cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chapter 10 Fundamental Experiments and Quantum Technology Applications with Defect Centres in Diamond

The observation of single quantum objects has been a challenging task requiring advanced experimental techniques. With improved microscopy methodology it is nowadays possible to observe such objects in the solid state with compact setups even at room temperature. In this contribution we introduce defect centres in diamond and discuss two recent experiments. One concerns the direct observation of the quantum nature of light with not more but a single detector. The second one shows how to use defect centres as a valuable light source for quantum key distribution.
Confianza y participación política en América Latina

Political trust has been identified as one of the key indicators of citizens’ attachment to their political system, specifically to democracy. Thus, scholars have argued that there is a strong relationship between trust and political participation. However, the features of this relationship have not yet been clearly defined by comparative literature. In this research I explore the relationship between trust and political participation in Latin America using data from lapop 2014. I argue that those individuals who trust most in their institutions tend to use conventional forms of political participation, while those who distrust their institutions are inclined to other ways of participation, such as protests. In this relationship political efficacy plays an important role in conventional participation.
Perceived need and availability of psychosocial interventions across buprenorphine prescriber specialties.

Abstract Introduction Psychosocial interventions are often recommended as part of buprenorphine treatment for patients with opioid use disorder, but little is known about prescriber perspectives on their use and how this varies across buprenorphine prescriber specialties. Methods A large US sample of physicians actively prescribing buprenorphine (n = 1174) was surveyed from July 2014 to January 2017. Analyses examined prescriber characteristics and their perceptions and use of psychosocial interventions across three groups of physicians: primary care providers (PCPs), addiction physicians/psychiatrists, and other physicians. Results Across all prescribers, 93.3% (n = 1061) report most patients would benefit from formal counseling during buprenorphine treatment while only 36.4% (n = 414) believe there are adequate number of counselors in their communities. Among addiction physicians/psychiatrists, 75.9% (n = 416) report their treatment settings have the resources to provide psychiatric services to patients with complex psychiatric problems compared to 29.1% (n = 130) of PCPs and 29.6% (n = 39, p Conclusions The majority of prescribers believe patients receiving buprenorphine would benefit from psychosocial interventions and there is variation in how these services are delivered. However, many prescribers, especially those without addiction or psychiatry backgrounds, report their settings do not have adequate psychosocial treatment resources for patients with complex psychosocial needs. Future work developing novel models of psychosocial interventions may be helpful to support prescribers to effectively treat complex patients with opioid use disorders.
Use of AAV Vectors for CRISPR-Mediated In Vivo Genome Editing in the Retina

Degenerative retinal diseases such as retinitis pigmentosa (RP) and Leber's congenital amaurosis (LCA) may lead to blindness without effective treatment. With the rapid advancement of the CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing technology, in vivo application of CRISPR/Cas9 holds immense potential for treatment of these diseases. Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors are an ideal gene transfer tool for delivery of CRISPR components to the retina. Here, we describe a protocol for utilizing an AAV-based CRISPR/Cas9 system for in vivo genome editing in the retina.
Quark Model Calculations Of Symmetry Breaking in Parton Distributions

Using a quark model, we calculate symmetry breaking effects in the valence quark distributions of the nucleon. In particular, we examine the breaking of the quark model SU(4) symmetry by color magnetic effects, and find that color magnetism provides an explanation for deviation of the ratio $d_V(x)/u_V(x)$ from $1/2$. Additionally, we calculate the effect of charge symmetry breaking in the valence quark distributions of the proton and neutron and find, in contrast to other authors, that the effect is too small to be seen experimentally.
Economies of Scope in Reverse Auctions: An Application to Road Salt Procurement

We develop a structural model of firms' bidding behavior in simultaneous first-price auctions with linkages across items, and apply the model to procurement auctions held by Minnesota's Department of Transportation (MnDOT). Each year, MnDOT holds simultaneous first-price auctions to procure road salt for each of its depots (storage facilities) located throughout the state. We find strong evidence for economies of scope: large firms' bids reflect a preference for winning co-located depots. Counterfactual simulations indicate that, on average, large firms' bids are 6 to 8 percent lower than they would have been absent the estimated economies of scope. While these lower bids are beneficial to the state, they also reduce the competitiveness of small firms – for which we do not detect economies of scope. MnDOT therefore faces a tradeoff when taking actions that may either enhance or diminish economies of scope.
Development and Implementation of a Dashboard for Diabetes Care Management in OpenMRS.

