cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Treatment and outcomes of type 2 myocardial infarction and myocardial injury compared with type 1 myocardial infarction.

BACKGROUND Type 2 myocardial infarction (MI) is defined by a rise and fall of cardiac biomarkers and evidence of ischemia without unstable coronary artery disease (CAD) because of a mismatch in myocardial oxygen supply and demand. Myocardial injury is similar but does not fulfill the clinical criteria for MI. There is uncertainty in terms of the clinical characteristics, management, and outcomes of type 2 MI and myocardial injury in comparison with type 1 MI. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients admitted to a Veterans Affairs tertiary care hospital with a rise and fall in cardiac troponin were identified. MI and injury subtypes, presentation, management, and outcomes were determined. RESULTS Type 1 MI, type 2 MI, and myocardial injury occurred in 137, 146, and 175 patients, respectively. Patients with type 2 MI were older (P=0.02), had lower peak cardiac troponin (P<0.001), and were less likely to receive aspirin and statin at discharge (P<0.001) than type 1 MI survivors. All-cause mortality (median follow-up: 1.8 years) was not different between patient groups (type 1 MI mortality: 29.9%, type 2 MI: 30.8%, myocardial injury: 29.7%; log rank P=0.94). A significant proportion of deaths were attributed to cardiovascular causes in all subgroups (type 1 MI: 34.1%, type 2 MI: 17.8%, myocardial injury: 30.8%). CONCLUSION Patients with type 2 MI and myocardial injury were less likely to receive medical therapy for CAD than those with type 1 MI. No differences in all-cause mortality among MI subtypes were observed. Additional studies to determine optimal medical therapy and risk stratification strategies for these high-risk populations are warranted.
Nursing Campus Therapy Dog: A Pilot Study

Abstract This experimental pilot study investigated the long term effect of a therapy dog on the symptoms of anxiety and depression experienced by nursing students. Participants, assigned to a control or treatment group, completed the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale at the beginning and end of a 16 week semester. While there was no measurable effect on depression, participants in the treatment group had significantly less symptoms of anxiety at the end of the semester.
Subdiffraction-resolution live-cell imaging for visualizing thylakoid membranes.

The chloroplast is the chlorophyll-containing organelle that produces energy through photosynthesis. Within the chloroplast is an intricate network of thylakoid membranes containing photosynthetic membrane proteins that mediate electron transport and generate chemical energy. Historically, electron microscopy (EM) has been a powerful tool for visualizing the macromolecular structure and organization of thylakoid membranes. However, an understanding of thylakoid membrane dynamics remains elusive because EM requires fixation and sectioning. To improve our knowledge of thylakoid membrane dynamics we need to consider at least two issues: (i) the live-cell imaging conditions needed to visualize active processes in vivo; and (ii) the spatial resolution required to differentiate the characteristics of thylakoid membranes. Here, we utilize three-dimensional structured illumination microscopy (3D-SIM) to explore the optimal imaging conditions for investigating the dynamics of thylakoid membranes in living plant and algal cells. We show that 3D-SIM is capable of examining broad characteristics of thylakoid structures in chloroplasts of the vascular plant Arabidopsis thaliana and distinguishing the structural differences between wild-type and mutant strains. Using 3D-SIM, we also visualize thylakoid organization in whole cells of the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. These data reveal that high light intensity changes thylakoid membrane structure in C. reinhardtii. Moreover, we observed the green alga Chromochloris zofingiensis and the moss Physcomitrella patens to show the applicability of 3D-SIM. This study demonstrates that 3D-SIM is a promising approach for studying the dynamics of thylakoid membranes in photoautotrophic organisms during photoacclimation processes.
Individual and Sibling Characteristics: Parental Differential Treatment and Adolescent Externalizing Behaviors.

Adolescents’ reports of parental differential treatment have been linked to increased externalizing behaviors. The current study investigated whether adolescent self-esteem and sibling relationship characteristics (age-spacing and sibling relationship quality) moderated associations between parental differential treatment and later externalizing behavior. Data was gathered at two assessments from 708 sibling pairs (94% White; 51% male; same-gender pairs <4 years apart in age). Older/younger siblings were aged MAssessment1 = 13.5/12.1 and MAssessment2 = 16.2/14.7 years. We found that higher levels of maternal differential treatment predicted greater residualized gains in externalizing behavior among older siblings who were (a) the same age as their sibling or near-to and had low self-esteem or (b) three years older than their sibling and had higher self-esteem. Higher levels of paternal differential treatment predicted greater residual gains in externalizing for older siblings with wider age ranges (regardless of self-esteem), and among older siblings with high levels of self-esteem (regardless of age difference). Surprisingly, maternal differential treatment was protective in one case: for adolescents with low self-esteem who were at least three years older than their siblings, maternal differential treatment predicted reduced externalizing behaviors. Paternal differential treatment was protective for more youth than maternal differential treatment: older siblings with low self-esteem who experienced paternal differential treatment exhibited decreased externalizing behaviors across adolescence, regardless of age difference. The findings highlight the importance of self-esteem and sibling age-spacing as particularly salient contextual influences in older siblings’ perceptions of maternal and paternal differential treatment, and that maternal and especially paternal differential treatment does not always serve as a risk factor for externalizing problems.
Christian interest and concerns about Sabbatai Zevi

