cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bronchodilator activity of bitter tastants in human tissue

776 volume 17 | number 7 | july 2011 nature medicine To the Editor: We read with interest the article by Deshpande et al.1 on bitter taste receptors (TAS2Rs) in the lungs and the expression of TAS2Rs on human airway smooth muscle (ASM). The authors describe experiments in which TAS2R agonists, such as chloroquine, evoked relaxation of mouse tracheal rings that was threefold greater in magnitude than that elicited by b-adrenergic receptor agonists1 (the current gold-standard bronchodilator therapy for asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease2). We sought to investigate the uncharacteristically weak bronchodilator activity of isoproterenol in human tissue. After repeating key experiments from the paper by Deshpande et al.1 in our laboratories in the UK and in the laboratories of our collaborator in the US (B.J.C.), we obtained data that is consistent with a body of literature3 and clinical practice that suggests that isoproterenol is a potent and efficacious relaxant of human airway smooth muscle, eliciting a relaxation 4 log fold (10,000×) more potent than chloroquine, although both agents had similar efficacy (Fig. 1a,b). This difference in potency was apparent when we precontracted the human airway smooth muscle to 60–80% of the maximum attainable contraction with either 10 μM histamine (Fig. 1a) or 1 μM carbachol (Fig. 1b). We obtained comparable results in studies using airway smooth muscle preparations from guinea pigs, a species in which relaxation to b-agonists is elicited through the b2-adrenergic receptor (M.G.B., N.D., M.A.B. and B.J.C., unpublished observations). Several explanations could be proffered as to why there is a discrepancy between our results and those obtained by Deshpande et al.1 When performing in vitro tissue bath experiments to investigate the relaxant properties of agonists on ASM, standard practice is to precontract the tissue to establish a baseline level of bronchoconstrictor tone. The tone induced would normally be submaximal to avoid functional antagonism of the potential relaxant response4. However, the concentration of acetylcholine used by Deshpande et al.1 (0.1 mM) is supramaximal, which could functionally antagonize the relaxant response to isoproterenol, thereby making it appear smaller than expected. When we repeated these experiments under conditions of supramaximal tension (0.1 mM ACh), we also found that the relaxation to isoproterenol was compromised (60% of the maximal relaxation evoked by papaverine instead of 100%; Fig. 1c,d). We should emphasize that we do not question the author’s conclusions that airway smooth muscle from humans and mice express bitter taste receptors. This is potentially a physiologically important observation. We would respectfully suggest, however, that our data and the published literature cast doubt on the claim that TAS2R agonists are more effective bronchodilators than currently prescribed b2-adrenergic receptor agonists. Note: Supplementary information is available on the Nature Medicine website.
CW Optical-Optical Double Resonance studies of the 23Πg, 33Πg, 43Πg+, and 13Δg Rydberg states of Na2

The 23Πg, 33Πg, 43Σg+, and 13Δg states of the Na2 molecule are observed by sub-Doppler Perturbation Facilitated Optical-Optical Double Resonance (PFOODR) spectroscopy. Absolute vibrational assignments and molecular constants are obtained for two of these states (33Πg, v = 0–25 observed, and 43Σg+, v = 3–5, 13, 14 observed). Tentative vibrational assignments and provisional molecular constants are obtained for the 23Πg (v = 43–89 observed) and 13Δg (v = 31–35, 40, 46–51 observed) states. Spin-orbit, spin-spin, and hyperfine splittings are observed. The direct 3Λg+ → a3Σu, 23Πg ∼ 33Πg perturbation-induced, and collision-induced contributions of these four 3Λg states to the ubiquitous Na-vapor violet and ultraviolet emission bands are discussed.
Building a remote collaborative learning course in computational modeling of car crash injury prevention

This paper describes an approach for the design of coursework in crash injury biomechanics based on a remote collaborative learning environment. Virginia Tech and Wake Forest University (VT-WFU) have formed the Center for Injury Biomechanics, a unique partnership, which offers a graduate curriculum in crash injury biomechanics to prepare graduate biomechanics students to address this critical public health issue. A challenge however has been how to integrate students at these two geographically separated organizations. This paper describes our experiences in designing and conduct a highly interactive class which revolved around open-ended design and analysis problems. The result has been a course conducted in the collaborative problem-solving environment characteristic of modern interdisciplinary research organizations distributed across geographically disparate regions.
Conceptual tempo, inhibition of movement, and acceleration of movement in 4-, 7-, and 9-yr.-old children.

St~mnta~y.-The relationships among conceptual tempo, the ability to inhibit movement, and the ability to accelerate movement were studied in 4-, 7-, and 9-yr.-old boys and girls. Conceptual tempo was measured by Kagan's Matching Familiar Figures and mocor inhibition and motor acceleration were measured by the Walk-a-Board, Reel-up, and Finger Tap tests. The ability to inhibit movement was correlated with the ability to accelerate movement and both were related to conceptual tempo lor boys. For girls, movement acceleration and conceptual tempo were nor related. The relationships were strongest for 4-yr.olds and decreased as age increased.
Concurrent establishment of ground cover and hardwood trees on reclaimed mined land and unmined reference sites.

