cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sustainability of small water supplies: lessons from a Brazilian Program (SESP/FSESP)

This paper describes a highly successful community water supply program that was a part of a cooperative effort between Brazil9s Ministry of Health and the Institute for Inter-American Affairs of the United States. The Servico Especial de Saude Publica (SESP) built hundreds of small water supplies across Brazil from 1942 to 1991 with an extremely low failure rate. When it was evaluated in 1960, by a team of specialists from the International Cooperation Association (USAID9s predecessor), they found a failure rate of less than 1%. The sustainability of SESP9s water supply program can be attributed to five principles described here that can give guidance in future efforts to develop sustainable community water projects in low-income countries.
Impact of Age at Diagnosis on Prostate Cancer Treatment and Survival

Purpose Older men are more likely to be diagnosed with high-risk prostate cancer and to have lower overall survival. As a result, age often plays a role in treatment choice. However, the relationships among age, disease risk, and prostate cancer–specific survival have not been well established. Patients and Methods We studied men in the Cancer of the Prostate Strategic Urologic Research Endeavor (CaPSURE) database with complete risk, treatment, and follow-up information. High-risk patients were identified by using the validated Cancer of the Prostate Risk Assessment (CAPRA) score. Competing risks regression was used to identify the independent impact of age on cancer-specific survival. We also analyzed the effect of local treatment on survival among older men with high-risk disease. Results In all, 26% of men age 75 years presented with high-risk disease (CAPRA score 6 to 10). Treatment varied markedly with age across risk strata; older men were more likely to receive androgen deprivation monotherapy. Controlling for treatment modality alone, or for treatment and risk, age did not independently predict cancer-specific survival. Furthermore, controlling for age, comorbidity, and risk, older men with high-risk tumors receiving local therapy had a 46% reduction in mortality compared with those treated conservatively. Conclusion Older patients are more likely to have high-risk prostate cancer at diagnosis and less likely to receive local therapy. Indeed, underuse of potentially curative local therapy among older men with high-risk disease may in part explain observed differences in cancer-specific survival across age strata. These findings support making decisions regarding treatment on the basis of disease risk and life expectancy rather than on chronologic age. J Clin Oncol 29:235-241. © 2010 by American Society of Clinical Oncology
Block computation and representation of a sparse nullspace basis of a rectangular matrix

Abstract In this paper, we propose a new method to efficiently compute a representation of an orthogonal basis of the nullspace of a sparse matrix operator B T with B ∈ R n × m , n > m . We assume that B has full rank, i.e., rank ( B ) = m . It is well-known that the last n - m columns of the orthogonal matrix Q in a QR factorization B = QR form such a desired null basis. The orthogonal matrix Q can be represented either explicitly as a matrix, or implicitly as a matrix H of Householder vectors. Typically, the matrix H represents the orthogonal factor much more compactly than Q. We will employ this observation to design an efficient block algorithm that computes a sparse representation of the nullspace basis in almost optimal complexity. This new algorithm may, e.g., be used to construct a null space basis of the discrete divergence operator in the finite element context, and we will provide numerical results for this particular application.
Experience with HSP90 inhibitor AUY922 in patients with relapsed or refractory non-Hodgkin lymphoma.

Heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) plays an important role in normal and malignant cells by stabilizing chaperone proteins. It is frequently overexpressed in lymphoma, is known to contribute to the stability of oncoproteins and is thus an attractive target of treatment.[1][1] While first generation HSP90
On Lifting the Gibbs Sampling Algorithm

First-order probabilistic models combine the power of first-order logic, the de facto tool for handling relational structure, with probabilistic graphical models, the de facto tool for handling uncertainty. Lifted probabilistic inference algorithms for them have been the subject of much recent research. The main idea in these algorithms is to improve the accuracy and scalability of existing graphical models' inference algorithms by exploiting symmetry in the first-order representation. In this paper, we consider blocked Gibbs sampling, an advanced MCMC scheme, and lift it to the first-order level. We propose to achieve this by partitioning the first-order atoms in the model into a set of disjoint clusters such that exact lifted inference is polynomial in each cluster given an assignment to all other atoms not in the cluster. We propose an approach for constructing the clusters and show how it can be used to trade accuracy with computational complexity in a principled manner. Our experimental evaluation shows that lifted Gibbs sampling is superior to the propositional algorithm in terms of accuracy, scalability and convergence.
Frequency modulation on single sideband using controlled dynamics of an optically injected semiconductor laser

Nonlinear dynamics of an optically injected semiconductor laser is applied to photonic microwave generation. By properly adjusting the injection conditions, the optical frequency of the slave laser is first locked to the master laser. The slave laser is then driven into a periodic dynamical state, resulting in a single-sideband (SSB) microwave modulation on the optical carrier. The frequency of the SSB can be controlled by the optical injection strength and detuning. Frequency-modulated SSB can, thus, be obtained from a modulated injection. In this work, we experimentally investigate the generated SSB in terms of its broad tunability and fast modulation response. The results suggest application of this system in radio-over-fiber and optical subcarrier multiplexing technologies when microwave frequency modulation or frequency-shift keying is employed
C-CORE: Using Communication Cores for High Performance Network Services

