cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High-performance power grids for nanometer technologies

With shrinking noise margins and increasing numbers of on-chip noise sources, power grid design has become a critical performance determinant. This paper presents an overview of recent techniques for the analysis and optimization of supply networks, and discusses future trends in power grid design.
Antecedent nonbladder syndromes in case-control study of interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome.

Objectives Probing for clues to the pathogenesis of interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome (IC/PBS), we sought antecedent nonbladder syndromes that distinguished incident IC/PBS cases from matched controls. Methods Female incident IC/PBS cases were recruited nationally, and their IC/PBS onset date (index date) was established. The controls were recruited by national random digit dialing and matched to the cases by sex, age, region, and interval between the (assigned) index date and interview. The prevalence of 24 nonbladder syndromes before the index date was assessed, 7 by multiple methods. Results The cases with IC/PBS had greater antecedent prevalence of 11 syndromes, and 243 of 313 cases (78%) vs 145 of 313 controls (45%) had multiple syndromes ( P Conclusions Eleven antecedent syndromes were more often diagnosed in those with IC/PBS, and most syndromes appeared in clusters. The most prominent cluster comprised FM-CWP, chronic fatigue syndrome, sicca syndrome, and irritable bowel syndrome; most of the other syndromes and identified clusters were associated with it. Among the hypotheses generated was that some patients with IC/PBS have a systemic syndrome and not one confined to the bladder.
Ultrasound for localization in primary hyperparathyroidism

ObjectiveTo evaluate the capability of ultrasound for preoperative localization in primary hyperparathyroidism.Study DesignProspective study.SettingMulti-institutional Midwest Head and Neck Cancer ...
Quantifiers and ‘If’‐Clauses

Stephen Barker (The Philosophical Quarterly, 47 (1997), pp. 195–211) has presented a new argument for a pure material implication analysis of indicative conditionals. His argument relies crucially on the assumption that general indicatives such as ‘Every girl, if she gets a chance, bungee-jumps’ are correctly analysed as having the formal structure (for all x)(if x gets a chance, x bungee-jumps). This paper argues that an approach first proposed by David Lewis must be pursued: the ‘if’-clause in these sentences restricts the quantifier. Only the Lewis-style analysis can deal with sentences involving non-universal quantifiers such as ‘Most letters are answered if they are shorter than 5 pages’. I show that Barker's reasons for rejecting the restrictor analysis are not cogent and that the restrictor analysis connects widely with recent work in natural language semantics.
Foresight and reconsideration in hierarchical planning and execution

We present a hierarchical planning and execution architecture that maintains the computational efficiency of hierarchical decomposition while improving optimality. It provides mechanisms for monitoring the belief state during execution and performing selective replanning to repair poor choices and take advantage of new opportunities. It also provides mechanisms for looking ahead into future plans to avoid making short-sighted choices. The effectiveness of this architecture is shown through comparative experiments in simulation and demonstrated on a real PR2 robot.
Forensic pathology of companion animal abuse and neglect

Submission of cases of suspected animal abuse and neglect (AAN) to veterinary pathologists is increasingly frequent. These cases require modification of postmortem procedures and written reports, as the questions asked by courts typically differ from those asked in routine diagnostic cases. Here we review the practice of veterinary forensic pathology as it applies to cases of companion AAN, as well as the fundamental principles of forensic pathology, the components of a forensic necropsy, and the goals of the necropsy in cases of blunt-force trauma, projectile wounds, and starvation. Future directions and endeavors in veterinary forensic pathology are broached.
Obligations to Negroes who would be kin if they were not Negro

The 1965/1966 Dcedalus issues on “The Negro American” reveal how America's racial future was imagined nearly a half-century ago, and at least one of the prophecies - voiced by sociologist Everett C. Hughes - found its fulfillment in an unexpected way at President Obama's inauguration in 2009. Short stories by Amina Gautier (“Been Meaning to Say” and “Pan is Dead”), Heidi Durrow's novel The Girl WhoFellfrom the Sky, plays by Thomas Bradshaw (Strom Thurmond Is Not a Racist and Cleansed), and poems by Terrance Hayes (“For Brothers and the Dragon” and “The Avocado”) suggest trends in recent works by African American authors who began their publishing careers in the twenty-first century.
Sodium hydride-initiated polymerizations of vinyl monomers in aprotic solvents

Polymerizations of several vinyl monomers at 25°C in aprotic solvents (dimethyl sulfoxide, N,N-dimethylacetamide, and hexamethylphosphoric triamide) using sodium hydride dispersion as initiator yield low to intermediate molecular weight polymers. The molecular weight of the resulting polymer as well as the mode of initiation depends on the monomer and aprotic solvent used. Initiation of polymerization of monomers with available α hydrogens (methyl acrylate, acrylonitrile) involves monomer anion, while initiation of a monomer with no α hydrogen (methyl methacrylate) proceeds by a more complex mechanism. In contrast, initiation of styrene and α-methylstyrene proceeds by dimsyl anion addition to monomer in dimethylsulfoxide. Although the triad tacticities and number-average molecular weights of poly(methyl methacrylate) samples obtained from all three aprotic solvents are nearly the same, poly(methyl methacrylates) prepared in dimethyl sulfoxide and N,N-dimethylacetamide give polymers having polydispersities of ∼3, while a very polydisperse polymer is obtained in hexamethylphosphoric triamide.
5D3→7FJ emission in terbium-doped sol–gel glasses

