cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Introduction: Toward a Decolonized Multicultural Counseling and Psychology

Multiculturalism was a significant step forward in the fields of counseling and psychology. As a result of the pioneering work of scholars and activists in this area, we find ourselves spending less and less energy trying to convince colleagues of the merits of approaches that acknowledge difference and to challenge the imposition of Euro-, cis-male-, Christian-, or hetero-centric norms onto counseling and psychology. While we appreciate the risks taken by scholars and practitioners who worked tirelessly to move multiculturalism and other diversity-acknowledging frameworks from the margins toward the center of our disciplines, we believe we are now at a critical juncture in regard to social justice. We do not lack frameworks and approaches for deconstructing problematic counseling and psychology paradigms and practices, nor do we lack counselors and psychologists who desire to adopt the paradigms and practices that will help them connect more effectively with the full diversity of humanity and create a more equitable and just world. The danger, however, is that too often “multicultural” counseling and psychology are practiced or theorized in ways that actually replicate the power arrangements they ought to be dismantling. We worry that these paradigms and practices have been nudged closer and closer to the center of counseling and psychology discourses only after they’ve been scrubbed of their transformative natures. Although developed, perhaps, in attempts to enact social justice, many of these practices are softened or reshaped to comply with the very sorts of marginalization they were imagined to counteract.
Calcium-dependent membrane-binding proteins in cell-free models for exocytotic membrane fusion.

Publisher Summary This chapter describes methods for isolating calcium-dependent membrane- binding proteins and for characterizing their interactions with membranes. A subset of these proteins is bivalent in the sense that they can interact with two membranes and promote their contact. Methods for analyzing this membrane-aggregating activity are described. Membrane contacts formed by the aggregating proteins may undergo fusion, depending on the nature of the membrane, or the addition of cofactors such as cis-unsaturated fatty acids. Methods for monitoring these membrane fusion events are also described in this chapter. The methods described in this chapter permit the isolation and characterization of calcium-dependent secretory vesicle-binding proteins. The in vitro behavior of some of these proteins suggests that they are involved in critical steps in the secretory pathway. However, the true functional roles of proteins obtained by these methods will be determined only by combining these biochemical approaches with pharmacological, physiological, and genetic analyses performed on cells.
Bling Was a Bubble

For the past decade, the American zeitgeist has been defined by a successive series of asset bubbles that have ranged from property and credit to commodities and emerging market equities. As the U.S. now grapples with the painful unwinding of such “toxic” assets, inquests about the calamity they have unleashed dominate discussion from Wall Street to Capitol Hill. Regardless of whether the catalyst for the ensuing “moral panic” will be identified as the complex quantitative models that undergird modern risk management, the sprawling network of esoteric securities that such theorems legitimate, ineffectual regulatory codes, or rogue traders like the infamous Bernard L. Madoff, the search for the corrosive worm in the free market operating system is underway in earnest.
Response to Commentators

Academic life contains few pleasures more intense than writing for an audience as astute and as generous as the four commentators to my Brennan Lecture. As this Response demonstrates, I have learned much from them, particularly regarding the logical relationship between the dominant conception and the sociological account. What I chiefly wish to stress, however, is my deepest gratitude for their constructive and discerning insights. Tom Grey, for example, makes an excellent and useful point about the potential tension between the rule of law and what I call in my Lecture the "sociological approach."' Grey is entirely correct to stress that the insights yielded by a sociological apprehension of antidiscrimination law could encourage overly ad hoc and contextualized judgments, which the internal morality of the law ought properly to resist. This tension between contextualism and formal consistency, however, is not entirely new to the law, and we are not without mechanisms for its ameliorization. In tort law, for instance, where the common law seeks to reproduce the nuanced and individualized judgments characteristic of community norms, we typically place decisions in the hands of a jury. Jury decisions are figured as "merely" factual, and hence as outside of the rule of law. Juries are deliberately rendered non-accountable and their decisions are stripped of precedential force. Nevertheless, we do not entirely abandon values associated with the rule of law, because judges, in the context of motions to dismiss or motions for judgment NOV, can simultaneously facilitate highly contextualized jury decisions and yet confine such decisions within definite limits. Of course juries must also receive judicial instruction about the standards and criteria that ought to govern their decisions, but judicial instructions are usually phrased at a level of generality that adroitly reconciles contextualism with formal consistency.2 We have developed a multitude of legal mechanisms, therefore, for negotiating the
Endurance Exercise and Adipose Tissue

Exercise and Adipose Tissue Lipolysis in vitro, Barbara J. Nicklas and Dora M. Berman Endurance Exercise and Adipose Tissue Lipolysis in vivo, Jeffrey F. Horowitz and Samuel Klein Endurance Exercise Effects on Adipose Tissue Lipoprotein, Richard L. Seip Effects of Acute Endurance Exercise and Physical Training on Glucose Metabolism in White Adipose Tissue, Bente Stallknecht Exercise and Adipose Tissue Production of Cytokines, Matthew S. Hickey and Richard G. Israel Effects of Endurance Exercise on Total Body Adiposity in Adults, Alice S. Ryan Influence of Endurance Exercise on Adipose Tissue Distribution, Robert Ross, Ian Janssen, and Bente Stallknecht Effects of Endurance Exercise on Total and Regional Adiposity in Children, Margarita S. Treuth
Children in Medical Settings

