cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of recurrence rates after direct-current cardioversion for new-onset atrial fibrillation in patients receiving versus those not receiving rhythm-control drug therapy

The AFFIRM investigators have recommended rate control as the preferred strategy for recurrent atrial fibrillation (AF), but the appropriate strategy for new-onset persistent AF is uncertain. Our study evaluated the AF recurrence rate and the impact of rhythm-control drugs (class 1A, 1C, and 3 antiarrhythmic drugs) on patients with new-onset persistent AF after successful direct-current (DC) cardioversion. Consecutive patients who underwent DC cardioversion of AF from January 1, 1996 to December 31, 1999 were screened for new-onset persistent AF, and 150 patients met the inclusion criteria. After the first DC cardioversion, 50 patients received rhythm-control drugs (rhythm-control group) and the other 100 did not (rate-control group). The 2 groups had similar clinical characteristics except for a lower ejection fraction (44 ± 14% vs 49 ± 14%, p <0.01) and a higher proportion of idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (20% vs 1%, p = 0.03) in the rhythm-control group versus the rate-control group. During the follow-up period there was a trend toward a lower rate of early AF recurrence at 24 hours after DC cardioversion in the rhythm-control group versus the rate-control group (6% vs 16%, p = 0.11), but there was a high recurrence rate of AF in both groups at 1 month (30% for the rhythm-control group vs 41% for the rate-control group, p = 0.25). At the end of the follow-up period, rhythm-control therapy was abandoned in 78% of the rhythm-control group patients after the failure of 1 to 3 rhythm-control drugs. In the rate-control group, rhythm-control therapy was attempted after AF recurrence in 62 patients but was later abandoned in 48 patients (77%) because of treatment failure. Therefore, the high incidence of treatment failure with rhythm-control therapy suggests that rate control with anticoagulation should be preferred in patients with new-onset persistent AF if AF recurs after DC cardioversion.
Priapism in preterm infant

This report of transient priapism in a preterm newborn with respiratory distress syndrome discusses clinical course, therapy, possible etiologic factors, and previously reported cases in newborns. Possible causes include use of arterial catheter, red cell transfusion, hemodynamic changes from a patent ductus arteriosus, and hypoxia.
The effect of large portion sizes on energy intake is sustained for 11 days.

Objective: A previous study showed that increasing the portion sizes of all foods led to an increase in energy intake that was sustained over 2 days. The objective of the present study was to determine whether participants would compensate for excess energy intake or continue to overeat when portion sizes were increased for 11 days. Research Methods and Procedures: Participants in the study were 23 normal-weight and overweight participants (10 women and 13 men). All of their foods and caloric beverages were provided during two different periods of 11 consecutive days, which were separated by a 2-week interval. During one period, standard portions of all items were served; during the other, all portion sizes were increased by 50%. Results: The 50% increase in portion sizes resulted in a mean increase in daily energy intake of 423 ± 27 kcal (p < 0.0001), which did not differ significantly between women and men. This increase was sustained for 11 days and did not decline significantly over time, leading to a mean cumulative increase in intake of 4636 ± 532 kcal. A significant effect of portion size on intake was seen at all meals and in all categories of foods except fruit (as a snack) and vegetables. The effect of portion size on intake was not influenced by the body weight status of participants. Discussion: These results strengthen the evidence suggesting that increased portions contribute to the overconsumption of energy and to excess body weight.
Improving the memory-system performance of sparse-matrix vector multiplication

Sparse-matrix vector multiplication is an important kernel that often runs inefficiently on superscalar RISC processors. This paper describes techniques that increase instruction-level parallelism and improve performance. The techniques include reordering to reduce cache misses (originally due to Das et al.), blocking to reduce load instructions, and prefetching to prevent multiple load-store units from stalling simultaneously. The techniques improve performance from about 40 MFLOPS (on a well-ordered matrix) to more than 100 MFLOPS on a 266-MFLOPS machine. The techniques are applicable to other superscalar RISC processors as well, and have improved performance on a Sun UItraSPARC I workstation, for example.
The role of magnetic resonance imaging in problematic gynecologic diagnoses

MRI is a modality that provides excellent anatomic detail, especially of soft tissue and bone. Comparison of T1-weighted and T2-weighted images offers significant diagnostic information of pelvic pathology. In five problematic gynecologic cases, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provided key information for optimal treatment planning or a definitive diagnosis for the gynecologist.
Mammalian short palate lung and nasal epithelial clone 1 (SPLUNC1) in pH-dependent airway hydration

The epithelia that line the conducting airways are the lung's first point of contact with inhaled pathogens and toxicants. As such, they are known to play an important role in the lung's innate defense system, which includes (i) the production of airway surface liquid (ASL) that helps cleanse the airways through the physical removal of pathogens and toxicants on the mucociliary escalator and (ii) the secretion of anti-microbial proteins into the ASL to kill inhaled pathogens. Interestingly, the recently crystallized short palate lung and nasal epithelial clone 1 (SPLUNC1) protein appears to be a multi-functional protein. That is, it not only acts as an anti-microbial agent, but also modulates ASL homeostasis by acting as an endogenous inhibitor of the epithelial Na(+) channel (ENaC). This review will focus on the latter function of SPLUNC1, and will discuss new structural and physiological data regarding SPLUNC1's failure to function as a regulator of ASL hydration in CF airways.
Müllers MUSCLE-CONJUNCTIVAL RESECTION PTOSIS PROCEDURE

