cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Induction of antioxidant enzyme activities by a phenylurea derivative, EDU

Oxygen free radicals have the potential to mediate cell injury. Defenses against such radicals include the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX). The purposes of this study were (1) to develop an in vitro model using human cells in which to investigate a potential pharmacologic agent as an inducer of these antioxidant enzymes; (2) to investigate the phenylurea derivative N-[2-(2-oxo-1-imidazolindinyl)ethyl]-N-phenylurea (EDU) in this model with paraquat (PQ) serving as the positive control; and (3) to determine if induction of the antioxidant enzymes by EDU occurs in vivo. Human gingival fibroblasts (Gin-1) were used as the target cell in vitro; PQ and EDU, an inducer of SOD and CAT activities in plants, were evaluated as antioxidant enzyme inducers. Total SOD activity in Gin-1 cells increased 2-fold (p less than 0.05) in the presence of 1.0 mM PQ for 18-48 hr compared with untreated controls. Gin-1 cells incubated with 0.25-2.0 mM PQ for 24 hr had significantly increased total SOD (1.5 to 2.0-fold; p less than 0.05). CAT activity increased with 1.0 and 2.0 mM PQ (p less than 0.05). In the presence of PQ, GSH-PX activity decreased (p less than 0.05) in a concentration-dependent manner, indicating inactivation of this enzyme. No toxicity, indicated by lactate dehydrogenase released into the incubation medium, was noted at PQ concentrations below 5.0 mM. In the presence of 0.125-2.0 mM EDU, total SOD activity in Gin-1 cells significantly increased (1.5 to 2.0-fold; p less than 0.05). CAT activity significantly increased in a dose-dependent manner (p less than 0.05), while GSH-PX activity remained constant following exposure to 0.125-2.0 mM EDU. Intraperitoneal administration of EDU to rats twice a day for 2 days at 100 mg/kg induced SOD activity in heart, liver, and lung compared to controls (p less than 0.05). CAT activity increased in the liver 56% and in the lung 36% (p less than 0.05). GSH-PX activity remained constant. Our findings indicate that Gin-1 cells are a useful model in which to study inducers of antioxidant enzymes in vitro and that the phenylurea compound EDU induces SOD and CAT activities both in vitro and in vivo.
Liraglutide: A Once-Daily Incretin Mimetic for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Objective:To review the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety of liraglutide, a glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) analog for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.Data Sources:A MEDLINE search (1966–May 2009) was conducted for English-language articles using the terms glucagon-like peptide 1, incretin mimetic, NN2211, and liraglutide. Abstracts presented at the American Diabetes Association and European Association for the Study of Diabetes annual meetings in 2006, 2007, and 2008 were also searched for relevant data.Study Selection and Data Extraction:Articles pertinent to the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety of liraglutide were reviewed.Data Synthesis:Liraglutide is a GLP-1 analog with pharmacokinetic properties suitable for once-daily administration. Clinical trial data from large, controlled studies demonstrate the effectiveness of liraglutide in terms of hemoglobin A1c (A1C) reduction, reductions in body weight, and the drug's low risk for hypoglycemic events when ...
Confocal microscopy through a fiber-optic imaging bundle

The concept for a new type of confocal microscope with a fiber-optic imaging bundle is presented, and experimental results are shown to demonstrate the principle. The primary advantage of the system is the flexbility of imaging samples that would otherwise be inaccessible to confocal microscopy.
Microarray Analysis in Drug Discovery: An Uplifting View of Depression

Genomic profiling provides insights into drug evaluation for diseases without defined molecular mechanisms or cellular assays. Levy provides a brief background in the development of microarray analysis and discussion of the application of this technique to pharmacogenomics. Highlighted is the microarray analysis of primary human neurons treated with antidepressants, antipsychotics, or opioid receptor agonists, demonstrating that these classes of drugs can be properly categorized by using two different statistical analysis methods: classification tree and random forest. Not only is microarray analysis valuable for drug evaluation and leading candidate development, but the genes identified as markers for the various drug classifications point to new directions for research into the underlying pathways responsible for human diseases, such as depression and psychosis.
NEW PLANTATIONS, NEW WORKERS Gender and Production Politics in the Dominican Republic

This study analyzes the gendered nature of recent production and labor force restructuring in the Dominican Republic. Using a longitudinal case study of work relations on a large transnational corporate pineapple plantation, the author explores the production politics involved in the initial corporate attempt to create a wage labor force and the subsequent replacement of employees with contracted labor crews. She demonstrates how female, and then male, labor forces were negotiated in this process and how labor relations became embedded in local gendered institutions. The study reveals how workforces and spheres of work are constituted through struggles over gender, as well as ethnicity and class, in intersecting arenas linking the local community to the global economy. In this case, gender proves critical in shaping both worker identity and the shifting scope and form of resistance to plantation practices.
Magnetotransport in Nonplanar SiGe/Si Nanomembranes

