cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Megaspore wall development in Isoetes melanopoda: morphogenetic post-initiation changes accompanying spore enlargement

Abstract This study traces megaspore wall development in Isoetes , comparing results with those obtained from a previous study of Selaginella . As is the case in Selaginella , the shape, number, and arrangement of the exospore units of the megaspores of Isoetes melanopoda is established at an early stage of development. Analysis of subsequent stages leading to mature megaspores reveals a trend of enlarging wall unit size uniformly throughout the exospore resulting in an increase in overall exospore thickness. Megaspores of Isoetes have an inner separable layer like that in Selaginella , as well as a siliceous surface deposit, also a consistent feature of Selaginella megaspores. However, the relative proportions of silica to sporopollenin are much higher in megaspores of Isoetes than in those of Selaginella . Compressional forces affect the entire inner half of the exospore of Isoetes as opposed to only the inner 10% in Selaginella .
IDENTITY, PRACTICE, AND TRUST IN EARLY MODERN NATURAL PHILOSOPHY

Historians of early modern science face a serious problem, in that there was no science in early modern society. There were, however, other enterprises in the early modern period devoted to the understanding and manipulation of the physical world. This review identifies important trends in historians' attempts to comprehend those enterprises. In particular, it identifies four leading currents. The first is the move to characterize these different enterprises themselves, and in particular to understand natural philosophy and the mathematical sciences as distinct practical endeavours. The second is the attention now being paid to the social identity of the investigator of nature. The third is the attempt to understand the history of science as a history of practical enterprises rather than propositions or theories. The fourth, finally, is the understanding of natural knowledge in terms of systems of trust, and in particular in terms of the credit vested in rival claimants. In a combination of these, the review suggests, lies a future for a discipline that has otherwise lost its subject.
Development of a nursing-home dental program

Summary The nursing home of the future may have a dental operatory planned in its construction, although probably not very soon. The availability of good, functional, portable equipment is of great value to any program in a nursing home or similar institution. Dental training has traditionally overlooked the patient population in nursing homes, although this group is among the most likely to have dental needs. The pilot project at the University of Washington has promoted interest in the dental problems of elderly and debilitated persons. The students involved in this elective activity have received experience that cannot be duplicated in the dental school. Hopefully, these students will become leaders in their communities to promote dental care for nursing home patients.
Culture, Race, and SES: Application to End of Life Decision Making for African American Caregivers

Culture and race are constructs that are conceptually distinct, but often are used interchangeably and without a working definition. The distinctions and unique contribution of each blur even more when one considers socioeconomic status (SES). In this paper, we will offer working and conceptual definitions of culture, race, and SES. We also will address application of the concepts to end of life considerations for informal caregivers, and other family members, of older African Americans with end-stage dementia.
Organizational dynamics of project management

Since World War II, the project manager has emerged in American industry — particularly in areas of defense production. His responsibility is to the successful completion of a specific assignment, rather than to a structure of hierarchy. Often, he must cut across traditional lines of authority.
Changed Alibis Current Law Enforcement, Future Law Enforcement, and Layperson Reactions

Despite numerous calls for more research on alibis, there remain many unanswered questions. Three experiments tested the beliefs about and behaviors toward criminal suspects who changed or maintain...
A Heuristic Derivation of a Planck-Heisenberg Energy Formula

We derive an equation of the energy of a particle equal to Planck h times the frequency plus/minus the Heisenberg uncertainty energy as based on our previously constructed “combined spacetime four-manifold.” At the same time, we provide more details to our spacetime geometry, in particular, that of the “wave universe.”
Two Edge Coloring Algorithms Using a Simple Matching Discovery Automata

We here present two probabilistic edge coloring algorithms for a message passing model of distributed computing. The algorithms use a simple automata for finding a matching on a graph to produce the colorings. Our first algorithm for edge coloring finds an edge coloring of a graph which is guaranteed to use no more than 2? - 1 colors and completes in O(?) communication rounds using only one hop information, where ? is the greatest degree of the graph. Our second algorithm finds a strong edge coloring of a symmetric digraph in O(?) communication rounds, using only one hop information.
Modeling and design of tracking servo signals for 2X and 4X substrates

The design of tracking grooves and pre-formatted data on the disk substrate is described for 2X and 4X generation optical media. A unique aspect of this study is the identification of regions in the design space of extreme parameter sensitivity. Avoiding these regions can lead to a more robust manufacturing design. In particular, for both 2X and 4X it is important to have pit widths that are a suitably small fraction of the width of the lands.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Marketing Arts and Crafts: Exploring the Connection Between Hedonic Consumption, Distribution Channels, and Tourism

