cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dynamic validation of a discrete element code in modeling rock fragmentation

Abstract A discrete element code has been developed to simulate dynamic behavior of rock materials, particularly rock fragmentation upon impact in rock-fall analysis. Dynamic compression tests at a lower strain rate regime ( e 0.2 s − 1 ) and Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar tests at a higher strain rate regime ( e > 10.0 s − 1 ) have been performed to validate the discrete element code. The dynamic strength and fragment size distribution of the tested granite showed clear strain rate dependence; the dynamic strength of granite increases with strain rate and a higher strain rate loading tends to produce more fragments. It has been found that the developed discrete element code can reasonably simulate the dynamic behavior in terms of strain rate dependent dynamic strength but not fragment size distribution. The strain rate dependent dynamic strength of granite can be explained as an inertial effect, in which material inertia inhibits crack propagations. The experimental fragment size distribution can be well represented by a two-parameter Weibull distribution.
Antagonist of Nitric Oxide Synthesis Inhibits Nerve-Mediated Relaxation of Isolated Strips of Rumen and Reticulum

The present study investigated the possibility that nitric oxide is a nonadrenergic, noncholinergic neurotransmitter of nerves that are intrinsic to the forestomach. Tunica muscularis, myenteric plexus preparations of bovine reticulum and rumen were maintained in vitro in a physiological solution of buffer that contained scopolamine. Trains of electric field stimulation transiently reduced (relaxed) the tone induced by BaCl2. NG-Nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, a nitric oxide synthase competitive antagonist, inhibited relaxation of the rumen and reticulum preparations that had been induced by the electrical field. The actions of NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester were partially reversed by L-arginine. These data suggest that nitric oxide, or a related substance, is an inhibitory neurotransmitter of nerves that are intrinsic to tunica muscularis, myenteric plexus preparations of the bovine forestomach.
Rates of growth and sample moduli for weighted empirical processes indexed by sets

Probability inequalities are obtained for the supremum of a weighted empirical process indexed by a Vapnik-Cervonenkis class C of sets. These inequalities are particularly useful under the assumption P(∪{C∈C:P(C)<t})»0 as t»0. They are used to obtain almost sure bounds on the rate of growth of the process as the sample size approaches infinity, to find an asymptotic sample modulus for the unweighted empirical process, and to study the ratio Pn/P of the empirical measure to the actual measure.
Neurovirulence of H5N1 Infection in Ferrets Is Mediated by Multifocal Replication in Distinct Permissive Neuronal Cell Regions

Highly pathogenic avian influenza A (HPAI), subtype H5N1, remains an emergent threat to the human population. While respiratory disease is a hallmark of influenza infection, H5N1 has a high incidence of neurological sequelae in many animal species and sporadically in humans. We elucidate the temporal/spatial infection of H5N1 in the brain of ferrets following a low dose, intranasal infection of two HPAI strains of varying neurovirulence and lethality. A/Vietnam/1203/2004 (VN1203) induced mortality in 100% of infected ferrets while A/Hong Kong/483/1997 (HK483) induced lethality in only 20% of ferrets, with death occurring significantly later following infection. Neurological signs were prominent in VN1203 infection, but not HK483, with seizures observed three days post challenge and torticollis or paresis at later time points. VN1203 and HK483 replication kinetics were similar in primary differentiated ferret nasal turbinate cells, and similar viral titers were measured in the nasal turbinates of infected ferrets. Pulmonary viral titers were not different between strains and pathological findings in the lungs were similar in severity. VN1203 replicated to high titers in the olfactory bulb, cerebral cortex, and brain stem; whereas HK483 was not recovered in these tissues. VN1203 was identified adjacent to and within the olfactory nerve tract, and multifocal infection was observed throughout the frontal cortex and cerebrum. VN1203 was also detected throughout the cerebellum, specifically in Purkinje cells and regions that coordinate voluntary movements. These findings suggest the increased lethality of VN1203 in ferrets is due to increased replication in brain regions important in higher order function and explains the neurological signs observed during H5N1 neurovirulence.
A new developed method assisting mass transfer of Ni ions in via

This paper proposes an idea to assist the mass transfer of Ni ions in via during the electroplating process, which is considered difficult and still unsolved for a via with a high aspect ratio condition. In addition, a new and easier method is proposed to enable observation and analysis of the in situ phenomenon that arises in via plating. The function of selected important operational parameters influencing the electroplating process can be immediately evaluated. Studies show that the added surfactant FS can not only effectively decrease the surface tension of produced H2 bubbles, but also increase the disturbance within the via; therefore it can enable us to enhance the mass transfer of ions even within the via. This phenomenon confirms that the role of surfactant FS is advantageous in assisting the mass transfer of ions in via, and enables electroplating through the polymeric masks process to be effectively carried out without disruption occurring even at a high height-to-width aspect ratio 30 (AR = 30) condition.
Prediction of the relative in vitro sensitivity of 9L rat brain tumor cells to nitrosoureas by the sister chromatid exchange assay