Abstract A reclaimed mined site and an unmined reference site were compared to assess the effectiveness of reclaiming land according to United States Public Law 95-87, The Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977, for forest land use. Red oak (Quercus rubra L.) and black walnut (Juglans nigra L.) seedlings were planted concurrently with K-31 fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) and red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), and maintained under the same levels of management on mined and unmined sites in Sullivan County, Indiana. Soil chemical and physical properties were evaluated, and ground-cover productivity was assessed for 4 years. Survival and growth of bareroot and container seedlings as influenced by chemical control of competing ground cover was followed for 7 years. After liming and fertilization, mine soil physical properties rather than chemical properties were apparent factors affecting survival of tree seedlings and productivity of both tree species and ground-cover vegetation. Survival percentage of black walnut and red oak seedlings on the mine site was adequate to meet the 450 trees acre−1 (≈ 1112 trees ha−1) stocking level specified by current laws only when ground cover vegetation was controlled. Survival and height growth of both tree species was greater on the reference site than on the mine site, especially when ground-cover vegetation was controlled. The poorer growth on the mine site was due to severe stem dieback on plots with no ground-cover control. The results show the importance of controlling the competing ground-cover vegetation during seedling establishment on reclaimed mine soils, particularly during the first 4 years following outplanting.
On the scope of verb movement in Irish

This paper is concerned with one aspect of the syntactic processes which derive VSO order in (Modern) Irish. Analyses which appeal to fronting of the finite verb have played an important role in recent theorizing about the VSO clausal pattern. A question which has resisted resolution, however, is the question of what the target-position for this fronting is: does the verb move as far as the C0-position, or does it remain among the inflectional projections? This paper argues that the kind of Verb Fronting found in Irish involves only fronting of V0 to I0, and that it is, as a consequence, different in important ways from Verb Fronting of the Germanic type. The analytical challenges posed by the Irish data are, however, made more interesting by the fact that the sequence of Complementizer, Inflectional element and Verb clearly forms a unit-a word at least for phonological purposes. It is an interesting issue how this conclusion is compatible with the conclusion that there is no general fronting of I0 to C0 in Irish (finite) clauses. It is argued that the Verbal Complex is formed by two movements — raising of V0 to I0 and lowering of C0 to I0. The question of how this conclusion can be compatible with current theories of movement and of locality constraints on movement is the final matter addressed.
Bilateral Temporal Bone Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis: Radiologic Pearls

Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a rare histiocytic disorder with an unpredictable clinical course and highly varied clinical presentation ranging from single system to multisystem involvement. Although head and neck involvement is common in LCH, isolated bilateral temporal bone involvement is exceedingly rare. Furthermore, LCH is commonly misinterpreted as mastoiditis, otitis media and otitis externa, delaying diagnosis and appropriate therapeutic management. To improve detection and time to treatment, it is imperative to have LCH in the differential diagnosis for unusual presentations of the aforementioned infectious head and neck etiologies. Any lytic lesion of the temporal bone identified by radiology should raise suspicion for LCH. We hereby describe the radiologic findings of a case of bilateral temporal bone LCH, originally misdiagnosed as mastoiditis.
Culturally sensitive interventions for health related behaviors among Latino youth: A meta-analytic review

Abstract Latino youth represent a growing and culturally distinct population. Obtaining positive outcomes with this cultural group is widely thought to be contingent upon the use of Culturally Sensitive Interventions (CSIs). Yet, despite the prevalence of health disparities among Latino youth, little research has attempted to determine the effectiveness of currently operationalized CSIs. Employing meta-analytic techniques to address this knowledge gap, the results of the present study suggest that CSIs may achieve small beneficial effects, at least in the areas of externalizing behaviors (Hedges' g = 0.179, 95% C.I. = 0.019 to 0.338, p = 0.028) and physical health outcomes (Hedges' g = 0.200, 95% C.I. = 0.038 to 0.361, p = 0.016). Tentative practice and research implications conclude the paper.
Selection of bases for a residue number system

A procedure is presented for selecting the bases in a residue number system (RNS) for which the conversion procedure from RNS to decimal is simple. The conversion procedure is not based on the Chinese remainder theorem.
Theory and simulation of condensed-phase ultrafast dynamics

In this paper, we describe a new approach to simulating many-body molecular dynamics on coupled electronic surfaces. The method is based on a semiclassical limit of the quantum Louisville equation, which yields equations of motion for classical-like distribution functions describing both nuclear probability densities on the coupled surfaces and the coherences between the electronic states. The Hamiltonian dynamics underlying the evolution of these distributions is augmented by nonclassical source and sink terms, which allow the flow of probability between the coupled surfaces and the corresponding formation and decay of electronic coherences. We show that this approach reproduces the familiar Landau-Zehnder transition probability in the limit of weak electronic coupling. In addition, we describe a trajectory-based implementation in the context of a conventional molecular dynamics simulation.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The clinical significance of binge eating in an obese population: support for bed and questions regarding its criteria.

