cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Glory Days: Popular Constitutionalism, Nostalgia, and the True Nature of Constitutional Culture

This article uses political science data on participation, knowledge, and popular sentiments about the political process to critique different strands of popular constitutionalism, a recent movement in constitutional theory that highlights the People's role in the development of interpretive norms. It argues that popular constitutionalists have not paid sufficient attention to the increasingly distant relationship between the people and political life, resulting in an interpretive model that is often unable to realize its normative goals and rests on some weak descriptive premises. It also suggests that the existence of high levels of civic engagement during the 1960s - a formative period for many current theorists - has contributed to the increasingly distant relationship between constitutional theory and political practice.
The Effect of Attorney Compensation on the Timing of Settlements

Using Federal Judicial Center data on class action settlements, we find that plaintiffs' lawyers who expect to be compensated using the lodestar, or hourly fee, method systematically delay settlement to accrue additional fees. Plaintiffs' attorneys who expect to be compensated on a percentage basis of any settlement or award, on the other hand, settle their cases more quickly as predicted by the Spier (1992) settlement model. These results cast doubt on the potential for lodestar calculations to police the conduct of plaintiffs' lawyers in class actions.
Thermoelectric Transport Properties of Fe-Enriched ZnO with High-Temperature Nanostructure Refinement.

Thermoelectric properties of Fe-doped ZnO materials are investigated and correlated with the phase and microstructural evolution. Both a ZnO solid solution phase and a ZnFe2O4 spinel phase are observed. Analysis was made of temperature measurements of Seebeck coefficients as combined with the law of mixture to estimate the Fermi level in the constituent phases, which are further correlated with the Fe solute concentration in ZnO lattices and the overall electrical conductivity. In addition, the thermoelectric figure of merit is found to increase with the actual Fe content in ZnO lattices, due to the reduced thermal conductivity by point defect scattering of phonons and enhanced electrical transport via electron doping. The maximum achievable power factor of Fe-doped ZnO material is found to be similar to that of the ZnO–In2O3 system. Another important finding of the present work is the significant nanostructure refinement in 18 month old FeO1.5-doped ZnO after high-temperature thermal treatment, leading t...
Aggravation of Floods in the Amazon River as a Consequence of Deforestation

It has been claimed, on the basis of relatively shortterm gage observations and the perceptions of riverbank dwellers, that height and duration of Amazon floods are increasing. The paper discusses ...
Rap music and hegemony : a historical analysis of rap's narrative.

This thesis is a historical analysis of the narratives of rap music and their relationship to hegemony. I view the trends outlined in this thesis as a microcosm of large-scale social trends in the world of popular culture. A world dominated and distributed by a small collection of huge media conglomerates. The central questions of this thesis are "has rap music's relationship to hegemony changed?" and if so, "how has it changed?" After collecting my data using random sampling techniques and analyzing it utilizing verifiable statistical tests, I answer these two questions. The evidence supports the conclusion that rap music's relationship to hegemony has changed and this change is curvilinear, meaning that in the beginning (1984-1990) rap's counter-hegemonic value was low and this value grew in the middle years (1992-1998), only to fall to its lowest point in today's time, beginning at the start of the new millennium (2000-2004).
Case reports in medical education: a platform for training medical students, residents, and fellows in scientific writing and critical thinking.

A case report is a detailed narrative that usually illustrates a diagnostic or therapeutic problem experienced by one or several patients. Case reports commonly serve as the first line of evidence for new interventions or they function as alarms that an issue exists with an already established therapy. Case reports are of minor importance in evidence-based medicine; however, they make meaningful contributions to both the knowledge and education of medical students, residents, and fellows. Case reports are written with the goal of sharing information for medical, scientific, or educational purposes. They often serve as medical or even undergraduate students’ first experience with medical writing and they provide a solid foundation for manuscript preparation and publication. In the last few decades, there has been an exponential increase in medical student research, specifically in the number of manuscripts published by medical students. It is important to foster this academic spirit among students by encouraging them to become involved in research. This editorial will focus on the value and educational benefits of writing case reports for medical students, university students, residents, and fellows.
Metabolism of C14-Labeled Carbamate Insecticides to C14O2 in the House Fly

The absorption, metabolism to C14O2, and excretion by several strains of house flies, Musca domestica L., were evaluated for 9 insecticidal carbamates labeled with C14 in various parts of the molecule. The absorption and metabolism to C14O2 was not appreciably different in a susceptible and in 2 carbamate-resistant strains of flies. However, the rate of conversion of the various labeled carbamates to C14O2 was highly specific for the individual carbamates and for the position of labeling. Detoxication of the carbamates was demonstrated to occur through N -dealkylation, S-dealkylation, O -dealkylation, and hydrolysis. The synergists piperonyl but oxide, 2-(3, 5-dichlorobiphenyloxy)-triethylamine, and isobornylthiocyano acetate materially decreased the rate of formation of C14O2 from the isopropoxy side chain of 2-isopropoxyphenyl N -methyl carbamate.
Heavy Rain Forecasting by Model Initialization With LAPS: A Case Study

