cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Racial and Sexual Identities as Potential Buffers to Risky Sexual Behavior for Black Gay and Bisexual Emerging Adult Men

OBJECTIVE Emerging adult Black gay and bisexual men represent intersections of social groups that are greatly impacted by the HIV epidemic (i.e., young, Black, gay/bisexual). Given their vulnerability to HIV, it is imperative to understand how these social identities may also promote resilience, and point to protective factors that may aid in our development of population-specific HIV prevention interventions. METHOD An online survey of the experiences of Black lesbian, gay, and bisexual young adults was administered. The current study assessed the intersection of identities and sexual risk behavior for a subsample of this population; 120 Black gay and bisexual young men (Mage = 21.79, SD = 3.08). RESULTS Using hierarchical linear regression, higher levels of racial centrality (degree to which being Black is central to ones identity) and racial public regard (perceptions of societal views toward Black Americans) predicted decreases in risky sexual behavior (total anal sex acts and unprotected anal sex acts). CONCLUSION Researchers and interventionist should consider the ways in which racial centrality may be a critical tool in our efforts to decrease the HIV epidemic among young Black gay and bisexual men in America.
Tracking the Adsorption and Electron Injection Rates of CdSe Quantum Dots on TiO2: Linked versus Direct Attachment

Understanding CdSe quantum dot (QD) adsorption phenomena on mesoscopic TiO2 films is important for improving the performance of quantum dot sensitized solar cells (QDSSCs). A kinetic adsorption model has been developed to elucidate both Langmuir-like submonolayer adsorption and QD aggregation processes. Removal of surface-bound trioctylphosphine oxide as well as the use of 3-mercaptopropionic acid (MPA) as a molecular linker improved the adsorption of toluene-suspended QDs onto TiO2 films. The adsorption constant Kad for submonolayer coverage was (6.7 ± 2.7) × 103 M–1 for direct adsorption and (4.2 ± 2.0) × 104 M–1 for MPA-linked assemblies. Prolonged exposure of a TiO2 film to a CdSe QD suspension resulted in the assembly of aggregated particles regardless of the method of adsorption. A greater coverage of TiO2 was achieved with smaller QDs due to reduced size constraints. Ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy demonstrated faster electron injection into TiO2 from directly adsorbed QDs (kET = 7.2 × ...
Extraction of Precipitable Substances of Bacilli with Dilute Alcohol.

Attempts to verify the statements of Schlemmer1 and Pick2 on alcohol soluble specific substances of typhoid bacilli did not give us satisfactory results. On the other hand, in a similar way as described recently for the V. Cholera,3 it was possible to extract precipitable substances of B. typhosus with boiling 75 per cent alcohol. With common typhoid immune sera the solution of the substance gave weak precipitation only. It reacted intensely, however, with immune sera made by injections of small amounts of the preparation itself. These sera, in contrast to common typhoid immune sera, were very weakly agglutinating and produced little precipitation in extracts obtained by heating the bacilli to 60° C. in saline solution. The latter extracts reacted strongly with common typhoid immune sera. The relation of our product to that obtained by Douglas and Fleming4 by digestion with trypsin remains to be determined.In specificity tests cross reactions were observed between the substances of B. typhosus and B. para...
541 INCREASING AWARENESS OF HEPATITIS C DISEASE, RISK, AND TESTING IN FAIRBANKS, ALASKA.

Purpose Cases of hepatitis C (HCV) reported to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) for Fairbanks, AK, are strikingly low compared to the national average. This is, in part, due to a lack of identified cases. Fairbanks population has a very high incidence of IV drug use, a major risk factor for HCV transmission. The population also has a high incidence of tattooing (both homemade and commercial) that may present a transmission risk. Commercial tattoo artists were not required to be licensed before 2001. Testing rates have decreased in recent years. An attempt was made to increase awareness of HCV, risk, and available testing. Methods Community members (including public health nurse, local doctors, patients, and local tattoo artist) were interviewed to gain understanding of local hepatitis C risks and care. Research was completed using PubMed, CDC, State Epidemiology, and various hepatitis C Web sites. An informative flyer was created to share information on HCV as a potentially quiet but worsening disease. Risk factors were listed. Free testing at a public health clinic was advertised. The flyer was circulated at the local needle exchange program and in two local clinics. Summary Increased awareness of HCV, risk, and testing should increase the number of Fairbanks residents who identify their need to be tested. Since treatment may be able to stop the progression of liver disease due to HCV, testing may eventually lead to improved outcomes. Community interest and involvement in HCV prevention and treatment should also increase with the flyer.
Application of RNA interference in research on functional genes of Blattella germanica

German cockroach(Blattella germanica), the dominant species of cockroaches in China, has an important role in research due to its significance and harmfulness in medicine and economics and being a preponderant research model for many scientific problems. Functional gene research has been the basis for biological research in the post genome era. RNA interference(RNAi) is a post transcriptional gene(mRNA) silencing where endogenous or exogenous double strand RNA specifically and efficiently suppresses the expression of a functional gene at cellular and gross levels. In view of the research value of cockroaches and the technical advantage of RNAi, this article briefly reviews the molecular mechanism of RNAi, with an emphasis on the latest research on the functional genes ofB. germanica.
The organization of carbohydrate in mouse synaptosomal plasma membrane.

