cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
GPS spoofing attack characterization and detection in smart grids

The problem of global positioning system (GPS) spoofing attacks on smart grids endowed with phasor measurement units (PMUs) is addressed, taking into account the dynamical behavior of the states of the system. First, it is shown how GPS spoofing introduces a timing synchronization error in the phasor readings recorded by the PMUs and alters the measurement matrix of the dynamical model. Then, a generalized likelihood ratio-based hypotheses testing procedure is devised to detect changes in the measurement matrix when the system is subjected to a spoofing attack. Monte Carlo simulations are performed on the 9-bus, 3-machine test grid to demonstrate the implication of the spoofing attack on dynamic state estimation and to analyze the performance of the proposed hypotheses test.
Restoration Versus Invasive Species: Bigheaded Carps' Use of A Rehabilitated Backwater

To evaluate how bigheaded carps use a restored backwater habitat, their passages into and out of and residency within a backwater was monitored using acoustic telemetry. This dataset describes the results of this study and was used to compare activity of bigheaded carps between species, at a diel scale, among seasons, and how activity related of environmental conditions. Calculation of passages and residency are available in the thesis of Douglas Schultz (Southern Illinois University, 2006).
Effectiveness and safety of mycophenolate mofetil in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.

Background Currently available antifibrotic treatments may slow down disease progression in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), but are associated with potentially significant side effects and are costly. Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) is well known for its potent immunosuppressive properties and possesses important antiproliferative and antifibrotic effects. The safety and effectiveness of MMF in IPF is unknown. Methods We performed a retrospective multicohort analysis of IPF patients treated with MMF compared to those treated with either ineffective/harmful treatments or no treatment. Longitudinal change in forced vital capacity (FVC) between the groups was analyzed using a mixed model with random intercept and slope allowing for repeated measures within subjects. Categorical change in FVC, median overall survival, and adverse events were also assessed. Results Forty-one IPF patients were included: 11 treated with MMF, 20 treated with ineffective/harmful agents (such as prednisone, azathioprine, and/or NAC), and 10 did not receive any specific treatment for their IPF. After one year, there was a trend towards reduced FVC decline in the MMF-treated group (-76.3 mL, -2.4% of predicted) compared to the non-MMF-treated (-165 mL, -8.9% of predicted) and the no-treatment (-239 mL, -11.5% of predicted) groups, respectively. By categorical change, there was a trend towards greater FVC stability in the MMF-treated group (87.5%) compared to the non-MMF-treated (57%) and the no-treatment groups (50%), respectively. MMF-treated IPF patients had a trend towards improved median overall survival (40.3 months) compared to the non-MMF-treated (25.5 months) and the no-treatment (29.3 months) groups, respectively. Treatment-related adverse events were not different between groups; however, very few adverse events were reported overall. Conclusions MMF treatment was associated with potentially clinically important trends toward reduced annual FVC decline (similar to approved antifibrotics), greater FVC stability and improved overall survival in IPF patients. MMF was generally safe, well tolerated, and relatively inexpensive. Future prospective studies of MMF in combination with antifibrotic therapy in IPF are needed.
CodeWorkout: Short Programming Exercises with Built-in Data Collection

Learning programming techniques can be challenging and frustrating for many students. Many instructors use drill-and-practice strategies to help students develop basic programming techniques and improve their confidence. Online systems that provide short programming exercises with immediate, automated feedback are often seen as a valuable approach to drill-and-practice. However, the relationship between practicing with short programming exercises and performance on larger programming assignments or exams is unclear. This paper describes CodeWorkout, an open-source drill-and-practice system that supports short programming exercises and multiple choice questions. CodeWorkout combines an open, gradual engagement model that allows any student to practice exercises, whether or not they have an account or are enrolled in a course, together with powerful course management features that support graded assignments, quizzes, and even practicum style exams. It also provides a rich data collection and evaluation infrastructure for educational research purposes. We report on initial experiences using CodeWorkout in a CS1 course, including student perceptions of the tool and its benefits.
Rule of Law, Violence and Exception: Deciphering the Indian State in the Thangjam Manorama Inquiry Report:

In this article, I draw on Nasser Hussain’s conceptualizations on rule of law, violence, and exception to read the Inquiry Commission Report on the torture and murder of Thangjam Manorama in 2004. While clearly the Commission strongly condemns the torture and murder of Manorama, it continues to represent one of the most serious tensions that exist in the context of the rule of law and emergency that Hussain mentions in British colonial times. The Commission report attempts to resolve the tension between political exigencies and rule of law by restricting itself to being a procedural effort to deal with what is essentially a political and national security regime that ends up being curiously reminiscent of colonial reports. In other words, rather than recognizing the role of extraordinary laws such as AFSPA (Armed Forces Special Powers Act) in creating such situations, the report primarily recognizes procedural violations as responsible for the violence against Manorama. The report then ends up being a pat...
Electrophysiological Study of the Neostriatum in Brain Slice Preparation

