cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cerebral disconnection associated with anterior communicating artery aneurysm: Implications for evaluation of symptoms

The anterior communicating artery of a 34-year-old man was clipped to prevent a 2nd aneurysm bleed. Forty-five days later he was admitted to a rehabilitation program. On routine clinical examination, the patient demonstrated memory loss, disorientation, perceptual problems, decreased initiative, and inconsistent muscle control of the left limbs. Only during subsequent intensive testing did he demonstrate left-right conflict and asymmetric left-right performance consistent with a pattern of partial cerebral disconnection. Review of additional results, obtained during testing 8 months after onset, revealed reduction but not elimination of symptoms. The need to require bilateral response during evaluation of patients with potential asymmetric left-right performance is postulated.
Analyzing Song Structure with Spectral Clustering.

Many approaches to analyzing the structure of a musical recording involve detecting sequential patterns within a selfsimilarity matrix derived from time-series features. Such patterns ideally capture repeated sequences, which then form the building blocks of large-scale structure. In this work, techniques from spectral graph theory are applied to analyze repeated patterns in musical recordings. The proposed method produces a low-dimensional encoding of repetition structure, and exposes the hierarchical relationships among structural components at differing levels of granularity. Finally, we demonstrate how to apply the proposed method to the task of music segmentation.
A genetic algorithm approach to detecting temporal patterns indicative of financial statement fraud: Research Articles

This study presents a genetic algorithm approach to detecting financial statement fraud. The study uses a sample comprising a target class of 51 companies accused by the Securities and Exchange Commission of improperly recognizing revenue and a peer class of 339 companies matched on industry and size (revenue). Variables include 76 comparative metrics, based on specific financial metrics and ratios that capture company performance in the context of historical and industry performance, and nine company characteristics. Time-based patterns detected by the genetic algorithm accurately classify 63% of the target class companies and 95% of the peer class companies. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Targeting Cancer Stem Cells with Natural Killer Cell Immunotherapy.

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Standard cytoreductive cancer therapy, such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy, are frequently resisted by a small portion of cancer cells with ‘stem-cell’ like properties including quiescence and repopulation. Immunotherapy represents a breakthrough modality for improving oncologic outcomes in cancer patients. Since the success of immunotherapy is not contingent on target cell proliferation, it may also be uniquely suited to address the problem of resistance and repopulation exerted by cancer stem cells (CSCs).Areas covered: Natural killer (NK) cells have long been known for their ability to reject allogeneic hematopoietic stem cells, and there are increasing data demonstrating that NK cells can selectively identify and lyse CSCs. The authors review the current knowledge of CSCs and NK cells and highlight recent studies that support the concept that NK cells are capable of targeting CSC in solid tumors, especially in the context of combination therapy simultaneously targeting non-CSCs...
Aronszajn and Kurepa trees

Monroe Eskew (Tree properties on $$\omega _1$$ and $$\omega _2$$ , 2016. https://mathoverflow.net/questions/217951/tree-properties-on-omega-1-and-omega-2 ) asked whether the tree property at $$\omega _2$$ implies there is no Kurepa tree (as is the case in the Mitchell model, or under PFA). We prove that the tree property at $$\omega _2$$ is consistent with the existence of $$\omega _1$$ -trees with as many branches as desired.
Quality of Life and Outcomes in Patients with Malignancies of the Groin

Quality of life (specifically, healthcare-related quality of life) refers to the physical, emotional, and social aspects of one’s life. Because of the specific anatomic considerations of the groin, primary and secondary malignancies involving this area can have a serious impact on the quality of life as a result of either uncontrolled or progressive disease or complications of treatment. The importance of QoL considerations must be balanced with complexity of QoL measurement.
What is known about sexual and reproductive health in Latin American and Caribbean mining contexts? A systematic scoping review

Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) has experienced an unprecedented mining boom since the mid-2000s with unknown effects on sexual and reproductive health (SRH). This study takes the essential first steps of summarizing the available literature regarding SRH in mining contexts in LAC, identifying critical gaps in knowledge, and discussing main implications for future research. We conducted a scoping review with a systematic search of health literature in four databases, reference lists of selected papers, and citations in Google Scholar. The systematic search yielded 592 primary references and 16 articles from LAC. The 11 papers finally selected were conducted in gold-mining contexts in Brazil, Venezuela, Guyana, Peru, and Colombia, between 1995 and 2016. Ten studies centered on measuring HIV/STD prevalence among mineworkers and other populations; few examined associated risk factors. Eight studies reported high HIV/STD prevalence in the study population. None of the studies explored broader SRH issues. Available research is scarce and provides limited evidence on SRH in LAC mining contexts. Critical gaps include little knowledge on (1) broader SRH impacts besides HIV/STDs, (2) SRH in settings different from gold-mining contexts in Amazon countries, (3) mechanisms shaping SRH in LAC mining contexts, and (4) effective interventions in these scenarios. Future research must consider the distinctive demographic, environmental, socioeconomic, and gender dynamics triggered by the mining economy in the analysis of the relationship between mining and SRH, particularly in a period of extractive boom.
Prolonged Compound Muscle Action Potential Duration and Its Pathological Correlation in Critical Illness Myopathy (P1.112)

