cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Expert System Methodology for Process Malfunction Diagnosis

Abstract Diagnostic expert systems that rely predominantly on heuristic rules suffer a number of significant drawbacks. An alternative involves development of diagnostic rules from process models and schematics. A method of diagnosis based on systems-level modeling of the process is presented, and implementation of this method as a model-based expert system is described. Two classes of rules are required, one relating to topological location of the faulty system, and the other for identification of the elements of the faulty system which may be responsible for the observed system behavior. Utilizing the flexibility of the rule-based expert system format, these rules can be supplemented with heuristics if desired.
Integrated digital processes for design and development of apparel

Abstract: This chapter examines the role of digital technology in enabling a design and development process integrating the functions of both textile and apparel creation. First, digitally enabled processes integrating design of textile and design of apparel simultaneously are discussed, including examples of garments developed through integrated processes. The focus of the chapter then shifts specifically to the role of computer-aided design (CAD) and visualization technologies in enabling an integrated digital process, and concludes with discussion of future directions.
Radiometric validation of the TRMM Microwave Imager 1B11 V8 brightness temperature product

The Tropical Rainfall Measurements Mission (TRMM) Microwave Imager (TMI), has served as the radiometric transfer standard for the TRMM constellation radiometers for over 17 years. The final legacy processing for the TMI is in progress for the TMI 1B11 Tb Version-8 (V8), which will be released in late 2017. This paper presents a radiometric evaluation of the Tb differences between the current TMI Version-7 (V7) and the newly derived V8 dataset. For this evaluation, we perform an inter-satellite radiometric calibration (XCAL) between the Global Precipitation Mission Microwave Imager (GMI) Tb product and TMI Tb products for both V7 and V8. The results of XCAL using different datasets are compared to assess the TMI V8 calibration biases relative to V7.
An Experimentally Determined State Diagram for Human CD4+ T Lymphocyte CXCR4-Stimulated Adhesion Under Shear Flow.

The leukocyte adhesion cascade is important for the maintenance of homeostasis and the ability of immune cells to access sites of infection and inflammation. Despite much work identifying the molecular components of the cascade, and numerous simulations to predict the relationship between molecule density, identity, and adhesion, these relationships have not been measured experimentally. Using surfaces functionalized with recombinant ICAM-1 and/or E-selectin along with immobilized SDF-1α, we used a flow chamber to measure rates of tethering, rolling and arrest of primary naive human CD4+ T lymphocytes on different surface densities of ligand. Cells required a minimum level of ligand density to progress beyond tethering. E-selectin and ICAM-1 were found to have a synergistic relationship in promoting cell arrest. Surfaces with both ligands had the highest levels of arrest, while surfaces containing only E-selectin hindered the cell’s ability to progress beyond rolling. In contrast, surfaces of ICAM-1 allowed only tethering or arrest. Cells maintained constant rolling velocity and time to stop over large variations in surface density and composition. In addition, surface densities of only O(101) sites/µm2 allowed for rolling while surface densities of O(102) sites/µm2 promoted arrest, approximately equal to previously determined simulated values. We have systematically and experimentally mapped out the state diagram of T cell adhesion under flow, directly demonstrating the quantitative requirements for each dynamic state of adhesion, and showing how multiple adhesion molecules can act in synergy to secure arrest.
The use of dermal-fat grafts

Recurrent carpal tunnel syndrome is a difficult problem facing hand surgeons today, and its incidence is rising. In selected cases, re-exploration, median nerve neurolysis, and dermal-fat grafting are beneficial. The surgeon should anticipate 30% to 50% absorption of the graft.
Eugen Bleuler (1857–1939) Named and Dedicated Himself to Schizophrenia

Bleuler was born near Zurich, Switzerland in 1857, a year after Kraepelin. He studied medicine first at the University of Zurich and then in Paris, London, and Munich before returning to Zurich for an internship at the Burgholzli, a large university hospital. In 1886, he took the directorship of a psychiatric clinic at Rheinau where he improved patient conditions. In 1989, he returned to the Burgholzli hospital in Zurich as the director.
The interaction of human immunodeficiency virus and multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis

The association of human immunodeficiency virus infection (HIV) with increased rates of multidrug-resistant (MDR) tuberculosis (TB) in the United States (US) has been well-documented [1–4]. Furthermore, a number of studies conducted in the US have identified HIV infection as a risk factor for acquired drug resistance [5–6]. During the late 1980s and early 1990s, large outbreaks of MDRTB primarily involving HIV-infected patients occurred in hospitals, correctional facilities and other institutional settings in the US [7– 12]. Similar outbreaks also occurred in other established market economies during the 1990s [13–17]. In these outbreaks, active TB developed within a few weeks or months following exposure to an infectious MDRTB patient, leading to multiple transmissions in a short period of time. Furthermore, the outbreaks were characterized by delayed diagnosis, extended infectious periods, and delays in initiation of appropriate treatment, which contributed to high mortality and morbidity. More recent data have documented a decline in new MDRTB cases and improvement in clinical outcomes for HIV-infected patients [2,18–20]. This chapter describes trends in MDRTB and HIV co-infection and key characteristics of MDRTB patients with HIV infection in the US based on national surveillance data from 1993–1997, and summarizes the key findings in published outbreaks of MDRTB involving HIV-infected persons in US and other established market economies. This chapter will demonstrate that the association of HIV infection with drugresistant TB is largely attributable to nosocomial outbreaks of MDRTB in various congregate settings. However, HIV-infected patients may be at some increased risk of acquired drug resistance, particularly rifampicin monoresistance, and various plausible but unproven explanations for this association are presented.
Energy-exposed instruction sets