Analysis of synaptosomal plasma membrane from mouse brain by SDS gel electrophoresis reveals a large number of glycoprotein and glycolipid species, as distinguished by periodic acid Schiff or by the distribution of in vivo incorporated 3H-fucose label. The topographical distribution of this carbohydrate in the plasma membrane was examined by labelling intact synaptosomes and isolated membrane with galactose oxidase (E.C. 1.1.2.9.)-3H-NaBH4. In both, gangliosides and a wide spectrum of glycoprotein species were labelled. Extraction of SPM with 0.05 N NaOH at 0 degrees C removed about two-thirds of the membrane's protein. Gel electrophoresis of the solubilized material revealed partial or complete extraction of a large number of polypeptide species; however, all of the glycoproteins, as well as the glycolipid, remained in the insoluble pellet. These results indicate a highly asymmetric arrangement of glycoproteins and glycolipids in SPM; most or all of these species reside on the external surface of the synaptosome, accessible to galactose oxidase. The glycoproteins appear to be more deeply-buried in the lipid bilayer than the other polypeptide species, as has been found in other systems.
Assembly Mechanism and Nanomechanics of Aβ in Alzheimer's Disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by progressive dementia and eventual loss of bodily functions that, historically, is associated with the formation of plaques composed of amyloid beta (Aβ), a 36-43 amino acid peptide. A much more complex picture is now emerging that involves many different species of Aβ oliogomers along the assembly pathway. We have used atomic force microscopy (AFM) to investigate Aβ assembly dynamics in order to observe fibril morphology and to characterize fibril elongation and nanomechanics in physiologically relevant buffers on mica as well as on supported lipid bilayers. We have especially focused on resolving small oligomers that is currently thought to initiate deterioration of brain function in AD and its drug intervention and on defining early stage oligomer to fibril growth by integrations between optical spectroscopy determination of protein conformation and AFM observations. We aim to apply quantitative kinetic schemes to identify the number of steps and kinetic constants using time-resolved AFM, thioflavin T fluorescence and circular dichroism data to define the transition from lag to log phase and the broader assembly mechanism.
CHAPTER 47 – Extrasolar Planets

Extrasolar planets—planets outside the solar system— were for a long time a mystery for astronomers. Are planets also orbiting other stars than the Sun? Is our solar system unique, or is planet formation a natural by-product of star formation and is our galaxy thus teeming with planets? The answers to these questions eluded astronomers for many centuries. It was only over the past decade that we finally obtained unambiguous evidence for the existence of extrasolar planets. The reason why it took so long to find these objects is the fact that planets are dark objects very close to an extremely bright source, their host star. In visual light, a planet is more than a billion times fainter than a star. But the main problem is not the planet's faintness—today's best telescopes and instruments are sensitive enough—but that the light of the close-by star overwhelms the feeble light coming from the companion. Astronomers had to rely completely on indirect methods to discover and characterize the first extrasolar planets. The most successful method today is the radial velocity technique, where tiny variations in the line-of-sight velocity of a star are used to infer the presence of unseen companions. Over the past 10 years, radial velocity surveys have detected more than 150 planetary companions to stars in our galaxy. Most of them are presumably gas giant planets similar to Jupiter and Saturn. The structures of most known extrasolar planetary systems are very different from those in our solar system, with giant planets often very close to the star and a wide range of orbital eccentricities. These observational data resulted in a rethinking of our current understanding and reformulation of our theoretical models how planets form. We might also begin to view our solar system in a different light: Many of the extrasolar planetary systems found so far seem to have undergone far more dynamical evolution than has our own solar system. The next decades of planet search will allow us to determine the frequency of planetary systems similar to ours, and even how abundant possible habitable worlds like our Earth are.
Digital Forensics In Law Enforcement: A Needs Based Analysis of Indiana Agencies

Cyber crime is a growing problem, with the impact to society increasing exponentially, but the ability of local law enforcement agencies to investigate and successfully prosecute criminals for these crimes is unclear. Many national needs assessments have previously been conducted, and all indicated that state and local law enforcement did not have the training, tools, or staff to effectively conduct digital investigations, but very few have been completed recently. This study provided a current and localized assessment of the ability of Indiana law enforcement agencies to effectively investigate crimes involving digital evidence, the availability of training for both law enforcement officers and prosecuting attorneys, and the ability of prosecuting attorneys to pursue and obtain convictions in cases involving digital evidence. The results support the recommendation that a comprehensive resource guide is needed, as standard operating procedures are lacking, and law enforcement is unaware of available training courses and resources.
Hydrogen isotopes of n -alkanes and n -alkanoic acids as tracers of precipitation in a temperate forest and implications for paleorecords

