cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Biology, Distribution, and Phylogenetic Placement of the California Endemic Water Scavenger Beetle Hydrochara rickseckeri (Horn) (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae)

Abstract The water scavenger beetle Hydrochara rickseckeri (Horn) is a large but rarely collected aquatic beetle known from central California. Infrequent collection and a narrow geographic distribution have led the species to be considered of conservation concern by both federal and state agencies. We recently encountered this species in a vernal pond near Sacramento in May 2016, the first time it is known to have been collected in more than 40 years. This record also expands the known range of the taxon firmly into the Central Valley. We sequenced three genes from one of the newly collected specimens to place it in an existing molecular phylogeny of the genus Hydrochara Berthold. In contradiction to prior hypotheses, we find that H. rickseckeri is not evolutionarily isolated, but closely related to other North American members of the genus. We present an updated list of known specimens as well as distributional and biological information on this species. We conclude that while known information at this ...
Circuits and Electronics: Hands-on Learning with Analog Discovery

The book provides instructions on building circuits on breadboards, connecting the Analog Discovery wires to the circuit under test, and making electrical measurements. Various measurement techniques are described and used in this book, including: impedance measurements, complex power measurements, frequency response measurements, power spectrum measurements, current versus voltage characteristic measurements of diodes, bipolar junction transistors, and Mosfets. The book includes end-of-chapter problems for additional exercises geared towards hands-on learning, experimentation, comparisons between measured results and those obtained from theoretical calculations.
Participation in Home Visitation is Associated with Higher Utilization of Early Intervention.

Objectives To determine whether participation in a home visiting program increases and expedites utilization of early intervention services for suspected developmental delays. Methods Children participating in Every Child Succeeds (ECS), a large home visiting (HV) program serving greater Cincinnati, between 2006 and 2012, were propensity score matched to a sample of children identified from birth records who did not receive services from ECS. Data were linked to early intervention (EI) data acquired from the Ohio Department of Health. Descriptive statistics were employed to evaluate success of the matching. Chi square and log-rank tests evaluated whether the proportion of children accessing EI and the time to EI services differed for families participating in HV compared to eligible children not participating. Logistic regression and Cox proportional hazards regression modeled the associations. Results Among 3574 HV and 3574 comparison participants, there was no difference in the time to EI service utilization; however a higher percentage of HV participants accessed services. Overall, 6% of the HV group and 4.3% of the comparison group accessed services (p = 0.001). Modeling revealed an odd ratio = 1.43 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.16–1.78, p value = 0.001] and hazard ratio = 1.42 [95% CI 1.15–1.75, p value = 0.001]. Differences in utilization were greatest directly after birth and between approximately 2 and 3 years. Conclusions for Practise Participation in home visiting was associated with greater utilization of EI services during two important developmental time points, demonstrating that home visiting may serve as an important resource for facilitating access to early intervention services.
SIMPLIFIED DETERMINATION OF BLOOD ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE USING THE FIREFLY SYSTEM.

A simplified method is described for the determination of red cell ATP using the firefly lantern extract method. Variables investigated include the effect of the time of reading, dilution of firefly extract and the effective range of the method. Excellent recoveries were obtained. Optimal extraction of ATP from red cells was achieved with a hypotonic buffer at pH 9.2. The method could be used with acid-citrate-dextrose, heparin or EDTA as an anticoagulant. The method was found to be highly specific when the nucleotides found in normal human blood were investigated; only adenosine diphosphate and guanosine triphosphate gave slight readings, neither of which would significantly affect ATP determinations of human blood. Normal human values were found to be 5.45 µmoles of ATP/Gm. of hemoglobin or 1.83 µmoles/ml. red cells in heparinized blood samples. This method is believed to be more rapid, more reproducible and more accurate than any previously described method of ATP determination.
Dextrose Instillation as an Alternative Agent to Observe Ureteral Efflux During Pelvic Reconstructive Surgery

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To evaluate the use, cost, postoperative urinary tract infection (UTI) rates, and complications of dextrose instillation during cystoscopy. METHODS The medical records of patients who underwent cystoscopy during pelvic reconstructive surgery between June 2016 and June 2017 were reviewed. Patients were divided into two groups: patients who had one ampule of dextrose 50% (D50) directly instilled and patients who did not have D50 instilled during cystoscopy. Preoperative demographics, UTI rates, and postoperative complications were compared. Pharmaceutical cost and availability were reported by the pharmacy at our institution. RESULTS Out of 63 patients identified, dextrose instillation was used in 20 patients and no dextrose was used in 43 patients. Each ampule of D50 cost $2.18 and there were no problems with supply shortage. As D50 was directly instilled into the bladder, there was immediate visualization of ureteral efflux at the time of surgery. Three patients (15%) in the dextrose group and 10 patients (23%) in the nondextrose group developed postoperative UTIs. There was no statistically significant difference in postoperative UTI rates between the two groups (p = 0.43) and there were no differences in postoperative complications. CONCLUSION Dextrose is a safe, cost-effective, readily available agent that provides instantaneous visualization of ureteral efflux without an increased risk of postoperative UTI
Dual-Cavity Scanning Comb Spectroscopy

