cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Growing www.parentsofsuicide: A Case Study of an Online Support Community

Worldwide, people can now come together in online support communities (e-communities) to share common concerns. Although myriad e-communities now exist, few researchers have investigated their leadership, infrastructure, and developmental processes. Because these e-communities are often founded without professional oversight by people confronted with life crises, social workers have expressed concern about their safety and effectiveness for vulnerable populations. This article presents findings from a case study of an e-community, www.parentsofsuicide, for parents who have lost a child to suicide, and the leadership and organizational development factors contributing to its organizational durability and effectiveness as a source of social support.
A model for rate-dependent flow of metal polycrystals based on the slip plane lattice incompatibility

A constitutive framework that considers rate-dependent deformation and grain-size dependent work hardening of FCC and BCC metals at moderate temperature is proposed. This model considers 3-D polycrystalline aggregates of viscoplastic crystals. The hardening response of the individual single crystals is considered to be isotropic (Taylor model), but modified to include a physically-motivated measure of slip plane lattice incompatibility. In the continuum setting, a density of net dislocations is derived from the lattice incompatibility. The association of a mean free path (that distance a dislocation can move before unit length is stored) with the net dislocation density is introduced into the evolution equation for hardening. Application is made to grain-size effect in work hardening, nanoindentation, and the transition from stage III (parabolic) to stage IV (linear) hardening.
Economics and Ecology of Managing Emerging Infectious Animal Diseases

producers, with pathogen transmission between wildlife and livestock of particular concern (Dobson and Foufopolous 2001).1 The disease ecology literature mostly focuses on single host-pathogen interactions, but has recently turned to EIDs infecting multiple-hosts. This literature generally derives post-infection management advice (and does not specifically address prevention) from models evaluated at pre-disease equilibria free of pathogen risks (Roberts and Heesterbeek 2003; Dobson 2004). The economic aspects of this problem, however, have not previously been addressed. We adopt a bioeconomic approach to explore multiple-host disease management problems. Prior recommendations are shown to
Effects of blood calcium changes on spinal reflex activity.

Abstract The effects of low levels of blood Ca on the cat monosynaptic reflex were studied in animals in acute hypoparathyroid (hypocalcemic) tetany. The monosynaptic reflex was absent in these animals but it could be restored after slow iv injection of Ca ions. The time course of post-tetamic potentiation of the monosynaptic reflex was studied under conditions of high levels of blood Ca produced either by parathormone administration or slow iv Ca injection. Under these conditions, the decay of post-tetamic potentiation was very much prolonged. The changes of spinal reflex activity due to injection of Ca ions (or parathormone) in both hypocalcemic or normal cats were observed only after a delay of one to several hours. The results of the present experiments are interpreted as indicating that, in the cat, the monosynaptic reflex is dependent on the presence of Ca ions and thus confirms the chemical nature of the synapse between group IA fibers and alpha motoneurons and that the post-tetanic potentiation of the monosynaptic reflex is related to the concentration of Ca ions in the extracellular space of the central nervous system.
In-Vacuum Photogrammetry of a Ten-Meter Square Solar Sail

Solar sailing is a promising, future in-space propulsion method that uses the small force of reflecting sunlight to accelerate a large, reflective membrane without expendable propellants. One of two solar sail configurations under development by NASA is a striped net approach by L'Garde, Inc. This design uses four inflatably deployed, lightweight booms supporting a network of thin strings onto which four quadrants of ultrathin aluminized membranes are attached. The NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC) provided both experimental and analytical support to L'Garde for validating the structural characteristics of this unique, ultralightweight spacecraft concept. One of LaRC's responsibilities was to develop and apply photogrammetric methods to measure sail shape. The deployed shape provides important information for validating the accuracy of finite-element modeling techniques. Photogrammetry is the science and art of calculating 3D coordinates of targets or other distinguishing features on structures using images. A minimum of two camera views of each target is required for 3D determination, but having four or more camera views is preferable for improved reliability and accuracy. Using retroreflective circular targets typically provides the highest measurement accuracy and automation. References 3 and 4 provide details of photogrammetry technology, and reference 5 discusses previous experiences with photogrammetry for measuring gossamer spacecraft structures such as solar sails. This paper discusses the experimental techniques used to measure a L Garde 10-m solar sail test in vacuum with photogrammetry. The test was conducted at the NASA-Glenn Space Power Facility (SPF) located at Plum Brook Station in Sandusky, Ohio. The SPF is the largest vacuum chamber in the United States, measuring 30 m in diameter by 37 m in height. High vacuum levels (10(exp -6) torr) can be maintained inside the chamber, and cold environments (-195 C) are possible using variable-geometry cryogenic cold walls. This test used a vacuum level of approximately 1 torr (sufficient for structural static/dynamic characterization) and instead of using the cryogenic cold walls, used local LN2 cold plates underneath each of the four cold-rigidizable solar sail booms instead.
Pediatric Nasal Lobular Capillary Hemangioma

