cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tech Dominance and the Policeman at the Elbow

One school of thought takes much of law and the legal system as essentially irrelevant to the process of technological evolution. This view takes as axiomatic that the rate technological change is always accelerating, that any firm or institution dependent on a given technology is therefore doomed to a rapid obsolescence. Law, at best, risks interfering with a natural progression toward a better technological future, hindering “the march of civilization.” This paper discusses the historical role of antitrust investigation in changing the course of technological development by focusing on the example of the IBM litigation (1969 - 1984). While widely derided and seen as a failure, this essay challenges the conventional wisdom and suggests, with the benefit of decades of hindsight, that the IBM lawsuit and trial, despite never reaching a verdict, actually catalyzed numerous transformational developments key to the growth and innovation of the computing industries.
Fraud in Small Businesses: A Preliminary Study

This study investigates the attitudes small business owners and managers have towards fraud and internal controls. Commonly small businesses consist of long-term friends and relatives and tend to embody a culture of family, love, and trust. Four factors were identified that lend themselves to a lack of internal controls and a breeding ground for fraud. A survey was distributed to small business owners and management. The responses were analyzed and compared to the data in the 2016 American Certified Fraud Examiners Report to the Nations. Of the four expectations studied, only the anticipated results of Expectation 1 were confirmed.
Factors That Influence the Choice of Academic Pediatrics by Underrepresented Minorities.

OBJECTIVES: Our objective for this study was to explore the experiences of faculty in academic pediatrics who are underrepresented minorities (URMs) at 2 urban medical centers, in particular, the experiences that influenced their pursuit of academic pediatrics. METHODS: Three focus groups were conducted in 2016 with URM faculty from Howard University College of Medicine and Children’s National Health System to explore how they were influenced to pursue academic pediatrics. Ten 1-on-1 interviews were also conducted in 2017 with URM faculty at Children’s National Health System. Focus groups were coded and analyzed by the research team using standard qualitative methods. The 1-on-1 interviews were coded and analyzed by the primary investigator and verified by members of the research team. RESULTS: A total of 25 faculty participated in the study (15 in the focus groups and 10 in individual interviews). Eighteen of the faculty were women and 7 were men. Findings revealed that mentorship, family, and community influenced participants’ career choices. Barriers for URMs in academic pediatrics included (1) lack of other URMs in leadership positions, (2) few URMs practicing academic pediatrics, and (3) the impact of racism and gender and implicit bias in the medical field. CONCLUSIONS: Mentorship and family are major influences on why URMs become academic pediatricians. Lack of URMs in leadership positions, racism, gender bias, and implicit bias are barriers for URMs in academic pediatrics. More research should be conducted on ways to enhance the experience of URMs and to reduce barriers in academia.
Syncytin 1 dependent horizontal transfer of marker genes from retrovirally transduced cells

Retroviral transduction is routinely used to generate cell lines expressing exogenous non-viral genes. Here, we show that human cells transduced to stably express GFP transfer GFP gene to non-transduced cells. This horizontal gene transfer was mediated by a fraction of extracellular membrane vesicles that were released by the transduced cells. These vesicles carried endogenous retroviral envelope protein syncytin 1 and essentially acted as replication-competent retroviruses. The ability to transfer the GFP gene correlated with the levels of syncytin 1 expression in the transduced cells and depended on the fusogenic activity of this protein, substantiating the hypothesis that endogenous syncytin 1 mediates fusion stage in the delivery of extracellular vesicle cargo into target cells. Our findings suggest that testing for replication-competent retroviruses, a routine safety test for transduced cell products in clinical studies, should be also carried out for cell lines generated by retroviral vectors in in vitro studies.
Social Media Analytics for User Behavior Modeling : A Task Heterogeneity Perspective

Winner of the "Outstanding Academic Title" recognition by Choice for the 2020 OAT Awards. The Choice OAT Award represents the highest caliber of scholarly titles that have been reviewed by Choice and conveys the extraordinary recognition of the academic community. In recent years social media has gained significant popularity and has become an essential medium of communication. Such user-generated content provides an excellent scenario for applying the metaphor of mining any information. Transfer learning is a research problem in machine learning that focuses on leveraging the knowledge gained while solving one problem and applying it to a different, but related problem. Features: Offers novel frameworks to study user behavior and for addressing and explaining task heterogeneity Presents a detailed study of existing research Provides convergence and complexity analysis of the frameworks Includes algorithms to implement the proposed research work Covers extensive empirical analysis Social Media Analytics for User Behavior Modeling: A Task Heterogeneity Perspective is a guide to user behavior modeling in heterogeneous settings and is of great use to the machine learning community.
Familiarity, Current Use, and Interest in Universal Design for Learning among Online University Instructors.