Abstract The hydrogen isotopic composition of leaf waxes (δDwax) primarily reflects that of plant source water. Therefore, sedimentary δDwax records are increasingly used to reconstruct the δD of past precipitation (δDp) and to investigate paleohydrologic changes. Such reconstructions rely on estimates of apparent fractionation (eapp) between δDp and the resulting δDwax. However, eapp values are modified by numerous environmental and biological factors during leaf wax production. As a result, eapp can vary widely among plant species and growth forms. This complicates estimation of accurate eapp values and presents a central challenge to quantitative leaf wax paleohydrology. During the 2014 growing season, we examined eapp in the five deciduous angiosperm tree species (Prunus serotina, Acer saccharinum, Quercus rubra, Quercus alba, and Ulmus americana) that dominate the temperate forest at Brown’s Lake Bog, Ohio, USA. We sampled individuals of each species at weekly to monthly intervals from March to October and report δD values of n-C29 alkanes (δDn-C29 alkane) and n-C28 alkanoic acids (δDn-C28 acid), as well as xylem (δDxw) and leaf water (δDlw). n-Alkane synthesis was most intense 2–3 weeks after leaf emergence and ceased thereafter, whereas n-alkanoic acid synthesis continued throughout the entire growing season. During bud swell and leaf emergence, δDlw was a primary control on δDn-C29 alkane and δDn-C28 acid values, which stabilized once leaves became fully expanded. Metabolic shifts between young and mature leaves may be an important secondary driver of δDwax changes during leaf development. In mature autumn leaves of all species, the mean eapp for n-C29 alkane (−107‰) was offset by approximately −19‰ from the mean eapp for n-C28 alkanoic acid (−88‰). These results indicate that in temperate settings n-alkanes and n-alkanoic acids from deciduous trees are distinct with respect to their abundance, timing of synthesis, and eapp values.
Simply a matter of context? Partisan contexts and party loyalties on free votes

While recent studies suggest the party loyalties of Members of Parliament (MPs) influence voting behaviour on free votes independently of personal preferences, it remains to be seen to what extent party loyalties influence MPs’ voting behaviour more generally. To this end, this article examines the impact of the partisan context of the vote on the effects of party loyalties. Using data from 20 divisions decided largely as free votes and controlling for personal preferences using a survey measuring MPs’ attitudes, the analysis shows that the effect of party loyalty on voting behaviour is strongest under the most partisan conditions: when the outcome is anticipated to be close and most consequential to the success/failure of a bill. These findings suggest party loyalty effects may emerge on other highly partisan divisions with partisan consequences and not appear on less partisan divisions.
Under the one child policy regime in China: did having younger sibling(s) increase the risk of overweight and underweight status?

ABSTRACTThe implications of having any younger sibling(s) on child overweight and underweight status under China’s One Child Policy Regime are complicated by multiple factors, including potential resource dilution, the stage of economic development, changing child-rearing norm, mandated birth interval and parental son preference. Using the instrumental variable method and data from China Health and Nutrition Survey 1991–2006, we find that having younger sibling(s) generally does not affect a firstborn child’s risk of being overweight or obese, neither does it increase the risk of being underweight. The findings on underweight status suggest that the favourable effect of economic growth and child rearing practice have outperformed the resource dilution effect in basic nutrition needs through the years of the study. It implies that further relaxation of the One Child Policy should not increase the nutritional risk for children.
Recovery of Online Sentence Processing in Aphasia: Eye Movement Changes Resulting From Treatment of Underlying Forms.

Purpose The present study tested whether (and how) language treatment changed online sentence processing in individuals with aphasia. Method Participants with aphasia (n = 10) received a 12-week pr...
Scheduling and Control of Crop Production for Advanced Life Support

Abstract Advanced life support systems will support human lives during space journeys. Plants will provide food, consume CO2, produce O2, and clean water within the enclosed systems. Computer models were developed for the purpose of analyzing effects of crop production schemes on food supply and resource requirements and for controlling plant growth and development. An object-oriented approach was used to develop a top-level model for crop production scheme analysis. Another approach developed controlled environment crop growth and development models by modifying open field crop models for formulating model-based control algorithms. This paper presents an overview of these two different approaches.
Simple Tests Compare Well with a Hand‐held Audiometer for Hearing Loss Screening in Primary Care

Objectives To compare hearing loss screening results of four simple tests with those of hand-held audiometry. Design Cross-sectional study of individuals screened during intake for physicals and other routine procedures. Setting Two primary care clinics in the San Francisco Bay area. Participants Older adults not wearing hearing aids (N = 125, mean age 72.9, 63% female). Measurements Direct question about hearing loss, indirect question, finger-rub test, whisper test, and audiometric results using a hand-held audiometer. Results Sensitivity was 91% for the finger-rub test compared with 89% for the direct question, 85% for the indirect question, and 79% for the whisper test. For specificity, the whisper test was highest, followed by the finger rub, indirect, and direct. Conclusion Simple screening procedures can be used to identify older adults with hearing loss in primary care and facilitate early referral for additional testing and treatment.
The Supra-azygos Area

The supra-azygos area is that portion of the right side of the mediastinum extending cephalad from the azygos arch to the thoracic inlet. To understand the normal radiologic appearance of this region, a thorough understanding of the anatomy of the azygos vein and particularly the azygos arch is mandatory [48, 49].
Engagement with a Text-Messaging Intervention Improves Adherence in Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes: Brief Report.

