cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Density Corrections to Methane Fluxes Measured by Open-Path Eddy Covariance over Contrasting Landscapes

Corrections accounting for air density fluctuations due to heat and water vapour fluxes must be applied to the measurement of eddy-covariance fluxes when using open-path sensors. Experimental tests and ecosystem observations have demonstrated the important role density corrections play in accurately quantifying carbon dioxide $$(\hbox {CO}_{2})$$ fluxes, but less attention has been paid to evaluating these corrections for methane $$(\hbox {CH}_{4})$$ fluxes. We measured $$\hbox {CH}_{4}$$ fluxes with open-path sensors over a suite of sites with contrasting $$\hbox {CH}_{4}$$ emissions and energy partitioning, including a pavement airfield, two negligible-flux ecosystems (drained alfalfa and pasture), and two high-flux ecosystems (flooded wetland and rice). We found that density corrections successfully re-zeroed fluxes in negligible-flux sites; however, slight overcorrection was observed above pavement. The primary impact of density corrections varied over negligible- and high-flux ecosystems. For negligible-flux sites, corrections led to greater than 100% adjustment in daily budgets, while these adjustments were only 3–10% in high-flux ecosystems. The primary impact to high-flux ecosystems was a change in flux diel patterns, which may affect the evaluation of relationships between biophysical drivers and fluxes if correction bias exists. Additionally, accounting for density effects to high-frequency $$\hbox {CH}_{4}$$ fluctuations led to large differences in observed $$\hbox {CH}_{4}$$ flux cospectra above negligible-flux sites, demonstrating that similar adjustments should be made before interpreting $$\hbox {CH}_{4}$$ cospectra for comparable ecosystems. These results give us confidence in $$\hbox {CH}_{4}$$ fluxes measured by open-path sensors, and demonstrate that density corrections play an important role in adjusting flux budgets and diel patterns across a range of ecosystems.
On the coverage probability of a spatially correlated network

We propose a new cellular network model that captures both strong repulsion and randomness between base stations. The base stations are modeled by superposition of a random shifted grid with intensity λg for the grid base stations and an independent Poisson point process with intensity λρ for the random base stations. Assuming that the typical user is associated with the base station that provides the strongest average receive signal power, we derive the association probability of the typical user. In Rayleigh fading channels, the coverage probability of the typical user at the origin is derived.
Peptide-Level Interactions between Proteins and Small-Molecule Drug Candidates by Two Hydrogen-Deuterium Exchange MS-Based Methods: The Example of Apolipoprotein E3.

We describe a platform utilizing two methods based on hydrogen–deuterium exchange (HDX) coupled with mass spectrometry (MS) to characterize interactions between a protein and a small-molecule ligand. The model system is apolipoprotein E3 (apoE3) and a small-molecule drug candidate. We extended PLIMSTEX (protein–ligand interactions by mass spectrometry, titration, and H/D exchange) to the regional level by incorporating enzymatic digestion to acquire binding information for peptides. In a single experiment, we not only identified putative binding sites, but also obtained affinities of 6.0, 6.8, and 10.6 μM for the three different regions, giving an overall binding affinity of 7.4 μM. These values agree well with literature values determined by accepted methods. Unlike those methods, PLIMSTEX provides site-specific binding information. The second approach, modified SUPREX (stability of unpurified proteins from rates of H/D exchange) coupled with electrospray ionization (ESI), allowed us to obtain detailed u...
The ethics of maternal–fetal surgery

Maternal-fetal surgery is performed on two patients, the pregnant patient and the fetal patient. Ethics is therefore an essential dimension of maternal-fetal surgery. From its beginnings in only a few centers, various procedures have become available in highly specialized centers in developed countries. Innovation and research have played an indispensable role in the development of maternal-fetal surgery and will continue to do so. In this article we present ethically justified criteria, based on the ethical concept of the fetus as a patient, for clinical innovation and research of maternal-fetal surgery and for the professionally responsible transition from innovation and research into clinical practice. These criteria are designed to be used by clinical innovators, clinical investigators, and by oversight committees.
Characterization of ultralow thermal conductivity in anisotropic pyrolytic carbon coating for thermal management applications

Abstract Pyrolytic carbon (PyC) is an important material used in many applications including thermal management of electronic devices and structural stability of ceramic composites. Accurate measurement of physical properties of structures containing textured PyC layers with few-micrometer thickness poses new challenges. Here a laser-based thermoreflectance technique is used to measure thermal conductivity in a 30-μm-thick textured PyC layer deposited using chemical vapor deposition on the surface of spherical zirconia particles. Raman spectroscopy is used to confirm the graphitic nature and characterize microstructure of the deposited layer. Room temperature radial and circumferential thermal conductivities are found to be 0.28 W m−1 K−1 and 11.5 W m−1 K−1, corresponding to cross-plane and in-plane conductivities of graphite. While the anisotropic ratio of the in-plane to cross-plane conductivities is smaller than previous results, the magnitude of the smallest conductivity is noticeably smaller than previously reported values for carbon materials and offers opportunities in thermal management applications. Very low in-plane and cross-plane thermal conductivities are attributed to strong grain boundary scattering, high defect concentration, and small inter-laminar porosity. Experimental results agree with the prediction of thermal transport model informed by the microstructure information revealed by Raman spectroscopy.
Associations of ADHD Symptoms With Smoking and Alternative Tobacco Product Use Initiation During Adolescence.

