cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
TRIENNIAL GROWTH SYMPOSIUM: A novel pathway for vitamin D-mediated phosphate homeostasis: Implications for skeleton growth and mineralization

Systemic factors that ultimately af- fect skeletal growth involve interrelationships among Ca, parathyroid hormone (PTH), and conversion of 25- OH vitamin D3 to the active hormone, 1α,25-(OH)2D3. These interrelationships, with a focus on mechanisms that affect Ca homeostasis, are referred to as the Ca, PTH, and vitamin D axis. Relatively little research has focused on these interrelationships and P homeostasis. In the past decade, discovery of a previously unrecog- nized hormone involved in a pathway for P homeosta- sis offers opportunities to improve P efficiency without compromising skeletal growth and animal well-being. The objective of this review was to summarize pivotal research discoveries that led to the current understand- ing of the roles of fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) in P homeostasis that are independent from the well- described pathways involved with Ca homeostasis. The novel pathways are referred to as the FGF23, P, and vitamin D axis. The peptide, FGF23, directly affects P homeostasis via action on renal target tissues to regu- late Na-P transport proteins and renal 25(OH)D 3-1α hydroxylase activity. Identification of bone as the pri- mary site for FGF23 production ascribes an endocrine gland function to bone. Within 9 h after a single injec- tion of recombinant FGF23, mice displayed hypophos- phatemia and urinary P wasting. In contrast, FGF23 knockout mice displayed hyperphosphatemia and renal P conservation. These responses were independent of PTH. Applications of the FGF23, P, and vitamin D axis in dietary strategies for animal agriculture need to be explored. Development of dietary inputs to balance both Ca and P homeostasis are needed to improve skel- etal growth and nutrient efficiency.
The Measurement of Heat and the Scope of Carnot's Principle

Synopsis.---This paper outlines a symmetric form of exposition of the principles of thermodynamics made possible through recognizing on a parity from the outset the two kinds of conservation naturally called after Black and Carnot, each of which is physically valid under proper conditions, and which lead to the energy and entropy scales of measurement of heat; thus exhibiting both of these, together with the thermodynamic scale of temperature, as calorimetric concepts. In the two parts of the paper are given respectively an experimental and a deductive treatment.In part I. the experimental meaning of conservation is considered in terms of certain conditions of consistency; first in connection with single-temperature transfers of heat, where those conditions underlie the uniqueness of meaning of an arbitrary scale of heat for various temperatures; second in connection with passages of heat between bodies at different temperatures, which reveal the dual nature of a quantity of heat, here illustrated by some analogies.In part II. are investigated the deductive consequences of Carnot's hypothesis of the universal ratio of efficiency. With only the single-temperature conservation of heat assumed to be known experimentally (probably the mildest basis on which this principle is intelligible), it is shown that there follows practically the entire theory of reversible thermodynamics, in particular the existence of thermal energy and entropy and the equivalence of thermal energy and work.
Standing cystourethrogram: an outcome measure after anti-incontinence procedures and cystocele repair in women

Objectives. To evaluate the standing voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG) with lateral views as an outcome measure to objectively document the correction of the urethral angle and cystocele in women who underwent various types of pelvic surgery. Methods. A control group of 76 continent patients was selected who had VCUGs performed for indications other than incontinence. Patients with preoperative and postoperative VCUGs after anterior vaginal wall suspension for urethral hypermobility and grade 1 or 2 cystocele (UH group) or repair of grade 3 cystocele (C group) were selected and compared with age-matched controls from the control group. Results. Among the control group, the mean ± SD urethral angle at rest was 12.5° ± 13.1° and the urethral angle at straining was 24.7° ± 15.6° (P <0.001). The urethral angle at rest increased significantly from women in their 20s to their 80s. In the UH group (n = 52), the preoperative mean urethral angle at rest and at straining was 25.7° ± 13.6° and 42.6° ± 15.9°, respectively, a difference of approximately 20°. The postoperative urethral angles at rest and at straining did not statistically differ from those of the age-matched controls. In the C group (n = 36), the postoperative urethral angle at rest did not statistically differ from that of the age-matched controls. The lateral height of the cystocele demonstrated significant improvement in the UH and C groups. Conclusions. The standing VCUG is a reproducible outcome measure to preoperatively and postoperatively document the urethral angle. Using age-matched controls, a more objective definition of urethral hypermobility was obtained. Changes in cystocele height were observed postoperatively with a return to comparable age-matched control values.
Optical Properties of Antiferromagnetic Chromium and Dilute Cr-Mn and Cr-Re Alloys