English and Dutch millenarians became convinced both from the study of Scripture and from the amazing events unfolding in their countries, such as the Puritan Revolution and the success of the Dutch Rebellion against the Spanish, that the coming of the Messiah was imminent. Some thinkers, like the French Protestant Isaac La Peyrere, believed it would be the Jewish Messiah, Jesus in the flesh, who would come around 1655–56. Others were convinced that the penultimate event, the Conversion of the Jews would take place. Rabbi Menasseh ben Israel traveled to England to negotiate the re-admission of the Jews, where the millenarians were convinced that the Jews would convert when brought in contact with the pure Christianity of the Puritans.
The Use of Rating Scales to Measure Outcomes in Child Psychiatry and Mental Health

Objective. To help clinicians and administrators select among rating scales in common use in child and adolescent psychiatry.
Local colour: John Dalton and the politics of colour blindness.

L'auteur dans cet article, tente de discuter des problemes poses par le provincialisme pour la science du debut du 19e siecle. Il recherche ensuite pourquoi et comment la notion de daltonisme devint associee au provincialisme et montre de quelle maniere le cas de John Dalton resume parfaitement cette situation.
Prospective, randomized clinical trial comparing use of intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography to standard care during radical cystectomy

Purpose: Our prospective, randomized clinical study aims to evaluate the utility of intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) in patients undergoing radical cystectomy. Materials and Methods: Eighty patients were randomized to a standard of care group or the intervention group that received continuous intraoperative TEE. Data are presented as means ± standard deviations, median (25th percentile, 75th percentile), or numbers and percentages. Characteristics were compared between groups using independent sample t-tests, Wilcoxon–Mann–Whitney tests or Chi-square tests, as appropriate. All tests were two-sided and P
Automatic Detection of Hot Flash Occurrence and Timing from Skin Conductance Activity

Hot flashes (HF) are intense, transient feelings of heat usually accompanied with flushed skin and sweating that are experienced by women around the time of menopause. HFs are associated with poor quality of life and increased cardiovascular risk. Automatic detection of HF occurrence and precise timing of HF onset could provide unique insight into the physiology of the HF and its effect on the cardiovascular system. A novel automatic algorithm is proposed for the detection of HFs occurrence and timing from the sternal skin conductance signal that is robust to noise and artifacts. The method is based on the gold standard rule (2μS rise in skin conductance within 30 s) and considers several conditions based on the skin conductance level and its derivative to reject unwanted events. ECG-derived heart rate pattern variations are studied prior to the detected HF onset. The algorithm is validated against expert detected HFs over 200 hours of sleep data collected from 12 perimenopausal women. It achieved a total accuracy of 93% and a total error of 3% in HF detection. It was observed that heart rate increased before the onset of 80% of the HFs occurring in undisturbed sleep. Application of this algorithm along with fusion of other simultaneously recorded physiological measures has the potential to advance understanding of the HF.
Mitosis and Meristems

Cell division is a fundamental requirement for growth and development of the plant body. Aside from certain stages of sexual reproduction, all production of new cells is based on a process called the cell cycle in which nuclear division (mitosis) and cell division (cytokinesis) produce two identical daughter cells. Mitosis has four stages and relies heavily on cytoplasmic microtubules for defining the plane of division and directing the entire process of chromosome movement and segregation. Meristems are regions in plants in which mitosis takes place. Apical meristems are at the tips of shoots and roots and contribute to increases in length. Lateral meristems are responsible for increases in girth. Other meristems—intercalary, pericycle, fascicular—are zones of active mitosis and contribute to growth in various plant organs.
Primary Immunodeficiencies in Pregnancy

Primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs) are a rare group of disorders that result from a variety of genetic defects and cause susceptibility to infections that can be life-threatening. Patients with PID often are diagnosed at a young age due to frequent infections; however, some PIDs, such as antibody deficiency disorders, are diagnosed in adulthood. In addition, some immune dysregulation disorders and PID with hypomorphic mutations might present with minimal symptoms during childhood and are not fully diagnosed until adolescence or adulthood. With prompt treatment of infections, prevention prophylaxis, and the development of immunoglobulin replacement therapy, patients with multiple PID diagnoses are now living into adulthood, including women of childbearing age. As the number of pregnancies in women with PID rises, immunologists and gynecologists have encountered a new obstacle in the care of these unique patients. In this chapter, we discuss the major PIDs affecting women of childbearing age and review the literature of reported pregnancies in specific PID diagnoses, summarize specific treatments used, and highlight the outcomes of their pregnancies.
Treg-Cell Control of a CXCL5-IL-17 Inflammatory Axis Promotes Hair-Follicle-Stem-Cell Differentiation During Skin-Barrier Repair.

