cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Demonstrating Freeform Fabrication of Fluidic Edible Materials

From providing nutrition to being social platforms, food plays an essential role in our daily lives and cultures. In this work, we are interested in using food as an interaction medium and a context of personal fabrication with an expanded design space enabled by support bath-assisted printing. The bath scaffolds the embedded materials while preserving shapes during the printing processes and allows us to create freeform food with fluid-like materials. Coupled with different post-processing and cooking methods, this technique grants the versatility of food printing with fluidic materials. We will demo confectionery arts and dishes designed by our software tool.
HIV/HCV Co-infection: Burden of Disease and Care Strategies in Appalachia

The purpose of this review is to address infection with HIV and hepatitis C in the Appalachian region of the USA and the driving forces underlying this epidemic. We seek to discuss epidemiology of disease and the possible interventions to reduce incidence and burden of disease in this resource-limited area. The rise of the opioid crisis has fueled a rise in new hepatitis C infection, and a rise in new HIV infection is expected to follow. Injection drug use has directly contributed to the epidemic and continues to remain a risk factor. Men who have sex with men remains a significant risk factor for HIV acquisition as well. Progress has been made in the battle against HIV and, to a lesser extent, hepatitis C, but much more can be done. Limited data on co-infection with HIV/HCV are currently available for this at-risk region, but it is clear that Appalachia is highly vulnerable to co-infection outbreaks. A multipronged approach that includes advances in assessment of co-infection and education for both patients and clinicians can help to recognize, manage, and ideally prevent these illnesses.
Switched Beam SIW Horn Arrays at 60 GHz for 360° Reconfigurable Chip-to-Chip Communications With Interference Considerations

Traditional wired interconnects in multicore multichip (MCMC) systems can be replaced with chip-integrated switched beam antenna arrays to provide reconfigurable chip-to-chip communications. By simply switching the directive beams of the arrays, the chips can be made to dynamically communicate with their surrounding neighbors. Radiation from the arrays in the unintended direction, however, causes interference when multiple pairs of chips are simultaneously communicating. In this paper, the noise and interference limitations of such concurrent chip-to-chip communication systems are analyzed at 60 GHz for the channels defined in the IEEE 802.11ay standard. Each array consists of eight substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) horn elements printed on a thin dielectric substrate. The elements can be individually excited to produce eight directive endfire beams, providing full 360° coverage, in the horizontal plane. The substrate acts as a hybrid space-surface wave interconnect (HSSW-I) that allows near-field, space and surface wave coupling to occur between the arrays, and thus, increases interchip transmission. The antenna and link parameters that dictate the signal-to-noise-plus-interference ratio (SNIR) of such systems are established by considering all the major components. The maximum achievable data rates are then determined based on the SNIR, calculated from the measured and simulated transmission coefficients between the arrays.
Inflammatory Pathways Are Impaired in Alzheimer Disease and Differentially Associated With Apolipoprotein E Status.

Alzheimer disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by a cognitive decline leading to dementia. The most impactful genetic risk factor is apolipoprotein E (APOE). APOE-e4 significantly increases AD risk, APOE-e3 is the most common gene variant, and APOE-e2 protects against AD. However, the underlying mechanisms of APOE-e4 on AD risk remains unclear, with APOE-e4 impacting many pathways. We investigated how the APOE isoforms associated with the neuroinflammatory state of the brain with and without AD pathology. Frozen brain tissue from the superior and middle temporal gyrus was analyzed from APOE-e3/3 (n = 9) or APOE-e4/4 (n = 10) participants with AD pathology and APOE-e3/3 (n = 9) participants without AD pathology. We determined transcript levels of 757 inflammatory related genes using the NanoString Human Neuroinflammation Panel. We found significant pathways impaired in APOE-e4/4-AD individuals compared to APOE-e3/3-AD. Of interest, expression of genes related to microglial activation (SALL1), motility (FSCN1), epigenetics (DNMT1), and others showed altered expression. Additionally, we performed immunohistochemistry of P2RY12 to confirm reduced microglial activation. Our results suggest APOE-e3 responds to AD pathology while potentially having a harmful long-term inflammatory response, while APOE-e4 shows a weakened response to pathology. Overall, APOE isoforms appear to modulate the brain immune response to AD-type pathology.
Kinetic simulations of 3-D Farley-Buneman turbulence and anomalous electron heating

[1] Electric fields map from the magnetosphere to the E region ionosphere where they drive the intense currents of the auroral electrojet. Particularly during geomagnetic storms and substorms, these currents become sufficiently intense to develop Farley-Buneman (FB) streaming instabilities and become turbulent. This leads to anomalous electron heating which can raise the electron temperature from 300 K to as much as 4000 K and, also, modifies auroral conductivities. This paper describes the first fully kinetic 3-D simulations of electric field-driven turbulence in the electrojet and compares the results with 2-D simulations and observations. These simulations show that 3-D turbulence can dramatically elevate electron temperatures, enough to explain the observed heating. They also show the saturated amplitude of the waves; coupling between linearly growing modes and damped modes; the propagation of the dominant modes at phase velocities near the acoustic velocity, slower than in 2-D simulations; and anomalous cross-field electron transport, leading to a greatly increased E region Pedersen conductivity. These simulations provide information useful in accurately modeling FB turbulence and represent significant progress in understanding the electrojet.
Water allocation mechanisms : principles and examples

