cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Free energy perturbation and dynamical nucleation study of water dimer and trimer through TIP5P water model

Abstract Classical potential of mean forces as a function of reaction coordinate of dimer and trimer were calculated from molecular dynamic simulation based on the recently developed TIP5P water model. Ab initio/classical free energy perturbation method (ABC-FEP) was applied to these classic model potential to get quantum corrected potential. Variational transition state theory gives a prescription for defining a unique location of dividing surface for each reaction. The critical radius of the cluster, rcut, was found through the minimum value of −exp(−βA(r))dA(r)/dr. And this upper bound to the evaporation rate constant k r cut TST is related to Helmholtz free energy and potential of mean force. The equilibrium constant and condensation rate constant for both classical model and ABC-FEP model were calculated based on water dimer and trimer.
Nostalgia and Progress: Theodore Roosevelt's Myth of the Frontier

endorse Frederick Jackson Turner's controversial lecture on "The Significance of the Frontier in American History" when it appeared in 1893. Roosevelt greeted Turner as a colleague, and praised him for having "put into shape a good deal of thought that has been floating around rather loosely." Turner was pleased to be recognized by a man who-although not yet a major political figure-was his senior as a historian, and whose "definitive" multivolume The Winning of the West was in the final stages of publication. The gesture seemed even more generous because Turner had been critical of the methodology of Roosevelt's first two volumes. Yet Roosevelt considered that Turner's work supplemented and corrected, rather than contradicted, his own; and from this view Turner did not dissent. Indeed, they saw themselves as sharing the most important assumptions: the belief that the frontier had been the most significant force in shaping national institutions and that mystical entity they both called "national character"; and the belief that it was necessary for Americans to appreciate the frontier past in order to meet the crisis of democracy in the 1890s. This sharing of assumptions went beyond friendship and collegiality: Turner supported most of Roosevelt's political initiatives from the mid-nineties until 1912, when he rejected Roosevelt's "New Nationalism" for the "New Democracy" of Wilson.' In formulating their theses about the significance of the frontier, Turner and Roosevelt drew on a tradition that was already more than a century
Reinforcement by an imprinting stimulus versus water on simple schedules in ducklings.

Ducklings (5 to 28 days old) were trained to peck a pole on fixed-ratio, fixed-interval, and multiple schedules using brief presentation of an imprinting stimulus as the response-contingent event. Other ducklings of the same age were trained similarly except that reinforcement consisted of access to water. With water reinforcement the typical fixed-ratio (“break-run”), fixed-interval (“scallop”), and multiple schedule response patterns were readily established and consistently maintained. With the imprinting stimulus these schedule effects were inconsistent in some subjects and virtually nonexistent in others, despite extended training. Schedule control with the imprinting stimulus was not improved by the use of a reinforcement signaling procedure which enhances responding reinforced by electrical brain stimulation on intermittent schedules. However, the overall rates of responding and the extinction functions generated after reinforcement with water versus the imprinting stimulus were comparable. These findings imply that control by temporal and discriminative stimuli may be relatively weak when a young organism's behavior is reinforced by presentation of an imprinting stimulus.
Studies of thermal-hydraulic phenomena in EBR-II☆

Abstract An experimental and theoretical program has been undertaken during the past several years with the objective of developing a well-documented understanding of steady-state and transient thermal-hydraulic behavior in EBR-II. The results of this effort have provided reactor designers and system modelers with needed integral-type demonstrations of important phenomena. This paper will discuss the particular problems of steady-state and transient hot channel peaking factors and plant operational characteristics impact upon natural circulation dynamics. Direct in-core experimental measurements have demonstrated that factors used for the prediction of peak coolant temperature rises at normal rated plant conditions may not be conservative due to pin-bundle distortions or inlet flow maldistributions, while those applied during loss-of-flow transients are most likely overconservative due to inter- and intrasubassembly phenomena. The importance of somewhat controllable parameters such as the sequence of primary and secondary pump trips and reactor scram, primary pump rundown times, and nominal operational power-to-flow ratio upon the dynamics of the transition from forced to natural convective flow are also presented.
Relationships among zirconosilicates: examination by cathodoluminescence and transmission electron microscopy .

The origin, whether primary (magmatic) or secondary (Ca-metasomatic) after elpidite, of the Ca-rich zirconosilicates armstrongite and gittinsite in the subsolvus granite of the Strange Lake peralkaline complex (Quebec-Labrador border, Canada) has been a well debated topic. These zirconosilicates, along with zircon and amphibole, account for most of the Zr in the associated Zr-, REE-, Y-, Nb-, and Be-rich ore deposit. In this study, cathodoluminescence (CL) examination and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) have been used to shed light on the relationships among and origin of these zirconosilicates. Optical and CL observations indicate that elpidite undergoes epitaxial replacement by armstrongite and, subsequently, by gittinsite. This gittinsite is generally associated with quartz and variable amounts of hematite. TEM results suggest the bulk replacement of elpidite by poorly crystalline armstrongite, followed by gittinsite and quartz, or zircon and quartz. The Ca-rich compositions of elpidite and its structural similarity with armstrongite imply the existence of a solid solution with armstrongite. Moreover, the enrichment of gittinsite in Mn and Fe (and in some cases Y), and armstrongite and zircon in Y, as determined by analytical electron microscopy (AEM), correlates with the presence of these elements in the Ca-metasomatic fluid. These structural and compositional relationships indicate that the primary, magmatic elpidite is replaced by armstrongite and, subsequently, by gittinsite and quartz during Ca metasomatism of the complex.
Hollow Fiber Sorbents for Desulfurization of Natural Gas