The health needs of children have evolved over the past century. This chapter reviews biomedical innovations leading to changes in children's health and health care delivery across various medical settings. Special emphasis is placed on the changing epidemiology of children's disease and increasing emphasis on child development, behavior, and mental health. The most significant change in children's health is a decrease in death and an increase in chronic disease. Child health care has evolved in different locations for the care of children each of which are reviewed in this chapter: primary care, emergency care, inpatient medicine, and the neonatal intensive care unit. Finally, implications and changes for the future of the health care of children are presented. Throughout the chapter, examples of disease are presented to provide a clinical context for these changing forces and dynamics. Keywords: children; child health care; chronic illness; disease; illness; life course health development; new morbidity; pediatrics; prevention; primary care
EU GAMBLING AT THE INTERSECTION OF POLICY AND LITIGATION

Given its high level of regulation, the gambling industry must be able to react quickly to litigation and resulting change in policy (and enforcement thereof). Using a case study approach, this short paper highlights how the twin issues of policy and litigation have recently impacted the gambling industry in the European Union. Examples focus on recent developments in the EU that outline the relevant contours of the European Court of Justice’s jurisprudence, with a special emphasis on the dynamic situation in Greece. These examples shape the ensuing discussion of the future of both the regulation and litigation of the EU’s gambling industry.
Unified Approach to Photon-Counting Microlaser Rangers, Transponders, and Altimeters

Unlike current manned systems, NASA's next generation SLR2000 Satellite Laser Ranging (SLR) station is fully autonomous, eye-safe, relatively compact and inexpensive, and, during daytime tracking, operates at signal-to-noise ratios several orders of magnitude below unity. Tiny, passivelyQ-switched microlasers generate ultra-short pulses with output energies on the order of 100 μJ at few kHz rates to achieve mm-levelranging precision to satellite altitudesof 20,000 km. Special ranging receivers, combined with Poisson statistical analysis of the received photon distribution, enable the system to rapidly and reliably identify and extract the single photon laser echoes from the solar background. The enhanced rate of return, combined with a uniform signal strength, can actually drive down both systematic and random range errors. The new SLR2000 technology has already spawned exciting new applications. Compact microlaser altimeters, capable of mapping the surface of a planet or other celestial body at multikilohertz rates, is one such application, and a high altitude, airborne version is currently being developed under NASA's Instrument Incubator Program. Interplanetary microlaser transponders would be capable of performing decimeter ranging or subnanosecond time transfer to spacecraft throughout the inner Solar System, resulting in improved knowledge of planetary motions and librations and enhanced General Relativity experiments.
Beneficiation of natural aggregates by polymer impregnation

The use of polymer impregnation as a means of upgrading natural aggregates has been investigated. The effect of polymer impregnation on the physical and mechanical properties was evaluated in a series of tests performed using four aggregates of varying quality. The strength of concrete cast with polymer impregnated coarse aggregate was also tested. Two monomer systems were used in the investigation; a methyl methacrylate-based system and a styrene-based system. In general, significant improvements in the physical and mechanical properties of each of the four aggregates resulted from polymer impregnation. The strength of concrete cast with impregnated aggregates varied, being increased in some cases and decreased in others.
Attitude Change in Competitive Framing Environments? Open-/Closed-Mindedness, Framing Effects, and Climate Change

Framing scholarship on policy issues has primarily focused on how competitive message environments alter framing effects or how individual differences moderate the impact of frames. This study combines both of these focal areas by examining how individual open/closed-mindedness moderates framing effects about climate change within competitive and noncompetitive framing contexts. Contrary to previous scholarship, our experimental study finds effects on attitudes in the competitive framing condition, but not the noncompetitive framing condition. The framing effects found in the competitive condition were contingent upon individual differences in open-/closed-mindedness. Analysis shows that individual open-/closed-mindedness influences framing effects in part by altering the effects of frame exposure on the perceived costs and benefits of government climate policies. doi:10.1111/jcom.12040 Over the last 20years, a significant amount of scholarship within the field of communication has investigated the influence of framed messages on audience attitudes and behaviors. However, an emerging critique of much of this research questions its external validity, as experimental participants are typically exposed to single-sided messages that do not realistically model the competitive message environmentsinwhichmostindividualsareembedded.Thereiscurrentlyadearthof research examining how framing effects may operate differently within competitive message environments compared to noncompetitive environments. Furthermore, to date, scant research has examined how individual differences may influence message processing within competitive framing environments. This study aims to address these gaps in the framing literature by examining how framingmayinfluencesupportforclimatemitigationpoliciesinbothcompetitiveand noncompetitive message environments. Furthermore, we evaluate how individual
Mood changes in pregnant women following an exercise session and a prenatal information session

