cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dyslipidemia and Blood-Brain Barrier Integrity in Alzheimer's Disease

Background. Blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction may have a significant role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Modifiable factors associated with BBB function may have therapeutic implication. This study tested the hypothesis that dyslipidemia is associated with BBB impairment in mild-to-moderate AD. Methods. Thirty-six subjects with AD were followed for 1 year. Fasting CSF and plasma were collected with clinical assessments at baseline and 12 months. BBB impairment was defined as CSF albumin index ≥9. Independent t-tests and linear regression assessed the relationship between plasma lipoproteins and BBB integrity. Results. Dyslipidemia was prevalent in 47% of the population, and in 75% of those with BBB impairment. Subjects with BBB impairment had significantly higher mean plasma triglyceride and lower HDL cholesterol (TG, P = 0.007; HDL, P = 0.043). Plasma triglycerides explained 22% of the variance in BBB integrity and remained significant after controlling for age, gender, ApoE-4 genotype, blood pressure, and statin use. Conclusion. Dyslipidemia is more prevalent in AD subjects with BBB impairment. Plasma triglyceride and HDL cholesterol may have a role in maintaining BBB integrity in mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's disease.
What should we say

Preliminary summaries of a few empirio‐semantical investigations1 concerning such sentences as: can we say x, should we ever (ordinarily) say x, x is self‐evident (tautological, contradictory, nonsensical), P does not know what be is talking about, x is voluntary (involuntary) and: that is no excuse.
Managing marketing communications with multichannel customers

Abstract This article presents a marketing communications process that uses customer relationship management ideas for multichannel retailers. The authors describe and then demonstrate the process with enterprise-level data from a major U.S. retailer with multiple channels. On the basis of the results, the authors develop an initial marketing communications strategy for the retailer.
Separation materials: Proteins make for finer filters

Protein-based membranes can cope with water fluxes much higher than those that can be handled by commercial membranes with similar rejection properties.
Spraying to Control the Codling Moth in South-Western Michigan

Spraying experiments in southwestern Michigan indicate that several summer brood sprays of lead arsenate may be necessary to satisfactorily control codling moth. Sprays of oil with nicotine sulphate gave good results on an early variety, but were less satisfactory on later varieties. In all cases where oil with nicotine was used in the summer brood sprays, the arsenical residue on the fruit was greatly reduced. Oil sprays, where used alone for the summer brood larvae, were ineffective. Some oils, when used in combination with nicotine sulphate, may cause injury to the fruit.
Abnormal screening in the quantum disordered phases of nonlinear σ-models

Abstract We study some properties of the quantum disordered phase of nonlinear σ-models, focussing on the quantum numbers of the quasi-particles and possible experimental implications. We find that the quasi-particles in the quantum disordered phase may, in many cases, carry new quantum numbers which do not appear in any finite combination of the fundamental fields. We call this phenomenon abnormal screening. Abnormal screening is shown to appear in (1 + 1)-dimensional systems. Using a large N mean field approach to the quantum disordered state, we show that abnormal screening may also appear in (1 + 2)-dimensional nonlinear σ-models. In 1 + 2 dimensions abnormal screening is closely related to spin-charge separation, which was proposed to occur in the spin liquid state relevant in some theories of high Tc superconductivity. We compare the mean field approach with bosonization and other exact results for (1 + 1)-dimensional systems and find exact agreement for the quantum numbers of the quasi-particles. This suggests that mean field analysis of high Tc superconductivity may field a qualitatively reliable picture. Our result also gives an alternative way of understanding some novel properties of the antiferromagnetic spin chain. We estimate the density and temperature at which deconfinement and abnormal screening occur. Finally, we suggest some experimental signatures for this phenomenon.
Calorespirometric determination of the effects of temperature, humidity, low O2 and high CO2 on the development of Musca domestica pupae

Heat and CO2rates are measured on M. domesticapupae as a function of age and temperature. Heats of combustion of flies, pupae, and puparia are also measured. Heat and CO2rates decrease for 3 d post-pupation and increase exponentially over 4 d prior to eclosure. Heat and CO2rates are low and increase slowly from 5 to 23°C, then rapidly increase from 23 to 26°C, then more slowly up to 38°C where pupae are stressed. Respiratory substrate varies with age and temperature, is a mix of lipids and carbohydrates, and has an average carbon oxidation state of -0.3 at room temperature. Humidity, elevated CO2, or reduced O2did not affect pupal metabolism.
Public relations as “practice:” applying the theory of Alasdair MacIntyre

Abstract Public relation’s search for a unifying theory may be fulfilled through application of Alasdair MacIntyre’s concept of a “practice,” a very specific and value-laden concept. This article explores what it would mean to be a public relations practice in MacIntyre’s concept of the term and argues that such an approach to public relations is of value for the field.
Effect of Added Citric Acid and Acetic Acid on the Growth of Staphylococcus and Listeria in a Mayonnaise-based Salad

