cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Latent profiles of temperament and their relations to psychopathology and wellness.

ABSTRACT Objective: To test for empirically defined temperament phenotypes and to investigate their associations with psychopathology and wellness. Method: The sample included 447 children (259 boys, 188 girls; mean age 11.0 years) recruited for a family study in the northeastern United States. Temperament was measured with the Juvenile Temperament and Character Inventory, and indicators of wellness and psychopathology were assessed with the Child Behavior Checklist from both parents and the Teacher Report Form. Latent profiles analysis was performed with the resulting class membership serving as the dependent variables for multinomial regression analyses. Results: Latent profiles analysis identified three classes as the best fitting solution consisting of a moderate class that had average levels of all four traits, a steady class that had low novelty seeking and high persistence and a disengaged class that had higher novelty seeking and harm avoidance but lower reward dependence and persistence. Regressions demonstrated strong links between the steady class, higher functioning, and lower levels of psychopathology, whereas the disengaged class showed the opposite associations. These findings held across informants of psychopathology and wellness. Conclusions: Profile analyses of temperament may be illuminative in identifying children with similar constellations of traits across many dimensions. Membership in these groups appears to be strongly related to both positive and negative outcomes.
DIASTEREOSELECTIVE SYNTHESIS OF BICYCLOPROPANES

Abstract Diastereoselective cyclopropanation of a trans-substituted vinyl cyclopropane was studied. The stereochemistry of the major and minor isomers was assigned by diastereoselective synthesis of the two isomers.
Evaluating National Football League draft choices: The passing game

Abstract Recruiting competent personnel is crucial for the success of any organization, and especially in competitive sports, where the success of a team depends upon the quality of the players selected. This paper examines whether football executives are able to forecast who the most successful quarterbacks and wide receivers will be. Our data base is constructed from the NFL drafts between 1974 and 2005. We use a range of measures to determine the success of the players selected in the drafts, and conclude that, although their ability to rank the future performances of players is less than perfect, football executives are very successful at evaluating the talents of athletes. However, there was no evidence that teams which were more successful than others in drafting quarterbacks and wide receivers had a better overall success, as measured by their win-loss records.
Three-Dimensional Conduction Effects During Scribing with a CW Laser

A three-dimensio nal conduction model has been developed to predict the shape of the groove formed by partially evaporating the surface of a semi-infinite body using a moving Gaussian laser beam. The full three-dimensional conduction equation with relevant nonlinear boundary conditions is solved using the boundaryelement method, and results for groove depth and shape are compared for a variety of laser and solid parameters with a one-dimensional conduction model where conduction losses were treated in an approximate fashion using a simple integral method. As expected, it is observed that when thermal losses due to conduction are minor, the approximate one-dimensional conduction solution is very close to the three-dimensional solution (large laser scanning speeds, low thermal conductivity). The three-dimensional model is always able to predict the correct smooth groove shape along the centerplane TJ = 0. This cannot be predicted by the one-dimensional conduction model because of the neglected sideways conduction, leading to serious errors in the prediction of maximum groove depths.
TRIIODOTHYRONINE IN THE DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF HYPOTHYROIDISM: FAILURE TO DEMONSTRATE THE METABOLIC INSUFFICIENCY SYNDROME (CONTROLLED STUDY)

ABSTRACT This study fails to confirm the entity of metabolic insufficiency, in which patients are said to show symptoms suggesting hypothyroidism, a low basal metabolic rate, normal thyroid function by other tests, and a response to triiodothyronine but not to desiccated thyroid. In a double-blind study of 20 cases, as many patients improved during treatment with placebo as with triiodothyronine. In 12 patients with normal levels of serum protein-bound iodine, the control of fatigue and elevation of BMR were as satisfactory with desiccated thyroid as with triiodothyronine when equivalent doses were used. Triiodothyronine was used in therapeutic trials in 132 cases of suspected hypothyroidism. It has advantages for such use because of the rapidity of onset and cessation of its action. Thus an acceptable BMR level is reached within two weeks and symptoms of overdosage are readily recognized. The dose varied from 25 to 150 μg. An overdose resulted more often in nervousness than in cardiac consciousness. Desi...
Total synthesis of 11-R,12-R-dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acid, a metabolite of the cytochrome P-450 epoxygenase pathway

The first total and enantioselective synthesis of 11-R,12-R-dihydroxy-5,8,14-eicosatrienoic acid 7 is reported. We have used the carbohydrate 2-deoxy-D-glucose as a masked 1,6-dialdehyde precursor 20 to perform the synthesis. The availability of this material will allow, among other things, the testing of the hypothesis that it can be a biochemical precursor to 12-R-HETE in vivo.
5-F2t-Isoprostane, A Human Hormone?