Modern performance-oriented ISAs, such as RISC and VLIW, only expose to software features that impact the critical path through computation. Pipelined microprocessor implementations hide most of the microarchitectural work performed in executing instructions. Therefore, there is no incentive to expose these micro-operations, and their energy consumption is hidden from software.This work presents energy-exposed hardware-software interfaces to give software more fine-grain control over energy-consuming microarchitectural operations. We introduce software restart markers to make temporary processor state visible to software without complicating hardware exception management. This technique can enable a wide variety of energy optimizations. We implement exposed bypass latches which allow the compiler to eliminate register file traffic by directly targeting the processor bypass latches. Another technique, tagunchecked loads and stores, allows software to access cache data without a hard-ware tag check when the compiler can guarantee an access will be to the same line as an earlier access.
Modelling and Simulation of Large-Scale Multiparameter Computer Aided Dynamical Control Systems

Modelling and simulation of large-scale Multidimensional multiparameter dynamical systems require the use of large-scale computers to generate feed-back control laws, especially when model uncertainties exist. Vow robust control theory is concerned with the problem of analyzing and synthesizing control systems that provide and acceptable level of performance where many model parameters or uncertainties may exist, since mathematical models of physical systems are usually never exact due to the presence of such parameters. The need to be able to design robust feedback control laws is very important in such systems. Usually a physical model will have significant structural information about the interconnection of components and subsytems but leas information concerning their integrated system performance. Hence, many variations of parameters must be carried out on supercomputers in order to determine the more significant and sensitive parameters which must be adjusted very rapidly to accomplish a desired level of performance. Dynamical systems of the form: Eθxt, θ=Aθxt, θ+Bθut, θ;xt, θ=dxt, θdtyt, θ=Cθxt, θ+Dθut, θ;t ≥0 are considered. The elements of matrices E(θ), A(θ). B(θ), C(θ), D(θ) belong to the ring of polynomials R[θ] where θ = (θ1, θ2, θ3,...,θq) is a multiparameter and the coefficients of the polynomials belonging to C[θ] have elements belonging to the field C of complez numbers, or the elements of such multiparameter matrices may be the form f(θ) = a(θ)∣b(θ) where the polynomials a(θ). b(θ). & c(θ). for b(θ) ≠ 0. E(θ) may be a singular matrix for possible parameter values of θ. The parameter θ may also be holomorphic function of a single complex variable z for z belonging to simply-connected bounded regions in the z-plane. The basic question of stabilization, controllability, observability, etc., in the presence of changes in subsystems as regards the overall dynamical systems needs to be treated in response to changing parameters in subsystems. Fast numerical methods requiring parallel proceasing are necessary to compute adjustments as time t changes. Transfer function matrices, controllability matrices, observability matrices, feedback control laws need to be recomputed as parameters change. Such matrices may be multiparameter matrices and may allow for improvement of control laws such as in cases where E(θ) may become singular matrix and the dynamical systems require considerable fast changes in feedback control laws. Use is made of recent results o£ J. Jones. Jr. concerning generalized inverses of such multiparameter matrices to aid in computer aided changes to carry out modelling, simulation and analysis of such dynamical systems.
Post Traumatic Cerebrospinal Fluid Infections in the Traumatic Coma Data Bank: The Influence of the Type and Management of ICP Monitors

Of the variety of complications associated with ICP monitoring, CSF infection is the most common. Multiple factors have been associated with an increased rate of infection, including increased age, prolonged duration of monitoring, concomitant use of steroids, multiple changes of monitors, and the presence of a concurrent infection [1, 6]. Although numerous studies have indicated that the ventricular catheter (VC) has the highest reported infection rate of all currently used ICP monitors, the advantages afforded by CSF drainage for the management of elevated ICP justify the use of VC assuming that the complication rate is acceptably low.
Examining the influence of perceived and objective time constraints on the quality of household food purchases