Pipeline natural gas is the primary fuel of choice for distributed fuel cell-based applications due to its well-developed infrastructure. The concentration of sulfur in odorized pipeline natural gas is about 30 ppm, with the acceptable level being <1 ppm for catalyst stability in such applications. Packed bed technology for desulfurization suffers from several disadvantages including high pressure drop and slow regeneration rates that require large unit sizes. This paper describes a new sorption platform utilizing hollow fibers with polymer “binder”, impregnated with high loadings of sulfur selective zeolite sorbent “fillers”. Temperature Swing Adsorption (TSA) can be utilized to thermally cycle the sorbents between sorption and regeneration cycles. A simplified flow pattern minimizes pressure drop, while a porous core morphology maximizes sorption efficiencies and high surface area to volume ratio structures can enable smaller bed sizes. This new technology represents a fusion of membrane science and ads...
Some thermodynamic and kinetic low-temperature properties of the PC-CO2 system and morphological characteristics of solid-state PC nanofoams produced with liquid CO2

Abstract In this paper, we describe a novel process for creating polycarbonate (PC) nanofoams with cells in the range of 20–30 nm that is based on saturating PC in liquid CO 2 . We investigated the effect of saturation temperature on the solid-state processing of PC foams in the range of −30 °C to 80 °C. Saturation temperature significantly affects the solubility and diffusivity, and the Arrhenius equation can describe the increase of solubility and decrease of diffusivity as the temperature decreases. We observed a drop in Δ H s , the heat of sorption, at the transition from vapor phase to liquid phase, leading to a weaker dependence of solubility on temperature in the liquid CO 2 . The dissolution of CO 2 in PC dramatically reduces its glass transition temperature in proportion to the amount of CO 2 absorbed: incorporation of 20.4% CO 2 in PC decreased the T g from 147 °C down to −7.5 °C. We have identified a critical CO 2 concentration window between 15.9% and 18.9%, within which cell nucleation density rapidly increases and consequently foamed microstructure changes from microcellular to nanocellular. Nanofoams with cell nucleation densities exceeding 10 15 cells/cm 3 and void fraction of up to 60% were achieved. The low-temperature route to enhanced cell nucleation opens up new possibilities for creating nanofoams in thermoplastics. The ability to create cells of different length scales in PC provides a unique opportunity to study the effect of cell size on mechanical and other properties of interest over a cell size range that spans several orders of magnitude.
Interpolation technique for direction of arrival (DOA) estimation using a transformation matrix through singular value decomposition

The number of elements in a virtual array is achieved by using singular value decomposition (SVD) of a real array manifold and the concept of interpolation techniques. Then, the transformation matrix is generated from both the virtual array manifold and the real array manifold. Through this interpolation technique, we perform DOA estimation using a conformal hemispherical real array and a single snapshot of the data. A numerical simulation has been made to illustrate of the proposed approach. We can estimate the DOA of signals using the matrix pencil method.
Clinical effect of imiquimod 5% cream in the treatment of actinic keratosis ☆ ☆☆ ★

Abstract Background: Actinic keratosis (AK) is the earliest clinical manifestation of squamous cell carcinoma. Metastatic SCC causes the majority of the 1300 to 2300 deaths attributed to nonmelanoma skin cancer in the United States each year. Recent studies have shown that intralesional administration of interferon can be used successfully in the treatment of AK. Objective: Imiquimod is an immune response modifier, currently approved for the treatment of genital warts. The topically applied immune response modifier acts by up-regulating interferon and other cytokines involved in the cell-mediated immune response at the site of application. The aim of this was to determine the efficacy and safety of imiquimod 5% cream for the treatment of AK. Methods: Twenty-two patients with AK lesions were treated with imiquimod 5% cream, initially at 3 times per week for 8 weeks, or until total clearance of lesions. Patients applied imiquimod to lesions on one side of the body and vehicle cream to the other side. A total of 17 patients who completed treatment were evaluated for number of lesions and adverse reactions before treatment and at weeks 2, 4, 6, and 8 after initiation of treatment. AK lesions were also assessed 4 and 8 weeks after treatment. Results: A significant reduction in the average number of lesions per patient was observed for patients treated with imiquimod. The most frequent reactions to treatment were erythema, itching, and scabbing; however, all adverse events were mild to moderate. Conclusion: Imiquimod 5% cream may be a promising treatment for AK. (J Am Acad Dermatol 2002;47:553-6.)
Anticoagulant effects of low-molecular-weight heparins in healthy cats.

