cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Breast abscess in lactation.

A.B. is a 29-year-old gravida 1 para 1001 who experienced recurrent lactational breast abscess requiring surgical treatment. Her obstetric, medical, surgical, family, and social histories are unremarkable. She takes no medications and does not use alcohol, tobacco, or drugs. She gave birth at 41 weeks'gestation to a female infant, weighing 8 pounds 5 ounces. Her intrapartum course and immediate postpartum course were within normal limits. Breastfeeding was initiated within 40 minutes of birth and was successful. Her infant nursed on demand approximately every 2 to 4 hours while in the hospital. A.B. was discharged home with her baby at 28 hours postpartum. On day 3 postpartum, A.B.'s left nipple became cracked and bleeding. This was self-treated with lanolin ointment and correction of latch-on technique. Ten days postpartum, A.B. was diagnosed with mastitis and treated with dicloxacillin for 10 days. After 8 days of antibiotic treatment, she reported continued breast pain with a firm area of exquisite pain and redness in the upper outer quadrant of her left breast. The midwife ordered a breast ultrasound which revealed a 4-cm abscess in the left breast. A.B. was referred to a therapeutic radiologist who performed an ultrasound-guided needle aspiration of the abscess and obtained 15 mL of fluid. The fluid culture was positive for Staphylococcus aureus. She was treated postprocedure with doxycycline, and the breast pain, firmness and redness resolved within 36 hours. The rationale for treatment with doxycycline is unknown and subject to inquiry because S aureus is not sensitive to doxycycline.1 Two weeks after the procedure, the abscess returned, and she was again treated with ultrasound-guided needle aspiration and a regimen of amoxicillin with clavulanate. The abscess partially resolved, but worsened 6 days later. At that time, A.B. was referred to a breast surgeon who surgically incised and drained this 6-cm abscess under general anesthesia. She was discharged home the same day with an indwelling Penrose drain. Two days later, the drain was removed and the wound was healing normally. A.B. continued breastfeeding exclusively throughout all of these events and was completely healed by 3 weeks after the incision and drainage. At 5 months postpartum, she had not experienced further breast infections and was continuing to breastfeed her baby.
CAMPUS - cost-effective adaptable multi-protocol user-centric service network for enterprise/metro all-ethernet applications

Enterprise networks form the backbone of corporate communication. Ethernet is the default layer-2 transport protocol and has undergone decades of constant innovation and improvisation. We propose a solution called CAMPUS for enterprise networks primarily based on end-to-end Ethernet. This all-Ethernet campus networking paradigm is designed for large enterprises or even metro networks relegating IP functions to only large core routers, while making good use of carrier-class Ethernet switches in the access and the metro area. Implementation of the CAMPUS solution is discussed from a theoretical as well as hardware perspective. Service provisioning, scalability and performance features are evaluated through extensive simulations model.
Modification of the hepatotoxic action of neptunium-237 in the rat.

Neptunium-237 is a hepatotoxin which dramatically increases lipid concentrations in female but not in male rats. The induction of fatty livers in female rats by 237 Np was ameliorated by adrenalectomy and hypophysectomy and by the administration of glucose, butylated hydroxytoluene or nicotinic acid. Ovariectomy, thyroidectomy, or the administration of adenine, ATP, methionine plus choline, or testosterone offered no protection. Castration or injection of estradiol did not increase the susceptibility of males to 237 Np-induced fatty liver. Serum activities of ICD and GPT were also elevated by 237 Np administration, with the increases being greater in the females than in the males. These rises in ICD and GPT activities were prevented by adrenalectomy and hypophysectomy, but not by the administration of ATP, BHT, glucose, or nicotinic acid.
Gingival displacement: Survey results of dentists' practice procedures.

Abstract Statement of problem A high percentage of fixed prosthodontic restorations require a subgingival margin placement, which requires the practice of gingival displacement or a deflection procedure to replicate the margins in impression. Purpose The purpose of this study was to learn the different gingival displacement techniques that are currently used by dentists in their practice and to compare the current concepts of gingival displacement with previously published articles. Materials and methods A survey of questions pertaining to gingival deflection methods was distributed as part of continuing education (CE) course material to dentists attending CE meetings in 7 states in the U.S. and 1 Canadian province. Question topics included initial patient assessment procedures, gingival displacement methods, dentist's knowledge and assessment of systemic manifestations, and brand names of materials used. Results Ninety-four percent of the participants were general practitioners with 24.11 ±12.5 years of experience. Ninety-two percent used gingival displacement cords, while 20.2% used a soft tissue laser and 32% used electrosurgery as an adjunct. Sixty percent of the dentists used displacement cords impregnated with a medicament. Of the preimpregnated cords, 29% were impregnated with epinephrine, 13% with aluminum chloride, and 18% with aluminum potassium sulfate. Conclusion The study showed a steady decrease compared with results of previously published articles in the use of epinephrine as a gingival deflection medicament.
A new type of deformation mechanism map for high-temperature creep