Restoration of barrier-tissue integrity after injury is dependent on the function of immune cells and stem cells (SCs) residing in the tissue. In response to skin injury, hair-follicle stem cells (HFSCs), normally poised for hair generation, are recruited to the site of injury and differentiate into cells that repair damaged epithelium. We used a SC fate-mapping approach to examine the contribution of regulatory T (Treg) cells to epidermal-barrier repair after injury. Depletion of Treg cells impaired skin-barrier regeneration and was associated with a Th17 inflammatory response and failed HFSC differentiation. In this setting, damaged epithelial cells preferentially expressed the neutrophil chemoattractant CXCL5, and blockade of CXCL5 or neutrophil depletion restored barrier function and SC differentiation after epidermal injury. Thus, Treg-cell regulation of localized inflammation enables HFSC differentiation and, thereby, skin-barrier regeneration, with implications for the maintenance and repair of other barrier tissues.
Predictions of time to HIV viral rebound following ART suspension that incorporate personal biomarkers.

Antiretroviral therapy (ART) effectively controls HIV infection, suppressing HIV viral loads. Suspension of therapy is followed by rebound of viral loads to high, pre-therapy levels. However, there is significant heterogeneity in speed of rebound, with some rebounds occurring within days, weeks, or sometimes years. We present a stochastic mathematical model to gain insight into these post-treatment dynamics, specifically characterizing the dynamics of short term viral rebounds (≤ 60 days). Li et al. (2016) report that the size of the expressed HIV reservoir, i.e., cell-associated HIV RNA levels, and drug regimen correlate with the time between ART suspension and viral rebound to detectable levels. We incorporate this information and viral rebound times to parametrize our model. We then investigate insights offered by our model into the underlying dynamics of the latent reservoir. In particular, we refine previous estimates of viral recrudescence after ART interruption by accounting for heterogeneity in infection rebound dynamics, and determine a recrudescence rate of once every 2-4 days. Our parametrized model can be used to aid in design of clinical trials to study viral dynamics following analytic treatment interruption. We show how to derive informative personalized testing frequencies from our model and offer a proof-of-concept example. Our results represent first steps towards a model that can make predictions on a person living with HIV (PLWH)’s rebound time distribution based on biomarkers, and help identify PLWH with long viral rebound delays.
Fabrication and Thermal Characterization of Composite Cu-CNT Micropillars for Capillary-driven Phase-Change Cooling Devices

This paper presents the fabrication, testing, and modeling of an array of composite copper-carbon nanotubes (Cu-CNT) micropillars as a wick structure for potential application in passive phase-chan...
The cost-effectiveness of empirical antibiotic treatments for high-risk febrile neutropenic patients: A decision analytic model.

PURPOSE Febrile neutropenia has a significant clinical and economic impact on cancer patients. This study evaluates the cost-effectiveness of different current empiric antibiotic treatments. METHODS A decision analytic model was constructed to compare the use of cefepime, meropenem, imipenem/cilastatin, and piperacillin/tazobactam for treatment of high-risk patients. The analysis was performed from the perspective of U.S.-based hospitals. The time horizon was defined to be a single febrile neutropenia episode. Cost-effectiveness was determined by calculating costs and deaths averted. Cost-effectiveness acceptability curves for various willingness-to-pay thresholds (WTP), were used to address the uncertainty in cost-effectiveness. RESULTS The base-case analysis results showed that treatments were equally effective but differed mainly in their cost. In increasing order: treatment with imipenem/cilastatin cost $52,647, cefepime $57,270, piperacillin/tazobactam $57,277, and meropenem $63,778. In the probabilistic analysis, mean costs were $52,554 (CI: $52,242-$52,866) for imipenem/cilastatin, $57,272 (CI: $56,951-$57,593) for cefepime, $57,294 (CI: $56,978-$57,611) for piperacillin/tazobactam, and $63,690 (CI: $63,370-$64,009) for meropenem. Furthermore, with a WTP set at $0 to $50,000, imipenem/cilastatin was cost-effective in 66.2% to 66.3% of simulations compared to all other high-risk options. DISCUSSION Imipenem/cilastatin is a cost-effective strategy and results in considerable health care cost-savings at various WTP thresholds. Cost-effectiveness analyses can be used to differentiate the treatments of febrile neutropenia in high-risk patients.
Evidence of Increased Vehicle Speeding in Ohio's Major Cities during the COVID-19 Pandemic

This paper compares the speeding patterns before and after the COVID-19 pandemic in three major cities in Ohio, USA: Columbus, Cincinnati, and Cleveland. Using high-resolution and real-time INRIX traffic data, we find evidence of increased speeding in all three cities. In particular, we observe an increase in the spatial extent of speeding as well as in the average level of speeding. We also find the mean differences in speeding before and after the COVID-19 outbreak are statistically significant within the study areas.
Mycobacterial Infections in the Hand and Wrist.