Results of the assimilation of high-density data to initialize the high-resolution meteorological model MOLOCH (CNR-ISAC) are described. The local analysis and prediction system (LAPS), a mesoscale data assimilation system developed at NOAA, is applied to modeling a case study of heavy precipitation that occurred over Liguria, north-western Italy, on November 4, 2011, causing severe flood in the city of Genoa. This case is representative of some episodes that affected the region in the last few years, where the coastal orography, besides enhancing the convective uplift, contributed to the formation of convergence lines over the sea, responsible for the onset of convective cells. The present work aims at the implementation of a model-based operational short-range prediction system, with particular focus on quantitative precipitation forecasting in a time range up to 12–24 h. The use of LAPS analysis as initial condition for the MOLOCH model shows a positive impact on the intensity and distribution of the simulated precipitation with respect to the simulations where only large-scale analyses are employed as initial conditions. Effects on the models simulations are due to the assimilation of surface network data, radio-sounding profiles, radar and satellite (SEVIRI/MSG) data.
Structure Design of Cockpit Display and Control Device Based on Reliability Optimization

Optimization design method based on reliability and its application to structure design of cockpit display and control device are presented in this paper.The capability improvement of anti-vibration and heat transformation can be achieved by optimization design of unsubstantial parts detected by vibration analysis and thermal analysis.Reliability of cockpit display and control device can be guaranteed based on reliability analysis and optimization.The effectiveness of this optimization method has been proved by the tests for environment adaptability and reliability parameters.
MIR_EVAL: A Transparent Implementation of Common MIR Metrics.

Central to the field of MIR research is the evaluation of algorithms used to extract information from music data. We present mir_eval, an open source software library which provides a transparent and easy-to-use implementation of the most common metrics used to measure the performance of MIR algorithms. In this paper, we enumerate the metrics implemented by mir_eval and quantitatively compare each to existing implementations. When the scores reported by mir_eval differ substantially from the reference, we detail the differences in implementation. We also provide a brief overview of mir_eval’s architecture, design, and intended use. 1. EVALUATING MIR ALGORITHMS Much of the research in Music Information Retrieval (MIR) involves the development of systems that process raw music data to produce semantic information. The goal of these systems is frequently defined as attempting to duplicate the performance of a human listener given the same task [5]. A natural way to determine a system’s effectiveness might be for a human to study the output produced by the system and judge its correctness. However, this would yield only subjective ratings, and would also be extremely timeconsuming when evaluating a system’s output over a large corpus of music. Instead, objective metrics are developed to provide a well-defined way of computing a score which indicates each system’s output’s correctness. These metrics typically involve a heuristically-motivated comparison of the system’s output to a reference which is known to be correct. Over time, certain metrics have become standard for each ∗Please direct correspondence to craffel@gmail.com c © Colin Raffel, Brian McFee, Eric J. Humphrey, Justin Salamon, Oriol Nieto, Dawen Liang, Daniel P. W. Ellis. Licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0). Attribution: Colin Raffel, Brian McFee, Eric J. Humphrey, Justin Salamon, Oriol Nieto, Dawen Liang, Daniel P. W. Ellis.
The Evolving Landscape of Heterocycles in Drugs and Drug Candidates

Abstract Substructure analysis of approved drugs and drug candidates in clinical trials was performed to illustrate the evolving roles of heterocycles in pharmaceutical research. The increasing representation of biaryls and heteroaromatics is noted and attributed predominantly to their better accessibility brought upon by advances in metal catalyzed cross-coupling and hetero-coupling reactions. Possible future focus of academic research is proposed for improving structural diversity and probability of success for drug research, and enhancing the impact of heterocyclic chemistry to the development of new medicines.
Modelling energy and environmental impacts of traditional and improved shea butter production in West Africa for food security

This study improves the global application of methods and analyses, especially Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), that properly incorporates environmental impacts of firewood and a social sustainability indicator (human energy) as tools for sustainable human development. Specifically shea butter production processes, common throughout sub-Saharan Africa and crucial to food security, environmental sustainability, and women's empowerment, are analyzed. Many economic activities in the world rely on firewood for energy and labor that aren't included in traditional LCAs. Human energy (entirely from women) contributed 25-100% of shea butter production processes (2000-6100kJ/kg of shea butter) and mechanized production processes had reduced human energy without considerably greater total energy. Firewood accounted for 94-100% of total embodied energy (103 and 172MJ/kg of shea butter for improved and traditional shea butter production processes respectively) and global warming potential and 18-100% of human toxicity of the production processes. Implementation of improved cookstoves modeled in this study could reduce: (1) global warming potential by 78% (from 18 to 4.1kg CO2 eq/kg and 11 to 2.4kg CO2 eq/kg of shea butter for the traditional and improved processes respectively), (2) the embodied energy of using firewood by 52% (from 170 to 82MJ/kg and 103 to 49MJ/kg for the traditional and improved processes respectively), and (3) human toxicity by 83% for the non-mechanized traditional and improved processes (from 0.041 to 0.0071 1,4 DB eq/kg and 0.025 to 0.0042 1,4 DB eq/kg respectively). In addition, this is the first study to compare Economic Input-Output Life Cycle Assessment (EIO-LCA) and process-based LCA in a developing country and evaluate five traditional and improved shea butter production processes over different impact categories. Overall, this study developed a framework to evaluate and improve processes for achievement of the United Nation's Sustainable Development Goals for 2030 particularly to obtain food security.
Taxonomy of Sphaeromeria, Artemisia , and Tanacetum (Compositae, Anthemideae) based on randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD)