Abstract Background Obesity is a major public health concern in the United States. From the late 1970s through the mid-1990s, the reduction in the amount of time individuals spent preparing food coincided with changes in the food environment. This led to increased consumption of energy and contributed to the dramatic rise in obesity rates over the same period. Research and policy aimed at improving American diets has largely focused on ensuring that healthy foods are accessible and affordable. Although these are important determinants of food choice, time constraints also factors into purchasing decisions. Purpose To examine the relationship between time constraints, both perceived and objective, and the quality of Americans' food purchases by income level. Methods USDA's National Household Food Acquisition and Purchase Survey was used to examine the relationship between time constraints (objective and perceived) and HEI-2010 score of food purchases and examines this relationship by income. It estimates an econometric model that controls for other factors that influence time resources and food choice. Results The relationship between the perceived time constraint and estimated HEI score of food purchases varied by income level, though the relationship was only significant for higher-income households, or those between 400% and 600% of the poverty line. There was no significant relationship between the objective time constraint and HEI score of food purchases. Conclusions Nutrition education and interventions aimed at improving household food purchasing decisions may benefit from focusing on improving time management skills and emphasizing healthier convenience food substitutions when consumers feel time-constrained. Higher-income consumers eat out more frequently than lower-income consumers, so menu labeling aimed at nudging higher-income individuals to purchase healthier options could help improve food choice in these settings.
Does Objectification on Social Media Cost Young Men

Using an experimental methodology, the present study assessed college students’ perceptions of a male peer who presented himself on Facebook in either an objectified or nonobjectified manner. One h...
Burn Time of Metal Nanoparticles

This article will discuss the combustion of metal nanoparticles and explain the burn time dependence on particle size. In contrary to common belief in the power law (tb~d0.3), which, in our knowledge, is simply an experimental fit to data, we propose the logarithmic law (tb~ln(d)) that describes well the known results on nano-aluminum combustion. We derived the logarithmic dependence from a simple model taking into account the energy balance on the surface of a burning metal nanoparticle. The model in question is based on the small energy accommodation coefficient (EAC), which was recently utilized to solve experimental puzzles such as the significant temperature gap between the burning nanoparticle and the environment. A discussion on EAC, which value is important for the correct modeling of nanoparticle combustion, is also included. A way to generalize the considered combustion model is suggested.
An Unusual Transformation of a Nonseminomatous Germ Cell Tumor to Adenocarcinoma

Transformation of germ cell tumor to an alternate malignancy is rare; and it is believed to be secondary to teratomatous elements of the initial tumor surviving chemotherapy and subsequently proliferating. Here, we describe a patient with transformation of a nonseminomatous germ cell tumor to adenocarcinoma. A 55-year-old male with history of nonseminomatous germ cell tumor of the left testicle, previously resected, followed by four cycles of BEP chemotherapy, on active surveillance, presented nearly 20 years later with nausea and rising alpha-fetoprotein levels. Computed tomography (CT) abdomen revealed bulky retrocrural lymphadenopathy with increased fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) uptake on positron emission tomography (PET) scan. Biopsy revealed metastatic adenocarcinoma, staining strongly positive for SALL4 and CDX2, with focal rare positivity for CK20 in the tumor cells, consistent with germ cell origin. FOLFOX therapy was therefore initiated. This is one of few documented cases showing transformation of nonseminomatous germ cell tumor to adenocarcinoma, for which surgical resection is favored as primary therapy. However, aggressive adjuvant chemotherapy may be considered and should be directed towards the most aggressive found histology. J Med Cases. 2019;10(5):123-125 doi: https://doi.org/10.14740/jmc3301
LIN28B regulates androgen receptor in human trophoblast cells through Let‐7c

LIN28B is an RNA-binding protein necessary for maintaining pluripotency in stem cells and plays an important role in trophoblast cell differentiation. LIN28B action on target gene function often involves the Let-7 miRNA family. Previous work in cancer cells revealed that LIN28 through Let-7 miRNA regulates expression of androgen receptor (AR). Considering the similarities between cancer and trophoblast cells, we hypothesize that LIN28B also is necessary for the presence of AR in human trophoblast cells. The human first-trimester trophoblast cell line, ACH-3P was used to evaluate the regulation of AR by LIN28B, and a LIN28B knockdown cell line was constructed using lentiviral-based vectors. LIN28B knockdown in ACH-3P cells resulted in significantly decreased levels of AR and increased levels of Let-7 miRNAs. Moreover, treatment of ACH-3P cells with Let-7c mimic, but not Let-7e or Let-7f, resulted in a significant reduction in LIN28B and AR. Finally, forskolin-induced syncytialization and Let-7c treatment both resulted in increased expression of syncytiotrophoblast marker ERVW-1 and a significant decrease in AR in ACH-3P. These data reveal that LIN28B regulates AR levels in trophoblast cells likely through its inhibitory actions on let-7c, which may be necessary for trophoblast cell differentiation into the syncytiotrophoblast.
Social Anxiety and Dynamic Social Reinforcement Learning in a Volatile Environment