The purpose of this study was to explore marketing strategies for arts and crafts sales and, in particular, retail operations versus e-commence. The Craft Organization Development Association craft group cases examined suggest that although e-commerce as an emerging sales channel has been considered by most craft groups, only limited sales are occurring through it. This may be attributed to the hedonic nature of arts and crafts consumption. The results also indicate there is a strong connection between retail craft galleries and shops in tourism destinations, which suggests that an effective marketing strategy for craft sales should be locating retail shops in tourist areas and using marketing tactics linked to tourists.
The vanishing of triple reggeon vertices

Abstract We demonstrate that a nonsense wrong signature zero is responsible for the vanishing of the triple Pomeron vertex with all legs at zero mass. The key input is the vanishing of certain fixed pole residues which is enforced by unitarity. Some other consequences of this general feature are drawn.
Thermal reaction of HNCO with NO2 at moderate temperatures

The thermal reaction of HNCO with NO2 has been studied in the temperature range of 623 to 773 K by FTIR spectrometry. Major products measured are CO2 and NO with a small amount of N2O. Kinetic modeling of the time resolved concentration profiles of the reactants and products, aided by the thermochemical data of various likely reactive intermediates computed by means of the BAC-MP4 method, allows us to conclude that the reaction is initiated exclusively by a new bimolecular process: with a rate constant, k1 = 2.5 × 1012e−13,100/T cm3/mols. The well-known bimolecular reaction is the only strong competitive process in this important reactive system throughout the temperature range studied. Kinetic modeling of NO formation and NO2 decay rates gave rise to values of k10 which were in close agreement with literature data. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Coupling greenhouse gas credits with biofuel production cost in determining conversion plant size.

Biofuel plant size is one of the key variables in biofuel supply chain analysis as it plays a pivotal role in controlling the efficacy of both feedstock supply and feedstock-to-biofuel conversion. The unit production cost and greenhouse gas (GHG) balance of biofuels vary with plant size. We develop an analytical framework for integrating biofuel production costs and GHG balance derived from life-cycle analysis into supply chain optimization, followed by its application to ethanol production using forest biomass in the southern United States. We derive formulas for determining the optimal biofuel plant size and the corresponding feedstock supply radius based on the minimization of biofuel production costs less GHG benefits. Our results indicate that though biofuel plant size and feedstock supply radius should be augmented by considering GHG benefits, the GHG price will have a more significant impact on net biofuel production costs than on conversion plant size or feedstock supply radius. With a rise in the GHG price the net biofuel production cost tends to increase while the directions of change in plant size and feedstock supply radius are uncertain, depending upon the costs and GHG emissions of biomass transport and feedstock-to-fuel conversion. Combining GHG offset values with biofuel production costs enables us to more holistically examine the biofuel supply chain.
6.4.3 Architecture Frameworks in System Design: Motivation, Theory, and Implementation

This research examines the underlying rationale of architecture frameworks and their use in acquisition with the goal of identifying best practices to improve system development. Three key questions are addressed: (1) What is the role of artifacts in system design? (2) What are the benefits provided by architecture frameworks? And (3) what are the best measures-of-effectiveness for assessing the value of architecture frameworks? To address the first question, we review relevant literature on collaborative design and propose a rationale for using artifacts as communicative and illustrative tools. Second, we enumerate the motivations for their use in system design and acquisition. Third, eight measures-of-effectiveness of architecture frameworks are derived from the literature and our experience with the Department of Defense Architecture Framework.
Utility of routine follow-up defibrillator threshold testing in congenital heart disease and pediatric populations.

DFT Follow-Up in Congenital Heart Disease and Pediatric Populations. Introduction: Recent studies have suggested that routine defibrillation threshold (DFT) testing of implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs) in adults may not be necessary. The congenital heart disease and pediatric populations are a unique group of ICD recipients having a higher incidence of lead failure. We investigated the utility of follow-up DFT testing in this population. Methods and Results: The records of 155 ICD recipients at one center were retrospectively reviewed, and patients having one or more follow-up DFT tests were analyzed. The patients were divided into two groups. The "routine" group consisted of 58 follow-up DFT procedures in 46 patients, without known changes in ICD parameters. The "prompted" group consisted of 21 follow-up DFT procedures in 18 patients, motivated by clinical concerns about changes in ICD lead status. Of 58 "routine" DFTs performed at a mean postimplant duration of 32 ′ 23 months (range 2-78), 7 (12%) had reprogramming, and 1 required a hardware change as a result of the testing. Of the 21 "prompted" DFTs performed, 7 required device reprogramming, and 3 required hardware upgrade. Overall, 19 (24%) of 79 procedures detected clinically significant changes, requiring reprogramming or ICD system revision. No complications were seen from follow-up DFT testing. Conclusion: A high rate of abnormalities was found at follow-up DFT testing in this population, especially in the group of patients with clinically prompted testing. Clinically indicated DFT testing, as expected, has a high yield of important information on device function in congenital heart disease and pediatric populations.
Percutaneous Treatment of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm in a Swine Model Understanding the Behavior of Aortic Aneurysm Closure Through a Serial Histopathological Analysis