Syntheses of the four enantiomerically pure diastereomers of 5-F2t-isoprostane (5−8) are described. The key step is the lipase-catalyzed chemo-enzymatic resolution of the racemic diol 40 to give the mono-acetates 41 and 42. The enantiomerically pure diastereomers of 5-F2t-isoprostane (5) may be human hormones.
The space of embedded minimal surfaces of fixed genus in a 3-manifold II; Multi-valued graphs in disks

This paper is the second in a series where we give a description of the space of all embedded minimal surfaces of fixed genus in a fixed (but arbitrary) closed 3-manifold. The key for understanding such surfaces is to understand the local structure in a ball and in particular the structure of an embedded minimal disk in a ball in R 3 . We show here that if the curvature of such a disk becomes large at some point, then it contains an almost flat multi-valued graph nearby that continues almost all the way to the boundary. This will be proved by showing the existence of small multi-valued graphs near points of large curvature and then using the extension result for multi-valued graphs proved in the first paper in this series. There are two local models for embedded minimal disks (by an embedded disk, we mean a smooth injective map from the closed unit ball in R 2 into R 3 ). One model is the plane (or, more generally, a minimal graph), the other is a piece of a helicoid. In the first four papers of this series, we will show that every embedded minimal disk is either a graph of a function or is a double spiral staircase like a helicoid. Recall that a double spiral staircase consists of two spiral staircases that spiral together around a common axis, one inside the other. This will be done by showing that if the curvature is large at some point (and hence the surface is not a graph), then it is a double spiral staircase. To prove that it is a double spiral staircase, we will first prove that it is built out of N-valued graphs where N is a fixed number. These N-valued graphs are like a single spiral staircase connecting N floors. The existence of the N-valued graphs was initiated in the first paper and will be completed here. The third and fourth papers of this series will deal with how the multi-valued graphs fit together and, in particular, prove regularity of the set of points of large curvature – the axis of the double spiral staircase.
Ultrasound promoted hypervalent iodine reactions: (α-tosyloxylation of ketones with [hydroxy(tosyloxy)iodo]benzene

Abstract Ultrasound enhances substantially the rates of α-tosyloxylation of ketones with [hydroxy(tosyloxy)iodo] benzene and thus provides a direct, quick, and mild method of tosyloxylation of ketones without the generation of time-consuming intermediates such as trimethylsilyl enol ether derivatives and α-hydroxy ketones. The present method also provides convenient access to the tosylates of alicyclic ketones such as cyclopentanone and cycloheptanone which are otherwise very difficult to obtain.
The Impact of US Biofuels Policy on Agricultural Production and Nitrogen Loads in Alabama

The Energy Independence Security Act aims to increase the production of renewable fuels in order to improve the energy efficiency of the United States of America. This legislation set the biofuel production goal at 136.3 million m3 by 2022, with approximately 79 million m3 derived from advanced biofuels or renewable fuels other than corn ethanol. A bioeconomic model was used to assess the potential impact of the biofuel mandate in terms of nitrogen loss associated with corn production in northern Alabama considering the El Nino Southern Oscillation phases. From simulations conducted at the watershed level, the expansion in biofuel production would increase the production of corn by 122.89% with associated increase in nitrogen loss of 20%. Furthermore, nitrogen loss would be more severe in climatic transition towards La Nina.
The Unusual Object IC 2144/MWC 778

IC 2144 is a small reflection nebula located in the zone of avoidance near the Galactic anticenter. It has been investigated here largely on the basis of Keck/HIRES optical spectroscopy (R ≈ 48,000) and a SpeX spectrogram of the near-IR (NIR; R = 2000) obtained at the NASA Infrared Telescope Facility. The only star in the nebula that is obvious in the optical or NIR is the peculiar emission-line object MWC 778 (V = 12.8), which resembles a T Tauri star in some respects. What appear to be F- or G-type absorption features are detectable in its optical region under the very complex emission-line spectrum; their radial velocity agrees with the CO velocity of the larger cloud in which IC 2144 is embedded. There are significant differences between the spectrum of the brightest area of the nebula and of MWC 778, the presumed illuminator, an issue discussed in some detail. The distance of IC 2144 is inferred to be about 1.0 kpc by reference to other star-forming regions in the vicinity. The extinction is large, as demonstrated by [Fe II] emission-line ratios in the NIR and by the strength of the diffuse interstellar band spectrum; a provisional value of AV of 3.0 mag was assumed. The spectral energy distribution of MWC 778 rises steeply beyond about 1 μm, with a slope characteristic of a Class I source. Integration of the flux distribution leads to an IR luminosity of about 510 L ☉. If MWC 778 is indeed an F- or G-type pre-main-sequence star several magnitudes above the zero-age main sequence, a population of faint emission Hα stars would be expected in the vicinity. Such a search, like other investigations that are recommended in this paper, has yet to be carried out.
Heck-Type Arylation of 2-Cycloalken-1-ones with Arylpalladium Intermediates Formed by Decarboxylative Palladation and by Aryl Iodide Insertion

[reaction: see text] A palladium-catalyzed decarboxylative arylation reaction was shown to produce Heck-type coupling products using a number of different arene carboxylic acid and 2-cycloalken-1-one substrates. The more conventional Heck coupling of an aryl iodide and a 2-cycloalken-1-one reactant was also briefly explored for comparison, where it was found that phosphine-free (Jeffery) conditions afforded the highest yield of product.
Spontaneous R -symmetry breaking from the renormalization group flow