A new type of deformation mechanism map is introduced which is designed for the analysis of high-temperature creep data. The map plots normalized grain size as a function of the reciprocal of the homologous temperature, for temperatures from 0.4 Tm to Tm, where Tm is the melting point of the material in degrees Kelvin. It is demonstrated that the boundaries separating the various fields in grain size-temperature space are straight lines. A simple procedure is presented for constructing maps of this type, and for inserting constant strain rate contours. For mechanisms having the same dependence on stress, such as Newtonian viscous processes, it is shown that these maps are independent of the selected stress level.
Neurodevelopmental presentation of dysphagia

Successful oral feeding and growth of infants and children are dependent not only on functional deglutition, but also on a broad range of neurodevelopmental skills involving sensory systems, cognition/communication, and gross and fine motor behaviors. Children with neurogenic dysphagia often have a broad spectrum of neurodevelopmental impairments that affect these streams of development. Speech/language pathologists, as members of interdisciplinary teams, can provide unique contributions to the early diagnosis and management of neurogenic dysphagia in childhood.
Back-illuminated 1024 x 1024 quadrant readout imager: operation and screening test results

The Tektronix CCD Manufacturing Group has applied their thinning back surface enhancement and anti-reflection coating processes to produce a 1024 by 1024 chargecoupled device imager with high quantum efficiency (QE) from 350 to 1 100 nm. The TK1O24AB device designed for scientific imaging applications features low noise wide dynamic range excellent charge transfer efficiency and low dark current. The quad-output architecture permits the simultaneous readout of each quarter of the device reducing the time to read out the CCD to that of a 5 12 by 512 device. This paper summarizes the test results from several lots of TK 1024AB runs. The subjects covered include: QE the on-chip amplifier characteristics dark current measurement CTE and characterization of various defects. The paper will also describe the test hardware and procedures used to evaluate the performance of the devices.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Interfacial Modification as a Route to Novel Bilayered Morphologies in Binary Block Copolymer/Homopolymer Blends

Addition of a relatively low-molecular-weight parent homopolymer to a lamellar AB diblock copolymer constitutes a reliable means by which to induce, in controllable fashion, transitions to other morphologies. In this study, we examine the effect of interfacial modification on such transitions in “extended” A(A/B)B copolymer/homopolymer blends in which (i) the A/B midblock fraction (relative to the copolymer molecular weight) is varied from 0.0 to 0.4 in 0.1 increments and (ii) the overall concentration of A ranges from 0.50 to 0.95. As this A/B fraction is increased at constant blend composition, the extent of homopolymer-induced lamellar swelling becomes measurably less pronounced, indicating that the A/B midblock serves to delocalize repulsion along the interphase separating adjacent lamellae. At higher homopolymer concentrations, an increase in the A/B fraction results in the formation of either unilamellar vesicles or a randomly connected bilayered membrane, rather than micelles. These membranes becom...
N-Butyl-2-cyanoacrylate use in intraoperative ruptured aneurysms as a salvage rescue: case report.

OBJECTIVE AND IMPORTANCE: The use of N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate (n-BCA) acrylic glue as a salvage rescue in procedural ruptured aneurysm should be part of the neurointerventionalist's armamentarium. CLINICAL PRESENTATION: Two patients, age 44 and 60 years, presented with Hunt and Hess grade 3 subarachnoid hemorrhage from aneurysmal rupture. INTERVENTION: We report 2 cases in which n-BCA was used effectively as a salvage rescue in aneurysms that ruptured during coil embolization. CONCLUSION: These 2 cases demonstrate a feasible technique for the salvage of iatrogenic aneurysm perforation during coil embolization, which, to our knowledge, has not been previously reported.
General hypothermia and survival following use of alkylating agent

Summary The hypothermic animal tolerates higher doses of nitrogen mustard than does his normothermic counterpart. Using white blood cell counts as a criterion it appears that hypothermia has a marrow sparing effect. The use of hypothermia may also protect the animals against the effects of “acute alkylating syndrome.”
The Impact of Advances in Molecular Genetic Pathology on the Classification, Diagnosis and Treatment of Selected Soft Tissue Tumors of the Head and Neck

Recent advances in molecular pathology have had a significant impact on the diagnosis, classification, and treatment of soft tissue tumors. The practical application of these discoveries promises to assist greatly in the evaluation and treatment of soft tissue neoplasms in the head and neck region—an area characterized by exceedingly complex anatomy that often restricts the ample sampling of lesions and complete surgical resection. This reviews details some ways in which molecular techniques have strengthened conventional diagnostic and management approaches to low-grade fibromyxoid sarcoma, angiomatoid (malignant) fibrous histiocytoma, and dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans, all of which may involve the head and neck region.
Exposure to the synthetic FXR agonist GW4064 causes alterations in gene expression and sublethal hepatotoxicity in eleutheroembryo medaka (Oryzias latipes).

