cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Police Questioning of Law Abiding Citizens

FOR a member of one of the most staid occupations, I have had a disturbing number of encounters with the police. I can count nine or ten times that I have been stopped and questioned in the past few years -almost enough to qualify me as an adjunct member of the Mafia. Most recently, when the officer told me he had the right to stop anyone any place any time-and for no reason-I decided I had better write an article. Let me describe some of my adventures. My problem is that I like to walk. In Chevy Chase, Maryland, a treelined suburb that smells of honeysuckle on spring nights, a police car swooped down on me about eleven at night. The officer wanted me to identify myself: where did I live, where was I going. He was not looking for anyone in particular; just on patrol. In Santa Barbara, California, where I had gone to give a paper on conservation, I was stopped on Main Street, about ten blocks from where I was staying. I was looking for a restaurant, a search which I was allowed to continue after giving a satisfactory explanation of my presence. In Belmont, Massachusetts, I was halted two blocks from my brother's house. I admit that it was very early morning. But my small niece had been up. In New Haven, about eleven at night, I was stopped a half mile from my own residence. Since this was home territory, and since the officers had summoned me off the sidewalk without even getting out of their patrol car, I protested. This was the only time that the police implied they were actually looking for someone-a prowler, they said. Two more patrol cars and a sergeant arrived as I continued to stand my ground on the sidewalk. After ten minutes' discussion we all dispersed. In Long Lake, New York, an Adirondack vacation town, a state policeman stopped me on the main street about ten at night. I was walking on the sidewalk. He demanded I tell my age, occupation, and reason for being out on the street, and that I produce some identification. When I told him I had none, he was ready to arrest me-for walking on the wrong side of the street, or for vagrancy, he said. I pointed out that my family has owned a house at Long Lake for sixty years-and that there was no sidewalk on the other side of the street. I should add that I have been stopped many times without cause
Missions to Dynamic Environments

From planets to planetary satellites to comets and asteroids, the solar system beyond the Earth's immediate environment is rich with potential targets for space science missions. The exploration of such exotic space destinations requires a deep understanding of their surrounding dynamic environments. In this chapter, a survey of the dominant perturbations in the dynamical environments of high priority targets is given in the context of the orbit mechanics and preliminary design techniques of past, present, and future missions. The chapter is organized around the three dominant non-Keplerian perturbations and their respective roles in missions that target three general classes of celestial bodies. The dominant perturbations are non-spherical gravity, third body gravity, and solar pressure radiation while the bodies are generally classified as planets, large planetary satellites, or small bodies consisting of comets, asteroids, and small planetary satellites. A main contribution is a mission design reference that quantifies the relative importance of these perturbations providing a quick calibration of the dynamic environments of potential target bodies. Mission classes and design techniques considered include low- and high-altitude orbiters, grand tour trajectories, patched conics, gravity assisted flybys, Tisserand graphs, three-body models, periodic orbits, orbit averaging, and stable/unstable manifold design. Keywords: orbit mechanics; trajectory design; perturbation; dynamical systems theory; non-spherical gravity; patched conics; restricted three-body problem; space science missions
Host-Parasite Relationships in Experimental Airborne Tuberculosis I. Preliminary Studies in BCG-Vaccinated and Nonvaccinated Animals

Smith, D. W. (University of Wisconsin, Madison), E. Wiegeshaus, R. Navalkar, and A. A. Grover. Host-parasite relationships in experimental airborne tuberculosis. I. Preliminary studies in BCG-vaccinated and nonvaccinated animals. J. Bacteriol. 91:718-724. 1966.-Previous studies from this laboratory on immunogenicity and allergenicity of defatted mycobacterial vaccines involved subcutaneous challenge of guinea pigs and killing of the animals 6 weeks later to evaluate the amount of disease. This type of experiment has discontinued in this laboratory in favor of an airborne challenge type of experiment, with the advantages that animals can be challenged with small numbers of bacilli by a natural route, and the number of primary lesions, the rate of spread from those lesions, and the rate of bacillary multiplication can be used to evaluate protection. Experiments to determine uniformity of infection showed that a fair degree of uniformity resulted when seven guinea pigs were exposed simultaneously, and were studied 3 weeks later to determine numbers of primary lesions and bacilli in the tissues. A less satisfactory degree of uniformity was obtained when more animals were exposed at one time. BCG-vaccinated and nonvaccinated animals were studied to determine the earliest time and the optimal time for killing the animals to detect the effects of vaccination. In guinea pigs, the degree of protection assessed by lesion counts is time-dependent, but the degree of protection assessed by viable counts of bacilli in the tissues was relatively constant 3 to 12 weeks after infection. Mice vaccinated subcutaneously with BCG were not protected against infection at any interval between 2 and 19 weeks. Guinea pigs vaccinated subcutaneously with the same lot of vaccine were protected as judged by counts of viable bacilli in the tissues 3 weeks after infection.
Association between non-fatal opioid overdose and encounters with healthcare and criminal justice systems: Identifying opportunities for intervention.