What does it mean to treat water as an economic good? What does it mean to allocate appropriately? From the earliest times, water resources have been allocated on the basis of social criteria - maintaining the community by ensuring that water is available for human consumption, for sanitation, and for food production. Societies have invested capital in infrastructure to maintain this allocation. Yet social change, including changes in (and more understanding of) how goods are distributed, has produced new issues in water allocation. Population growth has made water scarcity a major problem in many countries and water pollution, while by no means a recent problem, is more widespread than ever before. Traditionally the state has played a dominant role in managing water resources, but inefficient use of water, poor cost recovery for operating and maintenance expenses, the mounting cost of developing new water sources, and problems with the quality of service in agency-managed systems has led to a search for alternatives that make water allocation and management more efficient. Dinar, Rosegrant, and Meinzen-Dick address some of the basic principles of treating water as an economic good and of allocating it among sectors. After outlining the economic principles behind allocating scarce water resources, they review the actual means of various mechanisms used for allocating water, including marginal cost pricing, social planning, user-based allocation, and water markets. Giving examples from experience in several countries, they weigh the pros and cons of different approaches to water allocation, showing that no single approach is suitable for all situations. Clearly the state must play an important regulatory role, for example, but how effectively it does so depends on the relative political influence of various stakeholders and segments of society. User-based allocation is generally more flexible than state allocation, but collective action is not equally effective everywhere; it is most likely to emerge where there is strong demand for water and a history of cooperation. The outcome of market allocation depends on the economic value of water for various uses, but moving toward tradable property rights in water may ease the process of intersectoral reallocation by compensating the losers and creating incentives for efficient water use in all sectors. This paper - a joint product of the Sector Policy and Water Resources Division, Agriculture and Natural Resources Department, and the International Food Policy Research Institute - is part of a larger effort implement the 1993 World Bank`s Water Resources Management Policy.
Borohydride Reduction of Phenylalanine Transfer Ribonucleic Acid: Effect on Enzyme Recognition

Treatment of purified phenylalanine transfer RNA with sodium borohydride for 3½ hours caused a complete loss of aminoacyl-accepting activity. Similarly treated valine tRNA and formylatable methionine tRNA lose only 20% of their activities. Base analysis shows that most of the 3H incorporation into the phenylalanine tRNA from [3H]NaBH4 occurs in the 5,6-dihydrouridine and 4-thiouridine moieties. Since two 5,6-dihydrouridines and one 4-thiouridine occur in the loop proximal to the 5′ terminus of (Escherichia coli) phenylalanine tRNA, we conclude that this area is essential for enzyme recognition.
A scalable thermal mechanical test chip for package characterization and qualifications

A thermal mechanical test chip (TMTC) has been designed to reduce the cycle time and cost of package reliability qualifications. The TMTC moves package reliability assessment closer to the package and assembly development cycle by breaking the tie between silicon qualification and package qualification. This approach comprehensively addresses both the mechanical and the thermal reliability issues of package assembly without the added design and manufacturing costs of a full flow silicon test chip.
Cytoplasmic progesterone receptors in the hypothalamus-preoptic area of the mouse: effect of estrogen priming.

Abstract A synthetic progestin, R5020, was used to identify cytoplasmic progestin receptors in the hypothalamuspreoptic area (HPOA) of ovariectomized mice. These high-affinity receptors exhibited an apparent dissociation constant of approx. 1 nM. The receptors were specific for progestins. [3H]R5020 binding was inhibited by more than 50% with a 50-fold excess of either radioinert R5020 or progesterone. 5α-Dihydroprogesterone inhibited binding to a lesser extent. 3α-Hydroxy-5α-pregnane 20-one and cortisol did not compete for [3H]R5020 binding. Administration of estradiol benzoate (10 μg), 48 h prior to death, resulted in a 54% increase in the HPOA progestin receptor concentration when compared to oil-injected controls. These data demonstrate that there are specific and saturable cytoplasmic progestin receptors in the mouse HPOA and that the concentration of these receptors is increased after estrogen treatment.
Toward a general model of built environment audits

In response to the US obesity epidemic, researchers in urban planning and public health have developed a number of built environment ‘audits’ to evaluate the presence of physical health determinant...
The Urban Dynamics Model: A Validation Study

Forrester's urban dynamics model has had considerable influence on academicians and policymakers. However, the external validity of the model remains unsettled. Four large American cities which meet the initial assumptions of the model are used to test the model's predictive accuracy. Developments in these cities during a 20-year period are compared with the model's predictions. These comparisons indicate substantial deviations from predicted patterns of change. In general, the predictions of the model appear to be too pessimistic: The model fairly consistently understates developmental change and grossly overstates urban decay. The causes and implications of the model's poor performance are discussed.
Analysis of 2-chloro-2'-deoxyadenosine incorporation into cellular DNA by quantitative polymerase chain reaction.