The antiferromagnetic energy gap and optical properties of single crystals of Cr and of Cr alloyed with 0.45, 0.94, 2.5, and 4.5% Mn and with 1.05 and 2.0% Re have been investigated by measuring the optical absorption over a photon energy range of 0.08-5 eV. The data were taken at 4.2 K by a calorimetric technique. It is found that at 4.2 K, approximately 1% Mn or Re will cause commensurate antiferromagnetic ordering, and the energy gap shifts abruptly from 0.13 to 0.36 eV near this concentration of diluent. Evidence is given for indirect transitions occurring across a double energy gap in the noncommensurate samples, and the results are explained in terms of a band model. The widths of the absorption peak and the peak in ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{2}$ in the commensurate samples are discussed in terms of a gap anisotropy and impurity broadening. Optical absorption peaks near 1, 2, and 3.4 eV are associated with direct interband transitions originating from the $N_{1}^{\ensuremath{'}}$, $\ensuremath{\Gamma}_{25}^{\ensuremath{'}}$, and ${P}_{4}$ symmetry points, with a contribution to the 1-eV absorption from transitions from the Fermi surface to the flat unoccupied band extending through ${N}_{4}$, ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{12}$, ${P}_{3}$, and $H_{25}^{\ensuremath{'}}$.
The Relation Between Caries Prevalence and Strontium Concentrations in Drinking Water, Plaque, and Surface Enamel

Samples of plaque and surface enamel were collected from 80 boys aged 14 years living in five communities in Ohio (USA). Mean (± SE) strontium concentrations in plaque were 1.43 ± 0.18 μg/g (wet) and 12.34 ± 1.63 μg/g (dry). For surface enamel, the mean concentration was 421 ± 31 μg Srlg. Concentrations of strontium in both plaque and enamel were significantly related to strontium levels in the drinking water. Caries prevalence as DMFS was inversely related to strontium levels in water, plaque, and enamel.
PSC: protein surface classification

We recently proposed to classify proteins by their functional surfaces. Using the structural attributes of functional surfaces, we inferred the pairwise relationships of proteins and constructed an expandable database of protein surface classification (PSC). As the functional surface(s) of a protein is the local region where the protein performs its function, our classification may reflect the functional relationships among proteins. Currently, PSC contains a library of 1974 surface types that include 25,857 functional surfaces identified from 24,170 bound structures. The search tool in PSC empowers users to explore related surfaces that share similar local structures and core functions. Each functional surface is characterized by structural attributes, which are geometric, physicochemical or evolutionary features. The attributes have been normalized as descriptors and integrated to produce a profile for each functional surface in PSC. In addition, binding ligands are recorded for comparisons among homologs. PSC allows users to exploit related binding surfaces to reveal the changes in functionally important residues on homologs that have led to functional divergence during evolution. The substitutions at the key residues of a spatial pattern may determine the functional evolution of a protein. In PSC (http://pocket.uchicago.edu/psc/), a pool of changes in residues on similar functional surfaces is provided.
Novel mechanism of antidepressant action: norepinephrine and dopamine disinhibition (NDDI) plus melatonergic agonism.

All known antidepressants enhance monoamine neurotransmission, and most do so by blocking one or more of the reuptake transporters for serotonin, norepinephrine and/or dopamine (Stahl, 2000). Now comes agomelatine, a new agent that enhances norepinephrine and dopamine neurotransmission by a unique mechanism, namely 5-HT2C antagonism (Millan et al., 2003; Millan, 2005). Agomelatine is also a direct agonist at melatonin 1 (MT1) and MT2 receptors and a 5-HT2B antagonist (Millan et al., 2003).
Fusion-mediated transfer of triazine-resistant chloroplasts: Characterization of Nicotiana tabacum cybrid plants

Terbutryn-resistant plastids of the Nicotiana plumbaginifolia TBR2 mutant were introduced into N. tabacum plants by protoplast fusion following X-irradiation of TBR2 protoplasts. The N. tabacum chloroplast recipient line, SR1-A15, carried mutant (albino) plastids. Following protoplast fusion, potential cybrid cell lines with an N. tabacum (SR1-A15) nucleus and N. plumbaginifolia (TBR2) chloroplasts were identified by their green color. The presence of TBR2 plastids in regenerated green N. tabacum plants was confirmed by hybridization with a chloroplast DNA probe and by the modified chloroplast fluorescence transients characteristic of the TBR2 mutant. Cybrid plants were resistant to high levels of atrazine (10 kg/ha). The protruding stigma and shorter than normal filaments of the cybrids resulted in male sterility. In the cybrids atrazine resistance was associated with reduced vigour, suggesting a causal relationship.
Bond graph models for electrochemical energy storage : electrical, chemical and thermal effects

Abstract Bond graph models for chemical kinetics are extended to electrochemical systems. Although many electrochemical systems can be considered to function in a constant temperature environment, high-power energy storage systems, such as electric vehicle batteries, undergo drastic changes in temperature in operation. Therefore the bond graph models are also extended to couple with thermal models driven by energy dissipation of a chemical or electrical nature. Electrochemical-thermal bond graph models are readily coupled to standard bond graph models for electrical and mechanical components of an overall system such as an electric vehicle.
Scleroderma of the face with involvement of the alveolar process

Abstract A case of linear scleroderma is reported in which the involved area corresponded roughly to the terminal distribution of the fifth nerve. There was a definite intraoral involvement in the region of the maxillary left first incisor. This consisted of a scarlike appearance of the oral mucosa which covered a depression in the alveolar process. The maxillary left first incisor was unerupted although the development of this tooth, as judged by x-ray studies, was comparable to that of the normally erupted maxillary right first incisor. It is believed the retention of the left first incisor resulted from alveolar involvement due to scleroderma.
Chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection of natural killer cells presenting as severe skin reaction to mosquito bites.

