cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fabrication of micron size Nb/Al-Al/sub 2/O/sub 3//Nb junctions with a trilevel resist liftoff process

A trilevel resist, consisting of polyimide planarization, SiO/sub 2/ barrier, and photoresist, was used to pattern junction areas in Nb/Al-Al/sub 2/O/sub 3//Nb trilayer films. After reactive ion etching to define the junction areas, the perimeter of the junction was revealed, and excellent liftoff structures were defined with an oxygen plasma shrink of the exposed polyimide sidewalls. A subsequently deposited insulation layer seals the sides and the top surface along the perimeter of the Nb counter electrode button. High-quality superconductor-insulator-superconductor (SIS) junctions with diameters as small as 1.2 mu m and V/sub m/ as large as 1500 mV at 2.0 K have been fabricated. An SIS receiver using these junctions with integrated tuning elements has a DSB noise temperature of 58 K at 230 GHz. This is believed to be the lowest receiver noise temperature ever reported at this frequency.
Corporation and Polis.

Given the problems in the business world, it might be time to rethink business from a perspective that is not (neo)Marxist or capitalist. This article does just that by rethinking the ideology of human freedom in business. This article argues that corporations are freer than humans under capitalism. Moreover, corporations, more so than humans, engage in free action, as Arendt defines action. To return to the place where human freedom is an actuality not ideology, we must understand the nature of freedom and how the present situation arose. From that we can then develop solutions. One solution posited here is that managers must treat employees as worthy of empowerment. This solution gives organizational behavior theory the ethical status that it has not had earlier. Even if the solution set out in this review is not functional, the view of business developed in this article is new and merits further examination in order that business can functional more ethically, including the treatment of people.
Sovereign Wealth Funds-Investment Strategies and Financial Distress

Sovereign wealth funds (SWFs) are generally defined as investment funds owned and managed by national governments.1 SWFs are not a new phenomenon, but, as many emerging markets and commodities-exporting countries have accumulated large stocks of foreign assets, effective wealth management has increasingly become an important public sector responsibility Accordingly, the number of SWFs has been rising and assets under management have increased by more than half in the last decade, thereby exceeding assets managed by hedge funds and accounting for between one-fourth and one-third of all foreign assets held by sovereigns. SWFs have become increasingly important not only within their own countries, but also in the global financial system.
Directed self-assembly of 1D microtubule nano-arrays

Microtubules (MTs) are biological polymer filaments that display unique polymerization dynamics, and serve as inspiration for developing synthetic nanomaterials that exhibit similar assembly-derived behaviours. Here we explore an assembly process in which extended 1D nano-arrays (NAs) are formed through the directed, head-to-tail self-assembly of MT filaments. In particular, we demonstrate that the elongation of NAs over time is due to directed self-assembly of MTs by a process that is limited by diffusion and follows second-order rate kinetics. We further described a mechanism, both experimental and through molecular dynamics simulations, where stable junctions among MT building blocks are formed by alignment and adhesion of opposing filament ends, which is followed by formation of a stable junction through the incorporation of free tubulin and the removal of lattice vacancies. The fundamental principles described in this directed self-assembly process provide a promising basis for new approaches to manufacturing complex, heterostructured nanocomposites.
An Optimal Preparation for Studying Optimization

Imagine a fly navigating through a forest at 2 m/s. In order to correct for the effects of the wind and other flight instabilities, the fly must continually estimate its heading direction if only to avoid running into a tree or inadvertently flying in circles. Given the striking prominence of eyes on a fly's body, it is not surprising that vision plays a key role in many of its behaviors, including flight (Egelhaaf and Borst 1993). In fact, when a fly is suspended from a wire inside a rotating drum so that the visual scene in front of the fly moves to the right, the fly uses its wings to turn its body to the right, presumably to try to maintain what it perceives as its current heading direction (Reichardt and Poggio 1976). However, flies do not exhibit this behavior following lesions to subsets of the 50 or so identified neurons in the lobular plate that respond to wide-field visual motion (Hausen and Wehrhahn 1983). The fact that these neurons are involved in stabilizing heading direction, which is critical for chasing potential mating partners and avoiding obstacles, suggests that there has probably been strong evolutionary pressure on their performance. One of these neurons, H1, is particularly accessible experimentally, allowing stable extracellular recordings for hours and even days.
Solution of a dual integral equation for crack and indentation problems

Abstract Using the Sonine integrals, some dual integral equations with the Bessel kernels were reduced to a single integral equation. Then the closed form solutions of these dual integral equations were obtained. Based on the method, the anti-plane shear of an elastic layer was solved exactly.
Forest restoration on steep slopes after coal surface mining in Appalachian USA: Soil grading and seeding effects

