cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Antioxidant response of overwintering conifers suggest species specific strategies for coping with excess excitation energy

Evergreen plants, growing in seasonally cold environments, must cope with a severe imbalance between light absorption and its utilization, as low temperatures during winter inhibit photosynthetic carbon reduction. In such conditions photoprotective mechanisms are critical, including the leaf antioxidant systems of plants. In a previous study examining Taxus cuspidata, we found significant increases in the enzyme glutathione reductase (GR) and the metabolite glutathione (GSH) during winter, but no increases in the enzymes superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase (APX) or the metabolite ascorbate (ASC). These results led to the hypothesis that GR and GSH serve an important role during winter stress that was separate form their role in the ascorbate glutathione cycle. The goal of this study was to examine the seasonal response of several species of conifers in order to determine if the differences in the antioxidant response observed in Taxus would occur generally in conifers during winter, or if there are species specific effects. We collected needle tissue in summer and winter from three conifer species: eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.), balsam fir [Abies balsamea (L.) P. Mill], and white cedar (Thuga occidentalis L.). We analyzed the activity of both GR and APX and the amount of GSH and ASC. Our results demonstrated significant increases in the antioxidant enzyme GR in all species in response to winter stress. The antioxidant enzyme APX showed significant winter increases in two species (pine and cedar) but not the third (fir). Preliminary results of the antioxidant metabolites glutathione and ascorbate show similar results. Our data suggest that the different species examined utilize different strategies for coping with excess excitation energy during winter. Pine and cedar apparently boost their overall antioxidant enzyme capacity and their utilization of the ascorbate glutathione cycle. Balsam fir shows a similar response to Taxus cuspidata, where glutathione reductase activity is significantly increased but ascorbate peroxidase activity is not. These results suggest a role for reduced glutathione in winter-stressed fir that is independent of its role in the ascorbate glutathione cycle.
Characterization of the CHK1 Allosteric Inhibitor Binding Site

Checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK1) is a key element in the DNA damage response pathway and plays a crucial role in the S-G2-phase checkpoint. Inhibiting CHK1 is a therapeutic strategy involving abrogation of the G2/M mitotic checkpoint defense of tumor cells toward lethal damage induced by DNA-directed chemotherapeutic agents. To date, most CHK1 inhibition approaches have involved targeting the ATP site of this kinase. In this study, we provide crystallographic and kinetic characterization of two small molecule inhibitors that bind to an allosteric site in the proximity of the CHK1 substrate site. Analysis of kinetic and biophysical data has led to the conclusion that these small molecule allosteric site inhibitors of CHK1 are reversible and are neither ATP- nor peptide substrate-competitive. Ki values of 1.89 and 0.15 μM, respectively, have been determined for these compounds using a mixed inhibitor kinetic analysis. Cocrystal structures of the inhibitors bound to CHK1 reveal an allosteric site, unique to CHK1, ...
Rapid nutrition surveys : how many clusters are enough ?

On the basis of theoretical considerations, population-based nutrition surveys of 30 clusters of 30 children should provide reasonably valid estimates of the prevalence of malnutrition with at least 95 per cent confidence that the estimated prevalence differs from the true value by no more than 5 per cent. In areas of famine in Africa, where an urgent need often exists for rapid nutritional assessment to determine the extent and severity of the problem, visiting 30 sites is often logistically difficult. To determine the effects of using fewer than 30 clusters on the validity and precision of the estimated level of undernutrition, we used data from the 1983 Swaziland National Nutrition Survey and from rapid nutrition surveys performed in 1984 and 1985 in Burkina Faso, Guinea, and Niger. Fewer than 30 clusters may result in point prevalence estimates that differ dramatically from the true prevalence and, in most instances, are less precise. In contrast, little is gained by collecting more than 30 clusters. In summary, around 30 clusters provides relatively valid and precise estimates of the prevalence of undernutrition, and every effort should be made to obtain the logistic support required to study this number of clusters.
Issues in Research Library Measurement

(2001). Issues in Research Library Measurement. Journal of Library Administration: Vol. 35, No. 4, pp. 3-5.
Common viral infections in transplant recipients, part 1. herpesviruses (continued)

Herpesviruses are common opportunistic infections in transplant recipients. Recent diagnostic and therapeutic advances have improved the prognosis of these infections in transplant patients. Among these, the introduction of quantitative PCR and other molecular assays, dissemination of antiviral susceptibility tests, and upgrading of serologic tests represent the most significant diagnostic improvements in the last 10 years. The use of pre-emptive and prophylactic therapies, coupled with the availability of new oral antivirals, represents the most significant change in the treatment arena.
Alternative theories of happiness in early adolescents.