A clinical dashboard for a patient's diabetes condition helps physicians to make better decisions based on readily available information. OpenMRS is a widely used open-source electronic health records system but does not provide a disease-specific dashboard. This project implemented a dashboard for displaying all diabetes-related lab measures at one place, when a physician accesses a patient record in OpenMRS. It summarizes a list of diabetes-related clinical measures through an intuitive, chart-based, customizable user experience. Gauge charts are used to display the most important lab values for Glucose, Renal Function, and Lipid Profile tests. Data Tables are used to display data of the lab values from the past and current visit in the table, including the ability to search for a specific visit date. Interactive line charts are used to display the trends of lab measures. Diabetes Dashboard may help physicians to make quicker decisions through this snapshot view. We took data for a few patients and demonstrated this to clinicians as a proof of concept, without performing a full-fledged user evaluation. Future work involves integrating this dashboard with clinical practice guidelines and alerting when measures are outside the guidelines.
Outcomes of appendiceal adenocarcinomas compared to right and left-sided colorectal adenocarcinomas: An analysis from the National Cancer Database (NCDB).

42Background: Appendiceal carcinomas (AC) account for 1-2% of colorectal cancers (CRC) and are generally treated like other CRC. However, there is limited data to guide treatment. While AC originat...
Examining the relationship between object relations and interpersonal distress in a clinical sample

The goal of the present study was to explore the relationship between patients' object relational functioning (Social Cognition and Object Relations Scale-Global Ratings) as rated by clinicians during the course of outpatient psychodynamic psychotherapy in a university-based clinic and patient self-reported interpersonal vulnerabilities (Inventory of Interpersonal Problems-64). Participants (n = 112) were outpatients entering treatment at a university-based psychotherapy clinic and were diagnosed primarily with mood disorders as well as Axis II relational problems and features. Participants completed the IIP-64 prior to receiving therapy, and SCORS-G ratings were based on patients' level of relational functioning during the evaluation process (i.e., the semistructured interview, follow-up and feedback) and across the first two psychotherapy sessions. Results showed a significant relationship between the IIP-64 Total score with SCORS-GSelf-Esteem (r = -.21, p < .05) and Affective Quality of Representations (r = -.20, p < .05), wherein self-reported interpersonal dysfunction was greater among patients who had lower self-worth and perceived others as more malevolent. These findings suggest that patients who rated themselves as having more significant interpersonal difficulty reported more negative expectations and experiences of relationships in their psychotherapy narratives. The utility of the SCORS-G and the IIP-64 as two different avenues of assessing patient relational functioning is explored.
Are We There Yet? An Anticipation Account of the Return Trip Effect:

Research has documented the psychological phenomenon in which the trip back from a destination is experienced as shorter than the trip to the destination. Deemed the “return trip effect” (RTE), pri...
Open Roads in Macroeconomics

An ongoing debate has been going on since the 2008 crisis on the stance of macroeconomic modelling and what changes, if any, should the discipline take. Besides model improvements, the use of DSGE modeling in policy making continued unaltered. This situation has been defended and criticized by different scholars. This paper reviews the stance of the DSGE debate and discusses open roads in macroeconomic theory.
Clinical overview of NMDA-R antagonists and clinical practice

Depression represents one of the most common and debilitating mental illnesses in the world today. Despite this pressing issue, the majority treatments for depression give patients therapeutic response only approximately half of the time, with many not responding at all. In part, this stagnation has been due to the dominance of the monoamine hypothesis that guides the current approach to understanding and treating depression. While therapies that increase levels of monoamines have been useful, clearly a more complete understanding of the neural circuits and treatments is needed to better help patients. Recent work that exploits the glutamatergic system within the brain has demonstrated a functional role for glutamate in combatting depression. While more research is required to understand the specific glutamatergic pathophysiological mechanisms within depression, emerging clinical work has already demonstrated promising results. Current treatments that target the glutamatergic system, especially NMDA receptor antagonists have already shown efficacy in several clinical trials. In this chapter we briefly introduce a mechanistic basis for a role of glutamate in the pathophysiology of depression. We further review basic and translational studies that describes potential mechanisms and roles for glutamate. A discussion of the first promising NMDA receptor antagonist for depression, ketamine, follows afterward. The development of NMDA receptor antagonists for treatment of depression is chronicled, from initial studies up through the recent FDA approval of intranasal esketamine as well as other newer compounds that have shown recent promise in clinical trials.
Ŭich’ŏn, Jingyuan, and ritual repentance in the revival of Huayan Buddhism in the Northern Song period

The writings of the Koryŏ monk Ŭich’ŏn 義天 (1055–1101) provide insight into the nature of Buddhism during the Northern Song period. Ŭich’ŏn was closely affiliated with Jinshui Jingyuan 晉水淨源 (1011–10...
Addressing Environmental Protection in the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA)