Abstract Native trees can be re-established on coal surface mine sites in eastern USA if appropriate reclamation techniques are used. Soil grading and herbaceous vegetation seeding are essential reclamation practices that may influence plant community reestablishment and hydrologic processes that are essential to forested landscapes. We evaluated effects of grading and seeding practices on tree survival and growth, recruitment of plant species, and water infiltration on three steep-slope mine sites in the USA’s central Appalachian coalfield. Half of each site was graded to a smooth condition while the other half was graded less intensively leaving a rough, loose soil surface. Three seeding practices were applied on each grading treatment: a conventional seed mix of grasses and legumes; grasses and legumes selected to be less competitive with planted trees (“tree compatible”); and annual ryegrass ( Lolium multiflorum Lam.) alone. Native trees of 13 species were hand-planted on all areas. Over one growing season with adequate rainfall, the survival and average height growth for trees were similar on smooth (69%, 121 mm) and loose (70%, 119 mm) grading treatments, as well as on the conventional (65%, 116 mm), tree-compatible (69%, 129 mm), and annual ryegrass (75%, 126 mm) seeding treatments. After two years, herbaceous ground cover did not differ among grading treatments but was greater on conventional seeding (83%) than on annual ryegrass seeded areas (55%), while non-planted herbaceous richness (11) and herbaceous native species richness (4.5) were greatest on the annual ryegrass treatment. Water infiltration was slowest on areas with the annual ryegrass seeding treatment and positively correlated with living herbaceous ground cover. Annual ryegrass seeding appears promising as a potential reclamation practice when restoring native forest vegetation where site properties are favorable to native species invasion and where water runoff and potential soil erosion are not short-term concerns.
Increased sensitivity to egg albumin in rats fed pristane.

Abstract Rats fed a diet containing 1 per cent pristane for 5 weeks and then injected subcutaneously with egg albumin twice at weekly intervals developed a variety of pathologic conditions. The most characteristic effects were: seepage of blood into the pancreas, cecum, lungs, and/or bladder; fusion of the liver, spleen, pancreas, stomach, and diaphragm; and fatty degeneration of the lymph nodes. Rats surviving for a week after the second injection of albumin showed liver necrosis, fibrous intestinal tumors, and loss of splenic red pulp. Splenectomized rats, rats fed pristane but given only one injection of egg albumin, or rats given both injections of albumin but not fed pristane showed none of the abnormalities mentioned. The inclusion or omission of Freund's complete adjuvant with the albumin made no difference in the pathologic response. Rats fed pristane and given a single treatment with egg albumin showed less spleen-associated anti-egg albumin and fewer peritoneal mast cells than rats similarly treated with albumin but not fed pristane.
Potential Role of Bicarbonate during Pyrite Oxidation

The need to prevent the development of acid mine drainage (AMD) by oxidation of pyrite has triggered numerous investigations into the mechanisms of its oxidation. According to Frontier molecular orbital (FMO) theory, the surface-exposed sulfur atom of pyrite possesses an unshared electron pair which produces a slightly negatively charged pyrite surface that can attract cations such as Fe{sup 2+}. Because of surface electroneutrality and pH considerations, however, the pyrite surface Fe{sup 2+} coordinates OH. The authors proposed that this surface Fe{sup 2+} OH when in the presence of CO{sub 2} is converted to {minus}FeCO{sub 3} or {minus}FeHCO{sub 3}, depending on pH. In this study, using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) they demonstrated that such complexes form on the surface of pyrite and continue to persist even after a significant fraction of the surface Fe{sup 2+} was oxidized to Fe{sup 3+}. FT-IR spectra also showed the presence of two carbonyl absorption bands (1,682 and 1,653 cm{sup {minus}1}) on the surface of pyrite upon exposure to CO{sub 2} which suggested that pyrite surface carbon complexes existed in two different surface chemical environments, pointing out two potential mechanisms of pyrite surface-CO{sub 2} interactions. One potential mechanism involved formation of a pyrite surface-Fe(II)HCO{sub 3}more » complex, whereas a second potential mechanism involved formation of a pyrite surface-carboxylic acid group complex [{minus}Fe(II)SSCOOFe-(II)].« less
The Missouri River Hydrosystem

Abstract Recent political initiatives, expanding knowledge regarding river science, and degraded conditions of fisheries and shellfisheries in the Mississippi River Basin have provided the stimuli to begin restoration of rivers in the basin. The Missouri River is a case in point; lost functions included separation of the floodplain from the channel, loss of the natural hydrograph, curtailment of sediment and organic matter transport, altered temperature regimes and removal of instream cover. We have approached restoration from the perspective that it is essential to recover part of all lost functions rather than to pursue a new direction, acknowledging the profound changes in morphology, because it is our opinion that the native community will be served best by such an approach. It is important to recognize the conditions of fish and wildlife habitat from the pre-dam and pre-channelization period if we are to be effective at restoring these conditions. Early hydrographic surveys were available to achieve ...
A posteriori error estimates by recovered gradients in parabolic finite element equations

This paper considers a posteriori error estimates by averaged gradients in second order parabolic problems. Fully discrete schemes are treated. The theory from the elliptic case as to when such estimates are asymptotically exact, on an element, is carried over to the error on an element at a given time. The basic principle is that the elliptic theory can be extended to the parabolic problems provided the time-step error is smaller than the space-discretization error. Numerical illustrations confirming the theoretical results are given. Our results are not practical in the sense that various constants can not be estimated realistically. They are conceptual in nature.
COMPARISON OF INCOME INEQUALITY MEASURES