Background Accidental overdose, driven largely by opioids, is a leading cause of death among people who inject drugs (PWIDs). We conducted secondary analysis of data from a cohort of PWIDs to identify venues where high-risk PWID could be targeted by overdose education/naloxone distribution (OEND) programs.
Protection from obesity-induced insulin resistance in mice lacking TNF-|[alpha]| function

Obesity is highly associated with insulin resistance and is the biggest risk factor for non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The molecular basis of this common syndrome, however, is poorly understood. It has been suggested that tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha is a candidate mediator of insulin resistance in obesity, as it is overexpressed in the adipose tissues of rodents and humans and it blocks the action of insulin in cultured cells and whole animals. To investigate the role of TNF-alpha in obesity and insulin resistance, we have generated obese mice with a targeted null mutation in the gene encoding TNF-alpha and those encoding the two receptors for TNF-alpha. The absence of TNF-alpha resulted in significantly improved insulin sensitivity in both diet-induced obesity and that resulting for the ob/ob model of obesity. The TNFalpha-deficient obese mice had lower levels of circulating free fatty acids, and were protected from the obesity-related reduction in the insulin receptor signalling in muscle and fat tissues. These results indicate that TNF-alpha is an important mediator of insulin resistance in obesity through its effects on several important sites of insulin action.
Comparative analysis of two architectural alternatives for the N-version programming (NVP) system

This paper presents a quantitative analysis of two configurations of one architectural approach to the integration of hardware and software fault tolerance. The importance of this work is to determine if there is a clear-cut advantage to using one configuration of N-version programming (NVP) over the other. A previous preliminary sensitivity analysis on the individual parameter values showed that downloading a faulty software version had the most significant effect on the reliability and safety of the system. The other parameters that we varied had little or no effect on the systems' performances, or on the relationship between the two systems. This fact demonstrates that our results are relatively robust for the particular parameter values that were chosen. Of course a significantly different set of parameter values may yield different results. Closed form solutions proved difficult to manage. We investigate the well-known anomaly for hardware fault tolerant TMR systems to see if the anomaly still holds when software faults are considered. The anomaly considered is that, for a TMR hardware fault tolerant system, discarding an operational component upon the first failure (and continuing in simplex mode) actually improves reliability. When software faults are considered in a more comprehensive analysis, the anomaly no longer holds.
A Participant Walks Into a Bar

Alcohol is commonly used to cope with social pain, but its effectiveness remains unknown. Existing theories offer diverging predictions. Pain overlap theory predicts that because alcohol numbs physical pain it should also numb people to the negative effects of ostracism. Alcohol myopia predicts that because alcohol intensifies salient emotions it should enhance the negative effects of ostracism. We conducted a field experiment in a bar, exposing individuals to ostracism or inclusion using Cyberball on an iPad. Subjective intoxication, but not blood alcohol concentration, was associated with less distress for participants who were ostracized, and more distress in participants who were included. We conclude that alcohol reduces both the pain of ostracism and the pleasure of inclusion.
Down Syndrome Cognitive Phenotypes Modeled in Mice Trisomic for All HSA 21 Homologues.

Down syndrome (DS), trisomy for chromosome 21, is the most common genetic cause of intellectual disability. The genomic regions on human chromosome 21 (HSA21) are syntenically conserved with regions on mouse chromosomes 10, 16, and 17 (Mmu10, Mmu16, and Mmu17). Recently, we created a genetic model of DS which carries engineered duplications of all three mouse syntenic regions homologous to HSA21. This ‘triple trisomic’ or TTS model thus represents the most complete and accurate murine model currently available for experimental studies of genotype-phenotype relationships in DS. Here we extended our initial studies of TTS mice. Locomotor activity, stereotypic and repetitive behavior, anxiety, working memory, long-term memory, and synaptic plasticity in the dentate gyrus were examined in the TTS and wild-type (WT) control mice. Changes in locomotor activity were most remarkable for a significant increase in ambulatory time and a reduction in average velocity of TTS mice. No changes were detected in repetitive and stereotypic behavior and in measures of anxiety. Working memory showed no changes when tested in Y-maze, but deficiency in a more challenging T-maze test was detected. Furthermore, long-term object recognition memory was significantly reduced in the TTS mice. These changes were accompanied by deficient long-term potentiation in the dentate gyrus, which was restored to the WT levels following blockade of GABAA receptors with picrotoxin (100 μM). TTS mice thus demonstrated a number of phenotypes characteristic of DS and may serve as a new standard by which to evaluate and direct findings in other less complete models of DS.
Psychotropic drug use in relation to psychiatric symptoms in community- living persons with Alzheimer's disease