Objective: To study correlation between compound muscle action potential (CMAP) duration and muscle biopsy findings in patients with critical illness myopathy (CIM). Background: CIM is an acquired myopathy occurring in critically ill patients. Prolonged CMAP duration has been described in CIM, but not in other types of myopathies. Muscle biopsies obtained from CIM patients typically show nonspecific type 2 fiber atrophy or less commonly selective loss of myosin thick filaments (myosinolysis). Myosinolysis is considered the pathological hallmark of CIM. The correlation of CMAP duration and muscle pathology has not been studied. Design/Methods: We reviewed Mayo Clinic EMG database (January 1993 to March 2016) to identify the patients with CIM. Patients who underwent muscle biopsies were included. Clinical, laboratory and pathological data were collected and analyzed. Results: Twelve CIM patients underwent muscle biopsy. Prolonged CMAP duration was observed in 11 patients. Muscle biopsy showed myosinolysis in 5 patients and type 2 fiber atrophy in 8 patients. One patient had both biopsy findings. Patients with myosinolysis had significantly longer peroneal (mean, 14.5 msec VS 9.9 msec) and ulnar (mean, 12.9 msec VS 9.5 msec) CMAP duration compared to patients with type 2 fiber atrophy. Conclusions: Prolonged CMAP duration is common in CIM. Longer CMAP duration is correlated with selective loss of myosin thick filaments. Study Supported by: NOT APPLICABLE Disclosure: Dr. Liao has nothing to disclose. Dr. Liewluck has nothing to disclose.
Characteristics of infertile women in the United States and their use of infertility services.

National estimates of demographic characteristics are shown for (1) infertile women compared with those who were fecund, (2) women with primary versus secondary infertility, and (3) infertile women who had, and had not, sought infertility services. Overall, 30% of infertile women had primary infertility, and 70% had secondary infertility. Women with primary infertility were twice as likely to seek services as women with secondary infertility. Many demographic characteristics of women with secondary infertility who sought services differed from those of women who had not sought services. There were fewer differences among women with primary infertility. These findings have implications for the generalizability of results from clinic-based studies and suggest that more research is needed on the barriers to service among infertile couples.
Thermal inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in blade-tenderized beef steaks cooked on a commercial open-flame gas grill

Beef subprimals were inoculated on the lean side with ca. 4.0 log CFU/g of a cocktail of rifampin-resistant (Rif(r)) Escherichia coli O157:H7 strains and then passed once through a mechanical blade tenderizer with the lean side facing upward. Inoculated subprimals that were not tenderized served as controls. Two core samples were removed from each of three tenderized subprimals and cut into six consecutive segments starting from the inoculated side. A total of six cores were also obtained from control subprimals, but only segment 1 (topmost) was sampled. Levels of E. coli O157:H7 recovered from segment 1 were 3.81 log CFU/g for the control subprimals and 3.36 log CFU/g for tenderized subprimals. The percentage of cells recovered in segment 2 was ca. 25-fold lower than levels recovered from segment 1, but E. coli O157:H7 was recovered from all six segments of the cores obtained from tenderized subprimals. In phase II, lean-side-inoculated (ca. 4.0 log CFU/g), single-pass tenderized subprimals were cut into steaks of various thicknesses (1.91 cm [0.75 in.], 2.54 cm [1.0 in.], and 3.18 cm [1.25 in.]) that were subsequently cooked on a commercial open-flame gas grill to internal temperatures of 48.8 degrees C (120 degrees F), 54.4 degrees C (130 degrees F), and 60 degrees C (140 degrees F). In general, regardless of temperature or thickness, we observed about a 2.6- to 4.2-log CFU/g reduction in pathogen levels following cooking. These data validate that cooking on a commercial gas grill is effective at eliminating relatively low levels of the pathogen that may be distributed throughout a blade-tenderized steak.
Causes of death contributing to changes in life expectancy in New York City between 1983 and 1992.

Recent changes in life expectancy among race and sex groups in New York City were evaluated by analyzing the relative effects of different causes of death in 1983 and 1992, a period in which life expectancy at birth declined by 1.1 years among white males, remained unchanged among black males, and increased 1.2 years among white and black females. Heart disease was found to be the leading cause of death making positive contributions to changes in life expectancy regardless of race or sex, and HIV/AIDS was the leading negative contributor. Overall, deaths from infectious diseases and external causes are becoming more important compared to degenerative conditions in explaining trends in life expectancy in New York City. Past improvements in survival due to reductions in infant deaths are being reversed due to an increase in deaths from preventable causes such as violence and AIDS. Future gains in longevity may require a greater emphasis on policies and programs emphasizing conflict resolution and HIV prevention.
Activation of Human Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor in Promoting Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Background & AimsTCDD, or dioxin, is a potent liver tumor promoter in rodents through sustained activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR). In addition to the pharmacological model, constitu...
Perception of Body Weight Status Is Associated With the Health and Food Intake Behaviors of Adolescents in the United States.