We present a novel approach for microresonator-based gas-phase spectroscopy without use of an external laser source. The absorption spectrum of acetylene is measured with high spectral resolution using an integrated heater in a fiber-microresonator dual-cavity scheme.
Solid State NMR Studies of the Relationship between Polymer Structure/Dynamics at the Segmental level and Macroscopic Physical Properties

Solid State NMR has been used to study polymer structure, morphology, and dynamics for nearly 40 years. In the past 15 years with the advent of various methods to manipulate nuclear spin Hamiltonians and advances in theoretical approaches, solid state NMR spectroscopy has advanced to the point that it is the most detailed probe of polymer structure and dynamics at the segmental level. These methods are also of use in examining macromolecular dynamics on length scales comparable to an entanglement spacing. Additionally, various methods have been developed to discriminate between spin populations of varying mobility that are identified with crystalline, truly amorphous, and phases of intermediate mobility. Recent results on the relationship between polymer segmental dynamics (from solid state NMR, dielectric relaxation, and mechanical characterization) and excess free volume illustrate that our understanding of the relationship between microscopic properties and macroscopic equilibrium properties is improving.
Wisconsin Vietnam War Stories: Our Veterans Remember

Review of: "Wisconsin Vietnam War Stories: Our Veterans Remember," by Sarah A. Larsen and Jennifer M. Miller.
Insulin regulation of leptin expression in streptozotocin diabetic pigs.

The relationship between leptin mRNA and insulin status was explored using streptozotocin diabetic pigs. Twelve male Yorkshire x Landrace crossbred swine (approximately 40 kg BW) were divided into three groups. Two groups were rendered diabetic with the use of streptozotocin (75 mg/kg BW). Diabetes was confirmed 24 h after streptozotocin treatment by the presence of hyperglycemia. One group of diabetic animals received daily injections of insulin (.5 U/(kg x d)(-1)) for 7 d, whereas the other group of diabetic animals received saline injections. The nondiabetic group also received saline injections (controls). Tissue and blood were collected after 7 d of treatment. Leptin mRNA concentrations in dorsal s.c. adipose tissue were measured by Northern analysis and standardized against 28S rRNA expression. Diabetes reduced leptin mRNA concentration by 67% in s.c. adipose tissue (P < .05). Serum insulin concentrations in the diabetic animals were reduced by 69% (P < .05). Insulin treatment of diabetic animals resulted in an increase in leptin mRNA concentration to levels in controls. Primary cell culture of porcine adipose tissue was used to assess whether these actions were the direct or indirect action of insulin. Acute exposure (1 to 24 h) of primary cultures of porcine adipocytes to insulin did not result in a change in leptin expression. However, chronic (7-d) exposure to insulin elevated leptin mRNA levels by 73%. These data suggest that insulin mediates changes in porcine leptin mRNA levels in vivo or in vitro, most likely by an indirect action.
Review article: practical current issues in perioperative patient safety.

This brief review provides an overview and, importantly, a context perspective of relevant current practical issues in perioperative patient safety. The dramatic improvement in anesthesia patient safety over the last 30 years was not initiated by electronic monitors but, rather, largely by a set of behaviours known as “safety monitoring” that were then made decidedly more effective by extending the human senses through electronic monitoring, for example, capnography and pulse oximetry. In the highly developed world, this current success is threatened by complacency and production pressure. In some areas of the developing/underdeveloped world, the challenge is implementing the components of anesthesia practice that will bring safety improvements to parallel the overall current success, for instance, applying the World Federation of Societies of Anaesthesiologists (WFSA) “International Standards for A Safe Practice of Anaesthesia”. Generally, expanding the current success in safety involves many practical issues. System issues involve research, effective reporting mechanisms and analysis/broadcasting of results, perioperative communication (including “speaking up to power”), and checklists. Monitoring issues involve enforcing existing published monitoring standards and also recognizing the risk of danger to the patient from hypoventilation during procedural sedation and from postoperative intravenous pain medications. Issues of clinical care include medication errors in the operating room, cerebral hypoperfusion (especially in the head-up position), dangers of airway management, postoperative residual weakness from muscle relaxants, operating room fires, and risks specific in obstetric anesthesia. Recognition of the issues outlined here and empowerment of all anesthesia professionals, from the most senior professors and administrators to the newest practitioners, should help maintain, solidify, and expand the improvements in anesthesia and perioperative patient safety.
Aquablation outcomes for the U.S. cohort of men with LUTS due to BPH in large prostates (80-150 cc).