Recent hardware advances are creating multi-core systems with heterogeneous functionality. This paper explores how applications and middleware can utilize systems comprised of processors specialized for communication vs. computational tasks. The C-CORE execution environment enables applications, through middleware and underlying system functionality, to utilize both the computational capabilities of general purpose CPUs and the high performance communication hardware provided by specialized communication processors. Such future heterogeneous multi-core hardware is emulated by attaching a representative network processor - Intel's IXP2400 processor - to a general purpose CPU via a dedicated interconnect. For this platform, C-CORE provides abstractions to represent an application's communication actions, to efficiently couple such actions with application-level computations, and to dynamically create and configure the platform-resident 'chains' of computational and communication actions used by applications. C-CORE's functionality is evaluated with representative, communication-intensive applications. Measurements on our experimental platform establish the performance advantages afforded to applications by C-CORE
COMPETENCE SIMILARITIES BETWEEN NATIVE AND NEAR-NATIVE SPEAKERS: An Investigation of the Preterite-Imperfect Contrast in Spanish

It has been suggested that tense and aspect distributions are very difficult to learn in a second language (L2), they are prone to fossilize universally, and their interpretive properties are subject to a critical period (Coppieters, 1987). This study focuses on the acquisition of the semantic implications of the preterite-imperfect contrast in Spanish by English-speaking individuals of very advanced proficiency in Spanish who were not living in a Spanish-speaking country. By assuming that aspect is encoded in a functional category where the features [+/-perfective] are checked, depending on the language (Giorgi & Pianesi, 1997), this study asks whether ultimate attainment in the aspectual domain is possible and whether features of functional categories not selected in early childhood are subject to a critical period, as Hawkins and Chan's (1997) Failed Formal Features Hypothesis states. Experimental evidence from two tasks probing the interpretations of perfective and imperfective aspectual forms in Spanish suggests that many learners (almost 30%) in our total subject pool (including advanced to near-native speakers) and 70% of the near-native group performed like native speakers on all sentence types in all tasks. Although aspect is certainly a difficult area to master, particularly because the meanings of the imperfect are acquired quite late, L2 learners are clearly able to overcome the parametric options of their native language. At least for this domain, it is suggested that access to Universal Grammar does not necessarily decay with age in L2 acquisition.
Performance of MCT's in a current-regulated AC/DC PDM converter

An AC/DC current-regulated pulse density modulated (PDM) power converter is presented. The MOS-controlled thyristor (MCT) is used in this power converter because of its promising advantages over existing power devices. A unique bidirectional switch configuration is used, which allows the MCT to switch easily at zero voltage. The converter performance is evaluated driving a 5 hp induction motor. MCT switching was performed satisfactorily, but the device fails before its ratings are reached. The MCT will be better than other devices when used in applications that require critical timing and high voltage blocking capability.
Smooth interpolation of large sets of scattered data

Abstract : Methods for solving the following data fitting problems are discussed: Given the data (xi,yi,fi), i = 1,...,N construct a smooth bivariate function S with the property that S(xi,yi) = fi, i = 1,...,N. Because the desire to fit this type of data is encountered frequently in many areas of scientific applications, an investigation of the available methods for solving this problem was undertaken. Several aspects, such as computational efficiency, fitting characteristics and ease of implementation, were analyzed and compared. Within the context of a general purpose method for large sets of data, two of these methods emerged as being generally superior to the others. It is the purpose of this paper to describe these two methods and present examples illustrating their use and application. FORTRAN programs which implement these methods are available upon request. (Author)
The neural shell: a neural network simulation tool

A neural network simulator, the neural shell was developed to simplify the design and use of neural networks. The neural shell is a prototyping environment which runs on workstations and additionally supports the execution of large neural-network simulations on Cray supercomputers. Descriptions are given of the Neural Shell Window, the configuration window, the graphics display window, file requirements and the self-documentation facility. >
The Interaction Between Methods of Instruction and Individual Learning Style

ABSTRACT Individual learning differences under competitive and co‐operative methods of instruction were investigated. It was hypothesised that: (a) students would learn more when the method was matched to the student's preference and that (b) the co‐operative (and tutorial) methods would promote more favourable attitudes toward peer students. One hundred and thirty‐two female students participated in the experiment. In the first part of the experiment they were asked to state their preferences and in the second part, half of the students received their preferred method of instruction. Both hypotheses were confirmed. In addition, it was found that students who preferred competition had better initial knowledge of the material, learned more during the learning experience and held somewhat less favourable attitudes toward their peers. The analysis of the results suggests that the interaction between goal, individual, subject‐matter and learning methods needs to be taken into account when determining an optim...
Missing the newscaster: Reactions to the 1967 AFTRA strike