We investigate the relationship between electronics and geometry in a nonplanar SiGe/Si resonant quantum cavity (RQC) subject to a magnetic field. The transfer matrix technique originally due to Usuki et al. [Phys. Rev. B, vol. 52, pp. 8244-8255, 1995] has been modified to account for the nonzero local curvature of the RQC. Our results demonstrate that low-temperature ballistic magnetoconductance in nonplanar RQCs is highly sensitive to the changes in curvature for a wide range of magnetic field strengths.
Observation of Space-Charge-Limited Transport in InAs Nanowires

Recent theory and experiment have suggested that space-charge-limited (SCL) transport should be prevalent in high aspect ratio semiconducting nanowires (NWs). We report on InAs NWs exhibiting this mode of transport and utilize the underlying theory to determine the mobility and effective carrier concentration of individual NWs, both of which are found to be diameter dependent. Intentionally induced failure by Joule heating supports the notion of SCL transport and proposes reduced thermal conductivity due to the NWs' polymorphism.
JiffyTune: circuit optimization using time-domain sensitivities

Automating the transistor and wire-sizing process is an important step toward being able to rapidly design high-performance, custom circuits. This paper presents a circuit optimization tool that automates the tuning task by means of state-of-the-art nonlinear optimization. It makes use of a fast circuit simulator and a general-purpose nonlinear optimization package. It includes minimax and power optimization, simultaneous transistor and wire tuning, general choices of objective functions and constraints, and recovery from nonworking circuits. In addition, the tool makes use of designer-friendly interfaces that automate the specification of the optimization task, the running of the optimizer, and the back-annotation of the results of optimization onto the circuit schematic. Particularly for large circuits, gradient computation is usually the bottleneck in the optimization procedure. In addition to traditional adjoint and direct methods, we use a technique called the adjoint Lagrangian method, which computes all the gradients necessary for one iteration of optimization in a single adjoint analysis. This paper describes the algorithms and the environment in which they are used and presents extensive circuit optimization results. A circuit with 6900 transistors, 4128 tunable transistors, and 60 independent parameters was optimized in about 108 min of CPU time on an IBM RISC/System 6000, model 590.
The Cayley Graph implementation in TinyOS for dense wireless sensor networks

Wireless sensor network (WSN) consists of a group of sensors or nodes, linked by a wireless medium (infrared or radio frequency) to perform distributed sensing tasks. The dynamic and lossy nature of wireless communication poses major challenges for highly dense WSN. In our previous work, we proposed a new networking topology, the Cayley pseudo-random protocol (Arden, 1991) (Noel, 2006) for large wireless sensor networks. In this paper, we focus on the implementation of Cayley Graph on Crossbow Technology Inc's sensor nodes. The Cayley graph topology is implemented via the TinyOS emulator, Power Tossim. The performance of the network is evaluated in terms of energy consumption, network lifetime and fairness. Comparison is made with the Xmesh protocol and showed that our Cayley graph implementation consumes less power but trade off with fairness in a relatively small amount.
Gene-body mass index interactions are associated with methotrexate toxicity in rheumatoid arthritis

Despite the introduction of multiple biological agents for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), methotrexate (MTX) remains the initial drug of choice.1 Response to MTX therapy is highly heterogeneous between individuals. An extensive body of work illustrates the complexity of MTX response architecture, which includes genetic polymorphisms, environmental factors and gene-gene interactions.2 Among environmental contributors, elevated body mass index (BMI) has emerged as an important predictor of MTX toxicity.3 Using data from the Treatment of Aggressive Rheumatoid Arthritis (TEAR) trial,4 we present first evidence linking the risk of MTX-associated toxicity to interactions between genotype and BMI. The TEAR trial, described in previous publications,4 compared two strategies (early intensive …
A Modeling Approach to Maintenance Decisions Using Statistical Quality Control and Optimization

Maintenance concerns impact systems in every industry and effective maintenance policies are important tools. We present a methodology for maintenance decision making for deteriorating systems under conditions of uncertainty that integrates statistical quality control (SQC) and partially observable Markov decision processes (POMDPs). We use simulation to develop realistic maintenance policies for realworld environments. Specifically, we use SQC techniques to sample and represent real-world systems. These techniques help define the observation distributions and structure for a POMDP. We propose a simulation methodology for integrating SQC and POMDPs in order to develop and evaluate optimal maintenance policies as a function of process characteristics, system operating and maintenance costs. A twostate machine replacement problem is used as an example of how the method can be applied. A simulation program developed using Visual Basic for Excel yields results on the optimal probability threshold and on the accuracy of the decisions as a function of the initial belief about the condition of the machine. This work lays a foundation for future research that will help bring maintenance decision models into practice. Copyright c � 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Further results on distributed secondary control in microgrids