Background. LCH is a benign vascular growth of the skin and mucous membranes commonly affecting the head and neck. Since it was first described in the nineteenth century, this entity has been variously known as “human botryomycosis” and “pyogenic granuloma.” The shifting nomenclature reflects an evolving understanding of the underlying pathogenesis. We review the histopathology of and current epidemiological data pertaining to LCH which suggests that the development of these lesions may involve a hyperactive inflammatory response influenced by endocrine factors. We report two new cases of pediatric lobular capillary hemangioma (LCH) of the nasal cavity and review current theories regarding the etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of nasal LCH. Methods. Retrospective case series. Case Series. Two adolescent females presented with symptoms of recurrent epistaxis, nasal obstruction, and epiphora. Both patients underwent computed tomography imaging and biopsy of their intranasal mass. The tumors were excised using image-guided transnasal endoscopic technique. Seven other cases of nasal LCH have been reported to date in the pediatric population. Conclusion. Nasal LCH is a rare cause of an intranasal mass and is associated with unilateral epistaxis, nasal obstruction, and epiphora. We advocate for image-guided endoscopic excision of LCH in the adolescent population.
Comments and extensions regarding the concept of demarcation levels

Abstract This paper presents extensions of the use of some of the concepts introduced by A. Rose in his work on photoconductivity. Demarcation levels are useful in the case of depleted as well as enhanced carrier concentrations, and both for single-level and multiple-level centres. Depending upon the relative positions of the energy levels involved, one can easily compute the occupancy of centers with multiple energy levels within the bandgap.
Contemplation: Beyond and Behind

This essay seeks to explore contemplation as it features in Christian theology and philosophy, both ancient and modern. Contemplation, in ancient philosophy, is transformed in Christian theology; nonetheless, it has the structure of what Jean Wahl calls ‘transascendance’, a rising to the heights. Although contemplation remains as a theme in modern Christian theology, it drops out in modern philosophy: that is, post-Renaissance philosophy. And yet it returns, both in analytic and continental philosophy, in the twentieth century. It returns, however, in the mode of ‘transdescendance’: by way of conditions of possibility, and fundamental orientations.
Effect of a Mobile Fine Fraction on Slug Test Results

In recent slug testing at our field site there seemed to be a dependence on flow direction and initial slug height in some of the results for hydraulic conductivity that could not be explained by any known models. At first, we thought the dependence on flow direction and initial height was the result of slug length and friction in the annular space between the slug and casing. Later slug testing with a packer eliminated the effect of the slug in the wellbore, but the initial head and directional dependence observed earlier remained for the packer data. This indicated possible well development problems, so a program of well development was instituted and slug tests were performed at various points in this program. We were not able to eliminate the head and directional dependence of the results for the hydraulic conductivity by well development. However, we have arrived at some conclusions that may be helpful to others interpreting slug test data in aquifers with a mobile fine fraction. It seems that well development and slug testing can cause fine material to be redistributed in an aquifer. Apparently in our slug testing and development program, we have created an artificial distribution of fine material that differs with radius, causing the apparent hydraulic conductivity to differ with volume injected or withdrawn. Directional dependence may be caused by the water moving away from the well carrying fines, resulting in a build up of fine material at some radius and a lower apparent hydraulic conductivity.
Cessation of Epithelial Bmp Signaling Switches the Differentiation of Crown Epithelia to the Root Lineage in a β-Catenin-Dependent Manner

The differentiation of dental epithelia into enamel-producing ameloblasts or the root epithelial lineage compartmentalizes teeth into crowns and roots. Bmp signaling has been linked to enamel formation, but its role in root epithelial lineage differentiation is unclear. Here we show that cessation of epithelial Bmp signaling by Bmpr1a depletion during the differentiation stage switched differentiation of crown epithelia into the root lineage and led to formation of ectopic cementum-like structures. This phenotype is related to the upregulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Although epithelial β-catenin depletion during the differentiation stage also led to variable enamel defect and precocious/ectopic formation of fragmented root epithelia in some teeth, it did not cause ectopic cementogenesis and inhibited EMT in cultured dental epithelia. Concomitant epithelial β-catenin depletion rescued EMT and ectopic cementogenesis caused by Bmpr1a depletion. These data suggested that Bmp and Wnt/β-catenin pathways interact antagonistically in dental epithelia to regulate the root lineage differentiation and EMT. These findings will aid in the design of new strategies to promote functional differentiation in the regeneration and tissue engineering of teeth and will provide new insights into the dynamic interactions between the Bmp and Wnt/β-catenin pathways during cell fate decisions.
Polynomial Approximation on Polytopes

Polynomial approximation on convex polytopes in d is considered in uniform and Lp-norms. For an appropriate modulus of smoothness matching direct and converse estimates are proven. In the Lp -case so called strong direct and converse results are also verified. The equivalence of the moduli of smoothness with an appropriate K -functional follows as a consequence. The results solve a problem that was left open since the mid 1980s when some of the present findings were established for special, so-called simple polytopes.
Antipodal hydrogen-hydrogen coupling in small cage carbon-boron compounds

