cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A model for tissue response to high-intensity energy sources.

A model has been developed for the transfer of energy and mass in tissues exposed to intense, finely resolved energy sources. From solutions to the model, calculations have been performed to determine the distribution of temperature and gas in the tissue, the tissue-surface recession, and the degree of biological damage. The results provide an improved under-standing of tissue physical and biological response characteristics, as well as an indication of preferred heating conditions for bloodless surgery.
Manganese(II) Activation of 3-Phosphoglycerate Mutase of Bacillus megaterium: pH-Sensitive Interconversion of Active and Inactive Forms

The effects of manganese(II) ions and of pH were studied on 3-p-glycerate mutase purified from Bacillus megaterium. Mn2+ ions converted the enzyme within a few minutes from a catalytically inactive form to one that was catalytically active even after Mn2+ had been removed. The enzyme reverted over 60-90 min to the inactive form, from which further activation-deactivation cycles could be elicited. The slow, temperature-dependent, activation, and deactivation is suggestive of change in protein conformation. No other metal ion was found that activated more than 4% as much as Mn2+. Activation by Mn2+ was strongly pH-dependent in the physiological pH range, consistent with displacement of 2 H+. Together with the pH dependence of the catalytic activity itself, the system displayed pronounced pH sensitivity in the pH range 6.5-8.0. The findings suggest that pH changes, documented for forming and germinating spores of B. megaterium, can account for much of the mutase control associated with accumulation and later utilization of 3-phosphoglycerate depots.
Effect of cuffed and uncuffed endotracheal tubes on the oropharyngeal oxygen and volatile anesthetic agent concentration in children

Abstract Background Over the past 5 years, there has been a change in the clinical practice of pediatric anesthesiology with a transition to the use of cuffed instead of uncuffed endotracheal tubes (ETTs) in infants and children. As the trachea is sealed, one advantage is to eliminate the contamination of the oropharynx with oxygen which should be advantageous during adenotonsillectomy where there is a risk of airway fire. The current study prospectively assesses the oropharyngeal oxygen and volatile anesthetic agent concentration during adenotonsillectomy in infants and children. Methods Following the induction of general anesthesia in patients scheduled for adenoidectomy, tonsillectomy or adenotonsillectomy, the trachea was intubated. The use of a cuffed or uncuffed ETT and the use of spontaneous (SV) or positive pressure ventilation (PPV) were at the discretion of the anesthesia team. The oxygen concentration was kept at 100% oxygen until the study was completed. Following placement of the mouth gag, the otolaryngolist placed into the oropharynx a small bore catheter, which was attached to a standard anesthesia gas monitoring device which sampled the gas at 150 mL/min. The concentration of the oxygen and the concentration of the anesthetic agent in the oropharynx were measured for 5 breaths. Results The cohort for the study included 200 patients ranging in age from 1 to 18 years. With the use of a cuffed ETT and either SV or PPV, the oxygen concentration in the oropharynx was 20–21% and the volatile agent concentration was 0% in all 118 patients. With the use of an uncuffed ETT and the administration of 100% oxygen, there was significant contamination of the oropharynx noted during both PPV and SV. The mean oxygen concentration was 71% during PPV with an uncuffed ETT and 65% during SV with an uncuffed ETT. In these patients, the oropharyngeal oxygenation concentration exceeded 30% in 73 of the 82 patients (89%). The oropharyngeal oxygen and agent concentration was greater when the leak around the uncuffed ETT was ≥10 cmH2O versus less than 10 cmH2O and when the leak around the uncuffed ETT was ≥15 cmH2O versus less than 15 cmH2O. Conclusions With the use of an uncuffed ETT and the administration of 100% oxygen, there was significant contamination of the oropharynx noted during both PPV and SV. The oropharyngeal concentration of oxygen is high enough to support combustion in the majority of patients. The use of a cuffed ETT eliminates oropharyngeal contamination with oxygen during the administration of anesthesia and may be useful in limiting the incidence of an airway fire.
Management of femoral neck stress fractures

Stress fractures are caused by repetitive submaximal loading of bone that causes microtrauma, where the bone either temporally or biomechanically does not have the ability to recover before repeated loading. Stress fractures are being diagnosed more frequently as the result of increased surveillance on the part of the physician and increased prevalence on the part of the patient. The diagnosis is made by a combination of history, physical examination, and imaging. Magnetic resonance imaging is the imaging modality of choice, after plain films, because of its greater specificity and sensitivity. Stress fractures are classified based on their cause, their location, their severity, their risk of progression, and the appearance of the fracture line. Treatment of femoral neck stress fractures is based on the duration of symptoms, the fracture classification, and the patient’s expectations. Treatment starts with activity modification and progresses to cannulated screws, sliding hip screw, blade plate, and/or intertrochanteric osteotomy. Predictors of successful surgical outcomes are accurate fracture classification, early anatomic reduction, addressing of any varus deformity in the reduction or the native neck, and placing the fracture line as horizontal as reasonable when performing an osteotomy. Mild fractures in the recreational athlete will lead to a period of decreased activity, rapid healing, and return to full activity, whereas more severe fractures will require more intervention and a longer recovery period. Displaced fractures have a high rate of avascular necrosis, pseudoarthrosis, refracture, and progressive arthrosis. Elite athletes require aggressive management and, even then, are unlikely to return to their previous professional level.
Repellent properties of the host compound 4-allylanisole to the southern pine beetle