Relationships within, between, and among the Anthemideae genera Sphaeromeria, Artemisia , and Tanacetum were investigated using 238 randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers obtained from twenty 10-mer primers amplified on genomic DNA. Forty-one populations from 16 taxa (15 species) were studied. Jaccard's coefficient of similarity and UPGMA clustering analysis were used to construct phenograms. T tests were used to make comparisons between samples at various systematic levels. DNA markers were 75% similar for conspecific populations. Sixteen Sphaeromeria populations (5 species) showed an average interspecific similarity of 21%. Interspecific similarity among 23 Artemisia populations (8 species with 2 subspecies of A. tridentata included) averaged 27%. Two Tanacetum species (1 population each) were 89% similar. The high similarity of Tanacetum species was in the range of observed values for conspecific populations; indeed those 2 species ( T. vulgare and T. boreale ) have been considered conspecific by some authors. The 3 subgenera of Artemisia studied ( Artemisia, Dracunculus , and Tridentatae ) formed separate groups. In comparison among the genera, Sphaeromeria was 18% similar to Artemisia (more similar to subgenus Tridentatae than the other Artemisia subgenera); intergeneric comparisons of Sphaeromeria and Artemisia and Tanacetum , which supports previously established morphological distinctions. Sphaeromeria potentilloides may be misplaced in the genus Sphaeromeria based on DNA marker results. It is likely that North American Anthemideae are circumboreal derivatives of ancestral Eurasian stock and that Sphaeromeria is derived from an Artemisia -like ancestor.
Chromogranins and Neurotransmitter Retention During Development of the Adrenergic Neuron

Functional maturation within the sympathetic nervous system is reflected by the ability of the neuron to synthesize, retain, release and metabolize adrenergic neurotransmitter. The ontogenetic patterns of catecholamine biosynthesis (Friedman et al., 1968; Friedman, 1969; Ignarro and Shideman, 1968a, 1968b), uptake (Iversen et al., 1967; Mirkin, 1972), release (Iversen et al., 1967) and metabolism (Brunjes et al., 1964; Glowinski et al., 1964; Ignarro and Shideman, 1968b) have been reasonably well, if not completely, defined. A major unresolved question is how adrenergic neurotransmitter is bound and retained within the neuron ready to be released in an active form upon neuronal activation. The relationship between neuronal binding of catecholamines and the presence of specific soluble proteins in the adrenergic vesicle has been studied in the developing adrenergic neuron. Data derived from these investigations will be presented in this report.
Healthcare and hospitality: intangible dynamics for evaluating industry sectors

ABSTRACTIn order to assess potentially profitable exchanges across the healthcare and hospitality industries, this paper reviews intangibles theory, ranging from big data through knowledge assets (explicit and tacit) to intelligence, establishing the potential value from each and best practices for managing. Metrics are offered for the assessment of firms and industries according to these intangibles. Based on the metrics, intangible practices can be identified in all the industry sectors across healthcare as well as from hospitality sectors. Similarities are identified between hospitality and specific healthcare sectors (retail pharmacies have most in common with hospitality firms, both possessing strong data and explicit knowledge capabilities). Implications for strategy, competition, and intangibles management systems can also be drawn (chiefly process and customer relationship data and knowledge leading to operational and marketing excellence).
The impact of collisions on the ability to detect rare mutant alleles using Barcode-Type Next-Generation Sequencing Techniques

Barcoding techniques are used to reduce error from next-generation sequencing, with applications ranging from understanding tumor subclone populations to detecting circulating tumor DNA. Collisions occur when more than one sample molecule is tagged by the same unique identifier (UID) and can result in failure to detect very-low-frequency mutations and error in estimating mutation frequency. Here, we created computer models of barcoding technique, with and without amplification bias introduced by the UID, and analyzed the effect of collisions for a range of mutant allele frequencies (1e−6 to 0.2), number of sample molecules (10 000 to 1e7), and number of UIDs (410-414). Inability to detect rare mutant alleles occurred in 0% to 100% of simulations, depending on collisions and number of mutant molecules. Collisions also introduced error in estimating mutant allele frequency resulting in underestimation of minor allele frequency. Incorporating an understanding of the effect of collisions into experimental design can allow for optimization of the number of sample molecules and number of UIDs to minimize the negative impact on rare mutant detection and mutant frequency estimation.
Growing specialty area exposure with an undergraduate perioperative nursing course.

