cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Approach to Quantify Endomembrane Dynamics in Pollen Utilizing Bioactive Chemicals

Tip growth of pollen tubes and root hairs occurs via rapid polar growth. These rapidly elongating cells require tip-focused endomembrane trafficking for the deposition and recycling of proteins, membranes, and cell wall materials. Most of the image-based data published to date are subjective and non-quantified. Quantitative and comparative descriptors of these highly dynamic processes have been a major challenge, but are highly desirable for genetic and chemical genomics approaches to dissect this biological network. To address this problem, we screened for small molecules that perturbed the localization of a marker for the Golgi Ras-like monomeric G-protein RAB2:GFP expressed in transgenic tobacco pollen. Semi-automated high-throughput imaging and image analysis resulted in the identification of novel compounds that altered pollen tube development and endomembrane trafficking. Six compounds that caused mislocalization and varying degrees of altered movement of RAB2:GFP-labeled endomembrane bodies were used to generate a training set of image data from which to quantify vesicle dynamics. The area, velocity, straightness, and intensity of each body were quantified using semi-automated image analysis tools revealing quantitative differences in the phenotype caused by each compound. A score was then given to each compound enabling quantitative comparisons between compounds. Our results demonstrate that image analysis can be used to quantitatively evaluate dynamic subcellular endomembrane phenotypes induced by bioactive chemicals, mutations, or other perturbing agents as part of a strategy to quantitatively dissect the endomembrane network.
Maximum current estimation considering power gating

As semiconductor technology scales down, the leakage power will soon become comparable to the dynamic power. To reduce both dynamic and leakage power, power gating in addition to clock gating should be used because clock gating saves only dynamic power. The knowledge of maximum current is needed to design high-performance and reliable circuits using power gating. However, all existing techniques for maximum current estimation are not applicable to power gating. In this paper, we study the maximum current estimation problem considering power gating. We develop two algorithms based on automatic test pattern generation (ATPG), and apply them to ISCAS'85 benchmarks. Experiments show that our new estimation algorithms can finish the largest benchmark circuit within ten seconds, and achieve up to 87% larger current when compared to an existing ATPG-based estimation algorithm that is able to obtain maximum current estimation 6% less than the theoretical maximum current without considering power gating. This implies that power gating may lead to a larger maximum current when compared to the normal maximum switching current, and open a new avenue for maximum current estimation as well as circuit reliability research.
Poetic Doctrine in Three of Rimbaud's Verse Poems

Each of the three poems considered constitutes, among its other possible meanings, a statement about the nature of poetry which this paper attempts to isolate. “Le Coeur supplicit” is an example of what Rimbaud called “objective” poetry in his letter to Izambard and contains an explicit rejection of “subjective” poetry by subverting the traditional poetic notion of the heart. The last four stanzas of “Le Bateauivre” illustrate, by the rigorous use of Rimbaud's temporality, voyance in its sense of prophecy. In the final two sections of “Memoire” Rimbaud sees in the opposition river/woman/past Vs. sun/man/future the options for poetic inspiration; he rejects the former.
An Integral Equation Formulation for the Unconfined Flow of Groundwater with Variable Inlet Conditions

We combine an integral equation formulation with a hodograph transformation to solve self-similar problems describing the unconfined flow of groundwater with variable inlet conditions. A class of new semi-analytical solutions is obtained for both rectilinear and radial flow geometries. The solutions are in general agreement with those derived by Barenblatt, although there are some discrepancies for the case of radial flow. The formulation presented provides additional analytical insight, and for computational purposes is simpler than Barenblatt's. In addition, the method proposed can be successfully used for the solution of a host of other nonlinear problems that admit self-similarity.
Some Concepts of Farm Labor Availability

IN THE production of the essential war commodity, food, farm labor has become one of the most critical factors. The farmers' labor supply has been depleted by the armed forces and by the call to industry. Hence, it is becoming increasingly necessary to examine the farm labor situation periodically to determine if the supply of labor or available labor supply is adequate to meet production at a given level. Most of the more recent reports and studies dealing with farm labor, and especially those at the national level, have merely shown the number of persons living on farms as compared with a given base period and have drawn conclusions from there out. Such studies are, if taken alone, inadequate, as are those showing the number of persons moving to and from farms. The same can be said for studies showing the number of persons actually engaged in agriculture. This is true because of the rapidly changing age and sex composition of the working farm population in the present emergency. It is necessary, however, to be more explicit when called upon to answer the specific question: Is there enough labor in the regular labor force to obtain a given level of production? In this paper little or no attention will be given to seasonal labor or the seasonal aspects of labor. The regular labor force is the main point of interest. Having decided upon the necessary production, the first step is to determine the amount of labor needed to meet this requirement. This gives little difficulty, because in most states fairly reliable data are available on number of man-days of labor necessary to produce a given acre of crop or a given unit of livestock. The measure used for this purpose, man-days, is almost universally agreed upon. So the important question and the one with which this paper deals is: How is it possible to convert all farm workers to a measure comparable to man-days of laboir needed to meet that production goal? Obviously, the labor supply must be reduced to man-days and man-equivalents. The procedure for doing this and the problems associated with it are here the main points of consideration.
Yap1 activation by H2O2 or thiol-reactive chemicals elicits distinct adaptive gene responses.