The phenylpropanoid 4-allylanisole is a compound produced by loblolly pines (Pinus taeda L.), an abundant species in southern pine forests and a preferred host of southern pine beetle (Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann). Repellency of individual beetles was demonstrated in laboratory behavioral assays ofD. frontalis and other scolytids. Inhibition was demonstrated in natural populations ofD. frontalis using baited traps. In both tests, response to the inhibitory pheromone verbenone was used for comparison. In the laboratory, a higher proportion of newly emerged and reemergedD. frontalis responded negatively to 4-allylanisole than to verbenone. However, fewer reemergent than newly emerged individuals responded to either compound. In all field trials, the response ofD. frontalis to its attractant pheromone in funnel traps was significantly reduced by simultaneous release of 4-allylanisole. In most trials total reduction did not differ from verbenone; however, unlike verbenone, 4-allylanisole reduced male and female catches proportionally. Both compounds together did not significantly further reduce trap catch. The response of a major predator,Thanasimus dubius (F.), to the attractant pheromone ofD. frontalis, did not differ with the simultaneous release of either verbenone or 4-allylanisole. The results of preliminary field applications are presented and discussed.
Boundedness of optimal matrices in extremal multigraph and digraph problems

We consider multigraphs in which any two vertices are joined by at mostq edges, and study the Turan-type problem for a given family of forbidden multigraphs. In the caseq=2, answering a question of Brown, Erdős and Simonovits, we obtain an explicit upper bound on the size of the matrix generating an asymptotical solution of the problem. In the caseq>2 we show that some analogous statements do not hold, and so disprove a conjecture of Brown, Erdős and Simonovits.
Advances in the current treatment of autoimmune hepatitis.

Current treatment strategies for autoimmune hepatitis are complicated by frequent relapse after drug withdrawal, medication intolerance, and refractory disease. The objective of this review is to describe advances that have improved treatment outcomes by defining the optimum objectives of initial therapy, managing relapse more effectively, identifying problematic patients early, and incorporating the new pharmacological interventions that have emerged as frontline and salvage therapies. Initial corticosteroid treatment should be continued until serum aminotransferase, γ-globulin, and immunoglobulin G levels are normal, and maintenance of this improvement for 3–8 months before liver tissue assessment. Improvement to normal liver tissue is the ideal histological result that justifies drug withdrawal, but it is achievable in only 22 % of patients. Minimum portal hepatitis, inactive cirrhosis, or minimally active cirrhosis is the most common treatment end point. Relapse after drug withdrawal warrants institution of a long-term maintenance regimen, preferably with azathioprine. Mathematical models can identify problematic adult patients early, as also can clinical phenotype (age ≤30 years and HLA DRB1*03), rapidity of treatment response (≤24 months), presence of antibodies to soluble liver antigen, and non-white ethnicity. The calcineurin inhibitors (cyclosporine and tacrolimus) can be effective in steroid-refractory disease; mycophenolate mofetil can be corticosteroid-sparing and effective for azathioprine intolerance; budesonide combined with azathioprine can be effective for treatment-naive, non-cirrhotic patients. Standard treatment regimens for autoimmune hepatitis can be upgraded without adjustments that require major new expertise.
Social computing: the state of the art

Social computing can be broadly defined as computational facilitation of social studies and human social dynamics as well as design and use of information and communication technologies that consider social context. Novel social services and applications developed based on social computing have profoundly affected nowadays people's life. However, as an emerging research field, it gathers numerous researchers who tend to contribute cutting-edge research work on social computing. In this paper, we provide a brief overview towards the state of art of social computing.
Review: Diagnostic testing does not reassure patients with low probability of serious disease

Source Citation Rolfe A, Burton C. Reassurance after diagnostic testing with a low pretest probability of serious disease: systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Intern Med. 2013;173:407-16. 234...
New Models of Computation

This paper examines the limitations of Turing Machines as a complete model of computation, and presents several models that extend Turing Machines. Dynamic interaction of clients and servers on the Internet, an infinite adaptation from evolutionary computation, and robots sensing and acting are some examples of areas that cannot be properly described using Turing Machines and algorithms. They require new models of computation going beyond Turing Machines. We refer to such new models as superTuring models of computation. Three superTuring models of computation, namely Interaction Machines, the π calculus and the $-calculus are presented and explained, focussing on why they are better for the solution of computational problems. We expect that superTuring computation will become the central programming paradigm in the future.
A critical analysis of evaluation practice: the Kirkpatrick model and the principle of beneficence

