cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Microbial Inactivation Kinetics during High-Pressure Carbon Dioxide Treatment: Nonlinear Model for the Combined Effect of Temperature and Pressure in Apple Juice

Isobaric and isothermal semi-logarithmic survival curves of natural microflora in apple juice treated with high-pressure carbon dioxide at 7, 13, and 16 MPa pressures and 35, 50, and 60 degrees C temperatures were fitted with a nonlinear equation to find the values of the coefficient b(P), b(T), n(P), and n(T). Profiles of the model parameters were obtained as a function of pressure and temperature. The model fitted with good agreement(R(2) > 0.945), the survival curves. An empirical equation was proposed to describe the combined effects of pressure and temperature. The equation, derived from a power law model, was written in the form: log(10) S(t) = -log(e) [C(0)+C(1) x exp (K(T) x (T-T(C))-C(2) x exp (K(P) x (P-P(C))) x t (C(3)xT(2)+C(4)xT+C(5)). The proposed model fitted the experimental data well. At 7 MPa and 50 and 60 degrees C, 13 MPa and 35 and 60 degrees C, 16 MPa and 35 degrees C, the model provided (log)10 reduction residual values (observed value-fitted value) lower than 0.284 showing a good agreement between the experimental and the predicted survival levels.
Search for new particles in radiative ϒ decays

Abstract CUSB has obtained new lower bounds on the Higgs mass based on searching for the Higgs in the radiative decay of the ϒ. We find no evidence for any new particles from a study of 800,000 ϒ's and 600,000 ϒ″ decays. Depending on which QCD radiative correction prescription is used, we exclude Higgs bosons of mass smaller than 5 GeV to 5.75 GeV at the 90% CL. The same CUSB data can be also used to exclude gluinos of mass Mgluino ≤ 3.6 GeV.
Effects of off-state alignment in polymer dispersed liquid crystals

Abstract Partial off-state alignment of the liquid crystal in polymer dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) droplets was obtained by the application of electric or magnetic fields during their formation. Photopolymerization was used to induce phase separation of the liquid droplets from monomer/liquid crystal solutions. Substantial director directionality was retained in these PDLC films after removal of the fields used during their formation. This alignment affected both the off-state and the on-state electro-optic properties of the films. Transverse electrical fields (5 to 60 V across a 15 μm thickness) applied during PDLC formation from a solution of E7 (BDH Ltd) in a monomer resulted in PDLC films with progressively lower off-state scattering and lower threshold voltage. Strong longitudinal magnetic fields (9 to 14 T) applied during PDLC formation with these materials resulted in strong polarization effects in the light scattering off-state. In the infrared region, where there is less light scattering than ...
NAFTA and the Realignment of Textile and Apparel Trade: Trade Creation or Trade Diversion?

A modified version of the partial equilibrium gravity model, originally proposed by Fukao et al. (2003), is employed to investigate the changing patterns of U.S. textile trade. We use the data on US Bilateral Manufacturing Imports and Exports by SIC4, which cover the period 1989 to 2001, to assess the impact of labor wages, tariffs, and exchange rates on the composition of U.S. textile imports before and after the creation of NAFTA. Unlike many previous studies, we also consider the effect of tariff removals under NAFTA on U.S. trade with non-NAFTA nations. The analysis is performed at the 2-digit industry level as well as the more disaggregated 4-digit sector level. We conclude that there is little evidence of trade diversion in textiles frequently attributed to NAFTA, while trade creation is clearly present. Furthermore, lower wages in some textileexporting countries (e.g., countries in Asia) do not appear to significantly increase these countries’ share of U.S. textile imports at the expense of other trading partners. Variations in currency exchange rates and tariffs, on the other hand, have substantial effects on the composition of U.S. imports. �1 �1 �1 �1 �1 �1 �1 �1 �1
Inferential procedures for the truncated exponential distribution

Suppose that X1,X2,…,Xn are independent and identically distributed with density , 0≤x≤t and that inferences about θ are to be made. The exact distribution of is known but is quite complicated and so an approximation to its distribution is needed. It is shown here that the beta approximation for the density of (nt)−1U obtained by equating the first two moments performs better, for moderate n, than the normal approximation given by the central limit theorem and is asymptotically equivalent to it. The use of this approximation in making inferences in some life testing situations is discussed via an example.
Prototype Tests for the Recovery and Conversion of UF6 Chemisorbed in NaF Traps for the Molten Salt Reactor Remediation Project

The remediation of the Molten Salt Reactor Experiment (MSRE) site includes the removal of about 37 kg of uranium. Of that inventory, about 23 kg have already been removed from the piping system and chemisorbed in 25 NaF traps. This material is being stored in Building 3019. The planned recovery of -11 kg of uranium from the fuel salt will generate another 15 to 19 NaF traps. The remaining 2 to 3 kg of uranium are present in activated charcoal beds, which are also scheduled to be removed from the reactor site. Since all of these materials (NaF traps and the uranium-laden charcoal) are not suitable for long-term storage, they will be converted to a chemical form [uranium oxide], which is suitable for long-term storage. This document describes the process that will be used to recover and convert the uranium in the NaF traps into a stable oxide for long-term storage. Included are a description of the process, equipment, test results, and lessons learned. The process was developed for remote operation in a hot cell. Lessons learned from the prototype testing were incorporated into the process design.
Gestational diabetes: Postpartum glucose tolerance testing