The neostriatum of mammalian species consists of the caudate and the putaman and is a major component of the basal ganglia (Carpenter, 1981). It is a relatively large nuclear mass and is easily dissected from the rest of the brain. In slice preparation, the neostriatum is severed from extrinsic connections. Neuronal responses recorded following electrical stimulation of the neostriatum in slice preparation therefore reflect only the activities of those neuronal elements left intact. These would include the soma, dendrites, and, so long as their course remains within the slice, axons of neostriatal neurons. Added to these are fibers of extrinsic origin and their terminals, isolated from their cell bodies, but remaining electrically excitable. The slice preparation therefore would be well suited to the study of local interactions among striatal neuronal elements and the action of monosynaptic afferents. The slice preparation enables the investigator to manipulate the extracellular milieu in a controlled manner. For this reason, it is also well suited for studying the action of putative neurotransmitters and other agents on the electrical activities of neurons and characterizing the relationships between these membrane activities and specific electrolytes.
Differential Activation of the Left and Right Cerebral Hemispheres of Individuals Who Use or are Dependent on Drugs of Abuse.

Introduction: The left and right cerebral hemispheres are not equivalent in performance of cognitive functions associated with risk factors of drug abuse, nor is their development equivalently affected by drugs of abuse. The question addressed here is whether drugs of abuse affect cognitive function as assessed by brain activation, in particular related to impulsivity, and/or whether weaker brain activation associated with impulsivity increases the risk of drug abuse. Methodology: Using PubMed and key words, articles were selected that addressed brain activation in individuals who used or abused one of the psychoactive drugs. Findings are summarized. Results: For each of the drugs, hypoactivation was found. In some cases this reduced activation was reported predominantly for the right or both hemispheres. There were fewer reports for the left hemisphere. Discussion and Conclusion: Rarely do authors focus on why only one or the other hemisphere is affected or why specific structures are affected. Neurobiological differences between the hemispheres and among various brain structures could provide clues to the specific effect of drugs. Increased attention to this gap in research will give additional insights into the etiology of drug abuse and provide direction for treatment.
Trauma exposure acutely alters neural function during Pavlovian fear conditioning

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with dysfunction of the neural circuitry that supports fear learning and memory processes. However, much of what is known about neural dysfunction in PTSD is based on research in chronic PTSD populations. Less is known about neural function that supports fear learning acutely following trauma exposure. Determining the acute effects of trauma exposure on brain function would provide new insight into the neural processes that mediate the cognitive-affective dysfunction associated with PTSD. Therefore, the present study investigated neural activity that supports fear learning and memory processes in recently Trauma-Exposed (TE) and Non-Trauma-Exposed (NTE) participants. Participants completed a Pavlovian fear conditioning procedure during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). During fMRI, participants' threat expectancy was continuously monitored. NTE participants showed greater threat expectancy during warning than safety cues, while no difference was observed in the TE group. This finding suggests TE participants overgeneralized the fear association to the safety cue. Further, only the TE group showed a negative relationship between fMRI signal responses within dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (PFC) and threat expectancy during safety cues. These results suggest the dorsomedial PFC mediates overgeneralization of learned fear as an acute result of trauma exposure. Finally, neural activity within the PFC and inferior parietal lobule showed a negative relationship with PTSD symptom severity assessed three months posttrauma. Thus, neural activity measured acutely following trauma exposure predicted future PTSD symptom severity. The present findings elucidate the acute effects of trauma exposure on cognitive-affective function and provide new insight into the neural mechanisms of PTSD.
The insecurity of food security in Russia’s Far North

The food security model envisions food supply from industrial agriculture, food production from smallholders, and food imports. The food sovereignty model emphasizes locally-sourced food from susta...
Adipose-Specific Expression, Developmental and Nutritional Regulation of the Gene-Encoding Retinol-Binding Protein 7 in Pigs.