Background:Low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) has potential benefit in cats at risk for thromboembolic disease. However, LMWH pharmacokinetics has not been characterized in the cat. Drug effect with LMWH may be evaluated with analysis of factor Xa inhibition (anti-Xa) or thromboelastography (TEG). Hypothesis:Administration of LMWH at previously recommended dosages and schedules to healthy cats will result in inhibition of factor Xa and hypocoagulable TEG. Animals:In vivo research with heparin was performed in 5 purpose-bred cats. Methods:In a prospective study with randomized crossover design, heparin or placebo was administered. Treatments were unfractionated heparin (UFH), 250 IU/kg q6h; dalteparin, 100 IU/kg q12h; enoxaparin, 1 mg/kg q12h; or 0.9% saline, 0.25 mL/kg q6h. Each drug was administered for 5 consecutive days followed by a minimum washout of 14 days. Baseline and post-treatment analyses included anti-Xa, TEG, and prothrombin time/activated partial thromboplastin time. Results:Mean anti-Xa activity 4 hours after enoxaparin (0.48 U/mL) approached the human therapeutic target (0.5–1.0 U/mL); however, mean trough anti-Xa activity was below detection limits. Mean anti-Xa activity 4 hours after dalteparin was lower, and only 1 cat attained therapeutic target at a single time point. Cats receiving UFH attained target anti-Xa activity and changes in TEG at trough and 4 hours. Conclusions: Cats have rapid absorption and elimination kinetics with LMWH therapy. On the basis of pharmacokinetic modeling, cats will require higher dosages and more frequent administration of LMWH to achieve human therapeutic anti-factor Xa activity of 0.5–1 U/mL. Peak anti-Xa activity is predicted at 2 hours after administration of LMWH.
Amer-Ind versus ASL: recognition and imitation in aphasic subjects

The imitation and recognition ability of brain-damaged and normal subjects was tested for 30 pairs of semantically matched ASL signs and corresponding Amer-Ind gestures. Subjects were rated according to severity and site of lesion. They were 6 nonaphasic, right-hemisphere brain-damaged subjects, 12 aphasic subjects, and 12 non-brain-damaged geriatric subjects. Results indicated that the Amer-Ind gestures were significantly easier to imitate and to recognize than the matched ALS signs. The relationships between these gestural abilities and severity of aphasia, site of lesion, Amer-Ind transparency ratings, and subjects' performance on a standardized aphasia test are outlined. The theoretical implications that concern the neural systems which mediate spoken and limb gestures are discussed.
The Life and Death of International Treaties: Double-Edged Diplomacy and the Politics of Ratification in Comparative Perspective

The ratification process for international treaties has become increasingly politicized in many democratic states. But while scholars have devoted attention to the negotiation of international agreements, few have studied ratification struggles that define the ultimate success or failure of international commitments. Fewer still have examined the dynamics of this process in comparative perspective. This article explores the politics of contemporary international treaty ratification processes across democratic regimes. Drawing on two-level game theory, I posit that the likelihood of ratification success is often a function of elite strategies for treaty ratification, regime type (which conditions executive–legislative relations), interest group pressure, and public opinion in the domestic political environment relative to international commitments. A structured, focused comparison of case studies analyzes experiences of the United States, Canada, and Germany in ratification struggles in the past decade. I conclude that the likelihood of successful treaty ratification across issue areas depends primarily upon executive strategies and regime type within certain scope conditions. These results provide evidence of ways that external–internal linkages can affect treaty ratification and suggest the need for greater attention to the development of scope conditions of international cooperation.
Choice-point expectancy in the maze running of the rat.

* Recommended by Warner Brown, accepted for publication by Carl Murchison of the Editorial Board, and received in the Editorial Office, February 12, 1934.
lessons learned about designing Augmented realities

While utilizing GPS-enabled handheld computing units, we have developed and studied augmented reality (AR) curricula to help middle school students learn literacy and math. In AR, students move around an outdoor physical environment, interacting with virtual characters and artifacts on their handheld computer. These invisible objects and characters provide clues to help solve a mystery, guiding the students through a process of inquiry and evidence building. The first AR curriculum we developed, Alien Contact! is based on a scenario where aliens have crash landed near the students’ middle school. Students, working in teams, learn math and literacy skills in the course of determining why the aliens have come to earth. This study describes the design heuristics used during the initial development and deployment of Alien Contact!, the results of two formative evaluations of this curriculum, and the impact these findings have had on revising our design heuristics for a subsequent AR curriculum about beached whales, called Gray Anatomy.
Recognizing planar perfect graphs

An O(n3) algorithm for recognizing planar graphs that do not contain induced odd cycles of length greater than 3 (odd holes) is presented. A planar graph with this property satisfies the requirement that its maximum clique size equal the minimum number of colors required for the graph (graphs all of whose induced subgraphs satisfy the latter property are perfect as defined by Berge). The algorithm presented is based on decomposing these graphs into essentially two special classes of inseparable component graphs that are easy to recognize. They are (i) planar comparability graphs and (ii) planar line graphs of those planar bipartite graphs whose maximum degrees are no greater than 3. Composition schemes for generating planar perfect graphs from those basic components are also provided. This decomposition algorithm can also be adapted to solve the corresponding maximum independent set and minimum coloring problems. Finally, the path-parity problem on planar perfect graphs is considered.
Average energy gaps and photoconducting applications of some complicated semiconductors