Objective Recently, use of alternative tobacco products, such as electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) and hookah (water-pipe tobacco), has increased among adolescents. It is unknown whether attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms are associated with initiation of alternative tobacco product use. Methods Ninth grade high school students who never used any tobacco product at baseline (N = 1,921) participated in a longitudinal survey from 2014 to 2015. Overall symptomatology and inattention (IN) and hyperactivity-impulsivity (HI) ADHD subtypes were assessed at baseline. Past 6-month e-cigarette, hookah, and combustible cigarette use (yes/no) were reported at three semi-annual follow-ups. Repeated measures logistic regression models assessed the association of baseline ADHD symptoms with likelihood of tobacco product initiation across follow-ups. Results For ADHD main effect estimates, unadjusted odds of reporting e-cigarette, hookah, and combustible cigarette use pooled across follow-up time points were 45%, 33%, and 37% greater, respectively, with each increase in one SD-unit of baseline ADHD symptoms in baseline never-users of tobacco products. ADHD was not associated with hookah or combustible cigarette use after adjusting for other risk factors. After adjustment, e-cigarette use initiation remained associated with overall ADHD (odds ratio, OR [95%confidence interval, 95% CI] = 1.22 [1.04, 1.42]) and HI (OR [95% CI] = 1.26 [1.09, 1.47]) symptoms, but not IN symptoms (OR [95% CI] = 1.13 [0.97, 1.32]). ADHD × Time interactions were not significant, suggesting ADHD increased odds of e-cigarette use initiation but did not alter the shape of use trajectory across follow-up among initiators. Conclusions Understanding the psychosocial mechanisms underlying the pathway from ADHD to e-cigarette use may advance tobacco product use etiologic theory and prevention practice in the current era in which e-cigarette use is popular among youth.
Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in androgen receptor-positive, triple-negative breast cancer.

5Background: Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an immunogenic breast cancer subtype, with a greater percentage of tumors containing tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) compared to non-TNBC. TILs are prognostic for recurrence and predictive for chemotherapy benefit in TNBC, but not in estrogen receptor (ER)-positive tumors. A subset of TNBC expresses the androgen receptor (AR), and resembles ER-positive breast cancer in terms of demographics (older age) and clinical course (later recurrences that tend to involve bone). However, little is known regarding the association between TILs and AR expression in TNBC. Methods: From a cohort of 9982 women with surgically-treated non-metastatic breast cancer, patients who met criteria for TNBC (ER/PR < 1% and HER2-negative) by centralized-pathology review were included as previously published [Leon-Ferre et al, Breast Cancer Res Treat 2017]. Stromal TILs in these tumors were quantified on full-face hematoxylin and eosin sections from the surgical specimen, fol...
Circadian rhythms of locomotor activity in Metazygia wittfeldae (Araneae: Araneidae)

Abstract Internal clocks, or circadian rhythms, are nearly ubiquitous across taxa (e.g., animals, plants, fungi, and cyanobacteria), and it is widely believed that a biological clock benefits organisms by enabling them to schedule behavioral and physiological changes in anticipation of predictable changes in environmental conditions. Theory and evidence suggest it is important that the internal clock resonate closely with the 24-h daily cycle. Recently, however, Cyclosa turbinata (Walckenaer, 1841) (Araneidae) was revealed to have a circadian clock with a period of about 19 h, which was presumed to be anomalous. Here, we report on the behavioral rhythms of a nocturnal orbweaver, Metazygia wittfeldae (McCook, 1894), from the same family. Under laboratory conditions of a 12:12 h light:dark cycle, we found that locomotor activity initiates shortly after dark, reaching a peak early in the dark phase, continuing at a lower level throughout the remaining dark phase, and then diminishing shortly after lights-on....
An adaptive framework for mitigating current harmonics caused by distributed energy resources

When connected to distribution networks with distorted grid voltages, inverters can easily produce high levels of current harmonics. When these networks have high interface impedances, the control schemes designed to mitigate these harmonics can easily become destabilized. This paper demonstrates a multirate controller that can adapatively generate harmonic currents as needed at frequencies up to nearly half the sample rate. The controller is shown to be stable even with purely inductive grid impedances as high as 10% per unit. Both simulation and experimental results are presented.
Effect of Gallium Additions on Reduction, Carburization and Fischer–Tropsch Activity of Iron Catalysts