Abstract The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae transcription factor Yap1 mediates an adaptive response to oxidative stress by regulating protective genes. H 2 O 2 activates Yap1 through the Gpx3-mediated formation of a Yap1 Cys303–Cys598 intramolecular disulfide bond. Thiol-reactive electrophiles can activate Yap1 directly by adduction to cysteine residues in the C-terminal domain containing Cys598, Cys620, and Cys629. H 2 O 2 and N -ethylmaleimide (NEM) showed no cross-protection against each other, whereas another thiol-reactive chemical, acrolein, elicited Yap1-dependent cross-protection against NEM, but not H 2 O 2 . Either Cys620 or Cys629 was sufficient for activation of Yap1 by NEM or acrolein; Cys598 was dispensable for this activation mechanism. To determine whether Yap1 activated by H 2 O 2 or thiol-reactive chemicals elicits distinct adaptive gene responses, microarray analysis was performed on the wild-type strain or its isogenic single-deletion strain Δ yap1 treated with control buffer, H 2 O 2 , NEM, or acrolein. Sixty-five unique H 2 O 2 and 327 NEM and acrolein Yap1-dependent responsive genes were identified. Functional analysis using single-gene-deletion yeast strains demonstrated that protection was conferred by CTA1 and CTT1 in the H 2 O 2 -responsive subset and YDR042C in the NEM- and acrolein-responsive subset. These findings demonstrate that the distinct mechanisms of Yap1 activation by H 2 O 2 or thiol-reactive chemicals result in selective expression of protective genes.
Topology of gap junction networks in C. elegans.

Abstract Gap junctions are prevalent in every nervous system, but their role in information processing remains largely unknown. In C. elegans , the role of gap junctional communication in touch sensitivity has been demonstrated. In this animal, the entire complement of gap junctions in the nervous system is documented, therefore providing a good model for the computational investigation of circuit functions of gap junctions. We explored several hypotheses about the role of gap junctions in the nervous system of C. elegans by systematically analysing an anatomical database with recursive algorithms. We find that gap junctions connect different sets of neurons from those connected by chemical synapses. In addition, when analysing the topology of the gap-junction networks, we find that, surprisingly, most (92%) neurons in the worm are linked in a single gap-junction network. The worm nervous system can only be divided into smaller networks by assuming that two or more gap junctions are necessary for functional coupling or that neural activity has limited propagation. However, these groups, and others identified using algorithms with subsets or combinations of restrictive criteria, do not correspond to any known circuits identified in genetic and behavioral studies. Finally, we notice that the function of some gap junctions appears linked to their precise location on the neuronal processes. We propose that the location of the gap junctions within the neuron determines their functional role.
Occult subcortical magnetic resonance findings in elderly depressives

Hyperintense signal areas (HSA) on T2-weighted brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may reflect subtle cerebrovascular insufficiency and are common in elderly depressives. We hypothesized that these HSAs may indicate a vascular etiology for depression in late life, and that patients with late-onset major depression (MDD) would therfore more often show HSAs than comparably aged recurrent depressives. We reviewed the brain MRI findings of a consecutive series of inpatients aged 50 or over who were treated for MDD during an 18-month period. Patients with Parkinson's or other brain diseases predisposing to depression were not considered. Twenty-seven (82%) of 33 patients with depression first apparent in late life and nine (64%) of 14 patients with earlier-onset recurrent depression showed HSAs. This difference did not reach statistical significance. It was not attributable to the older mean age of the late-onset group. These rates are in accord with an 86% rate reported in a series of patients referred for ECT (Coffey et al., 1988). They are much higher than the 20–30% figure for comparably aged normals (Bradley, 1984; Kirkpatrick and Hayman, 1987). HSAs were common in this series of elderly depressed inpatients, regardless of age of onset of illness.
Meiofauna and chlorophyll associated with Beggiatoa mats of a natural submarine petroleum seep