Antipodal coupling (H, H) in the small closo carboranes is found to be surprisingly large and may indicate that there may be significant s-orbital bonding through the center of each of the cages. Typical JH,H values range from 6–14 Hz and were determined directly from white noise boron-decoupled proton spectra: H(1)…H(5) of 1,5-C2B3H5, 11.0 Hz; H(1)…H(6) of 1,2-C2B4H6, 11.1 Hz; H(3)…H(5) of I,2-C2B4H6, 6.9 Hz; H(1)…H(6) of 1,6-C2B4H6, 14.0 Hz; H(2)…H(4) of 1,6-C2B4H6, 7.1 Hz; H(1)…H(6) of CB5H7, 12.4 Hz; and H(1)…H(7) of 2,4-C2B5H7, 9.7 Hz. In contrast, nearest neighbor H…H coupling (e.g., H(2)… H(3) of C2B3H5) ranges from 1–7 Hz with an average value of around 2–3 Hz. A comparison of known antipodal cage distances with corresponding JH,H reveals an inverse correlation with shorter antipodal skeletal atom distances corresponding to larger coupling values. This relationship appears to be valid regardless of the cage atoms (C or B) attached to the hydrogen.
Interactions Between Vacancies in Rigid Disk Solids

Abstract The relative concentrations of configurations of pairs of monovacancies at close separations in a hard-disk hexagonal lattice have been calculated using cell-cluster theory involving up to fourth-order clusters. The variation in the results with the order of cluster considered is small and decreases as the distance of separation of the vacancy pair increases. The results show that the interaction potential due to the configurational entropy of the various pair assemblies is small for all pairs in comparison with the divacancy (adjacent vacant sites).
Numerical analysis of allozyme variation inCucurbita pepo

Cucurbita pepo, represented by cultivated forms of squash, pumpkins, and ornamental gourds, is a morphologically diverse species. Although several classifications of the cultivars have been proposed, none has been fully accepted. In an attempt to clarify the systematics of theC. pepo cultivars, allozyme variation was assayed. Twelve loci representing 6 enzyme systems (GOT, IDH, MDH, PER, PGI, and PGM) were screened. Seven of the loci were polymorphic. Electrophoretic data were collected for 50 accessions representing 14 commercial cultivars and a landrace from Mexico. Statistical analyses of the allozyme data revealed a biochemical basis for characterizing cultivars that agrees with morphology. Principal component analysis and cluster analysis revealed a major subdivision within the species above the level of cultivars. Genetic identities among groups of cultivars were much lower than those usually found among conspecific populations for outcrossing plants, possibly reflecting the influences of populational subdivision, drift, and selection particular toC. pepo.
Impact of chronic intermittent external compressions on forearm blood flow capacity in humans

During dynamic exercise, the vasculature embedded within skeletal muscle intermittently collapses due to increased intramuscular pressure (IMP). The aim of this study was to ascertain whether oscillations in IMP during muscle contractions independently contribute to exercise training-induced increases in blood flow capacity (BFC). Based on IMP measurements during handgrip exercise, we attempted to mimic the action of repeated vascular compressions by using external inflatable cuffs. Thus, 24 healthy young male subjects underwent a 4-week program (5 days/week, 1 h/day) of application of external compressions of the non-dominant forearm, while the dominant limb served as an internal control. To evaluate the impact of compression pressures of different magnitudes, subjects were randomly assigned to one of three groups: 50, 100 and 150 mmHg of external compression. Prior to the intervention and after 2 and 4 weeks of treatment, we measured peak forearm blood flow (PBF) (Doppler ultrasound) and calculated peak vascular conductance (PVC) following 10 min of forearm ischemia. In the 50 and 100 mmHg groups, application of intermittent compressions did not alter PBF in either control or intervention forearms. In the 150 mmHg group, there was a trend (P = 0.04) for greater increases in PBF from baseline after 4 weeks in the intervention forearm compared to the control forearm (delta PBF: 4.2 ± 2.5 vs. −2.1 ± 2.0 (ml(100 ml)−1 min−1), in the intervention and control forearms, respectively), but the changes in PVC were not significant (P = 0.1). These findings suggest that repeated oscillations in IMP contribute minimally to exercise-induced increase in forearm BFC in healthy young humans.
A Computational Technique for Robust Optimization of Cardiovascular Bypass Graft Surgeries

Bypass graft (BG) surgeries involve surgical construction of a graft over a blocked blood vessel. The graft can either be native tissue of the patient or a synthetic material. Some commonly performed BG surgeries include aorto-bifemoral, femoro-popliteal, femoro-tibial, and coronary artery bypass (CABG). The operative mortality rate for CABG is around 3%. Around 15 to 30% of bypass grafts occlude within the first year of surgery, increasing to over 50% after 10 years. Graft incompatibility, and hemodynamic factors such as blood recirculation, low wall shear stress, and abnormal wall shear stress gradients play an important role in the onset and development of intimal thickening and plaque deposition (atherogenesis).Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Study of L -subshell ionization of Sm by protons: 0.3-2.0 MeV