Abstract Adherence to diabetes management is a challenge for adolescents with type 1 diabetes (T1D). Positive psychology interventions have improved adherence to treatment recommendations in adults...
Dashboards 2.0

Children’s Hospital and Medical Center in Omaha has developed an Analytics program that addresses a variety of clinical, administrative and financial data needs throughout the organization. Over 40 dashboards have been developed that extract and analyze data from Children’s inpatient and ambulatory electronic medical record (EMR) and associated financial systems. Using off-the-shelf business intelligence technology, these dashboards can be accessed throughout the organization by anyone with a web browser and the appropriate security clearance. Instead of static paper or spreadsheet-based reports, the dashboards allow the user to filter, sort and analyze the data on-the-fiy, letting them answer questions they hadn’t even thought of when the dashboard was designed. The information technology department (IT) isn’t the data gatekeeper anymore—the dashboard users are empowered to come up with creative ways to examine a problem and develop equally creative solutions
Structural Causal Bandits with Non-Manipulable Variables

Causal knowledge is sought after throughout data-driven fields due to its explanatory power and potential value to inform decision-making. If the targeted system is well-understood in terms of its causal components, one is able to design more precise and surgical interventions so as to bring certain desired outcomes about. The idea of leveraging the causal understanding of a system to improve decision-making has been studied in the literature under the rubric of structural causal bandits (Lee and Bareinboim, 2018). In this setting, (1) pulling an arm corresponds to performing a causal intervention on a set of variables, while (2) the associated rewards are governed by the underlying causal mechanisms. One key assumption of this work is that any observed variable (X) in the system is manipulable, which means that intervening and making do(X = x) is always realizable. In many real-world scenarios, however, this is a too stringent requirement. For instance, while scientific evidence may support that obesity shortens life, it’s not feasible to manipulate obesity directly, but, for example, by decreasing the amount of soda consumption (Pearl, 2018). In this paper, we study a relaxed version of the structural causal bandit problem when not all variables are manipulable. Specifically, we develop a procedure that takes as argument partially specified causal knowledge and identifies the possibly-optimal arms in structural bandits with non-manipulable variables. We further introduce an algorithm that uncovers non-trivial dependence structure among the possibly-optimal arms. Finally, we corroborate our findings with simulations, which shows that MAB solvers enhanced with causal knowledge and leveraging the newly discovered dependence structure among arms consistently outperform causal-insensitive solvers.
HIF Inhibitors: Status of Current Clinical Development

In this review, the importance of the hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) pathway in tumorigenesis and cancer treatment outcomes will be discussed. The outcomes of phase II and III clinical trials of direct HIF inhibitors in the treatment of cancer will be reviewed. The HIF signaling pathway is activated by tumor-induced hypoxia or by inactivating mutations of the VHL gene. HIF is a transcription factor which regulates the expression of genes involved in adjusting mechanisms to hypoxia such as angiogenesis or apoptosis as well as tumor growth, invasion, and metastasis. The HIF pathway has a key role in development of resistance to different treatment modalities and higher expression of the HIF molecule is associated with poor prognosis. Clinical studies of the HIF inhibitors in patients with advanced/refractory cancers suggest benefit and warrant further studies of the HIF inhibitors either as a single agent or in combination with other therapeutic agents.
Surgical resection of breast cancers: Molecular analysis of cancer stem cells in residual disease

