cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Review: high doses of antipsychotic drugs are no more or less effective than medium doses in people with schizophrenia.

Davis JM, Chen N. Dose response and dose equivalence of antipsychotics. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2004;24:192–208. [OpenUrl][1][CrossRef][2][PubMed][3][Web of Science][4] Q Which doses of atypical and typical antipsychotic drugs produce a near maximal response with minimal side effects in people with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder? ### ![Graphic][5] Design: Systematic review with meta-analysis. ### ![Graphic][6] Data sources: MEDLINE, International Pharmaceutical Abstracts, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Hand searches of reference lists plus data from Food and Drug Administration website, poster presentations, unpublished data from Cochrane reviews, conference abstracts, and manuscripts submitted for publication. Search date: December 2002. ### ![Graphic][7] Study selection and analysis: Double blind, randomised controlled trials of people with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder comparing two or more doses of typical or atypical antipsychotics were eligible. Dose response curves were plotted and the median effective dose, defined as 50% of the maximum response (ED50), and the near maximal effective dose range (ED85 to ED95) was established for each drug. Estimated equivalent doses were based on ED50. Meta-analysis determined whether medium and high doses vary in efficacy. The last-observation-carried-forward method and intent-to-treat sample were used for the … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DJournal%2Bof%2Bclinical%2Bpsychopharmacology%26rft.stitle%253DJ%2BClin%2BPsychopharmacol%26rft.aulast%253DDavis%26rft.auinit1%253DJ.%2BM.%26rft.volume%253D24%26rft.issue%253D2%26rft.spage%253D192%26rft.epage%253D208%26rft.atitle%253DDose%2Bresponse%2Band%2Bdose%2Bequivalence%2Bof%2Bantipsychotics.%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1097%252F01.jcp.0000117422.05703.ae%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F15206667%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1097/01.jcp.0000117422.05703.ae&link_type=DOI [3]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=15206667&link_type=MED&atom=%2Febmental%2F7%2F4%2F106.atom [4]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=000220310400012&link_type=ISI [5]: /embed/inline-graphic-1.gif [6]: /embed/inline-graphic-2.gif [7]: /embed/inline-graphic-3.gif
Sensory Contributions to Human Maze Learning: A Comparison of Matched Blind, Deaf, and Normals

(1956). Sensory Contributions to Human Maze Learning: A Comparison of Matched Blind, Deaf, and Normals. The Journal of General Psychology: Vol. 54, No. 1, pp. 81-93.
Projectile charge dependence of ionization and fragmentation of CO in fast collisions

Single and multiple ionization cross sections of CO have been measured as a function of the projectile charge. The experiment was carried out at fixed collision energies of 1 MeV using the coincidence time-of-flight technique. The cross sections increase rapidly for small q and more slowly for large q. The branching ratios of all the transient molecular ions and the kinetic energy distribution of the dissociating transient exhibit similar projectile charge dependence. These observed trends are explained quite satisfactorily using a simple model based on perturbation theory and the independent electron approximation. The model predicts that the average value of the projectile - electron interaction strength in collisions resulting in target ionization varies quickly for small q and more slowly for large q.
Tubular membrane invaginations coated by dynamin rings are induced by GTP-γS in nerve terminals

THE mechanisms through which synaptic vesicle membranes are reinternalized after exocytosis remain a matter of debate1–5. Because several vesicular transport steps require GTP hydrolysis6–9, GTP-γS may help identify intermediates in synaptic vesicle recycling. In GTP-γS-treated nerve terminals, we observed tubular invaginations of the plasmalemma that were often, but not always, capped by a clathrin-coated bud. Strikingly, the walls of these tubules were decorated by transverse electron-dense rings that were morphologically similar to structures formed by dynamin around tubular templates10,11. Dynamin is a GTPase implicated in synaptic vesicle endocytosis12–14 and here we show that the walls of these membranous tubules, but not their distal ends, were positive for dynamin immunoreactivity. These findings demonstrate that dynamin and clathrin act at different sites in the formation of endocytic vesicles. They strongly support a role for dynamin in the fission reaction and suggest that stabilization of the GTP-bound conformation of dynamin leads to tubule formation by progressive elongation of the vesicle stalk.
Bilateral Spontaneous Dissecting Common Iliac Artery Aneurysms: A Rare Presentation

Abstract Background Spontaneous iliac artery dissection is a rare clinical entity, reported previously in pregnant patients in association with collagen vascular disease, and in cases of high-energy trauma or intensive activity in athletes. Objective To alert clinicians to the incidence of spontaneous iliac artery dissection in the absence of any risk factors. Case Report We report a case of a 45-year-old man brought into the Emergency Department with severe lower abdominal pain. Computed tomography angiography revealed bilateral common iliac artery dissecting aneurysms with a dissection flap extending into the left internal iliac artery. Conclusions This case demonstrates that despite being a rare condition, in cases of acute lower abdominal, inguinal or lower back pain, even in the absence of risk factors and limb ischemia, emergency physicians should maintain a broad differential that includes intra-abdominal/pelvic vascular pathology such as iliac artery dissection.
On citation rates in earthquake engineering