This study investigated online faculty familiarity, course design use, and professional development interest regarding universal design for learning (UDL) guidelines. The researchers surveyed all 2017 to 2018 online faculty at a large university in the southeastern United States. Findings included 71.6% of faculty reporting familiarity with at least one UDL guideline, with most respondents indicating familiarity with guidelines relating to perception, expression, and communication. Faculty reported the highest implementation of UDL guidelines was for those suggesting options for comprehension as well as expression and communication; the lowest implementation was for those suggesting options for physical action as well as language and support. Survey results also indicated high to moderate interest in learning more about all UDL guidelines, with emphasis on comprehension, persistence, and expression. This study suggests that faculty members desire UDL training and offers possibilities for planning and implementing such professional development in areas targeted to best meet the needs of online faculty.
Measuring Self-Efficacy and Attitudes for Providing Mouth Care in Nursing Homes

Abstract Objectives Mouth care is increasingly recognized as an important component of care in nursing homes (NHs), yet is known to be deficient. To promote quality improvement and inform research efforts, it is necessary to have valid measures of staff self-efficacy and attitudes to provide mouth care. Design A self-administered questionnaire completed by NH staff, information about the NH obtained from the administrator, and oral hygiene assessments of NH residents. Setting and Participants A total of 434 staff in 14 NHs in North Carolina who were participating in a cluster randomized pragmatic trial of Mouth Care Without a Battle (MCWB). Methods Staff in MCWB homes completed the questionnaire at baseline; staff in control homes completed it at 2-year follow-up. The 35-item questionnaire used new items and those from previous measures, many of which were modified for the NH setting. Factorial, construct, and criterion validity were assessed. Results Exploratory factor analysis identified a 3-factor 11-item self-efficacy scale (promoting oral hygiene, providing mouth care, obtaining cooperation) named “Self-Efficacy for Providing Mouth Care” (SE-PMC), and a 2-factor 11-item attitudes scale (care of residents' teeth, care of own teeth), named Attitudes for Providing Mouth Care (A-PMC). Scores varied significantly across NHs and differentiated them based on profit status, age, and, for the A-PMC, NH size. Scores also differentiated among staff based on age and, for the SE-PMC, years of experience. In NHs where staff scored more highly, residents featured better oral hygiene (P Conclusions and Implications The SE-PMC and A-PMC are valid, parsimonious, and useful measures for quality improvement and research to improve mouth care in NHs that can be used jointly or individually. Preliminary evidence suggests that these scales may be associated with resident-level plaque and gingival hygiene, making them useful tools to assess promotion of mouth care.
A systematic review of the psychosocial impact of fibroids before and after treatment.

Objective Despite the high prevalence of uterine fibroids, the psychosocial impact of fibroids has not been evaluated across different quality of life indicators and compared with other chronic conditions. Here, we rigorously analyzed available evidence pertaining to the psychosocial burden of uterine fibroids in premenopausal women and compared validated quality of life and symptom scores before and after treatment. Data Sources We searched PubMed, PsycINFO, ClinicalTrials.gov , Embase, and Cochrane Library for publications from January 1990 to January 2020. Study Eligibility Criteria We considered English-language publications that evaluated the association between uterine fibroids diagnosed by imaging studies in premenopausal women and quality of life by standardized and validated questionnaires at baseline and after treatment. We used a detailed list of terms related to quality of life, questionnaires, and uterine fibroids to conduct the search. Methods Three reviewers screened titles and abstracts and then obtained full-text articles for further analysis. The reviewers assessed risk of bias using established Cochrane and Newcastle-Ottawa Scale guidelines. The quality of life scores of premenopausal women with fibroids were reviewed at baseline and compared with those of published quality of life scores in other disease populations in addition to after fibroid treatment. Results A total of 57 studies were included in the review: 18 randomized controlled trials and 39 observational studies. Of note, the 36-Item Short Form Survey and European Quality of Life Five-Dimension Scale questionnaires both indicated a diagnosis of uterine fibroids to have a disability score that was similar to or exceeded (was a greater psychosocial stressor) a diagnosis of heart disease, diabetes mellitus, or breast cancer. Quality of life scores were lower at baseline than after treatment in all instruments measuring these variables in women with uterine fibroids, indicating significantly impaired psychosocial functioning. Uterine fibroids were associated with significant patient-reported health disabilities related to bodily pain, mental health, social functioning, and satisfaction with sex life. Conclusion A diagnosis of uterine fibroids was a significant psychosocial stressor among women at baseline and relative to other diseases. Validated quality of life instruments indicated therapeutic success and the improvement of both physical and emotional symptoms after treatment.
A model for research training in a child psychiatry residency : process and outcome.