Abstract The present study examined the prevalence of binge eating disorder (BED) among 192 obese individuals seeking treatment in a university-based eating disorders program. Subjects responded to a self-report questionnaire on the presence and severity of binge eating and were divided into two groups: 1. (a) 48 non-binge eaters 2. (b) 144 binge eaters, 72 of whom met criteria for BED. Binge eaters reported earlier onset of obesity, higher levels of psychopathology, and less competence in relation to weight control. Comparison between the 72 individuals diagnosed with BED and the 72 binge eaters not meeting BED criteria indicated that the former group evidenced more severe binge eating and a higher level of depression. Given the differences across a range of psychological variables between binge eaters and non-binge eaters, these findings support the clinical and research value of BED as a new diagnostic category. However. they also indicate that severity of binge eating, regardless of frequency and associated behavioral features, is the most important distinguishing characteristic. Further research is needed to determine the most appropriate threshold for BED diagnosis.
Self‐consistent molecular orbital calculations by least‐squares projection of 2‐center charge distributions

A method for approximating hybrid and exchange integrals over atomic orbitals is discussed and examined in detail for the case of Slater-type orbitals (STO'S). The crux of the approximation is the least-squares projection of 2-center charge distributions onto suitably chosen 1-center charge distributions. The approximate integrals are thus linear combinations of Coulomb-type integrals, and are generated at a rate of ∼150/sec on a CDC 1604A computer. The method is employed in an SCF MO study of benzene and several of its ions.
Simulated Climate and Climate Change in the GFDL CM2.5 High-Resolution Coupled Climate Model

AbstractThe authors present results for simulated climate and climate change from a newly developed high-resolution global climate model [Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory Climate Model version 2.5 (GFDL CM2.5)]. The GFDL CM2.5 has an atmospheric resolution of approximately 50 km in the horizontal, with 32 vertical levels. The horizontal resolution in the ocean ranges from 28 km in the tropics to 8 km at high latitudes, with 50 vertical levels. This resolution allows the explicit simulation of some mesoscale eddies in the ocean, particularly at lower latitudes.Analyses are presented based on the output of a 280-yr control simulation; also presented are results based on a 140-yr simulation in which atmospheric CO2 increases at 1% yr−1 until doubling after 70 yr.Results are compared to GFDL CM2.1, which has somewhat similar physics but a coarser resolution. The simulated climate in CM2.5 shows marked improvement over many regions, especially the tropics, including a reduction in the double ITCZ and an i...
Galois groups and complete domains

Consider a domain\(\hat R\) that is complete with respect to a non-zero prime ideal. This paper proves two Galois-theoretic results about such rings. Using Grothendieck’s Existence Theorem we prove that every finite group occurs as the Galois group of a Galois extension of\(\hat R\left[ x \right]\). This generalizes results of David Harbater who proved the result in the case where the ideal is maximal and the domain is normal. As a consequence, we deduce that if\(\hat R\) is a Noetherian domain that is complete with respect to a non-zero prime ideal, then every finite group occurs as a Galois group over\(\hat R\). This proves the Noetherian case of a conjecture posed by Moshe Jarden.
Anticholinesterase activity of the unsymmetric bisquaternary 6-aminoquinoline salt NSC-176319.

Abstract The anticholinesterase activity of the unsymmetric bisquaternary 6-aminoquinoline salt NSC-176319 (QB) was studied in vitro. QB proved to be a noncompetitive inhibitor of both acetylcholinesterase (or true cholinesterase) and butyrylcholinesterase (or pseudocholinesterase) having a K 1 = 0.5 × 10 −6 M for acetylcholinesterase and 1.5 × 10 6− M for butyrylcholinesterase. Further, QB inhibited esterase activity of murine plasma in a noncompetitive manner ( K i = 4.2 × 10 −6 M). The inhibition was instantaneous in onset and did not diminish with prolonged incubation of the drug and enzyme. All mice treated intravenously with 2 mg QB/kg died within 5 min. Prior to death, mice developed severe parasympathomimetic effects and convulsions. Although the parasympathomimetic effects were diminished by atropine sulfate pretreatment, death could only be prevented by barbiturate anesthesia.
Osmotic Adjustment and the Development of Freezing Resistance in Fragaria virginiana

Cold temperature acclimation in strawberry (Fragaria virginiana) leaves apparently involves the alteration of cellular osmotic properties. Alterations in leaf osmotic potential were closely correlated with alterations in soluble carbohydrate content of the leaf tissue and changing temperatures. Leaf starch content was inversely related to soluble carbohydrate levels, suggesting that starch is a partial source of osmoticum during osmotic adjustment associated with cold temperature stress. Free amino acid changes were more closely linked to senescence and growth processes while changes in ion content suggested a rapid mobilization of solutes at the onset of freezing temperatures. This was supported by changes in whole plant gradients in leaf osmotic potential before and after exposure to freezing temperatures. In terms of freezing resistance and the role of osmotic adjustment in the development of resistance, it was found that of all leaves undergoing osmotic adjustment only the younger leaves survived, suggesting an age-dependent component to freezing resistance in leaves. Freezing resistance appears to involve alterations in several cellular properties that act in concert to confer a hardy state of the tissue. Although osmotic adjustment may be an important component of the final combination of cellular properties, this study indicates that solute accumulation does not function alone to confer freezing resistance.
A study of attitudes and support systems of innercity adolescent mothers