Abstract The average bonding antibonding energy gaps of some complicated structured solids in A 2 B, AB 2 , A 3 B and A 3 B 2 families are predicted, using an ion dependent quantum dielectric model. The calculated energy gap values separate out the insulators from semiconductors in these families. Compounds with low values of energy gap are then studied for their photoconducting and solar cell applications. The inferences agree well with some recent experimental results.
Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Response to Vitamin D3 Supplementation 50,000 IU Monthly in Youth with HIV-1 Infection

Context: Vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency occur frequently in youth with HIV infection, particularly among those receiving the antiretroviral drug efavirenz. Optimal vitamin D dosing for treatment is unclear. Objective: Our objective was to evaluate safety and measure change in 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD) concentration from baseline to study wk 4 and 12 during treatment with vitamin D3, 50,000 IU monthly. Design, Setting, and Participants: We conducted a randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled multicenter trial of HIV-infected youth ages 18–24 yr, with viral load below 5000 copies/ml, on stable antiretroviral therapy. Intervention: Intervention included vitamin D3, 50,000 IU (n = 102), or matching placebo (n = 101) administered in three directly observed oral doses at monthly intervals. Results: At baseline, mean (sd) age was 20.9 (2.0) yr; 37% were female and 52% African-American, and 54% were vitamin D deficient/insufficient (25-OHD < 20 ng/ml), with no randomized group differences. Of evalua...
Predicting successful long-term weight loss from short-term weight-loss outcomes: new insights from a dynamic energy balance model (the POUNDS Lost study)

Background: Currently, early weight-loss predictions of long-term weight-loss success rely on fixed percent-weight-loss thresholds. Objective: The objective was to develop thresholds during the first 3 mo of intervention that include the influence of age, sex, baseline weight, percent weight loss, and deviations from expected weight to predict whether a participant is likely to lose 5% or more body weight by year 1. Design: Data consisting of month 1, 2, 3, and 12 treatment weights were obtained from the 2-y Preventing Obesity Using Novel Dietary Strategies (POUNDS Lost) intervention. Logistic regression models that included covariates of age, height, sex, baseline weight, target energy intake, percent weight loss, and deviation of actual weight from expected were developed for months 1, 2, and 3 that predicted the probability of losing <5% of body weight in 1 y. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, area under the curve (AUC), and thresholds were calculated for each model. The AUC statistic quantified the ROC curve’s capacity to classify participants likely to lose <5% of their body weight at the end of 1 y. The models yielding the highest AUC were retained as optimal. For comparison with current practice, ROC curves relying solely on percent weight loss were also calculated. Results: Optimal models for months 1, 2, and 3 yielded ROC curves with AUCs of 0.68 (95% CI: 0.63, 0.74), 0.75 (95% CI: 0.71, 0.81), and 0.79 (95% CI: 0.74, 0.84), respectively. Percent weight loss alone was not better at identifying true positives than random chance (AUC ≤0.50). Conclusions: The newly derived models provide a personalized prediction of long-term success from early weight-loss variables. The predictions improve on existing fixed percent-weight-loss thresholds. Future research is needed to explore model application for informing treatment approaches during early intervention. The POUNDS Lost study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as {"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT00072995","term_id":"NCT00072995"}}NCT00072995.
Building envelope failure assessment framework for residential communities subjected to hurricanes

Abstract This paper presents a modular framework utilized to assess the building envelope failures of light-frame wood construction subjected to hurricane wind hazards. A component-based approach is taken to develop an integrated building envelope model that is based on previous research of individual component capacities. Key modules of the proposed framework include a wind-borne Debris Generation Module and an impact-tracking module that interact with a Hurricane Simulation Module capable of simulating suites of synthetic or historical hurricanes. A significant difference between the proposed framework and other assessment models is that the proposed framework is extremely flexible in allowing the user to define the building stock within the area of interest, which will provide the user with the ability to investigate an unlimited number of “what if” scenarios. Another distinction of the proposed framework is that it is driven by a mechanics-based three-dimensional probabilistic debris trajectory model developed by the authors as opposed to incorporating empirical fragility curves developed from observed post-hurricane assessments, insurance claim data, or basic probabilistic analyses of wind-borne debris. As an illustrative example of results provided by the proposed framework, a debris impact vulnerability envelope presented in a polar coordinate system are developed for a representative South Carolina coastal subdivision subjected to Hurricane Hugo. The probabilities obtained from the debris impact vulnerability envelope generated by the framework can be utilized by officials, developers, architects, and designers either pre- or post-construction to mitigate damage to the building envelope of homes within a residential community located within hurricane-prone regions.
Use of wetland versus open habitats by round gobies in lakes Michigan and Huron: Patterns of CPUE, length, and maturity