The following study reports viewer reactions to missing network news anchormen, and concludes the strike and substitute newsmen had little effect on viewing habits. Dr. Lawrence W. Lichty is associate professor of communication arts at the University of Wisconsin in Madison while Dr. David J. LeRoy is assistant professor of speech at Florida State University. This study was accomplished with the aid of funds provided by the Computer Center and Graduate School at Wisconsin.
Development of a Silver Based Stable Current Collector for Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Cathodes

Long term stability has been a crucial issue for the future applications of the solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). Current collectors for the cathodes have been among the most vulnerable components of the SOFCs due to their operation in oxidizing atmospheres at relatively high temperatures. Ag and Ag based LSM (lanthanum-strontium manganite) composites were studied to develop highly stable and low-cost current collectors compatible with other fuel cell components. In this study, no degradation was observed in the electrical conductivity and the porous microstructure of the Ag-LSM composite current collectors after 600 hours of operation at 800°C in air.
Genotypic Analyses of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and O157 Nonmotile Isolates Recovered from Beef Cattle and Carcasses at Processing Plants in the Midwestern States of the United States

Escherichia coli O157:H7 and O157 nonmotile isolates (E. coli O157) previously were recovered from feces, hides, and carcasses at four large Midwestern beef processing plants (R. O. Elder, J. E. Keen, G. R. Siragusa, G. A. Barkocy-Gallagher, M. Koohmaraie, and W. W. Laegreid, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97:2999–3003, 2000). The study implied relationships between cattle infection and carcass contamination within single-source lots as well as between preevisceration and postprocessing carcass contamination, based on prevalence. These relationships now have been verified based on identification of isolates by genomic fingerprinting. E. coli O157 isolates from all positive samples were analyzed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis of genomic DNA after digestion with XbaI. Seventy-seven individual subtypes (fingerprint patterns) grouping into 47 types were discerned among 343 isolates. Comparison of the fingerprint patterns revealed three clusters of isolates, two of which were closely related to each other. Remarkably, isolates carrying both Shiga toxin genes and nonmotile isolates largely fell into specific clusters. Within lots analyzed, 68.2% of the postharvest (carcass) isolates matched preharvest (animal) isolates. For individual carcasses, 65.3 and 66.7% of the isolates recovered postevisceration and in the cooler, respectively, matched those recovered preevisceration. Multiple isolates were analyzed from some carcass samples and were found to include strains with different genotypes. This study suggests that most E. coli O157 carcass contamination originates from animals within the same lot and not from cross-contamination between lots. In addition, the data demonstrate that most carcass contamination occurs very early during processing.
Joint Power and Bandwidth Allocation in Multihop Wireless Networks

This paper considers power and bandwidth allocation to maximize the end-to-end rate in a multihop wireless network. Assuming an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) system, we formulate an optimization problem for joint power and subcarrier allocation in a network with one destination and multiple sources and relays. We then focus on low-complexity algorithms for the special case of a multihop network with only one source. In particular, we develop an algorithm for a two-hop network based upon the observation that the optimal frequency allocation in a two-hop network has a two-band structure under certain conditions. For a network with more than two hops, we propose a greedy approach to subcarrier allocation. Simulation results suggest that the performance of the proposed algorithms closely follow the optimum performance. Moreover, our results suggest that more hops do not always improve the end-to-end spectral efficiency for frequency-selective fading channels.
Diagnosing cyclogenesis by partitioning energy and potential enstrophy in a linear quasi-geostrophic model

Baroclinic development is studied with 2 linear, quasi-geostrophic models. One model is theEady model, the other uses more realistic wind, density, Coriolis, and static stability. Initialvaluesolutions are diagnosed using time series of potential enstrophy (H), total energy (E), thecomponents of H and E, and the amplitude norm. Two vertical structures for the initial conditionare used for both models. One initial condition is representative of a class of initial conditionsstudied previously having enhanced nonmodal growth (NG). The other initial conditionapproximates observed conditions prior to cyclogenesis. Results are shown for the most unstablenormal mode wavelength of each model. The growth rates of the components of H and E evolvequite differently for different initial states and models tested. NG in H is shown to be sensitiveto the contribution of the boundary potential vorticity (BPV) of the initial state; small adjustmentsin eddy structure at the boundary significantly alter BPV and H growth rates. Theamount of NG is related to how far BPV present initially differs from the asymptotic normalmode. The effect upon NG of each approximation present in the Eady model (but not in theother model) are considered. Using realistic mean flow shear, static stability, or compressibilitycan significantly reduce NG but including linearly varying Coriolis parameter did not. Twoconceptual models of NG are considered. Growth by increasingly favorable superpositionremains relevant. Growth by ‘‘tilting into the vertical’’ is shown to be incorrect. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0870.2001.00227.x
For Whom the Bell Tolls: Anthropologists Advising on Public Policy