Adaptive social behavior requires learning probabilities of social reward and punishment, and updating these probabilities when they change. Given prior research on aberrant reinforcement learning in affective disorders, this study examines how social anxiety affects probabilistic social reinforcement learning and dynamic updating of learned probabilities in a volatile environment. N=222 online participants completed questionnaires and a computerized ball-catching game with changing probabilities of reward and punishment. Dynamic learning rates were estimated to assess the relative importance ascribed to new information in response to volatility. Mixed-effects regression was used to analyze throw patterns as a function of social anxiety symptoms. Higher social anxiety predicted fewer throws to the previously punishing avatar and different learning rates after certain role changes, suggesting that social anxiety may be characterized by difficulty updating learned social probabilities. Socially anxious individuals may miss the chance to learn that a once-punishing situation no longer poses a threat.
Age-related differences in breast cancer mortality according to race/ethnicity, insurance, and socioeconomic status

We assessed breast cancer mortality in older versus younger women according to race/ethnicity, neighborhood socioeconomic status (nSES), and health insurance status. The study included female breast cancer cases 18 years of age and older, diagnosed between 2005 and 2015 in the California Cancer Registry. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards modeling was used to generate hazard ratios (HR) of breast cancer specific deaths and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for older (60+ years) versus younger (< 60 years) patients separately by race/ethnicity, nSES, and health insurance status. Risk of dying from breast cancer was higher in older than younger patients after multivariable adjustment, which varied in magnitude by race/ethnicity (P-interaction< 0.0001). Comparing older to younger patients, higher mortality differences were shown for non-Hispanic White (HR = 1.43; 95% CI, 1.36–1.51) and Hispanic women (HR = 1.37; 95% CI, 1.26–1.50) and lower differences for non-Hispanic Blacks (HR = 1.17; 95% CI, 1.04–1.31) and Asians/Pacific Islanders (HR = 1.15; 95% CI, 1.02–1.31). HRs comparing older to younger patients varied by insurance status (P-interaction< 0.0001), with largest mortality differences observed for privately insured women (HR = 1.51; 95% CI, 1.43–1.59) and lowest in Medicaid/military/other public insurance (HR = 1.18; 95% CI, 1.10–1.26). No age differences were shown for uninsured women. HRs comparing older to younger patients were similar across nSES strata. Our results provide evidence for the continued disparity in Black-White breast cancer mortality, which is magnified in younger women. Moreover, insurance status continues to play a role in breast cancer mortality, with uninsured women having the highest risk for breast cancer death, regardless of age.
Basic Science Concepts in Musculoskeletal Regenerative Medicine

Musculoskeletal disorders, particularly those of the spine and joints, are a leading cause of pain and disability throughout the world. Traditional methods of treatment have demonstrated limited effectiveness for repairing injured or degenerated musculoskeletal tissues, requiring patients to undergo major surgeries including total joint replacement or spinal fusion, which carry significant risk and may not completely relieve their symptoms. Regenerative medicine has the potential to revolutionize treatment of musculoskeletal disorders, restoring healthy tissue structure and function through the use of cells, bioactive materials, and biological factors. Developing effective regenerative medicine strategies requires knowledge of the underlying biological processes that drive tissue formation, degeneration, and repair. In this chapter, we provide a brief overview of the basic science concepts relevant to regenerative medicine strategies for the spine and joints.
Development and Prospective Validation of a Transparent Deep Learning Algorithm for Predicting Need for Mechanical Ventilation.

Importance Objective and early identification of hospitalized patients, and particularly those with novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), who may require mechanical ventilation is of great importance and may aid in delivering timely treatment. Objective To develop, externally validate and prospectively test a transparent deep learning algorithm for predicting 24 hours in advance the need for mechanical ventilation in hospitalized patients and those with COVID-19. Design Observational cohort study SETTING: Two academic medical centers from January 01, 2016 to December 31, 2019 (Retrospective cohorts) and February 10, 2020 to May 4, 2020 (Prospective cohorts). Participants Over 31,000 admissions to the intensive care units (ICUs) at two hospitals. Additionally, 777 patients with COVID-19 patients were used for prospective validation. Patients who were placed on mechanical ventilation within four hours of their admission were excluded. MAIN OUTCOME(S) and MEASURE(S): Electronic health record (EHR) data were extracted on an hourly basis, and a set of 40 features were calculated and passed to an interpretable deep-learning algorithm to predict the future need for mechanical ventilation 24 hours in advance. Additionally, commonly used clinical criteria (based on heart rate, oxygen saturation, respiratory rate, FiO2 and pH) was used to assess future need for mechanical ventilation. Performance of the algorithms were evaluated using the area under receiver-operating characteristic curve (AUC), sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value. Results After applying exclusion criteria, the external validation cohort included 3,888 general ICU and 402 COVID-19 patients. The performance of the model (AUC) with a 24-hour prediction horizon at the validation site was 0.882 for the general ICU population and 0.918 for patients with COVID-19. In comparison, commonly used clinical criteria and the ROX score achieved AUCs in the range of 0.773 - 0.782 and 0.768 - 0.810 for the general ICU population and patients with COVID-19, respectively. Conclusions and relevance A generalizable and transparent deep-learning algorithm improves on traditional clinical criteria to predict the need for mechanical ventilation in hospitalized patients, including those with COVID-19. Such an algorithm may help clinicians with optimizing timing of tracheal intubation, better allocation of mechanical ventilation resources and staff, and improve patient care.
Influence of magnetic field, magnetic particle percentages, and particle diameters on the stiffness of magnetorheological fluids:

Generally, variable stiffness joints of soft robots are generally fabricated using thermoplastics and elastomers due to their ability to change state from rigid to flexible and vice versa. However,...
The Experience of COVID-19 and Its Impact on Teachers’ Mental Health, Coping, and Teaching

The COVID-19 pandemic has placed significant demands on teachers. The current study uses needs assessment data gathered from 454 New Orleans charter school teachers (81% women; 55% Black; 73% regul...
Body Modifications and Their Health Implications

This paper comprehensively defines three forms of body modifications: tattoos, piercings and implants. Some body modifications are functional while others are aesthetic, each serving the needs of its bearer or wearer. The paper describes the motivations behind different forms of body modifications. A document analysis was conducted, inclusive of a public image repository search, to ensure the depth required to reach saturation in the literature and content. A comparison of body modification techniques is assessed across cultural uses, modern applications and risks. Additionally, the health implications of these body modifications are considered and the findings clustered into the themes: physical, psychological and privacy implications. The contribution of this paper is in starting a serious discussion around the potential for health issues to arise from body modification and the impact they may have on the end-user.
Prenatal Diagnosis for a Novel Missense Mutation in X-Linked Intellectual Disability Gene Followed by Favorable Pregnancy Outcome

Intellectual disability (ID) is still unexplained in 60% of cases and prenatal diagnosis is very challenging for this condition. A second gravida presented to us at 6 weeks of gestation for counseling. Her previous child had been diagnosed with ID and autism. Detailed family history showed that her brother also had ID. Screening investigations were normal for the affected child. Exome sequencing report revealed variation of unknown significance (VOUS) on SIN3A gene and UPF3B gene. The variation in X-linked UPF3B gene was reclassified as novel pathogenic variation after segregation studies with parents and affected maternal uncle for both the genes variations. An amniocentesis was done at 18 weeks gestation for the novel mutation in the UPF3B gene and the fetus was found unaffected. The patient delivered a healthy male child who is doing well at two years of age. To conclude, we should not disregard VOUS on exome sequencing. Identification of VOUS requires careful genotype-phenotype correlation and segregation studies to counsel parents regarding the risk of having another affected child.
Study Designs in Clinical Research.

Background: The quality of scientific literature is judged by study design, validity, and applicability to unique patient populations. Methods: We searched the available literature to explore the hierarchy of evidence, explain research fundamentals such as sample size calculation, and discuss common study designs employed in surgical research and the interpretation of trial designs. Results: Each unique study design has restraints created by some degree of systematic errors and bias. This article provides definitions for the scientific boundaries of case control, retrospective, before-and-after, prospective observational, randomized controlled designs, and meta-analyses. Conclusion: Critical thinking and appraisal of the literature is a skill that requires lifelong training and practice. Clinical research education and design need to garner more attention in the medical community.
Urban School District Performance: A Longitudinal Analysis of Achievement:

We used the Stanford education data archive (SEDA) data to examine the heterogeneity among urban school districts in the United States. The SEDA 2.1 includes data sets on students’ mathematics (Mat...
Is the scientific method a myth? Perspectives from the history and philosophy of science

Many philosophers and historians of science deny that there is a single scientific method that applies across all scientific disciplines. Here I distinguish normative from descriptive versions of this thesis. I defend the thesis that there are general normative principles that govern every science.
Band Diffusion with Variable Parameters Along Flow

The diffusion equation with variable parameters along the flow can be solved when the diffused quantity is confined to a narrow band. Solutions are obtained for diffusion from a line source and a point source in nonuniform flows. The dispersion of a contaminant in nonuniform flows through porous media is studied. It is found that the dispersion across the streamlines can be estimated by using the solutions of diffusion from a line source and a point source in a uniform flow.
Chapter 29 Neuropathological changes in Alzheimer disease

Publisher Summary Alzheimer's disease (AD) is principally a disorder of the elderly, its pathology is additive to that of normal aging. Therefore, neuron loss is less in the old Alzheimer's patients than it is in the younger ones. Similarly, the concentration of plaques and tangles in the older AD patients is less than in the younger ones. One might infer from these findings that there is a threshold of brain damage which must be reached in order that the patient display significant cognitive loss. Older patients need less additional pathology to reach this threshold than do younger individuals. A greater reserve of neurons and synapses is probably protective. The classical, diagnostic lesions of AD—the plaque and tangle—do not account satisfactorily for the clinical symptoms of global dementia. Other recently found factors are clearly of great significance. The neuronal and synaptic loss may well be related to abnormalities of the plasma membrane, and thus gangliosides and phospholipids are strongly implicated.
Crusading Gone Global? The Icelandic Magnussona Saga's Visions of the World and Home