The $L$-subshell ionization processes in Sm for proton bombardment over the energy range 0.3-2.0 MeV were studied using a thin Sm target (15.0 ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\mu}}\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{c}\mathrm{m}}^{2}$). The total $L$-shell x-ray cross section and x-ray cross sections for the transitions $\mathrm{Ll}$, $L{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{1,2}$, $L{\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{1}$, and $L{\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{2,3}$ were determined at each proton energy. Calculations for the total $L$-shell x-ray and ionization cross sections and $L$-subshell ionization cross sections were performed for the non-relativistic plane-wave born approximation (PWBA), constrained-binary-encounter approximation (CBEA), and binary-encounter approximation (BEA). Comparisons of the theoretical predictions are made to the experimental values for the total $L$ x-ray production cross section, total $L$-shell ionization cross section, relative intensities of the $\frac{L{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{1,2}}{\mathrm{Ll}}$, $\frac{L{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{1,2}}{L{\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{1}}$, $\frac{L{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{1,2}}{L{\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{2,3}}$, and $\frac{L{\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{1}}{L{\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{2,3}}$ ratios, and the x-ray production cross sections for the $L{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{1,2}$, $L{\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{2,3}$ and $L{\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{1}$ transitions. The results of this work show that the nonrelativistic PWBA theory is in reasonable agreement with the ${L}_{I}$-subshell processes measured in Sm for protons. The CBEA does not predict the appropriate structure observed in the ${L}_{I}$ subshell. The BEA calculations show that there are major differences between the data for Sm and the predictions of that theory.
Study of the reaction of formaldehyde with vitamin B12

Abstract Formaldehyde-C 14 reacts with vitamin B 12 in vitro to form complexes that cannot be separated from vitamin B 12 by crystallization, paper chromatography, or paper electrophoresis at several pH values. No differences were noted in the absorption spectra in the visible, ultra-violet, and infrared regions between vitamin B 12 reacted with formaldehyde and unreacted vitamin B 12 . Four samples prepared by slightly different methods contained 0.5, 1, 2, and 3 moles of formaldehyde-C 14 combined with each mole of vitamin B 12 .
Acute photosensitivity from the sunscreen 2-ethoxyethyl-p-methoxycinnamate

Giv-Tan® F, 2-ethoxyethyl-p-methoxycinnamate, an effective sunscreen, is reported as the cause of an acute photosensitive eruption in patients.
Shear wave-front motion from a nonuniform dislocation

Abstract The model of a nonuniformly moving screw dislocation in an unbounded elastic medium is employed to analyze the shear wave-front motion. The elastic motion near the shear wave-front is obtained by inversion to the time domain of the dominant high frequency term. The displacement discontinuity of the dislocation considered is of the form Δu z = U(x)ƒ(t − t R (x)) . Necessary and sufficient conditions for the functional dependence of U ( x ), ƒ(t) and t R ( x ) are established for the existence of a nonsingular velocity field.
Retroviruses and Oncogenes I

The story that Mike Bishop and I will tell in these two lectures is one in which ret~roviruses, oncogenes, our personal histories, and the history of tumor virology are closely interwoven. It begins with some simple questions about the origin and behavior of viral genes and takes us to a vantage point from which we can survey many aspects of retroviruses and animal cells, including some of the aberrations that lead to cancer. We now know that retroviruses capture normal cellular genes and convert them to cancer-causing genes, called oncogenes; such transductions are rare, but depend upon the normal events of an intricate virus life cycle. Retroviruses have introduced us to more than forty cellular genes with the potential to become oncogenes, some discovered as components of viral genomes, others as genetic targets for viral insertion mutations. It has been our privilege to participate in a generous share of the experiments that established these principles. But we have required the help of many talented people in our laboratories at UCSF, as well as the collaboration and friendly competition of others elsewhere. (I mention as many names as the narrative can bear, but inevitably I must apologize to valued colleagues who
Electrical discharges directly in liquid glycerol for the production of hydrogen

Summary form only given. Glycerol is generated in large amounts during the transesterification of both bioethanol and biodiesel. Specifically, with every 100 lbs of biodiesel produced by the transesterification of vegetable oils or animal fats, 10 lbs of crude glycerol are generated. Thus, the tremendous growth of the biodiesel industry created a glycerol surplus that has resulted in a dramatic 10-fold decrease in crude glycerol prices over the past two years.This study investigates the possibility of converting liquid glycerol (C3H8O3) into a hydrogen-rich gas by pulsed high-voltage electrical discharges. Due to the difficulties associated with the breakdown on non-conductive liquids, experiments were conducted with the addition of sodium chloride at 25 kV and a pulse repetition frequency of 55 Hz. Streamer-like plasma was formed at the tip of a nickelchromium high-voltage electrode in a point-to-plane-electrode geometry. Gas chromatography measurements reveal that pulsed electrical discharges dissociate glycerol primarily into hydrogen, CO, and CO2. Viscosity measurements show that a 3 h plasma treatment reduces the viscosity of glycerol by ~20%. FTIR analysis of the treated liquid reveals only the presence of the -C=C-Cband which is formed by the dehydration of the glycerol molecule. Optical emission spectroscopy measurements indicate that plasma dissociates glycerol into OH, H2, H, CH, and C2 excited species. This implies that chemical reactions inside the liquid glycerol plasma are driven by high temperature cracking in addition to electron collisions. A chemical reaction scheme for the decomposition of glycerol is proposed.
In vitro cartilage formation on porous hydroxyapatite ceramic granules