5. Tighe H, Takabayashi K, Schwartz D, Van Nest G, Tuck S, Eiden JJ, et al. Conjugation of immunostimulatory DNA to the short ragweed allergen Amb a 1 enhances its immunogenicity and reduces its allergenicity. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2000;106:124-34. 6. Tulic MK, Fiset PO, Christodoulopoulos P, Vaillancourt P, Desrosiers M, Lavigne F, et al. Amb a 1-immunostimulatory oligodeoxynucleotide conjugate immunotherapy decreases the nasal inflammatory response. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2004;113:235-41. FIG 8. In situ hybridization for TLR9 mRNA–positive cells in sections of patients receiving placebo (A) or the ragweed CpG DNA vaccine for immunotherapy (B).
Efficient targeted key subset retrieval in fractal hash sequences

This paper presents a new hash chain traversal strategy which improves performance of hash chain based one-time authentication schemes. This work is motivated by the need for efficient message authentication in low-latency multicast systems. Proposed solutions such as TV-OTS rely on hash chain generated values for keys, achieving reliable security by using only a small subset of generated values from each chain. However, protocols using hash chains are limited by the rate at which a hash chain traversal is able to supply keys. The new algorithm uses the same structure as Fractal Hash Traversal, but eliminates redundant operations incurred when used with applications such as TV-OTS. Performance is measured in terms of savings and is proportional to the chain-distance between consecutively retrieved values. For a distance of delta, we achieve Theta(delta_2(delta)) savings, which is shown analytically and supported by empirical tests.
Obstructive sleep apnea: Treatment algorithms

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common disease in the United States, with a 4% prevalence in men and a 2% prevalence in women. Three principal options are available to treat patients with OSA: behavioral modifications, devices that can be worn, and surgical options. All causes of sleepiness and physiologic and anatomic airway obstruction should be identified initially, including nonobstructive causes for sleep disturbance. A treatment plan can be individualized based on patient preference, anatomy, and severity of apnea. Overall, surgical treatment for obstructive sleep apnea can achieve a good result and resolution of symptoms in a high percentage of patients who are appropriately selected and who will follow the surgical treatment plan to its conclusion.
Evaluation of ABT-751 against childhood cancer models in vivo

Objective ABT-751 is a novel antimitotic agent that binds tubulin at the colchicine binding site. ABT-751 is undergoing Phase I trials in children, but has not been evaluated against a range of pediatric tumor models in vivo.
Polarization and correlation effects in elastic electron-Li2 scattering.

The complex Kohn method is used to calculate elastic electron-Li[sub 2] scattering cross sections. The effect of including target correlation and polarization is systematically investigated. Various levels of [ital ab] [ital initio] treatment of the target ground and excited states are shown to have a major influence on the resulting scattering cross section for energies below 1 eV. Comparisions are made with previous calculations and experiment.
A low-cost, low-temperature radiometer for thermal measurements

We have developed an inexpensive, compact radiometer for in situ measurement of low levels of flux in the far infrared. It utilizes a Winston cone fabricated cheaply using a boring tool and standard commercial thermometers as sensors. Its form is similar to bolometers which have long been used for sensitive astronomical infrared measurements. By relaxing the sensitivity and response times the radiometers can be made much less costly. The sensitivity varies with the operating temperature, but at 20 K the measured resolution is better than 0.01 microwatt per cm2, equivalent to the heat from a low emissivity blanket at 30 K or a high emissivity surface at just 1 K hotter than the radiometer held at 20 K. The Winston cone provides a directional signal, excluding sources that are outside the acceptance cone (11 degree halfangle in this case) by more than a factor of 1000). The intended use is to measure the in-situ properties of aluminized Kapton at low T and to look for heat leaks and reflected flux in low temperature thermal vacuum systems.
Transformation of mouse cells by K-papovavirus.

Abstract K virus-transformed mouse cells were obtained from cultures of infected lungs. Transformed cells had the following properties generally associated with viral transformation: (a) altered morphology, (b) “immortality,” (c) ability to form colonies in soft agar medium, (d) synthesis of a virus-specific intranuclear antigen detectable by either complement-fixation or fluorescent antibody tests. The nuclear antigen was relatively labile when heated at 56° for 30 min; evidence obtained indicated that it was not virion antigen. Cells cloned in the presence of K virus antiserum retained the capacity to synthesize the nuclear antigen. One line of transformed cells from C57 mice did not produce tumors when transplanted into syngeneic animals. The other line from Balb-c mice produced tumors in newborn or X-irradiated mice. Both lines were negative for infectious virus.
Hemolytic anemia of owl monkeys: red blood cell lipid alterations.