The small freshwater teleost, medaka (Oryzias latipes), has a history of usage in studies of chronic toxicity of liver and biliary system. Recent progress with this model has focused on defining the medaka hepatobiliary system. Here we investigate critical liver function and toxicity by examining the in vivo role and function of the farnesoid X receptor alpha (FXRα, NR1H4), a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily that plays an essential role in the regulation of bile acid homeostasis. Quantitative mRNA analysis of medaka FXRα demonstrates differential expression of two FXRα isoforms designated Fxrα1 and Fxrα2, in both free swimming medaka embryos with remaining yolk (eleutheroembryos, EEs) and adults. Activation of medaka Fxrα in vivo with GW4064 (a strong FXRα agonist) resulted in modification of gene expression for defined FXRα gene targets including the bile salt export protein, small heterodimer partner, and cytochrome P450 7A1. Histological examination of medaka liver subsequent to GW4064 exposure demonstrated significant lipid accumulation, cellular and organelle alterations in both hepatocytes and biliary epithelial cells of the liver. This report of hepatobiliary injury following GW4064 exposure extends previous investigations of the intrahepatic biliary system in medaka, reveals sensitivity to toxicant exposure, and illustrates the need for added resolution in detection and interpretation of toxic responses in this vertebrate.
Breast cancer patients' attitudes toward clinical trials in the radiation oncology clinic versus those searching for trial information on the Internet.

: Web-based clinical trials matching systems including breast cancer patients are expanding rapidly. However, limited data exist regarding the demographics and attitudes of breast cancer patients using the Internet to search for clinical trials information. Biases in patient populations could be introduced by recruiting patients to trials through the Internet. This study was designed to compare breast cancer patients in the radiation oncology clinic to those using the Internet to search for clinical trials information. A piloted questionnaire assessing demographics and attitudes regarding clinical trials was offered through the radiation oncology clinic at the University of Pennsylvania and on the OncoLink website (http://www.oncolink.org). The questionnaire consisted of 18 questions and was answered by a total of 157 patients with breast cancer. Breast cancer patients using the Web were more likely to be interested in clinical trials testing new drugs or therapies (71 [53%] versus 4 [17%], p = 0.002). More clinic patients indicated they would need a greater than 50% chance of benefiting from a trial (12 [52%] versus 33 [25%], p = 0.01) and a less than 10% potential for serious toxicity from a trial (15 [65%] versus 51 [38%], p = 0.02) for consideration of enrollment. African Americans were more likely than other races to have never used the Internet to search for cancer-related information (4 [40%] versus 18 [12%], p = 0.01), more likely to indicate that they need a greater than 50% chance of benefit to enroll in clinical trials (8 [80%] versus 37 [25%], p = 0.001), and less likely to be interested in clinical trials testing new drugs or therapies (1 [10%] versus 73 [50%], p = 0.01). Breast cancer patients have different attitudes regarding clinical trials based on race, Internet usage, and previous trial enrollment. Biases may be introduced with recruitment for clinical trials through the Internet. Radiation oncologists must consider these issues when offering clinical trials information through the Internet.
Effect of temperature on slag foaming

Slag foaming has become important not only for the modem electric arc furnace but also for basic oxygen steelmaking and new ironmaking processes, such as bath smelting. In the electric arc furnace, foaming practices are widely used to shield the refractories from the arc and to protect metal from the atmosphere. Slag foaming is also used to stabilize the arc in the modem electric arc furnace. The control of the foaming height is required for steady-state operation in the bath-smelting process. Several investigations on slag foaming have been previously carried out. Cooper and Kitchened q measured the foam lives of CaO-SiO2 slags as a function of CaO/SiO2 ratio, concentration of P205, and temperature. The |bam life increased with decreasing temperature and decreasing CaO/SiO2 ratio. Cooper and Kitchener's results indicate that the apparent activation energy for foaming is much higher than that for viscous flow. Swisher and McCabe 121 have also measured the foam life of CaO-SiO 2 slags. Their experimental results indicate that the foam lives increase with decreasing basicity and temperature. Hara and Oginol~l studied the effect of slag composition, surface active additives, and gas composition on the foaming behavior of FeO-SiO2-CaO slags. The foam height increases sharply when the ratio O/Si is decreased below 3.5. Hara and Ogino considered that melt viscosity does not have a role in the foaming behavior of the slags. However, they found that surface tension plays an important role on foam lives. In previous workJ 4.sl the foaming index, ~, and foam life, 7-, were introduced to describe the experimental results. These parameters are defined as
Statistical mapping of alloy samples by spark excited optical emission spectroscopy

Statistical emission maps of ferrous alloy samples were obtained by using stable spark discharge trains for improved sampling resolution. Large changes in emission intensities were observed for matrix and alloying elements as a function of position on the sample. By using several complementary experimental systems, the source of the changes in emission intensities was traced to the sample and was mainly due to changes in the sampling efficiency. Although large changes in emission intensities were observed, there were groups of correlating signals that followed one another. A correlation-based treatment of the emission map data provides analytically useful information including compensating for the sample-dependent changes in erosion of material from the sample electrode.
Identification of iron responsive genes by screening cDNA libraries from suppression subtractive hybridization with antisense probes from three iron conditions

The goal of the present study is to identify genes that respond to iron availability. Suppression subtraction hybridization (SSH) was used to generate cDNA libraries from iron loaded and control human astrocytoma cells (SW1088). The cDNA libraries were screened with antisense cDNA probes obtained from mRNA isolated from astrocytoma cells exposed to three conditions: (i) normal media (control), (ii) deferoxamine treated (iron deficient) or (iii) iron loaded. The screening of the cDNA libraries with antisense probes from the three conditions enhanced the screening efficiency and decreased the number of false positives. Positive clones were identified and sequenced. The genes of interest were further analyzed by determining changes in hybridization signal on northern blots from astrocytoma cells exposed to iron or deferoxamine over different time intervals. Our analysis identified cDNAs corresponding to known iron responsive genes such as L-chain ferritin, but also revealed a number of mRNAs with novel sequences and mRNAs previously not known to be responsive to iron such as one of the ABC transporters and Thy-1 glycoprotein. Thus our results suggest that the expression of a number of genes may be influenced by changes in iron availability.
Mechanism of regulation of transcription initiation by ppGpp. I. Effects of ppGpp on transcription initiation in vivo and in vitro.