Abstract The data on citations of 51 academics in earthquake engineering are analyzed to estimate their relative standing within the category of engineering, as used by HighlyCited.com of the Thomson Institute for Scientific Information. HighlyCited.com publishes names of up to 250 of the world's most cited researchers in each of 21 categories including life sciences, medicine, physical sciences, engineering and medical sciences. At present, there are no earthquake engineers in their category of engineering. In terms of an approximate metric used in this paper, citation threshold for engineering academics who work in related fields of mechanics and finite elements, and who are included in HiglyCited.com list, is about 6000 total citations. The most cited earthquake engineers in our sample have about half that many citations. It appears that the absence of earthquake engineers from the engineering category of HighlyCited.com is mainly the consequence of 2 facts, that (1) near 80% of journal papers in civil engineering are not cited within 5 years after publication, and (2) that the cohort of earthquake engineers is very small relative to the membership of all other engineering disciplines combined.
The XML typechecking problem

When an XML document conforms to a given type (e.g. a DTD or an XML Schema type) it is called a valid document. Checking if a given XML document is valid is called the validation problem, and is typically performed by a parser (hence, validating parser), more precisely it is performed right after parsing, by the same program module. In practice however XML documents are often generated dynamically, by some program: checking whether all XML documents generated by the program are valid w.r.t. a given type is called the typechecking problem. While a validation analyzes an XML document, a type checker analyzes a program, and the problem's difficulty is a function of the language in which that program is expressed. The XML typechecking problem has been investigated recently in [MSV00, HP00, HVP00, AMN+01a, AMN+01b] and the XQuery Working Group adopted some of these techniques for typechecking XQuery [FFM+01]). All these techniques, however, have limitations which need to be understood and further explored and investigated. In this paper we define the XML typechecking problem, and present current approaches to typechecking, discussing their limitations.
Modulation of rat hepatic cytochromes P450 by chronic methapyrilene treatment

Abstract The antihistaminic compound methapyrilene (MP) when chronically administered has been shown to be a rat-specific hepatocarcinogen. To examine the effects of chronic MP treatment on the hepatic microsomal cytochromes P450, Fischer 344 rats were gavaged for 10 weeks (5 days on, 2 days off) with either vehicle or 50, 100, or 150mg MP/kg body weight. Chronic MP treatment was found to have a significant effect on several microsomal enzymatic activities. Small (17–28%) but significant (P N -demethylase (catalyzed by P450IIIA), N -nitrosodimethylamine demethylase (catalyzed by P450IIE1) and pen-toxyresorufin O -dealkylase (catalyzed by P450IIB1). In addition, a relatively large decrease (approximately 80%) was observed for the activity of benzphetamine N -demethylase (representative of P450IIC11) and an induction of about 40% was observed for ethoxyresorufin O -dealkylase (catalyzed by P450IA). The metabolism of testosterone by microsomes isolated from the rats chronically treated with MP indicated that several reactions were compromized. Specifically, testosterone 2α-hydroxylase, indicative of P450IIC11, was reduced greatly (86%), whereas testosterone 6β-hydroxylase, reflecting P450IIIA, and testosterone 7α-hydroxylase, indicative of P450IIA1, were affected only slightly by MP treatment (approximately 25%). Immunoblot analyses of the various microsomal samples were performed to determine if chronic MP treatment had direct effects on the level of expression of the cytochromes P450. Decreases in the levels of P450IIIA, IIE1, and IIC11, determined by immunoblot analyses, closely paralleled those observed for their marker catalytic activities. Further studies will be required to determine the mechanism by which MP affects the levels of the cytochromes P450 (i.e. increased degradation or decreased synthesis).
Conditional Standard Errors of Measurement for Composite Scores Using IRT

Composite scores are often formed from test scores on educational achievement test batteries to provide a single index of achievement over two or more content areas or two or more item types on that test. Composite scores are subject to measurement error, and as with scores on individual tests, the amount of error variability typically depends on the individual's score level. A procedure is presented for estimating conditional standard errors of measurement and reliability for composite scores. Item response theory (IRT) models are used as the psychometric foundation for developing the procedure. First, a general procedure is described, followed by specific applications for estimating conditional standard errors of measurement of the ACT Assessment composite and a weighted summed score on a mathematics test. General issues in estimating conditional standard errors of measurement for composite scores are discussed.
Modulation of the urokinase receptor in human colon cell lines by N,N-dimethylformamide