Abstract In silicate sol–gel glass doped with trivalent terbium, the intensity of violet and blue fluorescence from the 5D3 level is highly dependent on terbium concentration, on the presence of Al3+ co-dopant, and on annealing conditions. Evidence is presented that aluminum co-doping prevents rare earth clusters from forming, and also modifies the coupling of rare earth ions to the local environment. 5D3 emission is observed in glasses annealed at 750 °C, and increases in intensity with increasing annealing time and with higher temperature. This behavior is shown to be due to the removal of residual hydroxyl ions.
Hydrothermal Synthesis and Structures of Two Tetramethylammonium Iron Molybdates (TMA) 2 FeMo 6 O 20 and [TMA] 2 [Fe(H 2 O) 6 ]Mo 8 O 26

Two new compounds (TMA) 2 FeMo 6 O 20 and [TMA] 2 [Fe(H 2 O) 6 ]Mo 8 O 26 have been synthesized by hydrothermal reactions. (TMA) 2 FeMo 6 O 20 crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C2/m; a = 21.204(1) A, b = 7.6393(5) A, c = 8.4191(6) A, β = 104.602(1)°, V = 1319.7(2) A 3 , Z = 2, (R = 2.23%, I> 2σ(I)) [TMA] 2 [Fe(H 2 O) 6 ]Mo 8 O 26 crystallizes in the space group P2 1 /n; a = 10.3945(5) A, b = 16.4103(8) A, c = 10.8935(5) A, β = 98.842(1)°, V = 1836.1(2) A 3 , Z = 2 (R = 2.07% I> 2σ(I)). The structures of both compounds were determined by single crystal X-ray methods. The crystal structure of (TMA) 2 FeMo 6 O 20 consists of 2 ∞[FeMo 6 O 20 ] 2- layers separated by layers of tetramethylammonium cations. The [FeMo 6 O 20 ] 2- layers are built up by the interconnection of corner- and edge-sharing MoO 6 octahedral chains through FeO 6 octahedra. The arrangement of MoO 6 octahedra in the chains is identical to that found in the red potassium molybdenum bronze structure. In the (TMA) 2 FeMo 6 O 20 structure, the chains are connected into layers by bridging FeO 6 octahedra, in contrast to the bronze structure, where the chains are directly connected by sharing oxygen atoms. The structure of [TMA] 2 [Fe(H 2 O) 6 ]Mo 8 O 26 is made up by packing of octahedral [Fe(H 2 O) 2+ 6 ] cations and β-[Mo 8 O 4- 26 ] cluster anions. These building units are interconnected through hydrogen bonds. Tetramethylammonium cations provide charge balance.
Rpa4, a homolog of the 34-kilodalton subunit of the replication protein A complex.

Replication protein A (RPA) is a complex of three polypeptides of 70, 34, and 13 kDa isolated from diverse eukaryotes. The complex is a single-stranded DNA-binding protein essential for simian virus 40-based DNA replication in vitro and for viability in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We have identified a new 30-kDa human protein which interacts with the 70- and 13-kDa subunits of RPA, with a yeast two-hybrid/interaction trapmethod.Thisprotein,Rpa4,has47%identitywithRpa2,the34-kDasubunitofRPA.Rpa4associateswith the 70- and 13-kDa subunits to form a trimeric complex capable of binding to single-stranded DNA. Rpa4 is preferentially expressed in placental and colon mucosa tissues. In the placenta, Rpa4 is more abundant than the 70-kDa Rpa1 subunit and is not associated with either Rpa1 or with any other single-stranded DNAbinding protein. In proliferating cells in culture, Rpa4 is considerably less abundant than Rpa1 and Rpa2. Northern (RNA) blot analysis suggests that there are alternatively processed forms of theRPA4mRNA, and Southern blot analysis indicates that besideRPA4there may be other members of theRPA2gene family. Proteins that bind to single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) are
Educational and occupational attainment and drinking behavior: an expectancy model in young adulthood.

Aims The socio-economic status (SES) variables of education level and occupational functioning have been found to be correlated negatively with alcohol use. The present study examined prospectively the relationship between these functioning measures, alcohol expectancies and alcohol involvement. We propose that expectancies function as a mediator of the relationship between educational/occupational attainment and drinking behavior. We hypothesized that changes in young adult functioning are linked to changes in social context and/or the availability of non-alcohol reinforcers, which in turn affect the reinforcement expected from alcohol. Participants and design Participants were 172 young adults from an ongoing longitudinal study of long-term clinical course of adolescent substance use treatment. Data from 6- and 8-year follow-ups were used in the present analyses. The treated sample (n = 100) was recruited from in-patient substance abuse treatment programs for adolescents. A community sample (n = 72) was matched on family history of substance abuse and SES at intake. Findings A cross-lag panel analysis indicated that education had a unique longitudinal relationship with expectancy for both the treated and community sample, over and above previous alcohol use and expectancy. Occupational variables did not have a longitudinal relationship with alcohol use and expectancy for either sample. Expectancies mediated the education/drinking relationship for the treated sample only. Conclusions These results suggest one means through which changes in functioning may alter alcohol involvement over time: alteration of the reinforcement expected from alcohol.
Taxonomy of Hawaiian Sphagna