Abstract It has been suggested that some Great Lakes coastal wetlands may be resistant to invasion by several non-indigenous species including round goby, Neogobius melanostomus . However, there is inconclusive evidence regarding how susceptible exposed fringing coastal wetlands, in particular, are to round goby invasion. Therefore, we quantified round goby catch per unit effort (CPUE) using fyke nets in the Beaver Archipelago of Lake Michigan, and the Les Cheneaux islands and Saginaw Bay regions of Lake Huron. In addition, we examined the influence of body size and maturity on round goby habitat use. Catch per unit effort from fyke nets was highest in the Beaver Archipelago, where wetlands were dominated by small, immature round gobies and open water habitats were dominated by large adults. Fyke net catches within Les Cheneaux sites were similar between habitats and differences in size and maturity were not observed. Conversely, very few round goby were captured in wetlands of Saginaw Bay where CPUE was moderate in open water. This indicates that some exposed fringing wetlands in the Great Lakes, specifically those with high productivity, could have a higher degree of resistance to round goby invasion.
Efficient stemmer generation

This paper presents an algorithm for generating stemmers from text stemmer specification files. A small study shows that the generated stemmers are computationally efficient, often running faster than stemmers custom written to implement particular stemming algorithms. The stemmer specification files are easily written and modified by non-programmers, making it much easier to create a stemmer, or tune a stemmer's performance, than would be the case with a custom stemmer program. Stemmer generation is thus also human-resource efficient.
Inhibition of bacterial mating by amino acid deprivation.

Abstract The rapid cessation of DNA synthesis induced in E . coli K12 Hfr G6 his − DNA-C − by histidine deprivation, reported by Suit, Matney, Doudney, and Billen (1964) , has been confirmed. Evidence is prevented that the ability of this Hfr to participate as a genetic donor in bacterial mating is drastically reduced by histidine deprivation during mating. The conflicting results previously reported by Suit et al. are accounted for in terms of histidine supplementation of donor cells by his + recipient cells.
Life-Course Changes and Parent–Adult Child Contact

Despite increased interest in parent-adult child relations, there has been little attention to how these are influenced by changes in their lives, reflecting transitions and linked lives within a life-course perspective. Hybrid multilevel models are used to analyze the change in parent-adult child contact over two waves of the National Survey of Families and Households. Changes in parent-child proximity, parent and child marital status, and child parental status are associated with change in contact; continued coresidence with another adult child is related to contact with non-coresidential children; but change in parent health does not affect contact. Some patterns are stronger for daughters and biological children who tend to have stronger relationships with their parents. These analyses demonstrate how life-course transitions of parents and adult children can be examined in family context to understand how changes in the life of one family member may influence relations with another.
Comparative ultrastructure of the gastrotrich pharynx and the evolution of myoepithelial foreguts in aschelminthes

Structural and ultrastructural data are presented for the myoepithelial pharynges of 20 species of Gastrotricha representing the marine Macrodasyida and marine and freshwater Chaetonotida. A comparative analysis reveals that pharynges with several plesiomorphic characters occur in Chordodasys among the Macrodasyida and Neodasys among the Chaetonotida. The Gastrotricha are systematized based on pharyngeal characters and the system is shown to be concordant with all recent classifications of the group. The plesiomorphic design of the Gastrotrich pharynx is given as: a cylindrical pharyngeal pump composed of monociliated myoglanduloepithelial cells surrounding a circular or oval lumen; radial myofibrils organized into several cross-striated sarcomeres with Z-discs composed of planar aggregations of dense bodies; excitation-contraction coupling is achieved by peripheral couplings of SR with the sarcolemma; apical cell surface with microvilli protruding through the two-layered cuticle; pharynx with at least 3 longitudinal tracts of monociliated sensory cells; nerves as at least 4 basal intraepithelial, longitudinal tracts of neurites. As a model for muscle cell evolution, the investigation postulates a monociliated, cross-striated myoglanduloepithelial cell as the original muscle cell design within the Gastrotricha. Triradiate myoepithelial foreguts occur only in Bryozoa (Ectoprocta), Gastrotricha, Nematoda and Tardigrada. The potential homology of pharyngeal organization of the latter three phyla is discussed. Based on pharyngeal structure, it is concluded that Gastrotricha (Chaetonotida-Paucitubulatina) and Nematoda share several apomorphic characters and share, therefore, a most recent common ancestor. Affinities of Tardigrada with Aschelminthes are considered feasible but currently inconclusive for lack of sufficient comparative ultrastructural data for the Tardigrada.
Double-difference elastic-waveform inversion with prior information for time-lapse monitoring

ABSTRACTQuantitative time-lapse seismic monitoring can provide crucial information for enhanced oil recovery, geologic carbon storage, and enhanced geothermal systems. Recently developed double-difference elastic-waveform inversion has the potential to quantitatively monitor reservoirs using seismic reflection data. Because the approximate location of a reservoir or a target monitoring region is usually known, we incorporated this knowledge as prior information into double-difference elastic-waveform inversion. Using numerical examples of synthetic time-lapse models, we found that our new method can quantitatively monitor the changes of elastic properties within reservoirs. Therefore, the double-difference elastic-waveform inversion with prior information on the location of a monitoring region is a promising tool for quantitatively monitoring reservoir properties’ changes.
Hypoxia and extracellular matrix proteins influence angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis in mouse embryoid bodies.