Mycobacterial hand infections are uncommon. These infections have an indolent course and are marked by variable and nonspecific presentations, often leading to diagnostic and treatment delays. The pathogens involved in mycobacterial hand infections include Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, atypical mycobacteria, and M leprae. Initial treatment involves a combination of long-term antibiotics and surgical debridement to cure the infection. Reconstructive procedures aid in restoring hand function lost secondary to the disease.
Uma ampla visão do exotismo musical

A maioria dos estudos anteriores sobre o exotismo musical reflete a suposicao tacita de que uma obra e entendida pelo ouvinte como exotica somente se incorpora elementos distintivamente exogenos ou altamente incomuns quanto ao estilo musical. Esse Paradigma “Apenas Estilo Exotico” mostra-se muitas vezes elucidativo, particularmente quando aplicado a obras puramente instrumentais. Em operas e outras obras dramatico-musicais ambientadas em locais exoticos, pelo contrario, a musica e ouvida dentro de um “quadro” narrativo que induz a resposta do ouvinte. No entanto, a bibliografia existente sobre o “exotico na musica” tende a concentrar sua atencao em poucas cenas ou passagens que “soam nao-ocidentais”. E tambem tende a omitir as muitas operas e oratorios dramaticos da era barroca que focam em tiranos orientais despreziveis. Este artigo propoe o Paradigma “Todas as Musicas em Pleno Contexto”, visando contribuir para dar sentido a uma variedade de retratos musicais do exotico, bastante diversificados na mensagem e nos meios. Trechos das seguintes obras sao analisados para discutir os diversos aspectos do problema: Les Indes galantes , de Rameau; Belshazzar de Handel; Carmen, de Bizet; e Madama Butterfly , de Puccini. Cada caso guarda uma gama completa de componentes artisticos, inclusive dispositivos musicais pertencentes ou alheios ao vocabulario exotico tradicional, que enriquecem nossa compreensao de quao diverso, poderoso e, as vezes, perturbador pode ser o processo de exotizacao em generos que combinam a musica e a representacao dramatica.
Advanced therapies in Eisenmenger syndrome

This is a case report of a patient diagnosed with Eisenmenger syndrome in adult life. The patient had a large secundum atrial septal defect diagnosed incidentally in her twenties, with established pulmonary vascular disease and thus the defect was not closed. Over several years the patient showed signs of progressive disease with premature right ventricular dysfunction, preceding any significant symptomatic decline. Her medical therapy was escalated with the addition of intravenous epoprostenol, resulting in both objective and symptomatic improvement. Early medical intervention and treatment can positively impact on the outcome of patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension associated with congenital heart disease.
Is it Time for Wilderness Medicine Fellowships to Join the National Resident Matching Program Specialties Matching Service

Introduction The national resident matching program specialties matching service (SMS) fills fellowship positions for 66 subspecialties. Wilderness medicine (WM) fellowships currently do not participate in SMS; instead, WM uses an offer date to fill positions. To be successful, at least 75% of the available positions within a subspecialty must be within the SMS match. Methods All 13 civilian WM fellowship directors recruiting for academic year (AY) 2019 to 2020 and WM fellowship alumni were surveyed regarding future participation in the SMS. Estimation of the performance of SMS for WM was calculated using data published by the national resident matching program. Results Fellowship directors from all 13 civilian WM fellowships and 60 fellowship alumni participated in the survey. SMS was supported by 62% (n=8) of fellowship directors and 55% (n=33) of fellows. Willingness to pay SMS fees was 54% (n=7) among fellowship directors and 60% (n=36) among fellows. Of matched applicants, 85% (n=51) obtained their top choice program. SMS, if implemented, was perceived to have no impact on matching a top choice program by 53% (n=31); however, 34% (n=20) believed SMS would improve the chance of an applicant matching higher. The match success of SMS for specialties with fewer than 30 programs is 74%. Of the 20 WM fellowship positions in AY 2019 to 2020, 16 were matched, for a success rate of 80%. Conclusions There is insufficient support (
Yield stress behavior of colloidal gels with embedded active particles

The yield stress behavior of colloidal gels with embedded active particles is studied with three experiments: start-up of steady shear, oscillatory strain amplitude sweep, and creep testing. Activity is generated by Janus particles with a platinum hemisphere; these particles undergo self-diffusiophoretic and self-electrophoretic motion in hydrogen peroxide solutions. The free particle active motion of the Janus colloids is consistent with an active energy of 25 times thermal energy at the highest hydrogen peroxide concentration studied. Consistent with prior work, the gels with embedded active particles display enhanced microdynamics and a reduction in linear viscoelastic moduli. Furthermore, at the activity levels studied, the yield stress decreases by as much as threefold for gels with an active-to-passive particle ratio of only 1:1200. We additionally find the yield strain is independent of activity. The significant reduction in yield stress at a very low active-to-passive particle ratio is modeled by combining the theory of how activity changes the spring constant of interparticle bonds in the gel with an argument that the number of active fractal clusters in the gel—rather than the number of active particles—drives the activity-induced softening of rheological properties. We estimate that 1 in 40 fractal clusters in the gel is active due to the presence of an active particle. This approach explains how an extremely small fraction of active particles causes a substantial change in both linear and nonlinear rheological properties. The results and modeling are potentially useful for the creation of gels with multistate mechanical properties.
Few Impacts of Introduced Cutthroat Trout (Oncorhynchus clarki) on Aquatic Stages of Boreal Toads (Anaxyrus boreas boreas)