The Mullers muscle-conjunctival resection procedure is a relatively simple means of relieving upper eyelid ptosis. Candidates for the operation are chosen by placing several drops of 10% phenylephrine hydrochloride into the upper ocular fornix. If the upper lid elevates close to a norma! level after five minutes, the patient is selected for the operation. A specially designed clamp is applied to 6.5 to 9.5 mm of conjunctiva and mullers muscle above the superior tarsal border. A suture is run distal to the clamp, connecting conjunctiva and mullers muscle to the superior tarsal border, and then the tissues held in the clamp are resected. The mullers muscle-conjunctival resection has advantages over the Fasanella procedure, because tarsus is preserved, and over the levator aponeurosis advancement and tuck procedures, because the results are much more predictable.
IIP3 Enhancement of Subthreshold Active Mixers

This brief presents a modified subthreshold Gilbert mixer that includes an inductor between the drain of the radio frequency (RF) transistor and the sources of the LO transistors, an inductive source degeneration for the RF transistor, and a cross-coupling capacitor between the source of the RF transistor and the drain of the RF transistor in the other mixer branch to improve third-order distortion characteristics. This linearization technique enables a third-order intermodulation intercept point (IIP3) improvement of at least 10 dB compared to other subthreshold mixers. A 2.4-GHz mixer was designed and simulated using 0.11- μm CMOS technology. In the typical corner case of the postlayout simulations, the linearized mixer achieves 6.7-dBm IIP3, 8.6-dB voltage gain, and 19.2-dB single-sideband noise figure with a low power consumption of 0.423 mW.
Flavonoids from Artemisia frigida

Abstract Twelve flavonoids including a new flavone were isolated from Artemisia frigida . The structure of the new highly oxygenated flavone was determined b
Solution hardening by aliovalent cations in ionic crystals

Abstract Theories of solution hardening in ionic crystals due to aliovalent cations are reviewed. The electrostatic interaction between a dislocation and an impurity cation-cation vacancy complex is calculated and found to be too small to explain the observed solution hardening rates in the alkali halides, MgO, and Al 2 O 3 . The elastic interaction between a dislocation and the “tetragonal” distortion associated with the various complexes is calculated for screw and edge dislocations using anisotropic elasticity; it is found that in most materials, the edge dislocation interaction dominates, and that the observed solution hardening rates can be explained by reasonable values for the tetragonal distortion. The origin of the tetragonal distortion around the divalent cation-impurity-cation vacancy complex in the alkali halides is discussed and it is considered to arise from the relaxation around the complex and possibly involves off-center displacements of the divalent cation.
Three decades of prospecting for novel electronic states and phenomena in f-electron materials

Abstract During the past three decades, f-electron materials have proven to be a rich reservoir of novel electronic states and extraordinary superconducting and magnetic phenomena, many of which are surveyed in this paper. The electronic states described include the non-magnetic Kondo many-body singlet, valence fluctuation, heavy fermion, and non-Fermi liquid states. The superconducting and magnetic phenomena recounted include reentrant superconductivity due to the Kondo effect or the onset of ferromagnetic order, the sinusoidally modulated magnetic state that coexists with superconductivity in ferromagnetic superconductors, coexistence of superconductivity and antiferromagnetic order, pressure-induced demagnetization of rare earth ions in dilute and concentrated rare earth systems, and anisotropic superconductivity in which the energy gap vanishes at points or on lines on the Fermi surface, possibly mediated by spin fluctuations, in heavy fermion f-electron and high- T c cuprate superconductors. The temperature vs. pressure or composition phase diagrams of f-electron compounds and high- T c cuprate superconductors in the vicinity of their antiferromagnetic quantum critical points are briefly compared.
Programmed Teaching for Old Testament

(1967). Programmed Teaching for Old Testament. Religious Education: Vol. 62, No. 6, pp. 511-517.
Effects of intravenously administered Leu- or Met-enkephalin on arterial blood pressure

Abstract The purpose of these studies was to determine if two endogenous opioids, leucine (Leu) and methionine (Met) -enkephalin, alter blood pressure and, if so, by what mechanisms. Studies from our laboratory show that intravenous administration of Leu-enkephalin in doses of 0.032–320 μg/kg induced a biphasic response in pentobarbital-anesthetized cats. A transient rise in mean arterial pressure was followed by a more prolonged decline. Administration of Met-enkephalin caused only a decline in mean arterial pressure. Neither agent significantly altered heart rate, venous pressure or the EKG. Having determined that both enkephalins altered blood pressure and observed that the responses were qualitatively different, selected pharmacological antagonists were employed to see if the alterations in blood pressure could be blocked. Naloxone blocked the hypertensive responses and antagonized the hypotensive effects seen with the administration of Leu-enkephalin. Naloxone also shifted the dose-effect curve of Met-enkephalin to the right. Diphenhydramine attenuated both the hypertensive and hypotensive responses of Leu-enkephalin. However, diphenhydramine pretreatment did not alter the decline in blood pressure seen with the higher doses of Met-enkephalin. Propranolol exerted some antagonistic activity in association with the rise in blood pressure seen with Leu-enkephalin, but propranolol did not alter the drop in pressure observed with the administration of either enkephalin. These results show that intravenous administration of the enkephalins can alter blood pressure and these effects are not alike for each enkephalin. Additionally, the enkephalins are not blocked in the same fashion by antagonists, giving support to the hypothesis that the two enkephalins interact with different receptors.
Aggrenox and Stress Testing