Abstract Objective: Our purpose was to determine the incidence of and evaluate risk factors for postpartum glucose intolerance among predominantly black gestational diabetic women. Study Design: One hundred forty-five gestational diabetics underwent a standard 2-hour glucose tolerance test in the early puerperium according to the criteria of the National Diabetes Data Group. Results: Fourteen patients (10%) were diabetic and eight (5%) showed impaired glucose tolerance. Maternal age, race, or obesity did not predict abnormal postpartum glucose tolerance testing. The requirement of insulin for glucose control during gestation and gestational age at diagnosis were significantly associated with abnormal postpartum glucose tolerance ( p p = 0.012, respectively). Multivariate analysis showed that only a requirement for insulin for glucose control was significant ( p Conclusion: Pregnancies complicated by gestational diabetes are at increased risk of glucose intolerance during the early postpartum period. Abnormal glucose tolerance occurs predominantly among those patients requiring insulin therapy during gestation or those diagnosed before 24 weeks' gestation.
Hysteresis dependence of mode separation on time-varying applied voltage in a magnetron with diffraction output

In this paper we use particle-in-cell (PIC) computer simulations to show the hysteresis dependence of the boundaries between regions of synchronous interaction of electrons with neighboring eigenmodes on the time-varying applied voltage for a magnetron with diffraction output (MDO). The MDO is characterized by the fact that any eigenmode can be used as the operating one. An externally injected low power signal switches MDO operation from one mode to a neighboring one. The hysteresis-like behavior of the dependence of this phenomenon on applied voltage is discussed.
Risk-stratification following acute coronary syndromes using a novel electrocardiographic technique to measure variability in morphology

We propose a new technique that quantifies the extent to which subtle ECG morphology changes exist from beat to beat. Termed morphological variability (MV), this variable measures changes in the shape and timing characteristics of cardiac events in sequential pairs of heart beats. In contrast to other techniques that focus on one specific aspect of the ECG, our approach integrates information from all waves and intervals in the beat, with the goal of providing a more global assessment of cardiac electrical performance. When tested on 400 patients following ACS, an increased risk of death was seen during a follow-up period of 90 days for patients with high MV (HR=5.96; p=0.002). This relationship could be observed even after adjusting for HRV measures (adjusted HR=3.56; p=0.05).
Katalytische Flüssigphasenumwandlung oxygenierter Kohlenwasserstoffe aus Biomasse zu Treibstoffen und Rohstoffen für die Chemiewirtschaft

Fur die moderne Industriegesellschaft hat Biomasse ein enormes Potenzial als nachhaltiger Energietrager und Quelle organischen Kohlenstoffs. Ziel dieses Aufsatzes ist es, eine Ubersicht uber katalytische Reaktionen in der flussigen Phase zu geben, in denen Sauerstoff-haltige Rohstoffe aus Biomasse (vor allem Zucker und Zuckeralkohole) in wertvollere Chemikalien und Treibstoffe umgewandelt werden, wobei ein besonderer Schwerpunkt auf solchen katalytischen Transformationen liegt, die aus einem Verstandnis der fundamentalen Reaktionsmechanismen abgeleitet wurden. Die Schlusselreaktionen bei der chemischen Umwandlung von Biomasse sind Hydrolyse, Dehydratisierung, Isomerisierung, Aldolkondensation, Reformierung, Hydrierung und Oxidation. Ferner wird diskutiert, wie aus grundlegenden chemischen und katalytischen Konzepten Strategien fur die Steuerung von Reaktionsverlaufen und Prozessbedingungen erarbeitet werden konnen. Als Beispiele dienen dabei die Herstellung von H2/CO2- oder H2/CO-Gasmischungen durch Reformierung in der wassrigen Phase, die Produktion von Furanen durch selektive Dehydratisierung von Kohlenhydraten und die Erzeugung flussiger Alkane durch Kombination der Aldolkondensation mit Dehydratisierungs- und Hydrierungsprozessen.
Data-model comparison of field landmine soil chemical signatures at Ft. Leonard Wood

Chemical signatures from buried landmines vary widely due to landmine and environmental conditions. The simulation model T2TNT was developed to evaluate the nature of chemical transport in the soil surrounding a buried landmine. This model uses landmine chemical emission, soil physics, soil-chemical interaction, and surface weather data to estimate surface and subsurface concentrations to help understand the phenomenology of landmine trace chemical detection. While T2TNT compares favorably to controlled laboratory experiments for a buried source of DNT, field data-model comparisons are needed to further increase confidence in T2TNT predictions. The only multi-season landmine soil residue data are from a long-term monitoring project at the DARPA-developed Ft. Leonard Wood Site in Missouri, USA. About 1000 soil residue samples had been taken over six sampling events spanning 21 months since landmine burial. This effort compares the soil residue data from two landmine types to T2TNT model predictions. A one-dimensional model was used to represent the situation and used actual weather data from the site during this period, landmine flux data specific for the mines buried, and temperature and moisture-content dependent degradation rates. Spatial and temporal predictions of chemical concentrations in the soil compare favorably with the soil residue data from Ft. Leonard Wood, increasing confidence in the utility of T2TNT estimates of landmine signature chemicals for other locations.
Identification of the catalytic mechanism and estimation of kinetic parameters for fumarase