Abstract This chapter describes Kirkpatrick's four-level training evaluation model and the reasons for its popularity in organizations. Several fundamental limitations of the model are outlined and the potential risks these limitations raise for evaluation clients and stakeholders are discussed. It is argued that these risks, plus the inability of the model to effectively address both the summative question (Was training effective?) and the formative question (How can training be modified in ways that increase its potential for effectiveness?), limits the capacity of training and HRD professionals to fulfill the core ethical duty of beneficence.
THE VERIFICATION AND VALIDATION OF KNOWLEDGE BASED SYSTEMS

Introduction The paper discusses the area of testing expert systems. It considers the three major traditional techniques available to knowledge engineers that address the problem:- traditional testing, formal specification and prototyping. The paper attempts firstly to demonstrate that it is impractical to employ traditional testing techniques to exhaustively test any non trivial expert system. Secondly, the attempt to use formal techniques is also shown to be of limited applicability and that only the static aspects of a system - the knowledge base and the control architecture can be specified, whereas the interaction of the knowledge and the output can not, as the system may be self modifying or the number of interactions to be specified is equal to the total number of tests required in exhaustive testing and therefore an infeasible task. The third technique prototyping is also considered to be impractical in that each situation can also not be individually tested.
Retrovirus-expressed hemagglutinin protects against lethal influenza virus infections.

An influenza virus hemagglutinin gene, H7, has been expressed in a replication-competent Schmidt-Ruppin Rous sarcoma virus-derived vector. This virus, P1/H7, expressed a glycosylated precursor of the H7 protein which was processed to a mature form and transported to the cell surface. The expressed H7 glycoprotein could not be detected in P1/H7 virus particles. A P1/H7 stock which expressed 5 to 10% of the level of H7 observed in influenza virus-infected chicken embryo fibroblasts was used to immunize 1-month-old chickens. This immunization resulted in low or undetectable levels of hemagglutination-inhibiting and neutralizing antibody. Despite the low serum response, challenge with a highly pathogenic H7N7 virus revealed complete protection against lethal infection. Images
Social Bases of Support for Workplace Democracy Trends among Swedish Workers in Gothenburg 1977-1980

Little research has been done to verify speculations about reasons for the upsurge of interest in workplace democracy in recent years. This study analyzes personal interview and mail survey data from workers in Gothenburg in 1977 and 1980, to discover what differentiates advocates and opponents of the idea. Although different categories of workers appeared basically like-minded about the effects of Sweden's new Codetermination Law, opinions on further democratization of the workplace varied according to workers' political philosophy, job experiences, and, to a lesser extent, upbringing. Some changes in the base of support for workplace democracy were detected, especially in terms of job-related factors.
Reply to Comment on: “On the ‘standard’ quantum-mechanical approach to times of arrival” [Phys. Lett. A 313 (2003) 498]

Abstract The “main claim” of the Comment is “alleged paradoxes dissolve by taking seriously the standard interpretation of quantum mechanics”. In fact, the authors merely suggest possible loopholes which I argue are ineffective, not addressing the spatial nonlocality which, in retrospect, is the essence of the unusual properties under discussion.
Generalization of negatively reinforced mands in children with autism

Each day, people encounter stimuli they find unpleasant. Some children with autism may require systematic instruction to acquire the communication skills necessary to request the termination of such aversive stimuli. We taught 2 school-aged boys with autism a mand (e.g., signing "stop") that could be used to escape a variety of aversive stimuli. First, we employed a systematic assessment to identify aversive stimuli to use during training. We then conducted mand training sequentially across those stimuli until sufficient exemplars were trained for generalization to occur to untrained stimuli. For both participants, cross-stimulus generalization was observed after training with 2 stimuli. Participants manded for escape in the presence of aversive stimuli, but almost never manded in the presence of preferred stimuli or when the programmed stimuli were absent. In addition, we found an inverse relation between acquisition of the mand and engagement in problem behavior and evidence of generalization to nontraining contexts.
Evaluation of bent-crystal x-ray backlighting and microscopy techniques for the Sandia Z machine.

X-ray backlighting and microscopy systems for the 1–10-keV range based on spherically or toroidally bent crystals are discussed. These systems are ideal for use on the Sandia Z machine, a megajoule-class x-ray facility. Near-normal-incidence crystal microscopy systems have been shown to be more efficient than pinhole cameras with the same spatial resolution and magnification [Appl. Opt.37, 1784 (1998)]. We show that high-resolution (≤10 μm) x-ray backlighting systems using bent crystals can be more efficient than analogous point-projection imaging systems. Examples of bent-crystal-backlighting results that demonstrate 10-μm resolution over a 20-mm field of view are presented.
Korean American adolescent depression and parenting.