To the Editor: A new medication,Aggrenox, a formulation of aspirin and extended-release dipyridamole, is being actively marketed to physicians for the treatment of patients …
Solubility of 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT) in Water

Current literature values of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) solubility in water vary widely from 100 to 200 mg/L at room temperature. We investigated the effects of temperature and pH on the solubility of both reference TNT and field neat TNT obtained from the Alabama Army Ammunition Plant (AAAP), Childersburg, AL. The TNT solubility determined from this study was significantly lower than that of Taylor and Rinkenbach, which was cited by several reference chemical handbooks and articles. However, the values reported by the Merck Index and the Lange's Handbook of Chemistry compared well with our values. TNT solubility dropped rapidly as the pH increased. Three unknown HPLC peaks were observed at high pH, indicating a possibility of forming unknown transformation products. Both reference and field neat TNT solubility agreed well. A semiempirical solubility correlation was developed to predict the solubility of TNT at a temperature range from 6 °C to 42 °C.
Adaptive spatial mode conversion in photorefractive waveguides, fibers, and bulk materials

Photorefractive phenomena such as optical phase conjugation and energy coupling via wave mixing have been studied extensively in photorefractive waveguides, fibers, and bulk crystals for a wide range of applications. In many of these applications, the photorefractive device can be viewed as an adaptive spatial mode converter which converts one spatial wave-form to another in real-time with a very high conversion efficiency. In this paper, I briefly review the basic principle and the experimental investigations of adaptive spatial mode conversion using photorefractive dynamic holograms and discuss their potential applications for the coupling of laser light into and out of waveguides and/or fibers. Recent progress in the research and development of two novel techniques for efficient and fault-tolerant laser-to-fiber coupling and multimode-to-singlemode fiber-optic coupling is treated in more detail and technical issues that need to be addressed to advance these techniques towards practical applications are outlined.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Bridged polysilsesquioxanes. molecular-engineered hybrid organic-inorganic materials

The class of hybrid organic−inorganic materials called bridged polysilsesquioxanes are used for everything from surface modifiers and coatings to catalysts and membrane materials. This paper examines how bridged polysilsesquioxanes are prepared, processed, characterized, and used. In particular, it describes how attaching several “inorganic” cross-linking trialkoxysilanes on organic bridging groups permits facile formation of network polymers and gels with high levels of chemical functionality. There are a number of synthetic entries into bridged polysilsesquioxane monomers that have allowed a multitude of different bridging groups to be integrated into xerogels (dry gels) or aerogels (supercritically dried “air gels”). Much of the research to date has been successfully focused on engineering of the size of pores through the choice of the bridging groups. For example, materials with some of the highest known surface areas in porous materials have been prepared, and parameters allowing control of the pore ...
Sample drying to improve HCHO measurements by PTR-MS instruments: laboratory and field measurements

Abstract. A significant improvement in the PTR-MS instrument sensitivity to formaldehyde was obtained by drying the air sample to a dew point of −30 °C using a cold trap to condense and freeze water vapour. At warmer trap temperatures there was significant uptake of formaldehyde and other water soluble organics, suggesting the presence of a quasi-liquid layer on the ice surface. By removing water vapour to a low constant dew point, the PTR-MS can be operated at low E/N ratios, significantly increasing normalized sensitivities for all organics and removing their humidity dependence due to reactions with H+(H2O)2. At an E/N ratio of 80 Td, the formaldehyde normalized sensitivity was 25 Hz/ppbv per MHz H3O+ with an estimated detection limit of 78 pptv. Field testing demonstrated good agreement between HCHO measurements made at ambient humidity and corrected for water vapour effects compared to dehumidified sampling at −30 °C. Field testing also revealed that at an E/N ratio of 100 Td or lower there was a significant ion signal at m/z=49, likely CH3OOH. Sampling drying and operation at low E/N ratios enables sensitive measurements of HCHO and potentially CH3OOH, both important tropospheric photoproducts.
Ultrashort-soliton interactions in optical fibers.

The redistribution of energy between two interacting femtosecond-range solitons is numerically observed by solving the generalized nonlinear Schrodinger equation by a modified version of the beam-propagation method. The energy redistribution depends on various input parameters such as the relative phase, wavelength difference, relative intensity, and temporal separation between the two solitons. The dependence of the initial relative phase is discussed in detail, and the mechanism of the interactions is also discussed. The energy redistribution has the potential for the applications to ultrafast switching devices and logic gates.
GO RIO: Achieving Universal Access to Mass Transit.

