cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hematopoietic Stem Cell Aging and Leukemogenesis

Age is the single most important prognostic factor associated with many cancers, including most leukemias and lymphomas. Aging is also associated with dramatic changes in hematopoiesis. As all mature hematopoietic cells are derived from multipotent hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), age-dependent changes in these cells likely contribute to both alterations in hematopoiesis and increases in blood cancers. In this chapter, we will review the various changes in both HSCs and their microenvironments that could underlie the striking association between multiple major hematopoietic malignancies and old age. Traditionally, the association between aging and cancer has been explained by the requirement for sufficient time for the requisite number of oncogenic mutations to accumulate, as these mutations are thought to limit cancer incidence. We will describe how other aging-associated changes in hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells and their niches, including alterations in cellular fitness, inflammation, localization, and differentiation, could substantially impact age-dependent leukemogenesis. Aging of the hematopoietic system is highly complicated and multifactorial, and likewise increased leukemogenesis in the elderly will likely belie simple explanations.
Efficacy of a Self-expanding Tract Sealant Device in the Reduction of Pneumothorax and Chest Tube Placement Rates After Percutaneous Lung Biopsy: A Matched Controlled Study Using Propensity Score Analysis

To evaluate the use of a self-expanding tract sealant device (BioSentry™) on the rates of pneumothorax and chest tube insertion after percutaneous lung biopsy. In this retrospective study, we compared 318 patients who received BioSentry™ during percutaneous lung biopsy (treated group) with 1956 patients who did not (control group). Patient-, lesion-, and procedure-specific variables, and pneumothorax and chest tube insertion rates were recorded. To adjust for potential selection bias, patients in the treated group were matched 1:1 to patients in the control group using propensity score matching based on the above-mentioned variables. Patients were considered a match if the absolute difference in their propensity scores was ≤equal to 0.02. Before matching, the pneumothorax and chest tube rates were 24.5 and 13.1% in the control group, and 21.1 and 8.5% in the treated group, respectively. Using propensity scores, a match was found for 317 patients in the treatment group. Chi-square contingency matched pair analysis showed the treated group had significantly lower pneumothorax (20.8 vs. 32.8%; p = 0.001) and chest tube (8.2 vs. 20.8%; p 30 cases of both treatment and control cases demonstrated similar findings: the treated group had significantly lower pneumothorax (17.6 vs. 30.2%; p = 0.002) and chest tube (7.2 vs. 18%; p = 0.001) rates. The self-expanding tract sealant device significantly reduced the pneumothorax rate, and more importantly, the chest tube placement rate after percutaneous lung biopsy.
Entertainment-education effectively reduces prejudice:

We show that entertainment-education reduces prejudice and does so more effectively than several established prejudice reduction methods. In Experiment 1, participants exposed to an educational tel...
Elastic turbulence influences and convective heat transfer within a miniature viscous disk pump

Abstract Elastic turbulence is employed within the present investigation to enhance convective heat transfer at very small scales and at very low Reynolds numbers. A miniature viscous disk pump or VDP is utilized to investigate flow and heat transfer, where the latter are based upon energy balance measurements which utilize the mixed-mean temperature at the inlet and outlet of the viscous disk pump passage. The overall heat transfer rate is determined based upon a constant surface temperature thermal boundary condition, and upon a log-mean-temperature difference approach. The VDP operates at rotation speeds of 500 RPM, 1000 RPM, 1500 RPM, 1800 RPM, and 2000 RPM, which produce overall shear rates across the flow cross section of 146.05 1/s, 292.1 1/s, 438.15 1/s, 525.78 1/s, and 584.2 1/s. A channel depth of 640 μm is employed. Elastic turbulence is induced by adding polyacrylamide to water solutions with 65% sucrose by mass. Significant enhancements of mixing and transport are observed, which are associated with the onset and development of elastic turbulence. Such behavior is verified, relative to an increased viscosity Boger fluid, using flow visualization results, rheometer viscosity variations with shear rate, and increases of overall magnitudes of convective heat transfer coefficient, which are augmented by as high as 240%. These comparisons are assessed relative to the Newtonian Boger fluid (which generally does not change viscosity as shear rate varies) at the same rotation speed, shear rate, flow passage height, and inlet temperature. As polymer concentration increases, elastic turbulence effects become more pronounced, and heat transfer coefficient magnitudes increase. This occurs such that Nusselt number ratios are strongly correlated with the mean-square magnitude of scalar temperature fluctuations at the outlet of the VDP. As a result, remarkable heat transfer coefficient enhancements due to elastic turbulence are demonstrated.
On the emotions associated with violations of three moral codes (community, autonomy, divinity)

According to CAD theory, different moral domains are associated with different emotions: (C) community violations with contempt, (A) autonomy violations with anger, and (D) divinity violations with disgust. Do people from different cultural groups make the same associations? Three studies (Ns = 120, 240, 240) tested the CAD theory. Participants from three cultural groups—North Americans, North Indians, and South Indians—associated emotions (with words or facial expressions) with vignettes of moral violations. Across all three cultures, moral violations were associated with more than one emotion: all negative rather than positive, anger for most, and disgust for violations involving sex and pathogens. CAD faired poorly, with C and A collapsing, and D limited to sex and pathogens.
TOUGH–RBSN simulator for hydraulic fracture propagation within fractured media: Model validations against laboratory experiments