NURSING STUDENTS are exposed to many different specialty areas during their undergraduate education, but many are minimally or never exposed to perioperative nursing.1 Exposure is often not enough for the student to gain a full understanding of the nurse's role in scrubbing, circulating, or firs
Compiling static software metrics for reliability and maintainability from GitHub repositories

This paper identifies a small, essential set of static software code metrics linked to the software product quality characteristics of reliability and maintainability and to the most commonly identified sources of technical debt. A plug-in is created for the Understand code visualization and static analysis tool that calculates and aggregates the metrics. The plug-in produces a high-level interactive html report as well as developer-level information needed to address quality issues using Understand. A script makes use of Git, Understand, and the plug-in to compile results for a list of GitHub repositories into a single file. The primary contribution of this work is to describe an open-source plug-in to measure and visualize architectural complexity based on the propagation cost and core size metrics, which are not currently found in other tools. The plug-in should be useful to researchers and practitioners interested in these two metrics and as an expedient starting point to experimentation with metric collection and aggregation for groups of GitHub repositories. The plug-in was developed as a first step in an ongoing project aimed at applying case-based reasoning to the issue of software product quality.
Enhancing the Visible-Light Absorption and Excited-State Properties of Cu(I) MLCT Excited States.

A computationally inspired Cu(I) metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) chromophore, [Cu(sbmpep)2]+ (sbmpep = 2,9-di(sec-butyl)-3,8-dimethyl-4,7-di(phenylethynyl)-1,10-phenanthroline), was synthesized in seven total steps, prepared from either dichloro- or dibromophenanthroline precursors. Complete synthesis, structural characterization, and electrochemistry, in addition to static and dynamic photophysical properties of [Cu(sbmpep)2]+, are reported on all relevant time scales. UV–Vis absorption spectroscopy revealed significant increases in oscillator strength along with a concomitant bathochromic shift in the MLCT absorption bands with respect to structurally related model complexes (e = 16 500 M–1 cm–1 at 491 nm). Strong red photoluminescence (Φ = 2.7%, λmax = 687 nm) was observed from [Cu(sbmpep)2]+, which featured an average excited-state lifetime of 1.4 μs in deaerated dichloromethane. Cyclic and differential pulse voltammetry revealed ∼300 mV positive shifts in the measured one-electron reversible r...
Update on the Intraoperative OCT: Where Do We Stand?

The purpose of this study is to summarize recent updates and discuss emerging technologies related to intraoperative optical coherence tomography (OCT) for posterior segment surgery. The development of microscope-integrated OCT technology has expanded the potential applications for intraoperative OCT in the operating room. Research has continued to support the potential impact of intraoperative OCT on surgical decision-making and the overall perceived value by surgeons for utilizing intraoperative OCT during vitreoretinal surgery. In addition, recent research in intraoperative OCT has expanded to emerging surgical procedures such as image-guided Argus II retinal prosthesis implant, subretinal gene/cell delivery, and transretinal retinochoroidal biopsy. Technology advancements, including software technologies, prototype non-metallic OCT compatible surgical instruments, and real-time 3-D OCT (4-D OCT) device using swept source technology have been developed. The recent emergence of digital surgery provides an additional opportunity for image-guided surgery utilizing real-time intraoperative OCT overlays onto 3-D digital visualization system for a comprehensive digital surgical theater. Image-guided surgery with intraoperative OCT continues to evolve and expand as the technology becomes more refined and more widely available. Continued research is needed to further validate the role for image-guided surgery in enhancing surgical outcomes.
Diagnosis and treatment of paradoxical vocal fold motion in infants.

Abstract Importance Paradoxical vocal fold motion (PVFM) is a disorder often misdiagnosed in children presenting with shortness of breath and stridor. In infants, little is known about the clinical course and best approach for treatment of PVFM. This retrospective study assesses the approach to treatment and outcomes for infants with PVFM. Objective To investigate the clinical course of paradoxical vocal fold motion (PVFM) in infants. Design Retrospective review. Setting Tertiary academic medical center. Participants Patients less than 2 years of age diagnosed with PVFM were identified and included in the study. Main outcomes and measures History, physical exam findings, and clinical course of treatment for patients less than 2 years old with PVFM were reviewed. Findings including those on flexible fiberoptic laryngoscopy (FFL) and subjective assessment by parents and clinicians were compiled for review. Results Seven infants were diagnosed with PVFM. All patients were full term at birth, and average age at diagnosis was 7 months. All patients initially presented with inspiratory stridor, and two patients had stertor. Two of seven patients also had a history of reactive airway disease and one with laryngomalacia. Five had a history of reflux. Two of seven patients had weight percentiles at diagnosis lower than the 25th percentile, while the remainder were between 37th and 75th percentiles. Initial voice evaluation revealed stridor in all patients, as well as finding of PVFM on FFL. All patients were started on anti-reflux medication. Average time to resolution of PVFM was 5.9 months after treatment. Conclusions PVFM can be challenging to diagnose in the infant population. PVFM resolves uneventfully with reflux treatment, however, it is unknown whether reflux treatment is essential or if PVFM would spontaneously resolve. The rarity of infantile PVFM mandates formal evaluation and monitoring by a pediatric otolaryngologist.
Nostalgic environmentalities in the EPA’s Documerica and State of the Environment projects:

This article argues that environmental citizenship, understood as sustainable forms of consumption, is increasingly constructed through visual regimes of nostalgia for both pristine wilderness and ...
Planning operations in Jupiter's high-radiation environment: optimization strategies from Juno-UVS

The Juno Ultraviolet Spectrograph (Juno-UVS) is a remote-sensing science instrument onboard the Juno spacecraft that has been in polar orbit around Jupiter since July 2016. Juno-UVS measures photon events in the ultraviolet from about 68 to 210 nm. It is primarily used to observe emission from the Jovian aurorae, but is also sensitive to other sources such as UV-bright stars, sky background Lyman-alpha emission, and reflected sunlight. However, Juno-UVS is also sensitive to the effects of penetrating high-energy radiation, which results in elevated count rates as measured by the instrument detector array. This radiation presents a challenge for efficiently planning the acquisition of mission science data, as data volume is a valuable (and finite) resource that can quickly be filled when the spacecraft periodically passes through regions of high radiation. This background radiation has been found to vary significantly on both short (spacecraft spin-modulated) time scales, as well as longer timescales from minutes to hours during each close approach to Jupiter. This variability has required a multi-pronged approach in the operation planning of hardware (such as dynamic instrument voltage adjustment) as well as onboard software (such as utilizing data quality factors for the selective storage of science data). We present an overview of these current mitigation/optimization techniques and planning strategies used for this instrument, which will likely also be useful for the development and operations of future instruments within high radiation space environments (e.g., the ESA JUICE mission or NASA’s Europa Clipper).
Hannibal Lecter: the honey in the lion's mouth.

This paper examines the psychopathology of Hannibal Lecter, the fictional killer and cannibal in Thomas Harris's trilogy: Red Dragon, Silence of the Lambs, and Hannibal from an object relations point of view. The victim of childhood trauma involving the killing of his family and the cannibalization of his baby sister, Lecter suffers from posttraumatic stress disorder. Using the theories of Melanie Klein, Harry Guntrip, D.W. Winnicott, M. Khan, as well as Otto Kernberg, this paper explores the reasons Lecter is compelled to kill and eat parts of some of his victims. He is locked in the paranoid-schizoid position, relies heavily on schizoid defenses, such as splitting and projective identification, but is unable to avoid psychotic breaks with reality to reenact his early traumas. Through his reunion with Clarice Starling, Lecter attempts the process of reparation and an entry into the depressive position.
Corning, James Leonard

American neurologist James Corning (1855–1923) was controversial but did make a number of important contributions to neurology and anesthesiology. Corning devised a series of instruments for treatment of seizures based on the then-widely-held pathogenic theory of cerebral hyperemia. In particular, Corning experimented with prolonged vagal nerve stimulation a century before it was revived as a treatment modality for epilepsy in the late 1980s. Corning also developed a form of spinal anesthesia involving extradural cocaine injection between the spinous processes of the thoracic vertebrae.
Remembering the "Queen City of the West' The Untapped Archaeological Resources of Indianola, Texas

Though its life was quite brief (1844–1886), the now-forgotten Gulf Coast port of Indianola, Texas, played a pivotal role in the settlement of the Southwest. This flourishing metropolis was ravaged by an 1875 hurricane, then completely destroyed by an even fiercer storm in 1886. Initial investigations have revealed vestiges of the wharves, a substantial debris field, and two important shipwrecks, proving the site's tremendous archaeological potential. Because of its unique place in Texas and U.S. maritime history, the former “Queen City of the West” merits further study.
Nonproliferative Forms of Lupus Nephritis: An Overview.

The approach to patients with class I, II, and V lesions of lupus nephritis requires an understanding of the unique nature of each of these lesions as well as the possibility that, over the course of disease, class switching may occur. Conservative, nonimmunomodulatory therapy is sufficient for all patients with class I and II lesions and for patients with class V lesions, preserved renal function, and nonnephrotic range proteinuria. For patients who require kidney-targeted immunosuppression, MMF is the current mainstay of therapy, but a variety of other treatment options, ranging from multitargeted therapy to novel agents under investigation, are available for patients whose disease courses stray outside the conventional parameters.
An Investigation of Youth Assets and Physical Activity and BMI Using a Longitudinal Cohort Design.