The purpose of this study was to examine a set of variables representing enabling mechanisms vis-a-vis a set of variables representing personality characteristics in relation to happiness in early adolescents: these two theoretical perspectives were assessed using hierarchical analyses of sets that determined which of the two has greater explanatory power in relation to happiness. The final sample consisted of 127 early adolescents, ages 12 to 14, who responded to instruments measuring happiness, self-esteem, future time perspective, optimism, vigor, change, and social support in classrooms. Using hierarchical analyses of sets, the results indicated that the enabling mechanisms set explained more variance in happiness when entered first (65%) or second (22%) than did the personality characteristics set when entered first (50%) or second (7%) in the analyses. Implicationsfor nursing are addressed.
The effect of amorphization on the Cs ion exchange and retention capacity of zeolite-NaY

Abstract Zeolite-NaY is susceptible to both irradiation- and thermally-induced amorphization. Amorphized zeolite-NaY loses approximately 95% of its ion exchange capacity for cesium due to the loss of exchangeable cation sites and /or the blockage of access to exchangeable cation sites. A secondary phase was formed during the ion exchange reaction with cesium. The Cs-exchanged zeolite-NaY phase has a slightly higher thermal stability than the unexchanged zeolite-NaY. A desorption study indicated that the amorphization of cesium-loaded zeolite-NaY enhances the retention capacity of exchangeable Cs ions due to the closure of structural channels.
Quantification of lung microvascular injury with ultrasound.

Quantification of water and solute exchange rates across the lung microvascular barrier (LMB) may be an important early-warning indicator of pulmonary microvascular diseases such as acute respiratory distress syndrome. Our objective was to determine the degree to which osmotic water movement across the LMB induced by injection of hypertonic solutions of NaCl and glucose could be detected downstream from the lung with a specialized ultrasonic velocity (USV) transducer manufactured by Transonic Systems. We hypothesized that mathematical modeling of the osmotic transients (OT) would yield estimates of osmotic exchange parameters that were sensitive to microvascular injury. Two groups of six dogs were studied under baseline conditions and after injury with high dose (HD) or low dose (LD) oleic acid. Osmotic conductances a σK1,σK2, and volumes V1,V2 of two extravascular spaces were estimated by fitting the mathematical model to the OT data. HD results (mean±standard error) indicated a significant decrease (by paired t test) in σK1 from 1.59±0.09 to 1.04±0.015 [ml h-1(mosm/1)-1g-1}WLW})], an increase in a σK2 from 0.20±0.08 to 0.32±0.12 >[(ml h}-1}(mosm/l)-1 g-1}], and a significant increase in V2 from 23.26±2.51 to 78.0±15.23 (ml) for NaCl injections. LD V2 estimated from NaCl increased significantly from 21.57±2.15 to 37.59±2.36 (ml), σK2 increased from 0.09±0.03 to 0.17±0.04 and no significant change in σK1 was found. Baseline glucose σK1,σK2, and V1 in the LD series were 2.08±0.18, 0.64±0.19 {ml h}-1} {mosm/l)-1}g-1 and 13.08±1.89 (ml), respectively, and did not change significantly with injury. We conclude that OT data measured by USV is a sensitive and informative indicator of LMB osmotic properties, and may be useful for quantification of LMB permeability changes due to acute injury. We further conclude that V1 represents microvascular endothelial volume and V2 is an estimate of interstitial volume. © 2002 Biomedical Engineering Society.
Ultrastructural changes in the hamster sperm head during fertilization.

When the hamster spermatozoon passes through the egg investments (cumulus oophorus and zona pellucida), multiple unions between the plasma and outer acrosome membranes take place and the contents of the acrosome cap and the acrosome collar are released. The major active substance released from the acrosome cap is believed to be hyaluronidase (cumulus oophorus-dispersing enzyme) and that from the acrosome collar to be an enzyme to dissolve the zona pellucida (zona lysin). The perforatorium, which does not undergo any significantly visible changes at the time of sperm passage through the egg investments, appears to function as a mechanical tool whereby the spermatozoon cuts through the material of the zona pellucida. The postnuclear cap region of the spermatozoon obviously plays an important role in the initiation of the membrane fusion between the spermatozoon and the egg. Based on these findings, a model of the sequence of events in fertilization is presented.
Influence of cholecystokinin on hypothalamic-stalk median-eminence-extract stimulation of ACTH output from isolated pituitary cells.

Abstract The influence of cholecystokinin (CCK 33 ) on CRF-like stimulation of ACTH output was tested in vitro using isolated pituitary cells. ACTH was assayed using isolated adrenal cell preparations. The CRF-like material was contained in a crude acetic-acid extract of hypothalamic stalk median eminence (HSME). CCK 33 , in doses of 1 U, 10 −3 U, and 10 −6 U/ml cell suspension had no influence on basal or ACTH-stimulated corticosterone output from isolated adrenal cells. Isolated pituitary cells responded in a dose-related fashion of HSME extract, however, the absolute response to a given dose of HSME extract varied according to the basal (non-stimulated) output of a particular cell preparation. CCK 33 , in the dose range tested, had no influence on basal ACTH output. In contrast, 10 −3 U/ml of CCK 33 , which corresponds to a concentration of 8 × 10 −11 M, significantly inhibited the output of ACTH from isolated pituitary cells stimulated by 0.2 equivalents of HSME. Higher concentrations of CCK 33 had a variable effect. We conclude that cholecystokinin may have a role in the regulation of HSME-stimulated ACTH output from the pituitary.
Cellular characterization of Connexin26 and Connnexin30 expression in the cochlear lateral wall

