cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Birth order, aesthetic preference, and volunteering for an electric shock experiment

Thirty-eight Ss, 19 first born, and 19 later born, were tested for anxiety, aesthetic preference, and susceptibility to threats of electric shock. Consistent with previous research, the first born Ss were more anxious (Taylor MAS), preferred simpler polygons, and were deterred from volunteering for an experiment which was said to contain strong electric shock. The threat of mild electric shock brought about less of an effect.
House sparrows, Passer domesticus (L.), as hosts of arboviruses in Hale County, Texas. I. Field studies, 1965-1969.

A study was made of the role of house sparrows in the epidemiology of arboviruses in Hale County, Texas, during a 5-year period (1965-1969). Virus isolation attempts on bloods of 3,964 wild sparrows yielded 234 western equine encephalitis (WEE), 15 St. Louis encephalitis (SLE), 15 Turlock (TUR), and 2 Flanders-Hart Park (FLA-HP) viruses. Virus recovery rates from viremic nestling house sparrows varied directly with human attack rates of WEE and SLE, and provided the most reliable of several indices used to measure human risk of contracting clinical WEE infection. Rates of WEE virus recoveries were greatest in nestlings found dead in the nest or live nestlings 8 to 12 days old. Arboviruses were not detected in bloods of artificially hatched nestlings, or in fecal specimens of wild nestlings (with or without viremia). WEE virus was recovered from oral swabs of some naturally infected nestlings, but probably originated from blood contamination. These and other results are discussed in terms of WEE virus overwintering and amplification during epizootic seasons in Hale County, Texas.
Behavioral and Temporal Rule Checking for Gaussian Random Process - a Kalman Filter Example.

This paper describes a behavioral and temporal pattern detection technique for state- space systems whose state is a random variable such as the state estimated using a Kalman filter. Our novel behavioral and temporal pattern detection technique uses diagrammatic, intuitive, yet formal specifications based on a dialect of the UML of the kind used to monitor or formally verify the correctness of deterministic systems. Combining these formal specifications with a special code generator, extends the deterministic pattern detection technique to the domain of stochastic processes. We demonstrate the technique using a Ballistic trajectory Kalman filter tracking example in which a pattern-rule of interest is not flagged when observing the sequence of mean track position values but is flagged with a reasonable probability using the proposed technique.
Studies of the effects of neonatal exposure to genistein on the developing female reproductive system.

Studies have shown that developmental exposure to genistein alters murine reproductive differentiation, resulting in abnormal ovarian development (multioocyte follicles) and uterine neoplasia later in life. Further, reproductive function was altered. Prolonged estrous cyclicity was observed following neonatal genistein treatment (0.5-50 mg/kg) on Days 1-5 with dose-and age-related increase in severity. Fertility, determined at 2, 4, and 6 months, showed decreased numbers of genistein-treated females (0.5 or 5 mg/kg) delivering live pups and reduced numbers of pups. At 6 months, 60% of 0.5 mg/kg and 40% of 5 mg/kg groups delivered live pups compared to 100% of controls. At 2 months, half the mice treated with 25 mg/kg of genistein and none treated with 50 mg/kg delivered live pups, although half of the latter group showed signs of pregnancy with few small implantation sites. Ovarian function was disrupted in the low genistein-dosed mice with increased numbers of corpora lutea (CLs) compared to controls and increased ovulated oocytes following exogenous gonadotropins treatment. In contrast, mice treated with high genistein doses had decreased numbers of CLs; ovulation could be restored with exogenous gonadotropins. Thus, neonatal treatment with genistein at environmentally relevant doses caused adverse consequences on ovarian development and reproductive function.
Abciximab reduced death, MI, and urgent target vessel revascularization in non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes.

Source Citation Kastrati A, Mehilli J, Neumann FJ, et al. Abciximab in patients with acute coronary syndromes undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention after clopidogrel pretreatment: the ISAR-...
The Ulyssean Strain: The Projection of Self

The older Carlyle got, the less he liked to speculate about aesthetics’, writes Georg Tennyson; ‘… the pre-Sartor Carlyle is far from being a man without an aesthetic’ (SCR, p. 88). True enough, given the preoccupation revealed in his Journal; for the rest, his post-Sartor writings can be categorised in various ways. Raymond Williams sees the ‘larger part of Carlyle’s writing’ as ‘the imaginative re-creation of men of noble power’. Saintsbury declares that although Carlyle’s work ‘is very great and [has] apparent variety’, it will be found that history and her sister biography, even when his subjects bore an appearance of difference, always in reality engaged his attention. His three greatest books, containing more than half his work in bulk,—The French Revolution, the Cromwell, and the Frederick,—are all openly and avowedly historical. The Schiller and the Sterling are biographies; the Sartor Resartus a fantastic autobiography. Nearly all the Essays, even those which are not literary in subject—all the Lectures on Heroes, the greater part of Past and Present, The Early Kings of Norway, the John Knox, are more or less plainly and strictly historical or biographical.
"I Don't Code All Day": Fitting in Computer Science When the Stereotypes Don't Fit