Abstract Thermus aquaticus (Taq) DNA polymerase elongation is blocked by several DNA adducts. This property has been exploited in polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods to analyze cellular DNA damage and repair after exposure to damaging agents. Such methods have not been applied previously to detect nucleoside analog incorporation into cellular DNA. 2-Chloro-2′-deoxyadenosine (CldAdo), a deoxyadenosine analog, is clinically effective for hairy cell leukemia. CldAdo is taken up by cells, converted to the triphosphate, and incorporated into cellular DNA. Here, we measured by primer extension the ability of CldAMP residues in 98-base single-stranded DNA to block Taq elongation. In contrast to control DNA, no full-length 98-mers were produced on CldAMP-containing templates, and Taq polymerase was halted at the first CldAMP site. We then examined the possibility of using quantitative PCR to measure CldATP incorporation into the N-ras gene after incubation of cultured human leukemia cells with CldAdo or with cisplatin as a positive control for DNA damage. Treatment with either drug resulted in reduced amounts of amplified DNA product compared to untreated cells. CldAMP residues within cellular DNA inhibited PCR amplification in a dose-dependent manner; 100 nM CldAdo produced ∼0.4 CldAMP sites within a 523-bp region of the N-ras sequence. Thus, PCR analysis with Taq polymerase provides a sensitive assessment of nucleoside analog incorporation after cellular exposure to antileukemic drugs.
Misclassification probabilities in 23 factorial experiments

Abstract Interpretational difficulties of the 2 3 factorial experiments have been illustrated previously using the Monte Carlo simulation methodology. The present theoretical study derives the surprisingly large maximum frequencies of misclassification when simple effects are judged using main effects when interactions are insignificant.
Perceived control: A general psychological vulnerability factor for hoarding

Abstract Perceived control, the degree to which the environment is believed to be within an individual’s control, has been identified as a key vulnerability factor among numerous anxiety conditions. Specifically, it has been suggested that a sense of uncontrollability over potentially threatening events and emotions leads to increased fear and avoidance behaviors. Patterns of behavioral avoidance are central to theoretical models and observations of hoarding. However, no studies to date have examined the associations between perceived control and hoarding. The primary aim of the current study was to examine relationships between perceived control and hoarding behaviors. Participants consisted of undergraduate students (N = 180). As predicted, perceived control was significantly associated with increased hoarding severity even after controlling for overall negative affect. In addition, perceived control was significantly associated with several more specific hoarding behaviors including acquiring and difficulty discarding. When examining specific perceived control subfactors, only the threat control subfactor was associated with increased hoarding severity. The current study supports previous research suggesting that diminished perceived control over aversive events is central to the development and maintenance of numerous anxiety-related conditions. Moreover, the current study adds to a growing body of literature identifying potential risk factors for hoarding.
‘Caplan’s Syndrome’ – revisited and lessons learned

In the mid 1980s, I had just taken up the Neurology Chair at Tufts University in Boston. Dr Ted Munsat the previous Neurology chairman said to me that the Tufts’ neurology residents would probably not know about Caplan’s syndrome. I thought hard to myself – Caplan’s syndrome. Was he referring to the top-of–the basilar syndrome that I had published in 1980 (Caplan 1980). I asked him if that was what he meant by Caplan’s syndrome. No, he said. I then thought of the other two recent syndromic descriptions- lateral tegmental haemorrhages (Caplan & Goodwin 1982) and cervical vertebral artery dissections (Caplan et al. 1985). These two areas, as well as the top-of the basilar, were about posterior circulation syndromes, well known to be a special interest of mine. I have already discussed awakening of interest in posterior circulation strokes in a previous paper in Practical Neurology (Caplan 2004). ‘No’, Munsat
1H and 7Li NMR observations of exchange processes in alkyllithium-ate complexes

Abstract The kinetics of 7Li exchange between LiR and LiAlR4, where R = CH3, C2H5 and CH2Si(CH3)3, have been observed in diethyl ether solutions. In agreement with earlier conclusions, the exchange is found to be rate-determined by dissociation of alkyllithium tetramer, with rate constant k1. Line shape analysis of the NMR spectra over a wide range of temperature yields an Arrhenius activation energy of 12.4 ± 1.5 kcal/mole (99% confidence level) and pre-exponential term of 1.43 x 1013 sect-1 for R = CH3; 11.3 ± 1.7 kcal/mole and 2.12 x 1012 sec−1 for R = C2H5. For R = Me3SiCH2, 7Li exchange is rapid on the NMR time scale (i.e., k1>∼103 sec−1) at −90°C. It thus appears that dissociation of the alkyllithium tetramer is promoted by increased electron release and/or increased steric requirement of the alkyl group. Alkyl group exchange is slow at room temperature in mixtures of Me3SiCH2LiLiAl(CH2SiMe3)4 and Me3SiCH2LiLiCr(CH2SiMe3)4. 7Li exchange is rapid at −95°C in mixtures of Me3SiCH2Li and Me3SiCH2Cu at various ratios. In the 1H spectrum distinct resonances corresponding to a 1 1 Li/Cu species and Me3SiCH2Li are seen for Li/Cu ratios > 1, at −50°C and below. The NMR results show that the only significant mixed species in the solutions is the 1 1 , probably a dimeric species (Me3siCH2)4Li2Cu2.
Condensing osteitis of the clavicle in a man