Undoped and gallium-doped iron oxide catalysts (100Fe, 100Fe:2Ga, and 100Fe:5Ga) were prepared by following a continuous co-precipitation technique using ammonium hydroxide as precipitant. The catalysts were characterized by BET surface area, X-ray diffraction, H2-temperature programmed reduction, 57Fe Mossbauer spectroscopy, and temperature programmed decarburization techniques. The addition of gallium affects both reduction as well as carburization of iron oxide. The CO conversion decreases with an increase of gallium content relative to iron. The gallium-doped iron catalyst (100Fe:2Ga) exhibits initially a lower CO conversion after H2 activation than an undoped iron catalyst; however, the activity of the doped catalyst kept increasing with time. A strong interaction between iron oxide and gallium could explain the suppressed formation of χ-Fe5C2 and metallic iron during the carburization and reduction of iron oxide, respectively. The relative percentage of iron in χ-Fe5C2 was found to correlate with the initial rates of FT and WGS activity indicating that iron carbide is the main active component for both FT and WGS reactions.
[Antiaggregant treatment: present and future].

OBJECTIVE To present current information on the use of antiaggregant agents and the possibilities of their further development. DEVELOPMENT Aspirin is an established treatment for the prevention of cerebrovascular accidents (CVA) in patients with transitory ischemic attacks (TIA) or minor CVA. This agent reduces the risk by 20%. Ticlopidine has a slightly greater antiaggregant effect than Aspirin, but has the disadvantage of being more expensive and having serious haematological effects such as thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. In combination with Aspirin, ticlopidine is valuable in maintaining coronary stents permeable. Dipyridamole, used in combination with Aspirin reduces the risk of CVA by 37% which is more than either drug used alone. Clopidogrel, chemically related to ticlopidine, has a slightly greater protective effect without the serious haematological side-effects of the latter. Use of Aspirin in CVA, alone or combined with subcutaneous heparin, is effective in the early secondary prevention of CVAs. Future development of antiaggregant treatment includes various aspects, such as the use of Aspirin in primary and secondary prevention of CVA, its value in combination with other antiaggregant, antithrombotic and neuroprotector agents. CONCLUSIONS Antiaggregant agents have meant a great advance in the treatment of CVA. In view of the relatively modest degree of protection given by Aspirin, future strategies will probably include combining it with other antiaggregant agents, antithrombotic drugs and neuroprotectors.
New Insights into Tumor Promotion from Molecular Studies of Protein Kinase C

Research on growth factors, growth factor receptors and signal transduction pathways have provided an exciting conceptual framework for understanding multistage carcinogenesis1. Fig. 1 displays in schematic form how certain extracellular growth factors are perceived by cellular receptors, which are often located at the cell surface, and how the occupancy of these receptors leads to a cascade of signal transduction, through the cytoplasm and eventually into the nucleus, thus altering patterns of gene expression. This figure also emphasizes the central role that a series of protein kinase enzymes plays in several pathways of signal transduction. A general theme that has emerged is that the proto-oncogenes represent a subset of genes that normally code for components in these pathways of signal transduction. Alterations in the structure and function of these proto-oncogenes can convert them to “activated” oncogenes, which cause aberrations in signal transduction and thus disrupt normal growth, differentiation and inter-cellular coordination.
Parallel decrease of erythrocyte membrane deformability and spectrin solubility at low pH

Reduction of pH over the range 6.0-4.5 results in a decrease of erythrocyte deformability in parallel with the induced progressive sphericity of cells. At low deformation rates employed, increase of hemoglobin viscosity was not significant. A decrease of membrane elasticity was detected in cells when sphering, the major determinant of cellular deformability, was prevented at pH 5.0 by hyperosmotic medium. The pronounced change of deformability and the reduced elasticity occurred at calculated intracellular pH values at which solubility in vitro of extracted erythrocyte spectrin is also markedly reduced. The parallel decrease of deformability and spectrin solubility supports the hypothesis that spectrin aggregation may contribute to regulation of erythrocyte deformability through effects on shape and membrane elastic characteristics.
Radiation Exposure to the Patient and the Urologist

Patients with ureteral stones are at significant risk for radiation from both diagnostic imaging and fluoroscopy used in the operating room at the time of surgery. Surgeons and operating room staff are also at risk for exposure from fluoroscopy. Non-contrast computed tomography exposes patients to the greatest amount of radiation from diagnostic imaging. In non-obese patients with flank pain, low dose non-contrast computed tomography should be performed for the diagnosis of ureteral stones to reduce radiation exposure. In the operating room, fluoroscopy can expose patients to as much or greater amounts of radiation than diagnostic imaging. Obesity can lead to increased radiation exposure from both diagnostic imaging and fluoroscopy. To reduce radiation exposure in the operating room, the principles of As Low As Reasonably Achievable should be followed. Increased awareness of radiation doses to both the patients and staff can help physicians reduce overall radiation exposure.
Viral Loads Within 6 Weeks After Diagnosis of HIV Infection in Early and Later Stages: Observational Study Using National Surveillance Data