This paper presents coupled hydro-mechanical modeling of hydraulic fracturing processes in complex fractured media using a discrete fracture network (DFN) approach. The individual physical processes in the fracture propagation are represented by separate program modules: the TOUGH2 code for multiphase flow and mass transport based on the finite volume approach; and the rigid-body-spring network (RBSN) model for mechanical and fracture-damage behavior, which are coupled with each other. Fractures are modeled as discrete features, of which the hydrological properties are evaluated from the fracture deformation and aperture change. The verification of the TOUGH–RBSN code is performed against a 2D analytical model for single hydraulic fracture propagation. Subsequently, modeling capabilities for hydraulic fracturing are demonstrated through simulations of laboratory experiments conducted on rock-analogue (soda-lime glass) samples containing a designed network of pre-existing fractures. Sensitivity analyses are also conducted by changing the modeling parameters, such as viscosity of injected fluid, strength of pre-existing fractures, and confining stress conditions. The hydraulic fracturing characteristics attributed to the modeling parameters are investigated through comparisons of the simulation results.
An Introduction to Additive Manufacturing Processes and Their Modeling Challenges

Abstract This chapter introduces the topic of additive manufacturing simulation. The motivation for modeling AM processes and mitigating build failure without costly iterative experiments is detailed. A short survey of modeling literature for welding, directed energy deposition, and powder bed fusion processes is made. A list of the primary challenges in the modeling additive processes is given, and each challenge is described in further detail, with references to how these challenges are overcome in the remainder of the book.
A Computational Approach for Examining the Comparability of “Most-Viewed Lists” on Online News Sites

This study introduces a computational approach for evaluating the lists of most-viewed items present on the homepages of many news organizations, focusing on two dimensions: the list’s rate of chan...
How Can Social Media Get Us in Trouble

When utilized properly, social media offers several personal and professional benefits for the practicing surgeon, including peer networking, education, e-mentorship, marketing, recruitment, and patient outreach. However, unprofessional online behavior is common among surgeons, and this improper use of social media can be quite dangerous. This article reviews the dangers of social media and illustrates this with examples of unprofessional behavior and the associated consequences. It also provides recommendations for maintaining a professional and productive online persona. Surgeons must understand the various social media platforms and their target audience while upholding online professionalism at all times.
Creating Healthy Work Environments for Second Victims of Adverse Events

Adverse events may cause a patient serious harm or death; the patient becomes the first victim of these events. The health care providers who become traumatized by the events are the second victims. These second victims experience feelings such as guilt, shame, sadness, and grief, which can lead to profound personal and professional consequences. An organizational culture of blame and a lack of support can intensify the provider's suffering. Second victims, as they move through predictable stages of recovery, can be positively influenced by a supportive organizational culture and the compassionate actions of peers, managers, advanced practice nurses, educators, and senior leaders. The American Association of Critical-Care Nurses Healthy Work Environment standards provide a framework for specific actions health care professionals should take to support colleagues during their recovery from adverse events.
Lecture Capturing: Its Effects on Students' Absenteeism, Performance, and Impressions in a Traditional Marketing Research Course.

A quasiexperiment was conducted among marketing research students to determine the effects of lecture capturing (LC). One group of students (the LC group) was allowed access to video recordings of ...
In Utero Gene Therapy and Genome Editing

The purpose of this review is to summarize the current status of in utero gene therapy and postnatal in vivo genome editing with an eye toward prenatal genome editing. The rational for gene therapy and genome editing in utero is described, specifically the small size of the fetus, fetal immunologic immaturity, prenatal accessibility of stem and progenitor cells, and the ability to treat target diseases prior to birth. We review studies in normal and disease small and large animal models which demonstrate the feasibility and safety of in utero gene therapy using a variety of viral vectors. Postnatal in vivo genome editing with CRISPR-Cas9 in a number of murine disease models is discussed including the preference for nonhomologous end-joining compared to homology-directed repair in non-proliferating adult cells as a potential benefit to application of CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing to the fetus. Finally, the ethical challenges of human in utero gene therapy are discussed in the context of the EVERREST trial that is currently being designed. In utero gene therapy and genome editing is a developing field with great potential to treat congenital monogenic diseases. More research in small and large animal models is required before clinical translation can occur.
Corruption as a Political Phenomenon