The enzyme fumarase catalyzes the reversible hydration of fumarate to malate. The reaction catalyzed by fumarase is critical for cellular energetics as a part of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, which produces reducing equivalents to drive oxidative ATP synthesis. A catalytic mechanism for the fumarase reaction that can account for the kinetic behavior of the enzyme observed in both isotope exchange studies and initial velocity studies has not yet been identified. In the present study, we develop an 11-state kinetic model of the enzyme based on the current consensus on its catalytic mechanism and design a series of experiments to estimate the model parameters and identify the major flux routes through the mechanism. The 11-state mechanism accounts for competitive binding of inhibitors and activation by different anions, including phosphate and fumarate. The model is identified from experimental time courses of the hydration of fumarate to malate obtained over a wide range of buffer and substrate concentrations. Further, the 11-state model is found to effectively reduce to a five-state model by lumping certain successive steps together to yield a mathematically less complex representation that is able to match the data. Analysis suggests the primary reaction route of the catalytic mechanism, with fumarate binding to the free unprotonated enzyme and a proton addition prior to malate release in the fumarate hydration reaction. In the reverse direction (malate dehydration), malate binds the protonated form of the enzyme, and a proton is generated before fumarate is released from the active site.
Model systems for studies of leukocyte migration across the blood - brain barrier.

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) plays a crucial role in central nervous system (CNS) homeostasis. Serving as the brain's protective shield it regulates soluble factor and cellular exchanges from blood to brain. Critical to its function, the BBB is composed of brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMVEC), a collagen matrix, and astrocytes. Astrocytic endfeet surround the BMVEC abluminal surface and influence the ‘tightness’ and trafficking role of the barrier. In neurodegenerative disorders (for example stroke, multiple sclerosis and HIV encephalitis) the BBB becomes compromised. This is, in part, immune mediated. An accumulating body of evidence demonstrates that the cellular components of the BBB are themselves immunocompetent. Perivascular cells (astrocytes, macrophages and microglial cells) and BMVEC produce inflammatory factors that affect BBB permeability and expression of adhesion molecules. These affect cell trafficking into the CNS. Leukocyte BBB migration can be influenced by cytokines and chemoki...
EVALUATION OF CAFFEINE AND OUABAIN AS PERMISSIVE AGENTS IN THE PRODUCTION OF MYOCARDIAL NECROSIS.

Twelve groups of six rabbits per group were treated with nicotine, caffeine, ouabain, hypercholesterolemic diet, and various combinations of these for 24 weeks. Systolic blood pressures and coagulation times were obtained at 4-week intervals, and a histopathological examination of the hearts was made at death or sacrifice. Treatments including either nicotine or cholesterol significantly reduced the coagulation times. Most nicotine-treated groups demonstrated increases in systolic pressures. While myocarditis was observed in several of the animals receiving multiple treatments, such treatments did not increase the incidence or severity of coronary atherosclerosis.
Nucleation and Growth of Gallium Nitride Films on Si and Sapphire Substrates Using Buffer Layers

We have investigated the nucleation and growth of gallium nitride (GaN) films on silicon and sapphire substrates using halide vapor phase epitaxy (HVPE). GaN growth was carried out on bare Si and sapphire surfaces, as well as on MOVPE-grown GaN buffer layers. HVPE growth on MOVPE GaN/AIN buffer layers results in lower defect densities as determined by x-ray than growth directly on sapphire. HVPE GaN films grown directly on sapphire exhibit strong near-edge photoluminescence, a pronounced lack of deep level-based luminescence, and x-ray FWHM values of 16 arcsec by an x-ray θ-2θ scan. The crystallinity of GaN films on sapphire is dominated by the presence of rotational misorientation domains, as measured by x-ray ω-scan diffractometry, which tend to decrease with increasing thickness or with the use of a homoepitaxial MOVPE buffer layer. The effect of increasing film thickness on the defect density of the epilayer was studied. In contrast, the HVPE growth of nitride films directly on silicon is complicated by mechanisms involving the formation of silicon nitrides and oxides at the initial growth front.
Type 1 and type 2 cytokine profiles in children exposed to or infected with vertically transmitted human immunodeficiency virus