The size distribution of income, or income inequality, has long been a concern to scholars in many disciplines tor different reasons. Statisticians have approached the distribution of income among individuals as a stochastic process. Economists have sought to explain income distribution by means, of economic and institutional factors. More recently, economists have been interested in the effects of economic growth and government policies on income distribution. Sociologists and political scientists have thought of income inequality as a major source of social revolt or political violence.
The structural basis of lipid interactions in lipovitellin, a soluble lipoprotein

Abstract Background: The conformation and assembly of lipoproteins, proteins containing large amounts of noncovalently bound lipid, is poorly understood. Lipoproteins present an unusual challenge as they often contain varying loads of lipid and are not readily crystallized. Lipovitellin is a large crystallizable oocyte protein of approximately 1300 residues that contains about 16% w/w lipid. Lipovitellin contains two large domains that appear to be conserved in both microsomal triglyceride transfer protein and apolipoprotein B-100. To gain insight into the conformation of a lipoprotein and the potential modes of binding of both neutral and phospholipid, the crystal structure of lamprey lipovitellin has been determined. Results: We report here the refined crystal structure of lipovitellin at 2.8 a resolution. The structure contains 1129 amino acid residues located on five peptide chains, one 40-atom phosphatidylcholine, and one 13-atom hydrocarbon chain. The protein contains a funnel-shaped cavity formed primarily by two β sheets and lined predominantly by hydrophobic residues. Conclusions: Using the crystal structure as a template, a model for the bound lipid is proposed. The lipid-binding cavity is formed primarily by a single-thickness β -sheet structure which is stabilized by bound lipid. This cavity appears to be flexible, allowing lipid to be loaded or unloaded.
Enthalpies of dilution of aqueous solutions of sodium salts of carboxylic acids

Enthalpies of dilution at 25°C are reported for aqueous solutions of sodium butyrate (C 4 ), valerate (C 5 ), heptylate (C 7 ), and pelargonate (C 9 ). Excess molar Gibbs free energies are calculated from osmotic and activity coefficients for these salts. These are combined with the excess molar enthalpies from this study to obtain excess molar entropies. The excess molar enthalpies and the excess molar entropies were found to increase with increasing length of hydrocarbon chain. This is the same result as that found for tetra-alkylammonium salts and is interpreted in terms of the effect that hydrocarbon chains have on hydrogen bonding in water.
Parameter Extraction from Spaceborne MOSFETs

An addressable matrix of 32 CMOS transistors was designed into a test chip to be flown on the Combined Release and Radiation Effects Satellite (CRRES). In this paper the matrix is described along with a SPICE-like parameter extraction procedure called JMOSFIT, and Cobalt 60 radiation test results are presented that illustrate the shift in the 21-MOSFET parameters derived from JMOSFIT.
Urbanization Impact on Water Quality during a Flood in Small Watersheds

: The impact of various urban land uses on water flow and quality in streams is being studied by monitoring small streams in the Milwaukee urban area. This paper compares the responses of an urban watershed and an agricultural watershed to an autumn rainfall of 2.2 cm. Flow from the urban basin showed a substantially greater response to the rain than that from the rural. Dilution, resulting from the greater quantities of surface runoff in the urban watershed, caused lower concentrations of sodium, chloride, calcium, magnesium, bicarbonate and total dissolved solids in the urban stream. The total quantity of these materials removed per unit drainage area of the urban basin was much greater, however. Road salt was still among the dominant dissolved materials in the urban water chemistry seven months after the last road salting. Sodium was apparently being released from adsorption by clays in the urban basin. Suspended sediment concentrations and total loads were higher in the urban stream.
MO-E-17A-03: Monte Carlo CT Dose Calculation: A Comparison Between Experiment and Simulation Using ARCHER-CT

Purpose: To compare the CT doses derived from the experiments and GPU-based Monte Carlo (MC) simulations, using a human cadaver and ATOM phantom. Methods: The cadaver of an 88-year old male and the ATOM phantom were scanned by a GE LightSpeed Pro 16 MDCT. For the cadaver study, the Thimble chambers (Model 10×5−0.6CT and 10×6−0.6CT) were used to measure the absorbed dose in different deep and superficial organs. Whole-body scans were first performed to construct a complete image database for MC simulations. Abdomen/pelvis helical scans were then conducted using 120/100 kVps, 300 mAs and a pitch factor of 1.375:1. For the ATOM phantom study, the OSL dosimeters were used and helical scans were performed using 120 kVp and x, y, z tube current modulation (TCM). For the MC simulations, sufficient particles were run in both cases such that the statistical errors of the results by ARCHER-CT were limited to 1%. Results: For the human cadaver scan, the doses to the stomach, liver, colon, left kidney, pancreas and urinary bladder were compared. The difference between experiments and simulations was within 19% for the 120 kVp and 25% for the 100 kVp. For the ATOM phantom scan, the doses to the lung,more » thyroid, esophagus, heart, stomach, liver, spleen, kidneys and thymus were compared. The difference was 39.2% for the esophagus, and within 16% for all other organs. Conclusion: In this study the experimental and simulated CT doses were compared. Their difference is primarily attributed to the systematic errors of the MC simulations, including the accuracy of the bowtie filter modeling, and the algorithm to generate voxelized phantom from DICOM images. The experimental error is considered small and may arise from the dosimeters. R01 grant (R01EB015478) from National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering.« less
Peano's concept of number