Corruption—the appropriate of public resources for private purposes—is a modern phenomenon insofar as modern states are founded on the principle of the strict separation of public and private. This was not the case for much of human history, where “patrimonial” rulers regarded the public domain as a species of private property. Corruption needs to be distinguished from both rent-seeking and patronage/clientelism—in the first case, because many rents have perfectly legitimate uses, and in the second because clientelism involves a reciprocal exchange of favors and can be regarded as an early form of democratic participation. Moving from a patronage-based state to a modern-impersonal one is a fundamentally political act, since it involves wresting power away from entrenched elites who use their access to the state for private purposes. This is what happened during the Progressive Era in the US, and also what explains the relative success of anti-corruption bodies like Indonesia’s KPK.
Higher-order black-oil and compositional modeling of multiphase compressible flow in porous media

Abstract We present continuum-scale modeling of multiphase compressible flow in porous media with applications to hydrocarbon reservoir engineering. A new black-oil model is developed and compared with a fully compositional simulator to model the thermodynamic phase behavior. In the context of black-oil modeling, where components are lumped into a gas and liquid pseudocomponent with only the gas transferring between liquid and gas phases, we allow for a variable bubble point pressure (e.g., when gas enters an undersaturated zone). Traditionally, a primary variable switching strategy has been used, which is known to be prone to convergence and phase identification issues. Instead, we adopt an overall molar composition-based framework that can robustly model phase appearance or disappearance. Phase properties across a broad range of pressures for different black-oil compositions are constructed from compositional phase split calculations to correctly model the phase transition. Mass transport is updated explicitly by a locally mass conserving multilinear discontinuous Galerkin method. Globally continuous pressure and velocity fields are obtained through an implicit mixed hybrid FE scheme. The robustness and accuracy of our FE simulator are demonstrated in several problems, where we have attained considerable speed-up and maintained the accuracy with the new black-oil model.
Thinking Ahead: How Contemplating the Future Impacts Individuals at Work

Despite the growing research in psychology, decision making and management on the consequences of thinking about the future, there is still a dearth of research on the different ways in which indiv...
Eulogy for the Beloved Teacher

This chapter presents Van der Waerden’s and Einstein’s heartfelt eulogies for Emmy Noether.
A new process for writing clinical guidelines.

The GRADE system aspires toward uniform standards for medical practice guidelines. Virtual Mentor is a monthly bioethics journal published by the American Medical Association.
Characteristics and Red Flag Correlates of Psychiatric Outpatients in a Mandated-Use Prescription Drug Monitoring Program State: A PBRN Card Study.

Objectives All 50 states have implemented a Prescription Drug Monitoring Program (PDMP) in efforts to control prescription drug abuse. Many now mandate PDMP checks before clinicians prescribe controlled substances. The aim of this study was to characterize the associations between patient characteristics, red flags found on PDMP reports, and prescriber behavior at community mental health agencies. Methods Prescribers at 9 practice sites, in five regional community mental health centers, were recruited by a practice-based research network (PBRN) to participate in a Card Study. Prescribers completed a PDMP attitudes survey, and cards were completed for patients who had PDMP reports checked. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results Thirty nine providers completed cards for n=249 unique patient encounters. Over 1/3 of all patients reported an addiction disorder (38%) or a diagnosis of chronic pain (34%). Twenty percent of PDMP reports were found to have red flags, most commonly multiple prescribers or multiple pharmacies. Red flags were associated with race (p<.0.05), presence of chronic pain (p<0.01), presence of an addiction diagnosis (p<0.05), use of opioids (p<0.001), and non-adherence with treatment (p<0.006). Among prescribers, red flags were associated with lower prescribing rates (p<0.01), and decisions to decrease dosage (p<0.002). Conclusions Red flags were commonly found on PDMP reports done in community mental health settings, and were associated with important patient characteristics and diagnostic factors. PBRN research methods can be leveraged to obtain real-time observational data about psychiatric prescribers' use of PDMP reports in clinical decision-making in different settings.
Surgery versus radiation for T1 glottic carcinoma: Second primary considerations

Although early glottic carcinoma is managed with radiation therapy (RT) or surgery, there is limited data on differences in second primary cancers of the larynx. We utilized the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database to query T1 glottic carcinomas and assess the incidence of second primary laryngeal malignancies. Cumulative hazard for second primary laryngeal malignancies was compared with the log-rank method. Among 844 surgical and 2,272 RT cases, observed-to-expected incidence ratios of laryngeal second primaries were 10.19 (5.89-16.55) and 6.87 (4.64-9.81) per 10 thousand person-years, respectively. Mean person-years at risk were comparable at 8.16 years (surgery) and 8.01 years (RT), and relative increased risk of laryngeal second primary was 20.95 (surgery) versus 14.09 (RT) per 10 thousand person-years. Mean times to development of a second primary were also comparable (304 vs. 305 months, P = 0.898). Thus, second laryngeal primary development is analogous between cases treated with surgery alone versus RT. Continued discussion and investigation of surgery versus RT for early glottic squamous cell carcinoma will need to leverage these findings, along with ongoing investigation of voice and survival outcomes, to develop more well-informed treatment algorithms. Laryngoscope, 129:2713-2715, 2019.
Free-standing transition metal oxide electrode architectures for electrochemical energy storage