Abstract LEARNING OUTCOME: To determine the effect of 2 concentrations of citric acid and acetic acid on the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes in a mayonnaise-based salad. The microbial safety of mayonnaise-based deli salads is a concern due to extensive handling during preparation by foodservice personnel and potential abusive temperatures during storage. The pH of a mayonnaise-based surimi salad (control - pH 5.45) was adjusted to approximately 5.0 and 4.6 with 5% and 10% citric acid or acetic acid. Duplicate samples of each salad were inoculated with 10 8 CFU/g S.aureus (FRI 100 SEA) or 10 7 CFU/g L. monocytogenes (ATCC 49594). The Listeria inoculated samples were held at 4°C (refrigeration) for 28 days and 10°C (temperature abuse) for 8 days. Samples inoculated with Staphylococcus were held for 8 days at 10°C. Samples were analyzed for microbial growth at predetermined intervals. Three replications of the experiment were conducted. A 2 log reduction of Listeria was obtained for the control salad and the 5% citric acid added salad held at 4°C. An additional 1 log reduction was obtained for salads with 5% or 10% acetic acid or 10% citric acid added. At 10°C, a 1 log reduction of Listeria resulted in the control salad, and the salads with 5% or 10% citric acid or 5% acetic acid added. The salad with 10% acetic acid resulted in another 1 log reduction of Listeria when salads were held at the abusive temperature. For salads inoculated with S.aureus and held at 10°C, no reduction was found for the control and the 5% citric acid added samples. A 1 log reduction of S.aureus occurred for salads with 5% acetic or 10% citric acid added. A 2 log reduction of S.aureus obtained for the salad with 10% acetic acid added. Results of this study indicate that the effectiveness of acids added to a mayonnaise-based salad were: 10% acetic acid >5%acetic acid >10% citric acid > 5%citric acid. However, the addition of acid is not a replacement for proper temperature control
Material mastery: situation digital library use in university research practices

Abstract In the past several years, researchers in library and information science, computer science and management information systems have claimed that knowledge workers will transform important characteristics of work due to increased access to digital libraries over the Internet. To explore the influence of digital libraries on knowledge work, this study investigated the use of paper and electronic materials by academic researchers in four disciplines at eight US research universities. This study found that at a given point in time, the match between `material mastery' and features of using a particular digital library could explain its use. This paper discusses findings about digital library use, work characteristics and how material mastery explains patterns of digital library use.
Lupus erythematosus profundus.

SUMMARY. —The clinical and histological features of 6 cases of lupus erythematosus (L.E.) profundus are described. The disease was chronic with crops of subcutaneous nodules, usually on the head and arms, that healed with deep scarring. Signs of classical discoid L.E. were usually few and delayed. The histology showed a characteristic lower dermal and subcutaneous necrobiosis with some vasculitis and a striking lack of cellular response. The dying collagen showed overlapping types of change; in some areas it stained faintly and was swollen whilst still retaining some fibrillary structure; in others it was replaced by an eosinophilic material that was either in homogenous puddles or broken into amorphous clumps. The differentiation of these changes from other forms of panniculitis is discussed and it is concluded that the changes are usually sufficiently distinctive to make a diagnosis possible in what may clinically be a perplexing disease.
Simulation, Design, and Validation of an UAV SOFC Propulsion System

A physically-based model for design and optimization of a fuel cell powered electric propulsion system for an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) is presented. Components of the system include a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) providing power, motor controller, brushless dc (BLDC) motor, and a propeller. Steady-state models for these components are integrated into a simulation program and solved numerically. This allows an operator to select constraints and explore design trade-offs between components, including fuel cell, controller, motor, and propeller options. We also present a graphical procedure using this model that allows rapid assessment and selection of design choices, including fuel cell characteristics and hybridization with multiple sources. A series of experiments conducted on an instrumented propulsion system in a low-speed wind tunnel were performed for comparison of individual component and full propulsion system performance with simulation model predictions. Data from these experiments are provided and are consistent with model predictions.
Iphigenia, King Arthur, and the East German state after unification

Goethe's classical Iphigenia in Tauris provided an opportunity to stage issues pertinent to the reconciliation of the peoples of the two German states. However, the language of these two peoples developed over the 40‐year existence of the two states in such different ways that the alienation felt towards each other is more poignantly expressed than a common language of reconciliation. The financial difficulties of the performing arts in the five new states of the former GDR are about to reach a breaking point with the planned withdrawal of federal subsidies for theater, subsidies which will have to be assumed by the financially‐strapped states in the Eastern part of Germany. Restructuring will be absolutely necessary, and even with massive reductions in people employed in the theaters, smaller seasonal repertoires, and joint ensembles, the danger of being subsumed by pop culture is very real. Drama needs conflict to function as a social provocation and the context in which GDR dramatists wrote has been el...
Cerebral arteriovenous malformation: report of 136 Chinese patients in Taiwan.