Condensing osteitis of the clavicle is a rare, benign, usually painful condition leading to sclerosis of the medial end of the clavicle. In the English language literature, this has only been reported in women since its original description by Brower et al. in 1974 [1]. We report a clavicular lesion occurring in a man that is clinically, radiographically, and histologically identical to described cases of condensing osteitis.
Reflections on the Phylogenetic Position of the Cephalocarida

This essay re-evaluates the phylogenetic position of the Cephalocarida in the light of the recently discovered Orsten (Upper Cambrian) crustaceans, the living Remipedia, and new interpretation of the Paleozoic ‘trilobitomorphs’. The Orsten crustaceans reinforce the belief that cephalocarid external morphology is primitive, except to show that the early crustacean trunk limb was almost surely biramous. The epipod appears to be a synapomorphy of the Cephalocarida, Branchiopoda and Malacostraca, thus justifying the existence of the Thoracopoda, which is coequal to the Maxillopoda and Remipedia. External morphology of the Remipedia is too specialized to support the hypothesis that it approximates that of the urcrustacean. Crustaceans and chelicerates are still best regarded as subgroups of the Schizoramia.
Palladin is overexpressed in the non-neoplastic stroma of infiltrating ductal adenocarcinomas of the pancreas, but is only rarely overexpressed in neoplastic cells.

Background: It has recently been suggested that over expression of palladin in sporadic pancreatic cancer may contribute to pancreatic cancer’s invasive and migratory abilities. This hypothesis was based on reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analyses of bulk pancreatic tissue, yet pancreatic cancer is a complex admixture of neoplastic epithelial cells and desmoplastic stroma.Design: Immunohistochemical labeling of tissue microarrays was used to define the patterns of palladin protein expression in 177 ductal adenocarcinomas of the pancreas. Western blot analysis was used to determine the epitope(s) of palladin recognized by the antibody as well as the relative levels of palladin expression in short-term cultures of stromal fibroblasts, non-neoplastic ductal cells and pancreatic cancer cell lines.Results: Immunolabeling revealed that the palladin protein was strongly over expressed in non-neoplastic stromal cells in 171 (96.6%) of the 177 evaluable pancreatic cancers. By contrast, the over exp...
Effect on Hatchability of Fish Meal Fed to Hens Deficient in the Unidentified Hatchability Factor

Abstract VARIOUS workers have shown that fish meal and other animal products contain an unidentified hatchability factor(s) that is absent in plant products. Lampman and associates (1944) have shown that rations supplemented only with plant proteins, such as soybean oil meal, resulted in reduced hatchability. Rubin, et al., (1946) showed that an unidentified chick growth factor present in cow manure was also found in the droppings of hens. Kennard and co-workers (1948) reported experimental work which indicated that the unidentified hatchability factor was present in hen feces, especially when a built-up litter program was used. Since McGinnis and co-workers (1947) presented evidence that the synthesis of this factor occurs after feces have been voided, it would appear that it was obtained by the hens through coprophagy. Rubin, Groschke, and Bird (1947) reported that an acid precipitate of a water extract of cow manure was highly potent in the hatchability factor required . . .
Sounding board. Prostaglandins, the glucoreceptor, and diabetes.

The "glucoreceptor" hypothesis has evolved in large part from one of the few surviving generalizations about diabetes mellitus. Patients with this disorder do not respond appropriately to glucose s...
A comprehensive guide to the application of contingency management procedures in clinical settings

Controlled clinical research has demonstrated the efficacy of contingency management procedures in treating substance use disorders. Now is the time to begin introducing these procedures into standard clinical practice. This article reviews the rationale of contingency management interventions and provides a review of representative scientific work in the area. It also discusses behaviors that can be modified, reinforcers that can be used, and behavioral principles that can be adapted to improve outcomes. This paper provides practical advice and a guideline for clinicians and researchers to use when designing and administering contingency management interventions. The recommendations are based on empirically validated manipulations. Areas in which more research is needed are suggested as well.
Dermal choristoma of nasopharynx