Abstract Previous studies at the Isla Vista oil seep have suggested that meiofauna, particularly nematodes, might be an important factor in explaining macrofaunal enrichment by making bacterial biomass available to the benthic food web. To explore this possibility, we analyzed meiofaunal abundance and microalgal pigments inside and just outside of bacterial mats at this natural oil seep. The bacterial mats occur where crude oil and natural gas are actively seeping out of the sediment; cores from within the mats contained a great deal of crude oil (up to 50 %). Meiofaunal abundances were the same in and out of the bacterial mats (averaging 1·-9 × 10 6 individuals m -2 ). However, dramatic changes in community structure were noticed. Harpacticoids made up 19 % of the fauna outside the mats but only 1 % inside. Pigment concentrations were also the same in both sites with phaeophytin dominating chlorophyll (120 compared to 29.8 mg m -2 ). The variance of both microalgal pigments and meiofauna was much greater inside than outside, suggesting that the bacterial mats are a more heterogeneous environment. Although the effect of crude oil toxicity is not clear, the high abundances of microbial and meiofaunal biomass support the hypothesis of benthic enrichment via microbes and meiofauna.
3D coronary artery imaging with phase reordering for improved scan efficiency.

Three-dimensional (3D) coronary imaging has the potential to overcome problems resulting from vessel tortuosity and to reduce partial volume effects. With these techniques, however, acquisition times are long and respiratory motion artifacts problematical. This work describes the development of a method that applies phase encode reordering to 3D acquisitions, allowing larger navigator acceptance windows to be used, with a consequent reduction in acquisition time. This method is compared with navigator acceptance window methods (the acceptance-rejection algorithm and the diminishing variance algorithm) and the retrospective respiratory gating technique, both in vitro and in vivo. The use of phase reordering with a 10 mm acceptance window provided a significant increase in scan efficiency over a non-reordered 5 mm method (P < 0.001) with no significant change in image quality, and a significant increase in image quality compared with a non-reordered image acquired in the same time (P < 0.05). A significant improvement in both image quality and scan efficiency was demonstrated over the retrospective respiratory gating method (P < 0.05). Magn Reson Med 41:555–562, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Studies on the mechanism of short-term regulation of pulmonary artery endothelial cell Na/K pump activity.

Abstract The Na/K pump is critically important in maintenance of cell homeostasis in the face of injury. Little is known about the regulation of endothelial cell Na/K-pump activity. We previously reported that short-term (30-minute) oxidant-induced endothelial cell perturbation increased Na/K-pump activity in intact monolayers of bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cells (BPAECs). In this study we investigated the mechanism of oxidant-induced increases in endothelial Na/K-pump activity, focusing on short-term modulation of α 1 -pump subunit. By using immunofluorescence microscopy and confocal scanning laser microscopy, we found α 1 subunit on both apical and basal aspects of BPAECs without polarized distribution. Short-term (30-minute) incubation of PAEC monolayers with H 2 O 2 (1 mmol/L) did not change the relative amounts of α 1 subunit in membrane fractions, as assessed by immunoblotting. Phosphorylation of the α 1 subunit also was not affected by H 2 O 2 treatment. Because protein kinases have been reported to alter Na/K-pump activity in several tissues and because H 2 O 2 has been reported to increase PKC activity of endothelial cells, we determined the effects of inhibition and activation of protein kinase C (PKC) on Na/K-pump activity quantitated as ouabain-inhibitable uptake of 86 Rb. We also determined the effects of PKC activation and inhibition on H 2 O 2 -induced increases in Na/K-pump activity. Inhibitors of PKC increased Na/K-pump activity over a 30-minute period in intact monolayers. Inhibition or depletion of PKC did not prevent H 2 O 2 -induced increases in pump activity. These results indicate that PKC is an endogenous regulator of pulmonary artery endothelial cell Na/K-pump activity but that the effects of H 2 O 2 are not mediated by activation of PKC or by changes in the expression or phosphorylation of α 1 subunit.
ESCRT-III Family Members Stimulate Vps4 ATPase Activity Directly or via Vta1

The AAA-ATPase Vps4 is critical for function of the MVB sorting pathway, which in turn impacts cellular phenomena ranging from receptor downregulation to viral budding to cytokinesis. Vps4 dissociates ESCRTs from endosomal membranes during MVB sorting, but it is unclear how Vps4 ATPase activity is synchronized with ESCRT release. Vta1 potentiates Vps4 activity and interacts with ESCRT-III family members. We have investigated the impact of Vta1 and ESCRT-III family members on Vps4 ATPase activity. Two distinct mechanisms of Vps4 stimulation are described: Vps2 can directly stimulate Vps4 via its MIT domain, whereas Vps60 stimulates via Vta1. Moreover, Did2 can stimulate Vps4 by both mechanisms in distinct contexts. Recent structural determination of the ESCRT-III-binding region of Vta1 unexpectedly revealed a MIT-like region. These data support a model wherein a network of MIT and MIT-like domain interactions with ESCRT-III subunits contributes to the regulation of Vps4 activity during MVB sorting.
NEW TRANSPORT METHODS AND CODES