Abstract Two Sphagnum species are reported for Hawaii: S. palustre L. (section Sphagnum) and S. wheeleri C. Mull. (section Rigida). Sphagnum henryense Warnst. (section Sphagnum) is excluded. Additional evidence supporting the exclusion of Sphagnum vitjianum Schimper and S. perichaetiale Hampe (both in section Sphagnum) is also presented. The type of S. lonchocladum C. Mull. is shown to be a Hillebrand collection (in section Sphagnum) from Hawaii and not a Kirk collection (in section Rigida) from New Zealand. The description of S. palustre is revised, in large part to reflect the incorporation of S. japonicum Warnst., S. pseudocymbifolium C. Mull, and S. sulphureum Warnst.
Slow component of O2 uptake during heavy exercise: adaptation to endurance training

Seven untrained male subjects [age 25.6 +/- 1.5 (SE) yr, peak O2 uptake (VO2) 3.20 +/- 0.19 l/min] trained on a cycle ergometer 4 days/wk for 6 wk, with the absolute training workload held constant...
An Update on the Streptococcus bovis group: Classification, Identification, and Disease Associations

The Streptococcus bovis group has undergone significant taxonomic changes over the past 2 decades with the advent of new identification methods with higher discriminatory power. Although the current classification system is not yet embraced by all researchers in the field and debate remains over the performance of molecular techniques for identification to the species level within the group, important disease associations for several members of the group have been clarified. Here, we provide a brief overview of the history of the S. bovis group, an outline of the currently accepted classification scheme, a review of associated clinical syndromes, and a summary of the performance and diagnostic accuracy of currently available identification methods.
In-depth characterization of the salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma transcriptome with emphasis on dominant cell type

BACKGROUND Adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC), 1 of the most common salivary gland malignancies, arises from the intercalated ducts, which are composed of inner ductal epithelial cells and outer myoepithelial cells. The objective of this study was to determine the genomic subtypes of ACC with emphasis on dominant cell type to identify potential specific biomarkers for each subtype and to improve the understanding of this disease. METHODS A whole-genome expression study was performed based on 42 primary salivary ACCs and 5 normal salivary glands. RNA from these specimens was subjected to expression profiling with RNA sequencing, and results were analyzed to identify transcripts in epithelial-dominant ACC (E-ACC), myoepithelial-dominant ACC (M-ACC), and all ACC that were expressed differentially compared with the transcripts in normal salivary tissue. RESULTS In total, the authors identified 430 differentially expressed transcripts that were unique to E-ACC, 392 that were unique to M-ACC, and 424 that were common to both M-ACC and E-ACC. The sets of E-ACC–specific and M-ACC–specific transcripts were sufficiently large to define and differentiate E-ACC from M-ACC. Ingenuity pathway analysis identified known cancer-related genes for 60% of the E-ACC transcripts, 69% of the M-ACC transcripts, and 68% of the transcripts that were common in both E-ACC and M-ACC. Three sets of highly expressed candidate genes—distal-less homeobox 6 (DLX6) for E-ACC; protein keratin 16 (KRT16), SRY box 11 (SOX11), and v-myb avian myeloblastosis viral oncogene homolog (MYB) for M-ACC; and engrailed 1 (EN1) and statherin (STATH), which are common to both E-ACC and M-ACC)—were further validated at the protein level. CONCLUSIONS The current results enabled the authors to identify novel potential therapeutic targets and biomarkers in E-ACC and M-ACC individually, with the implication that EN1, DLX6, and OTX1 (orthodenticle homeobox 1) are potential drivers of these cancers. Cancer 2016;122:1513–22. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
Extractions and reactions of coals below 100 °C: 1. Solubilities of coals in pyridine and amines

Abstract This paper describes the solubilities of a beneficiated Illinois No. 6 coal in several solvents and then compares the solubilities of eleven coals in pyridine and benzylamine. The results show that the best solvents for the beneficiated coal leave insoluble residues that swell the most and contain the most firmly bound nitrogen. It is inferred that the best solvents give the most breakdown of the coal network to soluble material. Comparison of the solubilities of the eleven coals confirms previous conclusions that solubilities in pyridine depend on the carbon contents of the coals. Solubilities in benzylamine, although usually greater than in pyridine, do not change as regularly with the carbon or oxygen contents. The irregularities may reflect variations in the proportions of oxygen in cleavable ester or ether groups.
STAR: Jet reconstruction, direct γ and multi-hadron correlations: Hard Probes of the initial and final state