Abstract Giuseppe Peano's development of the real number system from his postulates for the natural numbers and some of his views on definitions in mathematics are presented in order to clarify his concept of number. They show that his use of the axiomatic method was intended to make mathematical theory clearer, more precise, and easier to learn. They further reveal some of his reasons for not accepting the contemporary “philosophies” of logicism and formalism, thus showing that he never tried to found mathematics on anything beyond our experience of the material world.
A topological degree for orbits connecting critical points of autonomous systems

Abstract An argument based on topological degree is used to obtain an existence theorem for orbits connecting two critical points of an autonomous system. The result is applied to the existence of viscous profiles approximating shock waves in weak solutions of systems of nonlinear conservation laws. A result for the case where the Morse indices of the two critical points differ by more than one is also obtained.
XCPU: a new, 9p-based, process management system for clusters and grids

Xcpu is a new process management system that is equally at home on clusters and grids. Xcpu provides a process execution service visible to client nodes as a 9p server. It can be presented to users as a file system if that functionality is desired. The xcpu service builds on our earlier work with the bproc system. Xcpu differs from traditional remote execution services in several key ways, one of the most important being its use of a push rather than a pull model, in which the binaries are pushed to the nodes by the job starter, rather than pulled from a remote file system such as NFS. Bproc used a proprietary protocol; a process migration model; and a set of kernel modifications to achieve its goals. In contrast, xcpu uses a well-understood protocol, namely 9p; uses a non-migration model for moving the process to the remote node; and uses totally standard kernels on various operating systems such as Plan 9 and Linux to start, and MacOS and others in development. In this paper, we describe our clustering model; how bproc implements it and how xcpu implements a similar, but not identical model. We describe in some detail the structure of the various xcpu components. Finally, we close with a discussion of xcpu performance, as measured on several clusters at LANL, including the 1024-node Pink cluster, and the 256-node Blue Steel infiniband cluster.
Through a Lens Darkly

Rosalind C. Morris. In the Place of Origins: Modernity and Its Mediums in Northern Thailand. Durham: Duke University Press, 2000. + 380 pp.
Finite cloud method: a true meshless technique based on a fixed reproducing kernel approximation

We introduce fixed, moving and multiple fixed kernel techniques for the construction of interpolation functions over a scattered set of points. We show that for a particular choice of nodal volumes, the fixed, moving and multiple fixed kernel approaches are identical to the fixed, moving and multiple fixed least squares approaches. A finite cloud method, which combines collocation with a fixed kernel technique for the construction of interpolation functions, is presented as a true meshless technique for the numerical solution of partial differential equations. Numerical results are presented for several one-and two-dimensional problems, including examples from elasticity, heat conduction, thermoelasticity, Stokes flow and piezoelectricity. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
MEDICOLEGAL ASPECTS OF INFORMED CONSENT

Based on ethical and legal principles of respect for individual autonomy, the legal doctrine of informed consent states that "every human being of adult years has the right to determine what shall be done with his own body." 28 Otherwise stated, competent persons have the right to consent to, or refuse, a proposed medical intervention after being provided the information necessary to make such a decision. Mirroring the emphasis on individual autonomy in American society, informed consent has assumed increasing medico-legal importance over the past generation. Examples over the past half-century are reminders that, even in recent times, the doctrine has not always been adhered to. 3,16 This article begins with a general discussion of informed consent and emphasizes four critical features of ethically and legally appropriate informed consent. The exceptions to informed consent requirements are then highlighted. After briefly detailing how informed consent litigation can manifest, the article concludes with practical advice on avoiding such litigation. There are abundant examples of informed consent litigation resulting from issues in neurologic practice, and some of these are shared. Note that laws vary among jurisdictions, and consultation with local counsel about specific questions is advised.
Objective and Subjective Health Parameters and Relation to CPAP Adherence in Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Little is known regarding adherence-related factors for children prescribed continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Parent and child health-related perceptions may contribute to adherence. This study investigated objective and subjective OSA-related health parameters for 51 youth ages 8–17 with OSA. More than half were non-adherent to CPAP, and three-fourths were overweight or obese. While objective disease severity did not differ between groups, youth who were non-adherent had more subjective symptoms (parent-reported daytime sleepiness and sleep duration problems; youth-reported daytime problem behaviors). Further research is needed to develop interventions to promote CPAP adherence for children with OSA.
IMPROVED IMMUNODETECTION OF NUCLEAR ANTIGENS AFTER SODIUM DODECYL SULFATE TREATMENT OF FORMALDEHYDE-FIXED CELLS