Gap junctions in the cochlear lateral wall, which consists of the stria vascularis (SV) and spiral ligament (SPL), are important for generating a positive endocochlear potential and high potassium concentration in the endolymph. In this study, the cellular expression of connexin 26 (Cx26) and Cx30 in the cochlear lateral wall of rats and guinea pigs was examined by immunofluorescent staining and confocal microscopy. Co-labeling for Kir4.1 revealed that the stria intermediate cells had extensive labeling for Cx26 and Cx30 with a leaf-like distribution. Cx26 and Cx30 also co-distributed hexagonally around the basal cells. However, no labeling was observed in the marginal cells. In the SPL, punctate Cx26 and Cx30 labeling was distributed along vertical lines orthogonal to the cochlear longitudinal direction. Intense labeling for Cx26 and Cx30 was found in type II fibrocytes in the spiral prominence and central region, but Cx26 labeling was absent in the middle region just beneath the SV, where only Cx30 labeling was observed. Outer sulcus (OS) cells and their root processes also exhibited intense labeling for Cx26 and Cx30. Neither Cx26 nor Cx30 was immunopositive in the hyaline region beneath the OS, in the subcentral region (type IV fibrocytes), or in the tension (type III) fibrocytes beneath the bone. Cx26 and Cx30 labeling was also absent in the lateral wall blood vessels. Thus, Cx26 and Cx30 have distinct cell-specific distributions in the SV and SPL, suggesting that they can form different pathways for transporting ions/nutrients in the cochlear lateral wall.
Inhibition of Rhinovirus Replication in Organ Culture by a Potential Antiviral Drug

The compound 2-amino-1-(isopropyl sulfonyl)-6-benzimidazole phenyl ketone oxime (LY122771-72) at a concentration of 0.2 microgram/ml completely inhibited rhinovirus replication in human embryonic nasal organ cultures, although in the absence of virus the compound did not inhibit ciliary activity when used at a concentration of 25 micrograms/ml. When added 26 hr after infection, the compound stopped rhinovirus production in organ cultures that had already started to release virus. Five rhinovirus types available for infection of volunteers and six recently obtained clinical isolates were shown to be more sensitive to LY122771-72 in tissue culture than the rhinovirus type 31 used in the organ culture experiments. These results suggest that this potential antiviral drgu should be evaluated in humans.
Safety and Efficacy of Fixed Combination Travoprost-Timolol in the Lowering of Intraocular Pressure

The fixed combination eye drop Duotrav is a combination of travoprost 0.004% and timolol maleate 0.5%. Both travoprost and timolol have been used separately for the treatment of glaucoma by lowering intraocular pressure. Multiple studies have demonstrated the efficacy and safety of the fixed combination travoprost/timolol for the treatment of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension. The once daily dosing of this combination offers multiple potential advantages such as patient adherence, potential cost advantages, and reduction in exposure to preservatives. This article discusses the benefits of fixed combination medications and summarizes past and recent studies listed on the online resource PubMed of the fixed combination travoprost/timolol with comparison to both monotherapy and other similar fixed combination ocular hypotensive preparations.
National sex-specific trends in hospital-based stroke rates.

Mounting regional and national evidence suggests a decline in primary in-hospital stroke diagnoses. However, these data do not include secondary diagnoses of stroke, and little is known about whether this decline varies significantly by sex. Compared with men, women are less likely to have optimal control of stroke risk factors, which may be leading to less impressive declines in stroke incidence in women. This study evaluated sex trends in hospital-based stroke diagnoses in the United States. The study was a time-trend analysis by sex of national age-adjusted rates of primary or secondary hospital-based stroke diagnosis per 100,000 persons (identified by ICD-9 procedure codes) among patients for 1997-2006 using data from all US states contributing to the Nationwide Inpatient Sample. Adjustments were made to correct for some inaccuracies in diagnostic codes. Between 1997 and 2006, total hospital-based stroke diagnoses decreased from 680,607 to 609,359. The age-adjusted hospital-based stroke diagnosis rate per 100,000 persons decreased in a roughly linear pattern from 282.7 to 210.4 in men (26%; P P P = .003). Age-adjusted rates of hospital-based stroke diagnoses have decreased substantially in the United States during the last decade, but slightly less so in women. These results are generally encouraging, but nonetheless indicate that more intensive preventive efforts are warranted to completely eliminate sex disparities in stroke occurrence.
A 50-kDa membrane protein mediates sialic acid-independent binding and infection of conjunctival cells by adenovirus type 37.

The ocular tropism of adenovirus type 37 (Ad37) does not correlate with the wide distribution of the 46-kDa coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (CAR), the major receptor for most adenovirus serotypes. We previously found that Ad37 infects and binds well to conjunctival cells (Chang C), but poorly to lung epithelial (A549) cells that express CAR and hypothesized that this serotype uses a distinct receptor that is selectively expressed on conjunctival cells. To test this, we produced particles of a fiber-deleted Ad5 vector containing the Ad37 fiber protein. The "pseudotyped" vector infected Chang C cells better than A549 cells using a CAR-independent pathway. Ad37 binding was calcium-dependent and was abolished by protease digestion of cell surface proteins. Using a virus overlay protein blot assay (VOPBA), we detected calcium-dependent Ad37 binding to 50- and 60-kDa membrane proteins on permissive Chang C cells. In contrast, calcium-dependent binding was detected with only the 60-kDa protein on nonpermissive A549 cells. Ad19p, a closely related serotype that failed to bind to conjunctival cells, recognized the 60-kDa, but not the 50-kDa, protein. Ad37 has been reported to use sialic acid instead of CAR as a cell receptor on A549 cells. Pretreatment of Chang C cells with neuraminidase abolished Ad37 binding to only the 60-kDa protein, suggesting that sialic acid mediates Ad37 binding to the 60-kDa protein. The pseudotyped Ad37 vector was also able to infect neuraminidase-treated Chang C cells. Thus, subgroup D adenoviral binding to the 50-kDa protein is calcium-dependent and cell type- and serotype-specific, whereas binding to the 60-kDa protein is not necessary for infection of conjunctival cells. Together, these data suggest that the 50-kDa protein is the major receptor for Ad37 on conjunctival cells.
Man’s Effect on Stratospheric Ozone