There is a clear need for basic and clinical researchers and educated research consumers in child psychiatry. Few who enter the field consider research a part of their ride. While some specialized training has occurred, there is a dearth of models for integrating the research process into a traditional child psychiatry fellowship. This paper describes a well-developed model, tested for three years, for feasibly involving research into an ongoing clinical fellowship. The program has already led to conference presentations, research papers, and continued study.
Is hemiarch replacement adequate in acute type A aortic dissection repair in patients with arch branch vessel dissection without cerebral malperfusion

Abstract Objective The study objective was to determine if hemiarch replacement is an adequate arch management strategy for patients with acute type A aortic dissection and arch branch vessel dissection but no cerebral malperfusion. Methods From January 2008 to August 2019, 479 patients underwent open acute type A aortic dissection repair. After excluding those with aggressive arch replacement (n = 168), cerebral malperfusion syndrome (n = 34), and indeterminable arch branch vessel dissection (n = 1), 276 patients with an acute type A aortic dissection without cerebral malperfusion syndrome who underwent hemiarch replacement comprised this study. Patients were then divided into those with arch branch vessel dissection (n = 133) and those with no arch branch vessel dissection (n = 143). Results The median age of the entire cohort was 62 years, with the arch branch vessel dissection group being younger (60 vs 62 years, P = .048). Both groups had similar aortic arch and descending thoracic aortic diameters, with significantly more DeBakey type I dissections (100% vs 80%) in the arch branch vessel dissection group. The arch branch vessel dissection group had more aortic root replacement (36% vs 27%, P = .0035) and longer aortic crossclamp times (153 vs 128 minutes, P = .007). Postoperative outcomes were similar between the arch branch vessel dissection and no arch branch vessel dissection groups, including stroke (10% vs 5%, P = .12) and operative morality (7% vs 5%, P = .51). The arch branch vessel dissection group had a significantly greater cumulative incidence of reoperation (8-year: 19% vs 4%, P = .04) with a hazard ratio of 2.89 (95% confidence interval, 1.01-8.27; P = .048), which was similar between groups among only DeBakey type I dissections (8-year: 19% vs 5%, P = .11). The 8-year survival was similar between the arch branch vessel dissection and no arch branch vessel dissection groups (76% vs 74%, P = .30). Conclusions Hemiarch replacement was adequate for patients with acute type A aortic dissection with arch branch vessel dissection without cerebral malperfusion syndrome, but carried a higher risk of late reoperation.
Gamified Active Learning and Its Potential for Social Change

In this chapter, we describe active learning, explain how the use of game elements and active learning strategies are related, and discuss how gamification can be used to facilitate active learning and foster positive social change, which brings a wide range of positive social impacts. We conceptualize what active learning is based on existing theory and present evidence of its effectiveness. Next, we discuss the social impacts of active learning in education. Then, we draw connections between active learning techniques and gamification to arrive at gamified active learning, which forms the core of this chapter. We consider how gamified active learning might remedy some of the social issues in education disparities, particularly in STEM education, and hence elicit change at a societal level, thereby eliciting positive social change. We conclude that gamified active learning has potential to induce social change as an education intervention if researchers target student outcomes that have implications for social impact (e.g., student retention, on-time graduation). We recommend further research be conducted on the role of gameful design when implementing active learning strategies that target specific learning outcomes.
Editorial counterpoint to CNLDO: choose endoscopy-guidance and NOT a blind procedure.

While the availability of nasal endoscopy is essential in pediatric lacrimal surgery the question remains: is it necessary for all pediatric lacrimal procedures? Certainly, in cases of a suspected ...
How Antidiscrimination Law Learned to Live with Racial Inequality

This Article explores a great paradox at the heart of the prevailing paradigm of American antidiscrimination law: the colorblindness ideal. In theory, and often in practice, that ideal is animated by a genuine commitment to liberal, individualist, race-neutral egalitarianism. For many of its partisans, colorblindness entails not only a negative injunction against race-conscious decisionmaking, but also, crucially, an affirmative program for the achievement of true racial equality. For these proponents, scrupulously race-neutral decisionmaking both advances the interests of racial minorities and embodies the best aspirations of the civil rights movement. In this worldview, colorblindness offers the only true antidote for both racial inequality and racism itself, hastening the day when race will be, as the Supreme Court has put it, “truly irrelevant.” And indeed, the logical simplicity and moral clarity of the colorblindness ideal give it a certain intuitive appeal.This Article argues that recent history in fact belies such claims. Critics of the colorblindness model have long observed that the Supreme Court’s insistence on race-neutrality has proven a poor remedy for entrenched racial inequality. Remarkably - and here is the paradox - the Court’s very enforcement of the colorblindness ideal has itself fueled the reproduction of racial difference. In the service of colorblindness, the Burger and Rehnquist Courts, in dialogue with a host of influential social scientists and public intellectuals, redefined racial inequality from a wrong in and of itself - and as such a presumptive object of civil rights enforcement - to a morally benign legal irrelevancy. The Court did so by reconstructing African Americans from a class characterized, for the purpose of civil rights enforcement, by the systematic social, economic, and political subordination endured by its members, to a class characterized by its ethnically distinctive culture. By unveiling this critically neglected racial project, this Article casts new light on how American antidiscrimination law, though unequivocally committed to racial equality in theory, has learned to live with racial inequality in fact.
Report of the 2021 meeting of the International Society of Protistologists.