Abstract Recent results from the STAR collaboration focusing on hard probes of the initial and final state are presented. Correlations at forward rapidities in d+Au collisions at low x are utilized to study the possible onset of saturation effects at RHIC energies. Reference measurements of fully reconstructed jets in d+Au collisions as well as jet quantities in p+p collisions will be discussed. In addition, jet-hadron, direct γ -hadron correlations and results from full-jet reconstruction in Au+Au collisions will be presented and discussed with respect to the p+p reference measurements. These measurements can be used to put further constraints on the underlying mechanisms of partonic energy loss in heavy-ion collisions at RHIC.
Distribution of Released Japanese Beetles in a Grid of Traps

Traps for Japanese beetles, Popillia japonica Newman, were set out in a pattern of 7 concentric annuli with the traps 30 feet apart. The area (139,000 square feet) had a diameter of 420 feet. When beetles were released at the center and at varying distances from the outer annulus the captures ranged between 0.1 and 13.9%; the average capture of beetles released at the center was 5.9%. The longest distance traveled by a single beetle was 1390 of a measurable distance of 1420 feet. In the turf area the beetles had a negative binomial distribution. In an abandoned peach orchard, adjoining the turf area, they tended to congregate (7-10 times more beetles) in traps near rose, peach, and wild cherry plants when these plants were within 10 feet of the traps. Since the distribution of beetles in the natural population and beetles released at the center of the annuli were not similar, the size of the natural population could not be estimated.
Etch-pit size, dissolution rate, and time in the experimental dissolution of olivine: Implications for estimating olivine lifetime at the surface of Mars

Various approaches have been used to estimate when and how long liquid water was present at the surface of Mars. The olivine dissolution-lifetime application suggested by Stopar et al. (2006) and Olsen and Rimstidt (2007) is here adapted and tested at the scale of individual etch-pits using published data from an experimental system in which the volume of mineral removed and the duration of the mineral-removal episode are known. Different assumptions about the specific geometry of etch-pits on olivine result in surface-area estimates that vary by less than a factor of two from the simple hemispherical pit used in the calculations. Given that other sources of uncertainty in mass-time relationships of silicate-mineral dissolution during natural weathering can be up to four orders of magnitude, the effects of differing geometric assumptions about the shapes and surface areas of the etch-pits are negligible. Using compiled experimentally determined forsterite dissolution rates and the imaged etch-pit sizes from experiments recovers the duration of the experiment that produced the imaged etch-pits to within less than a factor of two. This suggests that extensively etched olivine surfaces imply a dominance of the etch-pit walls over the bulk surface between the etch-pits during olivine corrosion. The approach adopted here recovers the timescales of experimental etch-pit production on olivine at STP and extreme undersaturation of the solution with respect to olivine in experiments where pH is known. Continued progress in understanding the fundamentals of olivine dissolution kinetics will narrow the ranges of uncertainty in mineral-lifetime estimates at Mars’ surface in support of constraining the compositions and duration of potentially habitable aqueous solutions on Mars.
Comparison of bone and osteosarcoma adenylate cyclase. Effects of Mg2+, Ca2+, ATP4− and HATP3− in the assay mixture

The effects of Mg2+ and Ca2+ on bone and osteosarcoma adenylate cyclase were investigated. The concentrations of the cations and other ionic species in the assay mixture were calculated by solving the simultaneous equations describing the relevant ionic interactions (multiple equilibria). We re-examined the effects of HATP3− and ATP4− on enzyme activity and found that (i) the concentration of the minor ATP species is less than 1% of that of MgATP2−, and their ratio to MgATP2− is constant if Mg2+ and H+ concentrations are unchanged; (ii) Mg2+ addition decreased the ratio of the minor species to MgATP2− and increased the enzyme activity, but no meaningful kinetic model could attribute this effect of HATP3− or ATP4−. On the other hand, kinetic analysis of Mg2+ effects showed: (i) stimulation via two metal sites, separate from the catalytic (MgATP2−) site, with apparent Km values of approximately 1 and 8mm; (ii) that the low affinity increased towards the higher one when the enzyme activity rose as a result of increased substrate or guanine nucleotide concentrations, this effect being less pronounced in tumour; (iii) conversely, that two apparent affinities for MgATP2− merged into one at high Mg2+ concentration; (iv) kinetically, that this relationship is of the mixed con-competitive type, which is consistent with a role for Mg2+ as a requisite activator, and binding occurring in non-ordered sequence. Analysis of the Ca2+ effects showed: (i) competition with Mg2+ at the metal site (Ki 20μm for bone and 40μm for tumour); (ii) that relative to the substrate the inhibition was uncompetitive, i.e. velocity decreased and affinity increased proportionally, which is consistent with Ca2+ binding after substrate binding. These findings support the existence of interacting enzyme complexes, losing co-operativity at increased enzyme activity. They also indicate a potential physiological role for Ca2+ in enzyme regulation and point to quantitative differences between bone and tumour with regard to these properties.
Clinical utility of cytomegalovirus viral load in solid organ transplant recipients.