We attempted to determine the relationship between psychiatric symptoms and psychotropic drug use in persons with Alzheimer's disease based on a multicenter patient registry of 671 community-living persons diagnosed with the disease by published criteria. Logistic regression was performed to determine which symptoms were associated psychotropic use after controlling for age, sex, and Mini-Mental Status Examination (MMSE) score. At least one psychotropic drug was reported by 31% of patients, and 66% had at least one psychiatric symptom. Antipsychotics were associated with a lower MMSE score (odds ratio = 0.92, 95% confidence interval 0.88-0.97), emotional lability (OR = 4.52, 95% CI 1.69-11.94), and hallucinations (OR = 6.54, 95% CI 2.99-14.26). Antidepressants were associated with depressive symptoms (OR = 5.8, 95% CI 2.61-13.46), and benzodiazepines with a lower MMSE score (OR = 0.93, 95% CI 0.90-0.97). Community-living persons with Alzheimer's disease are frequently prescribed psychotropic drugs; however, more than 50% of patients with a psychiatric symptom did not report taking one of these agents. This suggests that alternative therapies and no treatment are also prevalent.
Electric charge and hydrogen storage

SUMMARY Hydrogen is a promising energy source for the future economy due to its environmental friendliness. One of the important obstacles for the utilization of hydrogen as a fuel source for applications such as fuel cells is the storage of hydrogen. Hydrogen has high gravimetric energy content but low volumetric energy density. It is desired to increase the volumetric energy density of hydrogen in a system to satisfy various applications. Adsorption of hydrogen on sorbents has been investigated. However, the weak interaction force between hydrogen molecules and the sorbents has resulted in low adsorption capacity. In this study, charge was introduced into the system. Several sorbents were investigated. The effects of charge on adsorption enhancement were determined. When NiO was embedded in a PMN-PT piezoelectric material, hydrogen adsorption increased from 0.08 to 0.11 wt% at 135 bar. For the activated carbon sorbent, hydrogen adsorption increased with both the increase in the applied voltage and the increase in the pressure. At 83 bar, the adsorption capacity increases from 0.45 wt% at 0 V to 0.46, 0.49, 0.53, and 0.55 wt% at 500, 1000, 2000 and 3000 V, respectively. Preliminary modeling was carried out to explain the enhancement of adsorption. Modeling was conducted using the B3LYP/6-31G(d) method in the GAUSSIAN 03 software program. The results show that when the electrical field is applied, the hydrogen molecules are more perturbed and attracted closer to the nickel atom, indicating a stronger interaction. The effects increase consistently with the increasing electrical field strength. NiO is a dielectric material. The adsorption enhancement is through the polarization of the compound, which is represented by the Mulliken charge. Carbon is a conductive material. It receives charges on its surface. Although the charges on the sorbents are obtained through different mechanisms, enhancements are found for both materials. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Life in a sand sea: Biota from Jurassic interdunes

Interdune deposits in the Navajo Sandstone of Arizona are identified as the source of most fossils known from the formation. They provide information on terrestrial life in a poorly known interval of the North American Jurassic. The biota includes sphenophytes, ostracodes, and four species of vertebrates, including a skeleton of the geologically youngest tritylodontid synapsid from western North America. Fossils and sedimentary rock localized in interdunes indicate areas of greater available moisture, and therefore greater carrying capacity, than surrounding dune deposits that compose the bulk of the formation. Environmental conditions in interdunes favor fossil preservation and thus provide a focus for future studies. The diversity and adaptations of fossils from Navajo interdunes support models of climatic amelioration during sand-sea evolution when wet interdunes were deposited.
Biological implications of polydimethylsiloxane-based microfluidic cell culture.

Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) has become a staple of the microfluidics community by virtue of its simple fabrication process and material attributes, such as gas permeability, optical transparency, and flexibility. As microfluidic systems are put toward biological problems and increasingly utilized as cell culture platforms, the material properties of PDMS must be considered in a biological context. Two properties of PDMS were addressed in this study: the leaching of uncured oligomers from the polymer network into microchannel media, and the absorption of small, hydrophobic molecules (i.e.estrogen) from serum-containing media into the polymer bulk. Uncured PDMS oligomers were detectable viaMALDI-MS in microchannel media both before and after Soxhlet extraction of PDMS devices in ethanol. Additionally, PDMS oligomers were identified in the plasma membranes of NMuMG cells cultured in PDMS microchannels for 24 hours. Cells cultured in extracted microchannels also contained a detectable amount of uncured PDMS. It was shown that MCF-7 cells seeded directly on PDMS inserts were responsive to hydrophilic prolactin but not hydrophobic estrogen, reflecting its specificity for absorbing small, hydrophobic molecules; and the presence of PDMS floating in wells significantly reduced cellular response to estrogen in a serum-dependent manner. Quantification of estrogenvia ELISA revealed that microchannel estrogen partitioned rapidly into the surrounding PDMS to a ratio of approximately 9:1. Pretreatments such as blocking with serum or pre-absorbing estrogen for 24 hours did not affect estrogen loss from PDMS-based microchannels. These findings highlight the importance of careful consideration of culture system properties when determining an appropriate environment for biological experiments.
Synthesis of hexahydropolyandrocarpidine (a revised structure)

Abstract The structures previously assigned hexahydropolyandrocarpidines I and II have been revised and hexahydropolyandrocarpidine I [1-(5-guanidinopentyl)-5-octyl-2-pyrrolidinone] has been synthesized.
Azimuthally resolved optical second-harmonic generation from hydrogen on nickel (111)