New developments in deterministic numerical solution of the Boltzmann transport equation are reviewed. Applications of the finite element method in the FENT and TRIPLET codes to achieve flexible geometric representations are described. The role of the finite element method in mitigating ray effects is examined, and criteria for a next-generation transport code are suggested. The use of the finite element method to solve the integral transport equation is described. A refinement of an already powerful method to accelerate convergence of transport iterative processes is discussed, and directions of future research in this area are outlined. The use of code restructuring and data management to improve the efficiency of large transport codes is discussed, and the implementation of such techniques in the DOT-IV code is described. Comments on the “economy” of computing are made.
Axisymmetric problems of a partially embedded rod with radial deformation

Abstract A new mathematical formulation is presented for the analysis of a partially embedded rod under torsionless axisymmetric loadings. With an account of both the axial and radial compatibilities between the rod and the embedding medium through the use of a higher-order rod theory, the three-dimensional load-transfer problem is reduced to a pair of Fredholm integral equations of the second kind whose solutions are computed. By virtue of the present formulation, a variety of physical loading-boundary conditions which were inhibited in past treatments can be evaluated. A comprehensive set of numerical results appropriate to different axial loading conditions, material parameters, and geometric configurations for the problem are provided as illustrations.
Creation of the recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) image and its influence on practice habits.

Abstract American physicians have commonly practiced thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction with the recombinant form of tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA), although its cost is much higher than that of streptokinase. The greater popularity of rt-PA is based on the belief that it is a more effective and a safer drug for achieving myocardial salvage and mortality reduction. However, a series of studies testing this assumption have not substantiated its greater efficacy or safety with respect to not only streptokinase but also urokinase and anisoylated plasminogen-streptokinase activator complex (APSAC). This editorial reviews the sequence of events that led to the creation of the rt-PA image, the mistaken premises on which it was based and the questions that need to be addressed if we are to strengthen the scientific method for evaluating similar types of drugs and its influence on practice habits including the costs to the health system.
Deaths Among Heroin Users in and out of Methadone Treatment

Abstract In this report we review both published and unpublished studies of mortality among opioid drug users in order to summarize current knowledge about the impact of methadone maintenance on death rates. Only a handful of studies spanning three decades of research employed designs judged adequate to answer this question reliably. These seven studies, which directly compared death rates of op-ioid users during measured periods on and off methadone, produced clear results. The risk of death while on methadone maintenance relative to that while off methadone varied form 0.24 to 0.43; the median value was 0.30. Reductions in death were attributable in large part to protection from opioid drug overdose.
Elderly patients with congestive heart failure under prepaid care

Abstract purpose: Because of concern about the quality of care received by Medicare patients in health maintenance organizations (HMOs), the care of patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) in eight HMOs was compared with the care of feefor-service (FFS) Medicare cases. patients and methods: We compared the care of 170 patients with CHF enrolled in one of eight Medicare HMOs with the care of 191 similar FFS patients. Panels of expert physicians developed criteria for evaluating quality of care, and specially trained nurse clinicians abstracted medical records. results: Outpatient evaluation and management were similar in both settings, although HMO patients were significantly more likely to be advised to restrict salt intake. However, FFS patients with uncontrolled hypertension were more likely to have their medication regimens changed (62% versus 36%, p conclusions: This study suggests that financial incentives of prepaid care are not detrimental to most aspects of care for CHF patients. More rapid follow-up after hospital discharge for patients with CHF suggests that HMOs may be more effective in delivering continuity of care for patients with chronic illness.
Intra- and interspecific relations within Laccaria bicolor sensu lato

Interstock pairing analyses were undertaken using isolates obtained from a number of specimens belonging to L. bicolor sensu lato. Three intersterility groups were detected among the tested North American isolates. The two employed Swedish isolates were completely intercompatible with one North American group but only somewhat intercompatible with the other two groups. These data are more or less concordant with those obtained by RFLP analysis of mtDNA and rDNA. Phenetic analyses of these and other collections revealed that the intersterility groups could be delimited on basidioma morphology. Synthesis of these data indicate that the North American members of the complex should be recognized as three distinct species: L. bicolor sensu stricto, L. nobilis, and L. trichodermophora. Data is needed on additional European collections referable to the L. bicolor complex to determine the significance of the observed anomalies in interstock pairing data and the divergence in rDNA of these isolates from North American isolates. These studies support the use of a multifaceted approach to solving taxonomic problems and obtaining information on speciation and the biology of agarics that form ectomycorrhizae.
A clinical PCR fragment analysis assay for TA repeat sizing in the UGT1A1 promoter region