In human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected adults, cytokine production profiles switch from predominantly type 1 (interleukin-2 [IL-2] and gamma interferon [IFN-gamma]) to type 2 (IL-4 and IL-10) cytokines with disease progression. To test this hypothesis in vertically HIV-infected children, we measured cytokine transcription and production in rapid progressors (RPs), seroreverters (SRs), and those children exposed to HIV in utero (P0s). Production of type 1 and type 2 cytokines was measured in peripheral blood mononuclear cell cultures of 8 SR, 25 P0, and 11 RP children. Unstimulated cultures, irrespective of infection and stage of disease, produced similar levels of IL-2, IFN-gamma, IL-4, and IL-10. Upon stimulation with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) plus phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA), RP children produced less IL-2 (P < 0.01) and IFN-gamma (P < 0.02) than SR children and also expressed significantly less IFN-gamma mRNA (P < 0.01) than SR children. RP children expressed significantly higher levels of IL-4 mRNA than P0 children (P < 0.03). There were no differences in the production of IL-10 by PHA-PMA-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cell cultures among the three groups of children. Our data with these pediatric patients suggest that a deficiency in mitogen-stimulated type 1 cytokine production and excess type 2 cytokine (IL-4) transcription correlate with disease progression. Additional studies with larger sample sizes are needed to test further the hypothesis of the type 1-to-type 2 cytokine switch in children infected with HIV.
Excited-state dynamics of 8'-apo-beta-caroten-8'-al and 7',7'-dicyano-7'-apo-beta-carotene studied by femtosecond time-resolved infrared spectroscopy.

We present infrared transient absorption measurements of the substituted apocarotenoids 8′-apo-β-caroten-8′-al (I) and 7′,7′-dicyano-7′-apo-β-carotene (II) in the S1 excited states by one-photon excitation (1PE) and two-photon excitation (2PE). 1PE populates the higher S2 state, which converts to the S1 state via rapid internal conversion, and 2PE populates the S1 state directly. The 1PE-prepared population returns to the ground state on a ∼19 ps time scale in I and a ∼2.0 ps time scale in II. Distinct vibrational spectra and dynamics are observed from the 2PE-prepared S1 state for both I and II: the symmetric C═C stretching vibration around 1500 cm−1 in the S1 state is several-fold increased in strength over other C═C stretching modes compared to the 1PE case, and long-lived absorptions are observed even after all the excited-state populations have decayed. The lifetimes of the S1 state prepared by 2PE are slightly shorter (∼17 ps for I and ∼1.7 ps for II) than the 1PE values. It is proposed that 1PE and...
Distribution of Mycorrhizal Types among Alpine Vascular Plant Families on the Beartooth Plateau, Rocky Mountains, U.S.A., in Reference to Large-Scale Patterns in Arctic-Alpine Habitats

Mycorrhizal symbiosis is critical to plant establishment and survival, influences plant community structure and function, and could be particularly important in harsh environments such as the alpine tundra. An examination of 53 vascular plant species in 21 families from alpine areas of the Beartooth Plateau (Rocky Mountains) revealed most were mycorrhizal (68%) and four distinct types of symbioses were present. They differ in fungal groups involved, plant taxa, physiology, ecology, morphology, and resource acquisition. Betula, Dryas, Salix, and Polygonum viviparum consistently form ectomycorrhizae (ECT) with basidiomycete fungi. Phyllodoce, Kalmia, and Vaccinium (Ericaceae) form ericoid mycorrhizae with ascomycete fungi, and Arctostaphylos an arbutoid type with basidiomycetes. Eight families (18 species) had only arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM) of glomalean fungi: Apiaceae, Asteraceae, Campanulaceae, Fabaceae, Hydrophyllaceae, Onagraceae, Poaceae, Ranunculaceae. Nonmycorrhizal (NM) families were Brassicaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Crassulaceae, Cyperaceae, Gentianaceae, and Juncaceae. Split families included Polygonaceae (NM/AM/ECT), Portulacaceae (NM/AM), Rosaceae (AM/ECT), and Scrophulariaceae (NM/AM). This is the first report of mycorrhizae for 25 alpine plant species, and most others are new reports for the Rocky Mountains. The distribution of mycorrhizal types among plant families is reasonably consistent across the arctic-alpine biome (reviewed here) with exceptions. The patchy distribution of mycorrhizal types associated with large-scale perennial vegetation mosaics suggests microbial functioning is not uniform across tundra landscapes.
Effect of porous supports on the permeance of thin film composite membranes: Part I. Track-etched polycarbonate supports

Abstract Thin film composite (TFC) membranes for industrial gas separation are often comprised of a thin selective layer (100 nm or less) on a porous support that provides mechanical strength. As the selective layer becomes thinner to increase gas permeance and thus reduce the capital cost, the support surface morphology restricts the concentration profile of the penetrant in the selective layer. Such geometric restriction has been demonstrated using modeling and computational simulations. However, there are no rigorous experimental studies that verify the modeling results. This study investigates model two-layer TFC membranes, which are comprised of track-etched polycarbonate (PC) nanofiltration membranes with uniform and straight cylindrical pores as porous supports, and AF1600 with excellent film formation and good stability as the selective layer. The presence of a support can decrease the gas permeance by as much as 85% compared to the freestanding thin film, when the PC support has a pore radius of 47 nm and porosity of 2.8%. The gas permeance increases with increasing porosity at a constant pore size and decreasing pore size at a constant porosity. The measured membrane permeances are consistent with the simulation values obtained using three-dimensional (3D) computational mass transport models that predict the steady-state penetrant concentration in the selective layer.
A novel clustering approach to positron emission particle tracking