Between September and December 2017, 82 men with moderate-to-severe lower urinary tract symptoms due to benign prostatic hyperplasia LUTS/BPH and prostate volume of 80–150 cc underwent Aquablation in a prospective multicenter clinical trial in the United States. Baseline patient and clinical demographics and standardized postoperative parameters were collected and tabulated in a central independently monitored database. Adverse events through 3 months were adjudicated by an independent clinical events committee. Mean pre-treatment prostate volume was 108 ± 21.1 cc. Mean operative time was 38.2 ± 14.4 min and mean Aquablation resection time was 7.7 ± 3.3 min. Additional electrocautery for hemostasis was not needed in any patient following Aquablation. The average length of stay following the procedure was 1.6 ± 1.0 days. Mean pre- and 3 months post-treatment IPSS scores were 23.7 ± 6.4 and 7.1 ± 5.1, –16.6, p < 0.01. Mean pre- and 3 months post-treatment Qmax were 9.2 ± 3.3 ml/s and 19.5 ± 13 ml/s, + 10.8 ml/s, p < 0.01. Mean pre- and 3 months post-treatment post-void residuals were 120.6 ± 119.1 cc and 50.6 ± 61.6 cc, –72.0 cc, p < 0.01. The observed Clavien-Dindo grade 2 or higher event rate at 3 months was 34.1%. Aquablation is a safe and effective treatment option for men with large prostates (80–150 cc) suffering from LUTS/BPH.
Genotypic variation in phenological plasticity: reciprocal common gardens reveal adaptive responses to warmer springs but not to fall frost.

Species faced with rapidly shifting environments must be able to move, adapt, or acclimate in order to survive. One mechanism to meet this challenge is phenotypic plasticity: altering phenotype in response to environmental change. Here, we investigated the magnitude, direction, and consequences of changes in two key phenology traits (fall bud set and spring bud flush) in a widespread riparian tree species, Populus fremontii. Using replicated genotypes from 16 populations from throughout the species' thermal range, and reciprocal common gardens at hot, warm, and cool sites, we identified four major findings: (a) There are significant genetic (G), environmental (E), and GxE components of variation for both traits across three common gardens; (b) The magnitude of phenotypic plasticity is correlated with provenance climate, where trees from hotter, southern populations exhibited up to four times greater plasticity compared to the northern, frost-adapted populations; (c) Phenological mismatches are correlated with higher mortality as the transfer distances between provenance and garden increase; and (d) The relationship between plasticity and survival depends not only on the magnitude and direction of environmental transfer, but also on the type of environmental stress (i.e., heat or freezing), and how particular traits have evolved in response to that stress. Trees transferred to warmer climates generally showed small to moderate shifts in an adaptive direction, a hopeful result for climate change. Trees experiencing cooler climates exhibited large, non-adaptive changes, suggesting smaller transfer distances for assisted migration. This study is especially important as it deconstructs trait responses to environmental cues that are rapidly changing (e.g., temperature and spring onset) and those that are fixed (photoperiod), and that vary across the species' range. Understanding the magnitude and adaptive nature of phenotypic plasticity of multiple traits responding to multiple environmental cues is key to guiding restoration management decisions as climate continues to change.
CHAPTER 31 – The Surgical Management of Hyperparathyroidism

The decision, whether to operate on patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT), is influenced by several considerations and is somewhat controversial. The accepted indications for operation include the presence of either: (1) bone disease, (2) kidney stones, (3) or muscle weakness or tiredness of a degree that it limits the patient's function. Serum calcium above 12 mg/dl in a patient who has minimal or no symptoms is also an indication for neck exploration. Prolonged follow-up of patients with PHPT can be expensive, especially if bone densitometry studies and laboratory tests are performed repeatedly over time. It is extremely important for the operating surgeon to have a clear understanding of the embryology and anatomy of the parathyroid glands. Although it is not commonly done, many skilled parathyroid surgeons in the past spent hours in the autopsy suite, or the anatomy laboratory, searching for parathyroid glands and learning normal parathyroid anatomy, before they began to operate on patients with parathyroid or thyroid disease. This remains an important exercise because the normal parathyroid glands are small and may be difficult to recognize, even by the experienced eye.
Processing of Bi2.1Sr1.8Ca1.1Cu2O8 source material for float-zone fiber growth

Bi{sub 2.1}Sr{sub 1.8}Ca{sub 1.1}Cu{sub 2}O{sub 8} fibers having excellent superconducting properties can be grown by a laser-heated float zone process. In order to maintain stable growth conditions and thereby obtain fibers free of diameter fluctuations and voids, dense ceramic starting material containing only the 2212 phase is required. In this study various processing parameters, including calcining and sintering temperatures and times, grain size of the powders used, and pressing pressures were optimized to yield dense, chemically homogeneous starting material. It was found that under most conditions there was no increase in the density on sintering. Retrograde densification was the usual situation except at higher pressures and was found to depend on pressing pressure, calcination history, and sintering temperature. Cold-pressing at higher pressures (100 000 psi) yielded denser but chemically inhomogeneous material. Ceramic samples sintered for long times ({gt}48 h) yielded source rods that produced instabilities during fiber growth, presumably due to preferential loss of mass during sintering.
International Comity in the Restatement (Fourth) of Foreign Relations Law