This work presents several analysis and design results for primary droop control and secondary control in inductive microgrids. Building on our recent work, we study the problem of set point design in droop-controlled microgrids, and provide a choice of droop coefficients leading to the desired power flows. We then compare and contrast two distributed secondary controllers, and extend them to the case where only a fraction of inverters cooperate in regulating the network frequency. We show that both these secondary-control schemes achieve frequency regulation in the presence of resistive losses.
E-philology and Twitterature

This paper presents an original use of Twitter to interpret and rewrite the poems of Francesco Petrarca's Rerum vulgarium fragmenta (Rvf) implemented within the Oregon Petrarch Open Book OPOB). This activity was partially inspired by the idea of Twitterature developed by Alexander Aciman and Emmett Rensin; we believe with them that our digital time should develop new and more functional ways of addressing literary texts but at the same time we are convinced that the "burdensome duty of hours spent reading" cannot be eliminated. On the contrary, the new ways of reading in the digital era as we envisage them are the result and consequence of broader and deeper reading activities. We conceived the project of writing 366 tweets, out of the 366 poems that make the last form of Petrarca’s Rvf, as the result of different philological activities, from reading the texts in the original language to consulting manuscripts, translations and intersemiotic renderings of the texts. Before writing the 140 characters that make one tweet we also elaborated paraphrases, summaries and keywords related to the individual poems. Students created the first version of the tweets during the 2011 UO seminar on Re-reading Petrarca’s Rvf in the Digtal Era. The second version was elaborated in the context of a seminar on the same topic during Winter 2014. This paper presents the two versions of the Twitter Edition of Petrarca's Rvf now available in the OPOB and focuses on the philology connected to the latest edition that provided an English translation of the original tweets written in Italian. The actual Italian and English 366 tweets are published in the Appendix to the article.
Advances in the Treatment of Vestibular Disorders

This article discusses the pathophysiology, evidence of treatment efficacy, and factors that contribute to improved treatment outcome in three different vestibular disorders. In patients with unilateral and bilateral vestibular loss, recent research suggests that customized, supervised exercises facilitate recovery of postural stability. These exercises are based on knowledge of normal vestibular function as well as on our understanding of the various compensatory mechanisms that can contribute to recovery. Recognizing the limitations of these compensatory mechanisms as substitutes for lost vestibular function is important in establishing treatment goals. Treatment of patients with benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) is based on the identification of the specific canal involved and the anatomy of the labyrinth. Although patients with BPPV primarily experience brief episodes of vertigo, this disorder is also associated with postural instability, which may not resolve with remission of the positional vertigo.
Pulse return from a sphere

The back scattering of short plane-wave harmonic pulses incident on a perfectly conducting sphere is investigated for both near and far fields. The pulse return is expressed in terms of the inverse Laplace transform of the CW back-scattered field. The inverse transform is calculated for the initial part of the pulse return using a Tauberian theorem. The latter part of the pulse return is given exactly in terms of residues representing the natural oscillations of the spheres. This residue expression converges rapidly for small ka or ka of the order of 1. However, for ka\gg1 , the particular residue series is slowly convergent, but the terms which are slowly convergent can again be summed using methods of contour integration to give the CW creeping waves plus transients. Calculations of the pulse return for the case ka = 1 , indicates that there is significant tail to the pulse return in the "resonance" region. For very large ka , the tail of the pulse return is the order of 1/ka of the head. In the high frequency limit there is no pulse distortion.
Three-Dimensional Tidal Flow in an Elongated, Rotating Basin

The three-dimensional tidal circulation in an elongated basin of arbitrary depth is described with a linear, constant-density model on the f plane. Rotation fundamentally alters the lateral flow, introducing a lateral recirculation comparable in magnitude to the axial flow, as long as friction is not too large. This circulation is due to the imbalance between the cross-channel sea level gradient, which is in near-geostrophic balance with the Coriolis acceleration associated with the vertically averaged axial flow, and the Coriolis acceleration associated with the vertically sheared axial flow. During flood condition, for example, the lateral Coriolis acceleration near the surface exceeds the pressure gradient, tending to accelerate the lateral flow, while the converse is true near the bottom. As a result, with rotation, fluid parcels tend to corkscrew into and out of the basin in a tidal period. The axial flow is only weakly modified by rotation. When friction is small, the axial velocity is uniform in each section, except in a narrow bottom boundary layer where it decreases to zero. The boundary layer thickness increases with friction, so that with moderate or large friction, axial velocities are sheared from bottom to surface. When friction is large, the local and Coriolis accelerations are both small and the dynamics are governed by a balance between friction and the pressure gradient.
A Model of Cell Cycle Behavior Dominated by Kinetics of a Pathway Stimulated by Growth Factors