In an earlier study we showed that there is a good correlation between sister chromatid exchange induction and cell kill in 9L cells treated with certain nitrosoureas. In the study reported here, we treated four 9L cell lines that have different sensitivities to chloroethylnitrosoureas with 1,3-bis (2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea, chlorozotocin, and ethylnitrosourea and determined the number of sister chromatid exchanges induced. Cell lines that were most sensitive to the drugs with respect to cell kill were also most sensitive to induction of sister chromatid exchanges for a given drug, and the assay based on sister chromatid exchange is therefore predictive of the relative sensitivity of these cells to the drugs used.
Effect of temperature on protein and immunoglobulin synthesis and secretion in two mouse myeloma cell lines

Protein synthesis in differentiated MOPC-21 and MPC-11 mouse myeloma cells was studied to determine the basis for the differences in the temperature and actinomycin D sensitivity of translation between non-differentiated mouse L-cells and differentiated rabbit reticulocytes. The temperature dependence of total protein synthesis was similar to that of L-cells and reticulocytes, being biphasic in Arrhenius plots with apparent activation energies of approximately 25 and 42 kcal/mol, above and below 25 degress C. The dependence of the secretion process was different since it was not biphasic, having a single activation energy of about 22 kcal/mol. Myeloma polysomes were like L-cell polysomes in their response to lower temperature and reached a minimum level of 50% at 15 degress C. This response was also found for the specific polysomes synthesizing the IgG H- and L-chains. In the presence of actinomycin D, myeloma polysomes declined exponentially with a half-life of approximately 6 hours. These two L-cell-like responses were not found in reticulocytes. Translation of both the IgG mRNAs and the non-IgG mRNAs was reduced by lower temperatures and actinomycin D, even though the L-chain mRNA was slightly more resistant, suggesting that this mRNA is slightly more efficient. The results of these experiments suggest that the translational differences between L-cells and reticulocytes are not mRNA dependent, but are cell type differences.
Assessing Systemicity of Peanut Fungicides Through Bioassay of Plant Tissues with Sclerotium rolfsii

Abstract To better understand movement of systemic fungicides in peanut (Arachis hypogaea), three terminal, fully expanded leaves of primary lateral branches of ‘Tifrunner’ peanut were treated with prothioconazole + tebuconazole (Provost, 0.29 kg a.i./ha), azoxystrobin (Abound, 0.31 kg a.i./ha), or flutolanil (Moncut, 0.79 kg a.i./ha) in field experiments. Basipetal leaves and pods on the same branch with the treated leaves were sequentially numbered from 1 to 3, with 1 being closest to treated foliage. These nontreated tissues, with newly formed terminal leaves, were sampled 4, 8, and 12 days after treatment for bioassay with Sclerotium rolfsii. All fungicides protected new acropetal leaves while prothioconazole + tebuconazole also provided some inhibition of S. rolfsii in nontreated basipetal leaves but no fungicide protected pods. In the greenhouse, applications of prothioconazole + tebuconazole or prothioconazole (Proline, 0.18 kg a.i./ha) to main stems of ‘Georgia Green’ provided some protection to l...
Perceptions of Depression among Never-Depressed and Recovered-Depressed People

We assessed perceptions of the impact of depression among two groups of currently nondepressed adults (Beck Depression Inventory score ≤ 9). The recovered-depressed (RD) participants (n = 25) had a history of major depressive disorder but had been recovered for at least 2 months since the most recent depressive episode. Never-depressed (ND) participants (n = 25) had no history of major depressive disorder. Participants completed the Self-Appraisal Questionnaire (Coyne & Calarco, 1995) as an assessment of beliefs about the experience of having been depressed. RDs rated depression as having more severe aftereffects than did the NDs. They reported feeling more loss of energy, being a burden on others, need to hide depression symptoms, strength drawn from depression, need to maintain a balance in life, fear of relationships, fear of taking risks, fear of recurrence of depression, and sense of stigma. These results replicated the findings of Coyne and Calarco (1995) and extended them to a more fully recovered population. These perceptions are important to understand because a person's ideas about depression may influence treatment outcome and susceptibility to future episodes.
Brush Cytology of the Fallopian Tube and Implications in Ovarian Cancer Screening