What knowledge do cultural anthropologists have to contribute to public policy? What problems have they encountered and what roles should they assume? After reviewing several positions, this paper suggests that anthropologists consider contributing to public policy through other branches of government in addition to the executive. Emphasis is given to the legislative branch in a representative democracy. Although the paper discusses the United States, the approach ought to be applicable to other representative systems as well. [public policy, political anthropology, applied anthropology, ethics]
Embodied metaphor in perceptual symbols

We agree with Barsalou's claim about the importance of perceptual symbols in a theory of abstract concepts. Yet we maintain that the richness of many abstract concepts arises from the metaphorical mapping of recurring patterns of perceptual, embodied experience to provide essential structure to these abstract ideas.
Model-Driven SOA for Sensor Networks

Our previous work has explored the application of enterprise middleware techniques at the edge of the network to address the challenges of delivering complex sensor network solutions over heterogeneous communications infrastructures. In this paper, we develop this approach further into a practicable, semantically rich, model-based design and analysis approach that considers the sensor network and its contained services as a service-oriented architecture. The proposed model enables a systematic approach to service composition, analysis (using domain-specific techniques), and deployment. It also enables cross intelligence domain integration to simplify intelligence gathering, allowing users to express queries in structured natural language (Controlled English).
Dual Targeting of Integrin αvβ3 and Matrix Metalloproteinase-2 for Optical Imaging of Tumors and Chemotherapeutic Delivery

Activatable cell-penetrating peptides (ACPP) provide a general strategy for molecular targeting by exploiting the extracellular protease activities associated with disease. Previous work used a matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-2 and 9)-cleavable sequence in the ACPP to target contrast agents for tumor imaging and fluorescence-guided surgery. To improve specificity and sensitivity for MMP-2, an integrin avb3-binding domain, cyclic-RGD, was covalently linked to the ACPP. This co-targeting strategy relies on the interaction of MMP-2 with integrin avb3, which are known to associate via the hemopexin domain of MMP-2. In U87MG glioblastoma cells in culture, dual targeting greatly improved ACPP uptake compared with either MMP or integrin avb3targetingalone.Invivo,dual-targetedACPPtreatmentresultedintumorcontrastof7.8 � 1.6,a10fold higher tumor fluorescence compared with the negative control peptide, and increased probe penetration into the core of MDA-MB-231 tumors. This platform also significantly improved efficacy of the chemotherapeutic monomethylauristatin E (MMAE) in both MDA-MB-231 orthotopic human and syngeneic Py230 murine breast tumors. Treatment with cyclic-RGD-PLGC(Me)AG-MMAE-ACPP resulted in complete tumor regression in one quarter of MDA-MB-231 tumor‐bearing mice, compared with no survival in the control groups.Thisrationalmechanismforamplifieddeliveryofimagingandpotentchemotherapeuticagentsavoids the use of antibodies and may be of considerable generality. Mol Cancer Ther; 13(6); 1514–25. � 2014 AACR.
Abstract 233: Diagnostic and Treatment Capacity for Heart Failure in Sub-Saharan Africa: an Analysis of Uganda and Kenya

Background: There is increasing recognition that heart failure is a significant component of disease burden in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and that better strategies for heart failure management are needed. However, relatively little is known about the capacity to diagnose and treat heart failure in this region. Objectives: In this study, we seek to better understand the health system’s capacity to diagnose and treat heart failure in Uganda and Kenya, in order to inform policy planning and interventions. Methods: We analyzed data from a nationally-representative survey of health facilities in Uganda and Kenya, conducted by the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) as part of the Access, Bottlenecks, Costs, and Equity (ABCE) project. A structured survey instrument was administered at each facility between 2011 and 2012. In this study we examine the availability of cardiac diagnostic technologies, medications for heart failure, and emergency transportation to an inpatient facility. A package of medications for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) was defined from local formulary guidelines as including beta-blocker (propranolol or atenolol), ACE inhibitor (captopril or lisinopril), and furosemide. Facility-level data was analyzed by platform type (hospital vs health center), ownership (public vs private), inpatient care availability, and location (urban, semi-urban, or rural). Results: We analyzed 197 health facilities in Uganda and 143 in Kenya after excluding dispensaries, pharmacies, and HIV counseling centers. Among facilities responding to this survey question, functional and staffed ECG was available in 24% of facilitiesin Uganda and 36% of facilities in Kenya. However, this survey question was left unanswered by approximately 70% of the facilities in each country. In regards to treatment capabilities, 37% of Ugandan and 24% of Kenyan facilities reported availability of a basic package of heart failure medications on the day the survey was administered. This was driven predominantly by the low availability of ACE inhibitors, which were available in only 41% of Ugandan and 29% of Kenyan facilities. Of the facilities with medication availability, 26% of Ugandan and 32% of Kenyan facilities had a significant stock out (8+ days) of at least one of the medications in the prior quarter. Of the facilities that did not offer inpatient care, 41% of Ugandan and 66% of Kenyan facilities were prepared for emergency transportation. Conclusion: Few facilities in Uganda and Kenya were prepared to perform necessary tests to diagnose and manage heart failure. Less than half of the facilities in both countries had the medications needed to treat HFrEF. Further investment in cardiac care will be required by these developing health systems if they are to address the growing burden of heart failure.
Hydrogen Bonding in CHCl3/DMSO-d6 and CDCl3/DMSO-h6 Mixtures