THE International Society of Protistologists (ISOP) met online from 26-30 July, 2021. The Program and Abstract book for this is available here (File S1). An in-person international meeting was not possible due to the continued COVID-19 pandemic. The meeting therefore took place using the society's Zoom license, which is available for use by ISOP members for other online protist meetings.
Moisture Content and Bulk Density Prediction Using Dielectric Properties for Switchgrass and Corn Stover

Abstract. Dielectric measurements between 0.1 to 10 MHz were obtained using an HP 4192A Impedance analyzer for switchgrass and corn stover. For each material, the measurements were obtained at four moisture content levels and three bulk densities. Dielectric properties of these materials could be calculated based on admittance readings and each variable was significant for dielectric constant and loss factor measurements. Dielectric variables were able to be used moisture content and bulk density predictions for both materials. For switchgrass, moisture content was predicted with R 2 = 0.94 and RMSE = 0.052, while for density was predicted with R 2 = 0.85 and RMSE = 0.0323. For corn stover, moisture content was predicted with R 2 = 0.90 and RMSE = 0.0315, whereas, for bulk density, the prediction had a R 2 =0.87 and RMSE = 0.0068. The results showed that dielectric measurements have good potential for predicting moisture content and bulk density although further investigation is required for a wider range of frequencies, moisture content, and bulk density levels.
Stereochemical Dependence of the Bis-Alkylation Reaction of α,α-Dilithiated Allyl Phenyl Sulfone with cis- and trans-1,4-Dichloro-2-butene. A Convenient Method for the Synthesis of a Cyclohepta-1,4-diene System

Abstract While the bis-alkylation of the dilithio derivative of allyl phenyl sulfone with cis-1,4-dichloro-2-butene produces the cyclopentene product, the similar reaction with the trans-dihalide affords the divinylcyclopropane product which rearranges smoothly, upon refluxing in xylenes, into the 1,4-cycloheptadiene system in 65% overall yield from allyl phenyl sulfone.
Helium Flow Measurement using Ultrasonic Technique

While designing cryogenic instrumentation for the Colliding Beam Accelerator (CBA) helium distribution system it became clear that accurate measurement of mass flow of helium which varied in temperature from room to sub-cooled conditions would be difficult. Full scale differential pressure signals from conventional venturi flow meters would decrease by more than an order of magnitude during cooldown causing unacceptable errors at operating temperature. At sub-cooled temperatures, helium would be pumped around cooling loops by an efficient, low head pressure circulating compressor. Additional pressure drop meant more pump work would be necessary to compress the fluid resulting in a higher outlet temperature. The ideal mass flowmeter for this application was one which did not add pressure drop to the system, functioned over the entire temperature range, has high resolution and delivers accurate mass flow measurement data. Ultrasonic flow measurement techniques used successfully by the process industry seemed to meet all the necessary requirements.
Supernovae: the ultimate instability.

Observed properties of supernovae and of very young supernova remnants provide important clues to answer the question, “which stars become supernovae?” There are three general lines of evidence (l) the statistics of supernovae, (2) the physical state of supernovae near maximum light, and (3) the chemistry of young supernova remnants. These lines of evidence appear to be converging on the view that all the supernova explosions we see, whether Type I or Type II, arise from the destruction of young massive stars. It is important to note that supernovae fall into two distinct spectroscopic classes: Type I which does not show strong hydrogen lines, and Type II in which hydrogen emission and absorption is prominent (Oke and Searle, 1974). It is possible that the stellar progenitors of these two types are very different, but recent evidence suggests that the similarities in the properties of the two classes are more important.
Some (naive?) questions about replica control

Some questions about replica control in database systems are posed. They are concerned with the definition of availability, statistics for replica control algorithm comparison, pessimistic and optimistic algorithms, and the one-copy serializability as a correctness measure. >
The Roles of Supply Chain Intelligence and Adaptability in New Product Launch Success

Many new product introductions continue to be unsuccessful, and while researchers have studied product development processes, relatively few studies directly address new product launch. We do so in the present research and posit that supply chain intelligence, defined as technological and competitive knowledge sourced and integrated from suppliers, customers, and competitors, plays an important role in explaining new product launch success. We further employ the knowledge-based view to theorize that both supply chain adaptability and product innovation capability act as important mediators of the effects of supply chain intelligence on new product launch success and firm financial performance. While the former capability refers to a firm's ability to quickly adjust its supply chain to react to market and product design changes, the latter refers to the firm's proficiency in developing innovative new products. We test hypothesized relationships among these factors utilizing data collected in a survey of 229 U.S. manufacturing firms. Results point to the central role of supply chain adaptability in capturing the benefits of supplier technological intelligence for enhanced product innovation capability, new product launch success, and firm financial performance. In contrast, product innovation capability serves as the generative means by which customer and competitor intelligence is translated into more successful new product launches, which, in turn, produce superior firm financial performance. Overall, these findings contribute to a better understanding of factors that can explain why certain product launches are more successful than others, and offer practical insights for appropriate investments in the development of related knowledge resources
Collagenase and Periodontal Diseases: A Review