Though the crusades have garnered significant critical interest of late, little attention has been paid to the effects of the crusades on the literature of medieval Scandinavia. This article seeks to shed light on this understudied area by exploring the representation of crusading in the Old Icelandic Magnussona Saga, a narrative that tells the story of Sigurðr I of Norway and his crusade to the Holy Land in the early 12th century. Exploring the saga's global vision – and how it differs from that seen in other European texts – allows for a fuller understanding of the representations of the crusades during the global Middle Ages, particularly in terms of how these campaigns affected European literatures, even those produced on the fringes of the known world.
Interface roughness effect on stresses in ceramic coatings

This paper presents an analysis of the interface stress in plasma-sprayed zirconia coatings. The stress distributions along smooth and rough interfaces were calculated for perfectly bonded materials. The effect of mechanial interlock along the interface was also calculated. The interface stresses for noninterlocking interfaces were consistently higher; the interlocking interfaces showed high stresses in small regions only.
Dye Reduction Method for Estimating Bacterial Counts in Ground Beef

A dye reduction method was developed for estimating total aerobic and/or psychrotrophic bacterial counts in ground beef. The method is based on color changes in indicator disks placed on the meat surface.
Electron microscopy of the intestine and rectum in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

To provide a better understanding of the morphologic changes that take place in the intestine and colon in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), electron microscopy was performed on intestinal or colonic biopsy specimens obtained from 6 patients with AIDS and from 2 patients with AIDS-related lymphadenopathy syndrome. Cryptosporidia were attached to the plasma membrane of epithelial cells in 2 patients and were noninvasive. An invasive protozoan organism identified as Microsporidia was found in 1 patient. Evidence for epithelial cell injury was limited. Unusually prominent secretory granules in colonic epithelial cells (a morphologic counterpart of secretion) was found in 2 patients. Tubuloreticular structures were observed in 7 patients. The structures were found in endothelial cells, lymphocytes, monocytes, intraepithelial lymphocytes, and free in the capillary lumen. Tube- and ring-shaped forms were observed in 2 patients, prominent intraepithelial mast cells in 4 patients, rectal spirochetosis in 1 patient, and pseudomembranous colitis in 1 patient with intestinal and systemic shigellosis. Vesicular rosettes, retroviruses, other viruses, and Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare were not observed. These observations expand our knowledge of morphologic changes in the colonic and intestinal mucosa in patients with AIDS. Tubuloreticular structures are so prominent, in contrast to our previous electron-microscopic observations in other disease and normal states of the intestine and colon, that their finding (though clearly nonspecific) may be a clue to the diagnosis of AIDS in an otherwise equivocal situation.
Topic Significance Ranking of LDA Generative Models

Topic models, like Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA), have been recently used to automatically generate text corpora topics, and to subdivide the corpus words among those topics. However, not all the estimated topics are of equal importance or correspond to genuine themes of the domain. Some of the topics can be a collection of irrelevant words, or represent insignificant themes. Current approaches to topic modeling perform manual examination to find meaningful topics. This paper presents the first automated unsupervised analysis of LDA models to identify junk topics from legitimate ones, and to rank the topic significance. Basically, the distance between a topic distribution and three definitions of "junk distribution" is computed using a variety of measures, from which an expressive figure of the topic significance is implemented using 4-phase Weighted Combination approach. Our experiments on synthetic and benchmark datasets show the effectiveness of the proposed approach in ranking the topic significance.
Genetic Variations in Nutrient Requirements

(1966). Genetic Variations in Nutrient Requirements. World's Poultry Science Journal: Vol. 22, No. 4, pp. 290-298.
Effects of hemodialysis on prostate-specific antigen

Abstract We undertook a prospective study to evaluate the effects of hemodialysis on serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in 26 male patients with end-stage renal disease as a clinical model for assessing the role of the kidney in PSA clearance. Patients ranging in age from fifty-one to eighty-three years (mean 64.8 years) underwent phlebotomy immediately before and after outpatient hemodialysis on a Monday/Wednesday/Friday or Tuesday/Thursday/Saturday schedule, with serum PSA values determined by the Abbott IMX Microparticle Enzyme Immunoassay. The mean ± standard deviation for all post-dialysis PSA levels, 2.43 ± 3.74, was significantly greater than that for pre-dialysis levels, 2.11 ± 3.19 (p = 0.04). However, no statistically significant differences were found on comparing the combined pre- and post-dialysis PSA values over the course of the study (p = 0.2733) or when sequential pre-dialysis (p = 0.28) and post-dialysis (p = 0.92) levels were analyzed separately. We conclude that PSA is not eliminated by hemodialysis, and our results infer that it is not cleared by renal mechanisms.
Detection of treatment setup errors between two CT scans for patients with head and neck cancer.