Purpose of reviewQuantitative nucleic acid testing (QNAT) to measure viral load has become a mainstay in the management of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection and disease in solid organ transplant recipients. In this article, we review the clinical applications of CMV QNAT in the management of solid org
Distribution of Stored Energy in the Excited Manifolds of Tm and Ho in 2 Micron Laser Materials

We determine the quasi-equilibrium distribution of the excitations between the excited states of Tm and Ho. We find that the distribution is excitation density dependent and is described by a canonical summation over the energy levels of the excited and ground state manifolds. We discuss the implications of this distribution for 2 micron lasers.
Dorothy Melling, ‘An Early Acquaintance’ (c. 1842), in The Brontës , edited by E. M. Delafield (London: Hogarth Press, 1935), pp. 144–5

My Great-grannie (Charlotte Browne) died in 1917 at the age of eighty-nine, and when I was ten. I was very keen on Charlotte Bronte at the time, and it was due to this that she told me the little I know. She was born in the house next to Thornton in Craven church, where her Father was Sexton, and it was during the time that Mr Bronte was Minister there that the two men struck up an acquaintance.
A Soluble GABAAρ1 Intracellular Domain Chimera for Structural Studies

The GABAAρ1 pentameric ligand-gated ion channel (pLGIC) is an anion-conducting receptor of the Cys-loop superfamily gated by the neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). GABAAρ1 and other anionic pLGICs are the targets of pharmacotherapy including general anesthetics, anti-epileptics (anti-convulsants), sedatives, anxiolytics, and muscle relaxants. In an effort to improve current treatments and develop new drugs, further studies characterizing the pLGICs and more specifically their structural elements that contribute to their function are essential. Each subunit of eukaryotic Cys-loop receptors is comprised of three domains: extracellular domain (ECD), transmembrane domain (TMD), and intracellular domain (ICD). Several structural studies including X-ray crystallography of prokaryotic as well as eukaryotic pLGICs have elucidated the three-dimensional structures of both the ECD and TMD. However, the complete picture on the three-dimensional structure of the ICD is not available. This is partly due to the lack of the ICD in prokaryotic pLGICs, such as Gleoeobacter violaceus ligand-gated ion channel (GLIC). Furthermore, in order to obtain higher resolution X-ray crystallographs of mammalian Cys-loop receptors, the ICD is frequently modified. Of the three domains, the ICD of Cys-loop receptors in the animal kingdom has the most diversity in terms of amino acid sequence and length. Therefore, drugs selective for the ICD would be an ideal alternative to current pharmacotherapy ridden with many side effects that result from targeting the highly-conserved extracellular or transmembrane domains.Our project focused on the expression and large-scale purification of GABAAρ1 chimeras in amounts that would allow future structural studies. A soluble chimera containing the ICD was over-expressed in E. coli cells and purified to homogeneity using a two-step purification process. We were successful in producing approximately 3-4 mg of purified protein from a liter of bacterial culture.
Analysis of Legal and Political Data

With the abundance of publicly available data registering the judgements at supreme courts and parliamentary votes, we can employ various data mining techniques to identify interesting patterns. For example, we can identify explicit and implicit voting blocs, which may or may not agree with official party affiliations. We can assess the political strength of those blocs. We can examine the vote of which particular senators is the most representative of the final outcome of the vote. We can employ text mining and visualization tools to cope with a large number of issues discussed in parliaments. While the paper primarily acts as a survey, it demonstrates the utility of several techniques that have not yet been used in the context of law.
Intersections of Race, Class, Gender, and Nation: Some Implications for Black Family Studies

This article explores how recent theoretical developments in viewing race, social class, gender, and nation as dimensions of interlocking systems of oppression might suggest new directions for Blac...
Taken Under Advisement: Perspectives on Advisory Boards From Across Technical Communication

Research problem: Advisory boards provide an opportunity for technical communication programs to connect consistently with industry practitioners and on-campus stakeholders, and yet few recent studies examine best practices for advisory boards in technical communication programs. Research questions: (1) What is the typical makeup of a technical communication program advisory board? (2) What function do these advisory boards serve? (3) What are the typical successes and challenges of starting and maintaining a technical communication advisory board? (4) What are best practices for starting and maintaining a successful advisory board? (5) What are the similarities and differences in how program administrators and board members perceive the benefits and functions of the board? Literature review: Literature on advisory boards in technical and business communication—and in related fields such as communication, journalism, and marketing—reports that advisory boards are beneficial and effective, though many include caveats or recommendations about ways to improve board function. Methodology: To provide perspectives from both sides of the academy-industry relationship, we conducted 18 semistructured phone, Skype, and in-person interviews with program administrators (n = 10) from a host of nationwide programs and with board members (n = 8) from a single advisory board. Results and discussion: The study finds that the typical advisory board involves a mix of industry, faculty, and student members, with an emphasis on industry members. They advise the program about its curricular concerns, often foster students' academic and professional maturation, and support the program in conflicts with university administration. The typical successes of advisory boards included positive curricular amendment and the recruitment of students for jobs and internships, while characteristic challenges included meeting logistics and board members' concerns regarding the program's response to their advice. Program administrators and board members both perceive a board as useful, but some members expressed concern about the uncertainty of their role and influence. The results suggest that all technical communication programs should seriously consider forming an advisory board based on disciplinary best practices, that existing advisory boards should ensure that they have clarified the board's role for their program, and that stakeholders are aware of and attend to their board members' concerns.
Managing somatization disorder.