Less than a decade has passed since McDonald in November 1970 (Dotto and Schiff, 1978) suggested to the U.S. Congress that H2O released in the stratosphere in SST exhaust would, by destroying O3, lead to an increase in skin cancer. Since then the list of potential modifiers of our UV-screen has grown to include NOx (Crutzen, 1970; Johnston, 1971), Cl (Hoshizaki et a1.,1973; Stolarski and Cicerone, 1974), Br (Wofsy et al.,1975), bremsstrahlung x-rays from relativistic electron precipitation events (Thorne, 1976) and modifiers of stratospheric temperature (Blake and Lindzen, 1973; Boughner and Ramanathan, 1975). While cosmic ray-produced negative ions (Ruderman et al., 1976) and stratospheric particles (Cadle et al., 1974) had been proposed as possible destroyers of O3, these threats now appear to have been eliminated (Fehsenfeld et al., 1976; Olszyna et al., 1979).
Opera and the Great Reform Act: Silver Fork Fiction, 1822-1842

In the years leading up to and away from the Reform Act of 1832, opera and politics came into alignment for writers of silver fork fiction, particularly Catherine Gore and Lady Charlotte Bury. The King’s Theatre in the Haymarket, the home of Italian opera in London, provided them with a politically charged public space for women, one of the few available, in which they could examine the consequences of political reform on women’s lives, particularly the conflicts faced by aristocratic women before the irresistible force of middleclass social mores. Through the King’s Theatre with its stairs, corridors, boxes, and class-differentiated spaces, the silver fork novelists track the consequences of Whig politics. Employing Italian opera as a national trope both for its aristocratic associations and its symbolic plots, Gore and Bury mount a probing assessment of contemporary political change through a fusion of fashion and politics.
Characteristics of Cystic Fibrosis in Adults A Report of Seven Patients

(1) The chief diagnostic clues observed in seven cases of adult cystic fibrosis were: A characteristic roentgen appearance associated with bronchographic signs of "bronchitis;" recurrent staphylococcal infection of the respiratory tract; and evidence of diffuse airway obstruction in the absence of bronchial asthma. (2) Symptoms of pancreatic insufficiency were mild or absent in four of five patients who had laboratory evidence of intestinal malabsorption. (3) Spontaneous prolonged remission of Symptoms and a relatively benign course occurred in one instance. (4) The inability of a fibrocystic patient to conserve sweat Chloride during administration of desoxycorticosterone or salt deprivation was confirmed, and provides another useful diagnostic test for disease.
Des outils performants et innovants au service de la durée de vie des équipements mécaniques

L'optimisation de la duree de vie des centrales REP necessite de concevoir des equipements de remplacement, de developper et de valider des methodes d'analyse de plus en plus precises dans le but d'apporter des gains significatifs sur la disponibilite et la duree de vie des equipements tout en assurant la conformite aux exigences de surete. Cet article presente les ameliorations recentes les plus significatives apportees par Framatome aux methodes d'analyse de l'integrite mecanique des composants. Ces methodes constituent un des moyens mis au service des exploitants.
Oscillatory pressures in an idealized boundary layer with application to cylinder flutter.

A theory is presented for the panel flutter of a thin-walled circular cylinder. The flow is supersonic and is parallel to the cylinder axis. Aerodynamic forces are developed for an infinitely long cylinder oscillating in a sinusoidal wall deflection. The boundary layer is idealized as an annular region of uniform, parallel, subsonic flow surrounding the shell. The boundary-layer profile is therefore discontinuous, in the form of a step function. Perturbations due to wall oscillations are assumed to be small so that the flows in the subsonic and supersonic regions are isentropic and irrotational. It is found that the idealized boundary layer has a significant effect on the amplitudes and phase angles of the pressure distribution on the shell. Flutter calculations are carried out for a cylinder of finite length fluttering in a mode with many circumferential waves. The boundary layer has a strongly stabilizing effect for this type of flutter.
Toxic effects of juncusol, a marsh plant phenolic extract, on estuarine fish and shrimp

Juncusol, phenolic compound, was isolated from the black needlerush, Juncus roemerianus. Different concentrations of this extract were tested for toxicity against selected species of estuarine fish and grass shrimp. Juncusol was ten times more toxic to the various species of fish than to grass shrimp. At 2.0 ppm concentration all fishes tested were killed within 36 hr. One hundred per cent mortality in the grass shrimp occurred at 20 ppm during 95 hr exposure. The LC10, LC50, and LC90 concentration for juncusol were calculated for grass shrimp and for juvenile sailfin molly.
Relationship between birth weight and perceptual motor performance in children.