Accuracy of treatment setup for head and neck patients undergoing intensity-modulated radiation therapy is of paramount importance. The conventional method using orthogonal portal images can only detect translational setup errors while the most frequent setup errors for head and neck patients could be rotational errors. With the rapid development of image-guided radiotherapy, three-dimensional images are readily acquired and can be used to detect both translational and rotational setup errors. The purpose of this study is to determine the significance of rotational variations between two planning CT scans acquired for each of eight head and neck patients, who experienced substantial weight loss or tumor shrinkage. To this end, using a rigid body assumption, we developed an in-house computer program that utilizes matrix transformations to align point bony landmarks with an incremental best-fit routine. The program returns the quantified translational and rotational shifts needed to align the scans of each patient. The program was tested using a phantom for a set of known translational and rotational shifts. For comparison, a commercial treatment planning system was used to register the two CT scans and estimate the translational errors for these patients. For the eight patients, we found that the average magnitudes and standardmore » deviations of the rotational shifts about the transverse, anterior-posterior, and longitudinal axes were 1.7{+-}2.3 deg., 0.8{+-}0.7 deg., and 1.8{+-}1.1 deg., respectively. The average magnitudes and standard deviations of the translational shifts were 2.5{+-}2.6 mm, 2.9{+-}2.8 mm, 2.7{+-}1.7 mm while the differences detected between our program and the CT-CT fusion method were 1.8{+-}1.3 mm, 3.3{+-}5.4 mm, and 3.0{+-}3.4 mm in the left-right, anterior-posterior, and superior-inferior directions, respectively. A trend of larger rotational errors resulting in larger translational differences between the two methods was observed. In conclusion, conventional methods used for verifying patient positioning may misinterpret rotational shifts as translational shifts, and our study demonstrated that rotational errors may be significant in the treatment of head and neck cancer.« less
Data latency compensation for distributed multi-sensor source localization

In this publication we propose consensus schemes compensating for data latency and apply these methods for localizing noise sources through distributed sensor networks. The solution generalizes past results on multiple aspects, especially by dealing with time-varying non-uniform delays with an unknown upper bound. In particular, this publication presents a relatively simple edge-weight adaptation scheme improving consensus for situations where sensors have either synchronized or unsynchronized clocks. Simulations of a source localization mission are used to demonstrate and quantify benefits. (5 pages)
Integrin Engagement Differentially Modulates Epithelial Cell Motility by RhoA/ROCK and PAK1

Integrin-ligand binding regulates tumor cell motility and invasion. Cell migration also involves the Rho GTPases that control the interplay between adhesion receptors and the cytoskeleton. We evaluated how specific extracellular matrix ligands modulate Rho GTPases and control motility of human squamous cell carcinoma cells. On laminin-5 substrates, the epithelial cells rapidly spread and migrated, but on type I collagen the cells spread slowly and showed reduced motility. We found that RhoA activity was suppressed in cells attached to laminin-5 through the α3 integrin receptor. In contrast, RhoA was strongly activated in cells bound to type I collagen and this was mediated by the α2 integrin. Inhibiting the RhoA pathway by expression of a dominant-negative RhoA mutant or by directly inhibiting ROCK, reduced focal adhesion formation and enhanced cell migration on type I collagen. Cdc42 and Rac and their downstream target PAK1 were activated following adhesion to laminin-5. PAK1 activation induced by laminin-5 was suppressed by expression of a dominant-negative Cdc42. Moreover, constitutively active PAK1 stimulated migration on collagen I substrates. Our results indicate that in squamous epithelial cells, collagen-α2β1 integrin binding activates RhoA, slowing cell locomotion, whereas laminin-5-α3β1 integrin interaction inhibits RhoA and activates PAK1, stimulating cell migration. The data demonstrate that specific ligand-integrin pairs regulate cell motility differentially by selectively modulating activities of Rho GTPases and their effectors.
Active charge control in PIII—enlarging the process space

Abstract Charge control during the source-drain implants in the CMOS process is critical to avoid damage to the thin gate dielectric. PIII has always been touted as having good charge control, since the charge deposited on the gate during the implant pulse is neutralized by the plasma electrons between pulses, thus having a ‘built in plasma flood’. However, unless the time between pulses Tbet is long, the gate can float to a positive potential in excess of 15 V. We show that Tbet can be arbitrarily reduced without inducing any gate voltage stress by applying a positive bias during this time. This requires a special ‘Charge Balance Modulator’, as well as an additional electron source. The balance of charge is measured by an in situ charge monitor, which simulates the charge on a CMOS gate. Data from this charge monitor, as well as SPIDER wafers are compared to theory. The PIII process can be considered to be a blend of ion implantation as well as plasma processing. Depending on process conditions, combinations of ion implantation, as well as plasma deposition and etch combine to yield the final dopant profile. Some of these components may be advantageous or disadvantageous, depending on the process. An important component in controlling the relative amounts of these components is the pulse width and frequency. The Charge Balance Modulator allows control of these parameters independent of charging issues.
The relative effectiveness of NOx and VOC strategies in reducing Northeast U.S. ozone concentrations