Stereotypes of computer scientists are relevant to students' performance and feelings of belonging. While efforts exist to change these stereotypes, we argue that it may be possible to challenge a student's belief that stereotypes of computer scientists are relevant to whether they can become a computer scientist. In our previous work, we presented a model of five factors that influence students' decisions to major in computer science (CS). Data were collected from interviews with 31 students enrolled in introductory CS courses at two public universities in the United States. Here we elaborate on our grounded theory of one of these factors: how students assess their fit with CS. We describe how students measure their fit with CS in terms of the amount they see themselves as expressing the traits of singular focus, asocialness, competition, and maleness and how students make interpretations and decisions based upon these measurements. We found that students' interpretations were influenced by their attitudes toward the nature of stereotypes.
Total Synthesis of (−)-CP2-Disorazole C1

The total synthesis of a bis-cyclopropane analog of the antimitotic natural product (−)-disorazole C1 was accomplished in 23 steps and 1.1% overall yield. A vinyl cyclopropane cross-metathesis reaction generated a key (E)-alkene segment of the target molecule. IC50 determinations of (−)-CP2-disorazole C1 in human colon cancer cell lines indicated low nanomolar cytotoxic properties. Accordingly, this synthetic bioisostere represents the first biologically active disorazole analog not containing a conjugated diene or polyene substructure element.
Multiscale sparse representation classification for robust hyperspectral image analysis

Sparse representation of signals has been recently applied for hyperspectral imagery classification. It relies on the assumption that a test pixel can be linearly and sparsely represented as a combination of all training samples. Although recent work reported in the literature has exploited the sparsity of hyperspectral images, its use in effective multiscale representation of hyperspectral imagery is an unexplored area. In this work, a multiscale sparse representation algorithm is proposed for robust hyperspectral image classification. An automatic and adaptive weight assignment scheme based on the spectral angle ratio has been incorporated into the proposed multiclassifier framework to fuse sparse representation information across all scales. Experimental results based on a real-world benchmarking hyperspectral dataset show that utilizing multiscale information and adaptive weight assignment results in much higher classification accuracies than merely using the spectral information in hyperspectral image classification tasks.
Risk factors for breast cancer from benign breast disease in a diverse population

A38 Background: The majority of studies have reported risks of breast cancer from benign breast disease (BBD) mainly in homogenous Caucasian populations. Information on breast cancer risk factors in larger, multi-ethnic populations would facilitate the development of appropriate and targeted risk reduction strategies. Methods: This nested case-control (1:3 match) study design of 872 women comprised 218 cases of breast cancer (BC). Cases and controls were drawn from a parent BBD cohort of 4,970 women, 1,341 African Americans (AA) and 3,629 non-AA who were diagnosed with BBD after examination of an excisional breast biopsy. Risk factors (34 variables) included demographics, lesion types, and epidemiological variables collected from risk factor questionnaires and medical record charts. Results: Seven individual variables by race interactions (p
Hydrothermal Liquefaction Biocrude Compositions Compared to Petroleum Crude and Shale Oil

We provide a direct and detailed comparison of the chemical composition of petroleum crude oil (from the Gulf of Mexico), shale oil, and three biocrudes (i.e., clean pine, microalgae Chlorella sp., and sewage sludge feedstocks) generated by hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL). Ultrahigh resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) reveals that HTL biocrudes are compositionally more similar to shale oil than petroleum crude oil and that only a few heteroatom classes (e.g., N1, N2, N1O1, and O1) are common to organic sediment- and biomass-derived oils. All HTL biocrudes contain a diverse range of oxygen-containing compounds when compared to either petroleum crude or shale oil. Overall, petroleum crude and shale oil are compositionally dissimilar to HTL oils, and >85% of the elemental compositions identified within the positive-ion electrospray (ESI) mass spectra of the HTL biocrudes were not present in either the petroleum crude or shale oil (>43% for negative-ion ESI). Dir...
Nitric oxide synthase inhibition restores orthostatic tolerance in young vasovagal syncope patients

Objective Syncope is sudden transient loss of consciousness and postural tone with spontaneous recovery; the most common form is vasovagal syncope (VVS). We previously demonstrated impaired post-synaptic adrenergic responsiveness in young VVS patients was reversed by blocking nitric oxide synthase (NOS). We hypothesised that nitric oxide may account for reduced orthostatic tolerance in young recurrent VVS patients. Methods We recorded haemodynamics in supine VVS and healthy volunteers (aged 15–27 years), challenged with graded lower body negative pressure (LBNP) (−15, –30, −45 mm Hg each for 5 min, then −60 mm Hg for a maximum of 50 min) with and without NOS inhibitor N G -monomethyl-L-arginine acetate (L-NMMA). Saline plus phenylephrine (Saline+PE) was used as volume and pressor control for L-NMMA. Results Controls endured 25.9±4.0 min of LBNP during Saline+PE compared with 11.6±1.4 min for fainters (p Conclusions We conclude that arterial vasoconstriction is impaired in young VVS patients, which is corrected by NOS inhibition. The data suggest that both pre- and post-synaptic arterial vasoconstriction may be affected by nitric oxide.
Compound-specific short-chain carboxylic acids identified in a peat dissolved organic matter using high-resolution liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry

Abstract Dissolved natural organic matter (DNOM) is primarily composed of exuded or remnant biomolecules from plants and microorganisms. Labile amino acids and sugars have been well documented in the low molecular weight components of DNOM. However, little attention has been devoted to the isolation of labile short-chain carboxylic acids (SSCAs), which have demonstrated biogeochemical significance as sources of assimilable carbon, promoters of mineral dissolution, and ligands for metal complexation. Here we present an analytical method that identifies compound-specific SSCAs in a peat-derived DNOM isolate, Pahokee peat humic acid. Using high-resolution liquid chromatography (LC) coupled with high-accurate orbitrap mass spectrometry (MS), we targeted the identification of five SSCAs of different types: gluconate (a C6 monocarboxylic acid), citrate (a branched C6 tricarboxylic acid), 2-ketoglutarate (a C5 dicarboxylic acid), and malate and fumarate (C4 dicarboxylic acids). Following LC-separation and electrospray ionization, the compounds were annotated directly by orbitrap MS using their exact mass-over-charge (m/z) ions in the negative mode and their stoichiometric composition. Validated by LC–MS metabolite annotation in a bacterial matrix, we achieved identification of all five compounds in the peat DNOM isolate. Each targeted m/z channel also captured non-targeted compounds at different retention times, which represent isomers or different compounds. We found that the five targeted and the two non-targeted SSCAs identified collectively accounted for high parts-per-million to low parts-per-thousand of the total carbon, oxygen, or carboxyl content. Building on these findings, an important next step is to obtain a comprehensive profiling of SSCA structures in DNOM of different origins.
Invisible Battlegrounds: On Force and Revolutions, Military and Otherwise

The last century witnessed sweeping changes in the technologies of destruction and the abilities of states to suppress dissent. States now wield unprecedented capabilities to detect and target those who would concentrate force against them, whether on a battlefield or even in private spaces. Digital information processing accelerated these developments, to the point where the term “cyber war” now seems redundant. Such developments promise to continue as ideological regimes crave external threats to justify mobilization of their citizens. Anti-liberal rulers cannot tolerate open borders with liberal democracies; thus, they seek to keep those borders closed, or those neighbors less free. The boundaries around repressive regimes are now the tectonic plates of conflict, and of modern warfare. Technology has progressed to the point that these fault lines now extend into cyberspace, the newest domain of conflict.
Catalyst Controlled Regiodivergent Arylboration of Dienes

A method for the regiodivergent arylboration of dienes is presented. These reactions allow for the formation of a diverse range of synthetically versatile products from simple precursors. Through mechanistic studies, these reactions likely operate by initial addition of a Cu–Bpin complex across the diene followed by Pd-catalyzed cross coupling with an aryl halide or pseudohalide.
The relationship between physical activity, obesity, and lung cancer risk by smoking status in a large prospective cohort of US adults.

Physical activity has been associated with lower lung cancer risk in numerous studies with estimates ranging from 20 to 50% lower risk in the most versus the least active study participants. Underweight and obesity have also been associated with lower lung cancer risk, with a nonlinear, inverted U-shaped relationship. However, associations of physical activity and obesity with lung cancer are likely significantly confounded by smoking since individuals who smoke are generally less active and leaner than non-smokers, but few studies have examined these associations stratified by smoking status. Using data from 162,679 men and women who were cancer-free at enrollment (1992–1993) in the American Cancer Society Cancer Prevention Study-II Nutrition Cohort, we examined associations of baseline recreational physical activity (MET-hours per week; none, 0.1 to <8.75 (reference), 8.75–17.4, 17.5+ MET-hours/week), baseline body mass index (BMI, weight (kg)/height (m2); <18.5, 18.5–22.0 (reference), 22.1–24.9, 25.0–29.9, 30.0+ kg/m2), and waist circumference (measured in 1997; sex-specific quartiles) in relation to lung cancer risk stratified by smoking status and years since quitting among former smokers (never, current, former <10 years, former, 10–19 years, former 20+ years). Cox proportional hazards modeling computed hazard rate ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) while adjusting for potential confounders. During 2,384,546 person years of follow-up time, 4,669 men and women were diagnosed with lung cancer (453 among never smokers; 1,452 among current smokers; 1,194 among former smokers <10 years since quitting; 725 among former 10–19 years; and 845 among former 20+ years). Physical activity was not associated with lung cancer risk within any of the smoking strata except in former smokers less than 10 years since quitting (RR = 0.77; 95% CI 0.67–0.90 for 17.5+ MET-hours/week). Similarly, BMI was inversely associated with lung cancer in former smokers less than 10 years since quitting (RR = 0.68; 95% CI 0.55–0.84 for 30+ kg/m2) and more modestly in former smokers who quit 10–19 and 20+ years ago. Waist circumference was not associated with lung cancer risk in any smoking category. While being physically active and maintaining a healthy body weight are important for prevention of various chronic diseases, including several types of cancer, our results suggest that physical activity, BMI, and waist circumference are not associated with lung cancer risk, regardless of smoking status.
Serotonin 2A receptor inhibition protects against the development of pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary vascular remodeling in neonatal mice.