Purpose:Substantial research has demonstrated that assets (eg, family communication, school connectedness) protect youth from participation in numerous risk behaviors. However, very few studies hav...
Thermal and Voltage Side and Covert Channels and Attacks in Cloud FPGAs

Cloud FPGAs have been gaining interest in recent years due to the ability of users to request FPGA resources quickly, flexibly, and on-demand. In addition to the existing single-tenant deployments, where each user gets an access to a whole FPGA, recent academic proposals have looked at creating multi-tenant deployments, where multiple users share a single FPGA, e.g., [3]. In both settings, there is a large amount of infrastructure and physical resources that are shared among users. Sharing of the physical resources in data centers and processors is well known to lead to potential attacks, e.g., [4]. However, only recently have there been demonstrations of various security attacks that our group and others have shown to be possible in Cloud FPGA setting, e.g., [5]. This talk will discuss Cloud FPGA security from the perspective of side and covert channel attacks that arise due to these shared resources. It will first cover our recent work on thermal channels that can be used to create covert channels between users renting same FPGA over time [5]. These channels can create stealthy communication medium for leaking small amounts of sensitive information, e.g., cryptographic keys. As defense strategies, the talk will point out possible solutions at the system level and at the hardware level. At the system level, adding delays between when different users can access the same FPGA, or preventing users from being able to identify unique FPGA instances can mitigate the threats, but does increase overhead. At the hardware level, additional cooling to erase thermal information after users uses and FPGA, or new sensors to monitor FPGAs and generate an alert when excessive heat is detected are possible solutions that will be discussed. The talk will also discuss recent work on voltage-based attacks that leverage custom circuits instantiated inside the FPGAs to measure voltage changes. Voltage-based channels can be used to leak sensitive information across FPGAs (in single-tenant or multi-tenant settings) [2], or can be combined with other existing attacks to perform cross-talk leakage inside the FPGAs (in multi-tenant settings) [1]. These attacks highlight the power of attacker when they are able to synthesize any circuit into a shared FPGA environment. Furthermore, even with certain restrictions on the types of designs that can be synthesized, this talk will show how attacks can be deployed. As defense strategies, the talk will point out possible new design check rules that can be used by Cloud FPGA providers. In light of the attacks and defenses, Cloud FPGA security remains a cat-and-mouse game. There is then the foremost need to better understand the existing and potential attacks -- to design defenses and deploy them before malicious users try to launch such attacks. Only with proper understanding of the possible FPGA attacks, can secure Cloud FPGAs be created.
Availability of Research Data in High-Impact Addiction Journals with Data Sharing Policies

Although data sharing is one of the primary measures proposed to improve the integrity and quality of published research, studies show it remains the exception not the rule. The current study examines the availability of data in papers reporting the results of analyses of empirical data from original research in high-impact addiction journals. Thirteen high-impact journals with data sharing policies were selected from those included in the substance abuse category of the 2018 Clarivate Analytics' Journal Citation Report. The first 10 full or short original research reports that included empirical data in the most recent complete issue of each journal were electronically searched and reviewed for reference to where their data can be obtained and for a formal data sharing statement. Only eight of the 130 papers contained a data sharing statement in their text or supplementary online materials, and just one contained a direct link to the data analyzed. Data sharing was rare in the 13 high-impact addiction journals reviewed. The nature of the data reported in addiction journals might partly explain this. Currently, data sharing is not a procedure likely to improve the quality and integrity of published addiction research.
Comparison of Costs and Postoperative Outcomes between Vertebroplasty and Kyphoplasty for Osteoporotic Vertebral Compression Fractures: Analysis from a State-Level Outpatient Database

Background Vertebral cement augmentation techniques are routinely used to treat osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures (VCFs). In the current study, we used a state-level outpatient database to compare costs and postoperative outcomes between vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty. Methods We queried the 2016 Florida State-Ambulatory Surgery Database of the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project for patients undergoing thoracolumbar vertebroplasty or kyphoplasty for osteoporotic VCFs. Demographic and clinical characteristics, as well as postoperative outcomes were compared between the 2 groups. Results A total of 105 patients (11.6%) who underwent vertebroplasty and 801 patients (88.4%) who underwent kyphoplasty were identified. Patients undergoing kyphoplasty were more likely to stay overnight or longer, with the P value trending toward significance (kyphoplasty with >1 day stay: 7.4% vs. vertebroplasty with >1 day stay: 1.9%; P = 0.086). Patients undergoing vertebroplasty had a significantly higher rate of discharge to home routine compared with patients undergoing kyphoplasty (97.1% [n = 102] vs. 94.1% [n = 754]; P 0.05). The rates of 30-day, 90-day, and overall readmission because of a new-onset fracture were also similar (all P > 0.05). However, vertebroplasty had a higher rate of readmissions associated with a procedure within a year (21.9% [n = 23] vs. 14.5% [n = 116]; P = 0.047). Conclusions Our analyses from a state-level database of patients undergoing vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty for osteoporotic VCFs show similar postoperative outcomes for the 2 procedures but a higher cost for kyphoplasty.
Adiposity is associated with anovulation independent of serum free testosterone: A prospective cohort study