The dermal choristoma of the nasopharynx is a developmental tumor that has been reported under a variety of different terms, including accessory auricle, hairy polyp, and dermoid. Although the majority of these lesions arise from the vault of the nasopharynx near the region of the eustachian tube orifice, they have also been reported to arise within the eustachian tube itself, from the nasopharyngeal surface of the soft palate, the oropharynx in the tonsillar region, and, rarely, in the middle ear and mastoid area. We report a case of an otherwise healthy 15-month-old female who presented with a 1-year history of right-sided clear rhinorrhea. Nasopharyngoscopy revealed a 1-cm firm, pinkish-white, smooth-surfaced, spherical, pedunculated mass arising from the left nasopharyngeal wall. The left-sided lesion acted as a ball valve to produce intermittent right-sided obstruction of the nasal passage. Imaging studies demonstrated a homogenous solid mass of the density of adipose tissue. It was excised without complication using cautery. Histopathologic examination revealed a solid mass of fibroadipose tissue that was surfaced by essentially normal skin. The keratinized stratified squamous epithelial surface exhibited a granular layer and numerous dermal appendage structures, including hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands. The lesion did not exhibit elastic cartilage. These clinical and histologic findings support the diagnosis of dermal choristoma, a lesion that should be included in the differential diagnosis of nasopharyngeal masses in young individuals.
In situ hybridization analysis of vasopressin gene transcription in the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei of the rat: Regulation by stress and glucocorticoids

Hypothalamic arginine vasopressin-containing neurons are prime elements in central circuits regulating the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical stress response. It is known that release and synthesis of vasopressin are cued by stressful stimuli. The present study was designed to assess effects of stress on vasopressin transcription and mRNA expression in defined populations of vasopressin neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular (PVN) and supraoptic (SON) nuclei. Intron- and exon-directed in situ hybridization analyses were used to examine stress regulation cf vasopressin heteronuclear (hn) gene transcription and mRNA levels. Actions of glucocorticoids on vasopressin induction were tested using adrenalectomized rats implanted with subcutaneous pellets delivering a constant, physiological dose of corticoste rone. Pellet implantation into adrenalectomized rats allows for normal pituitary-adrenal tone in the absence of the ability to mount glucocorticoid stress responses. Elevation of vasopressin heteronuclear (hn) RNA in the medial parvicellular PVN was observed in both normal and adrenaleetomized-corticosterone replaced rats as early as 30 minutes after stress initiation. In control rats, vasopressin hnRNA levels returned to baseline by 120 minutes. In contrast, vasopressin hnRNA remained elevated 120 minutes post-restraint in adrenalectomized corticosterone replaced rats, indicating that the glucocorticoid stress response acts to rapidly inhibit vasopressin transcription. Significant changes in post-stress vasopressin mRNA levels were observed in the parvicellular PVN of control rats 90 minutes following restraint induction, returning to normal expression profiles by 120 minutes. Adrenalectomized-replaced rats showed elevated vasopressin mRNA expression at all time points examined. No changes were observed in magnocellular vasopressin-containing nuclei at any time point, suggesting that magnocellular vasopressin is not induced by this particular stress paradigm. Thus, in parvicellular paraventricular nucleus neurons the vasopressin gene is rapidly induced by stress. Restraint-induced up-regulation of vasopressin transcription is limited by glucocorticoid secretion, consistent with direct actions of glucocorticoid negative feedback on the vasopressin gene in parvicellular neurons. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Comparison of Solid-State and Spray-Pyrolysis Synthesis of Yttrium Aluminate Powders

The influence of precursor characteristics and synthesis conditions on the formation of yttrium aluminum garnet, Y3Al5O12 (YAG), was investigated using “single-source” precursors (cohydrolyzed yttrium and aluminum alkoxides and yttrium aluminum glycolates) and “multiple-source” precursors (mixtures of metal nitrates and mixtures of separately hydrolyzed yttrium and aluminum alkoxides). Phase-pure YAG was formed only in the solid-state thermal decomposition experiments. The lack of formation of YAG in all the spray-pyrolysis experiments was ascribed to the short heating times and fast heating rates, which resulted in the formation of kinetic products. In the case of the metal nitrates, an additional factor that influenced product formation was the difference in thermal reactivity of the precursors. It was concluded that the formation of complex metal oxide materials by conventional or aerosol routes is not necessarily achieved by the use of a chemically homogeneous precursor, such as a single-source precursor. It also was necessary to ensure that the precursors and intermediates have similar thermal decomposition temperatures to avoid phase segregation in the initial stages of thermal decomposition.
A Statistical Method for Summarizing Results of Cultivar Performance Trials

Cultivars in yield trials are normally compared by means and ranks, but extrapolating results to the future is difficult because good estimates of variances are lacking. The purpose of this research was to construct and apply a statistical method capable of producing probabilistic inferences about future yielding ability from a sample of cultivar performance trials (CPTs). Our database was CPTs of fall- and spring-planted wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in the U.S. Great Plains. The mean yield of selected check cultivars that were common to a set of trials established the standard level of performance for each trial in that set. Differences in yields between other cultivars and the trial standard provided the differential yielding ability (DYA) values for those cultivars in that trial. Cultivars were judged by their performance in relation to check cultivars in a sample composed of trials from multiple locations over multiple seasons within an ecogeographic region. We assumed that environmental effects were random from trial to trial and DYA values were normally and independently distributed. This led to use of Student's t distribution for probabilistic inference about population mean DYA values. We applied our method to elite trials in several regions in our database. For each cultivar, we showed its mean DYA, standard error, and p value when testing the null hypothesis. The method can be applied to advancing generations of experimental lines in breeding trials as well as recommending late generations for release as new cultivars.
High temperature heat contents and heat capacities of liquids and glasses in the system NaAlSi 3 O 8 -CaAl 2 Si 2 O 8