Because the simultaneous demands of adolescence and motherhood could result in special infant rearingattitudes and concerns, a prospective pilot study of inner city adolescent mothers was undertaken. A sample of primiparous adolescent mothers was compared with primiparous and multiparous nonadolescent mothers. Data were collected by home interviews at two weeks and three months postpartum. The major hypothesis, that the simultaneous occurrence of adolescence and motherhood would result in special infant rearing attitudes, concerns, and support systems which interfered with mothering, was not fully supported by our findings. Few of the adolescent mothers were married (8%) but of those not married, most (95%) lived in an extended family. Adolescent mothers, when compared with older mothers, were more likely to seek medical advice from their mothers as opposed to health professionals and were more insecure in their maternal self-image if caretaking was shared. Attitudinal differences around feeding were seen, but attitudes about spoiling, perception of the baby's behavior, discipline, caretaking, and enjoyment were the same among groups. Adolescent mothers and their infants provide physicians and other child health professionals with a special pediatric family. The differences in available support systems and maternal self-image suggest areas for further investigation.
Anisotropy of photosynthetic membranes and the degree of fluorescence polarization

The degree of fluoresence polarization, P, of unoriented and magnetically oriented spinach chloroplasts as a function of excitation (400–680 nm) and emission wavelengths (675–750 nm) is reported. For unoriented chloroplasts P can be divided into two contributions, PIN and PAN. The latter arises from the optical anisotropy of the membranes which is due to the orientation with respect to the membrane plane of pigment molecules in vivo. The intrinsic polarization PIN, which reflects the energy transfer between different pigment molecules and their degree of mutual orientation, can be measured unambiguously only if (1) oriented membranes are used and the fluorescence is viewed along a direction normal to the membrane planes, and (2) the excitation is confined to the Qy (≈ 660−680 nm) absorption band of chlorophyll in vivo. With 670–680 nm excitation, values of P using unoriented chloroplasts can be as high as +14%, mostly reflecting the orientational anisotropy of the pigments. Using oriented chloroplasts, PIN is shown to be +5±1%. The excitation wavelength dependence studies of PIN indicate that the carotenoid and chlorophyll Qy transition moments tend to be partially oriented with respect to each other on a local level (within a given photosynthetic unit or its immediate neighbors).
Earth Science in the Anthropocene: New Epoch, New Paradigm, New Responsibilities

We live in the Anthropocene: For better or for worse, the Earth system now functions in ways unpredictable without understanding how human systems function and how they interact with and control Earth system processes. Regardless of whether this transition from the Holocene (generally thought of as the past 12,000 years) to the new epoch of the Anthropocene will ultimately be for the better or for the worse, the Earth system will not be returning to a preanthropogenic state for the foreseeable future. Human involvement in the Earth system has now gone far beyond mere interference with “natural” processes. Human systems have emerged as new primary Earth systems, not only by dramatically altering preexisting natural processes but also, more important, by introducing a host of new Earth system processes entirely novel to the Earth system. As a result, the classic paradigm of “Earth systems with humans disturbing them” is obsolete. Human systems have become as integral and defining a component of this planet's processes as are biological, atmospheric, hydrologic, and geologic systems. As with the rise of photosynthetic organisms and the emergence of the biosphere, human systems have driven the Earth along a new and unprecedented path.
Preparation and calibration of the NBS SRM767: A superconductive temperature fixed point device

Abstract More than 100 cryogenic-temperature reference-point devices based upon the reproducible superconductive transition temperatures of five elements have been distributed through the NBS Office of Standard Reference Materials as SRM 767. The fixed-point temperatures of the device have been noted as reference temperatures of the Provisional Temperature Scale 0.5 K to 30 K. The methods of preparation of the device, the procedures for its calibration, and a summary of the results of the calibration experiments are briefly presented. Suggestions are offered for verification of the device temperatures and for improvements in the device performance.
New concepts in dynamic fluid-loss modeling of fracturing fluids

Copyright (cr 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. The fluid-loss problem has been successfully reformulated to make it amenable to modeling by dimensionless groups of variables. Starting with a basic formulation relating laboratory fluid-loss volume to other process variables such as core area and permeability, applied differential pressure, fluid apparent viscosity, shear rate, and shear time, we obtained a functional equation relating a dimensionless fluid-loss term n l /A√k to other rock- and fluid-based dimensionless groups of variables. The effects of polymer loading, fluid-loss additive (FLAr concentration and temperature were investigated through a system of shift factors which were defined to show quantitatively the combined effects of these variables on apparent viscosity. Extensive laboratory experimentation was required to determine the parameters of the resulting functional equation. The fann model 90 was used to conduct the dynamic fluid-loss experiments, and the fann model 50c was used to measure the apparent viscosities at temperatures and pressures utilized in the dynamic fluid-loss component. The filter media were natural Ohio sandstone cores having permeabilities of 0.01−0.3 mD, and ceramic cores of 750-mD permeability (this is the least permeable medium available from the manufacturerr. The paper demonstrates that certain previously reported three-parameter dynamic fluid-loss equations may only be applicable to low-permeability filter media. Rather than using the parameters of these equations to characterize the fluid-loss control effectiveness, as was previously proposed, a new parameter based on the ratio of the slope of the equilibrium-state line to the cake-build-up rate is defined and shown to be a more consistent discriminant. The method outlined in the paper constitutes a significant departure from previous methods which have, in general, attempted to curve-fit experimental data of fluid-loss volume vs. time. It is shown that this method is limited only by the scope of reported data when one is analyzing previously conducted experimentation.
DESIGN, SYNTHESIS AND APPLICATION OF SURFACE-ACTIVE CHEMICALS FOR THE PROMOTION OF ELECTROFUSION OF PLANT PROTOPLASTS