GO RIO is a universal access, mass-transit program that has been offered to all students who are registered full-time at Rio Hondo College. Through an agreement with five local transit agencies, full-time students can obtain a pass that provides full access seven days a week throughout the entire semester.
Compensation for pixel misregistration in volume holographic data storage.

We describe what we believe to be a novel postprocessing algorithm for compensating for misregistrations between a detector array and the coherent image of a pixelated two-dimensional data page. A lookup table of baseline local offsets is combined with the dynamically measured global offset of the received data page, producing an estimate of the total lateral shift of each small block of pixels. A serial algorithm then reallocates the appropriate portion of the signal detected by each pixel to its neighbors, accounting for both the linear and the quadratic contributions introduced by coherent illumination of square-law detectors. This procedure can relax the tight constraints on page registration, optical distortion, and material shrinkage that currently hamper page-oriented holographic storage systems. Experimental results from a pixel-matched 1-Mpixel volume holographic system are presented, showing an increase in position tolerance (for a raw bit-error rate <10-3) from ±16% to ±40% of the pixel pitch.
Coming of Age Among U.S. Farm Boys in the Late 1800S: Occupational and Residential Choices

Data from the National Panel Study are used to investigate occupational choices and migration status among a sample of U.S. white farm boys in the late 1800s. Originally sampled when 5 to 14 years old in 1880, these boys are traced to the 1900 census when they were young adults. In general, the decision to leave farming was related to the urban-industrial “pull” of the surrounding environment and the degree of farm mechanization of the community. While migratory behavior correlates positively with occupational change, the major social correlates are somewhat different. Variations in migration are not strongly related to the urban-industrial and agricultural environments. Rather, variables measuring the probability of farm inheritance emerge as stronger predictors.
Characterization of Shrimp Lipids

Edible shrimp (Penaeus aztecus) tissue contains approximately 1.2% extractable lipids, the majority of which are phospholipids. Data from the gravimetric quantitation of lipid classes isolated by column chromatography indicated that phosphatidyl choline was the predominant phospholipid and cholesterol the predominant neutral lipid in edible shrimp tissue. Fatty acid distribution data indicated that sphingomyelins contained the greatest percent by weight of unsaturated fatty acids while cholesterol esters contained the greatest proportion of saturated fatty acids. Enzymatic hydrolysis followed by gas liquid chromatography of phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, and phosphatidyl serine indicated that fatty acids located at the β position were more highly unsaturated than those at the α position.
Brill's Encyclopedia of Hinduism. Volume II: Sacred Texts, Ritual Traditions, Arts, Concepts, edited by Knut A. Jacobsen (Editor-in-Chief), Helene Basu, Angelika Malinar and Vasudha Narayanan (Associate Editors), Brill: Leiden and Boston, 2010, xlv+888pp. ISBN 978 90 04 17893 9, €244, $334.00 (cloth)

Brill's Encyclopedia of Hinduism. Volume II: Sacred Texts, Ritual Traditions, Arts, Concepts, edited by Knut A. Jacobsen (Editor-in-Chief), Helene Basu, Angelika Malinar and Vasudha Narayanan (Asso...
Human granzyme B is essential for DNA fragmentation of susceptible target cells

We have partially characterized the granules of the human NK cell line, YT-INDY, and assessed granule-mediated lysis and DNA fragmentation of assorted targets. Biochemical studies demonstrated significant quantities of granzyme B (asp-ase) and a heretofore undescribed chymase but no tryptase (i.e., granzyme A or 3) or distinct met-ase. YT-INDY expressed mRNA for granzyme B, perforin and CCPX. The existence of perforin was confirmed by immunoblot. The granules lysed both human and murine NK-sensitive and NK-resistant targets. YT-INDY and NK3.3, two human cytotoxic cells, were also lysed. EGTA reduced lysis by only 50%, suggesting that a perforin-independent lytic pathway is associated with the granules. In addition, 4-(2-aminoethyl) benzenesulfonylfluoride hydrochloride (AEBSF), an inhibitor that selectively blocked the chymase and 3,4-dichloroisocoumarin (DCI), an inhibitor that inactivated both chymase and asp-ase activities, marginally affected lysis. By gel electrophoresis and 125I-labeled deoxyuridine release assay, only murine cells (SP2/0 and YAC-1) underwent DNA fragmentation, and cleavage was completely inhibited by DCI, whereas EGTA, AEBSF and aurintricarboxylic acid (ATA) had no effect. The results, therefore, underscore the central role of granzyme B in granule-mediated DNA fragmentation, emphasize that the protease acts via an ATA-resistant endonuclease pathway and stress that nucleolysis does not invariably accompany granule-mediated cytolysis. Finally, ATA inhibited the asp-ase activity of isolated but not granule-associated granzyme B. ATA, therefore, is not a specific endonuclease inhibitor and results obtained with ATA should be viewed cautiously.
Language Policy: Dominant English, Pluralist Challenges