Abstract A novel approach to positron emission particle tracking is presented based on determining regions of space with high density of line of response crossing via clustering. The method is shown to be able to accurately track multiple particles in systems where the number of particles is unknown and in which particles can enter and leave the field of view of the scanning system. This method is explored in various environments and its parametric dependence is studied.
Ion Exchange for Glyphosate Recovery

The first generation Monsanto glyphosate (Active ingredient in Monsanto’s Roundup® herbicide, N-phosphonomethylglycine) manufacturing process, operated since 1976, produced a stream to waste treatment containing a significant amount of glyphosate. As a result of several research and engineering innovations, a new process was developed and a new plant recently commenced operations which reduced the glyphosate lost to waste treatment by a very significant amount. This result was mainly due to the use of an innovative ion exchange process for glyphosate recovery from the waste stream which also contained the process byproducts.
The Strengths and Challenges of Analogical Approaches to Computer Security Education

When teaching concepts such as computer security, with which students cannot easily identify, it is frequently helpful to use analogies to attempt to map a complex concept to an idea with which the student can identify. While this method works particularly well in the computer security domain, there are associated challenges and limits that must be considered when creating appropriate analogies. This paper defines analogies, provides some specific examples in the computer security realm, and discusses the challenges and limits associated with this approach.
Synthesis and Properties of Bulk Metallic Glass Matrix Composites

Bulk metallic glass matrix composites are processed and investigated by X-ray diffraction, DSC, optical microscopy, SEM, microprobe, TEM, and mechanical testing. Ceramics such as SiC, WC, or TiC, and the metals W or Ta are introduced as reinforcements into the metallic melt. The metallic glass matrix remains amorphous after adding up to 30 vol% of particles. The thermal stability of the matrix does not deteriorate after adding the particles. ZrC layers form at the interfaces between the bulk metallic glasses and the WC or SiC particles. Si and W are released into the matrix in which Si enhanced the glass forming ability. The composites are tested in compression and tension experiments. Compressive strain to failure increases by over 300% compared to the unreinforced Zr57Nb5Al10Cu15.4Ni12.6 and the energy to break of the tensile samples increases by over 50% adding 15 vol. % W.
Effects of knowledge of results and amount of stimulus change on “resistance to extinction” on a perceptual motor task

A previous study (Black & Black, 1970) demonstrated that schedule of knowledge of results (KR) affects “resistance to extinction (RE)” on a pursuit rotor in the same manner as partial reinforcement (PR) in instrumental conditioning. The present experiment sought to replicate this finding and to determine if the greater RE of Ss trained under PKR rather than CKR could be attributable simply to the discriminability of acquisition and extinction stimulus conditions. The present results did replicate those obtained earlier in showing an apparent PRE following PKR. However, merely introducing a novel stimulus (a buzzer) at the beginning of extinction failed to produce as large a reduction in RE. These results were interpreted as compatible with the frustration interpretation of PRE.
Microtubule coils in spread blood platelets

The fate of the circumferential bundle of microtubules in activated platelets has been a subject of disagreement. Thin sections of stimulated platelets fixed at multiple intervals following exposure to aggregating agents have revealed that the circumferential band is constricted into a tight ring around centrally concentrated organelles. However, studies of detergent-resistant platelet cytoskeletons fixed and either negatively stained or critical point dried after activation on polylysine-coated grids have revealed that microtubule rings disappear, leaving only fragments in the peripheral cytoplasm of spread cells. The present study has employed immunofluorescence on glass slides and the whole mount technique with detergent extraction and either negative staining or critical point drying to evaluate the fate of microtubules in surface-activated platelets treated with or without the microtubule stabilizing agent, taxol. Significant numbers of microtubule coils were visible in control and taxol-treated platelets stained indirectly with a fluorescein-coupled antibody to tubulin 30 to 60 minutes after surface activation on glass. Coils of microtubules were also visible in dendritic forms and in significant numbers of spread platelets on negatively stained or critical point dried whole mounts in the electron microscope. The findings support the concept that microtubule disassembly is not an integral step in early phases of platelet activation.
Social media policies in the Department of Defense—Do they address the risk?

ABSTRACTThe rapid adoption and increased availability of social media has brought dynamic changes to the way people and organizations access and distribute information. Use of social media carries an inherent risk. Organizations use policies to encourage acceptable and responsible use of social media while limiting the activities they perceive as causing the most risk. This article will explore the social media policies of the Department of Defense by using a previously established methodology to determine if the policies are sufficiently addressing the risk as well as encouraging responsible use. The aim of this study is to provide recommendations based on the analysis and review of the policies.
Current Management of Inferior Orbital Wall Fractures in Children

Adult treatment algorithms are often not ideal for the management of orbital fractures in children in major part due to differences in the maturing status of craniofacial structures. A multidisciplinary approach that utilizes imaging studies, an awareness of occult extraocular muscle entrapment, and an emphasis on the findings on physical examination should be used to diagnose and to treat pediatric orbital floor fractures. These injuries can be grouped into two categories based on the status of inferior extraocular muscles: entrapped or “trapdoor” floor fractures and non-entrapped orbital floor fractures. The former requires earlier intervention.
Single-view phase retrieval of an extended sample by exploiting edge detection and sparsity