M ood changes have been documented during and following pregnancy. The two most frequently reported mood changes that accompany pregnancy are changes in levels of anxiety and depression. Generally, there is an increase in anxiety reported dur1 ing pregnancy. There may be symptoms of anxiety mixed with depression in 2 3 many women, and Hayworth, Little, Carter et al reported that high anxiety is associated with postpartum depression. This situation is further complicated by the fact that commonly employed pharmacological interventions used to treat psychological disturbances are often contraindicated during and following pregnancy. Thus, it is important that the efficacy of nonpharmacological interventions, such as exercise, be explored. The prescription of exercise in the treatment of emotional disorders has gained popularity in recent years. It has been reported that 85% of primary care physicians, for example, prescribe exercise in the treatment of depression, and 60% prescribe exercise in the management of anxiety. There have been numerous reviews of literature since 1980 that have concluded that exercise is associated with reduced anxiety and depression. 4--s Also, a general consensus reached by a panel of experts convened by the National Institute of Mental Health was that exercise is associated with reductions in mild to moderate levels of anxiety and depression. However, the majority of research has been conducted primarily with male subjects and nonpregnant women. In a preliminary pilot study, changes in state anxiety were assessed in ten pregnant women before and following an exercise session. There were questions concerning the intensity of exercise and whether it would be sufficient to produce psychological changes. Results from this pilot investigation revealed moderate aerobic exercise was associated with a significant reduction in state anxiety in a small sample of pregnant women. In the present investigation, anxiety and depression levels of pregnant women who participated in an exercise session were compared with pregnant women who participated in a nonexercise session. The nonexercise session consisted of a prenatal childbirth information session offered through a local hospital. It was © 1994 by The Jacobs Institute of Women's Health 1049-3867/94/$7.00
Initialization Issues in Self-organizing Maps

Abstract In this paper we present analysis and solutions to problems related to initial positioning of neurons in a classic self-organizing map (SOM) neural network. This means that we are not concerned with the multitude of growing variants, where new neurons are placed where needed. For our work, we consider placing the neurons on a Hilbert curve, as SOM have the tendency to converge similarly to self-similar curves. Another point of adjustment in SOM is the initial number of neurons, which depends on the data set. Our investigations show that initializing the neurons on a self-similar curve such as Hilbert provides a quality coverage of the input topology in much less number of epochs as compared to the usual random neuron placement. The meaning of quality is measured by absence of tangles in the network, which is one-dimensional SOM utilizing the traditional Kohonen training algorithm. The tangling of SOM presents the problem of topologically close neighbors that are actually far apart in the neuron chain of the 1D network. This is related to issues of proper clustering and analysis of cluster labels and classification. We also experiment and provide analysis where the number of neurons is concerned.
Student doctors and women in labor: attitudes and expectations.

Objective To compare the attitudes and expectations that obstetric patients and medical students bring to the studentpatient relationship in intrapartum care. Methods Written questionnaires were distributed to obstetric patients who had students assist in their labor and delivery care and to medical students who had completed their clinical clerkship year. Responses of 222 patients and 67 students were analyzed for differences in expectations of student participation and assessment of skills. Results Responses of medical students and patients were significantly different in all attitudes and expectations studied. One hundred thirty-six (61%) patients compared with 27 (40%) students identified the patients' wish to contribute to the education of students as the most important reason for agreeing to student participation. All patients felt that student participation should be requested rather than assigned, with 194 (87%) patients but only 30 (45%) students wishing to have the student absent from the room at the time of the request. Mean ratings of different student skills tended to be higher from patients (1.3–1.8 on a seven-point Likert scale) than from the students themselves (range 1.6–2.4). Although students' expectations of participation in patient care were high, patients indicated expectations of fairly low levels of student involvement in communication, examination, labor support, and procedures. Conclusion Students have high expectations for their active involvement in intrapartum care and tend to underestimate the sense of altruism that motivates patients to allow student participation. Patients have low expectations of levels of student participation in their care, but are overall quite satisfied with the skills of the students. These differences highlight the need for the development of educational objectives that clarify student roles in clinical clerkships and the process of informed consent for student participation.
STUDIES IN WOOD DECAY. VIII. THE EFFECT OF THE ADDITION OF DEXTROSE AND DEXTROSE AND ASPARAGINE ON THE RATE OF DECAY OF NORWAY PINE SAPWOOD BY LENZITES TRABEA AND LENTINUS LEPIDEUS