Immunostaining techniques are commonly employed to determine the temporal and spatial patterns of cellular components in in situ preparations of cells and tissues. Usually, cells are formalin-fixed, permeabilized with nonionic detergents, and probed with specific antibodies. The incorporation of a sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) treatment after chemical crosslinking has been shown to improve the immunodetection of some cytosolic and cell surface antigens. By incorporating an SDS treatment after crosslinking, we report a significant improvement in the detection of two nuclear antigens (i.e.) the DNA binding proteins apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease and DNA polymerase-beta) and bromodeoxyuridine-tagged DNA by indirect immunofluorescence of whole cells. In bromodeoxyuridine-tagged DNA, the improvement in detection after an SDS treatment was observed only after long incorporation protocols (>48 hr) and, interestingly, it was more pronounced in cultured human foreskin keratinocytes than in bovine aorta endothelial cells. In addition, the SDS treatment proved in these studies to be superior to the standard Triton X-100 permeabilization. SDS thus provides a potential means to visualize previously undetectable or poorly detectable nuclear antigens.
RNA in unexpected places: long non-coding RNA functions in diverse cellular contexts

The increased application of transcriptome-wide profiling approaches has led to an explosion in the number of documented long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). While these new and enigmatic players in the complex transcriptional milieu are encoded by a significant proportion of the genome, their functions are mostly unknown. Early discoveries support a paradigm in which lncRNAs regulate transcription via chromatin modulation, but new functions are steadily emerging. Given the biochemical versatility of RNA, lncRNAs may be used for various tasks, including post-transcriptional regulation, organization of protein complexes, cell-cell signalling and allosteric regulation of proteins.
Nonepithelial tumors of the nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, and nasopharynx. A clinicopathologic study. V. Skeletal muscle tumors (rhabdomyoma and rhabdomyosarcoma)

In a study of nonepithelial tumors involving the nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, and nasopharynx, 19 lesions (three rhabdomyomas, 16 rhabdomyosarcomas) showed skeletal muscle differentiation. The clinical findings associated with these neoplasms are reviewed, the histologic features are illustrated, results of treatment are presented, and clinicopathologic correlations are discussed. The rhabdomyomas grew as localized masses in the nasopharynx, were excised locally, and behaved clinically like benign tumors. The rhabdomyosarcomas were found predominantly in children and were associated with a poor prognosis; most of the patients died within 2 years following diagnosis.
Disposition of drugs in cystic fibrosis. VII. Acetylation of sulfamethoxazole in blood cells: in vitro-in vivo correlation and characterization of its kinetics of acetylation in lymphocytes.

Objective To determine if acetylation of sulfamethoxazole in blood cells is a surrogate measure of its acetylation in vivo. If it is, to use these cells to determine the mechanism(s) by which acetylation of sulfamethoxazole is enhanced in cystic fibrosis. Methods Single-point sulfamethoxazole acetylation activity in blood cells obtained from patients with cystic fibrosis (n = 6) and control subjects (n = 7) who had previously participated in our in vivo study was determined. The parameters, Vmax and Km, for acetylation of sulfamethoxazole in lysed lymphocytes obtained from patients with cystic fibrosis (n = 6) and control subjects (n = 5) were also determined. Results The acetylation activity in cystic fibrosis whole blood, lysed erythrocytes, and lysed peripheral blood mononudear cells was significantly (p 0.80). The apparent Vmax for cystic fibrosis lymphocyte lysate was significantly (p < 0.05) greater than that obtained for control lymphocyte lysate (72.99 ± 9.07 versus 60.97 ± 2.26 pmol/mg protein/min), and the apparent Km was significantly (p < 0.05) lower (0.51 ± 0.07 versus 0.73 ± 0.06 mmol/L). Conclusion Blood cells may be used as surrogate markers to elucidate the mechanism (s) by which acetylation of sulfamethoxazole (catalyzed by the monomorphic N-acetyltransferase) is enhanced in subjects with cystic fibrosis. Both activation or activation and induction of the monomorphic N-acetyltransferase should be considered as possible mechanism(s) to explain this phenomenon. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1994) 55, 427–433; doi:10.1038/clpt.1994.52
Influence of the Embryonic Preplate on the Organization of the Cerebral Cortex: A Targeted Ablation Model

Transgenic mice were generated to permit the targeted ablation of cortical preplate cells at the time they are born. In these mice, the 1.3 kb golli promoter of the myelin basic protein gene was used to drive the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (TK) transgene in cortical preplate cells. Heterozygous transgenic pairs were bred, and pregnant dams were treated with ganciclovir at embryonic days 11-12 to ablate preplate cells at the time the preplate was forming. This paradigm exposed control (TK-) and experimental (TK+) littermates to exactly the same conditions. Embryological ablation of preplate cells led to an early disruption of the radial glial framework and subplate structure in the developing cortex and dramatically altered the cellular lamination and connectivity of the cortical plate. The disturbed radial glial network contributed to an impaired radial migration of neurons into the cortical plate from the ventricular zone. The cortical plate became dyslaminated, and there was a substantial reduction in short- and long-range cortical projections within the cortex and to subcortical regions. Cell death within the cortical plate and the proliferative zones was substantially increased in the ablated animals. After birth, a cortical lesion developed, which became exacerbated with the secondary onset of hydrocephaly in the second postnatal week. The results underscore the critical importance of the preplate in cortex formation, mediated through its guidance of the formation of radial glial scaffolding, subsequent neuronal migration into the incipient cortical plate, and the final arrangement of its vertical organization and cellular connectivity.
The Benefits Trap: Barriers to Employment Experienced by SSA Beneficiaries