This investigation was conducted to compare the relative benefits of controlling emissions of VOC vs. NOx for reducing tropospheric O3 (smog) concentrations in the Northeast United States. Because of the nonlinear nature of O3 photochemistry, controls on NOx emissions could actually result in increases in O3 depending on the relative amount of VOC present and meteorological conditions. The Regional Oxidant Model (ROM) was used as the tool for estimating the impacts of different VOC and NO3 strategies. Scenarios simulated include a future baseline and separate strategies with controls on just NO, just VOC, and a combination of VOC and NOx controls. The results indicate that in general, NOx controls are more beneficial across the region than VOC controls. However, for several large urban areas, NOx controls were predicted to result in higher O3 than VOC controls. Also, the relative benefits of VOC and NOx controls varied from day-to-day suggesting a dependency on meteorological conditions. Given the variable nature of the effects of NOx controls, additional modeling using more spatially resolved models is warranted to identify specific strategies for attainment of the ozone NAAQS in individual areas.
Optical sensor package for multiangle measurements of surface reflectance

The Remote Sensing Group of the Optical Sciences Center at the University of Arizona has performed the vicarious calibration of satellite sensors since the 1980's. Ground- based measurements of atmospheric and surface properties, including the surface bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF), are conducted during a satellite or airborne sensor overpass and the at-sensor radiance is calculated using these properties as input to a radiative transfer code. Recently, the Remote Sensing Group has investigated an imaging radiometer based on an astronomical- grade 1024 x 1024-pixel silicon CCD array that was developed and calibrated fro ground-based measurements of BRDF. The results of that study have been used to examine the feasibility of a lightweight instrument package for measurement of surface BRDF based on a combination of nonimaging radiometers and inexpensive digital cameras. The current work presents a preliminary design of such a system including specifications for ground-based operations of the system to characterize the BRDF of test sites used by the Remote Sensing Group. Also included is a preliminary evaluation of a Nikon 990 digital camera coupled with a 1.7- mm focal length fisheye lens to determine the level of accuracy that can be obtained in surface BRDF.
Tobacco mosaic virus coat protein and the large subunit of the host protein ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase share a common antigenic determinant

Abstract An immunological relationship was detected between the coat protein of the common (U 1 ) strain of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and the large subunit of the ubiquitous CO 2 -fixing host enzyme, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (RuBisCo). When assayed by Western immunoblotting or indirect ELISA, polyclonal antisera to TMV coat protein and to RuBisCo reacted with both antigens. In addition, a monoclonal antibody specific for the C-terminal antigenic determinant of TMV coat protein reacted with RuBisCo. Conversely, several monoclonal antibodies generated to the large subunit of RuBisCo reacted with TMV coat protein. This cross-reactivity was verified by an examination of the amino acid sequences of both proteins. A region of homology was found between the carboxy proximal portion of coat protein and the sequence 60–73 residues from the amino terminus of RuBisCo large subunit. This homology was not mirrored at the nucleic acid level because of different codon usages for the two proteins.
Protons from the Deuteron Bombardment of Enriched Silicon and Related Atomic Masses

Enriched samples of silicon have been bombarded with 3.8 Mev deuterons and 17 proton groups have been assigned to the ${\mathrm{Si}}^{28}(d,p){\mathrm{Si}}^{29}$, ${\mathrm{Si}}^{29}(d,p){\mathrm{Si}}^{30}$ and ${\mathrm{Si}}^{30}(d,p){\mathrm{Si}}^{31}$ reactions. The ground state transitions for ${\mathrm{Si}}^{28}(d,p){\mathrm{Si}}^{29}$ and ${\mathrm{Si}}^{29}(d,p){\mathrm{Si}}^{30}$ are found to be 6.18\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.09 Mev and 8.36\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.10 Mev. Seven proton groups corresponding to excited states in ${\mathrm{Si}}^{29}$ and three groups leading to excited states in ${\mathrm{Si}}^{30}$ have been observed. Five groups are found to be associated with ${\mathrm{Si}}^{30}(d,p){\mathrm{Si}}^{31}$, with a sixth in doubt. A method for using extrapolated range measurements to obtain mean ranges is described. The published transition energies of reactions possibly involving ground states of aluminum, silicon and phosphorus isotopes are tabulated. These energies are converted to mass differences which are presented on a diagram. The lack of satisfactory consistency of these mass differences is discussed and the discrepancy of reaction data and mass spectroscopic data between aluminum and sulphur is outlined.
Interactive visualizations for critical infrastructure analysis

Abstract Critical infrastructure analysis often involves overwhelming volumes of complex, heterogeneous, interdependent information. Human judgment is essential to the analysis as insights and understandings are synthesized from information that is often complex, dynamic, incomplete, diverse, conflicting and even deceptive. Yet, our ability to collect information is increasing at rates far beyond our ability to analyze it. Visual analytics–the science of analytical reasoning facilitated by interactive visual interfaces–can help analysts obtain better insights and understanding with greater efficiency. This paper discusses the research challenges involved in applying interactive visualization to critical infrastructure analysis. The research challenges are organized around three dimensions that are adapted from metrics proposed by Scholtz (2006) [8] for evaluating human information interaction systems. The challenges are illustrated using examples from the integrated modeling and simulation of critical infrastructures.