A perceptual-motor performance test (jumping, skipping, balancing, walking) was administered to 150 5- and 6-yr.-old children categorized according to birth weight. Differences were found among the three birth-weight groups, with the children of low birth weight scoring significantly lower than the groups of medium and high birth weight. A substantial positive correlation of .75 was obtained between birth weight and the perceptual-motor performance (total number of items passed).
Stoichiometry of binding of high molecular weight kininogen to factor XIXIa

Abstract Factor XI is a dimeric protein and circulates in plasma complexed with high molecular weight kininogen (HMWK). We investigated the binding of HMWK to factor XIa utilizing two active site directed fluorescent probes: nitrobenzoxadiazole aminopentyl methylphosphonofluoridate for serine and dansyl-glu-gly-arg-chloromethyl ketone for histidine. In the presence of saturating amounts of HMWK, the fluorescence of factor XIa-fluorophore was quenched by ∼28% for each probe. Titrations of the fluorescent factor XIa with HMWK revealed that each subunit of factor XIa binds one molecule of HMWK with a Kd∼3.4×10 −8 M.
Verification index to ensure soldering accuracy.

Abstract A technique was presented for the accurate orientation of removable dies with the following advantages: (1) maintains an accurate, intraoral soldering relationship, (2) verifies the accuracy of a soldered FPD, (3) permits resoldering when required, and (4) saves time and patient visits.
Implementing the Learning Factory Model in a Laboratory Setting

The Learning Factory concept was first developed as part of the TRP/NSF funded Manufacturing Engineering Education Partnership (MEEP). The objective of the Learning Factory (LF) is to integrate a practice-based engineering curriculum that balances analytical and theoretical knowledge with physical facilities for product realization in an industrial-like setting. The LF model emphasizes practical experience and consequently, Engineering Technology (ET) and other programs that emphasize hands-on experiences for students are well suited to implementing the LF model. This paper describes a project whose goal is to adapt the LF model for implementation in regular academic programs oriented to practical applications without having to build an actual factory. This work is being accomplished by modifying five carefully selected courses in our programs, leading to the use of coordinated projects across those courses. The projects focus on the making of functional model engines. In the various courses, students will generate CAD drawings of all the engine components, produce process plans for and make those components, and assemble and test the engines. This will afford students a good understanding and experience of the full range of issues involved in product design, manufacturing planning, fabrication, assembly and testing of functional products. Because the project is based on modifying existing courses rather than developing new ones, we expect the results of the project to be easily adaptable to a wide range of programs.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
The stringy quantum Hall fluid

Using branes in massive type IIA string theory, and a novel decoupling limit, we provide an explicit correspondence between non-commutative Chern-Simons theory and the fractional quantum Hall fluid. The role of the electrons is played by D-particles, the background magnetic field corresponds to a RR 2-form flux, and the two-dimensional fluid is described by non-commutative D2-branes. The filling fraction is given by the ratio of the number of D2-branes and the number of D8-branes, and therefore by the ratio rank/level of the Chern-Simons gauge theory. Quasiparticles and quasiholes are realized as endpoints of fundamental strings on the D2-branes, and are found to possess fractional D-particle charges and fractional statistics.
Abstract P4-05-14: Molecular and immunohistochemical profile of invasive micropapillary breast carcinoma

Background: Invasive micropapillary carcinoma (IMPC) of the breast is an uncommon disease subtype that is generally considered aggressive. A variety of carcinomas can exhibit micropapillary histology including lung, bladder, and ovary. Immunohistochemical (IHC) and genomic studies at these other organ sites have identified potential therapeutic targets including BRAF mutations. The purpose of this study was to characterize the IHC and molecular profile of a cohort of IMPC that could suggest potentially useful targeted therapies. Design: Eight tumor blocks (from seven patients) of IMPC were identified from the archives at the University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics from 1997-2012. IHC stains for ER, PR, HER2, PTEN (Dako; clone 6H2.1, 1:100) and NM23H1 (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, clone: Nm301, 1:50) were performed. ER, PR, and HER2 were score according to ASCO/CAP guidelines. PTEN and NM23H1 were scored using a 4-tier system: P: strong homogenous; H: heterogeneous (positive with negative foci); R: reduced in more than 50%; and L: lost in all or majority. Genomic DNA was isolated from the formalin fixed paraffin embedded tumor samples used for IHC. BRAF V600 mutational analysis was analyzed using a laboratory-developed primer extension assay. Massive parallel sequencing (next generation sequencing, NGS) was performed using the Ion AmpliSeq™ Cancer Hotspot Panel v2 (Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA). Results: The patients were 50-83 years of age. Six had Elston-Ellis Grade II tumors and one was Elston-Ellis grade I. Four patients had axillary lymph node metastases. All cases examined showed strong and diffuse estrogen and progesterone receptor expression with no over-expression of HER2. Complete PTEN loss was observed in 4 cases including 3 with lymph node positive disease, three of these four cases had concurrent reduced expression of NM23H1. No mutations in exon 15 of the BRAF gene were detected. By NGS, one sample showed a KITc.A1621C (pM541) polymorphism, three had no mutations, and sequencing from the other three was unsatisfactory. View this table: Molecular and IHC Profile of Seven Patients with IMPC of the Breast Conclusions: Loss of PTEN expression was observed in 57% of cases (4/7) and was often associated with lymph node metastasis. A direct correlation between PTEN and NM23H1 expression was observed in six cases. No BRAF or other mutations were detected. PTEN was included in the NGS panel. Reduced expression observed in our study is most likely due to posttranscriptional modifications. Concurrent reduced expression of the metastatic suppressor NM23H1 may play a role in the clinical behavior of IMPC. The high frequency of PTEN loss may have implications for targeted therapy towards the PI3K pathway in this subgroup of patients. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2013;73(24 Suppl): Abstract nr P4-05-14.
Fabrication and Electrochemical Photovoltaic Response of CdSe Nanorod Arrays