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) complicating bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) worsens clinical outcomes in former preterm infants. Increased serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) signaling plays a prom...
Childhood Trauma and Psychopathic Features Among Juvenile Offenders

Despite growing interest in psychopathic personality features in juvenile offenders, few studies have examined the relationship between childhood trauma and psychopathy. The present study utilized two datasets: 253 adolescents in a residential facility for juvenile offenders in Pennsylvania and 723 institutionalized delinquents in Missouri. Zero-order correlations and linear regression techniques were employed for boys and girls to examine the relationships between trauma, assessed using the Massachusetts Youth Screening Instrument Version 2 (MAYSI-2) Traumatic Experiences Scale and the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), and psychopathy as measured by the Youth Psychopathic Traits Inventory (YPI) and the Psychopathic Personality Inventory-Short Form (PPI-SF). Results indicate that psychopathy is significantly correlated with childhood trauma. For the Missouri data, trauma significantly predicted psychopathy scores for both boys and girls. These results suggest that nuanced understanding of traumatic history of these adolescents may not only be a pathway to psychopathy but also a critical part of their overall assessment and treatment plan.
Cardiopulmonary Adaptations in Birds for Exercise at High Altitude

In general, birds are more tolerant of hypoxia than mammals. At an altitude of 6,100 m, unacclimatized house sparrows (Passer domesticus) are as active and alert as at sea level and can readily fly (Tucker 1968a). On the other hand, unacclimatized mice in a hypobaric chamber at the equivalent of 6,100 m are comatose, have difficulty moving, and show a 10 °C drop in their body temperature. Even at 3,700 m, mice are lethargie, walk slowly, or do not move at ail around the chamber. Resting and unacclimatized men taken to 6,100 m in a hypobaric chamber are in a state of hypoxic collapse after only 10 min and even after acclimatization to this altitude can only do heavy work for 5 min (Tucker 1972).
Confronting White Educational Privilege in the Classroom: Theoretical and Empirical Foundations and Models

This chapter describes both theoretical and empirical concepts and activities utilized in a diverse, but predominantly-white, classroom to facilitate knowledge development of processes replicating racial inequalities. Central to this chapter is an in-class activity, suitable for classes specializing in race/ethnicity as well as courses related to education, social class, and inequality broadly, which draws on students’ experiences with education to create a “perfect school.” This provides students with the opportunity to articulate a wide array of resources, facilities, student-teacher interactions, and curricular components that often exist in white middle-class schools but are absent from low-income minority schools. This exercise explicitly addresses the important links between race and social class in America resulting from historical legacies of contemporary inequality (i.e. segregation created and enforced by FHA housing policies, the reliance on property taxes to fund local schools, and No Child Left Behind’s punitive aspect the punishes failing schools by decreasing funding). By the end of this unit, which can range from one day to a week or more, students will be able to clearly articulate multiple educationally-based racializing mechanisms, that often exist as hidden curriculum and exclude minority youth from a quality education, upward socioeconomic mobility, and access to full citizenship rights. Students will become aware of how their former lack of knowledge about these inequalities is not only purposeful and intentional, but also perpetuates large-scale inequality both in the educational system, and society-at-large.
Testis and Testicular Semen

One can accept Brown-Sequard’s assertion without reservations and agree that practically every organ and function in the male body is in one way or another ruled by influences emanating from the testis. By virtue of its exocrine and endocrine activity the male gonad determines nearly every aspect of what in common parlance is called ‘maleness’, a concept that covers a host of biological, physical, mental and behavioural attributes and aptitudes of the male sex. It is still a moot point (for want of experimental data) which of the two above-mentioned major testicular functions may rightfully aspire to the designation of being ‘noble’ as opposed to being merely ‘useful’. Insofar as the formation of semen is concerned, both are essential in that the exocrine activity of the testis ensures the production of spermatozoa in the seminiferous tubules, whereas the endocrine activity, as well as impinging upon spermatogenesis, stimulates the secretory capacity of the male accessory glands, thereby regulating the output of seminal plasma. What could not have been foreseen in those uncomplicated, far-off times, however, is that the apparent hegemony of the testis would in due course be effectively challenged, with the result that the testicular contribution to maleness must now be viewed in the context of an intricate control and feedback system, centering in the brain and governed by the hypophysis and the hypothalamus.
Nuclear lamins during gametogenesis, fertilization and early development

Lamins have been described as major components of the nuclear envelope (Gerace et al., 1978; Gerace and Blobel, 1982). These proteins of approximately 70 to 60 kD seem to be present in nuclei of all species investigated albeit in different sizes and numbers. Somatic cells like rat liver have three lamins named A, B, and C according to size (Gerace et al., 1978); Xenopus red blood cells have two lamins (Krohne et al., 1981), where lamin I has properties of the mammalian lamin B and the amphibian lamin II is similar to the mammalian lamin C in location, size and pI.
Subunit Assembly and Interactions in Normal and Abnormal Human Hemoglobins