Abstract Study Objective To determine whether fallopian tube epithelial cells adequate for cytopathology can be obtained via a minimally invasive approach using brush cytology. Design Prospective feasibility study (Canadian Task Force classification II-1). Setting Tertiary-care university-based teaching hospital. Patients Ten patients who underwent laparoscopic hysterectomy, with or without adnexal surgery, because of benign indications. Interventions Attempted hysteroscopic and laparoscopic brush cytologic sampling of the fallopian tubes. Measurements and Main Results ThinPrep slides and cell blocks were prepared and analyzed. P53 and KI-67 immunostaining was performed on cell block specimens if adequate cellularity was present. The first 5 patients underwent attempted hysteroscopic sampling of the fallopian tube, with successful collection only in 1 patient. The protocol was then modified to enable sampling of the fallopian tube laparoscopically as well as hysteroscopically. In the other 5 patients sampling of the fallopian tubes was successful laparoscopically, including successful sampling hysteroscopically in 1 patient. The brush biopsy catheter could not be passed through the entire length of the fallopian tube in either the hysteroscopic or laparoscopic approach. All cytologic findings were interpreted as benign, although findings of nuclear overlapping, crowding, and small nucleoli were initially considered benign atypia. Immunohistochemistry for P53 and KI-67 yielded uniformly negative findings. Conclusion To our knowledge, this is the first study to describe endoscopic brush cytology of the fallopian tubes with correlated cytologic narrative. In the future, cytologic sampling of the fallopian tube may have implications for an ovarian cancer screening test.
Across Languages, Space, and Time: A Review of the Role of Cross-Language Similarity in L2 (Morpho)Syntactic Processing as Revealed by fMRI and ERP Methods.

This review examines whether similarity between the first language (L1) and second language (L2) influences the (morpho)syntactic processing of the L2, using both neural location and temporal processing information. Results from functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and event-related potential (ERP) studies show that nonnative speakers can exhibit nativelike online L2 (morpho)syntactic processing behavior and neural patterns. These findings are contrary to predictions of the shallow structure hypothesis for syntactic processing (Clahsen & Felser, 2006a, 2006b). The data are in line with predictions of the (morpho)syntactic domain of the unified competition model of L2 acquisition (MacWhinney, 2005): Differences in L2 processing as compared to the L1 (or to native speakers of the L2) were generally associated with constructions that were crosslinguistically dissimilar or unique to the L2. The processing of crosslinguistically similar constructions generally produced no differences in brain activity between the L1 and L2. Overall, the available data suggest that cross-language similarity is an important factor that influences L2 (morpho)syntactic processing.
Rescued from Oblivion: The Leyb Koniuchowsky Papers and the Holocaust in Provincial Lithuania

Much of our knowledge of the Holocaust in Lithuania is based on experiences in or near Vilnius and Kaunas. In the smaller towns, where tens of thousands of Jews lived before the war, so few survived that first-hand accounts are rare; all the less do official German sources offer a window onto events, recording little more than overall numbers. The present contribution draws attention to a lesser-known collection of survivor testimonies gathered after the war by Leyb Koniuchowsky, primarily in Germany’s Feldafing displaced persons camp. Case studies of ritual humiliation of Jews by their small-town and village neighbors, experiences in a minor camp complex, and the pursuit of vengeance by one survivor who gained temporary employment in the postwar Soviet security services, point toward the place of oral testimony in elucidating events in hard-to-document places. They raise questions about whether events in better-known localities were “typical” or not.
My Life with Dr. Willem Kolff

Since 1957, I have been well aware of Dr. Kolff's contribution in the field of artificial organs. Therefore, when I came to the United States, the first thing I knew I wanted to do was to meet Dr. Kolff. I finally met him on April 16, 1962 in Cleveland. At that time, I never dreamed that one day I would be working for him even though I had already been involved in the field of artificial organs. During the 3 years that I worked for Dr. Kolff, between April 1, 1964 and March 31, 1967, I obtained the basic training and foundation for succeeding him in the Department of Artificial Organs, Cleveland Clinic Foundation. During those first 10 years after succeeding Dr. Kolff, I devoted myself to reestablishing the department. He was always supportive of me in establishing my objective. Beginning in 1977, together with Dr. Kolff, I devoted my life to establishing and maintaining the International Society for Artificial Organs (ISAO) as the leading organization in the world for artificial organ technologies. Dr. Kolff was also supportive of this effort. Without his support, I, as well as others in the world who are involved in artificial organ technologies, believe that the ISAO would not be what it is today. We are very grateful to him for his contributions in this field.
Development of spinal neurons and tracts in the zebrafish embryo

We have analyzed pathfinding by growth cones in the spinal cord of the early zebrafish embryo, because it is an extremely simple system. At 18–20 hours of development the spinal cord contains approximately 18 lateral and presumably post-mitotic cell bodies per hemisegment. Of these 8–11 have projected growth cones by 18 hr of development and fall into five classes of neurons (Bernhardt et al., J. Comp. Neurol, preceding paper), including a set of mechanosensory (RB) neurons, three classes of interneurons (DoLA, ascending commissural, and VeLD), and previously characterized primary motor neurons (Eisen et al., '86: Nature 320:269–271). Of these five classes we analyzed pathfinding by the RB, DoLA, early ascending commissural, and VeLD neurons. These neurons are distinguishable at the earliest stages of axonogenesis based on the location of their somata and the number and initial directionality of their growth cones. In each case they follow stereotyped, cell-specific pathways to reach their termination sites. Up through larval stages exuberant axons have not been observed. The longitudinal axons of each neuronal class form bundles in the early cord. This apparently occurs because growth cones extend in close association with the longitudinal axons of the same neuronal class. At later stages spatially discrete commissural tracts are found in the cord suggesting that commissural growth cones may follow earlier commissural axons as well.
A note on the strategy of restriction and degenerate linear programming problems