In the first of two rounds of interviews, 12 Social Security Administration (SSA) beneficiaries, all of whom professed a desire to work, discussed their perspectives on barriers to employment. Two years later, 8 of the 12 engaged in a second round of interviews. Only 1 of the 8 participants had succeeded in becoming self-supporting. After a review of the literature concerning the effects of SSA procedures in discouraging beneficiaries from seeking full-time work, the authors tell the stories of these participants and then analyze the findings using a phenomenological framework. They conclude by positing suggestions for how to improve outcomes for SSA beneficiaries in the future.
NEWLY INTEGRATED APPROACHES TO STUDYING LATE TRIASSIC TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS

The Late Triassic (~235–201.3 Ma) is one of the critical intervals of Phanerozoic earth history. Against a backdrop of marked climatic differences across Pangea (Sellwood and Valdes, 2006) and changing global atmospheric conditions (e.g., Berner, 2006), the Late Triassic saw the final recovery from the Permo–Triassic mass extinction, just before the end-Triassic mass extinction, and was punctuated by at least one major extraterrestrial bolide impact (Hodych and Dunning, 1992; Ramezani et al., 2005). Late Triassic terrestrial ecosystems are of particular interest, because they saw the origin of many modern vertebrate groups (e.g., Hugall et al., 2007), including the origin and early diversification of dinosaurs, while continents drifted through distinctly different climate zones (Kent and Tauxe, 2005). A variety of recent research examining the terrestrial realm with new analytical tools has dramatically changed our understanding of this time interval on land.
Genetic approaches to molecular motors.

MOLECULAR MOTORS . MyOSINS . MyosinIl '" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Myosin I .... . . .. . . ... . . . ... . ... . ....... . . ... . KINESIN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DYNEINS . Axonemal Dynein . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . Cytoplasmic Dynein . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . ... . . .. . . . ... . ..... . .... . ... . DISCOVERY OF NEW FAMILY MEMBERS . ';!fnO::i�� : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : Dyneins .. . . . .... . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . MUTANT PHENOTYPES AND MOTOR PROTEIN INTERACTIONS . ';!fnO::i�� : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : Dyneins . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . ... . ... . ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . GENETIC EVIDENCE FOR MOTOR PROTEIN INTERACTIONS . FUTURE PROSPECTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Roles in the Cell. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .... . . . .. . . . Mechanisms of Motor Protein Action . . . . . . . . . . . Regulation of Motor Protein Activity . . . ... . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . .... . . . . . . . . . CONCLUDING REMARKS . AFTERWORD .
New Languages of the State: Indigenous Resurgence and the Politics of Knowledge in Bolivia

Reviewed Medium: book Authors: Bret Gustafson Year: 2009 Publisher: Duke University Press ISBN: 9780822345466 (hard cover).
An Assessment of the Health Care Safety Net: Performance Evaluation of Free Clinics

Free Clinics (FCs) in the United States contribute to the healthcare safety net by providing care to a variety of populations including the uninsured. Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) is used to evaluate FC performance by examining clinic funding sources and the number of visits and prescriptions provided on an annual basis. Cross-sectional data including 48 Virginia FCs in 2010 are analyzed to distinguish efficient and inefficient FCs. In all, 30 clinics (62.5%) were found to be top performers and defined the efficiency frontier, whereas 18 clinics (37.5%) were evaluated as inefficient. On average, to obtain efficiency, inefficient clinics would annually need to increase the number of provided general medical visits by 2,183, specialty visits by 1,969, other visits by 1,495, and dispensed prescriptions by 7,305. These findings have implications for healthcare policy and FC management.
Moderate Level Alcohol During Pregnancy, Prenatal Stress, or Both and Limbic‐Hypothalamic‐Pituitary‐Adrenocortical Axis Response to Stress in Rhesus Monkeys

This study examined the relationship between moderate-level prenatal alcohol exposure, prenatal stress, and postnatal response to a challenging event in 6-month-old rhesus monkeys. Forty-one rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) infants were exposed prenatally to moderate level alcohol, maternal stress, or both. Offspring plasma cortisol and adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) were determined from blood samples before maternal separation and after separation. Behavioral observations were made repeatedly across separation. Moderate-level prenatal alcohol exposure was associated with significantly higher plasma ACTH response to maternal separation. Offspring exposed to prenatal alcohol, prenatal stress, and prenatal alcohol and stress showed reduced behavioral adaptation to stress compared with controls. Baseline, 2-hr, and 26-hr plasma ACTH levels were intercorrelated and predicted behavior during separation.
Compact distributed RLC interconnect models. I. Single line transient, time delay, and overshoot expressions