The purpose of this study was to determine the associations among body weight status perception, health status, diet quality, and consumption of fruits and vegetables within the adolescent populati...
GHRH Antagonists Protect Against Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced Breakdown of Brain Microvascular Endothelium Integrity.

Growth hormone releasing hormone is a hypothalamic neuropeptide, which regulates the release of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary gland. Growth hormone releasing hormone antagonists are anticancer agents, associated with strong anti-inflammatory activities. In the present study, we investigated the effects of the GHRH antagonist MIA-602 in the integrity of the brain microvascular endothelium in vitro. Our observations suggest that MIA-602 protects against the H2O2-induced breakdown of the brain endothelium and enhances its integrity by inducing P53, deactivating cofilin, and suppressing the RhoA inflammatory pathway. Thus, GHRH antagonists may offer an exciting possibility for the treatment of pathologies related to the blood brain barrier dysfunction, including the Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s diseases.
What Do We Know About Audit Failure so Far

This article presents a comprehensive review of academic research pertaining to audit failure. This literature review is based on auditing-related articles published in leading journals during the 1976-2019 period. We organize our review around three main groups, namely (a) proxy measures of audit failure, (b) causes of audit failure, and (c) effects of audit failure. We observe that the literature uses a variety of proxies to capture audit failure, such as auditors’ going concern opinions (GCOs), material misstatements, auditor communication, financial reporting quality, and perceptions. We find that there are three signals of audit failure: non-issuance of a GCO prior to a business failure, material misstatements in the last audited financial statements, and violation of the code issued by regulators. We find that audit failures reduce clients’ market value and the auditor’s ability to retain clients. There is also evidence that larger penalties for audit failure result in higher audit fees and overinvestment in audit effort and that increased liability decreases audit failure and reduces auditor shirking. A related objective of this paper is to shed light on audit failure by Big N and non-Big N auditors separately. We observe that the audit failure rate is lower for Big N auditors than for non-Big N auditors. Our findings have implications for government policies, regulators, auditors, investors, and academics.
Choosing Plan B Over Plan A: Risk Compensation Theory and Contraceptive Choice in India

Can women's contraceptive method choice be better understood through risk compensation theory? This theory implies that people act with greater care when the perceived risk of an activity is higher and with less care when it is lower. We examine how increased over-the-counter access to emergency contraceptive pills (ECPs) accompanied by marketing campaigns in India affected women's contraceptive method choices and incidence of sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Although ECPs substantially reduce the risk of pregnancy, they are less effective than other contraceptive methods and do not reduce the risk of STIs. We test whether an exogenous policy change that increased access to ECPs leads people to substitute away from other methods of contraception, such as condoms, thereby increasing the risk of both unintended pregnancy and STIs. We find evidence for risk compensation in terms of reduced use of condoms but not for increases in rates of STIs.
Real-Time First-Order Guidance Strategies for Trajectory Optimization Through Wind Energy Utilization

This paper presents real-time guidance strategies for unmanned aerial vehicles that can be used to enhance their flight endurance by using in situ measurements of wind speeds and wind gradients. In...
Peak vertical jump power predicts radial bone strength better than hand grip strength in healthy individuals.

Osteoporosis is considered a pediatric disease with geriatric consequences. However, measuring bone strength in children is complex and creates a practical problem for health professionals, teachers and parents. A non-invasive measure of muscle fitness that correlates to bone strength may provide a means to monitor bone strength throughout the lifespan. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between common muscle function tests (relative grip strength (RGS), peak vertical jump power (PP)) and bone strength in the radial diaphysis and epiphysis of a healthy population. Healthy participants (n=147 (81 female)) performed a bilateral grip strength test using a hand dynamometer, and a maximal vertical jump test. Peak vertical jump power was calculated from maximal jump height using the Sayer’s equation. Moment of inertia (MoI), cortical area (CoA), cortical bone mineral density (cBMD), and polar strength-strain index (SSIp) were measured using peripheral Quantitative Computed Tomography (pQCT) to determine bone strength parameters at the 66% radial site (predominantly cortical bone). At the 4% site (trabecular bone site), bone mineral content (vBMC.tb), bone mineral density (vBMD.tb), total area (ToA.tb) and bone strength index (BSIc) were measured. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses determined the relationship of each muscle function test for each bone envelope (cortical and trabecular). For the cortical bone measurements: RGS, and PP were both significantly correlated with CoA, MoI, and SSIp. Peak vertical jump power predicted bone strength parameters to a greater extent compared to RGS. For the trabecular bone envelope, RGS was not a predictor of bone strength however peak power was a significant predictor of bone strength parameters. Peak vertical jump power was a significant predictor of bone strength at both trabecular and cortical radial sites. Interestingly PP, a lower limb measurement explained the most variance in the bone strength of the upper limb.
A data-driven evaluation of post-fire landslide susceptibility