We propose a mechanism of R-symmetry breaking in four-dimensional DSB models based on the RG properties of the coupling constants. By constraining the UV sector, we generate new hierarchies amongst the couplings that allow a spontaneously broken R-symmetry in models with pure chiral fields of R-charges R = 0 and R = 2 only. The result is obtained by a combination of one- and two-loop effects, both at the origin of field space and in the region dominated by leading log potentials.
Stress, buckling, and vibration analysis of shells of revolution

Abstract This paper summarizes the major computer programs in existence for the analysis of shells of revolution by numerical integration and finite difference procedures. The report describes programs for (1) linear and nonlinear analysis of shells subjected to axisymmetric and asymmetric static loads, (2) buckling and vibration behavior including effects of axisymmetric nonlinear prestress, and (3) transient response. Extensions of these programs which are currently underway and some of the primary assets of both the numerical integration and finite difference procedures are discussed. In addition, a summary of the shell theory formulation, the numerical approximation, and the solution techniques of a set of programs denoted SALORS (Structural Analysis of Layered Orthotropic Ring-Stiffened Shells), developed at the NASA Langley Research Center, are described. Stress, vibration, and buckling results from the SALORS program are given for several shell configurations having a variety of structural complexities that illustrate the current capability of shell of revolution programs.
Control of Diastereoselectivity in Tandem Asymmetric Reactions Generating Nonadjacent Stereocenters with Bifunctional Catalysis by Cinchona Alkaloids

We report the manipulation of hydrogen-bonding-based cooperative catalysis to control the diastereoselectivity for a tandem asymmetric reaction creating two nonadjacent stereocenters. This ability to control both the enantioselectivity and diastereoselectivity allows, for the first time, the direct and stereoselective construction of 1,3-tertiary−quaternary stereocenters in any of the possible four configurations from the same prochiral precursors with catalytic control. The synthetic consequence of such catalyst-controlled construction of nonadjacent stereocenters is illustrated by the asymmetric synthesis of manzacidin C by using the same reaction sequence that was previously applied to the total synthesis of manzacidin A.
The development of a one pot, regiocontrolled, three-component reaction for the synthesis of thieno[2,3-c]pyrroles

A three-component reaction has been developed that allows the regioselective synthesis of thieno[2,3-c]pyrroles. The reaction is based on the ability of 2-acetyl-3-thiophenecarboxaldehyde to react with amine and thiol nucleophiles to produce the corresponding tri-substituted thieno[2,3-c]pyrroles, with water as the only by-product. The developed reaction expands the range of synthetically accessible, tri-substituted thieno[2,3-c]pyrroles.
What can Studies of e-Learning Teach us about Collaboration in e-Research? Some Findings from Digital Library Studies

e-Research is intended to facilitate collaboration through distributed access to content, tools, and services. Lessons about collaboration are extracted from the findings of two large, long-term digital library research projects. Both the Alexandria Digital Earth Prototype Project (ADEPT) and the Center for Embedded Networked Sensing (CENS) project on data management leverage scientific research data for use in teaching. Two forms of collaboration were studied: (1) direct, in which faculty work together on research projects; and (2) indirect or serial, in which faculty use or contribute content to a common pool, such as teaching resources, concepts and relationships, or research data. Five aspects of collaboration in e-Research are discussed: (1) disciplinary factors, (2) incentives to adopt e-Learning and e-Research technologies, (3) user roles, (4) information sharing, and (5) technical requirements. Collaboration varied by research domain in both projects, and appears partly to be a function of the degree of instrumentation in data collection. Faculty members were more interested in tools to manage their own research data than in tools to facilitate teaching. They also were more reflective about their research than teaching activities. The availability of more content, tools, and services to incorporate primary data in teaching was only a minimal incentive to use these resources. Large investments in a knowledge base of scientific concepts and relationships for teaching did not result in re-use by other faculty during the course of the project. Metadata requirements for research and for teaching vary greatly, which further complicates the transfer of resources across applications. Personal digital libraries offer a middle ground between private control and public release of content, which is a promising direction for the design of digital libraries that will facilitate collaboration in e-Research.
New and Re-Emerging Infectious Diseases.