A modified version of a previously developed mathematical model [Obeyesekere et al., Cell Prolif. (1997)] of the G1-phase of the cell cycle is presented. This model describes the regulation of the G1-phase that includes the interactions of the nuclear proteins, RB, cyclin E, cyclin D, cdk2, cdk4 and E2F. The effects of the growth factors on cyclin D synthesis under saturated or unsaturated growth factor conditions are investigated based on this model. The solutions to this model (a system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations) are discussed with respect to existing experiments. Predictions based on mathematical analysis of this model are presented. In particular, results are presented on the existence of two stablesolutions, i. e., bistability within the G1-phase. It is shown that this bistability exists under unsaturated growth factor concentration levels. This phenomenon is very noticeable if the efficiency of the signal transduction, initiated by the growth factors leading to cyclin D synthesis, is low. The biological significance of this result as well as possible experimental designs to test these predictions are presented.
Innovative beam column connections using shape memory alloys

The application of Nitinol shape memory alloys (SMA) in steel connections is evaluated using connections incorporating SMA tendons. Shape memory alloys are a class of alloys that exhibit thermo-mechanical characteristics that are ideally suited for seismic applications. They have the ability to dissipate significant energy with little permanent deformation, and possess highly reliable energy dissipation based on a repeatable solid state phase transformation. To assess the validity of using SMA in real structures, two full-scale connections are tested. The tests are conducted on exterior joint specimens and tested according to the SAC testing protocol. The beams are W24 x 94 and the columns W14 x 159, all of A572 Grade 50 steel. Companion regular steel connections are tested for comparison. The connections are of a T-stub type, with four 11/2 inch diameter SMA rods providing the tensile resistance to the column. The specimens are re-tested several times to determine the ability of the SMA rods to regain their original configuration. The tests will lead to the development of an innovative beam-column connection that can be used for both retrofit and new construction that exhibits performance which is superior to existing designs.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Auditory Training: Consideration of Peripheral, Central-Auditory, and Cognitive Processes

It has been 8 years since Seminars in Hearing published an issue devoted to auditory training (2007, issue no. 2). Much has happened in the research literature during this time. In 2005, Sweetow and Palmer wrote the first systematic review investigating the efficacy of auditory training in adults.1 The review included six studies with varying levels of evidence. Three were randomized controlled trials, two were nonrandomized controlled trials, and one used a repeated-measures design. Only one study assessed participants both immediately posttraining and at a later follow-up evaluation. Additionally, all of the studies used one-on-one in-person auditory training. This important review highlighted the need for high-quality auditory training research demonstrating efficacy, effectiveness, and efficiency
Modern Theories of Relevancy, 1931-1981

Theories of relevancy from 1931 to 1981: introduction. Wigmore was the dominant figure in the law of evidence for almost half a century, and his influence remains substantial today. While much of his reputation and influence rest on his detailed analyses of particular evidentiary problems, some of his general views about the nature of relevancy and evidence also percolated into judicial decisions. In the last fifty years, however, there have been important departures from Wigmore's general theoretical analysis, and this shift in emphasis gathered significant momentum after Wigmore's death in 1943.
Metabolic syndrome in pediatrics

The ever growing prevalence of childhood obesity is being accompanied by an increase in the pediatric population of diseases once believed to be exclusive of the adulthood such as the metabolic syndrome (MS). The MS has been defined as the link between insulin resistance, hypertension, dyslipidemia, impaired glucose tolerance, and other metabolic abnormalities associated with an increased risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases in adults. In this review, we will discuss the peculiar aspects of the pediatric MS and the role of novel molecules and biomarkers in its pathogenesis.
Dawn of the E-Bomb: High-Power Microwave Technology and Military Implications for India

An article titled ‘Dawn of the E-Bomb’ by Michael Abrams in the Nov 2003 issue of the IEEE Spectrum magazine starts off thus: “In these media-fueled times, when war is a television spectacle and wiping out large number of civilians is generally frowned upon, the perfect weapon would literally stop an enemy in his tracks, yet harm neither hide nor hair. Such a weapon might shut down communication networks, disrupt power supplies, and fry an adversary’s countless computers and electronic gadgets, yet still leave buildings, bridges and highways intact.” Such a weapon is no longer in the realm of the fertile imagination of creative science fiction authors as they have not only been developed, but also tested against an adversary (some say twice) by the United States. High Power Microwaves, as they are called, (also termed radio frequency weapons) have been under investigation for several decades (since the 1940s according to some analysts) now for potential application as weapons for a variety of combat, sabotage and terrorist purposes. Rapid advances in the last 20 years in plasma physics, energy storage and fast switching devices have made HPMs effective and the technology is migrating outside classified government research and development laboratories. As A E Pevler points out, since the technology is relatively new and few (even in the US) had worked on it until the demise of the Soviet Union, the societal ramification of HPM have received little analysis. In this paper, a brief introduction of the HPM technology is given followed by an explanation of the interest shown in it by different parties (both state and non-state actors) and its implications for India’s national security.
Eating behaviours are different in youth with obesity and severe obesity.