This paper compares the treatment of international comity in the Restatement (Third) of Foreign Relations Law (1987) and the Restatement (Fourth) (2018). The Restatement (Third) generally avoided international comity and focused on restating international law. In some cases it argued without much support in state practice or opinio juris that rules originating in international comity had developed into customary international law. The Restatement (Fourth) takes a more restrained approach to restating rules of customary international law and correspondingly embraces international comity as a way of distinguishing limits on jurisdiction that are required by international law from limits on jurisdiction that are required only by domestic law. Basing doctrines of foreign relations law on international comity does not mean that these doctrines necessarily grant discretion to courts or to the executive branch. Most of the comity doctrines in the Restatement (Fourth) do not. It does mean that nations are free to shape these doctrines as they see fit. Identifying doctrines of foreign relations law as doctrines of international comity also highlights that they are part of a single toolkit that courts use to address problems in transnational cases.
Bioinspired collaboration and cyber security

To support collaboration between distributed smart things, many researchers have studied the organization and collaboration strategies. The bioinspired collaboration that we explore is one of the target research areas. Indeed, we can easily find actual examples of effective and well-organized collaboration in nature. To get ideas, many researchers have studied patterns of collaborative behaviors of insects and birds and applied their models to computer systems. We focus on collaboration schemes inspired by nature and examine cyber security technologies used to protect bioinspired collaboration systems and discuss research challenges and future research directions.
Introduction: Smart Green Healthy Communities Are Now the Future

Abstract Smart, green, and healthy communities, including cities, regions, states, and provinces in nations, are a big and important issue today. More so than even in the last three decades due to many things, ranging from dramatic changes in the climate, political concerns, to being global. The change today from the last century is from the central grid with power from one central grid source (coal, oil, and gas) to on-site distributed power from renewable energy sources has an impact on communities, businesses, and government. There are still central girds getting power from wind and solar “farms,” but this new public policy that has become a growing reality around the world has changed these institutions while controlling and lowering the impact on the environment—both locally and when the central grid systems have generated energy from “green” sources.
TCT-150 Impact of Physiological and Molecular Markers on the Progression of Calcific Aortic Valve Stenosis as Measured by Change in Aortic Valve Area: A Meta-Analysis and Meta-Regression

Identification of physiological and molecular markers is paramount in identifying patients at risk of faster progression of calcific aortic valve stenosis (pCAVS). A systematic review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines. A search was performed using the PubMed, Cochrane library,
Role of pendant side-chain length in determining polymer 3D printability

Three-dimensional (3D) printing allows for creation of patient-specific implants. However, development of new synthetic materials for 3D printing has been relatively slow with only a few polymers available for tissue engineering applications. Most of these polymers require harsh processing conditions like high temperatures and pressures or are mixed with a combination of leachable additives like plasticizers, initiators, crosslinkers, and solvents to enable 3D printing. Therefore, to propel the development of new polymers for ambient temperature, additive-free 3D printing it is necessary to systematically understand the relationship between the structure of a polymer with its 3D printability. Herein, three homopolyesters were synthesized, each with a common backbone but differing in the length of their saturated, aliphatic pendant chains with 2, 6, or 15 carbons. The physical properties such as the glass transition temperature (Tg) and the rheological properties like shear thinning, temperature response, and stress relaxation were correlated to the individual polymer's 3D printability. The 3D printability of the polymers was assessed based on four criteria: ability to be extruded as continuous filaments, shape fidelity, the retention of printed shape, and the ability to form free hanging filaments. We observed that the polymers with longer side chains can be extruded at low temperature and pressure because the long side chains act as internal diluents and increase the flowability of the polymer. However, their ability to retain the 3D printed shape is adversely affected by the increase in side chain length, unless the side chains form ordered structures leading to immediate recovery of viscosity. The insight derived from the systematic investigation of the effect of polymer structure on their rheology and 3D printability can be used to rationally design other polymers for extrusion-based direct-write 3D printing.
Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome

Tarsal tunnel syndrome (TTS) causes pain and paresthesias in the foot and ankle and is due to entrapment of the tibial nerve in the fibro-osseous tarsal tunnel under the flexor retinaculum. The most helpful diagnostic criteria are a positive Tinel's sign at the ankle and objective sensory loss in the territory of any of the terminal branches of the posterior tibial nerve. The diagnosis of TTS is confirmed by the nerve conduction study: prolonged terminal latency in 44% of cases and abnormal mixed and sensory nerve conduction in 86% and 94% of cases, respectively. Better surgical outcome was noted in symptomatic cases due to ‘mass.’
Natural electroweak breaking from a mirror symmetry.

We present ``twin Higgs models,'' simple realizations of the Higgs boson as a pseudo Goldstone boson that protect the weak scale from radiative corrections up to scales of order 5--10 TeV. In the ultraviolet these theories have a discrete symmetry which interchanges each standard model particle with a corresponding particle which transforms under a twin or a mirror standard model gauge group. In addition, the Higgs sector respects an approximate global symmetry. When this global symmetry is broken, the discrete symmetry tightly constrains the form of corrections to the pseudo Goldstone Higgs potential, allowing natural electroweak symmetry breaking. Precision electroweak constraints are satisfied by construction. These models demonstrate that, contrary to the conventional wisdom, stabilizing the weak scale does not require new light particles charged under the standard model gauge groups.
Biosynthesis of macrophage colony-stimulating factor (CSF-1): differential processing of CSF-1 precursors suggests alternative mechanisms for stimulating CSF-1 receptors.