Introduced salmonids can impact aquatic ecosystems through direct predation and indirect effects. We explored the effects of introduced Cutthroat Trout (Onchoryncus clarki) on Boreal Toad (Anaxyrus boreas boreas) survival and habitat use during two aquatic life stages, the embryo and tadpole, at Boreal Toad breeding sites with and without Cutthroat Trout. We found no difference in embryo survival and higher tadpole survival at the site with Cutthroat Trout. Cutthroat Trout are unlikely to use the shallow areas where Boreal Toad eggs are deposited; however, during the tadpole stage, Cutthroat Trout and tadpoles overlap broadly in near-shore aquatic habitats. Frequency of tadpole habitat use is lower in Cutthroat Trout–used areas, but we observed no behavioral or temporal avoidance of Cutthroat Trout by tadpoles. Our results suggest that Cutthroat Trout do not have a negative effect on Boreal Toad embryo or tadpole survival in wild settings and that Cutthroat Trout presence does not preclude tadpoles from using habitats.
Should Airbag Backpacks Be Standard Avalanche Safety Equipment

Avalanche airbag backpacks have been shown to be effective at reducing avalanche mortality. However, they are yet to be considered standard avalanche safety equipment, which has long consisted of a transceiver, a shovel, and a probe. This is despite data showing that airbags reduce mortality by decreasing the likelihood of burial. In addition, airbags probably lessen trauma and possibly delay asphyxia. Moreover, the literature suggests airbags reduce mortality at a rate similar to transceivers. For those who work, volunteer, and recreate in avalanche terrain, airbags should be considered standard safety equipment. However, multiple barriers exist for universal adoption, including cost, size, weight, training burden, availability, risk tolerance, and lack of community support and recommendations from professional societies and associations.
Factors influencing intent to receive COVID-19 vaccination among Black and White adults in the southeastern United States, October - December 2020.

Vaccination intent is foundational for effective COVID-19 vaccine campaigns. To understand factors and attitudes influencing COVID-19 vaccination intent in Black and White adults in the US south, we conducted a mixed-methods cross-sectional survey of 4512 adults enrolled in the Southern Community Cohort Study (SCCS), an ongoing study of racial and economic health disparities. Vaccination intent was measured as "If a vaccine to prevent COVID-19 became available to you, how likely are you to choose to get the COVID-19 vaccination?" with options of "very unlikely," "somewhat unlikely," "neither unlikely nor likely," "somewhat likely," and "very likely." Reasons for intent, socio-demographic factors, preventive behaviors, and other factors were collected. 46% of participants had uncertain or low intent. Lower intent was associated with female gender, younger age, Black race, more spiritual/religious, lower perceived COVID-19 susceptibility, living in a greater deprivation area, lower reading ability, and lack of confidence in childhood vaccine safety or COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness or safety (p < .05 for all). Most factors were present in all racial/gender groups. Contextual influences, vaccine/vaccination specific issues, and personal/group influences were identified as reasons for low intent. Reasons for higher intent included preventing serious illness, life returning to normal, and recommendation of trusted messengers. Hesitancy was complex, suggesting tailored interventions may be required to address low intent.
Introduction Chronology of Significant Events in the Study of Neoplasia

The purpose of this chronology is to provide both an historic and a current perspective related to the subject matter detailed in this book. No doubt, some omissions have been made, partly due to oversight, but mostly as a result of limited space. For a more detailed account of many of the earlier discoveries listed here, the reader is referred to the excellent work of Michael B. Shimkin, 1977, Contrary to Nature, U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare Publication, Washington, D. C., as well as to the specific references cited for each event.
Lymphoma models for B-cell activation and tolerance: IX. Efficient reversal of anti-Ig-mediated growth inhibition by an activated TH2 clone

We have utilized several B-cell lymphomas that are growth inhibited by anti-Ig reagents as models for tolerance induction. In a previous communication, we demonstrated that the growth inhibition by anti-Ig can be partially prevented by the recombinant lymphokine, IL-4. In this paper, we report that complete protection of B lymphomas from anti-Ig was provided by a type 2 helper cell clone, D10.G4, when these T cells were activated by monoclonal anti-CD3. Conditioned medium from anti-CD3-stimulated D10.G4 cells also provided protection from anti-Ig. In contrast, little protection was observed with activated cells from a type 1 T-cell clone, A.E7. Furthermore, we show that combinations of IL-4 and tumor necrosis factors (both TNF alpha and TNF beta), as well as IL-4, effected partial protection by themselves and enhanced the activity of the other lymphokine if used in a pretreatment protocol. However, anti-cytokine antibodies were ineffective at reversing the T-cell-mediated protection. The possibility that direct T:B-cell contact mediates part of the protective signal is discussed.
Modeling and robust control of a plasma deposition process