Background Previous studies used covered stent grafts to treat abdominal aortic aneurysms; however, such devices block flow into aortic side branches. We used uncovered stents with and without additional embolization coils to treat abdominal aortic aneurysm in a swine model and examined serial histological changes in the aneurysms over a 6-month period. Methods and Results We examined aneurysms in 9 control and 9 treated pigs (5 received stents alone and 4 received stents and coils). Aneurysms were surgically created with abdominal fascia. Three days later, we percutaneously placed a self-expandable uncovered stent across the aneurysm. Coils were implanted through the stent into the aneurysm lumen. An aortogram immediately after stent placement showed no significant change in aneurysm lumen; however, in pigs that had aortograms between 6 weeks and 6 months after treatment, the diameter decreased (28% to 65%) in 4 of 5 pigs, and 1 had no discernible aneurysm. Three treated pigs died, but only 1 from ruptur...
Inhibition of isoflurane-induced increase of cell-surface redistribution and activity of glutamate transporter type 3 by serine 465 sequence-specific peptides

Excitatory amino acid transporters (EAAT) transport glutamate into cells to regulate glutamate neurotransmission and to maintain nontoxic extracellular glutamate levels for neurons. We showed previously that the commonly used volatile anesthetic isoflurane increases the transporting activity of EAAT3, the major neuronal EAAT. This effect requires a protein kinase C (PKC) α-mediated and S465-dependent EAAT3 redistribution to the plasma membrane. Thus, we hypothesize that specific peptides can be designed to block this effect. We conjugated a 10-amino acid synthetic peptide with a sequence identical to that of EAAT3 around the S465 to a peptide that can facilitate permeation of the plasma membrane. This fusion peptide inhibited the isoflurane-increased EAAT3 activity and redistribution to the plasma membrane in C6 cells and hippocampus. It did not affect the basal EAAT3 activity. This peptide also attenuated isoflurane-induced increase of PKCα in the immunoprecipitates produced by an anti-EAAT3 antibody. A scrambled peptide that has the same amino acid composition as the S465 sequence-specific peptide but has a random sequence did not change the effects of isoflurane on EAAT3. The S465 sequence-specific peptide, but not the scrambled peptide, is a good PKCα substrate in in vitro assay. These peptides did not affect cell viability. These results, along with our previous findings, strongly suggest that PKCα interacts with EAAT3 to regulate its functions. The S465 sequence-specific peptide may interrupt this interaction and is an effective inhibitor for the regulation of EAAT3 activity and trafficking by PKCα and isoflurane.
Comparative dermatology—canine endocrine dermatoses

Endocrine diseases in the dog commonly manifest with dermatological lesions. Hypothyroidism is the most common endocrinopathy and usually presents with alopecia in areas of wear, seborrhea, and recurrent infections. Common clinical signs associated with hyperadrenocorticism include polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia. The most common dermatological manifestation of hyperadrenocorticism is bilaterally symmetrical alopecia sparing the head and distal extremities. Pyoderma is a common finding associated with immunosuppression. Less commonly, calcinosus cutis may occur. Sex hormone excess, primarily hyperestrogenism and hyperandrogenism, may also be associated with dermatological signs. Usually, dogs are intact, and the excess production is due to testicular or ovarian neoplasia.
Effect of transverse magnetic fields on dc Josephson current

We have observed diffraction patterns in critical dc Josephson tunnel current versus magnetic field applied perpendicular to the junction plane. The patterns can be explained by assuming that the perpendicular field penetrates the edge of each film and channels through the junction parallel to the films. An "edge penetration depth," ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}$, gives a quantitative description of the patterns and their dependence on the angle of field direction. We have found ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}(T)\ensuremath{\propto}{(1\ensuremath{-}\frac{T}{{T}_{c}})}^{\ensuremath{-}\frac{1}{2}}$.
An Efficient Synthesis of Dopamine Transporter Tracer [18F]FECNT

Abstract A simple synthesis of the dopamine transporter ligand [18F]FECNT with high radiochemical yield and short synthesis time, suitable for routine production is reported. Reaction of 2β-carbomethoxy-3β-(4-chlorophenyl)nortropane with [18F]2-fluoroethyl triflate ([18F]FEtOTf) at room temperature for 4 min provided [18F]FECNT in 84% decay corrected radiochemical yield. Since [18F]FEtOTf was prepared from [18F]2-fluoroethyl bromide that was isolated from its starting material, formation of unwanted side products and the amount of expensive precursor used could be greatly reduced. The overall radiochemical yields of [18F]FECNT were 40% (n=29) and the total synthesis time was ca. 100 min. The average specific activity of [18F]FECNT was 377.4 GBq/μmol (10.2 Ci/μmol).
A hybrid view of mobility in MANETs: Analytical models and simulation study