Abstract Background A genetic TA repeat length polymorphism in the UGT1A1 promoter has been shown to affect UDP-glucuronosyltyransferase (UGT1A1) expression levels with significant clinical implications. The presence of 7 TA repeats has been associated with lowered UGT1A1 expression and the mild hyperbilinrubinemia manifested in Gilbert's syndrome. Furthermore, cancer patients carrying this variant exhibit irinotecan-related toxicity and require lower doses of this chemotherapeutic agent compared to patients carrying the 6 TA repeat allele. This polymorphism is very common and, therefore, necessitates the development of reliable means of detecting it in the clinical laboratory to deliver better personalized therapy regimens. Methods We used 45 whole blood samples from patients previously tested with the FDA-approved Invader UGT1A1 assay (Hologic, Madison, WI) to assess extraction method, analytical sensitivity, accuracy and precision of this assay. In addition, cell line controls were used to test for the common and rare alleles of this polymorphism. The assay was based on PCR amplification and capillary electrophoresis for accurate sizing of the TA repeat copy number. Results All samples tested and controls gave the expected results. Conclusions We have developed and validated a simple and sensitive PCR fragment analysis assay for accurately determining TA repeat length in the UGT1A1 promoter. At our medical center, this testing is used primarily for guiding irinotecan dosing decisions for our cancer patients.
Topiramate and status epilepticus: report of three cases.

Abstract Objective . The goal of this study was to report the effectiveness of topiramate in treating status epilepticus. Methods. Three patients with status epilepticus were treated with topiramate 500 mg twice daily for 2–5 days, with the dose gradually tapered thereafter to 200 mg twice daily. The patients’ clinical status and EEG recordings were followed. Results. Patient 1 was admitted for subacute encephalopathy that was complicated by secondarily generalized status epilepticus resistant to lorazepam, fosphenytoin, and pentobarbital coma. Topiramate was added and, 2 days later, pentobarbital was tapered with no recurrence of ictal discharges as the patient improved clinically. Patient 2 had end-stage liver disease and was hospitalized for peritonitis, and his course was complicated by partial status epilepticus. Topiramate was started and, 2 days later, his mental status improved as repeat EEG showed no further ictal discharges although periodic epileptiform discharges were seen in the left centroparietal area. The patient later died from complications of variceal bleeding. Patient 3 suffered cardiopulmonary arrest, and developed postanoxic seizures, which did not respond to lorazepam, fosphenytoin, valproate, and propofol coma as continuous EEG recordings showed recurrent generalized ictal discharges. Two days after topiramate was started, propofol was tapered and discontinued and EEG showed generalized slow wave activity and no ictal discharges. The patient was discharged to another facility 12 days later. Conclusions. Topiramate was effective in treating two patients with refractory generalized status epilepticus and one with complex partial status epilepticus. It should therefore be considered as an option in these situations, especially when other medications cannot be used.
Disturbances in constructional ability.

Summary Twenty-four subjects with positive radioactive brain scans in one of four quadrants of the brain (right anterior, right posterior, left anterior, left posterior) and 16 patients with no evidence of focal brain damage were tested on a battery of six tests to assess constructional ability over as broad a spectrum as possible. These tests included: (1) visual and auditory reaction time, (2) drawing to memory and to copy, (3) puzzle constructions, (4) stick-pattern reversals, (5) template-matching, and (6) token-patterns. Differences were found between groups dependent upon cerebral lateralization of lesion (i.e., right versus left hemisphere damage), position of lesion site within the hemisphere (i.e., anterior versus posterior), and the nature of the task being utilized. We find that constructional disability cannot be considered a single, unitary disturbance, but is, rather, a function of various factors in combination with each other. There is evidence that lesions in right hemisphere produce more consistent disturbances in visual-spatial tasks than do similar lesions in left hemisphere, and that there is a greater consistency of performance with posterior lesions (in either hemisphere) than with anteriorly located lesions. An historical review of research in constructional disability (apraxia) is presented, as well as some speculations pertaining to the nature of the disturbance, based on present and earlier findings.
Descending facilitatory modulation of a behavioral nociceptive response by stimulation in the adult rat anterior cingulate cortex.

It is well documented that the descending endogenous analgesia system, including the periaqueductal gray (PAG) and the rostral ventral medulla (RVM), play an important role in modulation of nociceptive transmission and morphine- and cannabinoid-produced analgesia. Neurons in the PAG receive inputs from different nuclei of higher structures, including the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). However, it is unclear if stimulation of neurons in the ACC modulates spinal nociceptive transmission. The present study has examined the effects of electrical stimulation and chemical activation of metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) in the ACC on a spinal nociceptive tail-flick (TF) reflex induced by noxious heating. Activation of the ACC at high intensities (up to 500 μA) of electrical stimulation did not produce any antinociceptive effect. Instead, at most sites within the ACC (n = 36 of 41 sites), electrical stimulation produced significant facilitation of the TF reflex (i.e. decreases in TF latency). Chemical activation of mGluRs within the ACC also produced a facilitatory effect. Descending facilitation from the ACC apparently relays at the RVM. Electrical stimulation in the RVM produces a biphasic modulatory effect, showing facilitation at low intensities and inhibition at higher intensities. The present study provides evidence that activation of mGluRs within the ACC can facilitate spinal nociception. Copyright 2000 European Federation of Chapters of the International Association for the Study of Pain
Acoustic cardiographic recording during ventricular fibrillation