ABSTRACT Stability of the α 1 β 2 — a 2 β 1 intersubunit contact (where the major structure change occurs upon oxygenation) has been studied thermodynamically at different states of oxygenation for normal human hemoglobin. The results define the energetic changes that occur upon assembly of the subunits and the relationship of these energetic transitions to cooperativity. Determinations of the subunit association constants for mutant and chemically-modified hemoglobins in their oxy and deoxy states provide a measure of the sensitivity of the intersubunit interactions and energy states to structure modification. It is found that perturbations involving very small regions of the intersubunit contacts (a single amino acid) are sufficient to cause drastic alterations in the energy states available to the whole molecule.
Input Design for Nonlinear Model Discrimination via Affine Abstraction

Abstract This paper considers the design of separating input signals in order to discriminate among a finite number of uncertain nonlinear models. Each nonlinear model corresponds to a system operating mode, unobserved intents of other drivers or robots, or to fault types or attack strategies, etc., and the separating inputs are designed such that the output trajectories of all the nonlinear models are guaranteed to be distinguishable from each other under any realization of uncertainties in the initial condition, model discrepancies or noise. We propose a two-step approach. First, using an optimization-based approach, we over-approximate nonlinear dynamics by uncertain affine models, as abstractions that preserve all its system behaviors such that any discrimination guarantees for the affine abstraction also hold for the original nonlinear system. Then, we propose a novel solution in the form of a mixed-integer linear program (MILP) to the active model discrimination problem for uncertain affine models, which includes the affine abstraction and thus, the nonlinear models. Finally, we demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach for identifying the intention of other vehicles in a highway lane changing scenario.
APSA and the quest for significance: Addressing health disparities at home and abroad.

Abstract This Presidential Address was given at the 49th Meeting of the American Pediatric Surgical Association, May 03–06, 2018, at JW Marriott Desert Springs Resort & Spa, Palm Desert, California, United States of America.
Risks of Elective Labor Induction vs. Expectant Management.

Elective labor induction at 39 weeks’ gestation leads to a mean 145-g (5.1-oz) lower birth weight compared with expectant management, but there is conflicting evidence about the effects on rates of cesarean delivery, perinatal mortality, operative vaginal birth, and admission to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU).
Vulvodynia, A Really Great Torturer: A Mixed Methods Pilot Study Examining Pain Experiences and Drug/Non-drug Pain Relief Strategies

Abstract Background Women with vulvodynia, a chronic pain condition, experience vulvar pain and dyspareunia. Few studies examine the range and combination of treatment strategies that women are actually using to reduce vulvodynia. Aim To describe pain experiences and pain relief strategies of women with vulvodynia. Methods Convenience sample, 60 women with vulvodynia (median age 32.5 [interquartile range {IQR} 8.5] years; 50 white, 10 racial/ethnic minorities) completed PAINReportIt and reported use of drugs and alcohol and responded to open-ended questions. Univariate descriptive statistics and bivariate inferential tests were used to describe average pain intensity scores, alcohol use, smoking, number of pain relief strategies, and their associations. Women’s open-ended responses about their pain experiences and drug and non-drug pain relief strategies (NDPRS) were analyzed for patterns. Outcomes Our mixed methods analysis connected data from pain measures, prescribed treatments and self-reported behaviors with women’s free responses. This enabled nuanced insights into women’s vulvodynia pain experiences. Results Women’s descriptions of their pain and suffering aligned with their reported severe pain and attempts to control their pain, with a median pain intensity of 6.7 (IQR 2.0) despite use of adjuvant drugs (median 2.0 [IQR 2.0]), and opioids (median 1.0 [IQR 2.0]). 36 women (60%) used alcohol to lessen their pain. 26 women (43%) listed combining analgesics and alcohol to relieve their pain. 30 women (50%) smoked cigarettes. 54 women (90%) used ≥1 NDPRS. The mean number of NDPRS used was 2.1 ± 1.3 (range 0–6). The 5 most common NDPRS from women’s comments were herbal medicine (40%), acupuncture (27%), massage (22%), hypnosis (15%), and mental healthcare (13%). Clinical Implications Severe pain in women with vulvodynia may be a clinical indicator of those at higher risk of combining prescription pain medications with alcohol, which are all central nervous system depressants and may potentiate overdose. Strengths and Limitations This pilot study demonstrated that the mixed methods approach to help understand the complexity of vulvodynia was feasible. We identified data showing a reliance on a high-risk mix of prescriptions and alcohol to reduce vulvodynia pain and a high prevalence of cigarette smoking. However, as a pilot study, these results are considered preliminary; the sample may not be representative. Perhaps only women at the extreme end of the pain continuum participated, or women took the survey twice because identifiers were not collected. Conclusion Despite attempts to reduce pain using multiple therapies, including alcohol, women’s vulvodynia pain is severe and not controlled. Schlaeger JM, Pauls HA, Powell-Roach KL, et al. Vulvodynia, “A Really Great Torturer”: A Mixed Methods Pilot Study Examining Pain Experiences and Drug/Non-drug Pain Relief Strategies. J Sex Med 2019;16:1255–1263.
Precancerous and Putative Precursor Lesions of Endometrial Carcinoma