Abstract The present study documents the effect of the planar, polar differentiation promoter N,N -dimethylformamide (DMF) on urokinase binding to colon carcinoma cells. Exposure of the colon carcinoma-cell lines to the agent resulted in enhanced specific binding of radioactive urokinase to all cells tested. Insulin binding to the cells was, however, unaffected by DMF. A DMF exposure period of 45 h was required to observe maximum urokinase binding to two representative cell lines FET and RKO. Optimal stimulation of both cell lines occurred with 0.8% DMF. Scatchard analysis revealed the dissociation constants to be unchanged by the agent with the increased binding of radioactive plasminogen activator reflecting an up-regulation of binding sites. In this regard, the cell line RKO upon exposure to DMF, displayed approx. 700000 receptors/cell, the highest value published, to date, for any cell line.
Quasiparticle self-consistent GW calculation of the work functions of Al(111), Al(100), and Al(110)

Modifications to the quasiparticle self-consistent GW (QSGW) method needed to correctly describe metal/vacuum interfaces and other systems having extended regions with small electron density are identified and implemented. The method's accuracy is investigated by calculating work functions for the Al(111), Al(100), and Al(110) surfaces. We find that the results for work function do not depend on the density functional theory functional employed to calculate the starting Hamiltonian and that QSGW yield results in quantitative agreement with data from ultrahigh vacuum experiments.
Magnetic and clast fabrics as measurements of grain-scale processes within the Death Valley shallow crustal detachment faults

[1] The rock product of shallow-crustal faulting includes fine-grained breccia and clay-rich gouge. Many gouges and breccias have a fabric produced by distributed deformation. The orientation of fabric elements provides constraints on the kinematics of fault slip and is the structural record of intrafault strain not accommodated by planar and penetrative surfaces. However, it can be difficult to quantify the deformational fabric of fault rocks, especially the preferred orientations of fine-grained minerals, or to uniquely determine the relationship between fabric geometry and finite strain. Here, we present the results of a fabric study of gouge and breccia sampled from low-angle normal (detachment) faults in the Black Mountains, Death Valley, CA. We measured a preferred orientation of the long axes of the clasts inherited from the crystalline footwall of the fault and compared the shape preferred orientation to the anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility of the fault rocks. The two measurements of fabric exhibit systematic similarities and differences in orientation and anisotropy that are compatible with the large-scale kinematics of fault slip. The dominant carriers of the magnetic susceptibility are micron- and sub-micron scale iron oxides and clay minerals. Therefore even the finest grains in the fault rock were sensitive to the distributed deformation and the micro-mechanics of particle interaction must have departed from those assumed by the passive-marker kinematic model that best explains the fabric.
Epitaxial growth of LiLnMo2O8 on single crystals of Ln2GeMoO8

Abstract Evidence is presented for oriented overgrowth of thin (≤3 μm) single-crystal layers of LiLnMo2O8 on large substrate crystals of Ln2GeMoO8 grown from Li2O·2MoO3 solutions containing dissolved lanthanide sesquioxides in contact with solid GeO2 at 1050°C. Both substrates and epitaxial layers have a scheelite-type (CaWO4) crystal structure, and axes of the two tetragonal unit cells are always parallel. Lattice parameters obtained from X-ray diffraction data and electron microprobe analyses support the conclusion that the layers are lithium lanthanide molybdates, LiLnMo2O8. Etching experiments indicate that the overgrowth is epitaxial rather than syntaxial. The solution chemistry probably responsible for the effect is described.
Spuriousness or mediation? Broken windows according to Sampson and Raudenbush (1999)

In 1999, Sampson and Raudenbush published an influential article in the American Sociological Review on the link between disorder and crime in urban neighborhoods. The present article offers a reinterpretation of their 1999 article based on the contentions that: (1) their interpretation of the broken windows thesis is imprecise, and (2) there is an alternative interpretation of their findings that was not considered. Based on these contentions, and contrary to Sampson and Raudenbush's (1999) assertions, the authors conclude that the results of Sampson and Raudenbush's study are not inconsistent with the broken windows thesis and therefore should not be used as empirical evidence against it.
Metric inference for social networks

Using a natural metric on the space of networks, we define a probability measure for network-valued random variables. This measure is indexed by two parameters, which are interpretable as a location parameter and a dispersion parameter. From this structure, one can develop maximum likelihood estimates, hypothesis tests and confidence regions, all in the context of independent and identically distributed networks. The value of this perspective is illustrated through application to portions of the friedship cognitive social structure data gathered by Krackhardt (1987).
Microdissection studies of the dividing neuroblast of the grasshopper, Chortophaga viridifasciata; de Geer.