Enthalpies and heat capacities of glasses and of stable liquids in the system NaAlSi3O8-CaAl2Si2O8 have been measured by drop and differential scanning calorimetry. Within experimental error, values of C p and of H T 300 of three intermediate compositions fall on straight line interpolations between the end members for both liquids and glasses, indicating that excesses in true and in mean heat capacities [(H T −H 300)/(T−300)] are small or absent. A value for the heat capacity of the An100 liquid component can therefore be derived, and is probably a better estimate than that based on measurements on the pure substance alone. On the assumption of zero excess heat capacity in this system, heats of mixing in the stable liquids are equal to those measured in the glasses by solution calorimetry, and can be as negative as -2 kcal mol−1. Heat capacities of solids and glasses in the Ab-An system are similar and do not vary greatly with composition. The C P's of the liquids, however, increase strongly with An content, suggesting major structural changes take place across the binary.
Phase and microstructural evolution in polymer-derived composite systems and coatings

Polymer-derived ceramics have shown promise as a novel way to process low-dimensional ceramics such as environmental barrier coatings. Composite coatings have been developed as oxidation and carburization barriers on steel using poly(hydridomethylsiloxane) matrix and titanium disilicide as reactive fillers. A systematic study of the phase transformations and microstructural changes in the coatings and their components during pyrolysis in air is presented here. The system evolves from an amorphous polymer filled with a binary metal at room temperature to an inorganic amorphous network of oxidized silicon and titanium at the target temperature of 800 °C. Crystallization of the composite occurs at higher temperatures to reach cristobalite and rutile by 1600 °C. The polymer-to-ceramic conversion occurs between 200 and 600 °C. The oxidation of the expansion agent and the densification of the composite take place between 300 and 800 °C.
A simple screening test for reduced glutathione in filter paper spots of blood

REDUCED GLUTATHIONE, the tripeptide "/-glutamylcysteinyl-glycine, is a major constituent of erythrocytes. Its metabolic significance relates both to the unusual y-glutamyl peptide bond which makes GSH and oxidized glutathione potentially important intermediaries in the ),-glutamyl cycle proposed by Orlowski and Meister, 1 and to a role in managing oxidative stress such as detoxification of peroxides via a sulfhydryl to disulfide conversion. Erythrocyte GSH levels are severely decreased in several disorders, including (1) GSH synthetase deficiency presenting primarily as hemolytic anema2; (2) 3,-glutamylcysteine synthetase deficiency:~; and (3) 5-oxoprolinuria, which also results from GSH synthetase deficiency? .5 Less severe decreases in red cell GSH concentration are associated with certain enzyme deficiencies, e.g., frequently with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deftciency ~ and at least on occasion with glucose-6-phosphate isomerase deficiency. 7 We have developed a simple qualitative screening test for GSH using dried spots of blood on filter papers as specimens. MATERIALS AND METHODS Principle. The dried blood spots are autoclaved prior to testing to fix the hemoglobin, thus preventing its red color from interfering with the interpretation. GSH present in the dried blood spots reacts with the DTNB to yield a yellow color. If GSH is greatly diminished, the yellow color will be absent and the screening test positive. Materials. Plastic dimple trays, model RB-72, were purchased from the Linbro Chemical Co., New Haven, Conn. Filter paper No. 903 was obtained from Schleicher and Schuell, Keene, N. H. An office paper punch was employed to prepare 3.2 mm discs 0/8 inch) from the dried blood spots. Specimens. Blood specimens were obtained according to ai~proved protocols. Capillary blood from a finger or heel prick was spotted on the filter paper and allowed to dry away from a source of heat. Care was used to avoid
Isotopic composition of neodymium in waters from the Drake Passage

The isotopic composition of neodymium has been determined in seawaters from the Drake Passage. The Antarctic Circumpolar Current, which controls interocean mixing, flows through this passage. The parameter e_(Nd)(0) which is a function of the ratio of neodymium-143 to neodymium-144, is found to be uniform with depth at two stations with a value which is intermediate between the values for the Atlantic and the Pacific and indicates that the Antarctic Circumpolar current consists of about 70 percent Atlantic water. Cold bottom water from a site in the south central Pacific has the neodymium isotopic signature of the waters in the Drake Passage. By using a box model to describe the exchange of water between the Southern Ocean and the ocean basins to the north together with the isotopic results, an upper limit of approximately 33 million cubic meters per second is calculated for the rate of exchange between the Pacific and the Southern Ocean. Concentrations of samarium and neodymium were also determined and found to increase approximately linearly with depth. These results suggest that neodymium may be a valuable tracer in oceanography and may be useful in paleo-oceanographic studies.
Effects of Varying Daylengths on Laying Hen Production Rates and Annual Eggs