Abstract. Wildfires change the hydrologic and geomorphic response of watersheds, which has been associated with cascading hazards that include shallow landslides and debris flows. This study evaluates post-wildfire landslide trigger characteristics by comparing precipitation preceding landslides at both burned and unburned locations. Landslide events are selected from the NASA Global Landslide Catalog (GLC) to facilitate regional inter-comparison. Fire and precipitation histories for each site are established using MODIS global burned area and CHIRPS precipitation data, respectively. Analysis of normalized seven-day accumulated precipitation for sites across all regions shows that, globally, landslides at burned sites are preceded by less precipitation than landslides without antecedent burn events. This supports the hypothesis that fire increases rainfall-driven landslide hazards. An analysis of the seasonality of landslides at burned and unburned locations shows that landslide-triggering storms in burned locations tend to exhibit different seasonality from other rainfall-triggered landslides, with a variety of seasonal shifts ranging from approximately six months in the Pacific Northwest of North America to one week in the Himalaya region. Overall, this manuscript offers an exploration of regional differences in the characteristics of rainfall-triggered landslides over a broad spatial scale and encompassing a variety of climates, geographies, and burn conditions.
Evolution of Extremity Reconstruction

Historically, limb salvage for severe injuries was amputation. This avoided the complications of sepsis and potentially life-threatening exsanguination. As the science and techniques of medicine have evolved, so has limb reconstruction. These advances have been driven by medical changes in fracture management, management of vascular and nerve injuries, and soft tissue coverage. The increasing complexity of war injuries have served as a driving force for application of new concepts for limb reconstruction utilizing emerging medical techniques. A multidisciplinary approach is now used at advanced trauma centers as well as military centers of excellence. Extremity reconstruction remains a rapidly evolving field and previously established wisdom is constantly challenged. Our textbook is from the viewpoint of trainees and recent graduates. It provides a comprehensive review of different techniques for osseous and soft tissue reconstruction of the extremities.
Orthotic Device Use in Canine Patients: Owner Perception of Quality of Life for Owners and Patients

Orthotic devices are an established treatment for neuromusculoskeletal disease in the human population. Orthoses are an emerging veterinary therapy due to limited practitioner experience, availability of devices, and published data from veterinary patient outcomes. Expanding client education and veterinary expertise in the application of orthoses may allow greater access and successful utilization of these devices to treat appendicular disease. While orthoses have the potential to improve quality of life for veterinary patients, consideration needs to be made for owner related factors with device use. Owner satisfaction and experience may greatly impact compliance with treatment recommendations; therefore, it is crucial that owner expectations are met. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate owner-reported outcomes of orthosis for canine patients and their owner's subjective responses about the shared pet/owner experience utilizing a promoter score. It was hypothesized that owner's impressions of their pet's experience with the orthotic device would influence owner perceptions of quality of life for both the owner and the pet, and these factors would impact the likelihood of the owner to recommend a veterinary orthosis to a friend. An anonymous online survey was sent to 136 clients of a single veterinary orthoses manufacturer. Fifty-six surveys were completed and included for analysis. The owner's reported quality of life was in agreement (P = 0.02) with reported pet quality of life. There was also a higher likelihood (P = 0.02) for the owner to recommend a veterinary orthotic device to a friend when owner perceptions of pet quality of life were positive as compared to negative or neutral. Willingness to recommend an experience to a friend is a reflection of satisfaction with the experience. The dependence of owner and pet quality of life should therefore guide therapeutic decisions for patient management and client communication to ensure that the orthosis experience is positive for both patient and owner.
Solidarity and praxis

Sets out several experiences of a lesbian change agent in integrating personal and professional identities in an organizational setting. Describes how praxis, critical theory and cultural democracy became a perspective for individual, organizational and social change. Identifies three examples presenting challenges to enacting praxis. Concludes that diversity awareness aligned with a commitment to praxis creates a path for organizational change.
Derived Pairs, Overlap Closures, and Rewrite Dominoes: New Tools for Analyzing Term rewriting Systems

Starting from the seminal work of Knuth and Bendix, we develop several notions useful in the study of term rewriting systems. In particular we introduce the notions of “derived pairs” and “overlap closure” and show that they are useful in analyzing sets of rewrite rules for various properties related to termination. We also introduce a new representation, based on rewrite dominoes, for rewrite rules and sequences of rewrites.
Late-breaking abstract: Relationship of compliance to healthcare utilization outcomes and cost of home-telemonitoring for patients with lung cancer