Microdissection studies of the dividing neuroblast of the grasshopper,Chortophaga viridifasciata, lead to the following conclusions: 1. The spindle at metaphase is a semisolid body situated in a fluid cytoplasm; it consists largely of longitudinally oriented components; it appears to be attached at its poles to the adjacent region of the plasma membrane by weak astral fibers. From prometaphase through early anaphase the chromosomes are securely attached to the spindle at their centromeres. The spindle develops during prometaphase from the fluid karyolymph; during anaphase it undergoes liquefaction, which begins in the equatorial region and spreads poleward with or slightly in advance of the chromosome centromeres. By late anaphase the chromosomes at each pole are held firmly in a circle at their proximal ends. 2. The interzonal region of the anaphase cell consists of fluid protoplasm traversed by fine, invisible interzonal connections joining the distal ends of sister chromosomes. Its elongation during anaphase is an intrinsic process that is independent of any attachment of the spindle to the adjacent cell membrane by astral rays and appears to be responsible for much of the anaphase separation of sister chromatids. 3. Early anaphase separation of sister chromatids begins at the centromere and progresses distally. 4. Polarization of the neuroblast is largely independent of the spindle and chromosomes. 5. Formation of the cleavage furrow is independent of the spindle and chromosomes, but its position depends to a limited extent on their position at late anaphase.
Development of a Biomimetic Electrospun Microfibrous Scaffold With Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes for Cartilage Regeneration

Cartilage defects, which are caused by a variety of reasons such as traumatic injuries, osteoarthritis, or osteoporosis, represent common and severe clinical problems. Each year, over 6 million people visit hospitals in the U.S. for various knee, wrist, and ankle problems. As modern medicine advances, new and novel methodologies have been explored and developed in order to solve and improve current medical problems. One of the areas of investigation that has thus far proven to be very promising is tissue engineering [1, 2]. Since cartilage matrix is nanocomposite, the goal of the current work is to use nanomaterials and nanofabrication methods to create novel biologically inspired tissue engineered cartilage scaffolds for facilitating human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) chondrogenesis. For this purpose, through electrospinning techniques, we designed a series of novel 3D biomimetic nanostructured scaffolds based on carbon nanotubes and biocompatible poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) polymers. Specifically, a series of electrospun fibrous PLLA scaffolds with controlled fiber dimension were fabricated in this study. In vitro hMSC studies showed that stem cells prefer to attach in the scaffolds with smaller fiber diameter. More importantly, our in vitro differentiation results demonstrated that incorporation of the biomimetic carbon nanotubes and poly L-lysine coating can induce more chondrogenic differentiations of MSCs than controls, which make them promising for cartilage tissue engineering applications. Copyright © 2013 by ASME.
Brain Lipid Analysis in Mice with Rett Syndrome

Rett syndrome (RS) is an X-linked neurodevelopmental disorder mostly involving mutations in the gene for methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MECP2). Ganglioside abnormalities were previously found in cerebrum and cerebellum in RS patients. We evaluated total lipid distribution in cerebrum/brainstem, hippocampus, and cerebellum in male mice carrying either the Mecp2 tm1.1Bird knockout mutation or the Mecp2 308/y deletion mutation. The concentration of the neuronal enriched ganglioside GD1a was significantly lower in the cerebrum/brainstem of Mecp2 tm1.1Bird mice than in that of age matched controls, but was not reduced in the Mecp2 308/y mice. No other differences in brain lipid content, including myelin-enriched cerebrosides, were detected in mice with either type of Mecp2 mutation. These findings indicate that the poor motor performance previously reported in the RS mutant mice is not associated with major brain lipid abnormalities and that most previous brain lipid abnormalities observed in RS patients were not observed in the Mecp2 tm1.1Bird or the Mecp2 308/y RS mice.
Relativistic magnetohydrodynamics in dynamical spacetimes: Numerical methods and tests

Many problems at the forefront of theoretical astrophysics require the treatment of magnetized fluids in dynamical, strongly curved spacetimes. Such problems include the origin of gamma-ray bursts, magnetic braking of differential rotation in nascent neutron stars arising from stellar core collapse or binary neutron star merger, the formation of jets and magnetized disks around newborn black holes, etc. To model these phenomena, all of which involve both general relativity (GR) and magnetohydrodynamics (MHD), we have developed a GRMHD code capable of evolving MHD fluids in dynamical spacetimes. Our code solves the Einstein-Maxwell-MHD system of coupled equations in axisymmetry and in full $3+1$ dimensions. We evolve the metric by integrating the Baumgarte-Shapiro-Shibata-Nakamura equations, and use a conservative, shock-capturing scheme to evolve the MHD equations. Our code gives accurate results in standard MHD code-test problems, including magnetized shocks and magnetized Bondi flow. To test our code's ability to evolve the MHD equations in a dynamical spacetime, we study the perturbations of a homogeneous, magnetized fluid excited by a gravitational plane wave, and we find good agreement between the analytic and numerical solutions.
Classical gauge theories on the coadjoint orbits of infinite dimensional groups

Abstract We reformulate several classical gauge theories on the coadjoint orbits of the semidirect product of the gauge group and the Weyl group. The construction is given for the Yang-Mills theories in arbitrary spacetime dimension d , Chern-Simons topological theory ( d =3) and higher dimensional topological models of Horowitz ( d ⩾4).
Some applications of isoactivity lines

Abstract A connection between phase boundaries and isoactivity lines in isothermal sections of ternary diagrams is shown. Thereby laws relating to these diagrams can be proved in a very simple way. The connection between the slope of tie-lines and the change in activity along a phase boundary is demonstrated qualitatively and a quantitative formula is derived.
Vibration Sensitivity in an Orb-weaver