Raman and IR spectra of solutions of CHCl3/DMSO-d6 and CDCl3/DMSO-h6 (DMSO = dimethyl sulfoxide) solutions are presented and analyzed in terms of hydrogen-bonding interactions. In the region of the C−H stretch of CHCl3 or the C−D stretch of CDCl3, addition of DMSO causes a new band to appear which is broadened and red-shifted with respect to the free C−H or C−D stretch. We postulate that this new band derives from chloroform hydrogen-bonded to DMSO and compare the relative intensities of the bands due to complexed and free chloroform to the ratio of the concentrations of the two species, calculated according to published equilibrium constants. It is concluded that complexation leads to considerable enhancement of the inherent Raman and infrared intensities of the C−H and C−D stretch. The vibrational spectra reveal evidence that both 1:1 and 2:1 (2 chloroform to 1 DMSO) complexes form and that the intensity enhancement of the C−H or C−D stretch is larger for the first than the second hydrogen bond. The gen...
Preventing alcohol-exposed pregnancies among Hispanic women

Project Healthy CHOICES, a self-administered, mail-based prevention intervention, was developed for women at risk of an alcohol-exposed pregnancy (AEP). Participants were sent their assessment and study materials through the United States Postal Service. This article uses data from a larger study (N = 354) and focuses on the 89 women who identified as Hispanic. Potential participants who called in response to English and Spanish ads and who said they could read and write Spanish were given a choice of receiving the intervention materials in English or Spanish. The main objective of the present study was to evaluate differences in outcomes as a function of (a) the language in which the intervention materials were received, and (b) the participants' acculturation levels. Prior to the study, all women were at risk of an AEP. At the 6-month follow-up, two thirds (66%) of all Hispanic women had reduced their overall risk of an AEP, primarily by practicing effective birth control. These outcomes are similar to those reported for previous Project CHOICES studies. Significantly more women who requested the intervention materials in English (75%) compared to Spanish (41%) reduced their overall risk of an AEP. Women with high English cultural domain scores were at significantly less risk of an AEP due to effective contraception and a reduced overall risk of an AEP. Compared to other Project CHOICES studies, Project Healthy CHOICES is less intensive; it is self-administered, freely available, and can be completed without visiting a health care practitioner or clinic.
Laundry in Space: Gravity Independent Laundry System (GILS)

Texas A&M UniversityKingsville, Kingsville, TX, 78363 The objective of the Gravity Independent Laundry System (GILS) Team is to create a system to wash, dry and disinfect the lightly soiled clothing of astronauts aboard the space station and future lunar colonies. The laundry system must be convenient to use, maintain, and be safe for the astronauts. Early on it was determined that washing and rinsing was easily accomplished, and that drying in an efficient manner was the primary problem to be solved. Several generations of “drying” systems were fabricated and tested. It was found that vacuum alone cannot easily remove all of the water from a garment. After conducting tests with flexible and rigid configurations it was found that external pressure (a bladder) pressing on the wet clothes working in conjunction with alternating cycles of mildly heated air and vacuum form an efficient and effective method for drying. The final prototype consists of a rectangular composite shell with an impregnated tubing network and an inflatable bladder. The tubing network allows the uniform distribution and extraction of air and liquid throughout the garment cavity. Inside the cavity, the garments will be placed against a rectangular inflatable bladder. The bladder will provide agitation through inflation and deflation, and will aid drying by pressing water from the garments. A fiberglass mandrel was fabricated and used to form a rectangular inflatable latex bladder. A Finite Element Analysis of the composite GILS design ensured that the fiberglass and epoxy composite structure will withstand applied forces from the inflated bladder and applied vacuum. Flow rate testing, component energy consumption tests and estimated numbers of wash, rinse, and drying cycles have produced an estimate of the total energy consumption. The prototype system appears to a similar energy usage per garment capacity but half the energy usage per lb mass as a commercial washer/dryer combo with further weight reductions possible.
Laryngeal Regulation of Airway Resistance I. Chemoreceptor Reflexes