Modulation of expression of adipose tissue-specific transcripts has been known to regulate adipogenesis and lipid metabolism. Recently, adipose-specific expression patterns and developmental regulation of the gene-encoding retinol-binding protein 7 (RBP7) was identified. However, its expression in adipose tissue of the porcine species has yet to be explored. In this study, adipose tissue-specific expression of porcine RBP7 was identified and conservation of the fatty acid-binding domains and evolutionary relationship of the RBP7 gene were verified comparatively across mammalian species. Our in vitro and in vivo analysis of gene expression revealed that RBP7 expression was significantly high in fat cell fraction compared to stromal vascular cells (p < 0.05) and increased during development (p < 0.05). The level of RBP7 expression was upregulated during a 24-h short-term fasting intervention and restored 6 h after refeeding (p < 0.05). Taken together, these studies provide insights into the role of RBP7 in adipose tissue of pigs during development and nutritional intervention and pave the way for future studies on the regulation of retinol homeostasis in porcine adipose tissue.
On the use of abstractions in sociology: The classics and beyond:

This article is exploratory in nature and attempts to address the following two questions: What is the role of abstractions in sociology? and How can you learn to become better at using them? Notin...
Rate-Optimal Meta Learning of Classification Error

Meta learning of optimal classifier error rates allows an experimenter to empirically estimate the intrinsic ability of any estimator to discriminate between two populations, circumventing the difficult problem of estimating the optimal Bayes classifier. To this end we propose a weighted nearest neighbor (WNN) graph estimator for a tight bound on the Bayes classification error; the Henze-Penrose (HP) divergence. Similar to recently proposed HP estimators [1], the proposed estimator is non-parametric and does not require density estimation. However, unlike previous approaches the proposed estimator is rate-optimal, i.e., its mean squared estimation error (MSEE) decays to zero at the fastest possible rate of $O(1/M+1/N)$ where M, N are the sample sizes of the respective populations. We illustrate the proposed WNN meta estimator for several simulated and real data sets.
Tumor suppressor p53 down regulates the expression of hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 α

2706 Terminal differentiation of a B lymphocyte to an antibody secreting plasma cell requires the activity of the transcriptional repressor protein PRDI-BF1 (Blimp-1). PRDI-BF1 functions by suppressing a complex network of genes involved in maintaining the B cell phenotype and in maintaining cellular proliferation. The human PRDM1 gene, encoding the PRDI-BF1 protein, is highly expressed in bone marrow cells isolated from myeloma patients as well as in established myeloma cell lines. This makes the PRDM1 gene a potential therapeutic target in myeloma patients however little is known about it regulation. Our studies now demonstrate that the PRDM1 gene is regulated primarily at the level of transcription while mRNA stability has a minor role in myeloma cells. Furthermore PRDM1 gene transcription is rapidly induced upon treatment of lymphoma cells with histone deacetylase inhibitors, proteasome inhibitors, or cross-linking of the B cell receptor, suggesting that the promoter is poised for activation in these cells. In vivo genomic footprinting of the PRDM1 promoter reveals protein-DNA interactions occurring at the proximal promoter and in several distal clusters within 2618 base pairs of the transcription initiation point. Most of the in vivo contacts are similar between the expressing myeloma cell lines and the non-expressing lymphoma cell lines consistent with the promoter being poised for activation. However, several of the interactions are unique to either the myeloma or lymphoma cells suggesting that specific activation or repression complexes exist at the promoter. Functional analysis of the PRDM1 promoter using a series of promoter deletion constructs reveals that the proximal promoter region and two distal domains can confer strong transcriptional activation. In vitro characterization of the factors bound within these domains indicates that Sp1 and IRF/Ets proteins interact at these sites. Point mutation of these occupied sites demonstrates that they are functionally active. These studies indicate that the PRDM1 gene utilizes a complex promoter spanning at least 2618 base pairs that is poised for activation in lymphoma cell lines and is transcriptionally activated in myeloma cells.
Mathematics is more than Numbers: Forward to the Special Issue

Interdisciplinary practice between literacy and mathematics is necessary given current curricular expectations and lifelong proficiency needs. Importantly, Reading & Writing Quarterly: Overcoming L...
The possessive investment in guns: towards a material, social, and racial analysis of guns

In the midst of public attention to the question of racial gun violence both at the hands of vigilantes and police, this essay draws from anthropological theory on object–human relationships to reframe our understanding of racial gun violence. Following Appadurai’s (1986, 2015) attention to the “social lives” of objects and the way that objects function as both “median and materiality,” this essay argues that the demand for self-defense has altered the meaning of firearms and produced a system in which racial gun violence is normalized. Formed in three parts, the first develops a theoretical framework for thinking about the role of objects, in this case guns, in the production of social relationships. Doing so, this essay argues, allows us to take objects seriously as actors that work to produce moments of racial gun violence, as well as understand how these patterns of gun violence are the result of the mass production, distribution, and racialized marketing of the gun for the purpose of self-defense. In the second section, I utilize this framework to trace the legal, marketing, and engineering shifts that have resulted in the expansion of concealed carry laws, the development of a highly racialized marketing strategy that ties gun ownership to self-defense, and the production of smaller and more powerful pistols which now dominate the gun market. This new era of guns in American life builds from a longer history in which the gun remains central to the maintenance of the American racial order. Yet, the gun in this sense is not simply a signifier of race, but as this essay maintains, is both a material component shaping the bodily practices and cognitive capacities of gunowners, and a billion-dollar industry that has lobbied successfully to make guns more accessible and to make their use, for whites, less accountable under the law. In the final section, I undertake a rereading of the murder of Trayvon Martin, focusing on George Zimmerman’s murder weapon and the role it played both in the killing of Martin, and in sparing Zimmerman from conviction. By focusing on the role guns play in instances of racial violence and inequality, this essay demonstrates how new materialist scholarship can chart new pathways for understanding this important and timely issue.
ASDVC - A Self-Driving Vehicle Controller using Unsupervised Machine Learning