Aims: To study healthcare utilization/costs by compliance for Lung CA patients home-telemonitoring (TM) after feasibility (Petitte et al., ONF, 41(2), 153–161). Methods: RCT 47 rural-patients (TM N=26; C N=21) with NSCLungCA: married, had smoked, HS educated, overweight BMI. RN-coached patients 14 days using TM-data. Healthcare use and cost (one-year direct medical cost) compared to baseline. Results: 2-month study TM patients survived longer; had more unplanned calls to doctors/nurses (32% vs. 30% & 64% vs. 50%); fewer rehospitalizations (28% vs. 40%) and higher ER use (36% vs. 30%). TM compliant group had least ER visits/rehospitalizations (RH) of 3 subgroups (see figure: ER visit: 29% [30-50%; RH: 18% [40-50%) ![Figure][1] TM group had higher in-hospital costs prior to enrollment & during study; 4 months following-average TM costs lower (USD: $31,188 vs. $40,593). Lower costs (control) may relate to earlier deaths. TM group had relative improvements on health utility value (0.08; 0=death/1=perfect health) Conclusions: Home TM in rural areas can decrease acute-care use for patients with lungCA but no significant impact on cost. Overall TM cost may be higher; improved life-quality may justify cost if TM limitations can be addressed. Findings limited by attrition/cost effects. Next: study with a larger sample to validate trends for positive patient & cost outcomes in rural areas. (Funded NIH R15CA150999) [1]: pending:yes
Growth of antiphase-domain-free GaP on Si substrates by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition using an in situ AsH3 surface preparation

Antiphase-domain (APD) free GaP films were grown on Si(100) substrates prepared by annealing under dilute AsH3 in situ in an MOCVD reactor. LEED and AES surface analysis of Si(100) surfaces prepared by this treatment show that AsH3 etching quickly removes O and C contaminants at a relatively low temperature (690–740 °C), and creates a single-domain “A-type” As/Si surface reconstruction. The resulting GaP epilayers grown at the same temperature are APD-free, and could thereby serve as templates for direct growth of III-V semiconductors on Si. This single chamber process has a low thermal budget, and can enable heteroepitaxial integration of III-Vs and Si at an industrial scale.
Comparison of Cephalexin, Penicillin V, and Ampicillin in Streptococcal Infections in Monkeys

Intravenous inoculation of a group A hemolytic streptococcus caused lethal infections in all of 11 untreated monkeys. Daily intragastric administration of either 25 or 50 mg per kg per day, given in two equal morning and afternoon doses, yielded similar results in monkeys treated with cephalexin, penicillin V, and ampicillin; all eight monkeys in each therapy group survived. At dose levels of 12.5 mg per kg per day, six of eight, four of eight, and one of eight receiving cephalexin, penicillin V, and ampicillin, respectively, died. The differences observed at the lower dose level between cephalexin and ampicillin could be attributed, in part, to differences in the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of cephalexin (MIC = 0.24 mug/ml) and ampicillin (MIC = 0.01 mug/ml). The differences in results between penicillin V, which had the same MIC as ampicillin, could perhaps be attributed, in part, to shorter duration of antibacterial activity and higher protein binding of penicillin V. These studies support previous observations that cephalexin at 25 to 50 mg/kg doses is effective in severe streptococcal sepsis in monkeys.
The Prognostic Role of Quality of Life Assessment in Breast Cancer

n Abstract: While the use of quality of life (QoL) assessments has been increasing in oncology, few studies have examined the prognostic significance of QoL in breast cancer. We investigated the association between QoL at presentation and survival in breast cancer. We examined 1,511 breast cancer patients treated at two single-system cancer centers between January 2001 and December 2008. QoL was evaluated using the validated survey instrument EORTC-QLQ-C30. Patient survival was defined as the time interval between the date of first patient visit and the date of death from any cause ⁄date of last contact. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were performed to evaluate the prognostic significance of QoL after controlling for the effects of age, tumor stage, and prior treatment history. Mean age at presentation was 52.5 years. There were 590 analytic and 921 non-analytic patients. Patient stage of disease at diagnosis was I, 335; II, 591; III, 290; IV, 159; and 136 indeterminate. Median overall survival was 32.8 months (95% CI: 27.6‐38.0). On univariate analysis, QoL function and symptom scales that were predictive of survival were physical (p < 0.001), role (p < 0.001), cognitive (p = 0.003), social (p < 0.001), fatigue (p < 0.001), nausea ⁄vomiting (p < 0.001), pain (p < 0.001), dyspnea (p < 0.001), loss of appetite (p < 0.001), and constipation (p < 0.001). On multivariate analyses, only role function (degree of impairment of work and ⁄or leisure ⁄hobby related activities) was significantly associated with survival. This study suggests that baseline QoL (in particular, the role function) provides useful prognostic information in breast cancer. n
Comparing Predicted Historical Distributions of Tree Species Using Two Tree-based Ensemble Classification Methods

Abstract Fine scale spatial mapping of historical tree records over large extents is important for determining historical species distributions. We compared performance of two ensemble methods based on classification trees, random forests, and boosted classification, for mapping continuous historical distributions of tree species. We used a combination of soil and terrain predictor variables to predict species distributions for 21 tree species, or species groups, from historical tree surveys in the Missouri Ozarks. Mean true positive rates and AUC values of all species combined for random forests and boosted classification, at a modeling prevalence and threshold of 0.5, were similar and ranged from 0.80 to 0.84. Although prediction probabilities were correlated (mean r = 0.93), predicted probabilities from random forests generated maps with more variation within subsections, whereas boosted classification was better able to differentiate the restricted range of shortleaf pine. Both random forests and bo...
Effect of Feeding Frequency on Feed Consumption, Growth, and Feed Efficiency in Aquarium-reared Norris and NWAC103 Channel Catfish (Ictalurus punctatus)*