IN A recent paper tlle authors (Schmitz and Kaufert, 1936) presented experimental evidence to show that the rate of decay of Norway pine sapwood sawdust by Lenzites trabea Pers. and of white birch sapwood sawdust by Polystictus v ersicolor Fr. was signiticantly increased by the addition of asparagine to the sawdust. Not only because of these significant results but also because of an old belief, now almost universally discarded, that differenees in the decay resistance of wood are associated with the presence or absence of readily available carbohydrates and nitrogenous substances, it was felt to be of some interest to determine what effect the addition of dextrose and mixtures of dextrose and asparagine has on the rate of decay of wood by wood-destroying fungi. This paper reports the results of a study to determine the effect of the addition of these substances to Norway pine sapwood on the rate of its decay by Lenzites trabea Pers. and Lentinus lepideus Fr. According to Hawley and Wise (1926), the quantity and kinds of sugar formed in wood are not definitely known. If the generally accepted theories of starch and cellulose formation have any factual basis, dextrose mtist be present in wood. According to these authors, the presence of dextrose in wood is indicated by the seasonal disappearance of the starch which probably results from the enzymatic hydrolysis of starch to maltose and dextrose. The presence of sucrose in the sapwood of several American maples, especially Acer saccharum, has been known for a long time. Furthermore, dextrose has been reported in the sap of white birch. The trisaccharide raffinose has been reported present in the twigs of certain conifers. What precise role the simple sugars in wood play in the nutrition of the wood-destroying fungi is not known. Gaiimann (1927) found that not only the amount of carbohydrates (hexosans) in the stem of spruce and fir fluctuated during the year, but the amount in the heartwood and sapwood of both these tree species fluctuated with a definite periodicity. In spruce sapwood the highest concentration of carbohydrates occurred in M\arch and April, and again in October, and the lowest concentration in February. Although the fluctuations in the concentration of carbohydrates in spruce heartwood were less thanin the sapwood, nevertheless a definite periodicity occurred. The highest concentration of carbohydrates in fir sapwood occurred in November and in April.
DISTRIBUTION OF PHYTOPLANKTON SPECIES WITH RESPECT TO SALINITY BETWEEN THE COAST OF SOUTHERN NEW ENGLAND AND BERMUDA1

The distribution of phytoplankton species throughout a range of salinities from 31.68% to 36.53%, indicates that a considerable number arc favored by lower and a smaller number by higher salinities. Most of the former arc commonly considered neritic, many of the latter are thought of as oceanic. However, during blooms in the open ocean, neritic forms may become abundant. The appearance of these as related to nutrients as well as salinity is discussed. --
Global approaches to addressing biofuel-related invasive species risks and incorporation into U.S. laws and policies

Biofuels are being pursued for their potential greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions benefits, among other reasons. In order to maximize productivity, avoid food–fuel conflicts, and minimize GHG emissions, many advanced biofuel feedstock crops, such as those desired by the aviation community, are under consideration based on traits, such as high biomass and/or seed production, tolerance of marginal cultivation conditions, and short generation times, that may also be predictors of potential invasiveness risk. Biofuel-related invasion risks can be mitigated through careful feedstock crop selection and cultivation techniques developed from the invasion science literature. Existing voluntary best practices and some state and federal regulatory requirements in the United States recommend and/or require the use of such risk mitigation strategies. However, other policies and programs allow or provide incentives for biofuel production without conditions requiring the use of these strategies. We have synthesized informat...
Measurement of angular distribution of sound emission from training projectiles in subsonic flight

Training projectiles with nose ring cavities that produce intense whistles in stationary free-jet tests were shot in a relatively straight-line trajectory. A ground based microphone was used to obtain the angular distribution of sound intensity produced from the subsonically flying projectile. Data reduction required calculation of Doppler and attenuation factors which were determined based on a non-linear trajectory. Also, the directional sensitivity of the microphone was measured and used in the data reduction. Significant angular variation of sound intensity produced from the projectile was found which can be used to plot an intensity contour map on the ground. A full-scale field test confirmed the validity of the aeroacoustic concept of producing a relatively intense whistle from the projectile, and the usefulness of a real-time data acquisition system.
Noninvasive determination of ulnar stiffness from mechanical response--in vivo comparison of stiffness and bone mineral content in humans