A variety of putative precursor and/or precancerous lesions have been proposed for endometrial carcinoma. The strength of the evidence that establishes each lesion as a precancer or even a precursor varies. All are pictured and discussed in this chapter, including hyperplasia without atypia, complex papillary proliferation of the endometrium, atypical polypoid adenomyoma, serous endometrial intraepithelial carcinoma, endometrioid intraepithelial neoplasia/atypical hyperplasia, endometrial glandular dysplasia, and atypical mucinous glandular proliferation
Analysis of Hybrid Smart Grid Communication Network Designs for Distributed Energy Resources Coordination

The rapid growth of distributed energy resources (DERs) has prompted increasing interest in the monitoring and control of DERs through hybrid smart grid communications. This paper develops a new method to investigate the impact of DER penetrations and applications on hybrid communications network designs. A suite of hybrid communications simulation models are developed using Network Simulator 3 (ns-3). The smart grid communications topologies with different DER penetrations are built on the utility-scale distribution grid. The simulation results show that (i) with increasing photovoltaic penetrations, nine hybrid communications designs achieve the expected latency albeit with higher packet loss rate; and (ii) both BPLC-Ethernet and BPLC-WiMAX designs can accommodate the DER applications with a high data rate up to 100 Mbps.
Characteristics of agricultural and occupational injuries by workers’ compensation and other payer sources

Background Workers' compensation claims data are routinely used to identify and describe work-related injury for public health surveillance and research, yet the proportion of work-related injuries covered by workers' compensation, especially in the agricultural industry, is unknown. Methods Using data from the Iowa Trauma Registry, we determined the sensitivity and specificity of the use of workers' compensation as a payer source to ascertain work-related injuries requiring acute care comparing agriculture with other rural industries. Results The sensitivity of workers' compensation as a payer source to identify work-related agricultural injuries was 18.5%, suggesting that the large majority of occupational agricultural injuries would not be accurately identified through workers' compensation records. For rural nonagricultural, rural occupational injuries, the sensitivity was higher (64.2%). Work-related agricultural injuries were most frequently covered by private insurance (39.6%) and public insurance (21.4%), while rural nonagricultural injuries were most frequently covered by workers' compensation (65.2%). Conclusions Workers' compensation claims data will not include the majority of work-related agricultural injuries.
Modulation of Death and Inflammatory Signaling in Decidual Stromal Cells following Exposure to Group B Streptococcus

Group B Streptococcus (GBS) is an opportunistic bacterial pathogen that contributes to miscarriage, preterm birth, and serious neonatal infections. Studies have indicated that some multilocus sequence types (STs) of GBS are more likely to cause severe disease than others. We hypothesized that the ability of GBS to elicit varying host responses in maternal decidual tissue during pregnancy is an important factor regulating infection and disease severity. To address this hypothesis, we utilized an antibody microarray to compare changes in production and activation of host signaling proteins in decidualized telomerase-immortalized human endometrial stromal cells (dT-HESCs) following infection with GBS strains from septic neonates or colonized mothers. GBS infection increased levels of total and phosphorylated mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family members such as p38 and JNK and induced nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway activation. Infection also altered the regulation of additional proteins that mediate cell death and inflammation in a strain-specific manner, which could be due to the observed variation in attachment to and invasion of the decidual stromal cells and ability to lyse red blood cells. Further analyses confirmed array results and revealed that p38 promotes programmed necrosis in dT-HESCs. Together, the observed signaling changes may contribute to deregulation of critical developmental signaling cascades and inflammatory responses following infection, both of which could trigger GBS-associated pregnancy complications.
Osthole regulates kainic acid-activated proliferation of BV-2 microglia through c-Jun N-terminal kinase and p38 protein

Objective To determine the effects of osthole on kainic acid-activated proliferation of BV-2 microglia and expression of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 proteins, and to investigate the molecular mechanism underlying inhibitory action of osthole against BV-2 cell proliferation. Methods BV-2 cells were randomly divided into control group, kainic acid group and osthole group. After 24 h incubation, the cell morphology of each group was observed under inverted microscope. The JNK and p38 protein expressions in each group of BV-2 cells were examined by immunohistochemistry. Results Under inverted microscope, the BV-2 cells in the control group showed wall-adhering growth, even distribution, and regular morphology with slim cell body, slender protrusions, and good translucency. The BV-2 cells in the kainic acid group showed densely clustered growth, large and round cell body with short or diminishing protrusions. The morphology and quantity of BV-2 cells in the osthole group were similar to as in the control group, showing even distribution, regular shape, slim cell body with dendritic protrusions. The positive rates of p38 and JNK protein expression were higher in the kainic acid group than those in the control group (p38: 0.438±0.014 vs 0.216±0.013, JNK: 0.456±0.013 vs 0.279±0.0130, all P 0.05) . Conclusion Osthole inhibits kainic acid-activated proliferation of BV-2 cells probably via down-regulating the expression of JNK and p38 proteins in BV-2 cells. Key words: Osthole; Microglia; BV-2 cells; p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases; JNK mitogen-activated protein kinases
Effect of Taper on Shear Stiffness of Steel-Reinforced Neoprene Bearing Pads:

Steel-reinforced elastomeric bearing pads are widely used in bridge construction to vertically support girders on piers while also accommodating translational and rotational girder deformations cau...
Postprandial hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes and obstructive sleep apnea

Abstract Objectives Postprandial hyperglycemia is common in type 2 diabetes even in those with acceptable glycemic control and conveys an increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Although obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) has been associated with altered glucose metabolism, data regarding its association with postprandial hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes are limited. Thus, the current study sought to characterize the association between OSA and postprandial hyperglycemia in adults with type 2 diabetes. Methods A cross-sectional study of adults with type 2 diabetes was conducted. Home sleep testing was used to assess OSA severity as determined by the oxygen desaturation index (ODI). Self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) was performed before and 2-h after breakfast, lunch, and dinner for three days. The association between OSA and glucose levels before and after each meal was examined using multivariable logistic regression. Results The study sample consisted of 195 adults with 52% being men. OSA severity, as assessed by ODI quartiles, was associated with higher postprandial glucose values after dinner but not after breakfast or lunch. The adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) for a higher post-dinner glucose level for four ODI quartiles were 1.00 (Reference), 2.16 (0.96, 4.87), 2.23 (1.03, 4.83), and 2.58 (1.18, 5.94). Stratified analyses showed that this association was present in men but not women. Conclusions Increasing OSA severity is associated with postprandial hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes and may contribute to impaired glycemic control. Future studies examining the impact of OSA treatment on glucose metabolism should consider meal-related glycemic excursions as a potential outcome.
Incorporating Key Leader Engagement into Tactical Simulations

Following the recent changes in conventional warfare throughout the Middle East and the importance of “winning hearts and minds,” the military has placed emphasis on establishing bonds with the local populace and leadership through Key Leader Engagements (KLEs) [1]. Virtual reality (VR) technologies such as the Virtual Human Toolkit [2], allow for simulations of KLEs to be contained and disseminated with ease. However, coding the natural language processor for meaningful immersive learning requires the language processor to engage the user in a story. Capturing the experiences of those with direct KLE experience and personifying an Intelligent Agent with the essentials of that experience are key to an engaging story. The process begins with front-end analysis (FEA) [3]. This paper describes that process pursuant to a simulation designed to train awareness of critical features of the KLE.
Bioremediation of Recalcitrant Compounds

Introduction to Recalcitrant Compounds J.W. Talley Toxicological Exposure of Bound Recalcitrant Compounds H. Fredrickson, J.S. Furey, and J.W. Talley Roadblocks to the Implementation of Biotreatment Strategies J.W. Talley The Federal Integrated Biotreatment Research Consortium (Flask to Field) J.W. Talley Chlorinated Solvent Contaminated Soils and Groundwater: Field Application of the Solvent Extraction Residual Biotreatment Technology G. Sewell, S.C. Mravik, A.L. Wood, M. Annable, R. Sillan, and K. Warner Enhancing PCB Bioremediation J.M. Tiedje, T.V. Tsoi, K.D. Pennell, L.D. Hansen, A. Wani, and Desiree P. Howell Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs): Improved Land Treatment with Bioaugmentation H. Prichard, J. Jones-Meehan, C. Nestler, Dr. Lance D. Hansen, William Straube, Dr. W. Jones, Dr. J. Hind, and J.W. Talley Future Needs for Research and Development J.W. Talley. Index
FMRF-Amide in the Corn Earworm (H. Zea): Immunoreactivity in the Midgut and Cerebral Nervous System

The midgut is the functional interface between insects and their food. Although the digestive and excretory functions of the midgut likely are highly regulated, surprisingly little is known about the chemical mediators — neural, endocrine, or paracrine — which coordinate these vital processes.
WRF-Chem modeling of sulfur dioxide emissions from the 2008 Kasatochi Volcano

We simulate the dispersion and chemical evolution of the sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) plume following the eruption of Kasatochi Volcano in Alaska, USA, on August 7 th , 2008 with the Weather Research Forecasting with Chemistry (WRF-Chem) model. The model was initialized with the observed three distinct plumes, which were characterized by a total estimated SO 2 mass of 0.5 to 2.7 Tg. WRF-Chem modeled output was compared to remote sensing retrievals from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI), and the modeled plumes agreed well in shape and location with the OMI retrievals. The calculated SO 2 column densities showed comparable Dobson Unit values with higher densities especially in the center of the distal plume over northern Canada. We concluded from our analysis that WRF-Chem derived a 9.1-day lifetime of the SO 2 when initialized with a 12km eruption height. Sensitivity tests with varying eruption plume heights revealed significantly in- creased lifetimes of SO 2 up to 17.1 days for higher plumes.
Non‐O Group 1 Vibrio cholerae Strains Not Associated with Epidemic Disease