Porous hydroxyapatite ceramic granules (diameter 0.5–1 mm) provide an excelent in vitro matrix for cell growth. Canine chondrocytes maintained their collage (Type II) phenotype up to 11 mo when cultured on these granules. Chondrocytes proliferated throughout the 13 mo of culture. Cells divided and added on to form multilayers around each ceramic granule. By the end of 11 mo, some layers were thicker than the diameter of the granules. Cell number per culture dish increased 240-fold over the original number of cells seeded in 8 mo of culture. Morphologically, chondrocytes remained spherical and formed cohesive multilayers as early as 1 wk. Metachrometric extracellular matrix was evident by the first week and incrreased through the 13 mo period.
The interaction of Sb4 molecular beams with Si(100) surfaces: modulated-beam mass spectrometry and thermally stimulated desorption studies

Abstract Modulated-beam mass spectrometry and thermally-stimulated desorption measurements were used to show that Sb4 is dissociatively chemisorbed on clean Si(100) at all temperatures investigated, from 100 to 1025°C. For Si substrate temperatures Ts less than 600°C, desorption was only observed from precursor states corresponding to Sb4 molecules adsorbed on top of a dissociatively chemisorbed Sb layer. The Sb4 sticking probability s was nearly unity and independent of θSb for θSb ≲ 0.7 monolayers (ML) but decreased rapidly with increasing θSb above 0.7 ML to reach s = 0 at a saturation coverage of θSb = 1.0 ML (referenced to the surface site density of unreconstructed Si(100), 6.8 × 1014 cm−2). Above 600°C, the desorbing Sb4 flux decreased rapidly as the saturation coverage decreased and an increasing fraction of the impinging Sb4 flux was desorbed from dissociatively chemisorbed states as Sb monomers. Sb1 was the only desorbing species detected at Ts ≳ 800°C. The activation energy for Sb1 desorption was 2.40 ± 0.1 eV for θSb ≲ 0.5 ML and 2.33 ± 0.1 eV for θSb ≳ 0.5 ML as determined by thermally stimulated desorption, surface lifetime, and saturation coverage measurements. A simple model for Sb4/Si(100) interactions involving a mobile Sb4 precursor state and repulsive lateral interactions between chemisorbed Sb adatoms was used to calculate desorption rate kinetics and found to provide excellent agreement with the measured data.
Genetics of birdshot chorioretinopathy

Birdshot chorioretinopathy is a bilateral, posterior uveitis that affects primarily Caucasians. Although the genetic basis of disease is not completely understood, certain factors are known, such as the strong association with human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A29. However, given the prevalence of the HLA-A29 allele in the general population, if it were the only factor required for disease, many more people would have birdshot chorioretinopathy. It has been suggested that some environmental factor may trigger this disease entity in those who are genetically predisposed based on inheritance of the HLA-A29 allele.
Mound formation and slope selection in irreversible fcc (111) growth

An analytic calculation of the surface current and selected mound angle is presented for the case of irreversible epitaxial growth on an fcc(111) surface with a finite Ehrlich-Schwoebel (ES) barrier. The special cases of short terraces and combinations of short terraces with facets which lead to large mound slopes are also discussed. We find that for both $A$ and $B$ steps the surface current and selected mound slope are determined by two key parameters\char22{}the Ehrlich-Schwoebel barrier and the degree of uphill funneling due to short-range attraction. However, the presence or absence of a small-slope instability is exclusively determined by the value of the ES barrier. In particular there exists a critical value of the parameter $\ensuremath{\rho}$ (where $\ensuremath{\rho}=({\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\mathrm{ES}}∕{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{0}){e}^{\ensuremath{-}{E}_{\mathrm{ES}}∕{k}_{B}T}$ and ${E}_{\mathrm{ES}}$ is the ES barrier) such that for $\ensuremath{\rho}l{\ensuremath{\rho}}_{c}$, the flat surface is unstable to mound formation while for $\ensuremath{\rho}g{\ensuremath{\rho}}_{c}$ there is no such instability. The critical value ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{c}\ensuremath{\simeq}0.21$ is the same for both $A$ and $B$ steps and independent of the degree of uphill funneling due to short-range attraction. When the uphill funneling is not too large, the selected slope decreases continuously with increasing $\ensuremath{\rho}$, reaching zero at ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{c}$. However, in the presence of sufficiently large uphill funneling, the selected slope is independent of $\ensuremath{\rho}$ for $\ensuremath{\rho}l{\ensuremath{\rho}}_{c}$. In this case a new phenomenon which we refer to as fluctuation-induced instability also occurs. In particular, while the surface remains stable for $\ensuremath{\rho}g{\ensuremath{\rho}}_{c}$ for small slopes, for larger slopes the surface current may become positive due to uphill funneling. Thus, even in the presence of a small ES barrier, mound formation may still occur. Finally, we present typical results for the dependence of the mound slope on $\ensuremath{\rho}$ for both $A$ and $B$ steps.
The Symbolic DNA of Terrorism