The study purposes were to: (i) Investigate eating behaviours among patients in a paediatric weight management clinical practice and (ii) Compare eating behaviour phenotypes between children with severe obesity and obesity. This was a retrospective cross-sectional study using data collected during clinical encounters. Participants were included if they were 2-12 years old, had a body mass index ≥95th percentile and if a parent or guardian completed the Child Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (CEBQ). Participants (n = 149) were children with severe obesity (n = 108) and obesity (n = 41). The mean Satiety Responsiveness score was significantly lower for children with severe obesity than for children with obesity. Girls with severe obesity had significantly higher Enjoyment of Food and significantly lower Satiety Responsiveness and Slowness in Eating than girls with obesity. The findings demonstrate the potential clinical utility of the CEBQ for informing tailored treatment strategies through identifying eating behaviour phenotypes.
Becoming a Pragmatist Philosopher: Status, Self-Concept, and Intellectual Choice

What social factors influence intellectuals' decisions to affiliate with one intellectual tradition over another? In recent years, many sociologists of ideas have viewed intellectual choice as based on the quest for status within the intellectual field. However, the self-narratives that thinkers construct to understand who they are as intellectuals are not usually reducible to considerations of status, and the desire to do work resonant with any salient aspect of one's intellectual self-concept may influence the intellectual choices one makes. This issue is explored empirically by examining the case of philosophers who have affiliated themselves with the tradition of classical American pragmatism. Data come from interviews and from a nationally representative survey of U.S. philosophers. Results show that the choice to become a pragmatist is best explained by invoking both theories of status-based choice and the theory of intellectual self-concept. Implications for future research are considered.
To Screen or not to Screen: Low Dose Computed Tomography in Comparison to Chest Radiography or Usual Care in Reducing Morbidity and Mortality from Lung Cancer

Lung cancer has the highest mortality rate of all cancers. This paper seeks to address the question: Can the mortality of lung cancer be decreased by screening with low-dose computerized tomography (LDCT) in higher risk patients compared to chest X-rays (CXR) or regular patient care? Currently, CXR screening is recommended for certain high-risk patients. Several recent trials have examined the effectiveness of LDCT versus chest radiography or usual care as a control. These trials include National Lung Screening Trial (NLST), Detection And screening of early lung cancer with Novel imaging TEchnology (DANTE), Lung Screening Study (LSS), Depiscan, Italian Lung (ITALUNG), and Dutch-Belgian Randomized Lung Cancer Screening Trial (Dutch acronym: NELSON study). NLST, the largest trial (n=53, 454), demonstrated a decrease in mortality from lung cancer in the LDCT group (RRR=20%, P=0.004). LSS demonstrated a greater sensitivity in detecting both early stage and any stage of lung cancer in comparison to traditional CXR. Although the DANTE trial yielded data consistent with findings in LSS, it also showed that via LDCT screening a greater proportion of patients were placed under unnecessary surgical procedures. The Depiscan trial yielded a high nodule detection rate at the cost of a high false-positive rate compared to CXR screening. The ITALUNG and NELSON trials demonstrated the early detection capabilities of LDCT for lung cancers compared to usual care without surveillance imaging. False-positive findings with unnecessary workup, intervention, and radiation exposure remain significant concerns for routine LDCT screening. However, current data suggests LDCT may provide a highly sensitive and specific means for detecting lung cancers and reducing mortality.
Computed tomography of the glenohumeral and sternoclavicular joints.

SUMMARY Cross-sectional image display and high contrast resolution of computed tomography underscore the importance of this modality in the evaluation of a wide variety of abnormalities involving the glenohumeral articulation. Computerized arthrotomography provides a more comprehensive examination of the glenohumeral joint when compared with conventional arthrotomography. Furthermore, it requires less technical expertise to perform and is better tolerated by symptomatic patients. Computerized arthrotomography appears to be an ideal imaging method for evaluation of the Hill-Sachs defect and may prove to be the best imaging technique in the assessment of abnormalities of the bicipital tendon and sheath. In addition, the cross-sectional image display and wide contrast resolution of CT are well suited to the evaluation of the sternoclavicular joint.
Strength and Serviceability Requirements in Seismic Design Using Nonlinear Sfem