Regulatory mechanisms for angiogenesis are relatively well established compared to lymphangiogenesis. Few studies have shown that a combination of vascular endothelial growth factor VEGF-A/C with hypoxia or collagen matrix promotes lymphatic structures along with blood vessel development in mouse embryoid bodies (EB). In this study we tested the hypothesis that while hypoxia combined with prolonged VEGF-A/C treatment would induce early lymphangiogenesis in addition to angiogenesis in mouse EBs, under similar conditions specific extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins would promote lymphatic vessel-like structures over angiogenesis. EBs were subjected to four conditions and were maintained under normoxia and hypoxia (21% and 2.6% O2, respectively) with or without VEGF-A/C. Microarray analyses of normoxic and hypoxic EBs, and immunofluorescence data showed very low expression of early lymphatic endothelial cell (LEC) markers, LYVE1 and Prox1 at early time points. Double immunofluorescence using MECA32 and Prox1/LYVE1 demonstrated that combined hypoxia and VEGF-A/C treatment promoted formation of blood vessel-like structures, whereas only Prox1+/LYVE1+ LECs were detected in EBs at E22.5. Furthermore, EBs were grown on laminin or collagen-I coated plates and were subjected to the four treatments as described above. Results revealed that LECs in EBs at E36.5 attached better to collagen-I, resulting in an organized network of lymphatic vessel-like structures as compared to EBs grown on laminin. However, blood vessel-like structures were less favored under these same conditions. Collectively, our data demonstrate that hypoxia combined with growth factors promotes angiogenesis, whereas combination of these conditions with specific ECM proteins favors lymphangiogenesis processes in mouse EBs.
Simple Nuclear Factor κB-Mediated μ-Opioid Receptor Induction in Immune Cells

A small family of G protein-coupled receptors (the μ-, δ- and κ-opioid receptors) mediates the biological effects of opioids, are the mimetics of endogenous neuropeptides, and are best known as analgesics and for their illicit potential. At the very least, this is the central “take-home”
Second-Order Cohesion

Similarity in contextual behavior between words is considered a source of ‘lexical cohesion,’ which is otherwise hard to measure or quantify. Such contextual similarity is used by an implementation for text segmentation, the VecTile system, which uses precompiled vector representations of words to produce similarity curves over texts. The performance of this system is shown to improve over that of the TextTiling algorithm of Hearst (1997).
Sonority and Climate in a World Sample of Languages: Findings and Prospects

In a world sample (N = 60), the indigenous languages of tropical and subtropical climates in contrast to the languages spoken in temperate and cold zones manifested high levels of sonority. High sonority in phonetic segments, as found for example in vowels (versus consonants), increases the carrying power of speech sounds and, hence, audibility at a distance. We assume that in the course of daily activities, the speakers in warm/hot climates (a) are often outdoors due to equable ambient temperatures, (b) thereby frequently transmit messages distally, and (c) transmit such messages relatively intelligibly due to the acoustic and functional advantages of high sonority. Our conceptual model is similar to that of population biology, where there are well-known correlations between climate and somatic variables, and where it is assumed that communicative modalities and behaviors are selected or designed for success in specific habitats. We also take up possible alternative hypotheses and consider directions for...
Realization and development of BRIEFING beam reconstruction algorithm and visualization methods

The report is devoted to the experimental realization of the BRIEFING-type image reconstruction procedure. We used a 23 /spl mu/m-thick nematic liquid crystal cell as a nonlinear element, which introduced phase modulation proportional to the local intensity. Pairs of far-field intensity patterns were registered by CCD camera and recorded into a computer with a moderate spatial resolution.
Lessons of the 1965 Soviet Economic Reform

(1988). Lessons of the 1965 Soviet economic reform. Soviet Studies: Vol. 40, No. 2, pp. 308-316.
A developmental look at the attentional system in the at risk and first episode of psychosis: Age related changes in attention along the psychosis spectrum

Introduction. Neurodevelopmental processes of adolescence, when superimposed on a vulnerable brain, may produce additive effects reflecting the subthreshold psychotic symptoms, cognitive, and functional deterioration that are the hallmark of the early stages of schizophrenia. Methods. As part of a longitudinal study, we investigated Continuous Performance Task, Identical Pairs Version (CPT-IP) performance in a sample of 301 participants (at risk for psychosis: 109; first episode–FE: 90; and controls: 102). Performance across groups was compared using d' of fast and slow, spatial and verbal conditions over two time points. Age effects were investigated using a regression model. Results. Across all four CPT-IP conditions FE patients performed significantly worse than controls while AR individuals significantly differed from healthy subjects in the verbal condition. Age-related performance associations across groups significantly differed in the slow verbal condition because the FE sample did not show a sign...
Effects of ergosterol, palmitic acid and related simple lipids on the recovery of Candida albicans from ultraviolet irradiation