We study the effects of node mobility on the wireless links and protocol performance in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). First we examine the behavior of links through an analytical framework and develop statistical models to accurately characterize the distribution of lifetime of such wireless links in MANETs. We compute the lifetimes of links through a two-state Markov model, and use these results to model multi-hop paths and topology changes. We show that the analytical solution follows closely the results obtained through discrete-event simulations for two mobility models, namely, random direction and random waypoint mobility models. Finally, we present a comprehensive simulation study that combines the results from the findings in simulations with the analytical results to bring further insight on how different types of mobility translate into protocol performance.
A method for the application of substances to the brain while maintaining physiological conditions

Abstract A device is described for applying substances to the brain while maintaining the physiological condition of the cortex. An example is provided of a recording obtained while using this technique.
Elevation of cytosolic calcium is sufficient to induce growth inhibition in a B cell lymphoma

Recently, we have described that anti-IgM antibodies profoundly inhibited the growth of BKS-2, an immature B cell lymphoma. In this report, we demonstrated that ionomycin alone at very low concentrations (20 nM) inhibited the growth of BKS-2 cells completely. The levels of intracellular Ca2+ induced by the inhibitory concentrations of ionomycin were comparable to those in anti-IgM-treated cells. The growth inhibition caused by ionomycin was reversed by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate and lipopolysaccharide. In addition, the immunosuppressants, cyclosporin A and FK506 conferred significant protection from the negative signal induced by ionomycin. However, either cyclosporin A, FK506 or lipopolysaccharide was not found to have direct effect on ionomycin-induced Ca2+ mobilization in BKS-2 cells. Also, ionomycin augmented the anti-IgM-induced growth arrest in these cells. Furthermore, BKS-2 cells that were exposed to anti-IgM or ionomycin underwent apoptosis as characterized by DNA fragmentation. Thus, the characteristics of growth inhibition induced by ionomycin and anti-IgM appeared to be similar in that phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, lipopolysaccharide, cyclosporin A and FK506 caused significant reversal from such negative signals and both ionomycin and anti-IgM induced apoptosis in these cells. Altogether, these results showed that the elevation of intracellular Ca2+ alone was sufficient to inhibit the growth of some B lymphoma cells.
PERFORMING CENTIMETER-LEVEL SURVEYS IN SECONDS WITH GPS CARRIER PHASE: INITIAL RESULTS

Two kinematic surveys were performed, using TI-4100s, which substantiate the author’s earlier claim that centimeter-accuracy relative surveys can be accomplished within seconds. The first test was carried out in Arkansas using wide-bandwidth tracking. Although noisy, these data permitted the concepts and the data processing software to be verified. Based on results of this survey, a definitive kinematic survey experiment was designed and executed at the National Bureau of Standards, Gaithersburg, MD. The results of this experiment show that centimeter-level relative surveys can be performed in seconds. A priori geodetic coordinates of the initial location of the “roving” antenna are not required since they, too, can be determined within seconds.
Social Competence and Oral Language Development for Young Children of Latino Immigrants

Research Findings: In this study we analyze how parent and teacher ratings of young Latino children’s social competencies in rural California are associated with children’s oral language development. We find (a) that there is considerable incongruence between parent and teacher ratings of child social competence, (b) that both parent and teacher ratings account for meaningful variation in children’s oral language development, and (c) that incongruence between parent and teacher ratings is associated with oral language above and beyond the effects of parent and teacher ratings alone. Practice or Policy: Young Latino children’s social competencies contribute to their oral language development. These competencies represent an important, though to date underutilized, asset for building stronger academic/language functioning. Part of the paradoxical development of Latino children (i.e., strong social though weak academic/language competence) could be attributable to cultural differences that underlie teacher a...
Development of Microfluidic Chips for Heterogeneous Receptor―Ligand Interaction Studies

A simple microfluidic-based technique to quantitate the binding affinity between the glycopeptide antibiotics teicoplanin from Actinoplanes teicomyceticus and vancomycin from Streptomyces orientalis and 5-carboxyfluorescein-d-Ala-d-Ala-d-Ala (5-FAM-(DA)3) is described. In this work, (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane is used to modify the surfaces of a series of microchannels, and each channel is subsequently exposed to a solution of antibiotic for a few minutes. The antibiotic is retained after washing through electrostatic interactions, and the series of channels are subsequently exposed to an increasing concentration of 5-FAM-(DA)3 followed by washing to exclude any nonspecific binding. The extent of fluorescence is quantified using a microscope fitted with a CCD camera. The binding constants for the interaction of teicoplanin and vancomycin with the fluorescent peptide were determined to be 6.03 ± 0.97 × 104 and 4.93 ± 1.13 × 104 M−1, respectively, in good agreement with previous data. The ease of quantif...
Analysis of high efficiency DC/DC converter processing partial input/output power