The seventh annual Conference on New and Re-Emerging Infectious Diseases, April 15–16, 2004, was hosted by the Center for Zoonoses Research and the College of Veterinary Medicine at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. The conference featured eight speakers and 31 poster presentations. The conference was opened with a presentation on Yersinia enterocolitica, a gram-negative enteric human pathogen that causes enterocolitis. Invasin is the primary requirement for efficient translocation of the bacteria across the intestinal epithelium; the identification of both positive and negative regulators of its expression have been identified. The emergence of Mycoplasma gallisepticum, which causes severe conjunctivitis in house finches, was described. The strain of M. gallisepticum that affects house finches, a new host recently introduced to North America, is a novel strain that emerged recently. Current therapies for microsporidiosis, a serious opportunistic infection in persons with AIDS, organ transplant recipients, children, travelers, contact lens wearers, and the elderly, were reviewed. Studies on the human fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans, which causes life-threatening infections of the central nervous system, most commonly in immunocompromised hosts, were reported. The studies focused on signaling cascades that govern virulence and an unusual mating type locus linked to differentiation and virulence. It was shown that release of the variant surface antigens of African trypanosomes, agents of a reemerging infectious disease in sub-Saharan Africa, occurs not only by proteolysis but also by glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchor hydrolysis through a phospholipase present in the parasite surface. To characterize the human colonic response to Shigella and Entamoeba histolytica at the molecular level, differential transcription of nearly 40,000 human genes in sections of human colonic xenografts that had been infected with Shigella flexneri or E. histolytica was measured. The results indicated increased expression of genes encoding proteins involved in stress, hypoxic responses, immune and inflammatory responses, responses to tissue injury and tissue repair, cytokines, and chemokines. Studies on sortases, membrane-anchored transpeptidases that cleave surface proteins, were described. Because sortases of Staphylococcus aureus are required for animal infections, inhibitors that disrupt the activity of sortases may be therapeutically useful. The conference was concluded with a description of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) epidemic in China. China's handling of the epidemic has been critiqued by the international community, but a balanced view of events has shown that many measures undertaken by officials, such as large-scale quarantines, mandatory fever-screening checkpoints, arrival and departure monitoring at airports, populationwide surveillance, community infection control, and designating SARS-only hospitals, worked effectively to contain this infectious disease. The proceedings are available in PDF format at http://www.cvm.uiuc.edu/czr/
Inspiring 1000 Middle School Students at Princeton University’s Materials Science and Engineering Expo

Princeton Center for Complex Materials (PCCM) is a National Science Foundation-supported Materials Research Science and Engineering Center. The educational outreach team conducts many educational outreach programs. Since 2004, one of our largest k-12 education programs has been the Science and Engineering Expo at Princeton University (SEE Princeton) for middle school students in partnership with other outreach programs at Princeton University. The goals of the program are to allow hundreds of Princeton University scientists and engineers the opportunity to share their enthusiasm for science with middle school students, to instill excitement for science and engineering in the students, to expose the students to learning opportunities in science and engineering, and to introduce them to the field of materials science. This paper provides a brief guide to developing and conducting a science and engineering expo based on a successful model.
Orbital Parameters for the Two Young Binaries VSB 111 and VSB 126

We report orbital parameters for two low-mass, pre-main-sequence, double-lined spectroscopic binaries: VSB 111 and VSB 126. These systems were originally identified as single-lined on the basis of visible-light observations. We obtained high-resolution infrared spectra with the 10 m Keck II telescope, detected absorption lines of the secondary stars, and measured radial velocities of both components in the systems. The visible-light spectra were obtained with the 1.5 m Wyeth reflector at the Oak Ridge Observatory, the 1.5 m Tillinghast reflector at the F. L. Whipple Observatory, and the 4.5 m equivalent Multiple Mirror Telescope. The combination of our visible and infrared observations of VSB 111 leads to a period of 902.1 ± 0.9 days, an eccentricity of 0.788 ± 0.008, and a mass ratio of 0.52 ± 0.05. VSB 126 has a period of 12.9244 ± 0.0002 days, an eccentricity of 0.18 ± 0.02, and a mass ratio of 0.29 ± 0.02. Visible-light photometry, using the 0.8 m telescope at Lowell Observatory, provided rotation periods for the primary stars in both systems: 3.74 ± 0.02 days for VSB 111 and 5.71 ± 0.07 days for VSB 126. Both binaries are located in the young, active star-forming cluster NGC 2264 at a distance of ~800 pc. The difference in the center-of-mass velocities of the two systems is consistent with the radial velocity gradient seen across NGC 2264. To test the evolutionary models for accuracy and consistency, we compare the stellar properties derived from several sets of theoretical calculations for pre-main-sequence evolution with our dynamical results.
Discrimination and Mortgage Lending in Boston: The Effects of Model Uncertainty

In 1992 the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston conducted an analysis that examined the effects of race on mortgage lending in the Boston Metropolitan Statistical Area. Collecting data on all the possibly relevant information used in the lending process, they find when controlling for a subset of this information that race has a statistically significant effect on the decision to reject a mortgage application. Other researchers, using the same dataset, have shown that analysis of alternative subsets of the variables significantly reduces the effects of race. While theory should guide variable selection, there is often no unique theory to explain social science. In such cases, uncertainty in model specification causes one to be uncertain as to the true effects of the variables of interest. This paper accounts for the effects of model uncertainty by using Bayesian model averaging and finds a reduced effect of race and weakened evidence concerning the statistical significance of the effect.
Quantifying delay reduction to buses with signal priority treatment in mixed-mode operation