Abstract Background Approximately 70% of breast cancer patients have residual disease after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. This study was designed to determine whether breast cancer cells with stemlike properties are present in residual disease after neoadjuvant chemotherapy and whether they exhibit oncogenic mutations. The presence of breast cancer cells with stemlike properties with specific mutations may help explain the poor prognosis associated with residual disease. Methods A total of 68 breast cancer specimens were collected at the time of mastectomy or lumpectomy. A total of 44 were chemotherapy naive and 24 were collected as residual disease after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Tumor cells were collected by fluorescence-activated cell sorting, with breast cancer cells with stemlike properties specifically identified using breast stem cell associated antibodies. Whole tumor specimens and fluorescence-activated cell sorting breast cancer cells with stemlike properties were analyzed for genetic mutations, including PIK3CA. Results Breast cancer cells with stemlike properties, demonstrating EpCAM-positive, CD44-positive, CD49f ± , CD24 ± expression were present in chemotherapy-naive tumors and residual disease. In both chemotherapy-naive and residual disease specimens the highest frequency of PIK3CA mutations were detected in CD49f-CD24+ BCSCs (39% and 33%, respectively). PIK3CA mutations were detected in all stages of breast cancer (35%), in both chemotherapy naive (39%) and residual disease (29%) and in both estrogen receptor positive (41%) and negative tumors (14%) ( P = ns). Various PIK3CA mutations were identified in chemotherapy-naive specimens versus residual disease specimens in both patient-paired and unpaired breast cancers. Conclusion Breast cancer cells with stemlike properties with mutations in PIK3CA were present in chemotherapy-naive breast cancers and residual disease after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. These results demonstrate that neoadjuvant chemotherapy does not completely eradicate PIK3CA-defective breast cancer cells with stemlike properties. Although these findings may help explain the poor clinical outcomes in patients with residual disease, they also identify breast cancer cells with stemlike-property targets for therapies.
Approach to Nausea and Vomiting

Nausea and vomiting are common symptoms that develop due to a variety of different etiologies. In this chapter, we will review the pathophysiology and epidemiology of nausea and vomiting, describe the broad differential of this common disorder, review the steps of a basic diagnostic evaluation, and discuss treatment options.
Reconciling the mitonuclear compatibility species concept with rampant mitochondrial introgression

The mitonuclear compatibility species concept defines a species as a population that is genetically isolated from other populations by uniquely coadapted mitochondrial (mt) and nuclear genes. A key prediction of this hypothesis is that the mt genotype of each species will be functionally distinct and that introgression of mt genomes will be prevented by mitonuclear incompatibilities that arise when heterospecific mt and nuclear genes attempt to cofunction to enable aerobic respiration. It has been proposed, therefore, that the observation of rampant introgression of mt genotypes from one species to another constitutes a strong refutation of the mitonuclear speciation. The displacement of a mt genotype from a nuclear background with which it co-evolved to a foreign nuclear background will necessarily lead to fitness loss due to mitonuclear incompatibilities. Here I consider two potential benefits of mt introgression between species that may, in some cases, overcome fitness losses arising from mitonuclear incompatibilities. First, the introgressed mt genotype may be better adapted to the local environment than the native mt genotype such that higher fitness is achieved through improved adaptation via introgression. Second, if the mitochondria of the recipient taxa carry a high mutational load, then introgression of a foreign, less corrupt mt genome may enable the recipient taxa to escape its mutational load and gain a fitness advantage. Under both scenarios, fitness gains from novel mt genotypes could theoretically compensate for the fitness that is lost via mitonuclear incompatibility. I also consider the role of endosymbionts in non-adaptive rampant introgression of mt genomes. I conclude that rampant introgression is not necessarily evidence against the idea of tight mitonuclear coadaptation or the mitonuclear compatibility species concept. Rampant mt introgression will typically lead to erasure of species but in some cases could lead to hybrid speciation.
Sensitivity and Specificity of Alzheimer Type II Astrocytes in Hepatic Encephalopathy

Context.— Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is associated with presence of type II astrocytes in the brain on the basis of observations made in single uncontrolled cases. This finding was subsequently de...
Exploring the experiences of individuals with an insertable cardiac monitor: Making the decision for device insertion

Abstract Background Little is known about the decision-making process for insertable cardiac monitors (ICM) in those with suspected arrhythmias. Objective The purpose of this qualitative study was to describe how individuals make a decision to insert an ICM. Methods A qualitative descriptive design was used. Data were analyzed using content analysis and constant comparison. NVivo 10 was used for data grouping and patterns. Results Participants (N = 12) ranged in age from 41to 95. Most (n = 7) had the device inserted because of syncope or atrial fibrillation (AF), and others (n = 5) for cryptogenic stroke. Three categories emerged: pre-decision, definitive decision, and deliberated decision. Event symptoms, including physical, cognitive and emotional, and trust emerged as factors in decision-making. Conclusions Those who perceived their experience as life-threatening, trusted the healthcare provider and assented to the ICM insertion. Conversely, those who perceived symptoms as episodic, used other strategies to resolve symptoms prior to making the decision for insertion.
Characterization of Respiration-Induced Motion in Prone Versus Supine Patient Positioning for Thoracic Radiation Therapy.