.— A 6-wk feeding study was conducted to determine the effect of feeding frequency on growth rate of juvenile Norris and NWAC103 channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, reared under laboratory conditions. Four replicate groups of Norris and NWAC103 catfish (average weight of 4.0 ± 0.2 g/fish, SEM) were fed to visual satiety at different feeding frequencies (one, two, or three times daily). The percent of total daily food consumed for Norris catfish fed three times daily (0800, 1200, and 1600 h) was 44.4, 27.7, and 27.9%, respectively, while NWAC103 catfish consumed 42.9, 26.7, and 30.4%, respectively. Specific growth rate and feed intake were higher in fish fed three times daily compared to fish fed once and twice daily for both strains. Feed efficiency was reduced in NWAC103 fed three times daily compared to fish fed once or twice, while feed efficiency was similar among the Norris treatments. Gastrointestinal (GI) tract index ([weight of GI tract/weight of fish] × 100) decreased in NWAC103 catfish as feeding frequency increased, while a similar nonsignificant trend was also observed in Norris catfish. The results of this study demonstrate that aquarium-reared Norris and NWAC103 catfish fed three times a day consume more feed and gain more weight than catfish fed once or twice a day. The observed decrease in the GI index as a result of feeding more frequently demonstrates that the size of the GI tract increases, relative to body weight, when catfish are fed only once a day. Under laboratory conditions, the number of times a day the fish are fed should be considered when trying to maximize growth of NWAC103 and Norris strains of catfish.
Nanoscale optical waveguides with negative dielectric claddings

The dispersion properties of waveguides with negative dielectric cladding are investigated. It is found that ${\mathrm{TM}}_{1}$ modes can exist even in waveguides with the thickness of the guiding layer 10 times smaller than the wavelength; i.e., the guiding layers can be in nanometer scale. The bandpassing, frequency-response, and transmission loss properties are analyzed. The waveguides may find application in integrated optical devices, optical lithography, subwavelength optical imaging, and nonlinear optics on the merit of high-energy density in an ultrathin region.
Large-scale intermittency in two-dimensional driven turbulence.

It is generally believed that two-dimensional turbulence is immune to intermittency possibly due to the absence of vortex stretching. However, in turbulence created in a freely suspended soap film by electromagnetic forcing, it is found that intermittency is not insignificant. We draw this conclusion based on the measured velocity structure function ${S}_{p}(l)(\ensuremath{\equiv}⟨{\ensuremath{\mid}\ensuremath{\delta}{v}_{l}\ensuremath{\mid}}^{p}⟩)\ensuremath{\propto}{l}^{{\ensuremath{\zeta}}_{p}}$ on scales $l$ greater than the energy injection scale ${l}_{\mathit{inj}}$. The scaling exponent ${\ensuremath{\zeta}}_{p}$ vs $p$ deviates from the expected linear relation and shows intermittent behavior comparable to that observed in fully developed three-dimensional turbulence in wind tunnels. Our measurements demonstrate that intermittency can be accounted for by the nonuniform distribution of saddle points in the flow.
Fish oil increases raft size and membrane order of B cells accompanied by differential effects on function

Fish oil (FO) targets lipid microdomain organization to suppress T-cell and macrophage function; however, little is known about this relationship with B cells, especially at the animal level. We previously established that a high FO dose diminished mouse B-cell lipid raft microdomain clustering induced by cross-linking GM1. To establish relevance, here we tested a FO dose modeling human intake on B-cell raft organization relative to a control. Biochemical analysis revealed more docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) incorporated into phosphatidylcholines than phosphatidylethanolamines of detergent-resistant membranes, consistent with supporting studies with model membranes. Subsequent imaging experiments demonstrated that FO increased raft size, GM1 expression, and membrane order upon cross-linking GM1 relative to no cross-linking. Comparative in vitro studies showed some biochemical differences from in vivo measurements but overall revealed that DHA, but not eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), increased membrane order. Finally, we tested the hypothesis that disrupting rafts with FO would suppress B-cell responses ex vivo. FO enhanced LPS-induced B-cell activation but suppressed B-cell stimulation of transgenic naive CD4+ T cells. Altogether, our studies with B cells support an emerging model that FO increases raft size and membrane order accompanied by functional changes; furthermore, the results highlight differences in EPA and DHA bioactivity.
The Orally Administered Selective TRPV1 Antagonist, JTS-653, Attenuates Chronic Pain Refractory to Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs in Rats and Mice Including Post-herpetic Pain