Electrochemical energy storage is becoming more ubiquitous in the world, and with that comes an urgent need for increased performance. One promising approach in the pursuit of next-generation energy storage with simultaneous high energy and high power is through cooperative assembly of electrochemically active materials into conductive scaffolds. In such architectures, the active material is often directly bonded to the conductive scaffold, therefore reducing the need for separate binders and current collectors. The conductive scaffold material can also provide a robust, free-standing structure that is capable of enduring mechanical deformation, which is particularly important for high gravimetric capacity materials that can undergo significant volume changes during electrochemical cycling. This review summarizes several of the most common approaches for developing free-standing binder-free electrode architectures of transition metal oxides that aim to achieve simultaneous high energy and high power for the next generation of electrochemical energy storage devices.
Clinical Guideline Highlights for the Hospitalist: Initial Management of Acute Pancreatitis in the Hospitalized Adult.

GUIDELINE TITLE 2018 American Gastroenterological Association (AGA) Institute Guideline on Initial Management of Acute Pancreatitis RELEASE DATE: March 2018 PRIOR VERSION: Not applicable DEVELOPER: AGA Clinical Practice Guideline Committee FUNDING SOURCE: AGA Institute TARGET POPULATION: Patients within first 48-72 hours of admission with acute pancreatitis (AP).
Are healthy diets that follow the 2005 Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA) associated with incident hip fracture risk in men and women

Healthy dietary patterns during adulthood may result in reduced hip fracture risk. We examined whether a diet consistent with the 2005 DGA, a government-promulgated healthy dietary pattern to reduc...
Development and application of a machine learning based multi-objective optimization workflow for CO2-EOR projects

Abstract Carbon dioxide-Enhanced Oil Recovery (CO2-EOR) is known as one of techniques for hydrocarbon production improvement as wells as an important candidate to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Thus, an ideal development strategy for a CO2-EOR project would consider multiple objectives including to maximize oil recovery, CO2 storage volume and project economic outcomes. This work proposes a robust computational framework that couples artificial neural network (ANN) and multi-objective optimizers to optimize the aforementioned objectives in CO2-EOR processes simultaneously. Expert ANN systems are trained and employed as surrogate models of the high-fidelity compositional simulator in the optimization workflow. The robustness of the development optimization protocol is confirmed via a synthetic injection-pattern-base case study. Afterward a field implementation to Morrow-B formation to optimize the tertiary recovery stage of the field development is discussed. This work compares the optimum solution found using an aggregate objective function and the solution repository (Pareto front) generated by the multi-objective optimization process. The comparison indicates the existence of potential multi-solutions satisfying certain criteria in a CO2-EOR project designing, which cannot be found using traditional weighted sum method. The optimization results provide significant insight into the decision-making process of CO2-EOR project when multiple objective functions are considered.
Novel Multifrequency Eddy Current NDT Signal Inversion Scheme for Aerostructures

Flaw profile characterization from nondestructive evaluation measurements is a typical nondestructive testing (NDT) inverse problem. Flaw profiling, particularly in aerospace industry, is important, as it is a decision tool to evaluate the air worthiness of the aerostructures. Accurate flaw profiling thus ensures aircraft safety through the timely implementation of cost-effective replacement/repair actions. Eddy current (EC) NDT data acquired at multiple frequencies contain complementary information about the flaws due to the skin effect phenomenon. However, finding the exact contribution of each measurement mode while determining the solution to the inverse problem is considerably challenging. In the reported research work, a novel multifrequency EC data-based polynomial model is formulated to solve the inverse problem. The weight (coefficient) of each measurement mode in the polynomial model is computed using nonlinear optimization techniques. Actual NDT data of a retired aircraft containing mutually exclusive training and test databases has been used as a case study. Data fusion (DF)-based inversion results are compared to the results acquired using individual measurement mode data. The improved results with DF indicate the efficacy of the proposed technique.
A First Step Towards Understanding Real-world Attacks on IoT Devices

With the rapid growth of Internet of Things (IoT) devices, it is imperative to proactively understand the real-world cybersecurity threats posed to them. This paper describes our initial efforts towards building a honeypot ecosystem as a means to gathering and analyzing real attack data against IoT devices. A primary condition for a honeypot to yield useful insights is to let attackers believe they are real systems used by humans and organizations. IoT devices pose unique challenges in this respect, due to the large variety of device types and the physical-connectedness nature. We thus create a multiphased approach in building a honeypot ecosystem, where researchers can gradually increase a low-interaction honeypot's sophistication in emulating an IoT device by observing real-world attackers' behaviors. We deployed honeypots both on-premise and in the cloud, with associated analysis and vetting infrastructures to ensure these honeypots cannot be easily identified as such and appear to be real systems. In doing so we were able to attract increasingly sophisticated attack data. We present the design of this honeypot ecosystem and our observation on the attack data so far. Our data shows that real-world attackers are explicitly going after IoT devices, and some captured activities seem to involve direct human interaction (as opposed to scripted automatic activities). We also build a low interaction honeypot for IoT cameras, called Honeycamera, that present to attackers seemingly real videos. This is our first step towards building a more comprehensive honeypot ecosystem that will allow researchers to gain concrete understanding of what attackers are going after on IoT devices, so as to more proactively protect them.
When Facts and Orthodoxy Collide: The Bell Curve and the Robustness Criterion