The resistance of the larynx to airflow was measured during hypercapnia, hypoxemia, and stimulation of peripheral chemoreceptors by sodium cyanide and phenyl diguanide in 15 dogs anesthetized with α-chloralose (80 mg/kg). Laryngeal airway resistance (R1x) was obtained by measuring the pressure difference between the subglottic region and the mouth while a constant flow of humidified air was passed through the larynx. During spontaneous respiration, R1x varies with the phase of the respiratory cycle: R1x is high during expiration (mean ± SEM = 0.79 ± 0.19 cm H2O/L/sec) and falls just before inspiration (0.49 ± 0.14 cm H2O/L/sec) and remains low until the end of inspiration. Hypercapnia, hypoxemia, and chemoreceptor stimulation each stimulated respiration and simultaneously decreased R1x during both inspiration and expiration. Chemoreceptor stimulation with phenyl diguanide (100 μg/kg) and sodium cyanide (100 μg/kg) produced similar decreases in R1x whether injected into the right atrium or left ventricle, ...
Heavy Vehicle Automation: Human Factors Lessons Learned

Abstract Although passenger car automation has captured the public's attention in recent years, heavy truck automation has also been a major research topic around the world. In the U.S., the California PATH program at U.C. Berkeley has been engaged in heavy vehicle driver assistance and automation research for trucks, buses, and snow removal equipment for over 15 years. Until recently, much of the human factors work in the field has been limited to driving simulations because the state of the technology is only just now reaching the level of maturity required to move beyond pure research. Despite still being in the early stages of gaining practical, real-world experience with automation, lessons have been learned over the past two decades of heavy vehicle automation development. With the many different automation concepts being discussed, there are bound to be differences between passenger car and heavy vehicle automation because the motivations for automation differ between the two industries, resulting in different automation use cases and potentially leading to different design solutions. Similarly, since heavy vehicles tend to be engaged in commercial operations, institutional considerations can influence design, but commercial fleets also provide opportunities for driver training that might not otherwise be possible with the general public. Finally, the special use cases for heavy vehicle automation can challenge conventional design wisdom, and not all designs or conclusions coming from passenger car experience will necessarily apply to heavy vehicles.
Surface-initiated dehydrogenative polymerization of monolignols: a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring and atomic force microscopy study.

This work highlights a real-time and label-free method to monitor the dehydrogenative polymerization of monolignols initiated by horseradish peroxidase (HRP) physically immobilized on surfaces using a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D). The dehydrogenative polymer (DHP) films are expected to provide good model substrates for studying ligninolytic enzymes. The HRP was adsorbed onto gold or silica surfaces or onto and within porous desulfated nanocrystalline cellulose films from an aqueous solution. Surface-immobilized HRP retained its activity and selectivity for monolignols as coniferyl and p-coumaryl alcohol underwent dehydrogenative polymerization in the presence of hydrogen peroxide, whereas sinapyl alcohol polymerization required the addition of a nucleophile. The morphologies of the DHP layers on the surfaces were investigated via atomic force microscopy (AFM). Data from QCM-D and AFM showed that the surface-immobilized HRP-initiated dehydrogenative polymerization of mono...
Perceptions of general and parenting-specific posttraumatic change among postpartum mothers with histories of childhood maltreatment

Although adaptive meanings of childhood maltreatment (CM) are critical to posttraumatic adaptation, little is known about perceptions of posttraumatic change (PTC) during the vulnerable postpartum period. PTC may be positive or negative as well as global or situational. This study examined general and parenting-specific PTC among 100 postpartum women with CM histories (Mage = 29.5 years). All reported general and 83% reported parenting PTC. General PTC were more likely to include negative and positive changes; parenting PTC were more likely to be exclusively positive. Indicators of more severe CM (parent perpetrator, more CM experiences) were related to parenting but not general PTC. Concurrent demographic risk moderated associations between number of CM experiences and positive parenting PTC such that among mothers with more CM experiences, demographic risk was associated with stronger positive parenting PTC. Results highlight the significance of valence and specificity of PTC for understanding meanings made of CM experiences.
Effects of Substrate Micro-fertilizers Treatment on Cucumber Root Zone Environment and Yield

Substrates were treated with various amounts of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens,Glomus Mosseae and a commercial bio-fertilizer called Bio twice prior to sowing and after transplanting,in order to figure out the effects of those micro-fertilizers on cucumber(Cacumis sativus L.)root zone environment and yield.The results of 3 constant seasons' experiments showed that Glomus Mosseae can slow down pH value from raising too fast and can increase EC value in adequate range.Bacillus amyloliquefaciens can significantly decrease the numbers of bacteria,while increase actinomycetes numbers.Bacillus amyloliquefaciens,Glomus Mosseae and Bio can increase root length by 57.1%,51.8% and 44.9%,respectively.They can enlarge root surface areas by 56.5%,51.5% and 44.3%;in addition,all these 3 treatments can increase root volume by 35.4%,82.3% and 61.1%,comparatively.Different micro-fertilizer treatments can improve cucumber plant yield,Bio and GM treatments have remarkable effect on yield increase.
Information centers and socioeconomic development in MENA Finding a quantitative relationship