Abstract Purpose Variations in the breathing characteristics, both on short term (intrafraction) and long term (interfraction) time scales, may adversely affect the radiation therapy process at all stages when treating lung tumors. Prone position has been shown to improve consistency (ie, reduced intrafraction variability) and reproducibility (ie, reduced interfraction variability) of the respiratory pattern with respect to breathing amplitude and period as a result of natural abdominal compression, with no active involvement required from the patient. The next natural step in investigating breathing-induced changes is to evaluate motion amplitude changes between prone and supine targets or organs at risk, which is the purpose of the present study. Methods and Materials Patients with lung cancer received repeat helical 4-dimensional computed tomography scans, one prone and one supine, during the same radiation therapy simulation session. In the maximum-inhale and maximum-exhale phases, all thoracic structures were delineated by an expert radiation oncologist. Geometric centroid trajectories of delineated structures were compared between patient orientations. Motion amplitude was measured as the magnitude of difference in structure centroid position between inhale and exhale. Results Amplitude of organ motion was larger when the patient was in the prone position compared with supine for all structures except the lower left lobe and left lung as a whole. Across all 12 patients, significant differences in mean motion amplitude between orientations were identified for the right lung (3.0 mm, P = .01), T2 (0.5 mm, P = .01) and T12 (2.1 mm, P Conclusions Respiration-induced thoracic organ motion was quantified in the prone position and compared with that of the supine position for 12 patients with thoracic lesions. The prone position induced larger organ motion compared with supine, particularly for the lung tumor, likely requiring increases in planning margins compared with supine.
The Effects of Instructional Approaches on the Improvement of Reasoning in Introductory College Biology: A Quantitative Review of Research.

The majority of undergraduates lack advanced reasoning patterns, which are necessary for significant achievement in college science courses. The purpose of this paper is to review the studies of various instructional practices in introductory college biology courses that claim to develop reasoning. Most of these were non- traditional, inquiry-based, collaborative approaches that were shown to improve reasoning and scientific attitudes and did not adversely affect content acquisition. The inclusion of writing, direct teaching of formal and informal reasoning models, and length of time of instruction were variables that effected positive gains in reasoning development. How the instructional variables play a role in changing reasoning remains a black box.
Afterword: Learning, with Consequence

To conclude this collection, undergraduate students provide a meta-commentary on the value and significance of experiential learning. Drawing on their own experiential learning project in which they served as chapter editors for this collection, students reflect upon the narratives of teaching and learning recorded in this collection to address the implications for students’ understanding of the design, implementation, and evaluation of experiential learning opportunities.
Endoscopic Placement of Fourth Ventricular Catheter Using Seldinger Technique: Description of Technique and Case Series.

BACKGROUND Neonatal intraventricular hemorrhage remains a significant source of morbidity in premature and low-weight patients. Approximately 15% of patients who require cerebrospinal fluid shunting develop trapped fourth ventricle (TFV). Surgical treatment presents challenges with short- and long-term complications. OBJECTIVE To describe a technique that applies the Seldinger technique with image-guided endoscopy for direct visualization of catheter placement. METHODS A guidewire is passed down the endoscope while it is positioned in the fourth ventricle. The endoscope is removed while the guidewire is held in place. The catheter is slid down the guidewire. The guidewire is removed and placement is confirmed with image guidance. RESULTS Three patients, all less than 14 mo old, with history of prematurity and intraventricular hemorrhage with ventriculoperitoneal shunts, presented with loculated hydrocephalus with TFV. They each underwent image-guided endoscopic fenestration of the fourth ventricle with placement of a fourth ventricular catheter performed by our described technique. All 3 patients recovered well and were discharged on postoperative day 1. Follow-up imaging showed decompression of the fourth ventricle and good placement of the fourth ventricular catheter. None have had complications from catheter placement, and one revision of a fourth ventricular catheter was needed, which was completed with the same described technique. CONCLUSION This technique is well suited for cases in which a fourth ventricular catheter or a difficult trajectory catheter is needed during endoscopic fenestration or when distorted anatomy is present that would make a straight trajectory with a pen endoscope more difficult or higher risk.
Spectral and Energy Morphology Analysis Study of HAWC J2031+415

The Cygnus Cocoon region is a complex region containing an OB star cluster that is prominent in the TeV energy range. Located in this region is 3HWC J2031+415, a significant TeV gamma-ray source whose emission is possibly associated with 2 components, the Cygnus OB2 star cluster and a pulsar wind nebula (PWN). In this work, several modelling methods are presented to best describe the emission. These models disentangle emission believed to be from the Cocoon and isolate the component emitted by the probable PWN. I will present several spectral models to describe the emission of the probable PWN using the latest data set from the High-Altitude Water Cherenkov (HAWC) observatory. Furthermore, I will present an energy morphology study of the PWN component of 3HWC J2031+415 in distinct energy bands.
A Dating Violence Prevention Program for Middle School Youth: A Cluster Randomized Trial.