PROBLEM Korean American adolescents tend to experience more mental health problems than adolescents in other ethnic groups.
Intrapartum Nursing: Integrating Rubin's Framework With Social Support Theory

Numerous studies and articles on labor support have focused on the potential for improved labor and birth outcomes from supportive care during labor. Despite increased attention to labor support research, surprisingly little has been written about the theoretical underpinnings for intrapartum nursing care. This article explores Reva Rubin's framework and social support theory as a foundation for intrapartum nursing care. The most common features of social support provided the structure into which Rubin's descriptions of nursing care during labor and birth could be evaluated. Social support theory fit remarkably well, both with Rubin's views of the role of the perinatal nurse and with Rubin's observations of mothers' needs and feelings during childbirth. Combining these theoretical frameworks provides a perspective of intrapartum nursing practice that has not been previously considered in the published literature.
Remembering the Future, Anticipating the Past: History, Time, and Cosmology among the Maya of Yucatan

This essay is about concepts of time and the past among the Maya Indians of Yucatan in southeastern Mexico. It explores how these concepts fit into the Maya's general view of the way the world works and how they relate to certain dynamics of Maya history—as we define history—during their pre-Hispanic and colonial past. One inspiration has been the often baffling written records the Maya have left, from which we try to quarry historical facts without always enquiring what the records meant to the people who produced them. The other is the reminder, provided by recent historical work from anthropologists, that people do not record their past so much as construct it, with an eye to the present, and at the same time use that past in molding the present.
Anna Maria van Schurman and Antoinette Bourignon: Contrasting Examples of Seventeenth-Century Pietism

In the study of women and religion, it has long been common to suggest that women were particularly attracted to nontraditional theology, often of a spiritualistic nature. In earlier days, women's heretical inclinations were explained by their weaker minds and their irrational nature which made them susceptible to the influence of demagogues and false preachers. In more recent feminist interpretations, mysticism and sectarianism are seen as providing opportunites to women for religious expression and forms of leadership not open to them in established churches.
Efficacy and safety of ustekinumab and etanercept for the treatment of psoriasis.

Importance of the field: TNF-α inhibitors such as etanercept have been used for psoriasis for years. A fairly well defined efficacy and safety profile has developed. A new biologic agent, ustekinumab, an IL-12 and IL-23 inhibitor, has recently been released in the US for the treatment of moderate-to-severe psoriasis. The purpose of this article is to compare the efficacy and safety profiles of ustekinumab and etanercept.Areas covered in this review: We examined safety and efficacy data regarding ustekinumab and etanercept from clinical reports, a head-to-head trial, review articles, and databases and registries from the last 20 years.What the reader will gain: Evidence is reviewed about the efficacy for the treatment of psoriasis as well as the safety profiles for both agents, ustekinumab and etanercept.Take home message: Both drugs have data to confirm efficacy and safety in patients with moderate-to-severe psoriasis in the short-term. The limited long-term data on the safety profile of ustekinumab requi...
Effects of urethane on pituitary-adrenal function in the rat.

SummaryUrethane anesthesia produces elevated plasma concentrations of corticosterone (B) that are sustained over a 4-hour observation period. The elevated B levels are reduced after intravenous administration of dexamethasone (20 μg/100 ml body weight) within 3–4 hr, although the steroid suppression of ACTH release was not complete. Histamine (2000 mg), insulin (0.4 U), formalin (1 ml of 10% solution) and vasopressin (100 mU) each elicited an increase in plasma corticosterone levels in dexamethasone-pre-treated rats. No increments were observed after administration of the same agents in hypophysectomized rats.The assistance of Mrs. N. L. Swygert and Miss Katherine Egan is gratefully acknowledged.
Copper nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes-based electrochemical sensing system for fast identification of tricresyl-phosphate in aqueous samples and air

Abstract An electrochemical method has been developed for the determination of tricresyl phosphate (TCP) in aqueous media and air. Although TCP is not an electroactive species, conversion of TCP by acid hydrolysis to cresol enables electrochemical detection techniques to be exploited. Amperometric detection was performed using glassy carbon electrode (GC), glassy carbon electrode covered with multiwall carbon nanotubes (GC/MWNTs), and glassy carbon electrode covered with multiwall carbon nanotubes and copper (GC/MWNTs/Cu). It was demonstrated that the most favorable was GC/MWNT/Cu electrode since the electrodeposition of copper onto the MWNT led to enhancement of the analytical response and the possibility of detecting cresol at a low potential (0.54 V versus Ag/AgCl) and higher currents when compared with other electrodes. Scanning electron microscopy with chemical analysis by energy dispersive X-ray techniques was used for the characterization of the distribution of the Cu nanoparticles on the electrode surface. The linear range of cresol detection was 10–160 μM with detection limit of 0.6 μM. The method demonstrates an interesting and desirable alternative for TCP determinations and was used for the determination of TCP in aqueous media and three different concentrations of air samples.
3‐Phenyl‐2H‐Azirine‐2‐Carboxaldehyde