Even though it may seem that information floats on its own throughout the Internet, in reality someone must make policies and financial decisions to gather and organize data and prepare it for retrieval at the appropriate time. It must be stored in various formats in information hubs. These information hubs are essential components of the Internet, itself an essential component of socioeconomic development. But are these information hubs acknowledged in international development planning in the Information Age? This paper discusses information centers – libraries, archives and museums – in the context of coordinated global planning for socioeconomic development and offers a metric by which information centers may be correlated to a country’s social and economic advancement. It concludes with reflections about information components of the United Nations 2030 Sustainable Development Goals and the needs to gather data and expand information centers in order to achieve sustainable development.
Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant into Non-Myeloablated W/W v Mice to Detect Steady-State Engraftment Defects

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) are capable of self-renewal and reconstitution of the lymphoid and myeloid lineages of transplant recipients. Classical assays for HSC function rely on lethal irradiation to prepare the host for donor engraftment. This assay destroys most of the hematopoietic tissue and the vasculature of the bone marrow space, leading to regeneration of the niche in which HSC are intimately dependent for their survival, self-renewal, and lineage differentiation. The non-ablated transplant setting provides a more physiological background for measuring HSC function during steady-state hematopoiesis. In this chapter, we describe methods for assaying HSC function during the steady-state using W/W ( v ) c-Kit mutant mice as recipients. Our previous studies have found that the competition from W/W ( v )allows an additional level of stringency that is not observed in limiting dilution assays of HSC number based on fully ablated recipient competition. The ease of this approach is an advantage, and this method may be particularly useful for teasing apart HSC engraftment phenotypes that are especially dependent on functions related to homing, adhesion, or migration into the niche.
Revitalizing biomedical research: recommendations from the Future of Research Chicago Symposium

The biomedical research enterprise faces considerable structural challenges after years of stagnant funding coupled with steady growth of the pool of graduate students and postdoctoral scientists. Input from junior scientists into the nature of how these challenges affect both the quality of the enterprise and career outcomes is essential to craft effective reforms that will bring a new era of robustness into biomedical research. In October 2015, junior scientists based in Chicago organized the Future of Research Chicago Symposium. The goals of the meeting were twofold: first, to educate the local community about structural problems in biomedical science; and second, to survey scientists in the Midwest, particularly postdocs, in order to find out their views on these issues and solicit suggestions for improvement. We present the recommendations of Symposium participants as distilled by the organizers. These recommendations reflect junior scientists’ desire for diversification of career development opportunities within the framework of doctoral and postdoctoral training and for policies at funding agencies that demonstrate a stronger commitment to supporting trainees and new investigators. We discuss practical steps that can be taken to enable these reforms, highlighting the responsibilities of junior scientists, faculty, funding agencies, and other stakeholders in working toward the goal of a revitalized biomedical research system.
A Material Basis Frame Approach for Global Deflection Reconstruction of Rod-Like Structures from Strain Measurements

This paper presents an approach for determining three-dimensional global displacement (for arbitrarily-sized deformations) of thin rod- or tether-like structures from a limited set of scalar strain measurements. The approach is rooted in exploiting a reference frame that is materially adapted, i.e., it moves with the cross section. Local linearization of the frame evolution equations is shown to yield local solutions that may be assimilated into a global solution via continuity relationships. The solution is shown to be robust to potential singularities from vanishing bending and twisting angle derivatives and from vanishing measured strain, and the approach includes strain resulting from pure neutral axis extension (such as due to thermal loads). Validation of the approach is performed through comparison with finite element simulations. The average root mean square reconstruction error of 0.01–1 % of the total length, for reasonable sensor counts. Analysis of error due to extraneous noise sources and boundary condition uncertainty shows how error scales with those effects.
Variable-impedance-based human-machine control for docking of manufacturing fixtures

Assembly fixtures that are much smaller than the structure being manufactured, such as an aircraft, must routinely be positioned and docked against the structure on which they act. The major contribution of this article is to develop a variable-impedance-based human-machine control for the docking process. The issues investigated are: (i) impedance control to facilitate intuitive human force input; and (ii) utilizing variable damping to aid docking and safeguard both the fixture and structure. A single-degree-of-freedom experimental test bed is used to simulate docking using the proposed controller, and to explore how controller parameter choices impact overall performance.
Effects of 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) on the relationship between the chemosensory activities of the rat carotid body and the intracellular calcium of glomus cells.