ASDVC is a self-driving vehicle controller that uses unsupervised machine learning methods, namely clustering based k-means, hierarchical, Gaussian Matrix Model and self-organizing mapping to optimize the path the vehicle follows from the source to destination. The real-time optimal selection of the unsupervised machine learning based motion control algorithm could provide fast response times of under one microsecond during the lateral, longitudinal and angular motion control of the autonomous vehicle. However, it is shown that a simple selection of one of the machine learning methods may not guarantee the optimality of the results. The successful implementation of ASDVC controller in self-driving vehicles could have a significant contribution towards making mobility more reliable and sustainable for the future vehicular transportation systems.
Topological Rigid String Theory and Two Dimensional QCD

We present a string theory that reproduces the large-$N$ expansion of two dimensional Yang-Mills gauge theory on arbitrary surfaces. First, a new class of topological sigma models is introduced, with path integrals localized to the moduli space of harmonic maps. The Lagrangian of these harmonic topological sigma models is of fourth order in worldsheet derivatives. Then we gauge worldsheet diffeomorphisms by introducing the induced worldsheet metric. This leads to a topological string theory, whose Lagrangian coincides in the bose sector with the rigid string Lagrangian discussed some time ago by Polyakov and others as a candidate for QCD string theory. The path integral of this topological rigid string theory is localized to the moduli spaces of minimal-area maps, and calculates their Euler numbers. The dependence of the large-$N$ QCD partition functions on the target area emerges from measuring the volume of the moduli spaces, and can be reproduced by adding a Nambu-Goto term (improved by fermionic terms) to the Lagrangian of the topological rigid string.
Sustainability Starts Locally: Untying the Hands of Local Governments to Create Sustainable Communities

In this article, I argue that local governments have a potentially significant role to play in defining and attaining social, economic and ecological sustainability, but that many local governments lack the legal authority to implement place-based initiatives - including local land-use plans, and the land-use ordinances crafted to achieve the goals in those plans - that will get them to the sustainable future they desire. Sustainable communities must emerge from a local exercise in creating an imagined future and developing the means to achieve that future. In order to implement their visions of sustainable community effectively, individual communities - cities, towns and counties - must possess the land-use or other natural resource management authority to build the places they imagine. Without that authority, the act of imagining a sustainable place is largely meaningless, as the tools do not exist to get there. Given the complexities in bringing economic, ecological, and equitable concerns together in the management of a single resource - let alone an entire community, region, state or country - successful implementation of sustainability principles will require multiple experimentations, failures, re-envisionings and new experimentations. And this process will necessarily vary with the context of specific places, as different communities identify different economic, ecologic and social values that are worth sustaining. In other words, attaining sustainable communities (with an emphasis on the plural) will require allowing each community to identify its own pathway toward sustainability.
Modeling heritability of temperamental differences, stress reactivity, and risk for anxiety and depression: Relevance to Research Domain Criteria (RDoC)

Animal models provide important tools to study biological and environmental factors that shape brain function and behavior. These models can be effectively leveraged by drawing on concepts from the National Institute of Mental Health Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) Initiative, which aims to delineate molecular pathways and neural circuits that underpin behavioral anomalies that transcend psychiatric conditions. To study factors that contribute to individual differences in emotionality and stress reactivity, our laboratory utilized Sprague-Dawley rats that were selectively-bred for differences in novelty exploration. Selective breeding for low vs. high locomotor response to novelty produced rat lines that differ in behavioral domains relevant to anxiety and depression, particularly the RDoC Negative Valence domains, including acute threat, potential threat, and loss. Bred Low Novelty Responder (LR) rats, relative to their High Responder (HR) counterparts, display high levels of behavioral inhibition, conditioned and unconditioned fear, avoidance, passive stress coping, anhedonia, and psychomotor retardation. The HR/LR traits are heritable, emerge in the first weeks of life, and appear to be driven by alterations in the developing amygdala and hippocampus. Epigenomic and transcriptomic profiling in the developing and adult HR/LR brain suggest that DNA methylation and microRNAs, as well as differences in monoaminergic transmission (dopamine and serotonin in particular), contribute to their distinct behavioral phenotypes. This work exemplifies ways that animal models such as the HR/LR rats can be effectively used to study neural and molecular factors driving emotional behavior, which may pave the way toward improved understanding the neurobiological mechanisms involved in emotional disorders.
Paternal Response to Ultrasound Predicts Increased Paternal-Fetal Attachment:

Utilizing data from a longitudinal online survey of couples expecting their first child, this study sought to examine the trajectory of paternal-fetal attachment across the three trimesters of preg...
The observation of special education classrooms by school personnel

Classroom observation is an accountability practice which promotes the evaluation of teachers’ capacity to meet standards, improve teaching practices, and enhance student learning outcomes. Prior research has revealed that these practices are not without bias: the reliability of observation can be challenged because of classroom or observer characteristics. Unlike general education learning environments, much less is known about the reliability of observing classrooms that service students with disabilities. In this study, we evaluated the reliability of special-education classroom observation by school personnel. Using a systematic scorer design modeled after the MET Project, we examined different combinations of observers (special educator, school leader, paraprofessional, and researcher) and lessons to test the impact of prior exposure to a teacher on scoring the RELATE Tool for Special Education Classroom Observation (RELATE). Analyses of RELATE scorer reliability, comparison of school personnel and researchers on their scores’ aggregates and variance, and the implications for generalization and special education classroom observation are discussed.
Ecdysteroid signalling in insects—From biosynthesis to gene expression regulation

Abstract Ecdysteroids are a group of steroid hormones originally identified as moulting hormones in insects. Ever since the isolation of the first ecdysteroid, studies in multiple model insect species have revealed their modes of action and pleiotropic functions. It is now established that they control a multitude of physiological processes, including moulting, metamorphosis, reproduction, and stress responses. Here I summarize our current understanding of the diverse functions of ecdysteroids throughout the insect life cycle. I then highlight six steps of ecdysteroid signalling as a framework to comprehend this complex hormone signalling pathway: biosynthesis, secretion, circulation, transport, modification, and gene expression regulation.
The "What", "Why" and "Whom" of Interrole Interference Among Home-Based Teleworkers.

Many employees are drawn to work-from-home arrangements based on expectations that such arrangements will help them manage both work and home life more effectively. Yet, mixed empirical findings suggest that telework arrangements do not uniformly result in less interrole interference (i.e., work-home and home-work interference). Applying and extending a border theory perspective, the present research offers insight into what factors may predict interrole interference, mediating mechanisms that may explain why such interference occurs, and a moderator that tests for whom interference is most damaging when employees work from home. Specifically, we test cross-role interruption behaviors as a predictor of interrole interference, with recovery experiences as a mediator of this relation and work-life border segmentation preference as a moderator. A sample of 504 home-based teleworkers recruited through Amazon’s Mechanical Turk participated in a three-wave survey. Results from a structural equation modeling approach support our overall model. However, the extent and valence of the impact of cross-role interruption behaviors had on teleworkers’ interrole interference depended on the direction of the interruption, type of recovery experience, and personal work-life border preference. These findings provide theoretical and practical insights that may help explain the gap between expected and actual occurrence of interrole interference in home-based telework arrangements.
Physical Therapy for NTOS

Many, if not most patients with neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome (NTOS) benefit from physical therapy, either as sole treatment or as an adjunct to surgery. Over the past few decades we have developed a protocol based on our perspective of the etiology and management of a variety of types of cumulative trauma disorders (including NTOS) which brings together the knowledge, experience and clinical findings to focus on the interactions of the structure and function of the human body and how it adapts to repetitive trauma whether that trauma is caused by accidents, life activities, or disease. The residual impairments and functional disabilities that result have factors in common that can be identified and corrected. Discussion of findings regarding evaluation and intervention effectiveness will be intertwined with specific clinical ideas for managing patients with these conditions. A model addressing the behavioral, biomechanical, cardiopulmonary and neurological aspects of chronic pain and repetitive strain injuries will broaden the traditional role of the orthopedic or neurological physical therapist. Further, this model will help to shift the traditional role of the physical therapist from a “hands on provider” to an educator/coach whose role is to empower the patient to take responsibility for improving quality of life.
Computational design of an integrin I domain stabilized in the open high affinity conformation.