The owl monkey (Aotus trivirgatus), a species of New World monkey repre- sented by several different karyotypes, develops hemolytic anemia in captivity. Susceptibil- ity to anemia varies as a function of karyotype, and the hemolytic process responds to vitamin E. Since the plasma concentration of vitamin E in these owl monkeys was normal, it was hypothesized that the anemia may reflect a lipid abnormality in the red blood cell (RBC) membrane which was stabilized by supplemental tocopherol and that the basic RBC lipids would differ as a function of owl monkey karyotype. To test this hypothesis the RBC membrane cholesterol, phospholipid, fatty acids, and free cholesterol to phospholipid ratio (FCIPL) were compared between (a) anemic and nonanemic owl monkeys, (b) owl monkeys of different karyotypes, and (c) between different primate species. As a species, the owl monkey exhibited a unique RBC phospholipid profile, having reduced proportions of phos- phatidylserine (PS) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and more phosphatidylcholine (PC) and sphingomyelin (Sph) when compared to other primates, including man. As a function of karyotype, owl monkeys of karyotype VI (anemia resistant) had a normal polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) profile in RBC phospholipids and less RBC membrane cholesterol con- tributing to a normal FC/PL ratio, whereas RBCs from susceptible and overtly anemic owl monkeys revealed low levels of PUFA and increased RBC membrane cholesterol that led to an elevated FC/PL ratio. The etiology of these lipid alterations and their association with anemia remains to be elucidated.
Improving Productivity in a Service Business Evidence from the Hotel Industry

Achieving increased productivity remains an important issue with many service firms. Therefore, the objective of this study was to gain insights as to how managers can improve the productivity of their service businesses. The context of the study was the hotel industry, in which the authors examined empirically the impact of labor and capital as well as selected strategic and organizational inputs on the dollar value added by the hotel. They found that regardless of hotel size, value added rose significantly with an increasing number of employees. Expanding the number of rooms available for sale as well as upscale positioning generated significantly greater value added for medium-sized hotels. The value added by large hotels was significantly enhanced when they were managed by a branded management company and were company owned. Constant returns to scale characterized the hotels. Relative to capital inputs, labor accounted for the bulk of value added.
Blood pressure elevation in pregnancy.

Abstract The hypertensive disorders of pregnancy remain major health problems. Blood pressure elevation in pregnancy may be associated with a number of disorders, the most common being preeclampsia-eclampsia, essential hypertension, and chronic parenchymal renal disease. The etiology of preeclampsia-eclampsia continues to be a subject of argument and research. This condition is characterized clinically by hypertension, proteinurea, and edema occurring after the 24th wk of pregnancy and is characterized pathophysiologically by salt and water retention, increased vascular reactivity, and possibly by slow intravascular coagulation. Clinical management continues to be based on rest, sedation, mild salt restriction, osmotic diuresis, and anticonvulsants. Magnesium sulfate or combinations of hydralazine and veratrum alkaloids are used for acute control of blood pressure. Pregnancy is usually well tolerated by patients with mild essential hypertension but can be associated with superimposed preeclampsia-eclampsia, abruptio placentae, and increased fetal mortality in patients with severe hypertension. Standard antihypertensive agents are used to manage blood pressure in such patients with the exceptions of reserpine, which causes increased fetal respiratory tract secretions, and guanethidine, which causes marked postural hypotension in the pregnant subject. A subgroup of patients have been identified who develop blood pressure elevation in late pregnancy that remits within 10 days after delivery. Persistence of hypertension beyond this period calls for evaluation of secondary causes of hypertension and appropriate therapy.
A Question of Scale: Networks, Systems, and Practice

What does the Ford mass-production story have to do with the history of computing? Everything. More than half a century before Toyota's just-in-time inventory captured hearts and minds around the industrial world, Ford was using state-of-the-art information technology to implement a system of networked manufacturing. Historians of computing should continue to produce work about work, particularly work in the predigital age. Practice matters.
Status and applications of cryogenic detectors

An overview of the actual technical status and achievements of different types of cryogenic detectors is given. Typical applications in several fields are discussed with emphasis put on appropriate nuclear experiments for the planned Princeton facility. The possibility of implementation in low temperature nuclear orientation experiments will be explored.
A 15 MHz 32-channel flash ADC FASTBUS board for use at LEP

The design and performance of a single-width multilayer FASTBUS board for digitization of electromagnetic calorimeter data at LEP are described. The board consists of 32 channels of flash analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) clocked at 15 MHz. The digitized data are filtered through a zero-suppression circuit, stored in a buffer memory, and then reformatted using an onboard microprocessor. The microprocessor allows calibration tasks such as pedestal monitoring and linearity/relative gain measurements to be performed efficiently. >
Left Pulmonary Artery from Ascending Aorta in Tetralogy of Fallot