This paper presents the analysis of two types of DC/DC converter structures processing partial input/output power and feeding directly a considerable amount of input power to the output. We compare the performance of partial power converters to traditional full power converter in terms of power ratings, regulation ability, switch stresses, and efficiency. The design trade-offs are considered as well. It concludes that partial power converters are a high-efficiency and low-power-rating solution for DC/DC power supplies. The power loss and power rating of partial power converters could be reduced up to 80% compared to these of full power converters. Simulation and experimental results are presented to validate the analysis.
FG Sagittae - No hot companion

The nucleus of the planetary nebula He 1-5 (= PK 60 -7 deg 1), the variable star FG Sge, was observed with the SWP camera of the International Ultraviolet Explorer satellite to detect a hot companion of the star, if such a companion exists. The observation found no evidence for the existance of a hot companion in the 1200-2000 A range of the SWP camera and supported the contention that FG Sge underwent a helium shell flash during the past century, and that the surrounding nebula, He 1-5, is a nebula of fossil ionization. Despite the currently accepted fossil ionization model, constraints posed by the satellite detection limit, the observed H-beta flux, and the adopted radii for white dwarfs still allow the possibility of a putative hot companion photoionizing this nebula.
Predictors of complications of endovascular chronic lead extractions from pacemakers and defibrillators: a single-operator experience.

Background National trends in chronic lead extractions from cardiac rhythm management (CRM) devices are on the rise. Objective The main objective of the study was to identify the predictors of complications of chronic lead extractions. Methods All patients who underwent endovascular chronic CRM lead extraction at our institution between 2002 and 2008 were included in this analysis. Demographic data as well as details of the extraction procedure and its complications within the ensuing 30 days were collected on all patients. Results Data of 212 consecutive patients (456 leads, age = 65 +/- 17 years, men 75%, left ventricular ejection fraction = 36 +/- 16%, coronary artery disease 80%, defibrillators 49%) were analyzed. There were a total of 26 (11.8%) complications in 25 patients including 9 (4.2%) major complications (death 1, hemothorax 4, pneumothorax 2, tamponade 1, stroke 1) and 17 (8.0%) minor complications. Independent predictors of any complications included a higher number of explanted right ventricular leads (HR = 3.51, P = 0.013). Explantation of ICD as opposed to a pacemaker device showed a strong trend toward significance (HR = 2.57, P = 0.053). An elevated white blood cell count also predicted major complications (HR = 1.52, P = 0.005). Conclusion Predictors of complications after lead extraction procedures include a higher number of extracted leads and the presence of defibrillator as opposed to pacemaker leads. A new paradigm of the removal of all leads not connected to a device may, therefore, reduce the risk of complications from lead extraction procedures and deserves to be tested prospectively.
Creativity and Intelligence Revisited: A Latent Variable Analysis of Wallach and Kogan (1965)

Many decades of research have shown that creativity and intelligence are modestly related. Some studies, however, have found that creativity and intelligence are essentially unrelated. The best example may be Wallach and Kogan's (1965) landmark study of 151 children. In that study, 10 measures of creativity didn't correlate with 10 measures of intelligence and academic achievement (average r = .09). The present research reanalyzed these data using latent variable analysis, which can (a) assess the relations between latent creativity and intelligence variables and (b) model method variance shared by the creativity tasks. Consistent with past research, the latent originality and fluency variables significantly predicted intelligence. The relations' magnitude (around r = .20) was consistent with past research, suggesting that Wallach and Kogan's data replicate other studies of creativity and intelligence.
Green's function solution of temperature field for flow in porous passages

Abstract Recently, the heat transfer in porous passages has received attention from many investigators. The Green's function solution method can serve as a powerful tool to accomplish this task of providing solutions to this type of problems with or without the effect of axial conduction. The study of heat transfer with emphasis on frictional heating, in the absence of axial conduction, is the subject of this presentation. As a simple example, consideration is given to the numerical study of the heat transfer in flow between two impermeable parallel plates. The individual effects of temperature change at the walls, frictional heating, and the combined effects are examined. The data shows that the combined effects can produce removable singularities under certain boundary conditions. To avoid the occurrence of singularities in these types of applications, certain heat transfer parameters are presented in different but basic forms.
Handbook of Marine Mineral Deposits

Handbook of Marine Mineral Deposits delves into marine mineral exploration and mining, covering both the fields economics and the state of the art of its science. The 1982 Law of the Sea Convention had a chilling effect on the deep-sea mining industry Later in the 1980s, most nations adopted the 370-km exclusive economic zone, which rekindled interest in the industry. Amendments made to the law in 1994 have also improved the outlook since then. India has agreed to abide by the Law of the Sea Convention by setting aside reserves of manganese nodules in the Central Indian Basin for international use that equal those it has claimed for itself.
Effect of Dioctyl Sodium Sulfosuccinate Feeding on Rat Colorectal 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine Carcinogenesis