Electrophysiological activity is recorded from the ventral nerve mass of A. diadematus in response to direct vibration of the leg. Measurements taken under varied frequcncy and intensity conditions indicate that response maxima are in the region of 100 hertz with a threshold sensitivity less than 100 A. The frequency response of the spiders leg does not correspond well to the frequency response of its web in a sound field.
Splitting of the ZGS polarized proton beam to two beams utilizing a common front stage

Abstract A septum magnet produced a double source for a beam transport. At the first image, another septum magnet allowed the two beams to enter separate transports for two different experiments.
Trust but verify: authorization for web services

Through web service technology, distributed applications can be built in a flexible manner, bringing tremendous power to applications on the web. However, this flexibility poses significant challenges to security. In particular, an end user (be it human or machine) may access a web service directly, or through a number of intermediaries, while these intermediaries may be formed on the fly for a particular task. Traditional access control for distributed systems is not flexible and efficient enough in such an environment. Indeed, it may be impossible for a web service to anticipate all possible access patterns, hence to define an appropriate access control list beforehand. Novel solutions are needed.This paper introduces a trust-but-verify framework for web services authorization, and provides an implementation example. In the trust-but-verify framework, each web service maintains authorization policies. In addition, there is a global set of "trust transformation" rules, each of which has an associated transformation condition. These trust transformation rules convert complicated access patterns into simpler ones, and the transformation is done by a requester (the original requester or an intermediary) with the assumption that the requester can be trusted to correctly omit certain details. To verify authorization, the requester is required to document evidence that the associated transformation conditions are satisfied. Such evidence and support information can either be checked before access is granted, or can be verified after the fact in an offline mode, possibly by an independent third party.
Effects of trimming and added connective tissue on compositional, physical and sensory properties of restructured, pre-cooked beef roasts

Restructured beef roasts were prepared using trimmed (intermediate or extensive) and chunked (kidney plate or hand knife) beef shoulder clods with varying levels (0, 10, 20 or 30%) of added connective tissue (flaked with ComitrolR). Intact beef top rounds (control) and all restructured roasts were water cooked to 62.8°C internal temperature. Increasing connective tissue increased (P 0.05) on product bind. Addition of 30% connective tissue decreased (P<0.05) juiciness and overall acceptability of the products; however, products with addition of 10% or 20% connective tissue were acceptable. Sensory data indicated restructured roasts were as acceptable as intact top rounds.
Growing Up Wired: Social Networking Sites and Adolescent Psychosocial Development

Since the advent of social networking site (SNS) technologies, adolescents' use of these technologies has expanded and is now a primary way of communicating with and acquiring information about others in their social network. Overall, adolescents and young adults' stated motivations for using SNSs are quite similar to more traditional forms of communication-to stay in touch with friends, make plans, get to know people better, and present oneself to others. We begin with a summary of theories that describe the role of SNSs in adolescents' interpersonal relationships, as well as common methodologies used in this field of research thus far. Then, with the social changes that occur throughout adolescence as a backdrop, we address the ways in which SNSs intersect with key tasks of adolescent psychosocial development, specifically peer affiliation and friendship quality, as well as identity development. Evidence suggests that SNSs differentially relate to adolescents' social connectivity and identity development, with sociability, self-esteem, and nature of SNS feedback as important potential moderators. We synthesize current findings, highlight unanswered questions, and recommend both methodological and theoretical directions for future research.
Signal-Processing Machines at the Postsynaptic Density

Dendrites of individual neurons in the vertebrate central nervous system are contacted by thousands of synaptic terminals relaying information about the environment. The postsynaptic membrane at each synaptic terminal is the first place where information is processed as it converges on the dendrite. At the postsynaptic membrane of excitatory synapses, neurotransmitter receptors are attached to large protein "signaling machines" that delicately regulate the strength of synaptic transmission. These machines are visible in the electron microscope and are called the postsynaptic density. By changing synaptic strength in response to neural activity, the postsynaptic density contributes to information processing and the formation of memories.
Laparoscopic splenic-preserving distal pancreatectomy for trauma in a child

Purpose To reduce the risks associated with splenectomy, there has been a trend toward splenic preservation when performing distal pancreatectomy. Although laparoscopy has gained almost universal acceptance, it is still not utilized often for pancreatic surgery in children. In fact, review of the literature shows only a few case series of splenic-preserving laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy, and even less reported experience in the pediatric population [1, 2, 3]. To our knowledge, there has been only one other report of laparoscopic spleen-preserving distal pancreatectomy in the setting of trauma in a child [4].
Sparse space-time equalization with L1 norm

Space-time adaptive equalizers are an important part of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communication systems operating in multi-path environments. Traditional methods of producing adaptive equalizers using short training sequence lengths suffer performance loss, and do not take advantage of known properties of the channel, such as sparsity. We discuss an iterative shrinkage algorithm which utilizes the l 1 norm as a procedure to estimate a sparse equalizer. We present simulation results of this algorithm and make comparisons to traditional methods.
Bacterial Protease Lon Is a Site-specific DNA-binding Protein *