We propose a new approach to robustly retrieve the exit wave of an extended sample from its coherent diffraction pattern by exploiting sparsity of the sample’s edges. This approach enables imaging of an extended sample with a single view, without ptychography. We introduce nonlinear optimization methods that promote sparsity, and we derive update rules to robustly recover the sample’s exit wave. We test these methods on simulated samples by varying the sparsity of the edge-detected representation of the exit wave. Our tests illustrate the strengths and limitations of the proposed method in imaging extended samples.
Rethinking Transboundary Environmental Impact Assessment

IV. INSTITUTIONAL SUPPORT FOR EIA REGIMES 182 A. Political Accountability 183 1. Political Accountability in the Domestic Context 183 2. Political Accountability in the International Context 186 B. Substantive Environmental Law 190 1. Substantive Environmental Law in the Domestic Context 190 2. Substantive Environmental Law in the International Context 193 C. Judicial Review under the Administrative Procedure Act 195 1. Cause of Action in the Domestic Context 196 2. Cause of Action in the International Context 197
A Response to Bernhard Zimmermann

In view of the liveliness of the discussions this group has conducted up to now, I will restrict myself to one observation, one question, one small challenge to the lucid, concise and stimulating paper we have just heard, and one concluding speculation. The observation concerns Professor Zimmermann’s citation of Plato, and the irony of Plato’s emerging as an ally of Aristophanes against the corrupting influence of “modern music”. Plato certainly would agree, and in fact works out the point in some detail, that external bodily motion, carriage, and deportment reflect the condition of the soul.
Combination Drug Therapy in Refractory Epilepsy

Researchers from University of Washington, Seattle, WA analyzed the treatment records from 148 developmentally disabled adults with refractory epilepsy cared for in 2 state-run institutions.
The applied suffix in Swahili

The applied suffix in Swahili poses an analytical problem because it expresses such a wide variety of semantic relationships. Most treatments provide either an extremely vague description of its meaning or else concentrate on a single use thus implicitly postulating many homonymous forms. We shall use distributional and semantic evidence to demonstrate that there is a single productive verb suffix which can be distinguished from frozen lexical stems that look the same or similar. We shall argue that all of the productive uses of IE can be accounted for with a single abstract meaning from which distinct messages are inferred in particular contexts. The semantic effect of the suffix is to "add a role to the lexical verb that is less active than the agent."
Chronic multi-region recording from the rat hippocampus in vivo with a flexible Parylene-based multi-electrode array

Neural activities of free-moving animals provide valuable insights into behavior, memory formation and cognitive function of the hippocampus. Unitary activities simultaneously recorded from multiple sub-regions of the hippocampus enable detailed study of hippocampal neural circuits, but require high fidelity recordings with high temporal and spatial resolution. In this work, we explored the possibility of using Parylene-C as the structural material for a penetrating, multi-electrode array designed to record from multiple sub-region of the rat hippocampus. A 64-channel Parylene-based flexible electrode array was designed and fabricated. The layout of the electrode array was arranged to conform to the shape of cell body layers of the rat hippocampus. An insertion technique of temporarily reduce the effective length of the probe with polyethylene glycol (PEG) was developed and tested in vivo. The multi-electrode array was implanted into a rat hippocampus for chronic experimentation and unitary activities were collected both during the implantation and after recovery while the animal ran freely in an open field. Unitary activities with an average signal to noise ratios (SNR) of 3 to 4 were recorded with the Parylene probe over the period of one month after implantation.
Time to Occurrence Based on Risk Stratification of Hospital-Acquired Venous Thromboembolism: A Retrospective Observational Cohort Study.

Background In-hospital venous thromboembolism (VTE) causes significant morbidity and mortality in hospitalized patients. The objective of our study is to determine the time to in-hospital VTE based on baseline risk stratification. Methods All adult patients admitted to a 900-bed academic tertiary referral hospital who developed a VTE during hospital admission from September 1, 2011, to June 30, 2015, were retrospectively analyzed. Patients were excluded if they were younger than 18 years or if the VTE was present on admission. Results The cohort included 400 patients, 224 (56%) males, median age 66 years. The median time to VTE was 8 days. Significant differences in time to VTE existed between the risk groups. Conclusion Time to VTE in a broad hospitalized patient population differs based on admission risk group. This finding highlights the importance of performing risk assessment upon admission and subsequently with clinical changes to assess increases in risk scores.
Bounded Ethicality and Ethical Fading in Negotiations: Understanding Unintended Unethical Behavior

The business scandals of the past several decades have led to the rising importance of ethics as a topic central to management scholarship. Behavioral scientists in particular have been attracted t...
Research-to-Resource: Initial Steps in Vocal Technique for Boys Experiencing Difficulty With Phonation During the Adolescent Voice Change:

This research-to-resource article reports pedagogical implications of several types of research literature. This literature collectively focuses on boys’ adolescent development, with specific atten...
Abstract 3685: The BET inhibitor INCB057643 suppresses ALDH activity by targeting the ALDH1A1 super-enhancer in high-grade serous ovarian cancer