1. Acknowledgments 2. Foreword: Palmam qui meruit ferat (by Kaplan, Robert B.) 3. Introduction (by Wren, Helen) 4. I. The Dominance of English and National Language Policies: An Overview 5. 1. Making a difference in language policy agendas (by Wren, Helen) 6. 2. The English language metaphors we live by (by Eggington, William) 7. II. Language and Language-in-Education Policies in English-Dominant Nations 8. 3. The grown-ups know best: Language policy-making in Britain in the 1990s (by Bourne, Jill) 9. 4. Language policy in the USA: National values, local loyalties, pragmatic pressures (by McGroarty, Mary) 10. 5. English Langauge-in-Education policies in Canada (by Cumming, Alister) 11. 6. English and pluralistic policies: The case of Australia (by Lo Bianco, Joseph) 12. 7. Why are we waiting? Languages policy development in New Zealand (by Peddie, Roger A.) 13. III. Teaching within Language and Language-in-Education policies 14. 8. Social justice in the work of ESL teachers (by Corson, David) 15. 9. The roles and responsibilities of ESL teachers within National Language Policies (by Eggington, William) 16. Notes on Contributors
Methods for determination of carbon loss from fungal propagules incubated in soil

Abstract Losses of C from fungal propagules exposed in soil were determined by incubating 14 C-labelled fungal propagules enclosed in membrane filter envelopes in 4 g soil in planchets in a closed chamber. 14 CO 2 evolved was recovered daily by passing air through the headspace and collecting CO 2 in ethanolamine scintillation cocktail. Dissolved 14 CO 2 in soil was recovered by bubbling air through an acidified aqueous soil suspension and collecting the CO 2 evolved. Residual 14 C in soil was determined, after removal of membrane filters containing conidia, by oxidizing the soil with acid dichromate and collecting the CO 2 , evolved. The amount of dissolved 14 CO 2 was negligible (0.1 to 0.2% of total label). The amount of residual 14 C, as percentage of total label, was 20.6% from conidia of Cochliobolus sativus after 18 days in soil and 2.3% from sclerotia of Sclerotium rolfsii after 26 days in soil. 14 CO 2 evolved from the soil with added conidia during 18 days was 31.2%, and with added sclerotia during 26 days was 16.4%. The relative contribution of fungal respiration to total 14 CO 2 evolved from soil was estimated to be 57–60% for conidia and 65–72% for sclerotia. Propagule respiration may play a greater role in 14 C loss from fungal propagules in soil than assumed previously.
Finite analogues of Euclidean space

Graphs are attached to Fqn, where Fq is the field with q elements, q odd, using an analogue of the Euclidean distance. The graphs are shown to be asymptotically Ramanujan for large q (better than Ramanujan in half the cases). Comparisons are made with finite upper half planes constructed in a similar way using an analogue of Poincare's non-Euclidean distance. The eigenvalues of the adjacency operators of the finite Euclidean graphs are shown to be Kloosterman sums.
Religiosity and Self-Esteem of Muslim Immigrants to the United States: The Moderating Role of Perceived Discrimination

The present study investigated the moderating effect of perceived discrimination in a sample of Muslim immigrants (N = 174). Sex differences on perceived discrimination, religiosity, and self-esteem were examined. Results suggested a significant difference between Muslim men and women in regards to measures of religiosity. Men displayed higher religiosity scores. Results also indicated a significant positive relationship between measures of religiosity and perceived discrimination. Our results also provided full support for the moderating role of perceived discrimination. Implications of these findings for psychologists and future research examining these relationships are addressed.
Lumped Element Circuit Model of Pulsed Power for PIC Simulation of High Power Microwave Tubes

Summary form only given. When simulating high power microwave tubes, tube operation can influence the pulsed power network as well as vice versa. Commonly used approximations, such as a wave emitting/absorbing boundary condition, do not capture the dynamic mutual interaction of pulsed power with the microwave tube. For example, impedance collapse due to diode closure will cause both a drop in the pulsed power input voltage and increased current draw, an effect which might be simulated incorrectly if the wave emitting boundary condition assumes the pulsed power produces a prescribed voltage. We have modified the ICEPIC code to include lumped circuit elements as described in Taflove but recast into modifications of the current on the computational mesh rather than modified electric field updates. Using these lumped elements we have created an LC circuit model of the pulsed power drive: this model produces a flat-top voltage profile across a resistive load similar to experimental results. We also compare LC-circuit driven magnetron simulations with wave-driven simulations and experiment. We also study introducing mutual inductances between stages of the pulsed power by placing inductors adjacent to each other in simulation
The Fiscal Cliff Mythology and the Full Employment Alternative An Affordable and Productive Plan

This paper critiques the fiscal cliff mythology and the neoliberal push for economic austerity policies and sequestration of government programs. The purpose of the paper is to shift the debate to ...
Fracture propagation associated with dike emplacement at the skaergaard intrusion, east Greenland