The 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) rodent model for colorectal carcinogenesis was used to explore the effect of dietary dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate (DSS) on carcinogenesis. Inbred male F344 rats were divided into two groups of 84 each and fed the following diets: ground chow and 5% corn oil (control group) and ground chow, 5% corn oil, and 1% DSS (experimental group). All rats received high-dose DMH base, 20 mg/kg/week sc for 20 weeks. Twenty rats per group were killed after 3, 4, 5, and 6 months. Duodenum, small intestine, colon, and rectum were dissected out. Each tumor was measured for size and location and evaluated histologically. The percentage of rats bearing tumors in the control and experimental groups did not differ significantly. In each rat there were fewer gastrointestinal tumors in the DSS-fed group of all histologic types combined, at all organ sites, at 5 and 6 months. This difference between the control and DSS-fed rats reached the level of statistical significance for tumors of the duodenum, colon, and rectum and for total gastrointestinal tumors at the 5th month.
Evolution and ecology of oviposition on host plants by acridoid grasshoppers

Most members of the superfamily Acridoidea (Orthoptera) oviposit in the soil, but some species oviposit directly on or in tissue of host plants. Oviposition in association with host plants has been reported for only 6% of acridoid species for which oviposition behaviour is known, hut the behaviour is systematically and geographically widespread, including members of two families and seven acridid subfamilies on three continents. This distribution suggests that host plant oviposition by grasshoppers has evolved independently at least eleven times in the world's grasshoppers fauna. A comparative approach to investigating oviposition on host plants shows that it tends to occur in species of inundated habitats and tropical forests, in species with narrow diets, and is correlated with a reduction in clutch size.
Notch and Ras promote sequential steps of excretory tube development in C. elegans

Receptor tyrosine kinases and Notch are crucial for tube formation and branching morphogenesis in many systems, but the specific cellular processes that require signaling are poorly understood. Here we describe sequential roles for Notch and Epidermal growth factor (EGF)-Ras-ERK signaling in the development of epithelial tube cells in the C. elegans excretory (renal-like) organ. This simple organ consists of three tandemly connected unicellular tubes: the excretory canal cell, duct and G1 pore. lin-12 and glp-1/Notch are required to generate the canal cell, which is a source of LIN-3/EGF ligand and physically attaches to the duct during de novo epithelialization and tubulogenesis. Canal cell asymmetry and let-60/Ras signaling influence which of two equivalent precursors will attach to the canal cell. Ras then specifies duct identity, inducing auto-fusion and a permanent epithelial character; the remaining precursor becomes the G1 pore, which eventually loses epithelial character and withdraws from the organ to become a neuroblast. Ras continues to promote subsequent aspects of duct morphogenesis and differentiation, and acts primarily through Raf-ERK and the transcriptional effectors LIN-1/Ets and EOR-1. These results reveal multiple genetically separable roles for Ras signaling in tube development, as well as similarities to Ras-mediated control of branching morphogenesis in more complex organs, including the mammalian kidney. The relative simplicity of the excretory system makes it an attractive model for addressing basic questions about how cells gain or lose epithelial character and organize into tubular networks.
Verifying a Computational Method for Predicting Extreme Ground Motion

Large earthquakes strike infrequently and close-in recordings are uncommon. This situation makes it difficult to predict the ground motion very close to earthquake-generating faults, if the prediction is to be based on readily available observations. A solution might be to cover the Earth with seismic instruments so that one could rely on the data from previous events to predict future shaking. However, even in the case of complete seismic data coverage for hundreds of years, there would still be one type of earthquake that would be difficult to predict: those very rare earthquakes that produce very large ground motion.
Behavior of tetrahydrolipstatin in biological model membranes and emulsions.

Tetrahydrolipstatin (orlistat) (S)-1-[(2S,3S)-3-hexyl-4-oxooxetan-2-yl]methyl]dodecyl N-formyl-L-leucinate, a potent inhibitor of pancreatic lipase, is hydrophobic, amphipathic, and water-insoluble. It binds irreversibly to pancreatic lipases and inhibits fat absorption. The focus of this investigation is on the distribution of orlistat in emulsified fat and vesicular membranes such as might be present in the intestine during fat absorption. The models used were unilamellar vesicles and microemulsion particles. [13C]orlistat was synthesized containing 99% 13C in the leucine carbonyl. Spectrawere collected on a Bruker DMX 500 Spectrometer. The chemical shift of the [13C]leucinate carbon was recorded in solvents with increasing hydrogen bonding capacity. The chemical shift moved downfield as H-bonding increased. [13C]orlistat was incorporated into triolein in the presence or absence of water, into sonocated unilamellar egg yolk phosphotidylcholine (EYPC) vesicles, and into microemulsions approximately 300 A in diameter containing triolein and phospholipid in roughly equal molar proportions. [13C] orlistat was soluble in triolein and had a chemical shift at 20 degrees C of 171.46 ppm. When a small amount of water was added, the chemical shift moved down field to 171.69 ppm. When [13C]orlistat was incorporated into EYPC unilamellar vesicles, the chemical shift increased to approximately 172.0 ppm at 25 degrees C, indicating an orientation of [13C]leucinate in orlistat closer to the aqueous interface of vesicles, i.e., more surface oriented. In all systems there was a modest downfield increase in chemical shift as the temperature was raised from 5 degrees to 46 degrees C. When small amounts of [13C]orlistat (1% relative to the emulsion mass) were incorporated into microemulsions, the chemical shift was identical to that in the unilamellar vesicles indicating a surface-like orientation of [13C]orlistat. However, when 3% was incorporated, two peaks appeared, one related to the surface at about 172 ppm, and one related to the core at about 171.65 ppm. Thus, orlistat first partitions into the surface and then when the surface is saturated, it moves into the more hydrophobic core. The fact that the two pools can be resolved using 13C NMR spectroscopy indicates a modestly slow exchange between the core and surface pools. Thus, the potent lipase inhibitor orlistat is ideally situated in the surface layer of emulsion particles and membranes for interaction with enzymes that superficially bind to such surfaces.
Identification of Las2, a major modifier gene affecting the Pas1 mouse lung tumor susceptibility locus.