Canada, Mexico and the United States, at the insistence of the Trump Administration, agreed to renegotiate the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), reflecting the U.S. objectives of reducing the substantial U.S. trade deficit with Mexico, discouraging future U.S. source investment in Mexico and thereby encouraging manufacturing employment in the United States. These negotiations resulted in a revised agreement—the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA)—that was signed by the three Parties on November 30, 2018 and again in revised form December 10, 2019 that is likely to enter into force mid-2020. In the process, while Mexico and Canada made significant concessions, the United States was required to compromise on its initial demands on such issues as automotive rules of origin, government procurement, dispute settlement and a Sunset clause, among others. One major benefit of the renegotiation was the agreement by the Parties on a relatively robust chapter addressing environmental protection (Chapter 24), a major improvement over NAFTA’s side agreement, the North American Agreement on Environmental Cooperation (NAAEC). USMCA’s environmental chapter incorporates many of the features of the Transpacific Partnership (from which the Trump Administration withdrew in January 2017) including making environmental disputes subject to the same dispute settlement mechanism as trade disputes. Moreover, the USMCA environmental chapter and related agreements incorporates some of the best features of the NAAEC as well as the innovations of TPP to create a new high standard of environmental protection for regional trade agreements.
Hierarchical clause structure as a tool for cognitive advances in early childhood

Abstract Humans have non-verbal means for various types of mental computations, particularly those that involve concrete objects and events accessible to direct sensory experience. Unlike other species, however, (adult) humans are also capable of reasoning about abstract or psychologically distant (i.e., beyond one's direct sensory access) concepts and events, such as hidden causes, other people's beliefs and desires, counterfactual situations, and distant past and future. While reasoning about such constructs may be possible without language, it is at best inefficient (slow, imprecise, and inconsistent). We present an argument that the development of clausal structure in children between the ages of 2–5 provides a representational tool for stage-like cognitive advancements of early childhood, previously documented in developmental research. In our view, this influence goes beyond the conceptual domain, but involves layers of syntactic hierarchy, which augment non-verbal representations and allow children to go beyond their primary, core non-linguistic (sensory-perceptual and affective), systems in reasoning about psychologically distant phenomena. We present the Gradual Emergence theory of syntax acquisition, in which the layers of sentence structure emerge in child language in a universal progression, beginning from the least complex, Small Clause, structure, progressing first to the development of transitivity, then finiteness, and finally to full clause. We review a broad swath of evidence from developmental psychology and detail our proposal that the acquisition of hierarchical syntax in the first few years of life provides the foundation for learning about the spatially, temporally and socially distant objects and events.
Surgical Management of Femoral Bone Loss

Revision total hip arthroplasty (THA) in patients with severe femoral bone loss is a challenging reconstructive problem. Advancements in the evaluation and treatment have afforded orthopedic surgeons a number of improved treatment options. The failed THA should be carefully evaluated, beginning with detailed physical exam, appropriate imaging studies, and infection workup. Preoperative assessment of the degree of bone loss should be in accordance with standardized classification systems. This framework should guide planning, and should correspond with intraoperative assessment and the required instrumentation and implants available in the operating room. Many factors contribute to the selection of the most appropriate reconstructive technique, including patient comorbidities, anatomy, degree of bone loss, and surgeon training and experience with various reconstruction techniques and implants. In this chapter, we review indications for femoral revision, preoperative workup, classification of femoral bone loss, tenets of reconstruction, surgical options, and available implants in revision hip arthroplasty.
Incidence and predictors of brain metastasis in colorectal cancer patients.

Brain metastasis (BM) in colorectal cancer patients is rare and is associated with dismal outcomes. Our study aims to evaluate the incidence and predictors of BM in patients with colorectal cancer. We performed a retrospective analysis (2010–2017) of patients with a primary diagnosis of colorectal cancer (CRC). Patients were stratified into two groups (BM vs. No-BM). Outcome measures were the incidence and predictors of BM. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed. A total of 230,806 patients were analyzed. A total of 0.30% (n = 691) of the patients were found to have BM. On multivariate logistics regression, bone (OR: 5.39 [3.36–8.65], p < 0.001), lung (OR: 3.75 [2.67–5.28], < 0.001), and distant node metastasis (OR: 32.75 [20.47–52.41], p < 0.001) were independent predictors of BM. Our study supports the low incidence of brain metastasis in patients with colorectal cancer. A unique set of characteristics is identified to confer an increased risk of brain metastases.
New Look of EBV LMP1 Signaling Landscape

The Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) principal oncoprotein Latent Membrane Protein 1 (LMP1) is a member of the Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor (TNFR) superfamily with constitutive activity. LMP1 shares many features with Pathogen Recognition Receptors (PRRs), including the use of TRAFs, adaptors, and kinase cascades, for signal transduction leading to the activation of NFκB, AP1, and Akt, as well as a subset of IRFs and likely the master antioxidative transcription factor NRF2, which we have gradually added to the list. In recent years, we have discovered the Linear UBiquitin Assembly Complex (LUBAC), the adaptor protein LIMD1, and the ubiquitin sensor and signaling hub p62, as novel components of LMP1 signalosome. Functionally, LMP1 is a pleiotropic factor that reprograms, balances, and perturbs a large spectrum of cellular mechanisms, including the ubiquitin machinery, metabolism, epigenetics, DNA damage response, extracellular vehicles, immune defenses, and telomere elongation, to promote oncogenic transformation, cell proliferation and survival, anchorage-independent cell growth, angiogenesis, and metastasis and invasion, as well as the development of the tumor microenvironment. We have recently shown that LMP1 induces p62-mediated selective autophagy in EBV latency, at least by contributing to the induction of p62 expression, and Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) production. We have also been collecting evidence supporting the hypothesis that LMP1 activates the Keap1-NRF2 pathway, which serves as the key antioxidative defense mechanism. Last but not least, our preliminary data shows that LMP1 is associated with the deregulation of cGAS-STING DNA sensing pathway in EBV latency. A comprehensive understanding of the LMP1 signaling landscape is essential for identifying potential targets for the development of novel strategies towards targeted therapeutic applications.
Emulsifying properties of succinylated arabinoxylan-protein gum produced from corn ethanol residuals

Abstract This study investigated the possibilities of making valuable products from corn ethanol byproducts and providing the beverage industries more variety of high quality emulsifiers other than gum arabic. An arabinoxylan-protein gum (APG) was extracted from distillers' grains (DG), a low-value corn ethanol byproduct, and modified through acylation with succinic anhydride. The effects of pH and degree of substitution (DS) on the emulsifying properties of succinylated APG, referred to as SAPG, were investigated. Emulsion particle size and stability of APG and gum arabic were comparable at pH 3.5–6.5. Succinylation could enhance the emulsifying properties of APG. Compared to gum arabic, at pH 5, SAPG had much smaller particle size and better stability than gum arabic. The results suggested that SAPG, compared to gum arabic, could be a comparable emulsifier at low pH values and a better emulsifier at neutral pH values.
Low-Field Mobility and Quantum Effects in Asymmetric Silicon-Based Field-Effect Devices

Though asymmetric MOSFET structures are being designed in response to small-geometry effects, the performance estimates of such devices often rely on the conventional device description, and neglect to properly account for the interplay between quantum effects and the effects of asymmetry. In this paper, we investigate the low-field transport in a highly asymmetric MOSFET structure, characterized by a p+-implant at the source end, by using a Monte Carlo—Poisson simulation with the quantum effects incorporated through an effective potential. We observe that highly-pronounced asymmetry leads to ballistic transport features, which become suppressed by the inclusion of quantum effects. We prove that mobility degradation is an essentially non-equilibrium signature of quantum mechanics, independent of the well-established equilibrium signatures (charge set-back and gap widening). Consequently, in order to properly estimate the device performance, it becomes important to account for the channel mobility degradation due to quantum effects.
Scavenging of superoxide anion radical by chaparral

Chaparral is considered to act as an antioxidant. However, the inhibitory effects of chaparral on specific radical species are not well understood. Using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy in combination with spin trapping techniques, we have found that chaparral scavenges superoxide anion radical in a dose-dependent manner. 5,5-dimethyl-lpyrroline-N-oxide (DMPO) was used as a spin trapping agent and the reaction of xanthine and xanthine oxidase as a source of. The kinetic parameters, IC50 and Vmax, for chaparral scavenging of were found to be 0.899 μg/mL and 8.4 ng/mL/sec, respectively. The rate constant for chaparral scavenging was found to be 1.22 × l06 g-1s-1. Our studies suggest that the antioxidant properties of chaparral may involve a direct scavenging effect of the primary oxygen radical, ((Mol Cell Biochem 196: 157-161, 1999
Micromechanisms fabrication: a challenge in micromechanics and microelectronics

Micromechanisms fall into two broad categories: sensors and actuators. Actuators convert electric energy to mechanical energy, whereas sensors convert physical quantities such as force and pressure to electronic signals. The sensor area, in particular the resonating sensor, appears to have the earmarks of practical applications. These applications are not in just the traditional pressure-transducer area, but extend to new magnetic devices, humidity sensors, and gas-flow monitors. Micromechanical systems benefit from available microelectronic technologies if magnetic rather than electrostatic drives are used with reasonable-gap dimensions. It is noted that demonstration of a fully-fed-back system is only a few months away. Identified applications in magnetic recording, microsurgery, and precision positioning appear to provide, a healthy, economically viable future for this field. >
Separation, Size Separation

Size separation, an important industrial unit operation, is a solid–solid separation process that produces minimally two streams from a feed stream of particles: one of coarser particles and one of finer particles. Devices that perform such separations fall into two general categories: those that separate by passing particles through apertures (screening) and those that separate using the forces of fluid dynamics (classification). The performance of a separating device can be characterized by its size selectivity curve which, in turn, can be characterized by three parameters that describe completely the separation capability of a device. These parameters, which depend on the size of particles as well as on the design of the equipment, can also be used to predict the separation. Size separation devices include inclined vibrating and stationary screens, probability screens, settling-pool classifiers, hydrocyclones, mechanical classifiers, free and forced vortex classifiers, and transverse flow classifiers. The separation achieved by a single unit can be improved by staging several units in prescribed configurations. Pneumatic classification systems should be designed to handle hazardous dust. Keywords: Size separation; Evaluations; Screening; Wet classification; Dry classification; Prediction of size separation
Authority Files in Online Catalogs