Understanding what causes terrorists to conduct mass-casualty attacks is essential. In this essay, we argue that religious terrorist groups and terrorist groups embracing an ideological/mythic pattern similar to religion that conduct such attacks are motivated by what we label the symbolic DNA of terrorism. Terrorist groups such as al Qaeda perceive that their identity is threatened, and believe that the only way to remove that threat is by reconnecting with their heroic past. The myth provides a narrative that encourages group members to engage in “God's work” against the oppressor in order to destroy the threat and regain past heroism to achieve a glorious future. In this essay, the symbolic DNA of terrorism is described in detail, with a focus on al Qaeda. We conclude by drawing implications for the Global War on Terror.
Spectroscopic studies of the Jahn-Teller effect in the Ã2E″ state of the nitrate radical NO3

We report spectra of the forbidden origin and several hot bands of the A^2E" ← X^2A'_2 transition of NO_3 using cavity ringdown and enhanced absorption spectroscopies. We directly observed the origin at T_0(A) = 7062.25(50) cm^(−1), which arises from a magnetic-dipole or rotationally-forbidden transition. We used this assignment to estimate fundamental frequencies in the A state. The Jahn Teller (JT) effect splits the vibronic levels E(Γ_(ev)) of the V'_4 = 1, E″⊗e′ manifold. We measured E(E″)–E(A"_1) to be 1.6(1.9) cm^(−1) implying weak JT effect in the Q_4 mode. We discuss the possible assignment of a band observed near the origin to either spin-orbit splitting or an A"_2 level.
Cognitive strategy accessibility as a function of task requirement in educable mentally retarded adolescents

The accessibility of cognitive strategies was investigated in 115 mentally retarded adolescents (CA = 14.81, SD = 1.00; IQ = 62.44, SD = 6.66). Three tasks, abstraction, categorical clustering, and sorting, were used. The accessibility of cognitive strategies was found to be related to explicitness of the task requirement. Data were interpreted to be supportive of a production deficiency in the mentally retarded.
Ultrastructural changes in the pars distalis of the maturing male rat

Anterior pituitary glands of male rats (2, 3, 5, 8, 12, 25, 36, 52, 56, and 62 days of age) were processed for electron microscopy. During early postnatal stages secretory cells are found in various stages of differentiation and comparatively few secretory granules are seen. Nuclei are mostly irregular, and the nucleo-cytoplasmic ratio is large. Many free ribosomes are present; the endoplasmic reticulum is generally sparse and the Golgi complex small or invisible. Cells are of variable shape, and numerous cytoplasmic processes project into large intercellular spaces. Many electron-dense cells which often contain myelinlike figures are seen. Lysosomes and lysosomal precursors are frequently found in secretory cells, predominantly in somatotrophs, of all immature glands. Mitotic figures are numerous in early stages after brith and decrease in number as the gland grows in size. A gradual increase in cytoplasmic volume with concomitant differentiation of cytoplasmic components as well as accumulation of secretory granules, accompanied by loss of myelin-like figures and decrease in the number of electron-dense cells, is observed as the animal reaches the prepuberal stage. Few lysosomes are seen in cells of mature glands. At 36 days of age all secretory cells seem to have differentiated, and morphological features as well as granule content show little change until puberty is reached. Gonadotrophs attain their characteristic morphology later than other cells. Cilia are observed in all developmental stages but are relatively infrequent in the mature gland. The described ultrastructural characteristics reflect the degree of maturation as well as the functional capacities of secretory cells at particular stages of development.
Solvolysis of Symmetrical and Mixed Aspirin Anhydrides in 75% Dioxane–25% Water

The neutral solvolysis of aspirin anhydride, I, and the mixed anhydrides of aspirin and acetic acid, II, of acetylsalicoylsalicylic and acetic acids, III, have been studied as functions of temperature in 75% dioxane by volume so as to compare them with the literature values on m- and p-substituted benzoic anhydrides studied in the same solvent. There is very little change in the heats of activation but large increases in the frequency factors of the ortho, mixed or symmetrical, over the meta and para. The mixed anhydrides of an o-acylbenzoic acid and acetic acid have higher solvolysis rates by virtue of lower frequency factors than the symmetrical aspirin anhydrides.
Modeling and control of a single axis tilting quadcopter

In this paper, the dynamic model of a tilting rotor quadcopter, i.e., a quad-rotor aerial vehicle with rotors that can tilt along one of its axes, is presented. The tilting rotor quadcopter provides the added advantage in terms of additional stable configurations, made possible by additional actuated controls, as compared to a traditional quadcopter without titling rotors. The tilting rotor quadcopter design is accomplished by using an additional motor for each rotor that enables the rotor to rotate along the axis of the quadcopter arm. This turns the traditional quadcopter into an over-actuated flying vehicle allowing us to have complete control over its position and the orientation. In this paper, a dynamic model of the tilting rotor quadcopter vehicle is derived for flying and hovering modes. The model includes the relationship between vehicle orientation angle and rotor tilt-angle. Furthermore, a PD controller is designed to achieve the hovering and navigation capability at any desired pitch or roll angle. The dynamic model and the control design is verified with the help of numerical studies.
A method for calculating wide band electromagnetic interference from power line corona