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Here, we describe a genome-wide association study of chemically induced lung tumorigenesis on 593 mice from 21 inbred strains using 115,904 genotyped and 1,952,918 imputed single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Using a genetic background–controlled genome search, we identified a novel lung tumor susceptibility gene Las2 (Lung adenoma susceptibility 2) on distal chromosome 18. Las2 showed strong association with resistance to tumor induction (rs30245983; P = 1.87 × 10−9) as well as epistatic interactions (P = 1.71 × 10−3) with the pulmonary adenoma susceptibility 1 locus, a major locus affecting mouse lung tumor development (rs13459098, P = 5.64 × 10−27). Sequencing analysis revealed four nonsynonymous SNPs and two insertions/deletions in the susceptible allele of Las2, resulting in the loss of tumor suppressor activities in both cell colony formation and nude mouse tumorigenicity assays. Deletion of LAS2 was observed in ∼40% of human lung adenocarcinomas, implying that loss of function of LAS2 may be a key step for lung tumorigenesis. [Cancer Res 2009;69(15):6290–8]
MO-D-AUD A-03: Outcome-Driven Automated Treatment Planning

Rapid advances in functional and biological imaging, predictive assays and our understanding of the treatment responses herald the coming of the long‐sought goal of implementing biologically based radiation therapy in the clinic. Until now, the practice of RT has been based on the premise that effective treatments require the delivery of uniform radiationdoses to all target volumes. However, the uniform‐dose approach only yields the best possible tumorcontrol for the implausible situation in which all regions of the tumor have exactly the same biological characteristics and sensitivities to radiation. Theoretical studies and the accumulated clinical data strongly suggest that the treatment plans designed to exploit patient‐ and tumor‐specific biological features will substantially improve treatment outcomes. Biologically based treatment planning (BBTP) use dose response models to estimate biological responses for a dose distribution and/or a fractionation schedule. There have been at least two commercial BBTP systems available for clinical use. A variety of dose response models and quantities (e.g., the generalized equivalent uniform dose (gEUD), Poisson cell killing, serial and parallel complication models, and Lyman‐Kutcher‐Burman model) along with a series of organ‐specific model parameters are included in these systems to calculate TCP, NTCP and EUD. Experience with these commercial and non‐commercial planning systems has shown that the appropriate use of biological‐model based cost functions can generate plans with similar target coverage but with better normal tissue sparing or equivalent plans but with much smaller number of iterations, as compared to the use of physical (dose‐based) cost functions. Because of these and other anticipated benefits, we believe that the use of biological models in treatment planning process will become popular in the near future. However, it is also evident that, due to various limitations, such as the limitations of models and available model parameters, the incomplete understanding of dose responses, and the inadequate clinical data, the use of biologically models for treatment planning can be potentially dangerous. In addition, the models can also be used simply to evaluate treatment plans. Some aspects of the models may be unintuitive and their correct interpretation and use as planning indices may not be straightforward. Biologically based planning represents a paradigm shift. There will be a steep learning curve for most clinical physicists/planners to understand how, when and why biological models do and/or do not work. To address these issues, AAPM has recently established a task group (TG166). This talk will provide an overview for the development of biologically‐based treatment planning. Initial experience of using a commercial BBTP system will be discussed. Educational Objectives: 1. Understand the basic and limitations of using dose‐response models in treatment planning. 2. Understand dosimetrical differences between biologically based and physical dose based treatment plan optimization and evaluation.
Nesfatin-1 crosses the blood-brain barrier without saturation.