Background: Early (including acute) HIV infection is associated with viral loads higher than those in later stages. Objective: This study aimed to examine the association between acute infection and viral loads near the time of diagnosis using data reported to the US National HIV Surveillance System. Methods: We analyzed data on infections diagnosed in 2012-2016 and reported through December 2017. Diagnosis and staging were based on the 2014 US surveillance case definition for HIV infection. We divided early HIV-1 infection (stage 0) into two subcategories. Subcategory 0α: a negative or indeterminate HIV-1 antibody test was ≤60 days after the first confirmed positive HIV-1 test or a negative or indeterminate antibody test or qualitative HIV-1 nucleic acid test (NAT) was ≤180 days before the first positive test, the latter being a NAT or detectable viral load. Subcategory 0β: a negative or indeterminate antibody or qualitative NAT was ≤180 days before the first positive test, the latter being an HIV antibody or antigen/antibody test. We compared median earliest viral loads for each stage and subcategory in each of the first 6 weeks after diagnosis using only the earliest viral load for each individual. Results: Of 203,392 infections, 56.69% (115,297/203,392) were reported with a quantified earliest viral load within 6 weeks after diagnosis and criteria sufficient to determine the stage at diagnosis. Among 5081 infections at stage 0, the median earliest viral load fell from 694,000 copies/mL in week 1 to 125,022 in week 2 and 43,473 by week 6. Among 30,910 infections in stage 1, the median earliest viral load ranged 15,412-17,495. Among 42,784 infections in stage 2, the median viral load declined from 44,973 in week 1 to 38,497 in week 6. Among 36,522 infections in stage 3 (AIDS), the median viral load dropped from 205,862 in week 1 to 119,000 in week 6. The median earliest viral load in stage 0 subcategory 0α fell from 1,344,590 copies/mL in week 1 to 362,467 in week 2 and 47,320 in week 6, while that in subcategory 0β was 70,114 copies/mL in week 1 and then 32,033 to 44,067 in weeks 2-6. The median viral load in subcategory 0α was higher than that in subcategory 0β in each of the first 6 weeks after diagnosis (P<.001). Conclusions: In the 1st week after diagnosis, viral loads in early infections are generally several times higher than those in later stages at diagnosis. By the 3rd week, however, most are lower than those in stage 3. High viral loads in early infection are much more common in subcategory 0α than in subcategory 0β, consistent with 0α comprising mostly acute infections and 0β comprising mostly postacute early infections. These findings may inform the prioritization of interventions for prevention.
Self-adaptive radiative cooling based on phase change materials

With the ability of harvesting the coldness of universe as a thermodynamic resource, radiative cooling technology is important for a broad range of applications such as passive building cooling, refrigeration, and renewable energy harvesting. However, all existing radiative cooling technologies utilize static structures, which lack the ability of self-adaptive tuning based on demand. Here we present the concept of self-adaptive radiative cooling based on phase change materials such as vanadium dioxide. We design a photonic structure that can adaptively turn 'on' and 'off' radiative cooling, depending the ambient temperature, without any extra energy input for switching. Our results here lead to new functionalities of radiative cooling and can potentially be used in a wide range of applications for the thermal managements of buildings, vehicles and textiles.
Executive Branch Pressures on Monetary Policy: 1914–1994

In 1913 the Federal Reserve Act established a central bank which was hailed as being independent of the executive branch of government. In recent decades this independence often seems to have been honored as much in the breach as in the keeping. On occasion, executive branch attempts to influence monetary policy have even become media events. Consequently, a consensus is emerging in the monetary policy literature which rejects as mythic the belief that the Federal Reserve is a totally independent and politically neutral institution. The contemporary view is that the Administration, while granting significant leeway to the Fed, when necessary obtains the monetary policy actions that it desires (e.g., Beck 1988, Friedman 1982, Poole 1985, Woolley 1984, and Lombra and Moran 1980).
Pseudohypoparathyroidism and Cardiomyopathy: A Case Report with a New Perspective on the Cardiovascular-Endocrine Axis with Respect to Calcium Homeostasis

Pseudohypoparathyroidism encompasses a group of heterogeneous disorders defined by targeted organ unresponsiveness to parathyroid hormone (PTH). With an estimated prevalence of approximately 0.79 per 100,000, this is an extremely rare group of genetic disorders. The documented phenotypic manifestations and complications of this condition include skeletal abnormalities, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) resistance, growth hormone deficiencies and abnormalities in gonadotropic hormones. However, the cardiovascular effects of this condition have never been studied. To the knowledge of the writer, this is the first report of pseudohypoparathyroidism resulting in profound hypocalcaemia leading to heart failure in a previously healthy 22-year-old man with no known cardiac history. Following treatment with calcium replacement therapy, the patient's cardiac function improved dramatically, demonstrating the seminal role played by serum calcium in myocardial contractility and its influence on cardiac function. Learning points In patients with heart failure, serum calcium must be measured, especially if the underlying aetiology of heart failure is unclear.In patients with heart failure, correction of calcium levels is an important aspect of management.Patients with pseudohypoparathyroidism should undergo cardiac evaluation, especially in the presence of symptoms such as peripheral oedema and dyspnoea on exertion.
Tandem Intramolecular Silylformylation−Crotylsilylation: Highly Efficient Synthesis of Polyketide Fragments