The damage suffered by steel structures in a recent strong earthquake forced the profession to reevaluate issues related to the seismic design of steel structures. Moment-resisting steel frames or parts of a frame are being tested to study their behavior during an earthquake. In a recently published report, SAC (1995) pointed out that it is not possible to generalize observations from limited experimental results since experiments may not represent inplace conditions, it is not economically feasible to test commonly used structural members and connection details, and the uncertainty in the problem can not be considered in limited experiments. Mathematical models verified by experimental results are necessary for this purpose.
Effects of temperature and equivalence ratio on mass balance and energy analysis in loblolly pine oxygen gasification

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of temperature and equivalence ratios (ERs) on the distribution of products (primary gases carbon monoxide [CO], H2, CH4, CO2), gas phase contaminants (tar, NH3, HCN, H2S, HCl), char, carbon, and inorganics), and energy flows on an oxygen-blown bubbling fluidized bed gasifier system using loblolly pine. The goal and value of this study was to provide quantitative and qualitative performance analysis and data for process engineering and optimization of these fledgling biomass conversion systems. As temperature and ER increased, mass balance closures also increased from 94.73% to 96.72% for temperature and 89.82–96.93% for ER. In addition, the carbon closures ranged from 80.77% to 92.29% and from 79.09% to 87.13% as temperature and ER increased, respectively. Carbon conversion efficiency to gas product ranged from 72.26% to 84.32% as temperature increased and from 72.26% to 84.66% as ER increased. Carbon flow analysis showed that the char product streams retained 10.26–6.94% and 8.82–2.13% of the carbon fed to the gasifier as temperature and ER increased, respectively. The carbon content in the liquid condensate was minimal compared to the carbon in other product streams and accounted for less than 0.1% of the carbon input to the gasifier at all conditions. The cold and hot gas efficiencies increased from 56.12% to 67.45% and from 67.51% to 83.83% as temperature increased due to higher production of CO and hydrogen (H2). In contrast, cold and hot gas efficiencies decreased from 63.85% to 52.84% and from 78.06% to 73.00% as ER increased, respectively, due to enhanced oxidation of gas products resulting in a net decrease in heating value.
Ethical issues. How can we distinguish clinical research from innovative therapy

The difference between research and innovative therapy is based on the goals rather than the risks or newness of the therapy. The threat to patients from research is not that an untested treatment may be hazardous. Instead, the danger is that the loyalty of their physician may be compromised by the goals of research. In the traditional conception of research, it is assumed that we know what constitutes standard therapy and how effective it is. The goal of research is to compare the effectiveness of an innovation with the standard therapy. However, when rapid progress is being made, it becomes difficult to measure improvements due to introduction of new therapies. It is difficult to determine which of many successful therapies is "best." As a result, rapid progress makes all therapies, including both new ones and old ones, nonvalidated therapies. In such situations, scientific norms about the degree of certainty that we must have in order to judge a therapy as being efficacious are based on the values of the individuals involved; rather than on any value-free statistical or scientific calculations. There are identifiable communities (ethnic groups) that are specifically effected by certain genetic diseases, as well as communities consisting of patients who have certain nongenetic diseases. When these groups (patient advocates) and communities are politically organized, they should be consulted and allowed to participate in the process of devising strategies to evaluate new therapies.
Isolated photons at hadron colliders at O(ααs2) (I): Spin-averaged case

The cross sections for isolated and non-isolated prompt photon production with unpolarized hadron beams are studied at order {alpha}{alpha}{sub s}{sup 2}. Two methods of performing the calculations are compared. One uses purely analytic techniques and the second uses a combination of analytic and Monte Carlo techniques to perform the phase-space integrations. The results of the analytic and Monte Carlo methods are compared both before and after isolation cuts are placed on the photon. Fragmentation contributions are included at next-to-leading order in the analytic case, and the question of the infrared sensitivity of this contribution once isolation is implemented is addressed. Numerical results are presented and compared with the latest CDF data for p{ovr p} {yields} {gamma} + X using the latest parton densities for the proton.
Corporate Entrepreneurship Through Radical Innovation: Key Organization and Initiative Level Mechanisms

The literature addressing tlie role of corporate entrepreneurship in large established organizations points repeatedly to the need for a part of the organization to focus on future paths to growth (Kanter et al., 1991; Kanter, 1989; Prahalad and Hamel, 1994) by thinking outside the firm's cusselit lines of business (B~~rgelman, 1984; Chesbrough, 2000). The definitions of cosporate entrepreneurship are many and varied (Sharma and Chisinan, 1999), but Covin and Miles (1999) strongly advocate that innovation is central to the corporate entrepreneurship construct stating, "without innovation there is no cosporate entrepreneurship" (p. 49). Though cosporate entrepreneurship, a firm takes a proactive approach to product- market innovation through tlie pursuit of risky ventures (Miller, 1983; Slevin and Covin, 1990).
Advancing Analysis of High Resolution Topography Using Distributed HPC Resources in OpenTopography