We have taken a computational approach to design mutations that stabilize a large protein domain of ∼200 residues in two alternative conformations. Mutations in the hydrophobic core of the αMβ2 integrin I domain were designed to stabilize the crystallographically defined open or closed conformers. When expressed on the cell surface as part of the intact heterodimeric receptor, binding of the designed open and closed I domains to the ligand iC3b, a form of the complement component C3, was either increased or decreased, respectively, compared to wild type. Moreover, when expressed in isolation from other integrin domains using an artificial transmembrane domain, designed open I domains were active in ligand binding, whereas designed closed and wild type I domains were inactive. Comparison to a human expert designed open mutant showed that the computationally designed mutants are far more active. Thus, computational design can be used to stabilize a molecule in a desired conformation, and conformational change in the I domain is physiologically relevant to regulation of ligand binding.
Distributed management of exclusive resources in collaborative multimedia systems

Collaborative multimedia systems encompass many Internet applications such as desktop conferencing and interactive distance learning. These applications often contain resources, such as audio, video and shared applications, that must be accessed exclusively by one participant at a time. We present a distributed algorithm that manages the access to these exclusive resources. The algorithm is based on the assumption that the transport layer provides reliable multicasting. Resources are classified into two main classes: primitive and composite. Composite resources consist of a set of two or more primitive resources. A token is associated with each resource unit, and a participant must obtain the resource's token before using the resource. To use a resource, certain permissions may be needed from certain entities such as the session coordinator, the current resource holder and, in some cases, the resource itself. The algorithm guarantees that at any given time, the resource is held by exactly one participant and the token of any resource will never be lost under all possible failure conditions.
A Very Short Note Covering the Five Easy Steps Needed to Show that Keynes’s Analysis in Footnote Two on Page 55 of the General Theory is Correct with a Minor Exception that Was Correctly Analyzed by Keynes in Footnote One on p. 283 of the General Theory in Chapter 20

Keynes’s mathematical economics analysis of the Aggregate Supply Function and the Aggregate Supply Curve contained in footnote two on p.55 of the General Theory is correct with the exception of a very minor error that can easily be spotted by anyone who has worked through Keynes’s chapter 20 analysis. This minor error was corrected by Keynes in his much, much, more extensive and detailed mathematical economics analysis presented on pp.282-285 of the General Theory. Specifically, the analysis in footnote one on p.283 give a correct analysis of the inverse function form of the derivative, dN/dZw (dN/dZ) ,of the Aggregate Supply Function that Keynes inadvertently used in the footnote on p.55 of the General Theory.
The High Cycle Fatigue, Damage Initiation, Damage Propagation and Final Fracture Behavior of Aluminum Alloy 2024

In this technical paper the results of a study aimed at understanding the high cycle fatigue properties and fracture characteristics of aluminum alloy 2024 is presented and discussed. Specimens of the alloy in the T-8 temper were cyclically deformed over a range of stress amplitudes at ambient temperature and at a stress ratio of 0.1. Specimens of the alloy were taken from the longitudinal orientation of the as-provided plate and cyclically deformed. The influence of alloy temper (T8 versus T3) on cyclic fatigue life under stress amplitude control is briefly discussed. At the ambient test temperature, the macroscopic fracture mode was essentially identical with specific reference to the magnitude of cyclic stress amplitude. The microscopic mechanisms governing cyclic deformation, fatigue life and final fracture behavior are discussed in light of the mutually interactive influences of magnitude of applied stress, intrinsic microstructural effects, deformation characteristics of the alloy microstructure and macroscopic fracture mode.
Preparation of human plasma prothrombin and some of its sedimentation properties.

SUMMARY The aggregation with decreasing pH is in contrast with the dissociation of bovine prothrombin, which is reported to give sub- units of 34,000 in phthalate buffers of pH 4.92 to 6.0 (3, 4). It may not be surprising, however, to find aggregation as the pH approaches the solubility minimum (approximately 4.2 to 4.6). In view of the fact that certain other blood coagulation factors (9, 10, 16), prothrombin derivatives (14, 15), or both may affect the activation of the zymogen, and hence the results of the two- stage assay for prothrombin activity, it was considered possible that the results might be explained by a separation of a prothrom- bin accelerator or accelerators during the partition cell experi- ments or the sucrose gradient studies. Such has been shown to by the case when prothrombin preparations are analyzed by starch block electrophoresis (12). However, assays for three of these factors,3 Factors VII, IX, and X, by methods summarized elsewhere (39, 40) gave activities of less than 3% of the total activities of the prothrombin preparations examined. Factors V, VIII, and XI were undetectable. When assayed in the parti- tion cell experiments, the activity of these factors were found to have sedimentation rates that were not significantly different from that of prothrombin. In addition, mixing experiments were performed with material obtained from the top and bottom of the Prothrombin was isolated in 30 to 40% yield from human acid-citrate-dextrose plasma by a modification of the Lewis and Ware procedure further purified by adsorption on diethylaminoethyl cellulose and Sephadex gel filtration. Prod- ucts obtained were of high specific activity, were electro- phoretically homogeneous from pH 7.0 to 9.0, and were devoid of estraneous plasma proteins by immunoelectrophoresis. Sedi- mentation velocity analyses of these preparations were carried out the partition cell, which permitted calculation of sedimentation coefficients from the schlieren pattern as well from the prothrombin activity (two-stage) and protein isolated from cell at end of each run. The results obtained demonstrated that the zymogen polymerizes at low pH and ionic strength and that the prothrombin activity sediments at a higher rate than the majority of protein. This latter finding was confirmed by sedimentation in a stabilizing sucrose gradient in the bucket rotor of the ultracentrifuge. In addition, sedimen- tation coefficients for prothrombin activity in native plasma have demonstrated similar results, which, however, include a dependence of sedimentation rate on the anticoagulant used. These findings indicate a possible pH-dependent polymerization of human prothrombin and suggest that the specific activity the zymogen may be greater than previously suspected. REFERENCES 1.
Transport in nanostructures