CdSe nanorod electrode arrays with the nanorods aligned normal to the substrate were fabricated using porous aluminum oxide (PAO) templates. Photovoltaic characteristics were determined electrochemically in an aqueous solution using polysulfide (Sn2−) as the redox mediator. Isolating the back electrode from the electrolyte with a 100-nm-thick TiO2 barrier layer increased the open circuit voltage from −0.23 to −0.34 V and the fill factor from 0.42 to 0.57. Depending on the electrolyte concentration, IPCE values between 2.5 and 8% were observed at an incident wavelength of 500 nm. Internal quantum efficiencies were estimated to approach 50%. This architecture could be beneficial for the fabrication of bulk-heterojunction photovoltaic devices in conjunction with solution-deposited semiconducting inorganic nanoparticles or organic semiconductors.
Eye movement dysfunction in schizophrenia: A heritable characteristic for enhancing phenotype definition

The occurrence of ocular motor dysfunction in schizophrenia patients and their first-degree biological relatives is remarkably consistent, suggesting that abnormal smooth pursuit and saccadic oculomotion are heritable characteristics that can be used to identify gene carriers for schizophrenia. Saccadic system dysfunction probably reflects a generalized deficit in prefrontal cortical functioning, rather than a specific deficit in saccade system functioning. Although abnormal smooth pursuit has also been associated with impaired frontal functioning, it is unclear whether these two types of dysfunction arise from the same neural pathology. Therefore, deviant smooth pursuit and saccadic oculomotion may constitute unrelated factors identifying two different types of genetic risk. Alternatively, they may derive from a single risk factor that causes (a) both types of deficits to be expressed together or (b) each type to be expressed separately as pleiotropic manifestations of the underlying genotype. Although a full complement of pursuit and saccade measures has not been examined together in family studies of schizophrenia, there is obvious value in determining how these measures relate to one another in schizophrenia families and whether they can be used in combination to enhance phenotype definition to facilitate the search for schizophrenia susceptibility genes.
The Development of Children’s Knowledge of Self-Control Strategies

The study of “metacognition” has become vigorous in recent years, with extensive research exploring the development of children’s knowledge of effective strategies in attention, comprehension, and memory (e.g., Brown, 1980; Flavell & Wellman, 1977). In contrast, the child’s developing understanding of essential strategies for self-regulation — a core aspect of human functioning, basic to virtually all conceptions of personality — has been neglected. Perhaps this neglect reflects the fact that until recently there were few objective criteria against which one could assess the relative efficacy of various strategies for self-control. Studies of the conditions that enhance or impede successful delay of gratification in children (e.g., Miller & Karniol, 1976a, 1976b; Mischel, 1974, 1981b; Toner, 1981; Toner & Smith, 1977; Yates, Lippett, & Yates, 1981) now provide a basis for assessing the child’s developing understanding against objective criteria of efficacy.
465 CORTISOL LEVELS AND SKIN FOLD THICKNESS IN BPD

Some babies with BPD, a chronic disease causing significant metabolic stress, have been noted to take on a cushingoid appearance. We postulated that this appearance is a result of stress induced elevated cortisol levels and altered body fat distribution (central/peripheral skin fold thickness). 29 infants were prospectively studied with 8am serum cortisol levels between days 4 to 10 (wk 1) and during weeks 4 and 6. Subscapular, periumbilical, and triceps skin fold measurements (SCF, POT1, and TF) were taken at wks 4 and 6. Central to peripheral fold ratios (SCF/TF and PUF/TF) were calculated. At wk 6, the patients were divided into 4 groups. Gr 1, (N=7) “well infants”, ↑F1O2 48 hrs duration; Gr 3 (N=6) “acute pulmonary illness”, ↑F1O2 2 wks duration plus xray signs of BPD ± other illness. Data are presented as mean ± S.D.
Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: a comparison between Far-East Asian and white men.

Objectives To investigate the possible differences between Far-East Asian men and white men in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). Study Design Prospective nonrandomized controlled study. Methods This study compared consecutive Far-East Asian men with OSAS (n = 50) with two selected groups of White men with OSAS (n = 50 in each group). One group of white men was controlled for age, respiratory disturbance index (RDI), and minimum oxygenation saturation (LSAT). Another group was controlled for age and body mass index (BMI). Cephalometric analysis was performed on all subjects. Results The majority of the Far-East Asian men were found to be nonobese (mean BMI, 26.7 ± 3.8) but had severe OSAS (mean RDI, 55.1 ± 35.1). When controlled for age, RDI, and LSAT, the white men were substantially more obese (mean BMI, 29.7 ± 5.8, P = .0055). When controlled for age and BMI, the white men had less severe illness (RDI, 34.1 ± 17.9, P = .0001). Although the posterior airway space and the distance from the mandibular plane to hyoid bone were less abnormal in the Far-East Asian men, the cranial base dimensions were significantly decreased. Conclusions The majority of the Far-East Asian men in this study were found to be nonobese, despite the presence of severe OSAS. When compared with white men, Far-East Asian men were less obese but had greater severity of OSAS. There may be differences in obesity and craniofacial anatomy as risk factors in these two groups.
Indium-111-labeled anti-EGFr-425 scintigraphy in the detection of malignant gliomas