Psychiatrists should coordinate with primary care physicians when treating patients who have a somatoform disorder. Virtual Mentor is a monthly bioethics journal published by the American Medical Association.
Author response: Formal faculty observation and assessment of bedside skills for 3rd-year neurology clerks

I appreciate Dr. Sethi's comments on our article,1 and his acknowledgement of the importance of bedside teaching. Measures to combat neurophobia are critical to improve neurologic diagnosis and care across health care providers. I agree that improved formal assessment and feedback of neurologic skills is an important step at the medical student level. When not accomplished formally during medical school, the future non-neurologist is less likely to have an adequate level of confidence in his or her own history and examination skills. Consequently, he or she may feel less confidant making diagnostic and therapeutic decisions. In addition, the use of real over standardized patients is critical in the creation of a realistic and optimally useful opportunity for this assessment.
Principles of usable programming language design

Tools for software engineers, such as programming languages and IDEs, should reflect the needs of their users. Unfortunately, designers of programming languages lack strong guidance regarding how to make these tools most effective for users. Though there is a well-developed theory of programming languages, there is little evidence regarding how to use this theory to build languages in which software engineers are most productive. I propose to develop methods for programming language design that fuse results from programming language theory with methods from human-computer interaction so that designers can create effective tools for users.
58 Criminal justice outcomes for high-risk assault-injured youth seeking emergency department care

Statement of purpose To describe rates and characteristics of criminal arrests in a sample of drug-using, violently injured youth during the 36 months surrounding an emergency department (ED) visit. Methods/approach Participants (ages 14–24) screening positive for past six-month drug use and presenting for an assault (AIG) or as part of a proportionally sampled comparison group (CG) of non-assaulted youth were enrolled in a 2 year longitudinal study (n=599). Computerised surveys were administered at baseline, and at 6, 12, 18, and 24 months. Objective arrest data were obtained from law enforcement sources for those >18. Arrest rates were characterised with survival analysis; baseline characteristics predictive of arrest were determined using multivariate Poisson regression. Results The sample was 59% male and 65% African-American, with a mean age of 20. AIG participants had a 30% greater risk of arrest than the CG (47.2% vs. 36.3%, p Conclusions Drug-using youth with assault injuries who seek emergency care have high rates of subsequent criminal arrest. Significance and Contributions to Injury and Violence Prevention Science The emergency visit for assault injury may be an opportunity to engage youth in services and Interventions that decrease subsequent risk for criminal justice involvement and its negative sequelae.
Use of MODIS products to assess the impacts of the 2012 drought on ET and GPP in a perennial agriculture system in Kansas

The objective of this study is to evaluate the impacts of the severe drought in the central US in 2012 on ET and GPP in a perennial wheatgrass crop in Kansas utilizing Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) products. The study period comprises three years (2012, 2013 and 2014). In the drought year (2012), the annual ET and GPP were ∼24% and ∼12% lower than the average for the wet years (2013 and 2014). The 2012 drought caused a higher impact on ET in comparison with GPP. Overall, the reductions on ET and GPP occurred as expected and are related to the fact that long periods with low precipitation can deplete soil moisture, inducing stomatal closure and leading to a decline in the photosynthesis rate.
Social validity in single-case research: A systematic literature review of prevalence and application.

Abstract Background Single-case research (SCR) has been a valuable methodology in special education research. Montrose Wolf (1978), an early pioneer in single-case methodology, coined the term “social validity” to refer to the social importance of the goals selected, the acceptability of procedures employed, and the effectiveness of the outcomes produced in applied investigations. Since 1978, many contributors to SCR have included social validity as a feature of their articles and several authors have examined the prevalence and role of social validity in SCR. Aim and methods We systematically reviewed all SCR published in six highly-ranked special education journals from 2005 to 2016 to establish the prevalence of social validity assessments and to evaluate their scientific rigor. Results We found relatively low, but stable prevalence with only 28 publications addressing all three factors of the social validity construct (i.e., goals, procedures, outcomes). We conducted an in-depth analysis of the scientific rigor of these 28 publications. Conclusions Social validity remains an understudied construct in SCR, and the scientific rigor of social validity assessments is often lacking. Implications and future directions are discussed.
Dehydration-induced physical strains of cellulose microfibrils in plant cell walls

The effect of dehydration of plant cell walls on the physical status of cellulose microfibrils (CMFs) interspersed in pectin matrices was studied. Vibrational sum frequency generation (SFG) spectroscopy analysis of cellulose revealed reversible changes in spectral features upon dehydration and rehydration of onion epidermal walls used as a model primary cell wall (PCW). Combined with microscopic imaging and indentation modulus data, such changes could be attributed to local strains in CMFs due to the collapse of the pectin matrix upon dehydration. X-ray diffraction (XRD) showed that the (200) spacing of cellulose in dried PCWs is larger than that of cellulose Iβ obtained from tunicates. Thus, the modulus of CMFs in PCWs would be lower than those of highly-crystalline cellulose Iβ and inhomogeneous local bending or strain of CMFs could occur readily during the physical collapse of pectin matrix due to dehydration.
Gas-Solid Chromatography (PLOT Columns)