The macrophage colony-stimulating factor, M-CSF or CSF-1, is a glycosylated polypeptide homodimer required for the proliferation and differentiation of mononuclear phagocytic precursors and the survival of mature monocytes and macrophages (reviewed in Stanley et al., 1983). CSF-1 has also been reported to stimulate a variety of the immune effector functions of terminally differentiated macrophages such as phagocytosis and intracellular killing of microorganisms (Karbassi et al., 1987), tumor cell cytolysis (Wing et al., 1982; Ralph and Nakoinz, 1987), production of biocidal oxygen metabolites (Wing et al., 1985) and synthesis of plasminogen activator (Lin and Gordon 1979; Hamilton et al., 1980) as well as other cytokines including interleukin-1 (Moore et al., 1980), myeloid colony-stimulating activities (Metcalf and Nicola, 1985; Warren and Ralph, 1986), tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interferon (Warren and Ralph, 1986). These diverse effects are mediated by binding of CSF-1 to a single high-affinity receptor on the plasma membrane of mononuclear phagocytes (Guilbert and Stanley, 1980 and 1986).
Some Concluding Thoughts

This is the final chapter of this book. In the preceding chapters, I have tried to explain the concept of money. I presented a brief history of money. I went over the various forms of money that humans have used over thousands of years of recorded history. In the preceding chapters, I have also shown how money affects the economy. In this chapter, I will make concluding remarks and present questions for future research.
Speech Recognition as a Function of Age and Listening Experience in Adult Cochlear Implant Users.

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS Speech recognition with a cochlear implant (CI) tends to be better for younger adults than older adults. However, older adults may take longer to reach asymptotic performance than younger adults. The present study aimed to characterize speech recognition as a function of age at implantation and listening experience for adult CI users. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective review. METHODS A retrospective review identified 352 adult CI recipients (387 ears) with at least 5 years of device listening experience. Speech recognition, as measured with consonant-nucleus-consonant (CNC) words in quiet and AzBio sentences in a 10-talker noise masker (10 dB signal-to-noise ratio), was reviewed at 1, 5, and 10 years postactivation. RESULTS Speech recognition was better in younger listeners, and performance was stable or continued to improve through 10 years of CI listening experience. There was no indication of differences in acclimatization as a function of age at implantation. For the better performing CI recipients, an effect of age at implantation was more apparent for sentence recognition in noise than for word recognition in quiet. CONCLUSIONS Adult CI recipients across the age range examined here experience speech recognition benefit with a CI. However, older adults perform more poorly than young adults for speech recognition in quiet and noise, with similar age effects through 5 to 10 years of listening experience. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 3 Laryngoscope, 131:2106-2111, 2021.
A Permutation Representation of Covering Arrays

Testing a large-scale system requires understanding how each of the components interact with each other, which is the subject of interaction testing. Covering arrays are a well-studied object, but “traditional” representations of these arrays in the context of genetic algorithms has not yielded much success. We propose a new representation of covering arrays based on a permutation of the rows considered. Preliminary results for reducing the mean-time-to-failure of these arrays are given.
Rogowski Switch-Current Sensor Self-Calibration on Enhanced Gate Driver for 10 kV SiC MOSFETs

In medium-voltage (MV) applications high-density, high-efficiency converters are necessity. Novel switching-cycle capacitor voltage control (SCCVC) for the modular multilevel converters (MMC) in combination with latest generation of SiC MOSFET devices will enable converters to meet those specifications. To enable SCCVC high-bandwidth Rogowski switch-current sensor (RSCS) is integrated on the gate driver (GD) to serve as peak-current-mode control sensor. Issues of RSCS OpAmp integrator non-idealities have to be resolved in order to achieve high accuracy. Due to often temperature swings and reduced lifetime, mechanical potentiometer is not preferred solution. As an alternative, this paper proposes digital potentiometer (DPOT) as a part of closed-loop self-calibration for RSCS on enhanced GD. Proposed method has high resolution of 98.6μV to eliminate input offset voltages, fast self-calibration finished in maximum 12.45ms, with maximum error of ±2.5A of RSCS current sensor. Experimental results at 6kV, 80A, 10kHz, switching as fast as 100V/ns show great accuracy of RSCS sensor, with minimum drifting.
Procedure-driven deployment support for the microservice era

In this work, we examine the challenges that service providers encounter in managing complex service function graphs, while controlling service delivery latency. Based on the lessons we learn, we outline the design of a new system, Invenio, that empowers providers to effectively place microservices without prior knowledge of service functionality. Invenio correlates user actions with the messages they trigger seen in network traces, and computes procedural affinity for communication among microservices for each user action. The procedural affinity values can then be used to make placement decisions to meet latency constraints of individual user actions. Preliminary experiments with the Clearwater IP Multimedia Subsystem demonstrate that even a single high-latency link can result in significant performance degradation, and placement with Invenio can increase user quality of experience.
Using gaze patterns to predict task intent in collaboration.