Abstract Chronic pain refractory to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is a major problem and drugs for such pain are needed. Many studies suggest that transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) is associated with NSAID-refractory chronic pain. Therefore, we investigated the involvement of TRPV1 in NSAID-refractory chronic pain using experimental models for NSAID-refractory chronic pain reflecting severe arthritic and postherpetic pain. The selective TRPV1 antagonist JTS-653 {(3S)-3-(hydroxymethyl)-4-(5-methylpyridin-2-yl)-N-[6-(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)pyridin-3-yl]-3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[b][1,4]oxazine-8-carboxamide} reversed mechanical hyperalgesia on day 7 after injection of complete-Freund-adjuvant into the hindpaw in rats at 0.3 mg/kg, whereas indomethacin showed no effect. JTS-653 reduced chronic pain at 0.3 mg/kg in herpes simplex virus-1–inoculated mice that has been reported as NSAID-refractory pain. JTS-653 partially attenuated mechanical hyperalgesia in the L5 spinal nerve ligation model in rats at 0.3 mg/kg, whereas indomethacin showed no effect. Both JTS-653 and indomethacin reduced formalin-induced pain in the second phase, whereas they showed no effect in the first phase. JTS-653 did not affect the nociception of noxious thermal and mechanical stimuli and motor coordination in normal rats. These findings demonstrate the TRPV1 involvement in NSAID-refractory chronic pain reflecting severe arthritic and postherpetic pain. TRPV1 antagonists would be useful for the treatment of NSAID-refractory chronic pain.
The growing international influence on Fortran standardization

Fortran was the first programming language to be standardized. That standardization effort was initiated and completed within the United States, resulting in the 1966 standard. Today, standards in the field of information technology are truly international standards. This article describes how Fortran standardization made that transition.
Why does starvation make bones fat

Body fat, or adipose tissue, is a crucial energetic buffer against starvation in humans and other mammals, and reserves of white adipose tissue (WAT) rise and fall in parallel with food intake. Much less is known about the function of bone marrow adipose tissue (BMAT), which are fat cells found in bone marrow. BMAT mass actually increases during starvation, even as other fat depots are being mobilized for energy. Here I review the possible reasons for this poorly understood phenomenon. Is BMAT a passive filler that occupies spaces left by dying bone cells, a pathological consequence of suppressed bone formation, or potentially an adaptation for surviving starvation? To evaluate these possibilities, here I review what is known about the effects of starvation on the body, particularly the skeleton, and the mechanisms involved in storing and metabolizing BMAT during negative energy balance.
The relationship between income and subjective well-being: Relative or absolute?

Although it appears that income and subjective well-being correlate in within-country studies (Diener, 1984), a debate has focused on whether this relationship is relative (Easterlin, 1974) or absolute (Veenhoven, 1988, 1991). The absolute argument advanced by Veenhoven states that income helps individuals meet certain universal needs and therefore that income, at least at lower levels, is a cause of subjective well-being. The relativity argument is based on the idea that the impact of income or other resources depends on changeable standards such as those derived from expectancies, habituation levels, and social comparisons. Two studies which empirically examine these positions are presented: one based on 18 032 college studies in 39 countries, and one based on 10 year longitudinal data in a probability sample of 4 942 American adults. Modest but significant correlations were found in the U.S. between income and well-being, but the cross-country correlations were larger. No evidence for the influence of relative standards on income was found: (1) Incomechange did not produce effects beyond the effect of income level per se, (2) African-Americans and the poorly educated did not derive greater happiness from specific levels of income, (3) Income produced the same levels of happiness in poorer and richer areas of the U.S., and (4) Affluence correlated with subjective well-being both across countries and within the U.S. Income appeared to produce lesser increases in subjective well-being at higher income levels in the U.S., but this pattern was not evident across countries. Conceptual and empirical questions about the universal needs position are noted. Suggestions for further explorations of the relativistic position are offered.
Thapsigargin stimulates intracellular calcium mobilization and inhibits parathyroid hormone release

Ca2+ and other divalent cations like Sr2+, Ba2+, and Mg2+ stimulate rapid and sustained increases in intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) and 1,4,5-inositol trisphosphate (1,4,5-InsP3) presumably by interacting with recently identified parathyroid cell membrane Ca2+ receptors. We used thapsigargin (THAPS), an inhibitor of the microsomal Ca(2+)-ATPase, to deplete InsP3-sensitive intracellular Ca2+ stores to determine whether sustained increases in [Ca2+]i due to divalent cations require intact cytosolic Ca2+ pools. In Fura 2-loaded parathyroid cells, THAPS produced a gradual increase in [Ca2+]i which reached a steady-state level by 2-3 minutes. The effect of THAPS (3 x 10(-6) M) was substantial with [Ca2+]i, rising from 281 +/- 27 nM at 0.5 mM Ca2+ to a peak value of 684 +/- 30 nM (p or = 10 minutes. THAPS (3 x 10(-6) M) pretreatment for > or = 5 minutes blocked this sustained-phase increment in [Ca2+]i due to Sr2+. In the absence of extracellular Ca2+, there was a slight but nonsignificant effect of THAPS on [Ca2+]i. Incubation of cells with THAPS did not change the levels of 3H-inositol phosphates (InsP3, InsP2, and InsP1) or alter Sr(2+)-induced accumulation of InsP3, InsP2, and InsP1.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Realpolitik or Imperial Hubris: The Latin American Drug War and U.S. Foreign Policy in Iraq