Using the general computational strategy of restriction, necessary conditions for optimality provide an alternative criterion for entering variables when degeneracies arises in linear programming problems. Although cycling may still occur, it is shown that if it is possible to make progress at the next iteration, the criterion is guaranteed to identify a non-basic variable which increases the value of the basic solution, thereby reducing stalling. An alternative method for determining variables to exit the basis when degeneracies occur is also suggested.
Data and process mapping of sparse graph systems in a distributed environment (non-reviewed)

Methods employed for extracting parallel grains from a given sparse graph are varied and heuristic in nature, since it is NP-Hard to find the maximally balanced connected partition for a general graph [1]. In many cases, e.g. the GR -"Greedy Algorithm" [2], PI - "Principal Inertia" algorithms [3], RGB - "Recursive Graph Bisection" [4], 1DTF - The "ID Topology Frontal"; algorithm [5] and RSB - "Recursive Spectral Bisection" [6,7], systems are decomposed based upon the number of available processors without regard to the graph topology, which leads to inefficient data structuring (i.e. redundant storage, high communication costs and indiscriminate load balancing). An efficient methodology for regrouping and mapping a given decomposition is developed in this work. It is based on the "elimination-tree," or e-tree, data structure of [8]. The e-tree is a spanning tree for the given graph, and is utilized as a data structure to guide parallel processing. The mapping function assigns a "label," gamma, to each vertex: V rarr {1,2,...,n}. "Label classes" are defined as an ordered set, or list, of labels and contain vertices which can be processed in parallel after the vertices of all previously defined classes have been processed. A symbolic factorization technique is used to create these label classes, or sub-graphs, from G(A).
The CMU-ARK German-English Translation System

This paper describes the German-English translation system developed by the ARK research group at Carnegie Mellon University for the Sixth Workshop on Machine Translation (WMT11). We present the results of several modeling and training improvements to our core hierarchical phrase-based translation system, including: feature engineering to improve modeling of the derivation structure of translations; better handing of OOVs; and using development set translations into other languages to create additional pseudo-references for training.
Preparation for prenatal decision-making: a baseline of knowledge and reflection in women participating in prenatal screening.

AbstractObjective: This prospective study gathered baseline information about knowledge and intentions regarding prenatal testing from women attending their nuchal translucency (NT) ultrasound and first sequential blood screen.Method: Surveys including questions about pregnancy history and hypotheticals about fetal diagnoses were distributed to all willing participants at an urban hospital and a suburban medical building during the waiting time for the NT (N = 659).Results: The majority “never thought anything could be wrong” with their fetus and had not talked with the father or the health providers about that possibility. Presented with varied fetal diagnoses, the larger group nearly always “had the baby”, except in the case of a fatal condition where 28% said they would have the baby in contrast to 26% who would end the pregnancy (remainder undecided). Hypotheticals about varied fetal conditions were generally “undecided” by a quarter to nearly half of the respondents.Conclusion: Women’s baseline knowl...
Data path scheduling for two-level pipelining

In this paper a novel approach i s presented to schedule iterative tasks on two-level pipelines under resource constraints, such that the executions of both high level iterations and low level operations are pipelined. First, we limit the discussion to the case where none of the functional units is pipelined and pipelining is performed only at the global iteration level. Then we generalize it to the case where both global iterations and functional units are pipelined. We present the problem as an integer linear programming formulation and obtain the best solution which minimizes the total execution time. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm produces optimal solutions for all the test cases we have tried within a few seconds.
Selective Service Without a Draft

More than one million young men have failed to register for the draft, thereby committing a felony which carries a maximum five-year prison sentence and $10,000 fine. Unless a vigorous enforcement ...
Effect of doping profile variations on the performance of the permeable base transistor

The cutoff frequency f t and maximum frequency of oscillation f max of the permeable-base transistor have been calculated for devices with a fixed geometry and different doping profiles to determine the profile that gave the highest value of f_{\max} The effect of different static velocity-field curves for GaAs and InP, and associated diffusion-field dependencies on device performance have also been examined. The results of the simulations show that the saturated velocity for GaAs PBT's has a major impact on performance. The uniformly doped device, N d of 4 × 1016cm-3, has a higher f_{\max} when the saturated velocity is larger, but the effect of the low field mobility is small. The InP device has a slightly higher f_{\max} than the corresponding GaAs devices at this doping level. The 20-10-4 × 1016cm-3devices have the highest f_{\max} of all the GaAs devices investigated.
How We Prevent the Prevention of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders

Popular rhetoric supports prevention, but action does not match the rhetoric. Legitimate concerns are promoted to primacy, precluding preventive action. Prevention may be thwarted by expressing overriding concern for labels and stigma, objecting to a medical model and failure-driven services, preferring false negatives to false positives, proposing a paradigm shift, calling special education ineffective, misconstruing the least restrictive and least intrusive intervention, protesting the percentage of children receiving services, complaining that special education already costs too much, maintaining developmental optimism, denouncing disproportional identification, defending diversity, and denying or dodging deviance. The mechanisms explaining the avoidance of prevention include delayed negative reinforcement of prevention, immediate positive reinforcement of competing behaviors, social punishment of prevention, and modeling. Implications for practice are suggested.
Diet restriction and life history trade-offs in short- and long-lived species of Daphnia.