Polyketide fragments may be rapidly and efficiently assembled in the tandem intramolecular silylformylation−crotylsilylation of alkenes and alkynes. The reactions establish up to three new stereocenters with good-to-excellent diastereoselectivity, and the use of the reaction in an iterative sense is demonstrated. In addition, a new dihydrosilane alcoholysis reaction has been developed, leading to a highly efficient sequence.
Justice Brett Kavanaugh Joins the Court

What the Supreme Court does is largely a product of its membership. For that reason, new appointments to the Court are the subject of widespread interest and heated debate. This is especially true when the departure of a sitting Justice and the arrival of a successor are expected to bring about a substantial shift in the Court’s legal policies. That expectation accompanied the 2018 appointment of Brett Kavanaugh to succeed the retiring Anthony Kennedy. This final chapter reviews the first year of Justice Brett Kavanaugh, in terms of the expected and unexpected rulings, what they reveal about his judicial philosophy, and the outlook for the future.
Patterns of health behaviors affecting mental health in collegiate athletes.

OBJECTIVE To examine the association of multiple health behaviors to mental health functioning in male and female collegiate athletes. Participants: Prospective National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I athletes (n = 183) completed a health and wellness survey in the summer prior to joining the athletic program. Methods: Health behaviors (eating, sleeping, substance use, sexual, and aggressive behaviors) and mental health functioning (psychological distress and perceived stress) were assessed. Partial least squares (PLS) modeling was used as a multivariate approach to simultaneously examine the association of health behaviors to mental health functioning. Results: Aggressive behaviors, alcohol use, and fatigue were significantly associated with symptoms of psychological distress and stress in both males and females. Attention to nutrition, unhealthy dietary habits, and lower alcohol use was further related to psychological distress in female athletes only. Conclusions: Athletes' eating, sleeping, substance use, and aggressive behaviors may provide insight into their mental health functioning.
Deep Learning Ethereum Token Price Prediction with Network Motif Analysis

In this paper, we apply Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) neural networks to model the token price time series data which incorporate the local topological measures of investor transaction network and market summaries. In addition, we propose a novel LSTM-based model using the leave-one-out cross-validation technique and utilizing the network motif analysis. The numerical results show that the proposed LSTM-based model could significantly improve the performance of the prediction of token price compared to the benchmark LSTM-based models and deep portfolios regardless of the training and testing data split ratio. Some concluding remarks and future research directions are provided.
A Distributionally Robust Optimization Approach for Multivariate Linear Regression under the Wasserstein Metric

We present a Distributionally Robust Optimization (DRO) approach for Multivariate Linear Regression (MLR), where multiple correlated response variables are to be regressed against a common set of predictors. We develop a regularized MLR formulation that is robust to large perturbations in the data, where the regularizer is the dual norm of the regression coefficient matrix in the sense of a newly defined matrix norm. We establish bounds on the prediction bias of the solution, offering insights on the role of the regularizer in controlling the prediction error. Experimental results show that, compared to a number of popular MLR methods, our approach leads to a lower out-of-sample Mean Squared Error (MSE) in various scenarios.
Modeling of gap conductance for LWR fuel rods applied in the BISON code

A new gap conductance model is proposed in this study as a combination of Toptan’s model and the Ross-Stoute model. A variance-based sensitivity analysis is performed to understand how simulation r...
The Navier-Stokes Equations

The Navier-Stokes equations are a set of highly non-linear partial differential equations. We present these equations as the final example of partial differential equations, because of their special character and their importance in the field of fluid mechanics. Common forms of these equations are obtained by simplification, for example by setting the viscosity of the fluid equal to zero (open channel flow), or by neglecting the acceleration relative to frictional losses, as in groundwater flow.
Language Centers in the Age of Ubiquitous Technology and Eclectic Methodology

This study was conducted in order to better understand how, if at all, language centers (LCs) are relevant in current technological and methodological contexts of second language education. Five language centers housed by four different institutions of higher education in the western United States were examined. Two representatives from each of the five centers were interviewed either in-person or over the phone (N = 10). Data was collected in the form of semi-structured interviews and on-site visits. The data was analyzed using a flexible combination of multi-level qualitative coding, descriptive statistics, and narrative analysis. This study confirms recent findings that have shown LCs to be a highly diverse group of institutions, particularly with respect to form and function. With respect to relevance, a common framework for discussing different language centers is outlined in the form of three paradigms: center/department, center/institution, and center/community.
Differential Effects of High- and Low-Arousal Positive Emotions on Help-Seeking for Depression.