An approach referred to as Mechanical Response Tissue Analysis (MRTA) has been developed for the noninvasive determination of mechanical properties of the constituents of the intact limb. Of specific interest in the present study is the bending stiffness of the ulna. The point mechanical impedance properties in the low frequency regime, between 60 and 1,600 Hz are used. The procedure requires a proper design of the probe for good contact of the skin at midshaft and proper support of the proximal and distal ends of the forearm to obtain an approximation to "simple support" of the ulna. A seven-parameter model for the mechanical response is then valid, which includes the first mode of anterior-posterior beam bending of the ulna, the damping and spring effect of the soft tissue between probe and bone, and the damping of musculature. A dynamic analyzer (HP3562A) provides in seconds the impedance curve and the pole-zero curve fit. The physical parameters are obtained from a closed-form solution in terms of the curve-fit parameters. The procedure is automated and is robust and analytically reliable at about the five percent level. Some 80 human subjects have been evaluated by this mechanical response system and by the Norland single photon absorptiometer, providing for the first time in vivo, a comparison of elastic bending stiffness (ulna) and bone mineral content (radius). Three functional parameters of potential clinical value are the cross-sectional bending stiffness EI, the axial load capability Pcr (Euler buckling load) and the bone "sufficiency" S, defined as the ratio of Pcr to body weight. The correlation between EI and bone mineral (r = 0.81) is only slightly less than previous in vitro results with both measurements on the same bone (r = 0.89). When sufficiency is taken into consideration, the correlation of Pcr and bone mineral content is improved (r = 0.89). An implication is that "quality" of bone is a factor which is not indicated by bone mineral content but which is indicated by stiffness. Bone mineral is necessary for proper stiffness but not sufficient. Therefore mechanical measurement should provide a new dimension to be used toward a better understanding of the factors related to bone health and disease.
Fragility in Liquids and Polymers: New, Simple Quantifications and Interpretations

In order to provide a firmer base for efforts to interpret the different fragilities of liquids (i.e., the different deviations from simple Arrhenius temperature dependence of relaxation processes), a new and simple one-scan method of quantifying fragility is described and verified. It is based on detecting, by simple differential thermal analysis (DTA), the temperature of maximum energy dissipation during temperature scanning under single-frequency excitation (electrical or mechanical) of the liquid. The frequency is chosen so that the DTA signal indicates directly not only Tg but also the temperature T1/2 (where the relaxation time reaches 10-6 s) of the new and unambiguous fragility metric F1/2,1 which is defined by F1/2 = 2(Tg/T1/2) − 1. The measurement is verified against dielectric data for liquids of widely varying fragility. The usefulness of such rapid scan methods in confirming or denying a vibrational density of states origin of fragility in liquids is considered.
Electronic structure of Ga 1 − x Mn x As analyzed according to hole-concentration-dependent measurements

We study the effects of variable hole concentration on the transport, thermoelectric, and magnetic properties of ${\text{Ga}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\text{Mn}}_{x}\text{As}$. The hole concentration in samples with fixed Mn content has been varied using high energy particle irradiation, which introduces donorlike defects that compensate Mn acceptors without changing the concentration of localized Mn spins. As expected, a decrease of the hole concentration results in a reduction of the Curie temperature and an increase in electrical resistivity and thermoelectric power. The mobility and thermopower data are then analyzed in terms of models based on free holes in the valence band and holes localized in a Mn impurity band. The energetic structure of the impurity band is described by the valence-band anticrossing model. We show that the electronic structure provided by the impurity band model is consistent with the experimental results.
The effect of central air filtration and air conditioning on pollen and microbial contamination

Abstract The results of this study indicate that central air conditioning can be an effective method for lowering detectable pollen concentrations in a normally occupied residence. In addition, the detectable microbial content in the air of the air-conditioned residence was lower than that in the air of a control, nonair-conditioned residence. The number of detectable microorganisms was lower when air-filtration equipment was used in conjunction with the air-conditioning system. Also, the number of Serratia marcescens microorganisms was reduced much more rapidly when air filtration and air conditioning was used, as compared with the rate of "decay" of the organisms in the room without filtration or air conditioning.
Periodicity of P-adic continued fraction expansions

Abstract In 1940, K. Mahler presented a geometric algorithm which, for any P -adic integer ζ, yields a sequence of pairs of integers ( p n , q n ) which give P -adic approximations that are best with respect to Φ ( X , Y ), a real, reduced, positivedefinite quadratic form of determinant −1. The algorithm also constructs a sequence of 2 × 2 integer matrices of determinant P , denoted Ω(ζ), which defines the pairs ( p n , q n ) from a product of the first n matrices of Ω(ζ). In this paper, an equivalence relation is considered which relates P -adic integers ζ and ξ if their sequences Ω(ζ) and Ω(ξ) eventually agree. This is shown to happen if and only if ζ = Tξ , where T is an integer transformation of determinant P g which satisfies specified conditions. Mahler showed that if Ω(ζ) is periodic then ζ is rational or a quadratic irrational, yet for such a quadratic irrational, Φ can be chosen so that Ω(ζ) is no longer periodic. In this paper, the quadratic irrationals ζ, for which Ω(ζ) is periodic for some choice of Φ, are characterized. A relation similar to equivalence is used in the proof. In particular, it is concluded that there are quadratic irrationals ζ for which Ω(ζ) is never periodic for any Φ.
Analysis of the (trimethylsilyl)propionic acid-β(12-28) peptide binding equilibrium with NMR spectroscopy