The authors studied 136 Chinese patients with verified cerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) in Taiwan. Intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) was the leading problem at presentation (83.8%), followed by epileptic seizures (21.3%) and vascular headache alone (9.6%). Patients less than forty years old and/or with small AVMs ( < 20 ml) had a statistically significantly higher risk of bleeding (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05 respectively). The risk of rebleeding remained unchanged in both small (<20 ml) and large (≥20 ml) AVMs once ICH had occurred. The average annual bleeding rate of a nonbleed AVM with seizure alone was 1.7%. Seizures with a partial component could be identified in less than half of the epileptic patients, and EEG abnormalities were found in 85.7% of 45 studied cases. The difference in mortality between medically and surgically treated patients was not of statistical significance. The numbers for both morbidity and good recovery were higher in the surgical group. The rationale for selection of surgica...
Power: Power systems `2000¿: Hierarchical control strategies: Multilevel controls and home minis will enable utilities to buy and sell power at `real time¿ rates determined by supply and demand

Discusses changes which are likely to occur in the power system control strategies during years 1978 to 2000. Hierarchical decomposition of the system into a multilevel strategy is illustrated. The development of the relationship between the utility and its customers is discussed assuming the wide use of home microcomputers. Controversial issues arising from the advanced computerisation are outlined and the possibility of blackouts in the year 2000 is discussed.
The new global players: How they compete and collaborate

Abstract The era in which nations ruled the world is over. With the information revolution and the demise of the United States as the dominant world power, three groups have joined nations as important global players: transnational corporations, international organizations, and special interest groups. Global players can be expected to collaborate in different ways on a wide range of issues. Some collaborations will benefit the global citizenry while others will be detrimental. Policy analysis is needed, but the field of international relations, with its focus on nations, does not provide a sufficiently broad conceptual framework for the needed analytical work.
Mitochondrial matrix phosphoproteome : Effect of extra mitochondrial calcium

Post-translational modification of mitochondrial proteins by phosphorylation or dephosphorylation plays an essential role in numerous cell signaling pathways involved in regulating energy metabolism and in mitochondrion-induced apoptosis. Here we present a phosphoproteomic screen of the mitochondrial matrix proteins and begin to establish the protein phosphorylations acutely associated with calcium ions (Ca2+) signaling in porcine heart mitochondria. Forty-five phosphorylated proteins were detected by gel electrophoresis−mass spectrometry of Pro-Q Diamond staining, while many more Pro-Q Diamond-stained proteins evaded mass spectrometry detection. Time-dependent 32P incorporation in intact mitochondria confirmed the extensive matrix protein phosphoryation and revealed the dynamic nature of this process. Classes of proteins that were detected included all of the mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes, as well as enzymes involved in intermediary metabolism, such as pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH), citrate sy...
Effect of 6-azathymine, an analog of thymine, on the urinary excretion of uracil.

Abstract The administration of 6-azathymine, an analog of thymine, to mice resulted in the excretion of large amounts of uracil in urine. 6-Azathymine and 5-bromo-6-azauracil, but not 6-azauracil, 5-ethyl-6-azauracil or 5-n-propyl-6-azauracil inhibited the degradation of uracil by a particle-free fraction of rat liver. The enzymic degradation of uracil was inhibited by 6-azathymine to a greater extent then thymine.
Current Evidence on the Hemodynamic and Blood Pressure Effects of Isometric Exercise in Normotensive and Hypertensive Persons

J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2010;12:721–726. ©2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Isometric exercise is associated with acute hemodynamic changes consisting of increases in systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressure and also an increase in heart rate and cardiac output. The peripheral vascular resistance is either not changed or decreased. These hemodynamic changes return to baseline values soon after the completion of exercise. Since isometric exercise is not an aerobic exercise, it was not recommended to hypertensive patients by national and international committee guidelines. Recent studies and meta-analyses of the subject have demonstrated, however, that isometric or resistance exercise does not raise resting blood pressure and frequently leads to a small decrease, which could be enhanced with the concomitant administration of antihypertensive drugs. Besides blood pressure, isometric exercise is associated with other beneficial effects consisting of an increase in muscle bulk, upper and lower body strength, increase in bone density, and a decrease in bone fractures. These changes are extremely beneficial to older patients by making them more mobile and increasing their quality of life. Based on these changes, the authors believe that isometric exercise, whether alone or in combination with dynamic exercise, should be recommended to hypertensive patients and be part of a comprehensive treatment regimen.
Bounded Immunity and Btt-Reductions

We define and study a new notion called k-immunity that lies between immunity and hyperimmunity in strength. Our interest in k-immunity is justified by the result that θ does not k-tt reduce to a k-immune set, which improves a previous result by Kobzev [7]. We apply the result to show that Φ′ does not btt-reduce to MIN, the set of minimal programs. Other applications include the set of Kolmogorov random strings, and retraceable and regressive sets. We also give a new characterization of effectively simple sets and show that simple sets are not btt-cuppable.
SUBEPENDYMAL GERMINAL MATRIX HEMORRHAGE (SEH) IN TERM NEONATES