Abstract Extensive magmatic activity, including several episodes of dike emplacement, was associated with early Tertiary continental rifting in Eastern Greenland. Exposures of the Skaergaard intrusion host a large number of these dikes as well as a variety of hydrothermal veins. One vein set has a characteristic outcrop expression and is filled with silica-rich chlorites. Relative timing constraints as well as the distribution and geometric relations of these veins relative to the mafic dikes indicate that at least some of these fractures formed during the emplacement of the dikes that cut the intrusion. Calculations based on elastic theory permit modeling of dike geometries observed in the field and prediction of fracture geometries that could be associated with the inflation of these dikes. Extensional fractures may form in the area ahead of the dike termination for a variety of loading conditions. The predicted width to length ratio for the dike as well as the size of the predicted fracture zone increases with increasing magma pressure within the dike and/or increasing differential between the remote principal stresses. For dike geometries similar to those observed in the field, the predicted fracture zone is roughly elliptical in cross-section and is centered in front of the dike termination. The size of the zone perpendicular to the dike trend varies from less than one meter to several meters. Field observations indicate that dike-parallel fractures are locally offset normal to the dike margin by distances of a few centimeters to a few meters. Our analysis implies that at least some of these fractures initiated and propagated ahead of the dikes as they were emplaced. The cooling of these dikes initiated localized hydrothermal systems that formed the vein minerals currently filling the fractures.
Frequency doubling perimetry and short-wavelength automated perimetry to detect early glaucoma.

Purpose To compare the ability of short-wavelength automated perimetry (SWAP) and frequency doubling perimetry (FDP) to detect early glaucoma damage. Design Prospective case–control study using a comparative case series. Participants Forty-two patients with preperimetric glaucomatous optic nerve damage and a normal standard achromatic perimetry (SAP) in 1 eye, but with contralateral SAP abnormalities, and 35 normals. Methods Forty-two patients and 35 normals underwent SWAP and FDP (Humphrey 24-2; Carl Zeiss Meditec, Inc., Dublin, CA). Correlations of mean deviation (MD) and pattern standard deviation (PSD) of the 2 groups were calculated. The number of defects at P P Main Outcome Measures Correlations and comparisons of global indices between SWAP and FDP: MD, PSD, TD, and PD abnormal number of points. Results Significant correlations in the glaucoma group were found between SWAP and FDP for MD ( r = 0.54; P r = 0.49; P P P = 0.024). Areas under receiver operator characteristic curves for MD of SWAP and PSD of FDP were 0.74 and 0.67, respectively ( P = 0.37). Using defined defect criteria, FDP had a significantly higher sensitivity (72% vs. 54%; P = 0.02) and similar specificity (53% vs. 44%; P = 0.12) compared with SWAP. Agreement on defect location was moderate (κ, 0.46). Testing time for SWAP was longer than for FDP in both glaucomatous and normal eyes ( P Conclusions Short-wavelength automated perimetry and FDP showed similar ability to detect visual dysfunction in patients with preperimetric glaucoma. Long-term follow-up is required to define their role in predicting subsequent SAP defects.
A Field Study of Photosynthetic Capacity and its Response to Nitrogen Fertilization inSpartina alterniflora

Abstract Seasonal maximum leaf photosynthetic rates (Pmax, determined in full sunlight) were compared between populations of tall and shortSpartina alterniflora(smooth cordgrass) on Sapelo Island, Georgia. Little or no differences in Pmax were found between the tall (near or on creekbanks) and the short (20–30 m from the creek) populations. All the leaves measured were light saturated at a photosynthetic photon flux >1000 μmol m−2 s−1. These results differ from those reported previously and indicate that other mechanisms besides photosynthetic capacity should be used to explain the low productivity of the short population. Limited nitrogen, high carbon cost and insufficient photosynthate allocation to build and maintain leaf area may be factors that result in low productivity. Leaf N and maximum photosynthetic rates of both tall and short populations were greatly enhanced after receiving N fertilizer. In the fertilized short population, however, elevated leaf N was diluted by a great expansion of leaf area shortly after the treatment. Expanding leaf area instead of maintaining a very high leaf N inS. alternifloraseems to have selective advantages of both enhancing leaf N use efficiency and discouraging heavy herbivory by not increasing palatability. The nitrogen use efficiency ofS. alterniflora(C4) is higher than many C3species and is strongly correlated with temperature. Each additional millimole of leaf N can increase Pmax up to 0·20 μmol CO2 m−2leaf area s−1in summer, which may explain some differences in Pmax among populations. Nitrogen use efficiency appears to decrease as the leaf N exceeds a possible optimum range of 100–120 mmol m−2leaf area.
Thyroid ala cartilage graft laryngotracheoplasty for closure of large pediatric tracheocutaneous fistula

We describe a novel technique for closure of a large, persistent, pediatric tracheocutaneous fistula using a thyroid ala cartilage graft. Case report and review of the literature. We report 2 cases of large (>4mm), pediatric tracheocutaneous fistulas, in which primary closure of the tracheal defect would have caused critical airway narrowing and were managed with an anterior laryngotracheal reconstruction with a thyroid ala cartilage graft and closure of the tracheocutaneous fistula. The patients were extubated immediately postoperatively and maintained successfully closed fistulas with no clinically significant airway compromise. One of the considerations in pediatric tracheocutaneous fistula closure is to assess how the airway luminal diameter will be affected by primary closure of the tracheal defect. If primary closure of the tracheal opening causes critical airway narrowing because of a large tracheocutaneous fistula, a thyroid ala cartilage graft may be used for laryngotracheoplasty and allow for primary closure with a layered closure of the overlying strap muscles and soft tissue.
On modeling the pressure-dependent photoisomerization of trans-stilbene by including slow intramolecular vibrational energy redistribution.