The benefits of the signal priority system to buses in terms of delay reduction in mixed-mode operation have been quantitatively assessed. Analytical expressions were derived to quantify the benefits. Delay reduction under a signal priority system is bounded by signal delay but independent of queuing delay; delay reduction has a high variance/mean ratio, which suggests that sufficient slack time should be built into a bus schedule to maintain reliable service, even for buses that receive priority treatment; the benefits are more significant for buses traveling on cross streets than for those on main streets because the red phase for the cross street typically is much longer than the minimum red required for pedestrian crossing.
Probability forecast of downturn in U.S. economy using classical statistical decision theory

This paper presents a methodology for producing a probability forecast of a turning point in U.S. economy using Composite Leading Indicators. This methodology is based on classical statistical decision theory and uses information-theoretic measurement to produce a probability. The methodology is flexible using as many historical data points as desired. This methodology is applied to producing probability forecasts of a downturn in U.S. economy in the 1970–1990 period. Four probability forecasts are produced using different amounts of information. The performance of these forecasts is evaluated using the actual downturn points and the scores measuring accuracy, calibration, and resolution. An indirect comparison of these forecasts with Diebold and Rudebusch's sequential probability recursion is also presented. It is shown that the performances of our best two models are statistically different from the performance of the three-consecutive-month decline model and are the same as the one for the best probit model. The probit model, however, is more conservative in its predictions than our two models.
Constrained k-center and movement to independence

We obtain hardness results and approximation algorithms for two related geometric problems involving movement. The first is a constrained variant of the k-center problem, arising from a geometric client-server problem. The second is the problem of moving points towards an independent set.
Multiple collisions and induced gluon Bremsstrahlung in QCD

Abstract Induced soft gluon bremsstrahlung associated with multiple collisions is calculated via perturbative QCD. We derive the non-abelian analog of the Landau-Pomeranchuk effect that suppresses induced soft radiation with formation times exceeding the mean free path. The dependence of the suppression effect on the SU( N ) representation of the jet parton as well as the kinematic variables is expressed through a radiation formation factor. The soft radiation with k ⊥ μ , where μ is the infrared screening scale in the medium, is shown to lead to an approximately constant radiative energy loss per unit length.
Hodges-Lehmann optimality for testing moment conditions

This paper studies the Hodges and Lehmann (1956) optimality of tests in a general setup. The tests are compared by the exponential rates of growth to one of the power functions evaluated at a fixed alternative while keeping the asymptotic sizes bounded by some constant. We present two sets of sufficient conditions for a test to be Hodges–Lehmann optimal. These new conditions extend the scope of the Hodges–Lehmann optimality analysis to setups that cannot be covered by other conditions in the literature. The general result is illustrated by our applications of interest: testing for moment conditions and overidentifying restrictions. In particular, we show that (i) the empirical likelihood test does not necessarily satisfy existing conditions for optimality but does satisfy our new conditions; and (ii) the generalized method of moments (GMM) test and the generalized empirical likelihood (GEL) tests are Hodges–Lehmann optimal under mild primitive conditions. These results support the belief that the Hodges–Lehmann optimality is a weak asymptotic requirement.
Electricity Market Monitoring and the Economics of Regulation

Restructuring of wholesale electricity markets in the U.S. has brought new institutions known as Regional Transmission Organizations (RTO) and Market Monitoring Institutions (MMI) that oversee competition in the energy markets that they operate. Both regulators and external observers have viewed MMIs as impartial observers intended to police these exchanges against the exercise of market power. The economics of regulation generally questions (but does not always reject) public interest interpretations on grounds that interest groups use politics and regulatory procedure to shape institutions to their advantage. MMIs in fact originated as a strategic move by California’s large utilities in connection with that state’s restructuring, intended to advantage them against competitors. The responses of MMIs to the economically efficient practice of “virtual bidding” in RTOs differed with the relative strengths of different interests in the governance of those organizations. As policy, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission should re-examine its endorsement of MMIs and consider centralizing their functions.
Broad-Beam Fluctuation Spectroscopy for Non-Flow Cytometry and Clinical Diagnostics

Fluorescence fluctuation spectroscopy (FFS) and related techniques such as FCS, PCH and FIDA have been valuable tools for biophysical research, but have not found widespread clinical application. Many clinical blood diagnostics measure the concentration of particular cell types in the blood. These tests are typically performed using fluorescent antibodies and flow cytometry. We present a novel scanning FFS system, which we term Broad-beam Scanning Fluctuation Spectroscopy (BSFS), with application to cytometry. BSFS uses a much larger (∼1 nL) observation volume than conventional FCS, so that the fluctuations measured result from cells, rather than individual molecules. This technique is well suited to the measurement of cell concentration, as the correlation analysis also yields a measurement of the sample volume, allowing an absolute concentration to be determined. BSFS is a viable alternative for a variety of cell-based clinical diagnostics, while lacking the optical and fluidic complexity of a flow system.
Response of Silicon Surface Barrier Detectors to Hydrogen Ions of Energies 25 to 250 KEV