Cerebral ultrasonography was done within 72 hours of birth on 505 newborns of ≥ 37 weeks gestation admitted during an 8 week period to the normal newborn nursery. Abnormalities were detected in 23 babies (4.6%). Bilateral SEH occurred in 14 (2.8%) and unilateral SEH in 6 (1.2%). Agenesis of the corpus callosum was detected in 2 (0.4%) and mild ventricular dilatation in 1 (0.2%). None of the 20 babies with SEH had intraventricular hemorrhage. When compared to babies with no SEH, those with SEH were of significantly lower gestational age and birth weight. The difference in weight was attributable to lower birth weights in females with SEH compared to females without SEH. Significantly more babies with SEH were small for gestational age, were delivered vaginally, and were black. No differences existed between babies with and without SEH in regard to gender, obstetrical presentation, use of forceps, birth trauma, Apgar scores, asphyxia, maternal age and parity, and clinical problems. Although SEH is primarily a problem of the premature baby, this study indicates that SEH is relatively common (4.0%) in the term newborn and may be clinically silent. In this study babies at greatest risk for SEH were black, small for gestational age, and vaginally delivered.
Beyond the perfect storm: ITU Telecom 2003, 12‐18 October, Geneva, Switzerland

Presents a review of the world's largest combined trade show and poly/technical forum, ITU Telecom 2003, which was held on 12‐13 October in Geneva. Reveals that there appears to be a migration towards an Internet ‐centric network, wireless technologies are becoming more developed and there is an increase in broadband access.
Soil and root populations of fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. associated with seedlings and field-grown plants are affected by sorghum genotype

Sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] is valued for bioenergy, feed and food. Potential of sorghum genotypes to support differing populations of root- and soil-associated fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. or Fusarium spp., in two soils, was assessed. Culturable pseudomonads were enumerated from roots and soil of sorghum (Redlan and RTx433) and wheat (Lewjain) seedlings repeatedly grown in cycled soils in the growth chamber. Pseudomonads and Fusarium spp. were assessed from roots and soil of field-grown sorghum along with biological control traits hydrogen cyanide (HCN) and 2,4-diacetylphlorogluconol (phl) production. After four 4-week cycles, soil associated with Redlan seedlings had greater numbers of fluorescent pseudomonads than Lewjain. In dryland field conditions, RTx433 roots had greater numbers of pseudomonads than Redlan before anthesis but similar numbers after. There were no differences in numbers of pseudomonads from dryland soil or roots or soil of irrigated plants. Percentages of HCN-producing root isolates and phl soil isolates declined on irrigated Redlan plants, but percentages of HCN-producers increased in dryland conditions. Redlan roots had greater percentages of Fusarium isolates in the Gibberella fujikuroi complex. Results indicated that sorghum genotype affected root-associated populations of fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. and Fusarium spp. across soil environments.
Injection Molding of Free-Standing, Three-Dimensional, All-Metal Terahertz Metamaterials

Fabrication of free-standing two- and three-dimensional terahertz meta­materials is demonstrated via injection molding of gallium, a metal that melts at temperatures just slightly above room temperature. Molds are created by inscribing the desired microchannel geometries in one or two polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) films using conventional soft lithography techniques and then reversibly bonding the two films together using van der Waals forces. After heating gallium above its melting point (∼30 °C), the liquid metal is injected into the mold. Surprisingly, the metal does not solidify even after cooling the filled mold at −16 °C for 24 h. However, when the liquid metal comes into contact with solid gallium at room temperature, the entire metal device solidifies within the mold immediately. The PDMS films can then be peeled away, yielding a free-standing solid gallium structure. A 2D split ring resonator-based metamaterial is fabricated and three different approaches for creating 3D metamaterials are demonstrated: a multilayer stack, a manually folded structure that maintains its shape after folding, and a directly injection molded 3D structure. The transmission properties of these devices are measured using terahertz time-domain spectroscopy and are shown to not suffer from limitations imposed by substrates.
Hydrogenation of vegetable oils using mixtures of supercritical carbon dioxide and hydrogen

Hydrogenation of vegetable oils under supercritical conditions can involve a homogeneous one-phase system, or alternatively two supercritical components in the presence of a condensed phase consisting of oil and a solid catalyst. The former operation is usually conducted in flow reactors while the latter mode is more amenable to stirred, batch-reactor technology. Although many advantages have been cited for the one-phase hydrogenation of oils or oleochemicals using supercritical carbon dioxide or propane, its ultimate productivity is limited by the oil solubility in the supercritical fluid phase as well as unconventional conditions that affect the hydrogenation. In this study, a dead-end reactor has been utilized in conjunction with a head-space consisting of either a binary fluid phase consisting of varying amounts of carbon dioxide mixed with hydrogen or neat hydrogen for comparison purposes. Reaction pressures up to 2000 psi and temperatures in the range of 120–140°C have been utilized with a conventional nickel catalyst to hydrogenate soybean oil. Depending on the chosen reaction conditions, a wide variety of end products can be produced having different iodine values, percentage trans fatty acid content, and dropping points or solid fat indices. Although addition of carbon dioxide to the fluid phase containing hydrogen retards the overall reaction rate in most of the studied cases, the majority of products have low trans fatty acid content, consistent with a nonselective mode of hydrogenation.
DETERIORATION OF HEAT TRANSFER TO SUPERCRITICAL" HELIUM AT 2-5 ATMOSPHERES