In everyday interactions, humans naturally exhibit behavioral cues, such as gaze and head movements, that signal their intentions while interpreting the behavioral cues of others to predict their intentions. Such intention prediction enables each partner to adapt their behaviors to the intent of others, serving a critical role in joint action where parties work together to achieve a common goal. Among behavioral cues, eye gaze is particularly important in understanding a person's attention and intention. In this work, we seek to quantify how gaze patterns may indicate a person's intention. Our investigation was contextualized in a dyadic sandwich-making scenario in which a "worker'' prepared a sandwich by adding ingredients requested by a "customer.'' In this context, we investigated the extent to which the customers' gaze cues serve as predictors of which ingredients they intend to request. Predictive features were derived to represent characteristics of the customers' gaze patterns. We developed a support vector machine-based (SVM-based) model that achieved 76% accuracy in predicting the customers' intended requests based solely on gaze features. Moreover, the predictor made correct predictions approximately 1.8 seconds before the spoken request from the customer. We further analyzed several episodes of interactions from our data to develop a deeper understanding of the scenarios where our predictor succeeded and failed in making correct predictions. These analyses revealed additional gaze patterns that may be leveraged to improve intention prediction. This work highlights gaze cues as a significant resource for understanding human intentions and informs the design of real-time recognizers of user intention for intelligent systems, such as assistive robots and ubiquitous devices, that may enable more complex capabilities and improved user experience.
Bargaining with the State: Offsets and Mitigation in Developing Land

According to the economic theory of bargaining, each party to a voluntary agreement must receive at least the amount that he can get on his own (“threat value”), plus a share of the surplus from the bargain. Courts frequently monitor bargains between citizens and the state. To protect citizens, the courts should focus on the fairness and efficiency of the threat points of the citizens. Unfortunately, courts often focus on the terms of the agreement, not the threat points. The wrong focus leads courts to impose rules that block bargains that would benefit both parties.
A Review of “The Early Mammal Fauna of the Early Eocene Blackheath Formation of Abbey Wood, London”

It was with a sense of excitement that I read this monograph and its extensive discussion of the Abbey Wood fauna (although I realize that my excitement may not be shared by more than a handful of ...
Understanding what it is Like to be Stalked

Partner Stalking: How Women Respond, Cope, and Survive. T.K. LOGAN, JENNIFER COLE, LISA SHANNON, & ROBERT WALKER. New York: Springer, 2006. 368 pp., $45.00 (hardcover), ISBN: 0–8261–3756–3.
A longitudinal investigation of relational catalyst support of goal strivings

The goal of this work was to test a theoretical model of relational catalyst (RC) support provision that promotes thriving in non-adverse times. We tested a pathway proposed by Feeney and Collins that explains how RC support in the context of close relationships might lead to thriving. We proposed that once RC support has been received, it functions through the mechanisms of being perceived to be responsive to one’s needs and promoting perceived capability. Perceived capability should promote indices of thriving including self-esteem, goal accomplishment, growth, and specific and general availability of support. This model was supported in two studies of married couples using observational and longitudinal methods surrounding the support of goal strivings. Results indicate that (a) partner support of goal strivings predicted important indicators of thriving over time, and (b) both received and perceived RC support work together and play important roles in predicting these outcomes.
Sonic Hedgehog Regulates Brain‐Derived Neurotrophic Factor in Normal and Regenerating Cavernous Nerves

ABSTRACT Introduction The cavernous nerve (CN) is commonly injured during prostatectomy. Manipulation of the nerve microenvironment is critical to improve regeneration and develop novel erectile dysfunction therapies. Sonic hedgehog (SHH) treatment promotes CN regeneration. The mechanism of how this occurs is unknown. Brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) facilitates return of erectile function after CN injury and it has been suggested in cortical neurons and the sciatic nerve that BDNF may be a target of SHH. Aim To determine if SHH promotes CN regeneration through a BDNF‐dependent mechanism. Methods Sprague Dawley rats underwent (i) bilateral CN crush (N = 15); (ii) SHH treatment of pelvic ganglia (PG)/CN (N = 10); (iii) SHH inhibition in PG/CN (N = 14 rats); (iv) CN crush with SHH treatment of PG/CN (N = 10 rats); (v) CN crush with SHH treatment and BDNF inhibition (N = 14 rats); and (vi) CN injury and SHH treatment of the penis (N = 23). Main Outcome Measures BDNF and glial fibrillary acidic protein were quantified in PG/CN by Western, and a t ‐test was used to determine differences. Results In normal rats SHH inhibition in the PG/CN decreased BDNF 34% and SHH treatment increased BDNF 36%. BDNF was increased 44% in response to SHH treatment of crushed CNs, and inhibition of BDNF in crushed CNs treated with SHH protein hampers regeneration. Conclusions SHH regulates BDNF in the normal and regenerating PG/CN. BDNF is part of the mechanism of how SHH promotes regeneration, thus providing an opportunity to further manipulate the nerve microenvironment with combination therapy to enhance regeneration. Bond CW, Angeloni N, Harrington D, Stupp S, and Podlasek CA. Sonic hedgehog regulates brain‐derived neurotrophic factor in normal and regenerating cavernous nerves. J Sex Med 2013;10:730–737.
Applying bone-adaptive remodelling theory to ligamentous spine. Preliminary results of partial nucleotomy and stabilization