The product of the Escherichia coli lon gene is the ATP-dependent Lon protease. Lon contributes to the regulation of several important cellular functions, including radiation resistance, cell division, filamentation, capsular polysaccharide production, lysogeny of certain bacteriophages, and proteolytic degradation of certain regulatory and abnormal proteins. Lon homologues are also found in several widely divergent bacteria, as well as in the mitochondria of yeast and humans. E. coli Lon has long been known to bind to DNA, but this interaction has not been further characterized and has generally been assumed to be nonspecific. We now demonstrate that E. coli Lon can bind to a TG-rich DNA promoter element in a sequence-specific manner. This finding is based on the results of experiments employing SouthWestern blotting, protein purification, "shift-shift" electrophoretic mobility shift assays, electrophoretic mobility shift assays using in vitro transcribed and translated Lon, and DNase footprinting. Site-specific DNA binding is likely to be an additional important biochemical characteristic of the multifaceted Lon protease.
Surface Composition Effects in Electrocatalysis: Kinetics of Oxygen Reduction on Well-Defined Pt3Ni and Pt3Co Alloy Surfaces

The oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) has been studied on polycrystalline Pt3Ni and Pt3Co alloys in acid electrolytes using the rotating ring disk electrode (RRDE) method. Preparation and characterization of alloy surfaces were performed in ultrahigh vacuum (UHV). Clearly defined surface composition was determined via low-energy ion-scattering (LEIS) spectroscopy. Polycrystalline bulk alloys of Pt3Ni and Pt3Co were prepared in UHV having two different surface compositions: one with 75% Pt and the other with 100% Pt. The latter we call a “Pt-skin” structure and is produced by an exchange of Pt and Co in the first two layers. The base voltammetry in 0.1 M HClO4 solution of the 75% Pt alloy surface indicated a decrease of Hupd pseudocapacitance (ca. 30−40 μC/cm2) consistent with the surface composition determined in UHV. With the exception of the “Pt-skin” surface on Pt3Ni, all the alloy electrodes exhibited stable i−E curves with repeated cycling between 0.05 and 1.0 V at all temperatures. Activities of Pt-a...
The range of validity of the Rayleigh and Thomson limits for Lorenz-Mie scattering

The small-particle limit for scattering by spheres (Rayleigh scattering) has an upper limit on the refractive index. Also, the limiting expression for perfectly reflecting spheres has a lower limit on the refractive index. These limits are delineated here for both absorbing and nonabsorbing spheres.
A retrospective study of the effects of edentulism on the severity rating of tardive dyskinesia

Abstract Edentulism has been reported to be a risk factor in the development of spontaneous orofacial dyskinesia. This study aimed to determine whether edentulism increases the severity rating of tardive dyskinesia in psychiatric subjects treated with neuroleptic medication. The filed Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale reports of 84 edentulous and 109 dentate outpatients with schizophrenic or schizoaffective disorder were examined retrospectively. To compare dyskinesia ratings in different body areas with dental status and gender, 2 × 2 multivariate analysis of variance was used. Results show that edentulous subjects had significantly higher dyskinesia ratings in the orofacial categories but not in other body areas. Gender had no influence on dyskinesia ratings. These results indicate that tooth loss may considerably increase the severity of tardive dyskinesia, a finding that suggests a possible role of preventive and prosthetic dentistry in the health care of patients at risk for this condition.
Ultrastructural contributions to the identification of cell types in the lizard epidermal generation.

The ultrastructure of the epidermis at different stages of the shedding cycle has been studied in Anolis carolinensis. Cells of the germinal layer are morphologically similar at all stages in the cycle. Immediately after leaving the germinal layer all daughter cells resemble one another closely. However, they later acquire specific ultrastructural features that enable them to be classified into six distinct fully differentiated types corresponding to the grouping previously set forth by light microscopy. A comparison of cytoplasmic filament size with the known X-ray diffraction data suggests that the Oberhautchen and β-layer contain a protein similar to that of avian feather; the protein in the α-layer and lacunar tissue is similar to that in mammalian hair, and the mesos layer cells probably contain a mixture of feather and hair-like proteins. The nature of the amorphous cytoplasmic material in the mature clear layer is as yet unknown.
Optical properties of blood at various levels of oxygenation studied by time-resolved detection of laser-induced pressure profiles

Time resolved detection of laser-induced pressure profiles permits sensitive and high-resolution measurements of distribution of absorbed optical energy in optically scattering and opaque media, such as blood. We report experimental measurements of optical properties in the whole blood of animals at various levels of oxygen saturation and analytical calculations of relative concentrations of oxy- and deoxy- hemoglobin. The results show that optoacoustic profiles are sensitive to small variations in optical properties of blood. When measured with absolutely calibrated acoustic transducers at two different laser wavelengths, 757-nm and 1064-nm, the total hemoglobin concentration and its oxygenation level can be determined from the optoacoustic profiles. The value of thermoacoustic efficiency of pressure wave generation by laser irradiation was also determined from experiments. Erythrocyte sedimentation and aggregation rate was studied, since these phenomena affect spatial distribution of optical energy in blood upon laser irradiation. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate was calculated from kinetic changes in optoacoustic profiles. The results encourage development of various applications of optoacoustic spectroscopy in monitoring of blood properties in vitro and in human tissues.
Perceptions of common and unusual first names of therapists.