Abstract Heat transfer has been investigated for supercritical helium at 2·5 atm flowing inside a vertical tube with inlet bulk fluid temperatures less than the transposed critical temperature. Results indicate that for high heat flux conditions, the heat-transfer coefficient passes through a maximum and then deteriorates as the fluid temperature approaches the transposed critical temperature. This is contrary to the predictions of a correlation developed in an earlier study of supercritical helium heat transfer under low heat flux conditions, which only predicts enhancement in heat transfer as the transposed critical temperature is approached. The experimental data are presented and conditions under which heat-transfer deterioration was observed are discussed. The probable limitations to the validity of the above mentioned heat-transfer coefficient correlation, developed for a different range of experimental data, are also discussed.
Comparison of growth, exogenous auxin sensitivity, and endogenous indole-3-acetic acid content in roots of Hordeum vulgare L. and an agravitropic mutant.

The chemically induced barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) mutation,agr, was found to be a simple recessive trait resulting in agravitropic roots and normal gravitropic shoots. The total seedling root growth was similar for mutant and wild-type roots, although the mutant had fewer roots per seed and greater elongation per root. Although the concentration of exogenous indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) required to reduce root growth by 50% (GR50) was 12 times greater for the agravitropic mutant, agravitropic and gravitropic roots were equally sensitive to exogenous applications of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and naphthalene acetic acid (NAA). Root IAA contents, determined by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), were not different for gravitropes and agravitropes. The greater root elongation rates, lack of sensitivity to exogenous IAA, and normal endogenous IAA levels indicate that auxin-controlled growth regulation may be altered in the mutant.
Ammosamide D, an Oxidatively Ring Opened Ammosamide Analog from a Marine-Derived Streptomyces variabilis

Ammosamide D (1), an oxidized analog of the ammosamide family, was isolated from a marine-derived Streptomyces variabilis. Pyrroloquinoline containing alkaloids are a growing class of natural products, with 1 being the first example of an oxidized analog resulting in a 5,6-dioxo-5,6-dihydroquinoline ring system. Attempts at chemical conversion of ammosamide B to ammosamide D revealed that a strong chemical oxidant is required. Ammosamide D has modest cytotoxicity to the MIA PaCa-2 pancreatic cancer cell line.
The developmental impact of different forms of child abuse and neglect

This paper reviews and integrates research knowledge about the impact of different forms of child maltreatment-physical abuse, sexual abuse, and neglect. Both the short-term impact on the child and the long-term impact on the adolescent and adult are considered. A developmental perspective guides the review. Research studies on these forms of child maltreatment which meet certain criteria (e.g., an appropriate comparison group) are reviewed with the aim of understanding how the experience of child abuse or neglect interferes with development at the time it is experienced and how it may affect the resolution of later developmental processes or tasks as the individual goes through adolescence and then adulthood. Evidence about the role of other mediating factors such as gender and other individual difference variables, characteristics of maltreatment, and family environment is also presented. Gaps in knowledge are noted, and recommendations are made for future research.
Management of male aging: which testosterone replacement therapy should be used?

This paper is based on presentation given at the 2nd World Congress on the Aging Male, Geneva, Switzerland, February 2000
Comparison of manually corrected retinal thickness measurements from multiple spectral-domain optical coherence tomography instruments.

Background/aims To compare retinal thickness measurements from three different spectral domain optical coherence instruments when manual segmentation is employed to standardise retinal boundary locations. Methods 40 eyes of 21 healthy subjects were scanned on the Cirrus HD-OCT, Topcon 3D-OCT-2000 and Heidelberg Spectralis-OCT. Raw data were imported into custom grading software (3D-OCTOR). Manual segmentation was performed on every data set, and retinal thickness values in the foveal central subfield were computed. Results 37 eyes of 20 subjects were gradable on every machine. The average retinal thicknesses for these eyes were 236.7 μm (SD 20.1), 235.7 μm (SD 20.4) and 236.5 μm (SD 18.0) for the Cirrus, 3D-OCT-2000 and Spectralis, respectively. Comparing manual retinal thickness measurements between any two machines, the maximum difference was 18.2 μm. The mean absolute differences per eye between two machines were: 4.9 μm for Cirrus versus 3D-OCT-2000, 3.7 μm for Cirrus versus Spectralis and 4.4 μm for 3D-OCT-2000 versus Spectralis. Conclusions When a uniform position is used to locate the outer retinal boundary, the retinal thickness measurements derived from three different spectral domain optical coherence instruments devices are virtually identical. Manual correction may allow OCT-derived thickness measurements to be compared between devices in clinical trials and clinical research.
Supersymmetric actions for spinning particles