To determine the role of ppGpp in both negative and positive regulation of transcription initiation during exponential growth in Escherichia coli, we examined transcription in vivo and in vitro from the growth-rate-dependent rRNA promoter rrnB P1 and from the inversely growth-rate-dependent amino acid biosynthesis/transport promoters PargI, PhisG, PlysC, PpheA, PthrABC, and PlivJ. rrnB P1 promoter activity was slightly higher at all growth-rates in strains unable to synthesize ppGpp (deltarelAdeltaspoT) than in wild-type strains. Consistent with this observation and with the large decrease in rRNA transcription during the stringent response (when ppGpp levels are much higher), ppGpp inhibited transcription from rrnB P1 in vitro. In contrast, amino acid promoter activity was considerably lower in deltarelAdeltaspoT strains than in wild-type strains, but ppGpp had no effect on amino acid promoter activity in vitro. Detailed kinetic analysis in vitro indicated that open complexes at amino acid promoters formed much more slowly and were much longer-lived than rrnB P1 open complexes. ppGpp did not increase the rates of association with, or escape from, amino acid promoters in vitro, consistent with its failure to stimulate transcription directly. In contrast, ppGpp decreased the half-lives of open complexes at all promoters, whether the half-life was seconds (rrnB P1) or hours (amino acid promoters). The results described here and in the accompanying paper indicate that ppGpp directly inhibits transcription, but only from promoters like rrnB P1 that make short-lived open complexes. The results indicate that stimulation of amino acid promoters occurs indirectly. The accompanying paper evaluates potential models for positive control of amino acid promoters by ppGpp that might explain the requirement of ppGpp for amino acid prototrophy.
The strength of the lone wolf

In his keynote at the CSCL 2007 conference, Gerhard Fischer cited Kipling’s verse on the dialectic of group and individual. This dialectic is necessarily a primary concern for any theory of CSCL. The current issue of ijCSCL addresses this theme in diverse ways. While some established disciplines privilege the individual and others the social, theories of collaborative learning must center on the dialectical relationship between them. Approaches like cultural-historical activity theory (Engestrom 1999), actor-network theory (Latour 2007) and situated learning (Lave 1991) sketch their union in general terms. The papers in this issue take a more focused and applied approach, investigating the role of specific CSCL tools in mediating the relationship between individual and group. If one accepts Vygotsky’s (1930/1978) principle that distinctively human cognitive skills are developed in groups (socially, inter-subjectively) first and only subsequently on that basis internalized into mental (individual, inner-subjective) abilities, then one can pose the fundamental CSCL question: How can technology be used to facilitate this intersubjective-to-individual process of collaborative learning? As we have discovered in past CSCL research, this is a complex problem. One must create and coordinate: (1) a group knowledge-building space, (2) a set of individuals engaged as a group and (3) channels of interaction between the social and personal systems. Structuration theory Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning (2008) 3:99–103 DOI 10.1007/s11412-008-9041-9
Improved procedures for the cloning and purification of Microcystis cultures (Cyanophyta).

A cloned axenic culture of Microcystis Kutzing was obtained by combining two procedures: a) the disaggregation of multicellular Microcystis colonies by dilution into deionized water, and b) the selective growth of Microcystis in agar media containing Na2S, which inhibited or killed the associated contaminants. Microcystis growth was stimulated by 0.3–1 mM Na2SO3, but not by 0.1–33 mM Na2SO4. Although Microcystis cells survived temporary exposure to high Na2S concentrations, their growth was not stimulated by 1 × 10−5 to 1.0 M Na2S. Possible metabolic roles of reduced sulfur compounds are considered. Microcystis colonies disaggregated to unicells at ionic concentrations below 1 mM for univalent cations, 10–100 μM for the divalent cations, and 3–10 μM for Fe3+. Higher cation concentrations prompted cell aggregation. With > 100 mM Fe3+, the Microcystis capsule appeared rust-colored. Neither nonionic solutes nor anions detectably influenced aggregation. These observations suggest cation interactions with the Microcystis capsule and are discussed with regard to: a) possible siderochrome activity, cation chelation or luxury uptake of cations, b) the questionability of using cell aggregation as a criterion for identifying Microcystis in samples of unknown ionic strength, c) the utility of low ionic strength media in releasing contaminating bacteria from the capsule and in obtaining algal unicells for cloning, and d) a model for cation interactions with the capsule.
Stacking fault energy of the NbCr2 Laves phase