OBJECTIVES We conducted a cluster randomized controlled trial to test the a priori hypothesis that students attending an intervention middle school would be less likely to report physical adolescent relationship abuse (ARA) 1 year later compared with students attending a control school. Secondary objectives were to determine if the intervention reduced substance misuse, bullying, and fighting. METHODS Twenty-four Texas public middle schools were matched by the size of student enrollment, number of economically disadvantaged students, and race and ethnicity of the student body and randomly assigned to the intervention (n = 12; 1237 participants) or the control (n = 12; 1531participants) group. The intervention, Fourth R, is a classroom-based curriculum delivered by existing teachers and consists of 21 lessons on injury prevention, substance use, and growth and development. RESULTS Participants (50% female) self-reported ethnicity as Hispanic or Latinx (35%), Black or African American (24%), Asian American (17%), white (8%), and multiethnicity or other (16%). Among those who have dated, students in the intervention schools were less likely to report perpetrating physical ARA (intervention = 14.9% versus control = 18.3%) relative to students in the control schools (adjusted odds ratio, 0.66; 95% confidence interval, 0.43–1.00; P = .05). In the overall sample, no significant differences emerged between control and intervention groups with respect to substance misuse, fighting, and bullying. CONCLUSIONS The middle school version of Fourth R is effective in reducing physical ARA perpetration over at least 1 year. The intervention did not have an effect on bullying perpetration, physical fighting with peers, and substance misuse. Long-term assessment, especially follow-up that covers the transition to high school, is needed to examine the program benefit on key outcomes.
Ethical Climate’s Relationship to Trust, Market Orientation and Commitment to Quality: A Single Firm Study

This study examines the influence of ethics/compliance programs on the ethical climate of the firm and the relationship between ethical climate and certain marketing performance variables (intra-firm trust, market orientation, and employee commitment to quality). The results revealed significant relationships between ethical climate and intra-firm trust, market orientation and employee commitment to quality.
General Aspects on the Use of Satellite Remote Sensing for Resources Exploration in Developing Countries

The paper considers some aspects of remote sensing in connection with resources development in developing countries. Future trends in the technology as well as actual use of remote sensing in resources disciplines and as financial aspects are briefly discussed.
Analyst Forecasts and the Permanence of the Tax Change Component of Earnings

Despite the central importance of equity analysts as information intermediaries in capital markets, prior studies provide only limited evidence on how analysts use tax information reported in financial statements. To seek a deeper understanding of the mechanisms that underlie analysts’ use of tax information in GAAP financial statements, we investigate the association between sell-side equity analysts’ forecasts and the change in earnings attributable to a change in ETRs (i.e., the tax change component of earnings). We provide evidence that the persistence of the tax change component of earnings embedded in analysts’ forecasts is systematically lower than that implied by our model’s time-series properties. Recent research shows that the persistence of the tax change component of earnings is a complex combination of both the persistence of pretax earnings and the persistence of the ETR. We provide evidence that the analysts’ underestimation of the tax change component of earnings is primarily attributable to analysts’ failure to impound the full implications of the difference between permanent and transitory ETR changes. The results also provide strong evidence that analysts’ underreaction to the tax change component of earnings is significantly attenuated when managers voluntarily provide earnings forecasts. Further, analysts’ incorporation of tax information into earnings forecasts becomes less biased after Regulation FD. This research answers the call from Graham, Raedy, and Shackelford (2012) for more research into the underlying fundamentals of tax-based information prepared in accordance with GAAP, and the extent to which various financial statement users, including sophisticated market participants such as equity analysts, use tax-based information.
Dietary intake of healthy children with cystic fibrosis compared with normal control children.

Because a low calorie intake may result in growth failure and malnutrition in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF), the dietary and energy intakes of 22 children with CF who had mild lung disease and excellent Shwachman scores were examined and compared with those of 23 normal control subjects similar in age (5 to 10 years), gender, and weight. The children with CF consumed significantly more calories than the control subjects. Calorie intake was 111 +/- 19.9% (mean +/- SD) of estimated requirements (World Health Organization recommendations) for the CF group and 97 +/- 18.7% for the control group (P = .014). Calories consumed per kilogram of body weight were 117% of World Health Organization (CF) vs 97% (control) (P = .009). Calorie intake compared to the 1989 Recommended Dietary Allowance was 106 +/- 20.6% for the CF group vs 93 +/- 19.1% for the control group. Fat consumed as a percent of total calories was similar: 33.5% (CF) vs 32.2% (control). All children with CF had pancreatic insufficiency and, on average, consumed a large number of pancreatic enzyme supplements, resulting in dietary fat absorption of 86 +/- 12%. It is concluded that these children with CF were able to maintain normal growth and energy stores on a diet that was relatively high in calories compared to control subjects and moderate in percent fat, along with an aggressive pancreatic enzyme supplement regimen.
Axon-glia interactions regulate ECM patterning in the postnatal rat olfactory bulb