The life-extending effects of diet restriction are well documented. One evolutionary model that accounts for this widespread conservation is the resource allocation model, where the selected individuals are those that can delay reproduction during periods of resource limitation. In this study, we use closely related species of a model organism, Daphnia, with widely divergent lifespans to address the relationship between diet restriction and longevity and assess whether the relationships are owing to trade-offs between reproductive and somatic investment. Specifically, we conducted a common garden experiment and constructed reaction norms for lifespan, fecundity, and body size as a function of food concentration. Our study provides evidence that the short-lived species in our study, D. pulex, shows the classically observed relationship of enhanced lifespan in response to reduced diet intake, but does not divert resources to somatic maintenance at the expense of reproduction during chronic diet restriction. In contrast, we find no evidence that the long-lived species in our study, D. pulicaria, gains any life-extending effects through diet restriction. Combined, our results provide evidence that the resource allocation model is not sufficient to explain the evolution of diet-mediated lifespan plasticity. J. Exp. Zool. 313A, 2011. & 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. How to cite this article: Latta LC, Frederick S, Pfrender ME. 2011. Diet restriction and life history trade-offs in short- and long-lived species of daphnia. J. Exp. Zool. 313A:[page range]. Trade-offs between fitness and fitness-related traits are central to life history evolution. In the simplest statistical sense, a trade-off is indicated by a negative correlation between a pair of traits, and one model that provides a mechanism for such trade-offs is the Y model (de Jong and van Noordwijk, ’92). This model is based on the premise that trait values within an individual are determined by the allocation of resources acquired from a common pool, and that for a pair of traits the value of one trait will be restricted in
Environmental Justice: An Analysis of Superfund Sites in Florida

In this study we investigate the spatial relationship between Superfund sites and the racial, ethnic, and economic characteristics of the areas surrounding those sites in the state of Florida. Unlike many previous environmental justice studies, we examine census tracts rather than larger aggregates such as counties or zip codes. We also look at the problem of environmental injustice longitudinally by analyzing Census data from 1970, 1980, and 1990. Such an analysis not only allows us to detect potential environmental inequality, but also to postulate on the nature and origins of this injustice. Overall, our findings indicate that Blacks and Hispanics are more likely to live near Superfund hazardous waste sites, but income and poverty indicators do not predict the location of sites. The spatial association between race, ethnicity, and Superfund sites is increasing over time, leading us to conclude that the likely cause of much of the recent environmental injustice uncovered in our results stems from indirect, rather than direct, forms of discrimination.
Quantitative Assessment of Mixed Cerebral Vascular Territory Supply With Vessel Encoded Arterial Spin Labeling MRI

Background and Purpose—Recent advances in arterial spin labeling MRI have permitted noninvasive evaluation of vascular territories. In the present study, we quantitatively assess mixing of internal carotid and basilar artery blood through cerebrovascular anastomoses using vessel-encoded arterial spin labeling and a new postprocessing method. Methods—Vessel-encoded arterial spin labeling was used to determine the territories of the internal carotid and basilar arteries in 14 healthy subjects and one patient with asymptomatic high-grade carotid artery stenosis before and after endarterectomy. Contributions to individual vascular territories were quantified using a voxelwise supply fraction algorithm and the results were correlated with MR angiography. Results—Vascular territories were consistent with cerebrovascular anatomy and the presence of pathology. The supply fraction method allowed quantification of mixed territorial supply arising from collateral flow and showed vascular supply changes in a patient with carotid artery stenosis after endarterectomy. Conclusions—Vascular territories obtained with vessel-encoded arterial spin labeling correlate with cerebrovascular anatomy and allow quantitative assessment of mixed territorial supply in subjects with and without pathology. (Stroke. 2008;39:2980-2985.)
Activities and Structure of Some Melts in the System Na2SiO3‐Na2Si2O5

Different structural models for melts between Na2SiO3 and Na2Si2O5 were tested by comparison of activities computed from the models with activities determined from the calorimetric heat of fusion. Data were used from the liquidus curve of the phase diagram for the system Na2SiO3-Na2Si2O5 (Kracek and Morey and Bowen). A group model involving (SiO3)x2x- rings or chains, with a random distribution of (SiO2.5)2 pairs which bridge between rings or chains, gives activities in good agreement with those determined from the calorimetric heat of fusion.
Protein isoelectric point as a predictor for increased crystallization screening efficiency