We review and investigate a number of supersymmetric actions describing a ''classical particle of spin 1/2.'' The supersymmetry is introduced by extending the one-dimensional parameter space used to describe a conventional point particle to a two-dimensional superspace. The structure of this superspace is studied and a tensor calculus is developed. Different ways to modify the action of a conventional point particle to a superspace action are then considered. The superspace actions are simplified by a gauge choice and by elimination of some superfluous variables. Finally, the anticommuting parameter is eliminated, and the models are shown to be identical to models which have been studied earlier and shown to describe a ''classical spin-1/2 particle''. We take care to prove that the variable eliminations and gauge choices do not change the content of the models and to exhibit clearly the symmetries at each stage.
Maintaining Muscle Mitochondria via Transsynaptic Signaling

Dominant VAPB mutations are implicated in neurodegenerative disease, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and spinal muscular atrophy. In the current issue, Han et al. (2012) uncover a mechanism through which the secreted VAPB MSP domain regulates actin organization and mitochondrial function in muscle cells through LAR and Robo receptor activation.
Vibrational Energy Transfer Rates Using a Forced Harmonic Oscillator Model

This paper addresses the analysis, validation, and application of analytic, nonperturbative, semiclassical vibration-translation (V-T) and vibration-vibration-translation (V-V-T) rate models for atom-diatom and diatom-diatom vibrational molecular energy transfer collisions. These forced harmonic oscillator (FHO) rate models are corrected and validated by comparison with recent experiments, and with three-dimensional semiclassical trajectory calculations for N 2 -N 2 , O 2 -O 2 , and N 2 -O 2 , which are considered to be the most reliable theoretical data available. A remarkably good overall agreement is shown for both the temperature and quantum number dependence of single-quantum and double-quantum V-V-T transitions in the temperature range 200 < T < 8000 K and for vibrational quantum numbers 0 < ν < 40. It is demonstrated that the multiquantum vibrational energy transfer processes occur via a sequential FHO mechanism, as a series of virtual single-quantum steps during one collision. An important exception, asymmetric multiquantum V-V exchange at low temperatures, that occurs via a direct first-order mechanism, is discussed. Analytic thermally averaged FHO V-T and V-V rates are suggested. The FHO model gives new insight into vibrational kinetics and may be easily incorporated into kinetic modeline calculations under conditions when first-order theories are not applicable.
Molecular Determinants of the Myristoyl-electrostatic Switch of MARCKS

MARCKS is a protein kinase C (PKC) substrate which binds calcium/calmodulin and actin, and which has been implicated in cell motility, phagocytosis, membrane traffic, and mitogenesis. MARCKS cycles on and off the membrane via a myristoyl electrostatic switch (McLaughlin, S., and Aderem, A. (1995) Trends Biochem. Sci. 20, 272-276). Here we define the molecular determinants of the myristoyl-electrostatic switch. Mutation of the N-terminal glycine results in a nonmyristoylated form of MARCKS which does not bind membranes and is poorly phosphorylated. This indicates that myristic acid targets MARCKS to the membrane, where it is efficiently phosphorylated by PKC. A chimeric protein in which the N terminus of MARCKS is replaced by a sequence, which is doubly palmitoylated, is phosphorylated by PKC but not released from the membrane. Thus two palmitic acid moieties confer sufficient membrane binding energy to render the second, electrostatic membrane binding site superfluous. Mutation of the PKC phosphorylation sites results in a mutant which does not translocate from the membrane to the cytosol. A mutant in which the intervening sequence between the myristoyl moiety and the basic effector domain is deleted, is not displaced from the membrane by PKC dependent phosphorylation, fulfilling a theoretical prediction of the model. In addition to the nonspecific membrane binding interactions conferred by the myristoyl-electrostatic switch, indirect immunofluorescence microscopy demonstrates that specific protein-protein interactions also specify the intracellular localization of MARCKS.
Fabrication of contact electrodes in Si for nanoelectronic devices using ion implantation

We fabricated contact electrodes in Si for nanoelectronic device fabrication using 40 keV As ion implantation. Complete amorphization of the Si surface with contact electrodes using 400 eV Ar ion irradiation at room temperature followed by annealing at 700 °C produced Si surface with negligible SiC crystallites suitable for ultrahigh vacuum scanning tunneling microscope nanolithography. We could locate the implanted and unimplanted regions on Si and fabricate Si dangling bond wires between two contact electrodes, which is the first step for the fabrication of nanoelectronic devices in Si using UHV STM nanolithography.
An ESDIAD study of chemisorbed hydrogen on clean and H-exposed Si(111)-(7 × 7)

Abstract : The chemisorption of H on Silicon(111)-(7x7) has been studied by digital ESDIAD and temperature programmed desorption methods. It has been found that residual Hydrogen in the bulk of the Si(111) can be transported to the surface upon annealing to temperatures above approx. 1000 K. The adsorption of atomic H on Si(111)-(7x7) results in a mixture of monohydride and polyhydride species as detected by H(+)ESDIAD. Thermal desorption from the H-saturated surface liberates (Beta 3(-), Beta 2(-) + B1 - H2) species as well as SiH4(g). Heating the H-saturated surface to 1040 K results in a significant disordering of the surface, leading to Si sites which produce highly tilted Si-h bond directions. The occupation of these sites with H produces surface species exhibiting high polar angles from the surface normal for H(+) desorption by an ESD process with a high ionic cross section compared to the cross section observed for normal mono- and polyhydride surface species. (JG)
EFFICACY, FATE, AND POTENTIAL EFFECTS ON SALMONIDS OF MOSQUITO LARVICIDES IN CATCH BASINS IN SEATTLE, WASHINGTON