Background Obesity, a body mass index (BMI) ≥30 kg/m2 , is linked to infertility, potentially through a greater risk of anovulation due to elevated androgens. Yet, previous studies have not directly assessed the impact of adiposity, or body fat, on anovulation in the absence of clinical infertility. Objective To characterise the associations between adiposity and anovulation among women menstruating on a regular basis. Methods Women from the EAGeR trial (n = 1200), a randomised controlled trial of low-dose aspirin and pregnancy loss among women trying to conceive, were used to estimate associations between adiposity and incident anovulation. Participants completed baseline questionnaires and anthropometry, and provided blood specimens. Women used fertility monitors for up to six consecutive menstrual cycles, with collection of daily first morning voids for hormone analysis in the first two menstrual cycles for prospective assessment of anovulation. Anovulation was assessed by urine pregnanediol glucuronide or luteinising hormone concentration or the fertility monitor. Weighted mixed-effects log-binomial regression was used to estimate associations between measures of adiposity and incident anovulation, adjusted for free (bioavailable) testosterone, anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH), serum lipids, and demographic and life style factors. Results 343 (28.3%) women experienced at least one anovulatory cycle. Anovulation risk was higher per kg/m2 greater BMI (relative risk [RR] 1.03, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.01, 1.04), cm waist circumference (RR 1.01, 95% CI 1.00, 1.02), mm subscapular skinfold (RR 1.02, 95% CI 1.01, 1.03), and mm middle upper arm circumference (RR 1.04, 95% CI 1.01, 1.06) adjusted for serum free testosterone, AMH, lipids, and other factors. Conclusions Adiposity may be associated with anovulation through pathways other than testosterone among regularly menstruating women. This may account in part for reported associations between greater adiposity and infertility among women having menstrual cycles regularly. Understanding the association between adiposity and anovulation might lead to targeted interventions for preventing infertility.
Development of novel in vitro human alveolar epithelial cell models to study distal lung biology and disease

ABSTRACT Many acute and chronic lung diseases affect the distal lung alveoli. Although airway-derived human cell lines exist, alveolar epithelial cell (AEC)-derived lines are needed to better model these diseases. We have generated and characterized novel immortalized cell lines derived from human AECs. They grow as epithelial monolayers expressing lung progenitor markers SOX9 and SOX2, with little to no expression of mature AEC markers. Co-cultured in 3-dimensions (3D) with lung fibroblasts, the cells form NKX2-1+ organoids expressing mature AEC markers AQP5 and GPRC5A. Single-cell RNA sequencing of an AEC line in 2D versus 3D revealed increased cellular heterogeneity and induction of cytokine and lipoprotein signaling, consistent with organoid formation. Activating WNT and FGF pathways resulted in larger organoids. Our approach appears to yield lung progenitor lines that retain a genetic and structural memory of their alveolar cell lineage despite long-term expansion and whose differentiation may be modulated under various 3D conditions. These cell lines provide a valuable new system to model the distal lung in vitro.
Pulmonary venous thrombosis in a patient with COVID-19 infection.

Infection with the SARS-COV2 virus (COVID-19) may be complicated by thrombotic diathesis. This complication often involves the pulmonary microcirculation. While macrovascular thrombotic complications of the lung may include pulmonary artery embolism, pulmonary artery thrombus in situ has also been hypothesized. Pulmonary vein thrombosis has not been described in this context. Herein, we provide a case of an otherwise healthy male who developed an ischemic stroke with left internal carotid thrombus. Further imaging revealed pulmonary emboli with propagation through the pulmonary veins into the left atrium. This left atrial thrombus provides a source of atypical “paradoxic arterial embolism”. Thrombotic outcomes in the setting of severe COVID 19 pneumonia may include macrovascular venous thromboembolism, microvascular pulmonary vascular thrombosis and arterial thromboembolism. Pulmonary vein, herein described, provides further mechanistic pathway for potential arterial embolic phenomenon.
Reversions from Pension Plans: History, Policies, and Prospects

Defined benefit retirement plans are systematic programs in which employers promise to pay employees a specified benefit at retirement, generally in the form of a life annuity. During the period from 1980 through 1987, employers terminated and recovered assets not obligated for pension benefits from more than 1,635 such plans. The aggregate employer recovery from these terminations amounted to $18 billion, or more than 45% of the plans' aggregate assets. These employer asset recoveries undermine tax incentives designed to encourage employers to establish and maintain pension plans for their employees. To date, most critics of pension reversions have focused on how reversions undermine society's commitment to retirement income security and are at odds with the economics of labor contracts. In particular, opponents of reversions have noted that benefits paid from terminating plans are paid in nominal dollars even though employees and retirees had reasonable expectations that their benefits would be increased periodically to reflect inflation. Opponents have argued, too, that employees pay for pension contributions with reduced cash wages and thus own the assets of the pension plan.6 This article, however, will attempt to consider pension reversions from the perspective of tax policy issues. These issues have not received the attention they merit and consequently are not as well understood as the aforementioned issues.
Dynamic Response of Elastic-viscous-Plastic Columns