Reported is the first surgically corrected case of tetralogy of Fallot with anomalous origin of the left pulmonary artery from the ascending aorta. The diagnosis of origin of the left pulmonary artery from the aorta depends on an aortogram, but clinical hints are increased vascularity in the left lung compared with the right lung and a continuous murmur. In tetralogy of Fallot, when there is late filling of the left pulmonary artery after a right ventricular cineangiogram, anomalous origin of the left pulmonary artery should be suspected and confirmed by an aortogram. Differentiation from complete absence of the left pulmonary artery, which is also often associated with tetralogy of Fallot, is possible by chest roentgenogram.
Necrotizing fasciitis: a deadly infection

Necrotizing fasciitis (NF) is a life-threatening condition, consisting of a soft-tissue infection with rapidly progressive, widespread fascial necrosis. NF may be caused by a wide variety of microbes. Indeed, NF may be an infection of one species of bacteria or may be polymicrobial. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are essential. Surgical debridement and antibiotic therapy are the primary treatment options.
Relationships between nonword repetition accuracy and other measures of linguistic development in children with phonological disorders

A growing body of research has documented effects of phonotactic probability on young children's nonword repetition. This study extends this research in 2 ways. First, it compares nonword repetitio...
Expanding the point: automatic enlargement of presentation video elements

We present a system that assists users in viewing videos of lectures on small screen devices, such as cell phones. It automatically identifies semantic units on the slides, such as bullets, groups of bullets, and images. As the participant views the lecture, the system magnifies the appropriate semantic unit while it is the focus of the discussion. The system makes this decision based on cues from laser pointer gestures and spoken words that are read off the slide. It then magnifies the semantic element using the slide image and the homography between the slide image and the video frame. Experiments suggest that the semantic units of laser-based events identified by our algorithm closely match those identified by humans. In the case of identifying bullets through spoken words, results are more limited but are a good starting point for more complex methods. Finally, we show that this kind of magnification has potential for improving learning of technical content from video lectures when the resolution of the video is limited, such as when being viewed on hand held devices.
Ultrastructure of American foulbrood disease pathogenesis in larvae of the worker honey bee, Apis mellifera

Abstract Using electron microscopy, the pathogenesis of American foulbrood disease was followed from ingestion of Bacillus larvae spores by young, susceptible honey bee larvae to death of the host and sporulation of the pathogen. Interaction between the host peritrophic membrane and B. larvae vegetatives is described. Phagocytosis was demonstrated to be a mechanism of entry of pathogen into host midgut cells. No evidence of enzymatic digestion of peritrophic membrane or host-cell microvilli was found during the initial interaction of pathogen and host midgut cell, although eventual lysis of host gut cells may have been the result of enzymatic activity. Following entry of bacteria into the hemocoel, host death resulted from systemic bacteremia.
Dynamic Threshold Method Based Aircraft Engine Sensor Fault Diagnosis

It is challenging to have a good fault diagnostic scheme that can distinguish between model uncertainties and occurrence of faults, which helps in reducing false alarms and missed detections. In this paper, a dynamic threshold algorithm is developed for aircraft engine sensor fault diagnosis that accommodates parametric uncertainties. Using the robustness analysis of parametric uncertain systems, we generate upper-and-lower bound trajectories for the dynamic threshold. The extent of parametric uncertainties is assumed to be such that the perturbed eigenvalues reside in a set of distinct circular regions. Dedicated observer scheme is used for engine sensor fault diagnosis design. The residuals are errors between estimated state variables from a bank of Kalman filters. With this design approach, the residual crossing the upper-and-lower bounds of the dynamic threshold indicates the occurrence of fault. Application to an aircraft gas turbine engine Component Level Model clearly illustrates the improved performance of the proposed method.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Formation of hydroxyapatite coating using novel chemo-biomimetic method.

A novel chemo-biomimetic method was developed to deposit hydroxyapatite (HA), simulating the porous nano-scale structure and chemical composition of natural bone. Electrochemical activation in NaOH solution, a prerequisite process to heterogeneously nucleate hydroxyapatite in this investigation, creates nano-scale porous structure on the surface of Ti6Al4V alloy. XPS analysis confirmed that the surface of activated Ti6Al4V substrate converted to TiO2 during activation, existing in the form of hydrated TiO2. Benefiting from the biocompatible top-layer of hydrated TiO2 and the favorable alkaline surface chemistry created through the electrochemical activation, the HA coating nucleates heterogeneously and grows continuously on the activated substrate resembling the nano-scale porous bone-like structure. The coating was characterized using XRD, SEM/FESEM/EDX, TEM and FTIR, and was confirmed as pure hydroxyapatite. A coating thickness of 50 μm was achieved, which is preferable and acceptable for medical implant application to promote bone ingrowth, thus enhancing fixation and biocompatibility of implant surface.
KiSS-1 Represses 92-kDa Type IV Collagenase Expression by Down-regulating NF-κB Binding to the Promoter as a Consequence of IκBα-induced Block of p65/p50 Nuclear Translocation *