Abstract Robert Kaplan has suggested that America employ elsewhere the same “stealth imperialism” tactics as are being used to combat drugs and guerrillas in Colombia. In fact, decades of U.S. efforts there have achieved little. The real lessons to be learned from Colombia are the perils of relying on flawed assumptions about the threat presented; the difficulties of creating and training a military capable of achieving U.S. objectives; and the risk of mistaking symbols, signals, and credibility for core U.S. interests. Moreover, in both regions, policymakers often fail to understand the fundamental sources of the conflict, particularly class, ethnicity, and nationalism. They incorrectly believe that U.S. policy has nothing to do with the continuation of the conflict and presume U.S. omnipotence.
Scopolamine effects on two-trial delayed-response performance in rat.

A two-trial procedure examined the importance of stimulus type, presence or absence of the stimuli at the time of choice, and time since presentation of the stimuli in determining the effects of scopolamine. Some rats were required to “switch” response levers on trial 2 to the incorrect trial-1 lever, whereas other rats were required to operate the same lever for both trials. Two sets of trial-1 stimuli were employed for different rats.
Spectral Anomalies in the Hyades and Pleiades and in Field Stars with Active Chromospheres

Widened photographic image-tube spectra at 50 A mm-1 dispersion have been obtained for a large number of late-type field dwarfs and giants with well-determined atmospheric parameters and for 35 Hyades dwarfs and 31 Pleiades dwarfs. The spectra have a resolution of 2.5 A and cover the wavelength range λλ3400–4500 A. A new quantitative three-dimensional spectral classification system is derived for late-type stars and is calibrated using the sample of field dwarfs and giants with known atmospheric parameters. Diagnostic indices are defined by comparing the counts in the bottoms of two neighboring absorption lines or by comparing the counts in two neighboring pseudocontinuum peaks.
The Single Party as a Subordinate Movement: The Case of Egypt

The single-party system of Nasser's Egypt belongs to a political genre widespread in Africa. It is a collaboration movement in which a nationally dominant leader enters into an “alliance” with regionally and locally influential persons; the party organization serves as a kind of “formal contract” between them. As a rule, the alliance is tacit in nature, based on each side's reading of political realities, and therefore tending both to be ad hoc and to involve a limited degree of direct interaction. The collaboration movement may be described as a transcendental organization with which individuals willing to deal with and support the regime may affiliate without necessarily making a total commitment to the movement.
Isolation and cloning of a Drosophila homolog to the mammalian RACK1 gene, implicated in PKC-mediated signalling.

Abstract The mammalian RACK1 protein binds activated protein kinase C, acting as an intracellular receptor to anchor the activated PKC to the cytoskeleton. Genes encoding RACK1-like proteins have been isolated from a wide range of eucaryotic organisms; we report the isolation of a Drosophila member of this family. This Drosophila RACK1-like protein shows 76% identity to the mammalian RACK1 proteins, but only about 60% identity to related proteins from plants and fungi. The Drosophila rack1 gene has a dynamic pattern of expression during early embryogenesis with the highest expression in the mesodermal and endodermal lineages.
PROJECT CellNet: EVOLVING AN AUTONOMOUS PATTERN RECOGNIZER

We describe the desire for a black box approach to pattern classification: a generic Autonomous Pattern Recognizer, which is capable of self-adapting to specific alphabets without human intervention. The CellNet software system is introduced, an evolutionary system that optimizes a set of pattern-recognizing agents relative to a provided set of features and a given pattern database. CellNet utilizes a new genetic operator designed to facilitate a canalization of development: Merger. CellNet utilizes our own set of arbitrarily chosen features, and is applied to the CEDAR Database of handwritten Latin characters, as well as to a database of handwritten Indian digits provided by CENPARMI. CellNet's cooperative co-evolutionary approach shows significant improvement over a more standard Genetic Algorithm, both in terms of efficiency and in nearly eliminating over-fitting (to the training set). Additionally, the binary classifiers autonomously evolved by CellNet return validation accuracies approaching 98% for both Latin and Indian digits, with no global changes to the system between the two trials.
Accounting History in Undergraduate Introductory Financial Accounting Courses: An Exploratory Study

Abstract The Accounting Education Change Commission (AECC) and others called for changes in the accounting curriculum and suggested that instructors bring accounting history into the classroom. In this study, the authors surveyed faculty at a sample of institutions to determine (a) which faculty members formally incorporated accounting history into the undergraduate introductory financial accounting class and (b) their opinions about the usefulness of incorporating accounting history into the course. Contrary to the AECC recommendations, the authors found that the respondents did not overwhelmingly support formally incorporating accounting history into undergraduate introductory financial accounting courses. They also discuss implications of their findings and suggest ways to encourage more instruction in accounting history.