Motivation: Increased efficiency in initial crystallization screening reduces cost and material requirements in structural genomics. Because pH is one of the few consistently reported parameters in the Protein Data Bank (PDB), the isoelectric point (pI) of a protein has been explored as a useful indirect predictor for the optimal choice of range and distribution of the pH sampling in crystallization trials. Results: We have analyzed 9596 unique protein crystal forms from the August 2003 PDB and have found a significant relationship between the calculated pI of successfully crystallized proteins and the difference between pI and reported pH at which they were crystallized. These preferences provide strong prior information for the design of crystallization screening experiments with significantly increased efficiency and corresponding reduction in material requirements, leading to potential cost savings of millions of US$ for structural genomics projects involving high-throughput crystallographic structure determination. Availability: A prototype example of a screen design and efficiency estimator program, CrysPred, is available at http://www-structure.llnl.gov/cryspred/
Quantifying the power loss when transmit beamforming relies on finite-rate feedback

Transmit beamforming achieves optimal performance in systems with multiple transmit antennas and a single receive antenna from both the capacity and the received signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) perspectives but ideally requires perfect channel knowledge at the transmitter. In practical systems where the feedback link can only convey a finite number of bits, transmit beamformer designs have been extensively investigated using either the outage probability or the average SNR as the figure of merit. In this paper, we study the symbol error rate (SER) for transmit beamforming with finite-rate feedback in a multi-input single-output setting. We derive an SER lower bound that is tight for good beamformer designs. Comparing this bound with the SER corresponding to the ideal case, we quantify the power loss due to the finite-rate constraint across the entire SNR range.
Purification and characterization of a cytotonic protein expressed In vitro by the live cholera vaccine candidate CVD 103-HgR.

ABSTRACT Cholera vaccines developed by the deletion of CTX genes fromVibrio cholerae induce a residual reactogenicity in up to 10% of vaccinees. A novel cytotonic agent named secreted CHO cell elongating protein (S-CEP) was purified from culture supernatants of CVD 103-HgR (Levine et al., Lancet ii:467–470, 1988). Five fractionation steps yielded electrophoretically pure S-CEP with anMr of 79,000. A partially purified preparation caused fluid accumulation in the sealed infant mouse model. The amino terminus bore a unique sequence with strong homology to a cytotonic toxin of El Tor V. cholerae.
Fast acquisition clock and data recovery circuit with low jitter

This paper presents a half-rate clock and data recovery circuit (CDR)that combines the fast acquisition of a phase selection (PS) delay-locked loop (DLL) with the low jitter of a phase-locked loop (PLL). The PLL acquisition time improves considerably with use of a phase frequency magnitude detector(PFMD) that feeds back an estimate of the magnitude of the frequency difference in addition to the sign. Measurements in 0.5/spl mu/m CMOS technology show operation up to 700 Mb/s, a 7% acquisition range, an initial acquisition time of 8 bit times with jitter of 30% bit time, and jitter of 16 ps after the PLL acquires lock. With a phase frequency detector (PFD), the PLL locks in about 700 ns from an initial frequency difference of 7%. Measurements using a PFMD show the 700 ns PLL acquisition time is reduced on average by about a factor of 5 to 140 ns from an initial 7% frequency difference. The power dissipation is 300mW.
The Liquid Water Oscillation in Modeling Boundary Layer Cumuli with Third-Order Turbulence Closure Models

A hierarchy of third-order turbulence closure models are used to simulate boundary-layer cumuli in this study. An unrealistically strong liquid-water oscillation (LWO) is found in the fully prognostic model, which predicts all third moments. The LWO propagates from cloud base to cloud top with a speed of 1 m/s. The period of the oscillation is about 1000 s. Liquid-water buoyancy terms in the third-moment equations contribute to the LWO. The LWO mainly affects the vertical profiles of cloud fraction, mean liquid-water mixing ratio and the fluxes of liquid-water potential temperature and total water, but has less impact on the vertical profiles of other second-moments and third-moments. In order to minimize the LWO, a moderate large diffusion coefficient and a large turbulent dissipation at its originating level are needed. However, this approach distorts the vertical distributions of cloud fraction and liquid-water mixing ratio. A better approach is to parameterize liquid-water buoyancy more reasonably. A minimally prognostic model, which diagnoses all third moments except for vertical velocity, is shown to produce better results, compared to a fully prognostic model.
Evolution of normal and neoplastic tissue stem cells: progress after Robert Hooke

The appearance of stem cells coincides with the transition from single-celled organisms to metazoans. Stem cells are capable of self-renewal as well as differentiation. Each tissue is maintained by self-renewing tissue-specific stem cells. The accumulation of mutations that lead to preleukaemia are in the blood-forming stem cell, while the transition to leukaemia stem cells occurs in the clone at a progenitor stage. All leukaemia and cancer cells escape being removed by scavenger macrophages by expressing the 'don't eat me' signal CD47. Blocking antibodies to CD47 are therapeutics for all cancers, and are currently being tested in clinical trials in the US and UK.
Carbon-Supported Copper Catalysts: I. Characterization