Abstract To provide milder, and thus less destructive, electrical conditions without reduced fusion rates a combination of chemofusion and electrofusion techniques was successfully applied to isolated plant protoplasts. Chemical adjuvants were employed for pretreatment of the protoplasts, added to the fusion medium during electroapplication and left in the culture medium in order to maintain the most obvious advantage of electrofusion, i.e. direct culture in the fusion medium without the need for washing procedures to remove fusion-promoting substances. Eight chemicals were investigated in the chemostimulated electrofusion and five proved to be positively effective and non-toxic to the cells in culture. Calluses were successfully induced. These chemicals are l -α-lyso(stearoyl/palmitoyl)phosphatidyl cholinium chloride (LLCC), quaternary starch (QS), di-[poly(oxyethylene)ethanol]-stearylammonium chloride (DSC), di-[poly(oxyethylene)ethanol]-stearylamine (DSA) and polyvinylalcohol (PVA). Among these five chemicals, the latter three gave the most promising results. DSC can cause a relative fusion rate of up to 2.15 with a normal (non-reduced) electrical field and 1.94 with a milder less damaging field. DSA gave the highest relative fusion rate under reduced electrofusion conditions (1.72). PVA triggered relative fusion rates as high as 2.21 under normal electrical conditions and 1.26 under milder conditions.
Enolate Additions to a Chiral 3-Hydroxypropionate 2,3-Dication Equivalent. Enantioselective Synthesis of beta,delta-Dihydroxy Esters.

The use of optically active dicarbonyl cyclopentadienyliron(vinyl ether) BF4 salts, 3 and 4, as enantioselective 3-hydroxypropionate 2,3-dication equivalents is outlined. Complexes 3 and 4 are readily available by exchange etherification of 2, and these have been transformed to enantiomeric dicarbonyl (η-cyclopentadienyliron)(η2-1-methoxypropene) BF4 5 and ent-5. Complex 5 has been converted to the corresponding p-methoxybenzyloxy vinyl ether complex 7 by exchange etherification. Condensation of this salt with a number of terminal and nonterminal enolates yields adducts, which are then transformed by redox-promoted alkoxycarbonylation, followed by alcohol deprotection, to optically active 2-methyl-3-hydroxy-5 keto esters. 1,3-Reduction of these ketols can be effected to give either syn- or anti-1,3-diols and thence their related pentanolides.
A performance comparison of motivational self-believers and self-doubters in competitive and individualistic goal situations

This study compared the performance of students lacking belief in their self-regulatory capability to complete a course-related, item-writing, extra-credit task (self-doubters) to those possessing self-confidence (self-believers), or in-between (self-unsure), in competitive and individualistic goal situations. In the competitive situation, only a fixed percentage of students could receive grade bonuses, while any student who exceeded preset criteria could in the individualistic one. One hundred and twenty-six students were classified by tertiles as self-doubters, self-believers, and self-unsure based on self-confidence ratings for writing test questions on assigned chapters. Self-believers earned significantly more extra-credit points than self-doubters overall. A significant interaction reflected self-doubters doing considerably worse and the self-unsure doing better in the competitive situation than the individualistic one, while self-believers performed equally in either situation. Self-doubters appeared more productive in the situation where preset evaluation criteria assured a payoff for effort expended.
An electron microscopic study of a 'Sertoli-like' cell in the testis of a barnacle, Balanus.

Abstract The organization of a ‘Sertoli-like’ cell (SLC) is described in the testis of a barnacle, Balanus eburneus . Underlying a relatively thick basal lamina are ‘sheet-like’ cytoplasmic extensions that develop from the base of the SLC and almost completely enclose the germ cells. Junctional structures are frequently observed between the SLCs and between an SLC and a developing germ cell. Portions of the SLC extend deep into the testis and subdivide into branches. Developing sperm are seen within inpocketings of the plasmalemma of the branches. Noteworthy among the SLC's organelles are large, well-developed mitochondria, an abundant smooth endoplasmic reticulum and masses of glycogen particles. Intercellular bridges are present between germ cells which are at the same stage of development. In some respects the organization of the SLC in B. eburneus is suggestive of that in the Sertoli cell in the testis of vertebrates.
The monetary explanation of inflation: The experience of three major OPEC economies