This commentary discusses the concept of “robustness” as a focal point in evaluating controversies surrounding The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life (Herrnstein & Murray...
Accelerated Early Vascular Aging Among Adolescents With Obesity and/or Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Background The normal rate of subclinical vascular aging from adolescence to young adulthood has not been well‐characterized. We conducted a 5‐year longitudinal study among adolescents with normal‐...
Properties of symmetric 1,3-diethers based on glycerol skeletons for CO2 absorption

Abstract CO2 absorption is at the forefront of separation processes due to the attention given to greenhouse gas emission control and its potential to slow global climate change. This report describes the study of new physical solvents for CO2 absorption through a single step etherification of epichlorohydrin, yielding symmetric 1,3-diethers based on a glycerol skeleton. Five such compounds were obtained in this manner: 1,3-dimethoxypropan-2-ol (DMP, 623-69-8), 1,3-diethoxypropan-2-ol (DEP, 4043-59-8), 1,3-di(propan-2-yloxy)propan-2-ol (DIPP, 13021-54-0), 1,3-bis(2-methoxyethoxy)propan-2-ol (DMEP, 130670-52-9), and 1,3-bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)propan-2-ol (DTEP, 691-26-9). Screening of synthesis methods was conducted and aqueous sodium hydroxide solution was found to be the best reaction medium. All compounds were purified through rigorous distillation and drying techniques. Density and viscosity values for each compound were collected in the range of 293.15–353.15 K. CO2 absorption capacities of these solvents were measured at 303.15, 318.15, 333.15 and 348.15 K at CO2 partial pressures in the range of 2–6 atm. Miscibility of these compounds with common organic solvents and water was also determined. Dipole moments were calculated for exploration of structure – property relationship. Among these solvents, DMEP and DTEP exhibited the largest affinity for CO2 with Henry's constants of 48.0 and 45.4 atm, respectively, at 303.15 K, reaching the same level as diglyme used industrially while allowing further modification for improvement in CO2 capture ability. Data obtained in this work should be useful as a guide for further design and synthesis of solvents based on glycerol skeletons for CO2 absorption applications.
Upregulation of transient receptor potential melastatin 4 (TRPM4) in ventricular fibroblasts from heart failure patients

The transient receptor potential melastatin 4 (TRPM4) is a Ca2+-activated nonselective monovalent cation channel belonging to the TRP channel superfamily. TRPM4 is widely expressed in various tissues and most abundantly expressed in the heart. TRPM4 plays a critical role in cardiac conduction. Patients carrying a gain-of-function or loss-of-function mutation of TRPM4 display impaired cardiac conduction. Knockout or over-expression of TRPM4 in mice recapitulates conduction defects in patients. Moreover, recent studies have indicated that TRPM4 plays a role in hypertrophy and heart failure. Whereas the role of TRPM4 mediated by cardiac myocytes has been well investigated, little is known about TRPM4 and its role in cardiac fibroblasts. Here we show that in human left ventricular fibroblasts, TRPM4 exhibits typical Ca2+-activation characteristics, linear current-voltage (I-V) relation, and monovalent permeability. TRPM4 currents recorded in fibroblasts from heart failure patients (HF) are more than 2-fold bigger than those from control individuals (CTL). The enhanced functional TRPM4 in HF is not resulted from changed channel properties, as TRPM4 currents from both HF and CTL fibroblasts demonstrate similar sensitivity to intracellular calcium activation and extracellular 9-phenanthrol (9-phen) blockade. Consistent with enhanced TRPM4 activity, the protein level of TRPM4 is about 2-fold higher in HF than that of CTL hearts. Moreover, TRPM4 current in CTL fibroblasts is increased after 24 hours of TGFβ1 treatment, implying that TRPM4 in vivo may be upregulated by fibrogenesis promotor TGFβ1. The upregulated TRPM4 in HF fibroblasts suggests that TRPM4 may play a role in cardiac fibrogenesis under various pathological conditions.
Corporate Brand as Social Contract

This technical note is used at Darden in the Business Communications course and would also work well in Organizational Behavior courses. The role of branding at the corporate level, distinct from product marketing, has evolved to serve as an expression of corporate values. This note surveys current thinking about the ways corporations consider the alignment of brand with the business model and corporate social responsibility (CSR). Excerpt UVA-BC-0244 Rev. Nov. 21, 2013 Corporate Brand as social contract A corporate brand is the most tangible of intangible assets. You can ride an Otis elevator or fly in a plane with Pratt & Whitney jet engines—both made by companies owned by United Technologies Corporation (UTC)—but, to paraphrase its CFO, you cannot hold a UTC. Product brands, franchises of the conglomerate, are seen by managers and consumers as having more brand power than the conglomerate as a whole, which management typically views as significant primarily to Wall Street: less UTC than UTX. Yet for some time, large companies with multiple business units have taken corporate branding quite seriously. Consider IBM from “THINK” to “Smarter Planet” or General Electric (GE) from “We bring good things to life” to “ecomagination.” The more recent of these tag lines are considered particularly deft encapsulations that demonstrate the excellence of these American institutions' corporate communication functions and the commitment their leaders have made to communications as an assertion of corporate values. More Than Just a Promise? . . .
The Pathologies of Power: Fear, Honor, Glory, and Hubris in U.S. Foreign Policy