Background The current set of pre-registered studies tested the effect of savoring a high-arousal (exciting) or low-arousal (calm) positive experience on help-seeking intentions among people with heightened depressive symptomatology. Methods Across all three studies, participants with heightened depressive symptomatology who had not yet sought help were randomly assigned to complete a 6-minute writing task where they reflected on an exciting memory, a calm memory, or what they did today and yesterday. Results Savoring an exciting memory was associated with significantly greater arousal than savoring a calm memory and the control condition (Study 1; N = 218). Both savoring conditions were associated with greater positive emotion than the control condition (Study 2; N = 193). In Study 3 (N = 1,238), savoring an exciting memory, when compared to the control condition, increased help-seeking intentions, whereas savoring a calm memory did not. Conclusions The current studies support the use of high-arousal, rather than low-arousal, positive emotions to increase help-seeking intentions among people with depression.
Associations between perceptions of care experiences and receipt of mental health care among older adults with cancer.

175Background: Older adults with cancer and worse self-rated mental health report worse care experiences. We hypothesized that, controlling for health and demographic characteristics, older adults ...
Precursor Lesions of the Cervix: Squamous Precursor Lesions

Cervical squamous precursor lesions precede invasive carcinomas by 10–15 years and, therefore, are highly amenable to screening and early detection. This section reviews squamous intraepithelial lesions from low-grade to high-grade, as well as their benign and neoplastic morphologic mimics. Low-risk human papillomaviruses (HPV) cause condylomas and low-grade lesions characterized by productive viral infections with little to no risk for progression to carcinoma. High-risk HPV, on the other hand, causes low-grade and high-grade lesions with a significantly higher risk of progression to invasive carcinoma. The diagnostic reproducibility of CIN 1, CIN 2, and CIN 3 is only moderate at best and the use of ancillary studies to adjudicate difficult cases is encouraged in the appropriate setting. Immunohistochemistry for p16 and Ki-67 can be very helpful in the distinction between benign and high-grade intraepithelial lesions, yet these should not be used to differentiate benign from low-grade lesions. HPV in-situ hybridization (mRNA-based) is a highly sensitive and specific marker for the detection of HPV transcription in suspected lesions and is a useful addition to standard immunohistochemistry. Other neoplastic lesions, such as stratified mucin-producing intraepithelial lesion (SMILE) and metastatic urothelial carcinoma, can also mimic HSIL. Clinical history and careful examination of the histologic features are key to arriving at the correct diagnosis.
Research ethics beyond the IRB: Selection bias and the direction of innovation in applied economics

Principles for ethical behavior in the context of research are codified into rules that may change over time to meet peoples’ needs in specific institutions, including universities and professional associations. This paper aims to spark discussion about a set of ethical choices beyond those addressed by an IRB or recent association policy statements. Our specific focus is topic selection and the role of researchers’ interests and incentives in determining the kinds of research that we do. Using the principle of induced innovation, we show how changing incentives can influence the direction of research effort and thereby affect the kinds of policies or technologies that are supported by available evidence. With this paper, we hope to generate discussion among applied economists about selection bias in research and how we can use insights from economics itself to guide topic selection. JEL CLASSIFICATION A11; A14; B41; Q00
Characterization of laser microbiopsy for sub-microliter tissue sampling

Tissue sampling is required for disease diagnostics and research. Traditional tissue sampling tools often remove more tissue than required, causing unnecessary pain and morbidity. We report a minimally invasive laser microbiopsy system to sample sub-microliter (<1mm3 ) tissue sections. A focused annular beam cuts conical-shaped tissue sections. Compatible diagnostic methods may include standard histopathology, rapid point-of-care microscopy, and genetic testing. An objective of the approach is to harvest a minimal volume while limiting damage to retain tissue integrity for diagnosis. The laser microbiopsy system consists of a Ho:YAG laser (Lumenis P120), a ZnSe aspheric collimator (ISP optics, f = 50.8 mm), two fused silica axicons (Thorlabs, α = 20°), and an aspheric focusing lens (ISP optics, f = 25.4 mm). The system is characterized to evaluate the required laser dosimetry, range of harvested tissue volumes, and residual thermal damage. We first characterized the system in silico using raytracing (Zemax) and a heat transfer modeling. We then characterized the system experimentally performing micro-biopsies in ex vivo porcine skin. Raytracing and experimental measurements show agreement in annular beam shape with an inner and outer radius of 300 μm and 400 μm near the beam focus. Experimental results show ability to harvest tissue sections ranging from 0.009 to 0.10 mm3 using pulse energies from 1 - 2 J.
Hidden markov model of lane-changing-based car-following behavior on freeways using naturalistic driving data

This paper develops a methodology for simultaneously modeling lane-changing and car-following behavior of automated vehicles on freeways. Naturalistic driving data from the Safety Pilot Model Deplo...
Cytological Hybridization to Mammalian Chromosomes