1. Introduction 2. Quantum confined systems 3. Transmission in nanostructures 4. Quantum dots and single electron phenomena 5. Interference in diffusive transport 6. Temperature decay of fluctuations 7. Non-equilibrium transport and nanodevices.
Revisiting Alzheimer's Disease from a New Prospective: Can "Risk Factors" Play a Key Role?

J.L. Price, E.H. Rubin and J.C. Morris Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology and the Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA Department of Psychiatry and the Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA Departments of Neurology, Pathology and the Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
Open-ended cross-disciplinary motion control and energy management laboratory experiences

This paper addresses open-ended and self-learning laboratory experiences as educational objectives for senior engineering students. A new laboratory facility has been developed under an NSF/ILI grant to facilitate these experiences. This facility is described herein and the development plan is discussed. The unique and desirable features of the designed laboratory experimental stations are emphasized for their relevance to the targeted educational objectives. Three typical industrial and manufacturing systems are designed: 1) an engine-generator with automatic loading and full instrumentation; 2) an adjustable speed drive with dynamometer loading, and 3) a robot arm with a custom built controller.
Punctuated anytime learning for evolving a team

Learning heterogeneous behaviors for robots to cooperate in the performance of a task is a difficult problem. Evolving the separate team members in a single chromosome limits the capacity of the genetic algorithm to learn. Evolving the separate team members in separate populations promotes specialization and gives the genetic algorithm more flexibility to produce a solution, but can be either computationally prohibitive or result in credit assignment complications. In this paper, we apply punctuated anytime learning to assist in the co-evolution of separate team member populations. A box-pushing task is used to show the success of this method.
The Neighbor's Kid by Philip Brand

This extremely interesting book resulted from a year-long, cross-country journey by the 24-year-old [already] former director of the Capital Research Center's Education Watch project. According to ...
A Twin Study of Personality and Illicit Drug Use and Abuse/Dependence

Although personality measures such as neuroticism (N), extraversion (E) and novelty-seeking (NS) are associated with the use and abuse/dependence of illicit drugs, little is known about the degree to which these associations are due to genetic or environmental factors. The goal of this analysis was to estimate the extent of genetic and environmental overlap between three dimensions of personality (N, E and NS) and illicit psychoactive substance use and abuse/dependence. Using data from adult male and female twins from the Mid-Atlantic Twin Registry, we used the structural equation modeling package Mx to perform bivariate Cholesky decompositions for personality measures of N, E and NS, individually with cannabis, cocaine, sedatives, stimulants and hallucinogens. This was done separately for use and for a polychotomous diagnosis of abuse and/or dependence. Sex differences were tested. The phenotypic relationship between personality and use and abuse/dependence of illicit drugs were moderate and most of the covariance was explained by genetic factors. Sexes could be equated for N and E but not for NS. For NS, use and abuse/dependence of illicit drugs showed greater phenotypic and genetic overlap in males than females. Of the personality measures, NS and illicit drug use and abuse/dependence were most closely related. NS was most closely related to cannabis use while N showed significant genetic overlap with sedative use. NS in males appears to be a good indicator of risk for cannabis use. This result may be useful for candidate gene studies.
SYNTHESIS OF GRAFT AND BLOCK COPOLYMERS CONTAINING (CH)x SEGMENTS

Two approaches have been investigated to expand the scope of polyacetylene derivatives, namely (1) the use of doped (CH)x as a macromolecular initiator for the synthesis of graft copolymers, and (2) transformation reactions as a route to block copolymer syntheses.
Nonperturbative calculations of double photoionization of Ne: An R matrix with pseudostate-convergence study

The $R$ matrix with pseudostate (RMPS) method has been employed to perform nonperturbative calculations of the total cross sections for single-photon double photoionization of ground-state Ne. A series of calculations was performed in which the number of pseudostates included in the close-coupling expansion was varied. Within the constraints of currently available massively parallel computers, we were able to achieve reasonably good convergence of the double photoionization cross section for Ne. The final RMPS results in both the length and the velocity gauges are compared to double photoionization cross sections determined from many-body perturbation-theory calculations and synchrotron measurements.
Surface chondromyxoid fibroma of the distal ulna: unusual tumor, site, and age