The binding of a small molecule, (trimethylsilyl)propionic acid (TSP), to a 17-residue peptide, β(12-28), is examined using (1)H NMR spectroscopy. β(12-28) (VHHQKLVFFAEDVGSNK) is a central fragment of the 40-42-residue Alzheimer's-associated Aβ peptide. This peptide has been previously shown to form soluble aggregates in low-pH aqueous solution. The TSP resonance is broadened appreciably in solutions containing relatively high concentrations (∼2 mM) of the peptide. The changes in TSP line width measured by titration of a peptide solution with TSP indicate a 1:1 binding stoichiometry. If the concentrations of both the peptide and TSP are reduced by 1 order of magnitude, the resonances of both species are sharp, suggesting that TSP binds predominately to the aggregated peptide. Nuclear Overhauser effect experiments indicate that the TSP interacts predominately with the side chains of the aliphatic peptide residues Leu(17) and Val(18). Pulsed-field gradient NMR measurements of TSP and peptide diffusion coefficients provide a more quantitative picture of the TSP-peptide binding equilibrium. The measured diffusion coefficients were used to calculate the fractions of the free and bound TSP. These results substantiate the conclusion that the stoichiometry of the TSP-peptide binding equilibrium is essentially 1:1 and further indicate anticooperative behavior in solutions containing an excess of TSP resulting in a dissociation of the peptide aggregates.
Metrics for maintainability of class inheritance hierarchies

Since the proposal for the six object-oriented metrics by Chidamber and Kemerer (1994), several studies have been conducted to validate their metrics and have discovered some deficiencies. Consequently, many new metrics for object-oriented systems have been proposed. Among the various measurements of object-oriented characteristics, we focus on the metrics of class inheritance hierarchies in design and maintenance. As such, we propose two simple and heuristic metrics for the class inheritance hierarchy for the maintenance of object-oriented software.In this paper we investigate the work of Chidamber and Kemerer (1994) and Li (1998), and extend their work to apply specifically to the maintenance of a class inheritance hierarchy. In doing so, we suggest new metrics for understandability and modifiability of a class inheritance hierarchy. The main contribution here includes the various comparisons that we have made. We discuss the advantages over Chidamber and Kemerer's (1994) metrics and Henderson-Sellers's (1996) metrics in the context of maintaining class inheritance hierarchies.
Microprocessor-based synchronization unit for a delta-modulated TDM system

Abstract This paper describes design and implementation aspects of a microprocessor-based synchronization unit for a delta-modulated time division multiplexing (DM-TDM) system. In its prototype design we used an Intel 8088 microprocessor and the system was assumed to consist of only eight multiplexed channels. Seven of these channels are used for data transfer and one channel is used for synchronization of transmitter (TRX) and receiver (RCX). In order to achieve synchronization between TRX and RCX, a continuous stream of a synchronization (SYNCH) word is sent on the synchronization channel. In such a system there is some loss of data during the synchronization process. However, as the DM-TDM system is primarily used for speech communication, the loss is negligible. This is because it takes only a few milliseconds, at the most, to synchronize the system.
Computerized simulation of mixed-solute-particle vaporization in an inductively coupled plasma

Recent experiments involving aerosol introduction into the inductively coupled plasma have shown that intact droplets and solute particles cause enormous fluctuations in analyte emission and mass-spectral signals. Here, particle-vaporization kinetics are simulated as a detailed function of the operating conditions, fundamental properties and spatial location in the inductively coupled plasma, and as a function of several of the properties of the particles themselves: diameter, chemical composition and size distribution. These simulations portray the particle vaporization as proceeding nominally linearly with respect to the particle radius when the particles are small, but roughly quadratically with radius when the particles are very large. Further, the heat- and mass-transfer-limited rates of vaporization are roughly equal for the typical gas-temperature range in the plasma tail flame, so that at any height either process might limit the rate of vaporization. This similarity gives rise to a dynamic, competitive picture of plasma vaporization kinetics.
American Jews and Israel: The Sources of Politicized Ethnic Identity

What accounts for individual differences in the level of politicized ethnic identity among members of an ethnonational diaspora? By politicized ethnic identity, we refer to the disposition to assign priority to the interests of the homeland in the politics of the host society. The question presumes that even the most thoroughly mobilized of diasporas contain members who differ among themselves in the degree to which homeland matters predominate in determining political preferences and behavior. Using a 1999 survey of American Jewry, we establish the level of variation in the political salience of Israel to members of the community, then identify and test the factors that promote or retard such commitment.
Cross-sector research collaboration in the USA: a national innovation system perspective

This article uses a conceptual framework drawn from a national innovation systems (NIS) perspective to examine cross-sector research collaboration (CSRC) in the USA. The article describes how CSRC happens, how this relates to critical historical and public policy elements of the US NIS and examines how effective this approach has been. In the USA, CSRC is a product of both historical factors and the evolving system of science, technology and innovation (STI) policy that has its roots in both the federal and state/local levels of government. These forces and other social and economic factors have resulted in a diverse collection of both informal and formal linkage mechanisms. Implications for US public policy and other NIS are discussed. Copyright , Beech Tree Publishing.
Rejecting Sectarianism: Palestinian Christians' Role in Muslim–Christian Relations