Abstract A total energy study has been performed on the NbCr2 Laves phase using first-principles electronic structure calculations based on the full-potential linear muffin-tin orbital method. For the two Laves phase structures, C15 and C14, cohesive energies and heats of formation were obtained. A method was developed to calculate the stacking fault energy, γ, in C15 Laves phases, using only two quantities: the cohesive energy difference between C15 and C14 Laves phases, and the C15 lattice constant. For C15 NbCr2, the calculated stacking fault energy is 90mJ m−2. The calculated result is in good agreement with an experimental result deduced from an extended dislocation node.
Culture of colony-forming hematopoietic progenitor cells from human peripheral blood

Methods for culturing hematopoietic colonies from human peripheral blood are described in this report. Granulocyte-macrophage progenitor cells (CFU-GM: colony forming units-granulocyte/macrophage) are grown in 35-mm dishes containing 4 ml of 0.35% agarose in Iscove's modified Dulbecco's medium (IMDM) with 20% prescreened fetal bovine serum (FBS). Colony-stimulating activity is provided by leukocyte-conditioned medium, and nonactivated autologous T lymphocytes or recombinant granulocyte- and granulocyte/macrophage-colony stimulating factor or both. This procedure minimize the growth inhibition caused by monocytes. Erythroid progenitor cells (BFUe: burst forming units-erythroid) are cultured in 1 ml of 0.35% agarose in IMDM with 30% FBS and conditioned medium from human bladder carcinoma cell line 5637 or recombinant interleukin 3. Both assays have proved useful in studying the enrichment of peripheral blood hematopoietic cells.
High performance liquid chromatography coupled on-line to capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection for detecting inhibitors of Src homology 2 domain–phosphopeptide binding in mixtures

Abstract Reversed-phase HPLC was coupled on-line to a rapid, competitive affinity probe capillary electrophoresis (APCE) assay to screen mixtures for compounds that inhibit protein–ligand interactions. The Fyn Src homology 2 (SH2) domain and its phosphopeptide binding partner were used as a model interaction for demonstration of this technique. In the method, mixtures containing possible inhibitors of binding were separated by HPLC at a flow rate of 0.3 mL/min. A small portion of effluent was directed to a fluidic tee where it was mixed on-line with Fyn SH2 domain and a fluorescent phosphopeptide (“affinity probe”) known to bind selectively to Fyn SH2 domain. Electropherograms of the reaction mixture were collected on-line at ∼6 s intervals using a flow-gated interface to control injections onto the capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence system. The resulting electropherograms contained two peaks, one corresponding to the free affinity probe and the other a complex of the affinity probe and Fyn SH2 domain. Compounds that bound the protein were detected as a decrease in the peak height of the complex and an increase in the peak height of affinity probe with relative standard deviations of
Lack of Enhancer Function in Mammals Is Unique to Oocytes and Fertilized Eggs

Previous studies have shown that the lack of novel coactivator activity in mouse oocytes and one-cell embryos (fertilized eggs) renders them incapable of utilizing Gal4:VP16-dependent enhancers (distal elements) but not promoters (proximal elements) in regulating transcription. This coactivator activity first appears in two- to four-cell embryos coincident with the major activation of zygotic gene expression. Here we show that whereas oocytes and fertilized eggs could utilize Sp1-dependent promoters, they could not utilize Sp1-dependent enhancers, although they showed promoter repression, which is a requirement for delineating enhancer function. In contrast, both Sp1-dependent promoters and enhancers were functional in two- to four-cell embryos. Furthermore, the same embryonic stem cell mRNA that provided the coactivator activity for Gal4:VP16-dependent enhancer function also provided Sp1-dependent enhancer function in oocytes. Therefore, the coactivator activity appears to be a requirement for general enhancer function. To determine whether the absence of enhancer function is a unique property of oocytes or a general property of other terminally differentiated cells, transcription was examined in terminally differentiated hNT neurons and their precursors, undifferentiated NT2 stem cells. The results showed that both cell types could utilize enhancers and promoters. Thus, in mammals, the lack of enhancer function appears to be unique to oocytes and fertilized eggs, suggesting that it provides a safeguard against premature activation of genes prior to zygotic gene expression during development.
“It’s Not About You”

In this short story, through a challenging case where his sound diagnostic work has seemingly gone unrecognized, an internist is reminded of what is most important in clinical case.
The Maintenance of Verbal Exchanges Between Young Children.

MUELLER, EDWARD. The Maintenance of Verbal Exchanges between Young Children. CmLD DEVELOPMENT, 1972, 43, 930-938. Although spontaneous verbal interaction among preschool children is reputed to be limited as the result of their egocentrism, a direct examination revealed that 4-year-olds almost always displayed social interest and usually received replies to the things they said in free play. The maintenance of verbal interaction was found to be multidetermined; however, when many causative factors operated in 1 direction, the outcome was perfectly predictable. The 2 most powerful predictors of whether a given message would receive a reply were its technical quality and the visual attention of the listener at its beginning.
Single-temperature forced hot-air quarantine treatment to control fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Papaya