Current control practices within DC deposition processes concentrate on tight control over individual parameters e.g., current levels and gas flow rates, and overall process control is currently nonexistent. The modeling and robust control of the system in this paper, relating the current reference voltage to the plasma stagnation pressure, provided an initial step in developing process control. Data consisting of an input voltage and output stagnation pressure were collected about a nominal operating point. ARMAV models of increasing order were fitted to the data until the adequate system model was obtained. The modeling procedure resulted in a sixteenth order difference equation relating input to output. The model was reduced to a simple first order system by identifying the switching frequency of the power supply and arc-restrike phenomenon as the source of six complex conjugate pairs and identifying a single real root dominating the remaining response. The power supply inductance was credited as the source of the single root characterizing the system. A minimum mean squared control strategy was employed do develop a control equation for the reduced system model. While ultimately a control strategy would incorporate all the manipulable inputs and particle state parameters, the current/pressure modeling and control scheme illustrated the potential to develop real-time robust control of the deposition process.
Density and Failure Rate Estimation

Density and failure rate estimation are valuable tools to assess and explore the occurrence and timing of failures in reliability and quality control. This article focuses on nonparametric approaches such as histograms, the kernel method, and other smoothing procedures. Nonparametric density and failure rate estimation is particularly valuable for exploratory data analysis and in situations where available information is insufficient to specify a parametric model, as these methods “let the data speak for themselves”, and no assumptions are needed beyond smoothness of the functions to be estimated. Issues specific for nonparametric approaches are finite bias behavior and choice of the necessary smoothing parameter. For failure rate estimation, available data are sometimes incompletely observed (censored) or available in aggregated form only, necessitating appropriate adjustments. Shape restrictions such as increasing failure rate (IFR) are also occasionally of interest in reliability. Keywords: Aalen estimator; failure rate; hazard rate; histogram; kernel estimator; local linear fitting; nonparametric estimation; smoothing
A Review of: “Paget, M. A. (2004). The Unity of Mistakes: A Phenomenological Interpretation of Medical Work.”

Like the common phrase “everyone makes mistakes,” “mistakes are inevitable” is a surface expression of a far more complex and disturbing actuality, that irreparable errors are inevitable. Such erro...
The development of depressive symptoms among women with rheumatoid arthritis. The role of function.

Objective. To examine the role of function and functional changes in the development of depressive symptoms among women with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Methods. Data from a longitudinal panel study of persons with RA were used. Functional changes were assessed from 1989 to 1991, and depressive symptoms during 1992. Results. Loss of valued activities was a significant risk factor for developing depressive symptoms (i.e., score of ≥ 7 on the Short Form Geriatric Depression Scale), but overall functional decline was not. Conclusion. The aspect of functional decline that leads to development of depressive symptoms is the loss of valued activities, not simply the functional impairment.
Geologic mapping of the Amirani-Gish Bar region of Io: Implications for the global geologic mapping of Io

Abstract We produced the first geologic map of the Amirani–Gish Bar region of Io, the last of four regional maps generated from Galileo mission data. The Amirani–Gish Bar region has five primary types of geologic materials: plains, mountains, patera floors, flows, and diffuse deposits. The flows and patera floors are thought to be compositionally similar, but are subdivided based on interpretations regarding their emplacement environments and mechanisms. Our mapping shows that volcanic activity in the Amirani–Gish Bar region is dominated by the Amirani Eruptive Center (AEC), now recognized to be part of an extensive, combined Amirani–Maui flow field. A mappable flow connects Amirani and Maui, suggesting that Maui is fed from Amirani, such that the post-Voyager designation “Maui Eruptive Center” should be revised. Amirani contains at least four hot spots detected by Galileo, and is the source of widespread bright (sulfur?) flows and active dark (silicate?) flows being emplaced in the Promethean style (slowly emplaced, compound flow fields). The floor of Gish Bar Patera has been partially resurfaced by dark lava flows, although other parts of its floor are bright and appeared unchanged during the Galileo mission. This suggests that the floor did not undergo complete resurfacing as a lava lake as proposed for other ionian paterae. There are several other hot spots in the region that are the sources of both active dark flows (confined within paterae), and SO2- and S2-rich diffuse deposits. Mapped diffuse deposits around fractures on mountains and in the plains appear to serve as the source for gas venting without the release of magma, an association previously unrecognized in this region. The six mountains mapped in this region exhibit various states of degradation. In addition to gaining insight into this region of Io, all four maps are studied to assess the best methodology to use to produce a new global geologic map of Io based on the newly released, combined Galileo–Voyager global mosaics. To convey the complexity of ionian surface geology, we find that a new global geologic map of Io should include a map sheet displaying the global abundances and types of surface features as well as a complementary GIS database as a means to catalog the record of surface changes observed since the Voyager flybys and during the Galileo mission.
Predictive modeling of PWAS-coupled shear horizontal waves