Abstract Cu crystallites dispersed on different forms of carbon, i.e., activated carbon, graphitized carbon fibers, and diamond, were prepared and characterized by CO chemisorption, N2O decomposition, X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, temperature-programmed reduction, and diffuse reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (DRIFTS). Both surface and bulk properties of these carbons had an impact on the dispersion as well as the reducibility of Cu. Increasing the concentration of oxygen-containing groups on the surface of the activated carbon by a nitric acid treatment prior to Cu impregnation was beneficial in terms of rendering a higher dispersion of Cu; however, Cu was better stabilized in the higher oxidation states over a high-temperature-treated activated carbon. A higher dispersion of Cu was obtained with the diamond support compared with the graphitized fibers when prepared via a wet impregnation technique, and it is attributed to the stabilization of Cu through interactive “dangling” bonds on the diamond surface. Cu dispersed by an ion-exchange method was stabilized on the graphitized fibers in two morphologically different forms: aggregates of globular particles deposited on top of graphitic basal planes and smaller crystallites at the edges of and at defects within these planes. These morphological differences changed the reducibility of these particles and also may have altered the electronic properties of these crystallites.
Relationship between fatigue, sleep quality and inflammatory cytokines during external beam radiation therapy for prostate cancer: A prospective study.

Abstract Background and purpose Mechanisms of fatigue reported during radiotherapy are poorly defined but may include inflammatory cytokines and/or sleep disturbances. This prospective, longitudinal, phase II study assessed fatigue, sleep, and serum cytokine levels during radiotherapy for early-stage prostate cancer (PCa). Material and methods Twenty-eight men undergoing radiotherapy for early-stage PCa wore an Actiwatch Score to record fatigue level, sleep time, onset latency, efficiency and wake after sleep onset. Serum levels of IL-1α, IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 and VEGF were measured weekly during radiotherapy. Patient reported quality of life (QOL) metrics were collected before and after treatment. Linear mixed effects models examined trajectories across treatment weeks. Results Fatigue increased across treatment weeks ( P P =.03), and sleep onset latency decreased (rate of change over time=.86, P =.06). IL-6 tended to increase during treatment ( P =0.09), but none of the cytokine levels or sleep variables were significantly related to fatigue trajectories. Conclusions Despite increased sleep efficiency across treatment weeks, fatigue significantly increased. Although IL-6 increased during the course of radiotherapy, cytokines levels were not associated with fatigue scores or sleep disturbance. Further studies are needed to define the mechanisms for fatigue during radiotherapy.
Molecular Biology of Brain Injury: 2012

Here we will cover a number of topics relevant to the molecular biology of acute brain injury beginning with an introduction to basic neurotransmitter systems and function, including excitatory (glutamate, acetylcholine, others) and inhibitory (GABA, glycine) neurotransmitters. To illustrate how these systems can interact with systemic processes we describe the cholinergic anti-inflammatory response, one way that the brain communicates with the peripheral immune system to downregulate an inflammatory response. Glutamate receptor physiology is introduced and the concept of excitotoxicity, central to all forms of acute central nervous system injury, is explained including the roles of metabotropic and ionotropic signaling. This leads to analysis of modes and mechanisms of programmed cell death after acute brain injury with an emphasis on programmed necrosis, apoptosis, caspases, poly-ADP-ribose polymerase, mitochondrial permeability transition, and oxidative stress, including coverage of the new field of oxidative lipidomics, which has provided a link between reactive oxygen species generation, release of mitochondrial cytochrome C, and cell death via specific oxidation of cardiolipin after acute brain and cellular injury. Links between oxidative and nitrosative stress and neuroinflammation and how these fundamental processes relate to brain injury are also included. Finally, extracellular matrix proteases, including matrix metalloproteinases and tissue plasminogen activator and their role in neurodegeneration and neuroprotection, as stroke biomarkers, and as mediators of blood–brain barrier damage are elucidated.
Investigation of Health Care Components in Transition IEPs

The purpose of this study was to assess the inclusion of health care components in transition Individualized Education Programs (IEPs) for students diagnosed with Other Health Impaired (OHI). In th...
Disaster Cycle Management: Matching Supply and Demand of Social Support Through Social Media

We investigate the match of supply of social support provided by humanitarian organizations and the demand for social support from social media users during the disaster cycle. We study the case of Hurricane Sandy in 2012 and focus on the Facebook pages of five benchmark organizations that participated actively in Sandy operations in the U.S. Our analysis has two parts. First, we perform sentiment analysis to obtain the amount of informational support and emotional support embedded in each organization's post and user's comment. This allows us to obtain the aggregated amount of informational and emotional support posted by organizations. Second, we build a structural model that captures individual heterogeneity and time varying effects to test the effect of informational and emotional support on the social engagement of Facebook users at different stages of the disaster cycle. We find a mismatch between supply and demand for social support. At each stage of the disaster cycle, organizations significantly post more informational support than emotional support. However, the effect of emotional support on social engagement is stronger than the one of informational support. Finally, we provide recommendations to organizations that will allow them to solve the supply-demand mismatch.
Theory of Propagation of Elastic Waves in a Fluid-Saturated Porous Solid. II. Higher Frequency Range