The study of Muslim–Christian relations often focuses on Islamic theology and Muslim behavior while overlooking the role that Christians play in shaping interreligious encounters. This article examines a series of historical examples from various periods of Palestinian history that highlight Arab Christians' insistence that they were Palestinian Arabs first and were fully engaged in the nationalist movement. Palestinian Christians' approach to local politics, even in the face of interreligious conflict, allowed them to maintain far better relations with Muslims than Arab Christians in some neighboring Arab countries. By way of comparison, the article highlights the Druze's acceptance of a unique communal relationship to the Zionist leadership and later, to the state of Israel. The article concludes that, while modern Islamism presents a challenge to minority Christian groups, historical examples suggest that Christians' actions have a profound impact on the nature of Christian–Muslim relations.
Diphenyl Ether Herbicides: Effects of Acifluorfen on Phenylpropanoid Biosynthesis and Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase Activity in Spinach'

Abstract Spinach leaves treated with acifluorfen synthesize >25-fold the normal level of the phenolic amide (I) derived from ferulic acid and 3-methoxytyramine. The content of I is increased within 18 hr and at acifluorfen concentrations as low as 0.2 ppm. Biosynthesis experiments with precursor 14C-amino acids establish that the elevated content of I is due to de novo synthesis with the acyl moiety derived from phenylalanine, the amine moiety from tyrosine, and the O-methyl groups from methionine. Elevation of I content is followed by the appearance of necrotic lesions in spinach leaves but is preceded by an increase in extractable phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity, detectable 9 hr after treatment, reaching 13-fold of normal values at 20 hr, and dropping to near control activity at 48 hr. Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity is also elevated by acifluorfen in soybeans and six other crops or weeds. Alterations in aromatic amino acid metabolism and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis involving secondary phenolic compounds may contribute to the phytotoxic effects of diphenyl ether herbicides.
Cost comparison among different genetic testing strategies in women with epithelial ovarian cancer

Objectives: Few studies have described genetic counseling and testing of specific minority patients at risk for ovarian cancer. The purpose of this study was to describe our experience with genetic counseling and testing of an African American (AA) population evaluated at a large, southeastern medical center. Methods: We reviewed an institutional review board-approved prospectively gathered database of all patients evaluated in an Ovarian Cancer Risk Assessment Clinic. Data evaluated included general demographics, family and personal history of cancer, frequency of genetic testing, frequency and types of deleterious mutations, and performance of risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy (RRSO). Results: From 2003 to 2014, 76/1004 patients (7.6%) evaluated in this clinic were AA. Sixty-four (84%) of these patients had a family history of ovarian and/or breast cancer, and 12 (16%) had a personal history of ovarian cancer. Thirty-six patients (47%) underwent genetic counseling only and 40 (53%) opted for genetic testing. Of the 40 women tested, 18 (45%) were found to have an abnormal genetic result. Six patients each had BRCA1 and BRCA2 deleterious mutations, respectively. Four patients had BRCA2 variant results, with three favoring polymorphism. RRSO was performed in six of 18 patients with BRCA mutations or variants, none of whom were noted to have ovarian or fallopian tube cancer at the time of surgery. None of the patients who did not undergo genetic testing or did not have a BRCA mutation or variant have developed ovarian cancer. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that in a region of the country where AAs represent 30% of the population, the number of AA patients as a proportion of all patients referred to an Ovarian Cancer Risk Assessment Clinic for genetic counseling remains low. Genetic testing was, however, performed at a rate comparable to Caucasians, suggesting barriers to genetic counseling and testing may be overcome once patients are evaluated in a dedicated clinic. Of the patients tested, the mutation and variant rate was high, although this may be representative of a more select series of at-risk patients. Efforts should continue to identify minority patients at risk for ovarian cancer and to refer them to dedicated genetic counseling clinics.
Facile formation of the cycloheptatrienyl trianion by lanthanide and actinide ions

In addition of lithium cycloheptadienide (LiC7H8R;R = hydrogen, methyl and n-butyl) to lanthanide and actinide chlorides results in the facile formation of the cycloheptatrienyl trianion complexed to the metal ion. Characterization of the ten-π-electron aromatic cycloheptatrienyl trianion (C7H6R3-) was made by identification of the organic products resulting from chemical reaction of the coordinated ligand, for example, hydrolysis, deuterolysis and oxidation, as well as spectroscopic characterization (1H NMR) of paramagnetic uranium(IV) compounds. Formation of the cycloheptatrienyl trianion is believed to occur by the loss of two methylene protons from the metal-coordinated cycloheptadienide ion. The role of the lanthanide and actinide metal ions in cycloheptatrienyl trianion formation is briefly discussed.
Some effects of lateral shifts of the Gulf Stream on the circulation northeast of Cape Hatteras