O-group 1 and non-O1 Vibrio cholerae give identical reactions in standard biochemical assays; differentiation is based on expression of the O1 antigen and agglutination with O1 antisera. The O1 biosynthetic gene cluster in V. cholerae (VcRfb) contains ca. 20 kb of DNA. V. cholerae strains can also be classified on the basis of enzyme electrophoretic patterns (zymovar analysis). Non- O1 strains can produce a polysaccharide capsule, and some preliminary data suggest that a number of different capsular types exist; in the future, capsular typing may provide a useful means of classifying strains. It is also possible that typing systems for non-O1 V. cholerae could be based on the analysis of outer membrane protein profiles or chromosomal restriction patterns for rRNA or other critical genes. While seafood remains an important vehicle of infection for sporadic non-O1 disease outside of the United States, it is clear that transmission can also occur through other routes. The gastroenteritis associated with non-O1 V. cholerae can range from mild illness to profuse, watery diarrhea comparable to that seen in patients with epidemic cholera. Current data suggest that there are subsets of strains that are able to cause sporadic human disease: strains that colonize and produce either cholera toxin (CT) or NAG-ST have been associated with diarrhea, while heavy encapsulation appears to be a prerequisite for septicemia.
Efficacy of lidocaine in preventing primary ventricular fibrillation within 1 hour after a 300 mg intramuscular injection. A double-blind, randomized study of 300 hospitalized patients with acute myocardial infarction.

Abstract The effectiveness of intramuscular lidocaine in preventing in-hospital primary ventricular fibrillation within 1 hour after injection of the drug in patients with acute myocardial infarction was assessed in a double-blind randomized study performed in 300 such patients admitted within 6 hours of myocardial infarction. Six of 147 patients treated with 300 mg of intramuscular lidocaine had ventricular fibrillation compared with 4 of 153 control subjects. The lidocaine Mood level of the patients who experienced ventricular fibrillation was 1.4 ± 0.7 μ g/ml (mean ± standard deviation) at the time of fibrillation, a value not significantly different from that of treated patients who did not experience fibrillation. Lidocaine blood levels in the latter were 1.9 ± 1.1, 2.1 ± 1.1, 2.1 ± 1.1 and 1.7 ± 0.7 μ g/ml, respectively, 7,15,30 and 60 minutes after injection. In this study intramuscular lidocaine was ineffective in preventing ventricular fibrillation, possibly because the given dose, 300 mg, prevented attainment of adequate blood levels of the drug.
The Story of the Court-Martial of the Bounty Mutineers

The true story of the 1789 mutiny on the Bounty is far more complicated than suggested by film versions of the event, which have emphasized the gratuitous cruelty of the ship's captain, William Bligh. The psychological drama that played out in the South Seas starring Bligh, the efficient disciplinarian, and his mate, the sensitive and proud Fletcher Christian, led to, among other things: one of the most amazing navigational feats in maritime history, the founding of a British settlement that continues to exist today, and a court-martial in England that answered the question of which of ten captured mutineers should live - and which should die - for their actions.
Nonintegrated plasmid-folded chromosome complexes: genetic studies on formation and possible relationship to plasmid replication.

Abstract When folded chromosomes are purified from plasmid-containing bacteria, a reproducible fraction of the host's covalently closed, circular (CCC) plasmid DNA copurifies with the chromosomes. From this copurification, we infer the existence of nonintegrative plasmid-chromosome (NPC) complexes. Previously, we noted that plasmids dependent on DNA polymerase III and with stringent control of replication complex to a greater extent than plasmids dependent on DNA polymerase I and with relaxed control of replication. We have examined this subject in more depth and find that: (i) The composite plasmids formed by in vitro recombination of a “stringent” with a “relaxed” replicon complex to chromosomes at the frequency of the component replicon which directs replication; (ii) all of the detectable replicative intermediates, but only 25% of the CCC forms, of plasmid ColE1 complex to chromosome; and (iii) when a mini-F plasmid is deleted for the DNA sequences which include the primary origin of replication, the complexing frequency decreases 30 to 40%. We conclude from these findings that NPC complexes either indirectly or directly relate to plasmid replication. Further, we find that the Eco RI kan + fragments of pML31 and the ampicillin resistance transposon, Tn 3 , promote complexing of both ColE1 and mini-F plasmids to host chromosomes. The biological significance of this latter complexing is unknown. However, we conclude from these studies and from point (iii) that complexing is determined in part by unique plasmid sequences.
Household labor supply, unemployment, and minimum wage legislation

When - to cover the risk of underemployment - households oversupply labor to a labor market in which demand is down, a minimum wage set below the prevailing market wage can send the market wage down and unemployment up. Unemployment benefits can, by countering some of the risk of unemployment, neutralize the inefficiencies of households' tendency to oversupply labor. The supply behavior of labor often depends on the demand conditions prevailing in the labor market. If demand is inadequate, households may send additional household members, who otherwise would not have worked, to look for work, for fear the main income earner may lose his job. Basu, Genicot, and Stiglitz study the theoretical consequences of this added worker effect. They show that it can give rise to multiple equilibria in the labor market. Surprisingly, a minimum wage law set below the prevailing market wage can cause the market wage to fall and unemployment to rise. Unemployment benefits, by countering some of the risk of unemployment, can neutralize the inefficiences caused by households' tendency to oversupply labor. This paper - a product of the Office of the Senior Vice President, Development Economics - is part of a larger effort in the Bank to understand unemployment and examine alternative labor market policies. Kaushik Basu may be contacted at kbasu@worldbank.org.