Commercially produced silicon surface barrier counters have been exposed at room temperature to hydrogen ion beams varying in energy from 18 to 225 kev and the pulse spectra analyzed. The output has been found to be linear with ion energy. A dead layer equivalent to about 4 kev loss by a 100 kev proton is indicated, suggesting that the gold surface layer is the only dead region. The width of the pulse spectrum is found to be about 9 kev for protons independent of ion energy, and limited by system noise. Multi-atomic ions produce an output a few percent below that expected of an equivalent number of protons of the same velocity. The width of the pulse spectrum is also found to be greater for the multi-atomic ions than for protons.
A climatologically significant aerosol longwave indirect effect in the Arctic

The warming of Arctic climate and decreases in sea ice thickness and extent1,2 observed over recent decades are believed to result from increased direct greenhouse gas forcing, changes in atmospheric dynamics having anthropogenic origin3,4,5, and important positive reinforcements including ice–albedo and cloud–radiation feedbacks6. The importance of cloud–radiation interactions is being investigated through advanced instrumentation deployed in the high Arctic since 1997 (refs 7, 8). These studies have established that clouds, via the dominance of longwave radiation, exert a net warming on the Arctic climate system throughout most of the year, except briefly during the summer9. The Arctic region also experiences significant periodic influxes of anthropogenic aerosols, which originate from the industrial regions in lower latitudes10. Here we use multisensor radiometric data7,8 to show that enhanced aerosol concentrations alter the microphysical properties of Arctic clouds, in a process known as the ‘first indirect’ effect11,12. Under frequently occurring cloud types we find that this leads to an increase of an average 3.4 watts per square metre in the surface longwave fluxes. This is comparable to a warming effect from established greenhouse gases and implies that the observed longwave enhancement is climatologically significant.
Investigation of the Factors Influencing the Structure and Stability of Stannacyclopropenes: The Synthesis and Molecular Structure of Two Derivatives

Abstract The stannylenes, R2Sn: [R = bis(trimethylsily1)-methyl and 2,4,6-triisopropylphenyl], react with 3,3,6,6-tetramethyl-1-thia-4-cycloheptyne to give the corresponding stannacyclopropenes. Full characterization of these derivatives, including crystallographic analysis, reveals some insight into the nature of bonding in stannacyclopropenes.
Price Commitments with Strategic Consumers: Why It Can Be Optimal to Discount More Frequently ' Than Optimal

In many markets consumers incur search costs, and firms choose a long-run pricing strategy that determines how they respond to market conditions. A pricing strategy may involve commitments to take actions that do not optimize short-term revenue given the information the firm learns about demand. For example, as already suggested in the literature, the firm could commit to a single price no matter whether demand is strong or weak. We introduce a new strategy-charge a "high" price only if demand is indeed "high," otherwise offer a discount. This strategy discounts more frequently than would maximize revenue conditional on demand. Nevertheless, the frequent discounts attract consumers. We show that i the discount-frequently strategy is optimal whether capacity is adjustable or not, ii discount-frequently is often much better than other pricing strategies, especially if no price commitment is made, and iii "overbuying" capacity e.g., inventory to attract consumers by signaling availability and the likelihood of discounts is a poor strategy. Contrary to some recommendations in the literature to limit markdowns and to purchase ample capacity, our results provide support for a strategy that embraces frequent discounts and moderate capacity.
On the capacity region for index coding

A new inner bound on the capacity region of the general index coding problem is established. Unlike most existing bounds that are based on graph theoretic or algebraic tools, the bound relies on a random coding scheme and optimal decoding, and has a simple polymatroidal single-letter expression. The utility of the inner bound is demonstrated by examples that include the capacity region for all index coding problems with up to five messages (there are 9846 nonisomorphic ones).
First-principles electronic structure and relative stability of pyrite and marcasite: Implications for photovoltaic performance

Despite the many advantages (e.g., suitable band gap, exceptional optical absorptivity, earth abundance) of pyrite as a photovoltaic material, its low open-circuit voltage (OCV) has remained the biggest challenge preventing its use in practical devices. Two of the most widely accepted reasons for the cause of the low OCV are (i) Fermi level pinning due to intrinsic surface states that appear as gap states, and (ii) the presence of the metastable polymorph, marcasite. In this paper, we investigate these claims, via density-functional theory, by examining the electronic structure, bulk, surface, and interfacial energies of pyrite and marcasite. Regardless of whether the Hubbard $U$ correction is applied, the intrinsic ${100}$ surface states are found to be of ${d}_{{z}^{2}}$ character, as expected from ligand field theory. However, they are not gap states but rather located at the conduction-band edge. Thus, ligand field splitting at the symmetry-broken surface cannot be the sole cause of the low OCV. We also investigate epitaxial growth of marcasite on pyrite. Based on the surface, interfacial, and strain energies of pyrite and marcasite, we find from our model that only one layer of epitaxial growth of marcasite is thermodynamically favorable. Within all methods used (LDA, GGA-PBE, GGA-PBE$+U$, GGA-AM05, GGA-AM$05+U$, HSE06, and $\ensuremath{\Delta}$-sol), the marcasite band gap is not less than the pyrite band gap, and is even larger than the experimental marcasite gap. Moreover, gap states are not observed at the pyrite-marcasite interface. We conclude that intrinsic surface states or the presence of marcasite are unlikely to undermine the photovoltaic performance of pyrite.
AVIO: Detecting Atomicity Violations via Access-Interleaving Invariants