The OpenTopography science gateway provides efficient online access to high resolution topographic data and processing tools for a broad spectrum of research communities. We have integrated XSEDE HPC resources into the OpenTopography processing workflow to meet the growing demand for more complex and resource intensive algorithms from the wider community.
Nonclogging Resistive Pulse Sensing with Electrohydrodynamic Cone-Jet Bridges

Counting and sizing particles necessary in many fields from metallurgy to biology is commonly done with solid sensing apertures that suffer seriously from clogging. Physicists at Duke University take a drastically different approach and build a clogging-free particle counter with liquid bridges or jets.
Effect of Visualization on Spatial Trajectory Prediction under Uncertainty

Spatial predictions of uncertain trajectories are challenging, but are often associated with overconfidence. This study explored how a visualization influenced prediction of uncertain spatial traje...
Teaching Party Systems: A Culinary Demonstration

AbstractDuverger’s Law—the principle that first-past-the-post systems tend to promote two major political parties while proportional representation systems tend to promote multipartism—is a commonl...
Postoperative Aesthetic Considerations

This chapter will deal with those instances in which early reoperation (within the first days following surgery) should be undertaken to avoid an unaesthetic result. A reoperation should be considered under two circumstances. The first is when the treatment plan was inadvertently not followed. The second, if appreciated in the early postoperative period, is when an error in treatment planning was committed that will have unfavorable aesthetic results.
Nocturnal asthma: mechanisms and management.

Nocturnal asthma, defined as an exacerbation of asthma at night, is associated with increases in symptoms and need for medication, increased airway responsiveness and worsening of lung function. Nighttime worsening of asthma has been recognized since the 5th century A.D. and is believed to be quite common, affecting a majority of asthmatics. The mechanisms of nocturnal asthma are intimately related to circadian rhythms, which influence inflammatory cells and mediators, hormone levels and cholinergic tone. Patients with nocturnal asthma symptoms may have greater nighttime activation of inflammatory cells and mediators, lower levels of epinephrine and increased vagal tone. In addition, underlying differences in the glucocorticoid receptor and b- receptors in these patients may diminish their ability to respond to therapy. While sleep appears to play a role in the pathophysiology of nocturnal asthma, it is not essential to it. Selective timing of medication can increase its efficacy and reduce its toxicity. Available therapy includes inhaled and oral corticosteroids, sustained-release theophylline, long-acting b-agonists, leukotriene- modifying agents and anticholinergic medication. The definition, epidemiology, potential mechanisms and management of nocturnal asthma are discussed in this review.
Current NCI preclinical antitumor screening in vivo: results of tumor panel screening, 1976-1982, and future directions.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the current National Cancer Institute (NCI) preclinical antitumor screening in vivo. Preclinical models used by the NCI to select new drugs for clinical trial have changed periodically over the years. Changes in screening methodology have resulted from fundamental studies of biologic factors that affect the success of treatment, such as the relationship of tumor cell growth kinetics to drug responsiveness and from retrospective analyses of correlations between clinical and preclinical efficacy. The increased level of effort required to test a compound in a panel of tumors meant that the input of agents for evaluation would have to be limited. Of a number of alternatives considered, it was determined that the most reasonable approach would be to subject materials to a relatively sensitive and cost efficient in vivo prescreens-those showing a modest but reproducible.
The Miracle of Hanukkah and Other Orthodox Tales of Survival in Soviet Exile During World War II

ABSTRACTReligious praxis is an area of life impossible to document without the use of testimonial literature, and yet many historians are reluctant to rely on any ego-documents, particularly those ...
Physical activity promotion in women with PTSD: What we need for progress.

Abstract Objectives Researchers explore considerations for studying exercise promotion in women with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Design Researchers evaluated current studies on exercise promotion and PTSD. Method Presents critical reflections on (1) the underrepresentation of women in health promotion and PTSD research, and (2) the impact women’s trauma histories may have on exercise behavior. Results The underrepresentation of women in exercise trials leaves unanswered questions as to the generalizability of findings in women. Feasibility and acceptability of these programs among women with PTSD remains untested. Preliminary data indicate unique considerations may exist across the design and implementation domains. Conclusions Increased studies examining population-specific considerations for women with PTSD are needed.
Governance networks shaping the G20 through inclusivity practices

This article analyses how global governance networks contest, influence, and shape the Group of Twenty (G20) forum through the latter’s growing inclusivity practices, with important effects on glob...
The Great Divergence: Why Britain Industrialised First