This paper discusses shear horizontal (SH) guided waves that can be excited with shear type piezoelectric wafer active sensors (PWAS). The paper starts with a review of the state of the art in SH waves modeling and their importance in non-destructive evaluation (NDE). This is followed by basic sensing and actuation equations of shear-poled PWAS transducers with appropriate electro-mechanical coupling coefficients. The electro-mechanical impedance of the SHPWAS transducer is studied. The equations for shear stress transfer between PWAS and the structure are developed. The amplitudes of shear horizontal wave modes are normalized with respect to the wave power; normal mode expansion (NME) method is used to account for superpositioning multimodal SH waves. Modal participation factors are presented to show the contribution of every mode. Model assumption includes: (a) straight crested guided wave propagation; (b) evanescent waves are ignored; and (c) ideal bonding between PWAS and structure with shear load transfer concentrated at PWAS tips. Power and energy transfer between PWAS and the structure is analyzed in order to optimize sensor size and excitation frequency for maximum wave energy production for a given source. The paper ends with summary, conclusion and suggestion of future work.
Efficacy of several potential biocontrol organisms against Rhizoctonia solani on potato

Abstract Twenty-eight potential biocontrol organisms were tested for efficacy against Rhizoctonia solani on potato in a series of greenhouse trials. Organisms tested consisted of field isolates of Paenibacillus polymyxa, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Penicillium sp., Trichoderma sp., and Rhizoctonia zeae; known biocontrol isolates including Laetisaria arvalis, Verticillium biguttatum, Cladorrhinum foecundissimum, and Stilbella aciculosa; and commercial products of Bacillus subtilis (Kodiak), Trichoderma virens (SoilGard), and T. harzianum (RootShield). Different formulations and rates of several fungal isolates and the efficacy of combinations of effective antagonists were also investigated. None of the treatments, including a chemical control (azoxystrobin), effectively controlled stem canker and black scurf in all trials. However, B. subtilis GB03, R. zeae LRNE17E, S. aciculosa 112-B, and the chemical control were most effective in reducing stem canker severity (40–49% reduction) relative to the infested controls over all trials. L. arvalis ZH-1, R. zeae LRNE17E, and the chemical control reduced black scurf severity 54–60% relative to the infested control. Other treatments also significantly reduced stem canker and black scurf, however they were slightly less effective. Biocontrol amendment rate was not correlated with disease control, although the higher rates usually provided the best control. One combination of biocontrol organisms, B. subtilis and T. virens, demonstrated somewhat better control of stem canker than each organism alone, suggesting that this approach may provide improved biocontrol efficacy.
Complete Ranking of Reliability-Related Distributions

In reliability and life testing problems, an experimenter often wishes to rank several populations of items (e.g., devices which serve the same function) in order of `goodness'. In many cases it is trivial to decide how to rank the populations, but difficult to decide how many devices of each type to test, and also difficult to evaluate the probability that the ranking is correct. This paper considers these difficult aspects when the `goodness' of a population is simply related to its scale parameter (as is the case for many distributions used in reliability and life testing studies). The techniques provide a guaranteed probability of correct ranking (over usual scale parameter spaces), and in many cases this probability can be evaluated by a Monte Carlo sampling experiment. This furnishes a rational way to choose sample size in reliability and life testing when comparison of competing devices is the basic experimental goal.
Anatomy of the temporal bone in early anthropoids, with remarks on the problem of anthropoid origins

New and previously undescribed specimens of the petrous, squamous, and tympanic parts of the temporal bones of anthropoid primates from the Oligocene of Egypt display a general morphological resemblance to the equivalent parts of Recent ceboid skulls. Like that of ceboids, the ectotympanic bone of Fayum anthropoids is a simple anulus, fused to the squamosal at both its extremities. The petrosal's bullar contribution appears to bear transverse septa running laterally from promontory to ectotympanic; similar septa are seen in callitrichids and some prosimians. The definitive stylomastoid foramen is in a position characteristic for ceboids but not found among adult catarrhines. As far as can currently be determined, pneumatization of the petrous and squamous temporal is specifically anthropoid-like in pattern and extent, but exhibits no special resemblances to that found in any particular anthropoid taxon. On the other hand, Fayum anthropoids appear to resemble other catarrhines and to differ from most extant ceboids in lacking a vascular canal leading from the subarcuate fossa to the sigmoid venous sinus. Vascular impressions on a squamosal fragment tentatively assigned to Aegyptopithecus zeuxis show that the petrosquamous and cranio-orbital venous sinuses were persistently large, as in prosimians. A squamosal fragment previously attributed to Apidium phiomense, and adduced as evidence for a lemuriform ancestry of Anthropoidea, is probably that of a hyaenodontid creodont. It is certainly not that of a primate. The ceboid like morphology of the early catarrhine ear region is probably primitive for anthropoids, and in any case it does not argue for an Old World origin of ceboids–but it emphatically suggests that Anthropoidea is a strictly monophyletic taxon.
Photorespiration and productivity rates of a coral reef algal turf assemblage

In studies conducted from 1982 to 1983, productivity (14C uptake) of a coral reef algal-turf assemblage was unaffected by oxygen concentration but decreased when pH rose, probably in response to declining CO2 and HCO 3 - supplies. Release of prefixed 14C was substantially lower in the light than in the dark and was unaffected by oxygen concentration. Release of organic prefixed 14C was greater in the light than in darkness. Total CO2 compensation-points were low, showing no consistent response to oxygen or the photorespiratory inhibitor alpha-hydroxy-2-pyridine-methanesulfonic acid (HPMS). Oxygen has little if any influence upon turf productivity, which was high in comparison to other benthic algae. Decreases in net carbon-fixation rates of this turf more likely result from decreased photosynthesis than increased photorespiration, which is either not significant in turf metabolism under natural conditions or is compensated by efficient refixation of respired carbon.
Techniques to improve decoded video quality for erroneous H.264 bit streams in an asynchronous multiprocessor architecture