Remodelling theory is applied to show that a vertebral body of a spinal motion segment is an optimum structure. Then, the study is extended to analyze the changes in the shape of the vertebral bodies due to an "injury" to the disc and then the stabilization of the injured motion segment using a rigid fixation device. The salient finding of this study is the demonstration that it is feasible to quantify changes in the spinal structures following surgery. However, keeping in mind the complex nature of the spinal structures, the limitations inherent in this study, and the assumption made for the bone adaptive remodelling theory, one needs to very systematically increase the complexity of the spinal model, and also initiate in parallel experimental studies delineating the remodelling aspects of the spinal structures. >
URBAN-SCALE VARIATIONS OF TURBULENCE PARAMETERS AND FLUXES

Sensible heat (H) and latent heat (LE) fluxes and turbulence statistics in St. Louis, Missouri and the surrounding region are presented. The urban-scale analyses were derived from a series of aircraft transects at 150 m above ground across the metropolitan area during the afternoon convective period. The results revealed that H varied by a factor of two to four in the region; the largest values were associated with the urban heat island. LE varied across the urban area by about a factor of four, but low values of LE overlaid the urban heat island. Consequently, the Bowen ratio (H/LE) exhibited large spatial variability, with a maximum value greater than 1.5 over the city and values less than 0.2 in nonurban areas. The areas along the Mississippi River and adjacent low lying marshland northeast of the downtown area displayed significantly smaller H and Bowen ratio. The derived surface heat storage term (G) for this area as well as for the urban area exceeded either H or LE. The spatial patterns for the standard deviations of the three velocity components (Σ u,v,w ), temperature (Σ T ), and absolute humidity (Σ q ), are also presented. The patterns of Σ u,v,w were similar to the pattern of H. the highest values associated with the urban heat island. The correlation coefficient between the vertical velocity and temperature fluctuations was highest over the city, and a noteworthy minimum was observed in the upwind area over the river and marshland in association with low H. The convective similarity relationships for Σ u,v,w appeared to be approximately valid spatially, as variations were typically less than 10% from theory over the urban area and nonurban region, except for a 40% anomaly in the lowland around the river northeast of the city. Measurements of H from 30-m towers within various land-use areas were contrasted with the aircraft data. Land-use differences in H at the surface were at least as large as those observed at 150 m across the city. This was primarily because of the measurement requirement that the minimum resolvable fetch increases with measurement height.
TEMPERATURE INDUCED CELLULAR RESISTANCE TO THE "LIPOVIRUS".

SummaryThe optimal temperature for development of specific degeneration in “lipo-virus”-infected cultures was 32-34°C. Partial and complete suppression was noted at 37.5°C and 38.5°C respectively. The “lipo-virus” was lethal to chick embryos if the virus was inoculated into the amniotic or allantoic sacs or onto the chorioallantoic membrane and the embryos then incubated at 33°C. Inoculation into the yolk sac or elevation of incubation temperature to 38°C nullified the lethal action of the “lipovirus” on chick embryos.
The solar spectrum at 8 mm

THE brightness temperature of the quiet Sun has been measured over almost the complete radio spectrum. It ranges from approximately 6,000 K at millimetre wavelengths to over 106 K at metre wavelengths. Various compilations of the disk temperatures1–3 had at centimetre and millimetre wavelengths from 10 to 100 GHz (λ=3 cm to 3 mm) (Fig. 1). A monotonically decreasing brightness temperature presented by Shimabukuro and Stacey1 from a model by van de Hulst4 is also shown in Fig. 1. Zheleznyakov5 has pointed out that the apparent dip in the observed disk temperatures near 50 GHz and at the apparent peak near 70 GHz, if real, would indicate an effective temperature inversion in the solar chromosphere from 3,000 to 3,300 km above the photosphere. Reber3, however, measured the slope of the brightness against frequency curve at 50 GHz and found that the disk temperature is, in fact, decreasing with increasing frequency in nearly perfect agreement with the van de Hulst4 model. Reber's method does not depend on an absolute measurement of the brightness temperature but rather on a relative measurement between two closely spaced frequencies, with a single instrument, thereby giving the slope with more accuracy than can be obtained by comparing a number of independent, absolute measurements.
Risks of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition during pregnancy: Experimental and clinical evidence, potential mechanisms, and recommendations for use