We report the first azimuthally resolved measurements of the effect of an adsorbed gas on optical second-harmonic generation (SHG) from a clean, well-ordered metal surface. The second-harmonic intensity from Ni(111) decreases rapidly upon hydrogen adsorption; however, the threefold symmetry with sample rotation about the surface normal is retained. The ${\ensuremath{\beta}}_{1}$ and ${\ensuremath{\beta}}_{2}$ adsorption states are clearly resolved and their contributions to the second-order susceptibility are determined. For this system, SHG is highly sensitive to local site symmetry and little affected by long-range ordering of adsorbates.
A stepwise similarity approximation of spatial constraints for image retrieval

A real image is assumed to be associated with some content-based meta-data about that image (i.e., information about objects in the image and spatial relationships among them). Recently Zhang and Yau have addressed the approximate picture matching problem, and have presented a stepwise approximation of intractable spatial constraints in an image query. In particular, in contrast with very few cases done in earlier related works, Zhang-Yau's algorthmic analysis shows that there are all possible 16 cases for results of the object matching step of image retrieval, and 13 out of these 16 cases are valid for the stepwise approximation of spatial constraints while the only other 3 cases are identified impossible for finding an exact picture-matching between a query picture and a databse picture. In this paper, Zhang and Yau have successfully used the stepwise approximation method to work out a simliarity measure between a query image and a database image, for image retrieval. The proposed similiarity measure utlizes the simliarity measures previously developed, by Gudivada and Raghavan (1995) and El-Kwae and Kabuka (1999), for the scenario of the single occurrence of each object in both query and databse images, and extends to cover all 13 valid cases.
Computational Prediction of Electric Fields in Shallow Water Testing Environment

There has been an increased need for understanding of how ship’s cathodic protection systems work in shallow water environment. This is a result of the evolving role of the US Navy. The existing cathodic protection system design process relies on experimental processes. This paper investigates a proposed modification to a deep water experimental facility to allow for measurements of electrical fields, a pertinent design measurement, in shallow water conditions. The modifications involve the insertion of a false bottom in the existing deep water tank. The work presented here are a series of computational studies that establish that the insertion of a false bottom would provide an electric field environment that is equivalent to shallow water for the depths considered.
SU-E-J-218: Evaluation of CT Images Created Using a New Metal Artifact Reduction Reconstruction Algorithm for Radiation Therapy Treatment Planning.

Purpose: Metal in patients creates streak artifacts in CT images. When used for radiation treatment planning, these artifacts make it difficult to identify internal structures and affects radiation dose calculations, which depend on HU numbers for inhomogeneity correction. This work quantitatively evaluates a new metal artifact reduction (MAR) CT image reconstruction algorithm (GE Healthcare CT-0521-04.13-EN-US DOC1381483) when metal is present. Methods: A Gammex Model 467 Tissue Characterization phantom was used. CT images were taken of this phantom on a GE Optima580RT CT scanner with and without steel and titanium plugs using both the standard and MAR reconstruction algorithms. HU values were compared pixel by pixel to determine if the MAR algorithm altered the HUs of normal tissues when no metal is present, and to evaluate the effect of using the MAR algorithm when metal is present. Also, CT images of patients with internal metal objects using standard and MAR reconstruction algorithms were compared. Results: Comparing the standard and MAR reconstructed images of the phantom without metal, 95.0% of pixels were within ±35 HU and 98.0% of pixels were within ±85 HU. Also, the MAR reconstruction algorithm showed significant improvement in maintaining HUs of non-metallic regions in the images taken ofmore » the phantom with metal. HU Gamma analysis (2%, 2mm) of metal vs. non-metal phantom imaging using standard reconstruction resulted in an 84.8% pass rate compared to 96.6% for the MAR reconstructed images. CT images of patients with metal show significant artifact reduction when reconstructed with the MAR algorithm. Conclusion: CT imaging using the MAR reconstruction algorithm provides improved visualization of internal anatomy and more accurate HUs when metal is present compared to the standard reconstruction algorithm. MAR reconstructed CT images provide qualitative and quantitative improvements over current reconstruction algorithms, thus improving radiation treatment planning accuracy.« less
Students entering professional nursing: learning style, personality type and sex-role identification.

Abstract Research findings among student groups in recent years indicate that learning varies among individuals as a result of personality type, perceptual and learning style. The purpose of this descriptive study was to profile the personality type and learning preferences of students of professional nursing. Findings indicate that a significant student profile exists among beginning students of professional nursing. This dominant profile includes a personality type characterised by sensing (72%), feeling (66%), judging (74%), and feminine behaviours ( P P P Based on findings from the study, the typical beginning student of nursing favours a learning environment characterised by a caring relationship, structure, permission to be assertive and utilise nurturing behaviours, use of practical material that relates to concrete realities and learning activities that require touch, muscular sensations, and kinesthetic senses.
Efficacy of phenytoin in suppressing inducible ventricular tachyarrhythmias.