This article proposes an innovative concurrent-program invariant that captures programmers' atomicity assumptions. It describes a tool with two implementations, one in software and the other using hardware support that can automatically extract such invariants and detect atomicity violation bugs
Aerodynamic effect of combustor inlet-air pressure on fuel jet atomization

Mean drop diameters were measured with a recently developed scanning radiometer in a study of the atomization of liquid jets injected cross stream in high-velocity and high-pressure airflows. At constant inlet air pressure, the reciprocal mean drop diameter D~* was correlated with the airflow mass velocity pa Va to give the relationship D ~1 - (pa Va)L2 for a pa Va range of 10-177 g/cm2 - s at 293 K. Over a combustor inlet air pressure range of 1-21 atm., the ratio of orifice to mean drop diameter D0/Dm was correlated with the product of the Weber and Reynolds numbers WeRe and with the molecular-scale momentum-transfer ratio of gravitational to inertial forces gl/~29 as follows: D0/Dm=\A (WeRe)°'4(gl/-2)0-15 for values of WeRe>\tf', where WeRe = paD0Vr/ay; pa and Vr are the airstream density and velocity, respectively; a and -y the liquid surface tension and kinetic viscosity, respectively; g the acceleration due to gravity, 980 cm/s2; / the mean free molecular path, 6.11 X10 ~6 cm for air at atmospheric pressure; and c the root mean square molecular velocity, 4.85 X104 cm/s for air at 273 K.
Signatures of precocious unification in orbiting detectors

It has been conjectured that the string and unification scales may be substantially lower than previously believed, perhaps a few TeV. In scenarios of this type, orbiting detectors such as OWL or AIRWATCH can observe spectacular phenomena at trans-GZK energies. We explore measurable signatures of the hypothesis that trans-GZK air showers (``anomalous showers'') are originated by strongly interacting neutrinos. The results of a MC simulation of such air showers are described. A distinction between proton induced and ``anomalous'' showers is possible once a substantial sample of trans-GZK showers becomes available.
The high temperature oxidation of metals forming cation-diffusing scales

Short-circuit cation diffusion via scale grain boundaries and dislocations supports oxidation in the intermediate temperature regime, and scale growth at the scale/gas interface takes place at ledges provided by screw dislocations intersecting the surface. These dislocations in the scale are formed by growth stresses or are inherited from the metal. In situ observations of scale growth in a hot-stage environmental scanning electron microscope have provided insight into scale growth mechanisms and the formation of nonplanar oxidation products: whiskers, pyramids, and pits. Specific reference is made to the evolution of oxidation product morphologies for copper, nickel, iron, and chromium. 74 references, 16 figures, 1 table.
State of the art in protocol research for underwater acoustic sensor networks

Underwater networks of sensors have the potential to enable unexplored applications and to enhance our ability to observe and predict the ocean. In this paper, architectures for two-dimensional and three-dimensional underwater sensor networks are proposed. A detailed overview on the current solutions for medium access control, network, and transport layer protocols is given and open research issues are discussed.
Ground-probing radar for delineation of rock features

Abstract The use of ground-probing radar in rock mechanics has been, up until recently, a laboratory curiosity. Most of the work previously done had been in soils using surface profiling in pursuit of man-made obstacles, including utilities and military ordinance. In the last couple of years, a great deal has been done in delineating rock features both from tunnels and mines. This paper discusses the present technology both from the surface and from subsurface openings, and the use of signal processing, which has proven to be a major breakthrough in the use of radar in rock mechanics, is discussed. Some results obtained recently and a rather thorough review of a major project in metamorphic rock are covered. The paper also mentions current activities in mining and other application areas, including the use of radar for guiding mining machines, both for subsurface and surface applications. This field is rather new and no commercial services per se are available, but there is considerable potential for radar in delineating rock features, and a reasonable amount of activity is underway or planned.
First moment of Rankin-Selberg central L-values and subconvexity in the level aspect

Let 1≤N<M with N and M coprime and square-free. Through classical analytic methods we estimate the first moment of central L-values \(L(\frac{1}{2},f\times g)\) where \(f\in\mathcal{S}^{*}_{k}(N)\) runs over primitive holomorphic forms of level N and trivial nebentypus and g is a given form of level M. As a result, we recover the bound \(L(\frac{1}{2},f\times g) \ll_{\varepsilon}(N + \sqrt{M}) N^{\varepsilon}M^{\varepsilon}\) when g is dihedral. The first moment method also applies to the special derivative \(L'(\frac{1}{2},f\times g)\) under the assumption that it is non-negative for all \(f\in\mathcal{S}^{*}_{k}(N)\).
TRIPLICITY OF QUARKS AND LEPTONS