Abstract objective: To review reports on the use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE-1) during pregnancy in order to determine the incidence, nature, and potential mechanisms of fetal complications in an attempt to establish recommendations related to the use of these drugs during gestation. data sources: Relevant English-language articles identified through a Medline search and bibliographies found in recent articles. study selection: Large number of reports both on animals and on humans have consistently shown a high degree of morbidity and even mortality in fetuses or newborns exposed to ACE-1 during pregnancy. The reported complications include oligohydramnios, intrauterine growth retardation, premature labor, fetal and neonatal renal failure, bony malformations, limb contractures, persistent patent ductus arteriosus, pulmonary hypoplasia, respiratory distress syndrome, prolonged hypotension, and neonatal death. A high incidence of fetal complications was related to the use of ACE-1 at all trimesters of pregnancy. conclusion: The gestational use of ACE-1 may be associated with a high degree of fetal and newborn morbidity and even mortality. The use of these drugs should be avoided at all trimesters of pregnancy.
A comparison of koniocellular, magnocellular and parvocellular receptive field properties in the lateral geniculate nucleus of the owl monkey (Aotus trivirgatus)

1By analogy to previous work on lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) magnocellular (M) and parvocellular (P) cells our goal was to construct a physiological profile of koniocellular (K) cells that might be linked to particular visual perceptual attributes. 2Extracellular recordings were used to study LGN cells, or their axons, in silenced primary visual cortex (V1), in nine anaesthetized owl monkeys injected with a neuromuscular blocker. Receptive field centre-surround organization was examined using flashing spots. Spatial and temporal tuning and contrast responses were examined using drifting sine-wave gratings; counterphase sine-wave gratings were used to examine linearity of spatial summation. 3Receptive fields of 133 LGN cells and 10 LGN afferent axons were analysed at eccentricities ranging from 2.8 to 31.3 deg. Thirty-four per cent of K cells and only 9 % of P and 6 % of M cells responded poorly to drifting gratings. K, P and M cells showed increases in centre size with eccentricity, but K cells showed more scatter. All cells, except one M cell, showed linearity in spatial summation. 4At matched eccentricities, K cells exhibited lower spatial and intermediate temporal resolution compared with P and M cells. K contrast thresholds and gains were more similar to those of M than P cells. M cells showed lower spatial and higher temporal resolution and contrast gains than P cells. 5K cells in different K LGN layers differed in spatial, temporal and contrast characteristics, with K3 cells having higher spatial resolution and lower temporal resolution than K1/K2 cells. 6Taken together with previous results these findings suggest that the K cells consist of several classes, some of which could contribute to conventional aspects of spatial and temporal resolution.
Synthesis of 2‐[11C]methoxy‐3,17β‐estradiol to measure the pharmacokinetics of an antitumor drug candidate, 2‐methoxy‐3,17β‐estradiol

2-Methoxy-3,17β-estradiol, an endogenous estrogen metabolite, showed cytotoxicity in various cancer cell lines and also has antiangiogenic and proapoptotic activities. Clinical I and II trials of 2-methoxy-3,17β-estradiol for multiple myeloma, advanced solid tumors, metastatic breast and prostate cancer are underway. We prepared 2-[11C]methoxy-3,17β-estradiol to measure the pharmacokinetics and organ distribution of 2-methoxy-3,17β-estradiol in clinical trials. 2-[11C]Methoxy-3,17β-estradiol was synthesized from a precursor, 2-hydroxy-3,17β-O-bis(methoxymethyl)estradiol, in two steps with over 99% radiochemical purity. The overall reaction time was 45 min and the decay-corrected radiochemical yield was 32.9%. The distribution coefficient (logP7.4) of 2-[11C]methoxy-3,17β-estradiol at pH 7.4 was measured as 2.95. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evolution of quantum noise in the traveling-wave second-order [χ (2) ] nonlinear process

We analyze the evolution of quantum noise in both the fundamental and the harmonic fields that are undergoing traveling-wave interaction in a second-order [χ(2)] nonlinear medium. Assuming perfect phase matching between the fundamental and the harmonic fields and arbitrary input boundary conditions, the behavior of quantum noise in the propagating fields is studied by linearization of the nonlinear-operator equations around the mean-field values. We first consider the degenerate case that is applicable to type-I phase-matching geometries, obtaining expressions for squeezing in both the fundamental and the harmonic fields. We then analyze the polarization-nondegenerate case that applies to type-II phase-matching geometries. In the special case, when the two orthogonally polarized fundamental inputs are of equal amplitude, we obtain analytical results and show that the type-II phase-matched second-harmonic-generation process can be configured to generate sub-Poissonian light in both polarization components of the fundamental field. Finally, we numerically solve the linearized quadrature-operator equations along with the nonlinear mean-field equations for the general case of type-II phase matching. For both type-I and type-II processes, we find that whenever the fundamental field experiences deamplification it is associated with amplitude squeezing and phase desqueezing. If, in contrast, the fundamental field experiences amplification, then it is accompanied by amplitude desqueezing, but with squeezing in the phase quadrature. The harmonic field is amplitude squeezed if the input boundary condition leads to harmonic conversion and is phase squeezed if the input boundary condition leads to parametric amplification.