Abstract Nesfatin-1 is an 82 amino acid peptide that suppresses food intake after intracerebroventricular injection. Nesfatin-1 and its precursor NUCB2 were identified by subtraction cloning in cell lines of both neuronal and adipocytic origin. This provides a strong basis for studies to determine how peripherally derived nesfatin-1 permeates the blood–brain barrier (BBB) to participate in its CNS actions and whether pharmacological delivery by the peripheral route is feasible. In this study, nesfatin-1 remained stable in blood at least 20 min after intravenous injection and permeated the BBB by a non-saturable mechanism. The influx rate of nesfatin-1 after intravenous delivery was 0.27 ± 0.11 μl/g-min, and 0.3% of nesfatin-1 reached brain parenchyma 10 min after injection. The lack of saturation of influx was shown by use of excess unlabeled nesfatin-1 in multiple-time regression analysis, capillary depletion, and in situ brain perfusion. After intracerebroventricular injection, nesfatin-1 had a half-time disappearance of 23.8 min, which was not significantly different from that of albumin. This indicates that nesfatin-1 exited the brain by bulk absorption of cerebrospinal fluid without a specific efflux transport system. We conclude that the permeation of nesfatin-1 is a non-saturable process in either the blood-to-brain or brain-to-blood direction. Thus, the limited penetration under physiological conditions does not limit the pharmacological delivery of this satiety peptide as a potential therapeutic agent.
Limits to Policy Reversal: Privatization in India

We examine the eect of regime change on privatization using the 2004 election surprise in India. In that election, the pro-reform BJP was un- expectedly defeated by a less reformist coalition. Government controlled companies that were being studied for complete privatization by the BJP dropped by 7.5 percent relative to private …rms. By contrast, government controlled …rms that were not being considered for privatization, or …rms that had already been fully privatized …rms, did not experience signi…cant drop relative to private …rms. Firms that the BJP had slated for de…nite future privatization experienced intermediate declines of approximately 3.5 percent. We interpret this as evidence consistent with investor belief of policy irreversibility in privatization, where reforms may reach a 'point of no return'beyond which future regimes have di¢ culty reversing those policies. Taking advantage of an 'intermediate'event where policies were expected to be more heavily in‡uenced by the communist party, we still …nd evidence consistent with policy irreversibility. (JEL:Fill in)
Employers and AIDS: Dealing with the Psychological and Emotional Issues of AIDS in the Workplace

HIV/AIDS is a major health problem which is increasingly affecting the workplace. It is a disease which impacts people during their employment years. The Centers for Disease Control believes that every U.S. employer will eventually have at least one employee with AIDS. Employers will probably deal more with the mental health aspects than the physical health aspects of AIDS.This article examines the organic (AIDS Dementia Complex) and the emotional psychological aspects of AIDS, reviews the employer's and manager's responsibilities in regard to AIDS, and suggests actions that can be taken to assist employees with AIDS, their families, co-workers, and the organization.
Electrically-pumped, single-epitaxial VCSELs at 1.55 /spl mu/m with Sb-based mirrors

Electrically-pumped, Sb-based vertical-cavity lasers operating at 1.55 µm and produced in a single epitaxial growth have been demonstrated. These lasers, which employ AlGaAsSb mirrors and an AlInGaAs-based active region, have room temperature threshold current densities of 1.4 kA/cm2 and an external quantum efficiency of ~18%.
Bringing yoga therapy into mainstream health care: lessons from the Cleveland Clinic and their relationship to emotional well-being.

The occurrence of chronic and debilitating diseases is rapidly on the rise, and chronic stress has gained a permanent foothold in our culture and life style. Health care costs are steadily and precipitously increasing and are having a deleterious effect on our pocket books and our society's health. These problems are persistent and insidious. What is being done to stop these conditions in their tracks and to enhance the quality of life for those suffering from them? One response is the recognition of preventative therapies as a viable solution to some of these concerns. The system of yoga, in all its forms, is beginning to play a crucial role in healthcare service delivery. The growing body of empirical research suggests that yoga works, but is that enough?
Chapter 20 Establishment and Characterization of Intestinal Epithelial Cell Cultures

Publisher Summary The chapter discusses various methods for establishment and characterization of intestinal epithelial cell cultures. Suspensions of isolated intestinal epithelial cells, minimally contaminated by mesenchymal and plasma elements, are relatively easy to obtain and represent an obvious source of cells for primary culture. The chapter discusses the establishment of intestinal epithelial cell lines (IEC cells). The general approach used is to maintain whole fragments of tissue floating near the surface of the culture medium (containing 100–200 μg/ml collagenase) while slowly releasing cells, which are then found, attached to the surface of the dish. During the first 2 months in culture, and until pure epithelioid colonies are selected with cloning cylinders, the presence of a small amount of collagenase (20–50 μg/ml) is required in the culture medium. For characterization, the IEC cells have the typical morphologic appearance of epithelioid cells in culture. They have a large, centrally located nucleus, and grow as tightly packed colonies of polygonal cells. Most aspects of the regulation of IEC cell proliferation are still undefined. Preliminary results suggest that these cells possess a number of intriguing regulatory properties.