Quarks come in three colors and have electric charges in multiples of one-third. There are also three families of quarks and leptons. Though the first two properties can be understood in terms of unification symmetries such as SU(5), SO(10), or E6, why should there only be three families remains a mystery. We propose how all three properties involving the number three are connected in a fivefold application of the gauge symmetry SU(3).
Behavioral Outcomes of Grievance Activity

Using individual employee data from four unionized organizations over two 3-year periods, this study analyzes the effects of grievance filing and settlement activity on post-grievance settlement outcomes. The results show that performance ratings, work attendance rates, and promotion rates declined and turnover rates increased for grievance filers compared with nonfilers following grievance settlement, in contrast to the absence of significant differences between the two employee groups on any of these measures before or during grievance filing and settlement. Similar findings emerged for the supervisors of grievance filers relative to the supervisors of nonfilers. The evidence suggests that employers exercise retribution against grievance filers and their supervisors, although a “true performance” explanation of these findings cannot be ruled out.
Endogenous factor market distortion, risk aversion, and international trade under input uncertainty

In the context of non-diversifiable and sector-specific risks in labour markets, we show that the resulting factor market distortion – attributable to an endogenous intersectoral wage differential – can provide a possible rationale that explains why larger wage dispersion prevails in developing nations. We also demonstrate how endogenous wage distortions spill over to capital markets, with capital-poor economies offering lower rates of returns. In addition, we show that inequality in the distribution of wealth further deviates factor allocation away from first-best and impairs intersectoral mobility of the poor. Ce memoire montre que la distorsion dans le marche des facteurs qui resulte de risques non diversifiables et specifiques a certains secteurs (et qui se traduit par un differentiel de salaire endogene entre secteurs) peut expliquer pourquoi on observe une dispersion plus grande des salaires dans les pays en voie de developpement.On montre aussi comment des distorsions endogenes de salaires debordent vers les marches de capitaux,ce qui fait que les pays pauvres en capital ont des rendements plus faibles.De plus, on montre que l'inegalite dans la distribution de la richesse contribue a faire devier l'allocation des ressources de son optimum de premier ordre et nuit a la mobilite inter-sectorielle des pauvres.
Transition Metal and Hydrogen Bond Donor Hybrids: Catalysts for the Activation of Alkylidene Malonates

A range of urea palladacycles are investigated to activate alkylidene malonates for nucleophilic attack.
Diboronic acids as fluorescent probes for cells expressing sialyl lewis X

A series of fluorescent diboronic acids was synthesized in nine steps as potential sensors for sialyl Lewis X (sLex). The fluorescent binding studies of these sensors with sLex were carried out in a mixed aqueous solution. Compound 7e was found to show the strongest fluorescence enhancement upon binding with sLex. Using cell cultures, 7e was shown to label sLex-expressing HEPG2 cells at 1 microM, while non-sLex-expressing cells were not labeled.
Studies of the stereoselective reduction of ketosugar (hexosulose)

The results from the studies of the stereoselective reduction of ketosugar (hexosulose) were reported. Combining our results and those reported in the literature, we summarize the factors in controlling the stereoselective reduction of ketosugars. These findings are valuable in the synthesis of various carbohydrate derivatives. © 2001 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.
Novel two-step, one-pot synthesis of primary acylureas

A new procedure for the synthesis of primary acylureas from cyanamide and a variety of carboxylic acids is described. Under mild reaction conditions, the products were obtained in good yield from commercially available starting materials.
Can Strategic Investing Transform the Corporation

The purpose of this article is to critique the main claim of the socially responsible (SR) investment industry: that through strategic investing investors can transform corporate power. I argue that businesses often respond to the demand by investors for short-term economic growth by making choices that run counter to the interests of corporate social responsibility; they reduce labor and material costs in ways that disrupt workers, communities and the environment. I demonstrate my theoretical claims using data from the 10 most common stocks selected by SR mutual funds. I call these stocks the SR Big Ten. A simple roll call of the SR Big Ten, as well as a thorough examination of each stock within it, reveals how problematic it is for individuals to rely on investments to transform the corporate world.
Synthesis of non-peptide scaffolding domains via a totally stereoselective iodolactonization protocol

Abstract Exposure of the chiral, non-racemic, allylic ester 7 to LDA/MSCl provides acid 8 and subsequent iodolactonization of 8 provides one lactone ( 9 ) with total stereoselectivity. X-ray analysis of the corresponding α-methylbenzylamides of 8 and 9 confirmed the absolute stereochemistry of the trans-anti-trans lactone ( 9 ). The synthesis is completed by treatment of 9 with the enolate of t-butyl acetate affording tetrahydrofuranyl derivative 12 .
The operator spectrum of the six-dimensional (1,0) theory

We study the large N operator spectrum of the (1,0) superconformal chiral six-dimensional theory with E-8 global symmetry. This spectrum is dual to the Kaluza-Klein spectrum of supergravity on AdS(7) x S-4/Z(2) with a ten-dimensional E-8 theory at its singular locus. We identify those operators in short multiplets of OSp(6, 2\2), whose dimensions are exact for any N. We also discuss more general issues concerning AdS/CFT duality on orbifold supergravity backgrounds.