Collagen is the predominant organic constituent of bone, cementum, periodontal membranes, and gingiva. For this reason, it is the major protein destroyed during the course of periodontal diseases. Although for many years degradation of collagen has been known to occur as part of the process of periodontitis, demonstration of specific collagenase, derived from periodontal tissues and capable of acting at physiologic pH and ionic strength, has been recent.1-6 Discovery of the enzyme required the use of a tissue culture system. Previous investigators searching for collagenase in vertebrate tissues had examined homogenates without success.7'8
Performance oriented high gain redesigns for FACTS-controlled SMIB power systems

In this paper we apply the singular perturbation based nonlinear control redesign of [1] to guarantee a desired transient performance of Single Machine Infinite Bus (SMIB) electric power systems with dynamic Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) control. We illustrate the design by two different case studies, namely, a SMIB system with a thyristor controlled series compensator (TCSC) installed on the transmission line, and a system feeding an induction motor load controlled by a static VAr compensator (SVC). For both of these plants, we redesign the mechinical power input to the main generator to guarantee a desired closed loop transient performance even in the presence of the FACTS dynamics. The effectiveness of the redesigns in recovering desired system trajectories is then illustrated through simulations.
A Note on k‐Commutative Matrices

Let A and B be square matrices over a field in which the minimum polynomial of A is completely reducible. It is shown that A is k commutative with respect to B for some non‐negative integer k if and only if B commutes with every principal idempotent of A. The proof is brief, simplifying much of the previous study of k‐commutative matrices. The result is also used to generalize some well‐known theorems on finite matrix commutators that involve a complex matrix and its transposed complex conjugate.
The IL-20 cytokine subfamily: bad guys in host defense?

Resistance to infection of the skin with Staphylococcus aureus depends on early production of interleukin 1β (IL-1β) and IL-17A by skin-resident cells. However, several members of the IL-20 subfamily of cytokines (IL-19, IL-20 and IL-24) can inhibit the local generation of those two cytokines.
Simply AlF3-treated Li4Ti5O12 composite anode materials for stable and ultrahigh power lithium-ion batteries

Abstract The commercial Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) is successfully modified by AlF3 via a low temperature process. After being calcined at 400 °C for 5 h, AlF3 reacts with LTO to form a composite material which mainly consists of Al3+ and F− co-doped LTO with small amounts of anatase TiO2. Al3+ and F− co-doped LTO demonstrates ultrahigh rate capability comparing to the pristine LTO. Since the amount of the byproduct TiO2 is relatively small, the modified LTO electrodes retain the main voltage characteristics of LTO with a minor feature similar to those of anatase TiO2. The doped LTO anodes deliver slightly higher discharge capacity and maintain the excellent long-term cycling stability when compared to the pristine LTO anode. Therefore, Al3+ and F− co-doped LTO composite material synthesized at low temperature is an excellent anode for stable and ultra-high power lithium-ion batteries.
Bracteola, a new grass genus from Africa

Spiculae 2-florae in rhachi spicarum unilateralium sessiles, 2-seriatae, rachilla supra glumas articulata ultra flores producta, flore inferiore hermaphrodito, superiore masculo vel sterili; glumae aequales quam flores longiores, carinatae, uninerves, prima angusta non aristata, secunda latior sub apice brevissime aristata; lemma inferius firmum, carinatum, 3-nerve nervis villosis, sub apice aristatum, lemma superius reductum, glabrum. Stamina 3. Gramen perenne, glabrum, basi decumbens nodis radicans, culmis et vaginis compressis, laminis conduplicatis. Spicae 4, digitatae suberectae. Spikelets 2-flowered, the lower floret perfect, the upper staminate or neuter, sessile in two rows on one side of a three-angled rachis, the rachilla disarticulating above the glumes, prolonged beyond the upper floret as a slender bristle; glumes equal, acute, keeled, i-nerved, the first narrow, bowed out below, awnless, the second much wider than the first, shortawned from below the apex; lemma obovate, firm compressed-keeled, 3nerved, the nerves densely villous, the lateral ones marginal, awned from the back just below the apex; palea acuminate, two-keeled, a little shorter than the lemma; upper floret reduced, the lemma thinner, glabrous, frequently bearing a staminate flower. Slender, glabrous perennial with compressed culms and sheaths, short conduplicate blades, the upper ones much reduced, and long-exserted inflorescence of four digitate, suberect, one-sided spikes. Type species, B. lucida.
Femtosecond laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy of surface nitrate chemicals