Abstract Data obtained from the U.S. Coast Guard Environmental Buoy EBO-1 for the period of January 1971 to June 1972 are analyzed. The buoy, off the Virginia capes at approximately 36°30′N and 73°30′W, radioed hourly meteorological and oceanographic data to a shore station. Identification of water types at the buoy has been made by comparing the transmitted data with temperature-salinity diagrams. Concurrent observations of lateral shifts in the position of the Gulf Stream show a close correlation with changes in the amount, direction, and temperature-salinity characteristics of the flow at the buoy.
Constituent Parsing by Classification

Ordinary classification techniques can drive a conceptually simple constituent parser that achieves near state-of-the-art accuracy on standard test sets. Here we present such a parser, which avoids some of the limitations of other discriminative parsers. In particular, it does not place any restrictions upon which types of features are allowed. We also present several innovations for faster training of discriminative parsers: we show how training can be parallelized, how examples can be generated prior to training without a working parser, and how independently trained sub-classifiers that have never done any parsing can be effectively combined into a working parser. Finally, we propose a new figure-of-merit for best-first parsing with confidence-rated inferences. Our implementation is freely available at: http://cs.nyu.edu/~turian/software/parser/
Quantifying corruption by a human capital earnings equation

This paper uses a human capital earnings equation to quantify administrative corruption in the public sector. Regression analyses are conducted based on information from surveys administered to public officials in Albania. After accounting for officials’ characteristics, e.g., schooling, experience, gender, type of agency, and public and private sectors’ features, we deduce that the administrative corruption was on average 2.6× the officials’ current salary in Albania, which is equivalent to 16.7% of the country’s GDP.
Doxorubicin plus Interleukin-2 Chemoimmunotherapy against Breast Cancer in Mice

As recently characterized, following s.c. implantation into syngeneic C57BL/6 mice, E0771 tumor invades locally into dermal layers and peritoneum, metastasizes to the lung, and induces a nonspecific immunosuppression in the host. Using this breast medullar adenocarcinoma model, a therapy consisting of a single moderate dose of doxorubicin followed by twice daily moderate doses of interleukin-2 for 30 days was examined for efficacy and mechanism of action when given to animals with established disease. This combination treatment, but not combinants alone, resulted in tumor-free long-term survival of 40% of the mice without significant toxicity and 83% of survivors had immune memory specific for E0771 cells. Treatment also decreased immune suppression induced by E0771 tumor. Full response to treatment required functional CD8(+) T cells, whereas depletion of natural killer cells caused only a reduction in response rate. A serum "biomarker" profile that correlated with, and seemed predictive of, response to treatment was identified by nuclear magnetic resonance-based metabonomic analysis. The efficacy of this nontoxic treatment and the potential to be able to predict which individual is responding to treatment are characteristics that make this chemoimmunotherapy attractive for clinical testing.
MECHANISMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: Metabolic and body composition effects of newer antiretrovirals in HIV-infected patients

In the absence of a cure, HIV-infected patients are being successfully treated with antiretroviral therapies (ART) and living longer. Indeed, an increasing number of HIV-infected patients are living beyond the age of 50 years, and in that regard, the use of ART has transformed HIV into a chronic medical condition. As more HIV-infected patients are virologically controlled and living longer, the trajectory of disease morbidity has shifted, however, primarily from opportunistic infections and immune dysfunction to metabolic complications. Evidence suggests that HIV-infected patients acquire significant metabolic risks, including lipodystrophic changes, subclinical atherosclerosis, and insulin resistance. The etiology of these metabolic complications specifically in HIV-infected patients is not entirely clear but may be related to a complex interaction between long-term consequences of infection and HIV itself, chronic use of antiretrovirals, and underlying inflammatory processes. Previous classes of ART, such as protease inhibitors (PIs) and reverse transcriptase inhibitors, have been implicated in altering fat redistribution and lipid and glucose homeostasis. Advances in drug development have introduced newer ART with strategies to target novel mechanisms of action and improve patient adherence with multi-class drug combinations. In this review, we will focus on these newer classes of ART, including selected entry inhibitors, integrase inhibitors, and multi-class drug combinations, and two newer PIs, and the potential of these newer agents to cause metabolic complications in HIV-infected patients. Taken together, further reduction of morbidity in HIV-infected patients will require increasing awareness of the deleterious metabolic complications of ART with subsequent management to mitigate these risks.
A hybrid plasmonic whispering gallery mode sensor for single bionanoparticle detection

Our hybrid plasmonic whispering gallery mode biosensor has recently demonstrated detection and characterization of the smallest known RNA virus. A gold nanoparticle affixed to the resonator surface acts like a nanoscopic antenna, enhancing locally the electric field within the cavity mode. When a target analyte binds with this nanoscopic antenna the result is an enhanced response (spectral shift) of the resonator system to the binding event. We have observed shift enhancements ~70× over the response of the bare resonator, thereby permitting the detection and characterization of all known viral particles and even some large protein molecules.