3-Phenyl-2H-azirine-2-carboxaldehyde intermediate: (1-Azido-2-iodo-3,3-dimethoxypropyl)benzene intermediate: (1-Azido-3,3-dimethoxy-1-propenyl)benzene intermediate: 2-(Dimethoxymethyl)-3-phenyl-2H-azirine product: 3-Phenyl-2H-azirine-2-carboxaldehyde reactant: Cinnamaldehyde dimethyl acetal Keywords: addition, to CC; annulation, heterocyclic-[3]; elimination, miscellaneous; hydrolysis, miscellaneous; cinnamaldehyde dimethyl acetal, preparation of; iodine azide, in situ preparation of; azides
APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY TO THE PROSTATE: AN EVOLUTIONARY PERSPECTIVE

AbstractPurpose: We review modern electrosurgical treatments for removing benign prostatic tissue based on an historical perspective of medical applications of electrical energy.Materials and Methods: We reviewed historical reports and landmark observations concerning the evolution of medical applications of electrical energy in the literature, with a special focus on the development of principles pertinent to the transurethral electrosurgical removal of prostate tissue.Results: Modern transurethral electrosurgery of the prostate in a fluid medium has been well founded on key electrosurgical principles. Traditionally, the best clinical results and the least complications have been obtained through an understanding of the important precepts of this form of energy. These precepts have included distinctions between the reliability of effect and safety with direct and alternating current, and how different tissue effects can be achieved, either with selective current modes (cutting and coagulating waveforms) ...
Effect of Stillbirths on Dam Survival and Reproduction Performance in Holstein Dairy Cows

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effect of stillbirth on survival and reproductive performance of lactating dairy cows. Data were collected from 2 different regions of the US calving-ease scores (CES) were recorded by farm personnel on a scale of 1 (no problem) to 5 (extreme difficulty). Stillbirths were recorded by farm personnel. The final analysis included 13,608 calvings of which 93.4% were live calves and 6.6% stillbirths. An increasing or decreasing trend in the incidence of stillbirth by parity and by CES was analyzed by Cochran-Armitage trend tests. A significant decreasing trend in the incidence of stillbirth by parity group was detected. The incidence of stillbirth increased as the CES increased. The incidence of stillbirths was 3.6, 11.2, 25.9, and 60.1% for CES score 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. Dam survival in the herd and reproductive performance were analyzed by the Cox proportional hazards model. Variables that decreased dam survival time were stillbirths, primiparity, and CES of 3 and 4. The variables that reduced reproductive performance were stillbirths, multiparity, male calves, and CES of 3 and 4. Cows that had stillbirths had significantly increased risk of culling/death throughout the lactation and increased median days open by 88 d compared with cows that had live calves. In conclusion, losses from stillbirths are far greater than just the value of the calf.
ApoB-75, a truncation of apolipoprotein B associated with familial hypobetalipoproteinemia : genetic and kinetic studies

We have identified a mutation of apolipoprotein B (apoB) in a kindred with hypobetalipoproteinemia. Four affected members had plasma concentrations of total cholesterol of 115 +/- 14, low density lipoprotein (LDL)-C of 48 +/- 11, and apoB of 28 +/- 9 (mg/dl mean +/- SD). The values correspond to approximately 30% the values for unaffected relatives. Triglyceride and high density lipoprotein (HDL)-C concentrations were 92 +/- 50 and 49 +/- 4, respectively, neither significantly different from unaffected relatives. Western blots of plasma apoB of affected subjects showed two major bands: apoB-100 and an apoB-75 (mol wt of approximately 418,000). DNA sequencing of the appropriate polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-amplified genomic DNA segment revealed a deletion of the cytidine at nucleotide position 10366, resulting in a premature stop codon at amino acid residue 3387. In apoB-75/apoB-100 heterozygotes, two LDL populations containing either apoB-75 or apoB-100 could be distinguished from each other by gel permeation chromatography and by immunoblotting of nondenaturing gels using monoclonal antibodies B1B3 (epitope between apoB amino acid residues 3506-3635) and C1.4 (epitope between residues 97-526). ApoB-75 LDL were smaller and more dense than apoB-100 LDL. To determine whether the low concentration of apoB-75 was due to its enhanced LDL-receptor-mediated removal, apoB-75 LDL were isolated from the proband's d 1.063-1.090 g/ml fraction (which contained most of the apoB-75 in his plasma) by chromatography on anti-apoB and anti-apoA-I immunoaffinity columns. The resulting pure apoB-75 LDL fraction interacted with the cells 1.5-fold more effectively than apoB-100 LDL (d 1.019-1.063 g/ml). To determine the physiologic mechanism responsible for the hypobetalipoproteinemia, in vivo kinetic studies were performed in two affected subjects, using endogenous labeling of apoB-75 and apoB-100 with [13C]leucine followed by multicompartmental kinetic analyses. Fractional catabolic rates of apoB-75 VLDL and LDL were 2- and 1.3-fold those of apoB-100 very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) and LDL, respectively. Production rates of apoB-75 were approximately 30% of those for apoB-100. This differs from the behavior of apoB-89, a previously described variant, whose FCRs were also increased approximately 1.5-fold relative to apoB-100, but whose production rates were nearly identical to those of apoB-100. Thus, in contrast to the apoB-89 mutation, the apoB-75 mutation imparts two physiologic defects to apoB-75 lipoproteins that account for the hypobetalipoproteinemia, diminished production and increased catabolism.
On the linear approximation of mixture internal energies of departure