An algorithm for calculating electromagnetic interference from power line corona for a range of frequencies from 100 kHz to 30 MHz is demonstrated. It can be used for calculations at any distance or direction from the line. The algorithm incorporates an existing generation function which has been optimized by comparison to long term electromagnetic interference measurements. >
Cooperation or Competition: A Comparison of U.S. and Chinese College Students

Abstract The differences between the higher education systems in the United States and the People's Republic of China were examined regarding U.S. and Chinese college students' reliance on cooperation or competition as success strategies. Although the summary scores for cooperation and competition showed no significant differences between the 2 samples, key indicators in the scales directly tapping cooperation and competition demonstrated striking differences. It is therefore suggested that U.S. college students are more inclined toward cooperation, whereas their Chinese counterparts rely more on competition. The 2 samples, however, had similar predictors for cooperation and competition, indicating that students who favor cooperation and those who favor competition share similar characteristics, regardless of their national and cultural origins.
Quantitative Exposure Assessment Strategies and Data in the Aluminum Company of America

Abstract The occupational exposure assessment is a critical element in the industrial hygiene process directed at worker health protection. In the Aluminum Company of America (Alcoa), exposure assessments are directed at fulfilling several health protection needs through two objectives: (1) the identification of health hazards through the differentiation of acceptable and unacceptable exposures; and (2) the development and maintenance of a database, thereby providing the basis for the education and training of workers on health risks and control of health hazards, the demonstration of compliance with occupational exposure limits, and the resolution of future questions arising from various concerned parties, including workers, labor unions, medical staff, legal staff, and governmental authorities. The Alcoa exposure assessment strategy emphasizes the quantitative assessment of significant exposures to air contaminants and noise. The Alcoa strategy specifies minimum sample sizes for baseline and periodic as...
Switchable quasi-crystal structures with five-, seven-, and ninefold symmetries

We report on the design, fabrication, and characterization of switchable quasi-crystal structures in holographic polymer-dispersed liquid-crystal materials using a multibeam hololithography exposure technique. By interfering multiple coherent laser beams on a liquid crystal-polymer mixture, one can create quasi-crystal morphologies on a mesoscale. The quasi-crystal structures with five-, seven-, and ninefold symmetries are confirmed by mapping of scanning electron microscope images to the calculated isointensity profiles and comparison of their diffraction patterns to the Fourier transforms of the calculated isointensity profiles. Diffraction properties and electro-optic switching parameters of the quasi-crystal samples are presented, and their refractive index modulation is estimated to be 3×10−3 using coupled-wave theory.
On the weighted multivariate Wilcoxon rank regression estimate

Zhou (2010) introduced a multivariate Wilcoxon regression estimate which possesses some nice properties: computational ease, asymptotic normality and high efficiency. However, it is sensitive to the leverage points. To circumvent this problem, we propose a weighted multivariate Wilcoxon regression estimate. Under some regularity conditions, the asymptotic normality is established. We further study the robustness of the proposed estimate through the influence function. By properly choosing the weight functions, our results show that the corresponding estimate can have bounded influence function on both response and covariates.
MR imaging of the mamillothalamic tract.

PURPOSE: To demonstrate the normal and abnormal appearance of the mamillothalamic tract (MTT) on cranial magnetic resonance (MR) images. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two formalin-fixed normal human brain specimens sectioned in axial and coronal planes were used to demonstrate the normal anatomy of the MTT. MR images were obtained in 32 volunteers. Proton-density-weighted coronal and axial pulse sequences were used. The images were evaluated for visualization quality and size and signal intensity of the MTTs in correlation with the specimens. Abnormal MTTs were identified on cranial MR images in two patients, and the imaging findings were analyzed. The clinical history of the patients was also reviewed to determine the effect of these findings on patient care. RESULTS: Normal MTTs were easily identified on MR studies of cadaveric brains and of the brains of the human volunteers. On MR images, normal MTTs were commonly symmetric in appearance, with signal intensity equal to that of other normal fiber tracts. The ...
Commercializing MEMS--too fast or too slow? (Same as Vols. 2881 and 2882, p. 12)

MEMS as a technology base is coming of age, but as in any vital process growing pains occur.Commercializing MEMS is simultaneously viewed as agonizingly slow by many of its promoters and lightinglyquick by many companies whose products are being replaced with MEMS based substitutes. This effort tiescurrent efforts in market analysis, technology evaluations, competency based strategy in an effort to understand thepace ofMEMS commercialization.Keywords: Commercialization, competency, market analysis, technology evaluations, MEMS
A novel approach: high resolution inspection with wafer plane defect detection