What drove the precocious industrialisation in Britain was not demand for machines but rather (as Joel Mokyr and his co‐authors have argued) the supply of useful knowledge and the skills needed to put it into practice. They were the force behind early innovation. But they did not act alone. They were reinforced by British institutions, which gave the British economy a century's head start over the rest of Europe and likely too over the rich parts of Asia. The institutions included a uniform fiscal and legal system; an effective means of training apprentices, who had escaped from local guild control; and a parliament that could raise taxes and exercise eminent domain but was at the same time a credible protector of private property. Among other things, these institutions facilitated the transportation of goods such as coal and they were backed up by policies that worked in favour of manufacturing. Together, the institutions and policies generated agglomeration effects that encouraged innovation. The agglomeration effects were more pronounced in western Europe than anywhere else in Eurasia and more developed in Britain than anywhere else.
Outcomes of Heart and Combined Heart-Liver Transplant in Pediatric Fontan Patients

Purpose While combined heart-liver transplant (HLT) is being performed for Fontan patients, outcomes and indications remain poorly defined. We compared listing characteristics and post-transplant outcomes of Fontan patients with HLT to those with heart-only transplant (HT). Methods We retrospectively reviewed all Fontan patients undergoing HT or HLT at our institution between 2006-2019. Pre-transplant liver disease at the time of listing, as determined by laboratory and radiology data, and MELD-XI, Child Pugh, and VAST scores, were compared between groups. The Kaplan Meier survival method was used to compare post-transplant survival and freedom from rejection (ISHLT Grade 2R+ or pAMR2+). Results Forty-two patients (33 HT, 9 HLT) were included. HLT patients were older, more likely to be on dual-inotrope therapy, had worse Child Pugh and VAST scores, and were more likely to have varices, ascites, splenomegaly, and cirrhosis on imaging (Table 1). While not significant, HLT patients tended to be more sensitized, had higher total bilirubin and creatinine, and lower platelet count. Over a median post-transplant follow-up of 22 (5, 62) months, overall mortality for the entire cohort was 19%; only one HLT patient died (11%) versus 7 (21%) HT patients (p=0.58, Figure 1). None of the HLT patients experienced rejection, whereas 11 (33%) HT patients had rejection (p=0.06). Conclusion Despite a greater inotrope need and more severe liver disease at time of listing, patients undergoing HLT have post-transplant outcomes that are comparable, if not better, than Fontan patients with HT. There appears to be a protective effect from rejection with HLT.
Continuous Measurement of Interactions with the Physical World with a Wrist-Worn Backscatter Reader

Recent years have seen exciting developments in the use of RFID tags as sensors to enable a range of applications including home automation, health and wellness, and augmented reality. However, widespread use of RFIDs as sensors requires significant instrumentation to deploy tethered readers, which limits usability in mobile settings. Our solution is WearID, a low-power wrist-worn backscatter reader that bridges this gap and allows ubiquitous sensing of interaction with tagged objects. Our end-to-end design includes innovations in hardware architecture to reduce power consumption and deal with wrist attenuation and blockage, as well as signal processing architecture to reliably detect grasping, touching, and other hand-based interactions. We show via exhaustive characterization that WearID is roughly 6× more power efficient than state-of-art commercial readers, provides 3D coverage of 30 to 50 cm around the wrist despite body blockage, and can be used to reliably detect hand-based interactions. We also open source the design of WearID with the hope that this can enable a range of new and unexplored applications of wearables.
Understanding pulsed jet impingement cooling by instantaneous heat flux matching at solid-liquid interfaces

Introducing flow pulsation into a water-jet cooling system allows for flow-field control for more efficient heat removal. Here, transient thermal mapping is used to quantify how a pulsed water jet in a falling-film geometry can enhance the overall cooling performance. It is found that the influence of the jet-pulsation frequency on the maximum cooling performance can be predicted by heat flux matching at the solid-liquid interface, while the optimum pulsation frequency is dictated by the thermofluid instabilities that occur in the falling film.
Synthesis, characterization, in vitro SAR study, and preliminary in vivo toxicity evaluation of naphthylmethyl substituted bis-imidazolium salts.

Abstract A series of novel bis-imidazolium salts was synthesized, characterized, and evaluated in vitro against a panel of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells. Two imidazolium cores were connected with alkyl chains of varying lengths to develop a structure activity relationship (SAR). Increasing the length of the connecting alkyl chain was shown to correlate to an increase in the anti-proliferative activity. The National Cancer Institute’s NCI-60 human tumor cell line screen confirmed this trend. The compound containing a decyl linker chain, 10, was chosen for further in vivo toxicity studies with C578BL/6 mice. The compound was well tolerated by the mice and all of the animals survived and gained weight over the course of the study.