Abstract Direct Monte Carlo simulation of internal energies of departure for binary mixtures of geological interest are gathered and compared to those calculated using a linear mixing rule. Simulation results for gas–oil, oil–oil, and oil–water mixtures show that the linear mixing rule used in the Gibbs–Helmholtz Constrained (GHC) equation of state framework gives accurate approximations of binary mixture internal energies of departure. A flowchart for computing internal energies of departure using Monte Carlo simulation is included along with a sensitivity analysis for the GHC mixture energy parameter with respect to uncertainty in internal energies of departure.
Plant-Herbivore Interactions in the Era of Big Data

With the reduced costs, enhanced sensitivities and increased accessibility, the OMICs strategies of modern science are providing new insights and opportunities to understand the evolution and dynamics of plant-pest interactions. The deployment of high-throughput methods to study variation at the genome, transcriptome, proteome, and metabolome levels has allowed in-depth investigation of previously intractable questions in the field of plant-herbivore interactions. Discovery of the regulatory mechanisms within a single organism (plant, herbivore, herbivore endosymbiont, or resident microbe) or amongst multiple organisms as they interact is now possible, allowing the complexity of herbivore adaptation to plant hosts and host plant defense strategies to be revealed and providing momentum for the development of new gene-based mechanisms for controlling herbivore damage. Here the current status and challenges of OMICs technologies as they relate to plant-feeding insects important in our ecosystems, agriculture and forestry, their natural enemies, and their microbiomes are described. The genomics of plant-feeding or –pollinating insects, perspectives on the triumvirate of functional genomics (transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics), as well as the increasing importance of integrating OMICs strategies to address contemporary biological questions are highlighted.
The Futures Wheel: A Method for Exploring the Implications of Social–Ecological Change

Change in social–ecological systems often produces a cascade of unanticipated consequences. Natural resource professionals and other stakeholders need to understand the possible implications of cascading change to prepare for it. The Futures Wheel is a “smart group” method that uses a structured brainstorming process to uncover and evaluate multiple levels of consequences resulting from all types of change. The output is a map of possible direct and indirect, positive and negative impacts that can be analyzed to develop strategies to promote desirable consequences and avoid undesirable ones. The Futures Wheel can help natural resource planners and decision makers anticipate unforeseen consequences of social–ecological change and become more proactive.
David Oliver: Resuscitation orders and reality

The BMJ recently carried two informative pieces on the implications of common law rulings for doctors in England and Wales documenting “Do not attempt cardiopulmonary resuscitation” (DNACPR) decisions.1 2 The Tracey ruling in the Court of Appeal was followed by Winspear in the High Court.3 4 Responses revealed many professional concerns about the implications. Meanwhile, the Resuscitation Council recently consulted on “Emergency care and treatment plans”: these aim to make recorded anticipatory decisions about patients’ wishes and the desirability and limits of emergency and life saving treatment more consistent and widespread, including in people who lack capacity.5 It’s easy to see why the public and press can become so agitated. Finding out second hand that …
Genetic Basis for ADHD Subtypes

Parental questionnaires regarding symptoms of ADHD in 1480 twin pairs were mailed when children were 8-9, 13-14, and 16-17 years old.
Statistical Aspect of Trait Mapping Using a Dense Set of Markers: A Partial Review

This paper presents a review of statistical methods used to locate trait loci using maps of markers spanning the whole genome. Such maps are becoming readily available and can be especially useful in mapping traits that are non Mendelian. Genome-wide search for a trait locus is often called a “global search”.
Non-Statin Treatment of Dyslipidemia

The intent of this chapter is to provide information regarding non-statin medications utilized to treat patients with dyslipidemia. The goal of treating dyslipidemia is to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease rather than just altering some aspect of cholesterol metabolism or to achieve an improved number for some cholesterol fraction. Reduction of risk is best established by randomized, controlled trials that evaluate cardiovascular outcome such as reduction in acute myocardial infarctions, nonfatal myocardial infarctions, cardiovascular death and the effect on total mortality. Accordingly, randomized controlled trials will be discussed in this chapter when such information is available. Further, the design of the randomized controlled trials will be presented since the design may strongly influence the result. When appropriate, perspective on results of the study will be presented. Furthermore, the chapter will provide some historical data, mechanism of action, effect on lipids, benefits of medications, and adverse effects. For some newer drugs that are still in phase 2 or currently unreported phase 3 trials, information that is currently available will be presented.
Feminist Catholic Theological Ethics: Conversations in the World Church

In the introduction to this volume, A. E. Orobator cites a contemporary myth that claims that the urgency that drove earlier feminist theology and ethics has receded, and that “feminist discourse h...
NCSX Construction Progress and Research Plans