This is the second case report in literature that describes the simultaneous acoustic cardiographic, electrocardiographic, and invasive hemodynamic events that occurred before, during and after ventricular fibrillation that was successfully cardioverted to sinus rhythm. The absence of heart sounds, which are linked to the lack of effective myocardial contractility, correlated well with invasive hemodynamic data, indicating the lack of perfusion during ventricular fibrillation. These observations, coupled with the challenges of pulse detection as a sign of adequate perfusion during resuscitation suggest that acoustic cardiography may be a potentially effective supplemental diagnostic tool during the resuscitation of malignant arrhythmias.
Market Information and Fisheries Management: A Multiple-Objective Analysis

Abstract Market issues are often critical to the regional and national benefits that can be generated from fisheries management. In actual policy analysis, however, market considerations are often treated as exogenous to the fisheries policy problem. Examples illustrate the relationships between product characteristics, market demand, and regulatory management. A multiple-objective socioeconomic policy model was formulated to demonstrate these relationships. Numerical analysis illustrated how price differences due to product quality characteristics affect the selection of regulatory controls and the attainment of policy objectives. Results demonstrated that selection of regulatory instruments, including allowable effort and mesh size, will vary depending on size-related price differences and the relative values on noncomplementary objectives such as profits and employment. Results also showed that dynamic harvest patterns for each age-class display greater differences across scenarios relative to stock si...
Patterns of folding and strain influenced by linearly anisotropic bands

Are there characteristic patterns of deformation in rocks dominated by linear fabrics? Detailed examination of deformed calcite fibres shows strain partitioning into shortening normal to the fibres achieved by pressure solution, by buckling of inclusion bands within the fibres, and shear parallel to the fibre long axes. Folding of rocks with opposed directions of anisotropy may lead to discontinuities due to the incompatibility of the folding directions.
Comparison of Methods for Estimating Mixing Height Used during the 1992 Atlanta Field Intensive

Abstract During the summer of 1992, measurements of the boundary layer mixing height were conducted at five locations around the city of Atlanta, Georgia, as part of the 1992 Atlanta Field Intensive of the Southern Oxidants Research Program on Ozone Non-Attainment. These measurements were made during a series of “high-ozone-event days” for the purpose of acquiring information about the temporal evolution of the convective mixed layer. The information acquired from these systems was included in a database of meteorological variables for use in the photochemical modeling efforts associated with the study. The following measurement systems were selected for use in this study by organizers of the 1992 Atlanta Field Intensive: one rawinsonde system, four radar wind profilerRASS (radar acoustic sounding system) systems, and two lidar systems. A comparison of the mixing-height estimates from each of the measurement systems used during the 1992 Atlanta Field Intensive was performed in an effort to evaluate the c...
Frontier areas: opportunities for NPs' primary care services.

Demographers have recently designated frontier areas as distinct from other rural areas. Frontier counties are defined as those with less than six persons per square mile; as such, they constitute 45 percent of the U.S. land mass and include 2.2 million people. The health status among frontier residents is estimated to be lower than that of other rural or urban populations, and frontier health services, particularly primary care services, are scant. In this article, opportunities for nurse practitioners in frontier practice are explored, including specific suggestions for the development of new frontier NP practices.
The Empire Strikes Out? Western Hemisphere Lessons in Empire-building and Maintenance

For much of the developing world, concerned now with the implications of a ‘New American Century’ – presumably all around the world this time – Latin America has much to teach. Since the colonies of the western hemisphere, from Mexico south, emerged from that status to become independent states, what has cast them as a region has been their vulnerability to domination and exploitation. The lament of South America’s great liberator, Simon Bolivar, has been echoed by nationalists across two centuries: ‘The United States seems destined by Providence to plague Latin America with misery in the name of liberty.’
Five Design Principles for Experiments on the Effects of Animated Pedagogical Agents

Research on animated pedagogical agents (agents) is viewed as a very positive attempt to introduce more pedagogical support and motivational elements into multi-media instruction. Yet, existing empirical studies that examine the learning benefits of agents have had very mixed results, largely due to the way that they are designed. This article will suggest five design principles for future research on the impact of agents on learning and motivation including: 1) The Balanced Separation Principle describes need for adequate controls that tease out the specific type of learning and/or motivational support the agent is providing; 2) The Variety of Outcomes Principle suggests different measures to test a variety of learning and motivation outcomes that may be influenced by agents; 3) The Robust Measurement Principle advises researchers to pay special attention to the reliability and construct validity of experimenter designed measures; 4) The Cost-Effectiveness Principle recommends the collection of data on t...
The impact of template format on the completeness of surgical pathology reports.