A single air temperature, forced hot-air treatment was developed to control Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata. (Wiedemann), melon fly, Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett), and oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), eggs and larvae in Hawaii-grown papaya, Carica papaya L., ‘Kapoho Solo.’ The treatment forced 48.5 ± 0.5 hot air with 40-60% RH over the papayas until the fruit center temperatures reached 47.2. The treatment time required to heat the fruit centers to 47.2 and provide probit 9 quarantine security was 3.5 ± 0.25 h. Fruit fly survival occurred in tests using a shorter treatment time of 2.5 ± 0.25 h although the fruit center temperatures were 47.2. When the fruit center temperatures reached 47.2, the papayas were immediately hydrocooled until the fruit center temperatures were ≥30. The single air temperature forced hot-air treatment did not damage the fruit.
Chemoenzymatic formal total synthesis of (−)-bestatin

Abstract A highly stereoselective, enzymatic reduction of an α-chloro-β-keto ester provided the key intermediate for a total synthesis of the α-hydroxy-β-amino acid moiety of (−)-bestatin. The reduction product was cyclized to a glycidic ester that was opened in a Ritter reaction with benzonitrile, affording a trans -oxazoline, which was hydrolyzed under acidic conditions to the target molecule.
Rosai–Dorfman Disease (Sinus Histiocytosis with Massive Lymphadenopathy) of the Pancreas: Second Case Report

Rosai–Dorfman disease (RDD), originally described as sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy, is a rare histiocytic proliferative disorder with a distinctive microscopic appearance. It formerly was thought to be a process limited to lymph nodes, yet RDD has been documented to occur in many organ systems, notably the bone, skin, soft tissue, central nervous system, eye and orbit, and upper respiratory tract. The digestive system, however, is affected only exceptionally, with this being only the second documented case involving the pancreas. In this case report, we present a case of a 63-year-old African-American female who was found to have a pancreatic head mass and right middle lobe pleural nodule during evaluation for obstructive jaundice. She underwent a Whipple procedure. Her pathology of both the pancreatic mass and RML lung wedge resection showed sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy, along with extensive fibrosis intertwined with nodular mixed inflammatory infiltrate. The histiocytes characteristically showed “emperipolesis,” in which lymphocytes had penetrated the cytoplasm and remained viable within the histiocytes (lymphocytes continued to have free movement in the histiocyte). In addition, the histiocytic cells were positive with S-100 protein and CD68, hallmarks of RDD. Although rare, Rosai–Dorfman disease should be considered in the differential diagnosis of patients presenting with pancreatic and/or lung nodules, especially when biopsy or cytology results report atypical inflammatory findings.
Silviculture that sustains: the nexus between silviculture, frequent prescribed fire, and conservation of biodiversity in longleaf pine forests of the southeastern United States

The longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) forest ecosystems of the US southeastern Coastal Plain, among the most biologically diverse ecosystems in North America, originally covered over 24 × 106 h...
Endothelin-1 Gene Suppression by Shear Stress: Pharmacological Evaluation of the Role of Tyrosine Kinase, Intracellular Calcium, Cytoskeleton, and Mechanosensitive Channels

Abstract Physiological fluid shear stress regulates endothelin-1 (ET-1) gene expression in endothelial cells by inducing an early transient upregulation followed by a sustained suppression, at times greater than 2 h in duration. We evaluated the mechanism of ET-1 mRNA downregulation in confluent monolayers of bovine aortic endothelial (BAE) cells by applying a 6 h steady laminar shear stress of magnitude 20 dyn/cm2. Inhibition of tyrosine kinases using herbimycin A (875 n m ) abolished the shear-induced decrease in ET-1 mRNA expression. Similarly, chelation of intracellular calcium ( [Ca2+]i) with quin2-AM (10μ m ) blocked the suppression of ET-1 mRNA by shear. To examine the role of the endothelial cytoskeleton in the response to flow, cytochalasin D was used to disrupt F-actin microfilaments. This treatment induced cell retraction and detachment under flow, whereas stabilization of F-actin with phalloidin (1μ m ) did not affect shear-induced ET-1 downregulation. In contrast, disruption of the microtubule network with nocodazole (10μg/ml) completely prevented, while microtubule stabilization with taxol (10μ m ) did not affect the suppression of ET-1 mRNA by flow. To determine the possible contributions of mechanosensitive channels, barium (1 m m BaCl2), was added to confluent BAE monolayers in a low-sulfate/low-phosphate modified medium and was noted to abrogate the downregulation of ET-1 gene expression and to attenuate the shear-induced increase in cytoplasmic free calcium concentration. Tetraethylammonium (3 m m TEA) partially inhibited the suppression of ET-1 mRNA by shear; in contrast, gadolinium (10μ m GdCl3), an inhibitor of the stretch-activated cation channel ISA, had no effect. Membrane depolarization by elevated extracellular potassium ( [K+]o) also attenuated the suppression of ET-1 mRNA by flow at [K+]o=70 m m and completely inhibited it at [K+]o=135 m m . In summary, the steady-state downregulation of ET-1 mRNA by physiological levels of fluid shear stress shares signaling features with the morphological and cytoskeletal response to shear stress. These include requirement for intracellular calcium, tyrosine kinase activity, an intact microtubule network, and independence from a Gd3+-sensitive ISA. Unlike shear-induced changes in cell morphology and the actin cytoskeleton, the shear-induced decrease in ET-1 mRNA level is blocked by cell depolarization and by Ba2+, a blocker of the shear-activated IKSwhich also decreases shear-induced cytoplasmic calcium increase.
PKC-zeta is essential toward endotoxin-induced macrophage activation