Authority control is discussed from two viewpoints: The need for bibliographic records relating to a name to be brought together under one form of the name; and the need for cross references to direct a user to a heading from variant forms of the name. Data from two research projects that support the need for choosing one form of name are summarized. The author's study of user requests that resulted in no "hits" in an online catalog is described. Data are given to show that for only 6.4% of these requests would our current methods of cross referencing in authority records have been helpful, and that two system programs would have given much greater assistance.
Complement anaphylatoxin C5a neuroprotects through mitogen-activated protein kinase-dependent inhibition of caspase 3

We previously reported that pretreatment of murine cortico-hippocampal neuronal cultures with the complement-derived anaphylatoxin C5a, protects against glutamate neurotoxicity. In this study we explored the potential mechanisms involved in C5a-mediated neuroprotection. We found that C5a neuroprotects in vitro through inhibition of apoptotic death because pretreatment with human recombinant (hr)C5a prevented nuclear DNA fragmentation coincidental to inhibition of the pro-apoptotic caspase 3 activity mediated by glutamate treatment. Also, hrC5a-mediated responses appeared to be receptor-mediated because pretreatment of cultures with the specific C5a receptor antagonist C177, prevented hrC5a-mediated neuroprotection. Based on this evidence, we further explored possible signaling pathways involved in hrC5a inhibition of caspase 3 activation and apoptotic neuronal death. We found that treatment of cultures with the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway inhibitor PD98059 prevented hrC5a-mediated inhibition of caspase 3 and apoptotic neuron death. MAPK pathways, whose activation by hrC5a is inhibited by PD98059 and C177, include the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)2 and, to a lesser extent, ERK1. The study suggests that C5a may protect against glutamate-induced apoptosis in neurons through MAPK-mediated regulation of caspase cascades.
Impact upon clinical outcomes of translation of PNA FISH-generated laboratory data from the clinical microbiology bench to bedside in real time.

Fluorescence in situ hybridization using peptide nucleic acid probes (PNA-FISH) differentiates Staphylococcus aureus from other Gram-positive-cocci in clusters (GPCC). 101/202 patients with GPCC+ blood cultures were randomly assigned to clinician-notifi cation of PNA FISH results. Notifi cation was associated with reduced mortality (8% vs.17%, p = 0.05), further antibiotic use (median −2.5 days, p = 0.01), and trended toward reduced hospital stay and charges.
Aplasia cutis congenita: approach to evaluation and management

Aplasia cutis congenita (ACC) refers to any condition in which there is absence of skin at birth. This can be isolated ACC occurring on the scalp, with or without underlying ectopic neural tissue, or ACC can be associated with other conditions such as Adams-Oliver syndrome or epidermolysis bullosa. We discuss the different types of ACC and associated anomalies along with an approach to diagnosis and management.
Market Solutions for Climate Change

This chapter is a nontechnical introduction to the basic economic issues surrounding the climate-change challenge. It discusses the design, pros and cons, and effectiveness of three market-based approaches: the free market (no-government approach), the carbon tax (price approach), and the cap-and-trade systems (quantity approach). None is a panacea. The free market fails to price the social cost of greenhouse gases; a carbon tax has to overcome the hostility to taxes and the actual reduction of greenhouse gases is uncertain; and cap-and-trade systems face the problems of cooperation among governments, the free-rider problem, negative manipulation of the system, and other concerns. Government implementation, including experience in Europe, Canada, and the United States of tax and trading systems, is provided to illustrate the effectiveness of those systems and to provide information for future design options and for the implementation of those systems.
Ribavirin antagonizes the effect of azidothymidine on HIV replication

Azidothymidine and ribavirin both inhibit replication of human immunodeficiency virus in vitro and show promise of clinical utility in patients infected with this virus. In this study, the possible interactions of these drugs were examined in vitro, and a reproducible antagonism between azidothymidine and ribavirin was found to occur under a variety of experimental conditions. The mechanism responsible for this antagonism appeared to be inhibition of azidothymidine phosphorylation by ribavirin. Because similar effects may occur in vivo, clinical trials of these two drugs in combination must be performed only under carefully controlled conditions.
Optimization of a wing structure for gust response and aileron effectiveness