To test the hypothesis that the uncoupler 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) increases [Ca+] equally well, independent of pH1, we studied the effects of 250 ∖gmM DNP on [Ca2+]1 and carotid sinus nerve (CSN) activity of rat carotid body (CB). CSN activity was measured in CB perfused and superfused with hypocapnic (pH0 7.80) and normocapnic (pH0 7.42) Tyrode solutions, [Ca2+]1 of glomus (type I cells) was assessed by supervision techniques under identical conditions as for CSN recording experiments. The results indicate that 250 ∖gmM DNP increased [Ca2+]1 of type I cells as well as CSN activity at both pH0+ although alkalosis diminished these responses. Given that pH will change with pH. DNP did not make any additional pH1 change, although [Ca2+]1 changed. We conclude that DNP effects were due to [Ca2+]1 change alone, and the relationship between [Ca2+] and CSN activity are internally consistent.
Linear Mappings and Their Matrices

This chapter introduces linear mappings and their matrices, working both intrinsically and in coordinates. The determinant is introduced as a function characterized by three properties that have immediate, significant consequences. The magnitude and the sign of the determinant are shown to describe how a linear mapping magnifies volume, and whether it preserves or reverses orientation.
The role of spatially-derived access-to-care characteristics in melanoma prevention and control in Los Angeles county

Among 10,068 incident cases of invasive melanoma, we examined the effects of patient characteristics and access-to-care on the risk of advanced melanoma. Access-to-care was defined in terms of census tract-level sociodemographics, health insurance, cost of dermatological services and appointment wait-times, clinic density and travel distance. Public health insurance and education level were the strongest predictors of advanced melanomas but were modified by race/ethnicity and poverty: Hispanic whites and high-poverty neighborhoods were worse off than non-Hispanic whites and low-poverty neighborhoods. Targeting high-risk, underserved Hispanics and high-poverty neighborhoods (easily identified from existing data) for early melanoma detection may be a cost-efficient strategy to reduce melanoma mortality.
Spatially distinct Raman scattering characteristics of individual ZnO nanorods under controlled polarization: intense end scattering from forbidden modes

In this study, we characterize incident/scattered polarization-specific and NR position-resolved Raman scattering behaviors of individual zinc oxide nanorods (ZnO NRs). We quantify Raman signals from the five key ZnO phonon modes of E2L, E2H–2L, A1T, E1T, and E2H, and reveal the NR position-dependent Raman scattering characteristics of the phonon modes per given light–matter interaction geometry. We then present Raman intensity maps and elucidate Raman behaviors consistent and incongruous with Raman selection rules. In particular, we identify an intriguing Raman scattering phenomenon from the forbidden modes, distinctively occurring at the two NR ends. Their unexpectedly strong and localized scattering signals at the NR termini are contrasted by the scattering behaviors from the rest of the NR positions agreeing with the selection predictions. By carrying out control measurements on isotropic ZnO microparticles (MPs), we ascertain that the unique NR position-specific Raman responses observed on ZnO NRs originate from their high shape anisotropy. Owing to the superior optical property coupled with reduced dimensionality and high geometric anisotropy, ZnO NRs have gained much attention recently for use in optoelectronic, photonic, and biosensor technologies. Raman scattering has been increasingly exploited as a noninvasive and sensitive analytical tool to investigate NR properties pertinent to these applications. Hence, our endeavors, explicitly providing the spatially distinct, polarized Raman scattering behaviors from individual ZnO NRs, will be central to the correct interpretation of Raman data of both the individual and ensemble NRs as well as to the accurate correlation of the measurement outcomes to their chemical/physical/optical properties. Our efforts may also promote novel applications for polarized Raman scattering whose optical outputs on the various positions along the ZnO NRs can be selectively modulated.
Kronecker product and tiling of permutation arrays for hamming distances

We give improved lower bounds for M(n, d), for various positive integers d and n with d < n, where M(n, d) is the largest number of permutations on n symbols with pairwise Hamming distance at least d. Permutation arrays are used for constructing error correcting permutation codes, which have been proposed for power-line communications. We describe two techniques, which use a modified Kronecker product and a tiling operation, called doubling. Our techniques improve the size of permutation arrays, and improve lower bounds on M(n, d), for infinitely many n and d, d < n.
PAX5-Negative Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma: A Case Report of a Rare Entity and Review of the Literature

Classical Hodgkin lymphoma (CHL) is recognized as a B-cell neoplasm arising from germinal center or postgerminal center B-cells. The hallmark of CHL is the presence of CD30 (+) Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg (HRS) cells with dim expression of PAX5. Nearly all of the HRS cells are positive for PAX5. However, a small minority of HRS cells may lack PAX5 expression, which can cause a diagnostic dilemma. Herein we describe two cases of PAX5-negative CHL and review of the English literature on this very rare entity. It is crucial to be aware of this phenomenon, which in some cases may lead to misdiagnosis and may ultimately adversely affect patient's management.