Chondromyxoid fibroma (CMF) is a rare benign cartilage congener tumor comprising less than 1 % of primary bone tumors. Although the age range is wide, it is most commonly seen in the second and third decades. The most frequent location of CMF is in the long tubular bones of the lower extremities, particularly the proximal tibia and distal femur. Although the majority of chondromyxoid fibromas present as intramedullary tumors, a subgroup of chondromyxoid fibromas arising as surface lesions of the bone has recently been described. These are associated with an older mean age and an increased incidence of matrix calcifications. Chondromyxoid fibromas are rare in the distal ulna. We report a CMF presenting as a surface lesion of the distal metaphysis of the left ulna in a 41-year-old woman. We reviewed the literature on chondromyxoid fibromas involving the ulna and found that out of 22 cases, 1 was in the distal ulna, 13 in the proximal ulna, and in the remaining 8 the ulnar sites were unspecified. No case of chondromyxoid fibroma in the published literature had been designated as a surface lesion. Our own unpublished data include 70 chondromyxoid fibromas, 4 of which are in the ulna. Two of these are in the distal portion.
Flexible enforcement and fine adjustment

This paper considers the level of, and changes in, optimal noncompliance penalties under the following conditions: (i) where the regulator responsible for setting policy parameters, such as a penalty, is different from (and thus may have a different objective from) the regulator responsible for enforcing existing regulations; and (ii) where enforcement behavior changes from one in which enforcers are unresponsive to overtures on the part of firms to increase compliance to one in which enforcers are responsive to such overtures. The model developed shows that when enforcers “switch” from unresponsive to responsive enforcement, the optimal penalties for noncompliance need to be reduced. The analysis also gives insights as to what variables dictate the degree of penalty reduction.
Chemical diffusion of CO in mixed CO+O adlayers and reaction-front propagation in CO oxidation on Pd(100)

Within the framework of a realistic atomistic lattice-gas model, we present the theoretical formulation and simulation procedures for precise analysis of the chemical diffusion flux of highly mobile CO within a nonuniform interacting mixed CO + O adlayer on a Pd(100) surface. The approach applies in both regimes of relatively immobile unequilibrated and fairly mobile near-equilibrated O adlayer distributions. Spatiotemporal behavior in surface reactions is controlled by chemical diffusion in mixed adlayers. Thus, we naturally integrate the above analysis with a previously developed multiscale modeling strategy to describe mesoscale reaction front propagation in CO oxidation on Pd(100). This treatment avoids using a simplified prescription of chemical diffusion and reaction kinetics as in traditional mean-field reaction-diffusion equation approaches.
Tamoxifen in Platinum-Refractory Ovarian Cancer: A Gynecologic Oncology Group Ancillary Report

There is a critical need to find additional effective therapies in the management of ovarian cancer. A previously reported Gynecologic Oncology Group trial demonstrated that tamoxifen is an active drug when used in the salvage setting in this malignancy. Unfortunately, this original report did not specifically examine the utility of tamoxifen in patients with clinically defined platinum-refractory disease. In this reanalysis of the results of treatment of 102 evaluable patients entered into this multi-institutional trial, an objective response rate of 13% (95% confidence interval, 6.4-22.6%) was observed in patients with cisplatin-refractory ovarian cancer. The median response duration in this patient population was 4.4 months (range 1.2-9.2 months). Although the response rate is modest, this well-tolerated hormonal agent is a reasonable therapeutic option in selected patients with ovarian cancer when salvage therapy is to be considered. A possible role for this hormonal agent in other clinical settings in ovarian cancer will need to be defined through the conduct of carefully designed randomized clinical trials.
Fuzzy Discrete Multicriteria Cost Optimization of Steel Structures

Only a small fraction of the hundreds of papers published on optimization of steel structures deal with cost optimization; the great majority deal only with minimization of the weight of the structure. Those few that are concerned with cost optimization deal with small two-dimensional or academic examples. In this article, the writers present a fuzzy discrete multicriteria cost optimization model for design of space steel structures subjected to the actual constraints of commonly-used design codes such as the AISC ASD code by considering three design criteria: (1) minimum material cost; (2) minimum weight; and (3) minimum number of different section types. The computational model starts with a continuous-variable minimum weight solution with a preemptive constraint violation strategy as the lower bound followed by a fuzzy discrete multicriteria optimization. It is concluded that solving the structural design problem as a cost optimization problem can result in substantial cost savings compared with the tr...