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to analyze and to test empirically the monetary explanation of inflation in the case of the moderate inflationary experience of three major OPEC economies over the last two decades. The estimated model takes into account the underlying money demand relationship and pays careful attention to the model's lag specifications. The empirical results show that the monetary model of inflation adequately explains the inflationary process in each of the countries studied. These empirical results, furthermore, are econometrically valid insofar as they are not plagued with significant simultaneous-equation bias. In addition, the estimated equations are also found to exhibit structural stability over time.
Elevated catecholamines during cardiac surgery: Consequences of reperfusion of the postarrested heart

This study determines whether reperfusion of the heart with elevated blood levels of epinephrine (E) and norepinephrine (NE) during cardiac surgery produces deleterious effects. The study was conducted in 60 patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery. Arterial catecholamine values increased significantly (p < 0.05), from prebypass control levels of 152 ± 29 and 327 ± 30 pg/ml of E and NE, respectively, to 415 ± 78 and 554 ± 49 pg/ml, at initiation of perfusion of the heart after the aortic cross-clamp was removed. Serial measurement of arterial (A) and coronary sinus (CS) E, NE, potassium, lactate, PO2 and CK-MB revealed that during 10 minutes of reperfusion the heart extracted E (positive A-CS difference, p < 0.05), but that the NE A-CS difference was 0. The CS effluent contained significantly (p < 0.05) higher concentrations of potassium, lactate and CK-MB during reperfusion than before aortic occlusion. There was no significant correlation of arterial E and NE, CS E and NE or A-CS differences in E and NE with myocardial release of lactate, potassium or CK-MB. There was a weak association (r = 0.4, p < 0.01) between coronary sinus CK-MB and aortic occlusion time. Maximal arterial E and NE values did not correlate with 10-hour postoperative (maximal) CK-MB values. These results indicate that reperfusion of the postarrested ischemic heart with high levels of endogenously released catecholamines does not worsen ischemia or contribute significantly to myocardial damage.
Evaluation of 2,2′-anhydro-1-(3′-O-acetyl-β-D-arabinofuranosyl)-5-iodocytosine hydrochloride and related compounds as antineoplastic and antiviral agents

Abstract 2,2′-Anhydro-1-(3′-O-acetyl-β-D-arabinofuranosyl)-5-iodocytosine (anhydro-araIC 3′-acetate), previously synthesized and isolated as a crude product by Moffatt and his coworkers, was purified and characterized. The availability of pure anhydro-araIC 3′-acetate made possible a comparative study of the antineoplastic, antiviral and biochemical potencies of anhydro-araIC 3′-acetate with the structurally related agents 2,2′-anhydro-1-(3′-O-acetyl-β-D-arabinofuranosyl)cytosine (anhydro-araC 3′-acetate) and 2,2′-anhydro-1-(β-D-arabinofuranosyl)-5-iodocytosine (anhydro-araIC). The presence of the 5-iodo substituent and/or the 3′-O-acetyl group on 2,2′-anhydro-1-(β-D-arabinofuranosyl)cytosine (anhydro-araC) did not alter the capacity of these agents to exert cytotoxic and antineoplastic activity against L1210, P388, L5178Y and human leukemia cells and against human colon and rectal carcinomas, as well as antiviral activity against herpes simplex virus Type 1. All of the compounds caused inhibition of [3H]thymidine incorporation into the DNA of L1210 cells in culture, with anhydro-araIC 3′-acetate being significantly less inhibitory than the other derivatives. Little or no interference with RNA and protein synthesis was produced by these pyrimidine nucleosides. Both anhydro-araIC 3′-acetate and anhydro-araIC were potent inhibitors of the activity of DNA polymerase α from the L1210 leukemia at the nucleoside level, while anhydro-araC 3′-acetate and anhydro-araC were non-inhibitory; none of the agents caused inactivation of DNA polymerase β. The findings suggest that the antineoplastic and antiviral activities of the 2,2′-anhydro-arabinosylcytosine nucleosides may be the result of biochemical actions different from those of araC.
The influence of heme ruffling on spin densities in ferricytochromes c probed by heme core 13C NMR.

The heme in cytochromes c undergoes a conserved out-of-plane distortion known as ruffling. For cytochromes c from the bacteria Hydrogenobacter thermophilus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, NMR and EPR s...
The mTORC1 Pathway Stimulates Glutamine Metabolism and Cell Proliferation by Repressing SIRT4

Proliferating mammalian cells use glutamine as a source of nitrogen and as a key anaplerotic source to provide metabolites to the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) for biosynthesis. Recently, mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) activation has been correlated with increased nutrient uptake and metabolism, but no molecular connection to glutaminolysis has been reported. Here, we show that mTORC1 promotes glutamine anaplerosis by activating glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH). This regulation requires transcriptional repression of SIRT4, the mitochondrial-localized sirtuin that inhibits GDH. Mechanistically, mTORC1 represses SIRT4 by promoting the proteasome-mediated destabilization of cAMP-responsive element binding 2 (CREB2). Thus, a relationship between mTORC1, SIRT4, and cancer is suggested by our findings. Indeed, SIRT4 expression is reduced in human cancer, and its overexpression reduces cell proliferation, transformation, and tumor development. Finally, our data indicate that targeting nutrient metabolism in energy-addicted cancers with high mTORC1 signaling may be an effective therapeutic approach.
A New Class of Error-Correcting/Detecting Codes for Fault-Tolerant Computer Applications