Context.—The College of American Pathologists Cancer Case Summaries templates provide a method for including all necessary pathology information in surgical pathology reports with cancer. How effective these templates are at ensuring a complete report, as measured by a separate outside tumor registry, is not known. Objective.—To determine factors that correlate with the completeness of the pathology report. Design.—All surgical pathology reports from our hospital (Baptist Hospital of Miami, Miami, Florida) that used templates from January 2004 through February 2013 were reviewed and assessed for completeness by an outside tumor registry. Results.—From 2004 through June 2012, 6139 surgical pathology reports were completed using the template, but only 5151 reports (84%) were complete. For the period January 2012 through June 2012, experienced pathologists who filled out at least 50 templates (n = 3) had a significantly higher completeness rate (187 of 206; 91%) than did pathologists who filled out less than...
Elastic Wave Propagation in Circumferential Direction in Anisotropic Cylindrical Curved Plates

Ultrasonic nondestructive inspection of large-diameter pipes is important for health monitoring of ailing infrastructure. Longitudinal stress-corrosion cracks are detected more efficiently by inducing circumferential waves; hence, the study of elastic wave propagation in the circumferential direction in a pipe wall is essential. The current state of knowledge lacks a complete solution of this problem. Only when the pipe material is isotropic a solution of the wave propagation problem in the circumferential direction exists. Ultrasonic inspections of reinforced concrete pipes and pipes retrofitted by fiber composites necessitate the development of a new theoretical solution for elastic wave propagation in anisotropic curved plates in the circumferential direction. Mathematical modeling of the problem to obtain dispersion curves for curved anisotropic plates leads to coupled differential equations. Unlike isotropic materials for which the Stokes-Helmholtz decomposition technique simplifies the problem, in anisotropic case no such general decomposition technique works. These coupled differential equations are solved in this paper. Dispersion curves for anisotropic curved plates of different curvatures have been computed and presented. Some numerical results computed by the new technique have been compared with those available in the literature. ©2002 ASME
High Rayleigh number β-convection

Abstract High resolution numerical simulations of thermal convection in a rapidly rotating channel with gravity perpendicular to the rotation vector are described. The convecting columns are subject to a β-effect resulting from topographic vortex stretching. The symmetries of the problem allow many invariant wavenumber sets, and this property is associated with the existence of stable multiple-equilibria at modest supercriticality. The transition to chaotic behavior involves the production of intermittent unstable orbits off a two-torus in energy space. At very high Rayleigh number (of order 106 to 107) the motion can be turbulent, depending on the size of β. However, the turbulence is usually characterized by an almost-periodic formation of patches of small scale convection that cause regular pulsations in the accompanying strong zonal jets. The processes maintaining these flows may be related to those responsible for the zonal currents on Jupiter and for cyclic variability on the Sun.
Stem cells in genetically-engineered mouse models of prostate cancer

The cancer stem cell model proposes that tumors have a hierarchical organization in which tumorigenic cells give rise to non-tumorigenic cells, with only a subset of stem-like cells able to propagate the tumor. In the case of prostate cancer, recent analyses of genetically engineered mouse (GEM) models have provided evidence supporting the existence of cancer stem cells in vivo. These studies suggest that cancer stem cells capable of tumor propagation exist at various stages of tumor progression from prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) to advanced metastatic and castration-resistant disease. However, studies of stem cells in prostate cancer have been limited by available approaches for evaluating their functional properties in cell culture and transplantation assays. Given the role of the tumor microenvironment and the putative cancer stem cell niche, future studies using GEM models to analyze cancer stem cells in their native tissue microenvironment are likely to be highly informative.
Computing Travel Time Reliability in Transportation Networks with Multistates and Dependent Link Failures

The measurement of transportation network travel time reliability is imperative to provide drivers with accurate route guidance information and to generate the shortest path (or alternative paths) connecting origins and destinations, especially under conditions of varying demands and limited capacities. Previous studies assumed that link failures in a road network are statistically independent and that reliability probabilities are perfectly determinable. In real life, these assumptions are dubious, because the failure of a link in one particular area does not necessarily result in the complete failure of the neighboring link, but may lead to deterioration of its performance. This paper presents a new methodology to study the multistate system reliability analysis of transportation networks for which one cannot formulate an "all or nothing" type of failure criterion and in which dependent link failures are considered. The methodology is presented, using a numerical example, for computing the probability that travel time between an origin and a destination may exceed a threshold.
Explicit state linearization of multi-input control systems