A conventional synchronous single processor decoder system can no longer cater to the demands of the market in terms of processing speed. A modern asynchronous multiprocessor architecture partitions the decoding functions into different processing cores so that real time decoding of high mega pixel streams is achieved by parallel execution. The number of processor cores is a balance between chip area, processing Mhz requirements and the latency incurred in the pipeline. Error handling on a modern asynchronous multiprocessor architecture is far more involved compared to its synchronous counterparts. This paper presents a software design and methodology in order to achieve better error resilience and concealment quality in a High Profile H.264 Universal Decoder on an asynchronous multiprocessor architecture. It involves robust error handling and error recovery, detection and handling of possible start code overrun, overcoming limitations due to the extremely efficient software design, improved error detection logic, and improvements in End of Picture Detection. Average PSNR improvement of 0.35 dB and maximum 4 dB has been obtained by these techniques, when tested on an error stream test suite of more than 100 randomly corrupted streams.
Improving software quality using statistical testing techniques

Abstract Cleanroom usage-based statistical testing techniques have been incorporated into the software development process for a program in the Electronic Systems business of Raytheon Company. Cost-effectively improving the quality of software delivered into systems integration was a driving criterion for the program. Usage-based statistical testing provided the capability to increase the number of test cases executed on the software and to focus the testing on expected usage scenarios. The techniques provide quantitative methods for measuring and reporting testing progress, and support managing the testing process. This article discusses the motivation and approach for adopting usage-based statistical testing techniques, and experiences using these testing techniques.
Physical factors contributing to the partition coefficient and retention time of 2',3'-dideoxynucleoside analogues.

Abstract Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is an immunosuppressive disease characterized by an immune impairment and a high susceptibility to unusual forms of certain neoplasms. Since the brain is an important site of the infection, it is necessary to explore new classes of drugs that have the ability to penetrate across the blood–brain barrier, and the potency to suppress viral replication within the central nervous system (CNS). Therefore, the ability to predicate the lipophilicity of the potent anti-AIDS drugs may provide useful information about the potential of the drugs to enter CNS. In this paper, the correlations of log P (octanol-buffer partition coefficient) and log f R (retention time in HPLC; R , was used by Balzarini et al.) with some physical constants like log MW (molecular weight), hydrogen bond forming ability (HB) of the substitu- ents, and the substituent group dipole moments (s) are analyzed. Good correlations of log P and log f R with log MW, HB, and s have been obtained.
Techniques and considerations for determining isoinertial upper-body power.

Abstract Power is an integral aspect of many sports. Although power output of the lower body is often measured during jumping and cycling movements, much less is known about power as pertains to the upper body musculature. Recently, isoinertial methods ‐ with constant gravitational load ‐ of power testing have become common, but little is known of the reliability and criterion validity of these tests as they pertain to sport performance. In addition, the varied methodology makes a lucid model more evasive. The aims of this review are to examine the various methods of assessing upper body power, to establish its role in predicting athletic performance, and to assess the body of literature that has assessed power output of the upper extremities by isoinertial methods. To our knowledge, only two studies on isoinertial upper‐body power have shown a direct correlation to sporting ability (Baker, 2001; Baker et al., 2001); therefore, many unanswered questions exist as to the efficacy of these tests as predictor...
Selective and Mild Oxyfunctionalization of Model Polyolefins

The direct oxyfunctionalization of a model polyolefin, polyethylene-alt-propylene (PEP), was achieved utilizing a straightforward, mild process. In the presence of a manganese complex, manganese meso-tetra-2,6-dichlorophenylporphyrin acetate (Mn(TDCPP)OAc), imidazole, a phase transfer agent, and potassium peroxymonosulfate (Oxone), PEP was functionalized under ambient conditions without chain degradation. The primary oxidation products contained tertiary alcohols and ketones based on IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and DEPT 13C NMR spectroscopy of the oxyfunctionalized products. The oxyfunctionalization of squalane, a small molecule, structural analogue of PEP, was also demonstrated. Spectroscopic analyses of the main products from the squalane oxidation were nearly identical with the functional groups identified in the PEP oxidation products. The degree of functionalization was modulated by changing the relative concentration of the oxidant, Oxone. The degree of functionalization and the thermal properties are repo...
New and Integrated Approaches to Successful Accelerated Drug Development

Traditionally, the development of a new drug from discovery to market takes 10 to 15 years and costs hundreds of millions of dollars. Accelerated drug development, therefore, is of critical importance to both maximizing return on this investment and bringing drugs for unmet medical needs to patients as rapidly as possible. New structure-based development strategies are being combined with integrated, multidisciplinary approaches to speed the processes of physicochemical and pharmacological characterization, toxico-logical investigation, and clinical testing. The process of accelerated drug development, however, presents unique challenges as well as opportunities.