The emergence of tumor cells with certain stem-like characteristics such as high aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity due to ALDH1A1 expression contributes to chemotherapy resistance and tumor relapse. However, clinically applicable inhibitors of ALDH activity have not been reported. There is evidence to suggest that epigenetic regulation of stem-related genes contributes to the efficacy of chemotherapy. Here we show that the bromodomain and extra-terminal (BET) inhibitor INCB57643 suppresses ALDH activity by abrogating BRD4-mediated ALDH1A1 expression through a super-enhancer element and its associated enhancer RNA. INCB57643 suppressed the outgrowth of platinum-treated ovarian cancer cells in a concentration-dependent manner. Consistently, INCB57643 synergizes with carboplatin in suppressing the growth of ovarian cancer cells with BRD4 expression, which was accompanied by induction of apoptosis. These phenotypes correlate with inhibition of ALDH1A1 expression through a super-enhancer element and additional stem-related genes, including LIF, HES1 and WNT5a in promoter regions bound by BRD4. Thus, targeting the BET protein BRD4 using small molecule BET inhibitor INCB057643 is a promising strategy for targeting ALDH activity in epithelial ovarian cancer. Citation Format: Sergey Karakashev. The BET inhibitor INCB057643 suppresses ALDH activity by targeting the ALDH1A1 super-enhancer in high-grade serous ovarian cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 3685.
Teaching Law in Public Administration Programs

This study argues that public agencies face a multitude of legal issues directly related to the administration of public programs and the delivery of public goods and services. Despite this fact, t...
Structure and Localization of Glycoproteins and Proteoglycans

Glycosaminoglycans are high-molecular-weight linear carbohydrate polymers that are generally composed of disaccharide repeating units of a uronic acid (D-glucuronic acid or L-iduronic acid) and a hexosamine (G1cNAc or GaINAc). Chondroitin sulfate and heparan sulfate occur as proteoglycans in which the polysaccharide chains are covalently linked at their reducing ends to the hydroxyl groups of serine residues in a protein moiety.
A Simplified First-Principles Tight-Binding Method for Molecular Dynamics Simulations and Other Applications

The growth of a crystal or interface, the interaction between an adatom and surface, defect reactions in crystals, migration of atoms in solids, and a wide range of other phenomena can be simulated by the technique of molecular dynamics. Here the many-body classical equations of motion are solved as a function of time, and the physical process is studied in real time. The equations of motion are prescribed once the instantaneous forces are given. In covalent solids, bonds are formed between atoms which share electrons. The strength of the bond depends on the local environment, making the forces between atoms more complicated than a sum of two-body forces. Potentials have been devised [1] which mimic these many atom effects. However, the many-body effects are clearly rooted in the electronic structure of the material and a superior method is to obtain these forces directly from the electronic structure.
Targeting Cell-Death Pathways in Multiple Myeloma: Therapeutic Implications

Multiple myeloma (MM) remains fatal despite available therapies. The median survival of MM patients is 3–4 years with standard therapy and 4–5 years with high dose and transplantation therapy. Drug resistance occurs despite the use of novel anti-MM therapies. Mechanisms conferring chemoresistance include chromosomal abnormalities, the interaction of MM cells with their bone marrow (BM) microenvironment, and defects in apoptotic signaling pathways. Delineation of cell death and growth cascades using both genomics and proteomics provides the rationale to inhibit growth and/or amplify apoptotic signaling in MM cells, in order to enhance anti-MM activity of available therapies, prevent development of drug resistance, and improve patient outcome in MM.
Ptosis following radial keratotomy. Performed using a rigid eyelid speculum.

Abstract Seven patients with acquired ptosis and normal levator function following anterior radial keratotomy are presented. Five of these patients then elected to undergo radial keratotomy of the opposite eye, and four had symmetrical lid fissures (mild bilateral ptosis) after bilateral surgery. Ptosis is a wellknown complication of cataract extraction, but has not been reported following radial keratotomy. Unlike cataract extraction, radial keratotomy does not require anesthetic injections, bridle sutures, or conjunctival flaps. The rigid Knapp eyelid speculum used in these cases remains as the only apparent cause of eyelid trauma and subsequent ptosis. During radial keratotomy, the speculum was opened widely in order to provide good corneal exposure and avoid contact with the diamond knife. Contraction of the orbicularis oculi muscle against the rigid speculum may have traumatized the lid, resulting in a levator aponeurosis disinsertion and subsequent ptosis.
Reading John Stuart Mill in Turkey in 2017

Academic freedom has eroded and continues to erode in an unprecedented magnitude in Turkey especially since the failed coup attempt of July 15, 2016. During this time, thousands of academics were purged from their positions including Academics for Peace who signed a petition calling for an end to the atrocities against Kurdish citizens and a peaceful resolution of the conflict in the southeastern provinces of Turkey. Such authoritarian backsliding was accompanied by a discourse that blurred the distinction between opinion and truth. Academics were increasingly ostracized and viewed as non-members of what came to be referred as New Turkey. A discourse of rejection replaced criticism and an unprecedented dissonance emerged between the current academic debate on free speech as well as academic freedom and the tragic reality faced by academics in Turkey making it impossible for them to continue their vocational existence.
Chapter 1 – Racemization