Stellarators use 3D plasma and magnetic field shaping to produce a steady-state disruption-free magnetic confinement configuration. Compact stellarators have additional attractive properties-quasi-symmetric magnetic fields and low aspect ratio. The National Compact Stellarator Experiment (NCSX) is being constructed at the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory (PPPL) in partnership with the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) to test the physics of a high-beta compact stellarator with a low-ripple, tokamak-like magnetic configuration. The engineering challenges of NCSX stem from its complex geometry requirements. These issues are addressed in the construction project through manufacturing R&D and system engineering. As a result, the fabrication of the coil winding forms and vacuum vessel are proceeding in industry without significant technical issues, and preparations for winding the coils at PPPL are in place. Design integration, analysis, and dimensional control are functions provided by system engineering to ensure that the finished product will satisfy the physics requirements, especially accurate realization of the specified coil geometries. After completion of construction in 2009, a research program to test the expected physics benefits will start
Supplemental Insurance and Racial Health Disparities under Medicare Part B.

Objective To assess the impact of preferences, socioeconomic status (SES), and supplemental insurance (SI) on racial/ethnic disparities in the probability and use of services at physicians' offices, hospitals, and emergency departments among Medicare beneficiaries enrolled in Part B. Research Design and Subjects This study includes black and white beneficiaries from the 2009–2011 panel of the Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey who were enrolled in Medicare Part B. Logit and negative binomial multivariate regression analysis were used in conjunction with rank-and-replace methods to determine factors influencing utilization and black–white utilization disparities. Principal Findings Among Part B beneficiaries, significant disparities exist for each studied service. Examining contributing factors, 12–19 percent of the black–white health-adjusted difference in the probability of use is explained by differences in SES, whereas differences in the distribution of SI accounts for 20 percent or more. For volume, SES is found to account for 2–11 percent of differences with SI making up another 9–10 percent. Conclusions A substantial portion of the difference in black–white beneficiary use of outpatient services is due to SI. Policies aimed at increasing coverage are likely to increase the probability of visits with modest increases in volume.
Knowledge and attitudes of primary care physicians regarding prostate cancer screening

A82 Introduction: We report the results of a questionnaire administered to primary care physician to determine their baseline knowledge of prostate cancer and their attitudes on prostate cancer screening. Materials and Methods: A 27-item questionnaire designed to assess prostate cancer knowledge and screening attitudes was administered to primary care physicians in Duval and Alachua Counties. Completed surveys were returned, entered into the master database, and analyzed. Results: Mean initial knowledge score was 66%. In multivariate regression analysis, there were no covariates independently associated with knowledge scores. In multivariate regression analysis, there were no covariates independently associated with attitude scores. Lastly, knowledge scores were not associated with attitude scores (p = 0.85). Conclusions: Our findings imply that physicians’ knowledge is not an important predictor of their screening behavior. Thus this study raises the possibility that factors other than educational programs must be assessed as a means to increase screening in specific communities.
Neonatal bladder inflammation induces long-term visceral pain and altered responses of spinal neurons in adult rats

Painful events early in life have been shown to increase the incidence of interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome in adulthood. However, the intrinsic mechanism is not well studied. We previously reported that neonatal bladder inflammation causes chronic visceral hypersensitivity along with molecular disruption of spinal GABAergic system in rats. The present study investigates whether these molecular changes affect the integrative function and responses of bladder-sensitive primary afferent and spinal neurons. Neonatal bladder inflammation was induced by intravesicular injection of zymosan during postnatal (P) days 14–16. In adulthood (P60), the viscero-motor response (VMR) to visceral stimuli was significantly inhibited by intrathecal (i.t) HZ166 (GABAAα-2 agonist) only in neonatally saline-treated, but not in neonatally zymosan-treated rats. HZ166 significantly inhibited the responses of bladder-responsive lumbosacral (LS) spinal neurons to urinary bladder distension (UBD) and slow infusion (SI) in neonatally saline-treated rats. Similar results were also observed in naive adult rats where HZ166 produced significant inhibition of bladder-responsive spinal neurons. However, HZ166 did not inhibit responses of UBD-responsive spinal neurons from neonatally zymosan-treated rats. The drug did not attenuate the responses of UBD-sensitive pelvic nerve afferent (PNA) fibers to UBD and SI in either group of rats tested. Immunohistochemical studies showed a significantly lower level of GABAAα-2 receptor expression in the LS spinal cord of neonatally zymosan-treated rats compared to saline-treated rats. These findings indicate that neonatal bladder inflammation leads to functional and molecular alteration of spinal GABAAα-2 receptor subtypes, which may result in chronic visceral hyperalgesia in adulthood.
A study of adatom ripening on an Al (1 1 1) surface with machine learning force fields