Introduction: pathological beliefs in US foreign policy 1. Fear: the power of nightmares in a safe society 2. Honor: credibility, resolve, and paper tigers 3. Glory: hypercompetitiveness and US foreign policy 4. Hubris: the superpower as superhero Conclusion: pathology, realism, and the future.
Serological and Cellular Recognition of Human Histocompatibility Antigens

The human major histocompatibility complex (HLA) consists of a region of chromosome 6 (Smith et al., 1976; Francke and Pellegrino, 1977) that contains a number of genes that code for highly polymorphic integral membrane glycoproteins. The allelic products of these genes are generally detected by their reactivity with human alloantisera from multiparous women or from individuals immunized either with lymphocytes (deliberately or by blood transfusions) or by organ grafts. Currently serologically defined are the genes HLA-A, -B, -C, and -DR. HLA-A, -B, and -C code for 44,000-dalton molecules that are expressed noncovalently associated with β 2-microglobulin (Springer and Strominger, 1976; Grey et al., 1973), a 12,000-dalton protein coded for by a gene on chromosome 15 (Good-fellow et al., 1975). HLA-DR molecules on the surface of B-lymphoid cells and monocytes consist of two noncovalently associated glycoproteins with approximate molecular weights of 35,000 and 27,000 (Cress-well and Geier, 1975; Springer et al., 1977). Which of these molecules is the true product of the HLA-DR gene is not absolutely certain; conflicting evidence suggests that both the isolated 27,000-dalton and the 35,000-dalton molecule can bind alloantibodies to HLA-DR following denaturation and separation (Tosi et al., 1978; Klareskog et al., 1978).
PRECONCEITOS LINGUÍSTICOS EM CONTATO LINGUÍSTICO E DIALETAL NOS ESTADOS UNIDOS DA AMÉRICA

A populacao estado-unidense inclui numeros altos de falantes de linguas e dialetos distintos do ingles padrao. As mais numerosas destas comunidades linguisticas minoritarias sao os falantes do ingles afro-americano (o dialeto estigmatizado falado pela maioria de negros americanos), e os hispânicos, que incluem falantes de espanhol, e de dialetos distintos de ingles. A ideologia e a politica linguistica dominante dos Estados Unidos estigmatizam e desprezam estas variedades nao-padrao, com resultados altamente negativos para os falantes e as comunidades minoritarias, tais como subdesempenho educacional e exclusao social. Estas politicas sao efetivamente equivalentes a violacoes dos direitos humanos basicos.
Conditional sequence model for context-based recognition of gaze aversion

Eye gaze and gesture form key conversational grounding cues that are used extensively in face-to-face interaction among people. To accurately recognize visual feedback during interaction, people often use contextual knowledge from previous and current events to anticipate when feedback is most likely to occur. In this paper, we investigate how dialog context from an embodied conversational agent (ECA) can improve visual recognition of eye gestures. We propose a new framework for contextual recognition based on Latent-Dynamic Conditional Random Field (LDCRF) models to learn the sub-structure and external dynamics of contextual cues. Our experiments show that adding contextual information improves visual recognition of eye gestures and demonstrate that the LDCRF model for context-based recognition of gaze aversion gestures outperforms Support Vector Machines, Hidden Markov Models, and Conditional Random Fields.
Some necessary conditions for a master chess program

Since 1967 there has again been great interest in chess programming. This paper demonstrates that the structure of today's most successful programs cannot be extended to play Master level chess. Certain basic requirements of a Master player's performance are shown to be outside the performance limits to which a program of this type could be extended. The paper also examines a basic weakness in the tree-searching model approach when applied to situations that cannot be searched to completion. This is the Horizon Effect, which causes unpredictable evaluation errors due to an interaction between the static evaluation function and the rules for search termination. The outline of a model of chess playing that avoids the Horizon Effect and appears extendable to play Master level chess is presented, together with some results already achieved.
Approach or Avoidance? The Role of Nonverbal Communication in the Academic Library User's Decision to Initiate a Reference Encounter

This naturalist study examined the role of nonverbal cornmunication in the academic library. Library users with information needs face the choice of trying to find the solution themselves or asking a librarian for assistance. This decision to approach or not approach a librarian and engage in interaction was studied through use of Mehrabian's (1967) immediacy metaphor. It was hypothesized that the nonverbal behavior of the librarian is related to the user's decision to approach. Data were collected through observation and interviews from two academic libraries: one college and one university. The investigator observed reference interactions for thirty-seven hours, interviewing 155 users who approached thirty-four librarian volunteers during this observation period. A content analysis of data resulted in the identification of five categories indicated by users to have been critical in their choice to approach one librarian over another: (1) initiation, (2) availability, (3) familiarity, (4) proximity, and (5) gender. Nonverbal behaviors important in users' perceptions of approachability were identified. Eye contact was the most frequently mentioned behavior that signaled to the user that the librarian was approachable.
Adapting existing natural language processing resources for cardiovascular risk factors identification in clinical notes