The 92-kDa type IV collagenase (MMP-9) plays a critical role in tissue remodeling. We undertook a study to determine whether the KiSS-1 gene, previously shown to suppress cancer spread (metastases), negatively regulates MMP-9 expression. Six cell lines positive for MMP-9 mRNA were deficient in KiSS-1 mRNA. One of these cell lines, HT-1080, stably transfected with a KiSS-1 expression construct, demonstrated substantially lower MMP-9 enzyme activity/protein and in vitro invasiveness. The lower MMP-9 enzyme activity reflected reduced steady-state mRNA levels which, in turn, was due to attenuated transcription. Activation of ERKs and JNKs by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate and tumor necrosis factor alpha, respectively, leading to increased MMP-9 amounts was not antagonized by KiSS-1 expression, suggesting that MAPK pathways modulating MMP-9 synthesis are not the target of KiSS-1. Although MMP-9 expression is regulated by AP-1, Sp1, and Ets transcription factors, KiSS-1 did not alter the binding of these factors to the MMP-9 promoter. However, NF-kappaB binding to the MMP-9 promoter required for expression of this collagenase was reduced by KiSS-1 expression. Diminished NF-kappaB binding reflected less p50/p65 in the nucleus secondary to increased IkappaBalpha levels in the cytosols of the KiSS-1 transfectants. Thus, KiSS-1 diminishes MMP-9 expression by effecting reduced NF-kappaB binding to the promoter.
Experimental method to account for structural compliance in nanoindentation measurements

The standard Oliver–Pharr nanoindentation analysis tacitly assumes that the specimen is structurally rigid and that it is both semi-infinite and homogeneous. Many specimens violate these assumptions. We show that when the specimen flexes or possesses heterogeneities, such as free edges or interfaces between regions of different properties, artifacts arise in the standard analysis that affect the measurement of hardness and modulus. The origin of these artifacts is a structural compliance (Cs), which adds to the machine compliance (Cm), but unlike the latter, Cs can vary as a function of position within the specimen. We have developed an experimental approach to isolate and remove Cs. The utility of the method is demonstrated using specimens including (i) a silicon beam, which flexes because it is supported only at the ends, (ii) sites near the free edge of a fused silica calibration standard, (iii) the tracheid walls in unembedded loblolly pine (Pinus taeda), and (iv) the polypropylene matrix in a polypropylene–wood composite.
Aneurysm of a saphenous vein bypass graft associated with aneurysms of native coronary arteries

Aneurysm formation in saphenous vein aortocoronary bypass grafts is an extremely rare complication of coronary artery bypass surgery. Aneurysms of native coronary arteries are found in a small percentage of patients at autopsy. Reported is a case with multiple coronary artery aneurysms in which a dissecting aneurysm of the saphenous vein bypass graft also developed following coronary artery bypass surgery. This is the first report of such association.
Stress failure of pulmonary capillaries as a mechanism for exercise induced pulmonary haemorrhage in the horse

Exercise induced pulmonary haemorrhage (EIPH) is a serious problem in the Thoroughbred industry. The condition apparently occurs essentially in all Thoroughbreds in training but the mechanism has proved elusive. There is now strong evidence that the condition is caused by mechanical failure of the walls of the pulmonary capillaries when the pressure inside them rises to very high levels. It is well known that pulmonary capillaries have extremely thin walls to allow rapid exchange of respiratory gases across them. Recently we have shown that the wall stresses are very large when the capillary transmural pressure is raised, and in anesthetised rabbits, ultrastructural damage to the walls is seen at pressures of 40 mmHg and above. The incidence of stress failure is greatly increased at high lung volumes; and many of the ultrastructural changes are rapidly reversible when the capillary pressure is reduced. The principal forces acting on the capillary have been analysed. The strength of the thin part of the capillary wall can be attributed to the Type IV collagen in the extracellular matrix. The pulmonary vascular pressures of galloping Thoroughbreds reach very high levels. Mean pulmonary artery and left atrial pressures of up to 120 and 70 mmHg respectively have been directly measured with indwelling catheters. The reason for the high pulmonary vascular pressures is that these animals have been selectively bred over hundreds of years to run at great speeds over short distances and their maximal oxygen consumptions are very high. As a consequence, cardiac outputs are substantial, and the left ventricle needs very high filling pressures.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
FORMULATING HYPOTHESES: FACTOR STRUCTURE AND VALIDITY DATA