Publisher Summary This chapter compares the procedures related to the use of molecular hybridization in mammalian chromosomes. Optimal conditions for cytological hybridization include general methodology, kinetic considerations, and methods for analysis. The localization of satellite DNA sequences or sequences involving the rDNA complex in primates and other mammals has allowed comparative studies on evolution of the chromosome complement, to be made at the molecular level. Cytological hybridization helps to demonstrate the chromosomal integration of DNA from exogenous sources, such as viral DNA or DNA inserted as the result of DNA-mediated transformation. Physical mapping of genes or any DNA sequence to chromosomes can be accomplished directly by hybridization to chromosomal DNA. The use of cytological hybridization is limited to reiterated sequences. A probe binding to a reiterated region produces more grains than other portions of the probe hybridized to less reiterated regions, thus confounding the assignment. The concentration in the probe of any fraction or partial fraction that hybridizes with a chromosomal region can be calculated from the time course of the reaction to that region. The chapter also discusses the problems and prospective of this technique.
CPT violation and B-meson oscillations

Recent evidence for anomalous $CP$ violation in $B$-meson oscillations can be interpreted as resulting from $CPT$ violation. This yields the first sensitivity to $CPT$ violation in the ${B}_{s}^{0}$ system, with the relevant coefficient for $CPT$ violation constrained at the level of parts in ${10}^{12}$.
Cubic Identities of Theta Functions

Many remarkable cubic theorems involving theta functions can be found in Ramanujan's Lost Notebook. Using addition formulas, the Jacobi triple product identity and the quintuple product identity, we establish several theorems to prove Ramanujan's cubic identities.
A Note on the Determination of Relaxation and Creep Data from Ramp Tests

The response of (linearly) viscoelastic material isapproximately the same for ramp and true step strain histories once aninitial time interval of about ten times the ramp-up time has passed.Because the loss of relaxation data during that initial time can be asubstantial portion of the total (logarithmically measured) time scale,a simple method is documented for exploiting data obtained from theinitial ramp history via a recursion formula. Comparison of dataobtained in ramp and relaxation histories are demonstrated to yield goodresults within the accuracy of the test method.
Obese mice have increased morbidity and mortality compared to non-obese mice during infection with the 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza virus.

Please cite this paper as: Easterbrook et al. (2011) Obese mice have increased morbidity and mortality compared to non-obese mice during infection with the 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza virus. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 5(6), 418–425. Background Obesity has been identified as an independent risk factor for severe or fatal infection with 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza (2009 pH1N1), but was not previously recognized for previous pandemic or seasonal influenza infections. Objectives Our aim was to evaluate the role of obesity as an independent risk factor for severity of infection with 2009 pH1N1, seasonal H1N1, or a pathogenic H1N1 influenza virus. Methods Diet-induced obese (DIO) and their non-obese, age-matched control counterparts were inoculated with a 2009 pH1N1, A/California/04/2009 (CA/09), current seasonal H1N1, A/NY/312/2001 (NY312), or highly pathogenic 1918-like H1N1, A/Iowa/Swine/1931 (Sw31), virus. Results Following inoculation with CA/09, DIO mice had higher mortality (80%) than control mice (0%) and lost more weight during infection. No effect of obesity on morbidity and mortality was observed during NY312 or Sw31 infection. Influenza antigen distribution in the alveolar regions of the lungs was more pronounced in DIO than control mice during CA/09 infection at 3 days post-inoculation (dpi), despite similar virus titers. During CA/09 infection, localized interferon-β and proinflammatory cytokine protein responses in the lungs were significantly lower in DIO than control mice. Conversely, serum cytokine concentrations were elevated in DIO, but not control mice following infection with CA/09. The effect of obesity on differential immune responses was abrogated during NY312 or Sw31 infection. Conclusions Together, these data support epidemiologic reports that obesity may be a risk factor for severe 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza infection, but the role of obesity in seasonal or highly virulent pandemic influenza infection remains unclear.
Abstract 4750: Transcriptome sequencing of the Reed-Sternberg cells of classical Hodgkin lymphoma