Abstract FOR several decades there has been a continued interest in the effects of photoperiodism on the domestic fowl. The general aspects of this phenomenon have been described in several recent reviews (e.g., Biellier and Ostmann, 1960). Current interest has focused on the effects of varying daylengths where sustained periodic changes are made in the daylength of laying hens. The origin of this interest may be traced to the early report of Whetham (1933) where the basic idea was presented that the response to light from laying hens was from a trend of change in daylength rather than from a quantitative photoperiod length. In addition to the benefits that may be derived from a program of increasing daylength during the laying period, benefits are also reported in subsequent egg production from hens subjected to programs of decreasing or restricted daylengths during the rearing period. It is clearly important to understand the…
Investigation into the Thermal and Mechanical Behavior of PMMA/Alumina Nanocomposites

Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) nanocomposites were synthesized by free radical polymerization in the presence of various weight percentages of alumina (Al2O3) nanoparticles. The resulting nanocomposites show an average increase of 600% in strain-to-failure and the appearance of a well-defined yield point. Concurrently, the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the composites decreased 20°C, while the ultimate strength and the Young’s modulus decreased by 20% and 15%, respectively.
Gamma-ray angular correlations in the decays of 109Pd and 111Pd

Abstract Gamma-ray angular correlations have been observed for eight cascades emitted in the decay of 109 Pd to 109 Ag and for another eight cascades emitted in the decay of 111 Pd to 111 Ag. Based on the analysis of the observed correlations, we are able to confirm spin-parity assignments in the Ag isotopes and to determine gamma-ray multipole mixtures.
Note on the 1964 Alaska Tsunami Generation by Horizontal Displacements of Ocean Bottom. Numerical Modeling of the Runup in Chenega Cove, Alaska

A numerical model of the wave dynamics in Chenega Cove, Alaska during the historic M w 9.2 megathrust earthquake is presented. During the earthquake, locally generated waves of unknown origin were identified at the village of Chenega, located in the western part of Prince William Sound. The waves appeared shortly after the shaking began and swept away most of the buildings while the shaking continued. We model the tectonic tsunami in Chenega Cove assuming different tsunami generation processes. Modeled results are compared with eyewitness reports and an observed runup. Results of the numerical experiments let us claim the importance of including both vertical and horizontal displacement into the 1964 tsunami generation process. We also present an explanation for the fact that arrivals of later waves in Chenega were unnoticed.
Huge Femoral Artery Pseudoaneurysm

A 94-year-old woman presented to our clinic with a painless, swollen right thigh (Figure, A). Gunshot injury of the right lower extremity during World War II was reported. Progressive swelling of right thigh was noted during the past 10 years. Aspiration …
Photophoretic trapping of absorbing particles in air and measurement of their single-particle Raman spectra

A new method is demonstrated for optically trapping micron-sized absorbing particles in air and obtaining their single-particle Raman spectra. A 488-nm Gaussian beam from an Argon ion laser is transformed by conical lenses (axicons) and other optics into two counter-propagating hollow beams, which are then focused tightly to form hollow conical beams near the trapping region. The combination of the two coaxial conical beams, with focal points shifted relative to each other along the axis of the beams, generates a low-light-intensity biconical region totally enclosed by the high-intensity light at the surface of the bicone, which is a type of bottle beam. Particles within this region are trapped by the photophoretic forces that push particles toward the low-intensity center of this region. Raman spectra from individual trapped particles made from carbon nanotubes are measured. This trapping technique could lead to the development of an on-line real-time single-particle Raman spectrometer for characterization of absorbing aerosol particles.
Far-Ultraviolet Imaging Spectroscopy of Io's Atmosphere with HST/STIS

Well-resolved far-ultraviolet spectroscopic images of Oi, S i, and previously undetected H iLyman-α emission from Io were obtained with the Hubble space telescope imaging spectrograph (STIS). Detected O i and Si lines (1250 to 1500 angstroms) have bright equatorial spots (up to 2.5 kilorayleighs) that shift position with jovian magnetic field orientation; limb glow that is brighter on the hemisphere facing the jovian magnetic equator; and faint diffuse emission extending to ∼20 Io radii. All O i and Si features brightened by ∼50 percent in the last two images, concurrently with a ground-based observation of increased iogenic [O i] 6300-angstrom emission. The H iLyman-α emission, consisting of a small, ∼2-kilorayleigh patch near each pole, has a different morphology and time variation.
Inhomogeneous spaces of positive curvature

Abstract We describe the geometry and the topology of a compact simply connected positively curved Riemannian 6-manifold F′ which is related to the flag manifold F over C P2, and an infinite series of simply connected circle bundles over F′, also with positive sectional curvature. All of these spaces are biquotients of the Lie group SU (3) and they are not homeomorphic to a homogeneous space of positive curvature.
Game Day Alcohol Expectancies among College Students from a University in the Southeast

Abstract Background: The alcohol consumption associated with college sporting events depicts a public health challenge. Purpose: The aim of this investigation involved assessing the alcohol expectancies among college students associated with home football games and which of these expectancies was most predictive of high-risk drinking. Methods: Researchers employed a cross-sectional study design, collecting data via an electronic survey the Monday after the final home football game of the season from a group of randomly selected college students. Results: An exploratory factor analysis revealed four expectancies were associated with alcohol use on game day: Rowdy Fan, Fun, Social Confidence and Sexual Opportunity. The Rowdy Fan construct was the most predictive of alcohol use on game day; whereas, the Sexual Opportunity expectancy was not statistically significant. Discussion: The results from this study indicate college students are motivated to drink on game day to root for their team, have fun, and to e...
Role of intracellular Ca2+ stores in the regulation of electrogenic plasma membrane Ca2+ uptake in a B-lymphocytic cell line.