Background. The monoclonal antibody anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFr)antibody-425, against the epidermal growth factor receptor, has the potential to bind specifically to gliomas and not normal brain tissue. 1-3 A prospective study was conducted (1986-1988) to evaluate the use of Indium-111 ( 111 In)-labeled anti-EGFr-425 in the localization of gliomas before radioimmunotherapy with Iodine-125 ( 125 I)-labeled anti-EGFr-425. Methods. Twenty-eight patients with intracranial neoplasms were injected intravenously with an average dose of 2.2 mCi 111 In-labeled anti-EGFr-425
Toxicity Studies by Hypodermic Injection of Celerio Lineata Larvae

In the comparative study of the toxicity of insecticides it sometimes seems advantageous to inject their solution directly into the insect body and thus eliminate the extra factor of absorption. A technique for this procedure is given for use on large larvae. A satisfactory end point of paralyzation of the neuro-muscular activity is also established. Data is presented graphically which indicates that for both organic and inorganic materials there often appears to be an optimum point of dilution at which it can be most efficiently used. Some possible reasons for this are suggested. This method also appears to have possibilities for such physiological studies as the working of the nervous system and the absorption of materials by tissue cells.
The relative impacts of distributed and centralized generation of electricity on local air quality in the South Coast Air Basin of California

Abstract This paper examines the air quality impact of using distributed generation (DG) to satisfy future growth in power demand in the South Coast Air Basin of Los Angeles, relative to the impact when the demand is met by expanding current central generation (CG) capacity. The impact of decreasing boiler emissions by capturing the waste heat from DGs is not examined. The air quality impacts of these two alternate scenarios are quantified in terms of hourly maximum ground-level and annually averaged primary NOx concentrations, which are estimated using AERMOD. This study focuses on the impact of primary emissions at source–receptor distances of tens of kilometers. We find that the shift to DGs has the potential for decreasing maximum hourly impacts of power generation in the vicinity of the DGs. The maximum hourly concentration is reduced from 25 to 6 ppb if DGs rather than CGs are used to generate power. However, the annually averaged concentrations are likely to be higher than for the scenario in which existing CGs are used to satisfy power demand growth. Future DG penetration will add an annual average of 0.1 ppb to the current basin average, 20 ppb, while expanding existing CGs will add 0.05 ppb.
Impaired interval timing and spatial-temporal integration in mice deficient in CHL1, a gene associated with schizophrenia.

Interval timing is crucial for decision-making and motor control and is impaired in many neuropsychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia — a neurodevelopmental disorder with a strong genetic component. Several gene mutations, polymorphisms or rare copy number variants have been associated with schizophrenia. L1 cell adhesion molecules (L1CAMs) are involved in neurodevelopmental processes, and in synaptic function and plasticity in the adult brain. Mice deficient in the Close Homolog to L1 (CHL1) adhesion molecule show alterations of hippocampal and thalamo-cortical neuroanatomy as well as deficits in sensorimotor gating and exploratory behavior. We analyzed interval timing and attentional control of temporal and spatial information in male CHL1 deficient (KO) mice and wild type (WT) controls. In a 20-s peak-interval timing procedure (standard and reversed), KO mice showed a maintained leftward shift of the response function relative to WT, indicative of a deficit in memory encoding/decoding. In trials with 2, 5, or 10-s gaps, KO mice shifted their peak times less than WT controls at longer gap durations, suggesting a decreased (attentional) effect of interruptions. In the spatial–temporal task, KO mice made more working and reference memory errors than controls, suggestive of impaired use of spatial and/or temporal information. When the duration spent on the central platform of the maze was manipulated, WT mice showed fewer spatial errors at the trained duration than at shorter or longer durations, indicative of discrimination based upon spatial–temporal integration. In contrast, performance was similar at all tested durations in KO mice, indicative of control by spatial cues, but not by temporal cues. These results suggest that CHL1 KO mice selectively attend to the more relevant cues of the task, and fail to integrate more complex spatial–temporal information, possibly as a result of reduced memory capacity related to hippocampal impairment, and altered temporal-integration mechanisms possibly due to thalamo-cortical anomalies.
The Black Water Chemocline of Meromictic Lower Mystic Lake, Massachusetts, U.S.A.