High Resolution reticle inspection is well-established as a proven, effective, and efficient means of detecting yield-limiting mask defects as well as defects which are not immediately yield-limiting yet can enable manufacturing process improvements. Historically, RAPID products have enabled detection of both classes of these defects. The newly-developed Wafer Plane Inspection (WPI) detector technology meets the needs of some advanced mask manufacturers to identify the lithographically-significant defects while ignoring the other non-lithographically-significant defects. Wafer Plane Inspection accomplishes this goal by performing defect detection based on a modeled image of how the mask features would actually print in the photoresist. This has the effect of reducing sensitivity to non-printing defects while enabling higher sensitivity focused in high MEEF areas where small reticle defects still yield significant printing defects on wafers. WPI is a new inspection mode that has been developed by KLA-Tencor and is currently under test with multiple customers. It employs the same transmitted and reflected-light high-resolution images as the industry-standard high-resolution inspections, but with much more sophisticated processing involved. A rigorous mask pattern recovery algorithm is used to convert the transmitted and reflected light images into a modeled representation of the reticle. Lithographic modeling of the scanner is then used to generate an aerial image of the mask. This is followed by resist modeling to determine the exposure of the photoresist. The defect detectors are then applied on this photoresist plane so that only printing defects are detected. Note that no hardware modifications to the inspection system are required to enable this detector. The same tool will be able to perform both our standard High Resolution inspections and the Wafer Plane Inspection detector. This approach has several important features. The ability to ignore non-printing defects and to apply additional effective sensitivity in high MEEF areas enables advanced node development. In addition, the modeling allows the inclusion of important polarization effects that occur in the resist for high NA operation. This allows for the results to better match wafer print results compared to alternate approaches. Finally, the simulation easily allows for the application of arbitrary illumination profiles. With this approach, users of WPI can make use of unique or custom scanner illumination profiles. This allows the more precise modeling of profiles without inspection system hardware modification or loss of company intellectual property. This paper examines WPI in Die:Die mode. Future work includes a review of Die:Database WPI capability.
Enhanced electro-optic modulation in a single split-ring resonator

We study experimentally and numerically the electro-optic (EO) effect in a single split-ring-resonator (SRR) fabricated on a ZnTe-substrate resonating at 3 GHz. Measured EO signals at SRR-gap show an order of magnitude enhancement at resonance.
Altitude, Training and Human Performance

The effect of altitude on human performance is complex. Numerous variables are known to change from sea-level measures. Maximum aerobic power is depressed as ascent occurs and this impairs the ability to work maximally. While changes in haematological variables would theoretically counterbalance the loss in aerobic power, they have not been shown to do so. The environmental stress of cold may have positive effects on aerobic capacity at altitude, but this has been little investigated in humans. Pulmonary ventilation increases with altitude and the measure of hypoxic ventilatory response holds some promise of predicting humans who may benefit from altitude conditioning. Cardiac function is well maintained while lung function is not. The preferred fuel for exercise at altitude seems to be fat, while carbohydrate metabolism is dramatically changed. Much is not known of high altitude anorexia and muscle mass loss. Conditioning at altitude is known to benefit performance at altitude. The evidence for a sea-level benefit from altitude training as yet remains elusive. While selected individuals may benefit, the reasons why have not been determined.
Nonparametric inference of discretely sampled stable Lévy processes

Abstract We study nonparametric inference of stochastic models driven by stable Levy processes. We introduce a nonparametric estimator of the stable index that achieves the parametric n rate of convergence. For the volatility function, due to the heavy-tailedness, the classical least-squares method is not applicable. We then propose a nonparametric least-absolute-deviation or median-quantile estimator and study its asymptotic behavior, including asymptotic normality and maximal deviations, by establishing a representation of Bahadur–Kiefer type. The result is applied to several major foreign exchange rates.
Surgical Management of Ulcer Disease

Surgical management of patients who have acid peptic ulcers requires a firm understanding of the technical options and an even firmer grasp of the anatomic, physiologic, and pathophysiologic relationships of the organs involved. This is a constellation of problems in which the surgeon needs to be far more than a technician. The wealth of information discovered on this subject, from the clinical observations of William Beaumont to the discovery of complex cellular biology and hormonal signaling, is enough to occupy the study of several careers. Although patients who have acid peptic disorders have largely become the primary responsibility of physicians and specialists other than surgeons, when significant complications occur in these patients, it is the surgeon who is called upon to intervene.
Review of assessment and treatment of PTSD among elderly American armed forces veterans.

SUMMARY Background The number of elderly combat veterans is steadily increasing in the US and estimates project that a notable percentage of these veterans experience symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Limited data exist specifically related to prevalence, assessment, and treatment of PTSD among the elderly veteran population. Objective This review summarizes the available research related to difficulties in assessment with the elderly American Armed Forces veteran population. In addition, both psychotherapeutic and pharmacological treatment interventions for PTSD are discussed. Methods A literature search was conducted using PsycINFO, Medline, and the National Center for PTSD’s PILOTS database. Results Evidence suggests that elderly veterans generally present more somatic symptoms of PTSD. Medical and psychological comorbodities, such as depression, substance abuse, or cognitive deficits can further complicate the assessment process. Cut-scores for existing instruments need to be further established with elderly veterans. Use of exposure therapies with the elderly has not been adequately researched and mixed results have been obtained for supportive therapy for treatment of PTSD. Controlled research investigating pharmacological interventions for PTSD with the elderly is also limited. Conclusion Evidence suggests that some psychotherapeutic and pharmacological interventions already utilized with younger individuals may be useful with the elderly veteran population. However, research indicates that modifications may be required for working with the elderly population and further research in the areas of assessment and treatment are necessary. Copyright # 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.