The problem of linearization of multi-input nonlinear control systems via coordinate transformations is addressed. Although necessary and sufficient geometric conditions have been provided in the early eighties, the problem of finding the linearizing coordinates is subject to solving a system of partial differential equations and remained open 30 years later. We will provide here a complete solution to the problem by defining an algorithm allowing to compute explicitly the linearizing state coordinates for any nonlinear control system that is indeed linearizable. Each algorithm is performed using a maximum of n − 1 steps (n being the dimension of the system) and they are made possible by explicitly solving the Flow-box or straightening theorem. The problem of feedback linearization is addressed in a companion paper. A possible implementation via software like mathematica/matlab/maple using simple integrations, derivations of functions might be considered.
Positron emission tomography imaging of DMBA/TPA mouse skin multi‐step tumorigenesis

Abstract Many tumor cells have elevated rates of glucose uptake that can be measured quantitatively, noninvasively and repeatedly by positron emission tomography (PET) with 2-deoxy-2-[ 18 F]-fluoro-D-glucose ( 18 F-FDG). Clinical imaging with 18 F-FDG PET has been used for detection and staging of primary and metastatic tumors. High-resolution microPET scanning and murine cancer models make it possible to analyze longitudinally glucose metabolism during the appearance, development and progression of individual experimental tumors. In this study, we used 18 F-FDG microPET and micro computerized tomography (microCT) to investigate glucose uptake in the DMBA/TPA chemically-induced multistage mouse skin carcinogenesis model. 18 F-FDG uptake is significantly higher in all papillomas than in surrounding skin. Elevated 18 F-FDG uptake is observed when tumors can be identified morphologically, but not before. Although 18 F-FDG uptake is high in all fully invasive, malignant skin squamous cell carcinomas, uptake in papillomas and microinvasive malignant squamous cell carcinomas is variable and does not exhibit any correlation with tumor stage.
Response to Counterpoint: Efficacy of Cervical Cancer Screening in Older Women

We appreciate the perspective of Drs. Isidean and Franco (1). We agree with them that there are indeed costs (financial, physical, psychological) associated with cervical screening of older women, and that the decision to continue screening beyond a given age needs to weigh these costs against the benefits of screening. The purpose of our commentary (2) was to suggest that the recently formulated guidelines had not adequately considered those benefits. There are good reasons to believe that even a series of negative screens for cervical neoplasia predicts a low risk of subsequent cervical malignancy only for so long (3–5). Contrary to Isidean and Franco's assertion (1), it is possible that precursor lesions that develop in a woman aged 65 years or older—even a woman who was previously adequately screened—can progress to cervical cancer within her remaining life expectancy. Indeed, this is the main finding from the studies documenting a reduced incidence of invasive cervical cancer associated with receipt of screening among women in this age group (3, 4, 6, 7).
Active sugar transport in health and disease

Secondary active glucose transport occurs by at least four members of the SLC5 gene family. This review considers the structure and function of two premier members, SGLT1 and SGLT2, and their role in intestinal glucose absorption and renal glucose reabsorption. Genetics disorders of SGLTs include Glucose-Galactose Malabsorption, and Familial Renal Glucosuria. SGLT1 plays a central role in Oral Rehydration Therapy used so effectively to treat secretory diarrhoea such as cholera. Increasing attention is being focused on SGLTs as drug targets for the therapy of diabetes.
Finding Your Voice While Learning to Dance

First year law students encounter difficulties as they enter the legal vernacular. This article reports on a legal writing specialist's interactions with a student whose prose was muddled and opaque. The article reports on an exercise that the writing specialist used to help the student to develop his own voice and sense of style.
The physician automobilist.

L'automobile a essence est le vehicule le plus pratique adopte par les medecins americains des 1893, leur permettant d'effectuer davantage de visites et de passer davantage de temps avec leurs patients
Effect of Coccidiostats on Performance, Water Intake, and Litter Moisture of Broilers

Abstract Two 42-day studies (one cool season and one warm season) were conducted with day-old commercial broiler chicks to evaluate the influence of several coccidiostats on performance, water intake, and litter moisture. Birds were reared in 1.8 m × 3.7 m floor pens with fresh peanut hulls as litter. The following drugs and drug levels comprised the treatments: control (no drugs); halofuginone, 3 mg/kg; salinomycin, 55 mg/kg; salinomycin, 66 mg/kg; monensin, 99 mg/kg; monensin, 121 mg/kg; lasalocid, 110 mg/kg; lasalocid, 124 mg/kg. Treatment did not significantly affect feed conversion or mortality. Birds fed lasalocid at 110 mg/kg and 124 mg/kg consumed significantly more water at 21 and 42 days. Litter moisture for lasalocid groups was higher than for controls at 21 days. However, 42-day litter moisture was not significantly different from controls. Significant treatment by experiment interactions were found for 21-day body weights and for 21- and 42-day feed consumption values, indicating that birds in some treatments performed differently over the two trials.