A critical feature of sepsis-induced adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is the release of cytokines, such as TNF-α, from LPS-activated macrophages. However, the cellular mechanisms involved are incompletely understood. The aim of this study is further clarify the mechanism of LPS activation through the Toll-4 receptor (TLR4) by examining the roles of the various isoforms of PKC within the tissue-fixed macrophage. Methods: RAW 246.7 cells were subjected to LPS stimulation. Selected cells were pretreated with 10 nM Go6983 to inhibit calcium dependent and novel PKC isoforms, or 60 nM Go6983 to inhibit atypical PKC isoforms. Following stimulation, cellular and nuclear protein were extracted and analyzed by Western blot and EMS for components of the TLR4 pathway. Supernatants obtained from cells under the various conditions were analyzed by ELISA for the production of TNF-α. Statistical analysis was performed by student t-tests, with a p < 0.05 being significant. Results: LPS stimulation led to the phosphorylation and activation of IRAK, which was followed by activation of JNK, ERK 1/2, and p38. Subsequently, LPS induced the activation of NF-κB and AP-1. Activation of these TLR4-signaling factors was followed by the production of TNF-α. Inhibition of calcium dependent and novel PKC isoforms had no significant effect on any component of TLR4 mediated signaling or TNF-α production. However, inhibition of the atypical PKC, PKC-ζ, was associated with a significant attenuation in the activation of IRAK-1, JNK, ERK 1/2, p38, NF-κB and AP-1 (p<0.05 vs. control for each). This modulation in TLR4 signaling was associated with a significant attenuation of TNF-α (p = 0.001 vs. control). Based on these findings, specific blockade of PKC-ζ was performed using a cell permeable myristoylated PKC-ζ pseudopeptide resulting in similar effects. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that within the macrophage the atypical PKC isoform PKC-ζ is critical to regulation of LPS-induced TLR4-signaling and TNF-α production. Although the mechanism of its activation remains unresolved, it appears that modulation of PKC-ζ activity during gram-negative infections may limit associated inflammatory-induced morbidity, such as ARDS.
Antibodies to Deoxyribonucleic Acid Irradiated with Ultraviolet Light: Detection by Precipitins and Immunofluorescence

Two rabbits were immunized with a complex consisting of ultravioietirradiated DNA and methylated bovine serum albumin. Serum antibodies reacted only with irradiated DNA, and the serological reaction was shown by immuneprecipitation and immunofluorescence.
Physical and biological consequences of incorporation of antiviral agents into virus DNA

Abstract The molecular basis for the antiviral activity is discussed for a variety of nucleoside compounds approved for clinical use in the U.S.A. (5-iodo-2′-deoxyuridine, 5-trifluoromethyl-2′-deoxyuridine, 9-β- d -arabinofuranosyladenine, 9-(2-hydroxyethoxymethyl)guanine), or in clinical trial (E-5-(2-bromovinyl)-2′-deoxyuridine, 1-(2-deoxy-2-fluoro-β- d -arabinosyl)-5-iodocytosine, 1-β- d -ribofuranosyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide), or of specific interest to our laboratory (5-iodo-5′-amino-2′, 5′-dideoxyuridine, 5′-amino-5′-deoxythymidine). The consequence of incorporation of idoxuridine, the 5′-amino analog of thymidine or the 5′-amino analog of idoxuridine into the DNA of herpes simplex virus type 1 on transcription and translation is emphasized.
Binary Bose-Einstein Condensate Mixtures in Weakly and Strongly Segregated Phases

We perform a mean-field study of the binary Bose-Einstein condensate mixtures as a function of the mutual repulsive interaction strength. In the phase segregated regime, we find that there are two distinct phases: the weakly segregated phase characterized by a ``penetration depth'' and the strongly segregated phase characterized by a healing length. In the weakly segregated phase the symmetry of the shape of each condensate will not take that of the trap because of the finite surface tension, but its total density profile still does. In the strongly segregated phase even the total density profile takes a different symmetry from that of the trap because of the mutual exclusion of the condensates. The lower critical condensate-atom number to observe the complete phase segregation is discussed. A comparison to recent experimental data suggests that the weakly segregated phase has been observed.
Chromatographic method for the determination of diazepam, pyridostigmine bromide, and their metabolites in rat plasma and urine.

Abstract This study describes a chromatographic method for the determination of diazepam, an anxiolytic drug that is also used as an antidote against nerve agent seizures, its metabolites N -desmethyldiazepam, and temazepam, the anti-nerve agent drug pyridostigmine bromide (PB; 3-dimethylaminocarbonyloxy- N -methyl pyridinium bromide) and its metabolite N -methyl-3-hydroxypyridinium bromide in rat plasma and urine. The compounds were extracted using C 18 Sep-Pak Vac 3cc (500 mg) cartridges and separated using isocratic mobile phase of methanol, acetonitrile and water (pH 3.2) (10:40:50) at a flow-rate of 0.5 ml/min in a period of 12 min, and UV detection ranging between 240 and 280 nm. The limits of detection for all analytes ranged between 20 and 50 ng/ml, while limits of quantitation were 100 ng/ml. Average percentage extraction recoveries of five spiked plasma samples were 79.1±7.7, 83.5±6.4, 83.9±5.9, 71.3±6.0 and 77.7±5.6, and from urine 79.4±7.9, 83.1±6.9, 73.6±7.7, 74.3±7.1 and 77.6±5.9 for diazepam, N -desmethyldiazepam, temazepam, pyridostigmine bromide, and N -methyl-3-hydroxypyridinium bromide, respectively. The relationship between peak areas and concentration was linear over the range between 100 and 1000 ng/ml. This method was applied to determine the above analytes following a single oral administration in rats as a tool to study the pharmacokinetic profile of each compound, alone and in combination.
Detection of an Interstellar Flux of Gamma-Rays