We examined the efficacy of phenytoin in 69 of 87 consecutive patients undergoing serial electrophysiologic studies for inducible sustained ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation (VT/VF). In general, during the initial session lidocaine and procainamide were tested immediately after baseline electrophysiologic evaluation, followed by phenytoin and quinidine during the next two sessions, and then by additional drugs as needed. Once a successful drug was identified, all testing was stopped. Drugs that had failed in prior empiric trials were not tested. Twenty-five of the 87 patients (28.7%) had success in 258 serial drug tests. Sixty-nine patients were tested on phenytoin (mean serum level 13.4 ± 5.0 mg/L), 52 after oral loading, and 17 after intravenous loading; the remaining 18 had either had prior successful testing with other drugs (9 patients) or had prior empiric failures with phenytoin (9 patients). Nine of the 69 phenytoin trials were successful (13.0%), compared to 8 of 57 trials (14.0%) with procainamide, 4 of 37 trials (10.8%) with quinidine, and 0 of 41 trials (0%) with lidocaine. All nine patients who had successful phenytoin trials tolerated chronic doses adequate to maintain serum phenytoin levels equivalent to those measured during successful drug testing.
Developmental Testing of Handicapped Infants: A Measurement Dilemma

Three frequently used procedures for analyzing developmental outcomes are compared using data from one early intervention program. Results vary with each analysis and would lead to different conclusions regarding program effectiveness. The problems with each analysis are discussed and cautions in the use of these methodologies are raised. Alternative measures of child progress are suggested.
Effects of Bifidobacterium supplementation on intestinal microbiota composition and the immune response in healthy infants

Background Intestinal microbiotas are thought to be the most important source of maturational stimuli to the development of the immune system. However, few studies have focused on the development of T helper (Th) 1 immune response and antibody response to vaccinations in healthy infants, especially in a large cohort. Through this randomized, double-blind control trial, we investigated the effects of Bifidobacterium longum BB536 (BB536) supplementation on intestinal microbiota composition and the immune response in term infants.
1,3-Dipolar Cycloadditions of 1,1-Difluoroallene, Nitrones, Nitrile-Oxides and Carbonyl Ylides

The 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions of C,N-diphenylnitrone, C-phenyl-N-methylnitrone, triphenylnitrone, mesitylnitrile oxide and tetracyanocarbonyl ylide with 1,1-difluoroallene (DFA) are reported and discussed with respect to regiochemistry. Each of the dipoles adds exclusively to the C2—C3, non-fluorine-substituted π-bond of DFA. The nitrones all undergo regiospecific reactions while mesitylnitrile oxide does not. The results are discussed with respect to FMO theory and other factors which can give rise to regiochemical variation.
Nucleogenic noble gas components in the Cape York iron meteorite

The paper reports data on neutron capture products of the secondary cosmic ray component, the inferred proton and neutron fluences, and the identification of double beta decay of Se-82 in heavily shielded samples of the Cape York iron meteorite. One purpose of this study is to develop a new chronometer for cosmic ray exposure, based on the nuclides I-129 (16 My half-life) and Xe-129 from low energy cosmic ray reactions on Te. The abundance ratio of these two nuclides permits the determination of an (effective) exposure age of 93 + or - 16 My, which represents the first exposure age datum of Cape York. The very small concentrations of spallogenic Ar-38 = 6.5 x 10 to the -10th cu cm STP/g in the metal and troilite (per g Fe) document the heavily shielded locations of the sample. An excess of Xe-129 in the troilite is shown to be entirely due to the decay of cosmic-ray-produced I-129. On the other hand, an inclusion in the troilite reveals the presence of Xe-129 from extinct I-129 and documents its about 4.5 Gy formation age. Mono-isotopic excess of Kr-82 is identified as due to beta-beta-decay of Se-82 with an inferred half-life of 1.0 x 10 to the 20th y. This represents the first beta-beta-decay product observed in a meteorite.
Use of a Polybrene Capillary Coating in Capillary Electrophoresis for Rapid Analysis of Hemoglobin Variants with On-Line Detection via an Ion Trap Storage/Reflectron Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer

A polybrene capillary coating in capillary electrophoresis (CE) has been used for rapid analysis of hemoglobin variant digests. The use of the polybrene capillary coating has allowed sufficient separation to resolve the large number of digest products formed upon tryptic digestion of the whole protein, so that prior separation of the hemoglobin alpha and beta chains is not required. The resolution of the digest peaks obtained by CE is sufficient so that even single amino acid substitutions can easily be detected using UV absorption detection. The digest is further analyzed by capillary electrophoresis separation with on-line detection using electrospray ionization interfaced to the ion trap storage/reflectron time of flight device (CE/ESI-IT/reTOF), where a comparison of the total ion electropherograms and mass spectra of the mutant and normal hemoglobins can detect the presence of a mutation site. The CE separation and mass analysis can be accomplished in typically 10-15 min. The unique capability of the CE/ESI-IT/reTOF system for detection of fast separations with narrow peaks that may be under 1 s fwhm is demonstrated. The speed of this system is essential for resolution of the large number of peaks that are separated in a short time duration using CE separations.
Overlay improvement by using new framework of grid compensation for matching