It was hypothesized that performance on the Formulating Hypotheses Test is related to the Induction, Sensitivity to Problems, Ideational Fluency, Spontaneous Flexibility, and Originality factors identified in previous research and to measures of creative achievement in the sciences. A factor analysis of reference tests for the above-named factors failed to identify any but Induction. Scores on Formulating Hypotheses had loadings of borderline significance on fluency and general information factors. No relationship was demonstrated between Formulating Hypotheses scores and grades of mechanical engineering students for courses stressing creative design.
Fitting strategy derived from strategic orientation to international contexts

The search for strategic fit within a market has become a core concept in strategy research. The issue of strategic fit is becoming increasingly important in international strategy as managers and academics explore the uniqueness of international markets. Unfortunately, during a time of open market diversity, many firms are driving toward a singular strategic orientation (i.e., market orientation), thus ignoring the underlying problems and criticisms with a standardized strategy, often resulting in suboptimal performance. A model highlighting the criteria necessary for fitting strategy to international contexts is developed. An empirical illustration is then used to examine the benefits of strategically fitting strategy to context. Finally, a process is provided to assist managers in the formation and implementation of their strategy. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Social implications of sexually transmitted cancer.

The long, tedious search for the causes of and cure for the human nemesis, cancer, has not resulted in one astounding breakthrough discovery. Instead, researchers have slowly and painstakingly made small inroads into the understanding of the way cell growth goes awry and becomes malignant, destroying tissues and, if unchecked, spreading to other organs of the body and eventually causing death. One of those inroads is the discovery that a cancer of the uterine cervix is almost certainly caused by a virus transmitted through sexual contact. This article presents the biological, clinical, and psychosocial aspects of cervical cancer. Cancer of the cervix usually is preceded by a slowly progressive preinvasive lesion, dysplasia, which can be detected by a screening test, the Papanicolaou smear, and effectively treated with organ-preserving local therapy. Because dysplasia and early invasive cancer usually develop in young women, the need for conservative management is of utmost importance to preserve a woman's...
Liberating Literacy Under Threat: Re‐reading James Moffett's Storm in the Mountains

James Moffett's Storm in the Mountains: A Case Study of Censorship, Conflict, and Consciousness remains as relevant today as it was when it was published in 1988 for those who want to understand the nature and sources of contemporary conflicts in American language and literacy education. Censors continue to try to restrict student access to ‘controversial’ texts in order to ‘protect’ them from ideas that challenge prevailing orthodoxies. Advocates of different approaches to teaching reading continue to argue over how to do so. And schools continue to struggle with conflicting values around opening up versus covering up ideas and issues. Moffett helps us recognize the source of these conflicts and his explanations enable us to understand their continuing relevance. Efforts to control children's interpretations of texts stems from what he calls agnosis, a fear of knowing about anything that might challenge the conventional conservative verities.
Conservation biology from the perspective of natural resource management disciplines

Although natural resource management encompasses a wide range of disciplines, those with the closest ties to conservation biology are the renewable resources: forestry, fisheries management, range management, and especially wildlife management. How do practitioners in these disciplines view conservation biology? Some describe conservation biology as being entirely different from their disciplines because it seems more focused on protection of selected species or ecosystems than on management of populations and habitats—the hallmark of the natural resource disciplines. Others insist conservation biology is the same as wildlife management. In our view the truth lies somewhere between these two perspectives. We base our view on >75 years of combined experience in the ecological sciences and the professional disciplines of wildlife, rangeland, and forest management. We remember well when the Society for Conservation Biology (SCB) was formed to advance the science, practice, and goals of conserving biological diversity. We were among the first members and have watched as the group matured into a full-fledged society with a membership and publications that are international in scope and reach. The field of conservation biology arose from the milieu of complex issues involving land, natural resources, and the future of the Earth’s biological diversity, as did natural resource disciplines. These shared origins mean conservation biology has much in common with the natural resource disciplines. Yet conservation biology now fills a distinct niche that plays a complementary role in the larger realm of applied biological sciences and conservation practice.
VALIDITY AND AUTOMATED SCORING: IT'S NOT ONLY THE SCORING

Early work on automated scoring predated the ready availability of mechanisms for inexpensively delivering computer-based tests and collecting responses. Hence, this work used responses to conventionally delivered tasks that had somehow been translated to machine-readable form. The necessity of operating in this manner focused attention initially on the empirical characteristics of automated scores. As the availability of computer-based testing environments grew it became possible to implement entire operational exams and, thus, to think broadly about the implications of automated scoring for validity. In this paper we argue that a comprehensive discussion of validity and automated scoring includes the interplay among construct definition and test and task design; examinee interface; tutorial; test development tools; automated scoring; and reporting—for in the development process these components affect one another. As modern validity theory postulates, the validation argument must, therefore, ideally provide not only empirical evidence of score relationships but also theoretical rationales to support a variety of design decisions. We further argue that the interdependency among computer-based test components provides a unique opportunity to greatly improve educational and occupational assessment.
Substance Abuse and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and substance use disorders (SUDs) frequently co-occur. Among individuals seeking treatment for SUDs, approximately 36% to 50% meet criteria for lifetime PTSD. The self-medication and susceptibility hypotheses are two of the hypotheses that have been proposed to help explain the etiological relationship between PTSD and SUDs. It is also possible that common factors, such as genetic, neurobiological, or environmental factors, contribute to the high rate of PTSD-SUD co-occurrence. Preliminary results from integrated psychotherapy approaches for the treatment of patients with both disorders show promise. This article reviews these and other advances in the study of comorbid PTSD and SUDs, and suggests areas for future work.
Transcription Start Site Evolution in Drosophila