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the racemization. The onset of racemization can be a capricious and unwanted event in any reaction sequence involving optically active amino acids and their derivatives. In peptide bond-forming reactions, the extent of racemization will vary depending on the type of coupling reaction, the type of N-protecting group, type of base, solvent, salts present, and the temperature. Generally the formation of an oxazolinone and subsequent enolization at the asymmetric carbon is responsible for racemization in peptide-coupling reactions. With new coupling methods and/or reaction techniques, the extent of racemization has usually been determined using one or more standardized evaluation methods. One of the earliest was due to Anderson, where the condensation of Z-Gly-Phe with Gly-OEt was employed and specific rotation of the product measured. Also, racemate may be isolated by fractional crystallization. By this means down to 1–2%, racemization may be detected. The isotopic dilution technique of Kemp is sensitive to approximately 0.001–0.01% racemate. In this procedure, a 14C label at the carboxylic acid carbon is employed and the radioactive racemate is isolated following dilution with unlabeled racemate. The newest racemization test depends on the proton magnetic resonance properties of N-Ac-Phe-Ala-OMe and has been recommended by Weinstein.
A cubic equation of state for compounds with no critical point: Application to asphaltenes

Abstract Many compounds of interest do not have critical properties, mostly because they decompose before reaching a critical state. Examples include polymers, ionic liquids, and asphaltenes. In this work, a novel numerical methodology for determining the glass transition temperature and boundary condition for the energy parameter in the Gibbs–Helmholtz Constrained (GHC) equation of state framework for compounds without critical properties is proposed. The glass temperature and boundary condition are then used in the multi-scale GHC equation to predict thermo-mechanical properties of a model asphaltene fluid proposed by Mullins (2010) . Computational results for the GHC equation for the model asphaltene over the temperature range [263.15, 593.15 K] give mass densities that range from 1190.66 to 1064.37 kg/m3 and coefficients of thermal expansion in the range [9.04 × 10−5, 8.97 × 10−4 K−1] at 1 bar pressure. Multi-scale GHC-predicted isothermal compressibilities for the model asphaltene for pressures from 1 to 600 bar and temperatures of 380 and 480 K range from 7.43 to 1.56 × 10−5 bar−1. These results compare favorably with available experimental data for asphaltenes reported in the open literature and show that the GHC equation can accurately and reliably predict mass and molar densities, molar volumes, isothermal compressibilities, and coefficients of expansion over wide ranges of temperature and pressure. Advantages and disadvantages of the proposed approach are also given.
Examining the Roles of Muhajirahs in the Islamic State via Twitter

This qualitative study examines the experiences and roles of Western migrant women, muhajirahs, after their arrival to the Islamic State through their Twitter discourse. A total 763 tweets, from 2014 to 2016, were analyzed. This study found that IS women encouraged identity, sisterhood, and oneness; offered recruitment and migration information; and promoted IS ideology and celebrated violence. The muhajirahs were also highly tech-savvy, exhibited regenerative traits to maintain their online presence, and were well-versed in the use of secure communications as an alternate to Twitter. While these women embraced the IS ideology, their language, cultural memes, food, and social habits indicated that they still subscribed to western ideologies and influence. Finally, these muhajirahs experienced several hardships, such as cultural alienation, differential treatment, freedom and movement restrictions, and some even expressed a desire to return. This paper also discusses the dualities and contradiction in the muhajirahs' twitter discourses. The paper concludes by making a case for the relevance of qualitative research in an era of big data; and how the former can (and should) inform big data research.
Pressure Generated by Cavitation in a Pipe

When the velocity of a liquid in a pipe is rapidly decreased at a point, such as behind a rapidly-closing valve or a pump following power failure, the pressure at this point may drop to the vapor pressure of the liquid, thus causing the formation of a vapor cavity. In many cases, this cavity will collapse, generating waves of high pressure propagating through the pipe. This paper presents a result for the prediction of the maximum pressure generated in cases in which the influence resistance is small. This analytical result has been substantiated experimentally.
Learning Energy-Based Models in High-Dimensional Spaces with Multi-scale Denoising Score Matching

Energy-Based Models (EBMs) assign unnormalized log-probability to data samples. This functionality has a variety of applications, such as sample synthesis, data denoising, sample restoration, outlier detection, Bayesian reasoning, and many more. But training of EBMs using standard maximum likelihood is extremely slow because it requires sampling from the model distribution. Score matching potentially alleviates this problem. In particular, denoising score matching \citep{vincent2011connection} has been successfully used to train EBMs. Using noisy data samples with one fixed noise level, these models learn fast and yield good results in data denoising \citep{saremi2019neural}. However, demonstrations of such models in high quality sample synthesis of high dimensional data were lacking. Recently, \citet{song2019generative} have shown that a generative model trained by denoising score matching accomplishes excellent sample synthesis, when trained with data samples corrupted with multiple levels of noise. Here we provide analysis and empirical evidence showing that training with multiple noise levels is necessary when the data dimension is high. Leveraging this insight, we propose a novel EBM trained with multi-scale denoising score matching. Our model exhibits data generation performance comparable to state-of-the-art techniques such as GANs, and sets a new baseline for EBMs. The proposed model also provides density information and performs well in an image inpainting task.