Post-irradiation growth on sterols or long chain fatty acids promotes recovery of C. albicans from uv-induced lethal damage. The effect is observed only for cells which are not budding at the time of irradiation. Lipids have no effect on uv mutagenesis. A survey of a number of sporogenous and asporogenous yeasts indicates that the capacity for lipid-induced recovery from uv is a species specific characteristic of yeasts. The behaviors of cells damaged by uv and by amphotericin B, a membrane specific fungicidal antibiotic, suggest that lipids remediate an uv-induced derangement of the structure of the cell membrane critical for the initiation of cell division.
Bacille Calmette-Guerin Immunization in Normal Healthy Adults

Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine was administered to 20 purified protein derivative (PPD) skin test-negative and human immunodeficiency virus serology-negative, healthy adults 18-65 years old. Local adverse reactions were monitored and intermediate-strength PPD skin test responses were evaluated 2 months and 1 year after vaccination. All vaccinees developed erythema, induration, and tenderness at the vaccination site. Muscular soreness was reported by 15 subjects, local ulceration with drainage by 14, and tender regional adenopathy by 2. BCG organisms were isolated from the ulcer of the only vaccinee who was cultured. PPD skin tests revealed induration in all subjects. Normal healthy adults at risk of occupational exposure to tuberculosis and considering BCG immunization should be fully informed about the local reactions seen after BCG administration and the high rate of persistent PPD skin test responses. Since viable organisms can be recovered from ulcer drainage, vaccination sites should be covered to reduce nosocomial transmission of the vaccine strain.
MRI of pituitary abscess: two cases and review of the literature

Pituitary abscesses, rare lesions, may be divided into primary and secondary types. Primary pituitary abscesses occur within a previously healthy gland, while secondary abscesses arise within an existing lesion, such as an adenoma, craniopharyngioma, or Rathke's cleft cyst. Secondary abscesses share radiologic characteristics with the lesions from which they arise. There has been no review of the MRI characteristics of primary pituitary abscesses. We report two cases and review the literature. The typical primary pituitary abscess gives the same or slightly lower signal than brain on T1-weighted images, and could be mistaken for a solid mass or presumed to represent a pituitary adenoma. Contrast-enhanced images are useful, demonstrating absence of central enhancement, suggesting a fluid or necrotic center. In one of our cases, meningeal enhancement was obvious; this has not been reported previously and may be diagnostic, when associated with a rim-enhancing pituitary mass.
Phosphorylation and protonation of neighboring MiRP2 sites: function and pathophysiology of MiRP2-Kv3.4 potassium channels in periodic paralysis

MinK-related peptide 2 (MiRP2) and Kv3.4 subunits assemble in skeletal muscle to create subthreshold, voltage-gated potassium channels. MiRP2 acts on Kv3.4 to shift the voltage dependence of activation, speed recovery from inactivation, suppress cumulative inactivation and increase unitary conductance. We previously found an R83H missense mutation in MiRP2 that segregated with periodic paralysis in two families and diminished the effects of MiRP2 on Kv3.4. Here we show that MiRP2 has a single, functional PKC phosphorylation site at serine 82 and that normal MiRP2-Kv3.4 function requires phosphorylation of the site. The R83H variant does not prevent PKC phosphorylation of neighboring S82; rather, the change shifts the voltage dependence of activation and endows MiRP2-Kv3.4 channels with sensitivity to changes in intracellular pH across the physiological range. Thus, current passed by single R83H channels decreases as internal pH is lowered (pK(a) approximately 7.3, consistent with histidine protonation) whereas wild-type channels are largely insensitive. These findings identify a key regulatory domain in MiRP2 and suggest a mechanistic link between acidosis and episodes of periodic paralysis.
Genetic diversity in Cucumis sativus L. assessed by variation at 18 allozyme coding loci

The genetic diversity of the U.S. Cucumis sativus L. germplasm collection [757 plant introductions (PI) representing 45 countries] was assessed using 40 enzymes which represented 74 biochemical loci. Polymorphisms were observed at 18 loci (G2dh-1, Gpi-1, Gpi-2, Gr-1, Gr-2, Idh, Mdh-1, Mdh-2, Mdh-3, Mpi-2, Pepla-2, Peppap-2, Per-4, Pgd-1, Pgd-2, Pgm-1, Pgm-3, and Skdh). Two PIs (285606 and 215589) contained alleles [G2dh-1(1) and Per-4(2), respectively] which did not occur in any other PI. Other alleles which occurred in low frequencies (in < 1% of the PIs) included Gpi-1(3), Gpi-2(3), Gr-1(3), Gr-2(1), Idh(1), Mdh-1(2), Mdh-2(1), Peppap-2(1), and Pgd-1(1). Individual loci containing more than one allele in greater than 20% of the PIs included Mpi-2, Pepla-2, Pgd-2, and Pgm-1. Multivariate analyses aided in the reduction of data (principle components), depicted relationships among PIs (cluster), and identified the most discriminating enzyme loci (Pgm-1, Pepla-2, Gr-1, Pgd-2, Mpi-2, and Skdh) (classification and regression tree).
Effect on the nociceptive threshold and EEG activity in the rat of morphine injected into the medial thalamus and the periaqueductal gray.