Overlay accuracy is a key issue in the semiconductor manufacturing process. To achieve overlay requirements, we developed compensation functions, i.e. Enhanced Global Alignment (EGA), Super Distortion Matching (SDM), and Grid Compensation for Matching (GCM). These functions are capable to reduce all the components except local linear components caused by a wafer global deformation. In this paper we introduce a novel correction framework which includes new compensation function called Shot Correction by Grid Parameter; thereby enabling further enhancements to overlay. Using this novel framework, we show both simulation and experimental data demonstrating improved overlay accuracy.
Changing Attitudes Toward Influenza Vaccination in U.S. Kidney Transplant Programs Over the Past Decade

Background and objectives: Influenza infection in transplant recipients is often associated with significant morbidity. Surveys were conducted in 1999 and 2009 to find out if the influenza vaccination practices in the U.S. transplant programs had changed over the past 10 years. Design, setting, participants, & measurements: In 1999, a survey of the 217 United Network for Organ Sharing-certified kidney and kidney-pancreas transplant centers in the U.S. was conducted regarding their influenza vaccination practice patterns. A decade later, a second similar survey of 239 transplant programs was carried out. Results: The 2009 respondents, compared with 1999, were more likely to recommend vaccination for kidney (94.5% versus 84.4%, P = 0.02) and kidney-pancreas recipients (76.8% versus 48.5%, P < 0.001), family members of transplant recipients (52.5% versus 21.0%, P < 0.001), and medical staff caring for transplant patients (79.6% versus 40.7%, P < 0.001). Physicians and other members of the transplant team were more likely to have been vaccinated in 2009 compared with 1999 (84.2% versus 62.3% of physicians, P < 0.001 and 91.2% versus 50.3% of nonphysicians, P < 0.001). Conclusions: Our study suggests a greater adoption of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention influenza vaccination guidelines by U.S. transplant programs in vaccinating solid-organ transplant recipients, close family contacts, and healthcare workers.
Experimental Study of Nanofluids for Droplet Cooling Applications Using Temperature Microsensors

The use of nano-fluids in droplet cooling (boiling) was explored parametrically in this experimental study. The experimental parameters are: nanofluid composition, superheat, liquid subcooling, and spray parameters (nozzle diameter, injection distance, size of droplets, injection pressure, mass flow rate, etc.). Two test fluids were used in the experiments: de-ionized (DI) water and nanofluid. The nano-fluid consists of silica nano-particles with a nominal diameter of 10nm dissolved in water at 2% concentration by weight. An experimental apparatus was fabricated to measure the surface temperature fluctuations during spray cooling of a heated surface. An array of microthermocouples (Thin Film Thermocouples or "TFT") was micro-fabricated on a heated surface to measure the surface temperature fluctuations during spray cooling. The TFT are capable of measuring temperature fluctuations up to a speed of 100 MHz. In the experiments, the exit of the single droplet spray was set a distance of 10 mm away from the surface and was aligned with the location of the TFT array. The spray was produced by pumping test fluid using a syringe pump into a traversing spray head. Silicon wafers with surface micromachined TFT array were clamped on the top of the heater apparatus for measuring temperature changes on the surface of the heater. Wire bead K-Type thermocouples were embedded in the heater apparatus and were used to measure heat flux. The transient temperature data from the TFT were recorded by a data acquisition system connected to a computer. The nano-fluid spray was found to cause fouling of the heater surface due to precipitation of the constituent nano-particles during boiling. This caused the overall heat flux to decrease drastically when compared to spray cooling using water. The nano-fluid spray was found to enhance heat flux by 300% compared to the base heat flux without the spray.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
The Silurian Dicoelosia communities: temporal stability within an Ecologic Evolutionary Unit

Abstract Dicoelosia communities were a widely distributed, high-diversity type of brachiopod association that inhabited bioturbated muds in outer shelf settings (Benthic Assemblage 4/5). A database from Avalonia, Baltica, and Laurentia for the Early Silurian to Early Devonian shows that brachiopod species diversity in this major community type remained stable for a 30 million years interval during a single Ecologic Evolutionary Unit (EEU). Brachiopod species richness in local communities ranges mainly from 20 to 35, and Shannon indices (H′) per sample are mainly 1.5–2.5, with a maximum of 2.8; neither value shows any long term trend of stratigraphic increase or decrease. Stability in diversity is accompanied by persistence of the same functional morphotypes of brachiopods. Some genera, particularly among Orthida and Strophomenida, are present in the communities through all or most of their stratigraphic range, while other genera, particularly among smooth biconvex recliners, show a pattern of temporal replacement within a morphotype. Dicoelosia communities appear and disappear in local areas as a consequence of changes in depositional facies, but on the large scale of the three sampled plates, they show no apparent changes related to Silurian eustatic or other global oceanic events. In general, the history of Dicoelosia communities corresponds to the model of ecologic stasis within an EEU. This stasis is shown by species diversity and morphotype content and not by precise generic and specific composition. Data for the Dicoelosia communities do not suggest a ‘locked,’ highly-interactive ecologic structure, and they are more compatible with a model of environmentally-related recruitment in local areas from a widely distributed pool of offshore larvae.
Effectiveness of hardening films on die stone