Summary.-The perception of 18 common and unusual names, in a random sample of 774 marriage and family therapists' names, was evaluated by 97 psychology students. The students rated the therapists' names according to degree of liking and professional appropriateness. Significant differences were found between the males' and females' ratings of these names. Female students, in general, liked the names less; however, they showed greater preference for unusual first names than did the male subjects. Over-all, the students judged certain names more appropriate for professional identity regardless of name popularity.
Carrier generation and recombination processes in copper-doped germanium photoconductors

Abstract The current-voltage characteristics of copper-doped germanium photoconductors display an ohmic region at very low electric fields, a region of increasing conductivity at intermediate fields over a good portion of which the characteristic may be represented by I = I 0 exp ( V V 0 ) , and finally a breakdown region with a very rapid increase in conductivity. The ohmic region conductance and the parameter I0 of the exponential region are generally proportional to the incident photon flux, but V0 changes only slightly. In the breakdown region the I–V curves are independent of the level of illumination. The results on three samples of varying compensation are consistent with a simple model of carrier generation and recombination kinetics which includes impact ionization generation and three body recombination processes. The nonohmic behavior in the exponential region is on this model attributable to a field dependence of the recombination coefficient and a decrease in the sticking probability (as defined in Lax's giant trap theory of recombination) with electric field intensity is proposed as the responsible mechanism.
Oral Anticoagulant therapy--50 Years Later

The year 1991 marked the 50th anniversary of the first clinical use of oral anticoagulant therapy as a means of preventing thromboembolic disease. Despite long-term physician familiarity with oral anticoagulants, this mode of therapy still suffers from a relatively high-risk/safety profile. This review briefly highlights important historical and pharmacokinetic points of interest but focuses predominantly on aspects of the day-to-day management of anticoagulant therapy aiming to enhance physician performance in this therapeutic milieu. Emphasis is placed on therapeutic monitoring, understanding the prothrombin time, managing complications, and assessing future innovations for the management of a growing population of patients treated with orally administered anticoagulants.
Chromatographic separation of putative precursors of cholestanol.

Abstract This paper describes convenient syntheses for labeled and unlabeled cholest-5-en-3-one, cholest-4-en-3-one, epicholesterol, cholest-4-en-3β-ol, and cholest-4-en-3α-ol. The thin-layer chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography, and gas-liquid chromatography of these compounds and of cholestanol and epicholestanol are also described. The synthesized compounds are potential precursors in the biosynthesis of cholestanol in mammmals.
Cancer clinical trial patients in the information age: a pilot study.

Purpose: The purpose of this pilot study was to explore the cancer clinical trial patient's perception and use of electronic information and communication. Description of study: A total of 42 participants who self-reported they had enrolled, or were enrolled, in a cancer clinical trial completed a Web-based clinical trials survey questionnaire linked to a cancer-specific Web site. The questionnaire was used to obtain written responses to open-ended questions regarding the perception and use of electronic information and communication. Results: The pilot study findings document that more than one third of the respondents use the Internet to seek clinical trials information. Results also describe the impact of the Internet in helping these patients to identify what questions to ask their healthcare providers. The findings underscore the desire of patients to communicate not only with others on the same clinical trial, but also with their healthcare providers via the Internet. Clinical implications: When providing care to cancer clinical trial patients in the information age, online information seeking and the desire for electronic communication must increasingly be acknowledged, understood, and supported. A proactive and comprehensive approach to addressing patient information and support needs can facilitate patient empowerment and satisfaction.
From the Asian crisis to the global credit crisis: reforming the international financial architecture redux

2008 was marked by the tenth anniversary of the Asian crisis and the debate over how to reform the international financial architecture but also by the outbreak of the most serious global credit crisis in generations. This paper reviews the debate over how to strengthen the international monetary and financial system in this light.
Using knowledge to control tree searching

PARADISE (PAttern Recognition Applied to DIrecting SEarch) uses a knowledge-based analysis and little searching to find the correct move in chess middle game positions. PARADISE's search does not have a depth limit or any other artificial effort limit. This paper describes the methods used to constrain the search. The ideas of using different strategies to show that one move is best and using ranges to express the values of moves (first developed in Berliner's B* search), are extended and clarified. PARADISE combines these ideas with the use of plans, a threshold, and various measures of possibility. Examples are presented, including one in which PARADISE uses an indirect strategy to prove that one move is best without finding the winning line (a first for a chess program).
Lesions associated with plerocerci (Platyhelminthes: Cestoda: Trypanorhyncha) in the gastric wall of a cownose ray, Rhinoptera bonasus (Mitchill), (Myliobatiformes: Rhinopteridae) from the northern Gulf of Mexico