Display Omitted We used natural language processing (NLP) to extract heart disease risk factors.Components were adapted from two existing NLP applications.We used existing tools without feature engineering or re-training of models.Our system achieved an overall micro-averaged F1-measure of 87.47%.Adapting existing tools allowed for performance comparable to sophisticated systems. The 2014 i2b2 natural language processing shared task focused on identifying cardiovascular risk factors such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol levels, obesity and smoking status among other factors found in health records of diabetic patients. In addition, the task involved detecting medications, and time information associated with the extracted data. This paper presents the development and evaluation of a natural language processing (NLP) application conceived for this i2b2 shared task. For increased efficiency, the application main components were adapted from two existing NLP tools implemented in the Apache UIMA framework: Textractor (for dictionary-based lookup) and cTAKES (for preprocessing and smoking status detection). The application achieved a final (micro-averaged) F1-measure of 87.5% on the final evaluation test set. Our attempt was mostly based on existing tools adapted with minimal changes and allowed for satisfying performance with limited development efforts.
Synthesis of Mass-Exchange Networks: A Mathematical Programming Approach

This chapter shows how optimization techniques enable designers to simultaneously screen all mass-separating agents (MSAs), even when there are no process MSAs, determine the minimum operating cost (MOC) solution and locate the mass-exchange pinch point, determine the best outlet composition for each MSA, and construct a network of mass exchangers with the least number of units that realize the MOC solution. The objective is to minimize the cost of MSAs that can remove pollutant from waste streams in a thermodynamically feasible manner. Because the flow rates of the MSAs are not known, the objective function as well as the material balances around composition intervals have to be written in terms of these flow rates. The solution of the optimization program determines the optimal flow rate of each MSA. The target compositions are only upper bounds on the outlet compositions and it may be necessary to optimize the outlet compositions. A shortcut method of optimizing the outlet composition is the use of “lean substreams.” Theoretically, an infinite number of substreams should be used to cover the whole composition span of each MSA. However, in practice, few substreams are needed. On the CID, the various substreams are represented against their composition scale. Having identified the values of all the flow rates of lean streams as well as the pinch location, now the number of mass exchangers for an MOC solution can be minimized.
EVALUATION OF SOME COMPONENTS OF CHOICE MAKING

Providing access to choice-making opportunities is a useful addition to behavioral interventions, although the critical features of choice making may differ greatly across individuals. In this study, results of an initial 3-choice concurrent-operants preference assessment with 4 subjects with autism spectrum disorder suggested that 2 subjects preferred the choice-making condition and participated in subsequent assessments to examine the potential influences of reinforcer variability and differential access to high-preference reinforcers on their preferences for choice making. Two other subjects did not prefer the choice-making condition and participated in subsequent assessments to explore conditions under which they might prefer choice-making opportunities. Results suggested that a wide range of variables influenced preference for choice-making conditions.
Reactive oxygen species, antioxidant enzyme activities and gene expression patterns in leaves and roots of Kentucky bluegrass in response to drought stress and recovery

Abstract The objective of this study was to investigate accumulation of reactive oxygen species, antioxidant enzyme activities, and gene expression patterns of antioxidant enzymes of Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) under drought stress and recovery. Grass (c.v. Midnight II) was subjected to soil drying for 5 d and then rewatered for 1 d in growth chambers. Drought stress increased superoxide (O2−) production of leaves and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content of the leaves and roots. Recovery enhanced leaf O2− production and root H2O2 content. Lipid peroxidation of the roots increased 4.5-fold and 2.4-fold under drought stress and recovery, respectively. Drought stress increased the leaf activities of ascorbate peroxidase (APX, EC 1.11.1.11), monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR, EC 1.6.5.4), dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR, EC 1.8.5.1), and the root activities of catalase (CAT, EC 1.11.1.6), glutathione reductase (GR, EC 1.6.4.2) and MDHAR, while reducing the root activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1) and DHAR, respectively. The increased leaf activities of APX, MDHAR, DHAR and the root activities of MDHAR and CAT were observed after rewatering, compared to the control. For the leaves, the expressions of iron SOD (FeSOD), cytosolic copper/zinc SOD (Cu/ZnSOD), chloroplastic Cu/ZnSOD, and DHAR were down-regulated by drought stress but recovered to control level after rewatering, while the expressions of GR and MDHAR were up-regulated and remained that levels after recovery. For the roots, the expressions of cytosolic Cu/ZnSOD, manganese SOD (MnSOD), cytosolic APX, GR, and DHAR were down-regulated under drought stress but recovered except for GR and DHAR, while MDHAR expression was up-regulated. No differences in CAT transcript abundance were noted among the treatments. Antioxidant enzymes and their gene expressions may be differentially or cooperatively involved in the defense mechanisms in the leaves and roots of Kentucky bluegrass exposed to drought stress and recovery.
rMotifGen: random motif generator for DNA and protein sequences.