Transcription start site (TSS) evolution remains largely undescribed in Drosophila, likely due to limited annotations in non-melanogaster species. In this study, we introduce a concise new method that selectively sequences from the 5'-end of mRNA and used it to identify TSS in four Drosophila species, including Drosophila melanogaster, D. simulans, D. sechellia, and D. pseudoobscura. For verification, we compared our results in D. melanogaster with known annotations, published 5'-rapid amplification of cDNA ends data, and with RNAseq from the same mRNA pool. Then, we paired 2,849 D. melanogaster TSS with its closest equivalent TSS in each species (likely to be its true ortholog) using the available multiple sequence alignments. Most of the D. melanogaster TSSs were successfully paired with an ortholog in each species (83%, 86%, and 55% for D. simulans, D. sechellia, and D. pseudoobscura, respectively). On the basis of the number and distribution of reads mapped at each TSS, we also estimated promoter-specific expression (PSE) and TSS peak shape, respectively. Among paired TSS orthologs, the location and promoter activity were largely conserved. TSS location appears important as PSE, and TSS peak shape was more frequently divergent among TSS that had moved. Unpaired TSS were surprisingly common in D. pseudoobscura. An increased mutation rate upstream of TSS might explain this pattern. We found an enrichment of ribosomal protein genes among diverged TSS, suggesting that TSS evolution is not uniform across the genome.
Interrater Reliability of the Technology Team Assessment Process

OBJECTIVE This study examined the interrater reliability of the Technology Team Assessment Process (TTAP). METHOD Students ages 9 to 12 years who have learning disabilities received a TTAP assessment, which was videotaped. Five independent raters trained in the assessment process observed the videotapes and rated each student with the TTAP recording forms. Additionally, each rater made specific assistive technology recommendations on the basis of his or her evaluation. RESULTS Intraclass correlation coefficients revealed that only one of four sections of the TTAP investigated had low to moderate interrater reliability for the students evaluated CONCLUSION The results of this study suggest that the TTAP, in its present form, cannot be used with confidence to assess students with learning disabilities and requires more extensive development and testing.
The Influence of Tourists' Characteristics on Ratings of Information Sources for an Attraction

Information sources about a product or service potentially affect a tourist's purchase decision. The characteristics of tourists influence the manner in which they search for, rate, and use information about tourism related products or services. The purpose of this paper is to determine the relationship between the characteristics of visitors to an attraction and information source importance ratings. It concludes that word-of-mouth information is rated most important, followed by past experience and other media sources. Additionally, several demographic and trip characteristics are related to rating of information sources, as are visitor motives.
Genetically crosslinked hemoglobin: a structural study.

The crystal structures of three recombinant human hemoglobins, rHb1.0, rHb1.1 and rHb1.2, have been determined in the deoxy state at 1.8 A resolution. Two of the three proteins, rHb1.1 and rHb1.2, contain a genetic fusion of the α subunits, a one- or two-glycine link, respectively, whereas rHb1.0 does not. The glycine crosslinks, localized between one N- and C-­termini pair of the α subunits in the deoxy crystalline state, do not perturb the overall tertiary or quaternary or even the local structure of hemoglobin. Therefore, genetic fusion to prevent the dissociation of the hemoglobin tetramer, thereby inhibiting renal clearance based upon molecular size, is a structurally conservative method to stabilize hemoglobin for use as an oxygen-delivery therapeutic.
Factors influencing endometrial cancer mortality: the Western Pennsylvania Registry

Background: Endometrial carcinoma is the most common cancer of the lower female genital tract in the USA. Various factors, including age, body mass index, race, disease stage, diabetes, histology, tumor grade and other comorbid conditions were associated with endometrial carcinoma mortality in previous case–control and cross-sectional studies not involving tumor registries. Cancer registries are important sources of data on endometrial cancer; however, they are rarely utilized in current research projects. The purpose of this study was to analyze factors associated with endometrial cancer mortality in the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) Magee Cancer Registry (PA, USA). Methods: Data were obtained from the UPMC cancer registry from 1996 to 2007. A total of 1614 cases were identified using the Honest Broker system at Magee Womens Hospital. Key factors involved in endometrial cancer mortality were identified through survival analysis. Results: Among the characteristics available from the cance...