Ultrashort laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy was used to detect the emission radiation from the breakdown of surface contaminants by a femtosecond laser pulse. This study focused on the detection of visible to near-infrared radiation signatures from molecular fragments of the nitro (NOx) group present in the breakdown plasma, where target chemicals of potassium nitrate (KNO3) and sodium nitrate (NaNO3) were used. Spectral signatures at a wavelength region around 410 nm were observed for both KNO3 and NaNO3, and were identified as the fluorescence transitions of the NOx-molecular structures. The signatures obtained were systematically analyzed and studied as functions of laser parameters. It is shown that for laser parameters used in this study, laser pulse durations ≥1 ps were not as effective as shorter pulses in generating these signatures. A visible wavelength NOx signature and the extended high-intensity propagation of a femtosecond laser could be advantageous to detecting nitro-group energetic materials at standoff distances.
Path Ramsey numbers in multicolorings

Abstract In this paper we consider the general Ramsey number problem for paths when the complete graph is colored with k colors. Specifically, given paths P i 1 , P i 2 ,…, P i k with i 1 , i 2 ,…, i k vertices, we determine for certain i j (1 ≤ j ≤ k ) the smallest positive integer n such that a k coloring of the complete graph K n contains, for some l , a P i l in the l th color. For k = 3, given i 2 , i 3 , the problem is solved for all but a finite number of values of i 1 . The procedure used in the proof uses an improvement of an extremal theorem for paths by P. Erdos and T. Gallai.
Text or graphic: an information processing perspective on choosing the more effective medium

While the written word is usually an exceptionally efficient medium of expression, visual media may offer a superior alternative to prose for the communication of some kinds of information. Writers and editors will be best equipped to choose the appropriate medium if their decisions are informed by an understanding of the differences in information processing demands that their choices impose on their readers. The following article examines the kinds of cognitive challenges verbal and visual media present to readers in their efforts to extract meaning from a message
Internal amplitude, structure and identification of compressional and global Alfvén eigenmodes in NSTX

Fast-ions (e.g. fusion alphas and neutral beam ions) will excite a wide range of instabilities in ITER and a Fusion Nuclear Science Facility device. Among the possible instabilities are high frequency Alfv?n eigenmodes (AEs) excited through Doppler-shifted cyclotron resonance with beam ions. High frequency AEs cause fast-ion transport, correlate with enhanced electron thermal transport and are postulated to contribute to ion heating. These high frequency modes have historically been identified as a mixture of compressional (CAE) and global (GAE) Alfv?n eigenmodes, but distinguishing between the CAEs and GAEs has sometimes proven difficult. Identification is essential for understanding the extent of their effect, since the two types of modes have very different effects on resonant particle orbits. The effect on plasma performance of high frequency AEs is investigated in NSTX, facilitated by a recently upgraded array of 16 fixed-frequency quadrature reflectometers. Detailed measurements of high frequency AE amplitude and eigenmode structure were obtained in a high power (6?MW), beam-heated H-mode plasma that is very similar to those in which high frequency AE activity is shown to correlate with enhanced electron thermal transport. These measurements, which extend from the plasma edge to deep in the core, can be used in modelling the effects of the modes on electron thermal transport. The observed modes are identified by comparison of their frequency and measured toroidal mode numbers with local Alfv?n dispersion relations. The modes identified as CAEs have higher frequencies (predominantly f>??600?kHz) and smaller toroidal mode numbers (|n|???5) than the GAEs (predominantly f?<??600?kHz, n?=??6 to ?8). Also, they are strongly core localized, in contrast with the GAEs, which also peak towards the plasma centre but have much broader radial extent.
Head-to-head vinyl halide copolymers: Solvent participation in halogen addition to unsaturated polymers

Emploi d'ethers cycliques comme cosolvants reactifs dans l'addition de chlore ou de brome au polybutadiene
Financial aid and self-reports by disadvantaged students: The importance of being earnest

This study reports findings from a national survey of Hispanic financial aid recipients, and has the unusual feature of having student self-reports of income (theirs or their parents') and verified income figures. The findings are that students do not know very well how much they or their families earn; contrary to other studies, these data reveal that over half the students overestimated actual income. The implications of overreporting are discussed, both for aid awards and use of such self-reports in studies of students. The study warns against the consequences of requiring additional verification.
Assessing the quality of environmental monitoring programs

Abstract The Environmental Measurements Laboratory is conducting a program to assess the quality of environmental data being reported to the U.S. Department of Energy by 35 of its contractors. This paper presents a description of this assessment program. Semiannually, the Environmental Measurements Laboratory sends samples of soil, water, vegetation, tissue, and filter papers to the participants for analysis. The results of the analyses performed during the 8 years this program has been in operation have been satisfactory.
CASE HISTORIES OF BALD EAGLES AND OTHER RAPTORS KILLED BY ORGANOPHOSPHORUS INSECTICIDES TOPICALLY APPLIED TO LIVESTOCK

Since 1982 when secondary poisoning of a red-tailed hawk (Buteo jamaicensis) was documented following the recommended use of famphur applied topically to cattle, the Patuxent Wildlife Research Center has tested dead birds of prey for poisoning by famphur and other pouron organophosphorus (OP) insecticides. Brain cholinesterase (ChE) activity was first determined, then if ChE was depressed ≥50%, stomach and/or crop contents were evaluated for anti-ChE compounds. This report presents the circumstances surrounding the OP-caused deaths of eight bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus), two red-tailed hawks, and one great horned owl (Bubo virginianus) between March 1984 and March 1985. OP poisoning of raptors by pour-on insecticides in the United States is widespread, but its magnitude is unknown.
A holistic life view of human immunodeficiency virus-infected African American women.