Experimental data for the photoisomerization of trans-stilbene (S 1 ) in thermal bath gases at pressures up to 20 bar obtained previously by Meyer, Schroeder, and Troe (J. Phys. Chem. A 1999, 103, 10528-10539) are modeled by using a full collisional-reaction master equation that includes non-RRKM (Rice-Ramsperger-Kassel-Marcus) effects due to slow intramolecular vibrational energy redistribution (IVR). The slow IVR effects are modeled by incorporating the theoretical results obtained recently by Leitner et al. (J. Phys. Chem. A 2003, 107, 10706-10716), who used the local random matrix theory. The present results show that the experimental rate constants of Meyer et al. are described to within about a factor of 2 over much of the experimental pressure range. However, a number of assumptions and areas of disagreement will require further investigation. These include a discrepancy between the calculated and experimental thermal rate constants near zero pressure, a leveling off of the experimental rate constants that is not predicted by theory and which depends on the identity of the collider gas, the need to use rate constants for collision-induced IVR that are larger than the estimated total collision rate constants, and the choice of barrier-crossing frequency. Despite these unsettled issues, the theory of Leitner et al. shows great promise for accounting for possible non-RRKM effects in an important class of reactions.
Analysis of potentiostatic current transients at metal/liquid interfaces: resolving the effects of a finite step interval

Potentiostatic current transients are used routinely for electrochemical analysis of metal/liquid interfaces. These measurements can be affected by both the electrochemical cell and the potentiostat used for such experiments. We demonstrate this in the present report with double-layer charging experiments using a gold electrode in aqueous electrolytes of NaF and NaNO3. By employing a high-resolution potentiostat, we show that the apparently instantaneous voltage step actually has a finite temporal width. The double-layer charging current develops an additional feature due to this behavior of the voltage step. We present a theoretical framework to resolve these instrumental effects from the actual electrical response of the double layer. The results are compared with a set of independent measurements of the same quantities using impedance spectroscopy. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electronic structure of semiconductor quantum films.

The electronic structure of thin (\ensuremath{\le}30 A\r{}) free-standing ideal films of Si(001), Si(110), and GaAs(110) is calculated using a plane-wave pseudopotential description. Unlike the expectation based on the simple effective-mass model, we find the following. (i) The band gaps of (001) quantum films exhibit even-odd oscillation as a function of the number N of monolayers. (ii) In addition to sine-type envelope functions which vanish at the film boundaries, some states have cosine envelope functions with extrema at boundaries. (iii) Even-layer Si(001) films exhibit at the valence-band maximum a state whose energy does not vary with the film thickness. Such zero confinement states have constant envelope throughout the film. (iv) Optical transitions in films exhibit boundary-imposed selection rules. Furthermore, oscillator strengths for pseudodirect transitions in the vicinity of forbidden direct transitions can be enhanced by several orders of magnitude. These findings, obtained in direct supercell calculations, can be explained in terms of a truncated crystal (TC) analysis. In this approach the film's wave functions are expanded in terms of pairs of bulk wave functions exhibiting a destructive interference at the boundaries. This maps the eigenvalue spectra of a film onto the bulk band structure evaluated at special k points which satisfy the boundary conditions. We find that the TC representation reproduces accurately the above-mentioned results of direct diagonalization of the film's Hamiltonian. This provides a simple alternative to the effective-mass model and relates the properties of quantum structures to those of the bulk material.
Brief Therapy: Focused Problem Resolution

This article describes a general view of the nature of human problems and their effective resolution and of related specific procedures, growing out of our prior work in family therapy, that have developed during six years of research on rapid problem resolution. With treatment limited to a maximum of ten sessions, we have achieved significant success in about three-fourths of a sample of 97 widely varied cases, and this approach to problems appears to have considerable potential for further development and wider application.
The effect of serial passage of Bacillus larvae White in the honey bee

Abstract The virulence of a strain of Bacillus larvae White was increased by three serial passages in larvae of the honey bee, Apis mellifera Linnaeus. The first passage was through an F 1 line which was intermediate in resistance. The second and third passages were through 24-hour susceptible line larvae. A similar increase in virulence was noted when spores from F 1 larvae were serially passed twice in 16-hour resistant line larvae. The resultant spores from the susceptible and resistant lines were equally virulent. Selection for virulence was, therefore, not line specific: serial passage through larvae of the resistant line did not result in the selection of a strain of higher virulence to the resistant line than to the susceptible line. Likewise, serial passage through larvae of the susceptible line did not select a strain more virulent only to the susceptible line.
The interaction of La3+ with mitochondria in relation to respiration-coupled Ca2+ transport