Abstract Surface phenomena are increasingly becoming important in exploring nanoscale materials growth and characterization. Consequently, the need for atomistic based simulations is increasing. Recently, we proposed a machine learning approach, known as AGNI, that allows fast and quantum mechanical accurate atomic force predictions given an atom’s neighborhood environment. Here, we make use of such force fields to study and characterize the nanoscale diffusion and growth processes occurring on an Al (1 1 1) surface. In particular we focus on the adatom ripening phenomena, confirming past experimental findings, wherein a low and high temperature growth regime were observed using entirely molecular dynamics simulations.
Abstract 118: Fetal Betamethasone Exposure Enhances the Peptide Ratio of Angiotensin II to Angiotensin-(1-7) in the Dorsal Medulla of Adult Sheep

Betamethasone (BMS) is administered to women entering into early preterm labor to facilitate fetal lung development and decrease infant mortality; however, fetal steroid exposure may lead to deleterious consequences long term. In a sheep model of BMS exposure in utero, we show elevated mean arterial pressure (MAP) and decreased baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) for control of heart rate at 6- and 20-months (mo) of age. The changes in MAP and BRS are associated with alterations in components of both the circulating and intra-renal renin-angiotensin systems (RAS) that may ultimately shift the balance to the pro-hypertensive peptide, angiotensin (Ang) II. In the brain solitary tract nucleus, Ang II actions through the AT 1 receptor oppose the beneficial actions of Ang-(1-7) at the mas receptor for BRS regulation. We found decreased expression of the mas protein in the dorsal medulla of BMS-exposed animals at 6- and 20- months of age with no changes in the AT 1 receptor expression. To determine whether tissue Ang peptides may contribute to altered BRS, the present study utilized three selective radioimmunoassay (RIAs) to quantify Ang I, Ang II and Ang-(1-7) in the dorsal medulla of 6-mo old male sheep. Comparisons of tissue peptide concentrations were not significantly different between groups; however, BMS-exposed offspring have a significant increase in the ratio of Ang II to Ang-(1-7) (Control: 0.61 ± 0.11, BMS: 2.3 ± 0.62; p
Chemical ecology of Halyomorpha halys : discoveries and applications

There have been notable and significant advances in elucidating the chemical ecology of the invasive Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), brown marmorated stink bug. This highly destructive and polyphagous pest is originally from Korea, China, and Japan, but was accidentally introduced into North America and Europe. Prior to its invasion into these regions, little was known about its chemical ecology. However, since then, researchers have identified and synthesized its aggregation pheromone, documented its synergism with the pheromone of another Asian stink bug, Plautia stali, developed monitoring traps of various designs, and lures with reliable attractants have become commercially available. Furthermore, plant volatiles have been shown to have attractive, neutral, and repellent effects on attraction and retention of H. halys, and H. halys-derived volatiles have been shown to play a role in recruiting natural enemies. Finally, management strategies based on pheromone-based technology have been evaluated, including insecticide applications based on a cumulative threshold of adult captures in pheromone-baited traps, and the use of intensively baited trees in an attract-and-kill strategy to manage this pest. This review summarizes the available literature on the chemical ecology of H. halys and concludes with several research areas that should be explored in future research.
Finite temperature stability of single-layer black and blue phosphorus adsorbed on Au(1 1 1): a first-principles study

The finite-temperature stability of single-layer black (BP) and blue (bP) phosphorus deposited on a gold substrate is investigated using first-principles calculations. In contrast to previous studies, a density functional theory (DFT) treatment including van der Waals (vdW) corrections predicts that the thermo-structural properties do not lead to a phase transition from BP to bP. To account for entropic (i.e. finite temperature) effects on the stability of materials deposited on a substrate within a first-principles framework, we develop an algorithm to investigate phonons properties at the interface between the phosphorus layers and a metallic substrate. This approach greatly reduces the computational cost and makes it possible to use DFT to model vibrational properties of systems with hundreds of atoms, and especially those that can be separated into weakly interacting sub-systems. It also allows for the description of interfacial shear and breathing-like modes, which enter in the evaluation of finite temperature effects via the Helmholtz free energy. In contrast to the freestanding case, we find that bP is energetically more stable than BP adsorbed on Au(1 1 1) with an energy difference between these two phases equal to 46 meV/atom at room temperature.
The Elements of Non-Linear Continuum Mechanics

In this review, I shall give an introductory account of non-linear continuum mechanics, particularly emphasizing those aspects of the subject which may be of potential interest to geophysicists.
Benchmarking Hospitality Management Curricula: A Comparison of Top U.S. Programs—A Repeat Study

More than 18 years ago, scholars from Pennsylvania State University captured the structure of undergraduate hospitality course offerings in 16 leading U.S. schools (Bartlett, Upneja, & Lubetkin, 19...
Core syllables vs. moraic writing

Abstract It is generally accepted that the units of writing systems represent categories found in spoken language; in phonographic writing, these categories traditionally include the syllable and segment, which correspond to syllabic and alphabetic systems. But it has been claimed that some or most “syllabaries” are actually based on moras, well known from phonological theory as units of syllable weight. I argue that apparent moraic systems are in fact built on signs that stand for core CV syllables, and consequently that moras do not appear to play a central role in any writing system.