Minority women represent the fastest growing segment of the population to acquire HIV/AIDS in the United States. Although African American women are a large proportion of this group, no published study has concentrated solely on a holistic view of the experiences of HIV-infected African American women. The primary purpose of this phenomenological pilot study was to describe the lives of five HIV-infected African American women. Audiotaped interviews were conducted and subsequently were examined, using Giorgi’s steps of analysis. Twelve themes emerged from the data: violence, addiction, it couldn’t happen to me, shock and denial, education, time, uncertainty, cycles, secretive nature of their lives, someone, survival, and children. It is clear, even from this small pilot study, that these women have complex experiences that must be better understood before effective health care interventions can be designed and implemented.
Selectivity behavior of low-capacity, partially sulfonated, macroporous resin beads

Abstract Cation-exchange resins with capacities ranging from 0.23 to 3.70 mequiv./g were prepared by sulfonation of highly cross-linked macroporous polystyrene resins. Distribution coefficients for exchange of hydrogen-form resin for polyvalent metal cations in 1 M acid show marked increases with increasing resin capacity.
Conjugated polymers containing large soluble diethynyl iptycenes.

An efficient synthesis of large iptycenes appended with alkoxy and ethynyl substituents is reported. The rigid shape-persistent iptycene scaffold prevents interactions between the polymer backbones and can be used to solubilize polymers containing less soluble but readily accessible comonomers to prepare functional, solution-processible poly(p-phenyleneethynylene) (PPE)-conjugated polymers. These polymers are highly emissive in thin films without significant excimer/exciplex formation as a result of the effective chain isolation enforced by the iptycene units.
Analysis of Collision Safety Associated With Conventional and Crash Energy Management Cars Mixed Within a Consist

A collision dynamics model of a passenger train-to-passenger train collision has been developed to simulate the potential safety hazards and benefits associated with mixing conventional and crash energy management (CEM) cars within a consist. This paper presents a comparison of estimated injuries and fatalities for seven collision scenarios based upon the variable mix of conventional and CEM cars. Based on the analysis results, recommended car placement when mixing cars within a consist is identified. The model includes a 6 car cab car-led consist colliding with a 6 car locomotive-led stationary consist. The stationary consist is made up of all conventional cars. The moving consist has a variable mix of conventional and CEM cars. For comparison, the bounding scenarios are: - a moving consist with all conventional cars, and - a moving consist with all CEM cars. The collision speed ranges from 15 to 35 mph. Since the two car designs behave differently under impact conditions, there is a concern that there may be hazards associated with mixing the two designs in the same consist. In none of the cases evaluated is the mixed consist less crashworthy than the conventional consist. The modeling results indicate that the least crashworthy consists are ones in which a conventional cab car is leading any combination of vehicles. The conventional cab car incurs nearly all the damage and prevents trailing cars from participating in energy absorption, whether they are conventional or CEM. The most crashworthy consists are ones in which a CEM cab is leading. The CEM cab can absorb a significant amount of energy without intruding into the occupied volume. The CEM cab also allows trailing cars to participate in energy absorption, which provides further occupant protection. The recommended strategy for car placement is to put the CEM car(s) at the leading end(s) and the conventional car(s) at the trailing end or in the middle of the consist in push-pull operation. There is also significant benefit to placing the seats in the leading CEM car or two so they are rear-facing. Rear-facing seats can reduce the severity of secondary impact injuries because the occupant is already in contact with the seat in the direction of travel and does not develop a significant velocity relative to the seat.© 2003 ASME
Fitting of High-Resolution Structures into Electron Microscopy Reconstruction Images

Summary Dynamic macromolecular assemblies, such as ribosomes, viruses, and muscle protein complexes, are often more amenable to visualization by electron microscopy than by high-resolution X-ray crystallography or NMR. When high-resolution structures of component structures are available, it is possible to build an atomic model that gives information about the molecular interactions at greater detail than the experimental resolution, due to constraints of modeling placed upon the interpretation. There are now several competing computational methods to search systematically for orientations and positions of components that match the experimental image density, and continuing developments will be reviewed. Attention is now also moving toward the related task of optimization, with flexible and/or multifragment models and sometimes with stereochemically restrained refinement methods. This paper will review the various approaches and describe advances in the authors' methods and applications of real-space refinement.
Paralemniscal reticular formation: Response of cells to a noxious stimulus