Novel compact expressions that describe the transient response of a high-speed distributed resistance, inductance, and capacitance (RLC) interconnect are rigorously derived with on-chip global interconnect boundary conditions. Simplified expressions enable physical insight and accurate estimation of transient response, time delay, and overshoot for high-speed global interconnects with the inclusion of inductance.
Identification of a Novel FcγRIIIaα-Associated Molecule That Contains Significant Homology to Porcine Cathelin

The following studies are the first to demonstrate the association of porcine FcγRIIIaα with a molecule that contains significant homology to the cathelin family of antimicrobial proteins. We performed immunoprecipitation of the porcine FcγRIIIaα multisubunit complex from Brij 96 lysates of polymorphonuclear leukocytes using the G7 mAb, which binds to FcγRIIIaα on the surface of porcine NK cells and phagocytes. Previous results indicate that the transmembrane α subunit of the FcγRIIIa complex is associated with the γ subunit on the surface of porcine polymorphonuclear leukocytes and with several other unique proteins that surface iodinate and migrate at ∼15, 20, and 25 kDa when analyzed by reducing SDS-PAGE. Through characterization of the porcine FcγRIIIa complex, we identified the 15-kDa molecule as a unique FcγR-associated protein that has not been described in other systems. We now report an association between FcγRIIIaα and a 15-kDa molecule that shares homology to cathelin, a protein of undetermined function initially identified in porcine leukocytes. A domain with a high degree of homology to cathelin is found in the proregions of a family of antibiotic proteins referred to as cathelicidins. The results of our studies indicate the presence of a novel FcγRIIIa complex in the porcine system, and may provide new insights into the function of this antimicrobial protein homologue in relation to the variety of responses mediated through FcγRs.
Metal cluster topology 14. Fusion of octahedra in metal carbonyl clusters

Two metal carbonyl cluster octahedra can be fused by sharing a vertex to give an M11 cluster, by sharing an edge to give an M10 cluster, or by sharing a face to give an M9 cluster. In a globally delocalized metal carbonyl cluster consisting of fused octahedra, vertices unique to a single octahedron use three internal orbitals, vertices of a face shared by two octahedra use four internal orbitals, vertices of an edge shared by two octahedra use five internal orbitals, and vertices of a face shared by two octahedra use six internal orbitals. Using this principle the iridium carbonyl clusters Ir9(CO)203− and Ir12(CO)262−, constructed by face-sharing fusion of two and three octahedra, respectively, are seen to be electron- and orbital-precise and thus may be regarded as three-dimensional analogues of naphthalene and anthracene, respectively. These iridium carbonyl clusters are the second and third members of a homologous series Ir3+3n(CO)(21+11n)/2; the end member of this series is the polymer [Ir6(CO)11]n consisting of an infinite chain of octahedra sharing opposite faces. Other electron- and orbital-precise clusters constructed by the face-sharing fusion of two octahedra are the mixed metal derivative Ir3Ni6(CO)173− and the Ni9 core in nickel clusters Ni12(CO)21H4−nn−; in the latter clusters the three symmetry-related edges of the central NJ9 core are bridged by Ni(CO)2 groups. The rhodium carbonyl clusters Rh9(CO)193− and H2Rh12(CO)25 both have two skeletal electrons less than their iridium carbonyl counterparts Ir9(CO)203− and Ir12(CO)262−, respectively, and can both be regarded as missing a pair of core bonding electrons; this arises by interaction between the symmetric S° core molecular orbitals in adjacent face-fused octahedra in the rhodium clusters which raises the energy of one these orbitals to antibonding levels. The gold-nickel ‘spiro’ mixed cluster Au6Ni12(CO)242− consists of four Ni3Au3 octahedra which are fused by sharing each of the six gold vertices between two octahedra leading to overall Td symmetry; this cluster as well as Ru10C2(CO)242− consisting of two edge-sharing octahedra are electron- and orbital-precise.
A service policy for real-time customers with (m,k) firm deadlines

The problem of scheduling multiple streams of realtime customers is addressed in this paper. The paper first introduces the notion of (m, k)-firm deadlines to better characterize the timing constraints of real-time streams. More specifically, a stream is said to have (m, k)-firm deadlines if at least m out of any k consecutive customers must meet their deadlines. Note that, the notion of (m, k)-firm deadlines is a generalization of firm and soft deadlines. In particular, m=k=1 characterizes a stream with firm deadlines. A large value for k with m/k equal to the maximum allowable loss percentage can be used to represent a stream with soft deadlines. A stream with (m, k)-firm deadlines will experience a dynamic failure if fewer than m out of any k consecutive customers meet their deadlines. The paper proposes a policy for scheduling N such streams on a single server to reduce the probability of dynamic failure. The basic idea of the proposed policy is to assign higher priorities to customers from streams which have had too many recent missed deadlines. The paper proposes a heuristic for assigning these priorities. The effectiveness of the approach is evaluated through simulation under various customer arrival and service patterns. The evaluation shows that by properly assigning the priorities one can substantially reduce the probability of dynamic failure. >
DAF-16 employs the chromatin remodeller SWI/SNF to promote stress resistance and longevity