Abstract La 3+ inhibits the respiration-dependent accumulation of Ca 2+ by rat liver mitochondria when added in very small amounts (0.1–l.0 nmole per mg protein). However, La 3+ itself does not activate respiration. With the use of 140 La 3+ it was found that La 3+ is very rapidly bound to rat liver mitochondria in a respiration-independent process accompanied by loss of H + to the medium. When both La 3+ and Ca 2+ are added to mitochondria simultaneously, most of the La 3+ but little Ca 2+ are bound. La 3+ added to mitochondria previously loaded with Ca 2+ is tightly bound without discharge of Ca 2+ . Conversely, when Ca 2+ is added to La 3+ -loaded mitochondria it is not bound nor is the La 3+ discharged. La 3+ inhibits both high-affinity and low-affinity respiration-independent Ca 2+ binding. Isotopic experiments showed that La 3+ is, in fact, bound to the same high-affinity sites as Ca 2+ , in both intact mitochondria and in mitochondrial extracts. It is concluded (1) that La 3+ binds to and inhibits the Ca 2+ carrier; (2) that La 3+ is not transported by the Ca 2+ carrier; and (3) that La 3+ is, in addition, bound to a large number of external sites on mitochondria for which Ca 2+ is not a strong competitor.
Reminiscence: A Strategy for Getting to Know You.

Abstract The authors describe a strategy for enhancing counselors 'effectiveness with elderly women in group settings by using a pregroup reminiscence session.
Ciliogenesis: building the cell's antenna

The cilium is a complex organelle, the assembly of which requires the coordination of motor-driven intraflagellar transport (IFT), membrane trafficking and selective import of cilium-specific proteins through a barrier at the ciliary transition zone. Recent findings provide insights into how cilia assemble and disassemble in synchrony with the cell cycle and how the balance of ciliary assembly and disassembly determines the steady-state ciliary length, with the inherent length-dependence of IFT rendering the ciliary assembly rate a decreasing function of length. As cilia are important in sensing and processing developmental signals and directing the flow of fluids such as mucus, defects in ciliogenesis and length control are likely to underlie a range of cilium-related human diseases.
The Environmental Footprint of Data Centers

Numerous evaluation metrics and standards are being proposed across industry and government to measure and monitor the energy efficiency of data centers. However, the energy use of data centers is just one aspect of the environmental impact. In this paper, we explore the overall environmental footprint of data centers beyond just energy efficiency. Building upon established procedures from the environmental sciences, we create an end-to-end life-cycle model of the environmental footprint of data centers across a diverse range of impacts. We test this model in the case study of a hypothetical 2.2-MW data center. Our analysis suggests the need for evaluation metrics that go beyond just operational energy use in order to achieve sustainable data centers.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
The Norwegian Sea as a mediterranean basin

Abstract The Norwegian Sea is considered as a typical mediterranean basin for which an inflow of light, surface water is required to balance the overflow of deep, dense water formed by the action of the atmosphere at the sea surface within the basin. Water and heat budgets are presented for the Norwegian Sea. The water budget requires a greater inflow of Atlantic Water than was needed in earlier budgets in which the dense overflows were not considered. This northward advection of relatively warm eastern North Atlantic Water (estimated at 13 × 106 m3/sec) is judged to be the principal process by which the northern European climate is softened.
Morphological factors in the grammaticalization of the Catalan “go” past

The Catalan periphrastic perfective past is a so-called “go” past: Vaig cantar, lit. “I-go to-sing”, “I sang” vs. Vaig alla, lit. “I-go there”, “I go there”. Its semantic development has been much discussed, but it presents morphological issues as well. Previous analyses ignore key morphological factors, especially the shift from the early mix of preterit and present auxiliary forms to exclusive use of the present and the development of several variant auxiliary forms. The auxiliary-plus-infinitive construction shares some but not all forms with the lexical verb anar “to go”. Early examples use mostly preterit auxiliary forms but later the small number of present forms grows and the preterit forms disappear. I argue that the present-preterit syncretism in the first person plural of anar, anam, allowed for reinterpretation of the construction as one with a present tense auxiliary rather than a preterit auxiliary. This analysis runs counter to the typical ‘narrative present’ account. Subsequently, the unique third person singular va allowed for new auxiliary forms influenced by the synthetic preterit. This case shows the importance for typological study of detailed analysis of this type to counterbalance the risk of superficial analysis inherent in crosslinguistic studies.
Eigenvalues and orbital energies in the Xα statistical exchange method

Abstract We comment on the paper of Niemczyk and Melius in which results of applications of the Xα statistical exchange method and the Hartee-Fock method were compared. We compute the proper Xα orbital energies for their examples: it is these orbital energies, not the Xα eigenvalues, which must be used in their comparisons.
Progress in cancer

Definite progress has been made against cancer since the National Cancer Act was passed in 1971. Physicians are giving increased attention to cancer prevention. The exciting changes in molecular biology provide increased knowledge about basic mechanisms in tumor growth and metastases. Detailed discussions of two common solid cancers--breast and colorectal--attest to continuing advances in cancer diagnosis and treatment. All of these augur well for further progress in oncology. Continued research, basic and clinical, is mandatory.