Interstellar flux of gamma rays analyzing ranger borne scintillation spectrometer measurements
Fluorescence detection of cationic amyloid fibrils in human semen

Cationic amyloid fibrils, including the Semen Enhancer of Virus Infection (SEVI), have recently been described in human semen. Simple methods for quantitating these fibrils are needed to improve our understanding of their biological function. We performed high-throughput screening to identify molecules that bind SEVI, and identified a small molecule (8E2), that fluoresced brightly in the presence of SEVI and other cationic fibrils. 8E2 bound SEVI with almost 40-fold greater affinity than thioflavin-T, and could efficiently detect high molecular weight fibrils in human seminal fluid.
Transilient Turbulence Theory. Part I: The Concept of Eddy-Mixing across Finite Distances

Abstract A first-order turbulence theory is developed that describes eddy-like mixing. Named transilient theory after a Latin word meaning “leap across” this approach models the turbulent mixing between arrays of points separated in space. It differs from eddy-diffusivity theory in that it is not restricted to turbulent transfer between adjacent points. By explicitly including “large eddy” effects it can handle mixing across zero-gradient and counter-gradient situations such as found in convective mixed layers. Applications might include pollutant dispersion, boundary layer modeling and cloud entrainment studies.
PROPERTIES OF RIBOSOMES AND RNA FROM ASPERGILLUS NIGER.

Ribosomes from growing hyphae of Aspergillus niger contain 53% RNA and 47% protein and have a sedimentation coefficient of 80S at 20°C. and infinite dilution. They are stable at pH 7.8 in 0.01 M MgCl2 but undergo a dissociation into 60S and 40S subunits in 0.0001 M MgCl2. These 80S particles have three types of RNA with respective sedimentation coefficients of 10S, 15S, and 19S. Ribosomal RNA, like total RNA, contains 53% guanylic plus cytidylic acids, and soluble RNA 58%.
Solution structure of the 30 kDa N-terminal domain of enzyme I of the Escherichia coli phosphoenolpyruvate:sugar phosphotransferase system by multidimensional NMR.

The three-dimensional solution structure of the 259-residue 30 kDa N-terminal domain of enzyme I (EIN) of the phosphoenolpyruvate:sugar phosphotransferase system of Escherichia coli has been determined by multidimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Enzyme I, which is autophosphorylated by phosphoenolpyruvate, reversibly phosphorylates the phosphocarrier protein HPr, which in turn phosphorylates a group of membrane-associated proteins, known as enzymes II. To facilitate and confirm NH, 15N, and 13C assignments, extensive use was made of perdeuterated 15N- and 15N/13C-labeled protein to narrow line widths. Ninety-eight percent of the 1H, 15N, and 13C assignments for the backbone and first side chain atoms of protonated EIN were obtained using a combination of double and triple resonance correlation experiments. The structure determination was based on a total of 4251 experimental NMR restraints, and the precision of the coordinates for the final 50 simulated annealing structures is 0.79 ± 0.18...
The time of DNA replication in the cell cycle in relation to RNA synthesis in frog embryos.

Variations in the rates of DNA and RNA synthesis during the DNA synthetic (S) period of the cell cycle have been determined in explants of early Rana pipiens embryos. Cells of dorsal axial ectoderm-mesoderm regions and belly endoderm regions of the embryo were partially synchronized using 5-fluorodeoxyuridine. The partially synchronized explants were incubated continuously or at intervals during the S period with radioactive nucleic acid precursors. Autoradiographic and biochemical evidence indicates that at the gastrula, neurula and tailbud stages the DNA is replicated discontinuously in two maxima with a slowing in the synthetic rate in the middle of the S period. There is an increase in the proportion of the DNA which replicates late as development proceeds from gastrulation. At the neurula and tailbud stages the proportion of late replicating DNA is greater in the belly endoderm than in the dorsal axial ectoderm-mesoderm. Experiments utilizing H3-5-uridine indicate that RNA is synthesized discontinuously in two maxima during the S period in both dorsal axial and belly regions at the earlier neurula stage. By the tailbud stage, however, a significant decrease in the second maximum of RNA transcription occurs. RNA extraction experiments indicate that these changes can be attributed, in part, to changes in the synthesis of DNA-like RNA. These findings are discussed in relation to cell determination.
Public Trust Philosophy for Fish and Wildlife Management: Implications for Human Dimensions

In the wake of growing parallel interests in the North American Model of Wildlife Conservation (Organ et al., 2012) and the need for transformation of state fish and wildlife agencies to better ref...