Organisms are constantly challenged by stresses and privations and require adaptive responses for their survival. The transcription factor DAF-16/FOXO is central nexus in these responses, but despite its importance little is known about how it regulates its target genes. Proteomic identification of DAF-16/FOXO binding partners in Caenorhabditis elegans and their subsequent functional evaluation by RNA interference (RNAi) revealed several candidate DAF-16/FOXO cofactors, most notably the chromatin remodeller SWI/SNF. DAF-16/FOXO and SWI/SNF form a complex and globally colocalize at DAF-16/FOXO target promoters. We show that specifically for gene-activation, DAF-16/FOXO depends on SWI/SNF, facilitating SWI/SNF recruitment to target promoters, in order to activate transcription by presumed remodelling of local chromatin. For the animal, this translates into an essential role of SWI/SNF for DAF-16/FOXO-mediated processes, i.e. dauer formation, stress resistance, and the promotion of longevity. Thus we give insight into the mechanisms of DAF-16/FOXO-mediated transcriptional regulation and establish a critical link between ATP-dependent chromatin remodelling and lifespan regulation.
Chordoma of the Anterior Cranial Fossa and Ethmoids with Orbital Involvement

Purpose: To report a case of orbital chordoma, emphasizing the clinical, operative, and histopathologic findings, and to review similar English-language reports. Methods: This is a single case report with histopathologic correlation. Search of the English-language literature and review of referenced citations was performed. Results: After treatment with resection and proton beam radiation, our patient is alive, without recurrence at 3-year follow-up. Biopsy of the recurrent tumor was consistent with chordoma. The original biopsy had S100 and pancytokeratin-positive tumor cells, with abundant clear to eosinophilic cytoplasm. Focal EMA positivity was present. Literature review identified 14 additional cases. Conclusion: Orbital chordoma is rare. Extraocular motility disturbances occur solely with intracranial lesions as well as those extending into the orbit, but globe displacement is the most common sign of orbital involvement. This tumor often recurs in the path of previous resection. Diagnosis is confirm...
Hypothalamic but not pituitary or ovarian defects underlie the reproductive abnormalities in Axl/Tyro3 null mice

AXL and TYRO3, members of the TYRO3, AXL and MER (TAM) family of tyrosine kinase receptors, modulate GnRH neuronal cell migration, survival and gene expression. Axl/Tyro3 null mice exhibit a selective loss of GnRH neurons, delayed sexual maturation and irregular estrous cycles. Here we determined whether the defects were due to direct ovarian defects, altered pituitary sensitivity to GnRH and/or an impaired LH surge mechanism. Ovarian histology and markers of folliculogenesis and atresia as well as corpora luteal development and ovarian response to superovulation were not impaired. Axl/Tryo3 null mice exhibited a robust LH response to exogenous GnRH, suggesting no altered pituitary sensitivity. Ovariectomized Axl/Tyro3 null mice, however, demonstrated an impaired ability to mount a steroid-induced LH surge. Loss of GnRH neurons in Axl/Tyro3 null mice impairs the sex hormone-induced gonadotropin surge resulting in estrous cycle abnormalities confirming that TAM family members contribute to normal female reproductive function.
Mixing finite elements and finite differences for the analysis of silicon on sapphire

The analysis of electron devices involves the solution of the Poisson equation, made nonlinear as a result of the charge cloud density being a function of the unknown potential. Because of the nonlinear term, the finite-element scheme becomes time consuming. However, the finite difference method, which is shown to model the term Delta /sup 2/ more accurately, cannot handle line charge densities and the rapid variation in the source term near such charge accumulations. It is shown that there is much to be gained by mixing the two methods in analyzing electron devices, and the method is demonstrated for a silicon-on-sapphire device. >
Game-theoretic analysis of watermark detection

This paper describes a game-theoretic methodology to design and embed watermarks in images. The optimality criterion is the decoder error probability. Analytical solutions are presented for problems involving Gaussian host images and illustrated with examples. Significant improvements over previous designs are obtained.
The suppression of pineal melatonin content and N-acetyltransferase activity by different light irradiances in the Syrian hamster: a dose-response relationship

The purpose of this study was to test the influence of various irradiances of cool white fluorescent light on the suppression of pineal N-acetyltransferase activity (NAT) and melatonin content in hamsters. Groups of animals were exposed to light irradiances ranging from 0.00-1.86 microwatts (microW)/cm2 for 20 min during the night. Both pineal NAT and melatonin were similarly depressed by the light irradiances in a dose-related manner. The shape of the resultant dose-response curves and the calculated ED50 for NAT (0.066 microW/cm2) and melatonin (0.058 microW/cm2) were remarkably similar. These findings may be relevant to the physiological control of the pineal by natural illumination.