Introduction: Most genomic studies of classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) have been confined to cell lines due to the difficulty of isolating sparsely distributed Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg (HRS) cells from reactive background tissue. One approach to evaluate primary cases has been to microdissect HRS cells from fresh-frozen tissue biopsies, which has been used for gene expression profiling and array comparative genomic hybridization to assess copy number alterations. However, laser capture microdissection is technically challenging, does not provide a pure tumor cell population, and yields very small amounts of degraded nucleic acids that may not be adequate for whole-transcriptome level RNA sequencing. Methods: We used a flow cytometric cell isolation method, which has enabled rapid isolation of thousands of viable HRS cells from primary cHL tumors (Fromm, et al., Am J Clin Pathol 126, 2006). Here we combined flow cytometry using CD64, CD95, CD30, CD5, CD20, CD15, CD40, and CD45, with the Arcturus PicoPure RNA Isolation kit to isolate high quality RNA from viable HRS cells and intratumor B cells from nine primary cases of CHL respectively. We applied the Clontech SMARTer Ultra Low Input RNA Kit followed by Kapa Library Preparation kit to generate what is to our knowledge the first full transcriptome RNA sequence data from primary cases of cHL. Four cell lines were sequenced using the same methodology. We performed differential expression and gene fusion analyses, and conducted a search for activated pathways. Results: We report the expression signature of purified primary HRS cells. PCA analysis showed that these segregate from HRS cell lines and primary B cells. We confirmed at the RNA level overexpression of relevant amplified genes for which inhibitors are available (AURKA and EZH2), and underexpression of transcripts encoded by genes previously found to be deleted (for example ATM). Pathway analysis revealed extensive downregulation of antigen presentation, consistent with our previous exome sequence analysis showing mutations in beta-2 microglobulin as the most common genetic alteration. Results of the mutational and transcriptional landscape of the HRS cells will be presented. Conclusions: Transcriptome-level analysis of flow-sorted HRS cells allows for expanded study of CHL pathogenesis, new target identification based on altered signaling pathways and potentially individualized approaches to CHL therapy. Citation Format: Jonathan Reichel, Joshua Brody, Olivier Elemento, Raul Rabadan, Ethel Cesarman. Transcriptome sequencing of the Reed-Sternberg cells of classical Hodgkin lymphoma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 4750. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-4750
A 4-40 GHz wide bandwidth, magnetically tuned bandpass filter

In recent years, as microwave test equipment evolved, the need for a coaxial input-output bandpass filter that can tune from 4 to 40 GHz has become evident. This filter also needs a passband much wider than that of any of the previously available yttrium-iron-garnet (YIG) filters. To meet these needs, a special non-YIG ferrite filter was designed and built. A discussion is presented of the key problems and solutions in the development of this new microwave filter. It is shown that a 4-40-GHz bandpass filter can be realized if the tuning magnet uses conical poles and the filter's coupling structure can be made small enough to prevent self-resonance from occurring below 40 GHz. Additionally, the passband bandwidth can be made greater than 100 MHz by using lithium-aluminum-ferrite (LAF) resonators instead of YIG. >
Transitory bias as a source of customer dissatisfaction: An exploratory investigation

Previous literature has identified sources of customer dissatisfaction in the forms of poor product performance, discrimination, and universal mistreatment (i.e., broad-based mistreatment of customers). This article proposes the existence of a fourth source of perceived customer dissatisfaction, termed transitory bias, which is based upon fleeting customer characteristics and actions. Using a critical incident approach, this exploratory study analyzes customer narratives of 230 negative experiences. After writing their narratives, consumer informants completed a quantitative survey pertaining to their experience. Some sources of transitory bias were found to be customer complaining, negotiation, special requests, and underpurchasing. Transitory bias was found to drive perceptions of negative customer experiences in 29.1 per cent of the narratives. This was fewer than the number of cases involving universal mistreatment (50%) but more than those involving poor product performance (18.3%) and discrimination (2.6%). Results showed that satisfaction, repeat purchase likelihood, recommendation likelihood, and word of mouth were similar to those found in narratives where universal mistreatment and discrimination were primary drivers of dissatisfaction. This article creates awareness of the transitory bias construct and allows academicians the opportunity to study it as a source of customer dissatisfaction. Retail and service establishments should be aware of customer perceptions of transitory bias because it impacts key performance metrics. Managers may wish to train employees to better identify and respond to sources of transitory bias. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Intimate Justice: A Critical Analysis of Sexual Satisfaction

This article elaborates an intimate justice framework to help guide research on sexual satisfaction. Using a critical historiography approach, I examine the etiology and development of the psychological construct of ‘‘satisfaction’’ over the last century and argue that social and political antecedents to satisfaction ratings are an essential and under-theorized aspect of research in this field. By examining what are considered to be the most influential definitions in life satisfaction research, I identify conceptual gaps, oversights, and disagreements that characterize this body of work, and specifically its theoretical treatment of inequity. Moving to the intimate domain, I argue that the field of sexual satisfaction must include theories and methods that systematically consider the role of social and sexual stigmas as antecedents to sexual satisfaction ratings. In the conclusion, building from existing social justice theories, I propose an intimate justice framework as a means to guide research that can highlight issues of entitlement and deservingness in sexual satisfaction research. This is particularly important as sexual satisfaction is increasingly used as an indicator of individual and relational well-being; however, this construct is presently limited and inadequately measured for women and men who experience limited sexual rights in the socio-political domain because of their gender and ⁄ or sexual minority status.
Turbid stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (TSTORM)

Stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM) relies on time resolving overlapping point-spread functions (PSFs) to increase image resolution. Here, we extend STORM from diffraction-limited PSFs to those dominated by scattering.
An alternative measure of the frequency of suicide and homicide and its social correlates.

The social correlates of suicides and of all deaths and homicides as a percentage of all deaths over the states of America in 1980 were similar ro those for official suicide and homicide rates.