It has been suggested that an inhibitory ECM containing chondroitin-6-sulfate proteoglycan (C-6S-PG) and tenascin (TN), which appears homogeneously in the core of the OB following afferent fiber arrival, helps position ingrowing olfactory axons in the prospective glomerular layer (GL) (Gonzalez and Silver, 1992; Gonzalez et al., 1993). Later, a similar ECM associated with astrocytes envelopes axonal glomeruli in rings, suggesting that axons may control the precise ECM patterning. The question remains whether formation of the matrix ring pattern around each axonal glomerulus is an intrinsic property of the matrix-producing cells or a response to developing axons. To determine if the organization of glial associated matrix in the OB was dependent on the presence of axons, we studied the effect of unilateral injection of a neurotoxin into the olfactory epithelium of postnatal rats. Using olfactory marker protein (OMP), beta-tubulin (TUJ1) antibodies, and Nissl staining, we found that at 5 and 10 d following neurotoxin administration the number of glomeruli decreased by an average of 77.0% in the injected side. At the same time, we observed that the TN/C-6S-PG rings and periglomerular cells were present only around the remaining small number of glomeruli. Elsewhere, ECM expression and the periglomerular cell configuration were more disorganized in the GL. The pattern of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) did not change significantly. We found that OMP staining, beta-tubulin immunoreactivity, and periglomerular cells reformed in a glomerular-like pattern as the olfactory axons reformed by 20 d. As the glomeruli-shaped collection of axon terminals reappeared, TN/C-6S-PG immunoreactivity also reoccurred in rings around the new axon bundles. Again, at this later stage, the expression of GFAP was similar in both sides. In our previous study (Gonzalez et al., 1993), we suggested that the initial gross positioning of glomeruli may be controlled by the overall positioning of TN/C-6S-PG. In the present study, we suggest that the formation of TN/C-6S-PG in the precise ring pattern around glomeruli appears to be dependent upon the presence of bundled olfactory axons. Various mechanisms are discussed that may explain the dynamic change in ECM expression that occurs inside the glomerulus after the neurotoxin treatment.
Community involvement in a juvenile partner justice behavioral health

Service organizational implementation trial The U.S. juvenile justice system has a number of possible behavioral health service community linkages for substance abuse and HIV services. However, there have only been a small number of systemic studies that examine and seek to improve these community behavioral health linkages for involved youth. Implementation science, as an emerging area, is a way of identifying, testing, and understanding effective strategies for translating treatment and prevention evidence-based approaches into community behavioral health service delivery. The purpose of this presentation, within the context of the Juvenile Justice-Translating Research Interventions for Adolescents in the Legal System (JJ-TRIALS) implementation behavioral health trial, is to describe the diverse settings in which the study will be initiated and how partners are involved in the study design. State partners include juvenile justice (JJ) and behavioral health services organizations in seven states (Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Mississippi, New York, Pennsylvania, Texas) and the District of Columbia. Factors associated with selection, participation, and implementing the study in 36 sites will be explored. Each site will include a JJ agency and up to two community behavioral health service organizations for 7–10 implementation team members representing executive, management, supervisory, and line staff. JJ partner involvement is helping to design the study protocol that is both feasible for sites and meets partner needs. Study sites are defined as a county or service area, which can include multiple counties when behavioral health services are sparse. Site clusters will be used, which are defined within each state to assure that each of the six research centers have an equal number of experimental and control sites to take into account broader contextual factors. Options for defining clusters include county size, JJ youth population, urban/rural, or type of community supervision — probation or juvenile drug court. Sites will not be preselected for substance use or related behavioral health service needs, so youth are included with diverse behavioral health needs. Two JJ partners have actively participated on the study design work group, and the protocol has been vetted through partners at steering committee meetings and conference calls.
Alternatives to the existence of large cooling flows

Arguments against the existence of large-scale cooling flows in clusters of galaxies are presented. The evidence for cooling flows is all circumstantial, consisting of observations of cool gas or hot gas with a radiative cooling time less than the Hubble time, or a central peak in the X-ray surface brightness profile. There is no evidence for large quantities (several tens to several hundreds of solar masses per year) of matter actually flowing anywhere. On the contrary, several lines of evidence suggest thaat cooling flows, if they exist, must be suppressed by one to two orders of magnitude from the values implied by simple estimates based on the radiative cooling time of the X-ray emitting gas. Two heat sources which might accomplish this, thermal conduction and relativistic particles, are considered, and an alternative to the standard model for cooling flows is presented: an accretion flow with feedback wherein the accretion of gas into a massive black hole in the central galaxy generates high energy particles that heat the gas and act to limit the accretion.
The Experience of Constructivism: Transforming Teacher Epistemology

AbstractThe NASA Classroom of the FutureTM sponsored a residential training course to help teachers learn to use computer-based educational tools and explore constructivist instructional approaches. We hypothesized that creating a living-and-learning environment for the training would foster rapid changes in teachers’ epistemological beliefs. Pretest—posttest differences on an epistemology inventory indicated that teachers changed significantly on three of four factors related to constructivist teaching philosophies (Simple Knowledge, Quick Learning, and Certain Knowledge). The fourth factor (Fixed Ability) did not reveal significant changes. These findings have two implications: (1) constructivist approaches to training teachers may promote epistemological change, and (2) epistemology may be a less stable trait than was previously supposed.