1. Cyanoacrylate resins and resinous die hardeners effectively improved the hardness and abrasion resistance of stone dies. 2. Application of liquid resins followed by blotting and/or blowing with compressed air produced an improved surface without clinically significant dimensional change. The extent of film buildup was qualitatively related to the viscosity of the resin. 3. Application of multiple coats of resin or simply soaking the dies in resin without further blotting or other mode of removal of the excess produced a thick film which can obliterate surface detail.
Evaluation of a bedtime dose of a combination antihistamine/analgesic/decongestant product on antigen challenge the next morning

The effects of CAAD (diphenhydramine hydrochloride, 50 mg; pseudoephedrine hydrochloride, 60 mg; acetaminophen, 1 g in 10% ethanol) were evaluated in a double-blind, three-way, placebo-controlled, cross-over study on 18 volunteers with allergic rhinitis. The number of sneezes following nasal challenge with antigen was significantly reduced after a bed-time dose of CAAD (P less than .005) and a single dose of diphenhydramine (P less than .001) given 2 hours before the challenge. The levels of N-alpha-tosyl-L-arginine methyl ester (TAME) activity decreased after diphenhydramine treatment, while histamine levels following challenge were not different. The drowsiness reported after CAAD was equal to placebo, but significantly less than diphenhydramine (P less than .002 for both). The active treatments reduced the actions of histamine without suppressing its release from mast cells. The effect of CAAD persists 10 hours after administration without inducing drowsiness.
The non-vitamin K oral anticoagulants (NOACs): Have all questions been answered?

Proper use of oral anticoagulation to prevent thromboemboli is critical to manage patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). Evidence based on empiric observation and prior, prospective, randomized, multicenter clinical trials defines AF populations at risk [1] and defines benefit of warfarin anticoagulation within a specific narrow therapeutic target INR of 2.0–3.0 [2]. Years of clinical experience provide comfort with use of warfarin, a vitamin K antagonist, for AF patients at risk for thromboembolic events; yet, despite this, the difficulty and complexity of warfarin management has created problems for clinicians and patients. Thus, warfarin anticoagulation for AF is often ineffective and underutilized for those who can benefit from it the most; ironically, it is over-utilized for those who do not [3]. The safety and efficacy of warfarin in clinical practice is limited further by the difficulty in maintaining the INR in the therapeutic range. Failure to do so erases the benefits and can create harm. With availability of a direct thrombin and several factor Xa inhibitors, i.e., non-vitamin K oral anticoagulants (NOACs), alternative options to anticoagulate non-valvular AF patients now exist. The data come from large, prospective, well-controlled, and compelling studies, but, despite massive evidence, the studies ultimately provide a perplexing array of options for longand short-term anticoagulation management of patients with AF at risk for thromboembolic events. How to choose? Several prior articles have attempted to summarize our knowledge of the NOACs and have attempted to distill available information about which approach is best and for which patient. In this edition of Trends in Cardiovascular Medicine, Dr. Dzeshka and Professor Lip, a prominent expert and key investigator in this area, provide a cogent summary of the known data, review the drugs, and present practical
Phenolic compound characterisation and antiproliferative activity of “Annurca” apple, a southern Italian cultivar

Abstract In Annurca apples, a southern Italian variety, polyphenols were studied. The phenolic composition of Annurca apple peel was determined by HPLC coupled with electrospray negative ionisation multistage ion trap mass spectrometry (HPLC/ESI–ITMS n ). In addition, the antiproliferative and pro-apoptotic activities of peel extracts enriched in polyphenols and prepared from Annurca (APE), Red Delicious (RDPE) and Golden Delicious (GPE) varieties were evaluated on an HL-60 cell line. APE exhibited the highest total phenol content among the three apple cultivars tested, as determined by Folin–Ciocalteau’s procedure and HPLC–UV analysis. APE also showed higher amounts of chlorogenic acid, procyanidins, flavonols, dihydrochalcones and cyanidin-3- O -galactoside than GPE or RDPE. All three apple extracts were able to significantly decrease cell viability, from 50% to 80%, with APE appearing the most effective, while GPE was the least cytotoxic among the three samples. Similarly, APE and RDPE induced a significant increase of caspase-3 activity, whose activation represents a hallmark of apoptosis.
Inactivation of the bovine lens trypsin inhibitor by ultraviolet irradiation

Irradiation of bovine lens extracts with long wavelength ultraviolet (UV) light resulted in the complete inactivation of the lens trypsin inhibitor activity. This inactivation could be prevented by the presence of the chelating agents, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid or diethyldithiocarbamate, suggesting a metal ion-mediated reaction. The loss of trypsin inhibitor activity was accompanied by a breakdown of lens proteins as detected by gel filtration. Irradiated extracts contained trypsin-like activity which eluted as a single peak from an Agarose A-1.5 m column. This activity had a pH optimum at neutrality and a sharp temperature optimum at 34°C. Measurements of general proteolytic activity using azocasein as substrate, however, showed a maximum activity between pH 6.0 and 7.0 and at pH 9.0. The hydrolysis of azocasein was inhibited by glutathione and EDTA whereas BAPNA hydrolysis was not. These data suggest that several proteinases in addition to the trypsin-like proteinases are active following UV irradiation of bovine lens extracts.
Ontological Innovation and the Role of Theory in Design Experiments