Detection of short, subtle conserved motif regions within a set of related DNA or amino acid sequences can lead to discoveries about important regulatory domains such as transcription factor and DNA binding sites as well as conserved protein domains. In order to help assess motif detection algorithms on motifs with varying properties and levels of conservation, we have developed a computational tool, rMotifGen, with the sole purpose of generating a number of random DNA or protein sequences containing short sequence motifs. Each motif consensus can be user-defined, randomly generated, or created from a position-specific scoring matrix (PSSM). Insertions and mutations within these motifs are created according to user-defined parameters and substitution matrices. The resulting sequences can be helpful in mutational simulations and in testing the limits of motif detection algorithms. Two implementations of rMotifGen have been created, one providing a graphical user interface (GUI) for random motif construction, and the other serving as a command line interface. The second implementation has the added advantages of platform independence and being able to be called in a batch mode. rMotifGen was used to construct sample sets of sequences containing DNA motifs and amino acid motifs that were then tested against the Gibbs sampler and MEME packages. rMotifGen provides an efficient and convenient method for creating random DNA or amino acid sequences with a variable number of motifs, where the instance of each motif can be incorporated using a position-specific scoring matrix (PSSM) or by creating an instance mutated from its corresponding consensus using an evolutionary model based on substitution matrices. rMotifGen is freely available at: http://bioinformatics.louisville.edu/brg/rMotifGen/ .
Skin as a Toxin Storage Organ in the Endemic New Guinean Genus Pitohui

ABSTRACT. Several bird species in the endemic New Guinean genus Pitohui contain potent defensive toxins of the batrachotoxin family of steroidal alkaloid neurotoxins. We surveyed toxin concentrations in various tissues of Hooded Pitohui (Pitohui dichrous) using radioligand binding assays. The highest concentrations were found in the skin and feathers, on the outside of the birds, where predators or parasites are likely to encounter toxins. Significant levels of toxins also were found in skeletal muscle, heart, and liver. Muscle and liver would normally be poisoned by batrachotoxins; thus, Hooded Pitohuis must be insensitive to the toxins. The presence of toxins in internal organs further argues against the hypothesis that Hooded Pitohuis merely apply toxins topically to skin and feathers. Finally, we used scanning and transmission electron microscopy to examine skin and feathers for unusual morphological or histological adaptations for storing and secreting toxins. The skin of Hooded Pitohuis appears to h...
Angiographic and procedural outcome after coronary angioplasty in high-risk subsets using a decremental diameter (tapered) balloon catheter

The angiographic and clinical outcomes of 115 patients (129 lesions) treated at 11 clinical centers using a decremental diameter (tapered) balloon catheter were evaluated. The presence of marked tapering of the reference vessel, lesion location involving a bifurcation or anastomosis of a saphenous vein graft, or total coronary occlusion where estimation of the distal vessel size was difficult were indications for this device. The tapered balloon was used as the initial dilatation device in 62 patients (73 narrowings), and as a secondary device in 53 patients (56 narrowings). Lesions selected for tapered balloon angioplasty were generally complex (95% had > or = 1 and 60% had > or = 2 adverse morphologic features). Vessel diameters were larger in the proximal reference segments (3.07 +/- 0.52 mm) than in distal ones (2.48 +/- 0.45 mm) (p<0.001). After tapered balloon angioplasty, the minimal lumen diameter increased from 0.85 +/- 0.34 mm to 2.13 +/- 0.50 mm (p<0.001), and the percent diameter stenosis decreased from 69 +/- 12% to 24 +/- 12% (p<0.001). Coronary dissections occurred in 20% of lesions; they were severe in 4% (National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute grade C to F). Abrupt closure occurred in 4.3% of patients (2.6% immediate; 1.7% delayed). Procedural success was obtained in 110 patients (96%); major complications (in-hospital death, myocardial infarction, or emergency coronary bypass surgery) occurred in 3 patients (2.7%). Coronary angioplasty using the tapered balloon catheter appears to be a safe and effective technique for the treatment of complex lesion subsets, particularly those involving coronary arteries with marked segmental tapering.
The Lifecycle of Evolution: Power, Progress, and Purpose in the Advance of Civilization

This paper presents a framework for understanding that rather mysterious process by which life evolved into diverse biological species, then produced humankind, founded civilization, and is now creating high-tech societies that are entering space. A macrotechnological analysis reveals that evolution fundamentally consists of seven waves of technological innovation forming a "Life Cycle of Evolution," which is roughly comparable to the ordinary life cycles of all organisms. Finally, I note that this organic process of planetary development is drawn inexorably toward heightened awareness, existential choices, and other transcendent concerns for the same reason all phases of progress have evolved-out of sheer necessity.