Coordinated Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless sensor networks are battery-powered ad-hoc networks in which sensor nodes that are scattered over a region connect to each other and form multi-hop networks. These nodes are equipped with sensors such as temperature sensors, pressure sensors, and light sensors and can be queried to get the corresponding values for analysis. However, since they are battery operated, care has to be taken so that these nodes use energy efficiently. One of the areas in sensor networks where an energy analysis can be done is routing. This work explores grid-based coordinated routing in wireless sensor networks and compares the energy available in the network over time for different grid sizes.
Sexual Health Concerns in Patients With Cardiovascular Disease

Sexual health concerns are common in patients with all types of cardiac disease, including patients with coronary artery disease, patients after a heart attack, those with implantable cardioverter-defibrillators, and patients with chronic heart failure.1–5 In fact, approximately 60% to 90% of patients with chronic heart failure acknowledge sexual dysfunction.2 Heart patients often experience changes in their ability to engage in and enjoy a broad range of sexual activities, which can result in less frequent and less satisfying sexual experiences. Sexual health is an important quality-of-life concern for patients and their partners, and healthcare providers can often help if they are aware of the problem. For men, the most frequently reported sexual problems include reduced sexual desire and difficulty achieving and maintaining an erection.2 Cardiovascular disease and its treatment may also affect a man’s ability to achieve orgasm. Women are more likely to experience decreased sexual desire, problems with orgasm, vaginal dryness, and pain during intercourse.1 See Table 1 for a list of common sexual problems in cardiac patients. View this table: Table 1. Common Sexual Problems Unfortunately, sexual problems are often not reported and go untreated, and they may negatively affect your physical recovery, emotional well- being, and intimate partner relationships. Moreover, studies suggest that a majority of patients and their partners have questions or concerns about their sexual health.6 Often, these concerns go unexpressed and remain untreated during routine cardiac care. Therefore, the purpose of this patient page is to describe common sexual difficulties, to identify strategies to improve your sexual health, to discuss …
Localized induction of a generalized response against multiple biotic agents in Caribbean sea fans

Although inducible defenses are an important component of the defense systems of a range of mod- ular organisms, little is known about inducible defenses of octocorals. A localized inducible response against multiple enemies was detected in the Caribbean sea fans Gorgonia ventalina L. and G. flabellum L. Field surveys showed that localized purpling, resulting from an increase in the proportion of purple sclerites, was associated with overgrowth by Millepora alcicornis and macroalgae, and infection by the fungus Aspergillus sydowii. To confirm inducibility and to assess specific- ity of the response, a range of treatments—abrasion, cable tie, M. alcicornis, sea fan tissue infected with A. sydowii (diseased allografts), and healthy allo- grafts—was applied to healthy sea fans. After 10 days, all biotic treatments induced a localized physical re- sponse consisting of changes in concentration, type, and color of sclerites; however, antifungal activity of non-polar chemical extracts was unaffected. The pur- pling response appears to be specific to biotic agents and reduces tissue damage in subsequent interactions.