We describe lesions associated with a seemingly intense infection of trypanorhynch plerocerci (Platyhelminthes: Cestoda: Trypanorhyncha) in the gastric wall of a female cownose ray, Rhinoptera bonasus (Myliobatiformes: Rhinopteridae) captured in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Grossly, the multitude of encapsulated, encysted plerocerci imparted a bumpy and cobbled appearance to the serosa of the stomach, and none was observed in any other tissue during routine parasitological necropsy. Histologically, the plerocerci were associated with severe intramural granulomatous gastritis, vascular ectasia and mesothelial polyposis with the exclusion of the mucosa. To our knowledge, this is the first published case study documenting platyhelminth-associated histopathological changes in the gastrointestinal tract of R. bonasus as well as that of the efficacy of immunocytochemical markers for smooth muscle actin, Factor VIII, S-100, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen in Myliobatiformes. It also may serve as a potential primer for much needed ecological investigations regarding the potential role of elasmobranchs as intermediate or ‘paratenic' hosts in the life cycles of trypanorhynch cestodes.
Richard Hooker: the laws of ecclesiastical polity revisited

Richard Hooker's book, The Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity, is much more than a museum piece or a dissertation on how to run churches. It is a classic of doctrinal reflection, and is topically relevant. His main opponents at the time belonged to the militant Puritan wing of the English Church, and in answering them Hooker provides a still-rich line of thought. Theologically speaking, the most basic sense of law, for Hooker, is God's acceptance of the logic of a limited creation. A crucial concept is �compatible variety�, and this should be kept in mind when reading Hooker on the laws of nature, the laws of society, and the law that regulates the Church. Also of importance is the distinction between the unchangeable basics, in Church or state, and those laws that contribute to the maintenance of this or that particular society or Christian community. For Hooker, the mistake of his Puritan opponents was to think that the Bible is an exhaustive source of laws of both kinds. The Bible is neither a complete nor an incomplete law book. Law, as the form of compatible variety, is also the form in which God's �abundance� is to be perceived and experienced. Outside the abiding truths about the sort of life God's life is and the dignity given to creatures, human intelligence and ingenuity and prudence have a wide remit. According to Hooker, the most basic rebellion is to refuse the limits that make compatible variety possible. Law assumes, then, that we do not �begin socially as a set of unrelated atoms, whether individuals, classes, races or interest groups. Our basic position is one of potential agents in a negotiation through which we discover our welfare, and discover something we do not know at the start. Key theological notions are creation and the Body of Christ.
Homocysteine and Lipoprotein(a) Interact to Increase CAD Risk in Young Men and Women

Abstract—A biochemical link between homocysteine (tHcy) and lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] related to fibrin binding has been proposed. This hypothesis has not been specifically examined in human subjects....
A methodology for analysis of RTCVD systems

A methodology for predicting the spatial and temporal distribution of film thickness is given for low pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD) in rapid thermal processor (RTP) systems. The methodology is based on a model for the heat transfer to, from, and within the wafer, a geometric ray trace algorithm to predict the radiant heat transfer from the lamps and reflectors to the wafer, a deposition model for the deposited film thickness, and an optical properties model that gives the wafer absorptivity and emissivity. The modeling is for low pressure processes, where gas flow effects are secondary, and concentrates on the radiant heat transfer to and from the wafer. The methodology is based on physical principles, with a minimum reliance on empirical and experimental data, and has been validated by comparison with deposited films from a cylindrical RTP system. >
Should I stay or should I go? How the human brain manages the trade-off between exploitation and exploration

Many large and small decisions we make in our daily lives—which ice cream to choose, what research projects to pursue, which partner to marry—require an exploration of alternatives before committing to and exploiting the benefits of a particular choice. Furthermore, many decisions require re-evaluation, and further exploration of alternatives, in the face of changing needs or circumstances. That is, often our decisions depend on a higher level choice: whether to exploit well known but possibly suboptimal alternatives or to explore risky but potentially more profitable ones. How adaptive agents choose between exploitation and exploration remains an important and open question that has received relatively limited attention in the behavioural and brain sciences. The choice could depend on a number of factors, including the familiarity of the environment, how quickly the environment is likely to change and the relative value of exploiting known sources of reward versus the cost of reducing uncertainty through exploration. There is no known generally optimal solution to the exploration versus exploitation problem, and a solution to the general case may indeed not be possible. However, there have been formal analyses of the optimal policy under constrained circumstances. There have also been specific suggestions of how humans and animals may respond to this problem under particular experimental conditions as well as proposals about the brain mechanisms involved. Here, we provide a brief review of this work, discuss how exploration and exploitation may be mediated in the brain and highlight some promising future directions for research.