The motivation for this article is our belief that theory is critically important but currently underplayed in design research studies. We seek to characterize and illustrate a genre of theorizing that seems to us strongly synergistic with design-based research. We begin by drawing contrasts with kinds of theory that are relevant but, we contend, by themselves inadequate. A central element of the type of productive design-based theorizing on which we focus is "ontological innovation," hypothesizing and developing explanatory constructs, new categories of things in the world that help explain how it works. A key criterion to which we adhere when discussing ontological innovations is that theory must do real design work in generating, selecting and validating design alternatives at the level at which they are consequential for learning. Developing and refining an ontological innovation is challenging and requires the kind of extensive, iterative work that characterizes design experiments more generally. How...
A study of crack tip blunting and the influence of blunting behavior on the fracture toughness of ultra high strength steels

Abstract Cross-sections of strained but not fractured compact tension JIC speciments have been examined to investigate crack-tip blunting behavior as a function J level for four different microstructures. The microstructures were the as-quenched microstructures of HP9-4-20 and HO9-4-10 steels and the microstructures obtained by tempering these steels at 565°C. Smooth blunting was observed for the as-quenched microstructures while the fatigue cracks for tempered microstructures blunted to geometries characterized by two or three corners or vertices. The blunting geometries were clearly defined at J levels well below JIC. For the case of smooth blunting voids tended to form directly ahead of the crack tip and crack extension by fracture occurred when the ligament between the blunting crack tip and the void directly ahead of the crack tip failed by shear fracture at an angle of about 45°C to the plane of the crack. Blunting to vertices was characterized by the growth of large voids very close to the corners or vertices of the blunting rack tip; it appears that the blunting geometry was maintained by the coalescence of these voids with the blunting crack tip. The results further suggest that if two microstructures have the same constrained ductility and identical inclusion distributions and one blunts smoothly and the other to vertices the microstructure which blunts to vertices can have substantially higher toughness.
On the Ising model in the presence of magnetic field

Abstract We demonstrate that the partition function of the 2-dimensional Ising model in the presence of a magnetic field can be expressed in terms of the distributions of the prime numbers in closed form.
Taking things into account: learning as kinaesthetically-mediated collaboration

This paper presents research on participant learning processes in challenge course workshops using the framework known as Cultural-Historical Activity Theory (CHAT). CHAT views learning as a shared, social process rather than as an individual event. Participants' experiencing and learning was mediated by the physical and social conditions of the experience and by the contributions of other participants. The concept of mediation suggests that the meaning participants make of experience is not an individual event, but instead is enacted as a creative, collaborative process using cultural and institutional tools. The recognition that people's physical, social and reflective learning processes are mediated, challenges longstanding assumptions about the radical autonomy of learners, about ‘direct experience,’ and about the centrality of independent, cognitive reflection in experiential learning. Empirical data showing processes of mediation are presented, and the implications for research and theory are discussed.
Continuous-wave HF optical resonance transfer laser model.

A nonreactive kinetics model of the flowing gaseous medium of a cw HF optical resonance transfer laser (ORTL) was developed and a parametric study performed. Cross sections were generated for HF(υ1,J1) + HF(υ2,J2) V–V, R → T, and V–R processes by classical trajectory calculations and by surprisal methods. The ORTL medium model was validated by modeling the reported experimental results of past ORTL experiments. The collisional processes were found to be important in creating positive gain. The study, observing the effects on small signal gain by varying parameters such as pumping laser radiative flux, flux distribution, flow velocity, flow density, and HF mole fractions, has suggested possible regimes of large gain.
Tools for enforcing and inferring reference immutability in Java

Accidental mutation is a major source of difficult-to-detect errors in object-oriented programs. We have built tools that detect and prevent such errors. The tools include a javac plug-in that enforces the Javari type system, and a type inference tool. The system is fully compatible with existing Java programs.
Electoral Strategy, Committee Membership, and Rent Seeking in the Taiwanese Legislature, 1992–2001

While the electoral system undoubtedly influences legislative behavior, it does not necessarily have a uniform effect on all legislators. In this article, I argue that the different strategies that candidates choose in the quest for office result in differing incentives once the candidates have been elected. In the Taiwanese context, candidates who adopt a campaign strategy based on organization will tend to engage in more rent-seeking activities once in the legislature, in order to offset the heavy financial burden of this strategy. From 1992 to 2001, Taiwanese legislators whose votes were highly concentrated in a small number of precincts tended to serve significantly more time on committees with the most rent-seeking opportunities than did legislators with far less concentrated support. Legislators whose votes were spread more evenly across the entire electoral district and legislators elected from the party lists tended to serve more time on committees with little rent-seeking potential.