Reliability-based weight optimization of a generic, e ghter-like wing structure is conducted for gust response and aileron effectiveness constraints. The formulation accounts for parametric uncertainties in these aeroelastic response quantities. Reliability indices measure the probability of satisfying each constraint, and a preliminary design procedure is developed in which constraints are enforced on these indices. This framework integrates ASTROS for structural and loads analysis, object-oriented MATLAB ® tools for reliability analysis, and DOT for optimization and most probable point estimation. The reliability analysis algorithm takes advantage of adaptive nonlinear approximations to compensate for nonlinearity of the failure surfaces. The wing structure is modeled with e nite elements, each of which is assumed to have random thickness of known standard deviation. Young’ s modulus of the wing skin material is also assumed to be random. Mean thickness values are taken as design variables. Linear unsteady aerodynamics is used to estimate frequency response functions caused by continuous gust loads. Reliability index constraints are enforced for gust-induced bending moment and shear at the wing’ s root, and also for aileron effectiveness. Redistribution of structural mass by the optimizer produces designs with improved aeroelastic performance reliability and relatively small weight penalties.
Observability based control in range-only underwater vehicle localization

The needs of oceanographic research have driven the development of autonomous underwater vehicles to be capable of great feats of autonomy and endurance. It is anticipated that future autonomous oceanographic surveys will be conducted using heterogeneous teams of vehicles to reduce cost and improve data quality. In a commonly proposed scenario, measurements for a survey are collected by a group of low-cost, low-complexity vehicles while a more advanced vehicle tends to the group, providing communication and navigation assistance. The goal of this paper is to explore helming strategies for the aid vehicle to improve localization performance of dependent survey vehicles. Two methods are proposed that make use of local observability measures to decide an aid vehicle's immediate action. Survey simulations are conducted to test both methods in their ability to improve localization performance. It was found that the first developed method has comparable or better performance than an existing maximum information gain method in a lawn mower style survey mission.
Heroin body packers

Abstract Fourteen body packers carrying 2–112 heroin packages are reported. Nine people swallowed the packets, and five inserted them rectally. The ingested packages were large and radio-opaque; they consisted of hard lumps of concentrated heroin usually covered with glove latex, white adhesive tape, and a toy balloon. There were two complications in the 14 patients. One patient developed a bowel obstruction; at laparotomy 8 packages were found in the stomach and 27 at the ileo-cecal valve. Another patient, with heroin wrapped only with black electrician's tape and no latex inner or outer wrappings, developed heroin intoxication, noncardiogenic pulmonary edema, and a bowel obstruction. Eighteen packages were surgically removed from his stomach and 26 from his bowel. We recommend bisacodyl suppositories, activated charcoal mixed with a 3% sodium sulfate cathartic, and phosphosoda enemas for package removal; close observation for heroin toxicity or bowel obstruction; and surgical intervention for continuing toxicity, retention of packages in the stomach, or bowel obstruction.
Characterizing and measuring bias in sequence data

DNA sequencing technologies deviate from the ideal uniform distribution of reads. These biases impair scientific and medical applications. Accordingly, we have developed computational methods for discovering, describing and measuring bias. We applied these methods to the Illumina, Ion Torrent, Pacific Biosciences and Complete Genomics sequencing platforms, using data from human and from a set of microbes with diverse base compositions. As in previous work, library construction conditions significantly influence sequencing bias. Pacific Biosciences coverage levels are the least biased, followed by Illumina, although all technologies exhibit error-rate biases in high- and low-GC regions and at long homopolymer runs. The GC-rich regions prone to low coverage include a number of human promoters, so we therefore catalog 1,000 that were exceptionally resistant to sequencing. Our results indicate that combining data from two technologies can reduce coverage bias if the biases in the component technologies are complementary and of similar magnitude. Analysis of Illumina data representing 120-fold coverage of a well-studied human sample reveals that 0.20% of the autosomal genome was covered at less than 10% of the genome-wide average. Excluding locations that were similar to known bias motifs or likely due to sample-reference variations left only 0.045% of the autosomal genome with unexplained poor coverage. The assays presented in this paper provide a comprehensive view of sequencing bias, which can be used to drive laboratory improvements and to monitor production processes. Development guided by these assays should result in improved genome assemblies and better coverage of biologically important loci.
Chronic Care Continuum (C3): mobile-ready life skills training for adolescents with chronic diseases

Consensus guidelines from the American Academy of Pediatrics, American Academy of Family Physicians, and American College of Physicians recommend that physicians begin discussing the process of transitioning from pediatric to adult care with patients around age 12. Still, 59% of youth with chronic illness do not meet the core milestones for transitioning from pediatric to adult care. Challenges educating this population include patients experiencing apathy or denial, feelings of invincibility, and complex social factors that produce an environment not conducive to learning.The goal of Chronic Care Continuum (C3 or "c-cubed") is to provide disease-specific educational content to each patient in their own environment. We aim to motivate at-risk patients to become more involved in their transition process through gaming techniques, incentives and rewards. C3 suggests activities that patients perform in real life, building skills that they will need before assuming full responsibility for managing their disease. These skills include treatment adherence, nutritional awareness, social skills (e.g. talking to doctors), and self-monitoring for disease complications.Success at each activity is rewarded with points that can be converted to badges and privileges such as coaching other patients or unlocking games. We are specifically developing activities that can be performed using SMS-text, including taking pictures of healthy meals, reporting blood glucose levels, and competing with other users of the site in a trivia challenge. We will demonstrate C3 for type 1 diabetes mellitus via videos of the interface working on an iPhone and the web site http://c3diabetes-t1.appspot.com.
Tetanus toxin conformation.