Lower Mystic Lake, Massachusetts. USA, has an anoxic black water layer just below the top of the chemocline (15.5-16.0 m). Bacterial concentrations averaged 10.4 x 10 6 cells/ml in the black water layer and 4.0 x 10 6 cells/ml below 17 m. Below the chemocline, microbial concentrations were linearly correlated to the vertical light absorption coefficient, r = 0.82. Phototrophic bacteria were not detected below the top of the chemocline, due to a low PAR that never exceeded 0.0001 % surface illumination. Sulfate-reducing bacteria and methanogens were enriched from the monimolimnion in selective media. Below the chemocline, H 2 S concentrations were in excess of 11 mmoles/l and Fe, Mn, CH 4 and CO 2 concentrations were elevated compared to the mixolimnion. Nuisance releases of H 2 S occurred from the lake in 1965. Although the monimolimnion remains a highly reduced environment rich in H 2 S, the potential of further nuisance releases is small due to the diminished volume of the monimolimnion and the relatively deep chemocline.
EXPLORING TRAINING METHODS FOR DISSOCIATING MUSCLE ACTIVITY IN ARM PROSTHESIS CONTROL APPLICATIONS

The level of motor skills regain of an arm prosthesis wearer is directly related to the precision and reliability with which he can select, initiate, guide, and terminate the movements of the mechanism with appropriate control musculature. To develop the necessary control skills, special muscle training is necessary. Utilization of any muscle in the shoulder girdle or general trunk region depends on its dissociation from group action in order to achieve isolated function since such muscles normally are used only in coordinated group activity. The following conditions must be met to achieve voluntary control over the contraction of a selected muscle: ( a ) facilitation of contraction and simultaneous inhibition of activity in synergsts and/or antagonists; ( b ) inhibition of conuaction during activity in synergists and/or antagonists; and ( c ) graded control over contraction and relaxation. One approach to meet these requirements was to utilize the concept of non-plasticity of the mature CNS (Sperry, 1943). Motor denervation of a muscle and its re-innervation with a nerve which formerly carried "functional messages" as, for example, "lift forearm," seemed to provide a means for associating voluntary initiation of muscle contraction with a "prosthetically meaningful" movement. To this end, the following pilot experiment was conducted on two monkeys. Monkey A, a male Macaca mulatta (rhesus monkey) who was born in the UCLA vivarium in 1957, was two yr. old at the time of surgery and weighed 3.4 kg. Monkey B was a female Cyne malagus who was captured in the jungles of Borneo and shipped to UCLA in 1959 at an approximate age of 2 years. The animal was about 2Y2 years old at the time of surgery and weighed 3.7 kg. A branch of the musculocutaneous nerve supplying the right biceps was transferred and anastomosed to the proximal stump of the severed medial and anterior thoracic nerves. EMG records were obtained ac intervals over a period of approximately 12 months. Slight pectoralis contraction became evident six months postoperatively and gradually increased to normal suength in both animals. Monkey B showed the expected synchronous discharge patterns in right
Targeting the PI3K/mTOR Pathway in Pediatric Hematologic Malignancies

A complex interplay of intracellular signaling networks orchestrates normal cell growth and survival, including translation, transcription, proliferation, and cell cycle progression. Dysregulation of such signals occurs commonly in many malignancies, thereby giving the cancer cell a survival advantage, but also providing possible targets for therapeutic intervention. Activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway contributes to the proliferative advantage of malignant cells and may confer resistance to chemotherapy in various hematologic malignancies. The initial mTOR inhibitor, sirolimus (also known as rapamycin), was first discovered in 1975 in the soil of Easter Island. Sirolimus was originally developed as an anti-fungal agent given its macrolide properties, but was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1999 as an immunosuppressive agent for renal transplantation patients once its T cell suppression characteristics were recognized. Shortly thereafter, recognition of sirolimus’s ability to inhibit cellular proliferation and cell cycle progression brought sirolimus to the forefront as a possible inhibitor of mTOR. In the subsequent decade, the functional roles of the mTOR protein have been more fully elucidated, and this protein is now known to be a key regulator in a highly complex signaling pathway that controls cell growth, proliferation, metabolism, and apoptosis. This article discusses the dysregulation of PI3K/mTOR signaling in hematologic malignancies, including acute and chronic leukemias, lymphomas, and lymphoproliferative disorders. The current repertoire of PI3K/mTOR pathway inhibitors in development and clinical trials to date are described with emphasis upon pediatric hematologic malignancies (Figure 1). Investigation of small molecule inhibitors of this complex signaling network is an active area of oncology drug development.
Diagnostic Techniques of the High Compression and Neutral Injection Experiments

In the Multi-Stage Compression Experiment (Toy Top III) we wish to determine the energy and spatial distribution of the plasma components - ions and electrons - from the time of their initial injection into the machine through the heating and containment cycle. An ion analyzer, consisting of a magnetic momentum analyzer followed by an electrostatic analyzer, has been valuable in finding the energy distribution of the plasma ions. The density distri-of the plasma in the experiment's magnetic field has been largely determined with electrostatic extraction probes. Microwave radiometers and double probes have been utilized to find electron temperatures. Li6 (Eu) and plastic scintillation counters assess the total number and rate of production of neutrons from D-D reactions, which may be confirmed with nuclear emulsions. Electron temperatures in the Single-Stage High Compression Experiment (Table Top II) have been determined from an analysis of the escaping electron flux. The initial experiments on neutral atom injection into a mirror field geometry (ALICE) require a knowledge of the initial background gas density, neutral beam current, buildup of plasma density, loss rate from the confinement region, and the spatial distribution of the plasma. A magnetically shielded, nude Bayard-Alpert gauge determines the total initial gas pressure, the partial pressure of each atomic specie being found with a mass spectrograph. A copper target calorimeter indicates beam current; while neutral particle detectors on the chamber walls and screened Faraday collectors outside of the mirrors show the buildup and loss of plasma.