The porous-layer open-tubular (PLOT) columns proposed by Golay currently replace traditional packed columns. Nowadays, these are powerful tools frequently used in gas chromatography for analyses of fixed gases, light hydrocarbons, and volatile solvents. In this article, the history of the development of PLOT columns is reviewed. The method of their preparation, information about their quality, and most importantly the layer stability are discussed. In addition, the practical aspects of their use, such as retention mechanisms, as well as their limitations and applications are discussed. The review presented in this article concerns mostly the commercially available PLOT columns.
Chemical Tank Control System

To demonstrate the use of the network abstraction mechanisms in hybrid systems, James Hendler and Anne Wilson of the University of Maryland describe here an example using a system that controls the pH value of a controlled stirred chemical tank reactor. The system was created using the Conncert hybrid neural network/expert system development environment described in Chapter 2 and by Wilson and Hendler (1993).
Detecting Biothreat Agents: From Current Diagnostics to Developing Sensor Technologies

Although a fundamental understanding of the pathogenicity of most biothreat agents has been elucidated and available treatments have increased substantially over the past decades, they still represent a significant public health threat in this age of (bio)terrorism, indiscriminate warfare, pollution, climate change, unchecked population growth, and globalization. The key step to almost all prevention, protection, prophylaxis, post-exposure treatment, and mitigation of any bioagent is early detection. Here, we review available methods for detecting bioagents including pathogenic bacteria and viruses along with their toxins. An introduction placing this subject in the historical context of previous naturally occurring outbreaks and efforts to weaponize selected agents is first provided along with definitions and relevant considerations. An overview of the detection technologies that find use in this endeavor along with how they provide data or transduce signal within a sensing configuration follows. Current...
214. TNFα impairs cerebral blood flow autoregulation during pregnancy

Background Cerebral complications are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in preeclamptic pregnancies, accounting for approximately 40% of all preeclampsia/eclampsia related deaths. However, the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms remain unclear. Given the central role of the ischemic placenta in driving preeclampsia, we hypothesized that circulating factors released from the ischemic placenta directly impair cerebral vascular function and blood brain barrier permeability. Specifically, the role of TNFα, an inflammatory cytokine increased in the placenta and circulation of preeclamptic pregnancies, was examined. Methods Pregnant Sprague Dawley Rats were infused with vehicle or TNFα (200 ng/day i.p, from gestational day 14 to 19). Evan’s blue extravasation was measured in the cerebral cortex as an indicator of blood brain barrier (BBB) permeability, and brain water content was assessed as an indicator of cerebral edema at the time of euthanasia. In a separate experimental group, rats were infused with vehicle or TNFα in order to examine the impact on cerebral blood flow (CBF) autoregulation during pregnancy. CBF was measured by laser Doppler flowmetry under anesthesia. Rats were intubated and ventilated in order to maintain constant blood gases, and mean arterial pressure was elevated step-wise from 100-190 mmHg by infusion of phenylephrine to determine changes in CBF. Results Infusion of TNFα in pregnant rats caused a significant 10 mmHg increase in arterial pressure (n = 12, p Conclusions These data suggest that increasing TNFα to levels observed during preeclampsia results in cerebral vascular changes that may mechanistically underlie the increased risk for encephalopathy.
Moving toward a Technology Infusion Approach: Considerations for Teacher Preparation Programs.

Most colleges of education employ a standalone technology integration course as a part of their teacher preparation programs. But in a 2016 higher education brief associated with the National Educa...
Real-time aerodynamics hybrid simulation: Wind-induced effects on a reduced-scale building equipped with full-scale dampers

Abstract As buildings are designed to be taller and more slender, they become lighter and more flexible with less inherent damping. If left uncontrolled, excessive wind-induced building response can cause serious safety and serviceability issues. Additional damping provided by adding an auxiliary damping system to the tall building is considered as one of the most cost-effective means to suppress the wind-induced response. Typically, the performance of these damping systems is evaluated experimentally with scaled damper and building models. However, the simplified small-scale dampers may not truly reflect the complex behavior of the full-scale damping systems. To realize the effective reduction of the wind-induced response of tall buildings, a real-time aerodynamics hybrid simulation (RTAHS) methodology that can offer improved response evaluation of a tall building integrated with an auxiliary damping system is introduced in this study. In this novel dynamic testing approach, the accurate evaluation of wind-induced tall building response is achieved by interacting an aeroelastic model of the tall building with the numerical model of the full-scale damper via interfacing actuators during the wind-tunnel tests. The feasibility and simulation accuracy of the proposed dynamic testing technique in the wind tunnel is numerically demonstrated by two case studies involving the wind-induced response reduction of a tall building equipped with both small-scale and full-scale damper properties.
Effect of wearables on sleep in healthy individuals: a randomized crossover trial and validation study.

Study Objectives:The purpose of this study was to determine whether a wearable sleep-tracker improves perceived sleep quality in healthy participants and to test whether wearables reliably measure ...
Improvement of Knowledge, Attitudes, and Beliefs of African American Men Toward Prostate Cancer Screening.