Abstract Rats were chronically implanted with EEG electrodes and. either microinjection cannulae aimed at the medial thalamus (MT) and periaqueductal gray (PAG), or a spinal catheter. Morphine sulphate injected intraperitoneally produced both analgesia, as measured by the tail flick and pinch-agitation tests, and episodes of high-voltage slow-wave activity (HVSA) in the EEG. Morphine injected into the MT produced HVSA but not analgesia. Conversely, morphine injected into PAG sites or into the lumbar subarachnoid space produced analgesia but did not alter EEG activity. These data suggest that the MT may mediate the EEG alterations produced by systemically administered morphine. They also indicate that analgesia (as measured by the tests employed) and HVSA are entirely independent actions of morphine mediated by different neuroanatomical substrates. The functional significance of the cortical HVSA produced by morphine and its mechanism of production are discussed.
Murine Prostate Cancer Inhibition by Dietary Phytochemicals—Curcumin and Phenyethylisothiocyanate

Purpose Prior studies from our laboratory have demonstrated the efficacy of a combined treatment of low doses of dietary agents curcumin and phenylethylisothiocyanate in effectively suppressing prostate cancer in vitro in human prostate cancer PC3 cells as well as in vivo in immunodeficient mice implanted with PC3 cells. Hence, this study was undertaken to examine the potential chemopreventive properties of the two agents against transgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate.
STEREOSCOPIC STUDY OF THE KINEMATIC EVOLUTION OF A CORONAL MASS EJECTION AND ITS DRIVEN SHOCK FROM THE SUN TO THE EARTH AND THE PREDICTION OF THEIR ARRIVAL TIMES

We present a detailed study of the complete evolution of a coronal mass ejection (CME). We have tracked the evolution of both the ejecta and its shock, and further fit the evolution of the fronts to a simple but physics-based analytical model. This study focuses on the CME initiated on the Sun on 2012 July 12 and arriving at the Earth on 2012 July 14. Shock and ejecta fronts were observed by white light images, as well as in situ by the Advanced Composition Explorer satellite. We find that the propagation of the two fronts is not completely dependent upon one another, but can each be modeled in the heliosphere with a drag model that assumes the dominant force of affecting CME evolution to be the aerodynamic drag force of the ambient solar wind. Results indicate that the CME ejecta front undergoes a more rapid deceleration than the shock front within 50 R ☉ and therefore the propagation of the two fronts is not completely coupled in the heliosphere. Using the graduated cylindrical shell model, as well as data from time-elongation stack plots and in situ signatures, we show that the drag model can accurately describe the behavior of each front, but is more effective with the ejecta. We also show that without the in situ data, based on measurements out to 80 R ☉ combined with the general values for drag model parameters, the arrival of both the shock and ejecta can be predicted within four hours of arrival.
Magnetic susceptibility anisotropy and molecular quadrupole moment of fluoroacetylene

Abstract The molecular Zeeman effect has been observed in FCCH under high resolution. The data yield the molecular g -value of g 1=−0.0077 ± 0.0002 and magnetic susceptibility anisotropy of χ ⊥ - χ π = (0.861 = ± 0.0181 × 10 −29 erg/G 2 . The combination of these two results gives the molecular quadrupole moment in FCCH of Q π = (3.96 ± 0.14) × 10 −26 esu cm 2 .
RHIC spin flipper

This paper proposes a new design of spin flipper for RHIC to obtain full spin flip with the spin tune staying at half integer. The traditional technique of using an rf dipole or solenoid as spin flipper to achieve full spin flip in the presence of full Siberian snake requires one to change the snake configuration to move the spin tune away from half integer [1, 2, 3]. This is not practical for an operational high energy polarized proton collider like RHIC where beam lifetime is sensitive to small betatron tune change. The design of the new spin flipper as well as numerical simulations are presented.
Excitation by gravity of DA and EDC waves

Abstract Excitation of dust-acoustic (DA) and electrostatic dust-cyclotron (EDC) waves by gravity in a collisional plasma is considered. The fall of charged dust grains through the plasma may excite both DA and EDC waves. The case of an ionospheric plasma is considered, for which it is found that the EDC mode has a substantially larger growth than the DA mode.
An effective metacognitive strategy: Learning by doing and explaining with a computer-based Cognitive Tutor.

Recent studies have shown that self-explanation is an effective metacognitive strategy, but how can it be leveraged to improve students’ learning in actual classrooms? How do instructional treatments that emphasizes self-explanation affect students’ learning, as compared to other instructional treatments? We investigated whether self-explanation can be scaffolded effectively in a classroom environment using a Cognitive Tutor, which is intelligent instructional software that supports guided learning by doing. In two classroom experiments, we found that students who explained their steps during problem-solving practice with a Cognitive Tutor learned with greater understanding compared to students who did not explain steps. The explainers better explained their solutions steps and were more successful on transfer problems. We interpret these results as follows: By engaging in explanation, students acquired better-integrated visual and verbal declarative knowledge and acquired less shallow procedural knowledge. The research demonstrates that the benefits of self-explanation can be achieved in a relatively simple computer-based approach that scales well for classroom use. © 2002 Cognitive Science Society, Inc. All rights reserved.