Abstract We investigated the efficacy, fate, and potential for direct effects on salmonids of 4 common mosquito larvicides (Mosquito Dunks® and Bits® (AI: Bacillis thuringiensis var. israelensis, [Bti]), VectoLex® WSP (AI: Bacillus sphaericus [Bs], VectoLex CG [AI: Bs], and Altosid® Briquets [AI: s-methoprene]) in Seattle, WA, during 3 summers. During efficacy trials in 2006, all treatments resulted in a rapid reduction in number of mosquito pupae (Mosquito Dunks and Bits and VectoLex WSP) or emergence success (Altosid Briquets). VectoLex CG was chosen for city-wide application in 2007 and 2008. The average counts of pupae within round-top basins remained significantly below the control average for 11 wk in 2007, whereas efficacy in grated-top basins was short-lived. In 2008 the average counts of pupae within grated-top basins remained significantly below the control average for 10 wk. Altosid XR was also effective in reducing adult emergence within grated basins in 2008. In 2007 and 2008, frequent precip...
Understanding the Impact of Interference on Collaborative Relays

Collaborative relays achieve the benefits of spatial diversity without requiring physical antenna arrays at the end devices. Although many studies have demonstrated its effectiveness in an isolated single source-destination system, applying cooperative relays to a large-scale wireless network remains challenging. We show that a large wireless system with cooperative relays can be penalized by the elevated level of interference it produces. By examining the interdependency between interference management and cooperative relay strategies, the penalty is modeled by an increase in spectrum resource usage and translated into a penalty on single-link throughput. This throughput penalty serves as a reference for designing collaborative relays in isolated scenarios. To mitigate the impact of interference, we present two channel allocation mechanisms for collaborative relay systems with different fairness and utilization trade-offs. Simulation results confirm our analytical findings and demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed channel allocation mechanisms.
Reconciling Competing Tensions in Ethical Systems Lessons From the United States Military Academy at West Point

Ethical codes and the systems in which they are situated are complex and intricate, making them difficult for both academicians and practitioners to research and understand. Through a qualitative r...
Psychiatric side effects of tricyclic antidepressants.

Psychiatric toxicity to tnicycic antidepressants may be an underrecognized adverse effect of treatment with tricyclics, possibly occurring in between 5 and 15 percent of patients. Such toxicity is probably mediated by a central antimuscarinic action of the tricyclics and is associated with elevated plasma tricyclic levels, age, polypharmacy, and perhaps underlying cholinergic defects in susceptible individuals. Once tricyclic-induced toxicity is recognized, the treatment consists of discontinuing the tricyclic and providing supportive care as necessary. Many cases of tricyclic-induced toxicity may be preventable through close attention to the mental status examination and judicious monitoring of plasma tricyclic levels during treatment.
A Simple Microscopy Assay to Teach the Processes of Phagocytosis and Exocytosis

Phagocytosis and exocytosis are two cellular processes involving membrane dynamics. While it is easy to understand the purpose of these processes, it can be extremely difficult for students to comprehend the actual mechanisms. As membrane dynamics play a significant role in many cellular processes ranging from cell signaling to cell division to organelle renewal and maintenance, we felt that we needed to do a better job of teaching these types of processes. Thus, we developed a classroom-based protocol to simultaneously study phagocytosis and exocytosis in Tetrahymena pyriformis. In this paper, we present our results demonstrating that our undergraduate classroom experiment delivers results comparable with those acquired in a professional research laboratory. In addition, students performing the experiment do learn the mechanisms of phagocytosis and exocytosis. Finally, we demonstrate a mathematical exercise to help the students apply their data to the cell. Ultimately, this assay sets the stage for future inquiry-based experiments, in which the students develop their own experimental questions and delve deeper into the mechanisms of phagocytosis and exocytosis.
Complementarities Between Product Design Modularity and IT Infrastructure Flexibility in IT-Enabled Supply Chains

As contemporary firms become reliant on networks of supply chain partners, their performance increasingly depends on their supply chains' ability to be responsive to changing markets. This research addresses the theoretically neglected question of how and why the interplay between product design modularity and information technology (IT) infrastructure flexibility influences supply chain performance. We develop two key ideas. First, product design modularity enhances performance because it increases supply chain responsiveness, a critical mediating explanatory concept. Second, product design modularity and IT infrastructure flexibility are complementary design choices: Increasing one increases the benefits of increasing the other. We propose a mediated-moderation relationship; IT infrastructure flexibility enhances performance by strengthening the influence of product design modularity on supply chain responsiveness. Tests using primary and archival data from 102 firms provide strong support for both ideas. Implications for theory and practice are also discussed.
STAT3 activation accompanies keratinocyte differentiation

The signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) family of transcription factors has been demonstrated to play key roles in a variety of cell types under conditions that promote differentiation or cell cycle exit. We report our studies of primary munne keratinocytes in which we demonstrate activation of STAT3 during growth arrest and differentiation. In
Team-based learning using an audience response system: an innovative method of teaching diagnosis to undergraduate dental students.