The theory of propagation of stress waves in a porous elastic solid developed in Part I for the low‐frequency range is extended to higher frequencies. The breakdown of Poiseuille flow beyond the critical frequency is discussed for pores of flat and circular shapes. As in Part I the emphasis of the treatment is on cases where fluid and solids are of comparable densities. Dispersion curves for phase and group velocities along with attenuation factors are plotted versus frequency for the rotational and the two dilational waves and for six numerical combinations of the characteristic parameters of the porous systems. Asymptotic behavior at high frequency is also discussed.
Surface Morphology and Corrosion Behavior of AZ31 Magnesium Alloy Deposited with Diamond-like Carbon Film

To improve the corrosion resistance of AZ31magnesium alloy and expanding its application,two types of diamond-like carbon(DLC)films containing Si-N and Si-O were deposited on commercial AZ31magnesium alloy by using plasma immersion ion deposition(PIID).The surface morphology and corrosion behavior of AZ31magnesium alloy deposited with DLC film were studied.The surface morphology of DLC film deposited on AZ31alloy was observed by SEM and AFM,the polarization curve and open circuit potential in 3. 5% NaCl solution were measured by electrochemical method,and the stress and strain in air and 3.5% NaCl solution were studied by tension machine.The results show that DLC films on AZ31Mg alloy are smooth and dense.In 3.5% NaCl solution,the polarization behavior of AZ31magnesium alloy with DLC film is familiar with that of the uncoated.The open circuit potential of the DLC-coated magnesium moves towards the positive,and their corrosion resistance is improved.Compared with that of the uncoated,the ultimate tensile strength of AZ31Mg alloy with DLC film is almost the same as that in air,and the elongation rate is slightly lower.In 3.5% NaCl solution,the ultimate tensile strength is lower,while the elongation rate is higher.
Modulation by extracellular ATP of two distinct currents in rat myocytes

The whole cell voltage-clamp technique was used to study the electrophysiological effects induced by ATP in isolated ventricular myocytes. ATP or 2-methylthio-ATP evoked a transient inward current ...
Tests for Exogeneity

Engle, Hendry and Richard (1983) and Hendry and Richard (1983) argue in a convincing manner that their notion of exogeneity is the natural one to use instead of classical (strict) exogeneity if the goal of the econometric ian is to use the simplest possible model without loss of relevant statistical information. Geweke (1984) on the other hand reveals the opposite side of the coin: while it is weak exogeneity that we are really after, that concept by itself cannot generate refutable hypotheses (see also Basmann (1965)). In other words, a model can always be constructed and parameters of interest can be chosen for which a designated set of variables is weakly exogenous — a simple way to do this is to specify the conditional model and the marginal model independently. Therefore weak exogeneity by itself does not supply enough restrictions that it can be subjected to statistical tests. So, in order to make weak exogeneity operational, concepts that generate empirically refutable hypotheses and which under reasonable assumptions are compatible with weak exogeneity are needed. And here is where we come a full circle: strict exogeneity is such a concept — though not the only one. Testing for strict exogeneity is possible (Sims (1972), Williams, Goodhart and Gowland (1976), Ciccolo (1978)), and such tests can be interpreted as joint tests of strict exogeneity and the assumptions that link weak exogeneity to strict exogeneity.
Diagnosis of primary vitreoretinal lymphoma, a subtype of primary CNS lymphoma

Chi-Chao Chan earned her M.D. from Johns Hopkins University and ophthalmology residency from Stanford University School of Medicine. She has completed two post-doctoral fellowships: ophthalmic pathology at Wilmer Institute, Johns Hopkins and clinical ocular immunology at National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health. She is the Chief of Immunopathology Section, Laboratory of Immunology and Head of Histopathology Core, National Eye Institute, the federal government medical research institute in the US. She has published 582 papers in peer-reviewed journals, 51 book chapters, and one textbook. She also serves as an editorial board member for 16 medical journals. Diagnosis of primary vitreoretinal lymphoma, a subtype of primary CNS lymphoma
Nicolas Cage – good or bad? Stardom, performance, and memes in the age of the Internet

Using Nicolas Cage as a case study, this article discusses the complex meanings – and contradictions – that can develop within a film star’s persona in the digital age. Cage has been venerated by t...
Investigating perceptions and support for transparency and openness in research: using card sorting in a pilot study with academic librarians

This paper explores the role of academic librarians as advocates for research transparency and open research. We describe the design and piloting of a qualitative card-sorting research protocol that investigates academic librarians' attitudes, awareness and practices related to research transparency. We report on preliminary results from interviews with librarians, presenting their conceptualizations of research transparency and open research, existing library services that support and advocate for both concepts, and potential services that would augment this support and advocacy. Library activities they feel are most important to the advancement of transparency and openness are identified and perceptions of disciplinary differences are noted.