The circular dichroic spectrum of highly purified tetanus toxin has been determined between 200–310 nm. A comparison of the ellipticity between 207–243 nm and of the rotational strengths of the major resolved bands between 200–250 nm with the corresponding values from proteins of known conformation indicates that tetanus toxin contains about 20% α-helix and 23% β-structure. Above 250 nm the resolved spectrum showed contributions from tryptophanyl, tyrosyl, and phenylalanyl groups. The rotational strengths of the major near ultraviolet circular dichroic bands were significantly higher in the toxin than in low molecular weight peptides containing aromatic residues. This indicates that tetanus toxin has a stable tertiary structure.
Chronic Malnutrition Among Overweight Hispanic Children: Understanding Health Disparities

Obesity may be masking other health problems such as height deficit, or stunting. Stunting may reflect the cumulative effect of chronic malnutrition especially in underserved immigrant communities. Exploratory analysis of a sample of children 2-19 years old from the 2007-2008 NHANES was used to assess the relationship between chronic malnutrition and overweight/obesity in Hispanic children. Overall, overweight/obesity prevalence was nearly 1 in 3 children and stunting prevalence was 3.1%. The prevalence of stunting varied significantly across race/ethnicity, with prevalence among Hispanics of 6.6%. Prevalence of stunting varied significantly by socio-economic characteristics within the Hispanic population. Our exploratory study showed differences in the prevalence of stunting across racial/ethnic groups and highlighted that overweight/obese Hispanic children have a higher prevalence of stunting compared with Non-Hispanic White overweight/obese children. More studies are needed to better understand the phenomenon and the implications for health inequities.
Measuring the maintainability of Commercial Off-the-Shelf (COTS) based system deployments: A network-based approach

This paper proposes a diagnostic approach to quantify the maintainability of a Commercial Off-the-Shelf (COTS)-based system (CBS) by analyzing the complexity of the deployment of the system. The approach integrates architectural dependencies and the system’s concept of operations to derive a network-based representation of the software system. A greater understanding of the deployment complexity is gained by comparing the in-degree distribution of the derived network to the power-law distribution. The resultant measure is useful in evaluating the maintainability of the operational system while the system is being designed and throughout the lifetime of the system. The measure is applied to deployed production systems with known maintainability histories to validate the approach.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Prospective Associations between Religiousness/Spirituality and Depression and Mediating Effects of Forgiveness in a Nationally Representative Sample of United States Adults

The present investigation examines the prospective associations of religiousness/spirituality with depression and the extent to which various dimensions of forgiveness act as mediating mechanisms of these associations. Data are from a nationally representative sample of United States adults who were first interviewed in 1998 and reinterviewed six months later. Measures of religiousness/spirituality, forgiveness, and various sociodemographics were collected. Depression was assessed using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview administered by trained interviewers. Results showed that religiousness/spirituality, forgiveness of oneself and others, and feeling forgiven by God were associated, both cross-sectionally and longitudinally, with depressive status. After controlling for initial depressive status, only forgiveness of oneself and others remained statistically significant predictors of depression. Path analyses revealed that religiousness/spirituality conveyed protective effects, prospectively, on depression by way of an indirect path through forgiveness of others but not forgiveness of oneself. Hence, forgiveness of others acts as a mechanism of the salutary effect of religiousness/spirituality, but forgiveness of oneself is an independent predictor. Conclusions regarding the continued development of this type of research and for the treatment of clients with depression are offered.
Aβ-directed Single-chain Antibody Delivery Via a Serotype-1 AAV Vector Improves Learning Behavior and Pathology in Alzheimer's Disease Mice

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive dementing disorder characterized by age-related amyloid-beta (Aβ) deposition, neurofibrillary tangles, and synapse and neuronal loss. It is widely recognized that Aβ is a principal pathogenic mediator of AD. Our goal was to develop an immunotherapeutic approach, which would specifically lead to the clearance and/or neutralization of Aβ in the triple transgenic mouse model (3xTg-AD). These mice develop the amyloid and tangle pathologies and synaptic dysfunction reminiscent of human AD. Using a human single-chain variable fragment (scFv) antibody phage display library, a novel scFv antibody specific to Aβ was isolated, its activity characterized in vitro, and its open reading frame subsequently cloned into a recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vector. Three-month-old 3xTg-AD mice were intrahippocampally infused with serotype-1 rAAV vectors encoding Aβ-scFv or a control vector using convection-enhanced delivery (CED). Mice receiving rAAV1-Aβ-scFv harbored lower levels of insoluble Aβ and hyperphosphorylated tau, and exhibited improved cognitive function as measured by the Morris Water Maze (MWM) spatial memory task. These results underscore the potential of gene-based passive vaccination for AD, and provide further rationale for the development of Aβ-targeting strategies for this debilitating disease.
Arginine—lysine interrelationships in the nutrition of broiler breeder pullets during the developmental period 1