The dynamic response of a one-dimensional column is investigated theoretically. The column is loaded concentrically by a compressive or tensile pulse at one end and is fixed at the other. The material property of the column is represented by an idealized elastic-viscous-plastic law. For such a column, the partial differential equations governing one-dimensional motion are formulated. Since the idealized system of partial differential equations is linear and hyperbolic, it is readily transformed into a system of ordinary differential equations that are solved numerically by a digital computer for the appropriate boundary and initial conditions. The result of the response computation is presented graphically in a nondimensional form, as maximum and minimum strain in the column for load pulses of various durations. A comparison with the linear elastic solution is made. Finally, it is demonstrated that the obtained result may be used to design steel and reinforced concrete columns for dynamic loads.
Chapter 26 The nature of synaptic plasticity in the visual cortex of kittens. An electrophysiological analysis in vitro

Publisher Summary The chapter describes experiments designed to investigate the factors leading to the expression of long-term synaptic plasticity in slices of visual cortex from kittens of various postnatal ages. It is reported that low-intensity and low-frequency tetanic activation of the white matter underlying visual cortex in young animals, produces changes of certain electrophysiological measures recorded intracellularly, such as diminished excitatory post-synaptic potential (EPSP) amplitudes, long-lasting depolarization of membrane potential and decreased threshold. These findings explain the rather paradoxical observation from early studies, that post-tetanic synaptic responses measured from extracellular field potentials are diminished in amplitude, rather than enhanced. In the visual cortex of the kitten, there is a phase of post-natal development called the critical period, during which the use of dependent modifications of neuronal response properties are inducible by altering the nature of, or amount of, photic experience arriving through visual inputs.
An Image-tube Spectrograph for the Hale 200-in. Telescope

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses various aspects of an image-tube spectrograph for the hale 200-in. telescope. The most important feature of the spectrograph is a spectrograph camera with a focal ratio of approximately 0.8 and a focal plane, which is outside of the optical system. This design, due to Bowen, was essential because of the space required by the image tube and its associated focusing magnets. The dispersion is approximately 200 A/mm, and the resolution of the spectrograph and the re-imaging camera is approximately 80 to 100 lp/ mm. The power supply is located remotely from the image tube, and the high-voltage control circuitry is close to the observer, so that he is able to control the high voltage conveniently. The re-imaging camera magnifies the image by approximately 1:1.8, and the photographic plate is located within the optical beam. The configuration of the magnetic shield, which has been placed around the image tube to prevent changes in the transverse magnetic field from shifting the electron image in the tube, is also shown. It is found that the baked IIa-D plate has approximately half the speed of the unbaked IIa-O plate in the blue part of the spectrum.
PERIPHERAL (EXTRAOSSEOUS) CALCIFYING ODONTOGENIC CYST. A REVIEW OF FORTY-FIVE CASES

The peripheral calcifying odontogenic cyst (PCOC) is a rare lesion. The number of well-documented cases reported in the English-language literature until now is 38. The purpose of the present study is twofold: (1) to report seven new cases of PCOC and (2) to review and analyze the clinical and histomorphologic features of the previously reported cases of PCOC together with those of the present study. Most of the lesions were located in the maxillary and mandibular gingiva or alveolar mucosa anterior to the region of the first molar. Histologically, 66% of the lesions were of the cystic variant and 34% of the solid (neoplastic) variant. The terminology of the lesion and its histogenesis are discussed.
Real-time sampling of reasons for hedonic food consumption: further validation of the Palatable Eating Motives Scale

Highly palatable foods play a salient role in obesity and binge-eating, and if habitually eaten to deal with intrinsic and extrinsic factors unrelated to metabolic need, may compromise adaptive coping and interpersonal skills. This study used event sampling methodology (ESM) to examine whether individuals who report eating palatable foods primarily to cope, to enhance reward, to be social, or to conform, as measured by the Palatable Eating Motives Scale (PEMS), actually eat these foods primarily for the motive(s) they report on the PEMS. Secondly this study examined if the previously reported ability of the PEMS Coping motive to predict BMI would replicate if the real-time (ESM-reported) coping motive was used to predict BMI. A total of 1691 palatable eating events were collected from 169 college students over 4 days. Each event included the day, time, and types of tasty foods or drinks consumed followed by a survey that included an abbreviated version of the PEMS, hunger as an additional possible motive, and a question assessing general perceived stress during the eating event. Two-levels mixed modeling confirmed that ESM-reported motives correlated most strongly with their respective PEMS motives and that all were negatively associated with eating for hunger. While stress surrounding the eating event was strongly associated with the ESM-coping motive, its inclusion in the model as a predictor of this motive did not abolish the significant association between ESM and PEMS Coping scores. Regression models confirmed that scores on the ESM-coping motive predicted BMI. These findings provide ecological validity for the PEMS to identify true-to-life motives for consuming palatable foods. This further adds to the utility of the PEMS in individualizing, and hence improving, treatment strategies for obesity, binge-eating, dietary nutrition, coping, reward acquisition, and psychosocial skills.