Separable error-correcting/detecting codes are developed that provide protection against combinations of both unidirectional and random errors. Specifically, codes are presented which can both: 1) correct (detect) some t random errors, and 2) detect any number of unidirectional errors which may also contain t or fewer random errors. Necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of these codes are also developed. Decoding algorithms for these codes are presented, and implementations of the algorithms are also discussed.
Family systems functioning, family health roles, and utilization of physical health services

The purpose of the study reported here is to determine the relationship between family systems functioning, family health role, and family utilization of health services. The research is based in the Circumplex Model of Marital and Family Systems (Olson, Sprenkle, & Russel, 1979). Family functioning variables include family level of cohesion, family adaptability, and family type, as measured by FACES II. Family health role (i.e., leadership role and acceptance of sick role) and utilization of health services are measured by scales of the investigator-developed Family Health Questionnaire. The sample consists of 140 parents of 70 families, composed of two parents with children under 25 years of age living at home. Analysis reveals significant relationships between the family level of adaptability and acceptance of the sick role, in conjunction with significant gender and gender interaction effects. There are no significant differences between family cohesion levels or family typologies with the health variables.
Organisational gossip, sense-making and the spookfish: a reflexive account

This paper offers a reflective and reflexive account of doing research into gossip in healthcare organisations. It advances the concept of sense-making, drawing upon Weick's perspective theoretically and reflexively to incorporate a 'sixth sense' of intuition. The spookfish, which has developed highly specialised eyes to cope with very low light levels, is used as an organising metaphor to illustrate how attention to everyday talk can illuminate our understanding of gossip and intuition in organisational and managerial contexts. The paper exemplifies some practical aspects of working reflexively, illustrating how critical conversations and metaphor were used in the research process, and beyond, as a means of encouraging creative thought in the emergent scholarship of organisational gossip.
Preparation and in-situ characterization of polycarbosilane thin films by d.c. plasma-enhanced deposition

Polycarbosilane thin films were deposited using a d.c. plasma process, taking advantage of the high deposition rate and self-healing process of d.c. discharge polymerization on a conductive substrate such as steel. A unique deposition and surface analytical system was designed and constructed to deposit and analyze the polymer films in situ. The steel substrate, exposed to argon and hydrogen plasma, was found to be essentially free of carbon and oxygen. In-situ X-ray photoelectron (XPS) analysis of the initial stage plasma deposition provided evidence of chemical bonding between the steel substrate and plasma-deposited polypolycarbosilane film. An air-ageing test of the plasma polycarbosilane film showed only surface oxidization. However, incorporation of oxygen into the starting gas composition resulted in fully oxygenated polymer films. Film structure and properties were characterized by XPS and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.
Silicon transistor I CEO characteristics on a curve tracer

It is shown that the loop frequently observed in curve-tracer measurements of I CEO is generated by capacitive currents in the junction capacitances, together with the forward and reverse conduction properties of the emitter-base diode, and is not representative of true I CEO . A true I CEO measurement may take several hours.
FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF CEREBROSIDES, SULPHATIDES AND CERAMIDES IN MURINE SUDANOPHILIC LEUCODYSTROPHY: THE JIMPY MUTANT

The fatty acid composition of cerebrosides, sulphatides and ceramides was determined at 15-16 days post partum in the brain of the Jimpy mutant and in littermate controls. There was a marked deficit in the long chain fatty acids (C22-C24) of cerebrosides and sulphatides of Jimpy brain, with the unsubstituted fatty acids affected more than the alpha-hydroxy fatty acids. A decrease of long chain normal fatty acids was also found in the ceramides of Jimpy brain. The deficit of long chain fatty acids in these sphingolipids of the Jimpy brain was more severe than that found in the Quaking mutant which has a less extensive disorder of myelin formation.
Academic engaged time

In issue 3.1 of the BJTE (January 1977) Ned Flanders discussed the question of knowledge about teacher effectiveness. He did this by examining what he saw to be the weaknesses of the analyses in the book by Rosenshine on the same subject. In the article which follows Rosenshine and Berliner take up the discussion of important teacher activities. In reply to Flanders Rosenshine writes: ’Ned has never forgiven me for an article I wrote in Phi Delta Kappan in 1970, and his attack in BJTE is his response to that article. Although the issue ‐‐ whether teacher “indirectness” is a positive significant correlate of student achievement gain and student attitudes ‐‐ was a burning issue in the early 1970s, it doesn't seem worth debating today. Much of my 1971 book is now out of date, and if I were ever to rewrite it, I'd do it a lot differently. The article which follows represents a summary of current thinking on teaching and the results of recent research?
Design and simulation of contour mode MEMS resonator on Si for power converters

Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) resonators on Si have the potential to replace the discrete passive components in a power converter. These devices not only can reduce the size and weight of the converter but also can facilitate the implementation of power converter on a chip. In this paper, a contour mode MEMS resonator has been presented that can achieve resonant frequency in the range of several MHz, and the operating principles of the device have been discussed in detail. This device was simulated in COMSOL Multiphysics, and a resonant converter has been simulated in PSIM to harvest energy from a thermo electric generator. The equivalent electrical model of the MEMS resonator was incorporated into that circuit validating the feasibility of using MEMS resonator in power conversion systems. Detailed fabrication process of the device has been presented and implemented at University of Utah's Nanofab. Initial experimental characteristics of the resonator have been included in the paper.
Introduction: Desiring Images: Sex and Sexuality

(1995). Introduction: Desiring Images: Sex and Sexuality. Journal of Popular Film and Television: Vol. 22, Desiring Images: Sex and Sexuality, pp. 146-148.
Role Taking in Online "Classrooms": What Adolescents Are Learning about Race and Ethnicity

Adolescents recruited from chat rooms were interviewed via instant messaging about their interracial and interethnic experiences online. The types of messages participants sent and received about race on the Internet were identified using thematic analysis. Of particular interest within these online exchanges was what and how participants learned about racial issues. Data revealed that racialized role taking--the adoption and enactment of race-related identities--was a primary means of learning about race in the online settings adolescents visited. Participants assumed these identities in 6 capacities: as sympathizers, advocates, discussants, witnesses, targets, and friends. In doing so, they learned a wide range of information from their interracial and interethnic interlocutors, including various cultural practices and belief systems, the consequences of racial prejudice, and the ways in which racial oppression affects the lives of people of color. Participants were also exposed to negative stereotypes and racial prejudice against their own and other ethnic groups online. Findings underscore the need to counter online racial prejudice and promote the more positive aspects of what adolescents learn about race and ethnicity online.
Experimental hindlimb ischemia leads to neutrophil-mediated increases in gastrocnemius MMP-2 and -9 activity: a potential mechanism for ischemia induced MMP activation.

Abstract Introduction Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-2 and -9 are Type 4 collagenases instrumental in basement membrane degradation, a process necessary for angiogenesis to occur. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) contain MMP-9, and in the presence of both PMN-derived serine protease and membrane type 1 (MT1)-MMP, are able to activate pro-MMP-2 following hindlimb ischemia. We hypothesized that neutrophil depletion (ND) of animals prior to hindlimb ischemia (HI) would abrogate the activation of pro-MMP-2 and decrease the level of MMP-9 Materials and methods 12 FVB/N Tie2/LacZ-182 SATO female mice were randomly divided into four blinded groups; HI + PBS, HI + anti-PMN antibody (GR-1), HI + isotype matched control antibody (IgG 2b,K ), and no HI + PBS. PMN depletion was achieved prior to the time of ischemia and maintained until sacrifice. HI was achieved by unilateral femoral artery ligation. Three days postligation the animals were sacrificed and the gastrocnemius muscle from each hindlimb was harvested. MMP-2 and -9 (gelatin zymography) and MT1-MMP (Western blot) expression and activation were quantified by densitometry and NIH Image Analysis software. MMP values were expressed as a ratio of ischemic-to-nonischemic hindlimbs and compared between groups. Statistical significance was determined with analysis of variance (ANOVA) Results Zymograms revealed a greater than 10-fold increase in active MMP-9 and greater than 4-fold increase in active MMP-2 from HI + PBS compared to no HI + PBS ( P P = NS). There was no difference between the HI + isotype-matched antibody group and the HI + PBS group throughout the experiments ( P = NS). ND did not affect MT1-MMP activation or expression Conclusions Limb ischemia causes activation of MMP-2 and -9, which is eliminated by ND. ND animals undergoing hindlimb ischemia exhibit identical levels of active MMP-2 and -9 as animals that did not have hindlimb ischemia. Neutrophils may be an important activator of MMP-2 and the suppliers of MMP-9 in the ischemic hindlimb and may be essential for tissue remodeling, basement membrane degradation, and angiogenesis in ischemic limbs
Demonstration of the heterogeneous distribution of asthma in the lungs using CT and hyperpolarized helium‐3 MRI

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease that affects both the large and small airways and results in bronchoconstriction, mucous hypersecretion, smooth muscle hypertrophy, and subepithelial fibrosis. To gain insight into the pathophysiology of asthma, chest computed tomography (CT) has been investigated as a noninvasive method to evaluate airway wall thickness of medium and large airways. Hyperpolarized gas MRI can assess the functional alterations of airflow within the lung resulting from the structural changes in the airways. In this article, we review the application of CT-based techniques and hyperpolarized gas MRI to study structural and functional changes in asthma. From the result of studies with CT and hyperpolarized gas MRI, it is becoming apparent that asthma has a regional distribution within the lung, that is, some areas of the lung are more affected than others. Furthermore, there appears to be some persistence to this distribution which may explain the observed patterns of airway remodeling and provide targets for localized therapies such as local application of anti-inflammatory agents or bronchial thermoplasty. Thus, cross sectional imaging in asthma is providing new insights into the pathophysiology of the disease and has the potential to become essential in the guidance of localized treatments.