BACKGROUND Prostate cancer (PCa) is a major public health concern among African American (A.A.) men. A.A. men have the highest PCa incidences nationally and internationally. OBJECTIVE The goal of this pilot study was to evaluate the effectiveness of an evidence-based PCa awareness intervention designed to positively affect the knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs of A.A. men regarding PCa screening. METHOD A quantitative pre/post survey research design was utilized. A convenience sample of 11 subjects were recruited. The intervention consisted of a pre-survey, video presentation, oral presentation, question and answer session, and post-survey. The Thomas Jefferson University Prostate Cancer Screening Survey was used as the survey instrument. RESULTS The findings revealed a strong positive correlation between age of participants and pre-test scores. As education level increased among the participants so did knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs. CONCLUSIONS The study's goal was met by increasing awareness and changing knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs in A.A. men regarding PCa screening. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING Nurses and healthcare providers should encourage discussions with A.A. men regarding advantages and disadvantages of PCa screening that embraces cultural awareness. PCa knowledge is important for shared decision-making with healthcare providers.
XIII – Eliminating Irrelevance

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the elimination of irrelevant hypotheses. Eliminating irrelevant hypotheses in a formula before trying to prove it by induction is just another way of obtaining a stronger conjecture to prove. Eliminating irrelevant terms from a clause simplifies the task of finding an appropriate induction. In general, recognizing that a hypothesis is irrelevant to the truth of a formula takes a deep understanding of the problem at hand. However, there are simple cases where it is clear that a hypothesis is irrelevant. The most obvious place to look for irrelevance is in hypotheses that are completely disconnected from the rest of the formula. Thus, the first thing, while looking for irrelevance, is to partition the literals of the clause according to shared variables, putting two literals in the same partition if they share variables. Then, it is tried to decide which partitions are probably falsifiable. Thereafter, any such partition is deleted from the clause. If a partition is falsifiable, the result of deleting the partition from the clause is a theorem if and only if the original clause is a theorem.
Treatment of infantile hemangiomas and vascular malformations

Infantile hemangiomas (strawberry hemangiomas) and vascular malformations are common vascular abnormalities in infants,both of which have considerable impact on the health and appearance of patients.Infantile hemangiomas may spontaneously regress,while vascular malformations will not go away on their own.The treatment of infantile hemangiomas and vascular malformations remains controversial.Some scholars think that no active treatment but observation is needed,while some believe that early and aggressive treatment is required.The author discusses the necessity,timing and modality of therapy for infantile hemangiomas and vascular malformations. Key words: Hemangioma; Vascular malformations; Clinical protocols
Can’t ridge regression perform variable selection?

Ridge regression was introduced to deal with the instability issue of the ordinary least squares estimate due to multicollinearity. It essentially penalizes the least squares loss by applying a rid...
Thoughts on “Transparency in Structural Research”

I applaud Andrews, Gentzkow, and Shapiro on their work on transparency—both in this article and in their other work. This is a remarkably important problem but also very challenging. I think they h...
J/psi Photo-production at Large z in Soft Collinear Effective Theory

One of the outstanding problems in J/\psi physics is a systematic understanding of the differential photo-production cross section dsigma/dz(gamma + p -> J/psi + X), where z= E_psi/E_gamma in the proton rest frame. The theoretical prediction based on the non-relativistic QCD (NRQCD) factorization formalism has a color-octet contribution which grows rapidly in the endpoint region, z -> 1, spoiling perturbation theory. In addition there are subleading operators which are enhanced by powers of 1/(1-z) and they must be resummed to all orders. Here an update of a systematic analysis is presented. The approach used to organize the endpoint behavior of the photo-production cross section is based on a combination of NRQCD and soft collinear effective theory. While a final result is not yet available, an intermediate result indicates that better agreement between theory and data will be achieved in this framework.
The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on economic security and pregnancy intentions among people at risk of pregnancy.

Abstract Objective To understand how the COVID-19 pandemic affected women of reproductive age, specifically their economic conditions, desire for pregnancy, and access to contraceptive services during the pandemic. Study Designs A total of 554 women respondents age 18 to 49 and reside in the United States were recruited using social media between May 16, 2020 and June 16, 2020. Logistic regression models assessed predictors of reporting pandemic-related changes in economic conditions, desire for pregnancy, and contraceptive access. Results Compared to White/Caucasian respondents, Hispanics/Latinx and Black/African Americans have 4 times the odds of experiencing inability to afford food, transportation, and/or housing (p Conclusions In our sample, the pandemic unevenly affected people from different socioeconomic groups. Many simultaneously experienced reduced income, difficulties in accessing contraception, and a greater desire to avoid a pregnancy. This combination of factors increases the chance that people will experience unintended pregnancies. Implications The pandemic caused economic hardship and an increased desire to postpone or prevent pregnancy at the same time that it created new barriers to contraceptive services. This pattern may lead to a potential net effect of an increase in unintended pregnancy, particularly among people who had difficulty affording food, transportation, and/or housing during the pandemic.