A team-based learning (TBL) approach was used to facilitate student learning and performance in a sophomore preclinical endodontic course. TBL is based upon the division of a class into small groups of students using a problem-based learning approach. The purpose of this project was to improve student ability to diagnose diseases utilizing TBL combined with an audience response system (ARS). Three measures were used to assess the outcomes: 1) pre- and posttest scores, 2) a diagnostic skills assessment during the final examination, and 3) an attitudinal survey completed by the students. At the beginning of the course, second-year students (n=64) were evaluated to determine entry-level knowledge. Six groups of ten to eleven students each were pretested, followed by a parallel posttest following the implementation of the TBL experience. Students’ performance on the posttest (63.4 percent) showed improved results when compared to the pretest (36.9 percent). Students also exhibited improved diagnostic skills with the final examination. The results of the students’ attitudinal survey indicated an 80 percent agreement that TBL enhanced their powers of critical analysis.
The Venomous Course of Southwestern Opium: Qing Prohibition in Yunnan, Sichuan, and Guizhou in the Early Nineteenth Century

The opium-smuggling trade that britain pursued on the eastern seacoast of China has become the symbol of China's century-long descent into political and social chaos. In the standard historical narratives of both China and Euro-America, opium is the primary medium through which the Qing dynasty (1644–1911) encountered the modern economic, social, and political institutions of the West. Consequently, opium and the Western powers' advent on the Chinese coast have become almost inextricably linked. Opium, however, was not simply a Sino-British problem geographically confined to southeastern China. It was, rather, a transimperial crisis that spread among an ethnically diverse populace and created regionally distinct problems of control for the Qing state.
TRENDS IN RATES OF HOSPITALIZATION WITH A DIAGNOSIS OF SUBSTANCE ABUSE AMONG REPRODUCTIVE-AGE WOMEN, 1998 TO 2003

Objective To describe trends in hospitalizations with a diagnosis of substance abuse among reproductive-age women from 1998–2003. Methods Data were obtained from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project Nationwide Inpatient Sample. Hospitalizations with a diagnosis of substance abuse were categorized into subgroups by age, primary expected payer, substance-specific diagnoses, concomitance, and hospital location. Trends in hospitalization rates per 100,000 women aged 15–44 were tested using a weighted least-squares method. Results From 1998–2003, there was no change in the overall rate of hospitalization with a diagnosis of substance abuse among women aged 15–44. Alcohol abuse was the most common substance-specific diagnosis. The rate of hospitalization with a diagnosis of cocaine abuse decreased 22%; for a diagnosis of cannabis abuse, the rate increased 35%. The rate of hospitalization with a diagnosis of amphetamine abuse doubled from 1998–2003. Among women aged 15–24, the rate of hospitalization with a diagnosis of substance abuse increased 23%. Conclusion Although we did not observe a change in the overall rate of substance-abuse hospitalization among reproductive-age women, there were dramatic changes in the rate of substance-specific diagnoses. These data may be used to quantify emerging trends in substance abuse and promote the use of hospital-based interventions.
Ultraviolet Absorption of Atomic Nitrogen in its Ionization Continuum

A method has been developed to measure absolute absorption coefficients of atomic nitrogen in the region of its ionization continuum below 800 A. This was achieved by passing radiation from an appropriate light source through the plasma of a Philips Ionization Gauge (P.I.G.) type discharge into a normal incidence vacuum spectrograph. Light intensities at various wavelengths between 400 A and 800 A were recorded on film and measured photometrically for the cases of the absorbing plasma either on or off. By taking into account information on the concentration of ions in such discharges, and by considering the relative probabilities of formation of other plasma constituents from their appearance potentials by electron impact methods, it was possible to estimate the concentration of atomic nitrogen in the plasma and to show that aside from neutral N2 atomic nitrogen was the sole cause of the attenuation of light. The experimental absorption cross sections were found to agree well with the theoretical values of Bates and Seaton.In order to support some of the assumptions used, separate experiments were performed in which the light source pulse was passed through the plasma region after the P.I.G. discharge had been extinguished. It could be shown that the ions had been swept out and that excited and metastable states had also disappeared. Thus, the only remaining plasma component was atomic nitrogen, and its absorption cross sections were within the error limits the same as those of the first investigation.
Speech Status following Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the adequacy of speech following uvulopalatopharyngoplasty surgery. Twenty UPPP subjects, all of whom exhibited obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, and 15 non-UPPP control subjects participated in the study. Evaluation included measures of nasal airflow, speech recordings with listener judgments, and a questionnaire survey. Nasal resonance in the UPPP subjects was found not to be deviant by a panel of four experienced judges. The UPPP subjects were differentiated from their non-UPPP pairs on the basis of significant phonation (voice) problems, and to a lesser extent, their articulation problems. It is suggested that dryness problems that remained in many subjects postoperatively may be related to the observed voice problems.