Synopsis Pullets were fed on diets containing various concentrations of lysine and arginine from 7 to 18 or 20 weeks. Thereafter a conventional layers' diet was fed and egg productivity measured—in the first two experiments for ten, and the third for six 28‐d periods. Pullets were also fed on a standard growers' type diet on a “skip‐a‐day” or on a 20% restriction basis in the third study. Growth and age at sexual maturation were directly related to the lysine content of the diet and to a lesser extent to the arginine content. Pullets fed on diets with the lower concentrations of lysine and arginine required less food during the growing period and matured later than those fed on a complete diet ad libitum. They also laid more eggs and required less food to produce a dozen eggs. Higher egg production was obtained in the third experiment with low concentrations of lysine and arginine than with the “skip‐a‐day” or the restricted feeding programmes. Pullets fed on the normal grower diet ad libitum produced the...
Scalar perceptions of distance in a multiobject binocular display

Even in the absence of the usual cues to egocentric distance, a single visual object tends to be seen at an “egocentric reference distance” as a combined result of a perceptual tendency and the residual oculomotor cues. It has previously been shown that two objects, separated in depth by relative cues, tend to be seen with the far object located near this reference distance and the near object displaced toward the observer. The present research demonstrates that a similar perceptual positioning of a depth configuration will also occur despite the presence of several intermediate objects in the interval between the near and far objects. The possibility that fixation patterns may be important to this phenomenon is discussed.
The effect of assuming the principal directions in neutron diffraction measurement of stress tensors

In general, the components of stress in any three perpendicular directions can be determined by measuring the strains in those three directions. There is, however, no way to tell from the data if these are the principal stresses. The magnitude of the principal stresses will depend on the magnitude of the shear stresses that were neglected. It is shown that selecting the incorrect directions for the principal stresses leads to an error not in the components of stress measured but in the assumption that they are the principal stresses.
Altered metabolism of serotonin in the brain of the rat after chronic ingestion of d-amphetamine

Dextro-amphetamine at doses of 1 mg/kg/day was administered intragastrically to rats for one month. At 18 h after the final dose, a small (16%) increase of brain serotonin concentration was found as well as an increase (30%) of the synthesis and degradation of [3H] serotonin formed from intracisternally injected exogenous [3H]-l-tryptophan.
Flexible Fiberoptic Bronchoscopy in the Intensive Care Unit

For the past 20 years, flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy (FOB) has been shown to be an important procedure in the diagnosis and management of patients in intensive care units (ICU). In adults, FOB is used therapeutically to remove retained secretions and to correct atelectasis not improved by conservative means. In the pediatric population, however, FOB is mainly used to diagnose tracheal disease in critically ill children. The principal risks of FOB are hypoxemia and dysrhythmias; hemor rhage and pneumothorax may occur as a result of biopsy procedures. In competent hands, these adverse compli cations of FOB are minimal. Although rigid bronchos copy remains pivotal in most pediatric bronchoscopic procedures, massive hemoptysis, foreign body removal, and laser therapy for occluding tumors of the upper airway, flexible FOB has an increasingly important role in the diagnosis and management of these disorders.
Accounting and Market-Value Measures of Profitability: Consistency, Determinants, and Uses

This study examines the relationship between accounting and market-value measures of profitability for individual firms. Differences in measures of profitability are observed both between and within industry groups and thus cannot be explained by differences in uncontrolled industry-specific influences. We suggest that both accounting and market can be used as unique but imperfect indicators of profitability. Using a LISREL model approach, we find R & D intensity, television advertising intensity, leverage, and industry growth to be important determinants of firm profits.
A tale of two exits: nascent entrepreneur learning activities and disengagement from start-up

This article explores entrepreneurial exit defined as disengagement from the start-up process. It addresses two questions: (1) is disengagement a negative outcome? and (2) are all cases of disengagement homogeneous? The literature identifies two types of disengagements based on the degree of learning by nascent entrepreneurs. Intelligent exit refers to proactive or strategic disengagement precipitated by entrepreneurs’ learning that concluded the business opportunity would not be successful. From this perspective, entrepreneurs could adopt discovering or enacting modes and their related causal or effectual approaches to learning. Reactive or uninformed exit results from lack of planning and an inability to solve problems. Results suggest two different disengagement clusters—the intelligent and reactive exit clusters—but the distinction between discovering and enacting approaches to learning is not supported. Cases of intelligent exit are found to be more similar to cases of operating businesses than they are to cases of reactive exit.