Extracellular single unit recordings were made in the paralemniscal reticular formation in adult male rats. A majority of the cells studied were characterized as nociceptive because a noxious stimulus evoked a change (either an increase or decrease) in their spontaneous firing rates. Norepinephrine (NE) administered microiontophoretically usually mimicked the response to the noxious stimulus (foot pinch). After a neuron had been characterized with respect to its response to NE and the noxious stimulus, horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was iontophoretically ejected from the micropipette. Following iontophoresis of HRP into the paralemniscal reticular formation, retrograde and orthograde labeling was observed in the periaqueductal gray and the nucleus raphe magnus. These data support a possible role of the paralemniscal reticular formation in an endogenous analgesic system.
Probabilistic buckling analysis of fiber metal laminates under shear loading condition

Abstract The design allowables for compressive and shear buckling of fiber metal laminate (FML) panels need to be developed for the certification of these materials. In this paper, the shear buckling behavior of the two FML panels, ARALL3-3/2 and GLARE3-2/1, is investigated using a probabilistic analysis method in order to predict the distributions of the buckling load. The scatter associated with the material properties and the randomness in the loading conditions are accounted for in the probabilistic analysis. The shear buckling load of the panel is taken as the response function of the material properties and the load parameter. The response surface methodology (RSM) is employed for the development of the response function based on limited finite element data. Three RSM design methods: full factorial design, CCD design and saturated D-optimum design, are applied to construct the response function following which the shear buckling load distributions of the two FML panels are predicted. The predicted results are verified using independently generated finite element data.
Improving the performance of I/O-intensive applications on clusters of workstations

Load balancing in a workstation-based cluster system has been investigated extensively, mainly focusing on the effective usage of global CPU and memory resources. However, if a significant portion of applications running in the system is I/O-intensive, traditional load balancing policies can cause system performance to decrease substantially. In this paper, two I/O-aware load-balancing schemes, referred to as IOCM and WAL-PM, are presented to improve the overall performance of a cluster system with a general and practical workload including I/O activities. The proposed schemes dynamically detect I/O load imbalance of nodes in a cluster, and determine whether to migrate some I/O load from overloaded nodes to other less- or under-loaded nodes. The current running jobs are eligible to be migrated in WAL-PM only if overall performance improves. Besides balancing I/O load, the scheme judiciously takes into account both CPU and memory load sharing in the system, thereby maintaining the same level of performance as existing schemes when I/O load is low or well balanced. Extensive trace-driven simulations for both synthetic and real I/O-intensive applications show that: (1) Compared with existing schemes that only consider CPU and memory, the proposed schemes improve the performance with respect to mean slowdown by up to a factor of 20; (2) When compared to the existing approaches that only consider I/O with non-preemptive job migrations, the proposed schemes achieve improvements in mean slowdown by up to a factor of 10; (3) Under CPU-memory intensive workloads, our scheme improves the performance over the existing approaches that only consider I/O by up to 47.5%.
Mindfulness as a moderator of the relationship between dehydroepiandrosterone and reported physical symptoms

The present study tested the hypothesis that mindfulness leads to greater concordance between physiological functioning (dehydroepiandrosterone; DHEA) and the psychological experience of that functioning (physical symptoms). Participants completed the mindful Attention Awareness Scale (Brown & Ryan, 2003) and a questionnaire assessing the severity of recent physical symptoms. In addition, each participant provided a saliva sample that allowed for the measurement of DHEA. It was found that those higher in mindfulness had a stronger negative relationship between DHEA and symptoms than those lower in mindfulness. Healthcare providers can use mindfulness to predict which patients are likely to have greater insight into their physiological health. The results also provide further validation of the mindfulness construct as an important predictor of internal concordance.
Human lambda light chain locus: organization and DNA sequences of three genomic J regions.

Evidence for the genomic organization of human lambda light chain joining (J) region gene segments is presented. A mouse Jλ probe was used in Southern hybridizations to localize joining region sequences in a cosmid clone containing the genomic cluster of six human lambda constant (C) region gene segments. The results of these hybridizations suggest the presence of at least one J gene segment upstream from each constant region gene segment. The DNA sequences indicate that the human JλI, Jλ2, and Jλ3 gene segments have consensus nonamer and heptamer sequences, proposed to be involved in V-J joining, are capable of encoding the known amino acid sequences for the respective J peptides, and have a sequence which could give γ functional RNA splice site at the end of their coding regions. Our data show that a single functional J is located ∼ 1.3 or 1.6 kb upstream of each of the Cλ gene segments known to encode the Mcg, Kern− Oz−, and Kern−Oz+ isotypes. Therefore, the gene organization of this region of the human lambda locus is J1 CI -J2C2-J3C3. The DNA sequences ofJλ1,Jλ2, andJλ3 presented in this paper establish that a singleJλgene segment precedes each expressed Cλ gene segment, and support a model for the evolution of the human λ JC clusters where JICI andJ2C2-J3C3. arose from different ancestral JC units.