Experiments were undertaken to investigate the role of intracellular Ca2+ stores in the regulation of Ca2+ uptake in the cultured B-lymphocytic cell line CH12.LX.C4.5F5. Release of intracellular Ca2+ stores by addition of thapsigargin was accompanied by a biphasic increase in intracellular calcium concentration [Ca2+]i). The initial rise in [Ca2+]i was due to release of Ca2+ from intracellular stores as determined by its maintenance in the absence of extracellular Ca2+. The secondary phase was 1) dependent on the presence of extracellular Ca2+, 2) inhibited by 5 mM extracellular Ni2+, and 3) inhibited by high K+, consistent with electrogenic Ca2+ uptake from the extracellular medium. In order to more accurately investigate the electrogenic nature of this pathway we measured the membrane potential changes accompanying Ca2+ influx stimulated by release of Ca2+ from intracellular stores using bis(1,3-diethylthiobarbituric acid trimethine) oxonol in Bapta-loaded cells. Addition of 5 mM Ca2+ to cells pretreated with doses of thapsigargin or ionomycin shown to release intracellular Ca2+ stores induced a depolarization which was 1) dependent upon extracellular Ca2+, 2) abolished by 5 mM Ni2+, 3) independent of extracellular Na+, and 4) dependent upon Bapta loading. This depolarization was followed by a charybdotoxin-sensitive repolarization consistent with secondary activation of K+ channels. Changes in [Ca2+]i monitored under identical conditions were monitored fluorimetrically using indo-1 and were found to correlate with the changes in Em. On the basis of these data we conclude that an electrogenic Ca(2+)-permeable pathway exists in this B-lymphocytic cell line which is regulated by the degree of filling of an internal Ca(2+)-store.
Thermal performance of solar concentrator/cavity receiver systems

Abstract To utilize solar energy at a high temperature, a parabolic dish/cavity receiver configuration is often used. The energy loss mechanisms of such a system are analyzed. System efficiency is defined as the power absorbed by the working fluid circulating in the cavity divided by the solar power falling on the concentrator aperture. Power profiles produced in cavities of varying geometry with concentrators of varying rim angle are also discussed. It is found that varying concentrator rim angle and cavity geometry can greatly affect the cavity power profile without a large effect on system efficiency. Cavity isothermality often requires a nonlinear power profile , particularly in a thermochemical system. The methodology described can be used to optimize concentrator/cavity design variables.
A Generalized ADALINE Neural Network for System Identification

In this paper, we present a generalized adaptive linear element (ADALINE) neural network and its application to system identification of linear time-varying systems. It is well known ADALINE is slow in convergence which is not appropriate for online application and identification of time varying system. The proposed generalized ADALINE, called GADALINE, has two aspects of generalization: i) the input now consists of a tapped delay line of the system input signal and a tapped delay line of the system output feedback; and ii) the adaptive learning is further generalized by adding a momentum term to the weight adjustment during convergence period. The GADALINE's learning curve is smoothed by turning off the momentum once the error is within a given small number. Simulation results show that GADALINE provides a much faster convergence speed and better tracking of time varying parameters. The low computational complexity makes this method suitable for online system identification and real time adaptive control applications.
Spatial patterns of tropospheric ozone in the mount rainier region of the cascade mountains, USA

Abstract Few data exist on tropospheric ozone concentrations in rural and wildland areas of western Washington, U.S.A. We measured tropospheric ozone in Mount Rainier National Park and the Puget Sound region of Washington using electronic analyzers and passive samplers during the summers of 1994 and 1995. Electronic analyzers recorded hourly ozone concentrations from five locations between Seattle and Mount Rainier. Ozone concentrations generally increased with distance from Seattle, with maximum hourly concentrations recorded at Enumclaw (319 m elevation, 50 km SE of Seattle). Paradise (1650 m elevation, 100 km SE of Seattle) had the highest monthly mean concentration of all sites measured with analyzers. Diurnal patterns on high-ozone days indicate that concentrations at Paradise remain near 60 ppbv throughout the day, whereas ozone concentrations closer to Seattle had higher peaks during the afternoon but dropped to near zero at night. Passive ozone samplers were used to measure weekly average ozone exposures in four river drainages within Mount Rainier National Park, across an elevation gradient (420 –2100 m). In most drainages, ozone levels increased with elevation, with highest average weekly ozone exposure (47 ppbv) recorded at 2100 m. Ozone concentrations are significantly higher in the western portion of the park, indicating that ozone exposure varies considerably over short distances. These data provide a reference point for air quality in western Washington and indicate that intensive sampling is necessary to quantify spatial patterns of tropospheric ozone in mountainous regions.